bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Self Control and Deviant Behavior of Secondary School Students of Mirpur, Azad Kashmir
Authors:   Allama Iqbal Open University, Iqbal Muhammad Zafar , Shams Jahan Ara
Published: February 2021

This study aimed at finding the effect of self control (SC) on deviant behavior (DB) of Students. The approach of the study was quantitative. Causal comparative research design was used to investigate the effect of self control on students’ deviance. Students (8940) of grade 9th and 10th of all public schools of Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) constituted the population of this study. Data were collected from 470 students of Mirpur, AJK. Out of them there were 291 males and 179 were females. Two scales, SC Scale originally developed by Grasmick et al., (1993) and Normative Deviance Scale by Vazsonyi et al., (2001) were adapted to measure the SC and DB of the students respectively. Descriptive statistics, t-test and linear regression were applied to analyze the data. Results of the study found a low level of SC and high level of DB among the secondary school students. Female were more SC led as compared to the males whereas male showed more DB than females. Regression analysis showed that SC has significant positive effect on the DB and it brings 49.8% variability in the DB of the secondary school students. It was recommended that SC related activities should be added into the curriculum at primary level as this is the best age for the development of SC into the students. Workshops and seminars should be held at Secondary Schools to bring awareness on the benefits of SC for the teachers and students.
An Appreciation of Sir Alexander Cunningham’s Explorations at Taxila in the Light of His Methodological Framework
Authors:   Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Shaheen Ifqut , Khan M. Ashraf
Published: February 2021

Indian archaeology adopted sounder and viable conceptual tools for fieldwork in the later nineteenth century. The name of Sir Alexander Cunningham, the two times head of Archaeological Survey of India, is of special significance in this connection. This paper particularly focuses on his methods for archaeological survey and data collection. In the first place, Cunningham’s arrival into India has been traced. Next, his archaeological methods and approach have been delineated. It is followed by outlining what Cunningham did at Taxila especially in line with his conceptual understanding. Finally, all this has further been related to the intellectual environs of the time.
Centrifugal Cause of Household Poverty in Nigeria
Authors:   University of Calabar, Nigeria, Edem Okokon Effiom , Agba Ogaboh
Published: February 2021

The study assessed the centrifugal cause of poverty in Obudu, Cross River State, Nigeria. Utilising the survey research method, data was collected from 417 participants from Obudu Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria using cluster, purposive and simple random sampling technique. A semi-structured self-developed questionnaire was used for data collection. Collected data were analysed using simple percentages, graphs, frequency distribution and simple lineal regression at 0.05 confidence level. The result from the analysed data revealed that a correlation exists between family size correlates with household poverty from the descriptive analysis. It was discovered that 84.75 per cent of the participants could not afford to take care of their family because of family composition. Results also revealed that family income significantly correlates within household poverty. The descriptive statistics revealed that 96 per cent of the participants could hardly afford three square meal. The study concludes that family income and size significantly determine household poverty in Obudu Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. There is a need for policy change by the government towards poverty alleviation programs and financial inclusion of people of Obudu.
Argumentavimo raiška Lietuvos politinių partijų vykdomoje lėšų rinkimo komunikacijoje
Authors: Aleksandravičius Arnas
Published: February 2021

Politinių partijų ir kandidatų vykdoma lėšų rinkimo komunikacija, turinti ilgametę tradiciją daugelyje Vakarų valstybių ir ypač Jungtinėse Valstijose, pastaraisiais metais yra vis ryškiau matoma ir Lietuvoje. Tarp galimų šios tendencijos priežasčių verta nurodyti ne tik besikeičiančią lėšų aukojimo kultūrą, bet ir svarbų įstatymų pakeitimą: siekiant skaidrumo, nuo 2012 m. sausio Lietuvos politinėms partijoms yra draudžiama gauti finansinę paramą iš verslo įmonių, tačiau yra leidžiama gauti finansinę paramą iš gyventojų, aukojančių 1 procentą pajamų mokesčio. Per pastaruosius keletą metų ši galimybė tapo svarbia politinių partijų finansavimo dalimi, todėl daugelis politinių partijų aktyviai vykdo 1 procento pajamų mokesčio rinkimo komunikaciją, pateikdamos skirtingus argumentus, kodėl Lietuvos piliečiai turėtų joms aukoti 1 procentą pajamų mokesčio. Tyrimu siekiama išsiaiškinti Lietuvos politinių partijų vykdomoje lėšų rinkimo komunikacijoje naudojamų argumentavimo būdų specifiką ir argumentavimo tendencijas. Tyrimo metu atlikta 1 procento pajamų mokesčio rinkimo komunikacijos, kurią internete vykdo Lietuvos politinės partijos, kiekybinė turinio analizė, paremta teorine argumentavimo raiškos struktūra: racionalumo, emocingumo ir patikimumo įtikinėjimo kategorijomis. Analizuojami Lietuvos politinių partijų pateikti argumentai ir naudojami argumentavimo būdai, 2018 metų 1 procento pajamų mokesčio rinkimo kampanijos metu užfiksuoti trijose komunikacijos priemonėse: oficialiose politinių partijų interneto svetainėse, oficialiose politinių partijų paskyrose socialinių tinklų svetainėje „Facebook“ ir oficialiuose politinių partijų siunčiamuose elektroniniuose naujienlaiškiuose.
Lietuvos socialdemokratai ir Steigiamasis Seimas: dalyvavimas rinkimuose, rezultatai, frakcija
Authors: Mitrulevičius Gintaras
Published: February 2021

Straipsnyje remiantis įvairiais šaltiniais ir istoriografija aptariama istorinėje literatūroje kol kas pakankamo dėmesio nesulaukę tokie Lietuvos socialdemokratų partijos (LSDP) dalyvavimo Lietuvos Respublikos Steigiamojo Seimo rinkimuose aspektai kaip dalyvavimo rinkimuose aplinkybės ir ypatybės, kandidatų sąrašai, rinkimų rezultatai, jų vertinimas ir tomis aplinkybėmis susiformavusi Steigiamojo Seimo Socialdemokratų frakcija.
Liudos Vienožinskaitės-Purėnienės politinė ir profesinė veikla
Authors: Jurėnienė Virginija
Published: February 2021

XIX amžiaus pabaiga – XX amžiaus pirmoji pusė buvo reikšminga Lietuvos istorijoje ne tik dėl valstybės atkūrimo, Seimų veiklos, bet ir dėl moterų emancipacijos, jų pilietinių ir politinių teisių įtvirtinimo, visuomenės požiūrio į moters vaidmenį kaitos. Tai aiškiai išreikšta Liudos Purėnienės pilietinėje, politinėje ir visuomeninėje veikloje. Ši moteris dalyvavo svarbiausiuose atkuriamos ir atkurtos Lietuvos įvykiuose: Didžiajame Vilniaus Seime, Petrapilio lietuvių seime, I, II ir III Seimuose. Ji buvo aktyvi Lietuvos socialdemokratų partijos (LSDP) centro komiteto ir Socialdemokratų frakcijos III Seime narė. Aktyvistė į visuomeninę veiklą įsitraukė Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metais, dirbdama Nukentėjusiems nuo karo šelpti organizacijoje. Jos veiklos pėdsakai ryškūs ir teisės sistemoje: tai pirmoji moteris notarė ir advokatė ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir visame Baltijos regione. To meto visuomenėje tai buvo milžiniški pasiekimai ir kartu – didžiulis įvertinimas, žinant, kad teisininko karjera buvo laikoma vyriška profesija. Aktyvi L. Purėnienės veikla visuomenėje atsiskleidė organizuojant Kovo 8-osios šventimą, dirbant LSDP „Moterų sekcijoje“ ir redaguojant „Moterų skiltį“ laikraštyje „Social demokratas“. Autoritarinio režimo laikotarpiu L. Purėnienė buvo persekiojama, kalinama, ištremta dėl tiesios ir drąsios pozicijos, teisinės pagalbos žmonėms, nukentėjusiems nuo režimo, tačiau neturėjusiems pinigų advokatui pasisamdyti. Ši moteris labai anksti subrendo kaip politikė. 1936 metais, uždraudus partijų veiklą Lietuvoje, ji nutraukė politinę veiklą ir toliau dirbo tik advokato darbą. Pabrėžtina, kad nepriklausomoje ir okupuotoje Lietuvoje ji buvo persekiojama už politines pažiūras ir aktyvią profesinę veiklą. Galima teigti, kad du kalinimai ir ištrėmimas iš Kauno nepalaužė jos charakterio.
Mykolo Sleževičiaus politinė veikla Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metais
Authors: Tamošaitis Mindaugas
Published: February 2021

Straipsnyje, remiantis gausiais šaltiniais, pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas Mykolo Sleževičiaus politinei veiklai Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metais. Dėl neaiškių priežasčių istoriografijoje šio laikotarpio M. Sleževičiaus politinė veikla nebuvo tiriama. Tuo metu būsimo nepriklausomos Lietuvos ministro pirmininko veikla buvo aktyvi. Jam teko rūpintis nukentėjusių nuo karo lietuvių pabėgėlių šelpimu, išsakyti požiūrį dėl Lietuvos ateities Rusijos lietuvių seime Petrograde, išreikšti poziciją kilus dideliems nesutarimams Lietuvos socialistų liaudininkų partijoje, vadovauti Vyriausiajai lietuvių tarybai Rusijoje, viešai išreikšti ideologines pažiūras ir įžvalgas dėl Lietuvos nepriklausomybės perspektyvų 1918 m. pradžioje. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama minėta M. Sleževičiaus veikla, o pabaigoje pateikiamos atlikto tyrimo išvados.
Türkiye’de Gerçekleşmiş Uçak Kaçırma Eylemleri ile İlgili Kavramsal Bir Araştırma
Authors: Korkmaz Celil Anıl
Published: February 2021

Uluslararası kanunlara göre "uçak kaçırma" eylemi insanlığa yönelik suçlardan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. İnsanları ve sahip oldukları eşyaları tehdit etmeyi amaçlayan uçak kaçırma eylemleri uluslararası toplumu ciddi anlamda tedirgin etmektedir. Kişisel ve siyasal amaçlı gerçekleştirilen bu eylemleri önlemenin tek yolu uluslararası sözleşmelerle belirlenmiş ve kabul edilmiş kurallara tam olarak uymaktır. Ancak alınan birçok tedbire rağmen uçak kaçırma eylemleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uçak kaçırma eylemlerine yönelik Türkçe literatürün oluşumuna katkı sağlamak amacıyla bu çalışmanın yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; havacılık güvenliğini tehdit eden uçak kaçırma eylemlerinin tarihsel gelişimini açıklamak, Türkiye’de gerçekleşmiş uçak kaçırma eylemlerini incelemek ve söz konusu eylemlerin önlenmesine yönelik olarak alınan yasal tedbirleri belirtilmektir. Çalışmada uçak kaçırma eylemleri ile ilgili veri toplamak amacıyla internet siteleri, raporlar, dergiler ve kitaplar taranarak ilgili literatür kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, uçak kaçırma eylemlerinin sebepleri ile sayılarının dönemsel olarak farklılık gösterdiği ve bu eylemlerin alınan yasal tedbirler sayesinde tekrar etmesinin önüne geçildiği görülmüştür. Çalışmanın havacılık güvenliği ile ilgili literatüre katkı yapacağı düşünülmektedir.
The Use of Doctor’s Assertive Speech Acts in Medical Communication
Authors: Basri Muh. Bahly
Published: February 2021

Research purpose to: (1) describe the form of assertive speech acts of doctors in medical communication; (2) describe the function of physician’s assertive speech acts in medical communication. This research is qualitative research. This research was conducted at the RSUD Haji Makassar. The research design used is descriptive qualitative. The focus of this study, namely data in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and assertive sentences put forward by doctors when communicating with patients. Sources of research data, namely doctors who have specialized. Data collection techniques are done through observation and recording. The research instrument consisted of the main instruments namely researchers and supporting instruments including data analysis guides, observation guides, and recording devices. The results of the study revealed that assertive speech acts used by doctors, namely declarative assertive speech acts, interrogative speech assertive speech acts, and imperative speech assertivespeech acts. Declarative speech consists of declarative meaningful explanations of circumstances, advice, estimates, disagreements, and affirmations. Interrogative speech consists of interrogative meaningful states, tells, suggest, complains, and demands. The imperative speech consists of imperative meaningful insistence and suggestion. The assertive speech acts function used by doctors, namely the stated function, the function of notifying, the function of suggesting, the function of complaining, and the function of demanding. The use of various forms of assertive speech act doctors are represented so that patients get treatment and healing. The use of a variety of assertive speech act functions is represented by doctors in order to provide information and help patients to get healing.
Large seasonal and interannual variations of biogenic sulfur
compounds in the Arctic atmosphere (Svalbard; 78.9° N, 11.9° E)
Authors: Jang Sehyun , Park Ki-Tae , Lee Kitack , Yoon Young Jun , Kim Kitae , Chung Hyun Young , Becagli Silvia , Lee Bang Yong , Traversi Rita , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Krejci Radovan , Hermansen Ove
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Seasonal to interannual variations in the concentrations of sulfur aerosols (
Rapid transformation of ambient absorbing aerosols from West
African biomass burning
Authors: Wu Huihui , Taylor Jonathan W. , Langridge Justin M. , Yu Chenjie , Allan James D. , Szpek Kate , Cotterell Michael I. , Williams Paul I. , Flynn Michael , Barker Patrick , Fox Cathryn , Allen Grant , Lee James , Coe Hugh
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Seasonal biomass burning (BB) over West Africa is a globally significant source of carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere, which have important climate impacts but are poorly constrained. Here, the evolution of smoke aerosols emitted from flaming-controlled burning of agricultural waste and wooded savannah in the Senegal region was characterized over a timescale of half-day advection from source during the MOYA-2017 (Methane Observation Yearly Assessment-2017) aircraft campaign. Plumes from such fire types are rich in black carbon (BC) emissions. Concurrent measurements of chemical composition, organic aerosol (OA) oxidation state, bulk aerosol size and BC mixing state reveal that emitted BB submicron aerosols changed dramatically with time. Various aerosol optical properties (e.g., absorption Ångström exponent (AAE), and mass absorption coefficients (MAC)) also evolved with ageing. In this study, brown carbon (BrC) was a minor fractional component of the freshly emitted BB aerosols (
Aerosol absorption in global models from AeroCom Phase III
Authors: Sand Maria , Samset Bjørn H. , Myhre Gunnar , Gliß Jonas , Bauer Susanne E. , Bian Huisheng , Chin Mian , Checa-Garcia Ramiro , Ginoux Paul , Kipling Zak , Kirkevåg Alf , Kokkola Harri , Le Sager Philippe , Lund Marianne T. , Matsui Hitoshi , van Noije Twan , Remy Samuel , Schulz Michael , Stier Philip , Stjern Camilla W. , Takemura Toshihiko , Tsigaridis Kostas , Tsyro Svetlana G. , Watson-Parris Duncan
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Aerosol induced absorption of shortwave radiation can modify the climate through local atmospheric heating, which affects lapse rates, precipitation, and cloud formation. Presently, the total amount of such absorption is poorly constrained, and the main absorbing aerosol species (black carbon (BC), organic aerosols (OA) and mineral dust are diversely quantified in global climate models. As part of the third phase of the AeroCom model intercomparison initiative (AeroCom Phase III) we here document the distribution and magnitude of aerosol absorption in current global aerosols models and quantify the sources of intermodel spread. 15 models have provided total present-day absorption at 550 nm, and 11 of these models have provided absorption per absorbing species. The multi-model global annual mean total absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) is 0.0056 [0.0020 to 0.0097] (550 nm) with range given as the minimum and maximum model values. This is 31 % higher compared to 0.0042 [0.0021 to 0.0076] in AeroCom Phase II, but the difference/increase is within one standard deviation which in this study is 0.0024 (0.0019 in Phase II). The models show considerable diversity in absorption. Of the summed component AAOD, 57 % (range 34–84 %) is estimated to be due to BC, 30 % (12–49 %) is due to dust and 14 % (4–49 %) is due to OA, however the components are not entirely independent. Models with the lowest BC absorption tend to have the highest OA absorption, which illustrates the complexities in separating the species. The geographical distribution of AAOD between the models varies greatly and reflects the spread in global mean AAOD and in the relative contributions from individual species. The optical properties of BC are recognized as a large source of uncertainty. The model mean BC mass absorption coefficient (MACBC) value is 9.8 [3.1 to 16.6] m2 g−1 (550 nm). Observed MAC values from various locations range between 5.7–20.0 m2 g−1 (550 nm). Compared to retrievals of AAOD and absorption Ångstrøm exponent (AAE) from ground-based observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations, most models underestimate total AAOD and AAE. The difference in spectral dependency between the models is striking.
Flywheel calibration of a continuous-wave coherent Doppler wind lidar
Authors: Pedersen Anders Tegtmeier , Courtney Michael
Published: February 2021

Abstract. A rig for calibrating a continuous-wave coherent Doppler wind lidar has been constructed. The rig consists of a rotating flywheel on a frame together with an adjustable lidar telescope. The laser beam points toward the rim of the wheel in a plane perpendicular to the wheel's rotation axis, and it can be tilted up and down along the wheel's periphery and thereby measure different projections of the tangential speed. The angular speed of the wheel is measured using a high-precision measuring ring fitted to the periphery of the wheel and synchronously logged together with the lidar speed. A simple geometrical model shows that there is a linear relationship between the measured line-of-sight speed and the beam tilt angle, and this is utilised to extrapolate to the tangential speed as measured by the lidar. An analysis of the uncertainties based on the model shows that a standard uncertainty on the measurement of about 0.1 % can be achieved, but also that the main source of uncertainty is the width of the laser beam and its associated uncertainty. Measurements performed with different beam widths confirm this. Other measurements with a minimised beam radius show that the method in this case performs about equally well for all the tested reference speeds ranging from about 3 to 18 m s−1.
Assessing MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields tree cover product
(collection 6): performance and applicability in tropical forests and
savannas
Authors: Adzhar Rahayu , Kelley Douglas I. , Dong Ning , Torello Raventos Mireia , Veenendaal Elmar , Feldpausch Ted R. , Philips Oliver L. , Lewis Simon , Sonké Bonaventure , Taedoumg Herman , Schwantes Marimon Beatriz , Domingues Tomas , Arroyo Luzmila , Djagbletey Gloria , Saiz Gustavo , Gerard France
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer vegetation continuous fields (MODIS VCF) Earth observation product is widely used to estimate forest cover changes, parameterise vegetation and Earth System models, and as a reference for validation or calibration where field data is limited. However, although limited independent validations of MODIS VCF have shown that MODIS VCF's accuracy decreases when estimating tree cover in sparsely-vegetated areas, such as in tropical savannas, no study has yet assessed the impact this may have on the VCF based tree cover distributions used by many in their research. Using tropical forest and savanna inventory data collected by the TROpical Biomes In Transition (TROBIT) project, we produce a series of corrections that take into account (i) the spatial disparity between the in-situ plot size and the MODIS VCF pixel, and (ii) the trees' spatial distribution within in-situ plots. We then applied our corrections to areas identified as forest or savanna in the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) land cover mapping product. All IGBP classes identified as savanna show substantial increases in cover after correction, indicating that the most recent version of MODIS VCF consistently underestimates woody cover in tropical savannas. We estimate that MODIS VCF could be underestimating tropical tree cover by between 9–15 %. Models that use VCF as their benchmark could be underestimating the carbon uptake in forest-savanna areas and misrepresenting forest-savanna dynamics. While more detailed in-situ field data is necessary to produce more accurate and reliable corrections, we recommend caution when using MODIS VCF in tropical savannas.
Long-term spatiotemporal variations and expansion of low-oxygen conditions in the Pearl River estuary: A study synthesizing observations during 1976–2017
Authors: Hu Jiatang , Zhang Zhongren , Wang Bin , Huang Jia
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The Pearl River estuary (PRE) frequently experiences low-oxygen conditions in summer, with large extents of low-oxygen events and a long-term deoxygenation trend being reported recently. In this study, we provide a synthesis of the spatiotemporal patterns and incidence of different low-oxygen levels in the PRE based on the in-situ observations collected from 1976 to 2017, and aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of low-oxygen conditions and their changes over the past 4 decades. The long-term observations show that the oxygen content in the PRE had significant temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity. Low-oxygen conditions occurred mostly in the bottom waters of 5–30 meters during summer and early autumn, with locations and severity varying substantially among years. Coastal waters from the southwest of Lantau Island to the northeast of Wanshan Islands were identified as the hotspot area prone to subsurface low-oxygen conditions due to the combined effects of comparatively deep topography, proper residence time and stability of the water column, and enhanced oxygen depletion related to high phytoplankton biomass. In addition, the low-oxygen waters, either directly imported from the upstream reaches or generated locally and further transported with the estuarine circulation, also had considerable impacts on the oxygen levels in the estuary. As for early autumn, marked low-oxygen conditions were present both in the surface and bottom waters. A large area affected by low oxygen (~ 4,450 km2) was found in September 2006, where the low-oxygen conditions were comparable to the most severe ones observed in summer and formed by distinct mechanisms. Our analysis also reveals an apparent expansion of the summertime low-oxygen conditions at the bottom of the PRE since the years around 2000, coincident with the major environment changes in the Pearl River region. Overall, the PRE seems to be undergoing a transition from a system characterized by episodic, small-scale hypoxic events to a system with seasonal, estuary-wide hypoxic conditions. Although exacerbated eutrophication associated with anthropogenic nutrient inputs was generally considered the primary cause for the deterioration of low-oxygen conditions in the PRE, the sharp decline in sediment load may play an important role as well via increasing water transparency and thereby supporting higher and broader phytoplankton biomass in the estuary.
Impacts of grazing on vegetation dynamics in a sediment transport complex model
Authors: Gauvin-Bourdon Phillipe , King James , Perez Liliana
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Arid environments are characterized by the complex interaction between
vegetation cover, surface soil properties, and the climate. The dynamic
balance between these components makes arid environments highly susceptible
to swift changes in vegetation cover and surface morphology in response to
climate change. Furthermore, arid environments often support grazing
activities, which influence other ecogeomorphic processes and alter the
stability of vegetation cover in these environments. Despite growing
knowledge and the parallel modeling advances to simulate the sediment
transport, vegetation distribution, and grazing, in arid environments,
relatively little progress has been accomplished on the interaction between
all these components. Here we present an adaptation of an
already established sediment transport–vegetation cellular automata model
(Vegetation and Sediment TrAnsport or ViSTA) that represents landscape
dynamics with an agent-based model (GrAM) representing the activity of
grazers on the landscape. In this study, our resulting model,
ViSTA_GrAM, is subjected to a series of 100-year-long tests
that aim to highlight the capacity of the model to represent ecogeomorphic
processes linked to vegetation composition, rainfall, wind speed, and grazing
pressure. While these simulations do not allow us to evaluate the performance
of the new model to reproduce realistic semi-arid environments, they present
the capacity of the model to reproduce and explain major feedback
complexities between grazers and the vegetation, in addition to providing
insight on the vegetation and wind shear sensitivity of the original model.
The simulations reinforce our current knowledge of the resilience of
grass-based landscapes to foraging activities and highlight the need to
identify growth response rates at the species level to fully understand the
complexity of the interactions between individual components within arid
environments. Overall, the ViSTA_GrAM model presents the
foundation for a better assessment of semi-arid environment response to
landscape management measures and a better understanding of the complex
interactions shaping semi-arid landscapes.
Volcanoes in video games: the portrayal of volcanoes in commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) video games and their learning potential
Authors: McGowan Edward G. , Scarlett Jazmin P.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Volcanoes are a very common staple in mainstream video games. Particularly
within the action–adventure genres, entire missions (e.g. Monster Hunter: Generation Ultimate, 2018) or even full
storylines (e.g. Spyro: The Reignited Trilogy, 2018) can require players to traverse an active volcano.
With modern advancements in video game capabilities and graphics, many of
these volcanic regions contain a lot of detail. Most video games nowadays
have gameplay times in excess of 50 h. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017), for example, brags a
minimum of 60 h to complete. Therefore, players can spend a substantial
amount of time immersed within the detailed graphics and unknowingly learn
about volcanic traits while playing. If these details are factually accurate
to what is observed in real-world volcanic systems, then video games can
prove to be a powerful learning tool. However, inaccurate representations
could instil a false understanding in thousands of players worldwide.
Therefore, it is important to assess the accuracies of volcanology portrayed
in mainstream video games and consider whether they can have an educational
impact on the general public playing such games or whether these volcanic
details are overlooked by players as they focus solely on the entertainment
factor provided. We have therefore reviewed several popular commercial video
games that contain volcanic aspects and evaluated how realistic said aspects
are when compared to real-world examples. It was found that all the games
reviewed had a combination of accurate and inaccurate volcanic features and
each would vary from game to game. The visual aesthetics of these features
are usually very realistic, including lava, ash fall and lahars. However,
the inaccuracies or lack of representation of hazards that come with such
features, such as ash-related breathing problems or severe burns from
contact with molten lava, could have great negative impacts on a player's
understanding of these deadly events. With further investigations assessing
the direct impact on the general public, there is an opportunity to
correctly assess how to incorporate the use of mainstream video games in
educational systems and outreach.
Methane chemistry in a nutshell – the new submodels CH4 (v1.0) and TRSYNC (v1.0) in MESSy (v2.54.0)
Authors: Winterstein Franziska , Jöckel Patrick
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Climate projections including chemical feedbacks rely on state-of-the-art
chemistry–climate models (CCMs). Of particular importance is the role of
methane (CH4) for the budget of stratospheric water vapour (SWV),
which has an important climate impact. However, simulations with CCMs are, due
to the large number of involved chemical species, computationally demanding,
which limits the simulation of sensitivity studies. To allow for sensitivity studies and ensemble simulations with a reduced
demand for computational resources, we introduce a simplified approach to
simulate the core of methane chemistry in form of the new Modular Earth
Submodel System (MESSy) submodel CH4. It involves an atmospheric
chemistry mechanism reduced to the sink reactions of CH4 with predefined
fields of the hydroxyl radical (OH), excited oxygen (O(1D)), and
chlorine (Cl), as well as photolysis and the reaction products limited
to water vapour (H2O). This chemical production of H2O is
optionally fed back onto the specific humidity (q) of the connected
general circulation model (GCM), to account for the impact onto
SWV and its effect on radiation and stratospheric dynamics. The submodel CH4 is further capable of simulating the four most prevalent
CH4 isotopologues for carbon and hydrogen (CH4 and CH3D, as
well as 12CH4 and 13CH4). Furthermore, the
production of deuterated water vapour (HDO) is, similar to the
production of H2O in the CH4 oxidation, optionally passed back to
the isotopological hydrological cycle simulated by the submodel H2OISO,
using the newly developed auxiliary submodel TRSYNC. Moreover, the
simulation of a user-defined number of diagnostic CH4 age and emission
classes is possible, the output of which can be used for offline inverse optimization
techniques. The presented approach combines the most important chemical hydrological
feedback including the isotopic signatures with the advantages concerning the
computational simplicity of a GCM, in comparison to a full-featured
CCM.
The Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model for CMIP6 HighResMIP simulations (NICAM16-S): experimental design, model description, and impacts of model updates
Authors: Kodama Chihiro , Ohno Tomoki , Seiki Tatsuya , Yashiro Hisashi , Noda Akira T. , Nakano Masuo , Yamada Yohei , Roh Woosub , Satoh Masaki , Nitta Tomoko , Goto Daisuke , Miura Hiroaki , Nasuno Tomoe , Miyakawa Tomoki , Chen Ying-Wen , Sugi Masato
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model
(NICAM), a global model with an icosahedral grid system, has been under
development for nearly two decades. This paper describes NICAM16-S, the
latest stable version of NICAM (NICAM.16), modified for the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 6, High Resolution Model Intercomparison
Project (HighResMIP). Major updates of NICAM.12, a previous version used
for climate simulations, included updates of the cloud microphysics scheme
and land surface model, introduction of natural and anthropogenic aerosols
and a subgrid-scale orographic gravity wave drag scheme, and improvement of
the coupling between the cloud microphysics and the radiation schemes.
External forcings were updated to follow the protocol of the HighResMIP. A
series of short-term sensitivity experiments were performed to determine and
understand the impacts of these various model updates on the simulated mean
states. The NICAM16-S simulations demonstrated improvements in the ice water
content, high cloud amount, surface air temperature over the Arctic region,
location and strength of zonal mean subtropical jet, and shortwave radiation
over Africa and South Asia. Some long-standing biases, such as the double
intertropical convergence zone and smaller low cloud amount, still exist or
are even worse in some cases, suggesting further necessity for understanding
their mechanisms, upgrading schemes and parameter settings, and
enhancing horizontal and vertical resolutions.
dh2loop 1.0: an open-source python library for automated processing
and classification of geological logs
Authors: Joshi Ranee , Madaiah Kavitha , Jessell Mark , Lindsay Mark , Pirot Guillaume
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Exploration and mining companies rely on geological drill core logs to target and obtain initial information on geology of the area to build models for prospectivity mapping or mine planning. A huge amount of legacy drilling data is available in geological survey but cannot be used directly as it is compiled and recorded in an unstructured textural form and using different formats depending on the database structure, company, logging geologist, investigation method, investigated materials and/or drilling campaign. It is subjective and plagued with uncertainty as it is likely to have been conducted by tens to hundreds geologists, all of whom would have their own personal biases. However, this is valuable information that adds value to geoscientific data for research and exploration, specifically in efficiently targeting sustainable new discoveries and providing better shallow subsurface constraints for 3D geological models. dh2loop (https://github.com/Loop3D/dh2loop) is an open-source python library that provides the functionality to extract and standardize geologic drill hole data and export it into readily importable interval tables (collar, survey, lithology). In this contribution, we extract, process and classify lithological logs from the Geological Survey of Western Australia Mineral Exploration Reports Database in the Yalgoo-Singleton Greenstone Belt (YSGB) region. For this study case, the extraction rate for collar, survey and lithology data is respectively 93 %, 865 and 34 %. It also addresses the subjective nature and variability of nomenclature of lithological descriptions within and across different drilling campaigns by using thesauri and fuzzy string matching. 86% of the extracted lithology data is successfully matched to lithologies in the thesauri. Since this process can be tedious, we attempted to test the string matching with the comments, which resulted to a matching rate of 16 % (7,870 successfully matched records out of 47,823 records). The standardized lithological data is then classified into multi-level groupings that can be used to systematically upscale and downscale drill hole data inputs for multiscale 3D geological modelling. dh2loop formats legacy data bridging the gap between utilization and maximization of legacy drill hole data and drill hole analysis functionalities available in existing python libraries (lasio, welly, striplog).
Downscaling potential evapotranspiration to the urban canyon
Authors: Koelbing Merle , Schuetz Tobias , Weiler Markus
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The future increase in urban population will lead to progressing urbanization with urban sprawl and densification. Urbanized areas show distinct changes in their hydrological behaviour, water quality and climate. In the last decades, the ability of urban hydrological models to represent the dynamic hydrological behaviour of the different surface types has been improved continuously. Dissenting from the urban surface which is mostly represented in high spatial resolution, the climatic input to these models, such as precipitation and potential evapo(transpi)ration, is usually observed at one or several reference climate stations that are representing a mesoscale urban foot print area or rural conditions. From urban climate studies it is known, that the meteorological variables that are governing potential evapotranspiration (Ep) can be highly variable even on a small spatial scale. Consequently, we expect Ep at the street level to be affected by this variability as well. We observed the urban microclimate with a mobile climate station and a rotational principle at 16 different locations in two differently oriented street canyons with vegetated and non-vegetated sections, respectively, during three seasons (spring, summer, autumn) in Freiburg, in southwestern Germany. With these observations, we simulated Ep at the street level using FAO-56 Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration and compared it to reference Ep derived at a rooftop station. We found that Ep on street level is negatively influenced by changes in shortwave radiation and that it is barely sensitive to changes in the other input climate variables. Significant linear relationships between the relative differences in hourly and daily short-wave radiation input and Ep at the street level have been established. The application of these relationships allows to simulate Ep at the street level for any location in a city based on simulated (or observed) short wave time series and observations at a reference climate station. Our findings can be transferred easily to existing urban hydrologic models to improve modelling results with a more precise estimate of potential evapotranspiration on street level.
A regional spatiotemporal analysis of large magnitude snow avalanches using tree rings
Authors: Peitzsch Erich , Hendrikx Jordy , Stahle Daniel , Pederson Gregory , Birkeland Karl , Fagre Daniel
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Snow avalanches affect transportation corridors and settlements worldwide. In many mountainous regions, robust records of avalanche frequency and magnitude are sparse or non-existent. However, dendrochronological methods can be used to fill this gap and infer historical avalanche patterns. In this study, we developed a tree-ring-based avalanche chronology for large magnitude avalanche events (size ≥∼D3) using dendrochronological techniques for a portion of the US northern Rocky Mountains. We used a strategic sampling design to examine avalanche activity through time and across nested spatial scales (i.e., from individual paths, four distinct subregions, and the region). We analyzed 673 samples in total from 647 suitable trees collected from 12 avalanche paths from which 2134 growth disturbances were identified over the years 1636 to 2017 CE. Using existing indexing approaches, we developed a regional avalanche activity index to discriminate avalanche events from noise in the tree-ring record. Large magnitude avalanches, common across the region, occurred in 30 individual years and exhibited a median return interval of approximately 3 years (mean = 5.21 years). The median large magnitude avalanche return interval (3–8 years) and the total number of avalanche years (12–18) varies throughout the four subregions, suggesting the important influence of local terrain and weather factors. We tested subsampling routines for regional representation, finding that sampling 8 random paths out of a total of 12 avalanche paths in the region captures up to 83 % of the regional chronology, whereas four paths capture only 43 % to 73 %. The greatest value probability of detection
for any given path in our dataset is 40 %, suggesting that sampling a
single path would capture no more than 40 % of the regional avalanche
activity. Results emphasize the importance of sample size, scale, and spatial extent when attempting to derive a regional large magnitude
avalanche event chronology from tree-ring records.
Mechanical and hydraulic properties of the excavation damaged zone
(EDZ) in the Opalinus Clay of the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory,
Switzerland
Authors: Hale Sina , Ries Xavier , Jaeggi David , Blum Philipp
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Construction of cavities in the subsurface is always accompanied by excavation damage. Especially in the context of deep geological nuclear waste disposal, the evolving excavation damaged zone (EDZ) in the near field of emplacement tunnels is of utmost importance concerning safety aspects. As the EDZ differs from the intact host rock due to enhanced hydraulic transmissivity and altered geomechanical behavior, reasonable and location-dependent input data on hydraulic and mechanical properties is crucial. Thus in this study, a hydro-mechanical characterization of an EDZ in the Mont Terri underground rock laboratory, Switzerland, was performed using three different handheld devices: (1) air permeameter, (2) microscopic camera and (3) needle penetration test. The discrete fracture network (DFN), consisting of artificially induced unloading joints and reactivated natural discontinuities, was investigated by a portable air permeameter as well as combined microscopic imaging with automatic evaluation. Geomechanical and geophysical characterization of the claystone was conducted based on needle penetrometer testing at the exposed rock surface. Within the EDZ, permeable fractures with a mean hydraulic aperture of 84 ± 23 µm are present. Under open conditions, self-sealing of fractures is suppressed and cyclic long-term fracture aperture oscillations in combination with closure resulting from convergence processes, is observed. Based on measured needle penetration indices, a uniaxial compressive strength of 30 ± 13 MPa (normal to bedding) and 18 ± 8 MPa (parallel to bedding) was determined. Enhanced strength and stiffness is directly related to near-surface desaturation of the claystone and a sharp decrease in water content from 6.6 wt.-% to 3.7 wt.-%. The presented methodological approach is particularly suitable for time-dependent monitoring of EDZs since measurements are nondestructive and do not change the actual state of the rock mass. This allows for a spatially resolved investigation of hydraulic and mechanical fracture apertures, fracture surface roughness as well as physico-mechanical rock parameters and their intra-facies variability.
Holocene surface rupturing earthquakes on the Dinaric Fault System,
western Slovenia
Authors: Grützner Christoph , Aschenbrenner Simone , Jamšek Rupnik Petra , Reicherter Klaus , Saifelislam Nour , Vičič Blaž , Vrabec Marko , Welte Julian , Ustaszewski Kamil
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The Dinaric Fault System in western Slovenia, consisting of NW-SE trending, right-lateral strike-slip faults, accommodates the northward motion of Adria with respect to Eurasia. These active faults show a clear imprint in the morphology and some of them hosted moderate instrumental earthquakes. However, it is largely unknown if the faults also had strong earthquakes in the Late Quaternary. This hampers our understanding of the regional tectonics and the seismic hazard. Geological evidence of co-seismic surface ruptures only exists for one historical event, the 1511 Idrija Earthquake with a magnitude of ~M6.8, but the causative fault is still disputed. Here we use geomorphological data, near-surface geophysical surveys, and paleoseismological trenching to show that two of these faults, the Predjama Fault and the Idrija Fault ruptured in strong earthquakes in the Holocene. In a paleoseismological trench across the Predjama Fault we found at least one earthquake with a minimum magnitude of MW6.1 that occurred between 13–0.7 ka, very likely not earlier than 8.4 ka. At the Idrija Fault, a surface-rupturing earthquake with a magnitude of at least MW6.1 happened in the last ~2.1 ka. This event could correspond to the 1511 Idrija earthquake. Our results show that the faults rupture in rare, but strong earthquakes, which dominate the seismic moment release. We show that instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area. The fact that many of the NW-SE trending, parallel faults are active implies that the deformation in western Slovenia is distributed, rather than focussed on one major structure.
Acoustic velocity measurements for detecting the crystal orientation
fabrics of a temperate ice core
Authors: Hellmann Sebastian , Grab Melchior , Kerch Johanna , Löwe Henning , Bauder Andreas , Weikusat Ilka , Maurer Hansruedi
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The crystal orientation fabrics (COF) in ice cores provides detailed information, such as grain size and distribution and the orientation of the crystals in relation to the large-scale glacier flow. These data are relevant for a profound understanding of the dynamics and deformation history of glaciers and ice sheets. The intrinsic, mechanical anisotropy of the ice crystals causes an anisotropy of the polycrystalline ice of glaciers and affects the velocity of acoustic waves propagating through the ice. Here, we employ such acoustic waves to obtain the seismic anisotropy of ice core samples and compare the results with calculated acoustic velocities derived from COF analyses. These samples originate from an ice core from Rhonegletscher, a temperate glacier in the Swiss Alps. Point-contact transducers transmit ultrasonic p-waves with a dominant frequency of 1 MHz into the ice core samples and measure variations of the travel times of these waves for a set of azimuthal angles. In addition, the elasticity tensor is obtained from laboratory-measured COF and calculate the associated seismic velocities. We compare these COF-derived velocity profiles with the measured ultrasonic profiles. Especially in the presence of large ice grains, these two methods show significantly different velocities since the ultrasonic measurements examine a limited volume of the ice core whereas the COF-derived velocities are integrated over larger parts of the core. This discrepancy between the ultrasonic and COF-derived profiles decreases with an increasing number of grains that is available within the sampling volume and both methods provide concise results in presence of a similar amount of grains. We also explore the limitations of ultrasonic measurements and provide suggestions for improving their results. These ultrasonic measurements could be employed continuously along the ice cores. They are suitable to support the COF analyses by bridging the gaps between discrete measurements, since these ultrasonic measurements can be acquired within minutes and do not require an extensive preparation of ice samples when using point-contact transducers.
An impulse-based derivation of the Kutta–Joukowsky equation for wind turbine thrust
Authors: Limacher Eric J. , Wood David H.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Using the concept of impulse in control volume analysis, we derive general expressions for wind turbine thrust in a constant, spatially uniform wind. The absence of pressure in the impulse equations allows for their application in the near wake, where the flow is assumed to be steady in the frame of reference rotating with the blades. The assumption of circumferential uniformity in the near wake – as applies when the number of blades or the tip speed ratio tends to infinity – is needed to reduce these general expressions to the Kutta–Joukowsky (KJ) equation for blade-element thrust. The present derivation improves upon the classical derivation based on the Bernoulli equation by allowing the flow to be rotational in the near wake. The present derivation also yields intermediate expressions for thrust that are valid for a finite number of blades and trailing vortex sheets of finite thickness. For the circumferentially uniform case, our analysis suggests that the magnitudes of the radial velocity and the axial induction factor must be equal somewhere on the plane containing the rotor, and we cite previous studies that show this to occur near the rotor tip across a wide range of thrust coefficients. The derivation reveals one further complication; when deriving the KJ equations using annular control volumes, the existence of vorticity on the lateral control surfaces may cause the local blade loading to differ from the KJ equation, but the magnitude of these deviations is not explored. This complication is not visible to the classical derivation due to its neglect of vorticity.