bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy-Efficient RIS-Enabled SISO-OFDMA Communication via Lower Bound Optimization
Authors: Bidabadi Samaneh , Ouameur Messaoud Ahmed , Bagaa Miloud , Massicotte Daniel
Published: March 2024

The pursuit of energy-efficient solutions in the context of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted wireless networks has become imperative and transformative. This paper investigates the integration of RIS into an orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) framework for multi-user downlink communication systems. We address the challenge of jointly optimizing RIS reflection coefficients alongside OFDMA frequency and power allocations, with the aim of maximizing energy efficiency. This optimization is subject to specific quality-of-service (QoS) requirements for each user equipment (UE) and a constraint on transmission power and the RIS phase shift matrix. To address this complex optimization problem, we propose a novel practical and low-complexity approach that is based on optimizing a computationally efficient and numerically tractable lower bound on energy efficiency. The numerical results highlight the effectiveness of our approach, demonstrating a substantial increase in energy efficiency compared to scenarios without RIS, with random RIS integration, and with the scheme using the Genetic Algorithm (GA).
RBFNN-Based Adaptive Integral Sliding Mode Feedback and Feedforward Control for a Lower Limb Exoskeleton Robot
Authors: Yuan Ting , Zhang Chi , Yi Feng , Lv Pingping , Zhang Meitong , Li Shupei
Published: March 2024

In this paper, an adaptive trajectory tracking control method combining proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control, Radial Basis Function neural network (RBFNN)-based integral sliding mode control (ISMC), and feedforward control, i.e., the PIDFF-ISMC method, is proposed. The PIDFF-ISMC method aims to deal with the dynamic uncertainties, disturbances, and slow response in lower limb exoskeleton robot systems. Firstly, the Lagrange function is utilized to establish dynamic models that include frictional force and unmodeled dynamics. Secondly, the feedback controller is composed of PID and RBFNN-based ISMC to improve tracking performance and decrease the chattering phenomenon. The feedforward controller is adopted to reduce the response time by employing inverse dynamic models. Finally, the Lyapunov function proves the stability of the proposed control method. The experimental results show that the proposed control method can effectively reduce the trajectory tracking error and response time at two different speeds while alleviating control input chattering.
YOLOv8-PoseBoost: Advancements in Multimodal Robot Pose Keypoint Detection
Authors: Wang Feng , Wang Gang , Lu Baoli
Published: March 2024

In the field of multimodal robotics, achieving comprehensive and accurate perception of the surrounding environment is a highly sought-after objective. However, current methods still have limitations in motion keypoint detection, especially in scenarios involving small target detection and complex scenes. To address these challenges, we propose an innovative approach known as YOLOv8-PoseBoost. This method introduces the Channel Attention Module (CBAM) to enhance the network’s focus on small targets, thereby increasing sensitivity to small target individuals. Additionally, we employ multiple scale detection heads, enabling the algorithm to comprehensively detect individuals of varying sizes in images. The incorporation of cross-level connectivity channels further enhances the fusion of features between shallow and deep networks, reducing the rate of missed detections for small target individuals. We also introduce a Scale Invariant Intersection over Union (SIoU) redefined bounding box regression localization loss function, which accelerates model training convergence and improves detection accuracy. Through a series of experiments, we validate YOLOv8-PoseBoost’s outstanding performance in motion keypoint detection for small targets and complex scenes. This innovative approach provides an effective solution for enhancing the perception and execution capabilities of multimodal robots. It has the potential to drive the development of multimodal robots across various application domains, holding both theoretical and practical significance.
Optimized Design of a H2-Powered Moped for Urban Mobility
Authors: Loreti Gabriele , Rosati Alessandro , Baffo Ilaria , Ubertini Stefano , Facci Andrea Luigi
Published: March 2024

Micro-mobility plays an increasingly important role in the current energy transition thanks to its low energy consumption and reduced contribution to urban congestion. In this scenario, fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles have several advantages over state-of-the-art battery electric vehicles, such as increased driving ranges and reduced recharge times. In this paper, we study the conversion of a commercial electric moped (Askoll eS3®) into a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle by finding the optimal design of the components through an optimization methodology based on backward dynamic programming. This optimal design and operation strategy can also be implemented with a rules-based approach. The results show that a system composed of a 1 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell, a 2000 Sl metal hydride hydrogen tank, and a 240 Wh buffer battery can cover the same driving range as the batteries in an electric moped (119 km). Such a hybrid system occupies considerably less volume (almost 40 L) and has a negligibly higher mass. The free volume can be used to extend the driving range up to almost three times the nominal value. Moreover, by using a high-pressure composite tank, it is possible to increase the mass energy density of the onboard energy storage (although compression can require up to 10% of the hydrogen’s chemical energy). The fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle can be recharged with green hydrogen that is locally produced. In detail, we analyze a residential scenario and a shared mobility scenario in the small Italian city of Viterbo.
Machine Learning Technologies in the Supply Chain Management Research of Biodiesel: A Review
Authors: Kim Sojung , Seo Junyoung , Kim Sumin
Published: March 2024

Biodiesel has received worldwide attention as a renewable energy resource that reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Unlike traditional fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, biodiesel made of vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease incurs higher production costs, so its supply chain should be managed efficiently for operational cost reduction. To this end, multiple machine learning technologies have recently been applied to estimate feedstock yield, biodiesel productivity, and biodiesel quality. This study aims to identify the machine learning technologies useful in particular areas of supply chain management by review of the scientific literature. As a result, nine machine learning algorithms, the Gaussian process model (GPM), random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), AdaBoost regression, multiple linear regression (MLR), linear regression (LR). and multilayer perceptron (MLP), are used for feedstock yield estimation, biodiesel productivity prediction, and biodiesel quality prediction. Among these, RF and ANN were identified as the most appropriate algorithms, providing high prediction accuracy. This finding will help engineers and managers understand concepts of machine learning technologies so they can use appropriate technology to solve operational problems in supply chain management.
Choosing to Pay More for Electricity: An Experiment on the Level of Residential Consumer Cooperation
Authors: Vert Martin Noémie , Pineau Pierre-Olivier
Published: March 2024

Reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions is necessary in the fight against climate change. We are interested in the situation of Quebec (Canada), where low-cost hydropower sold below market value, akin to a consumption subsidy, leads to high residential consumption. We conducted an experiment to test whether individuals would be willing to pay more for electricity. Increasing regulated prices closer to their market value would result in a direct welfare gain and free some green energy, reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) in other sectors. Giving clear and transparent information on the consequences of the price increase induces a majority of people to choose to pay more. In addition to the economic benefit of the public good, the presence of the environmental benefit increases contributions. Participants with a more-severe budget constraint tend to contribute less. These results are encouraging for the development of efficient energy policies reducing GHG emissions.
Investigation of a 25 kV–50 Hz Railway-Substation Power Supply Based on a Back-to-Back Modular Multilevel Converter Topology
Authors: Tournoux Kevin , Houari Azeddine , Benkhoris Mohamed Fouad , Terrien Franck , Garmier Pierre-Louis
Published: March 2024

This paper presents a preliminary study of a 25 kV–50 Hz railway substation power supply system. The control of a back-to-back converter based on modular multilevel converter (MMC) technology was investigated to fit with the power quality requirements of the application. One of the main challenges is the presence of constraining load conditions, under which the train circulation variability, low-frequency harmonics and critical power transients can notably decrease the power quality and lead to instability. In order to address this, cascaded controllers based on resonant controllers are proposed to ensure the desired performance. Furthermore, balancing voltage algorithms are added to avoid stress phenomena and additional losses in the studied power conversion interface. The paper presents the design of the control stages and demonstrates the robust performance of the system using a realistic loading condition of a railway substation.
A Review of Bidirectional Charging Grid Support Applications and Battery Degradation Considerations
Authors: Adegbohun Feyijimi , von Jouanne Annette , Agamloh Emmanuel , Yokochi Alex
Published: March 2024

Electric vehicles (EVs) are crucial in mitigating global emissions by replacing internal combustion engines. The capacity of EV batteries, coupled with their charging infrastructure, offers the added advantage of supplying flexible demand capacity and providing demand response benefits to the power grid, which is essential as overall demand increases. EVs ready for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications and chargers that support them enhance this flexibility by allowing for varied storage applications. However, to fully harness these benefits, it is vital to consider EV drivers’ charging habits and optimize the charging and discharging controls to minimize battery life impact. This study examines various V2X applications in North America and their effects on battery longevity, considering EV charging patterns. Additionally, it investigates advanced aging-aware optimization algorithms for managing bidirectional charging.
Tackling Uncertainty: Forecasting the Energy Consumption and Demand of an Electric Arc Furnace with Limited Knowledge on Process Parameters
Authors: Zawodnik Vanessa , Schwaiger Florian Christian , Sorger Christoph , Kienberger Thomas
Published: March 2024

The iron and steel industry significantly contributes to global energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. The rising deployment of volatile renewables and the resultant need for flexibility, coupled with specific challenges in electric steelmaking (e.g., operation optimization, optimized power purchasing, effective grid capacity monitoring), require accurate energy consumption and demand forecasts for electric steel mills to align with the energy transition. This study investigates diverse approaches to forecast the energy consumption and demand of an electric arc furnace—one of the largest consumers on the grid—considering various forecast horizons and objectives with limited knowledge on process parameters. The results are evaluated for accuracy, robustness, and costs. Two grid connection capacity monitoring approaches—a one-step and a multi-step Long Short-Term Memory neural network—are assessed for intra-hour energy demand forecasts. The one-step approach effectively models energy demand, while the multi-step approach encounters challenges in representing different operational phases of the furnace. By employing a combined statistic–stochastic model integrating a Seasonal Auto-Regressive Moving Average model and Markov chains, the study extends the forecast horizon for optimized day-ahead electricity procurement. However, the accuracy decreases as the forecast horizon lengthens. Nevertheless, the day-ahead forecast provides substantial benefits, including reduced energy balancing needs and potential cost savings.
Numerical and Experimental Study on Nonlinear Phenomena and Thermal Deviation Control in a 1000 MW Tower-Type Boiler
Authors: Wang Wenshuai , Yang Mo
Published: March 2024

Numerical and experimental studies were conducted to study the nonlinear phenomena of a 1000 MW ultra-supercritical four-corner tangential pulverized coal boiler. In this paper, (1) a 3D model of a furnace with a symmetrical structure was established to analyze the asymmetric flow phenomenon and multi-solution phenomenon of flow for multiple timepoints under the same boundary conditions. (2) The visual experiment verified that the flow in the furnace also behaved asymmetrically. (3) On the basis of correctly predicting the nonlinear law, the “diagonal start up” method and the “sequential start up” method are proposed. (4) An uneven coefficient of velocity distribution M, deviation coefficient of flue gas mass flow rate Eq and gas temperature deviation coefficient ET are proposed to quantitatively analyze the degree to which the actual tangent circle deviates from the ideal tangent circle. The tangent circle under the “sequential start up” method is the closest to the ideal, which can reduce the thermal deviation of the furnace outlet from 67 K under the “simultaneous start up” method to 41 K. In this paper, the initial steady-state flow field in the furnace is established by using the initial value sensitivity of the nonlinear system through different burner-opening methods, so as to reduce the thermal deviation at the furnace outlet and achieve the purpose of accurate control.
Multiple Heat Recovery System for an Industrial Thermal Peeling Press Machine—Experimental Study with Energy and Economic Analyses
Authors: Farhat Obeida , Khaled Mahmoud , Faraj Jalal , Hachem Farouk , Castelain Cathy
Published: March 2024

The enhancement of energy systems in industrial zones is attracting the attention of researchers from all over the world. At the same time, optimization and advancement in heat recovery systems are now generating major interest in the energy sector. In this context, the present study suggests a new multiple heat recovery system should be applied to an industrial thermal peeling press machine. The new system consists of multiple sources of energy: the heat excess in the chimney, the exhaust gas of the chimney, and the exhaust gas of the boiler. To proceed with testing the potential of the suggested system, a hydraulic thermal peel press machine in the wood industry undergoes different tests to achieve the best configuration that will enable this machine to reach its operational temperature when heating. Five test configurations are proposed, designed, and applied experimentally on this machine. Many parameters were effective during the experimental tests, such as water flow rate, ambient air temperature, and initial water temperature. It was found that the application of the multiple heat recovery system increases the rate of heating from around 7 °C/min to around 13 °C/min. In terms of energy and economy, the “chimney + boiler only” configuration proved to be the best system to apply during the fall and winter seasons.
Breakdown Performance Evaluation and Lifetime Prediction of XLPE Insulation in HVAC Cables
Authors: Li Zhonglei , Dong Yuming , Wu You , Meng Zhengzheng , Song Pengxian , Zhu Mingzheng , Li Xu , Du Boxue
Published: March 2024

This article presents the recent developments in the field of evaluation of the breakdown performance and remaining lifetime of XLPE insulation and analyzes the accuracy of existing lifetime prediction models through experiments. The effects of the crystalline morphology, cable thickness and sampling location of XLPE insulation on the evaluation of short-term breakdown performance are reviewed in the context of the experiments. The study reviews the application of the Ramu, Simoni, and Ramu multi-stress lifetime prediction models and explores the other remaining lifetime prediction models under the combined electrothermal stresses which are applicable to XLPE insulation. Finally, this paper recommends the most effective engineering evaluation methods and provides suggestions for improving the electrical performance of XLPE insulation for high-voltage cables.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Modeling of Combustion Characteristics in Chip and Ground Biomass from Fast-Growing Trees and Agricultural Residue
Authors: Shrestha Bijendra , Posom Jetsada , Pornchaloempong Pimpen , Sirisomboon Panmanas , Shrestha Bim Prasad , Ariffin Hidayah
Published: March 2024

This study focuses on the investigation and comparison of combustion characteristic parameters and combustion performance indices between fast-growing trees and agricultural residues as biomass sources. The investigation is conducted through direct combustion in an air environment using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Additionally, partial least squares regression (PLSR)-based models were developed to assess combustion performance indices via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), serving as a non-destructive alternative method. The results obtained through the TGA reveal that, specifically, fast-growing trees display higher average ignition temperature (227 °C) and burnout temperature (521 °C) in comparison to agricultural residues, which exhibit the values of 218 °C and 515 °C, respectively. Therefore, fast-growing trees are comparatively difficult to ignite, but sustain combustion over extended periods, yielding higher temperatures. However, despite fast-growing trees having a high ignition index (Di) and burnout index (Df), the comprehensive combustion performance (Si) and flammability index (Ci) of agricultural residue are higher, indicating the latter possess enhanced thermal and combustion reactivity, coupled with improved combustion stability. Five distinct PLSR-based models were developed using 115 biomass samples for both chip and ground forms, spanning the wavenumber range of 3595–12,489 cm−1. The optimal model was selected by evaluating the coefficients of determination in the prediction set (R2P), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and RPD values. The results suggest that the proposed model for Df, obtained through GA-PLSR using the first derivative (D1), and Si, achieved through full-PLSR with MSC, both in ground biomass, is usable for most applications, including research. The model yielded, respectively, an R2P, RMSEP, and RPD, which are 0.8426, 0.4968 wt.% min⁻4, and 2.5; and 0.8808, 0.1566 wt.%2 min⁻2 °C⁻3, and 3.1. The remaining models (Di in chip and ground, Df, and Si in chip, and Ci in chip and ground biomass) are primarily applicable only for rough screening purposes. However, including more representative samples and exploring a more suitable machine learning algorithm are essential for updating the model to achieve a better nondestructive assessment of biomass combustion behavior.
Numerical Simulation on Two-Phase Ejector with Non-Condensable Gas
Authors: Chai Yinghua , Lin Yuansheng , Xiao Qi , Huang Chonghai , Ke Hanbing , Li Bangming
Published: March 2024

The two-phase ejector is a simple and compact pressure boosting device and widely used in ejector steam-generator water feeding systems and core emergency cooling systems. The direct contact condensation of water and steam is the key process of a two-phase ejector. Usually, the high-temperature and high-pressure steam will inevitably induce non-condensable gases. The existence of non-condensable gases will reduce the condensation heat transfer rate between steam and water, and harm the equipment. This study carried out 3D numerical simulations of a two-phase ejector based on an inhomogeneous multiphase model. The steam inlet pressure and the non-condensable gas mass fraction rang in 0.6–2.9 MPa and 1–10%, respectively. The heat and mass transfer characteristics were analyzed under different conditions. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient and plume penetration length increased with the steam inlet pressure. Non-condensable gas prevents direct contact condensation between the steam and water. The non-condensable gas mass fraction rises from 1% to 10%, the heat transfer between steam and water deteriorates, and leads to a lower heat transfer coefficient.
Inoculation with Biofilm of Bacillus subtilis Is a Safe and Sustainable Alternative to Promote Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Growth
Authors: Sarti Gabriela Cristina , Galelli Mirta Esther , Cristóbal-Miguez Josefina Ana Eva , Cárdenas-Aguiar Eliana , Chudil Hugo Daniel , García Ana Rosa , Paz-González Antonio
Published: March 2024

Over-fertilization and agrochemicals adversely affect soil quality and agricultural ecosystem sustainability. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is ranked as an important crop due to its high profitability and nutritional value. In Argentina, tomato is mainly produced in horticultural belts at peri-urban areas, whose soils frequently are contaminated by heavy metals and/or agrochemicals. To explore safer alternatives, we investigated the effects of seed inoculation with a common plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), i.e., Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii, on development at various growth stages of two tomato varieties, “Platense” and “Río Grande”, and on production and fruit quality at harvest time of the “Río Grande” variety. The experimental design consisted of three treatments per variety: a control versus traditional planktonic or biofilm inoculation, with three replicates per treatment. Germination at 10 days and seedling agronomical parameters showed that the response to seed inoculation was superior in the “Río Grande” variety. At harvest time, and irrespective of the inoculant, several agronomical parameters of the “Río Grande” variety were significantly enhanced with respect to the control. The biofilm significantly increased tomato production, as quantified by fruit number and weight, compared to the planktonic inoculum. This case study demonstrates that the incorporation of bio-inoculants is relevant in sustainable agriculture to promote crop growth and quality.
Forest Site and Stand Structure Affecting the Distribution of Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 1888 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in Eastern Ukraine
Authors: Meshkova Valentyna , Borysenko Oleksandr , Kucheryavenko Tetiana , Vysotska Natalia , Skrylnyk Yuriy , Davydenko Kateryna , Holusa Jaroslav
Published: March 2024

The Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 1888 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive phloem-boring beetle, was first detected in the Luhansk Region of Ukraine in 2019. Subsequently, it rapidly expanded its presence to encompass a significant portion of the Kharkiv region and the parks of Kyiv. Previous research has established that the climatic conditions in Luhansk and its neighboring regions are conducive to the EAB, and the absence of a host plant (Fraxinus sp.) does not act as a deterrent to the pest’s expansion in Ukraine. Recognizing the urgency of identifying infested trees, our current research aimed to identify the most attractive EAB forest subcompartments based on forest site conditions and stand structure. Utilizing the MaxEnt model, we achieved an average performance in predicting the potential distribution of the EAB (AUC = 0.842). The six most impactful variables, contributing to 88.2% of the model, include “age of trees, years”, “area of forest subcompartment, ha”, “mean height of trees, m”, “proportion of Fraxinus excelsior in the stand composition, %”, “hygrotope index (humidity level), point”, and “number of neighboring-non-forest subcompartments”. Most likely, EAB occurrence is expected in the driest forest site conditions; the well-lit and warmed-up parts of stands, in particular; small subcompartments surrounded by non-forest landscapes; and forest shelter belts near roads and fields. However, the data obtained can be considered preliminary. To enhance the accuracy of our forecasting, it may be imperative to consider data on road localization, along which the pest can spread passively, as well as dominant wind speed.
Single-Cell Transcriptome Atlas of Leaves at Different Developmental Stages in Populus alba × Populus glandulosa Clone 84K
Authors: Jing Yanchun , Ren Yongyu , Zhang Shuwen , Kang Xiangyang
Published: March 2024

Leaves are crucial photosynthetic plant organs. The development of poplar leaves has spatio-temporal specificity and it is of great significance to study the single-cell transcription atlas of leaves to reveal the temporal regulation of gene expression in different cell types. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 17,768 tender leaf and 5846 functional leaf cells of Poplar 84K to construct a transcriptome atlas and developmental trajectory. The results showed that there were five and six cell types in tender and functional leaves, respectively. According to a pseudo-time trajectory analysis and the clustering of expressed genes into different cell types, the development of tender and functional leaves was divided into two temporal stages. Tender leaf epidermal cells developed earliest and were enriched with genes related to cell division and growth, indicating that tender leaves were in the stage of cell expansion and functional differentiation. Functional leaf palisade mesophyll cells were enriched with genes related to photosynthesis and carbon metabolism and cell types performing different functions tended to mature, indicating that functional leaves were in the stage of leaf development and the initial formation of photosynthesis. Our in-depth analysis of the transcriptional regulation at the single-cell level during leaf development provides an important basis for studying the mechanisms involved in cell differentiation and leaf development in poplar as well as other plants.
Unearthing Current Knowledge Gaps in Our Understanding of Tree Stability: Review and Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Ekeoma Emmanuel Chukwudi , Sterling Mark , Metje Nicole , Spink John , Farrelly Niall , Fenton Owen
Published: March 2024

Forest preservation and management are paramount for sustainable mitigation of climate change, timber production, and the economy. However, the potential of trees and forests to provide these benefits to the ecosystem is hampered by natural phenomena such as windthrow and anthropogenic activities. The aim of the current research was to undertake a critical thematic review (from 1983 to 2023) informed by a bibliometric analysis of existing literature on tree stability. The results revealed an increase in tree stability research between 2019 and 2022, with the USA, France, and Italy leading in research output, while Scotland and England notably demonstrated high research influence despite fewer publications. A keyword analysis showed that tree stability can be divided into four themes: tree species, architecture, anchorage, and environmental factors. Prominent studies on tree stability have focused on root anchorage. However, more recently, there has been a growing emphasis on urban forestry and disease-induced tree damage, underscoring a shift towards climate change and diversity research. It was concluded that considerable knowledge gaps still exist; that greater geographic diversification of research is needed and should include tropical and sub-tropical regions; that research relating to a wider range of soil types (and textures) should be conducted; and that a greater emphasis on large-scale physical modelling is required. Data and knowledge produced from these areas will improve our collective understanding of tree stability and therefore help decision makers and practitioners manage forestry resources in a more sustainable way into the future.
Advances in Plant–Soil Feedback Driven by Root Exudates in Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Sun Wenxue , Li Qianqian , Qiao Bin , Jia Kaitao , Li Chunying , Zhao Chunjian
Published: March 2024

Plant–soil feedback (PSF) was initially developed in the field of agricultural practices. In recent years, PSF has been extended to various ecosystems. Root exudates, essential for the exchange of materials, energy, and information at the plant–soil interface, significantly influence PSF. However, how PSF is driven by root secretions and the role of these secretions in different PSF pathways still needs to be further explored, particularly in forest ecosystems. Soil nutrients, microbial communities, and nematodes are important research topics in the process of PSF driven by root exudates. Investigating these aspects driven by root exudates provides valuable insights into the complex interactions both above ground and below the surface. This research can offer theoretical support and guidance for building stable, healthy, and sustainable forest ecosystems in the future.
An Efficient Method for the Propagation of Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’ (Nyctaginaceae) from In Vitro Stem Segments
Authors: Lin Hongling , Xu Jieru , Wu Kunlin , Gong Chenxiao , Jie Yuying , Yang Bo , Chen Jinhui
Published: March 2024

Bougainvillea, an evergreen climbing shrub of the Nyctaginaceae family, holds significant ornamental, economic, and medicinal value. Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’ is widely used in landscapes due to its strong adaptability to the environment, abundance of flowers, and frequent flowering. Traditionally, Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’ cultivation has relied on methods such as cuttings or grafting, with limited research on in vitro tissue culture propagation. This study aimed to optimize the tissue culture system, exploring a combination of plant growth regulators (PGRs) for Bougainvillea regeneration from in vitro stem segments. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), and 1-naphthlcetic acid (NAA) was employed. The optimal sterilization of Bougainvillea stem segments involved a 30 s treatment with 75% alcohol and 10 min with 1% NaClO. The synergistic effect of 0.1 mg·L−1 of NAA and 2.5 mg·L−1 of 6-BA maximized the shoot sprouting frequency, while 2.5 mg·L−1 of 6-BA and 0.1 mg·L−1 of NAA produced the maximum shoots. Furthermore, 1.5 mg·L−1 of IBA and 0.1 mg·L−1 of NAA induced the highest rooting levels. This work demonstrates the successful adaptation of a greenhouse environment to efficiently regenerate plants in vitro from stem segments. This approach allows for the mass production of Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’.
Metabolic Oscillation Phenomena in Clostridia Species—A Review
Authors: Tyszak Annika , Rehmann Lars
Published: March 2024

Clostridia are interesting candidates for biotechnological applications due to their diverse and unique metabolic abilities. Particularly in continuous fermentation processes, productivity-decreasing metabolic oscillations have been reported in many species. The resulting process instability and reduced productivity can be a serious hurdle for the development of industrially feasible processes. This review highlights the current state of knowledge about oscillatory metabolic phenomena in Clostridia, including the mechanisms, assumed and proven, behind those oscillations and methods to mitigate the phenomena if applicable. The nature of observed metabolic oscillations in Clostridia is diverse, including a wide range of periods of oscillation and different parameters in which the oscillation is observed. Some phenomena remain to be investigated further, while others are already well understood. However, knowledge of mechanisms is a very valuable asset in overcoming the metabolic oscillation to create a stable process.
Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Straw: Effect of Biological Pretreatment and Heating with Bio-Heat Recovery from Pretreatment
Authors: Guan Shanyue , He Chao , Li Pengfei , Li Panpan , Hou Tingting , Gao Zan , Li Gang , Jiao Youzhou
Published: March 2024

Biological pretreatment can promote the degradation of biomass and enhance methane production via the subsequent anaerobic digestion. In addition, a large amount of bio-heat can be generated during the pretreatment process to provide heat for the anaerobic digestion process. In this study, composite microorganisms were employed for pretreating corn straw. The impact of different pretreatment times and the heat generated by the pretreatment process on subsequent anaerobic digestion were studied. The results show that the maximum temperature of the pretreatment process was 56.2 °C, obtained on day 6. After 14 days of pretreatment, the degradation rate of the pretreatment group increased by 41% compared with the control group. As a consequence, straws with different pretreatment times were used for anaerobic digestion. The group that underwent 6 days of pretreatment and utilized bio-heat generated from pretreatment achieved the highest cumulative methane production of 401.58 mL/g VS, which was 60.13% higher than in the control group without pretreatment. After 6 days of composite microorganism pretreatment, the group that utilized bio-heat achieved a 29.08% increase in cumulative methane production compared to the group that did not utilize bio-heat. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of biological pretreatment with composite microorganisms followed by anaerobic digestion using bio-heat as an effective method for treating corn straw.
An Updated Review on Probiotic Production and Applications
Authors: Venkatesh Guru Prasad , Kuruvalli Gouthami , Syed Khajamohiddin , Reddy Vaddi Damodara
Published: March 2024

Microorganisms are ubiquitous and have been exploited for centuries to generate primary and secondary metabolites essential for human welfare and environmental sustainability. Microorganisms occupy a prominent position in the industrial sector due to their unique properties, such as the limited time and space required for their growth and proliferation, as well as their easy manipulation of the genetic material. Among all the microorganisms, probiotics have grabbed the attention of researchers because of their nonpathogenic nature and immersive application in treating digestive ailments and vitamin deficiency, boosting immunity, and detoxifying harmful chemicals. Furthermore, probiotics are widely used to treat various diseases such as constipation, colon cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, as well as a range of intestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease, among others. The updated information on these diseases and the role of probiotics has not been updated in the past few years. The present review covers updated information on the role of probiotics in these topics. The growth of populations around the globe has attracted the attention of scientists, primarily investigating diverse technologies to meet the gap between probiotic production and demand. With the support of standardized tools and techniques, researchers have explored the potent probiotic strains feasible for industrial production and treating health ailments. In the current review, we have curated the potential information essential for the screening, strain selection, production, and application necessary for probiotic researchers.
14th European Crystal Network (ECN) Workshop—Abstract Proceedings
Authors: Lioté Frédéric , Perez-Ruiz Fernando , Ea Hang-Korng , Merriman Tony , Pascart Tristan , So Alexander
Published: March 2024

The 14th annual international European Crystal Network was held in Paris on 2 and 3 March 2023. This in-person meeting was attended by 93 participants. Over 40 research abstract submissions were received from investigators, ranging from early career investigators to senior researchers, for plenary oral and poster presentations. Here, we present the accepted, lightly edited abstracts from the presenters consenting to have their work published. We thank and congratulate the presenters for their work and contributions to the meeting.
Predictors of Psychological Well-Being and Quality of Life in Patients with Hypertension: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Crepaldi Maura , Giannì Jessica , Brugnera Agostino , Greco Andrea , Compare Angelo , Rusconi Maria Luisa , Poletti Barbara , Omboni Stefano , Tasca Giorgio Angelo , Parati Gianfranco
Published: March 2024

Previous research has highlighted the positive impact of greater health-related quality of life (Hr-QoL) and subjective well-being (SWB) on chronic diseases’ severity and progression. There is a paucity of studies investigating the long-term trajectories of these variables among hypertensive patients. The present study aims to investigate the relationships between psychological variables (Type A and D personality, locus of control—LoC, self-esteem, and trait anxiety) with SWB and Hr-QoL in patients with hypertension and comorbid metabolic syndrome. A total of 185 volunteer patients (130 males, 70.3%; mean age 54 ± 10.93) were enrolled. Patients filled out measures of Hr-QoL and SWB, LoC, and self-esteem at three time points—Type A and D behaviors and anxiety measures only at baseline. Analyses were run through two-level hierarchical mixed models with repeated measures (Level 1) nested within participants (Level 2), controlling for sociodemographic and clinical confounders. Neither Hr-QoL nor SWB changed over time. Patients with greater self-esteem and internal LoC (and lower external LoC) increased their SWB and Hr-QoL up to 1-year follow-up. A greater Type A behavior and trait anxiety at baseline predicted a longitudinal increase in most of the dependent variables. Results suggest that it could be useful to tailor interventions targeting specific variables to increase Hr-QoL and SWB among hypertensive patients.
“I’m Not Only a Body”: Change in Thoughts about the Body after Mirror Exposure Treatment in Women with Obesity—An Exploratory Study
Authors: González-Sánchez Cristina , Jiménez-Cabello José , Rodríguez-Ruíz Sonia , Mata-Martín José Luis
Published: March 2024

Nowadays, obesity (OB) is one of the most important health problems in population-wide health. In addition to its physical consequences, it is a risk factor for the development of psychological problems, including body dissatisfaction (BD). This is why the treatment of BD is essential for its prevention. However, this has mostly been studied from a quantitative perspective, without focusing on the discomfort experienced by the person and the accompanying thoughts and emotions. In this study, 26 women with obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) participated, of whom 16 had high BD and 10 had low BD, as measured by the BSQ questionnaire. The women with high BD underwent six sessions of exposure to their own body in front of a mirror, recording the discomfort experienced with this vision during the session. In addition, all participants recorded positive and negative thoughts towards their body before and after these sessions. After the exposure treatment sessions, a reduction in symptomatology (BD, discomfort when visualizing one’s own body) was observed, as well as a change in the thoughts expressed by the participants, both in quantity (fewer negative thoughts) and in quality (a more positive self-perception and/or in more respectful terms used towards themselves). In conclusion, such treatments prove to be effective in reducing subjective discomfort and body-related thoughts in women with obesity.
Attitude of the Lithuanian Public toward Medical Assistance in Dying: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Bachmetjev Benedikt , Airapetian Artur , Zablockis Rolandas
Published: March 2024

Euthanasia and assisted suicide, involving the intentional termination of a patient’s life, are subjects of global debate influenced by cultural, ethical, and religious beliefs. This study explored the attitudes of the general public toward euthanasia, finding varying levels of support. A cross-sectional study was conducted. This research specifically evaluated the perspectives of 5804 Lithuanian residents using a survey distributed through social media, which presented medical scenarios on life-preserving interventions. Analysis indicated that gender, religion, experience in caring for patients in a terminal condition, education, and age significantly influenced the attitudes of the respondents toward end-of-life decisions. Specifically, factors like being non-religious or having less experience in caring for the terminally ill correlated with a more positive opinion regarding euthanasia and other forms of medical assistance in dying.
Optimizing Invasive Neonatal Respiratory Care: A Systematic Review of Invasive Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist
Authors: Balasundaram Palanikumar , Sakr Mohamed
Published: March 2024

Background: Mechanical ventilation in preterm neonates aims for synchrony, preventing complications such as lung injury. Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (NAVA) is a unique mode relying on diaphragmatic electrical signals for synchronization. We conducted a review focusing on the long-term consequences of using invasive NAVA in neonates with a focus on bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Methods: A systematic review following PRISMA explored invasive NAVA in preterm neonates. Primary objectives compared NAVA to conventional ventilation, assessing BPD incidence, ventilation duration, length of stay, and adverse events. Secondary objectives analyzed ventilator parameters. Results: After screening 282 records, the review incorporated two randomized controlled trials for primary outcomes and seven trials for secondary outcomes, including two randomized crossovers, four prospective crossovers, and one retrospective study. NAVA showed reduced oxygen requirement at 28 days but no significant differences in oxygen need at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, total length of stay, or ventilator days. Substantial variations were not observed in adverse events. Ventilator variables favored NAVA, indicating decreased peak inspiratory pressure, tidal volume, work of breathing, and respiratory severity score. Conclusion: Our study found no significant reduction in BPD with NAVA despite short-term benefits. Future large-scale trials are essential to assess NAVA’s impact on long-term outcomes comprehensively.
Postharvest Chemical Treatment of Physiologically Induced Stem End Blockage Improves Vase Life and Water Relation of Cut Flowers
Authors: Manzoor Ayesha , Bashir Muhammad , Naveed Muhammad , Akhtar Muhammad , Saeed Shaista
Published: March 2024

Wound-induced xylem occlusion significantly affects the vase life of cut flowers, as oxidative stress and the polymerization of phenolic compounds lead to the deposition of phenolic compounds/secondary metabolites in the stem ends of cut flowers to heal open tissues of freshly cut stems and prevent microbial invasion. However, this deposition causes blockage of vessels, reduced water uptake, and shortened vase life. The physiological plugging of vessels is linked with various oxidative enzymes’ (PAL, PPOs, LACs, and COs) actions taken to increase the synthesis of different compounds, e.g., lignin, suberin, tyloses, gel, and latex, in wounded areas. The use of chemical preservatives/enzyme inhibitors is one of the safest and most efficient techniques employed to minimize vascular blockage and inhibit phenolic compounds deposition and exudation. This review mainly discusses the types of oxidative enzymes, their pathways and biochemistry along with production of secondary metabolites, their biosynthesis, and their modes of action involved in vascular blockage. It also summarizes the different types of preservatives used in postharvest treatments to improve relative water uptake, flower fresh weight, petal protein content, and hydraulic conductance and prolong the vase life of cut flowers during storage. It is hoped that this elaborate study will help researchers in designing new studies concerning occlusion caused by the accumulation of phenolic compounds in vessels.
Association between Outdoor and Indoor Air Pollution Sources and Atopic Eczema among Preschool Children in South Africa
Authors: Bhuda Mandla , Wichmann Janine , Shirinde Joyce
Published: March 2024

The objective of the study was to investigate the association between outdoor and indoor air pollution sources and atopic eczema among preschool children in South Africa. A cross-sectional design, following the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase III protocol, was applied. The study was conducted in Mabopane and Soshanguve Townships in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, South Africa. A total population of 1844 preschool children aged 7 years and below participated in the study; 1840 were included in the final data analysis. Data were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of eczema ever (EE) and current eczema symptoms (ESs) was 11.9% and 13.3%, respectively. The use of open fires (paraffin, wood, or coal) for cooking and heating increased the likelihood of EE (OR = 1.63; 95% CI: 0.76–3.52) and current ESs (OR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.00–3.74). Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure at home increased the likelihood of EE (OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.08–2.55) and current ESs (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.07–2.43). Mothers or female guardians smoking cigarettes increased the likelihood of EE (OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 0.86–2.62) and current ESs (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.71–2.13). The use of combined building materials in homes increased the likelihood of EE, and corrugated iron significantly increased the likelihood of current ESs. The frequency of trucks passing near the preschool children’s residences on weekdays was found to be associated with EE and current ESs, with a significant association observed when trucks passed the children’s residences almost all day on weekdays. Atopic eczema was positively associated with exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution sources.
Characterizing Multimorbidity Prevalence and Adverse Outcomes in Ethnically and Culturally Diverse Sub-Populations in India: Gaps, Opportunities, and Future Directions
Authors: Zanwar Preeti Pushpalata , Taylor Robyn , Hill-Jarrett Tanisha G. , Tsoy Elena , Flatt Jason D. , Mirza Zunera , Hill Carl V. , Perianayagam Arokiasamy
Published: March 2024

India is a large middle-income country and has surpassed China in overall population, comprising 20% of the global population (over 1.43 billion people). India is experiencing a major demographic shift in its aging population. Chronic diseases are common among older adults and can be persistent over the life course, lead to the onset of disability, and be costly. Among older adults in India, the existence of multiple comorbid chronic conditions (i.e., multimorbidity) is rapidly growing and represents a burgeoning public health burden. Prior research identified greater rates of multimorbidity (e.g., overweight/obesity diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and malignancies) in minority populations in the United States (U.S.); however, limited studies have attempted to characterize multimorbidity among older adult sub-populations residing in India. To address this gap, we conducted a narrative review of studies on multimorbidity using the data from the Longitudinal Aging Study of India (LASI), the largest nationally representative longitudinal survey study of adults in India. Our definition of multimorbidity was the presence of more than two conditions in the same person. Our findings, based on 15 reviewed studies, aim to (1) characterize the definition and measurement of multimorbidity and to ascertain its prevalence in ethnically and culturally diverse sub-populations in India; (2) identify adverse outcomes associated with multimorbidity in the Indian adult population; and (3) identify gaps, opportunities, and future directions.