bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cambrian Naraoiids (Arthropoda): Morphology, Ontogeny, Systematics, and Evolutionary Relationships
Authors: Zhang X.-L. , Shu D.-G. , Erwin D. H.
Published: August 2007

Naraoiids, defined as lightly sclerotized arthropods with a dimidiate tergum of two sclerites separated by a single transverse articulation, have been found in the Cambrian and Silurian. During the Cambrian they had a wide distribution coinciding with trilobite realms. This pattern may be related to the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent, probably Pannotia, which implies that naraoiids originated before the Cambrian “explosion.” Based on new observations on the original material from the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian, British Columbia),Naraoia haliais reconsidered as a valid species. The validity is further confirmed by a new record of the occurrence of this species in the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (Lower Cambrian, China). In addition, some structures ofN. compactaof the Burgess Shale have been reinterpreted. Two more naraoiid species are redescribed in detail from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte on the basis of more than 1,000 well-preserved specimens.Naraoia spinosashows dimorphism andMisszhouia longicaudataexhibits geographical variation in the overall shape of the dorsal exoskeleton. Naraoiids may have a protaspis-like larva, but the previously assigned protaspis has proven to be a separate taxon,Primicaris. In dorsal view, naraoiids resemble a giant “degree 0” meraspis (i.e., without thorax), and could have originated from different heterochronic processes, neoteny or hypermorphosis. Naraoiids are generally accepted as vagrant benthos. A predatory/scavenging life mode is supported by functional morphology and recent analogues. A healed injury inM. longicaudatasuggests that they could be the prey of larger predators, most likely anomalocaridids. We suggest that differences in exopod composition might represent evolutionary changes through the Early–Middle Cambrian. The monophyly of the Naraoiidae is not firmly established. Similarity to liwiids, supposed to be the close relatives of naraoiids, is limited to overall shape. We exclude naraoiids from the Trilobita, though there do exist a number of similarities between them.
A new species of Moaciria (Nematoda, Heterakidae) and other helminths in the red Mawatta frog, Hylophorbus cf. rufescens (Anura, Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea
Authors: Bursey Charles , Goldberg Stephen , Kraus Fred
Published: August 2007

Moaciria moraveci sp. nov. (Nematoda, Heterakidae) from the large intestine of Hylophorbus cf. rufescens from Papua New Guinea is described. Moaciria moraveci sp. nov. represents the 9th species assigned to the genus and the 5th from the Australo-Papuan region. It is distinguished from congeners by the distribution pattern of the caudal papillae of the male, spicule length and vulvar position.
Pseudorhabdosynochus bacchus sp. nov. (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) from Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus (Perciformes, Serranidae) off New Caledonia
Authors: Sigura Aude , Chauvet Claude , Justine Jean-Lou
Published: August 2007

Pseudorhabdosynochus bacchus sp. nov. (Diplectanidae) is described from the gills of the whitespotted grouper Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus collected off New Caledonia, South Pacific, and is the first monogenean reported from this fish. It has a characteristic quadriloculate male organ, with both cone and tube of similar short length (10–12 μm). The morphology of its sclerotised vagina, with two chambers of equal size, differentiates it from all other species of the genus. Other rare Pseudorhabdosynochus species and specimens of an undescribed species of Haliotrema (Ancyrocephalidae) were also found, but in insufficient number to allow description.
New feather mite species (Acari, Astigmata) from the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita and Yellow-crested Cockatoo C. sulphurea (Psittaciformes, Cacatuidae)
Authors: Dabert Jacek , Badek Agnieszka , Skoracki Maciej
Published: August 2007

Two new genera and three new species of feather mites (Astigmata, Pterolichoidea, Analgoidea) are described from two closely related species of cockatoos, Cacatua galerita (type host) and C. sulphurea (Psittaciformes, Cacatuidae): Astrolabelichus caudatus gen. nov., sp. nov. (Pterolichidae), Psittophagus lacunosus sp. nov. (Pterolichidae), and Cacatualges microdiscus gen. nov., sp. nov. (Xolalgidae). The presence of the same set of mite species on these two species of parrots points to a very close affinity of Cacatua sulphurea and C. galerita and gives additional support for the recent hypothesis of the conspecificity of these birds.
Brasergasilus bifurcatus sp. nov. (Copepoda, Ergasilidae, Abergasilinae) from the gills and nasal fossae of serrasalmid fishes from the Três Marias Reservoir, Upper São Francisco River, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
Authors: Santos Michelle , Thatcher Vernon , Brasil-Sato Marilia
Published: August 2007

Brasergasilus bifurcatus sp. nov. (Copepoda, Ergasilidae, Abergasilinae) is described. Specimens of the new species were collected from the gills and nasal fossae of the serrasalmid fishes, known as “piranhas”, Pygocentrus piraya (Cuvier, 1819) and “pirambebas”, Serrasalmus brandtii (Lütken, 1875). The fishes were netted in the Três Marias Reservoir (18°12′59″S, 45°17′34″W) of the upper São Francisco River, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The new species differs from its congeners by the following characters: the specific setation on the antennule; the terminal barb of the antenna; the deeply bifurcate distal segment of the mandible; the chalice-shaped genital complex; a conspicuous external indentation of the second segment of the first endopod and a very short terminal segment of the first exopod.
Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Calliobothrium verticillatum (Cestoda, Tetraphyllidea, Oncobothriidae)
Authors: Quilichini Yann , Foata Joséphine , Bâ Cheikh , Marchand Bernard
Published: August 2007

The ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Calliobothrium verticillatum (Cestoda, Tetraphyllidea, Oncobothriidae) parasite of the smoothhound shark, Mustelus mustelus L. (Pisces, Carcharhiniformes), was studied by transmission electron microscopy. This spermatozoon presents five regions characterized by several ultrastructural elements: an apical cone, a crested body, two axonemes of 9 + “1” pattern, electron-dense granules, a nucleus and cortical microtubules. In the present study, three of these features were the subject of a detailed attention. The first is the presence of two axonemes, which confirms that the Tetraphyllidea, Oncobothriidae possess two axonemes whereas the Tetraphyllidea, Phyllobothriidae possess only one axoneme. The second is the presence of one crested body, a criterion homogeneous in the Tetraphyllidea but heterogeneous among the different orders of Cestoda. The third is the number and the disposition of cortical microtubules. These three criteria seem to be interesting for phylogeny.
Gamasine mite (Parasitiformes, Mesostigmata) infestations of bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in Turkey
Authors: Cicek Hatice , Stanyukovich Maria , Yagci Sukran , Aktas Metin , Karaer Zafer
Published: August 2007

The present study was conducted on bats from different locations in Turkey. Of 33 bats, belonging to 10 species, 10 individuals (30.3%) of four species were infected with gamasine mites. Fifty-three mites belonging to 2 families (Spinturnicidae and Macronyssidae) were collected. The spinturnicid Spinturnix myoti (Kolenati) was the most abundant species (27 specimens) and only recorded n Myotis nattereri (Kuhl). The species Steatonyssus periblepharus (Kolenati) and the genera Steatonyssus, Macronyssus and Ancystropus are reported from Turkey for the first time, while new host and distributional data are presented.
New data on straggled eyeworm Oxyspirura chabaudi (Baruš, 1965) (Nematoda, Thelaziidae) in Europe
Authors: Okulewicz Anna , Okulewicz Jerzy , Hildebrand Joanna , Zaleśny Grzegorz
Published: August 2007

Three male specimens of the eyeworm, Oxyspirura chabaudi, were found during the post mortem examination of one individual of Turdus merula L. (Passeriformes). This is the first record of Turdus merula as a host for O. chabaudi.
Socioeconomic Deprivation and Health Care Use in Patients Enrolled in SWOG Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: Hershman Dawn L. , Vaidya Riha , Till Cathee , Barlow William , LeBlanc Mike , Ramsey Scott , Unger Joseph M.
Published: March 2024

Importance

Reducing acute care use is an important strategy for improving value. Patients with cancer are at risk for unplanned emergency department (ED) visits and hospital stays (HS). Clinical trial patients have homogeneous treatment; despite this, structural barriers to care may independently impact acute care use.

Objective

To examine whether ED visits and HS within 12 months of trial enrollment are more common among Medicare enrollees who live in areas of socioeconomic deprivation or have Medicaid insurance.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study included patients with cancer who were 65 years or older and treated in SWOG Cancer Research Network trials from 1999 to 2018 using data linked to Medicare claims. Data were collected from 1999 to 2019 and analyzed from 2022 to 2024.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Outcomes were ED visits, HS, and costs in the first year following enrollment. Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation was measured using patients’ zip code linked to the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), measured on a 0 to 100 scale for increasing deprivation and categorized into tertiles (T1 to T3). Type of insurance was classified as Medicare with or without commercial insurance vs dual Medicare and Medicaid. Demographic, clinical, and prognostic factors were captured from trial records. Multivariable regression was used, and the association of ADI and insurance with each outcome was considered separately.

Results

In total, 3027 trial participants were analyzed. The median (range) age was 71 (65-98) years, 1280 (32.3%) were female, 221 (7.3%) were Black patients, 2717 (89.8%) were White patients, 90 (3.0%) had Medicare and Medicaid insurance, and 660 (22.3%) were in the areas of highest deprivation (ADI-T3). In all, 1094 patients (36.1%) had an ED visit and 983 patients (32.4%) had an HS. In multivariable generalized estimating equation, patients living in areas categorized as ADI-T3 were more likely to have an ED visit (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.10-1.62; P = .004). A similar but nonsignificant pattern was observed for HS (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.96-1.93; P = .08). Patients from areas with the highest deprivation had a 62% increase in risk of either an ED visit or HS (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.25-2.09; P < .001). Patients with Medicare and Medicaid were 96% more likely to have an ED visit (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.56-2.46; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort of older patients enrolled in clinical trials, neighborhood deprivation and economic disadvantage were associated with an increase in ED visits and HS. Efforts are needed to ensure adequate resources to prevent unplanned use of acute care in socioeconomically vulnerable populations.
Dog Aloisanov Helped Diagnose My Cancer
Authors: Louie Ron
Published: March 2024

This essay describes how a dog played a role in one physician’s process of being diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Sudden Vision Loss
Authors: Nair Archana A. , Pugh Meredith E. , Cherney Edward F.
Published: March 2024

A 37-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of a retinal detachment in her left eye. Posterior examination results demonstrated a retinal detachment in the posterior pole with shifting fluid and no identifiable retinal break, and there was a thickened choroid with a hyporeflective band on ultrasound biomicroscopy. What would you do next?
Hellinger Correlation
Authors: Geenens Gery , de Micheaux Pierre Lafaye
Published: March 2024

The Hellinger correlation is a dependence measure based on the Hellinger distance between the joint distribution of the bivariate random vector of interest and the distribution with the same marginals but showing independence. It is shown to enjoy many desirable properties, including two original ones shown to imply other usual postulates. A simple and efficient nonparametric estimator for that quantity is proposed, with its implementation publicly available in the R package HellCor.
Highly Sodiophilic Heterostructures Toward Dendrite‐Free Sodium Metal Batteries
Authors: Yu Yongshi , Xu Shitan , Yang Yang , Yao Yu , Ali Ghulam , Tao Zetian , Rui Xianhong , Yu Yan
Published: March 2024

The utilization of Al current collector for the sodium deposition is considered ideal for achieving a low‐cost, high‐energy‐density sodium metal battery. However, the poor affinity between sodium and Al leads to uneven sodium plating/stripping, which poses a significant challenge in the pursuit of a stable sodium metal anode. Herein, a heterostructure (V/VOx)‐modified Al current collector is proposed, which effectively enables a highly reversible Na plating/stripping process, and inhibits Na dendrites growth. Experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the V/VOx@Al not only exhibits strong sodiophilicity, but also ensures a uniform current density distribution. Thanks to these merits, the assembled cells demonstrate excellent performances with low nucleation overpotential (11 mV at 1 mA cm−2), and long cycle life (2750 h) with minimal voltage polarization (13 mV at 1 mA cm−2). More impressively, the assembled full cell displays remarkable stability, sustaining 1400 cycles at 10 C. This work provides valuable insights for the development of more stable sodium metal batteries.
Chondrocyte‐Targeted Delivery System of Sortase A‐Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Silencing MMP13 for Osteoarthritis Therapy
Authors: Yan Wenjing , Li Ying , Xie Shuqian , Tao W. Andy , Hu Jing , Liu Haohan , Zhang Guiyuan , Liu Fengying , Nie Yamei , Chen Xue , Zhang Xing , Liu Yufeng , Wei Dong , Ma Changyan , Zhang Hao , Xu Hongtao , Wang Shizhi
Published: March 2024

Targeted drug delivery and the reduction of off‐target effects are crucial for the promising clinical application of nucleic acid drugs. To address this challenge, a new approach for treating osteoarthritis (OA) that accurately delivers antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) targeting matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (ASO‐MMP13) to chondrocytes, is developed. Small extracellular vesicles (exos) are ligated with chondrocyte affinity peptide (CAP) using Sortase A and subsequently incubated with cholesterol‐modified ASO‐MMP13 to construct a chondrocyte‐targeted drug delivery exo (CAP‐exoASO). Compared with exos without CAP (ExoASO), CAP‐exoASOs attenuate IL‐1β‐induced chondrocyte damage and prolong the retention time of ASO‐MMP13 in the joint without distribution in major organs following intra‐articular injection. Notably, CAP‐exoASOs decrease MMP13 expression (P < 0.001) and upregulate COL2A1 expression (P = 0.006), resulting in reorganization of the cartilage matrix and alleviation of progression in the OA model. Furthermore, the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score of articular cartilage tissues treated with CAP‐exoASO is comparable with that of healthy rats (P = 0.148). A mechanistic study demonstrates that CAP‐exoASO may reduce inflammation by suppressing the IL‐17 and TNF signaling pathways. Based on the targeted delivery effect, CAP‐exoASOs successfully accomplish cartilage repair and have considerable potential for development as a promising therapeutic modality for satisfactory OA therapy.
Ordered Vacancies as Sodium Ion Micropumps in Cu‐Deficient Copper Indium Diselenide to Enhance Sodium Storage
Authors: Liu Fan , Zong Jingui , Liang Yazhan , Zhang Mingzhe , Song Kepeng , Mi Liwei , Feng Jinkui , Xiong Shenglin , Xi Baojuan
Published: March 2024

Unordered vacancies engineered in host anode materials cannot well maintain the uniform Na+ adsorbed and possibly render the local structural stress intense, resulting in electrode peeling and battery failure. Here, the indium is first introduced into Cu2Se to achieve the formation of CuInSe2. Next, an ion extraction strategy is employed to fabricate Cu0.54In1.15Se2 enriched with ordered vacancies by spontaneous formation of defect pairs. Such ordered defects, compared with unordered ones, can serve as myriad sodium ion micropumps evenly distributing in crystalline host to homogenize the adsorbed Na+ and the generated volumetric stress during the electrochemistry. Furthermore, Cu0.54In1.15Se2 is indeed proved by the calculations to exhibit smaller volumetric variation than the counterpart with unordered vacancies. Thanks to the distinct ordered vacancy structure, the material exhibits a highly reversible capacity of 428 mAh g−1 at 1 C and a high‐rate stability of 311.7 mAh g−1 at 10 C after 5000 cycles when employed as an anode material for Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). This work presents the promotive effect of ordered vacancies on the electrochemistry of SIBs and demonstrates the superiority to unordered vacancies, which is expected to extend it to other metal‐ion batteries, not limited to SIBs to achieve high capacity and cycling stability.
Cutaneous Calcium/Calmodulin‐Dependent Protein Kinase II‐γ–Positive Sympathetic Nerves Secreting Norepinephrine Dictate Psoriasis
Authors: Yu Yafen , Chen Weiwei , Li Bao , Li Zhuo , Wang Yirui , Mao Yiwen , Fan Wencheng , Bai Yuanming , Hu Hongbo , Zhen Qi , Sun Liangdan
Published: March 2024

Cutaneous sympathetic nerve is a crucial part of neuropsychiatric factors contributing to skin immune response, but its role in the psoriasis pathogenesis remains unclear. It is found that cutaneous calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II‐γ (CAMK2γ), expressed mainly in sympathetic nerves, is activated by stress and imiquimod in mouse skin. Camk2g‐deficient mice exhibits attenuated imiquimod‐induced psoriasis‐like manifestations and skin inflammation. CaMK2γ regulates dermal γδT‐cell interleukin‐17 production in imiquimod‐treated mice, dependent on norepinephrine production following cutaneous sympathetic nerve activation. Adrenoceptor β1, the primary skin norepinephrine receptor, colocalises with γδT cells. CaMK2γ aggravates psoriasiform inflammation via sympathetic nerve–norepinephrine–γδT cell–adrenoceptor β1–nuclear factor‐κB and –p38 axis activation. Application of alcaftadine, a small‐molecule CaMK2γ inhibitor, relieves imiquimod‐induced psoriasis‐like manifestations in mice. This study reveals the mechanisms of sympathetic‐nervous‐system regulation of γδT‐cell interleukin‐17 secretion, and provides insight into neuropsychiatric factors dictating psoriasis pathogenesis and new potential targets for clinical psoriasis treatment.
Frequency Response of MAPbI3 Perovskites for Photodetection Application
Authors: Soriano‐Díaz Sandra , Solis Omar E. , Ramírez‐Muñoz Diego , Boix Pablo P. , Martínez‐Pastor Juan P. , Suárez Isaac
Published: March 2024

The frequency response of the photocurrent (Iph) generated in perovskite photodetectors is a crucial issue in imaging or telecommunication applications, although it is briefly discussed in the literature. The present work obtains for the first time the complete expression of the Iph generated on MAPbI3 (MA:methylamoniumI) perovskite polycrystalline thin films. A conditioning circuit is used to extract Iph at 1 V of bias voltage under a square‐modulated laser excitation with a sensitivity smaller than 1 nW and a linear dynamic range LDR > 200 dB; It allows an accurate determination of the module of Iph together with the phase, which is not usually reported in photodetector systems. The frequency domain analysis reveals that Iph can be modeled by two fractional poles located at low (10 kHz) and high (39–250 kHz) cut‐off frequencies. Optimum geometrical parameters and excitation fluence are found for the wider response, resulting for the best device on a cut off frequency up to 250 kHz, and the reproduction of square‐modulated optical waves up to 100 kHz. These results represent an important strategy toward the electrical analysis of MAPbI3 (or other perovskite materials) for the design of posterior electronic stages, optimization of devices and determination of their figures of merit.
Crack‐Free Single‐Crystalline LiNiO2 for High Energy Density All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Lee Dongsoo , Mesnier Alex , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: March 2024

Single‐crystalline layered oxide (LiNi1‐x‐yMnxCoyO2) cathodes have been found to exhibit exceptional electrochemical properties when coupled with various inorganic solid electrolytes (ISEs) in all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs). Their advantages stem from the robust morphological integrity with the absence of grain boundaries and the high electrochemical oxidative stability. Here, ASSBs featuring single‐crystalline LiNiO2 (LNO) with the highest Ni content are reported, offering a high theoretical specific capacity of 275 mAh g‐1 alongside a high average discharge voltage (3.7 V vs Li+/Li). Through a careful investigation, it is demonstrated that micron‐sized single‐crystalline LNO (µSC‐LNO) composite cathodes with a halide ISE exhibit a high initial discharge capacity of 205 mAh g‐1 with an outstanding cycle performance over 200 cycles in room‐temperature ASSBs. The significance of engineering parameters is emphasized, such as particle size and specific density, in promoting a homogeneous and fast Li+ transport within the composite cathodes. Furthermore, the formation of undesirable interphase between the halide ISE in the cathode and sulfide ISE separator is elucidated, which may be a critical factor impeding long‐term cyclability of ASSBs. This work provides insights into the design of composite cathodes for high‐energy‐density ASSBs.
Integrated Bayesian parameter estimation with model‐based design of experiments for dynamic processes
Authors: Cao Xinyu , Chen Xi , Biegler Lorenz T.
Published: March 2024

Integration of Bayesian parameter estimation (BPE) with model‐based design of experiments (MBDoE) aims to estimate process parameters efficiently and systematically. To achieve more efficient use of resources by iteratively selecting informative experiments based on current knowledge about the parameters, an integrated method with BPE and MBDoE is proposed in this article. A built‐in Markov Chain Monte Carlo is also developed to yield not only the distribution profile of the estimated parameters but also aid in the determination of stopping criteria and the estimation of noise. Two applications of dynamic batch reactor systems are presented. Comparative analysis substantiates the superior performance of this approach in terms of parameter accuracy and the efficiency of experimentation.
Hydrothermal synthesis of highly cross‐linked PtZn@Silicalite‐1 structured catalysts for propane dehydrogenation
Authors: Xia Liming , Zhang Bofeng , Hou Gang , Wang Li , Liu Sibao , Liu Guozhu
Published: March 2024

Structured catalysts coatings exhibit excellent performance on non‐adiabatic gas–solid process, deriving from their enhanced heat and mass transfer properties. However, the coating catalysts prepared by traditional hydrothermal method of zeolite encapsulating noble metal are prone to spalling, especially under conditions of large flow rate and high temperature. Herein, we prepared PtZn clusters encapsulated in silicalite‐1 zeolite coating on stainless steel with high bonding strength by an improved in situ growth method. The optimized catalyst exhibited ultra‐thin, uniform, continuous, and high degree of crosslinking, thereby enhancing mass transfer and thermal stability. In propane dehydrogenation reaction, the optimized PtZn@S‐1‐R showed a high specific activity of 14.7 molPt−1 s−1 and a propylene selectivity above 99% at 600°C with a high weight hourly space velocity of 120 h−1. The metal‐encapsulated zeolite coating catalysts broaden the application avenue for heterogeneous catalysis with great application prospects.
Redox Molecular Junction Metal‐Covalent Organic Frameworks for Light‐assisted CO2 Energy Storage
Authors: Chang Jia‐Nan , Li Shan , Li Qi , Wang Jian‐Hui , Guo Can , Wang Yi‐Rong , Chen Yifa , Li Shun‐Li , Lan Ya‐Qian
Published: March 2024

Visible‐light sensitive and bi‐functionally favored CO2 reduction (CRR)/evolution (CER) photocathode catalysts that can get rid of the utilization of ultraviolet light and improve sluggish kinetics is demanded to conquer the current technique‐barrier of traditional Li‐CO2 battery. Here, a kind of redox molecular junction sp2c metal‐covalent organic framework (i.e. Cu3‐BTDE‐COF) has been prepared through the connection between Cu3 and BTDE and can serve as efficient photocathode catalyst in light‐assisted Li‐CO2 battery. Cu3‐BTDE‐COF with redox‐ability, visible‐light‐adsorption region, electron‐hole separation ability and endows the photocathode with excellent round‐trip efficiency (95.2 %) and an ultralow voltage hysteresis (0.18 V), outperforming the Schiff base COFs (i.e. Cu3‐BTDA‐COF and Cu3‐DT‐COF) and majority of the reported photocathode catalysts. Combined theoretical calculations with characterizations, Cu3‐BTDE‐COF with the integration of Cu3 centers, thiazole and cyano groups possess strong CO2 adsorption/activation and Li+ interaction/diffusion ability to boost the CRR/CER kinetics and related battery property.
Network Polymer Properties Engineered Through Polymer Backbone Dispersity and Structure
Authors: Raji Ibrahim O. , Dodo Obed J. , Saha Nirob K. , Eisenhart Mary , Miller Kevin M. , Whitfield Richard , Anastasaki Athina , Konkolewicz Dominik
Published: March 2024

Dispersity (Ð or Mw/Mn) is an important parameter in material design and as such can significantly impact the properties of polymers. Here, polymer networks with independent control over the molecular weight and dispersity of the linear chains that form the material are developed. Using a RAFT polymerization approach, a library of polymers with dispersity ranging from 1.2—1.9 for backbone chain‐length (DP) 100, and 1.4—3.1 for backbone chain‐length 200 were developed and transformed to networks through post‐polymerization crosslinking to form disulfide linkers. The tensile, swelling, and adhesive properties were explored, finding that both at DP 100 and DP 200 the swelling ratio, tensile strength, and extensibility were superior at intermediate dispersity (1.3—1.5 for DP 100 and 1.6—2.1 for DP 200) compared to materials with either substantially higher or lower dispersity. Furthermore, adhesive properties for materials with chains of intermediate dispersity at DP 200 revealed enhanced performance compared to the very low or high dispersity chains.
Raman spectroscopy and one‐dimensional convolutional neural network modeling as a real‐time monitoring tool for in vitro transaminase‐catalyzed synthesis of a pharmaceutically relevant amine precursor
Authors: Madsen Julie Østerby , Topalian Sebastian Olivier Nymann , Jacobsen Mikkel Fog , Skovby Tommy , Gernaey Krist V. , Myerson Allan S. , Woodley John
Published: March 2024

Raman spectroscopy has been used to measure the concentration of a pharmaceutically relevant model amine intermediate for positive allosteric modulators of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in a ω‐transaminase‐catalyzed conversion. A model based on a one‐dimensional convolutional neural network was developed to translate raw data augmented Raman spectra directly into substrate concentrations, with which the conversion from ketone to amine by ω‐transaminase could be determined over time. The model showed very good predictive capabilities, with R2 values higher than 0.99 for the spectra included in the modeling and 0.964 for an independent dataset. However, the model could not extrapolate outside the concentrations specified by the model. The presented work shows the potential of Raman spectroscopy as a real‐time monitoring tool for biocatalytic reactions.
Relationship between educational level and survival of patients with cancer: A multicentre cohort study
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Yue , Zhang Xi , Ruan Guo‐Tian , Zheng Xin , Chen Yue , Zhang Xiao‐Wei , Liu Tong , Ge Yi‐Zhong , Shi Han‐Ping ,   INSCOC Group
Published: March 2024

Background

Although socioeconomic factors are important determinants of population mortality, the effect of educational level on the survival of patients with cancer in China is unclear. This study aimed to assess whether educational level is associated with the prognosis of patients with cancer and to explore the mediators of this association.

Methods

This multicentre cohort study included 18,251 patients diagnosed with cancer between May 2013 and December 2018. The main parameters measured were overall survival (OS) and all‐cause mortality. The relationship between educational level and all‐cause mortality was assessed using multifactor‐corrected Cox survival analysis. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between educational level and patient‐generated subjective global assessment (PG‐SGA).

Results

The mean age of the 18,251 participants (men, 9939 [54.4%]) was 57.37 ± 11.66 years. Multifactorial survival analysis showed that patients survived longer with increasing education (university and above vs. elementary school and below; p = p = <0.001, HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.77–0.92), and the differences were statistically significant in different subgroups. The potential impact factors included sex, age, TNM stage, and PG‐SGA score. Logistic regression showed a significant negative association between educational level and the modifiable factor PG‐SGA (secondary vs. primary and below; p = 0.004, HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83–0.97; university and above vs. primary and below; p < 0.001, HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.71–0.88).

Conclusions

Educational level was a significant prognostic factor for patients with cancer, independent of other known prognostic factors. This association was further improved by modifying the nutritional status.
Inconsistency in steroid use as antiemetics in clinical trial protocols involving immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy
Authors: Park Soh Mee , Kim Yu Jung , Lee Ju‐Yeun
Published: March 2024

Objectives

This study aims to investigate the use of steroids as antiemetics in clinical trials involving immune checkpoint inhibitors with chemotherapy.

Methods

Focusing on phase III trials registered before August 2023, it evaluated the consistency of steroid use guidelines.

Results

Out of 3452 trials screened, 44 were selected for in‐depth review. The findings indicate a considerable variation: 13 trials did not specify the use of antiemetics, while 31 provided criteria for antiemetics, with 13 conforming to local standards, six to international guidelines, and five allowing either. Seven trials recommended effective antiemetics without detailed criteria. This inconsistency led to a range of steroid dosages, with only 11 trials advocating for minimizing or avoiding steroids for antiemetic purposes.

Conclusion

The research highlights the lack of uniformity in antiemetic steroid use in trials, reflecting diverse clinical practices and underscoring the need for further research to understand the implications on treatment outcomes.
Early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma through machine‐learning‐drivenprediction model in apopulation‐basedhealthcare record database
Authors: Chen Jeng‐Wen , Lin Shih‐Tsang , Lin Yi‐Chun , Wang Bo‐Sian , Chien Yu‐Ning , Chiou Hung‐Yi
Published: March 2024

Objective

Early diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are vital for a better prognosis. Still, because of obscure anatomical sites and insidious symptoms, nearly 80% of patients with NPC are diagnosed at a late stage. This study aimed to validate a machine learning (ML) model utilizing symptom‐related diagnoses and procedures in medical records to predict nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) occurrence and reduce the prediagnostic period.

Materials and Methods

Data from a population‐based health insurance database (2001–2008) were analyzed, comparing adults with and without newly diagnosed NPC. Medical records from 90 to 360 days before diagnosis were examined. Five ML algorithms (Light Gradient Boosting Machine [LGB], eXtreme Gradient Boosting [XGB], Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines [MARS], Random Forest [RF], and Logistics Regression [LG]) were evaluated for optimal early NPC detection. We further use a real‐world data of 1 million individuals randomly selected for testing the final model. Model performance was assessed using AUROC. Shapley values identified significant contributing variables.

Results

LGB showed maximum predictive power using 14 features and 90 days before diagnosis. The LGB models achieved AUROC, specificity, and sensitivity were 0.83, 0.81, and 0.64 for the test dataset, respectively. The LGB‐driven NPC predictive tool effectively differentiated patients into high‐risk and low‐risk groups (hazard ratio: 5.85; 95% CI: 4.75–7.21). The model‐layering effect is valid.

Conclusions

ML approaches using electronic medical records accurately predicted NPC occurrence. The risk prediction model serves as a low‐cost digital screening tool, offering rapid medical decision support to shorten prediagnostic periods. Timely referral is crucial for high‐risk patients identified by the model.
Preparation of Tunable Cu−Ag Nanostructures by Electrodeposition in a Deep Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Plaza‐Mayoral Elena , Dalby Kim N. , Falsig Hanne , Chorkendorff Ib , Sebastián‐Pascual Paula , Escudero‐Escribano María
Published: March 2024

The green transition requires new, clean, inexpensive, and sustainable strategies to prepare controllable bimetallic and multimetallic nanostructures. Cu−Ag nanostructures, for example, are promising bimetallic catalysts for different electrocatalytic reactions such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide reduction. In this work, we present the one‐step preparation method of electrodeposited Cu−Ag with tunable composition and morphology from choline chloride plus urea deep eutectic solvent (DES), a non‐toxic and green DES. We have assessed how different electrodeposition parameters affect the morphology and composition of our nanostructures. We combine electrochemical methods with ex‐situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to characterize the nanostructures. We have estimated the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) and roughness factor (R) by lead underpotential deposition (UPD). The copper/silver ratio in the electrodeposited nanostructures is highly sensitive to the applied potential, bath composition, and loading. We observed that silver‐rich nanostructures were less adherent whereas the increase in copper content led to more stable and homogenous films with disperse rounded nanostructures with tiny spikes. These spikes were more stable when the deposition rate was fast enough and the molar ratio of Cu and Ag was no greater than approximately two to one.
Formation of Peroxynitrite, [O−N−O−O]−, via a Cascade of Reactions between Ozonide and Ammonia
Authors: Schmid Jonas R. , Rennefeld Oliver R. H. , Wiesner Anja , Jansen Martin , Riedel Sebastian
Published: March 2024

We report on an unexpected reaction between ammonia and potassium ozonide dissolved in liq. NH3 resulting in the formation of peroxynitrite, [ONOO]−, which exclusively happens in the presence of a specific partially fluorinated aniline‐based ammonium cation. High‐resolution structural data of the peroxynitrite anion in cis‐conformation have been obtained. We further studied this molecule anion by single crystal Raman spectroscopy. The cis and trans isomers of peroxynitrite were analysed computationally with respect to their relative energies, the cis‐trans transition barrier and their decomposition pathways to the nitrate anion. By experimentally examining cations decorated with fluorine ligands to different degrees, we demonstrate that fluorine specific interactions play a crucial role in the unexpected formation of peroxynitrite and as a conspicuously structure directing factor for the underlying crystalline solid phases, exhibiting distinct micro‐separations of fluorine and hydrogen enriched regions.
Quantifying the efficacy of voltage protocols in characterising ion channel kinetics: A novel information‐theoretic approach
Authors: Jennings Matthew W. , Nithiarasu Perumal , Pant Sanjay
Published: March 2024

Voltage‐clamp experiments are commonly utilised to characterise cellular ion channel kinetics. In these experiments, cells are stimulated using a known time‐varying voltage, referred to as the voltage protocol, and the resulting cellular response, typically in the form of current, is measured. Parameters of models that describe ion channel kinetics are then estimated by solving an inverse problem which aims to minimise the discrepancy between the predicted response of the model and the actual measured cell response. In this paper, a novel framework to evaluate the information content of voltage‐clamp protocols in relation to ion channel model parameters is presented. Additional quantitative information metrics that allow for comparisons among various voltage protocols are proposed. These metrics offer a foundation for future optimal design frameworks to devise novel, information‐rich protocols. The efficacy of the proposed framework is evidenced through the analysis of seven voltage protocols from the literature. By comparing known numerical results for inverse problems using these protocols with the information‐theoretic metrics, the proposed approach is validated. The essential steps of the framework are: (i) generate random samples of the parameters from chosen prior distributions; (ii) run the model to generate model output (current) for all samples; (iii) construct reduced‐dimensional representations of the time‐varying current output using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD); (iv) estimate information‐theoretic metrics such as mutual information, entropy equivalent variance, and conditional mutual information using non‐parametric methods; (v) interpret the metrics; for example, a higher mutual information between a parameter and the current output suggests the protocol yields greater information about that parameter, resulting in improved identifiability; and (vi) integrate the information‐theoretic metrics into a single quantitative criterion, encapsulating the protocol's efficacy in estimating model parameters.
Efficient Atomically Dispersed Co/N‐C Catalysts for Formic Acid Dehydrogenation and Transfer Hydrodeoxygenation of Vanillin
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Lu Guilong , Wang Tianyu , Yang Jia‐Yue , Herrendorf Tim , Schwiderowski Philipp , Schulwitz Jonas , Chen Peirong , Kleist Wolfgang , Zhao Guixia , Muhler Martin , Peng Baoxiang
Published: March 2024

Atomically dispersed catalysts have gained considerable attention due to their unique properties and high efficiency in various catalytic reactions. Herein, a series of Co/N‐doped carbon (N‐C) catalysts was prepared using a metal‐lignin coordination strategy and employed in formic acid dehydrogenation (FAD) and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of vanillin. The atomically dispersed Co/N‐C catalysts showed outstanding activity, acid resistance, and long‐term stability in FAD. The improved activity and stability may be attributed to the high dispersion of Co species, increased surface area, and strong Co−N interactions. XPS and XAS characterization revealed the formation of Co‐N3 centers, which are assumed to be the active sites. In addition, DFT calculations demonstrated that the adsorption of formic acid on single‐atom Co was stronger than that on Co13 clusters, which may explain the high catalytic activity. The Co/N‐C catalyst also showed promising performance in the transfer HDO of vanillin with formic acid, without any external additional molecular H2.
Potential enhancements in commercial glucose biosensors utilizing electrochemical faradaic spectroscopy: Analyzing the sum component in the EC’ mechanism
Authors: Mirčeski Valentin , Peacock Martin , Stojanov Leon
Published: March 2024

Herein we report the use of electrochemical faradaic spectroscopy in biosensors, with application on a commercially used first‐generation glucose biosensor manufactured by Zimmer and Peacock. The mechanism for the glucose sensor was explained and approximated as an EC’ mechanism, where E is for electron transfer step, whereas C’ signifies catalytical chemical step. Experimental chronoamperograms in electrochemical faradaic spectroscopy are compared to chronoamperometry, where it was found that the sum component in electrochemical faradaic spectroscopy gives higher response, resulting in better sensitivity of the sensor. Theoretical simulations give an insight of the response in electrochemical faradaic spectroscopy for an EC’ mechanism and its dependence on different parameters (dimensionless electrode kinetic parameter, mid potential, dimensionless chemical kinetic parameter). For some specific set of parameters (large electrode and catalytic reaction kinetics), theoretical chronoamperograms in electrochemical faradaic spectroscopy can become similar to the experimental. The property of the sum component to have higher response in EC’ mechanism for specific parameters is not limited only for electrochemical faradaic spectroscopy. Exemplified with square‐wave voltammetry, it is shown that other pulse techniques for an EC’ mechanism can also result with higher sum component. Hence, for better sensitivity in quantitative analysis in EC’ mechanism, one should quantify the sum component.
Selective sensing of hexavalent chromium in food grains using an electrodeposited bimetallic Au‐Pd nanoparticles modified electrode
Authors: Man Suning , Zheng Junying , Zhang Yi , Huang Lei , Wu Xiaoping
Published: March 2024

Given the high solubility and mobility of hexavalent chromium in the environment and edible plants, the development of a suitable method for the screening and quantification of Cr(VI) is highly desirable. Herein, a selective and sensitive sensing method for detecting Cr(VI) in food grains was established, using an electrodeposited gold‐palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) based electrochemical sensor and a microwave digestion procedure for chromium dissolution. The sensor interface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that the fabricated sensor has a larger active surface area and an enhanced electrocatalytic effect compared to the monometallic modification, leading to a significant increase in the electrochemical reduction current of Cr(VI) as a consequence of synergistic effects. Using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, the sensor demonstrates a wide linear range (5–3000 μg L−1) and a low detection limit of 2.7 μg L−1 for Cr(VI), as well as considerable repeatability and stability. Satisfactory selectivity towards Cr(VI) was also demonstrated, even in the presence of 500‐fold Cr(III) and 100‐fold common heavy metal ions like Cd(II), Pb(II), and Hg(II). The proposed sensing method offers a promising alternative for rapidly identifying toxic Cr(VI) in water and food grains.
Study on the Catalytic Effect of Converter Dust on In Situ Online Reforming of Metallurgical By‐Product Gas and Thermochemical Energy Storage Analysis
Authors: Sui Peng , Ren Binglang , Wang Jingsong , Wang Guang , Zuo Haibin , Xue Qingguo
Published: March 2024

In situ online reforming of converter gas and coke oven gas is realized by injecting coke oven gas into converter flue. This process utilizes methane dry reforming reaction to achieve heat energy recovery and CO2 capture and utilization. Moreover, the converter flue provides an excellent thermodynamic, kinetic, and catalytic environment. Experiments show that converter dust greatly improves the conversion rate of CH4 and CO2, and increases with the increase of the addition of converter dust. The conversion of CH4 reaches above 80% at 1150 °C, which is about 40% higher than that without catalyst. The CO2 conversion is more than 85% at 1150 °C, while it is only about 50% without catalysis. In addition, through the study of the main components of converter dust, the order of promoting CH4 decomposition is: Fe > Fe3O4≈CaO > FeO; the order of promoting effect on C–CO2 reaction is: Fe3O4 > CaO > FeO > Fe. Finally, the reforming energy storage is calculated by thermodynamic calculation and experimental data. The reforming energy storage of tonne crude steel is about 159.589 MJ, accounting for 44.5% of the total physical heat energy of converter flue gas, and CO2 emission reduction in converter flue gas is more than 50%.
Recent Progress on the Surface and Bulk Modification of Carbon Nitrides for Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Ma Siqing , Wang Shuaipeng , Wang Xin , Wang Songcan
Published: March 2024

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction has been considered as a green and sustainable approach to solve energy and environmental problems. However, the CO2 reduction efficiency of various types of semiconductor photocatalysts studied at this stage is far from realizing practical applications. The challenge of photocatalytic CO2 reduction is to design photocatalysts with excellent catalytic performance. This article summarizes the carbon nitride materials for efficient CO2 reduction and obtaining high value‐added products. The physicochemical properties of carbon nitride materials are discussed in terms of the photocatalytic mechanisms (bandgap tuning, high specific surface area, shorter electron–hole transmission paths, increasing the number of active sites, etc.). The present review provides the latest research progress of carbon nitride modification strategies. The prospects and challenges for the application of carbon nitride materials for CO2 reduction are presented. This review article will provide useful guidance for further research on carbon nitride materials for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
Idiopathic generalized epilepsy in a family with SCN4A‐related myotonia
Authors: Talarico Mariagrazia , Fortunato Francesco , Labalme Audrey , Januel Louis , Chatron Nicolas , Sanlaville Damien , Sammarra Ilaria , Gagliardi Monica , Procopio Radha , Valentino Paola , Annesi Grazia , Lesca Gaetan , Gambardella Antonio
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Myotonia is a clinical sign typical of a group of skeletal muscle channelopathies, the non‐dystrophic myotonias. These disorders are electrophysiologically characterized by altered membrane excitability, due to specific genetic variants in known causative genes (CLCN1 and SCN4A). Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is an epileptic syndrome identified as idiopathic generalized epilepsy, its genetics is complex and still unclarified. The co‐occurrence of these two phenotypes is rare and the causes likely have a genetic background. In this study, we have genetically investigated an Italian family in which co‐segregates myotonia, JME, or abnormal EEG without seizures was observed.

Methods

All six individuals of the family, 4 affected and 2 unaffected, were clinically evaluated; EMG and EEG examinations were performed. For genetic testing, Exome Sequencing was performed for the six family members and Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the candidate variant.

Results

Four family members, the mother and three siblings, were affected by myotonia. Moreover, EEG recordings revealed interictal generalized sharp‐wave discharges in all affected individuals, and two siblings were affected by JME. All four affected members share the same identified variant, c.644 T > C, p.Ile215Thr, in SCN4A gene. Variants that could account for the epileptic phenotype alone, separately from the myotonic one, were not identified.

Significance

These results provide supporting evidence that both myotonic and epileptic phenotypes could share a common genetic background, due to variants in SCN4A gene. SCN4A pathogenic variants, already known to be causative of myotonia, likely increase the susceptibility to epilepsy in our family.

Plain Language Summary

This study analyzed all members of an Italian family, in which the mother and three siblings had myotonia and epilepsy. Genetic analysis allowed to identify a variant in the SCN4A gene, which appears to be the cause of both clinical signs in this family.