bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The LSND and MiniBooNE Oscillation Searches at High Δm2
Authors: Conrad Janet M. , Louis William C. , Shaevitz Michael H.
Published: June 2013

This article reviews the experimental design, analysis, and results of the LSND and MiniBooNE experiments. Their primary goal was to effect sensitive searches for neutrino oscillations in the mass region with Δm2≈1 eV2. The two experiments are complementary, so comparing their results can yield additional information with respect to models with sterile neutrinos. Both experiments obtained evidence for [Formula: see text] oscillations, and MiniBooNE also observed a νμ→νe excess. We also consider the results within the global context of sterile neutrino oscillation models. The final data sets require a more extended model than the simple single–sterile neutrino model imagined at the time that LSND drew to a close and MiniBooNE began. There are apparent incompatibilities between data sets in models with two sterile neutrinos that may be explained with variations within the systematic error. Overall, models with two (or three) sterile neutrinos seem to succeed in fitting the global data, and they make interesting predictions for future experiments.
Manipulation of Host Proteasomes as a Virulence Mechanism of Plant Pathogens
Authors: Dudler Robert
Published: June 2013

The ubiquitin-26S proteasome degradation system (UPS) in plants is involved in the signal transduction of many cellular processes, including host immune responses triggered by pathogen attack. Attacking pathogens produce effectors that are translocated into host cells, where they interfere with the host's defense signaling in very specific ways. Perhaps not surprising in view of the broad involvement of the host proteasome in plant immunity, certain bacterial effectors exploit or require the host UPS for their action, as currently best studied in Pseudomonas syringae. Intriguingly, some P. syringae strains also secrete the virulence factor syringolin A, which irreversibly inhibits the proteasome by a novel mechanism. Here, the role of the UPS in plant defense and its exploitation by effectors are summarized, and the biology, taxonomic distribution, and emerging implications for virulence strategies of syringolin A and similar compounds are discussed.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000: A Model Pathogen for Probing Disease Susceptibility and Hormone Signaling in Plants
Authors: Xin Xiu-Fang , He Sheng Yang
Published: June 2013

Since the early 1980s, various strains of the gram-negative bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae have been used as models for understanding plant-bacterial interactions. In 1991, a P. syringae pathovar tomato (Pst) strain, DC3000, was reported to infect not only its natural host tomato but also Arabidopsis in the laboratory, a finding that spurred intensive efforts in the subsequent two decades to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which this strain causes disease in plants. Genomic analysis shows that Pst DC3000 carries a large repertoire of potential virulence factors, including proteinaceous effectors that are secreted through the type III secretion system and a polyketide phytotoxin called coronatine, which structurally mimics the plant hormone jasmonate (JA). Study of Pst DC3000 pathogenesis has not only provided several conceptual advances in understanding how a bacterial pathogen employs type III effectors to suppress plant immune responses and promote disease susceptibility but has also facilitated the discovery of the immune function of stomata and key components of JA signaling in plants. The concepts derived from the study of Pst DC3000 pathogenesis may prove useful in understanding pathogenesis mechanisms of other plant pathogens.
Using a classic paper by Robin Fåhraeus and Torsten Lindqvist to teach basic hemorheology
Authors: Toksvang Linea Natalie , Berg Ronan M. G.
Published: June 2013

“The viscosity of the blood in narrow capillary tubes” by Robin Fåhraeus and Torsten Lindqvist ( Am J Physiol 96: 562–568, 1931) can be a valuable opportunity for teaching basic hemorheological principles in undergraduate cardiovascular physiology. This classic paper demonstrates that a progressive decline in apparent viscosity occurs when blood flows through glass capillary tubes of diminishing radius, which was later designated as the “Fåhraeus-Lindqvist effect.” Subsequent studies have shown that apparent viscosity continues to decline at diameters that correspond to the arteriolar segments of the systemic vascular tree, where the majority of the total peripheral resistance resides and is actively regulated in vivo. The Fåhraeus-Lindqvist effect thus reduces microvascular resistance, thereby maintaining local tissue perfusion at a relatively lower blood pressure. The paper by Fåhraeus and Lindqvist can be used as a platform for a plenary discussion of these concepts as well as of the relationships among hematocrit, vessel diameter, red blood cell deformability, and resistance to blood flow and how these factors may affect the work of the heart.
The effectiveness of separating theory and practicum as a conduit to learning physiology
Authors: Schuijers Johannes A. , McDonald Stuart J. , Julien Brianna L. , Lexis Louise A. , Thomas Colleen J. , Chan Siew , Samiric T.
Published: June 2013

Many conventional science courses contain subjects embedded with laboratory-based activities. However, research on the benefits of positioning the practicals within the theory subject or developing them distinctly from the theory is largely absent. This report compared results in a physiology theory subject among three different cohorts of students: those taking the theory subject alone, those taking it concurrent with a physiology practicum subject, and those who previously took the subject when it had practicums embedded within the one subject. The path model shows that students taking both physiology theory and physiology practicum attained a significantly higher result in online tests compared with those who took the theory subject alone ( P < 0.05) and that this translated to a significantly higher result in the end-of-semester examination. Similarly, students taking both physiology theory and the physiology practicum attained a significantly higher end-examination result compared with those who took the physiology subject in previous years when the practicums were embedded within the theory subject ( P < 0.05). In both cases, this increase was largely attained in components that tested critical thinking and deep learning (short theory application questions and extended written questions). We conclude that students undertaking both physiology theory and the physiology practicum likely performed better in the theory subject due to better problem-solving skills and a more developed understanding of theoretical content. We suggest that consideration be given in all science curricula to the separation of theory and practicum by developing two subjects with clearly defined different learning outcomes.
Effectiveness of integrating case studies in online and face-to-face instruction of pathophysiology: a comparative study
Authors: Saleh Suha M. , Asi Yara M. , Hamed Kastro M.
Published: June 2013

Due to growing demand from students and facilitated by innovations in educational technology, institutions of higher learning are increasingly offering online courses. Subjects in the hard sciences, such as pathophysiology, have traditionally been taught in the face-to-face format, but growing demand for preclinical science courses has compelled educators to incorporate online components into their classes to promote comprehension. Learning tools such as case studies are being integrated into such courses to aid in student interaction, engagement, and critical thinking skills. Careful assessment of pedagogical techniques is essential; hence, this study aimed to evaluate and compare student perceptions of the use of case studies in face-to-face and fully online pathophysiology classes. A series of case studies was incorporated into the curriculum of a pathophysiology class for both class modes (online and face to face). At the end of the semester, students filled out a survey assessing the effectiveness of the case studies. Both groups offered positive responses about the incorporation of case studies in the curriculum of the pathophysiology class. This study supports the argument that with proper use of innovative teaching tools, such as case studies, online pathophysiology classes can foster a sense of community and interaction that is typically only seen with face-to-face classes, based on student responses. Students also indicated that regardless of class teaching modality, use of case studies facilitates student learning and comprehension as well as prepares them for their future careers in health fields.
Retrieval practice is an efficient method of enhancing the retention of anatomy and physiology information
Authors: Dobson John L.
Published: June 2013

Although a great deal of empirical evidence has indicated that retrieval practice is an effective means of promoting learning and memory, very few studies have investigated the strategy in the context of an actual class. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if a series of very brief retrieval quizzes could significantly improve the retention of previously tested information throughout an anatomy and physiology course. A second purpose was to determine if there were any significant differences between expanding and uniform patterns of retrieval that followed a standardized initial retrieval delay. Anatomy and physiology students were assigned to either a control group or groups that were repeatedly prompted to retrieve a subset of previously tested course information via a series of quizzes that were administered on either an expanding or a uniform schedule. Each retrieval group completed a total of 10 retrieval quizzes, and the series of quizzes required (only) a total of 2 h to complete. Final retention of the exam subset material was assessed during the last week of the semester. There were no significant differences between the expanding and uniform retrieval groups, but both retained an average of 41% more of the subset material than did the control group (ANOVA, F = 129.8, P = 0.00, ηp2 = 0.36). In conclusion, retrieval practice is a highly efficient and effective strategy for enhancing the retention of anatomy and physiology material.
Distinct loading conditions reveal various patterns of right ventricular adaptation
Authors: Borgdorff Marinus A. J. , Bartelds Beatrijs , Dickinson Michael G. , Steendijk Paul , de Vroomen Maartje , Berger Rolf M. F.
Published: June 2013

Right ventricular (RV) failure due to chronically abnormal loading is a main determinant of outcome in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and congenital heart disease. However, distinct types of RV loading have been associated with different outcomes. To determine whether the adaptive RV response depends on loading type, we compared hemodynamics, exercise, and hypertrophy in models of pressure overload due to pulmonary artery banding (PAB), pressure overload due to PH, combined pressure and volume overload, and isolated volume load. Ninety-four rats were subjected to either PAB, monocrotaline-induced PH (PH), aortocaval shunt (shunt), or combined monocrotaline and aortocaval shunt (PH + shunt). We performed pressure-volume analysis and voluntary exercise measurements at 4 wk. We compared PAB to PH (part I) and PH + shunt to either isolated PH or shunt (part II). In part I, enhanced contractility (end-systolic elastance and preload recruitable stroke work) was present in PH and PAB, but strongest in PAB. Frank-Starling mechanism was active in both PAB and PH. In PAB this was accompanied by diastolic dysfunction (increased end-diastolic elastance, relaxation constant), clinical signs of RV failure, and reduced exercise. These distinct responses were not attributable to differences in hypertrophy. In part II, in PH + shunt the contractility response was blunted compared with PH, which caused pseudonormalization of parameters. Additional volume overload strongly enhanced hypertrophy in PH. We conclude that different types of loading result in distinct patterns of RV adaptation. This is of importance for the approach to patients with chronically increased RV load and for experimental studies in various types of RV failure.
Interleukin 27 inhibits atherosclerosis via immunoregulation of macrophages in mice
Authors: Hirase Tetsuaki , Hara Hiromitsu , Miyazaki Yoshiyuki , Ide Noriko , Nishimoto-Hazuku Ai , Fujimoto Hirokazu , Saris Christiaan J. M. , Yoshida Hiroki , Node Koichi
Published: June 2013

Chronic inflammation in arterial wall that is driven by immune cells and cytokines plays pivotal roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is a member of the IL-12 family of cytokines that consists of IL-27p28 and Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) and has anti-inflammatory properties that regulate T cell polarization and cytokine production. IL-27-deficient ( Ldlr−/− Ebi3−/−) and IL-27 receptor-deficient ( Ldlr−/− WSX-1−/−) Ldlr−/− mice were generated and fed with a high-cholesterol diet to induce atherosclerosis. Roles of bone marrow-derived cells in vivo and macrophages in vitro were studied using bone marrow reconstitution by transplantation and cultured peritoneal macrophages, respectively. We demonstrate that mice lacking IL-27 or IL-27 receptor are more susceptible to atherosclerosis compared with wild type due to enhanced accumulation and activation of macrophages in arterial walls. The number of circulating proinflammatory Ly6Chimonocytes showed no significant difference between wild-type mice and mice lacking IL-27 or IL-27 receptor. Administration of IL-27 suppressed the development of atherosclerosis in vivo and macrophage activation in vitro that was indicated by increased uptake of modified low-density lipoprotein and augmented production of proinflammatory cytokines. These findings define a novel inhibitory role for IL-27 in atherosclerosis that regulates macrophage activation in mice.
Altered ubiquitin-proteasome signaling in right ventricular hypertrophy and failure
Authors: Rajagopalan Viswanathan , Zhao Mingming , Reddy Sushma , Fajardo Giovanni , Wang Xuejun , Dewey Shannamar , Gomes Aldrin V. , Bernstein Daniel
Published: June 2013

Alterations in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) have been described in left ventricular hypertrophy and failure, although results have been inconsistent. The role of the UPS in right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy (RVH) and RV failure (RVF) is unknown. Given the greater percent increase in RV mass associated with RV afterload stress, as present in many congenital heart lesions, we hypothesized that alterations in the UPS could play an important role in RVH/RVF. UPS expression and activity were measured in the RV from mice with RVH/RVF secondary to pulmonary artery constriction (PAC). Epoxomicin and MG132 were used to inhibit the proteasome, and overexpression of the 11S PA28α subunit was used to activate the proteasome. PAC mice developed RVH (109.3% increase in RV weight to body weight), RV dilation with septal shift, RV dysfunction, and clinical RVF. Proteasomal function (26S β5 chymotrypsin-like activity) was decreased 26% ( P < 0.05). Protein expression of 19S subunit Rpt5 ( P < 0.05), UCHL1 deubiquitinase ( P < 0.0001), and Smurf1 E3 ubiquitin ligase ( P < 0.01) were increased, as were polyubiquitinated proteins ( P < 0.05) and free-ubiquitins ( P = 0.05). Pro-apoptotic Bax was increased ( P < 0.0001), whereas anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 decreased ( P < 0.05), resulting in a sixfold increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Proteasomal inhibition did not accelerate RVF. However, proteasome enhancement by cardiac-specific proteasome overexpression partially improved survival. Proteasome activity is decreased in RVH/RVF, associated with upregulation of key UPS regulators and pro-apoptotic signaling. Enhancement of proteasome function partially attenuates RVF, suggesting that UPS dysfunction contributes to RVF.
Denis Jourdanet (1815–1892) and the early recognition of the role of hypoxia at high altitude
Authors: West John B. , Richalet Jean-Paul
Published: June 2013

Denis Jourdanet (1815–1892) was a French physician who spent many years in Mexico studying the effects of high altitude. He was a major benefactor of Paul Bert (1833–1886), who is often called the father of high-altitude physiology because his book La pression barométrique was the first clear statement that the harmful effects of high altitude are caused by the low partial pressure of oxygen. However, Bert's writings make it clear that the first recognition of the critical role of hypoxia at high altitude should be credited to Jourdanet. Jourdanet noted that some of his patients at high altitude had features that are typical of anemia at sea level, including rapid pulse, dizziness, and occasional fainting spells. These symptoms were correctly attributed to the low oxygen level in the blood and he coined the terms “anoxyhémie” and “anémie barométrique” to draw a parallel between the effects of high altitude on the one hand and anemia at sea level on the other. He also studied the relations between barometric pressure and altitude, and the characteristics of the native populations in Mexico at different altitudes. Jourdanet believed that patients with various diseases including pulmonary tuberculosis were improved if they went to altitudes above 2,000 m. This led him to recommend “aérothérapie” in which these patients were treated in low-pressure chambers. Little has been written about Jourdanet, and his work deserves to be better known.
Ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins differentially regulate endothelial hyperpermeability after thrombin
Authors: Adyshev Djanybek M. , Dudek Steven M. , Moldobaeva Nurgul , Kim Kyung-mi , Ma Shwu-Fan , Kasa Anita , Garcia Joe G. N. , Verin Alexander D.
Published: June 2013

Endothelial cell (EC) barrier disruption induced by inflammatory agonists such as thrombin leads to potentially lethal physiological dysfunction such as alveolar flooding, hypoxemia, and pulmonary edema. Thrombin stimulates paracellular gap and F-actin stress fiber formation, triggers actomyosin contraction, and alters EC permeability through multiple mechanisms that include protein kinase C (PKC) activation. We previously have shown that the ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) actin-binding proteins differentially participate in sphingosine-1 phosphate-induced EC barrier enhancement. Phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue in the COOH-terminus of ERM proteins causes conformational changes in ERM to unmask binding sites and is considered a hallmark of ERM activation. In the present study we test the hypothesis that ERM proteins are phosphorylated on this critical threonine residue by thrombin-induced signaling events and explore the role of the ERM family in modulating thrombin-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement and EC barrier function. Thrombin promotes ERM phosphorylation at this threonine residue (ezrin Thr567, radixin Thr564, moesin Thr558) in a PKC-dependent fashion and induces translocation of phosphorylated ERM to the EC periphery. Thrombin-induced ERM threonine phosphorylation is likely synergistically mediated by protease-activated receptors PAR1and PAR2. Using the siRNA approach, depletion of either moesin alone or of all three ERM proteins significantly attenuates thrombin-induced increase in EC barrier permeability (transendothelial electrical resistance), cytoskeletal rearrangements, paracellular gap formation, and accumulation of phospho-myosin light chain. In contrast, radixin depletion exerts opposing effects on these indexes. These data suggest that ERM proteins play important differential roles in the thrombin-induced modulation of EC permeability, with moesin promoting barrier dysfunction and radixin opposing it.
Alteration of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 and Glucocorticoid Receptor by Ethanol in Rat Liver and Mouse Hepatoma Cells
Authors: Meng Zhaojie , Bao Xueying , Zhang Ming , Wei Shengnan , Chang Wenguang , Li Jing , Chen Li , Nyomba B. L. Grégoire
Published: June 2013

Alcohol is a potential risk factor of type 2 diabetes, but its underlying mechanism is unclear. To explore this issue, Wistar rats and mouse hepatoma cells (Hepa 1–6) were exposed to ethanol, 8 g·kg−1·d−1for 3 months and 100 mM for 48 h, respectively. Glucose and insulin tolerance testsin vivowere performed, and protein levels of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in liver and Hepa 1–6 cells were measured. Alterations of key enzymes of gluconeogenesis phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6 phosphatase (G6Pase), as well as glycogen synthase kinase 3a (GSK3α), were also examined. The results revealed that glucose levels were increased, and insulin sensitivity was impaired accompanied with liver injury in rats exposed to ethanol compared with controls. The 11β-HSD1, GR, PEPCK, G6Pase, and GSK3αproteins were increased in the liver of rats treated with ethanol compared with controls. Ethanol-exposed Hepa 1–6 cells also showed higher expression of 11β-HSD1, GR, PEPCK, G6Pase, and GSK3αproteins than control cells. After treatment of Hepa 1–6 cells exposed to ethanol with the GR inhibitor RU486, the expression of 11β-HSD1 and GR was significantly decreased. At the same time the increases in PEPCK, G6Pase, and GSK3αlevels induced by ethanol in Hepa 1–6 cells were also attenuated by RU486. The results indicate that ethanol causes glucose intolerance by increasing hepatic expression of 11β-HSD1 and GR, which leads to increased expression of gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic enzymes.
Mouse Prostate Epithelial Luminal Cells Lineage Originate in the Basal Layer Where the Primitive Stem/Early Progenitor Cells Reside: Implications for Identifying Prostate Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Zhou Jianjun , Feigenbaum Lionel , Yee Carole , Song Hongbin , Yates Clayton
Published: June 2013

Prostate stem cells are thought to be responsible for generation of all prostate epithelial cells and for tissue maintenance. The lineage relationship between basal and luminal cells in the prostate is not well clarified. We developed a mouse model to trace cell fate and a mouse model with a slowly cycling cell label to provide insight into this question. The results obtained indicate that putative mouse prostate stem cells are likely to reside in the basal layer.
ALK Rearrangements Are Mutually Exclusive with Mutations in EGFR or KRAS: An Analysis of 1,683 Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Gainor Justin F. , Varghese Anna M. , Ou Sai-Hong Ignatius , Kabraji Sheheryar , Awad Mark M. , Katayama Ryohei , Pawlak Amanda , Mino-Kenudson Mari , Yeap Beow Y. , Riely Gregory J. , Iafrate A. John , Arcila Maria E. , Ladanyi Marc , Engelman Jeffrey A. , Dias-Santagata Dora , Shaw Alice T.
Published: June 2013

Purpose: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements define a distinct molecular subset of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recently, several case reports and small series have reported that ALK rearrangements can overlap with other oncogenic drivers in NSCLC in crizotinib-naïve and crizotinib-resistant cancers.

Experimental Design: We reviewed clinical genotyping data from 1,683 patients with NSCLC and investigated the prevalence of concomitant EGFR or KRAS mutations among patients with ALK-positive NSCLC. We also examined biopsy specimens from 34 patients with ALK-positive NSCLC after the development of resistance to crizotinib.

Results: Screening identified 301 (17.8%) EGFR mutations, 465 (27.6%) KRAS mutations, and 75 (4.4%) ALK rearrangements. EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements were mutually exclusive. Four patients with KRAS mutations were found to have abnormal ALK FISH patterns, most commonly involving isolated 5′ green probes. Sufficient tissue was available for confirmatory ALK immunohistochemistry in 3 cases, all of which were negative for ALK expression. Among patients with ALK-positive NSCLC who acquired resistance to crizotinib, repeat biopsy specimens were ALK FISH positive in 29 of 29 (100%) cases. Secondary mutations in the ALK kinase domain and ALK gene amplification were observed in 7 of 34 (20.6%) and 3 of 29 (10.3%) cases, respectively. No EGFR or KRAS mutations were identified among any of the 25 crizotinib-resistant, ALK-positive patients with sufficient tissue for testing.

Conclusions: Functional ALK rearrangements were mutually exclusive with EGFR and KRAS mutations in a large Western patient population. This lack of overlap was also observed in ALK-positive cancers with acquired resistance to crizotinib. Clin Cancer Res; 19(15); 4273–81. ©2013 AACR.
Different Patterns of Bundle-Branch Blocks and the Risk of Incident Heart Failure in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Study
Authors: Zhang Zhu-ming , Rautaharju Pentti M. , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Manson JoAnn E. , Martin Lisa W. , Perez Marco , Vitolins Mara , Prineas Ronald J.
Published: June 2013

Background—

We evaluated the risk of incident heart failure (HF) associated with bundle-branch blocks (BBBs) in postmenopausal women.

Methods and Results—

Cox’s regression was used to evaluate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for HF among 65 975 participants of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study during an average follow-up of 14 years. BBBs observed in 1676 women at baseline were categorized into left, right, and indetermined-type BBBs (LBBB, RBBB, and intraventricular conduction defect, respectively). Compared with women with no BBB, LBBB, and intraventricular conduction defect were strong predictors of incident HF in multivariable-adjusted risk models (hazard ratio, 3.79; confidence interval, 2.95–4.87 for LBBB and hazard ratio, 3.53; confidence interval, 2.14–5.81 for intraventricular conduction defect). RBBB was not a significant predictor of incident HF in multivariable-adjusted risk model, but the combination of RBBB and left anterior fascicular block was a strong predictor (hazard ratio, 2.96; confidence interval, 1.77–4.93). QRS duration was an independent predictor of incident HF only in LBBB, with more pronounced risk at QRS ≥140 ms than at <140 ms. QRS nondipolar voltage (RNDPV) was an independent predictor in both RBBB and LBBB and, in addition, in LBBB, QRS/STT angle and ST J-point depression in aVL were independent predictors.

Conclusions—

LBBB, intraventricular conduction defect, and RBBB combined with left anterior fascicular block are strong predictors of incident HF in multivariable-adjusted risk models, but RBBB is not a significant predictor. QRS duration ≥140 ms may warrant consideration in LBBB as an indication for further diagnostic evaluation for possible therapeutic and preventive action.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00000611.
Acute Failure of Catheter Ablation for Ventricular Tachycardia Due to Structural Heart Disease: Causes and Significance
Authors: Tokuda Michifumi , Kojodjojo Pipin , Tung Stanley , Tedrow Usha B. , Nof Eyal , Inada Keiichi , Koplan Bruce A. , Michaud Gregory F. , John Roy M. , Epstein Laurence M. , Stevenson William G.
Published: June 2013

Background

Acute end points of catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia (
VT
) remain incompletely defined. The aim of this study is to identify causes for failure in patients with structural heart disease and to assess the relation of this acute outcome to longer‐term management and outcomes.

Methods and Results

From 2002 to 2010, 518 consecutive patients (84% male, 62±14 years) with structural heart disease underwent a first ablation procedure for sustained
VT
at our institution. Acute ablation failure was defined as persistent inducibility of a clinical
VT
. Acute ablation failure was seen in 52 (10%) patients. Causes for failure were: intramural free wall
VT
in 13 (25%), deep septal
VT
in 9 (17%), decision not to ablate due to proximity to the bundle of His, left phrenic nerve, or a coronary artery in 3 (6%), and endocardial ablation failure with inability or decision not to attempt to access the epicardium in 27 (52%) patients. In multivariable analysis, ablation failure was an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 2.010, 95%
CI
1.147 to 3.239,
P
=0.004) and
VT
recurrence (hazard ratio 2.385, 95%
CI
1.642 to 3.466,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

With endocardial or epicardial ablation, or both, acute ablation failure was seen in 10% of patients, largely due to anatomic factors. Persistence of a clinical
VT
is associated with recurrence and comparatively higher mortality.
Supposition Theory and Porretan Theology: Summa Zwettlensis and Dialogus Ratii et Everardi
Authors: Valente Luisa
Published: June 2013

Abstract

The article investigates how the problem of (linguistic) reference is treated in the theology of two pupils of Gilbert of Poitiers by means of suppo* terms (supponere; suppositus,-a,-um; suppositio). Supposition is for Gilbert an action performed by a speaker, not a property of terms, and he considers language as a system for communication between human beings: key notions are the ‘sense in the author’s mind’ and the ‘interpreter’s understanding’. In contrast, the two Porretans tend to objectify language as a formal system of terms. Suppositio becomes in the Summa Zwettlensis the name itself as subject term in a proposition, and is divided into many kinds; formal rules are described which govern the influence of the predicate on the subject term’s denotation. In Everard of Ypres’ Dialogus Ratii et Everardi, supponere is a function (officium) of the name, and ‘human is a species of individuals’ is, as in some logical treatises and differently from Gilbert, a case of rhetorical transfer.
Suppositum between Logic and MetaphysicsSimon of Faversham and his Contemporaries(1270-1290)
Authors: Murè Dafne
Published: June 2013

Abstract

This article is the result of research on the occurrences of the terms suppositio, supponere and their linguistic derivations in the literature on fallacies (comments on the Sophistical Refutations) of the second half of the thirteenth century. The authors analysed are Albert the Great, Giles of Rome, Simon of Faversham, the so-called Incerti Auctores (Anonymous C and SF), the Anonymous of Prague (P) and John Duns Scotus. The central elements that emerge are the role played by the notion of suppositum and by the linguistic context (adiuncta, determinatio) to determine the denotation of an expression, and the importance of the metaphysical problem of the unity and identity of suppositum in both the theory of predication and the theory of inference. Both subjects, obviously, are closely connected.
Scotus on Supposition
Authors: Marmo Costantino
Published: June 2013

Abstract

In his commentaries on Porphyry and Aristotle’s Organon (Categories, Peri hermeneias, Sophistici elenchi, and Topics) and in his other works, John Duns Scotus shows his knowledge of both the modistic theory of language and the theory of supposition. My contribution sheds some light on the relationship between Scotus’ philosophy of language and the theory of supposition, collecting and commenting on all the passages in which he makes use of it or discusses some theoretical points. I take into special account the almost unknown commentary on the Topics, which is preserved in a Vatican manuscript.
Supposition and Predication in Medieval Trinitarian Logic
Authors: Knuuttila Simo
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Many fourteenth-century logicians took affirmative propositions to maintain that the subject term and the predicate term stand or supposit for the same. This is called the identity theory of predication by historians and praedicatio identica (or one form of praedicatio identica) by Paul of Venice and others. The identity theory of predication was an important part of early fourteenth-century Trinitarian discussions as well, but what was called praedicatio identica by Duns Scotus and his followers in this context was something different. After some remarks on Scotus’s view and its background, I shall analyse Adam Wodeham’s explanation of Scotus’s praedicatio identica and how he understood the assumptions pertaining to supposition in the Scotist approach. I also describe Wodeham’s own solution to Trinitarian sophisms, which did not deviate from the identity theory of predication.
Thomas Aquinas and Some Italian Dominicans (Francis of Prato, Georgius Rovegnatinus and Girolamo Savonarola) on Signification and Supposition
Authors: Amerini Fabrizio
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Supposition is a controversial logical theory. Scholars have investigated many points of this doctrine such as its historical origin, its use in theology, the logical function of the theory, or the relationship between supposition and signification. In the article I focus on this latter aspect by discussing how some Italian, and in particular Florentine, Dominican followers of Aquinas—Francis of Prato (d. 1348), Girolamo Savonarola (d. 1498), and Georgius Rovegnatinus (d. after 1500)—explained the relation between the linguistic terms’ properties of signifying and suppositing, and hence the division of supposition. After sketching out Thomas Aquinas, Hervaeus Natalis, and William of Ockham’s positions on the relationship between signification and supposition, I closely examine Francis’s criticism of Ockham. Francis follows Walter Burley’s account of supposition and considers the statement that a term has simple supposition when (i) it is taken not significatively and (ii) stands for an intention of mind as the weak point of Ockham’s explanation of supposition. According to Francis, if this were the case, there would be no semantic basis for differentiating simple from material supposition. Francis is however hesitant about the full subordination of supposition to signification, especially with regards to material supposition, when a term, suppositing for itself, is taken to signify itself besides its meaning. More than one hundred years later, Girolamo Savonarola and Georgius Rovegnatinus have no doubt about the fact that terms may supposit only for what they signify.
Early Supposition Theory II
Authors: Ebbesen Sten
Published: June 2013

Abstract

In 1981 I published an article called Early Supposition Theory. Then as now, the magisterial work on the subject was L.M. de Rijk’s Logica Modernorum and then as now any discussion of the topic would have to rely to a great extent on the texts published there. This means that many of the problems that existed then still remain, but a couple of important new studies and several new texts have been published in the meantime, so it may be time to try to take stock of the situation. I will first look at the origin of the term suppositio and then at the chronology of our source texts.
Instruments and Illustration
Authors: Higton Hester
Published: May 2013

Books on scientific instruments have always made extensive use of illustration, whether in the form of detailed reproductions of objects, schematic diagrams to explain the use of instruments, or allegorical embellishments for title pages. This article looks at the use of images in a single text on instruments: Edmund Gunter’s De Sectore et Radio (On the Description and Use of the Sector and the Cross-Staff) of 1623. This work contains a remarkable variety of diagrams and illustrations, thus allowing study of the ways in which both woodcuts and engravings, and both simple and complex images were used to illustrate instrument texts in the early modern period.
Collective Memory Distortion and the Quest for the Historical Jesus
Authors: Crook Zeba A.
Published: June 2013

Memory theory is being used, if not explicitly to buttress the reliability of the Gospel portraits of Jesus, to do so implicitly by shifting the search away from the ipsissima verba Jesu towards the memory of Jesus. Rather than argue about what Jesus did or did not say—the reliability wars—some scholars now sidestep the issue by arguing that memory is inherently reliable in a broad or general way. Thus, the Gospels are reliable not at the level of detail, but at the level of broad memory, impact, or gist. In this article I argue that such optimism can only come by selectively quoting the troubling work of memory theorists, and by ignoring the full implications of memory theory.
The Problem of Selectivity in Memory Research: A Response to Zeba Crook
Authors: Le Donne Anthony
Published: June 2013

Zeba Crook argues that there is an emerging consensus that the Gospels are reliable historical narratives by those to have applied ‘memory’ theories to historical Jesus research. Crook argues that this emerging consensus betrays a selective reading of research done on ‘memory distortion’ in interdisciplinary study. This essay demonstrates that Crook misunderstands and misrepresents social memory theory both in and outside Jesus studies. A better understanding would have properly represented the spectrum from theoretical ‘presentism’ to ‘continuitism’ in memory applications/adaptations.
Gratitude and Comments to Le Donne
Authors: Crook Zeba A.
Published: June 2013

This short response to Le Donne’s rebuttal attempts to return the conversation to the more relevant and troubling evidence of manufactured memory, by drawing attention to examples from the New Testament. It raises the serious question: if manufactured memories and historical memories are not qualitatively different, then how are we to distinguish between them? And, by extension, what does this say about the reliability of memory and the gospels as memory?
Book Reviews
Authors: Baal J. , Lawrence P. , Wassing R.S. , Amelsvoort V.F.P.M. , Emst P. , Crocombe R.G. , Claessen H.J.M. , Plomley N.J.B. , Anceaux J.C. , Wolff John U. , Anceaux J.C. , Milner G.B. , Heesterman-Visser Th. , Oomen H.A.P.C. , Sluimers L. , Keyes J.G.
Published: May 2013

- J. van Baal, P. Lawrence, Gods ghosts and men in Melanesia; Some religions of Australian New Guinea and the New Hebrides. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, London, Wellington, New York 1965. 298 pp., M.J. Meggitt (eds.) - R.S. Wassing, V.F.P.M. van Amelsvoort, Culture, stone age and modern medicine. The early introduction of integrated rural health in a non-literate society. A New Guinea case study in medical anthropology. Van Gorcum & Comp. N.V., Assen 1964. 245 blz., ill., krtn. - P. van Emst, R.G. Crocombe, Land tenure in the Cook Islands. Oxford University Press, Melbourne 1964. 180 blz. - H.J.M. Claessen, N.J.B. Plomley, Friendly mission: The Tasmanian journals and papers of George Augustus Robinson, 1829-1834. Tasmanian Historical Research Association. 1966. 1074 pp., 17 plates, 36 maps. - J.C. Anceaux, John U. Wolff, Beginning Cebuano. Part I. (Yale Linguistic Series, 9). Yale University Press. New Haven & London 1966. 685 pp. - J.C. Anceaux, G.B. Milner, Samoan dictionary, Samoan-English, English-Samoan. Oxford University Press, London, 1966. 465 pp. - L. Sluimers, J.G. Keyes, A bibliography of western-language publications concerning North Vietnam in the Cornell University Library. (Supplement to Data Paper: No. 47, A bibliography of North-Vietnamese publications in the Cornell University Library, September 1962). Data Paper: No. 63, Southeast Asia Program. Department of Asian Studies. Ithaca, Cornell University, 1966. XII, 280 blz., XIV. - Th. Heesterman-Visser, H.A.P.C. Oomen, Eten om te leven. N.V. De Arbeiderspers voor N.O.V.I.B., Amsterdam 1965. 130 foto’s met tekst., B. Lawson (eds.)
Media Literacy as a Core Competency for Engaged Citizenship in Participatory Democracy
Authors: Mihailidis Paul , Thevenin Benjamin
Published: June 2013

The ubiquitous media landscape today is reshaping what it means to be an engaged citizen. Normative metrics for engagement—voting, attending town meetings, participation in civic groups—are eroding in the context of online advocacy, social protest, “liking,” sharing, and remixing. These new avenues for engagement offer vast opportunities for new and innovative approaches to teaching and learning about political engagement in the context of new media platforms and technologies. This article explores digital media literacy as a core competency for engaged citizenship in participatory democracy. It combines new models of engaged and citizenship and participatory politics with frameworks for digital and media literacy education, to develop a framework for media literacy as a core political competency for active, engaged, and participatory citizenship.
Strength prediction of woven hybrid composite laminates each with a center hole
Authors: Hwan Chung-Li , Tsai K-H , Chiu Chang-Hsuan , Huang YS
Published: June 2013

In this study, the notched strengths of woven hybrid composite laminates each with a center circular hole were investigated. The effective engineering moduli of the composite laminate were first predicted by the spring model method and the stiffness averaging method. Then, a finite element-based point stress criterion proposed previously by the authors was employed to predict the notched strengths of those woven hybrid composite laminates each with a center circular hole. It is shown that the predicted notched strengths by this approach agree well with the experimental results. It is also noted that the notched strength decreases with the radius of the center circular holes for both the drilling and water jet cases. However, the decreasing rate of the notched strength for water jet is obviously higher than those for drilling.
The impact of detritus accumulation on the performance of siphonic rainwater outlets
Authors: Jack LB , Beattie RK
Published: June 2013

This paper presents the findings of an 18-month study of detritus accumulation at two siphonic rainwater drainage systems installed in a building in Edinburgh. Findings are based on an analysis of data recorded from the site, and are positioned within the context of enhancing representation of the outlet loss coefficient used within both steady-state design calculations and finite-difference-based unsteady flow modelling techniques. The scope of findings reported herein is extensive but, in the main, shows how detritus accumulation not only builds relatively rapidly but also that ‘wash-through’ or ‘displacement’ occurs. Further, data suggest that detritus accumulation in the gutter, that is either wind-blown or is introduced from roof runoff, can, and does, build around the outlet with only relatively low intensity rainfall but that high-intensity rainfall events do seem to result in a direct and significant increase in blockage. An indication of the impact upon performance, assessed using simulation software, is also presented.

Practical application: This paper reports patterns of detritus accumulation at on-site siphonic rainwater outlets. Changes in detritus ‘categories’ are mapped to corresponding weather data and conclusions drawn on influencing factors. The paper therefore yields key information for building owners/operators on the extent of detritus accumulation at siphonic system outlets. Outcomes also inform designers of the potential shift in loss coefficient and flow performance post-installation.
Higher-Order Item Response Models for Hierarchical Latent Traits
Authors: Huang Hung-Yu , Wang Wen-Chung , Chen Po-Hsi , Su Chi-Ming
Published: June 2013

Many latent traits in the human sciences have a hierarchical structure. This study aimed to develop a new class of higher order item response theory models for hierarchical latent traits that are flexible in accommodating both dichotomous and polytomous items, to estimate both item and person parameters jointly, to allow users to specify customized item response functions, and to go beyond two orders of latent traits and the linear relationship between latent traits. Parameters of the new class of models can be estimated using the Bayesian approach with Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Through a series of simulations, the authors demonstrated that the parameters in the new class of models can be well recovered with the computer software WinBUGS, and the joint estimation approach was more efficient than multistaged or consecutive approaches. Two empirical examples of achievement and personality assessments were given to demonstrate applications and implications of the new models.
“My Kids Are More Important Than Money”
Authors: Manoogian Margaret M. , Jurich Joan , Sano Yoshie , Ko Ju-Lien
Published: June 2013

Focusing on the uncertainty of low-income mothers’ lives, this qualitative study examined the family experiences of 57 Appalachian low-income mothers. With scarce economic resources, mothers forged identities that expressed the centrality of motherhood, concentrated their activities within traditional family expectations, and made decisions that often resisted federal welfare reform expectations for work and family. Work and family policies that acknowledge the commitment of low-income, rural mothers to their children and create supportive employment options for them are needed. Parenting education programs that broaden mothers’ understanding of child discipline are recommended.
Attachment orientations and reactivity to humor in a social support context
Authors: Howland Maryhope , Simpson Jeffry A.
Published: June 2013

In this behavioral observation study, we tested how individuals’ use of affiliative and aggressive humor (observer rated) impacted their romantic partners’ mood in a social support context. We also examined whether the attachment orientations of the humor-receiving partners moderated the humor effects. As predicted, support providers’ use of affiliative humor predicted pre- to post-discussion decreases in support recipients’ negative mood. Providers’ use of aggressive humor predicted increases in recipients’ negative mood. The deleterious effects of more aggressive humor were exacerbated in recipients who were more anxiously attached. Providers who used more affiliative humor were also more empathically accurate, and providers involved with more avoidantly attached partners and who used more aggressive humor were less judgmental and more validating of their avoidant partner’s behavior.
Gender, sexual orientation, and romantic partner influence on body image
Authors: Markey Charlotte N. , Markey Patrick M.
Published: June 2013

Although social influences are implicated in the development of body image, research has yet to address the roles of women’s sexual orientation and romantic partners’ weight statuses in predicting women’s body image. This study examines both heterosexual ( n = 104) and lesbian ( n = 144) women and their partners’ body mass indexes and body image using actor–partner interdependence models. The results indicated that lesbian women preferred larger body ideals than heterosexual women and that women’s ideal body preferences were not related to their partners’ weight status. However, both lesbian and heterosexual women’s perceptions of their actual body size were related to their partners’ weight status such that heavier women who had relatively thin partners were most at risk of perceiving themselves as overweight.
The structural, relational and cognitive configuration of innovation networks between SMEs and public research organisations
Authors: Masiello Barbara , Izzo Francesco , Canoro Cristina
Published: June 2013

This article explores the gap within the extant literature regarding the effectiveness of innovation networks comprising small firms and public research organisations (PROs). By integrating the knowledge-based view, relational view and social capital approach, the article analyses innovation-driven dyadic networks involving SMEs and PROs. Through a multiple case-study method, an examination was undertaken of the structural, relational and cognitive configuration of networks. The study found a co-evolution path between the life-cycle of the relationship, mechanisms of governance and innovation objectives; the existence of a risk of ‘inertial trust’ and a need to overlap ‘basic’ knowledge bases and develop shared languages.