bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ten year experience of using a novel metabolic protocol in ‘off pump’ coronary artery bypass revascularization
Authors: Perkowski David J. , Wagner Susan , Muller Kathryn , Schneider Joseph R. , St.Cyr J. A.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

Assessment of both short- and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass using a perioperative metabolic protocol.

Methods:

A total of 975 of 995 adult patients underwent coronary artery bypass ‘off-pump’ from 1997 through 2006. Patients presenting in cardiogenic shock were excluded from this assessment. A perioperative metabolic protocol, which included the implementation of allopurinol, insulin supplementation, magnesium sulfate, supplemental corticosteroids, milrinone, norepinephrine (prn), aspirin, clopidogrel, statins and β-blockers, was used in these patients.

Results:

The mean age at the time of surgery was 70.5 years and the average number of bypass grafts was 4 per procedure; 18% ( n = 176) of the cases had a preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump inserted for hemodynamic instability, tight left main coronary artery stenosis or angina. The 30-day mortality was 1.8% versus a Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) predicted mortality of 4.8%. Left main coronary artery disease was present in 38% ( n = 371) of the patients. No strokes occurred intra-operatively and the postoperative incidence of stroke was 0.9% ( n = 9). Incidence of renal failure requiring dialysis was 0.8% ( n = 8). There was a single sternal infection. Mean follow up was 65 months with a survival rate of 90% ( n = 955). Re-intervention, which commonly involved PTCA ± stent placement or re-do coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), was 4% at 1 year and 11.6% ( n = 113) during the 65-month follow-up period.

Conclusions:

Off-pump coronary artery bypass coupled with this novel metabolic protocol was associated with a low operative mortality and acceptable perioperative morbidities, including patients with left main coronary artery disease. These benefits are apparent at both short- and medium-term follow up.
Chronic transfusion therapy improves but does not normalize systemic and pulmonary vasculopathy in sickle cell disease
Authors: Detterich Jon A. , Kato Roberta M. , Rabai Miklos , Meiselman Herbert J. , Coates Thomas D. , Wood John C.
Published: June 2015

Key Points

Plasma free hemoglobin is associated with abnormal systemic and pulmonary vascular function markers. Red cell storage time and physical changes in blood are associated with acute transfusional changes in endothelial function.
Single platelets seal neutrophil-induced vascular breaches via GPVI during immune-complex–mediated inflammation in mice
Authors: Gros Angèle , Syvannarath Varouna , Lamrani Lamia , Ollivier Véronique , Loyau Stéphane , Goerge Tobias , Nieswandt Bernhard , Jandrot-Perrus Martine , Ho-Tin-Noé Benoît
Published: June 2015

Key Points

GPVI-dependent platelet binding and activation contribute to seal neutrophil-induced vascular damage in IC-mediated inflammation. Inflammation represents an uncommon hemostatic situation in which adhesion and activation of single platelets prevent bleeding.
CD8+ T cells are predominantly protective and required for effective steroid therapy in murine models of immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Ma Li , Simpson Elisa , Li June , Xuan Min , Xu Miao , Baker Laura , Shi Yan , Yougbaré Issaka , Wang Xiaozhong , Zhu Guangheng , Chen Pingguo , Prud’homme Gerald J. , Lazarus Alan H. , Freedman John , Ni Heyu
Published: June 2015

Key Points

CD8+ T cells play a predominantly protective role in both passive and active murine models of ITP. CD8+ T-regulatory cells contribute to efficacious response to steroid therapy and may be important diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for ITP.
Perinatal chronic hypoxia induces cortical inflammation, hypomyelination, and peripheral myelin-specific T cell autoreactivity
Authors: Ortega Sterling B , Kong Xiagmei , Venkataraman Ramgopal , Savedra Allen Michael , Kernie Steven G , Stowe Ann M , Raman Lakshmi
Published: June 2015

pCH is an important risk factor for brain injury and long-term morbidity in children, occurring during the developmental stages of neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and myelination. We show that a rodent model of pCH results in an early decrease in mature myelin. Although pCH does increase progenitor oligodendrocytes in the developing brain, BrdU labeling revealed a loss in dividing progenitor oligodendrocytes, indicating a defect in mature cell replacement and myelinogenesis. Mice continued to exhibited hypomyelination, concomitant with long-term impairment of motor function, weeks after cessation of pCH. The implication of a novel neuroimmunologic interplay, pCH also induced a significant egress of infiltrating CD4 T cells into the developing brain. This pCH-mediated neuroinflammation included oligodendrocyte-directed autoimmunity, with an increase in peripheral myelin-specific CD4 T cells. Thus, both the loss of available, mature, myelin-producing glial cells and an active increase in autoreactive, myelin-specific CD4 T cell infiltration into pCH brains may contribute to early pCH-induced hypomyelination in the developing CNS. The elucidation of potential mechanisms of hypoxia-driven autoimmunity will expand our understanding of the neuroimmune axis during perinatal CNS disease states that may contribute to long-term functional disability.
Photobase Generators Liberating Two Bases by Absorbing One Photon and Their Application to Photosensitive Materials
Authors: Arimitsu Koji , Maruyama Yuya , Furutani Masahiro
Published: June 2015

We propose a photobase generator (PBG) that liberates two bases by absorbing one photon. Phototriggered decarboxylation proceeds first to generate one base, and subsequently the unstable reaction intermediate is thermally decarboxylated to generate another base. It was found that the photosensitivity of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) films containing the PBG is much higher than that of films containing a conventional PBG that generates one base by absorbing one photon.
Synthesis of Co–Si Nanowires on Silicon Nanowires Assisted by Microplasma Treatment
Authors: Luo Daibing , Ma Daichuan
Published: June 2015

High-density cobalt silicide nanowires (Co–Si NWs) were synthesized by a spontaneous chemical vapor transport (CVT) method combined with microplasma treatment on a silicon wafer covered with silicon nanowires (SiNWs). The nature of the Co–Si NWs formed on the SiNWs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). A layer of cobalt silicide, mainly as CoSi2, was found to form on the surface of the SiNWs.
Synthesis of the Pyridine Hydrazones as Metal-free Artificial Nucleases
Authors: Li Zhifen , Qiao Jun , Jia Zhifang , Meng Shuangming
Published: June 2015

In this report, four pyridine hydrazones containing anthracene and triphenylamine as a new type of metal-free nucleases were synthesized. Results indicate that the conjugates can cleave the plasmid DNA to Form II or Form III under physiological conditions via hydrolytic pathway.
Removal of Tetrachloroethylene from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption on Clay Minerals
Authors: Gil A. , Elmchaouri A. , Mouzdahir Y. El , Korili S.A.
Published: June 2015

The objective of this study was to assess the adsorption capacity of Moroccan stevensite for the removal of tetrachloroethylene from aqueous solutions. The mechanism of adsorption of tetrachloroethylene was studied in terms of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models by applying the Freundlich, Langmuir and Sips isotherm models to the equilibrium adsorption data. A maximum adsorption capacity of 284 mg/g at equilibrium was achieved, which indicates that the stevensite can be considered an efficient and suitable adsorbent for the removal of tetrachloroethylene from water systems and wastewaters.
Epileptic Seizure Detection and Prediction Based on Continuous Cerebral Blood Flow Monitoring – a Review
Authors: Tewolde Senay , Oommen Kalarickal , Lie Donald Y. C. , Zhang Yuanlin , Chyu Ming-Chien
Published: June 2015

Epilepsy is the third most common neurological illness, affecting 1% of the world’s population. Despite advances in medicine, about 25 to 30% of the patients do not respond to or cannot tolerate the severe side effects of medical treatment, and surgery is not an option for the majority of patients with epilepsy. The objective of this article is to review the current state of research on seizure detection based on cerebral blood flow (CBF) data acquired by thermal diffusion flowmetry (TDF), and CBF‐based seizure prediction. A discussion is provided on the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of TDF in detecting and localizing seizure foci, as well as its role in seizure prediction. Also presented are an overview of the present challenges and possible future research directions (along with methodological guidelines) of the CBF‐based seizure detection and prediction methods.
Simple, biologically-constrained CA1 pyramidal cell models using an intact, whole hippocampus context
Authors: Ferguson Katie A. , Huh Carey Y. L. , Amilhon Benedicte , Williams Sylvain , Skinner Frances K.
Published: June 2015

The hippocampus is a heavily studied brain structure due to its involvement in learning and memory. Detailed models of excitatory, pyramidal cells in hippocampus have been developed using a range of experimental data. These models have been used to help us understand, for example, the effects of synaptic integration and voltage gated channel densities and distributions on cellular responses. However, these cellular outputs need to be considered from the perspective of the networks in which they are embedded. Using modeling approaches, if cellular representations are too detailed, it quickly becomes computationally unwieldy to explore large network simulations. Thus, simple models are preferable, but at the same time they need to have a clear, experimental basis so as to allow physiologically based understandings to emerge. In this article, we describe the development of simple models of CA1 pyramidal cells, as derived in a well-defined experimental context of an intact, whole hippocampus preparation expressing population oscillations. These models are based on the intrinsic properties and frequency-current profiles of CA1 pyramidal cells, and can be used to build, fully examine, and analyze large networks.
The Persistence of Lenient Market Categories
Authors: Pontikes Elizabeth G. , Barnett William P.
Published: June 2015

Research across disciplines presumes that market categories will have strong boundaries. Categories without well-defined boundaries typically are not useful and so are expected to fade away. We suggest many contexts contain lenient market categories, or less-constraining market categories, that persist and become important. We argue that this fact can be explained by looking at market categories from the producer perspective. Lenient market categories have more flexibility and allow for a wider range of fit. As a result, we expect to see high rates of entry into lenient categories. At the same time, lenient market categories have drawbacks: they do not clearly convey what an organization does and do not identify specific sets of potential consumers. This means organizations are more likely to exit. When entry rates are higher than exit rates, lenient market categories will endure over time. We also predict that organizations exiting lenient categories will enter other lenient categories, further fueling the persistence of such categories. Finally, this trend is exaggerated when influential external agents favor leniency. We find support for these ideas in a longitudinal analysis of organizational entry into and exit from market categories in the software industry.
Cultural adaptation
Authors: Ley Graham
Published: June 2015

Culture can be readily seen as a repository for adaptation, but if attention is given more resolutely to the idea of the plurality of cultures, then it is possible that we should adjust that rather simplistic perception drastically. This article presents a theory, expressed in broad but comprehensive terms, of the place of adaptation in the constitution of theatre, at many different originative moments. It also goes beyond the realms of film and theatre to suggest that human cultures not only express adaptation, but are founded from the beginning on the capacities of a uniquely adaptive species, from constant adjustments in material existence through to artistic practice. The article also examines how the idea of cultural adaptation can be found to be operative within current terminology applied to performance and ­society. Adaptation is the natural state of human cultures, not merely a facility within them, and the author draws on wide reading in the social sciences and the history of ­theatre to support his thesis.
The (Radio) Adventures of Mark Twain: Arch Oboler’s adaptations of Warners’ Picture
Authors: Killmeier Matthew A.
Published: June 2015

This article provides a critical cultural history of the radio-film adaptation series The Adventures of Mark Twain, which was written by Arch Oboler and commissioned by Warner Bros. to promote their picture, The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944). This series offers invaluable insights about Hollywood’s advertising of film on radio, its exploitation of films, and radio-film adaptations. Because Oboler’s Twain dramas directly and indirectly advertise the film, they serve as early examples of branded entertainment. Similarly, as Oboler tapped Twain material not addressed by the film, the series also serves as an antecedent of contemporary intermedial and transmedial adaptation. Recovering the interaction between Warner Bros. as sponsor and Oboler as writer, this article also addresses the complex question of adaptation authorship, and the general tensions between cultural expression and the cultural industries in American mass media.
PERCEPCIÓN SOBRE EL ATRACTIVO TURÍSTICO DE UNA POTENCIA EMERGENTE: CHINA VISTA DESDE ESPAÑA
Authors: Cardona José Ramón , Cantallops Antoni Serra
Published: June 2015

China se está convirtiendo en un importante destino turístico internacional. España, por su parte, se ha posicionado entre los tres principales destinos turísticos del mundo y, como mercado emisor, está creciendo gradualmente en importancia. Hay un gran potencial de incremento de los flujos turísticos hacia China. Este trabajo analiza la percepción de los españoles sobre China como país y como destino turístico y su familiaridad con la realidad de este país asiático en términos de turismo. Se ha realizado el estudio mediante un enfoque no estructurado, a través de preguntas abiertas que permiten analizar el recuerdo de las personas de forma no sugerida. Los resultados demuestran la escasa familiaridad con la realidad de China como destino turístico y el importante desconocimiento de sus atractivos, con la excepción de sus dos principales símbolos, Pekín y la Gran Muralla China. Los resultados también parecen indicar la existencia de grandes inhibidores entre ciertos segmentos. Palabras clave: China. Percepciones. Imagen del destino turístico.
IMAGEM DE EVENTOS TURÍSTICOS: PERSPECTIVAS DO FESTIVAL BRASILEIRO DA CERVEJA, BLUMENAU - SC
Authors: Dos Santos Thiago , Zucco Fabrícia Durieux , Kraus Camila Belli
Published: June 2015

Os festivais estão em crescimento tanto no Brasil como no mundo. Esses eventos ajudam a preservar costumes e tradições dos destinos turísticos e contribuem positivamente para imagem e economia local. Este artigo analisa a imagem do 5º Festival Brasileiro da Cerveja, realizado em Blumenau, Santa Catarina, a partir da perspectiva do público que frequenta o evento. Foi utilizado como base teórico-metodológica o estudo de Deng, Li e Shen (2013), Developing a measurement scale for event image. Para o cumprimento do objetivo proposto realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva com método quantitativo e levantamento do tipo survey. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados um questionário estruturado, aplicado com 507 visitantes que passaram pelos quatro dias de evento em março de 2013. Por meio dos resultados da Modelagem de Equação Estrutural, verificou-se que as Fontes de Informação exercem influência sobre a Imagem de Evento. A dimensão Tema é a que melhor representa a escala de Imagem de Evento, e os Meios Digitais melhor representam as Fontes de Informação. Palavras-chave: Eventos. Festivais. Imagem. Festival Brasileiro da Cerveja.
TURISMO E AFIRMAÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE CULTURAL: IMPACTOS PSICOSSOCIAIS DA ATIVIDADE TURÍSTICA EM DIAMANTINA
Authors: Da Silva Diego Rodrigues , Sant’Anna Paulo Afranio
Published: June 2015

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar os impactos psicossociais na comunidade de Diamantina decorrentes do contato intercultural impulsionado pela atividade turística, enfocando, mais especificamente, nas questões identitárias do diamantinense, as quais se manifestam e se afirmam no contato com o turista. Por meio da produção de um grupo focal com representantes dos principais setores da atividade turística diamantinense, pretendeu-se identificar quais os impactos da atividade turística para a identidade cultural dos moradores de Diamantina. Por meio da análise de conteúdo, foi possível identificar indicadores que foram agrupados em três categorias: cultura da hospitalidade, cultura garimpeira e cultura refinada. Os resultados sugerem que esses três aspectos da identidade diamantinense são impactados não só pelo turismo, mas em conjunto com outros fenômenos de ordem econômica e social, como a criação da universidade federal e o fim do garimpo. Nesse contexto, o turismo ainda não se inscreve como traço identitário. Palavras-chave: Identidade. Turismo. Impacto do turismo.
CIRCUITO CULTURAL PRAÇA DA LIBERDADE - UM BREVE OLHAR SOBRE A MUDANÇA DOS ESPAÇOS
Authors: Gonçalves Maria da Glória , De Souza Vera Lúcia Borges , Abjaud Tiago
Published: June 2015

Este artigo aponta as formas de apresentação do espaço destinado ao Circuito Cultural Praça da Liberdade. Procurou-se identificar a importância da preservação do patrimônio histórico e cultural. Percebeu-se que existe falta de divulgação. Vislumbrou-se identificar barreiras arquitetônicas visíveis e invisíveis encontradas pela população e pelos turistas quanto aos espaços culturais. As revitalizações das edificações da praça aumentaram o interesse dos moradores de Belo Horizonte e turistas em conhecer a história e a cultura local. Esse estudo foi de cunho descritivo, quali-quantitativo com aplicação de um questionário, composto de 16 questões fechadas, sendo duas abertas e um questionário virtual enviado ao gerente responsável por um dos espaços. Utilizou-se na pesquisa amostragem probabilística aleatória simples por meio de pesquisa de campo. Apontou-se a possibilidade de cultura de forma gratuita e acessível a todos. Com os dados obtidos, percebeu-se que o Circuito Cultural da Praça da Liberdade poderá contribuir com o turismo em Belo Horizonte na medida em que permitirá a criação e a reformulação dos produtos turísticos, proporcionando de maneira acessível à população a arte, a cultura, o entretenimento, o conhecimento, o lazer e a inclusão social numa parceria público/privado. Palavras-chave: Praça da Liberdade. Circuito Cultural. Patrimônio.
The Downstream Consequences of Problem-Solving Mindsets: How Playing with LEGO Influences Creativity
Authors: Moreau C. Page , Engeset Marit Gundersen
Published: June 2015

Business leaders, governments, and scholars are increasingly recognizing the importance of creativity. Recent trends in technology and education, however, suggest that many people are facing fewer opportunities to engage in creative thought as they increasingly solve well-defined (vs. ill-defined) problems. Using three studies that involve real problem-solving activities (e.g., putting together a LEGO kit), the authors examine the mindset created by addressing such well-defined problems. The studies demonstrate the negative downstream impact of such a mindset on both creative task performance and tendency to choose to engage in creative tasks. The research has theoretical implications for the creativity and mindset literature streams as well as substantive insights for managers and public policy makers.
European views on patients directly obtaining their laboratory test results
Authors: Watson Ian D. , Siodmiak Joanna , Oosterhuis Wytze P. , Corberand Joel , Jorgensen Per E. , Dikmen Zeliha Gunnur , Jovicic Snezana , Theodorsson Elvar , for the EFLM Working Group on Patie
Published: June 2015

Medicine is a highly professionalized endeavour, by tradition centred on the authority of physicians. Better education and the advent of the information age cater for increased demands on society in general and on health care in particular to enable people to make informed decisions regarding themselves. Participation in medical decisions requires informed knowledge which is hard to obtain without substantial and time consuming professional help.

We performed a survey amongst the member organizations of European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) in order to investigate the recognition and preparedness of providing help to patients in interpreting their laboratory results.

Out of 40 EFLM Member Societies, 27 sent their responses to the survey. In most cases the first line delivery of laboratory results to physicians is by computer link (63%). Patients receive their laboratory results on demand from their physician in 60% of cases. However, 34% of laboratory specialists showed a negative attitude for delivering laboratory results to patients. Yet, in 48% of countries 1–5 patients per day ask a laboratory specialist about the significance of laboratory results outside the reference range. When patients are informed about the purpose of laboratory testing, they seek information primarily from their physician, followed by the internet and the Specialist in Laboratory Medicine.

Changing practices increasingly enabling patient access to their records are on the increase facilitated by recent innovations in information technologies. Successful transfer of some of the responsibilities of physicians, demands a mutual triangular dialogue between the patient, their physician and laboratory medicine.
C-reactive protein and inflammation: conformational changes affect function
Authors: Wu Yi , Potempa Lawrence A. , El Kebir Driss , Filep János G.
Published: June 2015

The prototypic acute-phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) has long been recognized as a useful marker and gauge of inflammation. CRP also plays an important role in host defense against invading pathogens as well as in inflammation. CRP consists of five identical subunits arranged as a cyclic pentamer. CRP exists in at least two conformationally distinct forms, i.e. native pentameric CRP (pCRP) and modified/monomeric CRP (mCRP). These isoforms bind to distinct receptors and lipid rafts, and exhibit distinct functional properties. Dissociation of pCRP into its subunits occurs within the inflammatory microenvironment and newly formed mCRP may then contribute to localizing the inflammatory response. Accumulating evidence indicates that pCRP possesses both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions in a context-dependent manner, whereas mCRP exerts potent pro-inflammatory actions on endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, leukocytes and platelets, and thus may amplify inflammation. Here, we review recent advances that may explain how conformational changes in CRP contribute to shaping the inflammatory response and discuss CRP isomers as potential therapeutic targets to dampen inflammation.
Categorical and gradient homophony avoidance: Evidence from Japanese
Authors: Kaplan Abby , Muratani Yuka
Published: June 2015

Many languages have been claimed to have phonological patterns that are sensitive to the need to avoid homophony – for example, a rule that is blocked if it would create a surface form that is identical to another word in the language. Such patterns always involve comparisons between words in the same morphological paradigm (e.g., singular and plural forms with the same stem). The lone exception to this generalization is
Informativity affects consonant duration and deletion rates
Authors: Cohen Priva Uriel
Published: June 2015

The duration and occasional deletion rate of consonants differ from one language to another. What causes a language to preserve and lengthen some consonants but shorten and delete others? I show that the typology of consonant duration and occasional deletion in American English is affected by consonants’ informativity – their average local predictability. Informativity can explain why usually-predictable segments such as American English /t/ are likely to be reduced even when they are locally unpredictable, but usually-predictable segments are preserved even when they are redundant. I use four corpus studies to demonstrate that higher informativity leads to longer duration and reduced likelihood to delete even when other important factors such as the phonetic features, frequency, and local predictability of consonants are controlled for. The role of informativity in the duration and deletion rates of consonants can bridge the gap between phonetic performance and the actuation of phonological processes.
A low-temperature, environment-friendly approach to the synthesis of magnesium borates using magnesium waste scraps
Authors: Kaplan Aycin , Kipcak Azmi Seyhun , Senberber Fatma Tugce , Derun Emek Moroydor , Piskin Sabriye
Published: June 2015

In the present study, magnesium borate synthesis was performed by a hydrothermal mixing method, with the use of magnesium waste scraps (W) as the magnesium source, along with boric acid (H) or boron oxide (B) as the boron source. For an environment-friendly approach, a solid waste of magnesium was used at low reaction temperatures. Results of X-ray diffraction analyses showed that admontite [MgO(B
Crystal structure of poly[aqua-(μ4-pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylato- κ5N,O:O’:O’’:O’’’)-(μ2-picolinato-κ2O:O’)-terbium(III)], C13H9N2O7Tb
Authors: Song Jin-Fan , Li Jing
Published: June 2015

C13H9N2O7Tb, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.2251(7) Å, b = 14.148(1) Å, c = 10.513(1) Å, β = 95.760(2)°, V = 1365.2 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0177, wRref(F2) = 0.0392, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of benzylthiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl-diazene, C13H10N4S
Authors: Li Shi-Hui , Zhang Rui , Zhang Meng-Yin
Published: June 2015

C13H10N4S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.184(7) Å, b = 11.094(8) Å, c = 12.109(9) Å, β = 104.287(8)°, V = 1195.6 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0303, wRref(F2) = 0.0847, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of 2-(2-methyl-5-(6-(1-methyl-5-(pyrazin-2-yl)-1H-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrazine manganese(II) dibromide, C19H15Br2MnN11
Authors: Wei Xue-Feng , Miao Juan , Shi Ling-Ling
Published: June 2015

C19H15Br2MnN11, monoclinic, P21/m (no. 11), a = 8.442(2) Å, b = 15.478(3) Å, c = 9.266(2) Å, β = 111.54(3)°, V = 1126.3 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0568, wRref(F2) = 0.1554, T = 293 K.
Striking at the Sacred: The Violence of Prayer, 1960-1969
Authors: Shearer Tobin Miller
Published: June 2015

This essay explores the complex relationship between public prayer and violence during ten years of the Civil Rights Movement. During the 1960s and throughout the long civil rights era, activists who used the race-based, highly performative act of public prayer incited violence and drew the nation’s attention to the black freedom struggle. Study of the public prayers that led to violence further suggests that the introduction of prayer into public space acted as a conduit of moral judgment even when intended as a bridge of connection, a pattern that suggests the exercise of public prayer can be a catalyst for violence.
The Violence of Nonviolence in the Revelation of John
Authors: De Villiers Pieter G. R.
Published: June 2015

This article investigates the conviction among many biblical scholars that Revelation is a nonviolent book. It first analyses some of the major arguments to support this thesis by investigating the book’s perspectives on martyrdom, on witness, its spiritualizing language, and its message of divine judgment. It then analyses in more depth how the non-violent message of the book is embedded in and reflects violent language, how its seemingly positive portrayal of women is in fact permeated by gender violence and how it portrays divine violence. The article concludes with brief hermeneutical remarks that reflect on how the offensive dimensions of Revelation’s violent non-violence can be interpreted.
Migration und Geschlecht
Authors: Spallek Jacob , Razum Oliver
Published: June 2015

Migration ist im Gegensatz zur allgemeinen Wahrnehmung als der Zuwanderung von arbeitssuchenden Männern in der heutigen Welt mehrheitlich weiblich. Biologisches (Sex) und soziales (Gender) Geschlecht beeinflussen nicht nur, wer migriert und warum, sondern auch wie sich die Migration auf die soziale und gesundheitliche Situation der migrierenden Menschen auswirkt. In dieser Wechselwirkung sind biologisches Geschlecht und Gender sowohl wichtige Einflussgrößen als auch Mediatoren/Modifikatoren von Effekten anderer Faktoren auf die Gesundheit.
Spätaussiedler und Gesundheitskonzepte im Alter – was wissen wir?
Authors: Michalik Tanja , Walter Ulla
Published: June 2015

Die Konzepte zur Gesundheit und Gesundheitserhaltung von älteren Spätaussiedlern sind kaum untersucht. Ihr Verständnis ist aber notwendig, um „gesundes und gelingendes Altern“ partizipativ und subjektorienteiert zu gestalten. Diese Vorsätze geben die Chance, Potentiale zu entdecken, und ermöglichen es, bedürfnisorientierte Maßnahmen zu Gesundheitserhaltung zu konzipieren.
Lampedusa in Berlin. Zum ethisch verantwortlichen Umgang mit Flüchtlingen und ihrer Gesundheit
Authors: Kostka Ulrike
Published: June 2015

Berlin erlebt stetig wachsende Flüchtlingszahlen. Vor dem Hintergrund der Erfahrungen aus der Flüchtlingsbetreuung des Caritasverbandes für das Erzbistum Berlin wird die ethische Frage diskutiert, welches Ausmaß an medizinischer Versorgung Flüchtlinge ohne legalen Aufenthaltsstatus bzw. im regulären Asylverfahren bekommen müssen. Niederschwellige medizinische Dienste sind staatlich zu fördern. Flüchtlinge müssen unabhängig vom Aufenthaltsstatus auch bei chronifizierten Krankheitszuständen eine medizinische Versorgung und generell eine Impfversorgung erhalten.
Kultursensibilität im Krankenhaus
Authors: Blum Karl , Steffen Petra
Published: June 2015

Der Anteil der Personen mit Migrationsgeschichte in der Bevölkerung nimmt sukzessive zu. Der steigende Migrantenanteil stellt auch die Krankenhäuser vor besondere Herausforderungen. Eine kultursensible Patientenversorgung berücksichtigt sprachliche, kulturelle und religiöse Besonderheiten in der Behandlung und Betreuung von Patienten mit Migrationsgeschichte. Mit der Befragung nordrhein-westfälischer Krankenhäuser durch das Deutsche Krankenhausinstitut (DKI) erfolgte erstmalig eine grundlegende Bestandsaufnahme zur Kultursensibilität von Krankenhäusern in einem Bundesland.
Papierlos? Rechtlos! Die Gesundheitsversorgung von Menschen ohne legalen Aufenthaltsstatus
Authors: Sayed Mustapha , Schmidt-Semisch Henning
Published: June 2015

Papierlose Menschen gehören in Deutschland zum Personenkreis, die nach dem Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz Anspruch auf eine medizinische Versorgung haben. Im Rahmen einer qualitativen Untersuchung wurden teilstandardisierte Experten- und Betroffeneninterviews in den Städten Hannover und Bremen durchgeführt. Die Betroffenen machen in den Interviews deutlich, dass sie faktisch rechtlos sind, da sie aus Angst vor Aufdeckung nur sehr selten die vorhandenen rechtlichen Ansprüche auf medizinische Versorgung wahrnehmen.
Health Literacy bei Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund
Authors: Messer Melanie , Vogt Dominique , Quenzel Gudrun , Schaeffer Doris
Published: June 2015

Health Literacy zielt auf die Fähigkeiten gesundheitsbezogene Informationen zu beschaffen und damit umzugehen. Erste Studien deuten darauf hin, dass Migranten in ihrer Health Literacy deutlich schlechter abschneiden als die Vergleichsbevölkerung des Ziellandes. In Deutschland steht eine empirische Betrachtung der besonders gefährdeten Subpopulationen oder der risikoerhöhenden Konstellationen, aber auch der Konsequenzen und wirksamen Interventionsmöglichkeiten jedoch noch aus.
Preparation and biodistribution assessment of 111In-BPAMD as a novel agent for bone SPECT imaging
Authors: Yousefnia Hassan , Zolghadri Samaneh , Jalilian Amir Reza
Published: June 2015

An early diagnosis of bone metastases is very important for providing a profound decision on a subsequent therapy. In this study, a new
agent for SPECT-imaging of bone metastases,
111In-(4-{[(bis(phosphonomethyl))carbamoyl]methyl}-7,10-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododec-1-yl) acetic acid
(111In-BPAMD) complex has been developed with specific activity of 2.85 TBq/mmol. Radiochemical purity of the
radiolabeled complex was checked by instant thin layer chromatography method indicated high radiochemical purity > 95% at
the optimal conditions. The complex demonstrated significant stability at room temperature and in human serum at least for
48 h. Hydroxyapatite (HA) binding assay showed high binding ability of the radiolabeled complex even at the low amounts of
HA. Also, log P measurements highlighted the strong hydrophilic nature of the complex. Biodistribution studies as well as planar
imaging after injection of the complex into the male Syrian mice showed major accumulation of the labelled compound in the bone
tissue. Totally, the obtained results indicated that 111In-BPAMD has interesting characteristics as an agent for
SPECT-imaging of the bone metastases.
The Black Man’s Burden? – Language and Political Economy in a Diglossic State and Beyond
Authors: Farquharson Joseph T.
Published: June 2015

The article looks at language as capital, with particular reference to the Jamaican language, highlighting the parallels and interactions between the economic and linguistic systems. In the ongoing discourse on language in Jamaica, Jamaican Creole has generally been viewed as a problem. It is normally the first excuse offered for why many Jamaican children do poorly in English in high-stakes examinations, and is often seen as a hindrance to social and economic advancement both locally and internationally. By looking at the expansion of the language in several ‘new’ domains, and drawing on research in linguistics which deals with this expansion, the article argues that Jamaican has been undergoing a revaluation which has the potential to place economic power in the hands of its speakers. This project is important because the Jamaican language has normally been viewed as a burden for Black Jamaicans. The wordburdenin the title is being used not in the sense of an onerous task which one is obligated to do, but in the sense of a hindrance, something one should get rid of. The question mark signals that I wish to interrogate the perspective which labels the language as an obstacle for its speakers.
Transforming into a Swallow: Coffin Text Spell 294 and Avian Behaviour
Authors: Cooper Julien , Evans Linda
Published: June 2015

Coffin Texts Spell 294 describes the transformation of the deceased into a mn.t-bird. Examination of the passage from a lexical, mythological, and geographical perspective have highlighted the bird’s solar and Hathoric associations, but additional layers of meaning are revealed when textual references are also examined zoologically. This approach has shown that Spell 294 accurately describes the appearance and natural behaviour of migratory and resident barn swallows (Hirundo rustica), elucidating formerly problematical allusions and leading to a deeper understanding of the spell’s transformative process.
X-ray diffraction investigation on Cu2ZnSiSe4 single and polycrystalline crystals
Authors: Gurieva Galina , Levcenko Sergiu , Kravtsov Victor Ch. , Nateprov Alexander , Irran Elisabeth , Huang Ying-Sheng , Arushanov Ernest , Schorr Susan
Published: June 2015

Cu2ZnSiSe4 belong to the adamantine family of quaternary chalcogenides crystallizing in the wurtzstannite structure. Recent ab-initio calculations show, that the lowest energy structure of Cu2ZnSiSe4 is the wurtzkesterite type structure in contrast to wurtzstannite type, usually obtained in experiments. To clarify this issue a structural study on single crystals of Cu2ZnSiSe4 was performed for the first time. The structural characterization of the single crystals was carried out by X-ray diffraction at two different temperatures – room temperature and 150 K. The XRD data analysis shows, that Cu2ZnSiSe4 single crystals adopt the orthorhombic wurtzstannite type structure (space group Pmn21) and lattice parameters a = 7.809 Å, b = 6.778 Å, c = 6.447 Å at 150 K, and lattice parameters a = 7.821 Å, b = 6.734 Å, c = 6.453 Å at room temperature were derived. The structural parameters were confirmed for the polycrystalline Cu2ZnSiSe4 bulk sample.
Inhibition Shapes Acoustic Responsiveness in Spherical Bushy Cells
Authors: Keine Christian , Rübsamen Rudolf
Published: June 2015

Signal processing in the auditory brainstem is based on an interaction of neuronal excitation and inhibition. To date, we have incomplete knowledge of how the dynamic interplay of both contributes to the processing power and temporal characteristics of signal coding. The spherical bushy cells (SBCs) of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) receive their primary excitatory input through auditory nerve fibers via large, axosomatic synaptic terminals called the endbulbs of Held and by additional, acoustically driven inhibitory inputs. SBCs provide the input to downstream nuclei of the brainstem sound source localization circuitry, such as the medial and lateral superior olive, which rely on temporal precise inputs. In this study, we used juxtacellular recordings in anesthetized Mongolian gerbils to assess the effect of acoustically evoked inhibition on the SBCs input–output function and on temporal precision of SBC spiking. Acoustically evoked inhibition proved to be strong enough to suppress action potentials (APs) of SBCs in a stimulus-dependent manner. Inhibition shows slow onset and offset dynamics and increasing strength at higher sound intensities. In addition, inhibition decreases the rising slope of the EPSP and prolongs the EPSP-to-AP transition time. Both effects can be mimicked by iontophoretic application of glycine. Inhibition also improves phase locking of SBC APs to low-frequency tones by acting as a gain control to suppress poorly timed EPSPs from generating postsynaptic APs to maintain precise SBC spiking across sound intensities. The present data suggest that inhibition substantially contributes to the processing power of second-order neurons in the ascending auditory system.
Experience with the “Good” Limb Induces Aberrant Synaptic Plasticity in the Perilesion Cortex after Stroke
Authors: Kim Soo Young , Allred Rachel P. , Adkins DeAnna L. , Tennant Kelly A. , Donlan Nicole A. , Kleim Jeffrey A. , Jones Theresa A.
Published: June 2015

Following unilateral stroke, the contralateral (paretic) body side is often severely impaired, and individuals naturally learn to rely more on the nonparetic body side, which involves learning new skills with it. Such compensatory hyper-reliance on the “good” body side, however, can limit functional improvements of the paretic side. In rats, motor skill training with the nonparetic forelimb (NPT) following a unilateral infarct lessens the efficacy of rehabilitative training, and reduces neuronal activation in perilesion motor cortex. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated how forelimb movement representations and synaptic restructuring in perilesion motor cortex respond to NPT and their relationship with behavioral outcomes. Forelimb representations were diminished as a result of NPT, as revealed with intracortical microstimulation mapping. Using transmission electron microscopy and stereological analyses, we found that densities of axodendritic synapses, especially axo-spinous synapses, as well as multiple synaptic boutons were increased in the perilesion cortex by NPT. The synaptic density was negatively correlated with the functional outcome of the paretic limb, as revealed in reaching performance. Furthermore, in animals with NPT, there was dissociation between astrocytic morphological features and axo-spinous synaptic density in perilesion motor cortex, compared with controls. These findings demonstrate that skill learning with the nonparetic limb following unilateral brain damage results in aberrant synaptogenesis, potentially of transcallosal projections, and this seems to hamper the functionality of the perilesion motor cortex and the paretic forelimb.
Astrocytes Are Primed by Chronic Neurodegeneration to Produce Exaggerated Chemokine and Cell Infiltration Responses to Acute Stimulation with the Cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α
Authors: Hennessy Edel , Griffin Éadaoin W. , Cunningham Colm
Published: June 2015

Microgliosis and astrogliosis are standard pathological features of neurodegenerative disease. Microglia are primed by chronic neurodegeneration such that toll-like receptor agonists, such as LPS, drive exaggerated cytokine responses on this background. However, sterile inflammatory insults are more common than direct CNS infection in the degenerating brain and these insults drive robust IL-1β and TNF-α responses. It is unclear whether these pro-inflammatory cytokines can directly induce exaggerated responses in the degenerating brain. We hypothesized that glial cells in the hippocampus of animals with chronic neurodegenerative disease (ME7 prion disease) would display exaggerated responses to central cytokine challenges. TNF-α or IL-1β were administered intrahippocampally to ME7-inoculated mice and normal brain homogenate-injected (NBH) controls. Both IL-1β and TNF-α produced much more robust IL-1β synthesis in ME7 than in NBH animals and this occurred exclusively in microglia. However, there was strong nuclear localization of the NFκB subunit p65 in the astrocyte population, associated with marked astrocytic synthesis of the chemokines CXCL1 and CCL2 in response to both cytokine challenges in ME7 animals. Conversely, very limited expression of these chemokines was apparent in NBH animals similarly challenged. Thus, astrocytes are primed in the degenerating brain to produce exaggerated chemokine responses to acute stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, this results in markedly increased neutrophil, T-cell, and monocyte infiltration in the diseased brain. These data have significant implications for acute sterile inflammatory insults such as stroke and traumatic brain injury occurring on a background of aging or neurodegeneration.
Sloppiness in Spontaneously Active Neuronal Networks
Authors: Panas Dagmara , Amin Hayder , Maccione Alessandro , Muthmann Oliver , van Rossum Mark , Berdondini Luca , Hennig Matthias H.
Published: June 2015

Various plasticity mechanisms, including experience-dependent, spontaneous, as well as homeostatic ones, continuously remodel neural circuits. Yet, despite fluctuations in the properties of single neurons and synapses, the behavior and function of neuronal assemblies are generally found to be very stable over time. This raises the important question of how plasticity is coordinated across the network. To address this, we investigated the stability of network activity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons recorded with high-density multielectrode arrays over several days. We used parametric models to characterize multineuron activity patterns and analyzed their sensitivity to changes. We found that the models exhibited sloppiness, a property where the model behavior is insensitive to changes in many parameter combinations, but very sensitive to a few. The activity of neurons with sloppy parameters showed faster and larger fluctuations than the activity of a small subset of neurons associated with sensitive parameters. Furthermore, parameter sensitivity was highly correlated with firing rates. Finally, we tested our observations from cell cultures on anin vivorecording from monkey visual cortex and we confirm that spontaneous cortical activity also shows hallmarks of sloppy behavior and firing rate dependence. Our findings suggest that a small subnetwork of highly active and stable neurons supports group stability, and that this endows neuronal networks with the flexibility to continuously remodel without compromising stability and function.
Neuro-Oscillatory Phase Alignment Drives Speeded Multisensory Response Times: An Electro-Corticographic Investigation
Authors: Mercier Manuel R. , Molholm Sophie , Fiebelkorn Ian C. , Butler John S. , Schwartz Theodore H. , Foxe John J.
Published: June 2015

Even simple tasks rely on information exchange between functionally distinct and often relatively distant neuronal ensembles. Considerable work indicates oscillatory synchronization through phase alignment is a major agent of inter-regional communication. In the brain, different oscillatory phases correspond to low- and high-excitability states. Optimally aligned phases (or high-excitability states) promote inter-regional communication. Studies have also shown that sensory stimulation can modulate or reset the phase of ongoing cortical oscillations. For example, auditory stimuli can reset the phase of oscillations in visual cortex, influencing processing of a simultaneous visual stimulus. Such cross-regional phase reset represents a candidate mechanism for aligning oscillatory phase for inter-regional communication. Here, we explored the role of local and inter-regional phase alignment in driving a well established behavioral correlate of multisensory integration: the redundant target effect (RTE), which refers to the fact that responses to multisensory inputs are substantially faster than to unisensory stimuli. In a speeded detection task, human epileptic patients (N= 3) responded to unisensory (auditory or visual) and multisensory (audiovisual) stimuli with a button press, while electrocorticography was recorded over auditory and motor regions. Visual stimulation significantly modulated auditory activity via phase reset in the delta and theta bands. During the period between stimulation and subsequent motor response, transient synchronization between auditory and motor regions was observed. Phase synchrony to multisensory inputs was faster than to unisensory stimulation. This sensorimotor phase alignment correlated with behavior such that stronger synchrony was associated with faster responses, linking the commonly observed RTE with phase alignment across a sensorimotor network.