bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internal Migration and Occupational Mobility in Thailand
Authors: Ogena Nimfa B. , De Jong Gordon F.
Published: January 2015

This study explores the impact of temporary and more permanent internal migration, along with family resources and individual human capital attributes, on upward and downward job transitions of workers in Thailand. Four multinomial logit origin and destination occupational transition models were estimated using the 1992 National Migration Survey of Thailand. Results showed that the increasingly frequent phenomenon of temporary migration was consistently associated with both lower occupational transition rates and downward occupational mobility. More permanent migration was associated with both upward and downward occupational mobility, and migration to Bangkok affected only specific occupational sector transitions.
Cooling the UK housing stock post-2050s
Authors: Gupta Rajat , Gregg Matt , Williams Katie
Published: January 2015

This paper investigates the risk of projected post-2050s overheating in existing, retrofitted and new-build dwellings in the United Kingdom. As shown in the previous research, passive measures may not be sufficient in mitigating overheating risk. Therefore, mechanical cooling technologies that may be deployed to ‘adapt’ to a warming climate are tested for energy and CO2 implications. For retrofits, heating demand is projected to remain dominant, whereas in post-2016 new-build, greater cooling system efficiency will be important. Thermal mass is shown to reduce future cooling load. The heat recovery element of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery may be rendered unnecessary in super-efficient homes. Ceiling fans coupled with natural ventilation may be sufficient in providing thermal comfort in the north of England. Ultimately, not planning for future overheating and cooling systems could create a new performance gap in design, construction and occupant behaviour.

Practical application: Overheating, already experienced in dwellings throughout the United Kingdom and projected to increase in occurrence, should be considered in all new design and retrofit. Dwellings designed to meet thermal comfort performance targets may be at risk of non-compliance as a result of a warming climate. Furthermore, dwellings designed to meet energy performance targets may be at risk of non-compliance as a result of potential need for cooling systems. The findings have implications for policy-making in relation to decarbonisation of the electricity grid, implementation of the Green Deal and upgrading building regulations to future-proof new and existing housing against a warming climate.
Using the new CIBSE design summer years to assess overheating in London: Effect of the urban heat island on design
Authors: Virk Gurdane , Mylona Anastasia , Mavrogianni Anna , Davies Michael
Published: January 2015

The new CIBSE design summer years (DSYs) for London Weather Centre, Heathrow and Gatwick in London are now available for three baseline years: 1976, 1989 and 2003. This study tested how these different design summer years impacted the assessment of overheating in a naturally ventilated office in London. Two office designs were tested, an uninsulated and one retrofitted with insulation and night cooling. The choice of baseline year impacted the level of overheating for both the uninsulated and retrofitted models. Tested in the more severe years, 1976 and 2003, the offices experienced the highest levels of overheating. When an office was retrofitted and night cooled, the choice of location had more of animpact on overheating due to the urban heat island effect. London Weather Centre and Heathrow experienced higher levels of overheating than Gatwick. The study highlights the need for designers to carefully consider how the differences between the weather files will impact their overheating assessment depending on their buildings’ fabric and ventilation design.

Practical application: This study provides initial testing of the how the new CIBSE design summer years impact overheating within a naturally ventilated office in London. Initial analysis of the weather files highlights the differences between locations and baseline years. These differences are then shown to have an impact on overheating depending on the building fabric and ventilation strategy. The results highlight how important it is that practitioners understand how both the weather variables and building and ventilation design will impact the predicted levels of overheating.
One‐Step Insertion of Low‐Profile Gastrostomy in Pediatric Patients vs Pull Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
Authors: Göthberg Gunnar , Björnsson Sigge
Published: January 2015

Background: Standard care for initiation of enteral feeding in children has been pull percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (pull‐PEG). As an alternative to pull‐PEG, a 1‐step endoscopic procedure for inserting a low‐profile gastrostomy tube “button” has been developed that allows initial placement of a balloon‐retained device. This report presents outcomes of metrics used to compare button placement with pull‐PEG in a pediatric population. Methods: Data were generated from procedural experiences of surgeons on pediatric patients (n = 374) with a variety of clinical indications for gastrostomy. Study population ages ranged from 6 days to 16 years, while weights were from 2–84 kg. Results: The button was successfully placed by the 1‐step procedure in 98% of the respective study population, and median procedural times were 20 and 15 minutes for button and pull‐PEG placements, respectively. Median times to first feeds were equivalent for the 1‐step procedure and pull‐PEG (6 hours), while times to first nutrition feeds were 12.5 and 10 hours, respectively. Stoma site complications within each study group were similar. Healthy stoma proportions were 65.2% and 73.2% in the 1‐step procedure and pull‐PEG groups, respectively, at first follow‐up. Conclusions: Similar study outcomes between the 1‐step procedure and pull‐PEG groups suggest that the former is a feasible alternative to pull‐PEG for initial tube placement in children. The 1‐step method involves a single procedure and reduces patient exposure to anesthesia, operating room time, and the potential for complications compared with a pull‐PEG requirement for multiple procedures.
Scopolamine provocation-based pharmacological MRI model for testing procognitive agents
Authors: Hegedűs Nikolett , Laszy Judit , Gyertyán István , Kocsis Pál , Gajári Dávid , Dávid Szabolcs , Deli Levente , Pozsgay Zsófia , Tihanyi Károly
Published: January 2015

There is a huge unmet need to understand and treat pathological cognitive impairment. The development of disease modifying cognitive enhancers is hindered by the lack of correct pathomechanism and suitable animal models. Most animal models to study cognition and pathology do not fulfil either the predictive validity, face validity or construct validity criteria, and also outcome measures greatly differ from those of human trials. Fortunately, some pharmacological agents such as scopolamine evoke similar effects on cognition and cerebral circulation in rodents and humans and functional MRI enables us to compare cognitive agents directly in different species. In this paper we report the validation of a scopolamine based rodent pharmacological MRI provocation model. The effects of deemed procognitive agents (donepezil, vinpocetine, piracetam, alpha 7 selective cholinergic compounds EVP-6124, PNU-120596) were compared on the blood-oxygen-level dependent responses and also linked to rodent cognitive models. These drugs revealed significant effect on scopolamine induced blood-oxygen-level dependent change except for piracetam. In the water labyrinth test only PNU-120596 did not show a significant effect. This provocational model is suitable for testing procognitive compounds. These functional MR imaging experiments can be paralleled with human studies, which may help reduce the number of false cognitive clinical trials.
Schizophrenia drug discovery and development in an evolving era: Are new drug targets fulfilling expectations?
Authors: Dunlop John , Brandon Nicholas J
Published: January 2015

Current therapeutics for schizophrenia, the typical and atypical antipsychotic class of drugs, derive their therapeutic benefit predominantly by antagonism of the dopamine D2 receptor subtype and have robust clinical benefit on positive symptoms of the disease with limited to no impact on negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. Driven by these therapeutic limitations of current treatments and the recognition that transmitter systems beyond the dopaminergic system in particular glutamatergic transmission contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia significant recent efforts have focused on the discovery and development of novel treatments for schizophrenia with mechanisms of action that are distinct from current drugs. Specifically, compounds selectively targeting the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 subtype, phosphodiesterase subtype 10, glycine transporter subtype 1 and the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor have been the subject of intense drug discovery and development efforts. Here we review recent clinical experience with the most advanced drug candidates targeting each of these novel mechanisms and discuss whether these new agents are living up to expectations.
Clinical value of fat-suppressed 3D volume isotropic spin-echo (VISTA) sequence compared to 2D sequence in evaluating internal structures of the knee
Authors: Lim Daekeon , Han Lee Young , Kim Sungjun , Song Ho-Taek , Suh Jin-Suck
Published: January 2015

Background

Although many three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences have been used in the clinical field, there are no studies on fat-suppressed (FS) 3D sequences for the diagnosis of knee abnormalities.

Purpose

To evaluate the usefulness of FS 3D volume isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition (VISTA) imaging for diagnosis of internal structures of knee.

Material and Methods

In 137 patients with 138 knee MRI examinations who had undergone both FS 3D VISTA MRI and two-dimensional (2D) MRI of the knee at 3.0 T, arthroscopic surgery was subsequently performed. Multiplanar reformations (MPR) of FS 3D VISTA images and their MPR sequences were compared with 2D MR images of axial T1-weighted (T1W) images, axial FS T2-weighted (T2W) images, coronal FS T2W images, and sagittal T2W images. Two musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed the images independently.

Results

Arthroscopy revealed 33 anterior cruciate ligament tears, three posterior cruciate ligament tears, 42 lateral meniscus tears, and 68 medial meniscus tears. Five medial collateral ligament tears were clinically confirmed. Image acquisition time was shorter for FS 3D VISTA imaging than 2D imaging. There were no significant differences in diagnostic values between FS 3D VISTA and 2D imaging ( P > 0.05). There were excellent inter-observer agreements for both FS 3D VISTA and 2D imaging (κ > 0.84).

Conclusion

FS 3D VISTA imaging could replace 2D imaging because of equal diagnostic ability and shorter scan time.
John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911): An adornment to the London Hospital
Authors: Swash Michael
Published: January 2015

John Hughlings Jackson was associated with the London Hospital as a Lecturer and Physician for nearly 40 years while also on the staff at The National Hospital, Queen Square. His experience at the two hospitals was complementary; sometimes, a patient would be exchanged between the two hospitals. At the London Hospital, he was especially revered by students, colleagues and even by the House Governor, for his knowledge and his contributions to neurology. His ideas helped to resolve the chaotic contemporary understanding of neurological phenomena into a coherent whole, determining the direction of future neurological research in the following century. His life and work was supported and strengthened by the help and friendship of his colleagues at the London Hospital, especially Sir Jonathan Hutchinson.
Are We Correcting Correctly?
Authors: Köhler Tine , Cortina Jose M. , Kurtessis James N. , Gölz Markus
Published: January 2015

The formulae for attenuation correction in meta-analysis treat reliabilities as if they were independent of each other. The current study puts this assumption of independence to the test by empirically examining the correlation among predictor and criterion reliability estimates across studies. Interdependence of reliabilities would result in either overestimation or underestimation of population correlations depending on the direction of the relationship between the reliabilities. We conducted two studies to examine the extent to which predictor and criterion reliabilities correlate across studies. Study 1 is based on 628 pairs of reliability estimates from 518 studies published in the Academy of Management Journal and the Journal of Applied Psychology between 2004 and 2011, while Study 2 is based on 564 pairs of reliability estimates from 347 studies included in a meta-analysis on perceived organizational support (POS) and some of its antecedents and outcomes. The findings in both studies show substantial correlations between predictor and criterion reliability coefficients across studies. Our article discusses important implications from these findings for future research and for the future conduct of meta-analyses.
Feasibility and accuracy of using mobile phone images of electrocardiograms to initiate the cardiac catheterization process
Authors: Rosenberg Marcy , Silvestri Salvatore , Duran Aurelio , Porter Jason , McAleer Jim , Papa Linda
Published: January 2015

We assessed the feasibility of interpreting the presence of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) using ECGs captured and transmitted by mobile phones. Transmitted ECGs were interpreted by four independent and blinded physicians, who classified them as STEMI, non-STEMI or indeterminate. After 2–4 weeks the same physicians were given the original paper ECGs for interpretation. In total, 87 ECGs were randomly selected for review. The overall agreement between the digital image readings and the printed copy readings was 94%. Of the 87 patients, 65 (75%) had cardiac catheterization following a STEMI ECG and 22 (25%) did not receive cardiac catheterization. The accuracy of digital ECGs and printed ECGs when compared to the findings from cardiac catheterization was similar. Agreement in ECG interpretations between printed images and mobile phone images was excellent, and both had similar accuracy in activating the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Mobile phone transmission is an inexpensive method of evaluating ECG images sent from pre-hospital settings to the emergency department.
The causes and effects of English teachers’ turnover: A case from Afghanistan
Authors: Khawary Omidullah , Ali Sajid
Published: January 2015

One of the challenging issues that educational organizations in developing countries face in staffing classrooms with qualified teachers is the high rate of teachers’ turnover. It creates problems for schools, which eventually leads to substandard instruction and low student achievement. This research explores the causes of English teachers’ turnover in a Non-Government Educational Organization in Kabul, Afghanistan. The results indicate that lack of teachers’ motivation, low salary, communication gap between management and teachers, market opportunities for English teachers, workload, absence of career path and weak recruitment processes are the major factors contributing to teachers’ turnover in Afghanistan. The high teachers’ turnover leads to such negative effects as interruptions in learning process, behavioural adjustment of students with new teachers, continuous exposure of students with novice teachers, emotional detachments of students with their teachers and negative effects on students’ learning. The article concludes that educational organizations should deal with their teachers more humanely. Teachers retain and perform in an organization when they are valued, motivated and satisfied with their jobs and their professional status. In the absence of such environment, it is likely that educational organizations in Afghanistan would continue to struggle to attract and retain qualified teachers, which will eventually compromise on the achievements of their students. Considering the findings, creation of covenantal bond rather than contractual bond is suggested as a strategy that could be augmented by a transformational leadership, which can motivate the teachers to remain committed to their profession.
Using Roadside Billboard Posters to Increase Admission Rates to Problem Gambling Services
Authors: Calderwood Kimberly A. , Wellington William J.
Published: January 2015

Based on the stimulus–response model of advertising, this study sought to increase admission rates to a local problem gambling service (PGS) in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, by adding a series of locally based 10 foot by 20 foot roadside billboard posters to PGS’s existing communications tools for a 24-week period. Using proof of performance reports, a pre–post survey of new callers to PGS, a website visit counter, and a media awareness survey, the findings showed that at least some individuals were influenced by billboard exposure, but admission rates continued to decline during the billboard campaign period. While one possible explanation for the communications failure was that the whole PGS communications campaign was below the minimal threshold for communications perception, another possible explanation is that the stimulus–response model of advertising used may not have been appropriate for such advertising that targets behavior change. Reflections on using an information-processing model instead of a stimulus–response model, and considerations of a two-step flow of communication, are provided. Recommendations are made regarding matching communications messages to stages of behavior change, use of online promotion, and strategies for future research.
Comparative efficacy of long-acting muscarinic antagonists in preventing COPD exacerbations: a network meta-analysis and meta-regression
Authors: Oba Yuji , Lone Nazir A.
Published: January 2015

Background:

We hypothesized a class effect of currently available long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs; i.e. tiotropium as a dry powder inhaler or a soft mist inhaler, aclidinium bromide, and glycopyrronium) in preventing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. The hypothesis was tested with a network meta-analysis.

Methods:

Several databases and manufacturer’s websites were searched for relevant clinical trials. Randomized, controlled trials, of at least 12 weeks duration, comparing a LAMA with placebo or another LAMA were included. Moderate-to-severe and severe exacerbations were chosen as the outcome assessment criteria. The data were pooled using network meta-analysis.

Results:

A total of 27 studies with 48,140 subjects were included. All LAMAs reduced moderate-to-severe exacerbations compared with placebo. However, there were no statistically significant differences in preventing moderate-to-severe or severe exacerbations among LABAs. In a subgroup analysis restricting studies to those that had a minimum of 6 months of treatment, glycopyrronium was associated with the least-effective strategy and aclidinium was associated with the greatest probability of being the best therapy in preventing severe exacerbations. Our meta-regression analysis suggested that the prevention of COPD exacerbations were less effective in studies which allowed concomitant use of a long-acting beta agonist (LABA).

Conclusion:

All LAMAs were equally effective in preventing moderate-to-severe exacerbations. Aclidinium was associated with the lowest risk for severe exacerbations when treatment duration was 6 months or longer. The concomitant use of LABA may not enhance the efficacy of LAMAs in preventing COPD exacerbations. More studies are needed to further examine above findings.
Individualized Medical Sociology
Authors: Constantinou Costas S.
Published: January 2015

Although medical sociology has been taught at medical schools for a few decades, medical students still have difficulty in understanding the usefulness of sociology in medical practice. This article discusses how medical sociology can be taught in a way that is more practical and thus more useful to medical students and medical practitioners. By using the concept of “individualized medical sociology,” I show how medical sociologists can construct elaborated individual cases and apply relevant sociological principles to help students and medical practitioners understand the relevance of sociology and also show them how to use sociology in medical practice. Medical sociologists can effectively make use of sociological material by reviewing the basic literature of the discipline and by constructing cases along the lines of problem-based learning (PBL) so as to accord with the literature. This article challenges a main sociological argument that sociology should study social groups and societies rather than individuals and shows how to teach individualized medical sociology through PBL. By understanding the relevance and usefulness of sociology in medical practice, medical students can improve their communication skills, understand more about their patients as social beings, become culturally competent, and become better doctors.
Examining the influences of news use patterns, motivations, and age cohort on mobile news use: The case of Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Michael
Published: January 2015

Adopting perspectives from media displacement, complementary uses, and uses and gratifications theories, this study examines the relationships and dynamics between mobile news use and use of other mediums for accessing the news. Findings from a national sample in Hong Kong, which has among the highest mobile phone penetration rates in the world, found support for all perspectives. Those in the 18–34 and 35–54 cohorts were mostly multiplatform users of news, yet subgroup analyses reveal different patterns of complementary uses and displacement. Moreover, results showed that different gratifications predict mobile hard news use and mobile soft news use. Implications and future prospects for mobile news are discussed.
Variability of cutaneous and nasal population levels between patients colonized and infected by multidrug-resistant bacteria in two Brazilian intensive care units
Authors: Damaceno Quésia , Nicoli Jacques R , Oliveira Adriana
Published: January 2015

Objective:

To compare cutaneous and nasal population levels between patients colonized and infected by multidrug-resistant organisms in two intensive care units.

Methods:

A prospective cohort study was performed in adult intensive care units of two hospitals in Belo Horizonte, Brazil (April 2012 to February 2013). Clinical and demographic data were first collected by reviewing patients’ charts. Then, samples collected with nasal, groin, and perineum swabs were cultivated in selective media for 48 h at 37°C. After isolation, determination of antimicrobial susceptibility and biochemical identification were performed.

Results:

A total of 53 cases of colonization were observed by the following bacteria in decreasing frequencies: imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (50.9%), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (43.4%), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.7%), imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32.1%), oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7.5%), and imipenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.7%). Among these colonization cases, 26 (49.0%) were followed by infection with bacteria phenotypically similar to those of the colonization. A relation between high population levels of colonization by most of the multidrug-resistant organisms at anatomical sites and a subsequent infection was observed. After colonization/infection, bacterial population levels decreased progressively and spontaneously until disappearance by day 45 in all the anatomical sites and for all the multidrug-resistant organisms.

Conclusion:

There was a correlation between high population levels of colonization by multidrug-resistant organisms at anatomical sites and a subsequent infection. Reduction in multidrug-resistant organism populations after colonization at anatomical sites could be a preventive measure to reduce evolution to infection as well as transmission of these bacteria between patients in intensive care unit.
Efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of screening colonoscopy according to the adenoma detection rate
Authors: Hassan Cesare , Rex Douglas K , Zullo Angelo , Kaminski Michal F
Published: January 2015

Background

The adenoma detection rate of the endoscopist has been related to the post‐colonoscopy interval risk of colorectal cancer.

Objective

The objective of this article is to estimate the impact of adenoma detection rate on the long‐term colorectal cancer prevention rate.

Methods

A Markov model was constructed to simulate the efficacy and cost of colonoscopy screening according to the adenoma detection rate of the endoscopist in 100,000 individuals. Post‐colonoscopy interval colorectal cancer risk and the relative risk of interval cancer among endoscopists with different adenoma detection rates were extracted from the literature. A 1.5 relative risk was assumed between endoscopists with low and average adenoma detection rates, and a relative risk of 11 between those with average and high adenoma detection rates. Both efficacy and costs were projected over a steady‐state American population.

Results

Screening colonoscopy performed by endoscopists with low adenoma detection rates resulted in a 7% absolute reduction in the long‐term colorectal cancer incidence prevention rate as compared to the same procedure performed by those with an average adenoma detection rate (70% vs. 77%). This difference increased to 21% when comparing endoscopists with an average with those with a high adenoma detection rate. When projected on the US population, this reduced efficacy resulted in an additional 1728 and 16,123 colorectal cancer cases and the loss of $117 million and $906 million per year in the two scenarios, respectively. These estimates were sensitive to the risk of post‐colonoscopy interval colorectal cancer.

Conclusions

A substantial reduction in long‐term colorectal cancer prevention rate may be expected when screening colonoscopy is performed by endoscopists with a suboptimal adenoma detection rate. A substantial saving may be expected when implementing policies to improve endoscopist adenoma detection rate.
An effective medium derivation of the Cole-Cole relation for electric conductivity
Authors: Flekkøy Eirik G. , Hansen Alex
Published: January 2015

We provided a derivation of the Cole-Cole relation for the conductivity of fluid-saturated, mineralized rocks. This was done via an upscaling procedure that assumed that each element in the system was itself described by the Cole-Cole relation. The purpose of this was to give the parameters of the Cole-Cole relation, most notably the exponent and time constant, an interpretation in terms of the variability of the underlying pore-scale variables. In this treatment, the exponent known as frequency dependence was fixed to [Formula: see text] on the pore level. However, many field observations gave [Formula: see text], and we indeed found this range of [Formula: see text]-values when we calculated the conductivity of a network of elements. The conductivity of this network, which represented the upscaled system, was calculated via an effective medium theory. In this way, we found the upscaled system to be described by the Cole-Cole relation with [Formula: see text] over three decades of frequencies. The underlying condition for this to happen was that the individual bonds have a sufficiently broad distribution of time constants. For very small, or very large, frequencies, there was a departure from Cole-Cole behavior. However, by comparing existing network simulations and the result of an effective medium theory, we found excellent agreement between the two for all frequencies ranging over eight decades.
Pitfall experiences when interpreting complex structure with low-quality seismic images
Authors: Hardage Bob A.
Published: January 2015

Structural interpretation of seismic data presents numerous opportunities for encountering interpretational pitfalls, particularly when a seismic image does not have an appropriate signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), or when a subsurface structure is unexpectedly complex. When both conditions exist — low S/N data and severe structural deformation — interpretation pitfalls are almost guaranteed. We analyzed an interpretation done 20 years ago that had to deal with poor seismic data quality and extreme distortion of strata. The lessons learned still apply today. Two things helped the interpretation team develop a viable structural model of the prospect. First, existing industry-accepted formation tops assigned to regional wells were rejected and new log interpretations were done to detect evidence of repeated sections and overturned strata. Second, the frequency content of the 3D seismic data volume was restricted to only the first octave of its seismic spectrum to create better evidence of fault geometries. A logical and workable structural interpretation resulted when these two action steps were taken. To the knowledge of our interpretation team, neither of these approaches had been attempted in the area at the time of this work (early 1990s). We found two pitfalls that may be encountered by other interpreters. The first pitfall was the hazard of accepting long-standing, industry-accepted definitions of the positions of formation tops on well logs. This nonquestioning acceptance of certain log signatures as indications of targeted formation tops led to a serious misinterpretation in our study. The second pitfall was the prevailing passion by geophysicists to create seismic data volumes that have the widest possible frequency spectrum. This interpretation effort showed that the opposite strategy was better at this site and for our data conditions; i.e., it was better to filter seismic images so that they contained only the lowest octave of frequencies in the seismic spectrum.
Vibration and Noise Radiation Characteristics of Gear Transmission System
Authors: Zhou Jianxing , Wenlei Sun
Published: January 2015

This paper presents a comprehensive procedure to calculate steady dynamic response and noise radiation generated by a gear reducer. In this process, the bearing force is obtained by solving the transmission system dynamic model, which is taken as the excitation of the gearbox, the noise generated by the gearbox vibration is researched by using FEM/BEM, so the dynamic characteristics of gear transmission and gearbox structure are demonstrated. Then the time history of node dynamic response and noise spectrum of the gearbox are obtained, and the effect of the excitation of frequency doubling of mesh frequency on the gearbox vibration and noise radiation is illustrated. The changes in radiated noise of gear reducers with load are calculated respectively by using both simulation and Kato's formulae, and results agree well with each other. The frequency range of the gearbox resonance is obtained by analyzing the spectral maps of the vibration and noise under the case of engine speed steadily increased. The study provides useful theoretical guideline to the design of the gearbox.
Navigating the Institutional Logics of Markets: Implications for Strategic Brand Management
Authors: Ertimur Burçak , Coskuner-Balli Gokcen
Published: January 2015

Adopting an institutional theoretic framework, this article examines the evolution and competitive dynamics of markets composed of multiple practices, beliefs, and rule systems. The 30-year historical analysis of the U.S. yoga market illustrates the coexistence of spirituality, medical, fitness, and commercial logics. Using data gathered through archival sources, netnography, in-depth interviews, and participant observations, the authors link shifting emphases on institutional logics and their sustenance to institutional entrepreneurs’ accumulation and transmission of cultural capital, strategies to legitimize plural logics, distinct branding practices, and contestations among the pervading logics. The study offers a managerial framework for managing conflicting demands of logics, conveying brand legitimacy, and creating a coherent brand identity in plural logic markets; in addition, it develops a theoretical account of links between institutional logics, competitive dynamics, and market evolution.
Bianchi surfaces whose asymptotic lines are geodesic parallels
Authors: Arsan Güler Gürpınar , Özdeger Abdülkadir
Published: January 2015

It is proved that every Bianchi surface in E3 of class C4 whose asymptotic lines are geodesic parallels is either a helicoid or a surface of revolution.
Monads for framed sheaves on Hirzebruch surfaces
Authors: Bartocci Claudio , Rava Claudio L. S. , Bruzzo Ugo
Published: January 2015

We define monads for framed torsion-free sheaves on Hirzebruch surfaces and use them to construct moduli spaces for these objects. These moduli spaces are smooth algebraic varieties, and we show that they are fine by constructing a universal monad.
Geodesic vectors and subalgebras in two-step nilpotent metric Lie algebras
Authors: Nagy Péter T. , Homolya Szilvia
Published: January 2015

A metric Lie algebra is a Lie algebra endowed with a Euclidean inner product. A subalgebra is called flat, respectively totally geodesic, if its exponential image in the corresponding Lie group with left invariant Riemannian metric is flat, respectively a totally geodesic submanifold. A non-zero vector is geodesic, if the generated one-dimensional subspace is totally geodesic. We study geodesic vectors and flat totally geodesic subalgebras in two-step nilpotent metric Lie algebras and show that their linear structure is independent of the inner product of the metric Lie algebra. We determine the geodesic vectors and the flat totally geodesic subalgebras in the two-step nilpotent metric Lie algebras of dimension ≤ 6.
Komplexe Modellsysteme in der automatisierten Beatmung
Authors: Kretschmer Jörn , Schranz Christoph , Riedlinger Axel , Möller Knut
Published: January 2015

Die künstliche Beatmung stellt eine etablierte Therapie in der Intensivmedizin dar. Trotz der routinemäßigen Anwendung kann es bei
schwerkranken Patienten zu Komplikationen kommen. Die modellbasierte Entscheidungsunterstützung erlaubt eine Verbesserung der Therapie,
indem an den Patienten angepasste Modelle für Prädiktionen genutzt und damit Therapieeinstellungen individuell optimiert werden. Die
eingesetzten Modelle sollten dabei an den Krankheitszustand des Patienten, an die vorliegenden Daten sowie an die aktuelle klinische
Fragestellung anpassbar sein und neben der Atemmechanik ebenfalls die wichtigen Bereiche Gasaustausch und Hämodynamik umfassen. Die
gezeigten hierarchisch geordneten Modellfamilien erlauben eine flexible Anpassung an die aktuelle klinische Situation, eine robuste
Identifikation der Modellparameter sowie eine umfassende Abbildung des Patienten.
CVD Diamond Coating on Al-Interlayered FeCoNi Alloy Substrate: An Interfacial Study
Authors: Li Y.S. , Sun X.Y. , Yang L.Z. , Kurmaev E.Z. , Yang Q.
Published: January 2015

In this study, an Al thin film interlayer of 80 nm thick has been applied on FeCoNi alloy substrate which possesses a low coefficient of thermal expansion, to enhance the interfacial adhesion of diamond films produced by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Characterization of the top deposit, interlayer and the underlying substrate was performed by Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy, X-scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The Al interlayer has effectively inhibited the formation of graphitic carbon and markedly enhanced the nucleation, growth and adhesion of diamond films. The beneficial role Al plays is primarily attributed to the formation of an alumina barrier layer on the substrate surface, as verified by interfacial analysis.
Metal Loss of Steam-Oxidized Alloys after Exposures at 675°C and 725°C for 500 Hours
Authors: Dudziak T. , Grobauer S. , Simms N. , Krupp U. , Łukaszewicz M.
Published: January 2015

The paper reports metal loss data and general overview of steam oxidation behaviour of the selected alloys in water steam under atmospheric pressure in temperature range of 675–725°C. In this research, T22, T23, TP347HFG, HR3C and 718+ alloys were used. In this study, kinetics and metal loss data were obtained for better understanding corrosion degradation of the exposed materials. All the samples after 500-h exposure were characterized using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) in backscattered mode (BSE) with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results indicate that the highest corrosion degradation and metal loss were observed in T22, T23 alloys, moderate degradation was found in TP347HFG, whereas HR3C and 718+ nickel-based alloy showed good corrosion resistance.
Rcan1 Deficiency Impairs Neuronal Migration and Causes Periventricular Heterotopia
Authors: Li Yang , Wang Jie , Zhou Yang , Li Dan , Xiong Zhi-Qi
Published: January 2015

Periventricular heterotopia (PH) is a cortical malformation characterized by aggregation of neurons lining the lateral ventricles due to abnormal neuronal migration. The molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of PH is unclear. Here we show thatRegulators of calcineurin 1 (Rcan1), a Down syndrome-related gene, plays an important role in radial migration of rat cortical neurons. Downregulation of Rcan1 by expressing shRNA impaired neural progenitor proliferation and led to defects in radial migration and PH. Two isoforms of Rcan1 (Rcan1–1 and Rcan1–4) are expressed in the rat brain. Migration defects due to downregulation of Rcan1 could be prevented by shRNA-resistant expression of Rcan1–1 but not Rcan1–4. Furthermore, we found that Rcan1 knockdown significantly decreased the expression level of Flna, an F-actin cross-linking protein essential for cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell migration, mutation of which causes the most common form of bilateral PH in humans. Finally, overexpression of FLNA in Rcan1 knockdown neurons prevented migration abnormalities. Together, these findings demonstrate that Rcan1 acts upstream from Flna in regulating radial migration and suggest that impairment of Rcan1-Flna pathway may underlie PH pathogenesis.
The Prefrontal Cortex Achieves Inhibitory Control by Facilitating Subcortical Motor Pathway Connectivity
Authors: Rae Charlotte L. , Hughes Laura E. , Anderson Michael C. , Rowe James B.
Published: January 2015

Communication between the prefrontal cortex and subcortical nuclei underpins the control and inhibition of behavior. However, the interactions in such pathways remain controversial. Using a stop-signal response inhibition task and functional imaging with analysis of effective connectivity, we show that the lateral prefrontal cortex influences the strength of communication between regions in the frontostriatal motor system. We compared 20 generative models that represented alternative interactions between the inferior frontal gyrus, presupplementary motor area (preSMA), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and primary motor cortex during response inhibition. Bayesian model selection revealed that during successful response inhibition, the inferior frontal gyrus modulates an excitatory influence of the preSMA on the STN, thereby amplifying the downstream polysynaptic inhibition from the STN to the motor cortex. Critically, the strength of the interaction between preSMA and STN, and the degree of modulation by the inferior frontal gyrus, predicted individual differences in participants' stopping performance (stop-signal reaction time). We then used diffusion-weighted imaging with tractography to assess white matter structure in the pathways connecting these three regions. The mean diffusivity in tracts between preSMA and the STN, and between the inferior frontal gyrus and STN, also predicted individual differences in stopping efficiency. Finally, we found that white matter structure in the tract between preSMA and STN correlated with effective connectivity of the same pathway, providing important cross-modal validation of the effective connectivity measures. Together, the results demonstrate the network dynamics and modulatory role of the prefrontal cortex that underpin individual differences in inhibitory control.
Readmission to the Intensive Care Unit in Times of Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery: Does Size Matter?
Authors: Boeken Udo , Minol Jan Philipp , Assmann Alexander , Mehdiani Arash , Akhyari Payam , Lichtenberg Artur
Published: January 2015

Objectives: It is well known that patients who undergo readmission to an intensive care unit (ICU) after cardiac surgery face an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The present study sought to evaluate whether less invasive procedures might be associated with a reduction of this economically as well as individually important problem. The role of the quantity of ICU and intermediate care (IMC) beds was investigated as well.

Methods: Altogether, we reviewed 5,333 patients who underwent cardiac surgery in our department between 2005 and 2010. The incidence of and reasons for readmission were determined with regard to individual subgroups, particularly comparing minimally invasive procedures with conventional strategies.

Results: A total of 5,132 patients were primarily discharged from the ICU. Out of this group, 293 patients were readmitted to the ICU at least once. After readmission, the average length of stay in the hospital was 21.9 � 11.3 days compared to 12.8 � 5.0 days in all other patients. Comparing the readmission rate in separate years, it was evident that this rate decreased with a growing ICU and IMC capacity. In patients who underwent less invasive cardiac surgery (ie, minimally invasive cardiac surgery, off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting), the readmission rates were significantly lower than in the entirety of patients studied.

Conclusion: Readmission to the ICU after cardiac surgery is associated with impaired outcome. Extended resources in terms of ICU and IMC capacity may positively influence this problem by decreasing the number of readmissions. Modern surgical strategies with less invasive procedures may be associated with a reduced incidence of readmission as well.
Evaluation of Myocardial Contractility Determination with Tissue Tracking Echocardiography after Levosimendan Infusion in Patients with Poor Left Ventricular Function and Hemodynamics
Authors: Sahin Veysel , Uyar Ihsan Sami , Gul Ilker , Akpinar Mehmet Besir , Abacilar Ahmet Feyzi , Uc Halil , Okur Faik Fevzi , Tavli Talat , Ates Mehmet , Alayunt Emin Alp
Published: January 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of conventional inotropic drugs compared to levosimendan using tissue tracking echocardiography in the early postoperative period for patients with low ejection fraction undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Methods: We prospectively analyzed 115 patients (69 male, 46 female) who planned for elective coronary artery bypass surgery with low ejection fraction, ?% 30, from September 2012 to December 2013. Patients were divided into two groups. Levosimendan was used at a loading dose of 15 ?g/kg/min for the first twenty minutes, and continued at a maintenance dose of 0.2 ?g/kg/min six hours before the anesthetic induction in group I (n = 47, 23 male, mean age 67.16 � 4.72 years). Dopamine at 10 ?g/kg/min and/or dobutamine at 10 ?g/kg/min were used at the time of weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass in group II (n = 68, 47 male, mean age 65.43 � 6.12 years). The patients were evaluated preoperatively and on the fifth postoperative day by transthoracic echocardiography. Patients were also evaluated just before the cardiopulmonary bypass and at the 12th and 24th hours on the first postoperative day by transesophageal echocardiography. Student t test and ?2 test were used for statistical analyses.

Results: There were no significant differences in demographics and preoperative hemodynamic parameters between groups I and II. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters were significantly better in group I receiving levosimendan, compared to group II.

Conclusion: Levosimendan enhances functional myocardial tissue mass and ensures positive hemodynamic effect in the early postoperative period in patients with low ejection fraction undergoing elective CABG.
Entrapped Thrombus in a Foramen Ovale Causing Pulmonary Emboli Treated with Emergent Surgery. Literature Review
Authors: Prifti Edvin , Nuellari Edmond , Doko Albana
Published: January 2015

A 60-year-old woman was admitted due to massive bilateral pulmonary thromboembolism and entrapped thrombus in the patent foramen ovale and severe right ventricular dysfunction. The patient underwent on-pump/beating heart removal of the intracardiac thrombus and bilateral pulmonary embolectomy. The postoperative course was uneventful. The chosen surgical strategy seems to offer excellent outcome in patients with severe right ventricular dysfunction.
Termite diversity in the Abobral region of the Pantanal wetland complex, Brazil
Authors: Cunha Hélida Ferreira da , Carrijo Tiago Fernades , Abot Alfredo Raul , Barbosa Carolina Da Silva
Published: January 2015

This is the first termite survey using standard protocols in the Abobral region of the Pantanal complex of South America. Abobral, which is primarily composed of four physiognomies: 1) campo, annually flooded grassland; 2) capão, which are islands of semi-deciduous forests; 3) carandazal, annually flooded vegetation composed of a native palm; and 4) paratudal, annually flooded savanna vegetation. Ten species of termites were sampled in the capões, three in the grasslands, two in the paratudal and no species in the carandazal. The diversity of termites in the Abobral Pantanal is concentrated in the capões, which stay above water level during the flood season. In the others physiognomies of the Abobral, the termite fauna is poor. The species composition of termites of the Abobral Pantanal seems to be more related to the Cerrado and Chaco faunas than to the Amazonia and Atlantic Forest faunas.
Influence of place of birth and gender on the health component of the quality of life of students
Authors: Andriichuk O.J. , Kasarda O.Z.
Published: January 2015

Purpose: to analyze indicators of physical and mental health components in quality of life of students according to gender and place of birth. Material : the study involved 513 students aged 17 - 22 years old. Depending on the place of birth of the students were grouped into 5 groups: residents of large cities, small cities, towns, and villages; sat. Results : the highest rate of physical activity in girls (91.75 points) and men (94.9 points) of the major cities. The lowest rates are indicator role activities (47.86 points) girls from small towns, vitality index (57.25 points) in men hail from towns. The correlation coefficients between the indicators of quality of life of students: high rates of mental health component in comparison with the physical component. Conclusions : it was found that students regardless of sex, physical health component above the psychological component. Gender difference between physical health component is greater among residents of the town. In terms of mental health component of the residents of small towns.