bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Much Do They Know? An Analysis of the Accuracy of HIV Knowledge among Youth Affected by HIV in South Africa
Authors: De Wet Nicole , Akinyemi Joshua , Odimegwu Clifford
Published: January 2019

HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in South Africa are among the highest in the world. The key to reducing transmission is the dissemination of accurate knowledge. Here, we investigate the accuracy of HIV/AIDS knowledge among youth affected by the disease. Data from the Fourth South African National HIV, Behaviour and Health Survey (2012) are used and a weighted sample of 4 095 447 youth (15-24 years old) who have known or cared for someone with HIV/AIDS are analyzed. Results show that more than one-third (40.37%) of youth in South Africa are affected by the disease. One-quarter of the affected youth have 75% accurate knowledge of the virus, while only 10% have 100% accurate knowledge. Rural place of residence (odds ratio [OR] = 0.61) and looking for work (OR = 0.39) are less likely to have accurate knowledge. Youth without disabilities (OR = 2.46), in cohabiting (OR = 1.69), and in dating (OR = 1.70) relationships are more likely to have accurate knowledge. In conclusion, in order to reduce HIV incidence and combat HIV myths, efforts to improve the accuracy of HIV knowledge among youth affected by the disease are needed. There should be more community-based campaigns to target unemployed youth in the country.
Comparative Systematic Review of Fixation Methods of the Coracoid and Conjoined Tendon in the Anterior Glenoid to Treat Anterior Shoulder Instability
Authors: Garcia Jose Carlos , do Amaral Felipe Machado , Belchior Renan Juhasz , de Carvalho Lucas Queiroz , Markarian Gregory George , Montero Edna Feasson de Souza
Published: January 2019

Background:

Coracoid process transfer for the treatment of recurrent glenohumeral dislocations is a safe and reliable procedure; however, there is no consensus as to which is the best method, the Bristow or Latarjet procedure.

Purpose:

To analyze the results of coracoid process transfer for the treatment of recurrent glenohumeral dislocations and to compare the results of this transfer between the Bristow and Latarjet techniques.

Study Design:

Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

The databases surveyed for this review included J-STAGE; Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialized Register; Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials; MEDLINE; Ovid; Embase; Google Scholar; and CINAHL. Inclusion criteria consisted of (1) studies related to anterior glenohumeral dislocations treated with transfer of the coracoid process to the anterior glenoid rim and (2) studies that could provide data to perform at least 1 meta-analysis or other statistical evaluation. Titles and abstracts were reviewed for inclusion; thereafter, outcomes and the risk of bias were extracted. Statistical analyses were performed according to the nature of the data. When possible, the 95% CI was included.

Results:

Of the 779 studies found, 63 were able to provide data assessing 3395 shoulders. There were no randomized, blinded, or double-blinded trials. The recurrence of dislocations was assessed in 41 studies that used the Bristow technique (n = 2346 shoulders; percentage redislocations [mean ± SE], 1.00% ± 0.20%) and 18 studies that used the Latarjet technique (n = 930 shoulders; percentage redislocations, 2.13% ± 0.49%) ( P = .04). The mean loss of external rotation was 12.91° for the Bristow procedure (n = 1440 shoulders) and 11.70° for the Latarjet procedure (n = 243 shoulders). The mean quality-of-life outcome scores were as follows for the Bristow and Latarjet procedures, respectively: Rowe score, 92.06 and 89.33; Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index score, 16.44% and 19.68%; Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, 93.28 and 92.00; and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, 91.00 and 89.90.

Conclusion:

Transferring the coracoid to the anteroinferior border of the glenoid through the subscapularis tendon is effective, regardless of the technique. When comparing the Bristow and Latarjet techniques, the recurrence of dislocations was the only outcome that could undergo a meta-analysis, and it presented a statistically significant difference in favor of the Bristow procedure. All other outcomes presented no clinically significant differences between their effect sizes. More studies presenting better methodology are still needed to achieve more robust conclusions.
Shaping Corporate Character Through Symmetrical Communication: The Effects on Employee-Organization Relationships
Authors: Men Linjuan Rita , Sung Yongjun
Published: January 2019

This study investigates how corporate character is shaped by organizational symmetrical communication and its effects on the quality of employee-organization relationships. Results of an online survey with 314 working adults in the United States showed that symmetrical internal communication plays an important role in defining the organization’s positive character of agreeableness (i.e., warmth, empathy, and integrity), enterprise (i.e., modernity, adventure, and boldness), and competence (i.e., conscientiousness, drive). Symmetrical internal communication positively influences the quality of employee-organization relationships. The ruthless corporate character showed significant negative effects on employee trust, control mutuality, commitment, and satisfaction. The theoretical and managerial implications of the study are discussed.
A Survey of the Barriers Affecting the Career Practice and Promotions of Female Dentists in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Rajeh M. , Nicolau B. , Qutob A. , Pluye P. , Esfandiari S.
Published: January 2019

Introduction:

Over the last 40 y, the proportion of women in the profession of dentistry has been growing steadily. The extant literature, although limited, demonstrates that gender differences exist in choice of specialization, practice pattern, and professional attitudes, revealing that women are more likely to work in primary dental care and are less prominent in other dental specialties. Female Saudi dentists, working in the government sector, tend to occupy lower positions in the occupational hierarchy, are paid less, and are less likely to hold consultant positions as compared with men.

Objectives:

The objectives of this study were to identify barriers faced by female dentists practicing in Saudi Arabia in seeking professional advancement and to determine the variables that influenced respondents’ promotions.

Methods:

In February 2017, a web-based cross-sectional survey was emailed to all female dentists registered with the Saudi Dental Society ( N = 2,651). Completed questionnaires ( N = 130, response rate = 7.1%) were analyzed with simple summary statistics and a logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association between the dependent variable (promotion) and independent variables (family, environmental, interpersonal, and cultural factors).

Results:

Most female dentists believed that family, environmental, and cultural factors are challenges to their career practice and progression. Other factors included interpersonal challenges, such as gender discrimination and male dominance in the field of dentistry. Results of the regression analysis revealed that family and environmental factors were significant predictors of whether female dentists would be promoted.

Conclusion:

Saudi female dentists continue to face significant obstacles in their career practice and advancement. Their role in the workplace needs to be recognized. Factors that obstruct their career advancement should be well understood by dental institutions and efforts should be made to move more female dentists into leadership positions.

Knowledge Transfer Statement:

Policy makers can use the results of this study to develop strategies to overcome the barriers faced by female dentists in Saudi Arabia with respect to their professional and personal (family) needs. This study could lead to the development of employment incentives and a supportive workplace for female dentists.
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells in systemic sclerosis: Alterations in function and beneficial effect on lung fibrosis are regulated by caveolin-1
Authors: Lee Rebecca , Del Papa Nicoletta , Introna Martin , Reese Charles F , Zemskova Marina , Bonner Michael , Carmen-Lopez Gustavo , Helke Kristi , Hoffman Stanley , Tourkina Elena
Published: January 2019

The potential value of mesenchymal stromal/stem cell therapy in treating skin fibrosis in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) and of the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide in treating lung, skin, and heart fibrosis is known. To understand how these observations may relate to differences between mesenchymal stromal/stem cells from healthy subjects and subjects with fibrosis, we have characterized the fibrogenic and adipogenic potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells from systemic sclerosis patients, from mice with fibrotic lung and skin disease induced by systemic bleomycin treatment, and from healthy controls. Early passage systemic sclerosis adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells have a profibrotic/anti-adipogenic phenotype compared to healthy adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (low caveolin-1, high α-smooth muscle actin, high HSP47, low pAKT, low capacity for adipogenic differentiation). This phenotype is mimicked by treating healthy adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells with transforming growth factor beta or caveolin-1 small interfering RNA and is reversed in systemic sclerosis adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells by treatment with caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide, but not scrambled caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide. Similar results were obtained with adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells from systemic sclerosis patients and from bleomycin-treated mice, indicating the central role of caveolin-1 in mesenchymal stromal/stem cell differentiation in fibrotic disease.
A scale-consistent method for imaging porosity and micrite in dual-porosity carbonate rocks
Authors: Miller Kevin , Vanorio Tiziana , Yang Sam , Xiao Xianghui
Published: January 2019

Unlike many other clastic rocks, relating velocity and permeability to porosity for micrite-bearing carbonate rocks has been largely unsuccessful. Recent studies have shown that additional parameters, most notably the distribution and/or proportion of micrite, can be used to parameterize the velocity and permeability behavior. However, there is currently no scale-consistent, 3D methodology for differentiating macroporosity and microporosity from the total porosity measured on bench-top laboratory equipment. Previous studies estimated microporosity and micrite content by combining total porosity measurements conducted on whole 50 mm cores with measurements of phase volumes on 1 mm digital rocks (i.e., scale-inconsistent). As a step forward from those, we imaged dual-porosity carbonate rocks using X-ray microcomputed tomography and then leveraged a recently developed, optimization-based technique, called data-constrained modeling, to map the macroporosity and microporosity distribution of our samples. We evaluate the volumetric proportions of macropores, micropores, and coarse-grained calcite as a function of micrite content — with their respective uncertainties — all measured on the same digital rock and with the same method. Finally, we determine how measurements of the volumetric phase proportions could be extended using standard effective medium models to predict reservoir physical properties. The sensitivity of these models to the proportion of micrite and microporosity within the micrite is evidence that the nonuniqueness among permeability, velocity, and porosity that is commonly observed of micrite-bearing carbonate rocks can be explained by a variation of micrite content and microporosity at a similar porosity.
Particle swarm optimization of 2D magnetotelluric data
Authors: Pace Francesca , Santilano Alessandro , Godio Alberto
Published: January 2019

We implement the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for the two-dimensional (2D) magnetotelluric (MT) inverse problem. We first validate PSO on two synthetic models of different complexity and then apply it to an MT benchmark for real-field data, the COPROD2 data set (Canada). We pay particular attention to the selection of the PSO input parameters to properly address the complexity of the 2D MT inverse problem. We enhance the stability and convergence of the solution of the geophysical problem by applying the hierarchical PSO with time-varying acceleration coefficients (HPSO-TVAC). Moreover, we parallelize the code to reduce the computation time because PSO is a computationally demanding global search algorithm. The inverse problem was solved for the synthetic data both by giving a priori information at the beginning and by using a random initialization. The a priori information was given to a small number of particles as the initial position within the search space of solutions, so that the swarming behavior was only slightly influenced. We have demonstrated that there is no need for the a priori initialization to obtain robust 2D models because the results are largely comparable with the results from randomly initialized PSO. The optimization of the COPROD2 data set provides a resistivity model of the earth in line with results from previous interpretations. Our results suggest that the 2D MT inverse problem can be successfully addressed by means of computational swarm intelligence.
It Will Feel Really Bad Unromantically Soon
Authors: Fink Marty
Published: January 2019

This paper reads insomnia in Imogen Binnie's queer/trans novel Nevada (2013) not as a body problem to be cured but as a valuable site of resistance to hetero, able-bodied norms. Binnie, however, depicts the daily effects of capitalism on regimenting sleep routines, rendering insomnia not as a glamorous all-night adventure but as a “boring” daily struggle, akin to Maria's exhausting experience of navigating trauma. Though this novel offers generic promises of self-discovery, recovery, and trans epiphany/catharsis, it inevitably frustrates all possibilities for its heroine's self-growth, thus challenging fictions about using self-care to “overcome” disability and gender-based violence. In exposing the narrative process by which insomnia is constructed, this crip reading of Nevada reimagines the representational possibilities for bodies that fail to sleep.
Terminalia fagifolia Mart. & Zucc. elicits vasorelaxation of rat thoracic aorta through nitric oxide and K+ channels dependent mechanism
Authors: de Carvalho Emanuella F. , Nunes André F. , Silva Náiguel C. B. , da Silva Gomes João Paulo , de Sousa Renato P. , Silva Valdelânia G. , Nunes Paulo H. M. , Santos Rosimeire F. , Chaves Mariana H. , Oliveira Aldeidia P. , Oliveira Rita C. M.
Published: January 2019

Terminalia fagifolia Mart. & Zucc. (Combretaceae) is a plant commonly found in the regions of the Brazilian cerrado, popularly used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. There are no reports in the literature on the use of T. fagifolia for the treatment of the cardiovascular system conditions. Nevertheless, plants of the same genus, such as T. arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn and T. superba Engler & Diels, present cardioprotective, hypotensive and vasodilatating effects. In light of this, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the ethanolic extract (Tf-EE) and of its aquous (Tf-AQF), hexanic (Tf-HEXF) and hydroethanolic (Tf-HAF) partition fractions obtained from the stem bark of Terminalia fagifolia Mart. & Zucc. The effects of the extract and partition fractions of T. fagifolia were evaluated on isometric tensions in the thoracic aorta rings of Wistar rats (250 to 300 g). Tf-EE, Tf-HEXF and Tf-HAF presented concentration-dependent vasorelaxant effect, and Tf-AQF presented vasorelaxant effect that was more potent in the presence of endothelium. The relaxation curves of the aorta promoted by the fraction investigated were attenuated in the presence of the following pharmacological tools: L-NAME, ODQ or PTIO. The vasorelaxant effect of the aorta promoted by Tf-AQF was attenuated in the presence of TEA and 4-AP. Tf-EE induced a concentration-dependent and endothelium-independent vasorelaxation. Tf-HAF and Tf-HEXF presented concentration-dependent and vascular-endothelium-independent vasorelaxation, but did not obtain 100% of relaxation. On the other hand, Tf-AQF presented concentration-dependent vasorelaxation that was more potent in aorta rings with vascular endothelium. The relaxant mechanism induced by the Tf-AQF involves the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway and channels Kv.
Src-mediated phosphorylation of βPix-b regulates dendritic spine morphogenesis
Authors: Shin Mi-seon , Song Sang-ho , Shin Jung Eun , Lee Seung-Hye , Huh Sung-Oh , Park Dongeun
Published: January 2019

PAK-interacting guanine nucleotide exchange factor (βPix) has been implicated in many actin-based cellular processes including spine morphogenesis in neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms by which βPix controls spine morphology remain elusive. Previously, we have reported the expression of several alternative spliced βPix isoforms in the brain. Here, we report a novel finding that the b isoform of βPix (βPix-b) mediates regulation of spine and synapse formation. We found that βPix-b, which is mainly expressed in neurons, enhances spine and synapse formation through preferential localization at spines. In neurons, glutamate treatment efficiently stimulates Rac1 GEF activity of βPix-b. The glutamate stimulation also promotes Src kinase-mediated phosphorylation of βPix-b in both AMPA receptor- and NMDA receptor-dependent manner. Tyrosine 598 (Y598) of βPix-b is identified as the major Src-mediated phosphorylation site. Finally, Y598 phosphorylation of βPix-b enhances its Rac1 GEF activity that is critical for spine and synapse formation. In conclusion, we provide a novel mechanism by which βPix-b regulates activity-dependent spinogenesis and synaptogenesis via Src-mediated phosphorylation.
Molecular interactions underpinning the phenotype of hibernation in mammals
Authors: Andrews Matthew T.
Published: January 2019

Mammals maintain a constant warm body temperature, facilitating a wide variety of metabolic reactions. Mammals that hibernate have the ability to slow their metabolism, which in turn reduces their body temperature and leads to a state of hypothermic torpor. For this metabolic rate reduction to occur on a whole-body scale, molecular interactions that change the physiology of cells, tissues and organs are required, resulting in a major departure from normal mammalian homeostasis. The aim of this Review is to cover recent advances in the molecular biology of mammalian hibernation, including the role of small molecules, seasonal changes in gene expression, cold-inducible RNA-binding proteins, the somatosensory system and emerging information on hibernating primates. To underscore the importance of differential gene expression across the hibernation cycle, mRNA levels for 14,261 ground squirrel genes during periods of activity and torpor are made available for several tissues via an interactive transcriptome browser. This Review also addresses recent findings on molecular interactions responsible for multi-day survival of near-freezing body temperatures, single-digit heart rates and a slowed metabolism that greatly reduces oxygen consumption. A better understanding of how natural hibernators survive these physiological extremes is beginning to lead to innovations in human medicine.
Gap perception in bumblebees
Authors: Ravi Sridhar , Bertrand Olivier , Siesenop Tim , Manz Lea-Sophie , Doussot Charlotte , Fisher Alex , Egelhaaf Martin
Published: January 2019

A number of insects fly over long distances below the natural canopy, where the physical environment is highly cluttered consisting of obstacles of varying shape, size and texture. While navigating within such environments, animals need to perceive and disambiguate environmental features that might obstruct their flight. The most elemental aspect of aerial navigation through such environments is gap identification and ‘passability’ evaluation. We used bumblebees to seek insights into the mechanisms used for gap identification when confronted with an obstacle in their flight path and behavioral compensations employed to assess gap properties. Initially, bumblebee foragers were trained to fly though an unobstructed flight tunnel that led to a foraging chamber. After the bees were familiar with this situation, we placed a wall containing a gap that unexpectedly obstructed the flight path on a return trip to the hive. The flight trajectories of the bees as they approached the obstacle wall and traversed the gap were analyzed in order to evaluate their behavior as a function of the distance between the gap and a background wall that was placed behind the gap. Bumblebees initially decelerated when confronted with an unexpected obstacle. Deceleration was first noticed when the obstacle subtended around 35 deg on the retina but also depended on the properties of the gap. Subsequently, the bees gradually traded off their longitudinal velocity to lateral velocity and approached the gap with increasing lateral displacement and lateral velocity. Bumblebees shaped their flight trajectory depending on the salience of the gap, indicated in our case by the optic flow contrast between the region within the gap and on the obstacle, which decreased with decreasing distance between the gap and the background wall. As the optic flow contrast decreased, the bees spent an increasing amount of time moving laterally across the obstacles. During these repeated lateral maneuvers, the bees are probably assessing gap geometry and passability.
Do the relationships between hind limb anatomy and sprint speed variation differ between sexes inAnolislizards?
Authors: Lowie Aurélien , Gillet Elisa , Vanhooydonck Bieke , Irschick Duncan J. , Losos Jonathan B. , Herrel Anthony
Published: January 2019

The ability of an animal to run fast has important consequences on its survival capacity and overall fitness. Previous studies have documented how variation in the morphology of the limbs is related to variation in locomotor performance. Although these studies have suggested direct relations between sprint speed and hind limb morphology, few quantitative data exist. Consequently, it remains unclear whether selection acts in limb segment lengths, overall muscle mass or muscle architecture (e.g. muscle fiber length and cross-sectional area). Here, we investigate whether muscle architecture (mass, fiber length, and physiological cross-sectional area), hind limb segment dimensions, or both, explain variation in sprint speed across 14 species of Anolis lizards. Moreover, we test whether similar relationships exist between morphology and performance for both sexes which may not be the case given the known differences in locomotor behavior and habitat use. Our results show that the main driver of sprint speed is the variation in femur length for both males and females. Our results further show sexual dimorphism in the traits studied and moreover show differences in the traits that predict maximal sprint speed in males and females. For example, snout vent length and overall muscle mass are also a good predictors of sprint speed in males whereas no relationships between muscle mass and sprint speed was observed in females. Only a few significative relationships were found between muscle architecture (fiber length, cross sectional area) and sprint speed in male anoles suggesting that overall muscles size, rather than muscle architecture appears to be under selection.
Management von Blutungen unter Aggregationshemmung und Antikoagulation
Authors: Lindhoff-Last E. , Zydek B.
Published: January 2019

Durch eine weltweit alternde Bevölkerung nehmen Vorhofflimmern und venöse Thromboembolien und dadurch auch der Einsatz direkter oraler Antikoagulantien (DOAK) deutlich zu. Das Management von Blutungskomplikationen und Notfalloperationen bei dieser Gruppe von Patienten stellt eine Herausforderung im klinischen Alltag dar. Bei Auftreten schwerer Blutungen sollten der Ort der Blutung, der Beginn und Schweregrad sowie die Nierenfunktion und Begleitmedikationen wie Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer oder nichtsteroidale Antirheumatika (NSAR) Berücksichtigung finden. Der Zeitpunkt der letzten Tabletteneinnahme als auch die Restkonzentration des DOAK bei Aufnahme sind ebenfalls relevant. Die Antikoagulation sollte sofort unterbrochen und lokale Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, um die Blutung zu stillen; der anti-koagulierende Effekt sollte sofort aufgehoben werden. Die Gabe von PPSB kann erwogen werden, wenn spezifische Antidots nicht zur Verfügung stehen. Wenn relevante DOAK-Restkonzentrationen vermutet werden und eine Operation nicht aufgeschoben werden kann, dann sollten PPSB und/ oder ein spezifisches Antidot präoperativ appliziert werden. Als spezifisches Antidot für Dabigatran steht Idarucizumab zur Verfügung; während Andexanet Alfa als Antidot gegen Faktor X-Inhibitoren seit Mai diesen Jahres bisher nur in den USA zur Behandlung zugelassen ist.
Radtools: R utilities for convenient extraction of medical image metadata
Authors: Russell Pamela H. , Ghosh Debashis
Published: January 2019

The radiology community has adopted several widely used standards for medical image files, including the popular DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) and NIfTI (Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative) standards. These file formats include image intensities as well as potentially extensive metadata. The NIfTI standard specifies a particular set of header fields describing the image and minimal information about the scan. DICOM headers can include any of >4,000 available metadata attributes spanning a variety of topics. NIfTI files contain all slices for an image series, while DICOM files capture single slices and image series are typically organized into a directory. Each DICOM file contains metadata for the image series as well as the individual image slice.

The programming environment R is popular for data analysis due to its free and open code, active ecosystem of tools and users, and excellent system of contributed packages. Currently, many published radiological image analyses are performed with proprietary software or custom unpublished scripts. However, R is increasing in popularity in this area due to several packages for processing and analysis of image files. While these R packages handle image import and processing, no existing package makes image metadata conveniently accessible. Extracting image metadata, combining across slices, and converting to useful formats can be prohibitively cumbersome, especially for DICOM files.

We present radtools, an R package for convenient extraction of medical image metadata. Radtools provides simple functions to explore and return metadata in familiar R data structures. For convenience, radtools also includes wrappers of existing tools for extraction of pixel data and viewing of image slices. The package is freely available under the MIT license at https://github.com/pamelarussell/radtools and is easily installable from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (https://cran.r-project.org/package=radtools).
АНТИКРИМИНАЛЬНОЕ ПРОСВЕЩЕНИЕ КАК ФОРМА КРИМИНАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ ПО УГОЛОВНЫМ ДЕЛАМ О МОШЕННИЧЕСТВЕ ПРИ ПОЛУЧЕНИИ ВЫПЛАТ
Authors: Garmaev Yury Petrovich , Chumakov Alexey Vadimovich
Published: January 2019

Изучение следственно-судебной практики по уголовным делам о мошенничестве при получении выплат демонстрирует серьезные трудности и недостатки как расследования, так и предупреждения данных преступлений.Цель работы – предложить меры криминалистической профилактики данной разновидности мошенничества с акцентом на создание антикриминальных просветительских рекомендаций как формы криминалистической профилактики.Методы исследования: формально-логический, метод наблюдения, статистический, метод моделирования, деятельностный и ситуационный подходы.Новизна заключается в том, что впервые продемонстрирован исследовательский процесс разработки просветительской памятки и мобильного приложения, направленных на профилактику этой категории преступлений.Результаты исследования сформулированы в виде выводов об их (памятки и приложении) основном назначении – преодолении типичных заблуждений граждан о непреступности, невыявляемости и ненаказуемости мошенничества при получении выплат.Заключение: аналогичные мобильные приложения и памятки просветительского характера могут разрабатываться и внедряться на основе любых криминалистических методик расследования.
МЕТОДИКА ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ПРОПОРЦИИ МЕЖДУ ЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ РЕСУРСНОЙ СРЕДЫ В СИСТЕМЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНА
Authors: Galynchik Tatyana Anatolievna , Volkova Inna Anatolevna
Published: January 2019

Решения современных проблем регионального развития очень часто сопряжены с поиском нового инструментария, способного обеспечивать адекватную оценку. Одним из таких инструментов выступает методика определения пропорций между элементами экономического пространства, позволяющая исследовать во взаимосвязи достигнутый технический, технологический, организационный уровень развития и потенциал стратегических возможностей региона, что особенно важно при формировании векторов цифровой экономики региона. Разработка данной методики является целью статьи.Цель – разработка методики определения пропорций между элементами экономического пространства, позволяющую исследовать во взаимосвязи достигнутый технический, технологический, организационный уровень развития и стратегические возможности региона за счет использования кадрового и научно-образовательного потенциала, что важно при формировании векторов цифровой экономики.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались общенаучные и специальные методы, подходы и приемы.Результаты: представлены направления, показатели-индикаторы и этапы методики, являющиеся основными в исследовании потенциала региона на основе определения пропорций между элементами экономического пространства с целью дальнейшего формирования и развития кадрового и научно-образовательного потенциала цифровой экономики регионаОбласть применения результатов: полученные результаты целесообразно применять для определения достигнутого технического, технологического, организационного уровня развития экономики ХМАО-Югры и потенциала его стратегических возможностей в рамках цифровой экономики.
Czy mówiąc "prostszym językiem", mówimy prościej? Formalnie narzędnikowe frazy charakteryzujące mówienie
Authors: Kubicka Emilia
Published: January 2019

Do We Speak Simpler when Using a Simpler Language? Formally Instrumental Phrases which Characterize SpeechThe paper describes the connectivity and the meaning of the formally instrumental phrase językiem (jakimś)/(czyimś) which co-occurs with the metatextual mówiąc. Depending on the filling of the valence spot, it can fulfill different functions: a) indicating the choice of the best code or register for the given communicative intent, b) indicating the source of a cited statement, c) informing how to interpret, according to the speaker, what has been said previously in the text. As is the case with other formally instrumental phrases counted as adverbials, here too a regular substitution of those forms with adverbial phrases cannot be observed. The restrictions, however, are probably not of lexical nature (the lack of the appropriate adverbials or adverbial constructions); rather, they result from the fact, that the meaning of the noun is relevant (the meaning of mówiąc slangiem cyklistów is different as jak cykliści). Sometimes there can be also observed a semantic emancipation of some formally instrumental forms (innymi słowy, (jednym) słowem).
‘Dziwność’ a problem oceny (na przykładzie przymiotnika "dziwny")
Authors: Wołk Mariola
Published: January 2019

‘Strangeness’ and the Problem of Evaluation (On the Basis of the Adjective dziwny)The main aim of this article is to provide answers to two questions: is the adjective dziwny used to form a negative evaluation; and is it used to provide evaluation at all? The second question entails the necessity to determine if the possible evaluation on the good–bad scale constitutes a part of the semantic structure of the word dziwny, or whether it is one of the pragmatic properties of the linguistic unit in question. The analytical part of the article is preceded by a short theoretical introduction which refers the reader to the most important conclusions (mainly by Jadwiga Puzynina) within the field of axiological linguistic evaluation (axio-linguistics). The analysis of the adjective dziwny presented here also takes into account its derivatives, such as dziwak ‘weirdo’, dziwoląg ‘freak’, [ktoś] dziwaczy ‘someone does or says weird things’, and its semantically close predicates: dziwaczny ‘bizzare’, specyficzny ‘idiosyncratic’, osobliwy ‘peculiar’ and nietypowy ‘untypical’.
Deep experiential knowledge: reflections from mutual aid groups for evidence-based practice
Authors: Noorani Tehseen , Karlsson Magnus , Borkman Thomasina
Published: January 2019

Background

This article charts the relationships between the model of evidence-based practice (EBP), healthcare markets where providers are increasingly competing through the adoption of EBP-certified interventions, and the cultivation of experiential knowledge within self-help and mutual aid groups (MAGs). After 35 years of neoliberal reform, service user involvement in research, service provision and evaluation, and patient-centered care has been operationalised in increasingly measurable ways. In seeking to value and incorporate service user experiences, current models of EBP do not unpack the heterogeneity within experiential knowledge.

Aims

This article explores a more meaningful use of experiential knowledge than the cursory and tokenistic treatment it is often given.

Objectives

Propose, illustrate and theorise the concept of ‘deep experiential knowledge’ (DEK)

Identify ways that the acknowledgement of DEK are useful in healthcare policy, governance and the clinical encounter

Methods

Drawing upon case study vignettes, we analyse MAGs as epistemic communities of problem solvers.

Findings

Deep experiential knowledge is a robust and collective form of knowledge, generated over time in the long-term members (‘old-timers’) and collective knowledge of MAGs. Five characteristics of deep experiential knowledge are proposed.

Discussion

By rendering DEK amenable to the logic of EBP, we outline potential benefits of foregrounding DEK in the conduct of healthcare research, policy and governance, and the clinical encounter.

Conclusions

DEK constitutes an authority that distinguishes different degrees of experiential knowledge of healthcare problems. Attending to DEK helps untangle some of the challenges posed by EBP for and to successful service user involvement.
United Nations gender experts and the push to focus on conflict-related sexual violence
Authors: Dersnah Megan Alexandra
Published: January 2019

Gender experts within the United Nations play a pivotal role in driving forward global gender-equality norms and practices. This article analyses the shift within the women, peace and security agenda of the United Nations from Resolution 1325 to the narrow focus on conflict-related sexual violence in Resolution 1820. It argues that United Nations gender experts were pivotal in intentionally driving this shift in focus, although it has since become a contested choice. It highlights the unique challenges that gender experts face when operating within organisations that can be highly resistant to their objectives.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the book by providing an overview of the New Dynamics of Ageing Programme, which comprised a total of 35 projects covering most of the major issues of ageing from a multi-disciplinary perspective. The chapter will then introduce individual chapters by summarising their subject matter and arguments. Finally, all of the projects supported by the Programme are listed together with their Principal Investigators.
Maintaining dignity and independence
Authors: Lloyd Liz , Calnan Michael , Cameron Ailsa , Seymour Jane , Smith Randall , White Kate
Published: January 2019

Older people’s perspectives on their experiences of ageing and dependency shed light on the complex nature of dignity as a personal and social concept. In this study, participants revealed how, as they became dependent on others for support and care, their lives felt increasingly precarious and their sense of dignity was challenged. Influenced by their life-course experiences as well as by their social circumstances, their response to this challenge included both perseverance and adjustment to change. The attitudes and behaviour of others, including those of professionals, contributed in crucially important ways to maintaining their sense of identity and dignity.
Families and caring in South Asian communities
Authors: Victor Christina R. , Zubair Maria , Martin Wendy
Published: January 2019

This chapter reports the findings of the NDA project ‘Families and Caring in South Asian Communities’, which focused on understanding the experiences and perceptions of old age and later life among Bangladeshi and Pakistani elders. Particular emphasis was placed on investigating social identities and levels of participation in transnational, national and local communities; perceptions and experiences of family lives, social networks, ‘place’ and locality; and ideas, meanings and experiences of ‘care’ and ‘support’. The chapter discusses the key methodological challenges, summarises the main substantive themes and considers how different these are (or are not) from the general population in order to begin to distil the unique or novel dimensions of the experience of ageing among those populations. The chapter raises critical questions about the extent to which policy and practice recognise the diversity of experience with regard to notions of ageing.
NANA: a tale of ageing and technology
Authors: Astell Arlene , Williams Elizabeth , Hwang Faustina , Brown Laura , Cooper Sarah , Timon Claire , MacLean Lin , Smith Tom , Adlam Tim , Khadra Hassan , Godfrey Alan
Published: January 2019

Technology is increasingly being recognised as a valuable contributor to supporting people to live and age well. As such there are increasing opportunities for working with older adults to create technologies – both devices and applications – that they want to use. The NANA (Novel Assessment of Nutrition and Ageing) project set out to create a new technology toolkit for older adults to use at home to keep track of their diet, mood, cognitive function and physical activity. This was made possible by whole project management, transdisciplinary working and partnership with older adults. This chapter describes the activities undertaken to create and validate the NANA toolkit and the implications of this work.
Poverty: discrimination, stigma and shame
Authors: Shildrick Tracy
Published: January 2019

This chapter develops the material in the preceding chapter by looking at the concepts of stigma and shame. Central to understanding the issue of shame is the notion of ‘respectability’. The ideas of shame and respectability have long been central to narratives about poverty and provided the foundation of notions about the ‘undeserving poor’, and they provide a really important mechanism that allows poverty propaganda to work. At one and the same time, shame is both a cause and a consequence of poverty propaganda. People in poverty strongly buy into dominant narratives about the supposed feckless behaviour of people experiencing poverty, which allows poverty propaganda to work to garner consent for policies that penalise, stigmatise, and deepen poverty for those on low incomes.
Regulating the regulators: the rise of the United Kingdom Professional Standards Authority
Authors: Allsop Judith , Jones Kathryn
Published: January 2019

In the United Kingdom reforms to professional regulation have been introduced to enhance public protection. This chapter accounts for changes from 2002 to 2016 with the introduction of a meta-regulator to oversee nine statutory professional Councils. It examines the expansion of the role of the meta-regulator and reforms within the professional councils themselves. It draws on data collected to show increases in costs and activity and explains the shift from self-regulation to top-down governance using corporate management techniques of audit and review. It demonstrates that the reforms have been evolutionary and that further reform is ongoing.
Patterns of medical oversight and regulation in Canada
Authors: Ahmed Humayun , Brown Adalsteinn , Saks Mike
Published: January 2019

Physicians in Canada are entrusted with one of the highest degrees of self-regulatory privilege of medical professionals, associated in neo-Weberian terms with exclusionary social closure in a competitive marketplace. To protect the public, though, such power must be accompanied by structures which successfully ensure that standards of professional quality are well defined and rigorously implemented. Yet little is known about the performance of presently implemented regulatory structures in medicine in Canada in terms of quality definition and assurance. Drawing on original research, this chapter provides an overview of the standards and regulatory goals and the various formal mechanisms for implementing these in Canada. As such, it will outline how provincial and territorial medical colleges explicitly and implicitly understand, describe, and put into practice their own standards of performance. Appropriate alignment of the colleges with quality assurance in this respect is considered vital in terms of the wider public good.
The policy capacity of political parties in Canada
Authors: Flynn Greg , Marlin Marguerite
Published: January 2019

Political parties and their members are often viewed as having limited impact on government policy choices. However, prior research shows that both sets of actors devote considerably more time and resources to policy-related activities than this view would suggest. We examine the policy capacity of parties and their members to influence policy-making in Canada over the course of the last decade. We focus on the ability of party members to have their policy wishes included in election campaign manifestos and the extent to which the 2008 and 2011 federal Conservative governments were able to fulfill their campaign commitments in a highly challenging policy capacity environment. Consistent with prior studies on previous Conservative and Liberal governments, this examination demonstrates that while governments face a number of influences on their policy choices, the policy wishes of party members and the election campaign policy commitments of parties have a significant influence.
The theoretical context for FGCs
Authors: Parkinson Kate
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the core theoretical concepts that relate to family group conferences (FGCs). Social work theory has long shaped the practice of the profession, but it is only in recent years that social workers are being asked to evidence the theoretical basis to their interventions, in assessment and court reports. As such, it is crucial that social workers understand the theoretical basis to their work and for them to be recognised as skilled and research-informed practitioners in their own right, given the evidence-based practice landscape of social care. For policy makers, having an understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of the FGC model and the relationship between FGCs and what is considered to be good social work practice is significant. The theoretical framework ensures that the model is given credibility and offers the potential for it to become a viable alternative to existing processes.
An international perspective
Authors: Parkinson Kate
Published: January 2019

This chapter assesses family group conferences (FGCs) as an international model of decision-making. FGCs are used in at least 20 countries across the globe. They are internationally recognised as an effective way of engaging families in decision-making processes. As the model has been applied in other countries, it has been adapted to reflect the cultures and the historical and policy context of individual countries and jurisdictions. Some of the processes are very similar to the original New Zealand model while others are very different and are hybrids of the original model. The chapter then studies the different levels of service implementation of FGCs and considers some of the outcome studies from seven countries. It also focuses on China as a case study for a country attempting to introduce FGCs as a culturally appropriate method of child protection practice.
Introduction
Authors: Katz Stephen
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the book and the historical background of and current relationship between ageing and everyday studies. It reviews relevant literature leading up to the explanation of the book’s organization on materialities and embodiments and outlines how the book’s chapters address and innovate research in the authors’ respective areas. The introduction claims everyday ageing, with its roots in sociology, is today an expansive interdisciplinary field that includes cultural studies, the Humanities, media and cinema, spatial and consumer fields, and health and technology areas, which in their combination emphasize the extent to which experience and identity for older people are represented, mediated and activated in local contexts.
Ageing bodies, driving and change: exploring older body–driver fit in the high-tech automobile
Authors: Gish Jessica A. , Grenier Amanda M. , Vrkljan Brenda
Published: January 2019

The integration of mechanical and digital technology (e.g., back-up cameras) into the automobile is changing the experience of driving. This chapter examines the “fit” between the ageing body with ‘low-tech’ auto-biographies and the technological vehicle. The chapter begins with an outline of how the dominant ‘human factors’ approach examines older-driver car interaction and identify the shortcomings of this approach. To address these limitations, the chapter adopts a critical, phenomenological, and embodied approach and ethnographic methods that reveal everyday descriptions of driving. This demonstrates a focus on corporeality provides the means to reveal how technology can change ‘inner’ driving experience at sensory, affective, and habitual levels, and inspire particular bodily and cognitive responses as part of the process of adaptability. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how attention to the ageing body can improve human factors research on older driver-car interaction and add to the current sociological discussions on everyday life.
Chocolate, slavery, forced labour, child labour and the state
Authors: Hinch Ronald
Published: January 2019

The objective in this chapter is to review the history of slave labour in the cocoa industry, including forced labour and unpaid child labour, to illustrate how governments often collaborate with the cocoa industry to create and perpetuate these abuses. Slavery in the cocoa industray is a serious form of food crime affecting husdreds of thousands of workers in the cocoa industry. The chapter traces the history of slavery in the cocoa industry from the arrival of Europeans in the Americas in the late fifteenth century to its contemporary forms in West Africa. It illustrates the often explicit but somemtimes passive complicity of governments in creating and protecting the slave trade in the name of protecting both private commericial interests as well as the interests of the State. Some of the proposed solutions to ending the slave trade in the cocoa industry are also discussed.