bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paternal Leakage and Heteroplasmy of Mitochondrial Genomes in Silene vulgaris: Evidence From Experimental Crosses
Authors: Bentley Kerin E , Mandel Jennifer R , McCauley David E
Published: April 2010

The inheritance of mitochondrial genetic (mtDNA) markers in the gynodioecious plant Silene vulgaris was studied using a series of controlled crosses between parents of known mtDNA genotype followed by quantitative PCR assays of offspring genotype. Overall, ∼2.5% of offspring derived from crosses between individuals that were homoplasmic for different mtDNA marker genotypes showed evidence of paternal leakage. When the source population of the pollen donor was considered, however, population-specific rates of leakage varied significantly around this value, ranging from 10.3% to zero. When leakage did occur, the paternal contribution ranged from 0.5% in some offspring (i.e., biparental inheritance resulting in a low level of heteroplasmy) to 100% in others. Crosses between mothers known to be heteroplasmic for one of the markers and homoplasmic fathers showed that once heteroplasmy enters a maternal lineage it is retained by ∼17% of offspring in the next generation, but lost from the others. The results are discussed with regard to previous studies of heteroplasmy in open-pollinated natural populations of S. vulgaris and with regard to the potential impact of mitochondrial paternal leakage and heteroplasmy on both the evolution of the mitochondrial genome and the evolution of gynodioecy.
Systematic Epistasis Analysis of the Contributions of Protein Kinase A- and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Signaling to Nutrient Limitation-Evoked Responses in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Chen Raymond E , Thorner Jeremy
Published: April 2010

Cellular responses to environmental stimuli require conserved signal transduction pathways. In budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), nutrient limitation induces morphological changes that depend on the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and the Kss1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. It was unclear to what extent and at what level there is synergy between these two distinct signaling modalities. We took a systematic genetic approach to clarify the relationship between these inputs. We performed comprehensive epistasis analysis of mutants lacking different combinations of all relevant pathway components. We found that these two pathways contribute additively to nutrient limitation-induced haploid invasive growth. Moreover, full derepression of either pathway rendered it individually sufficient for invasive growth and thus, normally, both are required only because neither is maximally active. Furthermore, in haploids, the MAPK pathway contributes more strongly than the PKA pathway to cell elongation and adhesion, whereas nutrient limitation-induced unipolar budding is independent of both pathways. In contrast, in diploids, upon nutrient limitation the MAPK pathway regulates cell elongation, the PKA pathway regulates unipolar budding, and both regulate cell adhesion. Thus, although there are similarities between haploids and diploids, cell type-specific differences clearly alter the balance of the signaling inputs required to elicit the various nutrient limitation-evoked cellular behaviors.
A hálóbeültetés technikájának módosítása hagyományos megközelítésű combsérvműtétek esetén
Authors: Antal András , Hadjiev Janaki
Published: April 2010

Absztrakt

Az inguinofemoralis sérvek korszerű kezelésében hazánkban is egyre nagyobb teret nyernek a hálóbeültetéses eljárások. Az implantátumok laparoscoposan vagy hagyományosan Lichtenstein szerint helyezhetők a műtéti területre. A szerzők femoralis sérvek esetén a tradicionális eljárás módosításával kívánták csökkenteni a sérvrecidíva esélyét. A háló medialis, szélesebb részét a Cooper-szalag alatti praeperitonealis térbe csúsztatták, a Lotheissen-varratokat a háló szélétől másfél centiméterre helyezték el. Így a háló és a szövetek közötti tapadás miatt a varratok esetleges kiszakadása esetén is csökken a sérv visszatérésének esélye.
Crystal orientation effects in scratch testing with a spherical indenter
Authors: Swadener J. Gregory , Bögershausen Heidi , Sander Benedikt , Raabe Dierk
Published: April 2010

Spherical scratch tests were conducted in individual grains of a randomly oriented polycrystalline body-centered-cubic (bcc) Ti–Nb alloy. For each grain, scratch tests were conducted at four different levels of normal load, which resulted in varying amounts of plastic strain during indentation. The results show a dependence of the horizontal load component on the crystallographic orientation and on the amount of plastic strain. The component of the horizontal force that resulted from plastic deformation was found to correlate with the active slip systems for the particular grain orientation.
The sharpness of a Berkovich indenter
Authors: Fischer-Cripps Anthony C.
Published: April 2010

Precise calibration of the indenter shape is an important procedure in nanoindentation analysis since the indenter geometry enters directly into the most common methods of data analysis in this type of testing. Not only is the geometry required to be known with some precision, but also the sharpness of the tip, especially in the case of pyramidal indenters, is important for the use of indenters for testing hardness in thin film specimens—the most common application of nanoindentation. In this paper, a method of determining the area function and tip radius for a Berkovich indenter is described. It is shown that the tip radius estimated from the area function data is in reasonable agreement with a direct measurement using a calibrated atomic force microscope. It is shown that subjective decisions about tip radius may lead to unjustified rejection of a tip for hardness measurement. A new criterion for tip quality is presented in terms of tip radius and specimen material properties.
Effect of electrospinning parameters on the characterization of PLA/HNT nanocomposite fibers
Authors: Touny Ahmed H. , Lawrence Joseph G. , Jones Andrew D. , Bhaduri Sarit B.
Published: April 2010

Halloysite nanotubes (HNT) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite fibers were produced using an electrospinning approach for biomedical applications. The PLA/HNT nanocomposite fibers were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The various factors such as type of solvent, solution concentration, HNT loading and feed rate, affecting the electrospinning process, and the morphology of the nanofibers were investigated, and the optimum values for these parameters are suggested. The results indicated that the addition of dimethylformamide (DMF) to chloroform facilitated the electrospinning process because of the improvement in electrical conductivity and viscosity of the solution. Nanometer-sized fibers were obtained by the addition of HNT to PLA. HNT loadings had a significant effect on the morphology of the nanofibers. Bead-free fibers were produced at feed rates between 1 and 4 mL/h.
Photoluminescence properties of Eu3+-doped BaY2ZnO5 phosphors under near-ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Liang Chih-Hao , Chang Yee-Cheng , Chang Yee-Shin , Wu Sean
Published: April 2010

Eu3+ ion-doped BaY2ZnO5 phosphors were synthesized using a vibrating milled solid-state reaction. The phosphors exhibit a series of Eu3+ ion intra-4f excited state 5DJ (J = 3, 2, 1, 0) transitions under an excitation of 395 nm. The maximum photoluminescence intensity for 5D0 → 7F2 transition (625 nm) was obtained at a Eu3+ ion concentration of 40 mol%; quenching occurred at higher concentrations. The critical distance (Rc) for the 5DJ (J = 3, 2, 1) → 7F1 transition was 18.1 Å, which is longer than that of 6.67 Å for the 5D0 → 7F2 transition, indicating that 5DJ (J = 3, 2, 1) is easier for concentration quench because of the cross-relaxation mechanism. The red emission of the BaY1.6Eu0.4ZnO5 phosphor has CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.66, 0.34), which are close to the NTSC system standard red chromaticity (0.67, 0.33). BaY1.6Eu0.4ZnO5 may thus be potentially applicable as a red phosphor for ultraviolet light-emitting diodes converted in solid-state lighting technology.
In situ investigation of the interfacial reaction in Sn/Cu system by synchrotron radiation
Authors: Wang Kai-Jheng , Lin Yung-Chi , Duh Jenq-Gong , Cheng Ching-Yuan , Lee Jey-Jau
Published: April 2010

In situ investigation of the interfacial reaction in the Sn/Cu thin film during aging, and reflow was carried out by synchrotron radiation with high intensity and high resolution of x-ray. With this technique, the phase transformation and evolution of the Sn/Cu thin film during heat treatment can be directly and continuously investigated. Moreover, the information for coefficient of thermal expansion in intermetallic compounds was also evaluated by this approach.
Correlation of nanoindentation-induced deformation microstructures in diamondlike carbon coatings on silicon substrates with simulation studies
Authors: Haq Ayesha J. , Munroe Paul R. , Hoffman Mark , Martin Phil J. , Bendavid Avi
Published: April 2010

The effect of the presence of diamondlike carbon coatings deposited on (100) Si substrates on the deformation mechanisms operating in the silicon substrate during contact loading have been investigated by both cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and modeling of the stresses generated beneath the indenter tip. The observed subsurface microstructures were correlated to the Tresca shear stress and the hydrostatic stress generated in the silicon substrate beneath the indenter tip. The presence of the coating altered the stresses generated in the substrate, and changed the deformation mechanism from one of principally phase transformation in uncoated Si to predominantly dislocation motion in the silicon substrate for the diamondlike C–Si system. The magnitude and distribution of the shear and hydrostatic stresses in the substrate were found to depend on both the indentation load and the thickness of the coating. Furthermore, the observed width of deformation, parallel to the interface, which was found to increase with coating thickness, was correlated to the wider distribution of the Tresca shear stress in the substrate brought about by the presence of the coating.
Os experimentos de Joule e a primeira lei da termodinâmica
Authors: Passos Júlio César
Published: April 2010

A formulação do princípio da conservação da energia é um exemplo de longo amadurecimento, quase dois séculos e meio, de uma idéia que se tornou uma das leis básicas da física e cuja generalização foi alcançada ao ser formalizada como primeira lei da termodinâmica. No presente artigo, apresenta-se uma análise das diferentes formulações da primeira lei com o objetivo de resgatar informações históricas que poderão contribuir para o ensino da termodinâmica. O estudo mostra que no final do século XIX já se considerava difícil afirmar quem teria descoberto o princípio da equivalência entre calor e trabalho, já que diversos estudiosos haviam abordado o tema, e como as meticulosas pesquisas experimentais de Joule permitiram a demonstração da equivalência de diferentes tipos de energia e contribuíram de forma definitiva para a elaboração da primeira lei da termodinâmica.
Biological treatment of whey in an UASFF bioreactor followed a three-stage RBC
Authors: Ebrahimi Atiye , Najafpour Ghasem , Mohammadi Maedeh , Hashemiyeh Babak
Published: April 2010

Biological treatment of a high strength chesses whey wastewater was investigated in a series of aerobic-anaerobic experiments. Aerobic treatment of the wastewater was conducted in a three-stage rotating biological contactor (NRBC), while the anaerobic process was performed in an up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed film (UASFF) bioreactor. Various concentrations of wastewater with influent COD of 40,000 to 70,000 mg/L were introduced in to NRBC system. Treatability of the samples at various HRTs of 8, 12 and 16 h was evaluated in the NRBC reactor. The effluent streams of the NRBC system were introduced into UASFF bioreactor. Anaerobic treatment of the pretreated samples was investigated in an UASFF with the same HRTs of 8, 12 and 16 h. The obtained results revealed that more than 53, 69 and 78% of the influent COD (50,000 mg/L) were removed in NRBC reactor at HRTs of 8, 12 and 16 h, respectively. Maximum COD removal efficiencies of 96, 96.8, 97.4 and 96.4% were achieved in the combined systems at total HRT of 32 h for influent COD of 40,000, 50,000, 60,000 and 70,000 mg/L, respectively.
The batch fractionation of Juniperus communis L. essential oil: Experimental study, mathematical simulation and process economy
Authors: Milojevic Svetomir , Glisic Sandra , Skala Dejan
Published: April 2010

The separation in a batch vacuum column of essential oil of common juniper berries (Juniperus communis L., from the southern part of Serbia) was analyzed. The main goal of analyzed separation process was to isolate several fractions from the essential oil which mainly contain ?-pinene, sabinene and myrcene. These compounds contain about 65 mass% of essential oil produced by hydrodistillation from the Juniper berries originated from the southern part of Serbia. Results of experimental work in a laboratory column with 36 theoretical stages under vacuum (8-3.35 kPa) was simulated using Aspen software, and proposed mathematical model was used to analyze some other operating conditions for fractionation of juniper berry?s oil (number of plates: 25, 36 and 45 and reflux ratio: 2-10). According to the results of performed simulations the most acceptable separation procedure, which take into account the prices of raw materials and distillate (?-pinene) as well as consumed energy was proposed.
Rhamnopyranosylvitexin derivatives from Celtis australis
Authors: Kaltenhauser Margarethe , Ellmerer Ernst , Zidorn Christian
Published: April 2010

A methanolic extract of Celtis australis leaves yielded 2??-?- rhamnopyranosylvitexin and 2??-?-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-methylvitexin. Both compounds are known from other sources from earlier investigations but the full NMR data for the latter compound are reported for the first time.
Template synthesis of macrocyclic complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II): Spectroscopic, antibacterial and antifungal studies
Authors: Singh Dharam , Malik Vandna , Kumar Ramesh , Kumar Krishan
Published: April 2010

A new series of macrocyclic complexes of the type [M(C17H14N4O2)X2], where M = Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and X = Cl-, NO3-, CH3COO-was synthesized by the condensation reaction of malonyldihydrazide with benzil in the presence of divalent metal ions. The complexes were characterized with the aid of elemental analyses, conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibilities, electronic, NMR and infrared spectral studies. On the basis of these studies, a six coordinate distorted octahedral geometry, in which two nitrogen and two carbonyl oxygen atoms are suitably placed for coordination towards metal ion, is proposed for all the complexes. The complexes were tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity and antifungal activities. The minimum inhibitory concentration shown by these complexes were compared with the minimum inhibitory concentration shown by standard drugs.
Ghrelin, Nitrite and Paraoxonase/Arylesterase Concentrations in Cement Plant Workers
Authors: Aydin Suleyman , Aydin Suna , Croteau Gerry , Sahin Íbrahim , Citil Cihan
Published: April 2010

Ghrelin, Nitrite and Paraoxonase/Arylesterase Concentrations in Cement Plant Workers

Occupational cement dust exposure has been associated with an increased risk of liver abnormalities, pulmonary disorders, and carcinogenesis. Decreased antioxidant capacity and increased plasma lipid peroxidation have been posed as possible causal mechanisms of disease. Accordingly, this study examined the serum paraoxonase (PON1) arylesterase (AE), ghrelin, HDL-C, LDL-C and serum nitrite (NOx) levels in cement dust exposed workers. Twenty-eight volunteer male cement plant workers and 30 volunteer control male workers, aged 29-54 years, participated. The concentrations of serum PON1, AE, NOx, ghrelin, and HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were measured in both groups. PON-1, AE, ghrelin and HDL-cholesterol were lower in the cement plant workers than in controls. Serum nitrite (NOx), and LDL-C levels in cement plant workers were higher (p<0.05) than in the control group workers. No correlation was observed between the serum levels of HDL-cholesterol and PON1 and between HDL-cholesterol and ghrelin. A weak negative correlation was detected between the serum ghrelin and NOx. The study results strongly suggest that HDL-paraoxonase, AE, ghrelin, HDL-C, and high NOx, and LDL-C levels may have a role in disease involving oxidative damage. However, some studies are necessary to address the association between occupational dust exposure and respiratory symptoms.
A Peculiar New Species of the Genus Ulidia (Diptera, Ulidiidae) from Middle Asia
Authors: Kameneva E.
Published: April 2010

A Peculiar New Species of the Genus Ulidia (Diptera, Ulidiidae) from Middle Asia

Ulidia metope Kameneva, sp. n. from Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan is described. It differs from all known species of the genus Ulidia Meigen by sexually dimorphic, broadly silvery white microtrichose sides of frons and parafacials resembling that in the flies of the genus Metopia Meigen (Sarcophagidae).
Impact of land-use and land-cover change on groundwater quality in the Lower Shiwalik hills: a remote sensing and GIS based approach
Authors: Singh Sudhir , Singh Chander , Mukherjee Saumitra
Published: April 2010

Human activities have exerted small to large scale changes on the hydrological cycle. The current scenario regarding groundwater resources suggests that globally there is a water crisis in terms of quantity (availability) and quality. Therefore there is a great need for the assessment and monitoring of quality and quantity of groundwater resources at local level. This paper presents a case study of the lower Shiwalik hills, in Rupnagar, Punjab, India, to trace land-use and land-cover changes during the past 17 years, with an emphasis on groundwater quality and quantity. This study was performed in alluvial and hilly terrain. The results show that the quantity of groundwater increased with the help of natural and artificial recharge due to change in land-use and land-cover pattern (increased area of fallow land). The quality of groundwater deteriorated due to input of fertilizers for enhancing the short-term soil fertility. Using a Remote Sensing and GIS based approach, we show the final results in map form. In particular we highlight a potential groundwater exploration site, which could be useful for district level planning. Our research shows that the change in land-use and land-cover affects the quantity and quality of groundwater.
Automated Reduction of Visual Complexity in Small-Scale Relief Shading
Authors: Leonowicz Anna M. , Jenny Bernhard , Hurni Lorenz
Published: April 2010

Shaded relief derived automatically from digital elevation models differs distinctly from traditional manual shading. Particularly at small scales, many small topographic details that are present in terrain models disturb the clear portrayal of the main relief features. Automatic shading is therefore not appropriate for high-quality cartographic products. This paper proposes a new method of generalizing digital elevation models for deriving small-scale shaded relief that resembles the manual style. The procedure consists of the following raster operations: undesirable topographic details are smoothed with low-pass filters, and the main landforms, such as ridgelines and valleys, are detected by curvature coefficients. Two secondary grids are derived, one exaggerating ridgelines, the other deepening valley bottoms, and the two grids are combined according to the character of the terrain; the grid with exaggerated ridgelines is used in mountainous areas, and the grid with deepened valley bottoms in lowland areas. Finally, shaded relief is derived from the combined elevation model. Following these processing steps, only a few manual corrections are necessary to produce high-quality small-scale relief shading.
Threshold Berg Balance Scale Scores for Gait-Aid Use in Elderly Subjects: A Secondary Analysis
Authors: Stevenson Ted J. , Connelly Denise M. , Murray Judy M. , Huggett Deanna , Overend Tom
Published: April 2010

Purpose: To determine the threshold Berg Balance Scale (BBS) scores that discriminate among levels of gait-aid use in elderly subjects.

Methods: A secondary analysis of data combined from two projects was performed. Both projects determined BBS performance, self-selected gait speed, and gait-aid use in samples of community-dwelling, independently ambulant individuals older than 65 years of age. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to identify BBS scores that optimized identification of individuals with different levels of ambulation.

Results: Previously determined associations between BBS score and various indicators of ambulatory ability were reproduced with the combined data set. Threshold BBS scores were identified for ability to walk without an aid (≥49/56) and ability to walk without a four-wheeled walker (≥43/56). The percent agreement values for the identified threshold scores ranged from 51% to 87%.

Conclusions: Although some threshold BBS scores could be determined, the accuracies of the scores render them of limited use for guiding gait-aid prescription in individual clients.
Scoring of the Physical Therapist Clinical Performance Instrument (PT-CPI): Analysis of 7 Years of Use
Authors: Proctor Peggy L. , Dal Bello-Haas Vanina P. , McQuarrie Arlis M. , Sheppard M. Suzanne , Scudds Rhonda J.
Published: April 2010

Purpose: The aims of this study were to (1) describe the completion rates of the 24 performance criteria (PCs) from the Physical Therapist Clinical Performance Instrument (PT-CPI) by clinical instructors; (2) evaluate change in PC visual analogue scores (VAS) with students' clinical experience; and (3) evaluate scoring patterns over time.

Methods: Final VAS scores for 208 physiotherapy (PT) students (seven cohorts) from 1,039 clinical placements between 2001 and 2008 were analyzed. Completion rates were calculated for each PC. Kruskal-Wallis tests evaluated differences in VAS scores between cohorts. Friedman's tests were used to compare VAS scores for each PC over time.

Results: Completion rates were above 90% for 18 PCs. Data from the seven cohorts were combined. All PC scores showed significant change from 10 to 15 weeks and from 15 to 20 weeks of clinical experience (p≤0.001). Although differences in scores decreased over time, 19 PCs showed significant differences between 20 and 25 weeks, and 11 PCs showed significant differences between 25 and 31 weeks of clinical experience (p<0.01).

Conclusions: Certain PCs had lower completion rates. The PT-CPI was used consistently by clinical instructors to evaluate student performance over time. A continual progression in acquisition of clinical competencies was illustrated by PT-CPI scoring patterns as students advanced through their PT education programme.
Reshaping the Family Man: A Grounded Theory Study of the Meaning of Grandfatherhood
Authors: Sorensen Penny , Cooper Neil J.
Published: April 2010

This study explored how 14 grandfathers living in a rural area in the East of England understood becoming and being a grandfather. Grandfathers were recruited through snowball sampling and loosely structured interviews were employed to enable participants to talk about issues they felt important. Using constructionist grounded theory the analysis positioned grandfathering within the life histories of participants, with three main organising elements: becoming a man; maintaining masculinity during fatherhood; and the potential repositioning masculinities of the grandfather as family man. This study provides evidence of grandfathering being an individualistic experience which offers the potential to counter the notion of hegemonic masculinity which defined the participants' collective experience of fatherhood.
Comparing the Black and Gay Male Athlete: Patterns in American Oppression
Authors: Anderson Eric , McCormack Mark
Published: April 2010

In this article, we examine the political stratifications of society by race and sexuality, and the processes by which sport helps subordinate members of each group. In applying social movement theory to gay and black men in sport, we highlight the historically similar patterns of oppression levied upon each group. We develop a four stage social movement theory model that may be useful in predicting the future patterns of homophobic discrimination, as openly gay athletes gain prominence in sport. We then discuss the intersectionality of race and sexuality with respect to sporting men, and argue that further research is necessary to understand the relatedness of these two seemingly disparate categories. Finally, we issue a political call for black sports leaders to actively participate in supporting the gay liberationist project.
Parental and Social Institutional Responsibilities to Children's Needs in the Divorce Transition: Fathers' Perspectives
Authors: Kruk Edward
Published: April 2010

A total of 82 separated and divorced fathers were interviewed in a study utilizing thematic analysis to examine fathers' narratives about their divorce experiences, particularly in regard to their relationship with their children, and grounded theory analysis to uncover themes related to fathers' perceptions of their children's needs, and parental and social institutional responsibilities to these needs, during the divorce transition. We found that contextual factors, particularly the legal custody determination process, largely determine both the level of paternal involvement and quality of father-child attachment after divorce. A sharp discontinuity between pre- and post-divorce father-child relationships was observed, more marked than in earlier studies. Fathers' psychological reaction to the actual or threatened loss of the father-child relationship was also more pronounced than previously reported, a consequence of fathers' increasing levels of involvement with and attachment to their children before divorce. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
Doing Hegemony: Military, Men, and Constructing a Hegemonic Masculinity
Authors: Hinojosa Ramon
Published: April 2010

Hegemonic masculinities are at the top of the gender hierarchy and exist in relation to subordinated gender constructs. Traditional constructions of hegemonic masculinities include risk-taking, self-discipline, physical toughness and/or muscular development, aggression, violence, emotional control, and overt heterosexual desire. Using a grounded theory approach, 43 men were interviewed focusing on the process of hegemonic masculinities construction (n = 25 pre-active duty Reserve Officer Training Corps members and n = 18 Delayed Entry Program men). By casting non-military personal (i.e., civilians) and service members of different branches (i.e., Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force), different occupational specialties (i.e., infantry, artillery, supply, etc.), and different rank (officer versus enlisted) as less physically able, self-disciplined, willing to take risks, emotionally controlled, and/or intelligent, pre-active duty servicemen discursively dominate others. The end result is that men create hierarchies that subordinate others while simultaneously placing their own perceived characteristics in positions of symbolic dominance.
Participatory budgeting in Peru
Authors: Vincent Susan
Published: April 2010

Touted as a means to extend democracy to previously disenfranchised people, participatory budgeting actually covers a variety of motivations and effects. This article explores diverse reactions and meanings through a case study of the Peruvian peasant community of Allpalumichico. Although the economic system embedded in the legal requirements of the Peruvian participatory budgeting process derives from the global neoliberal agenda, the actual practices also reflect the personal and political strategies of local and national politicians. At the same time, the citizen participants and beneficiaries of the process understand it on their own terms. Despite both the decline of the peasant community as an institution and the increasing heterogeneity of the residents, collective norms of resource distribution continue to inform how allpalumichiqueños engage in participatory budgeting decisions. This collective sense of community could be the basis for much more organic and relevant forms of participatory budgeting.
Outburst flood hazard for glacier-dammed Lac de Rochemelon, France
Authors: Vincent C. , Auclair S. , Meur E. Le
Published: April 2010

Supraglacial Lac de Rochemelon was formed 50 years ago behind an ice dam and grew steadily until 2004. In October 2004, the volume of the lake reached 650 000 m3, bringing its surface within 0.2 m of the top of the ice dam. To eliminate the threat to towns located below in the event of an overflow, the lake was drained artificially in October 2004 and during the summer of 2005. Once the volume had been reduced to 250 000 m3 by siphoning, a channel was dug with explosives and the remaining water overflowed naturally. This offered a very good opportunity to investigate the breaching of an ice dam accompanied by thermal erosion of the drainage channel. Extensive field measurements were carried out during drainage. Analysis of the energy dissipated in the channel reveals that only half of the available energy was used for breach erosion. A numerical model was used to simulate the evolution of a number of variables during drainage and to study the sensitivity of discharge and ice erosion to different parameters, revealing a high sensitivity to water temperature. Model simulations indicate that natural drainage of this lake at the beginning of October 2004 would have led to a peak discharge of <6 m3 s−1.
Multi-decadal ice-velocity and elevation changes of a monsoonal maritime glacier: Hailuogou glacier, China
Authors: Zhang Yong , Fujita Koji , Liu Shiyin , Liu Qiao , Wang Xin
Published: April 2010

Digital elevation models (DEMs) of the ablation area of Hailuogou glacier, China, produced from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data obtained in 2009, differential GPS (DGPS) data surveyed in 2008 and aerial photographs acquired in 1966 and 1989 are differenced to estimate long- and short-term glacier surface elevation change (dh/dt). The mean dh/dt of the ablation area over 43 years (1966–2009) is −1.1 ± 0.4 m a−1. Since 1989 the thinning has accelerated significantly. Ice velocities measured by DGPS at 28 fixed stakes implanted in the ablation area increase with distance from the glacier terminus, ranging from 41.0 m a−1 approaching the glacier terminus to a maximum of 205.0 m a−1 at the base of an icefall. Our results reveal that the overall average ice velocity in the ablation area has undergone significant temporal variability over the past several decades. Changes in glacier surface elevation in the ablation area result from the combined effects of climate change and glacier dynamics, which are driven by different factors for different regions and periods.
The Maximum Entropy Production Principle and Linear Irreversible Processes
Authors: Županović Paško , Kuić Domagoj , Lošić Željana Bonačić , Petrov Dražen , Juretić Davor , Brumen Milan
Published: April 2010

It is shown that Onsager’s principle of the least dissipation of energy is equivalent to the maximum entropy production principle. It is known that solutions of the linearized Boltzmann equation make extrema of entropy production. It is argued, in the case of stationary processes, that this extremum is a maximum rather than a minimum.
On the Thermodynamics of Friction and Wear―A Review
Authors: Amiri M. , Khonsari Michael M.
Published: April 2010

An extensive survey of the papers pertaining to the thermodynamic approach to tribosystems, particularly using the concept of entropy as a natural time base, is presented with a summary of the important contributions of leading researchers.
Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship of the Styrylquinoline-Type HIV Integrase Inhibitors
Authors: Mouscadet Jean-François , Desmaële Didier
Published: April 2010

In spite of significant progress in anti-HIV-1 therapy, current antiviral chemo-therapy still suffers from deleterious side effects and emerging drug resistance. Therefore, the development of novel antiviral drugs remains a crucial issue for the fight against AIDS. HIV-1 integrase is a key enzyme in the replication cycle of the retrovirus since it catalyzes the integration of the reverse transcribed viral DNA into the chromosomal DNA. Efforts to develop anti-integrase drugs started during the early nineties, culminating with the recent approval of Raltegravir. The discovery and the development of the styrylquinoline inhibitor class was an important step in the overall process. In this review we have described the key synthetic issues and the structure-activity relationship of this family of integrase inhibitors. Crystallographic and docking studies that shed light on their mechanism of action are also examined.
Effects of NSAIDs on the Inner Ear: Possible Involvement in Cochlear Protection
Authors: Hoshino Tomofumi , Tabuchi Keiji , Hara Akira
Published: April 2010

Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, two important enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, are major targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Recent investigations suggest that arachidonic cascades and their metabolites may be involved in maintaining inner ear functions. The excessive use of aspirin may cause tinnitus in humans and impairment of the outer hair cell functions in experimental animals. On the other hand, NSAIDs reportedly exhibit protective effects against various kinds of inner ear disorder. The present review summarizes the effects of NSAIDs on cochlear pathophysiology. NSAIDs are a useful ameliorative adjunct in the management of inner ear disorders.
Reliable Fiber Sensor System with Star-Ring-Bus Architecture
Authors: Peng Peng-Chun , Wang Jun-Bo , Huang Kuan-Yan
Published: April 2010

This work presents a novel star-ring-bus sensor system and demonstrates its effectiveness. The main trunk of the proposed sensor system is a star topology and the sensing branches comprise a series of bus subnets. Any weakness in the reliability of the sensor system is overcome by adding remote nodes and switches to the ring and bus subnets. To construct the proposed star-ring-bus sensor system, a fiber ring laser scheme is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the sensor system. The proposed system increases the reliability and capacity of fiber sensor systems.
Early Oligocene Callitris and Fitzroya (Cupressaceae) from Tasmania
Authors: Paull Rosemary , Hill Robert S.
Published: April 2010

This paper documents Early Oligocene fossilized foliage and ovulate cones from Lea River, Tasmania and identifies them as belonging to two extant southern hemisphere Cupressaceae genera, Callitris and Fitzroya. Most importantly, it sheds some light on evolutionary trends within Callitris, a genus with numerous extant Australian species and two extant New Caledonian species. Callitris has a very poor fossil record and, because of the present absence of a molecular data set that includes all species, its phylogeny remains somewhat ambiguous. Although Fitzroya foliage has previously been described from a number of Tasmanian sites, this is the first recording of fertile material. The ovulate cones of the Callitris and Fitzroya macrofossils are characterized by bract‐scale complexes in two whorls of three and are subtended by scale‐like leaves in whorls of three. The fossilized foliage specimens consist of scale‐like leaves in whorls of three. These morphological characteristics are only exhibited by three extant southern hemisphere cupressaceous genera, Callitris, Actinostrobus, and Fitzroya. The assignment of the fossils to extinct Callitris and Fitzroya species is made by comparisons with species from these three extant genera. Although much of the Lea River flora are wet rainforest taxa, the Callitris fossils have characteristics of both wet‐ and dry‐adapted extant species.
“A case to which no parallel exists”: The influence of Darwin'sDifferent Forms of Flowers
Authors: Cohen James I.
Published: April 2010

•Premise of the study:Research on the subject of heterostyly is often traced back to 1877 when Charles Darwin published the landmark bookThe Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. This book synthesized heterostyly research at the time, much of which Darwin conducted, and it continues to be a major contribution to the study of the breeding system. In this book, Darwin discussed the ecology, morph‐specific differences, self‐ and intramorph‐incompatibility, evolution and origin, and floral development of heterostyly. Many of the hypotheses he proposed have been and continue to be tested.

•Key results:Throughout the 20thand 21stcenturies, researchers have continued to identify new and different morph‐specific floral characters, discover the mechanisms that underlie heteromorphic self‐incompatibility, use phylogenies to examine the evolution of heterostyly, and determine novel floral developmental patterns in heterostylous species. From all of these studies, we have learned a great deal about the function, evolution, and development of heterostyly.

•Conclusions:However, almost 150 years after Darwin's publications on the subject of heterostyly, we still have a great deal to learn concerning the breeding system, and new technologies and techniques are allowing for new advances in heterostyly research to occur.
A Change to Radiological Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion: Three-Month Outcomes
Authors: Brunier Gillian , Hiller Joyce A. , Drayton Shirley , Pugash Robyn A. , Tobe Sheldon W.
Published: April 2010

Background

Best practices for peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion call for timely placement of catheters to reduce complications and increase the likelihood of a successful initiation of PD. The purpose of our study was to assess if a change in approach to PD catheter insertion, including a switch to radiological insertion of PD catheters and introduction of a dialysis access nurse to coordinate all patient care, was associated with more outpatient procedures and achievement of guideline-based outcomes, including timelier PD starts.

Methods

We conducted a single-center retrospective chart review of all patients that had their first PD catheter inserted at our center over a 7-year period ending in 2007.

Results

PD catheters were placed in 88 patients by interventional radiology and in 125 patients by surgical insertion during an earlier period. Insertion of PD catheters by interventional radiology was significantly associated with a higher rate of outpatient procedures (70% vs 32%, p < 0.0001) than surgical placement. At PD start, 82% of patients that underwent radiological insertions had an estimated glomerular filtration rate of over 8 mL/minute/1.73 m2 and their mean serum albumin level was 38.2 g/L.

Conclusions

The new procedure of radiological insertion of PD catheters, coordinated by a dedicated dialysis access nurse, was associated with more outpatient procedures than the earlier surgical method and allowed patients to receive a PD catheter with timing consistent with clinical practice recommendations.
La notion de sujet
Authors: Bertucci Marie-Madeleine
Published: April 2010

Si la notion de sujet est contestée, elle persiste néanmoins dans le champ des sciences humaines. On abordera la question en mettant en évidence le passage de la conception cartésienne du sujet comme conscience unifiée à celle du cogito brisé de P. Ricœur. Cette rupture essentielle est à la base du principe de l’identité narrative et donne toute sa pertinence au couple sujet lecteur / sujet scripteur, notamment avec l’émergence de la réflexivité. Que cette question intéresse la didactique du français indique peut-être un déplacement de cette discipline vers le champ des sciences humaines et signalerait l’émergence d’une pratique spéculative de la littérature, à la fois style d’écriture et de pensée, participant de ce fait à l’élaboration d’un savoir théorique sur le monde, à travers des formes originales : langagières et stylistiques.
Une école, des langues... ? L'enseignement du français en milieu minoritaire en Ontario
Authors: Bélanger Nathalie
Published: April 2010

L’école minoritaire de langue française en Ontario participe à ce que P. Bourdieu (1982) nomme « l’unification du marché linguistique » et crée, par conséquent, les conditions d’exclusion scolaire de certains groupes d’élèves dans le cadre d’un rapport de force. On verra d’abord les caractéristiques de cette école minoritaire qui valorise le français par rapport à l’anglais, en s’appuyant sur les résultats d’une recherche intitulée « Trajectoires ». Enfin, on présentera des initiatives qui commencent à voir le jour et qui mettent à mal l’idée de l’homogénéité « langue/école/nation » afin de laisser place à d’autres modes d’expression à l’école et dans la communauté.
Les langues de l'avant...
Authors: de Robillard Didier
Published: April 2010

Cette contribution fait la synthèse du dossier et tente de mettre en lumière des passerelles entre les articles, et de dessiner des perspectives de réflexion pour donner des suites et des prolongements à ces recherches en s’intéressant à des notions d’ordinaire peu remises en cause comme la notion de langue ou celle de plurilinguisme.
Le discours philosophique au carrefour des genres
Authors: Temmar Malika
Published: April 2010

Si l’on constate qu’un genre de discours ne semble pas associé, par définition, à la philosophie, de même certains énoncés, porteurs de schèmes doctrinaux, sont en quelque sorte « trans-genre », passant d’un genre à un autre au sein d’une même philosophie. L’exemple de Descartes montre comment peuvent circuler ces énoncés généralisants, détachables – par exemple, « je pense donc je suis » – sous des formes identiques ou avec des variations. Leur réitération interroge les frontières génériques ainsi que les enjeux de ces énoncés doctrinaux surgissant d’un texte à l’autre (ici Méditations métaphysiques et Discours de la méthode ) : quel est l’impact de cette réinsertion sur leur valeur de vérité et sur l’adhésion provoquée chez le lecteur ?
Genre prescrit, genre construit : le conte et ses variations
Authors: Bouillon Christian
Published: April 2010

Cette étude s’inscrit dans des traditions anglosaxonnes et européennes, qui privilégient une approche linguistique et la prise en compte d’un contexte de production. Le conte comme genre scolaire est analysé à partir de deux éléments du contexte de l’institution : les programmes et les manuels. Le conte à enseigner est prescrit par les programmes du cycle 3 (2002) et du collège (2004). L’analyse de contenu permet de repérer la théorie du texte mise en œuvre dans ces programmes ainsi que des continuités et des ruptures de l’école au collège, dans les prescriptions de l’institution scolaire pour l’enseignement du genre. L’analyse automatisée des corpus de contes et de leur encadrement didactique, dans quatre manuels récents du cycle 3 et de 6 e , conduite à partir de quinze critères morphosyntaxiques permet de mettre en évidence des éléments de contraste. Le genre scolaire du conte proposé par les manuels est ainsi mis en perspective à partir de ces critères.
Les genres d'écrits universitaires aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Donahue Christiane
Published: April 2010

L’université américaine prête une attention soutenue à l’écrit des étudiants en deux étapes : la première année universitaire (initiation) et les années suivantes (approfondissement). La première année prépare les étudiants, en principe de façon généralisée, à écrire à l’université ; les années suivantes initient l’étudiant à divers écrits d’une discipline spécifique. Cette contribution se propose de décrire les genres d’écrits en jeu à chaque niveau des curriculums, et de souligner les questions et les difficultés qui en résultent autour de la généricité/spécificité dans l’enseignement de l’écrit.
Chronique « didactique de la littérature ». Où en est l'enseignement de la littérature ?
Authors: Mongenot Christine , Bishop Marie-France
Published: April 2010

Le domaine de l’enseignement de la littérature est aujourd’hui l’objet d’une vaste remise en cause, dont l’indice le plus criant est sans doute la désertion des filières littéraires. Au delà de ce phénomène, il semble que ce soit la nature et la valeur de la littérature elle-même, comme institution culturelle, qui se trouvent mises en question. Trois ouvrages récents s’inquiètent de cette situation, en adoptant dès leur titre une posture alarmiste : D. Maingueneau envisage « la fin de la littérature », tandis que T. Todorov la présente comme une institution « en péril ». A. Compagnon, quant à lui, s’interroge sur son rôle : « La littérature pour quoi faire ? ». Ce pessimisme annoncé est le fait de trois intellectuels dont les points de vue, liés à des positions et à des engagements particuliers dans le monde universitaire, diffèrent. Mais leur questionnement, au delà des dissemblances, rejoint les préoccupations des enseignants de français qui voient les lycéens bouder les cursus littéraires. L’AFEF, directement concernée par ces débats cruciaux s’en est fait l’écho et a proposé à ses adhérents différents moments de réflexion, tels que la rencontre qui a déjà eu lieu en mars 2007, avec T. Todorov.
La littérature de jeunesse : inventer sa critique en zone critique
Authors: Martin Serge
Published: April 2010

La critique prend-elle valeur régionale quand elle s’intéresse à tel domaine de la littérature ? Il s’agit, avec la littérature de jeunesse, de contester cette évidence d’autant qu’avec cette dernière, la critique se voit vite rabaissée si ce n’est infantilisée... On examinera alors les chances et les risques à courir pour que la critique s’invente dans cette « zone critique » : cela demande de tout faire pour que l’écoute soit au travail ou, autrement dit, pour faire Contre Sainte-Beuve encore et toujours. Et c’est peut-être à partir de la littérature de jeunesse que la relation critique retrouvera de sa force, de son audace et de son ambition quant à la théorie et à la pratique critiques, l’une n’allant pas sans l’autre.
Des références critiques, pour quoi faire ?
Authors: Langlade Gérard , Rouxel Annie
Published: April 2010

Une enquête menée auprès de professeurs stagiaires sur leur rapport à la critique littéraire met en lumière une rupture paradoxale entre maitrise de savoirs académiques et marginalisation de ces derniers dans pratiques de classe. Or les nouveaux paradigmes de la lecture littéraire permettent de renouveler le sens et la portée didactique de l’engagement critique en inscrivant les références critiques au cœur même de l’activité liseuse. Ainsi comprise, l’investigation critique conduit à former d’enseignants lecteurs et lecteurs critiques de leurs lectures et de celles de leurs élèves.
Pour un enseignement critique intégré
Authors: Larroux Guy
Published: April 2010

Pour comprendre comment se forme une culture critique, il faut prendre en compte le double point de vue de l’enseignant (celui-ci est un médiateur) et de l’étudiant engagé dans une relation évoluante qui a pour l’horizon la compréhension entendue comme appropriation. Celle-ci consiste à la fois à rapprocher ce qui est lointain et à mettre à distance ce qui est proche et familier comme les idées reçues. Cette mise à l’épreuve de la doxa critique est illustrée ici par le cas du roman naturaliste.