bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HIV/SARS‐CoV‐2 coinfected patients in Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: Altuntas Aydin Ozlem , Kumbasar Karaosmanoglu Hayat , Kart Yasar Kadriye
Published: April 2020

Highlights

COVID‐19 coinfection has improved in HIV‐infected cases that use regular ART and where viral load is suppressed, and even in advanced HIV‐infected cases without treatment.

Although the data are not yet sufficient, the impression is that the presence of comorbidities is an important factor in mortality in HIV/SARS‐CoV‐2 coinfected cases.

Radiological imaging findings were observed in all HIV‐infected cases, even in the case with very low CD4 cell count. And, with immunochromatographic antibody tests, it was observed that antibody formation time was similar to uninfected individuals.
An assessment of potential climate impact during 1948–2010 using historical land use land cover change maps
Authors: Chilukoti Nagaraju , Xue Yongkang
Published: April 2020

Earlier studies of land use land cover change (LULCC) normally used only a specified LULCC map with no interannual variations. In this study, using an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) coupled with a land surface model, biophysical impacts of LULCC on global and regional climate are investigated by using a LULCC map which covers 63 years from 1948 to 2010 with interannual variation. A methodology has been developed to convert a recently developed LULCC fraction map with 1° × 1° resolution to the AGCM grid points in which only one dominant type is allowed. Comprehensive evaluations are conducted to ensure consistency of the trend of the original LULCC fraction change and the trend of the fraction of grid point changes over different regions. The model was integrated with a potential vegetation map (CTL) and the map with LULCC, in which a set of surface parameters such as leaf area index, albedo and other soil and vegetation parameters were accordingly changed with interannual variation. The results indicate that the interannual LULCC map simulation is able to reproduce better interannual variability of surface temperature and rainfall when compared to the control simulation. LULCC causes negative effect on global precipitation, with the strongest significant signals over degraded regions such as East Asia, West Africa and South America, and some of these changes are consistent with observed regional anomalies for certain time periods. LULCC causes reduction in net radiation and evapotranspiration which leads to changes in monsoon circulation and variation in magnitude and pattern of moisture flux convergence and subsequent reduction in precipitation. Meanwhile, LULCC enhances surface warming during the summer in the LULCC regions due to greatly reduced evapotranspiration. In contradiction to the surface, upper troposphere temperatures are cool because of less latent heat released into the upper troposphere, which leads to weaker circulation in LULCC regions.
Interspecies comparison of alveolar bone biology: Tooth extraction socket healing in mini pigs and mice
Authors: Pan Jie , Pilawski Igor , Yuan Xue , Arioka Masaki , Ticha Pavla , Tian Ye , Helms Jill A.
Published: April 2020

Background

in an effort to identify and validate which animal models are best suited for dental implant research, we used multiscale analyses to examine tooth extraction wound healing in a well‐accepted model, the Yucatan mini pig and a more controversial model, the laboratory mouse.

Methods

first molar extractions were performed in adult, skeletally mature mini pigs and mice. Alveolar bone repair was evaluated at early, intermediate and late timepoints using quantitative micro–computed tomographic (μCT) imaging, histology, molecular, and cellular assays. Vital dye labeling was employed to quantify mineral apposition rates (MAR) in both species.

Results

Despite a 3000‐fold difference in weight, the relative proportions of the mini pig and murine maxillae and are equivalent. Quantitative μCT demonstrated that within the posterior alveolar bone, the volume of mineralized bone was lower in mini pig than in the mice; during healing, however, the bone volume fraction was equivalent. The histologic appearance of healing sites was also comparable, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining showed a similar temporal and spatial distribution of bone remodeling. Vital dye labeling indicated equivalent MAR between the species. The absolute duration of the healing period differed: in mice, complete healing was accomplished in ∼21 days. In mini pigs, the same process took four times longer.

Conclusions

Extraction socket healing is histologically equivalent between mini pigs and mice, supporting the hypothesis that the underlying mechanisms of alveolar bone healing are conserved among species.
Predictors of genetic testing uptake in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients
Authors: Ladd Mary K. , Peshkin Beth N. , Isaacs Claudine , Hooker Gillian , Willey Shawna , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis , DeMarco Tiffani , O'Neill Suzanne , Binion Savannah , Schwartz Marc D. ,   other members of the Surgery After Genetic Evaluation Study Group
Published: April 2020

Background and Objectives

Many newly diagnosed breast cancer patients do not receive genetic counseling and testing at the time of diagnosis. We examined predictors of genetic testing (GT) in this population.

Methods

Within a randomized controlled trial of proactive rapid genetic counseling and testing vs usual care, patients completed a baseline survey within 6 weeks of breast cancer diagnosis but before a definitive survey. We conducted a multinomial logistic regression to identify predictors of GT timing/uptake.

Results

Having discussed GT with a surgeon was a dominant predictor (χ2 (2, N = 320) = 70.13; P < .0001). Among those who discussed GT with a surgeon, patients who had made a final surgery decision were less likely to receive GT before surgery compared with postsurgically (OR [odds ratio] = 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12‐0.49) or no testing (OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.14‐0.56). Older patients (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.91‐0.99) and participants enrolled in New York/New Jersey (OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.07‐0.72) were less likely to be tested compared with receiving results before surgery. Those with higher perceived risk (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.00‐1.03) were more likely to receive results before surgery than to not be tested.

Conclusions

This study highlights the role of patient‐physician communication about GT as well as patient‐level factors that predict presurgical GT.
Lymph Node Ratio in HPV‐Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer: Identification of a Prognostic Threshold
Authors: Bu Daniel D. , Ferrandino Rocco , Robinson Eric M. , Liu Shelley , Miles Brett A. , Teng Marita S. , Yao Mike , Genden Eric M. , Chai Raymond L.
Published: April 2020

Objective

To evaluate the utility of lymph node ratio (LNR) as a prognostic factor for survival and recurrence in surgically treated patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study of a tertiary healthcare system in a major metropolitan area, we reviewed 169 consecutive patients with HPV‐related OPSCC treated using transoral robotic surgery. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with stratified models were used to compare LNR with other traditional clinicopathologic risk factors forrecurrence and survival. An LNR cutoff was found using the minimal P approach.

Results

Multivariable Cox regression models showed that each additional percentage increase in LNR corresponded to an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.04 (confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.07). LNR was more significant when adjusted for adequate lymph node yield of ≥ 18 nodes (HR 5.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38–18.47). The minimal P generated cutoff point at LNR ≥ 17% demonstrated a HR 4.34 (95% CI 1.24–15.2) for disease‐free survival.

Conclusion

For HPV‐related OPSCC, continuous LNR and an LNR threshold of 17% could be helpful in identifying recurrent disease in addition to measures such as lymph node number alone.

Level of Evidence: 4
Energy‐Dissipating Polymeric Silicone Surfactants
Authors: Faiczak Kyle , Brook Michael A. , Feinle Andrea
Published: April 2020

Materials that are able to withstand impact loadings by dissipating energy are crucial for a broad range of different applications, including personal protective applications. Shear‐thickening fluids (STFs) are often used for this purpose, but their preparation is still limited, in part, to high production costs. It is demonstrated that polymeric surfactants comprised of linear telechelic sugar‐modified silicones—with neither additives nor particles—generate transient polymer networks (TPNs) that represent a promising alternative to STFs. The reported polymers have distinct viscoelastic properties and can turn from a liquid into a rubbery network when force is applied. Saccharide‐modified silicones with short chains (degree of polymerization (DP) ≈ 34, 68) are solids, but become energy‐absorbing viscoelastic fluids when diluted in low‐viscosity silicone oils; longer silicones (DP ≈ 338, 675) with low saccharide contents are viscoelastic fluids at room temperature. Excellent damping properties are found for the reported silicone surfactants, even those containing only 0.1% saccharides. The degree of energy absorption can be tailored simply by controlling the sugar/silicone ratio.
Experimental Evaluation of a Catalyst Fragmentation Model for Olefin Polymerization
Authors: Dos Santos Boll Bruna , Dutra Caroline P. , Santos João H. Z. , Fisch Adriano G. , Cardozo Nilo S. M.
Published: April 2020

Fragmentation of supported catalysts plays an important role on olefin polymerization, which has motivated several studies on this topic in recent years. This work aims to obtain experimental data to compare with the predictions of a theoretical model previously developed in the research group, which uses only kinetic constants and the catalyst physical properties as input parameters. Three zirconocene catalysts supported on silica are used to produce polyethylene. The reaction products are calcined and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Good qualitative agreement is observed between the model predictions for radial extent of fragmentation and the experimentally observed fragmentation patterns. This includes the transition of a pattern of total fragmentation to one of partial fragmentation at the external layers of the catalyst as its pore volume decreases.
Risk of pregnancy loss in patients exposed to mycophenolate compared to azathioprine: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Thai Thuy Nhu , Sarayani Amir , Wang Xi , Albogami Yasser , Rasmussen Sonja A. , Winterstein Almut G.
Published: April 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the relative risk of pregnancy loss associated with mycophenolate (MPA) vs azathioprine (AZA) use.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the IBM MarketScan Research Databases (2005‐2015). Patients with ≥1 MPA or AZA prescription claim during the first trimester were included. The study outcome was pregnancy loss (spontaneous abortion or stillbirth). Potential confounders included age, drug indications, comorbidities, other teratogenic medication use, and gestational age at first MPA or AZA prescription fill. The risk for pregnancy loss was estimated using a generalized estimating equation model with stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting. In sensitivity analyses, we varied the exposure definition, outcome definition, and the analytical method.

Results

Among 111 pregnancies exposed to MPA, 55 resulted in pregnancy loss (49.5%). Among 471 pregnancies exposed to AZA, 113 had pregnancy loss (24.0%). The unadjusted relative risk for pregnancy loss was 2.0 (95% CI 1.6, 2.6), and the adjusted relative risk was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.6, 2.3) compared to AZA. Relative risk estimates were stable in all sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion

Exposure to MPA during early pregnancy was associated with a 2‐fold increase in pregnancy loss risk.
Social Media, Web, and Panel Surveys: Using Non‐Probability Samples in Social and Policy Research
Authors: Lehdonvirta Vili , Oksanen Atte , Räsänen Pekka , Blank Grant
Published: April 2020

The use of online surveys has grown rapidly in social science and policy research, surpassing more established methods. We argue that a better understanding is needed, especially of the strengths and weaknesses of non‐probability online surveys, which can be conducted relatively quickly and cheaply. We describe two common approaches to non‐probability online surveys—river and panel sampling—and theorize their inherent selection biases: namely, topical self‐selection and economic self‐selection. We conduct an empirical comparison of two river samples (Facebook and web‐based sample) and one panel sample (from a major survey research company) with benchmark data grounded in a comprehensive population registry. The river samples diverge from the benchmark on demographic variables and yield much higher frequencies on non‐demographic variables, even after demographic adjustments; we attribute this to topical self‐selection. The panel sample is closer to the benchmark. When examining the characteristics of a non‐demographic subpopulation, we detect no differences between the river and panel samples. We conclude that non‐probability online surveys do not replace probability surveys, but augment the researcher's toolkit with new digital practices, such as exploratory studies of small and emerging non‐demographic subpopulations.
Sulphur functionalizion of graphene oxide by radiofrequency plasma
Authors: Di Pietro Patrizia , Forte Giuseppe , Snyders Rony , Satriano Cristina , Bittencourt Carla , Thiry Damien
Published: April 2020

Tailoring the surface properties of graphene oxide by the grafting of heteroatom‐based functionalities is mandatory for the applicative purpose. In this context, here, we investigate the grafting of sulphur functionalized graphene oxide surface (GO–XSH) via a plasma‐based method. The impact of the treatment on the chemical composition and the morphology of GO–XSH was evaluated combining microscopic (atomic force microscopy) and spectroscopic techniques (X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). Optimized experimental conditions have been identified, considering Ar/H2S gas mixture, for an efficient grafting of –SH groups on the GO surface. This is explained by the creation of defects by bombarding ions during the treatment, followed by subsequent chemisorption of sulphur‐based radicals produced in the plasma. The whole set of our results demonstrates the attractiveness of our strategy for tuning the surface properties of GO of interest for biological applications.
Utilization trends of respiratory medication in premature infants discharged on home oxygen therapy
Authors: White Heather , Berenson Alice , Mannan Javed , Feldman Henry A. , Rhein Lawrence ,   RHO Study Group
Published: April 2020

Background

Roughly half of all extremely preterm infants will be diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and a third will be discharged on home oxygen therapy (HOT). To date, there have been no studies that have examined the relationship between respiratory medication utilization in infants with BPD on HOT.

Methods

The recorded home oximetry trial was a multicenter, randomized trial comparing two home oxygen management strategies in premature infants. Infants were enrolled at first outpatient pulmonary or neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) follow‐up visit with a pulmonary component. Respiratory medication prescriptions and dosage were collected from time of enrollment through 6 months after HOT discontinuation. Patients were seen monthly while on HOT and at 1, 3, and 6 months after successful discontinuation.

Results

During protocol visits, 174 (89%) infants had respiratory medications documented. Respiratory medication use was higher at initial follow‐up visit compared with NICU discharge and decreased at the final 6‐month follow‐up visit. Infants who received inhaled steroids (IS) before weaning had mean HOT duration of 138 days (range: 24‐562 days); infants who received IS after weaning had shorter mean HOT duration (55 days, range: 21‐264). In time‐to‐event analysis the no IS group and the postwean group differed significantly (χ21 = 8.1; P = .004). NICU clinics gave a total of 35 prescriptions to 43 patients, an average of 0.8 per patient, while the pulmonary clinics gave 837 prescriptions to 153 patients, or 5.5 per patient (P < .0001).

Conclusion

Respiratory prescribing patterns for infants on HOT are highly variable. Utilization of IS was not associated with shorter duration of HOT.
Study on Synthesis and Characterization of Primary Explosive KDNBF with Different Morphologies
Authors: Li Jin‐Shuh , Chen Fu‐Jen , Yang Hsiu‐Wen , Lu Kai‐Tai
Published: April 2020

Traditional primary explosives are usually heavy metal salts, especially salts of lead, such as lead azide (LA) and lead styphnate (LS), which can cause environmental pollution problems. The potassium salt of 4,6‐dinitrobenzofuroxan (KDNBF) has attracted more and more attention due to its advantages of no heavy metal pollution to the environment and appropriate sensitivity. There are many reports on the thermal properties and applications of KDNBF, but few reports on the morphological properties. In addition, little is known about the optimal synthesis conditions of KDNBF with different morphologies in the preparation process. In this study, Taguchi's experimental design method was used to determine the optimal experimental conditions for obtaining the maximum yields of KDNBF with different morphologies. The synthesized KDNBF was identified by means of SEM, NMR, FTIR, EA, and TG‐DSC, and its sensitivity was measured using BAM fallhammer, BAM friction tester, and electrostatic spark sensitivity tester. The experimental results indicated that the maximum yields of flaky and spherical KDNBFs could reach 85.6 % and 82.6 % after purification under the optimal experimental condition, respectively. The spherical KDNBF powder had a relatively denser structure than the flaky KDNBF powder. The thermal analyses showed that the activation energies of the decomposition reaction of the flaky and spherical KDNBF powders calculated by the Kissinger method were 171.5 and 188.5 kJ mol−1, respectively, and the Ozawa method were 170.7 and 186.9 kJ mol−1, respectively. The thermal stability of spherical KDNBF powder was higher than that of flaky KDNBF powder. In addition, the sensitivity tests showed that the spherical KDNBF powder was less sensitive than the flaky KDNBF powder.
Electronic Dynamics in 2D Aperiodic Systems under Effect of Electric Field
Authors: Dutra Renato F. , Messias Demitry , Mendes Caio V.C. , Neto Adhemar Ranciaro , Sales Messias O. , de Moura Francisco A. B. F.
Published: April 2020

On a square lattice with aperiodic hopping terms, the dynamics of an initially localized one electron wave‐packet is investigated using a Taylor formalism to solve Schrödinger dynamic equation. The calculations suggest that a fast electron propagation (ballistic mode) is detected for a range of values of aperiodicity measure ν. When inserting static electric field effects in the model, the existence of an oscillatory behavior analogously to electronic dynamics in crystalline systems is verified (i.e., Bloch oscillations). The frequency and the the size of these oscillations are analyzed and the results are compared with the standard semi‐classical approach used in crystalline lattices.
Nonlinear model predictive control for models in quasi‐linear parameter varying form
Authors: González Cisneros Pablo S. , Werner Herbert
Published: April 2020

This article presents a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) approach based on quasi‐linear parameter varying (quasi‐LPV) representations of the model and constraints. Stability of the proposed algorithm is ensured by the offline solution of an optimization problem with linear matrix inequality constraints in conjunction with an online terminal state constraint. Furthermore, an iterative approach is presented with which the NMPC optimization problem can be handled by solving a series of Quadratic Programs at each time step, this being highly computationally efficient. A practical and simple way of obtaining quasi‐LPV representations of the system using velocity‐based linearization is presented in two examples.
Filtering adaptive neural network controller for multivariable nonlinear systems with mismatched uncertainties
Authors: Ma Tong
Published: April 2020

This paper synthesizes a filtering adaptive neural network controller for multivariable nonlinear systems with mismatched uncertainties. The multivariable nonlinear systems under consideration have both matched and mismatched uncertainties, which satisfy the semiglobal Lipschitz condition. The nonlinear uncertainties are approximated by a Gaussian radial basis function (GRBF)‐based neural network incorporated with a piecewise constant adaptive law, where the adaptive law will generate adaptive parameters by solving the error dynamics between the real system and the state predictor with the neglection of unknowns. The combination of GRBF‐based neural network and piecewise constant adaptive law relaxes hardware limitations (CPU). A filtering control law is designed to handle the nonlinear uncertainties and deliver a good tracking performance with guaranteed robustness. The matched uncertainties are cancelled directly by adopting their opposite in the control signal, whereas a dynamic inversion of the system is required to eliminate the effect of the mismatched uncertainties on the output. Since the virtual reference system defines the best performance that can be achieved by the closed‐loop system, the uniform performance bounds are derived for the states and control signals via comparison. To validate the theoretical findings, comparisons between the model reference adaptive control method and the proposed filtering adaptive neural network control architecture with the implementation of different sampling time are carried
out.
Atomically Thin Oxyhalide Solar‐Blind Photodetectors
Authors: Han Wei , Li Chen , Yang Sanjun , Luo Peng , Wang Fakun , Feng Xin , Liu Kailang , Pei Ke , Li Yuan , Li Huiqiao , Li Luying , Gao Yihua , Zhai Tianyou
Published: April 2020

2D wide‐bandgap semiconductors demonstrate great potential in fabricating solar‐blind ultraviolet (SBUV) photodetectors. However, the low responsivity of 2D solar‐blind photodetectors still limits their practical applications. Here, high‐responsivity solar‐blind photodetectors are achieved based on 2D bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) flakes. The 2D BiOCl photodetectors exhibit a responsivity up to 35.7 A W−1 and a specific detectivity of 2.2 × 1010 Jones under 250 nm illumination with 17.8 µW cm−2 power density. In particular, the enhanced photodetective performances are demonstrated in BiOCl photodetectors with increasing ambient temperature. Surprisingly, their responsivity can reach 2060 A W−1 at 450 K under solar‐blind light illumination, maybe owing to the formation of defective BiOCl grains evidenced by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The high responsivity throughout the solar‐blind range indicates that 2D BiOCl is a promising candidate for SBUV detection.
The emotional organization and the problem of authenticity: The romantic, the pedagogic, the therapeutic and the ludic as liminal media of transition
Authors: Stenner Paul , Andersen Niels Åkerstrøm
Published: April 2020

Max Weber excluded the phenomenon of emotions from the idea of rational bureaucracy. Modern European organizational theories are on the other hand almost obsessed by emotions and especially affect. Emotion re‐entered organizational theory around the limited topic of ‘emotional labour', but today, passion is generally praised as a driver in successful organizations. An important element here is the demand upon passionate employees to install the organization as their significant other. To the extent that they rely on this new concept of themselves and their employees, organizations become dependent upon the authenticity of the ‘self‐enrolment' expected of each employee. In the discursive field of organization, we therefore see a number of new communicative media, which centre upon emotion and upon helping the organization to attribute authenticity and inauthenticity to employees. This paper also makes the case that these media are liminal in nature and extend beyond the use of discursive symbolism in a Sisyphean effort to reach the authentic emotional ‘heart' of each employee.
Use of Strong Habitat–Abundance Relationships in Assessing Population Status of Cryptic Fishes: An Example Using the Harlequin Darter
Authors: Holcomb Kathryn M. , Schueller Paul , Jelks Howard L. , Knight John R. , Allen Micheal S.
Published: April 2020

Understanding trends in abundance is important to fisheries conservation, but techniques for estimating streamwide abundance of cryptic fishes with strong habitat–abundance relationships are not well established and need further development. We developed techniques for addressing this need using the Harlequin DarterEtheostoma histrio, a small, cryptic freshwater fish associated with submerged wood in streams. Our objectives were to (1) determine how Harlequin Darter abundance and the amount of submerged wood were related at sampled sites and (2) use this relationship to estimate Harlequin Darter abundance at unsampled sites and extrapolate Harlequin Darter abundance estimates and associated uncertainty streamwide. We conducted a mark–recapture study to estimate abundance of Harlequin Darters in 25‐m stream reaches at 24 sites in Big Escambia Creek (BEC) and 18 sites in Pine Barren Creek (PBC) (Escambia River tributaries in northwestern Florida). The number of wood pieces (submerged wood ≥1.5 m long and ≥0.25 m in circumference) in both creeks was counted and mapped using side‐scan sonar and a geographic information system. Harlequin Darter and wood data were used in a Bayesian multinomial mixture model to estimate site abundance of Harlequin Darters, to determine the relationship between wood and Harlequin Darter abundance, and to extrapolate Harlequin Darter abundance streamwide. We found a positive relationship between wood and Harlequin Darter abundance in both creeks, and there were more wood pieces inPBCthan inBEC. Streamwide abundance of Harlequin Darters was greater inPBCthan inBEC. The extrapolated streamwide abundance estimates were 9,369 Harlequin Darters (95% credible interval = 6,668–13,402) inPBCand 7,439 Harlequin Darters (95% credible interval = 4,493–11,226) inBEC. Our methods effectively estimated abundance of a small, cryptic fish that uses complex wood habitat. In addition, our findings may assist in the conservation of the Harlequin Darter.
Methylmercury Levels in Commercially Harvested Spiny Dogfish Captured off the Coast of Massachusetts
Authors: Maynard George A. , Baumann Zofia
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Spiny Dogfish Squalus acanthias are small sharks that are harvested for seafood, primarily off the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. For the purposes of establishing seafood consumption advisories with regard to methylmercury (MeHg) content, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies Spiny Dogfish as “sharks,” an overly broad taxonomic grouping with a mean MeHg content of 0.98 μg/g wet weight. Because the FDA mean includes fishes of different species that have been collected internationally over the last four decades, there is reason to believe that the FDA mean value is not reflective of the fish harvested in the Spiny Dogfish fishery. To evaluate how closely Spiny Dogfish match the values in the FDA’s generic shark category, we collected muscle samples from 102 commercially harvested Spiny Dogfish caught off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, during the 2018 fishing season. Among the fish we sampled, 100% had MeHg concentrations lower than the FDA mean for sharks and 77.5% had MeHg concentrations that the FDA considers safe for consumption at a frequency of once per week. The mean MeHg concentration in our samples was 0.378 μg/g wet weight, less than half of the value for the generic shark category. Moreover, through a comparison with data from the 1970s, we documented a 30% decline in MeHg concentrations for select size categories of Spiny Dogfish captured off the coast of New England. Exposure simulations indicated that to minimize risk, Spiny Dogfish should be consumed no more than twice per month by most people.
Fazit
Authors: Prochazka Fabian
Published: April 2020

Ziel dieser Arbeit war, Vertrauen in journalistische Medien vor dem Hintergrund des digitalen Strukturwandels von Medien und Öffentlichkeit zu untersuchen. Im Mittelpunkt stand dabei mit dem generalisierten Vertrauen in Journalismus eine allgemeine Attitüde gegenüber dem Journalismus als solchem. Die Forschungsfragen wurden in vier Fragenblöcken systematisiert: 1) Grundlagen und Verständnis von Vertrauen in Journalismus aus Sicht der Rezipient_innen sowie die Zusammenhänge von Vertrauen in Journalismus mit 2) allgemeinen Personenmerkmalen, 3) Diskrepanzen aus Erwartungen an Journalismus und der Wahrnehmung seiner Berichterstattung sowie 4) der Informationsnutzung, wobei hier insbesondere der Kontakt mit alternativen Ereignisdarstellungen und Medienkritik im Internet im Mittelpunkt stand.
Online-Befragung – Ergebnisse
Authors: Prochazka Fabian
Published: April 2020

Die folgenden Kapitel stellen die Befunde der quantitativen Befragung vor. Zu Beginn werden die deskriptiven Ergebnisse zu den Untersuchungskomplexen Vertrauen in Journalismus, Qualitätserwartungen und -wahrnehmungen sowie Informationsnutzung beschrieben. Da in den folgenden Kapiteln jeweils Elemente aus allen diesen Bereichen aufgegriffen werden, steht die deskriptive Darstellung am Anfang.
Matrix ensembles with global symmetries and ’t Hooft anomalies from 2d gauge theory
Authors: Kapec Daniel , Mahajan Raghu , Stanford Douglas
Published: April 2020

Abstract

The Hilbert space of a quantum system with internal global symmetry G decomposes into sectors labelled by irreducible representations of G. If the system is chaotic, the energies in each sector should separately resemble ordinary random matrix theory. We show that such “sector-wise” random matrix ensembles arise as the boundary dual of two- dimensional gravity with a G gauge field in the bulk. Within each sector, the eigenvalue density is enhanced by a nontrivial factor of the dimension of the representation, and the ground state energy is determined by the quadratic Casimir. We study the consequences of ’t Hooft anomalies in the matrix ensembles, which are incorporated by adding specific topological terms to the gauge theory action. The effect is to introduce projective representations into the decomposition of the Hilbert space. Finally, we consider ensembles with G symmetry and time reversal symmetry, and analyze a simple case of a mixed anomaly between time reversal and an internal ℤ2 symmetry.
Probing P and CP violations on the cosmological collider
Authors: Liu Tao , Tong Xi , Wang Yi , Xianyu Zhong-Zhi
Published: April 2020

Abstract

In direct analogy to the 4-body decay of a heavy scalar particle, the 4-point correlation function of primordial fluctuations carries P and CP information. The CP violation appears as a P-odd angular dependence in the imaginary part of the trispectrum in momentum space. We construct a model with axion-like couplings which leads to observably large CP-violating trispectrum for future surveys. Furthermore, we show the importance of on-shell particle production in observing P- and CP-violating signals. It is impossible to observe these signals from local 4-scalar EFT operators that respect dilation symmetry, and thus any such observation can rule out single-field EFT with sufficiently small slow-roll parameters. This calculation opens a new frontier of studying P and CP at very high energy scales.
Chiral decoupling from irrelevant deformations
Authors: Chakrabarti Subhroneel , Raman Madhusudhan
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We show that at the level of the equations of motion (i.e. classically), in the limit in which the

$$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$

T

T
¯

deformation parameter is sent to infinity, the left- and right-chiral sectors of

$$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$

T

T
¯

-deformed free theories decouple.
On Cycle Transversals and Their Connected Variants in the Absence of a Small Linear Forest
Authors: Dabrowski Konrad K. , Feghali Carl , Johnson Matthew , Paesani Giacomo , Paulusma Daniël , Rzążewski Paweł
Published: April 2020

A graph isH-free if it contains no induced subgraph isomorphic to H. We prove new complexity results for the two classical cycle transversal problemsFeedback Vertex SetandOdd Cycle Transversalby showing that they can be solved in polynomial time on$$(sP_1+ P_3)$$(sP1+P3)-free graphs for every integer$$s\ge 1$$s≥1. We show the same result for the variantsConnected Feedback Vertex SetandConnected Odd Cycle Transversal. We also prove that the latter two problems are polynomial-time solvable on cographs; this was already known forFeedback Vertex SetandOdd Cycle Transversal. We complement these results by proving thatOdd Cycle TransversalandConnected Odd Cycle Transversalare -complete on$$(P_2+ P_5,P_6)$$(P2+P5,P6)-free graphs.
Correction to: Population genetic structure and demography of Magnolia kobus: variety borealis is not supported genetically
Authors: Tamaki Ichiro , Kawashima Naomichi , Setsuko Suzuki , Lee Jung-Hyun , Itaya Akemi , Yukitoshi Kyohei , Tomaru Nobuhiro
Published: April 2020

The original article was updated.
Doing Good, Feeling Good? Entrepreneurs’ Social Value Creation Beliefs and Work-Related Well-Being
Authors: Brieger Steven A. , De Clercq Dirk , Meynhardt Timo
Published: April 2020

Entrepreneurs with social goals face various challenges; insights into how these entrepreneurs experience and appreciate their work remain a black box though. Drawing on identity, conservation of resources, and person–organization fit theories, this study examines how entrepreneurs’ social value creation beliefs relate to their work-related well-being (job satisfaction, work engagement, and lack of work burnout), as well as how this process might be influenced by social concerns with respect to the common good. Using data from the German Public Value Atlas 2015 and 2019 and the Swiss Public Value Atlas 2017, a three-study design analyzes three samples of entrepreneurs in Germany and Switzerland. Study 1 reveals that entrepreneurs report higher job satisfaction when they believe their organization creates social value. Study 2 indicates that these beliefs relate negatively to work burnout; entrepreneurs’ perceptions of having meaningful work mediate this relationship. Study 3 affirms and extends these results by showing that a sense of work meaningfulness mediates the relationship between social value creation beliefs and work engagement and that this mediating role is more prominent among entrepreneurs with strong social concerns. This investigation thus identifies a critical pathway—the extent to which entrepreneurs experience their work activities as important and personally meaningful—that connects social value creation beliefs with enhanced work-related well-being, as well as how this process might vary with a personal orientation that embraces the common good.
Non-equilibrium Phenomena in Superconductors Probed by Femtosecond Time-Domain Spectroscopy
Authors: Demsar J.
Published: April 2020

Development of ultrafast lasers and nonlinear optical techniques over the last two decades provides tools to access real-time dynamics of low energy excitations in superconductors. For example, time-resolved THz spectroscopy and time- and angular-resolved photoemission spectroscopy provide access to the real-time dynamics of the superconducting gap amplitude. Such studies enable determination of microscopic parameters like quasi-particle recombination rates, pair-breaking rates and electron–boson coupling constants. Recently, intense THz pulses have been used to probe the nonlinear dynamics, including observation of collective modes. Moreover, using low-frequency electromagnetic pulses, there are several reports of amplification of superconductivity in both conventional and unconventional superconductors. Starting with a brief historical overview of the pioneering work, where non-equilibrium phenomena in superconductors were investigated using quasi-continuous excitation, we review some of the insights that are provided by using real-time approaches. We focus on conventional BCS superconductors, whose ground state is reasonably well understood, and address similarities and open questions related to the corresponding studies in high-$${T}_{c}$$

T
c

superconductors.
Mean values of skewed distributions in the bibliometric assessment of research units
Authors: Schmoch Ulrich
Published: April 2020

Nearly all distributions in bibliometrics are skewed. In particular, the distribution of citations of publications by research units is skewed. In a statistical view, the calculation of mean values can imply misleading or even wrong information. However, in citation analysis, the calculation of mean values of skewed distributions are standard. Therefore, when ranking research units, it is recommended instead to replace the calculation of standard mean values by the calculation of adjusted mean values to exclude outliers with very high citations and those with very few or no citations as well. Such an adjusted mean value is oriented on the standard activity of a research unit and results in a more adequate assessment. This approach is based on the Hirsch-index concept. The calculation results in a different ranking of research units, which may be important in cases where the distribution of finances depends on bibliometric rankings. In addition, a differentiation between standard activities and excellent results is possible, thus opening two dimensions of the assessment of research units.
Pillarization (‘Verzuiling’). On Organized ‘Self-Contained Worlds’ in the Modern World
Authors: Hellemans Staf
Published: April 2020

Movements and groups abound in modern society. Sometimes, a movement or group succeeds in mobilizing a large section of the population and thoroughly knitting it together, by building a pervasive subculture and by setting up a vast interrelated network of organizations, resulting in a seemingly impenetrable and powerful bloc. This happened to different degrees in most Western countries, including the United States and Canada. It is also occurring now in the non-Western world. Belgium and the Netherlands were particularly affected by extensive bloc building. In both countries, Catholic, Socialist, and Liberal pillars – plus a Protestant pillar in the Netherlands – divided society and determined political and social life from the late nineteenth century up to the late twentieth century. As a consequence, the phenomenon has been studied there more thoroughly and under a specific label, ‘verzuiling’ (pillarization). The first section of this article offers a review of pillarization theory in the Netherlands, Belgium and elsewhere. In the second part, to advance the study of organized blocs all over the world, I argue for a broad, international perspective on pillarization against the particularistic tendencies of many pillarization researchers, especially in the Netherlands. In a shorter third part, I address the isolation of pillarization theory from general sociological theory. Self-reinforcing processes of segregation and organization in large population groupings were and still are a common feature in the modern world. They have resulted in more than one case in divided societies.
An Update on Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Gunasekara Maheshi Y. , Mezincescu Alice M. , Dawson Dana K.
Published: April 2020

Purpose of Review

To provide an update on the use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Recent Findings

Long-term prognosis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy may not be as clear-cut as previously thought. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging not only allows differentiation between reversible and nonreversible changes but has an emerging role in identifying cellular level changes associated with prognostic indicators such as myocardial energetics using 31P-CMR spectroscopy and detection of myocardial inflammation overlying myocardial oedema, using ultrasmall paramagnetic iron oxide particle uptake in macrophages.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a non-ischemic acute heart failure syndrome. It is commonly triggered by emotional or physical stress and is possibly the strongest psychosomatic interaction seen in medicine. While clinically its presentation mimics a myocardial infarction, the acute imaging characteristics are critical in correctly identifying the disease entity.
A Systematic Review of the Use and Quality of Qualitative Methods in Concept Elicitation for Measures with Children and Young People
Authors: Husbands Samantha , Mitchell Paul Mark , Coast Joanna
Published: April 2020

Background

Qualitative research is recommended in concept elicitation for patient-reported outcome measures to ensure item content validity, and those developing measures are encouraged to report qualitative methods in detail. However, in measure development for children and young people, direct research can be challenging due to problems with engagement and communication.

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to (i) explore the qualitative and adapted data collection techniques that research teams have used with children and young people to generate items in existing measures and (ii) assess the quality of qualitative reporting.

Methods

Three electronic databases were searched with forward citation and reference list searching of key papers. Papers included in the review were empirical studies documenting qualitative concept elicitation with children and young people. Data on qualitative methods were extracted, and all studies were checked against a qualitative reporting checklist.

Results

A total of 37 studies were included. The quality of reporting of qualitative approaches for item generation was low, with information missing on sampling, data analysis and the research team, all of which are key to facilitating judgements around measure content validity. Few papers reported adapting methods to be more suitable for children and young people, potentially missing opportunities to more meaningfully engage children in concept elicitation work.

Conclusions

Research teams should ensure that they are documenting detailed and transparent processes for concept elicitation. Guidelines are currently lacking in the development and reporting of item generation for children, with this being an important area for future research.
Applications of probability and statistics in cancer genomics
Authors: Ma Xiaotu , Arunachalam Sasi , Liu Yanling
Published: April 2020

Background

The past decade has witnessed a rapid progress in our understanding of the genetics of cancer and its progression. Probabilistic and statistical modeling played a pivotal role in the discovery of general patterns from cancer genomics datasets and continue to be of central importance for personalized medicine.

Results

In this review we introduce cancer genomics from a probabilistic and statistical perspective. We start from (1) functional classification of genes into oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, then (2) demonstrate the importance of comprehensive analysis of different mutation types for individual cancer genomes, followed by (3) tumor purity analysis, which in turn leads to (4) the concept of ploidy and clonality, that is next connected to (5) tumor evolution under treatment pressure, which yields insights into cancer drug resistance. We also discuss future challenges including the non‐coding genomic regions, integrative analysis of genomics and epigenomics, as well as early cancer detection.

Conclusion

We believe probabilistic and statistical modeling will continue to play important roles for novel discoveries in the field of cancer genomics and personalized medicine.
Self-Blame Mediates the Link between Childhood Neglect Experiences and Internalizing Symptoms in Low-Risk Adolescents
Authors: Tanzer Michal , Salaminios George , Morosan Larisa , Campbell Chloe , Debbané Martin
Published: April 2020

Childhood neglect is the most common type of maltreatment, ranging from minor isolated incidents to consistent failures in emotional/physical caregiving. It has been associated with developmental impairments and considered a risk factor for the emergence of psychopathology, particularly internalizing disorders. This study aimed to explore individual differences in response to the continuum of severity of neglect in community adolescents, as well as the role of specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERSs) as mediators between childhood neglect and current internalizing symptoms. Low-risk adolescents (12–19 years old; M age 15.88 years; N = 123; 64 Females) completed questionnaires assessing these experiences. We employed a regression model and a simple mediation analyses. Findings indicate a positive association between childhood neglect, internalizing behaviors, and the adoption of self-blame as CERS. Moreover, the use of self-blame in response to everyday stress partially mediated the relationship between neglect and internalizing behaviors (effect size: .28). Findings support the hypothesis that even in a low risk sample, neglect is associated with internalizing symptoms, and highlight the importance of assessing individual differences in the experience of neglect. Moreover, the mediation effect of the CERSs of self-blame might serve as a potential target for psychotherapeutic interventions aimed at reducing internalizing symptoms.
Religion und gesellschaftliche Differenzierung: Sozialhistorische Analysen zur Emergenz der europäischen Moderne
Authors: Pollack Detlef
Published: April 2020

Das Ziel des vorliegenden Aufsatzes besteht darin zu prüfen, inwieweit die soziologische Differenzierungstheorie das Potential besitzt, den Beitrag der Religion zur Herausbildung der europäischen Moderne verständlich zu machen. Um die Frage nach dem religiösen Einfluss auf die Entstehung der modernen Welt differenzierungstheoretisch behandeln zu können, ist es zunächst erforderlich, das gebrauchte theoretische Instrumentarium zu erläutern. Es muss dargelegt werden, worin die wesentlichen Aussagen der Differenzierungstheorie bestehen, und es ist notwendig anzugeben, welcher Begriff von Moderne vorausgesetzt wird. Daraufhin erfolgt die historische Analyse.

Methodologisch stellt der Text insofern eine Verbindung zwischen problemorientierten theoretischen Grundsatzüberlegungen und historisch-hermeneutischen Interpretationen dar.

Als Resultat der Untersuchung können wir feststellen, dass sich am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts die Umrisse einer sich neu herausbildenden Gesellschaftsformation erkennen lassen: einer funktional differenzierten Gesellschaft. Sowohl auf der sozialstrukturellen Ebene als auch auf der Ebene des Diskurses sind zu diesem Zeitpunkt die Prozesse einer Differenzierung unterschiedlicher Wert- und Gesellschaftssphären weit vorangeschritten. Ging die römische Kirche im Hochmittelalter in der Behauptung einer sozial unableitbaren theologischen Eigenrationalität der Entstehung von Differenzierungsformen voran, so bildeten sich in jahrhundertelangen gegenläufigen Prozessen zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts die Weichen für die Emergenz der europäischen Moderne heraus.