bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Views of illicit drug users on their treatment and behaviour in Scottish community pharmacies: implications for the harm-reduction strategy
Authors: Matheson Catriona
Published: March 2007

A recent harm-reduction strategy has brought drug users into community pharmacies. During 1996, 124 illicit drug users in and around Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow were interviewed to elicit their experiences of pharmacies. Many interviewees had experienced negative treatment, and some had demonstrated negative behaviour. Drug users preferred pharmacies in which they had experienced positive treatment, and this has consequences for resource allocation. Stigma was a key issue, and a poor self-image combined with apparent negative treatment may provoke negative behaviour. Education of pharmacists to promote positive attitudes, and education of drug users on what to expect from pharmacies, would encourage a more harmonious relationship and enable effective health promotion.
Promotion of healthy behaviour among adults at increased risk of coronary heart disease in general practice: methodology and baseline data from the Change of Heart study
Authors: Hilton Sean , Doherty Sheelagh , Kendrick Tony , Kerry Sally , Rink Elizabeth , Steptoe Andrew
Published: March 2007

Previous attempts to influence individuals' behaviour in order to lessen cardiovas cular risk have met with limited success. We report on the way in which the Stages of Change model was used by trained practice nurses in a randomised controlled trial. Patients with one or more modifiable risk factors (regular smoking, high choles terol, or the combination of high body mass index and low physical activity) were recruited during routine care at 20 group general practices in inner city to rural areas over 18 months. Baseline measurements on 883 people show that the control and intervention groups were reasonably matched, with one, two and three risk factors found among approximately 43, 48 and 9 per cent, respectively. Some differences between groups in readiness to modify behaviour as assessed by stage of change were observed. This trial will evaluate systematically the impact of brief behav ioural counselling in general practice.
Easy Breathing: a project to promote smoke- free areas in public houses
Authors: Burton Christine
Published: March 2007

The 'Easy Breathing' project aimed to increase smoke-free provision in public houses across the former Avon, and raise awareness of smoke-free areas. Core activ ities from May 1995 to November 1996 included surveys, support for publicans, a membership scheme and extensive publicity. Consumer attitudes were very positive, but there were significantly fewer smoke-free areas in deprived neigh bourhoods. Subsequent work improved existing provision, and to some extent increased smoke-free facilities, especially in more affluent areas, and where food was served. Together with new voluntary guidelines, combining publicity with targeted support may prove the most effective strategy to increase smoke-free provi sion and change social norms.
Management, the workplace and health promotion: fantasy or reality?
Authors: Wilkinson Carol
Published: March 2007

Workplace health promotion has been encouraged in Europe by the World Health Organization particularly since 1987. Except in Scandinavia, little has been done to date to establish workplace health promotion activity in ways that are unfragmented. This study, conducted in the UK, involves a group of workplace health promotion specialists who have attempted to identify some of the issues for health promotion in organisations. They discuss their work with company managers within their local ities and make suggestions for future developments of their role to make a more effective impact.
Discrepancies in findings from effectiveness reviews: the case of health promotion for older people in accident and injury prevention
Authors: Oliver S. , Peersman G. , Harden A. , Oakley A.
Published: March 2007

The present study introduces some of the key methodological issues in conducting and using effectiveness reviews, taking reviews of accident and injury prevention in older people as an example. A comparative analysis of six effectiveness reviews was undertaken. These reviews all related to the impact of exercise on falls in older people but offered apparently conflicting conclusions. The reviews were compared in terms of their scope, search strategies, methodological quality criteria, methods for data extraction and synthesising findings and review conclusions. The reviews were found to differ in terms of: whether they addressed a narrow or broad scope; the number of studies they included; and the quality criteria used to assess the included studies such that the same studies were treated differently in different reviews. Although the implications for research and practice from the reviews were found to conflict across different reviews, the authors of the reviews exercised caution when drawing final conclusions which served to minimise these conflicts. These results are discussed in terms of the implications for effectiveness reviews and their methodology within health promotion.
An opportunity for teenage health promotion in general practice: an assessment of current provision and needs
Authors: Walker Zoe AK , Townsend Joy L , Bell Janet , Marshall Sally
Published: March 2007

Survey and group work was carried out to inform a trial of teenage health promotion consultations in general practice and identify current provision in general practice of health promotion for teenagers, and their needs and preferences. Although 83 per cent of general practitioners. thought primary care an appropriate setting for health promotion, only 17 per cent currently provided services specifically for teenagers. Ninety-five per cent of the teenagers reported that they would like to receive health behaviour advice from their general practice doctor or nurse, Results of teenage group meetings held to discuss how best to develop a consultation service are reported.
Making sense of morality: a qualitative study of practitioners' writing about ethical problems of health promotion
Authors: Duncan Peter
Published: March 2007

From 1995 to 1997, written data were gathered and analysed from two cohorts of Masters-level health promotion students (who were also active practitioners in this field). The data were 17 assignments produced in response to an assess ment requirement interpreted by students as an opportunity to reflect on the moral philosophical basis of, and dilemmas connected to, some part of their practice. This analysis. identified a number of key themes underpinning moral dilemmas as they presented themselves to the practitioners. The themes were connected to a general theoretical framework for understanding ethical prob lems in health care and health promotion. This connection suggests strongly the worth in further exploration of how theory and practice can be used to inform each other in the important area of health promotion ethics.
Old Tamil Cahkam literature and the so-called Cankam period
Authors: Tieken Herman
Published: March 2007

The reconstruction of the early history of Tamilnadu has been based mainly on the so- called Cankam poetry. This poetry is generally taken to provide descriptions of Tamilnadu by contemporary poets during the period before the rise of the Pallavas and the introduction of Sanskrit culture in the South. However, the argument is basically circular, that is to say, Cankam poetry is dated before the Pallavas because it does not mention the Pallavas and describes a purely indigenous culture which is hardly touched by Sanskrit culture. In the present article it will be argued that Cankam poetry does not describe a contemporary soci ety or the poets' own culture, but a society from the past, or life in small, primitive villages which are far removed from the poets' own cosmopolitan milieu. This means that Cankam poetry is to be dated after the period it describes. On closer consideration, we appear to be dealing with certain literary genres borrowed from the North Indian Kâvya tradition, more in particular with compositions which are typically not written in Sanskrit but in Prâkrit or Apabhramśa. In Cankam literature, the regional Tamil language has been assigned the role of a Prâkrit. This use of Tamil we otherwise meet in the inscriptions of the Pântiyas of the eighth or ninth century and only in the inscriptions of that dynasty. This suggests that Cankam poetry was composed by the same poets who were responsible for the Velvikudi and Dalavaypuram inscriptions of the Pântiyas. As such, it is no longer possible to use this poetry for the reconstruction of the early history of Tamilnadu. On the other hand, Cankam poetry does supply interesting material for the study of the cultural politics of a newly arisen regional dynasty in eighth-century South India.
From caste to category: Colonial knowledge practices and the Depressed/Scheduled Castes of Bihar
Authors: Sharan Awadhendra
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to unpack the administrative and knowledge practices through which the community of Depressed Classes/Scheduled Castes was delineated in colonial Bihar. It does so by examining both the distinctions that were posed between Untouchables and the upper castes, and between them and the Criminal Tribes. Four fields are examined with respect to the marking of these boundaries-social/religious, law and order, education, and political representation. This article argues that right through the colonial period, there remained a great deal of ambiguity about how to distinguish lower castes from tribes, unclean castes from Untouchables and these from the Depressed Classes, ambiguities that were consequent upon the particular enumerative exercise being undertaken.
Colonial contact in the 'hidden land': Oral history among the Apatanis of Arunachal Pradesh
Authors: Blackburn Stuart
Published: March 2007

Drawing on field recordings and recent scholarship on social memory, this article analyses colonial contacts and oral histories in Arunachal Pradesh, in northeast India. It argues that, despite its geographic and cultural isolation, Arunachal did not escape the armed conflict that dominated relations between tribes and external authorities during the colonial period. Two events and their causes are examined: the first visit by a British official to a tribe in 1897; and the raid on a military outpost by tribesmen in 1948. Comparing written histories and documents with local stories about these events, the author demonstrates the need for oral histories.
Suicide and Ethnic Factors in Canada
Authors: Trovato Frank
Published: March 2007

A neglected area of sociological investigation is the relationship between ethnic factors and suicide mortality. This paper explores this topic among immigrant-ethnic groups in Canada. Three hypotheses are evaluated: (1) the assimilation thesis, which posits that the greater the degree of social assimilation among immigrant-ethnic groups, the greater the suicide rate; (2) the ethnic community integration explanation, which predicts that ethnic groups with strong degrees of community cohesiveness share reduced odds in their incidence of suicide; and (3) the socioeconomic hypothesis, which accounts for observed differences in suicide on the basis of discrepancies in socioeconomic well-being. The results of a multiple regression analysis provide empirical support for hypotheses (1) and (2). The findings are discussed in the con text of multiculturalism and the propensities for sociocultural groups to commit suicide dur ing the processes of assimilation and adjustment to the larger society.
Psychosomatic Disorders in Psychiatric Patients in a Developing Country
Authors: Chaturvedi Santosh K. , Michael Albert
Published: March 2007

This study reports the prevalence of psychosomatic disorders in psychiatric patients in India. The psychosomatic disorders studied were hypertension, peptic ulcer, bron chial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, ischaemic heart disease and chronic pain. 21.5% of psychiatric patients had psychosomatic illnesses. Fifty five cases had two psychosomatic illnesses. Chronic pain (14.4%) and hypertension (9.9%) were the commonest. Patients with psychosomatic disorders were significantly more often older in age, females, married and from an urban habitat. Neurotic illness was the com monest diagnosis in them. Psychosis was significantly and inversely associated with psychosomatic disorders. This report emphasises the need for as much attention on psychosomatic problems in developing countries as in affluent ones.
Does Dsm-III-r diagnose Depression in Non-Western Patients?
Authors: Nikelly Arthur G.
Published: March 2007

The author reports the cases of three non-Western patients with impaired function ing due to symptoms of major depression. Their characteristic style of symptom expression was different from the usual manifestations, emphasizing vegetative rather than cognitive and affective aspects of depression. Non-Western patients may be either misdiagnosed or overdiagnosed, which may complicate their assessment and treatment, because the diagnostic criteria used reflect Western values of behaviour. To improve the treatment of non-Western patients who seek therapy for depressive symptomatology in Western countries, therapists should seek broader understan ding and deeper appreciation of non-Western belief systems and cultural differences.
Methodological Lessons From the Italian Psychiatric Experience
Authors: Saraceno Benedetto , Tognoni Gianni
Published: March 2007

One of the main reasons why the Italian experience has been the object of much controversial attention in the international literature over the last decade lies in the ambiguity of the terms of reference used. Methodologically, it is of critical importance to re-establish the permanent dialectical relationship between the reality of the Italian experience, the prescription of the Law, and the administration of the reform. In this context, the evaluative variables are less the 'process' indicators of implementation of the reform, and more the qualitative 'outcome' assessment of the fate of the policy. The following concepts are discussed in detail, both in relation to Italy and to the broader status of psychiatry: de-Institutionalisation and de-hospitalisation; psychiatric hospital; rehabilitation-Home; Service-Services-Intervention; User; primary health care; evaluative research.
Patient Satisfaction Among the Residential Population of a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Elzinga Rob H. , Barlow Jillian
Published: March 2007

Patient satisfaction with the interpersonal and amenities aspects of care in a psychiatric hospital was investigated in an Australian setting. The study was carried out among the long-term residential population of a psychiatric hospital and involved 112 out of 195, or 57% of all eligible patients. Cluster analysis identified seven major groups of related items concerning the patients' views of hospital life and their perception of problems. The study largely replicated the findings of an English investigation, showing that many of the same underlying clusters of satisfaction-dissatisfaction with life in a psychiatric hospital emerge, across widely geographically separated settings.

The results from the present study further indicate that improvements in autonomy for the patients and a greater say in the running of wards are more important factors contributing to satisfaction with life in a hospital than the physical surroundings themselves.
Epidemiological Surveys of Senile Dementia in Japan
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Hayabara Toshiyuki , Hosokawa Kiyoshi
Published: March 2007

Epidemiological surveys of senile dementia at home were carried out on 3,754 subjects for two consecutive years, 1987 and 1988. The prevalence and incidence rates were 4.1% and 1.01%, respectively. Concerning the incidence rate, the sample populations of previous reports were small in number — less than 1,000. If we suppose that the incidence were to be approximately 1%, then it follows that dementia would be noted yearly in no more than one out of 100 senile subjects. A difference in subject number leads to a great difference in the incidence. Therefore, it is necessary that the number of subjects should be more than 1,000 for a comprehensive epidemiological survey of incidence rate of senile dementia. Accordingly, the present study is a better representation of the true picture as it was obtained by a more accurate method accompanied by less errors.
A Survey of Patients' Attitudes Towards Inpatient Psychiatric Ward Rounds
Authors: Foster H.D. , Falkowski W. , Rollings J.
Published: March 2007

Attitudes towards the multidiscipiinary ward round were assessed in fifty psychia tric inpatients, from two wards, using a semi-structured interview. About three quarters of them had at least a moderately favourable impression of the ward round but more than half would still prefer not to be interviewed in this way. Levels of anxiety and perceived helpfulness were positively correlated. Afro-Caribbeans found the interview significantly less helpful, less understandable and less memorable. Men found it less helpful than women and there were differences found between the two wards. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Counselor Training as a Treatment for Alcoholism: the Helper Therapy Principle in Action
Authors: Kahn Marvin W. , Fua Cliff
Published: March 2007

Extensive harmful drinking of alcohol is a major problem for many groups of Australian Aborigines and western treatment approaches have had limited effect. In order to stress cultural factors in treatment, a program to train indigenous Aborigines as alcoholism counselors for their communities was developed. In its more than 10 years of existence 145 counselors have been graduated. Of those initially entering the two year program 60% have graduated. Most of those have found employment as alcohol counselors for their people, and the numbers of Aborigines treated has increased. About 90% of those who entered the training had severe repeated substance abuse disorders in their recent history. The training and the alcohol counseling employment appears to be highly associated with continuing sobriety. For those who graduated the program only 4.8% returned to drinking. Those who completed only the first phase, 8.4% returned to drinking. Of those who were terminated from the program, 74% returned to drinking. Training alcoholics as alcohol counselors appears to be associated with vocational success and mainte nance of sobriety as predicted by Riessman's "helper-therapy principle."
Assessment of Life Stress Events: the Etiology and Measurement of Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Miller Thomas W. , Kamenchenko Peter , Krasniasnski Alexie
Published: March 2007

The impact of stressful life events on health has been of considerable interest from a cross-cultural perspective. Examined herein is the etiology and onset of post- traumatic stress disorder with careful review of the diagnostic criteria, current measures used and clinical dimensions of PTSD. Also examined from a cross- cultural perspective is how psychological trauma may be processed by victims of trauma and subsequent approaches both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic to the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Attitudes of Professional Mental Health Workers to Psychiatry
Authors: Vicente Benjamin , Vielma Mabel , Jenner F. Alec , Mezzina Roberto , Lliapas Iannis
Published: March 2007

An attempt is presented to measure and compare attitudes to and ideas about psychiatry and mental health services in Concepcion, Sheffield and Trieste. These cities have in some respects comparable populations but very different mental health services. Questionnaires in English, Italian and Spanish were used to assess the views of professional workers in the field.

The information collected showed that the Italian professionals had the highest level of satisfaction with their work, showed most tolerance of deviant behaviour in the community, the least acceptance of diminished responsibility in law and a non- traditional view of psychiatry. Clearly Chilean professionals held a very traditional view and medicalised approach to mental illness but an encouraging theoretical approval towards eventual changes in the services, along with the lowest level of satisfaction with their work. Professionals from Sheffield held an intermediate position coming closer to the theoretical view of the Chileans but nearer to the Italian praxis and therapeutic approach.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Cambodian Refugees in New Zealand
Authors: Cheung Peter
Published: March 2007

The author's objective was to determine the amount of trauma, prevalence and diagnostic features of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to study the relationship between PTSD and demographic variables, trauma experiences, coping style and post-migration stresses among adult Cambodian refugees in New Zealand. Information on basic sociodemographic data, trauma experiences, posttraumatic stress symptoms, General Health Questionnaire 28-item version (GHQ-28) scores, coping style, and post-migration stresses were gathered from 223 adult Cambodian refugees living in Dunedin, New Zealand. Most subjects had experienced multiple, severe traumas. The prevalence of PTSD was 12.1%. The most frequently reported posttraumatic stress symptom was recurrent intrusive recollection of trauma. There was a significant association between PTSD and amount of trauma, coping style, and post-migration stresses.
Eating Disorders: an Indian Perspective
Authors: Khandelwal S.K. , Sharan Pratap , Saxena Shekhar
Published: March 2007

Anorexia nervosa and related eating disorders are rare in non-western cultures. In India the information regarding these disorders is very limited. The authors dsecribe five cases of young women who chiefly presented with refusal to eat, persistent vomiting, marked weight loss, amenorrhea and other somatic symptoms. They did not show overactivity or disturbances in body image seen characteristically in anorexia nervosa. Though finally diagnosed and treated as cases of eating disorder, they presented considerable difficulty in diagnosis. The paper discusses the reasons for the seeming rarity of anorexia nervosa in India and sociocultural reasons for its atypical presentation.
Issues in Drug Administration in a Psychiatric Rehabilitation Unit
Authors: Trauer T. , Vaddadi K. , Soosai E.
Published: March 2007

The aim of the investigation was to study medication-taking using dosetts by inpatients in a 25-bed rehabilitation assessment ward. Data were obtained on 39 predominantly schizophrenic patients over a three month period during which there were nearly 3,000 separate occasions when tablets were required to be taken. Recorded problems included: needing a reminder, requiring personal individual dispensing, refusal to take medication, taking from the wrong dosett slot, taking another patient's dose, and not taking medication home on weekend leave. Tablets were taken without problem on 78% of occasions; the most common problem noted was needing a reminder. Certain differences between days of the week and times of day were observed. Patients varied greatly in how satisfactorily they managed their dosetts. Those who managed poorly were rated worse on a wide variety of daily living skills and social behaviours. The implications for the return of patients to the community are discussed.
The Health Care Seeking Behavior of Schizophrenic Patients in 6 East Asian Areas
Authors: Rhi Bou-Yong , Ha Kyoo-Seob , Kim Yong-Sik , Sasaki Yuji , Young Derson , Woon Tai-Hwang , Laraya Lourna T.R. , Yanchun Yang
Published: March 2007

The patterns of health care seeking behavior of 1061 schizophrenics and the factors that affect the determination of the patterns were studied in 6 areas of 5 nations in east Asia: Hunan and Sichuan Provinces in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia and the Philippines.

The information was gathered through a structured questionnaire developed by the authors. The subjects generally favored psychiatry-oriented health care, but with frequent interruptions or combination with other types of managements. Most Japanese subjects sought care in western medicine, while subjects from Hunan, Sichuan and Korea alternated between western medicine and magicoreligious therapies or traditional herbal medicine. In the Philippines and Malaysia, the majority of the subjects sought magicoreligious therapies first, then later sought western psychiatric care. The choice of western psychiatric care was mostly influenced by the decision maker's knowledge and interpretation of the patient's illness. In determining the choice of management among various types of non- psychiatric management, cost, location, and societal attitudes played substantial roles as well as knowledge and interpretation.

Suggestions and opinions were discussed to improve health care services for schizophrenic patients in each community.
The Neglect of Culture in Psychiatric Nosology : the Case of Culture Bound Syndromes
Authors: Aderibigbe Yekeen A. , Pandurangi Anand K.
Published: March 2007

Descriptive psychopathology and clinical phenomenology inform contemporary psychiatric diagnosis and nosology. The process of psychiatric diagnosis and classification is intricate and subject to continuous revision. This paper attempts to illustrate the effect of culture on psychopathology, with special emphasis on the diagnosis and classification of culture bound syndromes. There is a need for more clarity and specificity about the diagnosis and classification of culture bound syndromes. The paper suggests some questions that need to be addressed for the better integration of these syndromes into the main body of international classificatory systems. It is presumed that answers to these questions will provide a better nosological framework for culture bound syndromes.
Family Pathology and Anorexia in the Indian Context
Authors: Chandra Prabha S. , Shah Anisha , Shenoy Jyothi , Kumar Udaya , Varghese Mathew , Bhatti Ranbir S. , Channabasavanna S.M.
Published: March 2007

Frequent associations have been found between family interaction and anorectic behaviour. Family theorists have viewed anorexia as a manifestation of a dysfunctional family system. We report three families of cases of anorexia (one male and two female) where the symptom was a reflection of family pathology and was being maintained by it. The cases emphasize the need to assess families of anorectics in detail and view them in the cultural context of eating.
From Leros Asylum To Community-Based Facilities: Levels of Functioning and Quality of Life Among Hostel Residents in Greece
Authors: Zissi Anastasia , Barry Margaret M.
Published: March 2007

The pattern of mental health care in Greece is undergoing a major transformation. The Leros Projects I and II supported the development of 13 community hostels located throughout the Greek mainland. These hostels provide residential care to more than 100 former psychiatric inpatients, mainly from Leros asylum. The present study evaluates the impact of the resettlement process on the residents' perceived quality of life (QoL) together with an examination of the residents' psychiatric and behavioural functioning four years after the move from hospital. The target sample (n = 99) comprised of individuals who may be considered 'chronic' psychiatric patients with a long history of institutionalisation and many are socially deprived with few family ties. The residents' functioning profile indicates a range of different levels of abilities. The QoL findings show that the majority of residents (70%) perceived the movement from the traditional hospital regime to the community hostels as being a positive change and expressed their satisfaction (74%) with the new living situation. This study demonstrates that even the most dependent, chronic psychiatric patients in Greece can be maintained in community settings and are able to articulate generally reliable and valid responses concerning the impact of service changes.
Psychiatric Disorder in Young Adults in Jamaica
Authors: Hilton Claire , Osborn Madeline , Serjeant Graham
Published: March 2007

Introduction Much research into psychiatric disorder in Jamaica has investigated psychotic illness but studies of neurotic disorders are lacking. This study investi gated psychiatric disorder in a group of mainly urban, lower social class, young adults who had been regular clinic attenders as a physically healthy control group in a cohort study of sickle cell disease.

Method The study was cross-sectional in design. Subjects, 44 male and 45 female, were aged 18 to 20 years at the time of the study. The Psychiatric Assessment Schedule was used to determine psychiatric disorder at Index of Definition level 5. Results All subjects approached participated. Rates of psychiatric disorder were 6 (14%) in the male group and 16 (36%) in the female group. There were no psychotic disorders. In the group as a whole, psychiatric disorder was associated with female gender, unemployment, difficulties with social adjustment and number of episodes of physical illness in the 6 months prior to interview. Variables associated with psychiatric distress amongst males included not having a steady relationship, unemployment, criminal activity and difficulties with social adjustment. Variables associated with psychiatric distress amongst females included lack of domestic amenities, not having a mother at home, lack of education, unemployment and social adjustment difficulties.

Conclusion Rates of psychiatric disorder were higher than expected, especially for women. Larger studies are indicated to investigate the prevalence of neurotic disorders amongst young people in Jamaica, compared to similar groups in other countries.
The Homeless Clients of a Community Psychiatric Nursing Service in Inner London: 1. Demographic Characteristics and Presenting Problems
Authors: Abdul-Hamid Walid , Stansfeld Stephen , Wykes Til
Published: March 2007

The records of Community Psychiatric Nursing service (CPNs) clients over a period of two years have been analysed. The clients had been classified into 'homeless' and 'home-based' according to their accommodation. The two groups were then compared in respect of their socio-demographic characteristics; and presenting mental health problems.

The CPNs' homeless clients were more likely to be unemployed, single and from an ethnic minority. The presenting mental health problems as assessed by the CPN, showed more mood related and less psychotic problems (abnormal experiences) in comparison with psychiatrists' diagnoses. The CPN assessment of the presenting problem was compared with that of the clients and their referring agents. The CPN assessment revealed low agreement with homeless clients. The implications of study findings for the recording system and the service, was discussed.
Social Networks and Mental Health Service Utilisation - a Literature Review
Authors: Albert Maya , Becker Thomas , Mccrone Paul , Thornicroft Graham
Published: March 2007

Social networks have been shown to be smaller in individuals with severe mental illness than in the general population. Patients' social networks and social support may impact on their utilisation of psychiatric services. This literature review focuses on social networks, social support and mental health service use in patients with mental illness. Most studies suggest that smaller social networks or less social support are associated with more frequent hospitalisation. Qualitative aspects of the social network are also related to the risk of hospitalisation. The relationship between social networks and other types of service use is not established.
Measuring Consumer Participation in Mental Health Services: Are Attitudes Related To Professional Orientation?
Authors: Kent Hugh , Read John
Published: March 2007

This study describes the development of the Consumer Participation Questionnaire to measure consumer involvement in the planning, management and evaluation of mental health services, and the attitudes of mental health workers towards consumer participation. Results indicate that while most professionals view the concept positively, progress may be occurring faster at the level of individual treatment than at the organisational level. Professionals with a more biological (as opposed to psychosocial) orientation were less likely to predict that services would improve if consumers were involved in the planning of services or were employed therein. Recommendations to facilitate more effective consumer participation are made, including the need for the value of a collaborative approach to be empha sised in professional training programmes.
The Use of Conflict in Community Organization
Authors: Perkins Robert A. , Parker Jack B. , Daste Barry M.
Published: March 2007

[ ABSTRACT: It has long been recognized that the use of conflict strategies can be both effective and destructive. To take advantage of the former quality while minimizing the latter requires an understanding of the dynamics of con flict. This article attempts to develop a paradigm for intersocial system conflict to contribute to this understanding. While the paradigm does not provide an exhaustive understanding of the phenomenon, it does offer a systematic approach which produces some immediate insights and offers the potential of extending this understanding through further elaboration of the paradigm.]
Developing a Logical Approach To the Teaching of Business Writing
Authors: Douglas George H.
Published: March 2007

The author believes that the communication needs of college students of business can best be met by a rigorous writing course which stresses the logi cal and developmental aspects of writing. He feels that the reason a "subject matter" of communications has intruded into writing courses is that teachers have felt the mere writing course to be trivial. But the special field of communi cations with its own lingo and jargon is not what is needed to add stature to the business writing course. What is needed is a higher-level approach to writing which spurns the ''for mula" approach of most cur rent business writing textbooks.
Readability Changes in Employee Handbooks of Identical Companies During a Fifteen-Year Period
Authors: Davis Keith
Published: March 2007

This study, by a well-known student of the subject, presents a comparison of the readability changes in employee handbooks since Flescli first heightened interest in the subject in 1949. It appears that there has been some improvement in the read ability of employee handbooks, although much is still left to be desired. Interestingly, the firms which had the most read able handbooks in 1949 also had the most readable ones in 1964.

This article is printed with the permission of Personnel Psychology, in which it will appear this Winter.
Lights ... Cameras ... Action ... Progress an Encouraging Perspective On Tv Teaching
Authors: Lesikar Raymond V. , Van Voorhis Kenneth R. , Jordahn Ellen B.
Published: March 2007

Louisiana State University uses closed circuit television for master teaching by specialist-professors to large groups of students, for apprentice or practice teaching, and for training in the use of television as a communication medium.
Communication: Exclusive Specialty of Multitudes
Authors: Cahn Meyeh M.
Published: March 2007

Dr. Cahn believes that communications is an attractive study cutting across many professional areas and that rather than its being limited to a few special ists (who sometimes attempt to claim it), communications can well continue as a broad field for the many who pursue it, including those artists who have salient contributions to make to understanding man's communicating nature.
Managerial Information Channels
Authors: Alexander Milton J.
Published: March 2007

Today's typical executive possesses many of the characteristics of a dynamic system in performing his managerial role. His inputs are streams of information which he must combine to frame problems and make decisions (his output). His total intellect-education, experience, intelligence, and personality—form a system to guide the decision-making process.
Honest Communication
Authors: The Royal Bank of Canada
Published: March 2007

This essay is reprinted with permission of the Royal Bank of Canada, in whose newsletter it appeared in May, 1972. The Royal Bank's Newsletter has long been known in the business community around the world for its well written and civilized editorials, of which this is a fine example.
Oriented Composites by Solidification of Off-Eutectic Mixtures
Authors: Wilcox W.R. , Teviotdale J.R.
Published: March 2007

Mollard and Flemings [1] and Cline [2] produced lamellar and fibrous com posites of various lead-tin alloys by directional solidification under conditions in which free convection was suppressed. Experiments on mixtures containing a non-faceted material and a platelet-forming material showed that oriented com posites could be obtained from off-eutectic compositions by zone melting, even with convection present [3]. Pepper [4] produced irregular fibers of Be in Al by zone melting of off-eutectic mixtures. The purpose of the present work was to see just how drastic freezing conditions could be when one component was a strong fiber-former and still obtain an oriented composite. An organic system was chosen for the experiments to permit observation of the freezing interface under the microscope.
Irreversible Hygrothermomechanical Behavior and Numerical Analysis in Anisotropic Materials
Authors: Chung T.J. , Bradshaw R.J.
Published: March 2007

Diffusion of moisture and heat transfer through epoxy-fiber composites contribute to degradation of the material. The constitutive theory and gov erning equations incorporate Duffour and Soret effects and irreversibility due to both temperature and moisture. In addition, the possibility of two- phase diffusion, free and bound, has been taken into account. The resulting governing equations lead to the rigorous and practical method of analysis capable of determining the correct state of stress. A simple case of two- dimensional epoxy-graphite fiber composites is analyzed and the numerical results are presented. With appropriate experimental data relating the material properties, the analysis is expected to provide reliable design criteria to insure the composite structures freee from unacceptable degradation due to environmental effects including moisture and heat transfer.
Multinational Versus State Ownership: Labour-Management Relations in the Electricity Industry
Authors: Fairbrdther Peter , Macdonald Duncan
Published: March 2007

Restructuring of public utilities has been a response to the competitive pressures of internationalisation in many parts of the world. In Australia, the states of Victoria and New South Wales have taken rather different approaches with respect to electricity generation. Both have fragmented their industries, establishing autonomous corporate entities, but in Victoria these bave been sold—to multinational companies, as it happens—while in New South Wales ownership remains in tbe hands of the state government. This paper attempts to discover the repercussions for labour—management relations of the restructuring of electricity generation in the two states and, particu larly, whether the different forms of ownership have affected these relations.
'The Parliaments Call Them Thugs': Public Space, Identity and Union Protest
Authors: Bailey Janis , Iveson Kurt
Published: March 2007

This article examines two union-led public protests against changes to industrial relations legislation—the 1996 Cavalcade to Canberra, organised by the Austra lian Council of Trade Unions, and the 1997 Third Wave campaign, organised by the Trades and Labor Council of Western Australia. The labour movement in both cases used space (in and around the environs of Canberra's and Perth's Parliament houses) for the purposes of mobilising a 'counterpublic' to challenge the respective pieces of legislation. We analyse how organisers of the campaigns used public space to create an alternative public sphere. The 1996 Canberra rally was much less successful than the 1997 Western Australian protest in using public space for the formation and represen tation of a union counterpublic. The article concludes that an understanding of the relationship between public space, the public sphere and the complexities of forming collective identities across individual differences is necessary for the effective mobilisa tion of protest by the labour movement.
Shop Committees in the New South Wales Railways
Authors: Warburton Geoff
Published: March 2007

As early as 1934 the shop committees in the New South Wales railways were beginning to acquire the characteristics of a cohesive industrial force. An important factor in their development up to this time was the disastrous effect for Labor of the general strike in 1917 in the railways. The shop com mittees did not seek to replace the existing structures of trade unionism but to coexist with them. At the same time the authority and influertce of the movement depended in part on maintaining a measure of independence from the union hierarchy. This led to an uneasy relationship between the shop committees and some trade unions which climaxed with the expulsion of the Central Council of Railway Shop Committees from "observer" status represen tation at meetings of the Sydney Trades and Labour Council.
Victorian Teachers' Salaries and Wage Determination Criteria
Authors: Nunn J. , Hicks J. , Nieuwenhuysen J.
Published: March 2007

Generations of students in Labour Economics can repeat as a litany the possible causes of occupational wage differences. Textbooks are brimful of recitations about the interaction of supply, demand, power, sociological and rationalising or work value influences. But while it is easy to survey the field of possible explanations—and to stress from the bias of one or another discipline a favourite explanation to which primacy may be attached—little guidance flows from theory to policy. It is interesting, therefore, occasionally to docu ment criteria employed in a wage arbitration setting, and to compare these criteria with the combined range of issues normally canvassed in the literature on occupational wage differences. This form of exercise helps to highlight a deficiency of the Labour Economics literature, in that it does not regularly relate the theories it canvasses to the applied settings in which arbitrators or wage policy determintators find themselves placed. The wage situation we have chosen to briefly document and comment upon in this article is that of deter minations of the Victorian Teachers' Tribunal, in particular its use of the work value concept. Teachers' salaries seem an especially suitable example for our purpose, since their determination is characterized by a particularly strong interplay of social and economic considerations.
The Case for More Collective Bargaining in Australia
Authors: Niland John
Published: March 2007

Australia's unique approach to industrial dispute resolution prompts con tinuing analysis of the relative merits of compulsory arbitration and collective bargaining. This paper is a further contribution to that literature. A conceptual distinction between conciliation, arbitration and bargaining is developed, followed by an examination of the operational differences. Attention also is given to the impact arbitration has had in shaping the institutional and attitudinal environment within which collective bargaining will operate as it continues to emerge into prominence in Australia.

The aim is to show that many of the supposed advantages of non-voluntary arbitration turn out either to be present or achievable within the collective bargaining mode, or are, in fact, the sources of undesirable secondary conse quences. Apart from this, collective bargaining is seen as an inherently superior process for various reasons, including the role played by the third party neutral and the enhanced prospect for genuine resolution of disputes.
The Future of Victoria's Industrial Relations System: Wages Board Review Committee Report
Authors: Fristacky Jackie M.
Published: March 2007

The reports of the Committee for Review of the Labour and Industry Act of 1958, released in A pril and December 1976, debate, once again, the future of Victoria's unique industrial system. While the Committee considers the possi bility of the replacement of Wages Boards by modelling the NSW industrial system, it opts for retention of Wages Boards augmented by features of a "court" system. Its major recommendations are: the enactment of an Industrial Relations Act; replacement of the part-time Industrial Commission as a co ordinating and appellate body for Wages Boards and public sector tribunals; an extension of disputes settlement powers; and improved access to the system by interested parties. These are essential changes. But the Committee leaves open a number of issues which have important implications for the functioning of the Victorian system.
The Federal Law Relating to Union Amalgamation in Australia: Help or Hindrance?
Authors: Khoury Daniel
Published: March 2007

It is often said that there are too many trade unions in Australia and that industrial relations would be improved by the formation of industry-based unions. Any movement in this direction will involve well-planned amalgama tions. This paper attempts to assess the legislative framework within which amalgamations are to be carried out. It concludes that the scheme, introduced in 1972, will hinder rather than facilitate amalgamation. Initially, however, the paper outlines the trade union movement's traditional attitude to amalgamation and concludes that the achievement has fallen far short of the vision.
An Assessment of Subsidized Relocation of Worker Policy in Britain: A Comment
Authors: Scott Loren C. , Black H. Tyrone , Smith Lewis H. , Sirmon William A.
Published: March 2007

IN A recent article in this Journal1 Mr P. B. Beaumont refers to the newly insti tuted Relocation Assistance Program in Australia and provides some evidence from the British experience (known as the Employment Transfer Scheme) which conveys rather negative feelings as to the effectiveness of this method of attacking the problem of poverty in a country. We argue in this comment (1) that Beaumont employs an improper measure of program effectiveness, (2) that he has conceded arguments supporting substantial external social costs associ ated with relocation programs which are theoretically very weak, and (3) that he has concentrated excessively on the use of relocatee return rates which pro duces improper assessment of relocation programs and weak policy prescriptions.
The Right to Sever Invalid Provisions of Industrial Awards
Authors: Springall R.C.
Published: March 2007

Using the 1977 AWU dispute with the oil industry as a basis for discussion, this paper examines the legality of an attempt to sever invalid provisions from industrial awards. The clause in dispute was a union preference clause and, while it is correct that statutory regulations, rules, by-laws and orders made by the Conciliation and Arbitration Court (as it then was) or by Conciliation Com missioners come under the provisions of S46 of the Acts Interpretation Act, industrial awards do not. In a review of case law on the legality of clause severance, this paper notes the important distinction between obligations which are divisible and those which are entire and indivisible. The author claims that these distinctions should apply to industrial awards and consent awards also. The conclusion is that (1) S46 of the Act does not apply to clause severance in industrial awards; (2) the nature of an industrial award points against the right of severance and (3) severance would, however, be acceptable in rare, excep tional circumstances.