Egy egészség – a 21. század problémája az antimikrobiális rezisztencia: Van kiút?
Authors: Kerek Ádám , Nagy Zoltán , Jerzsele Ákos 
Published: March 2023

Összefoglalás.

Napjaink kiemelkedő állat- és közegészségügyi problémája az antimikrobiális
rezisztencia (AMR) kérdésköre. Az AMR terjedése szempontjából az egyik
legnagyobb jelentőségű az Escherichia coli baktérium, amelynek
plazmidon kódolt rezisztenciagénjei lehetőséget adnak a horizontális
génátvitelre. A szerzők célul tűzték ki, hogy az AMR kevésbé vizsgált területeit
térképezik fel. Egyrészt vakcinafejlesztés modellezéséhez kiválasztott
törzseket, másrészt probiotikumkészítményeket vizsgáltak új generációs
szekvenálással. Számos mobilis genetikai elemet, plazmidon és fágon kódolt gént
sikerült azonosítani. Az eredmények rávilágítanak arra, hogy új vakcinák,
valamint probiotikumok fejlesztéséhez érdemes a kiválasztott baktériumtörzsek
rezisztenciagén szűrését elvégezni.

Summary.

The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public and animal health
problem of our days, with the most conservative estimates suggesting that it
could become the leading cause of death worldwide by 2050. The role of
Escherichia coli is significant, as in many cases it
creates the potential for horizontal gene transfer through antimicrobial
resistance genes encoded as mobile genetic elements on plasmids. Authors have
set out to map two less researched areas of potential involvement in the spread
of antimicrobial resistance. One area is the investigation of potential vaccine
candidate Escherichia coli isolates using next-generation
sequencing (NGS). The other area is the investigation of commercialized
probiotic products for farm and companion animals with NGS. Our results suggest
that vaccine candidate strains may carry several mobile genetic elements encoded
on plasmids or phages. Among these, there are genes clearly of public health
importance (TEM-1, ampC,
qnrS1, ugd) that may be responsible for
the development of resistance to antibiotics classified as category B (3rd to
4th generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, colistin) by the AMEG
(AntiMicrobial Expert Group); the presence of these genes as mobile genetic
elements is of particular concern. The ampC gene is a gene responsible for
beta-lactamase overproduction, whereas TEM-1 is an ESBL gene
(extended spectrum beta lactamase), which has a significant role in public
health mainly in nosocomial or multiresistant infections. In the case of
probiotic products, those intended for farm animals are much better regulated,
thereby mobile genetic elements were not found in our study. However,
preparations intended for companion animals are not regulated at all, and we
found resistance genes against aminoglycosides (APH(3’)-Ia) and
tetracyclines (tetS) that might have public health significance
as these were encoded on mobile genetic elements on plasmids. Our results
suggest that it is strongly recommended to include a pre-screening step for
antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial vaccine development. As regards
probiotics, preparations for companion animals should be subject to similar
regulation as those for farm animals. It is in our common interest to prevent
the further spread of antimicrobial resistance as widely as possible in the
light of the One Health concept and to use and preserve antibiotics responsibly
for future generations.