bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of deep-water benthic and bentho–pelagic cephalopods from the north-east Atlantic
Authors: Collins Martin A. , Yau Cynthia , Allcock Louise , Thurston Michael H.
Published: July 2002

The distribution of deep-water (150–4850 m) benthic and bentho–pelagic cephalopods in the north-east Atlantic is described, based on 592 specimens collected from commercial and research trawling. Thirty-six different species of cephalopod belonging to 14 families were identified, though problems remain with the taxonomy of some of the octopod genera. At the shallower depths (150–500 m) sepiolids were the most abundant group with five species identified. Sepiola atlantica, Sepietta oweniana and Rondeletiola minor were restricted to the shallow depths (<300 m), but Neorossia caroli (400–1535 m) and Rossia macrosoma (205–515 m) extended into deeper water. The squids Todaropsis eblanae and Loligo forbesi were also common in shallow areas (<250 m). Among the incirrate octopods, Eledone cirrhosa was found at depths of 208–490 m. Three putative species of Benthoctopus and two of Bathypolypus were identified occupying depths of 250–2700 m. Graneledoneverrucosa was caught at depths of 1785–2095 m. Cirrate octopods dominated the cephalopod catch from the deeper areas, with Opisthoteuthis massyae occurring from 877 to 1398 m, O. grimaldii from 2165 to 2287 m, Stauroteuthissyrtensis from 1425 to 3100 m, Cirroteuthismuelleri from 700 to 4854 m, Cirrothauma murrayi from 2430 to 4850 m and Grimpoteuthis (five putative species) from 1775 to 4877 m. Abundance estimates of the more frequently caught species were calculated from swept areas of trawls and sledges in the Porcupine Seabight and on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain.
Variation in the reproductive strategy of the sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) related to food availability
Authors: Guillou M. , Lumingas L.J.L.
Published: July 2002

Changes in the reproductive strategy of Sphaerechinus granularis (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) according to food availability were examined by comparing gonadal index changes from two populations with different food conditions. The better nutritional situation was confirmed by a repletion index always higher without significant inverse relationships with the gonadal index. The two populations exhibited a different reproductive strategy during their life cycle. The food limited population showed a delay in reproductive competence, a lower gonadal index and an increase in relative gonadal growth with age. This population showed a seasonal inverse relationship between the consumption index and the gonadal index during the spawning period. A discussion based on the variations in the main life history parameters between the two populations: reproduction, somatic growth, longevity, underlines the plasticity of this species which must maximize its reproductive output in terms of changes in food availability. The adaptive value of this plasticity was observed by the reduction in somatic growth which decreases the energetic cost of maintenance and by the increase in size of the feeding structure (Aristotle's lantern) which improves food acquisition.
Relative roles of bioerosion and typhoon-induced disturbance on the dynamics of a high latitude scleractinian coral community
Authors: Clark Tracy , Morton Brian
Published: July 2002

Located at 22°N on the northern shore of the South China Sea, Hong Kong experiences a seasonal, monsoonal climate and its resident scleractinian corals, comprising some 50 species, live here at the limit of their ranges. Summers are hot and wet, winters cold and dry and this study was initiated to determine the effects of bioerosion and periodic episodes of strong wave action on coral death and beaching. Coral rubble washed up on Telecom Bay Beach in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve was collected every month from January 1996 until December 1997, inclusive. Quantities were greatest after typhoons and storms, with the average monthly weight of recently-living corals accounting for approximately 0.007%, by weight, of the total live coral in the bay. Seventeen species of Mollusca were recorded from within the skeletons of this rubble and included a new record for Hong Kong, Anchomasa yoshimurai (Pholadidae). Species of Lithophaga dominated, with highest mean abundances recorded from within Goniastrea aspera, the most abundant living coral in the bay and from within the heaviest fragments. The overall incidence of borers was, however, low although it appears that dead coral borers, notably the basally boring Lithophaga lima, act to weaken coral attachment resulting in dislodgement and beaching during and after storms. At this relatively unperturbated site, therefore, the significance of borers in weakening coral attachment with subsequent detachment and beaching during and after storms, respectively, is low, a situation also seen elsewhere.
Laughter and Subjectivity: The Self-Ironical Tradition in Bengali Literature
Authors: Kaviraj Sudipta
Published: July 2002

By the grace of the Almighty an extraordinary species of sentient life has been found on earth in the nineteenth century: they are known as modern Bengalis. After careful analysis zoological experts have found that this species displays the external bodily features of homo sapiens. They have five fingers on their hands and feet; they have no tails; and their bones and cranial structures are indeed similar to the human species. However as yet there is no comparable unanimity about their inner nature. Some believe that in their inner nature too they are similar to humans; others think that they are only externally human; in their inner nature they are in fact beasts.

Which side do we support in this controversy? We believe in the theory which asserts the bestiality of Bengalis. We learnt this theory from English newspapers. According to some redbearded savants, just as the creator had taken atoms of beauty from all beautiful things to make Tilottama, in exactly the same way, by taking atoms of bestiality from all animals he has created the extraordinary character of the modern Bengali. Slyness from the fox, sycophancy and supplication from the dog, cowardliness from sheep, imitativeness from the ape and volubility from the ass—by a combination of these qualities He has made the modern Bengali rise in the firmament of history: a presence which illuminates the horizon, the centre of all of India's hopes and future prospects, and the great favourite of the savant Max Mueller.
Bad Language: The Role of English, Persian and other Esoteric Tongues in the Dismissal of Sir Edward Colebrooke as Resident of Delhi in 1829
Authors: PRIOR KATHERINE , BRENNAN LANCE , HAINES ROBIN
Published: July 2002

In 1829, at the height of Lord William Bentinck's regime of reform, a keen
young civil servant in north India took on
one of the last of the Company's nabobs and won. It was a clash of a new
style of Haileybury civilian with an old
Company servant which remarkably prefigured the personal and philosophical
dynamics of the Anglicist-Orientalist
education debate a few years later. Sir Edward Colebrooke, Bt, was Resident
of Delhi, 67 years old and nearly 50
years in the East India Company's service. His youthful adversary was his
own first assistant, Charles Edward Trevelyan, aged 22 and, in Sir Edward's
words, ‘a Boy just escaped from school’. In June 1829 Trevelyan charged
Colebrooke with corruption, and despite being cut by many of Delhi's
European residents, saw the prosecution through
to its conclusion some six months later when the Governor-General in Council
was pleased to order Colebrooke's
suspension from the service, a sentence ultimately confirmed by the Court of
Directors.
‘Was kann aus Nazareth schon Gutes kommen?’ (Joh 1.46). Die Bedeutung des Judeseins Jesu im Johannesevangelium
Authors: SÖDING THOMAS
Published: July 2002

The polemic against ‘the Jews’ in the Fourth Gospel is often realized and criticized. But John also points out that Jesus himself is a Jew. This is the way John draws the line of his incarnation theology into the ‘history’ of Jesus, narrated in the gospel. As ‘prophet’ (4.19) Jesus the ‘Jew’ (4.9) is ‘the Saviour of the world’ (4.42); as man, coming from Nazareth in Galilee (1.46; 4.43f; 7.41), Jesus is the Messiah, born in Bethlehem (7.42): well known as ‘son of Joseph’ (1.45; 6.42), unknown as ‘Son of God’ (cf. John 1.19). On the cross Jesus the ‘King of the Jews’ (19.19) dies ‘for the people’ and ‘for the scattered children of God’ (11.50ff). It is an essential aspect of John's Christology that Jesus belongs to his Jewish people. This theological fact, founded in the identity of the one God, shows the so-called anti-Judaism of John in a new light.
The fate and persistence of Leishmania major in mice of
different genetic backgrounds: an example of exploitation
of the immune system by intracellular parasites
Authors: LAUNOIS P. , LOUIS J. A. , MILON G.
Published: July 2002

Leishmania spp. are intracellular protozoan parasites
that are
delivered within the dermis of their vertebrate hosts. Within
this peripheral tissue and the draining lymph node, they find and/or

rapidly create dynamic microenvironments that
determine their ultimate fate, namely their more or less successful expansion,

and favour their transmission to another
vertebrate host though a blood-feeding vector. Depending on their genetic

characteristics as well as the genetic make-up
of their hosts, once within the dermis Leishmania spp. very
rapidly drive and maintain sustained T cell-dependent immune
responses that arbitrate their ultimate fate within their hosts. The
analysis of the parasitism exerted by Leishmania major
in mice of different genetic backgrounds has allowed us to recognize
some of the early and late mechanisms driven by this
parasite that lead to either uncontrolled or restricted parasitism.
Uncontrolled parasitism by Leishmania major characterizing mice

from a few inbred strains (e.g. BALB/c) is associated with the expansion

of parasite reactive Th2 CD4
lymphocytes and results from their rapid and sustained activity. In
contrast, restricted parasitism characteristic of mice
from the majority of inbred strains results from the development of a
polarized parasite-specific Th1 CD4 response. This
murine model of infection has already been and will continue to be
particularly instrumental in dissecting the rules
controlling the pathway of differentiation of T cells in vivo.

In the long run, the understanding of these rules should
contribute to the rational development of novel immunotherapeutic
interventions against severe infectious diseases.
Formation of basement membrane-like structure
terminates the cellular encapsulation of microfilariae in the
haemocoel of Anopheles quadrimaculatus
Authors: LIU C. T. , HOU R. F. , CHEN C. C.
Published: July 2002

The encapsulation of microfilariae in the haemocoels of mosquitoes

combines both humoral and cellular reactions: the
microfilariae are first encased in an acellular layer of melanin, followed

by a cellular encapsulation by plasmatocytes. In
this study, we demonstrated that cellular encapsulation of Brugia pahangi

microfilariae in the haemocoel of the mosquito
Anopheles quadrimaculatus was terminated by the formation of a

basement membrane-like structure on the outermost
surface of the cellular capsule. This structure occurred in the early
stage of cellular encapsulation and was evident on the
exterior surface of the plasmatocyte, when the active haemocytes were
attaching to the already melanized microfilariae.
The termination structure appears to be laid down by releasing the
vesicle inclusions of haemocytes and has similarities
in ultrastructure and cationic colloidal gold staining properties with

that of mosquito basement membranes.
High prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in swine with
four genotypes that differ from those identified in humans
Authors: BREITENMOSER A. C. , MATHIS A. , BÜRGI E. , WEBER R. , DEPLAZES P.
Published: July 2002

The microsporidial species Enterocytozoon bieneusi is found among immunocompromised, particularly HIV-infected,
patients with chronic diarrhoea, and rarely also among immunocompetent persons with self-limited diarrhoea. Only
recently, E. bieneusi was detected in 4 pigs in Switzerland raising the question of a potential zoonotic nature of this parasite.
We examined faecal samples of 109 pigs, 24 cows, horses and red foxes each for the presence of E. bieneusi by PCR and
compared these isolates with isolates obtained from stool samples of 13 HIV-infected patients living in Switzerland. In
animals, E. bieneusi was only identified in pigs with a prevalence of 35%. Analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer
(ITS) sequence allowed the classification of E. bieneusi from 28 pigs into 4 distinct genotypes which grouped very closely
(identity 96·3–98·8%) together with 2 of the 3 human-derived E. bieneusi genotypes. Hence, E. bieneusi seems to be a
common parasite in swine, but no genotypes were identified that were found in humans. Nevertheless, swine might serve
as a new animal model for enterocytozoonosis.
Helminth genome analysis: the current status of the filarial
and schistosome genome projects
Authors: WILLIAMS S. A. , THE FILARIAL GENOME PROJECT  , JOHNSTON D. A. , THE SCHISTOSOME GENOME PROJECT
Published: July 2002

Genome projects for the parasitic helminths Brugia malayi (a representative filarial nematode) and Schistosoma were
initiated in 1995 by the World Health Organization with the ultimate objectives of identifying new vaccine candidates and
drug targets and of developing low resolution genome maps. Because no genetic maps are available, and very few genes
have been characterized from either parasite group, the first goal of both Initiatives has been to catalogue new genes for
future placement on chromosome and physical maps. These genes have been identified by the expressed sequence tag
(EST) approach, utilising cDNA libraries constructed from diverse life cycle stages. To date, the Initiatives have deposited
over 16000 Brugia ESTs and nearly 8000 Schistosoma ESTs in Genbank's dbEST database, corresponding to 6000 and
over 3600 genes respectively (33% of Brugia's estimated gene compliment, 18–24% of that of Schistosoma). Large
fragment, genomic libraries have been constructed in BAC and YAC vectors for studies of genomic organization and for
physical and chromosome mapping, and public, hypertext genomic databases have been established to facilitate data access.
We present a summary of progress within the helminth genome initiatives and give several examples of important gene
discoveries and future applications of these data.
Taxonomy and systematics of some Eimeria species of
murid rodents as determined by the ITS1 region of the
ribosomal gene complex
Authors: HNIDA J. A. , DUSZYNSKI D. W.
Published: July 2002

Eimeria arizonensis, E. albigulae and E. onychomysis, morphologically similar species from closely related murid rodents,
were distinguished using nuclear rDNA ITS1 sequences obtained from multiple isolates of each taxon. ITS1 sequences
were also obtained from 6 other species parasitizing murid rodents: E. falciformis, E. langebarteli, E. nieschulzi, E. papillata,
E. separata and E. sevilletensis, and from E. reedi, a parasite of heteromyid rodents. Under parsimony and maximum
likelihood analyses, the isolates of E. arizonensis, E. albigulae and E. onychomysis were differentiated as closely related,
monophyletic lineages. Maximum likelihood pairwise distances between the latter species ranged from 7 to 12%, and
distances within each species ranged from <1 to 5%; thus it is suggested that ITS1 genetic distances may be used to
facilitate taxonomic differentiation of Eimeria spp. Against expectation, phylogenetic procedures placed E. reedi within the
phylogeny of the Eimeria of murid rodents. ITS1 sequencing appears to provide data that can be used for taxonomic and
phylogenetic studies on the speciose genus Eimeria, and may be especially useful when samples contain insufficient
numbers of oocysts for other molecular-based methods, e.g. RAPD–PCR.
Detection of parasites in the environment
Authors: SMITH H. V.
Published: July 2002

The environmental route of transmission is important for many protozoan and helminth parasites, with water, soil and
food being particularly significant. Both the potential for producing large numbers of transmissive stages and their
environmental robustness (with the ability to survive in moist microclimates for prolonged periods of time) pose persistent
threats to public and veterinary health. Increased demands made on natural resources increase the likelihood of encountering
environments and produce contaminated with parasites. In the last 30 years, endemic and epidemic waterborne
and foodborne outbreaks in developed countries have led to a reappraisal of conventional isolation and detection methods.
While these methods have proved invaluable in our understanding of environmental transmission routes for helminths,
they have been less effective for the parasitic protozoa. Robust, efficient detection, viability and typing methods are
required to assess risk and to further epidemiological understanding. Greater awareness of parasite contamination of our
environment and its impact on health has precipitated the development of better detection methods. Currently, nowhere
is this more apparent than with Cryptosporidium, with a broad range of immunological, microscopical and molecular
methods available. The upsurge in molecular techniques, particularly the polymerase chain reaction, for determining
occurrence and viability have brought with them the added benefits of increased sensitivity and specificity, yet many
methods still have to be shown to address these issues consistently in the field. Rapid commercialization of reagents and
standardization of methods provide consistency. The advances identified in non-destructive and destructive methods for
the protozoa have application for helminths and emerging pathogens and should determine the importance of the matrices
involved in the environmental transmission of parasites, further safeguarding public and veterinary health.
Glycosidase activities in plasma of naive and schistosome-infected Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda)
Authors: ZELCK U. E.
Published: July 2002

Activity of the following glycosidases was detected in the plasma of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata: β-D-
fucosidase, β-D-glucosidase, β-D-galactosidase, β-D-mannosidase, β-D-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-β-D-galactosaminidase,
N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, and lysozyme. At the physiological pH (7·2–7·4) of snail haemolymph, enzymatic activity
was about 10–50% of the maximum activity at each enzyme's respective acid pH-optimum. Schistosome-susceptible B.
glabrata showed lower plasma protein concentration and significantly lower enzymatic activities (U/mg protein) than
schistosome-resistant snails. Changes in glycosidase activity levels correlate with the progress of infection. After successful
schistosome invasion, activities of plasma glycosidases but not the concentration of total plasma proteins increased
significantly during the first 2 days in both snail strains. Thus, most tegumental glycoproteins of schistosome larvae can
be altered by humoral host glycosidases. The detection of only very low activities of hexosaminidases leads to the
hypothesis that GalNAc/GlcNAc may be involved in the process of non-self recognition. At 4 days post-infection,
glycosidase activities were identical or slightly below the levels found in naive snails. At this time of infection the parasite
is encapsulated and destroyed by haemocytes of resistant snails. In susceptible snails, however, the schistosomes have
transformed into sporocysts and will complete their life-cycle without eliciting effective defence reactions. After >30 days
post-infection, when cercariae are fully developed in susceptible snails, plasma protein concentration decreased significantly,
whereas glycosidase activities were elevated.
Sexual competition in an acanthocephalan parasite of fish
Authors: SASAL P. , JOBET E. , FALIEX E. , MORAND S.
Published: July 2002

Acanthocephalans are polygamous parasites of vertebrates and some species are known to aggregate in sexual congress to
mate. Such a reproductive behaviour could lead to male–male competition for access to females and could have consequences
for sexual selection. We dissected 87 gobiid fish, Gobius bucchichii, harbouring 891 acanthocephalans,
Acanthocephaloides propinquus. The parasites were sexed and their body sizes were measured. Testicular volume was also
evaluated in 82 males in order to establish their phenotypic sexual investment in relation to the estimated sex ratio. We
found that parasite intensity (i.e. the number of individuals/fish) was not correlated with fish size, but that parasite size
was significantly related to host size. Our results showed that there was a significant relationship between the mean female
body size and their number within one host. We found that when the percentage of male parasites in a host increased,
presumably increasing male–male competition for access to females, males had a larger testicular volume. We discuss these
results in terms of energy allocation, sexual and sperm competition. We conclude that competition for space should be
less important for males than competition for access to females. Moreover, increasing testis size should confer advantages
to males especially for their reproductive success when sperm competition occurs.
Host-finding in Echinostoma caproni: miracidia and
cercariae use different signals to identify the
same snail species
Authors: HABERL B. , KÖRNER M. , SPENGLER Y. , HERTEL J. , KALBE M. , HAAS W.
Published: July 2002

The snail host signals releasing host-finding responses in miracidia and cercariae of Echinostoma caproni were analysed
by fractionation of snail-conditioned water (SCW). Cercariae responded non-specifically to organic and hydrophilic, low
molecular weight components of SCW showing their typical turning response. Hydrolysis of peptides in SCW had no
effect on cercarial responses. An artificial mixture of amino acids in concentrations determined from SCW as well as
glycine alone in a concentration corresponding to the total concentration of amino acids in SCW showed nearly the same
efficacy as SCW itself. Miracidia responded to a high molecular weight glycoprotein fraction, which could be isolated from
SCW by ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. In contrast to an Egyptian Schistosoma mansoni strain, the
echinostome miracidia were not able to differentiate between different snail species. The results show for the first time
that miracidia and cercariae of the same species may use different signals to identify the same snail host species. This
indicates an independent evolution of host-finding mechanisms in the two parasite stages.
Age- and species-specific duration of infection in asymptomatic malaria infections in Papua New Guinea
Authors: BRUCE M. C. , DONNELLY C. A. , PACKER M. , LAGOG M. , GIBSON N. , NARARA A. , WALLIKER D. , ALPERS M. P. , DAY K. P.
Published: July 2002

The burden and duration of asymptomatic malaria infections were measured in residents of the malaria endemic village
of Gonoa, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae infections in people
aged 4 years to adulthood were compared. Frequent sampling at 3-day intervals for up to 61 days allowed assessment of
individual episodes of infection. Statistical assessment of P. falciparum detection revealed a periodicity consistent with
synchronous replication of this species over periods up to 27 days. The duration of P. falciparum episodes was longer
across all age groups than that of P. vivax and P. malariae. A trend for decreasing duration with age was also noted in
data from each species. This was most prominent in P. falciparum infections: median duration in 4-year-olds was
> 48 days compared with a median between 9 and 15 days in older children and adults. The results are consistent with
the slow acquisition of immunity to antigenically diverse Plasmodium populations and suggest a faster rate of acquisition
to P. vivax and P. malariae than to P. falciparum.
Psychiatric bed utilization: 1896 and 1996 compared
Authors: HEALY D. , SAVAGE M. , MICHAEL P. , HARRIS M. , HIRST D. , CARTER M. , CATTELL D. , McMONAGLE T. , SOHLER N. , SUSSER E.
Published: July 2002

Background. The 1896 and 1996 populations of North West Wales are similar in number, ethnic and social mix and rurality, enabling a study of the comparative incidence and prevalence of service utilization over the course of a century.

Methods. We collected records on all psychiatric admissions from North-West Wales in 1894–1896 and 1996. These were assessed and diagnosed by the responsible sector area consultant.

Results. The data reveal substantially more patients admitted for all diagnoses in 1996, even when comparisons are restricted to detained patients. The incidence of hospitalization by detention for schizophrenia is slightly lower 1996 than in 1896 but the incidence of hospitalization is higher now than in 1996. The incidence of hospitalization by detention for non-affective disorder psychoses is the same in both 1896 and 1996 but there is a doubling of incidence of hospitalization. The incidence of hospitalization for bipolar disorders is similar in the two periods. Modern mental health services admit large numbers of personality disordered patients, where none were admitted 100 years ago.

Conclusions. Factors general to changing health care and expectations and others specific to mental health would appear to have led to the increase in rates of admissions observed in the modern period.
Effects of pregnancy and delivery on the availability of plasma tryptophan to the brain: relationships to delivery-induced immune activation and early post-partum anxiety and depression
Authors: MAES M. , OMBELET W. , VERKERK R. , BOSMANS E. , SCHARPÉ S.
Published: July 2002

Background. There is now evidence that the availability of plasma tryptophan is decreased during pregnancy and the puerperium and also in patients with major depression and inflammation. The aims of the present study were to examine: (i) the effects of pregnancy and delivery on plasma tryptophan and the amino acids known to compete for the same cerebral uptake mechanism (CAAs), valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and isoleucine; (ii) the relationships between the availability of plasma tryptophan and postpartum depression or anxiety; and (iii) the relationships between the availability of plasma tryptophan to the brain and inflammatory markers, such as serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 receptor-antagonist (IL-1RA) and the leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIF-R).

Methods. The above variables were measured in 13 healthy non-pregnant and in 98 pregnant women 3 to 6 days before delivery and 1 and 3 days after delivery. On each occasion the parturient women completed the state version of Spielberger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Zung Depression Rating Scale (ZDS).

Results. Plasma tryptophan and the tryptophan/CAA ratio were significantly lower at the end of term and after delivery than in the plasma of non-pregnant, healthy women. The tryptophan/CAA ratio was significantly lower in the early puerperium than at the end of term. There were no significant relationships between the availability of plasma tryptophan and either post-partum depression or changes in the STAI or ZDS scores in the early puerperium. The changes in the tryptophan/CAA ratio from the end of term to the early puerperium were significantly and inversely related to serum IL-6, IL-1RA and LIF-R.

Conclusions. The results show that the reduction in the availability of plasma tryptophan from the end of term to the early puerperium is related to immune activation; and that the lowered availability of plasma tryptophan is not related either to depressive or anxiety symptoms in the early puerperium or to post-partum depression ensuing some months later.
The costs of community-based psychiatric care for

first-ever patients. A case register study
Authors: AMADDEO F. , BEECHAM J. , BONIZZATO P. , FENYO A. , TANSELLA M. , KNAPP M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Analysing costs measures in conjunction with

psychiatric case register (PCR) data can

provide important epidemiologically-based information on resource

utilization. Costing the service

use patterns of first-ever patients can indicate the shape and likely

resource consequences for mental

health services operating within a community-based system of care.

Methods. Yearly costs were calculated for the 299

first-ever patients and 768 longer-term patients

who contacted the South-Verona Psychiatric Case Register between 1

January 1992 and 31

December 1993. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to

compare costs between these

groups and to test the associations between costs and the sociodemographic

and diagnostic data recorded on the PCR.

Results. For all diagnostic groups identified, first-ever

patients were found to be less costly to

support than longer-term patients, even after adjustment for

various factors, including whether

patients were single consulters. When multivariate analyses were

employed, between 20% and 69%

of the cost variation for first-ever patients could be explained by

patient and other characteristics,

and the effect of the contact (first or subsequent) variable was reduced.

Conclusion. This study considered only the costs to the

specialist psychiatric services but the

methodology allows the likely annual resource implications of supporting

new patients to be

predicted from data collected at first contact. Such information can

help ensure that services are

adequately funded and that the resources are deployed appropriately

between client groups.
Decreased working memory and processing speed
mediate cognitive impairment in geriatric depression
Authors: NEBES R. D. , BUTTERS M. A. , MULSANT B. H. , POLLOCK B. G. , ZMUDA M. D. , HOUCK P. R. , REYNOLDS C. F.
Published: July 2002

Background. While neuropsychological dysfunction is common in geriatric depression, not all
aspects of cognition are equally affected. It has been suggested that depressed patients are impaired
only in tasks that make heavy demands on processing resources and that a resource decrement
therefore underlies the neuropsychological decrements seen in geriatric depression. The present
study examined whether processing resources in the form of working memory and information
processing speed are decreased in depression and whether a decrease in these resources actually
mediates neuropsychological impairment.

Methods. Measures of processing resources were administered to elderly depressed patients prior to
treatment and to age-matched controls. Patients whose depression remitted were retested as were
the controls. Subjects also received neuropsychological tests of episodic memory and visuospatial
performance.

Results. Depressed patients performed significantly worse on measures of both processing speed
and working memory. While performance on these measures improved in patients whose depression
remitted, the amount of improvement was no greater than that seen in the controls with repeat
testing. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that depression explained a significant amount of
variance on the neuropsychological tasks. However, if the variance associated with processing
resources was removed first, depression no longer accounted for a significant amount of
neuropsychological variance.

Conclusions. Processing resources are decreased in elderly depressed patients and this decrease in
resources appears to mediate impairments in several areas of neuropsychological functioning
including episodic memory and visuospatial performance. The resource decrement persists after
remission of the depression and thus may be a trait marker of geriatric depression.
Heterogeneity of cycloid psychoses: a latent class analysis
Authors: MOJTABAI RAMIN
Published: July 2002

Background. Three hypotheses have been proposed in regard to the origin of cycloid psychoses: (1)
they are an independent nosological entity; (2) they are atypical cases of affective disorders; and (3)
they are a heterogeneous group of disorders. This study examined the heterogeneity hypothesis by
attempting to delineate distinct affective and non-affective subgroups.

Methods. In 60 cases drawn from a classic study of cycloid psychoses by Perris (1974), latent class
analysis was used to delineate subgroups.

Results. Two classes were identified in the analysis: one characterized by the convergence of
affective symptoms and family history of affective disorders and the other by the relative paucity
of such features.

Conclusions. Cycloid psychoses are composed of at least two subgroups, distinguishable on the
basis of symptoms and family history.
Neuropsychological change in young people at high risk for schizophrenia: results from the first two neuropsychological assessments of the Edinburgh High Risk Study
Authors: COSWAY R. , BYRNE M. , CLAFFERTY R. , HODGES A. , GRANT E. , ABUKMEIL S. S. , LAWRIE S. M. , MILLER P. , JOHNSTONE E. C.
Published: July 2002

Background. Studies of groups of individuals who have a genetically high risk of developing schizophrenia, have found neuropsychological impairments that highlight likely trait markers of the schizophrenic genotype. This paper describes the change in neuropsychological function and associations with psychiatric state of high risk participants during the first two assessments of the Edinburgh High Risk Study.

Methods. Seventy-eight high risk participants and 22 normal controls, age and sex matched completed two neuropsychological assessments 18 months to 2 years apart. The areas of function assessed include intellectual function, executive function, learning and memory, and verbal ability and language.

Results. The high risk participants performed significantly worse on particular tests of verbal memory and executive function over the two assessments than matched controls. Those high risk participants who experienced psychotic symptoms were found to exhibit a decline in IQ and perform worse on tests of verbal memory and executive function than those without symptoms. An increase in psychotic symptoms between the two assessments in the high risk group was found to
be associated with an apparent decline in IQ and memory.

Conclusions. The results suggest that the development of psychotic symptoms is preceded by a decline in IQ and memory. This may reflect a general and a more specific disease process respectively.
Acute tryptophan depletion in schizophrenia
Authors: GOLIGHTLY K. L. , LLOYD J. A. , HOBSON J. E. , GALLAGHER P. , MERCER G. , YOUNG A. H.
Published: July 2002

Background. Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) function is implicated in the pathophysiology of
schizophrenia and the action of new generation antipsychotic drugs. By the method of acute
tryptophan depletion (ATD) 5-HT can be selectively manipulated. The aim of this study was to
examine the effects of ATD on symptoms, mood and cognition in schizophrenic patients.

Methods. Twenty-eight schizophrenic patients participated in a within subject, double-blind,
placebo-controlled counterbalanced cross-over study. Patients with a concurrent DSM-IV axis I
diagnosis were excluded. Symptoms, mood and cognitive function were evaluated following ATD
or ingestion of a control drink.

Results. The depleting drink significantly reduced plasma total and free tryptophan. Tryptophan/LNAA
ratios did not alter with the administration of the control drink, but differed significantly
with ATD; however there was no significant change in tyrosine/LNAA ratio. ATD led to
impairment in executive function that was dependent upon the order of administration. Tests of
sustained attention, speed of processing, and everyday memory were not affected. No effects were
observed on subjective mood ratings, movement disorders or PANSS scores.

Conclusions. Acute tryptophan depletion selectively alters cognition in schizophrenia, but has no
effect on symptoms, mood ratings or movement disorders.
Criminality and antisocial behaviour in unselected
men with sex chromosome abnormalities
Authors: GÖTZ M. J. , JOHNSTONE E. C. , RATCLIFFE S. G.
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous studies on male patients with sex chromosome abnormalities (SCA), namely
XYY and XXY, suggest that such patients commit criminal acts more frequently than expected.
Most of these studies are affected by ascertainment bias.

Methods. Using a population-based sample of men with SCA, identified by screening 34380 infants
at birth between 1967 and 1979, comparison between 16 XYY men, 13 XXY men and 45 controls
were made in terms of frequency of antisocial personality disorder (APD) using the Schedule for
Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia lifetime version. Rates of criminal convictions were
examined in 17 XYY men, 17 XXY men and 60 controls.

Results. XYY males showed a significantly higher frequency of antisocial behaviour in adolescence
and adulthood and of criminal convictions than the controls, but multiple regression analysis
showed this to be mediated mainly through lowered intelligence. Property offences constituted the
majority of offences in all groups. The XXY men did not show an increased rate of criminal
convictions. It is possible that this apparently negative result relates to the relatively small numbers
of cases and hence low power of this study.

Conclusions. The findings of this study carry the advantage of not being affected by ascertainment
bias and the disadvantage of having low power. It provides evidence for a slightly increased liability
to antisocial behaviour in XYY men.
Impairment of olfactory identification in
obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: BARNETT R. , MARUFF P. , PURCELL R. , WAINWRIGHT K. , KYRIOS M. , BREWER W. , PANTELIS C.
Published: July 2002

Background. Olfactory identification ability has been associated with processing in the orbitofrontal
cortex (OFC), an area that has been implicated in the pathophysiology of obsessive–compulsive
disorder (OCD). Although olfactory sensitivity is normal in patients with OCD, no study has
investigated olfactory identification in this disorder.

Methods. A group of 20 subjects with OCD and 23 age- and education-matched controls performed
a standardized test of olfactory identification. They also performed computerized tests of spatial
memory span, spatial working memory and spatial recognition memory that have been shown
previously to be sensitive to cognitive deficits in patients with OCD.

Results. Performance on the olfactory identification task, spatial recognition task and spatial span
task was significantly worse in the OCD group than controls.

Conclusions. While impairment in spatial cognition is consistent with previous studies of OCD, its
significance for brain-behaviour models of OCD is unclear. However, the finding of abnormal
olfactory identification in patients with OCD is consistent with the hypothesis that there is a
disruption to processing at the level of the OFC in the disorder.
Genetic differences in alcohol sensitivity and the
inheritance of alcoholism risk
Authors: HEATH A. C. , MADDEN P. A. F. , BUCHOLZ K. K. , DINWIDDIE S. H. , SLUTSKE W. S. , BIERUT L. J. , ROHRBAUGH J. W. , STATHAM D. J. , DUNNE M. P. , WHITFIELD J. B. , MARTIN N. G.
Published: July 2002

Background. Substantial evidence exists for an important genetic contribution to alcohol dependence
risk in women and men. It has been suggested that genetically determined differences in alcohol
sensitivity may represent one pathway by which an increase in alcohol dependence risk occurs.

Methods. Telephone interview follow-up data were obtained on twins from male, female and unlike-sex twin pairs who had participated in an alcohol challenge study in 1979–81, as well as other pairs
from the same Australian twin panel surveyed by mail in 1980–82.

Results. At follow-up, alcohol challenge men did not differ from other male twins from the same
age cohort on measures of lifetime psychopathology or drinking habits; but alcohol challenge
women were on average heavier drinkers than other women. Acomposite alcohol sensitivity measure,
combining subjective intoxication and increase in body-sway after alcohol challenge in 1979–81,
exhibited high heritability (60%). Parental alcoholism history was weakly associated with decreased
alcohol sensitivity in women, but not after adjustment for baseline drinking history, or in men. High
alcohol sensitivity in men was associated with substantially reduced alcohol dependence risk
(OR=0·05, 95% CI 0·01–0·39). Furthermore, significantly decreased (i.e. low) alcohol sensitivity
was observed in non-alcoholic males whose MZ co-twin had a history of alcohol dependence,
compared to other non-alcoholics. These associations remained significant in conservative analyses
that controlled for respondents' alcohol consumption levels and alcohol problems in 1979–81.

Conclusions. Men (but not women) at increased genetic risk of alcohol dependence (assessed by MZ
co-twin's history of alcohol dependence) exhibited reduced alcohol sensitivity. Associations with
parental alcoholism were inconsistent.
Last Rights? Funerals, Poverty and Social Exclusion
Authors: DRAKEFORD MARK
Published: July 2002

This article considers the current state of help with funeral expenses
in
Britain. It argues that assistance has been progressively and deliberately

eroded to the point where the famous ‘from the cradle to the grave’
protection
of the welfare state has been removed from increasing numbers of poor
people. The article sets these developments within the context of the contemporary

British funeral industry, with emphasis upon its treatment of
less-well-off consumers. The changing nature of social security provision

for funeral expenses is traced in detail, including the actions of the
incoming
1997 Labour government. This article investigates the public health
role of local authorities in the case of burials, concluding that such
services
are insufficiently robust to meet the new weight placed upon them. The

article ends with a consideration of the impact which these different
changes produce in the lives of individuals upon whom they have an effect.
Psychophysiology: The Mind–Body Perspective. By Kenneth Hugdahl. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995, 429 pp.
Authors: Davidson Richard J.
Published: July 2002

This volume is a very welcome addition to the relatively limited set of texts for students of psychophysiology. Kenneth Hugdahl is an exceptionally broad psychophysiologist who has used all of the major response systems in his own research and has also made important contributions to experimental and clinical neuropsychology. He is therefore well‐equipped to produce a particularly distinctive text in this area and he has delivered on the promise.
Pavlovian feed-forward mechanisms in the control of social behavior
Authors: Domjan Michael , Cusato Brian , Villarreal Ronald
Published: July 2002

The conceptual and investigative tools for the analysis of social behavior can be expanded by integrating biological theory, control systems theory, and Pavlovian conditioning. Biological theory has focused on the costs and benefits of social behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. In contrast, control systems theory is concerned with how machines achieve a particular goal or purpose. The accurate operation of a system often requires feed-forward mechanisms that adjust system performance in anticipation of future inputs. Pavlovian conditioning is ideally suited to subserve this function in behavioral systems. Pavlovian mechanisms have been demonstrated in various aspects of sexual behavior, maternal lactation, and infant suckling. Pavlovian conditioning of agonistic behavior has been also reported, and Pavlovian processes may likewise be involved in social play and social grooming. Several further lines of evidence indicate that Pavlovian conditioning can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of social interactions, thereby improving their cost/benefit ratio. We extend Pavlovian concepts beyond the traditional domain of discrete secretory and other physiological reflexes to complex real-world behavioral interactions and apply abstract laboratory analyses of the mechanisms of associative learning to the daily challenges animals face as they interact with one another in their natural environments.
Testosterone and dominance in men
Authors: Mazur Allan , Booth Alan
Published: July 2002

In men, high levels of endogenous testosterone (T) seem to
encourage behavior intended to dominate – to enhance one's
status over – other people. Sometimes dominant behavior is
aggressive, its apparent intent being to inflict harm on another
person, but often dominance is expressed nonaggressively. Sometimes
dominant behavior takes the form of antisocial behavior, including
rebellion against authority and law breaking. Measurement of T at a
single point in time, presumably indicative of a man's basal T
level, predicts many of these dominant or antisocial behaviors. T not
only affects behavior but also responds to it. The act of competing
for dominant status affects male T levels in two ways. First, T rises
in the face of a challenge, as if it were an anticipatory response to
impending competition. Second, after the competition, T rises in
winners and declines in losers. Thus, there is a reciprocity between
T and dominance behavior, each affecting the other. We contrast a
reciprocal model, in which T level is variable, acting as
both a cause and effect of behavior, with a basal model,
in which T level is assumed to be a persistent trait that influences
behavior. An unusual data set on Air Force veterans, in which data
were collected four times over a decade, enables us to compare the
basal and reciprocal models as explanations for the relationship
between T and divorce. We discuss sociological implications of these
models.
Imitation and mirror self-recognition may be developmental precursors to theory of mind in human and nonhuman primates
Authors: Bard Kim A.
Published: July 2002

Heyes argues that nonhuman primates are unable to imitate,
recognize themselves in mirrors, and take another's perspective,
and that none of these capabilities are evidence for theory of mind.
First, her evaluation of the evidence, especially for imitation and
mirror self-recognition, is inaccurate. Second, she neglects to
address the important developmental evidence that these capabilities
are necessary precursors in the development of theory of
mind.
Priming primates: Human and otherwise
Authors: Chen Mark , Chartrand Tanya L. , Lee-Chai Annette Y. , Bargh John A.
Published: July 2002

The radical nub of Byrne & Russon's argument is
that passive priming effects can produce much of the evidence of
higher-order cognition in nonhuman primates. In support of their
position we review evidence of similar behavioral priming effects
n humans. However, that evidence further suggests that even
program-level imitative behavior can be produced through
priming.
Are sense-specific reference frames so mutually exclusive?
Authors: Sauvan Xavier M.
Published: July 2002

We recently found orientation constancy with respect to
direction of gravity in the alert monkey. This seems to rely on a
polysensory interaction that involves different sense-specific
reference frames. Thus, we will challenge the assumption that the
sense-specific reference frames are mutually exclusive. At the same
time, we will highlight the dynamic tuning of the receptors that might
rely on cross-modal mechanisms.
Productivity and exponence
Authors: Blevins James P.
Published: July 2002

The experimental results reported in Clahsen's target article clearly distinguish regular from irregular processes and suggest a basic difference between items that are productively formed and items which are stored in the lexicon. However, these results do not directly implicate any particular combinatory operation (such as affixation), nor do they distinguish inflectional items from other productive formations.