bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Dual‐purpose Functional Nanomaterials for Detecting and Removing Fluoride Ion from Environmental Water
Authors: Dhiman Sukhvinder , Solanki Arun Kumar , Nag Kritika , Jayamurugan Govindasamy
Published: September 2023

Fluoride (F−) is a unique analyte because when in small quantities, it is beneficial and harmful when in larger or negligible quantities, leaving it essential for dual‐purpose detection and removal from a water sample to prevent fluoride‐caused health risks. F− detection and removal using organic molecules and hybrid materials are extensively reported in the literature, but very few reports discuss dual‐purpose detection and removal. Functional nanomaterials (FNM) based on nanoparticles, metal‐organic frameworks, and carbon dots conjugated with fluorophore moiety are largely used for these purposes. Functional groups on nanomaterial surfaces exhibited various interactions such as agglomeration, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, ion exchange, coordination and π‐π stacking interactions, enabling dual‐purpose detection and removal of F−. These materials offer unique properties such as tunable pore structure, size, and morphology coupled with large surface area and high thermal/chemical stability. Further, this perspective review discusses prospects for sustainable technologies and describes the advantages and disadvantages of using FNM based on its optical properties for detection and removal efficiency. We believe this is the first account that summarizes the single FNM that can be used for simultaneously the selective detection of F− in aqueous media and its efficient removal.
Machine Learning: A New Approach for Dose Individualization
Authors: Li Qiu‐Yue , Tang Bo‐Hao , Wu Yue‐E , Yao Bu‐Fan , Zhang Wei , Zheng Yi , Zhou Yue , van den Anker John , Hao Guo‐Xiang , Zhao Wei
Published: September 2023

The application of machine learning (ML) has shown promising results in precision medicine due to its exceptional performance in dealing with complex multidimensional data. However, using ML for individualized dosing of medicines is still in its early stage, meriting further exploration. A systematic review of study designs and modeling details of using ML for individualized dosing of different drugs was performed. We have summarized the status of the study populations, predictive targets, and data sources for ML modeling, the selection of ML algorithms and features, and the evaluation and validation of their predictive performance. We also used the Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) to assess the risk of bias of included studies. Currently, ML can be used for both a priori and a posteriori dose selection and optimization, and it can also assist the implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring. However, studies are mainly focused on drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, predominantly immunosuppressants (N = 23, 35.9%) and anti‐infectives (N = 21, 32.8%), and there is currently only very limited attention for special populations, such as children (N = 22, 34.4%). Most studies showed poor methodological quality and a high risk of bias. The lack of external validation and clinical utility evaluation currently limits the further clinical implementation of ML for dose individualization. We therefore have proposed several ways to improve the clinical relevance of the studies and facilitate the translation of ML models into clinical practice.
Single‐cell transcriptomics identify TNFRSF1B as a novel T‐cell exhaustion marker for ovarian cancer
Authors: Gao Yan , Shi Hui , Zhao Hongyu , Yao Mengcheng , He Yue , Jiang Mei , Li Jie , Li Zhefeng , Su Shaofei , Liu Tao , Yin Chenghong , Liao Xuebin , Yue Wentao
Published: September 2023

Background:

Ovarian cancer (OC) patients routinely show poor immunotherapeutic response due to the complex tumour microenvironment (TME). It is urgent to explore new immunotherapeutic markers.

Methods:

Through the single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) analyses on high‐grade serous OC (HGSOC), moderate severity borderline tumour and matched normal ovary, we identified a novel exhausted T cells subpopulation that related to poor prognosis in OC. Histological staining, multiple immunofluorescences, and flow cytometry were applied to validate some results from scRNA‐seq. Furthermore, a tumour‐bearing mice model was constructed to investigate the effects of TNFRSF1B treatment on tumour growth in vivo.

Results:

Highly immunosuppressive TME in HGSOC is displayed compared to moderate severity borderline tumour and matched normal ovary. Subsequently, a novel exhausted subpopulation of CD8+TNFRSF1B+ T cells is identified, which is associated with poor survival. In vitro experiments demonstrate that TNFRSF1B is specifically upregulated on activated CD8+ T cells and suppressed interferon‐γ secretion. The expression of TNFRSF1B on CD8+T cells is closely related to OC clinical malignancy and is a marker of poor prognosis through 140 OC patients’ verification. In addition, the blockade of TNFRSF1B inhibits tumour growth via profoundly remodeling the immune microenvironment in the OC mouse model.

Conclusions:

Our transcriptomic results analyzed by scRNA‐seq delineate a high‐resolution snapshot of the entire tumour ecosystem of OC TME. The major applications of our findings were an exhausted subpopulation of CD8+TNFRSF1B+ T cells for predicting OC patient prognosis and the potential therapeutic value of TNFRSF1B. These findings demonstrated the clinical value of TNFRSF1B as a potential immunotherapy target and extended our understanding of factors contributing to immunotherapy failure in OC.
Magnetized dusty plasma: On issues of its complexity and magnetization of charged dust particles
Authors: Choudhary Mangilal
Published: September 2023

It is possible to excite various linear and nonlinear low‐frequency modes in dusty plasma, which is an admixture of electrons, ions, gas atoms, and negatively charged solid particles. The experimental as well as theoretical study of these low‐frequency dynamical modes in dusty plasma is very complex because of the involvement of dynamics of electrons, ions, and neutrals. If the external magnetic field is introduced to dusty plasma, then the dynamics of it will be more complex. The complexity of magnetized dusty plasma where plasma species (electrons and ions) are magnetized is discussed in detail by keeping the experimental findings in mind. The requirement of theoretical modeling, as well as computation experiments in understanding the dynamics of dusty plasma in the presence of a strong magnetic field, is suggested in the context of experimental findings. The major challenges to magnetizing the massive charged particles in plasma experiments and some proposed solutions are discussed in this review report.
Influence of the mutation load on the genomic composition of hybrids between outcrossing and self‐fertilizing species
Authors: Fyon Fréderic , Berbel‐Filho Waldir M.
Published: September 2023

Hybridization is a natural process whereby two diverging evolutionary lineages reproduce and create offspring of mixed ancestry. Differences in mating systems (e.g., self‐fertilization and outcrossing) are expected to affect the direction and extent of hybridization and introgression in hybrid zones. Among other factors, selfers and outcrossers are expected to differ in their mutation loads. This has been studied both theoretically and empirically; however, conflicting predictions have been made on the effects mutation loads of parental species with different mating systems can have on the genomic composition of hybrids. Here, we develop a multi‐locus, selective model to study how the different mutation load built up in selfers and outcrossers as a result of selective interference and homozygosity impact the long‐term genetic composition of hybrid populations. Notably, our results emphasize that genes from the parental population with lesser mutation load get rapidly overrepresented in hybrid genomes, regardless of the hybrids own mating system. When recombination tends to be more important than mutation, outcrossers' genomes tend to be of higher quality and prevail. When recombination rates are low, however, selfers' genomes may reach higher quality than outcrossers' genomes and prevail in the hybrids. Taken together, these results provide concrete insights into one of the multiple factors influencing hybrid genome ancestry and introgression patterns in hybrid zones containing species with different mating systems.
Investigation of the effect of advance angle on performance and emissions (exhaust, vibration, noise) in a single‐cylinder diesel engine whose fuel system is converted to common rail
Authors: Gültekin Nurullah , Ciniviz Murat
Published: September 2023

In diesel engines, the most important parameter affecting the combustion performance is the injection advance. Since the injection advance directly affects the combustion quality, it also directly affects the outputs, such as ignition delay, in‐cylinder pressure, fuel consumption, and emission values. Therefore, setting the advance angle correctly is exceedingly significant for the optimum operation of the engine in all conditions. In this study, a single‐cylinder diesel engine with a mechanical fuel system was converted to a common rail fuel system by revising its fuel system. Experiments were carried out with the converted engine at a constant speed (1850 rpm), at different loads (3–4.5–6–7.5–9 Nm), and at different advance angles (10, 12, 14, 16, 18°). In the experiments, engine performance and emission (exhaust, vibration, noise) data were examined. When the cylinder pressure data is evaluated, the maximum in‐cylinder pressure approaches the top dead point in parallel with the increase in the advance angle. Specific fuel consumption occurred at a minimum advance angle of 10° under all load conditions. In exhaust emissions, minimum values at 10° advance angle were obtained for all emissions except for oxygen emissions. Vibration emissions were reduced by 6% at a 10° advancing angle compared to 18° advancing angle at 3 Nm load. It was determined that noise emissions decreased by 1.76% in the same experimental parameters. When all data are evaluated, the optimum advance angle for the revised fuel system has been determined as 10°.
Long‐term effectiveness and seizure recurrence risk factors of ketogenic diet for pediatric refractory epilepsy: Experience from a tertiary care center in China
Authors: Zhang Yunjian , Li Yijie , Ni Yan , Gong Xiaoyan , Lu Zhongying , Zhou Yuanfeng , Wang Yi , Yu Lifei , Zhou Shuizhen
Published: September 2023

Objective

This study aimed to assess the long‐term effectiveness and seizure recurrence risk in children with drug‐resistant epilepsy who achieved seizure freedom on a ketogenic diet (KD). Predictors associated with seizure recurrence were also evaluated.

Methods

Patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy who received KD therapy for at least 3 months between May 2011 and April 2020 were included. The clinical efficacy of the KD was evaluated. Patients who achieved seizure freedom for at least 3 months on the KD were focused. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to explore the risk factors of seizure relapse in patients who achieved seizure freedom.

Results

This study included 288 patients (163 males, 125 females). The seizure‐free rates of the KD at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 9.7%, 16.7%, 14.2%, and 9.0%, respectively. Additionally, the seizure reduction rates between 50% and 99% were 46.5%, 39.9%, 30.2%, and 20.5%, respectively. Patients with Angelman syndrome (AS) showed the highest efficacy rate, followed by those with Dravet syndrome (DS). 51 patients achieved at least 3 months of seizure freedom on the KD. Seizures recurred in 24 (47.1%) patients. None of the patients with AS relapsed, while those with DS had the highest recurrence rate. The etiology of epilepsy, KD maintenance treatment period, and electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities during follow‐up differed significantly between patients with and without recurrence. However, multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that a KD maintenance treatment period of less than 12 months and the presence of EEG abnormalities during follow‐up were significantly correlated with a higher risk of relapse. Epilepsy control was restored in 3 of the 24 (12.5%) patients who experienced relapse.

Significance

KD appears to be effective in children with various types of drug‐resistant epilepsy. A short KD maintenance treatment period and EEG abnormalities during follow‐up were associated with an increased risk of seizure recurrence.
Feasibility, tolerability and efficacy of the ketogenic diet in children with drug‐resistant epilepsy in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Thuy Minh Thu , Jallon Pierre , Korff Christian , Nguyen Hieu , Nguyen The Tich Sylvie
Published: September 2023

Objectives

According to the WHO, more than 50 million people have epilepsy. Among them, nearly 80% of patients with epilepsy live in developing countries and 75% of them do not have access to treatment. The ketogenic diet (KD) has been shown as an effective alternative for patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy. Although it has been studied in Asia, no such studies have been conducted in Vietnam. The purpose of this study was to verify the feasibility and tolerability of KD in children with refractory epilepsies in Vietnam.

Methods

Children with drug‐resistant epilepsy followed at Children's Hospital, Vietnam treated by KD were included in a prospective study from June 2019 to October 2021. Side‐effects, retention rate, number, and duration of seizures were recorded after 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of KD. Patients were considered as respondents when a 50% seizure frequency was reached. Tolerance and acceptability of the KD were closely monitored.

Results

Forty‐six children were included but KD was contraindicated for one patient. Due to the COVID pandemic, we had to rely on internet exchanges to stay in touch with families. Meals had to be adapted to Vietnamese culinary habits. The retention rate decreased from 82.2% at 1 month to 40% at 12 months of follow‐up. The incidence of side effects was 44.4% and occurred mainly during the first month. Fifteen patients out of 45 were considered as responders after 12 months.

Significance

Our study was the first attempt to introduce KD in Vietnam. It demonstrated that this diet was feasible and well tolerated. The KD diet resulted in significant improvement for 30% of our patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy. This percentage is lower than in some studies but warrants the use of KD as a valuable alternative in a country where many patients lack access to recent treatments.
Oxidative stress contributes to flumioxazin-induced cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos
Authors: Ma Jinze , Jiang Ping , Huang Yong , Lu Chen , Tian Guiyou , Xiao Xiaoping , Meng Yunlong , Xiong Xiaoqiang , Cheng Bo , Wang Di , Lu Huiqiang
Published: September 2023

Flumioxazin is a widely applied herbicide for the control of broadleaf weeds, including aquatic plants. Current evidence suggests that flumioxazin could induce cardiac defects (ventricular septal defects) in vertebrates, but the underlining mechanisms remain unclear. Because of the inhibitory effect of flumioxazin on polyphenol oxidase, the assumption is made that flumioxazin-induced cardiotoxicity is caused by oxidative stress. To verify whether oxidative stress plays an important role in flumioxazin-induced cardiotoxicity, we compared the differences in heart phenotype, oxidative stress level, apoptosis, and gene expression between flumioxazin exposure and a normal environment, and we also tested whether cardiotoxicity could be rescued with astaxanthin. The results showed that flumioxazin induced both cardiac malformations and the abnormal gene expression associated with cardiac development. Cardiac malformations included pericardial edema, cardiac linearization, elongated heart, cardiomegaly, cardiac wall hypocellularity, myocardial cell atrophy with a granular appearance, and a significant gap between the myocardial intima and the adventitia. An increase in oxidative stress and apoptosis was observed in the cardiac region of zebrafish after exposure to flumioxazin. The antioxidant astaxanthin reversed the cardiac malformations, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and expression of genes for cardiac developmental and apoptosis regulation induced by flumioxazin. In addition, flumioxazin also activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway genes (aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 [ahr2], cytochrome p450 family subfamily a [cyp1a1], and b [cyp1b1]) and increased the concentration of porphyrins. The results suggest that excessive ROS production, which could be mediated through AhR, led to apoptosis, contributing to the cardiotoxicity of flumioxazin in zebrafish embryos. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2737–2746. © 2023 SETAC
Increased Endocrine Activity of Xenobiotic Chemicals as Mediated by Metabolic Activation
Authors: Kolanczyk Richard C. , Denny Jeffrey S. , Sheedy Barbara R. , Olson Victoria V. , Serrano Jose A. , Tapper Mark A.
Published: September 2023

The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is faced with long lists of chemicals that require hazard assessment. The present study is part of a larger effort to develop in vitro assays and quantitative structure–activity relationships applicable to untested chemicals on USEPA inventories through study of estrogen receptor (ER) binding and estrogen-mediated gene expression in fish. The present effort investigates metabolic activation of chemicals resulting in increased estrogenicity. Phenolphthalin (PLIN) was shown not to bind rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ER (rtER) in a competitive binding assay, but vitellogenin (Vtg) expression was induced in trout liver slices exposed to 10–4 and 10–3.7 M PLIN. Phenolphthalein (PLEIN), a metabolite of PLIN, was subsequently determined to be formed when slices were exposed to PLIN. It binds rtER with a relative binding affinity to 17β-estradiol of 0.020%. Slices exposed to PLEIN expressed Vtg messenger RNA (mRNA) at 10–4.3, 10–4, and 10–3.7 M, with no detectable PLIN present. Thus, Vtg expression noted in PLIN slice exposures was explained by metabolism to PLEIN in trout liver slices. A second model chemical, 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA), was not shown to bind rtER but did induce Vtg mRNA production in tissue slices at 10–4.3, 10–4, and 10–3.7 M in amounts nearly equal to reference estradiol induction, thus indicating metabolic activation of MDA. A series of experiments were performed to identify a potential metabolite responsible for the observed increase in activity. Potential metabolites hydroxylamine-MDA, nitroso-MDA, azo-MDA, and azoxy-MDA were not observed. However, acetylated MDA was observed and tested in both ER-binding and tissue slice Vtg induction assays. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2747–2757. © 2023 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Blockchain‐assisted twin migration for vehicular metaverses: A game theory approach
Authors: Zhong Yue , Wen Jinbo , Zhang Junhong , Kang Jiawen , Jiang Yuna , Zhang Yang , Cheng Yanyu , Tong Yongju
Published: September 2023

As the fusion of automotive industry and metaverse, vehicular metaverses establish a bridge between the physical space and virtual space, providing intelligent transportation services through the integration of various technologies, such as extended reality and real‐time rendering technologies, to offer immersive metaverse services for vehicular metaverse users (VMUs). In vehicular metaverses, VMUs update vehicle twins (VTs) deployed in RoadSide Units (RSUs) to obtain metaverse services. However, due to the mobility of vehicles and the limited service coverage of RSUs, VT migration is necessary to ensure continuous immersive experiences for VMUs. This process requires RSUs to contribute resources for enabling efficient migration, which leads to a resource‐trading problem between RSUs and VMUs. Moreover, a single RSU cannot support large‐scale VT migration. To this end, we propose a blockchain‐assisted game approach framework for reliable VT migration in vehicular metaverses. Based on the subject logic model, we first calculate the reputation values of RSUs considering the freshness of interaction between RSUs and VMUs. Then, a coalition game based on the reputation values of RSUs is formulated, and RSU coalitions are formed to jointly provide bandwidth resources for reliable and large‐scale VT migration. Subsequently, the RSU coalition with the highest utility is selected. Finally, to incentivize VMUs to participate in VT migration, we propose a Stackelberg model between the selected coalition and VMUs. Numerical results demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed schemes.
Exploring factors contributing to caregiver burden in family caregivers of congolese adults with suspected dementia
Authors: Ikanga Jean , Reyes Anny , Zhao Liping , Hill‐Jarrett Tanisha G. , Hammers Dustin , Epenge Emmanuel , Esambo Herve , Kavugho Immaculée , Esselakoy Christian , Gikelekele Guy , Tshengele Nathan , Alonso Alvaro , Robinson‐Lane Sheria G.
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Predicting caregiver burden in individuals with suspected dementia – is critical due to the debilitating nature of these disorders and need for caregiver support. While some examination of the factors affecting burden has been undertaken in Sub‐Saharan Africa, each country presents with its own unique challenges and obstacles. This pilot study investigates predictors of caregiver burden in family caregivers of individuals with suspected dementia living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

Methods

Linear and multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore factors associated with caregiver burden in 30 patient‐caregiver dyads with the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) for caregiver burden evaluation. Cognitive impairments of patients were assessed using the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia, Alzheimer's Questionnaire (AQ), the African Neuropsychology Battery, and the Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Inventory (NPI).

Results

Average caregiver burden on the ZBI was 36.1 (SD = 14.6; range = 12–58). Greater impairments in patient cognition (orientation, visuospatial, memory, executive functioning), fragility, and neuropsychiatric symptoms (delirium, agitation, depression) were predictive of caregiver burden. After controlling for AQ scores and caregiver gender, greater symptoms of depression, and worse performances on verbal memory and problem solving were associated with greater caregiver burden.

Conclusion

Worsening patient fragility, cognition, functioning, and neuropsychiatric symptoms influenced caregiver burden in caregivers of individuals with suspected cognitive impairment in the DRC. These findings are consistent with the prior literature. Future studies may wish to explore supportive factors and caregiver specific characteristics that buffer against perceived burden.
Living in and working through the wake: A Black undocumented student's study abroad experience
Authors: Hall Kayon A.
Published: September 2023

Using Sharpe's (2016) wake work theory, this paper highlights how one Black undocumented student used a study abroad experience to negotiate his dis/comfort and take up ontological space a liminal space. I argue that choosing to study abroad while risking uncertain access back in the United States is wake work. Escaping the wake, albeit short, was an intentional move to resist his liminal space, given his Blackness and immigration status. Findings reveal wake work occurred through (1) Movement: The beginning, (2) The escape, and (3) The return: Re‐entering the wake.

Practical Takeaways

Study abroad programs should assess how they are being inclusive in engaging undocumented students about these programs and identify successful practices and approaches to support those interested.

Universities should partner with schools and independent organizations that provide study abroad opportunities for undocumented students. For example, the California‐Mexico Studies provides three academic programs for undocumented students 21 years and older to study abroad for 4 weeks in Mexico.

Because DACA is a renewable program under the Obama‐era, no new students can apply for DACA which means more students entering higher education will be undocumented without DACA. As we enter a post DACA era, universities and study abroad programs will need to create and implement global learning programs and opportunities for undocumented students.

Scholars working with, and alongside undocumented students should use more asset‐based theories and methodologies to highlight the experiences of Black undocumented students in higher education (see Santa‐Ramirez, 2021, 2022; Shelton & Thompson, 2023).
Testing CASE: A new event‐based Morgan‐Morgan‐Finney‐type erosion model for different rainfall experimental scenarios
Authors: Brunner Thomas , Weninger Thomas , Schmaltz Elmar , Krasa Josef , Stasek Jakub , Zavattaro Laura , Sisak Istvan , Dostal Tomas , Klik Andreas , Strauss Peter
Published: September 2023

Every application of soil erosion models brings the need of proper parameterisation, that is, finding physically or conceptually plausible parameter values that allow a model to reproduce measured values. No universal approach for model parameterisation, calibration and validation exists, as it depends on the model, spatial and temporal resolution and the nature of the datasets used. We explored some existing options for parameterisation, calibration and validation for erosion modelling exemplary with a specific dataset and modelling approach. A new Morgan‐Morgan‐Finney (MMF)‐type model was developed, representing a balanced position between physically‐based and empirical modelling approaches. The resulting model termed ‘calculator for soil erosion’ (CASE), works in a spatially distributed way on the timescale of individual rainfall events. A dataset of 142 high‐intensity rainfall experiments in Central Europe (AT, HU, IT, CZ), covering various slopes, soil types and experimental designs was used for calibration and validation with a modified Monte‐Carlo approach. Subsequently, model parameter values were compared to parameter values obtained by alternative methods (measurements, pedotransfer functions, literature data). The model reproduced runoff and soil loss of the dataset in the validation setting with R2adj of 0.89 and 0.76, respectively. Satisfactory agreement for the water phase was found, with calibrated saturated hydraulic conductivity (ksat) values falling within the interquartile range of ksat predicted with 14 different pedotransfer functions, or being within one order of magnitude. The chosen approach also well reflected specific experimental setups contained in the dataset dealing with the effects of consecutive rainfall and different soil water conditions. For the sediment phase of the tested model agreement between calibrated cohesion, literature values and field measurements were only partially in line. The methods we explored may specifically be interesting for use with other MMF‐type models, or with similar datasets.
Orthotopic kidney transplantation from a living renal donor after interventional therapy for bilateral arteriosclerosis obliterans of the iliac arteries: A case report and literature review
Authors: Ohyama Takehiro , Sasaki Hajime , Minamisono Kyoko , Nishida Sho , Iwami Daiki
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Orthotopic kidney transplantation is an option when heterotopic kidney transplantation into the iliac fossa is inappropriate. We report a case of orthotopic kidney transplantation following stenting of both external iliac arteries to treat arteriosclerosis obliterans.

Case presentation

A 56‐year‐old woman on hemodialysis for end‐stage kidney disease underwent living‐donor kidney transplantation. Desensitization therapy was administered because of her history of sensitization by pregnancy. Stents had been placed previously in both external iliac arteries. The left kidney was removed via an oblique lumbar incision. The two graft arteries were conjoined and anastomosed to the native renal artery end‐to‐end. The urinary tract was reconstructed by uretero‐ureterostomy with ureteral stent placement. Renal function improved promptly after surgery.

Conclusion

Preoperative imaging of vascular anatomy is important for successful orthotopic kidney transplantation in patients who have previously undergone stenting of both external iliac arteries for arteriosclerosis obliterans.
A case of adrenal undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma with tertiary lymphoid structures responded to pembrolizumab
Authors: Kokubun Hidetoshi , Kijima Toshiki , Takada‐Owada Atsuko , Mamiya Daisuke , Kurashina Ryo , Okubo Naoya , Uematsu Toshitaka , Takei Kohei , Ishida Kazuyuki , Kamai Takao
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Although undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas are aggressive, a subset of these tumors are immunogenic and may respond to immunotherapy.

Case presentation

A 69‐year‐old man developed bilateral adrenal tumors and underwent bilateral adrenalectomy. Pathological examination revealed undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma harboring tertiary lymphoid structures and infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Genome profiling revealed PD‐L1 amplification, microsatellite instability, and a high tumor mutation burden. He developed local recurrence and multiple peritoneal dissemination 2 months after surgery; adriamycin chemotherapy was ineffective for these lesions. Sustained complete remission of all lesions was achieved by administering pembrolizumab.

Conclusion

Immunohistochemical analysis focusing on tertiary lymphoid structures and genome profiling to evaluate microsatellite instability and tumor mutation burden are essential for precision medicine and informed clinical decision‐making when treating advanced undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.
Assessment of the Heavy Metals in Al Asfar Lake, Al‐Hassa, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hussein Adel H.A. , El Mahmoudi Ahmed S. , Al Naeem Ahmed A.
Published: September 2023

Al Asfar Lake is a shallow wetland and habitat for wildlife and birds in a desert environment. The water of this lake is originated from the drainage water collected by earthen drainage network and discharged into the lake. The purpose of this study was to assess physico‐ chemical characteristics and some of heavy metals in Al Asfar lake water. The studied parameters are iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cadmium, chromium, lead, pH, electrical conductivity, and nitrate. Forty‐five surface water samples were collected in March 2013. The results revealed that the pH ranged from 7.33 to 8.67, electrical conductivity ranged from 8.28 to 11.34 dS/m, and NO3−ranged from 0.84 to 2.29 mg/L. In addition, heavy metals concentrations in water were found in the following order: Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cd > Cr = Pb. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in surface water of Al Asfar lake ranged from 0.027 to 0.159 ppm, 0.007 to 0.142 ppm, 0.005 to 0.017 ppm, 0.005 to 0.066 ppm, 0.001 to 0.033 ppm, 0 ppm, and 0 ppm for iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cadmium, chromium, and lead, respectively. Moreover, pH, NO3−, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations in the surface water of Al Asfar Lake were found to be within the international permissible limits. On the other hand, Cu and Cd concentrations exceeded the international permissible limits. The high level of some parameters of the measured heavy metals could be attributed to the contamination of Al Asfar Lake with discharge water enriched with chemical fertilizers in addition to domestic and industrial effluents.
Serpin family H member 1 and its related collagen gene network are the potential prognostic biomarkers and anticancer targets for glioma
Authors: Wang Qi , Wang Zhe
Published: September 2023

Serpin family H member 1 (SERPINH1) is responsible for encoding the protein known as heat shock protein 47, which functions as a molecular chaperone specific to collagen (COL). This protein has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for COL‐related disorders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of SERPINH1 in the tumorigenicity of gliomas. To achieve this, we utilized various bioinformatics tools to analyze gene expression, overall survival, protein–protein interactions, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas database revealed that SERPINH1 and four COL family members (COL1A1, COL3A1, COL4A1, and COL4A2) expression are significantly upregulated in glioma tissues compared with normal nontumor tissues. GO, KEGG, and GSEA analyses exhibited that SERPINH1 is implicated in the establishment and degradation of COL‐containing extracellular matrix (ECM), focal adhesion, and ECM–receptor interaction in glioma. SERPINH1 is an independent prognostic factor, exhibiting a positive association with the augmentation of neutrophils and macrophages, as well as the manifestation of immune checkpoint molecules within glioma. Experimental assessments conducted both in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that the suppression of SERPINH1 impeded the migratory, invasive, and proliferative capacities of glioma cells, while concurrently fostering cellular apoptosis. Consequently, SERPINH1 emerges as an oncogenic gene and an independent prognostic marker for glioma, potentially facilitating the advancement of immunotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of glioma.
Heavy‐metal tolerant bacterial strains isolated from industrial sites and scrap yards in Kashmir, India
Authors: Hamid Burhan , Majeed Neesa , Ganai Bashir Ahmad , Hassan Shahnawaz , Bashir Zaffar , Wani Parvaze Ahmad , Perveen Kahkashan , Sayyed R. Z.
Published: September 2023

Heavy metal pollution has posed a severe danger to environmental stability due to its high toxicity and lack of biodegradability. The present study deals with the appraisement of tolerance shown by various bacteria in varied copper and iron concentrations. Among the 20 isolates, four isolates, GN2, SC5, SC8, and SC10, exhibiting more significant iron and copper tolerance, were selected and identified by 16 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequence analysis as Pantoea agglomerans strain GN2, Pantoea sp. strain SC5, Bacillus sp. strain SC8 and Priestia aryabhattaistrain SC10. The minimum inhibitory concentration of molecularly identified strains revealed that P. agglomerans strain GN2 showed tolerance to iron sulfate and copper sulfate upto 600 and 400 µg/mL, whereas Bacillus sp. SC8 (OQ202165) showed tolerance of 700 and 250 µg/mL were tolerant to iron sulfate and copper sulfate up to 700 and 150 µg/mL, respectively. Pantoea sp. strain SC5 showed significant tolerance to both heavy metals. The isolates were further studied for their ability to grow at varying temperatures and pH ranges. Most of the isolates showed optimal growth at 37°C and pH 7. However, Pantoea sp. SC5 was competent to have prominent growth at 45°C and pH 8.0. Microbial remediation, which is eco‐friendly, has proven the most effective method for bioremediation of heavy metal‐contaminated environments. Using heavy metal‐resistant bacteria for microbial remediation of iron and copper‐contaminated environments could be a viable and valuable strategy. These isolates could also be used to decontaminate heavy metal‐polluted agricultural soils.
On‐Site Diagnostic Ability of CEUS/CT/MRI for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2019–2022)
Authors: Yang Qi , Zheng Rongqin , Zhou Jianhua , Tang Lina , Zhang Ruifang , Jiang Tianan , Jing Xiang , Liao Jintang , Cheng Wen , Zhao Cheng , Liu Cun , Dietrich Chirstoph F. , Cui Xinwu , Cai Wenjia , Wu JiaPeng , Yu Fei , Cheng Zhigang , Liu Fangyi , Han Zhiyu , Yu Xiaoling , Yu Jie , Liang Ping
Published: September 2023

Objectives

To compare the on‐site diagnostic performance of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), computed tomography (CECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (CEMRI) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) across diverse practice settings.

Methods

Between May 2019 and April 2022, a total of 2085 patients with 2320 pathologically confirmed focal liver lesions (FLLs) were enrolled. Imaging reports were compared with results from pathology analysis. Diagnostic performance was analyzed in defined size, high‐risk factors for HCC, and hospital volume categories.

Results

Three images achieved similar diagnostic performance in classifying HCC from 16 types of FLLs, including HCC ≤2.0 cm. For HCC diagnosis at low‐volume hospitals and HCC with high‐risk factors, the accuracy and specificity of CEUS were comparable to CECT and CEMRI, while the sensitivity of CEUS (77.4 and 89.5%, respectively) was inferior to CEMRI (87.0 and 92.8%, respectively). The diagnostic accuracy of CEUS + CEMRI and CEUS + CECT increased by 7.8 and 6.2% for HCC ≤2.0 cm, 8.0 and 5.0% for HCC with high‐risk factors, and 7.4 and 5.5% for HCC at low‐volume hospitals, respectively, compared with CEMRI/CECT alone.

Conclusions

Compared with CECT and CEMRI, CEUS provides adequate diagnostic performance in clinical first‐line applications at high‐volume hospitals. Moreover, a higher diagnostic performance for HCC is achieved by combining CEUS with CECT/CEMRI compared with any single imaging technique.
Complications and Functional Outcomes After Esophageal Reconstruction with an Intact Larynx
Authors: Agarwal Aarti , Philips Ramez , Fiorella Michele , Amin Dev R. , Krein Howard , Heffelfinger Ryan
Published: September 2023

Background

Esophageal defects can result from primary pathologies such as malignancy or stricture, or secondary ones such as perforation due to trauma or iatrogenic injury. Techniques, management, and outcomes of reconstruction in this setting are poorly understood. Herein, we aim to highlight surgical outcomes in patients undergoing local and free flap reconstruction of esophageal defects in the setting of an intact larynx.

Methods

Retrospective review of patients who underwent esophageal reconstruction with an intact larynx between 2009 and 2022 at our institution was performed.

Results

Ten patients met inclusion criteria. Esophageal reconstruction was performed for extruded spinal hardware (n = 8), and esophageal stricture (n = 2). Four patients underwent reconstruction with free tissue transfer, and six with local pedicled flaps. There were no cases of flap failure, esophageal fistula, hematoma, or wound dehiscence. One patient had post‐operative bleeding requiring return to the operating room. Three patients had a postoperative wound infection, two of whom required washout. There were no unplanned 30‐day readmissions. At three months after operation, all patients who were not tube feed‐dependent prior to surgery returned to oral intake. Of the four patients who were tube feed‐dependent preoperatively, three were tolerating oral intake at nine months postoperatively. Nine patients (90%) had stable flexible laryngoscopy exams pre‐ and postoperatively with no voice changes.

Conclusions

Reconstruction of esophageal defects in the setting of an intact larynx can be challenging. In this series, surgical intervention with free tissue transfer and local pedicled flaps was effective in returning patients to oral intake with low long‐term morbidity.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 134:1227–1233, 2024
Discretely Tunable (2594, 2629, 2670 nm) GaSb/Si3N4 Hybrid Laser for Multiwavelength Spectroscopy
Authors: Ojanen Samu‐Pekka , Viheriälä Jukka , Zia Nouman , Koivusalo Eero , Hilska Joonas , Tuorila Heidi , Guina Mircea
Published: September 2023

A discrete, tunable photonic integrated laser is showcased for multiwavelength spectroscopy of CO2, H2S, and H2O. The laser combines an AlGaInAsSb/GaSb type‐I quantum well‐reflective semiconductor optical amplifier with a Si3N4 photonic integrated circuit (PIC). Operating at room temperature, the laser emits at 2670.42, 2629.12, and 2594.27 nm, with mW‐level average powers. The PIC employs a novel approach for achieving switching between three distinct emission wavelengths by using two cascaded tunable Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) that are connected to three spiral‐shaped narrow‐band distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). Phase tuning the arms of the MZIs allows the laser emission wavelength to be switched between the DBRs, while the DBRs themselves offer fine‐tuning of the emission wavelength. This design enables a simpler tuning mechanism with fewer control variables compared to hybrid PIC‐based lasers using Vernier architectures or a combination of multiple semiconductor amplifiers. Low‐loss and broadband MZIs are achieved by employing two interconnected directional couplers, which utilize asymmetric waveguides in the coupling region to effectively control the phase. Besides achieving state‐of‐the‐art performance for Si3N4‐based integrated lasers at 2.6 µm wavelength region, the demonstrated performance of passive components, including MZIs and spiral DBRs, opens new possibilities for mid‐infrared PIC technology.
Conjugation Length‐Dependent Raman Scattering Intensity of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Yin Mingming , Zhao Liyuan , Liu Sujuan , Tian Sidan , Meng Fanling , Luo Liang
Published: September 2023

Polydiacetylenes, as a class of conjugated polymers with alternating conjugated C═C and C≡C bonds, have emerged as a promising probe material for biomedical Raman imaging, given their ultrastrong Raman scattering intensity. However, the relationship between the structure, especially the molecular length of polydiacetylenes, and their Raman scattering intensity remains unclear. In this work, a series of water‐soluble polydiacetylenes, namely poly(deca‐4,6‐diynedioic acid) (PDDA) with different molecular weights (MWs), is prepared through controlled polymerization and degradation. The ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopic and Raman spectroscopic studies on these polymers reveal that the Raman scattering intensity of PDDA increases nonlinearly with the MW. The MW‐Raman scattering intensity relationship in the polymerization process is completely different from that in the degradation process. In contrast, the Raman scattering intensity increases more linearly with the maximal absorbance of the polymer, and the relationship between the Raman scattering intensity and the maximal absorbance of PDDA in the polymerization process is consistent with that in the degradation process. The Raman scattering intensity of PDDA hence exhibits a better dependence on the effective conjugation length of the polymer, which should guide the future design of conjugated polymers for Raman imaging applications.
Semiconducting Polymers for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Li Wen , Liang Mengyun , Qi Ji , Ding Dan
Published: September 2023

As a monumental breakthrough in cancer treatment, immunotherapy has attracted tremendous attention in recent years. However, one challenge faced by immunotherapy is the low response rate and the immune‐related adverse events (irAEs). Therefore, it is important to explore new therapeutic strategies and platforms for boosting therapeutic benefits and decreasing the side effects of immunotherapy. In recent years, semiconducting polymer (SP), a category of organic materials with π‐conjugated aromatic backbone, has been attracting considerable attention because of their outstanding characteristics such as excellent photophysical features, good biosafety, adjustable chemical flexibility, easy fabrication, and high stability. With these distinct advantages, SP is extensively explored for bioimaging and photo‐ or ultrasound‐activated tumor therapy. Here, the recent advancements in SP‐based nanomedicines are summarized for enhanced tumor immunotherapy. According to the photophysical properties of SPs, the cancer immunotherapies enabled by SPs with the photothermal, photodynamic, or sonodynamic functions are highlighted in detail, with a particular focus on the construction of combination immunotherapy and activatable nanoplatforms to maximize the benefits of cancer immunotherapy. Herein, new guidance and comprehensive insights are provided for the design of SPs with desired photophysical properties to realize maximized effectiveness of required biomedical applications.
Influence of alumina nanoparticles additives into biofuel (water hyacinth)‐diesel mixture on diesel engine performance and emissions
Authors: Fadil A. , Mashkour M. A. , Wahhab H. A. A.
Published: September 2023

The using diesel and biodiesel blends as a fuel has been a recent field of study especially with nanoparticles additives. The addition of alumina nanoparticles to biodiesel was verified to reduce emissions, while engine performance was not given great attention to evaluate the effect of blending alumina nanoparticles with the diesel and biodiesel mixture on the performance characteristics of the diesel engine. Then performance and emission tests were carried out by using different fuel samples in a single cylinder diesel engine. The brake thermal efficiency for the alumina nanoparticles (50 ppm, 100 ppm) and biodiesel blends were lower than that of biofuel (D80B20) blends, it was decreased by 2.5 %, 6.05 % respectively as compared to the blend (D80B20). The rate of carbon monoxide emissions for the two biodiesel and alumina blends were lower than that of the biodiesel blend (D80B20) and the best reduction was for the blend (D80B20N50) and was 76.3 % as compared with the biodiesel blend (D80B20). Also, the nitrogen oxides emissions for all the blends with nanoparticles were lower than that of the blend D80B20 due to shortened ignition delay and less fuel was added during the combustion which lead to reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions.
Effect of uncoated and coated diamond on the compressive properties of porous aluminium composites
Authors: Parveez B. , Jamal N. A. , Raeez M.
Published: September 2023

Porous aluminium composites are structural and functional materials that have vast potential, due to their lightweight and high energy absorption capacity, especially in automotive and aerospace applications. In this study, the effect of varying content of uncoated and titanium coated diamond particles on the compressive properties of porous aluminium composite was investigated. The composites were developed using powder metallurgy technique and porosity was attained by using polymethylmethacrylate (30 wt.%) as space holder material. The morphology of the pores was found to replicate the shape and size of polymethylmethacrylate particles, that were uniformly distributed in the composites. X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed formation of aluminium carbide in uncoated diamond‐based aluminium composites while negligible amount was present in titanium coated porous composites during sintering. The porosities of composites decreased with an increase in diamond content due to the incomplete decomposition of polymethylmethacrylate particles. Moreover, the maximum plateau stress and energy absorption capacity of 9.96 MPa and 1.7 Mj/m3 were obtained for the composites with 8 wt.% of titanium coated diamond particles. Thus, coating inhibits the formation of undesirable compounds and contributes to better interfacial bonding between matrix and reinforcement.