bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors that influence adherence to surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) guidelines: a systematic review
Authors: Hassan Sarah , Chan Vincent , Stevens Julie , Stupans Ieva
Published: January 2021

Background

Despite the extensive research that has been conducted to date, practice often differs from established guidelines and will vary between individuals and organisations. It has been noted that the global uptake of local and international surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) guidelines is poor with limited research investigating factors that affect guideline adherence. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the reported barriers and enablers to the adherence of SAP guidelines.

Methods

A search of the literature was performed using four electronic databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed and SCOPUS) for articles published in the English language from January 1998 to December 2018. Articles were included if they were solely related to SAP and discussed the barriers or enablers to SAP guideline adherence. Articles that assessed the adherence to a range of infection control measures or discussed adherence to antibiotic treatment guidelines rather than SAP guidelines were excluded from this review. Barriers and enablers were mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of included studies.

Results

A total of 1489 papers were originally retrieved, with 48 papers meeting the eligibility criteria. Barriers and enablers were mapped to 11 out of 14 TDF domains: knowledge, skills, social/professional role and identity, beliefs about capabilities, beliefs about consequences, reinforcement, memory, attention and decision processes, environmental context and resources, social influences, emotion and behavioural regulation. Barriers were further categorised into personal or organisational barriers, while enablers were arranged under commonly trialled interventions.

Conclusions

There are numerous factors that can determine the uptake of SAP guidelines. An identification and understanding of these factors at a local level is required to develop tailored interventions to enhance guideline adherence. Interventions, when used in combination, can be considered as a means of improving guideline use.
Oxidative stability of chia seed oil and flax seed oil and impact of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and garlic (Allium cepa L.) extracts on the prevention of lipid oxidation
Authors: Jung Hyojik , Kim Inhwan , Jung Sunghyeon , Lee Jihyun
Published: January 2021

Chia seed and flax seed oils are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, but are susceptible to oxidative deterioration. The aim of this study was to determine the oxidative stability of chia seed and flax seed oils and enhance the stability using rosemary or garlic extracts. During accelerated storage at 65 °C for 14 days, the antioxidant abilities of rosemary or garlic extracts were evaluated and compared with those of butylated hydroxy toluene, ascorbyl palmitate, and α-tocopherol using peroxide value, conjugated dienoic acids, free fatty acid, thiobarbituric acid value analysis. The profile of volatiles, fatty acid composition, and the tocopherol contents in the treated and/or untreated oils were also determined. Active ingredients of rosemary and garlic extracts were also determined. Rosemary extract was found to provide higher oxidative stability than garlic extract after 14 days in most assays (e.g., the CDA values of 4.8% for rosemary extract and 5.2% for garlic extract in chia seed oil). The contents of γ-tocopherol, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid were well retained in the functional oils treated with the two extracts. After accelerated storage, the content of the major odor-active volatiles varied based on the type of oil. Our findings show the potential of natural aromatic plant extracts with respect to improving the oxidative stability of functional oils.
Impact of alternative regional trade arrangements on the Ethiopian economy
Authors: Amogne Habtamu Shiferaw , Hagiwara Taiji
Published: January 2021

The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is a Free Trade Area (FTA) regional trade agreement in Africa. Currently, Ethiopia is negotiating to join COMESA FTA. This study assesses the impact of three regional trade arrangements, COMESA FTA, customs unions, and the European Partnership Agreement (EPA) on the economy of Ethiopia. The analysis is based on a static Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, version 9 database. Unlike previous studies, the customs union scenarios are designed at the detailed Harmonized System (HS) level. COMESA FTA (scenario 1) with standard GTAP model results in a welfare loss for Ethiopia due to negative terms of trade and investment-saving effect, but with unemployment closure (scenario 2); Ethiopia enjoys a welfare gain mainly due to endowment effect. In scenario 3 (COMESA customs union) and scenario 4 (European Partnership Agreement), Ethiopia loses due to negative terms of trade and investment-saving effect. There is a large increase in demand for unskilled labor force in Ethiopia by around US$23 million, US$112 million, and US$43 million for scenario 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Moreover, there is a positive output effect for oilseeds, leather, and basic metals across all scenarios. The world, as a whole, enjoys welfare gains with COMESA FTA (scenario 1 and 2). However, with scenario 3 and 4, there is an overall welfare loss. There is no strong reason for Ethiopia to move to the customs union, and the EPA in the short run. Therefore, a transition period is necessary, but it is recommended for Ethiopia to join COMESA FTA.
Off-label intravenous thrombolysis for early recurrent brain embolism associated with aortic arch thrombus
Authors: Koutroulou Ioanna , Tsivgoulis Georgios , Rafailidis Vasileios , Psoma Elissavet , Kouskouras Konstantinos , Fotiadis Panagiotis , Grigoriadis Nikolaos , Karapanayiotides Theodoros
Published: January 2021

Safety data of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in presence of aortic arch thrombus is scant. Furthermore, IVT is debatable in patients with prior recent stroke. We present a 51-year-old woman with recurrent major infarction 5 days after a minor left MCA territory stroke. She had a floating aortic arch thrombus and she was treated safely and effectively with off-label IVT. Patients with small infarct volumes and mild/no residual neurological deficits after an initial stroke might be considered for IVT in case of early recurrence. IVT may be reasonable in a context of acute severely disabling stroke associated with aortic arch thrombus.
Contributions of White and Brown Adipose Tissues to the Circadian Regulation of Energy Metabolism
Authors: Heyde Isabel , Begemann Kimberly , Oster Henrik
Published: January 2021

The term energy metabolism comprises the entirety of chemical processes associated with uptake, conversion, storage, and breakdown of nutrients. All these must be tightly regulated in time and space to ensure metabolic homeostasis in an environment characterized by cycles such as the succession of day and night. Most organisms evolved endogenous circadian clocks to achieve this goal. In mammals, a ubiquitous network of cellular clocks is coordinated by a pacemaker residing in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Adipocytes harbor their own circadian clocks, and large aspects of adipose physiology are regulated in a circadian manner through transcriptional regulation of clock-controlled genes. White adipose tissue (WAT) stores energy in the form of triglycerides at times of high energy levels that then serve as fuel in times of need. It also functions as an endocrine organ, releasing factors in a circadian manner to regulate food intake and energy turnover in other tissues. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) produces heat through nonshivering thermogenesis, a process also controlled by the circadian clock. We here review how WAT and BAT contribute to the circadian regulation of energy metabolism. We describe how adipose rhythms are regulated by the interplay of systemic signals and local clocks and summarize how adipose-originating circadian factors feed-back on metabolic homeostasis. The role of adipose tissue in the circadian control of metabolism becomes increasingly clear as circadian disruption leads to alterations in adipose tissue regulation, promoting obesity and its sequelae. Stabilizing adipose tissue rhythms, in turn, may help to combat disrupted energy homeostasis and obesity.
KIF15 Supports Spermatogenesis Via Its Effects on Sertoli Cell Microtubule, Actin, Vimentin, and Septin Cytoskeletons
Authors: Wu Siwen , Lv Lixiu , Li Linxi , Wang Lingling , Mao Baiping , Li Jun , Shen Xian , Ge Renshan , Wong Chris K C , Sun Fei , Cheng C Yan
Published: January 2021

Throughout spermatogenesis, cellular cargoes including haploid spermatids are required to be transported across the seminiferous epithelium, either toward the microtubule (MT) plus (+) end near the basement membrane at stage V, or to the MT minus (−) end near the tubule lumen at stages VI to VIII of the epithelial cycle. Furthermore, preleptotene spermatocytes, differentiated from type B spermatogonia, are transported across the Sertoli cell blood-testis barrier (BTB) to enter the adluminal compartment. Few studies, however, have been conducted to explore the function of MT-dependent motor proteins to support spermatid transport during spermiogenesis. Herein, we examined the role of MT-dependent and microtubule plus (+) end–directed motor protein kinesin 15 (KIF15) in the testis. KIF15 displayed a stage-specific expression across the seminiferous epithelium, associated with MTs, and appeared as aggregates on the MT tracks that aligned perpendicular to the basement membrane and laid across the entire epithelium. KIF15 also tightly associated with apical ectoplasmic specialization, displaying strict stage-specific distribution, apparently to support spermatid transport across the epithelium. We used a loss-of-function approach by RNAi to examine the role of KIF15 in Sertoli cell epithelium in vitro to examine its role in cytoskeletal-dependent Sertoli cell function. It was noted that KIF15 knockdown by RNAi that reduced KIF15 expression by ~70% in Sertoli cells with an established functional tight junction barrier impeded the barrier function. This effect was mediated through remarkable changes in the cytoskeletal organization of MTs, but also actin-, vimentin-, and septin-based cytoskeletons, illustrating that KIF15 exerts its regulatory effects well beyond microtubules.
Effect of balance training with Biodex Balance System to improve balance in patients with diabetic neuropathy: A quasi experimental study
Authors: Daud Syeda Afsheen Hasnain , Rahman Mujeeb Ur , Arsh Aatik , Junaid Muhammad
Published: January 2021

Objective: To determine the effect of balance training with Biodex Balance System in improving balance function in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

Methods: A quasi experimental study was conducted at physiotherapy department of Rehman Medical Institute Peshawar from January to June 2018. Thirty-eight Diabetes Mellitus Type-II patients with diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy participated in the study. Those patients were included who were able to stand independently and who scored moderate or severe neuropathy on Toronto Scale. Participants received 12 sessions (two sessions per week) of balance training on Biodex stability system in six weeks. Berg Balance Scale and Time Up and Go test were used to collect pre and post treatment data. Paired sample T-test was used to compare pre and post treatment data because data was normally distributed.

Results: The mean age of the participants was 63.08 ± 3.3 years. Pretreatment Berg Balance Scale score was 42.68 ± 3.7 which improved to 48.89 ±3.7 after the treatment (P<0.001). Similarly, pretreatment Time Up and Go test score was 17.47 ± 2.0 while post treatment score was 13.57 ±1.5 (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Balance training with Biodex Balance System can significantly improve balance function in Diabetes Mellitus Type-II patients with diabetic neuropathy.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.2336

How to cite this:Daud SAH, Mujeeb-Ur-Rahman, Arsh A, Junaid M. Effect of balance training with Biodex Balance System to improve balance in patients with diabetic neuropathy: A quasi experimental study. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(2):389-392.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.2336

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Formation of Professional Competencies in Future Teachers of Physical Education in the Conditions of Interactive Interaction
Authors:   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Dоmina Viktoriia , Gutareva Natalia ,   State Higher Educational Establishment “Donbas State Pedagogical University”, Sedova Julia ,   State Higher Educational Establishment “Donbas State Pedagogical University”
Published: January 2021

The dynamics of development of the modern world causes progressive changes in education, reflecting the creative search for the most effective forms of organization and technology of learning. Recent studies outline the strategy of practical constructions, involving the education system in the development of the value-semantic sphere of personality on a pedagogical basis. In the offered article the authors consider actual problems of formation of professional competence which is considered as the integrated property of the person possessing a complex of professionally significant for the future teacher of physical culture qualities. The study identified the concept of professional competence of the future teacher, value orientations. The classification of value orientations of the future teacher of physical education which allows to adapt more successfully masters to modern educational processes is proved. The importance of the teacher's value orientations in the modern process of forming the moral beliefs of future teachers is determined. One of the possible ways of forming professional competence in the process of training future physical education teachers through interactive interaction is presented. It is this system of training allows by determining the general laws of psychology and pedagogy, specifying their basic provisions to determine the specifics of coaching.
On the Question of Critical Perception of Information by Young People on the Internet
Authors:   State Institution Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Kononovych Daria
Published: January 2021

The modern information age raises the problem of the formation of students ability to self-education, their competence work with different types of information and critical thinking skills in. The article focuses on the definition of critical thinking as an essential element of mental activity of a person at the modern information society; on the study of socio-psychological factors of youth susceptibility to manipulation of consciousness. The critical thinking procedure should provide not just proactive position of its bearer, but his leading role in determining the course and direction of events development. In the situation of informational war only critical thinking can save our consciousness from the impact of the mighty media manipulation. Critical thinking is not just the ability to think, it is the ability to think rationally, the ability to understand our own thoughts, the ability to understand the thoughts of others, the ability to make up your mind to reach the only right decision, consciously assessing the situation. It is defined the peculiarities of formation of critical thinking as a result of social work. The necessity of critical thinking with a view to possibility of information rethinking is substantiated. The author presents the results of a study of the attitude of 317 young people aged 16 to 25 to the Internet. The study also identified the most characteristic human qualities that contribute to the possibility of manipulating it: suggestibility, complexes, self-confidence, the desire to be consistent. The importance of further research was expressed.
Psychological and Pedagogical Aspects of Age Dynamics of Social Competence of Adolescents and Young Adults of a Rural Institution of General Secondary Education
Authors:   State Institution Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Krasnovа Nataliia
Published: January 2021

This article reveals the problem of age dynamics of social competence of adolescents and young adults in rural secondary education, due to trends in modern society, internationalization and globalization, economic transformation in the country, social reality and the main ideas of education reform; shows the need for the formation of social competence in students of rural educational institutions, which is associated with the need of young people for self-determination, the desire for self-affirmation, self-improvement; identified: the main indicators of social competence of the adolescent – responsibility; adequate self-esteem, consistent with the level of claims; formation of positive motivation for learning; possession of means of communication; formation of empathy, acceptance of social roles and high school students – adequate self-esteem; values of learning; formation of communicative skills; responsibility; formation of motivation to achieve and socially significant value orientations; self-esteem, self-acceptance, reflection; revealed the age dynamics of the formation of social competence of students by motivational (motives, needs, empathy, values of learning), cognitive (role flexibility, knowledge of personal characteristics, knowledge of norms and rules of interaction in society, goal setting), operational and behavioral, communication skills, possession of the means of organizing their behavior, social behavior skills), reflective (responsibility, self-esteem, social responsibility, conflict regulation, self-control, self-realization, adequate self-esteem, consistent with the level of claims) indicators.
Ways, Forms and Methods of Introducing Media Education in the Educational Process
Authors:   State Institution Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Maltseva Olha
Published: January 2021

In April 2016, the Presidium of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine approved a new version of the Concept for the introduction of media education in Ukraine. The purpose of the Concept is to create a system of media education, which should become the foundation of humanitarian security, development and consolidation of civil society, combating external information aggression, comprehensively prepare children and youth for safe and effective interaction with the modern media system, form media literacy and media to their age, individual and other features. The article, based on the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific sources, systematizes theoretical and practical developments of domestic and foreign scientists on the most effective ways, forms and methods of media education. It is established that there are three common ways of introducing media education in the educational process: integrated (through traditional subjects); optional (creation of a network of circles, sections, clubs); special (creation of special courses and special courses). One of the forms of integration of media education is the introduction of media courses. Popular are the creation of television or cinematic mini-scripts, class lectures, role-playing games on the material of various media. It was found that the organization of media centers, media clubs, film clubs and photo laboratories can be considered innovative forms of media literacy. The classifications of media education methods by L. Zaznobina, M. Matviychuk, L. Masterman, S. Penzin, O. Fedorov are considered. It is established that one of the most effective methods of media education researchers consider interactive: trainings, moderations, program training, case method (analysis of practical situations), business and role-playing games, discussions, creative problem solving method, project method. The choice of such methods is due to the possibility of their integration into individual disciplines. They provide an opportunity to intensify the process of understanding, learning and creative application of knowledge and help increase the motivation and involvement of participants in the process of joint problem solving, creative search.
Optimizing illumination in three-dimensional deconvolution microscopy for accurate refractive index tomography
Authors: Hugonnet Herve , Lee Moosung , Park YongKeun
Published: January 2021

In light transmission microscopy, axial scanning does not directly provide tomographic reconstruction of specimen. Phase deconvolution microscopy can convert a raw intensity image stack into a refractive index tomogram, the intrinsic sample contrast which can be exploited for quantitative morphological analysis. However, this technique is limited by reconstruction artifacts due to unoptimized optical conditions, which leads to a sparse and non-uniform optical transfer function. Here, we propose an optimization method based on simulated annealing to systematically obtain optimal illumination schemes that enable artifact-free deconvolution. The proposed method showed precise tomographic reconstruction of unlabeled biological samples.
Broad-band plasmonic isolator compatible with low-gyrotropy magneto-optical material
Authors: Abadian Sevag , Magno Giovanni , Yam Vy , Dagens Beatrice
Published: January 2021

Integration of optical isolators remains one the main technological issues of photonic circuits despite several decades of research. We propose a radically new concept which enables performing broad-band isolation even in the case of low-gyrotropy material, opening the road to a new class of non-reciprocal devices using easy-to-integrate composite materials. The principle explores the separation of back-and-forth light paths, induced by the coupled mode asymmetry in magnetoplasmonic slot waveguides. We show numerically that such a structure combined with suitable absorbers gives more than a 18 dB isolation ratio on several tens of nanometers bandwidth, with 2 dB insertion losses.
Depth acquisition in single-pixel imaging with multiplexed illumination
Authors: Wang Huayi , Bian Liheng , Zhang Jun
Published: January 2021

Single-pixel imaging (SPI) has drawn wide attentions due to its high signal-to-noise ratio and wide working spectrum, providing a feasible solution when array sensors are expensive or not available. In the conventional SPI, the target’s depth information is lost in the acquisition process due to the 3D-to-1D projection. In this work, we report an efficient depth acquisition method that enables the existing SPI systems to obtain reflectance and depth information without any additional hardware. The technique employs a multiplexed illumination strategy that contains both random and sinusoidal codes, which simultaneously encode the target’s spatial and depth information into the single measurement sequence. In the reconstruction phase, we build a convolutional neural network to decode both spatial and depth information from the 1D measurements. Compared to the conventional scene acquisition method, the end-to-end deep-learning reconstruction reduces both sampling ratio (30%) and computational complexity (two orders of magnitude). Both simulations and experiments validate the method’s effectiveness and high efficiency for additional depth acquisition in single-pixel imaging without additional hardware.
Coperación Internacional y Seguridad Ciudadana: el caso de Ecuador
Authors: Torres Angarita Andreína
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo analiza el impacto que en la actualidad tiene la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo en la definición de agendas locales de seguridad ciudadana en Ecuador. En Ecuador se observa una heterogeneidad de proyectos que de alguna manera buscan apoyar y fortalecer iniciativas de prevención de la violencia social. No obstante, en una escala nacional siguen predominando los esfuerzos antinarcóticos apoyados por las donaciones de países como los Estados Unidos. Se cuestiona entonces la injerencia que tiene la cooperación en el desbalance que se genera entre los esfuerzos locales y nacionales y que dificulta la consolidación de agendas locales de seguridad ciudadana más ajustadas a las necesidades y demandas de los y las ciudadanos/as.ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the current impact foreign aid has on the definition of local «citizen security» agendas in Ecuador. Regarding citizen security, Ecuador has heterogeneous projects that seek to strengthen and support social violence prevention initiatives. However, at the national level antidrug efforts prevail, receiving the support of important donors such as the Unites States. The article thus questions the role played by foreign aid in the imbalances found between local and national efforts, that in turn create great difficulty in the definition of a local citizen security agenda more in tuned with citizen’s needs and demands.
Seguridad Ciudadana y Gasto Público: reflexiones sobre el caso colombiano
Authors: Vargas Velásquez Alejo , García Pinzón Viviana
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este artículo es responder las dos siguientes preguntas: ¿existe una política clara de seguridad ciudadana en Colombia? y ¿cómo caracterizar el gasto del Estado colombiano en seguridad ciudadana? Para responder estas preguntas, en la primera parte del texto se presenta el marco institucional y legal de la seguridad, con énfasis en lo pertinente a la seguridad ciudadana. En la segunda parte, se analiza el papel de la seguridad ciudadana en el marco de la Política de Defensa y Seguridad Democrática, la cual es la directriz de la política de seguridad en Colombia. En tercer lugar se examina la composición del gasto en defensa y seguridad en Colombia y la del sector social y de justicia, con la intención de analizar el peso de las medidas de control y prevención en la política pública de seguridad. Finalmente, se presentan algunas conclusiones y sugerencias suscitadas a partir del análisis precedente. ABSTRACT: The objective of this article is to answer the following two questions: is there a clear citizen security policy in Colombia? And, what are the characteristics of the Colombian public expenditure on citizen security? To answer these questions, in the first part the legal and institutional framework of the security policy is presented with an emphasis on those parts which are pertinent to citizen security. In the second part is analyzed the role of the citizen security within the Defense and Democratic Security Policy, which is a guideline of the security policy in Colombia.In third place, the composition of the security and defense budget, as well as those of the justice and social sectors, are considered in order to analyze the role of the control and preventative measures within the security policy. Finally, some conclusions and suggestions based on the previous analysis are presented.
Los costos económicos de la violencia en El Salvador
Authors: Acevedo Carlos
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: Este trabajo efectúa un ejercicio de cuantificación de los costos económicos asociados a las diversas manifestaciones y consecuencias de la situación de violencia prevaleciente en El Salvador, utilizando información para 2007. Tales costos son clasificados en cuatro grandes categorías: i) costos en salud; ii) costos institucionales (legales, judiciales y policiales); iii) costos preventivos en seguridad privada; y iv) pérdidas materiales. Los resultados de las estimaciones efectuadas indican que, en dicho año, la violencia impuso sobre El Salvador un costo económico equivalente a 10,9% del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) y a más del doble de las asignaciones presupuestarias para Educación y Salud. ABSTRACT: This essay carries out an accounting exercise on the economic costs derived from the violence situation which prevails in El Salvador, using information for 2007. Those costs are classified into four main categories: i) costs on health; ii) institutional costs (legal, judiciary and police); iii) preventive costs for private security; and iv) material losses. The results from the estimations performed indicate that, in 2007, the different expressions and consequences derived from the violence situation imponed on El Salvador an economic cost which was equivalent to 10,9% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and more than twice the combined budget allocations to Education and Health.
La institucionalización democrática en el callejón: la inestabilidad presidencial en Argentina (1999-2003)
Authors: Ollier María Matilde
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: El artículo explora la inestabilidad presidencial desde la mirada de la estabilidad o no del presidente y no, como se presenta en la literatura clásica, desde la estabilidad del presidencialismo en sí mismo. El análisis toma como eje la combinación de baja institucionalización democrática y debilidad del liderazgo del presidente; lo que generaría incentivos para fortalecer a una oposición que influye en la caída del presidente. El estudio destaca la relevancia de la fragilidad del liderazgo presidencial centralizado en democracias de débil institucionalidad como variable explicativa de las caídas presidenciales en América Latina y, específicamente, en Argentina.ABSTRACT: This article explores presidential instability from the point of view of president’s instability –while the classical literature focuses on the instability of presidentialism in itself. The analysis is built on the combination of low democratic institutionalization and weakness of the president’s leadership, which would give an incentive to enforcing an opposition that has influence on the president’s fall. The article stresses the importance of presidential leadership’s fragility in low-institutionalization democracies as a variable that can explain presidential falls in Latin America– and specifically in Argentina.
Distribución y redistribución del ingreso en Venezuela
Authors: Freije Samuel
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: El análisis de la distribución y redistribución del ingreso en Venezuela se puede resumir en tres conclusiones generales. En primer lugar, la distribución del ingreso en Venezuela es más desigual en el año 2000 que a finales de la década de 1970. En segundo lugar, esta situación se debe a un descenso en la acumulación de capital que está también asociado al colapso del producto y el ingreso. En tercer lugar, el descenso en la acumulación de capital no parece estar asociado a la desigualdad inicial de la economía o a mecanismos redistributivos por parte del gobierno. Puede decirse que la contracción del crecimiento económico es lo que ha causado el aumento de la pobreza y el aumento de la desigualdad en la economía venezolana.ABSTRACT: An analysis of distribution and redistribution of income in Venezuela leads to three general conclusions. In first place, the distribution of income is more unequal in 2000 than by the end of the seventies. In second place, this situation is due to a drop in the accumulation of capital, also linked to the collapse of the product and the income. In third place, the drop in the accumulation of capital does not seem to be associated to the initial inequality of the economy or to redistributive mechanisms of the government. It is possible to say that the reduction of the economic growth has caused an increase of the poverty and the raise of inequality in the Venezuelan economy.
Inequidad salarial en Cuba durante el Período Especial
Authors: Spagnolo Laura , Munevar Daniel
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: Este trabajo analiza la evolución de la inequidad salarial en Cuba desde principios de la década de 1990 hasta 2004, durante y luego de lo que fue conocido como el «Período Especial». Específicamente, medimos la inequidad salarial a nivel sectorial y regional usando el componente intergrupal del estadístico de Theil y rastreamos los componentes cambiantes de este estadístico con el fin de proveer un resumen compacto de los cambios de carácter estructural acaecidos en la economía cubana durante este período. A nivel sectorial, los asalariados empleados en ramas económicas asociadas a la producción de bienes transables y programas estratégicos de la Revolución percibieron consistentemente salarios por encima del promedio nacional durante el período de estudio. Regionalmente, observamos que la principal línea de división entre sectores con salarios por encima del promedio y aquellos por debajo se explica por la presencia de atracciones turísticas: el incremento reciente de la desigualdad a nivel regional está asociado primordialmente a los cambios salariales en la ciudad de La Habana y la provincia de Matanzas.ABSTRACT: This essay analyzes the evolution of wage inequality in Cuba since the beginning of the 1990s to 2004, during and after the «Special Period». Specifically, we measure the wage inequality at sector and regional levels using the intergroup component of Theil statistics and we track the changing components of this statistics with the goal of providing a compact summary about the structural changes in the Cuban economy during this period. At a sector level, the wage employees of economic branches associated to the production of interchangeable goods and strategic programs of Revolution, gain consistently wages over the national average during the study period. Regionally, the main division between sectors with wages above the average and those below them is explained by the presence of touristic attractions: the recent raise of inequality at a regional level is associated primarily to the wage changes in Habana city and the Matanzas province.
La utopía de la democracia en uruguay. Entre la nostalgia del pasado y el desmentido de la historia
Authors: Aínsa Amigues Fernando
Published: January 2021

RESUMEN: Uruguay tiene una larga tradición democrática unida a la del desarrollo de un Estado de bienestar instaurado a principios del siglo XX y prolongado hasta la década de 1960, cuando el sistema entró en crisis. En este ensayo se analiza el contenido utópico de esa democracia, sus carencias, la crisis, el proceso de su decadencia, el período de la dictadura (1973-1984) y la nostalgia del «país que fue» que ha marcado la política del restablecimiento de la institucionalidad en 1985 hasta nuestros días.ABSTRACT: Uruguay has a long tradition of democracy that is associated to the Welfare State built at the beginning of the XX Century. In the sixties started a period of crisis and decadence, which had its worst moment during the period of the dictatorship (1973-1984). Uruguay lives since then with the nostalgia of what «has been», the impossible utopia of the past.
ECDYSTEROIDS AND GLYCOSYLFLAVONES OF SILENE SIBIRICA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)
Authors: Olennikov Daniil Nikolayevich , Kashchenko Nina Igorevna
Published: January 2021

The present work realized the chemical study of Silene sibirica (L.) Pers. (Caryophyllaceae) high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection (electrospray ionization) (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS). As a result, 25 compounds were found, including nine ecdysteroids and sixteen flavonoids. Ecdysteroids components were podecdysone C, integristerone A, turkesterone, polypodine B, 20-hydroxyecdysone and its 2-O-cinnamate, ecdysone, 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone, and 2-deoxyecdysone. Flavonoids were the glycosylflavones and derivatives of luteolin and apigenin. Luteolin glycosides included luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, lucenin-2, carlinoside, isoorientin and its 2″-O-arabinoside, as well as isoscoparin. The largest group of apigenin glycosides included O-glycosides as 7-O-glucoside and 7-O-rutinoside, C-glycosides as isovitexin, schaftoside, vicenin-2, and mixed C,O-glycosides as isovitexin-2′′-O-arabinoside and 2′′-O-rhamnoside. Three unidentified derivatives of apigenin were pre studied and their structural features discussed. Quantitative data about the content of selected compounds indicated that ecdysteroids accumulated in S. sibirica flowers (7.14–14.92 mg/g) and glycosylflavones were found predominantly in leaves (7.88–18.55 mg/g). The major ecdysteroid compound was 20-hydroxyecdysone, while flavonoids predominants were shaftoside and isovitexin-2″-O-ramnoside. A comparative analysis of the chemical composition of wild-growing and cultivated S. sibirica samples showed the stability of the metabolic profile of the plants during the introduction. The biological studies revealed the antiradical and antiglucosidase activity of the extracts. Thus, it was shown that the studied plant species (S. sibirica) is a source of ecdysteroids and glycosylflavones, and S. sibirica extracts have biological potency.
COMPOSITION AND CONTENT OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN DIFFERENT FRACTIONS OF EXTRACT FROM PLANTS OF ARNICA FOLIOSA NUTT.
Authors: Krol' Tatiana Anatol'yevna , Zinnatshina Lidiya Viktorovna , Gatiatulina Eugenia Ramil'yevna , Radimich Andrey Ivanovich , Saybel Olga Leonidovna , Baleev Dmitry Nikolayevich , Ossipov Vladimir Ionovich
Published: January 2021

Among representatives of the genus Arnica L., the Arnica montana L. species is the most studied and widely used for medical purposes. However, due to the fact that the A. montana species is endangered in most European countries, the possibility to use Arnica foliosa Nutt. as an alternative source of phytochemicals is being investigated. A deeper study of the chemical composition of A. foliosa extract may give the opportunity to expand the spectrum of its possible application. The purpose of the research was to perform a detailed study of the composition and content of biologically active compounds the aerial part of A. foliosa by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Sixteen phenolic compounds were detected in ethylacetate and butanol fractions of A. foliosa. There were identified thirteen derivatives of caffeoylquinic acid and three flavonoids. In the chloroform and diethyl ester fractions, phenolic compounds were absent. It was established that the ethylacetate fraction contains big amounts of two phenolic compounds – 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids, and eight compounds were presented in trace or very small quantities. All sixteen phenolic compounds were found in the butanol fraction, but their total content was almost 2-fold less than in the ethylacetate fraction.
ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIRADICAL ACTIVITY OF INDIVIDUAL FRACTIONS OF PINUS SIBIRICA DU TOUR AND ABIES SIBIRICA LEDEB., NATIVE TO THE SIBERIAN REGION
Authors: Efremov Aleksandr Alekseyevich , Zykova Irina Dement'yevna , Senashova Vera Aleksandrovna , Grodnickaya Irina Dmitriyevna , Pashenova Natal'ya Veniaminovna
Published: January 2021

By the method of exhaustive hydroparodistillation, essential oil was obtained from Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) and Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.), growing on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk territory. Separate fractions of oil were obtained: the first one after 45 min from the beginning of distillation, the second – after 2 hours, the third – after 5 hours, the fourth-after 10 hours, the fifth fraction was collected after the end of hydrodistillation. The antimicrobial activity of separate fractions of essential oil of P. sibirica and A. sibirica was studied against strains of opportunistic microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus 209p, Micrococcus luteus, Acinetobacter baumanii, Candida albicans. The performed studies showed that all the studied samples of essential oils showed either bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity against the strains of microorganisms taken in the experiment, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The type of activity displayed depended on the type of strain and sample of essential oil. It is noted that the sensitivity of the experimental strains to the components of the essential oils of P. sibirica and A. sibirica decreases during the transition from the first to the last fraction. We assume that, apparently, this is due to a decrease in the number of monoterpenes in the composition of oils.To study the antiradical activity, the reaction of essential oil components with a stable free 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical was used. Antiradical activity of both whole essential oils of P. sibirica and A. sibirica and their separate fractions was established. There was an increase in antiradical activity with a decrease in the content of monoterpenes in the composition of essential oil.
DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY OF LIQUID VEGETABLE
Authors: Saranov Igor' Aleksandrovich , Rudakov Oleg Borisovich , Polyansky Konstantin Konstantinovich , Kleymenova Natal'ya Leonidovna , Vetrov Aleksey Valer'yevich
Published: January 2021

The thermophysical properties of vegetable oils were studied by differential scanning calorimetry method was used to study the fatty acid composition of vegetable oils liquid at room temperature, such as amaranth (Amaránthus), corn (Zea mays), flax (Línum usitatíssimum), sunflower (Helianthus), rape (Brusss napor), milk thistle (Sílybum mariánum), saffron milk cap (Camelina sativa) and pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo). The temperatures of the endothermic peak maxima and their area on the DSC thermograms of these oils were established as characteristic thermal effects. The interconnection between thermal effects and fatty acid composition are revealed. On the melting curves of liquid vegetable oils, up to 5 endothermic peaks of different intensities were selected in the ranges -80÷-55 °C, -40÷-15 °C, -25÷-8 °C, -19÷+6 °C and -10÷+4 °C. The coordinates of the maxima of these peaks (Ti) and their area (Si) significantly correlate with the content (Wi,%) in the oils, primarily oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, the total proportion of which in oils is from 75 to 92%. Using the DSC thermograms of rapeseed oil as an example, it is shown that the program separation of DSC peaks allows a multiple increase in the number of analytical signals, an increase in the reliability of identification of the fat phase, and identification of the main fractions of triglycerides. DSC as a method for identifying vegetable oils using modern thermal analysis instruments is simple to sample, has good reproducibility and can be an independent method for identifying and controlling the quality of vegetable oils.
IDENTIFICATION OF PERMISSIBLE AREAS OF PREPARATION OF MEDICINAL VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS NEAR TRANSPORT LINES
Authors: Dyakova Nina Alekseyevna , Slivkin Aleksey Ivanovich , Chupandina Yelena Yevgen'yevna , Gaponov Sergey Petrovich
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the work is to study the permissible distance for the collection of medicinal plant raw materials near transport highways of different degrees of loading. The study was carried out in the Voronezh region on the example of eight different types of medicinal vegetable raw materials (Herring grass bitter, avian mountain grass, five-foot desert grass, plain thousand-year-old grass, double-ground nettle leaves, large planter leaves, common pajma flowers, core lip flowers) Collected in time of procurement along and at different distance from roads and railways of different degree of load in different natural zones, regulated by normative documentation. In the analyzed samples, the content of standardized biologically active substances, as well as heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides, was previously estimated and full compliance with pharmacopoeia requirements was shown. In this work, the analysis was carried out on the level of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid in the medicinal plant raw material, which makes it possible to estimate contamination of the raw material with dust particles. On the basis of the obtained data using the mathematical simulation method, the permissible distances from the transport lines, which can be recommended for the collection of safe medicinal plant raw materials, have been identified: Distance from major roads and highways loaded by road in forest natural zone conditions – at least 230 m, in forest steppe zone conditions – at least 300 m, in steppe zone conditions devoid of wood and shrub vegetation, – Not less than 660 m, near non-high-speed roads characterized by low traffic load – not less than 160 m, near railway lines – not less than 130 m. The obtained results can be recommended for safe collection of medicinal vegetable raw materials.
BIOMASS OF SOSNOWSKYI'S HOGWEED AS RAW MATERIAL FOR 2D THE CARBONIC NANOSTRUCTURES OBTAINING
Authors: Voznyakovskii Aleksandr Petrovich , Karmanov Anatoliy Petrovich , Neverovskaya Anna Yur'yevna , Voznyakovskii Aleksey Aleksandrovich , Kocheva Lyudmila Sergeyevna , Kidalov Sergey Viktorovich
Published: January 2021

The possibility of the carbonization of the Sosnowskyi's hogweed (Heracléum sosnówskyi) biomass for obtaining the carbonic nanmaterials was studied. The characteristic of component composition is given and the parameters of the superficially-porous structure of plant biomass are established. The isotherms of adsorption and desorption of nitrogen on the surface are studied and it is shown that they relate to the type II according to the IUPAC classification. The distribution of times according to the sizes is investigated and it is established that the basic portion of the pore space of the vegetable raw material forms the mezopors with an average width 3.5 of nm. The specific surface area according to Brunauer-Emmet-Teller is determined, which composed 16.4 m2/g. Using a method of the carbonization of organic materials under the effect of local extremely high temperatures and oxidizers the synthesis of nanocarbonic powders, which are formed under the conditions of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS method), was carried out. By the methods of spectral analysis (Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry) and electron microscopy it is shown that from their morphometric parameters the particles of the obtained carbonized product correspond to 2D nanocarbon in the form of grafenic nanoplates. The low-defect planar surface and the presence of the oxygen-containing terminal groups are the characteristic properties of new product. The specific surface area, which composed 179.1 m2/g, is determined. The specific surface area, which composed 179.1 m2/g, is determined. It is established that the micropores introduce the basic contribution to the specific surface area of nanomaterial on the basis of the Sosnowskyi's hogweed biomass.
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PLANT AGENTS
Authors: Ferubko Yekaterina Vladimirovna , Zelenkov Valeriy Nikolayevich , Lapin Anatoliy Andreyevich , Dargayeva Tamara Darizhapovna
Published: January 2021

The aim of the research is to determine the total antioxidant activity of in vitro collection of antihepatotoxic action consisting of roots and rhizomes of Inula helenium L., grass Centaurium erythraea Rafn., flowers Tanacetum vulgare L., fruits Rosa sp., fruits of Crataegus sp. аnd its separate components by the method of colonometric titration and determination of antioxidant activity of dry extract (conditional name "Pentafite") obtained from this collection under conditions of experimental tetrachloride of carbon hepatitis in white rats. A method of chemiluminescent lipid analysis was used to evaluate the free radical oxidation of lipids in liver in test animals. It has been found that collection of antihepatotoxic action and plants included in it have antioxidant activity in vitro, at the same time synergistic effect on manifestation of total antioxidant activity of collection is revealed. Pharmacotherapy of experimental hepatitis in experimental rats by administration of Pentafite at a dose of 300 mg/kg has been found to significantly reduce the chemiluminometric values of lipids, which characterize the intensity of free radical reactions. "Pentafite" has a pronounced inhibitory effect on hyperlipoperoxidation in animal liver in case of toxic damage to it. The established antioxidant activity of collecting antihepatotoxic action and Pentafite extract may be important for their use in the treatment and prevention of hepatobiliary diseases.