bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How plume‐ridge interaction shapes the crustal thickness pattern of the Réunion hotspot track
Authors: Bredow Eva , Steinberger Bernhard , Gassmöller Rene , Dannberg Juliane
Published: July 2017

The Réunion mantle plume has shaped a large area of the Earth's surface over the past 65 million years: from the Deccan Traps in India along the hotspot track comprising the island chains of the Laccadives, Maldives, and Chagos Bank on the Indian plate and the Mascarene Plateau on the African plate up to the currently active volcanism at La Réunion Island. This study addresses the question how the Réunion plume, especially in interaction with the Central Indian Ridge, created the complex crustal thickness pattern of the hotspot track. For this purpose, the mantle convection code ASPECT was used to design three‐dimensional numerical models, which consider the specific location of the plume underneath moving plates and surrounded by large‐scale mantle flow. The results show the crustal thickness pattern produced by the plume, which altogether agrees well with topographic maps. Especially two features are consistently reproduced by the models: the distinctive gap in the hotspot track between the Maldives and Chagos is created by the combination of the ridge geometry and plume‐ridge interaction; and the Rodrigues Ridge, a narrow crustal structure which connects the hotspot track and the Central Indian Ridge, appears as the surface expression of a long‐distance sublithospheric flow channel. This study therefore provides further insight how small‐scale surface features are generated by the complex interplay between mantle and lithospheric processes.
Ultra‐Fast Control of Magnetic Relaxation in a Periodically Driven Hubbard Model
Authors: Mendoza‐Arenas Juan Jose , Gómez‐Ruiz Fernando Javier , Eckstein Martin , Jaksch Dieter , Clark Stephen R.
Published: July 2017

Motivated by cold atom and ultra‐fast pump‐probe experiments we study the melting of long‐range antiferromagnetic order of a perfect Néel state in a periodically driven repulsive Hubbard model. The dynamics is calculated for a Bethe lattice in infinite dimensions with non‐equilibrium dynamical mean‐field theory. In the absence of driving melting proceeds differently depending on the quench of the interactions to hopping ratio from the atomic limit. For decay occurs due to mobile charge‐excitations transferring energy to the spin sector, while for it is governed by the dynamics of residual quasi‐particles. Here we explore the rich effects that strong periodic driving has on this relaxation process spanning three frequency ω regimes: (i) high‐frequency , (ii) resonant with integer l, and (iii) in‐gap away from resonance. In case (i) we can quickly switch the decay from quasi‐particle to charge‐excitation mechanism through the suppression of ν0. For (ii) the interaction can be engineered, even allowing an effective regime to be reached, giving the reverse switch from a charge‐excitation to quasi‐particle decay mechanism. For (iii) the exchange interaction can be controlled with little effect on the decay. By combining these regimes we show how periodic driving could be a potential pathway for controlling magnetism in antiferromagnetic materials. Finally, our numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of matrix product state techniques to the Hamiltonian DMFT impurity problem subjected to strong periodic driving.
Expression of the Major Vault Protein (MVP) and Cellular Vault Particles in Fish
Authors: Margiotta Alyssa L. , Bain Lisa J. , Rice Charles D.
Published: July 2017

Cellular vaults are ubiquitous 13 mega Da multi‐subunit ribonuceloprotein particles that may have a role in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Seventy percent of the vault's mass consists of a ≈100 kDa protein, the major vault protein (MVP). In humans, a drug resistance‐associated protein, originally identified as lung resistance protein in metastatic lung cancer, was ultimately shown to be the previously described MVP. In this study, a partial MVP sequence was cloned from channel catfish. Recombinant MVP (rMVP) was used to generate a monoclonal antibody that recognizes full length protein in distantly related fish species, as well as mice. MVP is expressed in fish spleen, liver, anterior kidney, renal kidney, and gills, with a consistent expression in epithelial cells, macrophages, or endothelium at the interface of the tissue and environment or vasculature. We show that vaults are distributed throughout cells of fish lymphoid cells, with nuclear and plasma membrane aggregations in some cells. Protein expression studies were extended to liver neoplastic lesions in Atlantic killifish collected in situ at the Atlantic Wood USA‐EPA superfund site on the southern branch of the Elizabeth River, VA. MVP is highly expressed in these lesions, with intense staining at the nuclear membrane, similar to what is known about MVP expression in human liver neoplasia. Additionally, MVP mRNA expression was quantified in channel catfish ovarian cell line following treatment with different classes of pharmacological agents. Notably, mRNA expression is induced by ethidium bromide, which damages DNA. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:1981–1992, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative intracellular flux modeling and applications in biotherapeutic development and production using CHO cell cultures
Authors: Huang Zhuangrong , Lee Dong‐Yup , Yoon Seongkyu
Published: July 2017

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been widely used for producing many recombinant therapeutic proteins. Constraint‐based modeling, such as flux balance analysis (FBA) and metabolic flux analysis (MFA), has been developing rapidly for the quantification of intracellular metabolic flux distribution at a systematic level. Such methods would produce detailed maps of flows through metabolic networks, which contribute significantly to better understanding of metabolism in cells. Although these approaches have been extensively established in microbial systems, their application to mammalian cells is sparse. This review brings together the recent development of constraint‐based models and their applications in CHO cells. The further development of constraint‐based modeling approaches driven by multi‐omics datasets is discussed, and a framework of potential modeling application in cell culture engineering is proposed. Improved cell culture system understanding will enable robust developments in cell line and bioprocess engineering thus accelerating consistent process quality control in biopharmaceutical manufacturing.
Choose experts carefully for lawsuits filed by students with disabilities
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: July 2017

Generally, the most important witnesses at trial are the plaintiff and the named defendants, but colleges and universities shouldn't overlook the important role played by experts on both sides in aiding a jury to decide a case. When choosing expert witnesses, be aware of the factors a court will consider when deciding whether the expert is qualified to testify.
Putative binding sites for mir‐125 family miRNAs in the mouse Lfng 3′UTR affect transcript expression in the segmentation clock, but mir‐125a‐5p is dispensable for normal somitogenesis
Authors: Wahi Kanu , Friesen Sophia , Coppola Vincenzo , Cole Susan E.
Published: July 2017

Background: In vertebrate embryos, a “segmentation clock” times somitogenesis. Clock‐linked genes, including Lunatic fringe (Lfng), exhibit cyclic expression in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM), with a period matching the rate of somite formation. The clock period varies widely across species, but the mechanisms that underlie this variability are not clear. The half‐lives of clock components are proposed to influence the rate of clock oscillations, and are tightly regulated in the PSM. Interactions between Lfng and mir‐125a‐5p in the embryonic chicken PSM promote Lfng transcript instability, but the conservation of this mechanism in other vertebrates has not been tested. Here, we examine whether this interaction affects clock activity in a mammalian species. Results: Mutation of mir‐125 binding sites in the Lfng 3′UTR leads to persistent, nonoscillatory reporter transcript expression in the caudal‐most mouse PSM, although dynamic transcript expression recovers in the central PSM. Despite this, expression of endogenous mir‐125a‐5p is dispensable for mouse somitogenesis. Conclusions: These results suggest that mir‐125a sites in the Lfng 3′ untranslated region influence transcript turnover in both mouse and chicken embryos, and support the existence of position‐dependent regulatory mechanisms in the PSM. They further suggest the existence of compensatory mechanisms that can rescue the loss of mir‐125a‐5p in mice. Developmental Dynamics 246:740–748, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of chronic kidney disease on the diuretic response of tolvaptan in acute decompensated heart failure
Authors: Ikeda Shuntaro , Ohshima Kiyotaka , Miyazaki Shigehiro , Kadota Hisaki , Shimizu Hideaki , Ogimoto Akiyoshi , Hamada Mareomi
Published: July 2017

Aim

This study investigated the relationship between the initial diuretic response to tolvaptan and clinical predictors for tolvaptan responders in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF).

Methods and results

Patients (153) with ADHF (clinical scenario 2 or 3 with signs of fluid retention) who were administered tolvaptan were enrolled. Tolvaptan (15 or 7.5 mg) was administered for at least 7 days to those patients in whom fluid retention was observed even after standard treatment. The maximum urine volume immediately after tolvaptan administration showed good correlations with the ejection fraction and estimated glomerular filtration rate that were independent predictors of the urine volume (UV) responders (≥1500 mL increase in urine volume). The diuretic response (in terms of maximum diuresis) diminished with advancing chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage and concomitant deterioration of the renal function. Furthermore, advanced CKD was a significant negative predictor for the body weight (BW) responders (2.0% decrease in the body weight within 1 week after starting tolvaptan). As compared with non‐CKD, the presence of advanced CKD predicts poor diuretic response for both UV and BW responders.

Conclusions

The diuretic response following tolvaptan administration gradually diminished with progressive deterioration of the CKD stage. Worsening renal function was not observed. Tolvaptan is effective in treating CS2 or CS3 ADHF patients who present fluid retention and congestion, suggesting its potential efficacy for fluid management in the ADHF patients with CKD without worsening the renal function.
Neurostimulation as a promising epilepsy therapy
Authors: Lin Yicong , Wang Yuping
Published: July 2017

The revolution in theory, swift technological developments, and invention of new devices have driven tremendous progress in neurostimulation as a third‐line treatment for epilepsy. Over the past decades, neurostimulation took its place in the field of epilepsy as an advanced treatment technique and opened up a new world. Numerous animal studies have proven the physical efficacy of stimulation of the brain and peripheral nerves. Based on this optimistic fundamental research, new advanced techniques are being explored in clinical practice. Over the past century, drawing on the benefits brought about by vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy, various new neurostimulation modalities have been developed to control seizures. Clinical studies including case reports, case series, and clinical trials have been booming in the past several years. This article gives a comprehensive review of most of these clinical studies. In addition to highlighting the advantages of neurostimulation for the treatment of epilepsy, concerns with this modality and future development directions are also discussed. The biggest advantage of neurostimulation over pharmacological treatments for epilepsy is the modulation of the epilepsy network by delivering stimuli at a specific target or the “hub.” Conversely, however, a lack of knowledge of epilepsy networks and the mechanisms of neurostimulation may hinder further development. Therefore, theoretical research on the mechanism of epileptogenesis and epilepsy networks is needed in the future. Within the multiple modalities of neuromodulation, the final choice should be made after full discussion with a multidisciplinary team at a presurgical conference. Furthermore, the establishment of a neurostimulation system with standardized parameters and rigorous guidelines is another important issue. To achieve this goal, a worldwide collaboration of epilepsy centers is also suggested in the future.
Detailed longitudinal sampling of glioma stem cells in situ reveals Chr7 gain and Chr10 loss as repeated events in primary tumor formation and recurrence
Authors: Baysan Mehmet , Woolard Kevin , Cam Margaret C. , Zhang Wei , Song Hua , Kotliarova Svetlana , Balamatsias Demosthenes , Linkous Amanda , Ahn Susie , Walling Jennifer , Belova Galina I. , Fine Howard A.
Published: July 2017

Intratumoral heterogeneity at the genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and morphologic levels is a commonly observed phenomenon in many aggressive cancer types. Clonal evolution during tumor formation and in response to therapeutic intervention can be predicted utilizing reverse engineering approaches on detailed genomic snapshots of heterogeneous patient tumor samples. In this study, we developed an extensive dataset for a GBM case via the generation of polyclonal and monoclonal glioma stem cell lines from initial diagnosis, and from multiple sections of distant tumor locations of the deceased patient's brain following tumor recurrence. Our analyses revealed the tissue‐wide expansion of a new clone in the recurrent tumor and chromosome 7 gain and chromosome 10 loss as repeated genomic events in primary and recurrent disease. Moreover, chromosome 7 gain and chromosome 10 loss produced similar alterations in mRNA expression profiles in primary and recurrent tumors despite possessing other highly heterogeneous and divergent genomic alterations between the tumors. We identified ETV1 and CDK6 as putative candidate genes, and NFKB (complex), IL1B, IL6, Akt and VEGF as potential signaling regulators, as potentially central downstream effectors of chr7 gain and chr10 loss. Finally, the differences caused by the transcriptomic shift following gain of chromosome 7 and loss of chromosome 10 were consistent with those generally seen in GBM samples compared to normal brain in large‐scale patient‐tumor data sets.
Panobinostat sensitizes KRAS‐mutant non‐small‐cell lung cancer to gefitinib by targeting TAZ
Authors: Lee Wen‐Ying , Chen Pin‐Cyuan , Wu Wen‐Shin , Wu Han‐Chung , Lan Chun‐Hsin , Huang Yen‐Hua , Cheng Chia‐Hsiung , Chen Ku‐Chung , Lin Cheng‐Wei
Published: July 2017

Mutation of KRAS in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) shows a poor response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and chemotherapy. Currently, there are no direct anti‐KRAS therapies available. Thus, new strategies have emerged for targeting KRAS downstream signaling. Panobinostat is a clinically available histone deacetylase inhibitor for treating myelomas and also shows potentiality in NSCLC. However, the therapeutic efficacy of panobinostat against gefitinib‐resistant NSCLC is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that panobinostat overcame resistance to gefitinib in KRAS‐mutant/EGFR‐wild‐type NSCLC. Combined panobinostat and gefitinib synergistically reduced tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we identified that panobinostat—but not gefitinib—inhibited TAZ transcription, and the combination of panobinostat and gefitinib synergistically downregulated TAZ and TAZ downstream targets, including EGFR and EGFR ligand. Inhibition of TAZ by panobinostat or short hairpin RNA sensitized KRAS‐mutant/EGFR‐wild‐type NSCLC to gefitinib through abrogating AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Clinically, TAZ was positively correlated with EGFR signaling, and coexpression of TAZ/EGFR conferred a poorer prognosis in lung cancer patients. Our findings identify that targeting TAZ‐mediated compensatory mechanism is a novel therapeutic approach to overcome gefitinib resistance in KRAS‐mutant/EGFR‐wild‐type NSCLC.
Differential protein modulation by ketoprofen and ibuprofen underlines different cellular response by gastric epithelium
Authors: Brandolini Laura , d'Angelo Michele , Antonosante Andrea , Villa Sara , Cristiano Loredana , Castelli Vanessa , Benedetti Elisabetta , Catanesi Mariano , Aramini Andrea , Luini Alberto , Parashuraman Seetharaman , Mayo Emilia , Giordano Antonio , Cimini Annamaria , Allegretti Marcello
Published: July 2017

Ketoprofen L‐lysine salt (KLS), is widely used due to its analgesic efficacy and tolerability, and L‐lysine was reported to increase the solubility and the gastric tolerance of ketoprofen. In a recent report, L‐lysine salification has been shown to exert a gastroprotective effect due to its specific ability to counteract the NSAIDs‐induced oxidative stress and up‐regulate gastroprotective proteins. In order to derive further insights into the safety and efficacy profile of KLS, in this study we additionally compared the effect of lysine and arginine, another amino acid counterion commonly used for NSAIDs salification, in control and in ethanol challenged human gastric mucosa model. KLS is widely used for the control of post‐surgical pain and for the management of pain and fever in inflammatory conditions in children and adults. It is generally well tolerated in pediatric patients, and data from three studies in >900 children indicate that oral administration is well tolerated when administered for up to 3 weeks after surgery. Since only few studies have so far investigated the effect of ketoprofen on gastric mucosa maintenance and adaptive mechanisms, in the second part of the study we applied the cMap approach to compare ketoprofen‐induced and ibuprofen‐induced gene expression profiles in order to explore compound‐specific targeted biological pathways. Among the several genes exclusively modulated by ketoprofen, our attention was particularly focused on genes involved in the maintenance of gastric mucosa barrier integrity (cell junctions, morphology, and viability). The hypothesis was further validated by Real‐time PCR.
Potential biotechnological capabilities of cultivable mycobiota from carwash effluents
Authors: Sibanda Timothy , Selvarajan Ramganesh , Tekere Memory , Nyoni Hlengilizwe , Meddows‐Taylor Stephen
Published: July 2017

Urban life has created man‐made extreme environments like carwashes. These environments have, however, not been sufficiently explored for mycobiota that can be sources of biotechnologically useful products, as has been the case with natural extreme environments. Using a combination of culture and molecular techniques, fungi from carwash effluents was characterized for production of lipase and cellulase enzymes, nonpolar and polar biotechnologically relevant secondary metabolites and hydrocarbon utilization. The isolated fungal strains belonged to the genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Peyronellaea, Rhizopus, Spegazzinia, Trichoderma, Ulocladium and Yarrowia. Sixty‐six percent (66%) of the fungal isolates were found to be able to metabolize naphthalene and benzanthracene, showing potential for application in bioremediation of hydrocarbon polluted sites. Lipase production by the isolates Penicillium sp. BPS3 (2.61 U/ml), Trichoderma sp. BPS9 (2.01 U/ml), Rhizopus sp. CAL1 (2.05 U/ml), Penicillium sp. PCW1 (2.99 U/ml) and Penicillium sp. SAS1 (2.16 U/ml) compared well with previously recorded lipase production levels by other fungi. The highest producers of cellulase were Penicillium sp. SAS1 (12.10 U/ml), Peyronella sp. CAW5 (4.49 U/ml) and Cladosporium sp. SAS3 (4.07 U/ml), although these activities were lower than previously reported levels. GC‐MS analysis of the fungal secondary metabolites resulted in identification of 572 compounds, including azulene, methanamine, N‐pentylidene, metoclopramide, and mepivacaine while compounds determined by UHPLC‐MS included 10‐undecen‐1‐ol, piquerol A, 10‐undecyn‐1‐ol, cyclo(leucylprolyl) and rac‐etomidate. These compounds were previously determined to have various activities including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive, antidiabetic and anti‐inflammatory properties. The study demonstrated that fungi from carwash effluents are natural sources of some biotechnologically important products.
Anterocollis as an “Off” Phenomenon in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Guduru Zain , Morgan John , Sethi Kapil D.
Published: July 2017

View Supplementary Video 1
A method to measure the absorbed dose of the thyroid during I‐131 therapy, using a collar detector system and a SPECT acquisition
Authors: van Gils Koen , Brinks Peter , Lavalaye Jules , Verberne Hein J. , Habraken Jan B. A.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

Due to variations in biological half‐life, accurate thyroid dosimetry for I‐131 therapy is not trivial in clinical practice. In recent publications, systems are described to measure the uptake of I‐131 in the thyroid repeatedly over time. In this work, we present a method to calculate patient specific pharmacokinetics and absorbed dose using such a collar detector system (CoTI) in combination with a SPECT acquisition and a two‐compartment model fit.

Methods

For three patients receiving I‐131 therapy for benign thyroid conditions, the complete uptake profile is measured over a period of 15 to 25 days after administration. A SPECT measurement is performed to assess the functional volume of the thyroid and the amount of I‐131 in the thyroid. The uptake profile measured in counts‐per‐second is converted to absolute activity in MBq using the absolute quantification of the SPECT. A two‐compartment model is used as a fit to the uptake data of the thyroid and to estimate the activity in the blood‐pool. The estimated absorbed dose to the thyroid is then calculated from the integral of the activity. The assessed parameters from the method (6‐ and 24‐h uptake, thyroid volume and I‐131 uptake concentration) are compared with the values as determined in clinical practice. Furthermore, the convergence of the calculated absorbed dose as a function of measurement series duration is determined to assess the required measurement duration of the uptake profile.

Results

The two‐compartment model fit shows a good agreement with the measured data points. Resulting dynamic uptake profiles of the three patients differ from each other. The uptake percentages differ from the pretherapy I‐123 uptake measurements that are used in usual clinical practice, which shows the potential added value of the proposed method. The duration of the required measurement series appears to be patient dependent and therefore needs to be determined for each patient individually. The proposed method allows for a basic investigation of the individual dynamic uptake profile of I‐131 in the thyroid and the calculation of the absorbed dose.

Conclusions

The proposed measurement method is feasible and easily implementable given a system that can measure the uptake of I‐131 in the thyroid repeatedly over time. The observed differences in dynamic uptake profiles and the differences in the absorbed thyroid dose as calculated with our method and the parameters of the usual clinical care support the relevance of the proposed method. In future studies, this approach may possibly be used for outcome prediction and therapeutic activity optimization.
Challenging nurse student selection policy: Using a lifeworld approach to explore the link between care experience and student values
Authors: Scammell Janet , Tait Desiree , White Sara , Tait Michael
Published: July 2017

Aim

This study uses a lifeworld perspective to explore beginning students’ values about nursing. Internationally, increasing care demand, a focus on targets and evidence of dehumanized care cultures have resulted in scrutiny of practitioner values. In England, selection policy dictates that prospective nursing students demonstrate person‐centred values and care work experience. However, there is limited recent evidence exploring values at programme commencement or the effect of care experience on values.

Design

Mixed method study.

Methods

A total of 161 undergraduate nursing students were recruited in 2013 from one English university. Thematic content analysis and frequency distribution to reveal descriptive statistics were used.

Results

Statistical analysis indicated that most of the values identified in student responses were not significantly affected by paid care experience. Five themes were identified: How I want care to be; Making a difference; The value of learning; Perceived characteristics of a nurse; and Respecting our humanity. Students readily drew on their experience of living to identify person‐centred values about nursing.
A local ensemble transform Kalman particle filter for convective‐scale data assimilation
Authors: Robert Sylvain , Leuenberger Daniel , Künsch Hans R.
Published: July 2017

Ensemble data assimilation methods such as the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) are a key component of probabilistic weather forecasting. They represent the uncertainty in the initial conditions by an ensemble that incorporates information coming from the physical model with the latest observations. High‐resolution numerical weather prediction models run at operational centres are able to resolve nonlinear and non‐Gaussian physical phenomena such as convection. There is therefore a growing need to develop ensemble assimilation algorithms able to deal with non‐Gaussianity while staying computationally feasible. In the present article, we address some of these needs by proposing a new hybrid algorithm based on the ensemble Kalman particle filter. It is fully formulated in ensemble space and uses a deterministic scheme such that it has the ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) instead of the stochastic EnKF as a limiting case. A new criterion for choosing the proportion of particle filter and ETKF updates is also proposed. The new algorithm is implemented in the Consortium for Small‐scale Modeling (COSMO) framework and numerical experiments in a quasi‐operational convective‐scale set‐up are conducted. The results show the feasibility of the new algorithm in practice and indicate the strong potential of such local hybrid methods, in particular for forecasting non‐Gaussian variables such as wind and hourly precipitation.
Introduction to Symposium on Framing Global Migration Law – Part II
Authors: Ramji-Nogales Jaya , Spiro Peter J.
Published: July 2017

Part I of this symposium on framing global migration law introduced broad conceptual parameters of a new field, looking back to its international law roots and forward to a new orientation beyond the strictures of refugee law. Part II looks to situate global migration law along a range of theoretical dimensions. Jacqueline Bhabha establishes the continuities of human movement in a historical context, modern and premodern. Far from representing a radical departure, the current migration “crisis” is consistent with massive migrations over the ages. Tendayi Achiume considers migration through the lens of colonization and decolonization. Out-migration from Europe was a core economic element of the colonization project; Achiume suggests that contemporary migration from former dependencies to metropolitan powers will correct co-dependencies that continue to advantage postcolonial powers. Focusing Achiume's lens on the problem of human trafficking, Janie Chuang complicates the binary depictions of economic migration that underpin contemporary international law. She suggests that global migration law's grounding in a migrant-centered perspective could help state actors to understand the structural causes of modern-day exploitation, enabling a shift from a crime control approach to a human mobility paradigm.
Numerical Investigation of Flow Around a Multi-Element Airfoil with Hybrid RANS-LES Approaches Based on SST Model
Authors: Zhang L. , Li J. , Mou Y. F. , Zhang H. , Shi W. B. , Jin J.
Published: July 2017

Accurate prediction of the flow around multi-element airfoil is a prerequisite for improving aerodynamic performance, but its complex flow features impose high demands on turbulence modeling. In this work, delayed detached-eddy-simulation (DDES) and zonal detached-eddy-simulation (ZDES) was applied to simulate the flow past a three-element airfoil. To investigate the effects of numerical dissipation of spatial schemes, the third-order MUSCL and the fifth-order interpolation based on modified Roe scheme were implemented. From the comparisons between the calculations and the available experimental result, third-order MUSCL-Roe can provide satisfactory mean velocity profiles, but the excessive dissipation suppresses the velocity fluctuations level and eliminates the small-scale structures; DDES cannot reproduce the separation near the trailing edge of the flap which lead to the discrepancy in mean pressure coefficients, while ZDES result has better tally with the experiment.
Reflections of faraway places: the Chalcolithic personal ornaments of Canhasan I
Authors: Baysal Emma L.
Published: July 2017

Excavations during the 1960s of the site of Canhasan I in Karaman province in central Turkey revealed that the Chalcolithic ornaments of the region were both complex and varied. The ornaments of the site, consisting of beads (including pendants and plaques), bracelets and plugs or labrets, were made in many forms and from a variety of different materials, and thus hint at a connected world where ideas, resources and products moved from one place to another. While a catalogue of some of the artefacts has been produced previously (French 2010), this article details these ornaments and considers their temporal and geographical positions within the history of beads, bracelets and other decorative items for the first time. It explores legacies from the past, new fashions and the complicated relationships between material sources, technology, forms, style and use during a period and in an artefact category that have often been overlooked.
Funerary and votive monuments in Graeco-Roman Cilicia: Hellenistic, Roman and early Byzantine examples in the museums of Mersin and Alanya
Authors: Laflı Ergün
Published: July 2017

In this contribution, 13 previously unpublished grave and votive monuments are analysed, plus two boundary markers. These monuments, housed in the museums of Mersin and Alanya in Cilicia in southern Asia Minor, are both artistic and epigraphic documents. Most of them were made in this region, but three were imported from Antioch-on-the-Orontes, Pisidia and the island of Delos, as can be deduced from their iconography. These new examples from Cilicia and eastern Pamphylia offer insights into the different concepts of μνῆμα or μνημεῖον (memorial) popular in Hellenistic and Roman times throughout Asia Minor.
Artificial grammar learning in Williams syndrome and in typical development: The role of rules, familiarity, and prosodic cues
Authors: STOJANOVIK VESNA , ZIMMERER VITOR , SETTER JANE , HUDSON KERRY , POYRAZ-BILGIN ISIL , SADDY DOUG
Published: July 2017

Artificial grammar learning is an empirical paradigm that investigates basic pattern and structural processing in different populations. It can inform how higher cognitive functions, such as language use, take place. Our study used artificial grammar learning to assess how children with Williams syndrome (WS;n= 16) extract patterns in structured sequences of synthetic speech, how they compare to typically developing (TD) children (n= 60), and how prosodic cues affect learning. The TD group was divided into a group whose nonverbal abilities were within the range of the WS group, and a group whose chronological age was within the range of the WS group. TD children relied mainly on rule-based generalization when making judgments about sequence acceptability, whereas children with WS relied on familiarity with specific stimulus combinations. The TD participants whose nonverbal abilities were similar to the WS group showed less evidence of relying on grammaticality than TD participants whose chronological age was similar to the WS group. In absence of prosodic cues, the children with WS did not demonstrate evidence of learning. Results suggest that, in WS children, the transition to rule-based processing in language does not keep pace with TD children and may be an indication of differences in neurocognitive mechanisms.
Treatment of allicin improves maturation of immature oocytes and subsequent developmental ability of preimplantation embryos
Authors: Jeong Sang-Gi , Lee Seung-Eun , Park Yun-Gwi , Son Yeo-Jin , Shin Min-Young , Kim Eun-Young , Park Se-Pill
Published: July 2017

Allicin (AL) regulates the cellular redox, proliferation, viability, and cell cycle of different cells against extracellular-derived stress. This study investigated the effects of allicin treatment on porcine oocyte maturation and developmental competence. Porcine oocytes were cultured in medium supplemented with 0 (control), 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 μM AL, respectively, during in vitro maturation (IVM). The rate of polar body emission was higher in the 0.1 AL-treated group (74.5% ± 2.3%) than in the control (68.0% ± 2.6%) (P< 0.1). After parthenogenetic activation, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation were significantly higher in the 0.1 AL-treated group than in the control (P< 0.05). The reactive oxygen species level at metaphase II did not significantly differ among all groups. In matured oocytes, the expression of bothBAKandCASP3, andBIRC5was significantly lower and higher, respectively, in the 0.1 AL-treated group than in the control. Similarly, the expression ofBMP15andCCNB1, and the activity of phospho-p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), significantly increased. These results indicate that supplementation of oocyte maturation medium with allicin during IVM improves the maturation of oocytes and the subsequent developmental competence of porcine oocytes.
Design and Fabrication of a Three-Dimensional In Vitro System for Modeling Vascular Stenosis
Authors: Jones Rebecca S. , Chang Pin H. , Perahia Tzlil , Harmon Katrina A. , Junor Lorain , Yost Michael J. , Fan Daping , Eberth John F. , Goodwin Richard L.
Published: July 2017

Vascular stenosis, the abnormal narrowing of blood vessels, arises from defective developmental processes or atherosclerosis-related adult pathologies. Stenosis triggers a series of adaptive cellular responses that induces adverse remodeling, which can progress to partial or complete vessel occlusion with numerous fatal outcomes. Despite its severity, the cellular interactions and biophysical cues that regulate this pathological progression are poorly understood. Here, we report the design and fabrication of a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro system to model vascular stenosis so that specific cellular interactions and responses to hemodynamic stimuli can be investigated. Tubular cellularized constructs (cytotubes) were produced, using a collagen casting system, to generate a stenotic arterial model. Fabrication methods were developed to create cytotubes containing co-cultured vascular cells, where cell viability, distribution, morphology, and contraction were examined. Fibroblasts, bone marrow primary cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) remained viable during culture and developed location- and time-dependent morphologies. We found cytotube contraction to depend on cellular composition, where SMC-EC co-cultures adopted intermediate contractile phenotypes between SMC- and EC-only cytotubes. Our fabrication approach and the resulting artery model can serve as an in vitro 3D culture system to investigate vascular pathogenesis and promote the tissue engineering field.
Modeling Ocean Waves over Rocky Reefs
Authors: Witman Sarah
Published: July 2017

A field survey in Australia links rugged seafloor terrain to erosion-causing waves.
Climate Change Indicators Are Not Enough
Authors: Betts Alan
Published: July 2017

Extreme events capture the public’s attention, but gradual climate shifts will more profoundly affect civilization and life on Earth. Scientists must get better at conveying this to the public.
Build Four New U.S. Polar Icebreakers, Report Urges
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2017

All of the ships should be “science ready,” whereas one should be “fully science capable,” according to new recommendations from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
β-Ginkgotides: Hyperdisulfide-constrained peptides from Ginkgo biloba
Authors: Wong Ka H. , Tan Wei Liang , Xiao Tianshu , Tam James P.
Published: July 2017

Hyperdisulfide-constrained peptides are distinguished by their high stability and diverse functions. Thus far, these peptides have been reported from animals only but their occurrence in plants are rare. Here, we report the discovery, synthesis and characterization of a hyperdisulfide-constrained peptides family of approximately 2 kDa, β-ginkgotides (β-gB1 and β-gB2) from Ginkgo biloba. Proteomic analysis showed β-ginkgotides contain 18‒20 amino acids, of which 16 residues form a conserved six-cysteine core with a highly clustered cysteine spacing of C‒CC‒C‒CC, an arrangement that has not been reported in cysteine-rich peptides. Disulfide mapping revealed a novel disulfide connectivity of CysI‒IV, CysII‒VI and CysIII‒V. Oxidative folding of synthetic β-gB1 to the native form was obtained in 70% yield. The synthetic β-gB1 displays a compact structure with no regular secondary structural elements, as determined by NMR spectroscopy. Transcriptomic analysis showed precursor βgb1 has a four-domain architecture and revealed an additional 76 β-ginkgotide-like peptides in 59 different gymnosperms, but none in angiosperms. Phylogenetic clustering analysis demonstrated β-ginkgotides belong to a new cysteine-rich peptide family. β-Ginkgotide is resistant to thermal, chemical and proteolytic degradation. Together, β-ginkgotides represent the first-in-class hyperdisulfide-constrained peptide family from plants with a novel scaffold that could be useful for engineering metabolically stable peptidyl therapeutics.
Transition-metal-free radical fluoroalkylation of isocyanides for the synthesis of tri-/di-/monofluoromethylated phenanthridines
Authors: Fang Jing , Shen Wei-Guo , Ao Gui-Zhen , Liu Feng
Published: July 2017

A convenient and scalable protocol is developed for the radical fluoroalkylation of 2-isocyanobiphenyls under transition-metal-free conditions.
Increased power factors of organic–inorganic nanocomposite thermoelectric materials and the role of energy filtering
Authors: Liang Zhiming , Boland Mathias J. , Butrouna Kamal , Strachan Douglas R. , Graham Kenneth R.
Published: July 2017

Enhancements in the performance of organic–inorganic nanocomposite thermoelectrics may be obtained with both small and large energy barriers at the organic–inorganic interfaces.
Self-supported porous 2D AuCu triangular nanoprisms as model electrocatalysts for ethylene glycol and glycerol oxidation
Authors: Xu Hui , Yan Bo , Wang Jin , Zhang Ke , Li Shumin , Xiong Zhiping , Wang Caiqin , Shiraishi Yukihide , Du Yukou , Yang Ping
Published: July 2017

A novel class of self-supported porous 2D AuCu triangular nanoprism electrocatalysts have been successfully synthesizedviaa facile combined seed mediated and galvanic replacement method.
The aggregation induced emission quenching of graphene quantum dots for visualizing the dynamic invasions of cobalt(ii) into living cells
Authors: Wang Ni , Liu Ze Xi , Li Rong Sheng , Zhang Hong Zhi , Huang Cheng Zhi , Wang Jian
Published: July 2017

The aggregation induced emission quenching (AIEQ) strategy was introduced for visualizing the dynamic invasions of cobalt(ii) into living cells using graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as photoluminescent probes.
RNA search engines empower the bacterial intranet
Authors: Dendooven Tom , Luisi Ben F.
Published: July 2017

RNA acts not only as an information bearer in the biogenesis of proteins from genes, but also as a regulator that participates in the control of gene expression. In bacteria, small RNA molecules (sRNAs) play controlling roles in numerous processes and help to orchestrate complex regulatory networks. Such processes include cell growth and development, response to stress and metabolic change, transcription termination, cell-to-cell communication, and the launching of programmes for host invasion. All these processes require recognition of target messenger RNAs by the sRNAs. This review summarizes recent results that have provided insights into how bacterial sRNAs are recruited into effector ribonucleoprotein complexes that can seek out and act upon target transcripts. The results hint at how sRNAs and their protein partners act as pattern-matching search engines that efficaciously regulate gene expression, by performing with specificity and speed while avoiding off-target effects. The requirements for efficient searches of RNA patterns appear to be common to all domains of life.
Distributed control scheme on cost optimisation under communication delays for DC microgrids
Authors: Han Hua , Wang Hao , Sun Yao , Yang Jian , Liu Zhangjie
Published: July 2017

This study addresses the distributed economic dispatch problem for DC microgrids when time‐varying delays are present in communication networks. A novel distributed algorithm is proposed, and the proposed controller contains a distributed generation cost optimisation module and a voltage regulation module. The cost optimisation module is aimed to realise cost optimisation by driving the incremental cost rate of every distributed generator to be equal. In the voltage regulation module, a distributed synchronisation algorithm is used to restore the global average voltage. After the effect of the communication delay on the system stability is analysed, the robust stability criticality under load changes is obtained by using linear matrix inequality. The performance of the proposed scheme is validated through simulations and experimentally.
Curve speed model for driver assistance based on driving style classification
Authors: Chu Duanfeng , Deng Zejian , He Yi , Wu Chaozhong , Sun Chuan , Lu Zhenji
Published: July 2017

Inappropriate speed in negotiating curves is the primary cause of rollovers and sideslips. In this study, the authors proposed an improved curve speed model considering driving styles, as well as vehicle and road factors. On the basis of a vehicle–road interaction model, the driver behaviour factor was introduced to quantify driving styles of curve speed choices. Firstly, the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method was utilised to classify the driving styles of 30 professional drivers into three different types (i.e. cautious, moderate and aggressive). Secondly, the classification results using fuzzy synthetic evaluation were compared to and verified with the K ‐means clustering method resulting over 60% the similarities. Finally, the proposed curve speed model was built and compared with four existing models. The authors’ model has the following promising advantages: (i) it reflects the speed preferences of three different types of drivers on the premise of driving safety on curves; and (ii) it shows a stationary speed transition when the road adhesion coefficient exceeds 0.8, which indicates that rollover, instead of sideslip, becomes the primary cause for lateral instability crashes on curves. Therefore, this proposed curve speed model could be applied in a curve speed warning system to improve both driving safety and comfort.
Avoiding instabilities in power electronic systems: toward an on‐chip implementation
Authors: Abusorrah Abdullah , Mandal Kuntal , Giaouris Damian , El Aroudi Abdelali , Al‐Hindawi Mohammed M. , Al‐Turki Yusuf , Banerjee Soumitro
Published: July 2017

The available controller chips for power electronic systems are used for specific transient and steady‐state performances. In such systems, the parameter ranges for stable operation are delimited by slow‐timescale as well as fast‐timescale instabilities. The usual practice is to design the control loop based on the state‐space averaging technique, which cannot predict the fast‐timescale instabilities. In this study, the first attempt has been made to propose a new design of the controller chip that can suppress these instabilities, thus extending the stable operating range in the parameter space. For this, the authors make use of the Filippov method which can effectively predict both types of instabilities. In this approach, the stability of the system is obtained in terms of the state transition matrices across each subsystem and saltation matrices across each switching event. The basic idea is to exercise control over the saltation matrices to increase the stability margin of the periodic orbit. Since in the Filippov approach an increase in the number of switching events in a cycle does not increase the complexity of the analysis, the proposed controller chip will be particularly useful in complex power electronic systems such as interconnected converters, multi‐input multi‐output converters, resonant converters, micro‐grids and so on.
Magnesium diboride: An effective light-to-heat conversion material in solid-state
Authors: John Saju K. , John Daughty , Bijoy N. , Chathanathodi Raghu , Anappara Aji A.
Published: July 2017

We report herein a giant light-to-heat transduction observed in bulk magnesium diboride (MgB2) on exposure to incoherent, continuous wave, broadband light-sources. The heat-flow from the sample was accurately determined using photocalorimetry, to register an ultrahigh value of 45 W/g upon irradiation with a low-pressure mercury vapour lamp (λ ∼ 250–450 nm; irradiance ∼800 mW/cm2) with a photo-to-thermal conversion efficiency of about 83% (with an error of ±1.86%). As a practical application, light-induced heat was used to generate electrical power using a thermoelectric generator (open voltage ∼125 mV, when illuminated by a solar simulator). The bulk MgB2 powder was found to be photo-stable under different irradiation conditions, and the photothermal effect was found to be highly reproducible.
iCAVE: an open source tool for visualizing biomolecular networks in 3D, stereoscopic 3D and immersive 3D
Authors: Liluashvili Vaja , Kalayci Selim , Fluder Eugene , Wilson Manda , Gabow Aaron , Gümüş Zeynep H.
Published: July 2017

Visualizations of biomolecular networks assist in systems-level data exploration in many cellular processes. Data generated from high-throughput experiments increasingly inform these networks, yet current tools do not adequately scale with concomitant increase in their size and complexity. We present an open source software platform, interactome-CAVE (iCAVE), for visualizing large and complex biomolecular interaction networks in 3D. Users can explore networks (i) in 3D using a desktop, (ii) in stereoscopic 3D using 3D-vision glasses and a desktop, or (iii) in immersive 3D within a CAVE environment. iCAVE introduces 3D extensions of known 2D network layout, clustering, and edge-bundling algorithms, as well as new 3D network layout algorithms. Furthermore, users can simultaneously query several built-in databases within iCAVE for network generation or visualize their own networks (e.g., disease, drug, protein, metabolite). iCAVE has modular structure that allows rapid development by addition of algorithms, datasets, or features without affecting other parts of the code. Overall, iCAVE is the first freely available open source tool that enables 3D (optionally stereoscopic or immersive) visualizations of complex, dense, or multi-layered biomolecular networks. While primarily designed for researchers utilizing biomolecular networks, iCAVE can assist researchers in any field.