bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell‐Free Expression of G Protein–Coupled Receptors
Authors: Segers Kenneth , Masure Stefan
Published: August 2015

The large‐scale production of recombinant G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) is one of the major bottlenecks that hamper functional and structural studies of this important class of integral membrane proteins. Heterologous overexpression of GPCRs often results in low yields of active protein, usually due to a combination of several factors, such as low expression levels, protein insolubility, host cell toxicity, and the need to use harsh and often denaturing detergents (e.g., SDS, LDAO, OG, and DDM, among others) to extract the recombinant receptor from the host cell membrane. Many of these problematic issues are inherently linked to cell‐based expression systems and can therefore be circumvented by the use of cell‐free systems. In this unit, we provide a range of protocols for the production of GPCRs in a cell‐free expression system. Using this system, we typically obtain GPCR expression levels of ∼1 mg per ml of reaction mixture in the continuous‐exchange configuration. Although the protocols in this unit have been optimized for the cell‐free expression of GPCRs, they should provide a good starting point for the production of other classes of membrane proteins, such as ion channels, aquaporins, carrier proteins, membrane‐bound enzymes, and even large molecular complexes. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection of Intracellular Cytokines by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Yin Yuzhi , Mitson‐Salazar Alyssa , Prussin Calman
Published: August 2015

Intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS), employing fluorescently labeled MAbs detected by flow cytometry, has emerged as the premier technique for studying cytokine expression at the single‐cell level. Advances in polychromatic flow cytometry have dramatically enhanced the sophistication of ICCS investigations. ICCS can simultaneously measure multiple cytokines within a single cell, allowing the detection of complex cytokine phenotypes. Additionally, cytokines can be measured with a variety of other analytes, including transcription factors, proliferation dilution dyes, activation markers, and viability dyes. This capability, combined with the high throughput inherent in the instrumentation, gives ICCS an enormous advantage over other single‐cell techniques such as ELISPOT, limiting dilution, and T cell cloning. The unit describes intracellular staining of cells that have already been stimulated in vitro and fixed. Methods for in vitro activation by PMA and ionomycin or antigens, fixation of cell suspensions, and cell surface staining are also described. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Models to Study NK Cell Biology and Possible Clinical Application
Authors: Zamora Anthony E. , Grossenbacher Steven K. , Aguilar Ethan G. , Murphy William J.
Published: August 2015

Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system, responsible for direct targeting and killing of both virally infected and transformed cells. NK cells rapidly recognize and respond to abnormal cells in the absence of prior sensitization due to their wide array of germline‐encoded inhibitory and activating receptors, which differs from the receptor diversity found in B and T lymphocytes that is due to the use of recombination‐activation gene (RAG) enzymes. Although NK cells have traditionally been described as natural killers that provide a first line of defense prior to the induction of adaptive immunity, a more complex view of NK cells is beginning to emerge, indicating they may also function in various immunoregulatory roles and have the capacity to shape adaptive immune responses. With the growing appreciation for the diverse functions of NK cells, and recent technological advancements that allow for a more in‐depth understanding of NK cell biology, we can now begin to explore new ways to manipulate NK cells to increase their clinical utility. In this overview unit, we introduce the reader to various aspects of NK cell biology by reviewing topics ranging from NK cell diversity and function, mouse models, and the roles of NK cells in health and disease, to potential clinical applications. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Merging the OSIRIS and SAGE II stratospheric aerosol records
Authors: Rieger L. A. , Bourassa A. E. , Degenstein D. A.
Published: August 2015

The Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System (OSIRIS) instrument on the Odin satellite, launched in 2001 and currently operational, measures limb‐scattered sunlight from which profiles of stratospheric aerosol extinction are retrieved. The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II was launched in 1984 and provided measurements of stratospheric aerosol extinction until mid‐2005. This provides approximately 4 years of mission overlap which has allowed us to consistently extend the SAGE II version 7.00 record to the present using OSIRIS aerosol extinction retrievals. In this work we first compare coincident aerosol extinction observations during the overlap period by interpolating the SAGE II 525nm and 1020nm channels to the OSIRIS extinction wavelength of 750nm. In the tropics to midlatitudes mean differences are typically less than 10%, although larger biases are seen at higher latitudes and at altitudes outside the main aerosol layer. OSIRIS aerosol extinction retrievals at 750nm are used to create a monthly time series zonally averaged in 5°bins and qualitatively compared to SAGE II 525nm observations averaged in the same way. The OSIRIS time series is then translated to 525nm with an Ângström exponent relation and bias corrected. For most locations, this provides agreement during the overlap time period to better than 15%. Uncertainty in the resulting OSIRIS time series is estimated through a series of simulation studies over the range of aerosol particle size distributions observed by in situ balloon instruments and is found to be approximately 20% for background and moderately volcanic aerosol loading conditions for the majority of OSIRIS measurement conditions.
In Situ Hybridization to Identify Gut Stem Cells
Authors: Gregorieff Alex , Clevers Hans
Published: August 2015

In recent years, considerable effort has been directed toward identifying the repertoire of genes specifically expressed in adult stem cells. In this unit, we describe an in situ hybridization protocol adapted for the analysis of gene expression in the intestinal mucosa. This methodology allows researchers to quickly visualize the expression profile of putative stem cell markers with a high degree of sensitivity and resolution. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Infant Rabbit Model for Diarrheal Diseases
Authors: Abel Sören , Waldor Matthew K.
Published: August 2015

Vibrio cholerae is the agent of cholera, a potentially lethal diarrheal disease that remains a significant threat to populations in developing nations. The infant rabbit model of cholera is the only non‐surgical small animal model system that closely mimics human cholera. Following orogastric inoculation, V. cholerae colonizes the intestines of infant rabbits, and the animals develop severe cholera‐like diarrhea. In this unit, we provide a detailed description of the preparation of the V. cholerae inoculum, the inoculation process and the collection and processing of tissue samples. This infection model is useful for studies of V. cholerae factors and mechanisms that promote its intestinal colonization and enterotoxicity, as well as the host response to infection. The infant rabbit model of cholera enables investigations that will further our understanding of the pathophysiology of cholera and provides a platform for testing new therapeutics. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Production of Furin‐Cleaved Papillomavirus Pseudovirions and Their Use for In Vitro Neutralization Assays of L1‐ or L2‐Specific Antibodies
Authors: Wang Joshua W. , Matsui Ken , Pan Yuanji , Kwak Kihyuck , Peng Shiwen , Kemp Troy , Pinto Ligia , Roden Richard B.S.
Published: August 2015

Immunization with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) L1 virus‐like particles or L2 capsid protein elicits neutralizing antibodies that mediate protection. A high‐throughput and sensitive in vitro neutralization assay is therefore valuable for prophylactic HPV vaccine studies. Over several hours during infection of the genital tract, virions take on a distinct intermediate conformation, including a required furin cleavage of L2 at its N‐terminus. This intermediate is an important target for neutralization by L2‐specific antibody, but it is very transiently exposed during in vitro infection of most cell lines resulting in insensitive measurement for L2, but not L1‐specific neutralizing antibodies. To model this intermediate, we describe a protocol to generate furin‐cleaved HPV pseudovirions (fc‐PsV), which deliver an encapsidated reporter plasmid to facilitate infectivity measurements. We also describe a protocol for use of fc‐PsV in a high‐throughput in vitro neutralization assay for the sensitive measurement of both L1 and L2‐specific neutralizing antibodies. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection and Isolation of Epichloë Species, Fungal Endophytes of Grasses
Authors: Florea Simona , Schardl Christopher L. , Hollin Walter
Published: August 2015

Epichloë species (including former Neotyphodium species) are endophytic fungi that significantly affect fitness of cool‐season grass hosts, potentially by increasing nutrient uptake and resistance to drought, parasitism and herbivory. Epichloë species are obligately biotrophic, living in the intercellular spaces of their plant hosts, and spreading systemically throughout host aerial tissues. The reproduction of Epichloë species is versatile; some strains have both sexual and asexual modes of reproduction, but others are restricted to one or the other mode. The reproduction mode determines the dissemination mechanism, and the asexual species most important to agriculture are strictly seed‐borne, cause no signs or symptoms, and are undetectable except by specialized microscopic, molecular or antigenic procedures. These procedures can be used to identify endophytes in a variety of plant tissues. Similar protocols can be modified to detect less common symbionts, such as the penicillate “p‐endophytes,” when they occur by themselves or together with Epichloë species. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Qualitative Study Exploring the Meaning of Knee Symptoms to Adults Ages 35–65 Years
Authors: MacKay Crystal , Sale Joanna , Badley Elizabeth M. , Jaglal Susan B. , Davis Aileen M.
Published: August 2015

Objective

While osteoarthritis (OA) has mainly been viewed as a disease affecting older people, its prevalence in younger adults is substantial. However, there is limited research on how younger adults understand knee symptoms. This article explores the meaning of knee symptoms to adults ages 35–65 years.

Methods

This qualitative study comprised 6 focus groups and 10 one‐on‐one interviews with 51 participants (median age 49, 61% female), who self‐reported knee OA or reported knee symptoms (i.e., pain, aching, or stiffness) on most days of the past month. Constructivist grounded theory guided the sampling, data collection, and analysis. Data were analyzed using a constant comparative method.

Results

Central to participants’ understanding of knee symptoms was the perception that symptoms were preventable, meaning that there was the potential to prevent the onset of symptoms and to alter the course of symptoms. This understanding was demonstrated in participants’ explanation of symptoms. Participants commented on the cause, prevention, and course of symptoms. Moreover, participants reflected on their experience with symptoms, indicating that symptoms made them feel older than their current age. However, they did not perceive their symptoms as normal or acceptable.

Conclusion

Participants interpreted knee symptoms as potentially preventable, suggesting that they may be open to primary and secondary prevention strategies.
Effectiveness of Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Decreasing Fatigue in Adults With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review
Authors: del Pino‐Sedeño Tasmania , Trujillo‐Martín María M. , Ruiz‐Irastorza Guillermo , Cuellar‐Pompa Leticia , de Pascual‐Medina Ana M. , Serrano‐Aguilar Pedro ,   The Spanish Systemic Lupus Erythematosus CPG Development Group
Published: August 2015

Objective

Survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has significantly improved over the past decades. As SLE patients live longer they inevitably experience a range of clinical manifestations and somatic symptoms. Quality of life may also be impacted through a range of subjective indicators. Among these parameters, fatigue is the most prevalent complaint. Nonpharmacologic strategies seem regularly utilized for fatigue management in SLE; however, their real effects are not known.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic interventions to reduce fatigue in SLE patients. Medline/PreMedline, Embase, PsycINFO, SCI‐EXPANDED, Social Sciences Citation Index, and the Cochrane Library were searched (June 2014). Studies were included and assessed for quality if they fulfilled prespecified criteria.

Results

A total of 12 studies were finally included (n = 549): 7 randomized trials, 1 nonrandomized trial, and 4 prospective observational studies. They assessed 5 main intervention categories: exercise, behavioral and psychological approaches, diets, acupuncture, and phototherapy. All interventions produced reductions in fatigue, as measured using at least 1 instrument. Aerobic exercise was found to be effective and suitable for reducing fatigue, but results were not always consistent across instruments used. The diversity of psychological interventions limits the significance of the results; however, data point to a positive impact on fatigue. There are still few data on the effect of acupuncture, diets, and ultraviolet A radiation.

Conclusion

Studies are few and heterogeneous; however, nonpharmacologic interventions applied to SLE patients can be effective in reducing fatigue.
Investigations of Potential Phenotypes of Foot Osteoarthritis: Cross‐Sectional Analysis From the Clinical Assessment Study of the Foot
Authors: Rathod Trishna , Marshall Michelle , Thomas Martin J. , Menz Hylton B. , Myers Helen L. , Thomas Elaine , Downes Thomas , Peat George , Roddy Edward
Published: August 2015

Objective

To investigate the existence of distinct foot osteoarthritis (OA) phenotypes based on pattern of joint involvement and comparative symptom and risk profiles.

Methods

Participants ages ≥50 years reporting foot pain in the previous year were drawn from a population‐based cohort. Radiographs were scored for OA in the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, first and second cuneometatarsal, navicular first cuneiform, and talonavicular joints according to a published atlas. Chi‐square tests established clustering, and odds ratios (ORs) examined symmetry and pairwise associations of radiographic OA in the feet. Distinct underlying classes of foot OA were investigated by latent class analysis (LCA) and their association with symptoms and risk factors was assessed.

Results

In 533 participants (mean age 64.9 years, 55.9% female) radiographic OA clustered across both feet (P < 0.001) and was highly symmetrical (adjusted OR 3.0, 95% confidence interval 2.1, 4.2). LCA identified 3 distinct classes of foot OA: no or minimal foot OA (64%), isolated first MTP joint OA (22%), and polyarticular foot OA (15%). After adjustment for age and sex, polyarticular foot OA was associated with nodal OA, increased body mass index, and more pain and functional limitation compared to the other classes.

Conclusion

Patterning of radiographic foot OA has provided insight into the existence of 2 forms of foot OA: isolated first MTP joint OA and polyarticular foot OA. The symptom and risk factor profiles in individuals with polyarticular foot OA indicate a possible distinctive phenotype of foot OA, but further research is needed to explore the characteristics of isolated first MTP joint and polyarticular foot OA.
Evaluating Adherence to a Treat‐to‐Target Protocol in Recent‐Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis: Reasons for Compliance and Hesitation
Authors: Markusse I. M. , Dirven L. , Han K. H. , Ronday H. K. , de Sonnaville P. B. J. , Kerstens P. J. S. M. , Lems W. F. , Huizinga T. W. J. , Allaart C. F.
Published: August 2015

Objective

To evaluate rheumatologists’ adherence to a low Disease Activity Score (DAS)–steered treat‐to‐target (T2T) strategy in treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to assess associated conditions.

Methods

Data of the BeSt study were used, a multicenter T2T strategy trial with 10‐year followup. During 3 monthly visits, the physician answered questions about satisfaction with level of RA suppression, agreement with the study protocol, and agreement with the DAS. Associations between the answers and nonadherence were evaluated.

Results

Protocol adherence decreased over time from 100% to 60% per visit, with an average over time of 79%. Rheumatologists mostly agreed with the DAS (80–90% of visits over time) and were satisfied with the treatment steps (75–90%) and with the level of RA suppression (85–90%). The odds for protocol violation were higher when the rheumatologist disagreed with the DAS (odds ratio [OR] 2.3, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.0–2.7 when they thought the DAS overestimated actual disease activity; OR 2.5, 95% CI 2.0–3.1 when they thought the DAS underestimated actual disease activity) or with the next required treatment step (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.5–3.5), and when the physician was dissatisfied with disease suppression (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6).

Conclusion

Rheumatologists generally agreed with and followed a 10‐year followup DAS‐steered T2T strategy. Disagreement with the DAS or the required treatment and dissatisfaction with the level of disease suppression were risk factors for nonadherence. These results indicate the feasibility of continued protocol‐driven T2T therapy. For daily practice, adherence to T2T therapy might be improved by adopting the structure components of a clinical trial.
Optimization of Analgesics for Greater Exercise Therapy Participation Among Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis and Severe Pain: A Feasibility Study
Authors: van Tunen Joyce A. C. , van der Leeden Marike , Bos Wouter H. , Cheung John , van der Esch Martin , Gerritsen Martijn , Peter Wilfred F. , Roorda Leo D. , Tijhuis Gerard J. , Voorneman Ramon E. , Lems Willem F. , Dekker Joost
Published: August 2015

Objective

Severe pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) hampers the ability to exercise. A protocol for the standardized optimization of analgesics in combination with exercise therapy was developed. The purpose of this protocol was to reduce pain, thereby allowing the patient to participate in exercise therapy. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and outcome of the protocol.

Methods

Forty‐nine patients with knee OA and severe knee pain (numerical rating scale for pain ≥7) were included. Analgesics were prescribed following an incremental protocol. After 6 weeks, a 12‐week exercise therapy program was added. Information about analgesic use and exercise therapy content was recorded. Knee pain and activity limitations were assessed at baseline, after 6 weeks, and after 18 weeks.

Results

Statistically significant improvements in pain and activity limitations were found in intent‐to‐treat analysis after 6 weeks of analgesic use and after the intervention was completed. Mean improvements from baseline were 30% (P < 0.001) for pain and 17% (P < 0.001) for activity limitations after the intervention was completed. Seventy‐eight percent of the patients were able to exercise according to the protocol. In these patients, exercise therapy following 6 weeks of analgesic use resulted in a further improvement of activity limitations of 10% (P = 0.004).

Conclusion

The combined intervention of standardized analgesic prescription and exercise therapy allows most patients with knee OA and severe pain to participate in exercise therapy, leading to reduction of pain and activity limitations. These promising results need to be confirmed in a randomized controlled trial.
Utility and Associated Risk of Pulmonary Embolism Computed Tomography Scans in the Michigan Lupus Cohort
Authors: Kado Ruba , Siegwald Emily , Lewis Emily , Goodsitt Mitchell M. , Christodoulou Emmanuel , Kazerooni Ella , McCune W. Joseph
Published: August 2015

Objective

Systemic lupus erythematosus patients are frequently evaluated for chest pain and may have multiple pulmonary embolism (PE) computed tomography (CT) scans. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of pulmonary embolism in the University of Michigan Lupus Cohort patients who have undergone PE CT scans and to estimate the associated increased risk of breast and lung cancer from radiation exposure.

Methods

We reviewed records of patients in the University of Michigan Lupus Cohort (n = 854) and determined the number and outcome of PE CT scans. Radimetrics software was used to perform individualized calculations of radiation dose to the lung and breast of each patient. We used this dose information, the patient's age at the time of scan, and risks according to the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, report VII, to estimate the increased incidence risks of breast and lung cancer.

Results

A total of 182 of 856 patients (21%) underwent 357 PE CT scans. The overall rate of positivity was 7.5%. For patients undergoing their first through third scans, the rate of positivity for PE was 8.8%, whereas patients undergoing their fourth through tenth scans had 1.6% positivity. The highest increase in incidence risk was 0.87% for breast and 0.62% for lung.

Conclusion

Patients with multiple previous PE CT scans had lower likelihood of a positive result on subsequent scans and higher risks of malignancy. The magnitude of risk should not discourage performance of PE CT when clinically indicated.
Incidence of End‐Stage Renal Disease Among Newly Diagnosed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: The Georgia Lupus Registry
Authors: Plantinga Laura , Lim S. Sam , Patzer Rachel , McClellan William , Kramer Michael , Klein Mitchel , Pastan Stephen , Gordon Caroline , Helmick Charles , Drenkard Cristina
Published: August 2015

Objective

To estimate and identify factors associated with the incidence of all‐cause end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) among newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.

Methods

Data from a national registry of treated ESRD were linked to data from a lupus registry of SLE patients who were newly diagnosed and living in Atlanta, Georgia, 2002–2004 (median followup 7.8 years). Cumulative incidence and incidence rates (ESRD treatment initiations per 1,000 patient‐years) were calculated, and age‐ and race‐adjusted Poisson models were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs).

Results

Among 344 newly diagnosed SLE patients, 29 initiated ESRD treatment over 2,603.8 years of followup. Incidence rates were 13.8 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 9.4–20.3) among black patients and 3.3 (95% CI 0.8–13.0) among white patients, per 1,000 patient‐years; corresponding 5‐year cumulative incidence was 6.4% and 2.5% among black and white patients, respectively. Lupus nephritis documented prior to 2005, which occurred in 80% of those who progressed to ESRD, was the strongest risk factor for incident ESRD (IRR 6.7 [95% CI 2.7–16.8]; incidence rate 27.6 per 1,000 patient‐years). Results suggested that patients who were black versus white (IRR 3.9 [95% CI 0.9–16.4]) or <18 years old (versus ≥30 years old) at diagnosis (IRR 2.1 [95% CI 0.9–5.3]) may be more likely to progress to ESRD, but incidence did not differ by sex or other characteristics.

Conclusion

The incidence of all‐cause ESRD among patients with a recent diagnosis of SLE is high in Georgia. Interventions to decrease ESRD incidence among newly diagnosed SLE patients should target young and black patients, as well as patients with lupus nephritis.
Reconstruction‐based interval observer dedicated to fault detection: Application to a throttle valve
Authors: Letellier C. , Chafouk H. , Hoblos G.
Published: August 2015

Model‐based fault detection is a very wide field of research. Sometimes, uncertainties within the model create deviations affecting fault detection. Several methods have been developed in order to overcome this problem. In this paper, a very well‐suited observer for uncertain fault detection, called set‐valued observer is investigated. However, this observer needs all the sensors to work properly. Other works have focused on the well‐known Luenberger observer applied to uncertain systems, but this architecture has its own limitation. Indeed, the recursivity of the algorithm induces the wrapping effect. Here an approach coupling the Luenberger observer with the set‐valued observer is proposed in order to reconstruct the state sets without divergence. The proposed observer is implemented for the purpose of fault detection on a throttle valve. The nonlinearities of the uncertain system induce a loss of information and require the use of a time‐consuming subpaving method. To overcome this problem, the multimodel approach is used to obtain several linear models. In this paper, different types of faults will be addressed: actuator, system, and sensor faults. The proposed observer is implemented and computed on a real‐time benchmark. The results obtained are encouraging and bring to light areas for future work. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thin‐Sheet Carbon Nanomesh with an Excellent Electrocapacitive Performance
Authors: Wang Huanjing , Zhi Lei , Liu Kaiqiang , Dang Liqin , Liu Zonghuai , Lei Zhibin , Yu Chang , Qiu Jieshan
Published: August 2015

A facile yet effective chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to prepare carbon nanomesh (CNM) with MgAl‐layered double oxides (LDO) as sacrificial template and ferrocene as carbon precursor is reported. Due to the combined effect of the LDO template and organometallic precursor, the as‐made hexagonal thin‐sheet CNM features a hierarchical pore system consisting of micropores and small mesopores with a size range of 1–6 nm, and a great number of random large mesopores with a pore size of 10–50 nm. The density, geometry, and size of the pores are strongly dependent on the CVD time and the annealing conditions. As supercapacitor electrode, the CNM exhibits an enhanced capacitance, high rate capability, and outstanding cycling performance with a much‐shortened time constant. The excellent capacitive performance is due to the presence of the large mesopores in the 2D CNM, which not only offer additional ion channels to accelerate the diffusion rate across the thin sheets but also help to make efficient use of the oxygen functional groups at the edges of large mesopores to increase the pseudocapacitance contribution.
Large Upconversion Enhancement in the “Islands” Au–Ag Alloy/NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+/Er3+ Composite Films, and Fingerprint Identification
Authors: Chen Xu , Xu Wen , Zhang Lihang , Bai Xue , Cui Shaobo , Zhou Donglei , Yin Ze , Song Hongwei , Kim Dong‐Hwan
Published: August 2015

The surface plasmon (SP) modulation is a promised way to highly improve the strength of upconversion luminescence (UCL) and expand its applications. In this work, the “islands” Au–Ag alloy film is prepared by an organic removal template method and explored to improve the UCL of NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+/Er3+. After the optimization of Au–Ag molar ratio (Au1.25–Ag0.625) and the size of NaYF4 nanoparticles (NPs, ≈7 nm), an optimum enhancement as high as 180 folds is obtained (by reflection measurement) for the overall UCL intensity of Tm3+. Systematic studies indicate that the UCL enhancement factor (EF) increases with the increased size of metal NPs and the increase of diffuse reflection, with the decreased size of NaYF4 NPs, with the decreased power density of excitation light and with improving order of multiphoton populating. The total decay rate varies only ranging of about 20% while EF changes significantly. All the facts above indicate that the UCL enhancement mainly originates from coupling of SP with the excitation electromagnetic field. Furthermore, the fingerprint identification based on SP‐enhanced UCL is realized in the metal/UC system, which provides a novel insight for the application of the metal/UC device.
Formation of Yolk‐Shelled Ni–Co Mixed Oxide Nanoprisms with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance for Hybrid Supercapacitors and Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Yu Le , Guan Buyuan , Xiao Wei , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: August 2015

Yolk‐shelled particles with tailored physical and chemical properties are attractive for electrochemical energy storage. Starting with metal acetate hydroxide with tetragonal prism‐like shapes, yolk‐shelled Ni–Co mixed oxide nanoprisms with tunable composition have been prepared by simple thermal annealing in air. It is found that the yolk‐shelled structure is formed due to the fast thermally driven contraction process. With the favorable porous structure and composition, these yolk‐shelled Ni–Co oxide particles manifest greatly enhanced electrochemical properties when evaluated as electrodes for both hybrid supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries. In particular, the resultant Ni0.37Co oxide sample delivers very high specific capacitance of over 1000 F g−1 at a current density of 10 A g−1 with remarkably high capacitance retention of 98% after 15 000 cycles.
5p deletions: Current knowledge and future directions
Authors: Nguyen Joanne M. , Qualmann Krista J. , Okashah Rebecca , Reilly AmySue , Alexeyev Mikhail F. , Campbell Dennis J.
Published: August 2015

Disorders resulting from 5p deletions (5p−) were first recognized by Lejeune et al. in 1963 [Lejeune et al. (1963); C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 257:3098–3102]. 5p− is caused by partial or total deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. The most recognizable phenotype is characterized by a high‐pitched cry, dysmorphic features, poor growth, and developmental delay. This report reviews 5p− disorders and their molecular basis. Hemizygosity for genes located within this region have been implicated in contributing to the phenotype. A review of the genes on 5p which may be dosage sensitive is summarized. Because of the growing knowledge of these specific genes, future directions to explore potential targeted therapies for individuals with 5p− are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Consequences of chromsome18q deletions
Authors: Cody Jannine D. , Sebold Courtney , Heard Patricia , Carter Erika , Soileau Bridgette , Hasi‐Zogaj Minire , Hill Annice , Rupert David , Perry Brian , O'Donnell Louise , Gelfond Jon , Lancaster Jack , Fox Peter T. , Hale Daniel E.
Published: August 2015

Providing clinically relevant prognoses and treatment information for people with a chromsome18q deletion is particularly challenging because every unrelated person has a unique region of hemizygosity. The hemizygous region can involve almost any region of 18q including between 1 and 101 genes (30 Mb of DNA). Most individuals have terminal deletions, but in our cohort of over 350 individuals 23% have interstitial deletions. Because of this heterogeneity, we take a gene by gene approach to understanding the clinical consequences. There are 196 genes on 18q. We classified 133 of them as dosage insensitive, 15 (8%) as dosage sensitive leading to haploinsufficiency while another 10 (5%) have effects that are conditionally haploinsufficient and are dependent on another factor, genetic or environmental in order to cause an abnormal phenotype. Thirty‐seven genes (19%) have insufficient information to classify their dosage effect. Phenotypes attributed to single genes include: congenital heart disease, minor bone morphology changes, central nervous system dysmyelination, expressive speech delay, vesicouretreral reflux, polyposis, Pitt‐Hopkins syndrome, intellectual disability, executive function impairment, male infertility, aural atresia, and high frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Additionally, identified critical regions for other phenotypes include: adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and pectus excavatum, Virchow‐Robin perivascular spaces, small corpus callosum, strabismus, atopic disorders, mood disorder, IgA deficiency, nystagmus, congenital heart disease, kidney malformation, vertical talus, CNS dysmyelination growth hormone deficiency and cleft palate. Together these findings make it increasingly feasible to compile an individualized syndrome description based on each person's individuated genotype. Future work will focus on understanding molecular mechanisms leading to treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Syntheses of Tetrahydrobenzodiazepines via SN2‐Type Ring‐Opening of Activated Aziridines with 2‐Bromobenzylamine Followed by Copper‐Powder‐Mediated C−N Bond Formation
Authors: Ghorai Manas K. , Shahi Chandan Kumar , Bhattacharyya Aditya , Sayyad Masthanvali , Mal Abhijit , Wani Imtiyaz Ahmad , Chauhan Navya
Published: August 2015

A synthetic route to 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydrobenzodiazepines has been devised through an SN2‐type ring‐opening of N‐activated aziridines with 2‐bromobenzylamine followed by an intramolecular cyclization through Cu‐powder‐mediated C−N bond formation. This operationally simple and extremely stereospecific ring‐opening‐cyclization approach is very efficient for the synthesis of a diverse array of the desired benzodiazepine derivatives in excellent yields of up to 94 % and enantiomeric excess of up to >99 %.
Degradation and biodegradation of polyethylene with pro‐oxidant aditives under compost conditions establishing relationships between physicochemical and rheological parameters
Authors: Roé‐Sosa Adriana , Estrada Mirna R. , Calderas Fausto , Sánchez-Arévalo Francisco , Manero Octavio , de Velasquez María Teresa Orta L.
Published: August 2015

In the present work, an analysis is carried out to provide a relationship between the Molecular Weight (Mw) of degraded LDPE films (containing Mn stearate as pro oxidant (MnSt‐LDPE) and changes in viscosity, elongation at break (EB %) and carbonyl index (CI) occurring during thermal degradation in the thermophilic phase of the compost process. The thermal treatment comprised various temperatures (50°C, 60°C, and 70°C) and exposure times, and was characterized through a so‐called Energy‐Time Factor (the product of thermal energy and exposure time). Changes in viscosity, EB %, and CI were correlated to this factor. A modified Mark‐Houwink equation was used to relate the zero shear‐rate viscosity and Mw of the degraded LDPE films. Results indicate that the EB %, Mw and viscosity decrease simultaneously with an increase in the CI as the Energy‐Time Factor augments, allowing the assessment of the variation of these properties with Mw. Calculations of the percentage abiotic degradation (%D) of LDPE films indicate that a Mw of 6 kg mol−1 corresponds to a maximum abiotic degradation degree of 91.85%, which is henceforth susceptible to biodegradation. The film treated with Energy‐Time Factor of 2.79E+09 J s mol−1 reached a 74% of biodegradation in 90 days (average time of the composting process). Results exhibit clearly the correlation between abiotic and biotic degradation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42721.
A new approach for breeding low‐temperature‐resistant Volvariella volvacea strains: Genome shuffling in edible fungi
Authors: Zhu Ziping , Wu Xiao , Lv Beibei , Wu Guogan , Wang Jinbin , Jiang Wei , Li Peng , He Jianhua , Chen Jianzhong , Chen Mingjie , Bao Dapeng , Zhang Jinsong , Tan Qi , Tang Xueming
Published: August 2015

Volvariella volvacea is difficult to store fresh because of the lack of low‐temperature resistance. Many traditional mutagenic strategies have been applied in order to select out strains resistant to low temperature, but few commercially efficient strains have been produced. In order to break through the bottleneck of traditional breeding and significantly improve low‐temperature resistance of the edible fungus V. volvacea, strains resistant to low temperature were constructed by genome shuffling. The optimum conditions of V. volvacea strain mutation, protoplast regeneration, and fusion were determined. After protoplasts were treated with 1% (v/v) ethylmethylsulfonate (EMS), 40 Sec of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, 600 Gy electron beam implantation, and 750 Gy60Co‐γ irradiation, separately, the lethality was within 70%–80%, which favored generating protoplasts being used in following forward mutation. Under these conditions, 16 strains of V. volvacea mutated by EMS, electron beam, UV irradiation, and 60Co‐γ irradiation were obtained. The 16 mutated protoplasts were selected to serve as the shuffling pool based on their excellent low‐temperature resistance. After four rounds of genome shuffling and low‐temperature resistance testing, three strains (VF1, VF2, and VF3) with high genetic stability were screened. VF1, VF2, and VF3 significantly enhanced fruit body shelf life to 20, 28, and 28 H at 10 °C, respectively, which exceeded 25%, 75%, and 75%, respectively, compared with the storage time of V23, the most low‐temperature‐resistant strain. Genome shuffling greatly improved the low‐temperature resistance of V. volvacea, and shortened the course of screening required to generate desirable strains. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to apply genome shuffling to breeding new varieties of mushroom, and offers a new approach for breeding edible fungi with optimized phenotype.
Vector promoters used in Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Zhu Chengqian , Lin Jie , Li Jingkang , Fu Shuilin , Gong Heng
Published: August 2015

Much effort has been devoted to the metabolic engineering of Klebsiella pneumoniae; however, our knowledge of the actual expression level of promoters used in K. pneumoniae is limited. In this study, the expression levels of three promoters were compared systematically by using the lacZ reporter gene with different carbon sources in K. pneumoniae. The results showed that, although promoters PT5 and Ptac designed for Escherichia coli were functional, PT5 appeared more efficient and the induction/repression ratio of Ptac was decreased extremely in K. pneumoniae. The basal level of Ptac for lacZ expression reached 396.5 U/mg, which was 9.5‐fold higher compared with PT5 in LB medium, indicating Ptac can be used as an efficient “constitutive” promoter as well as an efficient induced promoter in K. pneumoniae. In different carbon sources medium, a newly constructed endogenous constitutive Pbud proved to be a stable and weak promoter. On the basis of our data, a set of Pbud and Ptac promoters could meet the broad range (about 1,000 orders of magnitude) of gene expression needed for engineered K. pneumoniae in glycerol‐based medium.
Cloning and functional characterization of an isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene from Tripterygium wilfordii
Authors: Tong Yuru , Zhang Meng , Su Ping , Zhao Yujun , Wang Xiujuan , Zhang Xianan , Gao Wei , Huang Luqi
Published: August 2015

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F. is one of the most valuable medicinal plants because it contains a large variety of active terpenoid compounds, including triptolide, celastrol, and wilforlide. All of the pharmacologically active secondary metabolites are synthesized from the 2‐C‐methyl‐d‐erythritol 4‐phosphate and mevalonate pathway in the isoprenoid biosynthetic system. The key step in this pathway is the isomerization of dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, which is catalyzed by isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPI). In the present study, a full‐length cDNA encoding IPI (designate as TwIPI, GenBank accession no.KT279355) was cloned from a suspension of cultured cells from T. wilfordii. The full‐length cDNA of TwIPI was 1,564 bp and encoded a polypeptide of 288 amino acids. The bioinformatics analysis showed that the deduced TwIPI sequence contained the TNTCCSHPL and WGEHELDY motif. The transcription level of the TwIPI in the suspension cells increased almost fivefold after treatment with methyl jasmonate as an elicitor. A functional color assay in Escherichia coli indicated that TwIPI could promote the accumulation of lycopene and encoded a functional protein.
Normen für den konstruktiven Wasserbau
Authors: Zeisler Gunnar , Kunz Claus
Published: August 2015

Aus dem DIN‐Normenausschuss Wasserwesen (NAW), hier Fachbereich Wasserbau (NA 119‐02 FB), werden Normen für den konstruktiven Wasserbau kurz dargestellt, die jüngst überarbeitet wurden sowie die sich derzeit in der Überarbeitung befinden. In einem Ausblick werden weitere Normen benannt, die zeitnah überarbeitet werden sollen. Der Fachbereich wird hierzu voraussichtlich in den einschlägigen Fachzeitschriften Aufrufe zur Mitarbeit lancieren.

Standards for structural civil engineering hydraulics

From the Department of Hydraulic Engineering NA 119‐02 FB, belonging to the Water Practice Standards Committee (NAW) within the DIN German Institute for Standardization, standards for the hydraulic engineering are presented briefly. There are standards which were recently revised and are currently in the revision. In an outlook some other standards are mentioned which are going to be revised in a timely manner. The department is expected to launch its calls for cooperation in the relevant journals.
Integriertes Rheinprogramm – Einlassbauwerk zum Hochwasserschutz
Authors: Schadwinkel Werner , Sandmann Bernhard , Lonsdorfer Bernhard
Published: August 2015

Im vorliegenden Bericht wird auf wesentliche Details der Planung eines neuen Einlassbauwerks für einen Hochwasserrückhalteraum im Bereich des aufgestauten Rheins und das Zusammenwirken von Wasserbau‐, Tragwerksplanern und Bodenmechanikern eingegangen. Die besondere Lage des Bauwerks stellt hohe Anforderungen an die Hochwassersicherheit, die Sicherheit der Baugrube im durch Wasserdruck belasteten Damm bis hin zur sicheren Energieumwandlung unterstrom des Bauwerks. Weiterhin wird ein Fischaufstieg in das Bauwerk integriert. Das Bauwerk wird zurzeit erstellt.

The Integrated Rhine Program structure for a flood retention basin

This report deals with the essential planning details of a new intake structure for a flood retention basin in the regulated area of the Rhine, as well as with the collaboration between hydraulic, structural and soil engineers. The particular position of the structure places high demands on various factors, ranging from flood safety , the safety of the excavation pit in the dam, which is also under strain from the pressure of the water, right up to safe energy conversion downstream from the structure. The structure is currently under construction and a fish pass is also being incorporated in it.
Ein Konzept für Teilsicherheitsbeiwerte für bestehende Wasserbauwerke
Authors: Kunz Claus
Published: August 2015

Wasserbauwerke sind langlebige Infrastrukturanlagen, die zu einem gewissen Grad ein hohes Risikopotenzial aufweisen. Wasserbauwerke des Verkehrswasserbaus in Deutschland, wie z. B. Wehranlagen und Schleusen, haben ein durchschnittliches Alter von etwa 70 Jahren, etwa 25 % dieser Bauwerke haben bereits ihre theoretische Lebensdauer von 100 Jahren überschritten. Bei Schäden oder bei Umnutzungen, ggf. aber auch bei Erkenntnisgewinnen, z. B. in Normenfortschreibungen, werden bestehende Bauwerke im Rahmen einer statischen Überprüfung bewertet. Dies ist nicht mit den Standards, die oft nur für neue Bauwerke entwickelt wurden, wie z. B. den vorliegenden Eurocodes, möglich. Die Anwendung dieser Normen für neue Bauwerke führt zu einer konzeptionellen Alterung, bei der die Tragfähigkeit zum Teil rechnerisch nicht mehr gegeben ist, was häufig jedoch nicht der Realität zu entsprechen scheint. Für die statische Bewertung von massiven Wasserbauwerken wurde ein Konzept für Teilsicherheitsbeiwerte entwickelt, das über Zuverlässigkeitsüberlegungen, über die Betrachtung der Restnutzungsdauer sowie über die Berücksichtigung überprüfter Basisvariablen von Einwirkungen und Widerständen nach detaillierter Vor‐Ort‐Bestandsaufnahme das Teilsicherheitskonzept der Eurocodes modifiziert. Die normativ gewünschte Gesamt‐Zuverlässigkeit wird dabei über eine Restnutzungsdauer des bestehenden Wasserbauwerks aufrecht erhalten.

Partial safety factors for existing hydraulic structures

Hydraulic structures are long‐living infrastructure assets which have to some extent a high risk potential. Waterway structures in Germany have an average lifespan of about 70 years, about 25 % of the structures have already passed their theoretical service life of 100 years. By aging and degradation, by changing of environmental conditions over time, but also by changes of safety concepts and proof formats in codes existing structures must be evaluated within a static verifications. This is not possible with standards which often have been usually designed only for new structures like the present Eurocodes. The application of these ”new structure" standards leads to a conceptional aging, where often the bearing capacity is not given by computational figures. However this does not correspond to the reality. In addition, limited resources prohibit to meet the safety standard ever for new structures during a cycle of use, and thus to negate the aging.

A concept for the verification of massive hydraulic structures had been developed, where reliability considerations, the remaining lifetime and the possible modification of basic variables on the action and resistance side after some detailed on‐site inventory are comprised and which lead to modified partial safety factors for the use in a semi‐probabilistic design concept. For the existing structures the originally required overall reliability level given by the relevant codes is kept up during the remaining lifetime.
Von den Entwurfsgrundsätzen für Tiefgaragen‐Bodenplatten zur dauerhaften Ausführung
Authors: Dauberschmidt Christoph , Vestner Stephan
Published: August 2015

Bei der Planung von Tiefgaragen‐Bodenplatten muss infolge der starken Chlorideinwirkung ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Dauerhaftigkeit der Konstruktion gelegt werden. Dabei ist auf eine ausreichend hohe Betondeckung mit einem möglichst chloriddichten Beton zu achten, bzw. ein Oberflächenschutzsystem ist aufzubringen. Weiterhin sind Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, dass in Risse keine Chloride eindringen. Diese Prinzipien sind in den vorhandenen Regelwerken vorgegeben. Im Entwurf des neuen DBV‐Merkblattes werden darüber hinausgehend Entwurfsgrundsätze vorgegeben, aus denen sich dann Ausführungsvarianten ableiten lassen. Für die Umsetzung der Entwurfsgrundsätze bei der Ausführung von Tiefgaragen‐Bodenplatten werden drei Beispiele aufgezeigt.

From the design principles for RC‐ground slabs in underground car parks to the durable execution

Planning of underground floor slabs, special attention must be paid on the durability of the construction as a result of the severe chloride exposure. This durability has to be ensured by a thick concrete cover with a chloride dense concrete or by the application of a surface protection system. Further measures have to be taken to prevent chlorides to penetrate into cracks. These measures are specified within the existing rules and regulations. In the design of new DBV Guide to Good Practise, Design Principles are provided, from which construction alternatives can be derived. For the implementation of the Design Principles at the construction of underground floor slabs three examples are given.