bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopic structure of purified, active γ-secretase reveals an aqueous intramembrane chamber and two pores
Authors: Lazarov Vlado K. , Fraering Patrick C. , Ye Wenjuan , Wolfe Michael S. , Selkoe Dennis J. , Li Huilin
Published: April 2006

γ-Secretase is an intramembrane-cleaving aspartyl protease required for the normal development of metazoans because it processes Notch within cellular membranes to release its signaling domain. More than two dozen additional substrates of diverse functions have been reported, including the Notch ligands Delta and Jagged, N- and E-cadherins, and a sodium channel subunit. The protease is causally implicated in Alzheimer’s disease because it releases the neurotoxic amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) from its precursor, APP. γ-Secretase occurs as a large complex containing presenilin (bearing the active site aspartates), nicastrin, Aph-1, and Pen-2. Because the complex contains at least 18 transmembrane domains, crystallographic approaches to its structure are difficult and remote. We recently purified the human complex essentially to homogeneity from stably expressing mammalian cells. Here, we use EM and single-particle image analysis on the purified enzyme, which produces physiological ratios of Aβ40 and Aβ42, to obtain structural information on an intramembrane protease. The 3D EM structure revealed a large, cylindrical interior chamber of ∼20–40 Å in length, consistent with a proteinaceous proteolytic site that is occluded from the hydrophobic environment of the lipid bilayer. Lectin tagging of the nicastrin ectodomain enabled proper orientation of the globular, ∼120-Å-long complex within the membrane and revealed ∼20-Å pores at the top and bottom that provide potential exit ports for cleavage products to the extra- and intracellular compartments. Our reconstructed 3D map provides a physical basis for hydrolysis of transmembrane substrates within a lipid bilayer and release of the products into distinct subcellular compartments.
Management of fever without source in young children presenting to an emergency room
Authors: Massin Martial M. , Montesanti Jessica , Lepage Philippe
Published: April 2006

Background: The management of fever without source in young children is controversial. Aim: To analyse the management approach in our paediatric emergency room, and to correlate it to existing practice guidelines. Methods: We indexed 2176 consecutive patients, aged 1 to 36 mo, seen in our emergency department because of fever ≥ 38.5°C. Patients with chronic illness, recent antibiotic use, focal bacterial infection or typical viral illness were excluded, and the management approach of the remaining 376 patients was analysed. Results: The most common final diagnosis was acute febrile illness (n=228), whereas bacterial and viral infections were demonstrated in 120 and 28 patients, respectively. Most of the time, our residents correctly ordered complete blood count, chest radiograph and urinalysis in children for whom those investigations are recommended. A blood culture was rarely obtained, even in patients under empirical antibiotherapy. Residents often ordered chest radiograph and urinalysis in low‐risk patients, and conflicted with guidelines when considering the prescription of empirical antibiotherapy. Their management allowed the early diagnosis and treatment of two pneumococcal bacteraemias, one meningococcal bacteraemia, seven urinary tract infections and 11 pneumonias, which would have been initially missed by strict adherence to the guidelines.

Conclusion: Significant differences exist in the management of the young febrile child between our practice patterns and guidelines, without influence on patient outcome.
Glutamate in current paediatric amino acid solutions is not toxic
Authors: Pohlandt Frank
Published: April 2006

Aim: To discuss the viewpoint article “How much glutamate is toxic in paediatric parenteral nutrition?” Acta Paediatr 2005;94;16–9.

Conclusion: There is no doubt that glutamate used at high bolus doses in animal experiments would permanently damage brain cells. However, these effects should not be extrapolated to the condition of parenteral nutrition of newborn infants when much smaller amounts of glutamate are infused constantly during 24 h. Clinical studies proving the maintenance of plasma glutamate concentrations within the reference range during parenteral nutrition were not considered. The authors have alarmed neonatologists with arguments without substance.
Somatotropic axis derangement as an underlying factor in the genesis of retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Yeung Melinda Y.
Published: April 2006

Recent research data suggest a significant role of prolonged low serum insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I concentration in the genesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Evidence also reveals significant early postnatal nutritional deficits and growth deceleration among premature newborns.

Conclusion. Since serum IGF‐I concentration is positively related to nutritional status, particularly protein nutrition, it would suggest that protein under‐nutrition may be a major determinant of low serum IGF‐I concentration and in the high risk of ROP.
Enhancement of bacterial competitive fitness by apramycin resistance plasmids from non-pathogenicEscherichia coli
Authors: Yates C.M , Shaw D.J , Roe A.J , Woolhouse M.E.J , Amyes S.G.B
Published: April 2006

The study of antibiotic resistance has in the past focused on organisms that are pathogenic to humans or animals. However, the development of resistance in commensal organisms is of concern because of possible transfer of resistance genes to zoonotic pathogens. Conjugative plasmids are genetic elements capable of such transfer and are traditionally thought to engender a fitness burden on host bacteria. In this study, conjugative apramycin resistance plasmids isolated from newborn calves were characterized. Calves were raised on a farm that had not used apramycin or related aminoglycoside antibiotics for at least 20 months prior to sampling. Of three apramycin resistance plasmids, one was capable of transfer at very high rates and two were found to confer fitness advantages on newEscherichia colihosts. This is the first identification of natural plasmids isolated from commensal organisms that are able to confer a fitness advantage on a new host. This work indicates that reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes in commensal organisms might not decrease if antibiotic usage is halted.
Verruciform xanthoma‐like phenomenon in seborrheic keratosis
Authors: Wu Yu‐Hung , Hsiao Pa‐Fan , Lin Yang‐Chih
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  Verruciform xanthoma is xanthomatous dermal infiltrate in a proliferating epidermal lesion and is an uncommon phenomenon. It has been reported in various neoplastic or inflammatory conditions. We report a 72‐year‐old man who had an asymptomatic 1‐cm black nodule on his abdomen. Histopathology showed a typical acanthotic type of seborrheic keratosis characterized by basaloid keratinocyte proliferation and pseudohorn cysts. Many aggregated xanthomatized cells were seen in dermal papillae within the acanthotic epithelium. Papillomatosis, parakeratosis, and neutrophil infiltrates, the histologic features of typical verruciform xanthoma, were not seen. The foamy cells were positive for CD‐68 and vimentin and negative for cytokeratin and S‐100. No human papillomavirus DNA was found by nested polymerase chain reaction. The blood lipid profile was normal. The presence of verruciform xanthomatous change in seborrheic keratosis provides further evidence that verruciform xanthoma may be a reactive phenomenon occurring in common skin disorders.
A study of the serotonin transporter in the prefrontal cortex in late‐life depression and Alzheimer's disease with and without depression
Authors: Thomas A. J. , Hendriksen M. , Piggott M. , Ferrier I. N. , Perry E. , Ince P. , O'Brien J. T.
Published: April 2006

Previous studies investigating the serotonin transporter (SERT) in depression have been inconsistent and included a large proportion of subjects who had committed suicide. In Alzheimer's disease studies have generally reported a reduction in SERT density but have not compared Alzheimer's disease subjects with and without comorbid major depression. We conducted a post mortem study of SERT density in the prefrontal cortex in normal elderly, a group of elderly depressed subjects and in Alzheimer's disease subjects with and without major depression. A post mortem study comparing SERT density in the prefrontal cortex in elderly controls (n = 10), subjects with major depression (n = 8) and subjects with Alzheimer's disease with (n = 9) and without (n = 5) comorbid major depression. We used autoradiography to measure the density of [3H]CN‐IMI binding (non‐specific binding determined with citalopram) to the SERT in the prefrontal cortex. We found a marked reduction in specific SERT binding in the prefrontal cortex in Alzheimer's disease subjects compared with both control (P = 0.002) and depressed subjects (P = 0.004) but no difference in SERT binding between depressed and control subjects or between Alzheimer's disease subjects with and without depression. Our study confirms previous reports of a reduction in SERT binding in Alzheimer's disease but indicates this reduction is not greater in Alzheimer's disease subjects who also have had major depression. In a group of subjects more typical of late‐life depression we did not identify any alterations in SERT density.
Health and Wealth: Empirical Findings and Political Consequences
Authors: Jones Andrew M. , Doorslaer Eddy van , Bago d’Uva Teresa , Balia Silvia , Gambin Lynn , Quevedo Cristina Hernández , Koolman Xander , Rice Nigel
Published: April 2006

There is increasing concern that equity in health and health care in Europe may suffer as a result of the expansion of the European Union and the ageing of its populations. This article reviews the findings of the ‘‘ECuity III’’ project: a network of European health economists who have investigated socioeconomic inequalities in health and health care. In order to help inform the policy debate about how to secure health equity in our ageing European societies, the project pays particular attention to the key decisions about income, health and health care in age groups around the retirement age, as these prove to be crucial for a better understanding of cross-country differences in inequalities.
Neurofuturity: A Theory of Change
Authors: Nunn Kenneth P.
Published: April 2006

Our experience is dominated by familiar sameness and unfamiliar change. This article is about change and why and how people change. The capacity to change is critical to the ability to adapt to a changing environment. Our brains help us to manage change by constructing possible futures and enabling us to behave in a way that prepares us for those futures. Capturing the world outside of us to make it into an internal experience is called perception. Some therapies aim to capture the work as it is. Capturing our world as it has been is termed ‘memory’. Therapies which aim to revisit and remould this work so that the present and future are easier to deal with, help adaptation. Capturing the possible worlds to come is described here as neurofuturity. It is much broader than expectations and includes our feelings towards the future as well as our beliefs. Therapies are described in terms of which questions they answer and which time frame they address. Therapies and therapists address these big questions and work in different time frames. Reconstructing patients' experience of the future and acceptance of what cannot change are two of the main tasks of clinicians.
Differential evolutionary conservation of motif modes in the yeast protein interaction network
Authors: Lee Wei-Po , Jeng Bing-Chiang , Pai Tun-Wen , Tsai Chin-Pei , Yu Chang-Yung , Tzou Wen-Shyong
Published: April 2006

Background

The importance of a network motif (a recurring interconnected pattern of special topology which is over-represented in a biological network) lies in its position in the hierarchy between the protein molecule and the module in a protein-protein interaction network. Until now, however, the methods available have greatly restricted the scope of research. While they have focused on the analysis in the resolution of a motif topology, they have not been able to distinguish particular motifs of the same topology in a protein-protein interaction network.

Results

We have been able to assign the molecular function annotations of Gene Ontology to each protein in the protein-protein interactions ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. For various motif topologies, we have developed an algorithm, enabling us to unveil one million "motif modes", each of which features a unique topological combination of molecular functions. To our surprise, the conservation ratio, i.e., the extent of the evolutionary constraints upon the motif modes of the same motif topology, varies significantly, clearly indicative of distinct differences in the evolutionary constraints upon motifs of the same motif topology. Equally important, for all motif modes, we have found a power-law distribution of the motif counts on each motif mode. We postulate that motif modes may very well represent the evolutionary-conserved topological units of a protein interaction network.

Conclusion

For the first time, the motifs of a protein interaction network have been investigated beyond the scope of motif topology. The motif modes determined in this study have not only enabled us to differentiate among different evolutionary constraints on motifs of the same topology but have also opened up new avenues through which protein interaction networks can be analyzed.
The use of standardized patients for mock oral board exams in neurology: a pilot study
Authors: Kissela Brett , Harris Steven , Kleindorfer Dawn , Lindsell Christopher , Pascuzzi Robert , Woo Daniel , Szaflarski Jerzy , Kanter Daniel , Schneider Alex , Sostok Michael , Broderick Joseph
Published: April 2006

Background

Mock oral board exams, fashioned after the live patient hour of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology exam, are commonly part of resident assessment during residency training. Exams using real patients selected from clinics or hospitals are not standardized and do not allow comparisons of resident performance across the residency program. We sought to create a standardized patient mock oral board exam that would allow comparison of residents' clinical performance.

Methods

Three cases were created and then used for this mock oral boards exercise utilizing trained standardized patients. Residents from the University of Cincinnati and Indiana University participated in the exam. Residents were scored by attending physician examiners who directly observed the encounter with the standardized patient. The standardized patient also assessed each resident. A post-test survey was administered to ascertain participant's satisfaction with the examination process.

Results

Resident scores were grouped within one standard deviation of the mean, with the exception of one resident who was also subjectively felt to "fail" the exam. In exams with two faculty "evaluators", scores were highly correlated. The survey showed satisfaction with the examination process in general.

Conclusion

Standardized patients can be used for mock oral boards in the live patient format. Our initial experience with this examination process was positive. Further testing is needed to determine if this examination format is more reliable and valid than traditional methods of assessing resident competency.
Redox Behavior of Poly(2,5-dihydroxyaniline) Synthesized by Electropolymerization in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Morita Masayuki , Takase Hironari , Ishikawa Masashi , Matsuda Yoshiharu
Published: April 2006

Poly(2,5-dihydroxyaniline) films, synthesized by electropolymerization of 2,5-dimethoxyaniline followed by hydrolysis of methoxy groups in an acidic solution, gave a characteristic redox response like a hydroquinone/quinone couple in aqueous electrolyte solutions. The film showed electrocatalysis for a simple redox system.
Study on Flaking Process in Bearings by White Etching Area Generation
Authors: Hiraoka K , Nagao M , Isomoto T
Published: April 2006

White etching area (WEA) is widely known as a microstructural change caused by rolling contact fatigue of a bearing. It has been reported that early flaking accompanied by the WEA occurred in such bearings as those for automotive alternators, and effective measures have been demanded. The WEA type microstructural change has so far been studied in detail, particularly for butterfly, which was metallographically characterized as follows: First, the WEA coexists with microcracks, which was initiated by nonmetallic inclusions and extended at the angle of 45 deg to the raceway. Second, according to the TEM study, the WEA consists of ultrafine grain as small as approximately 10 nm in diameter. The authors want to establish a counter measure against the early flaking from a material side. Its realization requires the clarification of flaking processes, especially the cause-effect relationship between microcrack and WEA, so that an appropriate measure is taken in the prevention of microcrack or WEA itself. In this study, high carbon chromium bearing steel (JIS SUJ2) specimens containing voids with a few µm diameter were prepared through powder metallurgy, and were subjected to rolling contact fatigue tests by thrust-type testers. Many 45 deg microcracks and WEA initiated by the voids were successfully reproduced just below the raceway. It was found by observation that a microcrack forms first and then WEA generation follows. In addition, the stress analysis by computer simulations found out that WEA generates only in the hydrostatic compressive region localized by the presence of the microcrack. Therefore, WEA in rolling contact fatigue is a secondary phenomenon preceded by a microcrack. It was concluded that an effective counter measure against the early flaking with WEA is to improve the resistance to microcrack initiation during rolling contact fatigue.
Assessing Mortality of Released or Discarded Fish Using a Logistic Model of Relative Survival Derived from Tagging Data
Authors: Hueter Robert E. , Manire Charles A. , Tyminski John P. , Hoenig John M. , Hepworth Daniel A.
Published: April 2006

The mortality of released or discarded fish in commercial and recreational fisheries and in fisheries‐independent research is a critical area of study for contemporary fisheries science. Key questions involving postrelease survival include the following: What fraction of the bycatch discarded in a commercial fishery survives? What is the hooking mortality of fish released by recreational anglers, and how does this vary with the treatment and condition of the fish? What fraction of tagged fish do not survive the stress of capture and tagging? What percentage of hatchery‐raised fish survive after stocking? To address these and related questions, we develop a two‐step approach to estimating absolute postrelease survival rates. First, fish are tagged and assigned to discrete classes based on their condition (from best to worst) at release. The relative survival of fish released in different conditions is estimated from tag returns by fitting a logistic model. Then, assuming that fish in the best condition survive to the same degree as fish that were not captured, absolute survival rates in the other categories are determined. Applying this method to one example from field research, we estimate that 69% of blacktip sharks Carcharhinus limbatus and 60% of bonnetheads Sphyrna tiburo survived the stress of gill‐net capture, tagging, and release in a 1992–2004 study in Florida. Our method has broad application to determining the condition‐ or treatment‐specific survival rates of released fish of many types in fisheries and research projects in which tag‐and‐recapture methods can be used.
Bank Enterprisers in a Western Town, 1815-1822
Authors: Stevens Harry R.
Published: April 2006

When attention is shifted from individual entrepreneur to the socio-economic group of which he is a part, new historical perspectives are opened to view. This study of a group of bankers in frontier Cincinnati considerably sharpens the historical concept of the “Western Banker” and provides insight into the nature of the banking function in a developing economy. The data employed yield significant conclusions about the nature of the bankers' backgrounds and about the importance both of those backgrounds and of the frontier environment in shaping the bankers' function and role.
Administering a Steam-Navigation Company in China, 1862–1867
Authors: Liu Kwang-Ching
Published: April 2006

Having solved the initial problems of raising capital for its steamship venture on the Yangtze (Business History Review, June, 1954), the Boston trading firm of Russell & Co. then faced operational difficulties of a formidable nature. Fluctuating local trade, recurrent scarcity of working capital, and the presence of an outnumbering fleet of competing vessels provided a severe test of the resident-partner system of administration. Russell & Co.'s Far Eastern affiliate rode out the lean years, profited handsomely in the fat years that followed, and then liquidated its investment. This account of the Yangtze steamship venture further illuminates the methods and policies of American commission houses in the nineteenth-century China trade and has implications of interest to modern managers of foreign investments.
The Reformer Reformed: John H. Reagan and Railroad Regulation
Authors: Nash Gerald
Published: April 2006

The changing attitude toward railroad regulation of reformer John H. Reagan tells much about the validity of the objections raised by railroadmen of the 1880's to such regulation. In tracing Reagan's career thus, a question of historiography is raised. Can careful utilization of contemporary attitudes toward business situations compensate for the subjectivity of the historian himself?
The Significance of Business History
Authors: Wohl R. Richard
Published: April 2006

The study of business history should not be restricted to investigating the development of internal administration in specific firms. The history of business is indivisibly linked to the history of mankind, and business historians should aim at understanding the interplay between the actions of individual companies and changes in the total society. This topic can be illuminated by studying a group of firms in the same industry, by studying business in a certain region, or by relating business policies and methods to such characteristics of the population as the American willingness to work hard in pursuit of a higher standard of consumption.
Robert Livingston (1654-1728): Businessman of Colonial New York
Authors: Leder Lawrence H. , Carosso Vincent P.
Published: April 2006

Robert Livingston's career provides the first opportunity to consider in detail the emergence of an early New York businessman. Trained in business in Rotterdam, he brought to the New World the experience, knowledge, and techniques of one of the most advanced commercial centers of his day. On the Albany frontier he applied the Old World's business methods to advantage and gradually emerged as a dominant figure in colonial New York. His records and business correspondence leave no doubt that Livingston belonged to that class of businessmen often referred to as sedentary or resident merchants, though he did not employ as many agents and partners as his later, more mature counterparts. Neither did he engage in as many ventures or perform as many functions as the Browns, Hancocks, and other late eighteenth-century merchants, nor did he create an impressive business organization at home or abroad as was customary among certain European contemporaries. Still, as a wholesaler and retailer, importer and exporter, shipowner and land speculator, Livingston was an early New York practitioner of diversified business functions and investments. His extensive land dealings, no doubt motivated in part by the social prestige attached to real estate, were undertaken primarily as a source of credit and revenue. Livingston Manor was operated as a business enterprise: some of it was cultivated on Livingston's behalf, parts were leased to tenants who provided for the Lord of the Manor not only rents but a steady market for the goods he obtained in overseas trading ventures, and other sections were devoted to various manufacturing enterprises. Livingston's political life was an integral and necessary part of his business ventures, which reflected at all points the total instability of most colonial institutions. From the details of Livingstons many-sided commercial life emerges a rare picture of an embryonic business society in which the means were sorely taxed to achieve the ends conceived by ambitious men.
The Jost Amman Print: Aigentliche Abbildung dess Gantzen Gewerbs der Kauffmanschaft
Authors: Reeves Dorothea D.
Published: April 2006

This allegorical representation of commerce is based on the business scene in sixteenth-century Germany. It was conceived by Johann Neudorfer, was engraved on six woodblocks by Jost Amman (1539–1591), and printed at Augsberg in 1622. Mr. Philip Hofer, Curator of the Department of Printing and Graphic Arts of the Harvard College Library, early this year presented this intricately detailed engraving, measuring 30 × 46 inches, to Baker Library, where it enriches a growing collection of works of art portraying the business scene.
British Attitudes Toward Investment in North American Railroads
Authors: Currie A. W.
Published: April 2006

British investors, whose support was of importance to American railroad development, fluctuated between enthusiasm and dismay. Low investment per mile, the performance of certain blue chip carriers, and the native growth potential all stimulated the vital flow of foreign capital. Rate wars, overcapitalization, stock price fluctuations, imprudent reorganizations, and low business morality had an inhibiting effect. In most cases American investments offered little opportunity to exert control. By the late 1890's, British investors had largely outgrown their enchantment with the American railroad bonanza.
The Anatomy of Prejudice: Origins of the Robber Baron Legend
Authors: Tipple John
Published: April 2006

Who were the originators of the Robber Baron concept? Not the injured, the poor, the faddists, the jealous, or a dispossessed elite. Rather, it was a frustrated group of observers led at last by protracted years of harsh depression to believe that the American dream of abundant prosperity for all was a hopeless myth.
Industrial Experiments in the Wilderness: A Sidelight in the Business History of the Hudson's Bay Company
Authors: Gluek Alvin C.
Published: April 2006

Development of the North American continent was a halting process, characterized by use and misuse of latent opportunities. The Hudson's Bay Company, giant in fur trade and northern exploration, proved by trial and error experiments that abundant natural assets were not in themselves the magic key to wealth.
J. B. Moussier and the Property Banks of Louisiana
Authors: Neu Irene D.
Published: April 2006

The property bank, an ingenious new institution that provided badly needed capital for southern mercantile and agricultural operations, appears to have been the creation of one man's imagination. It is ironical that he died in financial embarrassment, leaving behind few clues for the curious historian.
Henrietta M. Larson: An Appreciation
Authors: Hidy Ralph W. , Hidy Muriel E.
Published: April 2006

In 1959 Harvard University, for the first time, appointed a woman to a full professorship at its Graduate School of Business Administration. The new Professor of Business History, Henrietta Melia Larson, was no stranger to her colleagues at the institution where she had worked since 1928 nor to the business historians of the United States. She was known as an outstanding scholar in her field and widely respected for her attainments. At this period of her semi-retirement from Harvard it seems appropriate to honor her by dedicating to her this issue of the Business History Review and by evaluating the contributions which she has already made to her profession.
To Set a Smart Board: Fashion as the Decisive Factor in the Development of the Scottish Linen Damask Industry
Authors: Cavallo Adolph S.
Published: April 2006

The origins of the little-known Scottish linen damask industry are traced to a shift in fashion demand in this intriguing study of surviving fabrics and documents.
J. R. Walsh of Chicago: A Case Study in Banking and Politics, 1881–1905
Authors: Tarr Joel A.
Published: April 2006

The rise and fall of a “political” banker is traced here against the interaction of businessmen and machine politicians in turn-of-the-century Chicago, Illinois.
Aggregative Business History
Authors: Cole Arthur H.
Published: April 2006

One of the pioneers in the historical study of business and entrepreneurship recalls the origins of the two fields and suggests a synthesis as a basis for further research and analysis. The Editors and Dr. Cole welcome comments and discussion of these ideas.
Harvesters and High Finance: Formation of the International Harvester Company
Authors: Kramer Helen M.
Published: April 2006

Through an analysis of the formation of the International Harvester Company in 1902, Professor Kramer presents a suggestive case-study in businessmen's motivations toward merger.
Foreign-Owned Railways in Argentina: A Case Study of Economic Nationalism
Authors: Wright Winthrop R.
Published: April 2006

The interplay between national economic policy and private business policy in Latin America is a constant historical theme. The case of foreign-owned railroads in Argentina illustrates the road to nationalization between 1854 and 1948.
Financial Problems of the American Aircraft Industry, 1906–1940
Authors: Rae John B.
Published: April 2006

The early patterns of finance in a twentieth-century transportation industry are examined by Professor Rae. His analysis is especially illustrative of the problems of companies manufacturing a product to highly exacting technical standards and for sale to a limited number of customers.
Businessmen and the Regulation of Railroads and Public Utilities in California During the Progressive Era
Authors: Blackford Mansel Griffiths
Published: April 2006

Historians of the Progressive Era have recently focused much attention on the role played by businessmen in the reform legislation of that period. Mr. Blackford's study considers this topic in the case of a significant portion of the California business community.
The Mystery of Fuel Wood Marketing In the United States
Authors: Cole Arthur H.
Published: April 2006

Although fuel wood still supplied 70 per cent of the total energy requirements of the United States in 1900, a marketing mechanism for the millions of cords consumed each year is not evident. Professor Cole concludes that no other commodity of such importance had such little effect on distributive institutions.
Scottish Railways and the Development of Scottish Locomotive Building in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Vamplew Wray
Published: April 2006

Professor Vamplew describes the expansion of a leading Scottish industry of the nineteenth century, illustrating that the nature and level of demand were the most important factors shaping the industry's growth throughout several distinct stages of development.
Invitation to Empire: Tariffs and American Economic Expansion in Canada
Authors: Scheinberg Stephen
Published: April 2006

The growth of the United States' economic influence in twentieth-century Canada was intimately related to the continuation of the “National Policy” of protectionist tariffs. Professor Scheinberg argues that Canadians initially welcomed America's consciously expansionist thrust, and that they eventually became entangled in the problems of seeking rapid economic growth along with economic independence from both the older imperialism of Great Britain and the newer variety represented by the United States.
The Industrial Politics of the Kreditbanken, 1880–1914
Authors: Neuburger Hugh
Published: April 2006

One of the most durable theories explaining the remarkable rise of German industry in the generation before World War I was that of the critical role of the Kreditbanken, the great commercial and investment banks of which the Deutsche Bank was the most prominent. Recently, however, historians have begun to question the power of the banks, and even to suggest that they were a drag on German economic development. In this brief study of how Georg Siemens, of the Deutsche Bank, kept the peace between the two leading German electrical equipment manufacturers, Professor Neuburger shows that the crucial factors were not merely the financial strength or weakness of the Bank, but also the diplomatic skill with which its leaders navigated the rapidly shifting currents of the era.
Harold Ickes and United States Foreign Petroleum Policy Planning, 1939–1945
Authors: Randall Stephen J.
Published: April 2006

As Secretary of the Interior and Petroleum Administrator for War, Harold Ickes played a significant, albeit hitherto largely overlooked, role in the formulation of United States foreign petroleum policy planning during World War II. As Petroleum Administrator for War, Ickes worked closely with oil company personnel who shared his commitment to planning and government-industry cooperation. In addition, as a firm believer in the need for a coherent national petroleum policy, Ickes played a major role in broadening the mandate of the ill-fated Petroleum Reserves Corporation. While business groups generally opposed this broadened mandate, business opposition was by no means monolithic and was, in fact, reinforced by considerable opposition from within the government itself.
American-Japanese Direct Foreign Investment Relationships, 1930–1952
Authors: Wilkins Mira
Published: April 2006

One of the leading experts on the history of multinational enterprise, Mira Wilkins here sets forth the history of American multinational investment in Japan and Japanese multinational investment in the United States during two crucial decades. The tumultuous years from 1930 to 1952 forced these companies to deal with the vastly different challenges of depression, war, and peace. Professor Wilkins explains how they adapted to their changing environment. She also provides noteworthy support for the view that cross-investment was not symmetrical.
The Anglo-American Oil Agreement and the Wartime Search for Foreign Oil Policy
Authors: Stoff Michael B.
Published: April 2006

Unprecedented rates of consumption by the American and Allied war machine during World War II, along with a reduction in world supplies as a result of enemy victories, first brought the United States face to face with the possibility of dependence upon others for our oil after the war. Government officials attempted to avoid that outcome through the Anglo-American Oil Agreement but only succeeded in provoking domestic producers. Meanwhile, British and American oil companies provided relief by private commercial arrangements in the then-new Middle Eastern fields. While Professor Stoff's story ends in the dark ages of naive American belief that such enterprises, when countenanced by our government, constituted freedom from dependence, it is indispensable to an understanding of what came later.
An Economy of Delight: Court Artisans of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Stürmer Michael
Published: April 2006

Where virtuoso talents were required by the courts, great and small, of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, the protectionist system of guilds was suspended, according to Dr. Stürmer. In a society where status had to be attested to by conspicuous consumption, of which the sovereign himself was the most avid practitioner, the finest artisans in the fields of interior decoration and furnishings often attained the status of “court artisans,” in which they enjoyed many of the freedoms of laissez-faire that members of the guilds denied themselves as well as their competitors. In the end, however, the Revolution that swept away the guild economy also destroyed this expedient whereby excellence and entrepreneurship had been fostered.
The North American Shelter Business, 1860–1920: A Study of a Canadian Real Estate and Property Management Agency
Authors: Doucet Michael , Weaver John
Published: April 2006

In this article, Professors Doucet and Weaver examine the North American shelter business between 1860 and 1920. Drawing upon the business records of the Hamilton, Ontario, real estate firm of Moore and Davis, they analyze the construction, ownership, and management of the North American shelter staple—the single-family detached dwelling. Since these activities had significant effects on the everyday lives of urban dwellers, they reveal significant social as well as business patterns. Doucet and Weaver conclude that this firm, and by implication the industry as a whole, preferred the prudent and routine to the innovative and daring, suggesting, in contrast to the work of recent scholars, that continuity rather than change typified urban development during these decades.
Flotation Booms in the Cotton Spinning Industry, 1870–1890: A Comparative Study
Authors: Yonekawa Shin'ichi
Published: April 2006

In this wide-ranging article, Professor Yonekawa identifies and examines in detail the burst of cotton spinning company formation that occurred in the late nineteenth century among the major cotton-producing nations of the world. His comparative approach allows him to focus on key local factors responsible for the company flotation booms in the areas discussed. He is also able to compare the effects of more general circumstances in the industry, such as trends in the price of raw cotton and the disruption during the American Civil War, on the various locations. Finally, his multinational approach brings to light many intriguing questions and illuminates areas for productive future research.
The Associated Press Antitrust Suit: A Philosophical Clash over Ownership of First Amendment Rights
Authors: Blanchard Margaret A.
Published: April 2006

In this article Professor Blanchard examines the Associated Press antitrust suit of the early 1940s in terms of its protagonists, Chicago newspaper leaders Robert McCormick and Marshall Field. The analysis avoids traditional antitrust terms and instead examines the suit as part of an effort by the federal government to use the antitrust law to implement a public-interest interpretation of the First Amendment. Professor Blanchard also looks at McCormick's attempt to obtain special legislation from Congress to void the Supreme Court's decision in favor of Field. She concludes that, although the government's efforts to use the First Amendment to force the news agency to serve a broader public interest were successful, the Associated Press emerged from the suit stronger than before the legal action.
The House That Parcheesi Built: Selchow & Righter Company
Authors: Petrik Paula
Published: April 2006

As one of the leaders among American toy manufacturers, Selchow & Righter Company, makers of crossword and trivia games, represents one pattern of development in the toy industry. In this essay, Professor Petrik describes Selchow & Righter's progress from jobber to manufacturer, showing how the families of the company's name built the business on the strength of products developed outside the company, on the assiduous protection of trademarks, and on conservative management aimed at preserving the company for the “corporate family.” Selchow it Righter's chronicle reflects themes present in the toy industry and, especially, epitomizes those associated with companies that elected to retain family control.
“That Mysterious People”: Jewish Merchants, Transparency, and Community in Mid-Nineteenth Century America
Authors: Olegario Rowena
Published: April 2006

In the mid-nineteenth century, American wholesalers began increasingly to rely on credit-reporting agencies to provide information about customers in distant localities. The demand for dependable information, coupled with the dynamism and competitiveness of the American market, helped usher into place a business culture that favored transparency and open networks. This article examines one group of merchants—immigrant Jews—whose traditions stood in contrast to the business elite's growing demand for disclosure.
John H. Patterson and the Sales Strategy of the National Cash Register Company, 1884 to 1922
Authors: Friedman Walter A.
Published: April 2006

This article assesses John H. Patterson's influence on the development of sales management and modern understandings of salesmanship. From 1884, when Patterson started the National Cash Register Company, to his death in 1922, the firm dominated its industry. At the heart of the company's success was its sales force. Patterson created an intricate system of management to monitor and train company salesmen. He gave them scripts to memorize and assigned them territory to cover. He held conventions and thematic sales contests, and pressured salesmen to rid their regions of competition. Patterson soughttocreate a method of sales management that encompassed all aspects of selling, from the calculation of quotas and commission rates to the motivation of discouraged salesmen. While much attention has been paid to efforts to improve the efficiency of production processes, especially those advocated by Frederick W. Taylor, Pattersons work at N.C.R. reveals a contemporary effort to reform methods of distribution.
Florentine Platonism and its Relations with Humanism and Scholasticism
Authors: Kristeller Paul Oskar
Published: April 2006

The early humanism in Italy from the second half of the fourteenth to the middle of the fifteenth century, characterized by the discovery and revival of classical antiquity, was at the same time the first expression of modern ideals and feelings. Although it was in several points closely connected with the preceding age, it produced a lively reaction against the medieval civilization and its form of philosophical and scientific thought, scholasticism. Petrarch, the father of humanism, began the polemics against scholasticism which have remained since then a commonplace in the writings of his followers: according to him the scholastics wasted their time in subtle and useless disputations without resolving the basic questions of human life; their unpolished Latin style was a consequence of their barbarous thought; they could not be compared with the great writers and thinkers of classical antiquity whom they were not able to read or imitate; and even their chief authority, Aristotle, in many respects must be considered inferior to his greater master, Plato.
Servant of the Servants of God
Authors: Hardy Edward Rochie
Published: April 2006

In words familiar to us all St. Paul observes that in Christ there is “neither Greek nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision, Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free.” This is usually, and I think correctly, not taken to mean that the Apostle's ideal is the abolition of human distinctions in a blank uniformity. His own love for the figure of the Body with its various members suggests rather the maintenance of differences, freed from the stigma of inferiority, in the harmony of corporate life. We were reminded last year of the importance of the Barbarian, that is the non-Greek element in the Christian tradition. My subject this address is one of the chief representatives of another element—the Roman. Neither in the passage just quoted nor in the similar one in Galatians does the Roman appear in St. Paul's listing of the differences capable of being united in Christ. But St. John tells us that the titulus upon the cross of Jesus was written in Latin as well as in Hebrew and Greek. Pious as well as scholarly comment has seen in his emphasis on this point a reference to the place of Roman along with Greek and Jew in the Christian body, and in so doing has probably sensed correctly the intent of the Evangelist. Certainly the Roman striving for liberty under law is of great concern for us today, when the alternative to law appears to be not anarchy but despotism.
Swedish-English Relations in Northern Delaware
Authors: Rightmyer Nelson
Published: April 2006

Eighteenth century Delaware has one example of interchurch co-operation which is of interest to those engaged in such movements in our own day. Although the field of activity between the Church of Sweden and the Church of England extends beyond the borders of northern Delaware, yet in this limited area all the essential characteristics of the movement are to be found and can be examined in some detail. Beginning as two separate and distinct national churches, by means of friendly co-operation they became one church within less than a century.
Henry M. Turner, Negro Bishop Extraordinary
Authors: Batten J. Minton
Published: April 2006

The Negro church presents an important field of investigation to students of American social history. Many slaves found in Christianity a substitute for primitive African religious beliefs and practices and a source for the satisfaction of their religious longings. The churches offered to the American Negro his first opportunities for participation in organized group life in a new environment. Experience in church organization and activity trained thousands of slaves for the larger fields of effort which were opened to them after emancipation. Approximately one-tenth of the present total membership of the American churches belongs to this race. For more than three centuries the church has served as the most important factor in typing the institutions and ideals of our largest minority racial group.
Walter Rauschenbusch and the Brotherhood of the Kingdom
Authors: Hopkins C. Howard
Published: April 2006

The Brotherhood of the Kingdom was organized in December, 1892, by a small group of converts to the ideal of the kingdom of God on earth who, not unmindful of the examples of St. Francis and of the Society of Jesus, planned to reestablish the idea of the kingdom “in the thought of the church and to assist in its practical realization in the world.” The year 1892 had witnessed a rising crescendo of social turbulence and political unrest throughout America. In the midwest the populist revolt was growing, while industrial warfare had broken out in the violent Homestead strike at the Carnegie steel plants. Jacob Riis had opened wide the festering tenements of the great cities in his revelation of How the Other Half Lives, while in intellectual circles the younger economists were rebelling against the tenets of the Manchester school. William Jennings Bryan's campaign for free silver was only four years away, and the Spanish–American War but six years in the future. Into such an atmosphere of storm and stress was born the Brotherhood of the Kingdom, dedicated to the realization of a spiritual ideal in the social order.
A Forgotten Theology
Authors: Richards George W.
Published: April 2006

Perhaps I erred in choosing the title “A Forgotten Theology.” A theology that is vital and worthwhile will not be forgotten; it will be absorbed, and by absorption it fulfills its original purpose. Only in that way can it live and have part in theological progress. Furthermore, at the meeting of the American Society of Church History, December 27, 1911, in New York, I read a paper on “The Mercersburg Theology Historically Considered.” The present paper, thirty years later is a sequel to that of 1911. Some of the doctrines of the Mercersburg men, it seems to me, have been unconsciously revived in contemporary theological thought, especially as that is expressed in the reports of the Oxford and Edinburgh Conferences of 1937.
The Swedish American Press and the American Protective Association
Authors: Ander Fritiof
Published: April 2006

The story of the American Protective Association, a manifestation of narrow nationalism in the closing years of the last century, is an almost forgotten phase of American history. Though a few may be fairly familiar with certain aspects of the history of the American Protective Association, a study of the attitude of the Swedish American press toward the Association, supposedly hostile to the immigrants, may offer some interesting side-lights on general trends of American history from 1890 to 1896.