bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smoking Resources on the Internet
Authors: Courtney Angela
Published: September 2004

An initial search for smoking or tobacco‐related Internet sites provides the individual with a plethora of anti‐smoking sites, as well as a few pro‐tobacco sites. The types of materials found range from factsheets on tobacco and health, to digitally scanned, confidential tobacco industry documents, to smoking‐cessation tools and tips. However, along with the authoritative, solid information is a seemingly endless selection of other, less‐dependable sites that will be retrieved on even the best‐constructed Internet searches. Except for one Web page sprung from a popular bulletin board system, all Web pages included are connected in some way to organizations, institutions, or agencies. The sites are divided roughly into four categories: legal sites, health sites, activism sites, and health organizations. Other interesting sites are referred to in the text and URLs are included.
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Internet Resources
Authors: Schmitz Cecilia M.
Published: September 2004

The Internet should be viewed with caution. Information on the Internet often lacks the review applied to books when they are selected for a library or articles before they are published in a journal. This information can be inaccurate because it hasn’t been proofread, it may not come from a credible source, or it may not have been peer reviewed by experts in the field. Further, it may not be there tomorrow. With these and other cautions in mind, this select bibliography of Web sites on alcohol abuse and alcoholism was designed for those seeking help with alcohol problems, for researchers in the field, and for those seeking information. With a few exceptions, the Web sites are published by national organizations, national programs, academic institutions, and government agencies in the United States. They include no advertisements. The bibliography is arranged by subject or type of material.
Automated Reshelving Statistics as a Tool in Reference Collection Management
Authors: Welch Jeanie M. , Cauble Lynn A. , Little Lara B.
Published: September 2004

Reference librarians must now confront integrating print and electronic sources into an efficient reference collection. Often the print reference collection has to be downsized to accommodate electronic sources within the reference area. In this article, Welch, Cauble, and Little discuss a project to track the usage of print reference titles through automated reshelving statistics and the usefulness of these statistics in making reference collection development and management decisions. Over a two‐year period the reference staff at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte recorded reshelving statistics. The statistics were analyzed and proved to be useful in making weeding and acquisition decisions as part of an overall program of reference service evaluation.
Selected Bibliography of Recent Monographs in Adult Education
Authors: Burkhardt Joanna M.
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this selected bibliography is to provide librarians with up‐to‐date information on monographs in the field of adult education. This bibliography relates to adult learning, with a focus on higher education, work‐related training, and professional development. Works dealing with adult learning strategies, adult development, and informal learning are included. Mentoring is also considered, both in higher education and in the workplace. This bibliography does not, however, cover the topics of literacy or English as a second language. The focus is on works that relate to the United States, but a few notable additions consider the global need for adult education and how that need is being met.
Digitization for the Masses
Authors: Seadle Michael
Published: September 2004

According to Clifford Lynch, Coalition for Networked Information president, a problem in developing digital libraries is that scarce resources get burned up in too many small‐scale local projects, which then wither away for lack of institutional support. One approach to solving it is to concentrate funding on a few large institutions that have the technical skills and institutional resources to manage major long‐term projects of national scope. A second approach is to help small, inexperienced institutions do it right. In the early stages of a digitization project, choices must be made: how much emphasis to put on preservation and how much on access; whether to do photographically exact images or structurally marked‐up, searchable ASCII text. The purpose of this article is two‐fold: to convince the reader of the importance of knowing the digitization literature and to introduce some of the most important elements of that literature. The bibliography emphasizes issues that cut across all options. Sections are on general works, landmark digitization projects, choice, quality, longevity, integrity, access, SGML markup, and copyright.
Reference Works for Literary and Cultural Theory
Authors: Kieft Robert
Published: September 2004

Recent years have brought rapid growth to the bibliography of reference works for literary and cultural theory. Because of the expansion of literary scholars’ interests and of literature’s curricular domain, and the convergence of literature’s interests during the last 30 years with other humanities and social science fields, the reference collection’s PNs are filling up with content that, some would say, has lost its way from the Hs and Bs. Literature’s bid to become a more generalized study of culture in all its modes and at all its levels is highly controversial among scholars. This controversy surfaces particularly in recently published dictionaries and encyclopedias. In this article, Kieft treats other traditional classes of reference works as well and includes discussion of such “next step” works as general histories, guides, and anthologies.
Historical Statistics of the United States: A Case Study in Government‐Professional Organization Cooperation
Authors: Domas White Marilyn
Published: September 2004

The history of the development of Historical Statistics of the United States over three editions and two supplements offers an interesting case study in federal government‐professional organization cooperation. In this article, White uses new sources to show the perspective of the economists and historians who were deeply involved in its development and the activities of their professional associations, including the Social Science Research Council, the American Economics Association, the Economic History Association, and the American Statistical Association, in working with the Bureau of the Census. As White shows, the relationship differs from the more common funder‐fundee relationship seen in other government‐professional organization collaborations for the production of information sources.
Librarians as Partners in the Classroom: An Increasing Imperative
Authors: Winner Marian C.
Published: September 2004

For over 25 years, the need for bibliographic instruction by librarians has been thoroughly studied, guidelines have been provided, publications have been expanded, and workshops and conferences have been held. Increasing efforts have been made to incorporate library instruction into general education and other programs and courses. Despite the success of individual programs, there still remains no widespread acceptance of the librarian’s role in curriculum planning and course‐integrated instruction. As Winner writes, library and university administrators, teaching faculty, and librarians should assume a greater leadership role in encouraging librarians to teach library skills, research strategies, and methodologies for life long learning. Librarians should form partnerships with classroom faculty and be encouraged to teach both subject content and research methodologies courses.
Customers First: Using Process Improvement to Improve Service Quality and Efficiency
Authors: Larson Catherine A.
Published: September 2004

In this article, Larson introduces the basic components of process improvement, through the framework of a specific library‐related project. Process improvement is a defined and systematic methodology for understanding and improving work taks and systems (processes). When properly implemented, it will streamline work processes, improve productivity, reduce costs, and increase customer satisfaction. In 1995, because of customer complaints, the University of Arizona Library undertook a process improvement project to improve its manual reserve book services. Success would be measured based on the library’s ability to meet customer requirements at the same or lower cost. Staff initially identified two general goals: place materials on reserve in a time frame that met the needs of faculty and students, and improve the quality of service overall. Process improvement methodologies supported a more specific and valid measurement of success than is normally possible, and helped establish a means of continuous data collection and monitoring of the improvements.
Learning the Consumer Role: Children as Consumers
Authors: Chandler Tomasita M. , Heinzerling Barbara M.
Published: September 2004

The consumer role may be divided among three persons: the decision maker who decides on the need for the good or service, the purchaser who buys the good or service, and the ultimate user who consumes the good or service. Children, especially those ages three to 18, have been studied and considered as a potential consumer market since the mid‐1950s. In the 1960s and 1970s, the research on children focused heavily on television and its effects. In the last two decades, research on children in the consumer role has expanded dramatically in volume and variety. This bibliography includes only materials published in academic journals and proceedings from 1970 through 1995. The majority of the research is based on empirical research; only a limited number are policy‐oriented and literature review articles.
Human Reproductive Technologies and Reproductive Rights: A Selective Bibliography
Authors: Rupp‐Serrano Karen
Published: September 2004

Human reproductive technologies and reproductive rights have been controversial issues for two decades. As cloning techniques develop, it appears that they will only increase their role as one of society’s most controversial subjects. In this annotated bibliography, Rupp‐Serrano presents articles and books written from 1990 through 1997 that address reproductive rights and technologies, as well as relevant Web sites. Her focus is primarily on the United States, with some contributions from Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Items addressing birth control, cloning, and abortion are not included; nor are materials from medicine and law that are highly technical in nature.
Computer Literacy and the Library: A New Connection
Authors: Fenske Rachel F.
Published: September 2004

At Eastern Washington University, integrating basic library skills has become part of a unique computer literacy program stemming from a general education (GE) reform. The new GE curriculum has been designed to prepare students with writing, mathematics, and computer literacy skills. The computer literacy courses teach basic computer skills as well as how to access and use electronic information resources. The instructional services librarian, in cooperation with the computer literacy director, designed a lecture and lab assignment covering the components of the library’s information system, Griffin. Seven 50‐minute lectures were provided. After lecture, students were given a library assignment to complete. Pretests and post‐tests were used to evaluate students’ learning. Relationships between lab assignments and lecture attendance to post‐test scores also were analyzed. In this article, Fenske examines the development and design of the instructional program, the assessment of students’ learning, and the overall effectiveness of the program.
Librarian in a Strange Land: Teaching a Freshman Orientation Course
Authors: Blakeslee Sarah
Published: September 2004

The opportunity to teach a three unit general educational freshman orientation class is a dream come true for any instruction librarian. In this article, Blakeslee discusses the chain of events that led to her teaching a general education course, as well as the planning and background of the course, course content, challenges of being a new teacher with little classroom experience, combining librarianship and teaching, and the benefits derived from the classroom teaching experience. Her better understanding of the students, she concludes, stems from having had extended opportunities to see what motivates them and interests them and how they approach their assignments and learning. This understanding has translated into better reference service.
Browser’s Choice: A Comparative Use Study of Traditional and Electronic Vertical Files
Authors: Neuhaus Chris
Published: September 2004

The utility and viability of print vertical files often has been questioned in the literature. Recently, alternatives or supplements to the print vertical file have been proposed and implemented in the form of an electronic or World Wide Web vertical file. The use and maintenance of a print vertical file and the newly created World Wide Web version of this vertical file were studied during the 1997 summer and fall semesters at the University of Northern Iowa. As Neuhaus shows in this article, results indicate that a WWW vertical file is both more popular and easier to maintain than a traditional print vertical file.
Library Instruction That’s Out of This World! Information Literacy at Fort Lewis College
Authors: Evans Greenwood Tina , Frisbie Jeffrey
Published: September 2004

Fort Lewis College is a four‐year, public, liberal arts college in Durango, Colorado. Typical enrollment is between 4,000 and 4,500 students. Librarians are tenure‐track faculty on 12‐month contracts. Library instruction has been provided over the years as typical one‐shot BIs for specific subjects and classes. About three years ago, faculty revamped the composition program. Library faculty were asked to teach a one‐credit library research course to complement the new COMP 150. In this article, Greenwood and Frisbie share the problem and the solution that led to LIB 150.
Information Power Goes Online: Teaching Information Literacy to Distance Learners
Authors: Parise Pierina
Published: September 2004

Marylhurst University, located about ten miles south of Portland, Oregon, traditionally has appealed to adult students wishing to complete degrees or change careers, but an increase in “traditional” students and international students has become evident. In 1992, the staff began teaching a three‐credit course called “Information Power: Accessing, Assessing, and Acting on Information in an Era of Overload.” Since Spring 1997, the class has been offered also in an online format. In this article, Parise evaluates the pros and cons of Web‐based instruction. Although Web‐based classes are not for everyone, she concludes, the positive evaluations of those who have taken the class online make the effort worth while.
Evaluating the Future: A Preliminary Study of the Process of How Undergraduate Students Evaluate Web Sources
Authors: Scholz‐Crane Ann
Published: September 2004

In this article, Scholz‐Crane examines current practices among students in an entry‐level composition class. Students used in this study were divided into two groups. Each group was asked to read two separate Web documents. One group was asked to evaluate each site based on criteria supplied by Scholz‐Crane and then to comment on their overall conclusions about the validity of each site. The second group were asked to write essays detailing the criteria they would use to evaluate each Web site and then to draw conclusions about the validity of each site. The purpose of this preliminary study was to gain insight into how these students evaluate Web information and what implications this might have for teaching students to enhance their existing evaluation skills.
A Flexible Instruction Program: How Demographics Drive the Design
Authors: Nozero Victoria A. , Whitten Penelope A. , Heaton Shelley , Tuma Kay , Master Nancy , Armstrong Alison
Published: September 2004

As the University of Nevada, Las Vegas continues building its new library, questions arise: Will the library instruction section be responsible for teaching students how to use word processing software? How will the new location affect the demand for bibliographic instruction? What will the new classrooms look like? In addition, staffing limitations, the library’s electronic environment, support from the teaching faculty, the library’s budget, and user demographics produce pressures that drive the direction an instruction program ultimately follows. The library staff can influence and control all of these pressures except one: user demographics. In this article, the authors discuss UNLV’s user population, how it has affected the development of a flexible library instruction program at UNLV, and how the online tutorial at another large urban university relates to its user population.
Faculty Development and Information Literacy: Establishing Campus Partnerships
Authors: Iannuzzi Patricia
Published: September 2004

Academic librarians can and should play a leadership role in faculty development efforts on their campuses. In this article, Iannuzzi addresses the connections between faculty development and information literacy and presents strategies for establishing campus partnerships. Specifically, she addresses five related topics: information literacy and campus culture, campus initiatives, strategies for partnerships, a faculty development model, and the Florida International University Model for Information Literacy.
Teaching Meetings: Providing a Forum for Learning How to Teach
Authors: Leadley Sarah
Published: September 2004

In 1996, librarians at the University of Washington Bothell Library gathered together their teaching librarians and the director of the Writing Center and began meeting on a regular basis to discuss issues of teaching and learning. In this article, Leadley addresses some of the larger issues surrounding teaching, specifically how within higher education those individuals, including librarians, who are expected to excel at this most complex task gain the skills and confidence required. She argues that developing or improving as a teacher happens not when teachers are working in isolation but when teaching and learning are the subject of serious discussion and inquiry among its practitioners. She discusses specific objectives for the teaching meetings at UWB and some of the topics or questions that have been explored there.
Building the Library Starter Kit: Developing New Technologies for Instruction
Authors: Murphy Deborah A.
Published: September 2004

Each fall thousands of new students arrive at the University of California at Santa Cruz; the library’s goal is to ensure that each new user has the basic skills to find, evaluate, and use information resources from print, online, and Internet‐based sources. But in fact many orientation programs, online classes, and printed documentation the library provides may not be available when and where students need them. The bibliographic instruction program had to evolve to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse user population with varying learning styles. The World Wide Web offered a new medium to address this need. With help from a combination of grants and student developers, a WWW resource called the “Library Starter Kit” was developed. Already, Murphy notes, it is being used in a variety of instructional settings by librarians and faculty and as an outreach tool for local schools, colleges, and community members.
Library Instruction and Information Literacy–1997
Authors: Rader Hannelore B.
Published: September 2004

This annotated bibliography lists materials dealing with information literacy including instruction in the use of information resources, research, and electronic skills related to retrieving, using, and evaluating information. This review, the twenty‐fourth to be published in Reference Services Review, includes items in English published in 1997. A few items are not annotated because the compiler could not obtain copies of them for this review.
Urban Conservation in the Republic of Ireland: The Dublin Example
– Part 2
Authors: Pickard Rob
Published: September 2004

The second part of two articles concerning conservation in the Republic
of Ireland; highlights financial support for the preservation of listed
buildings in the republic of Ireland. Reports that Dublin Corporation′s
List 3 buildings are maintained through state funds, however only one
building in Dublin outside state ownership has been supported by this
fund. Suggests the usefulness of a national system of grants or subsidy
to assist private owners in preserving their listed buildings and
reports on existing funds available to private owners. Reveals that most
dilapidated buildings in Dublin City are within Government “designated
areas” and have tax incentives to assist refurbishment: describes
failures in this system. Continues to outline further conservation
areas, plans and and Acts necessary to ensure Dublin′s heritage is fully
protected for the future.
Building quality assessment (BQA) for offices
Authors: Clift Michael
Published: September 2004

Describes a computerized system of building appraisal ‐ building quality assessment (BQA) ‐ which has been evaluated by the Building Research Establishment. BQA is a tool for scoring the performance of a building, relating actual performance to identified requirements for user groups in that type of building. It can be used as an aid for portfolio or asset management, rent reviews, investment appraisals, purchasing or selling properties, defining quality at briefing stage for new build and refurbishment, and judging alternative design proposals. Gives examples of the category classification of user requirements; the sections into which those categories divide and also the factors that comprise each section, thereby providing a common basis for measurement by different people, in different places at any time.
Estimating the life expectancies of building components in life‐cycle costing calculations
Authors: Ashworth Allan
Published: September 2004

Considers how the life expectancies of building components in a life cycle cost calculation can be determined. Makes comparisons with initial capital cost estimating, where forecasts or estimates of cost have been carried out for many years. By definition an estimate is unlikely to be spot‐on. Also recognizes that life expectancy is not just a mathematical calculation but also requires the use of expert judgement. Any forecast of a future event, while utilizing previously recorded performance data, will always be influenced by prevailing conditions and future expectations. The initial quality and standards of the building project are important characteristics in determining component life expectancy as is the type of project itself. Identifies a range of different sources of published information on building component life expectancies. Different techniques are also discussed that have a potential in assisting with the prediction of the lives of building components.
Survey of surveys: dampness
Authors: Hollis Malcolm
Published: September 2004

Research is being carried out into the performance of surveyors undertaking a Homebuyer Report. The background to that research was published in Hollis, M. and Bright, K. (1999), Structural Survey, Vol. 17 No. 2. This paper is a sub‐set of that work and deals with the public perception of survey standards relating to dampness, the duties of the surveyor, and the knowledge requirement for a surveyor working in 1999. It looks at the observation and the reporting of dampness within a sample of ten survey reports completed within a period of two weeks on the same house. The research concludes that there is an unexpectedly high level of reporting that falls below an acceptable standard. Recommendations are made for the improvement of standards, an assessment of the skills required and the requirements for the education process for surveyors.
The validity of the product life cycle in the high‐tech industry
Authors: Michelle Grantham Lisa
Published: September 2004

Posits that, as the pace of change has accelerated rapidly and created unprecedented uncertainty in the markets of this decade, many companies have needed to dispense with existing, once reliable, practices in order to remain competitive. Suggests that the efficacy of one particular marketing tool, the product life cycle model, has been questioned, by various writers in the academic and business press, with regard to the general applicability and validity of its assertions and the claim it makes to be able to predict the marketing strategies that should be applied at different stages of a product’s life. Explores the arguments for and against the validity of the product life cycle model as a marketing tool in this present, dynamic environment.
A gender blind system for promotion in the salesforce
Authors: Harmon Harry A.
Published: September 2004

Explores equity theory and its implications for the promotion system in a sales organization. Argues that the increasing number of female sales representatives will encourage the promotion of women to sales management positions and increase the perception of inequity by male sales managers. Offers several propositions; notes the consequences of perceived inequity; suggests preventive measures; and discusses future research implications.
The problems of translating fair trade principles into consumer purchase behaviour
Authors: Strong Carolyn
Published: September 2004

Suggests a number of features which characterize the manifestation of fair trade consumerism. Posits, however, that there are several problems which have hindered the translation of fair trade principles into consumer purchase behaviour. Discusses the issue that ecological marketing incorporates the people aspect of sustainability and the fact that the human component of production, manufacture and use have to be addressed alongside the well documented environmental factors of ozone depletion, global warming, deforestation, acid rain and so forth before sustainable development can be achieved. Addresses the fundamental problem of translating fair trade principles on to consumer purchase behaviour and the barrier of consumer recognition of the human element of the ecological marketing agenda.
Unauthorised structures in a high‐rise high‐density environment ‐ The case of Hong Kong
Authors: Lai Lawrence W.C. , Ho Daniel C.W.
Published: September 2004

Extending the ground works of Ho (1993), Baldwin (1994), Walters and Hastings (1998a, 1998b) on property management in Hong Kong, this short paper documents the context[1] of research on illegal structures, explains the incentive for building illegal structures on government land and private property and discusses the significance of illegal structures for the proprietor and the property manager, as well as the relevant legislative provisions and policies.
Crime and the design of residential property – exploring the theoretical background ‐ Part 1
Authors: Cozens Paul , Hillier David , Prescott Gwyn
Published: September 2004

This paper provides a critical review of “Defensible Space” (Newman, 1973) and traces the development of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in America and Canada, and Secured By Design (SBD) initiatives in the UK. It is argued that various aspects of the theory have avoided consideration and require further investigation and research. It is opined that “defensible space” is the theoretical foundation to both CPTED and SBD and it is posited that a thorough re‐examination of Newman’s ideas will serve to deepen our understanding of the complex relationship between the built environment and crime. British (BS8220) and European (CEN TC/325) Standards relating to urban planning and environmental design and crime reduction are currently receiving detailed deliberation and are based firmly upon Newman’s ideas. The projected need for some 4.4 million new homes in Britain (DOE, 1995) by 2016 and Lord Roger’s call for improvements in urban design to reduce suburban migration from cities (DETR, 1999) reiterates the importance of the subject matter. This paper (the first of two) recognises that design per se does not represent the panacea for reducing criminogeneity, rather, that “defensible space” CPTED and SBD should be considered as crime prevention strategies, which can, in common with all other initiatives, contribute to tackling the problem of residential crime. In conclusion, it is argued that further research concerning how “defensible space” is perceived by various crucial stakeholders in society is the way forward in this regard. A second, forthcoming paper (PM, Vol. 19 No. 3) will present these research findings.
Market orientation in social housing management
Authors: Gruis Vincent , Nieboer Nico
Published: September 2004

States that social housing has traditionally been provided through bureaucratic mechanisms, and as a consequence landlords have operated mainly in a task‐oriented way. Reports that many governments in Europe have transformed their housing systems to include or to reinforce market principles in the hope that this could lead to a more efficient social housing system. Argues that market orientation should be reinforced in the social rented sector. Concludes that in the methods from the private sector the emphasis naturally lies on financial performance, so social landlords must find ways to incorporate social returns in their decisions.
Comparing hedonic models for estimating and forecasting house prices
Authors: Fletcher Mike , Mangan Jean , Raeburn Emily
Published: September 2004

In published work on hedonic house price estimation it is not uncommon to examine some of the conditions required for the estimators to have desirable properties such as minimum variance and unbiasedness, in particular spatial autocorrelation. However, other conditions that can give rise to similar difficulties with the estimates are often ignored. If these technical conditions are not met, it is sometimes because the model is misspecified in some way. This paper argues that a wider range of diagnostic statistics should be used in the specification search for a good model, in particular, but not exclusively, those concerned with predictive stability. The paper illustrates this approach by examining both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample diagnostic tests of various specifications of a hedonic house price model using data taken from the sale of over 1,600 properties in the Midlands of the UK in 1999/2000. The models investigated include various specifications of the dependent and independent variables, including models that are non‐linear in the parameters. The paper concludes that such statistics can often help in model selection and should be more widely employed.
Urban land zoning for taxation purposes in Ukraine
Authors: Kryvobokov Marko
Published: September 2004

This paper is devoted to urban land zoning for taxation purposes in advance of the establishment of a land market. It typifies most urban areas in Ukraine, a country in transition to a market economy. The assessed values in Ukraine do not reflect market values, as the land market is immature. The disadvantages of the current assessment system are described. The reasons why the usual Western valuation methods cannot be applied are also discussed. A proposal is presented here for a new approach to the analysis of land values and real estate markets. For this purpose, three groups of methods are described and evaluated. In the proposed structure of assessment zoning, several possible approaches to zones formation are foreseen. While the paper proposes methods that could be used, these are not backed up with empirical data. The implementation of the proposed approach is the subject for future research.
“Whither privity of contract?”
Authors: Waterson Geoffrey
Published: September 2004

The basic principle of privity of contract is clear and
straightforward. However the Law Commission recently undertook a
preliminary examination of the state of the law relating to privity of
contract in the context of landlord and tenant and found it seriously
wanting. Discusses the possible reasons for this and outlines the
provisional conclusions and recommendations revealed by the Law
Commission.
Human resourcing following a merger
Authors: Kerr Christine
Published: September 2004

Discusses human resourcing measures taken and maintaining staff
motivation during a difficult, pre‐merger transitional period. Refers
specifically to the merger of Lloyds and Midland banks with HSBC
Holdings plc.
The role of interpersonal networks in women′s and men′s career
development
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Bristor Julia M. , Rothstein Mitchell G.
Published: September 2004

Describes an exploratory study to examine the interpersonal
networks of managerial women and men. Women and men indicated all
potentially supportive relationships they had both inside and outside
their organizations. Data were collected from 57 women and 55 men using
questionnaires. Includes also potential antecedents of such
relationships (individual demographic, work environment), consequences
(job satisfaction, career success, job involvement) and network
characteristics (number of individuals, frequency of interactions,
development functions provided). Finds that all respondents indicate
having network members both inside and outside their organizations.
Insiders are more numerous than outsiders. Finally hierarchical
regression analyses indicate few effects of developmental functions from
network members on work and career outcomes when personal and work
setting characteristics are controlled.
Career development of female chartered accountants in Scotland:
marginalization and segregation
Authors: Paisey Catriona , Paisey Nicholas J.
Published: September 2004

Women′s participation in the chartered accountancy profession in
Scotland has increased considerably in the past 20 years. Reviews the
achievements of female chartered accountants in the profession to assess
the extent to which women′s careers differ from those of men. The
growing literature on gender issues in accountancy points to the
marginalization and segregation of women, both historically and at the
present time. The results of a questionnaire survey of male and female
chartered accountants (response rate = 52 per cent) indicates that such
a situation does exist in Scotland, with women achieving less senior
positions than men, working in smaller firms and in different areas of
work. Women′s job satisfaction diminished when they had children as they
felt that they were given less interesting and challenging work and had
reduced promotion prospects. They would also like to see greater
opportunities for flexible working.
Critical conductivity ratio for conjugate heat transfer in eccentric annuli
Authors: El‐Shaarawi M.A.I. , Haider S.A.
Published: September 2004

Conjugate laminar forced convection heat transfer in the entry region of eccentric annuli is numerically investigated. Heat transfer parameters are presented for a fluid of Pr = 0.7 flowing in an annulus of radius ratio 0.5 for four values of dimensionless eccentricity ranging from 0.1 to 0.7. Solid‐fluid conductivity ratio (KR) is varied to cover the range for practical cases with commonly encountered inner and outer tube thickness. Boundary conditions applied are isothermal heating of the inner surface of the core tube, while the outer surface of the external tube is maintained at the inlet fluid temperature. Limits for KR above which the conjugation can be neglected are obtained.
Computer simulation of liquid encapsulated vertical bridgman crystal
growth: pseudo steady‐state calculations
Authors: Lan C.W. , Ting C.C.
Published: September 2004

A pseudo steady‐state model is developed to study heat transfer, fluid
flow, and the interface shape in the liquid encapsulated vertical Bridgman
crystal growth. The model, which is governed by momentum, heat, and overall
mass balances in the system, is solved by a finite‐volume/Newton method. Flow
and temperature fields, as well as unknown melt/crystal and melt/encapsulant
interfaces, are calculated simultaneously. Sample calculations are mainly
conducted for the GaAs/B2O3/PBN system. Calculated
results for the Germanium/graphite system are compared with finite element
calculations by Adornato and Brown, and they are in good agreement. The
effects of some process parameters, including the growth speed, ambient
temperature profile and heat transfer conditions, on flow patterns,
temperature fields and the interface shape are illustrated through calculated
results. Interface inversion from concave to convex, by modifying the ambient
temperature profile, is also demonstrated through computer simulation.
Particularly, through an inverse problem approach, a flat interface can be
easily obtained for various operation conditions.
Three‐dimensional simulation of thermals using a split‐operator scheme
Authors: Li C.W. , Zhang F.
Published: September 2004

A three‐dimensional numerical model is developed to study the motion and
mixing process induced by thermals. The model utilizes a split‐operator
approach for the solution of the hydrodynamic equations and the advective
diffusion equation. A conservative characteristics based scheme with
flux‐limiter is employed to accurately approximate the advective terms in all
equations and to prevent the generation of over and under shoots in the
solution. In modelling the turbulent stresses and diffusion, the mixing
length model is used. Cases of unit thermals in uniform or stratified ambient
fluid and advected line thermals are simulated and the results verify the
empirical equations for thermal parameters obtained from the reported
experimental data.
On adaptive time stepping approaches for thermal solidification
processes
Authors: Ouyang Tianhong , Tamma Kumar K.
Published: September 2004

Thermal solidification processes are an important concern in today’s
manufacturing technology. Because of the complex geometric nature of
real‐world problems, analytical techniques with closed‐form solutions are
scarce and/or not feasible. As a consequence, various numerical techniques
have been employed for the numerical simulations. Of interest in the present
paper are thermal solidification problems involving single or multiple
arbitary phases. In order to effectively handle such problems, the finite
element method is employed in conjunction with adaptive time stepping
approaches to accurately and effectively track the various phase fronts and
describe the physics of phase front interactions and thermal behaviour. In
conjunction with the enthalpy method which is employed to handle the latent
heat release, a fixed‐grid finite element technique and an automatic time
stepping approach which uses the norm of the temperature distribution
differences between adjacent time step levels to control the error are
employed with the scale of the norm being automatically selected. Several
numerical examples, including single and multiple phase change problems, are
described.
A second order splitting algorithm for thermally‐driven flow
problems
Authors: Minev P.D. , VAN De
Vosse F.N. , Timmermans L.J.P. , Van
Steenhoven A.A.
Published: September 2004

A splitting technique for solutions of the Navier—Stokes and the energy
equations, in Boussinesq approximately, is presented. The equations are first
integrated in time using a splitting procedure and then discretized spatially
by means of a high‐order spectral element method. The whole technique is
validated on the flow in a differentially‐heated cavity at intermediate and
transitional Rayliegh numbers. The results are in a very good agreement with
other available numerical solutions.
Solutions of three‐dimensional boundary layer equations by global
methods of generalized differential‐integral quadrature
Authors: Shu C. , Chew Y.T. , Khoo B.C. , Yeo K.S.
Published: September 2004

The global methods of generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) and
generalized integral quadrature (GIQ) are applied to solve three‐dimensional,
incompressible, laminar boundary layer equations. The streamwise and
crosswise velocity components are taken as the dependent variables. The
normal velocity is obtained by integrating the continuity equation along the
normal direction where the integral is approximated by GIQ approach with high
order of accuracy. All the spatial derivatives are discretized by a GDQ
scheme. After spatial discretization, the resultant ordinary differential
equations are solved by the 4‐stage Runge—Katta scheme. Application of
GDQ—GIQ approach to a test problem demonstrated that accurate numerical
results can be obtained using just a few grid points.
A model for the analysis of concrete dams due to environmental thermal
effects
Authors: Agullo L. , Mirambell E. , Aguado A.
Published: September 2004

In this article, an analytical model is presented for the simulation of
the thermal behaviour of dams that are subjected to environmental thermal
action during service. The method of solution adopted, as well as the
evaluation of the different parameters, is described in detail. Also, the
theoretical results that are predicted by the model are compared with
experimental results obtained through the monitoring of temperature in
several dams in Spain. The dams considered are currently in use, of different
types and in distinct locations.
Heatline visualization in turbulent flow
Authors: Dash Sukanta K.
Published: September 2004

The concept of a heat function is introduced to visualize the path of
heat flow in a buoyancy‐driven turbulent flow heated vertical flat plate. The
velocities and the temperature field near the vertical plate are predicted
numerically, using an algebraic flux model of turbulent heat transport. As an
accurate prediction of the turbulent heat flux is required in order to
predict the heat function in the flow field, the use of an algebraic flux
model for the turbulent heat transport θui, is made as compared
with a simple eddy diffusivity hypothesis. The algebraic flux expression was
closed with a low‐Re‐number‐k‐ε — θ2 —θ model.
The solution ofthe 4 equation low‐Re‐number‐k‐ε — θ2 — εθ
model predicts very well the local Nusselt number along the plate height as well as the velocity
and the temperature field near the wall when compared with the experiments.
Then the partial differential equation for the heat function is numerically
solved to show the true path of heat flow in the buoyancy‐driven turbulent
flow field near a heated vertical plate.
Combined convection in an axisymmetric stagnation flow of micropolar
fluid
Authors: Subba Reddy Gorla Rama , Mansour M.A. , Mohammedien A.A.
Published: September 2004

An analysis is presented to study the effects of buoyancy on forced
convection in an axisymmetric stagnation flow of micropolar fluids over a
vertical cylinder with constant or linear variation of surface heat flux
conditions. Numerical solutions are given for the governing momentum, angular
momentum and energy equations. Two flow regions, namely the buoyancy‐assisted
and buoyancy‐opposed cases are analysed. It is observed that the wall shear
stress and surface heat transfer rate increase or decrease with the buoyancy
force parameter depending on the flow regime being buoyancy‐assisted or
buoyancy‐opposed respectively.
Simulation of laminar confined flow past a circular cylinder with
integral wake splitter involving heat transfer
Authors: Patnaik B.S.V.P. , Seetharamu K.N. , Aswatha Narayana P.A.
Published: September 2004

A finite element method is used to study the effect of flow past a
circular cylinder with an integral wake splitter. A fractional step algorithm
is employed to solve the Navier‐Stokes and Energy equations with a Galerkin
weighted residual formulation. The vortex shedding process is simulated and
the effect of splitter addition on the time period of shedding is studied at
a Reynolds number of 200 and a blockage ratio of 0.25. The effect of
splitter and the Strouhal number and heat transfer augmentation per unit
pressure drop has been investigated.
A numerical study of the steady state freezing of water in an open
rectangular cavity
Authors: Oosthuizen P.H. , Paul J.T.
Published: September 2004

A numerical study of the flow in and heat transfer across a vertical
cavity containing pure water when the aspect ratio of the cavity is low, i.e.
1 or less, has been undertaken. One vertical wall of the cavity is kept at a
temperature that is below the freezing point of water while the opposite wall
is kept at a temperature that is above this freezing temperature. Ice
therefore forms in part of the cavity, the conditions being such that there
can be significant natural convection in the water. The upper surface of the
cavity is open i.e. the water has a free surface, heat transfer from this
surface being assumed negligible. The lower surface of the cavity is assumed
to be adiabatic. Only the steady state has been considered here. It has been
assumed that the flow is laminar and two‐dimensional and that liquid and
solid properties are constant except for the water density change with
temperature which gives rise to the buoyancy forces. The governing equations
have been written in dimensionless form and these equations have been solved
using a finite element‐based procedure in which the position of the
solid‐liquid interface is obtained using an iterative approach. Solutions
have been obtained for modified Rayleigh numbers of between 103 and
108 for various degrees of under‐cooling and for cavity aspect
ratios of between 0.25 and 1. The density inversion that occurs with water
has been shown to have a large effect on the steady state freezing of water
in a cavity. The aspect ratio of the cavity has also been shown to have a
significant influence on the results when the aspect ratio is less than
0.5.
G—jitter effects on mass transfer in annular liquid jets
Authors: Ramos J.I.
Published: September 2004

This paper analyses numerically the effects of sinusoidal g—jitter on
the fluid dynamics of, and mass transfer in, annular liquid jets. It is shown
that the pressure and volume of the gases enclosed by the jet, the gas
concentration at the jet’s inner interface, and the mass absorption rates at
the jet’s inner and outer interfaces are sinusoidal functions of time which
have the same frequency as that of the g—jitter. The amplitude of these
oscillations increases and decreases, respectively, as the amplitude and
frequency, respectively, of the g—jitter is increased. The pressure
coefficient and the gas concentration at the jet’s inner interface are in
phase with the applied g—jitter and the amplitude of their oscillations
increases almost linearly with the amplitude of the g—jitter. The mass
absorption rates at the jet’s inner and outer interfaces exhibit a phase lag
with respect to the g—jitter.
Asymptotic solution of natural convection problem in a square cavity
heated from below
Authors: Grundmann M. , Mojtabi A. , Van ’T Hof B.
Published: September 2004

Studies a two‐dimensional natural convection in a porous, square cavity
using a regular asymptotic development in powers of the Rayleigh number.
Carries the approximation through to the 34th order. Analyses convergence of
the resulting series for the Nusselt number in both monocellular and
multicellular cases, providing insight in the validity regions of the power
series.
Numerical investigation of the transient conduction in a rotating
cylindrical shell exposed to an incident time varying heat flux
Authors: Eriksson Daniel , Sundén Bengt
Published: September 2004

The transient temperature distribution in a rotating cylindrical shell
which is heated by an incident time varying heat flux (nuclear
pulse) as well as a constant heat flux, is determined numerically by a
finite difference method. The shell is cooled by combined convection and
thermal radiation. The effects of cooling and rotation on the temperature
distribution as well as the time‐ and space‐dependence are
shown. Rotation provides a sinusoidal temperature variation in time for a
fixed surface and circumferential position. Increased rotation reduces the
maximum temperature in the shell and also provides a more uniform temperature
distribution in the circumferential direction.