bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban Planning, Community Participation, and the Roxbury Master Plan in Boston
Authors: Jennings James
Published: June 2004

This article examines the role and impact of community participation in the development of the Roxbury Master Plan in Boston, Massachusetts. It describes how residents and activists utilized the Roxbury Master Plan as a tool to raise challenges to planning ideas perceived as detrimental to the neighborhood. Discussion of this master plan provides a laboratory for examining race and class relationships and tensions generated by proposals for economic development strategies based on benefiting powerful institutional players as a way of helping low-income neighborhoods. Review of the development of this neighborhood master plan between the period 1999 and 2003 shows how residents can use community participation to ensure adoption of broad economic development strategies advocated by proponents of big business that do not spell dislocation and gentrification for poor and working-class neighborhoods. The case study also represents a critique of smart growth and New Urbanism as planning concepts in terms of how issues of race, class, and social inequality are approached or ignored by some planners. The study is based on the author’s involvement in the development of the Roxbury Master Plan, including participation in meetings and interviews with residents, elected officials, and representatives of city government between 1999 when the Roxbury Master Plan was officially launched and its completion in 2003.
Newark, Decline and Avoidance, Renaissance and Desire: From Disinvestment to Reinvestment
Authors: Newman Kathe
Published: June 2004

After more than fifty years of neglect and disinvestment, economically distressed urban neighborhoods have become the targets for reinvestment. This article is an exploration of the changing context of urban revitalization using Newark, New Jersey, and two of its neighborhoods. A key argument is that the 1990s and early 2000s mark a particularly significant moment in history for U.S. cities. First, cities are seeking a competitive position within a global economy. Second, neoliberal urban policy and a decentralized and partially dismantled welfare state leave local government with few redistributive resources, providing legitimacy to redevelopment that deconcentrates poverty and attracts middle-class residents. Third, dramatic rent gaps exist in their most impoverished neighborhoods. Local governments increasingly view housing development as an economic development strategy in which gentrification is the preferred pattern of redevelopment. This approach does not benefit low-income residents. However, unlike earlier periods, community-based resistance to neoliberal policies is muted.
Community Development Corporations, Participation, and Accountability: The Harlem Urban Development Corporation and the Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation
Authors: Johnson Kimberley
Published: June 2004

This article suggests that evaluating the success or failure of community development corporations (CDCs) can be aided by understanding the political and historical contingencies that surrounded the founding of CDCs. Taking early politics and history into account, furthermore, allows one to see how issues like community accountability are balanced with other demands on the organization. The article uses this kind of examination to make a general assessment about the impact of CDCs on community development and neighborhood improvement. This article is a case study of the early history of two “first-wave” CDCs in New York City: the Harlem Urban Development Corporation and the Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation. The discussion covers the early period of each organization from the mid-1960s to the 1980s.
Race and Representation in Detroit’s Community Development Coalitions
Authors: Shaw Todd C. , Spence Lester K.
Published: June 2004

This article examines how race affects conflict between advocates of community development and neighborhood revitalization and local government led by a black mayor. The article shows that partly due to issues of racial representation in community development leadership, some activists, even white activists and leaders supportive of social change, can be ensnarled in the fissures of racialized community development politics. The article analyzes the advocacy initiatives of the Detroit Save Our Spirit (SOS) coalition—a majority white but progressive alliance—as they challenged Mayor Coleman Young’s community proposals between 1985 and 1993. Although Young was admired because he challenged racial inequality, his promotion of a progrowth economic development agenda led him to exploit Detroit’s racial divide to demobilize black and white critics. We demonstrate how SOS represented a multicultural inclusion model to overcome some of the racial fissures in community development.
Community Development in Chicago: From Harold Washington to Richard M. Daley
Authors: Betancur John J. , Gills Douglas C.
Published: June 2004

This article examines the transformation of community development in Chicago in the last three decades from a predominately grass roots movement for social change to a much smaller and fragmented one led by professionalized groups. It focuses on Harold Washington’s and Richard M. Daley’s mayoral regimes and the ways they helped to shape the context and implementation of community development. The major theme in the article is that this movement lost most of its capacity to be innovative and to contribute to progressivism (most evident under the Washington administration) when it lost its basic connections to grass roots leadership under the subsequent Daley administration. As a consequence, problems like poverty, homelessness, poor schooling, and greater racial and class divisions have resulted. The discussion and analysis is based on interviews of people involved with both regimes and a review of changes in policies and practices between the Washington and current Daley (Daley II) period. The article concludes with a sober overview of how community development has been absconded to serve the interests of progrowth and corporate interests rather than used as a tool to promote fairness, access, and equity in low-income neighborhoods.
National Politics and Charitable Choice as Urban Policy for Community Development
Authors: Persons Georgia A.
Published: June 2004

The Faith-Based and Community Initiative (FBCI) constitutes a critical substitution of social policy as new urban policy. The faith-based initiative envisions a formalized role for local religious congregations in social services provision and the corresponding role of policy implementation. Both of these rather novel policy ideas raise a host of questions. This article seeks to provide an understanding of this policy initiative, its ideational origins, its real potential, and some of its limitations as an instrument of urban policy and community development. This article encompasses four objectives. First, it provides an overview discussion of the evolution of the U.S. urban policy context and the emergence of “stealth urban policies.” Second, it focuses on the philosophical and scholarly formulations that conceived of local congregations as alternative mechanisms for the provision of social welfare state services. Third, the discussion turns to some of the findings to date regarding the FBCI that point up its limitation as effective public policy for supporting community development in black neighborhoods. Finally, the discussion explores how the FBCI might be expanded to support a more effective role for religious organizations in urban community development. While this initiative includes temples, mosques, churches, and other religious organizations, this article focuses on churches.
Gender and Language Differences on the Test of Workplace Essential Skills: Using Overall Mean Scores and Item-Level Differential Item Functioning Analyses
Authors: Kline Theresa J. B.
Published: June 2004

The Test of Workplace Essential Skills (TOWES) assesses cognitive skills in three areas using the following three separate subscales: Reading Text, Document Use, and Numeracy inWorking-Age Adults. The sample was composed of 2,688 working-age Englishspeaking Canadians who came from a variety of settings (e.g., trades training programs, adult education centers, college programs, and athletic clubs). The relationships between subscale test performance and the demographic variables of gender and language showed there were some group differences in mean levels of performance. However, at most, these differences accounted for less than 3% of the variance in performance on any subscale. In addition, differential item functioning analyses using the BILOG-MG program showed that at the item level, little or no gender or language bias was present. Recommendations based on the findings are presented.
Assessment of Intraindividual Variability in Positive and Negative Affect Using Latent State-Trait Model Analyses
Authors: Yasuda Tomoyuki , Lawrenz Cathy , Van Whitlock Rod , Lubin Bernard , Lei Pui-Wa
Published: June 2004

Intraindividual variability in positive and negative affect was assessed by the positive affect (Contentment, Joy, Vigor, Love, and Excitement) and negative affect (Depression, Hostility, Anxiety, Agitation, and Social Anxiety) subscales of the state version of the Comprehensive Personality and Affect Scales (COPAS) during a 3-week period. Using the latent state-trait model analysis, which takes both intraindividual variability and interindividual difference into account by controlling measurement error, it was shown that the variability could be measured reliably by the scores of theCOPAS. In particular, a total of 56.9% to 63.5% and 48.2% to 60.6% of the reliable interindividual difference in positive and negative affect, respectively,was attributed to the intraindividual variability.
Construct Validity of the Scores of the Chinese Version of the Need for Closure Scale
Authors: Moneta Giovanni B. , Yip Pelen P. Y.
Published: June 2004

This study evaluated the construct validity of the scores of the Chinese version of the Need for Closure Scale (NFCS) as administered to a sample of Hong Kong college students who also completed the Personal Need for Structure Scale (PNS) and the Personal Fear of Invalidity Scale (PFI). The scale-scale and scale-facet correlations were similar to those of the original English versions. Factor analyses confirmed that the scores of the Chinese NFCS have a bidimensional structure in which the facets preference for order, preference for predictability, and discomfort with ambiguity constitute a factor together with the PNS and the facet decisiveness and the reverse-scored PFI constitute another orthogonal factor. The facet closed mindedness, however, needs further development. The two factors showed satisfactory internal consistency and divergent validity.
Psychometric Analysis of Computer Science Help-Seeking Scales
Authors: Pajares Frank , Cheong Yuk Fai , Oberman Paul
Published: June 2004

The purpose of this studywas to develop scales to assess instrumental help seeking, executive help seeking, perceived benefits of help seeking, and avoidance of help seeking and to examine their psychometric properties by conducting factor and reliability analyses. As this is the first attempt to examine the latent structures underlying the measured items, the authors conducted exploratory factor analyses. In addition, they also examined the relationship between the help-seeking scales and motivation and achievement constructs frequently used in the study of academic motivation. Results supported the continued use and development of the newscales, which can be adapted to assess help-seeking behavior across varied academic domains.
Factor Structure of the French Version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–III
Authors: GrÉgoire Jacques
Published: June 2004

The standardization of the French version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) was conducted after carefully adapting the French version fromthe U.S. version and extensive field testing. The standardization sample was composed of 1,104 participants from 16 to 89 years. To assess the construct validity of the French version, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. Two-factor, three-factor, and four-factor models were compared. The four-factor solution fitted the data much better than did the two-and three-factor solutions. The only problem observed was with the Arithmetic subtest, which did not show clear alignment with the Working Memory factor. Otherwise, the factor structure of the U.S. WAIS-IIIwas replicated with its French adaptation. Despite important changes in five verbal subtests, very similar factor structure was observed between the U.S. and the French standardization samples. This is an important indication of the universality of the factor structure underlying the WAIS-III.
Interparental Conflict, Adolescent Behavioral Problems, and Adolescent Competence: Convergent and Discriminant Validity
Authors: Epstein Monica K. , Renk Kimberly , Duhig Amy M. , Bosco Georgetta L. , Phares Vicky
Published: June 2004

To address the lack of studies examining the convergent and discriminant validity of cross-informant ratings, several statistical approaches were used in this study to evaluate the convergent and discriminant validity for ratings of interparental conflict, adolescent behavioral problems, and adolescent competence. A total of 272 adolescent-motherfather triads completed measures assessing interparental conflict, adolescent behavioral problems, and adolescent competence. The validity of these measures appeared questionnable when relationships were examined using Campbell and Fiske’s criteria and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively. In contrast, analyses demonstrated adequate fit of cross-informant ratings in a correlated uniqueness model, supporting convergent and discriminant validity. Overall, results suggested that informant effects should be analyzed when examining interparental conflict and adolescent adjustment. These findings emphasize the importance of considering the measurement issues of cross-informant ratings when examining interparental conflict, adolescent behavioral problems, and adolescent competence.
The Impact of Missing Data on Sample Reliability Estimates: Implications for Reliability Reporting Practices
Authors: Enders Craig K.
Published: June 2004

A method for incorporating maximum likelihood (ML) estimation into reliability analyses with item-level missing data is outlined. An ML estimate of the covariance matrix is first obtained using the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm, and coefficient alpha is subsequently computed using standard formulae. A simulation study demonstrated that the EMapproach yields (a) less bias in reliability estimates, (b) dramatically reduces cross-sample fluctuation of estimates, and (c) yields more accurate confidence intervals. Implications for reliability reporting practices are discussed, and the EM procedure is demonstrated using a heuristic data set.
The Nature and Measurement of Emotional Intelligence Abilities: Basic Dimensions and Their Relationships with Other Cognitive Ability and Personality Variables
Authors: Barchard Kimberly A. , Hakstian A. Ralph
Published: June 2004

Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence (EI) were derived, and their place with respect to the cognitive ability and personality domains was examined. A factor analysis of 24 maximum-performance and self-report EI measures administered to an undergraduate sample ( N= 176) yielded five factors: Emotional Congruence, Emotional Independence, Social Perceptiveness, Alexithymia, and Social Confidence. Emotional Congruence had lowcorrelations with four cognitive ability factors and Big Five personality factors, indicating that it may represent either a new psychological construct or a method factor. Social Perceptiveness correlated significantly with cognitive abilities, indicating its place in this domain. The remaining three factors had moderate correlations with various personality dimensions and low correlations with cognitive abilities, indicating that they fall outside the latter domain. On the basis of the present results, only maximum-performance and not self-report measures of EI can be seen as tapping the cognitive ability domain.
My Current Thoughts on Coefficient Alpha and Successor Procedures
Authors: Cronbach Lee J. , Shavelson Richard J.
Published: June 2004

In 1997, noting that the 50th anniversary of the publication of “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests” was fast approaching, Lee Cronbach planned what have become the notes published here. His aimwas to point out theways in which his views on coefficient alpha had evolved, doubting nowthat the coefficientwas the bestway of judging the reliability of an instrument to which it was applied. Tracing in these notes, in vintage Cronbach style, his thinking before, during, and after the publication of the alpha paper, his “current thoughts” on coefficient alpha are that alpha covers only a small perspective of the range of measurement uses for which reliability information is needed and that it should be viewed within a much larger system of reliability analysis, generalizability theory.
Mentoring the Patient’s Self-Creation: Thoughts on the Nature of the Therapeutic Relationship
Authors: Strenger Carlo
Published: June 2004

Recent writing in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy has emphasized the ineradicability of the analyst’s subjectivity. This article tries to take this idea one step further by arguing for the existentialist position that psychoanalysis and psychotherapy are primarily encounters between two human beings who bring their own aesthetics of existence, that is, their vision of what makes a life worth living, into the therapeutic relationship. Therapeutic technique is seen as a means that increases the likelihood that the relationship will be beneficial. This is illustrated by work with a highly gifted and perceptive patient whose theory about the therapy was that a form of what he called “intellectual mentoring” was integral to it. This idea is examined, and it is argued that it has practical implications. Making the fit between the patient and the analyst’s personal idioms an explicit part of psychotherapeutic discourse is proposed.
On Facing Death: Views of Some Prominent Psychologists
Authors: Moraglia Giampaolo
Published: June 2004

This study considers the views on death elaborated by several influential representatives of modern psychology from Gustav Fechner and William James to Carl Rogers and B. F. Skinner. It shows that, despite ample differences in theoretical orientation, it is possible to find in these views a measure of agreement concerning the psychological implications of the adult person’s awareness of death. This limited consensus coalesces around the claim that facing one’s finiteness can promote personal growth in the second half of life; that the psychological encounter with death occurs in many guises; that this confrontation is arduous, for the acknowledgment of one’s mortality is associated with fears and anxieties; and that in such an undertaking one can draw support from beliefs that promote the symbolical transcendence of individual finiteness.
Modes of Thought and Meaning Making: The Aftermath of Trauma
Authors: Solomon Jeffrey L.
Published: June 2004

Although it has been well documented that the key to positive growth in the aftermath of trauma is creating renewed meaning, there is a need for research documenting the specific cognitive processes by which this is accomplished. This article examines the cognition of two high-achieving professionals who are in the midst of restoring meaning to their professional lives following traumatic experiences. Using a case study approach, this article identifies commonalties between both professionals (showing how the use of metaphor, “world making,” and context influence meaning making) and the differences that emerge because of unique life circumstances.
Hardiness: An Operationalization of Existential Courage
Authors: Maddi Salvatore R.
Published: June 2004

Existential psychologists emphasize the ongoing search for meaning in life that involves us in the ubiquitous decision-making process. Regardless of content, each decision involves choosing a future, unfamiliar path, or repeating a past, familiar path. Although choosing the future is most consistent with continuing to elaborate life’s meaning, it also brings ontological anxiety, as expressed in fear of uncertainty and possible failure. Consequently, existentialists believe that to choose the future regularly requires courage. Without courage, one may choose the past regularly, which stagnates the quest for meaning. Hardiness, comprised of the attitudes of commitment (vs. alienation), control (vs. powerlessness), and challenge (vs. security) is offered as an operationalization of existential courage. Hardiness has been shown in research to enhance performance and health, despite stressful changes, and to increase perceptions and actions consistent with choosing the future. Hardiness can now be assessed and trained to increase existential courage.
Psychology and Psychotherapy’s Potential for Countering the Medicalization of Everything
Authors: Newnes Craig
Published: June 2004

This article examines the ways in which the professions of clinical psychology and psychotherapy have adopted the powerful discourses of eugenics and medicine. In so doing, they have acted in ways that oppress rather than liberate those who require their services. The article suggests that, through emphasizing connectedness with clients rather than difference from them, these professions might act in a more liberatory way. Some pointers for the future are presented.
Auditory Hallucinations Following Near-Death Experiences
Authors: Greyson Bruce , Liester Mitchell B.
Published: June 2004

Among persons who reported having had near-death experiences, 80% also reported subsequent auditory hallucinations. Experiencers’ attitudes toward these hallucinations were over-whelmingly positive, as contrasted with the overwhelmingly negative attitudes of patients with schizophrenia toward their auditory hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations not related to disease processes are common and may be highly valued by those who hear them.
Linking Assessments: Concept and History
Authors: Kolen Michael J.
Published: June 2004

In this article, the history of linking is summarized, and current linking frameworks that have been proposed are considered. Key publications discussed include Flanagan (1951), Angoff (1971), Linn (1993), Mislevy (1992), and Feuer, Holland, Green, Bertenthal, and Hemphill (1999). The article further focuses on the concordance situation for linking and discusses the concept of concordance and future research that is needed.
Equating, Concordance, and Expectation
Authors: Dorans Neil J.
Published: June 2004

How do scores from different tests relate to each other? Three types of score linkage are discussed: equating, concordance, and prediction of expected scores. Statistical indices, in conjunction with rational considerations, are needed to determine whether the highest level of linkage attainable between scores from two “tests” is the conceptual and statistical interchangeability sought by equating, the distributional similarity of concordance links, or the minimum squared loss attained by prediction of expected scores. Relationships among the different scales of the ACT and SAT I are described in the context of the conceptual framework developed herein. These relationships are used to evaluate the appropriateness of concordances and predictions of expected scores among various scores on these two prominent tests. Sums of scores, composite scores, and individual scores are examined. The importance of score reliability in assessing linkage possibilities is discussed.
Issues in Conducting Linkages between Distinct Tests
Authors: Pommerich Mary , Hanson Bradley A. , Harris Deborah J. , Sconing James A.
Published: June 2004

Educational measurement practitioners are often asked to link scores on tests that are built to different content specifications. The goal in linking distinct tests is often similar to that for equating scores across different forms of the same test: to provide a set of comparable scores across the two measures. Traditional equating methods can be applied but results cannot be interpreted in the manner of equated scores. This article proposes a linkage process that consists of four stages to follow in linking distinct tests: choosing an appropriate linkage type and methodology, linking scores and computing summary measures, evaluating the quality of the linkage and determining what to report, and making recommendations for the interpretation and use of the linkage results. The complete linkage process is illustrated by discussing practices and decisions made at each stage for a linkage conducted between ACT Composite and SAT I V+M scores using equipercentile methods. Prediction is explored as an alternate form of linking in situations when use of the equipercentile results is not appropriate.
Concordance Between ACT and ITED Scores From Different Populations
Authors: Yin Ping , Brennan Robert L. , Kolen Michael J.
Published: June 2004

The use of educational tests in practical situations often requires that tests that are built to different content and/or statistical specifications be statistically linked. When equating methods are applied to tests that differ in content, difficulty, and/or reliability, the resulting scores cannot be used interchangeably. This study examined group invariance under concordance conditions between ACT and the Iowa Tests of Educational Development (ITED) scores. Linear, parallel-linear, and equipercentile methods were used to transform scores on ITED tests to the scale of scores on similarly named ACT tests. Results indicated that when content specifications and statistical properties between the two forms were similar, transformed scores obtained from subgroups and the entire population were similar using the linear or parallel-linear method; otherwise, the linking relationships were group dependent, with the results for the equipercentile method being less group dependent than those for the linear method.
Teaching Language Awareness in Rhetorical Choice
Authors: Kaufer David , Ishizaki Suguru , Collins Jeff , Vlachos Pantelis
Published: June 2004

This article introduces an IText system the authors built to enhance student practice in language awareness within commonly taught written genres (e.g., self-portraits, profiles, scenic writing, narratives, instructions, and arguments). The system provides text visualization and analysis that seek to increase students’ sensitivity to the rhetorical and whole-text implications of the small runs of language they read and write. The authors describe the way the system can create possibilities for classroom discourse and discussion about student writing that seem harder to reproduce in traditional writing classrooms. They also describe the limitations of the current system for wide-scale use and its future prospects.
Technological Mediation of Document Review
Authors: Swarts Jason
Published: June 2004

This article reports findings from a study of writers and reviewers in two complex organizations. The author analyzes the differences between the content, conduct, and resolution of document reviews mediated by hard-copy text and those mediated by textual replay (a series of screen-captured images of the writer’s on-screen writing activity) plus hard-copytext. The results show that reviews mediated by textual replay directed greater attention to issues concerning writing and revision processes. The reviewers offered more tentative revision suggestions and more often enlisted the writers’ participation in articulating, proposing, and implementing the revisions. The article concludes by considering ways that textual replay could be further designed to support the range of joint activities that document review comprises.
Literacy and the Writing Voice
Authors: Honeycutt Lee
Published: June 2004

This article provides a cultural-historical analysis of dictation as a composing method in Western history. Drawing on Ong’s concept of secondary orality, the analysis shows how dictation’s shifting role as a form of literacy has been influenced by the dual mediation of technological tools and existing cultural practices. At the dawn of modernism, a series of technological, economic, and philosophical factors converged to promote silent forms of individual authorship over collaborative modes of dictation favored in late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Similar changes are taking place today and may help reverse the dominance of silent authorship. If voice-recognition technologies continue to improve in the future, they may help professional communicators bridge the spoken and textual realms and effect changes in our attitudes toward authorship and orality.
Exploring Uses of IText in Campus-Community Partnerships
Authors: Blythe Stuart
Published: June 2004

Many colleges and universities have begun to create structures that foster sustainable partnerships with neighboring communities. As part of such efforts, these institutions often use IText—written texts mediated by information technologies such as the World Wide Web, e-mail, databases, and online bulletin board systems. Using content analysis and interviews, the author explores the ways that IText is used in campus-community partnerships. The author concludes that at this early point in partnership efforts, the best uses for IText are to build trust and share information, even though such uses raise questions about the egalitarian potential of partnership efforts.
Violence on Inpatient Psychiatric Units: State of the Science
Authors: Johnson Mary E.
Published: June 2004

BACKGROUND: The current thrust toward evidence-based practice requires the use of systematic evaluations of clinically relevant research to guide practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify the significant factors associated with violence and aggression on inpatient psychiatric units. DESIGN: The databases Cumulative Index toNursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, and Medline were searched using the key wordsaggression and/orviolence . Studies included in the review were those that were published between 1992 and 2002, conducted on inpatient psychiatric units, used a prospective design, and provided the reliability and validity of the measurement tools. RESULTS: Twentyseven articles were reviewed. The findings were organized into the following categories: patient-related variables, staff-related variables, unit-related variables, interactional variables, and studies related to prediction of aggression and violence. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that (a) much of the available evidence supports the experienced clinician’s knowledge of who is at risk for becoming aggressive on inpatient psychiatric units; (b) among factors shown to be related to violence, some can be modified and others cannot; and (c) there is a critical need for well-designed nursing research that takes into account the complexity of the problem of aggression and violence on inpatient psychiatric units.
Using Nursing Theory and a Structured Psychoeducational Curriculum With Inpatient Groups
Authors: Potter Mertie L. , Williams Robert B. , Costanzo Rosemary
Published: June 2004

Involving patients in groups has been identified as one way of optimizing patient treatment options while maximizing staff resources and containing costs. In this article, literature on the use of groups by nurses in an inpatient setting is reviewed, and the development of a program involving a psychoeducational group curriculum incorporating Orlando’s nursing theory is described. The program was found to be very helpful in (a) providing structured content; (b) promoting greater comfort, active involvement, and learning by registered nurses and patients; and (c) demonstrating improved patient response.
Development of Psychiatric–Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Competencies: Opportunities for the 21st Century
Authors: Wheeler Kathleen , Haber Judith
Published: June 2004

The purpose of this article is to discuss the development of the psychiatric–mental health nurse practitioner(PMHNP) competencies. The historical context and controversy regarding the role of advanced practice psychiatric mental health nursing as well as the consensus process of a national panel charged with the development of these competencies are described. Also, implications for education, practice, research, and policy are examined. The PMHNP competencies is a seminal document that will provide direction for the future of advanced practice psychiatric–mental health nursing.
Political Talk Radio, Perceived Fairness, and the Establishment of President George W. Bush’s Political Legitimacy
Authors: Holbert R. Lance
Published: June 2004

This study analyzes the effects of political talk radio use on the perceived fairness of the 2000 U.S. presidential election. In particular, a process of influence is hypothesized leading from talk radio use to feelings toward the two major-party candidates (Bush and Gore). Citizens’ affective associations with the candidates are then argued to have competing effects on the perceived fairness of the 2000 election. The influence of perceived fairness on subsequent feelings toward Bush is also assessed. This process of political talk radio influence is analyzed in a single structural equation model using 2000-02 American National Election Study (ANES) panel data. Political talk radio use leads to negative perceptions of Gore, which negatively influences perceptions of the perceived fairness of the 2000 election. Conversely, talk radio use generates more positive feelings toward Bush, which positively affects perceptions of fairness. Thus, feelings toward both candidates serve as important mediators that allow the use of this public affairs information source to make citizens feel better about how the fiercely contested 2000 presidential election was decided. Perceived fairness is also found to be a significant positive predictor of post-2002 election cycle attitudes toward Bush, even after accounting for prior feelings toward both Bush and Gore. Implications for these finding are outlined and future lines of research are detailed.
New Europe’s Civil Society, Democracy, and the Media Thirteen Years After
Authors: Klvaňa Tomáš P.
Published: June 2004

In terms of the quality of democracy, the Czech Republic is under performing. Czech media are a significant factor in the process. Recently, most of the formerly serious Czech journalism has moved into infotainment. Moreover, it is influenced by the nostalgia for communist times. Complicit in perpetuating the communist taste, the media harm the nascent civil society. The most relevant aspect of civil society in this article pertains to its ability to provide citizens with a broad range of resources to develop their talents. By promoting and further developing the cultural expression infused by communist taste, the media flatten public life around the stale mainstream. In a small, relatively poor, and culturally homogeneous market and society hampered by a residual civic passivity, the media deprive citizens of a broad range of cultural resources and slow down their pursuit of a greater equality and freedom.
Framing Obesity
Authors: Lawrence Regina G.
Published: June 2004

The public debate on obesity will turn on the question of who or what is responsible for causing and curing this emerging epidemic. Previous research suggests that public health problems become amenable to broad policy solutions when those problems can be reframed in systemic terms—specifically, in terms of involuntary risk, universal risk, environmental risk, and knowingly created risk. This article assesses the framing of obesity in news coverage since 1985 to determine whether obesity is being reframed in these terms. The data suggest that a vigorous frame contest is currently under way between arguments emphasizing personal responsibility for health and arguments emphasizing the social environment, including corporate and public policy. The evidence suggests that one of these frame dimensions (environmental risk) has moved decisively toward the systemic pole, while two frame dimensions (involuntary and knowingly created risk) have not moved toward the systemic pole, and the movement of the fourth dimension (risk to everyone) is uncertain.
Covering the CIA in Times of Crisis
Authors: Gup Ted
Published: June 2004

In the wake of two catastrophic intelligence failures—9/11 and the yet-to-be-found weapons of mass destruction in Iraq—American intelligence is reeling. This article examines how the U.S. press fared in covering the intelligence community before and after those events. It also explores what the obstacles are that now face journalists and what the stakes are. At no time has covering the intelligence community been more demanding or more important. Ironically, the obstacles that face both reporters and intelligence officers are much the same. The article closes with some suggested strategies and approaches gleaned from the most successful intelligence reporting.
Indirect Mobilization
Authors: McClurg Scott D.
Published: June 2004

Although direct contacts between campaigns and individuals are a central part of the process that encourages political participation, it is often argued that their effects extend beyond the initial contact via a secondary process of indirect mobilization. This article puts that argument to the test by investigating possible connections between direct party contacts and political mobilization in social networks. The results show that the primary social consequence of party contacts is to alter the substance, but not the volume, of politically oriented conversations that occur in social networks. These conversations, in turn, increase the salience of the campaign in the electorate but have only a mild effect on levels of campaign involvement. Although political mobilization does influence social communication, its effect on political involvement is restricted to socially based forms of involvement under limited conditions.
The Impact of Voting by Mail on Voter Behavior
Authors: Hanmer Michael J. , Traugott Michael W.
Published: June 2004

Most of the studies of voter behavior have dealt with voter turnout, but few have looked at other aspects of voting behavior that could be linked to balloting method. A reasonable amount of information has now accumulated about the impact of the shift from polling place elections to voting by mail on turnout, rolloff, drop-off, differences in voting for partisan offices and referenda, and differences in straight-ticket voting. This article analyzes recent time series of voting data in Oregon to assess the impact of the shift in voting method on these issues. The analysis includes data at the state, county, precinct, and individual levels, including individual ballots. The results suggest new criteria for evaluating shifts from one voting method to another that may be applied to other electoral reforms, such as those that will result from the Help America Vote Act.
Lame-Duck Legislators and Consideration of the Ship Subsidy Bill of 1922
Authors: Goodman Craig , Nokken Timothy P.
Published: June 2004

The notion that electoral concerns are strong determinants of roll call voting provides the foundation for many theories of legislative behavior. To measure the importance of electoral considerations, the authors analyze a vote held in an environment in which a sizable number of members faced no electoral constraints: a lame-duck session of the House. The authors analyze the vote on a ship subsidy bill considered in a special lame-duck session of the 67th Congress (1922). In particular, the authors are interested in the possibility that lame-duck members were more inclined to support the politically unpopular proposal and whether they were able to translate that support into political benefits, such as presidential appointments. The authors estimate a series of probit models and find that lame-duck Republicans, notably those defeated in their reelection bids, were significantly more likely to vote in favor of final passage.
Public Pressure and Punishment in the Politics of Congressional Pay Raises
Authors: Theriault Sean M.
Published: June 2004

Congressional pay raises, perhaps better than any other issue, pit members’ personal interests against their constituents’ preferences. And yet, various studies find that members rarely pay a political price for supporting pay raises. Such findings call into question the mechanism behind the large body of literature tying members’ votes to their constituents’ desires. Taking the stance that the electoral accountability theory is better than the empirical results, this article tries to uncover an electoral punishment. Three results stand out. First, electorally vulnerable members and members from poor districts are the least likely to vote for pay raises. Second, pay raise supporters suffer systematically lower reelection percentages. Third, members who support pay raises are more likely to lose. The latter two findings do not hold in every case, but rather under systematically special circumstances.
Temporal Organization of “Internal Speech” As a Basis for Cerebellar Modulation of Cognitive Functions
Authors: Ackermann Hermann , Mathiak Klaus , Ivry Richard B.
Published: June 2004

The sequencing of smooth and rhythmically “sculptured” words and phrases at a speaker’s habitual speech rate (4 Hz to 6 Hz) critically depends on the cerebellum. Besides overt performance, the cerebellum also seems to organize the syllabic structure of “auditory verbal imagery” or “internal speech”—that is, a prearticulatory but otherwise fully elaborated and temporally organized representation of verbal utterances. As a consequence, cerebellar disorders may compromise cognitive operations that involve a speech code, such as verbal working memory, or disrupt cognitive processes that encompass linguistic mediation. Besides the temporal organization of syllable strings at a prearticulatory level, cerebellar patients are impaired in speech perception tasks requiring the encoding of durational parameters of the acoustic signal. The hemodynamic responses associated with these two aspects of verbal-acoustic communication— internal speech and speech perception—were found to be organized along the rostro-caudal direction within paravermal aspects of the superior right cerebellar hemisphere. Those areas of the right cerebellar hemisphere thus might provide a common platform for the computation of temporal aspects of verbal utterances in the domains of both speech production and perception.
Schizophrenia and the Stroop Effect
Authors: Henik Avishai , Salo Ruth
Published: June 2004

Conflict between irrelevant words and relevant colors in the Stroop task creates interference, long considered a measure of how well individuals focus attention. In the traditional card version of the Stroop task, schizophrenia patients exhibit increased interference, consistent with the distractibility they exhibit in everyday life. In contrast, on other versions of the Stroop task they show augmented facilitation (faster responding to congruent than to neutral trials). We suggest that schizophrenia patients possess adequate attentional resources to avoid interference when each letter string is presented individually but face difficulty when delays are imposed and multiple attentional demands appear. Although psychiatric symptomatology may contribute to different patterns of performance, there is no evidence that medication modulates this.
Developmental Changes in the Neural Mechanisms of Eyeblink Conditioning
Authors: Freeman John H. , Nicholson Daniel A.
Published: June 2004

Eyeblink conditioning has been used as a model system for examining the ontogeny of associative learning and its neural basis in rodents. Associative eyeblink conditioning emerges between postnatal days (P) 17 and 24 in rats. Neurophysiological studies in infant rats during eyeblink conditioning revealed developmental changes in the activity of cerebellar neurons that correspond to the ontogenetic emergence of eyeblink conditioning. The developmental changes in cerebellar neuronal activity suggest that the ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning is related to changes in learning mechanisms rather than motor performance mechanisms. Additional neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies demonstrated that the developmental changes in neuronal activity in the cerebellum are due to developmental changes in interactions between the cerebellum and its inputs, the inferior olive and pontine nuclei. Developmental changes in cerebellar inputs and regulation of its inputs affect the induction of learning-related plasticity, thereby affecting the rate and magnitude of conditioning.
The Neurobiology of Conditioned and Unconditioned Fear: A Neurobehavioral System Analysis of the Amygdala
Authors: Rosen Jeffrey B.
Published: June 2004

A neurobehavioral system approach to conditioned and unconditioned fear is presented. By employing reproducible fear behaviors in Pavlovian conditioning and unconditioned fear paradigms, it has been possible to delineate some differences in neural circuitry and cellular biology for conditioned and unconditioned fear. It is suggested that the basolateral complex of the amygdala and the central nucleus of the amygdala are part of the neural circuitry for fear conditioning but not for unconditioned fear to a predator odor. Furthermore, changes in expression of the transcription factor early growth response gene 1 in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala are shown to be important for contextual fear conditioning but not for unconditioned fear to a predator odor. In addition, data suggest that although conditioning to a synthetic predator odor, trimethylthiazoline, has been difficult to demonstrate, conditioning can occur by modifying by the environment. Finally, the relevance of the animal studies to human anxiety disorders is discussed.
Mapping the Development of Hispanic/Latino/a Student Organizations: A Model at the University of Florida
Authors: Delgado-Romero Edward A. , Hernandez Carlos , Montero Helda
Published: June 2004

This article provides a case history of the development of Hispanic Student Organizations (HSO) by examining the contextual factors (e.g., demographic, historical, organizational) that impacted HSO development at the University of Florida from the 1970s to 2003. We trace the formation of HSO of cultural, professional, and Greek affiliations. We examine institutional involvement and some recent hate crimes directed at HSO at the university and conclude with future directions and research implications.
The Culture of Mexican Americans: Its Importance for Early Educators
Authors: Saracho Olivia N. , Martínez-Hancock Frances
Published: June 2004

This article provides an introduction to the Mexican American culture, describing (a) cultural diversity and linguistic policies in the United States; (b) cultural and linguistic studies that have examined the backgrounds of Mexican American individuals; (c) the characteristics of this population; (d) discrimination and human relations issues; (e) the socioeconomic factors that Mexican American individuals encountered due to their lack of education; and (f) the predominance of poorly paid and undereducated unskilled workers. Although many Mexican Americans have moved up the social ladder to the middle class, others have not. However, they have a richness of language and culture to share with the school.