bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Fertigation Systems on the Development of Urea Hydrolytic Activity in Soilless Potting Media
Authors: Elliott George C.
Published: September 2022

Ureolytic activity was evaluated in uncropped soilless potting media and in media that had been cropped for 4 to 12 weeks with subirrigation or drip fertigation systems in two sequential experiments. Space heating and root-zone heating treatments were compared in one of these experiments. Higher rates of urea hydrolysis tended to develop with drip fertigation than with subirrigation. Increased media temperatures during cropping were associated with increased urea hydrolysis rates. Ureolytic activity was not consistently affected by length of cropping. Interactions of media, fertigation system, and length of cropping indicate the complexity of the development of ureolytic activity in soilless potting media.
Paclobutrazol, Uniconazole, and Flurprimidol Influence Shoot Growth and Nut Yield of Young Pecan Trees
Authors: Wood Bruce W.
Published: September 2022

The problems of excessive vegetative growth and tree-size control of young pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] trees prompted the evaluation of three tirazole analogs [paclobutrazol (PBZ), uniconazole (UCZ), and flurprimidol (FPD)] for their growth suppression efficacy and horticultural usefulness on pecan. A one-time soil application of these growth regulators at 132, 264, and 588 µmol·cm–2 trunk cross-sectional area suppressed shoot elongation by 50% to 90% for up to 3 years after treatment. Growth suppression greater than about 60% reduced nut yield; presumably due to drastically reduced leaf area and internal shading among leaves within compacted shoots. Relative efficacy in terms of shoot growth was UCZ > PBZ > FPD; however, all three chemicals exhibit commercial potential for controlling tree size. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); (E)-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazol, name pending); α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol).
Ice-nucleation Activity of Seedlings of Six Tomato Cultivars
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of six tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars were evaluated for differences in ice-nucleation activity. Freezing temperatures of tissues were not significantly affected by cultivar. Greenhouse-grown seedlings, 0.3- to 34-g fresh weight, of ‘Beefsteak’, ‘Pixie’, ‘Supersteak’, ‘Red Cherry’, ‘Big Boy’, and ‘Supersonic’, with and without natural infestations of ice-nucleation active (INA) bacteria, had an overall mean freezing temperature of −5.9°C. Plants without detectable INA bacteria exhibited mean freezing temperatures ranging from −6.1° to −6.9°, while seedlings with INA bacteria froze from −4.7° to −5.7°. Plant mass and presence of INA bacteria significantly affected plant freezing temperatures. Innate differences in frost avoidance capability among the tomato cultivars examined were not apparent.
Pre- and Poststress Temperature Influence Perennial Ryegrass in Vitro Heat Tolerance
Authors: White Richard H. , Stefany Peter , Comeau Mary
Published: September 2022

Injury to ‘Prelude’ and ‘Manhattan II’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was measured as percentage of electrolyte leakage from leaf segments after stress to determine the influence of prestress growth temperature and poststress temperature on heat tolerance. The temperature required to cause 50% cell solute efflux was 59.5°C for ‘Prelude’ and 56.5° for ‘Manhattan II’, when measured immediately after stress treatment. However, electrolyte leakage increased with time after termination of stress. When measured 24 hr after termination of stress, 52° caused 50% cell solute efflux from leaf segments of both cultivars. Injury levels 44 hr after 30 min at 50° were ≈ 12% and 89% when incubated at poststress temperatures of 7° and 35°, respectively. Incubation temperature following a 55° treatment did not affect electrolyte leakage rate in either cultivar. Greater injury occurred in both cultivars when grown at 25° than at 41°.
Heritability of Ease of Hazelnut Pellicle Removal
Authors: Mehlenbacher Shawn A. , Smith David C.
Published: September 2022

Hazelnut kernels from which the pellicle can be removed easily by dry heat are highly desirable for the international kernel market. Cultivars vary from no to complete pellicle removal after heating. Nut samples of 951 seedlings representing 62 parental combinations were roasted at 130°C for 13.5 min, rubbed, and scored for degree of pellicle removal. Narrow sense heritability, estimated by regression of progeny means on midparent values, was 48% (±10%). This moderately high heritability estimate indicates that selection of easy-to-blanch seedlings should result in rapid progress.
Plant Regeneration from Callus Cultures Derived from Primordial Leaves of Adult Japanese Persimmon
Authors: Tao Ryutaro , Murayama Hideki , Moriguchi Kazuki , Sugiura Akira
Published: September 2022

Primordial leaves of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Jiro) were excised from dormant buds and cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with the nitrates reduced to half strength (MS½N) and supplemented with 0.1 to 10.0 µm zeatin + 0.1 to 10.0 µm IAA. After 40 days of culture in the dark, yellowish-white calli were formed at 10.0 µm zeatin + 1.0 µm IAA. When these calli were transferred to MS½N medium supplmented with zeatin (1.0 to 10.0 µm) + IAA (0 to 10.0 µm), 24% of them produced adventitious buds at 10.0 µm zeatin + 0.1 µm IAA under a 12-hr photoperiod. Further shoot growth occurred on the same medium without IAA. Basal ends of the shoots were quick-dipped in 1.25 mm IBA and placed on half-strength MS½ N medium. Nearly two-thirds of the dipped shoots rooted within 30 days. Plantlets regenerated in vitro were then transferred to a mixture of 1 peat: 1 perlite: 1 vermiculite and acclimatized for potting. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); (E)-2-methyl-4-(1-H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-buten-1-o1 (zeatin).
An Improved Shoot Regeneration System for Somaclone Production in Tomatoes
Authors: Uddin M. Rafique , Berry Stanley Z. , Bisges A. D.
Published: September 2022

Efficiency of somaclone production was examined using 10 processing tomato cultivars and 18 growth regulator treatments. Although zeatin has been reported to induce shoot development most readily, a combination of IAA (5.7 µmol·liter–1) and kinetin (4.7 µmol·liter–1) was found to be equal to zeatin in shoot regeneration efficiency and reduced the time required for shoot production. Rooting was achieved by transplanting the in vitro-produced shoots to Pro-Mix under intermittent mist in a greenhouse. Chemical names used: (E)-2-methyl-4-(1H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-buten-1-ol (zeatin); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); N-1-furanyImethyl)-1-H-purin-6-amine (kinetin).
Variation in Fruiting Body Production of Protoclones of Oyster Mushroom
Authors: Magae Yumi , Matsubara Yoshimitsu , Shiratori Tamotsu , Sasaki Takashi
Published: September 2022

Fruiting bodies were induced from protoclones of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus ATCC 60691). Thirty protoclones were examined for five characters, including period needed for fruiting body formation, stipe diameter, pileus diameter, and number and weight of fruiting bodies. Time needed for the protoclones to form fruiting bodies was 2 to 5 days shorter and the yields of fruiting body tended to increase relative to the parent strain. Three clones that attained a significant increase in fruiting body weight, as compared with the parent, were re-examined using “old” spawn. Fruiting body yield was not significantly different from the parent, implying that the first variability of the protoclones from the parent was a temporal physiological variation.
In Vitro Multiplication of Ixia flexuosa
Authors: Meyer Hendrik J. , Staden Johannes van
Published: September 2022

Multiple adventitious buds were induced on corms and corm-derived primary calluses of Ixia flexuosa L. cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5 or 10 µm BA. Buds developed into shoots, nearly half of which rooted in the absence of an auxin. Root formation was increased to 80% with the addition of 2.5 or 5 µm NAA to the MS medium. Almost two-thirds of the plantlets survived hardening in a mistbed. Thidiazuron at 0.1 or 1.0 mg·liter−1 also induced adventitious buds on corm explants, but these buds were less vigorous than those produced with BA. Chemical names used: N-phenylmethyI)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron).
Moisture Content, Freezing, and Storage Conditions Influence Germination of Amaryllis Seed
Authors: Carpenter William J. , Ostmark Eric R.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of Hippeastrum × hybridum Hort. were subjected to dehydration, freezing, and storage for 12 months at various temperature and humidity levels. Amaryllis seed viability was unaffected by dehydration that removed 97% of available moisture content at seed harvest. Seeds were tolerant of freezing, but germination was reduced gradually as freezing temperatures decreased from 0° to −80°C. Moisture content at freezing influenced loss of viability; the lower the moisture content the higher the germination percentages. Temperature and relative humidity during seed storage governed seed viability loss rate. No measurable losses in viability resulted from storing seeds at 11% or 52% RH at 5° or 15°, respectively, for 12 months, but viability was significantly decreased when seeds were stored at these humidities at 25° or 35°. Viability decreased substantially or was lost after 3 months of storage at 75% and 95% RH and 25° and 35°.
Root Morphology and Development of Bell Peppers
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Paola Michele Lipucci Di , Pardossi Alberto , Tognoni Franco
Published: September 2022

Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L. ‘Early California Wonder’ and ‘Yolo Wonder’) were grown for 14 and 22 days in glass tubes with agar supplemented with 87.6 mm (30 g·liter–1) sucrose or without sucrose, respectively, under controlled conditions. Taproot length increased rapidly for 6 days after radicle protrusion, but its growth rate was reduced during the next 4 days for both cultivars in each medium. Basal and lateral roots emerged 5 and 6 days after germination, respectively, or just after cotyledons were expanded fully for both cultivars in either medium. However, ‘Early California Wonder’ produced basal and lateral roots 9 days after germination in agar medium without sucrose. The number of lateral roots did not increase between 6 and 10 days after radicle protrusion in agar medium without sucrose. However, emergence of lateral roots was pronounced during this period in agar amended with sucrose. Root morphological characteristics, shoot weight, shoot:root ratio, and stem height differed minimally between ‘Early California Wonder’ and ‘Yolo Wonder’. The sequence of root development in bell pepper seedlings was characterized by a) rapid taproot elongation from radicle protrusion to fully expanded cotyledons, b) emergence of basal roots followed by lateral roots when cotyledons were fully expanded, and c) increase in the number of basal and lateral roots numbers particularly in the presence of sucrose and reduction in the rate of taproot elongation. Exogenous sucrose reduced the variability for most measured shoot and root characteristics.
Reaction of Sweet Potatoes to Flooding
Authors: Collins Wanda W. , Wilson L. George
Published: September 2022

Flooding is a serious problem in sweet potato production in Atlantic and Gulf Coast states. Studies have been attempted using irrigation to simulate flooding (1, 3). Results have been inconsistent and flood damage was often difficult to induce. However, during 5 days in 1984, Hurricane Diana resulted in 267.5 mm of rainfall on sweet potato cultivar plots at the Horticultural Crops Research Station in Clinton, N.C. The plots were planted in a Norfolk sandy loam soil. When plots were harvested 2 weeks later, flood damage was readily apparent. Typical symptoms of flooding injury included visible soft, rotted areas, growth of saprophytic fungi on the surface and a noticeable odor of fermentation. Roots were separated into three groups (total marketable, culls, and flood-damaged roots) and weighed. Samples were also taken of apparently sound roots for intercellular space and dry matter evaluations (four roots each) and for determining amount of sub-sequent rotting during curing and storing (12–13 kg). Intercellular space and percent dry matter were determined according to Kushman and Pope (2).
Seasonal Variation in Elemental Concentration of Blackberry Leaves
Authors: Clark John R. , Buckley J. Blair , Hellman Edward W.
Published: September 2022

Literature on blackberry leaf analysis technique is limited. In red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), the concentration of all elements investigated was significantly influenced by sampling date (3). The least seasonal variation of elemental concentration of red raspberry leaves occurred in those located between nodes 5 and 12 from the primocane terminal (2). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of leaf part, (blade vs. petiole), and date of sampling on the foliar element concentration of three blackberry cultivars (Rubus spp.).
Horizontal Tuber Diameter as a Growth Measure in ‘Russet Burbank’ Potato Stem Cuttings
Authors: Petitte Jane M. , Ormrod Douglas P.
Published: September 2022

Tuber initiation on rooted potato cuttings has been shown to be favored by shortened photoperiods (2). The objective of this study was to characterize the initiation and growth of tubers on plants in growth chambers and to establish an appropriate covariate for tuber mass measurements. Preliminary data on the effects of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide on tuber growth are also described.
Field Fertilization of Heuchera sanguinea ‘Splendens’
Authors: Duarte Marjorie , Perry Leonard P.
Published: September 2022

Even though herbaceous perennials have been field produced for many years, there is no general nutrient recommendation for specific fertility level as related to soil type. A survey of Vermont perennial growers indicated that a variety of fertilization methods are in use (Perry and Sanders, 1983). Commercial recommendations vary: 7.8 g N/m2 from 8N–3.5P–6.7K once annually (Sinnes, 1979); 12.2 g N/m2 from 5N–4.4P–4.2K for established plants (Sinnes, 1981; Wyman, 1977); 34.2 g N/m2 from Osmocote 14N–6.2P–11.6K for plants sensitive to fertilizer, 68.5 g N/m2 for nursery stock, and 136.8 g N/m2 for greenhouse crops (Sierra, 1980).
‘Orcas’ Pear
Authors: Norton Robert A. , King Jacqueline , Moulton Gary A.
Published: September 2022

‘Orcas’ is a fall pear (Pyrus communis L.) with size and flavor characteristics that make it suitable for use in home canning and drying and for fresh eating in season. In observations since 1971, trees and fruit of this cultivar appear to show good resistance to pear scab (Venturia pyrina).
‘Marbles’ and ‘Riot’ Dwarf Ornamental Peppers
Authors: Baggett James R. , Kean D.
Published: September 2022

‘Marbles’ and ‘Riot’ are dwarf peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) developed at Corvallis, Ore. on the research farms of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. They bear prolific crops of attractive, brightly colored fruit on a compact plant, and are suitable for culture as bedding plants to provide fall color in the landscape.
Resident Instruction in Agriculture for Place-bound Students
Authors: Verkade Stephen D. , Drummond H. Evan , Zachariah Gerald L.
Published: September 2022

In many states, the resident instruction functions of the colleges of agriculture are located solely on the main campuses of the land-grant universities, which are frequently far removed from agricultural enterprises in much of the state. This organizational structure typically does not address the needs of place-bound students, who are unable to leave home to attend a university. Consequently, departments within the college of agriculture may have to expand their teaching efforts to branch research centers to meet the educational needs of place-bound students and to fill vacancies in agricultural enterprises (2).
‘Carolina Cayenne’ Pepper
Authors: Fery R. L. , Dukes P. D. , Ogle W. L.
Published: September 2022

In the article “‘Carolina Cayenne’ Pepper”, by R.L. Fery, P.D. Dukes, and W.L. Ogle [HortScience 21(2):330, April 1986], the authors wish to note the following: The 13th line under Description should be changed from “…are straight to slightly curved, 0.64 cm in…” to “…are straight to slightly curved, 1.63 cm in…”.
Analysis of Shear Force Data in Broccoli Transplant Studies
Authors: Latimer Joyce Griffin , Beverly Reuben B. , Blum Bill
Published: September 2022

In the article “Analysis of Shear Force Data in Broccoli Transplant Studies”, by Joyce Griffin Latimer, Reuben B. Beverly, and Bill Blum [HortScience 23(3):627, June 1988], line 8 of the second paragraph should read “…amendment), organic (20 kg Pro-Mix BX,…”, not 10 kg.
East Meets West: Cultivation of American Ginseng in China
Authors: Proctor John T. A. , Wang Tie-Sheng , Bailey William G.
Published: September 2022

Oriental ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) to the Chinese “… is the medicine par excellence: the dernier resort when all other drugs fail; reserved for the use of the Emperor and his household, and conferred by Imperial favour upon high and useful officials whenever they have a serious breakdown that does not yield to ordinary treatment, and which threatens to put a period to their lives and usefulness” (14). Although written in 1578, these claims are still held by traditional Chinese healers. Westerners do not hold ginseng in such high esteem (9). However, the discovery of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) growing in Canada in the early 1700s lead to the establishment of trade in ginseng between North America and the Orient, which continues today (3, 4, 8).
The Aesthetics of Horticulture: Neatness as a Form of Care
Authors: Nassauer Joan Iverson
Published: September 2022

Perceived care of the landscape is a primary determinant of landscape attractiveness. Care is typically recognized in the neatness of a landscape: evenness of turf or crop color, placement of ornamental plants, use of fences and borders, and freedom from weeds or litter. However, care may also be expressed in landscapes that do not look neat. For instance, sites where native or drought-tolerant grasses are used, where understory dominates the forest, where ditches or lawns are not mown, where wetland plants appear—all may demonstrate ecological care but not look neat. In the agricultural landscape, minimum tillage and Conservation Reserve parcels exhibit this same “messy” care. Despite the dominance of neatness as a form of the care aesthetic, “messy” landscapes look attractive if people know the ecological function of what they are seeing, or if the landscape context indicates that the messy look is intentional. In horticulture, at both the production and design levels, the aesthetic of care can be interpreted beyond neatness to include the ecological function of the landscape.
Tree Characteristics, Fruiting, and Mineral Nutrition of Apple Trees on M.27 EMLA and Three Interstocks
Authors: Autio Wesley R. , Lord William J.
Published: September 2022

A planting of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ (Bisbee strain) apple trees was established in 1981 on M.27 EMLA, P.2/KA313, P.22/KA313, and C.6/KA313. After 6 years, trees on P.2/KA313 and C.6/KA313 were similar in size and larger than those on M.27 EMLA and P.22/KA313. P.22/KA313 induced profuse suckering, whereas trees on M.27 EMLA were virtually sucker-free. Cumulative yields per tree (1984–86) were the highest on P.2/KA313 and C.6/KA313. However, cumulative production efficiencies were highest for trees on M.27 EMLA and P.2/KA313. The least efficient trees were on P.22/KA313. Foliar analyses indicated that trees on M.27 EMLA had the highest levels of N, Ca, Mn, and Zn.
Influence of Plastic Mulch and Type and Frequency of Irrigation on Growth and Yield of Bell Pepper
Authors: VanDerwerken Joseph E. , Wilcox-Lee Darlene
Published: September 2022

A field study was designed to evaluate the effects of various irrigation methods, raised beds, and plastic mulch on yield and fruit quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of soil matric potential and monitored by Hg manometer tensiometers and soil moisture blocks. Trickle-irrigated plots were watered at soil matric potentials of −0.025 and −0.075 MPa, and sprinkled plots at −0.075 MPa. The combination of black polyethylene mulch and irrigation produced maximum yields, but frequency of irrigation had little effect on yield when peppers were mulched. High frequency trickle irrigation (irrigated 15×) and trickle irrigation of a lesser frequency (irrigated 5×) resulted in similar yields when peppers were mulched. The use of mulch without irrigation had a large effect on yield: yields from plots that were mulched but not irrigated were similar to yields from plots that were sprinkler-irrigated but not mulched. The percentage of marketable fruit was substantially reduced in the absence of irrigation or mulch, because of the high incidence of both solar injury and blossom-end rot.
Within-row Spacing Effects on Yields of Celery for Processing and Fresh Market
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Bryan Herbert H. , Shuler Kenneth D.
Published: September 2022

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) cultivars, Camlyn, Tall Utah 52-70R (IMP.), Florida 2-14, and Clean Cut were grown at within-row spacings of 10, 20, or 30 cm during the winter seasons of 1984–85 and 1985–86 in commercial celery fields located near South Bay, Fla. Stalks were trimmed to 36 or 51 cm height to simulate fresh and processing celery yields, respectively. Cultivars responded similarly to within-row spacings for each measured variable. Untrimmed or trimmed to 51-cm-stalk weights per plant or per hectare were not different among cultivars. ‘Camlyn’ when trimmed to a 36 cm height had a lower stalk weight and a smaller stalk diameter than the other cultivars except when compared with ‘Clean Cut’ in the 1984–85 experiment. Untrimmed and trimmed stalk weights increased linearly per hectare and decreased linearly per plant as within-row spacings decreased from 30 to 10 cm. Stalk diameter decreased quadratically as within-row spacings decreased from 30 to 10 cm. Marketable petiole number per plant decreased linearly in the 1984–85 experiment and quadratically in the 1985–86 experiment as within-row spacings decreased. Celery stalks produced at 10-cm within-row spacing were too small for optimum economic fresh market returns, although they produced the highest marketable yield per hectare for a processing market. Plants from a 20-cm within-row spacing were optimum for fresh market celery.
Yields of Two Tomato Cultivars Differing in Shoot Growth at Several Plant Populations and Locations
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Locascio Salvador J. , Everett Paul H. , Howe Teresa K. , Scott John W. , Olson Steve M.
Published: September 2022

‘Horizon’, a small shoot-mass tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cultivar, and ‘Sunny’, a large shoot-mass cultivar were planted at 30.5-, 61-, and 91-cm within-row spacings at five locations in Florida during Spring 1985 to determine if yields differed between these cultivars and among plant densities. Marketable weight and number of fruit per plant, mean fruit size (g/fruit), and shoot weight increased linearly with an increase in within-row spacing. Marketable weight of fruit/ha decreased linearly with wider within-row spacings. Responses of both cultivars to within-row spacing were similar for each measured trait, except for marketable fruit number per plant. A larger increase in marketable number of fruit per plant occurred between 61- and 91-cm within-row spacings for ‘Sunny’ than for ‘Horizon’. Fruit : shoot ratio (w/w) was not influenced by within-row spacings or cultivars. Each measure variable differed among locations. These results suggest that ‘Sunny’, with a larger inherent shoot growth, sufficiently compensated for smaller shoot growth when grown at higher plant densities to maintain marketable fruit yields comparable to ‘Horizon’.
Postharvest Seed Maturation of American Ginseng: Stratification Temperatures and Delay of Stratification
Authors: Jo Jaeseong , Blazich Frank A. , Konsler Thomas R.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of freshly harvested American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) were stratified at 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, or 25°C for 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16 weeks. Regardless of the duration of stratification, respiration was usually lowest at 5° and highest at 20°. For temperatures ≥15°, respiration increased with time, reaching a maximum at week 14 and decreasing thereafter. Measurable embryo growth was not detected at 5° and 10°, but at temperatures ≥15°, growth was observed beginning at week 10. By week 16, the greatest embryo growth was attained at 15°, while the greatest percentage of actively growing embryos occurred at 20°. Changes in embryo length closely paralleled those for the embryo: endosperm length ratio. Delaying the initiation of stratification after seed extraction by as little as 10 days reduced embryo growth.
Hot Dip Treatments Reduce Chilling Injury in Long-term Storage of ‘Valencia’ Oranges
Authors: Wild B. L. , Hood C. W.
Published: September 2022

Postharvest treatment of ‘Valencia’ oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] with hot dips of water or water suspensions of benomyl (500 mg liter-1) or thiabendazole (TBZ) (1000 mg liter-1) greatly reduced chilling injury (CI) incidence when fruit were stored for 15 weeks at 1°C. The hot TBZ dip treatment was significantly better than the other hot dip treatments for reducing CI. Pretreatment rind injury inflicted to the fruit before cold storage slightly increased CI incidence. Chemical names used: methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate (benomyl); 2-(4-thiazoIyl)-benzimidazole (thiabendazole).
Measurement of Broccoli Respiration Rate in Film-wrapped Packages
Authors: Forney Charles F. , Rij Roger E. , Ross Stanley R.
Published: September 2022

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica Group) was held at 5°C in a stream of humidified air (control) or of humidified 14% O2/10% CO2 (CA), or it was wrapped with a nonperforated flexible polyvinylchloride (PVC) film and held in a humidified (90% to 95% RH) or nonhumidified (40% to 45% RH) stream of air for 3 weeks. Water loss was reduced 17% by the CA treatment and 50% by wrapping the broccoli. Broccoli stored in CA or wrapped in film retained quality significantly better than the controls. Atmosphere composition within packages reached equilibrium within the first 24 hr and did not change significantly over the 3 weeks. Self-generated atmosphere modification was greater within packages held in humidified air than within those held in nonhumidified air (7.8% vs. 13.2% O2; 9.0% vs. 6.7% CO2, respectively). The steady state of atmospheres within packages allowed the calculation of respiration rates of wrapped broccoli by monitoring changes in the air surrounding the package. Oxygen consumption and CO2 production by samples held in CA or in films were reduced 30% to 40% relative to the controls. The respiratory quotient for the CA and humidified wrapped samples was about 1.30, but 1.15 in the control and nonhumidified wrapped samples.
A Rapid Method for Accurately Measuring Oxygen Concentrations in Milliliter Gas Samples
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Strike Terry
Published: September 2022

A method is presented for the rapid determination of O2 concentrations in which 1-ml gas samples are injected into a stream of N2 carrier gas flowing through a specific O2 sensor. Specifically, peaks were produced on a strip chart recorder within 2 sec of injecting 1-ml samples into a 15 liters·hr-1 flow of N2 through an Applied Electrochemistry Inc. Model S-3A O2 analyzer. The response to the injection of 10 O2 concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 18.9% was linear (r = 0.9996). The coefficient of variation was < 1.5% for measurements within each O2 concentration; ranging from 1.4% for concentrations <6%, to 0.7% for concentrations >15%. This corresponded to a resolution of better than 0.4 µl O2 in a 1-ml gas sample. Other nondestructive analyzers using similar N2 carrier gas flow rates (e.g., the Horiba PIR-2000 infrared CO2 analyzer) can be attached in series to analyze for other specific gases in the same injected sample.
Germination Requirements of Hovenia dulcis Seeds
Authors: Frett John J.
Published: September 2022

The Japanese raisin tree (Hovenia dulcis Thunb.) is grown for ornamental (2, 4), for medicinal and secondary products (4, 6), and for fruit production (5). It is analogous to cashews in that the peduncles are the edible portion of the plant. Seeds of H. dulcis require acid scarification for germination (1, 2, 4), but the literature does not indicate the need for stratification. Germination varies from “uniform germination in 16 days” (2), to ≍ 40% germination (4) following scarification. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum duration of acid scarification and whether stratification would enhance germination.
‘Bounty’ Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Ballington James R. , Mainland C. M. , Duke Susan D. , Draper Arlen D. , Galletta Gene J.
Published: September 2022

‘Bounty’ is a stem blight-tolerant and cane canker-resistant early-midseason to midseason cultivar of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) ripening at about the same time as ‘Murphy’. It has been a consistent producer of very large fruit, with above-average flavor and excellent color, stem scar, and firmness. ‘Bounty’ flavor does not deteriorate rapidly, as is typical with standard highbush blueberries in eastern North Carolina. The name reflects the abundant crops of very large high-quality fruit produced by this cultivar. Released cooperatively by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service and the USDA. ‘Bounty’ is intended for fancy fresh fruit production in areas subject to cane canker [Botryosphaeria corticis (Demaree & Wilcox) Arx and Muller] and stem blight [Botryosphaeria dothidea (Mouq. ex Fr.) Ces. & de Not.].
‘Rescue’ Pear
Authors: Norton Robert A. , King Jacqueline , Moulton Gary A.
Published: September 2022

‘Rescue’ is an early pear (Pyrus communis L.) of large size with vivid orange-red blush and stripe over 40% to 90% of the fruit. It has potential not only for home orchard and garden plantings, but also as an attractive cultivar for roadside markets.
Greenhouse Production of Banana in Morocco
Authors: Janick Jules , Ait-Oubahou A.
Published: September 2022

Morocco, occupying a strategic bridge between Northwest Africa and Europe, has a climate similar to California and Northern Mexico. Horticulturally, Morocco is best known as a source of winter vegetables and citrus for Europe, but the development of a plastic greenhouse industry has catalyzed the export industry. Most of Morocco’s tomato exports are produced in unheated plastic greenhouses. The development of bananas under plastic is a unique achievement of Moroccan horticulture.
A Review of Pear Chimeras: Their Identification and Separation into Pure Types
Authors: Chevreau E. , Decourtye L. , Skirvin Robert M.
Published: September 2022

The occurrence of chimeras, which are often unstable, limits the use of mutants in fruit tree improvement. Several types of spontaneous pear (Pyrus communis L.) chimeras have been described: variegated mutants with a chlorophyll deficiency, red mutants, and cytochimeras. Those that have been studied have proved to be periclinal chimeras, the mutation being present in either the L I, L II, or L III histogenic layer. Two methods have been used to separate these chimeras into pure types: 1) irradiation, which produces homogeneous shoots with L II or L III phenotype and a few new chimeral rearrangements; and 2) root cuttings followed by adventitious shoot regeneration, which produce only pure types, most of them with the L III phenotype. Both methods are time- and space-consuming. In vitro adventitious regeneration is suggested as a new technique to separate pear chimeras into pure types, or to be integrated in a mutagenesis program.
CPPU Influences ‘McIntosh’ Apple Crop Load and Fruit Characteristics
Authors: Greene Duane W.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of 10 and 100 mg·liter-1 CPPU were applied at petal fall of the king blossom (PF) or 18 days later to mature ‘McIntosh’/M.7 apple trees. All CPPU sprays reduced crop load. Treatments at PF reduced the crop to near the desired level of about five to six fruit per cm of limb circumference. Fruit weight was increased 21% and 67%, respectively, by 10 and 100 mg·liter-1 applied at PF. Treatments at PF increased fruit size more than at PF + 18, and 100 mg·liter-1 was more effective than 10 mg·liter-1. At the higher rate and later timing, CPPU appeared to retard ripening. These fruit were firmer, red color development was reduced, and degradation of starch appeared to be delayed. Fruit length : diameter (L:D) ratio and seed number were reduced by treatment at PF + 18 days. Total growth was increased on limbs treated with CPPU at PF + 18 days. CPPU at 10 mg·liter-1 reduced flower bud formation, and at 100 mg·liter-1 it nearly eliminated return bloom when applied at either timing. Chemical name used: N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyI)-N’-phenylurea (CPPU).
Differentiating Pollenizer and Pollinator
Authors: Hershey David R.
Published: September 2022

Byrne (1988) discussed the confusion between the words “pollenizer” and “pollinator”. A mnemonic device to remember the difference between the terms is to associate the “t” in pollinator with the word “transfer”, since the definition of pollinator is “the agent of pollen transfer” (Byrne, 1988).
Germinated Seeds for Field-establishment of Watermelon
Authors: Hall Melvin R. , Ghate Suhas R. , Phatak Sharad C.
Published: September 2022

Field-establishment from germinated ‘Crimson Sweet’ watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb). Matsum. & Nakai] seeds was more rapid than from raw seeds, and differences were greater when soil temperatures ranged from less than the optimum (21.3 to 35.3C) to slightly less than the minimum (15.7C) for watermelon seed germination. Total yields were not influenced by planting methods, but germinated seeds and transplants enhanced early yield in 1983.
Postharvest and Preharvest Summer Pruning of ‘Firebrite’ Nectarine Trees
Authors: Day K. R. , DeJong T. M. , Hewitt A. A.
Published: September 2022

The effect of postharvest and preharvest summer pruning techniques on photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) and yield characteristics were studied in mature ‘Firebrite’ nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees. Treatments 14 days after harvest included unpruned control, hand-topping, interior watersprout removal (WSR), and combination of hand-topping and WSR. All pruning treatments initially increased PPFD within the canopies. Forty-five days after pruning, the topped trees had PPFD similar to unpruned controls, while PPFD in the other treatments remained higher. PPFD were similar for all treatments 90 days after treatment. No significant effects of postharvest pruning on flowering or fruit set were observed during the following year. Preharvest summer pruning (23 and 28 days before harvest), imposed on the same set of trees the following year and consisting of WSR, increased fruit size, weight, and redness relative to unpruned trees.
Winter Protection of Container-grown Woody Ornamentals in Zone 9a
Authors: Cobb Gary S. , Keever Gary J.
Published: September 2022

Four methods of overwintering container-grown ornamental nursery stock were evaluated. Canopy temperatures of plants unprotected or covered with a thin layer of ice closely followed air temperatures during subfreezing conditions; minimum ambient air temperature was – 16C. Canopy temperatures under white copolymer film fluctuated widely, while canopy and growth medium temperatures of plants continuously irrigated during subfreezing temperatures did not drop below 0C. Root injury of all species and foliar injury of azalea (Rhododendron × ‘Due de Rohan’), euonymus (Euonymus japonica Thunb. ‘Microphylla’ H. Jaeg.), and pittosporum [Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait.] were least when plants were continuously irrigated or covered with white copolymer film. Foliage of Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Compacta’) and dwarf Burford holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl & Paxt. ‘Burfordii Nana’) was not injured with any treatment. Bark splitting of azaleas was most severe under the thinly iced and white copolymer-covered treatments, less severe in the unprotected treatment, and least with continuous irrigation.
Growth and Flowering of Greenhouse-grown Red Raspberry Treated with Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Goulart Barbara L.
Published: September 2022

‘Heritage’ and ‘Titan’ tissue-cultured red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plants were treated with paclobutrazol (4 and 100 mg/pot), cycocel (250 and 900 mg/pot), ancymidol (2 and 10 mg/pot), daminozide (1000 and 5000 ppm), and benzyladenine (100 ppm). Paclobutrazol and 5000 ppm daminozide decreased node number and height. Only the ‘Heritage’ cultivar flowered, and only the 5000 ppm daminozide treatment increased inflorescence number. ‘Titan’ had greater dry mass and a higher relative growth rate, predominantly due to greater root growth, while ‘Heritage’ was taller by virtue of increased internode elongation. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyI)methyl]-α(1,1-dimethylethy)-1H-l,2,4-triazoIe-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); α-cydopropyl-α-[4-methyoxy-phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); (2-chloroethyI)trimethyl ammonium chloride (cycocel); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (benzyladenine, BA).
Use of Mefluidide for Turf Overseeding
Authors: Eggens J. L. , Wright C. P. M. , Carey Ken
Published: September 2022

The effect of mefluidide, a growth regulator, on the growth of annual blue-grass (Poa annua L.) was evaluated under pot culture and field conditions. In pot culture, mefluidide caused a significant reduction in shoot and root dry weight and tiller number of single annual bluegrass plants, and of annual bluegrass planted at high densities. In the latter case, mefluidide also increased the success of ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) overseeded into the annual bluegrass. Overseeding success of ‘Fiesta’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in field trials increased significantly with increasing rates of mefluidide. No increase in success was noted in overseeding with creeping bentgrass in the field. There was a minimum detrimental effect of mefluidide to turf quality of the established turf species in the golf course fairway. Chemical names used: N-[2,4-dimethyl-5[[[trifluoromethyl] sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide).
Isozyme Polymorphism during Rooting at Elevated CO2
Authors: Bhattacharya Nikhil C. , Bhattacharya Sheila , Strain Boyd R.
Published: September 2022

The effects of CO2 enrichment and IAA on adventitious root formation of hypocotyl cuttings of Impatiens balsamina L. ‘Camellia’ were examined. Root numbers increased significantly at 675 and 1000 µl CO2/liter compared to 350 µl liter-1. In the presence of IAA, the number of roots increased at 675 and 1000 µl CO2/liter and the effect was most pronounced with 5 µg IAA/ml at 675 µl CO2/liter. IAA-treated cuttings, compared to those in deionized water, exhibited slightly increased intensities of some of the isoperoxidases coinciding with root initiation and development in a CO2-enriched atmosphere. The data also indicate that at least two isozymes of peroxidase are associated with root development. Chemical names used: l-H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Auxin Type, Gel Concentration, Rooting, and Survival of Cheiranthera volubilis in Vitro
Authors: Williams Richard R. , Taji Acram M.
Published: September 2022

Auxin promoted rooting in 70% to 95% of in vitro shoot cultures of Cheiranthera volubilis compared with 25% on auxin-free medium. The type of auxin in the medium affected root morphology, which, in turn, affected plantlet survival on transfer to soil. IBA in the medium caused thickened roots or callusing, with poor survival of rooted plantlets (10% to 40%). NAA or NOA alone stimulated thread-like root growth and increased survival (60%). A low gelrite concentration (0.125%) gave good rooting (84%), but reduced plantlet survival (27%), whereas a high concentration of gelrite (0.5%) inhibited rooting (51%) but increased survival (70%). The best combination was 1 µM of NOA in 0.375% gelrite, giving 82% rooting and 65% survival. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); β-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA).
Soluble Sugars and Respiration of Flavedo Tissue of Grapefruit Stored at Low Temperatures
Authors: Purvis Albert C.
Published: September 2022

This study was initiated to determine if differences exist in the rates at which reducing sugars accumulate in the flavedo tissue of interior and exterior canopy ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) during low-temperature storage and if intermittent warming treatments alter the conversion of sucrose to reducing sugars. Sucrose concentrations decreased and reducing sugar concentrations increased in the flavedo tissue of grapefruit stored at 5C. Relative changes in sucrose and reducing sugar concentrations were similar in fruit harvested from interior and exterior canopy positions. Thus, differences in chilling sensitivity of interior and exterior canopy fruit were not related to the concentrations of sugars in the peel tissue. Reducing sugars accumulated and sucrose decreased more rapidly in the flavedo tissue of intermittently warmed grapefruit than in similar tissue of grapefruit held constantly at 5C. Exogenous glucose did not stimulate O2 uptake by grapefruit flavedo tissue in air (21% O2) or in 100% O2 at any time during the harvest season. Dinitrophenol stimulated O2 uptake by tissue in 100% O2, but not in air. Thus, sugar substrate appeared to be adequate to support the respiratory rates of grapefruit flavedo tissue and O2 availability limited respiration. Chilling sensitivity of grapefruit is not directly related to the concentration of reducing sugars per se.
Blossom End Defects and Fruit Fly Infestation in Papayas Following Hot Water Quarantine Treatment
Authors: Zee Francis T. , Nishina Melvin S. , Chan Harvey T. , Nishijima Kate A.
Published: September 2022

Viable larvae of the Oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) were found in Carica papaya L. ‘Kapoho’ fruit after hot water double-dip quarantine treatment in Hawaii. Two types of blossom end defects, navel and definite pinhole, were responsible for the failure of the quarantine treatment. These defects resulted from abnormal placental growth near the blossom end of fruit. Defective fruit also had higher incidences of internal infection by Cladosporium sp. and Fusarium spp. A survey conducted in the Puna district of the island of Hawaii showed that the incidence of trees bearing defective fruit ranged from 5.3% to 31%.
Differential Sensitivity of ‘Com-Pact Redhaven’ and ‘Redhaven’ Peach Shoot Tips to BA in Vitro
Authors: Scorza R. , Cordts J. M.
Published: September 2022

Shoot tip cultures of ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica L. (Batsch)] and its compact mutant ‘Com-Pact Redhaven’ reacted differentially to exogenous BA in vitro. ‘Com-Pact Redhaven’ produced the highest number of axillary shoots at 30 µm BA, while the maximum proliferation of ‘Redhaven’ occurred at 10 µm BA, with a significant decrease in proliferation at 30 µm BA. At 100 µm BA, axillary shoot proliferation was more than twice as high in ‘Com-Pact Redhaven’ as in ‘Redhaven’ cultures. Maximum increase in total fresh weight of explants occurred at 10 µm BA for both culti-vars, but, at 30 µM BA, fresh weight increase of ‘Redhaven’ was less than half that of ‘Com-Pact Redhaven’. This study suggests that compact growth habit in peach can be selected in vitro based on reaction to BA. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-lH- purin-6-amine (BA), lH/-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Dormancy-breaking Agents on Acclimation and Deacclimation of Dogwood
Authors: Tanino K. K. , Fuchigami L. H. , Chen T. H. T. , Gusta L. V. , Weiser C. J.
Published: September 2022

Hydrogen cyanamide or hot-water treatment (47C) for 1 hr at the 250°GS (Growth Stage) effectively broke rest in dogwood buds within 10 to 12 days. At this growth stage, control plants grown at 25/18C (day/night) maintained an LT50 of –25C throughout the 3-week study period, whereas plants treated with H2CN2 or hot water gradually lost hardiness. After 3 weeks at 5/2C (day/night), the control plants hardened to a hardiness (LT50) of –45C, and H2CN2-treated plants maintained an LT50 of –25C. The results demonstrate that the extent of acclimation and deacclimaton of dogwood plants may be influenced by environmental temperatures and rest status.
Nature and Inheritance of Compact Plant Habit in Cuphea leptopoda Hemsley
Authors: Thompson Anson E.
Published: September 2022

Plants with a compact growth habit have been identified in populations of Cuphea leptopoda Hemsley. The primary morphological effect has been shown to be conditioned by a single recessive gene, designated si for shortened internodes. Short internodes on compact plants result in reduced length of the main stem, reduced number and length of both primary and secondary branches, and reduced flowering resulting from a decrease in number of flowers per node on the main stem and branches. The compact growth habit and more concentrated flowering of the shortened-internode plants may have horticultural and agronomic value in new interspecific hybrids being developed.
Prolonged Storage of Grape Nodal Culture Using a Low Concentration of Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Moriguchi Takaya , Yamaki Shohei
Published: September 2022

A convenient method of conserving grape (Vitis labrusca L. cv. Delaware; F. thunbergii; V. vinifera L. cv. Rizamat) was developed by culturing nodal segments in Murashige and Skoog’s medium, but at a lower than normal concentration of ammonium nitrate under standard tissue culture conditions consisting of a 16-hr photo-period at 28C. The cultures had a higher rate of survival after 262 to 290 days of storage under low ammonium nitrate condition than under low temperature (5 or 10C).
In Vitro Propagation of Geraldton Wax: Initiation, Proliferation, and Rooting
Authors: Page Yvonne M. , Visser Johannes H.
Published: September 2022

In vitro propagation of geraldton wax (Chamelaucium uncinatum Schauer) was achieved using nodal explants excised from actively growing shoots of adult plants. Murashige and Skoog basal medium (BM) supplemented with 4.4 μΜ BA was optimum for enhanced axillary shoot growth. Repeated subculturing of in vitro-grown axillary shoots resulted in a propagation rate of 5.7 ± 1.1 (±SE) shoots every 6 weeks. Sixtytwo percent of the shoots obtained by this method rooted on half-strength BM supplemented with 58.4 mM sucrose and 5.0 μΜ NAA. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Measuring Sap Flow in the Stem of Small Trees by a Heat Balance Method
Authors: Valancogne C. , Nasr Z.
Published: September 2022

A heat balance method has been developed that directly estimates sap volume flow rate (m3s-1). The measuring device involves: a) a heating jacket wound around the stem that delivers constant heat, and b) four thermal sensors (copper-constantan thermocouples) used to measure temperature changes in the sap and thermal gradients at the upstream and downstream ends of the heating jacket. Lateral heat losses, minimized by surrounding the heat jacket with good insulation, are ignored. This method requires no previous calibration since empirical coefficients can be computed when the sap flow is zero. The method has been tested under laboratory conditions on stem segments and in a greenhouse on small potted fruit trees. The results appear satisfactory, especially under high flow conditions.