bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEASUREMENT OF THE CONSISTENCY OF PATELLA-TENDON-BEARING MODIFICATION USING CAD
Authors: O'Byrne Marie , McFadyen Angus K , Hannett Dominic , McGarry Anthony
Published: January 2019

Study design: Pilot studyBackground: Computer aided design (CAD) is now commonly used in prosthetic clinical practice. To create a patellar tendon bearing (PTB) socket, further modification of the transtibial shape is required. Objectives: To investigate the consistency of transtibial shape modification for a PTB socket design using CAD.Methods: 13 transtibial models with marked anatomical landmarks were made, each linked to a fictitious patient history. Three clinicians were asked to complete modification for a PTB socket with suspension sleeve at weekly intervals over the course of three weeks. Measurements were recorded at landmarks and compared for intra and inter reliability.Results: Clinicians showed high intraclass and interclass correlation (ICC) values with narrow confidence intervals for the tibial tubercle, medial and lateral flares and distal end of the tibia. One clinician demonstrated moderate intra rater reliability for modification over the patellar tendon. All other ICC values for the patellar tendon and fibular head modification were low. Inter rater reliability was not calculated for fibular head and patellar tendon as intra ICC values should be above 0.6.Conclusions: All clinicians showed good consistency at tibial tubercle, distal tibia, medial and lateral flares. Patellar tendon (0.345< ICC < 0.641) and fibular head (0.165< ICC < 0.513) showed poorer consistency and require improvement.

LAYMAN’S ABSTRACT Computer aided design (CAD) is now commonly used to create artificial limbs. However, the shape of the amputated limb is captured when the patient is sitting down and therefore requires further adjustment. Modification of the shape is carried out by clinicians using a range on on-screen tools to remove and add material to the virtual model.This study aims to investigate the consistency of clinicians when making these modifications. A range of 13 below the knee amputation models were made, each linked to a made-up patient history. Three clinicians were asked to randomly complete modification three times on each model at weekly intervals over the course of three weeks. Measurements were recorded at landmarks and compared.Clinicians showed high reliability values for most landmark positions. However, modification was less reliable over important areas such as the patellar tendon and fibular head. Errors in such areas could potentially cause discomfort to the artificial limb wearer and greater consistency is required. This is only an initial study and further work is required to confirm results.

ARTICLE PDF LINK: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/30006/22878

How to cite: O'Byrne M, McFadyen A K, Hannett D, McGarry A. Measurement of The Consistency of Patella-Tendon-Bearing Modification Using CAD. Canadian Prosthetics & Orthotics Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1, No 2, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v1i1.30006
Effectiveness of Socialization Act No. 24/2007 on Disaster Management
Authors: Lasmono Lasmono , H. Yusnaldi , Saragih Herlina JR.
Published: January 2019

This research aims to determine how effective the implementation of Act. No. 24/2007, especially in Bojong Gede Subdistrict, Bogor Regency. This study uses a qualitative method with case study approach and data analysis model of Miles and Huberman. The results obtained are disaster management system of flood in Bogor refers to Act No. 24/2007. Effectiveness of socialization Disaster Management in Bogor Regency is not maximized due to constraints on the budget and personnel. Efforts have been made Bogor Regency Government towards the implementation Act No 24/2007 to establish a disaster “resilient village” in Bogor Regency phased annually
Analysis Bioavtur for Energy Security
Authors: Widayatno Rudy Laksmono , W Arwin Datumaya , Abidin Zaenal
Published: January 2019

In 2014, Avtur commodities in Indonesia, recorded a deficit of 0.9 million kiloliters. This situation are not profitable for the country, both economically and energy security. This aim of research is exposing clearly about the condition of national energy resources, the development of biofuels (especially bioavtur) and policies that support the production and use of bioavtur. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis. Data sources obtained from in-depth interviews with the institutions related to the energy field, air transport, the biofuels industry (bioavtur) and farmer groups/associations of oil palm plantations. The results is there are a variety of biological sources in Indonesia that can be used bioavtur such as algae, pecans, coconut, and palm oil. Opportunities and prospects bioavtur market in Indonesia is promising. Future studies are necessary to improve the economics of the plant-based oil bioavtur because Indonesia has large oil supply source.
Energy Diversification Indonesian Railways
Authors: Aritonang Sovian , Supriyadi Imam , Silalahi Betty
Published: January 2019

This study aims to find alternative energy in substitution high speed diesel (HSD) in the railway by measuring the economic, supply chain, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) optimization especially in Java. The economic analysis using the feasibility of investment method in LNG locomotive, supply chain analysis to simulate infrastructure of transportation and distribution LNG to identify internal and external factors affecting. The economic analysis result showed fuel saving costs up to 36%, the NPV is positive, and the IRR higher than the discount rate so the investment is feasible to held that will bring benefits for country’s revenues from using dual fuel in LNG locomotive. Supply chain analysis provide two simulation models of LNG distribution for railway that suitable to be applied in Java Island, the source of LNG coming from outside Java Island using existing LNG plant and the source of LNG coming from inside Java Island using mini LNG plant.
Ethnicity Political Power in East Asia
Authors: La Ode M. Dahrin , Madjid Adnan , Ridwan Ridwan
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study to analyze the strategy of the political power of ethnicity, political objectives ethnicity, and the US response to the political power of ethnicity East Asia (Japan, South Korea and China). This type of qualitative research, data collection techniques interviews, and literature, and data using the analytical techniques and models Miles Hubberman. The findings of this study the map of the political power of ethnicity in East Asia they are all on the Natives. Japan's defense system was originally “Self Defense” to “Collective Self Defence”, South Korea's defense system shifts from “Defense Ambrella” into the system “Extended Nuclear Deterrence”; China shifted from “Continental Defense” to “Opensive Defense”. Political objectives etnisistas East Asia (Japan, South Korea and China) to realize “Bonum Publicum”. US response to the political power of ethnicity in East Asia are routed through the strength of the economic, political, military and East Asia (Japan, South Korea and China), using a system of “persuading, the protection system and pressing system. However, in the light of “persuasion”, “protection” and “pressure” varies between countries. Map of the political power of ethnicity in East Asia “base on power” Yamato indigenous groups, Hangukin, and Chung Hua.
The Impact of Radicalism toward National Defense
Authors: Midhio I Wayan , Ismadi Ahwan , Waluyo Ate Ajat
Published: January 2019

This study aims to analyze radicalism impact toward national defense. The method used is descriptive qualitative, data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, documentation, and literature. Processing of research data according Miles and Huberman. The results showed that implementation of the Territorial Development by District Military Command 0621 Bogor Regency through territorial management of Planning and Control Systems Development of Territories & Management of Territorial Development were able to map the potential and vulnerability of the area ie geography areas, demographic and social conditions so that development of radicalism could be prevented
Kinship System Border as Social Capital Community
Authors: Basworo Gregorius Henu
Published: January 2019

This research on kinship systems of border communities as social capital in overcoming the threat of non-military in District Paloh Sambas district of West Kalimantan Province. In analyzing the problem of research used Kinship Systems theory, the theory of social interaction and social capital theory, the concept of border area and the concept of non-military threats. This study uses a qualitative method. Data collected through observation, interview, and literature study. The results showed that the alliance system in the village of Temajuk not only is biological (blood ties or marriage), but also sociological (local socio-cultural influences). This kinship system produces social interaction is associative because it was built on the basis of trust (trust) among them. Trust is the basis of social capital. The strong social capital the communities in Temajuk can overcome the threat of non-military in the border region. The findings show that social capital is an important aspect of national defense
State Defense Perspective: Disaster Risk Analysis of Air Transportation Accidents
Authors: Pamungkas Bagus Ajar , Aritonang Sovian
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study was to analyse disaster risk of air transportation accidents in the national defense system perspectives and also the efforts of airport authority to manage the risk. A qualitative, narative and exploratory study was developed using risk management ISO 31000 as a method to analyse data. Interview, literature study and documentation were done to collect data. This study used purposive sampling to decide informants. It was found that Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport had a high risk in air transportation accidents. To keep the stability of national defense, the risk had to be managed through structural mitigation and non-structural mitigation
Risk Assessment in Developing KFX/IFX Fighter
Authors: Salsabiela Bilqis Fitria , Midhio I Wayan , Amperiawan Gita
Published: January 2019

This article is about the activity of risk assessment in developing KFX/IFX Fighters through joint development cooperation between Indonesia and South Korea for Engineering and Manufacturing Development Phase (EMDP). The Risks in EMDP found by using the Life Cycle of Weapon System. Risk assessment aims to identify, analyze and assess the level of risk as a calculation so that the program will always be on the track and the default of the project will be avoided. Moreover, this is the first experience for Indonesia to make fighters. Besides that, KFX/IFX fighters is one of our national program which aims to build the independence of defense industry and to open the road map in mastering on making fighter for PT. Dirgantara Indonesia (PT. DI).
Falsification Test of The National Resilience Concept as Indonesian Geostrategic Doctrine
Authors: Priyono Juniawan , Herman Herman , Yusgiantoro Purnomo
Published: January 2019

This study aims to prove the truth of national resilence concept by using deductive phenomenological interpretive qualitative methods with epistemology of geostrategy as a main objective. Popper’s falsification test is intended to gather evidence on which the geostrategic peripheral is applied to the national resilience concept, rather than reject the conception. The required data includes the national resilience concept and an epistemology of geostrategy to explain geostrategic realities in a sistematic hierarchy, using historical documents, scientific publications and also interviews. This study has shown that the national resilience concept sits outside the geostrategic periphery, despite some evidence of geostrategic validity. The evidence indicating the applicability of geostrategy includes (1) Formulation of national objectives and; (2) Consideration of geography and geopolitical conditions
Pancasila as Strategy to Prevent Proxy War
Authors: Siswanto Siswanto
Published: January 2019

This article aim to contribute an idea regarding the importance of returning Pancasila as the state ideology and way of life to prevent Indonesia from going into deeper trap of nation problems. Pancasila as the ideology and life perspective has been abandoned by most of Indonesian citizens. It is not surprising that the Indonesian people are exposed to several national issues, such as horizontal conflicts, moral crises, economic disparities, and the threat of disintegration. All of this problem has a potential to trigger proxy war. This article is using three dimension framework of ideology, including, reality, ideal, and flexibility dimension. This study conclude that actualizing Pancasila may address the nation issues in Indonesia.
Indonesian Future Strategic Defense Planning
Authors: Nugraha Muhammad Harry Riana
Published: January 2019

This paper is intended to examine how strategic defense planning of Indonesia during strategic areas of Southeast Asia (ASEAN) 2015 - 2020. Issues that develop in ASEAN seems so complex and dynamic. Indonesia’s defense is an interesting phenomenon. Based on these timeframes we can formulate a strategic planning for future defense. The results show that besides, developing defense policy and defense planning in the form of comprehensive strengthening of structure and posture of Indonesia’s defense. Indonesia needs to strengthen its defense diplomacy towards countries in Southeast Asia by strengthening the base of posture and defense structure associated with the vision of the world maritime axis so as to achieve a sustainable Minimum Essential Force (MEF).
Internet Eavesdropping: Information Security Challenge in the Cyberspace
Authors: Gultom Rudy Agus Gemilang
Published: January 2019

In the era of information globalization the activity of information tapping over the Internet is one of the negative impacts of the interconnectivity between the Internet users and the ease of the process of exchanging data on the Internet. The disclosure of classified sensitive or confidential information or the loss of important documents is the result of information that is not well protected. Therefore, Internet users need to know more information about eavesdropping via the Internet to improve information security.
The Future Defense System for the Indonesian Nation State
Authors: Larosa Triswan
Published: January 2019

The curent global situation has encouraged inter-state rivalry to become increasingly violent, so that the survival of every nation-state is becoming increasingly vulnerable. Therefore, every nation state has a responsibility to develop its own defense system to deal with the physical and psychological threats. This paper discusses the challenges and concepts of future defense system for the Indonesia, with the framework of analysis is the security vortex. The concept of the future defense system for the nation state of Indonesia is concentric defense, which consists of internal and external defense belt, by building three basic capabilities of the TNI to ensure national security, and to build global strategic partnership, which put Indonesia as an initial buffer of regional stability.
The Changing Society And The Role of Indonesia Defense University As Country Defense Axis
Authors: Mundayat Aris Arif
Published: January 2019

This study discusses the concept of defending the country in by considering the context of the development of Indonesian society in the global era and democracy. The diversity of consciousness that arise therefore, are challenge for Indonesia. This qualitative research-based study found that the various phenomena mentioned above are essentially challenge to the interests of the state because they de territorialize the logic of state territorialism, through the form of postnationalist logical thinking. This study is an attempt to define the role of the Indonesian Defense University to form the Axis of State Defense as a strategic network to respond the dynamic of socio-political consciousness constructively. This study contributes a number of important academic concepts to be discussed and further developed.

Keywords: Defense the country;  Ideology; Globalization, Faithology; Post-nationalist 
The Implementation of State Defense Values to Strengthen Border Community in Dealing with The Threat of Proxy War: Case Study of Sungai Limau Village, Central Sebatik Sub-District, Nunukan District, North Kalimantan Province
Authors: Wahyudi Wahyudi
Published: January 2019

Conditions of border area village of Sungai Limau, District Central Sebatik Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan province was geographically adjacent to the neighbour country Malaysia and the existence of two community groups who are different, both ethnically and religiously, have become challenges in the social life in Borderland area. From the aspect of Defense Studies, the dynamics could be potential targets of the Proxy War through the Border Region. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the implementation of Bela Negara (state defense) values to address it. This study aims to analyze the form in implementing the state defense values of the state defense in the border village of Sungai Limau in facing various challenges such as the susceptible threat of proxy war, using an analysis tool of the Bela Negara conception (State Defense) and Proxy War and Conception of Frontier Society. This study uses a qualitative method by collecting data obtains from interviews, observation, and literature. The result shows that the implementation of the state defense values among the frontier communities in Sungai Limau has the potential to be developed into power in the form of attitudes and practices of national and state awareness and place Pancasila as the state ideology and means of unifying societies that is reflected in the daily life. This can be a social capital to address the threats of proxy war in the border area.

Keywords: State defense; Proxy War; Frontier Community. 
 
 
ANALYSIS OF DEFENSE COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN INDONESIA AND SINGAPORE IN 2007–2017 THROUGH DEFENSE DIPLOMACY GOAL VARIABLE
Authors: Milia Jana , Kurniawan Yandry , Poespitohadi Wibisono
Published: January 2019

Defense cooperation agreement between Indonesia and Singapore has been signed on April 27th 2007 in Tampak Siring, Bali by both country’s defense Minister, signifying a further comprehensive agreement based on the content of the DCA (Defense Cooperation Agreement). This defense agreement, in addition of being a continuation of other previous defense cooperation such as Military Training Area in 1995 until 2003, is also a further initiative of Singapore in order to build a mutually beneficial cooperation. In fact, this agreement has also been packaged with extradition agreement which was the initiative of Indonesia. Although the agreement has been signed and agreed by both countries, this agreement was not ratified by Indonesian House of Representatives. Thus, this research will explain about factors or variables that causes the failure of Singapore defense diplomacy. This research uses liberalism perspective, defense diplomacy and bilateral diplomacy concept. The employed research method is analytical descriptive method. Data is collected through interview with 7 informants including academicians, practioners, and other related expert. The data is also obtained from various literatures. Based on 4 defense diplomacy goals variables such as Diplomacy, National Interest, Defense Instrument Usage, Peacetime and Potential Enemy, this research finds that Defense Cooperation Agreement in 2007-2017 has not been succsesful yet because there was a difference between Indonesia’s and Singapore’s national interest. The difference came from the division in Indonesia between its government and parliament where the Government prioritized beneficial cooperation while the Parliament prioritized sovereignty principle.
THE ROLE OF ASSISTANT GENERAL TO SUPPORT AND STRENGTHEN BATTLE OPERATIONS OF INFANTRY BRIGADE UNITS
Authors: Darmawan Darmawan , Sudaryati Sudaryati
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT - This conceptual paper proposes a model theory of applying strategic management to the field of personnel resource management. When a country is about to engage in war, one very important thing to understand is the characteristic of the war. In peacetime, the armed forces must prepare for wartime. No two wars are identical, because war is produced by The Paradoxical Trinity. Therefore, the big question is: what is the function and role of Adjutant General corps in this increasingly multidimensional war? The recruitment of adjutant general personnel can no longer rely solely on officers and staff and civil servants on the basis of qualifications as drafted in the Conception of the Adjutant General Transformation in order to support the basic tasks and functions of Army. The Adjutant General corps will also need officers and staff who have experience in the war and staff who have comprehensive analysis skill that includes the three elements of war in The Paradoxical Trinity. This means that Adjutant General should have a specialty in accurately analysing personnel’s capabilities. The main advantage of this scheme is allowing higher vigilance to anticipate war. The ability to receive data and then process it will affect the strength of the army as a whole. Upon this conclusion it is recommended to establish a new sub directorate which functions are to collect information on legislation, daily orders; organizing, inspecting, controlling, and mobilizing troops, military punishment, desertions and rotation of troops to then analyse it for the purpose of providing reports and suggestions for personnel/troop deployment, logistics and movements at headquarters and users. The breadth of this function will result in the importance of the improvement of the competence and position of the Directorate of Adjutant General from Brigadier General to Major General.
INDONESIA - INDIA DEFENSE DIPLOMACY IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
Authors: Sari Marina Ika , Hutabarat Leonard F. , Octavian Amarulla
Published: January 2019

Abstract - This study focuses on defense diplomacy between Indonesia and India in the Indian Ocean. This study used defense diplomacy concept and qualitative method with Soft System Methodology (SSM) and NVivo for the analysis technique. The data was collected through interviews and literature study. The results show that Indian Ocean has become important region in the geopolitic in the 21st century. Indonesia and India view the Indian Ocean as their strategic environment. Diplomatic ties between Indonesia and India have built since 1951 and enhanced with Strategic Partnership open the opportunity for both countries to conduct defense diplomacy in the Indian Ocean. Forms of defense diplomacy between Indonesia and India are through Biennial Defense Minister Forum, Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC), Navy to Navy Talk, India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (Ind-Indo Corpat). The defense diplomacy activities aim to improve the Confidence Building Measures (CBM) and the defense capability.
INDONESIA’S MARITIME DEFENCE PARADIGM SINE QUA NON GLOBAL MARITIME FULCRUM
Authors: Hidayat Safril , Sidhha Arlan
Published: January 2019

Maritime security and maritime safety cannot be separated from the world's maritime fulcrum policy. Policies relating to maritime security and safety are not only related to the Indonesian Navy but also involve other major components, reserve components and supporting components in the national defense system. Maritime defense requires policies, regulations, measures, and operations that are different from conventional national defense strategy. This research used qualitative design perspective validated through triangulation process. This research finds that the threats stretching from the West to East and from the North to South of Indonesia require synergy and integration of all components of the nation. Therefore, it is necessary to refocus policies, regulations, measures, and operations in the maritime defense system
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM'S E-GOVERNMENT STRATEGY IN OVERCOMING CYBER THREATS
Authors: Bhirowo Mahendro , Timur Fauzia Gustarina Cempaka , Siswoyo Mardi
Published: January 2019

E-Government is a government administration system that plays a vital role in the international global communication, and greatly determines the progress of a state. However, the government administration system that utilizes Information and Communication Technology may be exposed to threats, especially threats originating from cyberspace. This research was carried out with the aim to analyze Brunei Darussalam's E-Government strategy in overcoming cyber threats. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods accompanied by data obtained from the presentations and interviews during the overseas field study visits in Brunei Darussalam by the representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT), IT Protective Security Services (ITPSS), and the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) of Brunei Darussalam, as part of a research related to Brunei Darussalam's e-Government strategy in overcoming cyber threats. The results of this study indicate that the Brunei Darussalam’s e-Government strategy in overcoming cyber threats was carried out by focusing on citizen-centric service delivery in stages. It begins with the establishment of a law on computer abuse in 2000, followed by the establishment of Brunei National Computer Emergency Response Team (BruCERT) in 2004, introduction of Internet Ethics and Cyber Security Awareness Program in 2009, and the development of a national cyber security framework in 2014. All are integrated into a common policy coined as Brunei Insight 2035. This can be an input for the implementation of e-Government in Indonesia, in order to improve the equality and openness of access to information and communication in Indonesia, without neglecting the principles of security and comfort in communicating and obtaining information.
CONVERTING THEORY AND WAR DOCTRINE TO REALISTIC TRAINING FOR ENSURING THE SUCCESS OF MILITARY CAMPAIGN PLANNING
Authors: Ahlawat Alok , B. Mohd Bakar Bahaizil Nazim , Barter Steven , Al Subaie Fahad B. , O’Hara Steven , Slayton Caleb
Published: January 2019

Military campaigns in the 21st Century are extremely complex multi-dimensional undertakings. In today’s globalized reality, influence of wars will go beyond the theatre of operations into issues of international economy, human migration, airspace and sea lanes, thus adding new dimensions to campaign planning.  Converting theory and doctrine to practice is never easy.  Realistic training may be the best bridge to ensure that classroom knowledge is correctly applied to the real battlefield.  This paper looks at this challenge through the combined experience of six foreign exchange students who graduated from Indonesia’s Air Command and Staff College, 2018.  The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the challenges to campaign planning, especially in light of multinational influences, extract lessons learned from recent military campaigns and then provide feedback for Indonesia’s wargaming training methodology as practiced in the air command and staff college.  The foundation to Indonesia’s wargaming exercises is the 14-step Military Decision Making Process (MDMP).  MDMP in its general form is part of the campaign planning processes for the authors’ respective countries too, varying only in the sequence and emphasis on steps and tasks within the process and strategies for exercising the process.  This paper will conclude that even the most theoretically sound campaign planning process would lead to operational failure, unless critical thinking & planning abilities are developed in upcoming military leaders through a sound understanding of theory, realistic wargaming, and deep analysis. This requires realistic training in an open learning environment, and a willingness to analyse one’s own country-specific mistakes and successes.
THE ROLE OF THE TNI NAVY’S HYDRO-OCEANOGRAPHIC CENTRE IN MANAGING SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES (A STUDY ON PROVIDING HYDROGRAPHIC DATA FOR MANAGING SUSTAINABLE FISHERY)
Authors: Nasution Anta Maulana
Published: January 2019

Indonesia is a rich country who has many natural resources, especially marine resource. To achieve  good and sustainable marine resource management will need marine science as a tool such as hydrography. Nowaday, hydrography is often looked only for creating sea map or nautical chart for navigation. Whereas, if we look deeper about hydrography, it has a key role in fisheries resources management especially for fishermen which is hydrography can be a main support for sustainable fisheries and enhancing economic value. This paper explains about the role of hydrography in supporting economic value for fishermen and sustainable fisheries resource in installation fish aggregating devices (FADs), solving fishermen conflicts, and fisheries port. First, key role in installation FADs, effective and efficient of FADs is depend on the where FADs is installed. There are some criterias that must be considered for installing FADs such as sea depth, distance between FADs, seabed contour, free from shipping lanes, and oceanographic parameters. Those criterias needs data from Hidrography survey. Second, role of hydrography in conflict resolution by creating special map with clear coordinate points to show the boundary of fishing area that often occuring the conflict of fishermen. Third, role of hydrography to determine appropriate place for establishing fishing port. By doing hydrography survey to collect the field data in building jetty, cruise lanes, and break water port. 
PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN KEKUATAN MARITIM INDONESIA UNTUK MENGHADAPI TANTANGAN TAHUN 2020
Authors: Wirasuta Dadang Sobar
Published: January 2019

Problems of Indonesian maritime force development planning is inseparable from the role of government to support the development of maritime forces. In accordance with geography constellation as the largest archipelago in the world according to UNCLOS 1982, Indonesian economic development currently the largest in Southeast Asia and number 16 in the world with 6.4% gross domestic product (year on year). In this sense, it is time for implementing maritime force development based on maritime perspective and state defense as a whole integrated. Regardless of budget required by the military to implement its vision and mission of defense, the state has to be able to fulfill it and is able to offset foreign policy of the so-called Indo-pacific region in 2020.

Keywords: Defense, Maritime Defense, Military Reformation, Military Innovation.
KONFERENSI JOGJA 1955: SUATU MOMENTUM MENUJU KEBANGKITAN MILITER PRETORIAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Noor, Ph.D Firman
Published: January 2019

Today, Indonesia has enjoyed a limited role of military in politics. But not long time ago, during the New Order Era, the role of military was strong and even omnipresents. This paper wants to trace back the moment that indicates the early stage of the Indonesia military to be independent power, which was also implying the very characteristic of praetorian. From the discussion, we can see that the TNI outlook as one of the powerful body in Indonesia political system evolves gradually. The position of military was in fact at a nadir point when the civilian politicians took control in every aspect of national politics, particularly in the early years of “Liberal Democracy” era. The Jogja conference in 1955 indicates the important shift from professional to be praetorian in Indonesia military history.

 

Keywords : praetorian, civil supremacy, military politics,TNI
PERAIRAN BERMASALAH : TANTANGAN MARITIM DI ASIA PASIFIK
Authors: Marsetio Marsetio
Published: January 2019

Asia Pacific is a region with great attractions and also highly dynamic, with its growth and economic pulse that affects economy of the world. High economic growth coupled with regionalism and globalization generates implications the emergence of issues related to maritime security, national borders, disputes on territory rich in resources, environmental issues, transnational organized crimes, natural disasters, and energy and food security. Globalization itself creates new interactions among regional countries as a precondition to solve and face common problems in maritime domain awareness network. Regional Maritime Partnership is a smart choice when regional stability is becoming the goal of all states to maintain regional resilience. Indonesia’s position is unique as the link between two regions (Pacific and Indian Ocean) dependent on each other. Indonesia never recedes in providing the drive for regional stability through balancing strategies without becoming entangled in alliances. Indonesian Navy as a component of national strength participates in the application of national strategy into naval strategy and operationalizing it in diplomacy and multilateral exercises to enhance interoperability among navies in Asia Pacific, especially among ASEAN nations.

 

Keywords: Maritime Challenges, Maritime Security, Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA), Regional Maritime Partnership.
DAMPAK PEMBERLAKUAN AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ) CINA TERHADAP KEAMANAN ASIA PASIFIK
Authors: Hidayat Safril
Published: January 2019

Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) atas Pulau Diaoyu/Senkaku oleh Cina pada tanggal 23 November 2013 menimbulkan persoalan tumpang tindih kedaulatan dan mengakibatkan multilateralisasi isu keamanan di Laut Cina Timur. Sebagai konsekuensi atas tindakan Cina tersebut, maka Jepang meningkatkan nasionalisme dan remiliterisasi pasukan bela dirinya. Keputusan dan kebijakan politik luar negeri Cina tersebut dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan internal dan eksternalnya. Kebijakan politik luar negeri memiliki sumber daya internal sebagai input bagi pembuat keputusan yang meliputi determinan internal dan determinan eksternal. Kebijakan Cina ini akan diekplorasi melalui model pembuatan keputusan dalam rangka memahami para pembuat keputusan dan determinan luar negeri yang mempengaruhi dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Sebagai hasilnya, maka konflik ADIZ yang dilakukan oleh Cina akan menjadi suatu isu ‘gun race’ (perlombaan senjata) atau‘tit-for-tat’ (gayung bersambut) antara kekuatan-kekuatan dominan dalam sistem internasional. Kebijakan Cina ini juga akan mewujudkan suatu perimbangan kekuatan (balance of power) yang baru dan dilema keamanan (security dilemma) di Laut Cina Timur. Lebih lanjut bila kompromi tidak dapat dicapai di kawasan tersebut, maka Laut Cina Selatan dan Asia Pasifik akan menjadi lapangan konflik yang baru di masa mendatang.

 
Kata Kunci - Kebijakan Luar Negeri, ADIZ Cina, keseimbangan kekuatan, keamanan Asia Pasifik.
PERUBAHAN CORAK TERORISME DI INDONESIA TAHUN 2000 HINGGA TAHUN 2013
Authors: Prasetyo Prasetyo
Published: January 2019

Kejadian terorisme di Indonesia, terutama di sepanjang 2013, telah mengalami penurunan yang signifikan. Bahkan, hampir tidak ada kejadian teror yang signifikan selama periode waktu ini. Namun, ini tidak berarti bahwa serangan teroris telah berakhir, melainkan diperlukan peningkatan kesadaran karena kegiatan teroris ternyata masih berlangsung, meskipun tersembunyi. Hasil studi perilaku terorisme dengan mengunakan pendekatan sejarah kejadiannya menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan teroris di Indonesia selama periode 2000-an telah mengalami situasi naik turun dan perubahan corak, utamanya dalam bidang pengorganisasian maupun cara perekrutan kadernya, sehingga masyarakat dan para pemangku kepentingan tidak boleh berpuas diri dan lebih meningkatkan upaya kesadaran, pencegahan dan penanggulanganya.

 
Kata Kunci: terorisme, aksi terorisme, Jamaah Islamiyah, penanggulangan terorisme
ANALISIS DAN UPAYA PENYELESAIAN KONFLIK ANTARA WARGA PERBATASAN TIMOR TENGAH UTARA, INDONESIA DENGAN WARGA DISTRIK OECUSSI, TIMOR LESTE PADA 2012-2013
Authors: Raharjo Sandy Nur Ikfal
Published: January 2019

Konflik antarwarga perbatasan Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara, Indonesia, dengan warga Distrik Oecussi, Timor Leste terjadi lagi pada tahun 2012 dan 2013 dan mengancam keamanan nasional. Jenis konflik antarwarga ini menarik karena tidak terjadi di kawasan perbatasan darat Indonesia lainnya, baik di Pulau Kalimantan maupun Papua. Fokus penelitian terdiri atas dua pertanyaan, yaitu bagaimana analisis terhadap konflik antarwarga tersebut dan bagaimana upaya penyelesaian konflik yang sudah dilakukan. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif yang deskriptif analitis, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa isu belum selesainya delimitasi dan rendahnya tingkat kesejahteraan menjadi faktor struktural penyebab konflik, dimana aktor-aktor yang bermain pun tidak hanya melibatkan unsur pemerintah dan aparat militer, tetapi juga masyarakat sipil. Dalam penyelesaian konflik, upaya pemeliharaan perdamaian berupa penghentian kekerasan dan penciptaan perdamaian berupa negosiasi delimitasi perbatasan sudah dilakukan, sementara pembangunan perdamaian masih belum terlihat. Selain itu, berbagai kebijakan pengelolaan batas wilayah dan pembangunan kawasan perbatasan juga berpotensi berperan mencegah kembali pecahnya konflik.

 

Kata kunci: konflik antarwarga, penciptaan perdamaian, penjagaan perdamaian, pembangunan perdamaian, dan perbatasan Indonesia-Timor Leste.
DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA: AMALGAM MILITER-SIPIL
Authors: Hidayat Safril
Published: January 2019

Kondisi global dan regional berpengaruh dalam melaksanakan kebijakan luar negeri. Selain itu, situasi dinamika domestik juga menjadi faktor penting dalam membuat kebijakan luar negeri. Kebijakan luar negeri diwujudkan melalui kerja sama dengan negara lain dalam wujud diplomasi pertahanan yang bertujuan untuk mencapai kepentingan nasional. Kepentingan nasional melalui diplomasi pertahanan secara global, regional dan bilateral dalam mewujudkan saling percaya guna mencegah konflik dan resolusi konflik. Sekalipun belum ada defenisi yang baku tentang diplomasi pertahanan, namun beberapa negara ada yang secara eksplisit maupun implisit menjelaskan diplomasi pertahanan. Aktor pelaku diplomasi pertahanan juga tidak semata-mata militer, namun dari kalangan sipil yang berbeda latar belakang. Sebagai negara yang demikian besar dengan sumber daya alam yang melimpah, maka diplomasi pertahanan Indonesia tidak dapat berjalan sektoral oleh kementerian pertahanan atau oleh personel militer saja. Kerja sama pertahanan perlu melibatkan aktor non negara dan pejabat sipil yang dilakukan antar lembaga baik aktor negara maupun aktor non negara. Dengan demikian, kebijakan diplomasi pertahanan memiliki interdependensi dan perlu diselaraskan dengan kebijakan luar negeri lainnya sehingga tujuan dan kepentingan nasional dapat terwujud.

 

Kata kunci : pertahanan, diplomasi, kepentingan, aktivitas, aktor
DIPLOMASI PERTAHANAN SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI DIPLOMASI TOTAL RI
Authors: Prasetyo Triyoga Budi , Berantas Sugeng
Published: January 2019

Diplomasi pertahanan merupakan bagian dari diplomasi total RI. Dalam konteks ini, dimaknai sebagai sistem pertahanan negara yang dilakukan secara dini oleh pemerintah dan diselenggarakan secara total, terpadu, terarah, dan berlanjut. Kekurangoptimalan soal diplomasi ini, mengakibatkan komponen pertahanannya belum lengkap dan unsur utamanya kurang memiliki komitmen. Boleh jadi, pembangunan pertahanan yang cakupannya banyak akan beresiko untuk mewujudkan efek penggentar yang disegani dalam mendukung posisi tawar di ajang diplomasi. Tanpa mengabaikan peran diplomasi pertahanan nirmiliter dalam konteks pertahanan integratif dan/atau diplomasi total. Diplomasi pertahanan militer yang diperankan TNI/komponen utama atau militer merupakan bagian dari diplomasi pertahanan yang dalam konteks historis, analogis dengan dwi fungsi ABRI. Khususnya jika terkait dengan sasaran strategis hubungan bilateral (Indonesia-Amerika), kerja sama multilateral, penugasan TNI dalam misi perdamaian dunia dan/atau kemanusiaan. Untuk mendukung hal itu, diplomasi militer dalam konteks pertahanan merupakan salah satu bagian kekuatan negara dalam mewujudkan kepentingan nasionalnya. Bahkan, dengan diplomasi militer menjadikan alat negara di bidang pertahanan, dengan tiadanya dukungan komponen cadangan dan komponen pendukung, terus melakukan penyesuaian manajemen hubungan internasionalnya guna menjawab tuntutan nasional/reformasi dan tantangan global. 

 

Kata Kunci : diplomasi, pertahanan negara; militer/TNI, kepentingan nasional
KOMUNITAS EKONOMI ASEAN DAN MENINGKATNYA ARTI PENTING ADMM: SEBUAH ANALISIS EKONOMI POLITIK KEAMANAN
Authors: Armandha Semmy Tyar
Published: January 2019

Pembentukan ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting (ADMM) dapat dikatakan merupakan sinergi antara penciptaan mekanisme pasar bebas ASEAN Economic Community di kawasan Asia Tenggara, dengan adanya komunitas keamanan guna mewujudkan visi ASEAN 2020. Sinergi antara pasar bebas dan komunitas keamanan menjadi prakondisi bagi visi ASEAN 2020 semenjak Asia Tenggara merupakan kawasan yang sangat strategis baik secara ekonomi maupun politik global negara-negara hegemoni. Dengan menggunakan kerangka teori security community, yang digunakan Amitav Acharya via Karl Deutsch –yang menjelaskan kecenderungan negara-negara berkembang untuk mengelola anarki internasional sebagai alternatif dilema keamanan dan interdependensi (neorealisme dan neoliberal-institusional) yang dinilai terlalu linier dalam memandang interaksi antar negara-- penulis menekankan aspek keterhubungan antara ekonomi dan pertahanan dengan menggunakan teori governmentality Foucauldian yang dioperasionalisasikan dalam state of exceptional Michael Hardt-Antonio Negri dan aparatus oikonomia Girogio Agamben, sebagai bentuk prakondisi yang memungkinkan security community terjadi. Sederhananya, ADMM merupakan perangkat yang tak terelakkan jika ASEAN ingin serius menciptakan ekonomi pasar bebas di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Pembentukkan ADMM dengan demikian adalah realita yang niscaya di saat suatu kawasan ingin membentuk perjanjian pasar bebas.

 

Kata kunci: ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting, ASEAN Economic Community 2015, komunitas keamanan, state of exception, aparatus oikonomia
AGENDA MARITIME MAINSTREAMING MENYONGSONG MASYARAKAT EKONOMI ASEAN 2015 : AGENDA TEKNOLOGI RENDAH-ENERGI
Authors: Rosyid Daniel Mohammad , Ekowanti Masroro Lilik
Published: January 2019

Di tengah kebangkitan Cina dan India, serta konsolidasi pasar ASEAN,  Visi Indonesia Poros Maritim Dunia yang diajukan Joko Widodo memerlukan agenda maritime mainstreaming yang sesuai untuk mewujudkan kedaulatan berpolitik, kemandirian berekonomi dan kepribadian berbudaya. Sebagai koreksi atas model pembangunan yang berorientasi kontinental yang tinggi-energi, eksploitatif dan eksklusif, serta mendegradasikan desa dan keluarga, kita harus bergeser pada pembangunan masyarakat maritim yang rendah-energi, berkelanjutan dan inklusif, sekaligus menguatkan desa dan keluarga. Keluarga komunitas pesisir akan menjadi basis pembentukan technopreneur baru yang mengembangkan inovasi teknologi biru yang appropriate sekaligus convivial yang mengembangkan kreativitas manusia dalam upaya menciptakan nilai-tambah dan lapangan kerja.

 

Kata Kunci: poros maritim dunia, masyarakat rendah-energi, appropriate and convivial techno-logies.
KOMUNITAS EKONOMI ASEAN: UPAYA INTEGRASI EKONOMI-EKONOMI ASEAN
Authors: Luhulima C.P.F.
Published: January 2019

Komunitas Ekonomi ASEAN mulai berlaku pada 1 Januari 2016. Mekanisme untuk menjalankan KEA sudah tersusun. Kegiatan-kegiatan pun meningkat untuk memberhasilkannya. Pengukuran keberhasilan dilakukan dalam bentuk ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard, yang masih dipersoalkan kesahihannya. Pada tingkat nasional, Presiden RI telah mengeluarkan INPRES No 5/2008 dan INPRES No 11/2011 untuk memacu pemerintah Indonesia untuk menggiatkan persiapan ke arah perwujudan KEA. Masih banyak yang masih harus dikerjakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dan daya saing, juga di bidang tenaga kerja terdidik dan terlatih. Demikian pula peningkatan kesadaran umum masyarakat Indonesia akan pemberlakuan KEA, yang memang belum melebar ke tingkat UKM. Masalah yang muncul ialah bagaimana perwujudan KEA berpadu dengan Indonesia Vision 2025 dengan pembangunan koridor ekonominya.

 

Kata kunci: ASEAN, Komunitas Ekonomi ASEAN (KEA), INPRES, Indonesia Vision 2025
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND APEC GLOBAL AGENDA 2014: AN ANALYSIS FROM INDONESIA PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Setiyanto Ari
Published: January 2019

The 25 years of APEC shows a positive correlation between trade and economic growth. The strong correlation makes APEC seen as a future core of economic power and potential to be a global leadership in the development of international norm, rules, and cooperation. International political economy concerns to how scarce resources are allocated to different uses and distributed among individuals through the process of decentralized market. It also refers to the handling of issues related to cross-national boundaries and relationships between two or more than two countries through a complex political process involving a country, bilateral relations between the countries, international organizations, regional alliances, and global agreements. In globalization era, improving quality of human resource and sustainable growth is required. However, under the pressure of the international competition, Indonesia poses a number of new challenges, economic as well as political. The Indonesian economic challenge is in investment in commercial infrastructure to support greater connectivity. The new vision to be the world maritime axis has been promoted from the President Joko Widodo. It is the momentum for Indonesia to take advantage from the APEC global agenda to strengthen Indonesian role in sustaining national, regional, and international economic growth through infrastructure development in maritime sector.

 

Keywords: APEC, connectivity, regional integration, maritime axis, trade liberalization, globalization
PENINGKATAN SDM PERTAHANAN INDONESIA UNTUK MENGHADAPI REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS
Authors: Hidayat Safril
Published: January 2019

Dinamika hubungan internasional yang terus berubah vis-a-vis teknologi pertahanan membutuhkan sumber daya manusia (SDM) yang memiliki kompetensi dan kinerja. Dalam  konteks Indonesia, kinerja dan kompetensi tersebut diwujudkan dalam norma idealis, inovatif, kreatif dan intelektualitas tinggi. Di tengah arus globalisasi yang demikian besar dan sebagai negara demokrasi, peranan sipil dan militer sama pentingnya dalam mewujudkan SDM yang dapat menghasilkan teknologi pertahanan yang memiliki efek deterrence. Perubahan teknologi pertahanan berkaitan pula dengan revolusi dalam urusan-urusan kemiliteran (Revolution in Military Affairs/RMA) yang terus bergerak maju dan mempengaruhi pula interaksi hubungan internasional. Dengan memperhatikan dinamika politik internasional, RMA dan SDM yang  ada saat ini, kerangka konseptual yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini tidak terlepas dari aspek tersebut dengan tetap berpegang teguh pada sejarah dan ideologi negara Pancasila. Hal ini dimaksudkan guna mewujudkan SDM handal tanpa lepas jati dirinya untuk mencapai kepentingan nasional Indonesia. Dalam menghadapi perubahan, peranan pendidikan diperlukan sebagai lembaga yang terus mengikuti perubahan secara aktual dan faktual. Selain itu, penelitian dan pengembangan juga dilakukan oleh lembaga pendidikan dalam mewujudkan SDM yang handal. Demikian pula dalam hal pertahanan, Indonesia telah memiliki Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia yang berkaitan dengan topik-topik pertahanan. Kerja sama dengan lembaga pendidikan lain secara otomatis akan dilakukan melalui masing-masing individu yang telah, sedang dan akan melakukan penelitian terkait dengan pertahanan. Peranan Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia ini akan semakin penting di masa mendatang dengan membangun kerja sama dengan lembaga pendidikan, lembaga penelitian, dan sebagainya yang berada di lingkungan sipil maupun militer.

 

Kata kunci: hubungan internasional, Revolution in Military Affairs, sumber daya manusia, kerjasama, penelitian