bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arguments for empowering Southern Carpathians communities in sustainable forestry management based on a perception approach in selected areas
Authors:   University of Bucharest, MATEI Elena , LUCHEȘ Daniel ,   Timişoara West University, Manea Gabriela ,   University of Bucharest, Vijulie Iuliana ,   University of Bucharest, PREDA Mihaela ,   Bucharest University,   Bucharest University, COCOŞ Octavian
Published: December 2020

In Romania, the changes of the land fund occurring over the last decades due to land restitutions have led to some difficulties in the management of the marked forests and to excessive harvesting in all geographical areas, but especially in the Carpathian Mountains. Although these topics have been intensely publicized, the general reaction of the population and, implicitly, of the local communities, towards these signals has been week and isolated. Consequently, the study aims at examining the perception of local Carpathian communities, as actors involved in sustainable development, which are required to assume an active participation in the sustainable management (SFM) of the forests lying in the vicinity of residential areas. In order to accomplish this, an interview was applied in eight pilot areas from the Southern Carpathians. The results reveal that, regardless of education level, the respondents have a deep environmental knowledge about forest ecosystems, a perception in which the interest goes primarily to forest maintenance and only then to economic harvesting. The perception regarding the forests' condition, the activity of the administrators and the specific legislation is predominantly negative. In order to overcome the dysfunctions the members of local communities support legislation improvement, the increase of environmental awareness by education, being willing to get involved in a wide range of activities to enhance SFM. The study may be a useful tool for policy makers and for improving the activities by involving local population, which is the main target of SFM.
Processamento de linguagem natural aplicado à classificação de decretos administrativos brasileiros
Authors: Ribeiro André Luís , Araújo Othávio Ruddá da Cunha , Oliveira Leonardo B. , Inácio Magna Maria
Published: December 2020

Decretos administrativos são emitidos pelo Poder Executivo com o objetivo de controlar despesas, agências, ministérios e planos do governo. Apesar de serem textos de importância estratégica, no Brasil não existem classificações agregadas que explicitam as áreas de influência de cada um desses documentos. Sendo assim, neste trabalho apresentamos duas metodologias de classificação e sua automatização através de algoritmos clássicos e do estado da arte em aprendizado de máquina para modelagem textual. Nossos resultados explicitam desempenho de cerca de 80% de F1-score para alguns desses modelos, além de apresentarem uma visão geral desse tipo de dado e suas possibilidades e culminarem com a ampliação da transparência das ações e decisões do Poder Executivo Federal.
WebFeatures: A Web Tool to Extract Features from Collaborative Content
Authors: Pinto Aline C. , Silva Beatriz S. , Carmo Priscilla R. M. , Lima Raphael L. A. , Amorim Larisse S. P. , Viana Rubio T. C. , Dalip Daniel H. , Oliveira Poliana A. C.
Published: December 2020

The production from collaborative web content has grown in recent years. Thus, exploring the quality of these data repositories has also become relevant. This work proposes to develop a tool called WebFeature. Such system allows one to manage, extract, and share quality related feature sets from text, graph and article review. To accomplish this, diff erent types of metrics were implemented based on structure, style, and readability of the texts. In order to evalu- ate the WebFeature applicability, we presented a scenario with its main functionalities (creation of a feature set, extraction of features from a known dataset, and publishing the feature set). Our demon- stration shows that this framework can be useful for extracting features automatically, supporting quality prediction of collabo- rative contents, analyzing text characterization, and improving research reproducibility.
Blaming Dirty Looks
Authors: Mărăşoiu Andrei Ionuţ ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2020

Casting dirty looks is morally wrong when it encourages gender stereotypes and objectifies the woman looked at. Oglers are to blame for the harm done. And, if an ogler were to merely imagine what he perceives, we would blame him less than for his stare. So, in many such cases, we must be at least partly be blaming the ogler for being in the very perceptual state he is then in—for his male gaze. This line of reasoning goes against ethical orthodoxy, which claims that perception is simply not the kind of thing for which the agents who perceive could be blamed. Against orthodoxy, I argue that the moral relevance of the male gaze implies that perception is the kind of thing for which perceiving agents could be blamed.
Jacques Maritain's Personalistic Society and Pluralism
Authors: Wells Geoff ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

Jacques Maritain's concept of ttte personalistic society describes a democratic unity of the body politc that mitigates the tension between the material and spiritual aspects of human existence. This unity, grounded in the principles of natural law, makes possible in our terrestrial existence a communion of good living and a rectitude of life--what Maritain calls the bonum honestum. The good he envisions both facilitates and reacts the ideals of an integral Christian humanism, but it necessarily requires for its realization the infusion of Christian ideals into the body politic. It is crucial to Maritain that the process by which this infusion occurs allow for a wide participation of diverse actors, bothh religions and non-religious. But it is also crucial that they are able to converge from their different perspectives into an agreement on "Christianly inspired" practical principles that will subsequently guide public policy. This essay argues that the collective character of the moral personally represented by Maritain in this unity describes a problematic corrtext tor public dialogue that risks undermining the social and political pluralism it presupposes.
A Salute to Jacques Maritain
Authors: Novak Michael ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

As in the nineteenth century so in the twentieth, a number of laymen and women have appeared in the firmament of intellect and the arts to place the entire body of Christians in their debt. Of these, no one has been more influential in different spheres than Jacques Maritain. In political and social thought, no Christian has ever written a more profound defense of the democratic idea and its component parts, such as the dignity of the person; the sharp distinction between society and the state; the role of practical wisdom; the common good; the transcendent anchoring of human rights; transcendent judgment upon societies; and the interplay of goodness and evil in human individuals and institutions. To read him is to be forced to look, through such distinctions, from many angles of vision at once. And all for the sake of unity: To distinguish in order to unite," is a most suitable motto for his life's work. Maritain focused on the real content of democracy understood as all those common experiences, ways of looking at things, forms of consciousness, habits, and convictions that entire peoples acquire slowly, underlining the importance of Christian renewal for the transcendent grounding of human dignity and human rights as "the soul of democracy."
Darwin's Straw God Argument
Authors: Wells Jonathan ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

In the controversy between Darwinian evolution and Intelligent Design, the fonver is commonly portrayed as science and the latter as theology or phitosophy. Yet Charles Darwin's "one long argument" in The Origin of Species was heavily theological. In particular, Darwin argued that the geographical distribution of living things, the fossil record, vestigial organs, and homologies were "inexplicabte on the theory of creation," but made sense on his theory of descent with modification. In this context, "The theory of creation" did not imply young-earth creationism, but a God conceived by Darwin to create all species separately, arbitrarily, and perfectly. In the many instances when the evidence was not sufficient to support his positive case for descent with modification, Darwin would simply declare that the only altemative-the "theory of creation"-was not a scientific explanation. Darwin's followers often argue similarly. Thus, arguments for Darwinian evolution, in both its ordinal and modem forms, are commonly bound up with arguments from theology and philosophy.
Evolution and Irreducible Complexity
Authors: Bergman Jerry ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

The concept of inreducible complexity is central to the origins controversy. Ineducible complexity (IC) may be defined as any machine or system that requires two or more parts in order to function. Examples range from molecules to mousetraps, organelles, and organisms such as humans. This essay explores the relationship between IC and complexity, clarifying the levels of IC such as the irreducible core and its mode of function. IC has been used in a wide variety of disciplines for over a century. Objections to irreducibte complexity include co-option, the "junk DNA" theory, and the scaffolding argument. Co-option, a major argument against IC, attempts to explain how IC can be achieved through natural means by utilizing existing parts to construct a new biological machine or structure. Yet examples of IC in both the biological and non-biological wortds show that such common objections do not invalidate the concept. IC is firmly established.
Evolution and Scientific Theories of Changeability
Authors: Lewandowska Boguslawa ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

Evolutionary processes are conditioned both by unique phenomena and probabilistic ones. Given probabilistic factors, one may speak of changeability of evolution. This essay attempts to model evolutionary processes by modeling changeability in the natural sciences. Yet a framework of determinism and indeterminism appears inadequate to apprehend evolutionary processes. Autodeterminism is a more promising framework for addressing the causal, functional, and probabilistic dimension of evolution. Such an approach ensures the possibility of perceiving and presenting the complexity of evolution. The essay proposes that the synthetic theory of evolution conjoins factors of evolution, determinism, and changeability. The question still remains whether one can say that real being, which exists in the stream of time, is the subject of philosophy. This puzzle may be resdved by showing that besides the scientific cognition of nature, there is another possible cognition--the philosophical cognition. This is reflected in a significant group of problems of philosophical cosmology which are not addressed by the natural sciences due to their research methods.
Natural Intelligence and Intelligible Design
Authors: Clough William R. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

Intelligence and design are vast concepts. Components of intelligence, such as changing in response to environmental conditions or problem-solving, can be found in things such as viruses or machines, which are not fully intelligent. "Intelligence" in humans includes awareness, ethics, narrative, and perceiving meaning. The word "designed" usually refers to things for which the designer's purpose is known or inferred. The problem of how the "ghost" --soul, spirit, or consciousness--gets into the "machine"--material reality--arises because of the assumptions inherent in the questton asked. What is needed is a perspective that recognizes subjective and objective data, does not deny a major part of human experience or contradict scientific knowledge, and that takes both the existence of intelligence and the observation of design seriously. This essay is an attempt to explore the outlines of such a theory, as suggested by the design of the human brain.
Soviet Policies Toward Dissent, 1953-1986
Authors: Reddaway Peter ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

In the wake of Joseph Stalin's death in 1953, Soviet policies on dissent took shape with the abandonment of mass terror as a method of rule, followed by a comprehensive liberalization of Soviet legal codes. As dissent gradually became organized and public from the late 1950s, a pattem of keeping arrests of dissidents to a minimum emerged. To do this, an escalating array of lesser measures was devised, from cautionary conversations with KGB officers to job dismissal. As dissent diversified in the late 1960s and 1970s to include religious, nationalist, social, and human rights movements, it gained increasing support from the West. The Kremlin often had difficulty taking this into account. In the mid-1970s, its desire for detente with the West led to concessions on human rights, including a reduction in arrests. These were exploited by dissidents, but soon retracted with detente's collapse in 1979-80, and the U.S.S.R.'s isolation. Nonetheless, Soviet policies on dissent varied within relatively narrow limits, and only changed dramatically from 1986 under Mikhail Gorbachev.
Ethnopolitics and Discrimination Against Minorities in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Authors: Brljavac Bedrudin ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

Bosnia and Herzegovina has been going through an extensive European Union-related reform process for more than a decade, yet the country still faces a serious democratic deficit. In particidar, the post-Dayton public sphere has been dominated by ethno-nationalist political elites which exclude non-nationalists and members of minority groups from the decision-making process. This is a clear paradox, since one of the main objectives of the integration of European countries into the European Community was to reduce disintegrative influences of nationalists, and establish a peaceful, prosperous, and secure community. This essay explores the process of the post-Dayton ethno-nationalization in BiH resulting in widespread discrimination against so-called Others as defined in the Constitution, In the postwar era, BiH democratic participation has tumed into a competition between the three ethnic communities, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats, rather than a contest of equal individuals with an equal right to vote. As a result, Bosnian people still live under a political system which is closer to ethno-democracy or ethnocracy rather than a democratic regime. Under such a discriminatory regime, BiH cannot enter the European Union, which is a model of an open, democratic society.
Looking to the Future
Authors: Clough William R. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

Futurology is an inherently interdisciplinary field. Anderson and Melnik's essay deals with how likely technological developments will affect both the process and the subject matter of psychotherapy. It is optimistic about the future of psychology as the profession enters a revolution in technological applications as potentially discipline-changing as medicine underwent with the development of antibiotics, high-tech prosthetics and diagnostic tools, and new surgical, life-saving, and life-enhancing techniques. All these innovations will bring new options for treatment, but also new temptations and dangers. This essay adds social, economic, and theological perspectives concerning the proper ethical home for cyber-psychology. While technological developments can benefit individuals, groups, and society, pitfalls include temptations of power, intergroup conflict, and diagnostic creep. Proper preparationfor the future requires encouraging human virtues like altruism and intellect, restraining human flaws like error proneness, ignorance, selfishness, and harmful competition, as well as avoiding the accidental misuse of technology, and mobilizing newfound powers in the service of the common good.
For a Better World?
Authors: Dennison William D. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

Interdisciplinary studies is presently dominated by addressing socio-cultural questions and problems in the hope that the results of its research wilI generate a better world. As a collective group of experts addresses these issues, the specialists will perform investigative research that wilI prescribe a hopeful resolution to enhance the quality of existence. The Biblical text reveals, however, that humans have a fallen nature and that the creation has an eschatological end. In this context, the Christian interdisciplinarian has the burdensome challenge to bring temporal relief for those socio-cultural problems within the telos of Biblical revelation. The Christian's method towards interdisciplinary resolution needs to be assisted by critical thinking in a number of areas: the relationship between interdisciplinarity and interdisciplinary, the relevance of tiie classic nature-grace dualism, the hemeneutical method employed in interpreting data, and the boundaries of eclectic tolerance to advance the interdisciplinary goal.
Climate Change and Intersectionality
Authors: O’Brien Kevin J. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2020

White climate ethicists have a responsibility to learn, teach, and write about the intersections between climate change and white supremacy. Learning from Andrea Smith’s understanding of white supremacy as three pillars—commodification, orientalism, and genocide—built from heteropatriarchy, this essay argues that white climate ethicists should focus on particular experiences rather than universal narratives; learn from histories of colonization, slavery, and genocide; and support coalitions that empower people of color and indigenous communities. A focus on the writings of scholars from marginalized identities leads to an understanding of climate change as atmospheric defilement.
Interest as a consequence of debt delay
Authors: Manojlović Miona
Published: December 2020

The author first tries to define the concept of debt arrears, and after that its consequences. The author dedicates further presentation to interest, its historical origin and definition of its basic types through the analysis of the laws by which it is regulated, and with special emphasis on the Law on default interest. The author tries to point out the legal gaps in the laws, analyse the existing solutions in practice, but also offers some new solutions that could be useful in the application of the institute of interest. Also, the institute of default interest will be analysed within our legal system through a calculation that extends from the appearance of the law that regulated default interest until today.
PREDICTORS OF DENTAL ANXIETY IN CHILDREN: SELF-PERCEPTION AND PARENTAL FACTORS ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Authors: CESARİO Eloisa , SANTOS Patrícia , TÔRRES Ana Clara , NÓBREGA Fernando
Published: December 2020

Objectives: To identify the factors involved with dental anxiety in children. Matherial and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with children aged 8–12 years and their parents. They were interviewed and examined. Oral health and treatment need perceptions were assessed using a self-reported index. Information about DMFT and dental anxiety scores were collected from children and their parents. Regression analysis was obtained to find association between anxiety in children scores and all variables studied. Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determine possible correlations between variables. Results: Significant association was observed between the child’s oral health self-perception, DMFT and parents’ anxiety. It was found a significant correlation between dental anxiety and oral health self perception to children and adults. Moreover, dental anxiety in children is positive correlated to DMFT. Conclusions: Dental anxiety in children is affected by parental dental anxiety. Moreover, it seems child’s dental anxiety is influenced not only by DMFT scores but also by oral health self-perception.
ARE MAXILLARY AND SPHENOID SINUS VOLUMES PREDICTORS OF GENDER AND AGE? A CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY STUDY
Authors: KOÇ Alaettin
Published: December 2020

Objectives:This study aimed to analyze the role of maxillary sinus (MS) and sphenoid sinus (SS) volumes for determining gender and age.
Materials and methods: This retrospective study enrolled the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 164 MS and 164 SS belonging to 82 patients (40 females and 42 males). Right MS, left MS, right SS, left SS, total SS and total MS volumes were estimated. In order to analyze the role of the volumes for determining age and gender, independent samples test, logistic regression analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis were performed.
Results: Males had greater right SS, average SS, and total SS volumes than females (p=0.007, p=0.013, p=0.013, respectively). Right SS volume had the best predictive power (65.9%) for determining gender, and the only significant regression model could be modeled using this parameter. No significant correlation was found between age and any volume (p>0.05).
Conclusions: It was concluded that SS volume is a valuable tool for determining gender whereas neither MS nor SS were decisive in determining age. A simpler gender determination is possible with our regression formula incorporating the SS dimension. There is a need for further studies analyzing the role of paranasal sinus volumes and formulations ensuring a simple estimation for determining age and gender among different patient populations.
Indonesia's Involvement in the Afghanistan Peacebuilding Process
Authors: Farizan Fabian Nur , Heryadi Dudy
Published: December 2020

This article aims to understand and analyse Indonesia's involvement in ensuring peace, especially in peacebuilding efforts in Afghanistan. Indonesia’s commitment to improve its peace efforts in Afghanistan was expressed by President Joko Widodo during his visit to Kabul in 2018. This research used Lederach’s pyramid model of peacebuilding as the primary analysis tool. Lederach’s pyramid model identifies three approaches to peacebuilding, along with the main actors in the population affected by the conflict—namely top leadership, middle range leadership, and grass-root leadership. The results of the study show that Indonesia's involvement in Afghanistan in peace efforts has been carried out at all levels. Indonesia's peacebuilding efforts at the top level are focused on achieving Intra-Afghan Talks. At the middle range level, Indonesia runs capacity building programs and uses a religious approach through ulama. Furthermore, at the grassroots level, Indonesia focuses on empowering Afghan women as peace agents. The presence of Indonesia in all three approaches to Peacebuilding shows a positive mark for the overall Afghan peace process.
E-textiles: An interdisciplinary approach
Authors: Strand Kari Saasen , Haakonsen Peter , Fauske Laila Belinda
Published: December 2020

This article aims to shed light on e-textiles as a fusion of different skills. The empirical starting point is a workshop on e-textiles offered to a group of teachers attending a continuing education course in art and design. The study adopts self-ethnography. Using anonymous reflection notes from the workshop, the article discusses e-textiles as an arena to enhance problem solving through practical explorational work. This involves interdisciplinarity, crafting skills and computational thinking. Focusing on two categories, namely I) material knowledge and sustainability and II) electronics knowledge and interdisciplinarity, this study shows that time is an important factor when exploring e-textiles in an educational context. In e-textiles, crafting, circuitry, programming and sustainable thinking can be combined in an interdisciplinary and productive mash-up encouraging problem solving.
Patrones de expansión urbana de las megaurbes latinoamericanas en el nuevo milenio
Authors: Cruz-Muñoz Fermín
Published: December 2020

Las políticas neoliberales trastocan la urbanización, ahora ceñida a una lógica de mercado donde el sector inmobiliario adquiere un papel cada vez más importante. En este estudio se analiza la evolución de la densidad de población y la morfología del área urbana de las cuatro megaciudades latinoamericanas: Buenos Aires, Ciudad de México, São Paulo y Río de Janeiro. Se encuentra que la expansión urbana es cada vez más dispersa y segmentada espacialmente. Se vincula este patrón de urbanización a las constructoras privadas que localizan conjuntos habitacionales en la periferia metropolitana, siguiendo una lógica de emplazamiento mercantil que fomenta la fragmentación espacial. Se muestra la imperante necesidad de una planificación territorial efectiva para limitar el uso del territorio no urbanizado y asegurar el desarrollo humano en las nuevas periferias urbanas.
La reforma urbana en Brasil y su semántica
Authors: Máximo Rérisson , Royer Luciana
Published: December 2020

Con la llegada del siglo XXI, estudiosos de lo urbano celebraron el Estatuto de la Ciudad y el Ministerio de las Ciudades como importantes marcos normativo e institucional de la política urbana en Brasil. Poco tiempo después, las convicciones eran colocadas en jaque ante los impasses que aquellas propuestas enfrentaban. Aún en la primera década del Estatuto y del Ministerio, el campo político e intelectual que orbita en torno de la reforma urbana vivió una etapa de evaluación del proceso. En el momento de su institucionalización, un ciclo más de la reforma urbana se cierra. Pero, cabe cuestionar ¿qué se acordó llamar reforma urbana? Se argumenta que la respuesta a esa pregunta se podría formular a partir de la explicitación de elementos que definirían una semántica que aquella expresión engloba. Son esos aspectos los que este texto busca presentar y discutir, señalando límites y contradicciones de la reforma urbana como horizonte posible y/o imaginado.
Destinos turísticos patrimoniales y la museificación del territorio. Estudio comparativo entre Santa Fe de Antioquia (Colombia) y San Cristóbal de Las Casas (México)
Authors: Muñoz Elkin , Llanos Luis
Published: December 2020

El patrimonio es uno de los recursos territoriales utilizado por el turismo. El accionar de este último puede tender a museificar ese patrimonio, a petrificarlo, a convertirlo en una imagen para la fotografía, lo cual repercute sobre el significado social de los espacios y lugares patrimoniales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar estos procesos que reconfiguran el territorio, haciéndolo a través de la comparación de dos destinos turísticos de América Latina: San Cristóbal de Las Casas (México) y Santa Fe de Antioquia (Colombia). El método que orienta la investigación es la comparación, centrada en dos procesos sociales en cada unidad de análisis (la museificación del espacio y la producción del territorio), para encontrar elementos comunes y dispares que ayuden a comprender la relación entre patrimonio, turismo y territorio. Se concluye que esta relación, en el contexto global, tiene efectos diferenciados según la construcción histórica del territorio.
“Se maneja todo acá”: Buenos Aires como ciudad compuerta en las redes de producción petrolera
Authors: Scholvin Sören
Published: December 2020

El artículo analiza el rol de Buenos Aires como “ciudad compuerta” en el sector petrolero, especialmente su impacto sobre el desarrollo en el interior de Argentina. En él se combinan dos enfoques, uno de geografía económica y otro de geografía urbana: redes de producción y ciudades globales. El autor propone considerar cinco elementos que caracterizan a las ciudades en redes de producción. Se demuestra que la concentración de sedes corporativas, así como del gobierno e instituciones públicas, explican el rol central de Buenos Aires. También transporte y logística, así como la transmisión de conocimiento, son allí funciones importantes. El procesamiento industrial no es una característica relevante de esta ciudad compuerta. Los lugares periféricos se integran a las redes de producción porque prestan mano de obra y, por medio de las pymes, productos y servicios genéricos. Sin embargo, las actividades intensivas en conocimiento y/o altamente ligadas a la captura de valor escasamente se expanden hacia la periferia.
Un remezón en la historiografía del urbanismo
Authors: Welch Max
Published: December 2020

Título libro: The Routledge Handbook of Planning History Autora: Carola Hein (Ed.) Edición: Nueva York: Taylor & Francis, Routledge handbooks, 2018 (532 pp.). PRINT ISBN: 9781138856981 EBOOK ISBN: 978131571899
El alcance del principio non bis in idem en el ámbito del derecho administrativo sancionador
Authors: Picón Arranz Alberto
Published: December 2020

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el alcance del principio non bis in idem en el ámbito del derecho administrativo sancionador. Para ello, estudiaremos, en primer lugar, el concepto y el fundamento del principio, así como su ubicación dentro del elenco de los derechos fundamentales. Luego, trataremos de estudiar su operatividad —tanto en su vertiente material como en la procedimental— a la luz de la prevalencia de la jurisdicción penal sobre la potestad sancionadora de la Administración. Por último, examinaremos su significación en el ámbito exclusivo del derecho administrativo sancionador.
Review of the reproductive ecology of the Mediterranean key species Pistacia lentiscus in the Anthropocene
Authors: Parejo Farnés Clara , Aparicio Abelardo , G. Albaladejo Rafael
Published: December 2020

El lentisco (Pistacia lentiscus L., Anacardiaceae) es uno de los arbustos más abundantes y característicos de la cuenca Mediterránea. Sus frutos, tipo drupa, son el principal reclamo y fuente alimenticia de los frugívoros invernantes de esta región estableciendo una interacción muy importante planta-animal, pero el cambio del uso del suelo y la poca cobertura natural que queda en la región pueden poner en peligro esta interacción planta animal y el futuro de las poblaciones de lentiscos. Aunque existen numerosos estudios sobre la biología reproductiva de esta planta es necesario enmarcar estos conocimientos en un contexto de fragmentación del hábitat. La presión antropogénica extrema puede llegar a aislar físicamente los fragmentos y restringir los microhábitats seguros dentro de los bosques. Al aumentar el aislamiento, no solo la nube de polen disponible para las plantas femeninas es menos diversa, sino que además la abundancia de dispersores presentes es menor, modificando el destino final de las semillas. A nivel genético, es frecuente la existencia de cuellos de botella en las poblaciones de adultos, pero no se ve el efecto tan marcado de estructuración genética como en otras especies de matorral Mediterráneo. Este trabajo revisa el conocimiento existente sobre la biología reproductiva del lentisco en el contexto actual de cambio global y antropización del paisaje, con el fin de predecir posibles escenarios futuros y asegurar la viabilidad de esta especie.
Система гемостаза при COVID-19, "Природа"
Authors: Филькова А.А. , Мартьянов А.А. , Проценко Д.Н. , Румянцев А.Г. , Атауллаханов Ф.И.
Published: December 2020

Одно из наиболее опасных проявлений COVID-19 — заболевания, вызываемого коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2, — спонтанное образование тромбов в микрососудах легких, что вызывает гипоксию и усиление воспалительных процессов. В наиболее тяжелых случаях развивается ДВС-синдром, приводящий к множественным кровоизлияниям. Механизмы нарушений системы гемостаза при COVID-19 в настоящее время активно изучаются. При поражении легких происходит активация клеток сосудистых стенок, что вызывает синтез тканевого фактора — белка, инициирующего активацию плазменного звена свертывания крови и запуск тромбообразования. Одни исследователи считают, что тромбоциты активируются, когда в них проникает SARS-CoV-2, другие — склоняются к тому, что это следствие активации плазменного звена свертывания крови в легких. Дополнительный вклад в это вносит повышенный иммунный ответ организма, выражающийся в цитокиновом шторме. В настоящее время разработаны терапевтические подходы на основе низкомолекулярного гепарина, которые позволяют значительно облегчить состояние пациентов, но для их применения необходимы надежные и чувствительные анализаторы тромбодинамики. Вкупе с новыми подходами к диагностике, а также разработкой вакцин, эти достижения позволяют с оптимизмом смотреть на перспективы борьбы человечества с COVID-19.
Рифты Венеры и Земли: сходство и различие, "Природа"
Authors: Гусева Е.Н. , Иванов М.А.
Published: December 2020

Наибольшее сходство с венерианскими рифтовыми областями Атла и Бета имеют земные рифты восточной ветви Восточно-Африканской рифтовой зоны. В обоих случаях доминирующие особенности рельефа — крупные сводовые поднятия. Однако рифтонесущие своды Венеры значительно крупнее своих земных аналогов. Рассматриваемые рифтовые зоны на нашей планете и на Венере выражены в рельефе схожими линейными осевыми грабенами, ограниченными бортовыми поднятиями, но их количественные морфометрические характеристики существенно различаются. Рифты Венеры приблизительно вдвое протяженнее и шире земных, а их горизонтальное растяжение значительно меньше. Механизмы рифтообразования, по-видимому, схожи для венерианских областей Атла и Бета и для восточной ветви Восточно-Африканской зоны Земли. Рифты сформированы в результате воздействия восходящего мантийного потока на литосферу с последующим сводообразованием и растяжением, а существенное различие их морфометрических характеристик, скорее всего, связано с разной мощностью дорифтовой литосферы.
Следствия столкновения, породившего Луну: траектории осколков, "Природа"
Authors: Бялко А.В. , Кузьмин М.И.
Published: December 2020

Луна образовалась в результате Гигантского столкновения Прото-Земли с планетой, названной Тейей. Осколки этого события, разлетевшиеся далеко от Земли, возвращаются в узкую область Солнечной системы вблизи той ее точки, где и произошло Гигантское столкновение. Поскольку сама Земля каждый год также приходит именно в эту точку, то вероятности выпадения осколков на нашу планету в течение первых тысяч лет после столкновения весьма велики. Происходила интенсивная ранняя бомбардировка Земли и Луны, приносившая на планету воду и те газы, которых она была лишена вследствие очень сильного разогрева при Гигантском столкновении. Так образовались земные атмосфера и океан. Нами были уточнены многие детали этих событий, в частности, оценены вероятности выпадения осколков не только на Землю, но и на Марс, Венеру. В статье представлены расчеты разнообразных траекторий осколков, образовавшиеся в результате столкновения. Они были получены численными решениями задачи трех тел. В дальнейшем мы собираемся рассказать об эволюции осколков на разных орбитах и следствиях их падения на Землю.
Экспедиция Р. И. Мурчисона в городе Вязники, "Природа"
Authors: Сенников А.Г.
Published: December 2020

Геологическая экспедиция под руководством сэра Родерика Импи Мурчисона в 1840–1841 гг. была важной вехой в изучении геологии России. Главный результат тех исследований — выделение пермской геологической системы, единственной установленной на территории нашей страны. И ключевую роль в этом сыграли Вязники — уездный город Владимирской губернии.
ТЕРАГЕРЦЕВОЕ СОЛНЦЕ, "Земля и Вселенная"
Authors: СТЕПАНОВ АЛЕКСАНДР ВЛАДИМИРОВИЧ
Published: December 2020

Столетие назад астрономия основывалась исключительно на оптических наблюдениях. С развитием рентгеновских исследований, радиофизики и появлением обсерваторий в Космосе астрономия стала многоволновая. Сегодня для исследования Вселенной привлекаются, наряду с наблюдениями в оптике, данные о рентгеновском и гамма-излучении, развиваются наблюдения в ультрафиолетовом, инфракрасном и радиодиапазонах, совершенствуются способы обнаружения нейтрино и гравитационных волн. Особое место в исследовании Вселенной принадлежит субтерагерцевому и терагерцевому диапазонам
ВСЛЕД ЗА МАРГАРЕТ ФУЛЛЕР: ИЗ АМЕРИКИ В РИМ И ОБРАТНО, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Кац Е.А.
Published: December 2020

В 2002-2008 гг. наш журнал опубликовал серию статей израильского профессора Евгения Каца, посвящённых фуллеренам - истории их открытия, свойствам и практическим применениям. Эти материалы послужили основой его научно-популярной книги “Фуллерены, углеродные нанотрубки и нанокластеры: родословная форм и идей”, вышедшей в 2008 г. (3-е изд. в 2019 г.). Профессор Кац продолжает успешно совмещать свою исследовательскую и преподавательскую деятельность с научно-просветительской. В настоящее время он работает над новой научно-популярной книгой. В этом номере журнала мы начинаем знакомить наших читателей с некоторыми материалами будущей книги, любезно предоставленными нам автором.
STANDARDIZATION STUDY OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATION: ARTHRUM OINTMENT
Authors: Patel Amit , Hirani Komal , Gohil Hiral
Published: December 2020

To access the quality of drug the standardization is very critical. As per WHO guidelines, 80% of the peoples have relied on traditional medicine in a rising nation. Most of the conventional system is valuable but a lack of standardization. The parameters studied are physicochemical parameters, heavy metal analysis, aflatoxin content, pesticide residue and microbial analysis. These values will help to obtain the batch-to-batch variation in Arthrum ointment. This is used to treat different types of pain. We calculated and discussed physicochemical parameters, heavy metal analysis, aflatoxin content, pesticide residue and microbial analysis. The scientific method for its quality and safety evaluation is not yet to be documented. Hence in the current work, an attempt has been made to evaluate the quality parameters to be used for its preparation and processing.
DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL METHOD AND ITS VALIDATION FOR SILDENAFIL CITRATE BY UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Authors: Tomar Deepali , Kaushik Peeyush , Mishra Ashish S , Sah Lalan Kumar
Published: December 2020

bulk drugs and the drug formulations and its validation. Method: The ideal conditions were established for the investigation or analysis of the drug. Results: The λmax of 293.2nmwas found for the Sildenafil citrate. Within, 8 to 60μg/ml concentration range the method complied with Beer's Law and show exceptional sensitivity with linearity. Moreover, 1.012 and 3.036 were observed limit of detection and quantification, respectively. When the absorbance versus concentration graph was plotted on the calibration curves a linear relationship was observed with the coefficient correlation of 0.99. The observed regression coefficient (Y) of the calibration curves was found to be 0.0131x- 0.0191. The method was precise and accurate with the experiential value of 2.0325± 0.044. The stability of the test solution was up to 48 hours. Conclusion: The proposed analytical method is simple, economical and experimentally less time-consuming. Therefore, it will be appropriate for Sildenafil citrate analysis of pharmaceutical formulations in bulk.
Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Ghazaryan Lilit , Pfeiffer Kristin , Schmitt Paul , Beladiya Vivek , Kund Stefan , Szeghalmi Adriana
Published: December 2020

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a key coating technology which enables conformal coatings on high aspect ratio substrates. In addition, it allows for a precise thickness control of thin films, multilayers, and nanolaminates. It is a chemical coating technology where the precursors are introduced sequentially in the reactor or are spatially separated. Herein, basic principles of ALD are introduced, reactor geometries are overviewed, and typical ALD materials and applications are summarized. ALD thin films are one pillar of modern computer technologies where ultra‐thin, conformal coatings with exceptional physical, electrical, and chemical properties are essential. Numerous emerging applications have been demonstrated and some are already in mass‐production. Precursor and process development, tool design and engineering, extensive thin‐film optimization, the search for better materials and composites combined with expert knowledge in the application fields have led to this success.
Simulation of Nitride Semiconductor MOVPE
Authors: Ohkawa Kazuhiro
Published: December 2020

This article seeks to help readers understand the MOVPE growth of nitride semiconductors as a part of science. MOVPE is the abbreviation for metalorganic vapor‐phase epitaxy. Therefore, the precursors used are metalorganic gases and ammonia. The precursors decompose or react with others in the gas phase. The obtained reactive molecules form semiconductor layers on substrates. Those growth reaction pathways and the polymer formation will be discussed numerically for GaN, InN, InGaN, AlN, and AlGaN in this article. For those materials, the numerical analyses of growth rate and alloy composition exhibited the qualitative and quantitative agreements with experiments. The reader can see the growth mechanism, and experts will understand the current MOVPE conditions of nitride semiconductors.
Desulfovibrionaceae
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: December 2020

De.sul.fo.vi.bri.o.na.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Desulfovibrio
, type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfovibrionaceae
, the family of
Desulfovibrio
.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae

Cells are vibrio or rod shaped and occur singly or in pairs. Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores are not observed. Motile or nonmotile. Strict anaerobes with respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophs (all members), chemolithoheterotrophs (most members) and chemolithoautotrophs (few members). Simple organic compounds such as lactate, pyruvate, fumarate (most members), succinate (most members), and malate (most members) can serve as sole electron donors and carbon sources and are oxidized to acetate. Some members use amino acids and sugars. Alcohols are used only as electron donors and oxidized to their corresponding carboxylic acids. H
2
and CO
2
and formate can be used in the presence of acetate or yeast extract as carbon sources (all members), the reductive glycine pathway can be used for autotrophic growth (a few members). The common electron acceptor for most members is sulfate, which is reduced to sulfide; thiosulfate, sulfite, or sulfur (often without growth) might be used as well.
Lawsonia
spp. are intracellular parasites that can grow only in complex media and cannot use inorganic sulfur compounds as terminal electron acceptors. Some members can grow by reduction of nitrate or fumarate to ammonia and succinate, respectively. Reduction of other electron acceptors, such as oxygen (not linked to growth), Fe
3+
, DMSO, or others, might occur. Fermentation of pyruvate, fumarate, or other simple organic compounds is common. Growth by disproportionation of oxidized sulfur compounds might occur (chemolithoorganotrophic growth) but has rarely been tested. All species are mesophilic and contain desulfoviridin with the only exception of
Lawsonia
. Neutrophiles (most species), moderate alkaliphiles, and acidophiles may occur. The family currently accommodates 25 genera. Members of this family are found in various anoxic habitats.

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 33.1–70.0 (genome, LC,
T
m
).

Type genus
:
Desulfovibrio
Kluyver and van Niel 1936
AL
.
Desulfofabaceae
fam. nov.
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: December 2020

De.sul.fo.fa.ba.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Desulfofaba
, type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfofabaceae
, the family of
Desulfofaba
.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfofabaceae fam. nov.

Cells are straight or curved, thick rods which occur singly or in pairs. Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores are not observed. Motile. Strict anaerobes with respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic. Common substrates for the family are propionate and
n
‐propanol, which are used as sole electron donors and carbon sources and oxidized incompletely to acetate (other substrates used depend on the genus). Sulfate and sulfite are used as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to sulfide. Mesophilic or psychrophilic; the optimal growth temperature range of the mesophiles is between 20 and 28°C; one species grows best at 7°C. Neutrophilic; the optimal pH for growth is around 7. The major menaquinone is MK‐8 (only known for one species). The family currently accommodates the genera
Desulfofaba
and “
Desulfoliva
”. The type species of the type genus was isolated from permanently cold marine sediment. Has currently been isolated from anoxic marine sediments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 48.8, 53.0 (LC, genome).

Type genus
:
Desulfofaba
Knoblauch et al. 1999
VP
.
Schleiferiaceae
Authors: Albuquerque Luciana , Egas Conceição , da Costa Milton S.
Published: December 2020

Schlei.fe.ri.a.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Schleiferia
type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Schleiferiaceae
family of the genus
Schleiferia
.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Schleiferiaceae

The family
Schleiferiaceae
is a member of the order
Flavobacteriales
. This family accommodates two genera,
Schleiferia,
composed of one validly published species named
Schleiferia thermophila
, and
Thermaurantimonas
, composed of one validly published species named
Thermaurantimonas aggregans
. Cells are rod shaped that are nonmotile. The organisms stain Gram‐negative and endospores are not observed. The organisms are slightly thermophilic and strictly aerobic. Grow in complex media with neutral pH. Carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids are used as carbon and energy sources. The major respiratory quinone is menaquinone 6 (MK‐6). The polar lipid profile is dominated by phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), unidentified aminolipids (ALs), and unidentified lipids (ULs). The predominant fatty acids are iso‐branched and hydroxy fatty acids. Isolated from hydrothermal areas.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 42.8 (HPLC).

DNA G + C content (%)
: 42.6–42.9 (genome).

Type genus
:
Schleiferia
Albuquerque et al. 2011
VP
.
Thermohalobacteraceae
fam. nov.
Authors: Spring Stefan
Published: December 2020

Ther.mo.ha.lo.bac.te.ra.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Thermohalobacter
, type genus of the family; suff.
‐aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermohalobacteraceae
, the
Thermohalobacter
family.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Tissierellales / Thermohalobacteraceae fam. nov.

Free‐living bacteria that mainly occur in anoxic saline environments. Cells are not pigmented and have a Gram‐positive type of cell wall. Gram‐stain reaction can be negative or positive. Typically slender rod‐shaped cells that are motile by flagella. Several strains form heat‐resistant spores. Mainly euryhaline, moderately thermophilic and halophilic. Members of the family are strictly anaerobic bacteria that utilize carbohydrates or peptides by fermentation. Cellular fatty acid patterns are dominated by
iso
‐C
15:0
and
iso
‐C
15:0
DMA. The family currently accommodates members of the genera
Thermohalobacter
,
Caldisalinibacter
,
Caloranaerobacter
,
Brassicibacter
,
Sporosalibacterium
, and
Clostridiisalibacter
, which were previously affiliated with the family
Clostridiaceae
. The affiliation of novel species to this family depends on the phylogenetic position, which should be determined on the basis of comparative sequence analyses of 16S rRNA genes or genomes.

DNA G + C content (mol%):
28–33.

Type genus:
Thermohalobacter
Cayol et al. 2000.