bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Et universitetsområde for fremtiden - Nygårdshøyden i Bergen. 1960-årenes ambisjoner, og ettertiden som tok dem ned
Authors: Lexau Siri Skjold
Published: December 2015

The article investigates the development of a central area in the city of Bergen from the mid 1960s onwards, called Nygårdshøyden. Lying between two harbour areas, Puddefjorden and Vågen, this topographic ridge was pointed out for necessary university expansion. The architectural firm Andersson & Skjånes’ ambitious plans for a university campus which would totally eradicate the existing urban structure, was approved by the municipal government and the university administration. 

New, effective and flexible building systems had been introduced at university campuses all over the world. In Bergen, some of the buildings originally planned as academic centres were erected according to the plan by Andersson & Skjånes. Others were modified and adapted to changing architectural ideals. The present situation shows clearly how the critique of huge-scale, late-modern architecture had an impact on further developments. Economic and aesthetic aspects combined with an increasing demand for the preservation of historical structures led to modifications of the huge master plans. The dynamics of inserting new architecture into historic neighbourhoods also represent advantages on different levels, creating a diversity of spaces and volumes.

The proximity of the university area to the city centre and its urban features represents a quality for students and employees. In the end, large parts of the street pattern of the university area were kept, corresponding with the rest of the city’s building structure. A substantial part of the existing buildings of the area were transformed and adapted to university needs, and new buildings have been raised partly as infill and extension projects. In this way, the planning and development of Nygårdshøyden can tell us a lot about urban development and changing ideals through the last 50 years. In addition, as always when we are looking back, we see that priorities and criteria for preservation or demolition of existing urban structures change all the time.
Byer i Nord-Norge: Perspektiver på byplanlegging på 1800-tallet
Authors: Ruud Bodil
Published: December 2015

Vardø, Hammerfest, Tromsø, Bodø and Vadsø in the northern part of Norway were formally established as towns in the period 1789-1833. They grew from settlements of less than a hundred inhabitants to towns of several thousand around 1900, developing through processes of “self-growth” as well as organised planning.

The self-grown town is often described as an independent organism, formed “naturally” and functionally, but what kind of functionality, and for whom? By the end of the 18th century, the primary function of the towns was trade: Efficient harbours, goods imported and exported, merchandise in stock and warehouses. A customs house was quickly built by the government. In addition to such material essentials, it was necessary to maintain and stabilise the social hierarchies. Last but not least, there was a need for cultural continuity across generations. Depending on various traditions and impulses, a form of planning was developed which could be either organic or classical or both.

The aims and purposes of those who created the towns in the first part of the 19th century could be numerous, but this was seldom verbalized and not taken to be an object of formal theorizing. Opposed to this is the process leading to the first national Building Act of 1845. The state officials of the new, independent Norwegian nation were of the opinion that the self-grown towns did not function satisfactorily. To begin with, all the towns were different as they were developed locally. Secondly, they were not technically up to date concerning street width and the architectural tradition promoting fire safety and health improvements. Thirdly, the new and modern government required public places, not only half-private alleys and open backyards. The only accepted form of planning was the classical grid pattern with blocks, which in 1845 was the truly modern and nation building option.

 
Et forsvar for hus som har kommet i knestående
Authors: Bertelsen Reidar
Published: December 2015

Norwegian cultural heritage management is based on a developed and strict legislation. The administration is placed under the Ministry of Environment and the different categories of cultural heritage are handled by a professional staff with different academic backgrounds, relevant to the categories. The ideology of cultural heritage management has changed through time and the present motto is “Vern gjennom bruk” (Protection through use).

The legislation, the categories linked to different academic disciplines, the motto and the influence of the demands derived from a modern lifestyle add up to an interesting contrast in the handling of buildings. Priority is given to buildings in a relatively stable condition of decay, called archaeological sites, and to buildings with a potential for use in a modern context after reconstruction, called architectural monuments.

Buildings between these two categories, especially those that are in a state of dynamic decay, are in general ignored or destroyed. This paper discusses the resources we overlook by this policy and practice of management. The author argues that an exposure of the process of dynamic decay has a potential for a deeper understanding of both history and cultural heritage.
Arkitektur som forskningsfelt
Authors: Haugdal Elin
Published: December 2015

This article gives a brief overview of research on architecture by art historians at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, and addresses some challenges for research on buildings within the discipline of Art history generally, and in the northernmost parts of Scandinavia particularly. Art history’s history of monuments has during the last four to five decades been expanded by new theoretical and aesthetic perspectives on architecture, and is questioned by a more comprehensive and socially distinguished research on the built environment. Researchers on architecture in the northern areas experience  these tensions more directly, which thus provides an opportunity to question methods of writing architectural history.  
Ny arkitektur for nordmenn i Iowa. Arkitekt C.H. Griese, Luther College og kirker i 1860-årene
Authors: Eldal Jens Christian
Published: December 2015

The Norwegian Evangelical-Lutheran Church in America decided in 1861 to build their first college close to the western frontier of The Upper Midwest. The site chosen was a bluff above Upper Iowa River, highly visible from Decorah, a small town founded only 12 years earlier, few years after the first settlers arrived. The college building became a relatively vast structure erected between 1862 and 1865, completed to its originally planned symmetrical composition in 1874. The building style and its composition were common among American colleges and universities further east in the US. It is also demonstrated how the Luther College building façade in composition and detailing shows clear influences from a specific German building. This particular building has been designated as especially typical of the German Rundbogenstil (Style of the Rounded Arch) with its great mix of various stylistic elements.

The architect was known as C. H. Griese from Cleveland, Ohio. He is identified as Charles Henry Griese (1821–1909), who immigrated from Germany about 1850 and was known as a mason and contractor, from now on also as an architect. In 1869, Griese also designed the three Norwegian Lutheran churches of Washington Prairie, Stavanger and Glenwood in rural Decorah. They represented a Neo Gothic style which was new to the area, and had an evident architectural character contrasting the more ordinary vernacular churches in the area. They signify a change of style and, like the college building, they demonstrate architectural ambitions new to these Norwegians, giving insight also into the general architectural and vernacular development in the area.
Observation of Fano resonance using a coupled resonator metamaterial composed of meta-atoms arranged by double periodicity
Authors: Nishida Tsubasa , Nakata Yosuke , Miyamaru Fumiaki , Nakanishi Toshihiro , Takeda Mitsuo W.
Published: December 2015

We studied the transmission characteristics of a planar metamaterial consisting of an array of electric split-ring resonators (eSRRs) with double periodicity. Because of coupling between different resonant modes induced by different lattice periods in metamaterials with double periodicity, the appearance of Fano resonance can be expected in the same manner as that in the case of coupled classical oscillators. We fabricated complementary eSRRs and verified that a Fano-like spectral shape appeared in the transmission spectra of eSRRs with double periodicity in the terahertz region.
Tunable single hole regime of a silicon field effect transistor in standard CMOS technology
Authors: Turchetti Marco , Homulle Harald , Sebastiano Fabio , Ferrari Giorgio , Charbon Edoardo , Prati Enrico
Published: December 2015

The electrical properties of a Single Hole Field Effect Transistor (SH-FET) based on CMOS technology are analyzed in a cryogenic environment. Few electron–hole Coulomb diamonds are observed using quantum transport spectroscopy measurements, down to the limit of single hole transport. Controlling the hole filling of the SH-FET is made possible by biasing the top gate, while the bulk contact is employed as a back gate that tunes the hole state coupling with the contacts and their distance from the interface. We compare the cryogenic Coulomb blockade regime with the room temperature regime, where the device operation is similar to that of a standard p-MOSFET.
Effects of sputtering power Schottky metal layers on rectifying performance of Mo–SiC Schottky contacts
Authors: Lee Seula , Lee Jinseon , You Sslimsearom , Kyoung Sinsu , Kim Kyung Hwan
Published: December 2015

In this study, Schottky barrier diodes based on silicon carbide with various levels of Schottky metal layer input power were prepared and characterized. In this structure, molybdenum and aluminum were employed as the Schottky metal and top electrode, respectively. Schottky metal layers were deposited with input power ranging from 30 to 210 W. Schottky metal layers and top electrodes were deposited with a thickness of 3000 Å. The Schottky barrier heights, series resistances, and ideality factor were calculated from current–voltage (I–V) curves obtained using the Cheung–Cheung and Norde methods. All deposition processes were conducted using a facing targets sputtering system. Turn on voltage was minimized when the input power was 90 W, at which point electrical characteristics were observed to have properties superior to those at other levels of input power.
Albedo feedback enhanced by smoother Arctic sea ice
Authors: Landy Jack C. , Ehn Jens K. , Barber David G.
Published: December 2015

The ICESat operational period 2003–2008 coincided with a dramatic decline in Arctic sea ice—linked to prolonged melt season duration and enhanced melt pond coverage. Although melt ponds evolve in stages, sea ice with smoother surface topography typically allows the pond water to spread over a wider area, reducing the ice‐albedo and accelerating further melt. Here we develop this theory into a quantitative relationship between premelt sea ice surface roughness and summer melt pond coverage. Our method, applied to ICESat observations of the end‐of‐winter sea ice roughness, can account for 85% of the variance in advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) observations of the summer ice‐albedo. An Arctic‐wide reduction in sea ice roughness from 2003 to 2008 explains a drop in ice‐albedo that resulted in a 16% increase in solar heat input to the sea ice cover, which represents ten times the heat input contributed by earlier melt onset timing over the same period.
Uncommon behavior of plagioclase and the ancient lunar crust
Authors: Nekvasil Hanna , Lindsley Donald H. , DiFrancesco Nicholas , Catalano Tristan , Coraor Aron E. , Charlier Bernard
Published: December 2015

Calcic plagioclase, the dominant mineral of the anorthositic lunar crust, fails to show the Na enrichment during cooling that is typical of magmatic plagioclase. We show that this enigmatic behavior may arise during fractionation of highly calcic plagioclase at depths greater than ~70 km in the lunar magma ocean because of the development of a negative azeotropic configuration at high anorthite contents that impedes and may even reverse the standard plagioclase albite enrichment with dropping temperature. This result supports a high‐pressure origin of this plagioclase consistent with the lunar magma ocean model. It also provides a new mechanism for forming lunar lithologies with sodic plagioclase from a highly Na‐depleted Moon through gravitational settling of spinel and refines the compositional characteristics of the late stage residual liquids of the lunar magma ocean.
Enhancement of the net CO2 release of a semiarid grassland in SE Spain by rain pulses
Authors: López‐Ballesteros Ana , Serrano‐Ortiz Penélope , Sánchez‐Cañete Enrique P. , Oyonarte Cecilio , Kowalski Andrew S. , Pérez‐Priego Óscar , Domingo Francisco
Published: December 2015

Occasional rain events occur over the dry season in semiarid ecosystems and cause immediate, large increases in the net CO2 efflux which gradually decrease over a few days following the rain event. In a semiarid grassland located in SE Spain, these precipitation pulses represent only 7% of dry season length but provoked approximately 40% of the carbon emitted during the dry seasons over 2009–2013. We performed a manipulation experiment to decompose the net ecosystem pulse response into its biological processes in order to quantify how much of a role photosynthesis and aboveground respiration play compared to soil respiration. Experimental results showed that while soil respiration was the dominant component of the net CO2 flux (net ecosystem CO2 exchange, NEE) over the irrigation day and the day after (80% of NEE), plant photosynthesis remained inactive until 2 days after the pulse, when it appeared to become as prevalent as soil respiration (approximately 40% of NEE). Additionally, aboveground respiration was generally secondary to soil respiration over the whole experiment. However, statistical results showed that aboveground carbon exchange was not significantly affected by the rain pulse, with soil respiration being the only component significantly affected by the rain pulse.
The atmospheric role in the Arctic water cycle: A review on processes, past and future changes, and their impacts
Authors: Vihma Timo , Screen James , Tjernström Michael , Newton Brandi , Zhang Xiangdong , Popova Valeria , Deser Clara , Holland Marika , Prowse Terry
Published: December 2015

Atmospheric humidity, clouds, precipitation, and evapotranspiration are essential components of the Arctic climate system. During recent decades, specific humidity and precipitation have generally increased in the Arctic, but changes in evapotranspiration are poorly known. Trends in clouds vary depending on the region and season. Climate model experiments suggest that increases in precipitation are related to global warming. In turn, feedbacks associated with the increase in atmospheric moisture and decrease in sea ice and snow cover have contributed to the Arctic amplification of global warming. Climate models have captured the overall wetting trend but have limited success in reproducing regional details. For the rest of the 21st century, climate models project strong warming and increasing precipitation, but different models yield different results for changes in cloud cover. The model differences are largest in months of minimum sea ice cover. Evapotranspiration is projected to increase in winter but in summer to decrease over the oceans and increase over land. Increasing net precipitation increases river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Over sea ice in summer, projected increase in rain and decrease in snowfall decrease the surface albedo and, hence, further amplify snow/ice surface melt. With reducing sea ice, wind forcing on the Arctic Ocean increases with impacts on ocean currents and freshwater transport out of the Arctic. Improvements in observations, process understanding, and modeling capabilities are needed to better quantify the atmospheric role in the Arctic water cycle and its changes.
Manipulation of Charge and Exciton Distribution Based on Blue Aggregation‐Induced Emission Fluorophors: A Novel Concept to Achieve High‐Performance Hybrid White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Liu Baiquan , Nie Han , Zhou Xingbang , Hu Shiben , Luo Dongxiang , Gao Dongyu , Zou Jianhua , Xu Miao , Wang Lei , Zhao Zujin , Qin Anjun , Peng Junbiao , Ning Honglong , Cao Yong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: December 2015

The aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) phenomenon is important in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), for it can potentially solve the aggregation‐caused quenching problem. However, the performance of AIE fluorophor‐based OLEDs (AIE OLEDs) is unsatisfactory, particularly for deep‐blue devices (CIEy < 0.15). Here, by enhancing the device engineering, a deep‐blue AIE OLED exhibits low voltage (i.e., 2.75 V at 1 cd m−2), high luminance (17 721 cd m−2), high efficiency (4.3 lm W−1), and low efficiency roll‐off (3.6 lm W−1 at 1000 cd m−2), which is the best deep‐blue AIE OLED. Then, blue AIE fluorophors, for the first time, have been demonstrated to achieve high‐performance hybrid white OLEDs (WOLEDs). The two‐color WOLEDs exhibit i) stable colors and the highest efficiency among pure‐white hybrid WOLEDs (32.0 lm W−1); ii) stable colors, high efficiency, and very low efficiency roll‐off; or iii) unprecedented efficiencies at high luminances (i.e., 70.2 cd A−1, 43.4 lm W−1 at 10 000 cd m−2). Moreover, a three‐color WOLED exhibits wide correlated color temperatures (10 690–2328 K), which is the first hybrid WOLED showing sunlight‐style emission. These findings will open a novel concept that blue AIE fluorophors are promising candidates to develop high‐performance hybrid WOLEDs, which have a bright prospect for the future displays and lightings.
High‐Performance Epoxy Nanocomposites Reinforced with Three‐Dimensional Carbon Nanotube Sponge for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Chen Yu , Zhang Hao‐Bin , Yang Yanbing , Wang Mu , Cao Anyuan , Yu Zhong‐Zhen
Published: December 2015

Light‐weight and high‐performance electromagnetic interference (EMI)‐shielding epoxy nanocomposites are prepared by an infiltration method using a 3D carbon nanotube (CNT) sponge as the 3D reinforcement and conducting framework. The preformed, highly porous, and electrically conducting framework acts as a highway for electron transport and can resist a high external loading to protect the epoxy nanocomposite. Consequently, a remarkable conductivity of 148 S m−1 and an outstanding EMI shielding effectiveness of around 33 dB in the X‐band are achieved for the epoxy nanocomposite with 0.66 wt% of CNT sponge, which is higher than that achieved for epoxy nanocomposites with 20 wt% of conventional CNTs. More importantly, the CNT sponge provides a dual advantage over conventional CNTs in its prominent reinforcement and toughening of the epoxy composite. Only 0.66 wt% of CNT sponge significantly increases the flexural and tensile strengths by 102% and 64%, respectively, as compared to those of neat epoxy. Moreover, the nanocomposite shows a 250% increase in tensile toughness and a 97% increase in elongation at break. These results indicate that CNT sponge is an ideal functional component for mechanically strong and high‐performance EMI‐shielding nanocomposites.
Flame synthesis of mixed tin‐silver‐copper nanopowders and conductive coatings
Authors: Sharma Munish K. , Qi Di , Buchner Raymond D. , Swihart Mark T. , Scharmach William J. , Papavassiliou Vasilis
Published: December 2015

The single‐step direct synthesis of tin‐silver‐copper nanopowders and nanostructured coatings using the flame‐based high‐temperature reducing jet (HTRJ) process is reported. Nanostructured coatings were deposited and sintered within the HTRJ reactor to study the effect of reductive sintering temperature on their electrical conductivity and surface morphology. Although the ultimate application of these nanoparticles is in printed electronics, which requires dispersing them as stable inks before depositing and sintering them, our approach of direct deposition from the gas phase provides an upper limit on the conductivity achievable with a given composition. The directly deposited coatings had high electrical conductivity, including a value of 2 × 106 S/m for 36 wt % Cu‐40 wt % Ag‐24 wt % Sn sintered at 200°C. This is twice the conductivity of a pure silver coating prepared under similar conditions. Moreover, similarly high electrical conductivity was achieved using only 20% Ag with sintering at 300°C. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 408–414, 2016
Peri‐transplant clostridium difficile infections in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant
Authors: Agha Aya , Sehgal Alison , Lim Matthew J. , Weber David , Hou Jing‐Zhou , Farah Rafic , Raptis Anastasios , Im Annie , Dorritie Kathleen , Marks Stanley , Agha Mounzer , Lim Seah H.
Published: December 2015

Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) remain the leading cause of infectious diarrhea among hospitalized patients in this country. Patients with hematologic malignancies, especially those who undergo hematopoietic progenitor cell transplants are particularly at risk for developing CDI. One hundred and forty seven consecutive allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplants were analyzed for peri‐transplant Clostridium difficile infections (PT‐CDI). Sixteen patients (11%) developed PT‐CDI (Median time = 7 days after transplant). The probability for developing PT‐CDI during the peri‐transplant period was 12.3%. History of CDI was strongly associated with the development of PT‐CDI (P = 0.008) (OR = 5.48) (P = 0.017). These patients also developed PT‐CDI much earlier than in those without a history (median 1 day vs. 8 days, P = 0.03). The probability for developing PT‐CDI for those with a history was 39%. There was a trend toward significance (P = 0.065) between matched related donor grafts and the development of PT‐CDI (OR = 0.245) (P = 0.08). Age, sex, diagnosis, transplant preparative regimens, Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, grade 3/4 acute GVHD, or use of antimicrobials within 8 weeks of transplant were not associated with PT‐CDI. Non‐CDI‐related deaths occurred in one patient in the PT‐CDI group and nine in the group without PT‐CDI. In the remaining 139 patients, the length of hospital stay for those with PT‐CDI was significantly longer than those without (mean 27 days vs. 22 days; P = 0.02). Am. J. Hematol. 91:291–294, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A phase II randomized trial comparing standard and low dose rituximab combined with alemtuzumab as initial treatment of progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia in older patients: a trial of the ECOG‐ACRIN cancer research group (E1908)
Authors: Zent Clive S. , Victoria Wang Xin , Ketterling Rhett P. , Hanson Curtis A. , Libby Edward N. , Barrientos Jacqueline C. , Call Timothy G. , Chang Julie E. , Liu Jane J. , Calvo Alejandro R. , Lazarus Hillard M. , Rowe Jacob M. , Luger Selina M. , Litzow Mark R. , Tallman Martin S.
Published: December 2015

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL) patients requiring initial therapy are often older and frailer and unsuitable candidates for standard chemoimmunotherapy regimens. Shorter duration combination monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy using alemtuzumab and rituximab has been shown to be effective and tolerable treatment for CLL. Standard dose anti‐CD20 mAb therapy causes loss of CD20 expression by surviving CLL cells, which can be minimized by decreasing the mAb dose. We report a randomized phase II clinical trial enrolling older (≥ 65 years) patients (median age 76 years, n = 31) with treatment naïve progressive CLL. Patients received 8‐12 weeks of standard subcutaneous alemtuzumab with either intravenous standard (375 mg/m2 weekly)(n = 16) or low dose (20 mg/m2 3x week)(n = 15) rituximab. This study was closed before full accrual because the manufacturer withdrew alemtuzumab for treatment of CLL. The overall response rate was 90% with an 45% complete response rate, median progression‐free survival of 17.9 months and no significant differences in outcome between the low and standard dose rituximab arms. The major toxicities were cytopenia and infection with one treatment fatality caused by progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy but no other opportunistic infections. Combination mAb therapy was effective and tolerable treatment for older and frailer patients with progressive CLL, achieving a high rate of complete remissions. These data support the role of mAb in therapy for less fit CLL patients and the further study of low dose higher frequency anti‐CD20 mAb therapy as a potentially more effective use of anti‐CD20 mAb in the treatment of CLL. Am. J. Hematol. 91:308–312, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eine OH‐Gruppe ändert alles: konformative Dynamik als Grundlage für die Ligandenspezifität des Neomycin‐bindenden RNA‐Schalters
Authors: Duchardt‐Ferner Elke , Gottstein‐Schmidtke Sina R. , Weigand Julia E. , Ohlenschläger Oliver , Wurm Jan‐Philip , Hammann Christian , Suess Beatrix , Wöhnert Jens
Published: December 2015

RNA‐Schalter unterscheiden genau zwischen ihren eigentlichen Liganden und chemisch ähnlichen Molekülen. Ein bemerkenswertes Beispiel für eine sehr hohe Ligandenspezifität ist ein synthetischer auf Neomycin reagierender RNA‐Schalter. Paromomycin unterscheidet sich von Neomycin nur durch die Substitution einer Amino‐ durch eine Hydroxygruppe. Es bindet ebenfalls an den Neomycin‐RNA‐Schalter, schaltet ihn aber nicht. Hier zeigen wir, dass der Verlust einiger weniger wichtiger intermolekularer Wechselwirkungen an einer einzigen Position des Paromomycin‐Komplexes zu globalen Änderungen in der Konformationsdynamik der RNA führt. Außerdem identifizieren wir ein Netzwerk an intramolekularen Wechselwirkungen, über die der Verlust der lokalen intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen in entfernte Bereiche des Moleküls kommuniziert und in Änderungen der globalen Dynamik übersetzt wird. Daher beruht die Spezifität dieses RNA‐Schalters auf Unterschieden in der strukturellen Dynamik und nicht auf statischen Strukturunterschieden.
Exocyclic Olefinic Maleimides: Synthesis and Application for Stable and Thiol‐Selective Bioconjugation
Authors: Kalia Dimpy , Malekar Pushpa V. , Parthasarathy Manikandan
Published: December 2015

Michael addition reactions between biological thiols and endocyclic olefinic maleimides are extensively used for site‐specific bioconjugation. The resulting thio‐succinimidyl linkages, however, lack stability because of their susceptibility to thiol exchange. Reported herein is that in contrast to their endocyclic counterparts, exocyclic olefinic maleimides form highly stable thio‐Michael adducts which resist thiol exchange at physiological conditions. A high‐yielding approach for synthesizing a variety of exocyclic olefinic maleimides, by 4‐nitrophenol‐catalyzed solvent‐free Wittig reactions, is reported. Mechanistic studies reveal that the catalyst facilitates the formation of the Wittig ylide intermediate through sequential proton donation and abstraction. Overall, this report details an improved thiol bioconjugation approach, a facile method for synthesizing exocyclic olefinic maleimides, and demonstrates that phenolic compounds can catalyze ylide formation.
Selective N,O‐Addition of the TEMPO Radical to Conjugated Boryldienes
Authors: Türkyilmaz Fatma , Kehr Gerald , Li Jun , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Tesch Matthias , Studer Armido , Erker Gerhard
Published: December 2015

B(C6F5)2‐containing boryldienes 4 underwent the addition of two molar equivalents of TEMPO to give N,O‐bonded four‐membered heterocyclic products 7. The reaction is a metal‐free example of the generation of reactive nitrogen‐centered TEMPO radical derivatives, in this case by the addition of TEMPO to the borane, followed by carbon–nitrogen bond formation and subsequent trapping of the resulting allyl radical by the second equivalent of TEMPO.
Bio‐Based Polyketones by Selective Ring‐Opening Radical Polymerization of α‐Pinene‐Derived Pinocarvone
Authors: Miyaji Hisanari , Satoh Kotaro , Kamigaito Masami
Published: December 2015

The most abundant naturally occurring terpene, α‐pinene, which cannot be directly polymerized into high polymers by any polymerization method, was quantitatively converted under visible‐light irradiation into pinocarvone, which possesses a reactive exo methylene group. The bicyclic vinyl ketone was quantitatively polymerized in fluoroalcohols by selective (99 %) ring‐opening radical polymerization of the four‐membered ring, which results in unique polymers containing chiral six‐membered rings with conjugated ketone units in the main chain. These polymers display good thermal properties, optical activities, and contain reactive conjugated ketone units. Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was successfully accomplished by using appropriate trithiocarbonate RAFT agents, enabling the synthesis of thermoplastic elastomers based on controlled macromolecular architectures.
Replication analysis of 15 susceptibility loci for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in an italian population
Authors: Cura Francesca , Böhmer Anne C. , Klamt Johanna , Schünke Hannah , Scapoli Luca , Martinelli Marcella , Carinci Francesco , Nöthen Markus M. , Knapp Michael , Ludwig Kerstin U. , Mangold Elisabeth
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND

Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) is one of the most common congenital malformations in humans. Its average global incidence is 1.7 per 1000 live births, with wide variation according to geographical location and ethnicity. Its etiology involves both genetic and environmental factors. The aim of the present study was to confirm genetic association of a selection of 15 candidate nsCL/P loci using an independent sample of the Italian population.

METHODS

At least one single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for each locus was genotyped in 380 nuclear trios.

RESULTS

Transmission disequilibrium analysis revealed significant associations for three variants at two loci (8q24 and 1p22). Two SNPs at 8q24 showed the strongest level of association, the rs987525 (PTDT = 6.81 × 10−6; homozygous relative risk = 3.60 [95% confidence interval, 2.12–6.13]), and the rs17241253 (PTDT = 1.03 × 10−5; homozygous relative risk = 3.75 [95% confidence interval, 2.10–6.67]). Four additional loci (at 1q32, 3q12, 8q21, and 10q25) achieved nominally significantp‐values. Two SNPs at 1p36 achievedp‐values of < 0.1. The present data suggest that 6 of the 15 analyzed nsCL/P risk loci contribute significantly to nsCL/P risk in the Italian population. These include the 1p22 locus, which previous research has implicated predominantly in Asian populations.

CONCLUSION

Different loci, including 8q24 and 1p22 have been found associated with nsCL/P in multiple populations. Further efforts are needed to identify causative variants and transfer knowledge to clinical application, such as personal genetic risk assessment. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:81–87, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spin Crossover, Polymorphism and Porosity to Liquid Solvent in Heteroleptic Iron(III) {Quinolylsalicylaldimine/Thiosemicarbazone‐Salicylaldimine} Complexes
Authors: Phonsri Wasinee , Davies Casey G. , Jameson Guy N. L. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Murray Keith S.
Published: December 2015

Heteroleptic iron(III) complexes of formula [Fe(qsal)(thsa)]⋅solvent have been synthesized: [Fe(qsal)(thsa)]⋅0.4 BuOH (1), [Fe(qsal)(thsa)]⋅0.5 MeCN (2) and [Fe(qsal)(thsa)]⋅0.5 THF, (3). The latter two show partial solvent loss at room temperature to yield [Fe(qsal)(thsa)]⋅0.1 MeCN (2′) and [Fe(qsal)(thsa)]⋅0.1 THF (3′), respectively. This family maintains a structural integrity which is analogous over different degrees of solvation, a rare occurrence in discrete molecular species. Uniquely, removal of MeCN from compound 2 leads to retention of crystallinity yielding the isostructural, fully desolvated compound [Fe(qsal)(thsa)] (2′′) and a new high spin polymorph, 4. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first compound that forms polymorphs through a desolvation process. The desolvated mixture, 2′′ and 4, is porous and can reabsorb MeCN and give rise to 2′ again. This illustrates the reversible single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation of two polymorphs back to a purely original phase, 2′′+4↔2′. The structural, magnetic and Mőssbauer features of the various samples are described in terms of spin crossover.
Solid‐State Molecular Nanomagnet Inclusion into a Magnetic Metal–Organic Framework: Interplay of the Magnetic Properties
Authors: Mon Marta , Pascual‐Álvarez Alejandro , Grancha Thais , Cano Joan , Ferrando‐Soria Jesús , Lloret Francesc , Gascon Jorge , Pasán Jorge , Armentano Donatella , Pardo Emilio
Published: December 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Emilio Pardo at the University of València and his collaborators. The image depicts the solid‐state incorporation of a metalloporphyrin within the pores of a magnetic metal–organic framework. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201504176.
RESPONSE OF PRECIPITATION AND ITS EXTREMES OVER CHINA TO WARMING: CMIP5 SIMULATION AND PROJECTION
Authors: Jia WU , Bo‐Tao ZHOU , Ying XU
Published: December 2015

Based on 24 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models simulations, the responses of annual precipitation and precipitation extremes (R95p and R99p defined by ETCCDI) to warming in China are analyzed. Quantitative analysis shows that the CMIP5 multi‐model ensemble (MME) underestimates the response of precipitation while overestimates the response of precipitation extremes over China region in historical period. It also has abilities in reproducing the relationships between the precipitation, precipitation extremes and the warming over subregions of China, and better performance can be found in precipitation extremes. Concurrent with the warming under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the precipitation and precipitation extremes are projected to increase consistently over China. Under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, as the regional mean temperature rises by 1°C, the precipitation will increase by 3.5% and 2.4%, and the R95p will increase by 8.0% and 11.9%, respectively. The response of R99p is much more sensitive respectively with an increase of 15.3% and 21.6%. For subregions of China, they all show positive response and the regional difference will decrease in the future. Moreover, the sensitivity of the precipitation extremes to the warming is higher than that of the mean precipitation. The stronger the precipitation extreme is, the higher sensitivity it will have. Besides, the response of the mean precipitation to the warming is larger in Northern China than in Southern China. The largest increases in R95p and R99p are projected in the Tibetan Plateau and Southwest China, indicating an increased risk of heavy rainfall and floods.
3‐D DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF THE CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE BENEATH NORTHEAST CHINA BY JOINT INVERSION OF GRAVITY AND SEISMIC DATA
Authors: Kui SUO , Gui‐Bin ZHANG , Guo‐Ming JIANG , Yao XU
Published: December 2015

We obtain a three‐dimensional (3‐D) density structure in the crust and the upper‐mantle beneath Northeast China through a joint inversion of gravity and P‐wave travel time data. Compared to inversions of gravity or seismic data alone, the joint inversion can not only increase the vertical resolution of the gravity inversion, but also improve the reliability of the seismic inversion. Our inversion shows two results. First, the residual density anomalies in the crust and the upper‐mantle correlate with the tectonics quite well: the orogen corresponds to low density whereas the basin corresponds to high density. Second, the areas beneath volcanoes have low density. One explanation is that the partial dehydrated Pacific slab was stagnant in the process of subducting into the mantle transition zone, and the hot material in the upper‐mantle generated the upwelling magma and caused the volcano eruption.
Spatio‐Temporal Variability and Pollution Assessment of Selected Metals in Freshwater Sediments, Pakistan
Authors: Saleem Muhammad , Iqbal Javed , Shah Munir H.
Published: December 2015

This study, describes the temporal and spatial variability of selected metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn) and their origins in surface sediments collected from ten sites of Mangla Dam, Pakistan, during pre‐ and post‐monsoon seasons. The metal contents were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF), and geoaccumulation index were calculated for the assessment of sediment pollution. Among the metals, Cd, Co, Pb, and Zn revealed higher CF values in the sediments from sites S7–S10 where the PLI also indicated heavy pollution. The EFs for Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, and Zn were >10, suggesting major anthropogenic contributions. In comparison with sediment quality guidelines, the measured concentrations of Cd, Ni, and Pb showed a probability of frequent adverse effects on sediment dwelling biota. Cluster analysis indicated that Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, and Zn were mostly contributed by human activities. The results of this study would drive urgent attention to develop preventive actions and remediation processes to stop the degradation to improve the quality of the reservoir.
Oligomerization of coronin: Implication on actin filament length in Leishmania
Authors: Srivastava Rashmi , Prasadareddy Kajuluri Lova , Pathak Neelam , Gupta Chhitar M. , Sahasrabuddhe Amogh A.
Published: December 2015

Coronin proteins bind with actin filaments and participate in regulation of actin‐dependent processes. These proteins contain a coiled‐coil domain at their C‐terminus, which is responsible for their dimeric or trimeric forms. However, the functional significance of these oligomeric configurations in organizing the actin cytoskeleton is obscure. Here, we report that the Leishmania coronin exists in a higher oligomeric form through its coiled‐coil domain, the truncation of which ablates the ability of Leishmania coronin to assist actin‐filament formation. F‐actin co‐sedimentation assay using purified proteins shows that the coiled‐coil domain does not interact with actin‐filaments and its absence does not abrogate actin–coronin interaction. Furthermore, it was shown that unlike other coronins, Leishmania coronin interacts with actin‐filaments through its unique region. These results provided important insights into the role of coronin oligomerization in modulating actin‐network. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
OCT1 mediates hepatic uptake of sumatriptan and loss‐of‐function OCT1 polymorphisms affect sumatriptan pharmacokinetics
Authors: Matthaei J , Kuron D , Faltraco F , Knoch T , Dos Santos Pereira JN , Abu Abed M , Prukop T , Brockmöller J , Tzvetkov MV
Published: December 2015

The low bioavailability of the anti‐migraine drug sumatriptan is partially caused by first‐pass hepatic metabolism. In this study, we analyzed the impact of the hepatic organic cation transporter OCT1 on sumatriptan cellular uptake, and of OCT1 polymorphisms on sumatriptan pharmacokinetics. OCT1 transported sumatriptan with high capacity and sumatriptan uptake into human hepatocytes was strongly inhibited by the OCT1 inhibitor MPP+. Sumatriptan uptake was not affected by the Met420del polymorphism, but was strongly reduced by Arg61Cys and Gly401Ser, and completely abolished by Gly465Arg and Cys88Arg. Plasma concentrations in humans with two deficient OCT1 alleles were 215% of those with fully active OCT1 (P = 0.0003). OCT1 also transported naratriptan, rizatriptan, and zolmitriptan, suggesting a possible impact of OCT1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of other triptans as well. In conclusion, OCT1 is a high‐capacity transporter of sumatriptan and polymorphisms causing OCT1 deficiency have similar effects on sumatriptan pharmacokinetics as those observed in subjects with liver impairment.
Leveraging big data to transform target selection and drug discovery
Authors: Chen B , Butte AJ
Published: December 2015

The advances of genomics, sequencing, and high throughput technologies have led to the creation of large volumes of diverse datasets for drug discovery. Analyzing these datasets to better understand disease and discover new drugs is becoming more common. Recent open data initiatives in basic and clinical research have dramatically increased the types of data available to the public. The past few years have witnessed successful use of big data in many sectors across the whole drug discovery pipeline. In this review, we will highlight the state of the art in leveraging big data to identify new targets, drug indications, and drug response biomarkers in this era of precision medicine.
Correlation between Electrochemical Impedance and Spectroscopic Measurements in Adsorbing Paraquat on Silver: Application in Underground Water Samples
Authors: Lahrich S. , Hammani H. , Boumya W. , Loudiki A. , Farahi A. , Achak M. , Bakasse M. , El Mhammedi M. A.
Published: December 2015

The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been used to study the interaction between paraquat and carbon modified by silver (AgCPE) and silver particles‐impregnated natural phosphate (Ag/NPhCPE). This study was developed using spectrophotometry (UVVis) and infrared spectroscopy. The resulting interaction was controlled by adsorption at lower concentration (≤1.0×10−5 mol L−1) and by diffusion in the opposite case. Both electrodes are used to determining paraquat with a low detection limit (<1.0×10−12 mol L−1). The precision expressed as relative standard deviation RSD for the concentration level 1.0×10−5 mol L−1 of paraquat, (n=8) were 0.93 % and 1.1 % for Ag/NPhCPE and AgCPE respectively.
Influence of lithostratigraphy on the retreat of an unconsolidated sedimentary coastal cliff (St. Lawrence estuary, eastern Canada)
Authors: Joyal Gabriel , Lajeunesse Patrick , Morissette Antoine , Bernatchez Pascal
Published: December 2015

This paper investigates the processes involved in unconsolidated cliff recession using LiDAR surveys (2005, 2010 and 2013) and aerial photographs (1964–2012) at Pointe‐au‐Bouleau, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence estuary, in eastern Canada. The high lithostratigraphic variability of the sediments allowed for the identification of stratigraphic and lithological variables that explain the evolution of coastal cliffs. Space‐for‐time substitution was also used to assess how lithostratigraphy controls the evolution of emerged glaciomarine coastal cliffs over decadal to centennial timescales. This case study presents new quantitative data that contributes to a better understanding of the role of sediment architecture, stratigraphy and geomorphology on coastal evolution. The methodological approach includes the development of a new conceptual model suitable for identifying erosion on cliff coastlines. The high spatial resolution methodology (<5 cm) used herein demonstrates the need for further research using LiDAR data in order to quantify the processes involved in the evolution of coastal cliffs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic heterogeneity in synchronous colorectal cancers impacts genotyping approaches and therapeutic strategies
Authors: Jesinghaus Moritz , Pfarr Nicole , Kloor Matthias , Endris Volker , Tavernar Luca , Muckenhuber Alexander , von Knebel Doeberitz Magnus , Penzel Roland , Weichert Wilko , Stenzinger Albrecht
Published: December 2015

Synchronous colorectal carcinomas (sCRC) are clinically challenging neoplasms. Although the epidemiological characteristics are quite well established, their biological basis is still poorly understood. Hence, we performed comprehensive molecular profiling of 23 sCRC cases comprising 50 synchronous primary tumors, 5 metastases, and corresponding normal tissue by targeted deep sequencing of 30 CRC‐related genes, microsatellite analysis and analysis for methylated MLH1. We identified a striking inter‐ and intratumoral genetic heterogeneity of sCRC. Twenty (87%) cases showed genetic heterogeneity leaving only three cases with tumors that had an identical genetic make‐up. Intertumoral heterogeneity was frequently observed for clinically actionable genes, including KRAS. Specifically, 44% of the cases harbored tumors of which at least one was KRAS mutated and the other KRAS wildtype. Moreover, 48% of the cases had at least double, sometimes even triple or quadruple mutations in KRAS, APC, TP53, PIK3CA, and TGFBR2, most of them being subclonal events. Lastly, we detected four cases (17%) with microsatellite instable (MSI) tumors with one case harboring one MSI‐ and a distinct microsatellite stable carcinoma. Our data demonstrate a striking genetic heterogeneity not only between different sCRC of a single case but also within a single tumor. These results contribute to the biological understanding of sCRC and directly impact genotyping strategies and oncological decision making. Testing one tumor or a single metastasis may not suffice in the sCRC setting as clinically relevant and tumor‐specific genetic information may be left undetected compromising optimal oncological therapy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic and epigenetic alterations of microRNAs and implications for human cancers and other diseases
Authors: Tuna Musaffe , Machado Andreia S. , Calin George A.
Published: December 2015

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a well‐studied group of noncoding RNAs that control gene expression by interacting mainly with messenger RNA. It is known that miRNAs and their biogenesis regulatory machineries have crucial roles in multiple cell processes; thus, alterations in these genes often lead to disease, such as cancer. Disruption of these genes can occur through epigenetic and genetic alterations, resulting in aberrant expression of miRNAs and subsequently of their target genes. This review focuses on the disruption of miRNAs and their key regulatory machineries by genetic alterations, with emphasis on mutations and epigenetic changes in cancer and other diseases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.