bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penetrance, cancer incidence and survival in HFE haemochromatosis—A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Schaefer Benedikt , Pammer Lorenz M. , Pfeifer Bernhard , Neururer Sabrina , Troppmair Maria R. , Panzer Marlene , Wagner Sonja , Pertler Elke , Gieger Christian , Kronenberg Florian , Lamina Claudia , Tilg Herbert , Zoller Heinz
Published: January 2024

Background and Aims

Haemochromatosis is characterized by progressive iron overload affecting the liver and can cause cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Most haemochromatosis patients are homozygous for p.C282Y in HFE, but only a minority of individuals with this genotype will develop the disease. The aim was to assess the penetrance of iron overload, fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and life expectancy.

Methods

A total of 8839 individuals from the Austrian region of Tyrol were genotyped for the p.C282Y variant between 1997 and 2021. Demographic, laboratory parameters and causes of death were assessed from health records. Penetrance, survival, and cancer incidence were ascertained from diagnosed cases, insurance‐ and cancer registry data. Outcomes were compared with a propensity score‐matched control population.

Results

Median age at diagnosis in 542 p.C282Y homozygous individuals was 47.8 years (64% male). At genotyping, the prevalence of iron overload was 55%. The cumulative penetrance of haemochromatosis defined as the presence of provisional iron overload was 24.2% in males and 10.5% in females aged 60 years or younger. Among p.C282Y homozygotes of the same ages, the cumulative proportion of individuals without fibrosis (FIB‐4 score < 1.3) was 92.8% in males and 96.7% in females. Median life expectancy was reduced by 6.8 years in individuals homozygous for p.C282Y when compared with population‐matched controls (p = .001). Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence was not significantly higher in p.C282Y homozygotes than in controls matched for age and sex.

Conclusion

Reduced survival and the observed age‐dependent increase in penetrance among p.C282Y homozygotes call for earlier diagnosis of haemochromatosis to prevent complications.
Getting to the root of divergent outcomes in the modulation of plant–soil feedbacks by benzoxazinoids
Authors: Bass Ethan
Published: January 2024

This article is a Commentary on Gfeller et al. (2024), 241: 2575–2588.
Short anesthesia without intravenous fluid therapy in children: Results of a prospective non‐interventional multicenter observational study
Authors: Vetter Lisa , Sümpelmann Robert , Rudolph Diana , Röher Katharina , Vetter Mathäus , Boethig Dietmar , Eich Christoph , Dennhardt Nils
Published: January 2024

Background

The German guidelines recommend that intravenous fluid therapy should not be mandatorily performed in children with short fasting times undergoing short anesthesia, but there is a lack of clinical studies including a large number of pediatric patients. Therefore, we performed a prospective non‐interventional multicenter observational study to evaluate the perioperative hemodynamic and metabolic stability of children undergoing short anesthesia without intravenous fluid therapy.

Aims

The primary aim was to assess the incidence of hypotension and the secondary aim was to assess the real preoperative fasting times, the incidence of hypoglycemia and the impact on ketone bodies and acid–base balance.

Methods

Children aged 1 month–18 years undergoing short anesthesia (<1 h) without intravenous fluid therapy were enrolled. Patient demographics, the surgical or diagnostic procedure performed, anesthesia, hemodynamic, laboratory data, and adverse events were documented using a standardized case report form.

Results

Four hundred and twenty seven children that were investigated at three pediatric centers from July 2021 to June 2022 (mean age 83.4 ± 58.9 months, body weight 27.9 ± 19.8 kg) were included in the analysis. The real preoperative fasting times were 14.2 ± 3.6 h for solids, 7.2 ± 3.5 h for milk and 5 ± 4.8 h for clear fluids. During the course of anesthesia, hypotension (<2.5th percentile) was detected in 3 of 427 cases (0.7%), hypoglycemia (glucose <3.0 mmol L−1) in 1 of 355 cases (0.3%), and ketosis (ketone bodies ≥0.6 mmol L−1) in 51 of 233 cases (21.9%). The occurrence of ketosis was associated with lower body weight (p <.001) and longer fasting times for solids or milk (p =.021), but not for clear fluids (p =.69).

Conclusions

Our study supported the German guidelines recommendation that perioperative intravenous fluid therapy is not mandatory in children beyond the neonatal period with short pre‐ and postoperative fasting times undergoing short anesthesia (<1 h).
The prognosis of delirium in older outpatients
Authors: Quispel‐Aggenbach Daisy WP , Zuidema Sytse U , Luijendijk Hendrika J
Published: January 2024

Background

Delirium is a common and serious neuropsychiatric disorder. The prognosis of delirium in older patients living at home has not been studied often before. The aim of this study is to examine the prognosis of delirium in patients attending a memory clinic of a psychiatric hospital.

Method

The study population consisted of 85 outpatients diagnosed with delirium between October 2013 and October 2014. Seventeen patients had already been diagnosed as having dementia. Three months after the diagnosis, consenting patients underwent a follow‐up visit. We recorded delirium status (remitted or not), new dementia diagnosis, subjective cognitive functioning compared to baseline and to before delirium, level of daily functioning, and place of residence.

Results

After 3 months, 45 (53%) had recovered from delirium, 19 (22,4%) had persistent/recurrent delirium, 12 (14%) patients had died, and another nine (11%) could not be revisited for other reasons than death. None of the 64 re‐examined patients reported that their cognitive functioning had recovered to the pre‐delirium level, and the mean level of daily functioning did not substantially improve either. The rate of diagnosed dementia increased to 63.8%, and 18 patients (28.1%) had moved to a nursing home.

Conclusions

Delirium in older outpatients has a poor prognosis. A larger study on the risk factors of the prognosis of delirium in older persons living at home is advised.
The Social Factors Associated with COVID‐19 Vaccine Distrust in the United States
Authors: Espinoza Luis Enrique , Jimenez David , Talleff Jennifer L. , Zubieta Gerardo , Vega Bonifacio , Ray Reagan Allison
Published: January 2024

This study examined whether specific social factors are associated with COVID‐19 vaccination distrust. Data originated from the Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey Phase 3.3 Week 42 collected from January 26 to February 7, 2022. In total, 38,504 adults answered the questions regarding receiving the COVID‐19 vaccine, COVID‐19 vaccine distrust, and the designated social factors. Logistic regression and ordinal regression were performed to examine specific social factors associated with the COVID‐19 vaccine to determine if differences were seen in a dichotomous outcome or scale outcome for distrust. Over 7% of men reported 1 or both types of COVID‐19 distrust compared to 6.6% of women. Men were more likely to distrust the COVID‐19 vaccine than women. There was a significant association between educational attainment and COVID‐19 distrust scale. The same association was seen also in household income and COVID‐19 distrust scale. Overall, this study identified specific social factors were a strong predictor of COVID‐19 vaccination distrust. These findings can assist public health efforts to reduce the health inequity of COVID‐19 vaccination efforts and reduce distrust in racial‐ethnic minorities.
Shame, suicidal ideation, and urges for non‐suicidal self‐injury among individuals with borderline personality disorder receiving dialectical behavior therapy: The mediating role of anger
Authors: Weatherford Jessica V. , Ruork Allison K. , Yin Qingqing , Lopez Ana C. , Rizvi Shireen L.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a disorder of pervasive emotion dysregulation associated with high rates of self‐injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITB). Understanding specific emotion states in relation to SITB is important for effective intervention.

Methods

The current study examined whether, and how, the specific emotion of shame contributes to suicide ideation and urges to engage in non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) both directly, and indirectly via anger, among individuals with BPD. Participants (N = 100) were enrolled in a 6‐month comprehensive dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) program and provided daily ratings of shame, anger, suicide ideation, and urges for NSSI.

Results

We found that higher daily ratings of shame and anger were directly associated with higher same‐day ratings of both suicidal ideation and urges for NSSI. Furthermore, anger partially mediated the relationships between shame and both suicidal ideation and urges for NSSI.

Conclusion

These findings highlight shame and anger as potential antecedents of SITB among individuals with BPD. Clinical approaches, such as DBT, that include personalized, ongoing, clinical assessment of these specific affective states may be particularly important for treatment of SITB.
“Breaking the silence” suicide Prevention media campaign in Oregon: Evaluation of impact on help‐seeking and suicide mortality
Authors: Gould Madelyn S. , Lake Alison M. , Chowdhury Saba , Noble Emily , Keyes Katherine M. , Gimbrone Catherine , Niederkrotenthaler Thomas
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Research has established that suicide‐related media can impact suicide rates both positively and negatively, supporting efforts to engage the media in the service of suicide prevention. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the impact of a suicide prevention media campaign implemented April 7–14, 2019 in Oregon.

Methods

Several indices of help‐seeking behavior and suicide risk were employed: suicide‐related Google Health API searches, National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (Lifeline) (currently known as the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline) call volume, and state suicide mortality data from April 7, 2016—May 6, 2019. Eight states with similar 2016–2018 average suicide rates were compared with Oregon. Bayesian structural time‐series modeling in R was used to test intervention effects.

Results

During the 30 days following the start of the campaign, there was a significant increase in Lifeline calls from Oregon area codes (2488 observed vs. 2283 expected calls, p = 0.03). There were no significant changes in suicide mortality or suicide‐related Google searches in Oregon.

Conclusions

The campaign appeared to increase help‐seeking behavior in the form of Lifeline calls, without any indication of an iatrogenic suicide contagion effect. However, the campaign's potential to reduce suicide mortality was unmet.
Molecular basis for the interference of the Arabidopsis WRKY54‐mediated immune response by two sequence‐unrelated bacterial effectors
Authors: Kim Haseong , Kim Jieun , Choi Du Seok , Kim Min‐Sung , Deslandes Laurent , Jayaraman Jay , Sohn Kee Hoon
Published: January 2024

Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY proteins are potential targets of pathogen‐secreted effectors. RESISTANT TO RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM 1 (RRS1; AtWRKY52) is a well‐studied Arabidopsis nucleotide‐binding and leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) immune receptor carrying a C‐terminal WRKY domain that functions as an integrated decoy. RRS1‐R recognizes the effectors AvrRps4 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi and PopP2 from Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum by direct interaction through its WRKY domain. AvrRps4 and PopP2 were previously shown to interact with several AtWRKYs. However, how these effectors selectively interact with their virulence targets remains unknown. Here, we show that several members of subgroup IIIb of the AtWRKY family are targeted by AvrRps4 and PopP2. We demonstrate that several AtWRKYs induce cell death when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, indicating the activation of immune responses. AtWRKY54 was the only cell death‐inducing AtWRKY that interacted with both AvrRps4 and PopP2. We found that AvrRps4 and PopP2 specifically suppress AtWRKY54‐induced cell death. We also demonstrate that the amino acid residues required for the avirulence function of AvrRps4 and PopP2 are critical for suppressing AtWRKY54‐induced cell death. AtWRKY54 residues predicted to form a binding interface with AvrRps4 were predominantly located in the DNA binding domain and necessary for inducing cell death. Notably, one AtWRKY54 residue, E164, contributes to affinity with AvrRps4 and is exclusively present among subgroup IIIb AtWRKYs, yet is located outside of the DNA‐binding domain. Surprisingly, AtWRKY54 mutated at E164 evaded AvrRps4‐mediated cell death suppression. Taking our observations together, we propose that AvrRp4 and PopP2 specifically target AtWRKY54 to suppress plant immune responses.
Patient and caregiver perceptions of the possibility of home blood transfusions
Authors: Binder Adam F. , Hossain Alavi , Doshi Riyana , Vivero Angelica , Gonzalez Karla Martin , Gentsch Alexzandra , Wilde Lindsay , Rising Kristin L.
Published: January 2024

Background

Patients with hematologic malignancies (HM) often develop transfusion dependence. The patient and caregiver burdens associated with the need for frequent transfusions are high. Home blood transfusions has the potential to reduce these burdens, but is not widely practiced in the United States. We designed a qualitative study to evaluate the patient and caregiver perceptions of the potential for a home blood transfusion program.

Study Design and Methods

Eligible patients included Adult (≥18 years) patients who were English speaking and met the definition for transfusion dependence within 3 months of study enrollment. We identified and interviewed eligible participants (patients and caregivers), using a semi‐structured interview guide to elicit patient perceptions of the acceptability, barriers, and benefits related to home blood product transfusions. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Results were imported into NVivo 12 (version 12; QSR International, Burlington, VT) for coding and analysis.

Results

We recruited participants until we reached thematic saturation, which occurred at 29 participants (20 patients, 9 caregivers). Among the 20 patient participants, nine had MDS (45%) and 11 had acute leukemia (55%). Most of the patients (60%) reported getting one transfusion per week. Four themes emerged when the participants discussed their perception regarding the potential of a home blood transfusion program: (1) current in‐person experience, (2) caregiver burden, (3) perceptions of home blood transfusions, and (4) interest in participating in a home blood transfusion program.

Conclusion

The concept of home blood transfusions was well received and further research to study its implementation is warranted.
End of selection criteria based on sexual orientation: An international symposium on alternatives to donation deferral
Authors: Lewin Antoine , Goldman Mindy , Busch Michael P. , Davison Katy , van de Laar Thijs , Tiberghien Pierre , Shinar Eilat , O'Brien Sheila F. , Lambert Gilles , Field Stephen , Hervig Tor , Tan Darrell H. S. , Custer Brian , Drews Steven J. , Lanteri Marion C. , Klochkov Denis , Widmer Eleonora , Domingue Marie‐Pier , Renaud Christian , Germain Marc
Published: January 2024

Background and Objectives

Until recently, gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) were deferred from donating blood for 3–12 months since the last male‐to‐male sexual contact. This MSM deferral has been discontinued by several high‐income countries (HIC) that now perform gender‐neutral donor selection.

Materials and Methods

An international symposium (held on 20‐04‐2023) gathered experts from seven HICs to (1) discuss how this paradigm shift might affect the mitigation strategies for transfusion‐transmitted infections and (2) address the challenges related to gender‐neutral donor selection.

Results

Most countries employed a similar approach for implementing a gender‐neutral donor selection policy: key stakeholders were consulted; the transition was bridged by time‐limited deferrals; donor compliance was monitored; and questions or remarks on anal sex and the number and/or type of sexual partners were often added. Many countries have now adopted a gender‐neutral approach in which questions on pre‐ and post‐exposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been added (or retained, when already in place). Other countries used mitigation strategies, such as plasma quarantine or pathogen reduction technologies for plasma and/or platelets.

Conclusion

The experience with gender‐neutral donor selection has been largely positive among the countries covered herein and seems to be acceptable to stakeholders, donors and staff. The post‐implementation surveillance data collected so far appear reassuring with regards to safety, although longer observation periods are necessary. The putative risks associated with HIV antiretrovirals should be further investigated.
Drought tolerance in tough lovegrass (Eragrostis plana): Understanding mechanisms and competitive ability
Authors: Ouriques Bastiani Marlon , Guidorizi Kezia Aparecida , Benedetti Lariza , Rockenbach Dalvane , Caratti Fernanda Cassiane , Zabala‐Pardo Diana Milena , Avila Luis Antonio , Souza Gustavo Maia , Lamego Fabiane Pinto
Published: January 2024

Eragrostis plana Nees is a perennial grass weed, native to South Africa and an invasive species of dry rangelands across Asia, Australia, and South America. We hypothesise that E. plana has evolved mechanisms of acclimation to drought conditions to a greater extent than bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), an important native grass forage species of livestock rangelands of Brazil, leading to a competitive advantage. We measured morphological, physiological, and biochemical response traits in E. plana and P. notatum to water deficit and competition. Levels of drought tolerance in the two species were greatest at the tillering growth stage, driven by low levels of leaf relative water content in E. plana and early stomatal regulation to avoid water loss in P. notatum. The mechanisms used to dissipate energy excess under drought are associated with an efficient antioxidant system and the biosynthesis of compatible osmolytes (proline). Despite reductions in fitness, both species survived a series of drought cycles, where E. plana showed a competitive advantage over P. notatum. These results help to explain the invasion success of E. plana in rangelands and demonstrate its potential threat to native biodiversity, particularly under drought conditions.
Hemodynamics in pig‐to‐baboon heterotopic thoracic cardiac xenotransplantation: Recovery from perioperative cardiac xenograft dysfunction and impairment by cardiac overgrowth
Authors: Bender Martin , Panelli Alessandro , Reichart Bruno , Radan Julia , Mokelke Maren , Neumann Elisabeth , Buttgereit Ines , Michel Sebastian , Bauer Andreas , Fresch Ann Kathrin , Mayr Tanja , Werner Fabian , Egerer Stefanie , Bähr Andrea , Kessler Barbara , Klymiuk Nikolai , Ayares David , Wolf Eckhard , Hagl Christian , Brenner Paolo , Längin Matthias , Abicht Jan‐Michael
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Orthotopic cardiac xenotransplantation has seen notable improvement, leading to the first compassionate use in 2022. However, it remains challenging to define the clinical application of cardiac xenotransplantation, including the back‐up strategy in case of xenograft failure. In this regard, the heterotopic thoracic technique could be an alternative to the orthotopic procedure. We present hemodynamic data of heterotopic thoracic pig‐to‐baboon transplantation experiments, focusing on perioperative xenograft dysfunction and xenograft overgrowth.

Methods

We used 17 genetically modified piglets as donors for heterotopic thoracic xenogeneic cardiac transplantation into captive‐bred baboons. In all animals, pressure probes were implanted in the graft's left ventricle and the recipient's ascending aorta and hemodynamic data (graft pressure, aortic pressure and recipient's heart rate) were recorded continuously.

Results

Aortic pressures and heart rates of the recipients’ hearts were postoperatively stable in all experiments. After reperfusion, three grafts presented with low left ventricular pressure indicating perioperative cardiac dysfunction (PCXD). These animals recovered from PCXD within 48 h under support of the recipient's heart and there was no difference in survival compared to the other 14 ones. After 48 h, graft pressure increased up to 200 mmHg in all 17 animals with two different time‐patterns. This led to a progressive gradient between graft and aortic pressure. With increasing gradient, the grafts stopped contributing to cardiac output. Grafts showed a marked weight increase from implantation to explantation.

Conclusion

The heterotopic thoracic cardiac xenotransplantation technique is a possible method to overcome PCXD in early clinical trials and an experimental tool to get a better understanding of PCXD. The peculiar hemodynamic situation of increasing graft pressure but missing graft's output indicates outflow tract obstruction due to cardiac overgrowth. The heterotopic thoracic technique should be successful when using current strategies of immunosuppression, organ preservation and donor pigs with smaller body and organ size.
Intervención psicoeducativa-multidisciplinar sobre la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con VIH de una asociación civil en Guadalajara, México
Authors: Plascencia-De la Torre Juan Carlos , Chan-Gamboa Elsy Claudia , Matsui-Santana Osmar Juan , Salcedo-Alfaro José Manuel
Published: January 2024

Objetivo. Evaluar el cambio en la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral y la regulación del estado emocional negativoen una muestra de pacientes con VIH, quienes recibieron una intervención psicoeducativa-multidisciplinar. Método.Estudiocuasiexperimental, conformado por 17 pacientes en el grupo experimental y 14 en el control, de una asociación civil en Guadalajara,Jalisco, México. Se utilizó el Cuestionario para la Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral (CEAT-VIH) y elCuestionario de Factores Relacionados con la Adherencia al Tratamiento para el VIH/SIDA (CFR-AT VIH). Se realizaron análisisdescriptivos y no paramétricos para la comparación de las variables de estudio.Resultados. Se encontró una mejora signicativa entodas las variables de estudio del grupo experimental: adherencia al tratamiento, estrés, ansiedad y depresión. En el grupo controlsolo se encontraron diferencias signicativas en las variables de estrés y ansiedad. Conclusión. La intervención psicoeducativa podríarelacionarse con una mejor adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral y una disminución en los estados de estrés, ansiedad y depresiónen los participantes del grupo experimental, al mes de haber culminado la intervención.
Liderazgo: actitudes que limitan el desarrollo comunitario
Authors: Lasso-Quintero Martha Isabel , Galeano Trilleras Heriberto
Published: January 2024

Objetivo. Describir los rasgos actitudinales que constituyen barreras en la práctica del liderazgo comunitario. Método. Lainvestigación fue de tipo cualitativo. Se basó en la Teoría Fundamentada, a partir de la observación participante y entrevistassemiestructuradas a líderes y lideresas. El trabajo de campo permitió sistematizar narrativas de 24 participantes, entre 2017 y 2019 endos comunas de la ciudad de Popayán (Colombia). Resultados. Se observaron barreras asociadas al individualismo, locus de controlexterno, abandono de propósitos por desesperanza aprendida, dicultad resolutiva y orientación al presente. Conclusión. Fueposible identicar en el liderazgo comunitario que subsisten actitudes condicionadas por las estructuras políticas, socioeconómicase históricas. En este marco, la intervención comunitaria deberá privilegiar la reexión crítica y la potenciación de capacidades paraaportar a la conquista del desarrollo comunitario.
Salud mental en universitarios del Ecuador: síntomas relevantes, diferencias por género y prevalencia de casos
Authors: Moreta-Herrera Rodrigo , Zambrano Estrella Joselyn , Sanchez-Velez Hernán , Naranjo-Vaca Susana
Published: January 2024

Objetivo. Conocer los síntomas psicológicos de mayor prevalencia, las diferencias por género y la incidencia de casos en unamuestra de estudiantes universitarios del Ecuador. Método. Estudio descriptivo, epidemiológico y comparativo por género, de cortetransversal por medio de la Escala de Salud General de Goldberg (GHQ-28). Participaron 444 estudiantes de tres universidadesdel Ecuador (57% mujeres y 43% hombres), entre 17 y 34 años (M= 21.4 años, DE = 2.2). Resultados. Los síntomas psicológicosde somatización y disfunción social predominaron en la muestra. Además, se encontraron diferencias por género t(442) = 2.24;p < 0.05, con mayor concentración en los hombres. El 24% de los participantes cumplieron los criterios de caso probable, debidoa los síntomas presentes en ellos, y requieren supervisión e intervención psicológica. Discusión. Un segmento de la poblaciónuniversitaria ecuatoriana es vulnerable a las alteraciones de salud mental; además, el género incide en el diferencial de síntomaspsicológicos, con mayor presencia en hombres que en mujeres.
Variables Associated with Dating Violence Victimization in Colombian Adolescents
Authors: Rey Anacona César Armando , Martínez Gómez Jorge Arturo
Published: January 2024

Objective. To examine the relation between a set of variables with dating violence victimization, among 811 adolescents from12 to 19 years old, attending various educational institutions from two intermediate Colombian cities. Method. e Spanishversions of the Conict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), the self-report of the Behavior AssessmentSystem for Children and Adolescents (BASC-S3), the SCL-90-R Checklist of Symptoms, and a self-report questionnaire ofpsychological variables were used. Correlational analysis and a multiple linear regression were implemented. Results. e frequencyof abuse received correlated signicantly (p ≤ 0.05) with clinical variables including somatization, depression and anxiety,substance use, suicide attempts and general clinical maladjustment, personality traits such as sensation seeking and atypicalityand with contextual variables such as school maladjustment, negative attitude toward school, family physical abuse, paternal andmaternal neglect and bad relationships with parents. All these variables explained 18.1% of victimization variance. Marijuana use,some psychopathological symptoms, and poor maternal relationships signicantly predicted such victimization. Conclusion. evictimization could be related to severe physical and mental health difficulties, as well as intrapersonal and contextual variableswhich should be considered together for the successful intervention of the victims, including their families and the schoolenvironment.
Validación de la escala para medir creencias que perpetúan la violencia intrafamiliar (CPVI) en México
Authors: Rizo-Martínez Lucía-Ester , Santoyo-Telles Felipe
Published: January 2024

Objetivo. Validar la escala para medir las Creencias que Perpetúan la Violencia Intrafamiliar (CPVI) en México. Método. Se utilizóun diseño cuantitativo de validación de la escala CPVI, así como la escala de Deseabilidad Social (DS) y la escala de Empatía (IRI)a 379 estudiantes universitarios mexicanos. Se analizaron la consistencia interna, la validez divergente y la estructura factorial.Resultados. La consistencia interna fue adecuada (alfa de Cronbach = 0.88; coeciente omega = 0.92). La escala CPVI no secorrelacionó con ninguna de las dos escalas evaluadas (DS e IRI). Se conrmó la viabilidad de la realización del análisis factorial,corroborándose el modelo de tres factores de la propuesta original de 39 ítems con adecuados índices de ajuste (CMIN = 2.3; GFI= 0.78; CFI = 0.85; RMSEA = 0.059) a través del análisis factorial conrmatorio; sin embargo, debido a las bajas cargas factorialesde algunos ítems, se recomienda una versión reducida de la escala de 31 ítems, lo cual mejoraría algunos índices de ajuste (CMIN =2.2; GFI = 0.80; CFI = 0.92; RMSEA = 0.050). Discusión. La escala CPVI es un instrumento válido y adecuado para su aplicaciónen estudiantes universitarios mexicanos.
Refueling the Engine
Authors: Blumreiter Julie
Published: January 2024

Diesel engine fuels cause unsustainable greenhouse gas impacts due to the fossil fuel diesel uses, rather than the engine design. Free the diesel engine from petroleum-derived fuels—or even from fuels that are required to be chemically similar to diesel—so that it can operate on any fuel and it can meet its essential economic functions while greenhouse gas emissions are reduced.
Flow Rate and Wall Shear Stress Characterization of a Biomimetic Aerosol Exposure System
Authors: Emma Sarles S. , Hensel Edward C. , Terry Janessa , Nuss Caleb , Robinson Risa J.
Published: January 2024

Current in vitro emissions and exposure systems lack biomimicry, use unrealistic flow conditions, produce unrealistic dose, and provide inaccurate biomechanical cues to cell cultures, limiting ability to correlate in vitro outcomes with in vivo health effects. A biomimetic in vitro system capable of puffing aerosol and clean air inhalation may empower researchers to investigate complex questions related to lung injury and disease. A biomimetic aerosol exposure system (BAES), including an electronic cigarette adapter, oral cavity module (OCM), and bifurcated exposure chamber (BEC) was designed and manufactured. The fraction of aerosol deposited in transit to a filter pad or lost as volatiles was 0.116±0.021 in a traditional emissions setup versus 0.098 ± 0.015 with the adapter. The observed flowrate was within 5% of programed flowrate for puffing (25 mL/s), puff-associated respiration (450 mL/s), and tidal inhalation (350 mL/s). The maximum flowrate observed in the fabricated BAES was 450 mL/s, exceeding the lower target nominal wall shear stress of 0.025 Pa upstream of the bifurcation and fell below the target of 0.02 Pa downstream. This in vitro system addresses several gaps observed in commercially available systems and may be used to study many inhaled aerosols. The current work illustrates how in silico models may be used to correlate results of an in vitro study to in vivo conditions, rather than attempting to design an in vitro system that performs exactly as the human respiratory tract.
The Presence of Chaos in a Viscoelastic Harmonically Forced Von Mises Truss
Authors: Ghoshal Pritam , Gibert James M. , Bajaj Anil K.
Published: January 2024

This work investigates how viscoelasticity affects the dynamic behavior of a lumped-parameter model of a bistable von Mises truss. The system is controlled by a linear first-order equation and a second-order nonlinear Duffing equation with a quadratic nonlinearity that governs mechanical behavior. The second-order equation controls mechanical oscillations, while the linear first-order equation controls viscoelastic force evolution. Combined, the two equations form a third-order jerk equation that controls system dynamics. Viscoelasticity adds time scales and degrees-of-freedom to material behavior, distinguishing it from viscosity-only systems. Due to harmonic excitation, the system exhibits varied dynamic responses, from periodic to quasi-periodic to chaotic. We explore the dynamics of a harmonically forced von Mises truss with viscous damping to address this purpose. We demonstrate this system's rich dynamic behavior due to driving amplitude changes. This helps explain viscoelastic system behavior. A viscoelastic unit replaces the viscous damper, and we show that, although viscous damping merely changes how fast the trajectory decays to an attractor, viscoelasticity modifies both the energy landscape and the rate of decay. In a conventional linear solid model, three viscoelastic parameters control the system's behavior instead of one, as in pure viscous damping. This adds degrees-of-freedom that affect system dynamics. We present the parameter space for chaotic behavior and the shift from regular to irregular motion. Finally, Melnikov's criteria identify the regular-chaotic threshold. The system's viscous and elastic components affect the chaotic threshold amplitude
Numerical Analysis of Unsteady Phenomena in a Contra-Rotating Stage Based on the Reduction of Local Entropy Production
Authors: Jia Xingyu , Zhang Xi , Yan Qiushuang , Zhao Zicheng
Published: January 2024

The primary purpose of this study is the reduction of local entropy production in a contra-rotating stage. As such, the unsteady flow phenomena and the impact of radial load distribution on these phenomena and local entropy production need to be clarified. In this study, the stress-blended eddy simulation (SBES) turbulence model is utilized to capture the vortices in the flow separation zone, and the γ-Reθ transition model is employed to predict the transition phenomenon within the boundary layer. Entropy production rate models suitable for different turbulence models are constructed separately to calculate local entropy production. Vortex visualization is achieved according to the λci criterion, and the relative vorticity change rate is used to analyze the components of the tip clearance vortices. The transition phenomenon is analyzed from the perspectives of both the Euler and the Lagrange descriptions. The primary findings can be summarized as follows: the transition begins earlier and progresses more rapidly in the rear rotor. Wake propagation, occurring at double the frequency, entropy production rate within the boundary layer changes in synchrony with the wall shear stress at the same frequency. Additionally, an investigation of the tip clearance vortices concludes that the main structure of the tip clearance vortices coincides with the flow pattern of the high entropy production rate region, and the flow structure related to the high divergence area is essential for considering subsequent optimization with the aim of reducing the entropy production rate.
Equilibrium Mechanical Properties of the Nonhuman Primate Cervix
Authors: Fang Shuyang , Shi Lei , Vink Joy-Sarah Y. , Feltovich Helen , Hall Timothy J. , Myers Kristin M.
Published: January 2024

Cervical remodeling is critical for a healthy pregnancy. Premature tissue changes can lead to preterm birth (PTB), and the absence of remodeling can lead to post-term birth, causing significant morbidity. Comprehensive characterization of cervical material properties is necessary to uncover the mechanisms behind abnormal cervical softening. Quantifying cervical material properties during gestation is challenging in humans. Thus, a nonhuman primate (NHP) model is employed for this study. In this study, cervical tissue samples were collected from Rhesus macaques before pregnancy and at three gestational time points. Indentation and tension mechanical tests were conducted, coupled with digital image correlation (DIC), constitutive material modeling, and inverse finite element analysis (IFEA) to characterize the equilibrium material response of the macaque cervix during pregnancy. Results show, as gestation progresses: (1) the cervical fiber network becomes more extensible (nonpregnant versus pregnant locking stretch: 2.03 ± 1.09 versus 2.99 ± 1.39) and less stiff (nonpregnant versus pregnant initial stiffness: 272 ± 252 kPa versus 43 ± 43 kPa); (2) the ground substance compressibility does not change much (nonpregnant versus pregnant bulk modulus: 1.37 ± 0.82 kPa versus 2.81 ± 2.81 kPa); (3) fiber network dispersion increases, moving from aligned to randomly oriented (nonpregnant versus pregnant concentration coefficient: 1.03 ± 0.46 versus 0.50 ± 0.20); and (4) the largest change in fiber stiffness and dispersion happen during the second trimester. These results, for the first time, reveal the remodeling process of a nonhuman primate cervix and its distinct regimes throughout the entire pregnancy.
The Influence of a Booster Seat on the Motion of the Reclined Small Female Anthropomorphic Test Device in Low-Acceleration Far-Side Lateral Oblique Impacts
Authors: Graci Valentina , Burns John , Duong Andrew , Griffith Madeline , Seacrist Thomas
Published: January 2024

Belt-positioning booster (BPB) seats may prevent submarining in reclined child occupants in frontal impacts. BPB-seated child volunteers showed reduced lateral displacement in reclined seating in low-acceleration lateral-oblique impacts. As submarining was particularly evident in reclined small adult female occupants, we examined if a booster seat could provide similar effects on the kinematics of the small female occupant to the ones found on the reclined child volunteers in low-acceleration far-side lateral oblique impacts. The THOR-AV-5F was seated on a vehicle seat on a sled simulating a far-side lateral-oblique impact (80 deg from frontal, maximum acceleration ∼2 g, duration ∼170 ms). Lateral and forward head and trunk displacements, trunk rotation, knee-head distance, seatbelt loads, and head acceleration were recorded. Three seatback angles (25 deg, 45 deg, 60 deg) and two booster conditions were examined. Lateral peak head and trunk displacements decreased in more severe reclined seatback angles (25–36 mm decrease compared to nominal). Forward peak head, trunk displacements, and knee-head distance were greater with the seatback reclined and no BPB. Knee-head distance increased in the severe reclined angle also with the booster seat (>40 mm compared to nominal). Seat belt peak loads increased with increased recline angle with the booster, but not without the booster seat. Booster-like solutions may be beneficial for reclined small female adult occupants to reduce head and trunk displacements in far-side lateral-oblique impacts, and knee-head distance and motion variability in severe reclined seatback angles.
Singularity Analysis of Actuation Coordination and New Indices for Optimal Design of Redundantly Actuated Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Liu Xiaofei , Wan Bo , Liu Yu , Wang Yu , Zhao Yongsheng
Published: January 2024

This paper focuses on the singularity of actuation coordination of redundantly actuated parallel manipulators and proposes a series of novel indices to evaluate the actuation coordination. The singularity is analyzed based on the coordinated dynamics model and divided into two categories: input singularity and output singularity. Influences of the singularity on the control performance of redundantly actuated parallel manipulators are studied with mechanisms 2RPU + 2UPR + RPR and 3RPR. Local and global performance indices of redundantly actuated parallel manipulators with actuation coordination are put forward, and the dimension optimization method considering the proposed indices is studied based on mechanism 6RPS. The research of this article possesses good reference significance for the performance analysis and control application of redundantly actuated parallel manipulators.
Identification of Real and Complex Solution Varieties and Their Singularities Defined by Loop Constraints of Linkages Using the Kinematic Tangent Cone
Authors: Müller Andreas , Li Zijia
Published: January 2024

The configuration space (c-space) of a mechanism is the real-solution variety of a set of loop closure constraints, which is therefore the chief object in kinematic analysis. Singularities of this variety (referred to as c-space singularities) are singular configurations of the mechanism. In addition, a mechanism may exhibit other kinematic singularities that are not visible from the differential geometry of the c-space (referred to as hidden singularities). Such situations were analyzed by investigating the local geometry of the c-space and its corank stratification. It has been shown recently that hidden singularities and shakiness can be attributed to the fact that complex solution branches intersect with the c-space, i.e., with real-solution branches. This paper employs the kinematic tangent cone to identify local solution branches. While the kinematic tangent cone is an established generally applicable concept, which gives rise to a computational (numeric and symbolic) algorithm, it has yet only been applied to analyzing the real-solution set. Application of the method is shown for several examples. Further, the algebraic aspects are briefly elaborated.
Thermal Performance of Double Walls With Polystyrene Bead Insufflation
Authors: Al Fakhoury Joelle , Sassine Emilio , Cherif Yassine , Dgheim Joseph , Antczak Emmanuel , Chartier Thierry
Published: January 2024

The improvement of the thermal and energy efficiency of buildings, regardless of their geographical location, is an objective that needs to be achieved quickly. The objective of this work is to develop a method to evaluate the thermal performance of a hollow block masonry double wall under controlled and pseudo-random experimental conditions. First, the thickness of the air space separating the two walls was varied to see the influence of the gap on this type of wall. Then, this technology was filled with polystyrene beads to improve the thermal performance at the wall scale. Finally, each case studied at wall scale was modeled and simulated numerically in 3D using COMSOL Multiphysics under the same conditions, properties, and dimensions as the one tested experimentally. The conclusions confirm that the double wall filled with polystyrene has excellent thermal behavior compared to the one without the addition of polystyrene beads and that the comparison between numerical and experimental results gave very satisfactory results.
Numerical Investigation on Thermal Performance of Nanofluid-Assisted Wickless Heat Pipes for Electronic Thermal Management
Authors: Jose Jobin , Hotta Tapano Kumar
Published: January 2024

Heat pipes are passive heat transfer systems and serve as an effective thermal management solution for electronic devices. The adaptability of heat pipes makes these suited for a wide application range, especially in the field of electronic thermal management. The current study highlights the transient numerical analysis of wickless heat pipes (thermosyphons) for the thermal management of electronic devices. The thermal performance of the thermosyphon is analyzed using both copper oxide (CuO) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanofluids with their concentrations at 1% and 5%. Deionized (DI) water is employed as a reference case for comparison. The study is carried out for variable heat inputs to the thermosyphon ranging 10–50 W for a time interval of 30 s. The idea is to analyze the effect of the evaporator heat input and the nanoparticles concentration on the temperature, heat transfer coefficient, thermal resistance, and effective thermal conductivity of the heat pipe. The results indicate that CuO nanoparticles at a 5% concentration lead to a maximum thermal resistance reduction of 4.31% at 50 W, while alumina nanoparticles at the same concentration lead to a more substantial reduction of 6.66% at the same heat load. The evaporator temperature varies between 377.52 K to 374.99 K using deionized water, and 376.95 K to 374.29 K using CuO nanofluid (at 1% concentration). The heat pipe's evaporator attains its highest convective heat transfer coefficient (437.91 W/m2K) by using alumina nanofluid with 1% nanoparticle concentration at 50 W. Moreover, the effective thermal conductivity of the heat pipe is enhanced by 5% and 7% for copper oxide and aluminum oxide nanofluids (with 5% concentration), respectively, at 50 W. Thus, the nanofluids play a significant role in improving the efficiency and reliability of electronic components. These findings demonstrate the potential of using the nanofluids in thermosyphons to enhance their thermal performance in electronic cooling applications.
Influence of Al2O3 atomic-layer deposition temperature on positive-bias instability of metal/Al2O3/β-Ga2O3 capacitors
Authors: Hiraiwa Atsushi , Horikawa Kiyotaka , Kawarada Hiroshi , Kado Motohisa , Danno Katsunori
Published: January 2024

The influence of Al2O3 atomic-layer deposition (ALD) temperature on the electric characteristics of Al/Al2O3/(2¯01) β-Ga2O3 capacitors was investigated focusing on the positive-bias instability (PBI) of the capacitors. The current in the capacitors increased with ALD temperature, mostly because of the reduced energy barrier height for the electron field emission from the substrate and less negative Al2O3 charge, as revealed by the analysis conducted assuming a space-charge-controlled field emission process. The PBI tests were conducted for cumulative voltage stressing times vastly ranging from 3 × 10−6 to 4 × 105 s. The capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of the capacitors for an ALD temperature of 100 °C displayed negative shifts in the middle of voltage stressing, unlike those for the other ALD temperatures. The bias stability of the capacitors was found to be considerably improved by high-temperature (450 °C) ALD. Additionally, the C–V characteristic shifts caused by the voltage stressing were theoretically reproduced quite accurately, assuming a model proposed in this study. In the simulations, the trap distributions in the Al2O3 films were assumed to be uniform both spatially and energetically. Importantly, the experimental results for various stressing voltages were excellently fitted by the simulations that assumed the same trap distribution. The trap densities in the Al2O3 films thus estimated reduced from 1.2 × 1020 to 2.2 × 1019 cm−3 eV−1 for ALD temperatures of 100–450 °C. This reduction in the trap densities was a major cause of the bias stability enhancement for high-temperature ALD. Moreover, the trap density as a function of ALD temperature qualitatively agreed with the aforementioned Al2O3 charge generated by the current measurements. This agreement provides a strong basis for the validity of the PBI model proposed in this study.
Revisiting acoustical gas-mixture separation
Authors: Sekimoto Satoshi , Yamagishi Yuji , Ueda Yuki
Published: January 2024

This study experimentally investigated acoustically driven gas-mixture separation. Acoustic wave propagation in a narrow tube can induce gas-mixture separation. A binary mixture of helium and argon was used as the gas mixture. The pressure amplitude of the acoustic wave and initial molar fraction of the helium gas were investigated. The obtained experimental data indicated that the molar fraction initially increased with increasing pressure amplitude, whereas the saturated molar fraction did not show a clear dependence on the pressure. Although the degree of separation was smaller with purer helium, gas-mixture separation occurred under all conditions within the experimental range.
Dynamically orthogonal narrow-angle parabolic equations for stochastic underwater sound propagation. Part I: Theory and schemes
Authors: Ali Wael H. , Lermusiaux Pierre F. J.
Published: January 2024

Robust informative acoustic predictions require precise knowledge of ocean physics, bathymetry, seabed, and acoustic parameters. However, in realistic applications, this information is uncertain due to sparse and heterogeneous measurements and complex ocean physics. Efficient techniques are thus needed to quantify these uncertainties and predict the stochastic acoustic wave fields. In this work, we derive and implement new stochastic differential equations that predict the acoustic pressure fields and their probability distributions. We start from the stochastic acoustic parabolic equation (PE) and employ the instantaneously-optimal Dynamically Orthogonal (DO) equations theory. We derive stochastic DO-PEs that dynamically reduce and march the dominant multi-dimensional uncertainties respecting the nonlinear governing equations and non-Gaussian statistics. We develop the dynamical reduced-order DO-PEs theory for the Narrow-Angle parabolic equation and implement numerical schemes for discretizing and integrating the stochastic acoustic fields.