bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ETHICAL LIMITATIONS ON CRIMINAL PARTICIPATION
Authors: Wynarczyk Peter
Published: March 2003

The paper explores the orthodox economic perspective on criminal participation and recognises its theoretical and empirical successes during its relatively short history. Questions are raised, however, over its conceptual underpinnings and its correspondence with reality. Paradoxically, the economics of criminal participation can neither tell us why we have had so much crime in living memory nor why we should not be currently experiencing far more. It assumes ‘criminals are (potentially all of) us’ and that crime is normal. It is argued that there is a need to bring in the moral dimension directly (without reducing it to a mere price) in order to understand why many agents renounce crime and often sacrifice apparent material advantages by doing the right thing. The economics of crime perspective needs to recognise more fully the role of internal as well as external sanctions impacting on behaviour.
EMPLOYMENT TAXES: WHERE ARE WE GOING?
Authors: Whiting John
Published: March 2003

Employment taxes have become more complicated over time, and too much of an administrative burden is now placed on employers, especially smaller ones. Combining PAYE and NIC has the potential for big simplification of the system. My basic thesis is that circumstances have changed dramatically, and so must the system, because all is not well in the employment taxes area.
Sinews of trade and empire: the supply of commodity exports to the East India Company during the late eighteenth century
Authors: Bowen H. V.
Published: March 2003

It has long been thought that the East India Company's export trade was of little importance to the domestic economy. This article challenges such a view by providing a detailed reconstruction of the supply systems through which goods were procured for shipment to Asia. As well as quantifying Company expenditure on commodities and identifying regional industries linked to the East India trade, the article demonstrates how manufactures and raw materials needed to be adapted to the special demands of Asian markets. It concludes that the Company's domestic economic influence was far more widely felt than has hitherto been acknowledged.
Estimating and Testing a Model of Welfare Participation: the Case of Supplementary Benefits in Britain
Authors: Duclos Jean‐Yves
Published: March 2003

Evidence of incomplete participation in welfare programmes is often displayed. This paper analyses how such apparent failures to participate can be explained by the presence of random errors in assessing benefit eligibility, by income underreporting, by benefit misreporting, and by participation costs. We apply the model to the receipts of supplementary benefits in Britain. A bivariate extension of the use of generalized residuals in testing the robustness of limited‐dependent‐variable models is provided and fails to reject a number of our stochastic assumptions.
Formal Credit, Corruption and the Informal Credit Market in Agriculture: a Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Gupta Manash Ranjan , Chaudhuri Sarbajit
Published: March 2003

The paper presents a theory of interest rate determination on informal credit in backward agriculture when there is a market for formal credit. The farmer has to bribe the official of the formal credit agency in order to get formal credit. The official and the moneylender play a non‐cooperative game in choosing the amount of formal credit and the informal interest rate, respectively. The informal‐sector interest rate and the effective formal‐sector interest rate (incorporating the bribe) are equal in equilibrium. A reduction in the formal interest rate and/or an increase in the price of the product may lead to an increase in the equilibrium bribing rate and the informal interest rate when the formal credit and the informal credit are complementary to each other.
The ‘Unnatural and Retrograde Order’: Adam Smith’s Theories of Trade and Development Reconsidered
Authors: Blecker Robert A.
Published: March 2003

This paper extends some new interpretations of Adam Smith’s theory of trade by reconciling what have previously been regarded as his three separate theories of absolute advantage, market‐widening and vent‐for‐surplus. However, this reconstruction of Smith’s trade theory is shown to be inconsistent with his theory of the natural stages of economic development in Book III of the Wealth of Nations. Rather, the interpretation of Smith’s trade theory proposed here is more consistent with Smith’s analysis of the ‘unnatural and retrograde order’, which was the actual development path of western Europe.
Testing Different Stochastic Specificationsof Risky Choice
Authors: Loomes Graham , Sugden Robert
Published: March 2003

The Harless–Camerer (HC), Hey–Orme (HO) and random preference (RP) models of stochastic variation in choice under uncertainty are compared. Implications of these models, including some that are independent of the deterministic theory with which they are combined, are tested in an experiment in which participants respond to decision problems twice. The HC model generally performs poorly; the HO model predicts more violations of dominance than are observed; while the RP model fails to account for those few violations which do occur. Additional regularities are observed which are inconsistent with all three models when combined with expected utility theory.
Measuring Movement of Incomes
Authors: Fields Gary S. , Ok Efe A.
Published: March 2003

We consider a small set of elementary properties for income movement measures, and show that there is essentially only one measure that satisfies all of these properties: the per capita aggregate change in log‐incomes. We demonstrate next that this movement‐mobility measure has a number of appealing descriptive and normative properties, and provide a formal generalization of our basic characterization theorem drawing from the related literature on poverty measurement. Finally, we present here an empirical application in which we show by using our new measure that there has been a broad‐based increase in income movement in the United States between the 1970s and 1980s.
Business Cycles under Monetary Union: A Comparison of the EU and US
Authors: Wynne Mark A. , Koo Jahyeong
Published: March 2003

This paper documents business cycle similarities and differences among the12 Federal Reserve districts in the USA and the 15 countries that make upthe EU. The comparison is suggestive of what might be expected to emerge inthe way of business cycle synchronization from a monetary union between themember states of the EU.
Learning and Earning: Do Multiple Training Events Pay? A Decade of Evidence from a Cohort of Young British Men
Authors: Arulampalam Wiji Narendranathan , Booth Alison L.
Published: March 2003

This paper estimates the impact of work‐related training on wage growth over the period 1981–91, using longitudinal data from the National Child Development Study, a cohort of young men aged 23 in 1981. A hurdle Negbin model is used to control for training endogeneity. We find that training incidence has a significant positive effect on wage growth. We also find that young men with a higher level of education are not only more likely to be trained, but are also more likely to experience substantially higher wage growth as a result.
Mutual Fund Fee–setting, Market Structure and Mark–ups
Authors: Ying Luo Guo
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a model to examine how mutual funds set fees charged to investors within a context of non–competitive market structure. The empirical evidence shows that the performance, age, size and cash ratio of the fund have statistically significant impacts on the mutual fund fees but, quantitatively, the majority of the fee is explained by mark–ups that funds add to the marginal cost owing to the market power possessed by the funds. Front–end load funds have the highest mark–ups, the back–end funds have the second highest, and no–load funds have the lowest mark–up.
The Economics of Trade Disputes, the GATT’s Article XXIII, and the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Understanding
Authors: Bown Chad P.
Published: March 2003

Economic theory has yet to provide a convincing argument that can explain why the threat of retaliation under the GATT/WTO dispute settlement procedures is not sufficient to prevent countries from violating the agreement. We consider the question of why countries violate the agreed–upon rules in the face of explicit provisions which allow them to legally adjust their trade policy. Using the GATT/WTO institutional structure and the guiding principle of reciprocity, we provide a theory suggesting when countries will choose to implement protection in violation of GATT/WTO rules, as opposed to under the relevant safeguards provisions, when trade policy adjustments are necessary between “negotiating rounds.”
The restructuring of insider‐dominated firms: A comparative analysis
Authors: Djankov Simeon
Published: March 2003

We study the effects of different modalities of privatization to insiders on the restructuring process in two former Soviet republics ‐ Georgia and Moldova ‐using enterprise survey data for 1995‐97. Enterprise restructuring was similar in companies where incumbent managers received significant ownership stakes for free and in state‐owned companies. In contrast, the restructuring process was faster in companies bought by their managers. We interpret these results to suggest that managers' incentives to restructure decrease when they perceive their newly acquired ownership as a windfall gain.
Law and Finance in Transition Economies
Authors: Pistor Katharina , Raiser Martin , Gelfer Stanislaw
Published: March 2003

This paper offers the first comprehensive analysis of legal change in the protection of shareholder and creditor rights in transition economies and its impact on the propensity of firms to raise external finance. Following La Porta et al. (1998), the paper constructs an expanded set of legal indices to capture a range of potential conflicts between different stakeholders of the firm. It supplements the analysis of the law on the books with an analysis of the effectiveness of legal institutions. Our main finding is that the effectiveness of legal institutions has a much stronger impact on external finance than does the law on the books, despite legal change that has substantially improved shareholder and creditor rights. This finding supports the proposition that legal transplants and extensive legal reforms are not sufficient for the evolution of effective legal and market institutions.
Soft budget constraint theories: From centralization to the market
Authors: Maskin Eric , Xu Chenggang
Published: March 2003

This paper surveys the theoretical literature on the effect of soft budget constraints on economies in transition from centralization to capitalism; it also reviews our understanding of soft budget constraints in general. It focuses on the conception of the soft budget constraint syndrome as a commitment problem. We show that the two features of soft budget constraints in centralized economies –ex post renegotiation of firms' financial plans and a close administrative relationship between firms and the centre – are intrinsically related. We examine a series of theories (based on the commitment‐problem approach) that explain shortage, lack of innovation in centralized economies, devolution, and banking reform in transition economies. Moreover, we argue that soft budget constraints also have an influence on major issues in economics, such as the determination of the boundaries and capital structure of a firm. Finally, we show that soft budget constraints theory sheds light on financial crises and economic growth.
Education for the masses? The interaction between wealth, educational and political inequalities
Authors: Ferreira Francisco H.G.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a simple model of distribution dynamics, in which the distributions of wealth, education and political power are circularly endogenous. Different levels of education translate into different income and wealth levels. Political power may (or may not) vary with wealth, and in turn affects decisions on the level of public expenditure on education. Since the market for education credit is imperfect, some people might need to rely on public schooling, the quality of which depends on those expenditure levels. As a result, educational opportunities differ along the wealth distribution. The dynamic system displays multiple equilibria, some of which are characterized by a vicious circle of interaction between educational, wealth and political inequalities. These particular equilibria, which are more unequal, are also shown to be inefficient in terms of aggregate output levels. Switching equilibria may be achieved through redistribution of political power.

JEL classification: D31, D63.
The EU attitude to unilateral euroization: Misunderstandings, real concerns and sub‐optimal admission criteria
Authors: Bratkowski Andrzej , Rostowski Jacek
Published: March 2003

European Union objections to unilateral euroization by applicant countries are categorized as either a misunderstanding of what euroization entails or as justified concern, which should be alleviated by candidates wishing to euroize. Some ways in which candidates can alleviate concerns are discussed, as well as possible adjustments to the Maastricht criteria which might better protect both sides' interests. The paper concludes that the EU would benefit if it accepted unilateral euroization by applicants.

JEL classification: E42, F33, F42, P24.
Competition and ownership structure: Substitutes or complements? Evidence from the Warsaw Stock Exchange
Authors: Grosfeld Irena , Tressel Thierry
Published: March 2003

In this paper we analyse the impact of product market competition and ownership structure on firm performance. Our results show that product market competition has a positive and significant impact on performance. Concerning the effect of ownership concentration, we find a U–shaped relationship with performance. Firms with relatively dispersed and relatively concentrated ownership have higher productivity growth than firms with an intermediate level of ownership concentration. This correlation between concentration of ownership and productivity growth is not explained by the type of the controlling shareholder. Finally, product market competition and good governance tend to reinforce each other rather than to be substitutes. Competition has no significant effect on performance for the firms with ‘poor’ governance; on the contrary, it has a significant positive effect in the case of firms with ‘good’ corporate governance.

JEL classification: D24, G32, L1, P2.
How well do classical credit risk pricing models fit swap transaction data?
Authors: Cossin Didier , Pirotte Hugues
Published: March 2003

Currency and interest rate swaps are subject to a complex, two‐sided default risk. Several theoretical papers have recently addressed the problem of pricing this swap credit risk. We implement a recent credit risk pricing model in an attempt to evaluate one of the main lines of research in theoretical credit risk analysis. We compare the model's analytical results to actual transaction data thanks to a unique academic database on swap transaction data.
The Two Key Principles Behind Effective TQM Programs
Authors: Wruck Karen Hopper , Jensen Michael C.
Published: March 2003

We analyse Total Quality Management (TQM) from an economic and organisational perspective. We find that TQM is a new organising technology that is science‐based, non‐hierarchical and non‐market‐oriented. It improves productivity by encouraging the use of science in decision‐making and discouraging counter‐productive defensive behaviour. It also encourages effective creation and use of specific knowledge throughout the organisation. Effective implementation of TQM generally requires major changes in all three components of the organisational rules of the game, namely systems for allocating decision rights, performance measurement systems, and reward and punishment systems.
A survey into the use of derivatives by large non‐financial firms operating in Belgium
Authors: De Ceuster Marc J. K. , Durinck Edward , Laveren Eddy , Lodewyckx Jozef
Published: March 2003

Empirical evidence on the use of derivatives for risk management on the European continent is virtually non‐existent. To fill this gap, our survey documents the usage of derivatives by non‐financial large firms operating in Belgium. This paper provides descriptive evidence with respect to several questions that are raised in the literature. Why do firms hedge? Which financial risks are being managed? How widespread is the use of derivatives? Which derivatives are used for which purposes? How is a risk management policy implemented? How are performance measurement and reporting structured?
Competition and Integration among Stock Exchanges in Europe: Network Effects, Implicit Mergers and Remote Access
Authors: Di Noia Carmine
Published: March 2003

The economic theory of network externalities and a simple‐game theoretical framework are used to explore the issue of competition among stock exchanges and the possibility of consolidation in the European stock‐exchange industry. The paper shows the existence of equilibria where exchanges may decide, even unilaterally, to achieve full compatibility through implicit mergers and remote access, specialising only in trading or listing services. Thus the consolidation of European exchanges into one may occur with a welfare‐efficient outcome or with a lock‐in to a Pareto‐inferior equilibrium, due to the network externalities and the different starting points of the various exchanges. ‘Implicit mergers’ among exchanges together with remote access are always weakly (in half of the cases, strictly) more efficient than the actual competition. This finding also sheds light on the existence and efficacy, of ATS and rating agencies, which can be viewed respectfully as exchanges specialising in trading and listing services.
Agency Costs and Strategic Considerations behind Sell‐offs: the UK Evidence
Authors: Kaiser Kevin M.J. , Stouraitis Aris
Published: March 2003

We analyse the impact of the motivation behind the sell‐off and the use of the proceeds from the sale on the value of UK firms divesting assets during 1984–94. We find that managers do not create value when they divest assets in order to raise cash, in order to reshuffle assets without increasing corporate focus and when they do not announce the motivation behind the sale. In contrast, we find value increases for firms refocusing during the 1990s and for firms divesting loss‐making assets. Returning the proceeds from the sale to shareholders or reducing leverage were also associated with value increases, whereas reinvesting the proceeds for growth had a negative impact during the 1980s, which disappeared in the 1990s, possibly as a result of the disciplinary role of the economic downturn on the investment behaviour of firms.
A Society Without Humiliation?
Authors: Honneth Axel
Published: March 2003

Avishai Margalit, The Decent Society (translated by Naomi Goldblum)
The Paradox of American Critical Legalism
Authors: Kennedy Duncan
Published: March 2003

Duncan Kennedy's essay is a reprint from his recently published book. We hope to draw attention to Kennedy's work among students of European integration since we believe his analysis to be relevant both to the specific debate on the impact of European integration upon private law and to comparative legal study in general. European legal scholarship has only recently begun to examine the problems of private legal integration. The late appearance of private law in the integration arena is due to a primarily instrumental understanding and strategic use of law in the European market‐building project: only once legal ‘barriers to trade’ were eliminated and national regulatory law replaced by Europeanised norms, did the degree to which the core institutions of ’private‘ law had been (indirectly) affected by the integrationist logic become apparent. Comparative legal research, however, has benefited from this awakening of interest. European Commission projects have widened the scope of and intensified comparative studies in Europe. Equally, experience gained from the ‘Integration Through (Public) Law’ project has led to a new private legal debate on the impact of national traditions, the concept of legal cultures and the social functions of private law. Accordingly, whilst Duncan Kennedy's deliberations on the history of American legal thought and the differences between American and European legal cultures are generally to be commended for their sensitive treatment of the specificities of the civil law system and the common law heritage, they are equally of particular topical concern since in addition to highlighting America's ‘utter faith and utter distrust in law,’ they also investigate the fundamentally different approaches adopted towards ‘the project law’ within each of the member states of the EU. If European private lawyers are to come to terms with the problems of integration and convergence, they must first tackle these deep‐seated divergences between their own national legal cultures.
The Social Partners and the Governance Agenda
Authors: Barnard Catherine
Published: March 2003

Since Maastricht, the EC Treaty and the Community institutions have envisaged a substantial role for the social partners in law and policy making in the EU and at national and subnational level, with a view to helping legitimise and democratise governance in the social policy field. This paper begins by examining the evolving role of the social partners. It then considers why such emphasis has been placed on including the social partners in the governance of the EU and the weaknesses and paradoxes underlying the traditional justifications for their involvement. It then argues that such a negative conclusion may be inevitable when judged against standards developed in the context of the nation state. It concludes by considering whether, in the special circumstances of the European Union, a different approach to assessing legitimacy should be used, based on a more procedural version of democracy, which emphasises participation and deliberation.
Europe in Search of its Civil Society
Authors: De Schutter Olivier
Published: March 2003

Building upon the experience of the Convention for the elaboration of the Charter of fundamental rights and upon the suggestions of the White Paper on European Governance, this article puts forward proposals for a better involvement of the ‘civil society’ in the system of the European Union. It offers a general diagnosis of the misunderstandings surrounding the notion of ‘civil society’ and the relationship of representative democracy to participatory democracy. It then draws some lessons from the experiment in deliberative democracy which led to the drafting of the Charter of fundamental rights. Finally, it focuses on the contribution the organisations of the civil society can make to good governance in the European Union. Altogether, the proposals presented tend to encourage a better structuration of the actors of the civil society. Such a structuration, the article concludes, although it is usually considered with suspicion even by those whom it would most benefit, must be seen instead as a condition for the effective exercise of whichever participatory rights might be granted to the organisations of the civil society.
Proposing an architectural framework of a hybrid knowledge‐based system for production rescheduling
Authors: Li Lynn Ling X
Published: March 2003

An architectural configuration of a knowledge‐based system for production rescheduling reported in this paper uncovers a number of points of interest to practitioners as well as researchers. The study shows that knowledge‐based methods applied to production rescheduling are a valuable approach for manufacturers to manage production disturbances and deliver customer orders on time. Very often, developing an effective scheduling system whilst solving some problems requires an appropriate combination of a rigorous analysis of the production system state and the rules of thumb used by the human scheduler. In the actual performance of this hybrid system, an expert simulation system was used to produce new schedules that fit the real production environment.
Developing a neural network approach for intelligent scheduling in GUESS
Authors: Liebowitz Jay , Rodens Ira , Zeide Janet , Suen Ching
Published: March 2003

The generically used expert scheduling system (GUESS) intelligent scheduling toolkit has been built and applied in various scheduling domains. Previously, GUESS included three major scheduling approaches: a heuristic‐based (suggestion tabulator) approach, a hill‐climbing algorithm, and a genetic algorithm approach. GUESS has now been expanded to include a neural network scheduling approach. This paper discusses the development, implementation and testing results of the neural network scheduling method within GUESS.
Reasoning under uncertainty for plant disease diagnosis
Authors: Tocatlidou A. , Passam H.C. , Sideridis A.B. , Yialouris C.P.
Published: March 2003

The present work describes an operational knowledge‐based system able to reason with uncertain knowledge, by using methodologies and formalisms that provide for representation of facts and rules with various degrees of certainty and precision. The user interface is windows based, and its design allows high flexibility both in describing the facts in the knowledge base and in adapting the reasoning mechanism. It can therefore be used to evaluate user‐generated hypotheses on plant disorders and diagnostic scenarios, as well as provide an environment for education and training in phytopathology.
A knowledge‐based approach to maintenance project planning
Authors: Moynihan Gary P. , Bowers Jon H. , Fonseca Daniel J. , Ray Paul S.
Published: March 2003

Maintenance issues comprise an important, though frequently overlooked, area of manufacturing operations. In smaller companies in particular, expertise for effective maintenance project planning may be lacking. In this paper we discuss the development of an object‐oriented expert system to support such project planning. The system was developed to meet the needs of an automotive components manufacturer, and focuses solely on its material‐handling‐oriented projects. The microcomputer‐based expert system considers issues of schedule, inventory availability and cost.
Identity and Resources
Authors: Jonsson Eskil
Published: March 2003

The overall problem discussed in this article is that due to external resource dependence there is a problem for management to manifest an organisation’s identity. This is a particular problem for many voluntary organisations in Third World contexts receiving aid for societal development. The paper summarises a research which theoretically tries to contribute to the development of resource dependence theory by applying a new institutional perspective. Management and policies are adopted from a fragmented external resource environment rather than designed on the basis of overall identity and local context.
Financial and Economic Management in Autonomized Dutch Public Organizations
Authors: Ter Bogt Henk J.
Published: March 2003

Alongside with the introduction of New Public Management, many governmental organizations in the Netherlands were autonomized. The aim of this paper is to analyze the changes in financial and economic management that accompanied these autonomizations. Case research was carried out in six public organizations. The financial management of these organizations improved somewhat after the autonomization. However, there were hardly any real changes in the economic management. The paper gives an overview of the changes in financial and economic management. It also discusses what factors might have prevented the realization of the planned changes in the (financial and) economic management.
Integrating Management Control and Human Resource Management in Public Health Care: Swedish Case Study Evidence
Authors: Modell Sven
Published: March 2003

The debate on management reforms in the public health care sector has largely overlooked the role of human resource management (HRM) and its potential interaction with traditional management control (MC) mechanisms. This paper explores which factors associated with the integration between MC and HRM may foster organisational learning in a public health care setting. A case study in a public dental practice is used for examining this issue. Apart from highlighting the influence of various task characteristics, the case study suggests that the vertical as well as horizontal dimensions of integration are important to consider in this context. Implications for further research are discussed.
Local Government Accounting Standard‐setting in Australia: Did Constituents Participate?
Authors: Ryan Christine , Dunstan Keitha , Stanley Trevor
Published: March 2003

The Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (PSASB) has developed accounting standards for the public sector in Australia. A procedural ‘due process’ has been developed to protect the openness, neutrality and independence of Australian standard‐setting both in the private and public sectors. Prior research into constituent participation in the ‘due process’ for specific cases in the public sector has raised doubts as to whether the ‘due process’ operated in an open, neutral and independent manner. It has found that account preparers were under‐represented in their responses and used less sophisticated lobbying strategies than other respondents. The research also concluded that some constituents had favourable access to the ‘due process’, and that standard setters did not receive all pertinent information from constituents. This paper examines constituent participation in the ‘due process’ for the first public sector accounting standard, that for local government (AAS 27). The submissions made on the exposure draft preceding the standard –ED 50– have been analysed using content analysis. The findings suggest that account preparers were well‐represented in their responses and adopted the lobbying strategy of weighting their responses with supporting argument for the most controversial issues. Contrary to prior research, the paper concludes that in the case of ED 50 there is no evidence that the ‘due process’ failed to operate in an open and neutral manner.
The Impact of New Zealand’s Public Sector Accounting Reforms on Performance Control in Museums
Authors: Thompson George D.
Published: March 2003

Accounting by most New Zealand museums was subject to public sector reforms requiring private sector ‐style financial reporting, and service performance reporting. This study into the impact of the reforms on how museum managements pursue successful performance found museums adopting a more accounting‐oriented approach to planning and evaluation. Service performance reporting has facilitated the periodic evaluation of non‐financial targets by managements, but as currently constituted the reporting model is flawed, particularly in its implications for essential long‐term resource capacity of museums. This threatens its effectiveness for promoting good performance. Non‐accounting based professional practices also have a role in museum success.
The Global Asset Management Industry: Competitive Structure and Performance
Authors: Walter Ingo
Published: March 2003

The asset management industry represents one of the most dynamic parts of the global financial services sector. Funds under institutional management are massive and growing rapidly, particularly as part of the resolution of pension pressures in various parts of the world. The industry is not, however, well understood from the perspective of industrial organization and international competition, which is the focus of this paper. It begins with a schematic of asset management in a national and global flow‐of‐funds context, identifying the types of asset‐management functions that are performed and how they are linked into the financial system. It then assesses in some detail the three principal sectors of the asset management industry—mutual funds, pension funds, and private‐client assets, as well as foundations, endowments, central bank reserves and other large financial pools requiring institutional asset management services. Relevant comparisons are drawn between the United States, Europe, Japan and selected emerging‐market countries. This is followed by a discussion of the competitive structure, conduct and performance of the asset management industry, and its impact on global capital markets.
Gendered Labour in the Ideological Discourse of French Marxism: The Parti Ouvrier Français, 1882–1905
Authors: Stuart Robert
Published: March 2003

This article studies the intersection between the Marxist paradigm of class and the feminist paradigm of gender in the ideological rhetoric of the Parti Ouvrier Français between 1882 and 1905, focusing upon the movement’s understanding of women workers. It argues that, although the POF was far more interested in the gender dimension of labour than most historians have recognized, its approach to the female proletariat was vitiated by its ‘productivist’ world view and its tendency to reduce all labour to factory employment, while the French Marxists’ proto‐feminist commitment to women workers as a revolutionary force was undermined by recurrent paternalism.
Fashioning a Cacique Nun: From Saints’ Lives to Indian Lives in the Spanish Americas
Authors: Tudela Elisa Sampson Vera
Published: March 2003

New Spain was a land of opportunity for the missionary as well as the conquistador. The controversial proposal to found a convent for women of the indigenous elite illuminates the redefinition of notions of gender and race. Examining testimonies on this question written by priests, this article charts how they transform material that would normally have been presented as hagiography into narratives of a more general nature, and argues that this rhetorical shift contributed to a kind of writing on the Indies which not only shared the comparative and epistemological stakes of ethnography but also considered issues of gender.
Introduction
Authors: Wyke Maria
Published: March 2003

How does the study of the ancient Mediterranean contribute to the writing of the history of gender? From the nineteenth century onwards, much modern theorizing about the origins, development and logic of marriage, the family, religion, property, class, subjectivity and sexuality grew out of analyses of current cultures. This Special Issue returns to a direct encounter with those ancient cultures, and the introduction offers an overview of its concerns and how they interact with and contribute to contemporary debates about gender, the body and history (both ancient and modern).
Woman in Nineteenth‐Century America
Authors: Stansell Christine
Published: March 2003

The political use of Woman as a universal category, transcending social divisions, has fallen into disrepute. Yet it is necessary, in looking at gender history, to understand not just its obfuscations but its sources and political effects. The essay proposes an intellectual and political history of the uses of the term Woman and a social history of the heterogeneous mixtures of women from different social groups who seized the term and gave it force. Discussing recent scholarship on white and Afro‐American women, Stansell argues for the importance of moments of extravagant universalising to the history of women in politics.
Conceptualising Gender in a Swedish Context
Authors: Lundqvist Åsa
Published: March 2003

This article tries to illuminate the political conceptualisation of gender in twentieth‐century Sweden. It is argued that the notion of gender is partly shaped through a conceptual similarity between an older societal structure with patriarchal principles, marked by a strong gender division of labour, called brukssamhällen (rural industrial communities) and the Swedish welfare state. The local ‘spirit of compromise’ of rural industrial community life survived the industrialisation as an idea, especially the ideas of inclusiveness and the importance of welfare for social cohesion, based on gainful employment. These ideas have also affected the conceptualisation of gender during the twentieth century. This development is brought to light in analyses made by feminist historians, specifically concerning the development of gender relations within the labour movement as well in the general debate.
Gendering the Black Death: Women in Later Medieval England
Authors: Rigby S. H.
Published: March 2003

This review article of Mavis Mate's Daughters, Wives and Widows after the Black Death: Women in Sussex, 1350–1535 (1998) locates Mate's work within the broader context of the debate about changes in women's social position caused by the collapse in population following the Black Death. Was demographic decline accompanied by growing social and economic opportunities for women or should historians emphasise the continuity of female work as low‐skilled, low‐status and low‐paid throughout the late medieval and early modern periods? How did women's role in the labour market affect the age of marriage, fertility rates and long‐term population change? In general, Mate's conclusions offer support to the ‘pessimists’: women's work was vital to the household but economic centrality did not bring a commensurate social power or legal rights and the ideology of female subordination remained firmly in place. The main problem with Mate's case is, inevitably, a lack of evidence, for family structure, for the sexual division of labour and, above all, for affective relations. Nevertheless, this detailed, empirically based local study shows how successfully women's history has moved into the historical mainstream.
Nunneries, Communities and the Revaluation of Domesticity
Authors: Riddy Felicity
Published: March 2003

This is a review of three books: a collection of essays edited by Diane Watt on medieval women in their communities, and two monographs, by Jeffrey F. Hamburger and Marilyn Oliva, on nunneries in late medieval Germany and England. All three suggest in different ways that women's activities are regularly undervalued by the assumption that women try to do the same things as men, and fail. Hamburger argues that the artistic production of late fifteenth‐century nuns has been dismissed because it does not satisfy the criteria of (male) ‘high’ art. He shows that ‘nuns' work’ is in fact the product of a complex symbolic visual and textual culture. Oliva argues that the study of nunneries has been neglected because it is assumed that, since they were not rich and powerful like the monasteries, there is no evidence about them. She shows that it is possible to undertake a detailed prosopographical study of a group of nunneries from a single diocese. I argue that when in this context we talk about ‘women’, we are often in fact talking about the domestic sphere, with which women were so strongly associated. A revaluation of women's activities entails a revaluation of domesticity and the home.
Labour's True Man: Organised Workingmen and the Language of Manliness in the USA, 1827–1877
Authors: Kaster Gregory L.
Published: March 2003

This essay examines the language of manliness that both marked and shaped nineteenth‐century mainstream labour activism during a formative period of craft bastardisation, class formation, and movement building. It sketches the logic and meanings of manliness embedded in labour newspapers, journals, addresses, and trade‐union proceedings from the period. The analysis recovers a persistent, complex, and problematic racialised and gendered/classed language central to skilled white workingmen's collective self‐identification. Assimilationist in thrust, it beckoned workingmen to an ambivalent double identity defined as much by manly character as by class characteristics. Thus it both facilitated and limited labour activism and class consciousness.
Beyond Marriage and the Convent: Women, Class and Honour in Renaissance Italy
Authors: Horodowich Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

Ann Crabb, The Strozzi of Florence: Widowhood and Family Solidarity in the Renaissance

Stanley Chojnacki, Women and Men in Renaissance Venice: Twelve Essays on Patrician Society

Monica Chojnacka, Working Women of Early Modern Venice

Joanne M. Ferraro, Marriage Wars in Late Renaissance Venice
‘Next Steps’ for Equality?: The Impact of Organizational Change on Opportunities for Women in the Civil Service
Authors: Cunningham Rosie , Lord Anita , Delaney Lesa
Published: March 2003

The ‘Next Steps’ restructuring programme (1988) has had a fundamental impact on the management and organization of the Civil Service, and on the practice of equal opportunities. The fragmentation of the service into semi‐autonomous agencies has resulted in greater managerial autonomy in relation to staffing issues. Equality initiatives such as part‐time and flexible working patterns, ‘family friendly’ policies, women‐only training programmes and the provision of nurseries are coming under threat due to increased discretion over decision‐making in these areas. Other aspects of restructuring — such as ‘downsizing’— have resulted in a reduction of the middle management layer, making it more difficult for women to breach the ‘glass ceiling’ and access senior posts. The persistence of a hostile managerial sub‐culture to equal opportunities has been instrumental in pushing equality issues to the bottom of the agenda in the current climate of change because of ‘more important’ organizational pressures. Within this context, equality of opportunity for women in the Civil Service has reached a critical stage.
Changing the Palace Guard: Analysing the Impact of Women's Entry into Medicine
Authors: Williams Paul A.
Published: March 2003

Women's rapid entry into medicine raises important questions about change in this historically male‐dominated profession. In addition to shifting the gender balance, do increasing numbers of women signal a more fundamental change in the way in which medicine is organized and practised? A growing body of research suggests such change. Yet there is continuing controversy about the meaning of observed gender differences in practice, whether they reflect an essentially pragmatic response to women's dual workload of family and career, or whether they are the result of underlying differences in attitudes, values and orientations. This article uses data from a survey of a recent cohort of family physicians in Ontario, Canada, to document the extent of gender differences and similarities in medical practice, and their interrelationships to family situation, political attitudes and patient care attitudes. The results show that seemingly related differences in practice are accounted for in different ways: while some are associated with differences in family situation, others are tied to attitudes, while others are a function of gender alone. The results also reveal gender similarities which do not suggest that women are becoming more like men, but that men, and the profession as a whole are changing. We would emphasize the importance of interpreting gender differences and similarities within a broader conceptual understanding of change in the profession.
Women Working in a Greedy Institution: Commitment and Emotional Labour in the Union Movement
Authors: Franzway Suzanne
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to move beyond the restrictions of limited representations of women's participation in the union movement. Through a focus on the union movement as a ‘greedy institution’, it is argued that women's union involvement requires complex and dynamic negotiations with its gendered discourses and practices. As a greedy institution, the union movement demands considerable depth of commitment and loyalty, as well as high levels of work and emotional labour. Based on a study of a network of women union officials, this paper discusses the ways women interpret three main aspects of trade union work: commitment, workload and emotional labour. I argue that the strategies the women officials employ do not remain static within a limited frame of gender difference from men. Rather, they must engage with the effects of male dominance of the union movement as well as the difficulties associated with union activism, family, service to members, leadership, and care in order to take up the political opportunities available in this greedy institution.
On the Aggregate Impact of Exchange Rate Variability on EU Trade
Authors: Sekkat Khalid
Published: March 2003

The paper assesses the aggregate impact of exchange rate variability on EU trade. A small econometric model is constructed and estimated for five countries: France, Italy, Germany, the UK and Belgium. The results show that there exists a long-term relationship between trade variables and relative costs, demand, exchange rates and expected exchange rates. No such relation exists with respect to volatility. It is also found that while the most important determinants of trade variables are relative wages and demand, variability is also responsible for a decrease in the growth rate of these variables.
Strategic Cost Reduction and Cost Revelation
Authors: Jin Jim Y.
Published: March 2003

Strategic cost reduction requires cost transparency. When unilateral cost revelation is feasible, strategic cost reduction indeed arises as equilibrium. If it is not feasible, however, credible revelation has to be organized, possibly by a trade association. Then, firms face a prisoners' dilemma: in Cournot duopoly, cost revelation arises as an equilibrium, but hurts firms; in Bertrand duopoly, cost concealing is the equilibrium, while firms would be better off with cost revelation. Since cost revelation is socially desirable (undesirable) in Cournot (Bertrand) competition, it should be encouraged (discouraged).
Non-cooperative vs. Minimum- Rate Commodity Taxation
Authors: Hvidt Morten , Bo Nielsen Søren
Published: March 2003

This paper demonstrates, within a simple two-country model of commodity taxation and cross-border shopping, that the tax revenue (welfare) effects of a minimum tax requirement depend crucially on the character of the initial non-cooperative tax equilibrium, i.e. whether it is Nash or Stackelberg.
Macroeconomic Synchronization Between G3 Countries
Authors: Peirό Amado
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the existence of a world business cycle by examining quarterly and annual comovements in production, prices and interest rates in the three main world economies: Germany, Japan and the US. In accordance with earlier studies, contemporaneous relationships clearly dominate short-term dynamics. The evidence indicates the existence of strong comovements in prices and long-term interest rates, and, to a lesser degree, in GDP and short-term interest rates. They are, however, rather unstable over time.
Experimental Evidence for Attractions to Chance
Authors: Albers Wulf , Selten Reinhard , Pope Robin , Vogt Bodo
Published: March 2003

Divide the decision-maker's future into: (i) a pre-outcome period (lasting from the decision until the outcome of that decision is known), and (ii) a sequel postoutcome period (beginning when the outcome becomes known). Anticipated emotions in both periods may influence the decision, in particular, with regard to an outcome that matters to the person, the enjoyable tension from not yet knowing what this outcome will be. In the experiments presented, lottery choice can be explained by this attraction to chance, and cannot be explained by either convex von Neumann-Morgenstern utility, or by rank-dependent risk-loving weights: attraction to chance is a separate motivator.