bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated Social-sector Macroeconometric Model for
Pakistan
Authors: Pasha Hafiz A. , Hasan M.Aynul , Ghaus Aisha , Rasheed M.Ajaz
Published: August 2018

While the traditional neoclassical production model postulates
that it is the physical inputs such as private capital, labour, land,
and technology that are the key determinants of output and economic
development, in recent years, however, the social sector variables are
also considered to be critical, particularly for the long-run
sustainable growth of the economy. If fact, what has been argued in the
form of “new growth theories” is that social variables (e.g., education,
health, knowledge, etc.) generate “positive externalities” and, thus,
may facilitate and foster the process of economic growth and
development. Recently, the World Bank, based on a broad cross-country
study, found some very interesting results in the above context.
According to the World Development Report (1991): about fifty percent of
the factor productivity contribution to output growth comes not from
traditional physical inputs (capital, labour and land) but is a residual
factor. This unexplained factor, in the past, has been labelled (or as
the Report called it “baptised”) as “technological change”, however, the
World Bank (1991, p. 42) claims that:
Tax Pilferage—Causes and Cures
Authors: Azhar B. A.
Published: August 2018

“Tax pilferage” is an English equivalent of the well-known
Urdu phrase “Tax Chori”. The formal expression is tax evasion. To begin
with, we draw a distinction between tax evasion and tax avoidance. Tax
evasion is defined to include all illegal acts of omission and
commission which result in tax loss to the exchequer. According to the
United Kingdom Royal Commission on the Taxation of Profits and Income,
the term “evasion”: “...denotes all those activities which are
responsible for a person not paying the tax that the existing law
charges upon his income. Ex hypothesis he is in the wrong, though his
wrongdoing may range from the making of a deliberately fraudulent return
to a mere failure to make his return or to pay his tax at the proper
time.” [U. K. (1955).] To be more specific, evasion refers to the
nonpayment of tax as a result of failure to submit a return without
reasonable excuse, or underpayment of tax, by submitting an incorrect
return where incorrectness is due to gross neglect or fraud, or due to
omission, or understatement of income or the deduction of an
inadmissible or a fictitious expenditure, or loss.
Inflation in Pakistan Revisited
Authors: Khan Ashfaque H. , Qasim Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2018

A notable development in recent years in Pakistan's economic
scene has been the sharp pickup in the rate of inflation. In particular,
Pakistan has experienced sustained intlation (changes in the CPI)
hovering between 11.0 to 13.0 percent range during the last three years
(1993-94 to 1995-96). The persistence of inflation at double-digit rates
over the three successive years has attracted considerable attention of
academics and policy-makers. Not surprisingly, one of the thorniest
issues in Pakistan's policy arena today is how to put inflation under
effective control.Recent studies on inflation in Pakistan I broadly
agree on the key factors influencing the rate of inflation, namely, the
growth in money supply, the supply side bottlenecks, the adjustment in
government-administered prices, the imported inflation (exchange rate
adjustment), escalations in indirect taxes, and inflationary
expectations. However, these studies do not concur on the relative
importance of each of these factors as determinants of inflation. While
Nasim (1995) and Hossain (1990) find money supply as the principal
factors underlying the rising inflation rate in Pakistan, others suggest
that food prices followed by government administered fueVenergy prices
and indirect taxation are the primary impetus for the upward
inflationary spira1.2 In fact, Naqvi et al. (1994); Hasan et at. (1995)
and Bilquees (1988) accord relatively less importance to money supply as
a factor influencing the rate of inflation but in no way recommend a
relatively easy monetary policy.
Period Without a Job After Returning from the Middle East: A
Survival Analysis
Authors: Arif Ghulam M.
Published: August 2018

Since the mid-1980s Pakistan has faced return flows of its
workers from the Middle East on a large scale. The re-employment
experience of returning workers has usually been examined by focusing on
the unemployment rate. This paper concentrates on ‘duration of
unemployment’ and examines the influences of socio-demographic
characteristics of returnees and their households on the transition from
being ‘not employed’ to being employed by estimating the proportional
hazards model. The 1986 ILO survey of return migrant households is the
data source used in this study. The majority of returnees who were ‘not
employed’ (unemployed and inactive) had been without a job for more than
one year. Nearly one-quarter of them had not been working for more than
two years. The analysis shows that variables indicating the human
capital of return migrants, such as age, education, occupation and work
experience, appear to have greater influence on their re-employment
probabilities than variables related to economic position, such as
savings.
Pakistan: Prospects for Private Capital Flows and Financial
Sector Development
Authors: Khan Mohammad Zubair
Published: August 2018

In less than a decade after the debt crisis of 1982,
developing countries have experienced a surge of capital inflows in
recent years. This trend became more pronounced in the 1990s resulting
in overall balance of payments surpluses and accumulation of reserves.
Total private capital inflows to developing countries exceeded $173
billion in 1994, compared to annual average inflows of $34 billion
during 1983–90 [World Bank (1995)]. Although the characteristics of
capital inflows in this episode are different than in the period prior
to the last debt crisis, nevertheless concerns about macroeconomic
stability, loss in competitiveness, financial sector vulnerability and
excessive borrowing remain the same. While the rise in inflows during
1991–93 was supported in part by low interest rates and weak economic
activity in industrial countries, improved economic policies and
prospects in most recipient countries also played an important role. The
larger share in inflows of those countries that achieved greater
progress in economic reforms, is evidence of the importance of recipient
country policies. During this period, the composition of private flows
to developing countries also became more diversified. Foreign direct
investment (FDI) accounted for 45 percent of total equity inflows in
1994, with debt accounting for 32 percent and portfolio flows accounting
for the remaining 23 percent.
Accessing International Capital: Pakistan’s Experience,
Prospects, and Policy Implications
Authors: Uppal Jamshed Y. , Mangla I. U.
Published: August 2018

In the 1990s accessing international capital markets has
become a major source of external financing for many developing
countries. The paper reviews Pakistan’s experience in tapping the global
financial markets. We conduct a cross-sectional econometric analysis of
the factors influencing the access to international equity and debt
capital. Results indicate that the factors as suggested in the earlier
literature do appear to be influential in determining the access to
international capital. The study finds that the role of credit rating in
attracting debt flows and of the local capital markets in attracting
equity flows is prominent. The rate of economic growth is a major
determinant of the access to foreign debt and equity funds. It also
appears that the country rating which is based on a comprehensive set of
variables indicating the financial health of the country subsumes the
other proxies of economic stability and debt management. This study
underscores the importance of institutional factors. Areas where
improvement is possible to facilitate access to the international
capital markets are identified as (1) political and legal environment,
including improvements in the quality of the system of civil laws and
its enforcement (2) private sector development through sustaining
economic liberalisation and privatisation programmes (3) improvement in
macro-economic management through a prudent internal and external debt
management (4) development of capital markets through, improvements in
market operations, enforcement of market regulations, strengthening of
financial institutions and effective dissemination of market
information.
Inaugural Address
Authors: Leghari Sardar Farooq Ahmed Khan
Published: August 2018

Dr Sarfraz Khan Qureshi, Director of Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is
a great pleasure for me to be present here this morning. Over the years,
the Pakistan Society of Development Economists has made notable
contributions to the profession of Economics and Planning. It has also
helped to strengthen the evolution of scientific knowledge in
Development Economics. More importantly, it has given an institutional
shape to the exchange of ideas between economists, other social
scientists, and policy-makers. I am happy to note that a large number of
distinguished academics and policy-makers from all over the world
regularly participate in the Society’s meetings. I earnestly hope that
useful policy prescriptions will emerge from the deliberations that take
place here about the major issues in economy. Indeed, I wish to extend
my appreciation to the Society for providing a lively and effective
platform both to researchers and policy-makers.
The Definition and Measurement of Poverty: An Integrated Islamic Approach
Authors: Syed Afzal Peerzade
Published: August 2018

In this paper an attempt is made to learn as to how the Islamic shariah defines and measures the phenomenon of poverty. A systematic study of the Qur’an, the traditions of Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the conduct of righteous caliphs, and the writings of early Muslim jurists would make it clear that the poor, indigent, and destitute are given adequate importance. The early Islamic state, where necessary, made serious efforts to assist and rehabilitate the poor and the needy. One of the means of assistance and rehabilitation was zakat. The disbursement of zakat funds required that the poor should be unambiguously and convincingly separated from the non-poor. How was it done in the past? Traditions of the Prophet (the sunnah) throw sufficient light on this issue. When we carefully go through the traditions, it would be clear that the explanation of poverty as given by the Prophet is dynamic. It defies time and space limitations. A deeper probe of the traditions would reveal that, for all practical purposes, the Prophet has stressed on an integrated approach. His explanation is far more comprehensive, integrated, and meaningful than the one expressed today in terms of daily intake of certain minimum calories. Present-day Muslim countries should redefine their approach towards the definition and measurement of poverty to reflect the essence of Islamic shariah.
Mohibul Haq Sahibzada (ed). Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan: Present Scenario and Future Strategy. Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1997. 392 pages. Hardbound. Price not given.
Authors: Hina Nazli
Published: August 2018

This book is a collection of sixteen papers presented at a seminar on poverty alleviation organised by the Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad in December 1995. The objectives of this seminar was to highlight the issues of poverty; to critically evaluate the public policies and strategies connected to it; and to present the solutions to poverty eradication with special reference to the Islamic approach. The book starts with an introduction that describes the main theme. The rest of the book is divided into five parts.
Tushaar Shah. Catalysing Co-operation: Design of Self-governing Organisations. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 315 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 295.00.
Authors: Mohammad Abrar Hussain
Published: August 2018

Within the different types of organisational structures available, it is generally believed that co-operative organisations serve the poor better than the other available alternatives. This belief is based on the fact that these organisations are usually owned and controlled by the people and their objective is to provide services instead of making profits. They are, therefore, considered an important instrument for equitable development, and have been given a prominent role in the national development strategies in many developing countries. It is surprising, however, that the performance of cooperatives is not as satisfactory as it could have been. They have met with only occasional success in Asia. This book explores the causes of this failure.
The Random Walk Model in the Pakistani Equity Market: An Examination
Authors: Fazal Husain
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the validity of the Random Walk Model in the Pakistani equity market. The model, extensively tested in other equity markets, implies that past movements in a stock price are not helpful in predicting future prices of that stock. The model states that changes in stock prices are serially independent and conform to some probability distribution. Conventionally, the independence part is examined through Serial Correlation Test, whereas the distributional aspect is analysed through Frequency Distributions. Same techniques are applied in this paper on daily closing prices of 36 individual stocks, 8 sector indices, and a market index from January 1, 1989 to December 30, 1993. The analysis indicates that the Random Walk Model is not valid in the Pakistani equity market as is the case in other emerging markets. The results show the presence of strong serial dependence in stock returns and indicate the slow adjustment of the market to new information. This points to the weaknesses of the market regarding the dissemination of pertinent information to potential investors, indicating that effective measures should be taken in this regard. The shape of the distribution reveals that stock returns in the Pakistani market, like in other equity markets, do not comply with the normal distribution, implying that theoretical models must be used with caution.
C. H. Hanumantha Rao and Hans Linnemann (eds). Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 271 pages. Hardbound, Indian Rs 350.00; paperback, Indian Rs 195.00.
Authors: Naeem Akhtar
Published: August 2018

The book under review is an edited collection of eight papers presented at a seminar on “Structural Adjustment and Poverty in India: Policy and Research Issues”, and is Volume 17 in the Indo-Dutch studies on Development Alternatives. The book evaluates the impact of economic reforms on poverty alleviation in India. In the “Introduction”, the editors describe the main theme of the book and propose some policy measures for poverty alleviation in the light of the findings of the papers included in the book. The paper, “Structural Adjustment in India—What about Poverty Alleviation?”, by Pieter A. van Stuijvenberg, evaluates the impact of India’s Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the poor and suggests some policy corrections to mitigate the adverse effects of this adjustment on the poor. He observes an improvement in the balance-of-payments position and foreign exchange reserves without a simultaneous fall in gross domestic product under the SAP. His major concerns are the large size and composition of fiscal deficits (dominated by revenue deficits). The large size of fiscal deficits, according to van Stuijvenberg, drive up real interest rates and endanger investment-led growth. He observes that social indicators of the social safety net, employment, and rural development programmes have not improved much due to expenditure cuts on rural infrastructural investments. He suggests a reduction in the size and composition of the public sector, elimination of all explicit and implicit subsidies, and discouraging rent-seeking behaviour for a successful implementation of economic reforms.
Tax Concessions and Investment Behaviour
Authors: Ahmad Qazi Masood , Ahsan S Moquet
Published: August 2018

The Government of Pakistan, like many other developing
countries, has opted for tax holidays as an important fiscal measure to
encourage rapid industrialisation in the backward areas. This concession
is also supplemented by several other economic and non-economic measures
including import duty, and depreciation allowances. Mintz (1990)
discusses the efficacy of tax holidays in the presence of accelerated
depreciation allowances concludes that tax holidays which are designed
to increase capital formation may end up penalising capital formation.
Mintz’s (1990) conclusion is based on the assumption that if the assets
are long-lived, and the income tax system allows deductibility of
accelerated depreciation but cannot be deferred, then the tax holidays,
by preventing depreciation deduction in the early period may actually
penalise investment during the tax holiday period. If on the other hand
the depreciation allowance is deferred till the end of tax holiday
period, the tax system is genuinely generous and provides a real
incentive for capital formation.
The Distribution of New Wheat Varieties in the Pakistan Punjab:
The Role and Functioning of Institutions
Authors: Smits Marie-Jose , Tims Wouter
Published: August 2018

This case study concerns the technology choice of farmers in
the Pakistan Punjab with regard to wheat varieties. It argues that
profitability of new crop technologies can only partly explain their
adoption, as access to inputs limits the choice of farmers. In Pakistan,
access to inputs is limited due to market structures and associated
institutional factors. In applied microeconomics, technology choice is
commonly estimated with the use of adoption models: the (expected)
profitability of prevailing and the new technologies are compared, and
it is assumed that the farmers opt for the most profitable one (taking
account of risk aversion and incomplete information). A simplification
often made is to assume that everyone has unlimited access to all
relevant goods and services. In this paper the latter assumption is
tested. More specifically, the paper is concerned with the consequences
of limits due to the organisational infrastructure of
markets.
Domestic Resource Mobilisation for Development in
Pakistan
Authors: Qureshi Sarfraz K. , Din Musleh-ud , Ghani Ejaz , Abbas Kalbe
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the determinants of private, domestic, and
household savings in Pakistan. The analysis shows that private savings
can be expected to grow gradually as a result of rising per capita
income, falling dependency burden, improved financial deepening, and
macro stability. Bivariate causality tests between GNP and savings show
that GNP causes both domestic and public savings. However, the causality
test is inconclusive in the case of causation between GNP and private
savings. This finding has important policy implication in the sense that
once a virtual cycle succeeds in accelerating growth, saving would catch
up with a lag. In this sense, financing of investment is not a major
constraint. The paper underlines the following policy options: (i) a
strong effort spread over tax policy (tax reforms as well as tax
administration), expenditure restraint, effective expenditure
management, and public sector corporate reforms should aim at raising
public savings to about 6 percent of the GDP; (ii) the incentives for
private savings in Pakistan need to be revamped.
Pakistan’s Industrial Experience and Future Directions
Authors: Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the growth and patterns of industrial
production and investment activities in Pakistan during the last fifty
years, 1947–1997. The industrial strategies pursued so far and the
levels of efficiency and protection in the manufacturing industries are
also examined. It shows that the growth rate of the manufacturing sector
exceeded 8 percent up to the 1980s, but in the recent years, it has
slipped to around 3 percent. Keeping in view the current sluggish output
growth and inadequate investments in the industrial sector, it is
recommended that Pakistan must pursue the efficient industrialisation
strategy. For this purpose, the country has to pursue the sole objective
of accelerating the pace of industrial investment activities and the
tariff structure has to be changed in such a way that the activities
chosen accord with her dynamic comparative advantage. In addition, the
government will need to influence the structure of incentives, which are
largely governed in Pakistan by the protection structure. The government
must provide the necessary physical and social infrastructure for
efficient industrialisation. Augmenting the science and technology
apparatus of the private sector, bringing research institutions up to
the international standards, and streamlining of technology creation,
absorption and diffusion systems are essential to diversify production
towards new technology-based industries. Cluster approach (i.e., an
agglomeration of key industries, supporting sectors, infrastructures,
and institutions that are interlinked and interdependent) can be quite
useful in the development of vendors. The regulatory framework needs to
be streamlined. There is also a need to improve outdated and overlapping
laws regarding the industrial sector. Human resource development
(through cluster approach) would improve industrial efficiency through
innovations. Consistent and stable policies and improved law and order
situation are pre-requisites for efficient industrial development in
Pakistan.
Growth and Human Development: Pakistan in Comparative Perspective
(The Quaid-i-Azam Memorial Lecture)
Authors: Ranis Oustav , Stewart Frances
Published: August 2018

This paper will, at the outset, present a conceptual framework
which constitutes an extension of the Human Development Report of 1996.
Then in Section III, it will offer some cross-country as well as
country-specific, particularly Pakistan-specific, evidence. In Section
IV it will examine some possible reasons thrown up by the conceptual
framework as to why Pakistan's performance has indeed been "mixed".
Finally, in Section V, it suggests a few actions Pakistani policy-makers
might consider if the past unsatisfactory situation is to be
repaired.
Michael E. Porter. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New
York: Free Press, 1990. 855 pages. Hardbound. UK£ 25.
Authors: Mahmood Zafar
Published: August 2018

Trade is a field of economics that is useful for investigating
the issue of economic competitiveness. A nation’s advantages in
competing against other nations are reflected in its performance in
international economic transactions. Earlier theories on trade
(Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin) analysed a nation’s inter-sectoral
comparative advantage. Due to the intuitive appeal of these theories,
governments have implemented various policies designed to improve
comparative advantage in factor costs by reducing interest rates and
resorting to devaluation, special depreciation allowances, export
financing, etc. There is now a growing awareness that these theories are
unrealistic as to many industries, although they can be useful in
explaining broad tendencies apparent in the patterns of
trade.
Pakistan's Agriculture in the 21st Century
Authors: Faruqee Rashid
Published: August 2018

In Pakistan, agriculture, which accounts for more than 20
percent of GDP and provides more than 50 percent of jobs, has a special
role to play in growth, poverty reduction, and environmental
protectiOl'. Agricultural growth in the past thirty years has been
impressive, at more than 3 percent a year. Sources of growth, however,
have changed over the years-from the seed, fertiliser, and irrigation
package of the 1960s, to intensification of water and fertiliser use in
the 1970s, to improvements in crop management and incentives in the
1980s. Those sources of growth have all but run their course, and
agriculture growth in the next century will depend on increasing
productivity. At present there are clear signs of stagnation in
productivity growth. In fact, total factor productivity, a good measure
of overall productivity, may even have declined since the mid-1970s due
to resource degradation, failure to adapt technical change, and poor
incentives, among others causes. Future growth through productivity
increase, however, will require major changes in systems, policies, and
institutions for agriculture. These changes are crucial because
agriculture in the next century will continue to be key in achieving
growth with poverty alleviation and environmental protection.
The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Income Distribution in
Pakistan A SAM-based Analysis
Authors: Iqbal Zafar , Siddiqui Rizwana
Published: August 2018

Domestic poverty and income distribution are closely related
to the state of the economy, which is linked with internal and external
economic policies. Since 1988, under the rubric of structural adjustment
programme (SAP), Pakistan has made use of fiscal, monetary and trade
policies to correct her macro economic imbalances. It is hard to
substantiate with proof that these programmes protect the poor. A number
of studies have found that income distribution has been getting worse
during the adjustment period in Pakistan.1 For example, Kemal (1994);
Jaffery and Khattak (1995) and Anwar (1996) found that SAP accompanied
with rising income inequality and poverty in Pakistan. But these studies
are restricted as they did not employ an adequate methodology to assess
the impact of structural adjustment reforms on income distribution.2
This paper, however, uses a simple static fixed-price SAM-based
framework to analyse distributional outcome of incomes for rural and
urban households. This methodology is useful because social accounting
matrix (SAM) represents the whole economy and it does not need a large
data set.
The Economics Profession in Pakistan: A Historical
Analysis
Authors: Haque Nadeem Ul , Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

Economics is a policy science: its claim is to describe
policies that can improve peoples' lives. Its usefulness for
policymaking, therefore, depends on how well economists understand and
interpret economic behaviour. In other words, successful economic policy
entails a good understanding of the dynamics of economic change. In
turn, a model of economic change requires analysis of institutions and
organisations in the society. Institutions are the informal conventions
(customs) and formal rules by which the members of a society organise
the production and distribution of goods and services. Organisations are
the players in the economy, including the state (executive, legislature
and judiciary), private businesses (profit-seeking individuals and
corporate entities), and private non-profit associations (NGOs,
professional groups and bodies). Both institutions and organisations
change with the evolution of each society and economy. Much as
economists disagree on the underlying assumptions and interpretation of
"facts" about economic change, they have a broad agreement that the
discipline of economics must be embedded in the study of interactions
between institutions and organisations.
Some Consequences of Rising Age at Marriage in Pakistan
Authors: Sathar Zeba A. , Kiani M. Framurz Khan
Published: August 2018

Nuptiality changes have been at the core of demographic
transitions in Europe and in several Asian societies [Caldwell (1993)].
Delayed marriages have been seen as precursors of fertility change in
most societies. They underlie changes in family formation patterns and
living arrangements, which ultimately are the bases of demographic
transition. The concomitants of profound changes in marriage behaviour
are worth studying because of their impact on demographic outcomes such
as the population growth rate and fertility. Moreover, they are also
strongly connected to the role and status of women, family living
arrangements and power structures.
Textiles Sector of Pakistan: The Challenge Beyond 2004
Authors: Khan Naheed Zia
Published: August 2018

The world is presently looking forward to embrace the greatest
moment of modern history of humankind, turn of the millennium. For
Pakistan, however, the millennium celebrations are going to be
accompanied by over half a century of missed opportunities and a serious
challenge ahead. The focus of this study is Pakistan’s status as a
‘single commodity’ country and the life after 2004 in a post- Multifibre
Arrangement (MFA) era. This work intends to use the hindsight to argue
that MFA, a cat’s cradle of bilateral textile import quotas, was a
blessing in disguise for the value added textiles sector of Pakistan.
And the difficulties beyond 2004, when all the quotas have gone, should
not be underestimated in a bipolar (NAFTA and the EU) and deregulated
world economy . The analysis is carried out in four parts. Part I
highlights the economic significance of Pakistan’s textiles industry by
briefly analysing its contribution to different sectors of her economy.
Part II presents the past, present and future scenario of international
trade in Textiles and Clothing (T&C). The present situation of
Pakistan’s textiles industry along with its foreign exchange generating
performance in the past is assessed in Part III. Finally, Part IV
analyses the prospects and challenges faced by the T&C sector of
Pakistan.
Telecom Industry: Competition, Interconnection Requirements, and
the Need for Regulations
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Mazhar
Published: August 2018

The word 'competition' in economic terminology means the
independence of business actions opted by different sellers of the same
product. However, in context of the telecom industry, the same word has
opposite connotation-interdependence among competing service providers.
The reason is that "the telecom system must work as a single system
[because] users desire end to end services within an apparently
'seamless' communication network. They want connectedness and
connectability" [Melody (1997), p. 53]. Therefore, to attract users, a
new entrant in the industry, while intending to compete with the
incumbent monopoly operator, has to ensure interconnection arrangements
with the latter.
Inaugural Address
Authors: Sajjad Wasim
Published: August 2018

It is gratifying to know that the Pakistan Society of
Development Economists established in 1982 as a forum to discuss
economic issues of national and international interest to Pakistan has
successfully completed 16 years of fruitful work. Its deliberations have
also made a useful contribution to policy formulation in Pakistan. The
Society has made possible a meaningful exchange of ideas and experiences
amongst academics, researchers, and policy-makers. The current meeting
of the society is taking place at a time when the global economy is
passing through a crucial stage of its history. The current year is the
terminal year of the 20th century and provides a bridge between the last
and the next millennium; it is a time to reflect on our past
achievements and failures, and against this backdrop, chart out our
course for the future.
Interpreting Ethnic Movements in Pakistan (Communication)
Authors: Soofia Mumtaz
Published: August 2018

My difficulties with this paper relate primarily to the methodology. Professor Christophe Jaffrelot has chosen to omit the section on Kashmir that figured in the version first presented at the Fourteenth Annual General Meeting, of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists. The omission reinforces the exception I have to the approach. In my comments therefore, I will include some inter-related, and overlapping dimensions of the subject addressed, the exclusion of which, to my mind, hampers an holistic analysis. I will draw attention to the ‘role of Islam’ in Indian Muslim politics before partition, and the question of national identity since the creation of Pakistan. I will also highlight some of the features of the phenomenon of ethnicity itself that help explain the dynamics of the nature, content, and process of identity formation, and hence, an understanding of the mechanics of the identity that became pertinent during the Pakistan Movement. Similarly, I will comment on the ethnic expressions (that have been defined and re-defined) within the national context since the creation of Pakistan.
Pakistan’s Debt Problem: Its Changing Nature and Growing Gravity
(The Distinguishedl Lecture)
Authors: Hasan Parvez
Published: August 2018

It has been evident for some time that Pakistan’s debt burden
is extremely onerous. The danger of external debt default first emerged
in 1996 towards the end of the second Benazir government. Following the
nuclear explosions by first India and then Pakistan and the subsequent
imposition of economic sanctions by the Western countries in mid-1998,
Pakistan froze the foreign currency deposits, a major source of balance
of payments financing in recent years, and went into a technical default
on external debt. Following a fresh agreement with the IMF in January
1999, Paris and London Clubs provided substantial debt relief in the
form of rescheduling of debt payments due in 1998-99, 1999-2000 and the
first half of 2000-1. Despite debt relief, the burden of external debt
remains extremely heavy and the danger of default has not disappeared.
In any case, the access to international financial markets has been
greatly curtailed, if not eliminated, especially because The Paris Club
has applied the ‘comparability of treatment’ to claims of private sector
investors. On the domestic side, the heavy burden of servicing public
debt has made the much needed fiscal adjustment both difficult and
disorderly. The rise in interest payments from 2.2 percent of GDP in
1979-80 to 4.9 percent in 1988-89 and to the peak of 7.3 percent in
1998-99 made reductions in fiscal deficit hard to achieve. As interest
payments now account for over 45 percent of government revenues, the
fiscal deficit reduction has come mainly at the cost of development
spending. Clearly the debt overhang is a major factor in the decline in
the investment rate to 15 percent of GDP in 1998-99 and 1999-2000, the
lowest level in more than two decades. Unless the debt burden can be
brought down to more manageable levels, macro-economic management will
remain problematical and growth prospects will remain
clouded.
Motivación para la práctica físico-deportiva y síndrome de burnout en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud
Authors: Barragán Ana Belén , Pérez-Fuentes María del Carmen , Molero María del Mar , Gázquez José Jesús , Martos África , Simón María del Mar
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: Analizar los motivos de la práctica físico-deportiva y el burnout en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud, atendiendo al género. Así como, determinar la relación entre el estado de salud, la edad y el síndrome de burnout. Método: La muestra está compuesta por un total de 188 estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a diferentes titulaciones de Ciencias de la Salud con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 54 años Para llevar a cabo el estudio se implementó el Cuestionario de contenido de los objetivos en el ejercicio y el Maslach Burnout Inventory. Y para el análisis de datos se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS 23. Resultados: En cuanto al síndrome de burnout según el género, encontramos que en el factor agotamiento, el grupo de las mujeres obtienen puntuaciones mayores, aunque estas diferencias no son estadísticamente significativas, respecto al grupo de los hombres. Respecto a lo motivos de la práctica físico-deportiva en función del género, aunque no existen diferencias significativas, el grupo de las mujeres obtiene puntuaciones más altas en el factor imagen, desarrollo de habilidad, afiliación social, y en el reconocimiento social, que el grupo de los hombres. Sin embargo, el grupo de los hombres solamente obtiene puntuaciones más altas en el factor dirección de la salud. Conclusiones: En esta investigación hallamos que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las puntuaciones de los cinco factores de la escala GCEQ, y tampoco en los tres factores, agotamiento, cinismo y eficacia profesional según el género en los estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias de la Salud.
Practice Teaching Reform of Mechanical Design and manufacture and Its Automation Specialty under Transformation and Development
Authors: Yi Qian
Published: August 2018

With the development of the times, undergraduate colleges and universities begin to transform and develop to adapt to the changing society, and put forward new requirements for practical teaching strategies, especially for applied undergraduate colleges. The reform of practical teaching is particularly important. Under the development of education transformation, the reform of mechanical design and manufacture and the practice teaching of automation specialty also occupy a very important position. Through the understanding of the reform of the practical teaching of this specialty, the effect of the reform is observed, and a reasonable teaching scheme is put forward to promote the steps of the transformation of the practical teaching.
Faktor Risiko Pasien Batu Ginjal Rawat Jalan RSUD Dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangkaraya
Authors: Wira Citerawati SY Yetti , Nurjanah Widiastuti Erma , Ayu Hapsari Retno
Published: August 2018

Abstract: Risk Factors Of Outpatient With Kidney Stone In Dr. Doris Sylvanus Regional Public Hospital Of Palangkaraya . Kidney stones are crystalline structures in the urinary tract that have achieved sufficient size to cause symptoms (Alla, 2008). The most commonly formed kidney stones is calcium oxalate stones (80%). Based on data on the number of new cases in 2015 obtained on Medical Record Installation at Dr. Doris Sylvanus Regional Public Hospital of Palangka Raya was 1212 people during the period of January to December, thus the average patient was approximately 101 monthly. The research purpose was to understanding the relationship of intake (oxalate, protein, calcium, fluid), activity and level of knowledge with dietary compliance of kidney stone patients at Dr. Doris Sylvanus Regional Public Hospital of Palangka Raya. A cross sectional design was used in this research and subjects of the study were outpatients with kidney stones in Urology Medicine Polyclinic of Dr. Doris Sylvanus Regional Public Hospital of Palangka Raya. Chi Square test was conducted for bivariate analysis, furthemore, multiple logistic regression test was used for multivariate. The result of bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between fluid intake and activity with dietary compliance of kidney stone patients (p value = 0,05 and p value = 0,001), while there was no significant relationship in other variable such as oxalate intake , protein, calcium and level of knowledge. The results of multiple regression logistic test showed that the most influencing variable of dietary compliance of outpatients with kidney stones in Dr. Doris Sylvanus Regional Public Hospital of Palangka Raya is activity variable ( p value = 0,001).Abstrak: Faktor Risiko Pasien Batu Ginjal Rawat Jalan RSUD Dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangkaraya.  Batu ginjal merupakan terbentuknya struktur kristal di saluran kemih yang telah mencapai ukuran cukup sehingga menimbulkan gejala (Alla, 2008). Batu ginjal yang paling sering terbentuk adalah batu kalsium oksalat (80%). Kasus baru pada tahun 2015 di RSUD Dr. Doris Sylvanus dari Januari hingga Desember sebanyak 1212 orang, sehingga rata-rata pasien perbulannya 101 orang. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan asupan (oksalat, protein, kalsium,cairan), aktivitas dan pengetahuan dengan kepatuhan diet pasien batu ginjal rawat jalan Di RSUD Dr. Doris Sylvanus. Desain cross sectional dengan subjek penelitian pasien batu ginjal yang menjalani rawat jalan di Poli Urologi RSUD Dr. Doris Sylvanus. Analisis menggunakan uji Chi Square dan multiple logistic regression. Hasil menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara asupan cairan dan aktivitas dengan kepatuhan diet pasien batu ginjal (p=0,05 dan p= 0,001). Sedangkan yang tidak berhubungan adalah asupan oksalat, protein, kalsium dan pengetahuan. Hasil analisis menggunakan multiple logistic regression menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang paling mempengaruhi kepatuhan diet adalah aktivitas (p=0,001).
Efektivitas Gel Ekstrak Bawang Putih terhadap Proses Penyembuhan Luka Fase Inflamasi
Authors: Mufimah Mufimah , Rusdian Hidayat Uti , Budiharto Ichsan
Published: August 2018

Abstract: Efectiveness Gel Extract Of White On The Process Of Healing Inflamation Phase Heating. The inflammatory phase is a favorable body response as a protection mechanism. In the process of wound healing becomes a very important phase. Management of inflammation that is often used Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory class of salicylates on the skin that have side effects. The content of allicin in garlic can be used for problems that begin with the inflammatory phase. The use of gel from garlic extract is also easier to use and easier to clean. The study aim to determine the effectiveness of garlic extract gel to process wound inflammatory phase healing. This research is an experimental research with pre and post test with control group method with 24 samples. Conducted injury to the back area of rat length of wound 1 cm, depth to dermis. Conducted wound care, given gel extract of garlic concentration of 20%, 40%, 80% of the control using 0.9% NaCl compress. Using Kruskal Wallis test and Anova oneway showed concentration of 20%, 40%, and 80% of sig <0,05 ie 0.00. It was concluded that 20%, 40%, 80% garlic extract gel was effective against inflammatory wound healing process. The use of garlic extract gel is more effective in the wound inflammatory wound healing process.Abstrak: Efektivitas Gel Ekstrak Bawang Putih  terhadap Proses Penyembuhan Luka Fase Inflamasi.  Fase inflamasi merupakan respon tubuh yang menguntungkan sebagai mekanisme perlindungan. Pada proses penyembuhan luka menjadi fase yang sangat penting. Penatalaksanaan inflamasi yang sering digunakan Anti-Inflamasi Non Steroid golongan salisilat pada kulit yang memiliki efek samping. Kandungan zat allicin pada bawang putih dapat dimanfaatkan untuk masalah yang diawali dengan fase inflamasi. Pemanfaatan gel dari ekstrak bawang putih pun dalam penggunaannya lebih mudah diabsorsi dan mudah dibersihkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas gel ekstrak bawang putih terhadap proses penyembuhan luka fase inflamasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperiment dengan metode pre and post test with control grup dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 24 ekor tikus. Dilakukan perlukaan pada daerah punggung tikus panjang luka 1 cm, kedalaman sampai dermis. Dilakukan perawatan luka, diberi gel ekstrak bawang putih konsentrasi berbeda yaitu 20%, 40%, 80%  kontrol menggunakan kompres NaCl 0,9%. Hasil uji Kruskal Wallis dan Anova oneway menunjukkan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, dan 80%  nilai sig <0,05 yaitu 0,00. Disimpulkan bahwa 20%, 40%, 80% gel ekstrak bawang putih efektif terhadap proses penyembuhan luka inflamasi. Penggunaan gel ekstrak bawang putih lebih efektif dalam proses penyembuhan luka inflamasi luka.   Disimpulkan bahwa 20%, 40%, 80% gel ekstrak bawang putih efektif terhadap proses penyembuhan luka inflamasi. Penggunaan gel ekstrak bawang putih lebih efektif dalam proses penyembuhan luka inflamasi luka.
THE LIABILITY OF UNILATERAL TERMINATION BY GOVERNMENT ON GOODS AND SERVICE PROCUREMENT CONTRACT
Authors: Cahyono Anton , Nugraheni Ninis , Huda Mokhamad Khoirul
Published: August 2018

The increasing development in Indonesia, particularly the development of public facilities and infrastructures makes many public contracts, commonly called governmental goods and service contract, increase as well. It is a contract which one of the parties involves the government. In Indonesia, goods and service procurement contracts are not always well-conducted as expected. Lawsuits, which one of those is the liability from one party, may reveal in such contracts. Therefore, this study would discuss about an issue of unilateral contract termination on good-and-service procurement contract along with its solution. Referring to legal regulation related to governmental good-and-service procurement contract, President’s Regulation No. 54 Year 2010 on Governmental Goods and service Procurement and had been amended by President’s Regulation No. 4 Year 2015 about the Forth Amandment of President’s Regulation No. 54 Year 2010 about Governmental Goods and service Procurement.
The Jewishness of Jesus and ritual purity
Authors: Wassen Cecilia
Published: August 2018

Today it is commonplace for historical Jesus scholars to emphasize Jesus’ Jewishness. At the same time most New Testament scholars deny that he cared about the Jewish purity system, which was a central aspect of early Judaism. This article examines how such a reconstruction of the historical Jesus would influence his Jewishness, arguing that it indeed would make such a Jesus figure ‘less Jewish’. The article also investigates questions concerning what Jewish identity in the late Second Temple period entails and how we may characterize the Judaism of Jesus’ time, especially in relation to purity concerns. Finally, I examine key Gospel texts that are commonly used as evidence to prove Jesus’ alleged disinterest in purity laws. On the basis of a proper understanding of how the purity system functioned in Jesus’ time, I conclude that there is no evidence for the view that Jesus was disinterested in matters of purity; quite the opposite.
Repatriation and restitution of Holocaust victims in post-war Denmark
Authors: Bak Sofie Lene
Published: August 2018

Jewish Holocaust survivors faced severe economic and emotional difficulties on returning home to Denmark in 1945. Jewish families had used their savings, sold valuables and property and obtained improvised private loans in order to finance their escape to Sweden. Homes, businesses and property had been subject to theft and abuse. During and after the German occupation, however, Danish authorities worked to mitigate and ameliorate the consequences of Nazi persecution and the Danish government implemented one of the most inclusive and comprehensive restitution laws in Europe, taking into account Jewish victims of deportation as well as victims of exile. The restitution process underlines the dedication of the Danish authorities to the reintegration of the Jewish community and their interest in allaying potential ethnic conflict. Furthermore, the process is a remarkable – but overlooked – missing link between the social reforms of the 1930s and the modern Danish welfare state.
Creativity, Community, Change: Functions of and motives for singing niggunim
Authors: Illman Ruth
Published: August 2018

Jewish musical practices stemming from Kabbalah and Hasidic mystical traditions are currently the object of growing attention among a variety of different Jewish communities in Europe and North America, as well as in non-Jewish spiritual circles. This article focuses on contemporary practices of niggunim – the (mostly) wordless melodies with roots in Hasidic Jewish traditions, sung, chanted and sometimes danced in preparation for, or as a form of, ardent prayer. The practice is seen as an example of the expressive, engaging, emotional and embodied forms of prayer that currently attract many Jews of different institutional attachments. As niggunim travel into new contexts, they are reframed and reconsidered in order to meet the needs and expectations of contemporary religious communities, characterised by a liberal and egalitarian, global and transformative religiosity. The article seeks to explore the different functions niggunim are put to today and the motives which drive different people to engage in the practice. The analysis is based on ethno-graphic material in the form of in-depth interviews conducted among progressive Jews in the London area. As a conclusion, the article suggests an approach to contemporary niggunim practices that incorporates perspectives from both literature and ethnography in order to deepen the understanding of the motives for and functions of singing niggunim today.
Die Schicksseele
Authors: Paulson Ivar
Published: August 2018

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