bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PennTwins: A Population-Based Cohort for Twin Studies
Authors: Coccaro Emil F. , Jacobson Kristen C.
Published: March 2007

The current article describes the creation and composition of the PennTwins Cohort and provides details on the demographic characteristics of the sample. The PennTwins Cohort was developed using a population-based method of ascertainment and currently has 9401 28- to 47-year-old twins, including 2225 confirmed twin pairs and 4951 twins whose co-twins have not yet registered. Zygosity data have been used to identify 919 monozygotic, 634 same-sex dizygotic, and 445 opposite-sex dizygotic pairs. GeoCode data on gender, age, and certain demographic characteristics were obtained for the addresses of all twins who were mailed invitations to be part of the cohort. Analysis of the available data show only very small differences between twins who are currently part of the PennTwins Cohort and potential twins who either did not respond to recruitment or who could not be located. Similarly, only very small demographic differences exist between twins from complete pairs and twins whose co-twins are not yet registered, and there are no differences across zygosity. Thus, despite a relatively low overall response rate (12% of all twins born in Pennsylvania from 1959–1978), there is no evidence that the sample differs in any meaningful respect from the larger population.
Characterization of thin water layers in pulp by tritium exchange. Part 2: Effect of refining on water absorption
Authors: Walsh Frances L. , Banerjee Sujit
Published: March 2007

The surface area of pulp increases upon refining, which also increases the quantity of bound water. The subfraction of water attached to the surface as a monolayer can be determined by adding tritiated water to a pulp/water suspension and measuring the distribution of tritium between the pulp and bulk water. For bleached kraft pulp the tightly bound water slowly increases with progressive refining, increases sharply at 360 ml Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF), and then falls below CSF 220 ml. The fiber saturation point displays a similar profile, although the changes are much less pronounced. It is proposed that refining occurs in three discrete stages. First, refining down to CSF 360 ml removes the primary cell wall and S1 layer, while the S2 layer begins to swell. Next, internal delamination occurs within the S2 layer between CSF 360 and 220 ml, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The onset of delamination is sudden: dramatic changes in fiber structure occur at CSF 360 ml, at which point the tightly bound water content rapidly increases. Finally, fiber destruction occurs below CSF 220 ml.
Development of an accelerated soil-contact decay test
Authors: Li Gan , Nicholas Darrel D. , Schultz Tor P.
Published: March 2007

An accelerated method to evaluate wood preservatives for soil contact was explored using thin (4 mm) pine sticks in small decay cups containing non-sterile soil and wood compost-amended soil. The extent of wood decay was measured by monitoring changes in the bending elasticity (MOE) of the test samples, which was found to be a sensitive measure of the decay extent for both chromated copper arsenate (CCA)- and copper naphthenate (CuNap)-treated wood, and untreated wood. The decay rate was rapid, with significant decay detected in untreated wood after only 2 months of exposure. Decay in both treated and untreated wood samples was observed sooner when the soil was amended with wood compost. The compost-amended soil also gave significantly higher copper depletion for CCA- but not CuNap-treated wood. Although the results from this test should not be extrapolated to predict field test performance, it does appear to be applicable for rapid comparison of the performance of new and established preservative systems.
Anthropology and Environment Section
Authors: Ogden Laura
Published: March 2007

•Biosafety and Social Activism in Central America Thomas Pearson
Archeology Division
Authors: Alexander Rani T
Published: March 2007

•Archeology Division and AAA Elections Robert Paynter  •Art Museums and the Ethics of Collecting Janet E Levy
Council on Anthropology and Education
Authors: Baltodano Marta P
Published: March 2007

•2007 New Minority Scholar Travel Stipend Awards Yuri Wellington
Council for Museum Anthropology
Authors: Herold Joyce
Published: March 2007

•Body Worlds as an Anthropological Phenomenon Andine Hennig
Society for East Asian Anthropology
Authors: Stevens Carolyn S , Yano Christine R
Published: March 2007

•Finding Resonance in East Asian Anthropology Carolyn S Stevens  •The 2006 Hsu Book Prize Citation Linda Lewis
Society for Psychological Anthropology
Authors: Chapin Bambi
Published: March 2007

•Female and Male Genital Surgeries Fuambai Ahmadu
Society for Urban, National and Transnational/Global Anthropology
Authors: Gozdziak Elzbieta M , Bastellanos Maria Bianet
Published: March 2007

•A Meditation on Fieldwork After the Fact Hilary Parsons Dick
Vapor-liquid equilibria of triglycerides-methanol mixtures and their influence on the biodiesel synthesis under supercritical conditions of methanol
Authors: Glisic Sandra , Montoya Oscar , Orlovic Aleksandar , Skala Dejan
Published: March 2007

The non-catalytic synthesis of biodiesel (fatty acids methyl esters) from triglycerides and methanol proceeds at elevated pressures above 100 bar and temperatures above 523 K. Kinetic investigations of the system revealed an unusual behavior of the reaction rate constant with increasing temperature and pressure. In order to explain this phenomenon, the phase behavior of the triglycerides-methanol mixture was investigated. The phase equilibria of the binary system sunflower oil-methanol were measured at different temperatures between 473 and 503 K, and a range of pressures between 10 and 56 bar. The experimental data were correlated using the Peng-Robinson, Soave-Redlich-Kwong and Redlich-Kwong-Aspen equations of state and different mixing rules. The best results were obtained with the RK-ASPEN equation of state and the Van der Waals mixing rule (VdW), which were then used to calculate the distribution of the phases at pressures and temperatures usual for the non-catalytic synthesis of biodiesel under high pressures. The obtained data indicated a strong influence of the phase equilibria on the reaction kinetics. .
Fertility decline and gender bias in northern India
Authors: Bhat P. N. Mari , Zavier A. J. Francis
Published: March 2007

Although it is widely acknowledged that the preference for sons is a barrier to a decline in fertility, considerable disagreement exists as to what actually happens to this preference when fertility declines in a region of low female autonomy. By analyzing the data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), we present evidence from northern India to show that the preference for sons is reduced when the ideal family size becomes small, even though it does not completely disappear. This finding appears to contradict trends in the juvenile sex ratio and the incidence of female feti-cide that suggest the intensification of gender bias. We argue that the anomaly is the result of a diffusion of prenatal sex-diagnostic techniques in regions where there is a large unmet demand for such methods. Using the NFHS data, we estimate that in northern India, girls currently constitute about 60% of the unwanted births and that the elimination of unwanted fertility has the potential to raise the sex ratio at birth to 130 boys per 100 girls.
U. S. population growth as an abstractly-perceived problem
Authors: Barnett Larry D.
Published: March 2007

Recent public opinion polls report that a majority of Americans consider the nation’s population growth rate to be a “serious” problem. Little systematic evidence exists on whether they view the problem as a factor that the individual married couple should consider in deciding on family size. A survey of 134 adult women living in a limited-income family housing project in a relatively small and isolated American community suggests: the view that continued population growth is a problem in the United States is endorsed more strongly than the view that the couple has a responsibility to limit its fertility because of overpopulation; and concern with population growth is only loosely associated with acceptance of the individual responsibility attitude. Among subgroups of respondents, Catholics were more likely to hold a negative attitude toward population growth than to possess the individual responsibility view and they exhibited a correlation between the two attitudes. Protestants were distinguished by no difference in or correlation between the acceptance of the two attitudes. A correlation between the attitudes was especially pronounced among Catholics with high achievement values. It is suggested that measures explicitly intended to control population growth probably cannot be adopted until there is a strong correlation between the two attitudes.
Some demographic determinants of average household size: An analytic approach
Authors: Burch Thomas K.
Published: March 2007

Descriptions of non-nuclear family systems in terms of rules of residence imply large and complex households, yet such households are not encountered as modal or average for large populations. Demographic factors, in particular high mortality, have been suggested as possible explanations for the apparent discrepancy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of demographic variables (viz., mortality, fertility, age at marriage) on average household size under different family systems—nuclear, extended and stem. The approach used has been applied by Coale to stationary populations. It has here been modified to apply to stable populations. The results indicate that under all family systems, average household size is positively correlated with fertility, life expectancy, and average age at marriage. Households under nuclear and stem family systems never exceed 10 persons on average. By contrast, under extended family systems, when mortality is low and fertility is high, average household size reaches levels seldom if ever observed in reality, e.g., 25 persons per household. Large households under the extended family system also tend to be fairly complex, often containing 5 or more adults. A number of modifications in the model would make for greater fit between model and real family systems. A more fruitful approach would involve the simulation of household formation and development.
Rural-urban residence and modernism: A study of Ankara Province, Turkey
Authors: Schnaiberg Allan
Published: March 2007

Data from the Ankara Family Study, in which 1138 married women living in Ankara city and four selected villages in Ankara Province were interviewed in 1965–66, are used to study the impact of the amount and timing of urban residential experience on six dimensions of modernism in attitudes and behavior. Scores on the modernism indexes consistently are higher for the women with urban residential experience. The proportions of variance in the study population accounted for by the urbanism factor are: nearly three-fifths on the mass media index; nearly two-fifths on the nuclear family role structure index; three-tenths on the home production or consumption index; two-tenths on the religiosity and extra-local orientation indexes; and a seventh on the extended family ties index. The place of residence prior to marriage, the period when decisions about schooling are made and socialization into adult roles occurs, appears to be of special importance. Women who migrated from villages to the city at any stage of the life-cycle, however, report attitudes and behavior more modern than those of women with no urban residential experience (though less modern than those of women who have always lived in a city). Such micro-social analyses may help to illuminate the relation between urbanization and modernization in developing nations and to account for the coexistence of modern and traditional patterns in transitional societies.
Improving population estimates with the use of dummy variables
Authors: Pursell Donald E.
Published: March 2007

Abstracta

The ratio correlation method of estimating county population may be improved with the use of dummy variables and stratification to represent county “type.” Unsatisfactory results were derived when the ratio correlation technique was applied to West Virginia counties using only such conventional symptomatic indicators as births, deaths, non-agricultural employment, and automobile registrations, probably due to the relatively unique absolute population decrease 1950–1960 that occurred in many counties. To improve the predictive power of the technique: counties were stratified along the lines recently suggested by Rosenberg; dummy variables were introduced to represent such county characteristics as region or rate of development; and stratification and dummy variables were combined in a single test. The average 1960 estimating error for the 55 counties was reduced from 4.6 to 2.3 percent when dummy variables and stratification were used to supplement the conventional indicators.
Selectivity of Migrants to a Metropolis in a Developing Country: A Mexican Case Study
Authors: Browning Harley L. , Feindt Waltraut
Published: March 2007

A proper evaluation of native-migrant differences requires information on migrant selectivity. Are migrants positively or negatively selective or are they representative of the populations from which they originate? This question was posed for a sample of male migrants to Monterrey, Mexico, a rapidly growing metropolis in a developing country. A comparison was made between the characteristics of migrants and census information for the origin populations for 1940 and 1960. Overall, in terms of education and occupational position, migrants are positively selective. However, using three time-of-arrival cohorts, it is shown that migrants have become less selective over time. There has been a shift from a “pioneer” to a “mass” pattern of migration, with the latter group more closely approximating the characteristics of the origin population. Besides having lower educational and skill levels, the “mass” migrants are more likely to be made up of married men and their families. To the extent that the Monterrey pattern will be encountered in other large and fast-growing urban areas in Latin America, it suggests that the assimilation of migrants in these places will become more rather than less difficult.
Demographic Responses and Population Change
Authors: Friedlander Dov
Published: March 2007

Most Western societies have gone through a process of population change during the past 100-150 years. One important aspect is the socalled demographic transition: the shift from high to low birth and death rates, and accelerated growth resulting from the lag between falling mortality and falling fertility, in national populations. Equally important has been the “rural-to-urban” transition, which involved the migration of millions of people from rural areas. It is hypothesized, following the suggestion of Davis (Theory of the Multi-Phasic Demographic Response), that the adjustment in reproductive behavior made by a community in response to a rising “strain,” such as that resulting from higher natural increase, is likely to differ depending upon the ease with which the community can relieve the strain through out migration. Relationships among such characteristics of modernization as intensity of industrialization, speed of urbanization, structural changes in the agricultural system, and declining fertility are implied. Case studies of England and Sweden lend support to the hypothesis: more rapid urban-industrial development, larger-scale movement from rural areas, and a delayed decline in the rural birth rate distinguish the English transition.
Sample Registration in Gujarat, India
Authors: Mehta D. C.
Published: March 2007

Since October, 1965, births and deaths in rural Gujarat State, India, have been recorded under two independent systems in a random sample of units. First, a part-time local “registrar” is appointed in each sample unit (village or segment thereof) who: prepares a house list; conducts a baseline survey showing the individuals in each household; and maintains a list of the vital events reported by informants whom he contacts fortnightly. Second, a staff member at the rural health centre is assigned part-time supervisory and survey duties: to check the initial listings of the registrar; thereafter, to inspect the registrar’s records at least quarterly; and to conduct a household survey each six months, updating the household register and recording births and deaths independently. The registrar’s list is sent to the district office immediately before the survey, where it is matched with the survey list forwarded by the local supervisor. A list of unmatched events is returned to the supervisor who with the registrar revisits households to resolve the discrepancies. Under-registration is estimated to be 13 to 20 percent by the registrar method, 8 to 17 percent by the survey method. The birth rate is estimated to be about 44 and the death rate about 19.
The Prediction of Completed Fertility
Authors: Bumpass Larry , Westoff Charles F.
Published: March 2007

There has been considerable interest in the relation between familysize desires and completed fertility. Longitudinal data from the Princeton Fertility Study provide a unique opportunity to compare the number of children desired after the birth of a second child to the size of completed families. The average number of children desired by women after the birth of their second child predicts very well the average size of their completed families. The average family size desired at the first interview and average estimated completed family size some eight years later are identical for the total sample, and vary hardly at all within religious or education subgroups. One-third of the variance in the completed fertility of couples is “explained” by wife’s family-size desires and the proportion of explained variance increases to two-fifths when we include the husband’s first interview desires and the interval between marriage and second birth. Yet in spite of the relatively high correlation between desires and achievement, only 41 percent of these women achieved exactly the number of children they desired at the first interview, while 14 percent had two children more or fewer than originally desired. Nevertheless, data on contraceptive efficiency indicate that desires after the birth of the second child constitute meaningful goals in terms of which the respondents regulate their subsequent behavior—efficacy of contraceptive practice shows substantial improvement after the desired number has been achieved.
Patterns of Residence in Poona, India, by Caste and Religion: 1822–1965
Authors: Mehta Surinder K.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of the residential distribution of caste and religious groups in Poona (India) over the past century and a half shows distinctive patterns of segregation and centralization that have largely remained unchanged despite the city’s growth and development. The upper castes are residentially centralized and the lower castes are decentralized in Poona. Such a centralization of the elite has been observed in most other past and present cities of the world, although the pattern is less common in the contemporary United States. The Jews and Parsees, and the Christians, tend to be highly segregated and decentralized in Poona. However, Negroes in large American cities are generally more highly segregated residentially than the Jews, Parsees, Christians, and even the depressed and untouchable castes in Poona. The American cities show an average degree of segregation of the foreign-born white ethnic groups, and of the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, from the native whites that is as great, if not greater, than the mean extent of segregation of caste groups in this Indian city.
The health of the clergy: A review of demographic literature
Authors: King Haitung , Bailar John C.
Published: March 2007

A combination of special studies and official statistics permits an evaluation of the health of the clergy over the past century. The mortality experience of clergymen has been consistently more favorable than that of the general male population. It also has been favorable in comparison with the experience of men in the legal and medical professions although this differential has been diminishing. The initially favorable position of the clergy relative to teachers has been reversed. There is some evidence of mortality differentials within the clerical profession by major faith, denomination, or ministerial specialty.

Clergymen have a relatively high mortality rate from cardiovascularrenal diseases and malignancies, but a very low rate for non-degenerative diseases and suicide. Morbidity statistics for the clergy are fragmentary. They may be over-represented among persons hospitalized for conditions that are emotional in origin. The clergy has some special advantages for studies of health, primarily that both membership in the study population and mortality can be determined with comparative ease. Several areas of future research are suggested.
Interracial marriage: Data for Philadelphia and Pennsylvania
Authors: Monahan Thomas P.
Published: March 2007

Our knowledge of interracial marriage in the United States is fragmentary, inadequate and fraught with contradictions. A major methodological finding of this study, discovered by a comparison of statistical records for Philadelphia (1960-1962 and 1965-1966) with marriage license applications, is that there has been a 32 percent error in reporting mixed race cases. The full significance of this as regards existing data can only be conjectured at present. In Pennsylvania, it would seem, areas of high concentration of nonwhites show the lowest intermarriage rates. In the state, excluding Philadelphia, about 3 out of 4 mixed marriages involve nonwhite males; in Philadelphia, the figure is 52 percent. To some extent nonresidents seem to be attracted to Philadelphia for their intermarriages; but, on the other hand, a considerable number of the 84 percent who are residents declare to having the same address. As measured by the interval from application to performance of the ceremony, they do not marry in haste, nor do they show a strong urge to use their license elsewhere in the state. There is no remarkable age disparity for these couples. They do marry somewhat later—about 2 years later for those who are entering upon their first (primary) marriage; and a large proportion of the couples show a prior divorce experience. These data for Philadelphia and Pennsylvania disclose a tendency, noticed also in other studies, for the rate of such marriages to increase, so that now about 2 percent of Philadelphia and nearly 5 percent of Pennsylvania nonwhites are marrying interracially.
The per-capita-income criterion and natality policies in poor Countries
Authors: Simon Julian L.
Published: March 2007

Discussions of birth rates in less developed countries (LDC’s) are almost always couched in terms of income per-capita or per-consumer-equivalent. A decrease in population growth rate is said to lead to a higher per-capita income (PCI) than would occur with a higher birth rate, and therefore a lower birth rate is advocated. This runs the danger of choosing a course of action that people really do not want. A static analysis of a PCI criterion leads to an optimum which is quite unacceptable. One can raise the PCI of any given group by getting rid of all small sub-groups that have a lower PCI. Static analysis is not directly relevant to those problems of LDC’s, because the relevant control variable is the birth rate. This paper explores some of the ramifications of different birth rates. The general conclusion is that per-capita income alone cannot be a satisfactory criterion for a rational national natality policy. At best it can be but one factor to be taken into consideration in such a policy decision.
Study of age misstatement among young children in Ghana
Authors: Caldwell John C.
Published: March 2007

In the 1960 Population Census of Ghana, the first attempt to enumerate the population by single years of age was made. The use of these data to estimate fertility levels was rendered somewhat difficult by the pattern assumed by the age statement of children. This pattern was similar to others found widely in developing countries. There appeared to be unexpectedly few children under two years of age and more children aged three years than any other single age. In order to investigate such age reporting, and in the hope of being able to provide some kind of correction to the census data, an attempt was made to trace one thousand children 0–99 months of age in ten different centers, with knoum dates of registered birth. If found, they were approached, as if by census enumerators, to obtain statements of age from the families. The investigation had to be confined to the compulsory registration areas where an eighth of the population of the country lives.

It was found that age misstatement occurs partly because of digital preference but even more commonly because of a tendency to approximate age to the nearest birthday. Thus, when age misstatement occurs through the latter cause, it always takes the form of age advancement. Errors in age statement of more than one year fell evenly and randomly above and below the correct age. The age data in years were not appreciably affected by seeking further information on age in years and months. However, it was shown that the standard deviation of stated from real age was approximately proportional to real age and was equal to about one-eighth of it.

The findings were then applied to the 1960 enumeration, where some problems such as the small number of one-year-olds, were solved. More work is needed to explain satisfactorily the peaking at three years of age. It was shown that age advancement may have reduced the size of the 0–4 age group by about 5 percent relative to adult female age groups, and this would result in an understatement of fertility as measured by the child/woman age ratio of the same amount.The research described in this paper was program of that post. With the exception of a carried out when the writer held the Population part of the analysis which has been carried out at Council demography post attached to the University of Ghana and formed part of the research program of that post. With the exception of a carried out when the writer held the Population part of the analysis which has been carried out at the Australian National University, the project was financed entirely by the Population Council.
Small town growth in the United States: An analysis by size class and by place
Authors: Fuguitt Glenn V. , Thomas Donald W.
Published: March 2007

Small town population change is an important factor in the urbanization process. We analyzed changes in incorporated places under 10,000 in the United States during the 1940–60 period, making a distinction between changes in population size classes and changes in places grouped by initial size. We made balance sheets for size classes under 1,000, 1,000–2,500, and 2,500–10,000 in order to divide the percent increase by size class into five additive components: (1)growth of places staying in the class, (2) net shifts of growing towns into and out of the class, (8) net shifts of declining towns into and out of the class, (4) addition of new places, and (5) disappearance of places during the time period. Separate tabulations were made by metropolitan location, region, and decade.

Places under 10,000 population the initial year grew during both census decades considered. Growth differentials paralleled those generally found for the total population, with the most rapid growth near large cities in the West and (except for non-metropolitan places) over the 1940–60 decade.

We found results to be different for population changes of particular size classes. Except in some Urbanized Area locations, the two larger size classes increased in population over both decades. In contrast, the under-1,000 size class declined in almost every case. This decline was not due to decreasing population of places within the class or to the disappearance of places between censuses but rather to the growth of places into larger classes not compensated for by decline of other places into the class or new incorporations.
The demographic viewpoint in the vital and health statistics monographs of The American Public Health Association
Authors: Spiegelman Mortimer
Published: March 2007

The plan calls for monographs on 16 specific topics and a review volume. The specific topics include a monograph on fertility, another on marriage and divorce, and one on social and economic factors in mortality, all of which are of obvious demographic interest. The core of the development of the monographs dealing with the disease topics, and accidents, homicide, and suicide, is a tabulation program involving specific and age-adjusted death rates based upon the deaths in the United States for the three year period 1959-61 and the 1960 census of population. The program called for a set of standard tabulations common to each monograph and also a set of special tabulations tailored to meet the particular needs for each topic as specified by its authors. This wealth of demographic detail regarding mortality in the United States during 1959-61 fills only one aspect of its health picture. To fill out the health picture, use is being made of the great volume of morbidity data out of the National Health Interview and Examination Surveys and a wide variety of other specialized surveys. In all of these, the findings are invariably described in terms of the demographic characteristics of age and sex, and frequently in terms of such social-economic variables as education, income, work status, and occupational class.

A large part of the content of the monograph on social and economic factors in mortality will come out of available results of the 1960 census-death certificate matching study at the University of Chicago. One important feature of this monograph, not contained in the Chicago study, is a regression and correlation analysis of total mortality in 202 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in relation to a large number of social, economic, and climatic factors. Among the features in the monograph on fertility are chapters on the medical and biological characteristics of births, fecundity and family planning, and an analysis of cohort fertility trends. The monograph on marriage and divorce will make use of the detailed tabulations from the 1960 census on marital status in relation to education, race, parentage, earnings and other classifications of individuals and of husband and wife in married couples. It will also contain a matching study of divorce records in certain states for a short period before the census of 1960 with the returns in the census. The project is supported by a grant from the United States Public Health Service (CH 00075; formerly RG 08262). Publication will be by the Harvard University Press.
How many people have lived on the earth?
Authors: Keyfitz Nathan
Published: March 2007

A simple formula is proposed for estimating the number of people who have ever lived. Using assumptions that seem reasonable, an estimate of 69 billion (1960) is obtained. The present world population is about 4 percent of this number.
Life table technique for the working ages
Authors: Hyrenlus Hannes , Quist Jan
Published: March 2007

Some results of efforts to design an integrated formula system for age-specific death rates, survivals and expectation of life are presented. The report deals only with the active ages 15–80. The system is based on the assumption that the age-specific central mortality rate (mx) can be expressed satisfactorily by means of a polynomial m = a0 + a1x + a2x2+ ….
Effects of group size on the availability of marriage partners
Authors: McFarland David D.
Published: March 2007

Formulae are derived for the extent to which the size of the group from which marriage partners are chosen affects the availability of marriage partners, under monogamy and endogamy, when group membership and appropriate sex are the only criteria for eligibility, and when males and females are equally likely to become group members. The expected proportion of group members unable to find eligible partners under these conditions decreases monotonically as group size increases, approaching a limit of zero as the group size becomes large, but becomes substantial for small groups. These results give minimal estimates of the effects of group size: the introduction of additional constraints-incest taboos, requirements that couples have similar age or social status, etc.-could only increase the proportion unable to find acceptable partners. Possible extensions to more complex marriage models are discussed.
Home ownership, life cycle stage, and residential mobility
Authors: Speare Alden
Published: March 2007

Previous research has shown that mobility rates decline with increasing age and duration of residence. These relationships are investigated further for the case of residential mobility using residence histories obtained in interviews with 2264 Rhode Island residents. Three methods of classifying segments of a person’s life into life cycle stages are compared: age, life cycle stages based on marital status and child-rearing periods, and a combined age-marital status classification. These classifications were not found to be equivalent in that there was considerable variation in mobility rates by life cycle stage within age categories and by age within life cycle categories. The age-marital status classification was selected for use in the remainder of the analysis because it had the least variation in mobility rates within categories and required far less data for computation than the life cycle stages. When mobility rates were examined by home ownership, age-marital status, and duration of previous residence, it was observed that there was little variation in mobility rates by duration for home owners while the mobility rates for renters declined with duration.
IUD retention in West Pakistan and methodology of assessment
Authors: Helbig Donald W. , Siddiqui Habib R. , Hopkins Samuel B. , Harper Paul A. , Rider Rowland V.
Published: March 2007

In 1967 there was a sample survey of women who had had IUD insertions in West Pakistan during the first 18 months of the Pakistan National Family Planning Program which began in July, 1965. The 12 month retention rate, including reinsertions, per 100 respondents was 56. Certain gross relationships between respondent characteristics and IUD retention were found. Respondents age 35+ and with 5+ living children and respondents who had insertions within two months postpartum had relatively high retention rates. Respondent characteristics associated with low retention rates included: age 35+ with 0–4 living children; reasons other than family planning reported as reasons for insertion; less than one-half hour travel time required to obtain insertion; not informed at time of insertion about side-effects of IUD; and insertion during last six months of 1966. Consistency of response was evaluated by reinterviewing a sample of respondents. The significance of the 43 percent non-response rate was evaluated by making further attempts to interview a sample of non-respondents.
The nature and effects of Latin America’s non-western trend in fertility
Authors: Arriaga Eduardo E.
Published: March 2007

A study by historical comparison of the fertility trends related to mortality levels is made between Latin America and Europe. The purpose of such study is to show why Latin America did not repeat the European mortality-fertility pattern during 1930–1960. Differences between the two areas are established, and an explanation is given about the particular Latin America mortality-fertility model. The effects of such a Latin America trend are pointed out, principally in relation to population growth, city growth and labor force. Hypothetical Latin American populations are calculated under the assumption that the area has repeated the European pattern. A comparison between these hypothetical populations with the actual ones shows how different the situation of the area has actually been. Nevertheless, an analysis of the necessary fertility changes in order to reproduce the European model shows that it was impossible for Latin America to repeat the European mortality-fertility experience during 1930–1960.
On the age-sex composition of the population that would result from given fertility and mortality conditions
Authors: Goodman Leo A.
Published: March 2007

Este artículo presenta nuevasfórmulas para calcular la proporción eventual de sexos y la composición eventual de sexos por edad de la población que resultaría de determinadas condiciones de fecundi dad y mortalidad. Estas fórmulas proveen métodos más seguros y son de aplicación más amplia que los primeros méiodos que aparecieron en la literatura. Se ilustra la aplicación de estas fórmulas utilizando los datos disponsibles sobre las condiciones de fecunidad y mortalidad en Estados Unidos en 1964.
The Impact of Family Planning on Fertility in a Rural Area of East Pakistan
Authors: Stoeckel John E. , Choudhury Moqbul A.
Published: March 2007

Este trabajo evalúa un proyecto piloto de planeamiento familiar, conducido por la Academia de Desarrollo Rural de Pakistán, en Comilla, Pakistán Este. La evaluación estd baeada en un análisis de la magnituden que,la adopción de contraceptivos convencionales, (condón y tabletas efervescentes), ha reducido la fecundidad en determinadas villas del precinto Comilla-Kotwali, durante los años 1962–66.

El estudio serealizó comparando tasas de embarazo para adoptantes y no adoptantes, yanalizando las tendencies en la reducción de embarazos que resultaron de la adopción. Los hallazgos indican que, (1) aunque la tasa de embarazos para los adoptantes ha aumentado consistentemente durante este período, en 1966 la tasa es aún menor que la mitad de lo que se esperaba si no hubiera ocurrido la adopción; (2) la efectividad en el uso delos contraceptivos decrece con la magnitude del tiempo de uso; y (3) la reducción en los embarazos ha estado disminuyendo deede 1964.
Interaction and family planning in the French Urban Family
Authors: Michel Andrée
Published: March 2007

Durante los dos últimos anos el Centro Nocionol de Investigación Cientijica Ilevó a cabo una encuesta entre 550 familias de areas urbanas de Francia para estudiar la inieraccióti entre los conyages. La encuesta se realizó conla asistencia del Centro Nacional de Ituestiqación Cientifíca de Francia y el Servicio de Salud Pública de los Estados Unidos. La información obtenida destaca la importancia de la interacción conyugal en el exitode la planificacion de la familia.

El problema en discusion es el siguiente: Hastaquepunto las variables eocio-ecónomicas (salario del esposo, nivel de educación, ocupación, etc.), estan más estrechamente relacionadas con el éxitode la planijicación familiar de la pareja, quelas variables de interacción positiva (acuerdo y comunicación entre los esposos, igualdad de poder en el proceso de tomar decisiones, etc.)?

El estudio realizado en Indianapolis no ha respondido a esta pregunta; en tanto que la investigación sobre planijicación de la familia en Puerto Rico ha demonstrado queel grado de libertad de la esposa y la comunicación entre losconyuges tenían una relación más estrecha con el éxcito de la planijicación de la familia, que el nivel de ingreso del eposo o su educacion, Se podría pensar que esie resuliado estaligado a la muestrade PuertoRico en la cuallos niveles deingreso y educación fueron generalmente bajos.

El estudio heche en Francia, aplicado a una muestra estratificada de acuerdo al nivel scioeconómico delesposo, seiiala queestaultima hipótesis no es valida: al iqual queen la investigación de Puerto Rico, los fadores de interacción positiva de la pareja (acuerdo y comunicación entre los espoeos, igualdad de poder en la toma de decisiones, etc.) estan más íntimamente asociados con el éxito de la planificación familiar o conla terminacioti de una fecundidad excesiva, que las variables socio-económicas. Estos resultados demuestran tambien la importancia de la educacion de la pareja como un factor determinante en el buen éxito de un programa de planificación de la familia.
A Study Of Differential Fertility In Bombay
Authors: El-Badry M. A.
Published: March 2007

Este estudio está basado en tabulaciones eepeciales del “orden de embarazo,” como aparece en el certificado de nacimiento, de acuerdo a la edad de la madre, localidad, religión y estado en que nació el padre y duración de permanencia en Bombay, India. La muestra consiste en el50 porciento de los nacimientos registrados en Bombay en 1960 (donde el registro de nacimientos es bastante completo).

A pesar de las limitaciones de la información estadística soore la complejidad de factores que influyen en la fecundidad, se encontró que tres indicadores, derioados del censo de 1960, podrían explicar numericamenie un 51 porciento de la varianza total en los promedios de paridad en las secciones de Bombay. El hacinamiento (que esun indicador del nivelde vida), erael mds influyente y explicaba elsoloun 44 porciento dela varianza. El conocimiento del patron religioso elevo el porcentaje a 49, mientras la inclusion del analfabetismo agregaba sólo un 2 porciento más.

Se hace una apreciación de las diferencias de fecundidad por grupo religioso así como por lugar de origen del padre. Los datos muestran diferencias significativas entre los grupos religiosos, con los Musulmanes y Budistas exhibiendo los promedios de paridad más altos, seguidos por los Hindús y los Jains, Los Cristianoe muestran un nivel considerablemente mas bajo, pero el nivel más bajo de paridadesel de la pequeñ a comunidad Parsi. Las madres cuyos esposos habían nacido en el sur y el este mostraban los niveles de paridad mas bajos, mientras que los que tenian eeposos nacidoe en el norte tenían los niveles más altos.

Finalmente, manteniendo la edad constante, los datos muestran un consistente aumento de los promedios de paridada medidaqueaumentala permanencia en Bombay. El mismo patrón se observa para cada una de las tree principales regiones de origen. Mientras que esie incremento es dificil de explicar sobre la base de los datos disponibles, el hecho de que pereista el patrón de diferencias de paridad entre regiones, de un grupo de duración al siguiente, apoya la conclusión de que ha habido poca asimilación.
Considerations in determining the content of the 1970 census
Authors: Miller Herman P.
Published: March 2007

Este artículo describe algunos de los factores que se estan considerando en el planeamiento del contenido para el Censo de 1970. El factor principal, es la conclusión de los más deslacados oficiales de la Oficina, de que las mayores necesidades de datos para 1970 pueden ser satisfechas por un formulario cuyo contenido es similar al del usado en 1960. Aunque habrá algunos desacuerdos con esta conclusión, ella se basa en un ampli muestreo de opinión, en el que todos los elementos interesados fueron invitados, en realidad urgidos, a presentar sus puntos de vista.

Este dieeño impone serias limitaciones a la oportunidad deintroducir innovaciones en el contenido del formulario. Desde que no parece haber una buena razón, tecnica o de otra índole, para eliminar tópicos quefueron incluidos en 1960, no parece posible quese puedareemplazar anteriores items por otros nuevos. Tampoco parece haber ninguna buena perspectiva de que sea posible financiar nuevos items mediante ahorros en los procedimientos decampotales como el envío y la deoolución. porcorreo. De acuerdo a las mejores estimaciones actuales, esie procedimiento puede producir mejorcobertura y una sustancial ganancia en cuanto a un registro de direcciones; pero no parece que pueda producir un mayor ahorro en el costo.

La mayor iomooacióm en los resultados que produzca el Censo de 1970 será, probablemente, la mayor disponibilidad de datos para áreas más pequeñas, euendiéndose hasia los bloques. En el momento actual, no parece que habrá cambios significativos en lo referente a contenido.
A comparison of different survey techniques for obtaining vital data in A developing country
Authors: Sabagh Georges , Scott Christopher
Published: March 2007

Este artículo presenta estimaciones sobre las fuentes y magnitud de los errores de observación en diferentes cuestionarios y métodos utilizados en Marruecos en 1961-63, en la encuesta por muestreo de propósito múltiple, realizada para recopilar datos sobre nacimientos y defunciones.

Los cuestionarios utilizados en el análisis de las tresfases de la encuesta fueron: una relación de las viviendas consideradas (fases 1 y 2) y una lista (fase 3),. defunciones retrospectivas (fases 1, 2 y 3) e interrogatorios sobre nacimientos (fase 3); una tabulación: por fecha de nacimiento (fase 2); y una lista de cotejo de viviendas para explicar las diferencias entre las fases 1 y 2. Se reunió y compaginó todos los cuestionarios disponibles para una vivienda determinada, para tener varias fuentes de información sobre nacimientos y muertes y una base para apreciar los errores.

De este análisis, la encuesia intentó definir la naturaleza y estimarla frecuencia de los errores que hubieran ocurrido, si se hubiera utilizado diseños deencuesta de tipo más restringido. Los resultados, en base al período entre las fases 1 y 2, llevan a tres conclusiones principles: Primera, si se hubierarecogido los datos vitales porel procedimiento retrospectivo de una sola fase, el error bruto (sobreenu meraci/m. mas subenumeración), hubiera sido 17 por ciento para nacimientos i 36 por ciento para defunciones. Hay un error netode sobreenumeración. del 3 por ciento para nacimientos (1.4 por1000 habitantes), y 9 por ciento para defunciones (2.1 por 1000 habitantes). Segunda, si se tuviera disponibles dos fases, para permitir una combinación del seguimiento en la compoeición de una vivienda y un cuestionario de mortalidad retrospectiva, la sobreenumeración sería. casi enteramente eliminada y la subenumeración sería notablemente reducida. Tercera, la mayor parte de los restantes errores de subenumeración pueden ser atribuidos a: (1) un número estimado de niños nacidos i muertos entre dosfases y que no figuran en los cuestionarios; (2) fracasos en la confrontacion debido a la ausencia de adultos en la fase 1; Y (3) errores de confroniación;
Attitudes toward family size and family planning in Nairobi
Authors: Dow Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

En Nairobi se entrevistó a 352 africanos, adultos, casados, de los cuales 152 eran hombres y 200 mujeres. Se trató de averiguar sus actitudes hacia el tamaño de la familia y el planeamiento familiar. Las respondentes tenían, como promedio, ligeramente menos de tres hijos al momento de la entrevista, y deseaban agregar algo más de tres hijos a este total. Habia poca diferencia en cuanto al tamaño de la familia deseada, de acuerdo al sexo.

Cera de la mitad de los hombres y mujeres, tenian algún conocimiento sobre meiodos de planeamiento familiar, y habia un irterés general, (65 porciento de los hombres y 90 porciento de las mujeres), por aprender más. A demás, dos de cada tres hombres y nueve de cada diez mujeres, aprobaban el planeamiento familiar, y mayorias aún más grandes de ambos sexos estaban dispuestas a aceptar que el gobierno de Kenya proporcionara tales servicios.

Sinembargo, a pesar de su aprobación, sólo 13 por ciento de los hombres, y 2 porcienio de las mujeres, habian practicado alguna vez el planeamiento familiar. Estos hallazgos son comparables, en general, con los encontrados en otros poises en desarrollo y sugieren que el conocimienio, interés, y la aprobación, preceden generalmente al uso.