bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occupational and Environmental Health Surveillance
Authors: Davis Letitia , Souza Kerry
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes various approaches to occupational and environmental health surveillance. It begins by defining public health surveillance and the basic principles of surveillance, emphazing the critical link between data and action and the importance of using surveillance findings to improve worker and community health. It describes case-based surveillance, population-based surveillance, rate-based surveillance, and hazard surveillance. It describes surveillance systems, including those based on physician reporting and on laboratory reporting. The chapter provides a description of the major occupational health surveillance systems and environmental health surveillance activities in the United States, and includes examples of how data have been translated to action. It concludes in identifying some of the surveillance challenges and opportunities related to 21st century changes in the workplace, the ambient environment, and information technology.
Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
Authors: Meeker John D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter covers occupational and environmental hygiene principles and their application. This information is vital to understanding and preventing hazardous exposures and associated adverse health effects, among workers and the general population. The chapter addresses anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of hazards, including toxic materials, noise, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, air pollution, water contamination, and related topics. Illustrative examples of these topics are described, such as common industrial processes that may result in exposure to hazardous agents, important exposure pathways, strategies to characterize exposure, the hierarchy of exposure control strategies, and known sources of environmental contaminants of concern. The chapter also includes lists of resources that provide additional information on relevant topics of interest.
Occupational Ergonomics: Promoting Safety and Health Through Work Design
Authors: Keyserling W. Monroe
Published: November 2017

Occupational ergonomics is a multidisciplinary approach for promoting safety and health through effective work design. Ergonomists collaborate with other occupational health professionals to assure that job demands are compatible with workers’ attributes, capacities, and expectations. This chapter discusses applying principles of cognitive ergonomics to prevent human errors that can contribute to injuries and/or property damage, and using principles of biomechanics and work physiology to reduce the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders, such as chronic back pain and carpal tunnel syndrome, as well as excessive fatigue. The final section of the chapter describes components of an ergonomics program to enhance safety, productivity, and well-being in the workplace.
Vibration
Authors: Johnson Peter W. , Cherniack Martin G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes vibration exposure in the workplace and its adverse health consequences. Both whole-body vibration and hand-arm vibration are described. The deleterious effects from hand-arm vibration induced by power tools on peripheral nerves and small blood vessels have been documented for more than a century. Whole-body vibration increases spinal load and can contribute to muscle fatigue and deterioration of intervertebral lumbar discs. Neck pain and low back pain are also associated with whole-body vibration from various types of equipment and vehicles. The pathophysiology of various vibration-associated disorders are discussed. Prevention and control measures are described in detail. Control of whole-body vibration rests mainly on primary prevention and selection of appropriate equipment (primarily vehicle and equipment seating) to reduce whole-body vibration exposure.
Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation
Authors: Cardarelli John
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation, ways to measure it in the environment, describes the potential health effects from chronic and acute exposures as well as a discussion addressing pregnancy concerns. Background radiation from both sources are described in relation to occupational or public exposure limits and how these limits were derived. Among the subjects described are acute radiation syndrome, exposure assessment, radon, and assessment of radiation risk. Radiation protection and control measures are described and how their applications may change based on routine vs. emergency response conditions and the scale of the incident.
Air Pollution
Authors: Riojas-Rodríguez Horacio , Romieu Isabelle , Hernández-Ávila Mauricio
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the adverse effects of both outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. Various ambient air pollutants are described as well as their adverse health effects, including acute and chronic respiratory disorders, cardiac disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. A section deals with National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the Environmental Protection Agency for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. Another section describes exposure assessment. The chapter also describes various measures to control hazardous air pollutants and prevent disorders related to air pollution. In addition, a section features indoor air pollution, including pollution due to burning of biomass for cooking and heat.
Water Contamination
Authors: Foran Jeffery A. , Griggs Amaryl
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes water contamination and wastewater treatment. It reviews the current state of water availability and water quality globally. It describes types of surface water contaminants including metals such as lead, arsenic and mercury, pesticides such as atrazine, industrial chemicals including PCBs and PBDEs, and pathogens such as E. coli and Cryptosporidium. Sources of water pollutants and their effects on humans and the environment are also discussed. Environmental Protection Agency approaches to managing surface water quality under the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act are presented as are descriptions of operational approaches to drinking water and wastewater treatment. New approaches to managing water pollution, including source control and pollution prevention, are presented and challenges to the management of water quality, such as climate change, are discussed.
Food Safety
Authors: Hedberg Craig W.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes food safety, in the context of both specific food products and entire food systems. The chapter describes various elements of food safety, how unsafe food causes adverse health effects, and what measures can be taken to prevent and control foodborne illness. The chapter emphasizes that public health surveillance for foodborne disease is the key to hazard identification. In particular, it emphasizes the role of public health surveillance as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of our food safety systems, and to guide the development of prevention and control measures. The chapter describes in detail preventing food contamination, controlling amplification or spread of foodborne disease agents, and reducing or eliminating hazards.
Cancer
Authors: Ward Elizabeth
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms by which cancer develops and the importance of exogenous exposures in cancer causation. It describes the magnitude of cancer as a public health problem in the United States and globally, highlights temporal trends in cancer rates in the United States and variations in global cancer burden by country, income level, and region. Laboratory methods for identification of potential carcinogens are reviewed with emphasis on recent developments in toxicogenomics and high-throughput screening. The classification system used by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in evaluation of potential carcinogens is described, and data are presented on occupational and environmental agents classified as “carcinogenic to humans” or “probably carcinogenic to humans.” Specific occupational and environmental carcinogens are discussed in greater detail. Topics of interest to clinicians and public health practicioners include the evaluation of occupational and community cancer clusters, primary and secondary prevention of occupational cancer, and four case studies related to cancer prevention and control and risk communication in diverse occupational settings.
Respiratory Disorders
Authors: North Crystal M. , Christiani David C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the clinical presentation of commonly-encountered occupational and environmental respiratory disorders, including principles regarding disease recognition and prevention. Where appropriate, clinical cases are included to illustrate specific diseases. The chapter begins with a general introduction to the evaluation of individuals and populations, including important considerations from the history and physical examination as well as common findings on typical diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays and other imaging studies, and pulmonary function testing. Specific disease topics covered include (a) disorders due to irritant exposures (high-, moderate-, and low-solubility irritants); (b) disorders due to nonirritant exposures (carbon monoxide and indoor and ambient air pollution); (c) occupational airways diseases (work-related asthma and occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); (d) hypersensitivity pneumonitis, byssinosis, and other diseases due to organic dust exposure; and (e) pneumoconiosis (including asbestosis, silicosis, and coal workers’ pneuconiosis). Childhood asthma is discussed as a risk factor for occupationally-related lung disease.
Neurological Disorders
Authors: Bleecker Margit L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes neurologic disorders related primarily to occupational exposures along with presenting signs and symptoms. Acute or subacute occupational exposure to high levels of neurotoxic compounds, which occurred in the past and resulted in unique presentations of neurological disorders, occur infrequently today. Sections include the evaluation of toxic neuropathies and the approach to neurobehavioral impairment along with the cognitive domains commonly affected with exposure to neurointoxicants. A section describes the approach to a patient with exposure to neurointoxicants that includes the need for a temporal association between exposure and effect, a dose-effect relationship, biological plausibility, and other causes eliminated Effects of selected neurotoxins are described, including carbon monoxide, lead, organic solvents, and manganese.
Kidney Disorders
Authors: Weaver Virginia M. , Jaar Bernard G. , Fadrowski Jeffrey J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes kidney disorders related to occupational and environmental exposures and addresses prevention and control. Sections address assessment of kidney function, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney disease from acute, high-level exposures as well as lower level exposures in combination with other CKD risk factors are considered. Established nephrotoxicants, including aristolochic acid, arsenic, cadmium, lead, melamine, mercury, silica, and solvents, are discussed. The limited data available on other agents, such as perfluorooctanoic acid and fine particulate matter, are also presented. The potential for kidney function to impact biomarker levels is considered. A final section addresses a current epidemic of CKD of unknown etiology in agricultural workers in specific countries.
Hazards for Agricultural Workers
Authors: Liebman Amy K. , May John
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes hazards for agricultural workers. This is a large and exceedingly diverse group, with work—often precarious work—being performed by very young and very old persons, workers who are often economically disadvantaged, and workers of many nationalities and languages. There is considerable variation in power between employers and workers who frequently lack authorization for legal employment in the United States. Emphasis is placed on the hazards faced by migrant workers and immigrant workers. A number of factors, including public policy and the hazards involved with agriculture, such as pesticides, impact worker health and safety. Agricultural workers do not have many of the regulatory protections provided to workers in most other industries in the United States. Mechanical, large-animal, environmental, and toxicologic challenges all contribute to the markedly elevated rates of fatal and nonfatal injuries in these workers. High rates of stress and suicide affect these young workers.
Addressing the Built Environment and Health
Authors: Jackson Richard J.
Published: November 2017

Air, water, and food environments profoundly influence health. Yet, many humans spend most of their time in “built environments”: the structures and places designed and built to surround human existence. These environments range from homes, schools, offices, industrial facilities, roadways, sidewalks, parks, and even vehicles. All of these environments can raise or limit risks to injuries; acute illnesses, such as asthma; and long- term disorders, such as obesity and diabetes. These environments shape economic, social, and psychological well-being—and ultimately planetary sustainability. Designing environments to promote physical activity, including walking, stair climbing, bicycling and other forms of active transportation, is a documented tool for public health improvement.
A Global Perspective on Occupational Health and Safety
Authors: Rantanen Jorma H.
Published: November 2017

Occupational hazards as well as occupational injuries and diseases are frequent and serious problems not only in industrialized high-income countries, but also in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In high-income countries, the occurrence of occupational injuries and chemically-related disorders has decreased while psychosocial problems and issues for disabled, aging, and other vulnerable workers have increased. In the LMICs, “traditional” occupational hazards and related injuries and diseases are still a major concern. Globalization, while providing some benefits to workers, has presented many negative effects, such as transfer of hazardous technologies and substances to LMICs, widening of income gaps, and worsening of working conditions and worker income, especially for agricultural workers, those with little education, and informal workers. The chapter provides a global overview of work and workers as well occupational health and safety hazards and related challenges.
Public Service, Public Goods, and the Common Good
Authors: Muñoz Gerardo Sanchis
Published: November 2017

The proper provision of public goods by a well-functioning, impartial government is not the only thing necessary for attaining the common good, but it is essential. The economic view of the human person as a rational, self-interested maximizer has become pervasive in analyzing government dysfunction and is employed by international agencies to generate proposals to realign the economic incentives of government officials. But this mindset assumes and encourages self-interest and undermines idoneidad (suitability)—which includes integrity, motivation, and competence—as the most fundamental characteristic that must be demanded of both elected and appointed officials at all levels of government. The failure of public institutions in Argentina is employed as a telling example of such problems.
Epilogue
Authors: Foltz Jonathan
Published: November 2017

The current notion of the “death of the novel” is a midcentury construction at once inherited from modernism and designed to obscure the novel’s affinity with new forms of moving image storytelling. Against this critical rubric, I suggest that contemporary literary history is already enmeshed in a history of evolving media—which is to say, an ongoing record of generic distress. There has not been only one death of the novel, stretched out over a century from modernism to the present; for the “death of the novel” is not a historical event. The literary history of the novel after film cannot be drawn in a straight line, in part because that history is not simply literary in nature. What has it meant for writers to discover that film and television may no longer be conceived as media foreign to the novel but are instead crucial pieces of its “hideous furniture”?
Introduction
Authors: Myers Alicia D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the topic of motherhood in the New Testament by exploring recent scholarly contributions and the growing interest in embodied aspects of theological constructions. This book builds on these earlier studies by examining the maternal language of the New Testament with a gender-critical lens aided by ancient medical and philosophical literatures, which offer distinct constructions of the female body. The chapter also traces the lingering association of ideal womanhood with motherhood that is at home in the ancient Mediterranean world that rests on constructions of perfection as masculinity. This collapsing of womanhood and motherhood persists in contemporary, western societies. These societies continue to figure motherhood as both a proper “choice” and an aspect of “personal fulfillment” for women. The chapter ends with a summary of the book’s argument and overview of the study.
Maternal Bodies
Authors: Myers Alicia D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of ancient constructions of femininity and the female body. In particular, this chapter will demonstrate the intertwining of female identity with motherhood that results from these constructions. It begins with a discussion of ancient constructions of sex, or gender, among various medical authors before turning to an overview of constructions of masculinity and interpretations on the origins of “woman” in the myths of Pandora and Eve. The chapter then offers an exploration of the constructions of the female body in ancient medical literatures that reinforce the understanding of women (and femininity) as permeable deficiency whose purpose is bearing children.
Conceiving Christ and Community
Authors: Myers Alicia D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter notes the consistent ambiguity of Mary’s characterization in the Gospels and Acts that reflects a similar ambiguity toward biological mothers in these works. The chapter begins with an overview of ancient embryological theories and understandings of childbirth found in the Hippocratics, Aristotle, Galen, and Soranus. Using this context as background, the chapter analyzes the characterizations of Mary and presentations of Jesus’s conception and birth in the Gospels and Acts, as well as the presentations of motherhood more generally. Emphasizing membership to God’s household above all others, these New Testament works distance biological mothers and motherhood even as they reflect aspects of ancient generative theories. In this way, these works open up ways for unconventional motherhood, such as that of Jesus, who births disciples as children of God.
Conclusions
Authors: Myers Alicia D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes the findings of the previous chapters, arguing that acknowledging the gender hierarchies and physiological constructions at the core of maternal imagery in the New Testament serves at least two purposes. First, it enables readers of the New Testament and early Christian literatures to understand better the imagery and theologies within these writings. Second, it exposes the fluidity and contested nature of gender constructions in developing Christianity, particularly in discussions of soteriology. Rather than consistently enforcing or prohibiting a maternal telos on women, these writings emphasize a need to be oriented toward life, the source and continuance of which is located in God alone. This reframing of ideal womanhood simultaneously reframes masculinity as well, even though it perpetuates the equation of perfection and masculinity. Noting the constructed nature of these gendered identities, however, can encourage contemporary readers to move beyond ancient gender hierarchies to better appreciate all life.
Definition
Authors: Camper Martin
Published: November 2017

Chapter 3 explores the interpretive stasis of definition, where there is a question concerning the intended or appropriate scope of the basic sense of a term in a text. The chapter shows how rhetors, by persuasively articulating a definition and resorting to various lines of argument, can shift the meaning of passages and reframe controversies hinging on a text’s interpretation by adjusting the scope of a single term. But only linchpin terms (similar to Burke’s and Weaver’s ultimate terms) have this governing quality. The chapter’s central example consists of oral arguments from the 2010 Supreme Court case McDonald v. City of Chicago that ultimately determined US citizens have a fundamental right to bear arms. The case partly rested on whether the Fourteenth Amendment’s phrase privileges or immunities, generally protected from state infringement, includes this right within its scope. The centrality of definitional disputes to legal interpretation is also considered.
Opening, Closing, and Moving through Interpretive Disputes
Authors: Camper Martin
Published: November 2017

Chapter 8 explores how the interpretive stases are logically related to each other and how interpretive disputes are initiated and resolved. The chapter explains how the interpretive stases occur in a predictable, presuppositional sequence in which certain interpretive issues must be resolved or settled before further interpretive issues can be considered. The chapter also discusses what happens when additional passages or texts are brought in to support an argument about another passage or text. Passages from Margaret Fell’s seventeenth-century pamphlet arguing for women’s right to preach illustrate these points. Building on Patricia Roberts-Miller’s framework for understanding deliberative conflicts, the chapter outlines four different types of interpretive communities based on their valuation and use of disagreement and interpretive argument. Each of these types of communities initiates and resolves interpretive disputes in different ways. The chapter also describes three constraining factors that influence the felt need to resolve an interpretive disagreement.
Introduction
Authors: Jones David K.
Published: November 2017

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is the most significant health reform legislation enacted in generations. However, politics does not end after a bill is signed into law. This chapter outlines why states were given such a prominent role in the implementation of core elements of the ACA, including the health insurance exchanges. This sets the stage for the question of this book: given that state leaders say they want flexibility and that Republicans say they prefer market-oriented reforms, why did so many states reject state control over exchanges? I outline the four main insights from the case study chapters: (1) the importance of governors, (2) the power of the Tea Party, (3) the ways in which differences in institutional design and procedures shaped policy outcomes, and (4) the importance of leadership. I ask whether this episode supports or undermines the federalism notion of states as laboratories of learning.
Terminology for Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Rabin Borsika A. , Brownson Ross C.
Published: November 2017

In order for a field to prosper and thrive, a common language is essential. As is often the case when many disciplines and numerous organizations converge in development of a field, dissemination and implementation research is still characterized by inconsistent terminology. While the “state-of-the-art” might still not be advanced enough to resolve all of the existing inconsistencies in terminology, this chapter represents the tremendous amount of development that happened over the past 5 years to create platforms and approaches for a more consistent, agreed upon language for dissemination and implementation research across topic areas, stakeholder groups, and geographical areas. As the dissemination and implementation field makes progress toward a shared terminology, we can expect to see higher quality dissemination and implementation research and greater contribution of dissemination and implementation science to improving public health and clinical practice.
Systems Thinking and Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Riley Barbara L. , Willis Cameron D. , Holmes Bev , Finegood Diane T. , Best Allan , McIsaac Jessie-Lee D.
Published: November 2017

Increasingly, the literature highlights the benefits of systems thinking in approaching dissemination and implementation efforts and associated research in health. This chapter draws attention to features of systems thinking that are most pertinent to dissemination and implementation research, including how we think about dissemination and implementation objects and strategies. It covers main features of dissemination and implementation research—its purpose and questions, conceptual frameworks, study designs and methods, and the research process. In doing so, it provides an overview of a systems-oriented approach to dissemination and implementation research. The chapter provides two dissemination and implementation research examples that demonstrate the applicability of the approaches described in this chapter across a range of health issues, especially the complex health problems—of today and the foreseeable future—that cause the greatest health, social, and economic burden to individuals and societies worldwide.
Adaptation in Dissemination and Implementation Science
Authors: Baumann Ana A. , Cabassa Leopoldo J. , Stirman Shannon Wiltsey
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on adaptations in the context of dissemination and implementation research and practice. Consistent with the existing literature, the authors recommend that adaptations be proactively and iteratively determined, strongly informed by a variety of stakeholders, and that efforts be made to carefully describe and document the nature of the adaptations and evaluate their impact on desired service, health, and implementation outcomes. While this chapter focuses on adaptations to interventions and the context of practice, the authors also note that adaptations may need to be made to implementation strategies. Following the call by Proctor and colleagues for further precision in defining and operationalizing implementation strategies, and based on evidence that scholars are not necessarily reporting what and how they are adapting the interventions, scholars are urged to define and evaluate the adaptations they are making not only to the interventions and context of practice but also to the implementation strategies.
Health Dissemination and Implementation Within Schools
Authors: Lee Rebekka M. , Gortmaker Steven L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter emphasizes the enormous potential schools hold for impacting population health. Considering the constant presence of school in children’s lives for over 12 years, it is important to conduct research and plan programs that can work together across the life course to promote health and seek to understand how schools can help to link children to services beyond the school walls. A large gap between the evidence for effectiveness of school-based health interventions and the types of programs, policies, and services that currently influence the lives of children must be addressed. Future school-based dissemination and implementation research cannot overestimate the importance of developing strategies that are compatible with the primary aims of schools: promoting learning through reading, writing, math, etc. Equally important is considering policy and environmental change strategies at the national, state, and district level to promote health within schools.
Dissemination and Implementation Research in a Global Context
Authors: Lobb Rebecca , Ramanadhan Shoba , Murray Laura
Published: November 2017

The value and challenges associated with participatory research are intensified for lower and middle-income countries because of the geographic distance between the primary research team and research setting, the limited resources and infrastructure for health, and the linguistic and cultural diversity of the residents. Dissemination and implementation research is ideally suited to improve health for populations in lower and middle-income countries because the emphasis on local context contributes to building trust between local stakeholders and researchers, and leverages emergent ideas for solutions to local problems. Moreover, the products of dissemination and implementation research include practical information to improve use of evidence-based practices in local settings and generalizable knowledge to advance science.
Future Issues in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Brownson Ross C. , Colditz Graham A. , Proctor Enola K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter highlights just a sample of the many rich areas for dissemination and implementation research that will assist us in shortening the gap between discovery and practice, thus beginning to realize the benefits of research for patients, families, and communities. Greater emphasis on implementation in challenging settings, including lower and middle-income countries and underresourced communities in higher income countries will add to the lessons we must learn to fully reap the benefit of our advances in dissemination and implementation research methods. Moreover, collaboration and multidisciplinary approaches to dissemination and implementation research will help to make efforts more consistent and more effective moving forward. Thus, we will be better able to identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future dissemination and implementation research, ultimately informing the practice and policies of clinical care and public health services.
Restaging the State
Authors: Chowdhury Arjun
Published: November 2017

This chapter lays out the effects of the nuclear revolution for the process of state formation. With nuclear weapons, the costs of interstate war became unacceptably high, and policymakers preferred bargains to war. This initially led to calls that the state was obsolete and demands for alternatives to the state, like a world government. But these alternatives could not give credible guarantees that war would be avoided, and instead, intellectuals and policymakers advocated a different role for the state: rather than waging war, the state was to stockpile weapons in order to deter it. This role for the state would require less popular sacrifice over time, as war became less likely. Yet deterrence also meant an expanded role for the state, as it required greater centralization to prevent war. The state thus became more central to world order yet less capable of compelling sacrifice.
Origins of Anarchy
Authors: Chowdhury Arjun
Published: November 2017

This chapter elaborates how the anti-colonial movements promised to abjure war and thus could not replicate the European process of state formation. The experience of colonialism convinced anti-colonial leaders that European civilization was based on racial categories that they did not wish to reproduce. Eliminating such “racialist” thinking meant abjuring war and empire, and founding postcolonial polities to deliver a different good to the population. This good was development, and initially, anti-colonial leaders doubted that the state, being small and weak, was suited to achieve this goal. They proposed alternatives to the state, like federations, but as these could not compel popular sacrifice, postcolonial leaders turned to using state power in conjunction with foreign aid to bring development to their populations. This meant that unlike the European state, the postcolonial state was never self-enforcing, and the supply of the state in the form of taxes would be low.
Full Circle
Authors: Chowdhury Arjun
Published: November 2017

This chapter completes the historical narrative by addressing the following puzzle: the modern state which developed through war-making and colonization is now seen to be necessary for interstate peace and the protection of human rights. To do so, the chapter begins with analyzing human rights appeals, like those of Eastern European dissidents, as challenges to state power. These challenges ultimately destabilized Eastern European states, but also pointed to alternatives to the state as best placed for achieving human rights. Logically and historically, the chapter suggests, the centralized state was not the obvious institutional solution to achieve human rights and development. But, in response to the humanitarian problems of the 1990’s, scholars and policymakers increasingly argued that centralized states were necessary for peace, human rights, and development, and advocated building states through foreign intervention. Such “state-building” is thus the opposite of the process of European state formation.
Conclusions
Authors: Luis Roniger
Published: November 2017

This book has explored how the transformed cultural domains of Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay have been affected by postexilic relocations and transnational migrant displacements. By analyzing the role, work, public standing, and institutional insertion of those intellectuals, cultural, and political actors, and by incorporating their direct testimonial statements, the book drew attention to the relevance of studying postauthoritarian developments through the lens of individual and collective participation in public life. It empirically documented the impact of many intellectuals, academics, artists, and political and social activists who left primarily due to political circumstances and the different trajectories they followed. The analysis also stressed the development of the new diasporas as bridges, reflecting the irreversibility of historical events that opened these societies, at varying degrees, to global forces and networks to an extent unknown in the not-too-distant past.
Jesuit Probabilism
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the fullest formulation of probabilism as it was articulated by the Jesuit theorists and professors of theology at the Roman College, which by the end of the sixteenth century had become the center of Jesuit knowledge. This chapter focuses in particular on Francisco de Toledo, Gregorio de Valencia, Francisco Suárez, and Gabriel Vázquez. Through an analysis of a substantial number of these authors’ manuscripts alongside their printed work, this chapter shows how probabilism evolved into a coherent and wide-ranging intellectual system for dealing with human uncertainty. Furthermore, tracing the development of probabilism through the lecture notes of the Jesuit theologians who taught at the Roman College and moved within a larger, pan-European, educational and intellectual milieu allows us to understand how a distinctive, complex, and hugely influential school of theological thought took its shape.
“Nihil scio certo, & tamen ob incerta non doceo”
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: November 2017

This chapter is devoted to exploring the most radical, yet also theoretically mature, developments of probabilism through the works of two theologians: Antonino Diana and Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz. Active in the central decades of the seventeenth century, when the rigorist antiprobabilist offensive was picking up steam and gaining a sizable polemical capital, Diana and Caramuel had common theoretical interests, despite their widely different scholarly and personal profiles. Despite a long historiographical and polemical tradition that interprets Diana and Caramuel as the quintessentially casuistical and laxist writers, I argue instead that they articulated the most accomplished versions of probabilism as a proper epistemology and as a way to fully incorporate both uncertainties and novelties into the core intellectual system of an increasingly global Catholicism.
Time Goes on Crutches till Love Have All His Rites
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: November 2017

The last three chapters of this book present specific case studies showing concrete examples of the issues to which probabilism was applied. These chapters bring the theoretical and theological discussions on probabilism into the daily life of early modern men and women, and they demonstrate the fundamental role probabilism assumed in early modern Western culture. This chapter focuses on the question of the validity of East Asian marriages, which were institutionally, legally, and culturally very different from the European West. As Catholic missionaries and theologians confronted these differences, they found probabilism immensely useful for rethinking, updating, and adapting to this new context traditional notions concerning the nature of marriage both as a sacrament and as a legal contract.
First Crossroad
Authors: Zamir Tzachi
Published: November 2017

This chapter articulates the different ways by which philosophy and religion approach knowledge. The philosopher seems to ascribe intrinsic value to knowledge. The religious poet, by contrast, appears to instrumentalize it into an enabler of a deeper bond with God. Four features of Paradise Lost’s unique kind of poetry are presented as both promoting and expressing the latter stance to knowledge. These include (1) the manner whereby the poem’s language fights attempts to relate to it as if it were a transparent description, (2) the speaker’s humility (by presenting himself as a mouthpiece for the Muse rather than the begetter of knowledge), (3) the poem’s Latinism (one language hosting another mirrors the hosting being commended by the poem), and (4) the attempt to vitalize the reader’s relationship to her past (the poem’s attitude to history is shown to exemplify Niebuhr’s tri-part theory regarding the uniqueness of history’s experience in faith.
Third Crossroad
Authors: Zamir Tzachi
Published: November 2017

Because God is not merely a prescriptive entity but, by virtue of his omnipresence, also a place, Milton implies that knowledge, vitality, and meaningful action depend upon one’s sense of location. For philosophy, one’s understanding (one’s language) determines one’s world; for the religious poet it is the other way round: what one experiences as one’s location, shapes what one knows. A contrast is drawn between the philosopher who begins by denouncing the perceived world, returning to it after a stage of withdrawal into contemplation, and the religious poet who begins with perception of the right kind. Differences between philosophy and religion over the connection between meaningful existence and living an examined life are traced.
Animating the Science Fiction Imagination
Authors: Telotte J.P.
Published: November 2017

Before flying saucers, robot monsters, and alien menaces invaded the movies of the 1950s, there was already a significant body of animated science fiction, produced by such studios as Disney, the Fleischers, and Terrytoons. That work has largely been overlooked or forgotten, despite the fact that the same pre-World War II era that produced this group of short films also saw the more prominent development and flourishing of SF as a literary genre. This book surveys that neglected body of work to show how it helped contribute to the burgeoning SF imagination that was manifested in pulp literature, serials, feature films, and even World’s Fairs of the era. It argues that prewar cartoons helped to create a familiarity with the scientific and technological developments that were spurring that SF imagination and build an audience for this new genre. Demonstrating the same modernist spirit as SF literature and feature films, these cartoons adopted many of the genre’s most important motifs (rockets and space travel, robots, alien worlds and their inhabitants, and fantastic inventions and inventors), offered comic visions of the era’s growing fascination with science and technology, and framed that matter in a nonthreatening fashion. Popular animation thereby not only added another dimension to the SF imagination, but also helped prepare postwar audiences to embrace SF’s vision of the future and of inevitable change.
Midbrain and Thalamus
Authors: DeFelipe Javier
Published: November 2017

This section contains a gallery of original Cajal drawings pertaining to the midbrain and thalamus.
Optic Lobe of Lower Vertebrates
Authors: DeFelipe Javier
Published: November 2017

This section contains a gallery of original Cajal drawings pertaining to the optic lobe of lower vertebrates.
Women Shamans: Fluctuations in Female Spiritual Power
Authors: Young Serinity
Published: November 2017

The Manchu folk epic known as the Tale of the Nišan Shaman introduces all of the elements of shamanism discussed in this chapter: how one becomes a shaman; shamanic flight; ritual dress; spirit animals; and gender. Transvestism and sex change are also an important part of the history of shamanism, given that over time, men in many places took on female roles to be become shamans, or had to wear remnants of female clothing during ceremonies in order to call upon the power of the earlier female shamans. Others were Two-Spirit people: biologically male Two-Spirits who dressed, acted, and lived as women. Some were considered powerful shamans. The shaman costume was very important; its fringe represented bird feathers, with birds painted on other parts of it. The shaman’s drum was believed to carry the shaman’s spirit on its flight.
Flying Mystics, or the Exceptional Woman, Part II
Authors: Young Serinity
Published: November 2017

This chapter enters the realm of Asian mystical women purported to have levitated, moved through the air, or flown. Three major religious traditions are examined: Islam, Daoism, and Buddhism. In Islam, Ṣūfīsm is the mystical strain of the religion. Here, the life and example of the female Ṣūfī mystic Rābi’ah al-’Adawiyya of Baṣra is explored, as are other aerial Ṣūfī women. Sun Bu’er and He Xiangu are women who illustrate Daoists paths toward enlightenment and immortality. In Buddhism, the figure of the iddhi is explored: these holy people are described as performing numerous aerial feats, including flying, touching the sun and the moon, and ascending to the highest heavens. None of the women’s lives examined here were easy, even by the standards of religious devotion and asceticism. A recurrent theme across the religious traditions is denying women the same religious opportunities as men.
Perfumed Melodies, Violet Memories
Authors: Maxwell Catherine
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the fragrance of single flower—the violet—which although often associated with the modest Victorian maiden, has an alternative literary genealogy that links its scent not just to memory, death, mourning, and remembrance, but also specifically to music and poetry. After tracking its influential literary origins in Shakespeare and Bacon, the chapter shows how violet scent encrypts memories of Shelley and Keats that haunt the Victorian imagination, and traces that memorial scent as it permeates various later Victorian lyrics to be finally expressed in a sonnet of 1901 by Katharine Bradley, the older half of the poetic couple who write as Michael Field.
Scent, the Body, and the Cosmopolitan Flaireur
Authors: Maxwell Catherine
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the cosmopolitan flaireur, the sophisticated citizen of the world who relishes the fragrance of travel, represented by the historian and classicist John Addington Symonds and the journalist and critic Lafcadio Hearn, his junior by ten years. The smell of the human body is something that speaks intimately to the very nature of perfume, which references and alludes to corporeal odours as much as it camouflages them. Appreciators respectively of male and female body scents, both Symonds and Hearn write enthusiastically about the perfumes of the places they visit and the bodies they encounter there, but they are also keen consumers of the literature of other lands, both past and present, savoured by them for its release of distinctive male and female fragrances. This chapter focuses on the cosmopolitan flaireur, the sophisticated citizen of the world who relishes the fragrance of travel, represented by the historian and classicist John Addington Symonds and the journalist and critic Lafcadio Hearn, his junior by ten years. The smell of the human body is something that speaks intimately to the very nature of perfume, which references and alludes to corporeal odours as much as it camouflages them. Appreciators respectively of male and female body scents, both Symonds and Hearn write enthusiastically about the perfumes of the places they visit and the bodies they encounter there, but they are also keen consumers of the literature of other lands, both past and present, savoured by them for its release of distinctive male and female fragrances.
Michael Field’s Fragrant Imagination
Authors: Maxwell Catherine
Published: November 2017

This chapter establishes the importance of perfume to Michael Field, the female aesthetes Katharine Bradley and Edith Cooper, and shows how it plays a significant role both in the poetry produced by Bradley and in entries in the women’s shared diary, especially those written by Cooper. Often exchanged in the form of gifts and scented flowers, perfume is strongly associated by both women with love but also with poetic creativity, as in Bradley’s verse, which celebrates her tender amatory feelings for Cooper but also her deep affection for the artist Charles Ricketts. The chapter concludes with a reading of one of Bradley’s most accomplished poems, which can be regarded as a poetic scented signature, expressing the essence of Michael Field.
Secretariats and Staff
Authors: Yi-chong Xu , Weller Patrick
Published: November 2017

To understand the relationship between the secretariats and both member states and IO leaders, this chapter explores the different structures and standing of the secretariat, identifies the cultures that spring from the different disciplinary foundations, charts the opportunities the secretariat has to influence outcomes and the means by which it interacts with the representatives of member states. It concludes that the issue is not whether the staff can have an influence, but how that influence is applied, consistent with the member states’ position as nominal masters. It depends on the secretariats’ expertise and professionalism, but, more importantly, on their willingness to act as neutral intermediaries, to maintain a low profile, and to uphold their credibility with all members.
Religious Constructions of British Emigration in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Strong Rowan
Published: November 2017

A chapter on the understandings and constructions of emigration and emigrants propounded by the Victorian preachers and other clergy, emigration publicists, political economists, those working directly in emigrants’ ministry, and the Church of England. It finds that differences between the ways emigrants and emigration were viewed depended on the amount of direct contact the various groups had with emigrants themselves. The chapter also looks at the similarities and differences between such religious constructions of emigrants from the 1840s to the last decades of the nineteenth century. It finds that, with respect to the Anglican emigrant chaplaincy, some imperialist views did emerge in the later nineteenth century, in contrast to an earlier period, which was more concerned with the emigrants’ well-being and the extension of Christianity. However, this view of responding to emigrants as needy people remained a constant in the Church of England throughout the nineteenth century.