bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monogrammatic Revival in the Carolingian World
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar
Published: May 2018

This chapter contextualizes the discussion of ‘monogrammatic initials’ and their wider cultural settings by focusing on their development in Carolingian gospel-books and sacramentaries, and shows the likely impact of contemporary Christological and Eucharistic debates on the appearance of new monogrammatic forms in such media. It also offers a contextualized discussion of royal, episcopal, and papal monograms and their imitations on coins, charters, epigraphs, and public monuments, as well as in manuscripts in Carolingian Europe. Thereafter, it examines the text traditionally known as De inventione linguarum, and its section on monograms in particular, in the context of a monogrammatic revival in Carolingian manuscript culture, and emphasizes the profound difference between this scribal phenomenon and a much broader public use of monograms in late antiquity.
Folk Epistemology and Epistemic Closure
Authors: Kraft Tim , Wiegmann Alex
Published: May 2018

According to epistemic closure, if someone knows some proposition P and also knows that P entails Q, she knows Q as well. This is often defended by appealing to its intuitiveness. Only recently, however, was epistemic closure put to the empirical test: Turri ran experiments in which closure is violated in folk knowledge ascriptions surprisingly often. The chapter authors disagree with this diagnosis. It is by no means obvious which experimentally testable hypothesis proponents of epistemic closure should accept. The chapter formulates a different hypothesis and argues that it is more apt for empirically testing epistemic closure. In a series of experiments the chapter authors manipulated the strength of entailment between two propositions and found that the stronger the entailment, the lower the proportion of participants who violated closure, indicating folk knowledge ascriptions are sensitive to entailment. The chapter concludes that closure is a principle of folk epistemology after all.
How Firms Leverage Crowds and Communities for Open Innovation
Authors: West Joel , Sims Jonathan
Published: May 2018

There are many similarities in how firms pursuing an open innovation strategy can utilize crowds and communities as sources of external innovation. At the same time, the differences between these two network forms of collaboration have previously been blurred or overlooked. In this chapter, we integrate research on crowds and communities, identifying a third form—a crowd–community hybrid—that combines attributes of both. We compare examples of each of these three network forms, such as open source software communities, gated contests, crowdsourcing tournaments, user-generated content, and crowd science. We then summarize the intrinsic, extrinsic, and structural factors that enable individual and organizational participation in these collaborations. Finally, we contrast how these collaborative forms differ regarding their degree of innovativeness and relevance to firm goals. From this, we identify opportunities for future research on these topics.
The Role of Information Patterns in Designing Crowdsourcing Contests
Authors: Ranade Gireeja V. , Varshney Lav R.
Published: May 2018

Crowdsourcing contests are used widely by organizations as a means of accomplishing tasks. These organizations would like to maximize the utility obtained through worker submissions to the contest. If this utility is greater than that obtained through alternative means of completing the task (e.g. hiring someone), the task should be crowdsourced. We analyze the utility generated for different types of tasks and provide a rule-of-thumb crowdsourcing contest design. Knowledge about the relative strengths of the workers participating in the contest is an important factor in contest design. When the contest organizer is unsure about the strength of the workers, crowdsourcing contests deliver higher utility than would hiring or assignment. Disseminating worker strength information acts as a lever to influence participation and increase utility in the contest. Finally, while crowdsourcing is a good option for generic tasks, it might perform poorly for highly specialized tasks.
The autos sacramentales of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
Authors: Brooke Alice
Published: May 2018

This study analyses the autos sacramentales, or Eucharistic plays, by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651–95). It focusses on their relationship to the changing currents of philosophical thought in the late-seventeenth century Hispanic world, from a mindset characterized by scepticism, Neostoicism, and suspicion of the material world as a source of truth, to an empirical approach to the natural world that understood the information received by the senses as a fallible, yet useful, provisional source of knowledge. By examining each play in turn, along with the introductory loa with which they were intended to be performed, the study explores how each drama seeks to integrate empirical ideas with a Catholic understanding of transubstantiation. At the same time, each individual study identifies new sources for these plays, and demonstrates how these illuminate, or nuance, present readings of the works. The study of El divino Narciso employs a previously little-known source to illuminate its Christological readings, as well as Sor Juana’s engagement with notions of wit and conceptism. The analysis of El cetro de José explores her presentation of different approaches to perception to emphasize the importance of both the material and the transcendent in understanding the sacraments. The final section, on San Hermenegildo, explores the influence of the Christianized stoicism of Justus Lipsius, and demonstrates how Sor Juana used this work to attempt her most ambitious reconciliation of an empirical approach to the material world with a Neostoic approach to Christian morality and orthodox Catholic sacramental theology.
Say It with Flowers
Authors: Gardner John
Published: May 2018

This chapter continues the investigation of remedies for wrongdoing. It focuses on the deficit (or ‘remainder’) that is inevitably left when a fallback duty is performed according to the principle defended in the previous chapter. It explores the traces that the remainder leaves in the feelings of the wrongdoer, and asks whether, all else being equal, the wrongdoer has reason to express these feelings. The answer is negative. But the expression of the feelings, for example in a heartfelt apology, is nevertheless rationally intelligible. This may seem a long way from the concerns of private law, but it is not. It explains the ‘placebo effect’ that apologies may have, even when not heartfelt, and that explanation carries over into the explanation of money payments in damages that are not literally reparative, such as ‘general’ damages for bereavement or loss of companionship.
Black Death Persecution and Abandonment
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter begins with the Black Death’s well-studied social toxins—the flagellant movement and the burning of Jews. It shows them not as the near-universal consequences of the plague, as often assumed, but confined to certain regions of Europe and almost exclusively described by chroniclers in German-speaking regions. The chapter concentrates on a less dramatic but more diffused horror described by Black Death commentators—the cruel abandonment of loved ones and the flight of trusted professionals. By examining a large body of contemporary texts, it challenges the orthodoxy that these assessments were literary devices to enhance the Black Death’s drama. More remarkable is how swiftly these horrors disappeared with subsequent waves of pestilence through the Renaissance. Instead of dividing societies as in 1348, processions and flagellant movements, such as the Bianchi, unified communities across sex, city and countryside, and social class in peace movements to eradicate litigation and factional conflict.
Plague Spreaders
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter challenges assumptions that the Black Death initiated a new phase of plague-inspired hatred and persecution, especially against Jews. After the Black Death, no plagues provoked persecution of minorities or outsiders until myths of plague spreaders arose during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The chapter then examines the best-documented and known case of presumed plague spreading, that of Milan in 1630. Instead of persecution of foreign and impoverished plague cleaners (monatti), other outsiders, or the poor, as currently believed, it discovers that the butts of these suspicions were mainly insiders—native-born, propertied artisans, bankers, and military officers. On the other hand, those making the accusations and those executing the punishments stitched a seemingly unconscious coalition between impoverished women and Milanese elites backed by the city’s Health Board, one of the most advanced in Europe, the city’s prestigious physicians, and its archbishop.
Cholera Violence
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

With comparative forays into Spain and Russia, this chapter concentrates on Italy and the historical trajectory of cholera disturbances from 1837 to its last major cholera wave in 1910–11. While the collective violence of cholera was confined mostly to Sicily in 1837, it expanded from the 1860s to 1910–11 across the mainland, affecting cities in Rome’s ambit, Livorno in Tuscany, and city states of the North, including Venice. Despite greater understanding of cholera’s transmission and the culturing of the bacillus in 1884, these riots amassed crowds as large as 3000, with the same beliefs that the state and doctors were scheming to cull populations of the poor, leading to pharmacists, physicians, and mayors being murdered and hospitals and town halls destroyed. With cholera in Naples in 1973 and social unrest, these mythologies finally disappeared. Now, working classes rioted against the scarcity of medicines and absence of professional care.
Pop-Feminist Narratives
Authors: Spiers Emily
Published: May 2018

Emily Spiers explores the recent phenomenon of ‘pop-feminism’ and pop-feminist writing across North America, Britain, and Germany. Pop-feminism is characterized by its engagement with popular culture and consumerism; its preoccupation with sexuality and transgression in relation to female agency; and its thematization of intergenerational feminist discord, portrayed either as a damaging discursive construct or as a verifiable phenomenon requiring remediation. Central to this study is the question of theorizing the female subject in a postfeminist neoliberal climate and the role played by genre and narrative in the articulation of contemporary pop-feminist politics. The heightened visibility of mainstream feminist discourse and feminist activism in recent years—especially in North America, Britain, and Germany – means that the time is ripe for a coherent comparative scholarly study of pop-feminism as a transnational phenomenon. Pop-Feminist Narratives constitutes the first attempt to provide such an account of pop-feminism in a manner which takes into account the varied and complex narrative strategies employed in the telling of pop-feminist stories across multiple genres and platforms, including literary fiction, the popular ‘guide’ to feminism, film, music, and the digital.
North American Pop-Feminism in the Post-Digital Era
Authors: Spiers Emily
Published: May 2018

This chapter begins with a discussion of digital feminisms in relation to the most recent pop-feminist guides published in North America, which reflect upon the union between pop-culture and feminism and question whether feminism really has succeeded in permeating pop-culture, and, if so, at what cost. The author then discusses a corpus of autofictions written by queer and feminist writers engaging with the same issues of self-hood and agency in neoliberal postfeminism examined by pop-feminists. She returns to the question raised in Chapter 2 about the relationship between the economics of production and the critical cultural product, between the transgressive riot-grrrl gesture and its appropriation by commercial forces, between the desire to reach new audiences and the normatizing forces of the mainstream, and between the normalization of queer and feminist protest culture and the hedonistic embrace of transgressive behaviours, products, and practices in heteronormative North American pop-culture.
Disposition (Youk Chhang, Documenter and Survivor)
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

Beginning with an interview with Youk Chhang, the head of the Documentation Center of Cambodia, the chapter explores his path to the non-governmental organization and the projects it undertook, including Khmer Rouge Tribunal outreach. The second half of the chapter looks at how the play “Breaking the Silence” emerged from these efforts. A collaboration from the start, the play on the surface reflects the aspirations of the transitional justice imaginary, as illustrated by the title. Chhang, however, pointed out that this title made little sense in Khmer and therefore that his staff simply referred to it as “Pol Pot Stories.” Indeed, Chhang carefully translated the text so that it would make sense in rural Cambodian vernaculars. He noted that transitional justice imaginary ideas of “reconciliation” and “healing” were problematic and did not accord with the complicated on the ground understandings of Cambodian villagers. Nevertheless, the tribunal made a positive impact not just by holding former Khmer Rouge leaders accountable, but by potentially catalyzing combustive acts of imagination as Cambodians directly or indirectly engaged with the court.
Transparency and Self-Knowledge
Authors: Byrne Alex
Published: May 2018

T&SK sets out and defends a theory of self-knowledge—knowledge of one’s mental states. Inspired by Gareth Evans’ discussion of self-knowledge in his The Varieties of Reference, the basic idea is that one comes to know that one is in a mental state M by an inference from a worldly or environmental premise to the conclusion that one is in M. (Typically the worldly premise will not be about anything mental.) The mind, on this account, is “transparent”: self-knowledge is achieved by an “outward glance” at the corresponding tract of the world, not by an “inward glance” at one’s own mind. Belief is the clearest case, with the inference being from ‘p’ to ‘I believe that p.’ One serious problem with this idea is that the inference seems terrible, because ‘p’ is at best very weak evidence that one believes that p. Another is that the idea seems not to generalize. For example, what is the worldly premise corresponding to ‘I intend to ϕ,’ or ‘I feel a pain’? T&SK argues that both problems can be solved, and explains how the account covers perception, sensation, desire, intention, emotion, memory, imagination, and thought. The result is a unified theory of self-knowledge that explains the epistemic security of beliefs about one’s mental states (privileged access), as well as the fact that one has a special first-person way of knowing about one’s mental states (peculiar access).
Organizing Rebellion
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

This book identifies the degree of organization required from non-state armed groups (i) to become party to an armed conflict and thereby bound by applicable international humanitarian law; (ii) to have possible human rights obligations; and (iii) to create a context in which international crimes can be committed. Part I identifies three principal criteria that any party to a non-international armed conflict—including decentrally organized armed groups, transnational groups, or cyber groups—must meet: it must be a collective entity with sufficient capabilities to engage in hostilities and the ability to ensure respect for basic humanitarian norms. Part II conceptualizes contemporary debate and international practice on the question of whether armed groups have human rights obligations. It suggests that the sources and scope of potential human rights obligations of armed groups are understood best on a spectrum, with consideration given to three categories: groups exercising quasi-governmental authority; groups exercising de facto control over territory and population; and groups exercising no territorial control. Part III examines the requisite degree of organization of armed groups to create contexts in which crimes against humanity or genocide can be committed. It argues that the degree of power and organization of groups behind these crimes depends on whether the group instigates or actually commits the crimes. In sum, this book shows that the requisite degree of organization of armed groups to have obligations under different fields of international law cannot be determined in the abstract. It depends on the specificities of each field of law and the circumstances of each case.
Part I: Conclusion
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

Analysing the development of the concept of non-state parties to an armed conflict from the writings of philosophers in the eighteenth century through international humanitarian law (IHL) treaty law to contemporary practice, three threads can be identified. First, as pointed out by Rousseau almost two and a half centuries ago, one basic principle underlying the laws of war is that war is not a relation between men but between entities. Accordingly, the lawful objective of parties cannot be to harm opponents as individuals but only to overcome the entity for which the individual fights. This necessitates that any party to an armed conflict is a collective, organized entity and not a loosely connected group of individuals. Second, de Vattel already stressed that civil war is fought between two parties who ‘acknowledge no common judge’ and have no ‘common superior’ on earth....
A Three-Pronged Approach to Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Armed Groups
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

Chapter 6 proposes a three-pronged approach to possible human rights obligations of armed groups by distinguishing between (i) human rights obligations of groups exercising quasi-governmental authority in defined territory; (ii) human rights obligations of groups exercising de facto control over territory and population; and (iii) human rights obligations of groups not controlling territory or populations. This not only reflects contemporary international practice, but also the different capacities of armed groups and the varying circumstances in which they operate. This chapter examines each type of armed group separately. For each type, it shows to what extent human rights obligations for armed groups are needed; it provides international practice showing that a number of states and human rights experts consider the respective type of groups to have human rights obligations; it considers which sources of international law could bind the type of group in question; and suggests which scope of obligations should bind them.
General Conclusion
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

The book’s general conclusion summarizes the different thresholds of organization, power, or capacity required from armed groups as identified in the book’s three parts. It presents them in two concise and innovative tables. In a second step, the conclusion compares the different thresholds in order to identify similarities and differences. Comparing how the different fields of law have addressed armed groups over the past years and decades, and which challenges different fields have faced, the general conclusion also makes suggestions on how international law should further develop in order to better address the very different natures and capacities of armed groups. Moreover, it discusses how the conclusions drawn in this book might be relevant in the analysis of possible legal obligations of other non-state actors.
Introduction
Authors: Zillman Donald , Roggenkamp Martha , Paddock LeRoy , Godden Lee
Published: May 2018

The editors in this chapter introduce the topic of innovation in energy technology and energy law. They highlight some of the pathbreaking changes that have occurred during recent years in both realms, which the chapter authors will address in detail. No factor stimulating energy innovation is more prominent than the need to address climate change around the world. Climate change is joined by other environmental concerns, sustainability, economic efficiency, energy security, energy justice, and geopolitical concerns in shaping the development of energy innovation. The authors also explore the academic topic of innovation and identify its relevance to legal innovation in the energy field.
A Tortuous Path to Efficiency and Innovation in Heat Supply
Authors: Boute Anatole , Seliverstov Sergey
Published: May 2018

Early innovators in CHP-DH, the Soviet Union opted for the large-scale deployment of CHP-DH to ensure the centralized supply of heat and electricity, while in most countries’ heat production and supply was developed based on individual boilers. Currently, Russian heat production installations have low energy efficiency. CHP-DH penetration rate has been decreasing as consumers have started to switch to individual boilers. This ‘chaotic boilerization’ trend threatens to nullify the innovation gains achieved by Russia. To attract investments in the modernization of the CHP-DH infrastructure, Russia adopted an innovative approach to regulation: market-based principles in heat supply. Surprisingly, despite government interference, authorities have concluded that the market—instead of subsidies—must drive innovation. Russian experience highlights the difficulty of implementing innovative market-based reforms to attract investments in CHP-DH systems. Price limits avoid abuses of the heat suppliers’ de facto monopoly and thus remain a crucial regulatory task to ensure affordability.
The Inspiration of the Bible
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: May 2018

Dealing with biblical inspiration within the scheme of the Word of God in its threefold form (as preached, written, and revealed), Karl Barth distinguished between divine revelation and the inspired Bible. He insisted that the revelation to prophets and apostles preceded proclamation and the writing of Scripture. He interpreted all the Scriptures as witness to Christ. While the human authors of the Bible ‘made full use of their human capacities’, the Holy Spirit is ‘the real author’ of what is written. Raymond Collins, in dialogue with Thomas Aquinas, Barth, and others, interpreted biblical inspiration in the light of the Second Vatican Council’s Constitution on Divine Revelation. He spoke of the Holy Spirit as the ‘principal, efficient cause’ (with the human authors as the ‘instrumental’ causes), rejected dictation views of inspiration, and examined the scope of biblical truth and the authority of the Bible for the Church.
Three Leaps in the Dark, 1950–1982
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the evolution of Europe's monetary union as a French initiative motivated by goal of achieving monetary and economic parity with Germany. The Schuman Declaration in 1950 brought European nations together in a spirit of reconciliation and laid the preparatory basis for post-War Europe. In 1957, the Treaty of Rome enabled the flowering of the European community—which, by the mid-1960s, had completed its primary task of establishing an institutional framework for cooperative coexistence and, by opening trade borders, had enhanced the material capabilities of the nation state. However, the European monetary union project in 1969 resulted in severe economic problems. Forcing one monetary policy on divergent nations made no logical or practical sense. Thus, repeated efforts to fix exchange rates predictably failed. Ultimately, the pursuit of monetary union created great risks and did little for Europe's real economic problem of generating long-term growth and reducing unemployment.
After the Bust, the Denial, 2007–2009
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the financial crisis that had begun in early 2007 in the United States. Euro area banks had taken big risks both in the U.S. and at home; almost instantly, they had become enmeshed in the crisis. The global financial implosion had transformed into an unnerving global economic downturn. U.S. authorities had responded with vigor, and by mid-2009, the U.S. was on its way to financial and economic recovery. In the euro area, the European Central Bank (ECB) had remained in denial and national authorities had struggled to tame their domestic banking crises. As the crisis had unfolded, government guarantees that promised to protect creditors and ECB liquidity had propped up euro area banks. However, delays in dealing with insolvent banks, who had gambled and lost, were certain to impede further economic recovery and, ultimately, inflict large costs on governments.
Delays and Half-Measures
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This chapter studies the cases of Greece and Ireland in 2010. Amidst the raging global financial crisis, the Greek economy appeared to have held up well. However, every informed observer knew that Greece's statistical data was appalling—and too often deliberately misleading. It was later revealed that Greek debt was above 110 percent of GDP, and, with large deficits, debt was piling up rapidly. The chapter then looks at the Irish crisis, which had been building since late-September 2008. To persuade creditors to continue to fund Irish banks, the government had guaranteed that it would repay their debts if the banks themselves were unable do so. Irish banks had made bad lending decisions and had made huge losses. If not already bankrupt, they were heading to bankruptcy as property prices had continued to fall.
Policy Wounds Leave Behind Scar Tissue, 2011–2013
Authors: Mody Ashoka
Published: May 2018

This chapter addresses the troubling legacies left by the global financial crisis: rising government debt burdens and slower economic growth prospects. In October 2009, debt burdens were surging at about an equal pace in the United States and in the euro area. However, growth prospects looked better in the U.S. than in the euro area because the U.S. Federal Reserve had proactively stimulated its economy while the European Central Bank (ECB) had kept monetary policy tight. Policymakers faced a dilemma. Solving the debt problem required governments to undertake austerity measures—raise taxes and reduce spending; but austerity would lower the demand for goods and services, which would cause incomes to fall and further set back growth prospects. Hence, some, including the International Monetary Fund's Research Department, believed it was important to jump-start economic growth.
The Theory of Change
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

Before beginning to monitor programs or evaluate their impact, organizations need to ensure that they have a sound theory of change to guide their work. A theory of change is a conceptual map of a program; this chapter explains how articulating a theory of change helps organizations decide what elements of their programs they should monitor and measure. The chapter outlines each step necessary for creating a theory of change, from defining the problem a program seeks to address to identifying possible unintended consequences of program implementation. It then illustrates the process of crafting a theory of change through the example of Nutrition for All, a hypothetical development organization dedicated to reducing child malnutrition.
Salama SHIELD Foundation
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

Monitoring data at the Ugandan Salama SHIELD Foundation revealed perfect repayment rates in its microfinance program. But rather than take these data at face value, a diligent program officer set out to determine if the data might be concealing other stories. In his efforts to investigate the truth behind the data, he made a number of decisions about what data to collect—and, importantly, what not to. But, as this case demonstrates, actionable data is only half the story; right-fit resources and systems are necessary to turn data into action. Readers will think critically about what data are necessary to answer key operational questions and will design data collection instruments to deliver these data. They will also consider ways of applying the CART principles to strengthen the data collection system and determine where the organization should focus its monitoring efforts.
Invisible Children Uganda
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

Monitoring and evaluation systems rarely begin as right fits; instead, they evolve over time, often to meet the demands of internal learning, external accountability, and a given stage of program development. This case follows Invisible Children Uganda as it formalizes its monitoring and evaluation system in response to increased visibility, the demands of traditional donors, and an internal desire to understand impact. Readers will consider how Invisible Children’s first logical framework—a rough equivalent of a theory of change—lays the foundation for a right-fit monitoring and evaluation system. Readers will also analyze the broader challenges of commissioning high-quality impact evaluations and the importance of clearly defining them.
Deworm the World
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Karlan Dean
Published: May 2018

Deworm the World serves millions of school children every year. Monitoring on such a large scale can amplify the difficulty of developing a right-fit system: How can an organization ensure credible data collection across a wide range of sites and prioritize actionable information that informs implementation? How can such a large-scale system rapidly respond to issues once identified? This case illustrates the challenge of finding credible and actionable activity tracking measures. How does Deworm the World apply the credible, actionable, and responsible principles to determine the right amount of data to collect and the right time and place at which to collect it?
Introduction to Ethnography
Authors: Kwame Harrison Anthony
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter introduces ethnography as a distinct research and writing tradition. The author begins by historically contextualizing ethnography’s professionalization within the fields of anthropology and sociology. While highlighting the formidable influences of, for example, Bronislaw Malinowski and the Chicago school, the author complicates existing understandings by bringing significant, but less-recognized, influences and contributions to light. The chapter next outlines three principal research methods that most ethnographers utilize—namely, participant-observation, fieldnote writing, and ethnographic interviewing. The discussion then shifts from method to methodology to explain the primary qualities that separate ethnography from other forms of participant-observation-oriented research. This includes introducing a research disposition called ethnographic comportment, which serves as a standard for gauging ethnography throughout the remainder of the book. The author presents ethnographic comportment as reflecting both ethnographers’ awarenesses of and their accountabilities to the research tradition in which they participate.
Research Design
Authors: Kwame Harrison Anthony
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 demystifies practices of ethnographic research by discussing the balance between structure and serendipity surrounding its design. The author pursues this in two ways: first, by discussing the dynamic mode of structured improvisation through which ethnographers perform their research and, second, by introducing a framework for ethnographic decision-making—based on the concept of social science sampling—which highlights many of the major considerations affecting the research choices ethnographers make. Through this discussion, the author illustrates the complementary strategic and improvisational imperatives that in-the-field ethnographers embody. The second part of the chapter is organized around several key phases of the research process including (a) the choice of a research topic; (b) decisions regarding research settings; (c) aspects of data collection—including expanding on the first chapter’s discussions of positionality, fieldnote writing, and interviewing; and (d) techniques and sensibilities through which researchers analyze their data.
Writing Up Research Findings
Authors: Kwame Harrison Anthony
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 considers the different sensibilities that inform current conventions of ethnographic authorship. The author juxtaposes the “renegade practices” of contemporary ethnographic writing with the more disciplined traditions of standard research reporting. The rest of the chapter elaborates on the ethnographic writing process through two orienting frameworks. The first, organizational approach, emphasizes a need to communicate research results with a measure of empirical precision. This includes discussions of how to develop and organize themes, select useful illustrations, and decide on requisite background and theoretical information. The second, evocative approach, prioritizes the authorial role in communicating meaning and sentiment through effective use of voice, rhythms, textures, and imagination. The author argues that good ethnographic writing must find a productive balance between these competing dispositions. Ultimately ethnography is presented as an adverbial mode of writing that animates social life by describing not only what takes place but also how it occurs.
Globalization and Labour Reforms
Authors: Mahmood Zaad
Published: May 2018

Globalization, as commonly understood, limits policy choices of a nation by creating structural and institutional constraints. This leads to an important question: are political actors still relevant in shaping policy in the interest of domestic socio-economic concerns? Locating labour as a critical political economy factor, essential for production and capable of political action, this book examines the political economy of labour reforms. Through a careful study of labour market reforms across subnational states of India, it draws attention to the continuing relevance of local politics in influencing public policy. Drawing on the evidence from the pairs of institutionally and economically alike states, Gujarat–Maharashtra and West Bengal–Andhra Pradesh, this book shows that despite pressures of convergence under conditions of globalization, reforms vary across states, depending on partisan governments, dynamics of interest group negotiations, and party competition. Using both qualitative and quantitative analyses, the book argues that ‘who governs’ matters for how globalization unfolds in any society, and that public policies continue to be nuanced, if not shaped, by politics. By analysing the labour policy in India, the book makes an important contribution to political economy research on transitional economies.
Party System
Authors: Mahmood Zaad
Published: May 2018

The chapter discusses the party system in the macro context of politics. It highlights the limitations of political party and interest group analysis without reference to the political competition that shapes behaviour in politics. The chapter discusses theoretically the impact of party system on labour market flexibility and proceeds to show the interrelation between party competition and the behaviour of political parties, composition of socio-economic support bases, and the behaviour of interest groups that influence reform. In the context of labour market flexibility, the party-system operates as an intermediate variable facilitating reforms. The chapter contradicts the conventional notion that party system fragmentation impedes reform by showing how increasing party competition corresponds to greater labour market reforms. It shows that increases in the number of parties, facilitates labour market reforms through marginalization of the issue of labour, realignment of class interests within broader society and fragmentation of trade union movement.
A Contest of Status and Legitimacy in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Brewster David
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines Indian and Chinese perspectives of each other as major powers and their respective roles in the Indian Ocean. It focuses on the following elements: (a) China’s strategic imperatives in the Indian Ocean Region, (b) India’s views on its special role in the Indian Ocean and the legitimacy of the presence of other powers, (c) China’s strategic vulnerabilities in the Indian Ocean and India’s wish to leverage those vulnerabilities, (d) the asymmetry in Indian and Chinese threat perceptions, and (d) Chinese perspectives of the status of India in the international system and India’s claims to a special role in the Indian Ocean. The chapter concludes that even if China were to take a more transparent approach to its activities, significant differences in perceptions of threat and over status and legitimacy will produce a highly competitive dynamic between them in the maritime domain.
The China Factor in Indian Ocean Policy of the Modi and Singh Governments
Authors: Chaudhuri Pramit Pal
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the evolution of top Indian foreign policy-makers towards China’s role in the Indian Ocean. Chaudhuri gives a New Delhi insider’s view on the efforts by Indian leaders to engage with China on these issues under the previous Congress government. He argues that by the end of the Singh administration, Indian policy makers had concluded that China was an ‘autistic power’ and that their approach of engagement had failed. Chaudhuri tracks the further changes in India’s approach under Narendra Modi, including India’s decision to align with the United States and Japan. He argues that Modi’s major challenge in the Indian Ocean is now primarily one of implementation of India’s announced policies.
Assessing Non-Ideal Pragmatic Responses to the Problem of Error
Authors: Smith Holly M.
Published: May 2018

The non-ideal Pragmatic theorist seeks the moral code whose usability value, if not perfect, nonetheless exceeds that of any rival code. Chapter 7 assesses the success of this approach, and concludes that it fails. Comparing codes in terms of their usability value requires more information than any agent or theorist can command. Moreover, the code with the highest usability value is shown to be the moral laundry list, which earlier chapters rejected. Finally, Chapter 7 shows that there is no guarantee that the code with the highest usability value fulfills the rationales supporting the Usability Demand. Such a code will not necessarily offer agents the basic form of justice, providing everyone with the opportunity to lead a successful moral life; nor will it necessarily better enhance social welfare than rival codes; nor will it necessarily lead to a better pattern of actions among well-motivated agents.
Introduction
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila , Roberts Deborah H.
Published: May 2018

The book’s subject is the widespread and formative reception of classical culture that takes place in childhood, with a specific focus on children’s pleasure reading in Britain and America from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. The production of literature designed to foster children’s connection to antiquity is identified as an adult project, which begins with the retelling of classical myths in the 1850s and which this study traces primarily in myth collections and works of historical fiction. Attention is also given to adults’ memories of their own childhood encounters with antiquity and the uses and meanings assigned to those encounters in memoirs and other works for adult readers.
The Job
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: May 2018

Prime ministers have no job description. They must exercise their prerogative powers to run the systems of government but, apart from those duties, they must determine what they see as important, how they will spend their time and what priorities they will set. This chapter explores how they approach their job; it identifies the importance of prior experience. Some prime ministers have never even been in office and must learn fast to define a strategy and learn how to manage their colleagues, even while they come to terms with the challenges of the job. Others have decades of experience and know what they want to do. Prime ministers’ working practices will differ; there is no one proper way of doing the job, even though they will share a number of common dilemmas.
Prime Ministers and the Public
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: May 2018

Prime ministers are the key campaigners for their governments, not just in electoral campaigns, but every day and in every place. Media management has become a continuing and significant part of the prime ministers’ activities; it is a daily, indeed an hourly, pressure. Speeches have to be planned. The pressure has changed the tone and priorities of governing. It has dangers as well as benefits. Media demands have become more immediate, more continuous, and more intrusive. Prime ministers must respond. The same technical changes allow prime ministers to interact with their voters in a way that bypasses journalists and other intermediaries. They are writ large in campaigns. They are never out of mind or out of sight. Re-election is always a consideration for tactics and strategy. The public leader, the ‘rhetorical prime minister’, is shaped by the demands of the media and organized by the technological capacity.
A History of Russian Literature
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The History of Russian Literature provides a comprehensive account of Russian writing from its earliest origins in the monastic works of Kiev up to the present day, still rife with the creative experiments of post-Soviet literary life. Five chronological parts by design unfold in diachronic histories; they can be read individually but are presented as inseparable across the span of a national literature. Throughout its course, this History follows literary processes as they worked in respective periods and places, whether in monasteries, at court, in publishing houses, in the literary marketplace, or the Writers’ Union. Evolving institutional practices used to organize literature are themselves a part of the story of literature told in poetry, drama, and prose including diaries and essays. Equally prominent is the idea of writers’ agency in responding to tradition and reacting to larger forces such as church and state that shape the literary field. Coverage strikes a balance between extensive overview and in-depth thematic discussion, addressing trans-historical questions through case studies detailing the importance of texts, figures, and notions. The book does not follow the decline model often used in accounts of the nineteenth century as a change-over between ages of prose and poetry. We trace in the evolution of literature two interrelated processes: changes in subjectivities and the construction of national narratives. It is through categories of nationhood, literary politics, and literary life, forms of selfhood, and forms of expression that the intense influence of literature on a culture as a whole occurs.
Paradise lost
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The historical period is framed chronologically by two significant crises: the dynastic crisis at the turn of the century, known as the Time of Troubles, and the religious conflict known as the Schism starting from the 1660s. Literature closely reflects the gradual disintegration of the narrative of Holy Russia from paradise to paradise lost, and responds in a number of ways. Tales and historical narratives treat the Time of Troubles and its aftermath, when famine and the impoverishment of the monasteries swept through Russia. Poetic songs, mostly Christian in content and reflecting the survival of pagan faith, are examined in a case study. The continued production of saints’ lives and vision tales captures uncertainty as personal experience, played out in the literature of the Schism of the 1660s–80s, most notably works of autobiography written by Old Believers: the autobiography of the Archpriest Avvakum is a masterpiece of the genre.
Prose
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The chapter surveys forms of storytelling in prose, examining the relationship between the written and the oral against a backdrop of changing patterns of literacy. New writing is marked by humor and the carnivalesque, especially in works of popular literature that started out as oral tales, before eventually entering the written tradition either in printed versions or in manuscript copies. Literature offered escapist pleasures, and productive genres include the fabliau and fantasy tale, as well as picaresque fiction (or roguery tales) featuring characters that anticipate the “new men” of Petrine Russia by advancing socially against the odds through ambition, cunning, and lack. The chapter considers the degree to which the seventeenth-century popular fiction genuinely holds up a mirror to the trouble reality of the period; or whether the lessons it holds on the present are strongly conditioned by new forms of prose that originated in Western Europe.
Forms of prose
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

This chapter charts the growing appreciation among writers and readers of prose fiction—the genre not valued by the educated eighteenth-century reader. It explores the emergence and growing popularity of historical prose, the romantic tale, and the society tale. The chapter pays particular attention to the ongoing delay in the rise of the novel. It considers the formal and thematic dimensions of the novel, treating questions of aesthetics and movements such as techniques of mimesis, the relation of realism to the movement known as Realism, and the novel’s close attention to social class and political issues Russian.
Narratives of nation-building
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on two related subjects: the sharpening of historical awareness and the formation of Russian national consciousness. Mature historical narratives inspired historical fiction and drama. Tolstoy’s War and Peace offered a powerful nationalistic view of the Napoleonic Wars. Russians of all political persuasions attempted to articulate a view of Russia as a multinational empire and to define specifically Russian historical path. These attempts caused sharp generational conflicts reflected in literature, particularly the novel. Pushkin, neglected by the mid-nineteenth-century radicals, by the end of the century emerged as the poet of national significance, the incarnation of Russian national spirit.
Interlude
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

In this space between the Poetics of Subjectivity and the Poetics of Language, we want to pause briefly to consider several otherwise unrelated poets who, for a portion of their careers, did not fit into the reigning poetic movements of their age, or do not smoothly align with the critical trends that dominated Russian literary studies in the twentieth century. These poets straddle the two types of poetics we have foregrounded in this part of our ...