bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood oxidative stress markers and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in non‐immune African children
Authors: Aguilar Ruth , Marrocco Tiziana , Skorokhod Oleksii A. , Barbosa Arnoldo , Nhabomba Augusto , Manaca Maria N. , Guinovart Caterina , Quintó Llorenç , Arese Paolo , Alonso Pedro L. , Dobaño Carlota , Schwarzer Evelin
Published: January 2014

Converging in vitro evidence and clinical data indicate that oxidative stress may play important roles in Plasmodium falciparum malaria, notably in the pathogenesis of severe anaemia. However, oxidative modifications of the red blood cell (RBC)‐membrane by 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE) and haemoglobin‐binding, previously hypothesized to contribute mechanistically to the pathogenesis of clinical malaria, have not yet been tested for clinical significance. In 349 non‐immune Mozambican newborns recruited in a double‐blind placebo‐controlled chemoprophylaxis trial, oxidative markers including 4‐HNE‐conjugates and membrane‐bound haemoglobin were longitudinally assessed from 2·5 to 24 months of age, at first acute malaria episode and in convalescence. During acute malaria, 4‐HNE‐conjugates were shown to increase significantly in parasitized and non‐parasitized RBCs. In parallel, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) rose in plasma. 4‐HNE‐conjugates correlated with AOPP and established plasma but not with RBC oxidative markers. High individual levels of 4‐HNE‐conjugates were predictive for increased malaria incidence rates in children until 2 years of life and elevated 4‐HNE‐conjugates in convalescence accompanied sustained anaemia after a malaria episode, indicating 4‐HNE‐conjugates as a novel patho‐mechanistic factor in malaria. A second oxidative marker, haemoglobin binding to RBC‐membranes, hypothesized to induce clearing of RBCs from circulation, was predictive for lower malaria incidence rates. Further studies will show whether or not higher membrane‐haemoglobin values at the first malaria episode may provide protection against malaria.
Seeking help because of others' drinking
Authors: Mugavin Janette , Livingston Michael , Laslett Anne‐Marie
Published: January 2014

Introduction and Aims

Many individuals contact and are assisted by community and emergency services because of someone else's drinking. Previous studies have focused on family members accessing services, such as Alcoholics Anonymous due to significant others' drinking; however, little is known about service use in the broad community. This paper aims to estimate the prevalence of contacting the police and seeking help from health services because of others' drinking and to compare the profiles of individuals seeking services with those who did not contact a service.

Design and Methods

A total of 2649 adult Australians were surveyed about their experience of harm from others' drinking, including use of emergency and community services.

Results

In the 12 months prior to the survey, 13% of respondents had contacted the police and 5% had sought help from a health‐related service. Using logistic regression, being older and having a secondary school education were associated with a decreased likelihood of contacting police because of others' drinking, whereas residing in a non‐metropolitan location was positively associated with using health‐related services. Having a partner was negatively associated with use of health‐related services. The extent of self‐reported harm from others' drinking was the only factor associated with use of both police and health‐related services.

Discussion and Conclusion

Results suggest differences in the profile of respondents who call the police and those who seek health‐related services due to others' drinking. This supports the need for tailored services to support and address the needs of people experiencing harm from others' drinking. [Mugavin J, Livingston M, Laslett A‐M. Seeking help because of others' drinking. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:161–168]
Homocysteine levels are inversely associated with capillary density in men, not in premenopausal women
Authors: Hornstra Jacqueline M. , Hoekstra Trynke , Serné Erik H. , Eringa Ed C. , Wijnstok Nienke J. , Blom Henk J. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Smulders Yvo M.
Published: January 2014

Background

Homocysteine is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. The mechanisms underlying this link are not fully elucidated. Whereas the role of vascular dysfunction in conduit arteries is extensively studied, the role of the microcirculation in this relationship is largely unexplored. We assessed the relationship between homocysteine levels and microvascular structure and function in a healthy, population‐based cohort.

Materials and methods

We cross‐sectionally studied 260 participants (aged 42 years, 47% men) of the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy was used to assess capillary density at baseline, during venous occlusion and during peak reactive hyperaemia. The relationship between tertiles of homocysteine and microvascular outcomes was evaluated using linear regression analyses, with adjustment for BMI and blood pressure. Stratified analyses were performed for men and women.

Results

In men, we observed a negative, nonlinear relationship between homocysteine and baseline capillary density, showing a lower capillary density in the highest tertile of homocysteine [adjusted B −8·65 capillaries/mm2 (95%‐CI: −16·05 to −1·25); P = 0·02]. In women, no significant associations were found between homocysteine and microvascular outcomes.

Conclusions

In men, higher homocysteine levels are associated with a reduction in basal perfusion of skin capillaries. This finding provides a novel potential explanation for how homocysteine influences cardiovascular disease risk.
Historical comparisons reveal altered competitive interactions in a guild of crustose coralline algae
Authors: McCoy S. J. , Pfister C. A.
Published: January 2014

As the ocean environment changes over time, a paucity of long‐term data sets and historical comparisons limits the exploration of community dynamics over time in natural systems. Here, we used a long‐term experimental data set to present evidence for a reversal of competitive dominance within a group of crustose coralline algae (CCA) from the 1980s to present time in the northeast Pacific Ocean. CCA are cosmopolitan species distributed globally, and dominant space holders in intertidal and subtidal systems. Competition experiments showed a markedly lower competitive ability of the previous competitively dominant species and a decreased response of competitive dynamics to grazer presence. Competitive networks obtained from survey data showed concordance between the 1980s and 2013, yet also revealed reductions in interaction strengths across the assemblage. We discuss the potential role of environmental change, including ocean acidification, in altered ecological dynamics in this system.
A Note on Assessing the Added Value of Subscores
Authors: Sinharay Sandip
Published: January 2014

Brennan () noted that users of test scores often want (indeed, demand) that subscores be reported, along with total test scores, for diagnostic purposes. Haberman () suggested a method based on classical test theory (CTT) to determine if subscores have added value over the total score. According to this method, a subscore has added value if the corresponding true subscore is predicted better by the subscore than by the total score. In this note, parallel‐forms scores are considered. It is proved that another way to interpret the method of Haberman is that a subscore has added value if it is in better agreement than the total score with the corresponding subscore on a parallel form. The suggested interpretation promises to make the method of Haberman more accessible because several practitioners find the concept of parallel forms more acceptable or easier to understand than that of a true score. Results are shown for data from two operational tests.
A review of approaches to assessing equine welfare
Authors: Hockenhull J. , Whay H. R.
Published: January 2014

Veterinary surgeons are required to assess an animal's welfare in a range of different circumstances in the course of their daily work. These assessments may relate to the long‐term welfare of an individual animal under their care, or the current welfare of a population of animals that are unfamiliar to them as individuals. The welfare assessment made may subsequently have implications for the treatment that an animal receives or for the decision of whether or not an animal should remain in its current home. Yet welfare assessment is not straightforward. Here we review the challenges that welfare assessment presents and review the tools currently available to meet them. Lastly, we look towards the future of equine welfare assessment, with examples of current research to develop tools and optimise welfare assessment.
N‐butylscopolammonium bromide causes fewer side effects than atropine when assessing bronchoconstriction reversibility in horses with heaves
Authors: de Lagarde M. , Rodrigues N. , Chevigny M. , Beauchamp G. , Albrecht B. , Lavoie J. P.
Published: January 2014

Reasons for performing study

Bronchospasm results in airway obstruction in horses with heaves. Atropine is the most potent bronchodilator drug currently available for horses, but is associated with side effects that limit its use. Like atropine,N‐butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB) is an anticholinergic agent with bronchodilatory properties.

Objectives

To compare the bronchodilating effects and side effects of atropine andNBBin horses with heaves.

Study design

Cross‐over experiment using horses with heaves.

Methods

Eight horses with heaves were administered atropine andNBB, using a cross‐over design. Heart rate, pupillary dilatation, transrectal palpation, lung mechanics (maximal changes in transpulmonary pressure, pulmonary resistance and elastance) and arterial blood gases were assessed before and 10 and 30 min after drug administration.

Results

One horse treated with atropine developed colic. Significant pupillary dilatation was observed only with atropine. Tachycardia developed in all horses, but was more marked with atropine. Lung function improved with both drugs, but elastance values had returned to baseline at 30 min withNBB. There was no improvement in arterial hypoxaemia with either drug.

Conclusions

The study indicated that the bronchodilatory properties ofNBBwere not statistically different from those of atropine, but were of shorter duration.N‐butylscopolammonium bromide was associated with fewer systemic side effects, and thereforeNBBshould be preferred over atropine when assessing the reversibility of airway obstruction in horses.
A dual‐tree complex wavelet transform‐based approach for recognition of power system transients
Authors: Chakraborty Soumi , Chatterjee Amitava , Goswami Swapan Kumar
Published: January 2014

The present paper proposes a dual‐tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) based approach for recognition of power system transients. Several researchers, all over the world, have so far attempted to solve the problems of recognition of power system transients, hybridizing transform‐based techniques with popular computational intelligence based tools, for example, using wavelet transform and S‐transform for feature extraction, followed by artificial neural networks (ANN) or fuzzy logic‐based classifiers. The proposed method of hybridizing DTCWT‐based feature extraction with ANN‐based classification could efficiently detect several commonly occurring power quality (PQ) disturbance events. The PQ disturbance events considered include four different transient conditions, namely transients due to capacitor switching, transformer inrush currents, transients due to motor switching and transients due to short circuit faults. A detailed performance comparison with several contemporary, competing methods existing in the literatures for similar problems aptly demonstrates the suitability of the proposed method.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer based on interaction of PII and PipX proteins provides a robust and specific biosensor for 2‐oxoglutarate, a central metabolite and a signalling molecule
Authors: Chen Hai‐Lin , Bernard Christophe S. , Hubert Pierre , My Laetitia , Zhang Cheng‐Cai
Published: January 2014

2‐Oxoglutarate is a central metabolite and a signalling molecule in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The cellular levels of 2‐oxoglutarate vary rapidly in response to environmental changes, but an easy and reliable approach is lacking for the measurement of 2‐oxoglutarate. Here we report a biosensor of 2‐oxoglutarate based on the 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent dissociation of the PII–PipX protein complex from cyanobacteria. Fusions of PII and PipX to either cyan or yellow fluorescent protein can form a complex and their interaction can be detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Mutations in PII or PipX that affect their interaction strongly decrease the FRET signal. Furthermore, the FRET signal is negatively affected, in a specific and concentration‐dependent manner, by the presence of 2‐oxoglutarate. This 2‐oxoglutarate biosensor responds specifically and rapidly to a large range of 2‐oxoglutarate levels and is highly robust under different conditions, including in bacterial cell extracts. We further used this biosensor to study the interaction between PII and its effectors, and our data indicate that excess of Mg2+ ions is a key factor for PII to respond efficiently to an increase in 2‐oxoglutarate levels. This study paves the way for probing the dynamics of 2‐oxoglutarate in various organisms and provides a valuable tool for the understanding of the molecular mechanism in metabolic regulation.

Structured digital abstract

PipX binds to PII by fluorescent resonance energy transfer (1, 2, 3)
Nitrogen and harvest effects on soil properties under rainfed switchgrass and no‐till corn over 9 years: implications for soil quality
Authors: Stewart Catherine E. , Follett Ronald F. , Pruessner Elizabeth G. , Varvel Gary E. , Vogel Kenneth P. , Mitchell Robert B.
Published: January 2014

Nitrogen fertilizer and harvest management will alter soils under bioenergy crop production and the long‐term effects of harvest timing and residue removal remain relatively unknown. Compared to no‐tilled corn (NT‐C, Zea mays L.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is predicted to improve soil properties [i.e. soil organic C (SOC), soil microbial biomass (SMB‐C), and soil aggregation] due to its perennial nature and deep‐rooted growth form, but few explicit field comparisons exist. We assessed soil properties over 9 years for a rainfed study of N fertilizer rate (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha−1) and harvest management on switchgrass (harvested in August and postfrost) and NT‐C (with and without 50% stover removal) in eastern NE. We measured SOC, aggregate stability, SMB‐C, bulk density (BD), pH, P and K in the top 0–30 cm. Both NT‐C and switchgrass increased SMB‐C, SOC content, and aggregate stability over the 9 years, reflecting improvement from previous conventional management. However, the soils under switchgrass had double the percent aggregate stability, 1.3 times more microbial biomass, and a 5–8% decrease in bulk density in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths compared to NT‐C. After 9 years, cumulative decrease in available P was significantly greater beneath NT‐C (−24.0 kg P ha−1) compared to switchgrass (−5.4 kg P ha−1). When all measured soil parameters were included in the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF), switchgrass improved soil quality index over time (ΔSQI) in all depths. NT‐C without residue removal did not affect ΔSQI, but 50% residue removal decreased ΔSQI (0–30 cm) due to reduced aggregate stability and SMB‐C. Even with best‐management practices such as NT, corn stover removal will have to be carefully managed to prevent soil degradation. Long‐term N and harvest management studies that include biological, chemical, and physical soil measurements are necessary to accurately assess bioenergy impacts on soils.
A Dynamic Spatial Weight Matrix and Localized Space–Time Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average for Network Modeling
Authors: Cheng Tao , Wang Jiaqiu , Haworth James , Heydecker Benjamin , Chow Andy
Published: January 2014

Various statistical model specifications for describing spatiotemporal processes have been proposed over the years, including the space–time autoregressive integrated moving average (STARIMA) and its various extensions. These model specifications assume that the correlation in data can be adequately described by parameters that are globally fixed spatially and/or temporally. They are inadequate for cases in which the correlations among data are dynamic and heterogeneous, such as network data. The aim of this article is to describe autocorrelation in network data with a dynamic spatial weight matrix and a localized STARIMA model that captures the autocorrelation locally (heterogeneity) and dynamically (nonstationarity). The specification is tested with traffic data collected for central London. The result shows that the performance of estimation and prediction is improved compared with standard STARIMA models that are widely used for space–time modeling.

En los últimos años, se han propuesto diversas especificaciones de modelado estadístico para describir procesos espacio‐temporales. Esto incluye el modelo espacio‐temporal autorregresivo integrado de media móvil (STARIMA) y sus varios derivados. Estas especificaciones de modelo asumen que la correlación de los datos puede ser adecuadamente descrita por parámetros que se fijan a nivel global en el espacio y/o tiempo. Dichos parámetros son inadecuados para los casos en los que las correlaciones entre los datos son dinámicas y heterogéneas, como en el contexto de los datos de la red. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la autocorrelación en los datos de red con una matriz de ponderación espacial dinámica y un modelo STARIMA localizado (LSTARIMA) que captura la autocorrelación local (heterogeneidad) de forma dinámica (no estacionariedad). La especificación del modelo es evaluada con datos de tráfico recolectados en el centro de Londres. Los resultados demuestran que los rendimientos de estimación y predicción mejoran con el método propuesto en comparación con los modelos STARIMA estándar que son ampliamente utilizados para el modelado de espacio‐temporal.

通过设定多种统计模型来描述地理时空过程已提出多年，包括时空自回归移动平均(STARIMA)及其变形。此类模型通过假设数据相关性可由在时间域或者空间域上全局不变的参数加以充分描述。因此，上述模型不适用于具有动态或异质相关性的数据，如网络数据。本文试图采用一个动态空间权重矩阵与局部时空自回归移动平均(LSTARIMA)模型来描述数据的自相关程度，以此捕捉局域自相关(异质性)和动态自相关(非平稳性)。以伦敦市中心的交通数据作为模型的实证案例的测试结果显示，相对于广泛应用于时空过程分析的标准STARIMA模型，本文的模型在参数估计和预测性能上均有提升。
Revisiting the association between altitude and mortality in dialysis patients
Authors: Shapiro Bryan B. , Streja Elani , Rhee Connie M. , Molnar Miklos Z. , Kheifets Leeka , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Kopple Joel D. , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar
Published: January 2014

It was recently reported that residential altitude is inversely associated with all‐cause mortality among incident dialysis patients; however, no adjustment was made for key case‐mix and laboratory variables. We re‐examined this question in a contemporary patient database with comprehensive clinical and laboratory data. In a contemporary 8‐year cohort of 144,892 maintenance dialysis patients from a large dialysis organization, we examined the relationship between residential altitude and all‐cause mortality. Using data from the US Geological Survey, the average residential altitudes per approximately 43,000 US zip codes were compiled and linked to the residential zip codes of each patient. Mortality risks for these patients were estimated by Cox proportional hazard ratios. The study population's mean ± standard deviation age was 61 ± 15 years. Forty‐five percent of patients were women, and 57% of patients had diabetes. In fully adjusted analysis, those residing in the highest altitude strata (≥6000 ft) had a lower all‐cause mortality risk in fully adjusted analyses: death hazard ratio: 0.92 (95% confidence interval, 0.86–0.99), as compared with patients in the reference group (<250 ft). Residential altitude is inversely associated in all‐cause mortality risk in maintenance dialysis patients notwithstanding the unknown and unmeasured confounders.
Severe carbamazepine intoxication unresponsive to albumin‐enhanced continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration with low dialysate flow
Authors: Chung Young K. , Chang Kyung Y. , Park Hoon S. , Kim Mi‐Hee , Lee Kang‐Min , Lim Tae‐Seok , Kim Hyung W.
Published: January 2014

Carbamazepine (CBZ) intoxication can be associated with severe toxicity, including neurological and cardio‐respiratory abnormalities. Highly protein‐bound, CBZ is not removed efficiently through conventional hemodialysis. Charcoal hemoperfusion is the most effective extracorporeal elimination therapy for CBZ intoxication. Recent reports have indicated that continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), albumin‐enhanced continuous venovenous hemodialysis, high‐flux hemodialysis and plasma exchange can be as effective as charcoal hemoperfusion. In contrast to recent reports, which demonstrated the effectiveness of CVVHDF with high dialysate flow in CBZ intoxication, we observed that serum CBZ level was decreased minimally by albumin‐enhanced CVVHDF with low dialysate flow. Therefore, albumin‐enhanced CVVHDF with high dialysate flow should be considered in severe CBZ intoxication, if hemoperfusion is unavailable because of the lack of facilities or if it cannot be performed.
Challenging Conceptions of Western Higher Education and Promoting Graduates as Global Citizens
Authors: Clifford Valerie , Montgomery Catherine
Published: January 2014

Recently there has been a shift in the discourses of university policy from internationalisation towards the contested concept of global citizenship. This paper explores ways of challenging the current interpretation of international education policy through the concept of global citizenship drawing on the discussion forums of two cohorts of participants in an online course. The participants’ responses illustrate ways they are rethinking the purpose of international higher education and the relevance of the concept of global citizenship. Whilst most participants whole‐heartedly endorsed a more holistic view of higher education, several issues were raised, especially the fit of the ideal of global citizenship with a capitalist society and the Western heritage of the concept, which were perceived to be troublesome issues. Resistance to the inclusion of education for global citizenship was anticipated from institutions and disciplines, both heavily invested in the status quo. The academics’ personal beliefs about higher education, and their willingness and potential to design and deliver curriculum for global citizenship were also prominent. Although universities are beginning to include the term global citizen in their policy documents the extent to which this might influence the goals and curricula of higher education is yet to be realised.
Adverse reactions in connection with zimeldine treatment — a review
Authors: Nilsson B. S.
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— The results of clinical trials have shown that the general level of side‐effects is substantially lower with zimeldine than with tricyclic antidepressants. Data from ordinary clinical usage in Sweden and the U.K. (as opposed to clinical research experience) shows a similar picture. Hypersensitivity reactions, characterized by fever, myalgia and/or arthralgia, and transient increases in transaminases, occur in approximately 1.5% of patients. In rare cases potentially serious neuropathies have been reported.
Cardiovascular effects of zimeldine
Authors: Pottage A. , Grind M. Groschinsky
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— Sinus tachycardia is common after zimeldine overdosage, but major changes in blood pressure, conduction defects, prolonged repolarization and arrhythmias appear to be much less of a problem than with tricyclic antidepressants. At therapeutic dosage, there is no evidence of significant impairment of myocardial contractility or conduction with zimeldine. A fall in blood pressure was reported in one study, but not in others, and postural hypotension, though it may occur, is not common. These findings suggest that the use of zimeldine may be associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular toxicity than has been found with the tricyclic antidepressants
The safety of zimeldine in long‐term use in depressive illness
Authors: Wålinder J. , Årberg‐Wistedt A. , Jozwiak H. , von Knorring L. , Nyström C.
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of zimeldine, a 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor, in the long‐term treatment of depressive disorders. The study was an open label, multicentre investigation involving 147 patients who were suffering from depressive illness and who needed long‐term antidepressant treatment. Sixty‐five patients completed the intended treatment period of 1 year, 75 terminated prematurely, and 7 are still in the programme. The reasons for termination were mainly ineffectiveness of the drug and adverse reactions. During the long‐term treatment the most common emergent symptoms were, in order of decreasing frequency, dizziness, dry mouth, sleep disorders, sweating, tremor, nausea and headache. The side‐effects were, however, mild and they generally decreased during the treatment period. No new adverse symptoms were reported. In the long‐term treatment group, body weight showed a slight mean decrease. Clinical chemistry and cardiovascular investigations were judged to show no changes of clinical importance. It is concluded that zimeldine was shown to be a safe drug in this 1‐year treatment programme of depression.
New concepts in the management of depression — possibilities with a non‐sedative antidepressant
Authors: Lapierre Y. D.
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT— Classification of depression is important, as it may provide a valuable indication of which types of treatment are likely to be effective. Most traditional classification systems follow a dichotomous approach (e.g. endogenous versus exogenous, agitated versus retarded), and consideration of such systems has led to increased understanding of depression. Treatment should be tailored to individual requirements, taking into account the type of depression and the stage at which it is being treated, the patient's personality and idiosyncrasies, and the pharmacological profile of the drug. Group trials show many antidepressants to be of approximately equivalent efficacy; however, side‐effect profiles differ. The advent of the second generation antidepressants provides clinicians with non‐sedating drugs, often with fewer anticholinergic side‐effects. Thus, improved patient compliance and better overall functioning can be expected, as sedation often hinders recovery by producing flattening and monotony of affect, and blunting of emotional involvement and responsiveness, while cholinergic blockade increases confusional states.
Taxonomic notes on Crataegus, ser. Crataegus, subser. Erianthae (Rosaceae), new species and record, using morphology and micromorphological evidence
Authors: Hamzeh'ee Behnam , Attar Farideh , Assareh Mohammad Hasan , Maassoumi Ali Asghar , Kazempour Osaloo Shahrokh , Christensen Knud Ib
Published: January 2014

In the context of systematic and biosystematic studies on Eurasiatic Crataegus (Rosaceae, subtribe Pyrinae) based on leaf and petal SEM photographs and morphological features, Crataegus khatamsazae Hamzeh'ee, K. I. Chr. & Attar sp. nov. and C. hatamii Hamzeh'ee, K. I. Chr. & Attar sp. nov. are described as new taxa, and C. caucasica is reported as a new record to Iran. Crataegus aminii is found to be synonymous with C. babakhanloui and not with C. ambigua subsp. ambigua. The description of C. kurdistanica is improved. The situation for C. sakranensis in Iran is discussed and its morphological characterization is improved. A new identification key to the recognised Iranian taxa of subser. Erianthae is provided and the distributions of these taxa are outlined.
Generational differences in workplace behavior
Authors: Becton John Bret , Walker Harvell Jack , Jones‐Farmer Allison
Published: January 2014

Popular stereotypes suggest that generational differences among workers present challenges for workplace managers. However, existing empirical research provides mixed evidence for generational differences in important values and attitudes. The current study extends generational effects research by examining differences in actual workplace behaviors. Drawing from commonly held generational stereotypes, the authors hypothesized thatBabyBoomers would exhibit (Hypothesis 1) fewer job mobility behaviors and (Hypothesis 2) more instances of compliance‐related behaviors in comparison with bothGenXers andMillennials, while (Hypothesis 3)GenXers would be less likely to work overtime in comparison withBabyBoomers andMillennials. A sample of 8,040 applicants at two organizations was used to test these predictions. Results provided support for Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 3 and partial support for Hypothesis 2, but the effect sizes for these relationships were small. It appears the effects of generational membership on workplace behavior are not as strong as suggested by commonly held stereotypes. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Does host determine short‐range flight capacity of trichogrammatids?
Authors: Dias‐Pini N. S. , DaSilva C. S. B. , Peñaflor M. F. G. V. , Parra J. R. P.
Published: January 2014

Biological traits, such as body size, fecundity and fertility, of egg parasitoids are strongly influenced by host species, and the use of a single‐host species for consecutive generations has been showed to be detrimental for egg parasitoid biology. Besides biological traits, behaviour of egg parasitoids is also an important parameter for implying their performance in the field, but information about the effect of host on the behaviour of egg parasitoids is still scarce. Thus, this work aimed at determining the influence of host species on the short‐range flight capacity of three egg parasitoids Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner and Trichogramma bruni Nagajara reared on Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), for first, 10 and 28 consecutive generations. Trichogrammatids emerged inside a tubular dark flight chamber, under controlled conditions, and short‐range flying response was based on the proportions of adults trapped to the sticky top of the chamber and the ones found on the bottom, which were checked for defective wings. Our data clearly demonstrate that trichogrammatid short‐range flight depends on the fasctidious host species. All three egg parasitoids had their flight capacity significantly reduced when emerged from S. cerealella. The highest flying capacity of T. annulata was registered when reared on C. cephalonica, while for T. atopovirilia was on A. kuehniella and T. bruni on both C. cephalonica and A. kuehniella. Parasitoid flight capacity is affected when reared on the same host over generations; however, it was not possible to define a pattern for any of the trichogrammatids. Our findings are of great relevance for quality control of mass‐reared egg parasitoids because measuring only behavioural traits with use of flight chambers can be more practical and less time‐consuming than assessing biological parameters.
A new species of Silvinichthys (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) lacking pelvic fins from mid‐elevation localities of the southern Andes, with comments on the genus
Authors: Fernández L. , Sanabria E. A. , Quiroga L. B. , Vari R. P.
Published: January 2014

Silvinichthys huachi new species, is described from a stream along the lower slope of the Andean Cordillera in the Provincia de San Juan, Argentina. It shares the distinctive modifications characteristic of Silvinichthys, but is distinguished from the four previously described congeners by the combination of a lack of the pelvic fin and the pelvic girdle, details of pigmentation and various meristic and morphometric features. Silvinichthys huachi is apparently endemic to the type locality situated within an arid region of western central Argentina in the Andino Cuyana Province. Major gaps in the range of species of Silvinichthys may indicate that the origin of the genus predates the uplift events that subdivided drainages along the eastern slopes of the Andean Cordillera in west central Argentina. Silvinichthys huachi is hypothesized to be the sister species of Silvinichthys bortayro.
Vaccination and triploidy increase relative heart weight in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Fraser T W K , Mayer I , Hansen T , Poppe T T , Skjæraasen J E , Koppang E O , Fjelldal P G
Published: January 2014

Heart morphology is particularly plastic in teleosts and differs between farmed and wild Atlantic salmon. However, little is known about how different culture practices and sex affect heart morphology. This study investigated how vaccination, triploidy and sex affected heart size and heart morphology (ventricle shape, angle of the bulbus arteriosus) in farmed Atlantic salmon for 18 months following vaccination (from c. 50–3000 g body weight). In addition, hearts were examined histologically after 7 months in sea water. All fish sampled were sexually immature. Vaccinated fish had significantly heavier hearts relative to body weight and a more triangular ventricle than unvaccinated fish, suggesting a greater cardiac workload. Irrespective of time, triploids had significantly heavier hearts relative to body weight, a more acute angle of the bulbus arteriosus and less fat deposition in the epicardium than diploids. The ventricle was also more triangular in triploids than diploids at seawater transfer. Sex had transient effects on the angle of the bulbus arteriosus, but no effect on relative heart weight or ventricle shape. From a morphological perspective, the results indicate that vaccination and triploidy increase cardiac workload in farmed Atlantic salmon.
Association Between Higher Plasma Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Vitamin C Concentrations and Longer Telomere Length: Results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study
Authors: Sen Abhijit , Marsche Gunther , Freudenberger Paul , Schallert Michael , Toeglhofer Anna M. , Nagl Christoph , Schmidt Reinhold , Launer Lenore J. , Schmidt Helena
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To examine the association between plasma concentrations of antioxidative micronutrients and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in elderly adults.

Design

Cross‐sectional cohort study.

Setting

Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, a population‐based cohort study on brain aging.

Participants

Individuals with a mean age of 66 ± 7 (n = 786; 58% female).

Measurements

Concentrations of vitamin C, lutein, zeaxanthin, β‐cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lycopene, α‐ and γ‐tocopherol, α‐ and β‐carotene, and retinol in plasma, advanced oxidation protein products as a measure of oxidative stress in serum, and LTL were measured. Vitamins and carotenoids were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography, advanced oxidation protein products using spectrophotometry, and telomere length using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Multiple linear regression analyses with adjustment for age and sex demonstrated that higher lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamin C concentrations were strongly associated with longer telomere length. The associations were independent of body mass index, maximum oxygen uptake, and vascular risk factors and were not mediated by advanced oxidation protein products content.

Conclusion

This study provides first evidence that higher lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamin C concentrations in plasma are associated with longer LTL in normal elderly persons and suggest a protective role of these vitamins in telomere maintenance.
Sleep Disturbances and Risk of Falls in Older Community‐Dwelling Men: The Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men (MrOS Sleep) Study
Authors: Stone Katie L. , Blackwell Terri L. , Ancoli‐Israel Sonia , Cauley Jane A. , Redline Susan , Marshall Lynn M. , Ensrud Kristine E. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Group
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To test the hypothesis that subjective and objective sleep disturbances are associated with risk of incident falls in older men.

Design

The prospective observational MrOS Sleep Study.

Setting

Six academic clinical centers in the United States.

Participants

Community‐dwelling men aged 67 and older (mean 76) (n = 3,101).

Measurements

Subjective sleep measurements included daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)), and total sleep time (TST). Objective sleep measurements included actigraphic TST and sleep efficiency (an index of fragmentation) and sleep disordered breathing (measured using in‐home polysomnography). Fall frequency during the subsequent year was ascertained three times per year using questionnaires. Recurrent falling was defined as having two or more falls in the subsequent year.

Results

In multivariable‐adjusted models, participants with excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS > 10) but not poor subjective sleep quality (PSQI > 5) had greater odds of experiencing two or more falls in the subsequent year (odds ratio (OR) = 1.52 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14–2.03). Based on actigraphic recordings, the odds of having recurrent falls was higher for men who slept 5 hours or less (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.22–2.60) than for those who slept 7 to 8 hours. Actigraphically measured sleep efficiency was also associated with greater risk of falls, as was nocturnal hypoxemia (≥10% of sleep time with arterial oxygen saturation <90%; OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.17–2.24) but not apnea hypopnea index.

Conclusion

Subjective and objective sleep disturbances were associated with risk of falls in older men, independent of confounders.
Autism in context 2: Assessment, intervention and services in Australia
Authors: Williams Katrina , Woolfenden Susan , Roberts Jacqueline , Rodger Sylvia , Bartak Lawrence , Prior Margot
Published: January 2014

Continuing from part 1, part 2 of the autism spectrum disorders review explores clinical practice and service delivery aspects of autism spectrum disorders including current assessment approaches in Australia, family‐centred models of care, and key service structure and delivery issues. Treatments including behavioural interventions, established and emergent medication, and complementary and alternative therapies are discussed. The key role of paediatricians as both individual child and family care providers and advocates, as well as agents of service reform in Australia, is evident. Much still needs to be done.
No effect of moderate or high concentrate allowance on growth parameters in weanlingWarmblood foals fed late‐cut haylage as forage
Authors: Mack J. K. , Remler H. P. , Senckenberg E. , Kienzle E.
Published: January 2014

Two groups of Warmblood foals from the Bavarian federal stud participated in the study beginning from the age of approximately 6 months. The foals were offered a late 1st cut of haylage, oats and foal starter feed. For 2 months after weaning, group ‘R’ (15 foals) received an amount of oats to provide a total digestible energy supply meeting the recommendations of the German Society of Nutrition Physiology (GfE), whereas the other group ‘A’ (16 foals) was offered a higher amount of oats (surplus of approximately 1.3 kg/animal/day). Concentrates were fed individually twice daily; total daily haylage intake of all foals together was recorded. In both groups, individual concentrate intake, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and several growth parameters were documented. Both groups showed an absolutely parallel development of the measured growth parameters and ofBWandBCS.BWandBCSincreased above the recommendations of GfE and Hois. The amount of concentrates offered was not ingested completely in both groups. The average metabolisable energy (ME) intake from concentrates amounted to 30.3 and 32.1MJ ME/animal/day (group ‘R’) and 38.7 and 38.2MJ ME/animal/day (group ‘A’) for the 7th and 8th month respectively. The mean haylage intake of all foals together equalled 26.2MJ ME/animal/day. The parallel development of all documented growth parameters in both groups leads to the assumption that higher concentrate intake must have caused lower intake of haylage andvice versa, thus resulting in an overall comparable energy intake for each foal, independently of energy source. The calculated average daily energy intake for all foals together amounted to 60.5 and 61.4MJ ME/animal for the 7th and 8th month. The mean crude protein intake in both groups together amounted to 640 and 647 g/animal/day for the 7th and 8th month.
Broad thermal capacity facilitates the primarily pelagic existence of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus)
Authors: Dalton Alex J. M. , Rosen David A. S. , Trites Andrew W.
Published: January 2014

Thermoregulatory capacity may constrain the distribution of marine mammals despite having anatomical and physiological adaptations to compensate for the thermal challenges of an aquatic lifestyle. We tested whether subadult female northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) experience increased thermoregulatory costs in water temperatures potentially encountered during their annual migration in the Bering Sea and North Pacific Ocean. Metabolic rates were measured seasonally in 6 captive female northern fur seals (2.75–3.5 yr old) in ambient air and controlled water temperatures of 2°C, 10°C, and 18°C. Rates of oxygen consumption in ambient air (1°C–18°C) were not related to environmental temperature except below 2.5°C (winter only). However, metabolism was significantly higher during the fall seasonal trials (September–October) compared to other times of year, perhaps due to the costs of molting. The fur seals appeared thermally neutral in all seasons for all water temperatures tested (2°C–18°C) except during the summer when metabolic rates were higher in the 2°C water. Comparing this broad thermal neutral zone to the average sea surface temperatures potentially encountered during annual migrations indicates wild fur seals can likely exploit a large geographic area without added thermal metabolic costs.
Distribution of myofibroblast and tenascin‐C in cystic adventitial disease: Comparison with ganglion
Authors: Hao Hiroyuki , Ishibashi‐Ueda Hatsue , Nishida Naoki , Kawakami Rika , Tsukamoto Yoshitane , Tsujimoto Masahiko , Hirota Seiichi
Published: January 2014

Cystic adventitial disease (CAD) is a rare peripheral artery disorder which shows the development of gelatinous cysts in the adventitia. Although several theories for the pathogenesis of CAD have been postulated, the etiology of CAD remains unclear. Histological examination of three CAD cases revealed that these cyst walls were composed of fibrous tissue and lacked both epithelial and endothelial lining. The surfaces of these cysts were partially covered with spindle‐shaped cells, similar to the interstitial cells within the cyst wall. A pool of mucinous material in the adventitia was evident. Distribution of vimentin‐positive spindle‐shaped cells and scattered CD68‐positive oval‐shaped cells in the cyst wall was revealed by immunohistochemistry. A part of vimentin‐positive spindle‐shaped cells demonstrated to be positive for α‐smooth muscle actin, indicating the presence of myofibroblasts in the cyst wall. A focal tenascin‐C‐positive area was observed in the cyst wall of our CAD cases. Presence of two different cell types, proliferation of myofibroblasts and expression of tenascin‐C were consistent with those of cyst walls of 20 surgically resected ganglions. These results suggest that CAD may arise as capsular synovial structures, similar to ganglion cysts.
Politicians and Professionalization in the Pacific Islands: Revisiting Self‐Regulation?
Authors: Corbett Jack
Published: January 2014

In this article, I examine the nature of political practice in the Pacific Islands against two dominant measures of professionalization: incentive and institutionalist. Drawing from a range of qualitative data—interviews with politicians, published life histories, and observation—from across the region, I find that professionalization is largely unapparent against these measures. However, despite the likelihood that this absence will continue, the professional politician continues to be a standard against which political leadership in the Pacific is assessed, and thus poses a significant problem for would‐be‐reformers. In response to this dilemma, I find that the older idea of self‐regulating professional ethics, usually disregarded by proponents of these newer and more managerial measures, has more to offer than might first appear.

Related Articles:

Kane, John, Hui‐Chieh Loy, and Haig Patapan. 2010. “.” Politics & Policy 38 (): 381‐394. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00240.x/abstract

Kinyondo, Abel, and Riccardo Pelizzo. 2013. “.” Politics & Policy 41 (): 420‐446. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12020/abstract

Pelizzo, Riccardo. 2010. “.” Politics & Policy 38 (): 117‐137. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00231.x/abstract

Related Media:

. 2013. “.” http://www.cdi.anu.edu.au/A&C/about_cdi.htm

Rasmussen, Wilkie. 2013. “.” . August 20. http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=78438

. 2013. “” May 19. http://www.samoaobserver.ws/home/headlines/4930‐hrpp‐has‐collapsed
The Heterogeneity Politics of the Welfare State: Changing Population Heterogeneity and Welfare State Policies in High‐Income OECD Countries, 1980‐2005
Authors: Wagle Udaya R.
Published: January 2014

Whether and how developments and changes in welfare state policies are related with population heterogeneity has been a subject of contention. This article examines this relationship using data on welfare state provisions and practices, and ethno‐racial, religious, and immigration heterogeneity, from 17 high‐income Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries between 1980 and 2005. Findings suggest that while religious diversity lacks a systematic association with welfare state policies, the relationship of ethno‐racial and especially immigration diversity bifurcates between welfare state decommodification and expenditures. The welfare state expenditure‐increasing and welfare‐state‐provision‐decreasing roles of immigration, in particular, provide important insights into why welfare state policies may have been limited in some countries and lately scaled back in others.

Related Articles:

Gainous, Jason, Stephen C. Craig, and Michael D. Martinez. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 972‐1004. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00147.x/abstract

Byrne, Jennifer. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 485‐514. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00301.x/abstract

Flavin, Patrick, Alexander C. Pacek, and Benjamin Radcliff. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 29 (): 251‐269. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00290.x/abstract

Related Media:

Databases: by Wagle, Udaya. 2013. “.” http://homepages.wmich.edu/~uwagle/

. https://www.cia.gov/
Late electrophysiological modulations of feature‐based attention to object shapes
Authors: Stojanoski Bobby Boge , Niemeier Matthias
Published: January 2014

Feature‐based attention has been shown to aid object perception. Our previous ERP effects revealed temporally late feature‐based modulation in response to objects relative to motion. The aim of the current study was to confirm the timing of feature‐based influences on object perception while cueing within the feature dimension of shape. Participants were told to expect either “pillow” or “flower” objects embedded among random white and black lines. Participants more accurately reported the object's main color for valid compared to invalid shapes. ERPs revealed modulation from 252–502 ms, from occipital to frontal electrodes. Our results are consistent with previous findings examining the time course for processing similar stimuli (illusory contours). Our results provide novel insights into how attending to features of higher complexity aids object perception presumably via feed‐forward and feedback mechanisms along the visual hierarchy.