bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FAMILIAL MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM
Authors: Boczkowski Krzysztof , Teter Jerzy
Published: December 2008

A family is presented in which all males of the second generation died at birth, and in which two out of four individuals of the third generation exhibited ambiguous external genitalia. All members of the third generation, one brother and one sister in one sibship, and two brothers in another sibship, were studied from both a clinical and a cytogenetical point of view.

In the two boys with ambiguous external genitalia the legal sex was designated female at birth but was later changed to male. Histological examination of their gonads revealed testicular dysgenesis. The girl was clinically normal, and the third male had a small penis and cryptorchid testes. All the boys had an apparently normal 46/XY karyotype without any evidence of mosaicism.

It could not be decided from studies on the Xg blood group and some other sex-linked characters whether the condition described was inherited as an X-linked recessive or an autosomal dominant, sex-limited trait.
ON LIPOPHILE STEROID CONJUGATES
Authors: Oertel G. W. , Groot K. , Wenzel D.
Published: December 2008

Following the intravenous injection of biosynthetic 7α-3H-DHEA sulphatide, 3.69 % of administered radioactivity could be isolated from the plasma of male guinea pigs in the form of free DHEA, DHEA sulphatide, DHEA sulphate or DHEA glucuronoside. In contrast to these findings the recovery of labelled DHEA after administration of equivalent doses of 7α-3H-DHEA sulphate or free 4-14C-DHEA was approximately 0.58 % or 0.38 % respectively. The additional analysis of liver, kidney, spleen, adrenals, gonads, and some muscular tissue led to a total recovery of approximately 20 % after the administration of 7α-3H-DHEA sulphatide, of 1 % after injection of 7α-3H-DHEA sulphate, and 10 % after free 4-14CDHEA. The specific concentration of labelled DHEA (dpm/g tissue) was found to be exceptionally high in the sulphoconjugated fractions from adrenal tissue. The results seem to support the hypothesis, that biosynthetic DHEA sulphatide may serve as a labile, lipophile depot or transport form for the physiologically active DHEA sulphate.
ON LIPOPHILE STEROID CONJUGATES
Authors: Oertel G. W. , Groot K. , Wenzel D.
Published: December 2008

Following the injection of biosynthetic 7α-3H-DHEA sulphatide, 0.230% of the administered radioactivity could be isolated from the plasma of female guinea pigs in the form of free and conjugated oestrone, oestradiol, and oestriol. In contrast to this the concentration of the above mentioned compounds in the plasma after the administration of 7α-3H-DHEA sulphate or 4-14C-DHEA amounted to only 0.029 % or 0.008 % respectively. In extracts of liver, kidney, spleen, adrenals, ovaries, and muscular tissue, a relatively high specific concentration (dpm/g tissue) of labeled phenolic steroids was detected in the adrenal and particularly in ovarian tissue. These findings indicate a rapid formation of oestrogens, probably from DHEA sulphatide.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF MELATONIN ON THE GONADS, THE OESTROUS CYCLE AND THE PINEAL ORGAN OF THE RAT
Authors: Ebels I. , Prop N.
Published: December 2008

Daily injections of melatonin during 21 to 29 days in immature and adult albino rats exposed to normal light conditions (daily dose 30 μg or 150 μg melatonin) or to continuous light (daily dose 150 μg melatonin) did not affect gonadal weight or the oestrous cycle. After the same treatment the pineal parenchymal cells seemed morphologically normal and the size of their nuclei was not changed. Under normal day/night conditions, a daily dose of 30 μg or 150 μg melatonin did not alter the lipid content of the pineal parenchymal cells. Under continuous light, a daily dose of 150 μg melatonin was able to reverse to a slight extent the light-induced lipid depletion.
INHIBITION OF SOFT-TISSUE CALCIFICATION BY PARATHYROID EXTRACT AND CALCIUM
Authors: Gabbiani G. , Tuchweber B.
Published: December 2008

Calcium acetate and parathyroid extract do, while vitamin D does not, inhibit the soft-tissue calcification normally induced by calcergy. The inhibition of calcification by the protective substances is associated with, and probably dependent upon, a decreased blood phosphate level.
A STUDY OF THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IODINE-DEFICIENCY GOITER
Authors: Studer Hugo , Greer Monte A.
Published: December 2008

An extensive study of the temporal sequence of changes in thyroid function after initiation of a low iodine regimen has been made in rats. Variables measured include: thyroid weight, 131I uptake, monoiodotyrosine/diiodotyrosine (MIT/DIT) and triiodothyronine/thyroxine (T3/T4) ratios, iodide clearance, and 127I content. Also measured were protein-bound iodine (PBI), inorganic iodide and thyrotrophin (TSH) levels in the serum. Significant thyroid hypertrophy was produced during the first week and before there was a fall in serum PBI. Temporally related to the appearance of goiter were a rise in 131I uptake, MIT/DIT ratio and iodide clearance and a fall in thyroidal 127I concentration. In contrast, a fall in total thyroidal 127I appeared later and was closely correlated with a decline in serum PBI concentration and a rise in the thyroidal T3/T4 ratio.

Manipulations such as hypophysectomy, injections of iodide, thyroxine or TSH, and refeeding a high iodine diet gave results consistent with the view that changes produced by iodine deficiency involve both autonomous and TSH-dependent thyroidal mechanisms. Although elevated serum TSH levels could not be demonstrated until after the first week of the iodine-deficient regimen, the total evidence of these studies permits the conclusion that increased TSH secretion is the most important factor in producing the thyroidal response to iodine deficiency. It is shown that homeostatic mechanisms allow maintenance of a normal level of circulating thyroid hormone in an iodine-deficient state until the body iodine pool becomes too severely depleted to supply adequate iodide substrate to the thyroid. The changes observed closely resemble those found in human iodine-deficient goiters. Although the large goiters produced after several weeks of an iodine-deficient regimen were hyperplastic, they could readily be converted to typical colloid goiters by feeding a high iodine diet for a few days.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PRECISION OF THE OVARIAN ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION TEST
Authors: Koed Hans Jacob , Hamburger Christian
Published: December 2008

The precision of the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion test is determined in an experiment comprising 120 rats of the Holtzman strain, 90 of which were treated with various doses of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Comparison is made with previous investigations carried out in the same laboratory with rats originating from the Wistar strain. The superiority of the Holtzman rats as test animals is clearly demonstrated.
DER EINFLUSS VON FSH, HCG UND GESTAGENEN AUF DIE KOMPENSATORISCHE SUPEROVULATION DER RATTE
Authors: Weifenbach Harald
Published: December 2008

Semispayed mature rats normally ovulating about 12 ova were treated with FSH, alone or in combination with HCG. Both treatments did not alter the number of ova in the Fallopian tube on the next day of oestrus. Under the same regimen intact animals show a doubling of the number of ova. This increase is not effected by stimulation of additional follicles but by prevention of atresia of already stimulated follicles. In contrast, immature rats show true superovulation (up to 80 ova per animal) as response to both treatments.

This difference is due to the inability of mature rats to stimulate more than one set of follicles either by endogenous or exogenous gonadotrophin.

The stimulation and ovulation of a constant number of follicles in the unilaterally spayed rat can be inhibited by a single injection of progestogens in the morning of the first day of the cycle.
BIOSYNTHESE VON STEROIDGLUCURONIDEN BEI VERSCHIEDENEN STOFFWECHSELZUSTÄNDEN
Authors: Schriefers Von Herbert , Keck Brigitte , Otto Margot
Published: December 2008

A method is described with which the synthesis of steroid glucuronides in the rat liver can be measured directly.

Though, as shown in perfusion experiments with testosterone as substrate, the capacity of the liver to synthesize glucuronides is very high (9.5 μg androsterone-glucuronide equivalents/min · g corresponding to a daily production of about 100 mg), its efficiency depends on an undisturbed carbohydrate metabolism: fasting reduces the glucuronide synthesis to one fifth of the control values and alloxan-diabetes causes a decrease of thirty per cent. Intraperitoneal injection of glucose into fasting animals increases the glucuronide synthesis within two hours up to values near the normal.

The decline in the rate of glucuronide production cannot be accounted for by the concomitant decrease in testosterone reduction rate. In fasting animals the lowering of the glucuronide synthesis is more pronounced than the ring A reduction rate. On the basis of these facts it is suggested that in the reaction sequence, which proceeds via the formation of dihydro- and tetrahydrocompounds to steroid glucuronides, the transfer of glucuronic acid is the rate limiting step.

Obviously the fall in glucuronide synthesis is due to a decrease of liver glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen content, both of which may lead to a diminished supply of UDP-glucuronic acid.

Among the aglucones liberated following enzymatic hydrolysis of the chromatographically separated glucuronide fraction, testosterone amounts to only 5 ± 2.04% of the yield expected according to the glucuronic acid estimation. Most of the aglucone fraction consists of products from testosterone hydrogenation. A report dealing with their quantitative distribution and clarifying their chemical nature is in preparation.
DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF A NON-STEROID COMPOUND WITH ENDOCRINE ACTIONS, 14C-BIS(P-HYDROXYPHENYL)CYCLOHEXYLIDENEMETHANE (COMPOUND F6060) AND ITS DIACETATE (COMPOUND F6066)
Authors: Hanngren Å. , Einer-Jensen N. , Ullberg S.
Published: December 2008

While testing a series of unsymmetrical diphenylalkenes, it was observed that bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexylidenemethane (compound F6060) and its diacetate (compound F6066) had an oestrogenic activity of about 1/1000 that of oestradiol benzoate. Further pharmacological investigations showed antioestrogenic (chicken oviduct test) and antigestagenic (Clauberg test) properties. The compounds had a low toxicity both in acute and chronic tests.

In order to further elucidate the physiology of the compounds they were labelled with 14C and their distribution in the body was investigated by whole body autoradiography in male and female (pregnant and nonpregnant) mice.

A rapid and selective accumulation of both compounds was observed in the corpora lutea. A selective and progressively increasing accumulation was also seen in the visceral yolk sac epithelium. A slight accumulation was also found in the hypophysis, the adrenal cortex, the endometrium, the interstitial tissue of the testis and ovary, the epididymis and the mucosa of the seminal vesicles. No accumulation was found in the prostate. There was a very low concentration in the foetus during the whole course of observation. In addition to the radioactivity in the liver, bile and intestinal lumen, the only organs showing any retention 24 hours after administration were the corpora lutea and yolk sac epithelium.

The distribution pattern is in agreement with the physiological findings of an antigestagenic effect. The concentration in the yolk sac epithelium suggests further studies on the localization of the different steps in gestagen biosynthesis.
CORPUS LUTEUM ACTIVITY AFTER HYSTERECTOMY IN WOMEN
Authors: Andreoli Cesare
Published: December 2008

The influence of total abdominal hysterectomy on the corpus luteum activity in women has been investigated.

Urinary pregnane-3α,20α-diol determinations and vaginal smears indicated that hysterectomy performed on day 17–18 of the cycle caused a prolongation of the life span of a normally functioning corpus luteum, whereas hysterectomy performed during the last few days of the menstrual cycle did not affect the activity of the corpus luteum.
THE METABOLISM OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE IN VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE RAT
Authors: ElAttar Tawfik , Dirscherl Wilhelm
Published: December 2008

Ten minutes after the intraperitoneal injection of dehydroepiandrosterone-7α-3H into a 45 day old male rat, testosterone was detected only in the testes as the primary metabolite. Aetiocholan-3α-ol-17-one was found in the liver, seminal vesicles and kidneys and unidentified polar compounds were found in all the organs investigated. No androst-4-ene-3,17-dione was detected in any of the organs as a metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone and no testosterone in the testes following the injection of 4-14C-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione. The possible mechanism of the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone to testosterone is discussed.
»ENDEMIC COAST GOITRE« IN HOKKAIDO, JAPAN
Authors: Suzuki Hoji , Higuchi Tadashi , Sawa Kunio , Ohtaki Sachiya , Horiuchi Yoshihiko
Published: December 2008

A survey of goitre was made in the goitrous regions on the coast of Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan. Prevalence of goitre was confirmed in Hidaka coast and Rishiri Island. All goitrous patients were clinically euthyroid. The usual diet of the inhabitants of these districts consisted of a large quantity of iodine-rich seaweeds. Urinary excretion of iodine in five patients exceeded 20 mg per day.

Studies of 131I and 127I metabolism were performed both during ingestion and after restriction of seaweed. When the patients were taking their usual diet, the mean thyroidal 131I uptake in 57 patients was 9.6% at 3 hours and 11.7% at 24 hours. In five of seven patients plasma inorganic iodine and thyroidal iodine space were markedly increased. Significant discharge of thyroidal 131I followed administration of thiocyanate. After withdrawal of seaweed from their usual diet, the plasma inorganic iodine was below 2 μg/100 ml but the thyroidal stable iodine uptake was higher than normal, depending on increase in thyroidal 131I clearance rate. No discharge was shown by thiocyanate block.

Plasma PBI and thyronine-iodine level and serum T3 resin uptake were within the normal range. Radiochromatography of the thyroid tissue of the goitrous patients showed an increase in MIT/DIT ratio and a decrease in T3 + T4 proportion. No evidence for peripheral defect in DIT-131I deiodination was obtained. In a few patients restriction of seaweed induced a marked decrease in the size of goitre. The major cause of the endemic coast goitre seems to be excessive and longstanding intake of iodine from seaweed, and the similarities of iodine metabolism between the endemic coast goitre and iodide goitre arc discussed.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN BINDING ANTIBODIES ON INSULIN-131I METABOLISM
Authors: Croughs R. J. M. , Maingay D. , Touber J. L. , de Ruyter H. A. , van Aalst R.
Published: December 2008

Insulin-131I metabolism was studied in 10 patients receiving insulin therapy and in 12 untreated subjects (7 normal controls, 4 diabetics treated exclusively with oral hypoglycaemic agents and 1 untreated diabetic).

In the subjects not receiving insulin therapy, insulin-131I was rapidly accumulated in the liver and kidneys, and degradation was followed by rapid urinary excretion; in cases in which insulin therapy had induced antibody formation, degradation was inhibited.

In tracer studies using different animal insulins and human insulin, species-specific differences in combining with antibodies could be demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo.
ALDOSTERONE STIMULATION IN VITRO
Authors: Müller Jürg
Published: December 2008

An extract of human urine, which was previously shown to stimulate aldosterone production by rat adrenal sections, was further purified. Evidence was obtained that its aldosterone-stimulating effect was due to the presence of ammonium ions. Addition of ammonium chloride and of urine extract to the incubation medium caused identical increases in aldosterone production in vitro. In addition to ammonium ions, rubidium and caesium ions also stimulated aldosterone production up to 250% that of control values without a significant effect on corticosterone production. Similar dose-response curves were obtained when increasing concentrations of potassium, ammonium, rubidium and caesium ions were tested. Aldosterone production was maximal at concentrations of 7 mval/1 and was significantly lower at higher concentrations. When ammonium chloride and ACTH were simultaneously added to the incubation medium, the production of aldosterone and of corticosterone was lower than with ACTH alone. On the other hand, the stimulating activity on aldosterone and corticosterone production by »TPN« (NADP) and glucose-6-phosphate was enhanced by the simultaneous addition of ammonium chloride.
MODIFICATION OF MALE RAT REPRODUCTIVE TRACT DEVELOPMENT BY A SINGLE INJECTION OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH
Authors: Swanson H. E. , van der Werff ten Bosch J. J.
Published: December 2008

Administration of 500 μg testosterone propionate (TP) to male rats within a few days of birth was followed by a reduced rate of growth of the testes and, after initial stimulation, of the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate. While the testes and accessory organs remained permanently smaller in TP-treated rats than in controls, their growth rates showed pubertal accelerations which coincided with those in the controls. On the basis of these criteria, as well as the criterion of spermatogenesis, the time of puberty was not altered by early TP-administration. The weights of the accessory organs considered in relation to the weights of the testes were identical in TP-treated and control rats; testis tubule diameters in TP-treated rats were normal for the age.

It is concluded that early TP-administration caused a reduction in the volume of testicular tissue, which involved both tubules and Leydig cells. There were no indications that TP had caused any qualitative changes in the testes: the timing and the pattern of pubertal development (spermatogenesis and androgenic activity) appeared to be normal.
EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE AND OF AN ANABOLIC STEROID ON EXCRETION OF HYDROXYPROLINE IN THE URINE OF RATS
Authors: Kowalewski K.
Published: December 2008

A bovine growth hormone and an anabolic steroid, methandrostenolone, were tested for their ability to stimulate collagen metabolism in rats. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, considered as an index of collagen metabolism, was determined prior to, during and after the treatment of animals with these hormones. Food intake and body weights were recorded daily in treated rats and in untreated controls.

A significant increase in body weight was observed in the treated rats as compared with the controls. Both hormones significantly stimulated the excretion of urinary hydroxyproline in rats. It is assumed that both hormones affect the excretion of hydroxyproline through its action on metabolically active soluble collagen, and through its stimulation of the turnover of mature collagen.
HORMONE THERAPY IN METASTATIC BREAST CANCER: CLINICAL RESPONSE AND URINARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Stewart J. G. , Skinner L. G. , O'Connor P. J.
Published: December 2008

The total urinary gonadotrophin output of a group of post menopausal women with metastatic breast carcinoma undergoing hormone therapy, which in every case initially consisted of treatment with diethylstilboestrol, DES (ca. 20 mg/d), has been studied for periods varying from seven months to 3½ years.

No correlation between gonadotrophin output and clinical response was found, except that in all cases showing objective regression urinary gonadotrophin remained low throughout the remission period. A low level of gonadotrophin output was not, however, necessarily indicative of a good clinical remission. Following withdrawal of DES, and independent of the period of therapy, recovery to pre-treatment levels was the rule rather than the exception.

A small group of patients maintained on a lower dose of DES (3–5 mg/d) showed the same degree of suppression of urinary output as those receiving 20 mg/d, and several of these exhibited objective remissions.

The study has emphasised the importance of site specificity in the response to hormone therapy, and underlines the difficulties of relating the clinical response of the patient as a whole to changes in hormonal environment.
TESTICULAR ANDROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS FOLLOWING CORTICOTROPHIN AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Schoen Edgar J. , Samuels Leo T.
Published: December 2008

The effects of in vivo administration of corticotrophin (ACTH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) on rat testes were studied. HCG, administered for 14 days to young rats, led to testicular interstitial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, accompanied by stimulation of in vitro testicular androgen production, as manifested by increased 17α-hydroxylase and 17β-desmolase enzyme activities, with no clear-cut effect on 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The findings in ACTH-treated animals were similar to those in the saline-treated controls. The lack of influence of ACTH on the testicular enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis is consonant with the concept that ACTH-dependent bilateral testicular tumours occurring in boys with congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia arise from »adrenocortical rest cells« rather than from testicular interstitial cells.
THE »EARLY-ANDROGEN« SYNDROME; EFFECTS OF PRE-NATAL TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE
Authors: Swanson H. E. , van der Werff ten Bosch J. J.
Published: December 2008

In the present study it was found that doses of 10 and 25 mg testosterone propionate (TP) given to pregnant rats could induce the early-androgen syndrome. These doses caused delayed parturition with intra-uterine death and inhibition of lactation with early post-natal death of the young; these events could be avoided by Caesarian section and foster mothers.

In other experiments TP was injected directly into the foetuses or their amniotic sacs. A dose of 20 μg into the amniotic sac was without effect on subsequent ovarian activity and, with one exception, on the external genitalia of the young. Injection of 20 or 100 μg into the foetus caused both external masculinization and anovulatory ovaries.

The apparent low sensitivity of the foetus to TP injected into the pregnant doe seems to be due to poor transmission of the steroid from the maternal into the foetal body. The foetal external genitalia appear to be more sensitive to TP than the mechanism which sets the future gonadotrophic pattern of the brain-pituitary complex.
A CLINICAL ROUTINE METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF OESTRONE AND 17α-OESTRADIOL IN HUMAN PREGNANCY URINE
Authors: Frandsen V. Aasted
Published: December 2008

A method is described for the simultaneous estimation of oestrone and 17β-oestradiol in human pregnancy urine. The method is based on sulphuric acid hydrolysis, extraction, purification and separation of the oestrone-oestradiol fraction through solvent partition. The oestrone is reduced to oestradiol and after chromatography on columns of aluminium oxide the amount is estimated using a modified Kober reaction. The method works with reasonable reliability down to excretion levels of about 50 μg/24 h. One technician can perform 9 estimations in a working-day.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF NIDATION. XVII. HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DECIDUALIZATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Lobel Bertha L. , Tic Liliane , Shelesnyak M. C.
Published: December 2008

Histological and histochemical studies on the activities of adenosinetriphosphatase and acid and alkaline phosphatases as well as connective tissue components show that the uterus of the adult rat as a whole responds to the cyclic ovarian activity. There are cyclic variations in the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases and adenosinetriphosphatase. Major changes occur in the connective and epithelial structures in the endometrium while the muscular coats show adaptive alterations. During pseudopregnancy an increase in uterine activity is observed on day 4 of pseudopregnancy (L4); this is related to the surge of oestrogen occurring from the ovary on day 3 (L3).
THE ACTION OF OESTRADIOL AND HISTAMINE ON THE SITE OF NIDATION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Pfleiderer Albrecht
Published: December 2008

Administration of oestradiol causes interruption of pregnancy in the rabbit, but not in man. The morphological changes after injection of oestradiol-benzoate have been investigated in 84 rabbits. Exogenous doses of oestradiol cause necroses and haemorrhages in the endometrium and even in the myometrium of the rabbit. Preceding activity of gestagen, however, is indispensable. Whereas in pseudopregnancy, doses greater than 10 μg/kg bring about a visible effect, 2 μg/kg is sufficient during pregnancy. Necroses are found in the decidua basalis, followed by a disturbance of blood circulation in the placenta. 1 μg/kg oestradiol-benzoate only destroys the decidua marginalis and the marginal parts of the placenta. Similar changes are physiological. They can also be demonstrated in the decidua of women and are probably caused by the action of endogenous oestrogens. Prevailing disturbance of the decidua basalis suggests a production of gestagen in the placenta not only in man but also in the rabbit. Morphologically corresponding transformations are also observed without the administration of oestrogens after laparotomy and particularly after injections into the aorta, as well as in relation to a generalized Shwartzman-Sanarelli-reaction. However, a disturbance of blood coagulation does not occur. Histamine alone does not seem to cause similar transformations. Antihistamines used in this way do not prevent the disturbance caused by oestradiol. The possibility that other vasoactive substances or a local effect of oestradiol can cause interruption of pregnancy is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF NIDATION. XVII. HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DECIDUALIZATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Lobel Bertha L. , Tic Liliane , Shelesnyak M. C.
Published: December 2008

Histochemical changes in the activities of acid phosphatase, considered to be characteristic of lysosomes, and of alkaline and adenosinetriphosphatase, were studied during the period of regression of deciduomata in the uterus of the pseudopregnant rat.

The activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosinetriphosphatase declined rapidly prior to and during the period of involution.

A rise in the activity of acid phosphatase began antimesometrially at the periphery of the deciduomata, before shrinkage was evident in the histological preparations. Acid phosphatase activity remained high during the period of regression and subsequently declined. Enzymatic activity was also high in the metrial gland cells, and in the macrophages which appeared in the uterus and apparently contributed to the breakdown and removal of the deciduomata.

Changes were also demonstrated in the amount of free lipids and connective tissue components of the uterus.

Great variability was noted in the appearance of uteri from animals killed at the same time intervals following stimulation during the period of regression of deciduomata and this variability was related to the time of occurrence of the first ovulation terminating the period of pseudopregnancy in deciduomata bearing rats.
METABOLISM OF OESTRONE SULPHATE BY THE PREVIABLE HUMAN FOETUS
Authors: Schwers J. , Govaerts-Videtsky Myriam , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

Two previable foetuses (20th week of gestation) were perfused with a combination of oestrone-6,7-3H and oestrone-16-14C sulphate. Approximately 80 per cent of the perfused radioactive material was recovered from the various foetal tissues and perfusates in both experiments. In contrast to the 3H-labelled material, very little 14C-labelled material was recovered from the various foetal tissues, except from the liver, which showed an approximately equal uptake of the two isotopes. Thirty-six per cent of the 3H- and as much as 68 per cent of the 14C-labelled material administered was recovered from the perfusate.

No 14C-labelled material was detected in any of the extracts of the foetal tissues and perfusates as unconjugated (free) material.

No oestriol or 15α-hydroxy-17β-oestradiol could be isolated from the extracts of any of the foetal tissues, except from the liver, where these compounds were present mainly, if not exclusively, as conjugated material. Approximately 10 per cent of the 3H- and 14C-labelled conjugated material recovered from the liver was isolated as oestriol and some 5 per cent of it as 15α-hydroxy-17β-oestradiol. The isotopic ratio (3H/14C) of these compounds was lower than that of oestrone and 17β-oestradiol isolated from the same fraction.

Very little, if any oestriol or 15α-hydroxy-17β-oestradiol was detected in the extracts of perfusates. On the other hand, large quantities of some ketonic precursors of oestriol, 15α-hydroxy-17β-oestradiol and of additional highly polar metabolites were present. Following reduction, oestriol was isolated and 15α-hydroxy-17β-oestradiol identified in the extracts of perfusates. The isotopie ratio of these two compounds was similar to the isotopie ratio of those found in the liver.

It is concluded that

the midterm human foetus is not capable of hydrolysing oestrogen sulphates

in the foetal organism oestrone sulphate is mostly taken up by the foetal liver, where the extent of its uptake and metabolism is at least as great as that of oestrone

15α- and 16α-hydroxylation of oestrone takes place mainly, if not exclusively, in the foetal liver and predominantly in form of conjugated material

the 15α- and 16α-hydroxylated conjugated metabolites formed from oestrone sulphate are released by the foetal liver into the foetoplacental circulation mainly as ketonic intermediates, rather than completely reduced compounds.
INTENSITÄT UND DAUER DER WIRKUNG VON 6α-METHYLPREDNISOLON UND SEINEN ESTERN AN DER RATTE
Authors: Vogel H. Gerhard
Published: December 2008

The effects of 6α-methylprednisolone in the form of free alcohol, acetate and cyclopentylpropionate were studied in rats after a single subcutaneous injection of equimolar doses in oily solution. Onset and duration of action as well as maxima of effects were determined with various methods. Using the Porter-Silber-reaction for free methylprednisolone in plasma and the fluorescence reaction for corticosterone, both exogenous and endogenous corticosteroids were measured in the same plasma sample. The liver glycogen deposition test in adrenalectomized rats was used as a parameter of action on carbohydrate metabolism. The granuloma pouch assay was modified by injecting the corticosteroid to be tested one, two, three or four weeks before the injection of the croton oil. The increase in tensile strength of connective tissue, e. g. the distal epiphyseal plate of the femur of rats and the rat's tail tendon, induced by corticosteroids was also used to investigate intensity and duration of action. Of the various measurements of duration of action, the tensile strength procedures had the greatest accuracy.

The highest plasma levels of free methylprednisolone were achieved after the injection of the free alcohol. The degree of suppression of the endogenous corticosterone was almost the same after the injection of the various steroid preparations. However, the maximal effects in the liver glycogen assay, the granuloma pouch test and the tensile strength of the femur and the rat's tail tendon were achieved by the acetate and/or the cyclopentylpropionate. The effects on metabolism and on connective tissue were always delayed in comparison with the steroid plasma levels. As could be expected the duration of the effects was found to be in the following order:

short: free alcohol, intermediate: acetate, prolonged (up to three weeks): cyclopentylpropionate.

In Fortsetzung früherer Untersuchungen (Vogel 1963 a, b) soll die vorliegende Arbeit folgenden Fragestellungen dienen:

Welche Methoden sind geeignet, sowohl die Wirkungsintensität als auch die Wirkungsdauer verschiedener Ester und Zubereitungen von Glucocorticoiden im Tierexperiment zu erfassen?

Wie lange kann man den Effekt eines Depotpräparates verfolgen?

Welche Beziehungen bestehen zwischen dem Blutspiegel des zugeführten Corticosteroids und den Stoffwechselveränderungen bzw. den Effekten auf das Bindegewebe?
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON GLYCINE-1-14C INCORPORATION IN LIVER PROTEIN OF THE RAT
Authors: Burt Richard L. , Dannenburg Warren N.
Published: December 2008

In the albino rat at 18–19 days gestation glycine- 1-14C incorporation into liver protein in vitro is significantly increased above non-pregnant control levels. Although the reason for this increase is speculative, it may in part be related to elevated oestrogen levels, or on the basis of recent evidence, it could be attributable to placental lactogenic hormone.
EFFECT OF INSULIN AND INSULIN ANTIBODY UPON RAT ADIPOSE TISSUE MEMBRANE RESTING ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL (REP)
Authors: Beigelman Paul M. , Hollander Philip B. , Shube David
Published: December 2008

In vitro penetrations of rat epididymal adipose tissue by glass microelectrodes, containing 3 m KCl, elicit resting membrane electrical potentials (REP). Adipose tissue REP in young rats is reversibly increased by 1–1000 μU insulin/ml. Insulin antibody, diluted 1/1000–1/4800, significantly inhibits this elevation of REP by insulin.
AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR TRANSAURICULAR HYPOPHYSECTOMY IN RATS
Authors: Sato Maroto , Yoneda Sakae
Published: December 2008

A visible perforation at the correct site, (anterior section of the tense part of the tympanic membrane) was introduced instead of the blind procedure. In young rats, the utilization of a special needle with an orifice increased the probability of complete hypophysectomies as well as a high survival rate.
NEONATAL THYROIDOLOGY: CORRELATIONS OF PBI, TBG, BONE AGE AND GROWTH
Authors: Lindegren Lillian , Starr Paul
Published: December 2008

Umbilical cord and serial venous PBI, cholesterol, TBG, and TBPA measurements were made on 300 human infants; x-ray for bone age, height age and weight age, clinical and neurological evaluations were done at birth; at 3 months 128 mothers and babies returned for these tests; and at 6 months only 52 returned.

The results show an extreme range of PBI values in both mothers and babies; no correlation between the PBI of the baby and the mothers; no correlation between the umbilical cord PBI and TBG or TBPA, or the sum of these.

At 3 months the babies' mean PBI and range of PBI was of the same magnitude as in the cord blood but there was no correlation between the individual values at birth and 3 months.

The mean serum cholesterol in the cord blood was 90.5 mg/100 ml and 181.0 mg/100 ml at 3 months.

In two thirds of the 49 infants in whom PBI values were recorded at birth and at 3 and 6 months; the variation between the lowest and highest value was frequently two or three fold.

The distal femoral epiphyses were smaller in infants whose umbilical vein serum PBI concentration was less than 5 μg/100 ml as compared to those with higher PBI's. But, at three months of age, the serum PBI relationships were frequently reversed and the bone age appeared normal. Finally, at six months of age there was no consistent quantitative relationship between the serum PBI value, height age, and bone age. Fourteen children were suspected of hypothyroidism; two of 52 at six months of age were finally put on maintenance treatment with thyroxine.
INHIBITION OF LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF SYNTHETIC β1–24 AND β1–39 CORTICOTROPHIN BY ANTI-ACTH ANTISERUM
Authors: Villanueva A. , Ashcroft S. J. H. , Felber J. P.
Published: December 2008

The synthetic ACTH peptides β1–39 and β1–24 stimulated lipolysis as determined by the rat epididymal fat pad in vitro. The stimulating effect of these peptides was diminished by prior incubation of the peptides with antibodies produced by the guinea-pig against ACTH. The stimulating effect of these hormones was also diminished by the double antibody system used in the radio-immunoassay of ACTH and other peptide hormones, in which incubation with antiserum is followed by precipitation of the antigen-antibody complex by rabbit anti-guinea-pig-γ-globulin.
STRUCTURE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN RHEUMATOID DISEASES, INCLUDING SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Authors: Elias Hans , Murthy A. S. Krishna , Elias Peter M.
Published: December 2008

The adrenal cortex of rheumatoid patients not treated with steroids shows a characteristic, dystrophic change consisting of swelling and lipid depletion.

The adrenals of patients treated with steroids showed an apparent improvement of the histological structure of the gland, but sharp reduction in volume.
MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE INHIBITION BY ACETYLCHOLINE AND NORADRENALINE IN THE FROG SKIN BIOASSAY
Authors: Möller Halvor , Lerner Aaron B.
Published: December 2008

The mechanism of aggregation induced in MSH-dispersed dermal melanocytes was studied in Rana pipiens by reflectance photometry in vitro and by microscopy in vivo. Acetylcholine inhibits MSH strongly and irreversibly in one third of all frogs tested in vitro and has almost no effect on the remaining animals. No lightening action occurs in vivo. Different skin samples from the same animal give the same response to acetylcholine. An individual response to acetylcholine implies similar responses to other cholinergics. The lightening action of acetylcholine is inhibited by atropine. Noradrenaline induces a reversible MSH-inhibition in all frogs in vitro as well as in vivo. The lightening action of noradrenaline, inhibited by sympatholytics, is ten times stronger than that of acetylcholine. The l-isomer has only twice the lightening potency as the d-isomer. Both lightening agents work if given at the maximum of MSH-dispersion or before the addition of MSH. Fundamental differences between the mechanisms of dispersion and aggregation, and between the lightening induced by acetylcholine and by noradrenaline, are emphasized.
FEHLENDER ANSTIEG DER CORTICOSTEROIDE IM PLASMA WÄHREND DER INSULINHYPOGLYKÄMIE BEIM CUSHING-SYNDROM
Authors: Bethge H. , Winkelmann W. , Zimmermann H.
Published: December 2008

Four patients with Cushing's syndrome associated with adrenal hyperplasia were submitted to insulin-induced liypoglycaemia. It was shown that contrary to conditions in normal subjects the Cushing-patients failed to respond to hypoglycaemia with an increase of corticosteroids in plasma. This effect was independent of the initial value of corticoid level. It is concluded that pituitary ACTH-release during hypoglycaemia in patients with Cushing's syndrome did not markedly increase. The findings are discussed under the aspects of primary hypothalamic pathogenesis of Cushing's syndrome: ACTH-secretion and plasma level are constant throughout the day and widely independent from exogenous and endogenous influences including such a stressful stimulus as hypoglycaemia.
ANTAGONISTIC ACTION OF NORETHYNODREL ON THE TESTOSTERONE-DEPENDENT PROCESS OF FRUCTOSE FORMATION IN MOUSE SEX ACCESSORY ORGANS
Authors: Thomas John A. , Knych Edward T.
Published: December 2008

Norethynodrel antagonized the fructose stimulating effects of exogenous testosterone in sex accessory organs of castrate mice. It was antiandrogenic at both low doses (50 μg) and high doses (400 μg) of testosterone. Norethindrone and ethisterone suppressed fructose formation in the testosterone-treated castrate mouse, but not as effectively as norethynodrel. Norethandrolone exerted no antagonistic activity.
EIN FALL VON PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYREOIDISMUS MIT PATHOLOGISCH-ANATOMISCHEM BEFUND
Authors: Schwarz G. , Loewe K. R.
Published: December 2008

The first case of pseudohypoparathyroidism with postmortem examination is reported. Microscopic examination shows hyperplastic upper parathyroid glands (only one was found) and normal age involution in the two found lower glands. All the bones examinated offered signs of exagerated bone replacement in time before death. In the cortical bone of the femur many lacunae of Howship with spare giant cell osteoclasts were seen. Circumscript calcifications in the renal medulla and in the thyroid gland were observed.
'SUBCELLULAR' LOCALIZATION OF RADIOIODINE IN THE THYROID FOLLICLE OF THE RAT FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF LOW AND HIGH DOSES OF 125I
Authors: Nunez Eladio A. , Money William L. , Becker David V.
Published: December 2008

The 'subcellular' localization of radioiodine was observed in the thyroid follicles of rats following the injection (i.p.) of 75 μc to 1000 μc of radioiodide (125I). Twenty-four hours after the injection of the smaller doses (75, 150 and 250 μc), the radioiodine was distributed evenly throughout the follicular lumen. Twenty-four hours after the injection of the large dose (1 mc) of radioiodide, there were two histological patterns of follicular radioiodine localization. In the majority of follicles (about 85%) the radioiodine was distributed uniformly throughout the lumen. In the other follicles (15%) the activity was not uniformly distributed but was primarily localized along the cell-colloid border. At this interface, the radioactivity was entirely localized in the colloidal region.

A possible explanation is that the follicles with an intra-colloidal ring of radioiodine are more sensitive to the early effects of radiation and could be reflecting some cellular biochemical alteration.
THE LONG-TERM EFFECT OF TRANSECTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK ON THE VOLUME OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE ADULT GOAT
Authors: Adams J. Hume , Daniel Peter M. , Prichard M. L.
Published: December 2008

A study was made of the changes in volume of the pituitary glands of adult female goats surviving for many weeks after pituitary stalk section. The mean volume of the whole gland was about one-third of that found in control goats of similar sex and age. Pars distalis shrank to one-fifth of the volume of the normal lobe. This shrinkage was due largely to contraction of the scar replacing the original massive infarct, but partly also to shrinkage of the surviving parenchymal cells. The infundibular process also showed a severe reduction in size. By contrast pars intermedia underwent a substantial hypertrophy.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF A COMBINATION OF MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE AND ETHINYLOESTRADIOL
Authors: Suchowsky G. K. , Baldratti G. , Scrascia E. , Arcari G.
Published: December 2008

Combinations of medroxyprogesterone acetate (mg): ethinyloestradiol (μg) were studied in four different ratios, i. e. 2 : 75, 2.5 : 75, 5 : 75, 5 : 50. The ratios were administered up to the 200-fold dose per kg body weight and well tolerated.

The combination of the two steroids led to a potentation of the antiovulatory and gonadotrophin inhibiting activity. No side-effects were detected. The data allow of the conclusion that the ratio 2 : 75 is sufficient to inhibit the central control mechanism and thus ovulation.
TECHNIQUE FOR SEPARATION AND ESTIMATION OF ANDROSTERONE, AETIOCHOLANOLONE AND DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE BY USE OF THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Sulimovici S. , Lunenfeld B. , Shelesnyak M. C.
Published: December 2008

A method is described for the quantitative estimation of urinary androsterone, aetiocholanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone which employs enzymatic hydrolysis for glucuronide conjugates, solvolysis for sulphate esters, ascending thin-layer chromatography, elution and spectrophotometric quantitation of the eluted steroids as Zimmermann chromogens. The reliability of the method was established by recovery experiments and by duplicate assays. Its specificity was confirmed by u. v. and i. r. spectral analysis of the urinary components eluted from the thin-layer chromatograms and by gas-liquid chromatography of these components and their trimethyl-silyl derivatives.

Since the method is relatively rapid and requires small samples of urine it has the advantage of being suitable for large-scale clinical determinations.
BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS MODIFYING QUANTITY OF 17-HYDROXYCORTICOIDS IN MOUSE ADRENAL
Authors: Varon H. H. , Touchstone J. C. , Christian J. J.
Published: December 2008

Adrenal incubates of male mice younger than 56 days contained abundant 17-hydroxycorticoid components, in addition to corticosterone. The B:F ratio prior to sexual maturation was as low as 1:1. After sexual maturation and complete involution of the adrenal X-zone, there was a marked reduction in 17-hydroxycorticoids so that a B:F ratio of 8:1 resulted. Testosterone injections in immature mice suppressed 17-hydroxycorticoids. Grouping of mice from 28 to 42 days of age appeared to stimulate the secretion in favour of cortisol. It is suggested that sexual maturation and androgens may suppress elaboration of 17-hydroxycorticoids by the mouse adrenal. Whether this results from loss of 17-hydroxylating enzymes in the X-zone is not known.
OESTROGEN LEVELS IN URINE AND AMNIOTIC FLUID IN PREGNANCY WITH LIVE ANENCEPHALIC FOETUS AND THE EFFECT OF INTRA-AMNIOTIC INJECTION OF SODIUM DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULPHATE ON THESE LEVELS
Authors: Michie Eileen A.
Published: December 2008

Urinary oestriol, oestrone and 17β-oestradiol have been estimated in fifteen women having live anencephalic foetuses. The low results obtained confirm those found by other workers. The oestriol, oestrone and 17β-oestradiol in the amniotic fluid of live anencephalic foetuses have been measured in eight patients. It is suggested that the low levels obtained reflect the relative lack of participation in oestrogen metabolism by a foetus with hypoplastic adrenal glands.

In four patients, the effect of intra-amniotically injected sodium dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate was studied. In each patient there was a rise in urinary oestriol; urinary oestrone and 17β-oestradiol rose in three patients. In the liquor amnii only a rise in oestriol was detected. The possible significance of these findings are discussed.
THE DECIDUAL CELL RESPONSES IN RABBITS
Authors: Elton Richard L.
Published: December 2008

Decidual responses were produced in the uteri of oestrogen-primed, progesterone treated, rabbits following traumatization of the uterus with a thread. Oestrone, administered along with progesterone, did not appear to augment the responses obtained with progesterone except, perhaps, at one dose level. Oestrone, injected into ligated segments of the uterus, was unable to stimulate decidual responses. Decidual responses were also obtained by injection of solutions of sodium carbonate and dibasic potassium phosphate into ligated segments of the uterus. Histamine dihydrochloride, HCI, heparin, serotonin and sodium carbonate were ineffective.
PROGESTERONE-4-14C AND ITS METABOLITES IN THE BLOOD AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION INTO WOMEN
Authors: Thijssen J. H. H. , Zander J.
Published: December 2008

Progesterone-4-14C was injected intravenously into seven nonpregnant women. The concentration of progesterone-4-14C as well as its free and conjugated metabolites in the blood was studied over a 90 minutes period after the injection. In the free fraction progesterone and small amounts of metabolites, most probably 20α-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one, pregnanediol and pregnanolone were present.

In the glucosiduronate fraction, 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, 5β-pregnane-3β,20β-diol and 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one were identified. In small amounts, 5ξ-pregnane-3β,20α-diol, 5ξ-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one and/or 5ξ-pregnan-20ξ-ol-3-one could be detected.

From the level of the identified compounds half-life times were calculated. The values obtained were: progesterone 25 and 29 minutes; glucosiduronates 152 and 162 minutes. About 10 minutes after the injection, the concentration of the glucosiduronates was found to be as high as that of progesterone. The concentration of the sulphates was still increasing at the end of the experiments.