bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunoproteasome Assembly: Cooperative Incorporation of Interferon γ (IFN-γ)–inducible Subunits
Authors: Griffin Thomas A. , Nandi Dipankar , Cruz Miguel , Fehling Hans Jörg , Kaer Luc Van , Monaco John J. , Colbert Robert A.
Published: July 2002

LMP2, LMP7, and MECL are interferon γ–inducible catalytic subunits of vertebrate 20S proteasomes, which can replace constitutive catalytic subunits (delta, X, and Z, respectively) during proteasome biogenesis. We demonstrate that MECL requires LMP2 for efficient incorporation into preproteasomes, and preproteasomes containing LMP2 and MECL require LMP7 for efficient maturation. The latter effect depends on the presequence of LMP7, but not on LMP7 catalytic activity. This cooperative mechanism favors the assembly of homogeneous “immunoproteasomes” containing all three inducible subunits, suggesting that these subunits act in concert to enhance proteasomal generation of major histocompatibility complex class I–binding peptides.
Adhesion of Activated Platelets to Endothelial Cells: Evidence for a GPIIbIIIa-dependent Bridging Mechanism and Novel Roles for Endothelial Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), αvβ3 Integrin, and GPIbα
Authors: Bombeli Thomas , Schwartz Barbara R. , Harlan John M.
Published: July 2002

Although it has been reported that activated platelets can adhere to intact endothelium, the receptors involved have not been fully characterized. Also, it is not clear whether activated platelets bind primarily to matrix proteins at sites of endothelial cell denudation or directly to endothelial cells. Thus, this study was designed to further clarify the mechanisms of activated platelet adhesion to endothelium. Unstimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers were incubated with washed, stained, and thrombin-activated human platelets. To exclude matrix involvement, HUVEC were harvested mechanically and platelet binding was measured by flow cytometry. Before the adhesion assay, platelets or HUVEC were treated with different receptor antagonists. Whereas blockade of platelet β1 integrins, GPIbα, GPIV, P-selectin, and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 did not reduce platelet adhesion to HUVEC, blockade of platelet GPIIbIIIa by antibodies or Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides markedly decreased adhesion. Moreover, when platelets were treated with blocking antibodies to GPIIbIIIa-binding adhesive proteins, including fibrinogen and fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor (vWF), platelet binding was also reduced markedly. Addition of fibrinogen, fibronectin, or vWF further increased platelet adhesion, indicating that both endogenous platelet-exposed and exogenous adhesive proteins can participate in the binding process. Evaluation of the HUVEC receptors revealed predominant involvement of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and αvβ3 integrin. Blockade of these two receptors by antibodies decreased platelet binding significantly. Also, there was evidence that a component of platelet adhesion was mediated by endothelial GPIbα. Blockade of β1 integrins, E-selectin, P-selectin, PECAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and different matrix proteins on HUVEC did not affect platelet adhesion. In conclusion, we show that activated platelet binding to HUVEC monolayers is mediated by a GPIIbIIIa-dependent bridging mechanism involving platelet-bound adhesive proteins and the endothelial cell receptors ICAM-1, αvβ3 integrin, and, to a lesser extent, GPIbα.
Viral Immune Evasion Due to Persistence of Activated T Cells Without Effector Function
Authors: Zajac Allan J. , Blattman Joseph N. , Murali-Krishna Kaja , Sourdive David J.D. , Suresh M. , Altman John D. , Ahmed Rafi
Published: July 2002

We examined the regulation of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice. Our study shows that within the same persistently infected host, different mechanisms can operate to silence antiviral T cell responses; CD8 T cells specific to one dominant viral epitope were deleted, whereas CD8 T cells responding to another dominant epitope persisted indefinitely. These virus-specific CD8 T cells expressed activation markers (CD69hi, CD44hi, CD62Llo) and proliferated in vivo but were unable to elaborate any antiviral effector functions. This unresponsive phenotype was more pronounced under conditions of CD4 T cell deficiency, highlighting the importance of CD8– CD4 T cell collaboration in controlling persistent infections. Importantly, in the presence of CD4 T cell help, adequate CD8 effector activity was maintained and the chronic viral infection eventually resolved. The persistence of activated virus-specific CD8 T cells without effector function reveals a novel mechanism for silencing antiviral immune responses and also offers new possibilities for enhancing CD8 T cell immunity in chronically infected hosts.
B Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity and Surface Density Together Determine B-1 versus B-2 Cell Development
Authors: Lam Kong-Peng , Rajewsky Klaus
Published: July 2002

Mice expressing the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chain variable (V) region from a rearranged VH12 gene inserted into the IgH locus generate predominantly B-1 cells, whereas expression of two other VH region transgenes (VHB1-8 and VHglD42) leads to the almost exclusive generation of conventional, or B-2, cells. To determine the developmental potential of B cells bearing two distinct B cell antigen receptors (BCRs), one favoring B-1 and the other favoring B-2 cell development, we crossed VH12 insertion mice with mice bearing either VHB1-8 or VHglD42. B cells coexpressing VH12 and one of the other VH genes are readily detected in the double IgH insertion mice, and are of the B-2 phenotype. In mice coexpressing VH12, VHB1-8 and a transgenic κ chain able to pair with both H chains, double H chain–expressing B-2 cells, and B-1 cells that have lost VHB1-8 are generated, whereas VHB1-8 single producers are undetectable. These data suggest that B-1 but not B-2 cells are selected by antigenic stimuli in whose delivery BCR specificity and surface density are of critical importance.
Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Mediates Thrombin-Dependent, Cell-Mediated Renal Inflammation in Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Cunningham Malcolm A. , Rondeau Eric , Chen Xin , Coughlin Shaun R. , Holdsworth Stephen R. , Tipping Peter G.
Published: July 2002

Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 is a cellular receptor for thrombin that is activated after proteolytic cleavage. The contribution of PAR-1 to inflammatory cell–mediated renal injury was assessed in murine crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN). A pivotal role for thrombin in this model was demonstrated by the capacity of hirudin, a selective thrombin antagonist, to attenuate renal injury. Compared with control treatment, hirudin significantly reduced glomerular crescent formation, T cell and macrophage infiltration, fibrin deposition, and elevated serum creatinine, which are prominent features of GN. PAR-1–deficient (PAR-1−/−) mice, which have normal coagulation, also showed significant protection from crescentic GN compared with wild-type mice. The reductions in crescent formation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and serum creatinine were similar in PAR-1−/− and hirudin-treated mice, but hirudin afforded significantly greater protection from fibrin deposition. Treatment of wild-type mice with a selective PAR-1–activating peptide (TRAP) augmented histological and functional indices of GN, but TRAP treatment did not alter the severity of GN in PAR−/− mice. These results indicate that activation of PAR-1 by thrombin or TRAP amplifies crescentic GN. Thus, in addition to its procoagulant role, thrombin has proinflammatory, PAR-1–dependent effects that augment inflammatory renal injury.
Identification of a Human Follicular Dendritic Cell Molecule That Stimulates Germinal Center B Cell Growth
Authors: Li Li , Zhang Xin , Kovacic Sharlotte , Long Andrew J. , Bourque Karen , Wood Clive R. , Choi Yong Sung
Published: July 2002

The initial interaction between B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) appears to be essential for germinal center (GC) formation. To identify molecules regulating this interaction, we generated FDC-staining monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and screened them for their ability to block FDC-mediated costimulation of growth and differentiation of CD40-stimulated B cells. Using one of the inhibitory mAbs, 8D6, we expression cloned the cDNA encoding the 8D6 antigen (Ag) from a human FDC line, HK. The 8D6 Ag is a novel protein of 282 amino acids that is expressed abundantly on FDCs. Monolayers of COS cells transiently transfected with the 8D6 Ag cDNA stimulate B cell growth. The mAb 8D6 blocks the costimulatory function completely. The inhibitory activity of the mAb 8D6 was demonstrated to be due to an inhibition of cell cycle progression of CD40 ligand–stimulated GC B cells. In addition, the mAb 8D6 inhibits the growth of a lymphoma of GC origin, L3055, which depends on FDCs or HK cells for its growth. These findings suggest that the primary function of FDCs in the GC is to stimulate B cell growth. An FDC signal molecule, 8D6 Ag, may be an important molecule to mediate this function.
Requirement of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor–Associated Factor (Traf)6 in Interleukin 17 Signal Transduction
Authors: Schwandner Ralf , Yamaguchi Kyoko , Cao Zhaodan
Published: July 2002

Signaling through its widely distributed cell surface receptor, interleukin (IL)-17 enhances the transcription of genes encoding proinflammatory molecules. Although it has been well documented that IL-17 activates the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), the upstream signaling events are largely unknown. Here we report the requirement of tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor (TRAF)6 in IL-17–induced NF-κB and JNK activation. In embryonic fibroblasts (EFs) derived from TRAF6 knockout mice, IL-17 failed to activate the IκB kinases (IKKs) and JNK. Consequently, IL-17–induced IL-6 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression in the TRAF6-deficient cells was abolished. Lack of TRAF6 appeared to be the sole defect responsible for the observed failure to respond to IL-17, because transient transfection of TRAF6 expression plasmid into the TRAF6-deficient cells restored IL-17–induced NF-κB activation in a luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, the levels of IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) on the TRAF6-deficient EFs were comparable to those on the wild-type control cells. Defect in IL-17 response was not observed in TRAF2-deficient EFs. Moreover, when TRAF6 and IL-17R were coexpressed in 293 cells, TRAF6 coimmunoprecipitated with IL-17R. Together, these results indicate that TRAF6, but not TRAF2, is a crucial component in the IL-17 signaling pathway leading to proinflammatory responses.
X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease
Authors: Parolini Silvia , Bottino Cristina , Falco Michela , Augugliaro Raffaella , Giliani Silvia , Franceschini Roberta , Ochs Hans D. , Wolf Hermann , Bonnefoy Jean-Yves , Biassoni Roberto , Moretta Lorenzo , Notarangelo Luigi D. , Moretta Alessandro
Published: July 2002

2B4 is a surface molecule involved in activation of the natural killer (NK) cell–mediated cytotoxicity. It binds a protein termed Src homology 2 domain–containing protein (SH2D1A) or signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP), which in turn has been proposed to function as a regulator of the 2B4-associated signal transduction pathway. In this study, we analyzed patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), a severe inherited immunodeficiency characterized by critical mutations in the SH2D1A gene and by the inability to control Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections. We show that, in these patients, 2B4 not only fails to transduce triggering signals, but also mediates a sharp inhibition of the NK-mediated cytolysis. Other receptors involved in NK cell triggering, including CD16, NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30, displayed a normal functional capability. However, their activating function was inhibited upon engagement of 2B4 molecules. CD48, the natural ligand of 2B4, is highly expressed on the surface of EBV+ B cell lines. Remarkably, NK cells from XLP patients could not kill EBV+ B cell lines. This failure was found to be the consequence of inhibitory signals generated by the interaction between 2B4 and CD48, as the antibody-mediated disruption of the 2B4–CD48 interaction restored lysis of EBV+ target cells lacking human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. In the case of autologous or allogeneic (HLA class I+) EBV+ lymphoblastoid cell lines, restoration of lysis was achieved only by the simultaneous disruption of 2B4–CD48 and NK receptor–HLA class I interactions. Molecular analysis revealed that 2B4 molecules isolated from either XLP or normal NK cells were identical. As expected, in XLP-NK cells, 2B4 did not associate with SH2D1A, whereas similar to 2B4 molecules isolated from normal NK cells, it did associate with Src homology 2 domain–containing phosphatase 1.
Recruitment of Slp-76 to the Membrane and Glycolipid-Enriched Membrane Microdomains Replaces the Requirement for Linker for Activation of T Cells in T Cell Receptor Signaling
Authors: Boerth Nancy J. , Sadler Jeffrey J. , Bauer Daniel E. , Clements James L. , Gheith Shereen M. , Koretzky Gary A.
Published: July 2002

Two hematopoietic-specific adapters, src homology 2 domain–containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kD (SLP-76) and linker for activation of T cells (LAT), are critical for T cell development and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Several studies have suggested that SLP-76 and LAT function coordinately to promote downstream signaling. In support of this hypothesis, we find that a fraction of SLP-76 localizes to glycolipid-enriched membrane microdomains (GEMs) after TCR stimulation. This recruitment of SLP-76 requires amino acids 224–244. The functional consequences of targeting SLP-76 to GEMs for TCR signaling are demonstrated using a LAT/SLP-76 chimeric protein. Expression of this construct reconstitutes TCR-inducted phospholipase Cγ1 phosphorylation, extracellular signal–regulated kinase activation, and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) promoter activity in LAT-deficient Jurkat T cells (J.CaM2). Mutation of the chimeric construct precluding its recruitment to GEMs diminishes but does not eliminate its ability to support TCR signaling. Expression of a chimera that lacks SLP-76 amino acids 224–244 restores NFAT promoter activity, suggesting that if localized, SLP-76 does not require an association with Gads to promote T cell activation. In contrast, mutation of the protein tyrosine kinase phosphorylation sites of SLP-76 in the context of the LAT/SLP-76 chimera abolishes reconstitution of TCR function. Collectively, these experiments show that optimal TCR signaling relies on the compartmentalization of SLP-76 and that one critical function of LAT is to bring SLP-76 and its associated proteins to the membrane.
Universities and article copyright
Authors: Law D. G. , Weedon R. L. , Sheen M. R.
Published: July 2002

The advent of electronic publishing raises many questions about the exercise of digital rights. We examine the problem of who owns the copyright of articles in the context of university attitudes to intellectual property generally and evolving practices in the publishing arena. We conclude that the balance between author and publisher is changing and that universities, as employers, could play a larger part in shifting the balance still further.
Pragmatic citing and linking in electronic scholarly publishing
Authors: Doyle Mark
Published: July 2002

The transition from traditional, paper‐based publishing to electronic publishing presents many challenges for publishers and their constituents. Among the most significant are those that concern linking to articles that are available online and citing of articles that are now published online prior to (or even in lieu of) the final pagination and binding of paper issues. The solutions to these problems will have a great impact on the usability of the scholarly electronic corpus for the research community. In particular, the solutions must be easy to use, persistent, and scalable. Here we examine some pragmatic solutions (in use now) that satisfy these criteria and contrast them with other proposed solutions. The examples are drawn mainly from the experiences of the American Physical Society, but the lessons gleaned will have wide applicability.
Library purchasing consortia: the UK periodicals supply market
Authors: Ball David , Pye Jo
Published: July 2002

This article is based on surveys undertaken for a British Library Research and Innovation Centre/Library and Information Commission‐funded research project. It describes the models of operation of purchasing consortia in two library sectors (health and higher education) and their expenditure patterns. Present and future savings deriving from consortial activity and the effects of consortia on periodicals suppliers are discussed. The article closes by predicting future activity.
How efficient is your publishing operation?
Authors: Dryburgh Alastair
Published: July 2002

Increasing financial pressures on academic publishing and a rapid rate of change create a need for a wider range of financial information to ensure optimum efficiency, and to ensure that the financial implications of new developments are fully understood and planned for. The article describes a number of practical techniques and concepts to respond to these new requirements.
What readers value in academic journals
Authors: Baldwin Christine , Pullinger David
Published: July 2002

This paper examines what readers value in printed and electronic journals based on the experience of the SuperJournal Project. Data were collected at the start of the project on how academic readers use printed journals and the library, their views on the advantages and disadvantages of print as a medium, and their expectations for electronic journals. At the end of the project, they were asked what they valued in the electronic journals delivered by SuperJournal and what they would most value in future services. Core requirements for electronic journal services are a wide range of journals, timeliness, fast access and ease of use. The key benefits from the user's point of view are convenience, saving time and efficiency.
The archiving of online journals
Authors: Leggate Peter , Hannant Mike
Published: July 2002

The present lack of trusted archiving of electronic periodicals is probably one of the main factors preventing a faster move away from the printed journal. This article considers – from a publisher's and a librarian's perspective – all aspects of the electronic archiving, from what should be archived, to who should carry out the archiving.
The mutant journal: how adaptations to online forces are forcing STM journals to mutate
Authors: Anderson Kent
Published: July 2002

Journals treat information in a peculiar manner. Now, online publishing is forcing rapid mutation of the journal's inherently volatile genetic code. This paper proposes a sequence of mutation, and discusses the evolutionary forces at work and how publishers can themselves adapt when faced with mutant journals.
The Electronic Publishing Initiative at Columbia (EPIC): a university‐based collaboration in digital scholarly communication
Authors: Wittenberg Kate
Published: July 2002

Researchers and staff from the Press, the Libraries, and the Academic Information Systems within Columbia University have been actively collaborating to develop strategies and models for ongoing, sustainable programmes of electronic scholarly publishing that take advantage of the available new technologies while maintaining the traditional quality and purpose of university‐based research, teaching, and publishing. The evolving structure and content of current projects are briefly described, along with some of the lessons learned and plans for future development.
Bioline Publications: how its evolution has mirrored the growth of the internet
Authors: Canhos Vanderlei , Chan Leslie , Kirsop Barbara
Published: July 2002

We describe the progress of Bioline Publications from birth to the present time and draw some conclusions from our experience.
Publishing: a market‐led approach
Authors: Grace Mike
Published: July 2002

A definition of marketing is offered. Detailed analysis demonstrates the editorial and commercial benefits of a market‐led approach to publishing.
Physicists in the new era of electronic publishing
Authors: Langer James
Published: July 2002

New electronic opportunities for scientific communication, and changes in how scientists use journals, are prompting a complete re‐evaluation of the roles of scientific journals and of scholarly societies like the APS.
The publications of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society
Authors: Fowler John
Published: July 2002

The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (the addition of ‘Royal’ to the Society's title was granted in 1988) was one of the early professional bodies to be created and given a Royal Charter. It was also a founder member of ALPSP. From the Society's 19th century beginnings to the present day there have been many changes, not least among the publications launched over the years. The histories of some of them reflect happenings in the periods in which they have been produced.
Book reviews
Authors: Wood Dee , Mabe Michael
Published: July 2002

Capturing the Mobile Internet Customer: the Convergence of Digital Content and Mobile Telecoms by Electronic Publishing Services Ltd and BRC Consultancy Ltd. 2000. £975 (£725 for clients). From EPS Ltd, 26 Rosebery Avenue, London EC1R 45X

From Gutenberg to the Global Information Infrastructure: Access to Information in the Networked World by Christine L. Borgman MIT Press, 2000. Pp. 324. Hardback, £27.95. ISBN 0‐262‐02473‐X
Book reviews
Authors: Watkinson Anthony , Watkins Judy , Dryburgh Alastair , Bell Hazel , Hezlet Susan
Published: July 2002

Declaring Independence: A Guide to Creating Community‐controlled Science Journals

Policy Approaches to Copyright in HEIs: A Study of the JISC Committee for Awareness, Liaison and Training by Ralph Weedon University of Strathclyde (available from The Centre for Educational Systems, University of Strathclyde, Alexander Turnbull Building, 155 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD). ISBN 0‐9538312‐0‐5

Internet Publishing and Beyond: The Economics of Digital Information and Intellectual Property edited by Brian Kahin and Hal R. Varian MIT Press, 2000. Pp. 229. Paperback £16.95. ISBN 0‐262‐61159‐7

How to Present at Meetings edited by George Hall. London: BMJ Books, 2001. Pp. ix + 79. £12.95. ISBN 0‐7279‐1271‐2

Dictionary of Printing and Publishing by Michael Barnard and John Peacock Pira International, UK, 2000. Pp. 216. Softcover, £80.00. ISBN 1‐85802‐3815
Dos and don'ts for electronic journal management: some advice to publishers
Authors: McElroy Emily
Published: July 2002

Librarians, publishers, aggregators, and subscription agents find themselves in new roles as electronic journals increase in importance. Librarians are redefining their role as electronic journal administrators in the dissemination of scholarly communication. As part of a recent survey of electronic journal administrators, we elicited suggestions to ease the frustrations faced in the management of electronic journals. This article highlights some dos and don'ts that librarians would like to see the publishing community consider, and proposes realistic solutions for some of the management problems encountered.
Digital copying and the statutory licences in Australian universities
Authors: Wiseman Leanne
Published: July 2002

Since its introduction in 1983, the educational statutory licence has been revised and amended to take into account developments in copying practices within the Australian university sector, and in March 2000 a new educational licensing arrangement was entered into. The new licence sees the focus of educational copying shift away from reprographic copying to digital copying. The aim of this article is to examine briefly the current educational copying regime in Australia, looking at the licences entered into by the universities and the copyright owners, and comparing the way the new 2000 licensing agreement operates in contrast with the earlier licences. The impact of the recently enacted Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act 2000 is also examined in light of the new 2000 statutory licence and how these changes may impact upon current copying practices within Australian universities.
What Librarians want: transplanting yesterday into tomorrow
Authors: Naylor Bernard
Published: July 2002

The electronic learned journal of tomorrow is likely to be substantially different from today's print‐on‐paper precursor. The emphasis will be on accessibility for the individual user and the objective should be to combine the convenience of the local library collection with the organisation and support services typical of a large general collection. Publishers too will need to adopt access and pricing policies which give priority to the convenience of scholars and which acknowledge value‐for‐money arguments. Extrapolation from some present day trends may be a useful guide to the future. Parallel publishing itself is likely to be a temporary phenomenon, preceding exclusively electronic scholarly publication in many fields.
A system for the publication of biomedical journals in multiple formats
Authors: Richardson Martin J
Published: July 2002

This article outlines a system developed by Oxford University Press for the publication, in print and multiple electronic formats, of the Journal Nucleic Acids Research. It describes how procedures have been developed to provide a single production process from which print, CD‐ROM and online editions can be produced. Usage analysis data for the first year of publication of the online edition are presented. Extension of the system to other biomedical journals is also briefly discussed.
Environmental paper buying — best practice
Authors: Kuiper Jan
Published: July 2002

In this article the environmental and commercial issues, which are an integral part of the need for, and practice of, recycling paper, are explored and explained. Although of particular interest to publishers, paper buyers and printers this is a subject that no one can afford to ignore.
Quality in on‐line journals
Authors: Pullinger David
Published: July 2002

The paper describes how Nature, the international weekly journal of science, addresses quality as it moves from print to on–line. It lists the issues that arise and the actions taken as a result.
Online journal marketing strategies
Authors: Bol Jennifer L.
Published: July 2002

Publishers and learned societies in the scientific marketplace are faced with new challenges as they move their existing journals from the traditional print format and distribution to an electronic environment. Many of the traditional marketing approaches need to be modified to reflect new features and benefits that online publications offer. In addition, the electronic environment, specifically the World Wide Web (WWW) offer different types of opportunities beyond traditional marketing channels. The following paper will cover several different aspects of marketing electronic journals: traditional marketing considerations; translating traditional methods into electronic marketing strategies; and an emerging marketing channel referred to as the virtual community.
Fair dealing for criticism and review in scholarly publishing
Authors: Dunlop Vivienne
Published: July 2002

UK Copyright law (CAPD 1988) defines the requirements for qualification for copyright protection in the UK and for many of the permitted acts. A defence against infringement of copyright is provided for under the terms of fair dealing for the purposes of criticism and review, but use of this defence must be assessed on the nature and extent of the use of copyright material in each case. Industry practice and guidelines exist for use of some text material, but not for the fair dealing use of other copyright material such as images and artwork, the inclusion of which was a major change in the CAPD 1988 act from earlier UK copyright acts.
In what are we trading? Authors' rights and publishers' rights in traditional and digital media
Authors: Clark Charles
Published: July 2002

This article surveys the current copyright situation, and the changes that have recently taken place, or which are still under discussion, to take account of the new challenges of the digital environment. A suggested hierarchy of prime and subsidiary electronic rights is outlined, and some significant developments in both licensing and electronic rights trading are discussed. Publishers and authors are urged to find new ways of licensing in the digital environment, if they are to avoid an environment of ‘limitations, exceptions and compulsory licensing’, which would not be conducive to a flourishing digital economy.
Singular hyperbolic systems
Authors: Morales C. , Pacifico M. , Pujals E.
Published: July 2002

We construct a class of vector fields on 3-manifolds containing the hyperbolic ones and the geometric Lorenz attractor. Conversely, we shall prove that nonhyperbolic systems in this class resemble the Lorenz attractor: they have Lorenz-like singularities accumulated by periodic orbits and they cannot be approximated by flows with nonhyperbolic critical elements.
Generalized Matlis duality
Authors: Belshoff Richard , Enochs Edgar , García Rozas Juan
Published: July 2002

Let

R
R

be a commutative noetherian ring and let

E
E

be the minimal injective cogenerator of the category of

R
R

-modules. A module

M
M

is said to be reflexive with respect to

E
E

if the natural evaluation map from

M
M

to

Hom
R

⁡
(

Hom
R

⁡
(
M
,
E
)
,
E
)

\operatorname {Hom}_R( \operatorname {Hom}_R(M,E), E)

is an isomorphism. We give a classification of modules which are reflexive with respect to

E
E

. A module

M
M

is reflexive with respect to

E
E

if and only if

M
M

has a finitely generated submodule

S
S

such that

M

/

S

M/S

is artinian and

R

/

ann
⁡
(
M
)

R/\operatorname {ann}(M)

is a complete semi-local ring.
Carleson measures and some classes of meromorphic functions
Authors: Aulaskari Rauno , Wulan Hasi , Zhao Ruhan
Published: July 2002

For

|

a

|

>
1

|a|>1

let

φ

a

\varphi _{a}

be the Möbius transformation defined by

φ

a

(
z
)
=

a
−
z

1
−

a
¯

z

\varphi _{a}(z)=\frac {a-z}{1-\bar az}

, and let

g
(
z
,
a
)
=
log
⁡

|

1
−

a
¯

z

z
−
a

|

g(z,a)=\log |\frac {1-\bar az}{z-a}|

be the Green’s function of the unit disk

D

\mathcal {D}

. We construct an analytic function

f
f

belonging to

M

p

#

=
{

f
:

M_{p}^{\#} = \{\, f : {}

f
f

meromorphic in

D

\mathcal {D}

and
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="sup Underscript a element-of script upper D Endscripts double-integral Underscript script upper D Endscripts left-parenthesis f Superscript number-sign Baseline left-parenthesis z right-parenthesis right-parenthesis squared left-parenthesis 1 minus StartAbsoluteValue phi Subscript a Baseline left-parenthesis z right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue squared right-parenthesis Superscript p Baseline d upper A left-parenthesis z right-parenthesis greater-than normal infinity right-brace">

sup

a
∈

D

∬

D

(

f

#

(
z
)

)

2

(
1
−

|

φ

a

(
z
)

|

2

)

p

d
A
(
z
)
>
∞

}

\sup _{a\in \mathcal {D}} \iint _{\mathcal {D}}(f^{\#}(z))^{2}(1-|\varphi _{a}(z)|^{2})^{p}\,dA(z)>\infty \, \}

for all

p
p

,

0
>
p
>
∞

0>p>\infty

, but not belonging to

Q

p

#

=
{

f
:
f

Q_{p}^{\#}=\{\,f:f

meromorphic in

D

\mathcal {D}

and
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="sup Underscript a element-of script upper D Endscripts double-integral Underscript script upper D Endscripts left-parenthesis f Superscript number-sign Baseline left-parenthesis z right-parenthesis right-parenthesis squared left-parenthesis g left-parenthesis z comma a right-parenthesis right-parenthesis Superscript p Baseline d upper A left-parenthesis z right-parenthesis greater-than normal infinity right-brace">

sup

a
∈

D

∬

D

(

f

#

(
z
)

)

2

(
g
(
z
,
a
)

)

p

d
A
(
z
)
>
∞

}

\sup _{a\in \mathcal {D}}\iint _{\mathcal {D}}(f^{\#}(z))^{2}(g(z,a))^{p}\,dA(z)>\infty \,\}

for any

p
p

,

0
>
p
>
∞

0>p>\infty

. This gives a clear difference as compared to the analytic case where the corresponding function spaces (

M

p

M_{p}

and

Q

p

Q_{p}

) are same.
Weakly defective varieties
Authors: Chiantini L. , Ciliberto C.
Published: July 2002

A projective variety

X
X

is ‘

k
k

-weakly defective’ when its intersection with a general

(
k
+
1
)

(k+1)

-tangent hyperplane has no isolated singularities at the

k
+
1

k+1

points of tangency. If

X
X

is

k
k

-defective, i.e. if the

k
k

-secant variety of

X
X

has dimension smaller than expected, then

X
X

is also

k
k

-weakly defective. The converse does not hold in general. A classification of weakly defective varieties seems to be a basic step in the study of defective varieties of higher dimension. We start this classification here, describing all weakly defective irreducible surfaces. Our method also provides a new proof of the classical Terracini’s classification of

k
k

-defective surfaces.
On the conjectures of J. Thompson and O. Ore
Authors: Ellers Erich , Gordeev Nikolai
Published: July 2002

If

G
G

is a finite simple group of Lie type over a field containing more than

8
8

elements (for twisted groups

l

X

n

(

q

l

)

^{l} X_{n} (q^{l})

we require

q
>
8

q > 8

, except for

2

B

2

(

q

2

)

^{2} B_{2} (q^{2})

,

2

G

2

(

q

2

)

^{2} G_{2} (q^{2})

, and

2

F

4

(

q

2

)

^{2} F_{4} (q^{2})

, where we assume

q

2

>
8

q^{2} > 8

), then

G
G

is the square of some conjugacy class and consequently every element in

G
G

is a commutator.
On the subgroup structure of exceptional groups of Lie type
Authors: Liebeck Martin , Seitz Gary
Published: July 2002

We study finite subgroups of exceptional groups of Lie type, in particular maximal subgroups. Reduction theorems allow us to concentrate on almost simple subgroups, the main case being those with socle

X
(
q
)

X(q)

of Lie type in the natural characteristic. Our approach is to show that for sufficiently large

q
q

(usually

q
>
9

q>9

suffices),

X
(
q
)

X(q)

is contained in a subgroup of positive dimension in the corresponding exceptional algebraic group, stabilizing the same subspaces of the Lie algebra. Applications are given to the study of maximal subgroups of finite exceptional groups. For example, we show that all maximal subgroups of sufficiently large order arise as fixed point groups of maximal closed subgroups of positive dimension.
On integer Chebyshev polynomials
Authors: Habsieger Laurent , Salvy Bruno
Published: July 2002

We are concerned with the problem of minimizing the supremum norm on

[
0
,
1
]

\lbrack 0,1\rbrack

of a nonzero polynomial of degree at most

n
n

with integer coefficients. We use the structure of such polynomials to derive an efficient algorithm for computing them. We give a table of these polynomials for degree up to

75
75

and use a value from this table to answer an open problem due to P. Borwein and T. Erdélyi and improve a lower bound due to Flammang et al.
Hilbert schemes, polygraphs and the Macdonald positivity conjecture
Authors: Haiman Mark
Published: July 2002

We study theisospectral Hilbert schemeXnX_{n}, defined as the reduced fiber product of(C2)n(\mathbb {C}^{2})^{n}with the Hilbert schemeHnH_{n}of points in the planeC2\mathbb {C}^{2}, over the symmetric powerSnC2=(C2)n/SnS^{n}\mathbb {C}^{2} = (\mathbb {C}^{2})^{n}/S_{n}. By a theorem of Fogarty,HnH_{n}is smooth. We prove thatXnX_{n}is normal, Cohen-Macaulay and Gorenstein, and hence flat overHnH_{n}. We derive two important consequences. (1) We prove the strong form of then!n!conjectureof Garsia and the author, giving a representation-theoretic interpretation of the Kostka-Macdonald coefficientsKλμ(q,t)K_{\lambda \mu }(q,t). This establishes theMacdonald positivity conjecture, namely thatKλμ(q,t)∈N[q,t]K_{\lambda \mu }(q,t)\in {\mathbb N} [q,t]. (2) We show that the Hilbert schemeHnH_{n}is isomorphic to theGG-Hilbert scheme(C2)n//Sn(\mathbb {C}^{2})^{n}{/\!\!/}S_nof Nakamura, in such a way thatXnX_{n}is identified with the universal family over(C2)n//Sn({\mathbb C}^2)^n{/\!\!/}S_n. From this point of view,Kλμ(q,t)K_{\lambda \mu }(q,t)describes the fiber of acharacter sheafCλC_{\lambda }at a torus-fixed point of(C2)n//Sn({\mathbb C}^2)^n{/\!\!/}S_ncorresponding toμ\mu. The proofs rely on a study of certain subspace arrangementsZ(n,l)⊆(C2)n+lZ(n,l)\subseteq (\mathbb {C}^{2})^{n+l}, calledpolygraphs, whose coordinate ringsR(n,l)R(n,l)carry geometric information aboutXnX_{n}. The key result is thatR(n,l)R(n,l)is a free module over the polynomial ring in one set of coordinates on(C2)n(\mathbb {C}^{2})^{n}. This is proven by an intricate inductive argument based on elementary commutative algebra.
Cyclin A- and Cyclin E-Cdk Complexes Shuttle between the Nucleus and the Cytoplasm
Authors: Jackman Mark , Kubota Yumiko , den Elzen Nicole , Hagting Anja , Pines Jonathon
Published: July 2002

Cyclins A and E and their partner cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are key regulators of DNA synthesis and of mitosis. Immunofluorescence studies have shown that both cyclins are nuclear and that a proportion of cyclin A is localized to sites of DNA replication. However, recently, both cyclin A and cyclin E have been implicated as regulators of centrosome replication, and it is unclear when and where these cyclin-Cdks can interact with cytoplasmic substrates. We have used live cell imaging to study the behavior of cyclin/Cdk complexes. We found that cyclin A and cyclin E are able to regulate both nuclear and cytoplasmic events because they both shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. However, we found that there are marked differences in their shuttling behavior, which raises the possibility that cyclin/Cdk function could be regulated at the level of nuclear import and export. In the course of these experiments, we have also found that, contrary to published results, mutations in the hydrophobic patch of cyclin A do affect Cdk binding and nuclear import. This has implications for the role of the hydrophobic patch as a substrate selection motif.
Low-Dose Exposure to Asbestos and Lung Cancer: Dose-Response Relations and Interaction with Smoking in a Population-based Case-Referent Study in Stockholm, Sweden
Authors: Gustavsson Per , Nyberg Fredrik , Pershagen Göran , Schéele Patrik , Jakobsson Robert , Plato Nils
Published: July 2002

This population-based case-referent study investigated the lung cancer risk associated with occupational exposure to asbestos, focusing on dose-response relations and the interaction with tobacco smoking. Incident cases of lung cancer among males aged 40–75 years in Stockholm County, Sweden, were identified from 1985 to 1990. Referents were selected randomly within strata (age, inclusion year) of the study base. Questionnaires administered to subjects or their next of kin gave information on occupations, tobacco smoking habits, and residences. Response rates of 87% and 85% resulted in 1,038 cases and 2,359 referents, respectively. Occupational exposures were assessed by an industrial hygienist. Lung cancer risk increased almost linearly with cumulative dose of asbestos. The risk at a cumulative dose of 4 fiber-years was 1.90 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32, 2.74), higher than that predicted by downward linear extrapolation from highly exposed occupational cohorts. The relative risk (exp(beta)) for a transformed dose variable ln(fiber-years + 1) was 1.494 (95% CI: 1.193, 1.871) per unit of exposure. The joint effect of asbestos and smoking was estimated to be 1.15 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.72) times that predicted from the sum of their individual effects and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.86) times that predicted from their product, indicating a joint effect between additivity and multiplicativity.
JPred: a consensus secondary structure prediction server.
Authors: Cuff J A , Clamp M E , Siddiqui A S , Finlay M , Barton G J
Published: July 2002

SUMMARY: An interactive protein secondary structure prediction Internet server is presented. The server allows a single sequence or multiple alignment to be submitted, and returns predictions from six secondary structure prediction algorithms that exploit evolutionary information from multiple sequences. A consensus prediction is also returned which improves the average Q3 accuracy of prediction by 1% to 72.9%. The server simplifies the use of current prediction algorithms and allows conservation patterns important to structure and function to be identified. AVAILABILITY: http://barton.ebi.ac.uk/servers/jpred.h tml CONTACT: geoff@ebi.ac.uk
Amphiphilicity index of polar amino acids as an aid in the
characterization of amino acid preference at membrane–water
interfaces
Authors: Mitaku Shigeki , Hirokawa Takatsugu , Tsuji Toshiyuki
Published: July 2002

Motivation: An amphiphilicity index of amino acid residues was developed for improving the method of transmembrane helix prediction.

Results: The transfer energy of a hydrocarbon stem group beyond the γ-carbon was calculated from the accessible surface area, and used to index the amphiphilicity of the residue. Non-zero amphiphilicity index values were obtained for lysine, arginine, histidine, glutamic acid, glutamine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Those residues were found to be abundant in the end regions of transmembrane helices, indicating their preference for the membrane–water interface. The moving average of the amphiphilicity index actually showed significant peaks in the end regions of most transmembrane helices. A dispersion diagram of average amphiphilicity index versus average hydrophobicity index was devised to facilitate discrimination of transmembrane helices.

Availability: The amphiphilicity index has been incorporated into a system, SOSUI, for the discrimination of membrane proteins and the prdiction of tranmembrane helical regions (http://sosui.proteome.bio.tuat.ac.jp/sosuiframe0.html).

Contact: mitaku@cc.tuat.ac.jp

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
THE EVOLUTION OF VAT RATES AND GOVERNMENT TAX REVENUE IN MEXICO
Authors: Pagán José A. , Soydemir Gökçe , Tijerina‐Guajardo José A.
Published: July 2002

As a response to the 1994 Mexican peso crisis, in April 1995 the Mexican government increased the Value Added Tax (VAT) rate from 10 to 15%. More recently, policy makers have debated the potential economic impact of a reduction in the VAT rate on VAT revenue. Using a vector autoregression (VAR) model, this article analyzes the dynamics between government spending, inflation, the VAT rate, and VAT revenue in Mexico. The results from the estimated impulse response functions and variance decompositions indicate that VAT rate hikes lead to increases in government tax receipts. Further, tax collections play an important role in explaining movements in the rate of inflation in the Mexican economy. Overall, the findings are consistent with the view that increases (decreases) in the VAT rate result in larger (smaller) tax revenues.
Do fossil plants signal palaeoatmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in the geological past?
Authors: McElwain J. C.
Published: July 2002

Fossil, subfossil, and herbarium leaves have been shown to provide a morphological signal of the atmospheric carbon dioxide environment in which they developed by means of their stomatal density and index. An inverse relationship between stomatal density/index and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has been documented for all the studies to date concerning fossil and subfossil material. Furthermore, this relationship has been demonstrated experimentally by growing plants under elevated and reducedcarbon dioxide concentrations. To date, the mechanism that controls the stomatal density response to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration remains unknown. However, stomatal parameters of fossil plants have been successfully used as a proxy indicator of palaeo–carbon dioxide levels. This paper presents new estimates of palaeo–atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations for the Middle Eocene (Lutetian), based on the stomatal ratios of fossil Lauraceae species from Bournemouth in England. Estimates of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations derived from stomatal data from plants of the Early Devonian, Late Carboniferous, Early Permian and Middle Jurassic ages are reviewed in the light of new data. Semi–quantitative palaeo–carbon dioxide estimates based on the stomatal ratio (a ratio of the stomatal index of a fossil plant to that of a selected nearest living equivalent) have in the past relied on the use of a Carboniferous standard. The application of a new standard based on the present–day carbon dioxide level is reported here for comparison. The resultant ranges of palaeo–carbon dioxide estimates made from standardized fossil stomatal ratio data are in good agreement with both carbon isotopic data from terrestrial and marine sources and long–term carbon cycle modelling estimates for all the time periods studied. These data indicate elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Early Devonian, Middle Jurassic and Middle Eocene, and reduced concentrations during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian. Such data are important in demonstrating the long–term responses of plants to changing carbon dioxide concentrations and in contributing to the database needed for general circulation model climatic analogues.
Spatial attention and neglect: parietal, frontal and cingulate contributions to the mental representation and attentional targeting of salient extrapersonal events
Authors: Mesulam M.-Marsel
Published: July 2002

The syndrome of contralesional neglect reflects a lateralized disruption of spatial attention. In the human, the left hemisphere shifts attention predominantly in the contralateral hemispace and in a contraversive direction whereas the right hemisphere distributes attention more evenly, in both hemispaces and both directions. As a consequence of this asymmetry, severe contralesional neglect occurs almost exclusively after right hemisphere lesions. Patients with left neglect experience a loss of salience in the mental representation and conscious perception of the left side and display a reluctance to direct orientating and exploratory behaviours to the left. Neglect is distributed according to egocentric, allocentric, world-centred, and object-centred frames of reference. Neglected events can continue to exert an implicit influence on behaviour, indicating that the attentional filtering occurs at the level of an internalized representation rather than at the level of peripheral sensory input. The unilateral neglect syndrome is caused by a dysfunction of a large-scale neurocognitive network, the cortical epicentres of which are located in posterior parietal cortex, the frontal eye fields, and the cingulate gyrus. This network coordinates all aspects of spatial attention, regardless of the modality of input or output. It helps to compile a mental representation of extrapersonal events in terms of their motivational salience, and to generate ‘kinetic strategies’ so that the attentional focus can shift from one target to another.