bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the potential contribution of a third “T” to FITT exercise prescription: the case of timing in exercise for obesity and cardiometabolic management in children
Authors: Reid Ryan E.R. , Thivel David , Mathieu Marie-Eve
Published: March 2019

Currently, exercise prescription relies heavily on parameters included in the FITT principle: frequency, intensity, time (duration), and type of exercise. In this paper, the benefits of including timing (FITT+T), referring to when exercise is performed in relation to meal-time, is discussed. Current research indicates that timing is outcome-specific. Total energy and lipid intakes, and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia can be reduced when exercise is performed pre-meal, while glycemic control is improved with post-meal exercise. Although findings indicate that timing can aid in obesity management and cardiometabolic-risk reduction, most research involves adult subjects and acute investigations. Some research with children, concerning the effect of timing on appetite, indicates that pre-meal exercise helps regulate energy balance, but also identifies key differences in response compared with adults. Overall, current findings support the benefits of timing, but research is required to establish guidelines that are specific to the pediatric population and their health-related goals, while incorporating other FITT components.
AuCu bimetal nanoclusters as high-performance mimics for ultrasensitive recognition of biomolecules
Authors: Mokhtarzadeh Elham , Abolhasani Jafar , Hassanzadeh Javad
Published: March 2019

Introducing novel mimic materials as alternatives for natural enzymes challenges the analysts. Study on the peroxidase-like materials is an active field in analytical research areas. Herein, Au/Cu bimetal nanoclusters (Au/Cu NCs) are introduced as highly efficient peroxidase mimics, which were investigated using fluorometric and colorimetric techniques. A comprehensive comparison between the catalytic activity of Au, Cu, and their bimetal NCs, with different ratios of Au/Cu was performed using some different peroxidase substrates (including 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (OPD), and terephthalic acid (TA)). Additionally, different capping agents were applied for the synthesis of NCs, and it was found that penicillamine-capped NCs with 50% Cu have higher activity than other synthesized NCs. Analytical application of the novel mimic for H2O2 detection caused a linear calibration in a wide linear range of 0.001–3 μmol/L, and a great detection limit (3S) of 0.18 nmol/L, using a sensitive fluorescence system. The developed system was also sensitive for recognizing glucose and cholesterol in blood samples, after their enzymatic oxidation and production of H2O2. Detection limits of 55 and 15 nmol/L were obtained for glucose and cholesterol, respectively. The presented method also showed good reliability, which was validated by certified reference materials.
Relativistic treatment of Verlinde’s emergent force in Tsallis’ statistics
Authors: Calderon L. , Martin M. T. , Plastino A. , Rocca M. C. , Vampa V.
Published: March 2019

Following Chakrabarti, et al. [R. Chakrabarti, R. Chandrashekar and S. S. Naina Mohammed, Physica A 389, 1571 (2010)], we attempt a classical relativistic treatment of Verlinde’s emergent entropic force conjecture by appealing to a relativistic Hamiltonian in the context of Tsalli’s statistics. The ensuing partition function becomes the classical one for small velocities. We show that Tsallis’ relativistic (classical) free particle distribution at temperature T can generate Newton’s gravitational force’s [Formula: see text] distance’s dependence. If we want to repeat the concomitant argument by appealing to Renyi’s distribution, the attempt fails and one needs to modify the conjecture.
Finite groups with given quantitative surpersoluble subgroups
Authors: Lu Jiakuan , Wang Jingjing
Published: March 2019

The solubility of a finite group with less than [Formula: see text] supersoluble subgroups is confirmed in this paper. Moreover, we prove that a finite insoluble group has exactly [Formula: see text] supersoluble subgroups if and only if it is isomorphic to [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, it is shown that a finite group with less than [Formula: see text] conjugacy classes of supersoluble subgroups is soluble, and the only finite insoluble group with [Formula: see text] conjugacy classes of supersoluble subgroups is isomorphic to [Formula: see text].
Combined CFPR and VIKOR Model for Enhancing the Competencies of Domestic Chain Hotel Groups
Authors: Liu Chui-Hua , Tzeng Gwo-Hshiung , Lee Po-Yen
Published: March 2019

Hotel competency is inherently intangible and multivariate. It involves a multiple-criteria decision-making problem. Particularly in the currently rapidly shrinking hotel market in Taiwan, what determines domestic chain hotel groups’ (DCHGs’) competence and survival involves more complex and multiple factors. A practical and effective tool is urgently required for making appropriate decisions. This paper thus proposes a combined consistent fuzzy preference relations (CFPR) and the VIKOR model, aiming to prioritize criteria and solution alternatives for hotel managers. In contrast to prior studies that have used mathematical programming, the model here is also tested using real-world hotel management cases and expert consultation. First, based upon the resource-based view, we propose 21 criteria and six dimensions as the determinants of DCHG competencies. Then, VIKOR is applied to produce the most appropriate alternatives with the corresponding weights obtained using the CFPR method. The combined method successfully manages the problems of linguistic ambiguity and consistency, determines the relative weights of the different factors and provides a ranking priority. The result is compared with some similar methods and is shown to be more useful and reliable. Finally, the verified model can be used to produce strategies. A decision-maker can make selection(s) from the solution formula. Our study may thus contribute to the hotel industry with the efficient decision-making tool of resource-based view (RSV) and two-phase methodologies.
MLP Modeling and Prediction of IP Subnet Packets Forwarding Performance
Authors: Zhang Yaming , Koura Yaya Hamadou , Su Yanyuan
Published: March 2019

In IP networks, packets forwarding performance can be improved by adding more nodes and dividing the network into smaller segments. Being able to measure and predict traffic flows to direct to a given segment can be crucial in respecting traffic shaping, scheduling and QoS. This paper proposes to model network packets forwarding performance for optimization and prediction purposes by using multi-layer feed-forward neural network model that uses sigmoid functions to activate the hidden nodes. Gradient descent technique has been considered to optimize and enhance the MLP accuracy. Simulations of MPL neurons training stages pointed out a relative improvement of the forwarding process when network posses a larger density of neurons. Numerical results validated our theoretical analysis and confirmed that to enhance the forwarding process, it is necessary to divide the network into small segments by optimizing resources allocation.
Bioconvection in Casson nanofluid flow with Gyrotactic microorganisms and variable surface heat flux
Authors: Oyelakin I. S. , Mondal S. , Sibanda P. , Sibanda D.
Published: March 2019

This paper presents a two-dimensional unsteady laminar boundary layer mixed convection flow heat and mass transfer along a vertical plate filled with Casson nanofluid located in a porous quiescent medium that contains both nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms. This permeable vertical plate is assumed to be moving in the same direction as the free stream velocity. The flow is subject to a variable heat flux, a zero nanoparticle flux and a constant density of motile microorganisms on the surface. The free stream velocity is time-dependent resulting in a non-similar solution. The transport equations are solved using the bivariate spectral quasilinearization method. A grid independence test for the validity of the result is given. The significance of the inclusion of motile microorganisms to heat transfer processes is discussed. We show, inter alia, that introducing motile microorganisms into the flow reduces the skin friction coefficient and that the random motion of the nanoparticles improves the rate of transfer of the motile microorganisms.
Effect of Export Upgrading on Financial Development
Authors: Gnangnon Sèna Kimm
Published: March 2019

Using a panel dataset comprising 137 countries (both developed and developing countries) over the period 1970–2010, this paper has examined the effect of export upgrading (i.e., export product diversification and export product quality improvement) on financial development. The findings suggest that export product diversification and export product quality improvement influence positively and significantly financial development in high income countries (HICs) and developing countries alike. However, for least developed countries (LDCs), export product diversification promotes financial development, but export product quality improvement exerts a negative effect on financial development.
Testing of binary regime switching models using squeeze duration analysis
Authors: Das Milan Kumar , Goswami Anindya
Published: March 2019

We have developed a statistical technique to test the model assumption of binary regime switching extension of the geometric Brownian motion (GBM) model by proposing a new discriminating statistics. Given a time series data, we have identified an admissible class of the regime switching candidate models for the statistical inference. By performing several systematic experiments, we have successfully shown that the sampling distribution of the test statistics differs drastically, if the model assumption changes from GBM to Markov modulated GBM, or to semi-Markov modulated GBM. Furthermore, we have implemented this statistics for testing the regime switching hypothesis with Indian sectoral indices.
2D Layered Manganese Oxide Nanosheets as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Zn-Air Batteries
Authors: Sawangphruk Montree
Published: March 2019

In this work, we demonstrate layered manganese oxide with potassium intercalated cation (K-birnessite) as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for Zn-air battery with an open circuit potential (OCP) of 1.31 V versus Zn/Zn2+. Zn-air battery using K-birnessite catalyst exhibits a small potential gap between discharge and charge potential of 0.79 V measured via galvanostatic discharge-charge technique at a current density of 2 mA cm-2 in the ambient air with 2 hr per cycle. Moreover, the cyclability of Zn-air battery using K-birnessite measured with a short period of 10 min per cycle exhibits cyclable stability over 10 hr which is better than the Zn-air battery using the state-of-art mixed catalyst of Pt/C and RuO2 (8 hr). This 2D layered K-MnO2 may be practically used as a bifunctional catalyst in metal-air batteries.
Role of endothelial NAD+deficiency in age-related vascular dysfunction
Authors: Csiszar Anna , Tarantini Stefano , Yabluchanskiy Andriy , Balasubramanian Priya , Kiss Tamas , Farkas Eszter , Baur Joseph A. , Ungvari Zoltan
Published: March 2019

Age-related alterations in endothelium and the resulting vascular dysfunction critically contribute to a range of pathological conditions associated with old age. To develop therapies rationally that improve vascular health and thereby increase health span and life span in older adults, it will be essential to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to vascular aging. Preclinical studies in model organisms demonstrate that NAD+availability decreases with age in multiple tissues and that supplemental NAD+precursors can ameliorate many age-related cellular impairments. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of NAD+-dependent pathways [including the NAD+-using silent information regulator-2-like enzymes and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzymes] and the potential consequences of endothelial NAD+deficiency in vascular aging. The multifaceted vasoprotective effects of treatments that reverse the age-related decline in cellular NAD+levels, as well as their potential limitations, are discussed. The preventive and therapeutic potential of NAD+intermediates as effective, clinically relevant interventions in older adults at risk for ischemic heart disease, vascular cognitive impairment, and other common geriatric conditions and diseases that involve vascular pathologies (e.g., sarcopenia, frailty) are critically discussed. We propose that NAD+precursors [e.g., nicotinamide (Nam) riboside, Nam mononucleotide, niacin] should be considered as critical components of combination therapies to slow the vascular aging process and increase cardiovascular health span.
Conduction in the right and left ventricle is differentially regulated by protein kinases and phosphatases: implications for arrhythmogenesis
Authors: Zaitsev Alexey V. , Torres Natalia S. , Cawley Keiko M. , Sabry Amira D. , Warren Junco S. , Warren Mark
Published: March 2019

The “stress” kinases cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), phosphorylate the Na+channel Nav1.5 subunit to regulate its function. However, how the channel regulation translates to ventricular conduction is poorly understood. We hypothesized that the stress kinases positively and differentially regulate conduction in the right (RV) and the left (LV) ventricles. We applied the CaMKII blocker KN93 (2.75 μM), PKA blocker H89 (10 μM), and broad-acting phosphatase blocker calyculin (30 nM) in rabbit hearts paced at a cycle length (CL) of 150-8,000 ms. We used optical mapping to determine the distribution of local conduction delays (inverse of conduction velocity). Control hearts exhibited constant and uniform conduction at all tested CLs. Calyculin (15-min perfusion) accelerated conduction, with greater effect in the RV (by 15.3%) than in the LV (by 4.1%; P < 0.05). In contrast, both KN93 and H89 slowed down conduction in a chamber-, time-, and CL-dependent manner, with the strongest effect in the RV outflow tract (RVOT). Combined KN93 and H89 synergistically promoted conduction slowing in the RV (KN93: 24.7%; H89: 29.9%; and KN93 + H89: 114.2%; P = 0.0016) but not the LV. The progressive depression of RV conduction led to conduction block and reentrant arrhythmias. Protein expression levels of both the CaMKII-δ isoform and the PKA catalytic subunit were higher in the RVOT than in the apical LV ( P < 0.05). Thus normal RV conduction requires a proper balance between kinase and phosphatase activity. Dysregulation of this balance due to pharmacological interventions or disease is potentially proarrhythmic.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that uniform ventricular conduction requires a precise physiological balance of the activities of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), PKA, and phosphatases, which involves region-specific expression of CaMKII and PKA. Inhibiting CaMKII and/or PKA activity elicits nonuniform conduction depression, with the right ventricle becoming vulnerable to the development of conduction disturbances and ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia.
Is Estrogen the Answer for Osteosarcoma?
Authors: Roberts Ryan D.
Published: March 2019

Bone biologists have long understood how estrogen drives osteoclasts to make new bone. While evidence hinted that a loss of estrogen signals might also play a role in bone-forming cancers like osteosarcoma, this idea has remained untested. Lillo Osuna and colleagues present data demonstrating widespread epigenetic silencing of estrogen receptor in human osteosarcomas. Exposure to demethylating agents caused reexpression of estrogen receptor, which promoted therapeutic differentiation of these tumors.

See related article by Lillo Osuna et al., p. 1054
Circulating Tumor DNA Provides a Sneak Peek into Treatment Responses in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Zou Tao , Meyerson Matthew
Published: March 2019

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) holds great promise as a noninvasive diagnostic tool to guide treatment for patients with lung cancer. Two studies by Phallen and colleagues and Anagnostou and colleagues correlated sensitive measures of ctDNA with clinical responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and immune checkpoint inhibitors, respectively, in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Together, these studies further highlight the potential clinical utility of serial ctDNA monitoring in patients with NSCLC undergoing treatment with both targeted therapies and immunotherapies.

See related articles by Phallen et al., p. 1204, and Anagnostou et al., p. 1214
In-Hospital Outcomes of Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Patients With Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Tajti Peter , Karmpaliotis Dimitri , Alaswad Khaldoon , Jaffer Farouc A. , Yeh Robert W. , Patel Mitul , Mahmud Ehtisham , Choi James W. , Burke M. Nicholas , Doing Anthony H. , Dattilo Phil , Toma Catalin , Smith A. J. Conrad , Uretsky Barry , Holper Elizabeth , Potluri Srinivas , Wyman R. Michael , Kandzari David E. , Garcia Santiago , Krestyaninov Oleg , Khelimskii Dmitrii , Koutouzis Michalis , Tsiafoutis Ioannis , Jaber Wissam , Samady Habib , Moses Jeffrey W. , Lembo Nicholas J. , Parikh Manish , Kirtane Ajay J. , Ali Ziad A. , Doshi Darshan , Xenogiannis Iosif , Stanberry Larissa I. , Rangan Bavana V. , Ungi Imre , Banerjee Subhash , Brilakis Emmanouil S.
Published: March 2019

Background:

We examined the procedural outcomes of chronic total occlusions (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).

Methods and Results:

We compared the clinical, angiographic characteristics and outcomes of 3486 CTO interventions performed in patients with (n=1101) and without (n=2317) prior CABG at 21 centers. Prior CABG patients (32% of total cohort) were older (67±9 versus 63±10 years;
P
<0.001) and had more comorbidities and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (50% [40–58] versus 55% [45–60];
P
<0.001). The CTO target vessel in prior CABG patients was the right coronary artery (56%), circumflex (26%), and left anterior descending artery (17%). The mean J-CTO (2.9±1.2 versus 2.2±1.3;
P
<0.001) and PROGRESS-CTO (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention; 1.5±1.1 versus 1.2±1.0;
P
<0.001) score was higher in prior CABG patients. Retrograde (53% versus 30%,
P
<0.001) and antegrade dissection reentry (35% versus 28%;
P
<0.001) techniques were used more frequently in prior CABG patients. Prior CABG patients had lower technical (84% versus 89%;
P
<0.001) and procedural (82% versus 87%,
P
<0.001) success, but similar incidence of in-hospital major complications (3.1% versus 2.5%;
P
=0.287). In-hospital mortality (1% versus 0.4%;
P
=0.016) and coronary perforation (7.1% versus 3.1%;
P
<0.001) occurred more frequently in prior CABG patients, however, CABG patients had a lower incidence of pericardial tamponade (0.1% versus 1.0%;
P
=0.002) and pericardiocentesis (0% versus 1.3%;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions:

In a large multicenter CTO percutaneous coronary interventions registry, prior CABG patients had lower success rate but similar overall risk for complications, although mortality was higher and the incidence of tamponade was lower.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02061436.
Trends in Performance and Opportunities for Improvement on a Composite Measure of Acute Myocardial Infarction Care
Authors: Desai Nihar R. , Udell Jacob A. , Wang Yongfei , Spatz Erica S. , Dharmarajan Kumar , Ahmad Tariq , Julien Howard M. , Annapureddy Amarnath , Goyal Abhinav , de Lemos James A. , Masoudi Frederick A. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Minges Karl E. , Krumholz Harlan M. , Curtis Jeptha P.
Published: March 2019

Background

Despite improvements on individual process of care measures for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), little is known about performance on a composite measure of AMI care that assesses the delivery of many components of high-quality AMI care. We sought to examine trends in patient- and hospital-level performance on a composite defect-free care measure, identify disparities in the performance across sociodemographic groups, and identify opportunities to further improve quality and outcomes.

Methods and Results

We calculated the proportion of patients in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry–Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get With The Guidelines (now known as the Chest Pain - Myocardial Infarction Registry) between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2017, receiving defect-free AMI care including guideline-recommended pharmacotherapy, timely provision of medical and reperfusion therapy, assessment of ventricular function, referral to cardiac rehabilitation, and smoking cessation counseling for patients with AMI. A total of 522 800 patients at 222 hospitals were included. Overall, the proportion of patients receiving defect-free care significantly increased from 66.0% in 2010 to 77.1% in 2017 (
P
<0.001). Improvements in performance were observed across all sociodemographic subgroups, with the greatest absolute improvement observed for black and Hispanic patients (
P
<0.001). However, absolute performance was consistently lower among older patients, women, black and Hispanic patients, and those with government insurance in 2017 (
P
<0.001 for all). Improvements in care and reduced variation in performance were observed at the hospital level overall (2010, median [IQR] 67.2% [40.7%–76.3%]; 2017, median [IQR] 80.7% [73.1%–88.1%];
P
<0.001) as well as across region, safety net status, teaching status, and proportion of patients who are nonwhite and have Medicaid insurance coverage (
P
<0.001 for all).

Conclusions

Despite improvements in the proportion of patients with AMI receiving defect-free care overall and across sociodemographic groups, nearly 1 in 4 patients in 2017 still did not receive optimal care and absolute performance was consistently lower among older patients, women, black, and Hispanic patients. Composite measures of cardiovascular care, which assess the delivery of several evidence-based processes of care, can illuminate opportunities to improve the quality of care beyond that provided by conventional process measures.
Thoracic Aortic Dissection in Tetralogy of Fallot: A Review of the National Inpatient Sample Database
Authors: Egbe Alexander C. , Crestanello Juan , Miranda William R. , Connolly Heidi M.
Published: March 2019

Background

Thoracic aortic aneurysm is common in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (
TOF
); the incidence of thoracic aortic dissection (
TAD
) is unknown, but generally considered to be uncommon. The purpose of this study was to determine incidence and risk factors for
TAD
in
TOF
patients.

Methods and Results

This work is a retrospective review of the National Inpatient Sample (
NIS
) database for cases of ascending
TAD
among all hospital admissions in adults with
TOF
, 2000–2014. Of 18 353 admissions in
TOF
patients, 11 (0.06%; 6 per 10 000 admissions) of these were
TAD
‐related admissions. For the
TAD
‐related admissions, mean age was 49.8±7.2 years; aortic surgical interventions were performed during 8 of the admissions, and overall in‐hospital mortality was 45% (5 of 11). Risk factors associated with
TAD
‐related admission were age >60 years (odds ratio, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.23–3.25;
P
=0.013), male sex (
odds ratio,
6.91; 95% CI, 4.85–8.54;
P
<0.001), and hypertension (odds ratio, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.06–3.19;
P
=0.037).

Conclusions

This is the first population‐based study of
TAD
outcomes in patients with
TOF
, and it showed a low risk of
TAD
in this population. This has important clinical implication with regard to surveillance and surgical intervention. Given that prevalence of thoracic aortic aneurysm is higher in
TOF
patients compared with the general population; therefore, making clinical decisions based on outcomes data and practice guidelines derived from patients with degenerative and bicuspid aortic valve–related aortopathies may lead to
overtreatment
. Further studies are required to better understand the pathobiology of this disease in order to make evidence‐based recommendations for surveillance and treatment.
CARRY TRADE YATIRIMLARININ MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN ARDL SINIR TESTİ UYGULAMASI
Authors: GÜLER Aslı
Published: March 2019

Düşük faizli para biriminden borçlanıp yüksek
faizli para birimi cinsinden kısa vadeli finansal yatırım yapılmasına dayanan “Carry
trade”  son yılların en çok kullanılan
yatırım stratejilerinden bir tanesidir. Bilindiği gibi kısa vadeli sermaye
hareketleri sıcak para akımı meydana getirerek finansal sistemin
kırılganlığının artmasına ve dayanıklılığının azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın
amacı, spekülatif özelliği ağır basan carry trade yatırımlarının doğurabileceği
istikrarsızlıklara karşı politika oluşturulurken takip edilmesi gereken
değişkenlerin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla çalışmada kazanç ve risk unsurlarını
temsil eden değişkenler kullanılarak, ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı ile Türkiye’de
2014 Ocak-2018 Mayıs döneminde carry trade yatırım stratejisinin ampirik belirleyicileri
test edilmiştir.  Elde edilen bulgulara
göre, ele alınan dönemde Türkiye’ye yönelik carry trade yatırımlarının ülkeler
arasındaki faiz farkına duyarlı olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşın döviz
kuru oynaklığı ve getiri seviyesinin ise ilgili dönemde carry trade
yatırımlarının önemli belirleyicileri arasında olduğu çalışmadan elde edilen
diğer bulgulardır. Ayrıca yabancı yatırımcı için önemli bir risk göstergesi
olan küresel volatilite seviyesinin carry trade yatırımları için önemli ölçüde
caydırıcı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar TCMB’nin politika faizini
yükseltmesinin carry trade yatırımlarını daha cazip kılarak yabancı sermaye
girişine neden olmayacağına işaret etmektedir. Bu nedenle politika faizinin sık
sık değiştirildiği aktivist para politikaları yerine döviz kurlarının istikrarının
sağlanmasına yönelik politikalara odaklanılması, carry trade yatırımlarının
istikrar bozucu etkilerini önlenmesi adına uygun görünmektedir
Disturbingly (Dis)Similar
Authors: Winter Kathrin
Published: March 2019

In Apocolocyntosis 13 the figure of Narcissus is not a minor character with a solely ornamental function but part of a complex play of echoes, repetitions, and similarities. Exploiting the fact that this particular freedman of Claudius was named Narcissus, Seneca turns the figure into a mirror image of Claudius and uses it to make subtle intertextual allusions. In this way, he destabilises the identities of Claudius and Narcissus to ridicule Claudius even further and expose him as a weak and cruel princeps who is unable to recognise himself.
Early Modern Nautical Charts and Maps: Working Through Different Cartographic Paradigms
Authors: Alves Gaspar Joaquim , Leitão Henrique
Published: March 2019

Of all the technical and scientific developments that made possible the European maritime expansion, the nautical chart is perhaps the least studied and understood. This fact is very surprising as it was with the information contained in those charts, and later imported to geographical maps and atlases, that the newly discovered lands were first shown to the European nations. There was, however, a deep incompatibility between these two cartographic paradigms—the nautical charts and the geographical maps—which remained unsolved throughout the sixteenth century and beyond, despite the attempts to harmonize the technical principles of Ptolemy’s Geography with the advances of nautical cartography. An eloquent symptom of such incompatibility was the difference between what was understood as an accurate depiction of the Earth, in the eyes of cosmographers and geographers, and what was considered by the pilots as an accurate nautical chart. The misunderstandings around these issues during the early modern period and the unsuccessful attempts at reconciliation were, in great part, the cause for some polemics among cosmographers, cartographers and pilots, such as the conflict in the Casa de Contratación around the charts of Diego Gutiérrez, a fact not entirely understood by historians. At the core of the difficulty lies the circumstance that only in the present day has the true nature of the nautical chart, as a navigational tool, started to be clarified. How the differences between geographical maps and nautical charts contributed to shape the History of Cartography in various periods, and how they are related to conflicting scholarly objectives and practices, is the subject of this essay. We will show, using the results of cartometric analysis, that not only were those artifacts constructed using different principles and with different purposes, but that they belonged to incompatible cartographic paradigms, and we will argue for the relevance of this fact for the history of science.
Taxonomic revision of Microdaiphron Pic, 1926 (Coleoptera: Cantharidae: Chauliognathinae)
Authors: Biffi Gabriel
Published: March 2019

The genus Microdaiphron
Pic, 1926 is revised. Ten species are recognized as valid: Microdaiphron polemioides (Kirsch, 1889), M. implicitus (Erichson, 1847) comb. nov., M. pauloensis (Pic, 1926), M. peruvianus
Pic, 1938, M. mendesensis (Pic, 1926), M. tapuruquara
sp. nov., M. geodesicus
sp. nov., M. batasitensis (Pic, 1926), M. guyanensis
Constantin, 2016, and M. brevehumeralis
Pic, 1938. Other 23 names within Microdaiphron are synonymized with the currently valid species, whilst Microdaiphron bicoloricornis
Pic, 1947 is transferred to Malthesis Motschulsky, 1853. The taxonomic status of three primary homonyms is also discussed. Daiphron polemioides var. atripenne
Pic, 1927 (=Microdaiphron implicitus
comb. nov.) is the senior homonym of Daiphron atripenne
Pic, 1934 and Daiphron atripenne var. bipartitum
Pic, 1934. The later is synonymized and reinstated as a valid species under the name D. bipartitus
Pic, 1934. Descriptions, distribution maps and illustrations of diagnostic features are presented for all valid taxa, including the photographs of primary types in all available names within Microdaiphron.
Outside of the Law: Khomeini’s Legacy of Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in the Islamic Republic
Authors: Nachman Alexander
Published: March 2019

This article explores the legacy of Khomeini’s declarations on amr bi ma‘rūf va nahī az munkar (commanding right and forbidding wrong). Focusing particularly on Khomeini’s Taḥrīr al-wasīla, in which his most detailed exploration of the duty to command and forbid is found, I argue that a number of the Islamic Republic’s institutions and political factions have been unable to legislate on this duty because its most effective role is in the social sphere. By attempting to codify commanding and forbidding in law, these institutions and factions eschew the duty’s esoteric and ambiguous qualities that make it both applicable and complete. The duty is instead most effective as a tool for self-governance and communal reform. Khomeini’s innovative vision of commanding and forbidding provides a certain degree of autonomy in social space for those who perform or sanction the duty.
A new species of Masaris Fabricius from Iran (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masarinae)
Authors: SELIS MARCO
Published: March 2019

A new species of Masaris Fabricius, 1793 from Iran, Masaris agnolii Selis, sp. nov., is described and figured based on a single male.
Accounting for Several Infrared Radiation Processes in Climate Models
Authors: Wu Kun , Li Jiangnan , Cole Jason , Huang Xianglei , von Salzen Knut , Zhang Feng
Published: March 2019

Three aspects of longwave (LW) radiation processes are investigated using numerical experiments with the Canadian Atmospheric Global Climate Model version 4.3 (CanAM4.3). These are the overlapping LW and shortwave (SW) radiation, scattering by clouds, and specification of ocean emissivity. For the overlapping of solar and infrared spectra, using a single band scheme was compared against a method directly inputting solar energy. Offline calculations show that for high clouds using the single band can cause an overestimate of the downward LW flux, whereas a method that accounts for input solar energy in the LW yields results that are more accurate. Longwave scattering by clouds traps more infrared energy in the atmosphere and reduces the outgoing radiation to space. Simulations with CanAM4.3 show that cloud LW scattering can enhance the LW cooling rate above the tropopause and reduce it inside the troposphere, resulting in warmer temperatures, especially in the tropics and low latitudes. This implies a larger temperature gradient toward the polar region, which causes a strengthening of the Hadley circulation and shifting of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). The increase in lower tropospheric temperature also affects the lower troposphere water vapor and precipitation. Sensitivity to the specification of ocean emissivity is examined by comparing a broadband scheme dependent on the surface wind and solar zenith angle against one that resolves the wavelength dependence. Experiments with CanAM4.3 show that the two oceanic emissivity schemes can produce over 1 W m−2 seasonal mean difference of the upward flux at the surface.
Recurrent Synoptic-Scale Rossby Wave Patterns and Their Effect on the Persistence of Cold and Hot Spells
Authors: Röthlisberger Matthias , Frossard Linda , Bosart Lance F. , Keyser Daniel , Martius Olivia
Published: March 2019

The persistence of surface weather during several recent high-impact weather events has been pivotal in generating their societal impact. Here we examine Hovmöller diagrams of the 250-hPa meridional wind during several periods with particularly persistent surface weather and find a common pattern in these Hovmöller diagrams. This pattern can be characterized as a “recurrent Rossby wave pattern” (RRWP), arising from multiple transient synoptic-scale wave packets. During such RRWP periods, individual troughs and ridges forming the wave packets repeatedly amplify in the same geographical region. We discuss the synoptic evolution of two RRWP periods, in February–March 1987 and July–August 1994, and illustrate how the recurrence of the transient wave packets led to unusually long-lasting cold and hot spells, which occurred simultaneously in several regions, each separated by roughly one synoptic wavelength. Furthermore, a simple index termedRis proposed to identify RRWPs, which is based on both a time and wavenumber filter applied to conventional Hovmöller diagrams. A Weibull regression analysis then shows that large values ofRare statistically significantly linked to increased durations of winter cold and summer hot spells in large areas of the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. Traditionally, persistent high-impact surface weather has often been linked to the occurrence of proximate atmospheric blocking. In contrast to blocking, RRWPs affect persistent surface temperature anomalies over multiple synoptic wavelengths. We therefore argue that, in addition to blocking, RRWPs should be considered as an important flow feature leading to persistent high-impact surface weather.
Reply to “Comments on ‘A Wave-Resolving Simulation of Langmuir Circulations with a Nonhydrostatic Free-Surface Model: Comparison with Craik–Leibovich Theory and an Alternative Eulerian View of the Driving Mechanism’”
Authors: Fujiwara Yasushi , Yoshikawa Yutaka , Matsumura Yoshimasa
Published: March 2019

Fujiwara et al. explicitly simulated Langmuir circulations using a wave-resolving simulation (WRS) technique and found that the residual wave effect on vorticity was well represented by the vortex force of the Craik–Leibovich (CL) equation, at least in the simulated situation. In response to the simulation results, Mellor has proposed a view that ubiquitous applicability of the CL formulation is still questionable and that the three-dimensional radiation stress (3DRS) formulation that he has derived encompasses both of the vortex force effect and an effect that is lower order in terms of wave steepness. Here, these opinions are discussed in terms of the approximations used in the wave-averaged formulations. The asymptotic expansion of the Eulerian-averaged momentum equation allows the separate discussion of two different wave effects: pressure correction and torque. It is argued that the approximation adopted in Mellor’s 3DRS formulation is presumably not accurate enough to properly parameterize the wave torque effect, and possible approaches to examine its performance are proposed. We agree with the view that the applicability of the CL formulation needs further investigation. WRS will be a helpful tool for this purpose.
Risk of Ischemic Stroke and Peripheral Arterial Disease in Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Akioyamen Leo E. , Tu Jack V. , Genest Jacques , Ko Dennis T. , Coutin Alexandre J. S. , Shan Shubham D. , Chu Anna
Published: March 2019

Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) is a common genetic disorder predisposing affected individuals to lifelong low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) elevation and coronary heart disease. However, whether HeFH increases the risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and ischemic stroke is undetermined. We examined associations between HeFH and these outcomes in a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, the Cochrane Library, and PubMed (for ahead-of-print publications) for relevant English-language studies. Maximally adjusted risk estimates were pooled under random- and fixed-effects meta-analysis to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We included 6 studies representing 183 388 participants. Heterozygnous familial hypercholesterolemia was associated with a higher risk of PAD (OR: 3.59 [95% CI: 1.30-9.89]). This trend was nonsignificantly preserved (OR: 2.96 [95% CI: 0.68-12.88]) in sensitivity analyses of genetically defined HeFH. Genetic HeFH was not associated with increased ischemic stroke risk (OR: 0.76 [95% CI: 0.37-1.58]) although possessing an LDL-C >4.9 mmol/L (190 mg/dL) was (OR: 1.42 [95% CI: 1.06-1.89]). We found clinical and genetic diagnoses of HeFH to be associated with increased PAD risk. Genetically confirmed HeFH may not confer an increased risk of ischemic stroke. Modest associations may exist between LDL-C and ischemic stroke risk in HeFH.
Impact of Normal Weight Central Obesity on Clinical Outcomes in Male Patients With Premature Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Wan Jindong , Zhou Peng , Wang Dan , Liu Sen , Yang Yi , Hou Jixin , Li Wenzhang , Wang Peijian
Published: March 2019

There is a lack of studies that evaluate the association between normal weight central obesity and subsequent outcomes in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We evaluated 338 consecutive male patients (aged ≤ 55 years) with premature ACS. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). We compared the hazard ratios (HRs) in patients with and without normal weight central obesity using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. All-cause mortality (16.8%) of patients with normal weight central obesity was much higher than those (7.1%) without normal weight central obesity ( P = .008). The incidence of MACCE in patients with and without normal weight central obesity were 40.7 and 23.6% ( P = .001), respectively. After multivariable adjustment, the risks of all-cause mortality and MACCE were significantly higher in patients with normal weight central obesity than those without normal weight central obesity (adjusted HR: 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-3.31; P = .004 and adjusted HR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.18-2.27; P = .017, respectively). In conclusion, the risks of all-cause mortality and MACCE were significantly higher in male patients with premature ACS with normal weight central obesity than in those without normal weight central obesity.
A Survey About Fever Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Parents
Authors: Hiller Matthew G. , Caffery Michael S. , Bégué Rodolfo E.
Published: March 2019

A 21-question survey was conducted among parents attending 4 pediatric outpatient practices to assess their knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes about fever. One hundred and ninety-seven surveys were included. Most commonly the participating parent was the mother. Parents used mainly axillary thermometers to measure child’s temperature and mentioned integers for their definition of fever, 100°F being the most frequent answer. Most parents would treat all fevers and would use alternating antipyretics. Parents had a generally negative perception of fever: only one third thought fever may have some benefit, and more than half thought there must be some risk. A positive perception of fever was associated with parental educational level but not with information by the pediatrician. There is much confusion about fever among our parents, a negative perception is prevalent, and parents seem to receive—or recall—little information from the pediatrician.
Examining the Relationship Between Beliefs About Mind-Set, Beliefs About Knowledge, and Cultural Proficiency Development for K-12 Public School Teachers
Authors: Spiess Joseph F. , Cooper Robyn
Published: March 2019

As the 4-year high school graduation rate of African American and Latino/a students in U.S. public schools continues to lag behind their White peers, cultural proficiency development has become an increasingly significant focus of school districts. While substantial resources have been committed in school districts across the country to improve professional development and hiring practices, measurable gains have ranged from inconsistent to negligible. Given the improved understanding of the importance of cultural proficiency development for K-12 public school teachers, developing more effective ways to predict and support cultural proficiency development is a necessary step to take in efforts to improve outcomes for all students. In this study, we used a hierarchical regression analysis to determine the extent to which mind-set and beliefs about knowledge predicted cultural proficiency. Participants were 853 K-12 public school educators. In addition to demographic variables, five constructs were identified via factor analysis—mind-set of self, mind-set of others, simple knowledge, certain knowledge, and source of knowledge. Results indicated all five constructs, including the demographic variables of gender and age, were statistically significant predictors of cultural proficiency. Implications for professional development and human resource practices are discussed as well as topics for future research.
Task Engagement and the Vigilance Decrement Revisited: Expanding Upon the Work of Joel S. Warm Using a Semantic Vigilance Paradigm
Authors: Neigel Alexis R. , Dever Daryn A. , Claypoole Victoria L. , Szalma James L.
Published: March 2019

Objective:

The goal of the present study is twofold: (1) demonstrate the importance of measuring and understanding the relationship between task engagement and vigilance performance, and (2) celebrate the work of Joel S. Warm and expand upon his previous research in two semantic vigilance paradigms.

Background:

The importance of measuring task engagement in cognitive and sensory vigilance tasks has been well documented. But to date, our understanding of the effects of task engagement on semantic vigilance performance is limited.

Method:

Seventy-three participants completed either a standard semantic vigilance task or a lure semantic vigilance task. Participants also completed subjective measures of workload and stress.

Results:

The results indicated that changes in task engagement are associated with correct detection performance. Changes in task engagement may be related to individual differences in the distress associated with performing semantic vigilance tasks.

Conclusion:

In line with the work of Warm and his colleagues (Dember, Warm, Bowers, & Lanzetta, 1984), participants who reported increased task engagement after the vigil outperformed their peers who noted decreased task engagement upon conclusion of the task. Participants reporting increases in engagement with the semantic vigilance tasks also reported significantly greater distress pretask, but not posttask. Instead, increases in postvigil distress were driven by the task to which participants were assigned, not task engagement.

Application:

The present study has several implications for applied settings that involve long duration semantic processing or semantic target identification. Such real-world tasks include aviation, cyber threat detection and analysis, driving, and reading.
Toward the Survival and Wholeness of the African American Community: A Womanist Reading of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple (1982)
Authors: Musanga Terrence , Mukhuba Theophilus
Published: March 2019

This article attempts a womanist reading of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple. Walker provides a gendered perspective of what it means to be “black,” “ugly,” “poor,” and a “woman” in America. This perspective is ignored in the majority of male-authored African American texts that privilege race and class issues. Being “black,” “poor,” “ugly,” and a “woman,” underscores the complexity of the African American woman’s experience as it condemns African American women into invisibility. However, Walker’s characters like Celie, Sofia, Shug, Mary Agnes, and Nettie fight for visibility and assist each other as African American women in their quest for freedom and independence in a capitalist, patriarchal, and racially polarized America. This article therefore maps out Celie’s evolution from being a submissive and uneducated “nobody” (invisible/voiceless) to a mature and independent “someone” (visibility/having a voice). Two important womanist concepts namely “family” and “sisterhood” inform this metamorphosis as Walker underscores her commitment to the survival and wholeness of African American people.
Asymmetric Mutual Dependence between the State and Capitalists in China
Authors: Zhang Changdong
Published: March 2019

China has for almost four decades been experiencing a market transition and an associated tax state transition, leading to the emergence of capitalists who increasingly control economic resources and serve as important sources of tax revenue. Some theories suggest that these changes should give capitalists political power. From the perspective of the taxation institution, using a mechanism-based case study, this article investigates whether China’s emerging capitalists have gained bargaining power with the party-state. Findings suggest that hidden bargaining, patron-clientelism, legislature co-optation, and legal repression constrain their bargaining power. The underinstitutionalized taxation system has co-opted the capitalists through patronage and, more important, deterrence, thereby building an asymmetric mutual dependence between the local state and capital owners.
The Society of Captives in an Ethiopian Prison
Authors: O’Donnell Ian
Published: March 2019

Much has been written about the challenges of prison life. Dominant themes—hearkening back to the classic work of Gresham Sykes in The Society of Captives—include the pains of confinement, prisoner-staff power dynamics, the argot roles that shed light on the values of the prisoner society, and the struggle to find and maintain a stable equilibrium. But our understanding tends to be rooted in research carried out in Europe and the United States. This account of an Ethiopian prison returns to Sykes’s work, with a view to adding some necessary nuance to contemporary debates about the carceral society.