bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow analysis of particulate suspension on an asymmetric peristaltic motion in a curved configuration with heat and mass transfer
Authors: Zeeshan Ahmed , Ijaz Nouman , Bhatti Muhammad Mubashir
Published: October 2018

This article addresses the influence of particulate-fluid suspension on asymmetric peristaltic motion through a curved configuration with mass and heat transfer. A motivation for the current study is that such kind of theory is helpful to examine the two-phase peristaltic motion between small muscles during the propagation of different biological fluids. Moreover, it is also essential in multiple applications of pumping fluid-solid mixtures by peristalsis, i.e., Chyme in small intestine and suspension of blood in arteriole. Long wavelength, as well as small Reynolds number, have been utilized to render the governing equations for particle and fluid phase. Exact solutions are presented for velocity (uf,p), temperature (θf,p) and concentration distributions (φf,p). All the parameters such as Prandtl number (Pr), particle volume fraction (C), suspension parameter (M1), curvature parameter (k), volumetric flow rate (Q), Schmidt number (Sc), phase difference (φ), Eckert number (Ec), and Soret number (Sr) discussed graphically for peristaltic pumping (Δp), pressure gradient (dp/dx), velocity (uf,p), temperature (θf,p) and concentration distributions (φf,p). The streamlines are also plotted with the aid of contour.
Assistenten entlasten Physios und Physios die Ärzte – Win-win2
Authors: Oldenburg Elke
Published: October 2018

Die Patientenversorgung wird immer komplexer und braucht Spezialisierung. Daher ist es sinnvoll, über eine neue Aufgabenverteilung nachzudenken. Das hat im Kantonsspital Winterthur dazu geführt, dass Physiotherapeuten mehr ärztliche Aufgaben übernehmen, beispielsweise die Knie-Sprechstunde vor und nach Kreuzband-OPs. Zum Ausgleich delegieren sie Mobilisierungsaufgaben an Aktivitätsassistenten.
Konkurrenz im Team – Ein Plädoyer gegen Gewinner!
Authors: Freitag-Herse Barbara
Published: October 2018

Ob Konkurrenz ein Team belebt, hängt davon ab, wie wir mit den Verlierern umgehen. Die Annahme, dass es eine gewisse Form des Wettbewerbs brauche, um Mitarbeiter zu größeren Leistungen anzuspornen und zu motivieren, hat ihre Tücken und Risiken. Wenn Sie sich diese vergegenwärtigen, können Sie die verborgenen Chancen auch nutzen.
Stressoren in Kindheit und Jugend als Prädiktoren kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen – die Lebenslaufperspektive
Authors: Wahrendorf Morten
Published: October 2018

Bei der Suche nach den Ursachen für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen im Alter unterstreicht die aktuelle epidemiologische Forschung die Bedeutung früherer Lebensphasen, einschließlich Stresserfahrungen während der Kindheit und Jugend. Dazu zählen beispielsweise Konflikte in der Familie, Misshandlungen, traumatische Erlebnisse, emotionale Vernachlässigung oder soziale Benachteiligung. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Lebenslaufperspektive vor und gibt einen Überblick zu aktuellen Forschungsbefunden. Studien bestätigen insgesamt, dass frühe Stresserfahrungen das Risiko von kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen im Alter erhöhen. Dabei sind die Folgen früher Stresserfahrungen teilweise unumkehrbar (z. B. durch frühe Auswirkungen auf das neuroendokrine und Herz-Kreislauf-System), hängen teilweise aber auch eng mit gesundheitlichen Belastungen im späteren Lebenslauf zusammen (z. B. Gesundheitsverhalten im Alter). Die Vorbeugung kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen sollte demnach bereits in Kindheit und Jugend ansetzen.
Arbeitsstress als Risikofaktor für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen
Authors: Dragano Nico
Published: October 2018

Chronischer Stress entsteht oft in Alltagssituationen, und der Alltag vieler Menschen wird von der Arbeit geprägt und strukturiert. Trotz der unbestreitbar positiven Wirkung einer guten Arbeit für Psyche und Wohlbefinden sind in vielen Berufen psychosoziale Belastungen wie ständiger Zeitdruck, eine hektische Arbeitsumgebung oder zwischenmenschliche Konflikte an der Tagesordnung. Zu diesen Belastungen hat die Forschung Messkonzepte entwickelt, mit deren Hilfe empirisch untersucht wurde, welche Aspekte der Arbeit Stress induzieren und ob solch arbeitsbezogener Stress tatsächlich die Inzidenz kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen fördert. Die Mehrzahl der internationalen Studien berichtet einen Zusammenhang mittlerer Stärke, sodass angenommen werden kann, dass Arbeitsstress ein relevanter Risikofaktor ist. Dieser Beitrag fasst den Forschungsstand zusammen, erläutert die wichtigsten Formen von psychosozialen Arbeitsbelastungen und deren mögliche Folgen für das Herz-Kreislauf-System.
Laparoskopischer partieller PVE-ALPPS vor handassistierter laparoskopischer erweiterter Hemihepatektomie rechts bei einer Patientin mit Gallenblasenkarzinom
Authors: Schmelzle Moritz , Öllinger Robert , Gebauer Bernhard , Podrabsky Petr , Pratschke Johann
Published: October 2018

Zielsetzung Nach ersten Auswertungen des ALPPS-Registers mit insbesondere für zentrale Gallengangkarzinome ernüchternden, perioperativen Ergebnissen wich die anfängliche Euphorie für dieses Verfahren. Es ist somit angezeigt, das Konzept dahingehend zu modifizieren, die Invasivität und hohe Komplikationsrate des Verfahrens zu reduzieren.

Indikationen Wir berichten nachfolgend über eine 72-jährige Patientin mit einem in die Segmente 4 b und 5 infiltrierend-wachsenden und metastasierenden Gallenblasenkarzinom. Bei zu kleinem zukünftigen Restlebervolumen vor erweiterter Hemihepatektomie rechts planten wir zur Hypertrophieinduktion eine laparoskopische partielle PVE-ALPPS.

Methode Nach unauffälliger Staging-Laparoskopie erfolgte in einem ersten Schritt die oberflächliche Parenchymdissektion entlang des Lig. falciforme mittels Ultraschallschere. Kreuzende tiefere Strukturen zu Segment 4 wurden mittels CUSA dargestellt und zwischen Clips durchtrennt. Eine Parenchymbrücke von ca. 1 cm zwischen linkslateralen und linksmedialen Segmenten blieb aus Sicherheitsgründen im Sinne einer partiellen ALPPS bewusst erhalten, wobei alle größeren nach Segment 4 einstrahlenden Gefäße durchtrennt wurden. Der linke Pedikel blieb in seiner Kontinuität erhalten. Eine komplettierende intraoperative Pfortaderligatur im Sinne einer klassischen ALPPS unterblieb im Hinblick auf die Einhaltung onkologischer Prinzipien vor geplanter hilärer Exploration im Rahmen der komplettierenden Resektion. Anstatt dessen erfolgte eine portalvenöse Embolisation (PVE) der Segmente 5 – 8 am 1. postoperativen Tag nach partieller ALPPS. Nach ausreichener Hypertrophie der Segmente 1 – 3 erfolgte die Komplettierung im Sinne einer minimalinvasiv durchgeführten, erweiterten Hemihepatektomie rechts (Segmente 4 – 8) mit radikaler Lymphadenektomie in Hybrid-Technik.

Schlussfolgerung Die Entfernung eines hepatisch infiltrierend-wachsenden und metastasierenden Gallenblasenkarzinoms im Gesunden bestätigte sich histopathologisch – TNM (8. Edition) pT3 pN1(1/12) G3 R0 L0 V0. Die Patientin konnte am 8. postoperativen Tag nach erweiterter Hemihepatektomie rechts ohne Majorkomplikationen entlassen werden. Ein vorliegendes Gallenblasenkarzinom stellt aus unserer Sicht weder in Hinblick auf eine partielle ALPPS noch in Hinblick auf ein minimalinvasives Vorgehen beider Eingriffe eine Kontraindikation dar.
Ayurvedische Behandlung von obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen am Beispiel von Asthma
Authors: Nagersheth Kalyani
Published: October 2018

Die ayurvedische Medizin bietet verschiedene Therapiemöglichkeiten zur Behandlung von Asthma und anderen Atemwegserkrankungen. Die Behandlung besteht darin, Vata
und Kapha zu senken und Vata in die richtige Stromrichtung zu leiten, d. h. die Abwärtsbewegung zu fördern. Dies gilt für die Ernährung, Lebensführung, manuelle
Therapie, Phytotherapie und ausleitende reinigende Verfahren. Der Artikel behandelt die Therapiemöglichkeiten mit Kapha und Vata senkender Ernährung,
Pippali-Treppenkur, Weihrauchbehandlung sowie der Pancakarma-Reinigungskur.
Prenatal Sonographic Head Circumference and Cerebral Ventricle Width Measurements Before and After Open Fetal Myelomeningocele Repair – Prediction of Shunting During the First Year of Life
Authors: Vonzun Ladina , Winder Franziska Maria , Meuli Martin , Moerlen Ueli , Mazzone Luca , Kraehenmann Franziska , Huesler Margareth , Zimmermann Roland , Ochsenbein Nicole
Published: October 2018

Purpose The aim of this study was to describe the sonographic evolution of fetal head circumference (HC) and width of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle (Vp) after open fetal myelomeningocele (fMMC) repair and to assess whether pre- or postoperative measurements are helpful to predict the need for shunting during the first year of life.

Patients & Methods All 30 children older than one year by January 2017 who previously had fMMC repair at the Zurich Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy were included. Sonographic evolution of fetal HC and Vp before and after fMMC repair was assessed and compared between the non-shunted (N = 16) and the shunted group (N = 14). ROC curves were generated for the fetal HC Z-score and Vp in order to show their predictive accuracy for the need for shunting until 1 year of age.

Results HC was not an independent factor for predicting shunting. However, the need for shunting was directly dependent on the preoperative Vp as well as the Vp before delivery. A Vp > 10 mm at evaluation for fMMC repair or > 15 mm before delivery identifies 100 % of the infants needing shunt placement at a false-positive rate of 44 % and 25 %, respectively. All fetuses with a Vp > 15 mm at first evaluation received a shunt.

Conclusion Fetuses demonstrating a Vp of > 15 mm before in utero MMC repair are extremely likely to develop hydrocephalus requiring a shunt during the first year of life. This compelling piece of evidence must be appropriately integrated into prenatal counseling.
Creating Value in Plastic Surgery
Authors: Jalalabadi Faryan , Izaddoost Shayan , Reece Edward
Published: October 2018

Value is defined as the worth, utility, or importance something holds. It can be derived from a variety of goods and services and is relative to a given industry or population. This article will discuss elements of plastic surgery that hold value as to how it pertains to the key players in a medical transaction. It will also discuss strategies for identifying and generating value. Roles of the different members in a plastic surgery transaction were analyzed, specifically the patient, the surgeon, and the facility. Different factors that generated value for all parties were identified throughout the literature. Factors identified that created value included the following: the surgeon's knowledge, experience, and decision-making ability; and technical skill/speed, restoration of life, restoration of form and function, restoration of psychological deficit, instant surgical results, convenience of access, outcomes, cost accounting, research, compassion, and bedside manner. Plastic surgeons can gear their practice to provide the system and their patients with services that hold value. We present several factors that can generate value for the patient, surgeon, and hospital system.
Activity-Based Costing
Authors: Jalalabadi Faryan , Milewicz Allen , Shah Sohail , Hollier Larry , Reece Edward
Published: October 2018

Cost allocation for health care professionals can be an enigma within the health care system. Activity-based costing (ABC) is an accounting tool that allocates costs incurred through a company's practice of providing goods and services to the consumer. ABC can provide insight into inefficiencies across the supply chain and unlock excess capacity. This, in turn, can drive services provided toward generating more value for the hospital system. ABC can be tailored to focus upon a unit of measurement that holds value as it pertains to production. With time-driven ABC (Td-ABC), we look to use the advantages of both the fee-for-service and capitation model to transition to a value-based system. Providers are rewarded based on efficiencies and successful outcomes in patient care while disincentivizing poor outcomes and superfluous volume/expenditures. ABC, however, does not come without its own risks and disadvantages, and the user must exercise caution in applying this cost-allocating tool to avoid detriment to its practice. A review of the literature was conducted to analyze the implementation, medical application, and advantages and disadvantages of Td-ABC.
Vertical fast electron bremsstrahlung diagnostic on J-TEXT tokamak
Authors: Yang H. Y. , Chen Z. Y. , Huang D. W. , Tong R. H. , Yan W. , Wei Y. N. , Lin Z. F. , Dai A. J. , Gao H. L. , Wang X. L. , Li Y. , Li W. , Huang Y. , Hu J. , Wang D. Q. , Yang Z. J. , Jiang Z. H.
Published: October 2018

Fast electron bremsstrahlung (FEB) emission during Ohmic discharge experiments on the Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak (J-TEXT) has been measured by a recently developed vertical multi-channel FEB diagnostic based on CdZnTe detectors. There are 5 sight lines to observe the vertical emission of fast electrons at the high-field side with a spatial resolution of 5 cm. The FEB emission in the energy range of 30-300 keV can be measured. The generation of fast electrons accelerated by loop voltage has been confirmed during the early phase of discharge by analyzing the signals of FEB emission. The runaway electron beam instabilities have been observed with the FEB diagnostic on J-TEXT.
Implementing time resolved electron temperature capability at the NIF using a streak camera
Authors: Khan S. F. , Jarrott L. C. , Patel P. K. , Izumi N. , Ma T. , MacPhee A. G. , Hatch B. , Landen O. L. , Heinmiller J. , Kilkenny J. D. , Bradley D. K.
Published: October 2018

A new capability at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has been implemented to measure the temperature of x-ray emitting sources. Although it is designed primarily for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), it can be used for any hot emitting source that is well modeled. The electron temperature (Te) of the hot spot within the core of imploded ICF capsules is an effective indicator of implosion performance. Currently, there are spatially and temporally integrated Te inferences using image plates. A temporally resolved measurement of Te will help elucidate the mechanisms for hot spot heating and cooling such as conduction to fuel, alpha-heating, mix, and radiative losses. To determine the temporally resolved Te of hot spots, specific filters are added to an existing x-ray streak camera “streaked polar instrumentation for diagnosing energetic radiation” to probe the emission spectrum during the x-ray burn history of implosions at the NIF. One of the difficulties in inferring the hot spot temperature is the attenuation of the emission due to opacity from the shell and fuel. Therefore, a series of increasingly thick titanium filters were implemented to isolate the emission in specific energy regions that are sensitive to temperatures above 3 keV while not significantly influenced by the shell/fuel attenuation. Additionally, a relatively thin zinc filter was used to measure the contribution of colder emission sources. Since the signal levels of the emission through the thicker filters are relatively poor, a dual slit (aperture) was designed to increase the detected signal at the higher end of the spectrum. Herein, the design of the filters and slit is described, an overview of the solving technique is provided, and the initial electron temperature results are reported.
Pulsed laser deposition films from a Ba2FeMoO6 target onto SrTiO3[001]: Chemical and magnetic inhomogeneity
Authors: Pajerowski Daniel M. , Krayer Lisa J. , Kirby Brian J. , Maranville Brian B. , Borchers Julie A. , Kim Kyeong-Won , Norton David P.
Published: October 2018

Pulsed laser deposition films from Ba2FeMoO6 (BFMO) targets onto SrTiO3[001] (STO) substrates have been reported previously to have non-zero magnetism at 300 K, a majority of magnetic ordering at 240 K that is less than the 370 K ordering temperature of polycrystalline BFMO, and suppressed saturation magnetization compared to polycrystalline BFMO. To interrogate these previously reported observations of BFMO on STO, we have used a combination of x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, x-ray and neutron reflectivity, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that shows inhomogeneities. The present results show off-stoichiometry on the A-site by incorporation of Sr from the substrate and on the B-site to have %Fe/%Mo > 1 by evolution of BaMoO4. There is an enhanced ordering temperature and magnetic response nearer to the SrTiO3 interface compared to the air interface. Depth dependent strain and microstructure are needed to explain the magnetic response. Holistic considerations and implications are also discussed.
Self-consistent continuum-based transient simulation of electroformation of niobium oxide-tantalum dioxide selector-memristor structures
Authors: Sevic John F. , Kobayashi Nobuhiko P.
Published: October 2018

Transient electroformation simulation of niobium oxide selectors, self-aligned to tantalum dioxide memristor structures, is described by a computational solution of the mass transport equation self-consistently coupled to the heat and electronic charge transport equations. Augmentation of an electrothermal drift-diffusion formulation by a thermally activated field-enhanced mass transport term self-consistently describes transient evolution ab initio of electric potential, temperature, and charge carrier density to model electroformation of our niobium oxide-tantalum dioxide selector-memristor structure. The present formulation requires no a priori current filament model. Simulated transient electroforming behavior of our as-fabricated self-aligned selectors illustrates that transient evolution of niobium oxide to its stable metallic phase produces a decrease in localized resistivity, initiating a self-limiting effect on spontaneous electroformation, suggesting a method to finely tailor electroformation processes by explicitly tuning pre-fabrication device design and post-fabrication electrical operations for optimum initial conditioning of selector structures.
Investigation of various magnetic features of spinel type cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles tuned by annealing temperature
Authors: Roy Probal , Hoque S. Manjura , Liba S. I. , Choudhury Shamima
Published: October 2018

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method were studied to see the effect of annealing temperatures on the structural parameters and magnetic properties of the sample. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and SAD pattern demonstrated that single face (fcc) spinel structure of CoFe2O4 has been formed showing particles in completely crystalline state which was further confirmed by the lattice parameter and the unmixed hkl values. The particle size is in the range of about 5-10 nm depending on the annealing temperature from 200°C to 400°C. The grain growth occurred monotonically with the increase of annealing temperature. The magnetic properties demonstrated a strong dependence on particle size. The saturation magnetization Ms, remanent ratio Mr/Ms and coercivity Hc increased with the increase of particle size. The hysteresis curves for samples of different grain size showed the ferrimagnetic behavior which is completely analogous to the slow relaxation sextet peaks of Mössbauer spectroscopy. Other parameters such as chemical shift, quadruple splitting and hyperfine field and site occupancy of Fe3+ were determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Ferrimagnetic to superparamagnetic transition temperature known as blocking temperature TB was determined from the temperature dependent magnetization curves. With the increase of grain size, Blocking temperature also increases. Maximum entropy changes due to magnetic phase transition were also observed for mentioned annealing temperatures in the context of Magnetocaloric effect.
Determination of the interface parameter in terahertz quantum-cascade laser structures based on transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Lü X. , Luna E. , Schrottke L. , Biermann K. , Grahn H. T.
Published: October 2018

We have determined the interface profiles of GaAs/Al0.25Ga0.75As and GaAs/AlAs terahertz quantum-cascade laser structures using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental composition profiles are directly extracted from the analysis of the diffracted intensity distribution of g002 dark-field TEM images. Simulated composition profiles, which have been obtained using a Fourier-transform-based model, are in remarkably good agreement with the experimental results so that the determined interface parameter can be used for designing terahertz quantum-cascade lasers. Due to the interface grading, these actual profiles reveal a significantly lower aluminum content of the Al0.25Ga0.75As and AlAs barriers than the nominal values.
A novel method of quadrature compensation in the butterfly resonator based on modal stiffness analysis
Authors: Miao Tongqiao , Ou Fenlan , Xu Qiang , Hou Zhanqiang , Wu Xuezhong , Xiao Dingbang
Published: October 2018

The butterfly gyroscope is simple to manufacture and it is considered as one kind of MEMS gyroscope with high sensitivity due to its unique structure. In reality, fabrication imperfections result in non-ideal geometries in the resonator, which in turn causes the quadrature error. The quadrature error has a great influence on the performance of the sensors in Micro and Nano scale, such as the zero-rate output (ZRO), the detection resolution and the dynamic range. However, the fact that the mechanical parameters of resonators are unknown (due to fabrication variation, fluctuations with temperature and aging) poses serious challenges. This paper presents a simple, yet effective method of quadrature compensation in butterfly resonator by electrostatic tuning. Theoretical calculation of quadrature error in butterfly gyroscope is carried out, establishing the mathematical model of quadrature compensation. Then, the simulation analysis is conducted to further analyze the mechanism of quadrature error and the method of quadrature compensation. Also, 5 butterfly gyroscopes fabricated on the same silicon wafer are selected for the experiment of quadrature compensation and the ZRO of the butterfly gyroscopes improves up to two orders of magnitude with quadrature cancellation, showing the feasibility of the proposed approach to quadrature compensation in the butterfly gyroscope. Finally, the way to decrease the direct current voltage VT required for suppressing the quadrature error is discussed. What is more, the method is not only suitable for the butterfly gyroscope, but also can be applied to other sensors in the Micro and Nanoscale.
Local magnetostriction measurement in a cobalt thin film using scanning probe microscopy
Authors: Kim Kwang-Eun , Yang Chan-Ho
Published: October 2018

The local magnetostriction measurement has become an emerging issue because strain-mediated nanocomposites have received considerable attention due to their potential applications for high sensitivity sensors and high density energy harvesters. Compared to many instruments capable of measuring nanometric magnetic domains, techniques for measuring local magnetostriction have been rarely reported. Here, we introduce a local magnetostriction measurement method by modifying an atomic force microscope (AFM) by combing a solenoid to apply an external ac magnetic field and induce magnetostrictive excitation. The distribution of magnetostrictive response is mapped by contact mode AFM and lock-in detection techniques with a few nanometer lateral resolution. We have found that a few micrometer-size domains of a cobalt film showing different amplitude and phase signals of the magnetostrictive response are observed by the second-harmonic response of the ac magnetic field frequency, which is not detected in a linear response signal. We suggest that the phase and amplitude signals observed in each domain are related to magnetic-easy-axis directions. Our findings provide a unique pathway to understand the local magnetostrictive response based on scanning probe microscopy.
Ultrafast time-resolved extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photoelectron spectroscopy of hole transfer in a Zn/n-GaP Schottky junction
Authors: Marsh Brett M. , Lamoureux Bethany R. , Leone Stephen R.
Published: October 2018

The addition of a metal overlayer to a semiconductor photocatalyst is a frequently used synthetic route to passivate the surface and, via the formation of a Schottky barrier, to enhance catalytic activity of the photocatalyst material. While it is known that Schottky junctions decrease recombination by charge separation, measurements of the depletion region dynamics have remained elusive. Here, we use ultrafast pump-probe transient photoelectron spectroscopy to measure material-specific dynamics of the Zn/n-GaP(100) system. Through photoemission measurements the Schottky barrier height is determined to be 2.1 ± 0.1 eV at 10 monolayers of total Zn deposition. Transient photoemission measurements utilizing a 400 nm pump pulse show that, after excitation, holes are transferred from n-GaP(100) to the Zn overlayer within a few ps, as evidenced by shifts of the Zn 3d and Ga 3d core levels to higher binding energies. Within the timescale of the experiment (130 ps) no carrier recombination is observed in the junction. Furthermore, a long-lived surface photovoltage signal is observed at times >1 ms after photoexcitation. This work further exemplifies the potential of transient extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy as a material-specific technique for the study of heterojunctions.
Frequency-selective excitation of high-wavevector phonons
Authors: Teitelbaum Samuel W. , Henighan Thomas , Liu Hanzhe , Jiang Mason P. , Kozina Michael , Zhu Diling , Chollet Matthieu , Sato Takahiro , Glownia James M. , Trigo Mariano , Reis David A.
Published: October 2018

We demonstrate the selective excitation of a narrow frequency band of TA phonons throughout the Brillouin zone of germanium using a sinusoidally modulated picosecond laser pulse. The pulse is produced through the combination of two chirped and delayed pulses using a stabilized interferometer. The phonon excitations are probed by time- and momentum- resolved x-ray diffuse scattering.
Simple imaging for the diamond anvil cell: Applications to hard-to-reach places
Authors: Smith Dean , Shelton David P. , Ellison Paul B. , Salamat Ashkan
Published: October 2018

The employment of high-pressure gases as a pressure-transmitting medium, sample, or reactant for diamond anvil cell experiments is widespread. As a pressure transmitter, high-pressure gases are crucial to forming quasi-hydrostatic compression atmospheres for samples inside the uniaxially driven cell. We describe an optical design for forming high-resolution images of the gasket and sample chamber of the diamond anvil cell under high gas pressures in a gas loading apparatus. Our design is simple, is of low-cost, and may be easily adapted to suit gas loading apparatus of any design, as well as other common hard-to-reach environments in diamond anvil cell experiments, i.e., those with large stand-off distances, such as cryostats.
Electrochemically induced charge injection in disordered organic conductive polymers
Authors: Schauer F. , Nádaždy V. , Gmucová K. , Váry T.
Published: October 2018

This paper deals with the electrochemically induced charge injection in the conductive polymer (CP), exemplified by well examined archetypal CP—poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl). The polar solvent of acetonitrile with salt tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate was used to transport electrons in the electrolyte. The decisive mechanism is the recombination current at the electrolyte/CP interface taking place at the Fermi energy of CP, whose energy position is determined by the externally applied voltage. The corresponding mechanism of the charge carrier transport in the polymer bulk is the space-charge limited current (SCLC) by holes or electrons (or more precisely positive and negative polarons) at the respective transport paths of HOMO and LUMO bands. The charge transport mechanisms and the occupation statistics are the basis of the energy-resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the mapping of the density of electronic states of conductive organic semiconductors [F. Schauer, V. Nádaždy, and K. Gmucová, J. Appl. Phys. 123, 161590 (2018)]. From the application point of view, the major message of the paper is that it is possible to pass high current densities of the order of 0.1 A cm−2 via electrochemical systems with the CP, induced by means of doping processes of both CP surface and its bulk, leading to the charge injection and SCLC in CP.
Flame propagation involved in vortices of supersonic mixing layers laden with droplets: Effects of ambient pressure and spray equivalence ratio
Authors: Ren Zhaoxin , Wang Bing , Zhao Dan , Zheng Longxi
Published: October 2018

Numerical simulations are performed to analyze the dynamics of spray flame in a high convective Mach number mixing layer laden with n-decane droplets. The multi-phase reacting flow system is solved by a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian model, in which the supersonic mixing layer is mimicked by means of direct numerical simulation and the individual droplets are tracked by the Lagrangian point-mass model. The effects of elevated pressures until 0.5 MPa are emphasized on flame propagation. The spatiotemporal dispersion of fuel droplets are driven by large-scale vortices. The flame kernels are formed in the high-strain vortex-braids, and the flammable mixtures entrained in the vortex are found to burn from the edge to the core of the vortex until the reactants within the vortex are completely consumed. As the reacting pressure increases, the high-temperature region expands such that the behaviors of spray flames are strongly changed. The spray equivalence ratio affects the combustion characteristics. The growth of mixing layer thickness, flame structure, and reaction intensity are varied due to the competition of cooling from droplet evaporation to heat release from exothermic reactions. The present work deepens the understanding of spray flame propagation in supersonic shearing flows.
Highly Bi-doped Cu thin films with large spin-mixing conductance
Authors: Ruiz-Gómez Sandra , Serrano Aída , Guerrero Rubén , Muñoz Manuel , Lucas Irene , Foerster Michael , Aballe Lucia , Marco José F. , Amado Mario , McKenzie-Sell Lauren , di Bernardo Angelo , Robinson Jason W. A. , González Barrio Miguel Ángel , Mascaraque Arantzazu , Pérez Lucas
Published: October 2018

The spin Hall effect (SHE) provides an efficient tool for the production of pure spin currents, essentially for the next generation of spintronics devices. Giant SHE has been reported in Cu doped with 0.5% Bi grown by sputtering, and larger values are predicted for larger Bi doping. In this work, we demonstrate the possibility of doping Cu with up to 10% of Bi atoms without evidence of Bi surface segregation or cluster formation. In addition, YIG/BiCu structures have been grown, showing a spin mixing conductance larger that the one shown by similar Pt/YIG structures, reflecting the potentiality of these new materials.
Independent excitation of inhomogeneous energy density driven instability by electron density gradient
Authors: Liu Yu , Lei Jiuhou , Li Minchi , Ling Yiming , Yuan Jingcheng
Published: October 2018

In this work, we report an experimental observation of the inhomogeneous energy density driven instability (IEDDI) independently excited by the electron density gradient. This was achieved using a novel design which could generate a controllable electron density gradient, while the self-consistent electric field accompanied with the electron density gradient can be simultaneously compensated. Broadband wave mode in the ion cyclotron frequency range was excited, which was further experimentally identified as the IEDDI. This result suggests that the IEDDI can be independently excited by the electron density gradient, which could be extended to explain the satellite observations of the broadband extremely low frequency waves in the auroral plasmas where the strong plasma density inhomogeneities exist.
Thermoelectric properties of monolayer Sb2Te3
Authors: Xu Bin , Zhang Jing , Yu Gongqi , Ma Shanshan , Wang Yusheng , Wang Yuanxu
Published: October 2018

The successful demonstration of monolayer films as promising thermoelectric materials highlights alternative strategies to nanostructuring for achieving high thermoelectric efficiency. Due to this reason, the electronic structure and thermoelectric properties of the monolayer Sb2Te3 are studied by using the density functional theory and the semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation. The dynamical stability of the monolayer Sb2Te3 can be guaranteed by the absence of imaginary frequencies in the phonon band structure. The monolayer Sb2Te3 can reduce the lattice thermal conductivity. The Seebeck coefficient S of the p-type monolayer Sb2Te3 is almost three times as high as those of the n-type monolayer Sb2Te3. The power factor for p-type doping is significantly larger than that for the n-type doping. Our calculated ZT values for the monolayer Sb2Te3 are far higher than those of nanomaterials Sb2Te3, bulk Sb2Te3, and the eutectic PbTe-Sb2Te3 composites, indicating that the thermoelectric performance of low-dimensional structure is indeed superior.
A systematic evaluation of mobile apps to improve the uptake of and adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis
Authors: Sharpe J. Danielle , Kamara Mustapha T.
Published: October 2018

Background
Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, has been shown to be effective at reducing the risk of HIV infection, yet persons at-risk for acquiring HIV exhibit suboptimal uptake of and adherence to this prevention modality. Although PrEP use among all at-risk groups is low, mobile apps have been shown to increase the use of PrEP; however, it is unknown whether currently available apps have been designed with features to facilitate PrEP uptake and adherence. Methods: The Google Play store and Apple App store were systematically searched for currently available PrEP-related apps. A qualitative evaluation was conducted on apps that met the inclusion criteria for the presence of features that can contribute to PrEP uptake and adherence, and the quality of apps was assessed using the Mobile Apps Rating Scale (MARS) tool. Results: From the systematic search, less than 2% (11/621) of the identified apps were relevant to improving PrEP uptake and adherence. Demonstrating a moderate capacity for facilitating PrEP use, the 11 PrEP-related apps, on average, contained features that addressed two of four factors that can contribute to the uptake of PrEP, particularly features that provided comprehensive information on PrEP and resources to locate providers and clinics offering PrEP services. Findings from the app quality assessment suggested that existing PrEP-related apps are of acceptable quality (mean overall MARS score: 3.2 on a five-point scale). Conclusion: Overall, currently available mobile apps for PrEP demonstrate some promise as potential avenues for increasing PrEP uptake and adherence among persons at-risk for HIV infection.
Calculating the homology and intersection form of a 4-manifold from a trisection diagram
Authors: Feller Peter , Klug Michael , Schirmer Trenton , Zemke Drew
Published: October 2018

Significance

When trying to prove that two topological spaces are distinct, one often associates algebraic invariants such as groups, rings, and matrices to topological spaces. For manifolds, in dimension four, the homology and intersection form are especially useful invariants. Here, we describe how they can be computed using the information contained in a trisection diagram and provide some applications.
Cocaine reward is reduced by decreased expression of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD) and by a novel PTPRD antagonist
Authors: Uhl George R. , Martinez Maria J. , Paik Paul , Sulima Agnieszka , Bi Guo-Hua , Iyer Malliga R. , Gardner Eliot , Rice Kenner C. , Xi Zheng-Xiong
Published: October 2018

Significance

Substance-use disorders damage individuals and communities, providing large societal costs. For stimulant-use disorders, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved medications. Human genetic associations with common variants in the gene encoding the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD) make this cell-adhesion molecule/synaptic specifier gene an interesting target for new addiction therapeutic agents. We now report results of cocaine self-administration in heterozygous PTPRD-KO mice, discovery that 7-butoxy illudalic acid analog (7-BIA) inhibits PTPRD’s phosphatase with in vitro potency and specificity, and discovery that 7-BIA reduces cocaine reward in self-administration and conditioned place-preference models. PTPRD’s phosphatase is a target for antiaddiction medication development, and 7-BIA is a lead compound.
Global trends in infectious diseases of swine
Authors: VanderWaal Kimberly , Deen John
Published: October 2018

Pork accounts for more than one-third of meat produced worldwide and is an important component of global food security, agricultural economies, and trade. Infectious diseases are among the primary constraints to swine production, and the globalization of the swine industry has contributed to the emergence and spread of pathogens. Despite the importance of infectious diseases to animal health and the stability and productivity of the global swine industry, pathogens of swine have never been reviewed at a global scale. Here, we build a holistic global picture of research on swine pathogens to enhance preparedness and understand patterns of emergence and spread. By conducting a scoping review of more than 57,000 publications across 50 years, we identify priority pathogens globally and regionally, and characterize geographic and temporal trends in research priorities. Of the 40 identified pathogens, publication rates for eight pathogens increased faster than overall trends, suggesting that these pathogens may be emerging or constitute an increasing threat. We also compared regional patterns of pathogen prioritization in the context of policy differences, history of outbreaks, and differing swine health challenges faced in regions where swine production has become more industrialized. We documented a general increasing trend in importance of zoonotic pathogens and show that structural changes in the industry related to intensive swine production shift pathogen prioritization. Multinational collaboration networks were strongly shaped by region, colonial ties, and pig trade networks. This review represents the most comprehensive overview of research on swine infectious diseases to date.
Extensile motor activity drives coherent motions in a model of interphase chromatin
Authors: Saintillan David , Shelley Michael J. , Zidovska Alexandra
Published: October 2018

Significance Statement

While the sequence of the human genome has been known for two decades, its 3D dynamic organization inside the cell nucleus has remained elusive. Experiments by displacement correlation spectroscopy (DCS) reveal the existence of slow coherent chromatin motions occurring on micrometer-second scales, which are ATP-dependent but have yet to be explained. Using a coarse-grained computational model for the chromatin as a flexible polymer chain acted upon by active force dipoles representing the action of ATP-powered enzymes, we explore the microscopic mechanisms for the emergence of coherent dynamics via hydrodynamic interactions. Extensile dipolar activity is found to drive large-scale chain motions akin to experimental observations through microstructural reconfigurations of the chromatin chain by long-ranged nucleoplasmic flows.
Median nerve stimulation induces analgesia via orexin-initiated endocannabinoid disinhibition in the periaqueductal gray
Authors: Chen Yi-Hung , Lee Hsin-Jung , Lee Ming Tatt , Wu Ya-Ting , Lee Yen-Hsien , Hwang Ling-Ling , Hung Ming-Shiu , Zimmer Andreas , Mackie Ken , Chiou Lih-Chu
Published: October 2018

Significance

Pain remains an unmet medical need due to the ineffectiveness or significant side effects of current pain therapies. Peripheral neurostimulation has been used to relieve pain for decades, but its mechanism(s) remain unsettled. Here, we established an animal model of median nerve stimulation by electrically stimulating the PC6 (Neiguan) acupoint of mice (MNS-PC6). We found MNS-PC6 can release an endogenous neuropeptide (orexin) from the hypothalamus to inhibit pain responses in mice through an endocannabinoid (an endogenous lipid functioning like chemicals from cannabis) that reduces the inhibitory (GABAergic) control in a midbrain pain-control region (the periaqueductal gray). Importantly, MNS-PC6–induced pain relief is endogenous opioid independent. Thus, MNS-PC6 may provide an alternative strategy for pain management in opioid-tolerant patients.
Multidimensional measure of immigrant integration
Authors: Harder Niklas , Figueroa Lucila , Gillum Rachel M. , Hangartner Dominik , Laitin David D. , Hainmueller Jens
Published: October 2018

The successful integration of immigrants into a host country’s society, economy, and polity has become a major issue for policymakers in recent decades. Scientific progress in the study of immigrant integration has been hampered by the lack of a common measure of integration, which would allow for the accumulation of knowledge through comparison across studies, countries, and time. To address this fundamental problem, we propose the Immigration Policy Lab (IPL) Integration Index as a pragmatic and multidimensional measure of immigrant integration. The measure, both in the 12-item short form (IPL-12) and the 24-item long form (IPL-24), captures six dimensions of integration: psychological, economic, political, social, linguistic, and navigational. The measure can be used across countries, over time, and across different immigrant groups and can be administered through short questionnaires available in different modes. We report on four surveys we conducted to evaluate the empirical performance of our measure. The tests reveal that the measure distinguishes among immigrant groups with different expected levels of integration and also correlates with well-established predictors of integration.
Poleward migration of the destructive effects of tropical cyclones during the 20th century
Authors: Altman Jan , Ukhvatkina Olga N. , Omelko Alexander M. , Macek Martin , Plener Tomas , Pejcha Vit , Cerny Tomas , Petrik Petr , Srutek Miroslav , Song Jong-Suk , Zhmerenetsky Alexander A. , Vozmishcheva Anna S. , Krestov Pavel V. , Petrenko Tatyana Y. , Treydte Kerstin , Dolezal Jiri
Published: October 2018

Significance

Long-term variability in tropical cyclone (TC) activity is of high relevance for the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies; however, our current knowledge is based mostly on short-term records, with strong discrepancies among various datasets. We used tree-ring records of past forest disturbances to show rapid increases in the destructive effects of TCs during the 20th century. Long-term changes in TC activity imply that the recent poleward migration of TCs is not within the range of long-term natural variability and may be associated with climate change. Our findings are important, as affected regions were formerly situated at the edge of areas affected by TCs, and these areas are more sensitive to TC hazards because of a lack of experience-based adaptation strategies.
Nonnative plants reduce population growth of an insectivorous bird
Authors: Narango Desirée L. , Tallamy Douglas W. , Marra Peter P.
Published: October 2018

Human-dominated landscapes represent one of the most rapidly expanding and least-understood ecosystems on earth. Yet, we know little about which features in these landscapes promote sustainable wildlife populations. Historically, in urban areas, landowners have converted native plant communities into habitats dominated by nonnative species that are not susceptible to pest damage and require little maintenance. However, nonnative plants are also poor at supporting insects that are critical food resources for higher order consumers. Despite the logical connection, no study has examined the impact of nonnative plants on subsequent population responses of vertebrate consumers. Here, we demonstrate that residential yards dominated by nonnative plants have lower arthropod abundance, forcing resident Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) to switch diets to less preferred prey and produce fewer young, or forgo reproduction in nonnative sites altogether. This leads to lower reproductive success and unsustainable population growth in these yards compared with those with >70% native plant biomass. Our results reveal that properties landscaped with nonnative plants function as population sinks for insectivorous birds. To promote sustainable food webs, urban planners and private landowners should prioritize native plant species.
Coding mutations in
NUS1
contribute to Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Guo Ji-feng , Zhang Lu , Li Kai , Mei Jun-pu , Xue Jin , Chen Jia , Tang Xia , Shen Lu , Jiang Hong , Chen Chao , Guo Hui , Wu Xue-li , Sun Si-long , Xu Qian , Sun Qi-ying , Chan Piu , Shang Hui-fang , Wang Tao , Zhao Guo-hua , Liu Jing-yu , Xie Xue-feng , Jiang Yi-qi , Liu Zhen-hua , Zhao Yu-wen , Zhu Zuo-bin , Li Jia-da , Hu Zheng-mao , Yan Xin-xiang , Fang Xiao-dong , Wang Guang-hui , Zhang Feng-yu , Xia Kun , Liu Chun-yu , Zhu Xiong-wei , Yue Zhen-yu , Li Shuai Cheng , Cai Huai-bin , Zhang Zhuo-hua , Duan Ran-hui , Tang Bei-sha
Published: October 2018

Significance

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the world. Several common and rare genetic risk variants associated with PD pathogenesis have been identified, predominantly in persons of European descent, but the genetic contributions to familial PD are largely unknown for Han Chinese. Here, we present a trio-based study to explore the association between de novo-altered genes and early onset PD in Han Chinese. We found that the 12 genes with de novo mutations were biologically connected to each other and likely to be disease-risk genes. Further analyses using two independent cohorts revealed that
NUS1
harbored more rare nonsynonymous variants, and subsequent functional studies on
Drosophila
proved its potential link to PD pathogenesis.
Intestinal barrier dysfunction orchestrates the onset of inflammatory host–microbiome cross-talk in a human gut inflammation-on-a-chip
Authors: Shin Woojung , Kim Hyun Jung
Published: October 2018

Significance

Identification of the trigger of human intestinal inflammation can be a compelling clinical strategy for developing effective and target-specific antiinflammatory therapeutics. The pathomimetic “gut inflammation-on-a-chip” inspired by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis models in mice enabled the independent uncoupling of complex inflammatory cross-talks and the combinatorial recoupling of individual contributing factors one at a time to identify the initiator of inflammatory responses. Our discovery suggests that an intact epithelial barrier is necessary to maintain the “homeostatic tolerance” in response to physiological host–gut microbiome cross-talks. We also expound an insight of probiotic therapy that the undamaged epithelial barrier is a prerequisite for eliciting the probiotic efficacy. Finally, the gut inflammation-on-a-chip verifies how microphysiological systems can be successfully implemented to dissect the mechanisms of gastrointestinal diseases.