bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Picture interpretation and Jungian typology
Authors: Bergeron Derek P. , Rosen David H. , Arnau Randolph C. , Mascaro Nathan
Published: August 2010

This study examined a Jungian picture interpretation schema, which utilizes a specific quadrant method. This proposed schema, which is used in training at the C. G. Jung Institute in Zürich, attaches significance to specific areas of a drawing. The upper left of a drawing is associated with the father; the lower left with the unconscious; the lower right with the mother; and the upper right with the future. Three questions served as the foci of this study: Is the schema valid? Do certain types within Jung's personality theory respond better than others to the schema? Does the schema work best when it elicits a strong affective response from the person who created the picture? Subjects took one of two tests: a space domain test, or a colour associative test. The results revealed only two significant effects: a positive association (in the space domain test) between unconscious material with the unconscious quadrant and a negative association (in the colour associative test) of mother material with the mother quadrant. These results suggest that the Jungian quadrant schema used to interpret drawings is invalid and of minimal practical utility. Other methods of picture interpretation are discussed as well as suggestions for future research that would be helpful to this field.
Incest in Jung's work: the origins of the epistomophilic instinct
Authors: Covington Coline
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In this paper the differences between Jung's and Freud's writings on incest are explored. Jung's view is that the purpose of the child's sexual interest, as expressed also in his incestuous longings, is not purely the satisfaction of the biological instinct but is more importantly seen to be the development of thinking. The importance of the incest taboo for analytic work and the dangers of enactment of the erotic transference‐­countertransference dynamics are highlighted.
Encountering the shadow in rites of passage: a study in activations
Authors: Casement Ann
Published: August 2010

Jung's concept of the shadow is explored in this paper through his writings on its realization and assimilation in which he says the shadow may be experienced as the regressed and denied ‘other self’ in each individual. However, this is not the whole picture, and he also points to the fact that the shadow contains more than something merely negative. While in no way treating them as ‘patients’, the paper will also touch on the experience of the anthropologist, Bronislaw Malinowski, and the writer, Joseph Conrad, in their personal encounters with the shadow. All three encountered the shadow whilst going through rites of passage of their own and each owes much to the Romantic Movement. In this context, attention is directed to the writings of the philosopher and theologian, Johann Gottfried von Herder, who discovered a deeper understanding of his destiny in the course of a sea voyage.
Daimonic elements in early trauma
Authors: Kalsched Donald E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper explores some of the ‘daimonic’ elements of unconscious mentation that emerge both in dreams and in the transference/countertransference field with early‐trauma patients and illustrates these with an extended clinical example. An archaic and typical (archetypal) ‘trauma complex’ is articulated (with diagram) as a bi‐polar structure consisting of divine child protected and/or persecuted by an inner ‘guardian angel’. Sources of this structure and its mythological inner objects are traced to trauma at the stage of what Winnicott calls ‘unintegration’ and to flooding by dis­integration anxiety at a time before nascent ego‐structure has formed.

In an extended case example, the author shows how the patient's traumatized innocence and desire for a new start, thwarted by self‐attacking defences, pulls him into playing the inflated role of her guardian angel, leading to re‐traumatization in the transference. Working through is seen as the necessary disillusionment and humanization of these daimonic structures as they are projected, suffered, and transmuted by the analytic partners in the stormy process of psychotherapy.
Developmental aspects of trauma and traumatic aspects of development
Authors: Urban Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In this paper I try to show that inherent in healthy development are emotional experiences that are the stuff of trauma. Failure to reintegrate these experiences means that they can serve as a resonating board for difficulties in later life, adding to their traumatic impact. Focusing on global changes that occur at the end of the first year, I exemplify these developments with an infant observation and show how a six‐year‐old boy's failure to integrate them contributed to his experiencing a normal life event as a trauma. I then offer clinical material from the analysis of a man to demonstrate how later life events resonated with early experience associated with this period. All are linked to a complex pattern of object relations I have come across clinically, whereby feelings of grief associated with an idealized object are split off from feelings of grievance against an object experienced as persecutory because of its perceived superior status.
The impact of papers in Sociology of Health and Illness: a bibliographic study
Authors: Armstrong David
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper examines the citation counts of papers published in the first 25 years of the Sociology of Health and Illness. According to this measure only a small number of papers have made a major impact on the discipline of sociology of health and illness and an analysis of these select papers identifies some common themes. In particular, ‘successful’ papers have provided important theoretical constructs for the field while exploration of aspects of identity has been a recurrent focus.
Enforcing patient rights or improving care? The interference of two modes of doing good in mental health care
Authors: Pols Jeannette
Published: August 2010

Abstract New state laws are intended to bring about formal changes. These juridical activities inevitably interfere with the content of care of substantially changing health care practice. The case is argued by means of an analysis of ethnographic material gathered in the long‐stay wards of two psychiatric hospitals in the Netherlands. The question raised by the ethnography is which ‘mode of doing good’, juridical or caring, is relevant to daily practice. A ‘mode of doing good’ is defined as a pattern of ideals, procedures, routines and knowledge that is oriented towards a specific form of ‘good care’. The interference of these different modes of doing good explains the impact of recent juridical changes in Dutch mental health care. The potential tensions between juridical and caring traditions are accommodated in different ways. Either juridical and caring modes resonate and gradually merge into new patterns of day‐to‐day practice, or there is dissonance and they remain oppositional. Rather than securing patient rights, juridical measures change daily life and work on the wards in far more complex ways.
Protecting a vulnerable margin: towards an analysis of how the mouth came to be separated from the body
Authors: Nettleton Sarah
Published: August 2010

Abstract The mouth and teeth became the focus of a new body of knowledge in the mid‐nineteenth century. Existing approaches to the emergence of the profession of dentistry have assumed that it occurred as a response to dental disease and have offered empirical/pluralistic accounts. This paper argues that such explanations are inadequate, and drawing on Foucault's concept of power/knowledge suggests an alternative explanation. An examination of the contagion beliefs at the turn of the century reveals how the mouth became a vulnerable boundary of particular significance; it became the orifice through which disease could enter and consequently it had to be rigorously guarded. The policing of the mouth produced a knowledge of it.
Death and Dying: Confluences of Emotion and Awareness
Authors: Mamo Laura
Published: August 2010

Using data from an introspective ethnography, this paper proposes a modified theory of awareness among dying patients, their families and medical personnel. By incorporating the sociology of emotions, this modified theory provides a richer understanding of the complexity of relationships in death and dying than the previous literature which focuses on knowledge and the management of knowledge in social interactions in the context of dying. It is suggested that awareness based on knowledge and the cognitive processing of information not only obscures the emotional content of terminal illness, but also moves to the background the emotional work performed by dying patients and their families. The modified version of awareness theory recognises that emotion and cognition are intertwined and pays close attention to emotions within the social context.
Exploring the Meaning of ‘Dissatisfaction’ with Health Care: The Importance of ‘Personal Identity Threat’
Authors: Coyle Joanne
Published: August 2010

Researchers argue that a number of assumptions have been made about the concepts of patient satisfaction and dissatisfaction that have compromised their validity. The aim of this study was to explore the meaning of ‘dissatisfaction’ with health care. Forty‐one people who had experienced problems in health care were identified from a household survey of health service users. They were interviewed in depth using an unstructured schedule. A grounded theory approach was used to construct a framework inductively from their accounts. The results suggest that ‘dissatisfaction’ could not accommodate the range of feelings, beliefs and values people express when they encounter problems in health care. However, another concept, that of ‘personal identity threat’, was identified which offered additional insights into the meaning of untoward experiences in health care. This concept delineates the grounds for disappointment or dissatisfaction, and helped to capture the complexity of the feelings and views expressed. Personal identity was perceived as being challenged through experiences which were felt to be disempowering, dehumanising and devaluing. Gender, class and race differences also emerged in respondents’ perceptions of identity threat.
The illness experience: state of knowledge and perspectives for research
Authors: Pierret Janine
Published: August 2010

AbstractOver the last quarter of a century, research on the illness experience has thrived. Publications on this subject are reviewed in relation to three themes: subjectivity; coping actions and strategies for managing everyday life; and the social structure.Sociology of Health and Illnesshas contributed significantly to this field. In conclusion, research perspectives are suggested for tackling the problems in passing from a micro to a macro level of analysis.
The R&D Effectiveness Index: A Metric for Product Development Performance
Authors: McGrath Michael E. , Romeri Michael N.
Published: August 2010

Measuring the overall success of product development efforts has been frustrating because there is no generally recognized metric to measure effectiveness. The R&D Effectiveness Index is introduced to address this need. It measures effectiveness by comparing the profit from new products to the investment in new product development. The article provides the details for calculating the index along with alternative interpretations. Michael McGrath and Michael Romeri report that this index was validated through a study of 45 electronic systems companies. They found a strong relationship between the R&D Effectiveness Index and other performance factors and believe that the R&D Effectiveness Index can be used to compare performance, measure improvement, and evaluate business units. Its application is illustrated in a case study.
An Approach to Assess the Importance of Brand Equity in Acquisition Decisions
Authors: Mahajan Vijay , Rao Vithala R. , Srivastava Rajendra K.
Published: August 2010

Many firms acquire other firms with well‐known and proven brands to hedge against the high costs and risks of new product development. A critical question in these acquisition decisions involves the assessment of the importance of brand equity to the acquiring firm. Since the brand equity benefits can vary by firm (and also by the decision maker within a firm) a critical question is how can one systematically decipher the effect of brand equity in acquisition decisions. Using the balance model [8,15], Vijay Mahajan, Vithala Rao, and Rajendra Srivastava present a methodology to determine the importance of brand equity in acquisition decisions. By capturing the idiosyncratic perceived importance of brand equity of every decision maker involved in acquisition decisions, the methodology enables members of a committee within a firm to understand and reconcile their differences in evaluating potential acquisitions. This methodology is applied in a pilot study for the all‐suites segment of the hotel industry with data collected from senior executives of five major hotel chains. The authors also discuss benefits, limitations, and further extensions of the suggested approach.
An Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of Market Orientation on New Product Performance
Authors: Atuahene‐Gima Kwaku
Published: August 2010

For many firms, emphasizing the importance of market orientation has taken on a mantra‐like quality. Mission statements and memos, policies, and procedures all highlight the importance of staying in touch with the customer. It is also widely assumed that the relationship between market orientation and new product performance depends on environmental conditions and product characteristics. To date, however, little empirical evidence has been presented to support the assumption that market orientation influences new product performance.

Kwaku Atuahene‐Gima addresses this research need in a study of 275 Australian firms. In addition to exploring the relationship between market orientation and new product development activities and performance, his study examines the effects of environmental conditions and product characteristics. Specifically, the study investigates whether the relationship between market orientation and new product performance depends on the degree of product newness to customers and the firm; the intensity of market competition and the hostility of the industry environment; and the stage of the product life cycle at which the new product was introduced.

The survey results provide strong support for the basic proposition that market orientation influences new product performance and development activities. The results show a strong positive relationship between market orientation and a new product's market performance. Market orientation is also shown to have a strong positive effect on proficiency of predevelopment activity, proficiency of launch activity, service quality, product advantage, marketing synergy, and teamwork.

Although market orientation is generally found to be an important factor in the success of new products, its influence varies depending on the type of new product—that is, radical versus incremental. Market orientation appears to have greater influence on new product performance when the product represents an incremental change to both the customers and the firm. However, this does not mean that a market‐oriented approach is unnecessary in the development of radically hew products.

Market orientation also has a greater effect when the perceived intensity of market competition and industry hostility are high, and during the early stage of the product life cycle. Because market competition and industry hostility typically intensify as the product life cycle progresses, these findings suggest that the effects of market orientation are pervasive. In other words, managers should not limit their expectations of market orientation to specific projects or specific stages of the development process and product life cycle.
Technology Strategy in a Software Products Company
Authors: Meyer Marc H. , Lopez Luis
Published: August 2010

An overly narrow focus on core competencies and technologies may cause a firm to miss market opportunities. On the other hand, a firm's ongoing success depends on its ability to recognize and nurture the technologies necessary for the continual refinement and extension of its product families. This process of product renewal requires effective management of technological innovation, which in turn requires a clear understanding of the technological basis for a product family–that is, the product platform from which derivative or follow‐on products are created.

Using a software company as an example, Marc H. Meyer and Luis Lopez present a method for understanding the relationship between the nurturing of core technologies and the evolution of a product family. At the foundation of this method is the concept of a product platform–the core technologies that are common to all members of a product family. In other words, a platform provides the basic technological architecture for a series of derivative products. From an initial platform, a product family can evolve in two ways: through platform extensions or platform renewals. Platform extensions may involve changes to existing subsystems or the addition of new subsystems without altering the primary subsystems and interfaces in the existing design. Platform renewal is the redesign of a product to create an entirely new platform.

To provide a basis for evaluating the effects of the software company's allocation of R&D expenditures, the authors created a product family map that differentiated between platform improvements and derivative product developments. Using the product family map, they examined R&D budgets and identified the allocation of spending among the core technologies embodied in the firms's products. The visual presentation of the product family maps and core capability investments were particularly useful for helping company management understand and learn from the consequences of past decisions.

The analysis of the product family maps and R&D expenditures also provides a guideline for future decision‐making. Specifically, to achieve desired amounts of technical and commercial leverage, successive product platforms in a product family must provide both balance and strength in the embodied core technologies. For market applications involving more than one core technology, a firm must pursue a balanced, inclusive technology strategy. In such cases, overemphasis on one core technology typically results in poor market performance.
Applying Hedonic Pricing Models and Factorial Surveys at Parker Pen to Enhance New Product Success
Authors: Tomkovick Chuck , Dobie Kathryn E.
Published: August 2010

Walking the path from new product concept to successful commercialization is a tightrope act. Product developers must carefully balance a variety of factors, including predictions of consumer price sensitivity as well as which combination of product attributes will be most valued by the intended market. A well‐chosen mix of analytical tools can enhance a firm's chances of accurately predicting market demand.

Chuck Tomkovick and Kathryn E. Dobie describe how the integration of two product attribute assessment techniques–hedonic pricing models and factorial surveys–allows product designers to more accurately gauge price sensitivity and market receptivity to new product designs. They also describe how these analytical tools were used to improve decision‐making in product development at the Parker Pen Company, and they discuss the role these tools can play in facilitating the transition from concept to commercialization.

Hedonic price analysis is an econometric method for determining the value purchasers place on attributes of existing products. In product development, factorial surveys are used to identify the value members of the target market place on new product concepts and prototypes. When used in combination with identified hedonic prices, the responses to a factorial survey allow product developers to predict consumer willingness‐to‐pay for various combinations of new product attributes.

Following development of prototypes for two new product lines, product developers at the Parker Pen Company used hedonic pricing models and factorial surveys as a means for reducing demand uncertainty and for clarifying what consumers were willing to pay for various combinations of product attributes that were under consideration. The integration and use of these techniques involved a five‐step process of target market identification, product attribute identification, hedonic price estimation, administering of the factorial survey, and determination of consumer willingness‐to‐pay. The results of these analyses allowed Parker Pen to better focus product development efforts on those design elements for which test market customers indicated both demand and willingness‐to‐pay.

The Parker Pen Company found hedonic pricing and factorial surveys useful for predicting both the rate and the degree of change in consumers' marginal utility for specific product attributes. The usefulness of these techniques also extends beyond the early stages of new product conception. These techniques are helpful in the development and implementation of dynamic new product marketing mix strategies, including such elements as product design, pricing, channel selection, and promotion.
The Spirituality of Innovation: Learning from Stories
Authors: Buckler Sheldon A. , Zien Karen Anne
Published: August 2010

Sooner or later, most established companies face a mid‐life crisis. Just like many people, these companies somehow lose the drive, the excitement, and the enthusiasm of their youth. Rather than continue to push the envelope, these companies focus on their core competencies and try to maintain order through a proliferation of policies and procedures. On the other hand, some companies (and some people) manage to sustain their innovative, entrepreneurial spirit. A handful of mature companies somehow maintain an environment in which employees continually generate added value for customers and the company alike. How do they do it? How do these mature companies continue to foster invention and innovation?

Recognizing that stagnation and decline are not faits accomplis for all companies, Karen Anne Zien and a cross‐functional team conducted in‐depth interviews at several highly innovative firms. The interviewees provided insight into the culture, the characteristics, and the principles that set these companies apart from the competition. Perhaps the greatest insight comes from the stories these people tell. These war stories—the corporate myths and legends—provide a simple means for communicating and reinforcing the shared values that distinguish these companies.

For example, a manager's recollection of Hewlett‐Packard's effort to develop a pen plotter (and in particular, Bill Hewlett's role in this development) demonstrates that innovation is a companywide activity that requires the active, ongoing involvement of leaders at the highest levels of the organization. Senior people in these innovative companies foster a sense of community and common purpose and thus create an environment that encourages employees to explore new ideas and, if necessary, break the old rules. Through both formal and informal means, these companies also encourage frequent interaction between technical and marketing people.

Corporate leaders energize these mature, but still innovative, companies, by providing context and communicating a dynamic vision. Storytelling offers a particularly evocative medium for articulating this vision. Rather than bore newcomers with hoary tales of the good old days, however, the most effective leaders continually reshape these stories to offer fresh insights, uncover new challenges, and reinforce the notion that every employee can and should contribute their full potential.
How Banks Apply Marketing Expertise to Develop New Derivatives
Authors: Johne F. Axel , Pavlidis M. Panos
Published: August 2010

For banks operating in the fiercely competitive derivatives market, the difference between the leaders and the also‐rans often boils down to their respective approaches to product innovation. To achieve market leadership in this highly volatile field, a bank must develop and continually refine the processes and the expertise necessary for identifying new areas of business and attracting and retaining customers. Although the development of derivatives is a complex, expensive process, such development efforts provide the means for satisfying existing clients as well as attracting new customers.

F. Axel Johne and M. Panos Pavlidis examine the managerial practices of banks that are acknowledged leaders in bringing new derivatives to market ahead of their competitors. In particular, they examine how those first‐mover banks apply their marketing expertise and they review the advantages those banks enjoy as a result of their success in product innovation.

The banks studied fall into one of two groups: highly active innovators and less active innovators. The study reveals several significant differences between the two groups with respect to managing marketing inputs for product innovation purposes. First, compared to less active banks, the highly active innovators take a more sophisticated, market‐based approach to identifying innovation opportunities. Rather than looking for innovations that offer a close fit with existing products and competencies, they analyze the benefits sought by target clients and initiate innovation efforts based on those analyses.

Highly active innovators recognize the important role that internal marketing plays in encouraging functional specialists to work together for the purpose of identifying follow‐on development opportunities. Internal marketing also helps to ensure that all parties understand and can support the planned innovation.

The highly active innovators in this study do not take a formulaic approach to the development of new derivatives; instead, they rely on marketing expertise to identify and capitalize on business opportunities. Rather than concentrate solely on improving the core technical features of a product, the highly active innovators also recognize the importance of product augmentation innovation (to ensure the appropriate support for various market segments), process innovation (so they can reduce prices, when necessary), and market innovation (to ensure that they pursue the optimal mix of markets).
An Empirical Study of the Relationships among Co‐location, Integration, Performance, and Satisfaction
Authors: Kahn Kenneth B. , McDonough Edward F.
Published: August 2010

Co‐locate or perish. In this era of cross‐functional integration, are these the only choices for the departments that participate in the new product development (NPD) process? Bringing together different departments certainly seems like a good idea. After all, breaking down the walls between functions improves the quality of the inputs to NPD and thus increases the likelihood of success. On the other hand, a firm would be ill‐advised to implement co‐location simply because it seems like a good idea. Such a complex undertaking requires careful consideration of the costs, the benefits, and the effects of co‐location.

Noting the need for more in‐depth knowledge in this area, Kenneth Kahn and Edward McDonough present the results of a study that explores several issues regarding co‐location and its relationship to interdepartmental integration, performance, and satisfaction. For example, does co‐location relate directly to improved performance and satisfaction in working with personnel from other departments? Or does co‐location play a moderating role, fostering improved interdepartmental collaboration and interaction, which in turn increase performance and satisfaction? And finally, do the effects of co‐location depend on which departments are involved? For example, do the benefits of co‐locating marketing and R&D exceed those of co‐locating manufacturing and R&D?

The 514 survey respondents work as department managers in member companies of the Electronic Industries Association. The study includes an even distribution of responses from managers of marketing, manufacturing, and R&D departments. Most respondents have firsthand knowledge of the effects of colocation; 68% of the marketing managers report that they are co‐located with manufacturing, and 80% of the marketing managers are co‐located with R&D. R&D and manufacturing managers fall between those levels, with roughly 75% indicating that they are co‐located with the other departments.

While generally supporting the premise that co‐location is helpful for integrating departments, the survey results indicate that co‐location has department‐specific effects. For example, the findings indicate that co‐location facilities collaboration between R&D and marketing, but not between manufacturing and the other departments. The findings do not point to a direct relationship between co‐location and performance. On the other hand, the results suggest direct links between collaboration and both performance and satisfaction.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenau Milton D. , Rothberg Robert R.
Published: August 2010

The first review is of a book that probably should be required reading for most personnel who participate in new product development—both academics and practitioners. It focuses on product innovation, primarily from an engineering perspective. Special emphasis is given to product design and development issues ranging from attribute specification and design for manufacturing to the economics and management of product development projects. Although the book has limitations, it provides highly relevant insights, especially for those involved with engineered products.

The second review covers a book devoted to software development, which is becoming a ubiquitous ingredient in many products. Our reviewer reports that the book offers much practical wisdom. The third and fourth reviews discuss books for practitioners that are focused on specialized areas: biomedical and clinical instrumentation and food products. Although specialized, the first of these books offers some broader, more general lessons. The other will be of greatest value to those developing food products who have statistical training.

The next three reviews cover other books of greatest interest to practitioners. The first is also most useful for those developing engineered products. The second will be of most use to less experienced personnel. The third book is about teamwork—now regarded by most practitioners as essential—but with only a few examples pertinent to product development.

The last two reviews report on books that will be primarily of interest to academics and of limited interest to practitioners. The first of these two reviews describes a conference proceedings book, which is a compendium of unusually thoughtful presentations on the impact of changes in information technology on the design and execution of marketing actions. The articles in this collection are at once balanced in terms of level and style and comprehensive in terms of their overall coverage. The second covers a product management textbook with special emphasis on opportunity identification and the alignment of effort and resources with such opportunities.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenau Milton D.
Published: August 2010

This issue provides reviews of four books and brief notes for two others. The first book that is reviewed covers services comprehensively. It traces the growth from the industrial era and attempts to project future trends. The second review is of a book written by a practitioner with the company that is frequently judged to be the new product development “gold standard.” Although the book can be somewhat unfocused at times, six key lessons are enunciated. The third book covered here is about compressing time‐to‐market for engineered or technology‐based products. Our reviewer suggests that it is most useful for experienced practitioners in larger companies. The last book is about teams. The reviewer finds it overly long but useful in its treatment of teaming among organizations.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenau Milton D.
Published: August 2010

The first review describes the eighth book we have reviewed on the general topic of faster new product development. This book is distinguished by its emphasis on human issues, especially in the context of contracted development for an original equipment manufacturer. The second review covers a book that contrasts the Japanese and U.S. approach to product development. The book indicates that U.S. companies should put more emphasis on early predevelopment activities. The third review describes how Kodak's black and white film‐making operation was overhauled by a team effort. Our reviewer suggests that many of the book's team‐building lessons must be adopted for any company to change its culture and improve its product development performance. The fourth review describes a short book about quality function deployment (QFD). Although the book lacks specific product development examples, the reviewer recommends it as a helpful primer on this important product development tool. The fifth review reports on a technology management book. The book comprises a series of separately authored chapters on varied issues, some of which are directly pertinent to developers of technology‐based new products. The reviews conclude with a brief note about a book on rapid prototyping.
Adenocarcinoma of Mammary‐Like Glands of the Vulva
Authors: Abbott J.J. , Ahmed I.
Published: August 2010

Mammary‐like glands are a poorly recognized structure of the normal vulvar skin. Adenocarcinomas occur rarely in these glands and represent a distinct clinicopathologic entity that must be distinguished from metastatic tumors. We present a case of a 51‐year‐old patient with a long‐standing nodule on her right labium majus. Excision with subsequent Mohs micrographic surgery revealed an infiltrating adenocarcinoma of the mammary‐like glands involving the dermis and subcutis. We review all cases thus far reported (including the case presented herein) and identify important clinical and morphologic features of this tumor. A significant histopathological and immunohistochemical overlap between this neoplasm, sweat gland carcinomas, and invasive extramammary Paget’s disease was recognized; suggesting the existence of a morphologic spectrum between these entities. Criteria for establishing the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of mammary‐like glands are reviewed, including the importance of identifying transition zones between normal mammary‐like glands and malignant glands. We believe that this tumor is best categorized as a locally aggressive neoplasm with a low metastatic potential and death from disease is uncommon. The successful treatment of this case by Mohs micrographic surgery suggests that an alternate management approach may be adopted for these tumors, particularly in elderly patients.
Differential Diagnosis of Bullous Skin Lesions in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Chandra P. , Velazquez E.
Published: August 2010

We present a case of a male infant born to a 21 year‐old mother without significant past medical history. Clinically, he presented with diffuse bullae and thickened patches of yellow to brown skin exhibiting Darier’s Sign. This condition affected the infant’s entire integument. There was also mild hepatosplenomegaly, detected radiologically. Blood tests and a bone marrow biopsy were normal. The differential diagnosis, clinically, included diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis, bullous genodermatosis, epidermolysis bullosa, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, incontinentia pigmenti, and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Histologically, there was a proliferation of mast cells within the papillary and reticular dermis, which exhibited positivity with Leder staining, thereby confirming the diagnosis of diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis. Mastocytosis is a condition characterized by mast cell hyperplasia in the bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. Diffuse cutaneous matocytosis is a rare subset limited to the skin. It occurs in about two percent of cases of mastocytosis and usually affects children before the age of three. This case, although extremely rare, gives an excellent overview of the differential diagnosis of bullous lesions in the pediatric population.
THE PERIPHERAL NERVE FUNCTION IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Authors: Nielsen V. Kamp
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Clinical neuropathy has been studied before and after renal transplantation in 27 patients who received a transplant from a close relative. With one exception, excluded from the follow‐up study, azotemia was eliminated in all patients within the first week. Three patients later died from rejection and two from extrarenal complications. The observation period ranged from 1 to 31 months (average 12). The material was divided into two groups: I. Among 14 patients with normal vibratory perception threshold (VPT) on the big toe before transplantation, four had clinical signs of mild neuropathy which disappeared 1–3 months after transplantation. II. Thirteen patients with elevated VPT had other clinical signs of a moderate to severe neuropathy. The remission after transplantation was two‐phasic with an early rapid and a late slow phase. A marked reduction in the VPT during the first weeks preceded the disappearance of sensory and motor signs, which took place in a distalward direction. Muscular weakness and wasting and reflex disturbances were among the latest signs to disappear. A prognostic evaluation of the neuropathy was possible after about 6 months. Clinical signs which had shown no tendency to regress at that time apparently became permanent sequelae. After 2 1/2 years two patients still had paralysis of distal muscles in the legs and of isolated muscles in the hands. The ankle reflexes and the vibration sense on the big toe were extinct and there was severe hypesthesia of the feet.
Pericardial Angiomatosis
Authors: Hartveit F. , Brubakk O. , Rokstad K.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT A case of cardiac tamponade following bleeding from an angiomatous plexus on the surface of the pericardium is described.
CORRELATION BETwEEN PHARMACOKINETICS AND INOTROPIC AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE TO DIGOXIN IN THE INTACT DOG IN COMPARISON wITH DIGITOXIN
Authors: Amlie Jan P. , Storstein Liv
Published: August 2010

we wanted to study changes in the inotropic and electrophysiologic effects of digoxin after a single dose and to correlate them to serum digoxin concentrations.

Furthermore we wanted to compare data obtained in the present study to results obtained in a similar study after digitoxin.

Six pentobarbital anaesthetised Labrador dogs were given 1.0 mg digoxin intravenously. Left heart catheterization and His bundle recordings were performed.

Pacing and programmed electrical stimulation were used to determine heart rate independant changes in dP/dt, intra‐atrial, AV‐nodal, His‐Purkinje and intraventricular conduction times. The effective (A‐ERP) and the functional (A‐FRP) refractory periods of the atrium, the functional refractory period of the AV node (AV‐FRP) were measured. Serum digoxin concentrations were determined with radio‐immu‐noassay.

Median serum digoxin half‐time (T/2) was 4.2 hours. dP/dt increased after digoxin with maximum values after 1 1/2 hour. Digoxin concentrations correlated linearly with inotropic response. Heart rate fell significantly within 2 minutes and remain below control values for 3 hours concomitant with an increase in A‐H time and AV‐FRP. A‐ERP and A‐FRP did not change.

A significant positive correlation was observed between decrease in AV‐FRP and serum concentrations in the elimination phase, while no obvious relationship existed between the other electrophysiological variables measured and serum concentrations.

Digoxin and digitoxin differed in their electrophysiological effects. while digitoxin increased atrial refractoriness, no effect was observed after digoxin. Digitoxin (2.0 mg) caused more pronounced late effect on heart rate and AV nodal conduction and refractoriness than digoxin (1.0 mg).
Insulin Infusion Normalizes Cardiovascular Responses and Plasma Noradrenaline after Oral Glucose in Type 1 (Insulin‐dependent) Diabetes
Authors: HEGEDÜS LASZLO , DEJGAARD ANDERS , CHRISTENSEN NIELS J. , KÜHL CLAUS
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. We examined whether the abnormal regulation of the cardiovascular system and plasma noradrenaline observed after oral glucose in insulin‐dependent diabetic patients could be normalized by intravenous infusion of insulin. Eight patients with type 1 (insulin‐dependent) diabetes were examined after an oral glucose load with and without simultaneous infusion of insulin. Insulin infusion increased plasma insulin from 0.07 to 0.31 nmol/1. In the control experiment (glucose only), mean heart rate and mean arterial systolic blood pressure remained unchanged and plasma noradrenaline (NA) decreased (p < 0.05). After oral glucose plus intravenous insulin, mean heart rate increased by 11 % and mean systolic blood pressure by 5 % (p < 0.05, p < 0.01), whereas plasma NA did not change significantly. The present study indicates that physiologic increments in plasma insulin concentration are of importance in the regulation of the cardiovascular system and plasma NA following an oral glucose load.
Low‐dose Cytosine Arabinoside Therapy in a Patient with Myelofibrosis during Transformation to Acute Non‐lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: JENSEN MOGENS KROGH , JOHANSEN PREBEN , AHLBOM GÖRAN
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. A patient with myelofibrosis transforming into acute non‐lymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL) was treated with low doses of cytosine arabinoside (ARA‐C). Complete remission was obtained twice without serious toxicity. It is suggested that low‐dose ARA‐C may be an effective and rather non‐toxic therapy in patients with myeloproliferative disorders transforming to ANLL.
T and B cell analogues from peripheral blood of immune channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Lewis D. H. , Eurell T. E. , Cannon M. S. , Grumbles L. C.
Published: August 2010

Immune channel catfish lymphocytes were recovered from peripheral blood on an isotonic (250 mOsm) separation medium consisting of Ficoll‐Hypaque adjusted to a specific gravity of 1·065–1·070 g ml−1. At least two types of cells similar to T and B lymphocytes of higher vertebrates were observed. One type of lymphocyte, referred to as “small lymphocyte” possessed surface erythrocyte receptors and appeared to be analogous to mammalian T cells. A second type of lymphocyte analogous to mammalian B cell possessed surface immunoglobulins and was capable of cytoadherence with Aeromonas hydrophila cells.
Observations on the occurrence of Allocreadium fasciatusi in Aplocheilus melastigma
Authors: Madhavi R.
Published: August 2010

Allocreadium fasciatusi is a common trematode occurring in the intestine of the fish Aplocheilus melastigma. The distribution of this fluke inside the fish host has been studied for a period of one year. The fluke occurred throughout the year, the incidence ranged from 20 to 88, and the number of parasites per infected host varied from 1 to 58. The fluke exhibited a seasonal cycle of occurrence with a peak both in incidence and intensity in the month of September. For the rest of the year the population remained constant and there was a balance between recruitment and loss from the trematode populations. The maturation cycle of A. fasciatusi also followed a seasonal pattern. Although the flukes were recruited in all the months, the peak invasion occurred in September. The large numbers of immature flukes received during this month became gravid by January. The availability of infective larvae was considered to be important in influencing the seasonal cycles.

The incidence and intensity of infection were found to be independent of the size of the fish but female fish were noted to be the more heavily infected.
Morphological limitations, prey size selectivity, and growth response of juvenile atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
Authors: Wañkowski J. W. J.
Published: August 2010

The head and jaw movements involved in capture, buccal manipulation, ingestion and rejection of prey were investigated using sequential photography of juvenile Atlantic salmon feeding in a simulated stream environment. The results are described and discussed and mouth breadth and gill raker spacing are proposed as morphometric limitations to the range of prey sizes available which remains constant at 0·06 · fish fork length (PFR).

A recirculatory flume tank was used to study prey size selectivity behavior. Simplified downstream‐drifting prey items elicited a variety of responses depending on their physical size. One hundred percent of offered prey of PFR 0·025 were ingested, while 90 % of prey at PFR 0·051 and 100% of prey at PFR 0·105 were rejected. It is demonstrated that fish show negative selection for prey sizes smaller than PFR 0·025 and that prey of this size elicits maximum growth response.

The validity of the proposed morphometric limitations on the available prey sizes is demonstrated by reference to selectivity behaviour and prey size related differential growth.
Acute effects of the sodium salt of 2,4‐D on the early developmental stages of bleak, Alburnm alburnus
Authors: Biró Peter
Published: August 2010

The acute effects of a herbicide based on 2,4‐D on embryos and larvae of bleak, Alburnus alburnus L. exposed to concentrations of 25–3200 mg 1−1 for 12–48 hours were investigated. The 2,4‐D delayed or stopped the development of embryos in their early stages, caused behavioural changes and morphological alterations. The L.C.50 values for embryos varied between 12–9 and 15·9–4mg 1−1 and for larvae from 51·6 to 111·2mg 1−1 according to the time of exposure. The level of 2,4‐D in Lake Balaton, or similar shallow lakes, without substantial injury of the littoral fish fauna should not surpass 0·5–1·0 mg 1−1.
Studies of herbicide toxicity in some freshwater fishes and ectoprocta
Authors: Rao K. S. , Dad N. K.
Published: August 2010

The results of studies on herbicide toxicity to fish and freshwater Ectoprocta are reported. The effects of herbicides, viz, Tafazine, Bladex, Aresin and Dalapon were studied on Sarotherodon mossambicus, Puntius ticto, Cirrhinus mrigala, Danio sps., Heteropneustes fossilis, and Channa punctatus. S. mossambicus was more susceptible to Tafazine toxicity. Danio sps., was more resistant to Tafazine than S. mossambicus, but P. ticto had the maximum tolerance. S. mossambicus had greater resistance to Bladex than C. mrigala. C. punctatus was resistant to Aresin toxicity. Herbicide toxicity to freshwater Ectoprocta was noted with reference to Planavin, Bladex, Tafazine, and 2,4‐D butyl ester and mixtures of Planavin + Mercuric chloride and Planavin + Bladex. Herbicide toxicity effected the leptoblasts of Plumatella casmiana and spinoblasts of Lophopodella carteri.
The effects of increasing dosages of X‐radiation on the chromosomes of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi (Kirtland) (Salmoniformes: Umbridae)
Authors: Mong S. J. , Berra Tim M.
Published: August 2010

Fish subjected to 350 R, 660 R and 990 R of X‐radiation showed chromosomal aberrations such as chromatid breaks and gaps, and chromatid exchanges between several chromosomes. The frequency of aberrations/metaphase increased with radiation dosage. Likewise, the percentage of aberrant cells increased with increased irradiation. The countable metaphases fish was lower for higher doses of radiation. At lower doses single chromatid breaks accounted for most of the aberrations whereas complex aberrations involving the breakage and exchange of fragments between several chromosomes were more frequent in fish subjected to 990 R. Gill tissue yielded three times as many countable metaphases as did spleen tissue.