bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Quinolines by Electrophilic Cyclization of

N

‐(2‐Alkynyl)Anilines: 3‐Iodo‐4‐Phenylquinoline
Authors: Anton Dubrovskiy Yu Chen , Larock Richard C
Published: April 2014

Aniline

Propargyl bromide

Triethylamines

Iodobenzene

Bis(triphenylphsophine)palladium dichloride

Copper iodide

Iodine

Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
A Practical Synthesis of Isocyanates from Isonitriles: Ethyl 2‐Isocyanatoacetate
Authors: Le Hoang V. , Ganem Bruce
Published: April 2014

Ethyl 2‐isocyanoacetate

Ethyl 2‐isocyantoacetate
An Efficient and Scalable Ritter Reaction for the Synthesis of
t
‐Butyl Amides
Authors: Milne Jacqueline E. , Baum Jean C.
Published: April 2014

Methyl 4‐cyanobenzoate

Acetic acid

Tert
‐Butyl acetate

Sulfuric acid

Ammonium acetate

Methyl 4‐(
tert
‐butylcarbamoyl)benzoate
Tectonic and magmatic control of hydrothermal activity along the slow‐spreading Central Indian Ridge, 8°S–17°S
Authors: Son Juwon , Pak Sang‐Joon , Kim Jonguk , Baker Edward T. , You Ok‐Rye , Son Seung‐Kyu , Moon Jai‐Woon
Published: April 2014

The complex geology and expansive axial valleys typical of slow‐spreading ridges makes evaluating their hydrothermal activity a challenge. This challenge has gone largely unmet, as the most undersampled MOR type for hydrothermal activity is slow spreading (20–55 mm/yr). Here we report the first systematic hydrothermal plume survey conducted on the Central Indian Ridge (CIR, 8°S–17°S), the most extensive such survey yet conducted on a slow‐spreading ridge. Using a combined CTD/Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorder (MAPR) package, we used 118 vertical casts along seven segments of the CIR (∼700 km of ridge length) to estimate the frequency of hydrothermal activity. Evidence for hydrothermal activity (particle and methane plumes) was found on each of the seven spreading segments, with most plumes found between 3000 and 3500 m, generally <1000 m above bottom. We most commonly found plumes on asymmetric ridge sections where ultramafic massifs formed along one ridge flank near ridge‐transform intersections or nontransform offsets. The estimated plume incidence (ph) for axial and wall casts (ph=0.30, 35 of 118 casts) is consistent with the existing global trend, indicating that the long‐term magmatic budget on the CIR is the primary control on the spatial frequency of hydrothermal venting. Our results show that the tectonic fabric of the CIR strongly determines where hydrothermal venting is expressed, and that using only near‐axial sampling might underestimate hydrothermal activity along slow‐spreading and ultraslow‐spreading ridges. Serpentinization is a minor contributor to the plume inventory, based on 15 profiles with methane anomalies only, predominantly at depths above the local valley walls.
Circumpolar ground‐based optical measurements of proton and electron shock aurora
Authors: Holmes J. M. , Johnsen M. G. , Deehr C. S. , Zhou X.‐Y. , Lorentzen D. A.
Published: April 2014

Meridian scanning photometer (MSP) data are combined with global ultraviolet images from the Polar Ultraviolet Imager instrument to estimate the timing and propagation speed of shock auroras previously studied using solely space‐based ultraviolet auroral imagery. The multispectral nature of the MSPs, including the presence of a Balmer beta channel, enables the discrimination between proton and electron aurora. Following a near‐magnetic noon onset, the occurrence of auroral emissions created by shocked precipitating protons and electrons is observed to propagate tailward, along the auroral oval with speeds of several km/s, consistent with the shock propagation speed in the solar wind. In two cases, shock aurora propagation speeds along the auroral oval determined from satellite imagery are confirmed, to within calculated uncertainties, with ground‐based timing. The majority of instruments detect low‐energy discrete auroral arcs poleward of diffuse, higher‐energy aurora. Evidence of a previously reported two‐pulse proton aurora shock onset is detected at some, but not all, locations.
Stability and localization of rapid shear in fluid‐saturated fault gouge: 2. Localized zone width and strength evolution
Authors: Platt John D. , Rudnicki John W. , Rice James R.
Published: April 2014

Field and laboratory observations indicate that at seismic slip rates most shearing is confined to a very narrow zone, just a few tens to hundreds of microns wide, and sometimes as small as a few microns. Rice et al. (2014) analyzed the stability of uniform shear in a fluid‐saturated gouge material. They considered two distinct mechanisms to limit localization to a finite thickness zone, rate‐strengthening friction, and dilatancy. In this paper we use numerical simulations to extend beyond the linearized perturbation context in Rice et al. (2014), and study the behavior after the loss of stability. Neglecting dilatancy we find that straining localizes to a width that is almost independent of the gouge layer width, suggesting that the localized zone width is set by the physical properties of the gouge material. Choosing parameters thought to be representative of a crustal depth of 7 km, this predicts that deformation should be confined to a zone between 4 and 44 μm wide. Next, considering dilatancy alone we again find a localized zone thickness that is independent of gouge layer thickness. For dilatancy alone we predict localized zone thicknesses between 1 and 2 μm wide for a depth of 7 km. Finally, we study the impact of localization on the shear strength and temperature evolution of the gouge material. Strain rate localization focuses frictional heating into a narrower zone, leading to a much faster temperature rise than that predicted when localization is not accounted for. Since the dynamic weakening mechanism considered here is thermally driven, this leads to accelerated dynamic weakening.
Diurnal cycle of fossil and nonfossil carbon using radiocarbon analyses during CalNex
Authors: Zotter Peter , El‐Haddad Imad , Zhang Yanlin , Hayes Patrick L. , Zhang Xiaolu , Lin Ying‐Hsuan , Wacker Lukas , Schnelle‐Kreis Jürgen , Abbaszade Gülcin , Zimmermann Ralf , Surratt Jason D. , Weber Rodney , Jimenez José L. , Szidat Sönke , Baltensperger Urs , Prévôt André S. H.
Published: April 2014

Radiocarbon (14C) analysis is a unique tool to distinguish fossil/nonfossil sources of carbonaceous aerosols. We present 14C measurements of organic carbon (OC) and total carbon (TC) on highly time resolved filters (3–4 h, typically 12 h or longer have been reported) from 7 days collected during California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) 2010 in Pasadena. Average nonfossil contributions of 58% ± 15% and 51% ± 15% were found for OC and TC, respectively. Results indicate that nonfossil carbon is a major constituent of the background aerosol, evidenced by its nearly constant concentration (2–3 μgC m−3). Cooking is estimated to contribute at least 25% to nonfossil OC, underlining the importance of urban nonfossil OC sources. In contrast, fossil OC concentrations have prominent and consistent diurnal profiles, with significant afternoon enhancements (~3 μgC m−3), following the arrival of the western Los Angeles (LA) basin plume with the sea breeze. A corresponding increase in semivolatile oxygenated OC and organic vehicular emission markers and their photochemical reaction products occurs. This suggests that the increasing OC is mostly from fresh anthropogenic secondary OC (SOC) from mainly fossil precursors formed in the western LA basin plume. We note that in several European cities where the diesel passenger car fraction is higher, SOC is 20% less fossil, despite 2–3 times higher elemental carbon concentrations, suggesting that SOC formation from gasoline emissions most likely dominates over diesel in the LA basin. This would have significant implications for our understanding of the on‐road vehicle contribution to ambient aerosols and merits further study.
Runoff‐mediated seasonal oscillation in the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in different branches of a large bifurcated estuary—The Changjiang Estuary
Authors: Guo Weidong , Yang Liyang , Zhai Weidong , Chen Wenzhao , Osburn Christopher L. , Huang Xiao , Li Yan
Published: April 2014

The Changjiang Estuary is a large bifurcated estuary where different hydrodynamic processes influence its South Branch compared to its North Branch. The South Branch is the dominant pathway of Changjiang River discharge, while the shallower and narrower North Branch is dominated by salt water intrusion, especially in the dry season. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy were measured along with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations to characterize the properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) collected in different seasons during an extreme drought year in 2011. The refractory DOM from the Changjiang River flowed mainly through the South Branch, whereas in the lower South Branch, the input from the polluted Huangpu River contributed a large amount of biolabile DOM, demonstrating an anthropogenic perturbation from megacities. The DOM properties in the North Branch showed conservative behavior in the wet season, while noticeable addition was observed in the dry season, accompanied by the reversed flux of DOM from the North Branch to the South Branch, emphasizing the regular seasonal oscillation of the DOM dynamics in this monsoon‐controlled bifurcated estuary. The estuarine turbidity maximum zones played distinct roles on DOM dynamics in different estuarine environments. The DOC and chromophoric DOM (CDOM) abundance in the Changjiang River and other Chinese rivers were at lower levels compared to other world rivers, showing a characteristic of the regional CDOM‐poor features for many East Asia rivers.
Evidence for a nonmonotonic relationship between ecosystem‐scale peatland methane emissions and water table depth
Authors: Brown Mathew G. , Humphreys Elyn R. , Moore Tim R. , Roulet Nigel T. , Lafleur Peter M.
Published: April 2014

Although temporal and spatial variations in peatland methane (CH4) emissions at broad scales are often related to water table (WT) using a linear relationship, a potentially complex relationship exists between these variables locally and over shorter time scales. To explore this issue, CH4 fluxes were measured using eddy covariance at the Mer Bleue bog over two summer seasons. Peak CH4 emissions (30 to 50 mg CH4‐C m−2 d−1) occurred not when the WT was closest to the surface but instead, when it dropped to 40 to 55 cm below the surface. When the WT was below or above this zone, average fluxes were ~14 mg CH4‐C m−2 d−1. We speculate this critical zone coincides with the necessary redox potentials and sources of fresh organic material that lead to maximum production of CH4 and/or with conditions that lead to degassing of stored CH4. However, as expected, total summer CH4 emissions were 47% lower during the drier year. This occurred in part because the WT was within the critical zone for fewer days in the drier year but also because after an extended midsummer dry period there was little recovery of CH4 emissions, even a month after rewetting.
Emergent constraints on climate‐carbon cycle feedbacks in the CMIP5 Earth system models
Authors: Wenzel Sabrina , Cox Peter M. , Eyring Veronika , Friedlingstein Pierre
Published: April 2014

An emergent linear relationship between the long‐term sensitivity of tropical land carbon storage to climate warming (γLT) and the short‐term sensitivity of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) to interannual temperature variability (γIAV) has previously been identified by Cox et al. (2013) across an ensemble of Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Climate‐Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (C4MIP). Here we examine whether such a constraint also holds for a new set of eight ESMs participating in Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. A wide spread in tropical land carbon storage is found for the quadrupling of atmospheric CO2, which is of the order of 252 ± 112 GtC when carbon‐climate feedbacks are enabled. Correspondingly, the spread in γLT is wide (−49 ± 40 GtC/K) and thus remains one of the key uncertainties in climate projections. A tight correlation is found between the long‐term sensitivity of tropical land carbon and the short‐term sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 (γLT versus γIAV), which enables the projections to be constrained with observations. The observed short‐term sensitivity of CO2 (−4.4 ± 0.9 GtC/yr/K) sharpens the range of γLT to −44 ± 14 GtC/K, which overlaps with the probability density function derived from the C4MIP models (−53 ± 17 GtC/K) by Cox et al. (2013), even though the lines relating γLT and γIAV differ in the two cases. Emergent constraints of this type provide a means to focus ESM evaluation against observations on the metrics most relevant to projections of future climate change.
Geochemical insights into the internal dynamics of debris avalanches. A case study: The Socompa avalanche, Chile
Authors: Doucelance Régis , Kelfoun Karim , Labazuy Philippe , Bosq Chantal
Published: April 2014

One way to infer the internal dynamics of debris avalanches is to characterize the heterogeneity of their deposits. Here we present high‐precision Sr‐Nd isotope compositions, plus major and trace element concentrations, of matrix samples and rock fragments from the Socompa debris‐avalanche deposit (Chile). The Socompa blocks are easily identifiable in the field, but distinguishing substrate debris from disaggregated material formed at the volcano is difficult to do with only field criteria. Combining isotope data with field observations can help with this. Measured Sr and Nd isotope ratios show significant variations, defining a binary mixing array where matrix and rock deposits overlap. This testifies to the mixing of crushed rocks during collapse and/or movement. Assimilation of Socompa basement appears to be variable; overall, it is far lower than was previously proposed. Comparison between matrix and block samples in contact, over the whole surface area of the deposit, shows that the isotopic heterogeneity increases from source to front. Close to the Socompa, matrices are resulting from simple crushing of adjacent rocks. At the front, rock samples with distinct compositions are found in a close relationship with matrices that result either from mixing of these (or some of these) rocks or from crushing of basement material. Between the source and the front, the efficient mixing of Socompa rocks (and basement rocks) generates matrices with isotopic compositions distinct from those of the blocks they are in contact with. We interpret these results as being due to more efficient vertical mixing during the avalanche emplacement.
Contrasting subduction structures within the Philippine Sea plate: Hydrous oceanic crust and anhydrous volcanic arc crust
Authors: Arai Ryuta , Iwasaki Takaya , Sato Hiroshi , Abe Susumu , Hirata Naoshi
Published: April 2014

We show contrasting subduction structures within the Philippine Sea plate inferred from active‐source wide‐angle reflection data. Previous studies showed that large‐amplitude reflections from the slab are observed in southwest Japan and indicated that a thin low‐velocity layer with a high fluid content is formed along the top of the subducting oceanic crust. On the contrary, we found that the slab reflections have smaller amplitudes in the Izu collision zone, central Japan, where the Izu‐Bonin volcanic arc has been colliding/subducting, suggesting that such a low‐velocity layer does not exist beneath the collision zone. This structural difference is also supported by P‐wave and S‐wave velocity anomalies by passive‐source tomography and electrical conductivity, and correlates with the regional distribution of deep tremors and intraslab earthquakes, both of which are induced by dehydration processes within the downgoing slab. Based on these comparisons, we suggest that the original structure of the incoming plate controls the contrasting subducting systems: typical oceanic plate absorbs water by hydrothermal circulation at spreading centers and/or seawater infiltration at outer rises, whereas volcanic arc crust consumes a large amount of hydrous minerals for melt production and metamorphoses to more stable, anhydrous forms before subduction.
Application of carbon monoxide for treatment of acute kidney injury
Authors: Nakao Atsunori , Yamada Taihei , Kohama Keisuke , Yoshie Norichika , Fujisaki Noritomo , Kotani Joji
Published: April 2014

Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients is common and associated with a substantial increase in morbidity and mortality. Even with aggressive medical care and renal replacement therapy, acute kidney injury remains a significant health care concern. Recent published reports offer new strategies for the prevention and amelioration of acute kidney injury using carbon monoxide. Although considered a toxic environmental gas, carbon monoxide has recently aroused scientific and clinical interest, as its beneficial effects and mechanisms of action have been substantially defined in variousin vitroandin vivoexperiments. The exogenous application of carbon monoxide can confer cytoprotection by modulating intracellular signaling pathways through its anti‐inflammatory, anti‐apoptotic, vasodilative, antithrombotic and antiproliferative properties. Thus, evidence is accumulating to support the notion of carbon monoxide treatment for acute kidney disease. In this review, we focus on the extensively analyzed advantageous value of treatment with inhaled/soluble carbon monoxide in the context of kidney injury. Mechanisms such as signaling pathways, as well as an expanded view regarding toxicity and side‐effects, are described broadly. In addition, we discuss the clinical applicability of carbon monoxide as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with acute kidney disease based on translating basic experimental findings into clinical application.
Sites for Methane Activation on Lithium‐Doped Magnesium Oxide Surfaces
Authors: Kwapien Karolina , Paier Joachim , Sauer Joachim , Geske Michael , Zavyalova Ulyana , Horn Raimund , Schwach Pierre , Trunschke Annette , Schlögl Robert
Published: April 2014

Density functional calculations yield energy barriers for H abstraction by oxygen radical sites in Li‐doped MgO that are much smaller (12±6 kJ mol−1) than the barriers inferred from different experimental studies (80–160 kJ mol−1). This raises further doubts that the Li+O.− site is the active site as postulated by Lunsford. From temperature‐programmed oxidative coupling reactions of methane (OCM), we conclude that the same sites are responsible for the activation of CH4 on both Li‐doped MgO and pure MgO catalysts. For a MgO catalyst prepared by sol–gel synthesis, the activity proved to be very different in the initial phase of the OCM reaction and in the steady state. This was accompanied by substantial morphological changes and restructuring of the terminations as transmission electron microscopy revealed. Further calculations on cluster models showed that CH4 binds heterolytically on Mg2+O2− sites at steps and corners, and that the homolytic release of methyl radicals into the gas phase will happen only in the presence of O2.
“True” biocomposites with biopolyesters and date seed powder: Mechanical, thermal, and degradation properties
Authors: Mittal Vikas , Chaudhry A. U. , Matsko Nadejda B.
Published: April 2014

Biopolymers have gained research focus due to enhanced property profiles as well as need to replace the fossil fuel based polymeric materials. The generation of biocomposites with functional biofillers can lead to further enhancement of their potential. In this study, composites of date seed powder with biopolyesters poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly‐l‐lactide (PLA) have been demonstrated. The composites exhibited individual degradation peaks for the components in the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), but still had suitable thermal performance confirmed by the dynamic TGA. The filler also modified the crystalline morphology of the polymers differently. The tensile modulus of the PBAT‐based composites had enhancement of more than 300% in the composite with 40% filler content. The PLA composites also enhanced the modulus marginally till 20% filler content, however, it was still significant due to the very high modulus of PLA as compared to PBAT. The rheological properties indicated the polymer still had viscous behavior even when high amount of filler was added. The storage and loss modulus of the composites enhanced with filler fraction, the PLA composites with 30 and 40% content, however, exhibited very high values probably due to filler aggregates and low filler‐polymer interfacial interactions. The filler particles were observed to be uniformly distributed in the polymer matrices, though some filler aggregates were also observed in the composites with higher filler fractions. After embedding in compost soil, the composites had significantly enhanced extent of biodegradation as compared to pure polymers, thus, confirming the “true” biocomposite nature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40816.
Evolution of library and information science, 1965–2005: Content analysis of journal articles
Authors: Tuomaala Otto , Järvelin Kalervo , Vakkari Pertti
Published: April 2014

This article first analyzes library and information science (LIS) research articles published in core LIS journals in 2005. It also examines the development of LIS from 1965 to 2005 in light of comparable data sets for 1965, 1985, and 2005. In both cases, the authors report (a) how the research articles are distributed by topic and (b) what approaches, research strategies, and methods were applied in the articles. In 2005, the largest research areas in LIS by this measure were information storage and retrieval, scientific communication, library and information‐service activities, and information seeking. The same research areas constituted the quantitative core of LIS in the previous years since 1965. Information retrieval has been the most popular area of research over the years. The proportion of research on library and information‐service activities decreased after 1985, but the popularity of information seeking and of scientific communication grew during the period studied. The viewpoint of research has shifted from library and information organizations to end users and development of systems for the latter. The proportion of empirical research strategies was high and rose over time, with the survey method being the single most important method. However, attention to evaluation and experiments increased considerably after 1985. Conceptual research strategies and system analysis, description, and design were quite popular, but declining. The most significant changes from 1965 to 2005 are the decreasing interest in library and information‐service activities and the growth of research into information seeking and scientific communication.
New Conjugated Molecules with Two and Three Dithienyldiketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) Moieties Substituted at meta Positions of Benzene toward p‐ and n‐Type Organic Photovoltaic Materials
Authors: Yu Chenmin , He Chang , Yang Yang , Cai Zhengxu , Luo Hewei , Li Wenqiang , Peng Qian , Zhang Guanxin , Liu Zitong , Zhang Deqing
Published: April 2014

Two conjugated molecules, TADPP3 and TADPP2‐TT, are reported, in which three and two dithienyldiketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) moieties, respectively, are substituted at the meta positions of benzene. Based on cyclic voltammetry and absorption data, TADPP3 and TADPP2‐TT possess similar HOMO and LUMO energies of about −5.2 and −3.4 eV, respectively. Thin films of TADPP3 and TADPP2‐TT exhibit p‐type semiconducting behavior with hole mobilities of 2.36×10−3 and 3.76×10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 after thermal annealing. Molecules TADPP3 and TADPP2‐TT were utilized as p‐type photovoltaic materials to fabricate organic solar cells after blending with phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) and phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM). The relatively low JSC and fill factor values can be attributed to poor film morphologies based on AFM and XRD studies. A solar cell with a thin film of TADPP3 with PC71BM in a weight ratio of 1:2 exhibits a high open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.99 V and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.47 %. Interestingly, TADPP3 can also be employed as an n‐type photovoltaic material. The blended thin film of TADPP3 with P3HT in a weight ratio of 1:2 gave a high VOC of 1.11 V and a PCE of 1.08 % after thermal annealing.
Vision‐Based Trajectory Tracking System for an Emulated Quadrotor UAV
Authors: Jurado Francisco , Palacios Guillermo , Flores Francisco , Becerra Héctor M.
Published: April 2014

In this paper, a vision‐based system is proposed, using the KINECT sensor (KS), for three‐dimensional (3D) trajectory tracking. A target object to track in the 3D space is defined in order to describe its trajectory on a virtual reality environment by an emulated quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The 3D position vector for the centroid of the target to track is recovered from image processing and information from the depth camera. A color‐based object tracking approach is used. A stable fuzzy controller, as well as a LQR controller, for the emulated quadrotor UAV are implemented and compared, where the estimated 3D position of the target is given as reference signal. Important benefits of the proposed object tracking method are its efficiency in the use of the information provided by the KS with a low computational cost for image processing to estimate the target object position and the possibility of improving robustness of the image segmentation by online adjustment of the color filtering parameters. The main contribution of the paper is the use of the estimated position as the reference for the simultaneous control of attitude and translation of a quadrotor from a single controller. Experimental simulation results validate the proposed approach.
Methodology for biorefinery portfolio assessment using supply‐chain fundamentals of bioproducts
Authors: Dansereau Louis Patrick , El‐Halwagi Mahmoud , Chambost Virginie , Stuart Paul
Published: April 2014

Given the emergence of innovative processes in recent years for the manufacture of bioproducts from second‐generation biomass, a range of unique biorefinery strategies are likely to be implemented by forest product companies in the coming years. No matter what biorefinery strategy is employed, to compete in the longer term, it will be critical to have a supply‐chain adapted to the targeted products. In order to meet customer needs and at the same time be cost‐competitive, there are trade‐offs to be made between responsiveness and efficiency in several areas of the supply chain, such as production and customer service. This paper reviews supply‐chain characteristics and competitive factors for various bioproducts. An approach that can be used by decision‐makers during early‐stage design is presented, suitable for screening‐out less promising options based on their supply‐chain characteristics. Fundamental aspects such as the differentiation of products, their possible green advantage, biomass procurement, and process characteristics are discussed within five categories: bioenergy, biofuels, commodity biochemicals, fine and specialty biochemicals, and biomaterials. Several examples of biorefinery strategies are discussed to illustrate these concepts.
Failure to rescue as a source of variation in hospital mortality after hepatic surgery
Authors: Spolverato G , Ejaz A , Hyder O , Kim Y , Pawlik T M
Published: April 2014

Background

The mechanisms that underlie the association between high surgical volume and improved outcomes remain uncertain. This study examined the impact of complications and failure to rescue patients from these complications on mortality following hepatic resection.

Methods

The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients who had liver surgery between 2000 and 2010. Hospital volume was stratified into tertiles (low, intermediate and high). Rates of major complications, failure to rescue and mortality following hepatic surgery were compared.

Results

Some 9874 patients were identified. The major complication rate was 19·6 per cent in low-volume, 19·3 per cent in intermediate-volume and 16·6 per cent in high-volume hospitals (P < 0·001). Most common major complications included respiratory insufficiency or failure (8·8 per cent), acute renal failure (4·2 per cent) and gastrointestinal bleeding (3·9 per cent), with each of these complications being less common in high-volume hospitals (P < 0·050). The incidence of major morbidity following hepatectomy remained the same over the past decade, but failure to rescue patients from these complications decreased (P = 0·011). The overall inpatient mortality rate following liver surgery was 3·2 per cent (3·8, 3·6 and 2·3 per cent for low-, intermediate- and high-volume hospitals respectively; P < 0·001). The rate of failure to rescue (death after a complication) was higher at low- and intermediate-volume hospitals (16·8 and 16·1 per cent respectively) compared with high-volume hospitals (11·8 per cent) (P = 0·032). After accounting for patient and hospital characteristics, patients treated at low-volume hospitals who had a complication were 40 per cent more likely to die than patients with a complication in a high-volume hospital (odds ratio 1·40, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·02 to 1·93).

Conclusion

The risk of death following hepatic surgery is lower at high-volume hospitals. The reduction in mortality appears to be the result of both lower complication rates and a better ability in high-volume hospitals to rescue patients with major complications.
Association between adjuvant regional radiotherapy and cognitive function in breast cancer patients treated with conservation therapy
Authors: Shibayama Osamu , Yoshiuchi Kazuhiro , Inagaki Masatoshi , Matsuoka Yutaka , Yoshikawa Eisho , Sugawara Yuriko , Akechi Tatsuo , Wada Noriaki , Imoto Shigeru , Murakami Koji , Ogawa Asao , Akabayashi Akira , Uchitomi Yosuke
Published: April 2014

Although protracted cognitive impairment has been reported to occur after radiotherapy even when such therapy is not directed to brain areas, the mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated whether breast cancer patients exposed to local radiotherapy showed lower cognitive function mediated by higher plasma interleukin (IL)‐6 levels than those unexposed. We performed the Wechsler Memory Scale‐Revised (WMS‐R) and measured plasma IL‐6 levels for 105 breast cancer surgical patients within 1 year after the initial therapy. The group differences in each of the indices of WMS‐R were investigated between cancer patients exposed to adjuvant regional radiotherapy (n = 51) and those unexposed (n = 54) using analysis of covariance. We further investigated a mediation effect by plasma IL‐6 levels on the relationship between radiotherapy and the indices of WMS‐R using the bootstrapping method. The radiotherapy group showed significantly lower Immediate Verbal Memory Index and Delayed Recall Index (P = 0.001, P = 0.008, respectively). Radiotherapy exerted an indirect effect on the lower Delayed Recall Index of WMS‐R through elevation of plasma IL‐6 levels (bootstrap 95% confidence interval = −2.6626 to −0.0402). This study showed that breast cancer patients exposed to adjuvant regional radiotherapy in conservation therapy might have cognitive impairment even several months after their treatment. The relationship between the therapy and the cognitive impairment could be partially mediated by elevation of plasma IL‐6 levels.
ChemInform Abstract: Stabilization of an FeSi‐Type Modification of the Ternary NiGa0.82Si0.18, NiGa0.84Ge0.16 and NiAl0.46Si0.54 Phases.
Authors: Lyutyy Pavlo , Niehaus Oliver , Poettgen Rainer , Bragiel Piotr , Piasecki Michal , Svitlyk Volodymyr , Fedorchuk Anatolii
Published: April 2014

The title compounds are prepared by arc melting of the elements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and High‐Rate Performance of Spinel Li4Ti5O12 with Core—Shell Hierarchical Macro—Mesoporous Structure.
Authors: Zhao Yingying , Sun Jie , Chen Xu , Zhu Hong , Yang Wensheng
Published: April 2014

The title compound is solvothermally synthesized from Ti(O‐iPr)4, LiOH, Me‐(CH2)15‐NMe3Br, ethylene glycol, and H2O (autoclave, 170 °C, 48 h) followed by calcination at 500 °C for 2 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Li4Ti5O12 Yolk—Shell Powders by Spray Pyrolysis and Their Electrochemical Properties.
Authors: Yang Kwang Min , Ko You Na , Yun Jung‐Yeul , Kang Yun Chan
Published: April 2014

Li4Ti5O12 powders with yolk—shell structure are prepared by ultrasonic spraypyrolysis at 900 °C of liquid droplets containing Ti(O‐iPr)4, LiNO3, and sucrose, followed by heating between 700 and 900 °C under air for 3 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Yolk‐Shell and Filled Co9S8 Microspheres and Comparison of Their Electrochemical Properties.
Authors: Ko You Na , Choi Seung Ho , Park Seung Bin , Kang Yun Chan
Published: April 2014

Phase‐pure Co9S8 yolk‐shell microspheres are prepared by ultrasonic spray‐pyrolysis of solutions containing Co(NO3)2 and sucrose at 800 °C (leading to the formation of Co3O4 yolk‐shell microspheres) followed by sulfidation with thiourea as the sulfur source (10% H2/N2, 350 °C, 6 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Hierarchical ZnxCo3‐xO4 Nanoarrays with High Activity for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution.
Authors: Liu Xijun , Chang Zheng , Luo Liang , Xu Tianhao , Lei Xiaodong , Liu Junfeng , Sun Xiaoming
Published: April 2014

ZnxCo3‐xO4 nanoarrays are grown hydrothermally on Ti foils using appropriate ratios of Zn(NO3)2 and Co(NO3)2, NH4F and Co(NH2)2 in H2O together with the Ti substrate (autoclave, 120 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Alkaline Beryllium Borates LiBeBO3, Li6Be3B4O12, and Li8Be5B6O18 in the Ternary Phase Diagrams Li2O—BeO—B2O3.
Authors: Wang Shichao , Ye Ning , Zou Guohong
Published: April 2014

Inclusion‐free single crystals of LiBeBO3, Li6Be3B4O12, and Li8Be5B6O18 are obtained from molten fluxes containing Li2CO3, BeO, and B2O3 by spontaneous crystallization (Pt crucible, cooling from 1000 °C in steps of 5 °C, 4—6 h holding time per step).
ChemInform Abstract: Open‐Framework Gallium Borate with Boric and Metaboric Acid Molecules Inside Structural Channels Showing Photocatalysis to Water Splitting.
Authors: Gao Wenliang , Jing Yan , Yang Jia , Zhou Zhengyang , Yang Dingfeng , Sun Junliang , Lin Jianhua , Cong Rihong , Yang Tao
Published: April 2014

The structural template effect of H3BO3 in flux synthesis is discovered by preparing an open‐framework gallium borate.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation via the Polymer Route and Photoluminescence Properties of CeSi3N5.
Authors: Cakmak Hasan , Jansen Martin
Published: April 2014

The title compound is prepared via a one‐pot liquid‐phase polymer route based on a reaction between SiCl4 and a liquid NH3 suspension of Ce[N(Tms)2]3 in hexane followed by solvent and NH4Cl removal.
ChemInform Abstract: Three Cobalt(II)‐Linked {P8W48} Network Assemblies: Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic and Photocatalysis Properties.
Authors: Jiao Yan‐Qing , Qin Chao , Wang Xin‐Long , Wang Chun‐Gang , Sun Chun‐Yi , Wang Hai‐Ning , Shao Kui‐Zhan , Su Zhong‐Min
Published: April 2014

Compounds (IV) and (VII) crystallize in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with Z = 1 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of 1‐Alkylvinyl Benzoates: A Simple, Nonenzymatic Access to Chiral 2‐Alkanols.
Authors: Kleman Patryk , Gonzalez‐Liste Pedro J. , Garcia‐Garrido Sergio E. , Cadierno Victorio , Pizzano Antonio
Published: April 2014

Highly enantioselective catalytic hydrogenations of enol esters by using a Rh catalyst bearing a chiral P—OP ligand are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of Cyclic Tertiary Allylic Alcohols by Asymmetric 1,2‐Addition of AlMe3 to Enones.
Authors: Kolb Andreas , Zuo Wei , Siewert Juergen , Harms Klaus , von Zezschwitz Paultheo
Published: April 2014

The development of an improved protocol for the enantioselective Rh(I)/BINAP‐catalyzed 1,2‐addition of trimethylaluminum to cyclic enones is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Amine(imine)diphosphine Iron Catalysts for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones and Imines.
Authors: Zuo Weiwei , Lough Alan J. , Li Young Feng , Morris Robert H.
Published: April 2014

The synthesis of novel enantiopure amine(imine)diphosphine catalysts that take advantage of the iron(II) ion as a template is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Remote Chirality Control Based on the Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reaction of α‐Thio Acetaldehydes.
Authors: Kano Taichi , Sakamoto Ryu , Maruoka Keiji
Published: April 2014

Remote chirality control leading to 1,4‐difunctionalized compounds such as 1,4‐aminoalcohols (VII), 1,4‐diamines (X), and 1,4‐hydroxyalcohols (XIV) is achieved by both syn‐ and anti‐selective Mannich reactions of α‐thioacetaldehydes (I), subsequent olefination, and stereospecific 2,3‐sigmatropic rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Cyclization Reactions: Controlling the Course of a Radical Cation‐Derived Reaction with the Use of a Second Nucleophile.
Authors: Redden Alison , Perkins Robert J. , Moeller Kevin D.
Published: April 2014

The intramolecular trapping of both ends of electrolytically generated enol ether radical cations is an efficient method for oxidative cyclization to furnish functionalized carbo‐ and heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Probing Binding and Cellular Activity of Pyrrolidinone and Piperidinone Small Molecules Targeting the Urokinase Receptor.
Authors: Mani Timmy , Liu Degang , Zhou Donghui , Li Liwei , Knabe William Eric , Wang Fang , Oh Kyungsoo , Meroueh Samy O.
Published: April 2014

The synthesis of heterocyclic amides containing pyrrole, pyrrolidinone, and piperidone fragments is described and these are tested together with a wide range of previously prepared analogous derivatives for their binding activity at the urokinase receptor.
ChemInform Abstract: Water‐ and Organo‐Dispersible Gold Nanoparticles Supported by Using Ammonium Salts of Hyperbranched Polystyrene: Preparation and Catalysis.
Authors: Gao Lei , Nishikata Takashi , Kojima Keisuke , Chikama Katsumi , Nagashima Hideo
Published: April 2014

Gold nanoparticles stabilized by ammonium salts of hyperbranched polystyrene are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: A Combination of Copper(0) Powder and Selectfluor Enables Generation of Cationic Copper Species for Mild 1,2‐Dicarbonylation of Alkynes.
Authors: Zhang Wenxia , Zhang Jian , Liu Yunkui , Xu Zhenyuan
Published: April 2014

The 1,2‐dicarbonylation of alkynes with water and air as sources of oxygen is catalyzed by a cationic copper species generated in situ from copper powder and selectfluor.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh‐Catalyzed Aldehyde—Aldehyde Cross‐Aldol Reaction under Base‐Free Conditions: In situ Aldehyde‐Derived Enolate Formation Through Orthogonal Activation.
Authors: Lin Luqing , Yamamoto Kumiko , Matsunaga Shigeki , Kanai Motomu
Published: April 2014

The chemoselective generation of aldehyde‐derived enolates to realize an aldehyde—aldehyde cross‐aldol reaction is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluoromethylated Derivatives of Carnitine biosynthesis Intermediates — Synthesis and Applications.
Authors: Rydzik Anna M. , Leung Ivanhoe K. H. , Thalhammer Armin , Kochan Grazyna T. , Claridge Timothy D. W. , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: April 2014

Fluoromethylated carnitine biosynthesis intermediates, i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐ and Bismuth‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Kitanosono Taku , Ollevier Thierry , Kobayashi Shu
Published: April 2014

An asymmetric Mukaiyama aldol reaction of silicon enolates with aldehydes catalyzed by chiral Fe(II) and Bi(III) complexes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Amide Bond Formation via C(sp3)—H Bond Functionalization and CO Insertion.
Authors: Liu Huizhen , Laurenczy Gabor , Yan Ning , Dyson Paul J.
Published: April 2014

The given reaction is limited to anilines, alkylamines do not react under the presented conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiodivergent Deprotonation/Acylation of α‐Amino Nitriles.
Authors: Sasaki Michiko , Takegawa Tomo , Sakamoto Kunihiro , Kotomori Yuri , Otani Yuko , Ohwada Tomohiko , Kawahata Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Takeda Kei
Published: April 2014

Depending on the base used deprotonation and subsequent benzoylation of α‐ureidonitriles proceeds in a highly enantiodivergent manner to give enantiomeric benzoylated products without the need of any chiral catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: PyHBr3/TBN/H2O as Catalytic System for the Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides with Air as the Oxidant.
Authors: Zhang Hua , Wang Guibin
Published: April 2014

The title catalyst system allows the aerobic oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides under very mild and transitions metal free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions Using Dimeric ortho‐Palladated Complex of Tribenzylamine.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol Reza , Rafiee Fatemeh
Published: April 2014

The reaction can also be conducted under conventional reflux conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rapid and Efficient Catalysis System for the Synthesis of 4‐Vinylbiphenyl Derivatives.
Authors: Ma Xiaowei , Liu Yan , Liu Ping , Xie Jianwei , Dai Bin , Liu Zhiyong
Published: April 2014

The use of Pd(OAc)2/PCy3 as catalyst system in the presence of potassium phosphate gives a rapid and simple access to the title derivatives including the synthesis of 4‐vinylbiphenyl liquid crystal compounds such as (Vf).
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel/Bis(oxazoline)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Negishi Arylations of Racemic Secondary Benzylic Electrophiles to Generate Enantioenriched 1,1‐Diarylalkanes.
Authors: Do Hien‐Quang , Chandrashekar E. R. R. , Fu Gregory C.
Published: April 2014

Negishi cross‐coupling reaction of racemic benzylic secondary alcohols with arylzinc compounds affords synthetically valuable enantioenriched 1,1‐diarylalkanes in high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Electrophilic Trifluoromethylthiolation of β‐Ketoesters: A Case of Reactivity and Selectivity Bias for Organocatalysis.
Authors: Wang Xueqiang , Yang Tao , Cheng Xiaolin , Shen Qilong
Published: April 2014

A highly enantioselective trifluoromethylthiolation of cyclic β‐ketoesters using quinine as a chiral catalyst with compound (II) as SCF3‐source is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Equatorenes: Synthesis and Properties of Chiral Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Chrysene, and Pyrene Possessing Bis(1‐adamantyl) Groups at the Peri‐position.
Authors: Yamamoto Koji , Oyamada Naohiro , Xia Sheng , Kobayashi Yuta , Yamaguchi Masahiko , Maeda Hiroaki , Nishihara Hiroshi , Uchimaru Tadafumi , Kwon Eunsang
Published: April 2014

Optical and electrochemical properties of the novel equatorenes are investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric [4 + 2] Annulations of Isatins with But‐3‐yn‐2‐one.
Authors: Wang Qiang , Lian Zhong , Xu Qin , Shi Min
Published: April 2014

The absolute configuration of the product is governed by the organocatalyst and not by the chiral additive which acts primarily as a proton source.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Mediated Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Spiroketals via Tandem Cyclization—Coupling of β‐Bromo Ketals and Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Peng Yu , Xu Xiao‐Bo , Xiao Jian , Wang Ya‐Wen
Published: April 2014

A ketal‐tether approach for the stereoselective synthesis of [5,5] and [5,6]‐spiroketals (III), (VI), and (VIII) based on reductive coupling is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetraalkylammonium‐Templated Stereoselective Norrish—Yang Cyclization.
Authors: Yamada Shinji , Iwaoka Azusa , Fujita Yuka , Tsuzuki Seiji
Published: April 2014

The reaction proceeds with trans‐ or cis‐selectivity in the presence or absence of Bu4NF, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Tandem Cycloisomerization and Dimerization of Chiral Homopropargyl Sulfonamides.
Authors: Yu Yong‐Fei , Shu Chao , Shen Cang‐Hai , Li Tian‐Yi , Ye Long‐Wu
Published: April 2014

A novel gold‐catalyzed tandem cycloisomerization/dimerization of chiral homopropargyl sulfonamides is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Nitro‐Carbocyclization of Activated Alkenes: A Direct Approach to Synthesize Oxindoles by Cascade C—N and C—C Bond Formation.
Authors: Shen Tao , Yuan Yizhi , Jiao Ning
Published: April 2014

Attempts to use the method to prepare benzofuran derivatives fail.
ChemInform Abstract: Biology‐ and Diversity‐Oriented Domino Reactions for Synthesis of AMPA Receptor Antagonist IKM‐159 and Analogues.
Authors: Oikawa Masato , Kasori Yuuki , Katayama Lisa , Murakami Etsuko , Oikawa Yuya , Ishikawa Yuichi
Published: April 2014

The IKM‐159 (XVI) and analogues [(VIII) and (XV)] in racemic form are synthesized via Ugi/Diels‐Alder and metathesis reaction with high level of regiocontrol.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fused Tetracyclic Spiroindoles via Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization.
Authors: Iwata Akira , Inuki Shinsuke , Oishi Shinya , Fujii Nobutaka , Ohno Hiroaki
Published: April 2014

Pd‐catalyzed reaction of indoles (I) bearing a propargyl chloride side chain at the 3‐position with N‐ and C‐nucleophiles affords tetracyclic spiroindoles (III) and (V), resp., in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Annulation of Donor—Acceptor Oxiranes with Imines: Diastereoselective Access to Highly Substituted 2,4‐trans‐Oxazolidines.
Authors: Zhang Junqing , Xiao Yuanjing , Zhang Junliang
Published: April 2014

A wide range of oxazolidines is prepared in high yields and mostly good diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel and Versatile Synthesis of Disubstituted 1,2‐Dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ones.
Authors: Graham Mark A. , Bethel Paul A. , Burgess Jonathan , Fairley Gary , Glossop Steve C. , Greenwood Ryan D. R. , Jones Clifford D. , Lovell Scott , Swallow Steve
Published: April 2014

The method for the synthesis of 1,5‐disubstituted triazolones involves the reaction of dilithiated Boc‐hydrazines with substrates (I) or (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxyalkylation with Cyclic Sulfates: Synthesis of Carbazole Derived CB2 Ligands with Increased Polarity.
Authors: Lueg Corinna , Galla Fabian , Frehland Bastian , Schepmann Dirk , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Deuther‐Conrad Winnie , Brust Peter , Wuensch Bernhard
Published: April 2014

Homologous hydroxyalkylcarbazoles (VII) are synthesized via hydroxyalkylation of carbazole (I) with cyclic sulfates (II) and a final coupling of aminocarbazoles (V) with propionic acid (VI) using the recently developed coupling reagent COMU®.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Multi‐Component Synthesis of 6‐Amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐aryl‐2,4‐dihydropyrano [2,3‐c]pyrazole‐5‐carbonitriles.
Authors: Kumar G. Santhosh , Kurumurthy C. , Veeraswamy B. , Rao P. Sambasiva , Rao P. Shanthan , Narsaiah B.
Published: April 2014

This efficient, simple, rapid, and green four‐component reaction gives access to a wide range of the different substituted title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid Catalyzed and NIS‐Promoted Cyclization of Diynones: Selective Synthesis of 4‐Pyrone, 4‐Pyridone, and 3‐Pyrrolone Derivatives.
Authors: Qiu Yi‐Feng , Yang Fang , Qiu Zi‐Hang , Zhong Mei‐Jin , Wang Li‐Jing , Ye Yu‐Ying , Song Bo , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: April 2014

The obtained iodo‐pyridones and ‐pyrrolones can be easily further converted, for example via Suzuki cross‐coupling.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of 4,6‐Diaryl‐3‐aminoisoxazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines.
Authors: Miao Chun‐Bao , Wang Yan‐Hong , Dong Chun‐Ping , Yang Hai‐Tao , Meng Qi , Sun Xiao‐Qiang
Published: April 2014

The crucial factor is to control the third‐step cyclization reaction by adding the solution of KOH in dropwise.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydrocarbolines via Iridium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Friedel—Crafts Type Allylic Alkylation Reactions.
Authors: Xu Qing‐Long , Zhuo Chun‐Xiang , Dai Li‐Xin , You Shu‐Li
Published: April 2014

The asymmetric cyclization reaction of 2‐indolyl allyl carbonates gives excellent chemo‐ and enantioselectivities and can be conducted under mild conditions.