bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flood Coping Strategies of Farmers in the High Lands and Lowlands of Kerala
Authors: Balakrishnan Dhanusha , Seema B.
Published: August 2022

The study aims to identify and describe the variety of coping strategies used by household’s disaster prone highlands and lowlands of Kerala.  A multi stage sampling method was adopted for data collection purpose first stage from districts of Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta, Idukki and Wayanad and at the second level, two acutely damaged panchayaths (both in terms of crop damage and area affected) The requisite data were collected through an interview schedule consisting of both open ended and close ended questions. The data collection period was from 02th September 2021 to 30th December 2021 and the interviews were conducted in local language. A total sample size of 520 farmers were selected.  Coping Strategies Index for Floods and Landslides were developed for farmers, at individual, community and government level in the highlands and lowlands of Kerala. Results show that to mitigate the negative impacts of natural disasters especially floods, primarily, farmers must be willing to improve their capacity to adapt by adopting new strategies and this depends upon the socio economical context of the farmers, support of the local authorities, and access to technologies. At the government level, policy makers often lack the necessary information on how farmers are being impacted by floods. The adaptive behaviour for coping strategies, varies from region to region. Absence of such critical information becomes a barrier for policy makers in addressing long term nature of climate change and in formulating effective adaptation framework at the local level. Hence concluded that both lowlands and highland area possess different flood coping mechanisms. In highland borrowing of capital after flood was the strategy found whereas in lowland application and usage of more chemical fertilizers and pesticides was the strategy adopted.
The Influence of Community Behavior in Disposing of Garbage on the Spread of Malaria
Authors: Azzahra St Fatimah , Faradiba Faradiba
Published: August 2022

The existence of garbage in everyday life can not be separated from human behavior that litters. Lack of public awareness in disposing of waste results in an unhealthy environment. An unhealthy environment triggers the emergence of various diseases, one of which is a disease caused by mosquito bites, namely malaria. Malaria is one of the most deadly diseases. This study aims to see how far the influence of community behavior in disposing of waste on the spread of malaria outbreaks. The data used in this study is data from the 2018 Village Potential data collection with 83,931 villages in Indonesia. The analytical method used is Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The results obtained in this study are people's behavior in disposing of waste has a significant effect on the spread of malaria. The better the behavior of the community in waste disposal and management, the lower the spread of malaria will occur. In addition, access to and utilization of health facilities and services is also important in the process of treating malaria. The results of this study also concluded that the farther the distance to health care facilities, the greater the risk of suffering from malaria. Government participation is needed to improve public health promotion.
Genetic Diversity Analysis for Yield and Morpho-physiological Traits in Elite Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes under Semi-dry System Through D2 Statistics
Authors: Farheen Md. , Murthy K. Gopala Krishna , Mohan Y. Chandra , Kumar J. Hemantha
Published: August 2022

Genetic divergence is a useful tool for choosing the parents to employ in a hybridization program. The current study was conducted at Agricultural College, Aswaraopet, Telangana, to evaluate genetic diversity among 30 rice genotypes during Kharif 2021 using D2 analysis under a semi-dry system. Based on the analysis, thirty genotypes were divided into ten clusters based on D2 values. Cluster II was found largest with twelve genotypes followed by cluster I with ten genotypes and clusters III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X had one genotype each, indicating that there was a sizable amount of variation among the genotypes. Cluster II (284.13) had the highest intra-cluster D2 value, followed by cluster I. (242.63) while the highest inter-cluster distance was found between Cluster VIII and IV (1503.42) followed by cluster VI and IV (1316.83), cluster VI and III (1316.15), cluster IX and IV (1303.55), cluster VIII and X (1261.09), cluster VIII and IX (1132.95), V and III (1113.91), and cluster VII and V (1101.7) suggesting that crosses involving lines from these clusters would produce wider and more desirable recombination. The average inter-cluster distance for Cluster VIII and VI was the lowest (231.01), followed by Cluster IX and X (394.3) and Cluster III and IV (397.72). The genotypes of these clusters have the most gene complexes, as shown by the shortest inter-cluster distance. The findings revealed that root biomass contributed the most to genetic divergence (24.59 percent), ranking first followed by total biomass (21.60%), root length (17.70%) and grain yield/plant (14.02%), culm strength (8.04%), plant height (5.74%), 1000 grain weight (4.36 %). The traits viz., root biomass, total biomass, root length, grain yield/plant, and culm strength contributed 85.95% of the total deviation and need to be exploited to develop varieties suitable for the semi-dry system in rice. The genotypes BPT 5204, WGL 697, RNR 21278, RNR 28361, WGL 915, PR 126, and JGL 28545 were to be better for further hybridization programs to develop varieties for the semi-dry system.
Climate Driven Responses in Cocoa for Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Kumar M. Selva , Geethalakshmi V. , Vethamoni P. Irene , Rajavel M. , Sudhalakshmi C. , Bhuvaneswari K.
Published: August 2022

Climate influences the spread of the any crop by imposing environmental restrictions. The present investigation was carried to understand the effect of climate on cocoa in various cocoa growing regions. In order to establish the relationship between weather parameters and cocoa productivity, Coimbatore, Theni, and Tenkasi were chosen as the study regions. Historical climate data was acquired from India Meteorological Department (IMD) for the past 30 years (1991-2020). Cocoa yield was simulated by using the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) and it was correlated with the weather variables such as rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, atmospheric water demand (PET), and crop water requirement (ET). Cocoa crop had positive correlation with rainfall and Actual Evapotranspiration. Whereas, both maximum and minimum temperature had significantly negative effect. Climatic conditions, such as decrease in rainfall, increase in temperature and increase in PET, would significantly reduce the cocoa bean yield. The anticipated increase in temperature and erratic rainfall distribution requires suitable management measures for sustainable cocoa productivity.
Effect of Microclimate Modification on Growth and Yield of Pearl Millet
Authors: Karthika K. J. D. , Manivannan V. , Dheebakaran Ga. , Kokilavani S. , Djanaguiraman M.
Published: August 2022

Field experiment was conducted at Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during the summer 2022 to study the effect of microclimate modification on growth and yield of pearl millet (CO 10). Experiment was laid in Factorized Random Block Design (FRBD) with three factors viz., three levels of land configurations, two levels of mulching and two levels of water stress conditions. Totally 12 treatment combinations that replicated thrice. The results revealed that the paired row with intercropping approach produced the best growth parameters, such as plant height, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and yield followed by paired row sowing and normal sowing due to higher solar radiation interception and utilization. In terms of irrigation level, maximum growth and yield parameters were observed with 0.75 IW/CPE ratio as compared to 0.5 IW/CPE due to lesser canopy temperature. In respect of mulch treatments, the mulched plots under both the levels of irrigation and at different land configurations had higher DMP and yield by reducing soil moisture stress, lowering the canopy temperature and higher PAR use efficiency It is concluded that the microclimatic alterations through changes in land configuration, irrigation and mulch application showed an effective adaptive strategy to mitigate adverse weather susceptibility and climatic risks in field crops.
Mass under the Membrane Theory of Gravitation
Authors: Weber Stefan von , Eye Alexander von
Published: August 2022

The Cosmic Membrane theory of gravitation (CM) implies Newton’s absolute space. We identify the homogeneous vector field used by us since 1994 with the Higgs-field as source of the heavy mass. Following Randall and Sundrum, the introduction of the wafting layer outside the membrane solves the issue of the mobility of particles in a super-strong membrane. Starting with Feynman’s radius of excess, we obtain a depth of space of WRS = 1.432×106 [m] of the gravitational funnel at the edge of sun. Using Chandrasekhar’s gravitational energy, we obtain the tension F0 of the membrane as F0=1.820×1019 [N/m2], and the vertical vector field acceleration AVFV, acting perpendicularly from the fourth spatial dimension on the membrane, with AVFV=1.148×105 [m/s2]. The horizontal vector field acceleration AVFH, i.e., inside the wafting layer, is AVFH=1.330×105 [m/s2], and acts as acceleration a=AVFH w’ with w’ the being slope of the membrane. The mass of the moved membrane in a moving gravitational funnel behaves as an inert mass, but yields a numerical value that is too small to explain the equivalence of heavy and inert mass. Assuming speed of light c for transversal gravitational waves, we obtain a first estimation of the mass distribution ρsurf of the membrane. The clay lump model of the relativistic increase of mass follows the assumption that the energy of the accelerating photons will act again half as mass and half as kinetic energy at the accelerated particle. Our result equals exactly Einstein’s SR result.
Fillings Needed for Gaps in Government Dental Coverage
Authors: Elani Hawazin W. , Sommers Benjamin D.
Published: February 2025

This JAMA Forum discusses the current dental coverage available in 3 government health insurance programs (Medicaid, Medicare, and the Affordable Care Act Marketplace) and identifies opportunities for improvement.
Disability and Accommodation Use in US Bachelor of Science in Nursing Programs
Authors: Jackson Brandy L. , Cameron Vanessa K. , Hodgens Tiffany M. , Jamal-Eddine Sabrina A. , Kunte Vera , Marsala-Cervasio Kathleen , Smeltz Lydia , Betchkal Rylee , Carichner Tess , Jones Krista , Morrow Linda , Bandell Jaclyn , Pawloski Katie , Valdez Anna , Meeks Lisa M.
Published: February 2025

This cross-sectional study quantifies disabilities and types of accommodations used among traditional prelicensure nursing students in US Bachelor of Science in Nursing programs.
The Children’s Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers
Authors: DeVine Anna , Landier Wendy , Hudson Melissa M. , Constine Louis S. , Bhatia Smita , Armenian Saro H. , Gramatges Maria M. , Chow Eric J. , Friedman Danielle Novetsky , Ehrhardt Matthew J.
Published: February 2025

Importance

Since 2003, the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) has developed and disseminated the Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers. These guidelines have benchmarked the standard of care for long-term survivors of childhood cancer in North America and beyond. Since their inception, they have evolved in depth, scope, and contributors to maintain fidelity toward continually emerging evidence related to cancer survivorship. They are intended to inform care for individuals who survived 2 or more years from completion of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer–directed therapy and receiving care in either specialty or primary care environments. The guidelines are updated on a 5-year cycle, during which comprehensive literature searches pertaining to guideline-specific questions are performed, evidence abstracted from pertinent publications, and recommendations determined and scored following expert deliberation.

Observations

Version 6.0 of the guidelines, released in October 2023, comprised 165 sections and 45 health links and represents the cooperative efforts of 220 individuals. Major changes include the addition of recommendations regarding surveillance for genetic cancer predisposition, surveillance following the use of novel cancer treatment modalities, and routine vaccination practices during long-term follow-up. In addition, surveillance echocardiograms were omitted for those at low risk of cardiomyopathy.

Conclusions and Relevance

This narrative review outlines the historical evolution of the COG Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers, current methods guiding their development, and key recommendations from version 6.0. The guidelines are publicly available in their entirety online. The COG guidelines continue to set the standard for surveillance practices for long-term survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer. The growing body of evidence supporting these recommendations will continue to guide their evolution to inform optimal survivorship care practices.
Organizations worry about DEI ban
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2025

It took less than 24 hours for some organizations to absorb the hold the federal government has over them, if they take federal funds. Those groups which were outspoken in favor of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) programs immediately put out notice that they would no longer pass on federal funds to any partner or subcontractor espousing DEI.
Contactless Tracking of Decomposition in Self‐Reporting Ceramic Cr‐Al‐B Coatings
Authors: Pöllmann Peter J. , Lellig Sebastian , Bogdanovski Dimitri , Navidi Kashani Amir Hossein , Holzapfel Damian M. , Azina Clio , Schweizer Peter , Hans Marcus , Zöll Paula , Primetzhofer Daniel , Kolozsvári Szilárd , Polcik Peter , Michler Johann , Schneider Jochen M.
Published: February 2025

Autonomous health tracking of coated components via electrical resistance measurements requires physical connections between coating and readout. Here, the proof of concept for contactless tracking of decomposition in autonomous self‐reporting Cr‐Al‐B coatings is demonstrated. Contactless‐monitored electrical resistance changes of Cr0.34Al0.31B0.35 coatings reveal decomposition of Cr2AlB2 and Cr3AlB4 to CrB and CrB2. Comparison of contactless‐measured resistance data with in situ and ex situ high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, as well as ex situ X‐ray diffraction and elastic‐recoil detection analysis, reveals the untapped potential of assessing materials health data in extreme environments. More sustainable materials consumption is enabled by continuous or periodic contactless tracking of materials health data as the individual remaining component lifetime is utilized instead of the much shorter lifetime prediction resulting from safety‐factor‐based design approaches.
Reconfigurable Logic Gate Enabled by Dual‐Gating of Silicon Nanomembrane Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Hwang Joonha , Kwon Jong Ik , Choi Moon Kee , Lim Jung Ah , Kim Sangsig , Choi Changsoon
Published: February 2025

Conventional processors often underutilize their computational resources because of the fixed functionality of logic gates; numerous logic gates should be embedded to support all necessary operations, even if many of them are rarely used. Reconfigurable logic gates (RLGs) offer a promising solution as they dynamically switch their logical functionality according to the demands of specific operations. Here, a novel RLG architecture based on the dual‐gate silicon nanomembrane (SiNM) field‐effect transistors (FETs) is proposed. By reconfiguring the electrostatic doping profiles of the SiNM channel, the dual‐gate SiNM FET can operate as three distinct electronic components; a forward‐biased diode, a backward‐biased diode, and a variable resistor. Furthermore, the three dual‐gate SiNM FETs are integrated to implement a single RLG, whose Boolean logic functions can be reconfigured between AND and OR operations. In addition, an array of three RLGs can be used to perform 32‐bit masking operations, thereby validating their effectiveness in digital data processing.
SIRT3‐Mediated Deacetylation of DRP1K711 Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Xi Ye , Tao Kai , Wen Xiaomin , Feng Dayun , Mai Zifan , Ding Hui , Mao Honghui , Wang Mingming , Yang Qian , Xiang Jie , Zhang Jie , Wu Shengxi
Published: February 2025

Dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Aberrant mitochondrial fission induced by dynamin‐related protein 1 (DRP1) causes mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic (DA) neurons. However, the mechanism of DRP1 activation and its role in PD progression remain unclear. In this study, Mass spectrometry analysis is performed and identified a significant increased DRP1 acetylation at lysine residue 711 (K711) in the mitochondria under oxidative stress. Enhanced DRP1K711 acetylation facilitated DRP1 oligomerization, thereby exacerbating mitochondrial fragmentation and compromising the mitochondrial function. DRP1K711 acetylation also affects mitochondrial DRP1 recruitment and fission independent of canonical S616 phosphorylation. Further analysis reveals the critical role of sirtuin (SIRT)‐3 in deacetylating DRP1K711, thereby regulating mitochondrial dynamics and function. SIRT3 agonists significantly inhibit DRP1K711 acetylation, rescue DA neuronal loss, and improve motor function in a PD mouse model. Conversely, selective knockout of SIRT3 in DA neurons exacerbates DRP1K711 acetylation, leading to increased DA neuronal damage, neuronal death, and worsened motor dysfunction. Notably, this study identifies a novel mechanism involving aberrant SIRT3‐mediated DRP1 acetylation at K711 as a key driver of mitochondrial dysfunction and DA neuronal death in PD, revealing a potential target for PD treatment.
Immunostimulatory Hydrogel with Synergistic Blockage of Glutamine Metabolism and Chemodynamic Therapy for Postoperative Management of Glioblastoma
Authors: Guo Yiran , Jiang Tianhe , Liang Sen , Wang Anhe , Li Jieling , Jia Yi , Li Qi , Yin Jian , Bai Shuo , Li Junbai
Published: February 2025

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most lethal malignant brain tumors in the central nervous system. Patients face many challenges after surgery, including tumor recurrence, intracranial pressure increase due to cavitation, and limitations associated with immediate postoperative oral chemotherapy. Here an injected peptide gel with in situ immunostimulatory functions is developed to coordinate the regulation of glutamine metabolism and chemodynamic therapy for overcoming these postoperative obstacles. The methodology entails crafting injectable gel scaffolds with short peptide molecules, incorporating the glutaminase inhibitor CB‐839 and copper peptide self‐assembled particles (Cu‐His NPs) renowned for their chemodynamic therapy (CDT) efficacy. By fine‐tuning glutamic acid production via metabolic pathways, this system not only heightens the therapeutic prowess of copper peptide particles in CDT but also escalates intracellular oxidative stress. This dual mechanism culminates in augmented immunogenic cell death within glioblastoma multiforme cells and improves a conducive immune microenvironment. Based on the concept of metabolic reprogramming, this treatment strategy has great potential to significantly reduce GBM tumor recurrence and prolong median survival in murine models.
Using Large Language Model to Optimize Protein Purification: Insights from Protein Structure Literature Associated with Protein Data Bank
Authors: Chen Zhuojian , Sivaraman J.
Published: February 2025

Obtaining pure and homogeneous protein samples is vital for protein biology studies, yet optimizing protein expression and purification methods can be time‐consuming because of variations in factors like expression conditions, buffer components, and fusion tags. With over 81 000 Protein Data Bank (PDB)‐associated articles as of October 2024, manual extraction of relevant methods is impractical. To streamline this process, an automated tool is developed by incorporating a large language model (LLM) to extract and classify key data from these articles. The information extraction accuracy is enhanced by a 2‐step‐LLM and a 3‐step‐prompt. The key findings include: 1) Tris buffer is used in 49.2% of cases, followed by 4‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1‐piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and phosphate buffers. 2) Polyhistidine tags dominate at 82.5%, followed by glutathione S‐transferase (GST) and maltose‐binding protein (MBP) tags. 3) E. coli expression is done at 16–20 °C, with induction period favoring 12–16 h (69.0%) over 3–6 h (14.3%). The statistical analyses highlight the correlation between protein properties and purification strategies. This tool is validated through two case studies: method bias for membrane protein purification, and crosslinker/detergent preferences for Cryo‐Electron Microscopy sample preparation. These findings provide a valuable resource for designing protein expression and purification experiments.
Color Biases and Preferences in Zoo‐Housed Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), and Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Leinwand Jesse G. , Joshi Priyanka , Vale Gillian
Published: February 2025

Colors are an important signal for many primate species and have the potential to influence behavior and cognition. Primates may consciously or unconsciously prioritize their attention toward certain color stimuli to quickly identify consequential events, conspecifics, or resources. On the other hand, primates' color preferences can be modulated by memory, experiences, and affective responses. Few studies have explored the multifaceted nature of attention to colors in primate species that vary in their socioecologies and phenotypes, both of which may influence their responses to specific colors. The colors that rapidly capture primates' attention, and those they prefer, thus remain poorly understood. In a series of touchscreen experiments, we investigated responses to 9 perceptually distinct colored squares by 7 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), 11 gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), and 10 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). We controlled for contextual cues known to influence color responses and assessed attentional biases using a dot probe task (Experiment 1) and preferences using a two‐item forced‐choice task (Experiments 2 and 3). In Experiment 1, we found that chimpanzees and gorillas showed the strongest attentional bias toward black, whereas the Japanese macaques showed the strongest bias toward red. These attentional biases suggest a potential relationship between species coloration and their attention to colors. In Experiments 2 and 3, all three species preferentially selected red, with Japanese macaques showing the strongest preference, supporting earlier findings that highlighted red as a particularly salient color to primates. Future research is needed to investigate the role of prior experience on primates' responses to colors.
Integration of Through‐Space Conjugation of Adjacent Arene with Nitrogen/Carbonyl Framework for Narrowband Emission
Authors: Jiang Zuo-Quan , Liu Rui-Hong , Feng Zi-Qi , Ge Shi-Jie , Wang Yu , Yu Zhe-Hong , Wu Jian-Rong , Yan Hong-Yan , Zhou Dong-Ying , Liao Liang-Sheng
Published: February 2025

Organic luminescent materials featuring noncovalent through‐space conjugation (TSC) have attracted considerable attention. However, the presence of multiple vibrational energy levels and weak spatial electron delocalization typically results in broad emission peaks for TSC‐based emitters, significantly impeding their extensive application in optoelectronic technologies. Herein, two TSC emitters, TSFQ‐TRZ and TSFQ‐Ph, were synthesized by integrating a fused nitrogen/carbonyl skeleton with adjacent arene 2,4,6‐triphenyl‐1,3,5‐triazine (TPTRZ) and phenyl group segments, through a rigid spiro spacer. These emitters exhibited narrow emissions, with full widths at half‐maximum of 19 nm and 25 nm, respectively. Experimental and theoretical investigations unveiled that the TPTRZ segment introduces steric hindrance while simultaneously suppressing molecular vibrations via intramolecular interactions—a key factor in achieving narrow emissions. Leveraging this narrow blue emission, electroluminescent devices employing TSFQ‐TRZ as the emitter achieved an impressive maximum external quantum efficiency of 26.7%, which further increased to 28.2% when sensitized by phosphorescent emitter. This work demonstrates highly efficient, narrowband emissions from TSC‐based emitters, thereby expanding their potential applications in the electroluminescence field.
Light‐intersecting Photoclick Reactions for Bioorthogonal Labeling on Single Cells: Dibenzo[b,f][1,4,5]thiadiazepine‐11,11‐dioxide as a Photoswitchable Reporter
Authors: Liu Zhihao , Zhang Cefei , Li Sitong , Zhou Yuqiao , Lan Fengying , Zhao Xiaohu , Su Zhishan , Hu Changwei , Deng Pengchi , Yu Zhipeng
Published: February 2025

The advancement of ring‐strain preloaded dipolaro‐/dienophiles plays a crucial role in bioorthogonal chemistry, enabling multiple high‐precision conjugations toward biomolecules simultaneously. However, durability of these ring‐strain preloaded reagents in vivo is a concern, as the ring‐strain is not reloadable once released during delivery process. In‐situ conversion of light‐energy into ring‐strain is a promising approach to ensure both biostability and spatiotemporal control endowed by light. Herein, we advance a seven‐membered cyclic azobenzene photoswitch, dibenzo[b,f][1,4,5]thiadiazepine‐11,11‐dioxide (DBTDD), bridged by a sulphone moiety. The photoisomerization from Z‐DBTDD to ring‐strain‐loaded E‐DBTDD enables an accelerated cycloaddition with various photogenerated dipoles to establish novel photoclick reactions, featuring a dual‐λ (405 nm + 445 nm) synergistic control. In reactions with monoarylsydnones, a higher photo‐stationary ratio of E‐DBTDD, achieved by varying the power density of 445 nm laser, presented an ultrafast cycloaddition rate (kE = 6.6 × 107 M‐1 s‐1) with a 13.8‐fold acceleration compared with Z‐DBTDD, which is superior to established ring‐strain reporters (e.g., BCN‐OH, sTCO‐OH, DBTD). Then, bioorthogonal photoclick labeling of DBTDD tagged artificial phospholipid on living cell membranes was realized at subcellular resolution via an essential dual‐λ intersecting lithography with an elevated efficiency by adjusting the 445 nm power density.
Achieving Free‐Electron Transfer Reversal and dz2‐Orbital Occupancy Modulation on Core‐shell NiS@Au Cocatalysts for Highly Selective H2O2 Photosynthesis
Authors: Zhong Wei , Meng Aiyun , Su Yaorong , Yu Huogen , Han Peigang , Yu Jiaguo
Published: February 2025

Spontaneous free‐electron migration usually occurs on the interface between host photocatalysts and cocatalysts, but the influences of the charge transfer direction on the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e‐‐ORR) of cocatalysts have not been taken seriously. Herein, an innovative electron‐transfer reversal is proposed to direct the free‐electron transfer in a way that enables highly selective 2e‐‐ORR on Au cocatalysts. To this end, metallic Au nanoparticles are originally loaded on NiS particles to fabricate novel core‐shell NiS@Au cocatalysts on g‐C3N4 surface by a directional photodeposition procedure. XAS spectra and DFT calculations disclose that the intergrated NiS induces a reversed free‐electron transfer from Au nanoparticles to NiS core, thus essentially modulating dz2‐orbital occupancy of Au atoms to enhance O2 adsorption and stabilize key *OOH intermediates, endowing core‐shell NiS@Au cocatalysts with a highly selective 2e‐‐ORR process for efficient H2O2 evolution. Consequently, the optimized g‐C3N4/NiS@Au photocatalyst achieves a remarkably promoted H2O2‐production rate of 264.82 μmol/h/50 mg in the air environment, possessing a high apparent quantum efficiency of 8.07% under visible light. This work provides novel insights on purposefully steering free‐electron transfer direction to engineer dz2‐orbital occupancy, offering a feasible approach for designing highly active photocatalysts and beyond.
Regiodivergent and Enantioselective Allylic C−H Alkylation of Allyl Ethers: Optimization, Scope, Mechanism and Application
Authors: Feng Xiaoming , Wang Hongkai , Song Lijuan , Huang Jing , Wu Fule , Yang Zhuang , Liu Yangbin , Wu Yun-Dong
Published: February 2025

Vinyl ethers and allyl ethers are important motifs in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Among various methods toward their synthesis, direct allylic C−H functionalization of allyl ethers is one of the most efficient approaches. In this study, one of two regioisomers, a vinyl ether or an allyl ether, could be obtained, depending on whether a Lewis acid co‐catalyst was present. Furthermore, branched allyl ethers were smoothly prepared in excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivity (up to 20:1 b/l, 99% ee) by synergistic catalysis with an achiral Pd(0) complex and a chiral Lewis acid catalyst.
Water‐Stable 2‐Pyridylboron Reagents: Pd‐Catalyzed 2‐Pyridylation Reaction of Aryl Halides
Authors: Zhang Li , Li Wei , Chen Yu , Yuan Ruyi , Jia Xuhao , Yao Yingming
Published: February 2025

The stability of 2‐pyridylation reagents is a long‐standing issue in cross‐coupling chemistry due to hydrolysis. However, as the use of pyridine‐based pharmaceuticals continues to increase, there is a high demand for stable and reactive 2‐pyridylation reagents. Herein, a general strategy to prepare water‐stable 2‐pyridylboron reagents has been developed. The application of the water‐stable 2‐pyridylboron reagents in a neutral Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling with a halide scavenger enables an efficient 2‐pyridylation reaction of aryl halides.
Recovery of Silver From Wastewater by Polydopamine Functionalized Polystyrene Mesoporous Microspheres and Its Secondary Catalytic Application in Dye Removal
Authors: Gong Han , Liu Xiangchi , Liu Baijun , Zhang Mingyao
Published: February 2025

Heavy metal and dye pollution are significant environmental challenges that seriously threaten human health and ecosystem balance. This study introduces a new method for recovering Ag+ from wastewater and uses the recovered silver for secondary catalytic applications in dye degradation. Polydopamine functionalized polystyrene mesoporous microspheres (PPS‐PDA) were prepared using a green mussel chemical method based on monodisperse polystyrene mesoporous microspheres (PPS) with a diameter of approximately 7 μm. According to the results of Brunauer Emmett Teller Analyzer, the average pore size of PPS‐PDA is 17.88 nm, the porosity is 0.53%, and the specific surface area is 54.52 m2/g. By observing the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy, PPS‐PDA has an adsorption effect on Ag+ in silver ammonia solution and can adsorb up to 40% of silver ammonia solution. The catalytic process was monitored by UV–visible light. The adsorbed Ag‐supported polydopamine functionalized polystyrene mesoporous microspheres (PPS‐PDA‐Ag) showed strong catalytic activity in the process of methylene blue reduction, and the catalytic behavior was consistent with the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The catalyst maintained an efficiency of 85% in 10 cycles, highlighting its potential in sustainable wastewater treatment.
The morphology of the oval window in Paranthropus robustus compared to humans and other modern primates
Authors: Fernandez Ruy , Braga José
Published: February 2025

The oval window (OW) is an opening connecting the inner and middle ear. Its area has been shown to consistently scale with body mass (BM) in primates, and has been used alongside semi‐circular canal (SCC) size to differentiate Homo sapiens and fossil hominins, including Paranthropus robustus. However, while the morphology of other inner ear elements, such as cochlea and SCCs, has been extensively studied in primates, OW shape has received little attention. In this study, we assess OW morphological variability in extant primates, and compare P. robustus to extant hominids. The potential of OW size to predict BM is also assessed. For this, measurements were performed on 3D scans from extant primate species and of P. robustus from the sites of Kromdraai, Swartkrans, and Drimolen. Size was assessed using perimeter (OWP), area (OWA), and centroid size (OWCS). Shape was assessed using geometric morphometric methods. The OW has no sexual dimorphism; there is no size difference between juveniles and adults, but there is a slight shape difference between human juveniles and adults, with a seemingly opposite ontogenetic trajectory compared to other primates. P. robustus has an intermediary OW shape between apes and humans, with more ape‐like specimens from Kromdraai and more human‐like ones from Drimolen. Overall, OW morphology discriminates primate species well enough, especially H. sapiens. BM is well explained by OWA, but OWA is not reliable as a BM proxy due to high prediction errors. Nonetheless, the OWA of P. robustus suggests a BM close to that of a chimpanzee.
Recyclable and Self‐Healing Polyurethane Vitrimers via Dynamic Bonding with In‐situ Polymerized PHPMA
Authors: Ghosh Sourav , Koley Swarnav , Maiti Madhuchhanda , Maji Pradip K
Published: February 2025

The development of lightweight, durable, and recyclable polymer materials with self‐healing properties remains a significant challenge in materials science, particularly for applications requiring extended service life and sustainability. This study addresses these challenges by introducing a novel thermoplastic polyurethane (PU)‐based vitrimer system, synthesized via in situ polymerization using hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA)‐hydroxyl precursor and Tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate (Sn(Oct)2)‐catalyst. Unlike conventional vitrimer systems, this approach leverages dynamic bond exchange reactions without the formation of new covalent bonds, ensuring efficient stress relaxation and recyclability. Notably, the PU‐PHPMA‐73‐Sn(Oct)2 composition exhibited superior mechanical properties and maintained its performance after three recycling cycles, highlighting its durability and circular potential. Stress relaxation studies further confirmed the temperature‐dependent bond exchange kinetics, with activation energies of 122.8 ± 8.1 kJ/mol and 21.6 ± 2.4 kJ/mol for different compositions, correlating with the hydroxyl content. The vitrimer also demonstrated an 88.5% self‐healing efficiency, showcasing its ability to autonomously repair damage and extend material lifespan. This lightweight, self‐healing, thermally stable, and recyclable vitrimer system presents significant advancements over traditional PU‐based materials, with promising applications in medical devices, automotive components, adhesives, and advanced coatings, particularly where longevity and sustainability are critical.
Maternal Diarrhea During the Periconceptional Period and the Risk of Birth Defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 2006–2011
Authors: Waller Dorothy Kim , Mohan Dass Nithya Lakshmi , Oluwafemi Omobola O. , Agopian A. J. , Tark Ji Yun , Hoyt Adrienne T. , Scheuerle Angela E. , Canfield Mark A. ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: February 2025

Background

The primary objective of this study was to assess associations between maternal reports of diarrhea during early pregnancy and a range of different birth defects, most of which have not been assessed in previous studies. The secondary objective was to determine whether associations were modified by maternal use of multivitamins.

Methods

We analyzed data on 16,675 mothers who participated in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) and delivered between 2006 and 2011. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between maternal report of diarrhea during the periconceptional period and 32 categories of birth defects. Odds ratios were adjusted for nine covariates.

Results

Eleven percent of women reported having diarrhea during the periconceptional period. We observed elevated associations (p < 0.10) between maternal report of diarrhea lasting 1–5 days and 9 of 32 independent categories of birth defects (hypoplastic left heart, muscular ventricular septal defect, single ventricle complex, secundum atrial septal defect, esophageal atresia, diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, and amniotic band syndrome). The elevated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) ranged from 1.45 to 2.62. There were no decreased associations between maternal report of diarrhea lasting 1–5 days and any of the 32 birth defects. There was no evidence for a significant linear trend of stronger associations between maternal diarrhea and birth defects among mothers who had inadequate or suboptimal use of multivitamins.

Conclusion

Our results are consistent with modest associations between shorter, but not longer, bouts of maternal diarrhea and specific categories of birth defects. These results add to existing evidence, suggesting maternal diarrhea and gastrointestinal infections during early pregnancy are associated with a higher frequency of some birth defects.
Employee Organisational Commitment and Corporate Environmental Sustainability Practices: Mediating Role of Organisation Innovation Culture
Authors: Bhuiyan Faruk , Adu Douglas A. , Ullah Hafij , Islam Nurul
Published: February 2025

The growing concerns about climate change have seen global leaders and the international community launch diverse initiatives, deals and reforms in an attempt to combat its negative impact. In response to these initiatives, corporates are increasingly prioritising environmental sustainability practices, such as reducing resource use, recycling and redesigning products and services to transition to sustainable operations, as a means of promoting trust and credibility, increasing their reputation and protecting the planet. However, the extant literature does not provide a clear understanding of the determinants of promoting corporate environmental sustainability practices (CESPs). Thus, drawing upon both resource‐based views (RBVs) of the firm and the economic views of neo‐institutional theory (NIT), this study examined the role of employee organisational commitment (EOC) and organisation innovation culture (IC) in promoting CESP. This quantitative study collected the required data through a questionnaire survey of senior to mid‐level managers of a total of 201 Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE)‐listed and non‐listed firms. A two‐step structural equation modelling (SEM) technique, employing SmartPLS, was followed to test the study's hypothesised associations. The findings provide evidence of a direct association between EOC and CESP and an indirect association through IC. Our findings are robust as alternative models were developed and tested based on different control and instrumental variables relating to organisational characteristics. The findings of the study contribute to the environmental sustainability literature by providing empirical evidence of the importance of EOC and IC in promoting CESP. Further, the findings inform managers, governments, foreign investors and other stakeholders on the importance of building EOC and developing suitable cultural practices within an organisation that promote CESP.
NMR Screening Approach for Discovery of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Derivatives from Marine Fungus Fusarium oxysporum SP7
Authors: Zhang Yu-Hua , Chen Kai-Lei , Xuan Yu-Peng , Zhou Ya-Jie , Lan Wen-Jian , Li Hou-Jin
Published: February 2025

By tracing the characteristic proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance signals of the furan ring and aldehyde group, four novel 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural derivatives, fusaroxysporins A‐D (1‐4), together with ten known compounds were obtained from the marine fungus Fusarium oxysporum SP7. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. The possible biogenic synthesis pathways of these compounds were speculated. Compound 1 showed moderate cytotoxic activity against the human type II alveolar epithelial cell A‐549 and the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 with the IC50 values of 48.0 and 92.0 μM, respectively, while the other compounds had no activity (IC50 > 200 μM).
ReaxFF MD investigation of different JP8 surrogates on combustion mechanism and reaction kinetics
Authors: Liu Yang , Sun Hui , Wang Lu , Gao Qing Yun
Published: February 2025

This work aims to investigate the combustion characteristics difference between JP8‐1 and JP8‐2, and to reveal the combustion mechanism of JP8 surrogate fuels by reactive molecular dynamic simulations (ReaxFF). The JP8‐1 fuel shows higher reaction activity, and the JP8‐2 surrogate conversion is faster than that of the JP8‐1 model. The maximal mass fraction difference for two surrogate fuels consumption can be up to 12% in the pyrolysis process. The differences of reaction pathways, oxygen‐containing intermediates, and key products between two surrogate fuels have been analyzed using the VARxMD software. The evolution trends of the vital products and key intermediates of the two fuels are similar owing to the similar fuel structures of linear paraffin components. The branched component isooctane in JP8‐1 model can enhance the formation of cyclic chain hydrocarbons products, while branched paraffin component decalin in JP8‐2 model promote the formation of structurally stable cycloalkanes. Compared to JP8‐2 fuel, the formation of CH2O and coke precursors, the JP8‐1 fuel generate more harmful substances. This work can provide an important theoretical basis for the rational design and screening of high‐performance surrogate components and additives for complex multi‐component jet fuels. And also suggests that the ReaxFF simulation method have the potential as an effective approach for evaluating combustion behaviour in fuel combustion.
An Effective Reaction‐based Virtual Screening Method to Discover new CDK8 Ligands
Authors: Chen Wei , Fang Hanlin , He Huan , Ping Jing , Ge Jianxin
Published: February 2025

Cyclin Dependent Kinase 8 (CDK8) is a valuable drug target for cancer suppression. Through an effective reaction‐based virtual screening method consisting of pharmacophore modeling, Scifinder database searches, and energy evaluations, a number of new type II CDK8 ligands were discovered with comparable or better binding free energies than the ones reported in literature. In this method, a pharmacophore model, derived from seven crystal structures of CDK8 and type II ligands, was able to catch the key interactions for ligands binding at the ATP binding site of CDK8. This model then was used to screen the results from Scifinder database searches that apply chemical reaction rules in the search cycles, and the output compounds were evaluated and ranked first by a fast energy estimation method and then by the VM2 free energy calculation method. Among the top discovered ligands, three have lower Kd values against CDK8 than a potent reference ligand, and compound F (3‐[3‐tert‐butyl‐1‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl]‐1‐(8‐hydroxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)urea) is the most potent one with an Kd value of 7.5 nM. Compound F deserves to be a promising lead compound for further development. This effective virtual screening method and the novel compounds found in this work have implication for CDK8 drug discovery.
A Novel Y‐Sepic High Boost DC‐DC Converter for Renewable Energy Applications
Authors: Li Haibin , Chen Yin , Jin Tao
Published: February 2025

This paper proposes a novel Y‐Sepic high boost DC‐DC converter, which is characterized by high voltage gain, continuous input current, low voltage stress of the switch and diodes, and high efficiency. The proposed converter is obtained by hybridizing the Y‐source and Sepic converters. With the coupled inductor turns ratio introduced in the converter, the circuit can operate in an appropriate duty cycle D while maintaining high voltage gain. The working states of the proposed converter are discussed. Then, the voltage and current stresses of components are deduced. The device design considerations have been presented. The power losses and efficiency are calculated. The derivation of the real voltage gain and the voltage gain in DCM have been performed. Besides, a small signal analysis and comparisons with other topologies have been conducted. Finally, a prototype made in the laboratory verifies the effectiveness of the proposed converter. The efficiency is 94.6% when the output power reaches 300 W.
Loss of the epithelial transcription factor grhl3 leads to variably penetrant developmental phenotypes in zebrafish
Authors: Mathiyalagan Nishanthi , Johnson Travis K. , Di Pastena Zachary , Fuller Jarrad N. , Miles Lee B. , Dworkin Sebastian
Published: February 2025

Background

Environmental influence is critical for embryogenesis but is significantly under‐appreciated under lab conditions, which are not typically designed to robustly test environmental variability. Here, we report environmental effects on the developmental phenotype of zebrafish lacking the transcription factor Grainyhead‐like 3 (grhl3), a highly conserved gene that is pivotal in epithelial barrier formation, neurulation, craniofacial development, and convergence‐extension.

Results

We had previously reported that deletion of grhl3 led to embryonic lethality by 11 h post‐fertilization (hpf); however, housing these grhl3‐lines in a different aquatic facility led to substantial differences in phenotypic presentation in grhl3‐nullizygous (grhl3−/−) embryos. We found that grhl3−/− embryos presented with three distinct phenotypes, characterized by significant reductions in body length, aberrant orofacial cavity formation and craniofacial morphogenesis and impaired intestinal barrier maintenance.

Conclusions

Our study describes a new model of partial phenotypic penetrance in genetically identical embryos. This may serve as a valuable model system in which to understand gene–environment interactions in developmental and epithelial homeostasis.
Tandem Friedel−Crafts Alkylation/Lactonization for γ‐Lactone
Authors: Wu Fufang , Liu Miao , Jia Hao , Zhang Xueyin , Shen Xiaobao , Zhai Hongbin
Published: February 2025

The lactonization of C(sp3)−H bonds from simple, readily available materials remains a significant challenge in organic synthesis. In this study, we present a tandem Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation /Lactonization reaction using aromatic compounds and cyclo‐anhydrides as raw materials to obtain γ‐lactones under metal‐free conditions. This method offers operational simplicity, broad substrate scope, and high synthetic efficiency. Furthermore, the gram scale experiment of this reaction had been conducted, and the synthesis of natural product Cytosporanone A was achieved using this method.