bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The DECISIONS Study: A Nationwide Survey of United States Adults Regarding 9 Common Medical Decisions
Authors: Zikmund-Fisher Brian J. , Couper Mick P. , Singer Eleanor , Levin Carrie A. , Fowler Floyd J. , Ziniel Sonja , Ubel Peter A. , Fagerlin Angela
Published: April 2010

Background

Patient involvement is required before patients’ preferences can be reflected in the medical care they receive. Furthermore, patients are a vital link between physicians’ assessments of patients’ needs and actual implementation of appropriate care. Yet no study has specifically examined how and when a representative sample of patients considered, discussed, and made medical decisions.

Objective

To identify decision prevalence and decision-making processes regarding 1) initiation of prescription medications for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or depression; 2) screening tests for colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer; and 3) surgeries for knee or hip replacement, cataracts, or lower back pain.

Design

Computer-assisted telephone interview survey.

Setting

Nationally representative sample of US adults in households with telephones.

Participants

3010 English-speaking adults age 40 and older identified using a stratified random sample of telephone numbers.

Measurements

Estimated prevalence of medical decisions, defined as the patient having initiated medications, been screened, or had surgery within the past 2 years or having discussed these actions with a health care provider during the same interval, as well as decision-specific data regarding patient knowledge, attitudes and patient-provider interactions.

Results

82.2% of the target population reported making at least 1 medical decision in the preceding 2 years. The proportion of decisions resulting in patient action varied dramatically both across decision type (medications [61 %] v. screening [83%] v. surgery [44%]; P < 0.001), and within each category (e.g., blood pressure medications [76%] v. cholesterol medications [55%] vs. depression medications [48%]; P < 0.001). Respondents reported making more decisions if they had a primary care provider or poorer health status and fewer decisions if they had lower education, were male, or were under age 50.

Limitations

Retrospective self-reports may incorporate recall biases.

Conclusions

Medical decisions with significant life-saving, quality of life, and cost implications are a pervasive part of life for most US adults. The DECISIONS dataset provides a rich research environment for exploring factors influencing when and how patients make common medical decisions.
Latour’s Heidegger
Authors: Kochan Jeff
Published: April 2010

Bruno Latour has had a tremendous impact on the field of science studies.Yet, it is not always easy to say what he stands for. Indeed, Latour has often claimed that his work lacks any overall unity. In this essay, I suggest that at least one concept remains constant throughout Latour’s diverse studies of modern science and technology, namely, mediation. I try to make good this claim by focussing on Latour’s numerous attempts over the years to distance himself from, so as to discredit, the philosopher Martin Heidegger. I argue that Latour’s repeated denunciations of Heidegger amount to a systematic tactic of dissimulation: by suppressing the substance of Heidegger’s critique of modern technoscience, Latour directs attention away from the not insignificant weaknesses in his own theory of mediation. Against the backdrop of an appropriately reconstructed Heidegger, Latour’s self-promotion as a radically progressive non-modern thinker cannot be sustained.
Textile Composite Materials for EMC
Authors: Perumalraj R. , Nalankilli G. , Dasaradan B.S.
Published: April 2010

In this research work, copper core yarns with cotton/polyester sheaths were produced by friction spinning machines and their woven fabrics were made by looms with varying fabric structures for electromagnetic (EM) shielding purposes. The effect of varying structures, varying materials, varying numbers of layers, core sheath ratio, and lay-up angle on EM shielding effectiveness were studied. The shielding effectiveness of copper core yarn fabrics was measured by using a Network Analyzer - EM shielding test (ASTM D4935-99) in the frequency range from 20—18,000 MHz.
Improving Shear Capacity and Ductility of Shear-deficient RC Beams Using CFRP Strips
Authors: Altin Sinan , Anil Özgür , Kopraman Yağmur , Mertoğlu Çelebi , Kara M. Emin
Published: April 2010

The results of an experimental investigation are presented in this article for improving the shear capacity and ductility of reinforced concrete beams by using CFRP strips. The purpose of this study is to obtain ductile flexural behavior for shear-deficient reinforced concrete beams. The experimental program consisted of 10 T cross-sectioned half scale simply supported beam specimens, seven of which were constructed with deficient shear reinforcement and the remaining three without any shear reinforcement. One beam was used as a reference and nine beams were strengthened using U-shaped CFRP strips with or without fan type anchorage. Three different CFRP strip spacing such as sf = 125 mm, 150 mm, and 200 mm were used. The effect of anchorages that were used at the ends of the strips on shear strength and behavior of the strengthened specimens was investigated. CFRP strips without anchorages improved the shear strength, but no flexural behavior was observed. specimens failed with brittle shear failure due to peeling of CFRP strip from RC beam surfaces. specimens with deficient shear reinforcement that were strengthened with anchored CFRP strips showed improved shear strength and ductile flexural behavior was observed. Similar behaviors were observed for specimens even without any shear reinforcement. When the CFRP strip strains of the specimens with anchorages and without anchorages were compared, maximum strains at anchored strips were approximately 56% larger than that of without anchorages.
“We Were Best Friends, But . . . ”: Two Studies of Antipathetic Relationships Emerging From Broken Friendships
Authors: Casper Deborah M. , Card Noel A.
Published: April 2010

Antipathetic relationships and friendships are common during adolescence. One type of antipathetic relationship that has received no empirical attention is one that emerges from a broken friendship. Two studies, a reanalysis of N. A. Card’s previously published data (Study 1) and newly collected data (Study 2), investigated this topic through mixed-methods analysis of emerging adults’ retrospective reports of relationships during high school. Qualitative analyses revealed jealousy, incompatibility, intimacy-rule violations, and aggression as themes in the transformation of friendship to antipathy. Quantitative analyses revealed intimacy-rule violations in the formation; relational aggression, competition, and avoidance during the maintenance; and continued contact following high school as more common for former friends. These findings highlight the dynamic relations between friendship and antipathy.
Adolescent Girls’ Perceptions of Daily Conflicts With Their Mothers: Within-Conflict Sequences and Their Relationship to Autonomy
Authors: Lichtwarck-Aschoff Anna , Kunnen Saskia , van Geert Paul
Published: April 2010

This article reports on a 1-year diary study of conflicts between seventeen 15-year-old girls and their mothers assessing (a) within-conflict sequences according to the emotional processes related to a girl’s level of self-assertion and perceived control and (b) the relationship between these within-conflict sequences and the level of autonomy. Based on principles of the self-regulation theory and emotion-appraisal literature, three within-conflict scenarios were hypothesized. The withdrawal and pursuit scenario came out as occurring significantly above chance level. Investigating the girls’ individual conflict episodes revealed a positive association between the level of autonomy and the percentage of the pursuit scenario. Results are discussed in terms of the link between day-to-day conflict interactions and the long-term development of autonomy.
National Survey of Volunteer Pharmacy Preceptors
Authors: Skrabal Maryann Z. , Jones Rhonda M. , Walters Ryan W. , Nemire Ruth E. , Soltis Denise A. , Kahaleh Abby A. , Hritcko Philip M. , Boyle Cynthia J. , Assemi Mitra , Turner Paul D.
Published: April 2010

Objectives: To survey volunteer pharmacy preceptors regarding experiential education and determine whether differences in responses relate to such factors as geographic region, practice setting, and population density. Methods: An online survey was sent to 4396 volunteer experiential preceptors. The survey consisted of 41 questions asking the preceptor to comment on the experiential education environment. Experiential education administrators from 9 schools of pharmacy administered the survey to their volunteer preceptors in all regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West) of the United States, in various pharmacy practice settings, and areas of differing population densities. Results: A total of 1163 (26.5%) preceptors responded. Regionally, preceptors in the West disagreed more than those in the Midwest and the South that they had enough time to spend with students to provide a quality experience and also required compensation less often than their counterparts in the Northeast and South. Concerning practice settings, hospital preceptors accepted students from more schools, had greater increases in requests, turned away more students, and spent less time with the students compared to preceptors in other settings. Population density differences reflected that preceptors at urban sites took and turned away more students than those at rural sites. Preceptors from rural areas spent more time with students and felt they were spending enough time with their students to provide quality experiences when compared to other preceptors. Conclusions: The results of this national volunteer preceptor survey may assist pharmacy school leaders in understanding how location, practice type, and population density affect experiential education, preceptor time-quality issues, and site compensation so they can take necessary actions to improve quality of student practice experiences.
Programmatic and Participatory: Two Frameworks for Classifying Experiential Change Implementation Methods
Authors: Russ Travis L.
Published: April 2010

This work introduces two broad, conceptual frameworks, programmatic and participatory, for classifying experiential change implementation methods. Grounded in scholarly and empirical research, several benefits and limitations of each theoretical change implementation framework are proposed. In addition, six propositions for testing the validity and utility of the programmatic and participatory frameworks are advanced. This article concludes with a discussion of implications for organizational change practitioners.
Effects of Third Person Perspective on Affective Appraisal and Engagement: Findings From SECOND LIFE
Authors: Schuurink Ellen L. , Toet Alexander
Published: April 2010

This study investigates the influence of a first-person perspective (1PP) and a third-person perspective (3PP), respectively, on the affective appraisal and on the user engagement of a three-dimensional virtual environment in SECOND LIFE. Participants explored the environment while searching for five targets during a limited time span, using either a 1PP or a 3PP. No significant overall effect was found for viewing perspective on the appraisal of the three-dimensional virtual environment on the dimensions of arousal and valence. However, a 3PP yields more perceived control over the avatar and the events, which is a requirement for engagement. Analysis of the performance on the search task shows that participants using a 3PP find more objects but also need more time to find them. The present results suggest that a 3PP conveys a more distinct impression of the environment, thereby increasing engagement, and probably induces a different viewing strategy. Hence, a 3PP appears preferable for simulation and training applications in which the correct assessment of the affective properties of an environment is essential.
Back to the Music Class: Stories and Themes 30 Years Later
Authors: Flowers Patricia J.
Published: April 2010

After nearly 30 years in higher education, a music education professor returned as a full-time general music teacher in an urban elementary school as a sabbatical project. This article chronicles the experience of getting hired, preparation, orientation, the first months of teaching, and, ultimately, a layoff. Throughout the narrative, the perspective of an older professional is contrasted with the memory of entry-level teaching some 30 years earlier. Points of discussion include social and educational climate of the times, student behavior, curriculum, undergraduate methods classes, and preservice music teacher preparation.
A Culturally Nuanced Test of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s ‘‘General Theory’’: Dimensionality and Generalizability in Japan and the United States
Authors: Kobayashi Emiko , Vazsonyi Alexander T. , Pan Chen  , Sharp Susan F.
Published: April 2010

The current research addresses two specific issues that direct attention to the relatively neglected topic of the cross-cultural applicability of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s ‘‘general theory’’ that has been developed in and tested primarily in the United States. With theoretical and empirical guidance from the literature on dimensionality of low self-control, we first predict that the six elements identified in the theory form a multidimensional latent construct in two diverse societies—Japan and the United States. Drawing on the literature concerning cultural variability in individualism, and inconsistent with self-control theory, the authors then expect that although low self-control leads to deviance in both societies, the causal relationship is stronger among Americans than among Japanese. Analysis of identical survey data collected simultaneously from college students in Japan and the United States provides somewhat mixed support for our expectations and the findings appear largely consistent with predictions by self-control theory.
Evaluation of an Information Resource for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Mulligan Janice , Steel Lee , MacCulloch Radha , Nicholas David
Published: April 2010

This study sought to evaluate a newly created information resource book for parents of children newly diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder entitled Autism Spectrum Disorder: Information for Parents. A purposive sample of 13 participants (comprised of mothers of children with ASD and ASD service providers) participated in 1 of 3 focus groups. Focus group participants provided their feedback regarding the accessibility, usefulness, content accuracy and tone of the resource book. Findings reveal that concise yet comprehensive and hopeful information targeted to parents at diagnosis, has been lacking in ASD practice. This supportive informational resource book addresses this gap in supporting family adaptation and mobilization at the key juncture of diagnosis. Suggestions for resource refinement and future development of similar diagnostic-related literature to support families of newly-diagnosed children are outlined.
Recognising ‘social’ and ‘non-social’ emotions in self and others: A study of autism
Authors: Williams David , Happé Francesca
Published: April 2010

Studies of emotion processing in autism have produced mixed results, with fewer studies observing autism-specific deficits than might be imagined. In the current study, 21 individuals with autism and 21 age- and ability-matched, learning disabled comparison participants were tested for their ability to (a) recognise, in others, expressions of ‘social’ emotions (e.g., embarrassment) and ‘non-social’ emotions (e.g., happiness) and; (b) report their own previous experiences of each of these emotions.

In line with predictions, amongst both groups of participants, social emotions were more difficult to recognise and report than non-social emotions. Also amongst both groups, the ability to report social emotion-experience was significantly associated with the ability to recognise social emotions in others, independent of age and verbal ability. However, contrary to predictions, no between-group differences in levels or patterns of performance on the experimental tasks were observed.

In light of previous research, these results suggest either that emotion-processing is not as specifically impaired in autism as is traditionally thought to be the case, or that individuals with autism are implementing compensatory strategies to succeed on experimental tasks in the absence of emotion-processing competence.
Highly Effective Teams: A Relational Analysis of Group Potency and Perceived Organizational Support
Authors: Shelton Paul M. , Waite Alina M. , Makela Carole J.
Published: April 2010

Group potency is one key determinant shown to positively influence the effectiveness and performance of groups and teams. This article presents research on potency of work groups in higher education and perceived organizational support as an antecedent. A total of 192 working professionals who were either holding or earning advanced degrees in human resource development, education, or consumer and family sciences completed questionnaires to determine the association of these two variables. The data were analyzed at the individual and group levels, and findings reveal there is a significant positive relationship between group potency and perceived organizational support.
100th Anniversary of Perusini’s Second Case: Patient RM and His Kindred
Authors: Braun Birgit , Stadlober-Degwerth Marion , Hajak Göran , Klünemann Hans-Hermann
Published: April 2010

The first 4 cases of Alzheimer’s disease published by Alois Alzheimer’s laboratory were authored by the young Italian physician Gaetano Perusini. In his discourse, ‘‘Über klinisch und histologisch eigenartige Erkrankungen des späteren Lebensalters’’ Perusini describes 4 cases of histological and clinical findings of peculiar psychiatric diseases of older age. With regard to case number II, Perusini remarks ‘‘since 1899 RM has psychically changed.’’ As RM is said to be 45 years of age on admission, this would imply the obvious onset of disease at the early age of 37. A detailed analysis of archival material revealed that RM was actually 10 years older. Perusini’s hint that ‘‘one of the patient’s brothers does not seem to be normal’’ initiated our search for this individual to rule out an autosomal dominant inheritance in this kindred. We initiated genealogical studies over 8 generations to get more detailed information about this early case of psychiatric history.
Evaluating Rivastigmine in Mild-to-Moderate Parkinson’s Disease Dementia Using ADAS-Cog Items
Authors: Schmitt Frederick A. , Aarsland Dag , Brønnick Kolbjørn S. , Xiangyi Meng  , Tekin Sibel , Olin Jason T.
Published: April 2010

Rivastigmine has been shown to improve cognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). To further explore the impact of anticholinesterase therapy on PDD, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) items were assessed in a retrospective analysis of a 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of rivastigmine. Mean changes from baseline at week 24 were calculated for ADAS-cog item scores and for 3 cognitive domain scores. A total of 362 patients were randomized to 3 to 12 mg/d rivastigmine capsules and 179 to placebo. Patients with PDD receiving rivastigmine improved versus placebo on items: word recall, following commands, ideational praxis, remembering test instructions, and comprehension of spoken language (P < .05), with standardized mean differences ranging from 0.04 to 0.30. Rivastigmine also showed significant effects versus placebo on all domains: memory, language, and praxis. The ADAS-cog is sensitive to broad cognitive changes in PDD. Overall, rivastigmine was associated with improvements on individual cognitive items and general cognitive domains.
Genomic organization of duplicated short wave-sensitive and long wave-sensitive opsin genes in the green swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri
Authors: Watson Corey T , Lubieniecki Krzysztof P , Loew Ellis , Davidson William S , Breden Felix
Published: April 2010

Background

Long wave-sensitive (LWS) opsin genes have undergone multiple lineage-specific duplication events throughout the evolution of teleost fishes.LWSrepertoire expansions in live-bearing fishes (family Poeciliidae) have equipped multiple species in this family with up to fourLWSgenes. Given that color vision, especially attraction to orange male coloration, is important to mate choice within poeciliids,LWSopsins have been proposed as candidate genes driving sexual selection in this family. To date the genomic organization of these genes has not been described in the family Poeciliidae, and little is known about the mechanisms regulating the expression ofLWSopsins in any teleost.

Results

Two BAC clones containing the complete genomic repertoire ofLWSopsin genes in the green swordtail fish,Xiphophorus helleri, were identified and sequenced. Three of the fourLWSloci identified here were linked in a tandem array downstream of two tightly linked short wave-sensitive 2 (SWS2) opsin genes. The fourthLWSopsin gene, containing only a single intron, was not linked to the other three and is the product of a retrotransposition event. Genomic and phylogenetic results demonstrate that theLWSgenes described here share a common evolutionary origin with those previously characterized in other poeciliids. Using qualitative RT-PCR and MSP we showed that each of theLWSandSWS2opsins, as well as three other cone opsin genes and a single rod opsin gene, were expressed in the eyes of adult female and maleX. helleri, contributing to six separate classes of adult retinal cone and rod cells with average λmaxvalues of 365 nm, 405 nm, 459 nm, 499 nm, 534 nm and 568 nm. Comparative genomic analysis identified two candidate teleost opsin regulatory regions containing putative CRX binding sites and hormone response elements in upstream sequences ofLWSgene regions of seven teleost species, includingX. helleri.

Conclusions

We report the first complete genomic description ofLWSandSWS2genes in poeciliids. These data will serve as a reference for future work seeking to understand the relationship betweenLWSopsin genomic organization, gene expression, gene family evolution, sexual selection and speciation in this fish family.
Polymorphisms in the gene encoding bovine interleukin-10 receptor alpha are associated with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection status
Authors: Verschoor Chris P , Pant Sameer D , You Qiumei , Schenkel Flavio S , Kelton David F , Karrow Niel A
Published: April 2010

Background

Johne's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Since this pathogen has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human IBDs, the goal of this study was to assess whether single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in several well-known candidate genes for human IBD are associated with susceptibility to MAP infection in dairy cattle.

Methods

The bovine candidate genes, interleukin-10 (IL10), IL10 receptor alpha/beta (IL10RA/B), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), TGFB receptor class I/II (TGFBR1/2), and natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (SLC11A1) were sequenced for SNP discovery using pooled DNA samples, and the identified SNPs were genotyped in a case-control association study comprised of 242 MAP negative and 204 MAP positive Holstein dairy cattle. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of SNPs and reconstructed haplotypes with MAP infection status.

Results

A total of 13 SNPs were identified. Four SNPs in IL10RA (984G > A, 1098C > T, 1269T > C, and 1302A > G) were tightly linked, and showed a strong additive and dominance relationship with MAP infection status. Haplotypes AGC and AAT, containing the SNPs IL10RA 633C > A, 984G > A and 1185C > T, were associated with an elevated and reduced likelihood of positive diagnosis by serum ELISA, respectively.

Conclusions

SNPs in IL10RA are associated with MAP infection status in dairy cattle. The functional significance of these SNPs warrants further investigation.
Genetic transformation of cotton with a harpin-encoding gene hpa Xoo confers an enhanced defense response against different pathogens through a priming mechanism
Authors: Miao Weiguo , Wang Xiben , Li Ming , Song Congfeng , Wang Yu , Hu Dongwei , Wang Jinsheng
Published: April 2010

Background

The soil-borne fungal pathogenVerticillium dahliaeKleb causesVerticilliumwilt in a wide range of crops including cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). To date, most upland cotton varieties are susceptible toV. dahliaeand the breeding for cotton varieties with the resistance toVerticilliumwilt has not been successful.

Results

Hpa1Xoois a harpin protein fromXanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzaewhich induces the hypersensitive cell death in plants. Whenhpa1Xoowas transformed into the susceptible cotton line Z35 throughAgrobacterium-mediated transformation, the transgenic cotton line (T-34) with an improved resistance toVerticillium dahliaewas obtained. Cells of the transgenic T-34, when mixed with the conidia suspension ofV. dahliae, had a higher tolerance toV. dahliaecompared to cells of untransformed Z35. Cells of T-34 were more viable 12 h after mixing withV. dahliaeconidia suspension. Immunocytological analysis showed that Hpa1Xoo, expressed in T-34, accumulated as clustered particles along the cell walls of T-34. In response to the infection caused byV. dahliae, the microscopic cell death and the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates were observed in leaves of T-34 and these responses were absent in leaves of Z35 inoculated withV. dahliae. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that five defense-related genes,ghAOX1, hin1, npr1, ghdhg-OMT, andhsr203J, were up-regulated in T-34 inoculated withV. dahliae. The up-regulations of these defense-relate genes were not observed or in a less extent in leaves of Z-35 after the inoculation.

Conclusions

Hpa1Xooaccumulates along the cell walls of the transgenic T-34, where it triggers the generation of H2O2as an endogenous elicitor. T-34 is thus in a primed state, ready to protect the host from the pathogen. The results of this study suggest that the transformation of cotton withhpa1Xoocould be an effective approach for the development of cotton varieties with the improved resistance against soil-borne pathogens.
Potent inhibition of tumoral hypoxia-inducible factor 1α by albendazole
Authors: Pourgholami Mohammad H , Cai Zhao Y , Badar Samina , Wangoo Kiran , Poruchynsky Marianne S , Morris David L
Published: April 2010

Background

Emerging reports suggest resistance, increased tumor invasiveness and metastasis arising from treatment with drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It is believed that increased tumoral hypoxia plays a prominent role in the development of these phenomena. Inhibition of tumoral hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α) is thus becoming an increasingly attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of cancer. We hypothesized that the anti-VEGF effect of albendazole (ABZ) could be mediated through inhibition of tumoral HIF-1α.

Method

In vitro, the effects of ABZ on HIF-1α levels in human ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-3) were investigated using hypoxic chamber or desferrioxamine (DFO) induced-hypoxia. In vivo, the effects of ABZ (150 mg/kg, i.p., single dose) on the tumor levels of HIF-1α and VEGF protein and mRNA were investigated by western blotting, RT-PCR and real time-PCR.

Results

In vitro, ABZ inhibited cellular HIF-1α protein accumulation resulting from placement of cells under hypoxic chamber or exposure to DFO. In vivo, tumors excised from vehicle treated mice showed high levels of both HIF-1α and VEGF. Whereas, tumoral HIF-1α and VEGF protein levels were highly suppressed in ABZ treated mice. Tumoral VEGFmRNA (but not HIF-1αmRNA) was also found to be highly suppressed by ABZ.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate for the first time the effects of an acute dose of ABZ in profoundly suppressing both HIF-1α and VEGF within the tumor. This dual inhibition may provide additional value in inhibiting angiogenesis and be at least partially effective in inhibiting tumoral HIF-1α surge, tumor invasiveness and metastasis.
Monitoring human cytomegalovirus infection with nested PCR: comparison of positive rates in plasma and leukocytes and with quantitative PCR
Authors: Zhang Shu , Zhou Yi-Hua , Li Lei , Hu Yali
Published: April 2010

Background

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection poses a significant health threat to immunocompromised individuals. Here we performed this study to set up a highly sensitive nested PCR method applicable for detecting HCMV infection in high-risk individuals. In this work, 106 blood specimens from 66 patients with potential HCMV infection were obtained. Total DNA was extracted separately from plasma and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of each sample. HCMV DNA was detected in parallel by nested PCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the results were compared.

Results

Serial dilution test revealed that the detection limit of nested PCR was 180 copies/ml. The nested PCR showed a higher positive rate than qRT-PCR (34.9% vs. 12.3%, p < 0.001). The positive rate of nested PCR based on PBL DNA was significantly higher than that based on plasma DNA (34.9% vs. 18.9%, p = 0.002). Of the 14 patients with serial samples, 11 were positive for HCMV DNA in PBL while only 7 were positive in plasma. Moreover, for each patient, nested PCR using PBL DNA also detected more positive samples than that using plasma DNA.

Conclusion

Combined use of nested PCR with PBL DNA is highly sensitive in defining HCMV infection. This assay is particularly useful in the case of quantification not essential.
Gi- and Gq-Coupled ADP (P2Y) Receptors Act in Opposition to Modulate Nociceptive Signaling and Inflammatory Pain Behavior
Authors: Malin Sacha A , Molliver Derek C
Published: April 2010

Background:

Investigations of nucleotide signaling in nociception to date have focused on actions of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Both ATP-gated ion channels (P2X receptors) and G protein-coupled (P2Y) receptors contribute to nociceptive signaling in peripheral sensory neurons. In addition, several studies have implicated the Gq-coupled adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor P2Y1 in sensory transduction. In this study, we examined the expression and function of P2Y1 and the Gi-coupled receptors P2Y12, P2Y13 and P2Y14 in sensory neurons to determine their contribution to nociception.

Results:

We detected mRNA and protein for ADP receptors P2Y12 and P2Y13 in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG). P2Y14, a homologous Gi-coupled nucleotide receptor, is also expressed in DRG. Immunohistochemical analysis of receptor distribution indicated that these receptors are widely expressed in nociceptive neurons. Using ratiometric calcium imaging, we found that ADP evokes increases in intracellular calcium in isolated DRG neurons and also produces a pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibition of depolarization-evoked calcium transients. The inhibitory effect of ADP was unaltered in the presence of the selective P2Y1 antagonist MRS2179 and in neurons isolated from P2Y1 knockout mice, whereas ADP-evoked calcium transients were greatly reduced. Analysis of behavioral responses to noxious heat before and after inflammatory injury (injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the hindpaw) revealed that P2Y1 is required for the full expression of inflammatory hyperalgesia, whereas local injection of agonists for Gi-coupled P2Y receptors reduced hyperalgesia.

Conclusions:

We report that Gi-coupled P2Y receptors are widely expressed in peripheral sensory neurons. Agonists for these receptors inhibit nociceptive signaling in isolated neurons and reduce behavioral hyperalgesia in vivo. Antinociceptive actions of these receptors appear to be antagonized by the Gq-coupled ADP receptor, P2Y1, which is required for the full expression of inflammatory hyperalgesia. We propose that nociceptor sensitivity is modulated by the integration of nucleotide signaling through Gq- and Gi-coupled P2Y receptors, and this balance is altered in response to inflammatory injury. Taken together, our data suggest that Gi-coupled P2Y receptors are broadly expressed in nociceptors, inhibit nociceptive signaling in vivo, and represent potential targets for the development of novel analgesic drugs.
Proposing the lymphatic target volume for elective radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis of clinical evidence
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Leong Cheng N , Zhang Zhen , Lu Jiade J
Published: April 2010

Background

Radiation therapy is an important cancer treatment modality in both adjuvant and definitive setting, however, the use of radiation therapy for elective treatment of regional lymph nodes is controversial for pancreatic cancer. No consensus on proper selection and delineation of subclinical lymph nodal areas in adjuvant or definitive radiation therapy has been suggested either conclusively or proposed for further investigation. This analysis aims to study the pattern of lymph node metastasis through a pooled analysis of published results after radical tumor and lymph nodal resection with histological study in pancreatic cancer.

Methods

Literature search using electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CANCERLIT from January 1970 to June 2009 was performed, supplemented by review of references. Eighteen original researches and a total of 5954 pancreatic cancer patients underwent radical surgical resection were included in this analysis. The probability of metastasis in regional lymph nodal stations (using Japan Pancreas Society [JPS] Classification) was calculated and analyzed based on the location and other characteristics of the primary disease.

Results

Commonly involved nodal regions in patients with pancreatic head tumor include lymph nodes around the common hepatic artery (Group 8, 9.79%), posterior pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes (Group 13, 32.31%), lymph nodes around the superior mesenteric artery (Group 14, 15.85%), paraaortic lymph nodes (Group 16, 10.92%), and anterior pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes (Group 17, 19.78%); The probability of metastasis in other lymph nodal regions were <9%.

Commonly involved nodal regions in patients with pancreatic body/tail tumor include lymph nodes around the common hepatic artery (Group 8, 15.07%), lymph nodes around the celiac trunk (Group 9, 9.59%), lymph nodes along the splenic artery (Group 11, 35.62%), lymph nodes around the superior mesenteric artery (Group 14, 9.59%), paraaortic lymph nodes (Group 16, 16.44%), and inferior body lymph nodes (Group 18, 24.66%). The probability of metastasis in other lymph nodal regions were <9%.

Conclusions

Pancreatic cancer has a high propensity of regional lymphatic metastases; however, clear patterns including the site and probability of metastasis can be identified and used as a guide of treatment in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. Further clinical investigation is needed to study the efficacy of elective treatment to CTV defined based on these patterns using high-dose conformal or intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
Validation and implementation of array comparative genomic hybridisation as a first line test in place of postnatal karyotyping for genome imbalance
Authors: Ahn Joo Wook , Mann Kathy , Walsh Sally , Shehab Marwa , Hoang Sarah , Docherty Zoe , Mohammed Shehla , Mackie Ogilvie Caroline
Published: April 2010

Background

Several studies have demonstrated that array comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) for genome-wide imbalance provides a substantial increase in diagnostic yield for patients traditionally referred for karyotyping by G-banded chromosome analysis. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of and strategies for, the use of array CGH in place of karyotyping for genome imbalance, and to report on the results of the implementation of this approach.

Results

Following a validation period, an oligoarray platform was chosen. In order to minimise costs and increase efficiency, a patient/patient hybridisation strategy was used, and analysis criteria were set to optimise detection of pathogenic imbalance. A customised database application with direct links to a number of online resources was developed to allow efficient management and tracking of patient samples and facilitate interpretation of results. Following introduction into our routine diagnostic service for patients with suspected genome imbalance, array CGH as a follow-on test for patients with normal karyotypes (n = 1245) and as a first-line test (n = 1169) gave imbalance detection rates of 26% and 22% respectively (excluding common, benign variants). At least 89% of the abnormalities detected by first line testing would not have been detected by standard karyotype analysis. The average reporting time for first-line tests was 25 days from receipt of sample.

Conclusions

Array CGH can be used in a diagnostic service setting in place of G-banded chromosome analysis, providing a more comprehensive and objective test for patients with suspected genome imbalance. The increase in consumable costs can be minimised by employing appropriate hybridisation strategies; the use of robotics and a customised database application to process multiple samples reduces staffing costs and streamlines analysis, interpretation and reporting of results. Array CGH provides a substantially higher diagnostic yield than G-banded chromosome analysis, thereby alleviating the burden of further clinical investigations.
B cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients show important alterations in the expression of CD86 and FcγRIIb, which are modulated by anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy
Authors: Catalán Diego , Aravena Octavio , Sabugo Francisca , Wurmann Pamela , Soto Lilian , Kalergis Alexis M , Cuchacovich Miguel , Aguillón Juan C ,   Millenium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy P-07-088-F
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Several molecules help preserve peripheral B cell tolerance, but when altered, they may predispose to autoimmunity. This work studied the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 and the inhibitory receptor for IgG immune complexes FcγRIIb (CD32b), on B cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and the influence of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy.

Methods

Peripheral B cells from 18 RA patients and 13 healthy donors were characterized using flow cytometry. Eleven patients who underwent a six-month adalimumab therapy were further assessed for phenotypic changes on their B cells.

Results

RA patients exhibited a high percentage of naïve and memory B cells expressing CD86. In contrast, expression of FcγRIIb was significantly reduced on RA memory B cells and plasmablasts as compared to healthy donors, probably due to downregulation of this receptor when differentiating from naïve to memory cells. These alterations on FcγRIIb were associated with high levels of anti-citrullinated vimentin autoantibodies. In addition, treatment with adalimumab normalized the expression of CD86 on memory B cells and reduced the expression of FcγRIIb, mainly on naïve B cells.

Conclusions

Our findings show that peripheral B cells from RA patients have an altered expression of key molecules, such as CD86 and FcγRIIb. Because this latter receptor is required for feedback inhibition, a deficient expression might contribute to humoral autoimmune responses. Furthermore, these molecules are likely to be influenced by inflammatory factors, since they were modulated by TNF inhibition.
Effects of earplugs and eye masks on nocturnal sleep, melatonin and cortisol in a simulated intensive care unit environment
Authors: Hu Rong-fang , Jiang Xiao-ying , Zeng Yi-ming , Chen Xiao-yang , Zhang You-hua
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Environmental stimulus, especially noise and light, is thought to disrupt sleep in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). This study aimed to determine the physiological and psychological effects of ICU noise and light, and of earplugs and eye masks, used in these conditions in healthy subjects.

Methods

Fourteen subjects underwent polysomnography under four conditions: adaptation, baseline, exposure to recorded ICU noise and light (NL), and NL plus use of earplugs and eye masks (NLEE). Urine was analyzed for melatonin and cortisol levels. Subjects rated their perceived sleep quality, anxiety levels and perception of environmental stimuli.

Results

Subjects had poorer perceived sleep quality, more light sleep, longer rapid eye movement (REM) latency, less REM sleep when exposed to simulated ICU noise and light (P < 0.05). Nocturnal melatonin (P = 0.007) and cortisol secretion levels (P = 0.004) differed significantly by condition but anxiety levels did not (P = 0.06). Use of earplugs and eye masks resulted in more REM time, shorter REM latency, less arousal (P < 0.05) and elevated melatonin levels (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Earplugs and eye masks promote sleep and hormone balance in healthy subjects exposed to simulated ICU noise and light, making their promotion in ICU patients reasonable.
Pre-existing disease: the most important factor for health related quality of life long-term after critical illness: a prospective, longitudinal, multicentre trial
Authors: Orwelius Lotti , Nordlund Anders , Nordlund Peter , Simonsson Eva , Bäckman Carl , Samuelsson Anders , Sjöberg Folke
Published: April 2010

Introduction

The aim of the present multicenter study was to assess long term (36 months) health related quality of life in patients after critical illness, compare ICU survivors health related quality of life to that of the general population and examine the impact of pre-existing disease and factors related to ICU care on health related quality of life.

Methods

Prospective, longitudinal, multicentre trial in three combined medical and surgical intensive care units of one university and two general hospitals in Sweden. By mailed questionnaires, health related quality of life was assessed at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after the stay in ICU by EQ-5D and SF-36, and information of pre-existing disease was collected at the 6 months measure. ICU related factors were obtained from the local ICU database. Comorbidity and health related quality of life (EQ-5D; SF-36) was examined in the reference group. Among the 5306 patients admitted, 1663 were considered eligible (>24 hrs in the intensive care unit, and age ≥ 18 yrs, and alive 6 months after discharge). At the 6 month measure 980 (59%) patients answered the questionnaire. Of these 739 (75%) also answered at 12 month, 595 (61%) at 24 month, and 478 (47%) answered at the 36 month measure. As reference group, a random sample (n = 6093) of people from the uptake area of the hospitals were used in which concurrent disease was assessed and adjusted for.

Results

Only small improvements were recorded in health related quality of life up to 36 months after ICU admission. The majority of the reduction in health related quality of life after care in the ICU was related to the health related quality of life effects of pre-existing diseases. No significant effect on the long-term health related quality of life by any of the ICU-related factors was discernible.

Conclusions

A large proportion of the reduction in the health related quality of life after being in the ICU is attributable to pre-existing disease. The importance of the effect of pre-existing disease is further supported by the small, long term increment in the health related quality of life after treatment in the ICU. The reliability of the conclusions is supported by the size of the study populations and the long follow-up period.
Locus Reference Genomic sequences: an improved basis for describing human DNA variants
Authors: Dalgleish Raymond , Flicek Paul , Cunningham Fiona , Astashyn Alex , Tully Raymond E , Proctor Glenn , Chen Yuan , McLaren William M , Larsson Pontus , Vaughan Brendan W , Béroud Christophe , Dobson Glen , Lehväslaiho Heikki , Taschner Peter EM , den Dunnen Johan T , Devereau Andrew , Birney Ewan , Brookes Anthony J , Maglott Donna R
Published: April 2010

As our knowledge of the complexity of gene architecture grows, and we increase our understanding of the subtleties of gene expression, the process of accurately describing disease-causing gene variants has become increasingly problematic. In part, this is due to current reference DNA sequence formats that do not fully meet present needs. Here we present the Locus Reference Genomic (LRG) sequence format, which has been designed for the specific purpose of gene variant reporting. The format builds on the successful National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) RefSeqGene project and provides a single-file record containing a uniquely stable reference DNA sequence along with all relevant transcript and protein sequences essential to the description of gene variants. In principle, LRGs can be created for any organism, not just human. In addition, we recognize the need to respect legacy numbering systems for exons and amino acids and the LRG format takes account of these. We hope that widespread adoption of LRGs - which will be created and maintained by the NCBI and the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) - along with consistent use of the Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS)-approved variant nomenclature will reduce errors in the reporting of variants in the literature and improve communication about variants affecting human health. Further information can be found on the LRG web site: http://www.lrg-sequence.org.
Increased Expression of Angiogenic Genes in the Brains of Mouse Meg3-Null Embryos
Authors: Gordon Francesca E. , Nutt Catherine L. , Cheunsuchon Pornsuk , Nakayama Yuki , Provencher Katelyn A. , Rice Kimberley A. , Zhou Yunli , Zhang Xun , Klibanski Anne
Published: April 2010

Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) is a noncoding RNA highly expressed in the normal human brain and pituitary. Expression of MEG3 is lost in gonadotroph-derived clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Meg3 knockout mice were generated to identify targets and potential functions of this gene in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. Gene expression profiles were compared in the brains of Meg3-null embryos and wild-type littermate controls using microarray analysis. Microarray data were analyzed with GeneSifter, which uses Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and Gene Ontology classifications to identify signaling cascades and functional categories of interest within the dataset. Differences were found in signaling pathways and ontologies related to angiogenesis between wild-type and knockout embryos. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistological staining showed increased expression of some Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor pathway genes and increased cortical microvessel density in the Meg3-null embryos. In conclusion, Meg3 may play an important role in control of vascularization in the brain and may function as a tumor suppressor in part by inhibiting angiogenesis.