bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contact dermatitis in children caused by diabetes devices
Authors: Alves da Silva Catarina , Bregnhøj Anne , Mowitz Martin , Bruze Magnus , Andersen Klaus Ejner , Sommerlund Mette
Published: May 2022

Background

Insulin pumps and glucose monitoring devices improve diabetes mellitus control and enhance patients' quality of life. However, a growing number of adverse cutaneous reactions related to the use of these devices have been reported.

Objective

To investigate the culprits of localized contact dermatitis in paediatric patients with diabetes caused by insulin pumps and glucose monitoring devices.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of 15 paediatric patients patch tested as part of a clinical investigation for skin reactions associated with insulin pumps and glucose monitoring devices.

Results

Seven patients had positive patch test reactions to isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and five had positive reactions to benzoyl peroxide (BP). Positive patch test reactions to materials from the glucose sensor and/or insulin pump were seen in 10 of the 15 patients. Three had positive reactions to adhesive remover wipe from Smith and Nephew Remove and four had reactions to EMLA plaster.

Conclusion

A high share of patients showed positive reactions to IBOA and/or their medical devices (insulin pumps or glucose devices). A third of patients showed positive reactions to BP. The presence of additional unidentified allergens cannot be excluded, highlighting the importance of access to a full description of the chemical composition of the devices.
Eliciting the mechanisms of action of care navigators in the management of type 2 diabetes in people with severe mental illness: A qualitative study
Authors: Nadal Iliatha Papachristou , Cliffton Catherine , Tolani Esther , Achilleos Stavria , Winkley Kirsty , Chamley Mark , Gaughran Fiona , Kottegoda Ruvan , Gallo Fidel , Ismail Khalida
Published: May 2022

Background

People with severe mental illness and type 2 diabetes have a reduced life expectancy compared to the general population. One factor that contributes to this is the inability to provide optimal management, as the two conditions are typically managed by separate physical and mental health systems. The role of care navigators in coordinating diabetes care in people with severe mental illness may provide a solution to better management.

Aim

To explore the views of clinicians and people with severe mental illness and type 2 diabetes on an integrated health service model with a focus on the care navigator to identify potential mechanisms of action.

Design

Qualitative one‐to‐one semi‐structured interviews and part of a wider pilot intervention study.

Setting

Community Mental Health Unit in South London.

Method

Topic guides explored the perspectives and experiences of both clinicians and people with severe mental illness and diabetes. Data analysis was conducted using Thematic Analysis.

Results

From the analysis of 19 participants, five main themes emerged regarding the care navigator role: administrative service; signposting to local services; adhering to lifestyle changes and medication; engaging in social activities; further skills and training needed.

The key findings from this study emphasise the benefits that the role of a care navigator has in helping people with severe mental illness to better manage their diabetes i.e. through diet, exercise medication and attending essential health check‐ups.

Conclusion

This study illustrates that having a care navigator in place empowers those with severe mental illness to improve the management of their diabetes. Future research should focus on the extent to which care navigators are effective in improving specific outcomes.
Low‐dose hydralazine reduces albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis in a mouse model of obesity‐related chronic kidney disease
Authors: Larkin Benjamin P. , Nguyen Long T. , Hou Miao , Glastras Sarah J. , Chen Hui , Faiz Alen , Chen Jason , Wang Rosy , Pollock Carol A. , Saad Sonia
Published: May 2022

Aim

To determine, using a mouse model of obesity, whether low‐dose hydralazine prevents obesity‐related chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods

From 8 weeks of age, male C57BL/6 mice received a high‐fat diet (HFD) or chow, with or without low‐dose hydralazine (25 mg/L) in drinking water, for 24 weeks. Biometric and metabolic variables, renal function and structural changes, renal global DNA methylation, DNA methylation profile and markers of renal fibrosis, injury, inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed.

Results

The HFD‐fed mice developed obesity, with glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinaemia and dyslipidaemia. Obesity increased albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis, which were significantly ameliorated by low‐dose hydralazine in the absence of a blood pressure‐lowering effect. Obesity increased renal global DNA methylation and this was attenuated by low‐dose hydralazine. HFD‐induced changes in methylation of individual loci were also significantly reversed by low‐dose hydralazine. Obese mice demonstrated increased markers of kidney fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, but these markers were not significantly improved by hydralazine.

Conclusion

Low‐dose hydralazine ameliorated HFD‐induced albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis, independent of alterations in biometric and metabolic variables or blood pressure regulation. Although the precise mechanism of renoprotection in obesity is unclear, an epigenetic basis may be implicated. These data support repurposing hydralazine as a novel therapy to prevent CKD progression in obese patients.
Mechanisms of action of the sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitor canagliflozin on tubular inflammation and damage: A post hoc mediation analysis of the CANVAS trial
Authors: Sen Taha , Koshino Akihiko , Neal Bruce , Bijlsma Maarten J. , Arnott Clare , Li Jingwei , Hansen Michael K. , Ix Joachim H. , Heerspink Hiddo J. L.
Published: May 2022

Aims

To test the hypothesis that the reduction in urinary kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM‐1) observed with the sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitor canagliflozin is mediated through its effects on urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) by assessing the proportion of the effect of canagliflozin on KIM‐1 that is mediated through its effects on MCP‐1 and UACR in patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric kidney disease.

Material and methods

We measured KIM‐1 and MCP‐1 levels in urine samples from the CANVAS trial at baseline and Week 52 with the Mesoscale QuickPlex SQ 120 platform. KIM‐1 and MCP‐1 were standardized by urinary creatinine (Cr). The proportion of the effect of canagliflozin that is mediated through UACR and MCP‐1/Cr on KIM‐1/Cr was estimated with G‐computation.

Results

In total, 763 patients with micro‐ or macroalbuminuria (17.6% of the total cohort) were included. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the canagliflozin and placebo group. At Year 1, canagliflozin compared to placebo reduced UACR, MCP‐1/Cr and KIM‐1/Cr by 40.4% (95% CI 31.0, 48.4), 18.1% (95% CI 8.9, 26.4) and 30.9% (95% CI 23.0, 38.0), respectively. The proportion of the effect of canagliflozin on KIM‐1/Cr mediated by its effect on UACR and in turn on MCP‐1/Cr was 15.2% (95% CI 9.4, 24.5).

Conclusion

Canagliflozin reduces urinary KIM‐1, suggesting decreased tubular damage. This effect was partly mediated through a reduction in MCP‐1, indicative of reduced tubular inflammation, which was in turn mediated by a reduction in UACR. This post hoc analysis suggests that urinary albumin leakage may lead to tubular inflammation and induction of injury, and provide mechanistic insight for how canagliflozin may ameliorate tubular damage, but further research is required to confirm these findings.
Review of adaptations of U.S. Commercial Fisheries in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic using the Resist‐Accept‐Direct (RAD) framework
Authors: Smith Sarah Lindley , Cook Samantha , Golden Abigail , Iwane Mia Aiko , Kleiber Danika , Leong Kirsten M. , Mastitski Anthony , Richmond Laurie , Szymkowiak Marysia , Wise Sarah
Published: May 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic transformed social and economic systems globally, including fisheries systems. Decreases in seafood demand, supply chain disruptions, and public safety regulations required numerous adaptations to maintain the livelihoods and social resilience of fishing communities. Surveys, interviews, and focus groups were undertaken to assess impacts from and adaptive responses to the pandemic in commercial fisheries in five U.S. regions: the Northeast, California, Alaska, the U.S. Caribbean, and the Pacific Islands. Fishery adaptation strategies were categorized using the Resist–Accept–Direct (RAD) framework, a novel application to understand social transformation in a social‐ecological system in response to a disturbance. A number of innovations emerged, or were facilitated, that could improve the fisheries' resilience to future disruptions. Fishers with diversified options and strategic flexibility generally fared better, i.e., had fewer disruptions to their livelihoods. Using the RAD framework to identify adaptation strategies from fishery system actors highlights opportunities for improving resilience of fisheries social‐ecological systems to future stressors.
The role of advocacy and empowerment in shaping service development for families raising children with developmental disabilities
Authors: Szlamka Zsofia , Tekola Bethlehem , Hoekstra Rosa , Hanlon Charlotte
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Empowerment of families raising children with developmental disabilities (DDs) is essential to achieving rights‐based service development.

Methods

In this qualitative study, we investigated stakeholder perceptions on the role of advocacy and empowerment in developing caregiver interventions for families of children with DDs in a global context. Participants had experience with at least one intervention, namely the Caregiver Skills Training developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Participants were clinicians, caregivers and researchers representing five continents, and representatives of WHO and Autism Speaks. Two focus group discussions and 25 individual interviews were conducted. Data were analysed thematically.

Results

Three themes were developed: empowerment as independence and as a right; the role and practices of advocacy; and using evidence to drive advocacy. Many professional participants defined empowerment within the realms of their expertise, focusing on caregivers' individual skills and self‐confidence. Caregivers expressed that this expert‐oriented view fails to acknowledge their intuitive knowledge and the need for community‐level empowerment. Participants discussed the challenges of advocacy in light of competing health priorities. The gap between the rights of caregivers and the availability of services, for example, evidence‐based interventions, was highlighted as problematic. Scientific evidence was identified as a key for advocacy.

Conclusion

Rights‐orientated empowerment of caregivers and advocacy may make vital contributions to service development for children with DDs in contexts worldwide.

Patient and Public Contribution

Research questions were revised based on views presented during focus group discussions. Participant feedback on preliminary themes informed the development of the interview guides.
Effect of collagen membrane fixation on ridge volume stability and new bone formation following guided bone regeneration
Authors: Park Jin‐Young , Song Young Woo , Ko Kyung‐A , Strauss Franz‐Josef , Thoma Daniel Stefan , Lee Jung‐Seok
Published: May 2022

Aim

To test the effect of membrane fixation on ridge volume stability and new bone formation using guided bone regeneration.

Materials and Methods

In eight beagle dogs, after bilateral extraction of the maxillary pre‐molars, a box‐shaped defect was created on each side. All defect sites were augmented with a particulate bone substitute material, covered with either one of two non‐cross‐linked collagen membranes (CM1 or CM2) with or without fixation (‐F or ‐UF). Samples were collected after 8 weeks. Histomorphometric and micro‐computed tomography analyses were performed.

Results

Membrane fixation made no significant difference to the total augmented volume for both membranes (p > .05). Histological data indicated that at the ridge crest the augmented tissue width amounted to 2.4 ± 0.4 mm in the group CM1‐F and 2.4 ± 0.5 mm in the group CM1‐UF, with no significant difference between the groups. Conversely, in CM2‐F the augmented tissue width was significantly larger than in CM2‐UF (2.3 ± 0.1 vs. 1.57 ± 0.27, p < .05).

Conclusions

Membrane fixation in contained defects failed to improve ridge volume stability regardless of the membrane type. However, it may enhance the width of the augmented ridge at the coronal portion depending on the type of membrane.
Unique dynamic profiles of social attention in autistic females
Authors: Del Bianco Teresa , Mason Luke , Lai Meng‐Chuan , Loth Eva , Tillmann Julian , Charman Tony , Hayward Hannah , Gleissl Teresa , Buitelaar Jan K. , Murphy Declan G.M. , Baron‐Cohen Simon , Bölte Sven , Johnson Mark H. , Jones Emily J. H. ,   The EU‐AIMS LEAP Group
Published: May 2022

Background

Social attention affords learning opportunities across development and may contribute to individual differences in developmental trajectories, such as between male and female individuals, and in neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism.

Methods

Using eye‐tracking, we measured social attention in a large cohort of autistic (n = 123) and nonautistic females (n = 107), and autistic (n = 330) and nonautistic males (n = 204), aged 6–30 years. Using mixed Growth Curve Analysis, we modelled sex and diagnostic effects on the temporal dynamics of proportional looking time to three types of social stimuli (lean‐static, naturalistic‐static, and naturalistic‐dynamic) and examined the link between individual differences and dimensional social and nonsocial autistic traits in autistic females and males.

Results

In the lean‐static stimulus, average face‐looking was higher in females than in males of both autistic and nonautistic groups. Differences in the dynamic pattern of face‐looking were seen in autistic vs. nonautistic females, but not males, with face‐looking peaking later in the trial in autistic females. In the naturalistic‐dynamic stimulus, average face‐looking was higher in females than in males of both groups; changes in the dynamic pattern of face looking were seen in autistic vs. nonautistic males, but not in females, with a steeper peak in nonautistic males. Lower average face‐looking was associated with higher observer‐measured autistic characteristics in autistic females, but not in males.

Conclusions

Overall, we found stronger social attention in females to a similar degree in both autistic and nonautistic groups. Nonetheless, the dynamic profiles of social attention differed in different ways in autistic females and males compared to their nonautistic peers, and autistic traits predicted trends of average face‐looking in autistic females. These findings support the role of social attention in the emergence of sex‐related differences in autistic characteristics, suggesting an avenue to phenotypic stratification.
Clinical and dermoscopic evaluation of follicular unit transplantation vs. Mini‐Punch grafting in the repigmentation of resistant and stable vitiligo: A comparative study
Authors: Mokhtar Mennah , El‐Ashmawy Amal Ahmad , Mostafa Walid Ahmed , Gamei Mohamed Mahmoud
Published: May 2022

Background

Various surgical modalities and transplantation techniques had been evolved for the treatment of recalcitrant stable vitiligo. Each of these techniques has its own limitations and side effects. There are insufficient studies evaluating the efficacy of transplantation of hair follicle (HF) units as a surgical modality for vitiligo treatment in comparison with the classic mini‐punch grafting.

Objectives

To compare the efficacy and safety of follicular unit transplantation (FUT) with mini‐punch grafting (mPG) in cases of resistant and stable vitiligo.

Methods

Twenty‐five patients with stable vitiligo were included. Treated areas were classified into 2 groups: group I: Areas were treated with the FUT technique and group II: Areas were treated with mPG technique. Treated areas were exposed to narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy for 6 months. After 3 months, follow‐up patients' response was evaluated clinically and by dermoscopy.

Results

Both techniques showed efficacy in repigmentation of stable vitiligo. Group II showed a statistically significant higher percentage of repigmentation and significant earlier repigmentation than group I. Cobblestone‐like appearance was the major complication in group II, while no serious side effect was reported in group I. Leukotrichia was present in 8 patients, and 6 of them showed hair repigmentation evidently in group I.

Conclusion

Both techniques are effective, safe, and inexpensive methods of surgical repigmentation of stable localized/segmental vitiligo. mPG gives earlier and better percent of repigmentation, with higher incidence of cobblestoning. FUT is a good alternative for mPG, especially in hairy areas with better cosmetic outcome and minimal complications.
Debt Refinancing and Equity Returns
Authors: FRIEWALD NILS , NAGLER FLORIAN , WAGNER CHRISTIAN
Published: May 2022

This paper presents empirical evidence that the maturity structure of financial leverage affects the cross‐section of equity returns. We find that short‐term leverage is associated with a positive premium, whereas long‐term leverage is not. The premium for short‐term compared to long‐term leverage reflects higher exposure of equity to systematic risk. To rationalize our findings, we show that the same patterns emerge in a model of debt rollover risk with endogenous leverage and debt maturity choice. Our results suggest that analyses of leverage effects in asset prices and corporate financial applications should account for the maturity structure of debt.
Late presenting developmental dysplasia of the hip after a normal hip ultrasound at 6 weeks of age: A report of two cases
Authors: Pan Tommy , Armstrong Douglas G. , Hennrikus William L.
Published: May 2022

Developmental hip dysplasia (DDH) is a paediatric condition in which the ‘ball and socket’ hip joint fails to form properly during infancy. The increased mechanical stress on the hip joint from DDH can contribute to the development of osteoarthritis during adulthood. Therefore, careful physical examination and imaging of all infants to diagnose DDH is critical to provide the best possible functional outcome. Ultrasonography (US) is a useful diagnostic test in providing a real‐time evaluation and three‐dimensional view of the hip in infants less than 4 months. In infants with a normal hip ultrasound, the risk of subsequent development of hip dysplasia at an older age and the need for further follow‐up is assumed to be unnecessary. In the present study, we report 2 cases of late presenting DDH in infant girls born breech with a previous normal hip exam and normal hip ultrasound at 6 weeks of age.
The interactive effects of oral health literacy and acculturation on dental care use among Hispanic adults
Authors: Nguyen Daisy Patiño , McQuistan Michelle R. , Qian Fang , Hernández Marcela , Macek Mark D. , Chi Donald L.
Published: May 2022

Objective

Assess whether there is an interactive effect between oral health literacy and acculturation on dental care use for Hispanic adults.

Methods

Self‐identifying Hispanic adults participated in this observational study (N = 338). Oral health literacy (low vs. high) was measured using the Comprehensive Measure of Oral Health Knowledge (CMOHK). Acculturation (low vs. high) was measured using the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH) and operationalized a second way by the language in which the survey was completed (English or Spanish). The outcome was dental care use in the past year (yes/no). Confounder‐adjusted modified Poisson regression models were run to generate risk ratios (RR) and to test the hypothesis that participants with high oral health literacy and high acculturation would be more likely to have used dental care in the past year than participants with low oral health literacy and low acculturation.

Results

About 65% of participants used dental care in the past year. The final models failed to show that participants with high oral health literacy and high acculturation were more likely to have used dental care than other participants. However, in the language proxy interaction model, participants with high oral health literacy and low acculturation were significantly more likely to have used dental care than participants with low oral health literacy and low acculturation.

Conclusion

There may be an interaction between oral health literacy and acculturation when modeling dental care use for Hispanic adults that should be further explored.
Impact of frailty on the short‐term outcomes of elderly intensive care unit patients
Authors: Su Ruei‐Ning , Lai Wei‐Shu , Hsieh Chih‐Cheng , Jhang Jing‐Nian , Ku Yun‐Chen , Lien Hui‐I
Published: May 2022

Background

Frailty leads to multiple unfavourable outcomes in older adults. However, few studies have investigated correlations between frailty and its impacts on morbidity and mortality of elderly patients in intensive care units (ICUs) in Taiwan.

Aims

To investigate the impact of frailty on the risk of hospital and 30‐day mortality and functional outcomes of elderly Taiwanese ICU patients.

Study Design

A prospective observational study was conducted. Patients aged 65 years or older were recruited from three medical ICUs. We defined ‘frailty’ according to the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) higher than 4 within 1 month prior to admission. The primary outcomes were hospital and 30‐day mortality. The secondary outcome was CFS changes at ICU admission, hospital discharge, and 30‐day follow‐up. Logistic/Cox regression was used to analyse the data.

Results

We recruited a total of 106 patients, 57 (54%) of whom were classified as frail. The overall mortality rate was 21%. Hospital mortality and mortality within 30 days after discharge were higher in the frail patients without a significant statistical difference (hospital mortality: 17.5% vs. 12.2%, p = .626; 30‐day mortality: 26.3% vs. 14.3%, p = .200). The risk of 30‐day mortality for frail patients was up to 2.84 times greater than that of non‐frail patients in the Cox model (hazard ratio = 2.84, 95% confidence interval [0.96, 8.38]). Both non‐frail and frail patients had a worse CFS score on admission, but the CFS score of surviving non‐frail patients improved significantly over the medium term.

Conclusion

Frailty tended to increase short‐term ICU mortality risk and worsen functional outcomes in the elderly Taiwanese population. This information might guide critical medical decisions.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Frailty could be included in the prognostic evaluation of either mortality risk or functional outcome. Prompt palliative care might be one last piece of holistic elder care.
Skin manifestations in pediatric obesity: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Albaghdadi Mohammed , Dossi Maria , Grewal Preeti , Hamilton Jill , Pope Elena , Lara‐Corrales Irene
Published: May 2022

Data on skin manifestations associated with pediatric obesity are limited. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the association of pediatric obesity with skin dermatoses and dermatologic quality of life. Our findings suggest that ongoing monitoring of skin problems is recommended for children with obesity.
Rising Threats in the US It Can Happen Here: White Power and the Rising Threat of Genocide in the US
Authors: Edelman Marc
Published: May 2022

The Trump presidency in the United States and the consolidation of strongman regimes in Turkey, Russia, India, Hungary, Brazil, and elsewhere sparked new concern about authoritarianism among scholars, including anthropologists. The Society for Cultural Anthropology recently ran a blog series on “American Fascism,” Anthropology Now devoted an issue to the current U.S. conjuncture, and this reviewer and others have highlighted the urgency of analyzing the rightwing offensive. In this outpouring of apprehension, Alexander Hinton's new book occupies a special place.
When Misfortune Becomes: Evolving Human Rights Struggles for Health and Social Equality
Authors: Porras Raúl Márquez
Published: May 2022

Alicia Ely Yamin offers a journey through a half a century of struggle for the recognition and expansion of human rights in their social, economic and cultural dimensions, focusing on the right to health and, more specifically, on the sexual and reproductive health rights of women. This chronological journey examines laws and regulations, decision‐making forums and legal cases that have been milestones in the global history of human rights—events that the author selects from her vast direct knowledge and involvement.
Association between familism and mental health in dementia caregivers: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tian Zhiwu , Xiong Chuyan , Wang Yingmin , Tao Hongmei , Zhou Shuang , Yan Jun
Published: May 2022

Background

Dementia caregivers suffer from mental health problems while caring for dementia patients. As a core value, familism has been linked to the mental health of dementia caregivers. This study aims to systematically review the familism of dementia caregivers and to examine the association between familism and mental health of anxiety, depression, and burden in empirical research studies.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search in various databases like Medline, PubMed, and Embase databases from inception till April 2021. Fisher's z was calculated with correlation coefficient or regression coefficient values for three familism dimensions and mental health of anxiety, depression, and burden. All statistical analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis (CMA) version 2.0 software.

Results

A total of seven studies with 1178 participants were eligible for the meta‐analysis. For caregivers' anxiety, three of seven studies, with 358 participants, were examined in terms of the average corrected correlation coefficient across the studies. It was found that dementia caregivers' familism was significantly related to anxiety. The pooled z‐value was 0.148 (95% CI = 0.043‑0.253). In addition, caregivers' familism significantly affected depression (z = 0.080; 95% CI = 0.003‑0.156), as did familial obligation (z = 0.122; 95% CI = 0.034‑0.211), but perceived family support was not associated with this (z = 0.051, 95% CI = −0.038‑0.140). As for caregiver burden, there was no evidence that familism was significantly associated with it (z = −0.073; 95% CI = −0.297 to 0.151), including familial obligation and perceived family support (z = −0.087 and −0.089, respectively; 95% CI = −0.278 to 0.104 and −0.335 to 0.157, respectively).

Conclusions

An association between caregiver familism and anxiety/depression exists in dementia patients. More research is needed to explore the relationship between familism and burden.
Modelling Time to Maximum Competency in Medical Student Progress Tests
Authors: McNeish Daniel , Dumas Denis , Torre Dario , Rice Neil
Published: May 2022

The current paper is motivated by longitudinal progress tests given to medical students in the United Kingdom, which are used to assess students' applied medical knowledge during their learning programme. The main analytic interest is the maximum competency each student achieves on the assessment and the point in the programme at which each student attains this competency. Direct estimates of maximum competency and the time at which students realised this competency are useful for optimising allocation of classroom and hands-on experiences, as well as to inform curriculum development. Models have been developed for estimating the timing of a threshold or cut-off common across people or for estimating different rates of change that occur for different phases of time. However, less attention has been paid to models interested in the timing of a value that can change across people—such as maximum competency—and where growth is flat in some phases of time. In this paper, we build a model that borrows pieces from various existing methods such as reparameterisations of polynomial models, splines for ceiling effects, time-to-criterion models, dynamic measurement and non-linear mixed-effect models to allow the motivating questions to be addressed from these data.
The different faces of mental illness stigma: Systematic variation of stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination by type of illness
Authors: Görzig Anke , Ryan Lauren Nicole
Published: May 2022

Mental illness (MI) stigma has been characterized as multi‐dimensional including problems of knowledge (stereotypes), attitudes (prejudice) and behavior (discrimination); however, most research practice is predominantly applying unidimensional behavioral measures such as social distance scales. Moreover, specific types of MIs and different forms of discriminatory behaviors are not being differentiated. The Stereotype Content Model predicts that group stereotypes (warmth, competence) are linked with different forms of discriminatory behaviors (harm or facilitation) via emotional prejudices (pity, envy, contempt). The present study sought to establish how differential stereotypic perceptions of MI subgroups elicit distinct forms of behavioral discrimination via emotional prejudices. A community sample (N = 60) was randomly assigned to one of three conditions representing MIs across the warmth‐competence stereotype space. Patterns of self‐completed measures for stereotypes, emotions and behaviors differed significantly between conditions. The association between stereotypes and behaviors were largely mediated by emotions. Systematic patterns of stereotypic perceptions, emotional prejudices and behavioral discrimination are present for individuals with different types of MIs. Hence, generic measures of discrimination, such as social distance scales, may be misleading. Intervention strategies should consider the systematic variation of the factors involved in stigma, differentiating by type of MI and discriminatory behaviors.
Assessing skewness in financial markets
Authors: Campisi Giovanni , La Rocca Luca , Muzzioli Silvia
Published: May 2022

It is a matter of common observation that investors value substantial gains but are averse to heavy losses. Obvious as it may sound, this translates into an interesting preference for right‐skewed return distributions, whose right tails are heavier than their left tails. Skewness is thus not only a way to describe the shape of a distribution, but also a tool for risk measurement. We review the statistical literature on skewness and provide a comprehensive framework for its assessment. Then, we present a new measure of skewness, based on the decomposition of variance in its upward and downward components. We argue that this measure fills a gap in the literature and show in a simulation study that it strikes a good balance between robustness and sensitivity.
Detection of the novel HLA‐C*06:02:01:62 allele by next‐generation sequencing in a Japanese individual
Authors: Khor Seik‐Soon , Omae Yosuke , Tokunaga Katsushi
Published: May 2022

HLA‐C*06:02:01:62 differs from HLA‐C*06:02:01:01 by one nucleotide in intron 3 at position 1413.
Perspectives of internal medicine residents on approaching serious illness conversations
Authors: Lawton Andrew J. , Eldam Alla , Tulsky James A. , Ramani Subha
Published: May 2022

Background

Navigating serious illness conversations is a critical competency for clinical trainees in any discipline, yet many feel underprepared to engage in such conversations. This study explored the challenges and emotions experienced by residents (junior doctors) when approaching serious illness conversations and how their perceptions might inform the development of effective communication skills curricula.

Methods

Using qualitative methodology, we explored the prior experience of Internal Medicine residents who attended communication skills workshops at Brigham and Women's Hospital between January and May 2020. Using an open‐ended questionnaire, we solicited participants' reflections on conducting serious illness conversations. Narratives were de‐identified and analysed for key themes. The Mass General Brigham Institutional Review Board approved the study.

Findings

Fifty‐one out of 70 eligible residents (72.8%) completed the questionnaire. Qualitative analysis identified five key themes: (a) finding the time to do it right, (b) fear of using the wrong words, (c) managing the patient's response and emotion, (d) not knowing how much they can say and (e) finding meaning and fulfilment. Residents also proposed several practical strategies to enhance their communication training.

Discussion and conclusion

Though serious illness conversations were reported as stressful, study participants emphasised that the experiences enabled them to forge meaningful therapeutic relationships and led to a sense of fulfilment. The strategies recommended by our residents offer valuable insights to improve communication training, including through increased simulated and real‐time skills practice. Cocreation of curricula by trainees and faculty could potentially address trainees' challenges, promote essential skills, and foster professional identity formation.
Representationalist physicalism
Authors: van Riel Raphael
Published: May 2022

In this paper, I discuss a view proposed by Carl Hempel in his paper Reduction: Ontological and Linguistic Facets, published in 1969. Here, Hempel suggested that questions regarding the identification of mental states with physiological states, the relation between sociological phenomena and individual behavioral states, and between biological and physicochemical states should be given what he calls a ‘linguistic’ interpretation. His main point is that whether or not an object is physical or biological depends on how it is, or can be, described. In this paper, I wish to, firstly, explicate Hempel's suggestion, and, secondly, explore one argument in favor of Hempel's account. I will suggest that there is at least one use of the term ‘physical’ in philosophical discourse (and, for that matter, of related terms such as ‘biological’, ‘mental’, ‘natural’ etc.) that should be cashed out in linguistic or representational terms.
Mitochondrial and peroxisomal NAD+ uptake are important for improved photosynthesis and seed yield under elevated CO2 concentrations
Authors: Feitosa‐Araujo Elias , da Fonseca‐Pereira Paula , Pena Mateus Miranda , Lana‐Costa Jaciara , Coelho Daniel Gomes , de Oliveira Silva Franklin Magnum , Medeiros David Barbosa , Linka Nicole , Araújo Wagner L. , Weber Andreas P. M. , Fernie Alisdair R. , Nunes‐Nesi Adriano
Published: May 2022

As sessile organisms, plants must adapt their physiology and developmental processes to cope with challenging environmental circumstances, such as the ongoing elevation in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a cornerstone of plant metabolism and plays an essential role in redox homeostasis. Given that plants impaired in NAD metabolism and transport often display growth defects, low seed production and disturbed stomatal development/movement, we hypothesized that subcellular NAD distribution could be a candidate for plants to exploit the effects of CO2 fertilization. We report that an efficient subcellular NAD+ distribution is required for the fecundity‐promoting effects of elevated CO2 levels. Plants with reduced expression of either mitochondrial (NDT1 or NDT2) or peroxisomal (PXN) NAD+ transporter genes grown under elevated CO2 exhibited reduced total leaf area compared with the wild‐type while PXN mutants also displayed reduced leaf number. NDT2 and PXN lines grown under elevated CO2 conditions displayed reduced rosette dry weight and lower photosynthetic rates coupled with reduced stomatal conductance. Interestingly, high CO2 doubled seed production and seed weight in the wild‐type, whereas the mutants were less responsive to increases in CO2 levels during reproduction, producing far fewer seeds than the wild‐type under both CO2 conditions. These data highlight the importance of mitochondrial and peroxisomal NAD+ uptake mediated by distinct NAD transporter proteins to modulate photosynthesis and seed production under high CO2 levels.
Site‐directed integration of exogenous DNA into the soybean genome by LbCas12a fused to a plant viral HUH endonuclease
Authors: Nagy Ervin D. , Kuehn Rosemarie , Wang Dafu , Shrawat Ashok , Duda David M. , Groat Jeanna R. , Yang Peizhen , Beach Steven , Zhang Yuanji , Rymarquis Linda , Carter Sharina L. , Gaeta Robert T. , Gilbertson Larry A.
Published: May 2022

High efficiency site‐directed chromosomal integration of exogenous DNA in plants remains a challenge despite recent advances in genome editing technologies. One approach to mitigate this problem is to increase the effective concentration of the donor DNA at the target site of interest. HUH endonucleases (ENs) coordinate rolling circle replication. In vitro, they can form stable covalent bonds with DNA that carries their recognition motifs. When fused to a CRISPR‐associated endonuclease, HUH ENs may improve integration rates by increasing the local donor concentration through tethering of the donor to the CRISPR nuclease. We tested this hypothesis by using chimeric proteins between LbCas12a as a CRISPR‐associated endonuclease and the HUH EN from Faba Bean Necrotic Yellow Virus in soybean (Glycine max). Two fusion protein configurations were tested to integrate a 70‐nt oligonucleotide donor into a commercially important target site using protoplasts and in planta transformation. Site‐directed integration rates of the donor DNA, when tethered to the fusion protein, reached about 26% in plants and were up to four‐fold higher than in untethered controls. Integrations via canonical homology‐directed repair or non‐homologous end joining were promoted by tethering in a similar fashion. This study is the first demonstration of HUH EN‐associated tethering to improve site‐directed DNA integration in plants.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation from dog grooming products used by private owners or by professional pet grooming salons: prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Perry Elad , Sutton Gila Abells , Haggag Lotem , Fleker Marcelo , Blum Shlomo Eduardo , Kaufmann Ronnie
Published: May 2022

Background

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most commonly isolated bacterium from skin lesions of dogs with post‐grooming furunculosis (PGF). It is frequently found in human hair and skin care products, and may pose a health risk to consumers. Information regarding the prevalence of P. aeruginosa contamination of dog grooming products is lacking.

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of P. aeruginosa contamination in nonmedicated dog grooming products after either home or professional use in pet grooming salons, and to identify risk factors that may be associated with contamination.

Materials and methods

Of 117 bottles of grooming products sampled for bacterial culture, 97 were used by pet grooming salons and 20 were used by private individuals. The following suspected risk factors were recorded: bottle size, relative remaining volume, content dilution, expiration date and ingredient list.

Results

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 14 of 117 samples [11.97%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.97–19.3%]. Diluted products were contaminated significantly more often compared to undiluted products (odds ratio = 15.5, 95%CI 2.05–117.23; P < 0.01). None of the other variables was significantly associated with P. aeruginosa contamination.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination of dog grooming shampoos and conditioners was significantly associated with product dilution. Contaminated grooming products may predispose dogs to severe bacterial skin infections such as PGF.
Repeatability and reproducibility of microscopic examination of adhesive tape strip cytology slides for the quantification ofMalasseziaspp. in canine skin
Authors: Tapes Dimitrios , Skampardonis Vassilis , Chatzis Manolis K. , Apostolidis Kosmas , Athanasiou Labrini V. , Kasabalis Dimitris , Kokkinaki Kassiopi Christina G. , Katsogiannou Eleni G. , Petanides Theodoros , Leontides Leonidas , Saridomichelakis Manolis N.
Published: May 2022

Background

The optimal microscopic magnification and number of optical fields of adhesive tape strip cytological slides that should be examined when searching forMalasseziayeasts on canine skin are unknown.

Objectives

To determine the optimal magnification and the minimum number of optical fields that should be examined to maximise intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility.

Materials and Methods

Seven experienced examiners counted, twice, the number of yeasts in 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 optical fields of 40 slides at ×400 and ×1000 magnification.

Results

The number of yeasts per unit surface area was significantly higher at ×1000 compared to ×400 magnification. Repeatability and reproducibility for counting the yeasts was very poor.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Adhesive tape strip cytological slides should be examined microscopically forMalasseziaspp. at ×1000 magnification. The repeatability of this examination for counting the yeasts is poor.
Evaluation of cold atmospheric microwave plasma on skin physiological parameters and tolerability in dogs
Authors: Lee Na‐Eun , Kang Yeong‐Hun , Song Soon‐Young , Baek Seung‐Joon , Hwang Cheol‐Yong
Published: May 2022

Background

Cold atmospheric microwave plasma (CAMP) is a promising therapeutic option for treating skin infections and wounds. Changes in biophysical skin parameters and the tolerability in dogs after applying CAMP is unknown.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of CAMP on skin biophysical parameters [hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and surface temperature] and tolerability in dogs.

Animals

Twenty client‐owned dogs with normal skin.

Materials and methods

Cold atmospheric microwave plasma treatment was performed for 30 s and 1, 2 and 4 min, respectively, at different sites of normal canine skin in the inguinal area. Hydration, TEWL and surface temperature were measured five, three and three times, respectively, before and after CAMP application. After treatment, pain and adverse effects were evaluated using a modified Melbourne Pain Scale and the modified short form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (modified CMPS‐SF).

Results

Transepidermal water loss values significantly decreased with 4 min of treatment, and hydration decreased significantly with 2 min of treatment. Temperature increased significantly with increasing treatment time. For other parameters, no significant changes were observed. No significant pain response or adverse effects were observed in most dogs, aside from mild erythema in the treatment area after 4 min.

Conclusion and clinical significance

Cold atmospheric microwave plasma treatment was well‐tolerated and did not significantly change canine skin biophysical parameters. CAMP achieves basic recommendations for safe use and is a potential therapeutic option for various skin diseases in dogs.
Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in a feline immunodeficiency virus‐positive cat receiving oclacitinib for feline atopic skin syndrome
Authors: Moore Alexandra , Burrows Amanda K. , Malik Richard , Ghubash Rudayna M. , Last Robert D. , Remaj Benjamin
Published: May 2022

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan, for which felids are the definitive host. Immunocompromised individuals are susceptible to recrudescent toxoplasmosis. This case describes a 6‐year‐old, feline immunodeficiency virus‐positive domestic short hair cat with feline atopic skin syndrome that developed fatal toxoplasmosis after treatment with oclacitinib for five months.
Home‐based exercise programs in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and META‐analysis
Authors: Junqué‐Jiménez Anna , Morera‐Mas Ariadna , Pérez‐Ventana‐Ortiz Carmen , Andreu‐Periz Lola , Segura‐Ortí Eva
Published: May 2022

Background

Intradialysis exercise programs in renal patients result in improved functional capacity, muscle strength, symptoms of depression, and health‐related quality of life. Home‐based exercise programs are an alternative to overcome logistical and human resource problems. However, the implementation of these programs is not an easy task and there is a lack of knowledge regarding the benefits associated with home‐based exercise programs.

Aim

To determine whether home‐based exercise programs improve functional capacity, health‐related quality of life, muscle strength, and symptoms of depression among patients with stage III–V chronic kidney disease.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analyses following PRISMA guidelines were utilized. Relevant articles were collected and independently assessed for their inclusion eligibility. Effects of home‐based exercise were summarized by the standardized mean differences and represented by forest plots (Review Manager 5.4).

Results

Eight studies were included, none of which reported any adverse effects. The intervention was usually aerobic, 76% of these programs lasted 3–6 months, and exercise adherence was 60–87.5%. Four studies measured health‐related quality of life and found significant improvements in several subscales. Regarding functional capacity, five studies used the six‐minute walking test (44.9 meters; 95% CI [30.45, 59.30]; p ≤ .001), three studies used the sit‐to‐stand‐to‐sit test (−0.45 seconds; 95% CI [−0.46, −0.26]; p ≤ .001), and two studies used the timed up‐and‐go test (−0.76 seconds; 95% CI [−1.38, −0.15]; p ≤ .001) and the handgrip strength test (1.16 kg; 95% CI [−2.88, 5.20]; p ≤ .001).

LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION

Home‐based exercise programs are beneficial to renal patients. These interventions are safe and effective to improve health‐related quality of life and functional capacity and reduce symptoms of depression among patients with chronic kidney disease.
Machine Learning Based Developing Flow Control Technique Over Circular Cylinders
Authors: Ayli Ece , Kocak Eyup , Turkoglu Hasmet
Published: May 2022

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of blowing and suction for flow control based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations at a low Reynolds number flows. The effects of blowing and suction position, and the blowing and suction mass flowrate, and on the flow control are presented in this paper. The optimal conditions for suppressing the wake of the cylinder are investigated by examining the flow separation and the near wake region; analyzing the aerodynamic force (lift and drag) fluctuations using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to separate the effects of small-scale turbulent structures in the wake region. A method for stochastic analysis using machine learning techniques is proposed. Three different novel machine learning methods were applied to CFD results to predict the variation in drag coefficient due to the vortex shedding. Although, the prediction power of all the methods utilized is in the acceptable accuracy range, the Gaussian process regression (GPR) method is more accurate with an R2(coefficient of determination) > 0.95. The results indicate that by optimizing the blowing and suction parameters like mass flowrate, slot location, and the slot configuration, up to 20% reduction can be achieved in the drag coefficient.
Children with tics can be helped by a new online treatment
Authors: Saul Helen , Gursul Deniz , Kwint Jemma , Hall Charlotte , Hollis Chris
Published: May 2022

The study

Hollis C, Hall CL, Jones R, et al. Therapist supported online remote behavioural intervention for tics in children and adolescents in England (ORBIT): a multicentre, parallel group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial.Lancet Psychiatry2021;8:P871-82.