bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toolography
Authors: Kistler Susan J. , Evergreen Stephanie , Azzam Tarek
Published: September 2013

This chapter offers descriptions of a selection of the tools mentioned in this issue and the next, as well as others in use in the field, and provides readers with a general estimate of their ease of use, whether they are available for free, and their strengths and weaknesses, along with information on how to access further information and alternatives to the tool. The number of tools available for data visualization is both extensive and growing rapidly. We will look at example tools in several categories—data visualization suites, mapping tools, finishing tools, qualitative visualization tools, word cloud generators, and social network analysis tools—but want to reiterate that these are only a starting point. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐ and meso‐lactide initiated by indium bis(phenolate) isopropoxy complexes
Authors: Kapelski Andreas , Okuda Jun
Published: September 2013

Ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐ and meso‐lactide initiated by indium bis(phenolate) isopropoxides {1,4‐dithiabutanediylbis(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenolate)}(isopropoxy)indium (1) and {1,4‐dithiabutanediylbis(4,6‐di(2‐phenyl‐2‐propyl)phenolate)}(isopropoxy)indium (2) is found to follow first‐order kinetics for monomer conversion. Activation parameters ΔH‡ and ΔS‡ suggest an ordered transition state. Initiators 1 and 2 polymerize meso‐lactide faster than rac‐lactide. In general, compound 2 with the more bulky cumyl ortho‐substituents in the phenolate moiety shows higher polymerization activity than 1 with tert‐butyl substituents. meso‐Lactide is polymerized to syndiotactic poly(meso‐lactides) in THF, while polymerization of rac‐lactide in THF gives atactic poly(rac‐lactides) with solvent‐dependent preferences for heterotactic (THF) or isotactic (CH2Cl2) sequences. Indium bis(phenolate) compound rac‐(1,2‐cyclohexanedithio‐2,2′‐bis{4,6‐di(2‐phenyl‐2‐propyl)phenolato}(isopropoxy)indium (3) polymerizes meso‐lactide to give syndiotactic poly(meso‐lactide) with narrow molecular weight distributions and rac‐lactide in THF to give heterotactically enriched poly(rac‐lactides). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 4983–4991
Sex Differences in Interpersonal Violence in Malawi: Analysis of a Hospital‐Based Trauma Registry
Authors: Kiser Michelle , Escamilla Veronica , Samuel Jonathan , Eichelberger Kacey , Mkwaila Judith , Cairns Bruce , Charles Anthony
Published: September 2013

Background

Although interpersonal violence (“assault”) exists in every society, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 90 % of the exposure burden occurs in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The objectives of this study were to define the incidence of assault‐related injuries among subjects presenting for emergency room care secondary to sustained trauma in Lilongwe, Malawi; to measure the impact of sex on incidence, injury type, and care received; and to measure the effect of both sex and geographic location of the injury on time to presentation for medical care.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort analysis of data prospectively collected in the Kamuzu Central Hospital Trauma Surveillance Registry from July 2008 to December 2010 (n = 23,625). We used univariate, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses to measure association of sex with variables of interest, and geospatial mapping to evaluate the association of location of assault on time to presentation for care.

Results

The mean age of our trauma cohort was 27.7 years. Assaults accounted for 26.8 % of all injuries. Of those assaulted, 21.0 % (1299) were female, who were younger (26.2 vs. 28.1 years, p < 0.001), more likely to arrive to the hospital by minibus (p < 0.001), and less likely to arrive by police (p < 0.001). Altogether 62 % of the females were assaulted in their homes—much more often than their male counterparts (p < 0.001). Females were more likely to sustain contusions (p < 0.001) and males more likely to have lacerations and penetrating stab wounds (p < 0.001) or head injury (p < 0.001). Females had delayed hospital presentation following assault (p = 0.001) and were more likely to be treated as outpatients after adjusting for age, injury type, and injury location (adjusted odds ratio 1.74, 95 % CI 1.3–2.3, p < 0.001). Assaults clustered geographically in the Lilongwe district. Delayed presentation of females occurred irrespective of proximity to the hospital.

Conclusions

This study brings attention to sex differences in assault victims. A prevention strategy focusing on sex roles and domestic abuse of women is paramount. Efforts are needed to stop dischargin female assault victims back into a potentially unsafe, abusive environment.
Improvement of NADPH bioavailability in Escherichia coli by replacing NAD+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GapA with NADP+-dependent GapB from Bacillus subtilis and addition of NAD kinase
Authors: Wang Yipeng , San Ka-Yiu , Bennett George N
Published: September 2013

Enzymatic synthesis of some industrially important compounds depends heavily on cofactor NADPH as the reducing agent. This is especially true in the synthesis of chiral compounds that are often used as pharmaceutical intermediates to generate the correct stereochemistry in bioactive products. The high cost and technical difficulty of cofactor regeneration often pose a challenge for such biocatalytic reactions. In this study, to increase NADPH bioavailability, the native NAD+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gapA gene in Escherichia coli was replaced with a NADP+-dependent gapB from Bacillus subtilis. To overcome the limitation of NADP+ availability, E. coli NAD kinase, nadK was also coexpressed with gapB. The recombinant strains were then tested in three reporting systems: biosynthesis of lycopene, oxidation of cyclohexanone with cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO), and an anaerobic system utilizing 2-haloacrylate reductase (CAA43). In all the reporting systems, replacing NAD+-dependent GapA activity with NADP+-dependent GapB activity increased the synthesis of NADPH-dependent compounds. The increase was more pronounced when NAD kinase was also overexpressed in the case of the one-step reaction catalyzed by CAA43 which approximately doubled the product yield. These results validate this novel approach to improve NADPH bioavailability in E. coli and suggest that the strategy can be applied in E. coli or other bacterium-based production of NADPH-dependent compounds.
Achieving research competences through medical education
Authors: Dekker Friedo W.
Published: September 2013

None
NMR structure and MD simulations of the AAA protease intermembrane space domain indicates peripheral membrane localization within the hexaoligomer
Authors: Ramelot Theresa A. , Yang Yunhuang , Sahu Indra D. , Lee Hsiau-Wei , Xiao Rong , Lorigan Gary A. , Montelione Gaetano T. , Kennedy Michael A.
Published: September 2013

We have determined the solution NMR structure of the intermembrane space domain (IMSD) of the human mitochondrial ATPase associated with various activities (AAA) protease known as AFG3‐like protein 2 (AFG3L2). Our structural analysis and molecular dynamics results indicate that the IMSD is peripherally bound to the membrane surface. This is a modification to the location of the six IMSDs in a model of the full length yeast hexaoligomeric homolog of AFG3L2 determined at low resolution by electron cryomicroscopy [1]. The predicted protein–protein interaction surface, located on the side furthest from the membrane, may mediate binding to substrates as well as prohibitins.
ADAM 10 is over expressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma and contributes to invasive behaviour through a functional association with αvβ6 integrin
Authors: Jones Adam V. , Lambert Daniel W. , Speight Paul M. , Whawell Simon A.
Published: September 2013

We conclude ADAM 10 may influence OSCC invasion by functionally interacting with αvβ6 integrin which we have previously shown is over expressed in OSCC.
Chicken IL‐6 is a heat‐shock gene
Authors: Prakasam Ramachandran , Fujimoto Mitsuaki , Takii Ryosuke , Hayashida Naoki , Takaki Eiichi , Tan Ke , Wu Fangxu , Inouye Sachiye , Nakai Akira
Published: September 2013

The febrile response is elicited by pyrogenic cytokines including IL‐6 in response to microorganism infections and diseases in vertebrates. Mammalian HSF1, which senses elevations in temperature, negatively regulates the response by suppressing pyrogenic cytokine expression. We here showed that HSF3, an avian ortholog of mammalian HSF1, directly binds to and activates IL‐6 during heat shock in chicken cells. Other components of the febrile response mechanism, such as IL‐1β and ATF3, were also differently regulated in mammalian and chicken cells. These results suggest that the febrile response is exacerbated by a feed‐forward circuit composed of the HSF3‐IL‐6 pathway in birds.
Impact of ganglionated plexi ablation on high‐frequency stimulation‐induced changes in atrial fibrillation cycle length in the pulmonary vein
Authors: Takami Mitsuru , Yamashiro Kohei , Sakamoto Yuichiro , Satoh Koyo , Suzuki Takahiko
Published: September 2013

Background

We assessed high‐frequency stimulation (HFS)‐induced changes in the atrial fibrillation (AF) cycle length (AFCL) in the pulmonary vein (PV) after ganglionated plexi (GP) ablation.

Methods

Twenty‐two patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF were retrospectively enrolled. Sites showing a vagal response (VR) to HFS were defined as GP‐positive sites. AFCL was determined in the adjacent PV, distant PV, coronary sinus, and right atrium. Twenty cycles were counted before and after each HFS. After radiofrequency application to the GP site, HFS was repeated.

Results

At GP‐positive sites (n=57), significant shortening of the AFCL was detected in the adjacent PV (17% shortening, 165±38 to 137±27 ms, p<0.001) and distant PV (4.8% shortening, p<0.001), but not in the coronary sinus (0.8% shortening, p=0.27) or right atrium (1.8% shortening, p=0.06). However, no significant shortening was observed at GP‐negative sites (n=25). At 41 of the 57 sites where VR disappeared after a single radiofrequency application, no significant shortening was observed in the adjacent PV (2.1% shortening, p=0.25). At 16 of the 57 sites where VR was still present, significant shortening was observed in the adjacent PV (16% shortening, p<0.001).

Conclusions

HFS of the GP has a strong influence on AFCL in the PV.
Ultrasound Examination of the Serratus Anterior During Scapular Protraction in Asymptomatic Individuals: Reliability and Changes With Contraction
Authors: Talbott Nancy R. , Witt Dexter W.
Published: September 2013

Objective

To determine the ability of 2 clinicians to reliably measure the thickness of the serratus anterior (SA) muscle using ultrasound during scapular protraction and to determine whether that thickness changes during activation of the SA.

Design

A cross‐sectional observational study.

Setting

An outpatient biomechanical laboratory.

Participants

Twenty healthy, asymptomatic adults between the ages of 23 and 28 years.

Methods

Ultrasound imaging measurements were recorded during 3 conditions: (1) with the subject in a side‐lying position and resting in a supported position of 90° of shoulder flexion; (2) with the subject in a side‐lying position and the shoulder in 90° of shoulder flexion and actively protracting; and (3) with the subject in a side‐lying position and the shoulder in 90° of shoulder flexion while holding the protracted position against 15 lb of force.

Main Outcome Measurements

Reproducibility was examined with use of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and standard error of measurements. The thickness of the SA muscle measured during each condition was compared.

Results

Intratester and intertester ICC values were high. Ranges for ICCs were 0.892‐0.979 for intratester reliability within a session, 0.900‐0.912 for intratester reliability between sessions, and 0.929‐0.939 for intertester reliability. Statistically significant differences in the thickness of the SA were found between the rest condition and the hold with resistance condition but not between the rest condition and the active hold condition.

Conclusion

Findings of this study document the high reliability of ultrasound imaging in determining SA muscle thickness and thickness changes at rest and during contraction of the SA. Clinicians should be aware that resistance may need to be added to active scapular protraction in a side‐lying position to produce a significant change in SA thickness from the rest position. This information can be used by clinicians who assess the SA and treat scapular dysfunction when activation or facilitation of the SA is required.
Attitudes and practices in the management of ADHD among healthcare professionals who responded to a European survey
Authors: Fitzgerald M. , McNicholas F.
Published: September 2013

Objectives

To examine attitudes and practices in the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among health professionals across seven European countries.

Methods

The web-based survey was developed by an international steering committee of ADHD experts and consisted of 64 multiple-choice questions relating to ADHD, covering the following topics: attitudes, diagnosis, referral, treatment and improving care. Health professionals working with ADHD were identified using a medical marketing database (Medical Marketing Service Inc., IL, USA) and invited via email to participate in the survey. No incentive was offered for participation and the survey was only available in English.

Results

Over 22 000 emails and postal invitations were sent. One hundred and thirty-four (0.6%) health professionals completed the survey. Results highlighted significant differences by profession and country. In general, ADHD is considered a clinically important and valid disorder (n = 111, 84%), with biological underpinnings (n = 82, 62%), continuing into adulthood (n = 123, 93%) and responsive to treatment. Respondents from France were less likely to be convinced about biological validity (n = 4, 27%) and those from Italy and France were more likely to be concerned about the risk of underdiagnosis (n = 9, 64% and n = 9, 60%, respectively). Psychologists were the specialty who most frequently reported not believing in the diagnostic validity of ADHD (n = 4, 19%). One-third (n = 25, 35%) of respondents recommended medical tests before prescribing medication, with differences emerging by country despite the lack of support for such routine assessments in the guidelines.

Conclusions

Despite the very low response rate, intriguing country- and profession-specific differences emerged in this study and warrant further exploration.
A Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotic drink reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injuries: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Wong Samford , Jamous Ali , O'Driscoll Jean , Sekhar Ravi , Weldon Mike , Yau Chi Y. , Hirani Shashivadan P. , Grimble George , Forbes Alastair
Published: September 2013

Certain probiotics may prevent the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD), but their effectiveness depends on both strain and dose. There are few data on nutritional interventions to control AAD/CDAD in the spinal cord injury (SCI) population. The present study aimed to assess (1) the efficacy of consuming a commercially produced probiotic containing at least 6·5 × 109 live Lactobacilluscasei Shirota (LcS) in reducing the incidence of AAD/CDAD, and (2) whether undernutrition and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are risk factors for AAD/CDAD. A total of 164 SCI patients (50·1 (sd 17·8) years) with a requirement for antibiotics (median 21 d, range 5–366) were randomly allocated to receive LcS (n 76) or no probiotic (n 82). LcS was given once daily for the duration of the antibiotic course and continued for 7 days thereafter. Nutritional risk was assessed by the Spinal Nutrition Screening Tool. The LcS group had a significantly lower incidence of AAD (17·1 v. 54·9 %, P< 0·001). At baseline, 65 % of patients were at undernutrition risk. Undernutrition (64·1 v. 33·3 %, P< 0·01) and the use of PPI (38·4 v. 12·1 %, P= 0·022) were found to be associated with AAD. However, no significant difference was observed in nutrient intake between the groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified poor appetite ( < 1/2 meals eaten) (OR 5·04, 95 % CI 1·28, 19·84) and no probiotic (OR 8·46, 95 % CI 3·22, 22·20) as the independent risk factors for AAD. The present study indicated that LcS could reduce the incidence of AAD in hospitalised SCI patients. A randomised, placebo-controlled study is needed to confirm this apparent therapeutic success in order to translate into improved clinical outcomes.
Spatial sensitivity, responsivity, and surround suppression of LGN cell responses in the macaque
Authors: SEIM THORSTEIN , VALBERG ARNE
Published: September 2013

Responses of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the macaque monkey have been measured for different sizes of chromatic and achromatic stimuli, with relative luminance spanning a range of 3–6 log units. Homogeneous illuminated test fields, centered on the receptive field, were used. Responses to these stimuli deviated from what is expected for the grating stimuli used to study the contrast-sensitive mechanisms in the visual pathway. For test fields smaller than the center of the receptive field, both the excitatory and the inhibitory cone-opponent components were present in the response, and the sensitivity to both components increased with the same factor when the test field increased in size (area summation). For test field areas extending into the suppressive surround of the extraclassical receptive field, the excitatory and the inhibitory cone opponents were both suppressed, again by the same factor. This suppression of the cell’s responsiveness, as a function of test spot area, was described by a logarithmic function, and the spatial sensitivity of attenuation could therefore be described by a power function of radius. The logarithmic suppression was clear for parvocellular and koniocellular cells but was more prominent for magnocellular cells. The surround field suppression was also found for the prepotential inputs to LGN cells, indicating a retinal origin. The difference of Gaussian (DOG) model has been used successfully to describe the cells’ contrast behavior for grating stimuli. However, this model fails to describe the constant excitatory/inhibitory response balance needed to obtain color (hue) stability for light stimuli of different sizes but with the same Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity and luminance factor. Neither the constant responsiveness found in the center of the receptive field nor the suppressive response in the surround can be described by the DOG model.
Habitat alteration enables hybridisation between Lesser Spotted and Greater Spotted Eagles in north-east Poland
Authors: MACIOROWSKI GRZEGORZ , MIRSKI PAWEŁ
Published: September 2013

Wetlands in the Biebrza Valley, north-east Poland, are inhabited by two closely related Aquila species: the more numerous Lesser Spotted Eagle A. pomarina prefers human-transformed landscapes, whereas the very rare Greater Spotted Eagle A. clanga is associated with natural marshy landscapes. At least since the last decade of the 20th century, these two species have been known to hybridise in the broad zone of their sympatric occurrence in Europe. The aim of the present study was to compare habitat preferences of both spotted eagle species in order to detect which environmental factors could increase the probability of hybridisation. We analysed nesting and hunting habitats for 148 breeding territories (61 of A. pomarina, 56 of A. clanga and 31 of mixed pairs). As expected, the presence of breeding Greater Spotted Eagles was associated with non-transformed marshy landscapes, whereas Lesser Spotted Eagles clearly preferred human-transformed areas. We hypothesised that mixed pairs should occur in intermediate habitat, confirming this assumption by analysing several variables: distance to human settlements, distance to open areas, and proportion of wetlands, shrublands, grasslands, agricultural mosaic and arable land. Results of this study suggest that some landscape changes can enable two species with different habitat requirements to inhabit the same area and hybridise. This scenario has potential conservation implications for the rarer species, Greater Spotted Eagle, which has narrower habitat preferences.
Initial use of endothelial progenitor cells capturing stents in paediatric congenital heart disease
Authors: Cabanelas Nuno , Martins José D. F. , Pinto Fátima
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Stenosis, mediated by neointimal hyperplasia and thrombosis, is a major limiting factor in successful stent implantation. The introduction of a stent, coated in its endoluminal surface by antihuman CD34 antibodies with endothelial progenitor cell-capturing properties, opens the possibility of promoting a rapid and normal functioning coverage by endothelium and thus avoids both an excessive cell proliferation within stent and the need for long-term dual antiplatelet therapy. These stents, developed for adult coronary artery disease, have not yet been implanted in children or in those with congenital heart disease.

Objective and methods

In this paper, we describe the implantation of Genous®stents in three children with cyanotic congenital heart disease and obstructed systemic-to-pulmonary shunts. We describe the use of this stent and address its potential feasibility in paediatric congenital heart disease.

Results

To maintain the patency of two modified Blalock–Taussig shunts and one ductus arteriosus, four Genous®stents were implanted in three infants with cyanotic heart disease. All procedures were immediately successful, with resolution of stenosis and improvement in transcutaneous oxygen saturation from 66% ± 3.6% to 92% ± 2.6%. In the follow-up, one stent had no occlusion; however, the remaining two had partial occlusion after 5 and 5.5 months, which were successfully managed with balloon dilatation preceding elective definitive surgical correction.

Conclusion

In our preliminary experience, we demonstrated that Genous®stent implantation was feasible in infants with complex congenital heart disease. Additional studies with larger samples and longer follow-up are required to confirm the potential benefits of this technology in this clinical setting.
Mitral valve lipomatous hamartoma: a rare entity
Authors: Francisco Andreia , Gouveia Rosa , Anjos Rui
Published: September 2013

Lipomatous hamartoma of cardiac valves is a very rare entity, with only three reported cases in children. We describe the case of a 9-year-old girl with a mass in the mitral valve, which was detected in an echocardiogram performed for heart murmur investigation. At surgery, a white round-shaped tumour was removed and histopathological examination revealed a lipomatous hamartoma.
Prospective Memory in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Ramanan Siddharth , Kumar Devvarta
Published: September 2013

Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to carry out an intended action in the future and it is pervasive in our daily living. A failure to execute an intended action (e.g., take medication) at the appropriate juncture in future (e.g., after dinner) can negatively affect our daily functioning and at times, may have devastating effects (e.g., forgetting to turn off the gas stove before leaving the house). Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibit widespread cognitive deficits including deficits in PM. The present study provides a meta-analytic review of PM in PD. Results across nine studies indicated time and event-based PM to be similarly impaired in PD, with time-based PM compromised to a slightly larger extent (Hedges’ g = −0.71) as compared to event-based PM (Hedges’ g = −0.55). The impairment in PM is more likely due to failure in self-initiated retrieval of intention to be executed, rather than forgetting the content of the intention itself. Furthermore, factors such as intervening task complexity and the mediating role of other executive functions have also been proposed to be responsible for impaired PM in PD. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–10)
Political Corruption in Eastern Europe: Politics after Communism. By Tatiana Kostadinova. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2012. 303p. $62.50.
Authors: Leenders Reinoud
Published: September 2013

More than 20 years ago, when Eastern European countries embarked on their corruption-prone transitions from communism, Robert Klitgaard (Adjusting to Reality: Beyond “State versus Market” in Economic Development, 1991), once designated the “world's leading expert on corruption” (in The Christian Science Monitor, March 2, 1994), proposed the abandonment of the search for the “many, many causes and conditions” of corruption. In despair at what he saw as academic hair splitting in the burgeoning study of corruption, he claimed to be more “pragmatic” by focusing instead on ways by which policy and management could reduce corruption. In hindsight, Klitgaard's intellectual impatience appears ironic as the debate on the causes of corruption was only about to commence, resulting in an expanding list of suggested causes—often derived from Eastern European experiences.
Spoils of Truce: Corruption and State-Building in Postwar Lebanon. By Reinoud Leenders. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012. 312p. $45.00.
Authors: Kostadinova Tatiana
Published: September 2013

In his strongly argued, thoroughly researched, and well written study, Reinoud Leenders tells a fascinating story about elite competition over resources in postwar politics. What is most intriguing in this particular book on Lebanon is not the complexity of the political order agreed to in 1989 but the unforeseen consequences of the initially praised new formula of power sharing as trust building. Counterintuitively, a fairer representation of distinct groups turns out to have harmed the public interest through a series of failures to ensure a transparent process of policymaking. Leenders offers a detailed account of the price Lebanon had to pay for the accommodation of social conflict, that is, institutional gridlocks and widespread misuse of state resources by politicians. The lessons implied in Spoils of Truce gain special importance now, when in the aftermath of the Arab Spring, constitutional engineers and practitioners engage in the building of new political institutions in many Middle Eastern and North African countries.
Playing Our Game: Why China's Rise Doesn't Threaten the West. By Edward S. Steinfeld. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. 280p. $27.95 cloth, $21.95 paper.
Authors: Kupchan Charles A.
Published: September 2013

Whether emerging powers embrace or instead challenge the current international order will be an important determinant of international stability in the years ahead. The material primacy of the traditional Western democracies will wane as emerging powers like China, India, and Brazil continue their ascent; that much we know. What remains unclear is how this change in the distribution of global power will affect the rules and institutions that are the infrastructure of international order.
No One's World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn. By Charles A. Kupchan. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 272p. $27.95.
Authors: Steinfeld Edward S.
Published: September 2013

In this provocative new book, Charles Kupchan issues a clarion call to the advanced industrial nations of the West. The global order they have built over two centuries—a system based on liberal democracy at home and free trade abroad—is meeting its demise, he warns. New nations have arisen that neither share the West's historical traditions nor aspire to its contemporary values. The advanced industrial West, Kupchan argues, cannot logically expect nations like China, India, Brazil, and Russia to voluntarily comply with an existing order that is alien to their experiences and unaccommodating to their interests. Nor can the West realistically strong-arm such nations. The fulcrum of relative power has shifted too far to make coercion possible. But the West, he asserts, must not stand idly by. Historically, power transitions—save for a few rare exceptions—have tended to engender violent conflict. This time will be no different, says the author, unless the West moves aggressively to foster a new and far more inclusive global order.
The Realist Case for Global Reform. By William E. Scheuerman. Malden, MA: Polity, 2011. 219p. $26.95.
Authors: Sørensen Georg
Published: September 2013

This is a book about the contributions of mid-twentieth-century classical realists, first and foremost E. H. Carr, Hans Morgenthau, and Reinhold Niebuhr. The argument is that the “realism” defended by these scholars is sadly misrepresented in mainstream textbooks. Textbook renditions of realism emphasize the pursuit of national interest and the importance of Realpolitik, deny morality any meaningful role in international politics, and confirm the primacy of the sovereign nation-state and the fragility of international institutions. Realists look to the balance of power as the major instrument in preserving peace, and they reject the idea that anarchy can be transformed as a result of globalization and interstate cooperation, even in advanced cases of the latter, such as the European Union.
A Liberal World Order in Crisis: Choosing Between Imposition and Restraint. By Georg Sørensen. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011. 218p. $39.95.
Authors: Scheuerman William E.
Published: September 2013

This volume's provocative title recalls a substantial early-twentieth-century literature, spawned by interwar economic instability and the ascent of seemingly thriving authoritarian systems (e.g., fascism and Stalinism), which struggled to explain the fragility of liberal political and economic ideals both at home and abroad. Taking right-wing (e.g., Carl Schmitt's Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy [1928]) as well as left-wing (e.g., Harold Laski's Democracy in Crisis [1931]) forms, that genre combined insights from the latest social scientific scholarship with perceptive and oftentimes prescient political observations. Although we now know that it too often understated liberalism's potential for reform and renewal, abandoning sound analysis for apocalyptic aperçus, that literature sometimes creatively identified liberalism's own internal contradictions as the source of what was then frequently described as “the crisis of our times.”
Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance
Authors: Carey John , Hix Simon
Published: September 2013

Political scientists have contributed to the world of electoral systems asscientistsand asengineers. Taking stock of recent scientific research, we show that context modifies the effects of electoral rules on political outcomes inspecificandsystematicways. We explore how electoral rules shape the inclusion of women and minorities, the depth and nature of political competition, and patterns of redistribution and regulation, and we consider institutional innovations that could promote political equality. Finally, we describe the diverse ways that political scientists produce an impact on the world by sharing and applying their knowledge of the consequences of electoral rules and global trends in reform.
Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance
Authors: Carey John , Hix Simon , Htun Mala , Mozaffar Shaheen , Powell G. Bingham , Reynolds Andrew
Published: September 2013

Political scientists have contributed to the world of electoral systems as scientists and as engineers. Taking stock of recent scientific research, we show that context modifies the effects of electoral rules on political outcomes in specific and systematic ways. We explore how electoral rules shape the inclusion of women and minorities, the depth and nature of political competition, and patterns of redistribution and regulation, and we consider institutional innovations that could promote political equality. Finally, we describe the diverse ways that political scientists produce an impact on the world by sharing and applying their knowledge of the consequences of electoral rules and global trends in reform.
„Ich muss nach Hause zu meiner Mutter“
Authors: Weggel Andreas
Published: September 2013

Der stetige Anstieg von Menschen mit Demenz in Einrichtungen des Gesundheitswesens fordert ein Umdenken in der Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung in Pflegeberufen. Für den Umgang mit herausfordernden Verhaltensweisen von Betroffenen benötigen Pflegende das Wissen über eine adäquate Kommunikation und Strategien um der Herausforderung auf Augenhöhe begegnen zu können. Das Konzept der Integrativen Validation nach Nicole Richard bietet eine Möglichkeit, den neuen Anforderungen professionell zu antworten.
Was macht eigentlich eine Rezensentin?
Authors: Kubillus Swantje
Published: September 2013

Fachpublikationen zu bewerten ist eine noch ungewohnte Rolle für Pflegende und Studierende. Welche Aufgaben eine Rezension erfüllt, welche Merkmale sie kennzeichnen, nach welchen Kriterien eine Buchbewertung erfolgt und welche Vorteile Studierende und Lehrende aus einer Rezension ziehen können beschreibt der folgende Beitrag.
Rapid and Reversible Enhancement of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability Using Lysophosphatidic Acid
Authors: On Ngoc H , Savant Sanjot , Toews Myron , Miller Donald W
Published: September 2013

The present study characterizes the effects of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) on blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability focusing specifically on the time of onset, duration, and magnitude of LPA-induced changes in cerebrovascular permeability in the mouse using both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and near infrared fluorescence imaging (NIFR). Furthermore, potential application of LPA for enhanced drug delivery to the brain was also examined by measuring the brain accumulation of radiolabeled methotrexate. Exposure of primary cultured brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMECs) to LPA produced concentration-dependent increases in permeability that were completely abolished by clostridium toxin B. Administration of LPA disrupted BBB integrity and enhanced the permeability of small molecular weight marker gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (Gd-DTPA) contrast agent, the large molecular weight permeability marker, IRdye800cwPEG, and the P-glycoprotein efflux transporter probe, Rhodamine 800 (R800). The increase in BBB permeability occurred within 3 minutes after LPA injection and barrier integrity was restored within 20 minutes. A decreased response to LPA on large macromolecule BBB permeability was observed after repeated administration. The administration of LPA also resulted in 20-fold enhancement of radiolabeled methotrexate in the brain. These studies indicate that administration of LPA in combination with therapeutic agents may increase drug delivery to the brain.
Good Agreements Make Good Friends
Authors: Han The Anh , Pereira Luís Moniz , Santos Francisco C. , Lenaerts Tom
Published: September 2013

When starting a new collaborative endeavor, it pays to establish upfront how strongly your partner commits to the common goal and what compensation can be expected in case the collaboration is violated. Diverse examples in biological and social contexts have demonstrated the pervasiveness of making prior agreements on posterior compensations, suggesting that this behavior could have been shaped by natural selection. Here, we analyze the evolutionary relevance of such a commitment strategy and relate it to the costly punishment strategy, where no prior agreements are made. We show that when the cost of arranging a commitment deal lies within certain limits, substantial levels of cooperation can be achieved. Moreover, these levels are higher than that achieved by simple costly punishment, especially when one insists on sharing the arrangement cost. Not only do we show that good agreements make good friends, agreements based on shared costs result in even better outcomes.
Subicular activation preceding hippocampal ripples in vitro
Authors: Norimoto Hiroaki , Matsumoto Nobuyoshi , Miyawaki Takeyuki , Matsuki Norio , Ikegaya Yuji
Published: September 2013

Sharp wave-ripple complexes (SW-Rs), a transient form of high-frequency field oscillations observed in the hippocampus, are thought to mediate memory consolidation. They are initiated mainly in hippocampal CA3 area and propagate to the entorhinal cortex through the subiculum; however, little is known about how SW-Rs are initiated and propagate. Here, we used functional multineuronal calcium imaging to monitor SW-R-relevant neuronal activity from the subiculum at single-cell resolution. An unexpected finding was that a subset of subicular neurons was activated immediately before hippocampal SW-Rs. The SW-R-preceding activity was not abolished by surgical lesion of the CA1-to-subiculum projection and thus, it probably arose from entorhinal inputs. Therefore, SW-Rs are likely to be triggered by entorhinal-to-CA3/CA1 inputs. Moreover, the subiculum is not merely a passive intermediate region that SW-Rs pass through, but rather, it seems to contribute to an active modification of neural information related to SW-Rs.
Hetero-epitaxy of anisotropic polycaprolactone films for the guidance of smooth muscle cell growth
Authors: Wang Yanming , Jiang Shidong , Shi Haigang , Zhang Wei , Qiao Jing , Wu Man , Tian Ye , Niu Zhongwei , Huang Yong
Published: September 2013

Smooth muscle cells take direction on anisotropic biocompatible composite films fabricated by rubbing alignment.
Investigation of the linear and second-order nonlinear optical properties of molecular crystals within the local field theory
Authors: Seidler Tomasz , Stadnicka Katarzyna , Champagne Benoît
Published: September 2013

In this paper it is shown that modest calculations combining first principles evaluations of the molecular properties with electrostatic interaction schemes to account for the crystal environment effects are reliable for predicting and interpreting the experimentally measured electric linear and second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities of molecular crystals within the experimental error bars. This is illustrated by considering two molecular crystals, namely: 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3-acetamidonitrobenzene. Three types of surrounding effects should be accounted for (i) the polarization due to the surrounding molecules, described here by static electric fields originating from their electric dipoles or charge distributions, (ii) the intermolecular interactions, which affect the geometry and particularly the molecular conformation, and (iii) the screening of the external electric field by the constitutive molecules. This study further highlights the role of electron correlation on the linear and nonlinear responses of molecular crystals and the challenge of describing frequency dispersion.
The red-phase of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV): A disordered HJ-aggregate
Authors: Yamagata Hajime , Hestand Nicholas J. , Spano Frank C. , Köhler Anna , Scharsich Christina , Hoffmann Sebastian T. , Bässler Heinz
Published: September 2013

The ratio of the 0-0 to 0-1 peak intensities in the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of red-phase poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene], better known as MEH-PPV, is significantly enhanced relative to the disordered blue-phase and is practically temperature independent in the range from T = 5 K to 180 K. The PL lifetime is similarly temperature independent. The measured trends are accounted for by modeling red-phase MEH-PPV as disordered π-stacks of elongated chains. Using the HJ-aggregate Hamiltonian expanded to include site disorder amongst electrons and holes, the absorption and PL spectra of cofacial MEH-PPV dimers are calculated. The PL 0-0/0-1 line strength ratio directly responds to the competition between intrachain interactions which promote J-aggregate-like behavior (enhanced PL ratio) and interchain interactions which promote H-aggregate-like behavior (attenuated PL ratio). In MEH-PPV aggregates, J-like behavior is favored by a relatively large intrachain exciton bandwidth – roughly an order of magnitude greater than the interchain bandwidth – and the presence of disorder. The latter is essential for allowing 0-0 emission at low temperatures, which is otherwise symmetry forbidden. For Gaussian disorder distributions consistent with the measured (inhomogeneous) line widths of the vibronic peaks in the absorption spectrum, calculations show that the 0-0 peak maintains its dominance over the 0-1 peak, with the PL ratio and radiative lifetime practically independent of temperature, in excellent agreement with experiment. Interestingly, interchain interactions lead only to about a 30% drop in the PL ratio, suggesting that the MEH-PPV π-stacks – and strongly disordered HJ-aggregates in general – can masquerade as single (elongated) chains. Our results may have important applications to other emissive conjugated polymers such as the β-phase of polyfluorenes.
Investigation of surface plasmon coupling with the quantum well for reducing efficiency droop in GaN-based light emitting diodes
Authors: Li Yi , Zhang Rong , Xie Zili , Liu Bin , Chen Peng , Zhang Guogang , Tao Tao , Zhuang Zhe , Zhi Ling , Gan Tiansheng , Zheng Youdou
Published: September 2013

The spontaneous emission rate into Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) mode for the InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) with SP coupling is presented taking into account the electron and hole band structures, the photon density of states, and evanescent fields of SPP. The optical properties of SP-enhanced InGaN QW structure with different QW layer number are investigated in detail by using the formula. It is observed that the energy of electron-hole pairs in the InGaN QW can be efficiently transferred into the SPP modes which will induce the significantly enhancement of the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of SP-enhanced light emitting diodes (LEDs), especially for the original IQE in the range of 6%–25%. Furthermore, the distribution of electron and hole densities in each well layer can evidently affect the Purcell enhancement factor due to the distance dependence of the intensity of SP-QW coupling. The numerical results also indicate that the SP-enhanced LED can suppress the efficiency droop effect as long as the extraction efficiency of SPP mode is enough large.
Floquet stability analysis of the wake of an inclined flat plate
Authors: Yang Dan , Pettersen Bjørnar , Andersson Helge I. , Narasimhamurthy Vagesh D.
Published: September 2013

The route from a time-periodic two-dimensional wake flow to a three-dimensional flow has been investigated by means of linear Floquet stability analysis. The critical Reynolds number for the onset of three-dimensional instabilities in the wake behind a flat plate with an angle of attack α in the range from 20° to 30° with respect to the free stream was determined. For all three angles considered, in the lower wavelength range, the two-dimensional base flow first became unstable with respect to the sub-harmonic mode C. Although the critical Reynolds number decreased with increasing angle of attack, the spanwise wavelength remained close to two times the projected plate width. Qualitatively different transition scenarios were obtained for the three angles of attack with a particularly simple scenario for α = 30°.
Determination of the surface structure of CeO2(111) by low-energy electron diffraction
Authors: Siegel David A. , Chueh William C. , El Gabaly Farid , McCarty Kevin F. , de la Figuera Juan , Blanco-Rey María
Published: September 2013

We determine the atomic structure of the (111) surface of an epitaxial ceria film using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). The 3-fold-symmetric LEED patterns are consistent with a bulk-like termination of the (111) surface. By comparing the experimental dependence of diffraction intensity on electron energy (LEED-I(V) data) with simulations of dynamic scattering from different surface structures, we find that the CeO2(111) surface is terminated by a plane of oxygen atoms. We also find that the bond lengths in the top few surface layers of CeO2(111) are mostly undistorted from their bulk values, in general agreement with theoretical predictions. However, the topmost oxygen layer is further from the underlying cerium layer than the true bulk termination, an expansion that differs from theoretical predictions.
Origin and control of magnetic exchange coupling in between focused electron beam deposited cobalt nanostructures
Authors: Nikulina E. , Idigoras O. , Porro J. M. , Vavassori P. , Chuvilin A. , Berger A.
Published: September 2013

We demonstrate the existence and control of inter-particle magnetic exchange coupling in densely packed nanostructures fabricated by focused electron beam induced deposition. With Xe beam post-processing, we have achieved the controlled reduction and eventual elimination of the parasitic halo-like cobalt deposits formed in the proximity of intended nanostructures, which are the identified source of the magnetic exchange coupling. The elimination of the halo-mediated exchange coupling is demonstrated by magnetic measurements using Kerr microscopy on Co pillar arrays. Electron microscopy studies allowed us to identify the mechanisms underlying this process and to verify the efficiency and opportunities of the described nano-scale fabrication approach.
Semipolar InN/AlN multiple quantum wells on {101¯5} faceted AlN on silicon
Authors: Yang J. , Yang F. , Kent T. F. , Mills M. J. , Myers R. C.
Published: September 2013

We observe the formation of {101¯5} facets on nanocolumnar films of AlN grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on Si (111) wafers at 1000 °C and N-rich conditions. InN/AlN multiple quantum wells are grown on top of the semipolar facets of AlN. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry reveal the {101¯5} facet planes, thickness, and strain state of the InN and AlN spacer layers. By varying the quantum well thicknesses from 3 to 5 monolayers, photoluminescence emission peaks are observed at wavelengths from 380 nm to 550 nm. Time-resolved photoluminescence reveals short lifetimes from 30 to 70 ps.
Impact of isovalent doping on radiation defects in silicon
Authors: Londos C. A. , Sgourou E. N. , Timerkaeva D. , Chroneos A. , Pochet P. , Emtsev V. V.
Published: September 2013

Isovalent doping is an important process for the control of point defects in Si. Here, by means of infrared spectroscopy, we investigated the properties of the two main radiation-induced defects in Czochralski-Si (Cz-Si) the oxygen-vacancy (VO) and the carbon-oxygen (CiOi) centres. In particular, we investigated the effect of isovalent doping on the production, the thermal evolution, and the thermal stability of the VO and the CiOi defects. Additionally, we studied the reactions that participate upon annealing and the defects formed as a result of these reactions. Upon annealing VO is converted to VO2 defect although part of the CiOi is converted to CsO2i complexes. Thus, we studied the conversion ratios [VO2]/[VO] and [CsO2i]/[CiOi] with respect to the isovalent dopant. Additionally, the role of carbon in the above processes was discussed. A delay between the temperature characterizing the onset of the VO decay and the temperature characterizing the VO2 growth as well the further growth of VO2 after the complete disappearance of VO indicate that the VO to VO2 conversion is a complex phenomenon with many reaction processes involved. Differences exhibited between the effects of the various dopants on the properties of the two defects were highlighted. The results are discussed in view of density functional theory calculations involving the interaction of isovalent dopants with intrinsic defects, the oxygen and carbon impurities in Si.