bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Newly Designed Collagen-Based Bilayered Scaffold for Skin Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Uzunalan Gurhan , Ozturk Merve Tuzlakoglu , Dincer Sevil , Tuzlakoglu Kadriye
Published: June 2014

In this study, a bilayered collagen-based membrane was prepared to mimic skin structure as a potential candidate for wound dressing application. To achieve the desired bilayered structure similar to skin, freeze-drying and electrospinning methods were used consecutively. The macroporous sublayer was prepared by freeze-drying of collagen intended for the absorption of exudates, while the upper layer was electrospun onto the freeze-dried part as an impermeable part to microorganisms. Nanofiber layer was loaded with silver nanoparticles for antibacterial activity. In order to improve biostability, double-layered materials were crosslinked by glutaraldehyde vapor. The morphology of the developed structures was assessed by SEM and the integrity of two layers was confirmed. The water uptake capacity of the scaffolds in physiological conditions was found to be around 738%. Afterwards, silver nanoparticles were sprayed to the upper part in order to obtain an antibacterial layer, and fibrinogen was immobilized to the sublayer for the stimulation of healing process. Agar zone inhibition test showed the antibacterial characteristics of the scaffolds. By providing structural and chemical similarity to natural skin tissue, the designed material can be a potential scaffold for skin tissue regeneration.
Effect of Pre-Irradiation of Waste Tire Dust on the Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Waste Tire Dust Blend (EVA/WTD) Blends
Authors: Ratnam Chantara Thevy , Ramarad Suganti , Khalid Mohd , Noraini
Published: June 2014

The effect of pre-irradiation of waste tire dust on the properties and compatibility of ethylene vinyl acetate/ waste tire dust (EVA/WTD) blend was investigated. WTD of 80 mesh particle size was irradiated by gamma ray from Cobalt 60 source at doses of 200kGy, 400kGy, 600kGy, 800kGy and 1000kGy. The irradiated WTD was then melt blended with EVA by using a Haake mixer at 50 rpm, 140°C for 10 minutes. All the samples were tested for elongation at break (Eb), tensile strength (Ts), hardness, impact strength, morphological and dynamic mechanical properties. Interestingly, an upward trend was observed for Ts, Eb and hardness of the EVA/WTD blends with irradiation dose. However, the impact strength did not show similar increase with irradiation dose. It was evident from the dynamic mechanical analysis that the compatibility between WTD and EVA was improved upon pre-irradiation of WTD. Photomicrographs obtained from the transmission and scanning electron microscopy were found to support this contention. The decrease in impact strength which counterbalanced by an increase in Eb of EVA/WTD blends revealed the devulcanization of WTD upon gamma irradiation.
Validation of a Real-Time PCR–Based Qualitative Assay for the Detection of Methylated SEPT9 DNA in Human Plasma
Authors: Potter Nicholas T , Hurban Patrick , White Mary N , Whitlock Kara D , Lofton-Day Catherine E , Tetzner Reimo , Koenig Thomas , Quigley Neil B , Weiss Gunter
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND

Epi proColon® is a new blood-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening test designed to determine the methylation status of a promoter region of the SEPT9 (septin 9) gene in cell-free DNA isolated from plasma. We describe the analytical and clinical performance of the test.

METHODS

Analytical performance at 4 testing laboratories included determination of limit of detection, precision, and reproducibility of the SEPT9 test. Clinical performance was evaluated in a prospective study by use of samples (n = 1544) from subjects enrolled in the PRESEPT clinical trial. Results were analyzed by comparison with colonoscopy, the reference standard.

RESULTS

The limit of detection for methylated SEPT9 DNA was 7.8 pg/mL (95% CI 6–11 pg/mL) corresponding to <2 genome copies of methylated SEPT9 per milliliter of plasma. In the prospective clinical trial, sensitivity for all stages of CRC was 68% (95% CI 53%–80%) and for stage I–III CRC, 64% (48%–77%). Adjusted specificity, on the basis of negative colonoscopy findings, was 80.0% (78%–82%).

SIGNIFICANCE:

The Epi proColon test is a simple, real-time PCR–based assay for the detection of methylated SEPT9 DNA in blood that may provide a noninvasive CRC screening alternative for people noncompliant with current CRC screening guidelines.
Bis tief unter die Haut Körperlichkeiten im Ezechielbuch
Authors: Poser Ruth
Published: June 2014

In the First Testament, the book of Ezekiel tells stories about extreme bodily experiences of violence and harm in connection with the siege, capture and destruction of Jerusalem in 589/8- 587/6 B.C.E. Focusing on chapters 1-5, 16, 37, and 47, the present contribution traces some of these bodily experiences and integrates them into the interpretation of whole of the book, which can also be understood as a traumatic engagement with the events of war at the beginning of the 6th ct. B.C.E.
Bewahrung der Schöpfung Genese, Gehalt und gegenwärtige Bedeutung einer Programmformel in der Perspektive ethischer Theologie
Authors: Anselm Reiner
Published: June 2014

This article takes up the popular formula of the integrity of creation and interprets it as an adequate, specifically modern reinterpretation of a dogmatic topic. Yet the power of this formula comes to light only when its origin within the process of reconciliation is emphasized and the concept of creation is equally distinguished from theologies of order and arguments based on natural law. The surplus value of a semantics of creation over against a discourse inspired by natural theology lies in the expression not of static, but of dynamic thought that aims at structuring the world in order to guarantee equal liberties for all to actualize their lives.
Regulação emocional em adolescentes e seus pais: Da psicopatologia ao funcionamento ótimo
Authors: Silva Eliana , Freire Teresa
Published: June 2014

Nas últimas três décadas, verificou-se uma atenção crescente ao estudo da regulação emocional. A adolescência é uma das fases do ciclo de vida de particular importância para o seu estudo. As alterações experienciadas elicitam novas experiências emocionais e contribuem para uma maior necessidade e capacidade de utilização de estratégias de regulação emocional com eficácia (Steinberg, 2005). Os pais constituem-se como importantes agentes de regulação emocional, contribuindo para a promoção do desenvolvimento de adolescentes (Yap, Allen, & Sheeber, 2007). A regulação emocional tem sido estudada associada à psicopatologia (Silk, Steinberg, & Morris, 2003) e ao funcionamento óptimo (Freire & Tavares, 2011). Assim, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar fundamentação teórica e empírica para o estudo da regulação emocional na adolescência, na perspetiva da promoção do desenvolvimento positivo. Uma melhor compreensão destes processos poderá ajudar a compreender diferenças individuais ao nível da saúde mental e funcionamento ótimo.
Conceptualizações sobre linguagem escrita – Percursos de investigação
Authors: Martins Margarida Alves , Mata Lourdes , Silva Cristina
Published: June 2014

Neste artigo é feita uma revisão de um conjunto de estudos sobre a escrita infantil antes do ensino formal e sobre a literacia familiar. O ponto de vista estrutural de Ferreiro (1988) de que as crianças pré-escolares evoluem linearmente de uma 1ª fase em que as escritas não têm em conta aspectos linguísticos até uma última fase de escritas alfabéticas, é contrariado por estudos que demonstram a heterogeneidade dos percursos infantis até à compreensão do princípio alfabético. Em relação à literacia familiar, é realçada a heterogeneidade das práticas familiares e da sua frequência, a qual estará associada às diferentes concepções sobre o papel dos pais no desenvolvimento da literacia dos filhos, sendo demonstrada a importância da leitura de histórias para o desenvolvimento das competências de literacia. São ainda apresentados um conjunto de estudos com programas de escrita que visam melhorar a qualidade das escritas de crianças de idade pré-escolar. Estes programas, aplicados individualmente ou em grupo, demonstraram que as crianças dos grupos experimentais, no pós-teste, passam a utilizar na sua escrita mais letras convencionais e transferem os conhecimentos adquiridos para a leitura de palavras. Para além disso, estes programas conduzem a progressos na consciência fonológica, em particular na consciência fonémica.
A contribuição da sensibilidade materna e paterna para o desenvolvimento cognitivo de crianças em idade pré-escolar
Authors: Figueiredo Ana Mafalda , Mateus Vera , Osório Ana , Martins Carla
Published: June 2014

A sensibilidade materna no decorrer de interações mãe-criança está associada a um melhor desenvolvimento cognitivo das crianças em idade pré-escolar. Porém, o papel da sensibilidade paterna encontra-se menos explorado. Setenta crianças (39 do sexo masculino, 55.7%) foram observadas aos 4½ anos de idade, em sessões independentes com a mãe e com o pai, numa interação de jogo livre. Embora não tenha sido encontrada diferença entre sensibilidade materna e paterna durante as interações, apenas a primeira se revelou um preditor significativo de melhor desenvolvimento cognitivo das crianças em idade pré-escolar. Os resultados são discutidos tendo em conta as especifi cidades da interação mãe-criança e pai-criança e o seu efeito no desenvolvimento cognitivo das crianças.
A typology of operators for maintaining legible map designs at multiple scales
Authors: Roth Robert E. , Brewer Cynthia A. , Stryker Michael S.
Published: June 2014

The potential for and ubiquity of multiscale mapping is growing as a result ofcontemporary research and development efforts in digital cartography. Past workon multiscale mapping discusses use of the ScaleMaster diagram,a conceptualschematic for organizing, maintaining, and sharing the scale-dependent designspecifications of a multiscale mapping project. Here, we present a typology ofmultiscale mapping operators that can be implemented at the decision pointsidentified within the ScaleMaster diagram in order to maintain legible map designswhen changing scale. The ScaleMaster typology of multiscale mapping operatorsdraws in part on extant literature on generalization, which primarily focusesupon changes to the geometry of map features. We argue that this past work ongeneralization should be appended with other work in map design to generatea comprehensive list of decisions available to a cartographer when changingscale. This extension results in four higher-level categories of multiscale mappingoperators: content, geometry, symbol, and label. In the following, each operator inthe ScaleMaster typology is introduced and explained, with discussion organized according to the four higher-level categories. For each operator, we include aformal definition, a standard two-character code for use in the ScaleMaster diagram, a sample illustration, a description of its use in the cartographicliterature, and our approach to reconciling contradicting uses (whereappropriate). The key contribution of this work is the synthesis and integrationof existing generalization and map design research into a logical framework foruse as a classroom teaching tool, a pragmatic guide for completing multiscalemapping projects, and a conceptual foundation for future scientific research.
Expressive Map Design Based on Pop Art: Revisit of Semiology of Graphics?
Authors: Christophe Sidonie , Hoarau Charlotte
Published: June 2014

Is aesthetics an objective in the map design process? This question echoes our long-term research: does aesthetic quality improve map efficiency? In this paper, we discuss the notions of aesthetic response, objective and experience proposed by Kent (2005), and their relevance for making more expressive personalized maps. We first present the state of present research related to these notions and our interpretations. Then we present asystematic approach for rendering geographic data in a cartographic style based on the visual properties of Pop Art; the resulting maps are more vibrant and expressive. We consider this result a first step towards enhancing map quality. The proposition of a Pop Art cartographic style leads us to revisit some theoretical and practical principles of Semiology of Graphics (Bertin 1967), considering our experience with color contrasts and new approach for using texture. We conclude that expressive cartographic renderings would be useful for every mapmaker, and in the context of personalized map design, providing more elaborate tools could improve the design process and the resultant maps. Improving map quality is a question of managing visual variables in a traditional way—according to Bertin’s Semiology of Graphics—but also in a more artistic way, in order to find better cartographic representation according to the preferences, needs, and purposes of the mapmaker.
Bifurcation and symmetry breaking of nodoids with fixed boundary
Authors: Koiso Miyuki , Palmer Bennett , Piccione Paolo
Published: June 2014

We prove bifurcation results for (compact portions of) nodoids in ℝ3, whose boundary
consists of two fixed coaxial circles of the same radius lying in parallel planes. Degeneracy
occurs at an infinite discrete sequence of instants, that are divided into four classes.
Different types of bifurcation and break of symmetry occur at each instant of three of the four classes;
bifurcation does not occur at the degeneracy instants of the fourth class.
Tachykinin: recent developments and novel roles in health and disease
Authors: Onaga Takenori
Published: June 2014

Over 80 years has passed since the discovery of substance P (SP), and a variety of peptides of the tachykinin (TK) family have been found and investigated. SP, neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B (NKB) are representative peptides in mammalian species. SP and NKA are major excitatory neurotransmitters in the peripheral nervous system, while NKB is primarily involved in the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, TK peptides play roles not only as neurotransmitters but also as local factors and are involved in almost all aspects of the regulation of physiological functions and pathophysiological processes. The role of SP as a mediator of pain processing and inflammation in peripheral tissues in coordination with transient receptor potential channels is well established, while novel aspects of TKs in relation to hematopoiesis, venous thromboembolism, tendinopathy, and taste perception have been clarified. In the CNS, the NKB signaling system in the hypothalamus has been shown to play a crucial role in the regulation of gonadotropin hormone secretion and the onset of puberty, and molecular biological studies have elucidated novel prophylaxic activities of TKs against neurogenic movement disorders based on their molecular structure. This review provides an overview of the novel aspects of TKs reported around the world in the last 5 years, with particular focus on nociception, inflammation, hemopoiesis, gonadotropin secretion, and CNS diseases.
CFD-DEM Modeling of CO2 Capture using Alkali Metal-Based Sorbents in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed
Authors: Zhang Zhonglin , Liu Daoyin , Zhuang Yaming , Meng Qingmin , Chen Xiaoping
Published: June 2014

This paper describes a CFD-DEM modeling of CO2 capture using K2CO3 solid sorbents in a bubbling fluidized bed, which takes into heat transfer, hydrodynamics, and chemical reactions. Shrinking core model is applied in reaction kinetics. Simulation and experiment results of bed pressure drop and CO2 concentration in the reactor exit agree well. Instantaneous dynamics as well as time-averaged profiles indicate detailed characteristics of gas flow, particle motion, and chemical reaction processes. The simulation results show an obvious core-annular flow and strong back-mixing flow pattern. CO2 concentration decreases gradually along the bed height, while regards on the lateral distribution CO2 concentration near the wall is lower than that in the middle zone where gas passes through faster. The effect of bubbles on CO2 reaction is two-sided: it can promote mixing which strengthens reaction, while it can be a short pass of gas which is not beneficial to reaction. The simulation is helpful for further understanding and optimal design of fluidized bed reactors of CO2 capture.
Reaction Kinetics of Catalytic Esterification of Nonanoic Acid with Ethanol over Amberlyst 15
Authors: Sharma Mamta , Toor Amrit Pal , Wanchoo Ravinder Kumar
Published: June 2014

The kinetic behaviour of heterogeneous esterification of nonanoic acid with ethanol over an acidic cation exchange resin, Amberlyst 15, was investigated in a batch reactor and effect of various parameters such as catalyst loading, molar ratio and reaction temperature on degree of fractional conversion has been studied. Internal and external diffusions were found to be negligible in this study. Nonideality of the liquid phase was taken into account by using activities instead of concentrations. The activity coefficients were estimated using UNIFAC group contribution method. Eley–Rideal (ER) kinetic model was used to interpret the obtained kinetic data. The temperature-dependent initial reaction rate constants and the adsorption coefficients for ethanol and water were determined from the observed experimental data obtained at different initial concentration of acid, alcohol and water. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the reaction were found to be 53.7 kJ mol−1and 1.51×105l2g−1mol−1h−1respectively.
Legislations on Biosecurity: Compliance Challenges for Malaysian Scientists
Authors: Subramaniam T. S. Saraswathy
Published: June 2014

Malaysia is one of the State Parties to the Biological Toxins and Weapons Convention (BTWC), which was signed in 1972 and ratified in 1991. National legislation governing laboratory biosecurity is in progress. The Malaysian BTWC Bill, when implemented, will require all organizations working with infectious organisms to develop institutional biorisk policies and implement biorisk management programs to address laboratory biosafety and biosecurity at the workplace. Laboratory biosecurity is a relatively new and evolving paradigm for bioscience laboratories in Malaysia. Compliance with this legislation is a significant challenge and requires major change to organizational and workplace culture. Successful implementation would also require awareness training, resources, and a culture of responsibility among scientists.
The protective effects of Ziziphus vulgaris L. fruits on biochemical and histological abnormalities induced by diabetes in rats
Authors: Goli-malekabadi Najmeh , Asgary Sedigheh , Rashidi Bahman , Rafieian-Kopaei Mahmood , Ghannadian Mostafa , Hajian Shabnam , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: June 2014

Background: Diabetes mellitus arises from a deficient production and action of insulin. Ziziphus vulgaris L. (jujube) is a medicinal plant that is known to have anti-diabetic actions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of jujube fruit powder and extract against biochemical imbalances in stereptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes.

Methods: Diabetes was induced in rats using intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight (bw). Jujube powder (1 g/kg bw) and extract (1 g/kg bw) were administered daily via gavage, from two weeks prior to three weeks after STZ injection. Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, and lipids and histological changes of the pancreas tissue were assessed at the end of study.

Results: The kaempferol content of jujube extract was found to be 0.013±0.0005% (w/w). Two weeks of supplementation with jujube powder resulted in a significant reduction of serum glucose levels compared with the non-diabetic control group prior to STZ treatment. Both jujube preparations prevented serum insulin decrease following STZ treatment, increased antioxidant capacity, and reduced total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and malondialdehyde levels. Jujube powder reduced serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and C-reactive protein concentrations while jujube extract had no effect on these parameters. Histopathological examination revealed a significant attenuation of pancreatic inflammation in the jujube-treated animals.

Conclusions: The present findings suggest a protective role of jujube supplementation, in particular in the powdered form, against diabetes-induced biochemical and histopathological abnormalities.
Quotients and subgroups of Baumslag–Solitar groups
Authors: Levitt Gilbert
Published: June 2014

We determine all generalized Baumslag–Solitar groups (finitely generated groups acting on a tree with all stabilizers infinite cyclic)
which are quotients of a given Baumslag–Solitar group BS(m,n), and (when BS(m,n) is not Hopfian) which of them also admit BS(m,n) as a quotient. We determine for which values of r, s one may embed BS(r,s) into a given BS(m,n), and we characterize finitely generated groups which embed into some BS(n,n).
Correlation of neonatal weight with maternal serum levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A during the first trimester of pregnancy: a retrospective study
Authors: Giudice Ivana , Benintende Gianfranco , Di Nicolò Anna Maria , Mangiameli Daniela , Carrara Grazia , Randazzo Claudia , Sapuppo Irene Maria , Gulisano Antonio
Published: June 2014

Aim: Evaluate the relationship between neonatal weight and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A.

Methods: Retrospective study on 2564 singleton pregnancies with healthy term neonates in three groups of women with different values of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A who underwent the combined test during the first trimester. Non-parametric test and correlation analysis for statistical elaboration were carried out.

Results: There exists a correlation between the serum levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in the first trimester of pregnancy and neonatal weight. Values of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A lower than the 25th percentile are associated with neonatal weight in a significant way. There was no significant association between pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A values above 1.50 MoM and neonatal weight.

Conclusion: This study confirms the positive correlation between circulating concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and fetal growth. Low neonatal weight and factors that can cause this could be determined from the first trimester by measuring the concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in maternal serum. Even if the association between the levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and a low neonatal weight has been demonstrated, however, we have to say that the sensitivity of a such screening method for the prediction of low birth weight and perinatal complications seems to be rather low. The variations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A during the first trimester cannot be used as a marker of excessive fetal growth.
Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Contact Angles on Horizontal and Inclined Surfaces Part II: Rough Homogenous Surfaces
Authors: Schmitt Michael , Hempelmann Rolf , Heib Florian
Published: June 2014

The influences on the formation of contact angles using the
inclined-plate and needle-in method have been studied on rough and
homogeneous solid surface. It has been shown in part I that even on
smooth silicon wafers a significant difference between the
characteristic contact angles, which are dynamically measured with the
inclined-plate and needle-in technique, is observable. This
differences can be related to the different force balances influencing
the motion of the triple line which are affected by the drop curvature
and by different gravitational effects (differences in relative mass
and position of the gravity center) during a dynamic contact angle
measurement. In this study, we report about additional influences of
a significant surface roughness on the force distribution at the
triple line. The experimental investigations prove a significant
difference between the characterisitic contact angles for both
investigation techniques.
The Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Speed and Agility Performance Depend on Stretch Duration and Conditioning Level
Authors: Avloniti Alexandra , Chatzinikolaou Athanasios , Fatouros Ioannis G. , Avloniti Christina , Protopapa Maria , Draganidis Dimitrios , Stampoulis Theodoros , Leontsini Diamanda , Mavropalias George , Gounelas George , Kambas Antonios
Published: June 2014

Avloniti, A, Chatzinikolaou, A, Fatouros, IG, Avloniti, C, Protopapa, M, Draganidis, D, Stampoulis, T, Leontsini, D, Mavropalias, G, Gounelas, G, and Kambas, A. The acute effects of static stretching on speed and agility performance depend on stretch duration and conditioning level. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2767–2773, 2016—Although static stretching (SS) is an integral part of physical preparation before training and competition, its usefulness in regards to power performance improvement has been questioned. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 SS durations on speed and agility performance. According to a cross-over design, 34 trained men (age, 20.5 ± 1.4 years; height, 1.81 ± 0.2 m; weight, 77.2 ± 2.6 kg; body fat, 8.2 ± 2.6%) participated in a control session (no stretch) and 6 experimental conditions (10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 60 seconds) performed in a randomized order. Performance in speed (10 and 20 m) and agility (T-test) was measured after the control and experimental conditions. Static stretching, consisting of stretches for hip extensors, hip adductors, knee extensors, knee flexors, and ankle sole flexors, was performed after light cardiovascular exercise (8 minutes). A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that speed was improved only by SS of short duration (15/20 seconds), whereas agility remained unaffected by all SS trials. When participants' speed and agility level was taken into account, it was revealed that only those of moderate performance demonstrated an improved speed (in 15- and 20-second trials) and agility (in 10- and 15-second trials) performance. These results suggest that short-duration SS protocols induce an acute improvement of speed and agility performance, whereas longer-duration SS protocols have neither positive nor negative effect. Furthermore, it seems that individuals of lower speed and agility performance level are more likely to benefit by a short-duration SS protocol.
The CD2 isoform of protocadherin‐15 is an essential component of the tip‐link complex in mature auditory hair cells
Authors: Pepermans Elise , Michel Vincent , Goodyear Richard , Bonnet Crystel , Abdi Samia , Dupont Typhaine , Gherbi Souad , Holder Muriel , Makrelouf Mohamed , Hardelin Jean‐Pierre , Marlin Sandrine , Zenati Akila , Richardson Guy , Avan Paul , Bahloul Amel , Petit Christine
Published: June 2014

Protocadherin‐15 (Pcdh15) is a component of the tip‐links, the extracellular filaments that gate hair cell mechano‐electrical transduction channels in the inner ear. There are three Pcdh15 splice isoforms (CD1, CD2 and CD3), which only differ by their cytoplasmic domains; they are thought to function redundantly in mechano‐electrical transduction during hair‐bundle development, but whether any of these isoforms composes the tip‐link in mature hair cells remains unknown. By immunolabelling and both morphological and electrophysiological analyses of post‐natal hair cell‐specific conditional knockout mice (Pcdh15ex38‐fl/ex38‐fl Myo15‐cre+/−) that lose only this isoform after normal hair‐bundle development, we show that Pcdh15‐CD2 is an essential component of tip‐links in mature auditory hair cells. The finding, in the homozygous or compound heterozygous state, of a PCDH15 frameshift mutation (p.P1515Tfs*4) that affects only Pcdh15‐CD2, in profoundly deaf children from two unrelated families, extends this conclusion to humans. These results provide key information for identification of new components of the mature auditory mechano‐electrical transduction machinery. This will also serve as a basis for the development of gene therapy for deafness caused by PCDH15 defects.
Optimization of triacetylfusarinine C and ferricrocin productions in Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Szigeti Zsuzsa , Szaniszló Szilvia , Fazekas Erika , Gyémánt Gyöngyi , Szabon Judit , Antal Károly , Emri Tamás , Balla József , Balla György , Csernoch László , Pócsi István
Published: June 2014

Iron is an essential element for all microorganisms. Bacteria and fungi produce versatile siderophores for binding and storing this essential transition metal when its availability is limited in the environment. The aim of the study was to optimize the fermentation medium ofAspergillus fumigatusfor siderophore production. Triacetyl-fusarinine C and ferricrocin yields were dependent on glucose and glycine supplementations as well as the initial pH of the culture media. The optimal fermentation medium for triacetylfusarinine C production contained 8% glucose, 0.4% glycine and the initial pH was set to 5.9. Meanwhile, maximal ferricrocin yields were recorded in the presence of 10% glucose, 0.5% glycine and at an initial pH of 7.4. Under optimized fermentation conditions, the yields for triacetylfusarinine C and ferricrocin increased up to 2.9 g/l culture medium and 18.9 mg/g mycelium, respectively.
Serological and molecular capsular typing, antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from invasive and non-invasive infections
Authors: Krishnappa Lakshmana , Marie Mohammed , John James , Dabwan Khaled , Shashidhar Pradeep
Published: June 2014

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes life threatening infections and necessitate for impediment and controlling disease; to conquer this, information is needed about serotype distribution and patterns of antibiotic resistance. The present study was to determine the serotype distribution of S. pneumoniae isolated from the entire age group individual and to correlate this distribution with susceptibility. Cases of pneumococcal infections have been reviewed for serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility. Out of 117 pneumococcal isolates 45 (39%) were penicillin-resistant, 84 (72%) were erythromycin-resistant and 100% were co-trimoxazole resistant. The most frequently isolated serotypes were 23F, 19F, 14, 6B, 5, 6A, 19A and 9V. PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 coverage was 68%, 79%, 87%, respectively. Similarly, there was similarity in PCV7 coverage for non invasive isolates (64.5%) and invasive isolates (72.2%). The study state that common pneumococcal serotypes were present in similar ways as reported in literature. A continuous survey of pneumococcal infected population is requirement and necessity for success of vaccination.
A Comparison of Surface Passivation Techniques for Measurement of Minority Carrier Lifetime in Thin Si Wafers: Toward a Stable and Uniform Passivation
Authors: Sopori Bhushan , Devayajanam Srinivas , Basnyat Prakash , Mehta Vishal , Moutinho Helio , Nemeth Bill , LaSalvia Vincenzo , Johnston Steve , Ravindra N.M. , Binns Jeff , Appel Jesse
Published: June 2014

We describe appropriate wafer cleaning procedure and surface passivation characteristics of various passivants used for making measurement of minority carrier lifetime (τB ) of very high quality Si wafers. These passivants include: iodine ethanol (I-E), quinhydrone methanol (QH-M), SiO2, and Al2O3. The issues related to the passivation stability and the spatial uniformity for mapping τB are also discussed.
P+ implanted 6H-SiC n+-i-p diodes: evidence for a post-implantation-annealing dependent defect activation
Authors: Nipoti R. , Puzzanghera M. , Moscatelli F.
Published: June 2014

Two n+-i-p 6H-SiC diode families with P+ ion implanted emitter have been processed with all identical steps except the post implantation annealing: 1300°C/20min without C-cap has been compared with 1950°C/10min with C-cap. The analysis of the temperature dependence of the reverse current at low voltage (-100V) in the temperature range 27-290°C shows the dominance of a periphery current which is due to generation centers with number and activation energy dependent on the post implantation annealing process. The analysis of the temperature dependence of the forward current shows two ideality factor n region, one with n = 1.9/2 at low voltage and the other one with 1 < n < 2 without passing through 1 for increasing voltages. For both the diode families the current with n = 1.9/2 is a periphery current due to recombination centers with a thermal activation energy near the 6H-SiC mid gap. In the forward current region of 1 < n < 2, the two diode families show different ideality factor values which could be attributed to a different post implantation annealing defect activation.
Stability of Orofacial Clefting Rate in Alberta, 1980–2011
Authors: Lowry R. Brian , Sibbald Barbara , Bedard Tanya
Published: June 2014

Objective

To determine the prevalence and trends of orofacial clefts in Alberta (Canada) over a 33-year period (1980 through 2011) and to determine whether the trends differ for subcategories of orofacial clefts for the period from 1997 through 2011.

Design

A prevalence study based on the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System, which has multiple sources of ascertainment, capability of verification, and an upper age limit of 1 year.

Inclusion

All live born and stillborn babies and fetal deaths less than 20 weeks' gestation (including terminations of pregnancy) born in Alberta of mothers who reside in Alberta.

Results and Conclusions

Rates for cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate only have been very stable over the 33-year period (1980 through 2011). These rates include all clefts (isolated, syndromes, recognizable conditions, chromosomal and multiple congenital anomalies). Ascertainment of fetal deaths less than 20 weeks' gestation began in 1997. There are trends for the 1997 through 2011 cohort with a marginally significant increase for cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the isolated category and a significant decrease for cleft palate, mainly in the associated groups. The impact of folic acid fortification and/or multivitamins/folic acid supplementation reports in the literature have shown no consensus with respect to a change in the prevalence of orofacial clefts. It is unclear whether folic acid fortification has had any impact in Alberta.
Implementation and testing of routing algorithms in the distributed Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning model for mountainous catchments
Authors: Li Hong , Beldring Stein , Xu Chong-Yu
Published: June 2014

The main purpose of this study was to implement and test routing algorithms in the distributed Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) model with the emphasis of obtaining a most suitable routing algorithm for large mountainous catchments. Two routing algorithms were built into the grid-based HBV model and tested on the Losna (11,213 km2) and the Norsfoss (18,932 km2) catchments in central southern Norway. In the first algorithm, runoff is first routed from cell to cell and hydrographs are re-calculated at each cell, and then runoff is routed by the Muskingum–Cunge method in river channels. The second algorithm is a source-to-sink method, which routes runoff of all cells to the catchment outlet as a function of local slope and a calibrated velocity parameter. The routing approaches were compared at different spatial resolutions (i.e. 1, 5 and 10 km) in daily streamflow simulation. Additionally, the elevation band-based semi-distributed model was also compared with the distributed models. The results show that the distributed HBV models are able to perform better than the elevation band-based model, and hillslope routing is crucial in the mountainous catchments. However, incorporating the Muskingum–Cunge channel routing does not add value to the simulation of daily runoff in the mountainous catchments.
Contemporary trends and future changes in freshwater ice conditions: inference from temperature indices
Authors: Gebre Solomon , Alfredsen Knut
Published: June 2014

This study examines current trends and future changes in five daily air-temperature derived proxy indices for freshwater ice regimes. The indices are autumn 0 °C isotherm date (autumn I0), spring 0 °C isotherm date (spring I0), winter duration (WD), maximum annual accumulated freezing degree-days (AFDD), and mid-winter thaw frequency. A total of 127 meteorological stations distributed across Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, and Finland) have been used to derive the indices for the contemporary period 1961–2010. Results show overall trends towards later autumn I0 and stronger trends towards earlier spring I0. Altogether, WD was shortened by a regional average of −5.2 ± 2.9 days per decade, the reduction being significant at 5% level in 71 stations. AFDD decreased in all the 127 stations with a regional average of −57 ± 35 °C-days per decade. The impact of future warming on the indices was investigated using climate signals from the IPCC's A1B emissions scenario. The results showed that WD will shorten by an average of 36 days in 2041–2070 and by an average of 51 days in 2071–2100. The ecological and socio-economic impacts of the observed and future changes in the indices are qualitatively evaluated.
Trends in nutrients and metals in Norwegian rivers and point sources 1990–2009
Authors: Skarbøvik Eva , Stålnacke Per , Kaste Øyvind , Austnes Kari
Published: June 2014

This assessment of nine river catchments in Norway covers 20 years (1990–2009) of water quality data on total phosphorus (TP), orthophosphate, total nitrogen (TN), ammonium, nitrate, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and nickel. The nine catchments are located from the south to the north of the country and are included in the Riverine Inputs and Direct Discharges (RID) programme of the OSPAR Commission for Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic. The partial Mann–Kendall test was used to evaluate long-term monotonic trends. For both TP and TN, decreasing trends (p < 5%) were found in three out of nine rivers under study. Downward trends in riverine metal loads were found in 23 of 45 tests. Only one significant increasing trend in nutrient loads was found, and there were no upwards trends in metal loads. To some extent, the trends in riverine loads could be explained by trends in discharges from point sources. Even after taking potential sources of error into consideration, these results indicate that mitigation measures implemented since 1990 to reduce pressures from point sources have had an impact on water quality in Norwegian rivers.
The development of a real-time flooding operation model in the Tseng-Wen Reservoir
Authors: Chen Yu-Wen , Tsai Jui-Pin , Chang Liang-Cheng , Ho Chih-Chao , Chen You-Cheng
Published: June 2014

Typhoon events occur frequently in Taiwan resulting in flood-related disasters. A well-operated reservoir can reduce the severity of a disaster. This study incorporates a genetic algorithm, a river hydraulic model, an artificial neural network and a simulation model of Tseng-Wen Reservoir to propose a real-time flooding operation model. The model includes two parts: an optimal flooding operation model (OFOM) and a reservoir inflow forecasting. Given an inflow condition, the OFOM is run based on the safety of the dam structure, reservoir flooding operation rule, and minimization of the downstream loss due to flood. A simple and robust model for reservoir inflow forecasting, which automatically chooses the most similar event from a typhoon event database as the future inflow, is developed. This study compares the model results with the real operations during Typhoons Sepat, Krosa, Kalmaegi, Fung-wong, Sinlaku, and Jangmi. This study compares the performances of the proposed model with the practical operation operated by the management center of Tseng-Wen Reservoir. The proposed model indicates shorter flooding duration in the downstream area. For example, the flood durations of the model output are 4 and 3 hours shorter during Typhoon Krosa and Sinlaku, respectively, than the practical operations.
Direct detection of Mycobacterium avium in environmental water and scale samples by loop-mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Nishiuchi Yukiko , Tamaru Aki , Suzuki Yasuhiko , Kitada Seigo , Maekura Ryoji , Tateishi Yoshitaka , Niki Mamiko , Ogura Hisashi , Matsumoto Sohkichi
Published: June 2014

We previously demonstrated the colonization of Mycobacterium avium complex in bathrooms by the conventional culture method. In the present study, we aimed to directly detect M. avium organisms in the environment using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and to demonstrate the efficacy of LAMP by comparing the results with those obtained by culture. Our data showed that LAMP analysis has detection limits of 100 fg DNA/reaction for M. avium. Using an FTA® elute card, DNA templates were extracted from environmental samples from bathrooms in the residences of 29 patients with pulmonary M. avium disease. Of the 162 environmental samples examined, 143 (88%) showed identical results by both methods; 20 (12%) and 123 (76%) samples were positive and negative, respectively, for M. avium. Of the remaining 19 samples (12%), seven (5%) and 12 (7%) samples were positive by the LAMP and culture methods, respectively. All samples that contained over 20 colony forming units/primary isolation plate, as measured by the culture method, were also positive by the LAMP method. Our data demonstrate that the combination of the FTA elute card and LAMP can facilitate prompt detection of M. avium in the environment.
The water environment as a source of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria
Authors: Makovcova Jitka , Slany Michal , Babak Vladimir , Slana Iva , Kralik Petr
Published: June 2014

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous organisms of a wide variety of environmental reservoirs, including natural and municipal water, soil, aerosols, protozoans, animals and humans. Several of these species are potential pathogens which affect human health. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of NTM in the water environment. Samples were taken from 13 water-related facilities including fish ponds, storage ponds, drinking water reservoirs and an experimental recirculation system. Altogether, 396 samples of water, sediment and aquatic plants were collected and analysed. All samples were examined using conventional culture methods. Suspected microbial isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction analysis and identified using partial sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA gene. The culture revealed 94/396 samples (23.7%) that contained mycobacteria. Among known NTM we identified potentially pathogenic mycobacteria isolated from the fresh water environment for the first time: Mycobacterium asiaticum, M. chimaera, M. interjectum, M. kumamotonense, M. lentiflavum, M. montefiorense, M. nebraskense, M. paraffinicum and M. simiae. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the natural water environment is the principal source of human exposure. Our results indicate that besides the well-known potentially pathogenic mycobacteria it is important to observe occurrence, proliferation and persistence of newly discovered mycobacterial species.
Microbial source tracking and spatial analysis of E. coli contaminated private well waters in southeastern Ontario
Authors: Krolik Julia , Evans Gerald , Belanger Paul , Maier Allison , Hall Geoffrey , Joyce Alan , Guimont Stephanie , Pelot Amanda , Majury Anna
Published: June 2014

Private water supplies, which are the primary source of drinking water for rural communities in developed countries, are at risk of becoming fecally contaminated. It is important to identify the source of contamination in order to better understand and address this human health risk. Microbial source tracking methods using human, bovine and general Bacteroidales markers were performed on 716 well water samples from southeastern Ontario, which had previously tested positive for Escherichia coli. The results were then geospatially analyzed in order to elucidate contamination patterns. Markers for human feces were found in nearly half (49%) of all samples tested, and a statistically significant spatial cluster was observed. A quarter of the samples tested positive for only general Bacteroidales markers (25.7%) and relatively few bovine specific marker positives (12.6%) were found. These findings are fundamental to the understanding of pathogen dynamics and risk in the context of drinking well water and will inform future research regarding host-specific pathogens in private well water samples.
Removal of indigenous coliphages and enteric viruses during riverbank filtration from highly polluted river water in Delhi (India)
Authors: Sprenger C. , Lorenzen G. , Grunert A. , Ronghang M. , Dizer H. , Selinka H.-C. , Girones R. , Lopez-Pila J. M. , Mittal A. K. , Szewzyk R.
Published: June 2014

Emerging countries frequently afflicted by waterborne diseases require safe and cost-efficient production of drinking water, a task that is becoming more challenging as many rivers carry a high degree of pollution. A study was conducted on the banks of the Yamuna River, Delhi, India, to ascertain if riverbank filtration (RBF) can significantly improve the quality of the highly polluted surface water in terms of virus removal (coliphages, enteric viruses). Human adenoviruses and noroviruses, both present in the Yamuna River in the range of 105 genomes/100 mL, were undetectable after 50 m infiltration and approximately 119 days of underground passage. Indigenous somatic coliphages, used as surrogates of human pathogenic viruses, underwent approximately 5 log10 removal after only 3.8 m of RBF. The initial removal after 1 m was 3.3 log10, and the removal between 1 and 2.4 m and between 2.4 and 3.8 m was 0.7 log10 each. RBF is therefore an excellent candidate to improve the water situation in emerging countries with respect to virus removal.
Microbiological assessment of private groundwater-derived potable water supplies in the Mid-West Region of Ireland
Authors: O'Dwyer Jean , Dowling Aideen , Adley Catherine C.
Published: June 2014

Determining the likelihood that groundwater contains faecal coliforms can aid water resource management in facilitating the protection of drinking water supplies. This study assesses the incidence of the faecal indicator organism Escherichia coli in 125 private water supplies (PWSs) serving individual houses in the Mid-West Region of Ireland. Two factors, aquifer type and rainfall (mm), were chosen as independent variables that can affect the vulnerability of a groundwater body. Using a geographical information system, the relative hydrogeological and climatological features unique to each sampling location were derived. Utilising this information, a logistic regression (LR) model was used to predict the probability of contamination of PWSs with E. coli. The model contained two independent variables: rainfall (mm; p < 0.001) and aquifer characteristics (p = 0.001). The full model, containing both predictors, was statistically significant at p < 0.001, indicating that the model distinguished between the independent variables' relationship to the incidence of contamination. The likelihood of E. coli contamination is greater with increased rainfall and in areas where a bedrock aquifer is dominant. The LR model explained between 27.4% (Cox and Snell R squared) and 36.8% (Nagelkerke R squared) of the variance in contamination and correctly classified 75.2% of cases.