bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Head Start as a National Laboratory
Authors: ZIGLER EDWARD , SEITZ VICTORIA
Published: March 2007

Project Head Start was initiated during an optimistic era when many believed that intelligence could be vastly improved through environmental input. This extreme position holds many dangers. The search for the brief periods in development when intervention will yield life-long benefits has also been misleading; all stages of life deserve their own program focus. Head Start has held a unique position as a national laboratory for the design of effective interventions for children and adults. The program has served as a base from which to experiment with various services and approaches such that those found to be successful can be expanded or can spawn related efforts. Ways to improve Head Start's orientation include the admittance of children from all socioeconomic levels and the use of social competence, instead of IQ score changes, as the criterion by which to evaluate the success of early intervention. A promising future direction would be to expand its Child and Family Resource Programs, where arrays of services are offered in one neighborhood center. With adequate funding, the evolution of Head Start is assured, since the program has been flexible, innovative, and a stable foundation from which to move forward in social programs for children and families.
Retirement: Leaving the World of Work
Authors: ATCHLEY ROBERT C.
Published: March 2007

The process of retirement begins with attitudes toward retirement, retirement policies, and factors in the decision to retire. Currently, high levels of desire for retirement and poor health cause most retirements to occur at or near the minimum age for retirement. The retirement transition has varying effects, depending on how the individual arrives at retirement. Those who retire voluntarily have little or no difficulty adjusting. Those who are forced out by mandatory retirement policies tend to be dissatisfied at first, but eventually they adjust. And those who retire because of poor health are understandably the most dissatisfied, although retirement improves health for many of them. Retirement itself has no predictable negative effect on physical health, selfesteem, or life satisfaction. It does tend to reduce activity level. A good adjustment in the retirement years depends on having a secure income, good health, meaningful activities and high marital satisfaction. Given income and health, most retired persons adjust well. However, retirement income systems and health care financing systems in America are losing ground, and gaps in coverage are widening. This situation poses a serious threat to the future of retirement.
Where will the Money Come From?
Authors: RIEDY MARK J.
Published: March 2007

A host of extremely critical challenges is facing the housing industry. Inflation and volatile interest rates have seriously disrupted the nation's mortgage finance and delivery system. Sources of funds to the traditional suppliers of mortgage credit have become scarce. The ability of consumers to afford housing has been reduced by escalating prices and declining real incomes. As a result, the mortgage finance industry is in a period of transition to new types of mortgage instruments and new sources of money for mortgages. Among these new sources are the nation's pension funds. Pension funds had been effectively excluded from extensive residential mortgage investments, but new changes in Labor Department Employee Retirement and Income Security Act (ERISA) regulations could open the way for billions of dollars in private pension fund investment in mortgages. Much of this investment will come through an expanded national secondary market with a conventional mortgage-backed security. Mortgage bankers will be in the forefront of these developments.
Integration and Fragmentation: Key Themes of Congressional Change
Authors: OLESZEK WALTER J.
Published: March 2007

Congress is a fragmented, decentralized, and undisciplined institution. These essential qualities constitute both its strength and its weakness. On the one hand, Congress's fragmentation, as manifested by features such as bicameralism and collegial decision making, promote its representative and oversight roles. On the other hand, Congress has a difficult time getting its policymaking act together because it lacks sufficient integrative mechanisms, such as party and procedural devices, that would aggregate issues and interests. Throughout congressional history, the themes of integration and fragmentation have warred against each other with the forces of dispersal typically being victorious. This article's objective is to highlight certain complexities and anomalies in structural and procedural changes designed to constrain or impose order on Congress's diffused power. Two recent developments—committee modernization and renewed interest in oversight of administrative activities—provide the case material for the analysis.
The Public and the Arts
Authors: KELLER EDWARD B.
Published: March 2007

The tremendous growth in public involvement with the arts and public funding of the arts, which the United States witnessed in the 1960s and 1970s, took place during a unique period in American history. During that period the social values of the nation shifted radically. In the 1980s, we are again undergoing fundamental change in our social, economic, and political environment. A more restrictive economy is causing the American people to rethink many of the assumptions that engendered the social-values revolution of the last two decades. The watchword of the 1980s can best be described as adaptation, as the nation seeks to blend social and economic goals. In this climate almost all assumptions are being reexamined, including those about the arts and funding of the arts. This article reviews the social and political climate of the 1960s and 1970s, in which culture and the arts exploded, and the changes that have taken place in the 1980s; it then analyzes current public attitudes toward funding of the arts; finally, it identifies some key social and public-policy trends that are emerging in the eighties and are likely to influence the future of funding of the arts.
Changing Public Attitudes Toward Funding of the Arts
Authors: HART KITTY CARLISLE
Published: March 2007

Throughout this nation's relatively brief history, a tradition of pluralistic funding of the arts has evolved. The partners in this pluralistic system are individuals, the federal government, state, county and local governments, foundations, businesses, and corporations. With all of these partners participating, the system prevents an unhealthy dependence on any one source and keeps any one source from dominating. An increasing number of Americans view the arts in a positive manner. Nationwide studies and the 1980 census indicate that more Americans are participating, actively and passively, in the arts than ever before in the nation's history. However, the typical American does not seem to understand the pluralistic funding process, especially the role government should play in the funding partnership. The public needs to understand the benefits of government funding of the arts for our society. The funds that taxpayers invest in the arts provide essential tools for economic development and social stability. Public funds spent on the arts multiply in the economy at large, attract tourists, and generate the need for related goods and services. Thus the public needs to be educated to comprehend that government participation is a vital ingredient in our American system of pluralistic support for our cultural endeavors.
The Future Demographics of American Unionism
Authors: ROBERTS MARKLEY
Published: March 2007

Demographic changes in the next 20 years will affect labor force characteristics and workers' expectations of jobs and unions. These expectations will affect the size and strength of labor unions, union organizing and bargaining, and union political-legislative actions. A demographic look at the next 20 years indicates (1) a slowdown in population growth contributing to slow economic growth and slow growth in jobs; (2) aging of the labor force, and more concern for job security and retirement; (3) women, blacks, and Hispanic-background workers constituting bigger shares of the labor force; (4) population and job growth in the Sunbelt and in nonmetropolitan areas; and (5) declining opportunities for upward mobility for the middle-aged, baby-boom generation. These changes point to a continuing key role for labor unions in protecting and promoting the interests of working people.
Collective Bargaining: The Next Twenty Years
Authors: McLAUGHLIN DORIS B. , FRASER DOUGLAS A.
Published: March 2007

Collective bargaining will evolve in the next 20 years in response to the changes taking place in the world of work and union reaction to those changes. Job security will be a central issue, with increased emphasis on reducing work time to create more jobs. We also foresee more union mergers and increased inclusion in the labor movement of workers not traditionally a part of the union's constituency. That, in turn, will further erode the effectiveness of centralized bargaining. Moreover, unions will attempt to alter their traditional role as reactors to managements' unilateral actions and see themselves as partners with management. The role of the government and the courts may alter the collective bargaining process, but whether it will erode or strengthen that process is still an open question.
The Casino Gaming Industry: A Study of Political Economy
Authors: EADINGTON WILLIAM R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the economic characteristics, the political environment, and the social effects that have prevailed around the legal casino gaming industry in Nevada in recent years. Important factors that have led to changes in the financing, ownership, and acceptability of the casino industry over the past two decades are examined, as are many of the arguments for and against the legalization of casino gambling in new jurisdictions in the United States. Some comparisons are made between the casino industry found in Nevada and the more regulated Atlantic City industry, and observations are made concerning the possible economic and regulatory framework that may prevail if and when casino gambling is legalized elsewhere in the United States.
The Policy Response to Factory Closings: A Comparison of the United States, Sweden, and France
Authors: HOOKS GREGORY
Published: March 2007

As the severity of the recent recession mounted so did the debate over what to do about it. Three basic options for policy are being promoted: conservative free-market, liberal industrial, and social welfare. Though the first of these has dominated in the United States, France has relied on an industrial policy, while Sweden has adopted a social welfare emphasis. In comparing the experiences of these three countries it becomes clear that an approach more interventionist than relying on the market is both possible and advisable. But neither the social welfare policy nor the industrial policy can fully address the problem of factory closings. In fact, Sweden is turning to industrial policies to complement their social welfare programs, while France is beginning to address the social welfare issues that accompany economic development. For the United States, the lesson is that the proponents of industrial and social welfare policies not only have more in common than the recent debate would suggest, but that these two groups of reformers must ally with one another if either policy is to be politically viable.
Justice and the Insanity Defense
Authors: GROSS HYMAN
Published: March 2007

Making insane persons liable for their criminal acts may be unjust. There are two reasons for this. If such persons are handicapped by mental illness in a way that deprives them of the ability to abide by the law, they enjoy the same excuse as anyone else who is helpless, and recognition of the excuse is a requirement of justice. Furthermore, the suffering inevitably produced by making a person liable to criminal punishment turns out to be unjustifiable in such a case, since in these circumstances the punishment is unnecessary. The injustice of punishing such persons must not be confused, however, with the injustice of holding liable a person whose act was without those mental elements required under the law for a particular crime. Conceived broadly, there are four varieties of disability that matter for a defense of insanity, and for policy reasons there must be some definite pathology to account for their presence if they are to be acceptable as the basis of a defense of insanity.
Moscow and Tokyo: An Uneasy Peace
Authors: KIMURA HIROSHI
Published: March 2007

This article examines why Soviet-Japanese relations since 1945 have been so poor at the political, economic, and military levels. It first analyzes recent changes in Moscow's foreign policy toward Japan and then looks at the major determinants shaping this policy. Kimura assesses recent Soviet policy and concludes that the Soviet Union has few diplomatic options open to improve the Soviet-Japanese relationship. Soviet diplomacy in the past has been heavy-handed, clumsy, and inflexible, especially as regards the so-called Northern Territories. Soviet attitudes must evidence greater flexibility and a willingness to negotiate before the relationship can be significantly improved.
Businessmen's Associations in Egypt and Turkey
Authors: BIANCHI ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Associations representing the special interests of the Egyptian business community have grown in number and variety during the last 15 years. The largest and most powerful of these interest groups are examined here. The persistent diversity of business organizations is explained by the discontinuous historical evolution of the private sector and by the changing political and economic strategies of Egypt's authoritarian regime. Finally, Egyptian business groups are compared briefly with Turkish business associations, which played a key role in the privatization of an economy once dominated by the state sector.
Policy Ad-Hocracy: The Paucity of Coordinated Perspectives and Policies
Authors: MILLER MARK J.
Published: March 2007

Postwar Western European foreign-worker policies generally evolved in an ad hoc, piecemeal fashion and were characterized by a lack of long-term planning and coordination with emigrant-sending countries. In some instances official immigration policies were poorly implemented or unenforced, and therefore unofficial, de facto policies emerged. In other cases official assumptions concerning postwar labor migration persisted long after they had been shown to be inadequate, contributing to inconsistencies between declared and de facto policies. Policy ad-hocracy arose from the disjuncture between official and de facto policies, from an inability to foresee the outcomes of policy decisions and subsequently to harmonize public policies with the unplanned situations that developed, as well as from the poor adaptation of sovereign states to transnational policy processes. Immigration policy ad-hocracy resulted in largely unplanned settlement and persisting policy dilemma or malaise. Specific examples are examined in France, Switzerland, and the Federal Republic of Germany to illustrate the general patterns and to suggest some significant variations across national contexts.
Putting on the Candidates: The Use of Television in Presidential Elections
Authors: MINOW NEWTON N. , MITCHELL LEE M.
Published: March 2007

The next presidential election campaign on television is likely to feature many spot commercials for the candidates, short news clips of candidates in on-site appearances staged for television, unanswered addresses to the nation or news conferences by the incumbent, relatively limited opportunities for the principal candidates to address the electorate, and, until the last moment, uncertainty about whether the candidates will appear face-to-face in debates. This use of television in presidential campaigns may have negative effects, including unfairly favoring wealthy interests and incumbents, encouraging political factionalism, and placing pressures on broadcasters that threaten First Amendment principles. The public would be better served by permitting broadcasters to present the two leading candidates without having to provide equal time to all other candidates; by giving the principal candidates television time during the campaign to address the electorate; by the adoption of party rules requiring that candidates participate in televised presidential debates; and by encouraging the use of new communications technologies to provide additional political information to the voters.
The University and Its Community: Past and Present
Authors: HACKNEY SHELDON
Published: March 2007

The history of university-community relations in this century has been characterized by periods of optimism and innovative action followed by disillusionment. During the years when cities were rapidly growing as a result of immigration and migration from the countryside, academics contributed to the search for solutions to urban problems and played a major role in the Progressive Movement. After World War I, research became increasingly esoteric, its focus shifting to national and international issues, until, with the sixties, efforts to find accommodations with a restive local community spawned a wide variety of new programs. The advent of technology appeared to satisfy needs for both research and jobs, but it also produced new frictions. In the present decade, new models for partnership and cooperation have evolved and community involvement has been linked more closely with the educational mission of the university. The hope is that a new spirit of optimism derived from the results of academically based public service will promote lasting progress. Ways must be found to institutionalize achieved goals that mutually benefit the urban university and its neighboring community.
The Politics of State Survival: Continuity and Change in Ethiopian Foreign Policy
Authors: KELLER EDMOND J.
Published: March 2007

For more than a century the Ethiopian state has been concerned with promoting the idea in the international community that it is a viable multiethnic nation-state and with having its claimed geographic boundaries accepted as sacrosanct. Irrespective of the 1974 change from a modern imperial regime to a leftist-oriented military government, these foreign policy priorities have been motivated by persistent claims for self-determination expressed by politically subordinate ethnic communities questioning the legitimacy of Amhara hegemony. The weak, dependent character of the state has continued to force Ethiopian leaders to advance their causes through international diplomacy and military force. Thus the state has sought both the role of a spokesman for Africa and the military aid of a big-power patron. The conclusion is that structural requirements for state survival are more important than ideology.
Measuring the Informal Economy
Authors: SMITH JAMES D.
Published: March 2007

This article presents results from a study of the informal economy carried out by interviewing a national probability sample of approximately 2100 families. Each family was asked about purchases it had made from vendors who were selling goods and services on the side. A number of questions were asked about each vendor to help verify that vendors were indeed functioning as informal suppliers. Although not all characteristics had to be present for any single supplier, informal suppliers were characterized as individuals who had casual record-keeping systems, lacked a fixed place of business, and relied upon word of mouth and other casual means of advertising. Typical of such vendors are automobile mechanics operating in a home garage, produce sellers operating from a roadside stand, and craftsmen who operate from a pickup truck or in a home workshop. It was found that about $42 billion in informal economic activity took place in 1981 and that four out of every five American families purchased something from an informal vendor. Home repairs, accounting for over $12 billion, constituted the largest form of informal economic activity. The second most important was food sales.
Crime Control and Police-Community Relations: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Tokyo, Japan, and Santa Ana, California
Authors: RAKE DOUGLAS E.
Published: March 2007

Japan has the lowest crime rates in the industrialized world. Some of the reasons have to do with the lack of different, conflicting population groups; relative economic equality; racial homogeneity; pressure for individual conformity; and resilience of traditional values. But another reason appears to be community-based policing with grass-roots accountability. In the United States, many police resist and resent neighbor-based accountability, fearing at times that citizens will begin to tell them what to do. An exception is in Santa Ana, California, which, since the 1970s, has cut crime rates in half through proactive, rather than reactive, community-based policing, in which relations with citizens are much like those in Japan. Although cross-cultural transfer of crime-reduction strategies must be carried out with caution, there does appear to be potential for further successful adaptation of Japanese-type police-community partnerships in American cities.
The President, Congress, and Tax Reform: Patterns over Three Decades
Authors: VERDIER JAMES M.
Published: March 2007

Both Congress and the president have taken the lead on tax reform at different times in the more than three decades between full-scale revisions of the tax code in 1954 and 1986. This article traces four forces that shaped executive-legislative relations on tax policy during that period: partisan politics, economics, public opinion, and policy experts and entrepreneurs. It concludes that Congress's ability to lead is greatest when economic forces—inflation, recession, and budget deficits—help push tax reform onto the agenda. Presidents retain a natural advantage in agenda setting, however; they are able to put tax reform on the agenda when pressures for reform are weak, and sometimes they can keep it off when pressures are stronger. Tax-policy experts can have a major impact when political and economic forces provide an opening and when skilled entrepreneurs forge links between their prescriptions and political needs and concerns.
Can Universities Cooperate with the Defense Establishment?
Authors: KAYSEN CARL
Published: March 2007

Deeply influenced by their experiences in World War II, the military services and the Department of Defense became important and supportive funders of academic science—chiefly the physical sciences—in the postwar period. They made an implicit contract with the academy, providing support under the going rules: the pursuit of new knowledge; investigator initiative; publication of the results; and some form of peer review as the allocative instrument. In return, the academy offered new science and trained scientists. The relation persists, but changes in the political context, the internal capabilities of the Defense Department, and the growth of other forms of support have changed it in a long-lasting way. Nonetheless, there are good reasons on both sides to continue the relation, and a willingness by both to accept the terms of the implicit contract would allow it to continue.
Growth and Equity via Austerity and Competitiveness
Authors: FAJNZYLBER FERNANDO
Published: March 2007

In the first section of this article, a comparative analysis is undertaken of Latin America and semi-industrialized countries in other areas of the world. Attention is drawn to the specific features of Latin America as regards its lack of a strong predisposition toward the incorporation of technological progress and its dubious achievements in relation to growth, equity, and competitiveness. In the second section, a similar type of comparative analysis is applied to the leading countries. Finally, some reflections are presented with regard to directions and actions in Latin America and in the north that could contribute to confronting what in the first section is defined as the challenge of Latin America, that is, to approaching the until now empty box wherein growth converges with equity.
Human Rights, the National Interest, and U.S. Foreign Policy
Authors: SHESTACK JEROME J.
Published: March 2007

Foreign policy decisions are driven by conceptions of the national interest. It serves the national interest of the United States to pursue human rights goals because they advance our security interests; help establish a system of world order based on the aspirations of people and on the rule of law; are geopolitically advantageous by furthering peaceful evolutionary democratization of states; and command popular support, as they reflect fundamental values of the American people. Nonetheless, human rights had virtually no role in our foreign policy until the Carter administration. President Carter made human rights a key focus of U.S. foreign policy. When the Reagan administration began, it denigrated human rights policy, supporting many repressive authoritarian states. Gradually, the Reagan administration took a more positive stance toward human rights, largely accepting the Carter administration's human rights policies by the end of the Reagan years. Given the easing in East-West confrontation, the Bush administration now has a unique opportunity to strengthen and coordinate an international system of states that respect human rights. If the United States does this, our national interests will clearly be served.
Transformations in Sub-Saharan African Marriage and Fertility
Authors: BLEDSOE CAROLINE
Published: March 2007

Among populations that value high fertility, marital practices often play important roles in regulating fertility. This article interprets ethnographic and demographic data to examine changes in contemporary African marriage. It shows that female education exacerbates inequities between de facto polygynous women who previously would have lived together, shared household resources, and acknowledged each other as cowives. These new forms of polygyny, however, hold an important key to explaining why polygyny and high fertility still proliferate. Men sustain the costs of polygyny and of high fertility in large part by marginalizing low-status women, usually those with the least education, as outside wives and their children as outside children.
Finlandization as a Problem or an Opportunity?
Authors: QUESTER GEORGE H.
Published: March 2007

While the concept of Finlandization was often used in the past by NATO spokesmen to refer to a problem, the possible intimidation of Western democracies by Soviet military power, it may also suggest a number of positive possibilities for the Baltic republics. An examination of recent history offers a number of analytical insights for comparing the fate of Finland with countries like Poland, subjected to Communist rule, and with Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, actually incorporated into the Soviet Union. Models are offered of military and other resistance to foreign pressure, of concessions and withdrawals, and of delicate balances, involving all the Scandinavian countries.
Heroin Policy for the Next Decade
Authors: KLEIMAN MARK A. R. , CAULKINS JONATHAN P.
Published: March 2007

The supply of heroin in the United States appears to have grown substantially in recent years, although it is not clear what impact this has had on consumption. Conventional indicators have shown only modest increases, but for a variety of reasons one would not expect increases even if we are in the early years of a new heroin use epidemic. It is even less clear what, if anything, should be done. Drug control resources are finite. Making heroin a new policy focus may impose substantial opportunity costs as resources are diverted from other worthy programs. On the other hand, the history of cocaine in the late 1970s and early 1980s demonstrates that “wait and see” can be an extremely expensive option. A prudent course may be to implement relatively low-cost interventions that one would not regret undertaking even if a new epidemic never materialized and to enhance monitoring. If these enhanced monitoring programs gave strong signs of increasing use, particularly by new users, bolder interventions might be warranted.
Incentive Effects of Affirmative Action
Authors: LOURY GLENN C.
Published: March 2007

This article illustrates with a formal economic model a concern often raised by critics of affirmative action—that the policy may discourage its beneficiaries from acquiring work skills. Ironically, this can happen for reasons analogous to those evoked to explain why discrimination may discourage its victims from investing in skills: when skilled workers are less likely to succeed, fewer find it worthwhile to become skilled. Similarly, when unskilled workers are more likely to succeed, fewer deem it necessary to become skilled. Discrimination can lead to the former situation; affirmative action can lead to the latter. The analysis shows how affirmative action can lead employers to patronize minority workers, that is, hold them to a different standard. This patronization can have the effect of making skill acquisition less beneficial for minority workers. The labor market conditions under which this counterproductive effect of affirmative action is most likely are identified.
Hispanics, Affirmative Action, and Voting
Authors: CHAVEZ LINDA
Published: March 2007

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was originally intended to protect the rights of blacks living in the Deep South, who had been prevented from voting for nearly a century. In 1975, the act was amended to include jurisdictions where large numbers of Mexican Americans live, despite little evidence that Mexican Americans had been systematically excluded from voting as blacks in the South had been. In 1982, the act was again amended, this time to broaden the definition of voting discrimination to apply an effects standard similar to that used in employment discrimination. As a result of the 1982 amendments, Hispanics are now guaranteed the right to vote in safe districts in which they make up a majority of voters. The effect of this provision, coupled with large-scale immigration over the last decade, has been the creation of gerrymandered districts comprising large numbers of persons who are ineligible to vote because they are not yet citizens.
Militant Islam and the Politics of Redemption
Authors: DEEB MARY-JANE
Published: March 2007

Militant Islam has emerged in the 1980s and 1990s as a major political force to be contended with in the Middle East. It is characterized by its readiness to use violence and by the challenge it constitutes to existing political institutions. This article looks at the conditions under which five militant Islamic movements in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, and the Gaza Strip and on the West Bank have emerged as a political force, and the concepts they have used to mobilize public support and to create a mass base for themselves in order to challenge leaders or governments in power. The conditions include political stagnation and the weakening of central authority, economic stagnation leading to the decline in standards of living, deteriorating security conditions, pervasiveness of Western culture, and secular states and leaders perceived as antagonistic to Islamic movements. The leaders of these movements do not portray themselves as revolutionaries trying to create a new society but rather as saviors trying to rescue the old society from self-destruction. Their ideology is an ideology of redemption.
Historical Encounters: Intergroup Relations in a “Nation of Nations”
Authors: BAYOR RONALD H.
Published: March 2007

Threats to interests and values are the basis of inter-group conflicts. This article looks historically at conflict and cooperation in America to reveal the factors and events involved in both. Various groups—Dutch, Irish, blacks, Chinese, Jews, Italians, Hispanics, and others—are discussed, and interminority relationships in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Miami, and elsewhere are analyzed. Competition over political power, jobs, neighborhoods, and cultural values was often an essential element of conflict, as were explosive issues that quickly and forcefully pitted groups against each other. Also a factor in an emerging conflict was a group's insecurity and defensiveness within the larger society, which had often been the result of nativistic or other attacks on the minority. Interminority affairs are complex, involving both the minority groups' perceptions of each other and their treatment by the majority.
“Of Every Hue and Caste”: Race, Immigration, and Perceptions of Pluralism
Authors: ROSE PETER I.
Published: March 2007

Taking its title from Walt Whitman's Song of Myself, this article reconsiders the conceptualization of “pluralism” in light of an ongoing debate about race and ethnicity in what the poet called this “Nation of many nations.” While focused mainly on white and black aspects of identity politics, the issues reviewed have implications for all Americans. These include the nature and meaning of minority status and the responses of those so designated to their situations and to each other. It is suggested that many of the concerns expressed today about challenges posed by Americans who wish to assert the uniqueness of their heritages and to encourage others to recognize them are but variations on an old theme—save for one crucial factor. This time those most vigorously touting the importance of such pride in diversity are representatives of black and other racial minorities.
Educating Public Administrators about Ethics
Authors: REYNOLDS HARRY W.
Published: March 2007

Considerable debate encompasses the contents of public sector ethics presently. There are different schools of thought about what ethics comprises: is it mainly rules and regulations specifying the preferred behavior of civil servants, or is it the obligation to work toward the realization of a different, better life for citizens? In addition, what should be the appropriate behavior for civil servants in various contexts? These differences have engendered a lot of contradictory and imprecise disputation; the result leaves few clear signposts for avoiding moral dilemmas. Educating prospective public administrators about making sense of, and trying to survive in, such an uncertain world begins with aiding them to understand, albeit imperfectly, the often contradictory nature of that world, especially the forces shaping their behavior. This usually comes down to a question of judgment when contradictory or ineluctable values, not to mention obligations, clash and choices have to be made. Early awareness of the inevitability of such choices, and approaching ethics as an important feature of administrators' basic training, can facilitate their learning to anticipate the diverse value contexts that will likely define their public careers.
Crime and Fear on Campus
Authors: FISHER BONNIE S.
Published: March 2007

A few violent campus incidents highlighted by the media have drawn a spotlight to college and university campuses that has created the impression that campuses are increasingly dangerous places. This article discusses the legal, legislative, and administrative responses to victimization and fear on campuses and critically examines issues raised by these responses and the media. Several court decisions have addressed issues concerning university liability to student victims of campus crime and have used the doctrine of foreseeability as the standard for establishing liability. Congress responded by passing the Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act of 1990, which mandates postsecondary schools to publicly report certain crime statistics and security policies. Several state legislatures have also enacted reporting legislation. Further, administrators have begun to implement a variety of educational crime prevention and safety programs, as well as security procedures, to reduce crime, risk, and fear.
Employment Flexibility and Joblessness in Low-Growth, Restructured Japan
Authors: TAIRA KOJI , LEVINE SOLOMON B.
Published: March 2007

Today, with the longest recession since World War II, unemployment is a growing fear among Japan's 52 million wage and salary earners. White-collar employees now outnumber blue-collar employees, and the labor force is increasingly mobile. As the structure of Japan's economy continues to change, Japanese labor markets are especially vulnerable to deterioration, without job creation sufficient to overcome job losses. Only a minority of workers have lifetime employment. Measures taken by government, employers, and worker organizations to support full employment in Japan go back 20 years. This three-way consensus successfully smoothed the way from production-first policies of the first two decades of post-World War II Japan to moderate growth, which emphasized equity and equality as well as full employment. The Japanese economy now seems to have entered a new phase, with the principal actors in the system of industrial relations, government and organized labor along with business, undergoing a restructuring that may undermine the longstanding consensus. This article examines institutions that have underpinned full employment in Japan, with an eye to changes now occurring.
Claim Jumping at Century's End: University Student Identity in Late-Transition Hong Kong
Authors: FORD STACILEE
Published: March 2007

University students in Hong Kong in the mid-1990s have received little scholarly attention. Yet those who are enrolled in various forms of higher education during this period will begin careers and families of their own during the initial phase of the Special Administrative Region government of the People's Republic of China. How do students react to the changes occurring in Hong Kong? One way to answer this question is to explore the tensions embedded in the student experience as articulated in the students' own words. This article argues that students feel claimed by responsibilities to family and Hong Kong, as well as to China. Various characteristics of the two claims, as well as the difficulties involved in moving from one to another—claim jumping—can be seen by considering certain historical and experiential dimensions of a particular group of students at the University of Hong Kong.
Paradigms of Genocide: The Holocaust, the Armenian Genocide, and Contemporary Mass Destructions
Authors: MELSON ROBERT
Published: March 2007

When confronted with mass death and forced deportations, the contemporary world community has often reached for the Holocaust as a paradigmatic case of genocide in order both to make sense of and to condemn current events. This article suggests that the Armenian Genocide sets a more accurate precedent than the Holocaust for current mass disasters, especially such as those in Nigeria and in the former Yugoslavia, which are the products of nationalism. Conversely, the Holocaust is a prototype for genocidal movements that transcend nationalism and are motivated by ideologies that have global scope.
Forecasts and Decisions on Economic Pacts in Mexico
Authors: LEY-BORRAS ROBERTO
Published: March 2007

For the last nine years, the Mexican federal government has followed a policy of building agreements (pacts) between the main economic groups for the sake of economic development and social stability. During 1995, under the North American Free Trade Agreement and other economic and political forces, the pact policy has been under unusual pressure. In this article, national agreements are modeled as the outcomes of political conflicts. The model generates a probabilistic forecast of the type of agreement (from sustainable pacts to paper pacts to no pact at all). A basic modeling assumption is that each group can choose between helping to bake the cake and fighting to get a larger share of it, and that the desirability of each type of agreement will be largely determined by that choice. Using the forecast, we build a decision model for choosing the best set of current gains and expectations that the government can offer to other actors.
The Trust Factor in Participation and Social Education
Authors: GOPALAN PRITHA
Published: March 2007

This article offers a framework for social educators and community developers to combine constructivist and prescriptive approaches in eliciting community participation in socioeconomic programs. It identifies the role of the agent and the community member in the participation process. It defines their need for mutual adjustment in these roles, which occur in interactional contexts. These adjustments may take the form of program changes or altered learning styles on the part of both parties. Several barriers to change exist within the structure of the community. This article proposes that program flexibility is a key element in eliciting successful participation, as the structural makeup of communities cannot easily be changed. It classified the likely areas within which change can and cannot occur in situations of contact, and it outlines an approach that sensitizes practitioners to the historical, cultural, and affective factors that must be built into program design.
Israel's Arab Citizens: The Continuing Struggle
Authors: TESSLER MARK , GRANT AUDRA K.
Published: March 2007

Israel is a democracy, and its Palestinian Arab citizens enjoy full legal and political rights. Yet Israel is also a Jewish state, and a state that, in addition, has long been at war with the Arab world. The circumstances of Israel's Arabs have also been shaped by the conditions under which the country gained independence, following a war that left in Israel a Palestinian remnant that was impoverished, fragmented, and leaderless. Within this context, Israel's Palestinian citizens have been struggling since the early days of statehood for development, equality, and a strategy of political mobilization that would enable them to defend their interests and exercise meaningful political influence. They have made gradual but increasingly significant progress toward these objectives, particularly in recent years. Nevertheless, on balance, they remain on the margins of Israeli political life and are not yet sufficiently mobilized or united to play a political role commensurate with their demographic importance.
Follow the Money: Gambling, Ethics, and Subpoenas
Authors: KINDT JOHN WARREN
Published: March 2007

On 3 August 1996, the National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act became law and established the nine-member National Gambling Impact Study Commission. Passed by unanimous voice vote in both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, the gambling commission was the congressional response to a gambling industry whose influence threatened to overwhelm not only state and local governmental decision making but also the objectivity of the court system via test cases to expand gambling. This article examines the potential influence of the gambling industry and its lobbyists. There exist significant congressional fears that the gambling industry could be sufficiently powerful to change U.S. policy and the economy (locally, regionally, and nationally).
Channel One and the Education of American Youths
Authors: BACHEN CHRISTINE M.
Published: March 2007

In 1990, Channel One, the 12-minute commercial news program for schoolchildren, was launched into middle and high schools across the United States. This article analyzes research investigating the alleged benefits of Channel One—the technology, student learning of current events, increased student interest in the news—and the major cost—the advertising. It concludes that outside uses for the technology remain modest. While the program can enhance students' learning of current events and spark their interest in the news, its ability to do so is largely dependent on supplemental activities by teachers. Teachers are constrained in their use by organizational factors and restrictive terms of the Channel One contract. More difficult to assess, due to limited research in this area, are the costs associated with Channel One's advertising to young people in a school setting.
Christian Violence in America
Authors: JUERGENSMEYER MARK
Published: March 2007

As the millennium approaches, the wave of antimodernism that has brought violent movements of religious nationalism in its wake around the world has arrived at America's shores. In the United States, attacks on abortion clinics, the killing of abortion clinic staff, and the destructive acts of members of Christian militia movements are chilling examples of assaults on the legitimacy of modern social and political institutions, based on the theological frameworks of reconstruction theology and Christian Identity thinking. These examples of Christian militancy present a religious perception of warfare and struggle in what is perhaps the most modern of twentieth-century societies. The secular political order of America is imagined to be trapped in vast satanic conspiracies involving spiritual and personal control. This perception provides Christian activists with both the justification and the obligation to use violent means to fulfill their understanding of the country's Christian mission—and at the same time offers a formidable critique of Enlightenment society and a reassertion of the primacy of religion in public life.
The Rule of Product Substitution in Presidential Campaign News
Authors: ZALLER JOHN
Published: March 2007

This article develops a model of the relationship between candidates, journalists, and citizens in the game of media politics. For politicians, the goal is to gain public support by using reporters to get their story out, while, for reporters, the goal is to do stories that increase market share while emphasizing the independent and significant voice of journalists. These goals conflict with one another, leading the two groups into a turf war for control of political communication. The article proposes the rule of product substitution to explain how this struggle plays out in the context of presidential election campaigns. The rule asserts that reporters react to candidates' attempts at news management by creating alternative forms of news—most of it negative—that they can market to the public in place of candidate-supplied information, thereby vindicating journalistic voice. The article shows that, consistent with this rule, candidates who try to control their media images through aggressive news management suffer more frequent press criticism, even after controlling for the media negativity that may initially cause aggressive news management.
Consequences for Victims
Authors: McDEVITT JACK , BALBONI JENNIFER , GARCIA LUIS , GU JOANN
Published: March 2007

There has been a great deal of scholarly and practical discussion regarding treating bias crimes as separate and distinct incidents. Critics assert that bias crimes are not inherently different from comparable nonbias offenses and that the consequences for victims are similar. This study presents findings from an analysis of survey data obtained from bias and nonbias assault victims from the city of Boston. Although there are several limitations to the authors' data, findings from the respondents replicate prior empirical research and indicate that bias crime victims experience more severe psychological sequelae, for a longer period of time, than victims of similar nonbias offenses. Specifically, the level of intrusive thoughts, feelings of safety, nervousness, and depression were all significantly higher for bias crime victims.
The City and the Ring
Authors: Schmandt Henry J.
Published: March 2007

Demands for integrated government for cities and their suburban rings have over looked some of the facts of the matter. Henry Schmandt of the University of Wis consin's Department of Political Science cites some examples drawn from a study of Milwaukee suburbs and their council members. Suburban economic life is becoming increasingly distinct from that of the central city, giving the lie to the "bedroom suburb" image and giving rise to political conditions that may make sweeping metropolitan reorganization increasingly difficult.