bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carnosic acid suppresses colon tumor formation in association with antiadipogenic activity
Authors: Kim Yun‐Ji , Kim Jong‐Sang , Seo Young Rok , Park Jung Han Yoon , Choi Myung‐Sook , Sung Mi‐Kyung
Published: September 2014

Scope

This study determined the efficacy of carnosic acid (CA) for suppressing colon carcinogenesis associated with excess adiposity.

Methods and results

Cell growth regulation by CA was evaluated in HT‐29 colon adenocarcinoma cells cocultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. To determine the in vivo efficacies, male A/J mice were divided into four groups and fed one of the following experimental diets for 11 wk: 15% fat, 45% fat, 45% fat + 0.01% CA, or 45% fat + 0.02% CA. Azoxymethane was administered at the beginning of experimental diet and two cycles of dextran sodium sulfate were supplied 1 wk after the azoxymethane injection. The proliferation of HT‐29 cells cocultured with 3T3‐L1 cells was significantly higher than proliferation of control cells (p < 0.05). CA treatment suppressed the growth of cocultured HT‐29 cells through cell cycle arrest and enhanced apoptosis by inhibiting leptin receptor (Ob‐R) signaling, including Akt and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. CA supplementation in vivo decreased the number of colon tumors and reduced circulating concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and insulin‐like growth factor 1. Colonic expression of Ob‐R, insulin receptor (IR), p‐Akt, p‐ERK, B‐cell lymphoma extra large (Bcl‐xL), and cyclinD1 protein was also suppressed in animals fed CA.

Conclusion

CA appears to alleviate adipocity‐related acceleration of colon tumor formation.
Non‐contrast‐enhanced peripheral angiography using a sliding interleaved cylinder acquisition
Authors: Kwon Kie Tae , Kerr Adam B. , Wu Holden H. , Hu Bob S. , Brittain Jean H. , Nishimura Dwight G.
Published: September 2014

Purpose

To develop a new sequence for non‐contrast‐enhanced peripheral angiography using a sliding interleaved cylinder (SLINCYL) acquisition.

Methods

A venous saturation pulse was incorporated into a three‐dimensional magnetization‐prepared balanced steady‐state free precession sequence for non‐contrast‐enhanced peripheral angiography to improve artery‐vein contrast. The SLINCYL acquisition, which consists of a series of overlapped thin slabs for volumetric coverage similar to the original sliding interleaved ky (SLINKY) acquisition, was used to evenly distribute the venous‐suppression effects over the field of view. In addition, the thin‐slab‐scan nature of SLINCYL and the centric‐ordered sampling geometry of its readout trajectory were exploited to implement efficient fluid‐suppression and parallel imaging schemes. The sequence was tested in healthy subjects and a patient.

Results

Compared to a multiple overlapped thin slab acquisition, both SLINKY and SLINCYL suppressed the venetian blind artifacts and provided similar artery‐vein contrast. However, SLINCYL achieved this with shorter scan times and less noticeable artifacts from k‐space amplitude modulation than SLINKY. The fluid‐suppression and parallel imaging schemes were also validated. A patient study using the SLINCYL‐based sequence well identified stenoses at the superficial femoral arteries, which were also confirmed with digital subtraction angiography.

Conclusion

Non‐contrast‐enhanced angiography using SLINCYL can provide angiograms with improved artery‐vein contrast in the lower extremities. Magn Reson Med 74:727–738, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uniform investigation of hydraulic fracturing propagation regimes in the plane strain model
Authors: Bao J.Q. , Fathi E. , Ameri S.
Published: September 2014

The hydraulic fracturing propagation regimes in the plane strain model are uniformly investigated using a numerical method based on the finite element method. The regimes range from toughness‐dominated cases to viscosity‐dominated cases, covering zero leak‐off situations and small leak‐off situations. Unlike the asymptotic solutions, the numerical method is independent of the energy dissipation regimes and fluid storage regimes. The numerical method pays no special attention to the fracture tip, and it simulates fracture tip behaviors by increasing the number of functions in a natural and uniform manner. The numerical method is verified by comparing its results with the asymptotic solutions. The effect of the model sizes on the numerical method is discussed along with the robustness of the numerical method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advantages of chemical exchange‐sensitive spin‐lock (CESL) over chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) for hydroxyl– and amine–water proton exchange studies
Authors: Jin Tao , Kim Seong‐Gi
Published: September 2014

The chemical exchange (CE) rate of endogenous hydroxyl and amine protons with water is often comparable to the difference in their chemical shifts. These intermediate exchange processes have been imaged by the CE saturation transfer (CEST) approach with low‐power and long‐duration irradiation. However, the sensitivity is not optimal and, more importantly, the signal is contaminated by slow magnetization transfer processes. Here, the properties of CEST signals are compared with those of a CE‐sensitive spin‐lock (CESL) technique irradiating at the labile proton frequency. First, using a higher power and shorter irradiation in CE‐MRI, we obtain: (i) an increased selectivity to faster CE rates via a higher sensitivity to faster CEs and a lower sensitivity to slower CEs and magnetization transfer processes; and (ii) a decreased in vivo asymmetric magnetization transfer contrast measured at ±15 ppm. The sensitivity gain of CESL over CEST is higher for a higher power and shorter irradiation. Unlike CESL, CEST signals oscillate at a very high power and short irradiation. Second, time‐dependent CEST and CESL signals are well modeled by analytical solutions of CE‐MRI with an asymmetric population approximation, which can be used for quantitative CE‐MRI and validated by simulations of Bloch–McConnell equations and phantom experiments. Finally, the in vivo amine–water proton exchange contrast measured at 2.5 ppm with ω1 = 500 Hz is 18% higher in sensitivity for CESL than CEST at 9.4 T. Overall, CESL provides better exchange rate selectivity and sensitivity than CEST; therefore, CESL is more suitable for CE‐MRI of intermediate exchange protons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of factors that negatively influence the outcome of quitting smoking among patients with COPD: psychometric analyses of the Try To Quit Smoking instrument
Authors: Lundh Lena , Alinaghizadeh Hassan , Törnkvist Lena , Gilljam Hans , Galanti Maria Rosaria
Published: September 2014

Aims

To test internal consistency and factor structure of a brief instrument called Trying to Quit smoking.

Background

The most effective treatment for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is to quit smoking. Constant thoughts about quitting and repeated quit attempts can generate destructive feelings and make it more difficult to quit.

Design

Development and psychometric testing of the Trying to Quit smoking scale.

Methods

The Trying to Quit smoking, an instrument designed to assess pressure‐filled states of mind and corresponding pressure‐relief strategies, was tested among 63 Swedish patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Among these, the psychometric properties of the instrument were analysed by Exploratory Factor Analyses.

Results

Fourteen items were included in the factor analyses, loading on three factors labelled: (1) development of pressure‐filled mental states; (2) use of destructive pressure‐relief strategies; and (3) ambivalent thoughts when trying to quit smoking. These three factors accounted for more than 80% of the variance, performed well on the Kaiser‐Meyer‐Olkin (KMO) test and had high internal consistency.
Prenatal diagnosis and perinatal outcome of congenital dacryocystocele: a large case series
Authors: Li Sheng‐li , Luo Guo‐yang , Tian Xiao‐xian , Yu Rong , Norwitz Errol R. , Qin Feng‐zhen , Wen Hua‐xuan , Bi Jing‐ru , Lin Xiao‐ying , Zhong Xiao‐hong
Published: September 2014

Objective

To describe the incidence, prenatal diagnosis, and perinatal outcome in fetuses with congenital dacryocystocele.

Methods

All cases of congenital dacryocystocele diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound were identified using an established perinatal database. Prenatal ultrasound images were reviewed, and perinatal outcome was abstracted from the medical records. The correlation between the cyst size, gestational age, and prenatal and neonatal outcome was analyzed.

Results

The overall incidence of fetal dacryocystocele was 0.016% (75/456,202). Fifty‐three cases (70.7%) had unilateral, and 22 (29.3%) had bilateral lesions. Lesions were seen more commonly among female fetuses with a female : male ratio 1.48 : 1. The average diameter of cysts size was 6.9 ± 1.9 mm (3.3–11 mm). There was a direct correlation between cyst size and gestational age. Among the 75 cases, 8 were lost to follow‐up, 3 underwent elective termination of pregnancy. 58 resolved spontaneously before birth, and 6 were confirmed at birth. Two developed neonatal infection requiring antibiotic treatment. All 6 cases confirmed at birth resolved without surgical resection.

Conclusions

Congenital dacryocystocele can be diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound. Such lesions typically resolve spontaneously in utero or in the early neonatal period. Thus, it should be considered as a developmental variant rather than a structural birth defect. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR PREVENTING PERFECTIONISM AND PROMOTING RESILIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG VULNERABLE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Flett Gordon L. , Hewitt Paul L.
Published: September 2014

Recent findings suggest that perfectionism is highly prevalent among children and adolescents, and perfectionism can be quite destructive in terms of its links with anxiety, depression, and suicide. In this article, we provide an overview of recent research illustrating the costs and consequences of perfectionism among children and adolescents. We also highlight the heterogeneity that exists among perfectionists and the need for a complex, nuanced approach to assessment and prevention that reflects the achievement and interpersonal concerns of perfectionists. We then summarize past research on the prevention of perfectionism and show that perfectionism is pernicious and resistant to change. Accordingly, interventions must be tailored to address the cognitive and emotion regulation vulnerabilities of perfectionists and their meta‐cognitive beliefs about ability, the self, and the meaning of failure. We conclude by discussing why it is essential to proactively design and implement preventive programs with specific components designed to enhance resilience and reduce levels of risk among perfectionists. We outline several themes that should be incorporated in preventive and intervention efforts designed to address the needs of vulnerable perfectionists.
Malaria prophylaxis: guidance for general practice
Authors: McGregor Alastair
Published: September 2014

Strategies that focus on the prevention of malaria are important in travellers to endemic countries. Here, the author describes the vital role of the GP in educating travellers on malaria risk and prevention and providing prophylactic medications where appropriate.
Analysis and performance evaluation of new coding options for space telecommand links ‐ Part I: AWGN channels
Authors: Baldi M. , Chiaraluce F. , Garello R. , Maturo N. , Aguilar Sanchez I. , Cioni S.
Published: September 2014

We investigate and compare, over the additive white Gaussian noise channel, different options for updating the error correcting code currently used in space mission telecommand links. Besides some more consolidated proposals, using low‐density parity‐check codes, we characterize and assess the performance of alternative schemes, based on parallel turbo codes and soft‐decision decoded Bose‐Chaudhuri‐Hocquenghem (BCH) codes. The analysis considers relevant metrics like the codeword error rate, the frame error rate, and the undetected frame error rate. The considered codes include binary and non‐binary low‐density parity‐check codes, parallel turbo codes and extended BCH codes, with different decoding algorithms. The complexity of the various schemes and possible limits for their application are considered and discussed. Several numerical examples are provided. International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A practical strongly secure one‐round authenticated key exchange protocol without random oracles
Authors: Yang Zheng , Yang Wu
Published: September 2014

Most recently, a variant of extended Canetti–Krawczyk model called as eCKw is introduced to provide stronger security than previous eCK models. Namely eCKw models formulate a stronger notion regarding weak perfect forward secrecy than other eCK models. In particular, any eCKw secure protocols can be generally transformed to achieve full provide perfect forward secrecy without requiring additional round. So far, there is no protocol which has been proven secure in the eCKw model without random oracles. In this paper, we study the open problem on constructing eCKw secure AKE protocol in the standard model. A new one‐round AKE protocol is introduced relying on standard cryptographic primitives and a variant of bilinear decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption. The main advantage of our proposal is its high efficiency in key exchange in contrast to the previous eCK secure protocols without random oracles and under post‐specified peer setting. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the security of Kim et al. two ID‐based broadcast signcryption schemes
Authors: Zhang Jianhong , Tang Wenjing
Published: September 2014

As a combination of broadcast encryption and signcryption, broadcast signcryption enables a broadcaster to simultaneously achieve encryption and signature for a specific set of receivers in a single logical step. And it can provide a very efficient solution to achieve confidentiality and authentication of message source during information distribution. Recently, to achieve both confidentiality and authenticity simultaneously, Kim et al. proposed two source‐authenticated broadcast encryption schemes and claimed that their two schemes could provide both authentication and confidentiality simultaneously. Despite being proven to secure, their schemes are shown to be insecure in this paper, namely, they cannot achieve authentication and confidentiality of message. An attacker can forge a ciphertext and convince a specified receiver that the ciphertext is from a valid broadcaster. 3 After the corresponding attacks are given, the reasons to produce such attacks are analyzed at last. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pelvic insufficiency: a deeper look at female and male gonadal vein incompetence
Authors: Allcorn Tamara
Published: September 2014

Insufficiency within the pelvic veins although a proven clinical entity, is not commonly assessed and is often overlooked and underdiagnosed in women. Insufficiency of the pelvic veins, otherwise known as pelvic congestion syndrome in women, and varicocele in men, can be the cause of increased pain and discomfort for the patient. Insufficiency within the gonadal veins can, when prolonged, lead to an increase in varicose veins within the lower extremities, or in the instance of a patient who has already undergone surgery, these veins may be a strong contributor to recurrence rates. By comparing the similarities between male and female insufficiency, a standardised and more common practice of diagnosing female insufficiency should be implemented. The overall treatment and outcome for the patient, not to mention the long term benefits, especially if leg varicosities are involved as well, will be significantly improved if this condition is diagnosed correctly.
NTPDase2 and Purinergic Signaling Control Progenitor Cell Proliferation in Neurogenic Niches of the Adult Mouse Brain
Authors: Gampe Kristine , Stefani Jennifer , Hammer Klaus , Brendel Peter , Pötzsch Alexandra , Enikolopov Grigori , Enjyoji Keiichi , Acker-Palmer Amparo , Robson Simon C. , Zimmermann Herbert
Published: September 2014

Nerve cells are continuously generated from stem cells in the adult mammalian subventricular zone (SVZ) and hippocampal dentate gyrus. We have previously noted that stem/progenitor cells in the SVZ and the subgranular layer (SGL) of the dentate gyrus express high levels of plasma membrane-bound nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2), an ectoenzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. We inferred that deletion of NTPDase2 would increase local extracellular nucleoside triphosphate concentrations perturbing purinergic signaling and boosting progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Using newly generated mice globally null for Entpd2, we demonstrate that NTPDase2 is the major ectonucleotidase in these progenitor cell-rich areas. Using BrdU-labeling protocols, we have measured stem cell proliferation and determined long-term survival of cell progeny under basal conditions. Brains of Entpd2 null mice revealed increased progenitor cell proliferation in both the SVZ and the SGL. However, this occurred without noteworthy alterations in long-term progeny survival. The hippocampal stem cell pool and the pool of the intermediate progenitor type-2 cells clearly expanded. However, substantive proportions of these proliferating cells were lost during expansion at around type-3 stage. Cell loss was paralleled by decreases in cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation in the doublecortin-positive progenitor cell population and by an increase in labeling for activated caspase-3 levels. We propose that NTPDase2 has functionality in scavenging mitogenic extracellular nucleoside triphosphates in neurogenic niches of the adult brain, thereby acting as a homeostatic regulator of nucleotide-mediated neural progenitor cell proliferation and expansion. Stem Cells  2015;33:253–264
Chicago, Jazz and Marijuana: Howard Becker on Outsiders
Authors: Müller Thaddeus
Published: September 2014

In this article on the social production of Outsiders I will situate its making in the daily practice of the social worlds Becker was involved in. Therefore I focus on the relations, interactions and situations which were relevant for the form, content and success of Outsiders. The fragments from my email communication with Becker, the collected interviews and other publications show that Becker demystifies Outsiders. In fact my contribution here is that I use Becker to demystify the ethnographic practice of Outsiders and describe it's mundane backstage reality, which is described by Fine as “the underside” of ethnography (1993).
Adaptive low‐energy clustering in slotted beacon‐enabled IEEE 802.15.4 networks
Authors: Tavakoli Hamidreza , Mišić Jelena , Naderi Majid , Mišić Vojislav B.
Published: September 2014

We present, model, and evaluate a novel clustering algorithm running on top of IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks operating in slotted, beacon‐enabled mode. The adaptive low‐energy clustering algorithm provides randomized sleep and randomized rotation of the cluster‐head role so as to maximize the useful lifetime of the network by improving efficiency and balancing the lifetime of individual nodes. We model the adaptive low‐energy clustering algorithm through probabilistic analysis and show that its parameters can be tuned to extend the network lifetime and reduce the delay and energy overhead imposed by clustering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of Extended FAST in Blunt Chest Trauma: Is it the Time to be Used in the ATLS Algorithm?
Authors: Abdulrahman Yassir , Musthafa Shameel , Hakim Suhail Y. , Nabir Syed , Qanbar Ahad , Mahmood Ismail , Siddiqui Tariq , Hussein Wafaa A. , Ali Hazim H. , Afifi Ibrahim , El‐Menyar Ayman , Al‐Thani Hassan
Published: September 2014

Introduction

The clinical significance of extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (EFAST) for diagnosis of pneumothorax is not well defined.

Objectives

To investigate the utility of EFAST in blunt chest trauma (BCT) patients.

Study design

A single blinded, prospective study. Participants: All patients admitted with BCT (2011–2013).

Settings

Level 1 trauma center in Qatar.

Procedures and outcome measures

Patients were screened by EFAST and results were compared to the clinical examination (CE) and chest X‐ray (CXR). Chest‐computed tomography (CT) scoring system was used to confirm and measure the pneumothorax. Diagnostic accuracy of diagnostic modalities of pneumothorax was measured using sensitivity, specificity, predictive values (PVs), and likelihood ratio.

Results

A total of 305 BCT patients were included with median age of 34 (18–75). Chest CT was positive for pneumothorax in 75 (24.6 %) cases; of which 11 % had bilateral pneumothorax. Chest CT confirmed the diagnosis of pneumothorax in 43, 41, and 11 % of those who were initially diagnosed by EFAST, CE, and CXR, respectively. EFAST was positive in 42 hemithoraces and its sensitivity (43 %) was higher in comparison to CXR (11 %). Positive and negative PVs of EFAST were 76 and 92 %, respectively. The frequency of missed cases by CXR was higher in comparison to EFAST and CE. The lowest median score of missed pneumothorax was observed by EFAST.

Conclusion

EFAST can be used as an efficient triaging tool in BCT patients to rule out pneumothorax. Based on our analysis, we would recommend EFAST as an adjunct in ATLS algorithm.
Evaluation of Patient Education Materials: The Example of Circulating cell free DNA Testing for Aneuploidy
Authors: Kloza Edward M. , Haddow Paula K. , Halliday Jacquelyn V. , O'Brien Barbara M. , Lambert‐Messerlian Geralyn M. , Palomaki Glenn E.
Published: September 2014

Informed consent is the process by which the treating health care provider discloses appropriate information to a competent patient so that the patient may make a voluntary choice to accept or refuse treatment. When the analysis of circulating cell free DNA (ccfDNA) became commercially available in 2011 through the Prenatal Diagnostic Laboratory at Women & Infants Hospital of Providence, Rhode Island to “high‐risk” women, it provided an opportunity to examine how commercial laboratories informed potential consumers. We identified, via an internet search, four laboratories offering such testing in the United States and one in Europe. We evaluated patient educational materials (PEMs) from each using the Flesch Reading Ease method and a modified version of the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) criteria. Pamphlets were also reviewed for their inclusion of content recommendations from the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis, the National Society of Genetic Counselors, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists jointly with the Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine, and the American College of Genetics and Genomics. Reading levels were typically high (10th–12th grade). None of the pamphlets met all SAM criteria evaluated nor did any pamphlet include all recommended content items. To comply with readability and content recommendations more closely, Women & Infants Hospital created a new pamphlet to which it applied the same criteria, and also subjected it to focus group assessment. These types of analyses can serve as a model for future evaluations of similar patient educational materials.
Fibroblast Growth Factor‐21 and the Beneficial Effects of Long‐Chain n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Villarroya Joan , Flachs Pavel , Redondo‐Angulo Ibon , Giralt Marta , Medrikova Dasa , Villarroya Francesc , Kopecky Jan , Planavila Anna
Published: September 2014

Long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n‐3 PUFA) in the diet protect against insulin resistance and obesity. Fibroblast growth factor‐21 (Fgf21) is a hormonal factor released mainly by the liver that has powerful anti‐diabetic effects. Here, we tested whether the beneficial metabolic effects of LC n‐3 PUFA involve the induction of Fgf21. C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to an obesogenic, corn‐oil‐based, high‐fat diet (cHF), or a diet in which corn oil was replaced with a fish‐derived LC n‐3 PUFA concentrate (cHF + F) using two experimental settings: short‐term (3 weeks) and long‐term treatment (8 weeks). CHF + F reduced body weight gain, insulinemia, and triglyceridemia compared to cHF. cHF increased plasma Fgf21 levels and hepatic Fgf21 gene expression compared with controls, but these effects were less pronounced or absent in cHF + F‐fed mice. In contrast, hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐α target genes were more strongly induced by cHF + F than cHF, especially in the short‐term treatment setting. The expression of genes encoding Fgf21, its receptors, and Fgf21 targets was unaltered by short‐term LC n‐3 PUFA treatment, with the exception of Ucp1 (uncoupling protein 1) and adiponectin genes, which were specifically up‐regulated in white fat. In the long‐term treatment setting, the expression of Fgf21 target genes and receptors was not differentially affected by LC n‐3 PUFA. Collectively, our findings indicate that increased Fgf21 levels do not appear to be a major mechanism through which LC n‐3 PUFA ameliorates high‐fat‐diet‐associated metabolic disorders.
Mooreamide A: A Cannabinomimetic Lipid from the Marine Cyanobacterium Moorea bouillonii
Authors: Mevers Emily , Matainaho Teatulohi , Allara' Marco , Di Marzo Vincenzo , Gerwick William H.
Published: September 2014

Bioassay‐guided fractionation of a collection of Moorea bouillonii from Papua New Guinea led to the isolation of a new alkyl amide, mooreamide A (1), along with the cytotoxic apratoxins A–C and E. The planar structure of 1 was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analysis. Structural homology between mooreamide A and the endogenous cannabinoid ligands, anandamide, and 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol inspired its evaluation against the neuroreceptors CB1 and CB2. Mooreamide A was found to possess relatively potent and selective ligand binding activity to CB1 (K1 = 0.47 µM) versus CB2 (K1 > 25 µM). This represents the most potent marine‐derived CB1 ligand described to date and adds to the growing family of marine metabolites that exhibit cannabinomimetic activity.
Independence to Interdependence: A Much Harder Lesson to Learn?
Authors: Lehmann Jennifer , Sanders Rachael
Published: September 2014

“I’m going out and you can't stop me!” “I’ll spend my money on whatever I like!” “I’ll go out with whoever I want!” These are all statements we have heard from children and young people. We probably said the very same words to our own parents or carers. Adults so often interpret these statements as a reflection of rebellious and impossible behaviours at worst, or expression of a grab for independence at best . . . or you might have reacted differently . . . but did you? Western societies value the notion of independence, associating the concept with choice and competency, but also with freedom and rights. As parents and carers of young people we want them to grow to adulthood and be able to exercise agency in the world, but do we ever prepare them for the ‘real’ world – one of complex interdependency in which virtually every action, every choice, every consequence and even a sense of self depends on others?
The Possum Skin Cloak – Being Warmed by Culture
Authors: Bamblett Muriel
Published: September 2014

For me, wearing a possum skin cloak is as foreign an idea as it is to non-indigenous Australians. But I know, from stories told by Elders and old photos, that possum skin cloaks are part of my heritage as a Koorie person. We wore them inside-out – with the warm fur on our skin during the cold winter days and nights. And that was how we kept warm for over 40,000 years.
The Influence of Music Media on Gender Role and Self-identity: Perceptions of Children Aged 6 and 10 years
Authors: Ey Lesley-Anne
Published: September 2014

There are currently widespread concerns around the impact of media on children's healthy development. This study investigated whether music media influences young children's gender role and self-identity. Thirty-four Grade 1 children and 38 Grade 4 children participated in an experimental study to explore their attitudes towards their own and the opposite gender, their perspectives about gender- and self-presentation, and whether a one-off exposure to music videos influenced their views. Results showed that children demonstrated attitudes consistent with gender stereotypes seen in contemporary music media. The findings indicate a need for early intervention to help children develop healthy attitudes around gender role and self-identity.
Parents’ Experiences of Early Parenthood – Preliminary Findings
Authors: Sanders Rachael , Lehmann Jennifer , Gardner Fiona
Published: September 2014

Parents are instrumental in the healthy development of their children, and consequently future generations, and should therefore be supported in their parental role. Using a Grounded Theory framework, 24 parents of 0- to 10-year-olds were interviewed about their experiences and preparation for parenthood. Despite their overall satisfaction, many felt underprepared, unsure, alone and inadequate during their transition to parenthood. Most of them felt like they struggled unnecessarily during the first year of parenthood, commenting on changes that would help support new parents. This paper reports the preliminary findings of the study.
Healing Complex Trauma through Therapeutic Residential Care: The Lighthouse Foundation Therapeutic Family Model of Care
Authors: McLoughlin Pauline J. , Gonzalez Rudy
Published: September 2014

Therapeutic Residential Care (TRC) has attracted increasing interest in Australia, as a specialised out-of-home care option for children with complex needs. Extending beyond the limitations of traditional residential programmes, TRC aims to address the impact of trauma and promote positive development and wellbeing. The Lighthouse Foundation is a not-for-profit organisation based in Melbourne, providing a long-term programme of TRC to young people aged 15 to 22 at intake. The organisation has developed an attachment and trauma-informed therapeutic community approach, embodied in the Therapeutic Family Model of Care. This discussion paper explores how the therapeutic community approach taken by Lighthouse provides a different experience of the cultural ‘sites’ in which early traumatic experiences occur – including the home environment, experiences of family, and the wider community. In doing so, we propose that an important dimension of TRC is the capacity to challenge traumatic relational blueprints of abuse and neglect. This, in turn, supports children to form and sustain positive and reciprocal relationships, and to live inter-dependently in the community.
Efficient mixing in stratified flows: experimental study of a Rayleigh–Taylor unstable interface within an otherwise stable stratification
Authors: Davies Wykes Megan S. , Dalziel Stuart B.
Published: September 2014

Boussinesq salt-water laboratory experiments of Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) can achieve mixing efficiencies greater than 0.75 when the unstable interface is confined between two stable stratifications. This is much greater than that found when RTI occurs between two homogeneous layers when the mixing efficiency has been found to approach 0.5. Here, the mixing efficiency is defined as the ratio of energy used in mixing compared with the energy available for mixing. If the initial and final states are quiescent then the mixing efficiency can be calculated from experiments by comparison of the corresponding density profiles. Varying the functional form of the confining stratifications has a strong effect on the mixing efficiency. We derive a buoyancy-diffusion model for the rate of growth of the turbulent mixing region,$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\dot{h} = 2 \sqrt{\alpha A g h}$(where$A = A(h)$is the Atwood number across the mixing region when it extends a height$h$,$g$is acceleration due to gravity and$\alpha $is a constant). This model shows good agreement with experiments when the value of the constant$\alpha $is set to 0.07, the value found in experiments of RTI between two homogeneous layers (where the height of the turbulent mixing region increases as$h =\alpha A g t^2$, an expression which is equivalent to that derived for$\dot{h}$).
Nonlinear evolution of a baroclinic wave and imbalanced dissipation
Authors: Nadiga Balasubramanya T.
Published: September 2014

We consider the nonlinear evolution of an unstable baroclinic wave in a regime of rotating stratified flow that is of relevance to interior circulation in the oceans and in the atmosphere: a regime characterized by small large-scale Rossby and Froude numbers, a small vertical to horizontal aspect ratio and no bounding horizontal surfaces. Using high-resolution simulations of the non-hydrostatic Boussinesq equations and companion integrations of the balanced quasi-geostrophic (QG) equations, we present evidence for a local route to dissipation of balanced energy directly through interior turbulent cascades. That is, analysis of simulations presented in this study suggest that a developing baroclinic instability can lead to secondary instabilities that can cascade a small fraction of the energy forward to unbalanced scales whereas the bulk of the energy is confined to large balanced scales. Mesoscale shear and strain resulting from the hydrostatic geostrophic baroclinic instability drive frontogenesis. The fronts in turn support ageostrophic secondary circulation and instabilities. These two processes acting together lead to a quick rise in dissipation rate which then reaches a peak and begins to fall slowly when frontogenesis slows down; eventually balanced and imbalanced modes decouple. A measurement of the dissipation of balanced energy by imbalanced processes reveals that it scales exponentially with Rossby number of the base flow. We expect that this scaling will hold more generally than for the specific set-up we consider given the fundamental nature of the dynamics involved. In other results, (a) a break is seen in the total energy (TE) spectrum at small scales: while a steep $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}k^{-3}$ geostrophic scaling (where $k$ is the three-dimensional wavenumber) is seen at intermediate scales, the smaller scales display a shallower $k^{-5/3}$ scaling, reminiscent of the atmospheric spectra of Nastrom & Gage and (b) at the higher of the Rossby numbers considered a minimum is seen in the vertical shear spectrum, reminiscent of similar spectra obtained using in situ measurements.
Pressure fluctuations beneath instability wavepackets and turbulent spots in a hypersonic boundary layer
Authors: Casper Katya M. , Beresh Steven J. , Schneider Steven P.
Published: September 2014

To investigate the pressure-fluctuation field beneath turbulent spots in a hypersonic boundary layer, a study was conducted on the nozzle wall of the Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel. Controlled disturbances were created by pulsed-glow perturbations based on the electrical breakdown of air. Under quiet-flow conditions, the nozzle-wall boundary layer remains laminar and grows very thick over the long nozzle length. This allows the development of large disturbances that can be well-resolved with high-frequency pressure transducers. A disturbance first grows into a second-mode instability wavepacket that is concentrated near its own centreline. Weaker disturbances are seen spreading from the centre. The waves grow and become nonlinear before breaking down to turbulence. The breakdown begins in the core of the packets where the wave amplitudes are largest. Second-mode waves are still evident in front of and behind the breakdown point and can be seen propagating in the spanwise direction. The turbulent core grows downstream, resulting in a spot with a classical arrowhead shape. Behind the spot, a low-pressure calmed region develops. However, the spot is not merely a localized patch of turbulence; instability waves remain an integral part. Limited measurements of naturally occurring disturbances show many similar characteristics. From the controlled disturbance measurements, the convection velocity, spanwise spreading angle, and typical pressure-fluctuation field were obtained.
Suppression of shock-induced separation in fluids having large bulk viscosities
Authors: Bahmani F. , Cramer M. S.
Published: September 2014

We examine the effect of large bulk viscosity on the classical problem of two-dimensional shock–boundary-layer interaction. The flow is taken to be steady and supersonic over a flat adiabatic plate. The boundary layer is taken to be laminar and the fluid is modelled as a perfect gas with a bulk viscosity that is large compared with its shear viscosity. The flow details are computed using a fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory finite difference scheme and a third-order Runge–Kutta scheme for the spatial and temporal discretizations. The primary result of interest is the suppression of separation when the ratio of bulk to shear viscosity is sufficiently large.
‘Shell shock’ Revisited: An Examination of the Case Records of the National Hospital in London
Authors: Linden Stefanie Caroline , Jones Edgar
Published: September 2014

During the First World War the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, in Queen Square, London, then Britain’s leading centre for neurology, took a key role in the treatment and understanding of shell shock. This paper explores the case notes of all 462 servicemen who were admitted with functional neurological disorders between 1914 and 1919. Many of these were severe or chronic cases referred to the National Hospital because of its acknowledged expertise and the resources it could call upon. Biographical data was collected together with accounts of the patient’s military experience, his symptoms, diagnostic interpretations and treatment outcomes. Analysis of the notes showed that motor syndromes (loss of function or hyperkinesias), often combined with somato-sensory loss, were common presentations. Anxiety and depression as well as vegetative symptoms such as sweating, dizziness and palpitations were also prevalent among this patient population. Conversely, psychogenic seizures were reported much less frequently than in comparable accounts from German tertiary referral centres. As the war unfolded the number of physicians who believed that shell shock was primarily an organic disorder fell as research failed to find a pathological basis for its symptoms. However, little agreement existed among the Queen Square doctors about the fundamental nature of the disorder and it was increasingly categorised as functional disorder or hysteria.
WARPED PRODUCTS IN RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS
Authors: PARK KWANG-SOON
Published: September 2014

In this paper we prove two inequalities relating the warping function to various curvature terms, for warped products isometrically immersed in Riemannian manifolds. This extends work by B. Y. Chen [‘On isometric minimal immersions from warped products into real space forms’, Proc. Edinb. Math. Soc. (2) 45(3) (2002), 579–587 and ‘Warped products in real space forms’, Rocky Mountain J. Math.34(2) (2004), 551–563] for the case of immersions into space forms. Finally, we give an application where the target manifold is the Clifford torus.
ON DYNAMIC MONOPOLIES OF GRAPHS WITH PROBABILISTIC THRESHOLDS
Authors: SOLTANI HOSSEIN , ZAKER MANOUCHEHR
Published: September 2014

Let $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}G$ be a graph and ${{\tau }}$ be an assignment of nonnegative thresholds to the vertices of $G$. A subset of vertices, $D$, is an irreversible dynamic monopoly of $(G, \tau )$ if the vertices of $G$ can be partitioned into subsets $D_0, D_1, \ldots, D_k$ such that $D_0=D$ and, for all $i$ with $0 \leq i \leq k-1$, each vertex $v$ in $D_{i+1}$ has at least $\tau (v)$ neighbours in the union of $D_0, D_1, \ldots, D_i$. Dynamic monopolies model the spread of influence or propagation of opinion in social networks, where the graph $G$ represents the underlying network. The smallest cardinality of any dynamic monopoly of $(G,\tau )$ is denoted by $\mathrm{dyn}_{\tau }(G)$. In this paper we assume that the threshold of each vertex $v$ of the network is a random variable $X_v$ such that $0\leq X_v \leq \deg _G(v)+1$. We obtain sharp bounds on the expectation and the concentration of $\mathrm{dyn}_{\tau }(G)$ around its mean value. We also obtain some lower bounds for the size of dynamic monopolies in terms of the order of graph and expectation of the thresholds.
The influence of the type of hook on the capture of groupers and
bycatch with bottom longline in the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia
Authors: Echwikhi Khaled , Jribi Imed , Saidi Béchir , Bradai Mohamed Nejmeddine
Published: September 2014

Members of the Epinephelinae subfamily of serranids (‘grouper’) are heavily
exploited by bottom longline in the Gulf of Gabès located in the south of
Tunisia. In addition to direct mortality, hook and release mortalities
likely occur when fish are caught and released, due to injuries sustained
from hooking as well as those associated with retrieval. During five
experimental trips (29 fishing sets) conducted in August 2011 from the port
of Djerba (south of the Gulf of Gabès), we evaluated the effect of hook
styles (9/0 ‘J’ and 12/0 circle hook) on groupers and non-target species. A
total of 340 specimens representing 10 species were captured. The higher
catch rate was registered for Epinephelus aeneus. The
majority of groupers captured were female mature. The circle hook increased
the capture of the most common grouper E. aeneus and did
not affect the catch of Epinephelus marginatus and
Epinepheleus costae. The effect of the type of hook on
hooking location was inconclusive. Managing of the grouper fishery using
some management actions such as size limits, bag limits, and closed seasons
may prevent more unnecessary losses of grouper species. From this
preliminary study, a definite conclusion for or against the use of circle
hook cannot be drawn. Further research on the role of gear modification and
hook designs in reducing by-catch, hooking-related injury and mortality
should be encouraged.
Temporal changes of the meiofaunal assemblage as a tool for the assessment of the ecological quality status
Authors: Semprucci F. , Sbrocca C. , Rocchi M. , Balsamo M.
Published: September 2014

The Adriatic Sea, being a semi-closed and shallow basin, is more sensitive to anthropogenic impact than other areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Given the crucial role of meiofauna in the marine ecosystems, temporal series of data on this benthic assemblage are fundamental to give new insights into the health status of this basin. A data set (decade 2002–2012) on the meiofauna of two river mouths (Foglia and Metauro) close to a Natural Park (Monte San Bartolo, Central Adriatic Sea) has been analysed and related to several environmental parameters. In particular, changes in the meiofaunal structure, abundance and diversity have been investigated in order to evaluate possible variations of ecological quality status (EQS), in accordance with the Water Framework Directive. The structure of the meiofaunal assemblage appeared significantly different in the period studied, with a higher abundance of annelids in 2002 and an increase of nematodes in the following sampling campaigns. Among the faunal parameters, the Shannon and Pielou indices suggested a decline of the EQS over time, likely mainly due to the negative effect of chlorophyll-a peaks, which may highlight the influence of eutrophication phenomena and an enhancement of the organic matter supply. The lowering of the EQS of the study area suggests the need to intensify management and conservation efforts in the coastal systems, and supports the use of the meiofaunal assemblage as a useful bioindicator.
Greenland as a self-governing sub-national territory in international relations: past, current and future perspectives
Authors: Ackrén Maria , Jakobsen Uffe
Published: September 2014

Greenland was used by the US as a platform and as an extended arm within its security and foreign policy during the World War II and the cold war. After this things changed, although Greenland remained important in Danish-US relations under the umbrella of NATO. Nowadays, the geostrategic position of Greenland between North America and Europe is gaining fresh prominence in the race for natural resources in the Arctic. Many issues arise from the prospective opening of the Arctic, all of which may have fateful impacts on future development in the region. Climate change, claims related to the extension of the continental shelf, exploitation and exploration of natural resources, together with the protection of indigenous peoples are all current issues that must be taken into consideration in the context of security and foreign policy formation in Greenland. The future of the Thule Air Base is also relevant. This article reviews developments from the World War II to the present regarding international relations from a Greenlandic perspective. As a self-governing sub-national territory within the realm of Denmark, Greenland does not have the ultimate decision-making power within foreign and security policy. The new Self-Government Act of 2009, however, gives Greenland some room for manoeuvre in this respect.
The food security of Inuit women in Arviat, Nunavut: the role of socio-economic factors and climate change
Authors: Beaumier Maude C. , Ford James D. , Tagalik Shirley
Published: September 2014

Climate change has been identified as compromising food security in many case studies with Inuit communities in Canada. Largely neglected in the scholarship however, is research focusing on the gendered dimensions of Inuit food security in a changing climate. This paper reports on a community based participatory research project involving semi-structured interviews with Inuit women (n = 42), 10 focus groups (n = 40), key informant interviews (n = 8), and participant observation, to identify and characterise the determinants of food security among Inuit females in the community of Arviat, and examine the role played by climate and climate change. Results indicate that significant changes in climate being observed are not currently affecting female food security, with socio-economic-cultural factors primary determinants of food security. The nature of the traditional food system in Arviat based on harvesting land mammals reduces sensitivity to changing sea ice conditions which have been problematic in other Inuit communities. However, dependence on a limited number of animals for diet (primarily caribou, arctic char) increases sensitivity to potential future disruptions caused by climate change to these species and reduces response diversity as a coping mechanism.