bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building a model for managing the cost and duration of motor road projects
Authors: Kharchenko Anna , Tsybulskyi Vitalii , Chechuha Oleksandr , Zavorotnii Sergei , Shuliak Ivan
Published: July 2022

This paper considers the processes of cost management and the duration of road maintenance projects. A conceptual model is proposed to describe the relationship between time, cost, and quality of projects, which is based on the theory of the «silver triangle». Based on the results of studying the influence of factors, a model has been built for determining the cost and duration of road maintenance projects. Multiple optimization approaches to the components of the «silver triangle» of projects were used. The model constructed at the stage of initiating projects for the maintenance of roads, in contrast to the previous ones, is based on the pre-project level of quality indicators.
Owing to the introduction of additional parameters and coefficients, the proposed model of cost management, quality, and duration of road projects was calibrated. The model graph was constructed and optimization was carried out on the example of a long-term road operation project. The algorithm of application of cost and duration management model of highway projects under conditions of uncertainty has been developed, which was checked for adequacy at an estimated error of about 3 %. This makes it possible to assert the effectiveness of the devised model for solving tasks related to project management for maintenance.
The model was used to perform calculations based on a real example of the project, which showed that the optimization of the parameters of long-term contracts for the maintenance of highways produces a multiplier effect. This is expressed by reducing the administrative costs of the customer, reducing the responsibility of road services, creating prerequisites for stable financing of road works, the satisfaction of road users, and building strong partnerships between the customer and contractor
Determining regularities of the stressed-strained state of flexible shell of the pneumatic spring made of polymeric material
Authors: Masliyev Vyacheslav , Dushchenko Vladislav , Yepifanov Vitalii , Ahapov Oleh , Masliіev Anton , Nanivskyi Roman
Published: July 2022

Pneumatic springs make it possible to implement the «soft» characteristics of the suspension of vehicles, which provides comfortable conditions for passengers and reduces the dynamic load on the road surface. The issue of the strength of the flexible shells of pneumatic springs, which are made of rubber cord, remains relevant. Strains that stretch flexible shells, which arise in the process of movement, cause ruptures of rubber cord, thereby reducing their reliability. At present, there is a global tendency to replace rubber cord with polymeric materials. This paper reports a study of the strength of a two-sided flexible shell of the cylinder type under different operational modes of a pneumatic spring. The research was carried out using a finite-element method. The peculiarity of the pneumatic spring design is that the diameters of the bottoms and inter-corrugation ring are increased to the size of the outer diameter of the flexible shell in order to improve the stability and damping properties of the pneumatic suspension. The flexible pneumatic spring shell is made of polymeric material. It is proved that the stress in the material of the flexible shell increases in proportion to the air pressure in its cavity; their greatest values are observed in places where the flexible shell is fixed to the bottoms. When approaching the equator of the shell, they gradually decrease by an average of 20 % in both corrugations. The increase in the radius of the equator in both corrugations of the flexible shell did not exceed 20 mm. With a mutual transverse displacement of the bottoms by 40 mm and excessive air pressure of 0.5 and 1.0 MPa, the stress in the flexible shell material was 2.9 MPa and 5.9 MPa, respectively. This is almost five times less than the strength limit of the material for breaking (30 MPa). Thus, the selected parameters ensure the strength of the flexible pneumatic spring shell: it can be recommended for use on vehicles
Determining the features of loading the bearing structure of a multifunctional car under operating modes
Authors: Fomin Oleksij , Lovska Alyona , Lytvynenko Andrii , Sova Sergiy
Published: July 2022

This paper substantiates the modernization and commissioning of a railroad car for high-temperature, bulk/loose cargoes in order to improve the efficiency of railroad transportation. A feature of the car is the presence of an open-type boiler, which is made of heat-resistant material. To prevent splashing of transported cargo, it is possible to use a removable cover, which is attached to the top of the boiler.
The boiler of the car was calculated for strength under the main operating modes. The vertical load on the boiler was taken into consideration while accounting for the transportation of bulk cargo, as well as longitudinal, and the effect of temperature load. The strength was calculated by the method of finite elements. It is taken into consideration that the boiler is made of composite heat-resistant material. The calculation results showed that with the considered load modes, the strength of the boiler is ensured.
The dynamic load of the boiler was mathematically modeled at car shunting. The calculation was performed in a flat coordinate system. Solving the mathematical model of the car dynamic load has established that the maximum acceleration that acts on the boiler is 36.5 m/s2.
The dynamic load of the boiler was simulated. The dislocation fields and numerical values of accelerations that act on it were determined. The maximum acceleration, in this case, is concentrated in the bottom of the boiler; it is 37.4 m/s2.
To verify the dynamic load model, the F-criterion was used for calculation. It has been established that the hypothesis about the adequacy of the model is confirmed.
The study reported here could contribute to improving the efficiency of railroad transport operation and advancing the design of multifunctional car structures.
Devising the recipe for a cake with fresh sliced pumpkin according to culinary quality indicators
Authors: Liubych Vitalii , Novikov Volodymyr , Zheliezna Valeriia , Prykhodko Vitalii , Balabak Oleksandr , Kirian Viktor , Tryhub Oleh , Bardakov Volodymyr , Kyrpa Mykola , Petrenko Vasyl
Published: July 2022

This paper considers the influence of different quantities and shapes of fresh sliced pumpkin on the culinary quality of a cupcake. A change in the culinary quality of the cupcake depending on the amount of sliced pumpkin has been established. It was found that the cupcake's surface color and crumb depended on the amount of fresh sliced pumpkin. The shape of the slice did not change these cupcake parameters. The color of the surface of the cupcake with the addition of 5‒25 % of the sliced pumpkin was at the level of control – light yellow. When adding 30‒40 % ‒ yellow; 45‒50 % ‒ dark yellow. The cupcake's crumb color with the addition of 5‒10 % of sliced pumpkin and without it was light yellow. Adding 15‒35 % of sliced pumpkin provided for a yellow color of the crumb. With the addition of 40‒50 % of sliced pumpkin, the color was orange. The use of fresh sliced pumpkin in the amount of 25 % reliably reduces the smell and taste of the consumer evaluation of the cupcake. At the same time, the level of smell and taste was good (7 points). It should be noted that when adding 20 % fresh sliced pumpkin, the smell and taste of pumpkin in the cupcake was weak – 7 points.
Social studies have been conducted and the main criteria for cupcake buyers have been established. It was found that cupcakes are in high demand and have the prospect of being enriched with pumpkin. Among the respondents, the new product had a high probability of buying. Its price is less important in this case. It was proven that its chemical composition and culinary quality are of greatest importance when choosing a cupcake.
In the technology of cupcake production, it is necessary to add 20‒25 % of fresh sliced pumpkin of various shapes relative to the mass of the dough. The use of this amount of sliced pumpkin makes it possible to bake a cupcake with a light-yellow surface and yellow crumb. The consumable level of the cupcake is good while the smell and taste of the pumpkin in it is weak.
The recommendations provided here could be used by small-scale grain processing enterprises when baking flour confectionery products
Substantiation for the selection of parameters for ensuring electrothermal protection of solar batteries in spacecraft power systems
Authors: Hilorme Tetiana , Nakashydze Liliya , Mazurik Stanislav , Gabrinets Volodymyr , Kolbunov Vadim , Gomilko Igor
Published: July 2022

A relevant scientific-practical issue related to the sustainable development of outer space is the selection of optimal parameters of solar panels for the uninterrupted supply of energy in the power plants of spacecraft. It has been determined that advancing energy-efficient technologies is a prerequisite for ensuring stable space activities. The decision-making process regarding the choice of alternative options for ensuring the electrothermal protection of solar panels in the power plants of spacecraft occurs under the conditions of uncertainty and various risks.
A methodical approach to assessing the effectiveness of options for building electrothermal protection systems for solar panels in the power plants of spacecraft has been devised. The hierarchical structure of the problem about approving of the choice of electrothermal protection of solar panels has been constructed on the basis of the method of analytical hierarchical process, which makes it possible to derive a set of optimal options.
Five alternative options for electrothermal protection of solar panels have been chosen, which, unlike existing ones, take into consideration the phases of the life cycle, namely, the period of active operation. The selection of criteria for choosing the parameters of electrothermal protection of solar panels in the power installations of spacecraft has been substantiated: ensuring the smooth operation of solar panels; availability of service in emergencies; the life cycle of solar panels; the cost of solar panels; technical safety; mass-size indicators.
It is argued that the chosen optimal alternative "Solar panels with protection on the basis of self-resetting fuses" could prolong the active life cycle and, as a result, reduce the number of repairs (current and overhaul) of solar panels in space activities. Owing to the use of this option, positive results could be achieved such an increase in the active life cycle by 20 %, as well as an increase in technical safety by 24 %
Research of the market and economic state of enterprises in the cosmetics industry in the context of reforming the regulatory framework and harmonization in accordance with the requirements of the EU regulations
Authors: Akmen Viktoriia , Sorokina Svetlana , Kruhlova Olena , Pavlyshyn Marianna , Volynets Lyudmila , Kot Olena , Sevostianova Alina , Cherevychna Nataliia , Zabrodska Hanna , Lutsiv Nataliia
Published: July 2022

There is a certain dissonance between the rate of increase in demand, for an expanded range of perfumery and cosmetic goods, and the slow development of regulatory and legal regulation of their production and safety.
During the research, it was established that the inertia of state bodies regarding the approval of laws has a significant impact on the economic development of industry enterprises. Problems in methods for determining substances have been identified; ambiguity of the legislative framework regarding the legal liability of producers for falsification, use of non-regulated components, labeling requirements.
To solve the problem, a critical analysis of the regulatory impact of the regulatory framework, in time, on the economic condition and competitiveness of industry products was carried out. The legislative requirements put forward in Ukraine, EU countries, Canada, America, China on control of production and testing of cosmetics on animals have been analyzed. As a result of the research, four stages of reforming regulatory regulation by the state and bringing the legislative framework of the industry in line with European requirements have been identified and substantiated. New categories introduced into the regulatory framework have been identified and the prospects for exporting goods produced within the framework of the new regulatory framework are shown.
Based on the results of the research, identical and different requirements of the Ukrainian and European regulations for cosmetic products, for packaging, labeling, methods for studying stability, physical and chemical indicators, sampling procedure for expert evaluation were established.
It is shown that the introduced changes meet the requirements of European standards and could increase the competitiveness and investment potential of domestic enterprises of the cosmetic industry
Development of a method for determining the indicators of manipulation based on morphological synthesis
Authors: Yevseiev Serhii , Katsalap Vitaliy , Mikhieiev Yurii , Savchuk Vladyslava , Pribyliev Yurii , Milov Oleksandr , Pohasii Serhii , Opirskyy Ivan , Lukova-Chuiko Nataliia , Korol Ihor
Published: July 2022

Research on the development of methods for identifying signs of hidden manipulation (destructive information and psychological impact) in text messages that are published on Internet sites and distributed among users of social networks is relevant. One of the main problems in the development of these methods is the difficulty of formalizing the process of identifying signs of manipulation in text messages of social network agents. To do this, based on morphological synthesis, it is necessary to determine relevant indicators for analyzing text messages and criteria for making a decision about the presence of signs of manipulation in text messages.
Based on morphological synthesis, a method for determining manipulation indicators in text messages was developed, taking into account the achievements of modern technologies of intelligent content analysis of text messages, machine learning methods, fuzzy logic and computational linguistics, which made it possible to reasonably determine a group of indicators for evaluating text messages for signs of manipulation.
The stages of the method include evaluating the text message at the level of perception by the indicator of text readability, at the phonetic level by the indicator of emotional impact on the subconscious, at the graphic level by the indicator of text marking intensity, and calculating the integral indicator for making a decision about the presence of manipulation in the text message.
Based on the proposed method, specialized software was developed that provided 13 % greater accuracy in evaluating messages for manipulative impact compared to the known method of expert evaluations, which reduced the influence of the subjective factor on the evaluation result
An analysis of performance of combined aerobic biofilter – granular adsorption – nano adsorption process in seaweed industrial wastewater treatment
Authors: Prayitno Prayitno , Hendrawati Nanik , Siradjuddin Indrazno , Rulianah Sri
Published: July 2022

Wastewater of Seaweed industry contains macronutrients, alkalis, moderately biodegradable organics, and has a large volume, which it is treated using a biological process (activated sludge) followed by an adsorption process. The results of this treatment are quite effective in reducing the concentration of pollutants to reach the quality standard. However, the reuse of seaweed industrial wastewater into drinking water or process water is still not effective when using a combination of these processes.
On the other hand, biological treatment such as aerobic fixed film biofilter (AF2B) and nano adsorption has high effectiveness in reducing biodegradable organic matter (BOD, COD), bacteria, and other metals. Therefore, the reuse of seaweed industrial wastewater into drinking water can be done by combining the two types of processes. The aim of the research was to study the ability of the AF2B – Granular adsorption – nano adsorption process in reducing pollutants in seaweed industrial wastewater. The experiment is conducted by flowing wastewater continuously into a series of process an AF2B reactor, GAC, and CNTs column. By making changes to the factors that affect the performance of each process, and then measuring the pollutant concentration at the input and output of each process, so the performance of each process can be known. Data is analysed to obtain optimum condition in each process that used for design process in wastewater treatment plant. The results showed that of the AF2B/GAC process was able to reduce contaminants such as TSS, BOD, COD, NH3‑N and Chlorine by 98 %, 99 %, 97.3 %, 97.8 %, and 100 % respectively. Furthermore, in the CNTs process, all pollutants not detected until they meet drinking water quality standards
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the effect of photosensitization on the spectral characteristics of the fiber Bragg grating
Authors: Orazaliyeva Sandugash , Kadirbayeva Gulim , Chezhimbayeva Katipa
Published: July 2022

Currently, fiber Bragg gratings obtained on the basis of photoinduced optical fibers doped with a high concentration of germanium oxide are used as highly sensitive sensors.
However, it is worth noting a significant drawback – the manufacturing technology of optical fibers doped with germanium is expensive.
When recording Bragg gratings in a standard telecommunication fiber, where the molar concentration of germanium in the fiber core is from 3 % to 5 %, interference occurs due to very low and insufficient light sensitivity. Thus, an important role is played by solving the problem of low photosensitivity of standard telecommunication fibers for recording Bragg gratings.
This paper presents the results of studies of the spectral characteristics of fiber Bragg gratings based on standard telecommunication fibers pre-saturated with hydrogen to increase photosensitivity. According to the results obtained, it was found that under the action of UV radiation in the presence of hydrogen, the photosensitivity of the fiber increases and the Bragg wavelength shift is associated with the saturation of the fiber with hydrogen, the effective modulation amplitude of the induced refractive index is equal to 1.2 with a refractive index of 1.438. This work proves that the VBR recorded in the S pre-saturated in hydrogen for 12 days is characterized by increased photosensitivity.
The experimental results obtained make it possible to use a Bragg fiber array based on a standard telecommunications optical fiber saturated with hydrogen in the field of telecommunications, seismology, engineering geology as fiber-optic sensors of pressure, deformation, temperature, rotation and rotation, including in extreme environmental conditions
Development of predictive modeling and deep learning classification of taxi trip tolls
Authors: Al-Shoukry Suhad , M. Jawad Bushra Jaber , Musa Zalili , Sabry Ahmad H.
Published: July 2022

Several studies discussed the predictive modeling of deep learning in different applications such as classifying tissue features from microstructural data, Crude Oil Prices, mechanical constitutive behavior of materials, microbiome data, and mineral prospectively. Commercial navigation includes a wealth of trip-related data, including distance, expected journey time, and tolls that may be encountered along the way. Using a classification algorithm, it is possible to extract drop-off and pickup locations from taxi trip data and estimate if the tour would incur tolls. In this work, let’s use the classification learner to create classification models, compare their performance, and export the findings for additional study. The workflow for the classification learner is the same as for the regression learner. The purpose is to make predictions based on fresh data in order to see how well the model performs with new data. To train the model, it’s critical to separate the data set. The combined training and validation data is next pre-processed, which involves tasks such as cleaning and developing new features skills. Once the data has been prepared, it’s time to begin the supervised machine learning process and test a number of ways to identify the best model, such as the type of model that should be used, the important features, and the best parameters of the model to find the best fit for the considered data. The results of analyzing different predictive multiclass classification models with taxi trip tolls show that it is possible to use a machine learning-based model when we like to avoid road tolls depending on historical data on taxi trip tolls. The outcome of this study can help to expect road tolls from the drop-off and pickup locations of a taxi data
Development of apparatus for frying semi-finished meat cut
Authors: Zahorulko Andrii , Zagorulko Aleksey , Liashenko Bogdan , Mikhaylov Valeriy , Budnyk Nina , Kainash Alla , Bondar Mariana , Skoromna Oksana , Ibaiev Eldar
Published: July 2022

A model of the apparatus for frying chopped semi-finished meat products has been designed, which is distinguished by the technique of heat supply by replacing metal-intensive and inertial heaters with inertia-free ones with a uniform distribution of the temperature field by a film resistive electric heater of radiative type. For condensing juice-containing vapors in functionally closed media, plate coil liquid coolers with Peltier elements are used. At the temperature of the heating surfaces of 180 °C, the cold side of the Peltier element provides a coolant temperature of up to 10 °C. The proposed solution could improve the competitiveness of the device, which is explained by the established technical and operational indicators.
The improved device over 300 s provides a temperature in the center of a product of 90 °C, and on surface layers ‒ 130 °C, which characterizes the culinary readiness of meat products. When making samples conventionally, the surface layer warms up to 120 °C, and the central layer – to 72 °C, at the temperature of the contact surface of 160 °C over 180 s with crust formation. In addition, the difference between the opposite layers of the control sample is 85 °C, which confirms the uneven heating during frying in the conventional way, which is explained by the need to use auxiliary operations for turning the product. The heating time to operating temperature was reduced by 88.6 %, specific heat consumption was decreased by 43.0, and productivity by 14.8 %, with full culinary readiness of products, compared with the conventional device.
The increase in the resource efficiency of the apparatus for frying meat products was confirmed, which is achieved by the implementation of the proposed design and hardware solutions to ensure the competitiveness of the apparatus that will make it possible to prepare original meat products
Determining the strained state of prefabricated metal corrugated structures of a tunnel overpass exposed to the dynamic loading from railroad rolling stock
Authors: Kovalchuk Vitalii , Koval Maksym , Onyshchenko Artur , Kravets Ivan , Bal Olena , Markul Ruslan , Vikhot Svitlana , Petrenko Oleksiy , Rybak Roman , Milyanych Andriy
Published: July 2022

This paper reports the analysis of prospects for the use of prefabricated metal corrugated structures in the body of the embankment of a railroad track in the form of a tunnel overpass in order to pass road vehicles and railroad rolling stock.
A technique of inertial dynamic tests of the deformed state of a tunnel overpass from prefabricated metal corrugated structures during the passage of railroad rolling stock is given, by measuring accelerations at the top and on the sides of overpass structures.
An algorithm is proposed for processing the acceleration signal for assessing the strained state of metal corrugated structures of a tunnel overpass under the action of dynamic load from railroad transport.
Experimental dynamic measurements of accelerations arising at the top and on the sides of a tunnel overpass during the passage of passenger and freight railroad rolling stock were carried out. The maximum value of accelerations arising at the top of a tunnel overpass during the passage of a freight train was 7.99 m/s2, and when passing a passenger train – 6.21 m/s2; the maximum accelerations that occur on the sides were 2.63 m/s2 and 1.77 m/s2.
It is established that the maximum deformations of metal corrugated structures of the top of a tunnel overpass, when passing freight and passenger trains are, respectively, 1.63 mm and 1.11 mm. The maximum strains of metal corrugated structures on the sides of an overpass are 1.07 mm and 0.48 mm.
The value of relative deformations in the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the structures of a tunnel overpass under the action of dynamic loads from the railroad rolling stock has been found. The relative vertical strains of an overpass amounted to 0.020 %; horizontal – 0.012 %.
The practical significance of this work is that with the help of the devised procedure for measuring accelerations, it is possible to assess the strained state of metal corrugated structures under the influence of dynamic loads from the railroad rolling stock
Selection and research of stability of the steady state motions of a single-mass resonance vibromating machine working on the Somerfeld effect
Authors: Filimonikhin Gennadiy , Yatsun Volodymyr , Matsui Anatolii , Kondratets Vasyl , Pirogov Vladimir
Published: July 2022

This paper has defined and investigated for stability the steady state modes of motion of a single-mass resonant vibratory machine. The vibratory machine has a platform that is supported by viscoelastic supports. The platform moves rectilinearly translationally. A vibration exciter is installed on the platform. The vibration exciter consists of N identical loads – balls, rollers, or pendulums. The center of mass of each load can move in a circle of a certain radius with a center on the longitudinal axis of the rotor. Each load, when moving relative to the body of the vibration exciter, is exposed to a viscous resistance force.
It was established theoretically that with small forces of viscous resistance and any number of loads, the vibratory machine has jamming modes under which the loads that are collected form a conditional combined load and lag behind the rotor. In this case, there are two bifurcation speeds of the rotor. At speeds less than the first bifurcation speed, the vibratory machine has one single (first) jamming mode. When the first bifurcation speed is exceeded, the second and third jamming modes appear. When the second bifurcation speed is exceeded, the first and second jamming modes disappear. The first jamming mode is resonant.
In the cases of two or more loads, the vibratory machine also has an auto balancing mode (no vibrations), under which the loads rotate synchronously with the body of the vibration exciter and mutually balance each other.
With small forces of viscous resistance, the computational experiment found that odd jamming modes are stable if they are numbered in ascending order of the frequency of load jamming. An auto-balancing mode is stable at the rotor speeds above the resonance. For the onset of a resonant mode of motion of the vibratory machine, it is enough to slowly accelerate the rotor to a speed lower than the second bifurcation speed.
The results reported here are applicable in the design of resonant single-mass vibratory machines with inertial vibration exciters of the ball, roller, or pendulum type.
Analysis of the impact of personnel competency on uncertainty during calibration
Authors: Eremenko Vladymir , Mokiichuk Valentyn , Pashchenko Nataliia , Samoilichenko Olha , Priadko Olga
Published: July 2022

The object of this study is the assessment of total uncertainty during calibration in terms of assessing the component due to the competence of the personnel. The problems addressed here related to the lack of regulatorily-defined decision criteria regarding the materiality of the impact of the study component; improvement of existing statistics that would minimize errors of the first and second kinds to make a decision on the impact of personnel competence on uncertainty during calibration. A brief interpretation of the results obtained regarding errors of the first and second kinds and insufficient power of En, the statistics, which are most often used by calibration laboratories, alternative statistics are explained by violation of the conditions of their use. The proposed method based on the modified En-statistics shows the power of more than 95 % and the absence of parcels of the first and second kinds. This is due to the developed modification, which makes it possible to take into consideration the maximum permissible uncertainty. The peculiarity is the flexibility of the formula since the maximum permissible uncertainty is chosen according to metrological rules for the selection of standards. It differs for various measuring instruments; a specialist can be allowed to calibrate a less accurate measuring equipment tools and is not allowed to have high-precision ones. The scope of use of the obtained results can be certified calibration laboratories. This procedure will make it possible to obtain reliable data to devise internal methods for assessing uncertainty during calibration. The conditions for the practical use of the proposed method of assessing the impact of personnel based on the modified En-statistics in calibration laboratories are the presence of calibration methods that largely depend on the competence of the personnel, such as measurement of linear and mechanical quantities
Implementation of CSMA/CA and ALOHA random-access protocols for packetizing wireless networks with model-based design
Authors: Khudor Baida'a Abdul Qader , Abdulzahra Abdulmalik Adil , Kudhair Nagham Mumtaz
Published: July 2022

Because of the reliability of deployment, cost efficiency, and flexibility of ad-hoc wireless local networks (WLAN). These wireless networks have grown to be the everywhere connection solution in residential and public access networking protocols. It is important to know which strategy performs better with the least amount of delay. The Multiple Access Control protocols (MAC) that are relied on ALOHA, and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) as random access techniques, have substantially aided the rapid growth of such wireless access networks. This work provides a model-based design approach for modeling CSMA/CA and ALOHA random-access protocols for packetizing wireless networks. We analyze the TX and Back-off waveforms of the PHY/MAC transceiver of three radio nodes under CSMA/CA and ALOHA operation modes and compare the obtained results of the PHY/MAC Transceiver for the network nodes according to these modes. Every node is within a range such that the communication between each couple of nodes can be interfered with and received data from the third node. The MAC layer and the logical link control function composed the data link layer. Since the same radio band is used for TX and RX, the MAC function employed here is CSMA/CA and ALOHA, which had also called a random back-off. The MAC layer sends a control signal to the TX block to transmit either a data frame or an acknowledgment frame. The frame contents are loaded in the look-up tables. The contents can be changed in the workspace. The output of this block is a complex baseband IQ signal. The obtained results show the effectiveness of CSMA/CA over ALOHA modes when comparing the corresponding Back-off waveforms and when calculating the throughput values of the three network nodes
Investigation of the characteristics of Zn-Al layered double hydroxides, intercalated with natural dyes from spices, as a cosmetic pigments
Authors: Kovalenko Vadym , Kotok Valerii , Borysenko Anastasiia , Dopira Anton , Rezvantseva Anhelina , Nafeev Rovil , Verbitskiy Volodymyr , Sukhomlyn Dmitry
Published: July 2022

Pigments are the main components of cosmetics, which determine both toxicity and consumer color characteristics. Zn-Al layered double hydroxides intercalated with anionic food dyes are promising pigments. The best sources of dyes for intercalation are natural ones. The most promising are spices. Natural dyes from spices are often biologically active substances. The parameters of samples of Zn-Al (Zn:Al=3:1) hydroxides intercalated with natural food dyes, synthesized in the medium of aqueous tinctures of saffron and safflower, were studied. The crystal structure of the samples was studied by X-ray phase analysis; color characteristics were studied by spectroscopy and calculation of parameters in the CIE L*a*b system.
The possibility of synthesizing Zn-Al colored layered double hydroxides intercalated with natural dyes in the medium of saffron and safflower tinctures was shown. X-ray phase analysis showed that both pigment samples were layered double hydroxides with the α-Zn(OH)2 structure. For the pigment intercalated with saffron dye, the phenomenon of partial decomposition of Zn-Al LDH to ZnO during synthesis was revealed. The color characteristics of the samples were studied. Zn-Al LDH pigment synthesized in a saffron tincture had a bright yellow color determined by intercalated saffron carotenoids (crocin and crocetin). It was suggested that safflower dye flavonoids were partially hydrolyzed (red ones - cartamine and cartamidine, and yellow - Safflor Yellow A), which led to the formation of a dark orange-brown color of the sample. The prospects of using Zn-Al LDH intercalated with saffron food dyes as a cosmetic pigment were shown
Preparation of aurum chloride complex and its use for industrial acetylene hydration catalyst process
Authors: Kokhan Ivan , Kudryavtsev Sergey , Merzhyievskyi Danylo
Published: July 2022

The use of a modern homogeneous metal complex catalyst for the hydration of acetylenes is being investigated. The process is relevant both for the industry of basic organic synthesis and for the perfume industry. The analysis of existing processes used in industry for the production of acetaldehyde was carried out. Significant shortcomings of existing processes are revealed: low environmental friendliness and high energy consumption. To solve this problem, the reaction of hydration of an acetylene compound was studied using a modern homogeneous catalyst based on gold, which is not toxic. The study was conducted by selecting aliquots during the reaction. Using the 1H NMR spectroscopy method, the conversion values of phenylacetylene were calculated for the time values corresponding to the moments of aliquot sampling. The reaction order with respect to phenylacetylene was calculated and the reaction constant under the reaction conditions was calculated. When reacting in the presence of the proposed catalyst, a conversion of phenylacetylene of 86.96 % is achieved in 3 hours. The data obtained provide grounds for carrying out the process of catalytic hydration of acetylenes, namely phenylacetylene, with the production of acetophenone, which is important for use in the perfume industry. The data obtained can be applied to the process of hydration of acetylene with the formation of acetaldehyde, which is widely used in the industry of basic organic synthesis. For the process of catalytic hydration of acetylene compounds, a hardware design is proposed, a gas-liquid reactor with a changing hydrodynamic situation, which, together with the product separation column, is combined into a single installation. Using an optimized method, a catalyst based on gold chloride was synthesized from a gold alloy.
Reform of state regulation of production and transportation of hydrogen on the territory of european states in the context of EU positive practice
Authors: Chechel Oleh , Bashuk Alla , Tsykhovska Ellina , Vorotin Valerii , Mukovoz Viacheslav , Prodanyk Vasily
Published: July 2022

Geopolitical transformations produce their impact on the cross-border regulation of hydrogen production and transportation. Russia's military aggression has blown up the global energy system and driven up energy prices. This exacerbated the issue of energy security, highlighting the excessive dependence of the EU on imports from the Russian Federation. These factors have accelerated Europe's transition to clean energy and increased hydrogen production.
The object of the research is legal relations in the field of development, transportation and storage of hydrogen in the territory of European states.
The results made it possible to propose mechanisms for reforming the legal regulation of the production and transportation of hydrogen across Europe. The vectors of the regulatory policy of European states are revealed, which should coordinate the increase in the potential of Ukraine in the regional leadership in decarbonization. It was stated that the legislative innovations of Ukraine are the basis for adaptation to EU practices.
The practical approbation of the changes in production practice declared by the states of Europe in the context of the global energy transition to a carbon-neutral society is substantiated. It has been established that reducing the cost of hydrogen and finding its wide application will become a global priority in the short term.
The basis of the hydrogen infrastructure has already been laid by including it in the renewed trans-European energy network. The issue of full-fledged approbation of production procedures in modern geopolitical conditions is debatable. Despite the hostilities, Ukraine continues the course of reforms by coordinating and arranging the purchase of hydrogen from renewable sources, which will allow full accession to the EU Energy Platform.
The results of the study can be used in the legislative sphere for a comprehensive reform of the national legislation of Ukraine
Establishment of quality indicators of promising plant raw materials - underground organs of Rumex confertus willd
Authors: Oproshanska Tetiana , Khvorost Olga , Batiuchenko Ivanna , Ivanauskas Liudas , Belikova Anastasiia
Published: July 2022

The aim is to study the morphological and anatomical structure of the underground organs of R. confertus and to establish the type of medicinal plant raw materials, to determine a number of its indicators of quality and quantitative content of some groups of biologically active substances using modern methods of analysis.

Materials and methods. It was used air-dry and freshly collected raw materials and a microscope Delta optic BioLight 300 (Poland) to study the macro- and microscopic characteristics of the plant raw materials. Determination of amount of hydroxycinnamic acids and total polyphenols was determined spectrophotometrically according to monograph «Nettle leaf» and the method 2.8.14 of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.0 (on a spectrophotometer Optizen POP (Korea)). The study of the component composition of hydroxycinnamic acids was performed by HPLC.

Results. As a result of research of plant raw materials it was established that the underground organs of Rumex confertus are the roots of annual plants and the rhizomes and roots of two or three annual plants. Diagnostic features: morphological (for the root and rhizome - the nature of the surface and fracture) and anatomical (for the rhizome - aerenchyma in the cortex, the presence and location of scleroids and sclerenchyma in the plant raw materials of two or three annual plants, the presence in the cells of the cortex and pith parenchyma simple starch grains, druses and cells with yellow content in freshly harvested plant raw materials; for the root - the colour of peridermal cells, the degree of development of pith rays, the remainder of the primary xylem; a distinctive feature of the annual root from two or three annuals is the absence of scleroids). It was determined the borderline boundaries of indicators in the series of plant raw materials: loss on drying (not more than 13. 5 %), total ash (not more than 11 %), extractable matter (not less than 33 %) and the quantitative content of amount of hydroxycinnamic acids (not less than 1.3 %) and total polyphenols (not less than 3.5 %). It was identified chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids.

Conclusions. It was determined the type of underground organs of Rumex confertus: annuals had only roots (tap root systems), from the second to the third year of life the plants have both rhizomes and tap root system. It was established their morphological and anatomical diagnostic features and determined numerical indicators and the quantitative content of the amount of hydroxycinnamic acids and total polyphenols with using modern methods of analysis and chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids were identified. The obtained data will be used in further research, including the development of the draft monograph of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.0 or the draft methods of quality control of medicinal plant raw materials Rumex confertus and the creation of herbal medicines
Martial law: grounds for putting into operation in Ukraine
Authors: Teremetskyi Vladyslav , Vasyliev Stanislav
Published: July 2022

The research is devoted to the legal regulation of the peculiarities of martial law in Ukraine. The norms of the Ukrainian legislation as to the imposition of martial law in Ukraine are studied. The concepts and grounds for the decision to declare martial law are given.
It is determined, that the grounds for the imposition of martial law in Ukraine are armed aggression, attack threat, and the danger of violating Ukrainian territorial integrity. Proposals for amendments to the legislation, governing the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine, have been identified. The Law of Ukraine On Defense of Ukraine and the Constitution of Ukraine is proposed to be supplemented with provisions that provide that martial law may be imposed only in the case of a declaration of war. The necessity of enshrining in the Law of Ukraine On the Legal Regime of Martial Law an exhaustive list of grounds for martial law has been proved. Armed aggression, the threat of attack, and the threat to the territorial integrity of Ukraine are recognized such grounds. The term "threat of attack" should be understood as conducting military exercises by another state near the borders of Ukraine, dangerous flight or maneuvering by an aircraft of another state within the territory of Ukraine, obstruction of navigation in the Kerch Strait, Black or Azov Seas in violation of international law. The term “threat of violation of territorial integrity” should be understood as the participation of citizens of other states in mass riots with demands for the withdrawal of certain regions from Ukraine, decision-making by the city, district, and regional council on announcing a referendum on the proclamation of a new state entity or withdrawal from the state.  In this case, martial law may be imposed in certain areas of Ukraine. It is necessary to distinguish the grounds for the imposition of martial law throughout Ukraine and in some areas
Qualification of the international legal regime of the territory of Crimea after its seizing by Russia
Authors: Klymenko Kyrylo
Published: July 2022

Various forms of foreign military presence on the territory of the state have been studied, such as occupation, conquest, deployment of foreign military bases, annexation, etc.
The features that characterize the legal regimes of occupation and annexation and their international regulation have been identified.
Among the signs of occupation is the effective control of the occupier over the territory of another state with the takeover of all functions of government with or without armed resistance, as well as without obtaining sovereign rights to the occupied territory.
The consequences of the invariability of the sovereignty of the territory during its occupation have been determined, in particular, a significant difference between the international legal regime of occupation and annexation; continuity of legislation of the occupied state throughout its territory; and the legal representation of the occupied state in international relations by its government in exile.
There is also a difference between the regime of occupation and the presence of foreign military bases or peacekeeping forces on the territory of the state.
Characteristic features of annexation, which is currently one of the crimes of aggression, include the unilateral declaration of state sovereignty over a territory not yet included, as well as the legitimacy of annexation through de facto ownership and international recognition of this fact.
Under international law, there is no legal mechanism for the transfer of sovereignty over territory to the aggressor through annexation. However, the shameful practice of de facto annexations after the Second World War proves the weakness of institutions and the ineffectiveness of the system of preventive and reactive measures to unconditionally ensure compliance with international law.
The main difference between occupation and annexation is the preservation or loss of state sovereignty over the territory, captured by the aggressor.
The international legal regime of Crimea at different stages after the invasion of Russian troops on its territory has been determined
The regional distribution features of traffic safety or transport operation rules violations by persons who drive vehicles (Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)
Authors: Novikov Oleg
Published: July 2022

The article is devoted to the regional peculiarities of the distribution of violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles (Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). It is established, that the most criminally affected by violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles, in absolute terms, include: (1) Dnipropetrovsk region, (2) Odesa region, (3) Kyiv region, (4) Kharkiv region, (5) Lviv region, (6) Kyiv, (7) Donetsk region, (8) Zaporizhia region, (9) Zhytomyr region, (10) Rivne region. The most criminally affected regions of Ukraine in terms of population include such regions as: Rivne region (crime intensity rate per 100 thousand population - 55.10), Kyiv region (50.28), Volyn region (47.64), Chernihiv region (44.83), Mykolaiv region (43.54), Poltava region (39.36), Vinnytsia region (38.90), Odesa region (38.52), Zhytomyr region (36.47) and Kherson region (36.47). The safest regions were: Luhansk region (9.90), Donetsk region (16.15), Kyiv region (23.33), Khmelnytsky region (28.39), Sumy region (28.53). Regions-leaders in the number of violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles (Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)per 100,000 vehicles were Volyn region (271.43), Vinnytsia region (199.22), Rivne region (148.92), Chernihiv region (127.20), Transcarpathian region (126.15), Mykolaiv region (124.08), Zhytomyr region (110.98), Kyiv region (107.40), Chernivtsi region (106.22), Kherson region (105,56). The regions with the lowest number of these criminal offenses per 100,000 vehicles were: Luhansk region (38.05), Cherkasy region (57.96), Donetsk region (70.36), Dnipropetrovsk region (73.76) and Kyiv (49.79). It is hypothesized, that the regional peculiarities of the distribution of violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles are comprehensively influenced by the population of the region, the number of available vehicles, freight and passenger traffic, road length, the region's expenditures on road improvement, crossing the region with international and national highways of national importance