bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water–Air Interface Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2, CH4, and N2O) Emissions Were Amplified by Continuous Dams in an Urban River in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China
Authors: Yang Dengxing , Mao Xufeng , Wei Xiaoyan , Tao Yaqing , Zhang Zhifa , Ma Jianhai
Published: March 2020

Continuous dams may lead to great variation in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rivers, which contribute more uncertainty to regional carbon balance. This study is among the first to determine water–air interface GHGs (CO2, CH4, and N2O) in a river with continuous dams in plateau city. Combined static-chamber gas and meteorological chromatography were utilized to monitor the GHGs emission flux at the water–air interface within four continuous dams in the Huoshaogou River in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China. A variation coefficient (VC) and amplification coefficient (AC) were designed to detect the influence of continuous dams on GHG emissions. Results indicate that (1) cascade dams presented an amplifying effect on GHGs emissions from the water-air interface. The VCs of three types of GHGs are 3.7–6.7 times higher than those of the undammed area. The ACs of three types of GHGs are 2.7–4.1 times larger than environmental factors; (2) the average GHG emission fluxes in some dams are higher than that of the first dam, indicating that an amplifying effect may have been accumulated by some continuous dams; (3) EC, pH, Twater, Tair and TDS are found to be principle influencing factors of GHG emission and light intensity, Twater, TOC (plant), TN (sediment) and TOC (sediment) are found to be associated with accumulative changes in GHG emission.
Addressing the Water–Energy Nexus by Coupling the Hydrological Model with a New Energy LISENGY Model: A Case Study in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Adamovic Marko , Gelati Emiliano , Bisselink Berny , Roo Ad
Published: March 2020

As water is required for producing hydropower, and subsequently the water balance is changed for downstream areas, the linking of hydrological and energy models is needed to properly address the interactions among them. In this study, volume–depth-based water storage estimation models were proposed for individual lakes and reservoirs in the Iberian Peninsula using the 30-year Global Water Surface dataset and reservoir morphometry methodology which enables to evaluate reservoirs where data were not available before. The models were subsequently implemented within the new hydropower model called LISENGY that provides the first comprehensive assessment of the temporal and spatial dynamics of water storage, water depth and hydropower production in the Iberian Peninsula. The LISENGY model was coupled with the distributed LISFLOOD hydrological model. The seasonal and interannual changes in energy production were assessed for 168 studied reservoirs with diverse morphometries, which is unique. Conical, concave and convex regression reservoir relationships were distinguished, and optimized turbine discharge and power production were computed. A 10-year water–energy linked system for the 2007–2016 period has been established for the Iberian Peninsula which was not available before. The results showed that it is possible to connect those two models and that the timing and magnitude of simulated storage were well reproduced. The study represents the first step towards integrated pan-European water–energy modeling. Future climate scenarios and energy demands are to be fed into the linked model system to evaluate expected future hydropower generation and possible water scarcity issues.
Agricultural Impacts on Hydrobiogeochemical Cycling in the Amazon: Is There Any Solution?
Authors: Figueiredo Ricardo de O. , Cak Anthony , Markewitz Daniel
Published: March 2020

Expansion of agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon has been driven not just by demands from traditional, rural producers, but also large agriculture and cattle producers, both of whom have put considerable pressure on remaining forests and their watersheds. Monitoring of these watersheds has been a focus of intensive study for the past 20 years and although this work has greatly increased our understanding, considerable gaps still remain in our ability to provide adequate recommendations for land management and associated public policies. In this study we present a summary of findings from these previous results. For small properties, the use of fire to prepare land for cultivation remains controversial, while in large properties, forest conversion to pasture and/or crop production has had a meaningful and adverse effect on water quality. Riparian forest conservation can make a significant difference in reducing impacts of land-use change. Secondary vegetation can also play an important role in mitigating these impacts. New types of sustainable agricultural production systems, together with incentives such as payments for ecosystem service can also contribute. Continued monitoring of these changes, together with robust sustainable development plans, can help to preserve forest while still addressing the social and economic needs of Amazonian riverine inhabitants.
Effect of Primary Variables on A Confined Plunging Liquid Jet Reactor
Authors: S. Al-Anzi Bader
Published: March 2020

The effects of operating conditions including a novel downcomer geometry on the gas/air entrainment rate, Qa, were investigated for a local vertical confined plunging liquid jet reactor (CPLJR) as an alternative aeration process that is of interest to Kuwait and can be used in various applications, such as in wastewater treatment as an aerobic activated sludge process, fermentation, brine dispenser, and gas–liquid reactions. Operating conditions, such as various downcomer diameters (Dc = 45−145 mm), jet lengths (Lj = 200–500 mm), nozzle diameters (dn = 3.5–15 mm), and contraction angles (Ɵ =20–80°), were investigated. A newly designed downcomer with various mesh openings/pores (Dm = 0.25ʺ (6.35 mm)–1ʺ (25.4 mm)) was also investigated in the current study. The air entrainment results showed that these were the primary parameters for the measured air entrainment rate in confined systems. The highest gas entrainment rates were achieved when the ratio of the downcomer diameter (Dc) to the nozzle diameter (dn) was greater than approximately 5, as long as the liquid superficial velocity was sufficient to carry bubbles downward. Furthermore, a downcomer with mesh openings (Dm) less or equal to 0.5ʺ (12.7 mm) provided a higher entrainment rate than that of conventional downcomer (without a mesh).
Treatment of Produced Water in the Permian Basin for Hydraulic Fracturing: Comparison of Different Coagulation Processes and Innovative Filter Media
Authors: Rodriguez Alfredo Zendejas , Wang Huiyao , Hu Lei , Zhang Yanyan , Xu Pei
Published: March 2020

Produced water is the largest volume of waste product generated during oil and natural gas exploration and production. The traditional method to dispose of produced water involves deep well injection, but this option is becoming more challenging due to high operational cost, limited disposal capacity, and more stringent regulations. Meanwhile, large volumes of freshwater are used for hydraulic fracturing. The goal of this study is to develop cost-effective technologies, and optimize system design and operation to treat highly saline produced water (120–140 g/L total dissolved solids) for hydraulic fracturing. Produced water was collected from a salt water disposal facility in the Permian Basin, New Mexico. Chemical coagulation (CC) using ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate as coagulants was compared with electrocoagulation (EC) with aluminum electrodes for removal of suspended contaminants. The effects of coagulant dose, current density, and hydraulic retention time during EC on turbidity removal were investigated. Experimental results showed that aluminum sulfate was more efficient and cost-effective than ferric chloride for removing turbidity from produced water. The optimal aluminum dose was achieved at operating current density of 6.60 mA/cm2 and 12 min contact time during EC treatment, which resulted in 74% removal of suspended solids and 53–78% removal of total organic carbon (TOC). The energy requirement of EC was calculated 0.36 kWh/m3 of water treated. The total operating cost of EC was estimated $0.44/m3 of treated water, which is 1.7 or 1.2 times higher than CC using alum or ferric chloride as the coagulant, respectively. The EC operating cost was primarily associated with the consumption of aluminum electrode materials due to faradaic reactions and electrodes corrosions. EC has the advantage of shorter retention time, in situ production of coagulants, less sludge generation, and high mobility for onsite produced water treatment. The fine particles and other contaminants after coagulation were further treated in continuous-flow columns packed with different filter media, including agricultural waste products (pecan shell, walnut shell, and biochar), and new and spent granular activated carbon (GAC). Turbidity, TOC, metals, and electrical conductivity were monitored to evaluate the performance of the treatment system and the adsorption capacities of different media. Biochar and GAC showed the greatest removal of turbidity and TOC in produced water. These treatment technologies were demonstrated to be effective for the removal of suspended constituents and iron, and to produce a clean brine for onsite reuse, such as hydraulic fracturing.
Bed-Sediment Transport Conditions along the Sagavanirktok River in Northern Alaska, USA
Authors: Toniolo Horacio
Published: March 2020

This manuscript presents a study in predicting bed-sediment transport rates along the Sagavanirktok River in Alaska. Extensive field activities took place to accomplish this goal: four hydro-meteorological stations were installed in a 150 km reach along the river in summer 2015. During the same year, pits were excavated near the stations, and in subsequent summers, the pits were surveyed multiple times in conjunction with taking discharge measurements. Water slope was measured and bed sediment was characterized. Site-specific relationships between water levels and cross-section water depths were developed. Volume change between consecutive surveys was calculated, and main flood events between surveys were identified. Finally, the first bed-sediment transport equations valid for the Sagavanirktok River were developed. Considering the intrinsic error in sediment transport predictions, the agreement between predicted and measured sediment transport values is good. These equations could be used by resource managers when predicting the expected time for an excavated material site in the Sagavanirktok River to refill.
Simplified Analysis of Measurement Data from A Rapid E. coli qPCR Method (EPA Draft Method C) Using A Standardized Excel Workbook
Authors: Lane Molly J. , McNair James N. , Rediske Richard R. , Briggs Shannon , Sivaganesan Mano , Haugland Richard
Published: March 2020

Draft method C is a standardized method for quantifying E. coli densities in recreational waters using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The method includes a Microsoft Excel workbook that automatically screens for poor-quality data using a set of previously proposed acceptance criteria, generates weighted linear regression (WLR) composite standard curves, and calculates E. coli target gene copies in test samples. We compared standard curve parameter values and test sample results calculated with the WLR model to those from a Bayesian master standard curve (MSC) model using data from a previous multi-lab study. The two models’ mean intercept and slope estimates from twenty labs’ standard curves were within each other’s 95% credible or confidence intervals for all labs. E. coli gene copy estimates of six water samples analyzed by eight labs were highly overlapping among labs when quantified with the WLR and MSC models. Finally, we compared multiple labs’ 2016–2018 composite curves, comprised of data from individual curves where acceptance criteria were not used, to their corresponding composite curves with passing acceptance criteria. Composite curves developed from passing individual curves had intercept and slope 95% confidence intervals that were often narrower than without screening and an analysis of covariance test was passed more often. The Excel workbook WLR calculation and acceptance criteria will help laboratories implement draft method C for recreational water analysis in an efficient, cost-effective, and reliable manner.
How Do Eutrophication and Temperature Interact to Shape the Community Structures of Phytoplankton and Fish in Lakes?
Authors: Bouraï Liess , Logez Maxime , Laplace-Treyture Christophe , Argillier Christine
Published: March 2020

Freshwater ecosystems are among the systems most threatened and impacted by anthropogenic activities, but there is still a lack of knowledge on how this multi-pressure environment impacts aquatic communities in situ. In Europe, nutrient enrichment and temperature increase due to global change were identified as the two main pressures on lakes. Therefore, we investigated how the interaction of these two pressures impacts the community structure of the two extreme components of lake food webs: phytoplankton and fish. We modelled the relationship between community components (abundance, composition, size) and environmental conditions, including these two pressures. Different patterns of response were highlighted. Four metrics responded to only one pressure and one metric to the additive effect of the two pressures. Two fish metrics (average body-size and biomass ratio between perch and roach) were impacted by the interaction of temperature and eutrophication, revealing that the effect of one pressure was dependent on the magnitude of the second pressure. From a management point of view, it appears necessary to consider the type and strength of the interactions between pressures when assessing the sensitivity of communities, otherwise their vulnerability (especially to global change) could be poorly estimated.
Using the Freshwater Health Index to Assess Hydropower Development Scenarios in the Sesan, Srepok and Sekong River Basin
Authors: Souter Nicholas , Shaad Kashif , Vollmer Derek , Regan Helen , Farrell Tracy , Arnaiz Mike , Meynell Peter-John , Cochrane Thomas , Arias Mauricio , Piman Thanapon , Andelman Sandy
Published: March 2020

Sustainable water resource management is a wicked problem, fraught with uncertainties, an indeterminate scope, and divergent social values and interests among stakeholders. To facilitate better management of Southeast Asia’s transboundary Sesan, Sekong and Srepok (3S) River basin, we used the Freshwater Health Index (FHI) to diagnose the basin’s current and likely future level of freshwater health. We used the conditions for December 2016 as a baseline, where Ecosystem Vitality and Ecosystem Services scored 66 and 80, respectively, out of a possible 100, whilst Governance & Stakeholders scored 43. Thus, the 3S provided a range of desired ecosystem services, but there were signs of environmental stress as well as undeveloped water governance systems and limited stakeholder engagement. We also modelled four hydropower development scenarios and found that increasing development reduced the scores of a subset of indicators. This compromised the future ability of the 3S basin’s ecosystem to provide its current range of services. The FHI helped identify data deficiencies, illuminated important social dynamics, made ecosystem–human–water dynamics more understandable to stakeholders, and examined the long-term dynamics of the basin.
Urban Nutrient Emissions in Denmark in the Year 1900
Authors: Brudler Sarah , Arnbjerg-Nielsen Karsten , Jeppesen Emma Barnhøj , Bitsch Camilla , Thelle Mikkel , Rygaard Martin
Published: March 2020

Pre-industrial emission levels can serve as a basis to set emission requirements in current conditions to approximate natural circulation of resources and protect the environment. In Denmark, the year 1900 has been set as a reference for water regulation purposes. Reliable measurements from this time are not available. To define reference conditions, we estimate point source emissions of nutrients from Danish towns in 1900 based on historic documentation and current quantitative data. The flow of nutrients emitted by humans and animals and in industrial wastewater is quantified based on the assessment of typical discharge routes in a set of model towns. We find that point source emissions were significant, with 4261 t nitrogen and 764 t phosphorous emitted from towns in 1900. The main source were human excrements (61%), followed by excrements of animals held in towns (32%) and industry (6%). Further, 59% of nutrients were discharged directly to water, 22% were used as fertilizer on agricultural soil and 19% were emitted to soil via landfills and spills. Current point source emissions of nutrients to water (6600 t N/year and 900 t P/year) are significantly higher, revealing a need for radical reductions if historic emission levels should not be exceeded in the future.
Return Period of Characteristic Discharges from the Comparison between Partial Duration and Annual Series, Application to the Walloon Rivers (Belgium)
Authors: Van Campenhout Jean , Houbrechts Geoffrey , Peeters Alexandre , Petit François
Published: March 2020

The determination of the return period of frequent discharges requires the definition of flood peak thresholds. Unlike daily data, the volume of data to be processed with the generalization of hourly data loggers or even with an even finer temporal resolution quickly becomes too large to be managed by hand. We therefore propose an algorithm that automatically extracts flood characteristics to compute partial series return periods based on hourly series of flow rates. Thresholds are defined through robust analysis of field observation-independent data to obtain five independent flood peaks per year in order to bypass the 1-year limit of annual series. Peak over thresholds were analyzed using both Gumbel’s graphical method and his ordinary moments method. Hydrological analyses exhibit the value in the convergence point revealed by this dual method for floods with a recurrence interval around 5 years. Pebble-bedded rivers on impervious substratum (Ardenne rivers) presented an average bankfull discharge return period of around 0.6 years. In the absence of field observation, the authors have defined the bankfull discharge as the Q0.625 computed with partial series. Annual series computations allow Q100 discharge determination and extreme floods recurrence interval estimation. A comparison of data from the literature allowed for the confirmation of the value of Myer’s rating at 18, and this value was used to predict extreme floods based on the area of the watershed.
Heavy Metals in a High Arctic Fiord and Their Introduction with the Wastewater: A Case Study of Adventfjorden-Longyearbyen System, Svalbard
Authors: Kalinowska Agnieszka , Szopińska Małgorzata , Chmiel Stanisław , Kończak Magdalena , Polkowska Żaneta , Artichowicz Wojciech , Jankowska Katarzyna , Nowak Aga , Łuczkiewicz Aneta
Published: March 2020

Longyearbyen is the largest settlement on Svalbard archipelago, with 2400 permanent residents and approximately 150,000 tourists visiting every year. The city annually releases approximately 285,000 m3 of untreated wastewater to the nearby Adventfjorden. To date, the environmental impact of this continuous input has been studied mainly regarding the sediments and benthic fauna in the fiord. Here, we present results from a study of raw wastewater entering Adventfjorden as well as heavy metals concentrations in the water column within the fjord itself. Two surveys were carried out in summer and autumn season 2018, to establish physical and chemical properties of water at various locations. Trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, As, Cd, Pb, U), total suspended solids (TSS) and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured. Our results show that Longyearbyen’s raw wastewater introduces low concentrations of heavy metals to the fiord, but due to the growing number of inhabitants and tourists, it should be monitored to avoid degradation of Adventfjorden ecosystem
The Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing on Groundwater Quality in the Permian Basin, West Texas, USA
Authors: Rodriguez Jose , Heo Joonghyeok , Kim Kee Han
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of hydraulic fracturing on groundwater quality in Ector, Midland, and Martin Counties located in the Permian Basin, West Texas. Chemical fluids used in hydraulic fracturing and groundwater quality parameters (chloride, fluoride, calcium carbonate, nitrate, pH, and total dissolved solids), were statistically analyzed assuming a normal probability function distribution and through a one-way analysis of variance of the parameters. Additionally, the depth of groundwater well versus water quality analysis as well as historical analysis of groundwater quality parameters of wells were performed. The result for each county was individually examined and contrasted with the other two counties, in order to make inferences about groundwater quality and oil and gas activities for the three counties. Potential risks to human health from the abnormal levels of the groundwater quality parameters studied were also discussed based on the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) standards. This research provides important information on groundwater quality in the Permian Basin and contributes on understanding the response to development in hydraulic fracturing.
Calculation of Multiple Critical Depths in Open Channels Using an Adaptive Cubic Polynomials Algorithm
Authors: Petikas Ioannis , Keramaris Evangelos , Kanakoudis Vasilis
Published: March 2020

A method for the calculation of multiple critical depths in compound and natural channels, using an adaptive cubic polynomials algorithm (ACPA), is presented in this paper. The algorithm is based on the approximation of the specific energy with multiple cubic polynomials. The roots of these polynomials’ derivatives are determined to calculate all local minima and maxima. These extremities yield the critical depths. Furthermore, the Froude number can be calculated at any elevation by applying a simple formula after calculating the derivative of the corresponding polynomial, which contains the given elevation. The algorithm developed was tested on various compound and natural channels. Its results were then compared with the results provided by the HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center – River Analysis System) computer program, proving that in some cases ACPA results were more accurate than those of HEC-RAS. This has to do with the fact that HEC-RAS algorithm determines a single critical depth and is better fitted to simple prismatic channels. On the other hand, the ACPA algorithm is able to calculate all critical depths of a natural or compound channel, providing thus more accurate results.
Linhas de levantamento estrutural: correção do viés de orientação a partir de planilhas eletrônicas
Authors: Pino Daphne Silva , Roy Denis W. , Rouleau Alain , Fernandes Amélia João , Bertolo Reginaldo Antônio
Published: March 2020

Um dos procedimentos mais adotados para o estudo de redes de fraturas são as linhas de levantamento estrutural, tanto em trabalhos de Geologia como de Engenharia. Os dados coletados através desse método necessitam ser corrigidos para viés de orientação, sendo a correção proposta por Ruth Terzaghi a mais empregada e amplamente reconhecida. Uma vez que a correção originalmente era feita através de ábacos manuais, e que muitos dos programas atualmente disponíveis para realizá-la não são de acesso livre, este trabalho propõe a execução da correção de viés de orientação de linhas de levantamento através de planilhas eletrônicas, visando tornar o procedimento mais acessível e difundido entre os profissionais brasileiros.
The qualitative and quantitative assessment of the renal cortex of the clinically healthy rabbits
Authors: DİLEK Ömer Gürkan , ERDEN Hasan , TURAN Erkut , DIMITROV Rosen , STAMATOVA-YOVCHEVA Kamelia , KARAKURUM Emine
Published: March 2020

Qualitative ultrasonographic images in diagnosing renal parenchymal diseases can be inadequate. The relationship between renal cortical echogenicity and parenchymal disease has been demonstrated in people. However, it is difficult to determine diffuse fat vacuoles and the parenchymal diseases at qualitative renal assessment. Disorders of the renal cortex are frequently seen in rabbits. The aim of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the echogenicity of the renal cortex in clinically healthy rabbits. Fourty-two clinically normal and with no history of renal disease rabbits were used. The each rabbit was investigated by complete blood count, urinalysis and renal biopsy. Renal ultrasonography was performed with a 6.5 MHz probe. For each image, three equally sized regions of interest was detected within the renal cortex. The mean pixel intensity was determined using an 8-bit grayscale, with 256 colour of grey colours. Qualitative echogenicity was evaluated by two observers. Observer 1 evaluated as an isoechoic (36/42) and hyperechoic (6/42). Observer 2 evaluated as an isoechoic (35/42) and hyperechoic (7/42). Quantitatively, the mean pixel intensities analysed for the renal cortex was 59.2±2.23 (range: 28-91). The result of this study indicates that analysis of digitized renal cortical ultrasonographic images from rabbits using the histogram technique can be used to quantitatively determine echogenicity.
EFFICACY OF 10 - DAY LEVOFLOXACIN CONTAINING SEQUENTIAL THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI–ASSOCIATED CHRONIC GASTRITIS
Authors: Nguyen Phan Hong Ngoc , Tran Van Huy
Published: March 2020

Background: The increasing of antibiotic resistance in H. pylori has become a main cause for treatment failure. A 10-day levofloxacin containing sequential therapy is efficient and safe in eradication H. pylori infection in an area with high prevalence of clarithromycin resistance.
Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of 10day levofloxacin containing sequential therapy as first-line treatment for H. pylori eradication, side effects, symptoms and endoscopic responses and improvement of histological features in Centre Vietnam.
Patients and methods: 120 Naïve H. pylori positive patients were received levofloxacin containing sequential therapy (rabeprazole 20mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1g twice daily for 5 days followed by rabeprazole 20mg, levofloxacin 500mg, and tinidazole 500mg, twice daily for 5 more days). These patients tested positive for H. pylori by urease test and gastric mucosal biopsy presented mononuclear cell infiltrating in lamina propria.
Results: Intention to treat (ITT) eradication rates of RA-RLT was 73.5%. Per protocol (PP) eradication rates were 81.5%. Overall, 33.7% experienced mild to moderate adverse events. No patient stopped the treatment because of side effects. 6 months after H. pylori eradication clinical symptoms and only edema undergoing endoscopy significantly improved. Grade of activity inflammation and stage of gastritis significantly decreased at 6 months. Intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia did not change significantly at 6 months.
Conclusion: 10day levofloxacin containing sequential therapy may be considered as one of the first choices in H. pylori eradication in Central Vietnam. H. pylori eradication may improve clinical symptoms, inflammative activity and stage of gastritis in histology.

Key words: H. pylori, gastritis, levofloxacin
INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF ARM OEDEMA FOLLOWING MODIFIED MASTECTTOMY OF BREAST CANCER
Authors: Phung Phuong
Published: March 2020

Background: Lymphoedema after curative mastectomy related breast cancer is a late complication with estimates of incidence ranging from 6-70%. Lymphoedema may present immediately or years after treatment, majority of cases occur during the first 18 months.
Objective: Investigate the incidence arm lymphedema and relation of age, tumor size, axillary node status, chemotherapy, radiation therapy for breast cancer- related arm lymphedema.
Patients and methods: From 1/2014 to 12/2016, eligible patients including 164 breast cancer patient, clinically stage I,II,III, have been treated with surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hormonotherapy accoding to stage of disease and follow-up at Hue University Hospital.
Method: Prospective, observational study, with arm-circumference measurement of pre-operatively and at regular intervals post-operatively.
Results: The incidence of lymphedema post-operatively is 38.4% including: mild lymphedema 19.5%, moderate 13.4% and severe 5.5%. Related factors including tumor size, axillary node status, chemotherapy and radiation therapy were statistically significantly associated with lymphoedema.
Conclusion: Lymphoedema was a late complication, affected of quality of life of breast cancer patients. More systematic surveillance for early detection and appropriate treatment.

Key words: Breast cancer, lymphoedema, arm oedema
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY EVALUATION OF BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Nguyen Van Phuong , Le Van Ngoc Cuong
Published: March 2020

Background: Bowel obstruction (intestinal obstruction) is one of the most common surgical emergencies, occurring at all ages and for many reasons. Computed tomography (CT) has great value to diagnosis bowel obstruction, especially to determine the cause of bowel obstruction. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the common causes as well as the severe signs of bowel obstruction by CT scan.
Materials and methods: The study including 47 patients who have image of bowel obstruction on CT at Hue Central Hospital and Hue University Hospital from April 2016 to May 2017. These variables were included a number of clinical features, the causes and some signs suggesting complications of bowel obstruction.
Results: Abdominal pain is the most common symptom while abdominal distension is the most common sign. 72.3% of bowel obstructions occur in the small intestine; the other 27.7% occur in the colon. Adhesion is the most common cause (27.7%), other common causes are: malignant lesion (25.5%), bezoar (12.8%), volvulus (8.5%); 4.3% of cases cannot be found cause on CT image. The most common sign suggesting complications are mesenteric fluid (59.6%).
Conclusion: Computed tomography can determine most of causes of bowel obstruction and itcan show complications of bowel obstruction.

Key words: bowel obstruction, intestinal obstruction, computed tomography
THE STUDY ON ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE STROKE
Authors: Nguyen Xuan Tai , Nguyen Dinh Toan
Published: March 2020

Objectives: 1) To investigate the variation in arterial blood gas in patients with acute stroke according to ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. 2) To determine the correlation and relevance between arterial blood gas and Glasgow scale score, NIHSS, volume of brain damage on computed tomography imaging.
Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was done in 70 patients with acute stroke.
Results: Reduced rates of PCO2, PO2, SaO2 at the time of admission were 56.2%, 25%, 18.8% in ischemic stroke and 44.4%, 72.2%, 63% in hemorrhagic stroke. At the time of 24 hours, these rates were 75%, 56.2%, 50% in ischemic stroke and 50%, 79.6%, 70.4% in hemorrhagic stroke. At the time of 48 hours, these rates were 68.7%, 50%, 18.8% in ischemic stroke and 53.7%, 59.3%, 44.4% in hemorrhagic stroke. Respiratory acidosis was only present at hemorrhagic stroke. Respiratory alkalosis was in both stroke style and had the highest proportion. At the time of admission, SaO2 was negatively correlated with damage volume (r=- 0.264, p<0.05). HCO3- correlated with Glasgow (r=0.323; p<0.01) and NIHSS (r=-0.274; p<0.05). At the time of 24 hours, there was a negative correlation between PO2 (r=-0.375, p=0.001) and SaO2 (r =-0.39, p<0.01) with NIHSS. There was a negative correlation between PO2 (r=-0.435) and SaO2 (r=-0.457) with damage volume (p <0.0001). At the time of 48 hours, there was a negative correlation between PCO2, PO2 and SaO2 with NIHSS (r=-0.312, p<0.01, r=-0.35, p=0.01 and r=-0.0270, p<0.05). PCO2 was positively correlated with Glasgow (r = 0.260, p <0.05). There was a negative correlation between PO2 (r = - 0.391, p = 0.001) and SaO2 (r = - 0.421, p <0.001) with damage volume.
Conclusions: In stroke patients, disturbances on ABG they are surfered from (acid-base disorders, hypoxemia) affect directly or indirectly on brain cells. Secondary brain damages could be well prevented if these disturbances is diagnosed and treated promptly.

Key words: Stroke, arterial blood gas, Glasgow scale score, NIHSS
HOW TO DEFINE A CHILD UNDER 5 AS A PICKY EATER?
Authors: Hoang Thi Bach Yen , Le Thi Huong , Vo Van Thang
Published: March 2020

Background: For most infants and young children, feeding seems to be a natural process. However, only 25% of them has normal development of all all aspects and up to 80% of children with developmental problems are reported to be concerned with feeding problems. Picky eating is one of the behaviors that children with difficulty or not to accept foods. It is relatively common among infants and children, often causing anxiety for parents and caregivers. Picky eating is often linked to nutritional problems and is also the cause that parents take their child to doctor for examination and consultation. Literature review showed that there was still no unique or gold standard for defining picky eating. This study aimed to determine the method of determining picky eater in children under 5 in Hue city.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 772 children under 5 years old and their parents or caregivers living in Hue city, Vietnam. A questionnaire was used for interviewing parents or caregivers. Picky eating was defined according to parents or caregivers’opinion and criterion of the study. 14 questions describing 3 themes of eating activities of a child was scored based on the level of difficulties, ranged from 0 to 3 points (0 for the easiest or normal and 3 for the most difficult). Three main themes included time for each meal and eating activities of the child (5 questions), number of meals, diversity and amount of food that the child consumed per day (5 questions) and emotional or behaviors of the child at mealtime (4 questions). Cronbach’s alpha was used for testing reliability of the designed scale. Using percentiles for defining cut-off point for picky eating. SPSS 20 statistics software was used to analyze data.
Results: Prevalence of picky eaters based on parents or caregivers’opinion was 43.4%. The cut-off point for defining a child as picky eater (percentiles 75th) was 11. The child should be classified to be picky eater if he get 11 points and above. Using this criterion, the prevalence of picky eating should be 25.3%.
Conclusions: Picky eating is common but misclassifying of parents or caregivers might higher the prevalence. Having criteria for defining picky eating and helping parents how to use it are very essential.

Key words: picky eating, define, children under 5 years old
Salud bucal y comunidades Mapuches:
Authors: Azcona María Susana
Published: March 2020

La investigación se centra en el análisis del proceso de representaciones y prácticas de salud bucal de la comunidad rural KOM AMULEIN (Aguada Guzmán), el asentamiento de PUEL PUVJ (Allen) y el de ELEL KIMUN (General Roca). Persigue el propósito de configurar respuestas mas abarcativas y críticas a la problemática epidemiológica, abordándolas desde un abordaje interdisciplinar e intercultural.
El servicio meteorológico nacional y el nuevo paradigma de los servicios climáticos:
Authors: Carabajal María Inés
Published: March 2020

El Servicio Meteorológico Nacional de Argentina (SMN) es una de las instituciones científico-técnicas más importantes del país, su transferencia del ámbito militar a la esfera civil ha disparado mÚltiples transformaciones enmarcadas dentro del autodenominado "nuevo paradigma" que experimenta la institución. El siguiente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar y describir las mÚltiples dimensiones que abarca este cambio - institucionales, socio-culturales, políticas - cristalizadas en la apertura del SMN a la sociedad, teniendo como horizonte su (re)posicionamiento como autoridad meteorológica dentro del entramado social e institucional.
Historia, relatos y memorias Moqoit en el norte Santafesino
Authors: Filippi Francisco
Published: March 2020

El artículo analiza una serie de testimonios orales recogidos en la ciudad de Tostado, Santa Fe, entre miembros de la comunidad Moqoit “Pedro José”, para identificar los elementos en común que cumplen un papel importante en la construcción y la reproducción de la memoria colectiva referida a la historia indigena en la región. El objetivo es caracterizar, a partir de la práctica etnográfica y la construcción de fuentes orales, los principales topicos que circulan en los discursos de los Moqoit y la población de la ciudad a la hora de referirse a la historia de la comunidad.
Los gobiernos progresistas en América Latina:
Authors: González Paredes Jorge Hugo , Figueroa Ibarra Carlos
Published: March 2020

En este artículo se pretende participar en el debate sobre la naturaleza de los gobiernos progresistas al igual que con respecto a un supuesto fin de ciclo de los mismos.Se sostiene que a partir de la caracterización con respecto a la naturaleza de los gobiernos progresistas, se desprende una postura política que mira a los gobiernos progresistas como continuidad neoliberal o la recupera como un fenómeno progresivo y de negación del neoliberalismo. Desde la izquierda y desde la derecha se ha criticado severamente a dichos gobiernos y acaso eso influya en aventurar el que su ciclo haya terminado. Existen al menos cinco caracterizaciones de los gobiernos progresistas: la perspectiva de la derecha neoliberal, la propuesta de la izquierda posextractivista/posdesarrollista, el planteamiento de la izquierda autonomista, la crítica de la izquierda con horizonte socialista y el enfoque de la izquierda posneoliberal de matriz marxista. Los autores suscriben éste último.
Кишкова мікробіота та неалкогольна жирова хвороба печінки: нові аспекти та невирішені питання
Authors: Chereliuk Natalia , Kurinna O.G.
Published: March 2020

Подано огляд літератури щодо актуальних питань вивчення кишкової мікробіоти за неалкогольної жирової хвороби печінки. Розглянуто нові аспекти даної проблеми та означено невирішені питання. Установлено, що незважаючи на велику кількість досліджень, присвячених визначенню механізмів розвитку жирової дистрофії печінки та її прогресуванню, остаточні патогенетичні ланки неалкогольної жирової хвороби печінки залишаються невизначеними та на додаток до відомої теорії «множинних ударів» порушення мікробного складу вмісту кишечника також розглядають як механізм, що призводить до розвитку даної патології. Результати досліджень свідчать про наявність потенційного зв’язку між бактеріальним складом кишкового вмісту та формуванням окремих форм неалкогольної жирової хвороби печінки через вплив на метаболізм нутрієнтів, метаболічних показників, імунологічних та інших механізмів.
Динаміка результатів тесту за шкалою MMSE на тлі нейропротекторної терапії післяопераційної когнітивної дисфункції
Authors: Dubivska Svіtlana Stanіslavіvna
Published: March 2020

Вивчали динаміку стану когнітивної функції за шкалою MMSE в пацієнтів молодого, середнього та похилого віку після операції з використанням загальної анестезії на тлі нейропротекторної терапії. Установлено, що в пацієнтів середнього віку на тлі нейропротекторної терапії відбувається погіршення стану когнітивної функції меншою мірою, зі швидким відновленням і поліпшенням, ніж у пацієнтів молодого віку, що, можливо, пов’язано з віковими особливостями когнітивної функції – її пластичністю.
RUSSIAN NATIONAL TYPE IN
ALEXANDER TVARDOVSKY’S WORKS
Authors: Smirnova Ludmila
Published: March 2020

Ethnicity-specific features of mentality, axiological hierarchy, and language
cultures are all the focal objects of the humanities. The notions of a national type, a character, and a hero are integral components of the ethnic aspect found in the culture. The studies of Russian literature give access to a source of «Russianness». Russian writers traditionally consider persistent traits of national consciousness and behavior as well as changes caused by historical and social factors.
The article analyzes Alexander Tvardovsky’s oeuvre in relation to creating
the national types, the images of Russian people who display traditional behavior patterns, as well as reflection of the consciousness archetypes and the notions of the ethnic ideal. Tvardovsky was distinguished by his analytical mentality and the willingness to give a profound socio-cultural characterization of his contemporaries and events, which he witnessed. The pivotal events like the October Revolution of 1917 and the Second World War changed the country and wielded influence on human identity, primarily on his inner qualities and self-esteem. Tvardovsky’s works centered on Russians and their adaptation to new social conditions amid the hardships of wartime.
The article highlights special traits of the image of Vasily Tyorkin, a Russian man from the grassroots fighting on the frontline. It was this image that showed typical national features embodied in their ideal representation. In addition, the article examines images of Russian people, whom Tvardovsky described in
the short story «The Stove-Setters». In the linguistic view, the author’s notion of ethnic ideal is expressed in the organization of the conceptual sphere that revolves around the axiologically charged concept lexemes defining the values of human existence. While the military themes in «Vasily Tyorkin» envision the concepts like duty, patience, energy, merriness, the conditions of peaceful life bring up the concepts
of mastership, talent, culture. Tvardovksy’s works take on special significance in the epoch of globalization and global cultural uniformity which put the Russians in a situation where they face the importance of adapting to the contemporary social conditions and simultaneously
preserving their ethnic identity.
A TEXT IN THE TEXT: TECHNIQUE IN THE SHORT STORIES
BY I.A. BUNIN
Authors: Yermolenko Galina
Published: March 2020

The article deals with a technique «a text in the text» in the stories by
I.A. Bunin. Yu.M. Lotman in the article «A Text in the Text» showed that the text
acts as a generator of meanings when it switches from one semiotic system to
another. It happens, in particular, when a new external text is included in the
semantic field of the «mother text», in which both subtexts interact and enter
into dialogic relationships, they «transform and form new contents».
The most illustrative examples of «a text in the text» are M. Bulgakov’s
«The Master and Margarita» where chapters from the novel about Pontius Pilate
are included in the novel about the Master and V. Nabokov’s novel «The
Gift», which includes the text of the Godunov-Cherdyntsev novel about Chernyshevsky.
In Bunin's short stories it is a more difficult task to apply this technique.
Nevertheless, Bunin used the «a text in the text» approach.The article gives examples of quotes taken from the Bible which play a text-forming role in
the lyric essays of the writer. The article also highlights passages from «Grammar
of Love» that serve as main mental events in this short story.
Finally, the article discusses the inclusion of the text by G. de Maupassant
in Bunin’s story «Bernard» that transforms the meaning of the Bunin’s story.
In all three cases, the dialogue of the two texts allows the author to expand
his artistic tasks, move from the statement of facts to reflection, turn the narrated
into a mental event, and give the work a philosophical character.
RUSSIAN BORROWINGS IN CHINESE
IN TERMS OF LANGUAGE CONTACT
Authors: Xiaobai Li
Published: March 2020

The language is an instrument of contact and communication between
peoples of all countries in the world. «Language contact» is a result of frequent communication between native speakers of different languages. It is interaction and interinfluence of two or more languages on each other in interpersonal communication. The factors affecting the language contact are diverse. They are contact between ethnic groups and social contact. The language contact primarily means reciprocal contact, conducted with the direct or indirect language use by people. In a social-language activity, people directly use the spoken language
for communication or its written form for information exchange, based on various communication needs.
The language contact is an inevitable phenomenon in the process of language development, and only when a language is in contact with other national languages, it can interact with the cultures of other nations for its enrichment and development. The language contact is a contact, interaction and interchange between two or more languages in interethnic communication. For a long time Russia and China have had mutual exchanges in their politics, economics, army, culture, etc. Due to the fact that the Russian and Chinese people maintain close contact, many words of the Russian language have been borrowed
from Chinese. These borrowings in the Russian language continue to
adapt to the needs of public life and they are used in people’s communication.
This is the result of the Russian-Chinese language contact.
VARIASI BAHASA YANG DIGUNAKAN OLEH KALANGAN WARIA KOTA MERAUKE
Authors: Narahawarin Margaretha F. , Winarsih Sri , Bawawa Marni
Published: March 2020

Variation of languages used transvestites in Merauke city to interacting is very unique and very interesting to study, because in daily communication transvestites often change (switch) languages, from one to another language so this research aims to classify the variation of languages and their functions used by transvestites of Merauke city.This research is a qualitative descriptive study with object of the research is transvestites as informants. Data collection techniques usesociolinguistic research are observe critically method, survey method, and interview method. The data analysis technique was performed using the analysis model by Miles and Huberman namely data reduction, data display, and verification.The results showed that based on the classification in variations of language used by transvestites are: 1) jargon, 2) slang, 3) acronyms, and 4) forms of puns. Whereas the function of language variation used by transvestites are: 1) creating humor, 2) insinuating or mocking, 3) intimidating / familiarizing the relationship, 4) keeping to certain information, 5) refined to something that considered vulgar or taboo, and 6) expressing attitude and feelings of the heart. Keywords: variation of language, function of language variation,transvestites
SPEECH ACTS DALAM SERIAL TV GAME OF THRONES: KAJIAN PRAGMATIK
Authors: Tumimomor Christian T , Imbang Djeinnie , Kalangi Leika M V.
Published: March 2020

Abstract This research focused on the illocutionary acts in Game of Thrones TV series. It aims to have a description of the illocutionary acts and to identify the utterances with its meaning in the show. In this study the data were analyzed through qualitative analysis, the data collected in this research are from the show’s script of Game of Thrones Season 6 episode ten entitled “The Winds of Winter”. The data are categorized and explained based on Austin’s classification of illocutionary acts as the pioneer of this theory. The results of the data analysis showed that the illocutionary acts performed by the characters in the series are varies and included in Austin’s classification of illocutionary acts which are verdictives, excersitives, commissives, behabitives and expositives. Based on the results, the illocutionary acts performed by the characters in the series are influenced by the speaker’s or the addressee’s status, it is indicated by how the nobles performed their illocutionary acts are different comparing to the peasants in the show. It could be concluded that the speaker’s background or status are influential when performing illocutionary acts and to gain proper response from the addressee.Key words: speech acts, illocutionary acts, game of thrones.