bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of an Air Pollution Monitoring Campaign in Beijing for Application to Cohort Health Studies
Authors: Vedal Sverre , Han Bin , Xu Jia , Szpiro Adam , Bai Zhipeng
Published: December 2017

No cohort studies in China on the health effects of long-term air pollution exposure have employed exposure estimates at the fine spatial scales desirable for cohort studies with individual-level health outcome data. Here we assess an array of modern air pollution exposure estimation approaches for assigning within-city exposure estimates in Beijing for individual pollutants and pollutant sources to individual members of a cohort. Issues considered in selecting specific monitoring data or new monitoring campaigns include: needed spatial resolution, exposure measurement error and its impact on health effect estimates, spatial alignment and compatibility with the cohort, and feasibility and expense. Sources of existing data largely include administrative monitoring data, predictions from air dispersion or chemical transport models and remote sensing (specifically satellite) data. New air monitoring campaigns include additional fixed site monitoring, snapshot monitoring, passive badge or micro-sensor saturation monitoring and mobile monitoring, as well as combinations of these. Each of these has relative advantages and disadvantages. It is concluded that a campaign in Beijing that at least includes a mobile monitoring component, when coupled with currently available spatio-temporal modeling methods, should be strongly considered. Such a campaign is economical and capable of providing the desired fine-scale spatial resolution for pollutants and sources.
How Can We Achieve Healthy Aging?
Authors: Woo Jean
Published: December 2017

Population aging affects all countries, and all income groups.[...]
Some New Biparametric Distance Measures on Single-Valued Neutrosophic Sets with Applications to Pattern Recognition and Medical Diagnosis
Authors: Garg Harish , Nancy
Published: December 2017

Single-valued neutrosophic sets (SVNSs) handling the uncertainties characterized by truth, indeterminacy, and falsity membership degrees, are a more flexible way to capture uncertainty. In this paper, some new types of distance measures, overcoming the shortcomings of the existing measures, for SVNSs with two parameters are proposed along with their proofs. The various desirable relations between the proposed measures have also been derived. A comparison between the proposed and the existing measures has been performed in terms of counter-intuitive cases for showing its validity. The proposed measures have been illustrated with case studies of pattern recognition as well as medical diagnoses, along with the effect of the different parameters on the ordering of the objects.
Potential of Bioactive Glasses for Cardiac and Pulmonary Tissue Engineering
Authors: Kargozar Saeid , Hamzehlou Sepideh , Baino Francesco
Published: December 2017

Repair and regeneration of disorders affecting cardiac and pulmonary tissues through tissue-engineering-based approaches is currently of particular interest. On this matter, different families of bioactive glasses (BGs) have recently been given much consideration with respect to treating refractory diseases of these tissues, such as myocardial infarction. The inherent properties of BGs, including their ability to bond to hard and soft tissues, to stimulate angiogenesis, and to elicit antimicrobial effects, along with their excellent biocompatibility, support these newly proposed strategies. Moreover, BGs can also act as a bioactive reinforcing phase to finely tune the mechanical properties of polymer-based constructs used to repair the damaged cardiac and pulmonary tissues. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of different forms of BGs, alone or in combination with other materials (e.g., polymers), in regards to repair and regenerate injured tissues of cardiac and pulmonary systems.
Two-Dimensional Fluorescence Difference Spectroscopy of ZnO and Mg Composites in the Detection of Physiological Protein and RNA Interactions
Authors: Hoffman Amanda , Wu Xiaotong , Wang Jianjie , Brodeur Amanda , Thomas Rintu , Thakkar Ravindra , Hadi Halena , Glaspell Garry , Duszynski Molly , Wanekaya Adam , DeLong Robert
Published: December 2017

Two-dimensional fluorescence difference spectroscopy (2-D FDS) was used to determine the unique spectral signatures of zinc oxide (ZnO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and 5% magnesium zinc oxide nanocomposite (5% Mg/ZnO) and was then used to demonstrate the change in spectral signature that occurs when physiologically important proteins, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ribonuclease A (RNase A), interact with ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). When RNase A is bound to 5% Mg/ZnO, the intensity is quenched, while the intensity is magnified and a significant shift is seen when torula yeast RNA (TYRNA) is bound to RNase A and 5% Mg/ZnO. The intensity of 5% Mg/ZnO is quenched also when thrombin and thrombin aptamer are bound to the nanocomposite. These data indicate that RNA–protein interaction can occur unimpeded on the surface of NPs, which was confirmed by gel electrophoresis, and importantly that the change in fluorescence excitation, emission, and intensity shown by 2-D FDS may indicate specificity of biomolecular interactions.
Nanoscale Phase Evolution during Continuum Decomposition of Fe-Cr Alloys
Authors: Li Yongsheng , Zhu Lihui , Liu Chengwei , Shi Shujing
Published: December 2017

The continuum decomposition of the Fe-Cr alloys from initial phase separation to steady-state coarsening with concentrations varying from 25 at % Cr and 30 at % Cr to 33 at % Cr aged at 750 K was studied by utilizing three-dimensional phase-field simulations. The dynamic stages of separation of nanoscale Cr-enriched α′ phase were distinguished by the evolution of the volume fraction, particle number density and the average particle radius of the α′ phase. The stage of steady-state coarsening was characterized with an equilibrium volume fraction and decreasing particle number density. The coarsening rate constant by linear fitting of the cube of average radius and aging time shows an increase with the increasing Cr concentration. The time exponents decrease from the growth and coarsening stage to the steady-state coarsening stage and show a dependence on the particles number density at different concentrations. The quantitative evolutions of α′ phase via nucleation growth and spinodal decomposition are theoretically helpful for understanding the microstructure evolution with aging time in Fe-Cr alloys.
Spirulina Extract Enhanced a Protective Effect in Type 1 Diabetes by Anti-Apoptosis and Anti-ROS Production
Authors: Lee Jiyeong , Park Arum , Kim Mi , Lim Hee-Joung , Rha Young-Ah , Kang Hee-Gyoo
Published: December 2017

Interest in the nutritional value and pharmacological activities of blue-green algae has gradually increased. Spirulina extracts show protective effects against apoptosis and inflammatory damage in various cell types. Here, we investigated the protective effects of extracts from Spirulina maxima in a cytokine-mediated type 1 diabetes model in vitro and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats in vivo. Interleukin-1β and interferon-gamma induced substantial cytotoxicity to RINm5F rat insulinoma cells, increasing nitric oxide (NO) production, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and key genes related apoptosis. However, the cytotoxicity of cytokines was significantly attenuated by Spirulina extract, which effectively prevented NO production by inhibiting the synthesis of cytokine-activated NO synthase (iNOS), and apoptosis was suppressed. These results suggest that Spirulina extract might be effective to preserve the viability and function of pancreatic β-cells against cytotoxic conditions. Moreover, diabetic mice orally administered Spirulina extract showed decreased glucose levels, increased insulin, and improvement in liver enzyme markers. The antioxidant effect of Spirulina extract may be helpful in treating type 1 diabetes by enhancing the survival, and reducing or delaying cytokine-mediated β-cells destruction.
Choice, Inclusion, and Access to Information: Understanding Female Farmers’ Participation in Kyrgyzstan’s Water-User Associations
Authors: Nixon Rebecca , Owusu Francis
Published: December 2017

Participatory processes have been widely promoted within the field of natural resource management as a method of supporting efficient resource use and, within these processes, much emphasis has been placed on gendered participation. In Kyrgyzstan, participation in irrigation management is organized through water-user associations (WUAs), a decentralized system of management commonly prescribed to increase equity and efficiency in water distribution. Women in Kyrgyzstan are active in irrigated agriculture particularly in light of changing demographics due to labor migration, yet they make up a small percentage of the members and leaders in these WUAs. This study draws upon interviews with WUA officials, village leaders, and female farmers in five communities in southern Kyrgyzstan to examine the determinants of female farmers’ participation in WUAs. We argue that female farmers are strategic in how they choose to irrigate outside of the WUAs as users or participate in WUAs as members or leaders, however their gender, age, and class limits their access to information about WUAs and inclusion in WUA activities. These findings suggest the need to reassess participatory processes in WUAs in order to increase female farmers’ inclusion in WUAs and demonstrates the complexity of gendered participation in natural resource management.
Expression of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins under Stress Encountered during Food Production and Preservation
Authors: Schelin Jenny , Susilo Yusak , Johler Sophia
Published: December 2017

Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is the most prevalent cause of food-borne intoxications worldwide. Consumption of enterotoxins preformed in food causes violent vomiting and can be fatal in children and the elderly. While being repressed by competing bacteria in most matrices, Staphylococcus aureus benefits from crucial competitive advantages in foods with high osmolarity or low pH. During recent years, the long-standing belief in the feasibility of assessing SFP risk based on colony-forming units of S. aureus present in food products has been disproven. Instead, researchers and food business operators are acutely aware of the imminent threat arising from unforeseeable enterotoxin production under stress conditions. This paradigm shift led to a variety of new publications enabling an improved understanding of enterotoxin expression under stress conditions encountered in food. The wealth of data provided by these studies is extremely diverse, as it is based on different methodological approaches, staphylococcal strains, stressors, and enterotoxins. Therefore, in this review, we aggregated and critically evaluated the complex findings of these studies, to provide readers with a current overview of the state of research in the field.
Vinylphosphonium and 2-aminovinylphosphonium salts – preparation and applications in organic synthesis
Authors: Kuźnik Anna , Mazurkiewicz Roman , Fryczkowska Beata
Published: December 2017

The main synthetic routes towards vinylphosphonium salts and their wide applications in organic synthesis are discussed in this review. Particular attention is paid to the use of these compounds as building blocks for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocyclic systems after their prior transformation into the corresponding phosphorus ylides, followed by the intramolecular Wittig reaction with various types of nucleophiles containing a carbonyl function in their structures.
À propos du sadisme et de la logique de la barbarie à l’humiliation
Authors: Bazan Ariane
Published: December 2017

L’immaturité et de l’état de dépendance du petit d’homme à sa naissance lui confèrent son statut prêt de l’objet dans les soins, impliquant de façon irréductible une part d’humiliation. Les actes sadiques sont un traitement de cette humiliation en permettant de récupérer subjectivement ce que l’on a d’abord subi. De ce fait, la potentialité sadique est constitutive de la condition humaine. La scène barbare peut donner des indices de forme et d’intensité quant à l’humiliation à laquelle elle donnerait le contrepoids : il s’agirait de l’exclusion du pacte social, c’est-à-dire, de la communauté dont les liens fraternels se tissent du pacte d’amour. Cette barbarie se définit alors par la destruction de la scène où se joue cette humiliation, la scène de la civilisation, en attaquant ses tabous fondateurs : la prohibition du meurtre et du cannibalisme et l’interdit de l’inceste. Ces hypothèses sont discutées en mettant à l’épreuve trois types de matériaux : (1) l’expérience de soumission à l’autorité de Milgram, (2) les recherches de Trevarthen sur la relation mère-enfant, (3) le mythe de Médée d’Euripide. Une logique permet de saisir ce à quoi la barbarie répond, même si ce à quoi l’humiliation mène n’est jamais déterminé.
L’infinité des visages de la radicalisation
Authors: Rémy Marie-Cécile
Published: December 2017

Cet article vise à comprendre, à partir de deux situations cliniques singulières, les processus à l’œuvre au sein de la dynamique identitaire des personnes qualifiées par le système judiciaire de « radicalisées ». La mise en relief du récit de vie recueilli dans le cadre d’une consultation thérapeutique sous injonction judiciaire étaye l’articulation de deux hypothèses de travail. La radicalisation islamique peut s’articuler au phénomène de disparition de soi de l’anthropologue Le Breton. Dans un état de tension interne, déséquilibrant son rapport à soi et à autrui, le sujet sommé de modifier sa dynamique identificatoire, pourra revêtir le masque social de la radicalisation islamique. Prenant appui sur la notion de la figure du surmusulman évoquée par le psychanalyste F. Benslama, le masque de la radicalisation islamique s’illustrerait par une mise en acte de comportements, que l’on peut qualifier de « surmusulmans ». Ce changement de projet identificatoire au sein du parcours de vie du sujet lui rendra la possibilité de s’envisager dans son rapport à soi et à autrui. L’auteure postule l’existence d’un processus de visagéfication à l’œuvre, étayé par ses observations cliniques.
L’adolescence face à la propagande visuelle 2.0 de Daesh
Authors: Gozlan Angélique
Published: December 2017

Le recrutement djihadiste utilise massivement les réseaux sociaux, espaces fortement fréquentés par les adolescents. Ceux-ci sont alors plus à même de visualiser des vidéos de propagande de Daesh, du fait de la viralité du réseau. Cet article se propose d’analyser la propagande de Daesh afin d’y trouver des éléments de compréhension à la radicalisation des adolescents. La méthode s’appuie sur l’analyse filmique des vidéos de Daesh, et notamment sur l’exemple des productions du recruteur français Omar Omsen. L’analyse développée repose sur la métapsychologie psychanalytique, à la rencontre du matériel clinique obtenu. Un quart des embrigadés sont des adolescents et la majorité des européens embrigadés pointent l’importance des réseaux sociaux dans leur recrutement. Les vidéos de propagande reprennent l’ensemble des codes utilisés et connus par les adolescents et se font écho à la quête adolescente. L’afflux d’images et la facilité d’accès à celles-ci favorisent l’auto-embrigadement, amplifié par la viralité des réseaux, par l’importance des phénomènes groupaux en ligne, et par l’altérité virale. Les messages transmis par cette propagande en images, et les médias utilisés pour la diffuser, entrent en résonance avec certains processus adolescents, tels que la lutte contre la perte de la toute-puissance infantile, la quête identitaire, la nécessité d’une reconnaissance des pairs, d’une inscription dans le lien social, et la recherche d’un idéal. Ces éléments d’analyse sont essentiels pour penser la prévention à la radicalisation, et ce par l’éducation aux images dès l’accès de l’enfant aux divers médias.
Militantismes libertaire et féministe face aux violences sexuelles
Authors: Fourment Émeline
Published: December 2017

Résumé Les violences sexuelles ont peu intéressé la sociologie des mouvements sociaux. Pourtant, il n'est pas rare qu'elles fassent l'objet d'âpres débats, en particulier dans les mouvements libertaires, où les féministes réclament un positionnement collectif en faveur des victimes. Cet article prend pour objet les dénonciations de viols qui ont eu lieu entre 1989 et 2007 dans la gauche radicale de Göttingen (Allemagne). Il s'intéresse à la façon dont les féministes politisent et publicisent ces violences, ainsi qu'aux résistances qu'elles rencontrent. Il met en évidence un tournant dans les stratégies féministes développées, et fait le lien avec un changement de cadre interprétatif : durant les années 1990, les féministes adoptent un cadre d'interprétation matérialiste et une stratégie d'offensive, tandis que durant les années 2000, leur cadre d'interprétation est influencé par la théorie queer, en même temps qu'elles optent pour la stratégie de la pédagogie.
Taraxacum sect. Palustria (Compositae) in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Mercadal i Corominas Gabriel , Galán de Mera Antonio
Published: December 2017

After detecting new records for Taraxacum sect. Palustria (Compositae), a first taxonomical revision of this section is provided for the Iberian Peninsula. Four taxa, T. aginnense, T. ciliare, T. litophyllum and T. raii, are recognized, of which T. aginnense and T. raii are new for the Iberian flora. From each one of them, its morphological description, geographical, ecological and phenological data, and conservation status are presented. In addition, an identification key, as well as several images showing the main morphological characters are given. This work also includes comments on T. mediterraneum group (T. sect. Erythrocarpa) because its morphological similitude and ecological affinities with Iberian plants of T. sect. Palustria.
About the presence of Crocidura suaveolens group (Soricomorpha, Soricidae) on Astipalaia Island (Dodecanese, Greece)
Authors: Angelici Francesco M. , Cattaneo Cristina , Grano Mauro , Nappi Armando
Published: December 2017

The presence of Crocidura sp. on Astipalaia Island was shown, for the first time, in the nineties of the twentieth century. After the re-examination of the already available specimens and the analysis of the more recent material, it emerged that this insular shrew population refers to Crocidura suaveolens group. The presence of this taxon is also reported for the neighboring island of Amorgos. The presence of Crocidura suaveolens group in the Mediterranean islands is a result of Pleistocene survivors as well as human introductions, a both morphometric and genetics investigation on these specimens is deserving of further insights.
Some fixed point theorems on non-convex sets
Authors: Radhakrishnan Mohanasundaram , Rajesh S. , Agrawal Sushama
Published: December 2017

In this paper, we prove that if $K$ is a nonempty weakly compact set in a Banach space $X$, $T:K\to K$ is a nonexpansive map satisfying $\frac{x+Tx}{2}\in K$ for all $x\in K$ and if $X$ is $3-$uniformly convex or $X$ has the Opial property, then $T$ has a fixed point in $K.$
Scotland's forgotten carbon: a national assessment of mid-latitude fjord sedimentary carbon stocks
Authors: Smeaton Craig , Austin William E. N. , Davies Althea L. , Baltzer Agnes , Howe John A. , Baxter John M.
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Fjords are recognised as hotspots for the burial and long-term storage of carbon (C) and potentially provide a significant climate regulation service over multiple timescales. Understanding the magnitude of marine sedimentary C stores and the processes which govern their development is fundamental to understanding the role of the coastal ocean in the global C cycle. In this study, we use the mid-latitude fjords of Scotland as a natural laboratory to further develop methods to quantify these marine sedimentary C stores on both the individual fjord and national scale. Targeted geophysical and geochemical analysis has allowed the quantification of sedimentary C stocks for a number of mid-latitude fjords and, coupled with upscaling techniques based on fjord classification, has generated the first full national sedimentary C inventory for a fjordic system. The sediments within these mid-latitude fjords hold 640.7 ± 46 Mt of C split between 295.6 ± 52 and 345.1 ± 39 Mt of organic and inorganic C, respectively. When compared, these marine mid-latitude sedimentary C stores are of similar magnitude to their terrestrial equivalents, with the exception of the Scottish peatlands, which hold significantly more C. However, when area-normalised comparisons are made, these mid-latitude fjords are significantly more effective as C stores than their terrestrial counterparts, including Scottish peatlands. The C held within Scotland's coastal marine sediments has been largely overlooked as a significant component of the nation's natural capital; such coastal C stores are likely to be key to understanding and constraining improved global C budgets.
A method to encapsulate model structural uncertainty in ensemble projections of future climate: EPIC v1.0
Authors: Lewis Jared , Bodeker Greg E. , Kremser Stefanie , Tait Andrew
Published: December 2017

Abstract. A method, based on climate pattern scaling, has been developed to expand a small number of projections of fields of a selected climate variable (X) into an ensemble that encapsulates a wide range of indicative model structural uncertainties. The method described in this paper is referred to as the Ensemble Projections Incorporating Climate model uncertainty (EPIC) method. Each ensemble member is constructed by adding contributions from (1) a climatology derived from observations that represents the time-invariant part of the signal; (2) a contribution from forced changes in X, where those changes can be statistically related to changes in global mean surface temperature (Tglobal); and (3) a contribution from unforced variability that is generated by a stochastic weather generator. The patterns of unforced variability are also allowed to respond to changes in Tglobal. The statistical relationships between changes in X (and its patterns of variability) and Tglobal are obtained in a training phase. Then, in an implementation phase, 190 simulations of Tglobal are generated using a simple climate model tuned to emulate 19 different global climate models (GCMs) and 10 different carbon cycle models. Using the generated Tglobal time series and the correlation between the forced changes in X and Tglobal, obtained in the training phase, the forced change in the X field can be generated many times using Monte Carlo analysis. A stochastic weather generator is used to generate realistic representations of weather which include spatial coherence. Because GCMs and regional climate models (RCMs) are less likely to correctly represent unforced variability compared to observations, the stochastic weather generator takes as input measures of variability derived from observations, but also responds to forced changes in climate in a way that is consistent with the RCM projections. This approach to generating a large ensemble of projections is many orders of magnitude more computationally efficient than running multiple GCM or RCM simulations. Such a large ensemble of projections permits a description of a probability density function (PDF) of future climate states rather than a small number of individual story lines within that PDF, which may not be representative of the PDF as a whole; the EPIC method largely corrects for such potential sampling biases. The method is useful for providing projections of changes in climate to users wishing to investigate the impacts and implications of climate change in a probabilistic way. A web-based tool, using the EPIC method to provide probabilistic projections of changes in daily maximum and minimum temperatures for New Zealand, has been developed and is described in this paper.
Shifted energy fluxes, increased Bowen ratios, and reduced thaw depths linked with drainage-induced changes in permafrost ecosystem structure
Authors: Göckede Mathias , Kittler Fanny , Kwon Min Jung , Burjack Ina , Heimann Martin , Kolle Olaf , Zimov Nikita , Zimov Sergey
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Hydrologic conditions are a key factor in Arctic ecosystems, with strong influences on ecosystem structure and related effects on biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes. With systematic changes in water availability expected for large parts of the northern high-latitude region in the coming centuries, knowledge on shifts in ecosystem functionality triggered by altered water levels is crucial for reducing uncertainties in climate change predictions. Here, we present findings from paired ecosystem observations in northeast Siberia comprising a drained and a control site. At the drainage site, the water table has been artificially lowered by up to 30 cm in summer for more than a decade. This sustained primary disturbance in hydrologic conditions has triggered a suite of secondary shifts in ecosystem properties, including vegetation community structure, snow cover dynamics, and radiation budget, all of which influence the net effects of drainage. Reduced thermal conductivity in dry organic soils was identified as the dominating drainage effect on energy budget and soil thermal regime. Through this effect, reduced heat transfer into deeper soil layers leads to shallower thaw depths, initially leading to a stabilization of organic permafrost soils, while the long-term effects on permafrost temperature trends still need to be assessed. At the same time, more energy is transferred back into the atmosphere as sensible heat in the drained area, which may trigger a warming of the lower atmospheric surface layer.
An Efficient, Clinically-Natural Electronic Medical Record System that Produces
Computable Data
Authors: James Brent C. , Edwards David P. , James Alan F. , Bradshaw Richard L. , White Keith S. , Wood Chris , Huff Stan
Published: December 2017

Current commercially-available electronic medical record systems produce mainly
text-based information focused on financial and regulatory performance. We combined an
existing method for organizing complex computer systems—which we label activity-based
design—with a proven approach for integrating clinical decision support into front-line
care delivery—Care Process Models. The clinical decision support approach increased the
structure of textual clinical documentation, to the point where established methods for
converting text into computable data (natural language processing) worked efficiently.
In a simple trial involving radiology reports for examinations performed to rule out
pneumonia, more than 98 percent of all documentation generated was captured as
computable data. Use cases across a broad range of other physician, nursing, and
physical therapy clinical applications subjectively show similar effects. The resulting
system is clinically natural, puts clinicians in direct, rapid control of clinical
content without information technology intermediaries, and can generate complete
clinical documentation. It supports embedded secondary functions such as the generation
of granular activity-based costing data, and embedded generation of clinical coding
(e.g., CPT, ICD-10 or SNOMED). Most important, widely-available computable data has the
potential to greatly improve care delivery management and outcomes.
External validation of the GrazeIn model of pasture dry matter intake and milk yield prediction for cows managed at different calving dates and stocking rates
Authors: Roca-Fernández Ana I. , González-Rodríguez Antonio
Published: December 2017

The aim was to evaluate the prediction accuracy of pasture dry matter intake (PDMI) and milk yield (MY) predicted by the GrazeIn model using a database representing 124 PDMI measurements at paddock level and 2232 MY measurements at cow level. External validation of the model was conducted using data collected from a trial carried out with Holstein-Friesian cows (n=72) while grazed 28 paddocks and were managed in a 2×2 factorial design by considering two calving dates (CD), with different number of days in milk (DIM), early (E, 29 DIM) vs. middle (M, 167 DIM), and two stocking rates (SR), medium (M, 3.9 cows ha-1) vs. high (H, 4.8 cows ha-1), under a rotational grazing system. Cows were randomly assigned to four grazing scenarios (EM, EH, MM and MH). The mean observed PDMI of the total database was 14.2 kg DM cow-1 day-1 while GrazeIn predicted a mean PDMI for the database of 13.8 kg DM cow-1 day-1. The mean bias was −0.4 kg DM cow-1 day-1. GrazeIn predicted PDMI for the total database with a relative prediction error (RPE) of 10.0% at paddock level. The mean observed MY of the database was 23.2 kg cow-1 day-1 while GrazeIn predicted a MY for the database of 23.1 kg cow-1 day-1. The mean bias was –0.1 kg cow-1 day-1. GrazeIn predicted MY for the total database with a mean RPE of 17.3% at cow level. For the scenarios investigated, GrazeIn predicted PDMI and MY with a low level of error which made it a suitable tool for decision support systems.
Clinical manifestation of malignant lymphomas of the head and neck region
Authors: Bojanowska-Poźniak Katarzyna , Pietruszewska Wioletta
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Malignant lymphoma (ML) is a neoplasm caused by clonal expansion of undifferentiated B, T and
NK-lymphoid cells. WHO classification divides lymphomas into two main types, i.e. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), and
non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), with numerous subtypes. The majority of MLs are localized in lymph nodes, but extranodal
locations are also possible. MLs represent approximately 3-5% of all malignant neoplasms in Poland, but
their incidence has been increasing in recent years, especially in young patients. The objective of the study was to
evaluate clinical manifestations and diagnostic process in patients with malignant lymphomas of the head and neck
region as diagnosed in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Medical University of Lodz in years 2013-2017.
Material and method: 30 patients diagnosed with malignant lymphomas of the head and neck region at the Departbadament
of Otorhinolaryngology of the Medical University of Lodz in 2013-2017. Results: The study group consisted of 8
cases of nodal lymphomas and 22 cases of extranodal lymphomas. In 29 cases B-cell lymphomas were diagnosed. The
most common symptoms included lymphadenopathy or neck tumor. Other symptoms were associated with the location
of tumors in particular body organs. The diagnosis was based on histopathological examination of biopsy (needle
or surgical) samples. Conclusion: Malignant lymphomas should be taken into account during differential diagnosis of
the tumor or lymphadenopathy of the neck. The diagnosis is difficult because of the nonspecificity of symptoms and
the need for interdisciplinary cooperation of many specialists.
The Major Cereal Grains: Corn, Rice, and Wheat
Authors: Wrigley C. W. , Nirmal R. C.
Published: December 2017

Corn (maize), rice, and wheat are each produced annually to the extent of 700–1000 million tonnes. Other significant cereal species are barley, rye, triticale, oats, sorghum, and the millets. Altogether, cerealgrain production totals nearly 3 billion tonnes annually, thus providing a major food source for humans, feed for animals and sources of starch, protein, oil, and fiber for industrial processing. Each grain species has its specific value addition chain, extending from breeder and grower, via harvest, storage, and transport, to processing and retail, to the consumer. Products include baked goods, beverages, food ingredients, vehicle fuels, and many nonfood products. The grain chain can also be seen in biochemical terms, initially as the interaction of genotype (the genome) with the growth and storage conditions, followed by the chemical changes that occur during processing. Attention to all these stages requires appropriate intervention to optimize product quality.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry
Authors: Dean John R.
Published: December 2017

The fundamental principles of inductively coupled plasmas as applied to atomic emission spectrometry (AES) and mass spectrometry (MS) are described. Attention is given to the formation of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP), including spectrometer alignment for AES and MS, and the characteristic temperature of the source. A key component of an ICP is the ability to introduce a range of samples in to the source; different sample introduction approaches are described, including the combination of nebulizer/spray chambers, laser ablation, and hydride/cold vapor techniques. This is followed by a description of the different types of spectrometers that are used for ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS, as well as a discussion on the types of spectral and nonspectral interferences that arise and their remedies. A direct comparison of the two techniques is then made using the following important variables: detection limits, analytical working range, sample throughput, purchase cost, and operating cost. Finally, a brief description of the applications of ICP spectrometry is given.
Polymer Dielectrics for Capacitor Application
Authors: Nasreen Shamima , Treich Gregory M. , Baczkowski Matthew L. , Mannodi‐Kanakkithodi Arun K. , Cao Yang , Ramprasad Ramamurthy , Sotzing Gregory
Published: December 2017

Dielectric materials are a class of materials that are polarized under an electric field. Typically, highly polarizable, or high dielectric materials are used in energy storage applications such as a capacitor. Materials that have high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, and high breakdown strength, have high energy density. Other important criteria for choosing a dielectric candidate include good thermal and mechanical stability. For their ease of processability and light weight applications, many polymer dielectrics are currently used commercially. Moreover, research to discover new materials to meet growing demand for lighter and more efficient materials has been ongoing.

This article provides information on the basic principles of a capacitor, what makes a good dielectric material for capacitor energy storage applications, common dielectric polymers and their properties, as well as the exploration of next generation dielectric materials. Finally, an examination of current efforts to explore new dielectric materials and how they can be further tuned with the help of theoretical computations and experimental validation, are discussed.
Sampling Techniques
Authors: Acikgoz Saadet Ulas , Diwekar Urmila M.
Published: December 2017

Sampling is a statistical procedure used for uncertainty analysis and stochastic modeling in many applications related to process design, operation, control and optimization. The increased efforts for pollution prevention and sustainability necessitate a more contemporary approach for process design, in which objectives such as reducing environmental and health impacts, increasing reliability, safety and controllability, reducing risk and achieving better profitability are considered simultaneously. In this multifaceted approach to process design and operation, uncertainties need to be considered and included in process models and simulations. These uncertainties can be static or dynamic. A review of sampling techniques such as Monte Carlo sampling, importance sampling, Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and Hammersley Sequence Sampling (HSS) are provided here. These sampling techniques have a wide range of use in chemical and process synthesis, process scheduling, supply chain management, process control and reliability as well as risk management. Apart from uncertainty analysis, sampling and sampling accuracy plays an important role in discrete, stochastic, and multi‐objective optimization algorithms. This review also describes the recent developments in this area. In addition, future trends in process design and sampling techniques are also presented.
ArbitraryLagrangian–Eulerian Methods
Authors: Donea Jean , Huerta Antonio , Ponthot Jean‐Philippe , Rodríguez‐Ferran Antonio
Published: December 2017

The aim of this chapter is to provide an in‐depth survey of arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) methods, including both conceptual aspects of the mixed kinematical description and numerical implementation details. Applications are discussed in fluid dynamics, nonlinear solid mechanics, and coupled problems describing fluid–structure interaction. The need for an adequate mesh‐update strategy is underlined, and various automatic mesh‐displacement prescription algorithms are reviewed. This includes mesh‐regularization methods essentially based on geometrical concepts, as well as mesh‐adaptation techniques aimed at optimizing the computational mesh according to some error indicator. Emphasis is then placed on particular issues related to the modeling of compressible and incompressible flow and nonlinear solid mechanics problems. This includes the treatment of convective terms in the conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy, as well as a discussion of stress‐update procedures for materials with history‐dependent constitutive behavior.
Plates and Shells: Asymptotic Expansions and Hierarchical Models
Authors: Dauge Monique , Faou Erwan , Yosibash Zohar
Published: December 2017

Concerning thin structures such as plates and shells, the idea of reducing the equations of elasticity to two‐dimensional models defined on the mid‐surface seems relevant. Such a reduction was first performed thanks to kinematical hypotheses about the transformation of normal lines to the mid‐surface. As the asymptotic expansion of the displacement solution of the three‐dimensional linear model is fully known, at least for plates and clamped elliptic shells, we start from a description of these expansions in order to introduce the two‐dimensional models known as hierarchical models: These models extend the classical models, and pre‐suppose the displacement to be polynomial in the thickness variable, transverse to the mid‐surface. Because of the singularly perturbed character of the elasticity problem as the thickness approaches zero, boundary‐ or internal layers may appear in the displacements and stresses, and so may numerical locking effects. The use of hierarchical models, discretized by higher degree polynomials (‐version of finite elements) may help to overcome these severe difficulties.
Particle Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Idelsohn Sergio R. , Oñate Eugenio , Becker Pablo
Published: December 2017

Particle methods in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are numerical tools for the solution of the equations of fluid dynamics, obtained by replacing the fluid continuum with a finite set of particles. One of the key attributes of particle methods is that pure advection is treated exactly. The convection of properties eases the solution of multi‐material problems, simplifying the detection of interfaces. The use of particles also allows to bridge the gap between the continuum and fragmentation in a natural way, for example, in fracture or droplets problems.

Particle methods can be roughly classified into two types: (i) those based on probabilistic models, which represent macroscopic properties as statistical behaviors of microscopic particles, and (ii) those based on deterministic models, implying that the state in every point at a given time is perfectly defined. This chapter covers the most common deterministic particle methods.

The layout of this chapter is as follows. First we present the governing equations for the motion of fluids. Then, we describe the basic concepts of two methods that rely only on the particles to obtain the field of variables and their derivatives: smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and the moving particle semi‐implicit method (MPS). The next sections describe three methods that use the particles in combination with a finite element method (FEM) mesh to improve the accuracy. First the material point method (MPM) is described, followed by a more detailed evaluation of the particle finite element method (PFEM) and the finite element method second generation (PFEM‐2). For each of the particle methods, the advantages and disadvantages of the strategies are evaluated. The chapter concludes with an overview of the DEM and the coupling of the DEM with the FEM for the analysis of particulate flows and their interaction with structures.
The In Situ Enzymatic Screening (ISES) Approach to Reaction Discovery and Catalyst Identification
Authors: Swyka Robert A. , Berkowitz David B.
Published: December 2017

The importance of discovering new chemical transformations and/or optimizing catalytic combinations has led to a flurry of activity in reaction screening. The in situ enzymatic screening (ISES) approach described here utilizes biological tools (enzymes/cofactors) to advance chemistry. The protocol interfaces an organic reaction layer with an adjacent aqueous layer containing reporting enzymes that act upon the organic reaction product, giving rise to a spectroscopic signal. ISES allows the experimentalist to rapidly glean information on the relative rates of a set of parallel organic/organometallic reactions under investigation, without the need to quench the reactions or draw aliquots. In certain cases, the real‐time enzymatic readout also provides information on sense and magnitude of enantioselectivity and substrate specificity. This article contains protocols for single‐well (relative rate) and double‐well (relative rate/enantiomeric excess) ISES, in addition to a colorimetric ISES protocol and a miniaturized double‐well procedure. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Early‐Stage Formulation Considerations
Authors: Lee Robert W. , Mitchnick Mark
Published: December 2017

When a drug candidate—i.e., a new chemical entity (NCE) or new molecular entity (NME)—is discovered, there is a requirement to identify a vehicle for in vitro and/or in vivo evaluation to assess the activity and/or toxicity of the compound (here we refer to the biologically active compound as the active pharmaceutical ingredient: API). Ideally, this vehicle will not impart any biological activity or any toxicity that would mask or confound the effects of the API. At this early stage in development, and given the high attrition rates of drug candidates in discovery, it does not make sense to fully characterize the API—speed and cost are generally the driving factors. This chapter provides guidance for the development of early‐stage test articles (i.e., drug products containing APIs intended to be used for the in vitro and/or in vivo evaluation) and not necessarily formulations that are intended to progress into clinical evaluation. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The treatment outcomes of antiretroviral substitutions in routine clinical settings in Asia; data from the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD)
Authors: Jung In Young , Boettiger David , Wong Wing Wai , Lee Man Po , Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin , Chaiwarith Romanee , Avihingsanon Anchalee , Tanuma Junko , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Kamarulzaman Adeeba , Zhang Fujie , Kantipong Pacharee , Ng Oon Tek , Sim Benedict Lim Heng , Law Matthew , Ross Jeremy , Choi Jun Yong
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Although substitutions of antiretroviral regimen are generally safe, most data on substitutions are based on results from clinical trials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcomes of substituting antiretroviral regimen in virologically suppressed HIV‐infected patients in non‐clinical trial settings in Asian countries.

Methods

The study population consisted of HIV‐infected patients enrolled in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD). Individuals were included in this analysis if they started combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) after 2002, were being treated at a centre that documented a median rate of viral load monitoring ≥0.8 tests/patient/year among TAHOD enrolees, and experienced a minor or major treatment substitution while on virally suppressive cART. The primary endpoint to evaluate outcomes was clinical or virological failure (VF), followed by an ART class change. Clinical failure was defined as death or an AIDS diagnosis. VF was defined as confirmed viral load measurements ≥400 copies/mL followed by an ART class change within six months. Minor regimen substitutions were defined as within‐class changes and major regimen substitutions were defined as changes to a drug class. The patterns of substitutions and rate of clinical or VF after substitutions were analyzed.

Results

Of 3994 adults who started ART after 2002, 3119 (78.1%) had at least one period of virological suppression. Among these, 1170 (37.5%) underwent a minor regimen substitution, and 296 (9.5%) underwent a major regimen substitution during suppression. The rates of clinical or VF were 1.48/100 person years (95% CI 1.14 to 1.91) in the minor substitution group, 2.85/100 person years (95% CI 1.88 to 4.33) in the major substitution group and 2.53/100 person years (95% CI 2.20 to 2.92) among patients that did not undergo a treatment substitution.

Conclusions

The rate of clinical or VF was low in both major and minor substitution groups, showing that regimen substitution is generally effective in non‐clinical trial settings in Asian countries.
Cover Image, Volume 74, Issue 1
Authors: Foresti Josemar , Bastos Cristina S , Fernandes Flávio L , Silva Paulo R da
Published: December 2017

The cover image, by Josemar Foresti et al., is based on the Research Article Economic injury levels and economic thresholds for Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) infesting seed maize, DOI: 10.1002/ps.4671. Photo Credit: Josemar Foresti.

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Improving the quality characteristics of abrasive water jet machining of marble material using multi-objective artificial bee colony algorithm
Authors: Pawar Padmakar J. , Vidhate Umesh S. , Khalkar Mangesh Y.
Published: December 2017

Although abrasive water jet machining has proved its capabilities for cutting marble material in a most economic and environment friendly manner, is facing serious issues related to dimensional inaccuracy and striation marks. This has put limit on its applications. Also, due to complex nature of abrasive water jet machining process, it is very difficult to control all three quality factors i.e. kerf taper, kerf width, striation marks simultaneously to achieve desired quality. This work therefore deals with multi-objective optimization considering three objectives as: minimization of kerf width, minimization of kerf taper, and maximization of depth of striation free surface in abrasive water jet machining process. The response surface modeling is used to establish the relation between various input parameters such as stand of distance, traverse speed, water pressure, and abrasive flow rate, with objectives mentioned above. Application of well-known meta-heuristics named artificial bee colony algorithm is extended to multi-objective optimization with posteriori approach by incorporating the concept of non-dominated sorting. Set of Pareto optimal solutions obtained by this proposed approach provides a ready reference for selecting most appropriate parameter setting on the machine with respect to objectives considered in this work.

Highlights Provides methodology to concurrently minimize the dimensional inaccuracy along with striation marks for cutting marble material with abrasive water jet machining process. Application of artificial bee colony algorithm is extended to multi-objective optimization. The set of Pareto-optimal solution obtained using proposed approach can be used as a ready reference by the process engineers for cutting marble material by AWJM process.