bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conservation of co‐evolved interactions: understanding theMaculinea–Myrmicacomplex
Authors: Thomas Jeremy A. , Schönrogge Karsten
Published: October 2019

The six papers in this Special Issue ofInsect Conservation and Diversityare presented as agedenkschrifthonouring ground‐breaking contributions made by the late Graham Elmes towards understanding the biology ofMyrmicaants and their social parasites.

A common theme is that each research paper contributes new knowledge applicable to the future survival ofMaculinea(=Phengaris) species of butterflies, which have become flagships for insect conservation across Europe. AllMaculineaspecies are highly specialised, with larvae that feed briefly on a specific foodplant before living underground for 11–23 months as social parasites ofMyrmicacolonies.

This introductory overview provides a brief history of the research that has led to the current collection, with emphasis on Graham Elmes' life and work. It is followed by three research papers that illustrate the diversity, socio‐biology and ecology ofMyrmicaants. A fourth describes an extreme adaptation that increases the efficiency with which some populations ofMaculinealarvae exploit the resources withinMyrmicanests. A fifth, more theoretical, paper models the constraints that typically lead to host specificity among social parasites and explores why host switches are rare and quick.
Preparing pharmacy students to communicate effectively with adolescents
Authors: Gilmartin-Thomas Julia F M , Sleath Betsy , Cooper Bailey Stacy , Carpenter Delesha M , Chater Angel , MacAllister Catherine , Pyzik Oksana , Wayman Brandi , Annis Izabela E , Smith Felicity
Published: October 2019

Objectives

To develop an elective workshop designed to equip pharmacy students with skills to effectively communicate with adolescents. To conduct preliminary evaluation of the workshop to assess its impact on pharmacy student perceived confidence and knowledge relating to the importance of adolescent counselling and counselling techniques.

Methods

Academics from three universities in three countries collaborated on the workshop development and evaluation. The workshop structure was designed upon the foundations of communication best practices and established techniques, and it consisted of two online modules and an in-person tutorial. Pharmacy students undertaking a 4-year Bachelor, Master or Doctor of Pharmacy degree from all three participating universities evaluated the workshop via pre- and post-questionnaires.

Key findings

A total of 81 pharmacy students volunteered to attend and evaluate the workshop. Of these 81 students, 31 completed paired pre- and post-questionnaires, 44 students completed unpaired questionnaires and six students were lost to follow-up. Of the paired pre- and post-questionnaires, students were mostly female (67.7%) with an average age of 24.9 years (standard deviation, SD = 5.6) and were in the first (32.3%), second (16.1%) or third (51.6%) year of their pharmacy programme. Over 80% of students somewhat or strongly agreed that the workshop made them feel more comfortable speaking with young people in pharmacy settings. Mean (SD) perceived confidence (pre = 21.7 (4.0) and post = 24.9 (4.5)) and knowledge scores (pre = 5.2 (1.5) and post = 6.6 (1.6)) significantly improved after undertaking the workshop.

Conclusions

The workshop increased pharmacy student perceived confidence and knowledge relating to the importance of adolescent counselling and counselling techniques.
Professional development beyond foundation training: a study of pharmacists working in Scotland
Authors: Rueben Anna , Forsyth Paul , Thomson Alison H
Published: October 2019

Objectives

In Scotland, post-registration hospital pharmacists typically undertake a vocational foundation training programme. Beyond this, there are no mandatory structures for ongoing professional training. To support progression to a more advanced level, competency frameworks are increasingly being used. This study aimed to measure the self-reported competence of pharmacists against a relevant framework and to determine what support was required to enable further professional development.

Methods

An online survey was completed by pharmacists working across six acute hospital sites within NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde who had completed foundation training between Jan 2013 and Jan 2018. Participants self-reported competency against the Royal Pharmaceutical Society's Advanced Practice Framework Advanced Stage 1 competencies and gave qualitative feedback through free-text questions.

Key findings

Twenty out of twenty-eight eligible pharmacists (71.4%) responded to the survey and three core areas requiring further support were identified: leadership, management and research. Participants reported that a strategic plan for professional development, more opportunities and managerial support were needed to help them develop these areas. Mentorship programmes and postgraduate qualifications were suggested as formats to support development.

Conclusion

Pharmacists working towards advanced practice reported high levels of competence in expert professional practice, collaborative working relationships and education, training and development. While these results are promising, additional support is likely to be needed to cultivate leadership, management and research skills. Future training strategies need to consider this imbalance if we are to achieve national and international workforce goals for the professional development of pharmacists.
Lifestyle risk factor communication by nurses in general practice: Understanding the interactional elements
Authors: James Sharon , McInnes Susan , Halcomb Elizabeth , Desborough Jane
Published: October 2019

Aim

This paper seeks to explore general practice nurses' perceptions of interactional factors supporting communication with patients about lifestyle risk.

Design

Qualitative descriptive study embedded in a concurrent mixed methods design.

Methods

Fifteen Australian general practice nurses were interviewed following video‐recorded chronic disease management consultations between August 2017 ‐ March 2018.

Results

The theme of ‘Interactional Factors' comprised of the subthemes ‘Relational factors' and ‘Patient factors'. Relational factors referred to communication techniques and methods supporting temporal continuity with patients about lifestyle risk. Patient factors included consumers' motivation, willingness, and readiness to prioritize lifestyle changes. Lack of awareness of the nurses' role was perceived to have an impact on initiation of lifestyle risk conversations.

Conclusion

Strategies optimizing continuity of nursing care enhance the capacity for lifestyle risk reduction conversations with patients. Ongoing training in patient‐centred communication and increasing patients' awareness of general practice nurses' roles would also better support these discussions.

Impact

This research identifies ways the general practice nurses' role in supporting lifestyle risk reduction can be improved. Optimizing the general practice nurses' role in lifestyle risk communication can enhance the behaviour change and chronic disease management.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Socioeconomic Status in Stepfamilies: What Happens if Two Fathers Are Involved in the Transmission Process?
Authors: de Leeuw Suzanne G. , Kalmijn Matthijs
Published: October 2019

Objective: This study examines the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status among people who have a biological father as well as a stepfather. In particular, this study investigates how the relative importance of biological fathers and stepfathers in the transmission process depends on the time in coresidence, postdivorce contact frequency, and parental involvement.

Background: The traditional literature on social mobility and stratification has a strong focus on the intact family. Recently, a new strand of literature on the transmission process in divorced families has emerged. However, little is known about the role of contact quantity and quality in the intergenerational transmission process in divorced families.

Method: The authors used the newly collected survey Parents and Children in the Netherlands and selected 1,540 respondents from stepfamilies. A structural equation model was used for the analysis.

Results: Biological fathers who have more frequent contact with their children after divorce and who are more involved in the school life of their child are more influential in the transmission process. This is also true for more involved stepfathers. In addition, there is evidence that stepfathers are especially important when there is limited contact with the biological father.

Conclusion Based on these findings, it could be said that stepfathers “replace” absent biological fathers but the role of stepfathers is relatively small when the biological father stays involved in the life of the child.
Perceived professional roles and implications for clinical decision‐making
Authors: Yu Bonnie , Ghoneim Abdulrahman , Lawrence Herenia , Glogauer Michael , Quiñonez Carlos
Published: October 2019

Objectives

This study aims to (a) investigate the relationship between dentists' perceived professional role (PPR), defined as the belief that they are health care professionals versus business people, and treatment intensity, determined by the aggressiveness of clinical approaches, such as in number or scope, and (b) identify the demographic and practice characteristics that have a relationship to PPR.

Methods

A 46‐item survey with questions on dentists' demographic and professional characteristics was mailed to a random sample of 3,201 general dentists in Ontario, Canada. PPR was measured by visual analog scale and by Likert‐type scale questions, which have been validated in the literature in terms of their ability to measure PPR. Treatment intensity was measured by a set of case scenarios. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were performed.

Results

One‐thousand and seventy‐five dentists returned usable surveys (33.6% response rate). When using the two methods to measure PPR, visual analog scale and Likert‐type scale questions, dentists who identified as business people tended to have a higher treatment intensity compared to those who identified as health care professionals (p < 0.1 and p < 0.05, respectively). In multivariable logistic regression, years of practice, number of technologies used in a practice, and perceiving other dentists as competitors rather than colleagues were significant predictors of identifying as a business person.

Conclusions

Dentists' PPRs had a significant relationship to the aggressiveness of treatment decisions. Demographic and practice characteristics also had significant relationships to PPR. These findings may have implications for public trust and dentistry's status as a health care profession.
Video game distraction and anesthesia mask practice reduces children's preoperative anxiety: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Dwairej Doa'a Abdullah , Obeidat Hala Mahmoud , Aloweidi Abdelkarim Saleh
Published: October 2019

Purpose

The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of combined video game distraction and anesthesia mask exposure and shaping intervention as compared to conventional preoperative preparation on the preoperative anxiety, anesthesia induction compliance and emergence delirium of children undergoing day‐case surgery.

Design and Methods

The CONSORT guidelines were followed in the current study; a randomized clinical trial, two groups, pre posttest, between subjects design with 1:1 allocation ratio was employed. Children (5–11 years of age; N = 128) admitted for day case surgery were invited to participate in the study. Sixty‐four children were assigned to the intervention group receiving combined videogame distraction and anesthesia mask exposure and shaping intervention, and 64 children were assigned to the control group.

Results

The results showed that children in the intervention group reported statistically significant lower anxiety scores than the children in the control group at three preoperative points of time: postintervention t = 4.48, p < .001, at the time of transfer to the operation room t = 10.18; p < .001 and during anesthesia induction t = 7.76; p < .001. In addition, compared with the children in the control group, fewer children in the intervention group demonstrated poor anesthesia induction compliance χ2 = 3.91; p = .04. The results, however, did not reveal statistically significant differences in children's emergence delirium scores.

Practice Implication

Combined video game distraction and anesthesia mask exposure and shaping are simple, safe, and time‐effective intervention that the nurses can implement at the day of surgery to mitigate children anxiety and to enhance their anesthesia induction compliance.
Supporting families on their journey towards a normal everyday life ‐ facilitating partnership in an early discharge program for families with premature infants
Authors: Koreska Mai , Petersen Mette , Andersen Bente Lund , Brødsgaard Anne
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Several Danish neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) offer the possibility of an early discharge program (EDP) for families with premature infants, when the infant reaches the gestational age ≥ 34 weeks and a weight ≥ 1,500 g. The purpose of this study is to explore how the partnership with these families can be facilitated by the nurse based on the principles of the framework of family centered care (FCC).

Design and Methods

The study was conducted as an ethnographic inquiry inspired by Spradley and based on participant observation of 12 contacts between nurse and family, one informal and three formal interviews with nurses in the EDP‐unit of a Danish NICU.

Results

This study illustrates how EDP‐nurses facilitate a partnership with the families enrolled in EDP by using a range of complex strategies to adjust their care to the family's changing needs, while acknowledging the family's way of being. The partnership typically develops in three phases: "Settling in EDP," "Thriving in EDP," and "Leaving the EDP nest." The EDP‐nurses have a clear understanding of whether a partnership is well functioning or challenging and they play a unique role by facilitating a partnership that supports the family on the journey towards a normal everyday life.

Practice Implications

The knowledge unraveled in this study may prove helpful for training future EDP‐nurses in the neonatal field of FCC, when improving the quality of an existing EDP or developing a new EDP based on the principles of FCC.
National feasibility survey of peritoneal dialysis key performance indicators in Thailand from provider perspective
Authors: Pongpirul Krit , Kanjanabuch Talerngsak , Puapatanakul Pongpratch , Chuengsaman Piyatida , Dandecha Phongsak , Kingwatanakul Pornchai , Sritippayawan Suchai , Chittinandana Anutra , Eiam‐Ong Somchai , Vareesangthip Kriengsak , Tungsanga Kriang ,   the Steering Committee, Advisory Board of CAPD, the Nephrology Society of Thailand
Published: October 2019

Background

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been the main method of renal replacement therapy under the “PD First” policy in Thailand since 2008. Initially, the proposed 13 key performance indicators (KPIs) raised feasibility concerns because of inequitable distribution of resources such as laboratory facilities and/or specialized health‐care staff for PD care throughout the country.

Methods

Data availability and goals from the health‐care providers' perspective were explored using an online questionnaire survey for all PD centers registered with the Nephrology Society of Thailand from May to June 2016. The availability of essential data required for each KPI indicator to achieve the desired target was assessed using a 5‐point Likert scale.

Results

Of the 197 centers, 119 responded to the survey (response rate of 60.41%). PD indicators with a high percentage of strongly disagree or disagree were “PD adequacy measured in the last 12 months” (26.83%), “Total weekly Kt/V ≥ 1.7” (24.59%), “3‐year PD technique survival” (21.31%), “Serum parathyroid levels within 150 to 500 pg/mL” (16.94%), and a “3‐year PD patient survival” (19.01%). As many as 34.17%, 39.19%, 27.27%, 28.93%, and 22.00%, respectively, did not anticipate that the targets could be achieved. Based on the findings from this survey, the national committee concluded that these indicators be removed, and only eight PD indicators were launched.

Conclusion

Given the importance of KPIs for quality assurance and financial reimbursement, inputs from health‐care providers especially data availability and achievement of targets should be considered to ensure feasibility before the final list of indicators are launched.
Chondroma of the falx cerebri: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Elhakeem Ahmed A.S. , Essa Abdelhakeem A. , Soliman Radwa K.
Published: October 2019

Chondroma is a benign cartilage‐forming tumor which usually occurs in small bones of extremities but occasionally occurs in the brain. Usually, intracranial chondromas originate from skull base; however, chondroma of the falx cerebri is a very rare condition. We here report a rare case of falcine chondroma in a 19‐year‐old man who had normal physical examination without signs of any syndromic disorder. The neuroimaging findings were inconclusive, and the diagnosis was based on histopathological examination. The purpose of this paper is to raise attention about intracranial chondromas and suggest that chondroma must be ruled out in any patient presenting with masses arising from the falx.
Incidence and risk factors for readmission to a paediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Konishi Umi , Hatachi Takeshi , Ikebe Ryo , Inata Yu , Takemori Kazumi , Takeuchi Muneyuki
Published: October 2019

Background

Unscheduled readmission to a paediatric intensive care unit can lead to unfavourable patient outcomes. Therefore, determining the incidence and risk factors is important. Previous studies on such readmissions have only focused on the first 48 hours after discharge and described the relative risk factors as unmodifiable.

Aim

To identify the incidence and risk factors of unscheduled readmission to a paediatric intensive care unit within 7 days of discharge.

Design

This was a retrospective observational study.

Methods

Our study population comprised consecutive patients admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit of our tertiary hospital in Japan in 2012 to 2016. We determined the incidence of unscheduled readmission to the unit within 7 days of discharge and identified potential risk factors using multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among the 2432 admissions (1472 patients), 60 admissions (2.5%, 44 patients) were followed by ≥1 unscheduled readmission. The median time to readmission was 3.5 days. The most common causes for readmission were respiratory issues and cardiovascular symptoms. The significant risk factors for readmission within 7 days of discharge were unscheduled initial admission (odds ratio [OR]: 3.02; 95% confidence interval [CI:] 1.45‐6.31), admission from a general ward (OR: 5.13; 95% CI: 1.75‐15.0), and withdrawal syndrome during the initial stay (OR: 3.95; 95% CI: 1.53‐10.2).

Conclusions

The incidence of unscheduled readmission within 7 days was not high (2.5%), and one of the three identified risk factors for readmissions (withdrawal syndrome) is potentially modifiable.

Relevance to clinical practice

Appropriate treatment of withdrawal syndrome may reduce readmissions and improve patient outcomes. Although unscheduled initial admission and admission from general ward are not modifiable risk factors, careful discharge judgement and follow up after discharge from paediatric intensive care units for high‐risk patients may be beneficial.
Nigral overexpression of α‐synuclein in a rat Parkinson’s disease model indicates alterations in the enteric nervous system and the gut microbiome
Authors: O’Donovan Sarah M. , Crowley Erin K. , Brown Jillian R.‐M. , O’Sullivan Orla , O’Leary Olivia F. , Timmons Suzanne , Nolan Yvonne M. , Clarke David J. , Hyland Niall P. , Joyce Susan A. , Sullivan Aideen M. , O'Neill Cora
Published: October 2019

Background

A hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the build‐up of α‐synuclein protein aggregates throughout the brain; however α‐synuclein is also expressed in enteric neurons. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and pathology are frequently reported in PD, including constipation, increased intestinal permeability, glial pathology, and alterations to gut microbiota composition. α‐synuclein can propagate through neuronal systems but the site of origin of α‐synuclein pathology, whether it be the gut or the brain, is still unknown. Physical exercise is associated with alleviating symptoms of PD and with altering the composition of the gut microbiota.

Methods

This study investigated the effects of bilateral nigral injection of adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐α‐synuclein on enteric neurons, glia and neurochemistry, the gut microbiome, and bile acid metabolism in rats, some of whom were exposed to voluntary exercise.

Key Results

Nigral overexpression of α‐synuclein resulted in significant neuronal loss in the ileal submucosal plexus with no change in enteric glia. In contrast, the myenteric plexus showed a significant increase in glial expression, while neuronal numbers were maintained. Concomitant alterations were observed in the gut microbiome and related bile acid metabolism. Voluntary running protected against neuronal loss, increased enteric glial expression, and modified gut microbiome composition in the brain‐injected AAV‐α‐synuclein PD model.

Conclusions and Inferences

These results show that developing nigral α‐synuclein pathology in this PD model exerts significant alterations on the enteric nervous system (ENS) and gut microbiome that are receptive to modification by exercise. This highlights brain to gut communication as an important mechanism in PD pathology.
Why does duress undermine consent?1
Authors: Dougherty Tom
Published: October 2019

In this essay, I discuss why consent is invalidated by duress that involves attaching penalties to someone's refusal to give consent. At the heart of my explanation is the Complaint Principle. This principle specifies that consent is defeasibly invalid when the consent results from someone conditionally imposing a penalty on the consent‐giver's refusal to give the consent, such that the consent‐giver has a legitimate complaint against this imposition focused on how it is affects their incentives for consenting. The Complaint Principle says that this consent is defeasibly invalid to make room for the Authorization Principle, which allows sincere authorizations to constitute valid consent, even when these are issued by an agent acting under duress. The Authorization Principle has application only in cases of third‐party duress because when the consent‐receiver is the source of the duress, the consent‐giver is not sincerely authorizing the action.
A Narrative Care approach for persons living with dementia in institutional care settings
Authors: Berendonk Charlotte , Blix Bodil H. , Hoben Matthias , Clandinin D. Jean , Roach Pamela M. , Compton Roslyn M. , Cave Marie T. , Caine Vera
Published: October 2019

Aims and objectives

We will provide insights in the theoretical background and key concepts of a Narrative Care approach, such as narrative cultures, narrative curiosity, narrative co‐composition and narrative reflective practice.

Background

Care understood as narrative practice underscores the importance of experiences and how these shape identities. Important to the quality of care in institutional care settings is the ability of care providers to cope with complexities and uncertainties in older adults’ stories, which can be realised by attending to ways that foster and co‐compose evolving and forward‐looking narratives. Recognising these ongoing co‐compositions means that persons living in institutional care settings and care providers live, tell, retell and relive their experiences. A change in the current institutional culture is necessary to implement care as narrative practice. To support such a change, approaches are needed that foster a focus on experiences and relationships and make relational ethics central to care.

Methods

The proposed Narrative Care approach is the result of an iterative development process involving a literature review, interviews with, and observations of, care providers, dialogues with an advisory committee, and consultation with experts.

Main contributions

The proposed Narrative Care approach aims to help care providers (a) to recognise the importance of curiosity in a person's verbal and embodied narratives—especially for those living with dementia; (b) to take note of individual experiences in all of their complexity and uncertainty; (c) to respect these narratives; (d) to open up spaces to co‐compose new narratives; and (e) to allow care providers to engage in narrative reflective practices that shape who they are and are becoming.

Conclusion

The introduced approach responds to the need of implementing strategies to think and work narratively in institutional care settings.

Implications for practice

Narrative Care has the potential to reshape task‐oriented, technical notions of care. Concepts such as embodied narratives, relational ethics, narrative co‐composition and narrative reflective practice must be integrated in the education of all care providers.
Social interaction patterns, therapist responsiveness, and outcome in treatments for borderline personality disorder
Authors: Signer Silja , Estermann Jansen Rafael , Sachse Rainer , Caspar Franz , Kramer Ueli
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Inflexible social interaction patterns are defining features of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Specific beliefs about the self and others may be activated across interaction situations, often leading to instable relationships. It may be pivotal to address these difficulties in early treatment phases, through appropriate therapist responsiveness, which means an adaptation of therapist's activity to their client's behaviours using emerging information in the process (Stiles, 2009, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 16, 86).

Design

In this process–outcome study, responsiveness is operationalized by the motive‐oriented therapeutic relationship (Caspar, 2007, Handbook of psychotherapeutic case formulations, 2nd ed., 251–289, Guilford), based on the Plan analysis case formulation. The present study assesses the interplay between social interaction problems and therapist responsiveness, explaining symptoms at discharge and the therapeutic alliance.

Method

In total, N = 50 clients with BPD entered the study, and standard and responsive treatments were compared. Social interaction patterns were assessed by the newly developed Borderline Interaction Patterns Scale (BIPS), applied to recorded material of three sessions per therapy. Outcome was measured by general symptoms (OQ‐45), borderline symptoms (BSL‐23), interpersonal problems (IIP), and the therapeutic alliance (WAI).

Results

Results suggest that in standard treatment, social interaction patterns are neither related to outcome nor the therapeutic alliance. In responsive treatment, more activation of social interaction patterns predicted better outcome on IIP and lower therapist ratings of the alliance.

Conclusions

The conclusions seem promising for specific effectiveness of responsive treatments in particular in the interpersonal problem area of BPD. Identifying social interaction patterns early in treatment may be a crucial pathway to change for BPD.

Practitioner points

Responsive therapy activating social interaction patterns may be crucial for better outcome.

Future research should focus on mechanisms of change in early treatment phases for BPD.

New scale for assessing social interaction patterns specific to borderline personality disorder.
Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa in pediatric patients successfully treated with TNF‐α inhibitor and methotrexate: Case series and literature review
Authors: Do Ngan , Ringold Sarah , Brandling‐Bennett Heather
Published: October 2019

Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (CPAN) is a rare necrotizing vasculitis affecting small‐ to medium‐sized arteries. Reported treatments include oral corticosteroids alone or in combination with non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, intravenous immunoglobulins, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, colchicine, or dapsone. However, some patients with CPAN do not respond to such treatments and continue to experience exacerbations over prolonged periods. This series provides support for the use of TNF‐α inhibitors in the treatment of recalcitrant CPAN in pediatric patients.
Research Opportunities in Supply Chain Transparency
Authors: Sodhi ManMohan S. , Tang Christopher S.
Published: October 2019

More firms than ever before are disclosing the provenance of their products, results of product testing, and suppliers’ compliance with labor‐practice norms in their annual reports, sustainability reports, and press releases, besides making such information available on third‐party websites. However, collecting and disclosing such information is not only costly but also does not provide clear benefits. While the terminology is not yet standard in the literature, this study distinguishes supply chain transparency from visibility. Here, visibility refers to managers’ efforts to learn more about operations upstream in their supply chains. In contrast, by transparency, we mean a company disclosing information to consumers, investors, and other stakeholders about compliance with consumer‐expected norms in its supply chain operations and products. To motivate further research on supply chain transparency, we first report recent examples of companies providing supply chain transparency. Then we present potential benefits of supply chain visibility and supply chain transparency, respectively, for the company. Finally, we propose topics for research on supply chain transparency arranged by stakeholder.
Public Policy and Behavior Change
Authors: Tummers Lars
Published: October 2019

Changing behavior is often necessary to tackle societal problems, such as obesity, alcohol abuse, and debt problems. This article has two goals. First, it aims to highlight how governments can try to change the behavior of citizens. Government can use policy instruments to do so, including incentives, bans and mandates, information campaigns, and nudges. However, the government should not be a manipulator that applies policy instruments without societal support. Therefore, the second goal of the article is to provide a conceptual framework that helps analyze whether public policies to stimulate behavior change are effective and supported by key stakeholders. This conceptual framework has five criteria indicating the extent to which there is effective and supported behavior change: the policy is (1) effective and (2) efficient, and there is support for the policy among (3) politicians, (4) implementing organizations, and (5) citizens. The article ends with suggestions to study public policy aimed at behavior change.
The Effect of the Arab Spring on Preferences for Redistribution in Egypt
Authors: El Rafhi Bilal , Volle Alexandre
Published: October 2019

This paper investigates the effect of the revolution that occurred in January 2011 in Egypt on the demand for redistribution in that country, which has drastically increased since that period. This shock has been an important event, enhancing freedom and the political structure. In a first step, taking into account the main determinants of preferences for redistribution in the literature, our results differ, showing a positive impact of religion and a negative impact of altruistic attitudes. In a second step, we rely on a diff‐in‐diff approach to estimate the effect of the revolution, using three similar countries as a control group. We find that Egyptians became much more favorable to redistribution after the Arab Spring. Moreover, the revolution effect is stronger for the poorest people and those who are interested in politics.
On the Symmetry of Case in Conjunction
Authors: Weisser Philipp
Published: October 2019

In this article, I argue that all of the conjuncts in nominal conjunction always bear the same case. Apparent counterexamples, where conjuncts seem to differ in morphological case marking, are due either to a misanalysis of the underlying syntactic structure or to superficial morphological processes that create the impression of a difference in case marking. Once we control for phenomena of this sort (namely &P clitics, suspended affixation, and allomorphy), we find that case marking in nominal conjunction is always symmetric. This finding is in stark contrast to the phenomenon of ϕ agreement, which is known to exhibit asymmetries in conjunction. I show that the Chomskyan account of case assignment, according to which case arises only as a reflex of ϕ agreement, cannot account for this mismatch without stipulative assumptions. The pattern follows straightforwardly, however, if we assume that case assignment proceeds on the basis of syntactic structure while ϕ agreement can be either syntactic or postsyntactic. Finally, I show that the generalization established can be used as a simple diagnostic to distinguish syntactic case‐marking alternations from morphological ones.
Characterization of four novel HLA‐DPA1*01:03:01 variants, identified in Brazilian individuals
Authors: Vianna Romulo , Secco Danielle , Santos Angela , Porto Luís Cristóvão
Published: October 2019

Characterization of four novel HLA‐DPA1*01:03:01 variants, HLA‐DPA1*01:03:01:24, ‐DPA1*01:03:01:25, ‐DPA1*01:03:01:26, and ‐DPA1*01:03:01:27.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase non‐receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene polymorphisms in liver transplant donors and impact on acute cellular liver transplant rejection
Authors: Thude Hansjörg , Tiede Petra , Marget Matthias , Peine Sven , Nashan Björn , Koch Martina
Published: October 2019

The PTPN22 gene encodes the lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in regulation the immune response. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1217388, rs1310182, rs2476601, and rs2488457 are located within the PTPN22 gene. We investigated whether these SNPs in liver transplant donors are associated with acute cellular rejection in the recipients. The SNPs were analyzed in donors (n = 104) of recipients who did not develop an acute cellular rejection and in donors (n = 53) of corresponding recipients developing an acute cellular rejection. No significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of these SNPs were detected in either of the group. Our data suggest that these SNPs in liver transplant donors have no impact on the susceptibility of acute cellular liver transplant rejection.
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology in chimerism monitoring after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: One center experience
Authors: Stingl Jankovic Katarina , Maskalan Marija , Burek Kamenaric Marija , Zunec Renata , Durakovic Nadira , Serventi‐Seiwerth Ranka , Vrhovac Radovan , Grubic Zorana
Published: October 2019

Chimerism status evaluation is a routine test performed in post‐hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) period. The aim of the study was to evaluate a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method (GenDx, Utrecht, the Netherlands) applicability for this purpose. The study included 74 recipient/donor pairs tested for informative markers: median of four and six informative markers was found for patients (related and unrelated donor, respectively). Higher sensitivity of qPCR method was confirmed by analysis of recipient post‐HSCT samples (N = 800) among which microchimerism (0.1%‐1% recipient DNA) was detected in 21.8% of cases. The ability to detect less than 1% of minor population, as opposed to the short tandem repeat (STR) method for which 1% is the limit, translated into earlier identification of a disease relapse for four patients in our study sample.
The influence of stomatal morphology and distribution on photosynthetic gas exchange
Authors: Harrison Emily L. , Arce Cubas Lucia , Gray Julie E. , Hepworth Christopher
Published: October 2019

The intricate and interconnecting reactions of C3 photosynthesis are often limited by one of two fundamental processes: the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, or the diffusion of CO2 from the atmosphere through the stomata, and ultimately into the chloroplast. In this review, we explore how the contributions of stomatal morphology and distribution can affect photosynthesis, through changes in gaseous exchange. The factors driving this relationship are considered, and recent results from studies investigating the effects of stomatal shape, size, density and patterning on photosynthesis are discussed. We suggest that the interplay between stomatal gaseous exchange and photosynthesis is complex, and that a disconnect often exists between the rates of CO2 diffusion and photosynthetic carbon fixation. The mechanisms that allow for substantial reductions in maximum stomatal conductance without affecting photosynthesis are highly dependent on environmental factors, such as light intensity, and could be exploited to improve crop performance.
Computed tomographic lymphangiography of the thoracic duct by subcutaneous iohexol injection into the metatarsal region
Authors: Kim Kitae , Cheon Sangkyung , Kang Kyuyong , Hwang Yawon , Oh Dayoung , Yoon Junghee , Choi Mincheol
Published: October 2019

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of subcutaneous iohexol injection into the metatarsal region for thoracic duct lymphangiography in dogs and to determine the minimum effective dose.

Study design

Experimental study and clinical report.

Animals

Five healthy beagle dogs and one dog with chylothorax.

Methods

For the experimental study, iohexol was injected subcutaneously into the metatarsal region of five dogs at three doses (0.5, 0.75, and 1 mL/kg), and the injection sites were massaged gently. Computed tomography (CT) was performed 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after iohexol injection. Subjective quality was assessed, and Hounsfield unit values were measured at several regions of interest (T1, T4, T8, T13, and L3). In the dog with chylothorax, iohexol (1.0 mL/kg) was injected into the right metatarsal region prior to CT.

Results

The thoracic duct was visualized and enhanced by contrast in all dogs after injection of 0.75 and 1.0 mL/kg of iohexol, and in two dogs after injection of 0.5 mL/kg at 3, 5, and 7 minutes. The thoracic duct was gradually attenuated with increasing doses of iohexol. In the dog with chylothorax, the entire thoracic duct was well enhanced and dilated, and tortuous cranial mediastinal lymphatics were detected.

Conclusion

The thoracic duct was visualized when at least 0.75 mL/kg of iohexol was injected subcutaneously into the metatarsal region of dogs.

Clinical significance

Subcutaneous injection of iohexol into the metatarsal region offers a simple alternative to conventional thoracic duct lymphangiography.
Demonstration of slow light in rubidium vapor using single photons from a trapped ion
Authors: Siverns J. D. , Hannegan J. , Quraishi Q.
Published: October 2019

Using slow light, researchers demonstrate the first interaction between neutral atoms and photons emitted by a single trapped ion.
Ancient Greek text concealed on the back of unrolled papyrus revealed through shortwave-infrared hyperspectral imaging
Authors: Tournié A. , Fleischer K. , Bukreeva I. , Palermo F. , Perino M. , Cedola A. , Andraud C. , Ranocchia G.
Published: October 2019

Described here is the first successful uncovering of the reverse-side text of an unrolled papyrus through an imaging technique.
Dominant nonlocal superconducting proximity effect due to electron-electron interaction in a ballistic double nanowire
Authors: Ueda Kento , Matsuo Sadashige , Kamata Hiroshi , Baba Shoji , Sato Yosuke , Takeshige Yuusuke , Li Kan , Jeppesen Sören , Samuelson Lars , Xu Hongqi , Tarucha Seigo
Published: October 2019

We demonstrated dominant Cooper pair splitting in a ballistic double nanowire Josephson junction.
Giant optical nonlinearity interferences in quantum structures
Authors: Houver S. , Lebreton A. , Pereira T. A. S. , Xu G. , Colombelli R. , Kundu I. , Li L. H. , Linfield E. H. , Davies A. G. , Mangeney J. , Tignon J. , Ferreira R. , Dhillon S. S.
Published: October 2019

We bring to light the complex interplay of optical nonlinearities in quantum structures.
Global wildlife trade across the tree of life
Authors: Scheffers Brett R. , Oliveira Brunno F. , Lamb Ieuan , Edwards David P.
Published: October 2019

A heavy toll

Trade in wildlife, and their parts, is well recognized for a few key species, such as elephants and rhinos, but it occurs globally, across a wide array of species. Scheffers
et al.
looked across tens of thousands of vertebrate species and found that one in every five species is affected by trade of some sort. The impacts of trade tend to be concentrated in certain phylogenetic groups, thus the potential for long-term impact on certain lineages is substantial. This analysis allows for prediction of potential for trade where it does not yet occur, facilitating proactive prevention.

Science
, this issue p.
71
Stochastic antagonism between two proteins governs a bacterial cell fate switch
Authors: Lord Nathan D. , Norman Thomas M. , Yuan Ruoshi , Bakshi Somenath , Losick Richard , Paulsson Johan
Published: October 2019

Protein competition drives cell fate

Cell survival can require switching mechanisms that are flexible enough to accommodate environmental changes but also stable for the required duration. Lord
et al.
created a switching system in bacteria based on stochastic competition between two proteins: one is a transcriptional repressor, and the other is an antagonist that binds the repressor and locks it in an inactive state. They show that this system controls switching of the bacterium
Bacillus subtilis
from a motile, unicellular state to an immobile, multicellular state, and that the control system is transferable to another distantly related bacterium. Similar mechanisms could be more widely operable in biological systems than previously recognized.

Science
, this issue p.
116
Scalable submicrometer additive manufacturing
Authors: Saha Sourabh K. , Wang Dien , Nguyen Vu H. , Chang Yina , Oakdale James S. , Chen Shih-Chi
Published: October 2019

Speeding up submicrometer printing

Using light to build three-dimensional structures with photopolymerization is the basis for two-photon lithography. However, there has been a trade-off between speed and resolution for fabricating structures with this method. Saha
et al.
optimize a new parallel printing methodology that relies on ultrafast lasers. They show the ability to dramatically increase the speed of printing while maintaining submicrometer resolution.

Science
, this issue p.
105
Collaborations and capacities to transform fire management
Authors: Schultz Courtney A. , Moseley Cassandra
Published: October 2019

Progress requires attention to governance at multiple levels
RNA nucleosides built in one prebiotic pot
Authors: Hud Nicholas V. , Fialho David M.
Published: October 2019

Origins-of-life research models integrate the synthesis of RNA building blocks
Conducting memory formation
Authors: Szőnyi András
Published: October 2019

The nucleus incertus in the brainstem orchestrates the formation of contextual memories
Language and the brain
Authors: Boroditsky Lera
Published: October 2019

Languages—exquisitely structured, complex, and diverse—are a distinctively human gift, at the very heart of what it means to be human. As such, language makes for both a particularly important and difficult topic in neuroscience. A dominant early approach to the study of language was to treat it as a separate module or organ within the brain. However, much modern empirical work has demonstrated that language is integrated with, and in constant interplay with, an incredibly broad range of neural processes.
Going green with solar-powered ILC3 homeostasis
Authors: Burrows Kyle , Mortha Arthur
Published: October 2019

Circadian clock proteins BMAL1 and REV-ERBα harmonize the development and function of ILC3 (see related articles by

Teng
et al.

and

Wang
et al.

).
Circulating uromodulin inhibits systemic oxidative stress by inactivating the TRPM2 channel
Authors: LaFavers Kaice A. , Macedo Etienne , Garimella Pranav S. , Lima Camila , Khan Shehnaz , Myslinski Jered , McClintick Jeanette , Witzmann Frank A. , Winfree Seth , Phillips Carrie L. , Hato Takashi , Dagher Pierre C. , Wu Xue-Ru , El-Achkar Tarek M. , Micanovic Radmila
Published: October 2019

Uromodulin inhibits systemic oxidative stress via TRPM2.
Mitochondria fragments fuel the fire of neuroinflammation
Authors: Gallardo Gilbert
Published: October 2019

Mitochondrial fragmentation in glial cells appears to induce an inflammatory state capable of propagating.
Autophagy Induction by a Small Molecule Inhibits
Salmonella
Survival in Macrophages and Mice
Authors: Nagy Toni A. , Quintana Joaquin L. J. , Reens Abigail L. , Crooks Amy L. , Detweiler Corrella S.
Published: October 2019

Salmonella enterica
is a natural bacterial pathogen of humans and animals that causes systemic infection or gastroenteritis. During systemic infection,
Salmonella
generally resides within professional phagocytes, typically macrophages, whereas gastroenteritis is caused by infection of epithelial cells. We are only beginning to understand which host pathways contribute to
Salmonella
survival in particular cell types.
In Vivo
Validation of the Viral Barcoding of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 and the Development of New Barcoded SIV and Subtype B and C Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
Authors: Khanal Sirish , Fennessey Christine M. , O’Brien Sean P. , Thorpe Abigail , Reid Carolyn , Immonen Taina T. , Smith Rodman , Bess Julian W. , Swanstrom Adrienne E. , Del Prete Gregory Q. , Davenport Miles P. , Okoye Afam A. , Picker Louis J. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Keele Brandon F.
Published: October 2019

We recently developed and published a description of a barcoded simian immunodeficiency virus that has a short random sequence inserted directly into the viral genome. This allows for the tracking of individual viral lineages with high fidelity and ultradeep sensitivity. This virus was used to infect 120 rhesus macaques, and we report here the analysis of the barcodes of these animals during primary infection. We found that the vast majority of barcodes were functional
in vivo
. We then expanded the barcoding approach in a second-generation SIVmac239 stock (SIVmac239M2) with over 16 times the number of barcoded variants of the original stock and a barcoded stock of SIVmac239Opt5M whose sequence had 5 changes from the wild-type SIVmac239 sequence. We also generated 4 barcoded stocks from subtype B and C SHIV clones each containing a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope. These virus models are functional and can be useful for studying viral transmission and HIV cure/reservoir research.
Oman corals suggest that a stronger winter shamal season caused the Akkadian Empire (Mesopotamia) collapse
Authors: Watanabe Takaaki K. , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Yamazaki Atsuko , Pfeiffer Miriam
Published: October 2019

The Akkadian Empire was the first united empire in Mesopotamia and was established at 4.6 kyr B.P. (where present is A.D. 1950). The empire abruptly collapsed in 4.2 ± 0.2 kyr B.P. Seasonal-scale climatic dynamics behind this collapse have not yet been resolved. Here, we present monthly climatic parameters (temperature and hydrology) inferred from fossil Omani corals that lived between 4.5 and 2.9 kyr B.P. Winter temperatures derived from a modern Omani coral correlate with winter shamal (western Asian dust storm) frequency. A fossil coral from 4.1 kyr B.P. shows a prolonged winter shamal season with frequent shamal days. This likely caused agricultural failures in Mesopotamia and contributed to the Akkadian Empire collapse, as this region depends on winter rainfall.