bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian survival trees for clustered observations, applied to tooth prognosis
Authors: Levine Richard A. , Fan Juanjuan , Su Xiaogang , Nunn Martha E.
Published: April 2014

Tooth loss from periodontal disease or dental caries (decay) afflicts most adults over the course of their lives. Survival tree methods for correlated observations have shown potential for developing objective tooth prognosis systems; however, the current technology suffers either from prohibitive computational expense or unrealistic simplifying assumptions to overcome computational demands. In this article Bayesian tree methods are developed for correlated survival data, relying on a computationally feasible, yet flexible, frailty model with piecewise constant hazard function. Bayesian stochastic search methods, using a Laplace approximated marginal likelihood, are detailed for tree construction, and posterior ensemble averaged variable importance ranking and amalgamation procedures are developed. The proposed methods are used to assign each tooth from the Veteran Administration (VA) Dental Longitudinal Study to one of five prognosis categories and evaluate the effects of clinical factors and genetic polymorphisms in predicting tooth loss. The prognostic rules established may be used in clinical practice to optimize tooth retention and devise periodontal treatment plans.
Hydrothermal Transformation of Dried Grass into Graphitic Carbon‐Based High Performance Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhang Haimin , Wang Yun , Wang Dan , Li Yibing , Liu Xiaolu , Liu Porun , Yang Huagui , An Taicheng , Tang Zhiyong , Zhao Huijun
Published: April 2014

In this work, we present a low cost and environmentally benign hydrothermal method using dried grass as the sole starting material without any synthetic chemicals to directly produce high quality nitrogen‐doped carbon nanodot/nanosheet aggregates (N‐CNAs), achieving a high yield of 25.2%. The fabricated N‐CNAs possess an N/C atomic ratio of 3.41%, consist of three typed of doped N at a ratio of 2.6 (pyridinic):1.7 (pyrrolic):1 (graphitic). The experimental results reveal that for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the performance of N‐CNAs, in terms of electrocatalytic activity, stability and resistance to crossover effects, is better or comparable to the commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst. The theoretical studies further indicate that the doped pyridinic‐N plays a key role for N‐CNAs' excellent four‐electron ORR electrocatalytic activity.
Fast construction of space‐optimized recursive automaton
Authors: Ristov Strahil , Korenčić Damir
Published: April 2014

Finite‐state automata are important components in information retrieval and natural language processing software. A recursive automaton is the most compact representation of the acyclic deterministic finite‐state automata. It is based on merging not only the equivalent states but also the identical substructures in an automaton. The LZ trie variant is the state‐of‐the‐art in automata compression regarding space, but the time needed for its construction was, until now, quadratic, which has made it impractical for large inputs. In this paper, we present the first algorithm for LZ trie construction that runs in effectively linear time thereby making it an attractive choice for finite‐state automata implementation. We achieve this goal by adding a new functionality to the enhanced suffix array data structure. We present two variants of the construction procedure – an optimal method regarding the final size and a method that sacrifices some compression for low intermediate memory usage. We have made the implementation of our algorithms available in an open source software package LzLex.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PLaTHEA: a marker‐less people localization and tracking system for home automation
Authors: Leotta Francesco , Mecella Massimo
Published: April 2014

Current smart spaces require more and more sophisticated sensors able to acquire the state of the environment in order to provide advanced and customized services. Among the most important environmental variables, locations of users and their identities represent a primary concern for smart home applications. Despite some years of investigation in indoor positioning, the availability of systems designed as components pluggable into complex home automation platforms is limited. We presentPeopleLocalizationandTracking forHomE Automation (PLaTHEA), a vision‐based indoor localization system specifically tailored for Ambient Assisted Living applications. PLaTHEA features a novel technique to acquire a stereo video stream from a couple of independent (and not synchronized) network‐attached cameras, thus easing its physical deployment. The input stream is processed by integrating well‐known techniques with a novel tracking approach targeted to indoor spaces. The system has a modular architecture that offers clear interfaces exposed as Web services, and it can run on off‐the‐shelf and cheap hardware (both in terms of sensing devices and computing units). We evaluated PLaTHEA in real usage conditions and reported the measured performance in terms of precision and accuracy. Low light, crowded and large monitored environments might slightly decrease the performance of the system; nevertheless, the results here presented show that it is perfectly suitable to be employed in the typical domestic day‐to‐day life settings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of Secondary‐Dendrite Arm Spacing for Binary Alloys by Means of a Phase‐Field Model
Authors: Ferreira Alexandre F. , de Melo Ever G , de‐Olivé Ferreira L.
Published: April 2014

The mechanical properties and performance of metal materials depend on the intrinsic microstructures in these materials. In order to develop engineering materials as expected and to enable design with multifunctional materials, it is essential to predict the microstructural patterns, such as size, shape, and spacing of the dendritic structures observed in solidified metals. In materials science and related areas, the phase‐field model is widely used as one of the powerful computational methods to simulate the formation of complex microstructures during solidification and phase transformation of metals and alloys. In the present study, the secondary‐arm spacing for Fe–C binary alloys is numerically predicted using a phase‐field model in a two‐dimensional domain. When compared both with data by Ode et al. and with experimental data, the arm spacing predicted in the present work showed excellent agreement. Our estimates are performed at the late stage of growth. The change in arm spacing is examined both by changes of cooling rates and of local solidification time. A relation between material properties and model parameters is presented. Two‐dimensional simulations produced dendrites that are similar to the ones found in experiments reported in the literature. Through numerical examples, applicability of the phase‐field model to the problems of secondary‐dendrite arm spacing in Fe–C alloys is demonstrated.
Umnutzung eines Denkmales – Ästhetik und Funktionalität der Verglasung
Authors: Huber Ulrich , Thomas Christoph , Rücker Sebastian
Published: April 2014

Die Nutzungsänderung von Denkmalen bringt veränderte Anforderungen an die Gebäude mit sich. Sommerlicher Wärmeschutz, Energieeffizienz, Sicherheitsaspekte usw. haben Auswirkungen auf die Auswahl von Gläsern und Verglasungssystemen. Denkmalpflege erfordert die Berücksichtigung ästhetischer Aspekte. Am Beispiel der Umnutzung des Kaufhauses Schocken in Chemnitz zum Archäologischen Landesmuseum Sachsen wird gezeigt, dass maschinengezogene Gläser den Anforderungen Rechnung tragen können. Beleuchtet werden architektonische Gesichtspunkte, Baurecht, statischer Nachweis, historische Einordnung, Herstellungsverfahren und Verarbeitungsmöglichkeiten.

Change in use of a heritage – the esthetics and function of glazing. The change in use of historical monuments involves modified demands on buildings. Summarily, heat insulation, energy efficiency, safety aspects and more, influence the choice of the glass and glazing systems. Care and preservation of historical monuments require the consideration of esthetical aspects. The example of conversion of the Department Store Schocken in Chemnitz to the Archeological State Museum shows that machine drawn glass meets those requirements. Architectural considerations, building law, structural analysis, historical grading, manufacturing technologies and possibilities of processing are highlighted.
Nutzerorientierte Aspekte bei der Anwendung von Glas in Fassaden
Authors: Heusler Winfried
Published: April 2014

Gerade bei hochwertigen Immobilien spielt die Anwendung von Glas in der Fassade eine besondere Rolle. Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Architektur, Technik und Nutzer besteht eine wesentliche Herausforderung darin, die gestalterische Eleganz mit funktioneller Effizienz in Einklang zu bringen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden zunächst ausgewählte Mittel zur Beeinflussung der gestalterischen Eleganz, dann Kriterien zur Bewertung der funktionellen Effizienz von Fassaden vorgestellt. Auf dieser Grundlage werden an den Beispielen Glasflächenanteil, Glastyp und Anordnung von Glasflächen sowie Strukturierung und Krümmung der Fassade nutzerorientierte Aspekte bei der Anwendung von Glas in Fassaden diskutiert.

User‐orientated aspects of the use of glass in façads. The use of glass in façades has a special role to play, particularly in high‐end properties. In the area of tension between architecture, technology and the user, reconciling design elegance with functional efficiency poses a significant challenge. In this article, selected means of influencing design elegance are presented first of all, followed by criteria for assessing the functional efficiency of façades. On this basis, user‐orientated aspects of the use of glass in façades are discussed taking the proportion of the glass area, glass type and arrangement of the glass surfaces as well as the structure and curvature of the façade as examples.
Spannglasträger – Glasträger mit vorgespannter Bewehrung
Authors: Weller Bernhard , Engelmann Michael
Published: April 2014

In Anlehnung an die Erkenntnisse im Massivbau können Glasträger in hochtransparenten, primären Tragkonstruktionen mit Hilfe einer Bewehrung höher ausgenutzt werden. Durch eine externe Vorspannung der Bewehrungselemente wird zusätzlich eine höhere Tragfähigkeit erzielt. Solche Spannglasträger werden in einem Forschungsprojekt am Institut für Baukonstruktion untersucht. Dabei standen vier verschiedene Bewehrungsvarianten mit filigranen Seilen aus hochlegiertem Stahl für Träger aus TVG und ESG im Betrachtungsmittelpunkt. Die Ergebnisse experimenteller Untersuchungen im Vierpunkt‐Biegebruchversuch unter variierten Vorspanngraden werden analysiert, um die möglichen Potentiale dieser neuartigen Konstruktion einzuschätzen.

Spannglass Beams – Glass Beams with Post‐tensioned Reinforcement. Glass beams may be loaded to a higher degree by reinforcing them and applying the approach from reinforced concrete design. Thus, a post‐tension may be added as well. Those Spannglass Beams are under investigation during a research project at the Institute of Building Construction. Four different reinforcement layouts using filigree cables from stainless steel were investigated in Spannglass Beams made from heath strengthened and fully tempered glass. The results from four‐point‐bending tests are analyzed in order to estimate the potential of those novel constructions.
10 Jahre Stuttgarter Glasschale ‐ eine Zwischenbilanz
Authors: Blandini Lucio , Sobek Werner
Published: April 2014

Die Stuttgarter Glasschale wurde im Jahre 2004 als Prototyp gebaut, um die statische Effizienz und die ästhetische Qualität von Glasverklebungen zu untersuchen. Die von den Autoren für den Prototyp entwickelte Klebetechnik ermöglicht die Weiterleitung von Kräften zwischen den Glasscheiben in Form von Stossfugen und damit die Aufnahme von Herstellungs‐ sowie Montagetoleranzen. Was als temporärerer Prototyp entwickelt wurde, steht seit nunmehr 10 Jahren am ILEK der Universität Stuttgart und wird kontinuierlich beobachtet und evaluiert. Es konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass Windlasten, symmetrische und asymmetrische Schneelasten, UV‐Belastungen sowie die Alterungsprozesse der Verklebung auf Polymerbasis die Funktionsfähigkeit der Verklebungen bzw. die Tragfähigkeit der Schale bis dato nicht beeinträchtigt haben. Der vorliegende Artikel hält Rückschau auf die vergangenen zehn Jahre und fragt nach der Zukunft von Glasverklebungen.

The Stuttgart Glass Shell 10 years later – retrospect and perspectives. The Stuttgart Glass Shell was built in 2004 at the ILEK, University of Stuttgart with the aim of analyzing the structural efficiency as well as the aesthetical quality that can be achieved by combining structural use of glass with adhesives as joining system. The prototype was planned as a temporary structure, but now it has been standing for 10 years under permanent monitoring at the ILEK. Wind, symmetrical and asymmetrical snow loadings, UV‐radiations, as well as aging processes have not influenced the performance of the adhesive joints or the load‐bearing capacity of the shell. Ten years therefore seem to be a reasonable lapse of time on the one hand to look back and on the other to give a perspective about the future development of adhesive joints.
A note on Lorentz‐like transformations and superluminal motion
Authors: Jin C. , Lazar M.
Published: April 2014

In this extended note a critical discussion of an extension of the Lorentz transformations for velocities faster than the speed of light given recently by Hill and Cox [1] is provided. The presented approach reveals the connection between faster‐than‐light speeds and the issue of isotropy of space. It is shown if the relative speed between the two inertial frames v is greater than the speed of light, the condition of isotropy of space cannot be retained. It further specifies the respective transformations applying to ‐∞<v<‐c and c<v<+∞. It is proved that such Lorentz‐like transformations are improper transformations since the Jacobian is negative. As a consequence, the wave operator, the light‐cone and the volume element are not invariant under such Lorentz‐like transformations. Also it is shown that such Lorentz‐like transformations are not new and already known in the literature.
The Age of Reason
Authors: Paine Thomas
Published: April 2014

A major actor in the American Revolution, the English intellectual Thomas Paine (1737–1809) is best remembered for his pamphlet Common Sense (1776), which advocated American independence from Britain. Although accorded honorary French citizenship in 1792 for his republican Rights of Man, Paine was later imprisoned and narrowly escaped the guillotine. It was around this time that he started to write The Age of Reason, originally published in two parts between 1794 and 1795. In Part 1, Paine outlines his personal religious views and attacks institutional faith as a human invention, while Part 2 analyses the Bible and highlights its contradictions. The work was met with great hostility in Britain and denounced as espousing atheism, while in America it led to a short-lived revival of deism but was also much reviled. This reissue includes both parts and affords valuable insight into radical freethinking during the age of revolutions.
Polemische und Apologetische Literatur in Arabischer Sprache zwischen Muslimen, Christen und Juden
Authors: Steinschneider Moritz
Published: April 2014

Educated in Prague, Vienna and Leipzig, Moritz Steinschneider (1816–1907) was a Jewish Bohemian orientalist with a deep understanding of classical and Semitic languages and cultures, specialising in bibliography. He edited twenty-one volumes of the journal Hebräische Bibliographie from 1859 to 1882, and his 1878 catalogue of the Hebrew manuscripts held in the Hamburg State Library is also reissued in this series. First published in 1877, this book is an elaborate record of Arabic polemic and apologetic literature among Muslims, Christians and Jews. The product of several decades of work, it offers detailed historical and bibliographic information on each item, alphabetical lists of titles and authors, an appendix of background information, and a useful index. Steinschneider's painstaking work remains of value to scholars of the Abrahamic religions and the history of interfaith relations.
The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa
Authors: ben Musa Mohammed
Published: April 2014

Mohammed ben Musa (c.780–c.850) was a Persian mathematician and astronomer. The word 'algebra' derives from his Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, which introduced modern algebraic methods. First published in 1831, this translation from Arabic into English was prepared by the German orientalist Friedrich August Rosen (1805–37). The key algebraic methods introduced are reduction, completion and balancing. To reduce an equation is to change an expression to a simpler form; completion is to remove a negative quantity from one side of the equation and add it to the other; and balancing is to cancel like terms on opposite sides of the equation. An account is also given of solving polynomial equations up to the second degree. Rosen's introduction and notes accompany the translation, which remains relevant in the history of mathematics.
Two Treatises on the Hindu Law of Inheritance
Authors: Jimutavahana  , Vijnaneshwara
Published: April 2014

Published in 1810, this work was one of the key translations of texts that formed part of the law books of the Anglo-Indian civil courts under the East India Company. A successor to the orientalist and jurist Sir William Jones, Henry Thomas Colebrooke (1765–1837) had taught himself Sanskrit and became involved in studying and trying to codify Hindu law to apply it in the civil law courts where he held superior judicial positions. Here he translates two medieval texts, Jimutavahana's Dayabhaga and part of Vijnaneshwara's Mitakshara, which formalised an area of legal theory, serving as the principal guides in, respectively, Bengal and the rest of India for laws on inheritance until the Hindu Succession Act of 1956. Despite errors later identified in the translation, Colebrooke's work stands as an important scholarly undertaking, reflecting his desire to promote knowledge of Hindu law, culture and heritage throughout the English-speaking world.
Salmonia
Authors: Davy Humphry
Published: April 2014

Championed as one of the gentlest and most calming of field sports, angling has had its notable votaries throughout its history, from Isaak Walton to Horatio Nelson. In this charming book on the pleasures of fly fishing, the eminent chemist Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829) adds his name to the list. He assigns his often poetic arguments to an imaginary cast of four friends, some of whom adore the sport while others question its morality as they embark on a series of angling trips. As their conversations progress, the friends discuss entomology and biology, the finer techniques of landing trout, and the use of peacock feathers and yellow monkey fur in the making of artificial flies. Originally published in 1828, Davy's book offers a glimpse of the sportsman behind the chemist and remains both accessible and instructive for modern enthusiasts.
The Kingdom and People of Siam
Authors: Bowring John
Published: April 2014

Published in two volumes in 1857, this was the most successful work of the linguist and politician Sir John Bowring (1792–1872). His varied career included work as an editor and translator, service as an MP in Britain and as a consul in China, and the controversial governorship of Hong Kong. His appointment to this last post in 1854 saw him aggressively assert British interests with little regard for Asian sensibilities. The following year he travelled to Siam (Thailand) to negotiate a treaty with that country which became a model for future agreements, giving the Siamese government an insight into Western diplomacy which would be invaluable. Volume 1 is an illustrated introduction to the country, following the structure of Bishop Pallegoix's earlier work, with chapters on Siam's geography and history; population; manners and customs; legislation; resources, industry and finances; culture and religion; and its capital, Bangkok.
The Kingdom and People of Siam
Authors: Bowring John
Published: April 2014

Published in two volumes in 1857, this was the most successful work of the linguist and politician Sir John Bowring (1792–1872). His varied career included work as an editor and translator, service as an MP in Britain and as a consul in China, and the controversial governorship of Hong Kong. His appointment to this last post in 1854 saw him aggressively assert British interests with little regard for Asian sensibilities. The following year he travelled to Siam (Thailand) to negotiate a treaty with that country which became a model for future agreements, giving the Siamese government an insight into Western diplomacy which would be invaluable. Volume 2 covers the political make-up of the nation, containing chapters on its dependencies and diplomatic relations, including an account of the work done by Bowring and his party. Also featured are personal accounts from long-term foreign residents of Siam and writings by its king, Mongkut (1804–68).
Philosophy in Sport Made Science in Earnest
Authors: Paris John Ayrton , Cruikshank George
Published: April 2014

John Ayrton Paris (1785–1856), writer and physician, became a member of the Linnean Society in 1810, and served as president of the Royal College of Physicians from 1844 until his death. Intended for children and originally composed for the author's family, this three-volume work about science was first published in 1827. Dedicated to the writer Maria Edgeworth (1768–1849) and with illustrations by George Cruikshank (1792–1878), it aims 'to blend amusement with instruction', since youth, as Paris writes, 'is naturally addicted to amusement'. Topics covered in Volume 1 include momentum, geometry, elasticity and rotatory motion; the science behind these is demonstrated using a yo-yo, a jack-in-the-box and a slingshot, among various other toys and games. A fascinating and popular text in the history of science education, the engaging narrative seeks to prove 'how profitably, and agreeably, the machinery of fiction may be worked for the dissemination of truth'.
Philosophy in Sport Made Science in Earnest
Authors: Paris John Ayrton , Cruikshank George
Published: April 2014

John Ayrton Paris (1785–1856), writer and physician, became a member of the Linnean Society in 1810, and served as president of the Royal College of Physicians from 1844 until his death. Intended for children and originally composed for the author's family, this three-volume work about science was first published in 1827. Dedicated to the writer Maria Edgeworth (1768–1849) and with illustrations by George Cruikshank (1792–1878), it aims 'to blend amusement with instruction', since youth, as Paris writes, 'is naturally addicted to amusement'. Topics covered in Volume 2 include the collision of bodies, vacuums, motion in flight, and echoes; the science behind these is demonstrated using marbles, a kite and musical instruments, among various other toys and games. A fascinating and popular text in the history of science education, the engaging narrative seeks to prove 'how profitably, and agreeably, the machinery of fiction may be worked for the dissemination of truth'.
Two Roving Englishwomen in Greece
Authors: Armstrong Isabel J.
Published: April 2014

Isabel J. Armstrong (born c.1848) and her travelling companion Edith Payne were part of an increasing cohort of determined women entering territory deemed unsuitable for ladies: travel. Women such as Isabella Bird (whose work is also available in this series) and Mary Kingsley had defied social convention in order to explore the world around them. Their independence of spirit and thirst for knowledge made them inspirational role models. Little is known of Armstrong and Payne other than what is recorded in this engaging account of their Greek adventures, about which 'the general opinion seemed to be that we were going out to be murdered'. First published in 1893, the book depicts a country whose traditions and way of life were in danger of being swept away by the advance of modern technology. Incorporating vivid descriptions of Piraeus, Olympia, Thessaly and the monasteries of Meteora, the narrative is charmingly illustrated with Armstrong's own sketches.
Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species
Authors: Cugoano Ottobah
Published: April 2014

In the late eighteenth century, slave labour in Britain's colonies was seen as central to world trade, and the practice was supported by prominent members of society, including the king. Ottobah Cugoano, an emancipated slave living in England, had joined the Sons of Africa, a group whose members wrote to the royal family, aristocrats and leading politicians to condemn slavery and campaign for its abolition. This work, first published in 1787 and sent to George III, was a daring attack on colonial conquest and enslavement, arguing that slaves had a moral duty to rebel against their oppressors. Widely read upon publication, it went through at least three printings that year and was translated into French, with a shorter version published in 1791. This reissue of the original work makes available an important document in the history of colonialism and slavery in the British Empire.
Changing Varietal Distinctiveness of the World's Wine Regions: Evidence from a New Global Database
Authors: Anderson Kym
Published: April 2014

Consumers are always looking for new types of wines. Producers compete for their attention by trying to product differentiate at the same time as they are responding to technological improvements, climate change, and evolving demand patterns. In doing so, wineries are increasingly highlighting their regional and varietal distinctiveness. This paper examines the extent to which the choice of winegrape varieties in wine regions has already changed over the first decade of the twenty-first century in both the Old World and New World. In doing so, it reports a varietal intensity index of different regions and an index of similarity of varietal mix between regions. The study is based on a new database of vine-bearing areas circa 2000 and 2010 for nearly 1,300 DNA-distinct winegrape varieties, spanning over 600 regions in 44 countries that together account for 99 percent of the world's wine production. (JEL Classifications: D24, L66, Q13, Q15)
Growth kinetics ofStaphylococcus aureuson Brie and Camembert cheeses
Authors: Lee Heeyoung , Kim Kyungmi , Lee Soomin , Han Minkyung , Yoon Yohan
Published: April 2014

In this study, we developed mathematical models to describe the growth kinetics ofStaphylococcus aureuson natural cheeses. A five-strain mixture ofStaph. aureuswas inoculated onto 15 g of Brie and Camembert cheeses at 4 log CFU/g. The samples were then stored at 4, 10, 15, 25, and 30 °C for 2–60 d, with a different storage time being used for each temperature. Total bacterial andStaph. aureuscells were enumerated on tryptic soy agar and mannitol salt agar, respectively. The Baranyi model was fitted to the growth data ofStaph. aureusto calculate kinetic parameters such as the maximum growth rate in log CFU units (rmax; log CFU/g/h) and the lag phase duration (λ; h). The effects of temperature on the square root ofrmaxand on the natural logarithm of λ were modelled in the second stage (secondary model). Independent experimental data (observed data) were compared with prediction and the respective root mean square error compared with theRMSEof the fit on the original data, as a measure of model performance. The total growth of bacteria was observed at 10, 15, 25, and 30 °C on both cheeses. Thermaxvalues increased with storage temperature (P<0·05), but a significant effect of storage temperature on λ values was only observed between 4 and 15 °C (P<0·05). The square root model and linear equation were found to be appropriate for description of the effect of storage temperature on growth kinetics (R2=0·894–0·983). Our results indicate that the models developed in this study should be useful for describing the growth kinetics ofStaph. aureuson Brie and Camembert cheeses.
Transmission ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 in cattle is influenced by the level of environmental contamination
Authors: GAUTAM R. , KULOW M. , PARK D. , GONZALES T. K. , DAHM J. , SHIRODA M. , STASIC A. J. , DÖPFER D. , KASPAR C. W. , IVANEK R.
Published: April 2014

A pen infection-transmission experiment was conducted to elucidate the role of pathogen strain and environmental contamination in transmission ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 (ECO157) in cattle. Five steers were inoculated with a three-strain mixture of ECO157 and joined with five susceptible steers in each of two experimental replicates. Faecal and environmental samples were monitored for ECO157 presence over 30 days. One ECO157 strain did not spread. Transmission rates for the other two strains were estimated using a generalized linear model developed based on a modified ‘Susceptible–Infectious–Susceptible’ mathematical model. Transmission rates estimated for the two strains (0·11 and 0·14) were similar. However, the rates significantly (P = 0·0006) increased 1·5 times for every 1-unit increase in the level of environmental contamination measured as log10c.f.u. Depending on the level of environmental contamination, the estimated basic reproduction numbers varied from <1 to 8. The findings indicate the importance of on-farm measures to reduce environmental contamination for ECO157 control in cattle that should be validated under field conditions.
Accuracy of Combined Forecasts for the 2012 Presidential Election: The PollyVote
Authors: Graefe Andreas , Armstrong J. Scott , Jones Randall J. , Cuzán Alfred G.
Published: April 2014

We review the performance of the PollyVote, which combined forecasts from polls, prediction markets, experts’ judgment, political economy models, and index models to predict the two-party popular vote in the 2012 US presidential election. Throughout the election year the PollyVote provided highly accurate forecasts, outperforming each of its component methods, as well as the forecasts fromFiveThirtyEight.com. Gains in accuracy were particularly large early in the campaign, when uncertainty about the election outcome is typically high. The results confirm prior research showing that combining is one of the most effective approaches to generating accurate forecasts.
Political Knowledge and Exposure to the 2012 US Presidential Debates: Does Debate Format Matter?
Authors: Turcotte Jason , Goidel R. Kirby
Published: April 2014

Extant literature shows a positive link between presidential debates and political knowledge, with findings strongest for low-information voters. Considering presidential debates continue to retain a mass audience, they fulfill an invaluable civic function. Less clear is whether knowledge effects hold across debate formats and agenda topics. Using an experimental method that exposes a sample of undergraduate students to the 2012 US presidential debates, this article explores variance in knowledge effects across formats and topics. We find citizens can learn about issues and candidates but debate format and agenda topics may mediate the effects. We discuss the broader democratic implications of these findings and directions for future debate research.
Twitter Style: An Analysis of How House Candidates Used Twitter in Their 2012 Campaigns
Authors: Evans Heather K. , Cordova Victoria , Sipole Savannah
Published: April 2014

This article examines how House candidates used Twitter during the 2012 campaign. Using a content analysis of every tweet from each candidate for the House in the final two months before the 2012 election, this study provides a snapshot of House candidates’ “Twitter style.” In particular, this article shows that incumbents, Democrats, women, and those in competitive races tweet differently than challengers, Republicans, minor party candidates, men, and those in safe districts.
Nominal Partisanship: Names as Political Identity Signals
Authors: Urbatsch R.
Published: April 2014

Sending a signal of partisan identity carries greater expressive benefit, but also greater expected cost, for members of the public when they are more exposed to adherents of the other party. To see whether the cost or the benefit dominates in the decision to send partisan signals, this article considers partisan signals sent by names of newborns, particularly girls named “Reagan,” in US state-years from 1976 to 2011. Results indicate that the benefits of expressing identity increase more than do costs in the face of a large out-group: higher proportions of Democrats in a state increase the relationship between Republican populations and the tendency to name daughters “Reagan.”
Paired Comparison and Theory Development: Considerations for Case Selection
Authors: Gisselquist Rachel M.
Published: April 2014

Despite the widespread use of paired comparisons, we lack clear guidance about how to use this research strategy in practice, particularly in case selection. The literature tends to assume that cases are systematically selected from a known population, a major assumption for many topics of interest to political scientists. This article speaks to this gap. It describes three distinct logics of paired comparison relevant to theory development, presents a simple way of considering and comparing them, and explores how this approach can inform more intentional research design, with particular attention to low information settings where substantial research is needed to ascertain the values of independent or dependent variables. The discussion underscores inter alia the need to be aware and explicit about the implications of case selection for the ability to test and build theory, and the need to reconsider the well-cited “rule” of not selecting on the dependent variable.
Redistricting in the Classroom: A Module for Inductive Learning
Authors: Doherty David , Ryan Josh
Published: April 2014

We describe a hands-on teaching module on the redistricting process for use in undergraduate classes. Students engage in the process of strategically drawing district lines, which allows them to inductively understand gerrymandering and its consequences. The module also encourages students to consider the many factors that complicate efforts to identify a “fair” approach to redistricting, focusing on communities of interest. We also discuss a number of extensions to the activity and provide examples of controversial districts that may be used to illustrate various redistricting concepts.
Civic Engagement in the Capstone: The “State of the Community” Event
Authors: Turner Charles C.
Published: April 2014

Political science departments often require a senior-capstone course as part of the major. The Wahlke Report (1991) recommended including such a course more than 20 years ago, and the Association of American Colleges and Universities considers it a high-impact practice. Colleges and universities are also advocating broad efforts of civic engagement—an approach to academic work for which political science majors are uniquely qualified. This article describes the successes and failures of partnering a senior-capstone course with seven public agencies in a small city. By developing a multistage process for interacting with agencies, city officials, and the public, this “State of the Community” project provides students with a real-world opportunity to serve as political consultants. By emphasizing the importance of timeliness, teamwork, presentation skills, and professionalism, this project can be a turning point for political science students who must soon transition from students in the undergraduate world to citizens in the community.
A meta-analysis of FDI and environmental regulations
Authors: Rezza Alief A.
Published: April 2014

Previous authors have been unable to agree on whether environmental regulations hinder foreign direct investment (FDI). The empirical evidence in this domain remains inconclusive because of the contrasting results observed in the literature, owing to the differing characteristics of the data sets and models used in previous studies. The present study carries out a meta-analysis on a sample of published and unpublished papers on the so-called pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) in order to investigate whether certain aspects of research design affect the presented findings. The paper offers explanations for the mixed findings reported in the literature by suggesting that certain aspects of research design are crucial to explaining their significance. The PHH is more likely to be supported by studies that define FDI as the establishment of new plants and those that use government spending as a proxy for the strictness of environmental regulations. Moreover, focusing investigations on pollution-intensive industries or developing countries hardly increases the likelihood of achieving results that support the PHH.
Arsenic exposure in early pregnancy alters genome-wide DNA methylation in cord blood, particularly in boys
Authors: Broberg K. , Ahmed S. , Engström K. , Hossain M. B. , Jurkovic Mlakar S. , Bottai M. , Grandér M. , Raqib R. , Vahter M.
Published: April 2014

Early-life inorganic arsenic exposure influences not only child health and development but also health in later life. The adverse effects of arsenic may be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, as there are indications that arsenic causes altered DNA methylation of cancer-related genes. The objective was to assess effects of arsenic on genome-wide DNA methylation in newborns. We studied 127 mothers and cord blood of their infants. Arsenic exposure in early and late pregnancy was assessed by concentrations of arsenic metabolites in maternal urine, measured by high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Genome-wide 5-methylcytosine methylation in mononuclear cells from cord blood was analyzed by Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip. Urinary arsenic in early gestation was associated with cord blood DNA methylation (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, P-value<10–15), with more pronounced effects in boys than in girls. In boys, 372 (74%) of the 500 top CpG sites showed lower methylation with increasing arsenic exposure (rS-values>−0.62), but in girls only 207 (41%) showed inverse correlation (rS-values>−0.54). Three CpG sites in boys (cg15255455, cg13659051 and cg17646418), but none in girls, were significantly correlated with arsenic after adjustment for multiple comparisons. The associations between arsenic and DNA methylation were robust in multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. Much weaker associations were observed with arsenic exposure in late compared with early gestation. Pathway analysis showed overrepresentation of affected cancer-related genes in boys, but not in girls. In conclusion, early prenatal arsenic exposure appears to decrease DNA methylation in boys. Associations between early exposure and DNA methylation might reflect interference with de novo DNA methylation.
Synthesis and mechanical response of disordered colloidal micropillars
Authors: Strickland Daniel J. , Zhang Lei , Huang Yun-Ru , Magagnosc Daniel J. , Lee Daeyeon , Gianola Daniel S.
Published: April 2014

A method for synthesizing and uniaxially compressing free-standing colloidal micropillars is presented. The mechanical response of the micropillars is strongly dependent upon their initial defect population and water content.
Ozone catalytic oxidation of adsorbed benzene over AgMn/HZSM-5 catalysts at room temperature
Authors: Liu Yang , Li Xiao-Song , Shi Chuan , Liu Jing-Lin , Zhu Ai-Min , Jang Ben W.-L.
Published: April 2014

Investigation of ozone catalytic oxidation of adsorbed benzene over AgMn/HZSM-5 to provide insight into plasma catalytic oxidation of adsorbed benzene in the cycled storage–discharge process.
Enlarging the d-spacing of graphite and polarizing its surface charge for driving lithium ions fast
Authors: Kim Tae-Hee , Jeon Eun Kyung , Ko Younghoon , Jang Bo Yun , Kim Byeong-Su , Song Hyun-Kon
Published: April 2014

Lithium ion movement was accelerated by enlarging the interlayer distance of graphite as well as by polarizing its surface charge. As a result, the rate performances of lithium ion batteries were significantly enhanced.
An enzyme-aided amplification strategy for sensitive detection of DNA utilizing graphene oxide (GO) as a fluorescence quencher
Authors: Zhang Jing , Tao Mangjuan , Jin Yan
Published: April 2014

A facile, sensitive and rapid method has been developed for detection of disease-related DNA based on lambda exonuclease-aided signal amplification by utilizing graphene oxide (GO) as a fluorescence quencher.
Gold–mercaptopropionic acid–polyethylenimine composite based DNA sensor for early detection of rheumatic heart disease
Authors: Singh Swati , Kaushal Ankur , Khare Shashi , Kumar Pradeep , Kumar Ashok
Published: April 2014

A novel first DNA sensor for the detection ofS. pyogenespathogen causing rheumatic heart disease only in 30 min.
Target-initiated impedimetric proximity ligation assay with DNAzyme design for in situ amplified biocatalytic precipitation
Authors: Tang Juan , Lu Minghua , Tang Dianping
Published: April 2014

A target-initiated proximity ligation assay protocol with DNAzyme formation was for the first time designed for ultrasensitive impedimetric monitoring of heavy metal ions (silver ions were used in this case) by coupling with an enzymatic biocatalytic precipitation technique.
Rapid identification of polyphenols in Kudiezi injection with a practical technique of mass defect filter based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Fang , Zhang Jiayu , Yin Peihua , Wang Zijian , Dong Luyan , Lu Jianqiu
Published: April 2014

A practical methodology was developed for the rapid screening and identification of serial components in Kudiezi injection using a combination of LTQ-Orbitrap and MDF technology.
Bioanalysis of riluzole in human plasma by a sensitive LC-MS/MS method and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in South Indian subjects
Authors: Narapusetti Anjaneyulu , Bethanabhatla Syama Sundar , Sockalingam Anbazhagan , Pilli Nageswara Rao , Repaka Nagakishore , Alla Tejasri
Published: April 2014

In this paper, the authors proposed a simple, rapid and highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay method for the determination of riluzole in human plasma.
Facile, cost effective synthesis and DFT-based studies of substituted aryl hydrazones of β-diketones: a new selective fluorescent chemosensor for Co2+
Authors: Subhasri Annamalai , Anbuselvan Chinnadurai
Published: April 2014

New highly selective chemosensors based on aryl hydrazones of β-diketones have been designed, that exhibit excellent Co2+sensing ability at neutral pH.
Fluorescence immunoassay based on carbon dots as labels for the detection of human immunoglobulin G
Authors: Zhu Lei , Cui Xin , Wu Jing , Wang Zhenni , Wang Peiyao , Hou Yu , Yang Mei
Published: April 2014

A novel fluorescence immunoassay protocol, using high quantum yield of carbon dots as fluorescent labels, was developed for rapid quantitative determination of the model analyte human immunoglobulin G.
One-pot synthesis of 2-substituted benzo[b]furans via Pd–tetraphosphine catalyzed coupling of 2-halophenols with alkynes
Authors: Zhou Rong , Wang Wei , Jiang Zhi-jie , Wang Kun , Zheng Xue-li , Fu Hai-yan , Chen Hua , Li Rui-xiang
Published: April 2014

[Pd(η3-C3H5)Cl]2–Lcatalyzed one pot synthesis of 2-substituted benzo[b]furans from 2-halophenols and alkynes is presented with a maximum TON of 870 000.
New members of layered oxychloride perovskites with square planar coordination: Sr2MO2Cl2 (M = Mn, Ni) and Ba2PdO2Cl2
Authors: Tsujimoto Y. , Sathish C. I. , Matsushita Y. , Yamaura K. , Uchikoshi T.
Published: April 2014

We have demonstrated high-pressure syntheses of Ruddlesden–Popper type layered oxychloride perovskites, Sr2MnO2Cl2, Sr2NiO2Cl2 and Ba2PdO2Cl2, with a square planar coordination around the transition metal centres.
Room-temperature Cu(ii)-catalyzed aromatic C–H azidation for the synthesis of ortho-azido anilines with excellent regioselectivity
Authors: Fan Yunpeng , Wan Wen , Ma Guobin , Gao Wei , Jiang Haizhen , Zhu Shizheng , Hao Jian
Published: April 2014

An efficient synthesis of ortho-aniline derivatives through aromatic C–H azidation catalyzed by Cu(OAc)2 have been disclosed. The amino group plays an ortho-directing effect in the azidation reactions, regiospecifically affording the mono-azidated derivative as the sole products.
Rh(iii)-catalyzed synthesis of 1-aminoindole derivatives from 2-acetyl-1-arylhydrazines and diazo compounds in water
Authors: Liang Yujie , Yu Ke , Li Bin , Xu Shansheng , Song Haibin , Wang Baiquan
Published: April 2014

Rh(iii)-catalyzed synthesis of 1-aminoindole derivatives from 2-acetyl-1-arylhydrazines and diazo compounds has been developed, through tandem C–H activation, cyclization and condensation.
Semiconducting polymer dots with monofunctional groups
Authors: Ye Fangmao , Wu Changfeng , Sun Wei , Yu Jiangbo , Zhang Xuanjun , Rong Yu , Zhang Yue , Wu I-Che , Chan Yang-Hsiang , Chiu Daniel T.
Published: April 2014

This communication describes an approach for preparing monovalent semiconducting polymer dots (mPdots) where each mPdot was composed of a single active functional group.
Atomistic simulation of transport phenomena in nanoelectronic devices
Authors: Luisier Mathieu
Published: April 2014

This paper presents a sophisticated approach to treat quantum transport in nanostructures, covering the basic equations up to relevant applications.
Combined 1,4-butanediol lactonization and transfer hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis of furfural-derivatives under continuous flow conditions
Authors: Aellig Christof , Jenny Florian , Scholz David , Wolf Patrick , Giovinazzo Isabella , Kollhoff Fabian , Hermans Ive
Published: April 2014

Sequential butanediol lactonization and transfer hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis of furfural-derivatives offers new opportunities for reductive upgrading of biomass.
Mn(ii) acetate: an efficient and versatile oxidation catalyst for alcohols
Authors: Räisänen Minna T. , Al-Hunaiti Afnan , Atosuo Elisa , Kemell Marianna , Leskelä Markku , Repo Timo
Published: April 2014

A homogeneous catalytic system consisting of Mn(ii) acetate,tert-butylhydroperoxide, acetonitrile and trifluoroacetic acid oxidises various alcohols efficiently and selectively.
Comparing Ru and Fe-catalyzed olefin metathesis
Authors: Poater Albert , Chaitanya Vummaleti Sai Vikrama , Pump Eva , Cavallo Luigi
Published: April 2014

To replace Ru by Fe in olefin metathesis, a dream?
Synthesis and characterization of germa[n]pericyclynes
Authors: Tanimoto Hiroki , Nagao Tomohiko , Nishiyama Yasuhiro , Morimoto Tsumoru , Iseda Fumiyasu , Nagato Yuko , Suzuka Toshimasa , Tsutsumi Ken , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: April 2014

The synthesis and characterization of novel pericyclynes comprising germanium atoms and acetylenes, germa[n]pericyclynes, are described.
A new PC(sp3)P ligand and its coordination chemistry with low-valent iron, cobalt and nickel complexes
Authors: Zhu Gengyu , Li Xiaoyan , Xu Guoqiang , Wang Lin , Sun Hongjian
Published: April 2014

A new PC(sp3)P ligand and its pincer complexes with Fe and Co are reported.
Pincer versus pseudopincer: isomerism in palladium(ii) complexes bearing κ3C,S,C ligands
Authors: Bernhammer Jan Christopher , Frison Gilles , Huynh Han Vinh
Published: April 2014

In NHC pincer complexes incorporating a hemilabile donor site, there exists an equilibrium between the true pincer form and a pseudopincer coordination isomer.
A solvent resistant lab-on-chip platform for radiochemistry applications
Authors: Rensch Christian , Lindner Simon , Salvamoser Ruben , Leidner Stephanie , Böld Christoph , Samper Victor , Taylor David , Baller Marko , Riese Stefan , Bartenstein Peter , Wängler Carmen , Wängler Björn
Published: April 2014

This paper presents a robust and low cost polymer based lab-on-chip platform solution applied to a complete PET tracer synthesis.