bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Limb Position Influences Peripheral Arterial Stiffness Reduction with Reactive Hyperemia
Authors: Jackson Ronald E. , Lima Natalia S. , Sherman Sara R. , Hibner Brooks A. , Clifford Philip S.
Published: July 2024

The mechanism behind the acute reduction in peripheral arterial stiffness with reactive hyperemia is presumed to be flow-mediated; however, this has not been clearly demonstrated. We hypothesized that a larger reactive hyperemia magnitude would result in a greater reduction in peripheral arterial stiffness. Fourteen healthy young adults (5 females, 25 ± 5 yrs, mean ± SD) underwent reactive hyperemia with a rapid-release cuff on the upper arm inflated to 220 mmHg for 5 min: once with the arm positioned ~ 50ο above heart level and once with the arm positioned ~ 50ο below heart level. Brachial-radial pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured with tonometers over brachial and radial arteries before cuff inflation and at 5, 15, and 30 min after release. Brachial blood flow was monitored with doppler ultrasound. At 5 min after reactive hyperemia, both the absolute (2.31 ± 1.22 vs 1.19 ± 1.19 m/sec, p = 0.007) and relative (24% vs 15%; p = 0.043) changes in brachial to radial PWV were greater with the arm below the heart compared to above the heart. The peak brachial blood flow was higher when the arm was below the heart compared to above the heart (477

$$\pm$$

±

145 vs 369

$$\pm$$

±

137 ml/min; p < 0.001). Reactive hyperemia acutely reduced peripheral arterial stiffness above and below heart level, with a greater decrease observed when the arm was positioned below the heart. These results demonstrate the contribution of conduit artery blood flow to the reduction of peripheral arterial stiffness after reactive hyperemia.
Effective nursing leadership as a catalyst for person-centered care and positive nursing-patient interactions: evidence from a public Ghanaian hospital
Authors: Kwame Abukari , Petrucka Pammla M.
Published: July 2024

Person-centered care (PCC) is crucial to patient engagement in healthcare enhancing patients’ participation in critical care decision-making, increasing care disclosure, reducing medication errors, and promoting satisfaction with care outcomes. Healthcare management and leadership practices contribute to effective communication and interactions between healthcare providers and patients, which is vital for quality PCC outcomes and patient perceptions of care providers. However, little is known about how nursing leadership influences PCC and clinical interactions in the Ghanaian setting, which this study saw as a gap and aims to fill. This paper reports data from interdisciplinary exploratory qualitative research to examine the impacts of nursing leadership practices on nurse-patient relationships and care outcomes. Nurses (11), patients (22), and caregivers (11) participated in the study. Data were gathered in Ghana through interviews, focus groups, and participant observations and analyzed thematically. The three themes which emerged were: hospital leadership and the nursing staff, healthcare management practices, and communication barriers regarding how nursing leadership impacts PCC. Poor relationships between nurses and hospital leaders affected nurses’ caring practices. Management practices, including an annual rotation of nurses across different patient wards and exigent patient record management routines, negatively impacted care delivery and patient-provider interactions. These leadership practices and the strained relationships between nurses and hospital leaders potentially derail effective PCC. Nursing and hospital managers must embrace transformational leadership and healthcare management practices, especially in resource-scare settings, that foster a trusting care culture and/or environment for therapeutic nurse-patient relationships to thrive and for PCC to be actualized.
Investigating the influence of cosmic ray and solar activities on atmospheric weather dynamics within the equatorial electrojet region (Nigeria)
Authors: Oloketuyi Jacob , Omole Opeyemi
Published: July 2024

The association between atmospheric weather conditions along the equatorial electrojets and complexity in emergence flux in solar magnetic activity involved in the weather fluctuation processes may be substantial such that it affect the weather conditions particularly in the earth’s equatorial regions. In this study, we have analysed relevant parameters influencing the atmospheric weather conditions across the major cities and zones in Nigeria with solar magnetic activity and cosmic ray intensity covering five solar cycles from 19 to 24. Our investigation was principally based on solar magnetic activity which include solar parameters; flare index, cosmic ray, and atmospheric weather parameters including temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation. We utilized the cross-correlation and wavelet coherence techniques. The study found that the Northern region (Guinea and Sahel Savannah) located along 8.92 to 13.70 degrees latitudes and the Southern regions (Coastal and Derived) located within latitudes 4.5 and 8.9 degree latitudes responded differently to various atmospheric and solar parameters. The temperature and relative humidity in the northern parts is comparatively higher than in the southern region, while the southern region experienced higher precipitation. The flare index and cosmic ray exhibit different patterns as well negatively correlated. The relationships between the precipitations and relative humidity across Nigeria show a distinct behaviour which could be attributed to concentrations of ions influencing cloud properties across the country. There are strong and positive correlations between the two indices, with high coefficients specifically during the examined solar cycles. The difference in responses between Southern and Northern Nigeria could be attributed to mechanism driving the atmospheric weather through the Earth latitudinal couplings.
Spatiotemporal Variability of Channel Roughness and its Substantial Impacts on Flood Modeling Errors
Authors: Al Mehedi Md Abdullah , Saki Shah , Patel Krutikkumar , Shen Chaopeng , Cohen Sagy , Smith Virginia , Rajib Adnan , Anagnostou Emmanouil , Bindas Tadd , Lawson Kathryn
Published: July 2024

Manning's roughness coefficient, n, is used to describe channel roughness, and is a widely sought‐after key parameter for estimating and predicting flood propagation. Due to its control of flow velocity and shear stress, n is critical for modeling timing of floods and pollutants, aquatic ecosystem health, infrastructural safety, and so on. While alternative formulations exist, open‐channel n is typically regarded as temporally constant, determined from lookup tables or calibration, and its spatiotemporal variability was never examined holistically at large scales. Here, we developed and analyzed a continental‐scale n dataset (along with alternative formulations) calculated from observed velocity, slope, and hydraulic radius in 200,000 surveys conducted over 5,000 U.S. sites. These large, diverse observations allowed training of a Random Forest (RF) model capable of predicting n (or alternative parameters) at high accuracy (Nash Sutcliffe model efficiency >0.7) in space and time. We show that predictable time variability explains a large fraction (∼35%) of n variance compared to spatial variability (50%). While exceptions abound, n is generally lower and more stable under higher streamflow conditions. Other factorial influences on n including land cover, sinuosity, and particle sizes largely agree with conventional intuition. Accounting for temporal variability in n could lead to substantially larger (45% at the median site) estimated flow velocities under high‐flow conditions or lower (44%) velocities under low‐flow conditions. Habitual exclusion of n temporal dynamics means flood peaks could arrive days before model‐predicted flood waves, and peak magnitude estimation might also be erroneous. We therefore offer a model of great practical utility.
Low Hygroscopicity of Newly Formed Particles on the North China Plain and Its Implications for Nanoparticle Growth
Authors: Hong Juan , Ma Jiamin , Ma Nan , Shi Jingnan , Xu Wanyun , Zhang Gen , Zhu Shaowen , Zhang Shaobin , Tang Min , Pan Xihao , Xie Linhong , Li Guo , Kuhn Uwe , Yan Chao , Qi Ximeng , Zha Qiaozhi , Nie Wei , Tao Jiangchuan , He Yao , Zhou Yaqing , Sun Yele , Xu Hanbing , Liu Li , Cai Runlong , Zhou Guangsheng , Kuang Ye , Yuan Bin , Wang Qiaoqiao , Petäjä Tuukka , Kerminen Veli‐Matti , Kulmala Markku , Cheng Yafang , Su Hang
Published: July 2024

The growth of newly formed particles through new particle formation (NPF) contributes a significant fraction to the cloud condensation nuclei, yet the driving mechanisms remain unclear, especially for polluted environments. To investigate the potential species contributing for nanoparticle growth in environments with significant anthropogenic influences, we measured the hygroscopicity of newly formed particles at 20–40 nm at a rural observational site in the North China Plain during winter 2018. Our results demonstrate that these particles were not very hygroscopic, with the mean hygroscopicity parameter κ of 0.13 ± 0.09. Clear differences in the inferred κ of the growing material responsible for the growth were observed among different events, indicating that even at the same region, the compounds driving particle growth may not be identical. This may be synergistically influenced by the NPF precursors, oxidants and meteorological conditions, suggesting complex mechanisms might co‐exist behind nanoparticle growth in polluted environments.
Future Climate Change Shifts the Ranges of Major Encroaching Woody Plant Species in the Southern Great Plains, USA
Authors: Yang Jia , Will Rodney , Zhai Lu , Zou Chris
Published: July 2024

Woody Plant Encroachment (WPE) is a key driver of grassland collapse in the Southern Great Plain (SGP), resulting in a series of adverse ecological and socioeconomic consequences. Climate change will interact with ongoing WPE as it will likely shift the potential ranges of WPE species. In this study, we employed an ensemble approach integrating results from multiple Species Distribution Models to project future distribution ranges of four major WPE species (Ashe juniper, honey mesquite, post oak, and eastern redcedar) in the SGP across the 21st century. The findings highlighted a noteworthy trend: under future climate conditions, the distribution ranges for these WPE species were projected to shift northward and eastward. Of particular concern is honey mesquite with significant expansion in distribution range, potentially covering up to two‐thirds of the SGP's non‐agricultural area by the end of the 21st century. Conversely, the other three WPE species were expected to experience a contraction in their distribution ranges. Ashe juniper may experience a decline in its current habitats in central Texas but gain new habitats in northern Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The suitable ranges of post oak and eastern redcedar were projected to shrink eastward, primarily being restricted to eastern portions of Oklahoma and Texas under the RCP4.5 and a smaller area in eastern Oklahoma under the RCP8.5. The projected shift in WPE ranges provides a scientific basis for governments to optimize the allocation of management resources and implement timely practices to control the spread of woody plants during the early encroachment stage. Our study methodology is applicable to other regions and continents with WPE issues, including Africa, South America, and Australia.
Evaluating the Physics of Outcrop‐To‐Outcrop Flow With Hydrothermal Flow Models
Authors: Kremin I. , Guo Z. , Rüpke L.
Published: July 2024

Cold and diffuse hydrothermal circulation on mid‐ocean ridge flanks impacts heat and fluid fluxes between the seafloor and the ocean. One mode of this circulation is given by outcrop‐to‐outcrop flow, where seawater circulates through a crustal aquifer that connects two or more recharging and discharging seamounts or basement highs that outcrop through the less permeable sediment cover. The physical mechanism driving this flow is a lateral pressure gradient that is sustained by contrasting the hydrological properties of the recharging and discharging outcrops. To investigate the physical controls of this pressure gradient, we performed two‐dimensional numerical simulations of coupled heat transfer and fluid flow. We have modified aquifer permeability, outcrop permeability and width, outcrop distance, and sediment thickness to assess their mutual effects on the lateral pressure differences. We have also investigated how different flow patterns, resulting from changes in these parameters, manifest themselves in seafloor observables such as flow rates, aquifer temperatures, and heat flow. Our models show that outcrop‐to‐outcrop flow generally occurs for aquifer permeabilities ≥10−14 m2, depending on the basal heat input. High aquifer permeabilities correspond to fast flow rates and low fluid temperatures, whereas the maximum lateral pressure differences arise for lower permeabilities. The permeability and the geometric shape of the outcrops determine the flow direction, while the aquifer temperature is also affected by the distance between the outcrops. Thicker sediments increase the lateral pressure difference and the flow rate. Our models thus provide constraints for predicting subseafloor hydrothermal ridge flank flow behavior from regional field data.
Emerging Methods to Validate Remotely Sensed Vegetation Water Content
Authors: Feldman Andrew F.
Published: July 2024

Satellite‐retrieved vegetation optical depth (VOD) has provided extensive insights into global plant function (such as, carbon stocks, water stress, crop yields) because of VOD's ability to monitor plant water stress and biomass at near daily temporal frequency under all‐weather conditions. However, arguably, the greatest challenge with broadly applying VOD is its lack of validation partly because of VOD's simultaneous sensitivity to plant water status and biomass changes, as well as intensive methods required to measure these properties in‐situ. Here, inspired by the recent Yao et al. (2024), https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107121 article, I argue that VOD estimated from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and land surface models with plant hydraulic schemes are two emerging methods that show promise for more widely validating satellite‐based VOD. I encourage wider adoption of these approaches to validate and further advance satellite‐based VOD research.
Haline Tolerance of Stomatopod (Crustacea) Larvae and Pelagic Dispersal of Two Common Species in the Western Atlantic
Authors: Sanvicente‐Añorve Laura , Velázquez‐Villegas Emmanuel , Sánchez‐Campos Mitzi , Allende‐Arandía Ma. Eugenia , Zavala‐Hidalgo Jorge
Published: July 2024

Pelagic larval stages play a critical role in the dynamics of marine populations since they are the main way of dispersal and habitat colonization. Here, we examined the larval dispersal pathways of two common stomatopod species in the western Atlantic: Squilla empusa and Lysiosquilla scabricauda. To complement this goal, we also analyzed the haline tolerance of the stomatopod larvae collected in an estuary from the southern Gulf of Mexico. Larval dispersal was simulated using a Lagrangian particle‐tracking module coupled to the Global HYCOM model and consisted of releasing 100 passive particles from each starting site. Results indicated a high level of larval retention in the west Florida shelf and over the narrow western shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. In the South Atlantic Bight, Central America, and northern South America the larval transport was almost unidirectional following the pattern of currents. Generally, connections were among nearby sites, but long‐distance transport can also occur when larvae are trapped by great high‐speed currents. Retention of larvae and connection with neighboring sites were due to local atmospheric and hydrological conditions. During fieldwork, we found two kinds of larvae: antizoea and alima. Morphological characteristics of the antizoea correspond to the superfamily Lysiosquilloidea, and those of the alima, with the superfamily Squilloidea. The antizoea larvae were found in salinity values as low as 21.9 psu, while the alima were at 23.2 psu. Salinity tolerances and dispersal potential of larvae indicate a high level of colonization of new habitats and a broad intrusion into the estuaries.
Topologically protected entanglement switching around exceptional points
Authors: Tang Zan , Chen Tian , Tang Xing , Zhang Xiangdong
Published: July 2024

The robust operation of quantum entanglement states is crucial for applications in quantum information, computing, and communications1–3. However, it has always been a great challenge to complete such a task because of decoherence and disorder. Here, we propose theoretically and demonstrate experimentally an effective scheme to realize robust operation of quantum entanglement states by designing quadruple degeneracy exceptional points. By encircling the exceptional points on two overlapping Riemann energy surfaces, we have realized a chiral switch for entangled states with high fidelity. Owing to the topological protection conferred by the Riemann surface structure, this switching of chirality exhibits strong robustness against perturbations in the encircling path. Furthermore, we have experimentally validated such a scheme on a quantum walk platform. Our work opens up a new way for the application of non-Hermitian physics in the field of quantum information.
Rational design of a laminate-structured flexible sensor for human dynamic plantar pressure monitoring
Authors: Xiong Zuoping , Bai Yuanyuan , Li Lianhui , Zhou Zhen , Li Tie , Zhang Ting
Published: July 2024

Flexible sensors are essential components in emerging fields such as epidermal electronics, biomedicine, and human-computer interactions, and creating high-performance sensors through simple structural design for practical applications is increasingly needed. Presently, challenges still exist in establishing efficient models of flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors to predict the design required for achieving target performance. This work establishes a theoretical model of a flexible pressure sensor with a simple laminated and enclosed structure. In the modeling, the electrical constriction effect is innovatively introduced to explain the sensitization mechanism of the laminated structure to a broad range of pressures and to predict the sensor performance. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the theoretical model. The sensor exhibited excellent stability for up to three million cycles and superior durability when exposed to salt solution owing to its simple laminated and enclosed structural design. Finally, a wearable sensing system for real-time collection and analysis of plantar pressure is constructed for exercise and rehabilitation monitoring applications. This work aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rapid design and construction of flexible pressure sensors with target performance for practical applications.
Bowel burdens: a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the relationships between bowel dysfunction and quality of life after spinal cord injury
Authors: Sober-Williams Elin K. , Lee Rebekah H. Y. , Whitehurst David G. T. , McBride Christopher B. , Willms Rhonda , Claydon Victoria E.
Published: July 2024

Study design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives

Many individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience autonomic dysfunction, including profound impairments to bowel and cardiovascular function. Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) is emerging as a potential determinant of quality of life (QoL) after SCI. For individuals with high-level lesions ( > T6), bowel care-related autonomic dysreflexia (B-AD; profound episodic hypertension) further complicates bowel care. We aimed to evaluate the extent of bowel dysfunction after SCI, and the impact of bowel dysfunction on QoL after SCI.

Methods

We searched five databases to identify research assessing the influence of NBD or B-AD on QoL after SCI. Metrics of bowel dysfunction (fecal incontinence [FI], constipation, time to complete, and B-AD) and QoL data were extracted and synthesised. Where possible, meta-analyses were performed.

Results

Our search identified 2042 titles, of which 39 met our inclusion criteria. Individuals with SCI identified problems with NBD (74.7%), FI (56.9%), and constipation (54.6%), and 49.3% of individuals with SCI > T6 experienced B-AD. Additionally, 40.3% of individuals experienced prolonged defecation ( > 30 min). Moderate/severe deterioration in QoL due to NBD was reported by 55.5% of individuals with SCI, with negative impacts on physical, emotional, and social health-related QoL associated with inflexibility of bowel routines, fear of accidents, and loss of independence.

Conclusion

Bowel dysfunction and bowel care challenges are prevalent and disabling for individuals with SCI, with a profoundly negative impact on QoL. Improving bowel management is a key target to improve QoL for those living with SCI.
Prenatal immune activation in mice induces long-term alterations in brain mitochondrial function
Authors: Schneider Gasser Edith M. , Schaer Ron , Mueller Flavia S. , Bernhardt Alexandra C. , Lin Han-Yu , Arias-Reyes Christian , Weber-Stadlbauer Ulrike
Published: July 2024

Prenatal exposure to infections is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring, and alterations in mitochondrial function are discussed as a potential underlying factor. Here, using a mouse model of viral-like maternal immune activation (MIA) based on poly(I:C) (POL) treatment at gestational day (GD) 12, we show that adult offspring exhibit behavioral deficits, such as reduced levels of social interaction. In addition, we found increased nicotinamidadenindinucleotid (NADH)- and succinate-linked mitochondrial respiration and maximal electron transfer capacity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and in the amygdala (AMY) of males and females. The increase in respiratory capacity resulted from an increase in mitochondrial mass in neurons (as measured by complex IV activity and transcript expression), presumably to compensate for a reduction in mitochondrion-specific respiration. Moreover, in the PFC of control (CON) male offspring a higher excess capacity compared to females was observed, which was significantly reduced in the POL-exposed male offspring, and, along with a higher leak respiration, resulted in a lower mitochondrial coupling efficiency. Transcript expression of the uncoupling proteins (UCP4 and UCP5) showed a reduction in the PFC of POL male mice, suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, in the PFC of CON females, a higher expression of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD1) was observed, suggesting a higher antioxidant capacity as compared to males. Finally, transcripts analysis of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics showed reduced expression of fission/fusion transcripts in PFC of POL offspring of both sexes. In conclusion, we show that MIA causes alterations in neuronal mitochondrial function and mass in the PFC and AMY of adult offspring with some effects differing between males and females.
Blood pressure time at target and its prognostic value for cardiovascular outcomes: a scoping review
Authors: Li Wansha , Gnanenthiran Sonali R. , Schutte Aletta E. , Tan Isabella
Published: July 2024

The proportion of time that blood pressure (BP) readings are at treatment target levels, commonly referred to as time at target or time in therapeutic range (BP-TTR), is emerging as a useful measure for evaluating hypertension management effectiveness and assessing longitudinal BP control. However, method of determination for BP-TTR differs across studies. This review identifies variations in BP-TTR determination methodologies and its potential prognostic value for cardiovascular outcomes. Following PRISMA extension for scoping reviews guidelines, literature was systematically searched in Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Relevant clinical trials, observational studies, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, and systematic reviews published in English were screened. Of 369 articles identified, 17 articles were included. Studies differed in the BP targets used (e.g., BP < 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg; systolic BP within 110–130 mmHg or 120–140 mmHg), BP-TTR measurement duration (range 24 h to 15 years), and calculation method (linear interpolation method, n = 12 [71%]; proportion of BP readings at target, n = 5 [29%]). Regardless of method, studies consistently demonstrated that higher BP-TTR was associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular outcomes. Six of eight studies found the association was independent of mean achieved BP or last measured BP. Despite variation in methods of BP-TTR determination, these studies demonstrated the potential prognostic value of BP-TTR for cardiovascular outcomes beyond current BP control measures. We recommend standardization of BP-TTR methodology, with preference for linear interpolation method when BP measurements are few or less frequent, and proportion of BP readings method when large number of BP readings are available.
A systems approach to developing user requirements for increased pulmonary rehabilitation uptake by COPD patients
Authors: Early Frances , Ward James , Komashie Alexander , Kipouros Timoleon , Clarkson John , Fuld Jonathan
Published: July 2024

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a progressive lung disease associated with anxiety, depression, and reduced health-related quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a cost-effective and transformative treatment, but 31% of referred patients do not take up their PR appointment. The study aimed to develop user requirements for an intervention to increase PR uptake. A systems approach, the Engineering Better Care framework, was used to develop a system map of the PR pathway, translate evidence-based user needs into user requirements, and validate the user requirements in a stakeholder workshop. Eight user requirements addressed patient and health care practitioner needs to understand what PR entails, understand the benefits of PR and have positive conversations about PR to address patient concerns. The solution-independent user requirements can be applied to the development of any intervention sharing similar goals. The study demonstrates potential in taking a systems approach to more challenges within respiratory medicine.
A cortical surface template for human neuroscience
Authors: Feilong Ma , Jiahui Guo , Gobbini Maria Ida , Haxby James V.
Published: July 2024

Neuroimaging data analysis relies on normalization to standard anatomical templates to resolve macroanatomical differences across brains. Existing human cortical surface templates sample locations unevenly because of distortions introduced by inflation of the folded cortex into a standard shape. Here we present the onavg template, which affords uniform sampling of the cortex. We created the onavg template based on openly available high-quality structural scans of 1,031 brains—25 times more than existing cortical templates. We optimized the vertex locations based on cortical anatomy, achieving an even distribution. We observed consistently higher multivariate pattern classification accuracies and representational geometry inter-participant correlations based on onavg than on other templates, and onavg only needs three-quarters as much data to achieve the same performance compared with other templates. The optimized sampling also reduces CPU time across algorithms by 1.3–22.4% due to less variation in the number of vertices in each searchlight.
Effects of gravel on the water infiltration process and hydraulic parameters of stony soil in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain, China
Authors: Ma Yan , Wang Youqi , Zhang Yuhan , Zhang Ruiyuan , Yuan Cheng , Ma Chengfeng , Bai Yiru
Published: July 2024

The investigation into the impact of gravel on water infiltration process and hydraulic parameters in stony soil could offer a theoretical basis to enhance water availability in rocky mountain area. A one-dimensional vertical infiltration experiment was used in this study. Six groups of gravel content of 0% (CK), 10% (W1), 20% (W2), 30% (W3), 40% (W4) and 50% (W5) were established to explore the changes in the wetting front, cumulative infiltration volume and infiltration rate. Then the accuracy of four infiltration models in simulating soil water infiltration processes was evaluated. Finally, Hydrus-1D was used to perform numerical inversion of the soil water content after infiltration. The findings revealed that: (1) When the infiltration time reached 300 min, the wetting front of the W1, W2, W3, W4 and W5 treatments was 11.00%, 17.00%, 32.25%, 38.75% and 54.50% lower than CK, the cumulative infiltration volume was 29.80%, 38.97%, 45.62%, 54.74% and 73.17% lower than CK, and the stable infiltration rate was 50.98%, 52.94%, 66.67%, 68.63% and 86.27% lower than CK. (2) The soil–water infiltration processes were accurately described by the Horton model, the coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.935. (3) The simulation results of Hydrus-1D showed that with the increase of gravel content, the values of the retention water content (θr), saturated water content (θs), shape coefficient (n) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were decreased, the values of the reciprocal of air-entry (α) were increased. The value of R2 was more than 0.894, the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) were less than 2%, which demonstrated that the Hydrus-1D model exhibited superior capability in simulating the changes of water content in stony soil in rocky mountain area. The findings of this study demonstrated that gravel could decrease the water infiltration process and affect the water availability. It could provide data support for the water movement process of stony soil and rational utilization of limited water resources in mountainous area.
Multi-angle property analysis and stress–strain curve prediction of cementitious sand gravel based on triaxial test
Authors: Tian Qingqing , Guo Lei , Zhang Yiqing , Gao Hang , Li Zexuan
Published: July 2024

In order to further promote the application of cementitious sand gravel (CSG), the mechanical properties and variation rules of CSG material under triaxial test were studied. Considering the influence of fly ash content, water-binder ratio, sand rate and lateral confining pressure, 81 cylinder specimens were designed and made for conventional triaxial test, and the influence laws of stress–strain curve, failure pattern, elastic modulus, energy dissipation and damage evolution of specimens were analyzed. The results showed that the peak of stress–strain curve increased with the increase of confining pressure, and the peak stress, peak strain and energy dissipation all increased significantly, but the damage variable D decreased with the increase of confining pressure. Under triaxial compression, the specimen was basically sheared failure from the bonding surface, and the aggregate generally did not break. Sand rate had a significant effect on the peak stress of CSG, and decreased with the increase of sand rate. Under the conditions of the same cement content, fly ash content and confining pressure, the optimal water-binder ratio 1.2 existed when the sand rate was 0.2 and 0.3. After analyzing and processing the stress–strain curve of triaxial test, a Cuckoo Search-eXtreme Gradient Boosting (CS-XGBoost) curve prediction model was established, and the model was evaluated by evaluation indexes R2, RMSE and MAE. The average R2 of the XGBoost model based on initial parameters under 18 different output features was 0.8573, and the average R2 of the CS-XGBoost model was 0.9516, an increase of 10.10%. Moreover, the prediction curve was highly consistent with the test curve, indicating that the CS algorithm had significant advantages. The CS-XGBoost model could accurately predict the triaxial stress–strain curve of CSG.
Analysis of food system drivers of deforestation highlights foreign direct investments and urbanization as threats to tropical forests
Authors: Sylvester Janelle M. , Gutiérrez-Zapata Diana María , Pérez-Marulanda Lisset , Vanegas-Cubillos Martha , Bruun Thilde Bech , Mertz Ole , Castro-Nunez Augusto
Published: July 2024

Approximately 90% of global forest cover changes between 2000 and 2018 were attributable to agricultural expansion, making food production the leading direct driver of deforestation. While previous studies have focused on the interaction between human and environmental systems, limited research has explored deforestation from a food system perspective. This study analyzes the drivers of deforestation in 40 tropical and subtropical countries (2004–2021) through the lenses of consumption/demand, production/supply and trade/distribution using Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models. Our models explained a substantial portion of deforestation variability globally (R2 = 0.74) and in Asia (R2 = 0.81) and Latin America (R2 = 0.73). The results indicate that trade- and demand-side dynamics, specifically foreign direct investments and urban population growth, play key roles in influencing deforestation trends at these scales, suggesting that food system-based interventions could be effective in mitigating deforestation. Conversely, the model for Africa showed weaker explanatory power (R2 = 0.30), suggesting that factors beyond the food system may play a larger role in this region. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting trade- and demand-side dynamics to reduce deforestation and how interventions within the food system could synergistically contribute to achieving sustainable development goals, such as climate action, life on land and zero hunger.
Modulation of the attentional response to baby schema by testosterone in pedohebephilic men and its relation to the nurturing system
Authors: Zannoni Ronja , Keil Julian , Ponseti Jorge , Stirn Aglaja V. , Holtfrerich Sarah K. C. , Diekhof Esther K.
Published: July 2024

Previous fMRI research found increased brain responses in men with pedophilic interest to non-sexual pictures of child and animal faces. This raised the question of whether an aberrant nurturing system could be linked to pedophilia. To further explore this hypothesis, 20 pedohebephilic and 23 teleiophilic men performed a target detection task with adult versus infant human and animal faces, which measured selective attention towards the baby schema by comparing reaction times to infant versus adult targets that were presented amongst distractors of the other category. Since the response to baby schema can be influenced by steroid hormones, saliva samples were additionally collected to determine endogenous testosterone, progesterone, estradiol and cortisol. Contrary to expectations, all men did not react faster to infant than adult faces. Yet, pedohebephilic men were more distracted by infant’s faces than teleiophilic men. Pedohebephilic men with higher testosterone were faster in orienting attention to infant targets in the context of adult distractors. This association was not observed in teleiophilic men. Our results support the idea of an overactive nurturing system in pedophilia, which may be influenced by the endogenous testosterone level.
The association between blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio and the 28 day mortality in tuberculosis patients complicated by sepsis
Authors: Cui Kunping , Feng Shuang , Mao Yi , Luo Haixia , Yang Jiao , Xu Ruyi , Bai Lang
Published: July 2024

The relationship between blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio (BAR) and the prognosis of patients with tuberculosis (TB) complicated by sepsis remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between BAR and overall patient prognosis. This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with TB complicated by sepsis who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu between January 2019 and February 2023. The relationship between BAR values and prognosis in these patients was investigated using multivariate Cox regression, stratified analysis with interaction, restricted cubic spline (RCS), and threshold effect analysis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the results. Our study included 537 TB patients complicated by sepsis admitted in the ICU, with a median age of 63.0 (48.0, 72.0) years; 76.7% of whom were men. The multivariate-restricted cubic spline analysis showed a non-linear association between BAR and patient prognosis. In the threshold analysis, we found that TB patients complicated by sepsis and a BAR < 7.916 mg/g had an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for prognosis of 1.163 (95% CI 1.038–1.303; P = 0.009). However, when the BAR was ≥ 7.916 mg/g, there was no significant increase in the risk of death. The results of the sensitivity analysis were stable.
Sustainable removal of tetracycline and paracetamol from water using magnetic activated carbon derived from pine fruit waste
Authors: Hashemzadeh Farzad , Ariannezhad Maryam , Derakhshandeh Seyed Hamed
Published: July 2024

This work presents highly porous magnetic activated carbon nanoparticles (MPFRC-A) derived from pine fruit residue. The MPFRC-A were produced through a three-step process: physical activation (carbonization temperature: 110–550 °C), chemical activation (H2SO4 (0.1 N, 96%)), and co-precipitation. These nanoparticles were then used to remove tetracycline (TC) and paracetamol (PC) from water. Functionalization with Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of the pine fruit residue-derived activated carbon (PFRC-A) resulted in high saturation magnetization, allowing for separation from aqueous solution using an external magnet. The MPFRC-A adsorbent was characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses, In the experimental section, the effects of various factors on the adsorption process were investigated, including pH, contact time, initial pollutant concentrations, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. Based on these investigations, adsorption isotherm models and kinetics were studied and determined. The results showed that MPFRC-A exhibited a large specific surface area (182.5 m2/g) and a high total pore volume (0.33 cm3/g). The maximum adsorption capacity was achieved at pH 6 and 5 for PC and TC drugs with an adsorbent dose of 400 mg and an initial concentration of 20 mg/L at 25 °C. The study revealed that the experimental data were well-fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 > 0.98), with maximum uptake capacities of 43.75 mg/g for TC and 41.7 mg/g for PC. Outcomes of the adsorption thermodynamics shows non-spontaneity of the reaction and the adsorption process by all adsorbents was endothermic.
Heat transfer innovation of engine oil conveying SWCNTs-MWCNTs-TiO2 nanoparticles embedded in a porous stretching cylinder
Authors: Ramasekhar Gunisetty , Divya A. , Jakeer Shaik , Reddy S. R. R. , Algehyne Ebrahem A. , Jawad Muhammad , Akgül Ali , Hassani Murad Khan
Published: July 2024

The influence of boundary layer flow of heat transfer analysis on hybrid nanofluid across an extended cylinder is the main focus of the current research. In addition, the impressions of magnetohydrodynamic, porous medium and thermal radiation are part of this investigation. Arrogate similarity variables are employed to transform the governing modelled partial differential equations into a couple of highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations. A numerical approach based on the BVP Midrich scheme in MAPLE solver is employed for solution of the set of resulting ordinary differential equations and obtained results are compared with existing literature. The effect of active important physical parameters like Magnetic Field, Porosity parameter, Eckert number, Prandtl number and thermal radiation parameters on dimensionless velocity and energy fields are employed via graphs and tables. The velocity profile decreased by about 65% when the magnetic field parameter values increases from 0.5 to 1.5. On the other hand increased by 70% on energy profile. The energy profile enhanced by about 62% when the Radiation parameter values increases from 1.0 < Rd < 3.0. The current model may be applicable in real life practical implications of employing Engine oil-SWCNTs-MWCNTs-TiO2 nanofluids on cylinders encompass enhanced heat transfer efficiency, and extended component lifespan, energy savings, and environmental benefits. This kind of theoretical analysis may be used in daily life applications, such as engineering and automobile industries.
A 12-month randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of revitalization of retreated mature incisors with periapical radiolucency in adolescents
Authors: Elheeny Ahmad Abdel Hamid , Hussien Osama Seif-Elnasr , Abdelmotelb Mahmoud Ahmed , ElMakawi Yassmin Mohamed , Wahba Norhan Khaled Omar
Published: July 2024

The use of regenrative endodontics is restoring the health status of the root canals of retreated mature teeth is a novel approach. Therefore, the current trial aimed to compare the effectiveness of regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) to non-surgical root canal retreatment (NS-RCR) in reducing periapical radiolucency over one year for the retreatment of mature incisors with periapical periodontitis. The secondary purpose was to assess clinical success and regain pulp sensibility. A parallel randomized controlled trial, 66 mature incisors with periapical radiolucencies were randomly divided into two equal groups and retreated with either REPs or NS-RCR. At baseline and after 6 and 12 months, teeth were assessed clinically and radiographically using a periapical index (PAI). The Mann–Whitney test was used to analyze nonparametric PAI scores. The Electric pulp test readings were analyzed using the repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA). Over the follow-up intervals, there was no significant intergroup difference in the PAI medians, the majority of the teeth displayed a reduction in periapical radiolucency. At the end of the follow-up period, the clinical successes for the REP and NS-RCR groups were 93.9% and 97%, respectively (p = 0.555). Positive pulp sensibility was recorded in 54.54% of cases in the REPs after 12 months. Both approaches showed a comparable diminishing of periapical radiolucencies and equivalent clinical results. A conventional, non-surgical endodontic retreatment may not always be necessary.
Sedimentological and petrophysical characterization of the Bokabil Formation in the Surma Basin for CO2 storage capacity estimation
Authors: Hossain Shakhawat , Rahman Naymur , Shekhar Himadri
Published: July 2024

Large-scale geological sequestration of CO2is one of the most effective strategies to limit global warming to below 2 °C, as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Therefore, identifying and characterizing high-quality storage units is crucial. The Surma Basin, with its four-way dip closed structures, high-quality reservoirs, and thick regional cap rocks, is an ideal location for CO2storage. This study focuses on the Bokabil Formation, the most prominent reservoir unit in the Surma Basin. Detailed petrographic, petrophysical, XRD, and SEM analyses, along with mapping, have been conducted to evaluate the properties of the reservoir and cap rock within this formation. The Upper Bokabil Sandstone in the Surma Basin ranges from 270 to 350 m in thickness and consists of fine- to medium-grained subarkosic sandstones composed of 70–85% quartz and 5–12% feldspar, with good pore connectivity. Petrophysical analysis of data from four gas fields indicates that this unit has a total porosity of 21–27.4% and a low shale volume of 15–27%. Cross plots and outcrop observations suggest that most of the shales are laminated within the reservoir. The regional cap rock, known as the Upper Marine Shale (UMS), ranges in thickness from 40 to 190 m and contains 10–40 nm nano-type pores. A higher proportion of ductile materials with a significant percentage of quartz in the UMS indicates higher capillary entry pressures, enhancing its capacity to hold CO2. Using the CSLF method with a 6% cut-off of the available pore volume, it is estimated that 103 Mt, 110 Mt, 205 Mt, and 164 Mt of CO2can be effectively stored in the Sylhet, Kailashtila, Habiganj, and Fenchuganj structures, respectively. Due to the shallow depth of the storage unit and the thick cap rock, the southern Surma Basin is the optimal location for CO2injection.
Lung quantitative ultrasound to stage and monitor interstitial lung diseases
Authors: Dashti Azadeh , Roshankhah Roshan , Lye Theresa , Blackwell John , Montgomery Stephanie , Egan Thomas , Mamou Jonathan , Muller Marie
Published: July 2024

Chronic interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) require frequent point-of-care monitoring. X-ray-based methods lack resolution and are ionizing. Chest computerized tomographic (CT) scans are expensive and provide more radiation. Conventional ultrasound can detect severe lung damage via vertical artifacts (B-lines). However, this information is not quantitative, and the appearance of B-lines is operator- and system-dependent. Here we demonstrate novel ultrasound-based biomarkers to assess severity of ILDs. Lung alveoli scatter ultrasound waves, leading to a complex acoustic signature, which is affected by changes in alveolar density due to ILDs. We exploit ultrasound scattering in the lung and combine quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters, to develop ultrasound-based biomarkers that significantly correlate (p = 1e−4 for edema and p = 3e−7 for fibrosis) to the severity of pulmonary fibrosis and edema in rodent lungs. These innovative QUS biomarkers will be very significant for monitoring severity of chronic ILDs and response to treatment, especially in this new era of miniaturized and highly portable ultrasound devices.
Comparison of decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts in Cannabis sativa cv. ‘Cherry Wine’
Authors: Kim Eun-Soo , Park Sang-Hyuck , Kinney Chad A. , Olejar Kenneth J. , Corredor-Perilla Ingrid Carolina
Published: July 2024

Studies with secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts of the CBD-rich hemp strain, Cannabis sativa cv. ‘Cherry Wine’, were conducted to compare the decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between two groups. The secretory cavity contents acquired from the capitate-stalked glandular trichomes by glass microcapillaries, and inflorescence samples air-dried for 15 days of storage in darkness at room temperature were analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The ratio of acidic cannabinoids to the total cannabinoids was ranging from 0.5% to 2.4% lower in the air-dried inflorescence samples compared to the secretory cavity samples as follows. In the secretory cavity content, the percentage of acidic cannabinoids to the total cannabinoids was measured as 86.4% cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), 6.5% tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), 4.3% cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), 1.4% cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), and 0.6% cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), respectively. In the air-dried inflorescence, however, the acidic cannabinoids were detected with 84% CBDA, 4.8% THCA, 3.3% CBCA, 0.8% CBGA, and 0.3% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (Δ9-THCVA), respectively. The ratio of cannabidiol (CBD) to cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) was close to 1:99 (w/w) in secretory cavity contents, however, it was roughly 1:20 (w/w) in the air-dried inflorescence. In addition, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ9-THCV) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (Δ9-THCVA) were only detected in the air-dried inflorescence sample, and the ratio of Δ9-THCV to Δ9-THCVA was about 1:20 (w/w). Besides, cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) was only observed in the secretory cavity content.