bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autoinhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) and activation by soluble inositol hexakisphosphate
Authors: Wang Qi , Vogan Erik M , Nocka Laura M , Rosen Connor E , Zorn Julie A , Harrison Stephen C , Kuriyan John
Published: February 2015

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), a Tec-family tyrosine kinase, is essential for B-cell function. We present crystallographic and biochemical analyses of Btk, which together reveal molecular details of its autoinhibition and activation. Autoinhibited Btk adopts a compact conformation like that of inactive c-Src and c-Abl. A lipid-binding PH-TH module, unique to Tec kinases, acts in conjunction with the SH2 and SH3 domains to stabilize the inactive conformation. In addition to the expected activation of Btk by membranes containing phosphatidylinositol triphosphate (PIP3), we found that inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), a soluble signaling molecule found in both animal and plant cells, also activates Btk. This activation is a consequence of a transient PH-TH dimerization induced by IP6, which promotes transphosphorylation of the kinase domains. Sequence comparisons with other Tec-family kinases suggest that activation by IP6 is unique to Btk.
Observations of corona in triggered dart‐stepped leaders
Authors: Gamerota W. R. , Uman M. A. , Hill J. D. , Jordan D. M.
Published: February 2015

Corona streamers are a critical component of lightning leader step formation and are postulated to produce the very high electric fields at their tips that produce runaway electrons resulting in the observed X‐ray bursts associated with leader stepping. Corona emanating from the vicinity of the leader tip between leader steps was analyzed using three sequential high‐speed video sequences of dart‐stepped leaders in three different triggered lightning flashes during the summers of 2013 and 2014 in northeast Florida. Images were recorded at 648 kiloframes per second (1.16 µs exposure time, 380 ns dead time) at an altitude of 65 m or less. In each image sequence, the leader propagates downward in consecutive frames, with corona streamers observed to fan outward from the bright leader tip in less than the image frame time of about 1.5 µs. In 21 exposures, corona streamers propagate, on average, 9 m below the bright leader tip.
On the coefficients of small eddy and surface divergence models for the air‐water gas transfer velocity
Authors: Wang Binbin , Liao Qian , Fillingham Joseph H. , Bootsma Harvey A.
Published: February 2015

Recent studies suggested that under low to moderate wind conditions without bubble entraining wave breaking, the air‐water gas transfer velocity k+ can be mechanistically parameterized by the near‐surface turbulence, following the small eddy model (SEM). Field measurements have supported this model in a variety of environmental forcing systems. Alternatively, surface divergence model (SDM) has also been shown to predict the gas transfer velocity across the air‐water interface in laboratory settings. However, the empirically determined model coefficients (α in SEM and c1 in SDM) scattered over a wide range. Here we present the first field measurement of the near‐surface turbulence with a novel floating PIV system on Lake Michigan, which allows us to evaluate the SEM and SDM in situ in the natural environment. k+ was derived from the CO2 flux that was measured simultaneously with a floating gas chamber. Measured results indicate that α and c1 are not universal constants. Regression analysis showed that
while the near‐surface turbulence dissipation rate ε is approximately greater than 10−6 m2 s−3 according to data measured for this study as well as from other published results measured in similar environments or in laboratory settings. It also showed that α scales linearly with the turbulent Reynolds number. Similarly, coefficient c1 in the SDM was found to linearly scale with the Reynolds number. These findings suggest that larger eddies are also important parameters, and the dissipation rate in the SEM or the surface divergence β′ in the SDM alone may not be adequate to determine k+ completely.
Developing effective messages about potable recycled water: The importance of message structure and content
Authors: Price J. , Fielding K. S. , Gardner J. , Leviston Z. , Green M.
Published: February 2015

Community opposition is a barrier to potable recycled water schemes. Effective communication strategies about such schemes are needed. Drawing on social psychological literature, two experimental studies are presented, which explore messages that improve public perceptions of potable recycled water. The Elaboration‐Likelihood Model of information processing and attitude change is tested and supported. Study 1 (N = 415) premeasured support for recycled water, and trust in government information at Time 1. Messages varied in complexity and sidedness were presented at Time 2 (3 weeks later), and support and trust were remeasured. Support increased after receiving information, provided that participants received complex rather than simple information. Trust in government was also higher after receiving information. There was tentative evidence of this in response to two‐sided messages rather than one‐sided messages. Initial attitudes to recycled water moderated responses to information. Those initially neutral or ambivalent responded differently to simple and one‐sided messages, compared to participants with positive or negative attitudes. Study 2 (N = 957) tested the effectiveness of information about the low relative risks, and/or benefits of potable recycled water, compared to control groups. Messages about the low risks resulted in higher support when the issue of recycled water was relevant. Messages about benefits resulted in higher perceived issue relevance, but did not translate into greater support. The results highlight the importance of understanding people's motivation to process information, and need to tailor communication to match attitudes and stage of recycled water schemes' development.
A Guide to Engineering Selection of Superalloys for Design
Authors: Donachie Matthew J. , Marcin John , Donachie (deceased) Stephen J.
Published: February 2015

This chapter intends to create a sufficient understanding of superalloys so that selection of them for specific designs will be appropriate. The nature of superalloys is that they resist the creep rupture process better than other materials, have very good higher temperature short‐time strength (yield, ultimate) and fatigue properties (including fatigue crack propagation resistance), and combine these mechanical properties with good to exceptional oxidation resistance. The density, melting point, and physical properties of the superalloy base elements are given in the chapter. Superalloy melting practices may be classified as either primary (the initial melt of elemental materials and/or scrap which sets the composition) or secondary (remelt of a primary melt for the purpose of controlling the solidification structure). The principal casting practice for superalloy components is investment casting. Some sources of superalloy expertise in ingot melting, component forging, and article casting are listed in the chapter.
Smart Materials
Authors: Harvey James A.
Published: February 2015

The world has undergone two materials ages, the plastics age and the composite age, during the past centuries. In the midst of these two ages a new era has developed. This is the smart materials era. Materials that formally have the label of being smart include piezoelectric materials, electrostrictive materials, magnetorestrictive materials, electrorheological materials, magnetorheological materials, thermoresponsive materials, pH‐sensitive materials, UV‐sensitive materials, smart polymers, smart gels (hydrogels), smart catalysts, and shape memory alloys. This chapter discusses the definition, types of materials that belong to that class, properties of the members, and applications of the each material. In some cases a more detailed discussion of application is given to both illustrate the benefit of these materials and simulate the use of these materials in new applications. Applications of a smart polymer center on the polymer's glass transition temperature. The future of smart materials and structures is wide open.
Force Measurement
Authors: Collins Patrick
Published: February 2015

Forced or unnatural motion required the constant application of force to sustain the motion. In the case of a force transducer, the output is most commonly electrical, meaning a change in resistance, capacitance, or voltage, for example. The majority of force measurement devices used in industry fall into the first category, with the others satisfying more specialist applications. This chapter emphasizes the strain gauge load cell devices, with brief descriptions of the other transducer types. Most force transducers consist of a sensing element and an elastic element. Load cells are commonly used in materials and product testing applications. This type of testing requires a method of controlling the sometimes complicated test routines. Examples of three common forms of resonant element transducer, single, double beam, and triple beam. Tuning fork transducers have mostly been used in torque measurement applications.
Viscosity Measurement
Authors: Anderson Ann M. , Bruno Bradford A. , Smith Lilla Safford
Published: February 2015

The most significant mechanical difference between materials classified as “fluids” and those classified as solids is in their reaction to shear stresses. This chapter begins by discussing the units by which viscosity is measured. Then the distinction between the larger field of rheology and its subfield viscometry is made in the context of differentiating between the so‐called Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. The chapter provides a brief theoretical and mathematical overview of viscosity. It provides detailed and practical information on methods for measuring viscosity. The chapter develops the mathematical formulations governing viscosity, and explains the roles and relations between “shear” viscosity and “bulk” viscosity. It focuses on the use of laboratory‐type viscometers; however, some information is included on the use of process viscometers. The ASTM viscosity standards come in two types: (a) standards focused on methods (method standards) and (b) standards based on materials (material standards).
Computer‐Aided Design
Authors: Zimmers Emory W. , Marangos Charalambos A. , Sundararajan Sekar ,   Technical Staff
Published: February 2015

Computer‐aided design (CAD) uses the mathematical and graphic processing power of the computer to assist the engineer in the creation, modification, analysis, display of designs. This chapter commences with a discussion on the design process of CAD in general. Then, it talks about individual tasks within the overall design process that can be performed using a computer. The computer is especially well suited to design in four areas, which correspond to the latter four stages of the general design process. Computers function in the design process through geometric modeling capabilities, engineering analysis calculations, automated evaluative procedures, and automated drafting. There are various analytical methods available to the designer using a CAD system, such as finite‐element analysis (FEA), static and dynamic analysis, and kinematic analysis. Input and output devices, CAD software, CAD standards and translators, and applications of CAD are also discussed.
Total Quality Management in Mechanical System Design
Authors: Dhillon B. S.
Published: February 2015

In today's competitive environment, the age‐old belief of many companies that “the customer is always right” has a new twist. In order to survive, companies are focusing their entire organization on customer satisfaction. The approach followed for ensuring customer satisfaction is known as total quality management (TQM). The challenge is to “manage” so that the “total” and the “quality” are experienced in an effective manner. Many factors contribute to the success of the quality consideration in engineering or mechanical design. This chapter presents some of the important aspects of TQM considered useful to mechanical system design. TQM is a useful tool for application during the design phase. It presents some basic and general aspects of TQM under four distinct sections. Three individuals (i.e.,W. E. Deming, J. M. Juran, and P. B. Crosby) have played an instrumental role in the development of TQM.
Design for Remanufacturing Processes
Authors: Bras Bert
Published: February 2015

This chapter discusses qualitative design for remanufacturing guidelines. It provides an overview of the industry, including typical facility‐level processes, so one can better understand the rationale for the given design guidelines. A distinction will be made between overarching guidelines and specific component hardware‐oriented design guidelines. The primary benefits of remanufacturing arise from a reuse of resources. In contrast to recycling, remanufacturing tries to retain the geometric shape of parts. The chapter descends to the facility level to illustrate a typical remanufacturing process. The discussion is primarily focused on mechanical products (e.g., automotive and manufacturing equipment) as the main example due to their widespread remanufacture. The chapter highlights a number of overarching issues that may enhance or hinder reuse and remanufacture. It gives some specific component and machine‐design type guidelines that primarily facilitate the facility level remanufacturing processes.
Design for Manufacture and Assembly with Plastics
Authors: Harvey James A.
Published: February 2015

This chapter is divided into three sections: plastic materials selection, plastic‐joining techniques, and plastic part design. It first focuses on plastic materials selection. In the selection of plastic materials for a commercial part design the first step is as in all technology development: to learn the basic definitions, concepts, and principles of that technology. Plastics are polymers with additives. In the adhesive bonding of plastic parts several issues should be considered. First is the failure mechanism that one should stride for in the design. There are three failure mechanisms for an adhesive joint: adhesive, cohesive, and substrate failures. Sometimes if the plastic has a long distance to flow in a mold, the polymer chains can separate. To verify the consistency of the polymer molecular weight throughout the molded plastic part, one can section the part and subject the specimen to gel permeation chromatography.
Design for Six Sigma: A Mandate for Competitiveness
Authors: McMunigal James E. , Barry Bebb H.
Published: February 2015

This chapter dispels the myths and provides a fundamentally sound model of design for Six Sigma (DFSS) which the authors believe should serve as the basis for current applications and future renditions of DFSS in engineering environments. Tailoring DFSS to meet the particular needs of different industries and corporations is expected, encouraged, and accommodated. The IDDOV process selected is consistent with and embodies Taguchi methods, known as quality engineering in Japan. The portion of quality engineering, known as robust engineering in the West, encompasses three phases, concept/system design, parameter design, and tolerance design, which correspond to the develop concept and optimize design phases of IDDOV. The management system contains two components: (1) a high‐level enterprise system for planning, launching deploying, growing, sustaining, and periodically revitalizing the initiative and (2) a project management system to ensure excellence of execution of the DFSS process that leads to superior outcomes.
Electric Circuits
Authors: Rosa Albert J.
Published: February 2015

This chapter introduces the analysis and design of linear circuits. It reviews basic direct‐current (DC) analysis using traditional circuits theorems with application to circuit analysis and design. Using node voltage instead of element voltages as circuit variables can greatly reduce the number of equations that must be treated simultaneously. The chapter treats the analysis and design of circuits containing active devices such as transistors or operational amplifiers (op amps). It also discusses alternating current (AC) circuits. Those ac circuits that are excited by a single frequency, for example, power systems, can be easily and effectively analyzed using sinusoidal steady‐state techniques. Linear circuits are often characterized by their behavior to sinusoids, in particular, how they process signals versus frequency. Audio, communication, instrumentation, and control systems all require signal processing that depends at least in part on their frequency response.
Signal Processing
Authors: Turnbull John
Published: February 2015

The objective in signal processing involves the encoding of information for the purpose of transmission of information or decoding the information at the receiving end of the transmission. The standard method most commonly used for this involves filters that exploit some separation of the signal and noise in the frequency domain. To this end, it is useful to use frequency‐domain tools such as the Fourier transform and the Laplace transform in designing and analyzing various filters. Linear filters apply frequency‐specific gains to a signal. Four common filters are low pass, high pass, bandpass, and band reject. Basic linear digital filters are of two types: those that have a finite response to an impulse, or FIR, and those that have an infinite response to an impulse (IIR). Though it is possible to design non‐real‐time, noncausal IIR filters that are phase shift distortionless, in general, IIR filters produce some phase shift distortion.
Mechatronics
Authors: Farritor Shane , Hawks Jeff
Published: February 2015

This chapter gives a basic overview of the electrical engineering and computer engineering. Analog circuits are often the best choice to condition and modify signals to/and from analog actuators and sensors. Basic circuit analysis is built on two laws (1) Kirchoff's Voltage Law, and (2) Kirchoff's current law. Semiconductor electronics, such as diodes and transistors, are used in many circuits and devices for switching and amplification. Operational amplifiers, or op amps, are extremely useful in mechatronics. They are primarily used to modify an analog signal such as increasing the voltage output of a strain gauge circuit or removing noise from a signal. Computers and digital electronics used in mechatronic systems are described by binary arithmetic. Digital data can be transferred in several ways. The most common methods are serial and parallel data transfer. There are two types of serial communication—synchronous and asynchronous.
Manufacturing Systems Evaluation
Authors: Olson Walter W.
Published: February 2015

This chapter discusses several techniques for assessing and evaluating environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM) performance of manufacturing systems. There are three parts to assessment: data collection, evaluation, and reporting. The chapter emphasises on improving the manufacturing systems; however, the benefits occur in production. It focuses on very practical and fundamental issues in manufacturing. Many manufacturing activities required well‐defined, systematic approaches to ensure efficiency. Manufacturing requires close coordination of labor, tools, materials, and information. Manufacturing systems are used to plan manufacturing, develop all of the subsystems, and then control the activities of manufacturing. The chapter also discusses illustrations of systematic effects on ECM. Manufacturing system evaluation for ECM is based on three overriding goals: reduce waste; reduce hazardous materials and processes and reduce energy. These goals not only improve the responsiveness of the manufacturing unit to the environment but also result in significant cost savings and a better product when performed properly.
Achieving Enterprise Goals with New Process Technology
Authors: Tuszynski Steve W.
Published: February 2015

The main thrust of technological development has been to explore the relationships between causes and effects. The purpose of man‐made processes is to produce change toward a desired goal or objective. This chapter discusses process technology in the context of design, tooling, manufacturing, and quality engineering. Part characteristics are divided, arbitrarily and for convenience, into four categories: (1) variable characteristics; (2) Attribute characteristics; (3) material characteristics; and (4) performance characteristics. Attribute characteristics are data describing a part characteristic not measurable on a number scale. It can be thought of as the presence or absence of some desirable or undesirable part characteristic as determined through visual inspection. The chapter discusses algorithms which are the new models for the manufacture of products in many industries. They provide an immediate increase in profitability and market competitiveness by reducing cost, increasing quality during production, and reducing time, cost, and risk during development.
Coals, Lignite, and Peat
Authors: Keppeler James G.
Published: February 2015

The principal types of coal, in order of metamorphic development, are lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. While not generally considered a coal, peat is the first development stage in the “coalification” process, in which there is a gradual increase in the carbon content of the fossil organic material and concomitant reduction in oxygen. There are a number of tests, qualitative and quantitative, used to provide information on coals; these tests are help to the user and/or equipment designer. The ultimate analysis provides the data required to conduct fundamental studies of the air required for stoichiometric combustion, the volumetric and weight amounts of combustion gases produced, and the theoretical boiler efficiencies. The quantity of ash in the coal varies from as little as 6% or less to more than 30% by weight. Coal cleaning is accomplished by physical or chemical means, although physical coal cleaning is by far the most predominant.
Gas Turbines
Authors: Miller Harold E. , Nemec Todd S.
Published: February 2015

Gas turbines are used to power aircraft and land vehicles, to drive generators (alternators) to produce electric power, and to drive other devices such as pumps and compressors. Gas turbine performance is established by three basic parameters: mass flow, pressure ratio, and firing temperature. The three subsystems that comprise the gas turbine proper are the compressor, combustor, and turbine. There are several possible mechanical configurations for the basic simple‐cycle, or open‐cycle, gas turbine. There are also some important variants on the basic cycle—intercooled, regenerative, and reheat cycles. The most successful automotive application of gas turbines is the power plant for the M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank. Service requirements of aircraft and industrial gas turbines differ from other power plants principally in the fact that several key components operate at very high temperatures and thus have limited lives and have to be repaired or replaced periodically to avoid failures during operation.
Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Label‐Free and Bioconjugate‐Recognized DNA Sensing in Serum
Authors: Bao Biqing , Ma Mingfeng , Zai Huafeng , Zhang Lei , Fu Nina , Huang Wei , Wang Lianhui
Published: February 2015

Hybridbio/‐synthetic sensory conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) are developed for selective label‐free detection of target ssDNA in serum. Carboxylic acid‐functionalized anionic polyfluorene nanoparticles are rationally designed as signal amplifying unit to bioconjugate with amine functionalized single stranded oligonucleotides as a receptor. The covalent DNA coating can signiﬁcantly improve the photostability of the DNA‐bioconjugated CPNs over a wide range of buffer conditions. Better ssDNA discrimination for the DNA‐bioconjugated CPNs sensor is achieved owing to increased interchain interactions and more efficient exciton transport in nanoparticles. The distinguishable ﬂuorescent color for DNA‐bioconjugated CPNs in the presence of target ssDNA allows naked‐eye detection of ssDNA under UV irradiation.
Quantification of neocortical ratios in stem primates
Authors: Long Adam , Bloch Jonathan I. , Silcox Mary T.
Published: February 2015

Extant euprimates (=crown primates) have a characteristically expanded neocortical region of the brain relative to that of other mammals, but the timing of that expansion in their evolutionary history is poorly resolved. Examination of anatomical landmarks on fossil endocasts of Eocene euprimates suggests that significant neocortical expansion relative to contemporaneous mammals was already underway. Here, we provide quantitative estimates of neocorticalization in stem primates (plesiadapiforms) relevant to the question of whether relative neocortical expansion was uniquely characteristic of the crown primate radiation. Ratios of neocortex to endocast surface areas were calculated for plesiadapiforms using measurements from virtual endocasts of the paromomyid Ignacius graybullianus (early Eocene, Wyoming) and the microsyopid Microsyops annectens (middle Eocene, Wyoming). These data are similar to a published estimate for the plesiadapid, Plesiadapis tricuspidens, but contrast with those calculated for early Tertiary euprimates in being within the 95% confidence intervals for archaic mammals generally. Interpretation of these values is complicated by the paucity of sampled endocasts for older stem primates and euarchontogliran outgroups, as well as by a combination of effects related to temporal trends, allometry, and taxon‐unique specializations. Regardless, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that a shift in brain organization occurred in the first euprimates, likely in association with elaborations to the visual system. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:363–373, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phase relation betweenCAPEand precipitation at diurnal scales over the Indian summer monsoon region
Authors: Subrahmanyam Kandula Venkata , Kumar Karanam Kishore , Narendra Babu Alur
Published: February 2015

The phase relation between convection and precipitation at diurnal scales is essential for convective parameterization in numerical weather prediction models. For the first time in a meteorological study, we quantified the phase relationship between convective available potential energy (CAPE) and precipitation over the Indian summer monsoon region at diurnal scales using space‐based precipitation andCAPEobservations from 7 years (2006–2012) ofGPS‐ROmeasurements. Also, we quantified the phase relationship for the land and oceanic regions separately. On average, the peak inCAPEmagnitudes leads precipitation peak by ∼2–4 h over the study region.
Combination of agomelatine and bupropion for treatment‐resistant depression: results from a chart review study including a matched control group
Authors: Sühs Kurt‐Wolfram , Correll Christoph , Eberlein Christian K. , Pul Refik , Frieling Helge , Bleich Stefan , Kahl Kai G.
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Although a growing selection of antidepressants is available, a significant number of patients do not reach clinical remission, despite multiple trials. Data concerning the efficacy and safety of combination therapies with newer antidepressants are limited.

Methods

Fifteen inpatients with treatment‐resistant depression (TRD), defined as Beck Depression Inventory‐2 (BDI‐2) scores >14 despite treatment with adequate doses of ≥1 antidepressant classes for ≥6 weeks, were treated with agomelatine plus bupropion for ≥6 weeks, and compared to 15 patients on antidepressant monotherapy with TRD matched on age, sex, and TRD stage based on retrospective chart review. The primary outcome was change in BDI‐2 scores. Secondary outcomes included treatment response (BDI‐2 score decrease by ≥50%), remission (BDI‐2 score <13), routinely measured cardiometabolic parameters and adverse effects.

Results

After a mean of 6 ± 1 weeks, BDI‐2 scores decreased by 20.3 ± 5.6 points in the combination group compared to 12.5 ± 15.1 points in the monotherapy group (P = 0.073; Cohen's d = 0.7). Altogether, 73.3% in the combination group responded compared to 53.3% on monotherapy (P = 0.27). About 60.0% on combination therapy reached remission compared to 40% on monotherapy (P = 0.28), a difference equivalent to a number‐needed‐to‐treat = 4. Treatment response was independent of the degree of TRD (P = 0.27). Bupropion‐agomelatine cotreatment was well tolerated and laboratory adverse effect parameters were not altered.

Conclusion

Despite the small sample and uncontrolled study design, the good remission rate in TRD patients receiving agomelatine plus bupropion, particularly in comparison to the monotherapy group, indicates that this combination treatment should be explored further as a potentially promising strategy for patients with TRD.
Preventative Detention Decisions: Reliance on Expert Assessments and Evidence of Partisan Allegiance within the Canadian Context
Authors: Blais Julie
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine judges’ written reasons for sentencing in preventative detention hearings and the expert risk assessment reports presented, to determine the level of reliance placed on expert risk assessment reports and to examine the presence of partisan allegiance within the Canadian context. Results demonstrated that judges’ decisions were consistent with expert assessments in terms of risk, treatment amenability, and risk management. Experts’ ratings of treatment amenability and risk management were also significant predictors of the designation outcome, indicating that judges rely on this information in making their final decision. Finally, there was evidence of partisan allegiance, with prosecution‐retained Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised scores being significantly higher than defense‐retained experts’ scores. The results have implications for the development of consistent guidelines for the communication of risk, treatment amenability, and management information. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for Risk Estimate Precision: Implications for Individual Risk Communication
Authors: Harris Grant T. , Lowenkamp Christopher T. , Hilton N. Zoe
Published: February 2015

Actuarial risk assessment instruments using well‐established predictor variables measured at the individual level (e.g., age, criminal history, psychopathy) discriminate well between recidivists and non‐recidivists across diverse samples. Data indicating the relative risk of recidivism can inform policy decisions about allocating resources according to risk within a correctional system, consistent with the first of the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) principles. Evidence for the precision of absolute risk as applied to an individual based on scores from many samples, however, has proven challenging. In this paper, we present a study examining the association of actuarial risk estimate precision with sample size using the Post Conviction Risk Assessment (PCRA; Lowenkamp et al., 2013), in samples of up to 26,642 offenders. Results indicate that the precision of individual estimates can be demonstrated with sufficient sample size. We believe that the implications of absolute risk for the communication of an individual offender's risks have been poorly understood. We argue that the purpose of individual‐level risk communication is to ensure the effective application of policy, which requires matching a new case to aggregate data. We illustrate how an offender's risk might thus be communicated, and conclude that this function is distinct from management of an individual's criminogenic needs and identification of effective and suitable treatments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Punishing Repeat Offenders in the Netherlands: Balancing between Incapacitation and Treatment
Authors: Struijk Sanne
Published: February 2015

In the Netherlands, punishing repeat offenders is not a foregone conclusion. After a decades‐long search for an appropriate punishment, repeat offenders are currently punished by means of a custodial security measure. A custodial security measure is additional incarceration often beyond the original penalty. This new penal measure can be imposed for a maximum of 2 years, and is designed to ensure public safety and reduce recidivism by way of incapacitation. However, given the fact that nearly every repeat offender suffers from severe comorbid problems (e.g., a mental illness and substance abuse disorder), judges tend to consider these objectives from a long‐term perspective by insisting on as much treatment during detention as possible. Consequently, the punishment for repeat offenders balances between incapacitation and treatment. While some have argued that the current Dutch sentencing scheme represents a new way of sentencing, this article demonstrates that the reliance on the sometimes dichotomous goals of punishment and rehabilitation is characteristic not only of the current type of repeat offender punishment, but of all previous types as well. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurovascular distribution within the abdominal head of the pectoralis major muscle: Application to breast and flap surgery
Authors: Kim Dong‐Min , Jeon Anna , Kim Kyung‐Yong , Lee Je‐Hun , Kim Deog‐Im , Kim Yi‐Suk , Han Seung‐Ho
Published: February 2015

The abdominal head of the pectoralis major (AHPM) is important in cosmetic and flap surgeries. Few studies have reported on its neurovascular entry points and distribution patterns. We aimed to determine the entry points and distribution patterns of the neurovascular structures within the AHPM. Thirty‐two hemithoraxes were dissected, and the distribution patterns of the neurovascular structures were classified into several categories. The neurovascular entry points were measured at the horizontal line passing through the jugular notch (x‐axis) and the midclavicular line (y‐axis). The AHPM was innervated by the communication branches of the medial pectoral nerve (MPN) and the lateral pectoral nerve (LPN) in 78.1% of the specimens and of the MPN without the communication branches in 21.9%. All the LPNs had communication branches, which could be classified as independent in 46.9% of the samples, with the MPN in 21.9%, and with the LPN in 9.3%. The blood supply of the AHPM was composed of branches from the lateral thoracic artery (LTA) in 62.5% of the specimens, the thoracoacromial artery (TA) in 15.6%, and the LTA with the TA in 21.9%. The mean distance of the entry point was 6.3 cm ± 1.3 cm lateral to the y‐axis, 8.1 cm ± 3.3 cm below the x‐axis in the nerves, 6.5 cm ± 1.2 cm lateral to the y‐axis, and 8.6 cm ± 3.0 cm below the x‐axis in the arteries. This study defined the average neurovascular entry point and distribution pattern in detail using standard lines to enable the AHPM to be better understood. Clin. Anat. 28:520–526, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Manage discovery process in employee misconduct investigations
Authors: Sievert Justin P.
Published: February 2015

No higher ed department can escape the inevitability of an allegation or rumor of employee misconduct at some point.
Improve campus threat assessment by incorporating Secret Service, FBI strategies
Authors: Bennett Laura
Published: February 2015

Colleges and universities can learn a lot from the U.S. government when it comes to campus threat assessment and violence prevention. From the 1990s Secret Service study of attacks on public officials to the most recent FBI study of active‐shooter incidents, the findings have implications for behavioral intervention and campus incident response.
Introduce key FERPA terms, concepts via training program
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: February 2015

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act training can become boring, confusing and useless if not done right. That's why (1) the content to be included and (2) how that content is presented can make the difference between a successful learning experience and a complete waste of time.
Id3 induces an Elk‐1–caspase‐8‐dependent apoptotic pathway in squamous carcinoma cells
Authors: Chen You‐Shin , Aubee Joseph , DiVito Kyle A. , Zhou Hengbo , Zhang Weiyi , Chou Fen‐Pi , Simbulan‐Rosenthal Cynthia M. , Rosenthal Dean S.
Published: February 2015

Inhibitor of differentiation/DNA‐binding (Id) proteins are helix–loop–helix (HLH) transcription factors. The Id protein family (Id1–Id4) mediates tissue homeostasis by regulating cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Ids typically function as dominant negative HLH proteins, which bind other HLH proteins and sequester them away from DNA promoter regions. Previously, we have found that Id3 induced apoptosis in immortalized human keratinocytes upon UVB exposure, consistent with its role as a tumor suppressor. To investigate the role of Id3 in malignant squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells (A431), a tetracycline‐regulated inducible system was used to induce Id3 in cell culture and mouse xenograft models. We found that upon Id3 induction, there was a decrease in cell number under low serum conditions, as well as in soft agar. Microarray, RT‐PCR, immunoblot, siRNA, and inhibitor studies revealed that Id3 induced expression of Elk‐1, an E‐twenty‐six (ETS)‐domain transcription factor, inducing procaspase‐8 expression and activation. Id3 deletion mutants revealed that 80 C‐terminal amino acids, including the HLH, are important for Id3‐induced apoptosis. In a mouse xenograft model, Id3 induction decreased tumor size by 30%. Using immunofluorescent analysis, we determined that the tumor size decrease was also mediated through apoptosis. Furthermore, we show that Id3 synergizes with 5‐FU and cisplatin therapies for nonmelanoma skin cancer cells. Our studies have shown a molecular mechanism by which Id3 induces apoptosis in SCC, and this information can potentially be used to develop new treatments for SCC patients.
Apoptosis of ileal crypt epithelia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation without graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Kreft Andreas , Russo Alexandra , Lux Steffi , Waiz Lioudmila , Seidmann Larissa , Faber Jörg , Kirkpatrick Charles J.
Published: February 2015

Key Clinical Message

Intestinal crypt cell apoptosis may occur after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation without clinically overt graft‐versus‐host disease. We describe this phenomenon in a case of a 12‐year‐old girl who had segments of the ileum resected because of a relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The diagnostic difficulties are discussed.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in a patient with schizophrenia
Authors: Kawasaki Kenta , Miyaji Kotaro , Kodera Satoshi , Suzuki Yoshio , Kanda Junji , Ikeda Masayuki
Published: February 2015

Key Clinical Message

People with schizophrenia are at greater risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than the general population. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a recognized cause of sudden cardiac death in young people. This report discusses the necessity for close cardiac evaluation to reduce incidence of sudden death in people with schizophrenia.
ChemInform Abstract: The Stability, Electronic Properties, and Hardness of SiN2 under High Pressure.
Authors: Chen Changbo , Xu Ying , Sun Xiuping , Wang Sihang , Tian Fubo
Published: February 2015

The competing structures of SiN2 under high pressures are predicted using a variable‐cell particle swarm optimization algorithm with the CALYPSO code for crystal structure prediction.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetization, Crystal Structure and Anisotropic Thermal Expansion of Single‐Crystal SrEr2O4.
Authors: Li Hai‐Feng , Wildes Andrew , Hou Binyang , Zhang Cong , Schmitz Berthold , Meuffels Paul , Roth Georg , Brueckel Thomas
Published: February 2015

A nearly stoichiometric Sr1.04Er2.09O4.00 single crystal is prepared according to previously published literature.
ChemInform Abstract: Brownmillerite Ca2Co2O5: Synthesis, Stability, and Re‐entrant Single Crystal to Single Crystal Structural Transitions.
Authors: Zhang Junjie , Zheng Hong , Malliakas Christos D. , Allred Jared M. , Ren Yang , Li Qing'an , Han Tian‐Heng , Mitchell J. F.
Published: February 2015

Ca2Co2O5 is prepared by calcination of a stoichiometric mixture of CaCO3 and Co3O4 in O2 (Pt crucible, 900 °C, 1 d) followed by sintering (1000 °C, 1 d).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Tetragonal Structure Type for Li2B2C.
Authors: Pavlyuk Volodymyr , Milashys Viktoriya , Dmytriv Grygoriy , Ehrenberg Helmut
Published: February 2015

Li2B2C is prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of the elements (Ta crucible, 1473 K, 15 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Nano/Micro Structured Porous Li4Ti5O12 Synthesized by a Polyethylene Glycol Assisted Hydrothermal Method for High Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Zhang Fengling , Xu Bin , Cao Gaoping , Chu Mo , Qiao Ning , Wei Gang , Yang Yusheng
Published: February 2015

Nano/micro structured porous Li4Ti5O12 for high rate Li‐ion batteries is prepared by mixing EtOH solutions of LiOH and PEG to which H2O and (Bu‐O)4Ti is given under stirring in an ice bath followed by hydrothermal treatment of the resulting dispersion (autoclave, 120 °C, 24 h), drying, and calcination in air (500‐700 °C, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Double‐Perovskite Compounds as Cathode Materials for Low‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.
Authors: Yoo Seonyoung , Jun Areum , Ju Young‐Wan , Odkhuu Dorj , Hyodo Junji , Jeong Hu Young , Park Noejung , Shin Jeeyoung , Ishihara Tatsumi , Kim Guntae
Published: February 2015

NdBa1‐xCaxCo2O5+ δ (x = 0, 0.25) are prepared by a glycine‐nitrate combustion process using an aqueous solution of stoichiometric amounts of Nd(NO3)3, Ba(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Co(NO3)2, and a proper amount of glycine.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Syntheses of Silver Phosphate Nanostructures and Their Photocatalytic Performance for Organic Pollutant Degradation.
Authors: Zhao Junling , Ji Zhenyuan , Xu Chen , Shen Xiaoping , Ma Lianbo , Liu Xiansheng
Published: February 2015

Silver phosphate nanostructures including Ag5P3O10, Ag4P2O7/Ag3PO4, and Ag3PO4 are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous solutions of AgNO3 and Na5P3O10 for different reaction times (autoclave, 120 °C, 0, 1.5, 3, 5, 8, and 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of an Interesting Elliptical Vanadoborate Housing Crystal: [Ni(en)2]6 [(VO)12O6B18O39(OH)3] ·5H2O.
Authors: Jiang Xiangzhan , Dong Xiaoyu , Pan Shilie , Han Jian , Yang Yun , Zhang Fangyuan , Yu Hongwei
Published: February 2015

The new title compound is hydrothermally synthesized by reaction of Ni(OAc)2, V2O5, H3BO3, and en in H2O (autoclave, 200 °C, 3 d, 92% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Modelling of a Ferromagnetically Coupled Chromium(III) Dimer: Di‐μ‐hydroxobis[tetrakis(isothiocyanato)chromate(III)].
Authors: Morsing Thorbjoern J. , Weihe Hoegni , Bendix Jesper
Published: February 2015

(Ph4P)4 [(SCN)4Cr(OH)2Cr(NCS)4]·2MeCN (I) is synthesized from a solution of [(MeCN)5CrOCr(MeCN)5](BF4)2 and (Ph4P)SCN (obtained from an aqueous mixture of (Ph4P)Cl and NaSCN in 91% yield) in MeCN (40 °C, 36% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Solid‐State Properties of the Lanthanoid‐Containing Nanoclusters [(Ln2PW10O38)4 (W3O8)(OH)4(H2O)2] 26‐.
Authors: Gupta Rakesh , Saini Mukesh Kumar , Hussain Firasat
Published: February 2015

Various compounds of type M26 [(Ln2PW10O38)4 (W3O8)(OH)4(H2O)2] (M: Na, K, Cs, and mixtures thereof; Ln: Y, Ce, Sm—Yb) are synthesized from K14[P2W19O69(H2O)] and Ln(NO3)3 by a self‐assembly process in aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Hybrid Uranium—Transition‐Metal Oxide Cage Clusters.
Authors: Ling Jie , Hobbs Franklin , Prendergast Steven , Adelani Pius O. , Babo Jean‐Marie , Qiu Jie , Weng Zhehui , Burns Peter C.
Published: February 2015

The cage clusters (IV) and (VI)—(X) are self‐assembled in aqueous solution under ambient conditions and subsequently crystallized.
ChemInform Abstract: Metastable (Bi, M)2(Fe, Mn, Bi)2O6+x (M: Na or K) Pyrochlores from Hydrothermal Synthesis.
Authors: Daniels Luke M. , Playford Helen Y. , Greneche Jean‐Marc , Hannon Alex C. , Walton Richard I.
Published: February 2015

(Na0.60Bi1.40) (Fe1.06Mn0.17Bi0.77)O6.87 and (K0.24Bi1.51) (Fe1.07Mn0.15Bi0.78)O6.86 are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous solutions of NaBiO3, Fe(NO3)3, MnCl2, and NaOH or KOH (autoclave, 200 °C, 6 h).
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Ring‐Contraction/Rearrangement Sequence for Making Functionalized Di‐ and Triquinanes.
Authors: Nagaraju Chinta , Prasad Kavirayani R.
Published: February 2015

The isopropenyl substituted starting compounds (I) are prepared in a 3 step sequence starting from a known, geraniol‐derived building block.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light Photocatalytic Reduction of O‐Thiocarbamates: Development of a Tin‐Free Barton—McCombie Deoxygenation Reaction.
Authors: Chenneberg Ludwig , Baralle Alexandre , Daniel Marion , Fensterbank Louis , Goddard Jean‐Philippe , Ollivier Cyril
Published: February 2015

The photocatalyzed redox deoxygenation of o‐thiocarbamates of secondary, tertiary, and benzylic alcohols with good functional group tolerance is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: SBA‐15‐Functionalized 3‐Oxo‐ABNO as Recyclable Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols under Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Karimi Babak , Farhangi Elham , Vali Hojatollah , Vahdati Saleh
Published: February 2015

The SBA‐15‐functionalized 3‐oxo‐9‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐N‐oxyl in combination with tert‐butylnitrite and acetic acid is found to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Hydrogenation Catalyzed by an Air‐Stable Borane: Use of Solvent as a Frustrated Lewis Base.
Authors: Scott Daniel J. , Fuchter Matthew J. , Ashley Andrew E.
Published: February 2015

Solutions of the air‐stable borane BHA are highly efficient for the title process.
ChemInform Abstract: Open‐Chain Remote Stereocontrol Using Allylgermanes.
Authors: Thomas Eric J. , Weston Anna P.
Published: February 2015

In reactions of allylgermanes with aldehydes promoted by tin(IV) halides 1,5‐ and 1,6‐ stereocontrol is achieved.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative C—H Olefination with Removable 1,2,3‐Triazole Directing Group.
Authors: Ye Xiaohan , Shi Xiaodong
Published: February 2015

The selectivity of mono‐ and diolefination is poor in case of substrates (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Closing Metathesis of Vinyl Fluorides Towards α‐Fluorinated α,β‐Unsaturated Lactams and Lactones.
Authors: Marhold Michael , Stillig Christian , Froehlich Roland , Haufe Guenter
Published: February 2015

It is demonstrated, that ring‐closing metathesis of azadienes having a fluorine substituent is successfully applied to the synthesis of a variety of mono‐ and bicyclic N‐heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Umpolung Amide Synthesis Using Substoichiometric N‐Iodosuccinimide (NIS) and Oxygen as a Terminal Oxidant.
Authors: Schwieter Kenneth E. , Shen Bo , Shackleford Jessica P. , Leighty Matthew W. , Johnston Jeffrey N.
Published: February 2015

Reaction of α‐bromo‐nitroalkanes with amines using O2/NIS as oxidative catalytic system gives the respective amides with high stereoselectivity (dr <20:1).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient ′On‐Water′ Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines Using Fe3O4@SiO2 Nanoparticles as a Reusable Catalyst.
Authors: Dam Binoyargha , Nandi Sibaji , Pal Amarta Kumar
Published: February 2015

The reaction fails using aliphatic aldehydes, ketones or furfuraldehyde.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Dioxide as a Protecting Group: Highly Efficient and Selective Catalytic Access to Cyclic cis‐Diol Scaffolds.
Authors: Laserna Victor , Fiorani Giulia , Whiteoak Christopher J. , Martin Eddy , Escudero‐Adan Eduardo , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: February 2015

Efficient procedures are described for the reaction of cyclic epoxides with carbon dioxide to give cyclic carbonates generally with exclusive or high cis‐diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylation of β‐Enaminones.
Authors: Erray Imen , Rezgui Farhat , Oble Julie , Poli Giovanni
Published: February 2015

In contrast to secondary enaminones, tertiary ones are unreactive.