bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building Citizens’ Trust in Urban Infill: A Dynamic Approach
Authors: Laine Markus , Leino Helena , Santaoja Minna
Published: December 2018

Urban infill is a topical issue for the growing cities in the Nordic countries. In Finland, many suitable infill sites are owned by resident-owned housing companies, and thus a successful infill process requires reconfiguration of the planning and participation practices. In this paper, we forward a dynamic approach to trust as a fruitful conceptualization of actor relationships. Building on Malcolm Tait’s typology of trust and drawing on Bourdieu’s work, we highlight the need to pay attention to the previous experiences, habitus and person’s or group’s dynamic capabilities of action for building more lasting trust in planning.
Nursing Theory in Virtual Care
Authors: Fronczek Ann E.
Published: December 2018

Individuals are increasingly seeking care in virtual care environments as the healthcare system evolves. Nurses are well poised to enhance their scope of practice into these environments that can transcend time, space, and location. The author discusses both how virtual care environments are seen in today’s healthcare systems and how nursing theory and research will contribute to enhancing quality care for individuals in virtual care environments.
A Comparison of Two Case Studies Using the Roy Adaptation Model: Parents of Opioid-Dependent Adults and Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Russo Sandra , Baumann Steven L. , Velasco-Whetsell Martha , Roy Callista
Published: December 2018

The authors in this paper demonstrate the utility and versatility of the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) as applied to two contemporary case studies. The first case uses the RAM model to gain understanding and guide nursing practice to assist the parents of a young adult with an opioid use disorder and depression, and the second case involves using the RAM model to help a woman who recently had bariatric surgery cope and adapt postoperatively in a way that helps her maximize the benefits of having had that procedure. The authors discuss how the RAM provides a holistic approach that can be used to provide high-quality, comprehensive nursing.
A spotlight on chronic patients’ hospitalization: Some exploratory insights
Authors: Palumbo Rocco , Manna Rosalba
Published: December 2018

All over the world, health care systems are experiencing the challenges raised by the epidemiological transition from the prevalence of acute diseases to the preponderance of chronic illnesses. However, the traditional design for acute conditions of most of health care systems – which triggers a hospital-centric culture – is not consistent with the special health needs of people suffering from long-term conditions. In fact, the access of chronic patients to hospital services has been variously contested to be inappropriate and ineffective to meet their demand for care. Sticking to these considerations, this study investigates the factors that influence the occurrence of hospitalization and the length of hospital stays of a representative sample of Italian chronic patients. Secondary data were collected from the European Health Interview Survey. The sample consisted of 8,127 people. A probit model and a multiple regression analysis were performed to obtain some evidence on the regressors of Italian patients’ access to hospital care. Among others, gender, work condition, health services’ use and health status were found to have a role in influencing chronic patients’ behaviors. The study findings prompted the formulation of several avenues for future developments, which provide some food for thought to policy makers and inspire an agenda for further research.
Psychotherapy in Europe
Authors: Marks Sarah
Published: December 2018

Psychotherapy was an invention of European modernity, but as the 20th century unfolded, and we trace how it crossed national and continental borders, its goals and the particular techniques by which it operated become harder to pin down. This introduction briefly draws together the historical literature on psychotherapy in Europe, asking comparative questions about the role of location and culture, and networks of transmission and transformation. It introduces the six articles in this special issue on Greece, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Russia, Britain and Sweden as well as its parallel special issue of History of Psychology on ‘Psychotherapy in the Americas’. It traces what these articles tell us about how therapeutic developments were entangled with the dramatic, and often traumatic, political events across the continent: in the wake of the Second World War, the emergence of Communist and authoritarian regimes, the establishment of welfare states and the advance of neoliberalism.
Role of Local Context in the Success of Farmer Collectives: A Review
Authors: Jain Rahi , Narnaware Prashant
Published: December 2018

Farmer collective (FC) history in developing countries is a mixed one. Different models of FC are adopted, but many farmers have not been part of collectives, and the established collectives have been facing various challenges such as marginalization of weak, external interference and poor competitiveness. This review focuses on the understanding the role of various factors influencing the FC performance and success. The article critically examines the evidence provided regarding the socio-economic-environmental characteristics of the local area, collective characteristics, performance characteristics and externalities in determining FC success. The main focus is on relevance of a local system in determining FC success. The article concludes that while FC success is mixed, incorporation of local system characteristics during the FC establishment and functioning could ensure FC success. However, it is important that external agents need to co-align their interests with the local context such that FC becomes successful both for local system intrinsic goals and national development goals.
Inter-sectoral Growth Linkages and Their Implications for Agriculture: Evidence from Indian States
Authors: Varkey Rittu Susan , Panda Prasant Kumar
Published: December 2018

This article empirically examines the existence of inter-sectoral growth linkages among the key sectors of the Indian economy at the state level. The examination evaluates the impact of the non-agricultural sectors of the states and that of the rest of the states on agricultural output of a particular state. An annual panel data set for 15 general category states have been taken for the period 1980–1981 to 2012–2013. Panel cointegration and fully modified ordinary least square methods have been used to study the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between sectors. The results suggest that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship among three sectors of the economy in the Indian states. The evaluation indicates that the industrial sector contributes positively in complementing the growth of agriculture, but the service sector advancement affects agricultural growth negatively. However, services having some direct reference to agriculture such as transport, storage and communication (TSC), trade, hotel and restaurant (THR) and banking and insurance (BI) have positive linkage with agriculture. The state specific econometric evaluation of the agricultural output varies relatively across different states, for example, in Kerala, the impact of rest of the industries and services leaves a positive significance; whereas, the study foresees the negative impact of industry and services in the states such as Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan. In order to neutralize the negative linkages of service sector on agriculture, policies for promoting pro-agricultural services such as crop and agricultural insurance, agricultural loans, facilities for agricultural warehouse, marketing services, weather communication, transport services and provision of technical support to farm activities are important. Such initiatives can help agricultural sector grow along in the simultaneous development of sectors propelling growth of the economy at a faster rate.
An Analysis of Fiscal Policy in an Emerging Economy: Innovative and Sustainable Fiscal Rules in India
Authors: Sawhney Upinder
Published: December 2018

Fiscal management is considered to be effective only if fiscal imbalances do not create any macroeconomic instability in an economy. In a federal structure, the performance of sub-national constituents as well as the national government is significant for growth and development. Fiscal imbalances set in the Indian economy both at the national and sub-national levels during 1980s and became a matter of concern by the end of the last century. Accordingly, fiscal responsibility legislations (FRLs) were enacted by the two layers (union and state) of the government. It is not the enactment but the effective implementation leading to fiscal discipline and consolidation which is important. This article seeks to examine the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 of a developed Indian state situated in the northwest of India, that is, Punjab. Various fiscal consolidation targets are reviewed against the actual outcomes of those fiscal parameters which are outlined in the FRL of the State. Some policy pre-scriptions for innovative and sustainable fiscal rules have been suggested.
Resistance of colostrum-deprived domestic lambs to infection with deer adenovirus
Authors: Imus Jennifer K. , Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Woods Leslie W.
Published: December 2018

Seven colostrum-deprived, 3–4-wk-old Rambouillet–Hampshire lambs were inoculated via the mucous membranes with deer adenovirus (DAdV) and monitored for clinical signs for 21 d post-inoculation at which time animals were euthanized and postmortem examinations were performed. Pre-inoculation and post-inoculation serum samples were tested for antibodies to DAdV, ovine adenovirus 7, bovine adenovirus 7, and goat adenovirus 1. Evidence for DAdV infection was determined by virus isolation, PCR tests, and histopathology with immunohistochemistry tests for DAdV. No clinical signs or lesions consistent with adenoviral hemorrhagic disease (AHD) in deer were seen in the lambs, and the lambs did not seroconvert to DAdV. DAdV was not detected by PCR, virus isolation, or immunohistochemistry in any of the samples tested from the lambs. A positive control deer similarly inoculated with DAdV developed fatal AHD 1 wk post-inoculation. Our colostrum-deprived lambs did not become infected when inoculated with DAdV.
Considering Gender Complexity in Music Teacher Education
Authors: Palkki Joshua , Sauerland William
Published: December 2018

Gender is one of the many social constructs that can influence teaching and learning. As trans(gender) people “come out” at earlier ages, an increasing number of teachers will have openly identifying trans and gender nonconforming students in their classes. Music educators and music teacher educators are often supporters of LGBTQA (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, asexual/agender/ally) students; thus, these constituencies should expand their notions of gender away from a simplistic binary category toward a gender-complex approach in which all students—cisgender, trans, genderqueer, and questioning—can thrive. To that end, we provide an overview of vocabulary and teaching pedagogies pertinent to gender issues in music teacher education. In addition, we offer sample lessons and projects that could be incorporated into preservice music teacher preparation.
News finds me perception and democracy: Effects on political knowledge, political interest, and voting
Authors: Gil de Zúñiga Homero , Diehl Trevor
Published: December 2018

Recent scholarship suggests that overreliance on social networks for news and public affairs is associated with the belief that one no longer needs to actively seek information. Instead, individuals perceive that the “news will find me” (NFM) and detach from the regular habit of traditional news consumption. This study examines effects of the NFM perception on political knowledge, political interest, and electoral participation. Drawing on a nationally representative panel survey from the United States ( N = 997), this study finds that the NFM perception is negatively associated with both political knowledge and political interest across two time periods. The NFM perception also leads to negative, indirect effects on voting as the relationship is mediated through lower reported levels of political knowledge and interest in politics. The findings add to current conversations about the ability of personalized information networks to adequately inform and engage the public.
The temporal dimensions of business incubation: A value-creation perspective
Authors: Nair Sujith , Blomquist Tomas
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this article is to develop an understanding of business incubation along its temporal dimensions from a value creation perspective. We explore the temporal dimensions of business incubation by conducting a case study of six Swedish incubators with 43 semi-structured interviews of entrepreneurs and incubator coaches and managers. We show that temporality could be understood along the content and process of value creation. Such a delineation brings out the temporal tensions associated with the value creation processes in incubation. Our study adds to the current incubator literature by providing a more comprehensive explanation of its processes from a value creation perspective.
Beyond consumer responsibilization: Slow Food’s actually existing neoliberalism
Authors: Thompson Craig J. , Kumar Ankita
Published: December 2018

Critics of political consumerism argue that it perpetuates a neoliberal belief that complex societal problems are best redressed through the market-coordinated choices and actions of socially responsible consumers. However, such critiques overlook how neoliberalism is actually enacted in particular socio-cultural contexts and the variegated ideological effects that result. To redress this gap, we analyze the “actually existing neoliberalism” manifest in a Slow Food network. This discursive system presents an intersection between a neoliberal discourse of passionate entrepreneurialism and a politicized therapeutic ethos that traces to the organization’s historical roots in Italian leftist politics. Through this actually existing neoliberalism, Slow Food enthusiasts constitute themselves as ethical agents who are sharing their passion and helping others gain autonomy from the corporate controlled, industrialized food system. This ideological framing buttresses the ethical authority of the Slow Food movement by countering the cultural condemnation that its politicized taste practices are elitist affectations.
Expectations of Singaporean patients concerning activities after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Ding Benjamin Tze Keong , Sathappan Sathappan S
Published: December 2018

Background:

There are many factors that affect the experience and satisfaction of a patient undergoing knee replacement surgery.

Objective:

This study aims to explore the effects of demographic factors, disease severity and several novel parameters on patients’ expectations in a Singaporean population.

Methods:

Phone interviews were conducted with 69 patients to measure their expectations before total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Information such as demographics, surgical histories, baseline Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) score, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Lower Extremity Activity Scale (LEAS), kneeling ability, quality of reviews from relatives or friends and histories of any traditional therapies utilised were obtained. Radiological severity of osteoarthritis was graded using the Kellgren–Lawrence scale; discordance with severity of knee pain was recorded.

Results:

Patients expected TKA to result in pain relief, improved mobility, increased ability to participate in physical activities, and paid employment. On multivariate regression analysis, LEAS, SF-36 physical, KOOS-pain and KOOS-activity of daily living scores remained significant predictors of expectations.

Conclusion:

The results indicated multiple factors influence patient’s expectations pre-operatively and their satisfaction post-operatively. Better patient outcomes may be achieved by making improvements in understanding and moderating patient expectations.

Level of evidence:

Diagnostic III
Mediating effect of illness perception on the relationship between Type D personality and health behaviors among coronary artery disease patients
Authors: Kwon Miri , Kang Jiyeon
Published: December 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Type D personality and health behaviors of coronary artery disease patients and to determine the mediating effect of illness perception on this relationship. The participants were 142 coronary artery disease patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in a university hospital in Korea. Type D personality, illness perception, and health behaviors were surveyed using structured questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed by a series of hierarchical multiple regressions. A total of 28.9 percent patients had Type D personality. Type D Patients were observed to have low illness perception and low health behaviors. There was a positive correlation between illness perception and health behaviors. The direct effect of Type D personality on health behaviors was significant ( β = –.209, p = .013). However, the indirect effect of Type D personality on health behaviors via illness perception became low and non-significant ( β = .007, p = .934). Based on the above results, it can be concluded that illness perception has a complete mediating effect on the relationship between Type D personality and health behaviors. The development of interventions that can improve illness perception is needed to improve health behaviors of Type D coronary artery disease patients.
Thoracic Epidural Abscesses: A Systematic Review
Authors: Howie Benjamin A. , Davidson Iyooh U. , Tanenbaum Joseph E. , Pahuta Markian A. , Buchholz Avery L. , Steinmetz Michael P. , Mroz Thomas E.
Published: December 2018

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Objectives:

Past research has demonstrated increased speed and severity of progression for spinal epidural abscesses (SEAs) of the thoracic level, specifically, when compared with SEAs of other spinal cord levels. Untreated, this infection can result in permanent neurological sequelae with eventual progression to death if inadequately managed. Despite the seriousness of this disease, no articles have focused on the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of SEAs of the thoracic level. For this reason, specific focus on SEAs of the thoracic level occurred when researchers designed and implemented the following systematic review.

Methods:

A query of Ovid-Medline and EMBASE, Cochrane Central, and additional review sources was conducted. Search criteria focused on articles specific to thoracic epidural abscesses.

Results:

Twenty-five articles met inclusion criteria. The most commonly reported symptoms present on admission included back pain, paraparesis/paraplegia, fever, and loss of bowel/bladder control. Significant risk factors included diabetes, intravenous drug use, and advanced age ( P = .001). Patients were most often treated surgically with either laminectomy, hemilaminectomy, or radical decompression with debridement. Patients who presented with neurological deficits and had delayed surgical intervention following a failed antibiotic course tended to do worse compared with their immediate surgical management counterparts ( P < .005).

Conclusions:

For the first time researchers have focused specifically on SEAs of the thoracic level, as opposed to previously published general analysis of SEAs as a whole. Based on the results, investigators recommend early magnetic resonance imaging of the spine, laboratory workup (sedimentation rate/C-reactive protein, complete blood count), abscess culture followed by empiric antibiotics, and immediate surgical decompression when neurological deficits are present.
Surgical Site Infection in Spine Surgery: Who Is at Risk?
Authors: Yao Reina , Zhou Hanbing , Choma Theodore J. , Kwon Brian K. , Street John
Published: December 2018

Study Design:

Retrospective literature review of spine surgical site infection (SSI).

Objective:

To perform a review of SSI risk factors and more specifically, categorize them into patient and surgical factors.

Methods:

A review of published literature on SSI risk factors in adult spine surgery was performed. We included studies that reported risk factors for SSI in adult spinal surgery. Excluded are pediatric patient populations, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Overall, we identified 72 cohort studies, 1 controlled-cohort study, 1 matched-cohort study, 1 matched-paired cohort study, 12 case-controlled studies (CCS), 6 case series, and 1 cross-sectional study.

Results:

Patient-associated risk factors—diabetes mellitus, obesity (body mass index >35 kg/m2), subcutaneous fat thickness, multiple medical comorbidities, current smoker, and malnutrition were associated with SSI. Surgical associated factors—preoperative radiation/postoperative blood transfusion, combined anterior/posterior approach, surgical invasiveness, or levels of instrumentation were associated with increased SSI. There is mixed evidence of age, duration of surgery, surgical team, intraoperative blood loss, dural tear, and urinary tract infection/urinary catheter in association with SSI.

Conclusion:

SSIs are associated with many risk factors that can be patient or surgically related. Our review was able to identify important modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors that can be essential in surgical planning and discussion with patients.
Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease
Authors: Vachiéry Jean-Luc , Tedford Ryan J. , Rosenkranz Stephan , Palazzini Massimiliano , Lang Irene , Guazzi Marco , Coghlan Gerry , Chazova Irina , De Marco Teresa
Published: December 2018

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is frequent in left heart disease (LHD), as a consequence of the underlying condition. Significant advances have occurred over the past 5 years since the 5th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension in 2013, leading to a better understanding of PH-LHD, challenges and gaps in evidence. PH in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction represents the most complex situation, as it may be misdiagnosed with group 1 PH. Based on the latest evidence, we propose a new haemodynamic definition for PH due to LHD and a three-step pragmatic approach to differential diagnosis. This includes the identification of a specific “left heart” phenotype and a non-invasive probability of PH-LHD. Invasive confirmation of PH-LHD is based on the accurate measurement of pulmonary arterial wedge pressure and, in patients with high probability, provocative testing to clarify the diagnosis. Finally, recent clinical trials did not demonstrate a benefit in treating PH due to LHD with pulmonary arterial hypertension-approved therapies.
Genetics and genomics of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Morrell Nicholas W. , Aldred Micheala A. , Chung Wendy K. , Elliott C. Gregory , Nichols William C. , Soubrier Florent , Trembath Richard C. , Loyd James E.
Published: December 2018

Since 2000 there have been major advances in our understanding of the genetic and genomics of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), although there remains much to discover. Based on existing knowledge, around 25–30% of patients diagnosed with idiopathic PAH have an underlying Mendelian genetic cause for their condition and should be classified as heritable PAH (HPAH). Here, we summarise the known genetic and genomic drivers of PAH, the insights these provide into pathobiology, and the opportunities afforded for development of novel therapeutic approaches. In addition, factors determining the incomplete penetrance observed in HPAH are discussed. The currently available approaches to genetic testing and counselling, and the impact of a genetic diagnosis on clinical management of the patient with PAH, are presented. Advances in DNA sequencing technology are rapidly expanding our ability to undertake genomic studies at scale in large cohorts. In the future, such studies will provide a more complete picture of the genetic contribution to PAH and, potentially, a molecular classification of this disease.
Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Frost Adaani , Badesch David , Gibbs J. Simon R. , Gopalan Deepa , Khanna Dinesh , Manes Alessandra , Oudiz Ronald , Satoh Toru , Torres Fernando , Torbicki Adam
Published: December 2018

A revised diagnostic algorithm provides guidelines for the diagnosis of patients with suspected pulmonary hypertension, both prior to and following referral to expert centres, and includes recommendations for expedited referral of high-risk or complicated patients and patients with confounding comorbidities. New recommendations for screening high-risk groups are given, and current diagnostic tools and emerging diagnostic technologies are reviewed.
Clinical trial design and new therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Sitbon Olivier , Gomberg-Maitland Mardi , Granton John , Lewis Michael I. , Mathai Stephen C. , Rainisio Maurizio , Stockbridge Norman L. , Wilkins Martin R. , Zamanian Roham T. , Rubin Lewis J.
Published: December 2018

Until 20 years ago the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was based on case reports and small series, and was largely ineffectual. As a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of PAH evolved over the subsequent two decades, coupled with epidemiological studies defining the clinical and demographic characteristics of the condition, a renewed interest in treatment development emerged through collaborations between international experts, industry and regulatory agencies. These efforts led to the performance of robust, high-quality clinical trials of novel therapies that targeted putative pathogenic pathways, leading to the approval of more than 10 novel therapies that have beneficially impacted both the quality and duration of life. However, our understanding of PAH remains incomplete and there is no cure. Accordingly, efforts are now focused on identifying novel pathogenic pathways that may be targeted, and applying more rigorous clinical trial designs to better define the efficacy of these new potential treatments and their role in the management scheme. This article, prepared by a Task Force comprised of expert clinicians, trialists and regulators, summarises the current state of the art, and provides insight into the opportunities and challenges for identifying and assessing the efficacy and safety of new treatments for this challenging condition.
Paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension: updates on definition, classification, diagnostics and management
Authors: Rosenzweig Erika B. , Abman Steven H. , Adatia Ian , Beghetti Maurice , Bonnet Damien , Haworth Sheila , Ivy D. Dunbar , Berger Rolf M.F.
Published: December 2018

Paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) shares common features of adult disease, but is associated with several additional disorders and challenges that require unique approaches. This article discusses recent advances, ongoing challenges and distinct approaches for the care of children with PAH, as presented by the Paediatric Task Force of the 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension. We provide updates of the current definition, epidemiology, classification, diagnostics and treatment of paediatric PAH, and identify critical knowledge gaps. Several features of paediatric PAH including the prominence of neonatal PAH, especially in pre-term infants with developmental lung diseases, and novel genetic causes of paediatric PAH are highlighted. The use of cardiac catheterisation as a diagnostic modality and haemodynamic definitions of PAH, including acute vasoreactivity, are addressed. Updates are provided on issues related to utility of the previous classification system to reflect paediatric-specific aetiologies and approaches to medical and interventional management of PAH, including the Potts shunt. Although a lack of clinical trial data for the use of PAH-targeted therapy persists, emerging data are improving the identification of appropriate targets for goal-oriented therapy in children. Such data will likely improve future clinical trial design to enhance outcomes in paediatric PAH.
The importance of patient perspectives in pulmonary hypertension
Authors: McGoon Michael D. , Ferrari Pisana , Armstrong Iain , Denis Migdalia , Howard Luke S. , Lowe Gabi , Mehta Sanjay , Murakami Noriko , Wong Brad A.
Published: December 2018

The assessment of objective measurement of cardiopulmonary status has helped us achieve better clinical outcomes for patients and develop new therapies through to the point of market access; however, patient surveys indicate that more can be done to improve holistic care and patient engagement. In this multidisciplinary review, we examine how clinical teams can acknowledge and embrace the individual patient's perspective, and thus improve the care for individual patients suffering from pulmonary hypertension by cultivating the importance and relevance of health-related quality of life in direct clinical care. At the individual level, patients should be provided with access to accredited specialist centres which provide a multidisciplinary approach where there is a culture focused on narrative medicine, quality of life, shared decision making and timely access to palliative care, and where there is participation in education. On a larger scale, we call for the development, expansion and promotion of patient associations to support patients and carers, lobby for access to best care and treatments, and provide input into the development of clinical trials and registries, focusing on the patients’ perspective.
Antimicrobial susceptibility among gram-positive and gram-negative blood-borne pathogens collected between 2012-2016 as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial
Authors: Zhang Zhijie , Chen Meng , Yu Ying , Pan Sisi , Liu Yong
Published: December 2018

Background

Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline and comparator agents was assessedin vitroagainst 27857 isolates source from blood samples collected between 2012 and 2016 as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST).

Methods

The broth microdilution methods was used to determine  minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of blood-borne isolates according to guildlines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints from CLSI guidelines were used as standards to determine susceptibility against comparator agents, whereas tigecycline breakpoints were provided by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Results

More than 91% Enterobacteriaceae isolates, belonging to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacaeandSerratia marcescens, were susceptible to amikacin, meropenem, and tigecycline. Meropenem resistance was observed in 8% ofK.pneumoniae isolates worldwide. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) was produced in 15.9 and 20.9%E.coli and K.pneumoniaeisolates, respectively. MIC90 of tigecycline against Acinetobacter baumannii was 2 μg/ml.  The highest proportion of susceptible A.baumanniiisolates was 70.8% for minocycline. Among P.aeruginose  isolates worldwide, 71.1–94.9% were susceptible to six antibiotics. Almost all Staphylococcus aureusisolates were susceptible to linezolid(100%), vancomycin(100%), and tigecycline (99.9%). The proportion of methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) was 33.0% among S.aureusisolates worldwide; it was highest in Asia with 46.6%, followed by North America and Latin America with 37.7 and 34.2%, respectively. Vancomycin-resistant (VR) isolates represented 1.4% ofEnterococcus faecalis (VR.E.faecalis) and 27.6% of Enterococcus faecium(VR.E.faecium). Highest percentages of VR.E.faeciumwere found in North America and Latin America, with 61.6 and 58.1% of the isolates, respectively. Production of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae(PRSP) represented 9.0% of S. pneumoniae isolates worldwide; the PRSP proportion was 25.8% in Asia, 13.0% in Africa, and 11.8% in Latin America.

Conclusions

In our study, tigecycline was the only antibiotic that was active against over 90% of all major blood-borne pathogens. A global comparison revealed that antimicrobial resistance was higher in Africa, Asia and Latin America than in Europe and North America.
Role of Adverse Events in Unscheduled Hospitalizations Among Patients With Solid Tumors Who Receive Medical Oncology Treatment
Authors: Wong Chris I. , Zerillo Jessica A. , Stuver Sherri O. , Siegel Jocelyn H. , Jacobson Joseph O. , McNiff Kristen K.
Published: December 2018

PURPOSE:

The development of strategies to prevent or mitigate cancer treatment–related adverse events (AEs) is necessary to improve patient experience, safety, and cost containment. To develop a strategy to easily identify and mitigate AEs, we sought to understand the frequency and severity of those that resulted in hospitalizations.

METHODS:

We retrospectively characterized hospitalizations of ambulatory adult patients with solid tumor cancers within 30 days of chemotherapy administration using medical record data abstraction. Hospitalizations were categorized as caused by cancer symptoms, a noncancer medical condition, or a medical oncology treatment-related AE. Severity of the treatment-related AE hospitalization was rated using the National Patient Safety Agency risk assessment matrix scale.

RESULTS:

Between May and October 2016, 116 patients experienced 197 hospitalizations (per-patient mean, 1.7 AEs; range, 1 to 7 AEs). Sixty-six percent (n = 130) of hospitalizations were related to cancer symptoms, whereas 19.3% (n = 38) were treatment-related AE hospitalizations. The median length of stay of hospitalizations that resulted from an AE was 6 days (interquartile range, 3 to 9 days), and 36.8% had more than 1 AE. GI symptoms accounted for 48.1% of AEs, and neutropenic fever accounted for 11.1%. Sixty-one percent of treatment-related AE hospitalizations were characterized as moderate severity.

CONCLUSION:

Hospitalizations in patients with solid tumors as a direct result of their medical oncology care treatment are not uncommon. These findings argue for novel approaches, such as automated trigger tools, to identify and manage complications of medical oncology treatment before hospitalization is needed. Improved outpatient management of cancer symptoms may have a dramatic impact on hospitalizations for patients with cancer.
Dynamic microtubules drive fibroblast spreading
Authors: Tvorogova Anna , Saidova Aleena , Smirnova Tatiana , Vorobjev Ivan
Published: December 2018

When cells with a mesenchymal type of motility come into contact with an adhesive substrate they adhere and start spreading by the formation of lamellipodia. Using a label-free approach and virtual synchronization approach we analyzed spreading in fibroblasts and cancer cells. In all cell lines spreading is a non-linear process undergoing isotropic or anisotropic modes with first fast (5–20 min) and then slow (30–120 min) phases. In the first 10 min cell area increases 2–4 times, while the absolute rate of initial spreading decreases 2–8 times. Fast spreading depends on actin polymerization and dynamic microtubules. Inhibition of microtubule growth was sufficient for a slowdown of initial spreading. Inhibition of myosin II in the presence of stable microtubules restored fast spreading. Inhibition of actin polymerization or complete depolymerization of microtubules slowed down fast spreading. However, in these cases inhibition of myosin II only partially restored spreading kinetics. We conclude that rapid growth of microtubules towards cell margins at the first stage of cell spreading temporarily inhibits phosphorylation of myosin II and is essential for the fast isotropic spreading. Comparison of the fibroblasts with cancer cells shows that fast spreading in different cell types shares similar kinetics and mechanisms, and strongly depends on dynamic microtubules.
Identifying mouse developmental essential genes using machine learning
Authors: Tian David , Wenlock Stephanie , Kabir Mitra , Tzotzos George , Doig Andrew J. , Hentges Kathryn E.
Published: December 2018

The genes that are required for organismal survival are annotated as ‘essential genes’. Identifying all the essential genes of an animal species can reveal critical functions that are needed during the development of the organism. To inform studies on mouse development, we developed a supervised machine learning classifier based on phenotype data from mouse knockout experiments. We used this classifier to predict the essentiality of mouse genes lacking experimental data. Validation of our predictions against a blind test set of recent mouse knockout experimental data indicated a high level of accuracy (>80%). We also validated our predictions for other mouse mutagenesis methodologies, demonstrating that the predictions are accurate for lethal phenotypes isolated in random chemical mutagenesis screens and embryonic stem cell screens. The biological functions that are enriched in essential and non-essential genes have been identified, showing that essential genes tend to encode intracellular proteins that interact with nucleic acids. The genome distribution of predicted essential and non-essential genes was analysed, demonstrating that the density of essential genes varies throughout the genome. A comparison with human essential and non-essential genes was performed, revealing conservation between human and mouse gene essentiality status. Our genome-wide predictions of mouse essential genes will be of value for the planning of mouse knockout experiments and phenotyping assays, for understanding the functional processes required during mouse development, and for the prioritisation of disease candidate genes identified in human genome and exome sequence datasets.
E-cadherin expression pattern during zebrafish embryonic epidermis development
Authors: Sampedro María Florencia , Izaguirre María Fernanda , Sigot Valeria
Published: December 2018

Background: E-cadherin is the major adhesion receptor in epithelial adherens junctions (AJs). On established epidermis, E-cadherin performs fine-tuned cell-cell contact remodeling to maintain tissue integrity, which is characterized by modulation of cell shape, size and packing density. In zebrafish, the organization and distribution of E-cadherin in AJs during embryonic epidermis development remain scarcely described.

Methods:Combining classical immunofluorescence, deconvolution microscopy and 3D-segmentation of AJs in epithelial cells, a quantitative approach was implemented to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of E-cadherin across zebrafish epidermis between 24 and 72 hpf.

Results:increasing levels of E-cadh protein parallel higher cell density and the appearance of hexagonal cells in the enveloping layer (EVL) as well as the establishments of new cell-cell contacts in the epidermal basal layer (EBL), being significantly between 31 and 48 hpf.

Conclusions:Increasing levels of E-cadherin in AJs correlates with extensive changes in cell morphology towards hexagonal packing during the epidermis morphogenesis.
CURRENT ISSUES OF CHRONIC NONSPECIFIC LUNG DISEASES IN CHILDREN
Authors: Козлов Владимир , Kozlov Vladimir , Лебедько Ольга , Lebedko Olga , Пичугина Сабина , Pichugina Sabina , Сиротина-Карпова Мария , Sirotina-Karpova Mariya , Евсеева Галина , Evseeva Galina , Гандуров С , Gandurov S
Published: December 2018

This article represents the results of long-term observations, devoted to the problems of chronic non-specific pulmonary diseases (CNPD) in children. In dynamics, for the period 2007-2017, high morbidity and invalidation levels were registered. For the improvement of treatment quality and regular check-in definite estimation of CNPD structure is necessary. Well-time diagnostic of the concrete clinical variant and individual approaches are very important in such patients. The main risk factors for the formation and structure of CNPD in children were studied. The main group of 522 cases (45.8%) consisted of patients with lung malformations complicated by secondary bacterial process. On the basis of clinical and morphological comparisons, there was noted the possibility of developing tissue dysplasia in children, not provided by the approved classification of clinical forms of bronchopulmonary diseases in children. It is also noted that disorders of lung growth and development in children with secondary forms of CNPD, along with defects in the development of anatomical structures, are accompanied by the formation of interstitial processes in the lungs. Different clinical variants of CNPD in children as outcomes of bronchopulmonary dysplasia were noted in 22.8% of cases. There were studied possible causes of the formation of conditionally primary chronic forms of CNPD (23.7% of observations) as the outcome of complicated forms of community-acquired pneumonia, taking into account genetically determined predisposition to chronization of the process, the peculiarity of immune intercellular interactions, disturbance of energy supply of immunocompetent blood cells, the formation of tissue dysplasia of pulmonary tissue. Genetically determined lung diseases were identified in 7.7% of cases. Children with allergic lung diseases and hereditary diseases were not included in the development. The presented structure of CNPD in children is due to the regional peculiarity of hospitalized children, possibly underdiagnosed genetically determined lung diseases. The etiological structure of CNPD was studied, which determines the possibility of targeted antibiotic therapy and specific immunotherapy. The effectiveness of treatment and quality of life depends on the quality of topical diagnosis, clinical, etiological variant of CNPD in children.
Entre inercias burocráticas y evaluaciones sobre las familias: adolescentes privados de libertad
Authors: Medan Marina , Villalta Carla , Llobet Valeria
Published: December 2018

Este artículo procura aportar a las discusiones que intersectan asuntos relativos al gobierno poblacional con procesos de reproducción estatal de la desigualdad. Analizando cualitativamente expedientes judiciales sobre causas penales seguidas a adolescentes en Buenos Aires en 2016, enfoca en condiciones propias del sistema penal que refuerzan el uso de la privación de libertad sobre las poblaciones más vulnerables. El análisis apela a la teoría feminista sobre el Estado, incluyendo la dimensión interpretativa y material de las prácticas institucionales, así como las formas en que se tramita el género y la edad; además, reflexiona sobre el expediente como objeto constructor de realidades. El artículo concluye en que lo que configura las causas en las que se imponen medidas gravosas como la privación de libertad -aún en un sistema penal especializado y acorde a derechos humanos-, es una trama compleja entre: las valoraciones morales de agentes judiciales sobre las trayectorias de los adolescentes y sus familias, previas y durante el tránsito por el sistema, cómo las familias logran negociar esas interpretaciones, y las inercias burocráticas que sofocan la garantía de derechos.
Control de nuestros datos personales en la era del big data: El caso del rastreo web de terceros
Authors: Gonzalez Laura Daniela
Published: December 2018

Cientos de  corredores de datos instalan tecnologías de rastreo en la web para monitorear la navegación de las personas, lo que se conoce como rastreo web de terceros. Este artículo  estudia el rastreo web en el contexto de la gran industria de datos que recoge información de millones de fuentes para perfilar a las personas según sus condiciones demográficas, sus prácticas de consumo, sus intereses políticos, entre otros. El artículo revisa diferentes soluciones que buscan dar control a las personas sobre los datos recolectados con tecnologías de rastreo. En particular, evalúa la efectividad del modelo de consentimiento informado, para lo cual se examinaron las políticas de privacidad de las 10 páginas de noticias más visitadas desde Colombia. El estudio reveló un bajo cumplimiento de los estándares mínimos de información y de libertad necesarios para que las personas controlen el uso de los datos recolectados por medio de tecnologías de rastreo.
Restitución e indemnización a sujetos indeterminados, cy-près y acciones de clase
Authors: Rodríguez Diez Javier Esteban , Zavala Achurra María Elisa
Published: December 2018

El presente artículo ofrece una perspectiva histórico-comparativa sobre la posibilidad de admitir acciones de clase en favor de sujetos indeterminados. El punto de partida para este análisis es la doctrina del cy-près del common law, mostrando su aplicación a las acciones de clase y las objeciones que ha enfrentado. Luego se ofrece un contraste con las jurisdicciones de derecho civil continental, donde la posibilidad de compensar a sujetos indeterminados se desvaneció con el paso del tiempo, dando lugar a un sistema basado predominantemente en el public enforcement. Finalmente, se ofrece una visión crítica de la reciente introducción de la doctrina del cy-près en jurisdicciones latinoamericanas, considerando el fracaso al derivar algunas precauciones básicas de la experiencia comparada.
Editorial
Authors: Peña-Huertas Rocío Del Pilar
Published: December 2018

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Atitudes dos enfermeiros frente ao Processo de Enfermagem de um hospital público: estudo descritivo
Authors: Dias Leticia Bottcher , Duran Erika Christiane Marocco
Published: December 2018

Objetivos: descrever as atitudes dos enfermeiros de um hospital público frente ao Processo de Enfermagem (PE). Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo. Participaram do estudo 35 enfermeiros e utilizaram-se quatro instrumentos: caracterização do sujeito, Percepções dos Enfermeiros frente ao PE, grau de conhecimento e grau de contato com o PE. Os dados foram coletados no primeiro semestre de 2016 e analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados: O adjetivo menos pontuado pelos enfermeiros foi a dupla rotineiro/criativo e o mais pontuado negativo/positivo. Obteve-se também que os enfermeiros tem um baixo contato com o PE após a formação, mas avaliam ter um bom conhecimento.  Conclusão: O grau de contato dos enfermeiros com o PE precisa ser ampliado para que a prática clínica possa ser aprimorada.
A conciliação dialética como afirmação do divino na Antígona de Sófocles
Authors: Toledo Daniel Da Silva
Published: December 2018

Tendo como objeto de análise a tragédia Antígona, de Sófocles, este artigo partirá do pressuposto de que a relação de tensão representada pelo conflito entreAntígona e Creonte serve de plano afirmativo para uma instância que se superpõe a esta tensão: a da disposição divina. Tal afirmação, todavia, mostrar-se-á de uma maneira muito peculiar e por meio de uma característica marcante do poeta Sófocles, a saber, através do próprio distanciamento dos deuses acerca da tensão em questão. A partir disto, buscaremos oferecer, por fim, uma perspectiva antitética ao postulado tradicional de que Antígona seria essencialmente um drama de dissolução.