bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune response evolution in peanut epicutaneous immunotherapy forpeanut‐allergicchildren
Authors: Bastin Marie , Carr Warner W. , Davis Carla M. , Fleischer David M. , Lieberman Jay A. , Mustafa S. Shahzad , Helleputte Thibault , Bois Timothée , Campbell Dianne E. , Green Todd D. , Greenhawt Matthew
Published: March 2023

Background

Epicutaneous immunotherapy with investigational Viaskin™ Peanut 250 μg (DBV712) has demonstrated statistically superior desensitization versus placebo in peanut‐allergic children in clinical trials. It is unclear whether serologic biomarkers predict response.

Methods

Serum‐specific IgG4 and IgE (whole peanut and components) from subjects enrolled in the phase 3 Efficacy and Safety of Viaskin Peanut in Children With IgE‐Mediated Peanut Allergy study were examined by exploratory univariate and multivariate analyses to determine trajectories and predictors of treatment response, based upon peanut protein eliciting dose (ED) at Month (M) 12 double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge.

Results

Among Viaskin Peanut‐treated subjects, peanut sIgG4 significantly increased from baseline through M12 and peanut sIgE peaked at M3 and fell below baseline by M12, with sIgG4 and sIgE peanut components mirroring these trajectories. Placebo subjects had no significant changes. By univariate analysis, M12 peanut sIgG4/sIgE was higher in treatment responders (p < 0.001) and had highest area under the curve (AUC) for predicting ED ≥300 mg and ≥1000 mg (AUC 69.5% and 69.9%, respectively). M12 peanut sIgG4/sIgE >20.1 predicted M12 ED ≥300 mg (80% positive predictive value). The best performing component was Ara h 1 sIgE <15.7 kUA/L (AUC 66.5%). A multivariate model combining Ara h 1 and peanut sIgG4/sIgE had an AUC of 68.2% (ED ≥300 mg) and 67.8% (ED ≥1000 mg).

Conclusions

Peanut sIgG4 rise most clearly differentiated Viaskin Peanut versus placebo subjects. sIgG4/sIgE ratios >20.1 and the combination of Ara h 1 and peanut sIgG4/sIgE had moderate ability to predict treatment response and could potentially be useful for clinical monitoring. Additional data are needed to confirm these relationships.
Involuntary childlessness: Lessons from interactionist and ecological approaches to disability
Authors: Lee Ji‐Young
Published: March 2023

Because many involuntarily childless people have equal interests in benefitting from assisted reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilization as a mode of treatment, we have normative reasons to ensure inclusive access to such interventions for as many of these people as is reasonable and possible. However, the prevailing eligibility criterion for access to assisted reproductive technologies—'infertility'—is inadequate to serve the goal of inclusive access. This is because the prevailing frameworks of infertility, which include medical and social infertility, fail to precisely capture and unify the relevance of certain involuntarily childless experiences as warranting assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. I argue that the least we can do for those who have an interest in accessing ARTs is to conceptualize involuntarily childless experiences in dialogue with interactionist and ecological models of disability, to outline a unified and more inclusive eligibility criterion.
Information Criteria for Detecting Change-Points in the Cox Proportional Hazards Model
Authors: Ozaki Ryoto , Ninomiya Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2023

The Cox proportional hazards model, commonly used in clinical trials, assumes proportional hazards. However, it does not hold when, for example, there is a delayed onset of the treatment effect. In such a situation, an acute change in the hazard ratio function is expected to exist. This paper considers the Cox model with change-points and derives Akaike information criterion (AIC)-type information criteria for detecting those change-points. The change-point model does not allow for conventional statistical asymptotics due to its irregularity, thus a formal AIC that penalizes twice the number of parameters would not be analytically derived, and using it would clearly give overfitting analysis results. Therefore, we will construct specific asymptotics using the partial likelihood estimation method in the Cox model with change-points, and propose information criteria based on the original derivation method for AIC. If the partial likelihood is used in the estimation, information criteria with penalties much larger than twice the number of parameters could be obtained in an explicit form. Numerical experiments confirm that the proposed criteria are clearly superior in terms of the original purpose of AIC, which are to provide an estimate that is close to the true structure. We also apply the proposed criterion to actual clinical trial data to indicate that it will easily lead to different results from the formal AIC.
Effectiveness of a transdiagnostic emotion regulation training in an at‐risk sample: a randomized‐controlled trial of group‐based training versus self‐help bibliotherapy
Authors: Wittkamp Martin F. , Krkovic Katarina , Lincoln Tania M.
Published: March 2023

Objectives

Subclinical psychotic, depression, and anxiety symptoms form a transdiagnostic ‘at‐risk state’ for the development of mental disorders. Emotion regulation has been identified as a transdiagnostic factor relevant to the formation of these symptoms that can be successfully addressed in clinical interventions. Here, we tested whether a group‐based emotion regulation training would be effective in reducing distress and at preventing the transition to mental disorders in an at‐risk sample.

Methods

Participants with distressing subclinical psychotic, depression, or anxiety symptoms (n = 138) were randomly allocated to either the 8‐week group‐based affect regulation training (ART; Springer, New York) or an 8‐week self‐help bibliotherapy (BT). They underwent biweekly measurements during the intervention, as well as at a six‐ and 12‐month follow‐up. In an exploratory analysis, we tested whether the ART would be superior to BT in preventing the transition to any mental disorder at 12‐month follow‐up. We also tested for differences in trajectories of psychopathology and emotion regulation (via questionnaires) and emotion regulation in daily life (via the experience‐sampling method).

Results

Participants in the ART condition showed a greater improvement of emotion regulation in daily life than those with BT, but the ART was not superior over BT in preventing the transition to mental disorders. There were significant longitudinal reductions from pre‐ to post‐intervention for general psychopathology and symptoms but no superiority of the ART over BT.

Conclusions

Despite its efficacy in improving emotion regulation skills, the ART does not produce effects on psychopathology that justify its recommendation over self‐help approaches.
Trade‐offs in carbon‐degrading enzyme activities limit long‐term soil carbon sequestration with biochar addition
Authors: Feng Jiao , Yu Dailin , Sinsabaugh Robert L. , Moorhead Daryl L. , Andersen Mathias Neumann , Smith Pete , Song Yanting , Li Xinqi , Huang Qiaoyun , Liu Yu‐Rong , Chen Ji
Published: March 2023

Biochar amendment is one of the most promising agricultural approaches to tackle climate change by enhancing soil carbon (C) sequestration. Microbial‐mediated decomposition processes are fundamental for the fate and persistence of sequestered C in soil, but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Here, we synthesise 923 observations regarding the effects of biochar addition (over periods ranging from several weeks to several years) on soil C‐degrading enzyme activities from 130 articles across five continents worldwide. Our results showed that biochar addition increased soil ligninase activity targeting complex phenolic macromolecules by 7.1%, but suppressed cellulase activity degrading simpler polysaccharides by 8.3%. These shifts in enzyme activities explained the most variation of changes in soil C sequestration across a wide range of climatic, edaphic and experimental conditions, with biochar‐induced shift in ligninase:cellulase ratio correlating negatively with soil C sequestration. Specifically, short‐term (<1 year) biochar addition significantly reduced cellulase activity by 4.6% and enhanced soil organic C sequestration by 87.5%, whereas no significant responses were observed for ligninase activity and ligninase:cellulase ratio. However, long‐term (≥1 year) biochar addition significantly enhanced ligninase activity by 5.2% and ligninase:cellulase ratio by 36.1%, leading to a smaller increase in soil organic C sequestration (25.1%). These results suggest that shifts in enzyme activities increased ligninase:cellulase ratio with time after biochar addition, limiting long‐term soil C sequestration with biochar addition. Our work provides novel evidence to explain the diminished soil C sequestration with long‐term biochar addition and suggests that earlier studies may have overestimated soil C sequestration with biochar addition by failing to consider the physiological acclimation of soil microorganisms over time.
The U.S.‐Mexico border as a model for social‐cultural theory: A brief discussion
Authors: Heyman Josiah
Published: March 2023

The US–Mexico border has influenced social‐cultural theory by drawing attention to hybrids that stand apart from supposedly cohesive wholes. This point, albeit important, does not exhaust the lessons to be learned from the US–Mexico border region. It also displays highly unequal power relations. Adjacent, interactive, but profoundly asymmetrical border city pairs are key sites for analyzing unequal relationships between the so‐called global South and global North. This social relationality of apparently contrastive endpoints, and the cultural frameworks and practices that mediate the connections, is yet another lesson from the US–Mexico border. Culture occurs in a matrix of often highly unequal social relationships. Culture is made and reproduced at relational meeting points between differentiated positionalities, even when there is an apparently exclusionary border in between.
Monocyte to high‐density lipoprotein ratio predicts clinical outcomes after acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack
Authors: Xu Qin , Wu Qiong , Chen Lu , Li Hao , Tian Xue , Xia Xue , Zhang Yijun , Zhang Xiaoli , Lin Yongzhong , Wu Yiping , Wang Yongjun , Meng Xia , Wang Anxin
Published: March 2023

Aims

The monocyte to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) has emerged as a novel inflammatory biomarker of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, it has not yet been identified whether MHR can predict the long‐term prognosis of ischemic stroke. We aimed to investigate the associations of MHR levels with clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) at 3 months and 1 year.

Methods

We derived data from the Third China National Stroke Registry (CNSR‐III). Enrolled patients were divided into four groups by quartiles of MHR. Multivariable Cox regression for all‐cause death and stroke recurrence and logistic regression for the poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 3–6) were used.

Results

Among 13,865 enrolled patients, the median MHR was 0.39 (interquartile range, 0.27–0.53). After adjustment for conventional confounding factors, the MHR level in quartile 4 was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause death (hazard ratio [HR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–1.90), and poor functional outcome (odd ratio [OR], 1.47; 95% CI, 1.22–1.76), but not with stroke recurrence (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.85–1.21) at 1 year follow‐up, compared with MHR level in quartile 1. Similar results were observed for outcomes at 3 months. The addition of MHR to a basic model including conventional factors improved predictive ability for all‐cause death and poor functional outcome validated by the C‐statistic and net reclassification index (all p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Elevated MHR can independently predict all‐cause death and poor functional outcome in patients with ischemic stroke or TIA.
Endothelial Arid1a deletion disrupts the balance among angiogenesis, neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the developing brain
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Su Libo , Wang Wenwen , Zhao Jinyue , Wang Yanyan , Li Sihan , Liu Yan , Chai Renjie , Li Xin , Teng Zhaoqian , Liu Changmei , Hu Baoyang , Ji Fen , Jiao Jianwei
Published: March 2023

The vascular system and the neural system processes occur simultaneously, the interaction among them is fundamental to the normal development of the central nervous system. Arid1a (AT‐rich interaction domain 1A), which encodes an epigenetic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin‐remodelling complex, is associated with promoter‐mediated gene regulation and histone modification. However, the molecular mechanism of the interaction between cerebrovascular and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) remains unclear. To generate Arid1acKO‐Tie2 mice, Arid1afl/fl mice were hybridized with Tie2‐Cre mice. The Angiogenesis, neurogenesis and gliogenesis were studied by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. RNA‐seq, RT‐PCR, Western blotting, CO‐IP and rescue experiments were performed to dissect the molecular mechanisms of Arid1a regulates fate determination of NPCs. We found that the absence of Arid1a results in increased the density of blood vessels, delayed neurogenesis and decreased gliogenesis, even after birth. Mechanistically, the deletion of Arid1a in endothelial cells causes a significant increase in H3k27ac and the secretion of maternal protein 2 (MATN2). In addition, matn2 alters the AKT/SMAD4 signalling pathway through its interaction with the NPCs receptor EGFR, leading to the decrease of SMAD4. SMAD complex further mediates the expression of downstream targets, thereby promoting neurogenesis and inhibiting gliogenesis. This study suggests that endothelial Arid1a tightly controls fate determination of NPCs by regulating the AKT‐SMAD signalling pathway.
Rolling through TikTok: An analysis of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine‐related content
Authors: Whelan Jai , Noller Geoffrey E. , Ward Ryan D.
Published: March 2023

Introduction

TikTok has quickly gained popularity through its platforming of large amounts of short video content. Given its widespread popularity, unrestricted access and poor content monitoring may allow 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐related content to influence perception of MDMA use. We aimed to investigate how MDMA‐related videos are portrayed on TikTok and explore MDMA‐related harm reduction content.

Methods

MDMA‐related hashtags and sounds were utilised to collect data from TikTok (n = 498). Video views, likes, comments and shares were recorded and quantified, and videos were coded for depiction/sentiment towards MDMA and thematic content.

Results

The total sample view count was 82,413,781. Videos had a median view count of 28,900 (SD = ±561,645), median like count of 2269 (SD = ±102,904), median comment count of 52 (SD = ±755), and median share count of 34 (SD = ±3292). Most videos depicted MDMA neutrally (40.6%), while 34.9% were positive. MDMA intoxication was presumed in 40.2% of videos. The analysis produced seven themes, of which humour was the most common (80.5%). Harm reduction content was present in nine videos, viewed 999,700 times, and consisted of mixed subject matter.

Discussion and Conclusions

Similar themes and issues surrounding drug‐related content on TikTok are relevant to MDMA, and intoxication was present in a significant portion of the sample. Better monitoring or regulation of content could potentially offset harm that may arise from consumption of such content. Promotion of harm reduction content could also be trialled to minimise harm.
Greenhouse gas emissions from ant nests: A systematic review
Authors: Caiafa Luana , Barros Nathan Oliveira , Lopes Juliane Floriano Santos
Published: March 2023

Ant nests are ecologically important emission sources of CO2, CH4, and N2O. An updated review of the progress in studying greenhouse gas (GHG) flux from ant nests could provide a more comprehensive understanding of their role in this context.

We evaluate the progress in assessing GHG flux assessment through a systematic review and identify factors responsible for higher GHG emissions from ant nests.

The specific goals were to conduct a bibliographic analysis of the frequency and geographical distribution of scientific works addressing this topic, reported species, and methodologies; to relate the mean GHG flux to species‐specific characteristics of ant nests; and to identify patterns and biases responsible for reported higher GHG levels.

More data is needed on the species and habitats studied. The most frequently examined gas was CO2, and the closed chamber system was the most used method, with a wide variation in chamber size and material.

No relation was found between CO2emissions and species‐specific characteristics, which can be explained by the fact that these data show a high variability, probably due to the abiotic factors in each study, different measurement methods, and their respective configurations.

Our study underlines the need to standardise GHG measurement methods to allow for reliable comparisons between ant species and habitats. Furthermore, it signals the need to investigate more information to build appropriate global GHG emissions models.

This progress will only be possible through collaborative studies by increasing interaction among researchers through projects on a continental or global scale.
Chrysoporthe puriensis causing canker and mortality in Pleroma mutabile in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil
Authors: Rêgo Géssica Mylena Santana , de Souza Iêda Alana Leite , Silva Gabrielle Avelar , de Oliveira Mara Elisa Soares , Ferreira Maria Alves
Published: March 2023

Fungi of the Cryphonectriaceae family are globally known to be tree pathogens. In Brazil, several species of Chrysoporthe have been found causing stem and branch cankers in Pleroma (= Tibouchina) spp. Recently, Chrysoporthe puriensis was described as a new species causing stem and branch cankers in Pleroma granulosum, Pleroma candolleanum, and Pleroma heteromallum, all native species of the Melastomataceae family. During an investigation to collect isolates of the Cryphonectriaceae family in an important Brazilian biome, the Atlantic Forest, in Serra do Mar, structures typical of Chrysoporthe species were found in a different host, Pleroma mutabile. Fruiting bodies present in the bark of these trees were collected and isolated. The isolates were submitted on morphological characterization and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β‐tubulin gene regions using Maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and Maximum parsimony methods. The isolates collected, for this study, were identified as C. puriensis. Pathogenicity tests on seedlings of Pleroma species and Eucalyptus clones revealed C. puriensis can infect and cause canker in these plant species as mortality. The results demonstrate the importance of delimiting the C. puriensis collection range to track its dissemination in other hosts. No host specificity was observed in the inoculation tests, suggesting this is an important finding, the pathogen causes diseases and mortality in several plants of the Atlantic Forest. Additionally, the pathogen can affect others hosts, such as Eucalyptus clones in commercial plantations.
Metastatic undifferentiated sarcoma in a horse
Authors: Zetterström Sandra , Yin Ji‐Hang , Sandey Maninder , Cattley Russell , Schleis Stephanie , Lieske Danielle , Stanton James , Caldwell Fred
Published: March 2023

A 6‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding was evaluated for surgical treatment of a firm, nonpainful cervical mass. The mass developed over 9 months but began enlarging rapidly 4 months prior to presentation. Previous biopsies were inconclusive. Ultrasonography of the cranioventral neck identified a heterogenous, 20 cm × 9 cm × 10 cm mass separate from the thyroid gland and extending caudally from the level of the hyoid apparatus. The gelding was clinically healthy at presentation. Surgical resection of the mass was performed under general anaesthesia. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry staining revealed an undifferentiated sarcoma with incomplete margins. Diagnostic staging tests, re‐excision and adjuvant chemotherapy were recommended, but the horse died suddenly before further treatment could be pursued. Post‐mortem examination revealed a recurrent cranioventral cervical mass in addition to haemothorax and widespread intra‐thoracic and intra‐abdominal multiorgan metastasis. To the authors' knowledge, this report documents the first undifferentiated sarcoma with systemic metastatic disease resulting in the sudden death of a young horse.
Inhalation injury in 11 Thoroughbred racehorses: Clinical course on bronchoscopy, treatment and postinjury racing performance
Authors: Tokushige Hirotaka , Kobayashi Minoru , Iimori Mai , Ito Hiroki , Ueshiba Hiroki , Urayama Shuntaro , Kurimoto Shinjiro
Published: March 2023

Inhalation injury is a serious and potentially fatal consequence of a fire or explosion. Bronchoscopy is recommended for rapid assessment of inhalation injury in humans; however, descriptions of bronchoscopic observation of inhalation injury in horses are lacking. We describe the clinical course of inhalation injury observed by bronchoscopy, treatment, and racing performance in 26 Thoroughbred racehorses that had been exposed to a fire. On initial bronchoscopy, 11 were diagnosed with inhalation injury (3 of Grade 1 [mild]; 3 of Grade 2 [moderate]; 4 of Grade 3 [severe]; and 1 of Grade 4 [massive]); 11 had no injury (Grade 0); and 4 were found dead. Treatment was based on inhalation injury grade and mainly involved airway lavage via bronchoscopy for soot removal and exudate recovery. Of the 11 horses with inhalation injury, 10 survived and 9 returned to racing. No effects in terms of racing performance (number of starts, finishing position, and earnings) were observed. Prompt and repeated bronchoscopy may be useful for evaluating the severity of inhalation injury, and airway lavage via bronchoscopy may be an effective treatment. If diagnosed and treated early and appropriately, even severe inhalation injury will not necessarily hinder postinjury racing performance in Thoroughbred racehorses.
Partisan difference in social desirability bias on anti‐immigrant sentiments: Covert and overt expression among French voters
Authors: Nakai Ryo
Published: March 2023

Various types of anti‐immigrant sentiments have been taken as the characteristic independent variable to explain specific support for radical right parties. However, some survey respondents tend to conceal their attitudes towards socially sensitive issues. To overcome this challenge, the present study used a list experiment method (item count technique) to reveal respondents' covert attitudes towards immigrants (and compared these with overt expressions) based on party support in France. Results indicated similar levels of anti‐immigrant sentiments among radical right National Front supporters and other centre‐rightist parties. In addition, comparison with the direct question method revealed that while supporters of centre‐right parties were reluctant to express their anti‐immigrant sentiment in overt expressions, National Front supporters willingly expressed it overtly more than in covert expressions. Using regression analysis, this paper demonstrates the diversity of anti‐immigrant norms and the social desirability bias gap in the French political space.
Seven‐months‐old infants show increased arousal to static emotion body expressions: Evidence from pupil dilation
Authors: Geangu Elena , Vuong Quoc C.
Published: March 2023

Human body postures provide perceptual cues that can be used to discriminate and recognize emotions. It was previously found that 7‐months‐olds’ fixation patterns discriminated fear from other emotion body expressions but it is not clear whether they also process the emotional content of those expressions. The emotional content of visual stimuli can increase arousal level resulting in pupil dilations. To provide evidence that infants also process the emotional content of expressions, we analyzed variations in pupil in response to emotion stimuli. Forty‐eight 7‐months‐old infants viewed adult body postures expressing anger, fear, happiness and neutral expressions, while their pupil size was measured. There was a significant emotion effect between 1040 and 1640 ms after image onset, when fear elicited larger pupil dilations than neutral expressions. A similar trend was found for anger expressions. Our results suggest that infants have increased arousal to negative‐valence body expressions. Thus, in combination with previous fixation results, the pupil data show that infants as young as 7‐months can perceptually discriminate static body expressions and process the emotional content of those expressions. The results extend information about infant processing of emotion expressions conveyed through other means (e.g., faces).
Prognostic factors for delayed healing of complex wounds in adults: A scoping review
Authors: Marques Raquel , Lopes Marcos , Ramos Paulo , Neves‐Amado João , Alves Paulo
Published: March 2023

Complex or hard‐to‐heal wounds continue to be a challenge because of the negative impact they have on patients, caregivers, and all the associated costs. This study aimed to identify prognostic factors for the delayed healing of complex wounds. Five databases and grey literature were the sources used to research adults with pressure ulcers/injuries, venous leg ulcers, critical limb‐threatening ischaemia, or diabetic foot ulcers and report the prognostic factors for delayed healing in all care settings. In the last 5 years, a total of 42 original peer‐reviewed articles were deemed eligible for this scoping review that followed the JBI recommendations and checklist PRISMA‐ScR. The most frequent prognostic factors found with statistical significance coinciding with various wound aetiologies were: gender (male), renal disease, diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, the decline in activities of daily life, wound duration, wound area, wound location, high‐stage WIfI classification, gangrene, infection, previous ulcers, and low ankle brachial index. It will be essential to apply critical appraisal tools and assessment risk of bias to the included studies, making it possible to make recommendations for clinical practice and build prognostic models. Future studies are recommended because the potential for healing through identification of prognostic factors can be determined, thus allowing an appropriate therapeutic plan to be developed.
Ca2+‐dependent activator protein for secretion 1 promotes spontaneous recovery in ischemic stroke by regulatingBDNFsecretion
Authors: Liu DianWei , Zheng Yan , Chen Yuan , Jiang Yang , Wang HuiYun , Li LingMei , Ma Ling
Published: March 2023

Ischemic stroke triggers a cascade of events that facilitates neural protection and spontaneous recovery, which accounts for a major part of functional recovery. Despite the cellular and molecular facilitations on neural protection, the molecular mechanisms of spontaneous recovery have not been fully understood. Ca2+‐dependent activator protein for secretion 1 (CAPS1), a member of CAPS family, plays a major role in synaptic transmission and synaptic effectiveness by regulating vesicle exocytosis. Here, the molecular mechanism of CAPS1 in spontaneous recovery after ischemic stroke was studied. In this study, transient left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used as the ischemic stroke model. The whole brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurological score analysis showed decreased infarct volume and neurological scores at 7 days as compared with 1 day after MCAO, suggesting the spontaneous recovery. Elisa and Western blot analysis showed elevated BDNF and CAPS1 expression levels in bilateral hippocampus at both 1 day and 3 days after MCAO. Then, inhibition of CAPS1 by adeno‐associated virus (AAV) microinjection in the hippocampus attenuated the spontaneous recovery of both motor and memory impairment induced by MCAO. In addition, elevated p‐TrkB levels were detected after MCAO, which were reduced by CAPS1‐AAV microinjection, indicating that CAPS1 could induce BDNF secretion after ischemic stroke. Moreover, we found elevated combination of CAPS1 with dense core vesicles (DCV) in the hippocampus at both 1 day and 3 days after MCAO, which could also be inhibited by CAPS1‐AAV microinjection, indicating the potential mechanism of CAPS1 in regulating BDNF release after MCAO. Finally, we found that CAPS1/BDNF signaling could influence the neurogenesis in the hippocampus after MCAO. In conclusion, CAPS1 regulates neurogenesis by up‐regulating BDNF release in the hippocampus, which finally facilitate spontaneous recovery after ischemic stroke.

image
Long‐term effectiveness of a nurse‐led smoking cessation clinic at a comprehensive cancer center
Authors: Martínez Cristina , Castellano Yolanda , Fu Marcela , Riccobene Anna , Enríquez Marta , Narváez Maite , Saura Judith , Feliu Arianda , Fernández Esteve
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Smoking cessation interventions should be promoted in cancer centers to improve clinical outcomes among cancer patients and the quality of life of cancer‐free patients and survivors. The aim of the present study was to examine long‐term abstinence (1, 3, and 5 years) among smokers who received an intensive nurse‐led smoking cessation intervention.

Design

A prospective follow‐up study was conducted in a smoking cessation clinic in Barcelona.

Methods

The study included 479 smokers who received a nurse‐led smoking cessation intervention that included motivational interviewing, psychological support, behavioral change counseling, promotion of smoke‐free policies, and relapse‐prevention strategies, as well as pharmacotherapy if necessary, for 12 months. We calculated overall and sex‐specific 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year abstinence probabilities (Kaplan–Meier curves) and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of relapse with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox regression.

Findings

The overall probability of abstinence at 1 and 5 years was 0.561 (95% CI: 0.516–0.606) and 0.364 (95% CI: 0.311–0.417), respectively. Females had a higher, but not significant, hazard ratio for relapse compared to males (aHR = 1.180; 95% CI: 0.905–1.538). Attending <5 visits was the most remarkable determinant of relapsing compared to attending 5–9 visits or ≥10 visits, both overall and by sex (p for trend: overall, p < 0.001; males, p = 0.007; and females, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Abstinence probability decreased over the 5‐year follow‐up but was relatively high. Males had higher abstinence rates than females in all follow‐up periods. Completeness of the intensive intervention was the main predictor of cessation.

Clinical Relevance

Smoking cessation interventions should consider sex and incorporate strategies to increase adherence to obtain higher long‐term abstinence rates.
Unique morphological architecture of the hamstring muscles and its functional relevance revealed by analysis of isolated muscle specimens and quantification of structural parameters
Authors: Takeda Koichi , Kato Kota , Ichimura Koichiro , Sakai Tatsuo
Published: March 2023

The structural and functional differences of individual hamstrings have not been sufficiently evaluated. This study aimed to clarify the morphological architecture of the hamstrings including the superficial tendons in detail using isolated muscle specimens, together with quantification of structural parameters of the muscle. Sixteen lower limbs of human cadavers were used in this study. The semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), biceps femoris long head (BFlh), and biceps femoris short head (BFsh) were dissected from cadavers to prepare isolated muscle specimens. Structural parameters, including muscle volume, muscle length, fiber length, sarcomere length, pennation angle, and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) were measured. In addition, the proximal and distal attachment areas of the muscle fibers were measured, and the proximal/distal area ratio was calculated. The SM, ST, and BFlh were spindle‐shaped with the superficial origin and insertion tendons on the muscle surface, and the BFsh was quadrate with direct attachment to the skeleton and BFlh tendon. The muscle architecture was pennate in the four muscles. The four hamstrings possessed either of two types of structural parameters, one with shorter fiber length and larger PCSA, as in the SM and BFlh, and the other with longer fiber length and smaller PCSA, as in the ST and BFsh. Sarcomere length was unique in each of the four hamstrings, and thus the fiber length was suitably normalized using the average sarcomere length for each, instead of uniform length of 2.7 μm. The proximal/distal area ratio was even in the SM, large in the ST, and small in the BFsh and BFlh. This study clarified that the superficial origin and insertion tendons are critical determinants of the unique internal structure and structural parameters representing the functional properties of the hamstring muscles.
Impact of different postoperative adjuvant therapies on the survival of early‐stage cervical cancer patients with one intermediate‐risk factor: A multicenter study of 14 years
Authors: Ye Yanna , Li Zhiqiang , Kang Shan , Zhan Xuemei , Zhang Yi , Xu Yan , Li Weili , Lang Jinghe , Liu Ping , Chen Chunlin
Published: March 2023

Objective

To compare survival outcomes of different postoperative adjuvant therapies (PATs) for early‐stage cervical cancer (ECC) patients with one intermediate‐risk pathological factor (IPF).

Methods

A total of 2889 patients with stage IA1 to IIA2 cervical cancer were included in this study. Three PAT groups were identified, namely a no adjuvant therapy (NAT) group (n = 773), an adjuvant radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy (ART) group (n = 1648) and an adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) group (n = 468). Kaplan–Meier analysis and COX regression analysis were used to compare the overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) among the three groups, before and after propensity score matching (PSM).

Results

The recurrence and mortality rate rates in the NAT, ART and ACT groups were 9.2%, 8.6%, and 7.9%, respectively (p = 0.737). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated no significant differences in the NAT, ART, and ACT groups in 5‐year OS rates (92.8% vs. 93.6% vs. 94.7%, p = 0.594) and DFS rates (88.7% vs. 89.6% vs. 90.5%, p = 0.772). Post‐hoc tests yielded similar results, with no differences in 5‐year OS and DFS (NAT vs. ART, before and after matching, p > 0.05); (NAT vs. ACT, before and after matching, p > 0.05); and (ACT vs. ART, before and after matching, p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and chemotherapy are not associated with survival outcomes of ECC patients with one IPF. Considering the side effects and impact on patients' quality of life, the PATs should be carefully considered.
How do different network positions affect crowd members' success in crowdsourcing challenges?
Authors: Mazzola Erica , Piazza Mariangela , Perrone Giovanni
Published: March 2023

In the crowdsourcing challenges, crowd members can interact with each other by, for example, chatting, exchanging feedback, providing advice, discussing, and commenting on ideas. These social interactions shape a network structure, which is a set of social relationships developed by crowd members. This study aims at investigating how occupying diverse network positions within a crowdsourcing challenge network increases the members' likelihood to succeed in a competition. Leveraging prior literature on social networks and crowdsourcing research, we theorize how central and structural hole network positions influence the crowd members' likelihood of winning crowdsourcing challenges by leveraging the knowledge and information flows that they can access through such network positions. To empirically test the developed hypotheses, we built a crowdsourcing challenge network shaped by 2479 members registered in the 99designs crowdsourcing platform. We found that both occupying a central position and assuming a structural hole network position within the crowdsourcing challenge network showed an inverted U‐shaped effect on the success of crowd members. The results of this study contribute to previous crowdsourcing literature and provide critical implications for crowd members and managers organizing crowdsourcing competitions.
The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children: psychometric properties and prevalence of sleep disorders in Spanish children aged 6–16 years
Authors: Pagerols Mireia , Bosch Rosa , Prat Raquel , Pagespetit Èlia , Cilveti Robert , Chaparro Nerea , Esteve Antoni , Casas Miquel
Published: March 2023

The present research aimed to investigate, for the first time, the validity and reliability of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) in a sample of 2733 Spanish children aged 6–16 years. We also described the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of sleep disorder symptoms among young people, which had never been studied in Spain. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original six‐factor model and Cronbach's alpha for the total questionnaire was 0.82, which indicated good reliability. Moreover, all the SDSC subscales correlated positively and significantly with the total score (range = 0.41–0.70), thus showing convergent validity. Considering T‐scores >70 as pathological, we identified at least one sleep disorder in 116 participants (4.24%), including disorders of excessive somnolence (DOES; 5.82%), sleep–wake transition disorders (SWTD; 5.27%), and disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS; 5.09%) among the most common problems. Students in secondary education and those from families with a low socioeconomic status were more likely to have DIMS, disorders of arousal, and DOES. Subjects with clinically elevated levels of sleep breathing disorders were more frequently of foreign origin and from disadvantaged families. Boys and primary school students were more prone to sleep hyperhidrosis, while SWTD were overrepresented among children with a low socioeconomic status. According to our results, the Spanish version of the SDSC seems to be a good instrument for assessing sleep disturbances in school‐age children and adolescents, which is essential to prevent the significant implications of poor sleeping on the overall welfare of young people.
Patterns and predictors of ungulate space use across an isolated Miombo woodland reserve
Authors: Reece S. J. , Tambling C. J. , Leslie A. J. , Radloff F. G. T.
Published: March 2023

Understanding ecological‐ and management‐related predictors of mammal space use within protected areas is critical for management planning. This is particularly true in small, fenced and isolated reserves where we hypothesised that management‐related activities will influence large herbivore space use more than ecological characteristics. We used camera trap data to assess the space use patterns for 18 ungulate species in the small and isolated Majete Wildlife Reserve (Majete) in the understudied Miombo woodland ecoregion of southern Malawi. In the 2018 dry season, the 691 km2 reserve was systematically surveyed for ungulate presence at 140 camera trap locations. Over a period of 5456 camera days, the survey yielded 11 078 independent detections of 18 ungulate species and three predators. Using a single‐species occupancy modelling framework, the probability of space use of ungulates was assessed in relation to five management (fire exposure, fire frequency, water availability, distance from fence and road) and five ecological (visibility, grass biomass, vegetation type, terrain ruggedness and predator abundance) space use covariates, while accounting for imperfect detection. Top‐ranked models contained multiple covariates for 15 of the 16 species modelled, with only nyala's (Tragelaphus angasii) space use best predicted by vegetation type only. Distance to water, vegetation type, visibility and fire frequency were predictors having strong influences on six or more species each. More management‐related covariates reflected in top models, but ecological covariates had more meaningful effect sizes making us reject the hypothesis. Importantly though, distance from the roads and fence were also identified as prominent predictors. Notably, black rhinoceros' (Diceros bicornis) probability of space use increased with distance from the reserve boundary. Beyond informing habitat management for ungulates in Majete, these results can form the basis for understanding species‐specific space use patterns in other small reserves with similar characteristics and threats.
The aftermath of enforcement episodes for the children of immigrants
Authors: Dreby Joanna , Macias Eric
Published: March 2023

For 30 years, U.S. immigration policy has increasingly focused on enforcement. This article goes beyond cataloging the harms of such policies to document the processes by which they become more or less salient in the lives of children of immigrants over time. In-depth interviews with 86 young adults raised in New York show that enforcement policies shape children's lives either through lived experiences ofenforcement episodesor throughdiffuse fearsarising from indirect threats. Qualitative analysis of narratives of (a) deportations post-incarceration, (b) removals, (c) arrests and detentions (d) direct threats, and (e) diffuse fears identifies characteristics related to each that may affect children even after they age into adulthood.
Pluralism and local law in extraterritorial spaces
Authors: Bochmann Annett
Published: March 2023

Based on ethnographic research, this article shows how legal orders are being established in spaces where the state law is absent. The case of refugee camps—often discussed as sites of legal limbo and state of exception—seems to be a space of legal pluralism. However, when observing local legal practices, this pluralism is dissolved into a powerful local camp law. This characteristic type of legal order is produced by social camp-specific mechanisms, camp materiality as well as the remaking of pre-camp structures. Therefore, refugee camps should be viewed as extraterritorial spaces with a high degree of legal autonomy that enables and forces residents to create a local camp law. The findings of this study add to the literature of law and order in camps and to the debates on plural configurations in extraterritorial spaces.
Foreign agents or agents of justice? Private foundations, backlash against non-governmental organizations, and international human rights litigation
Authors: Haddad Heidi Nichols , Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh
Published: March 2023

The premise of Russia's 2012 “Foreign Agents” Law, one of the first such laws restricting foreign funding for non-governmental organizations (NGOs), is that foreign monies equal foreign agendas. Since then, over 50 countries have adopted similar laws using a similar justification. This paper interrogates this claim of foreign donor influence through examining legal mobilization by human rights NGOs at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). We track donor support for litigation by providing an overview of all foundation grant flows relating to strategic litigation for 2013–2014, and then matching the granting activities of two major U.S. foundations over 14 years to human rights NGO participation in cases before the ECtHR. Further, through case studies of Russian NGOs, we assess the causal role that donor support has played in facilitating their increased involvement in ECtHR litigation. The combined analysis indicates broad patterns of private foundation support to litigating NGOs, but uncovers no evidence that foreign donors were “pushing” NGOs toward litigation as a strategy, but instead more evidence suggesting that NGOs convinced donors to support human rights litigation. Despite the inaccuracy of the justification underpinning Russia's foreign agent law, the law threatens the survival of human rights organizations.
Emerging transitions in organic waste infrastructure in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Diprose Gradon , Dombroski Kelly , Sharp Emma , Yates Amanda , Peryman Bailey , Barnes Martine
Published: March 2023

Aotearoa New Zealand is at a critical juncture in reducing and managing organic waste. Research has highlighted the significant proportion of organic waste sent to landfills and associated adverse effects such as greenhouse gas emissions and loss of valuable organic matter. There is current debate about what practices and infrastructure to invest in to better manage and use organic waste. We highlight the diversity of existing organic waste practices and infrastructures, focusing on Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. We show how debates about organic waste practices and infrastructure connect across three themes: waste subjectivities, collective action in place and language.
Clinical Efficacy Analysis of the New PRUNUS Spine Plate System for Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery
Authors: Lu Xiang‐dong , Zhao Xiao‐feng , Zhao Yi‐bo , Wang Xiao‐nan , Qi De‐tai , Fan Zhi‐feng , Zhou Run‐tian , Jin Yuan‐zhang , Zhao Bin
Published: March 2023

Objective

Although the role of anterior cervical titanium plate system in stabilizing the spine sequence and promoting bone graft fusion has been widely recognized, more and more attention has been paid to the design of the plate itself and the complications caused by it. In order to solve the problems of poor stability of internal fixation, plate displacement and screw looseness, we designed the new PRUNUS spine plate system. Hence, the present study was conducted to describe observe and evaluate the clinical efficacy of a new type of three‐leaf reinforced cervical anterior screw plate system (PRUNUS nailing system) developed for anterior cervical surgery.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 56 patients from June 2018 to October 2019 was used. Twenty‐seven patients with cervical spine disease treated with new PRUNUS nail plate internal fixation were selected as the observation group, and 29 patients with cervical spine disease treated with conventional cervical anterior screw fixation were selected as the control group. Postoperative follow‐up was performed. Cervical stability, internal fixation position and bone graft fusion were evaluated according to imaging data. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, cervical Cobb angle, pain visual analogue scale (VAS), and Japanese orthopaedic association (JOA) were compared between the two groups. Spinal function scores and neurological improvement rates were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the new PRUNUS spine plate.

Results

The patients were followed up for 5–18 months, with an average of 7.33 months. The average operative time of the observation group was 98.4 ± 9.2 min, and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 65.3 ± 10.6 ml, which were significant different from the control group's 109.7 ± 9.4 minutes (P < 0.05), 72.9 ± 15.6 ml (P < 0.05). Comparison between the two groups in postoperative and final follow‐up of cervical Cobb angle, JOA score and improvement rate, VAS score and preoperative comparison showed no significant differences (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The new PRUNUS spine plate system can be applied to the anterior cervical spine surgery, and its clinical efficacy was similar to the traditional cervical anterior plate. But PRUNUS simplified the operation process, especially suitable for the surgical treatment of anterior cervical revision and osteoporosis patients.