bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Phylogenetic Position of Amoebophrya sp. Infecting Gymnodinium sanguineum
Authors: GUNDERSON JOHN H. , GOSS SUSAN H. , COATS D. WAYNE
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT The small‐subunit rRNA sequence of a species of Amoebophrya infecting Gymnodinium sanguineum in Chesapeake Bay was obtained and compared to the small subunit rRNA sequences of other protists. Phylogenetic trees constructed with the new sequence place Amoebophrya between the remaining dinoflagellates and other protists.
Cyclic Expression of A Nuclear Protein In A Dinoflagellate
Authors: BHAUD YVONNE , GÉRAUD MARIE‐LINE , AUSSEIL JÉRǑME , SOYER‐GOBILLARD MARIE‐ODILE , MOREAU HERVE
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT. Nuclei of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii strain Whd were isolated and nuclear proteins were extracted in three fractions, corresponding to the increasing affinity of these proteins to genomic DNA. One fraction contained two major bands (48‐ and 46‐kDa) and antibodies specific to this fraction revealed two major bands by Western blot on nuclear extracts, corresponding to the 46‐ and 48‐kDa bands. the 48‐kDa protein was detected in G1 phase but not in M phase cells. an expression cDNA library of C. cohnii was screened with these antibodies, and two different open reading frames were isolated. Dinoflagellate nuclear associated protein (Dinapl), one of these coding sequences, was produced in E. coli and appeared to correspond to the 48‐kDa nuclear protein. No homologue of this sequence was found in the data bases, but two regions were identified, one including two putative zinc finger repeats, and one coding for two potential W/W domains. the second coding sequence showed a low similarity to non‐specific sterol carrier proteins. Immunocytolocalization with specific polyclonal antibodies to recombinant Dinapl showed that the nucleus was immunoreactive only during the G1 phase: the nucleoplasm was immunostained. while chromosome cores and nuclear envelopes were negative.
Epixenosomes: Peculiar Epibionts of the Hypotrich Ciliate Euplotidium Itoi Defend Their Host Against Predators
Authors: ROSATI GIOVANNA , PETRONI GIULIO , QUOCHI SILVIA , MODEO LETIZIA , VERNI FRANCO
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT. Euplotidium itoi harbors on its dorsal surface peculiar episymbionts (referred to as epixenosomes) equipped with a complex extrusive apparatus. In the laboratory. E. itoi stocks without epixenosomes behave and reproduce like symbiotized stocks. the hypothesis that epixenosomes play a defensive role against predators was tested by comparing the behavior of Litonotus lamella when preying upon Euplotes crassus, E. itoi without epixenosomes. and E. itoi with epixenosomes. Litonotus discharges its toxicysts upon direct‐cell‐to cell contact, and paralyzes the three types of prey with the same efficiency. Nevertheless, Litonotus can ingest Euplotes, Euplotidium without epixenosomes, and to a certain extent, Euplotidium with epixenosomes whose ejecting capability has been inhibited. while it never eats Euplotidium with unaltered epixenosomes. In each prey‐type, about 60% of the individuals attacked by Litonotus toxicyst discharge are able to recover their normal behavior once transferred into pure sea water. This percentage for E. itoi with epixenosomes that are never eaten by the predator corresponds to the probability of survival. This probability is lower for the other two prey‐types in which the prey engulfed by the predator do not have the chance to recover. These data support the hypothesis and suggest the involvement of the epixenosome's ejecting apparatus in a defensive function.
A New Myxosporean Parasite, Kudoa Camarguensis N. Sp., Recorded On Two Goby Species (Teleostei: Pisces) In the Rhône Delta (Mediterranean Sea, France)
Authors: PAMPOULIE C. , MARQUES A. , ROSECCHI E. , CRIVELLI A. J. , BOUCHEREAU J.‐L.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT. A new species of myxosporean of the genus Kudoa was found in the muscle tissues of Pamatoschistus minutus (Pallas, 1770), a migratory fish species from the Mediterranean Sea. Previously this Kudoa species had been observed in Pomatoschistus microps (Krøyer, 1838), a sedentary species of the Vaccarés lagoon system. the parasite caused rapid myoliquefaction of the affected muscles within one hour after host death. Using both light and electron microscopy, whitish, longitudinal, spindle‐shaped bodies, 2‐5 mm long and 1‐2 mm wide, were found in the caudal peduncle or in muscle tissues of the abdominal wall. Spore length, width, and thickness (n = 30) ranged between 4.4‐6.0 üm, 6.4‐8.0 üm, and 4.4‐6.0 üm, respectively, while the polar capsules averaged 2.5 times 1.5 üm (n = 30). Anatomic comparison with other myxosporean parasites enabled us to determine this to be a new species that we name Kudoa camarguensis n. sp.
Heterologous Expression of A Trypanosoma Cruzi Surface Glycoprotein (Gp82) In Mammalian Cells Indicates the Existence of Different Signal Sequence Requirements and Processing
Authors: RAMIREZ MARCEL I. , BOSCARDIN SILVIA B. , HAN SANG W. , PARANHOS‐BACCALA GLAUCIA , YOSHIDA NOBUKO , KELLY JOHN M. , MORTARA RENATO A. , SILVEIRA JOSÉ FRANCO DA
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT Metacyclic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi express a developmentally regulated 82 kDa surface glycoprotein (gp82) that has been implicated in the mammalian cell invasion. When the non‐infective epimastigote stage of the parasite was transfected with a vector containing the gp82 gene, an 82 kDa surface glycoprotein, which was indistinguishable from the metacyclic stage protein, was expressed. In contrast, when the same gene was expressed in transfected mammalian cells, although a large amount of protein was produced, it was not imported into the endoplasmic reticulum and glycosylated. This blockage in targeting and processing could be partially compensated for by the addition of a virus haemagglutinin signal peptide to the amino terminus of gp82. Thus, the requirements for membrane protein processing are distinct in mammals and T. cruzi, and an intrinsic feature of the gp82 prevents subsequent sorting to the mammalian cell surface. These results could be useful in the development of new DNA vaccines against T. cruzi employing parasite genes encoding immunodominant surface glycoproteins.
L‐Arginine Uptake and L‐Phosphoarginine Synthesis In Trypanosoma Cruzi
Authors: PEREIRA CLAUDIO A. , ALONSO GUILLERMO D. , PAVETO M. CRISTINA , FLAWIÁ MIRTHA M. , TORRES HÉCTOR N.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT A very specific L‐arginine transporter showing high affinity has been characterized in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Uptake was found to be dependent on L‐arginine concentration and it was saturable. Values for maximum velocity and Km ranged between 48.1‐57.5 pmol·min‐1 per 3 times 10‐ cells and between 4.2‐5.5 μM, respectively. the calculated activation energy and Q10 were 31.1 KJ·mol‐1, and 1.7, respectively. Uptake velocity significantly increased when cells were preincubated in the absence of L‐arginine, Cells retained the labeled amino acid independently of the presence or absence of exogenous L‐arginine. the specificity of L‐arginine uptake was demonstrated by competition assays in the presence of 80‐fold molar excess of natural amino acids and several L‐arginine derivatives. the highest levels of inhibition were caused by L‐homoarginine, D‐arginine, L‐canavanine, L‐ornithine, and L‐citrulline. L‐arginine uptake by T. cruzi epimastigotes was not affected by the presence of potassium or sodium ions in the incubation mixture or by pH changes in the range between 5.5‐8.5. the major product of L‐arginine uptake was characterized as phosphoarginine. Moreover, arginine kinase activity was detected in soluble extracts from T. cruzi epimastigotes.
A Fossilized Microcenosis In Triassic Amber
Authors: SCHÖNBORN WILFRIED , DÖRFELT HEINRICH , FOISSNER WILHELM , KRIENITZ LOTHAR , SCHÄFER URSULA
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT Detailed data on bacterial and protistan microfossils are presented from a 0.003 mm3 piece of Triassic amber (Schlierseerit, Upper Triassic period, 220‐230 million years old). This microcenosis, which actually existed as such within a very small, probably semiaquatic habitat, included the remains of about two bacteria species, four fungi (Palaeodikaryomyces baueri, Pithomyces‐like conidia, capillitium‐like hyphae, yeast cells) two euglenoids, two chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas sp., Chloromonas sp.), two coccal green microalgae (Chlorella sp., Choricystis‐like cells), one zooflagellate, three testate amoebae (Centropyxis aculeata var. oblonga‐like, Cyclopyxis eurystoma‐like, Hyalosphenia baueri n. sp.), seven ciliates (Pseudoplaryophrya nana‐like, Mykophagophrys terricola‐like, Cyrtolophosis mucicola‐like, Paracondylostoma sp., Bryometopus triquetrus‐like. Tetrahymena rostrata‐like, Paramecium triassicum n. sp.) the microfossils correspond to or diverge from extant species only slightly.
The Feeding Ecology of Actinophrys sol (Sarcodina: Heliozoa) in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: PIERCE RICHARD W. , COATS D. WAYNE
Published: May 2007

The occurrence of Actinophrys sol, a planktonic heliozoan, in Chesapeake Bay was monitored over a four‐year period (1988–1991). Actinophrys sol was widely‐distributed throughout Chesapeake Bay and could exceed densities of 5,000 cells liter −1. It was most abundant during the warmer months. Feeding experiments were conducted with field populations of heliozoa using 1‐μm fluorescent microspheres to label ciliate prey. Two ciliates, a small Strobilidium sp. (30 μ in diameter) and a Pleuronema sp. (45 μ length), were the primary ciliate‐prey items in the water column when the experiments were conducted, although a wide range of ciliate taxa was ingested. Two other ciliates not present in situ, a Cyclidium sp. (20 μ length) and a Uronema sp. (40 μ length), were also labeled and added at various concentrations to field populations of plankton containing A. sol. Heliozoan ingestion rates on in situ prey at concentrations of 30 Strohilidium and one Pleuronema ml−1 were 0.2 to 0.3 prey heliozoan−1 hour−1. Ingestion rates increased to a maximum of 1.2 prey heliozoan −1 hour−1 with additions of 100 Uronema ml−1. A mean clearance rate of 0.15 ml heliozoan−1 day−1 did not change with increasing prey abundance. The abundance and distribution of A. sol suggests that these sarcodines may exert strong grazing pressure on the planktonic ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay at certain times of the year, and may be important in shaping the ciliate community composition and distribution.
Construction of a Normalized cDNA Library for the Trypanosoma cruzi Genome Project
Authors: ÜRMÉNYI TURÁN P. , BONALDO MARIA F. , SOARES MARCELO B. , RONDINELLI EDSON
Published: May 2007

Sequencing of the Trypanosoma cruzi genome is underway. Expressed sequence tags, obtained from cDNA libraries, facilitate mapping and gene discovery. The efficiency of large‐scale generation of such tags is increased when using normalized cDNA libraries, where the frequency of individual clones is brought within a narrow range. Repetitive sequencing of abundant clones is therefore minimized. We constructed a normalized cDNA library from epimastigotes of clone CL Brener, and the efficiency of normalization of representative clones was assessed and shown to be adequate. The normalized cDNA library has been distributed to several groups and large‐scale sequencing is currently in progress.
The Price of Rights: High School Students' Civic Values and Behaviors
Authors: Bos Angela L. , Williamson Ian , Sullivan John L. , Gonzales Marti Hope , Avery Patricia G.
Published: May 2007

Previous analyses of U.S. civics textbooks documented an overwhelming emphasis on citizen rights to the relative exclusion of citizen obligations and participation. Despite evidence of this uneven coverage, scholars have not yet investigated the psychological and behavioral consequences of this asymmetry, which may be especially consequential in the U.S., a predominantly individualistic culture. The present research does just this by analyzing survey data collected from high school students in civics courses. As expected, and in accordance with the content of civics curricula, students show greater endorsement of rights than of obligations. Moreover, higher support for obligations increases students' intention to vote and to participate in civic and extracurricular activities, whereas endorsement of rights is negatively associated with political participation.
Web Site Design, Self‐Monitoring Style, and Consumer Preference
Authors: Yates Rosemary A. , Noyes Jan M.
Published: May 2007

This study aims to advance understanding of Internet interactions by considering the impact of Web site design and self‐monitoring style on consumer preference. Four quasi‐commercial Web sites were constructed containing identical information presented via a context‐based (animated) or content‐based (unanimated) design, and 2 advertisements of either image‐ or information‐oriented style. Using a between‐participants design, the study found that all individuals favored context‐based over content‐based Web site design. Matching advertising appeal to individual self‐monitoring needs was found to increase Web site effectiveness of consumer preference for high self‐monitors, and within Web site satisfaction and level of persuasion for low self‐monitors. Results suggest that to reach their potential as a consumer‐sensitive tool, Web sites must be engaging in their design and tailor their communications to accommodate individual differences.
Relationship between periodontal findings and Behçet's disease: a controlled study
Authors: Akman Ayse , Kacaroglu Hasan , Donmez Levent , Bacanli Ali , Alpsoy Erkan
Published: May 2007

Background: Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic, relapsing, systemic vasculitis of unknown aetiology. The involvement of oral mucosal surfaces represents the onset feature of the disease in the majority of patients.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status of BD patients and then compare with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) patients and healthy controls. We also determined the relationship between the periodontal condition and the clinical severity of the disease in BD patients.

Methods: Eighty‐six patients with BD, 63 patients with RAS and 82 healthy subjects were included in the study. The periodontal status of all subjects was evaluated according to the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). BD patients were also assessed for clinical severity score (CSS) as described previously.

Results: The mean CPITN were observed to be higher in BD patients (1.79 ± 0.96) compared with RAS patients (1.22 ± 0.87) and healthy controls (1.18 ± 0.98) (p<0.001). There was a positive association between CSS and CPITN (p=0.017) in BD patients.

Conclusion: Our results showed that periodondal status is worse in BD patients and associated with disease severity. We can speculate that periodontitis may induce a systemic inflammatory process that may contribute to the development and/or progression of BD.
Drug use in motor vehicle drivers presenting to an Australian, adult major trauma centre
Authors: Ch’ng Chin Wei , Fitzgerald Mark , Gerostamoulos Jim , Cameron Peter , Bui Dinh , Drummer Olaf H , Potter Jeremy , Odell Morris
Published: May 2007

Objectives:  To determine the drug use in injured Victorian drivers involved in motor vehicle collisions and subsequently transported to a major adult trauma centre in Victoria.

Methods:  A blood sample was obtained from patients who had been taken to The Alfred Emergency & Trauma Centre (Prahran, Vic., Australia) following a motor vehicle collision. This was performed at the same time and under the same law as compulsory blood screening in Victoria (Section 56 of the Road Safety Act). Four hundred and thirty‐six specimens were analysed. Blood stored in vacutainer tubes containing preservative were screened for drugs using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and gas chromatography–mass spectometry analysis. Medically administered drugs were excluded from the results.

Results:  Four hundred and thirty‐six specimens were analysed. Metabolites of cannabis were the most commonly found drug (46.7%), the active form of cannabis (Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol) was found in 33 specimens (7.6%). The next most prevalent drugs were benzodiazepines (15.6%), opiates (11%), amphetamines (4.1%) and methadone (3%). Cocaine was detected in 1.4% of cases. Of the motor vehicle collisions 66% involved males and females of 15–44 years old and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol was almost exclusively found in this age group. In motor vehicle collisions involving older drivers there was an increasing use of benzodiazepines. In women >65 years old 30% were positive for benzodiazepines.

Conclusions:  Drug usage found in this group of injured drivers was disturbingly high. The introduction of further initiatives to decrease the prevalence of drug use in motor vehicle drivers is required.
No relationship observed between human p53 codon‐72 genotype and HPV‐associated cervical cancer in a population group with a low arginine‐72 allele frequency
Authors: Govan V. A. , Loubser S. , Saleh D. , Hoffman M. , Williamson A‐L.
Published: May 2007

Infection with high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) is a necessary but not a sufficient event in the development of cervical cancer, as most infections regress without intervention. Thus, genetic host factors and cellular immune responses could be potential modifiers for the risk of developing cervical cancer. In particular, p53 is considered as the most critical tumour suppressor gene and is involved in regulating cell division. The polymorphism on p53, which encodes either a proline or an arginine amino acid residue at codon 72, has been reported as a possible risk factor for cervical disease. This polymorphism has been shown to differentially affect the efficiency of degradation of p53 protein mediated by HR‐HPV E6 oncoprotein. Women with histologically proven cancer of the cervix (n = 111) and hospital‐based controls (n = 143) were included in this study. The patients and controls were from the Western Cape Province in South Africa. Genotyping of the p53 polymorphism was conducted using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment‐length polymorphism method. The distributions of the allelic frequencies were stratified in both patients and controls into two South African ethnic population groups. In this study, we observed no association between the distribution of p53 polymorphism and susceptibility to cervical cancer in the Western Cape Province populations (P = 0.466). However, the frequency of the Pro/Pro residue at codon 72 was increased in the South African population when compared to Caucasians, Indians and Portuguese population groups. Notably, as the distribution of the Pro/Pro at codon 72 of p53 gene was significantly different (P < 0.05) between the control groups of South Africa and other population groups. This result suggests that ethnic disparity may influence the levels of p53 produced.
APPLICATION OF SIMPLEX‐CENTROID DESIGN FOR THE FORMULATION OF PARTIALLY INTERESTERIFIED CANOLA/PALM BLENDS
Authors: CHO FRANCE. , DEMAN JOHN M. , ALLEN O. BRIAN.
Published: May 2007

A four‐component multiple constraint simplex‐centroid design was applied to formulate fat blends containing palm stearin (PS), hydrogenated canola oil (HCO), fully hydrogenated palm oil (FHPO) and canola oil (CO). The PS (10, 20 and 30%) and HCO (10, 20 and 30%) were first co‐randomized and various amounts of FHPO (0, 5 and 10%) were then added to the interesterified basestocks; the total composition of all the blends (called partially interesterified blends) was made up to 100% with CO. The contour plots generated were found to be suitable for predicting the dropping point (DP) and solid fat content (SFC) at 10, 20 and 35C. The predicted DP were within 1.6C and the predicted SFC were within 1.8, 1.2 and 1.3% at 10, 20 and 35C, respectively of the experimental values. Both, the DP and SFC of the fat blends formulated indicate that they may be used for various applications.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION OF LOW TRANS CANOLA/PALM BLENDS PARTIALLY MODIFIED BY CHEMICAL INTERESTERIFICATION
Authors: CHO FRANCE. , de MAN JOHN M.
Published: May 2007

Three partially interesterified low‐trans fat blends aimed for soft margarines were formulated. They contained palm stearin (PS), hydrogenated canola oil (HCO) iodine value (I. V. = 66.5) and canola oil (CO). The PS and HCO were co‐randomized and CO was then added to complete the blends. The composition of the blends in terms of percentages of PS, HCO and CO were 10/30/60, 10/20/70 and 20/30/50. Their dropping point (DP) ranged between 30.5 to 35.2C. Solid fat contents (SFC) were in the range of 11.0–21.1%, 5.0–13.3% and 0.8–2.0% at 10, 20 and 35C, respectively. Crystallization temperatures were between 11.4 and 16.0C. All three blends crystallized in the ß’polymorphic form. Their trans fatty acid contents were 8.7–12.1% and the total trans and saturated fatty acid contents were 23.7–33.3%.
STABILIZATION OF MEAT LIPIDS WITH FLAVONOIDS AND FLAVONOID‐RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: SHAHIDI FEREIDOON. , YANG ZHENG. , SALEEMI ZAN O.
Published: May 2007

The antioxidant activity of a number of flavonoid and flavonoid‐related phenolic acids was evaluated in meat model systems over a three‐week storage period. The activity of compounds investigated depended on their chemical structure. Among the flavonoids tested in meat systems, morin, myricetin, kaempferol and quercetin at a level of 200 ppm were most active leading to TBA (2‐thiobarbituric acid) values of ≤ 0.55 μg malondialdehyde equivalents/g sample after a 21‐day storage at 4C. Among the phenolic compounds tested, ellagic acid followed by sesamol, tannic acid, eugenol and isoeugenol were most effective antioxidants. The activity of phenolic acids belonging to the hydroxy‐benzoic and caffeic acid families was moderate with a 24–69% inhibition of formation of TBA reactive substances.
LIPID‐MACROMOLECULE INTERACTION AS INDICATED BY LIPID EXTRACTABILITY DURING TWIN‐SCREW EXTRUSION OF CORN MEAL
Authors: SOHN MUNGI. , IZZO MARK. T. , HO CHI‐TANG.
Published: May 2007

Moisture content (20–30%), temperature (100–200 C), screw speed (100–300 RPM), and degree of lipid unsaturation affected lipid‐macromolecule interaction during twin‐screw extrusion of corn meal. Interactions of indigenous corn meal lipids and added oils with the endosperm carbohydrates and proteins were evaluated by the availability of lipid to hexane extraction. A decrease of 61.1–88.5% lipid availability occurred at different moisture levels as a result of extrusion. The added oils apparently were more likely to bind to macromolecules during extrusion. The magnitude of this decrease was affected mostly by moisture content, degree of lipid unsaturation, and moisture content‐barrel temperature interaction. Maximum loss of lipid availability was observed when extrusion was carried out under low moisture, high temperature conditions, while the minimum was observed under high moisture, high temperature conditions. The more unsaturated lipid was less available for hexane extraction of corn meal during extrusion.
INTERESTERIFICATION OF BUTTER FAT BY LIPASE FROM MUCOR MIEHEI IN MICROEMULSION SYSTEM
Authors: SAFARI M. , KERMASHA S. , PABAI F. , SHEPPARD J. D.
Published: May 2007

Butter fat was interesterified in a microemulsion system containing Brig 35 as surfactant and 1‐heptanol as co‐surfactant at 1% water (v/v), using commercial microbial lipase from Mucor miehei. The interesterified triacylglycerols were separated and purified by preparative liquid chromatography on a silica gel G column. The purified triacylglycerols were analytically separated by high performance liquid chromatography. The positional distribution of fatty acids was determined by deacylation using pancreatic lipase. The interesterification of triacylglycerols of butter fat, using the microemulsion system, within 48 h of incubation resulted in the increase of high molecular weight triacylglycerols containing the C18:0 fatty acid at the sn‐2 position, located originally at sn‐1,3 positions; this fatty acid was favorably interchanged with C14:0 and C18:1 at the sn‐2 position of the triacylglycerol molecules. The use of higher amounts of Brij 35 surfactant (> 3.3 mM) suppressed the acyl exchange reaction.
MISCELLA REFINING OF ISOPROPANOL EXTRACTED COTTONSEED OIL
Authors: CHAU CHI‐FAI , RHEE KHEE C. , KOSEOGLU SEFA S.
Published: May 2007

A technologically feasible cottonseed oil‐isopropyl alcohol (IPA) miscella refining process was developed to produce Prime Bleachable Summer Yellow (PBSY) quality cottonseed oil. Individual steps necessary to refine cottonseed oil‐IPA miscella were determined and improved. The miscella was first neutralized with 20 Baume (Be′) caustic solution (50% excess) using a homogenizer. After centrifugation to remove soapstock, the two remaining liquid layers were separated and desolventized. The refined oils from bottom and top layers were then water washed using 12.5 and 20% hot water (w/w), respectively. Water washing efficiently recovered the oil from the top miscella layer and reduced soap and phosphorus contents. The water washed and dried oil from the bottom and top layers were treated with 0.5 and 4% (w/w) acid‐activated bleaching clay, respectively. Good quality bleached oil was then obtained. However, the quality of bleached oil produced from the bottom layer was better than that of the top layer. Comparative experiments with both IPA and hexane miscellas showed that quality of the refined oil from cottonseed oil‐IPA miscella is as good as that produced from the cottonseed oil‐hexane miscella using the process developed in this study.
ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITY OF GREEN TEA POLYPHENOLS IN EDIBLE OILS
Authors: KOKETSU MAMORU , SATOH YU‐ICHI
Published: May 2007

The antioxidant activity of green tea polyphenols in several edible oils and fried noodle was investigated. The green tea polyphenols consisted of 27.1% (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate, 19.3% (+)‐gallocatechin, 16.7% (−)‐gallocatechin‐3‐gallate, 16.1% (−)‐epigallocatechin, 8.1% (−)‐epicatechin‐3‐gallate, 7.5% (−)‐epicatechin, and 5.2% (+)‐catechin. The antioxidant effect of green tea polyphenols in lard and soybean oil was dose‐dependent, but tocopherol was less effective. Compared to BHA and tocopherol, green tea polyphenols showed a stronger antioxidative activity on fish oil. Noodles were fried in lard containing green tea polyphenols at several concentrations. The oxidative stability of the noodle was proportional to the green tea polyphenol concentration in lard.
COMPARISON OF 2‐THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCES DETERMINATION METHODS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF FROZEN, FRESH MEAT
Authors: WANG C. , ZHU L. , BREWER M.S.
Published: May 2007

Triplicate batches of chicken breast (CB), chicken thigh (CT), fresh ground beef (GB), ground beef patties frozen 2 years (BP), veal (V), pork roast (PR), ground pork frozen 1 year (GP) and lamb (L) were homogenized and subjected to each of five 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances determination methods (n = 3 TBARS determinations/sample/method/replicate). Distillation methods resulted in higher (p < 0.05) TBARS values than extraction methods for all types of samples. TBARS ranges were CB=0.21–0.55; CT=0.21–0.40; GB=0.26–0.89; BP=1.14–4.00; V=0.18–0.82; PR=0.67–2.09; GP=1.17–4.01; and L=0.58–2.18. Distillation methods in which antioxidant was added did not consistently produce lower TBARS than distillation without antioxidant. Distillation methods produced TBARS approximately 2 times those produced by extraction methods in less oxidized samples (CB, CT, GB, V); distillation methods produced TBARS 2.75 times those produced by extraction methods in more oxidized samples (BP, PR, GP). Recoveries were quite different (ranging from about 65% to 95%) for the various methods indicating the need to run both standard curves and recovery rather than using published conversion factors in TBARS calculations.
EFFECTS OF ESCULETIN AS A LIPOXYGENASE INHIBITOR IN SOYBEAN EXTRACTS
Authors: LEE KI‐TEAK , LILLARD DORRIS A.
Published: May 2007

This study was designed to determine the ability of esculetin to inhibit lipoxygenase activity in soybean. Lipoxygenase was extracted from ground soybean using 0.1 M Tris‐HCl buffer (pH 8.6) and centrifuged at 3000 g for 15 min at 4C. The extract was mixed with different volumes of 0.05M esculetin solutions to provide 1.8 × 10−4M, 3.3 × 10−4M, 4.6 × 10−4M and 5.7 × 10−4M to final assay systems, respectively. Lipoxygenase activity decreased as the concentration of esculetin solution mixed in soybean extract increased. Mixing of 1.8 × 10−4M esculetin solution to soybean extract showed the least inhibition effect and was significantly different from that of 3.3 × 10−4M, 4.6 × 10−4M and 5.7 × 10−4M which inhibited LOX (lipoxygenase)'s activity of soybean extracts. In the study comparing the inhibition abilities for lipoxygenase activity among selected antioxidants, esculetin was significantly better than BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and α‐tocopherol.
DIRECT DETERMINATION OF TRANS‐OCTADECENOIC ACID IN DIET COMPOSITES USING A COMBINATION OF SILVER ION‐HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: PHILLIPS K.M. , LUGOGO R.D. , HARRIS R.F. , TARRAGÓ‐TRANI M.‐T. , BAILEY J.A. , STEWART K.K.
Published: May 2007

Silver ion‐high performance liquid chromatography (Ag‐HPLC) and capillary gas chromatography (GC) were combined to quantify total trans‐octadecenoic acid (18:1t) in diet composites and oils. The 18:1 cis and trans fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of saponified and methylated (BF3/methanol) oils and food composite total lipid extracts were separated by Ag‐HPLC (ChromSpher5 Lipids column); total 18:1t in the trans fraction was quantified by GC (105m × 0.25mm SP‐2560 capillary column). Positional isomers 18:1c and 18:1t which coeluted in direct GC were clearly separated by preparatory Ag‐HPLC. Quantitative recovery of 18:1t from a standard mixture of FAME, an oil, and a diet composite was obtained for additions of 4–57 mg. The analytical range for total 18:1t was 1.6–260 mg/mL per aliquot of total lipid extract or oil. Relative standard deviations were < 6% for food composites and < 3% for oils and pure standards.
VOLATILE NITROGEN‐CONTAINING COMPOUNDS GENERATED FROM MAILLARD REACTIONS UNDER SIMULATED DEEP‐FAT FRYING CONDITIONS
Authors: CHUN HYE‐KYUNG , HO CHI‐TANG
Published: May 2007

A total of 29 volatile nitrogen‐containing compounds were identified from model systems containing glutamine, glutamic acid, asparagine and aspartic acid, respectively, with glucose under simulated deep‐fat frying conditions in corn oil. Alkylpyrazines were the most important flavor compound generated. Glutamine, which released free ammonia easily under this condition gave the highest yield of alkylpyrazines. The profiles of pyrazines produced by each amino acid were significantly different. In a glutamine system, 2‐(2‐furyl)pyrazine, 2‐(2‐furyl)‐ 5‐methylpyrazine and 2‐(2‐furyl)‐6‐methylpyrazine were the major compounds generated.
OXIDATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL STABILITY DURING STORAGE OF BUTTER OIL ENCAPSULATED WITH SUCROSE OR FLOUR1
Authors: STRANGE E.D. , KONSTANCE R.P. , LU D. , SMITH P.W. , ONWULATA C.I. , HOLSINGER V.H.
Published: May 2007

Oxidative and functional stability of sucrose encapsulated butter oil (SuBO) and flour encapsulated butter oil (FIBO) was determined during six months of storage at −20, 22, and 40C. Muffins also were prepared with SuBO and FIBO. Both encapsulations resulted in highly stable powders. Oxygen content of sealed vials containing butter powder showed that FIBO was slightly more stable than SuBO. Peroxide and 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content of butter powders and their muffins confirmed this result. Functional stability, as measured by texture and specific volume of muffins, also showed little change due to storage, but differences in hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness due to encapsulant were found.
PARAMETERS THAT DETERMINE TRIPALMITIN CRYSTALLIZATION IN SESAME OIL
Authors: TORO‐VAZQUEZ JORGE F. , DIBILDOX‐ALVARADO ELENA
Published: May 2007

The crystallization of tripalmitin (TP) in sesame oil (0.98, 1.80 and 2.62% w/v) was investigated under isothermal conditions using a cooling rate similar to the one achieved by industrial crystallizers (1 K/min) and utilizing a modification of the Avrami equation. It was concluded that z, the crystallization rate constant, and the associated energy of activation (Ea) values determined through Avrami's original equation yield erroneous results. Additional results indicated that the increase in supercooling at constant oil phase viscosity (e.g., 5.25–5.5 dynes/cm2) during crystallization, produced a higher degree of nucleation without an appreciable effect on TP crystal size. In contrast, as viscosity of the oil phase decreased at equal supercooling conditions (e.g., 22.0 ‐ 22.5C) the main crystallization process evaluated through z and Ea was crystal growth. It was also concluded that the characteristic crystallization stages of induction time for nucleation, crystal nucleation and growth, and end of crystallization were evident in the viscosity profile of the solid fraction developed during TP crystallization. The predominance of any of these processes (i.e., nucleation or crystal growth) as a function of supercooling and viscosity of the oil phase determines, to a great extent, the rheological profile during crystallization and the final viscosity value of the crystal suspension.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OIL FROM COULA EDULIS (Bail.) NUTS
Authors: TCHIEGANG CLERGE , KAPSEU CESAR , PARMENTIER MICHEL
Published: May 2007

Coula edulis (Bail.) nuts are generally used as food components in the littoral and southern part of Cameroon. The physicochemical characteristics, the fatty acids and the triacylglycerols (TGs) of Coula edulis (Bail.) nut oil from two different agroclimatical zones of Cameroon were studied. The oil content varied according to the zone (33.50 – 36.65%). The iodine value (90 – 95), saponification value (180 – 185) and the nitrogen (2.16 – 2.40%), and ash (2.5 to 2.7%) contents were similar for the two types of nuts studied. The main fatty acid of the oil was oleic acid (95.5 – 97.4%), as determined by capillary gas chromatographic analysis. The triacylglycerol profile obtained by reversed phase liquid
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CITRUS HYSTRIX PEEL EXTRACT IN RBD PALM OLEEN DURING FRYING OF FISH CRACKERS
Authors: JAMILAH B. , MAN YAAKOB B. CHE , CHING THEAN LING
Published: May 2007

The Citrus hystrix peel extract (2,000 ppm) and butylated hydroxytoulene(BHT) (200 ppm) were added to the frying oil. The antioxidant activities were determined during deep fat frying of fish crackers for 4 consecutive days. Each frying period was for 5 h and intermittent frying at 180C with half an hour interval was carried out. The antioxidant activities were determined by measuring peroxide value (PV), p‐anisidine value (AnV), totox value, iodine value (IV), percent free fatty acids, color and viscosity of the oil. Results indicated that the ethanol extract of the citrus peel exhibited antioxidant properties and therefore has a potential as one of the new sources of natural antioxidants.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC FRACTIONS OF BEACH PEA (LATHYRUS MARITIMUS L.)
Authors: CHAVAN UTTAM D. , AMAROWICZ RYSZARD , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON
Published: May 2007

Beach pea meal was extracted with 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol for 20 min at 80C. The extract was fractionated on a Sephadex LH‐20 column using methanol as eluate. Five major fractions were isolated according to their UV absorption and relative content (%) of total phenolics. Antioxidant activity of these fractions was evaluated in a β‐carotene‐linoleate model system. Fraction II showed the best antioxidant effect by exhibiting the highest preventive activity against the bleaching of β‐carotene. Further separation of this fraction on TLC indicated that it contained several compounds, including phenolic acids and trihydroxy phenolics such as flavones and flavonols.
FILTER AID REMOVAL OF SELECTED VOLATILE COMPOUNDS: EFFECT ON SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF FRENCH FRIES
Authors: BREWER M.S. , VEGA J.D. , PERKINS E.G.
Published: May 2007

French fries were fried in oil which had been used for up to 21 days but filtered through magnesium silicate (MS), diatomaceous earth (DE) or unfiltered after each day's use. Volatiles were generally higher in French fries fried in nonfiltered oil than in those fried in filtered oil. Nonanal and hexanal were the most abundant volatiles in all three treatments. Nonanal concentration was higher after all oil use times in unfiltered and DE‐filtered than in MS‐filtered oil. Total volatiles concentrations generally changed very little over time in MS‐filtered oil fried French fries, while they decreased in the other two treatments. Nonanal was well‐correlated with buttery and sweet odors of French fries (r = 0.74 and 0.71, respectively; t, 2‐octenal was moderately correlated with grassy, rancid, and painty odors and with overall odor quality (r = 0.58, 0.59, 0.51, and −0.58, respectively). Hexanal, t, 2‐hexenal, heptanal, t, 2‐heptenal and 2‐pentylfuran were not correlated with sensory characteristics.
THE EFFECTS OF TBHQ AND α‐TOCOPHEROL ON QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF REFINED‐BLEACHED AND DEODORIZED PALM OLEIN (RBDPO) DURING DEEP‐FAT FRYING
Authors: MAN Y.B. CHE , JIALONG L. , LIU J.L.
Published: May 2007

The changes in quality characteristics of refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBDPO) during deep‐fat frying for 5h/day for 5 consecutive days in four systems were compared. The four systems were RBDPO without antioxidant (system 1); RBDPO with 200 ppm TBHQ (system 2); RBDPO with 100 ppm TBHQ + 100 ppm α‐tocopherol (system 3); and RBDPO with 200 ppm a‐tocopherol (system 4). The addition of the antioxidants reduced peroxide value, anisidine value, free fatty acids, polar components, polymer content, the rate of the changes in iodine value and the rate of oxidation of C18:2. Adding antioxidants, however, caused darkening of the oil and increased the formation of foam during deep‐fat frying.
QUANTIFICATION OF RADICAL FORMATION IN OIL‐IN‐WATER FOOD EMULSIONS BY ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: THOMSEN MARIANNE KAABER , VEDSTESEN HENRIK , SKIBSTED LEIF H.
Published: May 2007

The tendency of formation of radicals in an oil‐in‐water food emulsion (a mayonnaise partly based on fish‐oil) was quantified by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy using the spin trapping technique. Among the spin traps examined, N‐tert‐butyl‐α‐phenylnitrone (PBN) was preferred for this type of product. Under mildly accelerated conditions (i.e. heating to 37C, a spin trap concentration of 2 mM ensured pseudo‐first order conditions for trapping of radicals in the assay for up to 36 h of thermal treatment. The resulting linearity between ESR‐signals and rate of radical formation allows a direct quantification by standardization against stable radicals dissolved in the product. The hydrophobic spin‐probe 12‐doxylstearic acid (in contrast to the hydrophilic 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐l‐piperidinyl‐oxyl) gave a stable signal and a linearity existed between signal intensity and probe concentration.
STABILITY OF LIPIDS OF INDIAN MACKEREL TO GAMMA IRRADIATION
Authors: LAKSHMANAN R. , VENUGOPAL V. , RAO B.Y.K. , BONGIRWAR D.R.
Published: May 2007

The effect of gamma irradiation (1.5 and 2 kGy) on the lipids of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) stored at 0–2C was studied. No major differences in lipid composition of fish was observed as a result of irradiation and subsequent storage for up to 14 days. However, higher carbony I values in irradiated samples during the initial storage of fish was revealed. Irradiation also had no adverse effect on the nutritionally important omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the fish.
COPPER INDUCED LIPID OXIDATION DURING SALTING OF COD (GADUS MORHUA L.)
Authors: LAURITZSEN KRISTIN , MARTINSEN GUSTAV , OLSEN RAGNAR L.
Published: May 2007

Yellow/brown discoloration of the muscle surface was investigated in downgraded heavily salted cod fillets from a processing plant. The results showed that discolored areas were relatively evenly distributed on the muscle surface and that lipid oxidation correlated with the copper and not the iron content, in the muscle. A model system for studying lipid oxidation and yellow discoloration of salted cod muscle was established and used for investigating the effect of including transition metals in the process. The model system confirms that copper is particularly pro‐oxidative. Of the redox states, the reduced form of copper was most potent. It appears that copper concentrates in the muscle during the brining. The results also indicate that copper induced lipid oxidation was increased by low pH of the fish muscle postmortem. The model system seems well suited for detailed studies of the salting process and may be useful for developing methods which can inhibit lipid oxidation in salted products.
ADSORPTION EFFICIENCY OF SELECTED ADSORBENTS IN SESAME OIL MISCELLAS
Authors: TORO‐VAZQUEZ JORGE F. , MENDEZ‐MONTEALVO GUADALUPE , CHARÓ‐ALONSO MIRIAM A.
Published: May 2007

In a sesame oil miscella (40% and 60%) system the adsorption efficiency for free fatty acids (QFFA.) and carotenoids (Qc) provided by pine wood carbon (also known as vegetable carbon), two commercial synthetic silica adsorbents, and rice hull ash were compared at different adsorbent dosages (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0%).

At all the adsorbent dosages investigated the pine wood carbon achieved a higher QFFA than synthetic silicas and rice hull (P < 0.05). This effect was more evident as the carbon concentration decreased (P < 0.05). However, in the case of carotenoids none of the adsorbents exhibited a significant advantage in Qc (P < 0.50) at any of the adsorbents dosages utilized. Rice hull ash had the highest oil retention, while silicas exhibited an oil retention profile with lower values than that obtained with pine wood carbon (P < 0.10). The results suggest that pine wood carbon might have the same capability as silicas when used with sequential addition of clay in sesame oil miscella refining, with the advantage of higher adsorption efficiency than silicas for free fatty acid adsorption.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OIL FROM TETRACARPIDIUM CONOPHORUM ((MÜLL. ARG.) HUTCH. AND DALZ.) NUTS
Authors: TCHIEGANG CLERGé , KAPSEU CESAR , PARMENTIER MICHEL
Published: May 2007

Tetracarpidium conophorum is known in the littoral and the western Cameroon as kaso or ngak and serves as an edible nut eaten between meals. The physicochemical characteristics, the fatty acids and the triacylglycerols (TG) of T. conophorum nut oil (Type 1 and Type 2) from the southern continental low lands were studied. The oil content varied between 55.75 and 61.62%. The iodine value (180–182), saponification value (175–176) and nitrogen (8.08–8.78) were similar. Ashes varied between 8.40 and 9.68%. The main fatty acid of the golden yellow was linolenic acid (69.47–70.39%) as determined by capillary gas chromatographic analysis. The triacylglycerol profil obtained by reversed phase liquid chromatography showed 10 TG with three major ones identified as
EFFECT OF STORAGE AND DACUS INFECTION OF OLIVE FRUITS ON THE QUALITY OF THE PRODUCED VIRGIN OLIVE OIL
Authors: KYRIAKIDIS NIKOLAOS B. , DOUROU EFI
Published: May 2007

Olives from three different locations (Olea europaea cv. Koroneiki), uninfected or infected by the insect Dacus oleae, were collected and stored at 15°2C for 21 days. Samples were taken at 0, 3, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17 and 21 days following collection. Moisture and oil content of olive fruits and the quality parameters of the extracted virgin olive oil were evaluated. Analytical parameters determined were titratable acidity, peroxide value and the specific extinction coefficients at 232 nm (K232 and 270 nm (K270). Regression equations and best fitting curves between examined parameters and time were evaluated. Olive oil from fly infected olives had higher initial values and a higher rate of increase of the parameters measured. The only parameter affecting oil quality was K270. Maximum storage time within legal limit for K270 was 16 days for fly uninfected and 10 days for fly infected olives.
LIPIDS AND FATTY ACIDS OF FIVE FRESHWATER FOOD FISHES OF INDIA
Authors: ACKMAN R. G. , MCLEOD C. , MISRA K. K. , RAKSHIT S.
Published: May 2007

Five species of carp important in the diet of many of the people of India were examined for principal lipids and in particular for the highly unsaturated fatty acids with potential biomedical benefits. Muscle lipid was about 1% in four species but 2.5% in muscle of Labio bata. The livers however had lipid contents in the 5–10% range. The principle lipid classes were separated and the fatty acids were determined by open‐tubular (capillary) gas‐liquid chromatography; forty‐seven fatty acids were quantified. Saturated fatty acids were approximately 40–50% of total fatty acids in muscle lipids and monoethylenic fatty acids were 24–39%. Functionally important fatty acids of triacylglycerols in the muscle of all species included about 5% each of 18:2n‐6 and 18:3n‐3. The longer chain lengths 20:4n‐6, 20:5n‐3, and especially 22:6n‐3, were found mostly in the polar lipids
SLIP MELTING POINT ESTIMATION OF FAT BLENDS BEFORE AND AFTER INTERESTERIFICATION BASED ON THEIR FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS
Authors: BOYACI ISMAIL HAKKI , KARABULUT IHSAN , TURAN SEMRA
Published: May 2007

In this study the relationship between slip melting point (SMP) and fatty acid composition of blends before and after interesterification were investigated. Forty‐four blends were prepared using sunflower, canola and cottonseed oils as well as palm stearin and/or fully hydrogenated palm stearin in different proportions. Fatty acid compositions and SMP of samples were determined and then SMP of the blends before and after interesterification were defined as a function of five fatty acids. Specific constants of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids were determined as 0.455, 0.821, 0.622, 0.215 and ‐1.653, respectively, for the blends before interesterification and 0.532, 0.614, 0.399, 0.055 and ‐2.471, respectively, for the blends after interesterification by using least squares method. Slip melting point of blends were calculated using these constants and fatty acid compositions and then compared with the experimental values. No linear relationship existed between the calculated and experimental results of the blends before interesterification, but SMP of the blends after interesterification could be estimated with high (r=0.956) accuracy.
COMPOSITION AND COLOR ALTERATION OF SMALL STRIPS OF CHICKEN DARK MEAT1
Authors: BOWIE BONNIE M. , DICK RHODA L. , ACTON JAMES C.
Published: May 2007

Treatment of small strips of poultry thigh tissue with water or solutions of 1% hydrogen peroxide or 1% sodium bisulfite increased (P < 0.05) moisture and reduced (P < 0.05) protein and ash contents in the raw and cooked product states when compared to the contents in the respective untreated thigh and breast control products. The highest percentage reductions (52–71%) in concentration for various nitrogen fractions of treated thigh tissues occurred in the water soluble, nonprotein nitrogen fraction. No differences (P < 0.05) were found for color properties of lightness (L values) and redness (+ a, a/b ratio and θ values) between raw breast strips and thigh strips treated with peroxide or bisulfite solutions. The percentage shifts in lightness (%ΔL), total color difference (%ΔE) and visual lightness‐to‐darkness ranking (% rank change) of cooked products of treated thigh strips, calculated on the basis of differences between products of untreated thigh and breast strips, ranged from 20–24% (water treatment) to 43–54% (peroxide or bisulfite treatment).