bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is the near‐infrared fluorescence imaging with intravenous indocyanine green method for identifying the intersegmental plane concordant with the modified inflation‐deflation method in lung segmentectomy?
Authors: Sun Yungang , Zhang Qiang , Wang Zhao , Shao Feng , Yang Rusong
Published: September 2019

Objectives

At present, the modified inflation‐deflation method is accepted and widely used in the clinic, but the near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging with intravenous indocyanine green (ICG) method can also delineate the intersegmental demarcation. However, whether the two methods identify that the intersegmental plane is concordant with each other and match the real intersegmental demarcation is still unknown.

Methods

Between March 2019 to July 2019, 19 consecutive segmentectomies were performed, using both methods to delineate the intersegmental plane, in order to evaluate and verify whether the intersegmental plane results created by the two methods were concordant and matched the real intersegmental demarcation.

Results

Segmentectomies were carried out using uniportal video‐assisted thoracic surgery (UVATS) successfully with no intraoperative conversions or ICG‐related complications and only three cases (15.8%) with postoperative complications related to the operation. The intersegmental plane generated by the NIR fluorescence imaging with intravenous ICG method was found to be totally concordant with the modified inflation‐deflation method that was approaching the real intersegmental demarcation in all 19 cases.

Conclusions

Both methods revealed the intersegmental plane clearly, and the NIR fluorescence imaging with intravenous ICG method was found to be totally concordant with the modified inflation‐deflation method, which is highly concordant with the real intersegmental demarcation. NIR fluorescence imaging with intravenous ICG method may be more popular because of its safety, efficiency, and less complicated restrictions, especially in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Low doses of ICG do not affect the rate of identification of the intersegmental plane and is safer from drug toxicology.
Cost‐effectiveness of population‐level proactive tobacco cessation outreach among socio‐economically disadvantaged smokers: evaluation of a randomized control trial
Authors: Thao Viengneesee , Nyman John A. , Nelson David B. , Joseph Anne M. , Clothier Barbara , Hammett Patrick J. , Fu Steven S.
Published: September 2019

Aims

To estimate the cost‐effectiveness at population‐level of the OPT‐IN proactive tobacco cessation outreach program for adult smokers enrolled in publicly funded health insurance plans for low‐income persons (e.g. Medicaid).

Design

Cost‐effectiveness analysis using a state transition model based on data from the Offering Proactive Treatment Intervention (OPT‐IN) randomized control trial.

Setting

The trial was conducted in Minnesota, USA, and the economic analysis was conducted from the Medicaid program perspective.

Participants

Data were used from 2406 smokers who were randomized into the intervention or comparator groups.

Intervention and comparator

The intervention was comprised of proactive outreach (mailed invitation and telephone calls) and free cessation treatment (nicotine replacement therapy and intensive telephone counseling). The comparator was usual care, which comprised access to a primary care physician, insurance coverage of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved smoking cessation medications and the state's telephone quitline.

Measurements

Smoking status, quality of life and health‐care use at varying times, including at baseline and 1 year.

Findings

The OPT‐IN program cost an average of $84 per participant greater than the comparator. One year after randomization, the population‐level, 6‐month prolonged smoking abstinence rate was 16.5% in the proactive outreach intervention group and 12.1% in the usual care group (P < 0.05). The model projected that the proactive outreach intervention added $78 in life‐time cost and generated 0.005 additional quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs), with an expected incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $4231 per QALY. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis found that the proactive outreach intervention would be cost‐effective against a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $50 000/QALY approximately 68% of the time.

Conclusions

Population‐level proactive tobacco treatment with personal telephone outreach was effective in achieving higher population‐level quit rates and was cost‐effective at various willingness‐to‐pay thresholds, compared with usual care (i.e. reactive treatment). Taken together with prior research, population‐level proactive tobacco cessation outreach programs are judged to be highly cost‐effective over the long term.
Patients’ views on dentists’ ability to manage medical crises – results of focus group research
Authors: Vaughan Matthew , Mahoney Greg , Sholapurkar Amar , Ray Robin A.
Published: September 2019

Background

Australia faces an ageing population which is more medically complicated than in years past, and it is important that we meet public expectations of management of medical emergencies in the dental clinic. No research before has examined in depth the public perception of dentists’ medical emergency management.

Aim

To qualitatively assess the publics’ perception of medical emergencies in dentistry and their expectations of medical emergency management by dentists.

Methods

Twelve members of the public associated with a university clinic participated in two focus groups of six persons, where semi‐structured discussions were carried out, audio recorded and transcribed, and subsequently underwent comprehensive thematic analysis.

Results

Key findings included a high expectation of dentists’ general medical knowledge, as well as potential concern regarding a lack of routine medical assessment prior to undertaking dental treatment.

Conclusions

Participants expected dentists to be highly proficient at managing medical crises and support the concept of medical emergency management certification for dentists.
Young children with moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis can be treated safely and effectively with either topical tacrolimus or mild corticosteroids
Authors: Perälä Miia , Ahola Maria , Mikkola Tytti , Pelkonen Anna S. , Remitz Anita , Mäkelä Mika J.
Published: September 2019

Aim

We collected evidence and safety data for topical tacrolimus in small children with atopic dermatitis (AD) and compared the usage with topical corticosteroid.

Methods

This was an interim analysis of 75 patients (55% female) at 1 year of an ongoing 3‐year randomised open‐label comparative follow‐up study of topical tacrolimus vs corticosteroid treatment. One‐ to three‐year‐old children with moderate‐to‐severe eczema referred to the Skin and Allergy Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, were enrolled.

Results

Efficacy parameters, the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), eczema area, serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and the blood eosinophil count, showed improvement in both groups during the study. However, patients with signs of early sensitisation at baseline (elevated serum total IgE, elevated eosinophil count, positive prick tests or specific IgEs to aero or food allergens) had statistically significantly lower TEWL at the eczema site and a smaller eczema area at 12 months in the tacrolimus group. No severe adverse effects were seen during the treatment.

Conclusion

Children with AD and signs of early sensitisation appeared to benefit more from early tacrolimus than corticosteroid treatment. Small children may need stronger but nevertheless safe ointment options when treating moderate‐to‐severe AD.
Cardiotoxicity of sorafenib is mediated through elevation of ROS level and CaMKII activity and dysregulation of calcium homoeostasis
Authors: Ma Wenzhuo , Liu Mei , Liang Fanfan , Zhao Lili , Gao Chenying , Jiang Xixi , Zhang Xin , Zhan Heqin , Hu Hao , Zhao Zhenghang
Published: September 2019

Sorafenib, a multi‐kinase inhibitor, is recommended as a new standard therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, it also exhibits severe cardiotoxicity and the toxicity mechanisms are not completely elucidated. Recent studies suggested that sorafenib‐enhanced ROS may partially contribute to its anti‐HCC effect, which implies that redox mechanism might also be involved in sorafenib's cardiotoxicity. In this study, we aimed to investigate if sorafenib is able to induce oxidative stress and how this may impair cellular functions in cardiomyocyte, ultimately accounting for its cardiotoxicity. Our results showed that in isolated rat hearts, sorafenib caused ventricular arrhythmias and left ventricular dysfunction, which were alleviated by the antioxidant N‐(2‐mercaptopropionyl)‐glycine (MPG). In isolated ventricular myocytes, sorafenib increased diastolic intracellular Ca2+ levels, decreased Ca transients and the occurrence of Ca2+ waves. These changes were eliminated by MPG, CaMKII inhibitor KN‐93 and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP)inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA). Moreover, the levels of oxidized and phosphorylated CaMKII were significantly increased. Sorafenib elevated ROS levels, which was reversed by CsA and MPG; additionally, sorafenib reduced the activity of mitochondrial complex III and augmented mitochondrial ROS production. In vivo rats treated with sorafenib exhibited a reduction of antioxidant defence and abnormal histological alterations including hypertrophy, increased fibrosis, disordered myofibrils and damaged mitochondria, which were protected by MPG. We conclude that sorafenib induces the disruption of Ca2+ homoeostasis and cardiac injury via enhanced ROS potentially through inhibiting mitochondrial complex III, the opening of mPTP and overactivating CaMKII. These results provide a potential strategy for preventing or reducing cardiotoxicity of sorafenib.
Central nervous system emergencies in haematological malignancies
Authors: de la Fuente Macarena I. , Alderuccio Juan Pablo , Lossos Izidore S.
Published: September 2019

Neurological emergencies are frequently catastrophic events in the course of haematological malignancies (HM) that, if not promptly recognized and treated, may lead to lethal outcomes or chronic sequelae. They may occur at any time during the disease course, but are more frequently observed following relapse. Practice guidelines are lacking in the management of most central nervous system (CNS) complications in HM. Herein we review the pathophysiology, presentation and treatment of elevated intracranial pressure, spinal cord compression, status epilepticus, neurovascular complications, CNS infection, leucostasis and hyperviscosity. Further, we discuss the expanding spectrum of neurological complications of old and novel treatments in HM.
Adaptation and assessment of the Child Feeding Questionnaire for Chinese immigrant families of young children in the United States
Authors: Vu Kathy T. T. , Cheah Charissa S. L. , Sun Shuyan , Zhou Nan , Xue Xiaofang
Published: September 2019

Background

Chinese immigrant mothers have been found to hold cultural‐specific beliefs about children's weight and use cultural‐specific feeding practices when feeding their children. However, current measurements of child feeding, including the widely used Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ), do not capture these cultural‐specific beliefs and practices. Thus, the present study examined the underlying factor structure of the original CFQ (7‐factor model) and the modified CFQ with additional Asian cultural‐specific feeding items (8‐ and 9‐factor model) and assessed the validity of the CFQ among U.S. Chinese immigrant mothers.

Method

First‐generation Chinese immigrant mothers (N = 216, Mage = 38.31, SDage = 4.34) with young children (Mage = 5.14, SDage = 1.49; 47.70% females) completed the CFQ (Birch et al., 2001), with two additional items capturing Asian cultural‐specific feeding beliefs and practices. Children's and parents' body mass index and mothers' perceptions of their children's body size were also assessed.

Results

Our findings revealed that the 9‐factor model, which included the cultural‐specific feeding items, was the most optimal model to represent the factor structure of feeding beliefs and practices among U.S. Chinese immigrant mothers of young children. Mothers' feeding beliefs and practices were associated with children's and mothers' body mass index and mothers' perceptions of their children's body size.

Conclusions

The present study highlighted the importance of cultural‐specific beliefs and practices when examining parents' feeding perceptions, beliefs, and practices.
Impact of ultrasonographic features, cytomorphology and mutational testing on malignant and indeterminate thyroid nodules on diagnostic accuracy of fine needle cytology samples: A prospective analysis of 141 patients
Authors: Fulciniti Franco , Cipolletta Campanile Anna , Malzone Maria Gabriella , Chiofalo Maria Grazia , Capiluongo Anna , Monaco Mario , Di Maio Nunzia , Sandomenico Fabio , Botti Gerardo , Chiappetta Gennaro , Vuttariello Emilia , Pezzullo Luciano
Published: September 2019

Objective

Fine needle cytology (FNC) is the first‐line diagnostic method to determine the benign or malignant nature of thyroid nodules. The gray zone of cytological classifications remains, however, a crucial and challenging area for cytopathologists.

Design, patients and measurements

In the present study, 141 thyroid cytological samples, with ultrasonographic suspicious features, have been prospectively analysed. Molecular analyses were performed by an innovative technology using two multiplex PCRs for the amplification of BRAF, N‐H‐K‐RAS and RET exon genes. RNA samples were studied for RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 rearrangements by PCR amplification, and the conditions were set‐up to study, with a single experiment, both wild‐type PAX8 and PAX8/PPARɣ rearrangements. In total, 111 samples were examined for BRAF, N‐H‐KRAS and RET genes. An ultrasonographic, cytological and molecular correlation was also carried out in an attempt to suggest a possible way to manage the patients with thyroid nodules. Cyto‐histological correlation was available in 115 cases, and it was used to verify the global diagnostic accuracy of this combined approach.

Results

According to the histopathological diagnosis, FNC accuracy was 100% for TIR5 and metastases; 89% for TIR4; 84% for TIR3A and 58% for TIR3B. About 11% of the studied samples showed either RET‐PTC1 or RET/PTC3 chromosomal rearrangements, and only one sample simultaneously presented RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 rearrangements. PAX8/PPARɣ rearrangement was found in 6% of the samples.

Conclusions

A multidisciplinary approach to the thyroid is therefore necessary to develop innovative methods suitable for an improved diagnostic and prognostic definition of thyroid cancer.
Contact sensitization to florists’ chrysanthemums and marguerite daisies in Denmark: A 21‐year experience
Authors: Paulsen Evy , Andersen Klaus E.
Published: September 2019

Background

Both florists’ chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum cultivars) and marguerite daisies (Argyranthemum frutescens [L.] Sch.Bip. and its varieties and cultivars) are popular ornamental plants in Denmark.

Objectives

To present results of aimed patch testing with chrysanthemum and marguerite daisy extracts in Danish patients with Compositae sensitization.

Methods

The results of patch testing with chrysanthemum extract 3% petrolatum (pet.) and marguerite daisy extract 3% pet. (and possibly 1% pet.) from 1998 to 2019 were analyzed.

Results

Altogether, 111/191 (58%) patients tested positive to chrysanthemum extract and 104/179 (58%) tested positive to marguerite daisy. The majority was recreationally exposed, and most reactions were considered relevant. Feverfew extract 1% pet., Compositae mix 5% or 6% pet., or parthenolide 0.1% pet. may cross‐react with chrysanthemum; Compositae mix seems to be best at detecting sensitization to marguerite daisy.

Conclusions

In areas where exposure to chrysanthemum or marguerite daisies is prevalent, it is suggested to include extracts of these plants in the plant series to improve diagnosis of, and advice to, Compositae‐allergic patients.
Towards a standard model of musical improvisation
Authors: Faber Sarah E. M. , McIntosh Anthony R.
Published: September 2019

Musical improvisation is a sophisticated cognitive process that combines creativity, goal‐directed action, sensory monitoring and social interaction. With a renewed interest in quantifying creative processes facilitated by recent advances in neuroimaging technology, musical improvisation has emerged as an ideal paradigm to study creativity. However, many studies isolate the top‐down processes related to creativity from those related to production and auditory perception, leaving the question of how creative behaviours integrate sensory information with higher cognitive processes unanswered. The bottom‐up neural correlates of music perception have been extensively quantified, comprising networks for auditory processing and parsing semantic and syntactic content. In studies of spontaneously generated music and domain‐general creativity, executive control and goal‐directed movement networks are added to the perceptual foundation. This review summarises previous work on music perception and improvisation and presents a conceptual model of musical improvisation with known neural correlates. We make recommendations on future directions for the study of improvisation and discuss the challenges posed by this endeavour.
Functional dynamics of thalamic local field potentials correlate with modulation of neuropathic pain
Authors: Luo Huichun , Huang Yongzhi , Xiao Xiao , Dai Wenjing , Nie Yingnan , Geng Xinyi , Green Alexander L. , Aziz Tipu Z. , Wang Shouyan
Published: September 2019

Understanding the functional dynamics of neural oscillations in the sensory thalamus is essential for elucidating the perception and modulation of neuropathic pain. Local field potentials were recorded from the sensory thalamus of twelve neuropathic pain patients. Single and combinational neural states were defined by the activity state of a single or paired oscillations. Relationships between the duration or occurrence rate of neural state and pre‐operative pain level or pain relief induced by deep brain stimulation were evaluated. Results showed that the occurrence rate of the single neural state of low‐beta oscillation was significantly correlated with pain relief. The duration and occurrence rate of combinational neural states of the paired low‐beta with delta, theta, alpha, high‐beta or low‐gamma oscillations were more significantly correlated with pain relief than the single neural states. Moreover, these significant combinational neural states formed a local oscillatory network with low‐beta oscillation as a key node. The results also showed correlations between measures of combinational neural states and subjective pain level as well. The duration of combinational neural states of paired alpha with delta or theta oscillations and the occurrence rate of neural states of the paired delta with low‐beta or low‐gamma oscillations were significantly correlated with pre‐operative pain level. In conclusion, this study revealed that the integration of oscillations and the functional dynamics of neural states were differentially involved in modulation and perception of neuropathic pain. The functional dynamics could be biomarkers for developing neural state‐dependent deep brain stimulation for neuropathic pain.
Addiction and the itch‐scratch cycle. What do they have in common?
Authors: Ishiuji Yozo
Published: September 2019

Itch is a multidimensional experience involving various brain regions associated with sensory perception and emotion, as well as an urge to scratch employing the motor system. Scratch temporarily relieves itch sensation in healthy subjects. However, in patients with chronic itch, rather than inhibit, scratch may aggravate itch. Patients with chronic itch, such as those with atopic dermatitis, experience severe itch and a strong desire to scratch. This urge to scratch is the driving force underlying the formation of the itch‐scratch‐cycle, an addictive and vicious cycle in chronic itch patients. This vicious itch‐scratch behaviour and various types of addiction (henceforth, including recreational drug use) were shown to share common sensory mechanisms. Abnormalities have been observed in central neural circuits, including the reward, motivation/drive, control and learning/memory circuits, as well as other brain systems. Reward systems, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and striatum, are important for brain processing of both addiction and itch. In addition to reward, addicted individuals can experience severe disruptions in motor control, cognitive awareness, executive function, learning/memory and even emotional functions. Findings showing that addiction and itch share a common neurobiological foundation could have important mechanistic and therapeutic implications. Here we propose that similar neuroadaptations exist in addiction and chronic itch patients.
Building Family Relationships With Inherited Stepgrandparents
Authors: Sanner Caroline , Ganong Lawrence , Coleman Marilyn , Chapman Ashton , Kang Youngjin
Published: September 2019

Objective

To understand how, and under what conditions, stepgrandchildren build and maintain familial ties with inherited stepgrandparents, using symbolic interaction theory as a lens.

Background

High rates of divorce and remarriage coupled with increases in longevity suggest that more children have stepgrandparent relationships than ever before. Stepgrandparents, who are the parents of a stepparent (i.e., inherited stepgrandparents), have been hypothesized to play key roles in shaping stepfamily life, but little is known about how stepgrandchildren develop close, family‐like intergenerational steprelationships after a parent's remarriage.

Method

Forty‐three adult stepgrandchildren (15 men, 28 women) were interviewed about their relationships with 131 inherited stepgrandparents. Grounded theory procedures were used to collect and analyze the data.

Results

Four key processes were identified that served as markers of kinship and facilitated the development of close familial ties: (a) stepgrandchildren feeling affectionate toward middle‐generation stepparents, (b) stepgrandparents engaging in affinity‐building efforts, (c) stepgrandchildren evaluating affinity‐building efforts favorably, and (d) biological parents using age‐effective strategies to facilitate relationship development.

Conclusion

Stepgrandchildren actively construct their relationships with stepgrandparents using symbols available to them, which are influenced by third parties such as parents and stepparents. When stepgrandchildren claim stepgrandparents as family, they perceive benefits.

Implications

Intergenerational stepfamily relationships may be valuable resources for children whose parents divorce and remarry.
Relationship Beliefs Patterns Among Relationship Education Participants at Different Venues
Authors: Miller Jacqueline A. , Crapo J. Scott , Bradford Kay , Higginbotham Brian J.
Published: September 2019

Objective

To identify different patterns of relationship beliefs, and examine how those patterns vary across participants attending classes through different venues: community, reemployment services, and jails.

Background

Although there have been increased efforts to provide relationship education to underprivileged and underserved populations in diverse venues, there is little research on how the relationship education needs at different venues may vary.

Method

From the perspective of relationship lay theory, the present study used latent class analysis to identify patterns, or classes, of relationship beliefs among participants in community settings (n = 1,144), reemployment services settings (n = 423), and jails (n = 242).

Results

Five classes of relationship beliefs emerged: Low Risk, Blind Love, Sliders, Blind Love Sliders, and Control Tolerates. Differences in class membership were observed across the three venues. Being single, having a history of divorce, and no prior relationship education were associated with membership in more risky classes.

Conclusion

Distinct patterns of risky relationship beliefs exist among participants in different venues of relationship education. The high prevalence of the Slider class and associated beliefs indicate those beliefs may be particularly prevalent across venues.

Implications

The findings point to educational needs of particular groups. For example, information on the issue of sliding is needed when teaching in any setting, but information on control tolerance and blind love sliding is particularly needed when teaching in jails, and to a lesser but still elevated degree in reemployment services.
Multiple stressor effects on coral reef ecosystems
Authors: Ellis Joanne I. , Jamil Tahira , Anlauf Holger , Coker Darren J. , Curdia Joao , Hewitt Judi , Jones Burton H. , Krokos George , Kürten Benjamin , Hariprasad Dasari , Roth Florian , Carvalho Susana , Hoteit Ibrahim
Published: September 2019

Global climate change has profound implications on species distributions and ecosystem functioning. In the coastal zone, ecological responses may be driven by various biogeochemical and physical environmental factors. Synergistic interactions can occur when the combined effects of stressors exceed their individual effects. The Red Sea, characterized by strong gradients in temperature, salinity, and nutrients along the latitudinal axis provides a unique opportunity to study ecological responses over a range of these environmental variables. Using multiple linear regression models integrating in situ, satellite and oceanographic data, we investigated the response of coral reef taxa to local stressors and recent climate variability. Taxa and functional groups responded to a combination of climate (temperature, salinity, air‐sea heat fluxes, irradiance, wind speed), fishing pressure and biogeochemical (chlorophyll a and nutrients ‐ phosphate, nitrate, nitrite) factors. The regression model for each species showed interactive effects of climate, fishing pressure and nutrient variables. The nature of the effects (antagonistic or synergistic) was dependent on the species and stressor pair. Variables consistently associated with the highest number of synergistic interactions included heat flux terms, temperature, and wind speed followed by fishing pressure. Hard corals and coralline algae abundance were sensitive to changing environmental conditions where synergistic interactions decreased their percentage cover. These synergistic interactions suggest that the negative effects of fishing pressure and eutrophication may exacerbate the impact of climate change on corals. A high number of interactions were also recorded for algae, however for this group, synergistic interactions increased algal abundance. This study is unique in applying regression analysis to multiple environmental variables simultaneously to understand stressor interactions in the field. The observed responses have important implications for understanding climate change impacts on marine ecosystems and whether managing local stressors, such as nutrient enrichment and fishing activities, may help mitigate global drivers of change.
Determination of Gallium Isotopic Compositions in Reference Materials
Authors: Feng Lan‐ping , Zhou Lian , Liu Jinhua , Hu Zhao‐chu , Liu Yong‐sheng
Published: September 2019

The interest in the study of gallium (Ga) stable isotope fractionation in low‐ and high‐temperature environments has increased significantly in the last few years. However, a unified reference material (RM) is still lacking for the Ga isotope research community, which hinders interlaboratory comparison between different groups. Consequently, certification of Ga isotopic reference materials for interlaboratory comparison is of high priority. In this study, Ga isotope ratio data for ten geological RMs including silicates, shales and ferromanganese nodules, and two pure Ga RMs including NIST SRM 994 and NIST SRM 3119a reported by three different groups, were determined by MC‐ICP‐MS. Sample matrices of geological RMs were separated by a two‐column separation method with the use of AG MP‐1M and AG 50‐X8 resin, separately, and quantitative recoveries of > 99% Ga were obtained for all geological RMs. Instrumental mass bias was corrected by the combined calibrator‐sample bracketing and internal normalisation model. Validation of the proposed method was performed by analysing synthetic solutions. After normalisation of all available δ71Ga data of geological RMs to a single Ga RM, results obtained in our study are in agreement with previously reported results.
Exploring Autonomy in the Finnish and New Zealand Penal Voluntary Sectors: The Relevance of Marketisation and Criminal Justice Policy Environments in Two Penal Voluntary Sector Organisations
Authors: HELMINEN MAIJA , MILLS ALICE
Published: September 2019

Our understanding of the structural factors shaping the agency of penal voluntary organisations in different jurisdictions is limited. This article explores how political, economic, and ideological factors in the voluntary and criminal justice sectors have affected two voluntary and community organisations (VCOs) which work with offenders – Finland's KRITS and New Zealand's NZPARS – and their ability to pursue their charitable goals and values. Based on qualitative thematic documentary analysis, our findings indicate that while marketisation and the populist penal policy environment contributed to the downfall of NZPARS, KRITS has been able to pursue its value‐based mission of introducing unique elements to the criminal justice system, in spite of also experiencing pressures of marketisation. By contrasting these accounts it is clear that the current structures in New Zealand society have not supported the autonomy of all penal voluntary sector organisations, adding to the challenges of reforming the criminal justice system.
‘It's Kinda Punishment’: Tandem Logics and Penultimate Power in the Penal Voluntary Sector for Canadian Youth
Authors: SALOLE ABIGAIL
Published: September 2019

This article draws on original empirical research in Ontario, Canada which analyses penal voluntary sector practice with youth in conflict with the law. I illustrate how youth penal voluntary sector (YPVS) practice operates alongside, or in tandem with the statutory criminal justice system. I argue that examining the penal voluntary sector and the statutory criminal justice system simultaneously, or in tandem, provides fuller understandings of penal voluntary sector inclusionary (and exclusionary) control practices (Tomczak and Thompson 2019). I introduce the concept of penultimate power, which demonstrates the ability of penal voluntary sector workers to trigger criminal justice system response towards a young person in conflict with the law. My novel concepts of tandem logics and penultimate power are useful for understanding penal voluntary sector practice, explaining how seemingly contradictory approaches across state and ‘community’ organisations not only coexist, but depend upon the tandem relationship between the penal voluntary sector and the statutory criminal justice system.
Foreign and domestic company attractiveness to host national employees in Japan: A person–organization fit and image theory perspective
Authors: Peltokorpi Vesa , Bader Anna K. , Froese Fabian J.
Published: September 2019

This study contributes to research on organizational attractiveness and human resource management (HRM) by drawing on image theory to examine the effect of organizational characteristics (foreign vs. domestic company country‐of‐origin, HRM practices, organizational culture, and work environment) on organizational attractiveness perceptions by host country national (HCN) employees. Drawing on person–organization fit theory, we also examine the moderating effects of HCNs' demographic characters (age and gender), work‐related skills (English proficiency and international experience), and value orientations (individualism and risk aversion) between the relationship of these organizational characteristics and organizational attractiveness. A between‐subject scenario‐based experiment with 800 HCN employees in Japan suggest that not the company country‐of‐origin, but the local adaptation of organizational culture, HRM practices, and work environment influence HCNs' organizational attractiveness perceptions. HCNs' demographic characteristics, work‐related skills, and value orientations had moderating effects between these organizational characteristics and organizational attractiveness perceptions.
Evaluation of circulating serum 3 types of microRNA as biomarkers of oral squamous cell carcinoma; A pilot study
Authors: Karimi Abbas , Bahrami Naghmeh , Sayedyahossein Amirsalar , Derakhshan Samira
Published: September 2019

Introduction

The microRNAs are molecules which have important biologic role and play key point in cancers. The aim of present study was to determine the miR‐21, miR‐24, and miR‐29a expression in serum of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Materials and methods

Blood samples were obtained from 40 patients (20 in cases and 20 in control group) to determine the miR‐21, miR‐24, and miR‐29a expressions by using real‐time PCR and ΔCT.

Results

Mean miR‐29a was −2.28 ± 2.15 and 5.61 ± 2.38 in case and control groups, respectively. The miR‐21 was 6.90 ± 3.86 and −0.88 ± 2.31 in case and control groups, respectively. According to the results, miR‐24 was 2.13 ± 2.89 and −0.35 ± 2.44 in case and control, respectively. A significant difference was observed on miR‐21, miR‐24, and miR‐29a between two groups (P < .05). The results obtained by t test showed miR‐21 and miR‐24 were higher and miR‐29a was lower in plasma of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients and this differences were significant (P < .05).

Conclusion

These results suggested miR‐21, miR‐24, and miR‐29a in serum of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma comparing with normal group can be used as potent markers for carcinoma detection and also may be a potentially therapeutic approach in the future. More longitudinal studies with larger samples are necessary to confirm these findings.
Comparison of preference clustering outcomes from replicated consumer tests—A case study with mandarins
Authors: Simons Tyler , McNeil Christopher , Pham Vi , Slupsky Carolyn , Guinard Jean‐Xavier
Published: September 2019

Commercial and experimental mandarins consisting of 15 varieties were evaluated through a combination of consumer testing, sensory descriptive analysis, and metabolomic profiling over the course of 2 years. The objectives of the research were to compare repeated consumer clustering solutions and to evaluate the potential market success of new mandarin cultivars. Consumers rated their liking of various sensory modalities, such as overall liking paired with Just‐About‐Right (JAR) scaling for sweetness, sourness, firmness, and juiciness and Check‐All‐That‐Apply attributes. Repeated preference clustering of the consumers across several tastings consistently revealed the presence of two clusters who differed in their liking of the sensory and chemical profiles of the fruit. The first cluster of consumers showed significant negative correlations with perceived sourness and concentration of citric acid and a left‐skewed distribution of JAR sourness ratings as compared with the second cluster of consumers. The experimental varieties of “DaisySL,” “KinnowLS,” “Shasta Gold,” and a commercially produced clementine sample had the highest overall liking rating of all 29 mandarins that were evaluated by the consumers. This work demonstrates that repeating clustering studies with a paired internal metric, such as a JAR question, may help to validate cluster solutions.

Practical Applications

These results show that conducting multiple consumer trials using different products may help to confirm hypotheses regarding cluster preferences for sensory and chemical profiles. Throughout this study, the drivers of liking identified for the preference clusters were consistent with their JAR ratings of select attributes (i.e., sourness). We suggest that clustering experiments should be conducted multiple times, especially when ephemeral products like fruit are being studied, to ensure that solutions are genuine. Additionally, an internal metric, such as a Just‐About‐Right question or a Check‐All‐That‐Apply question may help to differentiate the consumer clusters.
Restraint in paediatrics: A delicate balance
Authors: Preisz Anne , Preisz Paul
Published: September 2019

Patient restraint in health care is currently under intense review. There are two disparate groups that should be considered. First, infants and young children are commonly restrained while undergoing simple medical procedures such as venepuncture or immunisation, and this practice may be better framed as ‘hugging’ not ‘holding’. Second, there is a distinct but significant group of children and adolescents with serious psychiatric or organic illness with behavioural disturbances necessitating restraint, who are the primary focus of this paper. Nevertheless, the balance between restraining any young person in health care and causing preventable harm is delicate: any form of child restraint, whether physical, chemical or seclusion, merits ethical reflection and should be undertaken judiciously. All clinicians should prioritise the dignity and privacy of the young person while weighing the vulnerability of this cohort of patients.
Allometric scaling and morphological variation in sinking rate of phytoplankton
Authors: Durante Giulia , Basset Alberto , Stanca Elena , Roselli Leonilde
Published: September 2019

Since the first decades of the last century, several hypotheses have been proposed on the role of phytoplankton morphology in maintaining a favorable position in the water column. Here, by an extensive review of literature on sinking rate and cell volume, we firstly attempted to explore the dependency of sinking rate on morphological traits using the allometric scaling approach. We found that sinking rate tends to increase with increasing cell volume showing the allometric scaling exponent of 0.43, which is significantly different than the Stokes’ law exponent of 0.66. The violation of the 2/3 power rule clearly indicates that cell shape changes as size increases. Both size and shape affect how phytoplankton sinking drives nutrient acquisition and losses to sinking. Interestingly, from an evolutionary perspective, simple and complex cylindrical shapes can get much larger than spherical and spheroidal shapes and sink at similar rates, but simple and complex cylindrical shapes cannot get small enough to sink slower than small spherical and spheroidal shapes. Cell shape complexity is a morphological attribute resulting from the combination of two or more simple geometric shapes. While the effect of size on sinking rate is well documented, this study deepens the knowledge on how cell shape or geometry affect sinking rates that still needs further consideration.
Who Cares? Supplier Reactions to Buyer Claims after Psychological Contract Over‐Fulfillments
Authors: Esslinger Jens , Eckerd Stephanie , Kaufmann Lutz , Carter Craig
Published: September 2019

Buyer–supplier engagement leads to numerous opportunities for unexpected positive benefits to occur. How these events come about and are managed (i.e., what entities are responsible for the outcomes and how the benefits are shared) remains an under‐investigated phenomenon in the supply chain literature. This research uses attribution theory and a systems thinking perspective to investigate a supplier's experience of psychological contract over‐fulfillment followed by a buyer claim. We hypothesize that a supplier's reaction to a buyer's claim depends on whether the type of claim (economic versus social) fits with the locus of causality the over‐fulfillment is attributed to: (1) the buying organization (buyer‐only attributions), (2) the buyer and the supplier jointly (dyad attributions), or (3) a third party in the buyer's innovation network (buyer‐network attributions). Results from a multi‐stage scenario‐based experiment suggest that following the supplier's experience of psychological contract over‐fulfillment, the supplier's trust toward the buyer is highest for dyad attributions, while the supplier's appreciation for the buyer's network is highest with dyad and buyer‐network attributions. Once the buyer claims value, however, the influence of attributions diminishes. While social reward claims had almost no impact on relational outcomes, economic reward claims significantly harm the supplier's perceptions of the buyer. Regardless of the type of claim, the locus of causality was largely irrelevant for the supplier's reaction to the buyer's reward claim. Our study contributes to the supply chain psychological contract literature by investigating positive over‐fulfillments of the psychological contract, as opposed to previous literature that has focused on negative breaches. We also extend attribution theory by introducing a novel supply chain‐specific attribution for the locus of causality, and we establish boundary conditions of attribution theory in the face of supply chain‐typical claiming mechanisms. For managers, locus of causality for a positive event seems to be irrelevant once claiming sets in.
Reversal versus specialization in floral morphological evolution in Petrocosmea (Gesneriaceae)
Authors: Li Chao‐Qun , Lü Tian‐Feng , Han Meng‐Qi , Dong Yang , Li Peng‐Wei , Liu Yan , Wang Yin‐Zheng
Published: September 2019

A widely held hypothesis in evolution is that adaptive specialization constrains the potential direction of future evolutionary change and thus may be irreversible, also known as Dollo's law. However, this hypothesis has long been subject to debate in evolutionary biology. Floral specialization is intriguing as it is usually linked to reproductive isolation and could affect speciation. Here, following the discovery of four new taxa, we observed some interesting phenomena of reversal versus specialization in morphology in a clade with the most specialized flowers in the genus Petrocosmea. In the phylogenetic tree based on sequences of multiple DNA regions, the morphological reversals, especially the regain of a long corolla tube, are nested within the branches characteristic of normally specialized flowers with a short corolla tube and highly specialized zygomorphy. Our results indicate that the highly specialized floral organ of this clade is still actively evolving in multiple branches toward specialization while reversals to different ancestral states occur in some branches. Great disturbance of ecological environment is likely a crucial factor affecting trait reversibility, such as the rapid uplift of the Himalayan–Tibetan plateau. The four new taxa are treated herein taxonomically. The flowers of this clade represent an interesting model to explore the genetic basis underlying the evolutionary reversal versus specialization and the interplay between genetic factors and environmental variables.
Do morphological adaptations for gliding in frogs influence clinging and jumping?
Authors: McKnight D. T. , Nordine J. , Jerrett B. , Murray M. , Murray P. , Moss R. , Northey M. , Simard N. , Alford R. A. , Schwarzkopf L.
Published: September 2019

The ability to glide has evolved in multiple taxa and is usually associated with highly specialized morphological adaptations. Traits that evolve for one reason, can, however, influence other traits and abilities. In this study, we examined the influence of adaptations for gliding on the jumping and clinging abilities of frogs by comparing specialized flying frogs (Rhacophorus) and unspecialized non‐flying frogs (Polypedates) from the family Rhacophoridae. Flying frogs had more webbing, longer legs, and greater clinging abilities than non‐flying frogs. Clinging abilities, jumping distance, and gliding distance all correlated positively with body size for both flying and non‐flying frogs. We did not, however, find any significant differences between the two groups in horizontal jumping distance or glide distance from a low starting point of 1.56 m. The morphological adaptations that evolved for gliding have not significantly influenced the flying frogs’ short‐distance jumping abilities, but may have influenced their clinging abilities. Alternatively, there may have been direct selection for clinging ability because of flying frogs’ increased need, compared with other frogs, to land on vertical surfaces without slipping off.
Quality of Institutions and the Allocation of Talent: Cross‐National Evidence
Authors: Natkhov Timur , Polishchuk Leonid
Published: September 2019

Strong institutions attract talent to productive activities, whereas weak ones raise the appeal of redistribution. We find a strong positive cross‐country association between the quality of institutions and graduation of university students in science, and an even stronger negative correlation with graduation in law. These findings are robust to various specifications of empirical models. We also demonstrate that institutions dominate other factors affecting the allocation of talent. Finally, we present direct evidence that (mis)allocation of talent between productive and unproductive activities driven by institutional quality explains the discrepancy between private and public returns to education.
Host and geography together drive early adaptive radiation of Hawaiian planthoppers
Authors: Goodman Kari Roesch , Prost Stefan , Bi Ke , Brewer Michael S. , Gillespie Rosemary G.
Published: September 2019

The interactions between insects and their plant host have been implicated in driving diversification of both players. Early arguments highlighted the role of ecological opportunity, with the idea that insects “escape and radiate” on new hosts, with subsequent hypotheses focusing on the interplay between host shifting and host tracking, coupled with isolation and fusion, in generating diversity. Because it is rarely possible to capture the initial stages of diversification, it is particularly difficult to ascertain the relative roles of geographic isolation versus host shifts in initiating the process. The current study examines genetic diversity between populations and hosts within a single species of endemic Hawaiian planthopper, Nesosydne umbratica (Hemiptera, Delphacidae). Given that the species was known as a host generalist occupying unrelated hosts, Clermontia (Campanulaceae) and Pipturus (Urticaceae), we set out to determine the relative importance of geography and host in structuring populations in the early stages of differentiation on the youngest islands of the Hawaiian chain. Results from extensive exon capture data showed that N. umbratica is highly structured, both by geography, with discrete populations on each volcano, and by host plant, with parallel radiations on Clermontia and Pipturus leading to extensive co‐occurrence. The marked genetic structure suggests that populations can readily become established on novel hosts provided opportunity; subsequent adaptation allows monopolization of the new host. The results support the role of geographic isolation in structuring populations and with host shifts occurring as discrete events that facilitate subsequent parallel geographic range expansion.