bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Роль научно-исследовательских судов СССР в международных исследованиях Мирового океана (1950−1970 гг.)
Authors: Степанчук Ю. В.
Published: October 2021

Участие советских судов в международных проектах и полученные ими результаты представляют особый интерес для истории науки. В 1950−1970-х гг. проведены масштабные проекты по изучению Мирового океана. Однако информация о них представлена разрозненными материалами, которые не дают цельного представления об участии СССР в международных проектах. Основными источниками стали отчёты о рейсах и отчёты о работах из фондов и архивов различных институтов ― участников проектов. Некоторые материалы хранятся в режиме ограниченного доступа. Частично информацию можно получить на официальном сайте ЮНЕСКО, используя его англоязычную версию. На основе всех опубликованных, архивных и фондовых материалов сделана попытка сравнить и определить значение работ, проведённых на судах СССР в рамках международных проектов. В работе представлено систематизированное обобщение по каждому международному проекту, выделены наиболее важные результаты. При написании работы использован комплексный подход в связи с тем, что исследование проведено на стыке научных дисциплин.
Application of Electrical Impedance Measurements’ Method for Studies of Bubble Flows
Authors: Konovalov I. A. , Chesnokov A. A. , Barinov A. A. , Dmitriev S. M. , Khrobostov A. E. , Makarov M. A.
Published: October 2021

One of the important tasks in carrying out a computational justification of the reliability and safety of equipment that is part of the projected nuclear power plants today is the modeling of the bubbly regime of the coolant flow. In this regard the aim of this work is the use of extended methods of using matrix conductometric systems which are widespread in research practice for study of gas-liquid flows.

The work uses a method of primary processing of experimental data aimed at eliminating of excess conductivity in the cells of the developed wire mesh sensor which makes it possible to obtain the values of the true volumetric gas content in the investigated area.

Subsequent analysis of the possibilities to estimate the volumes of registered gas bubbles by the gradient method as well as the size of the interface in the sensor cells which plays a key role in modeling the interfacial heat and mass transfer.

Comparison of readings values with the control instruments cues showed a good agreement. The presented work is an adaptation of the use of a conductometric measuring system for the study of multicomponent flows with the aim of further application for the study of two-component flows in the channels of the core simulator using wire mesh sensors.
Evaluation of the Magnet Breakaway Force Measurement Accuracy of the NT-800 Sensors for Early Detection of Defects of Their Manufacturing
Authors: Kutsepau A. Yu. , Kren A. P. , Hnutsenka Y. V.
Published: October 2021

Сontrol of mechanical stresses formed with the deposition of nickel coatings plays an important role in the diagnosis of coatings’ technical condition. Large internal stresses can lead to cracking or flaking of coatings which is completely unacceptable for critical parts and assembly units used, for example, in space technology for which reliability is of paramount importance. An important aspect of internal stresses monitoring is the measurement error of the instruments used. The purpose of this work was to determine the characteristics of the device sensors, which make the assessment of their manufacturing possible at the preliminary stage of the measuring equipment assembling in order to maintain the required accuracy of subsequent measurements.

In most cases the measurement error assessment is possible only after the equipment manufacture and calibration. In this paper it is proposed to evaluate the accuracy characteristics of device sensors based on the precision (repeatability and reproducibility) of the primary informative parameter recording. In the case of the NT-800 device that was developed at the Institute of Applied Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus the effect of precision characteristics deterioration on the eventual measurement error is demonstrated. Determining the precision parameters before establishing correlation dependences between the primary informative parameter and the measured characteristic is proposed in order to reject poorly manufactured sensors and reduce labor costs.

In particular, measurements of the magnitude proportional to the magnetic breakaway force were carried out using the NT-800 device with nickel specimens simulating coatings with a thickness of 200 to 700 μm and a rolling value from 0 to 40 %. It was established that in the case of well-made sensors the variation coefficient calculated from the dispersion of repeatability is in the range 0.2–0.6 %, and the variation coefficient calculated from the dispersion of reproducibility does not exceed 0.9 %. In the case of a sensor with the sensitive element parameters worsened, the variation coefficient of repeatability and reproducibility were up by one and a half times. Deterioration of the precision characteristics resulted in significant changes in the readings of the calibrated instrument. Thus the absolute measurement error for a sensor with a poorly made sensitive element turned out to be approximately 3 times higher in the range of 200– 300 MPa than that for a sensor with good precision parameters.
Calculation of the Effective Energy Release Centerʼs Position of Inorganic Scintillation Detectors for Calibration at Small “Source–Detector” Distances
Authors: Lukashevich R. V. , Fokov G. A.
Published: October 2021

Inorganic scintillation detectors are widely used to measure of dose rate in the environment due to their high sensitivity to photon radiation. A distinctive feature when using such detectors is the need to take into account of the position of the effective energy release center. This peculiarity is actual when using measuring instruments with inorganic scintillation detectors as working standards during calibration at short “source–detector” distances in conditions of low-background shield or using a facility with protection from external gamma radiation background in the dose rate range from 0.03 to 0.3 μSv/h (μGy/h). The purpose of this work was to calculate the position of the effective energy release center of NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors and to take it into account when working at short “source–detector” distances.

An original method of determining the position of the effective energy release center when irradiating the side and end surfaces of inorganic scintillation detector with parallel gamma radiation flux and point gamma radiation sources at small “source–detector” distances using Monte Carlo methods is proposed. The results of calculations of the position of the effective energy release center of NaI(Tl) based detectors of “popular” sizes for the cases of parallel gamma radiation flux and point sources of gamma radiation at small “source–detector” distances are presented. The functional dependences of the position of the effective energy release center of NaI(Tl) based detectors on the distance to the point gamma radiation sources and the energy of gamma radiation sources are presented.

As a result of the study it was found that for scintillation NaI(Tl) detectors of medium size (for example, Ø25×40 mm or Ø40×40 mm) the point gamma radiation source located at a distance of 1 m or more, creates a radiation field which does not differ in characteristics from the radiation field created by a parallel flux of gamma radiation. It is shown that approaching the point gamma radiation source to the surface of scintillation detector leads to displacement of the position of the effective energy release center to the surface of the detector.
ПОСТИНДУСТРИАЛЬНОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО: СТРУКТУРА, ПРИЗНАКИ, МЕХАНИЗМ И ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ
Authors: ДОМАКУР О.
Published: October 2021

В исследовании представлены основные положения теории постиндустриального общества, ее методология, определение термина, критерии и признаки трансформации общества от доиндустриального, индустриального к постиндустриальному обществу, определен механизм и сформулированы закономерности формирования постиндустриального общества.
Development and Successful Field Trial of Retrievable, Instrumented & Tandem Downhole Isolation Valve RIT-DIV System
Authors: Amangeldiyeva Diana , Aliyeva Aida Askarovna , Amanbayev Yerlan , Toralde Julmar Shaun Sadicon , Higginson Timothy Peter , Tilekkabyl Akzharkyn Assetkyzy , Nurseiitov Dinmukhamed Jangaliuly , Fan Yong , Cameron Gareth
Published: October 2021

This paper describes the development and field deployment of a new downhole isolation valve system called the Retrievable, Instrumented & Tandem Downhole Deployment Valve (RIT-DDV). The purpose of this technology is to provide a temporary mechanical barrier to isolate and monitor the well during drilling operations in an environment where a full column of single-phase fluid cannot be maintained.

The RIT-DDV is based on predominantly used downhole isolation valve (DIV) design and technology, which is a hydraulic flapper-type isolation device installed in the casing that seals the open hole during pipe tripping operations.

The key features of the new RIT-DDV systems are dual flapper valves with three downhole pressure and temperature gauges to take measurements above, between, and below the flappers. The advantage of this configuration is that it enhances safety by enabling double-block-and-bleed system functionality, providing valve redundancy, and moreover allowing for continuous real-time monitoring of downhole well conditions. In addition, the RIT-DDV is designed to be reusable and can be tested upon installation and replaced if necessary. The RIT-DDV system enabled the operator to isolate and monitor the well while drilling through a depleted formation that prevented drilling with a full column of single-phase drilling fluid. The RIT-DDV was successfully trialed in western Kazakhstan and demonstrated the potential of this technology to enhance the safety of drilling heavily fractured carbonate formations with reservoir fluids containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) / carbon dioxide (CO2) that are prone to total loss of circulation. The downhole pressure / temperature monitoring capabilities that the system provides within the casing string helped drill through the depleted fractured carbonate reservoir section without incurring non-productive time (NPT).
Thymol improves salinity tolerance of tobacco by increasing the Na+ efflux and enhancing the content of NO and GSH
Authors: xu liang , Song Jia-Qian , wang yuelin , Liu Xiao-Han , Li Xue-Li , Zhang Bo , Li Ai-Jie , Ye Xie-Feng , Wang Jing , Wang Peng
Published: October 2021

Plants have evolved a lot of strategies to improve salt tolerance to cope with salt stress. Recent studies have suggested that thymol (a nature medicine) enhances the plant tolerance against abiotic stresses, but the mechanisms are rarely known. Here, we found that thymol played an important role in maintaining root growth under salt stress. Thymol rescued root growth from salt stress via ameliorating ROS (reactive oxygen species) accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and cell death. In addition, thymol enhanced the level of NO (nitric oxide) and GSH (glutathione) to repress ROS accumulation, further protecting the stability of cell membrane. Thymol-induced Na+ efflux in roots and leaves under salt stress may depend on the upregulation of SOS1, HKT1 and NHX1. Consequently, all of these evidences suggested that thymol improved tobacco salt tolerance via enhancing NO and GSH content as well as inducing Na+ efflux.
The Tobacco Metabolite NNK Enhances Pancreatic Cancer Cell Stemness and Chemoresistance by Activating the β2AR-Akt Autophagy Axis
Authors: Chen Xin , Zhang Weifan , Liu Rujuan , Zhu Zeen , Gong Mengyuan , Wang Qiqi , Qian Weikun , Wu Zheng , Ma Qingyong , Wang Zheng
Published: October 2021

Background: Low responsiveness to chemotherapy is an important cause of poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Smoking is a high-risk factor for pancreatic cancer and its resistance to gemcitabine; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is the main metabolite of tobacco burning and has been shown to be associated with cancer development and chemoresistance, but in pancreatic cancer, its mechanism remains poorly understood.Methods: The effect of NNK on pancreatic cancer cell viability was confirmed by using Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays. Stem cell sphere formation assays and western blotting/qPCR measurements of stemness-related molecules were used to detect pancreatic cancer cell stemness. The pancreatic cancer autophagy status was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining of LC3 and western blotting/qPCR analysis of autophagy-related molecules.Results: NNK promoted stemness and gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Furthermore, NNK intervention increased autophagy and changed the expression levels of autophagy-related markers, which preliminarily confirmed the activation of autophagy by NNK. Finally, the results showed that NNK-promoted stemness, and gemcitabine resistance was activated by the autophagy pathway, which was mediated by the β2AR-Akt signalling pathway.Conclusions: Autophagy induced by activating the NNK-induced β2AR-Akt signalling pathway promoted stemness and gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells.
Insights Into Vacuum Preloading Consolidation of Landfill Sludge Based on Fe2+-activated Sodium Persulfate
Authors: Wu Yajun , Zhang Xingtao , Zhang Xudong , Zhang haiqiang , Wang Yaoyi , Ye Peng
Published: October 2021

To further reduce the in-situ sludge from landfill, Fe2+-activated sodium persulfate combined with vacuum preloading was first proposed. Firstly, the effects of optimal Na2S2O8 dosage on the landfill sludge (LS) were investigated by the vacuum filtration experiments. Then, vacuum preloading experiments were conducted on the sludge with different Na2S2O8 dosage to study the water content, water discharge and settlement. Besides, sludge particle size diversification was carried out by particle size distribution and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. The results were summarized as follows: the specific resistance of filtration (SRF) of LS could be reduced by 98.5% mostly when the Na2S2O8 dosage was 30%; the particle size became significantly smaller, and large particles were converted to small particles; the water content dropped from 86.9% to 58.3%; the SEM test manifested the oxidation of sodium persulfate caused the destruction of the glial structure of the sludge and the recombination of partial particles.
Polymorphic crystalline wetting layers on crystal surfaces
Authors: Wang Xipeng , Li Bo , Li Mengmeng , Han Yilong
Published: October 2021

Analogous to surface premelting, we propose that a crystal surface can undergo a pre-solid-solid transition, i.e. developing a thin polymorphic crystalline layer before reaching the solid-solid transition temperature if two crystals can form a low-energy coherent interface. We confirm this in simulations and colloid experiments at single-particle resolution. The power-law increase of surface layer thickness is analogous to premelting. Different kinetics and reversibilities of surface-crystal growth are observed in various systems. Surface crystals exist not only under thermal equilibrium, but also during melting, crystallization, and grain coarsening. Furthermore, the premelting and pre-solid-solid transition can coexist, resulting double surface wetting layers. We hypothesize that such surface phenomena exist in atomic and molecular crystals, which provide a novel way to tune material properties.
Extrapolating potential crop damage by insect pests based on land use data: examining inter-regional generality in agricultural landscapes
Authors: Tabuchi Ken , Takahashi Akihiko , Uesugi Ryuji , Okudera Shigeru , Yoshimura Hideto
Published: October 2021

ContextInter-regional relationships between landscape factors and biological responses under natural conditions are important but difficult to predict because of the differences in each landscape context and local environment. ObjectivesTo examine the inter-regional variability in relation to landscape factors and the biological response of an insect pest, we extrapolated a damage prediction model (‘the original model’) for rice using land-use data. We hypothesized that the original model would be applicable to new regions, but the predictive accuracy would be reduced. We predicted that adjusting the parameter coefficients would improve model performance (‘the adjusted model’). MethodsA field experiment was conducted in two regions that had a similar landscape context with the original region, in different years for each region, for four years in total. The proportion of rice damage and surrounding land-use within a 300-m radius was investigated. ResultsWhen ‘the original model’ was assigned to combined data from the original and extrapolated regions, the relationship between observed and predicted values was statistically significant, suggesting that there was an inter-regional common relationship. The relationship was not statistically significant if the model was applied only to the new regions. The adjusted model improved by 14% compared with the original model.ConclusionsThese results imply that in this pest–crop system, a common inter-regional biological response to arthropods is likely because of landscape factors, although local environmental factors must be considered. Application of such relationships is needed to identify or prevent pest hazards by offering region-wide management options.
Rapidly Mutating Y Chromosomal STRs in Deep-Rooted Endogamous Pedigrees
Authors: Nazir Shahid , Adnan Atif , Rehman Rahat , Jawad Muhammad , Almheiri Reem , Lootah Reem , Alreyami Afra , Almarri Iman , Rakha Allah , Hadi Sibte
Published: October 2021

Y-chromosome short tandem repeat polymorphisms (Y-STRs) are important in many areas of human genetics. Y chromosomal STRs being normally utilized in the field of forensic exhibit low haplotype diversity in endogamous populations and fail to discriminate among male relatives from same pedigree. Rapidly mutating Y-STRs (RM Y-STRs) have been paid much attention in last decade. These 13 RM Y STRs have high mutation rates (>10-2) and have considerably higher haplotype diversity and discrimination capacity than conventionally used Y-STRs showing remarkable power, when it comes to differentiation in paternal lineages in endogamous populations. Previously, we have analyzed 2–4 generation, 99 pedigrees covering 1568 pairs of men covering 1–6 meioses from all over Pakistan and 216 male relatives from 18 deep rooted endogamous Sindhi pedigrees covering 1-7 meioses. Here we are presenting 861 pairs of men from 63 endogamous pedigrees covering 1-6 meioses from Punjabi population of Punjab, Pakistan. Mutations were frequently observed at DYF399 and DYF403 while no mutation was observed at DYS526a/b. The rate of differentiation ranged from 29.70% (first meiosis) to 80.95% (fifth meiosis) while overall (1 to 6 meiosis) differentiation was 59.46%. Combining previously published data with newly generated data, an overall differentiation rate was 38.79% based on 5176 pairs of men related by 1–20 meioses, while Y-filer differentiation was 9.24% based on 3864 pairs. Using father-son pair data from the present and previous studies, we also provide updated RM Y-STR mutation rates.
A High-Throughput Skim-sequencing Approach for Genotyping, Dosage Estimation and Identifying Translocations
Authors: Adhikari Laxman , Shrestha Sandesh , Wu Shuanyge , Crain Jared , Gao Liangliang , Evers Byron , Wilson Duane , Ju Yoonha , Koo Dal-Hoe , Hucl Pierre , Pozniak Curtis , Walkowiak Sean , Wang Xiaoyun , Wu Jing , Glaubitz Jeffrey C. , DeHaan Lee , Friebe Bernd , Poland Jesse
Published: October 2021

The development of next generation sequencing (NGS) enabled a shift from array-based genotyping to high-throughput genotyping by directly sequencing genomic libraries. Even though whole genome sequencing was initially too costly for routine analysis in large populations, such as those utilized for breeding or genetic studies, continued advancements in genome sequencing and bioinformatics have provided the opportunity to utilize whole-genome information. As new sequencing platforms can routinely provide high-quality sequencing data for sufficient genome coverage, a limitation comes in the time and high cost of library construction when multiplexing a large number of samples. Here we describe a high-throughput whole-genome skim-sequencing (skim-seq) approach that can be utilized for a broad range of genotyping and genomic characterization. Using optimized low-volume Illumina Nextera chemistry, we developed a skim-seq method and combined up to 960 samples in one multiplex library using dual index barcoding. With the dual-index barcoding, the number of samples for multiplexing can be adjusted depending on amount of data required and extended to 3,072 samples or more. Panels of double haploid wheat lines (Triticum aestivum, CDC Stanley x CDC Landmark), wheat-barley (T. aestivum x Hordeum vulgare) and wheat-wheatgrass (Triticum durum x Thinopyrum intermedium) introgression lines as well as known monosomic wheat stocks were genotyped using the skim-seq approach. Bioinformatics pipelines were developed for various applications where sequencing coverage ranged from 1x down to 0.01x per sample. Using reference genomes, we detected chromosome dosage, identified aneuploidy, and karyotyped introgression lines from the low coverage skim-seq data. Leveraging the recent advancements in genome sequencing, skim-seq provides an effective and low-cost tool for routine genotyping and genetic analysis, which can track and identify introgressions and genomic regions of interest in genetics research and applied breeding programs.
Forecasting tropical ENSO-induced drought conditions using sea surface height in the Western Pacific
Authors: David Carlos Primo , Custado Manuel Justin , Sekhon Natasha , Ibarra Daniel
Published: October 2021

The interannual variability of rainfall caused by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) results in significant changes in hydrologic conditions that affect entire countries’ water supply. Forecasting ENSO and its impacts are mainly based on Central Pacific Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies which satisfactorily correlates with timing and, to a lesser extent, the intensity of drought conditions in the Philippines and the rest of the Western Pacific during the El Niño phase. Changes in sea surface height (SSH) are also brought upon by ENSO through density changes with temperature and oceanographic processes. Here, we report that the associative nature of SSH and drought as measured by surface runoff, has a stronger correlation (r > 0.693, p < 0.05) in terms of the expected timing, with 1 to 3 months lag time, and intensity compared to using traditional ENSO SST indices from the Central Pacific. Furthermore, since SSH is co-located with its corresponding forecasted decrease in runoff, a localized prediction can be made which further increases the accuracy of this predictive tool. In the wake of a changing climate, this work demonstrates the possibility of statistically forecasting the timing of precipitation, and thus the volume of surface water availability, using local SSH as an indicator. A tool which is necessary for time-sensitive management decision making in drought-prone tropical regions.
Fetal Gene Variants Associated With Birth Weight Protection in a Native High Altitude Ladakhi Population
Authors: Bhandari Sushil , Dolma Padma , Mukerji Mitali , Prasher Bhavana , Montgomery Hugh , Kular Dalvir , Jain Vandana , Dadhwal Vatsla , Williams David J , Bhattacharyaa Aniket , Gilbert Edmund , Cavalleri Gianpiero L , Hillman Sara L
Published: October 2021

Pathological low birth weight ‘fetal growth restriction’ (FGR) is an important predictor of adverse obstetric outcomes including stillbirth. It is more common amongst native lowlanders when gestating in the hypoxic environment of high altitude, whilst populations who have resided at high altitude for many generations are relatively protected. Genetic study of pregnant populations at high altitude allows for exploration of the hypoxic influence on FGR pathogenesis.Pregnant women were recruited from Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Ladakh between February 2017- January 2019 in this study. Principal component, admixture and genome wide association analysis (GWAS) were applied on umbilical cord blood DNA samples from 316 neonates, to explore ancestry and the genetic influence on low birth weight.Our findings support Tibetan ancestry in the Ladakhi population, with subsequent admixture with neighboring Indo-Aryan populations. Fetal growth protection was evident in Ladakhi neonates. Seven loci from five different genomic regions (ZBTB38, ZFP36L2, HMGA2, CDKAL1, PLCG1) previously associated with birthweight, were likewise similarly associated here. In summary, the Ladakhi population show evidence of enrichment of variants in genes that may help mitigate altitude-associated fetal growth restriction, supporting novel biological pathways and therapeutic targets for FGR, worthy of further investigation.
Chemical Texturing Used to Reduce The Reflectance of the Multi-Crystalline Silicon Wafer For Improving Optical Properties and Solar Cell Efficiency
Authors: Raji Madhesh , Venkatachalam Kesavan , Manikkam Srinivasan , Perumal Ramasamy
Published: October 2021

The aim of this work is to improve the optical properties in the multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) by acid texturization. Generally, HF and HNO3 are using the mc-Si wafer acid texturization process and it is toxic chemical acids. In this work, H2O2 is used instead of HNO3 because of H2O2 less toxic chemical compared to HNO3. In this work, we have used the different types of chemical acids in different ratios for etching. Here, we have used HF: H2O2: CH3COOH=3:2:2, HF: H2O2: KMnO4 =3:2:0.2 M and HF: H2O2: HNO3: KMnO4 =3:2:2:0.2M for etching with the etching time of 60 sec. The HF: H2O2: KMnO4 =3:2:0.2M gives the better results as obtained from optical microscope, UV- Visible reflectance studies and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The etched mc-Silicon wafer surface was analyzed by the optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The FTIR results indicate the reduction of oxidation in the etched samples. Moreover, the HF: H2O2: KMnO4 =3:2:0.2M textured wafers have the advantages of lower reflectance and increased etching of the mc-Silicon wafer.
Green Constructing an Intelligent Temperature-Regulating Fabric with Multiple Heat-Transfer Capabilities
Authors: Qi Bing , Wang Feiyu , Chen Qin , Xu Bo , Wang Ping , Man Zhou , Yu Yuanyuan , Wang Qiang
Published: October 2021

Textiles with heat management function have good effects on improving human comfort during sport. However, it is still a great challenge to endow textiles with responsiveness to external environmental changes. Herein, we developed an intelligent temperature-regulating cotton textile with multiple heat transfer capability by a two-step method. Firstly, hydroxylated boron nitride (BN-OH) nanosheet dispersion liquid was prepared using a two-step ultrasonic-alkali treatment. Subsequently, enzymatic graft polymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) onto cotton fibers were performed using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The composite cotton fabric, containing entrapped BN-OH exhibits unique temperature-regulating ability, and the thermal diffusivities in vertical and parallel directions reach 1.2 and 1.7 times of the untreated, respectively. This can be attributed to the temperature responsiveness of poly-NIPAM (PNIPAM) and the increase in the packing density of the thermal conductive nanosheets at high temperatures. Meanwhile, the PNIPAM covering the fiber surfaces slowly expands at low temperatures, accordingly minishes the gap sizes between fabric yarns and endows the fabric with improved heat preservation effects. The present work provides a facile and green strategy for developing the intelligent textiles with ambient temperature self-response ability.
Achieving Paris climate goals calls for increasing ambition of the Kigali Amendment
Authors: Purohit Pallav , Borgford-Parnell Nathan , Klimont Zbigniew , Höglund-Isaksson Lena
Published: October 2021

We assess that full global compliance with the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol will not provide emission reductions consistent with the 1.5oC target of the Paris Agreement. Following the Montreal Protocol’s start-and-strengthen approach to refrigerant management, fast-tracking hydrofluorocarbon phase-down under the Kigali Amendment would result in additional reductions vital for achieving the Paris climate goals. This would also increase chances of staying below 1.5oC additional warming throughout this century.
Harmonization of PD-L1 Immunohistochemistry and mRNA Expression Scoring in Metastatic Melanoma: A Multicenter Analysis
Authors: Darmon-Novello Marie , Adam Julien , Lamant Laurence , Battistella Maxime , Ortonne Nicolas , Balme Brigitte , Fouchardière Arnaud de la , Chaltiel Leonor , Gerard Emilie , Franchet Camille , VERGIER Beatrice
Published: October 2021

Background: Melanoma is a type of cancer with robust response to immunotherapy. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) testing is not required to treat patients, but most studies have demonstrated correlations between PD-L1 expression and treatment response using various assays and scoring methods. This multicenter study aimed to harmonize PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and scoring in melanoma. To provide a reference for PD-L1 expression independent of the IHC protocol, PD-L1 mRNA expression was determined via RNAscope, then compared to IHC.Methods: Standardized PD-L1 assays (22C3, 28–8, SP142, and SP263) and laboratory-developed tests (clone QR1 and 22C3) were evaluated on three IHC platforms using a training set of 7 cases. mRNA expression was determined via RNAscope (CD274/PD-L1 probe) and analyzed by image analysis. PD-L1 IHC findings were scored by seven blinded pathologists using the tumor proportion score (TPS), combined positive score (CPS), and MELscore. After the study, a standardized method was proposed; this was validated by three blinded pathologists on a set of 40 metastatic melanomas that were stained using three protocols.Results: Concordances among various antibody/platforms were high across antibodies (e.g., intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] > 0.80 for CPS), except for SP142. Two levels of immunostaining intensities were observed: high (QR1 and SP263) and low (28–8, 22C3, and SP142). Reproducibilities across pathologists were higher for QR1 and SP263 (ICC ≥ 0.87 and ≥ 0.85 for TPS and CPS, respectively). QR1, SP263, and 28-8 showed the highest concordance with mRNA expression (ICC ≥ 0.81 for CPS). Accordingly, we proposed a standardized method for PD-L1 immunodetection and scoring, then tested it on 40 metastatic melanomas. This method included analysis of specimen quality (e.g., host-tumor interface and pigmentation). Concordances among antibodies were excellent for all criteria, and concordances among pathologists were better for the MELscore than for other scores.Conclusion: Harmonization of PD-L1 staining and scoring in melanomas with good concordance is achievable using the PD-L1 IHC protocols applied to other cancers; this reproducible approach can simplify daily practice. Our proposal for a PD-L1 standardized methodology has higher reproducibility across pathologists for clinical and research use.
Starbursts with suppressed velocity dispersion revealed in a forming cluster at
z = 2.51
Authors: Xiao Mengyuan , Wang Tao , Elbaz David , Iono Daisuke , Lu Xing , Bing Longji , Daddi Emanuele , Magnelli Benjamin , Gómez-Guijarro Carlos , Bournaud Frederic , Gu Qiusheng , Jin Shuowen , Valentino Francesco , Zanella Anita , Gobat Raphael , Martin Sergio , Brammer Gabriel , Kohno Kotaro , Schreiber Corentin , Ciesla Laure , Yu Xiaoling , Okumura Koryo
Published: October 2021

One of the most prominent features of galaxy clusters is the presence of a dominant population of massive ellipticals in their cores. Stellar archaeology suggests that these gigantic beasts assembled most of their stars in the early Universe via intense starbursts. However, the role of dense environments and their detailed physical mechanisms in triggering starburst activities remain unknown. Here we report spatially-resolved Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the molecular gas, with a resolution of about 2.5 kiloparsecs, toward a forming galaxy cluster core with intense starburst galaxies at z = 2.51. In contrast to starburst galaxies in the field often associated with galaxy mergers or highly turbulent gaseous disks, our observations show that the two starbursts in the cluster exhibit dynamically cold (rotation-dominated) gas-rich disks. Their gas disks have extremely low velocity dispersion (σ ∼ 20 − 30 km s−1 ), three times lower than their field counterparts at similar redshifts. The high gas fraction and suppressed velocity dispersion yield gravitationally unstable gas disks, which enables highly efficient star formation. The suppressed velocity dispersion, likely induced by accretion of co-rotating and co-planar cold gas, might serve as an essential avenue to trigger starbursts in forming galaxy clusters at high redshift.
A Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between High-resolution Computed Tomography and Lung Function in People at Risk of Developing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Lv Rui , Jin Huaqian , Xie Mengyao , Shu Pingping , Ouyang Mingli , Wang Yanmao , Yao Dan , Yang Lehe , Huang Xiaoying , Wang Yiran
Published: October 2021

Background: There is high morbidity and mortality for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China. The aim of our study was to explore the differences in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) emphysema parameters, air trapping parameters, and lung density parameters between patients at high risk and low risk of developing COPD and evaluate their correlation with lung function indicators.Methods: In this retrospective, single-center cohort study, we enrolled outpatients from the Physical Examination Center and Respiratory Medicine of The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The patients at risk of developing COPD were ≥40 years-old, had chronic cough or sputum production, and/or had exposure to risk factors for the disease and had not reached the diagnostic criteria. Patients were divided into a low-risk group and high-risk group according to FEV1/FVC≥80% and 80%>FEV1/FVC≥70%. The data on clinical characteristics, clinical symptom score, lung function, and HRCT were recorded.Results: 72 COPD high-risk patients and 86 COPD low-risk patients were enrolled in the study, and the air trapping index of the left, right, and bilateral lungs of the high-risk group were significantly higher than those of the low-risk group . Additionally, the mean lung density during expiration was significantly lower than that of the low-risk group. The emphysema index of left, right, and bilateral lungs was negatively correlated with FEV1/FVC (correlation coefficients were -0.33-0.22-0.26). There was a negative correlation between the air trapping index of left and right lungs and bilateral lungs and FEV1/FVC(correlation coefficients were -0.33-0.23-0.28, respectively), and the mean expiratory lung density of left and right lungs and bilateral lungs was positively correlated with FEV1/FVC (correlation coefficients were 0.31, 0.25, 0.29, respectively).Conclusions: The air trapping index and the mean expiratory lung density obtained by HRCT combined with post-processing technology can be used as a basis for distinguishing between people at high risk and low risk for developing COPD. Emphysema index, air trapping index, and mean expiratory lung density shows significantly negative correlation with FEV1/FVC, and this can be used to assess the pulmonary function status of people at risk of developing COPD.
Noisy Urbanization: Green Space Occupancy By Native Birds in a Mediterranean-Type South American City
Authors: Arévalo Constanza , Amaya-Espinel Juan David , Henríquez Cristián , Ibarra José Tomás , Bonacic Cristian
Published: October 2021

Urban green spaces provide natural habitat for birds in city landscapes, yet the effects of noise and surrounding urban morphology on bird community structure and distribution are not well understood in Latin America, the second most urbanized region in the world. Santiago, Chile, located in the epicenter of the single portion of Mediterranean ecosystem in South America, is subject to extensive urbanization seen throughout Latin America. We examined the role of 65 urban green spaces (6 large: PAR and 59 small: SGS) in harboring native birds during winter 2019, analyzing the quality of green areas in terms of vegetation (i.e. NDVI, native vegetation, and tree cover), exotic bird species, noise levels, and surrounding urban matrix (i.e. building height and cover). Significantly higher noise levels were detected in SGS, along with significantly greater exotic bird (n=4) richness and abundance than PAR, which possessed significantly greater native bird (n=25) richness and abundance. Native birds were more abundant than exotic birds in green spaces with average noise levels < 52 dB and average NDVI > 0.5. Occupancy models indicate that green space occupancy by 50% of modeled native bird species was influenced by maximum noise levels, playing a larger role than vegetation (30%) and the urban matrix (0%). We stress the importance of developing networks of large green spaces in rapidly urbanizing regions, with abundant tree cover, surrounded by smaller urban morphology, and regulating noise levels to ensure the preservation of native bird communities in cities, particularly those of greater conservation value.
Activation of Chaperon-Mediated Autophagy Via Modulation of Hsp90 Activity Inhibits Tumor Growth Under Hypoxia
Authors: Byun Jun-Kyu , Lee Sun Hee , Moon Eui Jung , Park Myo-Hyeon , Jang Hyeonha , Weitzel Douglas H. , Kim Hyun-Hwi , Basnet Nikita , Kwon Do-Yeon , Lee Chen-Ting , Stephenson Tesia N. , Jeong Ji-Hak , Patel Bhargav A. , Park Sung Jean , Song Im Sook , Chi Jen-Tsan , Dewhirst Mark W. , Hong Jiyong , Lee You Mie
Published: October 2021

Background: Chaperon-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a target specific degradation pathway among autophagic processes. Although CMA plays critical roles in tumor progression in general, the role of CMA in tumor progression under hypoxia is poorly understood. We investigated the role of CMA in hypoxic tumor using a novel Hsp90-mediated modulator of CMA.Methods: We examined whether manassantin A (ManA), known as a potent inhibitor of HIF-1α, is a CMA modulator using biochemical, molecular, and cell biology approaches. We analyzed the effects of ManA on Hsp90 chaperone function by using Significant Analysis of Microarray, luciferase refolding assay, HS-10 resin binding assay, NMR spectroscopy, and SPR assay. We investigated tumor growth in response to monotherapy and combination therapy with ManA and anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibody in vivo. To assess the clinical efficacy of CMA-related genes, we analyzed the gene expressions of HIF-1α, HSP90AA1, and transcription factor EB (TFEB) using TCGA datasets. Finally, we assessed in vivo/in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of ManA.Results: ManA inhibits Hsp90 chaperone function through disruption of the Hsp90/F1F0-ATP synthase (chaperone/co-chaperone) complex. The inhibition of Hsp90 enhances the interaction of CMA substrates and LAMP-2A as well as TFEB nuclear localization, thus leading to CMA activation. Importantly, CMA activation not only retards tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, but also displays cooperative antitumor activity with anti-PD-1 antibody in vivo. An in-depth analysis of TCGA datasets shows that combined expression of HSP90AA1High/HIF1AHigh or TFEBLow/HIF1AHigh is strongly correlated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. Conclusions: ManA-induced inhibition of Hsp90 promotes CMA activity and decreases the stability of CMA substrates such as HIF-1α protein, leading to a marked reduction of hypoxic tumor growth. Therefore, targeting CMA activity via Hsp90 may present a promising therapeutic strategy for hypoxic tumor.
Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries
Authors: Rentschler Jun , Salhab Melda , Jafino Bramka
Published: October 2021

Flooding is among the most prevalent natural hazards, with particularly disastrous impacts in poor countries. Presenting the first global estimates of the number of people exposed to high flood risks in interaction with poverty, this study finds that 1.81 billion people (23% of world population) are directly exposed to 1-in-100-year floods. Of these, 1.24 billion are located in South and East Asia, where China (395 million) and India (390 million) account for over one-third of global exposure. Low- and middle-income countries are home to 89% of the world’s flood-exposed people. Of the 170 million facing high flood risk and extreme poverty (living on under $1.90 per day), 44% are in Sub-Saharan Africa. Over 780 million of those living on under $5.50 per day face high flood risk. Using state-of-the-art poverty and flood data, our findings highlight the scale and priority regions for flood mitigation measures to support resilient development.
To Investigate Musculoskeletal Status and Mental State of Female Recruits During Training
Authors: Wang Qingbo , Lu Zhonghui , Sun Guodong , Liu Shuai , Zhou Zheng , Sun Ziwen , Ding Qingjian
Published: October 2021

Objective: To investigate the musculoskeletal status and psychological status of female recruits during military boot enlistment training. Methods: The musculoskeletal status and psychological status of 110 boot training patients were assessed by scale, the psychological status of the subjects was assessed by Zung Anxiety Self-Rating Scale and Zung Depression Self-Evaluation Scale, the musculoskeletal status was assessed by visual analogue scale, Neck disability index, JOA low back pain evaluation form, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score scale, the medical document data during boot training were collated, and the risk factors affecting physical and mental health were analyzed. Thus, interventions are taken to reduce the injury rate and improve training performance.Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that neck dysfunction was a risk factor for depressive state and lumbar dysfunction; lumbar dysfunction was a risk factor for anxiety state, neck dysfunction and pain symptoms around the knee joint; pain around the knee joint was a risk factor for lumbar dysfunction and a protective factor for neck dysfunction; anxiety state was a risk factor for depressive state; depression state was a risk factor for anxiety state and neck dysfunction; and young age was a protective factor for anxiety state. Conclusion: In 10 weeks of military training, the site with the highest musculoskeletal injury is around the knee joint, followed by the neck and waist. Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score scale scores were significantly associated with mental health status, with neck dysfunction increasing the risk of depression and lumbar dysfunction increasing the risk of anxiety in recruits. Prevention and treatment need to pay attention to these parts, gradually improve the balance, flexibility, strength of the body, while paying close attention to the mental health of recruits, so as to reduce the rate of injury. Keywords: recruits; military training; female soldiers; anxiety; depression; musculoskeletal injury.
Comparative Geomorphometric Approach to Understand the Hydrological Behaviour and Identification of the Erosion Prone Areas of a Coastal Watershed Using RS and GIS Tools
Authors: Rautela Kuldeep Singh , Kumar Mohit , Khajuria Varun , Alam M. A.
Published: October 2021

Assessment of the geomorphometric parameters using RS and GIS tools assumes an imperative part in routing the runoff and the remaining hydrological processes. The current study demonstrates a geospatial model based on geomorphometric parameters for the categorization of surface runoff and identification of the erosion-prone areas within the watershed. The 4th order Kuttiyadi river is dominated by a dendritic to semi-dendritic drainage pattern in the subwatersheds. The linear aspect of subwatersheds indicates the subwatersheds have a structurally permeable surface and subsurface materials with uniform lithology. The aerial and relief aspects of the subwatersheds shows fine drainage texture, gentle slopes, delayed peak flow, flatter hydrograph, and large time of concentration which indicates subwatersheds are quite capable to manage flash floods during storm events. The estimated values of surface runoff and sediment production rate are range from 2.13-32.88 km2-cm/km2 and 0.0004-0.017 Ha-m/100km2/year respectively and suggest that SW1 will generate more surface runoff and prone to soil erosion followed by SW2 while compare to the other subwatersheds. As a result of this paper, reliable assessment of peak flooding and relevant basic knowledge will be provided to decision-makers and policymakers responsible for establishing suitable policies and sustainable land use practices for the watershed.
Clinicopathologic Analysis of 12 Cases of Cutaneous Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Wang Dan Feng , Min Shu Hui , Lin Xiao , Jiang Guan
Published: October 2021

Background To investigate the clinical and pathological features of cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (CENKTL). Methods Clinical data of 12 patients with CENKTL who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University between February 2013 and February 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and the patients were followed up. Results The patients included 10 men and two women, and their ages ranged from 19 to 92 years. The lesion distribution was as follows: the extremities, six cases; the nose and face, two cases; the trunk, three cases; and disseminated disease, one case. The patients’ clinical presentation consisted of erythema, papules, nodules, and ulceration. Histopathological examinations showed abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes that had infiltrated the dermis and subcutaneous region. The tumor tissue showed central growth of blood vessels, vascular occlusion, and coagulation necrosis. The tumor cells were mainly of medium size, and nuclear divisions were common. In situ hybridization revealed that Nine patients were positive for Epstein–Barr virus-coding RNA (EBER). Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells were positive for CD3ε (11 patients), CD56 (11 patients), TIA-1 (seven patients), and CD20 (three patients). Eleven patients were positive for Ki-67 with values of 30%-90%. Seven of the 12 patients died, and one patient was lost to follow up. The time from onset to diagnosis was 1–42 months. Conclusion CENKTL is highly invasive, with a short survival period and poor prognosis, and its diagnosis depends on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and EBER in situ hybridization results.
Analysis of volume attenuation of hydro-acoustic signal propagation in the Romanian Black Sea Coast
Authors: Roxana Gabriela Damian
Published: October 2021

The Romanian coastal area of the Black Sea has particularities related to the marine environment, namely a low average salinity and seasonal winter/summer temperature variations that influence the attenuation in volume for the propagation of acoustic signals. In this paper, the influence of the marine environment on the volume attenuation of the acoustic signals was analyzed using different calculation formulas for the attenuation coefficient. For this purpose, the Hydro-acoustic Forcast Modules application developed within the Research Center for Navy was used to simulate the acoustic energy losses.