bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rule of Law in the Realm and the Province of New York: Prelude to the American Revolution
Authors: JOHNSON HERBERT A.
Published: January 2006

British and American views of public law have diverged greatly over the past two hundred years. This article examines the evolution of New York's adherence to the rule of fundamental law and the use of colonial common law courts to protect the rights of New York subjects against the prerogative power of the crown. As a conquered province from 1664 to 1683, New York was denied a legislature. Thereafter the colonial legislative bodies were active in making unsuccessful attempts to claim their birthright as Englishmen. In England the Glorious Revolution represented a major step in the development of parliamentary supremacy. In New York, however, it facilitated an ethnic insurrection followed by the realization that English governmental policy mandated the denial of basic rights of Englishmen to colonial residents. The Glorious Revolution simply made it possible for parliament, as well as the crown, to regulate colonial affairs without any constitutional restrictions prior to 1774. In terms of constitutional dynamics in eighteenth‐century England, continued imperial rule through an untrammelled royal prerogative substantially increased the political power and revenues of the crown. Failing to consider the impact of monarchial power in a growing empire, the 1688–9 Convention Parliament laid the foundation for an unbalanced British government in the middle of the eighteenth century. Deprived of patronage and extraordinary revenues at home, the monarchs turned to regulation of their empire and to reaping increased financial benefit. Both of these unintended consequences of the Glorious Revolution threatened parliamentary supremacy, even as parliament's new‐found power began to undermine the rule of law in the empire.
Of Spies, Refugees and Hostile Propaganda: How Austria dealt with the Hungarian Crisis of 1956
Authors: GRANVILLE JOHANNA
Published: January 2006

Austrian historians have traditionally highlighted the positive effects that the Hungarian crisis of 1956 had on their country, forcing it to implement the neutrality it had won just one year earlier. Archival documents, however, reveal the negative ‘spillover’ effects of the crisis, at least in the short run. In fact, the crisis hindered Austria's ability to further the cause of Hungarian freedom. It forced Austria to seek substantial financial and logistical help from other countries. Finally, the crisis worsened Austria's relations with both Hungary and the Soviet Union, thereby undoing the progress made after the State Treaty was signed in May 1955. The Khrushchev and Kádár regimes exploited the issues of border incidents, espionage, discrimination against international organizations, delay in repatriating refugees, and anti‐communist propaganda to accuse Austria of violating neutrality, thereby throwing Austria onto the defensive and reducing the negative impact of the Soviet Union's aggression against its own ally, Hungary. It was hard enough for Austria to remain neutral in the cold war period in general, let alone during an actual ‘hot war’– especially when the country was new at exercising neutrality, when the crisis was right on its border, and when the population adhered to western democratic values.
Decision‐Making about Workplace Disputes: A Policy‐Capturing Study of Employment Arbitrators, Labor Arbitrators, and Jurors
Authors: KLAAS BRIAN S. , MAHONY DOUGLAS , WHEELER HOYT N.
Published: January 2006

Firms are increasingly turning to the controversial practice of employment arbitration to resolve workplace disputes. Yet little is know about how decisions are made by employment arbitrators or how their decisions compare to those made in traditional dispute‐resolution forums. This study uses a policy‐capturing design and hierarchical linear modeling to compare how decisions about termination cases are made by employment arbitrators, labor arbitrators, and jurors. The results indicate significant differences in the overall willingness to uphold termination, with labor arbitrators being the most likely to rule in favor of the employee, followed by jurors, employment arbitrators judging statutory and for‐cause claims, and employment arbitrators judging statutory‐only claims. Significant differences were also observed between categories of decision makers in the weight given to procedural compliance, evidence of discrimination, employee work history, and stress‐inducing personal circumstances.
Hydraulic observations from a 1 year fluid production test in the 4000 m deep KTB pilot borehole
Authors: GRÄSLE W. , KESSELS W. , KÜMPEL H.‐J. , LI X.
Published: January 2006

A long‐term pump test was conducted in the KTB pilot borehole (KTB‐VB), located in the Oberpfalz area, Germany. It produced 22 300 m3 of formation fluid. Initially, fluid production rate was 29 l min−1 for 4 months, but was then raised to an average of 57 l min−1 for eight more months. The aim of this study was to examine the fluid parameters and hydraulic properties of fractured, crystalline crusts as part of the new KTB programme ‘Energy and Fluid Transport in Continental Fault Systems’. KTB‐VB has an open‐hole section from 3850 to 4000 m depth that is in hydraulic contact with a prominent continental fault system in the area, called SE2. Salinity and temperature of the fluid inside the borehole, and consequently hydrostatic pressure, changed significantly throughout the test. Influence of these quantities on variations in fluid density had to be taken into account for interpretation of the pump test. Modelling of the pressure response related to the pumping was achieved assuming the validity of linear Darcy flow and permeability to be independent of the flow rate. Following the principle ‘minimum in model dimension’, we first examined whether the pressure response can be explained by an equivalent model where rock properties around the borehole are axially symmetric. Calculations show that the observed pressure data in KTB‐VB can in fact be reproduced through such a configuration. For the period of high pumping rate (57 l min−1) and the following recovery phase, the resulting parameters are 2.4 × 10−13 m3 in hydraulic transmissivity and 3.7 × 10−9 m Pa−1 in storativity for radial distances up to 187 m, and 4.7 × 10−14 m3 and 6.0 × 10−9 m Pa−1, respectively, for radial distances between 187 and 1200 m. The former pair of values mainly reflect the hydraulic properties of the fault zone SE2. For a more realistic hydraulic study on a greater scale, program FEFLOW was used. Parameter values were obtained by matching the calculated induced pressure signal to fluid‐level variations observed in the KTB main hole (KTB‐HB) located at 200 m radial distance from KTB‐VB. KTB‐HB is uncased from 9031 to 9100 m and shows indications of leakage in the casing at depths 5200–5600 m. Analysis of the pressure record and hydraulic modelling suggest the existence of a weak hydraulic communication between the two boreholes, probably at depths around the leakage. Hydraulic modelling of a major slug‐test in KTB‐HB that was run during the pumping in KTB‐VB reveals the effective transmissivity of the connected formation to be 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than the one determined for the SE2 fault zone.
Dynamic of the genetic structure of bacterial and fungal communities at different developmental stages of Medicago truncatula Gaertn. cv. Jemalong line J5
Authors: Mougel C. , Offre P. , Ranjard L. , Corberand T. , Gamalero E. , Robin C. , Lemanceau P.
Published: January 2006

The genetic structure of bacterial and fungal communities was characterized in the rhizosphere of Medicago truncatula Gaertn. cv. Jemalong line J5 at five developmental stages (three vegetative and two reproductive stages), and in three compartments (bulk soil, rhizosphere soil and root tissues).

The genetic structure of microbial communities was determined by cultivation‐independent methods using directly extracted DNA that was characterized by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA).

Principal component analyses (PCA) indicate that, for all developmental stages, the genetic structure of microbial communities differed significantly by compartment, with a major shift in the community in root tissues corresponding to the most intimate compartment with the plant.

Differences were also recorded during plant development, the most significant being observed during the transition between vegetative and reproductive stages. Throughout this period, plants were shown to establish the highest level of symbiotic association (mycorrhization, nodulation) with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobia. During the reproductive stages, the dynamics of the genetic structure differed between bacterial and fungal communities. At the last reproductive stage, the genetic structure of bacterial communities became close to that recorded during the first vegetative stages, suggesting a resilience phenomenon, whereas the genetic structure of fungal communities remained different from the vegetative stages and also from the early reproductive stages, suggesting a persistence of the rhizosphere effect.
Microelectrode array studies of basal and potassium‐evoked release ofl‐glutamate in the anesthetized rat brain
Authors: Day B. K. , Pomerleau F. , Burmeister J. J. , Huettl P. , Gerhardt G. A.
Published: January 2006

l‐glutamate (Glu) is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays major roles in normal neurophysiology and many brain disorders by binding to membrane‐bound Glu receptors. To overcome the spatial and temporal limitations encountered in previousin vivoextracellular Glu studies, we employed enzyme‐coated microelectrode arrays to measure both basal and potassium‐evoked release of Glu in the anesthetized rat brain. We also addressed the question of signal identity, which is the predominant criticism of these recording technologies.In vivoself‐referencing recordings demonstrated that our Glu signals were both enzyme‐ and voltage‐dependent, supporting the identity ofl‐glutamate. In addition, basal Glu was actively regulated, tetrodotoxin (TTX)‐dependent, and measured in the low micromolar range (approximately 2 µm) using multiple self‐referencing subtraction approaches for identification of Glu. Moreover, potassium‐evoked Glu release exhibited fast kinetics that were concentration‐dependent and reproducible. These data support the hypothesis that Glu release is highly regulated, requiring detection technologies that must be very close to the synapse and measure on a second‐by‐second basis to best characterize the dynamics of the Glu system.
Blueberry polyphenols increase lifespan and thermotolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Wilson Mark A. , Shukitt‐Hale Barbara , Kalt Wilhelmina , Ingram Donald K. , Joseph James A. , Wolkow Catherine A.
Published: January 2006

The beneficial effects of polyphenol compounds in fruits and vegetables are mainly extrapolated from in vitro studies or short‐term dietary supplementation studies. Due to cost and duration, relatively little is known about whether dietary polyphenols are beneficial in whole animals, particularly with respect to aging. To address this question, we examined the effects of blueberry polyphenols on lifespan and aging of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, a useful organism for such a study. We report that a complex mixture of blueberry polyphenols increased lifespan and slowed aging‐related declines in C. elegans. We also found that these benefits did not just reflect antioxidant activity in these compounds. For instance, blueberry treatment increased survival during acute heat stress, but was not protective against acute oxidative stress. The blueberry extract consists of three major fractions that all contain antioxidant activity. However, only one fraction, enriched in proanthocyanidin compounds, increased C. elegans lifespan and thermotolerance. To further determine how polyphenols prolonged C. elegans lifespan, we analyzed the genetic requirements for these effects. Prolonged lifespan from this treatment required the presence of a CaMKII pathway that mediates osmotic stress resistance, though not other pathways that affect stress resistance and longevity. In conclusion, polyphenolic compounds in blueberries had robust and reproducible benefits during aging that were separable from antioxidant effects.
Evidence Based Research in CBT with Adolescent Eating Disorders
Authors: Gowers Simon G.
Published: January 2006

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is increasingly becoming the treatment of choice for a number of adolescent mental health problems, including depression (Harrington et al., 1998) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), (March, 1995). In considering the role of CBT in the treatment of adolescent eating disorders, it is helpful to review the phenomenology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa in this age group and to assess the theoretical relevance of a cognitive behavioural approach to their management. The evidence base has been reviewed in the recently published National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guidelines on the treatment of eating disorders (NICE, 2004). To date, CBT approaches have not been widely tested in controlled trials in this age group. However, a randomised controlled treatment trial is under way in the North West of England (The TOuCAN Trial), in which CBT is an important component of one of the interventions being studied and this will be described.
Child and Adolescent Social‐Emotional Development Within the Context of School
Authors: Aviles Ann M. , Anderson Tanya R. , Davila Erica R.
Published: January 2006

Children and adolescents exposed to violence may develop mental health problems, impacting their ability to develop appropriate social‐emotional skills. Limited development of social‐emotional skills has been associated with poor performance in school. A review of the literature was conducted to better understand social‐emotional development in children and its role in a child's ability to function in the school setting. The developmental psychopathology framework is used to illuminate the dynamic relationship between children and their contexts. Specifically, the context of school is explored to identify its role in providing services that address the needs of children and adolescents with social‐emotional limitations.
CORC's Survey of Routine Outcome Monitoring and National CAMHS Dataset Developments: A Response to Johnston and Gower
Authors: Ford Tamsin , Tingay Karen , Wolpert Miranda ,   the CORC Steering Group
Published: January 2006

Background:  The CAMHS Outcome Research Consortium has 44 members across Great Britain who are collaborating to introduce routine outcome monitoring into clinical practice.

Methods:  Members were surveyed in 2004, in order to establish a baseline against which we could measure progress.

Results:  Like Johnston and Gowers, we discovered a wide range of measures were being used, while a third of CORC members were sharing information with clinicians and commissioners, and were using it to develop clinical practice or services.

Discussion:  We discuss the constraints brought up by our members and by Johnston and Gowers, as well as recent work in relation to the development of a national CAMHS dataset.
IDENTIFYING REGIME CHANGES IN MARKET VOLATILITY
Authors: Guo Weiyu , Wohar Mark E.
Published: January 2006

A casual inspection of a graph of volatility indexes over time indicates that volatility has undergone infrequent, but significant, shifts in its average level. The purpose of this article is to test for multiple structural breaks in the mean level of market volatility measured by the VIX and VXO, and to identify statistically the dates of these mean shifts. We find evidence of three distinct periods: pre‐1992, 1992–1997, and post‐1997. We find that the mean volatility, as well as its standard deviation, was lowest during 1992–1997. Our findings provide statistical evidence consistent with popular beliefs that market volatility changes over time.
Treatment decisions: A qualitative study with women with gynaecological cancer
Authors: MARKOVIC Milica , MANDERSON Lenore , QUINN Michael
Published: January 2006

This qualitative study investigated women's participation in decisions regarding treatment of gynaecological cancer. Thirty women, receiving health care in two tertiary hospitals in Australia, were interviewed face‐to‐face. For women with gynaecological cancer, the most influential factors in treatment decisions are still the surgeon's recommendation and fear of dying from cancer.
Patterns of Alcohol and Marijuana Use at School
Authors: Finn Kristin V.
Published: January 2006

The problem of adolescent substance use has been examined extensively. Beyond simple prevalence estimates, however, little research has been conducted on substance use in the school context. The present investigation was an in‐depth study of students' attitudes and behaviors regarding alcohol and marijuana use during the school day. Based on a representative sample of 1123 high school students, this study assessed the frequency of alcohol and marijuana use at school among demographic subgroups, the accessibility of drugs in school, and students' perceived consequences of being caught using drugs in school. The results showed that male and Hispanic students had higher levels of drug use at school than female and white students, respectively; that school drug use increased with age, and that alcohol and marijuana were easily obtained and used on school grounds. A large percentage of students were not aware of the specific actions taken in their schools to punish drug use. The need for additional research on school‐related drug use is emphasized.
Free Radical Damage in Facsimile Synovium: Correlation with Adhesion Formation in Osteoarthritic TMJs
Authors: Sheets Donald W. , Okamoto Toru , Dijkgraaf Leonore C. , Milam Stephen B. , Schmitz John P. , Zardeneta Gustavo
Published: January 2006

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to use the rat air pouch model of facsimile synovium to evaluate oxidative stress as a primary mechanism in the pathogenesis of degenerative temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease.

Materials and Methods:
Forty‐nine Sprague‐Dawley adult female rats were used to generate the standard rat air pouch model of facsimile synovium. This was accomplished by daily air injections (20 cc) subdermally through the dorsal skin. Hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron (components of the Fenton reaction which generate free radicals) were introduced into the pouches of the 4‐, 7‐, and 14‐day groups to generate oxidative stress. Control rats were injected with phosphate‐buffered solution (PBS), pH 7.4. Either N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), a powerful free radical scavenger, or ibuprofen were simultaneously injected with the Fenton reagents into the pouches of the 14‐day treatment groups to modulate free radical‐mediated protein damage to the synovium. Animals were euthanized at appropriate experimental intervals and biopsies obtained from specimens to analyze: (1) proteins' amino acid modification (carbonyl group formation), (2) protein hydrophobicity, (3) detection of low molecular weight protein degradation products, and (4) histological and gross anatomical observations.

Results:
Free radicals introduced into the rat air pouch interacted with synovial tissues causing oxidation and breakdown of proteins. Clinical evidence of adhesion formation consistent with features found in osteoarthritis of the TMJ developed. The groups subjected to oxidative stress experienced statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases in carbonyl formation, carbonyls/protein, and low molecular weight protein fragments. These groups also showed significant (p < 0.05) hydrophobicity changes consistent with free radical attack. Control synovial tissues were statistically undamaged. The 14‐day NAC and ibuprofen treatment groups experienced statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in total carbonyl formation, carbonyls/protein, and hydrophobicity. Histological and gross observations in free radical damaged synovium exhibited features consistent with known arthoscopic and arthrocentesis findings in diseased TMJs.

Conclusions:
This study suggests that the rat air pouch model of facsimile synovium develops clinical evidence of adhesions and biochemical signs of protein modification when subjected to free radical attack. NAC and ibuprofen prevented carbonyl formation as well as hydrophobicity changes indicative of oxidative stress damage in facsimile synovium. These findings are consistent with features of degenerative human TMJ disease. Future direction may be taken from this study to postulate new analysis techniques and treatment modalities for patients with degenerative TMJ disease.
Simplified Fabrication of Surgical Template for Orthodontic‐Implant Treatment
Authors: Sukotjo Cortino , Bocage Virginia
Published: January 2006

This article proposes a simple method to fabricate an implant surgical template that provides good visual access, operator flexibility, and template stability for use in multidisciplinary cases involving orthodontic devices.
Comparison of Standard Radiological Risk Models and Using RESRAD to Derive Generic Risk‐Based Area Factors for Final Status Surveys
Authors: King David A. , Keil Karen
Published: January 2006

The RESidual RADioactivity (RESRAD) computer code has been used for years to calculate carcinogenic risk and radiological dose from exposure to radionuclides. The basic ingestion, inhalation, and direct gamma intake equations used by RESRAD, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS), and the Soil Screening Guidance for Radionuclides (SSG) are similar and can produce similar results, but there are some notable differences. Of particular interest is the fact that RESRAD incorporates sophisticated environmental transport models. Associated environmental parameters allow risk assessors to consider, among other variables, the size (i.e., surface area) of the contaminated zone, a variable not typically addressed quantitatively under the RAGS/SSG paradigm. Considering the similarities between basic RESRAD, RAGS, and SSG intake equations and given the broad acceptance of RESRAD, it stands to reason that RESRAD‐derived area factors may be used to supplement RAGS/SSG human health risk calculations. This would allow risk assessors to retrofit existing results or otherwise modify standard RAGS/SSG equations for use in site closeout planning under the Multi‐Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM), given a key component of the MARSSIM method is the consideration of small areas of elevated activity or “hot spots” through the use of area factors.
Antecedents and Consequences of Unlearning in New Product Development Teams
Authors: Akgün Ali E. , Lynn Gary S. , Byrne John C.
Published: January 2006

Unlearning, which first appeared almost 30 years ago as a subprocess of the organizational learning process, has received only limited attention in the literature. Rather than building on empirical research, the existing scholarship is largely anecdotal, aimed at reviewing the literature and generating new insights. Further, unlearning studies tend to analyze the organizational level and neglect smaller units such as work groups and teams. To address this gap in the understanding of unlearning, this article empirically investigates unlearning in work groups in general and new product development (NPD) teams in particular. This study, based on the literature of organizational memory and change, operationalized team unlearning as changes in beliefs and routines during team‐based projects and then discussed the importance of unlearning behavior in NPD teams. Specifically it was argued that unlearning guards beliefs and routines against rigidity to cope with environmental turbulence. This is of particular note when rigid product development procedures and group beliefs inhibit the reception and evaluation of new market and technology information and reduce the value of perceived new information. To test the antecedents and consequences of the team unlearning model, 319 NPD teams were investigated. Using structural equation modeling, it was found that (1) team crisis and anxiety have a direct impact on team unlearning; (2) environmental turbulence also has a direct impact on both team crisis and anxiety and team unlearning; and (3) after team beliefs and project routines have changed, implementing new knowledge or information positively affects new product success. Specifically, the findings revealed that changes in team members' collective beliefs in accordance with environmental changes and the in‐process planning or adjustment of project work activities and procedures as the projects evolve enable teams to develop and launch new products successfully. Also, results indicated that team crisis and anxiety in NPD projects assist team members in revising their previous beliefs and routines when project teams are performing in turbulent environments. This article suggests that managers can enhance team unlearning by (1) creating a sense of urgency by introducing an artificial crisis; and (2) avoiding the groupthink phenomena by bringing in an outsider to challenge existing policies and procedures, and training the team on lateral thinking. In addition, managers can plan project activities in a flexible manner that allows changes as the project evolves to facilitate team unlearning. However, managers should also be cautious when promoting team unlearning. Without careful and considerable evaluation, change in beliefs and routines can cause information/knowledge loss.
Assessment of Left Atrial Appendage by Live Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography: Early Experience and Comparison with Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Agoston Ildiko , Xie Tianrong , Tiller Frank L. , Rahman Atiar M. , Ahmad Masood
Published: January 2006

Background: Live Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography (L3D, Sonos 7500, Philips) has the potential to visualize all cardiac structures including left atrial appendage (LAA). We tested the feasibility of evaluating LAA by L3D and compared the findings to transthoracic echocardiography (2D) and in a subset of patients with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Methods: L3D images were obtained in 204 consecutive patients referred for routine 2D or TEE. We performed wide‐angled acquisitions from parasternal and apical views. TomTec system (4D Cardio‐view, RT 1.2) was used to visualize LAA from multiple vantage points. Results: LAA was adequately visualized by L3D in 139 of 204 (68.1%) patients. L3D visualization was dependent on image quality, suboptimal in 100 and diagnostic in 104 patients. Overall, LAA was visualized in 93 (45.5%) patients by 2D compared to 139 (68.1%) by L3D (P < 0.0001). In 100 patients with suboptimal image quality by L3D, LAA visualization was 16% by 2D and 35% by L3D, whereas in 104 patients with diagnostic images, LAA was visualized in 77 (74%) by 2D and in all 104 (100%) patients by L3D (P < 0.0001). In 37 patients referred for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), live three‐dimensional echocardiography (L3D) visualized left atrial appendage (LAA) in 34 patients with diagnostic image quality. Eight patients with LAA thrombi on TEE had thrombi detected by L3D as well. All patients with LAA thrombus had enlarged LA by both 2D and TEE.
Conclusions: L3D is a promising technique in evaluation of LAA with and without thrombi. In patients with good quality transthoracic images L3D may be used as a screening tool in assessment of LAA.
Public Spending on the Arts as Morality Policy: The Structure of Public Attitudes
Authors: Lewis Gregory B.
Published: January 2006

Successfully reframing a political issue as morality policy should strengthen the hand of those charging immorality. However, reframers face a daunting task in shifting public opinion. In 1989, Christian conservatives attempted to reframe the debate over federal funding for the arts from waste to immorality, by attacking grants for “anti‐Christian” and “homoerotic” art. Using General Social Survey data from before, during, and after the attempted reframing, this article assesses the reframers’ success in heightening the salience of religion, commitment to civil liberties, and attitudes toward sexuality in public thinking about government spending on the arts.
Synthesis of Ti3AlC2 Powders Using Sn as an Additive
Authors: Mingxing Ai , Hongxiang Zhai , Yang Zhou , Zhaoyun Tang , Zhenying Huang , Zhili Zhang , Shibo Li
Published: January 2006

Nearly pure Ti3AlC2 powders have been synthesized by calcining a mixture of titanium, aluminum, and graphite powders using tin powders as additives. Four recipes with different mole ratios of Ti:Al:C:Sn were examined at calcining temperatures from 1300° to 1500°C. The addition of Sn effectively inhibited the generation of thermal explosion when the volume of the starting materials is larger, and considerably reduced the lower‐limit calcining temperature. The nearly pure Ti3AlC2 powders can be obtained reliably on a large scale by calcining the starting materials with a mole ratio of 3Ti:1Al:1.8C:0.2Sn at temperatures from 1350° to 1500°C.
High‐Intensity Discharge Lamp with Mo–SiO2 Functionally Graded Material
Authors: Umemoto Ayumu , Hayashi Koichi , Nakashima Kunihiko , Saito Noritaka , Kaneko Kenji , Ogi Keisaku
Published: January 2006

We show the invention of the new type of hermetically sealed high‐intensity discharge lamps, made of Mo–SiO2 functionally graded material (FGM) as an electrode and a sealing component. In the case of high‐intensity discharge lamps with Mo–SiO2 FGM (FGM lamp), the thermal expansion coefficient between Mo and SiO2 is functionally graded so that it tolerates a large number of heating cycles, with no cooling system required. Furthermore, lamps survive without breakage. The W electrode is totally separated from the lamp envelope by the FGM, so that no leakage of the luminous elements or gases takes place, when a large gas pressure exists inside a lamp.
Origin of Texture Development in Barium Bismuth Titanate Prepared by the Templated Grain Growth Method
Authors: Kimura Toshio , Yoshida Yusuke
Published: January 2006

Microstructure development was examined for BaBi4Ti4O15 prepared by the templated grain growth method, and the origin of texture development was discussed. The microstructure development in a compact composed of a platelike template and equiaxed matrix grains was characterized as follows: (1) the template grains thickened at an early stage; (2) the matrix grains changed their shape from equiaxed to platelike, and simultaneously, the plate faces aligned parallel to those of template grains; and (3) a group of large grains with mutually parallel alignment was formed by prolonged heating at high temperature. Texture developed during these microstructural changes, and process (2) made the greatest contribution toward texture development.
Deconstructing home‐based care for mental illness: can one identify the effective ingredients?
Authors: Burns T. , Catty J. , Wright C.
Published: January 2006

Objective:  Home‐based care for severe mental illness has been the focus of intense research over the last 30 years and has produced mixed results. Replications of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) in Europe have consistently failed to find these differences and various explanations have been advanced for this.

Method:  Studies were compared in context of health care, and then identifying and rating the components of the differing teams rather than simply their designation. Cluster analysis was used for the identification of common service characteristics and regression analysis to test for correlation with reduction in hospitalization.

Results:  The nature of the control service may significantly explain the international variation in results. Six regularly occurring features of experimental services were identified from the examination of the components – smaller case loads, regularly visiting at home, a high percentage of contacts at home, responsibility for health and social care, multidisciplinary teams and a psychiatrist integrated in the team. Two of these, regularly visiting at home and responsibility for health and social care, are significantly associated with a reduction in hospitalization.

Conclusions:  It is premature to define an optimal configuration for home based care services. The need for introducing differing components of such care will depend on what is currently available locally. Where regular home visiting to psychotic patients plus a broad service model incorporating health and social care objectives are provided, major reductions in in‐patient care are not currently to be anticipated by service reconfigurations.
Intervention effects of supplying homeless individuals with permanent housing: a 3‐year prospective study
Authors: Fichter M. M. , Quadflieg N.
Published: January 2006

Objective:  To describe the intervention effects of supplying homeless individuals with permanent housing.

Method:  In a prospective study, 109 male and 20 female homeless individuals were assessed at baseline and at 1‐ and 3‐year follow‐up concerning mental illness (SCID‐I), psychopathology, global assessment of functioning, emotional lability and alcohol consumption.

Results:  A high proportion (86%) of the individuals was able to maintain or improve stability of housing. Only minor changes were observed concerning mental illness and global functioning. Extensive alcohol consumption and high psychopathology increased the risk of losing the stable housing.

Conclusion:  The placement of homeless individuals in board and care homes or community housing after social counselling seems to be a necessary measure to remedy homelessness. However, supplying more permanent housing is not sufficient to decisively improve mental health status.
Determinants of quality of life in people with severe mental illness
Authors: Hansson L.
Published: January 2006

Objective:  The objective of this article was to review some methodological issues in this field and give an overview of empirical research findings with a special focus on factors associated with or affecting subjective quality of life in people with a severe mental illness.

Method:  A selective review of relevant scientific literature on quality of life in severe mental illness was conducted.

Results:  Subjective quality of life in people with a severe mental illness is only to a lesser extent related to external life conditions. Major determinants are psychopathology, especially symptoms of depression and anxiety, and aspects of the social network. Personality related factors such as self‐esteem are also influential. Comparative studies have further shown that patients in community care settings have a better subjective quality of life than patients in hospital settings.

Conclusion:  Efforts to improve subjective quality of life in people with severe mental illness should include a careful monitoring of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and pay particular attention to assessment of and interventions against unmet needs. Further, such interventions should stress a strengthening of the social support of the clients. It is also important to pay attention to mediators of changes in subjective quality of life such as self‐esteem, mastery, autonomy, and self‐efficacy.
Family burden and social network in schizophrenia vs. physical diseases: preliminary results from an Italian national study
Authors: Magliano L. , Fiorillo A. , De Rosa C. , Maj M. ,   the National Mental Health Project Working Group
Published: January 2006

Objective:  To compare burden and social network in families of patients with schizophrenia or physical diseases.

Method:  A total of 709 relatives of patients with schizophrenia and 646 relatives of patients with physical diseases were recruited in 169 specialized units located in 30 randomly selected Italian geographical areas.

Results:  In both groups, the consequences of caregiving most frequently reported as present were constraints in social activities, negative effects on family life and a feeling of loss. Objective burden was similar in the two groups, while subjective burden was higher in schizophrenia. Social support was lower among relatives of patients with schizophrenia than among those of the other group.

Conclusion:  These results highlight the need to provide families of those with long‐term diseases with supportive interventions, aiming to: i) manage relatives’ psychological reactions to patient's illness; ii) provide information on patient's disease; iii) reinforce relatives’ social network, especially in the case of schizophrenia.
The Australian experience of deinstitutionalization: interaction of Australian culture with the development and reform of its mental health services
Authors: Rosen A.
Published: January 2006

Objective:  To describe the Australian experience of deinstitutionalization of the Australian National Mental Health Strategy in the context of the history of mental health services in Australia, and of Australian culture.

Method:  The development of Australian Mental Health Services is described with reference to developments in both psychiatric intervention research and Australian culture. The effects and achievements of national mental health reforms are described and critically examined.

Results:  The relationship in Australia between the development of mental health services and the development of Australian society includes the stories of colonization, gold rushes, suppression of indigenous peoples’ rights, incarceration of mentally ill people, and incompatible state service systems. Mental health services required reform to provide consistent services and support for full citizenship and rights for such individuals who are still on the margins of society. Recent national developments in service models and service system research have been driven by the Australian National Mental Health Strategy. The translation of national policy into state/territory mental health service systems has led to a ‘natural’ experiment between states. Differing funding and implementation strategies between states have developed services with particular strengths and limitations.

Conclusion:  The effects of competition for limited resources between core mental health service delivery and the shift to a population‐based public health approach (to prevention of mental illness and promotion of mental health), leaves our services vulnerable to doing neither particularly well. The recent loss of momentum of these reforms, due to failure of governments to continue to drive and fund them adequately, is causing the erosion of their considerable achievements.
Intravenous melphalan, thalidomide and prednisone in refractory and relapsed multiple myeloma
Authors: Palumbo Antonio , Avonto Ilaria , Bruno Benedetto , Ambrosini Maria Teresa , Bringhen Sara , Cavallo Federica , Falco Patrizia , Boccadoro Mario
Published: January 2006

Objectives: Thalidomide combined with conventional chemotherapies including oral melphalan shows significant anti‐myeloma activity. To address this issue, feasibility and efficacy of a three drug combination consisting of intravenous (i.v.) melphalan, thalidomide and prednisone [M(i.v.)PT] was evaluated in advanced myeloma patients. Patients and methods: Twenty‐four advanced myeloma patients were treated with multiple cycles of a regimen consisting of low dose i.v. melphalan (20 mg/m2) at d 1, thalidomide at the dose of 50–100 mg/d given continuously and oral prednisone at the planned dose of 50 mg/d every other day. Intravenous melphalan was administered every fourth month. Median time from diagnosis was 40 months (range: 8–144 months). Fifteen patients (66%) had previously been treated with a combination of thalidomide and dexamethasone or with thalidomide alone. Results: Overall, on an intent‐to treat basis, 14 patients responded: three achieved near complete remission (nCR), seven achieved partial response (PR), four minimal response (MR). Six patients showed stable disease (SD) and four‐disease progression. Interestingly, of five patients who had previously progressed while on thalidomide and prednisone, one reached nCR, two PR and one MR. After a median follow up of 14 months, median progression free survival was 9 months. Response duration was longer than that induced by the previous line of treatment in eight patients (33%). Thalidomide‐associated toxicity mainly consisted of constipation, tingling and sedation. Conclusions: M(i.v.)PT is an effective regimen, which can overcome resistance to thalidomide plus prednisone in advanced myeloma with acceptable toxicity.
Apoptosis of oral epithelial cells in oral lichen planus caused by upregulation of BMP‐4
Authors: Kim S.‐G. , Chae C.‐H. , Cho B.‐O. , Kim H.‐N. , Kim H.‐J. , Kim I.‐S. , Choi J.‐Y.
Published: January 2006

Background:  Bone morphogenic protein (BMP‐4) is a member of transforming growth factor (TGF‐β) family and involved in various functions including apoptosis during neural ectoderm development. The objective of this study is to determine whether BMP‐4 is involved in apoptosis, one characteristic, of human oral lichen planus (OLP).

Methods:  Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for BMP‐4 were carried out in OLP (n = 21) and normal human oral mucosa (NOM, n = 31). Five tissue samples from NOM and OLP were underwent reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). In vitro organ culture of oral mucosa was carried out with beads soaked with various concentration of BMP‐4 (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/ml). The samples from in vitro organ culture were undergone haematoxylin and eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end‐labelling technique (TUNEL) assay, and immunohistochemical study with p53, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐1, and MMP‐3. Involucrin expression was determined by western blot analysis after treatment with BMP‐4 or TGF‐β1 on human oral keratinocytes.

Results:  In immunohistochemical analysis, expression of BMP‐4 was higher in OLP than NOM. BMP‐4 mRNA expression was also detected in epithelial cells of both NOM and OLP together with underlying T‐lymphocytes by in situ hybridization and RT‐PCR. In oral mucosa organ culture, BMP‐4 soaked beads induced apoptosis of epithelial cells. Acantolysis combined with apoptosis in oral epithelium was observed at 1 μg/ml of BMP‐4 beads and it was due in part to the induction of p53 and MMP‐1. Even MMP‐3 induction was found in lower concentration of BMP‐4 (0.1 and 1 μg/ml). Moreover, the expression of MMP‐1 and MMP‐3 was also observed in OLP. Recombinant BMP‐4 or TGF‐β1 increased involucrin expression in human oral keratinocytes cell line.

Conclusions:  Expression of BMP‐4 of epithelial cells was higher in OLP than NOM. High concentration of BMP‐4 caused an apoptosis of oral epithelial cells in oral mucosa organ culture. Therefore, over‐expression of BMP‐4 is one causing factor for apoptosis of oral epithelial cells through upregulation of p53, MMP1 and MMP3 in OLP.
αvβ6 integrin in wound healing and cancer of the oral cavity
Authors: Thomas G. J. , Nyström M. L. , Marshall J. F.
Published: January 2006

Integrins are a family of heterodimeric cell surface receptors, which are expressed on most cells where they mediate cell‐cell and cell‐extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. The αvβ6 integrin is epithelial‐specific and binds to the ECM proteins fibronectin, vitronectin and tenascin, and also to the latency associated peptide of TGF‐β. Unlike most epithelial integrins, αvβ6 is not expressed constitutively by healthy oral epithelia, but is up‐regulated during tissue remodelling, including that accompanying wound healing and carcinogenesis. Although, the data at present have been generated principally from in vitro studies, there is increasing evidence to suggest that αvβ6 may promote carcinoma progression: αvβ6 has been shown to modulate invasion, inhibit apoptosis, regulate protease expression and activate TGF‐β1. This review examines the current literature, and discusses the possible role of αvβ6 in wound healing, and in the development and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Influence of proinflammatory cytokines on Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans specific IgG responses
Authors: Tanaka S. , Fakher M. , Barbour S. E. , Schenkein H. A. , Tew J. G.
Published: January 2006

Objective:  High levels of serum anti‐Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans immunoglobulin G (IgG) correlate with reduced extent and severity of periodontal disease and the present study was undertaken to begin testing the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines are important in the induction of optimal anti‐A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG responses.

Background:  Studies with pokeweed mitogen indicate that interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α) and IL‐1β are necessary for optimal IgG1 and IgG2 production and that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) selectively promote IgG2, which is a major component of the anti‐A. actinomycetemcomitans response in vivo. The pokeweed mitogen results suggest that these proinflammatory cytokines would also be necessary for optimal production of IgG specific for A. actinomycetemcomitans.

Methods:  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from A. actinomycetemcomitans‐seropositive subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis were stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans in immune complexes capable of binding follicular dendritic cells that participate in the induction of recall responses in vivo. Cultures were manipulated with anti‐IL‐1α, anti‐IL‐1β, anti‐IFN‐γ, anti‐IL‐12, anti‐CD21, indomethacin, and PGE2. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans specific IgG production was monitored by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:  Addition of follicular dendritic cells to peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultures resulted in follicular dendritic cell‐lymphocyte clusters and increased anti‐A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG responses (3–40‐fold increases) compared with controls lacking follicular dendritic cells. Anti‐IL‐1α, anti‐IL‐1β, anti‐IFN‐γ, anti‐IL‐12, anti‐CD21 and indomethacin suppressed anti‐A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG production by half or more. PGE2 restored IgG responses suppressed by indomethacin.

Conclusions:  The cytokines IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IFN‐γ, IL‐12, and PGE2 were all necessary for optimal production of human anti‐A. actinomycetemcomitans and the need for proinflammatory cytokines including the T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines is consistent with a response with a significant IgG2 component.
A digital SLR or intra‐oral camera: preference for acquisition within an image analysis system for measurement of disclosed dental plaque area within clinical trials
Authors: Smith R. N. , Rawlinson A. , Lath D. L. , Brook A.H.
Published: January 2006

Objectives:  The aim of this investigation was to compare the accuracy and reproducibility of images acquired from two types of camera (digital SLR camera, Kodak DCS410, KJP, UK and an intra‐oral camera, Schick Technologies, UK) for application within an imaging system used for the quantification of disclosed dental plaque.

Methods:  Subjects refrained from brushing their teeth for 24 h. Their teeth were then disclosed with Erythrosin FDC Red 3 and duplicate sets of images were obtained by each examiner of the upper central and lateral incisors. Images were then saved and measured for dental plaque area. These data were used to calculate reliability.

Results:  No statistically significant bias in the measurements of plaque area was found. The reliability results showed the method was reliable. However, the image analysis system incorporating the 35 mm SRL camera was more reliable for both operators, as demonstrated by their intra‐operator results. This was also collaborated by the inter‐operator results.

Conclusion:  In this investigation the digital SLR camera combined with the image analysis system and frame permitted greater reliability of dental plaque surface area measurements than the digital intra‐oral camera. This conclusion was derived both from the reliability data and from the perceived ease of use and flexibility of both camera types. When combined with the use of the custom‐made frame, the images using the digital SLR camera were highly reproducible, confirming the systems application within clinical trials.