bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Simulation of Forward Al Extrusion Process Using FEM
Authors: Magid Hani Mizhir , Sulaiman Sreenivasan , Mohd Ariffin Mohd Khairol Anuar , bin Baharudin B.T. Hang Tuah
Published: June 2014

The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of extrusion parameters (extrusion stresses and temperature) and die geometry, i.e. extrusion radius, on the extruded aluminum quality using FEM Simulation Technique. For this purpose, the general FEA Software ABAQUS was used to set up the finite element model of the warm aluminum extrusion in two dimensions (2D). Aluminum alloy Al-2014 was used as billet material, with 40mm diameter and 75mm length. The extrusion process was modeled as isothermal, which means that the billet material was preheated at a specific temperature and then pressured into the circular die, with extrusion ratio 3.3. Optimized algorithms for extrusion parameters were proposed regarding the concluded simulating results. The results showed that small die angles required higher extrusion load than large die angles. In all die geometry used, the deformation of aluminum billet, which is caused by shearing and compression stresses, happened in a small sectional area (bearing area). The results also showed that, the values of these stresses can increase or decrease depending on the die entrance angle and the die bearing length. To avoid the effects of these stresses on die dimensions; the hardness, material selection, and geometry should be well calculated. An axis-symmetrical 2D geometric model of the tooling and billet was constructed for the analysis. Data obtained from the FE model included die-work piece contact pressure, effective stress and strain and material deformation velocity. The correlation between the calculated and FEA data was obtained in this research.
Machining of Injection Mould Materials for Different Cutting Flute in Low-Speed End Milling
Authors: Shari Naain , bin Baharudin B.T. Hang Tuah , Ngah Norsilawati , Ibrahim M.F.C.
Published: June 2014

The complexity of mould shapes and the hardness of the mould material contribute to difficulties in machining. Examination of the capability of atypeof cutting tool (Tungsten Carbide Ball Nose) towards machining mould material that is usually used in Injection Moulding Industries. Following this, an experimental work was detailed relating to the use of ball nose end mill to machine hardened injection mould materials (up to 62 HRC).Surface roughness, surface topography and tool wear data were presented. The relationships of all these three properties respect to each other were also investigated. By machining these materials (Stavax, Stainless Steel, DF3 and XW5), a major wear occur on cutting tool which is called flank wear. Theflank wear is increased by increasing the hardness of the material used. This fact was supported by the result obtained, in which the surface roughness increases when the material hardness increased. Surface topography isdescribed through wavy marks and surface tearing. For 2 and 4-flute cutting tools, the waviness phenomenal ondecreases when material hardness was increased. Meanwhile, for surface tearing, the rate of occurrence is proportional to the increment of the material hardness.
Reverse Logistics Network Optimizing by Genetic Algorithm: A Case Study of Automotive Wiring Harnesses
Authors: Sadrnia Abdolhossein , Ismail N. , Mohd Ariffin Mohd Khairol Anuar , Norzima Zulkifli , Boyer Omid
Published: June 2014

The shortage of material and environmental legislations have encouraged car manufacturers to recycle used material in end of life vehicles (ELVs), reverse logistics are essential to the concerns of the automotive supply chain. In this research, a profit model multi-echelon reverse logistics network including collection center, shredder center and recycling center is developed to recycle automotive parts. The work was continued by illustrating empirical application in wiring harness manufacturer that would like to recycle wire harnesses and extract copper. With regards to the complexity of the reverse logistics network, traditional method cannot be implemented for solving them. Thus, an evolutionary algorithm based genetic algorithm (GA) is applied as a solution methodology to solve mixed integer linear programming model and find the optimum solution. The results emphasize the efficiency of the modeling and solving method so that in the case study the company gained more than 27 thousand dollars through the establishment of reverse logistics for recycling copper.
An Analytical Model of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine for Performance Prediction
Authors: Najihah A. R. , Nuraini A.A. , Inayatullah Othman
Published: June 2014

A zero dimensional thermodynamic model simulation is developed to simulate the combustion characteristics and performance of a four stroke homogeneous compression combustion ignition (HCCI) engine fueled with gasoline. This model which applies the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system is inclusive of empirical model for predicting the important parameters for engine cycles: the combustion timing and mass burnt fraction during the combustion process. The hypothesis is the increasing intake temperature can reduce the combustion duration and the fuel consumption at wide range of equivalence ratio. The intake temperature were increased from 373-433 K with increment of 20 K. The engine was operated over a range of equivalence ratios of 0.2 to 0.5 at constant engine speed of 1200 rpm and intake pressure of 89,950 k Pa. Simulations were performed using Simulink® under different engine operating conditions. Increasing intake temperature allows reducing the combustion duration by 0.99 °CA and 0.26 °CA at equivalence ratios of 0.2 and 0.5, respectively. The brake specific fuel consumption decreases about 6.09%-5.76% at 0.2-0.5 of equivalence ratios. Thus, fuel consumption can be reduced by increasing intake temperature.
Simulation and Testing Verification of Tracked Vehicle’s Steering Process Considering Track Skidding
Authors: Wang Hong Yan , Li Jun Kui , Li Hao Zhan , Rui Qiang
Published: June 2014

A steering dynamics model considering track skidding is built, which the kinematical and dynamic characteristic about the track forces, turning resistance moment, turning radius, and angular speed are presented. The results show that the turning radius is about 1.5 times and the turning angular speed is 67% in skid-steer situation, which compared to the calculation results based on traditional theory. Experimental results show that steering model is creditable.
A High Accuracy of Magnetometer by Using Independent Directional Magnetic Field Measurement Technique
Authors: Mano Athirot , Titiroongruang Wisut
Published: June 2014

In a measurement of magnetic flux density with high accuracy by using Hall effect sensor must be considered position of Hall sensor, that perfect perpendicular with magnetic flux line for measurement. Only one Hall element can cause measuring error. Therefore, this paper presents an application of independent directional magnetic field measurement technique on two dimensions for high accuracy magnetometer. It is presented by using two Hall sensors locate perpendicular to each other and use the relation of the two voltage output signal from both Hall sensors to calculate constant Hall voltage and Magnetic flux density with high accuracy by using trigonometric function with Lab-View programming. And as the result of experiment, this technique can reduce the limitation in term of this angle in the range magnetic flux density can be measured 0-1800 gauss. A calibration curve of this system compare with standard Gauss meter shows the coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 1 and has the accuracy percentage as less than 0.5%.
Transverse Stiffness Prediction of Fibrous Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: William Gergis W. , Shoukry Samir N. , Prucz Jacky C.
Published: June 2014

This paper presents two new 3D finite element Multi Fiber Models (MFM) that account for the effects of neighboring fibers on the stress distribution over fiber-matrix interface. One model assumes a hexagonal packing pattern of the neighboring fibers whereas the other assumes that the neighboring fibers are packed in a square pattern. Two scenarios regarding the contact surface between the fiber and the matrix are considered: the first one assumes no bond over the interface while in the other one the interface is perfectly bonded. The cooling process of the composite was simulated and then a transverse loading is applied to the composite. The results indicate that packing system and the characteristics of the fiber-matrix interface greatly influence the magnitude of the residual stresses developed in the matrix.
The Study of Flaws of High-Viscosity Fluids in Interaction with Peripheral Annular Water Flow in Complex Pipelines
Authors: Malozemov A.V. , Kharlamov Sergey N.
Published: June 2014

In this paper the structure is investigated of three-dimensional flows of rheological complex media (water-oil mixtures) in pipes and channels with long and short sections of constant and variable cross-sections. This is operating units of equipment for the oil and gas industry and power engineering. The steady and unsteady modes flows are modeling of oil-water environments in the internal systems. The ability analyzed of a low-viscosity two-phase structure of the movement to regroup in the peripheral region of the pipe wall with a higher shear stress. We study the pattern of change: coefficient of friction reducing its relatively high viscosity of the nucleus by forming a water ring, local hydrodynamic parameters for complex mixtures flow. The mechanisms are obtained of the influence of flow regimes on the phase boundary. Marked parts modeling of flow profile with immiscible phases within the system full equations of two-phase flow dynamics with allowance for the effects of interfacial interaction. The particular boundary conditions discussed for these flows. The reliability calculation estimated by comparison with the existing data of similar flows (for example, A.Wegmann and P.R. Rohr’s results).
Study on the Stiffness of Positioning Platform with Large Trip and High Precision under Thermal to Structure Coupling
Authors: Yang Wei Wei , Liu Ji Zhu , Pan Ming Qiang , Chen Tao , Chen Li Guo , Chen Lin Sen , Sun Li Ning
Published: June 2014

Thermal influences the stiffness, and then affects dynamic characteristics of the platform. The paper appoints a method to calculate the global stiffness of the positioning platform with large trip and high precision, and find the rule that the platform stiffness changing with the temperature to follow. The rule provides a fundamental basis for establishing vibration model of the platform. The main method to collect analysis data is finite element. Firstly, choose a number of points from the surfaces of the platform. Through the experiment data of thermal stress coupling analysis on the platform and a degree of grey incidence, the degree of correlation between all concerned points and thermal displacement can be solved. The key points are confirmed the one which have large degree of grey incidence which also have large influence on the stiffness, and will be the input value of stiffness model of the platform. Calculate the global stiffness value of positioning platform under different temperature using the finite element method analysis. Establish the stiffness model using BP neural network.
Errors of Timing Diagram of Automatic Machine
Authors: Jomartov Assylbek
Published: June 2014

The paper presents the method of determining of the errors of timing diagram of automatic machine. The timing diagram of automatic machine is represented in a vector form with preservation of the visibility of a linear timing diagram. To determine of the errors of actuation of the mechanisms is used the method of calculating of dimensional chains. The method allows taking into account the errors of operation of mechanisms of automatic machine at design of the timing diagrams.
Modeling of Atmospheric Processes Based on the Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Zhumagulov Bakytzhan , Zhakebaev Dauren , Abdibekova Aigerim
Published: June 2014

This work is devoted to the mathematical and numerical modeling of atmospheric processes based on the ensemble-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the implementation of large eddy simulation. Within the real scientific research work are shown features of modeling atmospheric processes, the mathematical model of dynamic processes was developed in the average atmosphere, the numerical scheme and algorithm of the problem solution were developed, and realization of the problem characterized by instability of Rayleigh-Taylor about convective mass substances transfer with various densities was made.
Exploration of Navigation Simulator Applying in Maritime Trial
Authors: Wu Jin Long , Guo Hui Ling
Published: June 2014

Navigation simulator is a product of highly developed maritime technology, the STCW 78/95 Convention puts forward the corresponding requirements on the application of the navigation simulator. This paper analyzes the current applying status of navigation simulator, discusses the professional technical characteristics of maritime cases and limitations of traditional maritime trial, points out the relative hysteresis quality of the maritime trial in application of navigation technology, and makes a prospect for the application of navigation simulator in trial maritime, including assisting the judges to ascertain the facts of cases and fix the evidence to promote case hearing rapidly and improve the scientific judgment.
Estimation of Critical Performance Parameters of the Thermocouple in a Bypass Device, Made of SME Alloy, Designed for LIABs on Spacecraft
Authors: Blednova Zh.M. , Protsenko N.A.
Published: June 2014

Critical parameters of the bypass device thermocouple made of SME alloy are optimized on the base of the developed thermal model of Lithium-Ion storage battery (LISB) for space applications. It is shown that the terminal is the most dangerous element within LIAB. To ensure LIAB reliability in case of one cell failure, a temperature limit in the vicinity of the terminal is set to 100°C, and the bypass device action time – to 2–3 s, which corresponds to phase transitions temperature range of the thermocouple spring made of SME alloy.
POME Treatment Efficacy as Affected by Carrier Material Size in Micro-Bioreactor System
Authors: Liew Wai Loan , Muda Khalida , Kassim Mohd Azraai , Lai Kok Yan , Si Zi Yang , Thong Yeap Hong , Kheang Loh Soh
Published: June 2014

This paper presents the effect of different sizes of palm kernel shell (PKS) activated carbon as the carrier material in a micro-bioreactor system to treat the palm oil mill effluent (POME). Three different sizes of PKS activated carbon were used as the carrier material, i.e. 4.750 – 2.360 mm (large), 1.180 – 0.710 mm (average) and 0.425 – 0.300 mm (small). The systems were run for a total of 29 days under hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 hours. The performances of several effluent quality parameters of POME regarding the use of PKS activated carbon of different sizes were studied. PKS activated carbon with size 1.180 – 0.710 mm showed the highest removal performances for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal-nitrogen (AN), and solids, with 41 %, 84.6 %, and 88 % of removal respectively. The system with PKS activated carbon of size 4.750 - 2.360 mm showed the highest performance in removing TP (45 %), while 1.180 – 0.710 mm size of PKS activated carbon showed the highest performance in removing TN (53 %). The system was also found to effectively reduce the effluent colour. In overall, the PKS activated carbon of size 1.180 – 0.710 mm showed the best results as a carrier material to be used in the micro-bioreactor system in treating POME compared to the other two sizes.
The Art of Integrated GIS/AHP for Siting Landfill: A Review
Authors: Saeed Mohamed Osman , Aziz Hamidi Abdul , Azizli Khairun Azizi Mohd
Published: June 2014

This article reviewed selected works on how decision makers (DMs) utilize integrated geographic information system (GIS)/analytical hierarchy process (AHP) tools to analyze land suitability for sanitary landfill sites as part of regional planning. We analyzed the hierarchy process of certain pervious works to facilitate better understanding. The innovative work of Siddiqi et al. in 1996 highlighted the advantages of integrating AHP in GIS software and reviewed some limitations. The present paper explained the background study on multi-criteria decision analysis/aid (MCDA) so-called multi-criteria decision makers (MCDM) in conjunction with the advantages of GIS as a new remedy for utilizing the AHP weights of the decision makers. For this study we often use the term MCDA and MCDM.
The Impact of Stormwater Runoff on Nutrient Removal in Sand Columns
Authors: Husna Takaijudin , Aminuddin Ab. Ghani , Nor Azazi Zakaria
Published: June 2014

Mulch layer also assists filtration of pollutants mainly larger sediment particles in bioretention. The objective is to evaluate the efficiency of bioretention facilities in removing nitrogen and phosphorus by varying the types of mulch layers through sand column. 200 mm filter media cells consisted of river sand with composited fine and coarse sand. Three types of mulch layer wood chip, tea waste and coconut husk were applied at the top of the sand layer at 50 mm depth. Runoff was monitored and analyzed to measure nutrient concentration within six hours. Woodchip showed the highest capability in removing phosphorus by 60.3% as compared to tea wastes and coconut husk. Lower removal efficiency was seen for nitrogen for all mulch materials. Tea waste provides additional nitrogen in effluent concentration. Coconut husk has a potential to be applied as mulch materials based on its capability even wood chip was seen to be favorably materials.
Determination of Soil Polluted with Kerosene Using Electromagnetic Cell
Authors: Al-Mattarneh Hashem , Dahim Mohamad , Ismail Rabah , Nuruddin Muhd Fadhil
Published: June 2014

Soil contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons has become one of the most serious problems due to its negative repercussion on ecosystems. For this reason, different analytical techniques have been developed to evaluate the quantity and the quality of organic pollutants using electrochemical techniques, and a geophysical methods have been developed which utilizes the contrast caused by the contaminant on physical properties of the soil dielectric methods shows high potential for characterization kerosene contaminated soil and determination of the level of contaminant. The potential of dielectric measuring techniques for soil characterization has not been fully explored. For this purpose, dielectric measurements, in the frequency range from 100 kHz to1000 kHz, were carried out in sandy soil samples, contaminated with solutions of kerosene, at different concentrations. The differences of the dielectric behavior with contaminant content suggest that the monitoring of complex dielectric constant has the potential to quantify contaminants.
Determination of Adsorption Capacity of Agricultural-Based Carbon for Ni (II) Adsorption from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Khan Taimur , Isa Mohamed Hasnain , Chaudhuri Malay , Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa , Saeed Mohamed Osman
Published: June 2014

The aim of the study was to prepare potentially cheaper carbon for the adsorptive removal of Nickle [Ni (II)] from aqueous solution. The adsorption capacity of the prepared carbon to remove Ni (II) from aqueous solution was determined and adsorption mechanism was investigated. Rice husk carbon was prepared by incineration in a muffle furnace. The incinerated rice husk carbon (IRHC) was characterised in terms of surface area, micropore area, micropore volume, average pore diameter and surface morphology. Adsorption of Ni (II) by IRHC was examined. The influence of operating parameters, namely, pH, initial concentration and contact time on adsorption of Ni (II) by IRHC was evaluated. Batch adsorption tests showed that extent of Ni (II) adsorption depended on initial concentration, contact time and pH. Equilibrium adsorption was achieved in 120 min, while maximum Ni (II) adsorption occurred at pH 4. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were studied and the equilibrium adsorption data was found to fit well with the Langmuir isotherm model. Langmuir constants Q° and b were 14.45 and 0.10, and Freundlich constants Kf and 1/n were 4.0 and 0.26, respectively. Adsorption of Ni (II) by IRHC followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Being a low-cost carbon, IRHC has potential to be used for the adsorption of Ni (II) from aqueous solution and wastewater in developing countries.
Dynamic Responses of Classic Spar Platform: Short Crested Waves vs. Long Crested Waves
Authors: Ng Cheng Yee , Kurian V. John , Liew Mohd Shahir
Published: June 2014

The long-crested wave properties have been widely implemented in the design of offshore structures. However, long-crested waves are seldom found in the real sea condition. Many research papers have also stated that wave forces obtained by the waves would be overestimated. Indeed, the real sea conditions are better represented by the short-crested waves. Hence, in order to obtain an optimum design for the offshore structures with cost and time effective, consideration of the short-crested nature of waves is necessary. In this paper, a study comparing the responses of the classic spar due to short-crested waves and long-crested waves obtained experimentally has been performed. The model tests have been carried out in the wave tank of Offshore Laboratory for Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS. In the model tests, short-crested waves and long-crested waves were generated. Responses of the classic spar model were recorded by the Optical Tracking System (OptiTrack). The responses of the classic spar due to short-crested waves and long-crested waves were compared among. From the comparisons, the responses for short-crested waves in all the three degree of freedom (DOF) were found to be about 35% less than the responses for long-crested waves. Thus, it could be concluded that optimized and economical designs can be arrived at by considering the short-crestedness of the waves for classic spar structures.
Hydrodynamic Forces on Linear and Multi-Dimensional Arrays of Circular Cylinders
Authors: Sebastian A.A. , Kurian V. John , Al-Yacouby A.M. , Liew M.S. , Idichandy V.G.
Published: June 2014

In this paper, major focus is given for determining the accurate wave forces recorded on circular cylinders present in different array configurations. Investigation is made to establish any trend in variation of these forces, when the wave time periods, location of the cylinders in the array and the spacing between cylinders are varied. Wave tank model tests were conducted in regular waves. Tandem cylinder configurations involving a maximum of four cylinders were considered for the present study. In addition to this, two linear arrays of four cylinders each, were installed side by side in the waves and the forces on each of the cylinders were determined. The spacing between the cylinders in this two dimensional array was varied and the trend in the variation of forces are presented. Change of transverse spacing between the cylinders was found to have more effect on the forces on cylinders, than the change in in-line spacing. The wave forces acting on singly existing cylinders were found to be less than that acting on individual cylinders present in the different array configurations considered. The variation of force coefficients with respect to the time periods was found to be of random nature. Morison equation is made use in the determination of these coefficients.
Investigation of Vortex Induced Vibration of Offshore Pipelines near Seabed
Authors: Namazi-Saleh Fatemeh , Kurian V. John , Zahiraniza Mustaffa Bt
Published: June 2014

Recently, dynamic interaction between pipelines, seabed and the ocean currents has received wide concern from marine pipeline designers and researchers. The analysis of dynamic responses of subsea pipeline, in vicinity of the seabed in severe ocean environments, is very important. In this regard, this study reviews and sums up recent researches and investigations performed on vortex induced vibration of pipelines near seabed for analysis and design. In addition, the preliminary results of a developed model around a pipe subjected to steady current have been presented. Future trends and challenges in this research are also identified.
Multivariate Regression Analysis for Screening Process of Reliability Assessment
Authors: Kurian V. John , Voon M.C. , Abdul Wahab Mohamed Mubarak , Iskandar N.A. , Liew Mohd Shahir
Published: June 2014

Reliability is one major concern in the Oil and Gas industry to date. Reliability issues due to aging and increasing environmental loading are common for jacket platforms in Malaysia. Authors have studied system reliability assessment on existing jacket platforms in Malaysian waters and concluded that the current reliability assessment in the industry practice is tedious. The scope of the study includes regression analysis using three different methods to generate regression equation which could serve as a simplified reliability prediction model. Regression equations generated in this study seek to improve the current reliability assessment of jacket platforms in Malaysia by providing means for screening process before proceeding to tedious reliability analysis.
Performance of Mangrove Forests in Coastal Protection
Authors: Hashim Ahmad Mustafa , Khairuddin Noraini
Published: June 2014

The importance of mangrove forest as a natural protection system has been a focused interest especially after the 2004 tsunami. It was reported that human deaths and property losses were reduced in areas of dense mangrove forests. Devastating incidents in recent years due to extreme environmental and catastrophic conditions that lead to various degrees of damages in the coastal areas have significantly increased awareness on the role of mangrove forests as eco-engineering approach to coastal stability and defense. With the recent urge for mangroves protection and replanting, a sound basis for a more optimum strategy in maintaining mangroves as coastal protection buffer is inevitably required. Hence, this study is aimed to quantify the reduction of wave height by 10 years old mangroves with various densities and tree arrangements. The laboratory experiments were conducted in a narrow wave flume using artificial mangrove models. The results showed that wave height reduction in areas of 100 m width of 10 years old mangroves was 2.5 times more effective as compared to areas without mangroves. Earlier investigation revealed that for areas with 20 years old mangroves was able to dissipate waves four times greater compared to areas without mangroves. For areas with 200 m width of 10 years old mangroves, a density of 0.11 trees/m2 is sufficient to reduce wave height over 77 %. With a difference of less than 3%, the investigation also revealed no significant difference of wave reduction between tandem and staggered arrangements when the mangroves are of 10 years old.
Response of Monopod Platform under Extreme Wave in Malaysian Water
Authors: Jamaluddin Mohd Affiq Bin , Liew Mohd Shahir , Kurian V. John
Published: June 2014

This paper investigated the structural response of an existing monopod platform under extreme wave condition in Malaysian water. The estimation of the response plays an important role in the design of offshore structure. In this investigation, in-place analysis is performed to measure the reliability of monopod structure owing to the extreme environmental load condition in Malaysian water.The response of the structure to the varying conditions of the structure and varying environmental loads directions are analysed using well defined in-place analysis method [1]. In the present analysis, the deflection of the structure is studied for the number of guyed wires supporting the structure and multi-direction of environmental loads applied onto the structure.
Seabed Condition from Single Beam Echo Sounder from Penang Port, Malaysia
Authors: Yew Wan Tian , Lam Wei Haur , Soon Cindy , Aziz Ruslan
Published: June 2014

Ship’s propeller wash induced scour is a well-known engineering problem for port structures along the shoreline. However, insufficient recorded data makes it difficult to justify that ship’s propeller wash induced scour is taking place in Malaysia’s major ports. This study reported the seabed condition of the two wharves in Penang Port using Single Beam Echo Sounder (SBES) data. The presence of seabed scour due to ship manoeuvring is investigated based on seabed data. The results showed that Penang Port is experiencing a severe siltation problem instead of ship’s propeller wash induced scour impacts.
Wave Attenuation of Interlocking Concrete Unit - V (ICU-V)
Authors: Hashim Ahmad Mustafa , Noor Nur Diyana Md , Abdullah Siti Nur Hanis
Published: June 2014

Wave transmission is one of the components resulted from interaction between incident wave and coastal structure. Factors influencing wave transmission include structure height, crest width and wave condition. This paper presents the analysis of wave transmission and dissipation capability of Interlocking Concrete Unit-V (ICU-V) under different wave conditions and structural parameters based on a 2-D physical model testing. The transmitted wave was reduced more than half of the incident wave when the relative crest height is greater than zero. Structural irregularity of ICU-V promotes breaking of wave on the breakwater crest and the sloping surface. The crest is less effective when the submergence depth greater than-0.20 m or the relative freeboard is greater than-0.286. Overall, ICU-V offers good ability for wave dissipation, which leads to promising performance in sheltering coastal area.
An Experimental Study on the Effects of Biaxial Bending due to Eccentric Load on RC Beam
Authors: Shafiq Nasir , Imran Muhammad , Akbar Ibrisam
Published: June 2014

Eccentric loads are very common in structures due to building configuration. Unequal slab length, circular ramp, large cantilevers are very common in modern architecture. The RC beams in previous studies were tested under the three and four point uniform loads. Therefore, a simple testing setup was arranged to understand the behaviour of RC beam under eccentric load applied at mid span. In this study the single point load applied eccentrically on RC beam. The beams were tested at different eccentricity and compared with control beam tested under the uniform load or zero eccentricity. Results have shown a drastically reduced crack load up to 54% compared to control beam as the eccentricity increased. However, small changed in ultimate load carrying capacity was observed up to 60mm eccentricity. Eccentric load caused biaxial bending due to high concentration of load on one side of beam, which change failure mode of RC beam from ductile to brittle.
Behaviour of Oil Palm Shell Reinforced Concrete Beams Added with Kenaf Fibres
Authors: Mohsin Sharifah Maszura Syed , Azimi Sayid Javid , Namdar Abdoullah
Published: June 2014

The present article reports the findings of a study into the behaviour of oil palm shell reinforced concrete (OPSRC) beams with the addition of kenaf fibres. This work aims at examining the potential of kenaf fibres to improve the strength and ductility of the OPSRC beams as well as observing its potential in serving as part of shear reinforcement in the beams. Two different arrangements of the shear links in OPSRC beams with a selection of kenaf fibres content (10kg/m3 and 20kg/m3, respectively) were tested under monotonic loading. The results show that the addition of kenaf fibres enhances the load carrying capacity, ductility apart from altering the failure mode of the beams from brittle shear mode to flexural ductile mode. Furthermore, the study shows that kenaf fibres are compatible with OPSRC with desirable results.
Characterization of Stand Chopped Basalt Fiber Self – Compacting Reinforced Concrete (SCB-SCC)
Authors: Shafiq Nasir , Nuruddin Muhd Fadhil , Salih Ahmed Fathi Mohamed , Elshekh Ali Elheber Ahmed
Published: June 2014

In the world today, producers of high performance concrete usually look for locally available material to provide low cost concrete. To reduce the total cost of concrete, it is recommended to use a mineral admixture by replacing the cement content while the improvement in the strength of concrete can be achieved by implementing the fibers as a discrete material in the concrete mix. Within this study, a attempt has been given to analyze the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with microwave incinerated rice husk ash (MIRHA) and fly ash as a two types of filler. This was to enhance the properties of SCC with the Stand Chopped Basalt (SCB) fiber having been added to the concrete mix. The experimental work was a fresh and a hardened test with the trend of the result showing the possibility to increase the properties of SCC by using MIRHA and SCB fiber.
Effect of Flexural Static Load on the Strength of GFRP Gratings
Authors: Izzuddin Amir , Akbar Ibrisam
Published: June 2014

– The usage of steel in offshore deep water area contributes to the massive load of the offshore platform which will lead to the massive operational cost. Therefore, the reduction of weight of platform is the major issue that need to be tackled properly. The great improvement in strength to weight ratio compare to steel and high resistivity to corrosion makes Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) grating preferable. GFRP gratings are normally made of two types of processes which are moulded and pultruded and it is usually consists of glass fibre and bonding matrixes of vinyl ester (VE), polyester (PE), or phenolic (PHE). However there is still doubt on GFRP grating application for offshore due to no consensus guidelines for the design of GFRP grating and there are many several types of GFRP grating available to be chosen. This paper presenting the study on two types of GFRP grating strength with variation of bonding matrixes under flexural static load. A total of six specimens of GFRP grating which consist of 1 each of molded vinyl ester, molded polyester, molded phenolic, pultruded vinyl ester, pultruded polyester and pultruded phenolic were tested to failure in flexure. The main parameters concerns in this study are 1) max load vs. mid-span deflection and 2) failure mode of the specimens.
Interrelationship Analysis of Geopolymer Components Using Pearson Correlation Technique
Authors: Kusbiantoro Andri , Rahman Norbaizurah , Shahedan Noor Fifinatasha
Published: June 2014

Performance of geopolymer based specimens is significantly affected by internal and external aspects. Curing temperature and air humidity are among the prominent external factors that contribute to the alteration of geopolymer properties. Nevertheless, internal component of geopolymer binder also carries essential effect to the hardened geopolymer binder produced. In this research, the study was concentrated on the elemental composition of source material components and their interrelation to the performance of geopolymer binder produced. Different types of fly ash were used as the source material in this research. Low calcium (class-F) fly ash was combined with high calcium (class-C) fly ash to determine the elemental composition effect, particularly SiO2, Al2O3, and CaO to the geopolymer properties. Analysis using SYSTAT statistical software indicated the importance of oxide composition of source material to the geopolymer specimens produced. Initial setting time of geopolymer paste was also possibly important to the compressive strength of geopolymer specimens produced. Nevertheless, final setting time indicated less importance to the compressive strength development of geopolymer binder.
Low Energy Compaction of Aggregate Packing Mechanism
Authors: Suliman Yasreen G. , Madzlan Napiah , Kamaruddin Ibrahim , Olufemi Johnson A.
Published: June 2014

Aggregate packing mechanism and its properties are always significant in the compaction, density and consequential strength and resistance of the bituminous mixture. Realizing that aggregate interlocking contributes to the strength, the packing of aggregate would increase the force of intact between aggregates. This work is focused on improving the compaction energy, engineering properties and rutting resistance of bituminous mixture by using the aggregate packing concept. After obtaining the optimum proportions for developed mixture via packing test, hot-mix asphalt samples are prepared and compacted with 50 and 75 blows, while well graded hot-mix asphalt samples are compacted with 75 blows. The Marshall Test result showed that developed mixture at lower compaction energy meets all the requirements of asphaltic concrete for heavy traffic and also exhibit higher density, stability, and lower air voids and voids in mineral aggregate compared to the well graded mixture. Developed mixture also demonstrated higher mixture stiffness and lower rut depth compared to the well graded one. This is due to the optimal distribution of the various aggregates sizes of developed mixture, which gives the interlocking necessary and stone to stone contact to improve the mixture density, stiffness and rutting resistance.
Numerical Investigation of the Response of Protective Barrier under Blast Loading
Authors: Ying Kong Sih , Remennikov Alex M. , Uy Brian
Published: June 2014

Non-composite steel-concrete-steel panels develop high load-carrying capacity through the tensile membrane resistance of the steel faceplates at large displacement. The response of a full-scale barrier structure composed of the non-composite SCS panels and steel posts under various blast loading scenarios was investigated using non-linear finite element software LS-Dyna. The simulation results showed that the barrier was able to withstand very large blast energy. It can be concluded that non-composite SCS panels can provide an attractive solution to expedite construction of high-performance protective barriers to resist extreme blast loadings.
POFA: A Potential Partial Cement Replacement Material in Oil Palm Shell Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
Authors: Muthusamy Khairunisa , Nurazzimah Zamri
Published: June 2014

Today, the necessity of environmental awareness and enforcement is more demanding and crucial than ever before. Environmental protection encompasses not only pollution but also sustainable development and conservation of natural resources and the eco-system. As a conclusion, protection and preservation of environment is still a pressing issue. This issue on environmental preservations and sustainability all over the world has lead to innovations of new material using by-products generated from various sectors such as palm oil industry. One of the potential recycle materials from palm oil industry is palm oil fuel ash which contains siliceous compositions and reacted as pozzolans to produce a stronger and denser concrete. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is by-product obtained by burning of fibers, shells and empty fruit bunches as fuel in palm oil mill boilers. Apart from POFA, oil palm shell (OPS), which also from oil palm waste has been used as lightweight aggregates resulting from never ending research conducted. In this investigation, these two types of waste were collected from the same palm oil mills in Kuantan, Malaysia and were both utilized inside lightweight aggregate concrete. By incorporating POFA and OPS as partial cement and coarse aggregate replacement, lightweight aggregate concrete with 35 MPa can be produced and is also significantly higher than control OPS concrete.
Precast Concrete Soldier Pile System with Corrugated Section Post for Riverbank Protection
Authors: Akmilah Nur , Chong Yong Ong
Published: June 2014

Gabions, rubble stone walls, L-shape concrete retaining wall and revetments are commonly used for riverbank protection against base scouring and soil slope erosion. These conventional solutions for low retaining wall structures are relatively cheap and easy to execute. However, they are proven not lasting with high maintenance costs. Although steel sheetpile walls are structures with better performance for slope stabilization purpose, they are very expensive to build and maintain against corrosion. To address the problem, a new precast concrete soldier pile wall system was developed to provide a permanent and relatively economical solution with several innovative features. The system is comprised of a series of precast posts driven to the predetermined depth and secondary precast lagging elements secured between posts to support the retained earths. The structural capacity that resists lateral load is derived from passive earth pressure mobilized in front the embedded body to toe of the posts. The lagging elements are installed at 0.5m to 1.0m below the river invert levels to provide protection against base scouring. The precast posts and laggings take the efficient structural shape of corrugated section. They are jointed with a specially designed tongue and groove (T&G) slots to facilitate installation. A pilot project where such innovative solution is presented.
Prediction of Failure Loads of RC Dapped-End Beams
Authors: Aswin Muhammad , Syed Zubair Imam , Wee Teo , Liew Mohd Shahir
Published: June 2014

Shear failure remains the governing mode of failure for reinforced concrete (RC) dapped-end beams. Dapped-ends are commonly classified as disturbed regions (D-regions). Strut and tie model (STM) is a simple and rational way that can be applied to analyze D-regions. The current design codes such as ACI-318-08, Euro Code 2 and BS 8110 facilitate STM to predict the failure loads. In addition, the failure loads may be also predicted using the empirical method proposed in PCI Design Handbook. In this paper, the failure loads were predicted for 24 RC dapped-end beams following different codes. The significant parameters such as concrete compressive strength, dapped-end section size, shear span-depth ratio, type and effective range of stirrups, bent form of the longitudinal reinforcement, amount of dapped-end reinforcements and hanger reinforcements were varied to study their effects against the predicted failure load for RC dapped-end beams according to different codes. These predicted results were compared with the available experimental results to investigate the ability of various codes to predict the failure load reliably. In this study, the comparison shows that PCI Design Handbook and ACI-318-08 can predict the failure loads for RC dapped-end beams more accurately.
Rehabilitation of RC Structures Exposed to Salinity and Moisture Using CFRP
Authors: Fazli H. , Wee Teo
Published: June 2014

Marine concrete structures such as harbors, ports and bridges are exposed simultaneously to the action of physical and chemical deterioration processes. Deterioration of marine concrete structures and its rehabilitation are challenges of the world of today. Recently, the increasing usage of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite appears to be a solution for rehabilitation and strengthening of the concrete structures because of its physical and mechanical properties, such as high strength-to-weight ratio, high corrosion /environmental degradation resistance, and easy to handle during construction. In general, rehabilitation of concrete structures is usually done by two types of materials, it is either using cementitious or advanced composite materials. The aim of this paper is to address the issues and challenges of concrete structures in marine environments and strengthening these structures. In the initial part of this paper, an overview of the problems associated with marine environment on concrete structure will be discussed.
Environmental Screening Method for Dredging in Contaminated River
Authors: Manap Norpadzlihatun , Voulvoulis Nikolaos
Published: June 2014

Dredging in a contaminated river has been widely accepted to have an impact on the environment; however environmental risk assessment analysis could be costly, time-consuming and difficult to perform. Therefore, a screening method acting as a preliminary risk assessment analysis to screen potential contaminated areas is necessary. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a new screening method for risk assessment analysis in a scenario where economy, time and simplicity factors had been a concern. The development of this method is based on a variation of standard Ecological Risk Assessment. An analysis will be performed on two elements. Firstly, the level of contaminants in the water, groundwater and air (known as the media) and, secondly the behavior of environmental indicators during monitoring of historical dredging. This analysis is performed in order to establish the degree of contamination in an area that is about to be dredged, in where the publicly accessible contamination level in the media and the historical dredging monitoring data will be utilized. Eight dredged sites in Peninsular Malaysia are selected as the case studies of this research. This research showed that Sungai Perlis has a very high total risk value, which could have a fatal impact on its biodiversity if dredging is performed with negligence at this location. This research could provide an opportunity for Malaysia to increase its efforts to avoid dredging impacts without being constrained on time, cost and simplicity factors.
Tension Stiffening Analysis for Cyclically Loaded RC Beams
Authors: Bin Shukri Ahmad Azim , Jumaat Mohd Zamin
Published: June 2014

Ductility is an important aspect of cyclically loaded reinforced concrete (RC) structures. One of the method that can be used to measure the ductility of an RC structure is the moment-curvature approach. However, due to it being a strain-based approach it cannot be used to directly simulate behaviour associated with interface displacement that occur when an RC member is cracked. This leads to dependency on empirical values, which imposes limitations on how the moment-curvature approach can be used. In recent years a new displacement based method for measuring ductility has been developed, and can simulate the interface displacement behaviours through the use of partial-interaction theory and shear friction theory. This paper aims to extend the general tension stiffening analysis of the displacement-based approach to allow for cyclic loading. The tension-stiffening analysis was then validated against experimental results and the results were found to agree fairly.
The Effect of MIRHA and Fly Ash on Mechanical Strength and Chloride Penetration Depth of DSCC
Authors: Nuruddin Muhd Fadhil , Chang Kok Yung , Azmee Norzaireen Mohd
Published: June 2014

Ductile self-compacting concrete (DSCC) is one of the advanced materials which combines self-compacting abilities and ductility to address the current industry problems. As the fly ash and microwave incinerated rice husk ash (MIRHA) are beneficial to the properties of concrete, it has led to a research on the effects of ternary blends of MIRHA, fly ash and cement in DSCC. Up to 20% of cement in DSCC was replaced with MIRHA and fly ash with 10% by weight respectively whilst maintaining satisfactory self-compacting abilities. The effects of MIRHA and fly ash on mechanical strength and chloride penetration depth of DSCC were determined. The control DSCC mix was compared with the DSCC mix with MIRHA and fly ash. The results shown that substitution of MIRHA and fly ash into DSCC gave positive effects, it improved the mechanical properties and chloride permeability.