bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basal Cell Epitheliomas in Usual and Unusual Sites
Authors: RAHBARI HOMAYOON , MEHREGAN AMIR H.
Published: April 2006

2,126 consecutively diagnosed basal cell epitheliomas (BCE) were studied for unusual sites of occurrence. A small number of BCE occurred in unexpected locations and presented some difficulty in clinical diagnosis.
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis in Pancreatitis
Authors: CANNON JOE R. , PI?HA JAN V. , EVERETT MARK ALLEN
Published: April 2006

A case of subcutaneous fat necrosis as the initial manifestation of an attack of acute pancreatitis is presented. The accompanying features of respiratory distress syndrome, leukemoid reaction, shock, pleural effusions, and arthritis due to necrosis of periarticular far are described. Autopsy findings are pancreatic pseudocyst, serofibrinous peritonitis, pleuritis, and pericarditis and fat necrosis not only in the subcutaneous fat but also in the pericardial, pleural, mediastinal, mesenteric, retroperitoneal, and pericalyceal fat.
Bathing Trunk Nevus with Extensive Vascular Involvement
Authors: SANTA CRUZ DANIEL J. , BASHITI HIND
Published: April 2006

An extensive congenital melanocytic nevus is described which, in its deeper portion, had striking neurofibromatous features. At the dermal subcutaneous junction, there were prominent subendothelial collections of nevus cells in large veins. Similar findings have been described in neurofibromatosis. The apparent relationship of these two disorders both histologically and clinically suggests a histogenetic relationship between nevus and Schwann cells.
Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis: A Transepidermal Perforating Disorder
Authors: SANTA CRUZ DANIEL J.
Published: April 2006

Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis is a chronic disorder occurring exclusively on the ear. It is most common in the sixth decade, and two thirds of the patients are men. Although it has no single characteristic histologic feature, a diagnosis can be made with certainty with a clinical history and a combination of morphologic changes seen in the cartilage and overlying skin. The natural history and histology are similar to a group of disorders characterized by transepithelial elimination known as the perforating dermatoses.
Verrucous Carcinoma of Skin
Authors: KLIMA M. , KURTIS B. , JORDAN P. H.
Published: April 2006

Five different cases of verrucous proliferative lesions of skin are described and discussed. One of each developed in a chronic ulcer on a heel, in a scar on a lower leg, and on the penis, and two appeared in the region of the buttock in relation to chronic inflammatory sinuses. All these lesions showed morphological and clinical features of verrucous carcinoma which are described. It has been concluded that the variously named verrucous lesions in the literature (epithelioma cuniculatum, florid papillomatosis, giant cutaneous papilloma and papillomatosis cutis carcinoides), as well as our five cases represent a verrucous carcinoma which is a particular type of squamous cell carcinoma. This tumor develops typically in moist areas which are frequently sites of chronic inflammation. Despite the favorable prognosis, it is a potentially invasive tumor.
Central Pitting of Molluscum Contagiosum
Authors: UEHARA MASAMI , DANNO KIICHIRO
Published: April 2006

Histological examination of 42 early lesions of molluscum contagiosum was performed. At the top of the molluscum papule, the epidermis cylindrically hung down into the dermis, thus forming an epidermal cylinder with a narrow canal. Acanthomatous change occurred at the bottom of the epidermal cylinder. Thirteen of the 42 molluscum lesions showed a direct connection with components of hair follicle. It is suggested that the central pitting of molluscum contagiosum may be the ostium of pilar infundibulum.
Acid Fast Bodies in Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands
Authors: YOON RAHBARI HOMA
Published: April 2006

Small bodies resembling bacilli which stain with acid fast techniques are observed in the secretory cells of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. The presence of these acid fast bodies is not well known and their observation could be mistaken for infection with acid fast bacilli.
Acrosclerosis Associated with Vibration: an Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: HASHIMOTO KEN , CRAIG RUFFIN S.
Published: April 2006

A case of typical vibration‐induced acrosclerosis was studied with the electron microscope. In addition to increased collagenization of the dermis, vascular wall and perivascular spaces, a severe vacuolization and an increased number of lysosomes in the vascular endothelial cells were observed. In many peripheral nerves, axonal degeneration, demyelination and an extensive collagenization of peri‐ and endoneurium were observed. These changes appeared to be the organic basis for sclerosis and neuropathies of this condition.
A New Immunoenzyme Tracer for Localization of Antibodies in Immunohistology: Peroxidase‐Labeled Protein A
Authors: TROST T. H. , WEIL H. P. , NOACK M. , PULLMANN H. , STEIGLEDER G. K.
Published: April 2006

Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, characterized by high affinity binding properties for IgG‐type antibodies, was labeled with peroxidase to form a stable immuno‐histological tracer molecule of comparatively low molecular weight. It has been used for demonstration of antibodies against tissue antigens, in direct and indirect techniques, and the findings were consistent with those in routine immunofluorescence and in staining with peroxidase‐coupled anti‐IgG. In comparison, the lowest unspecific tissue adsorption and staining was obtained with Protein A‐peroxidase in buffer containing glucose, galactose and mannose. The immunohistological preparations were mounted and stored for documentation without apparent loss of staining.
Studies in Cutaneous Immunofluorescence
Authors: MACKIE RONA M. , YOUNG H. , CAMPBELL IRENE A.
Published: April 2006

Forty‐eight biopsy samples submitted to a diagnostic immunofluorescence service have been stored at ‐ 20°C and sequentially re‐tested at monthly intervals to ascertain the duration for which immunoglobulins and complement can be identified in these samples in typical and diagnostic patterns of distribution. Four biopsies from pemphigus vulgaris, 14 biopsies from bullous pemphigoid, nine biopsies from dermatitis herpetiformis and 21 from chronic discoid lupus erythematosus have been studied in this manner. In all cases diagnostic immunofluorescence patterns were present up to 4 months after biopsy and in several biopsies a diagnostic pattern was observed at 9 months. It is concluded that adequate storage facilities for a diagnostic immunfluorescence service can be achieved with a ‐ 20°C storage system and that known positive material can be retrieved from this system for use as controls or in research studies for a minimum of 4 months.
Granulomatous Vasculitis of Wegener
Authors: Le T. , Pierard G. E. , Lapière Ch. M.
Published: April 2006

We report a case of granulomatous vasculitis of Wegener. Systemic involvement occurred in spite of chemotherapy and concomitantly with the development of immunological disturbances. The differential diagnosis with other angiocentric granulomatoses and the estimation of the risk of extension to internal organs are primordial because of their prognostic importance.
Adnexal Metaplasia in Carcinoma in situ of the Skin
Authors: Fulling Keith H. , Strayer David S. , Santa Cruz Daniel J.
Published: April 2006

Two cases of epidermoid carcinoma in situ of the skin, one with mucinous metaplasia and the other with sebaceous metaplasia, are reported. These unique cases suggest a spectrum of differentiation possible by neoplastic epidermal keratinocytes, which may help in the understanding of the histogenesis of certain skin neoplasms.
Effects of the Hypoxic Radiosensitizer Misonidazole on Normal and Irradiated Epidermis
Authors: De Rey B. M. , Lanfranchi H. E. , Klein‐Szanto A. J. P. , Itoiz M. E.
Published: April 2006

Misonidazole, a hypoxic cell radiation‐sensitizer, has been used in vivo to analyze its effects on normal and x‐radiation epidermis. The drug action was evaluated 3 days after being implanted subcutaneously. The response of the epidermis and especially of the basal cells to the drug alone and in combination with x‐radiation was studied. The ultramorphological analysis as well as quantitative data on epidermal thickness and keratinocyte volume showed that high doses of misonidazole impair the usual post‐irradiation epidermal reaction, thus enhancing the involutional effects of radiation and inhibiting radiation‐damage repair, even under conditions of normal oxygenation.
Pulmonary Metastases from a Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Keenan Ronald , Hopkinson John M.
Published: April 2006

Although basal cell carcinomas are the commonest malignant condition of the skin (Borel 1973) pulmonary metastases are rare; it appears that only 30 authenticated cases have been reported (Sakula 1977). A futher case is described of a man aged 64 who presented with severe dyspnoea and who for 12 years had harbored an untreated ulcerating lesion of the abdominal wall shown histologically to be a basal cell carcinoma. Chest radiography showed metastatic disease confirmed histologically to be identical to the ulcerating skin lesion. Unfortunately, because of the severe respiratory condition, no definitive treatment was indicated and the patient died of respiratory failure 2 weeks following discharge.
Annular Hemosiderotic Histiocytoma
Authors: Saga Kenji
Published: April 2006

A 35‐year‐old woman was examined because of a symptomless multiple annular eruption. The lesion consisted of rings of closely set, smooth, firm papules that were brown in color. Hemosiderotic histiocytoma was diagnosed by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally, the lesion consisted of fibroblastic and histiocytic cells with marked hemosiderin and lipid deposition.
Fine structure of granular cell tumor of abrikossoff*
Authors: Manara G. C. , De Panfilis G. , Bacchi A.Bottazzi , Ferrari C. , Tedeschi F. , Brusati R. , Scandroglio R. , Allegra F.
Published: April 2006

This case report illustrates the microscopical and ultrastructural findings obtained in a case of Abrikossoff's tumor. On the basis of the light and ultrastructural data a neural histogenesis is suggested.
Characterization of surface markers and cytoplasmic organelle in benign and malignant lymphoid lesions of skin; Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic evaluation
Authors: Jimbow Kowichi , Katoh Mitsuko , Nishio Chieko , Jimbow Mihoko
Published: April 2006

In order to characterize the benign and malignant proliferation of lymphoid cells in skin, we compared surface markers and cytoplasmic organelles of cells in cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (CLH), lymphomatoid papulosis (LP), mycosis fungoides (MF), Sézary's syndrome (SS) and primary cutaneous malignant lymphoma (ML). The immunohistochemical study showed cells with both T‐ and B‐cell markers in CLH, LP and early MF, whereas cells with only the T‐cell marker were seen in late MF, SS and ML. T‐cells in all cutaneous lesions possessed the surface marker common to T‐cells of peripheral lymph nodes, and not that of central thymus cells. Cutaneous T‐cells contained clustered or scattered dense core granules. Although no specific organelles indicative of benign or malignant lymphoid proliferation were found, there were several ultrastructural features that could help identifying each form of cutaneous lymphoid lesions. These included clustered or scattered dense‐core granules, the variable degree of nuclear convolutions as well as dendritic arborization, and the presence or absence of 10 nm filaments.
Generalized pediculosis corporis
Authors: Sulica Virginia I. , Graham James H.
Published: April 2006

A case of generalized pediculosis corporis is presented. Microscopic study of sectioned hairs stained with hematoxylin and eosin and of hairs under polarized light allowed identification of larval content and eggs. The value of microscopic examination of hairs is shown.
Transepithelial elimination in cutaneous sarcoidosis
Authors: Batres Enrique , Klima Marcella , Tschen Jaime
Published: April 2006

A patient known to have sarcoidosis exhibited cutaneous lesions. Microscopic examination of serial sections showed histologic evidence of transepithelial elimination of the sarcoidal granuloma. The concept and possible mechanisms of trans‐epithelial elimination are discussed.
Hidroacanthoma simplex: an ultrastructural study
Authors: Warner T. F. C. S. , Goell W. S. , Cripps D. J.J.
Published: April 2006

A non‐invasive example of hidroacanthoma simplex that contained focal cellular atypia and abnormal mitoses occurred on the leg of an 80‐year‐old man. Ultrastructural features included abundant glycogen, peripheral tonofilaments and sparse short desmosomes. Nuclear profiles were smooth and nucleoli were dense and round. Thus, tumor cells were easily distinguished from the surrounding keratinocytes with which they formed short desmosomal junctions.
Freeze‐fracture replication technique of human skin
Authors: Caputo R. , Gasparini G.
Published: April 2006

The freeze‐fracture replication technique represents one of the most advanced methods for studying the ultrastructure of biological tissues and has given a new dimension to the ultrastructure research. This technique makes it possible to obtain a cast of a fracture surface of frozen preparations. Apart from allowing samples 10 be examined without being dehydrated, i.e. under conditions very close to those of the living state, it has proved especially useful for the analysis of many tissue functions concerned with membrane activity and exchanges between cells and their disturbance in specific disease conditions.

Even though good quality replicas had already been obtained back in 1961 (Moor et al. 1961), only after 1970, mainly thanks to the contribution made by Breathnach and his collaborators (Breathnach et al. 1972, Breathnach 1973, Breathnach et al. 1973) was the freeze‐fracture replication technique successfully used in the study of the skin, since this tissue had proved especially difficult to proces.

In this review paper, technical principles will be summarized and the most important findings so far obtained in the study of normal and pathologic skin will be illustrated.
Morphological aspects of human malignant skin tumours. A freeze‐fracture study
Authors: Riuehl Rüdiger , Tilgen Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

As a part of a systematic in vivo and in vitro study on epithelial skin tumours, freeze‐fracture investigations were carried out together with transmission electron microscopy and cell kinetics. The most important advantage of freeze‐fracturing in relation to the classical electron microscopical techniques is the visualization of membrane surface specializations such as nuclear pores, pinocytotic vesicles and particularly intercellular junctions. Biopsy material from keratoacanthoma (KA), nodular solid basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), Bow‐en's disease with invasive squamous carcinoma (BDC) and malignant melanoma (MM) was investigated. Cell and nuclear polymorphism with alteration of the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio was observed in SCC, BDC and MM, while BCC exhibited a very homogenous size, shape and arrangement of the cells. The tumours commonly possessed interdigitation of their plasma membranes. Cytoplasmic organelles such as Golgi apparatus and lysosomal vesicles were highly developed in SCC and MM. In the latter, melanosomes, melanosome complexes and dendritic processes were impressive. Giant, lobulated nuclei were characteristic for SCC, BDC and MM. It could be established that – with the exception of MM, where no intercellular junctions were demonstrable – all tumours revealed various types of junctions, i.e. desmosomes, gap junctions and tight junctions, but so far no definite prevalence of the various functional structures could be demonstrated in these tumours. Nevertheless, desmosomes occurred regularly in BCC and also in SCC. Gap junctions were striking in SCC and KA; tight junctions were found in BCC, SCC and BDC. Pinocytotic vesicles could be demonstrated in all tumours with distinct differences in frequency and distribution patterns. In BCC pinocytotic vesicles appeared uniformly and closely arranged in great areas. In KA, SCC, BDC and MM they were more scarcely scattered in an irregular or patch‐like pattern. Nuclear pores were abundant in SCC and MM.
Trichilemmal keratosis (horn): a light and electron microscopic study
Authors: Kimura S.
Published: April 2006

Three cases of trichilemmal keratosis (horn) were light microscopically examined and all showed numbers of U‐ or V‐shaped epidermal proliferations which keratinized in a fashion either identical or similar to trichilemmal keratinization. Electron microscopy revealed both uneven and linear borders between the keratinized and the keratinizing cells with a few keratohyalin droplets, remnants of desmosomes, no marginal band in the horny layer, perinuclear vacuolation, few spherical bodies in the intercellular spaces (ICS) of the upper epidermis, and widening of the ICS of the lower epidermis. A number of electron dense spherical particles. 40‐50 nm in diameter, were observed in nuclei of the upper epidermis. This suggests that ultrastructure of trichilemmal keratosis is similar rather to viral warts than to trichilemmal cysts, although there are close similarities between trichilemmal keratosis and cyst.
Acral lentiginous melanoma simulating “clear cell sarcoma of tendon and aponeuroses”
Authors: Warner T. F. C. S. , Hafez G. R. , Padmalatha C. , Lange T. A.
Published: April 2006

Clear cell sarcoma was closely mimicked in metastatic tumor deposits from two patients with acral lentiginous malignant melanoma. A subcutaneous deposit composed of glycogen‐laden spindle cells dominated the presenting clinical picture in one patient. In the other, primary acral melanoma resembled a histiocytic tumor and metastatic tumor simulated clear cell sarcoma. The cases illustrate the pleomorphism that may be encountered in malignant melanoma.
Keratinocyte damage in vitiligo
Authors: Bhawan J. , Bhutani L. K.
Published: April 2006

Light and electron‐microscopic studies were performed on the amelanotic and adjacent normal‐appearing skin in patients with vitiligo. The amelanotic skin revealed complete loss of pigment and absence of melanocytes. In addition to severe degenerative changes of melanoeyles. varying degree of damage was also seen in the keratinocytes of normal‐appearing skin adjacent to amelanotic skin.
The significance of atypical nuclear changes in benign eccrine acrospiromas: a clinical and pathological study of 18 cases
Authors: Mambo N. C.
Published: April 2006

A clinicopathologic study of 18 eccrine acrospiromas with atypical nuclear changes is presented. The changes included nuclear pleomorphism, prominent nucleoli, chromatin condensation, multinucleate giant cells and increased mitotic activity. Of the 5 neoplasms that recurred, 2 recurred once and were histologically and clinically benign, and the other 2 recurrences were histologically malignant. One neoplasm recurred twice, the first recurrence being histologically benign and the second histologically malignant. It is suggested that such nuclear atypias in otherwise clinically and histologically benign eccrine acrospiromas may be associated with local benign recurrences some of which may undergo malignant change. Search for these nuclear changes and long follow‐up of patients in whom they occur are, therefore, recommended.
Ultrastructure of multiple glomus tumor
Authors: Murata Y. , Tsuji M. , Tani M.
Published: April 2006

A multiple glomus tumor was studied by electron microscopy. Glomus cells showed characteristics of modified smooth‐muscle cells such as intracytoplasmic myofibrils, pinocytotic vesicles, smooth‐muscle dense and attachment bodies, which were surrounded by basal lamina, additionally, an abortive solitary cilium was found in a glomus cell.
Immunoperoxidase staining of previously stained tissue
Authors: Walder D. , Penneys N. S. , Nadji M.
Published: April 2006

Using an unlabelled antibody peroxidase‐antiperoxidase method, We have demonstrated than certain tissue antigens can be identified in tissue sections previously stained with hematoxylin and eosin. This technique is useful in identifying antigens in tissues where insufficient unstained material is available.
Lymphocytic vasculitis: is it a specific clinicopathologic entity?
Authors: Massa M. C. , Su W.P.D.
Published: April 2006

Seventy‐one biopsy specimens taken at the Mayo Clinic from June 1977 through May 1981 demonstrated lymphocytic vasculitis. All specimens met the criteria for lymphocytic vasculitis, defined as (1) a predominantly lymphocytic infiltrate that involves and surrounds blood vessel walls, (2) fibrinoid necrosis of blood vessel walls, and (3) endothelial cell hyperplasia. Other histologic findings such as thrombosis, extravasation of erythrocytes, ulceration, epidermal infarction, and evidence of nuclear dust were seen only occasionally. Hypocomplementemia and other serologic abnormalities were very rare, even when lymphocytic vasculitis was extensive. The clinical diagnoses varied, with drug reaction (12 patients) and chronic urticaria (10 patients) being most frequent. In 32 cases, no specific diagnosis could lie made at the time of dermatologic dismissal. In the remaining 39 cases. The diagnoses were varied and no definite clinical categories can be applied lo them. We also observed typical lymphocytic vasculitis in some cases of other clinical entities, such as nodular scabies, erythema multiforme, and urticarial vasculitis. and so forth. We conclude that lymphocytic vasculitis is probably not a specific clinicopathologic entity but is more likely a reactive process, secondary to severe lymphocytic inflammation in the skin.
The diagnostic value of parakeratosis
Authors: Price M. L. , Holden C. A. , Mac‐Donald D. M.
Published: April 2006

A study of dermatopathological specimens exhibiting parakeratosis has been made and the parakeratosis classified on morphological and topographical criteria. Twelve patterns of parakeratosis have been identified and their association with particular pathological conditions described.
Ultrastructurl studies of barrier restoration in epidermis of hairless mice following dimethyl sulfoxide application
Authors: Shackleford J.M. , Yielding K.L.
Published: April 2006

Sixteen hairless mice were studied by transmission electron microscopy to determine the ultrastructural changes in epidermal burner restoration following topical applications of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to hack skin. Samples of experimental skin were examined at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 3 h after the initial DMSO treatment and compared with that of control animals. At earlier time periods (30 min‐1 h) the DMSO treated epidermis showed greatly expanded intercellular spaces, disrupted desmosomal attachments, and desmosomal remnants lying free within the intercellular space. Mitochondria contained droplets of lipoid material which reached maximum size in the spinous and granular layers. Cytoplasmic vacuoles were particularly prominent in the 30‐min samples. Large numbers of membrane coaling granules (MCG) emerged in the 1 h specimens. The MCG were laden with numerous electron‐dense inner membranes which crisscrossed at various angles. Many of the MCG were observed in the process of fusion with plasma membranes of granular cells adjacent to the stratum corneum. At 2 h a process of recovery from the effects of DMSO was evident and at 3 h there was little or no difference between experimental and control epidermis.
Why do melanomas ulcerate?
Authors: Mascaro J. M. , Castro J. , Castel T. , Lecha M. , Gratacos R. , Mascaro J. M.
Published: April 2006

Ulceration is an indicator of unfavourable prognosis in malignant melanoma (MM). But why do melanomas ulcerate?. Possible causes of ulecration were investigated in a group of 69 ulcerated and 69 non‐ulcerated malignant melanomas. A significant correlation (P < 0.001) between ulceration and mitotic index was found. In a group of 69 ulcerated malignant melanomas, 49 had over 7. 15 had 4–6, and only 5 had 0–3 mitotic figures per 10 high‐power fields. Among 69 non‐ulcerated melanomas, 28 had more than 7, 24 had 4–6, and 17 had 0–3 mitotic figures per 10 high‐power fields. This study supports the hypothesis that ulceration of melanomas is usually the result of the destruction of the epidermis by the proliferating neoplastic cells or modification of blood supply due to the expansile activity of the tumor. The relationship between ulceration and mitotic activity helps clarify the prognostic significance of ulceration.
Large acquired nevocytic nevi induced by the Koebner phenomenon
Authors: Soltani K. , Pepper M. C. , Simjee S. , Apatoff B. R.
Published: April 2006

A patient with characteristic clinical, histopathological, ullrastruclural and family history of cpidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) developed large acquired nevocytic at the sites of some healing blisters. An isomorphic reaction may have initiated the development of these ncvi. Such large acquired nevi should be considered in the differential diagnosis of large and giant congenital nevi which have the potential to evolve into malignant melanoma.
Ultrastructural features of metastatic cutaneous carcinoid
Authors: Archer C. B. , Rauch H.‐J. , Allen M. H. , MacDonald D. M.
Published: April 2006

Tissue from the cutaneous metastases of bronchial carcinoid was examined. Fine argyrophil secretory granules were demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the abnormal cells which showed positive labelling with neuron‐specific enolase. Ultrastructural studies revealed numerous electron‐dense membrane bound neuro‐secretory granules, 50–300 nm in diameter. Other characteristic features included inter‐digitating pseudo pod‐like processes (up to 2 μ in size) in the cytoplasmic membrane, perinuclear filaments, a well‐defined Golgi zone and numerous large mitochondria.
Monilethrix: an ultrastructural study
Authors: Ito M. , Hashimoto K. , Yorder F. W.
Published: April 2006

Characlcristic moniliform hairs of monilcthrix were ultrastructurally examined. By scanning electron microscope, nodes and internodes were seen alternating on the affected hair; the nodes were normal in apparance and thickness, while the internodes were thin and showed ridges and flutes. By transmission electron microscope, the cross sections of the internodes revealed wrinkling of the hair coticular cells and a reduced number of the cortical cells. Cross sections of the cortical cells per se showed a similar size and a normal keratin pattern in both nodes and internodes, compared with those of control hairs from normal individuals. From these findings, the internodes seemed to be the pathological portions of the monilifonn hair, and such abnormal thinning of hair shaft might tie caused by a periodical dysfunction of the hair matrix, especially in the hair cortex.
Tissue‐specific autoantibodies and autoimmune disorders in vitiligo and alopecia areata: a retrospective study
Authors: Korkij W. , Solatani K. , Simjee S. , Marcincin P. G. , Chuang Tsu‐Yi
Published: April 2006

We retrospectively analyzed our laboratory reports of tissue‐specific autoantibodies (TSA) in 38 patients with alopecia areata (AA) and 31 patients with vitiligo. These reports were based on standard indirect immunofluorescence (IF) procedures, employing monkey tissues as substrates. One or more TSA were detected in 39% of serum samples. Thyroid (microsomal and/or thyroglobulin) antibodies had the highest occurrence rate and, as compared with the normal population, were detected at a greater frequency in both vitiligo and AA. Over half (58%) of our patients with vitiligo had one or more delectable TSA, while only 28% of patients with AA had such antibodies. When compared with the normal population, the occurrence rate of TSA was higher in patients with vitiligo. The only remarkable finding in AA was a higher than normal occurrence rate of antithyroid antibodies.
Gross pathology and scanning electron microscopy of pilomatricoma
Authors: Zina A. M. , Bundino S. , Torre C.
Published: April 2006

We have examined gross specimens of pilomatricomas, divided in half after surgical excision and have found a peculiar gross appearance that has enabled us to arrive at a correct diagnosis. The macroscopic structure of the tumor appears to conform to the scanning electron microscopic picture.
Dermal cylindromas (Turban tumour) and eccrine spiradenomas in a patient with membranous basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland
Authors: Ferráandiz C. , Campo E. , Baumann E.
Published: April 2006

A patient with coexisting dermal cylindromas (Turban tumour), eccrine spiradenomas and a variant of basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland characterized by prominent local deposition of hyaline (membranous basal cell adenoma of parotid gland) is reported. The microscopic appearance of the cutaneous and parotid gland tumours was very similar. This rare association of analogous tumours of sweat and parotid glands has been described only in 5 previous cases. It is hypothesized that the occurrence of the 3 different tumours found in this individual may be explained by the multipotential reserve cell concept and these tumours perhaps could be considered as different expressions of a single genetic disorder.
Dermal melanocytes and elastic fibers
Authors: Ono T. , Mah K. , Hu F.
Published: April 2006

The relationship between dermal melanocytes and elastic fibers was studied by electron microscopy. In 3 patients with dermal melanoeytosis, the long cytoplasmic processes of the melanocytes were aligned along the long axis of the clastic fiber and encircled or embraced these fibers. The same intimacy existed between melanocytes and elastic fibers in the skin of cynomolgus macaques, who normally have dermal melanocytes. These findings suggest that dermal melanocytes, for reasons yet to be determined, interact with elastic fibers under these special conditions.
T‐cell subsets in lesions of systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kohchiyama A. , Oka D. , Ueki H.
Published: April 2006

In 6 patients with untreated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the progressive stage, and in 6 with discoid lupus erythematosus (OLE), an analysis of inflammatory infiltrates was performed in situ using the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex (ABC) method with monoclonal antibodies. In all patients, over 75% of the infiltrates reacted with the pan T‐cell antibody OKT3, but only sporadically with that of B‐cell OKB7. In addition, a large number of the infiltrates were OKT8‐positive, indicating that they were in an activated state. Many OKT8‐positive cells were seen infiltrating the epidermis especially in the vicinity of basal keratinocytes. Staining for T‐cell subsets revealed that the proportion of OKT8‐positive cells (suppressor/ cytotoxic) was from 2 to 3 fold higher than that of OKT4‐positive cells (helper/inducer) in lesions of SLE. On the contrary, in OLE, a predominance of OKT4‐pos‐itive cells (the OKT4/OKT8 ratio was from 1:1 to 3:1) was observed. Thus, our results provide further evidence that these 2 main types of LE show quite contrary findings on immunohistochemical analysis of T‐cell subsets, and that besides the humoral immune mechanism, the cell‐mediated immune mechanism may be involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders.
Oral lupus erythematosus: markers of immunologic injury
Authors: Van Joost Th. , Stolz E. , Van Der Sluis J.J. , Vuznvski V. D. , Van der Kwast Th. H.
Published: April 2006

Tissue speciments were taken from three regions in a patient with oral progressive lupus erythematosus (LE): the tongue, the buccal mucosa and clinically uninvolved cutaneous (issue. They were subjected to immunocytochemical studies by use of markers. HLA‐DR antigen expression on mucosal epithelial cells was found in association with a predominance of activated helper T‐Cells in the lesional tissue. Langerhans cells (OKT‐6) and B‐cells (Leu‐IO, B1 and B2) were nearly absent in the mucosal lesions. The presence of populations of macrophages (MY‐4) in the lesional epithelium might suggest an important role for these cells, rather than for Langerhans cells, in the afferent limb of cellular immunity in this case of LE.
Metastatic follicular carcinoma of the thyroid to the skin: a case confirmed by immunohistochemistry
Authors: Rico M. J. , Penneys N. S.
Published: April 2006

A 78‐year‐old woman with a history of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid developed a painless nodule on her face. A skin biopsy showed a dermal tumor composed of cells with granular, cosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunoperoxidase staining demonstrated thyroglobulin in the tumor cells, confirming the diagnosis of meta‐static thyroid carcinoma.
Aneurysmal (angiomatoid) fibrous histiocytoma
Authors: Sood U. , Mehregan A. H.
Published: April 2006

We report a patient with aneurysmal (angiomatoid) fibrous histiocytoma manifested clinically as a single firm subcutaneous nodule, diagnosed as an epithelial cyst. Histologically, the growth showed massive histiocylic proliferation and areas with a vascular component. The lesion was histologically mistaken for Kaposi's sarcoma.
Histopathologic findings in papulovesicular light eruption
Authors: Hood A. F. , Elpern D. J. , Morison W. L.
Published: April 2006

Papulovcsicular light eruption (PVLE) is a distinct clinical and histological subset of polymorphous light eruption, Biopsies from 16 patients with PV1.L: showed prominent epidermal and dermal changes consisting of intercellular edema, papillary dermal edema and a perivascular and interstitial infiltrate in the upper dermis.
Stewart‐Treves syndrome: an histogenetic (ultrastructural and immunohistological) study
Authors: Kanitakis J. , Bendelac A. , Marchand C. , Rigot‐Muller G. , Thivolet J.
Published: April 2006

One case of the so‐called „Stewart‐Treves syndrome” (STS), appearing on a lymphoedomatous arm complicating radical mastectomy for brest cancer, was characterized electronmicroscopically and immunohistologically, in order to elucidate its disputed (epithelial vs endothelial) histogenesis. Epithelial and endothelial differentiation markers used comprised: antibodies against keratin, vimentin, factor VIII‐related antigen (F VIII‐RA), HLA‐DR antigens and the lectin Ulex europeaus agglutinin 1 (UEA I). At the ultrastructural level, neoplastic cells were found to contain typical Weibel‐Palade bodies, whereas by immunohistological techniques they proved to be keratin −negative/vimentin+, F VIII‐RA +, UEAI+, HLA‐DR+. These results rule out a possible epithelial differentiation and strongly favour an endothelial one for STS.
Erythromelanoderma with eosinophilic spongiosis and epidermal intercellular antibodies. Differentiation from pemphigus
Authors: Duschet P. , Schwarz T. , Gschnait F.
Published: April 2006

A patient with figurated, erythematous skin lesions which histologically showed eosinophilic spongiosis and an epithelial intercellular staining with IgG, but no acantholysis, developed erythromelanodernia. This case and a review of the pertinent literature indicate that the diagnosis of pemphigus does not seem to he justified even in the presence of eosinophilic spongiosis and epidermal intercellular antibodies, when the clinical signs of this disease and the typical histological feature, i.e., acantholysis, are lacking.
Histopathologic and immunopathologic study of pyoderma gangrenosum
Authors: Su W. P. D. , Sctiroeter A. L. , Perry H. O. , Powell F. C.
Published: April 2006

Sixty‐three patients with pyoderma gangrenosum were seen and studied at the Mayo Clinic from 1971 to 1980. Biopsies from the erythcmatous border or necrotic edge of the pyoderma gangrenosum lesions usually demonstrated a characteristic pathogenic morphologic evolution. The early lesions revealed mild to moderate perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate associated with endothelial swelling. The fully developed lesions demonstrated necrosis in addition to a dense lymphocytic infiltration surrounding as well as involving the blood vessels. Extravasation of erythro‐cytes and thrombosis sometimes were seen. Ulceration, infarction, and abscess formation were found in the later stages of evolution. Direct immunofluorescence results were positive in the blood vessels of 36 of 65 (55%) specimens. IgM, C3, and fibrin were found in the papillary and retieular dermal vessels. IgG and IgA were only occasionally present. Pyoderma gangrenosum appears to be a reactive process that is manifested as a vasculilis. Biopsy material from the advancing active erylhc‐matous border has early characteristic derniatopathologic findings of lymphocytic vasculitis. Cutaneous vascular immune deposits suggest an immune pathogenesis of either an immune complex disease or lymphocytotoxic reaction.
Markers of immunologic injury in progressive alopecia areata
Authors: Peereboom‐Wynia J. D. R. , van Joost Th. , Stolz E. , Prins M. E. F.
Published: April 2006

In a selected group of 8 patients with progressive alopecia areata (AA) leading to AA universalis, immunological aspects (in the peripheral blood and the tissue) were studied during the period of the intitial attack of the disease. The peripheral T‐cell helper/suppressor ratio appeared not to be a reliable parameter for the disease activity. The intrabulbar and peribulbar distribution of T‐cells, Langerhans cells and of HLA‐DR expression in and around the anagen hair follicles in the progressive areas of the disease (region of exclamation‐mark hairs) may suggest a T‐cell‐mediated injury primarily in the peribulbar regions of the follicles. The data presented tend to support the possibility that in the early development of AA, the dermal pailla (capillary network?) may be the prime target of immunologic injury.
Granular‐cell tumours of the skin do not express carcino‐embryonic antigen
Authors: Kanitakis J. , Zambruno G. , Viac J. , Thivolet J.
Published: April 2006

Granular‐cell tumour (GCT) of the skin is an uncommon tumour of disputed histogenesis, that has been subjected to several immunohistochemical studies. The controversy existing in the literature concerning the expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by GCT prompted us to study a series of 17 cases of cutaneous GCT by using an avidin‐biotin‐immunoperoxidase technique on routinely‐processed tissue sections. No CEA activity was detected in any of the tumours screened. The reasons for this controversy are discussed.
The morphological details of globular keratohyalin granules
Authors: Westerhof W. , Dingemans K. P.
Published: April 2006

In quickly dividing epithelia such as that of the tongue, keratohyalin formation takes place in globular keratohyalin granules (KHG). This is in contrast with the irregular KHG as seen in normal, slowly dividing epidermis. The morphogenesis of the globular KHG is explained in this study. In small KHG, dense aggregates of ribosomes can be seen at the site of blebs. It is suggested that these blebs framed with ribosomes are internalized giving rise to “dense homogeneous deposits” or “single granules”. Lipid droplets occur in the upper spinous and horny layer. Globular KHG also contain variable amounts of lipids, and the lipid content seems to be inversely related to the protein content, dependent on the degree of cell differentiation or on the rate of cell turnover. It is suggested that in epithelia with a high cell turnover few rigid keratohyalin components are dispersed in lipids, which maintain a globular shape due to the surface tension.
The identification of molluscum infection by immunohistochemical means
Authors: Penneys N. S. , Matsuo S. , Mogollon R.
Published: April 2006

Tissue obtained from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded blocks containing molluscum contagiosum virus was used as a source of antigen to generate a polyclonal antibody against molluscum contagiosum virus. This antibody recognized an antigen in molluscum bodies which was preserved during routine fixation and embedding. The antibody can be used with standard immunohistochemical methods to identify molluscum contagiosuminfection in inflamed and distorted tissue specimens. Our data indicate that paraffin‐embedded, formalin‐fixed material can be used as an antigenic source to generate antibodies with diagnostic potential.
S–100 protein‐positive cells in hidrocystomas
Authors: Tokura Y. , Takigawa M. , Inoue K. , Matsumoto K. , Yamada M.
Published: April 2006

The histogenesis of hidrocystomas was examined by the use of immunostaining for S–100 protein. In normal sweat glands, S–100 protein was found exclusively in the secretory cells of eccrine glands, whereas this protein was not present in the other parts of eccrine glands or at any levels of the structure of apocrine glands. On the bases of this immunostaining pattern in normal sweat glands, we attempted to correlate the origin of 8 cases of hidrocystoma to the presence of S–100 protein‐positive cells. S–100 protein was detected in the cells of one solitary eccrine hidrocystoma, but not in those of 2 cases of “classic”, multiple‐lesion type of eccrine hidrocystoma. This indicated that the former arose from the secretory portion of the eccrine gland and the latter from the eccrine ductal cells. Two of the 5 cases of apocrine hidrocystoma showed positive staining in a part of the lining cells of the cyst wall, while the other 3 cases were negative to this protein. This finding suggests that some of the tumors diagnosed morphologically as apocrine hidrocystoma differentiate in the direction of eccrine secretory cells. In addition to S–100 protein, we also surveyed for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and all cases examined were consistently positive to this substance. The detection of S–100 protein was considered to be more helpful in classifying hidrocystomas than that of CEA.
Myofibroblasts in basal cell epithelioma: with special reference to the phagocytic function of myofibroblasts
Authors: Nagao S. , Nemoto H. , Suzuki M. , Satoh N. , Iijima S.
Published: April 2006

Three cases of basal cell epithelioma were studied with light and electron microscopy. Myofibroblasts, some containing melanosomes, were observed in the stroma of the tumors. The significance of these cells in the tumor is briefly discussed.
Eruptive xanthoma: a microscopic simulant of granuloma annulare
Authors: Cooper P. H.
Published: April 2006

The microscopic appearance of eruptive xanthoma (EX) presents the potential for misinterpretation as granuloma annulare (GA). Both exhibit one or multiple lesions in the superficial reticular dermis. Both have a perivascular and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltrate. Extracellular lipid in EX separates and disrupts the reticular dermis, simulating necrobiosis. There are several useful differential diagnostic features. The perivascular infiltrate is histiocytic in EX and lymphoid in GA. The histiocytes of EX have translucent, finely stippled cytoplasm, whereas those of GA have denser eosinophilic cytoplasm. EX lacks a distinctly granulomatous appearance, whereas epithelioid and multinuclear cells arc typical of GA. The semilucent extracellular deposits of lipid in EX are associated with only minimal fragmentation of collagen and no evidence of cellular necrosis. Necrobiotic material stains more deeply eosinophilic or basophilic; degradation of collagen is discern‐able, and there is often evidence of cell death. Both EX and GA exhibit deposits of hyaluronic acid. They tend to be concentrated at the borders of lesions in EX and in the centers of lesions in GA. Elastolysis was not appreciated in EX. It was present in some eases of GA.
Transferrin receptor expression in normal skin and in various cutaneous tumors
Authors: Soyer H.‐P. , Smolle J. , Torne R. , Kerl H.
Published: April 2006

In the majority of human cells the transferrin receptor (TFR) plays an important role by mediating the cellular iron uptake. The TFR is especially expressed by proliferating cells and has been found in high amounts in malignant tumors. The distribution of the TFR in frozen sections of 89 skin biopsies of normal skin and of various cutaneous tumors was investigated using an anti‐TFR monoclonal antibody (OKT9) and a 3‐step immunoperoxidase method. Our results indicate that in normal human skin the TFR shows a characteristic microanatomical distribution in the basal cell layer correlated to the architectural pattern of the dermal‐epidermal interface. In cutaneous lymphomas of high grade malignancy the TFR was expressed in virtually all cells compared to only 25–75% in low grade lymphomas. Malignant melanomas were strongly positive in the whole tumor tissue, whereas benign melanocytic nevi were largely negative. Obviously the immunohistochemical demonstration of the TFR may serve as prognostic indicator or diagnostic aid, respectively.
Malignant transformation of eccrine tumors
Authors: Galadari E. , Mehregan A. H. , Lee K. C.
Published: April 2006

Malignant transformation occurred in pre‐existing sweat gland tumors in 7 patients. Three lesions showed an histologic pattern of eccrine spiradenoma, 2 eccrine poroma, one cylindroma and one papillary eccrine adenoma. Malignant transformation was histologically characterized by the presence of solid tumor areas populated with large cells having irregularly shaped nuclei and mitotic figures. There were multiple foci of squamous metaplasia, areas of loss of basement membrane and invasion of the surrounding connective tissue.
Histopathology of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia
Authors: Finan M. C. , Winkelmann R. K.
Published: April 2006

Fifty‐three cutaneous biopsies from 22 patients with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma (NXG) were reviewed. One or more biopsies from each patient displayed a typical pattern of palisading histiocytic xanthogranuloma with bands of hyaline necrobiosis. Multiple foam cells and Touton giant cells were present, and atypical, bizarre‐appearing foreign body giant cells were characteristic. Cholesterol clefts were found in 18 specimens, and lymphoid nodules were found in 24, 8 of which had germinal center formation. Twenty‐one specimens contained foci of plasma cells, and these were located perivascularly, at the periphery of lymphoid nodules, and, as infiltrates, between dermal collagen bundles. Unique features were xanthogranulomatous panniculitis, often appearing as Touton cell panniculitis, and a rare but distinctive palisading cholesterol cleft granuloma. The cytoplasm of giant cells and histiocytes contained PAS‐positive, diastase‐resistant polysaccharide. Examination of 3 cases by electron microscopy revealed dendritic cells in the epidermis and vacuolated dermal histiocytes. S‐100 antibody was negative in 3 cases. Leukocyte monoclonal antibody studies in 6 patients showed predominantly T‐helper lymphocytes within the granuloma. NXG is a T‐helper cell, non‐X histiocytic granuloma with a distinctive histopathology.
Ultrastructure of deep wrinkles in the elderly
Authors: Tsuji T.
Published: April 2006

Deep wrinkles of 6 elderly people were investigated using electron microscopy. There were ultrastructural differences in the elastotic changes between the area of the wrinkle and the surrounding areas. Elastic fibers containing electron‐dense inclusions were mostly seen in the upper dermis of the wrinkled area and were considered to be an early event of the elastotic changes. The elastotic changes showing net‐like structures were seen in the areas surrounding the wrinkle and were considered to be a more advanced event. Another form of elastotic change was the presence of thickened elastic fibers with many holes containing round bodies, which were scattered in the deep dermis of the wrinkled area, and increased and packed in the middle and deep dermis of the surrounding areas. In one case subepidermal amyloid deposits were seen in the areas surrounding the wrinkle, suggesting a close relationship between amyloid and sun‐light exposure.
Eccrine proliferation with follicular mucinosis
Authors: Berger T. G. , Goette D. K.
Published: April 2006

Proliferation of the eccrine sweat duct epithelium has been associated with skin tumors, especially keratoacanthomas and basal cell carcinomas. We report our observations on the extensive sweat gland changes in a patient who had idiopathic follicular mucinosis.