bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design, Preparation and Characterization of Mid-infrared Low-emissivity Film
Authors: Han JL , Qiu GH , Zhang RR , Wang W , Liu YF , Yu MX
Published: May 2023

The rapid development of infrared detection technology requires that military targets have mid-infrared stealth performance. In this paper, a mid-infrared low-emissivity film based on one-dimensional photonic crystal structure was designed and prepared. The results showed that its reflectivity properties are improved and total thickness is reduced by optimizing the construction parameters. The thickness and refractive index of the prepared Ge film and ZnSe film were tested using IR ellipsometer. After the test results were brought into the designed structure, mid-infrared low-emissivity films with emissivity of 0.032, 0.068, 0.146, 0.203 and 0.366 were prepared by vacuum evaporation. The infrared reflectivity of the mid-infrared low-emissivity films was tested using Fourier spectrometer, and the test results are in good agreement with calculated results.
Research Progress in Smart Tunable Electromagnetic Materials
Authors: Liu YF , Zhang BQ , Wang XY , Pan SB , Han JL
Published: May 2023

Smart tunable electromagnetic materials can regulate and control their electromagnetic parameters by applying an external field, thus realizing the goal of smartly and actively controlling their electromagnetic properties such as response frequency, resonance range, phase, and polarization. In this paper, smart tunable electromagnetic materials are classified into conductive polymer-based tunable materials, electronic component-based tunable metamaterials, liquid crystal-based tunable materials, graphene-based tunable materials according to different tunable substrates. The relevant research progress of smart tunable electromagnetic materials is reviewed, and their application directions are summarized.
Preparation of Reference Material for Component Analysis of High Silica Glass Fiber
Authors: Zhao XG , Gong W , Zhou T , Shao HF , Deng WH , Liu YJ , Ji KJ
Published: May 2023

A reference material used for the component analysis of high silica glass fiber is prepared by the high-temperature melting process, a technique that can ensure the homogeneity and stability of each component. With two methods based on different principles, the components in glass fiber are accurately characterized through the joint efforts of multiple laboratories. The results show that the reference material was accurately and reliably characterized and exhibited good homogeneity and stability, and that the expanded uncertainty of the standard values was 5%-10% (k=2). Therefore, the reference material can be used to evaluate component testing methods for high silica glass fiber and calibrate related analytical instruments so that the accuracy and reliability of component characterization are ensured.
Study on Preparation, Structures, and Properties of Carbon based Magnetic Ferrite Nanofibers
Authors: Wang XY , Zhang BQ , Liu YF , Zhou GM , Pan SB
Published: May 2023

Ferrite nanofibers with magnetic properties are a type of functional nanomaterials developed in recent years. Compared with common bulk materials, magnetic nanofibers are of great interest in research due to their characteristics including lightweight, large specific surface area, unique magnetism and magnetocrystalline anisotropy. In this study, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as carrier, and magnetic α-Fe2O3/C nanofibers was prepared by electrospinning method, hydrothermal synthesis and high-temperature calcination. Then, the chemical structure, micromorphology, thermal properties, crystallization products and dye adsorption properties of the magnetic composite nanofibers were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, DSC, XRD and UV-Vis. The results show that: α-Fe2O3 is well coated on the surface of PVA-based fiber carrier, and magnetic α-Fe2O3/C nanofibers have three-dimensional (3D) tubular structures. Nanofibers have a single phase structure, and α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the the fiber surface are well crystallized and close-packed. Magnetic α-Fe2O3/C nanofibers can achieve the fast adsorption of methylene blue, and the dye removal rate can reach 78.3% at the time of 150 min.
Effects of POSS with Different Structures on Properties of Phenylene Organic Silicone Resin-based Composites
Authors: Kong GQ , Yu QB , Wang K , Shao M , Wei HZ , Li Y
Published: May 2023

A variety of wave-transparent composites were prepared with multiple single-epoxy POSS and poly-epoxy POSS as modifiers, phenylene organic silicone resin as matrix, and quartz fiber as reinforcement. The effects of four epoxy POSS with different structures on the mechanical properties, dielectric properties and electromagnetic wave transmissivity of the composites were studied. Results showed that: the addition of octaepoxy POSS can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the composites, while the mechanical properties of the composites with single-epoxy POSS decline; the addition of POSS with different structures can enhance the dielectric properties of the composites; among the POSS of four structures, the glycidyl ether-based POSS can best improve the overall performance of the composites. The modified composites have a compressive strength of 140.8 MPa, bending strength of 185 MPa, and dielectric constant of about 3.0 at 8-18 GHz. Meanwhile, after comparing the effects of different glycidyl ether-based POSS additions on the properties of the composites, it is found that when the addition is 5wt%, the composites have optimal performance.
Damage Effects and Firing Strength of Carbon Fiber Composite Cases
Authors: Yu QQ , Chen G , Wang QF , Chong L , Wang ZY , Wu ZQ , Wang Z , Zheng ZC , Wei HZ
Published: May 2023

To examine the damage effects and firing strength of carbon fiber composite cases, this study fabricates a composite case using domestic T700 grade carbon fibers and tests the mechanical properties, static explosion performance, and firing strength of the case. Test results show that the case fragments completely and most of the fragments are burnt out with little collateral damage. The case exhibits outstanding structural properties and meets the firing strength requirements of artillery guns.
Vibration and Terahertz Wave Absorption Characteristics of Graphene Material
Authors: Wang W , Qiu GH , Han JL , Zhang RR , Guo Y , Pan SB , Yu MX
Published: May 2023

In this study, theoretical calculation of the molecular vibration frequency of graphene materials in the range of 0.1~10 THz was carried out using density functional theory, and the vibration mode of graphene molecules was analyzed. THz time domain spectrometer was employed to test the absorption spectra of graphene materials in the 0.2~3.5 THz frequency band, and the assignments of the absorption characteristic peaks of graphene were identified respectively. The results show that the graphene material produces resonance absorption of terahertz waves due to the interaction of intramolecular C-C at frequencies around 1.92 THz and 2.11 THz, and the calculated results are highly consistent with the experimental results.
Research progress in molecular dynamics of high-performance PBO fibers
Authors: Gao YY , Li SH , Xu JL , Wang DY , Wang RH
Published: May 2023

This article reviews the application and development of molecular dynamics in the field of poly(p-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) molecules, including the use of molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the theoretical Young’s modulus of PBO molecules and discuss them from the perspective of molecular theory Combine the rotational isomerism state theory with the long molecular dynamics simulation of small fragments to evaluate the limit length of the persistence vector a. The molecular dynamics calculation is used to study the molecular motion behavior of isolated rigid rod molecules such as PBO. Combining computer simulation technology and X-ray diffraction data collected by the imaging board system to analyze the crystal structure of the PBO fiber, and use molecular dynamics and dynamic modeling to establish the PBO/epoxy interface and study its performance.
Study on High-speed Transient Testing Technology using Large-area Pulsed Laser Illumination
Authors: Jia Yangyu , He Xuan , Bai Hao , Yao Qiangqiang
Published: May 2023

Warhead explosions are often accompanied by intense fire, harsh smoke and strong electromagnetic, which bring serious interference to the damage power testing of warheads. To address this problem, this paper presents a high-speed transient testing technique using large-area pulsed laser illumination, which can effectively remove the interference and clearly capture the diffusion process of preformed fragments and the development process of shock waves. With special software for analysis and calculation, the distribution parameters of fragments and the development process of shock wave overpressure can be obtained. The results showed that the proposed testing technique is applicable to the testing of the preformed fragments and overpressure of blast-fragmentation warheads, serving as a satisfactory solution to the damage power testing of warheads.
A Docker-based Operation and Maintenance Method for New-Generation Command and Control Systems
Authors: Yongyong Wei
Published: May 2023

New-generation command and control systems face a number of problems in operation and maintenance, including different programming languages used for subsystems, complex environment configuration, and diverse data formats, leading to slow system deployment, various types of managed data, and difficult operation and maintenance. This paper proposes the use of the Docker containers to wrap the system, deploy the networked control system based on the encapsulated service processes and relevant environment configuration and dependencies, and build a Docker-based operation and maintenance model for command and control systems. As for the communication between containers, the mature RocketMQ architecture is adopted for interactions based on message buses. Container migration and restart are used to improve the deployment, operation and maintenance capabilities of the entire system. The design is realized and simulated on distributed machines. This paper explains relevant concepts, design ideas, and implementation pathways.
Skills in DC electrical circuits by doctors in training
Authors: Fernando Becerra Diego , Sánchez Ana Dolores Vargas , Suárez Óscar Jardey , Mora Ley César Eduardo
Published: May 2023

This study describes the understanding of concepts and problem-solving skills associated with direct current electrical circuits of doctors in training at a private university in Bogotá (Colombia) in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study of direct current electrical circuits is conducted through a didactic sequence supported by active learning and internet resources. In the research, the Inventory of Basic Conceptions - DC Circuits (IBCDC) instrument is used. The implementation of the study was carried out in four phases: a Pre-test, a pedagogical strategy in which the theoretical approach is carried out while the real application of this thematic nucleus in the human body is mentioned, the integration of a simulation as a technological tool that allows giving continuity to the practical and theoretical character of physics and a post-test. The results invite researchers to conduct an implementation exercise in the face-to-face modality, to generate a comparative study.
The impact of Situated Learning for prospective primary teacher education and for the school
Authors: Michelini Marisa , Vidic Emanuela
Published: May 2023

The apprenticeship and the in-context experience of the pre-service teacher play an essential role in the construction of a professional attitude. The model developed with over 20 years of research during the Physics Education Course (PEC) in the 5 years long Master degree for Prospective Primary Teachers (PPT) at the University of Udine includes situated learning. By means of a process of reflective design and planning of educational paths, the prospective primary teachers implement Teaching Intervention Modules (TIMs) in the classroom and monitor the learning process of children. The preparation, implementation and evaluation of the TIM in real classrooms is carried out within the PEC itself and has produced an institutional interaction between the PEC coordinators and the schools. The perception of 360 in-service teachers on the quality of the implementation of the TIM was collected over three years using a questionnaire probing different perspectives. The opinions collected included those about the role and way of working of the prospective primary teacher, those about the research-based innovation of the path proposals, those about the impact in the specific classroom, those about the teaching style of the host teachers and finally those about the cooperation between schools and university.
Production tests of front-end electronics for Straw Tube Trackers in HADES and PANDA experiments at FAIR
Authors: Firlej Mirosław , Fiutowski Tomasz , Idzik Marek , Korcyl Grzegorz , Lalik Rafał , Malige Akshay , Molenda Aleksandra , Moroń Jakub , Salabura Piotr , Smyrski Jerzy , Świentek Krzysztof
Published: May 2023

PASTTREC is an 8-channel readout Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) designed
for the Straw Tracking System (STS) in the HADES experiment and for the Straw Tube Tracker (STT)
and the Forward Tracker (FT) detectors in the PANDA experiment, both at the FAIR facility. Since
more than 5000 ASICs were produced for both experiments, efficient qualification tests are
required. For this purpose, the multi-chip test setup and dedicated verification procedures were
developed. In this paper, the measurement results for the first batch of 140 Front-End Boards
(FEBs), each hosting two ASICs, are presented. Since a significant number (280) of PASTTREC chips
were tested, obtained statistical distributions of key parameters are also reported. The estimated
yield (97%) and the process-related spread of the chip parameters are discussed.
Climate seasonality and extremes influence net primary productivity across California’s grasslands, shrublands, and woodlands
Authors: Alexander Jackson D , McCafferty Mary K , Fricker Geoffrey A , James Jeremy J
Published: May 2023

Terrestrial vegetation is a substantial carbon sink and plays a foundational role in regional and global climate change mitigation strategies. The state of California, USA, commits to achieving carbon neutrality by 2045 in part by managing terrestrial ecosystems to sequester more than 80 MMT of CO2. We used a 35-year net primary productivity (NPP) remote sensing product with gridded climate, soil, topography, and vegetation data to evaluate spatiotemporal drivers of NPP variation and identify drivers of NPP response to extremes in water availability in California’s major grasslands, shrublands, and woodlands. We used generalized boosted models (GBMs) and linear mixed effects models (LMMs) to identify influential predictors of NPP and characterize their relationships with NPP across seven major vegetation cover types: annual grasslands, blue oak, chamise-redshank chaparral, coastal scrub, coastal oak woodland, mixed chaparral, and montane hardwood. Climate seasonality, specifically greater precipitation and warmer minimum temperatures in early spring and winter, was associated with greater NPP across space, particularly in chaparral, blue oak, and grassland systems. Maximum annual temperature and climatic water deficit (CWD) showed a negative relationship with NPP in most vegetation cover types, particularly chaparral and coastal scrub. We found a significant decrease in NPP over time in most vegetation types, appearing to coincide with the 2012–2016 California mega-drought. However, response to water availability extremes differed by vegetation type. In most vegetation types, especially grasslands, increases in NPP in extreme wet years were greater than declines in NPP in dry years. Our analysis characterizes several climate risks and conservation opportunities in using California’s natural lands to store carbon. Namely, shifts in climate seasonality and water availability extremes threaten these systems’ ability to fix carbon, yet hotspots of NPP resilience may exist and could be enhanced through conservation and restoration. Additional mechanistic work can help illuminate these opportunities and prioritize conservation decision making.
Local support of climate change policies in Germany over time
Authors: Levi Sebastian , Wolf Ingo , Sommer Stephan , Howe Peter D
Published: May 2023

Political conflicts about energy and climate change policies often have local implications, yet little is known about local public opinion towards these policies. Here, we estimate support towards 26 climate change mitigation policies for 402 German counties and for up to four points of time using multilevel regression and poststratification. We find that local support for climate policies varies by up to 60 percentage points across German counties with large disparities between the rural and urban population. While support for the expansion of wind power plants and solar power plants have converged over the last years, attitudes on the phase-out of coal power have polarized across regions. Using a spatial panel analysis, we find that support for the expansion of wind and solar plants correlate with the actual development of solar and wind capacities in these regions. Moreover, the spread of climate policy opinion is strongly determined by spatial diffusion as change in one region positively influences the trajectory of policy opinion among its neighbors.
Exact nonlinear mountain waves propagating upwards
Authors: Constantin Adrian
Published: May 2023

We derive an exact solution to the nonlinear governing equations for mountain waves in the material (Lagrangian) framework. The explicit specification of the individual particle paths enables a detailed study of the flow consisting of oscillations superimposed on a mean current propagating upwards.
Thermal inkjet bioprinting drastically alters cell phenotype
Authors: Ablanedo Morales Patricia , Rodriguez Brittany , Furth Michael E , Molina Kayla B , Boland Andrew J , Mohl Jonaton E , Boland Thomas
Published: May 2023

Since the first description of inkjet bioprinting of cells in 2003, quantifying the input and measuring the output of the printers has been the hallmark of the field of bioprinting, as it is virtually impossible to characterize cells that are inside the printing orifices or extrusion needles. We will describe here some recent discoveries of cell behavior due to inkjet bioprinting. Primary and immortalized adult dermal fibroblasts were expanded for 2–3 passages upon receiving. The cells were harvested, resuspended in PBS, and bioprinted into a 96-well plate with pluriSTEM media. Cells were then transferred either into precoated 96-well plates or 20 µl drops were pipetted for hanging drop culture. IPC differentiation protocols were applied and the induction was begun approximately 45 min after printing. When differentiating aggregates, the initiation happened 45 min after the aggregates were transferred into the 96 wells. Standard immunostaining and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) were used to analyze the cell phenotypes. Preliminary results indicate that all cells expressed the three pluripotency markers oct-4, nanog, and sox-2. After applying a cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol, the cells stained positively for troponin-3. The cells also elongated and became more cardiomyocyte-like in their morphology. We analyzed bulk RNA seq data and our preliminary results show upregulation of some genes that have been implicated as stem cell markers: EPCAM, LEFTY1, ZFP42, and TEX19. In addition, differential expression of genes associated with pluripotency-relevant pathways shows some pathways are off like the MAPK/p38, MAPK/JNK1-3 which is expected for a pluripotent state. We also have data supporting the activation of the hippo pathway with transcriptional co-activator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ) highly upregulated and yes-associated protein staining the cell body. In addition, GSK3B is off and TGFB1, LIF/PIK3, and AKT1 are on as expected for pluripotency. Examining the gene network of upregulated genes, one can clearly distinguish the pivotal role of FOS, FOXO1, and PIK3 all related to pluripotency. Bioprinted fibroblasts will at least temporarily adopt a more primitive or dedifferentiated state, reminiscent of pluripotency. While immunochemistry shows the classic transcription factors required for pluripotency, gene expression shows a more nuanced picture of the transformations that occur upon printing. Understanding these transformations, even if temporary will be crucial when trying to build tissues using bioprinting technologies.
Evolution of microstructure in nickel-based C-HRA-2 alloy during welding thermal simulation
Authors: Kou Dongxu , Chen Zhongyi , Chen Zhengzong , Li Yongqing , Ma Yonglin , Li Yiming
Published: May 2023

The welding heat-affected zone (HAZ) of C-HRA-2 nickel-based alloy at different welding peak temperatures (Tp) (850 to 1450 °C) was obtained through welding thermal simulation. The microstructure of the different simulated HAZs was characterized by an optical microscope (OM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The microhardness of simulated HAZs was examined using a microhardness tester. The results indicated that fine and dispersed M23C6 carbides were identified along the grain boundaries in the simulated HAZs at 1050 and 1150 °C. In the simulated HAZs above 1250 °C, eutectic microstructure of γ matrix bonded with M23C6 carbides was identified close to the grain boundaries due to constitutional liquation. The liquefaction of γ matrix and M23C6 carbides primarily accounted for the simulated HAZ liquation of C-HRA-2 alloy during continuous welding heating. The content of the liquefied phase was increased as Tp was increased. The liquefied phase was converted into the eutectic microstructure of γ matrix and M23C6 carbides in the cooling process. Besides 1050, 1150, and 1450 °C, the microstructures under other Tp were similar to the microstructure of the Base Metal (BM). The microhardness distribution of simulated HAZs tended to be higher in the middle and lower at both ends with the increase of Tp. Furthermore, the result indicated that the microhardness of the simulated HAZ was the closest to BM at 1050 °C.
Regulating electron transfer pathway in Au/W18O49 heterostructures by structural design for revealing the photocatalytic mechanism of metal/semiconductor heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Yuheng , Wang Yanan , Yang Shuai , He Fangyu , Yan Jun , Yang Zhengwen , Zhou Dacheng , Wang Qi , Qiu Jianbei
Published: May 2023

The construction of metal/semiconductor heterostructures is a useful technique for improving the electron-hole separation of Semiconductor Photocatalysts. However, there only are a few studies on the mechanism of electron transfer between metal/semiconductor heterostructures. Therefore, through the intelligent design of the material structure, two metal/semiconductor heterostructures (Au/W18O49 heterostructure) were fabricated with identical composition but different structures by different preparation methods: (1) The heterostructure of Au nanoparticles at the tip of sea urchin W18O49 was achieved through photoreduction method; (2) the heterostructure of Au nanoparticles at the root of sea urchin W18O49 was achieved via chemical reduction method, and their electron transfer paths were studied. The results demonstrated that the two materials went through completely different electron transfer paths, and these different electron transfer path also leads to an opposite set of photocatalytic properties. The heterostructure achieved through photoreduction has the best photocatalytic performance. Nevertheless, the photocatalytic performance of the heterostructure prepared by chemical reduction is far inferior to that of the heterostructure prepared by photoreduction, and even inferior to the original W18O49 sample. Therefore, we believe that the structural characteristics of metal/semiconductor heterostructure have a great influence on the electron transfer path. Our work renders useful information that may facilitate the design of heterostructure photocatalyst based on metal/semiconductors.
Biophysical modeling of the electric field magnitude and distribution induced by electrical stimulation with intracerebral electrodes
Authors: Alonso Fabiola , Mercadal Borja , Salvador Ricardo , Ruffini Giulio , Bartolomei Fabrice , Wendling Fabrice , Modolo Julien
Published: May 2023

Intracranial electrodes are used clinically for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, notably in drug-refractory epilepsy (DRE) among others. Visualization and quantification of the energy delivered through such electrodes is key to understanding how the resulting electric fields modulate neuronal excitability, i.e. the ratio between excitation and inhibition. Quantifying the electric field induced by electrical stimulation in a patient-specific manner is challenging, because these electric fields depend on a number of factors: electrode trajectory with respect to folded brain anatomy, biophysical (electrical conductivity / permittivity) properties of brain tissue and stimulation parameters such as electrode contacts position and intensity. Here, we aimed to evaluate various biophysical models for characterizing the electric fields induced by electrical stimulation in DRE patients undergoing stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) recordings in the context of pre-surgical evaluation. This stimulation was performed with multiple-contact intracranial electrodes used in routine clinical practice. We introduced realistic 3D models of electrode geometry and trajectory in the neocortex. For the electrodes, we compared point (0D) and line (1D) sources approximations. For brain tissue, we considered three configurations of increasing complexity: a 6-layer spherical model, a toy model with a sulcus representation, replicating results from previous approaches; and went beyond the state-of-the-art by using a realistic head model geometry. Electrode geometry influenced the electric field distribution at close distances (∼3 mm) from the electrode axis. For larger distances, the volume conductor geometry and electrical conductivity dominated electric field distribution. These results are the first step towards accurate and computationally tractable patient-specific models of electric fields induced by neuromodulation and neurostimulation procedures.
Real-time frequency estimation of a qubit without single-shot-readout
Authors: Zohar I , Haylock B , Romach Y , Arshad M J , Halay N , Drucker N , Stöhr R , Denisenko A , Cohen Y , Bonato C , Finkler A
Published: May 2023

Quantum sensors can potentially achieve the Heisenberg limit of sensitivity over a large dynamic range using quantum algorithms. The adaptive phase estimation algorithm (PEA) is one example that was proven to achieve such high sensitivities with single-shot readout (SSR) sensors. However, using the adaptive PEA on a non-SSR sensor is not trivial due to the low contrast nature of the measurement. The standard approach to account for the averaged nature of the measurement in this PEA algorithm is to use a method based on ‘majority voting’. Although it is easy to implement, this method is more prone to mistakes due to noise in the measurement. To reduce these mistakes, a binomial distribution technique from a batch selection was recently shown theoretically to be superior, as all ranges of outcomes from an averaged measurement are considered. Here we apply, for the first time, real-time non-adaptive PEA on a non-SSR sensor with the binomial distribution approach. We compare the mean square error of the binomial distribution method to the majority-voting approach using the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond at ambient conditions as a non-SSR sensor. Our results suggest that the binomial distribution approach achieves better accuracy with the same sensing times. To further shorten the sensing time, we propose an adaptive algorithm that controls the readout phase and, therefore, the measurement basis set. We show by numerical simulation that adding the adaptive protocol can further improve the accuracy in a future real-time experiment.
The short-chain fatty acid acetate coordinates with CD30 to modulate T-cell survival
Authors: Lyu Junfang , Li Ziyi , Roberts Jessica P. , Qi Yue A. , Xiong Jianhua
Published: May 2023

As an important substrate for cell metabolism, the short-chain fatty acid acetate emerges as a regulator of cell fate and function. Our results demonstrate that acetate is a metabolic regulator of T-cell survival by regulating levels of acetylated α-tubulin, which suggests that therapeutic manipulation of acetate metabolism may facilitate optimal T-cell responses under pathological conditions.
Regulatory T-cell dysfunction and its implication for cell therapy
Authors: Valentini Nicolas , Requejo Cier Christopher J , Lamarche Caroline
Published: May 2023

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subtype of CD4+ T cells that can mediate immune tolerance by a multitude of immunomodulatory mechanisms. Treg-based adoptive immunotherapy is currently being tested in multiple phases I and II clinical trials in transplantation and autoimmune diseases. We have learned from the work done on conventional T cells that distinct mechanistic states can define their dysfunctions, such as exhaustion, senescence, and anergy. All three can negatively impact the therapeutic effectiveness of T-cell-based therapies. However, whether Tregs are susceptible to such dysfunctional states is not well studied, and results are sometimes found to be controversial. In addition, Treg instability and loss of FOXP3 expression is another Treg-specific dysfunction that can decreasein their suppressive potential. A better understanding of Treg biology and pathological states will be needed to compare and interpret the results of the different clinical and preclinical trials. We will review herein Tregs' mechanisms of action, describe different T-cell dysfunction subtypes and how and if they apply to Tregs (exhaustion, senescence, anergy, and instability), and finally how this knowledge should be taken into consideration when designing and interpreting Treg adoptive immunotherapy trials.
Real-World Effectiveness of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir on Coronavirus Disease 2019–Associated Hospitalization Prevention: A Population-based Cohort Study in the Province of Quebec, Canada
Authors: Kaboré Jean-Luc , Laffont Benoît , Diop Mamadou , Tardif Melanie R , Turgeon Alexis F , Dumaresq Jeannot , Luong Me-Linh , Cauchon Michel , Chapdelaine Hugo , Claveau David , Brosseau Marc , Haddad Elie , Benigeri Mike
Published: May 2023

Background

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir has shown to reduce COVID-19 hospitalization and death before Omicron, but updated real-world evidence studies are needed. This study aimed to assess whether nirmatrelvir/ritonavir reduces the risk of COVID-19–associated hospitalization among high-risk outpatients.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 between March 15 and 15 October 2022, using data from the Quebec clinico-administrative databases. Outpatients treated with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir were compared with infected ones not receiving nirmatrelvir/ritonavir using propensity-score matching. Relative risk (RR) of COVID-19–associated hospitalization within 30 days was assessed using a Poisson regression.

Results

A total of 8402 treated outpatients were matched to controls. Regardless of vaccination status, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment was associated with a 69% reduced RR of hospitalization (RR: .31; 95% CI: .28; .36; number needed to treat [NNT] = 13). The effect was more pronounced in outpatients with incomplete primary vaccination (RR: .04; 95% CI: .03; .06; NNT = 8), while no benefit was found in those with a complete primary vaccination (RR: .93; 95% CI: .78; 1.08). Subgroups analysis among high-risk outpatients with a complete primary vaccination showed that nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment was associated with a significant decrease in the RR of hospitalization in severely immunocompromised outpatients (RR: .66; 95% CI: .50; .89; NNT = 16) and in high-risk outpatients aged ≥70 years (RR: .50; 95% CI: .34; .74; NNT = 10) when the last dose of the vaccine was received at least 6 months ago.

Conclusions

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir reduces the risk of COVID-19–associated hospitalization among incompletely vaccinated high-risk outpatients and among some subgroups of completely vaccinated high-risk outpatients.
First Whole-Genome Sequence and Flow Cytometry Genome Size Data for the Lichen-Forming FungusRamalina farinacea(Ascomycota)
Authors: Llewellyn Theo , Mian Sahr , Hill Rowena , Leitch Ilia J , Gaya Ester
Published: May 2023

Lichen-forming fungi are a diverse and ecologically important group of obligate mutualistic symbionts. Due to difficulties with maintaining them in culture and their extremely slow growth, lichenologists are increasingly opting for metagenomic sequencing followed by symbiont genome separation using bioinformatic pipelines. However, without knowing the true genome size of the lichen-forming fungus, we cannot quantify the completeness of the genome assembly and the efficacy of the bioinformatic filtering. To address this issue, we report here the first whole-genome assembly for the lichen-forming fungus Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. sequenced with Oxford Nanopore long-read technology alongside direct measurements of its genome size using flow cytometry. The assembly showed high contiguity (N50 = 1.55 Mb) and gene set completeness (BUSCO = 95.8%). The highly robust genome size of 33.61 Mb/1C (coefficients of variation = 2.98) that was obtained showed our assembly covered 97% of the entire genome. Our results demonstrate that accurate genome size measurements can be obtained directly from lichen thalli and used to provide a benchmark for assessing true cytometric completeness of metagenome-derived assemblies.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Elevates SLIT2 Expression Within the Host and Contributes to Oxidative Stress Responses During Infection
Authors: Borbora Salik Miskat , Satish Bijewar Ashish , Sundar Smriti , B Mahima , Bhatt Sneha , Balaji Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy
Published: May 2023

During infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) rewires distinct host signaling pathways, resulting in pathogen-favorable outcomes. Oxidative stress build-up is a key cellular manifestation that occurs due to the cumulative effect of elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the inept ability of the cell to mitigate ROS levels. Here, we report the Mtb-induced expression of the neuronal ligand SLIT2 to be instrumental in ROS accumulation during infection. Loss-of-function analysis revealed the heightened expression of SLIT2 to be dependent on the Mtb-mediated phosphorylation of the P38/JNK pathways. Activation of these kinases resulted in the loss of the repressive H3K27me3 signature on the Slit2 promoter. Furthermore, SLIT2 promoted the expression of Vanin1 (VNN1), which contributed to copious levels of ROS within the host. Thus, we dissect the pathway leading to the robust expression of SLIT2 during Mtb infection while outlining the potential consequences of SLIT2 upregulation in infected macrophages.
Crucial role of iron in epigenetic rewriting during adipocyte differentiation mediated by JMJD1A and TET2 activity
Authors: Suzuki Tomohiro , Komatsu Tetsuro , Shibata Hiroshi , Tanioka Akiko , Vargas Diana , Kawabata-Iwakawa Reika , Miura Fumihito , Masuda Shinnosuke , Hayashi Mayuko , Tanimura-Inagaki Kyoko , Morita Sumiyo , Kohmaru Junki , Adachi Koji , Tobo Masayuki , Obinata Hideru , Hirayama Tasuku , Kimura Hiroshi , Sakai Juro , Nagasawa Hideko , Itabashi Hideyuki , Hatada Izuho , Ito Takashi , Inagaki Takeshi
Published: May 2023

Iron metabolism is closely associated with the pathogenesis of obesity. However, the mechanism of the iron-dependent regulation of adipocyte differentiation remains unclear. Here, we show that iron is essential for rewriting of epigenetic marks during adipocyte differentiation. Iron supply through lysosome-mediated ferritinophagy was found to be crucial during the early stage of adipocyte differentiation, and iron deficiency during this period suppressed subsequent terminal differentiation. This was associated with demethylation of both repressive histone marks and DNA in the genomic regions of adipocyte differentiation-associated genes, 　including Pparg, which encodes PPARγ, the master regulator of adipocyte differentiation. In addition, we identified several epigenetic demethylases to be responsible for iron-dependent adipocyte differentiation, with the histone demethylase jumonji domain-containing 1A and the DNA demethylase ten-eleven translocation 2 as the major enzymes. The interrelationship between repressive histone marks and DNA methylation was indicated by an integrated genome-wide association analysis, and was also supported by the findings that both histone and DNA demethylation were suppressed by either the inhibition of lysosomal ferritin flux or the knockdown of iron chaperone poly(rC)-binding protein 2. In summary, epigenetic regulations through iron-dependent control of epigenetic enzyme activities play an important role in the organized gene expression mechanisms of adipogenesis.
A Reliable and Simple Method for the Production of Viable Pycnidiospores of the Pine PathogenDiplodia sapineaand a Spore-Based Infection Assay on Scots Pine
Authors: Oostlander Anne G. , Brodde Laura , von Bargen Miriam , Leiterholt Marco , Trautmann Dagmar , Enderle Rasmus , Elfstrand Malin , Stenlid Jan , Fleißner André
Published: May 2023

Diplodia sapinea is a globally distributed opportunistic fungal pathogen of conifers that causes severe production losses in forestry. The fungus frequently colonizes pine trees as an endophyte without causing visible symptoms but can become pathogenic when the host plant is weakened by stress, such as drought or heat. Forest damage might therefore further increase due to the effects of climate change. The future development of control strategies depends on a better understanding of the fungus’ biology, which requires experimental methods for its investigation in the laboratory. An efficient, standardized protocol for the production and storage of highly viable pycnidiospores was developed, and a spore-based infection method was devised. We compared infection rates of dormant and actively growing, wounded, or nonwounded Scots pine seedlings inoculated with in vitro-produced spores and mycelium from agar-plugs. Spores were a much more efficient inoculum for causing disease symptoms on wounded plants than the conventional agar plug. The application of spores on nonwounded plants lead to high rates of asymptomatic infection, suggesting endophytic fungal development. These methods enable standardized spore infection and virulence assays and promote D. sapinea as a model organism for studying the switch from endophytic to pathogenic life styles of forest pathogens.
Racial Differences in the Association of Endometriosis and Uterine Leiomyomas With the Risk of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Harris Holly R. , Peres Lauren C. , Johnson Courtney E. , Guertin Kristin A. , Beeghly Alicia , Bandera Elisa V. , Bethea Traci N. , Joslin Charlotte E. , Wu Anna H. , Moorman Patricia G. , Ochs-Balcom Heather M. , Petrick Jessica L. , Setiawan Veronica W. , Rosenberg Lynn , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Myers Evan
Published: May 2023

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate associations between endometriosis and uterine leiomyomas with ovarian cancer risk by race and the effect of hysterectomy on these associations.

METHODS:

We used data from four case–control studies and two case–control studies nested within prospective cohorts in the OCWAA (Ovarian Cancer in Women of African Ancestry) consortium. The study population included 3,124 Black participants and 5,458 White participants, of whom 1,008 Black participants and 2,237 White participants had ovarian cancer. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the associations of endometriosis and leiomyomas with ovarian cancer risk, by race, stratified by histotype and hysterectomy.

RESULTS:

The prevalences of endometriosis and leiomyomas were 6.4% and 43.2% among Black participants and 7.0% and 21.5% among White participants, respectively. Endometriosis was associated with an increased risk of endometrioid and clear-cell ovarian cancer in both racial groups (eg, OR for endometrioid tumors for Black and White participants 7.06 [95% CI 3.86–12.91] and 2.17 [95% CI 1.36–3.45], respectively, P
hetereogeneity=.003). The association between endometriosis and ovarian cancer risk in White participants was stronger in those without hysterectomy, but no difference was observed in Black participants (all P
interaction≥.05). Leiomyomas were associated with an elevated risk of ovarian cancer only in those without hysterectomy in both Black (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.11–1.62) and White (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.05–1.41) participants (all P
interaction≥.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Black and White participants with endometriosis had a higher risk of ovarian cancer, and hysterectomy modified this association among White participants. Leiomyomas were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer in both racial groups, with hysterectomy modifying the risk in both groups. Understanding how racial differences in access to care and treatment options (eg, hysterectomy) may help guide future risk reduction strategies.
A case report of chylous ascites after cardiac surgery
Authors: Yuan Shuaishuai , Xie Pailing , Liu Xiantao , Li Peijun
Published: May 2023

Background

Chylous ascites (CA), an emulsion rich in triglycerides, is a rare type of ascites, especially after cardiac surgery. Also, there are few reports of the occurrence of CA after mitral valve replacement, aortic valve replacement, tricuspid valvuloplasty, and coronary artery bypass grafting.

Case presentation

We report the case of a 53-year-old man who underwent surgery for a diagnosis of mitral incompetence, aortic incompetence, tricuspid incompetence, and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. Fifteen days after surgery, 3000 mL of milky-yellow ascites appeared in the abdominal cavity, diagnosed as CA by laboratory examination. The ascites gradually disappeared after being drained, and the patients improved. The curative was objective, but the exact cause is not clear.

Conclusion

Although CA is rare, it may occur during the surgical intervention in cardiac surgery.
Microsurgical Resection of Vascular Malformations of the Upper Extremity
Authors: Horan Katelyn M. H. , Beijnen Usha E. A. , Upton Joseph , Taghinia Amir H.
Published: May 2023

Background:

Vascular malformations that circumferentially surround end or near-end arteries are challenging to manage. Minimally invasive treatment options such as sclerotherapy can directly damage these vessels and cause ischemia. Surgical resection is desired without sacrificing or injuring a patent artery, especially in end organs like the upper limb. Microsurgical resection of these lesions provides a viable option for treatment.

Methods:

The records of nine patients who presented with vascular malformations that circumferentially surrounded an artery in the upper limb were reviewed. The main indications for surgical intervention were pain or persistent growth. In each case, microsurgical technique using a microscope and microsurgical instruments was used to dissect the lesions free from the affected end arteries. Four digital arteries, three radial arteries, one brachial artery and one palmar arch were involved.

Results:

There were six venous malformations, two fibro-adipose vascular anomalies, and one lymphatic malformation. There were no cases of distal ischemia, bleeding, or functional compromise. Two patients experienced delayed wound healing. After a minimum follow-up of 1 year, only one patient experienced a small area of recurrence but had no pain.

Conclusions:

Microsurgical dissection using a microscope and microsurgical instruments is a viable technique for resection of difficult vascular malformations that surround major arterial channels in the upper limb. This technique allows preservation of maximum blood supply while treating problematic lesions.
Deep Infantile Hemangioma in the Involuting Phase That Was Difficult to Diagnose before Surgery
Authors: Sakai Yuki , Tsuge Itaru , Kataoka Masako , Takeuchi Yasuhide , Katayama Yasuhiro , Yamanaka Hiroki , Katsube Motoki , Sowa Yoshihiro , Sakamoto Michiharu , Morimoto Naoki
Published: May 2023

Infantile hemangioma (IH) is a common pediatric vascular tumor and is easily diagnosed in most cases based on the clinical course and appearance, but deep IHs are difficult to diagnose based on external appearance alone. Clinical and imaging findings are therefore important clues to the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors; however, a definitive diagnosis is decided based on the pathological examination of biopsy or resection specimens. A 1-year-old girl with a subcutaneous mass on her glabella was referred to our hospital. At 3 months of age, her mother noticed a tumor that swelled when she cried. It gradually enlarged, and ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed at 12 months of age. Doppler ultrasonography showed a hypo-vascular mass. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a subcutaneous mass with low-intensity on T1-weighted image and slightly high-intensity on T2-weighted image, with tiny flow voids. Computed tomography showed no frontal bone defect. The soft tissue tumor could not be diagnosed based on these imaging findings; thus, we decided to perform total resection under general anesthesia. A histopathological examination showed a highly cellular tumor with capillaries with opened small vascular channels and glucose transporter 1 positivity. Thus, it was diagnosed as deep IH transitioning from the proliferative phase to the involuting phase. Deep IHs are difficult to diagnose because characteristic imaging findings disappear during the involuting phase. We emphasize the importance of performing Doppler ultrasonography in the early phase (eg, at 6 months of age) for soft tissue tumors of infancy.
Feasibility of Outpatient Hemodialysis for Patients with Total Artificial Heart: A Case Series
Authors: Gopalan Radha , Mitchel Hayley , Matushinec Sarah , Kerr Rabia , Bolton Amanda , Kamin Amy , Sutphen Lucinda , Arabia Francisco
Published: May 2023

Total artificial hearts (TAH) are used in patients with end-stage heart failure as a bridge-to-transplant. AKI is a common postoperative complication associated with TAH implant. Patients requiring temporary dialysis are denied implantation of TAH due to the inability to provide outpatient (OP) dialysis in the long term. Here we discuss four cases of TAH patients from a single center who were successfully maintained on OP hemodialysis (HD). All four patients were implanted with a 70cc SyncardiaTM TAH for NICM. Two patients were implanted as bridge-to-transplant (BTT); one received a heart/kidney transplant and the other received a heart transplant. Two patients were implanted as destination therapy; one was maintained on OP HD until end-of-life, and the other received a heart transplant after becoming transplant eligible. These cases confirm that OP HD is a feasible option for TAH patients with post-implant chronic renal dysfunction provided that the dialysis centers are trained and supported by the implanting program.