bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceived Control and Consumer Attribution for the Service Encounter
Authors: Hui Michael K. , Toffoli Roy
Published: August 2006

This study investigates the relationship between perceived (un)control and consumer attributions following a service encounter. In addition to looking at the effects of consumer attributions on postconsumption behavior, our study also explores the key antecedent of consumer causal inferences. Results obtained confirm that level of uncontrol is positively related to the triggering of attributions. Moreover, the reported cause of a positive or negative service encounter is also associated with level of uncontrol experienced by the consumer.
Acculturation Attitudes of Potential Emigrants: Jewish Youths in Russia
Authors: Tartakovsky Eugene
Published: August 2006

The present paper investigates the acculturation attitudes of potential emigrants and their relationship to value priorities, cultural identifications, and psychological well‐being. The results confirm that potential emigrants have a well‐formed system of acculturation attitudes and that integration is the predominant acculturation attitude of the majority of potential emigrants. Preference for acculturation attitudes other than integration is associated with the psychological distress of potential emigrants. The research confirms that personal value preferences underlie acculturation attitudes of potential emigrants, thus indicating that each acculturation attitude allows accomplishment of different motivational goals in the situation of emigration. Cultural identifications of Jewish potential emigrants in Russia are discussed in light of their relationships with value priorities and acculturation attitudes.
Factor Structure of the Spanish Version of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire
Authors: Munet‐Vilaroa Frances , Gregorich Steven E. , Folkman Susan
Published: August 2006

A Spanish translation of the Ways of Coping (WOC‐S) questionnaire was administered to three samples of Latinos sampled from Mexico City, Puerto Rico, and the San Francisco Peninsula, respectively. The factor structure of the WOC‐S was assessed with both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The factor structure that emerged was found to have important similarities and differences compared to that previously reported for members of the predominant United States culture. Across the sampled Latino groups, the WOC‐S exhibited evidence of both strong and strict factorial invariance (Meredith, 1993), suggesting it is appropriate for cross‐cultural research assessing coping within diverse Latino populations.
Differential Determinants of Young Adult Substance Use and High‐Risk Sexual Behavior1
Authors: Cohen Estee Shapiro , Fromme Kim
Published: August 2006

This investigation evaluated how personality traits, self‐efficacy, and outcome expectancies differentially relate to young adult substance use and high‐risk sex. Experiments I (N= 481) and 2 (N= 73) report the development of a new questionnaire to assess self‐efficacy for substance use and sexual behavior. Experiment 3 (N= 375) tested self‐efficacy, outcome expectancies, and trait measures of social conformity and sensation seeking as correlates of substance use and high‐risk sex. Using structural equation modeling, cross‐sectional analyses revealed that positive outcome expectancies had the largest association with substance use, whereas self‐efficacy had the largest association with sexual behavior. Further, personality traits were related to substance use and sexual behavior indirectly through outcome expectancies, with social conformity also having a direct effect on behavior. When examined longitudinally, past alcohol and drug use served as the final pathway by which expectancies and personality impacted substance use, whereas past behavior, self‐efficacy, and social conformity all contributed to high‐risk sex. Results support the utility of different models for explaining, and possibly preventing, young adult substance use and high‐risk sex.
Self‐Efficacy Assessment and Generalization in Physical Education Courses1
Authors: Samuels Steven M. , Gibb Randall W.
Published: August 2006

Physical education courses can have effects that generalize past their immediate task as measured by increases in domain‐specific self‐efficacy. It was predicted that competitive combative courses like boxing would be more likely to have skills generalize to other domains than noncontact courses like swimming. A Physical Education Self‐Efficacy Scale was created that focused on 2 different domains of self‐efficacy: 1 specific to the course (physicality), and 1 in a disparate domain (leadership initiative). Students were given the scale before and after the 2 different courses. Results indicate that there were small but significant increases in both subscales for students enrolled in boxing, but not for students enrolled in swimming. Physicality self‐efficacy also correlated strongly with performance. Implications and mechanisms for generalization of self‐efficacy to neighboring domains are discussed.
Prediction of Needle Sharing Among Injection Drug Users1
Authors: Bélanger Diane , Godin Gaston , Alary Michel , Noél Lina , Côté Nancy , Claessens Christiane
Published: August 2006

The aim of the present study was to identify the psychosocial factors associated with the intention and behavior of not sharing used needles and syringes among 459 intravenous drug users (IDUs). The intention to not share used needles was positively associated with personal normative beliefs and self‐efficacy; it was negatively related to the proportion of injections with lending used needles and borrowing syringes from sexual partners. Borrowing used needles was negatively associated with intention whereas loaning syringes was positively related to a negative HIV test result. These results suggest that it is only when a direct personal exposure to HIV infection is possible (borrowing) that intention not to borrow is highlighted. Moreover, being HIV positive appears to reduce loaning used syringes.
Moderators of the Exercise/Feeling‐State Relationship: The Influence of Self‐Efficacy, Baseline, and In‐Task Feeling States at Moderate‐ and High‐Intensity Exercise
Authors: Blanchard Chris M. , Rodgers Wendy M. , Courneya Kerry S. , Spence John C.
Published: August 2006

The present study examined the moderating influence of self‐efficacy, baseline feeling states, and in‐task feeling states on exercise‐related feeling‐state changes at moderate‐ and high‐intensity exercise. Physically active females (N= 60) participated in 1 of 5 conditions: (a) attention control for 30 min, (b) exercise at 50% heart rate reserve (HRR) for 15 min, (c) exercise at 50% HRR for 30 min, (d) exercise at 85% HRR for 15 min, and (e) exercise at 85% HRR for 30 min. The Exercise‐Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI; Gauvin & Rejeski, 1993) was completed pre‐, during, and post‐exercise, while self‐efficacy was completed pre‐exercise. Multilevel modeling (Bryk & Raudenbaush, 1992) revealed that pre‐exercise self‐efficacy and in‐task tranquility moderated the change in tranquility for high‐intensity exercise. Furthermore, baseline feeling states moderated the change in all 4 feeling states. It is recommended that baseline and in‐task feeling states and self‐efficacy be considered when examining high‐intensity exercise.
Self‐Categorization and Bystander Non‐intervention: Two Experimental Studies1
Authors: Levine Mark , Cassidy Clare , Brazier Gemma , Reicher Stephen
Published: August 2006

This paper outlines a new approach to the study of bystander intervention. Using insights derived from self‐categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987), we explore the social category relations among those present in the context of physical violence. The paper describes two experiments that manipulate the social category relations between (a) bystander and fellow bystanders, and (b) bystander and victim. Analysis indicates that fellow bystanders are only influential when they are in‐group rather than out‐group members. Furthermore, bystanders are more likely to help victims who are described as in‐group as opposed to out‐group members. Overall, the findings suggest an important role for a self‐categorization perspective in developing strategies to promote bystander intervention.
Explanatory Style and Health: Mechanisms Linking Pessimism to Illness1
Authors: Bennett Kymberley K. , Elliott Marta
Published: August 2006

This study tests the relationship between pessimistic explanatory style and illness with questionnaire data. Questionnaires were administered to 234 college students at a mid‐sized Western university. Four variables were tested as potential mediators of the pessimistic explanatory style/illness relationship: symptoms of depression, perceived stress, social support, and poor health practices. Results indicated that only the global dimension of pessimistic explanatory style was related to experiences of illness, and hence was the only dimension that could be mediated by the proposed variables. Results demonstrated that symptoms of depression mediated the relationship between global attributions for negative events and illness. Exploratory analyses also suggest that stress is implicated in this process such that it increases symptoms of depression, which in turn influence illness.
Examining Applicants’ Attributions for Withdrawal From a Selection Procedure
Authors: Ployhart Robert E. , McFarland Lynn A. , Ryan Ann Marie
Published: August 2006

This study applied the attribution framework described by Weiner (1986) to understand the psychological reasons applicants withdrew from a police officer selection process, as well as the consequences of their attributions for withdrawal. Individuals (n= 196) who withdrew from the selection process were contacted and were asked to indicate their primary reason for withdrawal; and then rated this reason on locus, stability, and controllability dimensions. They also reported future application expectancies. Results indicate minority and female applicants appeared to indicate different reasons for withdrawing than did White and male applicants. Finally, race and controllability interacted in the prediction of reapplication expectancies, such that the relationship between expectancies and controllability was negative for White applicants and positive for minority applicants.
Biggest Isn't Always Best: The Effect of Breast Size on Perceptions of Women1
Authors: Tantleff‐Dunn Stacey
Published: August 2006

Research has demonstrated preferences for medium and large breasts and a tendency to associate positive attributes with larger breasts. Findings have been limited, however, by use of stimuli that do not depict women realistically or in a credible context. In the current study, a female actor's breast size was manipulated to create four videotapes (bra cup sizes A, B, C, and D) in which she delivered a speech. Participants viewed one of the four videotapes and rated the actor on social and professional characteristics. Males perceived the actor more favorably on both professional and social characteristics when she had a medium breast size, whereas females were generally not influenced by breast size. Findings are related to the popularity of methods to enhance breast size and the need for awareness of the potential impact of breast size on how women are perceived.
The Moderating Effects of Dispositional Affectivity on Performance and Task Attitudes in a Goal‐Setting Context1
Authors: Fortunato Vincent J. , Williams Kevin J.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the effects of goal difficulty, negative affectivity (NA), and positive affectivity (PA) on performance and task attitudes on a complex task. Research participants played an air traffic controller (ATC) simulation and were assigned either an easy or difficult goal at 2 different points in time: early during skill acquisition, and after several experimental trials. We hypothesized that the effect of difficult goals would vary depending on whether they were administered early and late during skill acquisition. We also hypothesized that NA and PA would moderate the effect of goal difficulty. Neither the early nor late goal assignments related to performance or task attitudes as hypothesized. Instead, PA and NA both moderated goal‐outcome relationships.
Lethal Stereotypes: Hair and Eye Color as Survival Characteristics During the Holocaust1
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Paterson Helen , Soriano Erin , Zuvic Samantha
Published: August 2006

In spite of many false negatives and false positives quite familiar to the people of Nazi‐dominated Europe, dark hair and eyes were salient among the physical stereotypes of Jews that the Nazis promulgated along with psychosocial ones. Many narratives of the Holocaust refer to someone surviving because he or she “did not look Jewish,” and others being caught and killed because they did. A quantitative test of the validity and impact of this attribution showed that a higher proportion of Holocaust survivors than of a North American Jewish control group had light‐colored hair, eyes, or both during the relevant period. The paper discusses possible reasons why these were survival characteristics under the conditions of the Holocaust, the possible short‐ and long‐term effects of such selectivity, and implications for stereotyping in other situations of ethnic persecution and genocide.
Self‐Interests and Beliefs: Predictors of Mothers’ Views of Child Care1
Authors: Moon Michelle
Published: August 2006

Mothers (N= 270) completed questions related to child care for their children who were between 2 and 6 years of age. They completed a 9‐page questionnaire that included scales used to assess their attachment to their careers, financial need to work, and gender‐role beliefs as predictors of their ratings of the effects of child care on 4 criterion measures. Findings supported the hypothesized model that a mother's needs and her self‐interests and beliefs would influence her ratings of the benefits and costs of child care, her anxiety in leaving her child in child care, and her views of the effects of child care on her child. It is suggested that future research should avoid biases that might arise from participant or observer self‐interest and seek more objective approaches to the examination of the impact of child care on children.
Saying It Like It Isn't: Mixed Messages From Men and Women in the Workplace1
Authors: LaPlante Debi , Ambady Nalini
Published: August 2006

Participants in a simulated work environment were exposed to 1 of 4 feedback conditions that varied in verbal and nonverbal positivity (positive content/positive tone, positive content/negative tone, negative content/positive tone, or negative content/negative tone). Either a male or a female supervisor provided this feedback. Results indicate that both productivity and general work satisfaction varied by feedback condition and gender. For example, female subordinates reported higher rates of satisfaction to positive content/negative tone messages and male subordinates reported higher rates of satisfaction to negative content/positive tone messages. Additionally, the productivity of male subordinates with male supervisors appeared to be distinctly influenced by positive tone relative to all other dyadic compositions. These results demonstrate the importance of examining both verbal and nonverbal components of feedback messages, along with the gender of the supervisor and subordinate.
“Not in My Back Yard”: The Situational and Personality Determinants of Oppositional Behavior1
Authors: Thornton Bill , Knox Diana
Published: August 2006

The present study considered situational and dispositional factors underlying behavioral opposition characteristic of a “not‐in‐my‐back‐yard” (NIMBY) response to a change having adverse personal consequences. Students considered the proposition of comprehensive exams required for graduation taking effect in the near or distant future (high and low vested interest, respectively). Although both groups had similarly negative attitudes toward the idea, the high vested interest group perceived greater personal consequence and expressed greater intention to oppose the plan. From a situational‐dispositional interactionist perspective, it was the impact of the situation (perceived stake), rather than personality traits presumed to underlie a NIMBY response, that proved to be the primary determinant of oppositional behavior.
The Effects of a Racist Act and Public Counter‐Demonstrations on Race‐Related Behavioral Intentions: A Natural Experiment
Authors: Hamilton James C. , Pinel Elizabeth C. , Roskos‐Ewoldsen David R.
Published: August 2006

This study reports on a natural experiment that yielded information about the effects of a racist act and public counter‐demonstrations on behavioral intentions. The conditions for this natural experiment arose when an act of racial hostility occurred at a small liberal‐arts college in the northeastern United States. This event occurred approximately midway through data collection for a study comparing public and private behavioral intentions to donate money to African American interest groups. This coincidence afforded the opportunity to examine the effects of such events on members of the affected community. The results of this natural experiment show that both public and private expression of support for African American interest groups increased after the incident and ensuing demonstrations.
Pluralistic Ignorance and Health Risk Behaviors: Do College Students Misperceive Social Approval for Risky Behaviors on Campus and in Media?
Authors: Hines David , Saris Renee N. , Throckmorton‐Belzer Leslee
Published: August 2006

Pluralistic ignorance is a psychological state in which individuals believe that their own beliefs and feelings differ from others' in a group despite the fact that they all behave similarly (Miller & McFarland, 1991). For example, college students reported that they were less comfortable with campus drinking than were other students on their campus (Prentice & Miller, 1993). We replicated this finding and investigated whether college students would show this pluralistic ignorance effect for other health‐related risk behaviors (smoking, sexual behavior, and illegal drug use). In addition, we tested whether media portrayals of these behaviors also might result in pluralistic ignorance. The results show that a significant effect of pluralistic ignorance occurred for all 4 health‐related risk behaviors, both in ratings of campus behaviors and in ratings of media portrayals of these behaviors. Participants indicated that other students on their campus would have higher comfort ratings with campus patterns of smoking, drinking, illegal drug use, and sexual behaviors than their own comfort ratings. Participants also indicated that other students would have higher comfort ratings with the same 4 behaviors as they are portrayed in the media than their own comfort ratings.
An Investigation of the Antecedents and Consequences of Group‐Level Confidence1
Authors: Lee Cynthia , Tinsley Catherine H. , Bobko Philip
Published: August 2006

To examine the power of group confidence, the nomological network of group potency (generalized confidence) and group efficacy (task‐specific confidence) is detailed. These constructs are embedded in a causal model including both antecedent and consequent variables. Results obtained within a collective cultural context suggest that group cohesion and group norms are antecedents to group confidence, and task performance and satisfaction are consequences. The empirical effects for group potency were robust, but those for group efficacy were surprisingly nonsignificant. This study shows that generalized confidence (group potency) is a stronger predictor of group outcomes than is group efficacy when the group members are unfamiliar with the complex tasks at hand. Implications for future research and group training are noted.
It's All Relative: The Distinction and Prediction of Political Perceptions Across Levels
Authors: Hochwarter Wayne A. , Kacmar K. Michele , Treadway Darren C. , Watson T. Steuart
Published: August 2006

The current study was designed to extend previous research by determining whether individuals discriminated political activity at 3 organizational levels (at the highest level in the organization, at the level of one's immediate supervisor, and at one's current level). Further, it was hypothesized that levels of political activity would predict work outcomes differentially. Data gathered from 181 police officers provide strong results. Specifically, findings indicate that respondents discriminated political activity at each level and that differential prediction existed. Implications of these findings, strengths and limitations, and avenues for future research are provided.
The Value of Organizational Reputation in the Recruitment Context: A Brand‐Equity Perspective
Authors: Cable Daniel M. , Turban Daniel B.
Published: August 2006

We extend the recruitment literature by examining how and why firms’ reputations affect job seekers, and by expanding the outcome variables that can be used to judge recruitment success. Results from 339 individuals suggested that job seekers’ reputation perceptions affected job pursuit because (a) individuals use reputation as a signal about job attributes, and (b) reputation affects the pride that individuals expect from organizational membership. Moreover, individuals were willing to pay a premium in the form of lower wages to join firms with positive reputations, and individuals’ familiarity with organizations affected the amount of information they could recall about a recruitment job posting after 1 week. Finally, the results suggested that reputation advertising did not affect job seekers’ reputation perceptions, suggesting that past research on fictitious companies may not generalize to actual organizations.
Social Distancing in Adolescents’ Perceptions of Alcohol Use and Social Disapproval: The Moderating Roles of Culture and Gender1
Authors: AGOSTINELLI Gina , Grube Joel W. , Morgan Mark
Published: August 2006

College students attribute more conservative attitudes and behaviors concerning alcohol use to themselves and progressively less conservative attitudes and behaviors to their friends and more distal peers. We examined whether a similar social‐distancing effect would occur with adolescents in America and Ireland. Students (n= 2, 554) attributed the most conservative drinking frequency to themselves and progressively less conservative frequencies to their best friends, other good friends, other students their age at their own school, and other students their age at other schools, respectively. Similarly, adolescents attributed more disapproval of drinking to their best friends and progressively less conservative disapproval to other good friends, other students their age at their own school, and other students their age at other schools, respectively. As predicted, more social distancing occurred among Americans (relative to Irish) and girls (relative to boys).
Effects of Goal Framing in Job Advertisements on Organizational Attractiveness1
Authors: Thorsteinson Todd J. , Highhouse Scott
Published: August 2006

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of goal framing in job advertisements on organizational attractiveness. Job ads were created that emphasized the potential costs or losses of not applying (i.e., loss frame) or the potential gains or benefits of applying (i.e., gain frame). The first experiment (N= 70) found that participants were more attracted to the company in the gain‐framed ad than in the loss‐framed ad. The second experiment (N= 100) attempted to determine the reason for the greater attractiveness of the gain‐framed ad compared to the loss‐framed ad. Two possible explanations— valence‐based encoding and regulatory focus—were examined. Results suggest that both valence‐based encoding and regulatory focus mediated the relationship between framing and organizational attractiveness.
Racism or Sexism? Attributional Ambiguity and Simultaneous Membership in Multiple Oppressed Groups1
Authors: King Kimberly R.
Published: August 2006

This study examines short‐term psychological effects of prejudice attributions on African American women. Black female college students (N= 112) imagined themselves in an audiotaped scenario in which White male students made negative evaluations of them. Participants completed self‐report measures of psychological stress and state self‐esteem after they rated the likely contributions of various causal attributions to the negative evaluations. Attributions included personal characteristics of the participant and classmates, as well as 3 kinds of prejudice: racism, sexism, and ethgender prejudice (the interaction of racism and sexism). Attributions to racism and ethgender prejudice predicted increased stress and decreased state social self‐esteem. Results contradict assertions that prejudice attributions are self‐protective and imply that prejudice might involve internal and external causal dimensions.
A Comparative Study of Family Characteristics of Anglo American and Asian American High Achievers
Authors: Sijuwade Philip O.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the similarities and differences in family characteristics of Asian American and Anglo American high achievers. Sixty matched parents were interviewed concerning 4 areas. The findings suggest that the family life of Anglo American students tend to be less structured and provide less formal educational experience for children after school and on weekends. Similarities between these 2 groups include high parental expectation, concerned parents, stable family environment, and close‐knit family relationships.
Product Packaging and Product Evaluation: An Individual Difference Approach1
Authors: Debono Kenneth G. , Leavitt Amy , Backus Jennifer
Published: August 2006

In Study I, with actual product quality held constant high self‐monitors, compared to low self‐monitors, more favorably evaluated products that they believed came from attractive packages. In Study 2, high and low self‐monitors evaluated a perfume sample that came from a rather attractive bottle or from a significantly less attractive bottle. In addition, for some, the perfume was quite pleasant smelling; for others, it was less pleasant smelling. Regardless of its actual fragrance, high self‐monitors evaluated the perfumes from the attractive bottle more favorably than the perfumes from the less attractive bottle. Low self‐monitors evaluated the pleasant‐smelling perfume more favorably than the less pleasant‐smelling perfume, regardless of from which bottle it came.
Predictors of Progression and Regression in Exercise Adoption in Young Women1
Authors: Higgins Les C. , Oldenburg Brian
Published: August 2006

An integrative model of readiness to exercise (Marcus, Eaton, Rossi, & Harlow, 1994) was tested. Measures of stage of exercise adoption and of the 2 motivation variables from the model plus 3 others were obtained at baseline and 6 months later from 238 young adult females. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effects of both state (baseline) and change measures of the variables on progressive and regressive movement among the stages of change. Progression was predicted by change in self‐efficacy (p= .018), change in perceived behavioral control (p= .007), and a baseline measure of desire to exercise (.041). Regression was predicted by change in self‐efficacy (p= .04). These findings provide only partial support for the integrative model.
Imagining and Explaining Hypothetical Scenarios: Mediational Effects on the Subjective Likelihood of Health‐Related Outcomes1
Authors: Sparks Paul , Harris Peter R. , Raats Monique
Published: August 2006

Imagining and explaining hypothetical events have been shown to increase the subjective likelihood of those events occurring. At the same time, it has been suggested that reducing unrealistic optimism about health risks (i.e., increasing the subjective likelihood of negative health outcomes) might motivate health‐protective behavior. In exploring the implications of these issues for health‐promotion goals, 2 experiments (Ns= 334 and 328) involving postal questionnaires are reported in which attempts are made through the use of imagine‐and‐explain scenarios to manipulate the subjective likelihood of a negative outcome (heart disease) and of a positive outcome (reducing fat consumption). The greater success of the manipulation of dietary change expectations than of heart disease expectations suggests the potential benefits of focusing directly on planning goal strategies in relation to health beneficial behaviors.
Promotion Decisions in an Affirmative Action Environment: Can Social Accounts Change Fairness Perceptions?
Authors: Elkins Teri J. , Bozeman Dennis P. , Phillips James S.
Published: August 2006

An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of observer gender, applicants’ qualifications, and managerial accounts on justice perceptions in an affirmative action environment. As expected, MANOVA results indicated that, prior to providing an account, the promotion of a female yielded the highest fairness ratings when the female was more qualified than the male applicant and when the observer was female. In a second wave of data, MANCOVA results indicated that an ideological‐gender explanation resulted in the lowest subsequent fairness ratings. Additionally, accounts interacted with applicants’ qualifications. When the promoted female was the most qualified candidate, the ideological‐gender account resulted in the lowest fairness ratings.
Why Do High Self‐Monitors Emerge as Leaders in Small Groups? A Comparative Analysis of the Behaviors of High Versus Low Self‐Monitors1
Authors: Eby Llian T. , Cader Jailza , Noble Carrie L.
Published: August 2006

The current study examined the relationship between self‐monitoring and leader emergence focusing on the specific observable behaviors that differentiate high and low self‐monitors in small decision groups. Consistent with previous research, high self‐monitors were more likely to emerge as leaders than were low self‐monitors. Further, observational ratings of task‐oriented and relationship‐oriented leader behaviors made by trained raters blind to the purpose of the study indicated that high self‐monitors emerged as leaders by engaging in significantly more task‐oriented leader behaviors. In contrast, no differences were found in relationship‐oriented leader behaviors between high and low self‐monitors. The findings are discussed in the context of behavioral approaches to the study of leadership and research on self‐monitoring. Implications for research on leader emergence, group process, and research methods are also provided, along with directions for future research.
Scientific Communication and Stereotype Change1
Authors: Capozza Dora , Volpato Chiara , Falvo ROssella
Published: August 2006

The aim of this experiment is to examine whether communicating the results of social psychological research improves out‐group stereotypes and diminishes in‐group bias. The experimental material consisted of 2 communications: one described Hamilton and Gifford's (1976) experiment on illusory correlation (Experiment 1); the other described Sherif's (1966) studies on summer camps. The results of the present experiment show that knowledge of Sherif's findings had no effect on evaluations, whereas an awareness of the experiment on illusory correlation produced a boomerang effect, accentuating, rather than diminishing, in‐group bias. A second experiment revealed that the persuasive power of a scientific message on stereotypes depends on whether in‐groups and out‐groups are cogni‐tively present in the message acquisition phase.
Unmitigated Communion and Adjustment to Breast Cancer: Associations and Explanations1
Authors: Helgeson Vicki S.
Published: August 2006

The goal of this study was to examine the implications of unmitigated communion (a focus on others to the exclusion of the self) for adjustment to breast cancer and to explain any observed relations. Cognitive adaptation theory was the primary explanatory framework adopted. Unmitigated communion was cross‐sectionally associated with poor mental and physical functioning among women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Prospectively, unmitigated communion predicted a decline in a couple of indicators of mental and physical functioning over 3 months. Unmitigated communion was inversely associated with indicators of cognitive adaptation: low self‐esteem, poor body image, less optimism, and greater reliance on external control. Unmitigated communion also was associated with more negative interactions with network members and a decline in support over time. The decline in body image over time had the greatest potential to explain links of unmitigated communion to poor adjustment to disease.
Age and Work‐Related Outcomes: The Moderating Effects of Status Characteristics
Authors: Riordan Christine M. , Griffith Rodger W. , Weatherly Elizabeth W.
Published: August 2006

This study examines the extent to which 2 status characteristics—pay level and part‐time vs. full‐time employment—influence the effectiveness of age as a predictor of work‐related attitudes and behaviors. Using a sample of 157 registered nurses, hierarchical regression was used to determine whether pay level or employment classification (part‐time vs. full‐time) moderated the relationship between chronological age and the following outcomes associated with the process of voluntary turnover: job satisfaction, organizational commitment, withdrawal cognitions, perceived alternatives, search behavior, and actual turnover behavior. Findings indicate that the effects of age on work attitudes and behaviors are moderated to some extent by both status characteristics. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
To Seek or Not to Seek: The Relationship Between Help Seeking and Job Performance Evaluations as Moderated by Task‐Relevant Expertise
Authors: Nadler Arie , Ellis Shmuel , Bar Iris
Published: August 2006

The present study explored the relationship between level of employees’ help‐seeking behavior and their overall job evaluations. It was hypothesized that employees would seek more help from others whom they perceive as more knowledgeable than they are and that they would seek more help from superiors than from coworkers. Regarding the link between amount of help seeking and performance evaluations, it was predicted that the relationship between amount of help seeking and evaluations of overall job performance are curvilinear and affected by the perceived expertise of the helper. Study participants were employees of a chemical plant, and they reported on the amount of help seeking that they engaged in with superiors and coworkers. Data on the perceived expertise of the help seeker and the help giver in any helping interaction were collected. Most recent job performance evaluations as reported by participants’ superiors served as a measure of job performance. The analyses indicate that in line with prediction, the relationships between help seeking and performance evaluations were curvilinear. These relationships were moderated by the help seeker's relative task‐relevant expertise. The theoretical implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The Interactive Effects of Race, Gender, and Job Type on Job Suitability Ratings and Selection Decisions1
Authors: Hosoda Megumi , Stone Dianna L. , Stone‐Romero Eugene F.
Published: August 2006

The present study examined the main and interactive effects of race, gender, and job type on job suitability ratings and selection decisions. Consistent with the double‐advantage additive effects model of race and gender, highly educated Black women were rated as more suitable for jobs and more likely to be selected for jobs requiring high levels of cognitive ability than were comparably educated White men, White women, or Black men. These results suggest that selection decisions might be jointly determined by race, gender, and the nature of a job. The implications of these findings for overcoming biases in employment‐related decision making are discussed.
Sibling Influence on Smoking Behavior: A Within‐Family Look at Explanations for a Birth‐Order Effect
Authors: Bard David E. , Rodgers Joseph Lee
Published: August 2006

Using a repeated‐measures design, we found a significant birth‐order relationship suggesting lower ages of smoking onset in later born siblings of a 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohort. Two social learning mechanisms, modeling and opportunity, were explored to help illuminate the causes of trends in the within‐family means. When empirical patterns were compared to predictions derived from our specifications of how opportunity and modeling processes should work, the results were unsuccessful in explaining the birth‐order effect. As a third explanation of the birth‐order effect, telescoping did show a significant influence. The effect size was small, however, and had little effect on the group means assessed. Finally, a pattern did emerge that was consistent with a reformulation of the opportunity process in which sisters play a particularly strong role. We develop future research implications of this pattern and speculate on genetic and social conservatism explanations.
Perceiving Violence: The Influence of Motivational Status and Environmental Setting
Authors: Lawrence Claire E. , Leather Phil
Published: August 2006

Previous studies examining perceptions of violence within a public house context have shown that the presence of door control (bouncers), interior tidiness, and the actions of the victim play an important role in shaping judgments of the aggressor and the victim (Lawrence & Leather, 1999; Leather & Lawrence, 1995). However, the extent to which individuals belonging to the same group as the victim make similar patterns of judgments to those recruited from a different group has not been investigated. This paper reports the findings of a study in which the perceptions of 80 licensees (same group as victim) and 80 undergraduate students (different group from victim) are compared after exposure to an account of a violent incident. Also manipulated were environmental variables (presence of door control and interior tidiness) and the actions of the victim. Results support the JWH, whereby the victim is blamed more by those from the same group than by those from a different group. Results are discussed in light of defensive attributions and the JWH and highlight the importance of taking environmental information into account in studies of social cognition.
Endorsements as Voting Cues: Heuristic and Systematic Processing in Initiative Elections1
Authors: Forehand Mark , Gastil John , Smith Mark A.
Published: August 2006

This project explores how organizational endorsements influence voter attitudes during initiative elections. Building on the heuristic‐systematic model (Chaiken, 1980; Chen & Chaiken, 1999), we propose that voters use organizational endorsements as heuristic cues to help them develop their attitudes toward initiatives. It is hypothesized that the influence of endorsements on initiative voting depends on the applicability, availability, and diagnosticity of the endorsement voting cue and on the degree to which the voter is motivated to fully evaluate the arguments behind the initiative. An experiment was conducted in which motivation (processing goal instructions), cue applicability (match between endorsing organization and initiative), and initiative (four different hypothetical ballot issues) were manipulated. Results showed support for our first two hypotheses, but not for the third.
Be All That You Can Be: Enhancing Human Performance1
Authors: Druckman Daniel
Published: August 2006

Key findings and conclusions from a landmark study conducted by a National Research Council Committee are discussed. The 12‐year study was divided into 4 phases that covered topics of individual, small group, and organizational performance. Concentrating primarily on techniques with strong claims for enhancing performance, the committee found little support for some (e.g., sleep learning, meditation, parapsychological techniques, hypnosis, total quality management) and stronger support for others (e.g., mental practice, expert modeling, cooperative learning, team training, practice to optimize transfer of cognitive and social skills). Insights were also obtained about the roles of expectancy effects, belief perseverance, emotions, thought suppression, and organizational cultures. The article highlights the continuing contributions made by committee members in such areas as transfer, expert modeling, self‐efficacy, mental practice, organizational design and enhanced performance, and conflict resolution.
Moderators of the Relationship Between Cognitive Ability and Performance: General Versus Context–Specific Achievement Motivation1
Authors: Hirschfeld Robert R. , Lawson Lucinda , Mossholder Kevin W.
Published: August 2006

Despite positing a multiplicative model of performance, 3 recent studies failed to find support for a theoretically meaningful interaction between cognitive ability and trait motivation in predicting performance. We suggest that it is important to consider that these studies used trait–motivation constructs that are general in nature, rather than context–specific. Yet, existing theory and research suggests that it may be beneficial to use trait–motivation constructs that are expressly contextual, especially when investigating a multiplicative performance model. This study, therefore, compared general versus context–specific achievement motivation as moderators of the relationship between cognitive ability and performance. The proposition that only context–specific achievement motivation should interact with cognitive ability in predicting performance was supported. Implications are discussed.
An Adaptation and Extension of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale1
Authors: Mackenzie Corey S. , Knox V. Jane , Gekoski William L. , Macaulay Helen L.
Published: August 2006

Despite its utility, several conceptual and methodological concerns are raised regarding Fischer and Turner's (1970) Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (ATSPPHS). These concerns were addressed in an adaptation and extension of the ATSPPHS using 208 adult volunteers. The new Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services (IASMHS) consists of 24 items and 3 internally consistent factors: psychological openness, help‐seeking propensity, and indifference to stigma. We replicated this 3‐factor model with 293 university undergraduates, and established test‐retest reliability with 23 student volunteers. Validity was demonstrated by the ability of the IASMHS to distinguish between those who had and had not used mental health services in the past, and those who would and would not use these services in the future. It also discriminated between participants’ intentions to use professional and nonprofessional help. Finally, expected gender differences in help‐seeking attitudes were demonstrated.
Parenting Self‐Construals of Mothers With a Serious Mental Illness: Efficacy, Burden, and Personal Growth1
Authors: Oyserman Daphna , Bybee Deborah , Mowbray Carol , Kahng Sang Kyoung
Published: August 2006

We explored parenting self‐construals among mothers with serious mental illness (n= 379). Mothers reported feeling moderately positively about themselves as parents, more efficacious than inefficacious, more positive than negative, more valued than disvalued; but also at least somewhat restricted and burdened by motherhood. Factor analyses revealed 3 parenting self‐construal factors: efficacious, burdened, and parenting as a personal growth experience. In hierarchical regression analyses, parenting self‐construal factors significantly added to prediction of parenting behaviors and attitudes (nurturance, explanatory parenting style, and parenting stress), once demographic, mental health history, and current social context variables (support, stress, and current mental health) were taken into account. Maternal parenting self‐efficacy increased (while self‐construal of parenting as a burden decreased) positive parenting style.
Predicting Women's Intentions to Leave Abusive Relationships: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior1
Authors: Byrne Christina A. , Arias Ileana
Published: August 2006

A theoretically derived decision‐making model was applied to predict women's intentions to remain in or to terminate physically abusive relationships with male partners. Participants were 48 women residing in a shelter for battered women who responded to questionnaires assessing the components of the theory of planned behavior. Data provided support for the model. Specifically, women were found to have greater intentions to leave the relationships if they held positive attitudes toward leaving and believed they were in control of leaving the relationship. Normative beliefs were not predictive of intentions to leave. Empirically based suggestions for increasing the effectiveness of interventions are discussed.
Psychological Acculturation of Ethnic Minorities Into White Anglo American Culture: Consequences and Predictors1
Authors: Ghorpade Jai , Lackritz Jim , Singh Gangaram
Published: August 2006

The United States is comprised of a patchwork of ethnic groups. To varying degrees, such groups have become acculturated into the White Anglo American culture. Our study is an attempt to examine the consequences and predictors of psychological acculturation. The data were taken from 320 students attending a large state university on the West Coast of the United States. Our results show that grade point average (GPA) and income earned were positively related to psychological acculturation. Religion, ethnicity, age of entry to the United States, enrollment in a graduate program, and self‐esteem affected psychological acculturation. The implications of the results are discussed.
Toward a Multidimensional Construct of Social Support: Implications of Provider's Self‐Reliance and Request Characteristics
Authors: Drach‐Zahavy Anat
Published: August 2006

The two studies reported here sought to propose a multidimensional taxonomy for providing social support, and to use an attachment‐theory framework to investigate provision of support at work. Additionally, the studies sought to explore the distinct contextual considerations that affect decisions on the type of support provided. In Study 1, case studies were presented to 164 hospital nurses, who, taking the role of the head nurse, were asked to deal with a distressed staff nurse who was either high or low tenured, and whose cause of distress was either personal or job‐related. In the second study, 55 nurses with various job tenures described the support behaviors of their superiors. In both studies, support interventions and attachment styles were measured. Results provided partial evidence of the multidimensionality of social support, and indicated that it contains 4 distinct support behaviors: helping, maintenance, referral, and encouragement of self‐coping. Furthermore, the distinct support behaviors were affected by different attachment styles and contextual considerations.
Who's Watching the Race? Racial Salience in Recruitment Advertising1
Authors: Avery Derek R. , Hernandez Morela , Hebl Michelle R.
Published: August 2006

A recent finding (Thomas & Wise, 1999) suggested that the race of organizational representatives may be more important to minority applicants than to White applicants. Consequently, this study empirically examines the impact of race in recruitment advertising on applicant attraction. Participants (N= 194) were recruited in 3 field settings and were exposed to recruitment literature varying the race of a depicted organizational representative. Results indicate that Black and Hispanic participants were more attracted when minority representatives were depicted; White participants' reactions were unaffected by representative race. Moreover, the extent to which participants believed themselves to be similar to the representative fully mediated the effect for minority participants.