bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cervical length and maternal factors in expectantly managed prolonged pregnancy: prediction of onset of labor and mode of delivery
Authors: Rao A. , Celik E. , Poggi S. , Poon L. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: September 2008

Objective

To examine the value of combining cervical length and maternal characteristics in a prolonged‐pregnancy clinic in the prediction of the probability of firstly, spontaneous onset of labor within the subsequent 10 days and secondly, the need for Cesarean section.

Methods

This was a prospective study of women with singleton pregnancies attending an ultrasound‐based prolonged‐pregnancy clinic at 40 + 4 to 41 + 6 weeks of gestation. The policy was to delay induction of labor by 7–10 days unless there was evidence of a specific medical or obstetric indication or the mother wanted earlier delivery. The measurement of cervical length was not given to the obstetrician, midwife or patient. Regression analysis was used to determine which of the following factors had a significant contribution in predicting induction of labor: maternal age, body mass index (BMI), ethnic origin, parity and cervical length. Regression analysis was also used to determine which of the factors amongst the maternal characteristics, onset of labor and cervical length provided significant prediction of Cesarean section.

Results

We examined 2316 pregnancies but we excluded from further analysis 452 (19.5%) cases because iatrogenic delivery was carried out within the subsequent 6 days, including 427 cases of induction of labor (340 at the request of the mother and 87 for medical indications) and 25 cases of Cesarean section. In the remaining 1864 cases there was spontaneous onset of labor and delivery within 10 days in 1536 (82.4%) and induction of labor in 7–10 days in 328 (17.6%). The rate of Cesarean section was 15.2% (233 of 1536) in those with spontaneous onset of labor and 36.0% (118 of 328) in those whose labor was induced. Regression analysis demonstrated that in the prediction of induction of labor there were significant contributions from cervical length, BMI, parity and gestational age, and in the prediction of Cesarean section there were significant contributions from onset of labor, cervical length, BMI, parity and ethnicity.

Conclusion

Ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length at 41 weeks together with maternal factors can define the patient‐specific probability of spontaneous onset of labor in the subsequent week and the risk of Cesarean section. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal serum inhibin‐A and activin‐A levels in the first trimester of pregnancies developing pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Spencer K. , Cowans N. J. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: September 2008

Objective

To evaluate whether measurement of maternal serum inhibin‐A and activin‐A at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation, alone or in combination with second‐trimester uterine artery pulsatility measured by Doppler velocimetry, is useful in predicting those women who will develop pre‐eclampsia.

Methods

This was a nested case‐control study of pre‐eclampsia cases with controls matched for gestational age and storage time for the maternal serum. Samples were collected as part of a first‐trimester prenatal chromosomal anomaly screening program. Activin‐A and inhibin‐A were measured using a commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and the clinical outcomes were blinded to the operator. All the patients underwent uterine artery Doppler flow velocimetry to measure the mean pulsatility index at 22–24 weeks' gestation.

Results

In total there were 64 cases with pre‐eclampsia, with 34 delivering prior to 35 weeks of gestation. The control group included 240 cases. In the control group the levels of activin‐A and inhibin‐A did not change across the narrow gestational window and the median levels were 2.16 ng/mL and 231.13 pg/mL, respectively. In the pre‐eclamptic group levels of activin‐A and inhibin‐A were significantly increased, at 2.52 ng/mL and 286.64 pg/mL (1.24 multiples of the median (MoM) and 1.17 MoM, respectively). There was no difference in the median MoM in those delivering prior to 35 weeks and those delivering later. At cut‐offs of the 90th centile of normal, activin‐A and inhibin‐A levels would have identified 20% and 35%, respectively, of cases that would develop pre‐eclampsia. When combined with uterine artery Doppler, activin‐A measurement could have increased the detection rate from 55% to 63% and inhibin‐A measurement could have increased it to 68% at a 5% false positive rate.

Conclusion

Although increased in the first trimester, levels of activin‐A and inhibin‐A are probably too low to make a significant contribution to screening for pre‐eclampsia at this time. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐dose aspirin reduces uteroplacental vascular impedance in early and mid gestation in IVF and ICSI patients: a randomized, placebo‐controlled double‐blind study
Authors: Haapsamo M. , Martikainen H. , Räsänen J.
Published: September 2008

Objective

To determine whether low‐dose aspirin improves uteroplacental hemodynamics in unselected in‐vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) subjects when medication is started concomitantly with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.

Methods

Thirty‐seven pregnant women who had undergone IVF/ICSI and had been randomized to receive 100 mg aspirin (n = 17) or placebo (n = 20) daily, started concomitantly with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, were included in this study. Doppler ultrasound examination was performed at 6, 10, 13 and 18 weeks' gestation. Uterine artery (UtA) pulsatility index (PI) was calculated and bilateral UtA notching was noted. Subplacental arcuate artery PI was obtained at 6 and 10 weeks' gestation. Umbilical artery (UA) PI and mean velocity were calculated at 10, 13 and 18 weeks' gestation. In the aspirin group there was one early pregnancy miscarriage, and one patient discontinued the study medication owing to early pregnancy bleeding. A total of 15 women in the aspirin group and 20 women in the placebo group underwent the complete ultrasound protocol.

Results

At 6 weeks' gestation, arcuate artery PI and at 18 weeks' gestation, UtA PI were lower (P < 0.05) in the aspirin group than in the placebo group. At 18 weeks' gestation, bilateral UtA notching tended to be more common in the placebo group (40%) than in the aspirin group (13%) (P = 0.06). UA PI and mean velocity did not differ significantly between the groups.

Conclusion

Low‐dose aspirin reduces uteroplacental vascular impedance in early and mid pregnancy in unselected IVF/ICSI subjects when medication is started concomitantly with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hub‐polling‐based IEEE 802.11 PCF with integrated QoS differentiation
Authors: Liqiang Zhao , Jie Zhang , Hailin Zhang
Published: September 2008

IEEE 802.11 is one of the most influential wireless LAN (WLAN) standards. Point coordination function (PCF) is its medium access control (MAC) protocol with real‐time traffic (rt‐traffic) quality‐of‐service (QoS) guarantees. In PCF, it is very likely that non‐real‐time traffic (nrt‐traffic) will use the contention free period (CFP) that should be dedicated to traffic having higher priority such as rt‐traffic. Therefore, a modified PCF protocol called MPCF, which is based on hub polling and an integrated QoS differentiation, is presented in this paper. With the integrated QoS differentiation, MPCF can prioritize bandwidth requests according to service classes and QoS requirements. With hub polling, MPCF can reduce the bandwidth for control frames and improve the network throughput. A simple and accurate analytical model is derived and presented in this paper to calculate the system throughput of MPCF. Simulation results show that MPCF protocol is much better than PCF in terms of system capacity and rt‐traffic QoS guarantees. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of wind project financing structures in the USA
Authors: Bolinger Mark , Harper John , Karcher Matt
Published: September 2008

The rapid pace of wind power development in the USA over the last decade has outstripped the ability of most project developers to provide adequate equity capital and to make efficient use of project‐related tax benefits. In response, the sector has created novel project financing structures that feature varying combinations of equity capital from project developers and third‐party tax‐oriented investors and, in some cases, commercial debt. While their origins stem from variations in the financial capacity and business objectives of wind project developers, as well as the risk tolerances and objectives of equity and debt providers, each structure is, at its core, designed to manage project risk and to allocate federal tax incentives to those entities that can use them most efficiently. This paper surveys the six principal financing structures through which most new utility‐scale wind projects (excluding utility‐owned projects) in the USA have been financed from 1999 to the present. These structures include simple balance sheet finance, several varieties of all‐equity special allocation partnership ‘flip’ structures and two leveraged structures. In addition to describing each structure's mechanics, the paper also discusses its rationale for use, the types of investors that find it appealing and why, and its relative frequency of use in the market. The paper concludes with a generalized summary of how a developer might choose one structure over another. Copyright © 2008 US Government Work.
Wind farm power prediction: a data‐mining approach
Authors: Kusiak Andrew , Zheng Haiyang , Song Zhe
Published: September 2008

In this paper, models for short‐ and long‐term prediction of wind farm power are discussed. The models are built using weather forecasting data generated at different time scales and horizons. The maximum forecast length of the short‐term prediction model is 12 h, and the maximum forecast length of the long‐term prediction model is 84 h. The wind farm power prediction models are built with five different data mining algorithms. The accuracy of the generated models is analysed. The model generated by a neural network outperforms all other models for both short‐ and long‐term prediction. Two basic prediction methods are presented: the direct prediction model, whereby the power prediction is generated directly from the weather forecasting data, and the integrated prediction model, whereby the prediction of wind speed is generated with the weather data, and then the power is generated with the predicted wind speed. The direct prediction model offers better prediction performance than the integrated prediction model. The main source of the prediction error appears to be contributed by the weather forecasting data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture–dislocation of the shoulder and brachial plexus palsy: a terrible association
Authors: Chillemi Claudio , Marinelli Mario , Galizia Pierluigi
Published: September 2008

Primary post-traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder with associated fracture of the greater tuberosity and brachial plexus injury is rare and, to our knowledge, has never previously been reported in the literature. We present a case of this unhappy triad in which a brachial plexus injury was diagnosed and treated 3 weeks later. The characteristics of this rare condition are discussed on the basis of our case and the published literature in order to improve early diagnosis and treatment of this lesion.
Guy d'arezzo et« notre notation musicale moderne»
Authors: Colette Marie-Noël
Published: September 2008

Max Weber a, dans sa Sociologie de la musique, souligné l'importance de l'invention de la notation sur lignes par Guy d'Arezzo (c. 990-1035). Cet article retrace les débuts de la notation musicale. Si Guy d'Arezzo propose un système de lignes pour que chaque note ait toujours la même place, il met encore sur ces lignes les neumes inventés avant lui. Les premiers notateurs avaient cherché à noter avec précision les nuances rythmiques et ornementales des mélodies ; mais ces subtiles indications disparurent peu à peu de la notation, traduisant un infléchissement de la tradition, qui contribua à orienter la musique occidentale vers des voies que ne connurent pas d'autres musiques de tradition orale.
Rationalisation, kunstwollen et moyens techniques de l'expressivité
Authors: Waizbort Leopoldo
Published: September 2008

Cet article cherche à retracer quelques-uns des éléments à la fois empiriques, historiques et sociologiques de la Sociologie de la musique de Max Weber. Même si ce dernier s'intéresse en premier lieu au processus de rationalisation qui traverse la civilisation occidentale, sa Sociologie de la musique est fondée sur l'idée de médium technique, qu'il explore dans plusieurs directions différentes. Nous revisitons ici cette idée au moyen de quelques exemples tirés de la musique occidentale et en particulier du répertoire romantique pour le piano.
Indications for gynecologic surgery and their implications for sexual function in menopausal women
Authors: Seffah Joseph D. , Kwame‐Aryee Robert A. , Adanu Richard M.K. , Munumi Kareem , Awotwi Emmanuel K.
Published: September 2008

Objective

To determine the indications for gynecologic surgery and the effect of surgery on dyspareunia and sexual intercourse frequency in menopausal women in Accra, Ghana.

Method

Women who had gynecologic surgery between January 2005 and December 2007 were invited for an interview about dyspareunia and frequency of intercourse before and after surgery.

Results

Of the 93 women interviewed who underwent hysterectomy, 29 (31.1%) had dyspareunia before surgery and 13 (14.0%) after (P = 0.006). Of the 65 women who had benign tumors, before surgery 26 (40%) were sexually active, while after surgery 43 (66%) were sexually active (P = 0.001). However, frequency of intercourse did not change for those with malignancies. The mean frequency of intercourse before surgery was 2.11 per week, compared with 2.46 per week after surgery (P = 0.50).

Conclusion

Gynecologic surgery reduced dyspareunia. More women became sexually active following surgery for benign but not malignant tumors, but the mean overall frequency of intercourse did not change significantly in the interviewed population.
Quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction to detect chromosomal anomalies in spontaneous abortion
Authors: Zou Gang , Zhang Jing , Li Xing W. , He Lin , He Guang , Duan Tony
Published: September 2008

Objectives

To evaluate the value of short tandem repeats (microsatellites) in the study of numerical chromosomal anomalies in spontaneous abortion.

Method

Multiplex quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF‐PCR) was carried out on 61 spontaneous abortion samples and 48 controls using microsatellite markers from 8 chromosomes where aneuploids are commonly found.

Results

Of the 61 samples, 65.6% were successfully karyotyped, and the call rate of the QF‐PCR was 98.3%. The correspondence between PCR and karyotyping was 95%. The success rate of karyotyping in the inevitable abortion group was 79.6%, higher than for the missed abortion group (8.3%), P < 0.001. The call rate of QF‐PCR showed no difference between these 2 groups (100% vs 91.7%, P = 0.197).

Conclusion

Microsatellite‐based QF‐PCR is a helpful and reliable tool to diagnose numerical chromosomal anomalies in spontaneous abortion. It also provides a diagnosis for necrotic tissue.
CONSTRUCTING A DIASPORIC IDENTITY: TRACING THE ORIGINS OF THE GNAWA SPIRITUAL GROUP IN MOROCCO
Authors: HAMEL CHOUKI EL
Published: September 2008

This article reconstructs the forgotten past of the Gnawa who, over many generations, productively negotiated their forced presence in Morocco to create acceptance and group solidarity. The diaspora of black West Africans in Morocco, the majority of whom were forcefully transported across the Sahara and sold in different parts of Morocco, shares some important traits with the African trans-Atlantic diaspora, but differs at the same time. There are two crucial differences: the internal African diaspora in Morocco has primarily a musical significance and it lacks the desire to return to the original homeland. This diaspora is constructed positively around the right to belong to the culture of Islam, unlike the construction of the African American diasporic double consciousness. Black consciousness in Morocco exists in analogy to the Berber consciousness or the Arab notion of collective identity; it does not constitute a contradiction with itself. Black Moroccans perceive themselves first and foremost to be Muslim Moroccans and only perceive themselves secondarily as participants in a different tradition.
Barriers to the uptake of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy: a systematic review of the quantitative and qualitative evidence
Authors: Waller R. , Gilbody S.
Published: September 2008

Background

Studies of cognitive behavioural therapy delivered by computer (cCBT) show clinical efficacy for treating anxiety and depression, but have not focused on barriers to uptake. Potential barriers include adverse consequences, accessibility and acceptability.

Method

An integrated systematic review was conducted of quantitative and qualitative studies and surveys from multiple electronic databases where computers delivered cCBT for anxiety or depression.

Results

Substantial numbers of potential participants are lost prior to trials commencing with little explanation. Among trial participants, drop-outs may be higher in the cCBT groups (odds ratio 2.03, 95% confidence interval 0.81–5.09). Only a median of 56% completed a full course of cCBT and personal circumstance was a more common cause of drop-out than difficulties with the technology or social background. Risk was rarely assessed in the majority of programs. Significant staff time was needed to support clients. Therapists were more negative about cCBT than clients.

Conclusions

While cCBT is likely to be an effective and acceptable intervention for some people, there are barriers to its uptake that will substantially limit its impact if not addressed. These included investigating the outcome and attitudes of those who do not make it as far as cCBT trials and why so few finish a full course of cCBT.
Three Latin poems from Æthelwold's school at Winchester
Authors: Lapidge Michael
Published: September 2008

I present here an edition of three Anglo-Latin poems from a Cambridge University Library manuscript, Kk. 5.34, 71r–80r. In addition to these three poems the manuscript contains important recensions of theAetna, theCulex, Ausonius'sTechnopaegnionand the late LatinCarmen de ponderibus. These recensions have occupied the interest of previous editors and almost no attention has been given to the Anglo-Latin poems. These Anglo-Latin poems are nevertheless of considerable interest to the study of Anglo-Latinity and of medieval Latin in general. I have named them theAltercatio magistri et discipuli, theResponsio discipuliand theCarmen de libero arbitriorespectively, for reasons which will become clear in the following discussion.
Some Irish evidence for the date of the Crux coins of Æthelred II
Authors: Dolley Michael
Published: September 2008

In Anglo-Saxon Coins G. Van der Meer has set out in a convenient and readily accessible form the sequence of six sexennial issues (and minor transitional types) which I had worked out during the preceding decade for the coinage of Æthelred II. For the Crux issue (Brooke 3; BMC iii.a; Hild. C – cf. North 770; Seaby 667) the period of issue which I had proposed is from the autumn of 991 to the autumn of 997. I wish now to examine the bearing that some new evidence has on the dating of this issue, but before doing so I need to clarify a controversial feature of the identification of types that is the basis of my chronology for the reign. The six substantive issues which I had distinguished after studying a large number of hoards preserved intact in Sweden are First Hand, Second Hand, Crux, Long Cross, Helmet and Last Small Cross, but others, notably Mr C. E. Blunt, Mr J. D. Brand and, more seriously, Dr Bertil Petersson, have sought to establish that Second Hand is no more than a late variant of a single Hand issue. Each of them has his particular argument to be answered, but first of all there is the relative scarcity of Hand coins generally that has to be explained, for Hildebrand has described a total of only 483 First and Second Hand coins combined, including only 192 of the latter, as against 790 Crux and 940 Long Cross pieces. To my mind there is a quite simple historical reason. Hand coins according to my chronology are ascribed to the 980s: their relative paucity in Viking hoards is surely to be accounted for by the fact that really massive Danish attacks upon England did not begin until the 990s, while it was not until 991 that Danegeld as such began to be paid.
The origin of the Bosworth Psalter
Authors: Korhammer P. M.
Published: September 2008

The main contents of the Bosworth Psalter (BM Add. 37517; henceforth cited as B) are on palaeographical grounds commonly assigned to the last quarter of the tenth century. It is thus the oldest surviving English manuscript in which all the important texts of the Benedictine Office – psalter, canticles, hymns and monastic canticles – have been placed together. These texts are preceded by a calendar of slightly later date. Parts of the psalter and six of the canticles were glossed in Old English very early in the eleventh century and there are Latin additions contemporary with the Old English gloss – a short litany, prayers and mass-texts. Finally some psalms were heavily annotated in Latin in the twelfth century. B, still bound in its original oak covers, is of considerable interest on several counts. Early English psalters supply a very good text of the Psalterium Romanum, and B is one of those which appear in the apparatus of Weber's new edition. The hymnologist appreciates B as the oldest representative of the ‘New Hymnal’ in England. And the art historian values it both for its initials to the psalms, which display a style different from that of the contemporary Winchester School, and for the full-page figure of Christ on 128v. Hence any light that can be thrown on the place of origin of this manuscript is important to several disciplines.
The compilation of the Vercelli Book
Authors: Scragg D. G.
Published: September 2008

The Vercelli Book, as is well known, is a codex of the late tenth century containing a selection of religious prose and verse in Old English. Of the manuscript's twenty-nine items (some of which are defective owing to loss of leaves), six are alliterative poems and the rest prose homilies. There seems little doubt that one scribe (henceforth referred to as V) was responsible for writing the whole of the codex, even though the size of the writing changes considerably at various points, particularly towards the end of the volume where the lineation also changes. As the earliest of the four extant poetic codices and the earliest surviving collection of homilies in the vernacular, the book is potentially a most important source of knowledge of tenth-century English; most linguistic studies which range over Old English as a whole have included some reference to it. Yet the language of the manuscript is a relatively neglected subject of study, the place of its composition has not been established and the circumstances of its compilation have not been fully explained. This paper seeks to learn more of the book's origin in two ways: firstly, by examining its make-up in an attempt to determine the number and the nature of the sources that V used, and, secondly, by considering the distribution of distinctive linguistic forms in the manuscript in order to find out more about the nature of V's exemplars and about his background and training as displayed in his attitude to the language of his exemplars.
The cross as Christ's weapon: the influence of heroic literary tradition onThe Dream of the Rood
Authors: Cherniss Michael D.
Published: September 2008

In spite of all that is known of the religious, cultural and literary background ofThe Dream of the Roodin general, the genesis of its form, and especially of its most immediately striking and unique feature, the device of the speaking cross, has so far resisted attempts at explanation and remains something of a mystery. Albert S. Cook long ago called attention to similarities between the mode of portrayal of the cross and the medieval traditions of epigram, epigraph and riddle, while not going so far as to suggest that these traditions had a direct influence on the poet. Now it is true, of course, that our earliest text of the poem is the series of inscriptions on the Ruthwell Cross, but these inscriptions are strikingly different from all others from the Anglo-Saxon period through which inanimate objects are personified and speak. The inscription on Alfred's Jewel, ‘Ælfred mec heht gewyrcean’, for instance, and those, some of them in the first person, in Latin and English, on the blades, hilts and scabbards of various swords and knives are generally quite brief – limited to a simple statement of the object's name, its maker's name or that of its owner – are seldom metrical and, most important, are not couched in the kind of heroic diction used in the poem. While it is quite possible that the poet sensed an analogy between such inscriptions and his personification of the cross, what these inscriptions manifestly lack is the literary quality intrinsic to his personification – whether on the Ruthwell Cross or in the Vercelli Book. Only aliteraryexplanation can account for this.
The influence of Christian doctrine and exegesis on Old English poetry: an estimate of the current state of scholarship
Authors: Rollinson Philip B.
Published: September 2008

Although it is a commonplace of history that Anglo-Saxon England was receptive to Christianity and to Christian-Latin culture and that English churchmen such as Aldhelm, Bede and Alcuin made an important contribution to that culture, it is only in recent years that scholars have explored and emphasized the importance of Christian tradition to the understanding of Old English poetry, especially those poems without explicit Christian content. Increased investigation of Old English prose, which is largely Christian, and the well-known work onBeowulfby Frederick Klaeber, Marie Padgett Hamilton, Dorothy Whitelock and others, seems to have redirected ‘the search for Anglo-Saxon paganism‘ into a search – sometimes opposed – for reflections of Christianity in Anglo-Saxon poetry. While in some quarters this critical and scholarly attention has been confined to the influence of Christian doctrine, ritual and interpretation of the bible, in others it has taken into account the broader cultural influences of the church, especially its transmission of the literature and learning of pagan antiquity.
Cross-Channel language ties
Authors: Derolez R.
Published: September 2008

Ever since the question of the origin of the Old English dialects was first raised, Bede's brief account of the Anglo-Saxons' tribal origins (HE 1. 15) appears to have been a stumbling block as much as a help. Considering that scholars have been investigating the dialect origins for almost a century now, with a very limited set of data supplemented by varying degrees of insight and imagination, one may wonder whether the present body of facts warrants yet another approach. It seems, however, that not all possible sources of information have been tapped. The admittedly marginal material which I propose to examine here may perhaps serve to place the whole question in a somewhat different perspective from that which has been usual so far.
Æthelwold's translation of theRegula Sancti Benedictiand its Latin exemplar
Authors: Gretsch Mechthild
Published: September 2008

St Benedict wrote his Rule for monastic communities in the first half of the sixth century. It must have reached England in the course of the seventh century and was translated into Old English prose by Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, in about 970 at the request of King Edgar and Qeen Ælfthryth. Æhelwold was one of the leaders of the tenth-century Benedictine reform in England and his translation of the Rule is among his major contributions to the reform movement. Moreover the Old English Rule holds a key position in the history of the development of Old English language and literature. Manuscripts of the text must have been numerous from the tenth century to the twelfth century and even the thirteenth. Scholars like William of Malmesbury, Lawrence Nowell, John Jocelyn and Francis Junius took an interest in the Old English Rule, but, except for a chapter printed from BM Cotton Faustina A.x by Thomas Wright in 1842, the text was not easily accessible until Arnold Schröer published his edition in 1885, followed in 1888 by his introduction discussing date and authorship, the relationship between the manuscripts and some linguistic points. Comparatively little work seems to have been done on the Old English Rule since then except for Rohr's Bonn Dissertation of 1912 and Professor Gneuss's supplement to the 1964 reprint of Schröer's edition. Rohr, in an investigation of the phonology and the inflexional morphology of the manuscripts of the Old English Rule, was able to show that the language of all of them is basically late West Saxon, while Gneuss gave a survey of what is known about the Old English Rule and the Latin Rule in Anglo-Saxon England; he also pointed out the difficulties involved in an attempt to identify or reconstruct the Latin exemplar which Æthelwold used. In this article I shall consider four topics which seem to me essential for our understanding of the Old English Rule: the question of Æthelwold's exemplar; the relationship between the manuscripts of the Old English Rule; Æthelwold's aims and techniques in his translation; and the vocabulary of the Old English Rule, with special reference to recent research in Old English word geography.
The penitential motif in Cynewulf's Fates of the Apostles and in his epilogues
Authors: Rice Robert C.
Published: September 2008

In the past few years a real advance has been made in the appreciation of Cynewulf's shortest signed poem, the Fates of the Apostles, extant in the Vercelli Book. For most of the century and more since this poem was first published critical opinion has been almost unanimously unfavourable about its literary merit and until recently scholarly attention has been limited mainly to textual and source investigations. Today, however, illuminating studies, such as those by James L. Boren and Constance B. Hieatt, have made us aware of the poem's subtleties of image and structure. In particular, now that we have begun to apprehend the depth of the poem's meaning, I believe that we can use this understanding to gain further insight into the thematic concerns of Cynewulf's other three signed poems. This can be achieved, I suggest, through recognizing how the basic theme of the Fates reappears as a motif linking Cynewulf's epilogues.
The use of patristic homilies in the Old English Martyrology
Authors: Cross J. E.
Published: September 2008

The earlier editors of the Old English Martyrology (OEM), T. O. Cockayne and George Herzfeld, recognized that some notices, or phrases within notices, drew on homilies by named patristic writers. Cockayne identified two entries which closely echoed sentences from two of Gregory's Homiliae in Evangelia, for Emiliana (5 January) from Homilia xxxviii.15 and for Cassius (29 June) from Homilia xxxvii.9. Herzfeld added two more, for Processus and Martinianus (2 July) from Homilia xxxii.7 and for Felicitas (23 November) from Homilia iii.3. Also, guided by Ruinart, Herzfeld identified a passage from Augustine's Sermo cccix.4 within the entry for Cyprian of Carthage (14 September). Herzfeld, by oversight, had actually ascribed his Latin quotation (cited in the Addenda) to Fulgentius of Ruspe's Sermo vi, although Fulgentius's sermon probably did influence one other phrase in the notice.
Lincoln and the Anglo-Saxon see of Lindsey
Authors: Bassett Steven
Published: September 2008

It is by no means universally agreed that Lindsey was ever a kingdom or had kings. Stenton, in what is still the most thorough discussion of Lindsey, expressed his doubts on the matter but then dismissed them; there are other scholars who retain theirs. Of those listed, for example, in the supposedly royal genealogy (not aregnal list) of Lindsey, none apart from the last named, Aldfrith, is known to have been a king; some of them may indeed have ruled, but Lindsey would be unique if power had always been transmitted by direct royal primogeniture. Certainly our almost total ignorance of Lindsey's history is a considerable obstacle to viewing it as a fully developed kingdom; but that absence of evidence is no doubt largely due to its early subordination to Northumbria and Mercia by turns. Bede's description of it, whatever else he neglected to tell us, asprouinciaand its meriting a bishop both point to the conclusion that Lindsey was indeed a kingdom, but one of those which succumbed early on to aggrandizing neighbours.
Hebrew and theHebraicumin late Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Keefer Sarah Larratt , Burrows David R.
Published: September 2008

St Jerome's third Latin translation of theSefer Tehillimor ‘Book of Psalms’ is called theiuxta HebraeosorHebraicum, because he based it on the original Hebrew in which it was composed in order to obtain the greatest authenticity possible. Preceded by the so-calledRomanumversion ofc.384, which was primarily a translation of the Greek Septuagint, and theGallicanumofc.392 which was a revision of it based on Origen's hexaplaric Septuagint text, theHebraicumversion ofc.400 represents an attempt by Jerome to produce a Latin translation as close as possible to the Hebrew text. However, despite its greater accuracy with respect to the Hebrew original, theHebraicumwas apparently never used in the liturgy, and was preserved solely as a patristic text in bibles or psalters for scholarly use.
The liturgy of St Willibrord
Authors: Hen Yitzhak
Published: September 2008

What type of liturgy did St Willibrord, the Anglo-Saxon apostle of Frisia (d. 739), use? This is one of the most intriguing questions which a liturgist or historian of this period can ask. In order to answer such a question one has to consider a series of problems concerning the liturgical background of Willibrord himself and, by implication, of his period. With what form of liturgy was Willibrord familiar before he embarked on his mission to Frisia? What liturgy did he find on the Continent when he arrived, and did he attempt to borrow anything from what he found? These and similar questions need to be asked before any clear and coherent picture of the type of liturgy used by Willibrord can be drawn, and since, unfortunately, they cannot be answered with utter certainty, this article will offer some thoughts on the matter, without attempting to provide a solution or a clear-cut answer.
Old English composite homilies from Winchester
Authors: Godden M. R.
Published: September 2008

Many of the homilies preserved in manuscripts of Old English are composite; that is, they are made up largely of passages drawn with little change from other Old English writings (usually homilies) and not freshly composed or translated from Latin. Most of them exist in only one copy, compared with the several surviving copies of most original homilies, and they were probably not given wide circulation. But such homilies can tell us a great deal about the homiletic tradition in England: about attitudes towards homiletic form and content; about the interests of those who read and plundered the homilies of Æfric and Wulfstan; and about the availability of particular texts in particular areas, and the form in which they were known.
Easter cycles and the equinox in the British Isles
Authors: Harrison Kenneth
Published: September 2008

Bede has often been accused of a hostile or ungenerous attitude towards the British church (which may roughly be said to comprise the Britons of Wales, Cornwall and Cumbria-Strathclyde). And it is true that hard sayings are to be found in the Historia Ecclesiastica.1 Failure to convert, or even try to convert, the invading Anglo-Saxons is only part of the story.2 Another element, to be considered here, lies in the calculation of Easter.3 In 716 the last of the Irish communities, Iona, had conformed to the Roman practice, but the Britons did not follow suit until 768, so that in Bede‘s experience there was a substantial body of believers who disagreed not over the major issues of faith and doctrine but, principally, about the date of Easter and how to find it. Bede‘s tribute to Aidan, a disciple of Iona who died in 651, is somewhat marred by a reference to this problem.4 Why, after eighty years, should it still rankle? I shall suggest that the Britons were felt to be wrong-headed because, among other things, they were ignoring an observable fact.
The archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England in the pagan period: a review
Authors: Hills Catherine
Published: September 2008

In recent years there has been a great increase in both excavation and research in the field of pagan Anglo-Saxon archaeology. Yet much of the literature remains so detailed and specific for a non-specialist it resembles a maze without obvious clues. A recent book,The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, dealt with many aspects of later Anglo-Saxon archaeology but did not cover some of the topics which have been central to study of the pagan period in recent years. This article is an attempt at an outline of some of those topics. The subject falls into two interrelated parts. First there is the course, date and nature of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of England, involving consideration of the continental background, both late Roman and Germanic, and assessment of the significance of the earliest Germanic finds in England. The second part is concerned with the material culture of early Anglo-Saxon England, chiefly as reflected in the cemeteries of the period. Although I discuss settlement patterns in general, I do not examine individual settlements or house types in detail, because this subject has been dealt with twice recently, once by Addyman in this publication and once by Rahtz. I refer only occasionally to documentary records, since my intention is to present the archaeological evidence to non-archaeologists.
Lexical evidence for the authorship of the prose psalms in the Paris Psalter
Authors: Bately Janet M.
Published: September 2008

‘Forðy me ðyncð betre, gif iow swæ ðyncð, ðæt we eac sumæ bec, ða ðe niedbeðearfosta sien eallum monnum to wiotonne, ðætweðaonðæt geðiode wendenðe we ealle gecnawan mægen.’ With these well-known words, King Alfred, in the prefatory letter to his Old English version of Gregory'sPastoral Care, enunciates the policy of translation he wishes to see implemented with a view to restoring wisdom and learning to his war-torn kingdom. In the last twenty years or so modern scholars have made a determined effort to define the contribution the king himself made to his scheme. Traditionally it had been accepted that he translated thePastoral Care, Boethius,Soliloquies, Bede and Orosius. But it has now been firmly established that, while the first three works are his, both Bede and Or are to be excluded as the work of others.
A fragment of Bede's De Temporum Ratione in the Public Record Office
Authors: Roper Michael
Published: September 2008

A manuscript fragment containing part of ch. 47 of Bede's De Temporum Ratione has recently been identified in the State Papers Supplementary in the Public Record Office, Chancery Lane (London), where it has the reference SP 46/125, fol. 302 (see pl. I).1 It was added to the volume in which it is now to be found in June 1925, on the authority of C. S. B. Buckland, an Assistant Keeper of the Public Records, but no information appears to have survived about its source.
A fragment of an early-tenth-century Anglo-Saxon manuscript and its significance
Authors: Parkes M. B.
Published: September 2008

Cambridge, Magdalene College, Pepys Library 2981 is a large album which Pepys described as ‘My Calligraphical Collection vol. 1’. It contains ‘Original Proofs of Antient Hand-Writing English & Forreign between the Years 700 & 1500’ in the form of fragments from manuscripts pasted down firmly on each of the album's paper pages. Notes are written round the margins of the pages and incorporate ‘the Opinion of that Eminent Critick in re Diplomaticâ, our Country-Man Mr Humphrey Wanley of Oxford, touching the different Ages, Characters & Countrys of yesaidPieces, in Return to my Enquiries from him on that behalf’.
Neumed Boethianmetrafrom Canterbury: a newly recovered leaf of Cambridge, University Library, Gg. 5.35 (the ‘Cambridge Songs’ manuscript)
Authors: Gibson M. T. , Lapidge M. , Page C.
Published: September 2008

Frankfurt, Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, Fragm. lat. I. 56, a single detached leaf written in Anglo-Caroline minuscule of mid-eleventh-century date and containing a number of neumedmetraof Boethius, was recently brought to the attention of Dr M. T. Gibson1by the Keeper of Manuscripts in Frankfurt, Dr Gerhard Powitz.2Dr C. Page identified it as part of the ‘Cambridge Songs’ manuscript, Cambridge, University Library, Gg. 5. 35 (fols. 432–41). The leaf throws valuable new light not only on the subject of musical notation in late Anglo-Saxon England, but also on the composition of one of the best-known collections of medieval Latin lyrics.3
Spellings of the waldend group – again
Authors: Lutz Angelika
Published: September 2008

The bulk of Old English literature, both poetry and prose, has come down to us in manuscripts of the late tenth and early eleventh centuries. Most of the texts in these late manuscripts are written in a form of Old English called late West Saxon. This dialect was used not only by West Saxon scribes and authors of that period but also by their contemporaries from other dialect areas, and the scribes employed it even when they were copying much earlier Old English texts, such as the early West Saxon Alfredian prose texts or the early Anglian glosses in the Vespasian Psalter. Late West Saxon thus cannot be looked upon as a regionally restricted dialect but – with certain reservations – as a written standard current in all of late Anglo-Saxon England.
Record of the second conference of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists, at Cambridge, 19—23 August 1985
Authors: Greenfield Stanley B.
Published: September 2008

The following papers were presented, the first nine being on the theme of ‘England South of the Humber during the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Centuries’:

H. R. Loyn, ‘What are the Issues?’
Relic-cults as an instrument of royal policy c. 900–c. 1050
Authors: Rollason D. W.
Published: September 2008

A considerable body of evidence shows that the kings of later Anglo-Saxon England concerned themselves very seriously with the cult of relics. No doubt this involvement arose in part from their piety; but as I hope to show there are grounds for thinking that it also derived from the importance of relics and relic-cults as instruments of royal policy, expressing and reinforcing the kings' power and position. I shall consider in turn three aspects of royal activity with regard to relics: firstly the collection and donation of relics by the kings in order to increase their prestige and to symbolize their political status; secondly the use of relics in the processes of government; and thirdly royal patronage of particular relic-cults as an expedient to political influence.
The armies of Swein Forkbeard and Cnut: leding or lið?
Authors: Lund Niels
Published: September 2008

The problem to be discussed in this paper concerns the organization of those Viking armies which under the leadership of Swein Forkbeard and his son Cnut succeeded in conquering England in the second decade of the eleventh century: were the forces of these kings privately organized, like the ones operating in the ninth century, or were they state armies recruited on the basis of a public obligation on all free men to serve the king in war?
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, lat. 10861 and the scriptorium of Christ Church, Canterbury
Authors: Brown Michelle P.
Published: September 2008

The primary purpose of this article is to draw attention to a little-known Anglo-Saxon manuscript of the early ninth century, now Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, lat. 10861, a collection of Latin saints' lives or passions. My interest was first drawn to this manuscript by the brief remarks of J. J. G. Alexander and J. E. Cross (the latter incorporating the personal communication of Bernhard Bischoff), both of whom associated the manuscript with the more famous Book of Cerne (Cambridge, University Library, Ll. 1.10) by virtue of its script and decoration. Closer examination of the manuscript reveals far more complex connections and implications. In particular, the script of BN lat. 10861, which incorporates several distinctive calligraphic features, relates it closely to a group of charters produced at Christ Church, Canterbury, and dated betweenc.805 andc.825. There have hitherto been few attempts to link Anglo-Saxon documentary and book hands, with the notable exceptions of the link between Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 426 (Philippus,Expositio in Iob), which has been dated to the mid-ninth century on the basis of its association with two charters (London, British Library, Cotton Augustus ii. 37, dated 838, and Cotton Charter viii. 36, dated 847) thought to have been written in Wessex, probably at Sherborne or Winchester, and the association of London, BL, Royal 1. E. VI and BL, Add. Ch. 19789, a ninth-century forgery of a document dated 759, recently advanced by Mildred Budny. The establishment of such relationships offers potential for a firmer assessment of the date and place of origin of a particular manuscript than might otherwise be possible; it may also provide a valuable insight into the workings of the scriptorium in question. If, as I believe, a reasonably accurate dating may be advanced for BN lat. 10861 through its association with charter material, further chronological implications may arise, for the decoration of this manuscript places it firmly within the ‘Canterbury’ or ‘Tiberius’ group of manuscripts, and the dating of any one member of the group offers scope for the relative dating of others.
The birds on the Sutton Hoo purse
Authors: Hicks Carola
Published: September 2008

In the definitive publication of the Sutton Hoo ship-burial, R. L. S. Bruce-Mitford comments that the figural scenes on the purse-lid may be thought to have had a special significance known to those who commissioned them and to those who saw the purse, because they appear as part of the design on an important item of the regalia. However, the meaning of the pair of plaques which show a bird of prey grasping a smaller bird (pl. VIIa) has not yet been satisfactorily analysed. Bruce-Mitford states that no close parallels to the scene can be cited. Haseloff, in a study of the purse plaques, considers that they show the general influence of Mediterranean representational art upon the Germanic tendency towards abstraction, with the bird pairs being the adoption and stylization of a foreign theme. Werner, in a discussion of Lombardic shield mounts, suggests that the Sutton Hoo birds represent Christian ornament and therefore associates the purse with the other supposedly Christian elements in the burial. But no really convincing background for the birds has been found. This is in contrast to the other figural plaques, the man between beasts and the interlacing quadrupeds, which both belong to groups of designs of more familiar type. It is the purpose of this article to provide some sources for the bird plaques and to attempt to interpret the special significance behind the use of this design on an item of the regalia.