bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fichte: el reconocimiento y sus implicaciones
Authors: Emel Rendón Carlos
Published: July 2014

La reflexión de Fichte sobre el problema del reconocimiento es mucho más que el punto de partida en la discusión filosófica moderna sobre esta temática: la de Fichte es una reflexión que funda y explicita la dimensión práctico- política que tiene, para todo ser humano, la experiencia del reconocer y ser-reconocido. Su concepto del reconocimiento representa, en principio, una importante variación de su concepto del «yo» como principio absoluto de todo saber. Fichte, en efecto, busca superar el carácter incondicionado del yo de la Doctrina de la Ciencia, a través de la idea de una de relación que opera como condición de su realización como ser libre. Fichte llama a esta relación, «relación de reconocimiento», y remite a ella la posibilidad de la autoconciencia en general. Esto significa que el yo —el «ser racional finito»—no puede ponerse o pensarse a sí mismo, sin ponerse o pensarse como estando en relación con otro yo. Este punto de vista no sòlo rompe el esquema monológico de la Doctrina de la Ciencia, sino que establece la condición fundamental bajo la cual la autoconciencia puede ser posible: el ser-para-otra, o el ser reconocida. Esto hace de la doctrina fichteana del reconocimiento una doctrina de la intersubjetividad y de la interacción. En el presente ensayo se busca explicitar la concepción señalada del reconocimiento, sobre la base de lo que son las condiciones posibilitadoras del mismo: la «exhortación» y la «autolimitación», a las que entiende como los aportes más originales e influyentes de la reflexión fichteana sobre este fenómeno.
RESEÑA de : Höffe, Otfried. Kritik der urteilskraft. Berlín : Akademie Verlag, 2008
Authors: Cubo Ugarte Óscar
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Kervégan, Jean-François. Hegel, Carl Schmitt : lo político : entre especulacióny positividad. Madrid : Escolar y Mayo, 2007
Authors: Cubo Ugarte Óscar
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Gracia Guillén, Diego. Voluntad de verdad : para leer a Zubiri. Madrid : Editorial Triacasatela, 2007
Authors: Ramírez Voss Jesús
Published: July 2014

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Introducción : Darwin y nosotros, tal como estamos
Authors: Álvarez Juan Ramón , Castrodeza Carlos
Published: July 2014

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La recepción de los textos de Darwin y Wallace en la Linnean Society : una crónica del silencio
Authors: González Recio José Luis
Published: July 2014

La lectura en la Linnean Society de los textos con los que Darwin yWallace daban a conocer sus tesis transformistas ha sido objeto de dos interpretaciones historiográficas muy diferentes. Para algunos, fue un momento revolucionario y excepcional en la historia de la ciencia, cuya fecha abre el inicio de la biología moderna. De acuerdo con otras percepciones de lo ocurrido aquel día, los ensayos de ambos naturalistas pasaron poco menos que inadvertidos y no fueron valorados según merecían. El presente trabajo procura descender a los detalles, con la intención de ofrecer un análisis más ecuánime y preciso de lo ocurrido.
El argumento de Alvin Plantinga contra el naturalismo evolucionista : un análisis crítico
Authors: Diéguez Antonio
Published: July 2014

Alvin Plantinga ha desarrollado un atrevido argumento para probar que el naturalismo evolucionista no puede explicar por sí solo la posesión de capacidades cognitivas fiables. Según el argumento, si uno cree en la fiabilidad de nuestras capacidades cognitivas y en la teoría de la evolución, entonces debe abandonar el naturalismo y aceptar la intervención sobrenatural en la evolución de dichas capacidades, puesto que la probabilidad de que la evolución conduzca a la posesión de capacidades cognitivas fiables es baja o inescrutable. Con este argumento Plantinga utiliza una estrategia en defensa del diseño inteligente (de nuestras capacidades cognitivas) diferente de la usual: supone la validez del darwinismo para concluir que éste necesita del supernaturalismo si quiere explicar nuestro conocimiento. En el artículo se analiza críticamente este argumento.
Omonimia, non-omonimia e sinonimia nell’ «argomento dei relativi» del de ideis
Authors: Zanatta Marcello
Published: July 2014

La nozione di «non-omonimia» surruga nel Perì ideon quella di sinonimia, istituita nelle Categorie sulla base della già effettuata critica delle Idee platoniche, in un momento, quale quello della composizione del Perì ideon, in cui Aristotele si accinge a operare detta critica. L’uso, qui, della nozione di sinonimia avrebbe infatti comportato l’introduzione di una nozione non ancora fondata.
Un gallo para Asclepio. Del enigma del autoepitafio de sócrates al posthumanismo contemporáneo
Authors: Royo Hernández Simón
Published: July 2014

En la presente investigación se han rastreado las huellas del dios griego de la medicina, Asclepio, desde sus profundidades en los cultos de las grutas hasta su conversión clásica en hijo de Apolo y su subsiguiente difusión sincrética en el mundo helenístico. Un recorrido conceptual cuya finalidad no es otra que la de mostrar, desde el ejercicio de una ontología de la actualidad, lo que el modo de presencia de la ausencia de un pharmakon para nuestro tiempo, un brebaje con propiedades tanto venenosas como curativas, significa para el mundo en que vivimos. El retorno a la sincronía tras el paso por la diacronía se nos muestra necesario para la reproblematización intempestiva de nuestro presente y la apertura de algunas grietas de por-venir
Gilles Deleuze y la escuela estoica
Authors: Núñez García Amanda
Published: July 2014

Podemos notar que Gilles Deleuze es reacio a establecer una tradición de la «Historia de la Filosofía» que nos conduzca a su origen grande: Grecia. Sin embargo, sí cabe para el filósofo una recuperación de una filosofía singular griega: la filosofía estoica. Aquella que se propone como corriente «menor» y creativa. Corriente que, simplemente, defiende los derechos y la fragilidad de la potencia. La potencia del Acontecimiento. De esta tradición Deleuze recupera toda su ética, ya que tanto sus condiciones como sus planteamientos son aplicables a nuestra actualidad y a nuestros problemas. ¿Cómo establecer una ética en un mundo como el nuestro, tan parecido a aquel del helenismo? ¿Cómo evitar las soluciones universalistas tanto como las relativistas que esgrimen las éticas «mayores» también en nuestra actualidad?
RESEÑA de : Serrano, Vicente. Absoluto y conciencia : Una introducción a Schelling. Madrid : Plaza y Valdés Editores, 2008
Authors: Carrasco Conde Ana
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : García-Baró, Miguel. Teoría fenomenológica de la verdad : Comentario continuoa la primera edición de ‘Investigaciones Lógicas’ de Edmud Husserl. Madrid :Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, 2008
Authors: López Sáenz Mari Carmen
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Bauer, Christoph J.; Caspers, Britta; Hebing, Niklas; Junng, Werner; Wendt Holger (Editores). Georg Lukács. Werk undWirkung. Duisburg, Alemania : Universitätsverlag Rhein-Ruhr, 2008
Authors: Cubo Ugarte Óscar
Published: July 2014

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La primavera estructuralista : Lacan y el lenguaje
Authors: Luis Franco Garrido
Published: July 2014

La ambigüedad entre el aspecto representativo y el aspecto genético del lenguaje sirve de estrategia en este escrito para dilucidar cómo lo simbólico, en Lacan, articula el paso entre lo imaginario y lo real. Este tránsito, que en los textos lacanianos se esboza a partir de la crítica a la práctica asociacionista, puede ser expresado en términos de posibilidad, lo que permite presentar la holgura por la cual el carácter constitutivo de la estructura simbólica escapa a dicha reducción conceptual. De ahí que en estas páginas se tome la anfibología del lenguaje para ensayar una lectura de los vértices fundamentales que en Lacan trazan la figura de la subjetividad más allá del dominio de la representación.
Habermas en el límite de la razón: Fe y saber como instancias primeras de la razón postmetafísica
Authors: Javier González Panizo
Published: July 2014

Después de todas las crisis de la razón que hemos vivido en las últimas décadas, una de las más inminentes necesidades que tiene la sociedad actual es la de construir un tipo de razón capaz de resolver la paradoja que entre necesidad y libertad, entre espacio público y privado, entre particularidad y generalidad, se da a la hora de dar por válido cualquier sistema ético. En los últimos años Habermas se ha revelado como uno de los más capaces pensadores a la hora de abordar temas éticos tan complejos como la secularización o la capacidad que tienen aún hoy las religiones para dotar de significado cualquier construcción social. Solo permitiendo el acceso del discurso religioso al ámbito de lo público podremos solucionar las insuficiencias de que adolecen, por ejemplo, la idea de justicia de Rawls o el imperativo categórico de Kant, ambos vacios de contenido. Una vez tracemos las líneas maestras de lo que sería una razón construida siempre en el límite del consenso dialógico, nos centraremos en el famoso debate entre Habermas y Paolo Flores d’Arcais para así ver las consecuencias que tanto una posición como la otra tiene para el futuro de las sociedades actuales.
RESEÑA de : D'Souza, Dinesh. Life after Death : the evidence. Washington : Regnery, 2009.
Authors: Gabriel Ernesto Andrade
Published: July 2014

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François Poullain de la Barre : filósofo feminista y cartesiano sui generis
Authors: León Luz Stella
Published: July 2014

Este artículo trata de introducir brevemente la vida y obra de François Poullain de la Barre, filósofo feminista y cartesiano sui generis del siglo XVII, dando a conocer la deriva social de los principios cartesianos.This article briefly introduces the life and work of François Poullain, feminist philosopher and 17th century sui generis Cartesian, announcing the social drift of Cartesian principles.
Una aproximación estructuralista a "El Capital" de Marx a raíz del problema de la transformación
Authors: Zabaleta Imaz Josu
Published: July 2014

Se propone una lectura estructuralista de «El Capital» de Marx con la que enfrentarse a sus interpretaciones «fisicalistas» habituales. Bajo este nuevo enfoque, el controvertido papel del tercer tomo se convertirá en algo estructuralmente exigido por el primero. Para ello se mostrará el carácter isomorfo del mercado de mercancías y del mercado de capitales. La necesidad de contar con al menos dos materializaciones de la misma estructura para obtener su identificación dará lugar al concepto de «precio de producción».A structuralist approach to Marx’s «Capital» is proposed as a way to confront the usual «physicalist» interpretations. From this new standpoint, the controversial role of the third volume will be transformed into something structurally required by the first volume. To this end, the isomorphic character of the market of goods and the markets of capitals will be shown. The need to have at least two materializations of the same structure available in order to be able to identify it gives rise to the concept of «price of production.»
Hanna Arendt: las ideologías y la supresión de la política
Authors: Lucena Góngora Borja
Published: July 2014

El presente artículo procura aclarar, a través del pensamiento de la pensadora judía Hannah Arendt, algunas notas características de las ideologías, entendidas éstas como formas específicamente contemporáneas y novedosas de pensamiento acerca de la realidad y el lugar de los hombres en ella. Partiendo de la actualidad de las ideologías y su hegemonía en el ámbito de lo político, se trata de mostrar cómo su predominio, lejos de una intensificación, conduce a la cancelación de la dimensión política de la vida humana, y cómo este resultado se desprende del contenido mismo y la lógica interna del pensamiento ideológico, y no de circunstancias ocasionales. De acuerdo con esto, se exponen e intentan comprender las categorías nucleares que conforman a las ideologías como genuinas suplantadoras de la acción política: realidad, lógica, libertad, verdad.This article tries to clarify some features of ideology from the point of view of Hanna Arendt´s conception of politics. Ideologies, as understood by Arendt, relate to specific and novel contemporary ways of thinking about reality and man’s place in it. If we look at the hegemony of ideology throughout the 20th century, we can acknowledge that its predominance produces not intensification but rather a repudiation of the political dimension of human life. Hannah Arendt contemplates this repudiation as the internal and essential aim of ideologies, not just an occasional circumstance. Accordingly, the article outlines the main categories that constitute ideology as a substitute for political action: reality, logic, freedom, truth.
El ocultismo nacionalsocialista y el discurso alternativo contemporáneo
Authors: Campo Pérez Ricardo
Published: July 2014

La revuelta contra el mundo moderno ha tomado variadas formas desde el movimiento romántico. Fue especialmente virulenta en el último tercio del siglo XIX en Alemania, donde los movimientos de juventud y los abundantes ocultistas proponían cosmovisiones alternativas al mundo industrializado y cientifista, al igual que en el movimiento nacionalsocialista. En el ocultismo contemporáneo y en las visiones alternativas de la New Age podemos hallar una interpretación o enfoque del ser humano y del cosmos semejante.The revolt against the modern world has taken varied forms since the Romantic Movement. It was especially virulent in Germany in the last third of the 19th century, where youth movements and the abundant occultists were proposing alternatives to the industrialized, science-oriented world, just like in the National Socialist movement. We can find a similar interpretation of the human being and of the cosmos in contemporary occultism and in the alternative visions of the New Age.
RESEÑA de : Acosta, María del Rosario (ed.). Friedrich Schiller : estética y libertad. Bogotá : Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2008
Authors: Cubo Ugarte Óscar
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Sánchez Meca, Diego. Historia de la filosofía moderna y contemporánea. Madrid : Dykinson, 2010
Authors: Ramis Barceló Rafael
Published: July 2014

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Algunos destellos de la luz de Spinoza: de una metáfora de Dilthey al relámpago en Romain Rolland
Authors: Benito Olalla Pilar
Published: July 2014

La figura y la obra de spinoza han despertado curiosidad, admiración y hasta veneración en numerosos intelectuales, no sólo filósofos, sino también literatos. la descripción de la experiencia de algunos de ellos acerca del encuentro con el filósofo holandés suele abundar en metáforas lumínicas, cristalinas, e incluso ígneas. En este artículo, parto de una metáfora de Dilthey que asemeja la filosofía de spinoza con un cristal brillante y transparente. a continuación, planteo la doble dimensión interpretativa que pueden albergar esos dos adjetivos en relación con la comprensión de las ideas de spinoza: respectivamente, la afectividad (brillante) y la racionalidad (transparente). Y, finalmente, analizo en detalle uno de los escritos que considero más significativos sobre el carácter casi sagrado de iluminación fulgurante que provoca la lectura de las obras de spinoza: L’éclair de Spinoza, de Romain Rolland.
La naturaleza representacional de los modelos
Authors: Falguera López José Luis
Published: July 2014

En este artículo se considera que diferentes usos del término "modelo" comparten una condición común, que viene dada por la naturaleza representacional de los modelos. Atendiendo a este punto de vista, se establece una analogía entre 'signo lingüístico' y 'modelo' que permita comprender la naturaleza representacional de los modelos. En definitiva, se asume que la teoría que permite explicar la naturaleza representacional de los modelos es la teoría del signo (Semiótica).
L'Academia da Platone a Antioco: struttura, storia, pensiero
Authors: Dorandi Tiziano
Published: July 2014

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La deducción del espacio y el tiempo en los parágrafos 10 a 12 de la Doctrina de la Ciencia nova método del manuscrito de Krause
Authors: Serrano Vicente
Published: July 2014

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El fundamento de la experiencia: la voluntad pura, comentario al § 14 de WLnm-Krause
Authors: Ramos Valera Manuel
Published: July 2014

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Autoconciencia, imaginación y contraposición: WLnm § 17(segunda parte)
Authors: Cubo Ugarte Óscar
Published: July 2014

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Acción, libertad y determinación: comentario al § 18 de la Doctrina de la Ciencia nova methodo
Authors: Santoro Thiago S.
Published: July 2014

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El carácter des-introductorio de la Doctrina de la Ciencia
Authors: Antuña Francisco
Published: July 2014

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Ensayo de una nueva exposición de la Doctrina de la Ciencia: un fragmento de filosofía
Authors: Jesus Vasco de
Published: July 2014

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Citación y referenciación en el ámbito de la filosofía: personalización de estilos internacionales mediante gestores bibliográficos
Authors: Muñoz-Alonso Gemma
Published: July 2014

La transmisión del mensaje filosófico necesita concretarse en una serie de rasgos formales, rasgos que van desde una correcta citación y referenciación de los argumentos presentados, hasta una pulcra y rigurosa presentación ortotipográfica de las referencias bibliográficas empleadas. La tarea puede acometerse manualmente, lo cual supone un trabajo lento y complicado, o bien utilizar algunos de los gestores bibliográficos disponibles en la actualidad, como ProCite, RefWorks, EndNote o Zotero. Este artículo trata, en once epígrafes, de ofrecer la posibilidad de personalizar la citación y referenciación respetando la normativa internacional y adaptándola a la ortotipografía española. En una palabra, orientar al filósofo, al estudiante, al docente, en la tarea de abordar un trabajo académico con garantías de éxito.
Memoria mendace e imitatio: reflexiones sobre Discorsi, II, 5, 2-16
Authors: Barbuto Marcelo A.
Published: July 2014

En el texto que conocemos como Discorsi, II, 5, 2-16, esplicita provocazione filosofica e teologica, probablemente de corte lucreciano, Maquiavelo propondría, a partir de la categoría oblivione delle cose, una definición necesariamente favolosa y mendace de las historias de las cosas en el mundo. Posteriormente, ubicado como apéndice de Discorsi, II, 4, 34-40, la oblivione delle cose habría sido utilizada para fundamentar la imitatio y legitimar la existencia de una historia políticamente verdadera, útil para postular desde il suo ragionare dello stato un programa de acción política antietrusco y pro-romano.
Montaigne y la inmensidad del mundo: «una perpetua multiplicación y vicisitud de formas»
Authors: Bayod Jordi
Published: July 2014

Podría pensarse que la idea de la inmensidad del mundo aparece en Montaigne sólo como un recurso retórico empleado con una finalidad pedagógicomoral. Pero el examen de las distintas páginas de los Ensayos que se ocupan del tema muestra hasta qué punto tiene también una dimensión filosófica. En particular, en el capítulo «Des coches» Montaigne toma partido con notable rotundidad por un universo sin límites ni espaciales ni temporales poblado por una infinidad de formas en perpetua vicisitud. La lista de imágenes del mundo alternativas presentada en una importante página de la «Apologie de Raymond Sebond» certifica el interés del autor por este planteamiento.
Schopenhauer y Gracián: Arte de prudencia y sabiduría mundana
Authors: Mateu Alonso Juan David
Published: July 2014

El propósito de este trabajo es explicar algunos aspectos de la relación entre Arthur Schopenhauer y Baltasar Gracián. En primer lugar, muestro el desarrollo de la sabiduría mundana en la obra de Schopenhauer y el vínculo con el Oráculo manual y arte de prudencia de Gracián, traducido por Schopenhauer al alemán. En segundo lugar, intento hacer un balance de este vínculo teniendo en cuenta cuatro aspectos: a) la sindéresis y el arte de prudencia, b) la autarquía del individuo, c) la crítica a Maquiavelo y d) la cuestión ontológica. Por último, concluyo con algunas reflexiones sobre el moralismo moderno y su importancia para la filosofía sistemática de Schopenhauer.
Hegelian analytic philosophy: P. Redding's reading of Hegel
Authors: Bavaresco Agemir , Cooper Andrew
Published: July 2014

The classic analytic tradition associated the philosophy of George Berkeley with idealism. Yet in terms of the German Idealismus, Berkeley was no idealist. Rather, he described himself as an “immaterialist”. In the classic analytic tradition we find a misunderstandingof the German Idealismus. This paper will suggest, through reference to the work of Paul Redding, that Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit presents Idealismus as that which reconciles objectivity and subjectivity in the experience of consciousness. Hegel’s Phenomenology develops this idea in the elaboration of a remarkably novel theory of consciousness. For Hegel, the conditions of the possibility of the objects of experience are a dialectical movement between consciousness and the object, or immediacy and mediacy. In the whole movement of consciousness we have the logic of contradiction working at the back of phenomenological experience that Hegel will make explicit in the Science of Logic, a logic that involves the thinker becoming consciously aware of their ownthought processes. Yet Hegel’s Logic is different from the common meaning of ‘logic’. His Logicis not a formal approach to valid inference but captures the method and the moments and movementof logic. For Hegel, the great problem of classical logic is the immobility of the categories. This paper proposes that Hegel’s ‘holism’ entails the description where in Logic, Nature, and Spirit are articulated as a whole in dialectical movement.
Mónadas y compuestos
Authors: Cubells Bartolomé María Ramón
Published: July 2014

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La técnica como lugar hermenéutico privilegiado: Ortega y Heidegger
Authors: López Peláez Antonio
Published: July 2014

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Los escritos de Lacan. RESEÑA de : Frutos Salvador, Ángel de. Los Escritos de Lacan : variantes textuales. Madrid : Siglo XXI, 1994
Authors: Sánchez Meca Diego
Published: July 2014

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La revolución en metodología de la ciencia: Karl Popper (1902-1994), in memorian
Authors: Rivadulla Rodríguez Andrés
Published: July 2014

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La predicción científico social en John Stuart Mill
Authors: López Martín Josefa
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Bickerton, Derek. Lenguaje y Especies. Madrid : Alianza, 1994
Authors: Armero Sanjosé Julio César
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Martínez Lorca, Andrés. Al Encuentro de Averroes : vol. I, Al-Andalus : Textos y Estudios. Madrid : Editorial Trotta, 1993
Authors: Maiza Ozcoidi Idoia
Published: July 2014

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El cambio de paradigma religioso: Lucrecio y la crítica a la religión como instrumento de poder
Authors: Román Alcalá Ramón
Published: July 2014

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Witchcraft and Science in the Renaissance: the witch of edmonton, the late lancashire witches and Renaissance
Authors: Rohlfs Wright Andrea
Published: July 2014

Though foundational theories of modem science emerged during the Renaissance, the arguttbly nonscientific bdiefs in witchcraft and the consequent jxrsecution of zoitches coexisied with these incipient, rationalistic scientific theories. This coexistence centered around the notion of control, as patriarchal members of ruling classes asserted their auihority, simultaneously persecuting "witches" and focusing on the mechanism of science. Two seventeenth-century plays, The Witch of Edmonton and The Late Lancashire Witches, reflect this dichotomy, suggesting an unwavering belief in mtches but subtly hinting that their persecution has perhaps gone too far. The plays idtimatdy reflect a transition betvxen animism and mechanical control, community and individuality, showcasing societal change during the emergence of "neto" science.
Sociedad, técnica y libertad: apuntes para una historia de la técnica
Authors: López Peláez Antonio
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Granada, Miguel A. El debate cosmológico en 1588 : Bruno, Brahe, Rothmann, Roslin. Nápoles : Instituto Italiano per Gli Studi Filosofici, 1996
Authors: Rada García Eloy
Published: July 2014

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Guión para pensar la metáfora
Authors: Santos Guerrero Julián
Published: July 2014

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¿Kuhn filósofo de la ciencia?
Authors: Rada García Eloy
Published: July 2014

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La recepción de T.S. Kuhn en España
Authors: Zamora Baño Francisco
Published: July 2014

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Therapies for Onychomycosis
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Daigle Deanne , Paquet Maryse
Published: July 2014

New therapies for onychomycosis continue to be developed, yet treatments are seldom directly compared in randomized controlled trials. The objective of this study was to compare the rates of mycological cure for oral and topical onychomycosis treatments using network meta-analysis. A systematic review of the literature on onychomycosis treatments published before March 25, 2013, was performed, and data were analyzed using network meta-analysis. Terbinafine, 250 mg, therapy was significantly superior to all treatments except itraconazole, 400 mg, pulse therapy; itraconazole, 200 mg, therapy was significantly superior to fluconazole and the topical treatments; and fluconazole, efinaconazole, ciclopirox, terbinafine nail solution, and amorolfine treatments were significantly superior to only placebo. These results support the superiority of 12-week continuous terbinafine, 250 mg, therapy and itraconazole, 400 mg, pulse therapy (1 week per month for 3 months) while suggesting the equivalence of topical therapies. These results reflect findings from the literature and treatment efficacy observed in clinical practice.
Concerning RNA-guided gene drives for the alteration of wild populations
Authors: Esvelt Kevin M , Smidler Andrea L , Catteruccia Flaminia , Church George M
Published: July 2014

Gene drives may be capable of addressing ecological problems by altering entire populations of wild organisms, but their use has remained largely theoretical due to technical constraints. Here we consider the potential for RNA-guided gene drives based on the CRISPR nuclease Cas9 to serve as a general method for spreading altered traits through wild populations over many generations. We detail likely capabilities, discuss limitations, and provide novel precautionary strategies to control the spread of gene drives and reverse genomic changes. The ability to edit populations of sexual species would offer substantial benefits to humanity and the environment. For example, RNA-guided gene drives could potentially prevent the spread of disease, support agriculture by reversing pesticide and herbicide resistance in insects and weeds, and control damaging invasive species. However, the possibility of unwanted ecological effects and near-certainty of spread across political borders demand careful assessment of each potential application. We call for thoughtful, inclusive, and well-informed public discussions to explore the responsible use of this currently theoretical technology.
Behavioral response to contamination risk information in a spatially explicit groundwater environment: Experimental evidence
Authors: Li Jingyuan , Michael Holly A. , Duke Joshua M. , Messer Kent D. , Suter Jordan F.
Published: July 2014

This paper assesses the effectiveness of aquifer monitoring information in achieving more sustainable use of a groundwater resource in the absence of management policy. Groundwater user behavior in the face of an irreversible contamination threat is studied by applying methods of experimental economics to scenarios that combine a physics‐based, spatially explicit, numerical groundwater model with different representations of information about an aquifer and its risk of contamination. The results suggest that the threat of catastrophic contamination affects pumping decisions: pumping is significantly reduced in experiments where contamination is possible compared to those where pumping cost is the only factor discouraging groundwater use. The level of information about the state of the aquifer also affects extraction behavior. Pumping rates differ when information that synthesizes data on aquifer conditions (a “risk gauge”) is provided, despite invariant underlying economic incentives, and this result does not depend on whether the risk information is location‐specific or from a whole aquifer perspective. Interestingly, users increase pumping when the risk gauge signals good aquifer status compared to a no‐gauge treatment. When the gauge suggests impending contamination, however, pumping declines significantly, resulting in a lower probability of contamination. The study suggests that providing relatively simple aquifer condition guidance derived from monitoring data can lead to more sustainable use of groundwater resources.
Multiscale convection in a geodynamo simulation with uniform heat flux along the outer boundary
Authors: Matsui Hiroaki , King Eric , Buffett Bruce
Published: July 2014

It is generally expected that Earth's magnetic field, which is generated by convecting liquid metal within its core, will substantially alter that convection through the action of Lorentz forces. In most dynamo simulations, however, Lorentz forces do very little to change convective flow, which is predominantly fine‐scaled. An important exception to this observation is in dynamo models that employ uniform heat flux boundary conditions, rather than the usual uniform temperature conditions, in which multiscale convection is observed. We investigate the combined influence of thermal boundary conditions and magnetic fields using four simulations: two dynamos and two nonmagnetic models, with either uniform temperature or heat flux fixed at the outer boundary. Of the four, only the fixed‐heat‐flux dynamo simulation produces multiscale convective flow patterns. Comparison between the models suggests that the fixed‐flux dynamo generates large patches of strong azimuthal magnetic field that suppress small‐scale convective motions. By allowing temperature to vary along the outer boundary, the fixed‐flux dynamo generates stronger azimuthal flow and, in turn, stronger magnetic field, and the resulting Lorentz forces alter the nature of convective flow. Extrapolation of the analyses presented here suggests that magnetic fields may also suppress small‐scale convection in the Earth's core.
The importance of spring atmospheric conditions for predictions of the Arctic summer sea ice extent
Authors: Kapsch Marie‐Luise , Graversen Rune G. , Economou Theodoros , Tjernström Michael
Published: July 2014

Recent studies have shown that atmospheric processes in spring play an important role for the initiation of the summer ice melt and therefore may strongly influence the September sea ice concentration (SSIC). Here a simple statistical regression model based on only atmospheric spring parameters is applied in order to predict the SSIC over the major part of the Arctic Ocean. By using spring anomalies of downwelling longwave radiation or atmospheric water vapor as predictor variables, correlation coefficients between observed and predicted SSIC of up to 0.5 are found. These skills of seasonal SSIC predictions are similar to those obtained using more complex dynamical forecast systems, despite the fact that the simple model applied here takes neither information of the sea ice state, oceanic conditions nor feedback mechanisms during summer into account. The results indicate that a realistic representation of spring atmospheric conditions in the prediction system plays an important role for the predictive skills of a model system.
Marine sediment shear velocity structure from the ratio of displacement to pressure of Rayleigh waves at seafloor
Authors: Ruan Youyi , Forsyth Donald W. , Bell Samuel W.
Published: July 2014

The complex ratio of vertical displacement to pressure (D/P) at seafloor is a function of frequency. It is sensitive to the subsurface elastic properties, particularly the shear modulus, and therefore can be used to determine the shear velocity and thickness of marine sediments. Instead of using compliance in response to loading of long‐period infragravity waves as in previous studies, we investigate the transfer function from pressure to displacement using Rayleigh waves generated by microseisms and earthquakes. We find that at frequencies between 0.1 and 0.2 Hz, the Rayleigh wave transfer function is very sensitive to marine sediments and can be reliably obtained from microseism noise. Using a surface wave mode method, we calculate synthetic D/P ratios and examine their sensitivity to water depth, shear wave speed, and thickness of sediments. We develop a method to invert the Rayleigh wave D/P ratio for a regional 1‐D profile of sediment shear wave speed and associated sediment thickness beneath each ocean bottom seismograph (OBS). We apply our method to a group of deep water OBSs deployed in the Cascadia Initiative and obtain a well‐resolved depth‐dependent shear wave speed for sediments on the Juan de Fuca plate and shear wave traveltime delays caused by sediments at each station.
The Grand Work of Fiction: The Detail as Narrative
Authors: Ford Edward
Published: July 2014

A practising architect and Professor at the University of Virginia School of Architecture, Edward Ford is the leading expert on the architectural detail and the author of three seminal books on the subject. Here Ford explains that, though the decision ‘to abstract or to articulate’ architecture ‘may be largely subconscious’, it is never ‘arbitrary’. For ‘in the well‐designed building, it is done in the service of the creation of a larger narrative, a unity of vision’.
Details Around the Corner
Authors: Schittich Christian
Published: July 2014

Munich‐based DETAIL magazine is an internationally renowned architecture and construction publication, uniquely focused on the architectural detail. Here, its Editor‐in‐Chief Christian Schittich acknowledges how design concepts provide the key driver for architectural detailing, as details combine to provide the overall character or aesthetic quality of a building. However, how might an increasingly diverse design team collaborate on the execution of high‐quality detailing when designing large‐scale schemes?
Close Up
Authors: Alonso Hernan Diaz
Published: July 2014

The last two decades have brought with them unprecedented technological changes that have had a far‐reaching impact on design ethos and culture. Hernan Diaz Alonso, Principal of Xefirotarch and Professor of Architecture at the Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI‐Arc), reflects on the nature of these changes: observing that as ‘criticality in architecture’ is ‘replaced by talent’ or ‘virtuosity’, there is a greater ‘focus on specific architectural or design problems’. This brings with it a shift from the design detail, reliant on technical expertise and precision, to ‘the close‐up’ that is more concerned with resolution and the conceptual, bridging the gap between the intellectual and the physical.
The Rise of the ‘Invisible Detail’: Ubiquitous Computing and the ‘Minimum Meaningful’
Authors: Ratti Carlo , Claudel Matthew
Published: July 2014

The architectural detail has provided the essential material building block for conveying an idea. Carlo Ratti and Matthew Claudel of the SENSEable City Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ask how this, though, is all set to change in a digital context. As technologies shrink and vanish from sight, what might become the new minimum meaningful unit for architecture? How might a new relational scale establish itself, at the level of the ‘invisible detail’ or the microchip? How might this, in turn, change the very nature of buildings as they become highly responsive, human‐occupied transmitters?
Information, Complexity and the Detail
Authors: Shelden Dennis R
Published: July 2014

The proliferation of affordable computing has transformed the capability of architecture to deal with complex forms and details. As Dennis R Shelden, Chief Technology Officer of Gehry Technologies, explains, this has resulted in the production of an abundance of digital information or data. The intersection of two curved surfaces, for instance, is now much more complex than the surfaces themselves. Complexity requires more information and thus more processing, making details like this ultimately more expensive to produce. The jury is still out on what the future might hold, as architecture undergoes a period of fundamental transition in which, for the time being at least, there remains an essential mismatch between the surfeit of digital information and the tight economic limits on physical production.
Growing Details
Authors: Benjamin David , Nagy Danil , Carlos Olguin
Published: July 2014

Here David Benjamin and Danil Nagy of New York‐based practice The Living, and Carlos Olguin of Autodesk Research, describe how in their design for the Evolving Chair they piloted Project Cyborg, a cloud‐native meta‐platform for matter programming. By providing a range of design opportunities at multiple scales, Cyborg seeks to introduce a more fluid and open‐ended approach to detailing that is less confined by matter and scale.
DNA disPLAY: Programmable Bioactive Materials Using CNC Patterning
Authors: Tibbits Skylar , Kara'in Lina , Schaeffer Joseph , de Puig Helena , Gomez‐Marquez Jose , Young Anna
Published: July 2014

2D, 3D and 4D printing are fertile areas for design and material experimentation, and thus the architectural detail in the future. Here Skylar Tibbits, along with his collaborators ‐ Lina Kara'in (MIT Self‐Assembly Lab) , Jose Gomez‐Marquez, Anna Young and Joaquin Navarro (Little Devices Lab, MIT), Lee Gehrke, Helena de Puig and Justina Tam (Gehrke Lab, MIT), and Joseph Schaeffer and Carlos Olguin (Autodesk Inc) ‐ describe the development of DNAdisPLAY: a project that created a physical prototype and design workflow for 2D bioprinting, resulting in the development of software, hardware and printed DNA patterns on paper.
Detailing the Walled Garden for Lebbeus
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: July 2014

Neil Spiller, the Hawksmoor Chair of Architecture and Landscape and Deputy Pro Vice Chancellor of the University of Greenwich, London, has an unrivalled international reputation for the virtuosity of his visionary graphic work. Here, in a highly personal and poetic eulogy to Lebbeus Woods, Spiller pays tribute to his master through the lens of his own work, where detail becomes an important element in an imagined, augmented world in which the concrete or the specific lends credence to the fictional.
The Thermal Stability of Intermetallic Compounds in an As‐Cast SX Co‐Base Superalloy
Authors: Lopez‐Galilea Inmaculada , Zenk Christopher , Neumeier Steffen , Huth Stephan , Theisen Werner , Göken Mathias
Published: July 2014

The nature and stability of intermetallic phases in a multi‐component γ/γ′ Co‐base superalloy is investigated. At least three kinds of unwanted intermetallic phases form due to the segregation of Al, Ta, Ti, Si, and Hf during casting in the interdendritic areas in addition to γ and γ′. One of the intermetallic phases that shows a blocky shape, contains high content of Ta, Hf, and Ti and has been identified as a topologically close‐packed Laves phase. A B2 phase appears as relatively big pools and in some cases contains needle‐shaped precipitates with high content of Al and Ti. The thermal stability of these intermetallic phases is studied in this work under defined heat treatments. The needle‐shaped precipitates already dissolve at 1000 °C, whereas the B2 phase is dissolved only at higher temperatures of 1200 °C. Small amounts of Laves phases remained stable during aging at 1200 °C for 25 h. The prediction of phases as well as their stability is also checked by the CALPHAD method. The TCNi5 database, containing the description of Co3(Al,W), predicts the presence of the observed intermetallic phases; however, the predicted main transformation temperatures for these phases differ from the experimentally obtained values.
Tailoring the Mechanical Properties of High‐Aspect‐Ratio Carbon Nanotube Arrays using Amorphous Silicon Carbide Coatings
Authors: Poelma René H. , Morana Bruno , Vollebregt Sten , Schlangen Erik , van Zeijl Henk W. , Fan Xuejun , Zhang Guo Qi
Published: July 2014

The porous nature of carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays allows for the unique opportunity to tailor their mechanical response by the infiltration and deposition of nanoscale conformal coatings. Here, we fabricate novel photo‐lithographically defined CNT pillars that are conformally coated with amorphous silicon carbide (a‐SiC) to strengthen the interlocking of individual CNTs at junctions using low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). We further quantify the mechanical response by performing flat‐punch nanoindentation measurements on coated CNT pillars with various high‐aspect‐ratios. We discovered new mechanical failure modes of coated CNT pillars, such as “bamboo” and brittle‐like composite rupture as coating thickness increases. Furthermore, a significant increase in strength and modulus is achieved. For CNT pillars with high aspect ratio (1:10) and coating thickness of 21.4 nm, the compressive strength increases by an order of magnitude of 3, towards 1.8 GPa (from below 1 MPa for uncoated CNT pillars) and the elastic modulus increases towards 125 GPa. These results show that our coated CNT pillars, which can serve as vertical interconnects and 3D super‐capacitors, can be transformed into robust high‐aspect‐ratio 3D‐micro architectures with semiconductor device compatible processes.
Microstructural Control of Charge Transport in Organic Blend Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Hunter Simon , Chen Jihua , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: July 2014

The charge‐transport processes in organic p‐channel transistors based on the small‐molecule 2,8‐difluoro‐5,11‐bis(triethylsilylethynyl)anthradithiophene (diF‐TES ADT), the polymer poly(triarylamine)(PTAA) and blends thereof are investigated. In the case of blend films, lateral conductive atomic force microscopy in combination with energy filtered transmission electron microscopy are used to study the evolution of charge transport as a function of blends composition, allowing direct correlation of the film's elemental composition and morphology with hole transport. Low‐temperature transport measurements reveal that optimized blend devices exhibit lower temperature dependence of hole mobility than pristine PTAA devices while also providing a narrower bandgap trap distribution than pristine diF‐TES ADT devices. These combined effects increase the mean hole mobility in optimized blends to 2.4 cm2/Vs – double the value measured for best diF‐TES ADT‐only devices. The bandgap trap distribution in transistors based on different diF‐TES ADT:PTAA blend ratios are compared and the act of blending these semiconductors is seen to reduce the trap distribution width yet increase the average trap energy compared to pristine diF‐TES ADT‐based devices. Our measurements suggest that an average trap energy of <75 meV and a trap distribution of <100 meV is needed to achieve optimum hole mobility in transistors based on diF‐TES ADT:PTAA blends.
Copper/N,N,N′,N′‐Tetramethylethylenediamine‐Catalyzed Synthesis of N‐Substituted Benzoheterocycles via CS Cross‐ Coupling at Ambient Temperature in Water
Authors: Zhao Na , Liu Liang , Wang Fei , Li Jia , Zhang Wu
Published: July 2014

Copper/N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (Cu/TMEDA)‐catalyzed ambient temperature tandem reactions of isothiocyanates with 2‐iodophenols or 2‐iodoanilines in water without the protection of an inert atmosphere are described, which provide a simple, rapid, environmental method for the synthesis of a variety of 2‐iminobenzo‐1, 3‐ oxathioles and 2‐aminobenzothiazoles in good yields. More important, the present reaction process needs only low amounts of copper catalyst (<1 mol%) and can yield the products on a gram scale.

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Chemoselective Copper‐Catalyzed Acylation of Benzothiazoles with Aryl Methyl Ketones
Authors: Feng Qiang , Song Qiuling
Published: July 2014

A copper(I) iodide‐catalyzed, highly efficient acylation of benzothiazoles with aryl methyl ketones as carbonyl sources under a nitrogen atmosphere was developed. This is an unprecedented protocol and an extremely efficient method for the selective synthesis of 2‐acylbenzothiazoles from commercially available, cheap starting materials with excellent chemoselectivity, good functional group tolerability and high turnover numbers (up to 14,200); also scaling up to 160 mmol without loss of the efficiency is possible. A variety of 2‐acylbenzothiazoles was smoothly prepared in good to excellent yields from aryl methyl ketones and benzothiazoles by a one‐pot domino protocol of combined sp3 CH oxidation, ring opening, and condensation.

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Synthesis of Sterically Congested Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Cascade Oxidative Annulation of Aryl Ketoximes with Diphenylacetylene by Sequential Cleavage of Multiple CH Bonds
Authors: Liu Bin , Hu Fang , Shi Bing‐Feng
Published: July 2014

The rhodium(III)‐catalyzed oxidative annulations of aryl ketoximes with diphenylacetylene by the cleavage of three CH bonds, one CO bond and the formation of four CC bonds, one CN bonds simultaneously have been developed. This protocol is scalable and compatible with various functional groups, providing an expeditious access to highly congested polycyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic hydrocarbons.

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Transition Metal‐Free ipso‐Functionalization of Arylboronic Acids and Derivatives
Authors: Zhu Chen , Falck John R.
Published: July 2014

Arylboronic acids and their derivatives have been widely exploited as important synthetic precursors in organic synthesis, materials science, and pharmaceutical development. In addition to numerous applications in transition metal‐mediated cross‐coupling reactions, transition metal‐free transformations involving arylboronic acids and derivatives have recently received a surge of attention for converting the CB bond to CC, CN, CO, and many other CX bonds. Consequently, a wide range of useful compounds, e.g., phenols, anilines, nitroarenes, and haloarenes, has been readily synthesized. Amongst these efforts, many versatile reagents have been developed and a lot of practical approaches demonstrated. The research in this promising field is summarized in the current review and organized on the basis of the type of bonds being formed.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative CH Sulfuration of Aryl Thiocarbamates
Authors: Zhao Yingwei , Xie Yinjun , Xia Chungu , Huang Hanmin
Published: July 2014

A palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular CH bond sulfuration reaction of aryl thiocarbamates has been developed. This strategy provides a new route to benzo[d][1,3]oxathiol‐2‐ones with tolerance of a wide range of substituents. Mechanistic studies suggested that the CH activation–sulfuration to afford 2‐imino‐1,3‐benzoxathiole intermediate might involve an electrophilic palladation process.

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Morphology Related Photodegradation of Low‐Band‐Gap Polymer Blends
Authors: Wang Xiao , Egelhaaf Hans‐Joachim , Mack Hans‐Georg , Azimi Hamed , Brabec Christoph J. , Meixner Alfred J. , Zhang Dai
Published: July 2014

The morphology related photodegradation of low band‐gap polymer blends is investigated using optical microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. Poly[2,6‐(4,4‐bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)] (C‐PCPDTBT):[6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend films without and with ODT, as well as poly[(4,40‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2‐b:20,30‐d]silole)‐2,6‐diylalt‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)‐4,7‐diyl] (Si‐PCPDTBT):PCBM blend films exposed to a focused 632.8 nm laser under ambient condition with and without inert gas protection are studied. The photodegradation of the polymer starts in the vicinity of the PCBM molecules (first sphere degradation), which effectively blocks the electron transfer processes. Stern‐Volmer type kinetics are observed in the C‐PCPDTBT:PCBM blend with ODT, which indicates that only a small number of photo‐oxidized monomer units act as quenchers of the C‐PCPDTBT polymer luminescence. Furthermore, in addition to the permanent damage of the polymer molecules, as witnessed from their Raman intensity decrease, the polymer photoluminescence demonstrates partial reversible recovery when inert gas protection is resumed, indicating the involvement of temporary polymer/O2‐charge transfer complexes in the photodegradation process.