bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Note on the Recent Excavations at Mycenae, and the Scheme Proposed for their Publication
Authors: Taylour W. D.
Published: September 2013

The following article by K. A. Wardle is the first of a series of studies on the finds from the excavation known as the Citadel House, a name given by Professor Wace to an area on the Mycenae acropolis to the south of Schliemann's grave circle. Its exact situation is between the South House and Tsountas's House and next to the Cyclopaean wall. In effect it is a continuation southwards of the so-called South House that Wace excavated in 1922. He recognized at that time that he had uncovered only a small part of a large building but circumstances did not permit him to proceed further with the excavation. Only in 1954 was work resumed on this site as part of a large programme that was mainly concerned with areas outside the citadel. To distinguish it from these other areas it was given the name of the ‘Citadel House’, a non-committal term but one that, in view of the later importance of the site, was liable to lead to misunderstanding, implying that it was the only house on the acropolis.

Professor Wace, had he lived, would no doubt have considered changing the designation but in deference to his memory the name has been retained and it has been used in all the short provisional reports that have appeared to date. Professor Mylonas, who understandably dislikes the present designation, refers to the site as ‘Wace's House’, but I think that Wace would not have favoured such a term. One cannot now say what other name he would have preferred to substitute, but I do not think he would have objected to the term ‘South House’, and unquestionably part of the ‘Citadel House’ is an extension of the South House; but one must bear in mind that the buildings that have been uncovered between the South House and Tsountas's House do not always have the same axis as the former.
Some Fresh Naukratis Joins
Authors: Bailey D. M.
Published: September 2013

A large body of sherd material, especially where the sherds are small, is often usefully looked at afresh by an eye unjaded by familiarity. Recently, the extensive collection of vase fragments from Naukratis in the British Museum has been brought together for the first time since before the war, and many hundreds of unincorporated sherds have been registered (in the sequence 1965. 9–30). Ideally, the sherds should be grouped by fabrics, but for administrative reasons it was felt necessary to arrange them in order of registration numbers. As this work was being carried out, a great many sherds were found to join. Most were previously joined and often published pieces, which had come apart and been separated over the years (many, indeed, had been registered unnecessarily in 1924 after coming adrift from their numbered companions).
Late Minoan IIIB Pottery from Knossos
Authors: Popham Mervyn
Published: September 2013

In two recent articles in this periodical the author has considered Late Minoan IIIB and IIIC pottery from Crete. In both these studies, material surviving from Evans' excavation of the Little Palace at Knossos has been mentioned and in part illustrated. It is the main purpose of this article to describe this pottery in greater detail and, at the same time, to take some account of two comparable but small deposits from recent excavations at Knossos. Since only a few vases could be restored from these deposits, use will be made of other material to illustrate whole vases and to give a more complete picture.

The pottery from the Little Palace, which we shall be considering, was excavated by Evans in 1908 and derives mainly from two regions: the rooms south of the Shrine (and adjacent to the main staircase) and the courtyard between this building and the Unexplored Mansion. Neither are closed deposits, for they contain a considerable admixture of L.M. IIIA sherds. It has, therefore, been necessary to select the IIIB pottery on stylistic and not stratigraphical grounds. But knowledge of similar material from better-stratified deposits elsewhere has made this selection less arbitrary than it would otherwise have been. The Little Palace pottery (Plates 47a–f; 48a, b, d; 50b; 51a–f) consists almost entirely of decorated sherds and, clearly, most of the plain fragments were thrown away.
Ancient Remains on Mount Mavrovouni, South Boeotia
Authors: Tomlinson R. A. , Fossey J. M.
Published: September 2013

Viewed from the promontory of Perachora—and especially by night—there is a great contrast between the southern shores of the Gulf of Corinth and the northern shore of the Halcyonic gulf. To the south an almost continuous line of habitation is clearly visible—to the north, only the darkness of a coast where the mountains appear to drop directly into the sea. These mountains constitute a considerable barrier, beginning with the greatest of them, Helicon, to the west, set a little inland: next, on the very edge of the sea, Korombili; and then, further over to the east, the outliers of Cithaeron, which leave only the notoriously difficult route round the coast to Aegosthena by which a Spartan army precariously escaped. It is not surprising that the cities of the Boeotian hinterland largely turned their backs on the sea: except for certain events, to be considered below, this coast played little part in Boeotian history.

There are three significant harbours, or usable beaches, along this Boeotian coast (Fig. 1a). To the east, at the end of the bay between Cithaeron and Korombili is the beach of Livadhostro, the ancient Creusis. It is not a good beach, being open and exposed to the wind. Communication with the hinterland is not easy, and there is no modern road. The Thebans, in the year of Leuctra, kept a small fleet there, perhaps through compulsion rather than choice. At the extreme western end of this section of coast is the harbour of Sarandi. Between these two harbours, and to the west of Korombili, is the great landlocked bay of Domvraina. Even within this bay much of the coast is mountainous and abrupt, but there are two small harbours at the western end, and a reasonably large, very well-sheltered beach and harbour at the eastern end.
Euboean Floral Black-Figured Vases: Additions and Corrections
Authors: Ure A. D.
Published: September 2013

In recent years a number of vases with floral decoration have come to light, and we can now carry a little further the study of the Euboean floral black-figure style of vase-painting started in BSA lv. 211 f. Unfortunately few have any known provenience and it is often hazardous to attempt to distinguish between the work of Euboean and Boeotian workshops. Some of the Euboean attributions here made are tentative, and even when they can be regarded as certain the question of the distribution of the vases within Euboea still remains largely unsolved.

An early example of a vase with decoration that consists entirely of floral elements is a pelike in Athens, Plate 69a, with provenience given in the inventory as ‘Chalcis?’. It has bands of myrtle, ivy, and a kind of laurel with spatulate leaves covering the neck and the upper part of the body, and can be regarded as a precursor of the floral style. It is to be distinguished from it chiefly by the absence of the palmette, which is the chief ingredient of the floral style proper. The stemless ivy leaves accompanied by spots recall the sixth-century skyphos of Chalcidian make, Rhitsona 31. 41 (BSA lviii. 18, pl. 2. 3), and the little stemmed kothon, Athens E1520 (Ibid. pl. 2. 8).
The Ptolemaic Base at Koressos on Keos
Authors: Cherry John F. , Davis Jack L.
Published: September 2013

Evidence for the Ptolemaic occupation of the Cycladic island of Keos in the 3rd century B.C. is both contentious and exiguous. A recent archaeological surface survey of both the territory and thepolis-centre of Koressos (Ptolemaic Arsinoe, apparently the principal Egyptian foothold on the island) invites a review of relevant historical and epigraphical evidence, old and new. Contrary to some opinion, all the available evidence implies that the later Hellenistic period was not a time of material prosperity for Koressos. It is suggested that its incorporation into the Ptolemaic empire may have contributed to its demise as a city-state, and to its eventual transformation into a minor adjunct of the neighbouringpolisof Ioulis.
The Enkomi Warrior Head Reconsidered
Authors: Krzyszkowska O. H.
Published: September 2013

An ivory warrior head, discovered at the end of the last century in Enkomi Tomb 16, has often been mentioned and illustrated in the literature but it has never been the subject of a detailed study. Most interest has centred on whether the head represents a genuine Mycenaean carving or the survival of an Aegean motif in the Cypriote repertoire. Here form, function, material, carving technique and style are assessed, and comparisons are drawn with other warrior heads from Crete and mainland Greece. All evidence points conclusively to an Aegean origin for the Enkomi head.
The Late Helladic IIIC Intramural Burials at Lefkandi, Euboea
Authors: Musgrave J.H. , Popham M.
Published: September 2013

The aim of this paper is to describe and assess the intramural burials from the Lefkandi Settlement (Xeropolis). In all 20 individuals were inhumed within the walls, comprising 3 adult males, 2 adult females, one possible adolescent female and 14 children. The last ranged in age from birth to 9 years. Routine matters such as child mortality, adult stature, pathology and oral hygiene are discussed, with special reference to both the Settlement burials and to the inhumed material scattered throughout the Cemeteries.
The Neolithic well at Kastelli Phournis in eastern Crete
Authors: Manteli Katya
Published: September 2013

In 1959 Professor N. Platon excavated a Neolithic well, unique in Crete, in the vicinity of the modern village of Kastelli Phournis in E. Crete. It is located in the Phourni plateau at an elevation of c.400 m. With the exception of two EM I sherds, pottery forms a very homogeneous assemblage. It includes 34 handmade and thick-walled vases, and 138 undiagnostic sherds. Necked jars prevail, and all shapes are fully adapted to the special function of this group, that of drawing and transporting water. This assemblage finds close parallels at FN Phaistos and occasionally at the FN Eileithyia cave and the FN Nerokourou open settlement. Data on local hydrology and modern subsistence economy give us a good idea of the use and purpose of the well in Neolithic times.
Excavations at Palaikastro, 1991
Authors: MacGillivray J. A. , Sackett L. H. , Driessen J. M. , Hemingway S.
Published: September 2013

The fifth excavation season at Palaikastro is reported. The principal discoveries are a floor deposit of the EM III/MM IAperiod, a well stratified sequence of levels from the MM IIAto MM IIIB/LM IAperiods, floor levels of the LM II and LM IIIAIperiods, and a floor deposit of the LM IIIA2/Bperiod with storage jars and a bull's head rhyton. Also noteworthy are the discovery of mason's marks on theNfacade of Building 5, and fragments of the finest example of painted plaster found at Palaikastro. S. Hemingway reports an important group of metalworking artefacts from a LM IIIA2/Bdeposit.
Athenian demography and military strength 338–322 BC
Authors: Sekunda N. V.
Published: September 2013

This article seeks to construct a life table for the population of Athens during the Lycurgan period (338–322 BC). The total male citizen population in their twentieth year or above is mentioned in literary texts, and the number of ephebes in their nineteenth year can be calculated from the inscribed ephebic catalogues. The conclusions are that the total citizen population of Athens, male and female, may have been about 58,000, the average age at death was 54.11 years, and the growth rate was slightly more than 0.5 per cent.
Colchian amphorae: typology, chronology, and aspects of production
Authors: Tsetskhladze G. R. , Vnukov S. Y.
Published: September 2013

The development of amphora production in Colchis is examined, from its beginnings in the mid-4th cent. BC under the influence of vessels from Sinope. The emergence of amphora production should be seen as the result of Hellenic influence upon the economy and upon craftsmen of the E littoral of the Black Sea. Throughout the Classical period one type of Colchian amphora existed, which underwent drastic change in the course of time. Three successive variants may be discerned. The earliest, from the mid-4th to 3rd cent. BC, retains similarities with the Sinopean prototypes. In the late 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, substantial changes in morphology and dimensions take place. In the late 1st and early 2nd centuries AD the third variant, with a rib under the rim, appears. Petrographic analysis shows that the vessels were made within one extensive region, Colchis, but at a variety of centres. They were produced in state-owned and private workshops, employing both Greek and local craftsmen. The Greek workshops (or those which had links with Greek potters) were the main exporters of amphorae to the northern Black Sea coastal region from the 4th cent, BC to 1st cent. AD.
Pausanias' attitude to antiquities
Authors: Arafat K. W.
Published: September 2013

This article examines the criteria by which the periegete Pausanias selected the objects he discussed. His interest in manifestations of age in the material of artefacts, in their technique, and in their design is considered as a basis for his distinction between the recent and distant past. The historical and social background to his writings is also considered.
Funerary monuments of the Gattelusi at Mytilene
Authors: Ivison Eric A.
Published: September 2013

Five fragments from the tombs of the Gattelusi dynasty of Lesbos are presented, which were originally published by F.W. Hasluck in BSA 15 (1908–9). The monuments are published in detail for the first time, and are placed in the context of contemporary Byzantine and Genoese funerary monuments at Constantinople and in the Aegean. The identification of a church, recently excavated within the Kastro, with the Gattelusi burial church is also discussed, with remarks touching upon the mortuary practices of Latin rulers in the Levant. A final section attempts to attribute the tombs to members of the dynasty, using Gattelusi heraldry and iconography.
Ten early photographs of Athens
Authors: Tomlinson R. A.
Published: September 2013

These photographs of Athens are included in a collection made by Field Marshal Sir John Lintorn Simmons, RE. From internal evidence they appear to date to 1853. They include evidence for the Acropolis and its monuments at that date, as well as a general view of Athens and Lykabettos, the temple of Olympian Zeus, and the choregic monument of Lysicrates (along with the ruins of the Capuchin monastery).
Ceramic regionalism in Prepalatial Central Crete: the Mesara imports at EM I to EM II A Knossos
Authors: Wilson D. E. , Day P. M.
Published: September 2013

This article presents results obtained through detailed stylistic analysis of a body of EM I–EM II A pottery at Knossos in association with a programme of petrographic analysis and scanning electron microscopy. From the Knossian ceramic assemblage, four specific ware groups were chosen for this study on the basis of shape, decoration, and fabric: fine painted, fine grey, painted semi-fine to coarse, and slipped and burnished. It is argued here, on stylistic grounds and on the basis of petrographic analysis, that these groups were imported to Knossos from south central Crete. In addition, scanning electron microscopy characterizes the technology of production of the Mesara imports, and demonstrates the use of oxidation–reduction–oxidation techniques to produce black in this early period. The Mesara imports at EM II A Knossos mark the first sizeable exchange of pottery at this site in Minoan times. They suggest that in central Crete by EM II A there may have been an inter-regional distribution of a broad range of pottery types from various specialized production centres.
Excavations of 1987 on the south front of the palace at Knossos
Authors: Momigliano Nicoletta , Hood Sinclair
Published: September 2013

This report describes the excavation of two pits which had been dug into the natural rock, apparently in connection with the storage and perhaps original manufacture of plaster, in the space named after them the ‘Room of the Plaster Pits’. The pits were filled and covered in LM II, and the evidence for their date helps to bring the history of this part of the palace into clearer focus. The Room of the Plaster Pits may be the same as the elusive Lapidary's Workshop described by Evans in his Knossos report for 1901. It is suggested that the lack of observed floors or blocking walls in doorways separating deposits in this area makes it difficult to divide the vases assigned to LM III B here from tablets and seal impressions involved in the final destruction of the palace.
Seal-use and administration In the South-west Basement area at Knossos
Authors: Weingarten Judith
Published: September 2013

New soundings in the area of the Room of the Clay Signet provide a terminus post quem of LM II for the sealings and clay signet fallen into the SW Basement Area of the palace of Knossos. Based on this chronological datum, the sphragistic documents are reviewed together with the Linear B tablets with which they fell, in an attempt to reconstruct the administrative activity carried out in the rooms above the SW Basement. We pinpoint an unexpected bureaucratic connection between this area of the palace and the arsenal.
A dark age refuge centre near Pefki, East Crete
Authors: Nowicki Krzysztof
Published: September 2013

This paper presents the result of the field investigations undertaken at newly identified dark age sites near Pefki, E. Crete, in 1990–1. A series of LM III–PG/G settlements (complemented with graveyards) show the same topographical characteristics as ruled the settlement pattern of dark age Crete, and support the idea that it was a serious threat from outside that forced people to abandon the coastal plains and low valleys and look for safety in the mountains. Detailed description of the topographical situation and finds as recorded on the surface are presented, to give comparanda for very restricted evidence published from other dark age sites in Crete.
The Athenian tribute-quota lists, 453–450 BC
Authors: Lewis †D. M.
Published: September 2013

The Athenian tribute-quota lists for the years 453–449 BC are reexamined in the light of two new fragments. The most important question is the reason for the failure of various states to appear in them. The author rejects the view that these absences are due to epigraphic chance, doubts whether many of the states were still providing ships, and argues again that there was substantial disaffection in the empire during the period.
Cretan Red-Figured Lekythoi
Authors: Cook B.F.
Published: September 2013

Three small examples of shoulder-lekythoi in museums in Western Crete are described and discussed. Though evidently derived from the Attic Series, it is suggested that they are the products of a local workshop.
Ethnicity, Entrepreneurship, and Exchange: Mediterranean Inter-island Relations in the Late Bronze Age
Authors: Knapp A. Bernard
Published: September 2013

New data on Late Bronze Age Cypriot and Aegean material found in the eastern, southern, and central Mediterranean significantly alter timeworn concepts about the scope and extent of Mediterranean trade systems. Recent geochemical and statistical analyses highlight the pivotal role played by the production, distribution, and consumption of copper oxhide ingots in the Bronze Age economies of the wider Mediterranean world. As a consequence, it is possible to propose some basic hypotheses on metallurgical origins, and on the possible orientation of Mediterranean Bronze Age trade and traders.

Two basic issues are involved: 1) did increased trade with the eastern Mediterranean stimulate production and intensify exchange mechanisms in the central Mediterranean? 2) or did eastern Mediterranean traders simply plug into an existing politico-economic system that somehow monitored metals' production and exchange further west?

This paper also evaluates the impact of new archaeological and metallurgical data on traditional interpretations of Cypriot copper production and exchange in its Late Bronze Age Mediterranean context. Whilst Cypriot copper production remained important to the economy of the Bronze Age Mediterranean, it also made key tactical and commercial adjustments to the coming Age of Iron. Mechanisms of Mediterranean trade are still difficult to pin down, and it is unrealistic to do more than propose basic models of entrepreneurship, ethnicity, and exchange.
Regional Mycenaean Pottery
Authors: Mountjoy P.A.
Published: September 2013

A few points are illustrated concerning regional Mycenaean pottery from the Greek mainland dating from LHIIA to LHIIIC Late. It has been suggested that the use of certain motifs on certain closed shapes was perhaps as a label for the contents of the vase. Early Mycenaean regional styles in peripheral areas, such as Thessaly and Phocis, are discussed and regional preferences during the LHIIIA2–IIIB koine are mentioned. The influence of Crete on Mycenaean pottery in Laconia and Messenia during these phases is demonstrated. Contacts between the Ionian islands and the north-west Peloponnese with other areas in LHIIIC Late are noted.
The Cremated Remains From Tombs II and III at Nea Mihaniona and Tomb Beta At Derveni
Authors: Musgrave Jonathan
Published: September 2013

Death may be the great leveller, but some families can mark the event more spectacularly than others. In an attempt to set the royal burials at Vergina into some form of mortuary context, the cremated remains from three rich, non-royal 4th-century Macedonian tombs – Nea Mihaniona II and III and Derveni Beta – were studied with an eye on both biology and mortuary practices. This investigation showed that: (i) a neonate cremated and buried with its mother can survive both events remarkably well, with important consequences for the Vergina debate; (ii) the Derveni crater contained two individuals; (iii) the Nea Mihaniona, Derveni Beta, Vergina II antechamber, Vergina III and Phoinikas (report in preparation) cremations form a homogeneous group in terms of fragment size and weight. This sets them midway between (a) their far less substantial Dark Age forebears and (b) the unique whole cremated skeleton from the main chamber of Vergina Tomb II.
The Sequence of Construction of Mnesikles' Propylaia
Authors: Tomlinson R.A.
Published: September 2013

The sequence of construction of the Propylaia to the Acropolis of Athens is reassessed in the light of Pontus Hellstrom's suggestion that the two unbuilt east halls, and the original plan for the S.W. hall were intended to be dining halls like the Pinakotheke. It is argued that the objections of the various priests are unlikely to account for changes in plan; that the east halls were abandoned before work started on the S.W. wing; and that the cause of the change was financial, the need to economize in the face of the growing certainty of war with Sparta.
The Abuse of User a Note on the Egyptian Statuette from Knossos
Authors: Wotzka Hans-Peter
Published: September 2013

It is argued that the Egyptian statuette-fragment of User, discovered by Evans early in the 1900 excavations at the Palace of Knossos, was not found in association with datable pottery, and that it should no longer be regarded as one of the key finds for Aegean chronology.
The archaeology of the Greek uplands: the early iron age site of Tsouka in the Rhodope Mountains
Authors: Efstratiou Nikos
Published: September 2013

The upland areas of Greece have long been outside the main focus of archaeological interest. With regard to prehistoric research, mountains were never seen as potential habitation areas, and recovery techniques had to address unusual environmental and geomorphological situations. Research in the Rhodopi mountains initiated by Komotini Museum attempts to illustrate some aspects of this upland archaeology. This article presents the results of excavation at an early iron age site which appears to give an insight into the habitation behaviour of the Thracian mountain population at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. It is proposed for the first time that a number of the so-called Thracian places found scattered all over the Rhodopi mountains are not, as at first thought, fortified acropoleis but sites with special functions, serving an agricultural and pastoral economy. It is further suggested that ethnoarchaeological observations can serve as valuable explanatory hypotheses which can be tested against the available excavation data.
Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Heraion–Vouliagmeni Lake coast since Early Helladic times
Authors: Stiros S. C.
Published: September 2013

The morphology of the Vouliagmeni Lake and Perachora coasts is the result of seismic uplifts with a cumulative amplitude of 3–4 m in the last 6,000 years; there is also evidence of a transient seismic subsidence at around 5,000 BP. These results are consistent with excavation data indicating a seismic destruction of an EH I site followed by land subsidence. This led to the abandonment of the site, which was reoccupied when the land was uplifted again.
Domestic architecture in Early Helladic II: some observations on the form of non-monumental houses
Authors: Harrison Steven
Published: September 2013

A re-examination of the EH II architecture at Zygouries and other sites suggests that the traditional model of rectangular houses with two or three rooms may be inappropriate in many instances, and that in fact domestic architecture of the period, while showing greater diversity of form than has hitherto been supposed, may instead have been based on larger and more complex structures.
Ceramics of the early neo-palatial period at Palaikastro
Authors: Bernini Lara E.
Published: September 2013

In the ceramic chronology of Minoan Crete, the phases corresponding to the rise of the New Palaces have proven to be particularly difficult to define. This paper presents new material from Palaikastro (Siteia, Crete) in an attempt to disperse some of the chronological and regional ambiguities surrounding early Neo-palatial pottery.
New imperial subscripts to the Spartans
Authors: Shipley Graham , Spawforth Antony
Published: September 2013

A stone built into the church at Kokkinórachi near Sparta carries part of a first-century AD text containing one or more imperial rescripts to Sparta. The author of one section admonishes the Spartans after civil unrest, probably during the lifetime of the dynast Eurykles, his son Lakon, or his grandson Spartiatikos. Epigraphic parallels, and the text's appeal to historic traditions, suggest that the author is Claudius. The document may indicate that communication between cities and emperors by ‘petition and response’ was more widespread now than in the post-Hadrianic era, when cities are thought generally to have addressed the emperor by letter.
Excavations at the ancient theatre of Sparta 1992–4: preliminary report
Authors: Waywell G. B. , Wilkes J. J.
Published: September 2013

Excavations at the Sparta theatre were resumed in 1992: the objective was to survey it and clarify its history. Nine trenches were opened and a catalogue of architectural blocks compiled. A trench in the sw orchestra revealed two staircases; while the seats of honour, the walkway behind, and two or three rows of benches above are preserved, the remainder of the theatre was severely damaged in the 9th–13th centuries. The diazoma's foundations were revealed; below it were ten radial staircases, above seventeen. The lower cavea had thirty-one rows, the upper nineteen. At the top, rows 17–19 rested on concrete over an inner radial wall of concrete-bonded stones; there are traces of a Doric colonnade around the walkway here. The upper cavea yielded pottery suggesting an initial construction under Eurykles (c.30–20 BC); no certain evidence of an earlier theatre has been found. The stage building's architecture suggests Flavian and Severan reconstructions and later repairs. The site's use as a theatre ended c. AD 400, but finds indicate early Byzantine continuity and three later occupation phases (9th–13th centuries). Sculptures found include a statuette of Apollo or Dionysos, an Antonine female portrait (priestess?), and an important late Roman male portrait head.
Knossos 1993: excavations outside the south front of the Palace
Authors: Momigliano Nicoletta , Wilson David E.
Published: September 2013

This report presents the results of excavations in 1993 in the area of the Early Houses and Early Paving by the South Front of the palace at Knossos. It adds to and further clarifies the results of earlier excavations in this area, and provides much-needed new evidence for the history of the Prepalatial and Protopalatial settlements. Principal findings of the 1993 investigation include (1) an EM II B pit deposit, which has important implications for our understanding of this ceramic phase at Knossos; (2) no fewer than three building phases in EM III, comprising the Early Houses including the substantial South Front House; and (3) the dating of the Early Paving and associated structures to MM I B.
The bull-leaping fresco from below the Ramp House at Mycenae: a study in iconography and artistic transmission
Authors: Shaw Maria C.
Published: September 2013

The study attempts a reconstruction of the fresco, based on a detailed study of the preserved plaster fragments, of which new drawings and photos are provided. Minoan miniature frescoes with architectural façades appear to be the closest iconographically. Representations like those in the Grandstand and Sacred Grove frescoes from the palace of Knossos are examined, both for their possible thematic association with bull-leaping and for their possible role as models for the Ramp House fresco.
Transition from bronze to iron at Kourion: a review of the tombs from Episkopi-Bamboula and Kaloriziki
Authors: Steel Louise
Published: September 2013

Two cemeteries associated with the early iron age occupation of Kourion have been excavated at the localities of Bamboula and Kaloriziki. In his publications of these cemeteries Benson attempted to demonstrate continuity of occupation at Kourion in the transitional bronze–iron age. A reanalysis of the pottery from both cemeteries has instead shown that the supposed continuity of occupation at Kourion is a result of Benson's erroneous identification of the final Late Cypriot and Initial Cypro-Geometric wares.
Minoan Metalworking at Palaikastro: some questions
Authors: Catling H. W.
Published: September 2013

The account of a discovery of metallurgical débris in a LM III context at Palaikastro in BSA 91 (1966), 213–52 is critically considered, with particular reference to the nature of the deposit, the date of its context, and the suggested identification of certain cire-perdue mould fragments as part of the investment mould for a tripod ring-support of Late Cypriot type. Strong doubts are expressed at the correctness of this identification.
The Destruction of the Palace at Pylos Reconsidered
Authors: Mountjoy P.A.
Published: September 2013

The date of the destruction of the palace at Pylos is re-examined in the light of our increased knowledge of regional Mycenaean pottery, and a fresh phase of LH III pottery defined.
Statistical Evaluation of the Asaro-Perlman neutron activation data on Mycenaean pottery from the Peloponnese
Authors: Tomlinson Jonathan E. , French E. B.
Published: September 2013

The statistical evaluation of NAA data for 250 Mycenaean potsherds from the Peloponnese (Achaea, Ayios Stephanos, Chora Ano Englianos, Nichoria, Olympia-Kolosakos, Peristeria, Palaiokastro and Platanos-Renia) resulted in twelve chemical groups defining the composition of pottery from the different regions. Earlier groupings of pottery from Ayios Stephanos and Nichoria were confirmed and chemical profiles were also produced for pottery from western Messenia and the north-east Peloponnese.

The north-east Peloponnesian groups are chemically very similar to Argolid pottery groups, such that the provenance of a group of early (LH I/II) pottery identified in this study, and of this chemical type, remains uncertain. This aside, the groups' chemical profiles are quite distinct from those representative of other areas of mainland Greece and Crete.
Excavations at Sparta: The Roman stoa, 1988–91 Part 3
Authors: Waywell G. B. , Wilkes J.J.
Published: September 2013

This is the third and concluding report on the survey and excavations carried out on the site of the Roman Stoa at Sparta in 1988–91, following on from earlier reports in BSA 88 (1993), 219–86 and BSA 89 (1994), 377–432. It presents a catalogue and description of the most significant small finds and fragments of Byzantine wall-paintings recovered, gives a full list of coins found and their identities, and offers a detailed discussion of the environmental programme and its preliminary results. An appendix publishes the results of analysis of concrete samples from the ancient theatre at Sparta, taken during the excavations of 1992–95 (BSA 90 [1995], 435–60).
The BSA's Geometric collection: Kynosarges et alia
Authors: Coldstream J. N.
Published: September 2013

This article publishes the entire holding of Geometric vases in the Museum of the British School at Athens. It includes numerous grave offerings found in one of the School's earliest excavations (1896–7), on the site of the Kynosarges Gymnasium in the south-eastern outskirts of ancient Athens. Other Geometric vases came to the School piecemeal over many years, from purchases of the Finlay collection up to the bequests from G. Empedocles and T. J. Dunbabin.

Attic Geometric comprises the great majority of the School's holding, among which are several characteristic pieces from the Late Geometric II pitcher workshops. Other regional styles represented are Corinthian, Parian, Melian and Cretan.
The Canal of Xerxes: summary of investigations 1991–2001
Authors: Isserlin B. S. J. , Jones R. E. , Karastathis V. , Papamarinopoulos S. P. , Syrides G. E. , Uren J.
Published: September 2013

This paper summarizes the results of the earlier phase (1991–8) of geoarchaeological investigations at the Canal of Xerxes in northern Greece and then presents the findings of recent work. Through the combination of geophysical survey and analysis of sediments obtained from bore holes drilled along the supposed course of the canal it was established in 1996 that at least in the central sector of the 2 km wide isthmus there was indeed a deeply buried trench-like structure, c. 30 m wide. This is most likely to have been a canal that would have had a depth of water of up to 3 m. The recent work has explored first the situation at the southern end of the canal where one ancient writer claimed that the terrain would only have allowed the construction of a slipway (diolkos). However, seismic survey and sedimentological analysis of cores in that area found no obstacle to the digging of a canal. Second, the results of seismic survey (supported by the evidence of satellite imagery) at the northern end of the canal have suggested that its course was more easterly than that proposed earlier on the basis of the line of present-day lowest ground. In sum, all the indications are that there was a canal across the Athos peninsula and not a diolkos, and that the canal's features conform to those outlined by Herodotus in his description of the structure built by Xerxes to allow the Persian fleet into the Aegean for the invasion of Greece in 480 BC.
The shipsheds of Sicilian Naxos, researches 1998–2001: a preliminary report
Authors: Blackman David , Lentini Maria Costanza
Published: September 2013

Remains discovered in excavations at Naxos in 1981–3, underlying structures belonging to the settlement which has been recognized as the mansio mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary, have now been firmly identified as the dockyard of the Greek city, the first Greek colony in Sicily and a Chalcidian foundation; an ally of Athens in the fifth century, it was therefore destroyed by Dionysios I of Syracuse in 403 BC. One rock-cut shipshed has been excavated for its surviving length (the lower end is lost under modern buildings); there is pottery evidence for the construction of its north wall in the mid-fifth century BC.

As with the installation of the democracy after the return of the Chalcidian exiles from Leontinoi, the work may have been inspired and encouraged by Athens. Installations of an earlier phase are also starting to appear. A selection of pottery evidence and of the remains of roof components (tiles and antefixes) is published.

The side walls of at least four shipsheds have been found just inside the city wall, and these respect the orientation of the fifth-century urban plan. The clear width of the shipshed excavated (5.45 m) confirms the evidence of other recent excavations: the previously held view that trireme shipsheds had a clear width of 5.75–6 m will have to be revised. The back 5–6 m of the shipshed do not seem to have been part of the slipway proper; possible explanations are suggested.
New light on Roman Sparta: Roman pottery from the Sparta theatre and stoa
Authors: Pickersgill Clare , Roberts Paul
Published: September 2013

The Roman pottery recorded and discussed in this article was excavated at the theatre and stoa in Sparta under the Direction of G. B. Waywell and J. J. Wilkes. The largest group of material came from trench ST XV, excavated in the west parodos of the theatre in 1997 and 1998, while the second group of material was excavated in the west end of the stoa in 1991. The new groups of material studied and published in this article have built upon earlier work (D. Bailey on the stoa and J. Hayes on the theatre) to begin to develop a chronological typology for the Roman pottery of Sparta. The development of this pottery sequence has provided for the first time a solid basis for Roman ceramic studies in the area and opens new avenues for investigating broader economic, social and political issues.
Fingerprints on Early Minoan pottery: a pilot study
Authors: Branigan Keith , Papadatos Yiannis , Wynn Douglas
Published: September 2013

A pilot project was carried out to assess the frequency of surviving fingerprints on Early Minoan pottery and to assess the quality of the prints. Two pottery assemblages, from the Ayia Kyriaki tholos and Myrtos Fournou Korifi settlement, were examined. Almost fifty sherds/vessels (out of nearly 20,000) were found to carry a total of 154 prints, but the majority were of poor quality. Of the thirty clear prints, however, fourteen had five or more ridge characteristics, including one example with as many as twelve. It is suggested that kiln assemblages might yield both more and better preserved prints.
A church with a Roman inscription in Tairia, Monemvasia
Authors: Kalligas Alexander G. , Kalligas Haris A. , Stroud Ronald S.
Published: September 2013

In Tairia, at a distance of about 10 km from Monemvasia, is a small complex of two Byzantine churches, dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin and Ag. Anna. Each has a simple one-aisled plan covered by a barrel vault with an intermediate arch. Wall paintings exist in both churches dating from the twelfth, the thirteenth century, and later. The church of the Assumption, or Theotokos, is older and could be dated to the tenth century and thus identified with the church mentioned in a contemporary source, the Life of St. Theodore of Kythira. Ag. Anna imitates the plan of the older church and seems to have occupied the place of earlier service buildings. Built in, on the top of the altar table in the church of the Assumption, is a marble slab with a completely preserved Greek inscription of the Roman period, consisting of five lines which cover the whole surface of the slab and commemorate the dedication to the deities of the Imperial cult (Θεοί Σεστοί) and to a πόλις, the name of which is not known, of a makellon by three Roman citizens out of their own funds. The most probable date for the inscription seems to be the second century AD, but, even though makella existed in few Peloponnesian cities, neither the polis where the establishment was erected is known, nor can the dedicators be safely identified.
Attalos I and Aigina
Authors: Allen R. E.
Published: September 2013

As a result of their alliances with Rome in the first two wars with Macedon, the Attalids made a number of small territorial gains in the western Aegean. Among these was the island of Aigina, which was captured by the Romans in 210 B.C., during the First Macedonian War, passed into the possession of the Aitolians in accordance with the terms of their treaty with Rome, and was finally purchased from them by Attalos I of Pergamon for the sum of thirty talents (Polyb. xxii. 8. 10): Αἰτωλοί, κύριοι γενόμενοι τῆς πόλεως κατὰ τὰς πρὸς Ῥωμαίους συνθήκας, Ἀττάλῳ παραδοῖεν, τριάκοντα τάλαντα παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ λαβόντες. This action requires some explanation, especially as the issue has been obscured by the widely held view that Attalos' fleet took part in the capture of the island; some clarification can be found in the literary accounts referring to Attalos' activity during the first years of his involvement in the war. Rome, as is well known, avoided total commitment in Greece even after Laevinus' treaty of 212/11.
Cycladic Figurines and their Derivatives in Crete
Authors: Branigan Keith
Published: September 2013

With the publication of Dr. Renfrew's most valuable study of the development and chronology of the Early Cycladic figurines it is now possible for us to study both the distribution and the influence of these figurines in the regions bordering the Aegean—in the Troad, Dodecanese, northern Greece, the Peloponnese, and Crete. This paper is concerned with Cycladic figurines in Crete, and with the influence which the Cycladic figures had upon the development of the indigenous Cretan types. It begins with a brief description of the Neolithic figurines of Crete, and proceeds to a discussion of Cycladic and indigenous types, and an examination of three types which appear to be hybrids, peculiar to the island. The concluding section discusses the significance of the Cycladic figurines and their derivatives in Crete as evidence for cultural contact in the Aegean Early Bronze Age.
A Mycenaean Pictorial Vase of the Fifteenth Century B.C. from Laconia
Authors: Demacopoulou K.
Published: September 2013

The large pictorial jug published here (Plate 12 a-d) was discovered in 1966 in a plundered Mycenaean chamber tomb at the site Melathria, near the village of Skoura in Laconia. Skoura is close to Sparta, opposite to and east of the Vapheio tholos tomb, on the east side of the river Eurotas.

It is a most unusual Mycenaean vase, remarkable for its pictorial decoration at such an early date. In view of the shape of the vase and its linear decoration, it seems to be one of the earliest pictorial vases yet found on the mainland of Greece.

The jug, which is now exhibited in Sparta Museum (Inv. no. 5533), has been restored from fragments, and large pieces of the belly have been completed with plaster. It can be described as follows: Tall jug with cut-away neck (Plate 12a). Light brown clay, polished yellow-pink surface, lustrous red paint which in places has adhered badly and flaked away.
Choes of the Later Fifth Century
Authors: Green J. R.
Published: September 2013

The following notes are an attempt to classify on the basis of shape some of the Attic red-figured choes of the later part of the fifth century B.C. and a few sundries of the early part of the fourth. The connection of these vases with the festival of the Anthesteria has given them a prominent place in the study of religion and of children's pastimes. Their scenes have been considered by several scholars, the foremost of whom are Frickenhaus, Deubner, van Hoorn, S. karouzou, and Metzger. Metzger, though taking a less extreme position than Rumpf who challenged the validity of much of the earlier work, has given a refreshingly sane view of several aspects of the iconography. Mrs. karouzou has confined herself in her published work to particular pieces and particular aspects of the festival.
Athens and Orontes
Authors: Osborne Michael J.
Published: September 2013

Amongst the somewhat meagre array of inscriptions illustrating Athenian relations with Persia in the middle of the fourth century there is one substantial document which merits particular attention. This is the decree which records details of Athenian relations with a certain Orontes who is generally identified with the well-known Persian satrap of that name. This decree, published as IG ii2. 207, consists of four fragments. Three of these are extant and are housed in the Epigraphical Museum at Athens (fragments (b)+(c)+(d) = EM 7035, 7035 (α), 7036), the other piece has long been lost (fragment (a)).
Minoan Globular Flasks
Authors: Tzedakis Y.
Published: September 2013

This particular vase shape has a purely Minoan origin. The first examples appear in the M.M. II/IIIA period, but their manufacture is quite different and it has not yet taken the typical form of the later examples.

The small number of vases of this type which survive in Crete and generally in the Aegean area obliges one to consider the special reasons for the rarity of the type. One of the main reasons, and perhaps the most relevant, is the difficulty involved in the manufacture of the vase. The two globular parts of the body are made separately and afterwards joined. We can easily confirm this by looking at the lines caused by the potter's wheel, and the marks where the vase has been joined in the interior. The neck, the handles, and the base are also manufactured separately. The immediate consequence of this manufacture is a lack of firmness and stability. The vase, therefore, breaks more easily and is quickly put out of use.
A Note on the Byzantine Palace at Thessaloniki
Authors: Vickers Michael
Published: September 2013

There are several buildings at Thessaloniki that can be dated to the middle or second half of the fifth century A.D. and which have one feature in common, namely, the characteristic brick stamps illustrated in Figs, 1a and b. Bricks bearing these stamps occur in the following buildings: Acheiropoietos, the first phase of St. Demetrius, the city walls, and the second phase of the Rotunda. The conventional date for the Acheiropoietos basilica is c. 470 and for the first phase of St. Demetrius some time between 450 and 500. The dates usually given to the walls and the Rotunda are c. 380/390, but I have recently shown that the walls ought to be dated to around the middle of the fifth century and that phase two of the Rotunda belongs with the fifth-century churches. I hope to demonstrate that the Byzantine palace was also built at about the same period.
Rescue Excavations at Servia 1971–1973: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Ridley Cressida , Wardle K. A.
Published: September 2013

Until 1974, the site known to archaeologists as Servia, and discovered by A. J. B. Wace in 1909, about 6 km. north of the town of the same name, was to be found on the right bank of the Haliakmon, immediately downstream from the bridge carrying the main road from Larissa to Kozani (Plate 26a). The bridge shown in the frontispiece to ‘Prehistoric Macedonia’ was blown up by the retreating British Army in the last war; the Bailey bridge which replaced it and the site itself now lie over 30 m. below the surface of a great artificial lake, Limni Polyphytou, which fills the valley of the Middle Haliakmon, Plate 26b. The new bridge is the largest in Greece, and its impressive length emphasizes the importance of the crossing. Over it passes the highway, once the only practicable route connecting Thessaly, and ultimately central Greece, with Macedonia, while the bridges, past and present, marked the only convenient fording-place.