bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3-(4-Formylphenyl)-triazole functionalized coumarins as violet-blue luminophores and n-type semiconductors: synthesis, photophysical, electrochemical and thermal properties
Authors: de la Cerda-Pedro José Emilio , Hernández-Ortiz Oscar J. , Vázquez-García Rosa A. , López-Ruiz Heraclio , Gómez-Aguilar Ramón , Farfán Norberto , Padilla-Martínez Itzia I.
Published: October 2022

Four components in one pot to synthesize luminescent FPhTCs, which are thermally stable and with properties suitable for optoelectronic applications.
Polyphosphoric acid-promoted one-pot synthesis and neuroprotective effects of flavanones against NMDA-induced injury in PC12 cells
Authors: Wang Enhua , Yang Lishou , Yang Qian , Yang Fanghong , Luo Ji , Gan Menglan , Wang Xue , Song Shanmin , Lei Yang , Yang Xiaosheng
Published: October 2022

We report herein an efficient polyphosphoric acid (PPA) promoted one-pot protocol for the synthesis of flavanone derivatives from 2-hydroxyacetophenones and benzaldehydes.
Synthesis, characterization and application of a novel polyazo dye as a universal acid–base indicator
Authors: Naime Jannatul , Mamun Muhammad Shamim Al , Aly Saad Aly Mohamed , Maniruzzaman Md , Badal Md Mizanur Rahman , Karim Kaykobad Md Rezaul
Published: October 2022

A novel polyazo dye (SDMAPD3BS) was synthesized and its application as a universal acid–base indicator was investigated. This molecule can be used as a universal indicator for all types of acid–base reactions.
Low-generation fluorescent polyurethane dendrimers via late-stage modification using azide–alkyne click chemistry
Authors: Poudel Dhruba P. , Taylor Richard T.
Published: October 2022

One-pot multicomponent Curtius reaction afforded a versatile MN2 dendron. Late-stage modification of both dendron and dendrimer affords highly fluorescent dendrimers.
A terpene cyclase from Aspergillus ustus is involved in the biosynthesis of geosmin precursor germacradienol
Authors: Peter Marlies , Yang Yiling , Li Shu-Ming
Published: October 2022

This study reports a terpene cyclase responsible for germacradienol formation in the ascomycetous fungus Aspergillus ustus. Both in vivo and in vitro data are provided.
A bipolar host material for the construction of triplet-energy level for white phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes
Authors: Wen Hsin-Yi , Ho Shou-Yi
Published: October 2022

Efficient white lighting sources based on phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) have been predicted as the next generation of highly efficient general illumination systems.
H-bond cooperativity: polarisation effects on secondary amides
Authors: Soloviev Daniil O. , Hanna Fergal E. , Misuraca Maria Cristina , Hunter Christopher A.
Published: October 2022

Formation of an intramolecular phenol-amide H-bond leads to a dramatic increase in the H-bond donor strength of the amide NH group. Polarisation of the amide group is directly proportional to the polarity of the phenol H-bond donor.
One step synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,3-disubstituted BCP ketonesvianickel/photoredox-catalyzed [1.1.1]propellane multicomponent dicarbofunctionalization
Authors: Huang Weichen , Keess Sebastian , Molander Gary A.
Published: October 2022

Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs), utilized as sp3-rich bioisosteres fortert-butyl- and aryl groups as well as internal alkynes, have gained considerable momentum in drug development programs.
Hydrangea-like nanosheets of Co(OH)2@NiFe-LDH/NF as an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Qi Yufan , Tang Huanhuan , Zhou Weijie , Liu Liying , Chen Yangyang , Hao Lei , Yue Kefen , Li Dongsheng , Wang Yaoyu
Published: October 2022

Synthesis of a novel polymetallic hydroxide composite using a rapid hydrothermal–electrodeposition method for efficient oxygen evolution reaction.
Co9S8nanoparticles embedded in egg white-derived porous carbon as an efficient bifunctional cathode catalyst for Zn–air batteries
Authors: Fang Weiguang , Luo Fabao , Zhao Juanjuan , Dong Huaze , Zhu Jinmaio , Wu Mingzai
Published: October 2022

Low-cost cobalt sulfide materials are deemed to be promising cathode catalysts for rechargeable Zn–air batteries (ZABs) due to their intrinsic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER).
Heterostructure from heteromixture: unusual OER activity of FeP and CoP nanostructures on physical mixing
Authors: Bhutani Divya , Maity Sisir , Chaturvedi Shashank , Chalapathi Divya , Waghmare Umesh V. , Narayana Chandrabhas , Prabhakaran Vinod C. , Muthusamy Eswaramoorthy
Published: October 2022

A physical mixture of FeP and CoP shows enhanced performance for the oxygen evolution reaction with low overpotential, high stability and a high mass activity of 18 987 A g−1.
Remarkably enhanced Fenton-like catalytic activity and recyclability of Fe-based metallic glass by alternating magnetic field: mechanisms and industrial applications
Authors: Ge Yun-Xuan , Zhu Peng-Yu , Yu Yao , Zhang Lai-Chang , Zhang Cheng , Liu Lin
Published: October 2022

Fenton-like processes by metallic glass catalysts under alternating magnetic field present a new strategy for the ever-growing water pollution problems.
Freestanding ultralight metallic micromesh for high-energy density flexible transparent supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Guanhua , Zhao Yanli , Hu Jin , Liu Huaizhi , Chen Tianwei , Yu Huihuang , Duan Huigao
Published: October 2022

Freestanding Ni micromesh-based electrodes with exceptional optoelectronic characteristics and outstanding mechanical flexibility are fabricated. The solid-state flexible transparent supercapacitors yield both high energy density and long-life span.
New insights into ruthenium(ii) metallodendrimers as anticancer drug nanocarriers: from synthesis to preclinic behaviour
Authors: Maciel Dina , Nunes Nádia , Santos Francisco , Fan Yu , Li Gaoming , Shen Mingwu , Tomás Helena , Shi Xiangyang , Rodrigues João
Published: October 2022

Pre-clinical results highlight the potential of the low-generation poly(alkylidenamine)-based dendrimers as ruthenium metallodrug nanocarriers.
Metal-porphyrinic framework nanotechnologies in modern agricultural management
Authors: Sajjadinezhad Seyed Mehrzad , Tanner Kevin , Harvey Pierre D.
Published: October 2022

Metal-porphyrinic frameworks find multiple important applications in agriculture based on their rich properties including semi-conductivity, strong absorption of visible light and fluorescence, porosity, and photosensitization of singlet oxygen.
Shape memory polyurethane potentially used for vascular stents with water-induced stiffening and improved hemocompatibility
Authors: Yang Ruibo , Liu Wenkai , Wang Ao , Deng Xiaobo , Feng Yuan , Zhang Qiao , Li Zhen , Luo Feng , Li Jiehua , Tan Hong
Published: October 2022

We designed a shape memory polyurethane potentially used for vascular stents with water-induced stiffening in vivo and improved hemocompatibility.
The electrochemical double layer at the graphene/aqueous electrolyte interface: what we can learn from simulations, experiments, and theory
Authors: Elliott Joshua D. , Papaderakis Athanasios A. , Dryfe Robert A. W. , Carbone Paola
Published: October 2022

The structure of the electrical-double layer of the graphene/aqueous–electrolyte interface is challenging to model and characterize experimentally. Here we review the published data and discuss their interpretation in the context of the EDL theory.
Morphology of conducting polymer blends at the interface of conducting and insulating phases: insight from PEDOT:PSS atomistic simulations
Authors: Makki Hesam , Troisi Alessandro
Published: October 2022

Reliable atomistic models for the interface between conductive and less-conductive domains of PEDOT:PSS are provided through MD simulations and verified against the experimentally-obtained morphology.
Construction of carbon dots/metal–organic framework composite for ratiometric sensing of norfloxacin
Authors: Wu Shixin , Chen Chun , Chen Jiahao , Li Wei , Sun Minhua , Zhuang Jiechun , Lin Junjie , Liu Yingliang , Xu Hong , Zheng Mingtao , Zhang Xuejie , Lei Bingfu , Zhang Haoran
Published: October 2022

This fluorescent sensing material has the excellent optical properties of g-CDs and the selective detection and adsorption capability of UiO-66 for the target analyte; it determines the norfloxacin concentrationviatheF432/F530fluorescence ratio.
Phase separation in alkali silicate glasses detected through inverse Laplace transform of29Si nuclear magnetic resonance echo train decay
Authors: Bovee Mark O. , Jardón-Álvarez Daniel , Srivastava Deepansh , Wu Jingshi , Grandinetti Philip J.
Published: October 2022

The ratio of Si-29 nuclear magnetic resonance coherence lifetimes for Q4and Q3sites under magic-angle spinning and a π-pulse train in silicate glasses can detect phase separation, even at small scales where the glass appears optically homogenous.
Post-Laminectomy Non-Osseous Intraspinal Extradural Tuberculous Granulation Tissue: An Undescribed Entity
Authors: Pachiyappan Jeyaselva Senthilkumar Thotlampatti , Chinnamuthu Sekar
Published: October 2022

Spinal tuberculosis (TB) is well studied and described in the literature. It is known to occur anywhere along the transverse plane of the spine. Vertebral TB accounts for less than 1% of all TB infections in the body and more than 50% of musculoskeletal infections. It is considered the most serious type of skeletal TB, with possible neurological symptoms due to compression of neural structures. It may also lead to deformity and significant vertebral structure destruction and instability. Though non-osseous intraspinal extradural tuberculous granulation tissue is reported in several instances, to the best of our knowledge and thorough literature search, the post-laminectomy occurrence of extradural tuberculous granuloma is not reported in the literature so far. Whether it is the reactivation of previously dormant tuberculous infection or naive infection is elusive. Surgical excision and anti-tuberculous therapy is the mainstay of treatment.
Fracturas de la base del quinto metatarsiano: ¿Es útil mi tornillo de esponjosa con rosca parcial? Experiencia de 10 años
Authors: Vera Ramiro , Lagos Leonardo , Vargas Fernando , Henríquez Hugo , Fernández Sergio , Bastías Christian
Published: October 2022

Objetivo Evaluar el resultado quirúrgico de fracturas de las zonas 2 y 3 de la base del quinto metatarsiano usando tornillos de esponjosa de diámetro de 4,0 mm con rosca parcial.

Materiales y métodos Evaluación retrospectiva de pacientes operados entre 2010 a 2019. Incluimos todos los casos sintetizados con este dispositivo con seguimiento mínimo de tres meses, y excluimos casos operados con otros dispositivos y seguimiento menor a tres meses. Evaluamos la consolidación y la presencia de complicaciones. Determinamos el largo del tornillo, el diámetro del canal endomedular, la distancia entre el borde proximal de la tuberosidad y la fractura, y la distancia de paso de la rosca sobre el rasgo de la fractura en radiografías anteroposterior (AP) y oblicua del pie.

Resultados Evaluamos 39 casos, y la muestra tenía una edad promedio de 27 años, y predominio del sexo masculino. El largo de tornillo más usado fue el de 45 mm, y los diámetros promedios del canal endomedular medidos en las radiografías AP y oblicua fueron de 4,6 mm y 3,96 mm, respectivamente. La distancia del borde de la tuberosidad hasta la fractura fue de 25,8 mm, y la distancia de paso de la rosca sobre el rasgo de la fractura fue en promedio de 24 mm. Hubo 100% de consolidación, en un promedio de 9,4 semanas, y 3 casos de retardo de consolidación, 2 de retroceso de tornillo, 1 de rosca intrafoco, y 1 de fractura cortical superior. No hubo retiros de tornillos a la fecha.

Discusión No existe consenso respecto al tornillo ideal. La literatura internacional recomienda dispositivos intramedulares de diámetro de al menos 4,5 mm. Existen pocos reportes del uso de tornillos de diámetro de 4,0 mm.

Conclusiones El tornillo de esponjosa de diámetro de 4,0 mm con rosca parcial es una alternativa eficaz, segura y con baja tasa de complicaciones para el manejo de estas fracturas en nuestra población.
Diagnóstico de roturas del manguito rotador por ecografía y resonancia magnética: ¿La morfología acromial influye en los resultados?
Authors: Meleán Patricio , Rojas Walter , Agloni Mauricio , Droppelmann Guillermo
Published: October 2022

Introducción Actualmente no existen estudios que evalúen la concordancia entre la ecografía (ECO) y la resonancia magnética (RM) observando parámetros como el índice acromial (IA) y el ángulo crítico (AC) para roturas del manguito rotador (MR). Se considera que la mayor cobertura de la huella por un IA o AC incrementados podría afectar la adecuada visualización del MR en estudios de ECO al interponerse entre el complejo tendíneo y el transductor ecográfico.

Objetivo Estimar la concordancia de la ECO y la RM en el diagnóstico de pacientes con roturas del MR confirmadas por artroscopia con IA y AC mayores al promedio normal (0.7 y 35°, respectivamente). Secundariamente, determinar si la concordancia diagnóstica es comparable entre tipos de rotura (espesor completo o parciales).

Materiales y Métodos Estudio retrospectivo de una serie consecutiva de 100 pacientes con roturas totales o parciales del MR confirmadas por artroscopia.

Resultados La edad media del grupo de estudio fue de 55,7 ± 10,5 años. La media del IA fue de 0,77 ± 0,08, y la del AC, de 37,42° ± 5,88°. La concordancia entre la ECO y la RM y el IA fue > 0,7 de 56,7% (K = 0,27; p = 0,01); y < 0,7 de 35,7% (K = 0,01; p = 0,46), respectivamente. Y la concordancia entre la ECO y la RM y el AC fue > 35° de 61,5% (K = 0,32; p = 0,001); y < 35° de 33,3% (K = -0,00; p = 0,52), respectivamente.

Conclusión La concordancia diagnóstica de la ECO comparada con la de la RM, en pacientes con roturas del MR confirmada por artroscopia y con IA y AC mayores al promedio normal, fue justa. La concordancia diagnóstica de la ECO comparada con la RM, en pacientes con IA y AC menores al promedio normal, fue pobre. La capacidad diagnóstica fue similar entre la ECO y la RM para roturas parciales y totales.
Infecciones periprotésicas en artroplastia total de rodilla: ¿Cuál es nuestra realidad?
Authors: Vaisman Alex , Casas-Cordero Juan Pablo , Bianchi Sebastián , Edwards Diego
Published: October 2022

Introducción La infección periprotésica (IPP) es una de las complicaciones más serias en una artroplastia total de rodilla (ATR). Pese a esto, existe poca literatura chilena respecto de esta patología.

Objetivos Determinar la incidencia, las comorbilidades, los microorganismos aislados y su susceptibilidad antibiótica, y la morbimortalidad en pacientes con IPP.

Materiales y Métodos Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo en pacientes operados entre 2001 y 2020 por gonartrosis, con una ATR primaria, en un mismo centro de salud, con al menos 1 año de seguimiento. Se excluyeron pacientes operados en otros centros o con registros clínicos incompletos. Se registraron las comorbilidades, los microorganismos aislados, la susceptibilidad antibiótica, y la sobrevida por medio de una búsqueda sistemática de las fichas clínicas de los pacientes con IPP. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para presentar los datos.

Resultados Se incluyeron 544 ATRs, de las cuales 8 (1,47%) presentaron IPP, y los pacientes tenían una edad promedio de presentación de 66 (±5,7) años, e índice de masa corporal (IMC) promedio de 30,3 (±4,5) kg/m2. La mediana de tiempo de presentación de la IPP fue de 411 (±1.034) días. Las principales comorbilidades registradas fueron hipertensión arterial en 5 (62,5%), tabaquismo en 4 (50%) casos, y dislipidemia in 4 (50%) casos. En total, 5 (62,5%) pacientes presentaron etiología polimicrobiana, y en 3 (37,5%) se aisló un solo microorganismo. Los principales agentes aislados fueron Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo, ambos multirresistentes, en 6 (75%) y 3 (37,5%) pacientes respectivamente. Todos los pacientes recibieron tres dosis de cefazolina como profilaxis quirúrgica. Se describe una sensibilidad del 100% frente a vancomicina y rifampicina (12/12 cultivos), y una resistencia del 83,4% al ciprofloxacino (4/9 cultivos). Un total de 2 (25%) pacientes fallecieron después de 3 años de la ATR por causas no relacionadas con la IPP. No hubo casos de recidiva infecciosa tras la revisión.

Conclusión Se encontró una incidencia de 1,47% (8 casos) de IPP. Todos los pacientes con IPP presentaron alguna comorbilidad prequirúrgica. Los principales agentes microbiológicos identificados fueron multirresistentes y susceptibles a vancomicina y rifampicina.
Espondilodiscitis por Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Un reporte de caso
Authors: Yurac Ratko , Santorcuato Macarena , Quinteros Guisela , Zamorano Juan J. , Marré Bartolomé
Published: October 2022

Introducción Haemophilus parainfluenzae (HP) es un cocobacilo gram negativo y un patógeno oportunista. Rara vez se asocia a infecciones vertebrales o musculoesqueléticas, y está muy poco reportado en la literatura.

Presentación del caso Una mujer de 45 años, sana, que presentaba un historial de dos semanas de lumbalgia progresiva, fiebre, coriza y congestión nasal, y que tenía discitis intervertebral causada por HP, confirmada por dos hemocultivos positivos y hallazgos progresivos de resonancia magnética (RM) de columna lumbar. Los hallazgos de la RM fueron atípicos, y consistían en un absceso del psoas y pequeñas colecciones de líquido epidural e intraespinal anterior asociadas con espondilodiscitis. El diagnóstico inicial se retrasó debido a que la RM inicial no reveló hallazgos que sugirieran un proceso infeccioso. El tratamiento consistió en un ciclo prolongado de administración intravenosa seguida de antibióticos orales, lo que finalmente produjo una buena respuesta clínica.

Discusión y conclusión El HP es un patógeno muy raro en la espondilodiscitis. No obstante, debe tenerse en cuenta, especialmente en pacientes que presentan lumbalgia y fiebre y/o bacteriemia por microorganismos gram negativos. El estudio inicial debe incluir una RM de la columna con contraste. Aunque es poco común, la espondilodiscitis y un absceso del psoas pueden presentarse concomitantemente. Los antibióticos prolongados son el pilar del tratamiento.
Fratura da cabeça femoral de tipo II de Pipkin: Avaliação biomecânica pelo método de elementos finitos
Authors: Freitas Anderson , Demeneghi Nathallie Campos , Barin Fabrício Reichert , Battaglion Leonardo Rigobello , Pires Robinson Esteves , Giordano Vincenzo
Published: October 2022

Objetivo Avaliar a capacidade biomecânica de duas formas de fixação de fraturas tipo II de Pipkin descrevendo o desvio da fratura no sentido vertical, as tensões máxima e mínima principais, e a tensão equivalente de Von Mises nas sínteses utilizadas.

Materiais e Métodos Dois fixadores internos foram desenvolvidos para tratar a fratura tipo II de Pipkin por meio de elementos finitos: parafuso cortical de 3,5 mm e parafuso de Herbert. Sob as mesmas condições, foram avaliados o desvio da fratura no sentido vertical, as tensões máxima e mínima principais, e a tensão equivalente de Von Mises nas sínteses utilizadas.

Resultados Os deslocamentos verticais avaliados foram de 1,5 mm e 0,5 mm. Os valores de tensão máxima obtidos na região superior do colo femoral foram de 9,7 KPa e 1,3 KPa, e os valores de tensão mínima obtidos na região inferior do colo femoral foram de -8,7KPa e -9,3 KPa. Por fim, os valores de pico da tensão equivalente de Von Mises foram de 7,2 GPa e 2,0 GPa para os modelos de fixação com o uso do parafuso cortical de 3,5 mm e do parafuso de Herbert, respectivamente.

Conclusão O sistema de fixação com parafuso de Herbert gerou os melhores resultados em termos de redução do deslocamento vertical, distribuição da tensão máxima e do pico da tensão equivalente de Von Mises, o que demonstra sua superioridade mecânica comparada à do parafuso cortical de 3,5 mm no tratamento da fratura tipo II de Pipkin.
Ag nanoparticle-modified porous nickel foam nanotemplate: An efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering platform for the rapid detection of artemisinin
Authors: Yuan Wenzhi , Zhang Zhibin , Wu Yanjun , Shi Guochao , Xu Shiqi
Published: October 2022

Because of the advantages of rapid sampling and real-time detection, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique provides greater potential for ultrasensitive detection of active components in traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper, an ultrasensitive SERS detection system was successfully designed using controllable magnetron sputtering technology for the rapid and quantitative detection of artemisinin, a traditional Chinese medicine. Using nickel foam (NF) with a three-dimensional porous mesh structure as a template, Ag nanoparticle layers were sputtered on the NF surface by the magnetron sputtering technique to prepare Ag-NF-20 (the magnetron sputtering time was 20 min) SERS substrates with high SERS performance. According to the SERS signal response of the R6G molecule on the Ag-NF-20 substrate, this efficient SERS platform showed excellent Raman signals and enhanced performance and time-stability. The results suggested that owing to the abundant electromagnetic enhancement “hot spots” distributed on Ag-NF-20 nanostructures, an experimental enhancement factor value of 6.57 × 105 was obtained. The time-stability for 30 days in an atmospheric environment was also determined, which revealed that a minimum decrease of 2.6% in Raman signal intensity was recorded, indicating the excellent time-stability of the Ag-NF-20 substrate. Furthermore, when applying this in the detection of artemisinin, the limit of detection value for artemisinin was 1 × 10−4 ng/ml. Therefore, the Ag-NF-20 SERS substrate has great potential for trace detection of other active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine and is expected to expand the detection of pharmacodynamic substances in clinical drugs.
Asymmetric vortex dynamics in two-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate with harmonic trap potential
Authors: Li Chenghao , Liu Zhengliang , Ren Yuan , Wang Ying , Wu Hao , Xiong Zhenyu , Ran Xiangyu
Published: October 2022

Based on the two-dimensional Gross–Pitaevskii equation model, we investigated the asymmetric vortex evolution of two-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensates in a harmonic potential trap with polar direction perturbation. This corresponds to the generation of an asymmetric vortex evolution mode under initial vortex light manipulation together with polar direction perturbation. Unlike most of the prior work on this topic that uses a pure numerical method for the system under study, we use an exact analytical method rather than numerical simulation to investigate the key features of the system evolution dynamics in this study. Based on the variational method, and for different system parameter settings including the strength of the harmonic oscillator potential and the nonlinear interaction, we derived two evolution modes, namely, the periodic evolution oscillation mode and the monotonic decay mode, and pictorially demonstrated the evolution patterns of the system. In addition, we investigated the scenario when the system is in the rotating state, which corresponds to the action of the quadratic centrifugal potential. Notably, we also identified the damping effects for the two modes with increasing angular velocity, whose upper limit value corresponds to the constant vortex pattern of the system. Our theoretical results can be used to guide the experimental investigation of asymmetric vortex evolution in two-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensates.
Ion temperature gradient mode and its solitons with regularized κ-distributed electrons
Authors: Zhou J. , Yang X. S. , Chen X. C. , Liu S. Q.
Published: October 2022

The linear and the non-linear behaviors of the ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode in a plasma with regularized κ-distributed electrons are investigated using the fluid model. The dispersion relation of the ITG mode obtained on the basis of the local approximation shows that the growth rate of the ITG mode decreases with the increase in the spectral index κ and the exponential cut-off parameter α. It indicates that the presence of the superthermal electron leads to destabilization of the ITG mode, especially in the low κ (κ < 1.5) region. In addition, the existence and the nature of the soliton structure driven by the ITG are studied using the pseudopotential technology. The soliton amplitude increases with the increase in the exponential cut-off parameter α and the spectral index κ, whereas the width of the soliton varies inversely. The present results will help to understand the low-frequency electrostatic wave and nonlinear structure in space and experimental plasmas with non-thermal electrons.
Optimization design of 4H–SiC-based betavoltaic battery using 3H source
Authors: Zhang Xue , Zheng Renzhou , Wang Yu , Lu Jingbin , Zhang Yuehui , Chen Ziyi , Liu Yumin , Xu Xu
Published: October 2022

This paper describes the theoretical calculation and optimization design of the PN junction betavoltaic batteries with 4H–SiC-based energy converter and titanium tritide source. The self-absorption of radioactive isotope sources and the energy deposition distribution in the semiconductor converter are simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The relationship between doping concentrations and basic factors such as minority carrier diffusion lengths and the width of the depletion region are analyzed via the calculation formulas. Then the maximum output power density and energy conversion efficiency are calculated. The optimal thickness of the titanium tritide film is about 0.7 μm, the doping concentrations are 2.5 × 1016 cm−3, and the junction depth of PN junction is 0.1 μm. The surface recombination velocities of electron and hole are 1 × 106 cm/s, respectively. The maximum output power density and energy conversion efficiency are 0.22 μW/cm2 and 2.37%, respectively.
Smoke emissions from the extreme wildfire events in central Portugal in October 2017
Authors: Fernandes A. P. , Lopes D. , Sorte S. , Monteiro A. , Gama C. , Reis J. , Menezes I. , Osswald T. , Borrego C. , Almeida M. , Ribeiro L. M. , Viegas D. X. , Miranda A. I.
Published: October 2022

In the last decades, numerous large forest fires have been recorded in Portugal. On 15 and 16 October 2017, seven extreme wildfires events (EWEs) took place in the central region of Portugal. Aiming to contribute to the assessment of the smoke impact of these EWEs, this study estimates their atmospheric emissions using a bottom-up approach with high spatial and temporal resolution. To this end, fire data were used, such as ignition location and time, propagation, burned area, and fuel load and emission factors according to forest species. A particular fire – EWE in Lousã with a high fuel load – emitted ~50% of the sum of the emissions of the six other case studies. The spatial distribution of the EWE emissions indicates that fuel load is an important component of emissions estimation. The obtained results were compared with remote sensing data, showing good agreement in terms of total values. During these EWEs, particulate matter and carbon monoxide emissions were higher than Portuguese anthropogenic emissions in 2017. This approach contributes to the state of the art on forest fire emissions, reducing uncertainty and obtaining the best possible and detailed quantification of the temporal and spatial variability of EWE emissions.
How musical rhythm training improves short-term memory for faces
Authors: Zanto Theodore P. , Johnson Vinith , Ostrand Avery , Gazzaley Adam
Published: October 2022

Playing a musical instrument engages numerous cognitive abilities, including sensory perception, selective attention, and short-term memory. Mounting evidence indicates that engaging these cognitive functions during musical training will improve performance of these same functions. Yet, it remains unclear the extent these benefits may extend to nonmusical tasks, and what neural mechanisms may enable such transfer. Here, we conducted a preregistered randomized clinical trial where nonmusicians underwent 8 wk of either digital musical rhythm training or word search as control. Only musical rhythm training placed demands on short-term memory, as well as demands on visual perception and selective attention, which are known to facilitate short-term memory. As hypothesized, only the rhythm training group exhibited improved short-term memory on a face recognition task, thereby providing important evidence that musical rhythm training can benefit performance on a nonmusical task. Analysis of electroencephalography data showed that neural activity associated with sensory processing and selective attention were unchanged by training. Rather, rhythm training facilitated neural activity associated with short-term memory encoding, as indexed by an increased P3 of the event-related potential to face stimuli. Moreover, short-term memory maintenance was enhanced, as evidenced by increased two-class (face/scene) decoding accuracy. Activity from both the encoding and maintenance periods each highlight the right superior parietal lobule (SPL) as a source for training-related changes. Together, these results suggest musical rhythm training may improve memory for faces by facilitating activity within the SPL to promote how memories are encoded and maintained, which can be used in a domain-general manner to enhance performance on a nonmusical task.
Hippocampus and temporal pole functional connectivity is associated with age and individual differences in autobiographical memory
Authors: Setton Roni , Mwilambwe-Tshilobo Laetitia , Sheldon Signy , Turner Gary R. , Spreng R. Nathan
Published: October 2022

Recollection of one’s personal past, or autobiographical memory (AM), varies across individuals and across the life span. This manifests in the amount of episodic content recalled during AM, which may reflect differences in associated functional brain networks. We take an individual differences approach to examine resting-state functional connectivity of temporal lobe regions known to coordinate AM content retrieval with the default network (anterior and posterior hippocampus, temporal pole) and test for associations with AM. Multiecho resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and autobiographical interviews were collected for 158 younger and 105 older healthy adults. Interviews were scored for internal (episodic) and external (semantic) details. Age group differences in connectivity profiles revealed that older adults had lower connectivity within anterior hippocampus, posterior hippocampus, and temporal pole but greater connectivity with regions across the default network compared with younger adults. This pattern was positively related to posterior hippocampal volumes in older adults, which were smaller than younger adult volumes. Connectivity associations with AM showed two significant patterns. The first dissociated connectivity related to internal vs. external AM across participants. Internal AM was related to anterior hippocampus and temporal pole connectivity with orbitofrontal cortex and connectivity within posterior hippocampus. External AM was related to temporal pole connectivity with regions across the lateral temporal cortex. In the second pattern, younger adults displayed temporal pole connectivity with regions throughout the default network associated with more detailed AMs overall. Our findings provide evidence for discrete ensembles of brain regions that scale with systematic variation in recollective styles across the healthy adult life span.
Rapid wage growth at the bottom has offset rising US inequality
Authors: Aeppli Clem , Wilmers Nathan
Published: October 2022

US earnings inequality has not increased in the last decade. This marks the first sustained reversal of rising earnings inequality since 1980. We document this shift across eight data sources using worker surveys, employer-reported data, and administrative data. The reversal is due to a shrinking gap between low-wage and median-wage workers. In contrast, the gap between top and median workers has persisted. Rising pay for low-wage workers is not mainly due to the changing composition of workers or jobs, minimum wage increases, or workplace-specific sources of inequality. Instead, it is due to broadly rising pay in low-wage occupations, which has particularly benefited workers in tightening labor markets. Rebounding post–Great Recession labor demand at the bottom offset enduring drivers of inequality.
From virility to virtue: the psychology of apology in honor cultures
Authors: Lin Ying , Caluori Nava , Öztürk Engin Bağış , Gelfand Michele J.
Published: October 2022

In honor cultures, relatively minor disputes can escalate, making numerous forms of aggression widespread. We find evidence that honor cultures’ focus on virility impedes a key conflict de-escalation strategy—apology—that can be successfully promoted through a shift in mindset. Across five studies using mixed methods (text analysis of congressional speeches, a cross-cultural comparison, surveys, and experiments), people from honor societies (e.g., Turkey and US honor states), people who endorse honor values, and people who imagine living in a society with strong honor norms are less willing to apologize for their transgressions (studies 1–4). This apology reluctance is driven by concerns about reputation in honor cultures. Notably, honor is achieved not only by upholding strength and reputation (virility) but also through moral integrity (virtue). The dual focus of honor suggests a potential mechanism for promoting apologies: shifting the focus of honor from reputation to moral integrity. Indeed, we find that such a shift led people in honor cultures to perceive apologizing more positively and apologize more (study 5). By identifying a barrier to apologizing in honor cultures and illustrating ways to overcome it, our research provides insights for deploying culturally intelligent conflict-management strategies in such contexts.
Applications of the Document Towers method of representing document structures
Authors: Atanasiu Vlad
Published: October 2022

This article argues in favor of representing the spatial distribution of information within and between documents, by surveying a broad variety of potential applications, including the entire document lifecycle, multiple sensory modalities, and a large spectrum of tasks and users. The theoretical explanations of this richness are a further facet of the article, and can be summarized as follows: (1) insights emerge from focusing on information structure, rather than information meaning; (2) spatializing information creates new information; (3) simplification increases the polyvalence of representation models; (4) introducing mystery in communication channels motivates discovery and diversifies insights; (5) approaching information design as aGesamtkunstwerkmultiplies the applications; (6) information is a manifestation of a link between structures and the actions these enable, while information design is the art and science of creating such links. The argument is developed around the concrete example of a document structure visualization, the Document Towers, which uses the metaphor of architectural models to represent documents.
Evaluating pretravel study-abroad instruction utilizing curricular intervention and customized assessment
Authors: Vasseur Raychel , Bui Thanh Duc , Paré Paul W.
Published: October 2022

Study abroad (SA), as a high-impact educational practice, entails knowledge and understanding of culture and a travel mindset. While pre-travel orientations assist students in program preparations, the efficacy of such training is unknown and the path for improvement unclear without reflection or feedback. In this article, we report on the design and scoring of an assessment tool focusing on student self-reflection. Over 200 students preparing for SA completed knowledge-based multiple-choice questions, as well as cultural competency and reflection-based free-response questions. This learning-by-doing intervention survey provided data on students’ understanding of host-country logistics, awareness of culture-specific practices, recognition of cultural symbols, and program fit with students’ goals. Student learning outcomes (SLOs) of SA orientation were aggregated primarily by gender, discipline, and SA requirements. Implementing a pre-departure assessment as an instructional tool stimulated reflection and identified discipline- and gender-specific SLOs to assist in designing future orientations for an improved SA experience.
The effect of generation of narrow ultrarelativistic beams of positrons (electrons) in the process of resonant photoproduction of pairs on nuclei in a strong electromagnetic field
Authors: Roshchupkin S P , Starodub S S
Published: October 2022

The generation of narrow beams of high-energy positrons (electrons) in the process of resonant photogeneration of ultrarelativistic electron–positron pairs by high-energy gamma quanta in the field of the nucleus and a strong electromagnetic wave is theoretically predicted. It is shown that if the energy of the initial gamma quanta significantly exceeds the characteristic energy of the process, then ultrarelativistic positrons (electrons) are emitted with energies very close to the energy of gamma quanta. Moreover, the resonant differential cross-section of such processes can exceed the corresponding differential cross-section without an external field by thirteen orders of magnitude. This effect makes it possible to obtain narrow beams of ultrarelativistic positrons (electrons) in strong electromagnetic fields with high probability.
PM2.5 exposures increased for the majority of Indians and a third of the global population during COVID-19 lockdowns: a residential biomass burning and environmental justice perspective
Authors: Nagpure Ajay S , Lal Raj M
Published: October 2022

In response to the emergence of COVID-19 during Spring 2020, many countries implemented nationwide lockdowns and mandatory stay-at-home orders, which resulted in historically clean ambient air quality. However, in many parts of the world, biomass burning for cooking is a common activity, and in India specifically, it has been implicated as the leading contributor to indoor and ambient PM2.5, and its activity was not stopped and likely increased during lockdowns. Here, we first estimate baseline and lockdown PM2.5 exposures specific to India using new, nationwide time-use survey data coupled with fine-scale PM2.5 estimates within various microenvironments. We then extend this framework to estimate the population globally that will have experienced higher PM2.5 exposures during lockdowns, due both to an increase in residential biomass burning activity as well as the entire day being spent in the more-polluted home environment for biomass fuel using households. Sixty five percent of Indians, the percent that uses biomass fuels for cooking, were exposed to higher PM2.5 levels during the lockdown compared to their modeled baseline exposures, with the average modeled exposure increasing by 13% (95% distribution: 8–26) (from 116 (82–157) to 131 (104–170) μg m−3). We further leverage this exposure framework to present India’s most comprehensive, to date, PM2.5 exposure disparity and environmental justice assessment; although women were still exposed to the highest levels of PM2.5 during the lockdown (from 135 (91–191) μg m−3 baseline to 147 (106–200) μg m−3 during the lockdown; 8.8% (5–18) increase), the demographic groups that experienced the highest exposure increases were working-age men and school-age children, whose average modeled exposures increased by 24% (18–48) (from 88 (63–118) to 108 (94–139) μg m−3) and 18% (8–31) (from 98 (75–134) to 115 (98–145) μg m−3), respectively. Globally, we conservatively estimate that 34.5% (21–51) of the global population observed increased PM2.5 exposures during COVID-19 lockdowns, concentrated in low-income regions with high biomass usage. There have been a number of clean-cooking initiatives introduced in India and throughout the world to replace biomass cookstoves, but the finding that PM2.5 exposures increased for the majority of Indians and a third of the global population—driven largely by residential biomass burning for cooking—during a period of historically clean ambient air quality, re-emphasizes the urgent need to further address clean cooking interventions to reduce PM2.5 exposures and in turn improve health outcomes.
Spatial and temporal patterns of wildfire burn severity and biomass burning-induced emissions in California
Authors: Xu Qingqing , Westerling Anthony LeRoy , Baldwin W Jonathan
Published: October 2022

Wildfires are an important disturbance in the Earth system, and their emissions have regional and even global impacts on radiation, clouds, and climate. The increased frequency and magnitude of California wildfires in recent years is altering the terrestrial carbon cycle, undermining the state’s efforts to reduce the Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) to confront climate change. Air quality and public health are also greatly affected by air pollution from wildfires. The severity of wildfire burns is a critical indicator of both their direct and indirect ecological and human impacts. To formulate targeted mitigation strategies, it is imperative to understand the evolving scale, location and timing of wildfire burn severity and emissions. This study analyzed spatial and temporal patterns of burn severity and emissions at 30 m resolution from large wildfires (>404 hectares) burning in California during 1984–2020 from the recently developed Wildfire Burn Severity and Emissions Inventory. Results show vegetation and severity play critical roles in controlling the spatial and seasonal distribution of emissions. California’s annual burned area and emissions increased, notably in early and late parts of what once was the typical fire season, although peak wildfire burned area and emissions continue to occur in mid-Summer. Emissions and areas burned in moderate to high severity were particularly high and increasing in North Coast and Sierra Nevada forests. The 2020 fire year—with the most megafires in California history—had 15 times the annual average emissions that occurred during 1984–2015.
Anticoherent spin-2 states and spherical designs
Authors: Wang Meichao , Zhu Yan
Published: October 2022

Anticoherent spin states are introduced as quantum states that exhibit maximally nonclassical behaviors which are important in the study of quantum entanglement. Using Majorana representation of spin states, Crann–Pereira–Kribs studied the relation between anticoherent spin states and spherical designs. They proposed a conjecture that a spin-s state is anticoherent to order t if and only if its Majorana representation is a spherical t-design on S
2. In this paper, we prove that this conjecture is true for s = 2.
New numerical methods for calculating statistical equilibria of two-dimensional turbulent flows, strictly based on the Miller–Robert–Sommeria theory
Authors: Ryono K , Ishioka K
Published: October 2022

New numerical methods are proposed for the mixing entropy maximization problem in the context of Miller–Robert–Sommeria’s (MRS) statistical mechanics theory of two-dimensional turbulence, particularly in the case of spherical geometry. Two of the methods are for the canonical problem; the other is for the microcanonical problem. The methods are based on the original MRS theory and thus take into account all Casimir invariants. Compared to the methods proposed in previous studies, our new methods make it easier to detect multiple statistical equilibria and to search for solutions with broken zonal symmetry. The methods are applied to a zonally symmetric initial vorticity distribution which is barotropically unstable. Two statistical equilibria are obtained, one of which has a wave-like structure with zonal wavenumber 1, and the other has a wave-like structure with zonal wavenumber 2. While the former is the maximum point of the mixing entropy, the wavenumber 2 structure of the latter is nearly the same as the structure that appears in the end state of the time integration of the vorticity equation. The new methods allow for efficient computation of statistical equilibria for initial vorticity distributions consisting of many levels of vorticity patches without losing information about all the conserved quantities. This means that the statistical equilibria can be obtained from an arbitrary initial vorticity distribution, which allows for the application of statistical mechanics to interpret a wide variety of flow patterns appearing in geophysical fluids.
Energy forecasting to benchmark for federal net-zero objectives under climate uncertainty
Authors: Weiss Scott C , Delorit Justin D , Chini Christopher M
Published: October 2022

Climate variability creates energy demand uncertainty and complicates long-term asset management and budget planning. Without understanding future energy demand trends related to intensification of climate, changes to energy consumption could result in budget escalation. Energy demand trends can inform campus infrastructure repair and modernization plans, effective energy use reduction policies, or renewable energy resource implementation decisions, all of which are targeted at mitigating energy cost escalation and variability. To make these long-term management decisions, energy managers require unbiased and accurate energy use forecasts. This research uses a statistical, model-based forecast framework, calibrated retrospectively with open-source climate data, and run in a forecast mode with CMIP5 projections of temperature for RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 to predict total daily energy consumption and costs for a campus-sized community (population: 30 000) through the end of the century. The case study of Wright Patterson Air Force Base is contextualized within the existing executive orders directing net-zero emissions and carbon-free electricity benchmarks for the federal government. The model suggests that median annual campus electric consumption, based on temperature rise alone, could increase by 4.8% with RCP4.5 and 19.3% with RCP8.5 by the end of the century, with a current carbon footprint of 547 million kg CO2e. Monthly forecasts indicate that summer month energy consumption could significantly increase within the first decade (2020–2030), and nearly all months will experience significant increases by the end of the century. Therefore, careful planning is needed to meet net-zero emissions targets with significant increases in electricity demands under current conditions. Policies and projects to reduce the carbon footprint of federal agencies need to incorporate forecasting models to understand changes in demand to appropriately size electric infrastructure.
An (∞,2)-categorical pasting theorem
Authors: Hackney Philip , Ozornova Viktoriya , Riehl Emily , Rovelli Martina
Published: October 2022

We show that any pasting diagram in any(∞,2)(\infty ,2)-category has a homotopically unique composite. This is achieved by showing that the free 2-category generated by a pasting scheme is the homotopy colimit of its cells as an(∞,2)(\infty ,2)-category. We prove this explicitly in the simplicial categories model and then explain how to deduce the model-independent statement from that calculation.
Lawfare in Crimea: treaty, territory, and investor–state dispute settlement
Authors: Miles Cameron
Published: October 2022

In this paper—adapted from a lecture given at Koç University Law School—I describe how investor–state dispute settlement (‘ISDS’) can form part of an international lawfare strategy. Unlike other forms of international dispute settlement, the questions of territorial sovereignty that the weaker party to an international conflict may wish to have answered in its favour may (treaty drafting depending) be firmly within the incidental jurisdiction of an ISDS tribunal, making such a tribunal an attractive forum for lawfare. I first provide a working definition of lawfare and describe how ISDS can play a part in its prosecution, before turning to a case study, namely ISDS as a part of the lawfare strategy carried out by Ukraine against Russia in relation to the latter’s unlawful occupation of Crimea from 2014 onwards. I conclude with a discussion of the flexibilities of ISDS in this respect and consider shortly how Ukraine’s existing lawfare strategy can be adapted in the context of Russia’s current occupation of eastern Ukraine.