bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intercomparison of stratospheric nitrogen dioxide columns retrieved from
ground-based DOAS and FTIR and satellite DOAS instruments over the
subtropical Izana station
Authors: Robles-Gonzalez Cristina , Navarro-Comas Mónica , Puentedura Olga , Schneider Matthias , Hase Frank , Garcia Omaira , Blumenstock Thomas , Gil-Ojeda Manuel
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A 13-year analysis (2000–2012) of the NO2 vertical column densities derived from ground-based (GB) instruments and satellites has been carried out over the Izaña NDACC (Network for the Detection of the Atmospheric Composition Change) subtropical site. Ground-based DOAS (differential optical absorption spectroscopy) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) instruments are intercompared to test mutual consistency and then used for validation of stratospheric NO2 from OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) and SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY). The intercomparison has been carried out taking into account the various differences existing in instruments, namely temporal coincidence, collocation, sensitivity, field of view, etc. The paper highlights the importance of considering an “effective solar zenith angle” instead of the actual one when comparing direct-sun instruments with zenith sky ones for a proper photochemical correction. Results show that NO2 vertical column densities mean relative difference between FTIR and DOAS instruments is 2.8 ± 10.7 % for a.m. data. Both instruments properly reproduce the NO2 seasonal and the interannual variation. Mean relative difference of the stratospheric NO2 derived from OMI and DOAS is −0.2 ± 8.7 % and from OMI and FTIR is −1.6 ± 6.7 %. SCIAMACHY mean relative difference is of 3.7 ± 11.7 and −5.7 ± 11.0 % for DOAS and FTIR, respectively. Note that the days used for the intercomparison are not the same for all the pairs of instruments since it depends on the availability of data. The discrepancies are found to be seasonally dependent with largest differences in winter and excellent agreement in the spring months (AMJ). A preliminary analysis of NO2 trends has been carried out with the available data series. Results show increases in stratospheric NO2 columns in all instruments but larger values in those that are GB than that expected by nitrous oxide oxidation. The possible reasons for the discrepancy between instruments and the positive trends are discussed in the text.
Coral mortality induced by the 2015–2016 El-Niño in Indonesia: the effect of rapid sea level fall
Authors: Ampou Eghbert Elvan , Johan Ofri , Menkes Christophe E. , Nino Fernando , Birol Florence , Ouillon Sylvain , Andrefouet Serge
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The 2015–2016 El-Niño and related ocean warming has generated significant coral bleaching and mortality worldwide. In Indonesia, first signs of bleaching were reported in April 2016. However, this El Niño has impacted Indonesian coral reefs since 2015 through a different process than temperature-induced bleaching. In September 2015, altimetry data shows that sea level was at its lowest in the past 12 years, affecting corals living in the bathymetric range exposed to unusual emersion. In March 2016, Bunaken Island (North Sulawesi) displayed up to 85 % mortality on reef flats dominated by Porites, Heliopora and Goniastrea corals with differential mortality rates by coral genus. Almost all reef flats showed evidence of mortality, representing 30 % of Bunaken reefs. For reef flat communities which were living at a depth close to the pre-El Niño mean low sea level, the fall induced substantial mortality likely by higher daily aerial exposure a least during low tide periods. Altimetry data was used to map sea level fall throughout Indonesia, suggesting that similar mortality could be widespread for shallow reef flat communities, which accounts for a vast percent of the total extent of coral reefs in Indonesia. The altimetry historical records also suggest that such event was not unique in the past two decades, therefore rapid sea level fall could be more important in the dynamics and resilience of Indonesian reef flat communities than previously thought. The clear link between mortality and sea level fall also calls for a refinement of the hierarchy of El Niño impacts and their consequences on coral reefs.
Continuous and consistent land use/cover change estimates using socio-ecological data
Authors: Marshall Michael , Norton-Griffiths Michael , Herr Harvey , Lamprey Richard , Sheffield Justin , Vagen Tor , Okotto-Okotto Joseph
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A growing body of research shows the importance of land use/cover change (LULCC) on modifying the earth system. Land surface models are used to stimulate land-atmosphere dynamics at the macro- (regional to global) scale, but bias and uncertainty remain that need to be addressed, before the importance of LULCC is fully realized. In this study, we propose a method of improving LULCC estimates for land surface modelling exercises. The method yields continuous (annual) long-term (30-year) estimates of LULCC driven by socio-ecological geospatial predictors available seamlessly across sub-Saharan Africa that can be used for both retrospective and prospective analyses. The method was developed with 2252 5 × 5 km2 sample frames of the proportion of several land cover types in Kenya over multiple years. Forty-three socio-ecological predictors were evaluated for model development. Machine learning was used for data reduction and simple (functional) relationships defined by generalized additive models were constructed on a subset of the highest ranked predictors (p ≤ 10) to estimate LULCC. The predictors explained 62 % and 65 % of the variance in the proportion of agriculture and natural vegetation, respectively, but were less successful at estimating more descriptive land cover types. In each case, population density on an annual basis was the highest ranked predictor. The approach was compared to a commonly used remote sensing classification procedure, given the wide use of such techniques for macro-scale LULCC detection, and out-performed it for each land cover type. The approach was used to demonstrate significant trends in expanding (declining) agricultural (natural vegetation) land cover in Kenya from 1983–2012, with the largest increases (declines) occurring in densely populated high agricultural production zones.
Use of column experiments to investigate the fate of organic micropollutants – a review
Authors: Banzhaf Stefan , Hebig Klaus H.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Although column experiments are frequently used to investigate the transport of organic micropollutants, little guidance is available on what they can be used for, how they should be set up, and how the experiments should be carried out. This review covers the use of column experiments to investigate the fate of organic micropollutants. Alternative setups are discussed together with their respective advantages and limitations. An overview is presented of published column experiments investigating the transport of organic micropollutants, and suggestions are offered on how to improve the comparability of future results from different experiments. The main purpose of column experiments is to investigate the transport and attenuation of a specific compound within a specific sediment or substrate. The transport of (organic) solutes in groundwater is influenced by the chemical and physical properties of the compounds, the solvent (i.e., the groundwater, including all solutes), and the substrate (the aquifer material). By adjusting these boundary conditions a multitude of different processes and related research questions can be investigated using a variety of experimental setups. Apart from the ability to effectively control the individual boundary conditions, the main advantage of column experiments compared to other experimental setups (such as those used in field experiments, or in batch microcosm experiments) is that conservative and reactive solute breakthrough curves can be derived, which represent the sum of the transport processes. There are well-established methods for analyzing these curves. The effects observed in column studies are often a result of dynamic, non-equilibrium processes. Time (or flow velocity) is an important factor, in contrast to batch experiments where all processes are observed until equilibrium is reached in the substrate-solution system. Slight variations in the boundary conditions of different experiments can have a marked influence on the transport and degradation of organic micropollutants. This is of critical importance when comparing general results from different column experiments investigating the transport behavior of a specific organic compound. Such variations unfortunately mean that the results from most column experiments are not transferable to other hydrogeochemical environments but are only valid for the specific experimental setup used. Column experiments are fast, flexible, and easy to manage; their boundary conditions can be controlled and they are cheap compared to extensive field experiments. They can provide good estimates of all relevant transport parameters. However, the obtained results will almost always be limited to the scale of the experiment and are not directly transferrable to field scales as too many parameters are exclusive to the column setup. The challenge for the future is to develop standardized column experiments on organic micropollutants in order to overcome these issues.
Observations of capillary barriers and preferential flow in layered snow during cold laboratory experiments
Authors: Avanzi Francesco , Hirashima Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Satoru , Katsushima Takafumi , De Michele Carlo
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Data of liquid water flow around a capillary barrier in snow are still limited. To gain insight into this process, we carried out observations of dyed water infiltration in layered snow at 0 °C during cold laboratory experiments. We considered three different finer-over-coarser textures and three different water input rates. By means of visual inspection, horizontal sectioning, and measurements of liquid water content (LWC), capillary barriers and associated preferential flow were characterized. The flow dynamics of each sample were also simulated solving the Richards equation within the 1-D multi-layer physically based snow cover model SNOWPACK. Results revealed that capillary barriers and preferential flow are relevant processes ruling the speed of water infiltration in stratified snow. Both are marked by a high degree of spatial variability at centimeter scale and complex 3-D patterns. During unsteady percolation of water, observed peaks in bulk volumetric LWC at the interface reached  ∼ 33–36 vol % when the upper layer was composed by fine snow (grain size smaller than 0.5 mm). However, LWC might locally be greater due to the observed heterogeneity in the process. Spatial variability in water transmission increases with grain size, whereas we did not observe a systematic dependency on water input rate for samples containing fine snow. The comparison between observed and simulated LWC profiles revealed that the implementation of the Richards equation reproduces the existence of a capillary barrier for all observed cases and yields a good agreement with observed peaks in LWC at the interface between layers.
Vowel Epenthesis in Arabic Loanwords in Hausa
Authors: ALQAHTANI MUFLEH , Musa Rebecca
Published: September 2016

Vowel epenthesis is discussed in this paper as a phonological process utilized to avoid codas in Arabic loanwords in Hausa language in light of Optimality Theory (OT), as an analytical framework, even though this language permits codas in heavy syllables of the form CVC  (Caron, 2011). This process results in having disyllabic, trisyllabic, or qadri-syllabic words (words with four syllables) depending on the forms of Arabic loanwords as well as  mono-syllabic words with final bi-consonant clusters. This study primarily relies on extant literature including theses, books, articles. Furthermore, the authors’ intuition is crucially deemed the judge on the facts of the data . This paper concludes that codas in Arabic loanwords in Hausa motivate vowel epenthesis either once or twice, depending on the forms of words; i.e. disyllabic or monosyllabic. Also, the number of vowel insertion depends on the number of consonants in the coda postion, i.e. /CVCC/→ vowel epenthesis→ [CVC.CV] or [CV.CV.CV].
As práticas-políticas curriculares em seus atravessamentos com as operações culturais cotidianas
Authors: Piontkovsky Danielle , Ferraço Carlos Eduardo , Lopes Gomes Maria Regina
Published: September 2016

O presente texto refere-se a pesquisas realizadas em escolas públicas de ensino fundamental e médio. Trata das tessituras dos currículos como criações anônimas produzidas nas operações culturais entre os praticantes cotidianos. Esses estudos problematizam os modos como são tecidos os currículos, considerando que essa tessitura diz respeito às ações culturais e políticas que se constituem nas redes de saberes-fazeres, e afirmam que as políticas curriculares expressam a potência dessas redes tecidas pelos praticantes para além do estabelecido nas propostas e/ou prescrições curriculares. Consideram os currículos como práticas-políticas e reconhecem a multiplicidade de conhecimentos tecidos nessas operações culturais como movimentos permanentes atravessados pelos movimentos inventados pelos sujeitos cotidianos. Assumem como perspectiva teórico-epistemológica as redes de conhecimento e como opção metodológica as práticas de pesquisa com os cotidianos, compreendendo narrativas, encontros e conversas como possibilidades para a produção dos dados. Os resultados dessas pesquisas indicam que as práticas-políticas de currículos pensadas a partir das articulações teóricas e dos diálogos entre os campos dos estudos culturais e pós-coloniais e das pesquisas com os cotidianos têm produzido o alargamento das experiências vividas entre os praticantes das escolas nos diferentes contextos culturais que habitam.
O coordenador pedagógico: limites e potencialidades ao atuar na educação básica
Authors: Sartori Jerônimo , Puiati Pagliarin Lidiane Limana
Published: September 2016

O coordenador pedagógico desenvolve papel primordial no ambiente escolar, focando suas práticas diretamente na coordenação do planejamento, do desenvolvimento e da avaliação do processo didático e pedagógico na escola, mobilizando o corpo docente para revisitar criticamente a própria ação pedagógica. Este texto busca refletir sobre como os coordenadores pedagógicos concebem o serviço de coordenação pedagógica no cotidiano da escola, analisando alguns aspectos da formação continuada realizada por meio de um curso de extensão universitária, considerando as relações e inter-relações que se entrecruzam no exercício das funções desse profissional em escolas de educação básica. Nesta análise, considera-se a heterogeneidade da formação inicial dos coordenadores pedagógicos bem como dos espaços em que cada um deles desempenha suas funções. Aborda a diversidade como condição rica e configurada por contextos singulares, trazendo situações que requerem reflexões fundamentadas no diagnóstico de cada lugar. Refere que processo pedagógico abarca as demandas emergentes do espaço educativo, necessitando reconhecer, em sua pluralidade e multidimensionalidade, o potencial para encaminhamentos produzidos pelo diálogo, que considere a reflexão e a crítica na perspectiva da dialética. Todo o processo educativo incorpora trocas sustentadas em redes de sociabilidade, que se conectam pelos interesses políticos e pedagógicos.
Análise Experimental de Vigas de Concreto Armado com Furos na Vertical
Authors: Silva Ricardo José Carvalho , Pontes Antonio Edson de Araújo , Silva Rodrigo Farias da
Published: September 2016

Em edificações, é muito comum montar-se os eletrodutos atravessando verticalmente as vigas, paralelo à sua altura. A NBR 6118 (2007) estabelece um espaçamento mínimo entre um furo vertical e outro, muito embora isso seja frequentemente desrespeitado nas construções. A norma também determina o uso de estribos no intervalo entre dois furos, prevendo assim um aumento de tensões na zona de descontinuidade, porém essa pesquisa constatou que o furo vertical em vigas não interfere somente na circunvizinhança do furo e isso a NBR 6118 (2007) simplesmente despreza. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo investigar se a passagem vertical de eletrodutos em vigas de concreto armado interfere na resistência final da viga. Foram ensaiadas 5 vigas de concreto armado. Uma não tinha passagem de eletrodutos e as outras variavam somente a posição dos eletrodutos. Em seguida, utilizando o programa Abaqus, analisaram-se as 5 vigas para investigar como os furos alteraram as tensões principais das vigas e verificar se os furos prejudicaram a resistência final da viga. E finalmente, constatou-se que a presença dos furos que atravessam as vigas verticalmente interfere na resistência ao cisalhamento das vigas, inclusive quando os eletrodutos atravessam em regiões que se imaginava que não ia influenciar.
The Current and Future Uses of Biotechnology in Animal Agriculture
Authors: Van Eenennaam Alison L.
Published: September 2016

Biotechnologies have been an integral part of improvements in animal genetics, nutrition and health over the past century. Many biotechnologies have become fundamental components of efficient livestock production systems. The genetic improvements that have been enabled by biotechnologies have dramatically decreased the environmental footprint of animal protein production in many parts of the world, and continued innovation is required to address the projected increase in demand for animal products in the future. Breeding programs increasingly utilize a combination of advanced reproductive technologies and genomic tools to accelerate the rate of genetic gain by manipulating components of the breeder’s equation. The use of these biotechnologies and breeding methods has met with little public opposition. In contrast, the use of modern biotechnologies, defined as those that employ the use of in vitro nucleic acid techniques, have been highly controversial, especially those involving the use of genetic engineering. This modern biotechnology distinction is somewhat arbitrary as there are a number of biotechnologies that involve the use of in vitro processes, and many result in genetic modifications that are indistinguishable from the naturally-occurring variation that is the driver of both traditional breeding programs and evolution. A number of useful traits including disease resistance and animal welfare traits have been successfully introduced into various livestock species using both genetic engineering and gene editing techniques. Ultimately these techniques complement the genetic improvement that can be accomplished using traditional selection techniques and, if judged acceptable, offer an opportunity to synergistically accelerate genetic improvement in food animal species.
Planificación docente, en correspondencia con el desarrollo del proceso de Enseñanza–Aprendizaje
Authors: Tórrez Ruiz Leydi Maria
Published: September 2016

El propósito del estudio fue analizar la importancia que tiene para el docente de la carrera de Ingeniería Industrial la planificación didáctica y su correspondencia con el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza – aprendizaje. El diseño Metodológico es cualitativo.  Su enfoque se fundamentó en el Paradigma Interpretativo y Socio Crítico, los cuales consisten en comprender e interpretar la realidad educativa desde las concepciones de las personas implicadas en este proceso. Esta  investigación según su alcance es exploratoria, trata de conocer la situación referente a la problemática, es descriptiva y explicativa porque se  demuestra cómo incide la planificación docente en el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza y su correspondencia en el mismo y de corte transversal porque se realizó en un período de tiempo determinado. La población de estudio fue el Departamento Ciencia Tecnología y Salud (docentes, directivos y estudiantes). La muestra fueron seis estudiantes que cursan el  año, dos directivos (coordinador de la carrera y director del departamento), y seis  docentes. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron: entrevista, observación, grupo focal y análisis documental.  Para el análisis de datos se realizó la triangulación por fuentes de información. Las conclusiones de la investigación señalan que todos los sujetos, valoran como muy importante la planificación, evidenciándose la correspondencia en algunos  documentos de planificación, existiendo discrepancia entre lo que se planifica y lo desarrollado en el aula de clase. Los docentes, estudiantes y directivos expresan  la incidencia de la planificación en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.
Facebook como Herramienta Didáctica Mediadora para Favorecer el Desarrollo de las Habilidades Básicas del Idioma Inglés
Authors: Saavedra Torres Luis Enrique , Solís Zúniga Franklin Jesús
Published: September 2016

La red social Facebook presenta herramientas idóneas para ser utilizadas por docentes y estudiantes en procesos educativos, se requiere de una planeación didáctica adecuada para su aprovechamiento. En estas épocas las y los estudiantes hablan de Facebook y algunas otras Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación; herramientas que son utilizadas para el ocio, diversión y en algunos pocos casos para la educación y formación personal. La experiencia de investigación que aquí se presenta está orientada en demostrar de qué manera el uso de la red social Facebook como herramienta didáctica mediadora favorece el desarrollo de las habilidades básicas del idioma Inglés. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Facultad Regional Multidisciplinaria FAREM-Estelí, con estudiantes de la carrera Licenciatura en Inglés durante el periodo 2015. Se realizó a partir del diseño de investigación mixto con predominio del enfoque cualitativo, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Las técnicas aplicadas para la recolección de la información fueron: encuesta, observación, entrevista y análisis documental. Los resultados reflejan que la gran mayoría de docentes y estudiantes tienen perfil en la red social Facebook, los docentes no hacen uso de Facebook como herramienta didáctica desaprovechando las bondades que posee, y los estudiantes demandan actividades educativas en otros tipos de ambientes. Se encontró debilidad en el uso de TIC por los docentes, herramientas necesarias para favorecer el desarrollo de las habilidades básicas del idioma Inglés.
Organizational Silence in Sports Employees
Authors: Bastug Gulsum , Pala Adem , Yilmaz Taner , Duyan Mehdi , Gunel Ilker
Published: September 2016

Organizational silence can be defined as a way of behaviour belonging to men and women employees in the organization exhibited without reflecting their feelings, ideas, concerns and suggestions related with their workplaces, works for which they are responsible or other activities of the organization. In the period of organizational silence, silence, in other words, decision of not talking clearly about problems and subjects, is an important subject to be laid emphasis on when it is considered that it prevents organizational learning, decreases revealing of different ideas within the organization, prevents innovativeness and creativeness. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the sports employees, according to some variable of organizational behavior silence. Sports expert and trainers participated in the research, who were employed in Mugla and Antalya Provincial Directorate of Youth Welfare. 52.8% (67 people) of sports employees participated in the research were male whereas 47.2% (60 people) were female. “Organizational Silence Scale” developed by Cakici (2008) and adapted by Soycan (2010) was used. The data obtained from the scale in the research were analyzed by means of SPSS 21.0 statistical software program. In the research, frequency analysis to compare the groups and t-test (gender, marital status, age groups) as well as Anova tests to investigate the differences between groups were used. Consequently, a significant difference was found between the perception of organizational silence in sports employees and gender variable. It was determined that values of organizational silence sub-dimensions of female employees such as administrative and organizational causes, subjects related with work, lack of experience, isolation and fair of damnification in relations were higher than those of male employees. Female sports employees indicated organizational silence behaviour more. Depending on the findings of the research, it was suggested for the directors of Youth Welfares to form a participant culture in their institutions, to encourage their female sports employees to talk clearly and to increase the frequency of interviews with them.
De niet-opzegbare duurovereenkomst
Authors: Houben I.S.J. , Nijland J.
Published: September 2016

De niet-opzegbare duurovereenkomst: Duurovereenkomst door samenhang met stichtingsstatuten Stichting Gooisch Natuurreservaat niet-opzegbaar

Auteurs bespreken in deze bijdrage hoe het arrest van de Hoge Raad van 15 april 2016 met betrekking tot een geschil over de opzegbaarheid van een duurovereenkomst tussen enerzijds de gemeente Amsterdam en anderzijds verschillende Gooise gemeenten en de provincie Noord-Holland (HR 15 april 2016, ECLI:NL:HR:2016:660, NJ 2016/236, Stichting Gooisch Natuurreservaat) moet worden bezien in het licht van staande jurisprudentie met betrekking tot de opzegbaarheid van duurovereenkomsten. Het uitgangspunt blijft dat duurovereenkomsten voor onbepaalde tijd kunnen worden opgezegd.
De modernisering van het huwelijksvermogensrecht
Authors: Verstappen L.C.A.
Published: September 2016

The modernization of the Dutch marital property regimes. A historical perspective

This article gives an overview of the changes in the Dutch marital property regimes during the last twenty years. This is preceded by a discourse sketching the reasons for this legal modernization trajectory and the history of the community of property and standard prenuptial agreements.
Conversion and Persistence: Analysis of Faunal Remains from an Early Spanish Colonial Doctrinal Settlement in Highland Peru
Authors: deFrance Susan D. , Wernke Steven A. , Sharpe Ashley E.
Published: September 2016

Initial Spanish colonization of the Central Andes and efforts to transform indigenous society were highly dependent on local social and geographic conditions. In the Colca Valley of southern Peru, Franciscan friars established a series of doctrinas (settlements for the conversion and doctrinal instruction of the indigenous population) at former Inka imperial outposts during the mid-1540s. The inhabitants of one of thesedoctrinas—the site today known as Malata (ca. A.D. 1545–1573)— were subject to one of the earliest mendicant evangelical campaigns in the Central Andean highlands. In addition to religious indoctrination and significant spatial reconfiguration of the village, Spaniards attempted to alter systems of domestic production related to the rearing and consumption of animals. They also imposed new tribute demands. Despite considerable transformations of the architecture and attendant changes in daily life at Malata, zooarchaeological analysis of faunal remains from a variety of contexts provides no indication of the introduction of Eurasian animals to Malata nor the alteration of either indigenous husbandry practices or the consumption of food animals. Ceramic iconography and the abundance of weaving tools suggest that Spaniards built on the local system of camelid husbandry to extract textiles and metallurgical goods as tribute during the first generation of colonial occupation.
L’entretien enseignant-famille à l’école maternelle : quelles dynamiques organisationnelles, quels savoirs mobilisés ?
Authors: Nunez Moscoso Javier , Ogay Tania
Published: September 2016

Dans cet article, nous proposons l’étude d’une zone peu explorée par la recherche, à savoir les entretiens individuels entre les enseignant-e-s et les familles, analysés comme une facette constitutive du travail enseignant. Nous étudions le cas d’une école maternelle à Fribourg, Suisse, caractérisée par la diversité culturelle des familles. À partir d’une approche qui met en contraste les prescriptions sur l’entretien, les objectifs et contenus déclarés par les enseignantes et le travail réellement effectué, nous décrirons les dynamiques organisationnelles ainsi que les savoirs mobilisés par les enseignantes durant les entretiens auprès des familles. Les résultats d’analyse issus d’une collecte de données de type ethnographique permettent la mise au jour d’une hypothèse a posteriori : la nature de ces savoirs semble composite; ils sont affirmés et relativisés dans l’action, en se présentant comme un système articulé par des savoirs centraux (moins négociables, plus fortement ancrés), des savoirs périphériques (plus négociables, moins fortement ancrés) et des savoirs transversaux (partagés par les enseignantes et les familles). L’interaction entre ces savoirs permettrait l’actualisation, la mutation et la circulation des différentes catégories repérées.
(Re-)Performing Early Mixed Music from the 1980s at Ircam: Pierre Boulez’s Dialogue de l’ombre double
Authors: Akkermann Miriam
Published: September 2016

In the 1980s, performing mixed music required cumbersome, expensive technical equipment which was usually tied to institutions. Hence, the creation of those works was bound to technical structures, personnel resources, and facilities, and closely connected to technological developments. Today, re-performances of these works face several challenges. Due to rapidly changing technology, the performance of these pieces is in constant flux, and documentation on them is based in part on an oral tradition of information exchange. The career of such works is therefore more strongly connected to institutional actors than is typically the case. Based on the example of Pierre Boulez’s composition Dialogue de l’ombre double (1976/1981-1984), the situation of re-performances of mixed music compositions at Ircam in the 2000s is described in order to give a brief overview of more general trends.
The Question of Commissioning Fees in the us: A Composer’s Perspective
Authors: Wiprud Theodore
Published: September 2016

Active professional composers of concert and dramatic music continue to rely on commissions as an important source of income. Theodore Wiprud, a composer and senior arts administrator, examines how the sources and distribution of commissions has evolved in recent years in United States. A range of working composers discuss their experiences and how the nature of a given commission can affect everything from the creative process to a new work’s reception and performance opportunities.
Hedgehog signaling regulates gene expression in planarian glia
Authors: Wang Irving E , Lapan Sylvain W , Scimone M Lucila , Clandinin Thomas R , Reddien Peter W
Published: September 2016

Hedgehog signaling is critical for vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) development, but its role in CNS biology in other organisms is poorly characterized. In the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea, hedgehog (hh) is expressed in medial cephalic ganglia neurons, suggesting a possible role in CNS maintenance or regeneration. We performed RNA sequencing of planarian brain tissue following RNAi of hh and patched (ptc), which encodes the Hh receptor. Two misregulated genes, intermediate filament-1 (if-1) and calamari (cali), were expressed in a previously unidentified non-neural CNS cell type. These cells expressed orthologs of astrocyte-associated genes involved in neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism, and extended processes enveloping regions of high synapse concentration. We propose that these cells are planarian glia. Planarian glia were distributed broadly, but only expressed if-1 and cali in the neuropil near hh+ neurons. Planarian glia and their regulation by Hedgehog signaling present a novel tractable system for dissection of glia biology.
Suppression of spin transport in ferromagnet/oxide/semiconductor junctions by magnetic impurities in the tunnel barrier
Authors: Spiesser Aurélie , Saito Hidekazu , Yuasa Shinji , Jansen Ron
Published: September 2016

We have studied how the insertion of sub-monolayer amounts of Mn impurities in the middle of the oxide tunnel barrier of Fe/GeO2 on p-type Ge affects the spin transport, using three-terminal Hanle measurements. Strikingly, the magnitude of the Hanle spin voltage is strongly reduced by increasing the amount of Mn dopants and is even completely absent for devices having an amount of Mn impurities equivalent to a 0.2-nm-thick layer. This demonstrates that magnetic impurities in the tunnel barrier are detrimental to the spin transport in ferromagnet/oxide/semiconductor junctions, and that the localized states associated with such magnetic impurities do not produce three-terminal Hanle spin signals.
Composition dependences of crystal structure and electrical properties of epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films grown on Si and SrTiO3 substrates
Authors: Okamoto Shoji , Okamoto Satoshi , Yokoyama Shintaro , Akiyama Kensuke , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: September 2016

{100}-oriented Pb(Zr
x
,Ti1−

x
)O3 (PZT) thin films of approximately 2 µm thickness and Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratios of 0.39–0.65 were epitaxially grown on (100)cSrRuO3//(100)SrTiO3 (STO) and (100)cSrRuO3//(100)cLaNiO3//(100)CeO2//(100)YSZ//(100)Si (Si) substrates having different thermal expansion coefficients by pulsed metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The effects of Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratio and type of substrate on the crystal structure and dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the films were systematically investigated. The X-ray diffraction measurement showed that both films changed from having a tetragonal symmetry to rhombohedral symmetry through the coexisting region with increasing Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratio. This region showed the Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratios of 0.45–0.59 for the films on the STO substrates that were wider than the films on the Si substrates. Saturation polarization values were minimum at approximately Zr/(Zr + Ti) = 0.50 for the films on the STO substrates, and no obvious Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratio dependence was detected in the films on the Si substrates. On the other hand, the maximum field-induced strain values measured by scanning force microscopy at approximately Zr/(Zr + Ti) = 0.50 at 100 kV/cm were about 0.5 and 0.1% in the films on the Si and STO, respectively.
Redistribution of pyrogenic carbon from hillslopes to stream corridors following a large montane wildfire
Authors: Cotrufo M. Francesca , Boot Claudia M. , Kampf Stephanie , Nelson Peter A. , Brogan Daniel J. , Covino Tim , Haddix Michelle L. , MacDonald Lee H. , Rathburn Sarah , Ryan‐Bukett Sandra , Schmeer Sarah , Hall Ed
Published: September 2016

Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) constitutes a significant fraction of organic carbon in most soils. However, PyC soil stocks are generally smaller than what is expected from estimates of PyC produced from fire and decomposition losses, implying that other processes cause PyC loss from soils. Surface erosion has been previously suggested as one such process. To address this, following a large wildfire in the Rocky Mountains (CO, USA), we tracked PyC from the litter layer and soil, through eroded, suspended, and dissolved solids to alluvial deposits along riversides. We separated deposited sediment into high‐ and low‐density fractions to identify preferential forms of PyC transport and quantified PyC in all samples and density fractions using benzene polycarboxylic acid markers. A few months after the fire, PyC had yet to move vertically into the mineral soil and remained in the organic layer or had been transported off site by rainfall driven overland flow. During major storm events PyC was associated with suspended sediments in river water and later identified in low‐density riverbank deposits. Flows from an unusually long‐duration and high magnitude rainstorm either removed or buried the riverbank sediments approximately 1 year after their deposition. We conclude that PyC redistributes after wildfire in patterns that are consistent with erosion and deposition of low‐density sediments. A more complete understanding of PyC dynamics requires attention to the interaction of post fire precipitation patterns and geomorphological features that control surface erosion and deposition throughout the watershed.
The vertical thickness of Jupiter's Europa gas torus from charged particle measurements
Authors: Kollmann P. , Paranicas C. , Clark G. , Roussos E. , Lagg A. , Krupp N.
Published: September 2016

Measurements and modeling suggest the presence of a neutral gas torus collocated with the orbit of Jupiter's moon Europa. Here we use data from the CMS instrument that is part of the Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) on board the Galileo spacecraft to characterize the distribution of 130 keV protons. Near the orbit of Europa this distribution has a minimum around 70° in equatorial pitch angle. We reproduce this with a model assuming that the protons are lost via charge exchange with a gas torus. Since the pitch angle characterizes whether the protons remain mostly in the dense center of the torus or continuously bounce through it, we can determine the latitudinal extent of the torus. We find that the full thickness where its density falls to 1/e of its maximum has to be
and is closer to ≈1RJ.
Space weathering on airless bodies
Authors: Pieters Carle M. , Noble Sarah K.
Published: September 2016

Space weathering refers to alteration that occurs in the space environment with time. Lunar samples, and to some extent meteorites, have provided a benchmark for understanding the processes and products of space weathering. Lunar soils are derived principally from local materials but have accumulated a range of optically active opaque particles (OAOpq) that include nanophase metallic iron on/in rims formed on individual grains (imparting a red slope to visible and near‐infrared reflectance) and larger iron particles (which darken across all wavelengths) such as are often found within the interior of recycled grains. Space weathering of other anhydrous silicate bodies, such as Mercury and some asteroids, produces different forms and relative abundance of OAOpq particles depending on the particular environment. If the development of OAOpq particles is minimized (such as at Vesta), contamination by exogenic material and regolith mixing become the dominant space weathering processes. Volatile‐rich bodies and those composed of abundant hydrous minerals (dwarf planet Ceres, many dark asteroids, and outer solar system satellites) are affected by space weathering processes differently than the silicate bodies of the inner solar system. However, the space weathering products of these bodies are currently poorly understood and the physics and chemistry of space weathering processes in different environments are areas of active research.
Kinematics of a former oceanic plate of the Neotethys revealed by deformation in the Ulukışla basin (Turkey)
Authors: Gürer Derya , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Matenco Liviu , Corfu Fernando , Cascella Antonio
Published: September 2016

Kinematic reconstruction of modern ocean basins shows that since Pangea breakup a vast area in the Neotethyan realm was lost to subduction. Here we develop a first‐order methodology to reconstruct the kinematic history of the lost plates of the Neotethys, using records of subducted plates accreted to (former) overriding plates, combined with the kinematic analysis of overriding plate extension and shortening. In Cretaceous‐Paleogene times, most of Anatolia formed a separate tectonic plate—here termed “Anadolu Plate”—that floored part of the Neotethyan oceanic realm, separated from Eurasia and Africa by subduction zones. We study the sedimentary and structural history of the Ulukışla basin (Turkey); overlying relics of this plate to reconstruct the tectonic history of the oceanic plate and its surrounding trenches, relative to Africa and Eurasia. Our results show that Upper Cretaceous‐Oligocene sediments were deposited on the newly dated suprasubduction zone ophiolites (~92 Ma), which are underlain by mélanges, metamorphosed and nonmetamorphosed oceanic and continental rocks derived from the African Plate. The Ulukışla basin underwent latest Cretaceous‐Paleocene N‐S and E‐W extension until ~56 Ma. Following a short period of tectonic quiescence, Eo‐Oligocene N‐S contraction formed the folded structure of the Bolkar Mountains, as well as subordinate contractional structures within the basin. We conceptually explain the transition from extension, to quiescence, to shortening as slowdown of the Anadolu Plate relative to the northward advancing Africa‐Anadolu trench resulting from collision of continental rocks accreted to Anadolu with Eurasia, until the gradual demise of the Anadolu‐Eurasia subduction zone.
A novel IGF2/H19 domain triplication in the 11p15.5 imprinting region causing either Beckwith–Wiedemann or Silver–Russell syndrome in a single family
Authors: Jurkiewicz Dorota , Kugaudo Monika , Skórka Agata , Śmigiel Robert , Smyk Marta , Ciara Elżbieta , Chrzanowska Krystyna , Krajewska‐Walasek Małgorzata
Published: September 2016

Defects of 11p15.5 imprinting result in two growth disorders with opposite phenotypes: Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) characterized by overgrowth and Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS) associated with growth retardation. In a small group of patients with BWS and SRS, copy number variations (CNVs) involving the 11p15.5 region are observed; and their effects depend on the localization, size, and the parental mode of transmission. We report a novel IGF2/H19 domain cis‐triplication in the 11p15.5 region identified in a girl with BWS and her father with symptoms of SRS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of IGF2/H19 domain triplication associated with BWS or SRS and the second report of an additional copy of this region in an individual with clinical features of SRS. This study shows that paternal IGF2/H19 domain triplication results in BWS, gives additional support to the hypothesis that the maternal amplification of IGF2/H19 domain may lead to the manifestation of SRS and underlines difficulties of genetic counseling in patients with CNVs involving the 11p15.5 region. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Amoxicillin‐clavulanate for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis: a prospective, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Sabino Henrique Augusto Cantareira , Valera Fabiana Cardoso Pereira , Aragon Davi Casale , Fantucci Marina Zilio , Titoneli Carolina Carneiro , Martinez Roberto , Anselmo‐Lima Wilma T. , Tamashiro Edwin
Published: September 2016

Background

The management of acute exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis (AECRS) is still under debate, especially because there are no adequate studies to support a best‐evidence treatment for this condition. Antibiotic use for AECRS has been recommended based on extrapolation of data from acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) or non–placebo‐controlled studies. This study aimed to evaluate whether antibiotic therapy modifies the course of AECRS in a randomized, placebo‐controlled study.

Methods

Patients with AECRS were randomized in a double‐blinded manner (2:1 ratio) to receive either amoxicillin‐clavulanate 875 mg/125 mg twice daily (BID) (AMX‐CLAV, n = 21) or placebo capsules (n = 11) during 14 days. All patients were also treated with mometasone furoate and nasal washes with saline. Global sinonasal symptoms (Severity Symptom Assessment [SSA]), quality of life (22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test [SNOT‐22]), nasal endoscopic score (Lund‐Kennedy), and microbiological evaluation were compared to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in AECRS.

Results

Despite the majority of bacteria cultured from the middle meatus swab were sensitive for AMX‐CLAV (84%), both AMX‐CLAV and placebo‐treated groups presented the same clinical course, with no difference between groups. Both groups exhibited overall improvement of symptoms on day 14 compared to day 0 (p < 0.01), especially the items “nasal secretion” and “nasal obstruction” (p < 0.05). We also observed the same evolution of nasal endoscopic and quality of life scores between placebo and AMX‐CLAV.

Conclusion

We concluded that AMX‐CLAV for 14 days did not change the clinical course of AECRS compared with placebo. The addition of an oral antibiotic to ongoing topical intranasal steroid spray may not provide additional benefit during management of AECRS.
Ausgeprägte Nahordnung in kleinen amorphen Calciumcarbonat‐Clustern (<2 nm)
Authors: Sun Shengtong , Chevrier Daniel M. , Zhang Peng , Gebauer Denis , Cölfen Helmut
Published: September 2016

Amorphe Zwischenphasen sind wichtige Vorstufen bei der Kristallisation vieler biogener Minerale. Obwohl bereits gezeigt werden konnte, dass amorphe Calciumcarbonate (ACC) eine inhärente Nahordnung aufweisen, die unterschiedlichen kristallinen Formen zugeordnet werden kann, wurde bisher noch nie experimentell bestätigt, ob solche Nahordnungen bereits in sehr kleinen Clustern (<2 nm) vorkommen. Hier wurde die Stabilität und Struktur von 10,12‐Pentacosadiinsäure(PCDA)‐geschützten ACC‐Clustern untersucht, die eine Kerngröße von ca. 1.4 nm aufweisen und aus nur 7 CaCO3‐Einheiten bestehen. Die Ligandenkonzentration und ‐struktur spielt eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Stabilisierung dieser ACC‐Cluster. Schon solch kleine CaCO3‐Einheiten weisen eine Proto‐Calcit‐Nahordnung auf, wenn auch mit relativ hoher Unordnung. Dies legt nahe, dass ein struktureller Zusammenhang zwischen Pränukleationsclustern, amorphen Zwischenstufen und dem fertigen kristallinen Polymorph besteht.
Site‐Targeted Interfacial Solid‐Phase Chemistry: Surface Functionalization of Organic Monolayers via Chemical Transformations Locally Induced at the Boundary between Two Solids
Authors: Maoz Rivka , Burshtain Doron , Cohen Hagai , Nelson Peter , Berson Jonathan , Yoffe Alexander , Sagiv Jacob
Published: September 2016

Effective control of chemistry at interfaces is of fundamental importance for the advancement of methods of surface functionalization and patterning that are at the basis of many scientific and technological applications. A conceptually new type of interfacial chemical transformations has been discovered, confined to the contact surface between two solid materials, which may be induced by exposure to X‐rays, electrons or UV light, or by the application of electrical bias. One of the reacting solids is a removable thin film coating that acts as a reagent/catalyst in the chemical modification of the solid surface on which it is applied. Given the diversity of thin film coatings that may be used as solid reagents/catalysts and the lateral confinement options provided by the use of irradiation masks, conductive AFM probes or stamps, and electron beams in such solid‐phase reactions, this approach is suitable for precise targeting of different desired chemical modifications to predefined surface sites spanning the macro‐ to nanoscale.
Lithium Ion Pathway within Li7La3Zr2O12‐Polyethylene Oxide Composite Electrolytes
Authors: Zheng Jin , Tang Mingxue , Hu Yan‐Yan
Published: September 2016

Polymer–ceramic composite electrolytes are emerging as a promising solution to deliver high ionic conductivity, optimal mechanical properties, and good safety for developing high‐performance all‐solid‐state rechargeable batteries. Composite electrolytes have been prepared with cubic‐phase Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet and polyethylene oxide (PEO) and employed in symmetric lithium battery cells. By combining selective isotope labeling and high‐resolution solid‐state Li NMR, we are able to track Li ion pathways within LLZO‐PEO composite electrolytes by monitoring the replacement of 7Li in the composite electrolyte by 6Li from the 6Li metal electrodes during battery cycling. We have provided the first experimental evidence to show that Li ions favor the pathway through the LLZO ceramic phase instead of the PEO‐LLZO interface or PEO. This approach can be widely applied to study ion pathways in ionic conductors and to provide useful insights for developing composite materials for energy storage and harvesting.