bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection and Recreation Demand
Authors: Smith V. Kerry
Published: July 2006

This article compares five methods for estimating travel cost recreation demand models with microdata. The models are distinguished by their treatment of selection effects that arise with on‐site surveys. The comparison considers adjusting for selection effects in a variety of ways, including single and double selection rule models. Both parameter and consumer surplus estimates were evaluated. The findings indicate that the treatment of selection effects alone was not important for this case. However, the choice of an estimator did lead to large variations in per trip consumer surplus estimates.
Optimal Timing of Harvest for the North Carolina Bay Scallop Fishery
Authors: Kellogg Robert L. , Easley J. E. , Johnson Thomas
Published: July 2006

Substantial improvement is possible in economic returns for the North Carolina bay scallop fishery by delaying the opening of the season beyond its traditional date. A general bioeconomic harvesting model was developed for use in determining the optimal season opening/closing schedule for a seasonal fishery with the control specified as an on/off switch. One hundred and twenty separate scenarios were created by setting five exogenous variables to reasonable alternative values. The optimal season is contrasted with the unregulated case for each scenario. The optimal opening was typically two to three weeks later than the model of past practices.
Vote Trading on Farm Legislation in the U.S. House
Authors: Abler David G.
Published: July 2006

Several farm groups do not command enough votes in the U.S. House of Representatives to pass their programs without the help of others. This study investigates the extent of vote trading by these groups. Both vote trading among these groups and between them and representatives of the poor are examined. Farm legislation from 1985–86 is studied. The results show an active coalition among tobacco, sugar, peanut, and dairy farmers, as well as the poor. Wheat, rice, and cotton farmers are much less active in the coalition, while feed grain farmers are not in it at all.
Hedging Under Output Price Randomness
Authors: Meyer Jack , Robison Lindon J.
Published: July 2006

An expected utility analysis of a frequently studied hedging model is carried out using mean‐standard deviation modeling techniques. This is possible because the hedging model satisfies a location and scale condition. As a result, one can simplify the proofs of, and provide more intuition for, results concerning hedging developed using only expected utility techniques.
Approximating Linear Programs with Summary Functions: Pseudodata with an Infinite Sample
Authors: Preckel Paul V. , Hertel Thomas W.
Published: July 2006

A new algorithm for summarizing linear program models that takes advantage of the nature of linear program responses is presented. This method is equivalent to the pseudodata method based on an infinite sample. The power of the new method lies in the fact that the sampling procedure is sequential; the location of the next sample point is determined by observations at previous sample points. An illustration is provided, and the proposed method is compared with pseudodata based on out‐of‐sample predictions. The comparison indicates the new method is a distinct improvement.
Farm Labor Legislation: A Computer Program to Assist Growers
Authors: Alwang Jeffrey , Wooddall‐Gainey David , Johnson Thomas G.
Published: July 2006

Labor recruitment and management is critical to agricultural production. Dependence on hired labor is growing, even in states and regions where farm labor needs were traditionally met by family members. Employment in agriculture is governed by a large number of complex federal and state regulations. A computerized information system designed to facilitate compliance with these regulations is described. A user survey shows that the system is widely and effectively used.
Public Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology Field Tests: Economic Implications of Alternative Approaches
Authors: Larson Bruce A. , Knudson Mary K.
Published: July 2006

Federal oversight of agricultural biotechnology field testing is based on public concerns that unknown consequences could arise from such tests, and that firms may not adequately consider the public consequences of their research and development activities. In this paper, four general types of ex ante and ex post approaches to manage public risks from field testing are explored. The analysis shows that the approaches are least effective at facilitating the research process yet controlling public risks when the research firm is small in size and potential damages exceed the value of the firm.
The Market for Land and the Impact of Farm Programs on Farm Numbers
Authors: Leathers Howard D.
Published: July 2006

If a land price is to be observed, there must be trades of land. If the aggregate quantity of land in agriculture is fixed, those trades must be among farmers. This paper presents a model in which farmers of differing “ability” trade land among themselves. The model is used to evaluate the impact of farm programs (a demand enhancement program; a price support program; a land retirement program; an income subsidy program) on output price, land price, and number of farmers. Effects of these programs depend on conditions that require empirical evaluation. Preliminary evidence suggests that some standard tools of farm policy have the effect of reducing farm numbers.
Economic Rents Under Supply Controls with Marketable Quota
Authors: Babcock Bruce A. , Foster William E.
Published: July 2006

We analyze the distribution of economic rent between owners and renters of marketable production quotas and examine how this distribution changes with increases in marginal costs. While quota owners unambiguously lose because of a marginal cost increase, quota renters may gain, depending on whether the marginal cost shift is divergent, parallel, or convergent. Using output and input prices, county production quotas, and quota rental rate data, we estimate a marginal cost function for North Carolina flue‐cured tobacco to demonstrate how wage increases affect owners' and renters' welfare.
Regulation in the U.S. Rice Industry, 1965–89
Authors: Cramer Gail L. , Wailes Eric J. , Gardner Bruce , Lin William
Published: July 2006

A partial equilibrium framework is used to estimate the deadweight loss arising from government intervention in the U.S. rice market in order to protect domestic producers. The efficiency of the rice program is compared to other grain programs. Deadweight losses relative to taxpayer and consumer costs from rice programs in recent years were only slightly higher compared to the same measure associated with major commodity programs. The primary source of deadweight losses in rice programs result from set‐asides. The potential savings from completely decoupling the rice program are estimated to reach $‐387 million for 1987.
Ex Post Flexibility and Choice of Capacity for Loss Reduction
Authors: Hiebert L. Dean
Published: July 2006

This paper examines the implications of ex post utilization flexibility for the firm's ex ante choice of capacity to supply a loss‐reducing input. It is shown that the optimal ex ante choice is greater in the presence of flexibility than in the absence of flexibility. It is also shown that the total effect of an increase in risk on the ex ante choice includes a flexibility effect when ex post flexibility is present. The flexibility effect always tends to increase the demand for capacity.
Supply Impact of the Milk Diversion and Dairy Termination Programs
Authors: Dixon Bruce L. , Berry Calvin R. , Susanto Dwi
Published: July 2006

A two‐equation random coefficient regression model of commercial milk production is estimated using monthly observations from 1983 through June 1988 for the twenty‐one major milk‐producing states in the United States. Policy variables are entered into the model to represent the impact of the Milk Diversion Program (MDP) and the Dairy Termination Program (DTP). The MDP was primarily short term in impact and the DTP has been longer term. The DTP provision banning producers who exited under the program from producing for five years appears to have been ineffectual. The programs' effectiveness across states has varied considerably.
Determinants of Agricultural Economics Faculty Retirement
Authors: Broder Josef M. , White Fred C. , Taylor Teresa D.
Published: July 2006

The retirement experiences of faculty who had retired from 1862 land grant universities are described. Health, financial, family, and professional characteristics of early retirees are contrasted to those of late retirees. Determinants of faculty retirement are identified in the context of a general retirement model. Model results indicate that years‐of‐service to retirement programs, number of children, mental health, health trends, age at initial employment, and faculty‐spouse age differences are positively related to retirement age. Salary levels, net worth, and extension appointments are inversely related to retirement age. Implications of recent changes in the agricultural economics profession on expected retirement behavior are discussed.
Perennial Crop Supply Response: A Kalman Filter Approach
Authors: Knapp Keith C. , Konyar Kazim
Published: July 2006

A state‐space model for perennial crop supply response is developed. New plantings and removals depend on the existing age structure of the crop and expected values for future prices and other exogenous variables. Acreage in individual age categories evolves depending upon existing acreage, new plantings, and removals. The Kalman filter and an iterative parameter search provide maximum‐likelihood estimates of the unknown parameters and age group acreages from observed data on total acreage and production. An empirical application for alfalfa shows that existing acreage has differential impacts on new plantings and removals depending upon age.
Simultaneity and Structural Change in U.S. Meat Demand
Authors: Eales James S. , Unnevehr Laurian J.
Published: July 2006

An inverse of the Almost Ideal Demand System, the IAIDS, is developed in order to test the endogeneity of prices and quantities in the U.S. meat demand system. The IAIDS has all the desirable theoretical properties of the AIDS except aggregation from the micro to the market level. Using annual data, both prices and quantities appear to be endogenous within the entire meat market. Including livestock production costs and technical change indicators as instruments eliminates evidence of a mid 1970s demand change.
A Test of the Equality of Closed‐Ended and Open‐Ended Contingent Valuations
Authors: Kealy Mary Jo , Turner Robert W.
Published: July 2006

A test is developed to find whether open‐ended and closed‐ended contingent valuation mechanisms lead to significantly different results. The test is based on joint estimation of willingness to pay responses to open‐ and closed‐ended questions asked of the same sample of individuals. In a public good example, individuals do respond differently depending on question format. Possible explanations include different incentives for strategic behavior and respondents' lack of familiarity with the open‐ended question type. No differences in willingness to pay were found in a private good example.
Qualitative Forecast Evaluation: A Comparison of Two Performance Measures
Authors: McIntosh Christopher S. , Dorfman Jeffrey H.
Published: July 2006

Agricultural producers and marketers often have access to several sets of forecasts on the same series. Decision makers must be able to evaluate the relative accuracy of the forecasts. The ability to evaluate whether a series will move up or down is important for series related to futures, options, other asset prices, and situations where processes can be modified according to changing economic conditions. A measure of qualitative forecast accuracy from Naik and Leuthold is compared to a probability‐based measure developed by Henriksson and Merton. The Henriksson‐Merton measure is shown to provide additional, and more accurate, information concerning a model's qualitative forecasting ability.
Designing Expert Systems for Effective Delivery of Extension Programming
Authors: Gum Russell L. , Blank Steven C.
Published: July 2006

Expert systems offer potential as important additions to the current methods used to deliver extension programming to clients. This paper discusses the design of such systems from the viewpoint of learning theory and assesses the cost effectiveness, relative to standard extension programming approaches, of a sample system developed for use with/by cattle ranchers. Results indicate that hybrid expert systems have greater educational impact than traditional programming methods and are more cost effective.
A Game‐Theoretic Model of Endogenous Public Policies
Authors: Beghin John C.
Published: July 2006

Public policies are the equilibrium outcome of a cooperative game among interest groups and the policy maker. This study stresses the interdependence between policies and players' bargaining strengths and derives their comparative statics with respect to a changing economic environment. It also provides a specification of behavioral equations consistent with the underlying bargaining process. An analysis of the political economy of food and agricultural price policies in Senegal illustrates the proposed framework.
Beef and Pork Packing Costs and Input Demands: Effects of Unionization and Technology
Authors: Melton Bryan E. , Huffman Wallace E.
Published: July 2006

The effects of unionization, technology, and structural considerations on value‐added beef and pork packing costs and the demand for labor, capital, packaging, and other inputs are analyzed by econometric methods for the period 1963–88. Although unions do not appear to have had significant wage effects over this period (relative to broader U.S. wage rates), significant nonwage cost effects are observed. These nonwage effects help explain the technological, structural, and geographic changes that have occurred in meat packing in recent years which, in turn, help explain the erosion of union strength in meat packing observed over the study period.
Farmers' Welfare and Changing Food Prices: Nonparametric Evidence from Rice in Madagascar
Authors: Barrett Christopher B. , Dorosh Paul A.
Published: July 2006

This paper uses nonparametric density estimation and kernel smoothing techniques to examine the instantaneous distributional implications of rice price changes in Madagascar. While many farmers do not participate in product markets as either buyers or sellers, and net sales or marketable surplus are fairly small for many others, the roughly one‐third of rice farmers who fall below the poverty line face significant negative first‐order welfare effects from increases in the mean or variance of rice prices. Conversely, the first‐order gains from rice price increases are highly concentrated among the largest rice farmers and particular regions in Madagascar.
National and International Wheat Improvement Research in the Post‐Green Revolution Period: Evolution and Impacts
Authors: Byerlee Derek , Traxler Greg
Published: July 2006

The role of IARC‐generated technology in the global system of spring wheat improvement is examined for the period, 1977–90. Nine of the thirty–eight developing countries that produce spring wheat demonstrate the capacity to develop varieties from their own crosses; the other countries focus on screening CIMMYT germplasm for direct release. Over 40% of spring wheat area is sown to “direct transfer” CIMMYT varieties, indicating that CIMMYT research remains an important complement to NARS research. An ex post rate of return above 50% is estimated for wheat research investments in developing countries, with the highest returns occurring in the South Asia region and in irrigated and high‐rainfall environments. Future returns above 35% are projected.
Impact of Modern Rice Technology on Land Prices: The Case of Lampung in Indonesia
Authors: Jatileksono Tumari , Otsuka Keijiro
Published: July 2006

In the green revolution literature, no systematic evaluation has been made of the impact of the adoption of modern rice varieties (MVs) on the returns to land. The literature has also ignored the impact of improved MVs over earlier MVs on productivity and factor prices. Based on farmers' recall data of land transactions in Lampung, Indonesia, we find that the adoption of a series of improved MVs increased land prices by increasing land productivity. This finding shows that the green revolution has been sustained by continuous efforts to develop and disseminate improved MVs.
Joint Estimation of Risk Preference Structure and Technology Using Expo‐Power Utility
Authors: Saha Atanu , Shumway C. Richard , Talpaz Hovav
Published: July 2006

A method is developed to permit joint estimation of risk preference structure, degree of risk aversion, and production technology. The method is implemented using the Expo‐Power utility function, which imposes no restrictions on risk preference structure. The empirical application uses data from a sample of Kansas wheat farmers. Evidence rejects the null hypothesis of risk neutrality and suggests that Kansas farmers exhibit decreasing absolute risk aversion and increasing relative risk aversion. Results also show that combined estimation of production function parameters with the utility function parameter is more efficient than is separate estimation of each.
Optimal Timing of Farm Transferal From Parent to Child
Authors: Kimhi Ayal
Published: July 2006

When farm income is first increasing and then decreasing in the operator's age, the timing of farm transferal from parent to child is optimally determined by families who seek to maximize joint income or utility. Using a sample of Israeli farms in which the operation of the farm changed from parent to child between 1971 and 1981, equations of transfer time and child's education are derived. A simultaneous equation, censored regression model is estimated using a two‐stage method. Results support the theoretical predictions that transfer time is decreasing with parent's age and with child's schooling, and increasing with parent's experience.
What Are the AAEA Meetings Worth?
Authors: Broder Josef M. , Bergstrom John C. , Kriesel Warren
Published: July 2006

Attendee valuations of AAEA meetings are estimated using the Professional Activities Committee survey of the 1990 Vancouver meetings. Meeting participation, direct expenditures, and willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) are presented. WTP is described in a utility maximization framework and estimated by censored regression. Respondents spent an average $@@‐@@1,022 attending the meetings and were willing to pay an additional $@@‐@@399. Meeting benefits increased with duration and frequency of attendance. Members of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists benefited more than did nonmembers. Respondents with service appointments, associate professors, and Canadian Agricultural Economics and Farm Management Society members benefited less than did their respective counterparts.
Rural Chinese Food Consumption: The Case of Guangdong
Authors: Halbrendt Catherine , Gempesaw Conrado , Dolk‐Etz Dimphna , Tuan Francis
Published: July 2006

Chinese consumer behavior is analyzed based on rural Guangdong household survey data. For most food items, own‐price elasticities estimated with an AIDS model are inelastic. Commodity substitution due to relative price changes is small, except in the case of grain. Commodities most responsive to expenditure changes are meats, poultry, fruits, sweets, and durable goods.
Economic and Environmental Impacts of Limiting Nitrogen Use to Protect Water Quality: A Stochastic Regional Analysis
Authors: Mapp H.P. , Bernardo D.J. , Sabbagh G.J. , Geleta S. , Watkins K.B.
Published: July 2006

Potential economic and environmental effects of broad versus targeted nitrogen use policies are evaluated in five Central High Plains subregions. Results indicate that per‐acre restrictions are more effective than total nitrogen restrictions in reducing expected nitrogen losses in runoff and percolation, and reducing percolation losses at all probability levels. Because of the distribution of soils within subregions, targeting nitrogen reductions to more permeable soils may not produce the anticipated reductions in percolation. It may be more effective to target nitrogen restrictions on production systems than on soil types. Reductions in producer income are less for targeted than for broad policies.
Optimal Dynamic Hedging in Unbiased Futures Markets
Authors: Myers Robert J. , Hanson Steven D.
Published: July 2006

A discrete‐time dynamic hedging problem is solved under expected utility maximization and basis risk without imposing a particular parametric form for utility, nor assuming normally distributed cash and futures prices. The solution is valid for any increasing and strictly concave utility function, and for quite general specifications of the joint distribution of cash and futures prices. This generality is achieved by restricting the futures market to be unbiased, and requiring that the size of the cash position be nonstochastic. The dynamic hedging rule can be estimated empirically using similar methods to those used to estimate static hedge ratios.
Agrarian Structure and Agricultural Practice: Typology and Application to Western Sudan
Authors: Kevane Michael
Published: July 2006

A typology of models that explain patterns of variation in farm endowments and farm practices and yields shows that insecurity in renting land, financing constraints, and the absence of insurance generate patterns of factor use quite different from the famous “inverse relationship” caused by labor supervision problems. One might expect to observe positive relationships between wealth and yields. Village‐level data from western Sudan confirm that such positive relationships are not a theoretical curiosity. Wealthy farmers have higher levels of output per hectare because they use more labor per hectare. Insurance and financing constraints appear to be the crucial market failures.
Wheat Storage and Trade in an Efficient Global Market
Authors: Makki Shiva S. , Tweeten Luther G. , Miranda Mario J.
Published: July 2006

Domestic and international linkages in speculative stockholdings and trade of wheat are analyzed using a dynamic rational expectations model of the world wheat market dominated by the U.S. and the EU. The results demonstrate the importance of endogenizing both storage and trade in studying commodity markets and suggest that past government stockholdings have not followed efficient market outcomes. Results indicate that elimination of the Export Enhancement Program by the U.S. and of export restitution payments by the EU are unlikely to have a major impact on wheat exports from the two regions but will save millions of tax dollars in both regions.
Explaining Irrigation Technology Choices: A Microparameter Approach
Authors: Green Gareth , Sunding David , Zilberman David , Parker Doug
Published: July 2006

Water price reforms are increasingly being used to encourage improvements in irrigation efficiency through technology adoption. A microparameter approach based on field‐level data is used to assess the effect of economic variables, environmental characteristics, and institutional variables on irrigation technology choices. The results show that water price is not the most important factor governing irrigation technology adoption; physical and agronomic characteristics appear to matter more. The results demonstrate the importance of using micro‐level data to determine the effects of asset heterogeneity and crop type on technology adoption.
Information and the Speed of Innovation Adoption
Authors: Fischer A.J. , Arnold A.J. , Gibbs M.
Published: July 2006

Within a Bayesian framework, a random‐effects model is developed and applied to adoption of new wheat varieties in South Australia. In this model, not all pieces of information add equally to knowledge about the innovation. The model shows the acquisition of information to be much slower than has been suggested by previous Bayesian models and can also explain laggards and partial adoption. The results have important practical implications for farmers and support agencies. The paper's theoretical contributions are to highlight the structure of information, and to demonstrate how qualitative results can be obtained where the posterior Bayesian distribution is intractable.
Germany and the CAP: A Bargaining Model of EC Agricultural Policy Formation
Authors: Field Heather , Fulton Murray
Published: July 2006

A bargaining model of EC agricultural policy formation is formulated. The model allows for more explicit consideration of political factors than is possible in standard political economy models. It shows how the political system in Germany has increased the power of German farm interests relative to farm interests elsewhere in the EC. The paper recognizes CAP negotiations are an on‐going process. Results of the previous bargaining round form the basis for the current round and give momentum to price changes. Understanding this momentum provides insight into the fluctuating price supports that have characterized the CAP.
Weak Separability and the Estimation of Elasticities in Multistage Demand Systems
Authors: Edgerton David L.
Published: July 2006

The necessary conditions for multistage budgeting to be at least approximately justified are reviewed, and the plausibility of these assumptions (i.e., weak separability and low variability of price indices with utility level) are discussed. Using no further assumptions, simple relationships between expenditure and price elasticities in different budgeting levels are derived. These results are applied to a three‐stage model for Swedish food consumption, and it is shown that the assumptions are not inappropriate. Restricting the analysis to the last stage of a multistage budgeting process is also shown to lead to considerable errors, which could well have policy consequences.
Diversification in Agricultural Production: A Dynamic Model of Optimal Cropping to Manage Soil Erosion
Authors: Goetz Renan U.
Published: July 2006

A dynamic economic model of soil erosion is presented where the intensity of use of inputs and the choice of crops allow the farmer to control soil losses. The results show that it is predominately optimal to approach the singular‐path/steady‐state equilibrium most rapidly by the cultivation of a single crop. At the steady state, however, a mix of crops is cultivated. The promotion of erosion control practices on only high‐erosion crops may reduce the long‐run soil stock, whereas a tax on the land cultivated with a particular crop is shown to be effective in increasing the long‐run soil stock.
Auctioning Conservation Contracts: A Theoretical Analysis and an Application
Authors: Latacz‐Lohmann Uwe , Van der Hamsvoort Carel
Published: July 2006

Auction theory is used to analyze the potential benefits of auctions in allocating contracts for the provision of nonmarket goods in the countryside. A model of optimal bidding for conservation contracts is developed and applied to a hypothetical conservation program. Competitive bidding, compared to fixed‐rate payments, can increase the cost effectiveness of conservation contracting significantly. The cost revelation mechanism inherent in the bidding process makes auctions a powerful means by which to reduce the problems of information asymmetry. Strategic bidding behavior, which may adversely affect the performance of sequential auctions, is difficult to address by means of auction design.
Implications of Disaster Assistance Reform for Non‐insured Crops
Authors: Lee Hyunok , Harwood Joy , Somwaru Agapi
Published: July 2006

With recent crop insurance reform, disaster aid to producers of crops for which federal crop insurance was not available has changed significantly. A newly created Non‐insured Assistance Program (NAP) is a standing disaster aid program for non‐insured crops including most vegetables and some tree crops. To receive a payment, a farmer has to meet NAP's “area” triggered loss in addition to usual individual loss criteria. In this paper we examine the implications of these two‐tiered criteria for NAP payments in the context of California agriculture. Our analysis indicates that the area loss requirement likely results in a sharp reduction in disaster payments for non‐insured crops.
A Microeconometric Analysis of Consumer Taste Determination and Taste Change for Beef
Authors: Gao X.M. , Wailes Eric J. , Cramer Gail L.
Published: July 2006

A new method for modeling determination of consumer taste and a test of the taste‐change hypothesis is presented. Taste varies across households because of differences in household characteristics. The method has a Multiple Indicator and Multiple Cause model interpretation, with taste as an unobserved variable. Taste indicators are residuals of regular household demand functions, the factors unexplained by prices and household expenditures. Taste‐cause variables are household characteristics and other variables. The proposed model is applied to U.S. beef demand using household data. Results show that structural taste changes, unexplained by changes in demographic composition, decreased 8% from 1977 to 1987.
Commodity Price Stabilization in a Peasant Economy
Authors: Finkelshtain Israel , Chalfant James A.
Published: July 2006

The peasant household's preferences for price stabilization are shown to depend on observable parameters describing consumption and production decisions. A measure of willingness to pay is obtained for the case where the household is engaged in both the production and the consumption of the commodity in question. For plausible parameter values, it appears likely that the peasant household will prefer price stabilization and that stabilization of the producer price alone dominates complete stabilization.
Labor Migration and Returns to Rural Education in China
Authors: Zhao Yaohui
Published: July 2006

This paper provides an answer to the following question: Why do empirical studies find low returns to schooling in rural China, and yet the schooling rates are high? I find that schooling played a significant role in raising the accessibility of urban formal employment to rural people in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the face of the government's restrictive policy on labor migration from rural to urban areas. The large urban‐rural income difference provided a strong incentive for senior high school education. The theory also explains the drop in the senior high school attendance in the mid 1980s.
Measuring the Extent of Coalition Formation in Group Decision Making
Authors: Ruppel Fred J. , Kennedy P. Lynn
Published: July 2006

Many group decisions begin with small coalitions that recruit additional members until they satisfy a voting rule. This paper introduces a technique for measuring coalition formation in group decision making. The setting involves N players bargaining over the share distribution of an asset. The N‐person game is analyzed as a set of triads, numerically equal to {N!/(N — 3)!}/3!. A three‐person game is presented to establish the context and to offer insights into the bargaining process. A four‐person game is also presented. The technique finds immediate application in controlled laboratory experiments but has further relevance for numerous real‐world contexts.
Monetary Shocks and Relative Farm Prices: A Re‐examination
Authors: Isaac Alan G. , Rapach David E.
Published: July 2006

The effect of monetary policy on the farm sector remains controversial. Studies of the effects of monetary disturbances on relative farm prices report conflicting results: some find that positive monetary shocks increase relative farm prices in the short run, and others detect no such effect. We offer a resolution of these conflicting findings by reestimating existing models on a common data set. When sample periods corresponding to the original studies are used, the conflicting results are confirmed. In contrast, when samples are updated through 1993, all models supply the same result: monetary shocks do not affect relative farm prices.
The Nonparametric Risk‐Adjusted Efficiency Measurement: An Application to Taiwan's Major Rural Financial Intermediaries
Authors: Chang Ching‐Cheng
Published: July 2006

In this article, a nonparametric approach is used to incorporate risk into the measurement of technical efficiencies of the major financial intermediaries in rural Taiwan. Risk is treated as a joint but undesirable output given the fact that various regulatory actions may prevent its free disposability. Three risk indicators (nonperforming loans, allowance for loan losses, and risky assets) are employed alternatively in the empirical work. Results suggest that all three risk constraints are binding. Regulations on controlling risky assets and loan loss reserves are effective but more burdensome than those on controlling loan quality.
An Evaluation of the Canada‐U.S. Wheat Agreement of 1994
Authors: Carter Colin A. , MacLaren Donald
Published: July 2006

The U.S. government notified the GATT in 1994 that it intended to increase tariff rates on wheat and barley imported from Canada. This threat of increased permanent protection resulted in Canada voluntarily agreeing to restrict wheat sales to the United States. Why would Canada agree to this outcome which would lead to a welfare loss? The payoffs to each country associated with alternative trade war outcomes are estimated. We find that welfare, as measured by equivalent variation, falls in both countries, although Canada was better off limiting exports than becoming engaged in a trade war with the United States.
A Spatial Equilibrium Model for Imperfectly Competitive Milk Markets
Authors: Kawaguchi Tsunemasa , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Kaiser Harry M.
Published: July 2006

A generalization of Takayama and Judge's spatial equilibrium model that allows for any degree of market structure is presented. The model is applied to the Japanese dairy industry to examine interregional milk movements generated under alternative assumed degrees of market competition. The results indicate that the perfect competition and monopoly equilibrium solutions result in a lower and a higher price, respectively, than actual price levels. On the other hand, the Cournot‐Nash equilibrium solutions are the most similar to actual observations, and the actual interregional milk movements are best explained by imperfectly competitive behavior.
Econometric Estimation of Technical and Environmental Efficiency: An Application to Dutch Dairy Farms
Authors: Reinhard Stijn , Lovell C.A. Knox , Thijssen Geert
Published: July 2006

In this article we estimate the technical and environmental efficiency of a panel of Dutch dairy farms. Nitrogen surplus, arising from the application of excessive amounts of manure and chemical fertilizer, is treated as an environmentally detrimental input. A stochastic translog production frontier is specified to estimate the output‐oriented technical efficiency. Environmental efficiency is estimated as the input‐oriented technical efficiency of a single input, the nitrogen surplus of each farm. The mean output‐oriented technical efficiency is rather high, 0.894, but the mean input‐oriented environmental efficiency is only 0.441. Intensive dairy farms are both technically and environmentally more efficient than extensive farms.
Irreversibility in Advertising‐Demand Response Functions: An Application to Milk
Authors: Vande Kamp Philip R. , Kaiser Harry M.
Published: July 2006

A generalized methodology for estimating irreversible functions is developed. This approach, which accommodates short‐term irreversibility and long‐term reversibility, is an improvement over previous irreversibility studies that imposed both short‐ and long‐term irreversibility. Using the proposed methodology, irreversibility in the demand response to fluid milk advertising in New York City is evaluated. Irreversibility is found to exist, and, in particular, consumers are found to react more rapidly to increases in advertising compared to decreases. This result may have important implications for optimal temporal advertising strategies.
Processing Industry Capacity and the Welfare Effects of Sugar Policies
Authors: Williams Jeffrey C. , Isham Brooke A.
Published: July 2006

Normally, analysis of policies affecting commodities such as sugar employs long‐run comparative statics under certainty and ignores processing industries like cane‐sugar refining, under the implicit assumption that the capital is malleable in both the short and long run. We present a dynamic model, calibrated to world sugar and solved with numerical dynamic programming, that includes the specific capital of the refining industry. When compared to an otherwise identical static model, the dynamic model suggests that some 20% of welfare losses may be misattributed to cane‐sugar producers instead of refiners. In contrast, the difference between certainty and uncertainty proves to be unimportant.
Kleine Moleküle als Transkriptionsmodulatoren
Authors: Arndt Hans‐Dieter
Published: July 2006

Gentranskriptionsprogramme werden von Transkriptionsfaktoren ausgeführt, die mit Coaktivator‐ oder Corepressorproteinen große Multiproteinkomplexe bilden. Obwohl mit der Identifizierung und Bestätigung von potenten Antagonisten (oder Agonisten) für Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen einige Schwierigkeiten verknüpft sind, konnten in jüngerer Zeit verschiedene kleine Moleküle identifiziert werden, die den Transkriptionsprozess durch direkte Wechselwirkung mit Transkriptionsfaktoren beeinflussen. Einige dieser kleinen Moleküle weisen überraschende Selektivitäten auf, und manche sind sogar in vivo aktiv. Der Kurzaufsatz fasst den Stand der Forschung in diesem aufstrebenden Gebiet zusammen und veranschaulicht das Potenzial dieser kleinen Moleküle in der chemischen Biologie der Transkription.
Production and characterization of thermostable α‐amylase by thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Al‐Qodah Zakaria
Published: July 2006

Studies on the α‐amylase‐producing thermophilic bacterium isolated and identified from a hot spring in Jordan and designated as Geobacillus stearothermophilus JT2 were carried out. The optimum conditions for growth and enzyme production were pH 7 and 55°C. The study of the kinetics of cellular growth indicated a μmax of 0.22/h, a Ks of 1.2 g/L, a τd of 3.15 h and a Yx/s of 0.43 g cell/g starch. In addition, the activation energy for growth and death were estimated and found to be 30.5 and 210 J/mol, respectively. The effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the cellular growth was tested.
The performance of renal duplex ultrasonography for the detection of hemodynamically significant renal artery stenosis
Authors: Kawarada Osami , Yokoi Yoshiaki , Takemoto Kazushi , Morioka Nobuyuki , Nakata Shinji , Shiotani Shinji
Published: July 2006

Objectives: The value of renal duplex ultrasonography for the detection of angiographical renal artery stenosis (RAS) has been demonstrated in many clinical studies. None of the published studies, however, have adequately scrutinized the performance of this modality for the detection of hemodynamically significant RAS. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation and accuracy between renal duplex parameters and translesional pressure gradient (TLPG). Methods: A total of 60 patients, with 75 stenotic lesions in the renal arteries determined by angiography, underwent duplex ultrasonography before angiography and the measurement of TLPG using a 0.014″ pressure wire in the single setting of angiography were prospectively included. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) in the renal artery and a ratio of PSV in the renal artery to the aorta (RAR) were examined as duplex ultrasonography parameters. Angiographical stenosis was evaluated by percent diameter stenosis (%DS) derived from quantitative angiographic analysis. Results: The correlation with TLPG proved to be stronger in the following order, PSV (r = 0.743, P < 0.001), %DS (r = 0.701, P < 0.001), and RAR (r = 0.572, P < 0.001). The best performing parameter for TLPG of 20 mm Hg was revealed to be PSV, as the areas under the receiver operator characteristics curves using %DS, PSV, and RAR were 0.888, 0.939, and 0.834, respectively. A PSV cutoff value of 219 cm/sec provided the best predictive value with a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 89%, and an accuracy of 89%. The positive predictive value was 83% and the negative predictive value was 93%. Conclusions: The measurement of PSV is not only noninvasive but also highly accurate in detecting patients who have hemodynamically significant RAS. The authors emphasize that an enthusiastic application of renal duplex ultrasonography, particularly the measurement of PSV, is warranted. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aminobenzisoxazoles with Biaryl P4 Moieties as Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Factor Xa Inhibitors.
Authors: Quan Mimi L. , Han Qi , Fevig John M. , Lam Patrick Y. S. , Bai Steve , Knabb Robert M. , Luettgen Joseph M. , Wong Pancras C. , Wexler Ruth R.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4‐Substituted Phosphacoumarins via Cross‐Coupling of 4‐Tosylphosphacoumarins with Organozinc Reagents.
Authors: Li Xueshu , Shen Feng , Fu Hua , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Formal [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement Route to Quaternary α‐Vinyl Amino Acids: Use of Allylic N‐PMP Trifluoroacetimidates.
Authors: Berkowitz David B. , Wu Bin , Li Huijie
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Pyranonaphthoquinone Antibiotics Involving the Phthalide Annulation Strategy.
Authors: Claessens Sven , Naidoo Dashnie , Mulholland Dulcie , Verschaeve Luc , van Staden Johannes , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Total Synthesis of Longimicin D.
Authors: Tominaga Hiroaki , Maezaki Naoyoshi , Yanai Minori , Kojima Naoto , Urabe Daisuke , Ueki Risa , Tanaka Tetsuaki
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of γ‐Lactam Lignans via Aza‐Michael Addition.
Authors: Dorbec Matthieu , Florent Jean‐Claude , Monneret Claude , Rager Marie‐Noelle , Bertounesque Emmanuel
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
G Protein‐Coupled Receptors as Challenging Druggable Targets: Insights from in silico Studies
Authors: Moro Stefano , Bacilieri Magdalena , Deflorian Francesca , Spalluto Giampiero
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐Supported Green Synthesis of Substituted Hydrocinnamic Esters by Focused Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Sharma Anuj , Sinha Arun K.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Stereoselective Access to Sulfur Derivatives Starting from Zinc Organometallics.
Authors: Krasovskiy Arkady , Gavryushin Andrey , Knochel Paul
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Rhodium‐1,3‐dialkyl‐3,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene Complexes as Catalysts for Arylation of Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Oezdemir Ismail , Demir Serpil , Cetinkaya Bekir , Cetinkaya Engin
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Short and Efficient Synthesis of Isoindolin‐1‐ones.
Authors: Tsuritani Takayuki , Kii Satoshi , Akao Atsushi , Sato Kimihiko , Nonoyama Nobuaki , Mase Toshiaki , Yasuda Nobuyoshi
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Walther Reaction in the Benzazoles Series and Preparation of Their 2‐Deutero Derivatives.
Authors: Lomov D. A. , Yutilov Yu. M. , Smolyar N. N.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 5‐Selenoxo‐1,2,4‐triazole‐1‐carboxylates from Isoselenocyanates and Azodicarboxylates.
Authors: Favero Francesco , Sommen Geoffroy L. , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Vanillin Esters of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids in the Synthesis of Benzo[a]acridine and Benzo[b][4,7]phenanthroline Derivatives.
Authors: Kozlov N. G. , Tereshko A. B. , Gusak K. N.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Au(I)‐Catalyzed Cyclization of tert‐Butyl Carbonates Derived from Homopropargyl Alcohols: A Catalytic Alternative to Cyclic Enol Carbonates.
Authors: Kang Ji‐Eun , Shin Seunghoon
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclization of 2‐Chloro‐N‐(2‐pyridinyl)nicotinamides to 5‐Oxo‐5, 6‐Dihydrodipyrido[1,2,‐a:3′,2′‐e]pyrimidin‐11‐ium Chlorides.
Authors: Fernandes Elisa L. , Magalhaes Alvicler , Paes Karla C. , de Souza Marcus V. N. , Vasconcelos Thatyana R. A. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Self‐Organized, Rodlike, Micrometer‐Scale Microstructure of Tb3Sc2Al3O12—TbScO3 :Pr Eutectic.
Authors: Pawlak Dorota A. , Kolodziejak Katarzyna , Turczynski Sebastian , Kisielewski Jaroslaw , Rozniatowski Krzysztof , Diduszko Ryszard , Kaczkan Marcin , Malinowski Michal
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photo‐Control of Magnetization by Photochromic Compounds
Authors: Einaga Yasuaki
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transition Metals in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Fairlamb Ian J. S.
Published: July 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.