bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing Integrated Engineering Environments: Blackboard-Based Integration of Design and Analysis Tools
Authors: Lander Susan E. , Corkill Daniel D. , Staley Scott M.
Published: March 2007

Blackboard-based integration of multiple agents is a natural and viable technology for the implementation of concurrent-engineering (CE) environments This article presents a blackboard architecture that has been extended to support the integration of heterogeneous collabora tive agents The suitability of the architecture as an integration framework for CE applications is discussed, followed by a description of a proto type CE application developed as part of Ford Motor Company's participation in the RRM (Rapid Response Manufacturing) Consortium 1 The prototype is a mixed-initiative, multiuser, multiprocessing environment that integrates heterogeneous agents working on crankshaft design, analy sis, and manufacturing-feasibility assessment The effectiveness of the RRM prototype and the ease and speed with which it was created demon strates that blackboard-based integration technology is appropriate for building multiagent concurrent-engineering applications
Development of a Tool for Benchmarking for Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Schrijver Raymond , de Graaf Robert
Published: March 2007

Benchmarking for concurrent engineering is a method to compare working methods with other companies, with the goal of enhancing the performance of the product development process The Readiness Assessment for Concurrent Engineering (RACE) is used to describe the product development process Strengths and weaknesses of the process are thus identified The characteristic "Teams in the Organization" is chosen to be improved Benchmarking this characteristic seems to yeld the best results Companies that are willing to cooperate in this bench marking effort are identified and approached by a benchmarking team Information exchange on a particular characteristic leads to an improve ment drive for the particular company, because it shows a performance gap and a way to bridge it
Enterprise Integration: On Business Process and Enterprise Activity Modelling
Authors: Vernadat F.B.
Published: March 2007

Business process and enterprise activity modelling plays a central role in enterprise modelling in the context of CIM and enterprise integration Business processes model enterprise behaviour while enterprise activities model enterprise functionality In this paper enterprise modelling and integration are first discussed Then, a formalism to specify business processes and enterprise activities is presented The formal ism makes use of behavioural rules derived from process algebra for structured processes and temporal logic for semi-structured processes The paradigm assumes that processes and their activities are executed by human or non-human agents called functional entities performing ele mentary actions, called functional operations
Design Optimization in Concurrent Engineering: A Team Approach
Authors: Dowlatshahi S. , Ashok M.S.
Published: March 2007

This paper consists of three distinct yet interrelated sections The first section addresses a team approach to concurrent engineering and discusses various aspects of multi-disciplinary teams The benefits of having representation from different functional areas in multi- disciplinary teams are explored and presented These functional areas include but are not limited to manufacturing, maintenance, logistics, materials, and marketing On the other hand, the negative effects of "over-the-wall-design" are identified and delineated Section two considers the system design This section of the paper focuses on Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and how it is used in a concurrent engineering en vironment An example (a product) is provided and analyzed to determine its strengths and weaknesses with respect to its competitors The prod uct features that can be improved are identified so that the product is competitively positioned with respect to market forces and competitors Section three focuses on parameter design of the product selected in section two Design of experiment (DOE) is the technique chosen to analyze the parameter design The parameters of the product selected in section two are then identified and analyzed The treatments and combinations having the maximum effect on the design outcome are identfied and presented A methodology is presented by which the optimum levels of these parameters based on yield and cost are determined The advantages and implications of using teamwork and multi-disciplinary teams in conducting such studies are presented Finally, conclusion and assessment is presented and future research directions are explored
On the Tradeoff Control to Concurrent Product and Process Design
Authors: Li Chen
Published: March 2007

Concurrent product and process design may be modeled as a generalized two-objective optimization problem. The first objective characterizes "product design" with. the aim of best enhancing product functionality, while the second objective corresponds to "process de sign" with the aim of minimizing overall manufacturing costs. However, these performing goals may be mutually conflicting in arriving con currently at their respective optima, therefore, design tradeoffs must be settled in order to achieve a best compromise design. In this work, an adaptive tradeoff parameter, λ(0 ≤ λ ≤ 1.0), is introduced to adaptively control the progressive design tradeoffs between the two per forming goals by calibrating the tradeoff parameter λ over the interval of 0 to 1.0 A fuzzy control scheme is proposed to control the iteration-based design tradeoffs with concurrent design progression for an optimal compromise selttlement in design. Three design models are presented to accommodate different tradeoff scenarios in concurrent design. The proposed approach is illustrated through the case study of a welded beam design.
Improving Assistants Definition by Capturing Real Collaborative Work
Authors: Biennier F. , Favrel J. , Beuchot G.
Published: March 2007

Supporting efficient simultaneous engineering activities involves convenient "assistant" processes. The main improvements rely on reusing abilities, collaborative work design and information sharing.
A Multidimensional Design Framework and Its Implementation in an Engineering Design Environment
Authors: Batres Rafael , Naka Yuji , Lu Ming Liang
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a multidimensional design framework that distinguishes in an explicit way the role that control and opera tion play in the generation of the behavior of the device as a whole. This multidimensional framework that represents physical, behavioral, and operational aspects of the plant is intended to provide the means for consistency along the life-cycles of the enterprise, plant and prod uct, as well as, clear interactions between the plant structure and its associated behaviors. The design environment based on such frame work is being developed to support the increasing fidelity of the models that dictate the behavior associated to each piece of equipment, combined behaviors, inheritance of actions and interoperable life-cycle activity performers.
A Framework for a Knowledge-Based System for Risk Management in Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Caillaud Emmanuel , Gourc Didier , Garcia Luis Antonio , Crossland Rose , McMahon Chris
Published: March 2007

Knowledge is a requirement for concurrent engineering, and therefore an approach to capture and organise the different knowledge to be taken into account in concurrent engineering is proposed. This approach, known as the "MEthodology for Knowledge Engineering for Concurrent Engineering" (MEKECE) is a dedicated application of knowledge engineering methodologies to concurrent engineering that involves a combination of case based reasoning and expert systems approaches aimed at managing risk. To manage concurrent engineering specific risks, the knowledge of the different tasks constituting product development must be captured and or ganised, and information on the causes of risks that have a threshold effect on time and on cost must be available in a convenient form for the participants in the process. The framework of this knowledge based system for risk management in concurrent engineering is pre sented.
Consanguineous Marriage and Marital Adjustment in Turkey
Authors: Flsloglu Hürol
Published: March 2007

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between consanguineous marriage and marital adjustment in Turkey. Despite the fact that most studies emphasized the negative genetic effects of consanguineous marriage, a group of people in Turkey still prefer this type of marriage. In addition to the relationship between consanguineous marriage and marital adjustment, extended family relations were also studied. The Dyadic Adjustment Scale and Extended Family Relationship Form were administered to 150 married individuals (75 female and 75 male). Of the participants, 68 were in a consanguineous marriage and 82 nonconsanguineous marriage. The sample was selected by purposive sampling. The result showed that the consanguineous marriage group had significantly lower marital adjustment and had more conflict with extended family than the nonconsanguineous marriage group. The finding is discussed in the context of research and practice.
Adolescent Perceptions of Cohesion, Adaptability, and Communication: Revisiting the Circumplex Model
Authors: Perosa Linda M. , Perosa Sandra L.
Published: March 2007

One hundred eighty young adults completed measures of family cohesion and adaptability, communication expressiveness and clarity, and problem solving. The results of polynomial regression trend analyses yielded a linear relationship between cohesion and communication expressiveness, clarity, and problem solving whether cohesion was defined linearly as emotional bonding or curvilinearly as family togetherness. There also was a linear relationship between adaptability, defined linearly as flexibility to master family life cycle stage transitions and these facets of family communication. However, the relationship for communication clarity was curvilinear when adaptability was defined in a curvilinear way as the degree of power, control, and organization in the home. Overall, these results tend not to support Olson’s circumplex model of couples and family systems.
Becoming a Stepfamily: Developmental Issues for New Stepfamilies
Authors: Bray James H.
Published: March 2007

This column presents issues that affectfamilies undergoing separation, divorce, and remarriage, including single parenting and stepfamilies. If you have specific areas or questions that you would like discussed in this column please write to: James H. Bray, Department of Family Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 5510 Greenbriar, Houston, TX 77005, or call (713) 798-7751.
Family Reconstruction
Authors: Nerin William F.
Published: March 2007

This column provides aforum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have invented or adapted and find successful in counseling with couples andfamilies. If it works wellforyou, it may be that others can adapt it to work wellfor them too.

Submit manuscripts (4 to 6 double-spaced, typed pages in the format of the technique that follows) to: Robert Sherman, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367-0904. We reserve the right to edit the manuscripts.

"Family Reconstruction" is excerpted from Nerin, W. (1993) You can't grow up 'till you go back home: A safe journey to see your parents as humans. New York: Crossroads/Continuum. (1993 William Nerin. Reprinted by permission of the Crossroad Publishing Company.
The Codependence Concept and the Status Quo
Authors: Lewis Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Literature expressing reservations about the theoretical construct of "codependence" is reviewed. Criticisms of the concept focus on the cultural context within which "codependent" behavuirs arise.
Relationship of Cognitive Appraisals and Attachment to Emotional Events within the Family of Origin
Authors: McCarthy Christopher J. , Brack Greg , Brack Catherine J.
Published: March 2007

Appraisal theorists believe that discrete emotional states are the result of specific cognitive appraisals. This theory has not been tested with familyrelated events, especially negative emotions and the potential influence of attachment towards significant others. This study found that individuals cognitively process family events much as predicted by appraisal theorists and that attachment does not appear to have a global influence on this process. This finding suggests that cognitivefamily therapists can directly link appraisals with negative affect.
Marriage and Family Therapy: Critique of Accreditation, Certification, and Licensure
Authors: Smith Robert L. , Frame Marsha Wiggins , Stevens-Smith Patricia , Carlson Jon
Published: March 2007

This article examines accreditation, licensure, and certification in marriage and family therapy. The authors analyze these three areas and raise questions about the current status and continued emphasis on mariage and family therapy regulation.
On the Road Again: Dual-Career Commuter Relationships
Authors: Rotter Joseph C. , Barnett Donald E. , Fawcett Mary L.
Published: March 2007

This literature review section on dual-career commuter marriages focuses on an ever-growing trend in career development andfamily dynamics that challenges the therapist to look at approaches to intervention in a new way. Selected research and strategies are presented to intrigue the reader to pursue a better understanding of this phenomenon.
Home-Based Family Therapy: Theory and Process from “Friendly Visitors” to Multisystemic Therapy
Authors: Woodford Mark S.
Published: March 2007

Home-based family therapy is an alternative treatment approach that has historically focused on preventing out-of-home placement of children and adolescents who would otherwise be placed in foster care, group homes, residential treatment centers, psychiatric hospitals, and correctional institutions. The purpose of this article is to discuss briefly the historical and theoretical underpinnings of home-based family therapy from the early 1900s to the present. Multisystemic therapy is discussed as a recent development employing home-based family therapy as a viable treatment component.
Occupational Congruence and Personal Task-Related Attributes: How Do They Relate to Work Performance?
Authors: Tziner Aharon , Meir Elchanan I. , Segal Hila
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the combined and unique contributions of occupational congruence, work-related ability, and personality to predicting two measures of work performance (peer ratings and superior ratings), using data collected for 359 military officers. The results indicate that personality and congruence relate to performance as rated by both superiors and peers (i.e., the introversion-extroversion personality factor correlated r = -0.15, p < .01 with peer ratings; one congruence measure correlated r = 0.19, p < .01 with superior ratings; and three congruence measures correlated r = 0.60, r = 0.43, and r = 0.45, p < .01 with peer ratings). The ramifications of the results are discussed in the context of the combined theoretical framework suggested by Tziner and Meir.
The Relationship between Dysfunctional Career Thoughts and Adjustment to Disability in College Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Dipeolu Abiola , Reardon Robert , Sampson James , Burkhead Jane
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between dysfunctional career thoughts and adjustment to disability among college students with learning disabilities. Data were obtained from 153 college students with learning disabilities at a large southern university and 595 general college students from the normative sample of the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI). Results indicated that college students with learning disabilities had fewer dysfunctional career thoughts in general, less career decision-making confusion, and less commitment anxiety than the normative sample. However, students with learning disabilities had more dysfunctional career thoughts related to external conflict than the normative sample. A relationship was found among the CTI scores and the scores on the adapted Adjustment scale of the Reaction to Impairment and Disability Inventory. Findings indicated that as the prevalence of dysfunctional career thoughts decreased, the positive adjustment to learning disability increased.
Quota Systems in International Wildlife and Fisheries Regimes
Authors: Wilder Martijn
Published: March 2007

While the global environment faces increasing pressure on its living resources, total bans on exploitation may not always provide a practical or preferable solution for their protection. This is especially true for international fisheries and wildlife such as leopards and elephants. In this context, quotas have arisen as a compromise between protection and unbridled exploitation. They seek to ensure the sustainable utilization of threatened resources. Wildlife quotas, adopted largely through the CITES regime, restrict the rights of countries to trade internationally threatened national resources. Internationalfisheries quotas limit the right to exploit national and open access resources. Quotas have, however, led to mixed results. Yet the distinction must be made between thefailure of a quota per se and the failure of an environmental protection regime through which quotas are implemented. If the correct conditions exist, including accurate determination, enforcement, and international cooperation, quotas can still provide a valu able tool for environmental management.
U.S. Environmental Security Policy: Broad Concern or Narrow Interests
Authors: Thomas Gerald B.
Published: March 2007

Beginning at least with Brown in 1977, scholars have argued that environmental concerns be incorporated into the security calculations of nation-states. In recent years, the "environmental security" thesis has been used to justify rhetorical and institutional changes within the U.S. national security policy subsystem. The first part of this article develops a set of criteria to distinguish between narrow and broad interpretations of environmental security. The second part presents several examples of changes to U.S. national security policies and programs, analyzes these changes in terms of the criteria developed in Part 1, and concludes that many are indicative of a fairly narrow interpretation of environmental security. Finally, this essay relates the findings of this investigation to international relations in general and to the international environmental problematic in particular.
Qualitative Block Design Analysis in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Vasterling Jennifer J. , Rogers Catherine , Kaplan Edith
Published: March 2007

Qualitative and quantitative Block Design performance was examined in Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD diagnoses (n = 23) and Vietnam combat veterans without PTSD or other mental disorders diagnoses (n = 19). Results indicated that PTSD-diagnosed veterans committed more single block rotations than the comparison sample, and that their errors occurred more frequently in right hemispace than errors made by the comparison sample. The two groups did not differ in the number of configural errors made, errors committed in left hemispace, or in quantitative performance measures. Findings are suggestive of relative left hemisphere hypoactivation and are congruent with prior research documenting cerebral asymmetries in emotional disorders.
Administering the Digit Span Subtest of the WISC-ILL: Should the Examiner Make Eye Contact or Not?
Authors: Goldfarb Lori Plante , Plante Thomas G. , Brentar John T. , DliGregorio Michael
Published: March 2007

This study examined the impact of the examiner making eye contact versus not making eye contact during the administration of the Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler scales. Two groups of subjects were studied: A sample of 40 college students and 41 high school students. Results indicate that, regardless of the examiner's eye-contact behavior, subjects actively avoided eye contact while recalling numbers. College students performed significantly better on the Digit Span forward and backward task during both the eye-contact and no-eye-contact condition than did high school students. A significant order effect was obtained such that performance was enhanced in both groups when the no-eye-contact condition was delivered first and the eye-contact condition second. The results suggest that eye contact may be a source of distraction and is not preferred by those responding to the Digit Span subtest. Therefore, eye contact should not be emphasized in the administration.
Personality Structure and Interpersonal Problems: A Theoretically-Guided Tem Analysis of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems
Authors: Gurtman Michael B.
Published: March 2007

The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) has become increasingly popular as a measure of self-reported interpersonal distress. This article examined the empirical structure of the IIP item set, but did so within a theoretical context provided by two complementary models of personality structure: the interpersonal circumplex and the Big Five. Consistent with earlier findings, the item analysis yielded factors identifiable as Dominance and Love and a factor space congruent with the circumplex model. When rotated, the factors were best interpreted as Aggression and Attachment. The Big Five analysis helped to clarify, confirm, and extend the findings. For example, problems loaded primarily on Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism, but Conscientiousness and Openness also characterized some problems, adding nuance to their meaning. Item positions in the circumplex space could be predicted almost perfectly from a composite of three (rather than only two) of the Big Five factors. A set of internally-homogenous item clusters were proposed that could provide enhanced specificity of problem assessment and further the aims of dimensional models of diagnosis.
Peer Assessment of Personality Traits and Pathology in Female College Students
Authors: Oltmanns Thomas F. , Strauss Milton E.
Published: March 2007

Assessment procedures for personality disorders (PDs) typically rely on self-reports, even though some people with PDs may be unable to view themselves realistically or are unwilling to report socially undesirable traits. Close associates may provide important information regarding the presence of PD traits. Peer nomination is a reliable and valid assessment procedure that can be adapted to the study of PDs for research purposes. This study focused on characteristic features that define narcissistic, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive PDs using information collected from both self and others in a nonclinical sample of women. It was designed to identify specific areas of agreement and discrepancy between self-report and peer assessment in the measurement of characteristic features of these disorders.
Review : The Immediate-Early Gene Response and Neuronal Death and Regeneration
Authors: Morgan James I. , Curran Tom
Published: March 2007

The induction of the cellular immediate-early gene (cIEG) response is the earliest known transcriptional con sequence of neuronal excitation. It is believed that the products of the cIEGs (such as c- fos and c- jun) serve to bring about persistent changes in neuronal phenotype by altering gene expression and modifying signal transduction pathways. This has led, on the one hand, to the burgeoning use of Fos immunohistochemistry as a surrogate form of neuronal activity mapping and, on the other hand, to a quest for the biochemical functions of individual cIEG products in the nervous system. Recent studies of neuronal death and regen eration have contributed substantially to our vision of the molecular and biological characteristics of the cIEG response. Indeed, they have challenged some of its long-held tenets. Therefore, we will use these results to illustrate our most contemporary view of the cIEG response in the nervous system. The Neuroscientist 1:68- 75,1995
N-MYC Oncogene Amplification: A Consequence of Genomic Instability in Human Neuroblastoma
Authors: Schwab Manfred , Corvi Raffaella , Amler Lukas C.
Published: March 2007

Increase of the dosage of cellular oncogenes by DNA amplification is a frequent genetic alteration of cancer cells and arises as the consequence of genomic instability. The presence of amplified cellular oncogenes is usually signaled by conspicuous chromosomal abnormalities "double minutes," or "homogeneously staining chromosomal regions." Some human cancers carry a specific amplified oncogene at high incidence. In neuroblastomas, which are tumors of the peripheral nervous system that arise from primitive neuroectodermal cells derived from neural crest, the amplification of the gene N-MYC has been associated with aggressively growing cancers and is an indicator for poor prognosis. N-MYC amplification is of predictive value for iden tifying neuroblastoma patients who either require specific therapeutic regimens or who do not benefit from chemotherapy. The Neuroscientist 1:277-285, 1995
Family Stress, Mothers' Social Support, Depression, and Sons' Behavior Problems: Modeling Nursing Interventions for Low-Income Inner-City Families
Authors: Murata JoEllen M.
Published: March 2007

Studies have identified the low-income, African American, single mother as being at high riskforfamily stress and maternal depression. Both have been associated with child behavior problems. Within the family stress and adaptation framework, this study of inner-city single mothers of boys with behavior problems examined the relationships of family stress, mothers' depression, and social support to their sons' behavior and, by means of statistical analyses, located intervention points in the model for effective nursing intervention. The results indicated that study mothers reported more depression and intrafamily stress and less social support than did normative dominant culture groups. Multivariate analysis of covariance identifiedfamily stress, rather than depression, as the best intervention site for sons' behavior problems. The information can assist family nurses to formulate clinical interventions for this high-risk population.
Learning to Nurse Families using the Developmental Health Model: Educational Strategies for Undergraduate Students
Authors: Laforet-Fliesser Yvette , Ford-Gilboe Marilyn
Published: March 2007

For undergraduate nursing students, early learning experiences oftenfocus on caring for individuals in the traditional nursing role of expert helper. Developing the knowledge and skills to work collaboratively with families presents a challenge for nursing students andforfaculty who structure their learning experiences. Using the Developmental Health Model as a theoretical base, educational approaches to assist students to make the cognitive and behavioral shifts from individual to family and from expert to collaborator are described.
The Design and Selection of Evaluation Studies
Authors: Mandell Marvin B.
Published: March 2007

User involvement in the design and selection of evaluation studies is a widely advocated strategy for increasing their use. In this paper a particular structure (the "user-oriented framework") for guiding such involvement is described . In addition, some tentative propositions are offered concerning the viability of this framework (and, more generally, user involvement in study design and selection). Finally, other strategies are identified that might be employed in conjunction with the user-oriented framework in order to increase its viability in certain contexts
Ordinary Knowing and Policy Science
Authors: Emmert Mark A.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the interaction between ordinary knowing and policy science knowledge and the implications of this interaction for knowledge utilization. The role of ordinary knowing is assessed from two perspectives. First, the significance of evolu tionary epistemologies is discussed. Second, communication and persuasion theory as they are related to ordinary knowledge are explicated. The implications of these two perspectives are then assessed.
Analyzing the Structure of the Centrality-Productivity Literature Created Between 1948 and 1979
Authors: Hummon Norman P. , Doreian Patrick , Freeman Linton C.
Published: March 2007

Science grows and cumulates on the research fronts of disciplinary specialties, implying that the most fruitful citation analyses will be those looking at well-defined specialties or subspecial ties. The entire literature on centrality and productivity from 1948 to 1979 is used to construct a citation network. Methods are proposed for the analysis of the connective structure of such networks and then applied to the centrality-productivity citation structure. These methods permit identification of the main paths through this literature, distinct intellectual phases, and key articles contributing to the cumulative formation ofknowledge about centrality and productivity in social networks. From 1948 through 1956, centrality and program were integrated in a single research program. By the early 1960s, there were two research streams. One focused on measuring centrality in graphs but lost the substantive focus on productivity. The other branch continued the experimental focus on productivity but lost the idea of centrality.
Reflections on 19th-Century Experience With Knowledge Diffusion
Authors: Weiss Carol H.
Published: March 2007

In 1826, the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was formed in London to disseminate expert knowledge to the British working classes. It faced many of the same dilemmas as its modern counterpart about writing understandable language, stimulating audience demand, and translating knowledge into action. Its experience suggests lessons for modern efforts in knowledge utilization, particularly about involvement of potential users in diffusion and utilization and about the need for clarity of intellectual focus in organizations that serve the knowledge utilization community.
Preserving Data About the Knowledge Creation Process
Authors: Lewenstein Bruce V.
Published: March 2007

Creation of the Cold Fusion Archive at Cornell University raises questions about documenting-in real time, as the scientific and political debate rages-how sciientific knowledge is created, diffused, and evaluated. The archive contains material offive types: published, manuscript electronic, material culture, and interviews. Technical questions involve the acquisition, organization, and preservation of materials. Intellectual questions involve the scope and limitatons of systematic collecting. Despite about the truth of cold fusion claims, documenting the controversy provides insight into the process of knowledge creation and diffusion.
Conference Report
Authors: Lindee M. Susan , Speaker Susan L. , Thackray Arnold
Published: March 2007

Although historians have much to contribute to understanding such "Big Science" projects as the Human Genome project, they also face special challenges in placing these ongoing events in historical context. To address these problems from an interdisciplinary perspective, the Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry brought together a group of scholars and students of contemporary science on September 12-13, 1991, with a specific mandate to explore their common methodologies. Sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the conference on Writing History of Science While it Happens revealed that the difficulties faced by historians interested in contemporary science are shared by scholars of other disciplines. Historians, journalists, sociologists, and anthropologists increasingly share both tools and subjects of interest.
The Utilization of Policy Analysis by State Agency Officials
Authors: Lester James P.
Published: March 2007

Findings from a 1988 survey of U.S. state officials working in the areas of hazardous wastes, economic development, welfare, and education suggest that these officials do not appear to rely heavily on policy analysis from research organizations or from university faculty; instead, they rely principally on policy advice from their peers in other state agencies, newspapers, their counterparts in federal agencies, and staff from the governors' office. In attempting to understand knowledge utilization, the study found that among the variables considered utilization of policy information is best explained by state contextual variables and user characteristics. That is, agency officials in wealthier, more conservative, moralistic states used policy analysis in their work more than officials in poorer, more traditional, liberal states. In addition, more experienced and better educated officials used policy advice less than inexperienced and less educated officials.
The Use of Information by Policymakers at the Local Community Level
Authors: Florio Evelyn , Demartini Joseph R.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this study was to examine how policymakers at the local community level use social science information in making decisions The assumption which guided the study is that the use of social science information is related to how it interacts with other information and with the ideology and interests of the policymaker in the decision-making process. Findings from the study revealed that policymakers drew on a variety of information sources. The use of social science information was dependent on the ideology and interests of the decisionmakers and on the specific circumstances which shaped the decision-making process.
Intellectual Property in a Postindustrial World
Authors: PIRAGES DENNIS
Published: March 2007

An acceleration of the rate of innovation and associated transformation of industrial to postindustrial societies raises fundamental questions about the viability of the existing intellectual property regime. Among these key questions are who should make future intellectual property rules, what protection should be given to property developed with government funding, how much regulation should be applied to potential monopolies in life-saving technologies, whether all products should receive the same types of protection, and whether there is too much emphasis on pecuniary rewards as motivation for innovation. In an economically divided global village, important questions must also be addressed about the applicability of the same set of rules in both industrial and postindustrial settings.
International Patterns of Intellectual Property Protection and Commodity Trade
Authors: SMITH PAMELA J.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an economic perspective on the cross-country patterns of intellectual property protection and commodity trade, and the linkages between these patterns. The objectives are to describe the characteristics of countries in relation to the strength of their intellectual property protection and to describe the relationship between the strength of country protection of intellectual property and U.S. exports to these countries. An economic framework for thinking about these relationships is provided, and data are examined for their consistency with the economic interpretations. Findings show that country protection of intellectual property is positively related to the level of country development and that U.S. bilateral exports are positively related to the strength of intellectual property protection in the recipient importing country.
The Diffusion of Telemedicine
Authors: WHITTEN PAMELA , COLLINS BART
Published: March 2007

Telemedicine, the use of telecommunication technologies in the delivery of health services, has literally burst upon the health care scene during this decade. However, no study to date has attempted anything further than a cursory examination of the diffusion of this innovation. This article argues that a linear approach is inadequate to understand the diffusion of decentralized and continually reinvented innovations such as telemedicine. Instead, a communicative focus which privileges the role of participatory conversation is used to examine and explain the invention, diffusion, and reinvention of telemedicine.
Shaping a Food Safety Debate
Authors: EYCK TOBY A. TEN
Published: March 2007

Numerous studies of contacts between reporters and scientists have been undertaken, although few have focused on the degree to which these actors become embedded in their own control efforts. This study consists of interviews with sources—both scientists and nonscientists—and newspaper reporters involved in the coverage of food irradiation at two regional newspapers. It reveals the processes of boundary construction and the building of common knowledge among these actors, which prevent others from voicing their opinions on this particular postharvest technology. An interpretation of this data questions the prediction that food information wars will subside and the assumption that newspapers are public arenas.
Impact of HMO Penetration and Other Environmental Factors on Hospital X-Inefficiency
Authors: Rosko Michael D.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the impact of health maintenance organization (HMO) market penetration and other internal and external environmental factors on hospital X-inefficiency in a national sample (N = 1,966) of urban U.S. hospitals in 1997. Stochastic frontier analysis, a frontier regression technique, was used to measure X-inefficiency and estimate parameters of the correlates of X-inefficiency. Log-likelihood restriction tests were used to test a variety of assumptions about the empirical model that guided its selection. Average estimated X-inefficiency in study hospitals was 12.96 percent. Increases in managed care penetration, dependence on Medicare and Medicaid, membership in a multihospital system, and location in areas where competitive pressures and the pool of uncompensated care are greater were associated with less X-inefficiency. Not-for-profit ownership was associated with increased X-inefficiency.
Availability of Cardiac Technology: Trends in Procedure Use and Outcomes for Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Wright Steven M. , Petersen Laura A. , Daley Jennifer
Published: March 2007

This study examines temporal trends in the use and outcomes of cardiac procedures for patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals with and without invasive cardiac services. Between 1988 and 1994, there was striking overall growth in the use of cardiac procedures in the VA. Over this time period, the authors found persistent variation in the use of cardiac procedures but diminished differences in patient survival among patients admitted to different types of hospitals. Growth of cardiac procedure use and improvements in patient survival were most significant in hospitals without on-site invasive cardiac services. We were unable to determine whether survival gains were associated with increased procedure use or unmeasured improvements in the process of care. These trends raise intriguing questions about access to and outcomes of cardiac procedures in health systems composed of hospitals with and without a full complement of on-site invasive cardiac services.
Sexual Victimization and Perceptions of Close Relationships in Adolescence
Authors: Flanagan Anna Smalley , Furman Wyndol C.
Published: March 2007

An attachment perspective is proposed as a framework for conceptualizing the impact of sexual victimization on close relationships. Two studies were conducted to empirically examine the links between sexual victimization and perceptions of romantic, parental, and peer relationships. Study One included 154 undergraduate women, and Study Two included 48 high school seniors. In both studies, approximately half the women reported having experienced some form of coerced sexual experience. The majority were victimized by an acquaintance, and most victims had experienced multiple incidents. The first study found that victimized women had significantly more preoccupied romantic views than nonvictimized women. Retrospective reports indicated that women victimized in college were significantly more dismissing with their fathers in high school. In Study Two, victims reported more negative interactions with romantic partners, but no differences were found for romantic styles. Victims also reported more dismissing parental styles and more negative interactions with their fathers than nonvictims.
Socioeconomic Status and Ethnic Differences in Preschoolers' Interactions with Anatomically Detailed Dolls
Authors: Geddie Lane , Dawson Brenda , Weunsch Karl
Published: March 2007

This study examined socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnic differences in the responses of 68 nonabused preschoolers during an anatomically detailed (AD) doll interview. In 9% of the observation intervals, children demonstrated behaviors that professionals have often associated with sexual abuse. Of these behaviors, children were more likely to explore dolls' sexual body parts, avoid the dolls, and display aggression with the dolls. They were least likely to display sexual aggression, sexualized behavior, and affection with the dolls. Low-SES, African American children were more likely to demonstrate sexualized behavior with the dolls. However, the independent contributions of race and SES were difficult to determine due to limited access to low-SES White children. These results underscore the need for caution in the interpretation of AD doll interviews with all preschoolers, but particularly those from a low-SES, African American background.
Professional Writing on Child Sexual Abuse from 1900 to 1975: Dominant Themes and Impact on Prosecution
Authors: Myers John E. B. , Diedrich Susan , Lee Devon , McClanahan Fincher Kelly , Stern Rachel
Published: March 2007

This article has two purposes. First, the article examines professional writing prior to 1975 on child sexual abuse. The examination of pre-1975 writing focuses on articles and books in the mental health and legal literatures. Several attitudes or themes emerge from examination of pre-1975 writing on child sexual abuse, and these themes are discussed. The second purpose of this article is to provide insight into prosecution of child sexual abuse in the United States from 1900 to 1950. Very little is known about prosecution prior to the 1980s, and the research described in this article provides new information regarding prosecution during the first half of the 20th century. Among other things, the article examines whether the attitudes and themes found in professional writing prior to 1975 are reflected in court decisions of the time.
The Family Daily Hassles Inventory: A Preliminary Investigation of Reliability and Validity
Authors: Rollins Suzanne Z. , Garrison M. E. Betsy , Pierce Sarah H.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the preliminary reliability and validity of a new family daily hassles assessment using two well‐established instruments that measure daily hassles and health status. Participants (140 mothers) completed a self‐administered survey. The results indicated adequate reliability of the new assessment and supported the concurrent and construct validity of the scores obtained with the new assessment as a measure of daily hassles.
Dress‐Related Responses to the Columbine Shootings: Other‐Imposed and Self‐Designed
Authors: Ogle Jennifer Paff , Eckman Molly
Published: March 2007

In 1999, two students at Columbine High School (CHS) used gunfire to claim their lives and those of 13 others. Media writers devoted considerable attention to this crime, drawing linkages between the shootings and dress. The purpose of this study was to explore this media dialogue, particularly the dress‐related responses proposed and/or adopted in reaction to the shootings, who advanced/opposed these responses, and why. Theories of identity, social power, and symbolic interaction guided the authors' work. An inductive content analysis approach was used to examine dress‐related text published in The Denver Post and The Rocky Mountain News concerning the shootings. Analyses revealed two major dress‐related responses: (a) other‐imposed regulation aimed at protecting students and deterring them from expressing hatred against others and (b) self‐designed/selected creative acts of resistance for grieving, memorializing, and unifying. Arguments in support of and against these responses are discussed, and theoretical implications are considered.
The Influence of Sweetened Drink Consumption on the Likelihood of Meeting the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamins and Minerals
Authors: Reynolds Laura M. , Finke Michael S.
Published: March 2007

Per capita consumption of regular (sugared) soft drinks increased 86% between 1970 and 1997. It has been suggested that they may pose health risks if they replace more nutrient‐dense foods and beverages. The probability of meeting the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) threshold for vitamins and minerals is modeled as a function of individual characteristics including the proportion of food energy received from sweetened drinks. For all vitamins and minerals studied, an increase in consumption of food energy from sugared drinks was significantly associated with a reduced probability of meeting the RDA. Results suggest a tendency to substitute sugared drinks for more nutrient‐dense foods and beverages, leading to an overall reduction in micronutrients.
Dieting among Adolescent Girls and Their Mothers: An Interpretive Study
Authors: Ogle Jennifer Paff , Damhorst Mary Lynn
Published: March 2007

This interpretive study focused on mothers' and their adolescent daughters' diet‐related thoughts and behaviors and explored the possibility that daughters model their mothers' patterns. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 20 mothers and their adolescent daughters. Grounded theory analysis revealed that mothers'diet‐related experiences were complex, varying across the life span. Among daughters, three types of dieters emerged: nondieters; short‐term, low‐commitment dieters; and serious dieters. Both mothers and daughters distinguished between “going on a diet” and “watching what you eat.” Mother and daughter dieting and watching patterns varied in terms of content, duration, and motive. Findings indicated that modeling effects alone cannot adequately explain diet‐related patterns of mothers and their daughters. Intervening variables, such as a daughter's degree of identification with her mother or a mother's verbal reinforcement of a modeled attitude, may affect whether a child models a given maternal behavior.
Effect of Cream of Tartar Level and Egg White Temperature on Angel Food Cake Quality
Authors: Oldham Anne M. , Mccomber Diane R. , Cox David F.
Published: March 2007

The effects of amount of cream of tartar, time of cream of tartar addition, and egg white temperature were evaluated with angel food cakes. Two replications of each of 12 treatments were used: factorial combinations of three levels of cream of tartar (representing 1/12, 1/8, or 1/4 tsp per egg white), two times of cream of tartar addition (before beating or at foamy stage), and two egg white temperatures (2° or 22°C). Increased cream of tartar decreased pH; increased specific gravity, cake slice area, and tenderness; and caused whiter interior crumb and darker exterior crust. Cakes made with 22°C (vs. 2°C) egg whites had increased exterior yellow color, decreased specific gravity after flour addition, and decreased preference. Cold egg whites did not decrease cake quality, eliminating the need to warm eggs with attending bacterial risk and decreasing preproduction time.