bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Arylisoindolin‐1‐ones via Pd‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Decarbonylative Coupling of N‐(2‐Bromobenzyl)oxanilic Acid Phenyl Esters.
Authors: Zheng Yu , Yu Gongli , Wu Jinlong , Dai Wei‐Min
Published: August 2010

Under optimized conditions, precursors (III) and (VI) can be subjected to Pd‐catalyzed cyclization to give the required isoindolinone skeleton.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and General Synthesis of 3‐Aminoindolines and 3‐Aminoindoles via Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Chernyak Dmitri , Chernyak Natalia , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: August 2010

3‐Aminoindolines are prepared in a novel highly efficient and general copper‐catalyzed three component coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: PdCl2‐Catalyzed Domino Reactions of 2‐Alkynylbenzaldehydes with Indoles: Synthesis of Fluorescent 5H‐Benzo[b]carbazol‐6‐yl Ketones.
Authors: Tang Ri‐Yuan , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: August 2010

Depending on the reaction temperature, the title reaction affords either benzo‐fused carbazoles or isochromenylindoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica‐Bonded S‐Sulfonic Acid: A Recyclable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Trisubstituted Imidazoles under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Niknam Khodabakhsh , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad R. , Mirzaee Salimeh , Saberi Dariush
Published: August 2010

A silica‐bonded S‐sulfonic acid is shown to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of trisubstituted imidazoles, e.g. (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem [8 + 2] Cycloaddition—[2 + 6 + 2] Dehydrogenation Reactions Involving Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines and Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines.
Authors: Aginagalde Maialen , Vara Yosu , Arrieta Ana , Zangi Ronen , Cebolla Vicente L. , Delgado‐Camon Arantzazu , Cossio Fernando P.
Published: August 2010

The resulting tetracyclic products exhibit interesting photophysical properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Biologic Activity of Benzimidazole Derivatives.
Authors: Zniber Rachid , Moussaif Ahmed , Achour Radouane , El Ghoul Mostafa , Filali Maltouf Abdelkrim , Mekkak Abdel Illah , Harrata Abdelkamel
Published: August 2010

The title compounds (VIII) show antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria whereas (V) also exhibits activity against Gram‐negative bacteria.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Substituted 2,3‐Dihydroisoxazoles by Et3N‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Electron‐Deficient 1,3‐Conjugated Enynes with Hydroxylamines.
Authors: Yu Xiuzhao , Du Bo , Wang Kai , Zhang Junliang
Published: August 2010

A wide range of multifunctionalized 2,3‐dihydroisoxazoles is prepared, tolerating many functional groups as ketones, esters, aldehydes, aromatic and aliphatic substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Zeolites as New Heterogeneous and Green Catalysts for Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Chassaing Stefan , Alix Aurelien , Boningari Thirupathi , Sido Karim Sani Souna , Keller Murielle , Kuhn Philippe , Louis Benoit , Sommer Jean , Pale Patrick
Published: August 2010

Cu(I)‐modified USY‐zeolite is used for the regioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azides, generated in situ, or the azomethine (VI) with terminal alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐5,6‐dihydropyran via Prins—Friedel—Crafts Reaction.
Authors: Reddy Udagandla C. , Saikia Anil K.
Published: August 2010

BF3·OEt2 promotes the reaction of homopropargylic alcohol (I) with a variety of aldehydes and with epoxides in the presence of arenes to give the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Effective One‐Pot Synthesis of Quinolines from 2‐Alkynylnitrobenzenes.
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Ozaki Saori , Seto Jun‐ichi , Nagahora Noriyoshi , Shioji Kosei
Published: August 2010

2‐Alkynylnitrobenzenes (I) are used as starting materials for the synthesis of arylketones of type (II), quinolines of type (IV) or acridine derivatives, e.g. (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Cobalt‐Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of O‐Protected Diyne‐Cyanohydrins.
Authors: Meissner Anja , Groth Ulrich
Published: August 2010

6‐Substituted octahydrophenanthridines (II) are readily available via the title process.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Cytotoxic Evaluation of Novel Pyridazin‐4‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Mojahidi Souad , Rakib El Mostapha , Sekkak Hanan , Abouricha Said , Benchat Nouredine , Mousse Hassan Ait , Zyad Abdelmajid
Published: August 2010

Novel pyridazine derivatives are synthesized and tested for their cytotoxic activity on the P815 cell line.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐Allylquinazolines from N‐(2‐Cyanoaryl)amides via the In‐Mediated Allylation of Nitrile and Dehydrative Cyclization Cascade.
Authors: Kim Sung Hwan , Kim Se Hee , Kim Taek Hyeon , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: August 2010

The sequence yields 4‐allylquinazolines (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Selective Synthesis of 5,7,8,9‐Tetrahydro‐4H,6H‐chromeno[2,3‐d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐ones
Authors: Litvinov Yu. M. , Shestopalov A. M.
Published: August 2010

via acid‐catalyzed acylation of 2‐amino‐tetrahydrochromene‐3‐carboxylates (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Construction of Allylic Phosphine Oxides Through Substitution of Morita—Baylis—Hillman Carbonates with Phosphine Oxides.
Authors: Hong Liang , Sun Wangsheng , Liu Chunxia , Zhao Depeng , Wang Rui
Published: August 2010

The asymmetric organocatalytic allylic substitution reaction of MBH carbonates (I) with phosphines (II) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Ring Contraction Strategy Toward a Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Bakkenolide A (VII).
Authors: Carneiro Vania M. T. , Ferraz Helena M. C. , Vieira Tiago O. , Ishikawa Eloisa E. , Silva Luiz F. Jr.
Published: August 2010

The key steps are a ring contraction of the octalone (I) and stereoselective formation of the keto ester (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Thiadiazole‐Based Thioglycosides as Sodium‐Glucose Co‐Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors.
Authors: Gao Yunlong , Zhao Guilong , Liu Wei , Wang Yuli , Xu Weiren , Wang Jianwu
Published: August 2010

A series of 16 thiadiazole‐based thioglycosides of type (IV) or (VI) are prepared and tested in vivo as sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: First Total Synthesis of a Fluorinated Calystegin.
Authors: Csuk Rene , Prell Erik , Reissmann Stefan , Korb Claudia
Published: August 2010

A straightforward chiral pool synthesis of 3‐fluorocalystegin B2 analogue (VIII) is described involving an ultrasound‐assisted Zn‐mediated ring opening reaction [→(V)] followed by a ring closing metathesis as the key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum liangshanicum.
Authors: Zhang Zhong‐Tang , Liu Xiao‐Yu , Chen Dong‐Lin , Wang Feng‐Peng
Published: August 2010

liangshantine (I), liangshansines A‐C (II)‐(IV)
ChemInform Abstract: Nosokomycins, New Antibiotics Discovered in an in vivo‐Mimic Infection Model Using Silkworm Larvae. Part 1. Fermentation, Isolation and Biological Properties.
Authors: Uchida Ryuji , Iwatsuki Masato , Kim Yong‐Pil , Ohte Satoshi , Omura Satoshi , Tomoda Hiroshi
Published: August 2010

The four new antibiotics nosokomycins A‐D (Ia)‐(Id), resp., are isolated from a culture broth of Streptomyces sp.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Ferrites. Part 2. Passive Components and Electrical Tuning
Authors: Ozgur Umit , Alivov Yahya , Morkoc Hadis
Published: August 2010

Review: 193 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Powder Metallurgy Used for a Giant Magnetostrictive Material Actuator Sensor
Authors: Eda Hiroshi , Ojima Hirotaka
Published: August 2010

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: P4 Activation by Main Group Elements and Compounds
Authors: Scheer Manfred , Balazs Gabor , Seitz Andreas
Published: August 2010

Review: 324 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Early Transition Metal Mediated Activation and Transformation of White Phosphorus
Authors: Cossairt Brandi M. , Piro Nicholas A. , Cummins Christopher C.
Published: August 2010

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Soft and Hard Materials Based on Self‐Assembly Algorithms of Alkyl‐Conjugated Fullerenes
Authors: Nakanishi Takashi
Published: August 2010

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The 3‐Hydroxypiperidine Skeleton: Key Element in Natural Product Synthesis.
Authors: Wijdeven Marloes A. , Willemsen Jorgen , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: August 2010

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Opening Polymerization by Lithium Catalysts: An Overview
Authors: Sutar Alekha Kumar , Maharana Tungabidya , Dutta Saikat , Chen Chi‐Tien , Lin Chu‐Chieh
Published: August 2010

Review: 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bridged Nucleic Acids: Development, Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Obika Satoshi , Rahman S. M. Abdur , Fujisaka Aki , Kawada Yuji , Baba Takeshi , Imanishi Takeshi
Published: August 2010

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetoelectric Coupling Effects in Multiferroic Complex Oxide Composite Structures
Authors: Vaz Carlos A. F. , Hoffman Jason , Ahn Charles H. , Ramesh Ramamoorthy
Published: August 2010

Review: 370 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas Solubility (and Related High‐Pressure Phenomena) in Systems with Ionic Liquids
Authors: Maurer Gerd , Tuma Dirk
Published: August 2010

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: D‐Aspartate Oxidase: The Sole Catabolic Enzyme Acting on Free D‐Aspartate in Mammals
Authors: Katane Masumi , Homma Hiroshi
Published: August 2010

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mutant Mice and Rats Lacking D‐Amino Acid Oxidase
Authors: Konno Ryuichi , Hamase Kenji , Maruyama Rindo , Zaitsu Kiyoshi
Published: August 2010

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Occurrence and Industrial Applications of D‐Amino Acids: An Overview
Authors: Martinez‐Rodriguez Sergio , Martinez‐Gomez Ana Isabel , Rodriguez‐Vico Felipe , Clemente‐Jimenez Josefa Maria , Las Heras‐Vazquez Francisco Javier
Published: August 2010

Review: 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Strategies in Developing Promising Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
Authors: Zhang Lei , Fang Hao , Xu Wenfang
Published: August 2010

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper in Diseases and Treatments, and Copper‐Based Anticancer Strategies
Authors: Tisato Francesco , Marzano Cristina , Porchia Marina , Pellei Maura , Santini Carlo
Published: August 2010

Review: 231 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of 33S NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Musio Roberta
Published: August 2010

Review: 142 refs.
Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks: MRI Contrast Agents and Beyond Metals@MOFs – Loading MOFs with Metal Nanoparticles for Hybrid Functions Construction of Three‐Dimensional Uranyl–Organic Frameworks with Benzenetricarboxylate Ligands Silica–MOF Composites as a Stationary Phase in Liquid Chromatography (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 24/2010)
Authors: Lin Wenbin , Fischer Roland A. , Chen J.‐S. , De Vos Dirk E.
Published: August 2010

The cover picture a schematic design of a porous metal–organic framework as the background. Embedded in the MOF are illustrations representing some of the thought‐provoking contributions that make up this Cluster Issue entitled “Targeted Fabrication of MOFs for Hybrid Functionality”. With a focus towards application, this issue serves to showcase the research at the forefront of the field. The top left‐hand graphic symbolises the use of nanoscale MOFs as MRI contrast agents (W. Lin et al.; p. 3725 ff), while the bottom left depicts the use of MOFs as supports for metal nanoparticles in catalysis (R. A. Fischer et al.; p. 3701 ff). The structure–property relationship of uranyl–organic frameworks (top right‐hand corner), important in photovoltaics is highlighted by J.‐S. Chen et al. (p. 3780 ff), and the synthesis of MOF composites for use as a stationary phase in HPLC (bottom right‐hand corner) is discussed by D. E. De Vos et al. (p. 3735 ff). A sincere thanks to the authors for their excellent contributions to the cover. We thank Heulwen Price for designing the background.
Quantification of glycolipids in cereal and dairy matrices
Authors: Cotting Claudia , Giuffrida Francesca
Published: August 2010

Glycolipids are currently divided into three main classes: glycerolipids, containing a glycerol backbone; glycosphingolipids, containing a sphingosin backbone; and polyisoprenoid glycolipids. Glycolipids are well known for their excellent emulsifier properties and health benefits. However, they represent a small fraction of lipid compounds and because of their amphiphilic nature, their precise quantification is not straightforward.
Nanowire‐Based Sensors
Authors: Ramgir Niranjan S. , Yang Yang , Zacharias Margit
Published: August 2010

Nanowires are important potential candidates for the realization of the next generation of sensors. They offer many advantages such as high surface‐to‐volume ratios, Debye lengths comparable to the target molecule, minimum power consumption, and they can be relatively easily incorporated into microelectronic devices. Accordingly, there has been an intensified search for novel nanowire materials and corresponding platforms for realizing single‐molecule detection with superior sensing performance. In this work, progress made towards the use of nanowires for achieving better sensing performance is critically reviewed. In particular, various nanowires types (metallic, semiconducting, and insulating) and their employment either as a sensor material or as a template material are discussed. Major obstacles and future steps towards the ultimate nanosensors based on nanowires are addressed.
Concurrent Precipitation of AlN and VN in Microalloyed Steel
Authors: Radis R. , Kozeschnik E.
Published: August 2010

The precipitation kinetics of AlN and VN in microalloyed steel is investigated numerically with the thermo‐kinetic software MatCalc. To mimic the heterogeneous precipitation of AlN along austenite grain boundaries, a new model is utilized, which takes into account the fast short circuit diffusion along grain boundaries and sluggish bulk diffusion inside the grains. It is demonstrated that the precipitation of VN inside the grains can be more rapid than the precipitation of AlN at the grain boundaries. However, the thermodynamically more stable AlN can overgrow and dissolve the existing VN again. The computed results are compared to experimental results from literature and good agreement is observed.
On the Formation of Centreline Segregation in Continuous Slab Casting of Steel due to Bulging and/or Feeding
Authors: Mayer F. , Wu M. , Ludwig A.
Published: August 2010

Centreline macrosegregation is often observed in continuous slab casting of steel. Two of the main macrosegregation formation mechanisms are bulging and feeding. Both were studied and compared in the current work by using a two‐phase volume averaging model considering only columnar solidification. The casting of the strand itself is modelled by applying a predefined velocity following the casting speed and solid shell deformation (e.g. bulging). Three different cases are simulated and discussed. (i) The first case considers the influence of the feeding flow during solidification without taking bulging into account. Negative macrosegregation is observed in the centre of the casting in this case. (ii) The second case takes the flow caused by series of bulging along the solidifying strand shell into account, and is, therefore, representative for an ideal situation where bulging takes place without solidification shrinkage. In this case positive centreline segregation is found. (iii) The last case shows the results of a simulation which combines both shrinkage‐ and bulging‐induced flows. It is found that under the current casting conditions the bulging effect dominates over the shrinkage effect, and so positive centreline segregation is predicted.
Synoptic analysis of a rare event of Saharan dust reaching the Arctic region
Authors: Barkan Joseph , Alpert Pinhas
Published: August 2010

A rare event of Saharan dust cloud in the subarctic region north of the Scandinavian Peninsula was discovered by the LiDAR of the Arctic LiDAR Observatory (ALOMAR) on 7 August. The origin of this cloud was from the permanent dust reservoir which exists in the atmosphere above the Sahara and was not necessarily a result of a single dust storm. The wind flow and the geopotential height at 700mbar in the area bounded by 0°N–80°N and 100°W–40°E were examined for 1–4 August. Additionally, the 6–7 day forward trajectories from the location 28°N–0°E were computed for the same time. It was found, that during 1–2 August, a strong southwesterly flow formed in northern Africa and western Europe, between a trough along the Atlantic coast of southern Europe and northern Africa and the eastern branch of the subtropical high. This synoptic situation was suitable to long‐range transportation of the dust from the Sahara to the Arctic. © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
A short meteorological overview of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption 14 April–23 May 2010
Authors: Petersen Guðrún Nína
Published: August 2010

On 14 April 2010 a subglacial explosive eruption started Eyjafjallajökull, situated on the southcentral coast of Iceland. This was a medium‐size eruption but due to the explosive nature and the prevailing winds during that first week, the ash was advected southeastward into the crowded air space of the UK and continental Europe. This caused major disruptions of air traffic. Volcanic eruptions are not uncommon in Iceland but the Eyjafjallajökull eruption has shown different characteristics than usually expected. Instead of peaking during the first few days and then gradually decreasing, the eruption had an explosive phase 14–17 April with mainly tephra and ash production, and a phase of mainly lava production 18–30 April before becoming explosive again. This meant that a continuous reevaluation of the strength of the eruption and the production of tephra and ash was necessary. Because the winds carried the ash a short distance overland, only a small part of Iceland, about 3%, was badly affected by ash fall. However, the rural community in the vicinity of the volcano that experienced the worst ash fall is also facing problems with drifting ash. The purpose of the article is to give a short overview of the eruption, in a meteorological sense, during the period 14 April–23 May 2010. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Explaining why this body gives rise to me qua subject instead of someone else: an argument for classical substance dualism
Authors: HIMMA KENNETH EINAR
Published: August 2010

Since something cannot be conscious without being a conscious subject, a complete physicalist explanation of consciousness must resolve an issue first raised by Thomas Nagel, namely to explain why a particular mass of atoms that comprises my body gives rise to me as conscious subject, rather than someone else. In this essay, I describe a thought-experiment that suggests that physicalism lacks the resources to address Nagel's question and seems to pose a counter-example to any form of non-reductive physicalism relying on the mind–body supervenience thesis, which would include William Hasker's emergent dualism. Since the particular thought-experiment does not pose any problems for classical substance dualism (CSD) and since the problem, as I call it, of explaining subjectivity is the central problem of mind, I conclude that CSD is better supported than any form of non-reductive physicalism.
Induced pluripotent stem cells – alchemist's tale or clinical reality?
Authors: Rashid S. Tamir , Vallier Ludovic
Published: August 2010

Following Shinya Yamanaka's first report describing the reprogramming of fibroblasts into stem cells over three years ago, some sceptics initially drew analogies between this new field of research and the quasi-mystical practice of ‘alchemy’. Unlike the alchemist, however, stem cell researchers have rigorously tested and repeated experiments, proving their very own brand of cellular ‘alchemy’ to be a reality, with potentially massive implications for the study of human biology and clinical medicine. These investigations have resulted in an explosion of related publications and initiated the field of stem cell research known as ‘induced pluripotency’. In this review, we give an account of the historical development, current technologies and potential clinical applications of induced pluripotency and conclude with a perspective on the possible future directions for this dynamic field.
How ACORN Was Framed: Political Controversy and Media Agenda Setting
Authors: Dreier Peter , Martin Christopher R.
Published: August 2010

Using the news controversy over the community group ACORN, we illustrate the way that the media help set the agenda for public debate and frame the way that debate is shaped. Opinion entrepreneurs (primarily business and conservative groups and individuals, often working through web sites) set the story in motion as early as 2006, the conservative echo chamber orchestrated an anti-ACORN campaign in 2008, the Republican presidential campaign repeated the allegations with a more prominent platform, and the mainstream media reported the allegations without investigating their veracity. As a result, the little-known community organization became the subject of great controversy in the 2008 US presidential campaign, and was recognizable by 82 percent of respondents in a national survey. We analyze 2007–2008 coverage of ACORN by 15 major news media organizations and the narrative frames of their 647 stories during that period. Voter fraud was the dominant story frame, with 55 percent of the stories analyzed using it. We demonstrate that the national news media agenda is easily permeated by a persistent media campaign by opinion entrepreneurs alleging controversy, even when there is little or no truth to the story. Conversely, local news media, working outside of elite national news media sources to verify the most essential facts of the story, were the least likely to latch onto the “voter fraud” bandwagon.
Changing Implicit and Explicit Prejudice
Authors: Sritharan Rajees , Gawronski Bertram
Published: August 2010

Although overt prejudice has declined in many societies over the past decades, new advancements in intergroup relations research have uncovered various kinds of subtle biases that continue to prevail despite increases in egalitarian values. Understanding the processes that may produce inconsistencies between spontaneous affective responses and self-reported explicit evaluations can provide deeper insights into conceptually different forms of prejudice, including both overt and subtle variants. In the present article, research on prejudice reduction is reviewed from the perspective of the associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model, which considers evaluations through the processes of associative activation and propositional validation. The APE model’s potential for integrating different conceptualizations of overt and subtle prejudice and the application of the model to prejudice reduction are discussed.
Imaging crustal structure in south central Costa Rica with receiver functions
Authors: Dzierma Y. , Thorwart M. M. , Rabbel W. , Flueh E. R. , Alvarado G. E. , Mora M. M.
Published: August 2010

An array of broadband seismometers transecting the Talamanca Range in southern Costa Rica was operated from 2005 until 2007. In combination with data from a short‐period network near Quepos in central Costa Rica, this data is analyzed by the receiver function method to image the crustal structure in south‐central Costa Rica. Two strong positive signals are seen in the migrated images, interpreted as the Moho (at around 35 km depth) and an intra‐crustal discontinuity (15 km depth). A relatively flat crustal and Moho interface underneath the north‐east flank of the Talamanca Range can be followed for a lateral distance of about 50 km parallel to the trench, with only slight changes in the overall geometry. Closer to the coast, the topography of the discontinuities shows several features, most notably a deeper Moho underneath the Talamanca Mountain Range and volcanic arc. Under the highest part of the mountain ranges, the Moho reaches a depth of about 50 km, which indicates that the mountain ranges are approximately isostatically compensated. Local deviations from the crustal thickness expected for isostatic equilibrium occur under the active volcanic arc and in south Costa Rica. In the transition region between the active volcanic arc and the Talamanca Range, both the Moho and intracrustal discontinuity appear distorted, possibly related to the southern edge of the active volcanic zone and deformation within the southern part of the Central Costa Rica Deformed Belt. Near the volcanoes Irazu and Turrialba, a shallow converter occurs, correlating with a low‐velocity, low‐density body seen in tomography and gravimetry. Applying a grid search for the crustal interface depth and vp/vs ratio cannot constrain vp/vs values well, but points to generally low values (<1.7) in the upper crust. This is consistent with quartz‐rich rocks forming the mountain range.
A cooling rate bias in paleointensity determination from volcanic glass: An experimental demonstration
Authors: Ferk A. , Aulock F. W. v. , Leonhardt R. , Hess K.‐U. , Dingwell D. B.
Published: August 2010

The suitability of volcanic glass for paleointensity determinations is the basis of many studies. The dominant single domain (SD) magnetic remanence carriers, the pristine character of volcanic glass, and the possibility to correct paleointensity data for cooling rate dependence using relaxation geospeedometry are all arguments that have been made in favor of this technique. In the present study the validity of cooling rate correction is tested using remelted volcanic glass. To obtain a stable multicomponent glass, with ideal magnetic properties, a natural phonolitic glass from Tenerife was remelted in air to avoid heterogeneity and degassing in later experiments. Further, it was tempered for altogether 10 hours at 900°C to yield a sufficient concentration of magnetic remanence carriers. To exclude nucleation or crystallization, six samples were then heated to about 60°C above the calorimetric glass transition temperature (≈660°C) and quenched at different rates from 0.1 to 15 K/min. Rock magnetic measurements show that low titanium titanomagnetite in the SD range is the main remanence carrier. After performing paleointensity experiments using a modified Thellier method, the dependence of the thermoremanence on cooling rate was investigated. Using the synthesis cooling rates and the experimentally determined magnetic cooling rate dependencies we were able to correct the data and obtained a mean paleointensity of 46.9 ± 1.3μT, which reflects the ambient field of 48μT within error. The uncorrected mean paleointensity corresponds to a 18% larger value of 56.5 ± 0.9μT. Therefore, application of a cooling rate correction is essential to obtain the correct ancient magnetic field intensity from SD assemblages in volcanic glass.
Shapes of soot aerosol particles and implications for their effects on climate
Authors: Adachi Kouji , Chung Serena H. , Buseck Peter R.
Published: August 2010

Soot aerosol particles (also called light‐absorbing, black, or elemental carbon) are major contributors to global warming through their absorption of solar radiation. When embedded in organic matter or sulfate, as is common in polluted areas such as over Mexico City (MC) and other megacities, their optical properties are affected by their shapes and positions within their host particles. However, large uncertainties remain regarding those variables and how they affect warming by soot. Using electron tomography with a transmission electron microscope, three‐dimensional (3‐D) images of individual soot particles embedded within host particles collected from MC and its surroundings were obtained. From those 3‐D images, we calculated the optical properties using a discrete dipole approximation. Many soot particles have open, chainlike shapes even after being surrounded by organic matter and are located in off‐center positions within their host materials. Such embedded soot absorbs sunlight less efficiently than if compact and located near the center of its host particle. In the case of our MC samples, their contribution to direct radiative forcing is ∼20% less than if they had a simple core‐shell shape, which is the shape assumed in many climate models. This study shows that the shapes and positions of soot within its host particles have an important effect on particle optical properties and should be recognized as potentially important variables when evaluating global climate change.
On the relationship between Indian Ocean sea surface temperature and the transition from El Niño to La Niña
Authors: Yoo Soo‐Hyun , Fasullo John , Yang Song , Ho Chang‐Hoi
Published: August 2010

The relationship between Indian Ocean sea surface temperature and the transition of El Niño events into either La Niña or El Niño–Southern Oscillation neutral conditions is examined in both observations and the retrospective ensemble hindcasts of the National Center for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System. The southern Indian Ocean is shown to demonstrate a particularly robust and consistent relationship with the evolution of these transitions. These associations are described, and a physical mechanism involving air‐sea interaction in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans is proposed. Observations suggest that easterly surface wind anomalies in the western Pacific Ocean are associated with the emergence of La Niña during boreal summer and fall. Here it is shown that these winds are significantly correlated to southern Indian Ocean sea surface temperature in the preceding spring that is characterized by a large‐scale zonal dipole of cool and warm anomalies in the southwestern and southeastern Indian Oceans, respectively. These associations are particularly pronounced for strong El Niño conditions, during the dissipation of which a pronounced wavetrain‐like atmospheric pattern accompanies sea surface temperature anomalies in the southern Indian Ocean. Together, the circulation and sea surface temperature anomalies increase the meridional cross‐equatorial temperature gradient in the western Indian Ocean and mute intraseasonal variability while strengthening surface equatorial easterly winds in the Indo‐Pacific warm pool. Collectively, these anomalies favor subsequent La Niña development. On the basis of these observed associations, a predictive model that demonstrates skill in anticipating the nature of El Niño transitions, involving the southern Indian Ocean, Asian monsoon, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation, is proposed. In the National Center for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System, the relationships described above are simulated both consistently and realistically, despite model weaknesses, further bolstering a key role of southern Indian Ocean and predictive relationship. Comparison of fully coupled and sea surface temperature–forced simulations suggests a key role for air‐sea interaction in the observed associations. Moreover, it is demonstrated that coupled simulations of El Niño–Southern Oscillation may benefit substantially from improved representation of Indian Ocean variability and Indo‐Pacific interaction.
Emission patterns and spatiotemporal variations of halocarbons in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China
Authors: Zhang Y. L. , Guo H. , Wang X. M. , Simpson I. J. , Barletta B. , Blake D. R. , Meinardi S. , Rowland F. S. , Cheng H. R. , Saunders S. M. , Lam S. H. M.
Published: August 2010

On 8 selected days between 25 October and 1 December 2007, 198 whole air samples were simultaneously collected at two sites in the greater Pearl River Delta (PRD), namely, Wan Qing Sha (WQS) in inland PRD and Tung Chung (TC) in Hong Kong, for the evaluation of halocarbons including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and other chlorinated compounds. The mean mixing ratios of CFC‐12, CH3CCl3, CH3Br, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4 at WQS were much higher than those at TC (p < 0.001), while HCFC‐22 was higher at TC (p < 0.01). Long‐lived species such as CFC‐11, CFC‐12, and CFC‐113 showed similar temporal patterns on most sampling days with small daily variation, whereas the main species used as solvents such as C2HCl3 and C2Cl4 presented large daily variations though with consistent temporal patterns. Source profile analysis revealed that although there was no remarkable change in emission sources between 2001–2002 and 2007, the emissions of CFCs and CCl4 from the production of refrigeration in 2007 were 1.4–2.0 times those in 2001–2002, and the use of HCFC‐22 has significantly increased in these years while the use of C2HCl3 and C2Cl4 in the electronics industry showed a remarkable reduction. By comparing the halocarbon data collected in this study with those observed by other research teams in recent years, we found that the levels of CFCs have declined since 2001, while their substitute HCFC‐22 has increased in emissions in recent years, especially in Hong Kong. The annual trends are consistent with the implementation of the Montreal Protocol. The results obtained in this study provide useful information to local government on effective control of halocarbon emissions in this region.
Abrupt shift toward cooler condition in the earliest 20th century detected in a 165 year coral record from Ishigaki Island, southwestern Japan
Authors: Mishima Mari , Suzuki Atsushi , Nagao Masayuki , Ishimura Toyoho , Inoue Mayuri , Kawahata Hodaka
Published: August 2010

We analyzed a 165 year δ18O coral record from Ishigaki Island, southwestern Japan, and compared our results with observed sea surface temperatures, as well as with the East Asian winter monsoon and El Niño Southern Oscillation. Coral skeletal δ18O fluctuations were consistent with other available SST information since the 1890s. The coral δ18O data indicated abrupt shift toward cooler condition during 1900–1905, consistent with the extremely cold winter air temperatures observed in Japan in 1902. The cold event was also supported by coral Sr/Ca data. Development of the Siberian High may have intensified the EAWM at this time, in association with active heat convection in the tropics and weak westerlies. This cooling may also have been related to surface ocean freshening in the Ogasawara Islands in the early 20th century. Thus, several phenomena were uniquely coupled during the first few years of the 20th century in the northwestern subtropical Pacific.
A short electromagnetic profile across the Kane Oceanic Core Complex
Authors: Evans Rob L. , Escartín Javier , Cannat Mathilde
Published: August 2010

A short seafloor electromagnetic profile across part of the Kane Oceanic Core Complex shows a large variation in seafloor electrical properties (uppermost 30m) with a sharp transition from conductive to resistive seafloor over a distance of less than 350m. The transition is in a location consistent with a sharp, but deeper, lateral gradient in seismic velocity, inferred to mark a transition from serpentinized peridotite to either gabbro or pristine mantle rocks, and is close to a mapped outcrop of serpentinized peridotites. We relate this variability in shallow structure primarily to changes in porosity related to composition.
Insights into particle formation and remineralization using the short‐lived radionuclide, Thoruim‐234
Authors: Maiti Kanchan , Benitez‐Nelson Claudia R. , Buesseler Ken O.
Published: August 2010

Simple mass balance models are applied to a high resolution 234Th profile from the northwest Pacific to examine the magnitude, rate, and depth distribution of particle remineralization processes below the euphotic zone (Ez). Here, excess 234Th (234Th > 238U) below the Ez is attributed to fragmentation processes that result in the conversion of sinking to non‐sinking particles. By considering particulate organic carbon (POC) to 234Th ratios on particles, we show that POC flux attenuation is larger than for 234Th, which we attribute to bacterial and zooplankton consumption of sinking POC. Three case studies are used to demonstrate how different combinations of particle fragmentation and POC respiration impact flux attenuation below the Ez. When sampled with high vertical resolution and precision, 234Th and POC/234Th ratios provide insights into both export from the Ez and the extent to which sinking particle fluxes and associated minerals are attenuated with depth.
Evidence of enhanced precipitation due to irrigation over the Great Plains of the United States
Authors: DeAngelis Anthony , Dominguez Francina , Fan Ying , Robock Alan , Kustu M. Deniz , Robinson David
Published: August 2010

At the end of World War II, there was a rapid increase in irrigation over the Ogallala Aquifer in the Great Plains of the United States via groundwater withdrawal, and we hypothesize that this disruption of the local hydrological cycle has enhanced the regional precipitation. We examined station and gridded precipitation observations for the warm season months over and downwind of the Ogallala over the 20th century. Increases in precipitation of 15–30% were detected during July from the easternmost part of the aquifer to as far downwind as Indiana. The timing (1940s, July) and spatial pattern of the precipitation increase are consistent with the history of Ogallala irrigation and mechanisms by which increases in evapotranspiration can affect convection. Additionally, we conducted a vapor tracking analysis and found that evapotranspiration over the Ogallala Aquifer contributes to downwind precipitation and that the contribution is greater when the evapotranspiration is higher. This makes it hydrologically possible that the irrigation development was associated with the observed precipitation increases. Finally, there is no clear evidence that atmospheric circulation changes or modes of internal climate variability increased the July precipitation. Further analysis of the influence of Ogallala irrigation on precipitation will include the controlled analysis of climate model simulations that explicitly include irrigation.
Purification of clinical‐grade recombinant HSP65‐MUC1 fusion protein
Authors: Cao Zhao , Feng Yu , Wei Hongfei , Fang Mingli , Hu Xiaoping , Yu Yongli , Wang Liying , Wan Min
Published: August 2010

HSP65‐MUC1 is a fusion protein between BCG (Bacille Calmette‐Guerin)‐derived HSP65 (heat‐shock protein 65) and human MUC1 (mucin 1) VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats)‐domain peptides that has shown antitumour efficacy. China's Food and Drug Administration has recently approved a Phase I clinical trial using HSP65‐MUC1 for the treatment of MUC1‐positive breast cancer. In order to produce sufficient quantities of clinical‐grade HSP65‐MUC1, we established a pilot‐scale purification scheme comprising two steps of column chromatography: HIC (hydrophobic‐interaction chromatography) and IEX (ion‐exchange chromatography). The pH values of the buffers used in homogenization and HIC were adjusted to pH 9.0 to maintain protein stability and prevent protein degradation. Using this manufacturing process, we obtained clinical‐grade HSP65‐MUC1 with a yield of 400 mg per 70 g of wet cell pellet and >96% purity.
Characterization of PF-4708671, a novel and highly specific inhibitor of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K1)
Authors: Pearce Laura R. , Alton Gordon R. , Richter Daniel T. , Kath John C. , Lingardo Laura , Chapman Justin , Hwang Catherine , Alessi Dario R.
Published: August 2010

S6K1 (p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1) is activated by insulin and growth factors via the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signalling pathways. S6K1 regulates numerous processes, such as protein synthesis, growth, proliferation and longevity, and its inhibition has been proposed as a strategy for the treatment of cancer and insulin resistance. In the present paper we describe a novel cell-permeable inhibitor of S6K1, PF-4708671, which specifically inhibits the S6K1 isoform with a Ki of 20 nM and IC50 of 160 nM. PF-4708671 prevents the S6K1-mediated phosphorylation of S6 protein in response to IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), while having no effect upon the PMA-induced phosphorylation of substrates of the highly related RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) and MSK (mitogen- and stress-activated kinase) kinases. PF-4708671 was also found to induce phosphorylation of the T-loop and hydrophobic motif of S6K1, an effect that is dependent upon mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1). PF-4708671 is the first S6K1-specific inhibitor to be reported and will be a useful tool for delineating S6K1-specific roles downstream of mTOR.
Contraction regulates site-specific phosphorylation of TBC1D1 in skeletal muscle
Authors: Vichaiwong Kanokwan , Purohit Suneet , An Ding , Toyoda Taro , Jessen Niels , Hirshman Michael F. , Goodyear Laurie J.
Published: August 2010

TBC1D1 (tre-2/USP6, BUB2, cdc16 domain family member 1) is a Rab-GAP (GTPase-activating protein) that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, but little is known about TBC1D1 regulation and function. We studied TBC1D1 phosphorylation on three predicted AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation sites (Ser231, Ser660 and Ser700) and one predicted Akt phosphorylation site (Thr590) in control mice, AMPKα2 inactive transgenic mice (AMPKα2i TG) and Akt2-knockout mice (Akt2 KO). Muscle contraction significantly increased TBC1D1 phosphorylation on Ser231 and Ser660, tended to increase Ser700 phosphorylation, but had no effect on Thr590. AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide ribonucleoside) also increased phosphorylation on Ser231, Ser660 and Ser700, but not Thr590, whereas insulin only increased Thr590 phosphorylation. Basal and contraction-stimulated TBC1D1 Ser231, Ser660 and Ser700 phosphorylation were greatly reduced in AMPKα2i TG mice, although contraction still elicited a small increase in phosphorylation. Akt2 KO mice had blunted insulin-stimulated TBC1D1 Thr590 phosphorylation. Contraction-stimulated TBC1D1 Ser231 and Ser660 phosphorylation were normal in high-fat-fed mice. Glucose uptake in vivo was significantly decreased in tibialis anterior muscles overexpressing TBC1D1 mutated on four predicted AMPK phosphorylation sites. In conclusion, contraction causes site-specific phosphorylation of TBC1D1 in skeletal muscle, and TBC1D1 phosphorylation on AMPK sites regulates contraction-stimulated glucose uptake. AMPK and Akt regulate TBC1D1 phosphorylation, but there must be additional upstream kinases that mediate TBC1D1 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle.
Sentence-Position Effects on Children’s Perception and Production of English Third Person Singular–s
Authors: Sundara Megha , Demuth Katherine , Kuhl Patricia K.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

Two-year-olds produce third person singular –smore accurately on verbs in sentence-final position as compared with verbs in sentence-medial position. This study was designed to determine whether these sentence-position effects can be explained by perceptual factors.

Method

For this purpose, the authors compared 22- and 27-month-olds' perception and elicited production of third person singular –sin sentence-medial versus-final position. The authors assessed perception by measuring looking/listening times to a 1-screen display of a cartoon paired with a grammatical versus an ungrammatical sentence (e.g.,Sheeatsnowvs.Sheeatnow).

Results

Children at both ages demonstrated sensitivity to the presence/absence of this inflectional morpheme in sentence-final, but not sentence-medial, position. Children were also more accurate at producing third person singular –ssentence finally, and production accuracy was predicted by vocabulary measures as well as by performance on the perception task.

Conclusions

These results indicate that children’s more accurate production of third person singular–sin sentence-final position cannot be explained by articulatory factors alone but that perceptual factors play an important role in accounting for early patterns of production. The findings also indicate that perception and production of inflectional morphemes may be more closely related than previously thought.
Cytotoxicity of commercial and novel binary titanium alloys with and without a surface‐reaction layer
Authors: Watanabe I. , Wataha J. C. , Lockwood P. E. , Shimizu H. , Cai Z. , Okabe T.
Published: August 2010

summary 

Titanium‐based alloys form a surface reaction layer when cast. This study investigated the effect of the surface reaction layer on the cytotoxicity of novel Ti‐based binary alloys. The cytotoxicities of the novel alloys were compared with commercially pure titanium, Ti‐6Al‐4V and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb. Cast discs with or without the reaction layer were first tested for cytotoxicity, then for elemental release into cell‐culture medium. The elements released into the extracts were measured by means of an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The commercial and novel binary Ti‐based alloys showed no statistically significant cytotoxicity, although some trends were noted for several alloys. The presence of the reaction layer did not significantly alter the cytotoxicity. These favourable biocompatibility results show that these novel alloys have promise for use in dental restorations.
The interrelationship between bolus breakdown, mandibular first molar displacement and jaw movement during mastication
Authors: Yomoda S. , Hisano M. , Amemiya K. , Soma K.
Published: August 2010

summary  The purpose of this study was to clarify the interrelationship between food bolus breakdown, mandibular first molar displacement and jaw movement during mastication. Finite element models were constructed of the maxillary first molar crown, the mandibular first molar consisting of crown, root, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, as well as the food bolus were constructed. Based on the actual measurement of the jaw movement pattern and the characteristics of food bolus, the patterns of mandibular first molar displacement and bolus breakdown on time course in the progress of mastication were simulated, to investigate the biomechanical significance of tooth displacement and jaw movement during mastication, using finite element non‐linear dynamic analysis. The results showed that the patterns of tooth displacement and jaw movement and characteristics of food bolus changed with an interrelationship to each other as mastication progressed. Particularly at the initial phase, it was suggested that the patterns of mandibular first molar displacement and jaw movement worked inter‐dependently to accomplish an efficient hard‐bolus breakdown.
Immediate resin‐bonded bridgework: results of a medium‐term clinical follow‐up study
Authors: Al‐Wahadni A. M. , Al‐Omari W. M.
Published: August 2010

summary  A total of 21 immediate resin‐bonded bridges were inserted under controlled and standardized clinical conditions and evaluated over a period of 35 months. During the evaluation period, two bridges debonded (9·5%). The debonded bridges were re‐cemented successfully. This low incidence of debonding indicates that this simple alternative procedure for the immediate replacement of a single unsaveable tooth was satisfactory. The subjects included in this study expressed their satisfaction with this form of treatment.
Electromyographic evaluation of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles in patients with temporomandibular disorders following interocclusal appliance treatment
Authors: Landulpho A. B. , E Silva W. A. B. , E Silva F. A. , Vitti M.
Published: August 2010

summary  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the interocclusal appliance efficiency in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD), by using computerized electromyographic (EMG) evaluation in the rest position of the mandible. Twenty‐two patients (male and female) with TMD symptoms, between 18 and 53 years of age, were examined. EMG evaluations were performed before the treatment and during the 90th, 120th and 150th day of using the interocclusal appliance therapy. In the 90th and 120th day, inserting canine guidance and group function disclusion, respectively, changed interocclusal appliance. The results showed that group function disclusion caused shorter EMG activity in the mandible rest position for the anterior temporalis muscle.