bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathogenicity island cag, vacA and IS605 genotypes in Mexican strains of Helicobacter pylori associated with peptic ulcers
Authors: Antonio-Rincón Fernando , López-Vidal Yolanda , Castillo-Rojas Gonzalo , Lazcano-Ponce Eduardo C , Ponce-de-León Sergio , Tabche-Barrera María L , Aguilar-Gutiérrez Germán R
Published: May 2011

Background

Helicobacter pylori is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Two major virulence factors of H. pylori have been described: the pathogenicity island cag (cag PAI) and the vacuolating cytotoxin gene (vacA). Virtually all strains have a copy of vacA, but its genotype varies. The cag PAI is a region of 32 genes in which the insertion of IS605 elements in its middle region has been associated with partial or total deletions of it that have generated strains with varying virulence. Accordingly, the aim of this work was to determine the cag PAI integrity, vacA genotype and IS605 status in groups of isolates from Mexican patients with non-peptic ulcers (NPU), non-bleeding peptic ulcers (NBPU), and bleeding peptic ulcers (BPU).

Methods

The cag PAI integrity was performed by detection of eleven targeted genes along this locus using dot blot hybridization and PCR assays. The vacA allelic, cag PAI genotype 1 and IS605 status were determined by PCR analysis.

Results

Groups of 16-17 isolates (n = 50) from two patients with NPU, NBPU, and BPU, respectively, were studied. 90% (45/50) of the isolates harbored a complete cag PAI. Three BPU isolates lacked the cag PAI, and two of the NBPU had an incomplete cag PAI: the first isolate was negative for three of its genes, including deletion of the cagA gene, whereas the second did not have the cagM gene. Most of the strains (76%) had the vacA s1b/m1 genotype; meanwhile the IS605 was not present within the cag PAI of any strain but was detected elsewhere in the genome of 8% (4/50).

Conclusion

The patients had highly virulent strains since the most of them possessed a complete cag PAI and had a vacA s1b/m1 genotype. All the isolates presented the cag PAI without any IS605 insertion (genotype 1). Combined vacA genotypes showed that 1 NPU, 2 NBPU, and 1 BPU patients (66.6%) had a mixed infection; coexistence of H. pylori strains with different cag PAI status was observed in 1 NBPU and 2 BPU (50%) of the patients, but only two of these patients (NBPU and BPU) had different vacA genotypes.
Direct growth of ultra-long platinum nanolawns on a semiconductor photocatalyst
Authors: Shen Yu-Lin , Chen Shih-Yun , Song Jenn-Ming , Chin Tzu-Kang , Lin Chu-Hsuan , Chen In-Gann
Published: May 2011

A template- and surfactant-free process, thermally assisted photoreduction, is developed to prepare vertically grown ultra-long Pt nanowires (NWs) (about 30-40 nm in diameter, 5-6 μm in length, and up to 80 NWs/100 μm2 in the wire density) on TiO2 coated substrates, including Si wafers and carbon fibers, with the assistance of the photocatalytic ability and semiconductor characteristics of TiO2. A remarkable aspect ratio of up to 200 can be achieved. TEM analytical results suggest that the Pt NWs are single-crystalline with a preferred 〈111〉 growth direction. The precursor adopted and the heat treatment conditions are crucial for the yield of NWs. The photoelectrons supplied by TiO2 gives rise to the formation of nano-sized Pt nuclei from salt melt or solution. The subsequent growth of NWs is supported by the thermal electrons which also generated from TiO2 during the post thermal treatment. The interactions between the ions and the electrons in the Pt/TiO2 junction are discussed in this study.
Facile template-free synthesis of pine needle-like Pd micro/nano-leaves and their associated electro-catalytic activities toward oxidation of formic acid
Authors: Zhou Rong , Zhou Weiqiang , Zhang Hongmei , Du Yukou , Yang Ping , Wang Chuanyi , Xu Jingkun
Published: May 2011

Pine needle-like Pd micro/nano-leaves have been synthesized by a facile, template-free electrochemical method. As-synthesized Pd micro/nano-leaves were directly electrodeposited on an indium tin oxide substrate in the presence of 1.0 mM H2PdCl4 + 0.33 M H3PO4. The formation processes of Pd micro/nano-leaves were revealed by scanning electron microscope, and further characterized by X-ray diffraction and electrochemical analysis. Compared to conventional Pd nanoparticles, as-prepared Pd micro/nano-leaves exhibit superior electrocatalytic activities for the formic acid oxidation.
CD4+T cells spontaneously producing human immunodeficiency virus type I in breast milk from women with or without antiretroviral drugs
Authors: Valea Diane , Tuaillon Edouard , Al Tabaa Yassine , Rouet François , Rubbo Pierre-Alain , Meda Nicolas , Foulongne Vincent , Bollore Karine , Nagot Nicolas , Van de Perre Philippe , Vendrell Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2011

Background

Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through breast-feeding may involve both cell-free and cell-associated virus. This latter viral reservoir remains, however, to be fully explored. CD4+T cell-associated virus production in breast milk was therefore investigated.

Methods

Theex vivospontaneous production of HIV-1 antigen and HIV-1 RNA by CD4+T cells was measured in paired blood and breast milk samples from 15 HIV-1 infected women treated or not with antiretroviral drugs. Spontaneous antigen secreting cells (HIV-1-AgSCs) from breast milk and blood were enumerated by an ELISpot assay, and cell-associated HIV-1 RNA was quantified by real-time PCR in supernatants of CD4+T cells cultured for 18 hours without addition of polyclonal activators.

Results

Among the CD4+T cells present in breast milk, memory cells expressing high levels of cell-surface activation markers were predominant. Spontaneous HIV-1-AgSCs were detected and enumerated in the breast milk of all 15 women, with a median number of 13.0 and 9.5 HIV-1- AgSCs/106 CD4+T cells in aviremic (n = 7) and viremic (n = 8) women, respectively. Cell- associated HIV-1 RNA was detected in cell-free supernatants from 4/7 aviremic and 5/8 viremic individuals at median levels of 190 and 245 copies/ml, respectively.

Conclusions

Activated CD4+T cells producing HIV-1 are detected in the breast milk of untreated individuals as well as those receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. This finding strongly suggests that HIV-1 replication occurs in latently infected CD4+T cells that, upon spontaneous activation, revert to productively infected cells. These cells might be responsible for a residual breast milk transmission despite maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Distinctive receptor binding properties of the surface glycoprotein of a natural Feline Leukemia Virus isolate with unusual disease spectrum
Authors: Bolin Lisa L , Chandhasin Chandtip , Lobelle-Rich Patricia A , Albritton Lorraine M , Levy Laura S
Published: May 2011

Background

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-945, a member of the FeLV-A subgroup, was previously isolated from a cohort of naturally infected cats. An unusual multicentric lymphoma of non-T-cell origin was observed in natural and experimental infection with FeLV-945. Previous studies implicated the FeLV-945 surface glycoprotein (SU) as a determinant of disease outcome by an as yet unknown mechanism. The present studies demonstrate that FeLV-945 SU confers distinctive properties of binding to the cell surface receptor.

Results

Virions bearing the FeLV-945 Env protein were observed to bind the cell surface receptor with significantly increased efficiency, as was soluble FeLV-945 SU protein, as compared to the corresponding virions or soluble protein from a prototype FeLV-A isolate. SU proteins cloned from other cohort isolates exhibited increased binding efficiency comparable to or greater than FeLV-945 SU. Mutational analysis implicated a domain containing variable region B (VRB) to be the major determinant of increased receptor binding, and identified a single residue, valine 186, to be responsible for the effect.

Conclusions

The FeLV-945 SU protein binds its cell surface receptor, feTHTR1, with significantly greater efficiency than does that of prototype FeLV-A (FeLV-A/61E) when present on the surface of virus particles or in soluble form, demonstrating a 2-fold difference in the relative dissociation constant. The results implicate a single residue, valine 186, as the major determinant of increased binding affinity. Computational modeling suggests a molecular mechanism by which residue 186 interacts with the receptor-binding domain through residue glutamine 110 to effect increased binding affinity. Through its increased receptor binding affinity, FeLV-945 SU might function in pathogenesis by increasing the rate of virus entry and spread in vivo, or by facilitating entry into a novel target cell with a low receptor density.
Gene silencing in HIV-1 latency by polycomb repressive group
Authors: Kim Hyeon Guk , Kim Kyung-Chang , Roh Tae-Young , Park Jihwan , Jung Kyung-Min , Lee Joo-Shil , Choi Sang-Yun , Kim Sung Soon , Choi Byeong-Sun
Published: May 2011

Background

The persistence of latently Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infected cellular reservoirs in resting CD4+T cells is a major obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. The detailed mechanism of HIV-1 latency remains unclear. We investigated histones and their post-translational modification associated with HIV-1 latency in novel HIV-1 latently infected cell lines established previously, NCHA cells.

Methods

To examine histones and their modification linked with HIV-1 latency, the expression profiles for core histone proteins and histone deacetylases (HDACs) in NCHA cells were characterized by RT-PCR, ELISA, and western blot. The levels of histone acetylation and methylation at histone H3 Lys9(H3K9) and Lys27(H3K27) in HIV-1 latently infected cells were analyzed by western blot and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq).

Results

The expression levels for four core histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) and HDACs (HDAC1-8) in NCHA cells were not significantly different from those in their parental cells. Histone H3K9 and H3K27 acetylations in NCHA cells showed no difference in parental and NCHA cells, whereas the levels of di- and tri-methylation were increased in NCHA cells. The expression of EED which is a component of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), and BMI1 and RING2 which are constituents of PRC1, were upregulated in NCHA cells. In addition, more ubiquitylation at histone H2A was detected in NCHA cells.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that tri-methylation of histone H3K27 and H2A ubiquitylation via polycomb group protein may play a crucial role in epigenetic silencing accounting for HIV-1 latency in NCHA cells.
Infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by ANDES Hantavirus enhances pro-inflammatory state, the secretion of active MMP-9 and indirectly enhances endothelial permeability
Authors: Marsac Delphine , García Stephanie , Fournet Alexandra , Aguirre Adam , Pino Karla , Ferres Marcela , Kalergis Alexis M , Lopez-Lastra Marcelo , Veas Francisco
Published: May 2011

Background

Andes virus (ANDV), a rodent-borne Hantavirus, is the major etiological agent of Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in South America, which is mainly characterized by a vascular leakage with high rate of fatal outcomes for infected patients. Currently, neither specific therapy nor vaccines are available against this pathogen. ANDV infects both dendritic and epithelial cells, but in despite that the severity of the disease directly correlates with the viral RNA load, considerable evidence suggests that immune mechanisms rather than direct viral cytopathology are responsible for plasma leakage in HCPS. Here, we assessed the possible effect of soluble factors, induced in viral-activated DCs, on endothelial permeability. Activated immune cells, including DC, secrete gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteases (gMMP-2 and -9) that modulate the vascular permeability for their trafficking.

Methods

A clinical ANDES isolate was used to infect DC derived from primary PBMC. Maturation and pro-inflammatory phenotypes of ANDES-infected DC were assessed by studying the expression of receptors, cytokines and active gMMP-9, as well as some of their functional status. The ANDES-infected DC supernatants were assessed for their capacity to enhance a monolayer endothelial permeability using primary human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC).

Results

Here, we show thatin vitroprimary DCs infected by a clinical isolate of ANDV shed virus RNA and proteins, suggesting a competent viral replication in these cells. Moreover, this infection induces an enhanced expression of soluble pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-α and the active gMMP-9, as well as a decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β. These viral activated cells are less sensitive to apoptosis. Moreover, supernatants from ANDV-infected DCs were able to indirectly enhance the permeability of a monolayer of primary HUVEC.

Conclusions

Primary human DCs, that are primarily targeted by hantaviruses can productively be infected by ANDV and subsequently induce direct effects favoring a proinflammatory phenotype of infected DCs. Finally, based on our observations, we hypothesize that soluble factors secreted in ANDV-infected DC supernatants, importantly contribute to the endothelial permeability enhancement that characterize the HCPS.
The 1287 G/A polymorphism of the Norepinephrine Transporter gene (NET) is involved in Commission Errors in Korean children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Song Dong-Ho , Jhung Kyungun , Song Jungeun , Cheon Keun-Ah
Published: May 2011

Background

Previous evidence supports the role of noradrenergic systems in ADHD, and norepinephrine transporter (NET) is critical in regulating the noradrenergic system. The present study aimed to investigate the association between NET gene polymorphism and the performance measures of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) in Korean ADHD children.

Methods

Eighty-seven children (mean age = 9.23 ± 1.99 years) with ADHD were recruited from a university hospital. Genotypes of G1287A of the NET gene (SLC6A2) were analyzed. All participants completed the CPT, with performance measures of omission errors, commission errors, reaction time and reaction standardization computed. The relationship between G1287A polymorphisms and CPT performance measures was examined.

Results

There were 46 subjects with the G/G genotype, 35 subjects with the G/A genotype and 6 subjects with the A/A genotype. Among the three groups, there were no significant differences in the performance of CPTs. When dichotomized according to whether the subjects have the rare allele or not, subjects with the homozygous G/G genotype showed significantly lower commission errors compared to those without G/G genotypes (by independent T-test, t = -2.18, p = 0.026).

Discussion

Our study found a significant association between commission errors of the CPT and the G1287A genotype of the NET gene in Korean ADHD children. These findings suggest a protective role of the G/G genotype of the NET polymorphisms in the deficits of response inhibition in ADHD children.
Internal mammary artery dilatation in a patient with aortic coarctation, aortic stenosis, and coronary disease. Case report
Authors: Alvarez Jose Rubio , Lopez Laura Reija , Quiroga Juan Sierra , Martinez Comendador Jose M , Martinez-de-Alegria Anxo , Martinez Cereijo Jose M , Dominguez Cristian Delgado
Published: May 2011

The ideal surgical approach is unclear in adult patients with coarctation of the aorta that is associated with other cardiovascular pathologies that require intervention. Standard median sternotomy allows simultaneous, coronary revascularization surgery, valve replacement and repair of aortic coarctation. However the collateral circulation and the anatomy of the mammary arteries must be determined, to avoid possible complications. We report a case of a 69 year-old man with aortic coarctation, aortic stenosis, coronary artery disease and internal mammary artery dilatation who underwent concomitant surgical procedures through a median sternotomy.
Minimising the stress of weaning of beef calves: a review
Authors: Enríquez Daniel , Hötzel Maria J , Ungerfeld Rodolfo
Published: May 2011

Weaning of beef calves is usually done abruptly and early compared to the natural weaning of the species, and is associated with simultaneous exposure of calves to a range of social and environmental stressors. Behavioural and physiological responses to weaning indicate detrimental effects on the welfare of these animals. The development and assessment of weaning methods aiming at reducing or avoiding this problem must be supported by scientific knowledge of the morphological, physiological and psychological mechanisms involved in the establishment, maintenance and braking of the cow-calf bond. Solutions also depend on the understanding of the various stressors associated with weaning, among which are the change in diet, cessation of nursing, separation from the dam, the change to a new spatial environment and the need for social reorganization following removal of the adults from the group. This review discusses these issues and assesses the effectiveness of the methods so far proposed for improving the welfare of beef calves during the weaning period.
Case report on trial: Do you, Doctor, swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth?
Authors: Yitschaky Oded , Yitschaky Michael , Zadik Yehuda
Published: May 2011

We are in the era of "evidence based medicine" in which our knowledge is stratified from top to bottom in a hierarchy of evidence. Many in the medical and dental communities highly value randomized clinical trials as the gold standard of care and undervalue clinical reports. The aim of this editorial is to emphasize the benefits of case reports in dental and oral medicine, and encourage those of us who write and read them.
Low temperature lignocellulose pretreatment: effects and interactions of pretreatment pH are critical for maximizing enzymatic monosaccharide yields from wheat straw
Authors: Pedersen Mads , Johansen Katja S , Meyer Anne S
Published: May 2011

Background

The recent development of improved enzymes and pentose-using yeast for cellulosic ethanol processes calls for new attention to the lignocellulose pretreatment step. This study assessed the influence of pretreatment pH, temperature, and time, and their interactions on the enzymatic glucose and xylose yields from mildly pretreated wheat straw in multivariate experimental designs of acid and alkaline pretreatments.

Results

The pretreatment pH was the most significant factor affecting both the enzymatic glucose and xylose yields after mild thermal pretreatments at maximum 140°C for 10 min. The maximal enzymatic glucose and xylose yields from the solid, pretreated wheat straw fraction were obtained after pretreatments at the most extreme pH values (pH 1 or pH 13) at the maximum pretreatment temperature of 140°C. Surface response models revealed significantly correlating interactions of the pretreatment pH and temperature on the enzymatic liberation of both glucose and xylose from pretreated, solid wheat straw. The influence of temperature was most pronounced with the acidic pretreatments, but the highest enzymatic monosaccharide yields were obtained after alkaline pretreatments. Alkaline pretreatments also solubilized most of the lignin.

Conclusions

Pretreatment pH exerted significant effects and factor interactions on the enzymatic glucose and xylose releases. Quite extreme pH values were necessary with mild thermal pretreatment strategies (T ≤ 140°C, time ≤ 10 min). Alkaline pretreatments generally induced higher enzymatic glucose and xylose release and did so at lower pretreatment temperatures than required with acidic pretreatments.
Thyroid storm associated with Graves' disease covered by diabetic ketoacidosis: A case report
Authors: Osada Erika , Hiroi Naoki , Sue Mariko , Masai Natsumi , Iga Ryo , Shigemitsu Rika , Oka Reiko , Miyagi Masahiko , Iso Kaoru , Kuboki Koji , Yoshino Gen
Published: May 2011

Background

Thyroid storm is a condition in which multiple organ dysfunction results from failure of the compensatory mechanisms of the body owing to excessive thyroid hormone activity induced by some factors in patients with thyrotoxicosis. While diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an important trigger for thyroid storm, simultaneous development of DKA and thyroid storm is rare.

Case presentation

A 59-year-old woman with no history of either diabetes mellitus or thyroid disease presented to our hospital because of developing nausea, vomiting and diarrhea for 2 days. Physical examination showed mild disturbance of consciousness, fever, and tachycardia. There were no other signs of thyrotoxicosis. Laboratory studies revealed elevation of random blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, strongly positive of urine acetone, and metabolic acidosis. Since DKA was diagnosed, we initiated the patient on treatment with administration of insulin and adequate fluid replacement. Although the hyperglycemia and acidosis were immediately relieved, the disturbance of consciousness and tachycardia remained persistent. Levels of FT3 and FT4 were extremely high and TSH was below the detectable limit. TRAb was positive. The thyroid storm score of Burch & Wartofsky was 75/140, and the thyroid storm diagnostic criteria of the Japan Thyroid Association were satisfied. Oral administration of thiamazole, potassium iodide and propranolol resulted in immediate relief of the tachycardia.

Discussion

We encountered a case of thyroid storm associated with Graves' disease covered by DKA. Thyroid storm and DKA are both potentially fatal, and the prognosis varies depending on whether or not these conditions are detected and treated sufficiently early. The thyroid storm diagnostic criteria prepared in 2008 by the Japan Thyroid Association are very simple as compared to the Burch & Wartofsky scoring system for thyroid storm. The Japanese criteria may be useful in the diagnosis of this condition since they enable clinicians to identify a broad range of cases with thyroid storm. When dealing with cases of DKA or thyroid storm, it seems essential to bear in mind the possibility of the coexistence of these two diseases.
Revisiting the pathogenesis of podagra: why does gout target the foot?
Authors: Roddy Edward
Published: May 2011

This invited paper provides a summary of a keynote lecture delivered at the 2011 Australasian Podiatry Conference. Gout is the most prevalent inflammatory arthropathy. It displays a striking predilection to affect the first metatarsophalangeal joint as well as joints within the mid‐foot and ankle. A number of factors are known to reduce urate solubility and enhance nucleation of monosodium urate crystals including decreased temperature, lower pH and physical shock, all of which may be particularly relevant to crystal deposition in the foot. An association has also been proposed between monosodium urate crystal deposition and osteoarthritis, which also targets the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Cadaveric, clinical and radiographic studies indicate that monosodium urate crystals more readily deposit in osteoarthritic cartilage. Transient intra‐articular hyperuricaemia and precipitation of monosodium urate crystals is thought to follow overnight resolution of synovial effusion within the osteoarthritic first metatarsophalangeal joint. The proclivity of gout for the first metatarsophalangeal joint is likely to be multi‐factorial in origin, arising from the unique combination of the susceptibility of the joint to osteoarthritis and other determinants of urate solubility and crystal nucleation such as temperature and minor physical trauma which are particularly relevant to the foot.
Static stretching does not alter pre and post-landing muscle activation
Authors: Moss Wesley R , Feland J Brent , Hunter Iain , Hopkins J Ty
Published: May 2011

Background

Static stretching may result in various strength and power deficiencies. Prior research has not determined, however, if static stretching causes a change in muscle activation during a functional task requiring dynamic stability. The purpose of this study was to determine if static stretching has an effect on mean pre and postlanding muscle (vastus medialis VM, vastus lateralis VL, medial hamstring MH, and biceps femoris BF) activity.

Methods

26 healthy, physically active subjects were recruited, from which 13 completed a 14-day static stretching regimen for the quadriceps and hamstrings. Using the data from the force plate and EMG readings, a mean of EMG amplitude was calculated for 150 msec before and after landing. Each trial was normalized to an isometric reference position. Means were calculated for the VM, VL, MH, and BF from 5 trials in each session. Measures were collected pre, immediately following the 1ststretching session, and following 2 weeks of stretching.

Results

A 14-day static stretching regimen resulted in no significant differences in pre or postlanding mean EMG amplitude during a drop landing either acutely or over a 14-day period.

Conclusions

Static stretching, done acutely or over a 14-day period does not result in measurable differences of mean EMG amplitude during a drop landing. Static stretching may not impede dynamic stability of joints about which stretched muscles cross.
Injurious mechanical ventilation affects neuronal activation in ventilated rats
Authors: Quilez María Elisa , Fuster Gemma , Villar Jesús , Flores Carlos , Martí-Sistac Octavi , Blanch Lluís , López-Aguilar Josefina
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Survivors of critical illness often have significant long-term brain dysfunction, and routine clinical procedures like mechanical ventilation (MV) may affect long-term brain outcome. We aimed to investigate the effect of the increase of tidal volume (Vt) on brain activation in a rat model.

Methods

Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to three groups: 1) Basal: anesthetized unventilated animals, 2) low Vt (LVt): MV for three hours with Vt 8 ml/kg and zero positive end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP), and 3) high Vt (HVt) MV for three hours with Vt 30 ml/kg and ZEEP. We measured lung mechanics, mean arterial pressure (MAP), arterial blood gases, and plasma and lung levels of cytokines. We used immunohistochemistry to examine c-fos as a marker of neuronal activation. An additional group of spontaneously breathing rats was added to discriminate the effect of surgical procedure and anesthesia in the brain.

Results

After three hours on LVt, PaO2 decreased and PaCO2 increased significantly. MAP and compliance remained stable in MV groups. Systemic and pulmonary inflammation was higher in MV rats than in unventilated rats. Plasma TNFα was significantly higher in HVt than in LVt. Immunopositive cells to c-fos in the retrosplenial cortex and thalamus increased significantly in HVt rats but not in LVt or unventilated rats.

Conclusions

MV promoted brain activation. The intensity of the response was higher in HVt animals, suggesting an iatrogenic effect of MV on the brain. These findings suggest that this novel cross-talking mechanism between the lung and the brain should be explored in patients undergoing MV.
Language and Power in the Preadolescent Heterosexual Market
Authors: Eckert Penelope
Published: May 2011

This article locates variation in the social practice of a preadolescent cohort as it establishes an integrated status system in the move toward adolescence. Based in an emerging heterosexual market, the status system links gender with heterosexuality and power. It is argued that the emergence of the common female lead in sound change is located in this social moment, as the heterosexual market transforms gender relations, redefining gender around heterosexuality. Heterosexual speech must be studied as an accomplishment and in the context of the power relations within which sexual categories are constructed.
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating the invasiveness of small lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tanaka Ryota , Horikoshi Hiroyuki , Yoshida Tsutomu , Nakazato Yoshimasa , Seki Erina , Goya Tomoyuki
Published: May 2011

Backgound

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with several sequences may provide a valuable additional modality for evaluating the grade of invasiveness lesions. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) represents the biological characteristics of tissues.

Purpose

To retrospectively evaluate the usefulness of DWI for evaluating the invasiveness of small lung adenocarcinomas.

Material and Methods

From May 2005 to June 2008, 46 patients with lung adenocarcinomas measuring 2 cm or less across the greatest dimension underwent a preoperative MRI study followed by surgery at the Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center. Fourteen of the tumors were bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (so-called Noguchi's type A+B group), 26 were adenocarcinomas with mixed subtypes (type C group) and six were other histological subtypes of adenocarcinomas (type D+E+F group). The mean signal intensities of a lesion (DWI) and the spinal cord (SC) were analyzed in the region of interests (ROIs), and the mean DWI/SC ratio was then calculated with the value of DWI divided by the value of SC.

Results

The calculated mean DWI/SC ratio for the lesions were as follows: 0.448±0.261 (mean±standard deviation [SD]) for type A+B group, 0.963±0.465 for type C group, and 0.816±0.291 for type D+E+F group. The mean DWI/SC ratio of type A+B group was significantly lower than that for the type C ( P = 0.0005) or type D+E+F groups ( P = 0.0117).

Conclusion

DWI may thus provide useful supplementary information before determining the surgical strategy, including a limited resection.
Concurrent partnerships and sexual risk taking among African and Caribbean migrant populations in the Netherlands
Authors: Van Veen M G , Schaalma H , Van Leeuwen A P , Prins M , De Zwart O , Van De Laar M J W , Hospers H J
Published: May 2011

Concurrent partnerships have been recognized as a determinant for the spread of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We studied the association of concurrent partnerships with sexual behaviour among heterosexual Caribbean and African migrants, who account for a disproportionate burden of STIs and HIV in the Netherlands. Of 1792 migrants, 15% reported concurrent sexual partners in the previous six months. In multivariate multinomial analyses, women were less likely to have concurrent partners than men and they were less likely than men to use condoms with concurrent partners. We could not identify an association with the observed HIV prevalence; however, migrants with concurrent partners were less likely to be tested for HIV. Of migrants tested for STIs, one in three migrants with concurrent partners was diagnosed with an STI. Prevention targeting migrants should address the promotion of HIV/STI testing and stress the potential acceleration of HIV and STI epidemics due to concurrency.
Chronic genital ulceration: a ‘topical’ issue
Authors: Schoeman S , Sommer S , Monteiro E F
Published: May 2011

We report a case of a chronic non-healing penile ulcer due to repeated topical application of crushed paracetamol tablets. To our knowledge, there are no such reports in the literature.
Acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis as an HIV prevention strategy: barriers and facilitators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among at-risk Peruvian populations
Authors: Galea J T , Kinsler J J , Salazar X , Lee S-J , Giron M , Sayles J N , Cáceres C , Cunningham W E
Published: May 2011

This study examined pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) acceptability among female sex workers, male-to-female transgendered persons and men who have sex with men in Lima, Peru. Focus groups explored social issues associated with PrEP acceptability and conjoint analysis assessed preferences among eight hypothetical PrEP scenarios with varying attribute profiles and their relative impact on acceptability. Conjoint analysis revealed that PrEP acceptability ranged from 19.8 to 82.5 out of a possible score of 100 across the eight hypothetical PrEP scenarios. Out-of-pocket cost had the greatest impact on PrEP acceptability (25.2, P < 0.001), followed by efficacy (21.4, P < 0.001) and potential side-effects (14.7, P < 0.001). Focus group data supported these findings, and also revealed that potential sexual risk disinhibition, stigma and discrimination associated with PrEP use, and mistrust of healthcare professionals were also concerns. These issues will require careful attention when planning for PrEP roll-out.
Quantitative and qualitative correlates of cervicovaginal herpes simplex virus type 2 shedding among HIV-infected women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study
Authors: Aumakhan B , Gange S J , Beyrer C , Gaydos C A , Minkoff H , Merenstein D J , Cohen M H , Anastos K , Greenblatt R , Nowicki M J , Quinn T C
Published: May 2011

We identified demographic, clinical and biological determinants of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) shedding among HIV-infected participants in the Women's HIV Interagency Study (WIHS). Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) specimens from 369 HIV-infected HSV seropositive women were tested with TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PRC) for detection HSV-2 DNA. Seven percent of women tested positive for HSV-2 DNA in CVL. Significant correlates of the presence of HSV-2 DNA in CVL were being younger, African American or Hispanic race/ethnicity and injecting drugs in the past six months ( P < 0.05). A borderline significant trend for reduced viral shedding with higher CD4+ T cell counts was observed ( P = 0.08). All women who were never observed with any genital lesions and had consistently negative self-reported history of genital sores throughout the follow-up ( n = 29, 8%) were negative for CVL HSV-2 DNA. HSV-2 DNA quantity was significantly associated with having frequent subsequent lesion recurrences (Spearman rho = 0.48, P = 0.016; adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] = 2.5, P = 0.012). Increasing the age of the host was inversely correlated with decreased viral shedding over time. However, a subset of older women continued to shed significant amounts of virus despite passage of time. This study provides genital HSV-2 DNA titre as a quantitative and symptom- and sign-based measures as qualitative predictors of HSV-2 shedding from the lower genital tract among HIV-infected women.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection among female sex workers in Bulgaria
Authors: Shikova E , Todorova I , Ganchev G , Kouseva-Dragneva V , Kalascheva-Zaimova P
Published: May 2011

The present study estimates the prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among female sex workers (FSWs) in Bulgaria. HPV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 43.4% of FSWs. HPV16 was the most common type, found in 17.0% of samples, followed by HPV31 (9.4%). Age and smoking were associated with a significantly greater risk of being infected. The results of this study indicate that FSWs in Bulgaria are at increased risk for cervical cancer and represent an important source of HPV infection for the general population in the country. They should be considered as a priority group in cervical cancer control programmes.
European guideline for the management of chancroid, 2011
Authors: Kemp M , Christensen J J , Lautenschlager S , Vall-Mayans M , Moi H
Published: May 2011

Chancroid is a sexually acquired disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. The infection is characterized by one or more genital ulcers, which are soft and painful, and regional lymphadenitis which may develop into buboes. The infection may easily be misidentified due to its rare occurrence in Europe and difficulties in detecting the causative pathogen. H. ducreyi is difficult to culture. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can demonstrate the bacterium in suspected cases. Antibiotics will usually be efficient for curing chancroid.
Effective use of an audit tool devised to optimize the management of syphilis in an integrated sexual health clinic
Authors: Knapper C , Furness L , Collett M , Lomax N , Browning M
Published: May 2011

The objective of this study was to audit the management of syphilis in our integrated sexual health clinic according to the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) guideline using the ‘Treponemal Infection Care’ (TIC) audit tool devised by our clinic. The case notes of patients diagnosed with all stages of syphilis during an 18-month period were reviewed. At the time of diagnosis, the departmental TIC proforma was filled in: this proforma details BASHH auditable outcomes. The case notes of 83 patients diagnosed with syphilis during the audit period were reviewed. The majority of patients were men (76), men who had sex with men (69), HIV-negative (59) and were British (68). In line with current guidance all patients had a baseline Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) titre at the start of treatment (target: 100%) and 97% of diagnosed patients completed treatment (target: 95%). A ‘response to treatment’ according to the decrease in VDRL was demonstrated in 50 (60%) patients with two (2%) patients failing to respond according to these criteria. However, 19 (23%) patients failed to return for their VDRL tests before demonstrating an adequate response to treatment, despite repeated attempts to contact them by letter and telephone. Fifty-four patients had at least 50% of their partners documented as traceable. Of those who were contactable, 100% attended for screening or treatment (target: 60%). In conclusion, our department performed well against BASHH auditable outcome targets. The introduction of the TIC proforma greatly facilitated the ease of audit and is a valuable tool within our clinic setting, which may have positively influenced our audit outcomes. Further action is required to highlight the importance of follow-up VDRLs to patients.
Welsh Collaborative Care Pathway Project; 10 years experience of implementing and maintaining a care pathway for the last days of life
Authors: Johnstone R , Jones A , Fowell A
Published: May 2011

This paper describes the progression over 10 years of a project to implement a care pathway for the last days of life across Wales, leading to a major revision of the pathway in 2010. An initial 38 sites throughout Wales representing hospital, hospice and community settings registered. This has led to a robust end of life care network across the principality. In 2007 an annual audit cycle was established, with outcomes being fed back to the participating sites as well as informing an annual review of the integrated care pathway (ICP). In 2010, there are now over 100 sites using the ICP to deliver high-quality end of life care to patients in Wales. There has been a drop in the number of recorded variances of symptom problems. As a result of widespread adverse publicity, a fundamental re-write of the pathway was carried out. The new pathway was launched at a national conference and all teams provided with new documentation and explanation for the need to change. Within three months, most teams were using the new ICP and individual visits were carried out to those that had difficulty. In conclusion, it is possible to implement, sustain and maintain the use of an ICP for the past days of life over a large and varied geographical area. Major changes can be implemented quickly if sufficient involvement and explanation are carried out. The lessons learnt are transferable to other disciplines seeking to use an ICP.
An Efficient Solution Method for the Free Vibration of Large Repetitive Space Structures
Authors: Kaveh A. , Nouri M. , Taghizadieh N.
Published: May 2011

Repetitive structures are popular in engineering applications for economical and architectural reasons. In this paper, the free vibration of large repetitive space structures is studied by the Fourier transformation. For this kind of structures with an appropriate nodal numbering, the mass and stiffness matrices become block tridiagonal matrices. Using the mathematical properties of these matrices simplify the eigensolution of the repetitive structures. Examples are included to show the accuracy of the presented approach. This method is also compared to a standard eigensolution of matrices to show a considerable reduction achieved in the computational time. The accuracy of the present method raises, as the dimension of structures increases.
Numerical Modelling for Sensitivity Analysis of Wood Joints Made with Double-Sided Punched Metal Plate Fasteners
Authors: Zhou Tinozivashe , Guan Zhongwei
Published: May 2011

Single-sided punched metal plate fasteners have been used in construction industry for a few decades. However, its double-sided version is relatively new and is increasingly attracting more users due to its advantages on fire resistance and aesthetics. Owing to complex nature of such fastener, limited research has been undertaken up to date. In this paper, a finite element method-based inverse modelling technique was developed for optimization analyses of a prototype double-sided fastener. The non-unique nature of inverse model solutions makes assessment of model sensitivity to input material properties imperatively. This paper uses validated numerical models for sensitivity analysis of joint modelling output. Joint stiffness is most sensitive to wood elastic moduli. Ultimate strength is significantly influenced by steel yield strength and wood embedding strength and shear strength. The coefficient of friction, steel yield strength, wood shear and embedding strengths have significant effects on joint slip.
Nonlinear Response of Earthfill Dams to Spatially Varying Ground Motion Including Site Response Effect
Authors: Hacιefendioğlu Kemal , Soyluk Kurtuluş
Published: May 2011

This paper presents the nonlinear response of an earthfill dam subjected to spatially varying ground motion, which includes the wave-passage, incoherence and site response effects. An equivalent linear method is considered in the nonlinear response formulation. The importance of the site response effect, which arises from the difference in the local soil conditions at different support points of the structure, is investigated particularly. The mean of maximum and variance response values obtained from a spatially varying ground motion case are compared with those of specialized ground motion models. It is observed that the variation in local soil conditions has important effects on the nonlinear response of earthfill dams.
Development of a Simplified Damage Model for Beams Aiding Performance Based Seismic Design
Authors: Sreekala R. , Lakshmanan N. , Muthumani K. , Gopalakrishnan N. , Prasad A. Meher
Published: May 2011

Performance based design is an emerging area in earthquake engineering in which damage modeling of structural components plays an important role in achieving the performance objectives. Past researches in damage index evaluation indicated no obvious shear dependent trends on cyclic combined shear and flexure. Paper focuses in finding a simple and realistic indicator, which gives a reliable measure of the structural damage, and use it in the design stage calculations of medium and long period structures. Experiments consisting of monotonic and cyclic tests were conducted on a variety of concrete beams. Two available models for damage indices in the literature, namely Park and Ang model and the model suggested by Rao et al. (1998), were used to predict the damage indices. A simple set of relationships connecting damage index to the failure cyclic ductility ratio, shear span to depth ratio and cyclic amplitude have been derived. The above relationships have been validated on the test data generated during the present investigation. A procedure to evaluate the demand-monotonic ductility ratio at failure corresponding to a given state of damage and the shear span to depth ratio has been developed from the proposed curves.
Eigen-Level Data Fusion Model by Integrating Rough Set and Probabilistic Neural Network for Structural Damage Detection
Authors: Jiang Shao-Fei , Zhang Chun-Ming , Yao Juan
Published: May 2011

In this paper, a new eigen-level data fusion model, whereby rough set data and a probabilistic neural network (PNN) are integrated using a data fusion technique, is proposed for structural damage detection. This model is used for structural damage detection and identification, particularly for cases where the measurement data has many uncertainties. More specifically, structural modal parameters derived from vibration responses are first discretized by the K-means clustering technique and the rough set technique is then employed to deal with the great volume of data and to extract optimal feature parameters. After that, the processed data and information are input to the fusion centre of the data fusion technique and fused with the PNN to give a fusion-based damage detection result. To verify the proposed method, two numerical examples are presented to identify both single and multi-damage case patterns. The effects of measurement noise and of non pre-processed rough set data on the damage detection results are also discussed. The results show that the proposed model not only has good damage detection capability and noise tolerance, but also significantly reduces data storage memory requirements and saves runtime as a consequence of the data fusion processing.
Immunohistochemical Staining for TLE1 Distinguishes Synovial Sarcoma From Histologic Mimics
Authors: Foo Wai Chin , Cruise Michael W. , Wick Mark R. , Hornick Jason L.
Published: May 2011

Transducer-like enhancer of split 1 (TLE1) is overexpressed in synovial sarcomas. We investigated TLE1 expression by immunohistochemical analysis in a well-characterized series of synovial sarcomas and other mesenchymal tumors most commonly considered in the differential diagnosis. Whole tissue sections of 212 tumors were evaluated: 73 synovial sarcomas (23 biphasic, 28 monophasic, 22 poorly differentiated), 47 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), 49 solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs), 20 fibrosarcomatous variants of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and 23 Ewing sarcomas/primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs). All monophasic and poorly differentiated SSs and Ewing sarcoma/PNETs were previously confirmed to harbor t(X;18) and EWSR1 gene rearrangements, respectively. In total, 60 (82%) of 73 synovial sarcomas were positive for TLE1, including 18 biphasic (78%), 22 monophasic (79%), and 20 poorly differentiated (91%) tumors. Of the other tumors, only 7 MPNSTs (15%) and 4 SFTs (8%) were positive for TLE1, most of which showed only weak staining. TLE1 is a sensitive and specific marker for synovial sarcoma and can be helpful to distinguish synovial sarcoma from histologic mimics, particularly if moderate or strong staining is observed. In this study, only a small subset of MPNSTs and SFTs showed limited staining for TLE1.
B-Cell Lymphoma With Hyaline Vascular Castleman Disease–Like Features
Authors: Siddiqi Imran N. , Brynes Russell K. , Wang Endi
Published: May 2011

Hyaline vascular Castleman disease (HV-CD) is a localized benign mass characterized by follicular hyperplasia with atrophic germinal centers, mantle zone hyperplasia, hyaline deposits, and vascular proliferation. Before establishing a diagnosis of CD, several B-cell lymphomas (BCLs) must be considered, including follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL). Conversely, BCLs with prominent atrophic germinal centers and hyaline vascular penetration may closely resemble HV-CD, leading to misdiagnosis. We report 6 cases of BCL with prominent HV-CD–like features, including FL (2 cases), MCL, NMZL (2 cases), and interfollicular large B-cell lymphoma. Histologically, all were initially considered to be HV-CD before additional tests revealed a neoplastic B-cell proliferation. We highlight the clinicopathologic features of these cases in comparison with cases diagnostic of HV-CD. In contrast with HV-CD, BCLs with HV-CD–like features are more likely to manifest clinically with systemic symptoms or generalized lymphadenopathy. Careful histopathologic examination, supported with immunohistochemical studies, flow cytometric immunophenotyping, and judicious use of cytogenetic and molecular analyses, allows identification of the masked neoplastic process. A multifaceted approach, integrating clinical, histologic, and ancillary tests, can help avoid this diagnostic pitfall.