bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rab11-binding protein RELCH/KIAA1468 controls intracellular cholesterol distribution
Authors: Sobajima Tomoaki , Yoshimura Shin-ichiro , Maeda Tomomi , Miyata Haruhiko , Miyoshi Eiji , Harada Akihiro
Published: March 2018

Cholesterol, which is endocytosed to the late endosome (LE)/lysosome, is delivered to other organelles through vesicular and nonvesicular transport mechanisms. In this study, we discuss a novel mechanism of cholesterol transport from recycling endosomes (REs) to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) through RELCH/KIAA1468, which is newly identified in this study as a Rab11-GTP– and OSBP-binding protein. After treating cells with 25-hydroxycholesterol to induce OSBP relocation from the cytoplasm to the TGN, REs accumulated around the TGN area, but this accumulation was diminished in RELCH- or OSBP-depleted cells. Cholesterol content in the TGN was decreased in Rab11-, RELCH-, and OSBP-depleted cells and increased in the LE/lysosome. According to in vitro reconstitution experiments, RELCH tethers Rab11-bound RE-like and OSBP-bound TGN-like liposomes and promotes OSBP-dependent cholesterol transfer from RE-like to TGN-like liposomes. These data suggest that RELCH promotes nonvesicular cholesterol transport from REs to the TGN through membrane tethering.
Cell size–dependent regulation of Wee1 localization by Cdr2 cortical nodes
Authors: Allard Corey A.H. , Opalko Hannah E. , Liu Ko-Wei , Medoh Uche , Moseley James B.
Published: March 2018

Cell size control requires mechanisms that link cell growth with Cdk1 activity. In fission yeast, the protein kinase Cdr2 forms cortical nodes that include the Cdk1 inhibitor Wee1 along with the Wee1-inhibitory kinase Cdr1. We investigated how nodes inhibit Wee1 during cell growth. Biochemical fractionation revealed that Cdr2 nodes were megadalton structures enriched for activated Cdr2, which increases in level during interphase growth. In live-cell total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy videos, Cdr2 and Cdr1 remained constant at nodes over time, but Wee1 localized to nodes in short bursts. Recruitment of Wee1 to nodes required Cdr2 kinase activity and the noncatalytic N terminus of Wee1. Bursts of Wee1 localization to nodes increased 20-fold as cells doubled in size throughout G2. Size-dependent signaling was caused in part by the Cdr2 inhibitor Pom1, which suppressed Wee1 node bursts in small cells. Thus, increasing Cdr2 activity during cell growth promotes Wee1 localization to nodes, where inhibitory phosphorylation of Wee1 by Cdr1 and Cdr2 kinases promotes mitotic entry.
Aggregations and associations in deep-sea chondrichthyans
Authors: Finucci Brittany , Dunn Matt R , Jones Emma G ,   Handling editor: Valerio Bartolino
Published: March 2018

Group living has been recorded across a diverse range of chondrichthyans, but due to a variety of factors, any inferences of social associations in deep-sea cartilaginous fishes have yet to be described. Using a companion preference analysis, aggregating behaviour and associations in deep-sea chondrichthyans (four holocephalans, ten elasmobranchs) were evaluated across class and group size from long-term archived fisheries independent research trawl survey datasets. Results indicated that not all selected species engaged in aggregative behaviour, but those that did suggested patterns of sex- and size-specific associations, which varied with catch density. Adult females were caught most frequently in low densities, and were highly associated with other adult females. Adult males were consistently associated with each other. The nature of associations has important implications for selective mortality by spatial or temporally stratified, or aggregation-targeting, fisheries.
Introduction to Polling and Survey Methods
Authors: Atkeson Lonna Rae , Alvarez R. Michael
Published: March 2018

Polling and survey methods is an interdisciplinary activity and includes actors in all areas of society, including academia, government, and the private sector. Designing, implementing, and analyzing high-quality, accurate, and cost-effective polls and surveys requires a combination of skills and methodological perspectives. Despite the well-publicized issues that have cropped up in recent political polling, a great deal is known today about how to collect high-quality polling and survey data even in complex and difficult environments. Quality surveys and good survey data are important because social scientists are only as good as the data produced. Therefore, it is critical to follow best practices and guidelines and help researchers assess a variety of factors to make good choices when collecting and analyzing data. Equally important is transmitting those results to others in a clear and accessible manner.
Asian American Religions from Chinese Exclusion to 1965
Authors: Blankenship Anne M.
Published: March 2018

This chapter charts the religious lives of South and East Asian Americans during the era of Asian exclusion—from the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 to the implementation of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965—and those of non-Asians who adopted elements of Asian religions to shape new approaches to those traditions. Religious organizations provided immediate social aid and fellowship, leadership opportunities, and a connection to immigrants’ homelands. Religious beliefs provided strength to Asian immigrants by helping them cope with discrimination, while social realities in America reshaped many of those traditional beliefs and practices. White sympathizers reimagined aspects of Asian religions and utilized them in new ways. The chapter follows four major themes: adaptation of religious minorities from Asia, the experiences of Christian Asian immigrants, Asian American religious responses to discrimination, and the ways in which non-Asians were drawn to Asian religions prior to 1965.
American Judaism and Race
Authors: Eichler-Levine Jodi
Published: March 2018

Thinking about American Jews, race, and religion entails confronting the instability of those terms. This chapter examines the history of Jews and race in the United States through three lenses. First, it looks at the history of how Eastern European Jews have been “raced” in America, and in particular how they became “white.” Second, it considers Jewish interactions with other groups, such as blacks, Native Americans, and Asians, and how Jewish identity has been co-constituted with and against that of other groups. Third, the chapter looks at internal Jewish diversity and the challenges presented by Euro-centric models of Jewishness. The chapter concludes by considering Jews, race, and religion in the age of Ferguson.
Race, Religion, and Documentary Film
Authors: Weisenfeld Judith
Published: March 2018

This chapter uses Ingagi and The Silent Enemy, both independent films released in 1930, to examine the intersections of race and religion in the context of American documentary film conventions. The filmmakers claimed documentary status for their films, despite the fact that both were largely scripted and contained staged representations. Many audience members and critics nevertheless took their representations of the religious practices of Africans and Native Americans to be truthful and invested in the films’ authenticity because their visual codes, narratives, and advertising confirmed accepted stereotypes about race, religion, and capacity for civilization. Examining these two films in the context of the broader history of documentary representations of race and religion—from travelogues, adventure, ethnographic, and expeditionary films through more recent productions—this chapter explores how the genre has helped to shape and communicate ideas about race and religion.
Mormonism and Race
Authors: Mason Patrick Q.
Published: March 2018

As a religion born in the modern period, Mormonism inherited and has in many ways inhabited modern racial categories and theories. Since the time of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, the majority of Latter-day Saints’ racial views have generally tracked with broader American society, but the religion’s distinctive theology and history also produce alternative racial rationales, discourses, and experiences unique to Mormonism. Focusing on the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, this chapter examines how race has been operationalized in Mormon scripture (in particular the Book of Mormon), the history of Mormonism in America, and scholarly treatments. Never simply dichromatic, Mormon considerations of race have included African Americans but also paid substantial attention to the native peoples of the Americas (North and increasingly Central and South) and Pacific Islanders.
Puritans and Race
Authors: Bailey Richard A.
Published: March 2018

In scholarly discussions about “race” in the Americas, colonial New England often receives little attention. While race-based slavery perhaps never commanded the same attention in the northern colonies as in regions farther south, “race” factored into nearly every aspect of life in New England from the outset. This chapter not only discusses how scholars have approached this conversation but also investigates some of the ways in which New Englanders made sense of themselves and the peoples of varying ethnicities, relying at times on the specific theological context of New England puritanism. Focusing on the ways in which New Englanders wrestled with the dilemma of racial thinking within their theological system brings New England fully into the discussion of the intersections between “race” and religion in colonial America.
Religion, Race, and Immigration in Contemporary America
Authors: Yukich Grace
Published: March 2018

Due in part to immigration, religion in contemporary America is more religiously and racially diverse than ever before. Much of this diversity remains hidden, since many American congregations remain racially and ethnically segregated. Multiracial congregations are becoming more common, but they often adopt the beliefs and practices of majority-white religious traditions and embrace narratives of color-blindness while leaving structural racism unchallenged. Transnational religious connections forged through immigration have the potential to shift America’s historical religio-racial patterns. Ongoing encounters with religio-racial “others” from abroad can transform individual and collective religious identities, beliefs, and practices in profound ways. As immigration to the United States continues in the coming years, scholars should pay attention to how religion, race, and immigration intersect, including how color-blind theologies may block the potential of immigration to dismantle entrenched racial and ethnic divides in American religion.
Buddhism and Race
Authors: McNicholl Adeana
Published: March 2018

This chapter takes a step toward the theorization of discourses of race and racialization within the American Buddhist context. Far from being neutral observers, Buddhist Studies scholars have participated in the racialization of particular American Buddhisms. After mapping the landscape of key works on race, ethnicity, and American Buddhism, this chapter takes as a case study a collection of black Buddhist publications that reflect on race and ethnicity. Thus far, scholarship has ignored black Buddhists, yet black Buddhist reflections on race challenge dominant paradigms for the interpretation of the history of Buddhism and Buddhist teachings in the United States. This chapter concludes with suggestions for future avenues for research, including ways that we may connect the work of black Buddhists to the wider context of American religious history and American engagements with Asia.
Evolution and Human Reproduction
Authors: Fieder Martin , Huber Susanne
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses, from an evolutionary standpoint, crucial factors influencing human reproduction. It emphasizes the importance of social status and homogamy on the level of the individual and raises the question how genetics and also epigenetics may contribute to explain human mate choice and fertility patterns. The chapter discusses the differential association of status with fertility for men and women, evolutionary reasons for the prevalence of homogamy along cultural traits and considers, on the level of genetics, the interplay of inbreeding and outbreeding. The role of mutations due to paternal age for human mate choice is debated. Finally, the chapter discusses the effects of early life conditions on later reproduction and also the role of epigenetics as a potential underlying mechanism. It is concluded that an evolutionary perspective helps explain reproductive patterns in modern humans and may thus make a valuable contribution in the assessment of urgent contemporary problems.
The Biosocial Study of Ethnicity
Authors: Salter Frank
Published: March 2018

This chapter reviews behavioral biological analyses of ethnic solidarity and conflict. The universality of ethnic behavior, including frequent altruism, points to evolutionary origins. This chapter reviews the history of research into ethnicity by ethologists, sociobiologists, and evolutionary psychologists. The biosocial approach is unique in tracing causality back to adaptations, including brain functions and the evolutionary processes that selected them. One such selection process is cultural group strategies in which rules and beliefs adopted by a group help it replace others. The most influential biosocial theory states that ethnic solidarity is nepotism extended to the population. Ethnic nepotism theory and other insights have been fruitful in suggesting research directions. These include ethnic group dominance, superorganism theory applied to ethnic middleman groups, the idea that ethnic trust boosts economic competitiveness by reducing transaction costs, and the finding that ethnocultural diversity increases social conflict. Other research concerns national character.
Why Sociology Should Incorporate Biology
Authors: Hopcroft Rosemary L.
Published: March 2018

Sociology has long been dominated by descriptive studies of social phenomenon, and theory in sociology has been characterized by myriad small theories of limited scope. Incorporation of method and theory from biology can change that. Theory from evolutionary biology has the potential to unify much sociological theory and become the central paradigm of sociology, much as it has unified biology, and to unify all the disparate threads of the current discipline of sociology into a fully fledged science. This chapter explains why sociologists should be doing more research that incorporates biology and biological theory into sociology. Although disentangling the social and biological is difficult because of the complex interactions between them, the fact that the interactions exist is indisputable, and sociology can benefit from examining them.
Human Sociosexual Dominance Theory
Authors: Rauch Kristin Liv , Hopcroft Rosemary L.
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents an evolutionary theory of racial discrimination, human sociosexual dominance theory. This theory is built on the social dominance theory of Sidanius and colleagues, who note that sexually selected predispositions can account for the disproportionate experience of prejudice and discrimination by minority males, not minority females. This chapter goes beyond Sidanius and others by emphasizing that the operation of these evolved predispositions continues to limit mating opportunities for minority group males. The chapter also stresses how coalitions and culture are used as tools in this process. Examples pertaining to race relations in the United States in both the recent past and the present are presented to illustrate the utility of this biocultural framework.
Reward Allowances and Contrast Effects in Social Evolution
Authors: Hammond Michael
Published: March 2018

Our evolutionary heritage of different reward allowances for different interests leaves us very responsive to social creations offering certain types of contrast effects. Zygmunt Bauman’s model of liquid modernity and its impact on more “solid” traditional cultures are examined in terms of changes in the use of these reward allowances on a mass scale as social structures offering the contrast impact of serial novelty are substituted for structures rooted in fixed high contrasts. From this perspective, liquid modernity may have a much deeper and lasting appeal than Bauman and other postmodern critics wish to be the case. Serial novelty is part of a pattern of social evolution rooted in our biological heritage of reward allowances and contrast effects.
Levinas’s Jewish Writings
Authors: Eisenstadt Oona
Published: March 2018

Opening with an argument to the effect that Levinas’s Jewish writings operate in the realm of the Levinasian political, this article goes on to draw out the understanding of Judaism that makes this possible, namely a Judaism concerned with law. The second half of the article is a reading of Levinas’s Talmudic lecture, “Desacralization and Disenchantment,” which clarifies this understanding of Judaism in opposition to capitalism and to a dangerously apolitical form of Christianity. This reading shows how Levinas’s Talmudic lessons articulate and develop central themes of his philosophical thinking and of his conception of Judaism.
The Rock Art of Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Le Quellec Jean-Loïc
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents key dimensions of sub-Saharan African rock art (pictograms and petroglyphs). Particular attention is paid to recent approaches, the application of physico-chemical analyses, and stylistic determinations used to establish reliable chronologies. Stylistic approaches have been particularly influential in the interpretation of rock imagery, as has the identification of specific motifs (such as loincloths and aprons) that serve to indicate ritual and initiatory roles, particularly for women. The preservation of rock art and access to sites are topics of renewed concern that tend to increasingly involve local communities. In sub-Saharan Africa as in other parts of the world, rock art research is well poised to build on a long history of research, and to benefit from new techniques such as digital enhancement that are likely to considerably improve knowledge and increase the known corpus of art.
P2X Receptors
Authors: Nicke Annette , Grutter Thomas , Egan Terrance M.
Published: March 2018

P2X receptors are ATP-gated ion channels that are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic tissues. They are involved in diverse physiological processes, from modulation of synaptic transmission, to inflammation, sensing of taste, bladder filling, and pain. Research on these receptors was for a long time hampered by a complex pharmacology and lack of high-resolution structures. However, the use of novel and modern methods brought significant progress and insight into receptor function. This article reviews P2X receptor structure, molecular function, and cellular physiology, emphasizing recent studies using crystallography, optical tools, and gene ablation to describe the sequence of events leading from agonist binding to physiological response. These studies reveal remarkable structural and functional properties not found in other ligand-gated ion channels, but still relevant to the field as a whole.
Mapping Authenticity
Authors: Mock Steven J
Published: March 2018

Debates in the study of public heritage are rooted in the field’s inherently interdisciplinary nature. Heritage is about both the past and the present; about tangible objects and intangible myths; about individuals, groups, institutions, and nations. Cutting through these challenges requires approaching heritage as the emergent product of dense interaction between diverse systems that operate on multiple levels of analysis. This chapter explores the utility of a method known as Cognitive-Affective Mapping, capable of tracking the interaction between tangible and intangible elements of the past and present where they must, by necessity, meet on common ground: as emotionally loaded representations in the human mind. Drawing from the examples of Switzerland and Israel, we examine how such a method can be used both to explain the authenticity of a given object to a national heritage, and to illuminate the emotional significance of this property in situations of inter-group conflict.
Cultural Heritage
Authors: Barrère Christian
Published: March 2018

This article criticizes the reduction of Cultural Heritages to Cultural Capital or Cultural Commons. Whereas economists usually reduce heritages to their capital aspects (standard capital for equipment, human and social capital, natural capital, and cultural capital) or to their commons aspects (stock of resources managed by a community), we consider the components of Cultural Heritages (CH) to carry different (and generally intertwined) dimensions that prevent abstraction of the non-economic dimensions of heritages when analyzing their economic dimension. Rather than dodging the question of their multi-dimensionality, we use it as our starting point in explaining the debates about how these heritages should be defined and managed, and the necessity of considering the differing points of view and interests (both material and symbolic) of the various stakeholders.
Event-Related Potentials and Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: Speed Brittany C. , Hajcak Greg
Published: March 2018

Emotion dysregulation is a common feature of many psychological disorders. To date, however, most research evaluating emotion regulation has been limited to self-report assessments. Event-related potentials (ERPs) are well suited to disentangle discrete aspects of emotional processing that are critical to understanding both healthy and aberrant emotional functioning. This chapter focuses on a particular ERP component, the late positive potential (LPP), and reviews evidence that the LPP is modulated by emotional content and is sensitive to various emotion regulation strategies. Next, studies leveraging the LPP to examine individual differences in emotional processing in the context of psychopathology are reviewed. Finally, this chapter discusses methodological limitations of past research and current gaps in our understanding, including suggestions for future research using ERPs to study emotion dysregulation.
Behavioral Assessment of Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: Adrian Molly , Berk Michele
Published: March 2018

Behavioral assessment of emotion dysregulation involves systematic measurement of observable behavioral events and associated emotional responses. Behavioral assessment has been widely used to index the dimensions of emotional dysregulation, individual differences in emotional dysregulation, and contextual contributors to emotion dysregulation. The primary objective of this chapter is to review the range of behavioral assessment strategies commonly used for measuring emotion dysregulation. First, the chapter reviews the theoretical basis for the use of behavioral assessment strategies for evaluating emotion dysregulation processes, including both behavioral observation and standardized computerized tasks. Next, it provides an overview of the specific experimental paradigms and techniques that have been used in research. It concludes with future directions for the measurement of emotional dysregulation to contribute to the understanding of vulnerability to and maintenance of psychopathology.
Operant Reinforcement and Development of Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: Martin Christina Gamache , Zalewski Maureen , Binion Grace , O’Brien Jacqueline
Published: March 2018

Caregivers play a foundational role in the development of children’s emotion dysregulation. Yet, because there are a multitude of ways in which parent behavior can intersect with children’s emotions, the development of emotion dysregulation is complex. This chapter specifically examines the role of operant reinforcement, where the way in which caregivers respond contingently to their children’s expression of emotion influences child emotion dysregulation. It reviews (1) the central theoretical models that explicate the process by which parental responses to children’s emotions reinforce emotion dysregulation, (2) current evidence supporting these theories, and (3) interventions designed to reduce emotion dysregulation through operant reinforcement processes. It emphasizes that, in addition to unidirectional effects, operant reinforcement from a parent interacts with traits inherent to the child, and parents and children mutually influence one another in ways that highlight the transactional, dynamic processes underlying the development of emotion dysregulation. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Decolonization in Tropical Africa
Authors: Cooper Frederick
Published: March 2018

The end of empire in Africa was not a single moment separating independence from colonial rule, but a prolonged time of uncertainty extending from the immediate aftermath of World War II through 1994’s end of white rule in South Africa. Colonial empire was a moving target, adjusting to new situations and pressures. African political activists were not limited to creating independent states as expressions of a particular national sentiment. Some sought a pan-African nation embracing all oppressed people of colour; others saw colonial rule becoming a Euro-African community stripped of inequality and exploitation. Instead of a stolid colonialism leaving determinant ‘legacies’ to today’s Africa divided into nation-states, we should recall the possibilities, hopes, struggles, and disappointments that Africans experienced along the way. This chapter brings out alternative routes out of empire that were in play in different parts of Africa and how they expanded, contracted, and at times expanded again.
Nationalism, Development, and Welfare Colonialism
Authors: Bush Barbara
Published: March 2018

Much has been written on multiple aspects of gender and empire since the 1980s, but its importance in the ending of empires has, however, been accorded less attention, although gender continued to be highly significant in understanding the dynamics of decolonization. Decolonization was, and still is, represented as a process where the key actors were male development experts, politicians, and colonial officials who negotiated the post-colonial future with male nationalist leaders. This resulted in policies to shore up masculine authority and exclude women from the public realm obscuring their active agency in nationalist protest and politics. This chapter focuses on the relationship between gender, welfare, and colonial modernization as fundemental to managing and containing nationalism, i.e., the potential of development ‘to serve purposes of control’. A gender perspective enhances understanding of decolonization via three key themes: welfare colonialism, nationalism and resistance, and gendered initiatives to ensure a smooth transition to independence.
Conducting Effective Behavioural and Solution Analyses
Authors: Landes Sara J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter outlines the components of BCA and how to utilize it effectively in DBT. As a third wave behavioural treatment, dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) has its roots in behaviourism. As such, one of the critical strategies in DBT is functional assessment. Behavioural chain analysis (BCA), or chain analysis, is a functional assessment tool used in DBT. BCA helps the therapist and client collaboratively understand all of the steps that led to a problem behaviour (i.e., prompting events, thoughts, emotions) and the consequences that followed. Understanding these controlling variables allows for identification of solutions and learning problem solving. While this functional assessment is not unique to DBT, other nuances described in this chapter are more specific to DBT, such as the focus on emotion and the use of the therapist as a source of reinforcement.
DBT in Private Practice
Authors: Reynolds Sarah K. , Lang Colleen M.
Published: March 2018

Offering DBT as a solo practitioner presents a variety of challenges that require clinicians to balance altruistic values of a helping professional with the financial realities of business ownership. This chapter discusses decisions to make and pitfalls to avoid in setting up a DBT practice; dialectical solutions uniting clinical service and financial need are proposed throughout. Decisions about practice set-up should be guided by Linehan’s notion of functions of treatment and modes of delivery. Comprehensive DBT is best delivered to fidelity in a structure where clinicians as separate business entities can share a single location where all modes can be delivered in the same space. Practical guidance is given for handling payment-related matters in the context of the therapy relationship, and non-payment of fees is conceptualized as client treatment-interfering behaviour, while failure to target these difficulties is conceptualized as therapist treatment-interfering behaviour. Finally, it shows how to provide DBT with fidelity and also run a profitable business.
Modifying CBT to Meet the Challenge of Treating Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: Sayrs Jennifer H. R. , Linehan Marsha M.
Published: March 2018

Dialectics are a cornerstone of dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT; Linehan, 1993), and are considered an essential component of treating emotion dysregulation. Incorporating dialectics may enhance therapeutic collaboration, increase flexible thinking, and maximize solution generation. This chapter briefly describes a dialectical world view, then lays out steps for incorporating dialectics into a therapy session, including adopting a dialectical world view, maintaining balance in treatment, working toward synthesis whenever polarization occurs, and utilizing dialectical strategies. Dialectical strategies are any strategies that involve looking for what is left out, synthesizing two poles, and allowing the synthesis to move the interaction forward to a new position. These strategies include magnifying the tension between opposites (such as devil’s advocate and extending strategies), entering the paradox (such as ‘and versus but’ and ‘making lemonade out of lemons’ strategies), and the use of metaphors. While these strategies were developed within DBT, other treatments utilize dialectical approaches, as well.
Evidentiality in Mongolic
Authors: Brosig Benjamin , Skribnik Elena
Published: March 2018

Middle Mongol, first attested in the thirteenth century, exhibits three evidential markers that were restricted to the past tense: evidentially neutral -bA, direct -lUGA, and indirect -JUGU. Its modern successors show different systems which mostly pattern areally. The two most complex systems developed in Kalmyk (west) and Khalkha (central), where evidentiality spread to other tenses and is also expressed through semantically more specific analytic constructions. In several Southern and Central Mongolic varieties of Amdo (southwest), binary systems evolved under Amdo Tibetan influence; these distinguish between participatory and non-participatory evidence. Buryat, Khorchin, and Dagur (northeast) as well as Southern Mongolic varieties of Gansu (south) lack paradigmatic evidentiality, losing or reinterpreting the inherited evidential suffixes. Some evidential strategies evolved that cut across the Mongolic area, including structurally identical prospectives (Khalkha, Buryat, Khorchin) or the extension of ‘say’ to denote hearsay (Central and Southern Mongolic).
Evidentiality in Tibetic
Authors: DeLancey Scott
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes the evidential and related catetgories of Tibetic languages, concentrating on the Lhasa variety. Tibetic languages show an unusual evidential system based on a three-way grammatical distinction among Factual or assumed knowledge, Egophoric or personal knowledge, and Evidential or contingent facts. Evidentiality per se, specifically the distinction between directly and indirectly acquired knowledge, is distinguished only for propositions of the third type. Some Tibetic languages such as Lhasa and Standard Tibetan further subdivide the Egophoric category and distinguish volitional and non-volitional Egophoric forms. All of these categories are matters of presentation, not objective fact; that is, a particular grammatical construction is chosen not in automatic response to an objective situation, but in order to convey a proposition to the addressee in a particular perspective.
Evidentiality and Its Relations With Other Verbal Categories
Authors: Forker Diana
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on languages that mark evidentiality within the verbal complex. It provides an overview of the interrelations between evidentiality and other categories expressed on verbs. The categories investigated are tense, aspect, modality, polarity, person agreement, mood/speech act type, finiteness, Aktionsart/semantically defined verb classes, and mirativity. Languages worldwide exhibit many peculiarities both with respect to the semantic as well as the formal relations between these categories and evidentiality. Furthermore, the relationships are multivaried and often include more than two categories, which leads to even more intricate interactions. Therefore, it is often impossible to arrive at cross-linguistically valid generalizations, especially with respect to the categories aspect, finiteness, and also tense.
The Reportative in the Languagesc of the Philippines
Authors: Daguman Josephine S.
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents the results of research on the reportative in over two dozen Austronesian languages spoken in different parts of the Philippines. It shows a sampling of forms that the reportative takes and discusses its grammar, semantics, pragmatics, discourse functions, and derivations. The last of these is found only in a few languages that allow the process. It also touches on a distinct reportative of the newscasting register. The latter part of the chapter tackles how social changes have hastened diffusion of reportative forms in areas beyond the homeland of their original users. The chapter ends with a summary of the findings.
Ernst Kretschmer
Authors: Monti Mario Rossi
Published: March 2018

Ernst Kretschmer was an assistant to Professor Robert Gaupp in Tübingen. His contributions to the field of psychopathology can be reduced to two main themes: the first consists in the analysis of a particular form of delusion called “sensitive delusion of reference,” developed in his book Der Sensitive Beziehungswahn (The Sensitive Delusion of Reference) in 1918; the second concerns the construction of a constitutional typology which attempts to identify, on the basis of the temperamental and physical-constitutional characteristics of the subjects, all possible degrees and steps leading to the two major psychoses: manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia. While the somatic-based constitutional type now belongs to the history of psychiatry, the attention to the comprehensibility of the paths leading to the area of major psychoses remains an unavoidable point of reference for those who refuse to give up the attempt to introduce the dimension of subjectivity and understanding into the area of psychosis.
Simone de Beauvoir
Authors: Mussett Shannon M.
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents a biography of Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986), a French existentialist, author, and activist who produced her most important works in the field of phenomenological psychopathology from the mid- to late-twentieth century. It examines Beauvoir’s unique approach to phenomenology, especially her ongoing concern with issues of oppression, tyranny, and liberation, and her relationship to phenomenological psychopathology. In particular, it describes Beauvoir’s nuanced understanding of and connection to psychology and psychoanalysis. It also considers Beauvoir’s views on Jacques Lacan’s notion of identity and Sigmund Freud’s conception of the fundamentally sexed nature of human experience, both of which she addressed in her book The Second Sex. Finally, it discusses Beauvoir’s arguments in The Second Sex and in another important study, Old Age [La Vieillesse], about how women and the elderly are pathologized as aberrant from the perspective of the dominant culture.
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations and Their Phenomenological Context
Authors: Ratcliffe Matthew
Published: March 2018

This article explores the phenomenology of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), while also stressing the indispensability of phenomenological research to a wider understanding of these phenomena. I begin by making clear that the kinds of experience routinely labeled as “AVHs” are diverse and that many of them are not at all like hearing someone speak. I then note that AVHs in psychiatric illness are usually embedded in much wider-ranging phenomenological disturbances. Recent work in phenomenological psychopathology has sought to characterize these disturbances in terms of a type of schizophrenia-specific self-disorder. I offer several criticisms of this view. Next, I contrast the self-disorder account with an approach associated with the Hearing Voices Movement, according to which AVHs originate in traumatic experiences and are not to be labeled as symptoms of schizophrenia. By drawing on work by Wolfgang Blankenburg, I conclude by briefly sketching how these two approaches might be reconciled.
Households and Communities
Authors: Webley Leo
Published: March 2018

The household is often seen as the basic unit of European Iron Age societies, but the role of the domestic sphere as a social arena has received relatively little attention. This chapter compares the nature and internal organization of household groups in selected Iron Age societies, examining not just the architectural layouts of houses and farmsteads, but also the residues of everyday practice. The dynamic nature of the relationship between household groups and the built spaces they inhabited is emphasized. Relations between households, and how they were integrated into wider communities, are also considered. In some societies, individual households were dispersed across the landscape, whereas in others they were clustered in large, nucleated ‘villages’. In many Iron Age societies, the local community—rather than larger ‘tribal’ groupings—was the primary level at which meaningful authority was articulated and negotiated.
Leibniz as Historian
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: March 2018

The aim of this chapter is to provide a first impression of Leibniz’s long and deep engagement with history and historiography, in the hope of stimulating a more thorough investigation of this poorly studied aspect of his oeuvre. After a brief account of Leibniz’s work as an historian, the second section of the chapter explores Leibniz’s conception of history, which is shown to be profoundly embedded in his philosophical thought. The last section focuses on epistemological issues, namely, on Leibniz’s view of testimony as the epistemological ground of historical reconstruction, on the problem of historical credibility and scepticism, and on the role of sources in historiography.
Karaoke, Queer Theory, Queer Performance
Authors: Tongson Karen
Published: March 2018

This article explores the relationship between karaoke aesthetics—focused on the copy and re-enactment—and approaches to imitation and mimesis in queer, as well as post-colonial aesthetics. By revisiting histories of the purported invention of the first karaoke machines in the Asia Pacific region, this essay forges connections between the styles of performance engendered by karaoke apparatuses and LGBTQ amateur recreations such as drag, and karaoke’s precursor, the piano bar. Furthermore, viewing queer aesthetics through the lens of karaoke aesthetics makes apparent the very specialized regimes of knowledge in both, which are often regarded as improvisationally based, but are actually contingent upon a particular set of decorums, historically contingent repertoires, and meticulous methods of recreation and practice. Finally, the essay accounts for how constitutive the concept of “repetition” is not only for karaoke, but also queer scholarship focused on performance studies, as well as belle-lettristic literary traditions.
Feasibility Study of Human Corneal Endothelial Cell Transplantation Using an In Vitro Human Corneal Model
Authors: Rolev Kostadin , O'Donovan Dominic G. , Coussons Peter , King Linda , Rajan Madhavan S.
Published: March 2018

Purpose:

To test the feasibility of a cell therapy approach to treat corneal endothelial (CE) disorders using an in vitro model of human corneal decompensation.

Methods:

A CE decompensation model was established by removal of the Descemet membrane/endothelium complex from cadaveric human corneas in an air interface organ culture system (group 2) and compared with normal corneas (group 1). The posterior stroma of decompensated corneas was seeded with immortalized human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC-12) in group 3 and passage 0 primary human CE cells in group 4 corneas. Functional effects on stromal thickness were determined with histological analysis 3 to 10 days after cell therapy treatment.

Results:

Removal of the Descemet membrane/endothelium complex in group 2 corneas resulted in a stromal thickness of 903 ± 86 μm at 12 hours compared with 557 ± 72 μm in group 1 corneas. Stromal thickness reduced from 1218 ± 153 μm to 458 ± 90 μm (63% ± 6%, P = 0.001) after cell transplantation in group 3 and from 1100 ± 86 μm to 489 ± 94 μm (55% ± 7%, P = 0.00004) in group 4. Posttransplantation histology demonstrated formation of a monolayer of corneal endothelium attached to the posterior stromal surface.

Conclusions:

Direct transplantation of cultured human CE cells and immortalized HCEC-12 to bare posterior corneal stroma resulted in formation of an endothelial monolayer and restoration of stromal hydration to physiological thickness, demonstrating the feasibility of cell therapy in treatment of CE decompensation in a human in vitro model.
Jackhammer Esophagus
Authors: Sloan Joshua A. , Mulki Ramzi , Sandhu Naemat , Samuel Solomon , Katz Philip O.
Published: March 2018

Goals:

The aim of our study was to characterize jackhammer esophagus symptoms and their relationship with the distal contractile integral (DCI) and bolus transit.

Background:

Jackhammer esophagus is defined by the Chicago Classification version 3.0. This diagnosis is relatively new, with the most current definition being established in 2014. The forerunners of this diagnosis, nutcracker (or hypercontractile) esophagus, have been associated with noncardiac chest pain (NCCP).

Study:

A retrospective chart review was performed of motility studies from 2011 to 2016. Studies with a diagnosis of jackhammer esophagus, hypercontractile esophagus, nutcracker, esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction, or hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter were reread using Chicago Classification version 3.0, and were included if they met criteria for jackhammer esophagus. Unpaired t-tests were used for analysis (P≤0.05).

Results:

In total, 142 studies were identified with the above diagnoses. After excluding 84 studies, 58 remained for analysis and 17 were found to have jackhammer esophagus (29%). The mean age was 54 (28 to 75), 5 (29%) were males and 12 (71%) were females. The primary indications were NCCP (5), dysphagia (8), and other causes (4) (cough, heartburn, or regurgitation). The mean DCIs were 17,245 mm Hg×s×cm (NCCP), 14,669 mm Hg×s×cm (dysphagia), and 11,264 mm Hg×s×cm (other causes). The mean DCIs were compared: NCCP versus dysphagia (P=0.41), and NCCP versus other causes (P=0.05). Fifteen (88%) had normal bolus transit for both liquid and viscous swallows.

Conclusions:

In our small sample size, dysphagia was frequently the presenting symptom followed by NCCP. Those with NCCP have a trend toward a higher DCI. Bolus transit appeared to be normal in this patient population. More data are needed to further elucidate the genesis of symptoms and how they relate to the degree of contractility.
Impending Atypical Femoral Fracture in a Patient of Breast Cancer With Bone Metastases Receiving Long-term Denosumab
Authors: Sugihara Tsutomu , Koizumi Mitsuru , Hayakawa Keiko , Ito Yoshinori , Sata Naohiro
Published: March 2018

Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) occur in both osteoporosis patients and cancer patients who receive long-term bisphosphonate treatment. Denosumab offers an alternative approach for the treatment of bone metastases. We describe a 59-year-old woman with a history of breast carcinoma and bone metastasis who was prescribed denosumab for 4 years. The patient had no history of any prior bisphosphonate use. Bone scintigraphy showed an abnormal uptake in the right femur, which was confirmed as an impending AFF or atypical femoral stress reaction. In oncological patients receiving long-term denosumab, AFF should be included as a differential diagnosis for focal femoral findings.
Predatory dipteran larva contributes to nutrient sequestration in a carnivorous pitcher plant
Authors: Lam Weng Ngai , Lim Robyn Jing Ying , Wong Shi Hong , Tan Hugh Tiang Wah
Published: March 2018

The fluids of
Nepenthes
pitcher plants are habitats to many specialized animals known as inquilines, which facilitate the conversion of prey protein into pitcher-absorbable nitrogen forms such as ammonium.
Xenoplatyura beaveri
(Diptera: Mycetophilidae) is a predatory dipteran inquiline that inhabits the pitchers of
Nepenthes ampullaria
. Larvae of
X. beaveri
construct sticky webs over the fluid surface of
N. ampullaria
to ensnare emerging adult dipteran inquilines. However, the interaction between
X. beaveri
and its host has never been examined before, and it is not known if
X. beaveri
can contribute to nutrient sequestration in
N. ampullaria. Xenoplatyura beaveri
individuals were reared in artificial pitchers in the laboratory on a diet of emergent
Tripteroides tenax
mosquitoes, and the ammonium concentration of the pitcher fluids was measured over time. Fluid ammonium concentration in tubes containing
X. beaveri
was significantly greater than those of the controls. Furthermore, fluid ammonium concentrations increased greatly after
X. beaveri
larvae metamorphosed, although the cause of this increase could not be identified. Our results show that a terrestrial, inquiline predator can contribute significantly to nutrient sequestration in the phytotelma it inhabits, and suggest that this interaction has a net mutualistic outcome for both species.
Age-based soldier polyethism: old termite soldiers take more risks than young soldiers
Authors: Yanagihara Saki , Suehiro Wataru , Mitaka Yuki , Matsuura Kenji
Published: March 2018

Who should take on risky tasks in an age-heterogeneous society? Life-history theory predicts that, in social insects, riskier tasks should be undertaken by sterile individuals with a shorter life expectancy. The loss of individuals with shorter life expectancy is less costly for colony reproductive success than the loss of individuals with longer life expectancy. Termite colonies have a sterile soldier caste, specialized defenders engaged in the most risky tasks. Here we show that termite soldiers exhibit age-dependent polyethism, as old soldiers are engaged in front-line defence more than young soldiers. Our nest defence experiment showed that old soldiers went to the front line and blocked the nest opening against approaching predatory ants more often than young soldiers. We also found that young soldiers were more biased toward choosing central nest defence as royal guards than old soldiers. These results demonstrate that termite soldiers have age-based task allocation, by which ageing predisposes soldiers to switch to more dangerous tasks. This age-dependent soldier task allocation increases the life expectancy of soldiers, allowing them to promote their lifetime contribution to colony reproductive success.