bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertical stratification of dung beetles in young secondary forests of Singapore
Authors: Abdul Rahman Ita Liana , Yap Sean , Goh Thary Gazi , Toh Kai Xin , Yee Qian Qi Hillary , Puniamoorthy Nalini
Published: July 2021

In tropical rain forests where resources are present at different spatial scales, niche partitioning could affect biodiversity. For instance, insects inhabiting the arboreal strata often differ drastically from those in the ground strata. In this study, we investigated the vertical distribution of dung beetles in young secondary forests of Singapore by comparing their biodiversity from both ground and canopy traps. In total, we sampled 2242 individuals from four genera. Species composition significantly differed between canopy and ground traps, with Onthophagus cf. crassicollis, Onthophagus cf. deliensis, Onthophagus cf. leusermontis, and Onthophagus cf. babirussa contributing most differences. We report the presence of Onthophagus. cf. deliensis—an abundant, widespread arboreal specialist. Species richness and diversity were significantly lower in canopy traps, indicative of ephemeral dung present. When comparing Shannon diversity differences between stratum, temperature and humidity did not have significant effects. Morphological analyses suggested that arboreal dung beetles are smaller with greater wing loading, exposed eye ratio and leg size, which improve flight, vision, and dung manipulation. This study is a first step toward documenting vertical stratification of dung beetles in young secondary forests of Singapore; detecting morphological differences between ground and arboreal specialists, that are likely adaptations to divergent niches.
Just a business decision? Debarment in public procurement in Canada and the United States
Authors: Acorn Elizabeth
Published: July 2021

The Canadian government is considering changes to its Integrity and Suspension Policy, particularly the rules governing debarment and when an individual or corporation can be precluded from public contracting due to misconduct. The reforms would bring Canada’s policy closer to that of the US. This article compares federal debarment policies in Canada and the US and examines the consequences of these distinct policies by considering their role in anti‐foreign bribery enforcement. This discussion reveals a disjuncture between Canada’s policy goals and practice, which suggests that the proposed reforms to Canada’s debarment policy are not as significant as they first appear.
La préséance de la rationalité budgétaire sur les autres dimensions de l’intérêt public en droit québécois des contrats publics
Authors: Pellerin Antoine
Published: July 2021

Sommaire

Les contrats publics ont pour finalité l’intérêt public. C’est ce qui les distingue des contrats privés et fait en sorte qu’on leur applique des règles juridiques spécifiques. La loi ne dit cependant pas ce que signifie l’intérêt public lorsque vient le temps pour l’État d’exercer son pouvoir contractuel. Nous avons donc examiné le cadre juridique applicable aux contrats publics québécois pour voir si une conception particulière de l’intérêt public s’en dégage. L’analyse menée révèle que le droit québécois des contrats publics est caractérisé par une conception essentiellement budgétaire de l’intérêt public. Cet article explique en quoi cela pose problème.
Silent information regulator 2 promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression through deacetylation and small ubiquitin‐related modifier 1 modification of glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase
Authors: Ni Yueli , Yang Zhe , Agbana Yannick Luther , Bai Honggang , Wang Lianlin , Yang Lijuan , Yi Zihan , Cheng Jing , Zhang Qiao , Kuang Yingmin , Zhu Yuechun
Published: July 2021

The regulatory relationship between silent information regulator 2 (SIRT2) and glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is still unclear. The present study aimed to explore the function of SIRT2 and its regulatory effect on G6PD in ccRCC. The Cancer Genome Atlas data mining of SIRT2 was first analyzed. Quantitative real‐time PCR and western blot analyses were used to assess the mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. Cell viability, colony formation, cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and TUNEL assays and EdU staining were used to investigate the roles of SIRT2 in ccRCC proliferation and apoptosis. The coimmunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay was used to analyze the association between SIRT2 and G6PD in ccRCC cells. Quantitative Co‐IP assay was used to detect the levels of G6PD ubiquitination and small ubiquitin‐related modifier 1 (SUMO1). An in vivo experiment was also carried out to confirm in vitro findings. The results indicated that SIRT2 promoted ccRCC proliferation and inhibited apoptosis by regulating cell cycle and apoptosis related proteins. Silent information regulator 2 interacted with G6PD, facilitated its activity through deacetylation, and increased its stability by reducing its ubiquitination and enhancing its SUMO1 modification. Silent information regulator 2 also promoted ccRCC tumor development in vivo. Taken together, the present study indicated that SIRT2 promoted ccRCC progression by increasing G6PD activity and stability, and it could be a potential new diagnostic and therapeutic target for ccRCC.
Synthesis and anti‐diabetic activity of novel biphenylsulfonamides as glucagon receptor antagonists
Authors: Lee Chang‐Yong , Choi Hojung , Park Eun‐Young , Nguyen Thi‐Thao‐Linh , Maeng Han‐Joo , Mee Lee Kyoung , Jun Hee‐Sook , Shin Dongyun
Published: July 2021

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Insulin, a hormone secreted from pancreatic β‐cells, decreases blood glucose levels, and glucagon, a hormone secreted from pancreatic α‐cells, increases blood glucose levels by counterregulation of insulin through stimulation of hepatic glucose production. In diabetic patients, dysregulation of glucagon secretion contributes to hyperglycemia. Thus, inhibition of the glucagon receptor is one strategy for the treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. In this paper, we report a series of biphenylsulfonamide derivatives that were designed, synthesized, and then evaluated by cAMP and hepatic glucose production assays as glucagon receptor antagonists. Of these, compound 7aB‐3 decreased glucagon‐induced cAMP production and glucagon‐induced glucose production in the in vitro assays. Glucagon challenge tests and glucose tolerance tests showed that compound 7aB‐3 significantly inhibited glucagon‐induced glucose increases and improved glucose tolerance. These results suggest that compound 7aB‐3 has therapeutic potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Genetic spectrum of familial hypercholesterolemia and correlations with clinical expression: Implications for diagnosis improvement
Authors: Di Taranto Maria Donata , Giacobbe Carola , Palma Daniela , Iannuzzo Gabriella , Gentile Marco , Calcaterra Ilenia , Guardamagna Ornella , Auricchio Renata , Di Minno Matteo Nicola Dario , Fortunato Giuliana
Published: July 2021

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common genetic disease caused by variants in LDLR, APOB, PCSK9 genes; it is characterized by high levels of LDL‐cholesterol and premature cardiovascular disease. We aim to perform a retrospective analysis of a genetically screened population (528 unrelated patients—342 adults and 186 children) to evaluate the biochemical and clinical correlations with the different genetic statuses. Genetic screening was performed by traditional sequencing and some patients were re‐analyzed by next‐generation‐sequencing. Pathogenic variants, mainly missense in the LDLR gene, were identified in 402/528 patients (76.1%), including 4 homozygotes, 17 compound heterozygotes and 1 double heterozygotes. A gradual increase of LDL‐cholesterol was observed from patients without pathogenic variants to patients with a defective variant, to patients with a null variant and to patients with two variants. Six variants accounted for 51% of patients; a large variability of LDL‐cholesterol was observed among patients carrying the same variant. The frequency of pathogenic variants gradually increased from unlikely FH to definite FH, according to the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria. Genetic diagnosis can help prognostic evaluation of FH patients, discriminating between the different genetic statuses or variant types. Clinical suspicion of FH should be considered even if few symptoms are present or if LDL‐cholesterol is only mildly increased.
Teacher violence, school satisfaction and subjective well‐being in children and adolescents in residential care: The moderation effect of staff support
Authors: Ortúzar Harry , Oriol Xavier , Miranda Rafael , Montserrat Carme
Published: July 2021

This study involved 608 children and adolescents between 7 and 18 years of age (Mage = 12.9, SDage = 2.70) from 47 residential care centres in Peru (RCC). The objective of the study was to observe the mediating effect of school satisfaction on the relationship between violence by teachers at school and the subjective well‐being of children and adolescents, considering how the low or high support from residential care staff can condition this mediating effect as well. The descriptive results show a very high prevalence of violence inflicted by teachers at school for both children and adolescents in residential care in Peru. Regarding the results obtained from the moderated mediation model results, the school satisfaction domain is observed to have a mediating effect on the relationship between teacher violence and subjective well‐being in children and adolescents. In addition, a moderated mediation effect conditioned by support from residential care staff is seen only in the case of children.
The Pulmonary Metastasectomy in Colorectal Cancer (PulMiCC) burden of care study: Analysis of local treatments for lung metastases and systemic chemotherapy in 220 patients in the PulMiCC cohort
Authors: Treasure Tom , Farewell Vern , Macbeth Fergus , Batchelor Tim , Milosevic Misel , King Juliet , Zheng Yan , Leonard Pauline , Williams Norman R. , Brew‐Graves Chris , Morris Eva , Fallowfield Lesley ,   the PulMiCC investigators
Published: July 2021

Aim

The aim of this work was to examine the burden of further treatments in patients with colorectal cancer following a decision about lung metastasectomy.

Method

Five teams participating in the Pulmonary Metastasectomy in Colorectal Cancer (PulMiCC) study provided details on subsequent local treatments for lung metastases, including the use of chemotherapy. For patients in three groups (no metastasectomy, one metastasectomy or multiple local interventions), baseline factors and selection criteria for additional treatments were examined.

Results

The five teams recruited 220 patients between October 2010 and January 2017. No lung metastasectomy was performed in 51 patients, 114 patients had one metastasectomy and 55 patients had multiple local interventions. Selection for initial metastasectomy was associated with nonelevated carcinoembryonic antigen, fewer metastases and no prior liver metastasectomy. These patients also had better Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scores and lung function at baseline. Four sites provided information on chemotherapy in 139 patients: 79 (57%) had one to five courses of chemotherapy, to a total of 179 courses. The patterns of survival after one or multiple metastasectomy interventions showed evidence of guarantee‐time bias contributing to an impression of benefit over no metastasectomy. After repeated metastasectomy, a significantly higher risk of death was observed, with no apparent reduction in chemotherapy usage.

Conclusion

Repeated metastasectomy is associated with a higher risk of death without reducing the use of chemotherapy. Continued monitoring without surgery might reassure patients with indolent disease or allow response assessment during systemic treatment. Overall, the carefully collected information from the PulMICC study provides no indication of an important survival benefit from metastasectomy.
Current research progress in targeted anti‐angiogenesis therapy for osteosarcoma
Authors: Liu Yun , Huang Nenggan , Liao Shijie , Rothzerg Emel , Yao Felix , Li Yihe , Wood David , Xu Jiake
Published: July 2021

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumour with a peak in incidence during adolescence. Delayed patient presentation and diagnosis is common with approximately 15% of OS patients presenting with metastatic disease at initial diagnosis. With the introduction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the 1970s, disease prognosis improved from 17% to 60%‐70% 5‐year survival, but outcomes have not significantly improved since then. Novel and innovative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed as an adjunct to conventional treatment modalities to improve outcomes for OS patients. Angiogenesis is crucial for tumour growth, metastasis and invasion, and its prevention will ultimately inhibit tumour growth and metastasis. Dysregulation of angiogenesis in bone microenvironment involving osteoblasts and osteoclasts might contribute to OS development. This review summarizes existing knowledge regarding pre‐clinical and developmental research of targeted anti‐angiogenic therapy for OS with the aim of highlighting the limitations associated with this application. Targeted anti‐angiogenic therapies include monoclonal antibody to VEGF (bevacizumab), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Sorafenib, Apatinib, Pazopanib and Regorafenib) and human recombinant endostatin (Endostar). However, considering the safety and efficacy of these targeted anti‐angiogenesis therapies in clinical trials cannot be guaranteed at this point, further research is needed to completely understand and characterize targeted anti‐angiogenesis therapy in OS.
Acral multiple symmetrical palisaded encapsulated neuromas: A rare case report and review of the literature
Authors: Han Bing , Liu Hesong , Wang Hong
Published: July 2021

Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN) is a benign neoplasm composed of nerve tissue. It typically presents as isolated, asymptomatic, skin‐colored papules or nodules on the face, neck, or oral mucosa of the middle‐aged and elderly. Here, we reported a very unusual and unique case of acral multiple symmetrical PENs with no obvious systemic abnormalities and reviewed the published work on acral PEN.
Diversity–production relationships of fish communities in freshwater stream ecosystems
Authors: Myers Bonnie J. E. , Dolloff C. Andrew , Webster Jackson R. , Nislow Keith H. , Rypel Andrew L.
Published: July 2021

Aim

Ecological relationships between species richness and biomass production are increasingly thought to be pervasive across the globe. Yet, diversity–production relationships have not been explored extensively for freshwater fish communities even though fisheries production provides key services to humans. Our aim was to evaluate the diversity–production relationship of fish communities inhabiting freshwater streams across the Appalachian Mountain range and examine how diversity–production relationships varied across streams possessing different thermal signatures.

Location

Our study area included 25 freshwater stream ecosystems spanning from Vermont to North Carolina in the United States. Twenty sites were located in Maryland south to Tennessee and North Carolina, while five additional higher latitude sites were sampled in Massachusetts and Vermont.

Methods

We sampled the 25 study streams from June to September 2012 and collected fish population information to calculate biomass, species richness, the Shannon diversity index and annual production for each fish community. Linear mixed effects models were used to analyse the relationship between diversity indices and total community production. We also compared diversity and production relationships across other taxa.

Results

Across all streams, community fish production, biomass and P/B ratios ranged from 0.15–6.79 g m−2 y−1, 0.61–0.73 g m−2 and 0.21–1.07 y−1, respectively. Species richness had a significant positive effect (p = .012) on community fish production, while accounting for the thermal signature of the streams as a random effect and other habitat covariates. The Shannon diversity index did not have a significant effect (p = .101) on community production.

Main conclusions

The diversity–production relationship observed for stream fish communities was similar to other studies but demonstrated one of the highest slopes. Our results demonstrate that effects of biodiversity resonate to influence the production of fishes; thus, management of fisheries is more closely coupled to biodiversity than previously thought.
Severe mitral regurgitation recurrence after successful percutaneous mitral edge‐to‐edge repair by Mitraclip in primary mitral regurgitation: Insights from a three‐dimensional echocardiography study
Authors: Lavie‐Badie Yoan , Vannier Fabien , Cariou Eve , Fournier Pauline , Itier Romain , Cazalbou Stéphanie , Blanchard Virginie , Galinier Michel , Carrié Didier , Lairez Olivier , Bouisset Fréderic , Lhermusier Thibault
Published: July 2021

Background

The sustainability of the results of Mitraclip procedures is a source of concern.

Aims

To investigate risk factors of severe mitral regurgitation (MR) recurrence after Mitraclip in primary MR.

Methods and results

Eighty‐three patients undergoing successful Mitraclip procedures were retrospectively included. Valve anatomy and Mitraclips placement were comprehensively analyzed by post‐processing 3D echocardiographic acquisition. The primary composite endpoint was the recurrence of severe MR. The average age was 83±7 years‐old, 37 (44%) were female. Median follow‐up was 381 days (IQR 195–717) and 17 (20%) patients reached the primary endpoint. Main causes of recurrence of severe MR were relapse of a prolapse (64%) and single leaflet detachment (23%). Posterior coaptation line length (HR 1.06 95%CI 1.01–1.12 p = 0.02), poor imaging quality (HR 3.84, 95%CI 1.12–13.19; p = 0.03), and inter‐clip distance (HR 1.60, 95%CI 1.27–2.02; p < 0.01) were associated with the occurrence of the primary endpoint.

Conclusions

Recurrence of severe MR after a MitraClip procedure for primary MR results from a complex interplay between anatomical (tissue excess) and procedural criteria (quality of ultrasound guidance and MitraClips spacing).
Host adaptation to novel pathogen introduction: Predicting conditions that promote evolutionary rescue
Authors: Golas Benjamin D. , Goodell Brandon , Webb Colleen T.
Published: July 2021

Novel pathogen introduction can have drastic consequences for naive host populations, and outcomes can be difficult to predict. Evolutionary rescue (ER) provides a foundation for understanding whether hosts are driven to extinction or survive via adaptation. Currently, patterns of host population dynamics alongside evidence of adaptation are used to infer ER. However, the gap between established ER theory and complexity inherent in natural systems makes interpreting empirical patterns difficult because they can be confounded with ecological drivers of survival under current theory. To bridge this gap, we expand ER theory to include biological selective agents, such as pathogens. We find birth processes to be more important than previously theorised in determining ER potential. We employ a novel framework evaluating ER potential within natural systems and gain ability to identify system characteristics that make ER possible. Identifying these characteristics allows a shift from retrospective observation to a predictive mindset, and our findings suggest that ER occurrence may be more limited than previously thought. We use the plague system ofYersinia pestisinfectingCynomys ludovicianus(black‐tailed prairie dogs) andSpermophilus beecheyi(California ground squirrels) as a case study.
Optogenetic activation of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus attenuates limbic seizures via inhibition of the midline thalamus
Authors: Wicker Evan , Forcelli Patrick A.
Published: July 2021

Objective

The nucleus reticularis of the thalamus (nRT) is most studied in epilepsy for its role in the genesis of absence seizures; much less is known regarding its role in other seizure types, including those originating in limbic structures and the temporal lobe. As it is a major source of inhibitory input to higher order thalamic nuclei, stimulation of the nRT may be an effective strategy to disrupt seizure activity that requires thalamic engagement.

Methods

We recorded single unit activity from the nRT prior to and after infusion of bicuculline into the area tempestas. We monitored single unit activity time‐locked with interictal spikes. We optogenetically activated the nRT in both the area tempestas and amygdala kindling models. We tested a role for projections from the nRT to higher order midline thalamic nuclei through the use of retrogradely trafficked viral vector.

Results

Mean firing rate in the nRT was decreased after infusion of bicuculline into the area tempestas as compared to the preinfusion baseline. nRT unit firing in response to interictal spikes was heterogeneous, with an approximately equal proportion of neurons displaying (1) no change in firing, (2) increased firing, and (3) decreasing firing. Optogenetic activation of the nRT significantly suppressed seizure activity in both the area tempestas and amygdala kindling models. Optogenetic activation of contralaterally targeting projections but not ipsilaterally targeting projections from the nRT to the midline thalamus significantly suppressed seizures in the kindling model.

Significance

Although the nRT is typically thought of in the context of absence seizures, our data show that it may be a viable target for other seizure types. In two models that recapitulate the seizure types seen in temporal lobe epilepsy, nRT activation suppressed both electrographic and behavioral seizures. These data suggest that the nRT should be considered more broadly in the context of epilepsy.
Comorbidities in patients with epilepsy: Frequency, mechanisms and effects on long‐term outcome
Authors: Giussani Giorgia , Bianchi Elisa , Beretta Simone , Carone Davide , DiFrancesco Jacopo C. , Stabile Andrea , Zanchi Clara , Pirovano Marta , Trentini Claudia , Padovano Giada , Colombo Matteo , Cereda Diletta , Tinti Lorenzo , Scanziani Sofia , Gasparini Sara , Bogliun Graziella , Ferrarese Carlo , Beghi Ettore ,   PRO‐LONG Study Group
Published: July 2021

Objective

To assess frequency, types, and mechanisms of comorbidities in people with epilepsy and verify their association with disease features and outcome.

Methods

This cohort study was performed in 13 Italian epilepsy centers with nationwide distribution and accurate records. Eligible patients were children and adults diagnosed before December 31, 2005, and followed for a minimum of 10 years. Two pairs of raters independently reviewed patients’ records and classified each comorbidity. In case of disagreement, a third reviewer made the final decision. Comorbidities were classified according to type (organ/system) and underlying mechanism (causal, shared risk factors, chance association). Comorbidity types and mechanisms were described in the entire sample and according to epilepsy prognostic patterns (sustained remission, relapsing‐remitting course, no remission).

Results

Of 1006 included patients, 266 (26.4%) had at least one comorbidity. The most common were developmental/perinatal (7.5% of cases), psychiatric (6.2%), cardiovascular (5.3%), and endocrine/metabolic (3.8%). Among 408 reported comorbidities, the underlying mechanisms were, in decreasing order, chance association (42.2%), shared risk factors (31.1%), and causal (26.7%). Psychiatric diseases were present in 13.3% of patients with no remission, 5.9% of patients with relapsing‐remitting course, and 4.8% of patients with sustained remission (p = .016). The corresponding numbers for endocrine/metabolic diseases were respectively, 9.6%, 3.4%, and 2.9% (p = .013); for respiratory diseases were 3.6%, .3%, and .3% (p = .001), and for urogenital diseases were 3.6%, .7%, and 1.6% (p = .048). The association of endocrine/metabolic, psychiatric, and respiratory comorbidities with epilepsy prognosis was confirmed by multivariable analysis adjusted for the main demographic and clinical variables, with patients with these comorbidities showing a lower probability of achieving remission.

Significance

Comorbidities in epilepsy are not uncommon and reflect differing underlying mechanisms. Psychiatric, endocrine/metabolic, and respiratory disorders are associated with a worse long‐term epileptological outcome.
Hyperpigmentation in a Chinese family with autosomal dominant Cole disease
Authors: Li Zhongtao , Wang Lin , Wang Sheng
Published: July 2021

Cole disease (OMIM 615522), caused by mutations in ENPP1, is a rare autosomal dominant or recessive genodermatosis characterized by guttate hypopigmentation and punctate palmoplantar keratoderma. To date, a few cases with autosomal recessive inheritance had been reported with hyperpigmentation. The aim of this case report was to investigate the molecular basis of individuals with hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation and punctate keratoderma in a Chinese family. A Chinese pedigree of suspected Cole disease with hyperpigmentation was subjected to mutation detection in the ENPP1 gene. All exons of the ENPP1 gene and adjacent exon‐intron border sequences were amplified using polymerase chain reaction and directly sequenced. Three‐dimensional (3D) models of the wild‐type and mutated ENPP1 proteins were predicted by PyMOL viewer. Both of the proband and his affected father carried a heterozygous missense mutation p.C176R in ENPP1. In silico modelling of the ENPP1 wild‐type and ENPP1 with the p.C176R mutation showed the residue Arg‐176 disturbed the fold of the loop conformation. Based on clinical and genetic findings, a diagnosis of Cole disease was made. We identified a heterozygous mutation, p.C176R, in the ENPP1 gene in a Chinese family with Cole disease. This study clearly showed that hyperpigmentation could also occur in Cole disease in cases with autosomal dominant inheritance. Our data expand the phenotypic spectrum of ENPP1 mutations underlying Cole disease.
The two faces of cyanide: an environmental toxin and a potential novel mammalian gasotransmitter
Authors: Zuhra Karim , Szabo Csaba
Published: July 2021

Cyanide is traditionally viewed as a cytotoxic agent, with its primary mode of action being the inhibition of mitochondrial Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase). However, recent studies demonstrate that the effect of cyanide on Complex IV in various mammalian cells is biphasic: in lower concentrations (nanomolar to low micromolar) cyanide stimulates Complex IV activity, increases ATP production and accelerates cell proliferation, while at higher concentrations (high micromolar to low millimolar) it produces the previously known (‘classic’) toxic effects. The first part of the article describes the cytotoxic actions of cyanide in the context of environmental toxicology, and highlights pathophysiological conditions (e.g., cystic fibrosis with Pseudomonas colonization) where bacterially produced cyanide exerts deleterious effects to the host. The second part of the article summarizes the mammalian sources of cyanide production and overviews the emerging concept that mammalian cells may produce cyanide, in low concentrations, to serve biological regulatory roles. Cyanide fulfills many of the general criteria as a ‘classical’ mammalian gasotransmitter and shares some common features with the current members of this class: nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide.
Understanding MCL1: from cellular function and regulation to pharmacological inhibition
Authors: Sancho Mónica , Leiva Diego , Lucendo Estefanía , Orzáez Mar
Published: July 2021

Myeloid cell leukemia‐1 (MCL1), an antiapoptotic member of the BCL2 family characterized by a short half‐life, functions as a rapid sensor that regulates cell death and other relevant processes that include cell cycle progression and mitochondrial homeostasis. In cancer, MCL1 overexpression contributes to cell survival and resistance to diverse chemotherapeutic agents; for this reason, several MCL1 inhibitors are currently under preclinical and clinical development for cancer treatment. However, the nonapoptotic functions of MCL1 may influence their therapeutic potential. Overall, the complexity of MCL1 regulation and function represent challenges to the clinical application of MCL1 inhibitors. We now summarize the current knowledge regarding MCL1 structure, regulation, and function that could impact the clinical success of MCL1 inhibitors.
Mitochondrial fusion and fission are required for proper mitochondrial function and cell proliferation in fission yeast
Authors: Dong Fenfen , Zhu Mengdan , Zheng Fan , Fu Chuanhai
Published: July 2021

Mitochondria form a branched tubular network in many types of cells, depending on a balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission. How mitochondrial fusion and fission are involved in regulating mitochondrial function and cell proliferation is not well understood. Here, we dissected the roles of mitochondrial fusion and fission in mitochondrial function and cell proliferation in fission yeast. We examined mitochondrial membrane potential by staining cells with DiOC6and assessed mitochondrial respiration by directly measuring oxygen consumption of cells with a dissolved oxygen respirometer. We found that defects in mitochondrial fission or fusion reduce mitochondrial membrane potential and compromise mitochondrial respiration while the absence of both mitochondrial fusion and fission restores wild type‐like respiration, normal membrane potential, and tubular networks of mitochondria. Moreover, we found that the absence of either mitochondrial fission or fusion prolongs the cell cycle and that the absence of both mitochondrial fusion and fission significantly delays cell cycle progression after nitrogen replenishment. The prolonged/delayed cell cycle is likely due to the deregulation of Cdc2 activation. Hence, our work not only establishes an intimate link between mitochondrial morphology and function but also underscores the importance of mitochondrial dynamics in regulating the cell cycle.
Micromanaging pattern formation: miRNA regulation of signaling systems in vertebrate development
Authors: Copeland Jacqueline , Wilson Kayla , Simoes‐Costa Marcos
Published: July 2021

Early embryogenesis requires the establishment of fields of progenitor cells with distinct molecular signatures. A balance of intrinsic and extrinsic cues determines the boundaries of embryonic territories and pushes progenitor cells toward different fates. This process involves multiple layers of regulation, including signaling systems, transcriptional networks, and post‐transcriptional control. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as undisputed regulators of developmental processes. Here, we discuss how miRNAs regulate pattern formation during vertebrate embryogenesis. We survey how miRNAs modulate the activity of signaling pathways to optimize transcriptional responses in embryonic cells. We also examine how localized RNA interference can generate spatial complexity during early development. Unraveling the complex crosstalk between miRNAs, signaling systems and cell fate decisions will be crucial for our understanding of developmental outcomes and disease.
Toward sustainable production of value‐added bioenergy and industrial oils in oilseed and biomass feedstocks
Authors: Park Kiyoul , Sanjaya Sanju A. , Quach Truyen , Cahoon Edgar B.
Published: July 2021

Plant fatty acids are used for food, feed, fuel, and industrial materials. Structurally and chemically diverse fatty acids, referred to as unusual or specialized fatty acids, are found in the seed oils of diverse plant species. Many unusual fatty acids have potential use as alternative and renewable sources of biofuels and bio‐based industrial feedstocks due to their variant structures' physical or functional properties. Oils enriched in these fatty acids can increase the value of oilseed crops and provide co‐products that can be readily extracted from lignocellulosic materials in biomass crops. Here, we describe recent progress in strategies for enhancement of oil production and quality in oilseed crops and the extension of this knowledge for metabolic engineering of biomass crops. Successful implementation of these strategies, in part, through the use of emerging synthetic biology tools, will provide added product value for the economic sustainability of biomass crops as bioenergy feedstocks.
Posterior condylar canal dural arteriovenous fistula as a rare cause of glossopharyngeal neuralgia: A case report
Authors: Kim Jae‐Hyun , Lee Chang‐Young
Published: July 2021

Background

The symptoms of dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) vary according to the location of the fistula and the pattern of venous drainage. Here, we report the case of a patient with a dAVF‐induced glossopharyngeal neuralgia.

Case description

We report a case of a patient with right glossopharyngeal neuralgia caused by a posterior condylar canal (PCC) dAVF. The glossopharyngeal neuralgia was accompanied by persistent tinnitus and repetitive right side otalgia, as well as ipsilateral shoulder and throat pain, lasting for about 30 s. However, there were no specific findings on otoscopic examination. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging was performed to determine the cause of the symptoms, and a right PCC dAVF was observed. The dAVF was successfully obliterated using transvenous coil embolization. After embolization, the patient's symptoms were completely resolved.

Conclusion

Although glossopharyngeal neuralgia caused by dAVF is rare, it can present due to intracranial lesions located adjacent to the glossopharyngeal nerve or vagus nerve. Brain MRI is therefore required to identify secondary causes in all patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia.
Committed to their craft: Understanding the relationship between job crafting and work commitment among faculty in the United States
Authors: McNaughtan Jon , Thacker Russell , Eicke Dustin , Freeman Sydney
Published: July 2021

Faculty engage in several institutional activities typically categorised as teaching, research and service. Within those activities there are numerous potential tasks, and research denotes that faculty often bemoan this work which can lead to turnover and lack of commitment. We present the job crafting framework as one way to allow faculty to be active participants in increasing their work commitment. The focus of this analysis was understanding which of the three concepts of job crafting (e.g., task, cognitive and relational) is most associated with work commitment among academic staff, or faculty. Employing a polychoric correlation matrix and confirmatory factor analysis to develop a structural equation model accounting for the relationships between job crafting and work commitment, we utilised a unique data set to answer three research questions. Our sample includes associate and full professors (N = 771) from 20 states in the continental United States. Findings highlight the importance of dissecting the construct of job crafting to better understand work commitment as evidenced by the strong positive relationships between work commitment and the relational and cognitive tenets of the job crafting framework. Implications include the potential for positive work commitment when administrators allow faculty more autonomy to define their work.
Indian child migration in the British Empire
Authors: Mukherjee Sumita
Published: July 2021

Historical scholarship on the colonial child and of child emigration in the British Empire has flourished in recent years, but the South Asian child migrant has not figured in these studies. Meanwhile, studies on global Indian migration in the British Empire are part of an exciting, growing field, but young people are rarely considered. This article discusses the rich and growing historiography on Indian overseas migration in the 19th and early 20th century and tries to locate the Indian child within it. It surveys work on indentured servitude, labour migration and elite travel and considers how the Indian child migrant can be located in historical works and archives. It argues that the historiography would benefit from an explicit thematisation and historicisation of the Indian child in topics such as ship voyages, child labour and education. In surveying this literature, this article argues that there is huge scope for historians of migration, childhood and empire to examine the experience of children who migrated out from the Indian subcontinent to offer deeper insight into social, economic and political change on a global scale and the Indian child migrant's relationship to shifting ideas of race, class, citizenship and nation in this period.
Clinicopathological characteristics and aetiological factors of granulomatous gastritis
Authors: Liang Yuanxin , Cui Shengjie , Polydorides Alexandros D
Published: July 2021

Aims

To examine the clinicopathological characteristics of granulomatous gastritis (GG) among different aetiologies, particularly Crohn disease (CD), and determine the contribution of Helicobacter pylori and the clinical significance of isolated GG.

Methods and results

We identified 269 GG cases overall (0.19% prevalence): 220 had an underlying granulomatous disease (CD, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis) and only eight of these (3.6%) had H. pylori, fewer than the 10.3% rate among non‐GG biopsies (P < 0.001). Conversely, among 49 GG cases without known cause (foreign body, undetermined, idiopathic), 13 (26.5%) had H. pylori more than background (P = 0.001). Most patients (n = 185/68.8%) had CD and these were more probably male (P < 0.001), younger (P < 0.001), white (P < 0.001) and had single (P = 0.010), smaller (P = 0.005) and antral (P = 0.027) granulomas amid inflammation (P = 0.005) compared to non‐CD GG cases; younger age was independently associated with CD [P = 0.003; odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–1.22]. Among CD patients, younger age (P = 0.003; OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01–1.07) and upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (P = 0.017; OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.18–5.43) were associated with new (versus established) diagnosis, whereas multiple gastric granulomas (P = 0.003; OR = 4.67, 95% CI = 1.67–13.04) and lack of upper GI symptoms (P < 0.001; OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 2.94–15.49) were associated with lower GI granulomas. Of 86 isolated GG cases (i.e. no prior diagnosis or lower GI granulomas), 51 (59.3%) were eventually diagnosed with CD, and this was independently associated with younger age (P = 0.014; OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.02–1.21) and upper GI symptoms (P = 0.033; OR = 19.27, 95% CI = 1.27–293.31). The positive predictive value of finding isolated GG towards a CD diagnosis in patients aged <30 years was 91%, increasing in males (93%), with single (94%), antral (97%) granulomas or upper GI symptoms (94%).

Conclusions

GG does not correlate with H. pylori in patients with granulomatous disease, but may be associated with the organism when such diagnosis is lacking. In CD patients with GG, younger age and upper GI symptoms are associated with a new CD diagnosis, whereas multiple gastric granulomas and lack of upper GI symptoms correlate with lower GI granulomas. GG, including in isolated cases with no prior clinical history or granuloma, probably signifies CD, particularly in younger, male patients or those with single, antral granulomas or upper GI symptoms.
To read or not to read: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour to food label use
Authors: Tian Yan , Yoo Jina H. , Zhou Hui
Published: July 2021

This study applies the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) with ability constructs integrated to investigating consumers’ food label use intentions. With a national sample of 662 U.S. adults, survey results suggest that food label users score higher in all the TPB predictors than food label non‐users. Furthermore, the study suggests that attitudes, descriptive norms, and nutrition literacy are significant predictors of food label use intentions for both label users and non‐users. Perceived behavioural control (PBC) and reading ability are significant predictors for label users but not non‐users. Nutrition literacy and reading ability moderate the effect of PBC on label users’ intention to continue using food labels. The study adds to earlier work on the application of TPB and the Motivation‐Opportunity‐Abilities model in consumer behaviours. In addition, our findings confirm the important role of nutrition literacy in health‐related choices and have practical implications for nutrition education and campaigns.
Mucocutaneous diseases in the combined antiretroviral therapy era: prevalence and spectrum in HIV seropositive children and adolescents in Durban, South Africa
Authors: Olomukoro Chikodili N. , Dlova Ncoza C. , Sibanda Wilbert , Chateau Antoinette V. , Archary Mohern , Mosam Anisa
Published: July 2021

Background

Mucocutaneous diseases (MCD) have been commonly described among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients before the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era. There is limited data on the frequency and type of MCD in the cART era in African children and adolescents. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and spectrum of MCD in South African children and adolescents seropositive for HIV on cART.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 310 participants aged 0–19 years attending a public sector ART clinic at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa, was conducted. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory information was obtained from the participants and hospital records. Participants were examined. Data were collated and analyzed with SPSS version 23.

Results

MCD were observed in 77.4% of HIV‐infected children. The prevalence was higher among males and adolescents above 16 years old (83.9%). Infectious skin disorders (44.7%) were less common than noninfectious dermatoses (55.3%). More common disorders encountered included generalized pruritus (32.6%), fungal infections (20.9%), and inflammatory (20.4%) and pigmentary (20.4%) skin disorders. Tinea capitis and pedis were the most prevalent fungal infections, while oral candidiasis (0.2%) was the least. Inflammatory skin disorders and dyschromia appeared to be more common than in the pre‐cART era.

Conclusions

While MCD are still common in HIV‐infected children and adolescents in the cART era, the pattern and types of disorders have changed to a predominance of non‐infectious dermatoses.
Referral and utilization of paediatric bariatric surgery in an academic freestanding children's hospital with dedicated paediatric bariatric programme
Authors: Ogle Sarah B. , Ressalam Julie , Baugh Christine M. , Campbell Eric G. , Kelsey Megan M. , Inge Thomas H.
Published: July 2021

Objective

This report estimates the percent of medically eligible adolescents who are referred for metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) evaluation or factors associated with referral.

Methods

This cross‐sectional retrospective review evaluated patients aged 13 to 18 years seen between 2017 and 2019 for demographics, insurance status, body mass index (BMI), obesity‐related comorbidities, and compared these data to patients whom had been referred and received MBS.

Results

Half of the patients (86 411/163137, 53%) between ages of 13 and 18 years identified had BMI documented, of which, 1974 (2.3%) were medically eligible for MBS, 238 (12%) were referred for MBS and 52 (22%) underwent MBS. Females had similar odds of being eligible for MBS [odds ratio (OR) = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92‐1.11, P = .9], but greater odds of referral (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.13‐2.23, P = .009). Independently, miniorities and patients with public insurance had higher odds of being eligible for MBS, but similar odds of being referred as non‐Hispanic white patients. Black patients with public insurance had greater odds of being referred for MBS (OR = 12.22, 95% CI 2.08‐235.15, P = .022). Patients' multiple comorbidities had greater odds of being referred for MBS (OR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.29‐3.68, P = .004).

Conclusions

Referral is barrier for patients medically eligible for MBS; however, this barrier is not uniformly faced by all patients.
Bayesian Models Applied to Cyber Security Anomaly Detection Problems
Authors: Perusquía José A. , Griffin Jim E. , Villa Cristiano
Published: July 2021

Cyber security is an important concern for all individuals, organisations and governments globally. Cyber attacks have become more sophisticated, frequent and dangerous than ever, and traditional anomaly detection methods have been proved to be less effective when dealing with these new classes of cyber threats. In order to address this, both classical and Bayesian models offer a valid and innovative alternative to the traditional signature‐based methods, motivating the increasing interest in statistical research that it has been observed in recent years. In this review, we provide a description of some typical cyber security challenges, typical types of data and statistical methods, paying special attention to Bayesian approaches for these problems.
Seed weight determination in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
Authors: Gómez María B. , Curti Ramiro N. , Bertero Héctor D.
Published: July 2021

Expansion into areas outside their centres of origin requires knowledge of quinoa's physiology and its response to the environment concerning the determination of seed yield and its numerical components to facilitate crop management and breeding. The objectives of the current work were to analyse the determination of seed weight (SW) of different quinoa genotypes adapted to temperate climates (Sea‐level type) under a wide range of growth conditions through: (a) the analysis of seed growth rate (SGR) and seed filling duration (SFD) variation, (b) the study of seed's water dynamics, and (c) the analysis of the effect of environmental conditions on SW components and water dynamics. For this, four genotypes were planted under four environments, as a result of the combination of sowing dates and growth conditions (field or greenhouse). Variation in SW was a result of a change in SGR (r2 = .66; p < .001) and not in SFD (r2 = .03; p = .45). Final SW was closely related to maximum seed water content (r2 = .84; p < .0001) achieved around the mid‐seed filling. In relation to climate variables, SWs showed a negative association with temperature in all genotypes. Of the SW components, SGR decreased with increases in temperature while SFD showed no association with it. Source–sink ratio during seed filling did not explain variation in SW, but the analysis of this relationship allowed us to identify the type of limitation experienced during seed filling in the different environments. From the perspective of improvement, breeding schemes should be focused on the increase of the source during seed filling (current or stored resources) in early sowings, and that in the sink (higher seed number) for late sowings.