bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Founding Farmers
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: September 2018

The ancestors of Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson began their sojourns in America at approximately the same level. The Jeffersons subsequently rose to the heights of wealth and culture while the Lincolns remained in the middle. The reason was that southern planters not only enjoyed the benefits of a slave workforce, they lived under a government that entrusted gentlemen to develop unworked land. Those who gained a place among the gentry received huge grants on the supposition that they would open the land and provide a shelter for smaller planters. Peter Jefferson was one beneficiary of this practice, receiving grants in what became Albemarle County, lands that were inherited by his sons. Jefferson practiced rational agriculture. He corresponded with Arthur Young and read books by English reformers. He fertilized his land and planted clover. And yet Jefferson was bankrupt at his death. He was defeated by the contradictions of the planter class. The necessity of living as a gentleman in order to enjoy the benefits of that standing made it impossible for Jefferson to curtail his standard of living and pay off his debts.
Jefferson’s Neighbors
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: September 2018

Save for the elite planters at the top of the social hierarchy, Virginia society blended smoothly from top to bottom. There were no sharp wealth divisions between non-slave owners and those who owned two or three slaves. Nor were slaveholders with more than six slaves much distinguishable from one another until one reached the level where planters owned fifty or more. In this ascending society, lower and middling people provided services such as weaving and carpentry for those above them, linking them economically. Large planters like Jefferson were involved in hundreds of exchanges with lesser farmers each year. The top and bottom of society may not have corresponded with each other but they traded constantly. Because they performed services to make a living, small farmers were the integrating agents in Virginia society. This society came under stress during the Revolution. Farm families resisted the draft because the absence of a father or elder son disrupted the family economy. If drafted they often deserted. After the Revolution, the government’s effort to draw in inflated currency made it difficult for people to pay rent and taxes. They were in danger of losing their property for payment of their debts. Throughout the 1780s, they protested to the legislature, but they never resorted to violence, and the House of Burgesses did not enforce the laws. The familiarity achieved through economic integration made those in power sympathetic to the common plight.
American Agriculture, 1800–1862
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: September 2018

After 1800, the primary market for agricultural products shifted from overseas ports to cities in the United States. Growing urban populations created an ever-increasing demand, not only for standard products like breadstuffs and meat, but for new ones like pears and brooms. To take advantage of this opportunity, farmers increased their efficiency by employing machinery and cropping their fields continuously rather than letting them go to long fallow. This created a need for fertilizers to restore the soil and permanent fences for fields that remained in use. Under the influence of city values, farmers spent the returns from their heightened sales on refinements such as carpets and curtains to counter the charge of being rural rubes. Despite the adoption of improved methods to increase market production, farmers still practiced self-provisioning as far as possible. They made and grew everything they could for themselves even while their needs for urban goods increased. Not until World War II did farmers give up the practice of living off their farms. Since then, the number of small farms has steadily diminished and the farm population has shrunk to less than 2% of the population. Still farmers value the integrity of the farm life and want their children to participate.
Challenges to Liberal Democracy
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter discusses the challenges to liberal democracy, arguing that an explanation that places economics at the base and treats other issues as derivative distorts a more complex reality. Alongside economic difficulties, other problems weakened the foundation of popular support for established institutions since the Great Recession in 2007. Liberal democracy has two characteristic deformations. Elitists claim that they best understand the means to the public's ends and should be freed from the inconvenient necessity of popular consent. The result has been liberal democracy's other deformation: the rise of populist movements—and in several cases governments—across the West.
Democratic Erosion and Political Convergence
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the gradual erosion of democracy in world politics, beginning with the rise of the welfare state and the second political convergence of the postwar era—conservative retrenchment. Confronted with resurgent conservatism, reform-minded leaders worked to renovate left-leaning parties and brought the next convergence of Western politics, the Third Way. For some years, international Third Way forces had the wind in their sails, however, the Great Recession ended this era. Across the West, governments struggled to stave off financial collapse, halt the downward slide of output and employment, and restart economic growth. Meanwhile, a populist surge threatens the assumptions and achievements of mainstream politicians and policymakers from the center left to the center-right.
The Populist Challenge
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at how the politics of blame provides fertile ground for demagogues who know how to play on people's hopes and fears. Their message is typically some form of populism: the people are virtuous; the elites are corrupt; the subtleties of experts should be set aside and ordinary citizens' common sense should be relied upon. Demagogues frequently begin by working within the political system, but all too often they and their followers come to regard democratic institutions as part of the problem. When times are hard, different social and economic groups in modern polities struggle with one another, each striving to minimize its losses. Elected governments mirror these divisions, making it hard for them to act effectively. Temporizing and dithering further stoke public discontent.
The European Project and Its Enemies
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the growing divide between the political orientation of European elites and common populist refrains. The European Union had begun as a way to build closer economic ties in the hopes that it would make war between European powers less likely. For many fans of the European project, the creation of a single currency marked one of the greatest steps toward “ever-closer union.” However, the Eurozone financial crisis, which began in 2009, was the ultimate test of public faith. As member states struggled with sovereign debt, negotiated bailout packages, and implemented austerity measures, voters throughout Europe blamed the regulatory framework designed by bureaucratic elites for weakened social protections and slow economic recovery. In the wake of the crisis, formerly marginal populist parties began to enjoy unprecedented electoral success, and new parties entered the scene with fervent support.
Is Democracy at Risk in the United States?
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers how the response of Americans to their country's economic, social, and political dysfunction has set the stage for a distinctively American populism. Many ordinary citizens hold American elites (often of both political parties) responsible for what has gone wrong over the past generation, and there is some basis for their view. At the same time that trust in expertise has declined, meritocratic norms and practices have propelled highly educated Americans to the highest reaches of the economy, media, and politics. This group has benefited from the transition to a knowledge-based economy as well as from freer flows of goods, people, and capital. Leaders have made at best half-hearted efforts to insulate average Americans from the negative consequences of these trends or to compensate them for their losses.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Daniel
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter considers the spectrum that confounds the established scientific and cultural narrative about what “belongs” and what does not, and that the passage of time, even on a scale humans can readily make sense of, can reclassify something's belongingness. In the realm of Hawaiian birds, the villains are usually constituted as invasive species, and feather gatherers and collectors who killed very rare birds on the edge of extinction, and actors that continue to destroy native habitat. But the lives of birds in Hawaiʻi, birds of all kinds, along with the lives of humans there, have been marked by irregular change, naturalization, accommodation, disappearance, and reappearance. Villains in the nineteenth century thus became heroes in the twentieth, and vice versa.
Epilogue
Authors: Lewis Daniel
Published: September 2018

This concluding chapter proposes that being a native in the islands—for humans as well as nonhumans—is a spectrum rather than a fixed category, not based on origin or means of arrival, but shaped and determined by an alchemical mix of time, charisma, relative scarcity, utility to others, evolutionary processes, and changing relationships with other organisms in their ecosystems. Nativeness is not the same thing as belonging—once scrutinized in this context, nativeness can be made into a fact. Belonging, on the other hand, is a judgment, and perhaps a sensation. The two also differ in this sense: once something is assigned status as a native, that status more or less becomes permanent. A sense of belonging, however, is more ephemeral, and can come and go.
The Linguistic Tangle in Treatment of the Incarcerated
Authors: Ferguson Robert A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter talks about how confinements restrict the body and, through it, mental well-being. Right after the decision from a judge, the person destined for confinement is put in handcuffs; it makes no difference if the application is unnecessary to prevent escape or resistance. It makes no difference because the importance of the moment lies elsewhere. The symbolism in handcuffing initiates the continuum in confinement at the same time that the image of it satisfies retributive alignments. This is all most people see of incarceration. The chapter shows that handcuffing represents the basic element in all of punishment: it visualizes one's helplessness in the hands of others.
Accounting for Unaccountability
Authors: Ferguson Robert A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses how much of what Western thought came to feel about the subject of punishment originates in Ovid's artistic treatment of the subject. Punishment, he realized, is more than itself. It provides satisfaction for the punisher and through misery designates a flawed identity for the punished. That synergy also explains why punishment invariably goes up whenever it is not watched closely. To appreciate Ovid's obsession with punishment in his epic poem Metamorphoses, the chapter starts with the precise philosophical problem that drives it. His concern is with the misfortune that comes from punishment as opposed to mere misfortune, a serious distinction.
Sentencing the Disappearing Convict
Authors: Ferguson Robert A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at how, without rights, people in prison are left to the mercy of a grudging criminal justice system. Too many discussions turn on the length of a sentence assigned and the crime that justifies it. Loss of freedom—how much loss of freedom?—is crucial, but it is not the only issue to be addressed. Other aspects should not be ignored, and judges do not help perception when they withhold or minimize publication of the sentences they hand down. Publicity over sending a person to prison is not the way most judges want to be remembered. The chapter addresses two main issues regarding this problem, the question of what is properly said in the delivered sentence, and what has been left out that might also be useful.
Prison Talk
Authors: Ferguson Robert A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter asserts that cooperation is the key to a new theory of punishment, and it depends on the quality of exchange possible. The singular metamorphosis that all people accomplish across a lifetime comes through the mastery of language. Language changes people, and the real hope for prison reform lies here. The world of conflict in prison naturally has its own language, and saturated as it now is with retributive instincts, it is in need of help. Every institution has a lingua franca that informs its behavior, and prisons are no exception. All institutions depend on a zone of “vocal silence,” the things not talked about on the edges of understood behavior. This zone plays an encompassing role in correctional facilities.
What Is Punishment For?
Authors: Ferguson Robert A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses how Gresham Sykes, a pioneer in criminology, recognized most of what was wrong with the language of punishment. Many applauded his insights, and his book The Society of Captives (1958) became a classic on prison culture. Sykes exposed a language of punishment that did not reach the punished. Three glib theoretical terms—retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation—gave a beguiling neatness and simplicity to theories of incarceration. But “this three-pronged aim” existed in such conflict with itself that it could not answer the crucial question of whether the convicted is placed in prison for punishment, or as punishment. Instead of answering that question, the three prongs held the distinction permanently aloft.
The Architectonics of Reform
Authors: Ferguson Robert A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter demonstrates how replacing a theory of punishment that shuns the transgressor with one that connects with that transgressor may sound plain enough in principle, but many things forestall the prospect of reciprocity between punisher and punished. Incarceration that shuns comes close to an instinct in American society, and it has created beliefs, applications, and institutional structures in its wake. Two reasons, one normative and the other pragmatic, indicate why people today should be concerned about punishment regimes enough to want to do something about them. On normative grounds, one must understand the saying that “if you are to reform a man you must improve him.” While in more pragmatic terms, the spreading net of enforcement and surveillance in American culture should be a general concern.
Racial reality and unreality1
Authors: Murji Karim
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the debates on what race is. For some time, the dominant social constructionist approach in the social sciences has insisted that the only proper way to regard race is by refuting any connection with biology. Attention to the many ways in which race is socially constructed has been important; but, while a construction is not ‘unreal’, there is a common further step in which race is thereby deemed to be not valid. The rejection of race tends to treat race as something that would be ‘real’ if it were located in science and biology. The chapter then shows how recent developments in the natural sciences and changing views on the relationship between the natural and social sciences problematise that view. Yet in opposition to post-race views, critical scholars can then be seen to draw on conventional categories of race to show that racialised inequality still matters.
Racialisation1
Authors: Murji Karim
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a genealogy of the term ‘racialisation’, and outlines some of the main ways in which it has been understood and deployed from its origins through to neo-Marxist and intersectional approaches, and beyond. Racialisation is not a single analytic; it covers a number of different strands that are or can be interrelated, but also competing and point to different aspects and features of race making. The key issue is how to advance a notion that is analytically powerful as well as situationally complex to the multiple intersections of race in which racialisation is a multiple, ongoing, and intersected process, and racial practices and racial meanings can encompass struggles over subjugated identity positions and racial categorisations.
Race critical scholarship and public engagement1
Authors: Murji Karim
Published: September 2018

This chapter assesses a range of orientations to public engagement and critical race scholarship. There is no one correct way to be an engaged scholar, and each form contains some merit as well as various problems. The purpose of the discussion is not to build models or frameworks; rather, it aims to do several other things: first, to make the case for critical and engaged scholarship on race that is sensitive to the times and places it occurs in, as well as being aware of recurring debates about the relation of the academy to publics. Second, the chapter argues that the academy itself needs to be situated; it cannot be treated as just a neutral or even a liberal place from which the practice of radical or critical scholarship occurs. Finally, it introduces the topic of public sociology.
Sociology and institutional racism1
Authors: Murji Karim
Published: September 2018

This chapter traces the origins of the term ‘institutional racism’ in the 1960s in the Black Power movement, and its adoption and then rejection by policy makers and the academy. This history reflects the rise and fall of institutional racism over at least four decades from the 1960s. Nevertheless, it is a term and an idea that refuses to go away, as events in 2014–16 show. The chapter then links the public face of institutional racism — in relation to the police — with an ‘internal’ view of how it was utilised to critique the whiteness of sociology, itself something that has been revived to denounce universities and the social sciences through campaigns such as ‘Rhodes must fall’.
The end(s) of institutional racism1
Authors: Murji Karim
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at an employment tribunal case by a senior Asian police officer whose complaint of racial discrimination did not draw on, or refer to, institutional racism at all. It also studies the Race and Faith inquiry, where institutional racism could also have been expected to feature as a key issue but did so in a low-key and awkward way. In exploring these cases, the chapter stresses the significance of contextual factors — meaning the political environment in which they occurred. The relationship between knowledge production and policies requires acts of translation. Thus, it is not enough to say that knowledge and politics interact; it is the form in which they do — and do not — combine in each context that matters.
Framing riots
Authors: Murji Karim
Published: September 2018

This concluding chapter explores the scholarly commentary and research on riots that occurred in August 2011 in England. As incidents of violent disorder occurring in urban settings, they were commonly linked to recent historical and contemporary concerns about policing operations, in which race occupies a significant place, particularly through the over-policing of black people. The chapter then provides a heuristic framework of ways in which the riots were understood. By delineating the key features of each, it indicates their partialities and their consequences in terms of what academic framing does in shaping understandings of what matters in race and policing policy concerns. The argument is that these frames lend weight to particular ways of thinking about riots, while obscuring others.
Social innovation and social policy
Authors: Baglioni Simone , Sinclair Stephen
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses how social innovation relates to debates in social and public policy analysis. The chapter outlines the respective normative, analytical and empirical questions raised by social innovation in relation to welfare provision and reform. It discusses how social innovations originate and develop, and the extent to which they can be actively cultivated by policy makers. The chapter examines the varying receptiveness to social innovation of different types of welfare regime. It considers how far social innovations provide secure entitlements upon which service users can rely. The chapter then discusses the potential transferability of social innovations beyond the particular socio-economic contexts and policy environments which germinate and nurture them. The respective impact of social innovation and social movements are considered. The chapter concludes by highlighting the potential conservative or regressive implications of social innovation, and how it could be used to justify withdrawing public welfare services.
Social innovation and care provision
Authors: Baglioni Simone , Sinclair Stephen
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces and discusses examples of social innovation in response to the growing and pressing need to provide care for different groups. Social innovations in this area are often user-led and highly participatory. Many of the most imaginative such initiatives emerge from bottom-up responses developed by citizens’ groups. In other cases, social innovations are initiated by former public officials, frustrated at the lack of an effective response to care needs. The chapter discusses examples of such innovations. These include parental self-provision of childcare in France; involving members of migrant communities to assist with integrating new migrants in Germany; and supporting independent living for older people while providing accommodation for young people in Italy. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the lessons and potential transferability of such innovations to other contexts.
Social innovation and employment
Authors: Baglioni Simone , Sinclair Stephen
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses examples of social innovations which address unemployment: an issue of long-standing concern for many governments and an area of considerable policy activity. The chapter begins by outlining the growing incidence of precarious and low paid employment in many developed economies. Governments have been particularly concerned about the problem of youth unemployment and ‘NEETs’: young people who are not in employment, education or training. A favoured response to these problems have been so-called ‘active’ labour market programmes and initiatives which intended to enhance the ‘employability’ of unemployed people by improving their skills, experience and qualifications. The chapter describes examples of such initiatives which social innovations have developed with public and private sector with partners. The chapter discusses variations in the approaches and roles which social innovations take in employment policy between neo-Corporatist, Social Democratic and Liberal/Pluralist welfare regimes
The emergence of modern policy analysis in France
Authors: Hamelin Fabrice
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on policy process studies as they emerged and developed in France from the 1950s to the early 1980s. To better understand how the establishment of policy process studies within academic research has taken shape, it seems necessary to trace the institutionalization trajectory. This trajectory developed within the academic world but also largely outside it, alongside it and in interaction with it. The influence acquired by the executive and its technocracy since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1958 provide also essential data for an understanding of how knowledge and the methods that focus on understanding and controlling public policy in France have developed. The first phase arose from planning and national accountability as vectors of the rationalization of public policy. It was further developed in the 1960s thanks to the transfer of debates and tools developed overseas. The second phase was characterized by the crisis of the Welfare State and the transfer of policy studies knowledge obtained by North American universities. During this second phase, the development and institutionalization of public policy analysis in academic research began to establish policy studies as an autonomous “branch” of French political sciences.
Recent developments within French policy studies
Authors: de Maillard Jacques , Smith Andy
Published: September 2018

Since the early 1990s, three issues have progressively become sustained objects of debates within French policy analysis: the causal role of ideas within public action; the relationship between institutions and actors; and how studying public policies reveals both the state and politics. Indeed, this progression mirrors the way specialists based in France have engaged in international debates over the last three decades. If, in the 1990s, this field of study was essentially autonomous from extra-national developments, by contrast the following decade was marked by wholesale importation of approaches initiated elsewhere. Since the end of the 2000s, however, greater cross-fertilization between endogenous and exogenous perspectives has emerged, alongside a greater willingness to participate assertively and cumulatively in international scientific fora.
Political parties and think tanks: policy analysis oriented toward office-seeking
Authors: Argibay Camilo , Cos Rafaël , Douillet Anne-Cécile
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the role played by political parties and think tanks in the development of policy analysis in France. It shows how party-based policy analysis is interwoven with inter and intra-party competition related to the objective of seeking office. Indeed, even though policy seeking activities do not look central in the functioning of French political parties, developments in party rationales, like those in the profile of governing parties’ elites, are favourable to intensifying interest in policy issues. Political parties’ professionalization nonetheless appears to have a marked effect on their internal production of public policy expertise: party membership is marginalised while the electoral issues and internal competition have a structuring impact. Lastly, analysis of public policy expertise production shows that it is mainly done in the vicinity of party organisations, due to the significant recourse to experts outside of parties and the role of think tanks.
Public policy analysis in France: from public action to political power
Authors: Duran Patrice
Published: September 2018

Policy analysis leads to a strictly empirical conception of political power which conclusively associates the reality of power with the knowledge of that reality. Thereby, the meaning of the analysis of public policy and the relevance of the concepts it has developed for the knowledge of political reality are the essential questions that must be asked in France as elsewhere. This chapter aims to better understand the process of appropriation that has contributed to the full development of public policy analysis on the French academic scene, particularly from the perspective of the sociology of public action that quickly established itself as a dominant analytical approach, and to consider the social utility of policy analysis at a time when questions about how modern societies are managed have become increasingly common.
Parenting – with feeling
Authors: Jensen Tracey
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the emotional politics of parenting culture, and more specifically, the importance of the idea of ‘pure relationships’ in the manufacture of a parenting crisis. It considers how parent-blame forms a political battleground conducted through the vocabulary of feelings — bad parents designated as such by professionals, through their failure to provide adequate emotional care, to regulate their own feelings or to generate emotional resilience and skills in their children. The chapter highlights the psychological vocabularies that have manifested as the central pillar of neoliberal parenting moralism, and at the expense of sociological vocabularies of class, inequality and structures of disadvantage. It also discusses the collusion between such individualising and psychologising languages and the reproduction of fantasy ‘tough love’ parents, who are able to exert the correct (and elusive) combination of attentive nurture and confident discipline.
Parenting in austere times: warmth and wealth
Authors: Jensen Tracey
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how ideas of ungovernable families were put to ideological work in a new era of austere policymaking in Britain. Following the financial recession of 2008–2009, an austerity culture emerged in Britain and the United States, which prized and celebrated the virtues of restraint and ‘making do’ with fewer resources. The chapter analyses the movements of these austerity cultures and how they stitched ideas of good parenting to being thrifty, resourceful and resilient. It explores how the hidden labour of thrift connects to the invisible labour of social reproduction, and how austerity culture occasioned a retreatist set of fantasies that sought to move mothers from the workplace back into the home. It also considers the explanatory power of the ‘warmth over wealth’ narrative and how the discourses of ‘tough love’ that were initially deployed in reference to misbehaving children were expanded and applied to ‘troublemaking families’.
Epilogue: ‘Mummy Maybot’: a new age of authoritarian neoliberalism
Authors: Jensen Tracey
Published: September 2018

This book has examined the good parenting scripts emerging from popular culture, policy discussion, public debate and across media, and how these scripts have championed affluent, ambitious and aspirational maternity in particular, and created and sustained a vocabulary of ‘individual responsibility’ and ‘hardworking families’. It has also discussed how neoliberalism co-opted liberal feminism and has highlighted increasingly unsympathetic and lurid portrayals of poverty, as well as the rising resentments over social security that they animate. This epilogue discusses the rise of a new trans-Atlantic age of neoliberal authoritarianism in Britain under the government of Prime Minister Theresa May, focusing in particular on her early commitments to ‘just about managing’ families (JAMs) and her initiatives aimed at containing resentments about austerity and the crushing material privations caused by the retrenchment of the welfare state.
Work, stress and health: Theories and models
Authors: Hanson Linda L. Magnusson , Hyde Martin , Chungkham Holendro Singh , Westerlund Hugo
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses how psychosocial factors at work can impact on people's health, and how such factors have been conceptualised and measured by researchers in this field. Psychosocial factors are likely to have gained in relative importance for public health, at least in industrialised welfare states. Interest in the effects of the psychosocial work environment emerged during the 1960s when studies looked at the effects of long working hours or shift work. The scope of the research has since grown to include job insecurity, job demands, control and resources, perceived fairness and organisational justice, coping, leadership practices, threats of violence, and bullying and discrimination. The chapter also introduces stress theory and provides an overview of the major models of occupational stress used to date.
Working conditions, health and well-being among the scavenger community
Authors: Kumar Vimal
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the working conditions, health, and well-being among the scavenger community, drawing on the findings from qualitative research, using a mix of participant observation and in-depth interviews conducted in Ladwa, Haryana, Northern India. Through these methods, the study exposes the realities of mental stress that members of scavenger community are experiencing. These stress factors include low wages, irregular salaries, debt, fear of job loss, low status in society, shame attached to work, occupational related diseases, injuries, unpleasant work environment, and caste-based discrimination during work. Perhaps unsurprisingly, exposure to these factors results in high levels of poor health among scavengers. This is an incredibly important study that looks at a highly marginalised group in India, which faces a unique set of challenges in work and in society.
Introduction
Authors: Buffel Tine , Handler Sophie , Phillipson Chris
Published: September 2018

The first chapter provides an introduction to the book. It starts with sketching the background for developing age-friendly cities and communities. It then presents the aims and key research questions of the Volume as well as the origins and structure of the book.
Age and gentrification in Berlin: urban ageing policy and the experiences of disadvantaged older people
Authors: Dale Meredith , Heusinger Josefine , Wolter Birgit
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 examines the impact of gentrification processes in Berlin, Germany, on the distribution of older people across the city as well as the everyday experiences of ageing in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods. The chapter concludes with an overview of developments in the context of political processes, where urban transformation driven by economic interests generates growing conflict and contradiction with the needs of an ageing and increasingly less affluent population.
Exploring the age-friendliness of Hong Kong: opportunities, initiatives and challenges in an ageing Asian city
Authors: Phillips David R. , Woo Jean , Cheung Francis , Wong Moses , Chau Pui Hing
Published: September 2018

Chapter 7 provides a comprehensive overview of age-friendly approaches and developments in Hong Kong. The chapter first considers the possibilities of learning lessons from other large Asia-Pacific cities, including those in Japan, Korea, Thailand, Singapore and China, in terms of developing AFCCs. It then reviews a range of initiatives in Hong Kong, focusing in particular on those concerned with the domains of social participation and those involving housing and accommodation initiatives. The chapter concludes by discussing some of the positive achievements of the approach and some of the negative factors that might hinder future achievement of age-friendliness locally, including the pressing issue of elderly poverty in a rich city.
Implementing age-friendly cities in Australia
Authors: Kendig Hal , Gong Cathy , Cannon Lisa
Published: September 2018

Chapter 9 focuses on the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing age-friendly approaches in Australia. In this chapter, Hal Kendig, Cathy Gong and Lisa Cannon review the evolution of Australia’s ageing population, including its increasing diversity, and consider evidence on the liveability of Australian cities, especially for disadvantaged older people. The chapter provides a review of AFCC initiatives comparing Sydney, Melbourne, and Canberra in a State and national context. It concludes with a critical assessment of both challenges and achievements associated with age-friendly work, and suggests a number of ways forward for developing and evaluating the AFCC approach in Australia.
Alternative age-friendly initiatives: redefining age-friendly design
Authors: Handler Sophie
Published: September 2018

Chapter 11 identifies new and creative ways in which architects, artists and designers might be drawn into debates around age-friendly urban practice. The chapter describes the way in which current understandings of age-friendly design are limited and how an emerging field of socially engaged design practice can be harnessed to reinvigorate the terms of age-friendly debate and practice – drawing a new generation of designers into conversation with age-friendly policy. By redefining what we mean by age-friendly design, it becomes possible, this chapter argues, to expand and invigorate the field of age-friendly practice, enabling creative practitioners to engage with and creatively inform age-friendly policymaking.
Developing age-friendly policies for cities: strategies, challenges and reflections
Authors: McGarry Paul
Published: September 2018

Chapter 12 charts the evolution of the Age-Friendly Manchester programme and, more broadly, explores how the UK government’s ageing policies and strategies have developed since the late 1990s, highlighting four distinctive periods of nationally led activity relating to older people. It goes on to consider how the subsequent development of the age-friendly approach in Manchester has enabled a range of actors, notably local government agencies, to develop ageing programmes in the absence of national leadership. It discusses the City’s involvement in expanding its programme into an ambitious city-regional approach to age-friendly urban development, the first of its kind in the UK. The chapter demonstrates the potential for stimulating age-friendly initiatives at a local and regional level whilst at the same time highlighting the pressures facing urban authorities at a time of economic austerity.
The age-friendly community: a test for inclusivity
Authors: Peace Sheila , Katz Jeanne , Holland Caroline , Jones Rebecca L.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 13 tests the inclusivity of age-friendliness for the lives of older people with sight loss living within English urban and rural communities. The chapter presents findings from an in-depth study with diverse groups of older people with vision impairment to consider how their needs and aspirations can be, or are being met in relation to the development of age-friendly cities and communities. The study identifies transport and the built environment as two important areas for vision impaired older people, emphasising the significance of more inclusive design, including assistive technology and accessible street design, in facilitating social inclusion. In order to move AFCCs policies forward, the authors conclude, the approach requires recognition of the heterogeneity of the ageing population and the importance of involving people in co-design and co-production of living spaces.
An introduction to human rights and dementia
Authors: Cahill Suzanne
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the topic of human rights and dementia. It briefly traces the history of the human rights movement and discusses the significance of the UN Declaration on Human Rights (1948) and how the latter has helped shape other human rights treaties including the UN Convention on the rights of people with disabilities. The latter is a tool which will be used as a compass for analysis throughout the book. The chapter differentiates between human rights and human needs. It critically reviews negative and positive rights in the context of people living with dementia and describes the three generation of rights all people possess by virtue of being human. It argues for the application of a rights based framework to be used by practitioners in dementia care and points to the usefulness of using a social justice /rights based lens to interrogate dementia, extend the contemporary debate and ultimately attempt to improve quality of life and quality of care for all those living with dementia. The main aim of the book, the critical perspectives informing it and some of its distinctive features are highlighted.
The right to a good quality of life at home and in the community
Authors: Cahill Suzanne
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses the topic of the everyday human rights and fundamental freedoms many of us take for granted but are often denied when a person develops dementia. These include the right to, when worried about our health obtain a medical diagnosis and be advised about this by a qualified primary care physician; the right to post diagnostic services including rehabilitation based on a multi-disciplinary assessment and the right to live in the community including a dementia friendly community and participate fully in all aspects of its civil social, economic and political life. The human rights issues directly relevant to the topics discussed in this chapter include Article 12 (equal recognition before the law), Article 25 (health services and early diagnosis), Article 26 (early rehabilitation based on a multi-disciplinary assessment and Article 19 (independent living and social inclusion).
Introduction
Authors: Gatrell Caroline , Dermott Esther
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter explains how different research questions and methods can contribute to better understanding of contemporary fathers, fatherhood, and fathering. Given the enhanced methodological diversity and increased sophistication of methods across the social sciences, embracing qualitative and quantitative approaches, traditional (such as interviewing) and contemporary approaches (such as netnography and visual methods), and general ‘handbooks’ offering basic introductions to social research have limited use for advanced researchers and students. The book aims to link detailed concerns about conducting individual projects to wider methodological debates concerning the value of different forms and sources of data, the negotiation of research relationships, and the impact of research findings on participants, policy makers, employers, and a wider public.
Framing fatherhood: the ethics and philosophy of researching fatherhoods
Authors: Ives Jonathan
Published: September 2018

This chapter offers a reflection on some of the interconnected philosophical, ethical and methodological challenges that have arisen in the research on fatherhood and in response to scholarly engagements with fatherhood research. The case for research funding may be easier to make if the proposed research addresses a clear area of need and/or addresses issues in vulnerable populations. If there is resistance to fatherhood research, then, it is potentially influenced by the idea that fathers, as men, are already relatively advantaged, both socially and economically — and research that benefits an already advantaged group may be less important than research that benefits a more disadvantaged group. This depends, however, on who the putative beneficiaries of fatherhood research are.
Researching fathers through surveys: methodological challenges
Authors: Bosoni Maria Letizia , Mazzucchelli Sara
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses how research on fatherhood has increased in recent years, especially in the form of qualitative studies that allow a deeper understanding of specific aspects of fatherhood, such as fathers' representations and expectations, paternal care practices, and relationship with the mother. While confirming the benefits of qualitative research, the chapter illustrates how a quantitative approach to researching fatherhood can highlight interesting aspects, giving a brief overview of the topic in large and important surveys. Moreover, researchers agree that the transition to parenthood, long treated mainly as a female issue, is relevant today for both mothers and fathers; in fact, broad trends point to men's increasing desire to participate in their children's lives and their involvement in childcare practices.
Fatherhood research on the internet: methodological reflections from a literature review
Authors: Plantin Lars , Daneback Kristian
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at how an increasing number of parents are today turning to the internet for information on children and parenting. Many are also living part of their family lives, and forming their identities as parents, in various chat forums and online communities, and on social media. Against this background, the number of sites specifically directed at parents has grown substantially over the past decade. These sites provide opportunities to access large quantities of information on parenting from public sector agencies and experts, but first and foremost, they provide the opportunity for parents to share and obtain experience-based information among themselves. The chapter shows that many of these sites attract mothers to a greater extent than fathers, while more fathers instead appear to be active on social media such as Facebook and various blog sites.
Interviewing young fathers: managing ethical risks
Authors: Lau-Clayton Carmen
Published: September 2018

This chapter uses the Following Young Fathers (FYF) project, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), as a reflective case study to explore the use of qualitative longitudinal (QL) interviews and the potential research impact it had on the interviewer–interviewee relationship, and what efforts were made to overcome and minimise any potential transgressions. An introduction to the FYF study is followed by a discussion of the conduct of the interviews and the implications this has on relations between the participants and the researchers. The chapter goes on to give examples of the various mechanisms employed to reduce the blurring of boundaries between both parties and how effective these strategies were in hindsight.
Capturing the bigger picture with big data: opportunities for fatherhood researchers
Authors: Dermott Esther
Published: September 2018

This chapter talks about the challenges and value of engaging with ‘big data’ for fatherhood researchers. It argues that the arrival of new forms of data presents genuinely exciting possibilities for tackling important questions that have been either inadequately addressed, or sidelined, in previous work. The discussion contributes to setting the agenda for near future empirical studies of fatherhood through assessing the potential of newly available methods and, by implication, the limitations of those currently used. The challenge of big data is more profound than proposing a shift to include different methods of data collection; it requires social scientists to rethink the questions about fathers and fatherhood, and work with other disciplines to do so.
Introduction: Effective practice skills: new directions in research
Authors: Ugwudike Pamela , Raynor Peter , Annison Jill
Published: September 2018

This chapter sets out the premise and aims of the book – bringing together international research on evidence-based skills for working with offenders in the criminal justice system. It explains the breadth and parameters of the books, including defining and contextualising the term ‘desistance’ for the purposes of the book. The chapter also explains the genesis of the book, arising from the international Collaboration of Researchers for the Effective Development of Offender Supervision network (CREDOS), and sets out the aims and work of CREDOS. Finally, the introduction summarises the structure and the chapters of the book.
Desistance-related skills in Romanian probation contexts
Authors: Durnescu Ioan
Published: September 2018

This chapter briefly present the results of a research study that took place between 2012-2014 in Romania. More specifically, the chapter will analyse the extent to which probation practice in Romania follows the principles of desistance. The chapter starts with an overview of what the desistance literature suggests is required for effective probation practice. It then goes on to present the findings of a study that was based on external observations of practice using a checklist. Based on this study it seems that although the right premises are there, probation practice is still distant from the desistance principles and practices. In its conclusion, the chapter explores the implications of the study’s findings for practice.