bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ECB’s Independence and the Principle of Separation
Authors: Nika Pamela
Published: October 2020

The ECB’s Independence and the Principle of Separation

This article addresses the question of whether the European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) involvement in banking supervision is compatible with its independent status as provided by the European Union’s (EU’s) primary law, specifically with reference to the principle of separation between the ECB’s monetary policy and supervisory powers. It is found that the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) Regulation provides the ECB with a set of prerequisites in pursuit of its supervisory objectives under a high level of independence. However, the article argues that the current EU regulatory framework poses risks to the overall independence of the ECB. In particular, the principle of separation, as one of the mechanisms aimed at safeguarding the ECB’s independence, is not fully achieved. In addition, the boundaries and application of macro-prudential operation of the ECB in both the SSM and European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB) remain blurry and uncertain. The article concludes by suggesting that the only way to safeguard the independence of the ECB is by carefully revising the ECB’s competencies, which may require treaty amendment.
weltwärts - sexwärts?!
Authors: Bökle Aljoscha Sanja
Published: October 2020

Wie werden Gender, Sexualität(en), Begehren und „race“ im Kontext internationaler Freiwilligendienste und besonders im deutschen Freiwilligendienst weltwärts normiert, verhandelt, begrenzt und eingeschlossen? Diesen bislang vernachlässigten Fragen geht Aljoscha* Sanja Bökle in diesem Band nach. Perspektiven der Gender- und Queer Studies leiten die theoretisch fundierte Analyse der Darstellungsstrategien von Sexualitäten, Begehren und Körpern in Narrativen der Freiwilligendienste. Entwicklungskritische, postkoloniale, „race“ und Weißseinskritische Theoreme und Intersektionalitätsansätze dienen außerdem als Folie, um der Frage nach rassialisierten Sexualitäten in den Erzählungen der interviewten Freiwilligen nachzugehen. Durchgängig vollzieht Aljoscha* Sanja Bökle, entsprechend den Grundsätzen der Grounded Theory, eine enge Rückbindung theoretischer Lektüren an konkrete weltwärts-Materialien und Gesprächsprotokolle. Einzelne Kapitel widmen sich den Themenfeldern des „verletzlichen“ weiblichen* Körpers, eurozentrischen Erzählungen zu Coming-Out und Homophobie, der Verarbeitung von Genderrollen und der Selbstwahrnehmung der Freiwilligen als weiß hinsichtlich der Erlebnisse in den „encounter zones“. Nicht zuletzt stellt der Band die Frage, wie deutsche Freiwilligenprogramme auch für nicht hetero-normative Lebensentwürfe geöffnet werden können.
Die Anwendbarkeit des deutschen Strafrechts bei Straftaten via Internet
Authors: Mey Konstantin
Published: October 2020

This work shows that there is also a place of success for abstract endangering offences committed via the Internet, which can be linked to the principle of territoriality according to §§ 3, 9 I StGB. It also describes the criteria according to which the place of success in the case of Internet offences is to be determined.
Platón y las condiciones de la filosofía
Authors: Spinassi Miguel Ángel
Published: October 2020

From Plato’s dialogues emerges a picture of philosophy, in which the personal attitude of the interlocutor is of great importance. This book aims to show that it is always encouraged to take a favourable position both towards the people involved in the conversation and towards the topic of the discussion, so that a successful conversation can be held from the beginning to the end. This requirement, which is set as a condition, acts in the dialectical conversation itself and is updated by the interlocutors. However, its effect goes beyond its own limits, so that the reader is also asked to show a benevolent attitude and to deal positively with the text.
Das lebendige Wort
Authors: Stierle Karlheinz
Published: October 2020

Europe lives off an awareness of its origins. Not only does the vibrancy of its art, philosophy and literature still testify to this, but so do the ways in which they are conveyed, which inextricably link the present to the past. The studies in this book endeavour to illustrate this.
Using Multi-Criteria Optimization in Decision Support under Risk
Authors: Łodziński Andrzej
Published: October 2020

The chapter presents an extension of a previous method for decision support under risk. The decision-making process is modeled by a multi-criteria optimization problem, in which the individual evaluation functions represent the results of decisions in several possible scenarios with associated risks. The decision support method is an interactive decision-making process. The choice is made by solving the problem depending on the control parameters that define the aspirations of the decision maker as well as on an evaluation of the obtained solutions. The decision maker selects a set of parameters representing various risks’ impacts that influences a solution, and then he/she evaluates the obtained solution by accepting or rejecting it. In another case, the decision maker selects a new value and the problem is solved again for the new parameter. In this chapter, an example of supporting decision-making under risk is presented.
Industrial Safety Management Using Innovative and Proactive Strategies
Authors: Song Siyuan , Awolusi Ibukun
Published: October 2020

Safety is considered a top priority due to its significance in safeguarding human lives and properties, especially in high-risk industrial sectors such as aviation, oil and gas, construction, transportation, steel manufacturing, and mining industries. These industries are plagued by workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities because of the dangerous work environments. As such, it is very vital to integrate safety into every work process in any industrial environment just like quality is built into products and services. It is important to establish and execute an effective safety management system to prevent the risks of irreversible accidents. This chapter begins with a background to safety management in industrial engineering and a discussion of the various issues of industrial safety management. It follows with an extensive description of existing and commonly used safety performance measurement methods. Several case studies are used to explain the methods and explore the important application areas relevant to most industrial sectors. The techniques and tools for safety data collection, analysis, and sharing are introduced together with their applications for safety management. The last section explains how emerging technologies can be implemented in most industrial sectors to enhance safety management.
Competitive Advantages of Cross-Border M&As to Non-Location-Bound Chinese ICT Firms
Authors: Chen Yan , Li Fei , Ortiz Jaime , Guo Wenbo
Published: October 2020

Cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) undertaken by emerging market firms have been associated with competitive advantage. However, little research has focused on the transferability of this enhanced competitive advantage. Even less is known about the role played by state-owned enterprises. This paper investigates whether Chinese information and communications technology firms that undertake cross-border M&As can improve their non-location bound competitive advantage. We used cross-border data between 2010 and 2017 and propensity-score matching and differences-in-differences approaches. We found that cross-border M&As significantly improve the home-country-bound competitive advantage. However, the effect on non-location bound competitive advantage is not significant. From the perspective of impact mechanism, this is due to a crowding-out effect of cross-border M&As on research and development (R&D) investment which inhibits non-location bound advantages. It also results from state-owned enterprises which are generally considered to have institutional advantages, not effectively using cross-border M&As to enhance their competitive advantages. This research distinguishes and quantifies home-country-bound competitive advantage and non-location bound competitive advantage and establishes a framework for how cross-border M&As enhance enterprise competitive advantage. It provides an explanation for the extant research on whether state-owned enterprises can enhance their competitive advantage through cross-border M&As, and what kind of advantage they attain.
Effects of immediate mechanotherapy and intermittent contrast water immersion on subsequent cycling performance
Authors: Struhár Ivan , Kumstát Michal , Kapounková Kateřina , Mertová Klára , Hrnčiříková Iva
Published: October 2020

Purpose: Finding the balance between the training, the competition, and recovery is a crucial component for maximal sports performance. A huge range of sport recovery methods is pre-sented as an important part of training programs. In recent years, there has been an increas-ing interest in using the contrast water immersion and massage and its effect on subsequent muscle function. Recent studies have shown that the contrast water immersion affects the maximal force, which can be useful for subsequent repeated performance. This study aims to investigate the differences between using immediate mechanotherapy and contrast water immersion on cycling performance. Methods: Eight physically active male participants (age 27.1 ± 2.32 years; body mass 77.38 ± 5.43 kg; body height 1.78 ± 0.05 m; body fat 10.12 ± 2.23 %; maximum heart rate 182 ± 4 beats·min-1; VO2max 47.92 ± 7.16 mL.kg-1.min-1) volunteered and gave written in-formed consent to participate in this study. Participants completed three trials, each sepa-rated by one week. Each trial consisted of two “all-out” exercise bouts (30-20-10 s) against the load resistance of 0.07 kg/body weight. Three minutes recovery phase was between the “all-out” exercise bouts (1 W/kg; a pedal rate of 70–75 rpm). Following this, the selected recovery strategy was applied for 24 minutes (PAS-passive recovery, MT-massage therapy, CWI-contrast water immersion). The effect of recovery was assessed through changes in performance parameters, blood lactate concentration, and blood gases analyses. Results: The results obtained from the analysis showed positive statistical significance differ-ence between using PAS vs. MT (p = 0.0313) and PAS vs. CWI (p = 0.0441) for peak power. Interestingly, there were similar differences in fatigue index when we had compared PAS vs. MT and PAS vs. CWI. A decrease in lactate levels overtime was the highest for CWI. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that CWI and MT could be considered as a useful method in sports recovery. The results of this research support the idea that passive recovery is not the right way of recovery, especially when the athletes expect subsequent performance. Future trials should assess the impact of water temperature and different mas-sage techniques on performance and also for subjective feelings of athletes.
Eccentric Contractions in the Rehabilitation of Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy: literature review
Authors: Kovačić Grgur , Antekolović Josipa , Antekolović Ljubomir
Published: October 2020

Lateral elbow tendinopathy (LT) is the most common chronic painful condition affecting the elbow in general population. Research has shown that an eccentric exercise program can be effective modality for treating tendinopathies. The purpose of this review was to deter-mine the effects of eccentric contractions (EC) in comparison to other types of contractions and other therapeutic approaches. Searches were performed using the electronic databases Medline, Scopus and Web of Science. The basic selection criterion was a research meth-odology in which at least one group of subjects used eccentric contractions in comparison to other methods of contractions or therapy. In conclusion, eccentric contractions are useful method of treating LT in 12 weak period. However, it cannot be stated with certainty whether EC exercises are more or less effective than other forms of therapeutic exercises or specific physiotherapeutic techniques.
Determination of lower limbs loading during balance beam exercise
Authors: Hedbávný Petr , Kalichová Miriam , Rabenseifner Michal , Borek Adam
Published: October 2020

In women’s artistic gymnastics, the balance beam belongs among the disciplines with the heaviest lower limbs load. The aim of our research was to disclose a lower limbs weekly load volume regarding load asymmetry, and to determine the take-off and landing reaction forces between landing ground and foot in selected gymnastic elements. In 9 female artistic gymnasts of junior and senior category one training week was video-recorded and analysed. The reaction forces were measured using 5 Bertec force plates in one female Czech nation-al team member. Based on the training video recordings 12 jump and acrobatic elements were analysed. Among the total of 422 recorded take-offs and landings 41% were performed from both legs, (BL), 44.5% from one lower limb (HL) and 14.5% from the other lower limb (LL). The maximum reaction force of the landing ground during take-offs was 2.4 BW in av-erage, 3.1 BW in landings. In asymmetrical elements, one leg was loaded three times more (538.3 BW) than the other (174.1 BW) in one training day in total. We recommend to record the load asymmetry in the course of the gymnastic trainings in order to choose and person-alise the appropriate regeneration process and compensational exercise.
The Relative Age Effect in the Top 100 ATP Tennis Players 2016–2018
Authors: Bozděch Michal , Agricola Adrián , Nykodým Jiří , Zderčík Antonín , Vodička Tomáš
Published: October 2020

The issue of the Relative Age Effect (RAE) has been monitored in the field of sports for more than 30 years. Its theoretical framework is based on the premise that during the pubescent period athletes born at the beginning of the year experience earlier biological acceleration re-sulting in a higher level of physiological, mental, morphological and psychological attributes than their later-born peers. A number of publications show that this temporary advantage often manifests itself in elite competitions at the junior level, but gradually disappears during the transition to professional senior competitions. The aim of this work was to determine the level of the RAE in the elite 100 ATP tennis players (ATP Rankings) in 2016–2018. To assess the influence of the RAE, the Chi-Squared (ꭕ2) test in the variant of Goodness of Fit was used for the assessment of the conformity of expected and observed frequency distribution due to the categorical character of the research data and the large sample size. The Cohen’s w val-ue calculation was used to assess the effect size (ES, since it is not a random representative selection of elements of the research set) of the ꭕ2 test values. The odds ratio (OR) was used to assess the chance of players from the Q individual quarters to get among the best 100 players. The results show that, in terms of effect size (ES), the effect of birth date in all the Top 100 players is small (w = .22) during the entire observed period 2016–2018; the influence of RAE is therefore dismissed. The ES in the individual years is again small (w = .21–.25); the influence of RAE is also dismissed. In analysing the effect of birth date, the mean rate of effect size was found in tennis players in positions 1 to 25 (w = .46) as well as in tennis play-ers in positions 51 to 75 (w = .37); the RAE influence is therefore not rejected. Only a small measure of effect size was found between positions 26 to 50 and 76 to 100 (w = .21–.25); the RAE influence is rejected. No statistically significant difference has been found between the observed and expected distribution of birth date between the observed quarters of the year (odds ratio test, p > .05) and it has not, therefore, been proven that tennis players from any of the quarters Q –Q had a better chance of getting among the Top 100 tennis players. It can be concluded that professional senior tennis had not shown the RAE influence to the extent usual in junior categories during the observed period of 2016–2018.
The influence of the main financial resources of non-profit sport organisations on their strategy
Authors: Honcová Martina
Published: October 2020

Non-profit organisations play a critical role in many societies because they fulfill the needs in areas that are not covered by the public or private sector. The primary purpose of all non-profit organisations is not generating income and, in most cases, the income from their own activities is not enough to survive. Therefore, they are forced to look for additional ways of funding and are dependent on them. These types of financial resources can be divided into two main groups – internal and external resources. Income from own activities and member-ship fees can be an example of internal resources. Subsidies from the state or municipalities, sponsorship money, and donations are part of organisations’ external resources. The main aim of this paper is to reveal the influence of different types of financial resources of non-profit sport organisations on their strategy. The article applies general findings for non-profit organ-isations from the paper of Stone, Bigelov, and Crittenden (1999) on “Research on strategic management in non-profit organisations” on the organisations from the sport area. Funding and financial resources may influence the components of a strategic process: formulation, content, and implementation. This paper focuses on the extent in which funding and financial resources affect the organisation’s strategic management and describes the influence of different types of financial resources on non-profit sport organisations’ strategy by reviewing a range of studies on the strategic process and funding of non-profit organizations that are applicable in sports. The article summarizes different findings and issues that have been de-scribed and published in the pre-reviewed academic journals with no restriction on the date of the issue.
The Relative Age Effect in Top100 Female Tennis Players (2014–2018)
Authors: Agricola Adrián , Bozděch Michal , Zvonař Martin , Zháněl Jiří
Published: October 2020

The theory of Relative Age Effect (RAE) works on the assumption that athletes born at the beginning of a calendar year are more successful than athletes born in the end of the year. The athletes born early have a significant probability of a higher level of physiological, mor-phological and psychological abilities than later born athletes. Several studies show that the RAE was not found in females or it was significantly lower than in males. The research objective was to find out the influence of RAE in WTA Tour TOP100 female professional tennis players (n=500) in 2014–2018. Cohen’s effect size (ES) w was calculated to assess the level of the influence of RAE. To assess the differences between the observed and the expected relative age quarter distribution, Chi-Square test (ꭕ2) was used. In terms of effect size (ES), a medium influence of RAE has been proven in 2016 and 2017 (w = 0.33, resp. w = 0.30); a small influence has been proven in years 2014, 2015, 2018 and in the whole observed period 2014–2018. Based on statistical analysis, the influence of RAE cannot be rejected in years 2016 (p 0.05). The next step was to assess the influence of RAE on the final WTA ranking in 2014–2018. Players have been divided into four intervals: 1–25, 26–50, 51–75 and 76–100 positions. ES has showed the medium influence of RAE in 76–100 positions (w = 0.34); only small influence of RAE was found in other positions. Statistical analysis showed that the influence of RAE cannot be rejected in 1–25, 26–50 and 76–100 positions (p < 0.05): it can be rejected in 54–75 positions. The results of the research have shown the medium influence of RAE in 2016 and 2017: in the recent years (and in the whole observed period of 2014–2018), the influence of RAE was small. The influence of RAE on the final WTA ranking is also small, except the 76–100 positions.
Analysis of Masaryk University students’ interest in sports courses in mandatory physical education
Authors: Střeštíková Radka , Svobodová Zora
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The aim of our research was to analyze the interest of students of Masaryk Uni-versity (MU) in sports courses in mandatory physical education. The partial goals was sat-isfaction with the offer of subjects and the obligation to attend physical education within uni-versity studies. The University Sport Center (USC) of the Faculty of Sports Studies provides mandatory physical education at MU. Students are required to have two credits in physical education (PE) within their bachelor’s degree and long master’s degree. They can choose both a semester lesson or in a form of block lessons that take place on Friday or weekend, as well as multi-day summer or winter training courses. Methods: We created a survey for our research. The subject of the questions was to find out if the students were familiar with the offer of USC-organized sports courses and, if not, what is the cause of this ignorance or nescience. We also looked at their preferences for sports courses, what activities they would prefer on the course. We were also interested in student satisfaction with the offer of PE courses and with the obligation to attend these courses. The results were processed by descriptive statistics and data analysis. Results: Atotal of 1608 students from all MU faculties answered our survey. The survey was conducted in the spring semester of 2019 in semester teaching, both in mandatory and in paid form. We found that 67% of students do not know the offer of summer and winter training courses. The biggest problem why they don’t know the offer is the lack of interest in these activities. Among the activities that are interesting for them and would like to run them on summer courses are water sports, especially river rides, hiking, sightseeing, mountain hikes, cycling and rock climbing activities. Furthermore, we found that 95% of students are satisfied with the offer of PE courses. 91% of students see positively the obligation to attend PE at universities, 44% of them would like PE for 3 semesters or more. Conclusion: Physical activity plays an important role in student life. For a young person who wants to be a university educated expert, movement, health, and vitality have an irreplacea-ble function. From the results of our investigation we can conclude that students are aware of the influence of active sports in their lives, agree with the organization of PE within their uni-versity studies and want to actively participate in physical education. Exceptions are sports courses, which they are not interested in, or have no idea that they exist. Based on the re-sults, we will look for ways to promote both summer and winter courses, so that students can be informed about the offer (cooperation with MU faculties and rectorate) and then we will find ways to make the courses more attractive for students.
Opinions Of Teachers On Teaching Gymnastics In Banská Bystrica
Authors: Kremnický Juraj
Published: October 2020

The aim of this article was to find out the views and attitudes of teachers of the fifth and sixth grades of elementary schools in Banská Bystrica on gymnastics. The research group consisted of total number of 25 physical and sport education teachers, 11 male and 14 females from eleven schools. We used our electronical questionnaire to find out the opinions of the teachers. We studied the opinions on teaching the gymnastics but also material equipment at elementary schools. In average we found out positive attitude of teachers toward gymnastics. The teachers consider the existing material equipment at elementary schools in Banská Bystrica to be suficient.
Attitude Towards Physical Activities In A Group Of Pregnant Women
Authors: Juříková Jana
Published: October 2020

Moderate and systematic physical activity during pregnancy is not only safe, but it also brings numerous health benefits, such as metabolic acceleration, lower risk of hypertension in preg-nancy, prevention of swelling due to water retention within the body, reduction of premature birth, it also shortens and facilitates the childbirth and lower the risk of postpartum compli-cations improves well-being and accelerates return to original physical condition after the child is born. Rather than regular exercises, however, it is a physical inactivity that brings risks. Some women are aware of this and they keep various physical activities during the pregnancy, on the other hand there exists a group of pregnant women who are afraid of doing exercises at all. This study attempts to define what are suitable activities during pregnancy, and find the reasons for pregnant women to perform and also not to perform physical activ-ities. Survey was carried out in a group of pregnant women, the information concerning their attitude towards physical activities have been obtained by a questionnaire method. Question-naires were anonymous and were submitted by 107 pregnant women. Results revealed that 63.6% of women spent their leisure time during pregnancy in an active way. Most of them reported that they are suficiently informed; they mainly used the Internet to seek information. Pregnant women typically perform their pastime physical activity at home, alone (usually with DVD) or outdoor – walking alone or with a dog, which is even more beneficial, since the dog gives a brisk pace of the walk. Concerning the frequency of physical activity, most women stated the frequency of 2 – 3 times a week. Women, who do not perform any physical activity at all, usually refer to lack of time and energy, frequent nausea, back aches and other health problems. Some women feel like doing an activity, but to perform it, they would need a stim-ulus and/or more information on suitable activities for pregnant women. Some women also pointed to lack of information concerning proper physical activities during pregnancy, hence they are afraid that choosing the wrong type or intensity of exercise they might injure either themselves or their unborn child.
The impact of different types of physical activity on walking as a vital everyday movement in older adults
Authors: Svobodová Lenka , Sebera Martin , Strašilová Kateřina , Hlinský Tomáš , Crhová Marie , Martincová Andrea , Vajda Petr , Stračárová Nikola
Published: October 2020

Introduction:Due to an international trend of the aging population, we see increased attention paid to studies dealing with the factors that have a positive or negative impact on successful aging. As we know, a higher level of physical activity and thus increased physical fitness sig-nificantly affect the quality of aging. One of the major problems in the elderly is the risks of falls. This age group is at high risk of injuries caused by falls. Analyses of aspects related to the falls revealed the significance of lower muscular tension, previous experience with falling, the bad stereotype of the walk, impaired balanced abilities, and so on. Purpose: In this study, we focused on the impact of different types of physical activity on walking as a vital everyday movement. Methods: Fortyfour older adults (Mage 69,09 years, SD 4,25; 22 male and 22 female) were randomly assigned to four groups, three training groups, and one control group; resistance training group, proprioceptive training group, endurance training group. The group consisted of seniors without a history of malignant disease during their life and without regular physical activity. All groups were tested on timed 10-meter walk test (10MWT), the 3-m backward walk (3MBW), and the 6-minute walk test (6MWD) at baseline, after 12 weeks and after 14 weeks (2 weeks after finishing intervention program). The 10MWT is used to assess walking speed over a short distance. The 3MBW is a test-close related fall risk. The 6MWD is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity. Results: We revealed differences between the types of exercises and the sustain-ability of the acquired skills. Results indicated significant improvements in gait speed in all ex-ercise groups. Subsequent measurements after a 14-day off indicated a slight deterioration trend in all groups. The resistance group showed the best results in the walk-back test. This group was the only one to maintain its standard also after 14-days off. All groups, including control, showed an improvement in aerobic capacity and endurance (measured by 6MWD). We found out differences between groups only after 14-day off. Conclusion: Our study confirmed the usefulness of performing targeted physical activity in older adults. Resistance and proprioceptive training has shown an important role in the pre-vention of falls.
On selected problems of low representation of women in coaching
Authors: Jakubcová Kateřina , Jůva Vladimír , Roček Michal
Published: October 2020

Coaches play a crucial role in the development of sport at all levels. However, there is often talk of a lack of coaches. This problem is compounded by the fact that female coaches make up only a much smaller part of the coaching staff. Significant deficits of woman are particular-ly noticeable in senior coaching positions (e.g., among head or national coaches). The issue of female representation in coaching has received considerable attention for forty years, es-pecially within the broader topic of women and sport. At the same time, the literature reflects an interesting paradox. Political and sporting bodies at the international and national level address the shortage of female coaches, and many projects promoting women in coaching have emerged. Research but shows that female representation in coaching is practically not improving. Many organizational and interpersonal problems and myths about the possibilities of women trainers remain. Also, in the Czech Republic, in the last two decades, political and research activities pay considerable attention to the topic of women in coaching. Our study builds on Czech empirical findings in the field of women in sport from the first decade of the 21st century. Apartial goal of our more extensive research was to find out the reasons for the low representation of women among sports coaches. We addressed women (questionnaire survey, n=103, average age 24.3 years), who at the performance or top-level are engaged in various sports and who are – at the same time – feel “at the end” of their active sports track, and realistically think about the professional future after finishing their sports career. We pro-cessed the results using statistical analysis and open coding. The most common reasons that negatively affect the continuation of the addressed female athletes as coaches, respondents report low financial remuneration of coaching work and loss of leisure time. Other reasons why women do not consider coaching include the lack of their professional ambitions and re-spect from sports associations and sports clubs. Research carried out shows that about half of the addressed female athletes are interested in staying in the sport as a coach, but they are aware of many obstacles in this area at the same time.
The long-term development of shooting skills in young biathletes
Authors: Žák Michal , Struhár Ivan , Ondráček Jan
Published: October 2020

This study is a major part of the dissertation research. It is focused on the development of shooting skills in young biathletes in a three-year training period. Specifically, the long-term development of the percentage success rate of prone and standing shooting in both training and races is described in study. It mentions marginally shooting skills such as the postural stability, the stability of aiming and triggering. The first part of our research, completed in 2017, brought findings that the relationship between exercise intensity and the biathlete’s postural stability exists, but following part of it, finalized in 2018, did not demonstrate the dependence of exercise intensity on the aiming stability and triggering. Initially, the study involved 23 young biathletes (13 girls, 10 boys). Whole research was completed by 19 biathletes (11 girls: age 17.8±0.64 years; 8 boys: age 17.4±0.72 years) after three years. The results of our current study are based on the records of shooting on metal targets that were created during each biathlon shooting training and all biathlon races of the participants in the three-year period. Only shooting with previous physical load was involved into results, shooting at rest was not included in the study. The results show the improvement of the percentage success rate in both prone and standing shooting in the three-year training period in both girl and boy groups and in both training and races (total percentage success rate = the average of the training and races percentage success rate – girls in prone: 2016/2017: 71.3%, 2017/2018: 75.5%, 2018/2019: 80.0%; girls in standing: 2016/2017: 61.8%, 2017/2018: 67.7%, 2018/2019: 73.4%; boys in prone: 2016/2017: 72.0%, 2017/2018: 72.9%, 2018/2019: 75.3%; boys in standing: 2016/2017: 57.6%, 2017/2018: 63.5%, 2018/2019: 67.7%). Girls are better shooters than boys in this research group. In general, the gradual improvement of percentage success rate in time is expected to occur in young biathletes that are in the intensive training process, but our study brings unique data of concretely values at this age of athletes that has not been known yet. The obtained data could be used by biathlon trainers to compare the current level of shooting skills at a given age of their young athletes. At the same time, a normative standard of biathlon shooting skills in a given age could be created in the case of gathering more data. That is one of the goals of the Czech Biathlon Union.
Relationship of the results from fitness test and points for performance in alpine skiing of the Czech national team of U14 and U16 categories in the season 2018/2019
Authors: Jurečka Jan , Horáček Tomáš
Published: October 2020

The main motivation for the research is a verification of applicability of the fitness test as a predictor for specific alpine skiing performance of the Czech national team of U14 and U16 categories. We want to verify if the results from the fitness test correspond with points for the performance in alpine skiing disciplines (slalom, giant slalom, super giant slalom). In total, 42 men and women (U14 and U16 categories), members of the Czech national team, participated in the research. Participants were grouped by gender (women n=21, age 14.23 (± 1.04), men n = 21, age 14.19 (± 1.07)). Fitness test consisted of six individual tests and was used as a tool to examine the level of motor abilities (jumping over the Swedish bench, shuttle run 4 × 10m, standing long jump, hurdles agility run - boomerang test, twist test, 20m shuttle run - beep test). Points for the performance in alpine skiing show the best result from a single competition transferred to the points. In our research we were looking for relationship between the points from three different disciplines (slalom, giant slalom, super giant slalom) and the results from the fitness test. In the men category we found high correlation (at the significance level of p ˂ 0.05) between super giant slalom and standing long jump (r = -0.73; r² = 0.53), between super giant slalom and boomerang test (r = 0.62, r² = 0.38) and between super giant slalom and shuttle run 4 × 10m (r = 0.61, r² = 0.37). Small correlation was found between slalom and box jump test (r = -0.31, r² = 0.1), between slalom and twist test (r = -0.33, r² = 0.11) and between super giant slalom and twist test (r = -0.34, r² = 0.12). In women category we did not found high correlation (at the sig-nificance level of p ˂ 0.05). Small correlation was found between slalom and box jump (r = -0.31, r² = 0.1), between giant slalom and twist test (r = 0.01, r² = 0.0001), between super giant slalom and standing long jump (r = -0.03, r² = 0.0009) and between slalom and shuttle run 4 × 10m (r = -0.05, r² = 0.0025). Twist test had very small correlation in both men and women categories. We can say that it is not relevant for prediction of alpine skiing per-formance. Based on different significance of correlations between men and women (super giant slalom and standing long jump; slalom/super giant slalom and shuttle run 4 × 10m) it might be necessary to adjust fitness testing as a predictor of alpine skiing performance according to a gender.
A Comparative Study of primary school teachers’ attitudes and opinions towards inclusive education in the South Moravian Region and Split-Dalmatian County
Authors: Stračárová Nikola
Published: October 2020

The research is focused on teachers‘ approaches, opinions, and visions concerning inclusive education in the South Moravian Region and the Split-Dalmatian County. Further to that, it analyses the degree of Inclusion in these areas. The relationship of pedagogues towards Inclusion, due to a steep increase of specific disorders, is extremely important. The research was made in the year when the inclusive education bill was passed in the Czech Republic. Data was collected in the first school year when schools in Czech Republic functioned as in-clusive. Data collection took place in Split-Dalmatian county in 2016 and the South Moravian Region in 2017. The research is qualitative, an open-question questionnaire was made, and a non-structured interview was made when visiting schools. We set the following hypothe-ses. We assume that teachers of selected schools of the Split-Dalmatia County evaluate Inclusion more negatively than teachers of selected primary schools in the South Moravian Region. This hypothesis is not confirmed. We expect that Inclusion will take place in selected elementary schools in the South Moravian Region more than in selected elementary schools in Split-Dalmatia County. This hypothesis is not confirmed. This research is based on the methodology and data from the diploma thesis of Nikola Stračárová 2017 (Stračárová, 2017).
Differences In Self-Assessment Of Preparedness Of Wrestlers Before Competition
Authors: Slačanac Kristijan , Žugaj Nenad
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The main goal of this research was to establish differences in self-assessment of preparedness of Greco-Roman wrestlers in different age groups before a competition. Methods: The sample of subjects consisted of Greco-Roman wrestlers (n=223) divided into three age groups (cadets n=76; juniors n=69; seniors n=78). Self-assessment of prepared-ness was determined immediately before oficial weighing (approximately 16 hours before oficial weighing) using a survey questionnaire on the Likert scale of 1 to 5. Descriptive sta-tistic parameters were present. The wrestlers’success was determined by analysis of oficial bulletin from national championships. The correlation between self-assessment of prepar-edness and success was determined by a linear regression analysis. Statistically significant differences between the groups were determined by the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Most cadets (35.5% of subjects) estimate that they are completely prepared for a competition comparing to juniors. Seniors and juniors carefully evaluated preparedness for a competition. Seniors (42.3% of subjects) estimate that they are somewhat prepared, while juniors (43.5% of subjects) estimate that they are highly prepared for a competition. Furthermore, results of linear regression indicate relation (R = 0.203; p = 0.002) between self-assessment and success of Greco-Roman wrestlers. In addition, statistically significant differences between cadets and juniors (p = 0.033) were confirmed as well as between ca-dets and seniors (p = 0.001) in variable self-assessment of preparedness for a competition. Conclusion: Statistically significant relation between self-assessment and success indicates that wrestlers with a high level of self-assessment have better success as well as self-confi-dence in wrestling competition. The differences between age groups of Greco-Roman wres-tlers in variable self-assessment of preparedness emphasize importance of realistic and achievable goals in young age groups of wrestlers. Setting unrealistic goals can lead to frustrations or giving up on practicing wrestling. Therefore, individual approach to the mental preparedness of young wrestlers before a competition is very important, especially setting and realization of achievable goals. In this way, positive experience from a competition will raise the level of self-confidence in young age wrestlers.
Hierarchical Classification Of Expert Models Of Exercises Designed To Eliminate Specific Mistakes Occurring In Short Ski Turn
Authors: Kuna Danijela , Babić Matej , Očić Mateja
Published: October 2020

The aim of the present study was to examine the structure of an expert model of exercises designed to eliminate the Lack of specific ski movement mistake in short ski turn, as well as offer a hierarchical classification of the expert model. For this purpose, a two-stage research was conducted. During the first stage of the research the exercises with the purpose of Lack of specific ski movement mistake elimination were designed by 20 skiing experts aged 25 to 45. By means of email and coordinated by the paper author, the experts first designed a model of 14 methodical exercises and subsequently selected the five most relevant ones, ranking them on a scale from 1 to 5. A nonparametric chi - square test (χ2) was used. The research showed there was no significant variation across the experts’eval-uation of the five most important methodical exercises (χ2 = 21,69; p = 0,06). The expert model of the most important methodical exercises for the Lack of specific ski movement mistake correction thus includes the following: Holding a ski stick under the handle, Jump turns, Hands on hips, Unbuttoned ski boots and Ski poles in vertical position in forwards. 307 skiing professionals of various levels of expertise participated in the second stage of the research, whose aim was to classify the Lack of specific ski movement mistake elimi-nation exercises. The participants’task was to rank the exercises based on their relevance. Total amounts of rank sums (ΣR) were calculated, the Kruskal-Wallis test (H-test) was car-ried out, and the corresponding levels of significance (p) were recorded, for the purpose of comparing the significance of diversity between rank sums and the expert model. The sta-tistically significant difference was found between the rank sums (ΣR) of the most eficient exercises for the Lack of specific ski movement mistake correction (H = 198,19; p < 0,001). The results obtained in the two stages of the research provide valuable insights regarding the methods of short ski turns. The hierarchical classification of the most important method-ical corrective exercises obtained from ski teachers and professionals with different levels of education and expertise yields accurate and precise data about corrective methodical exercises in the process of studying short ski turn. Any further research regarding the same object should evaluate the designed expert model of the most important methodical exer-cises, as well as their hierarchical classification, across different groups of participants.
Basic motor competencies in the 1st and 2nd grade elementary school children in Slovakia
Authors: Mačura Peter , Blahutová Anna , Hubinák Andrej , Koštial Ján , Krška Peter , Novotná Nadežda , Sedláček Jaromír , Hulinková Mária
Published: October 2020

Anumber of youth movement activities, e.g. running, walking, jumping, climbing trees, throw-ing and catching a ball, has been on a decline in the current European cultural space. The results of this research contribute to broadening the knowledge about the level of basic motor competencies and qualifications of the 1st and 2nd grade elementary children in the Slovak Republic. The primary data on the basic motor competencies and qualifications of the examined group (n=307, age = 7.58 ± 0.69 years) were collected by means of the MOBAK 1‒2 test battery (Herrmann et al., 2018b). The significance of differences between boys (n=156, age 7.62 ± 0.69) and girls (n=151, age 7.55 ± 0.70) was evaluated by Student’s t-test in two independent groups. The boys in the first grade (n = 97) achieved a significantly better performance in basic motor competency object movements (x = 5.17 ± 1.79 points) than their female peers (n=88, x = 3.52 ± 1.78). The girls in the second grade did not achieve a statistically better performance in the movement qualifications in throwing, balancing and rolling than the first-graders of the same gender. Knowledge of the level of basic motor com-petencies and qualifications of the Slovak elementary school children allows the national and European educational and cultural authorities to design and improve the content of physical and sport education classes.
Who cares? A defence of judicial review
Authors: Baer Susanne
Published: October 2020

For a long time, politicians and scholars and even judges have criticised national and international courts with the competence of judicial review of legislative and executive powers. The defence usually relies on more or less abstract notions of the rule of law. This article, however, argues that at the heart of the matter are people, as protected by fundamental rights. Critical approaches to the law and studies in comparative constitutionalism allow us to understand why judicial review matters, namely: to whom. From that point of view, judicial review is not just a debatable idea, but it is about, specifically, children and women, non-patriarchal men and social and cultural minorities, poor people and others who are excluded. These are people in need of courts. For people, the rule of law is not just another concept of how things may be run, but is a protective device against arbitrariness, or outright hostility, of political majorities. Way beyond a reference to Germany�s history, judicial review is a �never again� to law as an empty promise.
O que é escrita performativa?
Authors: Saber de Mello Ines , Aguiar Franciele Machado de , Belchior Santos Jussara , Pedroso de Oliveira Luane , Bitencourt Matheus Abel Lima de , Franzoni Tereza
Published: October 2020

Este texto é uma apresentação de formulações, modos e imagens a partir da pergunta-título ‘o que é escrita performativa?’, apresentando a coletânea de textos da proposta Do tema aos modos, reflexões e invenções: pesquisa em artes e as escritas da pesquisa, produzidos por artistas-pesquisadoras e pesquisadores de diferentes universidades brasileiras, que trazem consigo o interesse e exercício reflexivo da Pesquisa em Arte na e pela escrita, através de seus procedimentos e possibilidades.
L’indépendantisme catalan en mode multilingue
Authors: Pomerleau Marc
Published: October 2020

Le catalanisme politique est historiquement ancré dans la langue catalane. Majoritaire pendant des siècles en Catalogne, cette langue est devenue minoritaire au cours du XXe siècle, principalement en raison de la répression linguistique et des vagues successives d’immigration espagnole, puis internationale. Dans ce contexte, il serait impensable de mener à terme un projet d’indépendance essentiellement ancré dans la langue nationale. Le mouvement indépendantiste catalan s’est adapté à la nouvelle réalité multilingue en réorientant son approche linguistique : la langue catalane demeure l’un des piliers du projet national, mais ce dernier s’articule aussi en espagnol et dans bien d’autres langues. La société civile catalane, au coeur de la montée de l’indépendantisme, s’est mobilisée et la mise en oeuvre de grands projets de traduction constitue certes l’une des facettes les moins connues de cette mobilisation. Le projet national est traduit dans les langues de l’immigration afin de convaincre les Néo-Catalans du bien-fondé de l’indépendance nationale, ce qui semble donner des résultats positifs. Le contraste entre le multilinguisme de l’indépendantisme catalan et le quasi-unilinguisme de l’indépendantisme québécois est frappant.