bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The gravity dual of Lorentzian OPE blocks
Authors: Chen Heng-Yu , Chen Lung-Chuan , Kobayashi Nozomu , Nishioka Tatsuma
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We consider the operator product expansion (OPE) structure of scalar primary operators in a generic Lorentzian CFT and its dual description in a gravitational theory with one extra dimension. The OPE can be decomposed into certain bi-local operators transforming as the irreducible representations under conformal group, called the OPE blocks. We show the OPE block is given by integrating a higher spin field along a geodesic in the Lorentzian AdS space-time when the two operators are space-like separated. When the two operators are time-like separated however, we find the OPE block has a peculiar representation where the dual gravitational theory is not defined on the AdS space-time but on a hyperboloid with an additional time coordinate and Minkowski space-time on its boundary. This differs from the surface Witten diagram proposal for the time-like OPE block, but in two dimensions we reproduce it consistently using a kinematical duality between a pair of time-like separated points and space-like ones.
Off-shell CHY amplitudes and Feynman graphs
Authors: Dolan Louise , Goddard Peter
Published: April 2020

Abstract

A polynomial form is established for the off-shell CHY scattering equations proposed by Lam and Yao. Re-expressing this in terms of independent Mandelstam invariants provides a new expression for the polynomial scattering equations, immediately valid off shell, which makes it evident that they yield the off-shell amplitudes given by massless 𝜙3 Feynman graphs. A CHY expression for individual Feynman graphs, valid even off shell, is established through a recurrence relation.
Entropy increases at linear order in scalar-hairy Lovelock gravity
Authors: Jiang Jie , Zhang Ming
Published: April 2020

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the second law of the black holes in Lovelock gravity sourced by a conformally coupled scalar field under the first-order approximation when the perturbation matter fields satisfy the null energy condition. First of all, we show that the Wald entropy of this theory does not obey the linearized second law for the scalar-hairy Lovelock gravity which contains the higher curvature terms even if we replace the gravitational part of Wald entropy with Jacobson-Myers (JM) entropy. This implies that we cannot naively add the scalar field term of the Wald entropy to the JM entropy of the purely Lovelock gravity to get a valid linearized second law. By rescaling the metric, the action of the scalar field can be written as a purely Lovelock action with another metric. Using this property, by analogy with the JM entropy of the purely Lovelock gravity, we introduce a new formula of the entropy in the scalar-hairy Lovelock gravity. Then, we show that this new JM entropy increases along the event horizon for Vaidya-like black hole solutions and therefore it obeys a linearized second law. Moreover, we show that different from the entropy in F (Riemann) gravity, the difference between the JM entropy and Wald entropy also contains some additional corrections from the scalar field.
Cross-validation of two prognostic trauma scores in severely injured patients
Authors: Lefering Rolf , Huber-Wagner Stefan , Bouillon Bertil , Lawrence Tom , Lecky Fiona , Bouamra Omar
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Trauma scoring systems are important tools for outcome prediction and severity adjustment that informs trauma quality assessment and research. Discrimination and precision of such systems is tested in validation studies. The German TraumaRegister DGU® (TR-DGU) and the Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) from the UK agreed on a cross-validation study to validate their prediction scores (RISC II and PS14, respectively).

Methods

Severe trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 9 documented in 2015 and 2016 were selected in both registries (primary admissions only). The predictive scores from each registry were applied to the selected data sets. Observed and predicted mortality were compared to assess precision; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used for discrimination. Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic was calculated for calibration. A subgroup analysis including patients treated in intensive care unit (ICU) was also carried out.

Results

From TR-DGU, 40,638 patients were included (mortality 11.7%). The RISC II predicted mortality was 11.2%, while PS14 predicted 16.9% mortality. From TARN, 64,622 patients were included (mortality 9.7%). PS14 predicted 10.6% mortality, while RISC II predicted 17.7%. Despite the identical cutoff of ISS ≥ 9, patient groups from both registries showed considerable difference in need for intensive care (88% versus 18%). Subgroup analysis of patients treated on ICU showed nearly identical values for observed and predicted mortality using RISC II.

Discussion

Each score performed well within its respective registry, but when applied to the other registry a decrease in performance was observed. Part of this loss of performance could be explained by different development data sets: the RISC II is mainly based on patients treated in an ICU, while the PS14 includes cases mainly cared for outside ICU with more moderate injury severity. This is according to the respective inclusion criteria of the two registries.

Conclusion

External validations of prediction models between registries are needed, but may show that prediction models are not fully transferable to other health-care settings.
A constrained-condylar fixed-bearing total knee arthroplasty is stabilised by the medial soft tissues
Authors: Athwal Kiron K. , Willinger Lukas , Manning William , Deehan David , Amis Andrew A.
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Revision constrained-condylar total knee arthroplasty (CCK-TKA) is often used to provide additional mechanical constraint after failure of a primary TKA. However, it is unknown how much this translates to a reliance on soft-tissue support. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the laxity of a native knee to the CCK-TKA implanted state and quantify how medial soft-tissues stabilise the knee following CCK-TKA.

Methods

Ten intact cadaveric knees were tested in a robotic system at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° flexion with ± 90  N anterior–posterior force, ± 8 Nm varus-valgus and ± 5 Nm internal–external torques. A fixed-bearing CCK-TKA was implanted and the laxity tests were repeated with the soft tissues intact and after sequential cutting. The deep and superficial medial collateral ligaments (dMCL, sMCL) and posteromedial capsule (PMC) were sequentially transected and the percentage contributions of each structure to restraining the applied loads were calculated.

Results

Implanting a CCK-TKA did not alter anterior–posterior laxity from that of the original native knee, but it significantly decreased internal–external and varus-valgus rotational laxity (p < 0.05). Post CCK-TKA, the sMCL restrained 34% of the tibial displacing load in anterior drawer, 16% in internal rotation, 17% in external rotation and 53% in valgus, across the flexion angles tested. The dMCL restrained 11% of the valgus rotation moment.

Conclusions

With a fully-competent sMCL in-vitro, a fixed-bearing CCK-TKA knee provided more rotational constraint than the native knee. The robotic test data showed that both the soft-tissues and the semi-constrained implant restrained rotational knee laxity. Therefore, in clinical practice, a fixed-bearing CCK-TKA knee could be indicated for use in a knee with lax, less-competent medial soft tissues.

Level of evidence

Controlled laboratory study.
Chronological Changes in Appendiceal Pathology Among Patients Who Underwent Appendectomy for Suspected Acute Appendicitis
Authors: Sugiura Kota , Miyake Hideo , Nagai Hidemasa , Yoshioka Yuichiro , Shibata Koji , Asai Soichiro , Yuasa Norihiro , Fujino Masahiko
Published: April 2020

Background

Given recent advances in imaging and the development of diagnostic parameters, the rate of unnecessary appendectomy (i.e., negative appendectomy) has been decreasing. However, the incidence of acute appendicitis (AA) in elderly patients is rising due to the aging of society. We aimed to identify chronological changes in demographics and appendiceal pathology among patients who underwent appendectomy for suspected AA.

Methods

Data from 881 patients who underwent appendectomy for suspected AA between January 2006 and December 2017 were analyzed. The final diagnosis was based on intraoperative findings, pathological reports, and clinical course. Negative appendectomy was defined as the absence of appendiceal diseases including inflammation, fibrosis, and neoplasm. We compared demographics and appendiceal pathology between early (2006–2011) and late study phases (2012–2017).

Results

The mean age of patients with pathologically proven AA (n = 761) was significantly greater in the late phase than in the early phase (38.6 ± 19.8 years vs. 44.0 ± 20.3 years, p = 0.0002), and the ratio of patients with AA aged ≧ 75 years was also increased (from 5.6 to 8.6%, p = 0.1120). The incidences of complicated appendicitis (defined as perforated or gangrenous appendicitis) and appendiceal diverticulitis (AD) were increased in the late phase compared to those in the early phase (61.3% vs. 77.2% and 3.7% vs. 6.6%, respectively). The negative appendectomy rate was significantly reduced in the late phase compared to that in the early phase (10.0% vs. 2.5%, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

During a 12‐year period, the mean age of patients with AA and the incidences of complicated appendicitis and AD increased, whereas the negative appendectomy rate decreased.
Non-contrast MRI protocol for TAVI guidance: quiescent-interval single-shot angiography in comparison with contrast-enhanced CT
Authors: Pamminger Mathias , Klug Gert , Kranewitter Christof , Reindl Martin , Reinstadler Sebastian J. , Henninger Benjamin , Tiller Christina , Holzknecht Magdalena , Kremser Christian , Bauer Axel , Jaschke Werner , Metzler Bernhard , Mayr Agnes
Published: April 2020

Objectives

To prospectively compare unenhanced quiescent-interval single-shot MR angiography (QISS-MRA) with contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography (CTA) for contrast-free guidance in transcatheter aortic valve intervention (TAVI).

Methods

Twenty-six patients (mean age 83 ± 5 years, 15 female [58%]) referred for TAVI evaluation underwent QISS-MRA for aortoiliofemoral access guidance and non-contrast three-dimensional (3D) “whole heart” MRI for prosthesis sizing on a 1.5-T system. Contrast-enhanced CTA was performed as imaging gold standard for TAVI planning. Image quality was assessed by a 4-point Likert scale; continuous MRA and CTA measurements were compared with regression and Bland-Altman analyses.

Results

QISS-MRA and CTA-based measurements of aortoiliofemoral vessel diameters correlated moderately to very strong (r = 0.572 to 0.851, all p ≤ 0.002) with good to excellent inter-observer reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.862 to 0.999, all p < 0.0001) regarding QISS assessment. Mean diameters of the infrarenal aorta and iliofemoral vessels differed significantly (bias 0.37 to 0.98 mm, p = 0.041 to < 0.0001) between the two modalities. However, inter-method decision for transfemoral access route was comparable (κ = 0.866, p < 0.0001). Aortic root parameters assessed by 3D whole heart MRI strongly correlated (r = 0.679 to 0.887, all p ≤ 0.0001) to CTA measurements.

Conclusion

QISS-MRA provides contrast-free access route evaluation in TAVI patients with moderate to strong correlations compared with CTA and substantial inter-observer agreement. Despite some significant differences in minimal vessel diameters, inter-method agreement for transfemoral accessibility is strong. Combination with 3D whole heart MRI facilitates unenhanced TAVI guidance.

Key Points

• QISS-MRA and CTA inter-method agreement for transfemoral approach is strong.

• QISS-MRA is a very good alternative to CTA and MRA especially in patients with Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiativestages 4 and 5.

• Combination of QISS-MRA and 3D “whole heart” MRI facilitates fully unenhanced TAVI guidance.
A smaller heart-aorta-angle associates with ascending aortic dilatation and increases wall shear stress
Authors: Kauhanen S. Petteri , Liimatainen Timo , Kariniemi Elina , Korhonen Miika , Parkkonen Johannes , Vienonen Juska , Vanninen Ritva , Hedman Marja
Published: April 2020

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the orientation of the heart, measured as an angle between the long axis of the heart and ascending aorta midline (heart-aorta-angle, HAA), associates with ascending aortic (AA) dilatation. Furthermore, the association between HAA and wall shear stress (WSS) was studied.

Methods

HAA was retrospectively measured in 1000 consecutive coronary artery computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) images in patients with low-to-moderate pretest probability for coronary artery disease (CAD). To evaluate the effects of HAA on AA flow, 4D flow MRI was performed for 28 patients with AA dilatation (> 40 mm) and WSS was analyzed.

Results

The mean age of patients undergoing CCTA was 52.9 ± 9.8 years; 66.5% were women. Their median HAA was 128.7° and interquartile range 123.3–134.1°. HAA was significantly smaller in patients with dilated AA (median 126.7° [121.3–130.8°]) compared with the patients with normal AA (median 129.5° [124.3–135.3°], p < 0.001). HAA was smaller in males (p < 0.001) and in patients with diabetes (p = 0.016), hypertension (p = 0.001), CAD (p = 0.003), hypercholesterolemia (p < 0.001), and bicuspid aortic valve (p = 0.025) than without these factors. In a subpopulation without any of these underlying diseases (n = 233), HAA was still significantly smaller in the patients with dilated AA (median 127.9° [124.3–134.3°]) compared with patients with normal AA (median 131.9° [127.6–136.9°], p = 0.013). In 4D flow MRI, a smaller HAA correlated with increased total WSS in the outer curvature of the proximal AA (r = − 0.510, p = 0.006).

Conclusion

A smaller HAA associates with AA dilatation and affects the blood flow in the proximal AA.

Key Points

• A smaller angle between the long axis of the heart and ascending aorta midline associated with ascending aortic dilatation.

• A smaller heart-aorta-angle correlated with increased total wall shear stress in the outer curvature of the proximal ascending aorta.
Prevalence and cutaneous comorbidities of hidradenitis suppurativa in the German working population
Authors: Kirsten Natalia , Zander Nicole , Augustin Matthias
Published: April 2020

The association of hidradenitis suppurativa with other skin diseases has not yet been investigated in larger studies based on dermatological exams. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence and cutaneous comorbidities of hidradenitis suppurativa in the German working population. Between 2014 and 2017, 20,112 people in 343 German companies were examined for the presence of clinical features of hidradenitis suppurativa within the framework of a cross-sectional epidemiological study based on whole-body examinations. In addition, all cutaneous comorbidities were recorded. Point prevalence was calculated and the differences between individuals with and without hidradenitis suppurativa were determined by bivariate analysis. All statistical procedures were performed using SPSS 23.0 for Windows. Of 20,112 people examined, mean age was 43.6 ± 10.5 years; 52.3% were male. In total, n = 57 people (0.3%) with hidradenitis suppurativa were identified; 61.4% (n = 35) being male. In addition, non-inflammatory hidradenitis suppurativa-related lesions were found in 674 other individuals. In a bivariate comparison, patients with hidradenitis suppurativa showed significantly more frequently the following cutaneous comorbidities: acne vulgaris, psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, excoriations, and folliculitis. We determined a point prevalence of hidradenitis suppurativa of 0.3%. Since we have examined the working population, the healthy worker effect, which could have led to underestimation of prevalence, cannot be ruled out. The point prevalence of 0.3% for employed people in Germany and a prevalence of 3.0% for inflammatory and non-inflammatory hidradenitis suppurativa-related lesions show that hidradenitis suppurativa is an important disease for the whole health system.
Older age is a risk factor associated with poor prognosis of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity
Authors: Chen Shuwei , Lin Zhu , Chen Jingtao , Yang Ankui , Zhang Quan , Xie Chuanbo , Zhang Xing , Yang Zhongyuan , Chen Wenkuan , Song Ming
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Whether or not young patients with squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity (OC-SCC) have a difference in prognosis remains a controversy. This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics and difference of survival rates between adult patients less than 40 years of age and those 40 years of age and older.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted using the database of patients diagnosed with OC-SCC between 1990 and 2013 in the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, but patients older than 85 years, younger than 18 years, or died within 6 months of diagnosis were excluded. Patients were categorized into two groups: the young group (< 40 years of age) and the older group (≥ 40 years of age). Cox regression, survival and subgroups analyses were performed. The primary endpoints included the rates of 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS).

Results

A total of 1902 OC-SCC patients were identified. The percentage of female in the young group was significantly higher than that in the older group (40.27% vs 31.03%,p < 0.001). This study failed to find the difference in TNM classification or tumor stage between the two groups (p > 0.05). The young group was more likely to receive adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy (42.48% vs 26.91%,p < 0.001). The 5-year OS rate (71% vs. 57%,p < 0.001) and DSS rate (72% vs 58%,p < 0.001) in patients under 40 years were significantly higher than those for the older group.

Conclusion

Our findings suggested that OC-SCC in younger patients did not present at a more advanced stage. In addition, young age is an independent predictor for better survival.
Asymmetric coupling of action and outcome valence in active and observational feedback learning
Authors: Peterburs Jutta , Frieling Alena , Bellebaum Christian
Published: April 2020

Learning to execute a response to obtain a reward or to inhibit a response to avoid punishment is much easier than learning the reverse, which has been referred to as “Pavlovian” biases. Despite a growing body of research into similarities and differences between active and observational learning, it is as yet unclear if Pavlovian learning biases are specific for active task performance, i.e., learning from feedback provided for one’s own actions, or if they persist also when learning by observing another person’s actions and subsequent outcomes. The present study, therefore, investigated the influence of action and outcome valence in active and observational feedback learning. Healthy adult volunteers completed a go/nogo task that decoupled outcome valence (win/loss) and action (execution/inhibition) either actively or by observing a virtual co-player’s responses and subsequent feedback. Moreover, in a more naturalistic follow-up experiment, pairs of subjects were tested with the same task, with one subject as active learner and the other as observational learner. The results revealed Pavlovian learning biases both in active and in observational learning, with learning of go responses facilitated in the context of reward obtainment, and learning of nogo responses facilitated in the context of loss avoidance. Although the neural correlates of active and observational feedback learning have been shown to differ to some extent, these findings suggest similar mechanisms to underlie both types of learning with respect to the influence of Pavlovian biases. Moreover, performance levels and result patterns were similar in those observational learners who had observed a virtual co-player and those who had completed the task together with an active learner, suggesting that inclusion of a virtual co-player in a computerized task provides an effective manipulation of agency.
Single-nucleotide variants in human CD81 influence hepatitis C virus infection of hepatoma cells
Authors: Alberione María Pía , Moeller Rebecca , Kirui Jared , Ginkel Corinne , Doepke Mandy , Ströh Luisa J. , Machtens Jan-Philipp , Pietschmann Thomas , Gerold Gisa
Published: April 2020

An estimated number of 71 million people are living with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection worldwide and 400,000 annual deaths are related to the infection. HCV entry into the hepatocytes is complex and involves several host factors. The tetraspanin human CD81 (hCD81) is one of the four essential entry factors and is composed of one large extracellular loop, one small extracellular loop, four transmembrane domains, one intracellular loop and two intracellular tails. The large extracellular loop interacts with the E2 glycoprotein of HCV. Regions outside the large extracellular loop (backbone) of hCD81 have a critical role in post-binding entry steps and determine susceptibility of hepatocytes to HCV. Here, we investigated the effect of five non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants in the backbone of hCD81 on HCV susceptibility. We generated cell lines that stably express the hCD81 variants and infected the cells using HCV pseudoparticles and cell culture-derived HCV. Our results show that all the tested hCD81 variants support HCV pseudoparticle entry with similar efficiency as wild-type hCD81. In contrast, variants A54V, V211M and M220I are less supportive to cell culture-derived HCV infection. This altered susceptibility is HCV genotype dependent and specifically affected the cell entry step. Our findings identify three hCD81 genetic variants that are impaired in their function as HCV host factors for specific viral genotypes. This study provides additional evidence that genetic host variation contributes to inter-individual differences in HCV infection and outcome.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli in children: incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome
Authors: Ylinen Elisa , Salmenlinna Saara , Halkilahti Jani , Jahnukainen Timo , Korhonen Linda , Virkkala Tiia , Rimhanen-Finne Ruska , Nuutinen Matti , Kataja Janne , Arikoski Pekka , Linkosalo Laura , Bai Xiangning , Matussek Andreas , Jalanko Hannu , Saxén Harri
Published: April 2020

Background

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a multisystemic disease. In a nationwide study, we characterized the incidence, clinical course, and prognosis of HUS caused by Shiga toxin (Stx)–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains with emphasis on risk factors, disease severity, and long-term outcome.

Methods

The data on pediatric HUS patients from 2000 to 2016 were collected from the medical records. STEC isolates from fecal cultures of HUS and non-HUS patients were collected from the same time period and characterized by whole genome sequencing analysis.

Results

Fifty-eight out of 262 culture-positive cases developed verified (n = 58, 22%) STEC-HUS. Another 29 cases had probable STEC-HUS, the annual incidence of STEC-HUS being 0.5 per 100,000 children. Eleven different serogroups were detected, O157 being the most common (n = 37, 66%). Age under 3 years (OR 2.4), stx2 (OR 9.7), and stx2a (OR 16.6) were found to be risk factors for HUS. Fifty-five patients (63%) needed dialysis. Twenty-nine patients (33%) developed major neurological symptoms. Complete renal recovery was observed in 57 patients after a median 4.0 years of follow-up. Age under 3 years, leukocyte count over 20 × 109/L, and need for dialysis were predictive factors for poor renal outcome.

Conclusions

Age under 3 years, stx2, and stx2a were risk factors for HUS in STEC-positive children. However, serogroup or stx types did not predict the renal outcome or major CNS symptoms.
Effect of a brief physical activity-based presentation by a former patient for men treated with radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: a mixed methods pilot study
Authors: Fox Louis , Wiseman Theresa , Cahill Declan , Fleure Louisa , Kinsella Janette , Curtis Emily , Peat Nicola , Van Hemelrijck Mieke
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Existing research indicates that physical activity (PA) is beneficial to men with prostate cancer (PCa). We examined the potential of a single-contact peer-support-based behavioural intervention to promote PA engagement in men treated for PCa.

Methods

A mixed methods design was employed, comprising a two-arm pragmatic trial and semi-structured interviews. The intervention was a 10-min PA-based presentation by a former patient, delivered in group seminars that are provided for patients as standard care. Seminars were alternately allocated to (a) cancer exercise specialist talk + patient speaker talk or (b) cancer exercise specialist talk only. Self-reported PA, exercise motivation, quality of life, fatigue and clinical and demographic characteristics were obtained from n = 148 (intervention: n = 69; control: n = 79) patients immediately prior to the seminar, and at follow-up ≈ 100 days later. Data were analysed using ANCOVA models and χ2 tests. Fourteen semi-structured interviews with intervention participants, which explored how the intervention was experienced, were analysed using a grounded theory-style approach.

Results

The intervention had no significant effect on quantitatively self-reported PA (p = 0.4). However, the intervention was statistically and clinically beneficial for fatigue (p = 0.04) and quality of life (p = 0.01). Qualitative analysis showed that the intervention was beneficial to psychological wellbeing and some participants had increased intention to engage in PA as a result of the intervention.

Conclusions

A brief one-off PA-based presentation for men with PCa, delivered by a former patient alongside cancer exercise specialist advice, may result in clinically significant benefits to quality of life and may influence PA intention in certain individuals.
Wirtschaftliche Implikationen der Corona-Krise und wirtschaftspolitische Maßnahmen
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Dullien Sebastian , Felbermayr Gabriel , Fuest Clemens , Hüther Michael , Südekum Jens , Weder di Mauro Beatrice
Published: April 2020

Die Corona-Krise hat ihren Ausgangspunkt in China und große gesundheitliche sowie wirtschaftliche Schäden verursacht. Mittlerweile sind auch in Japan, Korea, Italien, Deutschland, Großbritannien, Frankreich, Spanien und vor allem den USA hohe und rapide wachsende Fallzahlen von Infektionen mit SARS-CoV-2 zu verzeichnen. Prognosen über das Wirtschaftswachstum mussten massiv nach unten revidiert werden, und weltweit ringen Regierungen mit der richtigen wirtschaftspolitischen Reaktion. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt grundsätzliche kurzfristige Handlungsoptionen für die deutsche Regierung auf den Corona-Schock zu reagieren und bewertet kurz den am 13. März 2020 von Bundesfinanzminister Olaf Scholz und Bundeswirtschaftsminister Peter Altmaier vorgestellten „Schutzschirm für Beschäftigte und Unternehmen“.
Wirtschaft unter Schock — Finanzpolitik hält dagegen
Authors: Holtemöller Oliver , Kooths Stefan , Michelsen Claus , Schmidt Torsten , Wollmershäuser Timo
Published: April 2020

Nach Ansicht der führenden deutschen Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitute bricht die Konjunktur in Deutschland als Folge der Corona-Pandemie drastisch ein. Um die Infektionswelle abzubremsen, hat der Staat die wirtschaftliche Aktivität hierzulande stark eingeschränkt. Deshalb dürfte das Bruttoinlandsprodukt 2020 um 4,2 % schrumpfen. Die Rezession hinterlässt deutliche Spuren auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und im Staatshaushalt. In der Spitze wird die Arbeitslosenquote auf 5,9 % und die Zahl der Kurzarbeiter auf 2,4 Mio. hochschnellen. Die finanzpolitischen Stabilisierungsmaßnahmen führen 2020 zu einem Rekorddefizit im gesamtstaatlichen Haushalt von 159 Mrd. Euro. Nach dem Shutdown wird sich die Konjunktur schrittweise erholen. Entsprechend fällt der Anstieg des Bruttoinlandsprodukts 2021 mit 5,8 % kräftig aus. Mit dieser Prognose sind erhebliche Abwärtsrisiken verbunden, etwa weil sich die Pandemie deutlich langsamer abschwächen lässt, oder weil das Wiederhochfahren der wirtschaftlichen Aktivität schlechter gelingt als angenommen bzw. eine erneute Ansteckungswelle auslöst.
Optimale internationale Arbeitsteilung
Authors: Petersen Thieß
Published: April 2020

Die internationale Arbeitsteilung bietet für eine Volkswirtschaft sowohl Vorals auch Nachteile. Sofern die damit verbundenen Grenzkosten und Grenznutzen die üblichen Verläufe aufweisen, gibt es für jedes Land ein optimales Ausmaß dieser Arbeitsteilung. Die Corona-Pandemie dürfte die Grundlagen für die entsprechenden Entscheidungen im Bereich der internationalen Arbeitsteilung–sowohl aus Sicht der Unternehmen als auch aus Sicht der gesamten Gesellschaft–deutlich verändern.
Mehr Mut in der Rentenpolitik! Ein Vorschlag
Authors: Voigt Stefan
Published: April 2020

In der Öffentlichkeit besteht Konsens darüber, dass das deutsche Rentensystem dringend reformiert werden muss, da das Verhaltnis von Beitragszahlern zu Rentnern immer ungünstiger werden wird. Die Regierungskommission “Verlasslicher Generationenvertrag” hat Ende Marz 2020 in ihrem Abschlussbericht vorgeschlagen, einen Alterssicherungsbeirat einzuführen. In diesem Beitrag wird gefragt, ob ein unabhangiges Gremium dabei helfen könnte, notwendige Reformen der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung zu realisieren, ohne dass Politiker deswegen um ihre Wiederwahl fürchten mussen. Der hier entwickelte Vorschlag geht deutlich über den der Rentenkommission hinaus.
Schneller Ausstieg oder bedachte Lockerung?
Authors: Dullien Sebastian , Herzog-Stein Alexander , Hohlfeld Peter , Schreiber Sven , Tober Silke
Published: April 2020

Welche Bedeutung hat eine Lockerung der Kontaktbeschränkungen für die Erholung der deutschen Wirtschaft, und welche Schlussfolgerungen für das angemessene Niveau der Kontaktbeschränkungen sind in den kommenden Monaten zu ziehen? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, wird abgeschätzt, welche Bedeutung die Maßnahmen zur Kontaktbeschränkung, die von Bund und Ländern seit Mitte März 2020 auf den Weg gebracht worden sind, für den derzeit zu beobachtenden Einbruch der Wirtschaftsaktivität in Deutschland tatsächlich haben. Zudem werden die verschiedenen plausiblen Szenarien zur Infektionsverbreitung und -eindämmung unter verschiedenen Optionen zur Lockerung der Kontaktbeschränkungen dargestellt.
Überlegungen zur Lockerung des Lockdowns
Authors: Hüther Michael , Bardt Hubertus
Published: April 2020

Zusamenfassung

Die durch das Coronavirus verursachte Pandemie stellt ein beachtliches gesundheitliches Risiko dar. Zur Bewältigung dieser Krise müssen in erheblichem Umfang wirtschaftliche Ressourcen für das Gesundheitssystem eingesetzt werden. Angesichts der gesundheitlichen Risiken sind die hierfür aufzubringenden Kosten gegenwärtig nicht relevant. Wenn der Lockdown endet, ist jedoch mit erheblichen Anpassungsproblemen und Stockungen auf dem Weg zu einer wieder friktionsfrei arbeits-, risiko- und wissensteiligen Volkswirtschaft zu rechnen.
A classical swine fever virus E2 fusion protein produced in plants elicits a neutralizing humoral immune response in mice and pigs
Authors: Park Youngmin , Lee Sangmin , Kang Hyangju , Park Minhee , Min Kyungmin , Kim Nam Hyung , Gu Sungmin , Kim Jong Kook , An Dong-Jun , Choe SeEun , Sohn Eun-Ju
Published: April 2020

Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the most important viral diseases of swine worldwide. Although live or attenuated virus vaccines have been used to control CSFV, it is difficult to distinguish vaccinated pigs from infected pigs; this leads to restrictions on import and export. Subunit vaccines based on the CSFV E2 glycoprotein have been developed using baculovirus or insect cell systems, but some weaknesses remain. Here, we describe production of an E2 recombinant protein using a Nicotiana benthamiana plant expression system. To do this, we took advantage of the ability of the swine Fc domain to increase solubility and stability of the fusion protein and to strengthen immune responses in target animals. N. benthamiana expressed high amounts of pFc2-fused E2 proteins, which were isolated and purified by affinity chromatography to yield a high pure recombinant protein in a cost-effective manner. Native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography confirmed that the pmE2:pFc2 fusion exists as a multimer rather than as a dimer. Injection of recombinant pmE2 protein into mice or piglets generated anti-pmE2 antibodies with efficient neutralizing activity against CSFV. These results suggest that a purified recombinant E2 protein produced in N. benthamiana generates high titers of neutralizing antibodies in vivo; as such, the protein could be developed as a subunit vaccine against CSFV.
How the Science of Memory Reconsolidation Advances the Effectiveness and Unification of Psychotherapy
Authors: Ecker Bruce , Bridges Sara K.
Published: April 2020

Memory reconsolidation research by neuroscientists has demonstrated the erasure of emotional learnings. This article reviews these historic findings and how they translate directly into therapeutic application to provide the clinical field with an empirically confirmed process of transformational change. Psychotherapists’ early use of this new, transtheoretical knowledge indicates a strong potential for significant advances in both the effectiveness of psychotherapy and the unification of its many diverse systems. The erasure process consists of the creation of certain critical experiences required by the brain, and it neither dictates nor limits the experiential methods that therapists can use to facilitate the needed experiences. This article explains memory reconsolidation, delineates the empirically confirmed process, illustrates it in a case example of long-term depression, indicates the evidence supporting the hypothesis that this process is responsible for transformational change in any therapy sessions, describes the differing mechanisms underlying transformational change versus incremental change, and reports extensive clinical evidence that the basis and cause of most of the problems and symptoms presented by therapy clients are emotional learnings, that is, emotionally laden mental models, or schemas, in semantic memory.
Opportunities for negative ions studies at the Frankfurt Low-energy Storage Ring (FLSR)
Authors: Forstner Oliver , Müller Jan , Stiebing Kurt Ernst
Published: April 2020

The room-temperature electrostatic heavy ion storage ring FLSR was originally designed to study the collision dynamics of atoms and molecules. Recently it has been equipped with a RF plasma ion source combined with a charge exchange cell to be able to perform studies with negative ions in the ring. In preliminary experiments beams of He−, O− and OH− could successfully be stored. The measured lifetime of the metastable He−–ion is in good agreement with previous results, showing that the lifetime measurement in this case is not limited by the storage time due to collisional detachment. In the case of O− and OH− storage times in the order of seconds have been achieved. In a next step laser beams will be introduced in the ring allowing photodetachment studies of vibrationally cold molecules.
The relationship between lymphocyte subsets, nutritional status and tuberculin reactivity in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients
Authors: Usta Mehmet , Ersoy Alpaslan , Ayar Yavuz , Budak Ferrah
Published: April 2020

Aim

Skin test anergy is common in patients with uremia and during maintenance hemodialysis treatment. However, up to date only one study concerning skin test in peritoneal dialysis patients has focused on the issue. Our cross-sectional controlled study was conducted to analyze the correlation of purified protein derivative (PPD) test response with demographical features, nutritional parameters and the distribution of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients

Patients and methods

Stable 30 hemodialysis (HD) patients (16 men, 14 women) and 30 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients (17 men, 13 women) were included. Thirty healthy cases (15 men, 15 women) with a mean age of 32.4 ± 9.4 constituted the control group.

Results

In the HD group, 14 patients (46.6%) were PPD positive, and ın the PD group 16 patients (53.3%) were PPD positive. In the PPD-positive HD patients 64.2% (9/14), and in the PPD-positive PD patients 62.4% (10/16) had an induration of 10 mm or greater. In the control group, 21 of 30 patients (70%) were PPD positive. Comparison of both HD and PD groups with the control group showed significant differences in PPD reactivity (p < 0.01). Albumin levels were significantly high in the control groups (p < 0.01), and cholesterol levels were significantly high in the PD and the control groups (p < 0.05). Transferrin levels were significantly high in the PD (p < 0.01). The lymphocyte counts were significantly high in the control group compared to the HD patients (p < 0.05). The lymphocyte subset percentages CD19 were high in the control groups (p < 0.05), and CD16/56 was significantly high in the PD groups (p < 0.05). All the parameters were also similar between PPD-positive and -negative same groups.

Conclusion

The prevalence of PPD positivity was lower in the PD and HD groups. The PPD test responses were not related to the peripheral lymphocyte counts, subsets and malnutrition parameters.
Predicting the present-day in situ stress distribution within the Yanchang Formation Chang 7 shale oil reservoir of Ordos Basin, central China
Authors: Ju Wei , Niu Xiao-Bing , Feng Sheng-Bin , You Yuan , Xu Ke , Wang Geoff , Xu Hao-Ran
Published: April 2020

The Yanchang Formation Chang 7 oil-bearing layer of the Ordos Basin is important in China for producing shale oil. The present-day in situ stress state is of practical implications for the exploration and development of shale oil; however, few studies are focused on stress distributions within the Chang 7 reservoir. In this study, the present-day in situ stress distribution within the Chang 7 reservoir was predicted using the combined spring model based on well logs and measured stress data. The results indicate that stress magnitudes increase with burial depth within the Chang 7 reservoir. Overall, the horizontal maximum principal stress (SHmax), horizontal minimum principal stress (Shmin) and vertical stress (Sv) follow the relationship of Sv ≥ SHmax > Shmin, indicating a dominant normal faulting stress regime within the Chang 7 reservoir of Ordos Basin. Laterally, high stress values are mainly distributed in the northwestern parts of the studied region, while low stress values are found in the southeastern parts. Factors influencing stress distributions are also analyzed. Stress magnitudes within the Chang 7 reservoir show a positive linear relationship with burial depth. A larger value of Young’s modulus results in higher stress magnitudes, and the differential horizontal stress becomes higher when the rock Young’s modulus grows larger.
Learning Description Logic Ontologies: Five Approaches. Where Do They Stand?
Authors: Ozaki Ana
Published: April 2020

The quest for acquiring a formal representation of the knowledge of a domain of interest has attracted researchers with various backgrounds into a diverse field called ontology learning. We highlight classical machine learning and data mining approaches that have been proposed for (semi-)automating the creation of description logic (DL) ontologies. These are based on association rule mining, formal concept analysis, inductive logic programming, computational learning theory, and neural networks. We provide an overview of each approach and how it has been adapted for dealing with DL ontologies. Finally, we discuss the benefits and limitations of each of them for learning DL ontologies.
Mass, primary energy, and cost: the impact of optimization objectives on the initial sizing of hybrid-electric general aviation aircraft
Authors: Finger D. Felix , Götten Falk , Braun Carsten , Bil Cees
Published: April 2020

For short take-off and landing (STOL) aircraft, a parallel hybrid-electric propulsion system potentially offers superior performance compared to a conventional propulsion system, because the short-take-off power requirement is much higher than the cruise power requirement. This power-matching problem can be solved with a balanced hybrid propulsion system. However, there is a trade-off between wing loading, power loading, the level of hybridization, as well as range and take-off distance. An optimization method can vary design variables in such a way that a minimum of a particular objective is attained. In this paper, a comparison between the optimization results for minimum mass, minimum consumed primary energy, and minimum cost is conducted. A new initial sizing algorithm for general aviation aircraft with hybrid-electric propulsion systems is applied. This initial sizing methodology covers point performance, mission performance analysis, the weight estimation process, and cost estimation. The methodology is applied to the design of a STOL general aviation aircraft, intended for on-demand air mobility operations. The aircraft is sized to carry eight passengers over a distance of 500 km, while able to take off and land from short airstrips. Results indicate that parallel hybrid-electric propulsion systems must be considered for future STOL aircraft.
Comparative Evaluation of Waste Cooking Oil and Waste Engine Oil Rejuvenated Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
Authors: Mamun Abdullah Al , Al-Abdul Wahhab H. I. , Dalhat M. A.
Published: April 2020

In road construction, different types of waste oil have been recommended to overcome the stiffening effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement content. However, the selection of an effective rejuvenator based on a comparative study can lead to using the resources more efficiently. In this study, waste cooking oil and waste engine oil are used to rejuvenate three different percentages (30%, 40%, and 50%) of reclaimed asphalt pavement following the current maximum industrial adaptability. The waste oil rejuvenated mixtures are compared to the fresh mixture, and mixtures rejuvenated with commercial rejuvenator. The moisture sensitivity, indirect tensile strength, and resilient modulus of the various asphalt mixtures are analyzed. Based on the statistical analyses and overall ranking, it is concluded that 7% of waste engine oil performs better till 40% of reclaimed asphalt pavement, whereas 13% of waste cooking oil can be used till 50% of reclaimed asphalt pavement.
Postmortem computed tomography of gas gangrene with aortic gas in a dialysis patient
Authors: Asao Rin , Nishida Kazumasa , Goto Hiromichi , Goto Yoshikazu , Ichiba Noriatsu , Ohsawa Isao
Published: April 2020

Recently, postmortem imaging is sometimes used as an alternative to conventional autopsy. However, there are few case reports of postmortem imaging of dialysis patients. Here, we report a fatal case of gas gangrene involving a 76-year-old man who underwent dialysis. He died suddenly before a diagnosis could be established. Immediately after his death, postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) revealed gas accumulation in his right upper extremity and ascending aorta. Gas gangrene progresses rapidly and may sometimes result in sudden death before it is diagnosed. In this case, PMCT findings were useful to diagnose gas gangrene. Intravascular gas is a common finding on PMCT and is generally caused by cardiopulmonary resuscitation and decomposition. However, the detection of gas in the ascending aorta by PMCT was not described previously. Moreover, Gram stain and culture of the exudate showed anaerobic Gram-positive bacilli which suggested that the gas generation in the blood was caused by Clostridia species. To the best our knowledge, this is the first report of a dialysis patient whose cause of death was determined as gas gangrene using PMCT.
Validating and assessing the oral health-related quality of life among Hungarian children with cleft lip and palate using Child-OIDP scale
Authors: Karki S. , Horváth J. , Laitala M.-L. , Vástyán A. , Nagy Á. , Sándor G. K. , Anttonen V.
Published: April 2020

Aims

To validate the Child-Oral Impact on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) in the Hungarian language and to explore the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and associated factors among Hungarian children with cleft lip or/and palate (CLP).

Methods

This cross-sectional study consists of a survey and clinical examination among conveniently selected children with CLP visiting the Pécs cleft lip and palate clinic, Pécs, Hungary. OHRQoL was assessed using the Hungarian version of Child-OIDP. Additionally, a validated structural questionnaire was used for gathering information related to oral hygiene practice. Clinical examination was done to register the dental status using ICDAS criteria, consequences of untreated dental caries (pufa), and bleeding on probing. Results were presented as proportions, means, and standard deviations (SD). Construct validity and internal reliability of the Hungarian Child-OIDP was assessed using the Pearson and Spearman's correlation coefficients, respectively. The logistic regression model examined the association between OHRQoL and explanatory variables.

Results

A total of 45 children with CLP participated in this study. The Hungarian Child-OIDP had the Cronbach's alpha value 0.73, and the Spearman’s correlation coefficient was 0.31. The mean (SD) Child-OIDP score among the study participants was 4.4 (7.0) and three-fifths (65.9%, n = 27) of the participants reported impact in one or more items of the OHRQoL scale. Tooth brushing was more frequent among 6−10-year-olds compared to 11−16-year-olds. The proportion of those requiring restorative treatment need (DS ≥ 1) was 90.2% (n = 37), those with PUFA/pufa (score ≥ 1) was 24.4% (n = 10), and those with bleeding on probing (> 15%) was 63.4% (n = 26). Children aged 11–16 years had a higher impact on OHRQoL compared to the younger ones. Girls had a higher impact on OHRQoL compared to boys. Children with clefts involving both lip and palate had poorer OHRQoL than the rest. The same was true for those having a high dental caries rate.

Conclusion

The Hungarian Child-OIDP was a reliable and valid measure. There was a substantial impact on OHRQoL among Hungarian children and adolescents with CLP. Age, gender, cleft type and dental caries were associated with poor OHRQoL.
Quels enjeux pour l’inclusion des étudiants à besoins éducatifs particuliers dans l’enseignement supérieur français?
Authors: Sivilotti Lucas
Published: April 2020

Malgré les politiques publiques françaises mises en place pour répondre aux besoins des étudiants en situation de handicap et la promulgation de lois en faveur de l’inclusion dans l’enseignement supérieur, de nombreux obstacles conduisant à l’exclusion sociale persistent. À partir d’une enquête sociologique par entretiens semi-directifs (n = 19) auprès de lycéens et étudiants atteints de maladie grave et chronique, cette contribution analyse l’impact de problèmes de santé des jeunes sur leur trajectoire estudiantine. L’objectif initial était d’identifier les manques et attentes de ces jeunes en situation de handicap en vue de proposer une réponse adaptée à leurs besoins, tout en prenant en compte les ressources existantes dans une démarche co-constructive. L’analyse de cette enquête montre qu’il existe un cloisonnement entre les niveaux sociaux des lycéens et étudiants malades. L’accompagnement des parents et la transition lycée/études supérieures sont obstrués par un manque de cohésion entre les institutions. L’approche systémique et polycentrée dans laquelle s’insèrent nos travaux nous amène à repenser la façon dont les trois milieux gravitant autour du jeune (éducatif, médical et familial) s’impactent entre eux. À l’issue de notre étude, il s’avère qu’une neutralité institutionnelle, sous la forme d’une aide humaine ayant une posture médiatrice, semble constituer une piste de réponse pertinente aux problématiques vécues par les étudiants atteints d’une maladie grave et chronique.