bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Truth, Human and Divine
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

What does it mean to say that rabbinic tradition is “Torah?” If by “Torah” the rabbis mean that it was “all given to Moses at Sinai” (to borrow the language used at Berakhot 5a), then it makes little difference whether any particular word of Torah is Written or rabbinic. If it was all given to Moses at Sinai, it is fundamentally irrelevant what form it later took. But if the sages also admit genuine innovation in the tradition (as the text studied in the preceding chapter seems to imply) or if they view the Oral tradition as imperfect or incomplete—this would make a big difference. If the law is justified on the basis of something other than the authority of Sinai, then our vision of the tradition, as represented by the rabbis, would change significantly. Which is it, then, Sinai or Palestine? Is rabbinic Torah a perfect record of what happened at Sinai, or is it also a product of the struggles of rabbis living in the later Palestine and Babylonia?
Introduction
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza
Published: November 2023

The development of Islamic revivalism as a social movement is closely tied to the life histories and intellectual contributions of particular individuals. It is they who advanced the formative ideas, spoke to the concerns of various social groups, shaped public debates by selecting which ideas would be included and which would not, and related individual and social experiences to lasting questions and concerns about freedom justice, good, evil, and salvation. In short, they articulated an ideology, one that uses social impulses to make a new discourse possible.
The Formative Years
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza
Published: November 2023

Sayyid Abu’l-A’la Mawdudi was born on September 25, 1903 (3 Rajah 1321), in Awrangabad, Deccan, the youngest of Sayyid Ahmad Hasan Mawdudi’s five children and the second son from his second marriage. The Mawdudis claimed a proud heritage. They were descended from one of the most prominent branches of the Chishti Sufi order,1 a lineage that was later an important aspect of Mawdudi’s claim to authority.2 In 1932, he wrote “I belong to one such family that has a 1,300-year history of guiding, asceticism and Sufism.”3 The Chishtis traced their origins back to a family of sayyids (descendants of the Prophet) of the ahlu’l-bayt (descendants of the Prophet through his daughter, Fatimah)-a mark of nobility among Muslims of the subcontinent-who in the tenth century initiated “the exalted Chishtiyah Sufi silsilah (lineage)” in Afghanistan.
The Turn to Revivalism
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza
Published: November 2023

Although events in Mawdudi’s life up to 1930 had pointed him in the direction of Islamic revivalism, the actual turn to an Islamic ideological perspective occurred in the years from 1932 to 1937. During that time, his revivalist tendencies became manifest and his authority as a mujaddid took form. In 1930 he accepted an offer from Nawab Salar Jang, a leading statesman of Hyderabad, to prepare a plan for propagating Islam in that princely state. Mawdudi worked hard on the plan, but to his chagrin, the nawab took little note of it and ignored his counsel, which Mawdudi found reckless. He thought the nizam’s government was both unaware of the scope of its problems and ill prepared to contend with them, and he lost faith in the nizam’s state.
The Tortuous Road to War
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

ROM THE F’ALL OF 1940 to the summer of 1941, while Roosevelt struggled to aid Britain against Berlin, the Far East continued to force itself on his attention. ‘I110ugh he remained eager to keep things as quiet as possible in the Pacific and to divert the fewest possible resources from the Atlantic and the Middle East, continuing Japanese pressure on China and Southeast Asia denied him that option. On October 18, 1940, Chiang Kai-shek sent word that continued resistance to Japan depended on prompt additional help from the United States. He contended that the loss of American and Russian supplies after the closing of the Burma Road in July, rampant inflation, and Communist exploitation of current difficulties in order to weaken Nationalist rule were sapping China’s ability and resolve to fight. To meet these difficulties, Chiang asked for 500 planes in the next three months, American volunteers to fly them, and “a single big loan rather than small piecemeal credits” as given in the past. The planes and crews would allow Chiang’s Chungking government to oppose Japan’s uncontested control of the skies and to defend the recently reopened Burma Road; they would permit raids on naval bases in Japan and Formosa and thus impair Tokyo’s ability to fight the United States.
Race
Authors: Gossett Thomas F
Published: November 2023

When Tom Gosset’s Race: The History of an Idea in America appeared more than a generation ago, it explored the impact of race theory on literature in a way that anticipated the entire current scholarly discourse on the subject. Though it has gone out of print, it has never been rendered obsolete. Its reprinting is a boon to younger scholars in particular who are unfamiliar with its rich presentation of fact and its clear, efficient analysis, from which so much later theorizing has developed. With a new afterword by and about the author, and an introduction by series editors Arnold Rampersad and Shelley Fisher Fishkin, this edition should find a wide readership among young scholars and students working in African-American, literary, and cultural studies.
Learning to Care
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Urgent calls have gone forth--from the White House and Congress, from schools, churches, synagogues, and other agencies--for Americans to become more involved in caring for the needy and in serving their communities. And as federal and state governments across the nation cut back on aid to the poor and disabled, the role of volunteerism can only grow in importance. But how can we inspire caring behavior in our young when so many adults seem indifferent to the problems of the needy, when many problems (such as homelessness) seem beyond individual effort, and when agencies often come under fire for ineffectiveness if not corruption? Drawing on deeply moving personal accounts from young people who have become involved in community service, as well as on data from recent national surveys, Learning to Care looks at why teenagers become involved in volunteer work, what problems and pressures they face, and what we can do to nurture caring in our youth. Robert Wuthnow's intimate interviews bring to life the stories of high school student volunteers, teenagers such as Tanika Lane, a freshman who works with Literacy Education and Direction (LEAD), a job-training program for inner-city kids, and Amy Stone, a homecoming queen and student-body president at a suburban southern school who organizes rallies for AIDS awareness. Through these profiles, Wuthnow shows that caring is not innate but learned, in part from the spontaneous warmth of family life, and in part from finding the right kind of volunteer work. He contends that volunteers' sense of service is shaped by what they find in school service clubs, in shelters for the homeless, in working with AIDS victims, or in tutoring inner-city children. And Wuthnow also argues that the best environment to nurture the helping impulse is the religious setting, where in fact the great bulk of volunteering in America takes place. In these organizations, as well as in schools and community agencies, teenagers can find the role models and moral incentives that will instill a sense of service that they can then carry into their adult life. Robert Wuthnow is one of our leading commentators on religious life in America, the author of Acts of Compassion, which was nominated for both a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award. Learning to Care, the sequel to that highly acclaimed volume, offers an eye-opening (and somewhat reassuring) portrait of volunteerism among America's youth, as it helps lay the groundwork for teaching our children to care.
Serving God? Kindness and Transcendence
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

These two statements-written by Vaclav Havel before he became president of the Czech Republic-capture the dilemma we face in trying to figure out how religious faith relates to kindness in our society. In the first statement, Havel describes the uncertainties that many of us feel about the sacred. Some people doubt the existence of God at all. Others regard the existence of God as an item of faith but are unsure what authority that belief holds over their lives. They question whether the existence of God can provide them with absolute standards of right and wrong, but they nevertheless think that religious faith is necessary in order for life to be bearable. Havel’s second statement suggests a connection between the loss of transcendence and kindness. Paradoxically, uncertainties about the existence of God do not result in good deeds’ being abandoned. In­ stead, we strive all the harder to perform “heroic” acts in the hope that they will compensate for our lingering doubts about God. Kindness may thus be a way of finding transcendence, but this form of caring may also serve ourselves more than it serves others.
Careers of Service: The Preservation of Caring
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

How does volunteering influence the future? Does it encourage young people to think more imaginatively about opportunities for service? Or after a brief courtship with their talents and their dreams, do they simply tire of them?Kindness can become a part of the routine behavior that occupies our attention in the adult world only if we can imagine how to be kind in these roles. We have to imagine ourselves visiting a sick coworker in the hospital, for ex­ ample, before we are ever likely to do it. We have to imagine that we could actually save someone’s life by giving him or her cardiopulmonary resuscitation-or imagine that we could take part in a protest march, do lobbying on behalf of the environment, or work as a teacher or a nurse.
The Private Feasts of a Gentile
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The example in this chapter concerns prohibitions regarding the private feasts of idolaters. The Bavli and the Yerushalmi diverge on two questions, one economic and one social, regarding the private feast day of an individual non-Jew. The economic question is: Does the prohibition of commercial transactions listed in m. AZ 1:1 apply to days on which an idolater holds a private feast [for his son]?1 The social question is: Are Jews permitted to attend or participate in the private feast days of idolaters? In the discussion of both questions, an exegetical irregularity in the Babylonian gemara may signal a cultural difference between the Babylonians and Palestinians in regard to the issue of interaction with non-Jews. In other words, the Babylonian amoraim violate their own norms of interpretation, suggesting that an extratextual agenda or reality has disturbed their usual reading practices.
Introduction
Authors: Orr Leslie C
Published: November 2023

Every well-appointed Hindu temple aims at being an earthly reproduction of the paradise of the god in whose honour it was built… The Gandharvas are represented by the Temple-band, the Apsarases by the courtesans who sing and dance in the service. These are dedicated to the service of the god; but they give their favours to his worshippers. They are usually called Devadiisfs, handmaidens of the god… They dance and sing in the temple services and also when the images are carried out through the town in procession. Hence the common name for them everywhere is Nautch-girls, Dancing-girls… How foul the atmosphere is in which this custom thrives may be realized from the hideous sculpture visible on the gates and walls of many Hindu temples in Central and Southern India….
Conclusions
Authors: Orr Leslie C
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, I have examined various aspects of the character and activities of temple women in the Chola period. It is now time to discover what the whole picture looks like, to see what emerges when all the pieces of the puzzle are assembled.
Organizational Life in the Indian Community
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

Chicago’s Asian Indians, like many other ethnic communities, rely upon ethnic associations to organize the public side of community life. The many events sponsored by the community’s vast array of Indian ethnic organizations are either stylized, formal affairs, with introductions, speeches, and votes of thanks, or fun-filled family occasions-picnics, fairs, fashion or cultural shows. Behind the facade of well-ordered speeches and banquets and joyful family outings, one will find organizations animated by questions of collective identity (who are we as “the Indian community”? who do we want to be?) and collective purpose (what is the proper order of public life?).
Families and Organizations: A Division of Labor in Support of Community
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

This study consists of two distinct analyses of the Indian-American com­ munity. Part I examines the organizational life and public debates of the community, while part II examines issues of adjustment as played out within families. The two analyses also rely upon different methodologies. The organization analysis employs traditional methods of participant observation and interviewing and content analysis of newspaper articles. The family analysis uses somewhat unorthodox techniques in a series of family portraits. However, the central concerns of both parts are the changes that have taken place between the immigrant generation and their young adult children. The purpose of this final chapter is to integrate the two analyses in order to present an accurate view of the process of assimilation taking place among Indian Americans. A key element of this process is the division of labor between organizational and family life.
The Epigrams of Philodemos
Authors: Sider David
Published: November 2023

This edition collects all the epigrams attributed to Epicurean philosopher and poet Philodemos of Gadara (c.110-40 BC). In editing these epigrams, Sider has re-examined several manuscripts of the Greek Anthology. Thirty-eight epigrams (three only doubtfully Philodemean, and two spurious) are printed in the original Greek and in English translation, with full critical apparatus and commentary. Sider also includes the text of a recently edited papyrus containing fragments of many known and newly discovered epigrams by Philodemos. In addition to the usual issues involved in editing a Classical poet--i.e. the poet's life, his use of meter, the epigrammatic tradition, and the place of the epigrams in the Greek Anthology--Sider's introduction considers the relationship between Philodemos' philosophy and poetry. He explains how the epigrams fit into the literary views expressed in Philodemos' On Poems and how they clashed with the Epicurean stance against the writing of poetry.
Testimonia Ad Philodemum Pertinentia
Authors: Sider David
Published: November 2023

This collection of sources contains texts where Philodemus is clearly (section A) or quite likely (B) referred to by others. A very brief selection is offered of passages from the papyri where Philodemus seems to refer to himself (C). These are limited to those alluded to in the Introduction. Excluded are all epigrams that have been interpreted autobiographically. Annotation is minimal.
Indian Epigraphy
Authors: Salomon Richard
Published: November 2023

This book provides a general survey of all the inscriptional material in the Sanskrit, Prakrit, and modern Indo-Aryan languages, including donative, dedicatory, panegyric, ritual, and literary texts carved on stone, metal, and other materials. This material comprises many thousands of documents dating from a range of more than two millennia, found in India and the neighboring nations of South Asia, as well as in many parts of Southeast, central, and East Asia. The inscriptions are written, for the most part, in the Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts and their many varieties and derivatives. Inscriptional materials are of particular importance for the study of the Indian world, constituting the most detailed and accurate historical and chronological data for nearly all aspects of traditional Indian culture in ancient and medieval times. Richard Salomon surveys the entire corpus of Indo-Aryan inscriptions in terms of their contents, languages, scripts, and historical and cultural significance. He presents this material in such a way as to make it useful not only to Indologists but also non-specialists, including persons working in other aspects of Indian or South Asian studies, as well as scholars of epigraphy and ancient history and culture in other regions of the world.
Prologue
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

On the evening of May 31, 1972, at the graduation exercises of Hoover High School in Des Moines, Iowa, my father rose from his chair on the dais and strode purposefully to the lectern to deliver the invocation. I remember holding my breath, not at all certain what would follow. My father, an evangelical minister, had never prayed from a prepared text in his life. In the best Puritan tradition, he believed that prayer should be a spontaneous, unrehearsed conversation with God. But my father’s prayers, as I knew from long experience, could also be admonitory, addressed equally to his auditors as well as to the Almighty: “Lord, I pray most of all that my children will tum from their sins and embrace you as Savior, that they might live their lives uprightly before you.”
By the Numbers
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

The numbers are staggering. In a very real sense Orlando, Florida, can reckon 1965 as the line of demarcation in its history. Before that, it was a pleasant, almost sleepy town in central Florida, but Walt Disney quietly began assembling parcels of swampland into a huge tract south of the city. The opening of Walt Disney World on October 1, 1971, quickly transformed Orlando into the theme park capital of the world, with such attractions as Epcot Center, Disney-MGM Studios, Universal Studios, Sea World, and Gatorland Zoo. In 1989, approximately thirteen million pilgrims found their way to Orlando, a town that boasts more motel rooms, nearly eighty thousand, than any other city in the United States.
“Creek Bank” Theology
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

Just a few miles away the inner city of Memphis struggles to survive, and the contortions of that struggle are all too obvious. Desegregration prompted a white flight to the suburbs in the 1960s and 1970s, leaving unemployment and a patchwork of decaying neighborhoods. Closer to the center city, Memphis succumbed to the Nixonian theory of urban renewal: raze everything in sight and start over. Memphis followed the first part of that formula but apparently lost interest in the second, and the result is a sea of vast, open spaces interrupted occasionally by islands of buildings. Even the legendary Beale Street, birthplace of the blues, has an unreal feeling of Disneyland about it, lost among the urban fields and utterly out of context.
Quantum Interference Effects in Transport Properties, the Landauer Formulation and Applications
Authors: Imry Yoseph
Published: November 2023

GENERALITIES, REMARKS ON THE KUBO CONDUCTIVITY FOR FINITE SYSTEMS

The transport properties of mesoscopic systems display a wealth of interesting phenomena that are quite novel in respect to the usual macroscopic systems. Among these one can mention the nonadditivity of series resistances and parallel conductances, the periodic sample-specific oscillations (Gefen et al. 1984a,b, Webb et al. 1985a,b) in the magnetoresistance of a ring (i.e., two parallel resistors) as a function of the Aharonov-Bohm flux through its opening, and the analogous aperiodic conductance fluctuations (Blonder 1984, Umbach et al. 1984, Altshuler 1985, Lee and Stone 1985, Licini et al. 1985a, Stone 1985, Skocpol et al. 1986), in a fine singly-connected wire. These fluctuations have interesting universal aspects. As in the previous chapters, there is an important distinction here between the effects of elastic and inelastic scattering. Also, since the system is so small, its measured resistance may depend on the existence, type, and structure of contacts made onto it. Various other effects, familiar to varying extents from waveguiding systems, may also occur. For example, an open-ended branch can greatly change the resistance of the system (Gefen et al. 1984a,b); the resistance may be nonlocal in the sense that what is measured between a given pair of points may depend on things connected further away (Anderson et al. 1980, Engquist and Anderson 1981). Contact and spreading resistances, which are not always negligible, may play a role (Imry 1986b, see section 2).
Mesoscopics with Superconductivity
Authors: Imry Yoseph
Published: November 2023

1. INTRODUCTION

Much of what we have considered in mesoscopics has had to do with phasecoherent effects of normal electrons. Each electron retains phase coherence over the length L¢ and different electrons in the energy band of width kBT around the Fermi energy display a similar interference pattern over the length Lr. The superconducting state is characterized by having a macroscopic wavefunction, retaining its coherence ideally over arbitrarily large lengths. It is of great interest to enquire how these two (normal and super) coherence effects couple with each other. This is not an obvious issue, since in the normal conductor the active charge carrier is a single electron or a hole, while in the superconductor the coherence is of the wavefunction of the condensed Cooper pairs. It is known, however, that superconductivity can penetrate into a normal metal over a length-scale of Lr (which has been referred to in this context as “the normal metal coherence length, fN”1). This is the well-known proximity effect (e.g., Deutscher and de Gennes 1969).2 Two superconductors can quite generally be correlated with each other and exchange a supercurrent through a normal metal barrier which can be Lr (or L¢, see section 5) long.
Introduction
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

James Edward Lesslie Newbigin was born in Newcastle-on-Tyne on December 8, 1909, to Annie Ellen née Affleck, wife of Edward Richmond Newbigin, shipping merchant. According to Lesslie’s autobiography, his earliest memories were almost all happy ones. His mother, a gentle person and an exquisite pianist, loved her children with a strength and constancy from which Lesslie never ceased to draw life. His father, a devout and thoughtful Christian and a radical in politics, took part in family outings to moors and fells and beach, and he satisfied the children’s natural curiosity on all manner of subjects, as well as teaching Lesslie woodworking and model making. After local kindergarten and preparatory school, Lesslie went off to board at Leighton Park, the Quaker institution in Reading, Berkshire. From Bill Brown, the geography master, he learned to get to the heart of a big book so as to expound and defend its argument in debate.
The Confident Believer
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

“Faith is the hand that grasps what Christ has done and makes it my own”; but first, “Christ has laid hold of me.” That expresses the intensely personal character of the faith within which Lesslie Newbigin’s own life was lived and in which all his more technical discussions must be situated. The particular formulation just quoted of what it is to be a Christian believer occurs in the book Sin and Salvation, which the bishop wrote in the 1950s for village teachers who, with little formal theological education, carried a heavy load in the pastoral care of several thousand rural congregations in the Tamil-speaking dioceses of the Church of South India. The book was begun in Tamil, and when pressures of time necessitated a shift to English composition, the author adopted a style that would lend itself to translation into the vernacular.
The Pastoral Bishop
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Lesslie Newbigin’s entire career may properly be regarded as pastoral in the broad and christological sense of the term: as he himself wrote of another great missionary to India, C. F. Andrews (1871–1940), his life “has reminded people in our day of the Good Shepherd himself.” More specifically and ecclesiastically, Newbigin served both local congregations and larger units of the Church as the ordained representative of Christ “the Bishop and Pastor of our souls” (1 Peter 2:24). In India, he first ministered pastorally as a district missionary in town and villages; and then as bishop in the largely rural diocese of Madurai and Ramnad, and later as bishop in the big city diocese of Madras when he functioned also as deputy moderator of the Church of South India, there fell to him “the care of all the churches” (2 Corinthians 12:28). In Britain, he spent most of his eighth decade as pastor of a small congregation of the United Reformed Church in the inner suburbs of Birmingham, immediately after having led the whole denomination for a year as moderator of its assembly. His theological reflections on the practice of ministry and on the ordering of the Church not only were shaped by his study of the Scriptures and the Christian Tradition but also grew out of his experience in such diverse capacities and circumstances.
The Missionary Strategist
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In September 1936 Lesslie Newbigin set sail from Liverpool to India for what proved to be the last decade of missions under the old regime. A world war later, in which soldiers from the subcontinent had fought on the side of the Allies against the Axis, India gained its independence from the British crown, on August 15, 1947. Six weeks afterward, on September 27, 1947, the Church of South India was inaugurated as a united and autonomous body resulting chiefly from the missionary labors of British Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists—and of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions—over the previous century and a half.
Exodus and Kingship
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B
Published: November 2023

The preexilic liturgy of the exodus is a holy war between Yahweh and Pharaoh that culminates in divine victory on the Day of Yahweh. A preexilic setting for such a liturgy is hardly innovative, since most scholars have argued for some form of a Yahwistic or JE account to the plague cycle and exodus.What is innovative is that the liturgy of the exodus described in this chapter lacks ties to the wilderness, Sinai, or conquest traditions. It is independent and thus not an episode of a larger history of salvation.
Divine Power and Presence as Themes in the Formation of the Pentateuch
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B
Published: November 2023

The perspective will change in this chapter from reading individual traditions within the Pentateuch to looking more broadly at the formation of the canonical Pentateuch as a whole. The aim in broadening the scope of study is to inquire what the organizing theme or themes of the Pentateuch might be. A quick reading of the canonical Pentateuch in conjunction with even the most recent interpretations of it suggests that the organization of Torah eludes a single solution with regard to its central theme or themes. Indeed, there are any number of successful modem interpretations that describe the organization of the Pentateuch.
Islam and Democracy
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Religious resurgence and democratization have been two of the most significant developments of the last quarter of the twentieth century. Frequently they work together; other times they are at odds. In the muslim world, this relationship is of special importance because of the strength of the Islamic resurgence, and the intensity of muslim demands for greater popular participation in political processes Esposito and Voll use six case studies to look at the history of this relationship and the role played by new Islamic movements. At one end of the spectrum, Iran and Sudan represent two cases of militant, revolutionary Islam opposing the political system. In Algeria and Malaysia however, the new movements have been legally recognized and made part of the political process. The authors identify several important factors, such as the legality or illegality of the new Islamic movements and the degree to which they cooperate with existing rulers, as being key to understanding the success or failure of these movements. Still, the case studies prove that despite the commonalities, differing national contexts and identities give rise to differences in agenda and method. This broad spectrum of experience contains important lessons for understanding this complex and subtle relationship, and will also provide insight into the powerful forces of religion and democracy in a broader global context.
Introduction
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

Change at Work began as a conversation with the members of the National Planning Association’s New American Realities Committee about changes under way in the workplace. We were all interested in stories appearing in the media about how relations among employee and employer and workplace practices were changing, but, when pressed, we discovered that our evidence about what was happening was just anecdotal. And the anecdotes about change in the workplace seemed to repeat the same examples over and over-Motorola as the example of rising skill requirements and more intensive training programs, General Electric as the example of restructuring, Saturn as an example of empowered workers. We realized that we did not have a good sense about what really was happening in the typical workplace. Yet much of the policy debate, which was becoming increasingly elaborate, was based on assumptions about these changes in the workplace. Arguments like the following were common: Skill requirements were rising, the educational performance of students was falling, and education and training had to be given massive pushes in order to make up for the growing “skills gap.” Or employers were failing to introduce more effective “high-performance” work systems and needed somehow to be pushed into doing so for the national interest.
Protestantism, Voluntarism, And Personal Identity In Antebellum America
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

“Now That The Republic-the res publica-has been settled, it is time to look after the res privata-the private state.” So declared Henry David Thoreau in 1854. Many of his neighbors, on this much at least, agreed with the great iconoclast and undertook their own brave experiments with shaping a new personal life for themselves. In this respect, the individualism of Walden Pond may serve as a symbol for a mass movement: of innumerable quests for new identities, for new births, to reexamine past lives, to reshape human nature. Although many evangelists undertook to organize and collectivize this movement, it remained at heart voluntary and individual, a matter of personal choices.

The Declaration of Independence proclaimed that all men had an unalienable right to the pursuit of happiness. In practice, Americans defined this pursuit not only in economic and political terms but also in moral and spiritual ones. The decades following the American Revolution and establishment of the Constitution witnessed an extraordinarily rich and varied experimentation by the people of the new nation with new lifestyles, faiths, and manners. Much of this seeking took religious form.
Protestants And Economic Behavior
Authors: Scott Robert Wuthnow Tracy L
Published: November 2023

“It Is Instructive To Trace ... the influence of religious ideas on economic development. It is not less important to grasp the effect of the economic arrangements accepted by an age on the opinion which it holds of the province of religion.” So wrote R. H. Tawney in his 1930 foreword to Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. The half century since those words were written has witnessed a profusion of efforts to examine these reciprocal effects. The literature generated may not, as one recent review suggests, be as extensive as that concerned with, say, religion and politics, or revivals and religious movements. Yet, in another sense, it is considerably richer because virtually all these other topics also include discussions of how religion and economic conditions have intertwined. Indeed, it becomes necessary to focus on studies that specifically address questions about the impact of religion on economic behavior (rather than simply the reverse) in order to delimit the topic at all.
Protestant Success In The New American City, 1870-1920: The Anxious Secrets of Rev. Walter Laidlaw, Ph.D.
Authors: Butler Jon
Published: November 2023

Jesus wept over Jerusalem, wept because an exact knowledge of its conditions was in His mind; He weeps to-day over the conditions of our human institutions, because in His omniscience He is aware of their every detail, and the Church which is the organ to express His love to the world, must become equipped with His omniscience, so far as it can be, in order that His love may be a larger blessing.
From Missions To Mission To Beyond Missions: The Historiography of American Protestant Foreign Missions Since World War II
Authors: Robert Dana L
Published: November 2023

In 1964, Professor Of History of Missions at the University of Chicago R. Pierce Beaver wrote From Missions to Mission, a reflection book published by the YMCA. In his small book, this eminent American mission historian of the mid-twentieth century reviewed the early part of the century and saw a Christianity that had ridden to success on the coattails of Euro-American imperialism and prestige. Two world wars, however, had demonstrated to growing nationalist movements in the developing world that Christianity was not part of a superior culture, but was an agent of colonialism. Beaver went on to analyze the current climate for world missions-militant nationalism, urbanization, secularization, repudiation of the West, and revivals of non-Christian religions. To move forward in such a context, he said, missions must begin to cooperate among themselves and with younger nonwestern churches on behalf of Christ’s mission. Beaver saw embodied in the World Council of Churches the beginning of new approaches to mission that would stress reconciliation over competition, and peace and justice issues alongside proclamation. Missions from the west should become a common worldwide enterprise: pluralism must give way to unity.
Recent American Catholic Historiography : New Directions in Religious History
Authors: Carey Patrick
Published: November 2023

Since At Least The late nineteenth century the major histories of American Catholicism and Protestantism have been influenced by many of the same historiographical canons and methodologies. My reflections here on the recent (post-1970) historiography of American Catholicism are governed by the convictions that historians of Catholic and Protestant traditions share similar diverse historical methods and goals, and that the subjects of their historical examinations have social and religious identities that are inextricably and historically tied together. Both convictions mean that what I say here and the questions I raise about the historiography of American Catholicism apply mutatis mutandis to the historiography of American Protestantism.
Antisemitism among Right-Wing Extremist Groups, Organizations, and Parties in Postunification Germany
Authors: Wetzel Juliane
Published: November 2023

At the heart of the inflammatory rhetoric of far-right groups and organizations in Germany lies xenophobia, targeted mainly at foreigners (see chapter 1). In such circles, German Jews are considered “aliens” too, and antisemitism has always been a core element in right-wing extremist ideology and propaganda. In recent years, a new type of antisemitism has taken center stage as a result of opposition to current remembrance of the Holocaust past and its culmination in Auschwitz. This so-called secondary antisemitism does not rely on classic sources of prejudice arising, for example, from religious stereotypes or intergroup conflicts over equal rights, social integration, and political power such as those found in primary antisemitism. Instead, it is related to collective memories of a discredited past; thus it is causally connected with German guilt, shame, and responsibility toward Jews.
A New Conservative Revolution? Neo-Nationalism, Collective Memory, and the New Right in Germany since Unification
Authors: Neaman Elliot
Published: November 2023

After the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, a brief wave of optimism engulfed a large number of Western intellectuals who felt that the end of the Cold War would mean not just liberation for Eastern Europe but perhaps a new era of thinking beyond stale ideological confrontations, even leading to a realization of Immanuel Kant’s dream of universal world peace. Five years later, much of this early optimism has dissipated as ethnic wars have torn apart the Soviet Union, the Balkans, India, and a host of other countries. The breakdown of the Cold War order galvanized ultraconservative, nationalistic, and right-wing forces in the East and the West. Hans Magnus Enzensberger has recently argued, in a manner reminiscent of conservative cultural pessimism, that civil wars are the anthropological norm rather than a historical contingency that can someday be overcome. The end of the Cold War, of a bipolar world, Enzensberger observes, also means that the more predictable and orderly wars between states will be supplanted increasingly by the breakdown of internal order and the weakening of the monopoly on power claimed by the apparatus of the state (Enzensberger 1994).
Non-Syllable-Dependent Approaches
Authors: Woodard Roger D
Published: November 2023

In contrast to the interpretations of Linear B and syllabic Cypriot spelling discussed in chapter 3, there are other analyses of these phenomena which are either not dependent upon syllable structure or, in one instance, only partially dependent upon such structure. It is this latter, “mixed system” of analysis which we shall consider first.

It appears that the earliest example of a non-syllable-based approach to interpreting the Mycenaean and Cypriot strategies for representing consonant sequences is found in a work by the Russian philologist and linguist I. M. Tronsky.
Santería, Catholicism, and Evangelization: Struggles for Religious Identity
Authors: Tweed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

On a warm June day a middle-aged, lower-class black woman strode to the water’s edge just behind the shrine to Our Lady of Charity in Miami. This recently arrived Cuban exile, who dressed in the white of an iyawó or Santería initiate, placed a small faded statue of the Virgin on the concrete wall bordering the bay. Ignoring the interior of the shrine, where a priest was leading a hundred visitors in saying the rosary, Mirta faced the sea, raised both arms to the heavens, and began reciting the rosary aloud. She interspersed the stylized prayers with spontaneous and passionate “sermons” on various topics, as a crowd of twenty-five gathered around her. When she stopped, about fifty minutes later, visitors pressed in—asking her questions, writing her phone number, and thanking her enthusiastically.
In a by-path he is resolv’d to go: Introduction
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

The period 1640-89 in English history was marked by turmoil and change. Civil war, the execution of a king, the establishing of a republican regime, the restoration of monarchy, plots against the government, and the Revolution of 1688 were among the political developments of the time. In the religious sphere, the ferment of ideas in the 1640s and 1650s, the abolition and restoration of episcopacy, the repression of Nonconformists, and the 1689 Act of Toleration were significant features. The two middle decades of the century witnessed the expansion of the Baptist sect as well as the rise and expansion of Quakerism. Although at its beginning the Quaker movement attracted some Baptist converts, hostility quickly came to characterize relations between the two groups. Public disputes took place and polemical tracts were exchanged. Such conflicts led John Bunyan to publish his first two works, in which he censured Edward Burrough as “anaemia to the Truth” and denounced the Quakers as “blind Pharisees.
When Siva Plays
Authors: Handelman Don , Shulman David
Published: November 2023

Why should it? Bbctigin, a haunting, skeletal figure with three bony legs, who is one of Siva’s devoted servants, has witnessed this process many times. Siva often plays dice with the goddess-his consort, ParvatI (see figures 1 and 2). Almost invariably, he loses to her. Frequently, both he and his partner are said to “cheat,” to play deceitfully-whatever this might mean. Still the great god ends up defeated, and ParvatI claims the various ornaments and attributes that he has staked. Sometimes she becomes angry when he refuses to pay up, or even to acknowledge that he has lost; this stubborn stance may then lead to further conflict-aggressive acts by one or both partners, sulking, quarrels, separations, even curses hurled in rage. Or, still in a playful spirit, the goddess might cover Siva’s eyes with her hands, thereby enveloping the universe itself in catastrophic darkness.3 Nothing, in these texts, is as rich in consequence as a game.
Conclusion
Authors: Handelman Don , Shulman David
Published: November 2023

There is something fundamental to the feminine, as such, that produces this result, that energizes the holistic godhead in the direction of play, and that then triumphs over the defined and split-off male component within the game. It would seem that femininity implies, for our Saiva poets, an innerness moving outward.

If the goddess wins, that means externalization; if Siva wins, that means nonexternalization.

Maleness, an excess of externalized constituents-like Bh.ri)gin, a bag of hard, dry bones thinly linked by empty spaces-naturally seeks to reinternalize, sucking the missing parts back toward and into its hungry self; but the female, for her part, is less caught up in the negative consequences of play-above all, its tendency to fragment. Is this because the part, autonomous and largely self-contained in its partiality, is less in need of the unfractured whole? ParvatI’s movement is, in general, far less desperate than Siva’s; nor is she delimited or deceived by masquerading surfaces and crooked words.
Introduction: Engaging the Battle
Authors: Brenneman James E
Published: November 2023

“PREPARE war, stir up the warriors!” Apt words by the prophet Joel (4:9 [Eng. 3:9)) for an invitation to battle. With these words, I invite the reader to descend the linguistic ladder with me into a rhetorical war of sorts, down into society’s formalized chaos, where all wars are finally won or lost. Joel’s invitation to war, which is really Yahweh’s invitation, provokes our most visceral fears about wars fought under the banner of God, especially if that god is not the god of our worship. Even more frightening, perhaps, is the mysterious, ambivalent, truth-bearing, deceit-laden power of words when broadcast by an all-too-human prophet claiming to speak for God.
Contradiaion and Intertextuality
Authors: Brenneman James E
Published: November 2023

The Bible contradicts itself. This has become a truism in academic circles, aptly described by Daniel Boyarin as “now practically a commonplace that the narrative of the Torah is characterized by an extraordinarily high degree of gapping, indeterminacy, repetition and self-contradiction.” This is more elaborately expressed in the words of James Sanders:
Death of a Parent: Making an Accommodation
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

Children eventually arrive at a place and time when they are carrying on with their lives, making an accommodation to their parent’s death. It may take a long time of traveling on a bumpy road for them to live comfortably in a single-parent family and build a comfortable relationship with their surviving parent and the deceased. For both the children and the surviving parent, dealing with the death, their grief, and the many changes in their lives is an ongoing, unfolding process during which they learn new ways of being with each other.
Invisible Mourners: The Death of a Friend
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

The words come easier now. I can express what I lost. I have lost the validation that she provided-the voice that confirmed me to myself, that told me I could; I have lost her presence, her ideas, the new things she brought into my life; I have lost my belief in plans, in our ability to control our lives; I have lost the confidence that we could do anything, that we could conquer the world, change it, make it ours.
The Quantum Dot
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

Since first developed in the early sixties, silicon chip technology has made vast leaps forward. From a rudimentary circuit with a mere handful of transistors, the chip has evolved into a technological miracle, packing millions of bits of information on a surface no larger than a human thumbnail. And most experts predict that in the near future, we will see chips with over a billion bits. At the same time, this revolution in microelectronics has sparked a dramatic change in the way we live. An integral part of the computer industry, the microchip is found in everything from lasers, fax machines, and satellites to greeting cards and children’s toys. And yet few people have any idea how chips work, or how so much information can be captured in such a miniscule space. Now, in The Quantum Dot, physicist Richard Turton provides a clear, informative look at the science that lies behind the modern revolution in microelectronics and offers an intriguing glimpse of the possible future of this rapidly evolving field. Turton illuminates the development of the microchip, in a discussion that ranges from a primer on atoms and electrons, to the properties of semiconductors (most notably, silicon), to the structure of the transistor. We learn how researchers have managed to pack the tiny silicon chip with more and more bits, and we get a state-of-the-art look at the microelectronic industry today, from the newest chip materials (such as gallium arsenide, a much faster material than silicon, used in the recently released Cray 3 supercomputer) to the exotic world of high-temperature superconductors. Perhaps most interesting, Turton offers a provocative glimpse of the future of microelectronics. Here readers enter the strange realm where quantum theory prevails and where physical events contradict our intuitive perceptions. Turton shows how researchers are leaving the transistor far behind as they struggle to exploit quantum effects to create incredibly small and fast devices, such as “designer atoms” and the quantum dot. He concludes that the range of future possibilities are immense, including devices in which electrons behave not as particles but as waves, and computers in which there are no electrical signals, only beams of light. Here then is an amazing scientific--and economic--success story, told with clarity and expertise. It will fascinate anyone curious about where modern technology is headed and what the world might look like when it gets there.