bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Birth Control: A Review of Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Modalities, Associated Pros and Cons, and Their Effectiveness
Authors: Fairag Maryam , ALGhamdi Malak , Baghlaf Abdulaziz , Alallah Bader , Alharbi Turki , Alwani Shakr , Alshareef Ahmed , Alharbi Raad , Alsaedi Omar , Almehmadi Abdulaziz , Alamri Norah , Aljumah Sarah , Almutairi Malak
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Family planning importance is increasing progressively and is regarded as an essential part in every couple’s life. Family planning has a lot of benefits for the whole family as it provides a better control over the period between each pregnancy leading to a better balance over the personal, financial, and societal life. There are multiple birth control methods, from which couples can choose from with the assistance of their physicians since each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, some contraceptive methods may be more suited for a certain couple or situation than another one. This review of current methods aims to shed the lights on the various contraception options along with their advantages and disadvantages to aid providers in taking care of their patients.

Methodology: A thorough search was carried out on PubMed using the most suitable keywords representing the aim of the present study. A total of 120 were found and based on whether they are suited to achieve the aim of the study, 28 were selected.

Discussion: There is a great variety of birth control methods, and each has its associated advantages and disadvantages. Barrier contraceptive methods, most common of which are male condoms, are extremely popular in Western countries. Combined hormonal contraception methods which are available in the form of pills, patches, and rings. Progestin only contraception either in the form of a pill, injection or an implant is the most commonly used type among breastfeeding women. Furthermore, intrauterine devices are another effective contraceptive method which may be copper-based or hormonal-based.

Conclusion: Contraception is an integral part of family planning, which can be achieved through a variety of methods. Each birth control method has its own pros and cons that should be explained to the couple clearly, so they can choose the method that is most suited for them.
Clinical Manifestation of COVID-19 in General Age Group: A Review
Authors: Prakash Shringarika
Published: January 2022

Background: COVID-19 is the disease caused by SARS-COV-2 or novel coronavirus. It is extremely contagious and has capability to produce severe clinical outcomes.

Summary: Clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is different for different age groups. The general trend is that the chance of contraction and severe clinical outcome after infection increases with increase in age. The vulnerable section which is going through their immunosuppressive state must be cautious as they need to be protected more than any age group of the population.

Conclusion: More study needs to be done to find out the vulnerable groups and nuances attached between COVID-19 and clinical manifestation in them.
Nephroprotective Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Carissa carandas Leaves against Gentamicin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Wistar Albino Rats
Authors: Rajesham V. V. , Kandoti Hima Sowmya , Raghavendra Mitta , Ali P. Roshan , Rao T. Rama
Published: January 2022

The present study was aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Carissa carandas Linn. Leaves (EECC) in Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The renal damage was induced by Gentamicin (80mg/kg body weight, i.p.). Nephroprotective activity was investigated by the administration of EECC at two different doses (100 and 200mg/kg body weight, p.o) for 28 days and by assessing serum parameters, renal oxidative stress markers and histopathological studies. Gentamicin-treated animals showed an increase in serum creatinine, uric acid, urea, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decrease in total protein, reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase(CAT) compared to normal control animals, which indicates severe nephrotoxicity. Histopathological studies of kidney Gentamicin-treated animals showed extensive acute tubular necrosis and peri-tubular inflammation. Administration of EECC showed a significant improvement (p<0.05) in biochemical and oxidative stress markers compared to the disease group. EECC treated groups showed better histological appearance when compared to the disease group. Ethanolic extract of Carissa carandas Linn. Leaves showed significant nephroprotective activity against gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury.
Role of Public Awareness Ensuring the Sustainability of Arsenic Mitigation
Authors: Singha Sovan Kumar , Sikdar Deb Prasad
Published: January 2022

Arsenic poisoning is the largest mass poisoning in history. It causes numerous toxic effects to human health which ultimately leads to cancer or Alzheimer’s disease. Nearly 300 million people over 180 countries worldwide are suffering from the arsenic contaminated groundwater more than WHO directed limit. Despite of its potential fatal toxicities, there is no effective treatment for arsenicosis. Cost-effective arsenic removal technology is also a matter of considerable research. This study aimed to summarize the individual and social issues related to arsenic problem and the remedies suggested by different authors to cope with the adverse effects of arsenic. Reported studies emphasized that only mass awareness and mass education can stop the spreading of this disaster. This study will be helpful for future research on the awareness on arsenic contamination and studies on assessing behavior in different context. Policymakers may find it as helpful resource since it describes the problem from grass-roots level. Researchers’ of pharmaceuticals and medicines may be inspired to perform their research in this field.
Overview on Malocclusion after Maxillofacial Trauma and Its Management
Authors: Noorsaeed Ashwag Siddik , Alzahrani Reham Salem , Aljurbua Lujain Hussain , Sheayria Mohammed Fouad , Bokhari Siefuddin Abdulaziz , Althaqafi Faisal Eisa , Fahad M. Alsunaydan, Sarah , Lanqa Saba Abdulelah M.
Published: January 2022

Malocclusion is one of the most common and often difficult-to-manage complications associated with post-traumatic maxillofacial injury. Maxillofacial injury is considered an important health problem worldwide. Such injuries most often have significant financial consequences and result in deformity of facial aesthetics, loss of function, and increased incidence of other health problems. Many common treatment approaches are extraction of teeth, occlusal adjustments, functional therapy, or a combination of these. An appropriate treatment plan should typically involve orthodontic treatment because it can prevent multi-segment upper jaw operations and stabilize the arches by coordinating and aligning them. The most common and important form of post traumatic malocclusion is malocclusion secondary to condylar fractures. Patient may complain of an open bite with functional disturbances, facial asymmetry. There is also improper alignment of teeth, frequent biting of the inner cheeks or tongue, discomfort when chewing or biting. Management approach of secondary malocclusion after maxillofacial trauma should include prosthetic treatment, orthodontic treatment, and implant-supported rehabilitation.
Prevalence of Incidental Radiopacities in Panoramic Radiographs
Authors: Ara Hashmath , Krithika Chandrasekaran , Sridhar Chitathoor
Published: January 2022

Routine panoramic radiographs often reveal hidden lesions other than those related to the patient's chief complaint [1]. The study aims to determine the prevalence of incidental radiopacities in panoramic views. There are several conditions where calcifications can occur in soft tissue, including major and minor salivary glands, lymph nodes, and blood vessels, such as sialolith, phlebolith, exostosis, dystrophic calcifications, etc. [2]. Interpretation of panoramic radiograph should consider the possibilities of soft tissue calcification super-imposed in bone. Three hundred and sixty (360) panoramic radiographs are included in the study. The prevalence and distribution of radiopacities were documented along with the probable diagnosis. In addition, statistical analysis was done by SPSS software to evaluate the age and gender-related distribution of radiopacities in panoramic radiographs.
Study of Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of COVID-19 Patients in ICU and in Ward
Authors: Bankar Nandkishor , Bhadarge Gangaram L. , Bhatt Neha , Jha Rakesh Kumar
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Covid-19 is 65 nm to 125 nm in diameter and contains single-stranded RNA as nuclei content. Covid-19's global scale transmission, frequent occurrence, large number of deaths, infection and mortality among care providers, and multiplicative impact in vulnerable or sensitive groups are all major causes of concern. The clinical presentations of coronavirus disease are diverse, ranging from asymptomatic carriers to manifestations of respiratory collapse requiring mechanical ventilation and ICU support, as well as multi-organ and systemic symptoms such as sepsis, septic shock, and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes (MODS).

Aim: Comparison of Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Covid-19 Patients in ICU and in Ward.

Materials and Methods: 25 patients were ICU and 25 patients were ward. Patients went directly to the Observed Treatment in the Dept. of Medicine and Dept. of Respiratory.

Datta Meghe Medical College and Shalinitai Meghe Hospital and Research Centre.

Results: Serum urea and creatinine significantly raised in ICU patients as compare to ward patients while sodium, potassium and chloride were insignificantly increased in ICU patients.

Table 1 shows the D-dimer was also increased in ICU patients (3.45±2.76) as compare to the ward patients (1.49±2.13). D-Dimer is significantly increased in ICU patients (P=0.0071). As we can see in above table the level of Pro-BNP were highly significantly raised in ICU patients as compare to the ward patients (P = 0.0001). While level of Trop T insignificantly increased in ICU patients (P=0.8732).

Conclusion: Several indicators, such as elevated leukocyte and CRP, LDH, and deranged urea/creatinine, were identified to be most likely correlated factors with disease incidence and mortality in our study. So are lower bicarbonate levels. However, acute liver and kidney injury are more common in COVID-19 patients.
Prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome in School Going Children During COVID Era
Authors: Sanghavi Shruti , Sanghavi Ankur , Saoji Chetan , Muley Sonal , Daigwane Sachin
Published: January 2022

Background: Prolonged use of electronic devices poses a significant risk of Computer vision syndrome (CVS). Computer Vision syndrome is emerging as the next unexpected epidemic of the COVID era. Almost all children attending regular online schools are suffering from mild to severe Computer vision syndrome. Besides health problems, CVS also results in concentrate difficulties in studies and decrease a child’s performance. Awareness regarding CVS is increasing among folks of all ages since it has hit not just school going children but their parents as well who are pursuing work from home.

Materials and Methods: From March 2020 to March 2021, a multidisciplinary study was conducted to look at the increase in CVS and related factors among school-age children in School of Scholars, Nagpur taking online classes. The randomized controlled trial was used to select 600-school aged children between the ages of 8 and 17, and data was collected using a systematic questionnaire completed by the children's parents.

Results: CVS was found in 345 (57.5%) of the 600 children studied, which is very concerning. With proportions of 83.50 percent, 66.33 percent, and 62.17 percent, respectively, the most common reported signs of CVS were eyestrain, eye inflammation, and eye pain. CVS are linked to daily screen use and pre-existing eye disorder.

Conclusion: To deter CVS, it is critical to reduce screen time, improve parent and child understanding of safety precautions, and receive management support. To protect a child's overall well-being, we encourage policymakers and parents to restrict e-learning, since it will never be a suitable replacement for conventional classroom instruction.
How to Cope with Anxiety Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Authors: Doiphode Lavanya Vijay , Jain Pradip , Chakole Swarupa
Published: January 2022

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major effect on our daily lives. It has not only changed our daily routines and practices but also our behaviour to various situations. Social distancing which is necessary to break chain of spread of COVID-19 pandemic is creating a feeling of loneliness and anxiety moreover daily reports and statistics of deaths and people tested positive are creating a sense of fear in the population. A sense of discomfort and fear created due COVID-19 and the inability to cope with the situation is COVID anxiety. People already suffering from depression and anxiety may be more vulnerable to COVID anxiety. Vaccination which was the need of hour is available now but there are many myths and misconceptions related to vaccination in general population.

Conclusion: During these uncertain times people are facing all kinds of emotions including grief, fear, sadness, worry, anxiety and having a positive outlook and attitude is very important during these times we cannot succumb to the pressure we need to fight back and emerge stronger and set an example for the future generations.
Study of TNF-α, IL-6 and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Vidharbha Region
Authors: Kondhalkar Ankita , Barokar Rajan , Warjukar Prajakta , Jha Roshan Kumar
Published: January 2022

Background: DM is a metabolic condition caused by deficiencies in insulin synthesis, insulin action, or both. It is characterised by chronic hyperglycemia and glycosuria, as well as abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Diabetes and its complications are believed to be caused by a variety of causes. Genetics, diet, sedentary lifestyle, perinatal causes, age, and obesity are among them.  The relationship and interaction of various risk factors with disease severity is still unknown, so the aim of the proposed study was to determine the possible relationship between biochemical markers glycosylated haemoglobin, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and immunological markers TNF- and IL-6, in order to suggest appropriate measures to reduce the country's diabetes burden.

Materials and Methods: A total of 300 people were chosen for the study after visiting Shalinitai Meghe hospital in Nagpur for a health check-up. The three groups were contained in this area.

Results: Both biochemical and immunological parameters rose in managed diabetic patients and significantly increased in uncontrolled diabetic patients, according to the report, but values did not differ between groups 1.

Conclusion: Low-grade inflammation and inflammatory mediator upregulation have been suggested to play a role in T2DM etiology. TNF- and IL-6 have a positive connection with T2DM and insulin sensitivity, according to our data. These can be used as T2DM biomarkers in the early stages of the disease. To help doctors monitor and treat T2DM successfully, more research on a larger spectrum of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines (mediators) in conjunction with other biochemical, immunoassay, and hematological markers is needed.
Management Strategies for Oral Submucous Fibrosis- An Update
Authors: Sudarshan R.
Published: January 2022

There are plentiful management trials in Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF), such as drugs, herbs, and Chinese medicines, but none proved to be entirely successful. So in this review, there are different management strategies tried in the management of OSMF, mechanism of action, and the dosage regimen.
Assessment of Proximal Radio-median Cubital/Radio-Cephalic Arterio-venous Fistula
Authors: Akther Jawed , Lamture Y. R. , Gajbhiye Varsha P. , Ambad Ranjit , Ghunage Aditya V.
Published: January 2022

The present study aims to conducted the Assessment of Proximal radio-median cubital/radio-cephalic Arterio-venous Fistula. Arterio-venous Fistula is life line for long-term hemodialysis for end stage renal disease patients. The order of preference as per National Kidney Foundation/ Kidney Disease Out Come Quality Initiative (KDOQI) is distal Radio Cephalic fistula is considered as gold standard followed by elbow Brachio Cephalic Fistula, transposed Brachio-Basilic Fistula, forearm arterio-venous graft. This is a cross sectional-prospective interventional study, 05/2017 to 04/2019, JNMC, Wardha, MH, with sample size of 66 cases. Out of 66 cases 25 % patients had diabetes mellitus, 48% cases were suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis, 15 % cases were suffering hypertension, 6 % cases had COPD and another 6 % cases had some cardiovascular disease. About 54 % cases had previous access failure. In our study the mean flow volume for AV fistula in proximal forearm was 485± 291 ml/minon postoperative day1, 695 ± 298 on postoperative day 7 and 755± 347 ml/min. Overall postoperative complications in 12% cases was reported in our case study though Yilmiz et al reported postoperative complications in 15% cases.
To Determine the Clinical Profile and Manifestations of Scrub Typhus among People
Authors: Bankar Nandkishor , Chandi Dhruba Hari , Patil Praful , Mahajan Gaurav
Published: January 2022

Introduction: In developing countries acute febrile illness (AFI) is the most common presenting complaint in emergency and outpatients department. Usually in the rainy season and post rainy season Outbreaks of AFI occur in India.  Outbreaks like Dengue, Malaria, Typhoid, Scrub typhus and several viral infections have been classically responsible. Orientia tsutsugamushi is an obligate intracellular gram negative bacteria which cause Scrub typhus. Scrub typhus is the infection caused by the bite of infected chiggers. The clinical manifestation is characterised by the presence of fever, body pain, headache and rarely can cause rashes. Scrub typhus is mite borne rickettsiosis and is an endaemic infection in area unique to Asia, with an estimated one billion people. In recent years, many parts of India scrub typhus have rapidly remerged to become the major cause of AFI during monsoon seasons. In India, of the 29 states, 23 have reported the presence of scrub typhus.

Aim: The main aim of this study is to determine the clinical profile and manifestation of scrub typhus infection among people. Material and method: Total 72 patients with conform cases of scrub typhus fever were included in this study. The evaluation of fevers were undergone clinically initially serological test and Weil–Felix test followed by immunoglobulin M (IgM) scrub typhus and positive cases were included in this study. Consideration was taken of their clinical appearance and investigations.

Results: Total 72 positive cases were included in this study. Among the total IgM positive for scrub typhus were analyzed with their age and sex variation. From each and every patient different clinical manifestations and complications were analyzed and recorded.  The common symptoms were fever; myalgia, breathlessness, rash, and abdominal pain were recorded as 100%, 66.7%, 8.3%, 13.9% and 36.1% respectively.  Renal failure was the most common complications followed by pneumonia as 19.4% and 9.7% respectively. In laboratory findings high C-reacting protein and leukocytosis are also found in 81.9% and 33.3% respectively. 

Conclusion: Scrub typhus is a widespread tropical infection and often occurs as pyrexia of unknown origin. However sometime it is under diagnosed due to low indication of suspicion and due to non-specific clinical manifestation and also in most of clinical settings due to lack of diagnostic procedures. If there was early diagnosed then treatment will be easy and cost effective due to good response of antibiotics.
To Assess the Level of Vit B12, Vit C and Homocysteine in Chronic Smokers in Central India
Authors: Hawale Dattu , Ambad Ranjit S. , Kalambe Minal
Published: January 2022

Background: Smoking is related to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Cigarette smoking has been related to higher levels of homocysteine in the blood. Both have been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Smokers also have lower levels of vitamin B12, which affects homocysteine levels by serving as a cofactor or co substrate (folate) for the enzymes that regulate the metabolism of homocysteine.

Materials: This study was a case-control study, conducted in the Department of Biochemistry and medicine at DMMC & SMHRC, Nagpur in collaboration with ABVRH, Sawangi (Meghe). In the present study, the total number of subjects included was 200 having age Group between 30-60. The subjects were divided in two groups. Group 1: 100 subjects chronic smokers and Group 2: 100 subjects   non- smokers.

Results: The homocysteine concentration significantly increased in group 1 ( chronic smokers)  18.50±8.40 as compared to group 02( non smokers ) 8.30±5.30 and p value p<0.005.vitamin B12 concentration significantly decreased in  group 01 ( chronic smokers)  340.80±124.70 as compared to group 02 (non smokers) 485.45±175.68 and p value p<0.005. vitamin c concentration significantly decreased in group 1 (chronic smokers) 0.46±0.07 as compared to group 02 (non smokers) 1.12±0.15 and p value p<0.005.

Conclusion: On the basis of findings we concluded that the smoking increases Homocysteine levels and lowers the level of Vit B12 and Vit C leading to increase cardiovascular disease risk among chronic smokers.
Antimicrobial Activity of Fuller’s Earth, Turmeric, and Sandalwood against Streptococcus Mutans, Micrococci and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci -an In vitro Study
Authors: Dhanasekaran Lekha , Muralidharan N. P.
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Sandalwood powder (Santalum alba) is used if the skin is oily for removing dark spots on the skin. Sandalwood has an anti-tanning and anti-aging property. Turmeric powder (Curcuma longa) is mainly used to rejuvenate the skin. It helps to delay aging like wrinkles and also possesses other properties like antibacterial, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory, and many other properties. Multani mitti helps the skin in many different ways like the reduction of pore size pore sizes, removing blackheads and removing whiteheads fading freckles, soothing sunburns, cleansing skin, improving blood circulation, complexion, reducing acne and blemishes, and gives a glowing effect to your skin as they contain many-particles which can inhibit various organisms.

Materials and Methods: In this investigation, the antimicrobial viability of Turmeric, sandalwood and Multani Mutti was tested against Streptococcus mutans, Micrococci, and coagulase-negative staphylococcus. The microorganisms were filled in strong media, and culture containing stock suspensions was made and, in this way, standard strains of Streptococcus mutans, Micrococci, and Coagulase-negative staphylococci were obtained. Microorganisms were subcultured in fitting society media to affirm their virtue.

Results: The zone of inhibition of turmeric against Streptococcus mutans is about 11mm. The zone of inhibition of turmeric against Micrococci is about 9 mm. The zone of inhibition of turmeric against Coagulase-negative staphylococci is about 13mm. There was no zone of inhibition for both sandalwood and Multani mitti for Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus mutans, and Micrococci.

Conclusion: The study proves the turmeric has antimicrobial potential against Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus mutans,, and Micrococci with good prospects of development into antimicrobial face pack or face wash
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) in an Infant Due to Primary Carnitine Deficiency (PCD); A Rare Case
Authors: Gajbhiye Varsha , Patil Shubhangi , Gaikwad Sarika , Myadam Sushma
Published: January 2022

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is known to have ventricular dilatation and dysfunction in  myocardium. Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is a not common but a reversible autosomal recessive phenomenon with supplementation of carnitine. Case presentation- 11-month male child was brought with complain of fever, cough, cold since 7 days and increased work of breathing for 15 days.  2 D echo was done suggestive of dilated cardiomyopathy. His initial investigations; chest Xray revealed significant cardiomegaly electrocardiography, (ECG) showed prolonged QT interval fraction. Patient was treated with syrup carnitine syrup empirically, as there is no way to determine a fatty acid oxidation profile. Repeated 2D echocardiogram (2 D ECHO) was suggestive of recovery. Conclusions: Carnitine deficiency could be the cause of  cardiomyopathy and so treatment of carnitine supplementation can be considered empirically to avoid life-threatening complication related to cardiomyopathy.
Impact of a Head Covering on Photo-Therapy Induced Hypo-calcaemia in Full-term Neonates with Hyper-bilirubinemia
Authors: Mulye Sachin , Meshram Revatdhama J. , Thakrani Krishnakumar
Published: January 2022

Background: Hyper-bilirubinemia causes yellowish discoloration of the sclera and skin in newborns and is one of the most common disorders that neonatologists face daily. In the first week of life, 60 percent of term and 80 percent of preterm babies have jaundice. In neonates with unconjugated hyper-bilirubinemia, phototherapy is the most common treatment.

Objective: To compare the occurrence of hypocalcemia in full-term icteric neonates with and without head covering during phototherapy.

Materials and Methodology: Two hundred and eight full-term neonates were split into two groups for photo-therapy for hyper-bilirubinemia. The heads of the participants in the study group were covered with a hat. Before beginning photo-therapy, serum bilirubin and serum calcium levels were assessed, as well as after 48 hours of photo-therapy. SPSS software was used to tabulate and analyze the data.

Results: Ninety-four (45%) of the 208 neonates in the sample were males, while 114 (55%) were females. The average age was 5.56 +2.78 days, and the average weight was 3.04 +0.58 kilograms. Out of 208 neonates, 44 (21%) had hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia occurred in 28 neonates in the control group and 16 neonates in the study group. There was no symptomatic hypocalcemia in any of the newborns. The p-value for the Chi square test was 0.2. Since this value is greater than 0.05, it is not statistically important.

Conclusion: In comparison to neonates whose heads were not covered, fewer neonates with covered heads experienced hypocalcemia in our research. However, these findings were not statistically important. However, Research in other countries found that neonatal head cover at phototherapy had a substantial impact. As a result, we propose that a major multicenter study be performed in our country to determine the exact significance.
Community Insights Regarding COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Intention versus Hesitancy
Authors: Memon Khalida Naz , Ariser Kanwal Naz , Shah Rafaina , Siddiqui Muhammad Ilyas , Chouhan Shanti , Almas Sindhu
Published: January 2022

Background: It is widely believed that vaccine hesitancy is prevalent. Achievement of COVID-19 vaccination depends upon public willingness towards immunization against this disease. This study aimed at revealing the underlying situation regarding community hesitancy for COVID-19 vaccine. This study was conducted to determine the level of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among community and to seek association between socio-demographic factors and various perceptions about COVID-19 vaccine.

Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 390 health-care providers and general Pakistani people of age 20 years and above through non probability snowball sampling. An online questionnaire was used to gather data. The socio-demographic variables along with various concepts regarding intentions to take vaccine as well as hesitancy for the same were tried to bring on the surface. The p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: This study reveals that 61.28% of participants desired to get vaccinated. There was significant association between the desire to get vaccination with participant’s age & occupation (p-value < 0.01).  The significant association between the positive views of the health-care providers and the other study subjects (p<0.00) is highly encouraging. The other socio-demographic variables have varied effect on vaccine uptake intentions and hesitancy and require further research on this subject.

Conclusion: The study conducted on three hundred & ninety respondents consistently reveals the significant association between the positive views of the health care providers and the other study subjects with the p-values lesser than 0.001. The study concludes that other socio-demographic fabric of the community showed varied effect on COVID 19 vaccine uptake intentions and hesitancy.

Recommendation: 1. The broad based qualitative research is strongly recommended in order to better seek the community insights & perceptions regarding this public health issue.

The large number of Community people although want to get vaccinated against covid-19, still there is a widespread prevalent doubts about this vaccine as being not so safe for them. Such type of doubts among community necessitate that some counselling sessions be conducted in order to remove uncertainties among common people. Motivations of people need to be raised so as to increase the coverage of covid-19 vaccination.
Microbial Analysis of Contact Lenses
Authors: Tamilmani Hemaanhini , Muralidharan N. P.
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Contact lenses are small, thin lenses which are worn directly on the surface of the eyes. They can be worn aesthetically or to correct vision. Contact lens related eye infections can lead to serious complications such as blindness, and are associated with several risk factors such as sleeping with lenses, exposure to water, not adhering to replacement schedules, and reusing disinfecting solutions, among others. The severity of the infection may vary with the degree of pathogenicity of the microorganism. Hygiene and handling of contact lenses play a very important role. The main aim of this study is to assess the microbial analysis of contact lenses.

Materials and Methods: A total of 15 lenses were collected in 2 ml sterile saline solution individually and manually agitated for five minutes. The lens was then removed using a sterile toothpick from the container. The sterile container was stored at 4°C till it was processed. 50 microliter of the sample was transferred using a pipette and inoculated on nutrient agar, blood agar and sabouraud dextrose agar. The microorganism (fungus or bacteria) were identified by standard protocol.

Results and Discussion: Bacillus, Staphylococcus aureus and CONS [Coagulase Negative Staphylococci] were found in blood agar. No fungal growth was found among the samples. More importance could be given to contact lenses handling and hygiene to avoid eye related bacterial and fungal infections.

Conclusion: In the present study, the total CFU (Colony Forming Unit) was found to be confluent in all the participants who wore contact lenses for 4 months compared to those who have worn contact lenses from 15 and 28 days. Only bacterial growth was seen in the culture plate. There was no fungal growth seen from the samples collected.
Prevalence of Undernutrition and Its Associated Factors in Tribal Population of Gadchiroli (Vidarbha Region)
Authors: Ambad Ranjit , Jha Roshan Kumar , Bankar Nandkishor , Patil Sachin
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Under nutrition can be well defined as a result of insufficient food intake, living life with hunger and repeated infection. It comprises being underweight for one’s age, stunted growth where subjects are too short for one’s age,  hazardously thin wasted body and deficient in vitamins and minerals also known as micronutrient malnutrition.

Aim: Prevalence Of Under nutrition And Its Associated Factors In Tribal Population Of Gadchiroli at Aheri (Ct), Gadchiroli (Vidarbha Region)District, Maharashtra.

Materials And Methods: Family must consists of 1 children between ages of 1-6 years and their mothers must be available and willing to be interviewed were incorporated in the sample. Unwilling mothers were excluded. Three hundred study participants were included in the study.

Results: The response rate was 100%. Among all participants, 153 (51%) and 147 (49%) were females and males, respectively. Out Of the total parents, 173(57.66%) could not read, 56 (18.66%) can only read and write, 47(15.66%) of them has completed primary education and 24(8%) has completed secondary school. Out of 300 participants, 123 (41%) had monthly income of less than 750 rupeees.

Conclusion: Under nutrition was high among children below six years of age in gadchiroli,  Aheri CT, Gadchiroli.  Overall under nutrition was high found to be high and proper management should be done.
Systematic Review on Loxapine: A Typical Antipsychotic Drug Used to Treat Agitation in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Halim Abdul , Puri Ritika
Published: January 2022

Loxapine is an antipsychotic drug used in neuroleptic disorders since 1980 with an entrenched drug profile. Drug possesses dibenzoxazepine tricyclic 7-membered heterocyclic ring available commercially as oral, intramuscular and inhalation dosage forms. This review comprises the various study designs of loxapine irrespective of its dose formulations.

A comprehensive and systematic search was conducted on “Scopus”, “Web of science” and “Pub-med” data base and findings were critically analyzed. The data suggests that there is no significant difference in efficacy between typical and atypical antipsychotics.  Till now, oral and intramuscular route is widely in use. Oral dosage forms are available in the market for the treatment of agitation related to schizophrenia but it has limitation of delayed onset of action that results in increased risk. Intramuscular formulations reveal a significant difference compared to placebo with respect to agitation but time range could be in range of 15 to 60 minutes. Therefore, there is a need for a novel drug delivery system with rapid action, increased half life, better tolerance by the patient and sustained release to get enhanced patient compliance.
A Comparative Study on Effectiveness of Rocabado Approach and Conventional Physiotherapy on Pain, ROM and QOL in Patients with TMJ Dysfunction
Authors: Pundkar Sushma , Patil Deepali , Naqvi Waqar
Published: January 2022

Background: Temporomandibular joint disorder or dysfunction (TMD) are considered to be a subclass of the musculoskeletal disorders, so requires physiotherapy treatment. Till now very few studies have been done show the effectiveness of Rocabado approach and conventional physiotherapy, so the research aims to compare the effects of same in patients having mild to moderate Temporomandibular joint disorder.

Methods: Subjects (n = 60) with TMJ dysfunction were selected for a comparative study. The participants were randomized into (1) Group A, and (2) Group B. Participants of Group A received Rocabado approach while Group B received the conventional physiotherapy along with home exercises for a period of 8 days immediately following baseline assessment.

Discussion: The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Rocabado approach and TENS in the patients having mild to moderate Temporomandibular joint disorder. To conclude, we can say that that the current study found evidence to justify the application of Rocabado’s technique to TMJ mobility. It helps patients with TMJ problems having mild to moderate dysfunction to improve their discomfort, mouth opening and quality of life.
A Protocol on Comparative Evaluation of Epidural and Spinal Technique of Labour Analgesia in Rural Women of Central India and their Perceptions Regarding Pain Relief in Labour
Authors: Verma Neeta , Nigam Ankita
Published: January 2022

Background: Labour pain while giving birth is one of the most excruciatingly painful and emotionally stressful experience for a woman that has piqued the interest of several academicians. Labour pain is induced due to the uterine ischemia, expansion of vagina and birth canal, muscle contractions, and pressure on the bladder. To relieve the severe pain during labour, analgesia is required, which offers pain relief without the loss of consciousness. Regional analgesia (Epidural and spinal) are most commonly used for offering pain relief to women.

Aim: To evaluate whether low dose spinal analgesia is a better alternative to lumbar epidural analgesia for pain relief in labour.

Objectives - Primary objective is to evaluate efficacy of lumbar epidural and spinal analgesia for pain relief in labour. Secondary objective is to evaluate the perceptions of women towards the use of labour analgesia, to evaluate the maternal and fetal outcome and to evaluate the barriers affecting the use of lumbar epidural and spinal analgesia for women during labour.

Methods: In this randomized control trial study, where 60 patients are present in each group. Patients in GROUP E, epidural analgesia will be given using 18-gauge Touhy epidural needle by a loss of  resistance  to air technique, and after confirmation of space, an epidural catheter will be inserted cranially in L3 - L4 or L4-L5 interspace, and a dose of 15ml of 0.125% bupivacaine with 25µg of fentanyl would be given slowly. Group S patients will receive subarachnoid block using 25-gauge needle inserted and directed to reach the intrathecal space between L3 - L4 or L4 - L5 intervertebral space. After a successful Dural puncture with acceptable CSF flow, 0.1% bupivacaine 2ml with 25µg fentanyl will be given via spinal needle. Throughout the duration of delivery, hemodynamic monitoring including SPO2, ECG, heart rate and blood pressure of mother and fetal heart rate would be monitored under the guidance of obstetrician and anesthesiologists. Patient will be assessed every 5min for the first 15 min, and then every 15 minutes until additional analgesia was requested. The severity of labour pain would be assessed using visual analogue scale. (0 = no pain; 10 = severe pain). Within the first 24 - 48 hours postpartum patient will fill the self-administered questionnaires.

Results: The groups are expected to be similar. However, Low dose spinal analgesia may be a better alternative to lumbar epidural analgesia in providing effective pain relief for women in labour in terms of cost effectiveness. There are no results found as it is just a protocol. Results are yet to come.

Conclusions: The study would offer new insights and knowledge into the use of epidural and spinal analgesia in India, particularly Wardha. The perceptions of women, towards labour analgesia, its consequences or side effects, and the myths associated with its use will be comprehended.
Innovations in the Management System of the Process of Taking Medicines by Patients Based on Digitalization
Authors: Aleksashinа Angelina Aleksandrovna , Bezuglov Sergey Vyacheslavovich , Fomichevа Liliya Mikhailovna , Grigoriev Alexander Vladimirovich , Katlishin Oleg Ilyasovich , Barinov Sergey
Published: January 2022

In modern conditions, the digitalization of the healthcare sector has increased the pace of development. This is due to the peculiarities of the development of the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to solve issues related to public health more quickly than in the pre-pandemic era.

Today, digital healthcare platforms for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment, patient adherence and tracking of medicinal products are new scientific fields. However, innovative technologies and digital solutions are currently not available to all residents of our country, this is due to the ability to access the Internet, the provision of potential patients with PCs and phones with access to the Global Network. Nevertheless, the introduction of these technologies even in the most remote corners of various countries of the world is necessary, since the constant wave-like development of morbidity indicates a long-term prognosis of the spread of coronavirus infection. Accordingly, people must learn to live and fight this disease, and information technologies in the field of medicine can help them in this. The purpose of the work is to consider innovations in the management system of the process of taking medicines by patients based on digitalization.
A Study on the Contribution of a Digital Community towards the Parental Ecosystem Transformation
Authors: Nallamilli Mounika Reddy , Kuknor Sunaina
Published: January 2022

A research study was conducted to identify digital communities' role and sphere of influence in a parenting ecosystem. This report provides an overview of the target segment needs assessment and digitalization of their physical communities and support systems. Primary research was done via telephonic calls and zoom interviews of pregnant and new mothers and couples. Forty participants took part in the study to share their experiences and pain points. In addition to this, a WhatsApp group of 350 participants was created to observe the engagement on a digital medium. The study helped us validate the need for a social support system beyond the existing physical network of the participants to reach out to others with similar or better parenting approaches. 70% of the participants have expressed their willingness to join digital parental communities. The findings have been helpful to understand the role of a digital society, which can enhance the offerings of parenting facilitators and support parents in implementing better parenting practices. Of the last 10-12 years, there has been a steady increase in regional parenting networks. As a result, we picked the impact and influence of digital parental networks on these women's lifestyles and how they have aided in the growth of a conscious and good parenting style as our research topic. The conclusion outlines the impact of these communities and the significant concerns that have arisen due to their increased use.
Case Report Onventricular Septal Defect (VSD) with Pulmonary Hypertention (Eisenmenger Syndrome) with LSCS
Authors: Thool Bali , Lokhande Shalini
Published: January 2022

Background: A ventricular septal defect is a defect of the ventricular septal wall where the abnormal opening is present in between the two ventricles. Eisenmenger syndrome is a condition it may develop due to unrepaired heart defect and complication of unrepaired heart defect who is born congenitally. The congenital heart defects lead to Eisenmenger syndrome it developed due to abnormal blood circulate throughout the heart and lungs.

Case Report: The 23-year-old female was admitted to AVBRH with the chief complaints of a history of amenorrhoea since 8 months, complaints of breathlessness during exertion since the 7th month of pregnancy and she was referred to AVBRH from Amravati on date 27/1/2021. At the age of 14 years, she had a history of cyanosis at the time of fever and had recurrent episodes of fever for 2-3 yrs, lasting for 2-3 weeks. She is primigravida and had undergone LSCS on date 3/2/2021. She delivered a male child on date 3/2/2021 of birth weight 1.9kg at 12:15 pm.

Discussion: Patient with pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger syndrome where the surgery is contraindicated because in Eisenmenger syndrome surgery is life-threatening. Only medical management is available to treat Eisenmenger syndrome.

Conclusion: Ventricular septal defect in adult females where the pregnancy is contraindicated. Epidural anesthesia should be preferred while the patient undergoes the lower segment cesarean section. This case report concludes that in this condition emergency LSCS is the first choice of treatment and oxygen therapy.
Case Report on Primary Infertility with Hypothyroidism and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bali Thool , Shalini Lokhande , Lalawmpuii A. , Kalyani Ambule , Vaishnavi Shendre , Roshani Warghane
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Infertility is the inability, by natural means, of an animal to reproduce. Typically, adult species are not in their normal state of health. A woman who is unable to conceive well will define infertility as unable to bear a full-term pregnancy. Because of any ejaculating disease, and any declining sperm count, men are directly liable for 30-40% infertility. The WHO estimates the overall prevalence of primary infertility in India at 3.9% and 16.8%. Fertility estimates differ widely between India and 3.7% in Utter Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Case Presentation: On 9/12/2020, a 38-year-old female came for In Vitro Fertilization with a known case of primary infertility in AVBR Hospital, Wardha. Her complaint was inability to conceive for 4 years, irregular menses, headache, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite. She was admitted for in-vitro fertilization therapy for the 2nd cycle. She had a history of hypothyroidism for 8 years for which she has been taking Thyrox 50mg OD tablet and has Diabetes Mellitus for one year since she is taking Metformin 500mg BD tablet. Instead, she has no concerns about asthma, tuberculosis, epilepsy, etc. On 9/12/2020, she underwent an embryo transfer.

Diagnostic Evaluation: The diagnostic hysteroscopy was conducted at the private hospital in Amravati 2 years ago. She has been diagnosed with nullipara for 4 years as a primary infertility. She has already undergone 2 cycles of Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI) and 1 cycle of in vitro fertilization.

Hysterosalpingography: Both fallopian tubes are normal & patent uterus is normal.

Conclusion: There is multifactorial infertility. In both men and women, anatomy, physiology, the environment, hormones and genetics all play a role in causing infertility. Therefore, in the coming years, it is a very important problem and research in this zone is very essential.
Influence of COVID-19 on Quality of Life among Nurses Treating COVID-19 in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Sadasivam Pooja , S Preetha , Sridevi G. , Prathap Lavanya
Published: January 2022

Background: COVID-19 is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS- COV- 2). The coronavirus is transmitted by different ways, including contact transmission, direct transmission and aerosol transmission. In health care professions the largest and diverse forces are the nurses. Nurses are important in managing the health emergency management crisis because of their vital link between the health care professionals and the patients. The COVID-19 pandemic has placed health care professionals (HCPs) in high stressful circumstances due to increase in patients. Normal life of nurses would be unprecedented disruption and high risk of exposure. The aim of the study is to investigate the quality of life among nurses treating patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and Methods: The study setting was an online questionnaire survey among nurses in Tamilnadu. This study was conducted in February 2021. There are 127 participants in this survey. The answers regarding how they feel treating COVID-19 Patients, kind of support, impact and quality of life were collected. The data were analysed statistically using SPSS software. The results and observations were recorded in a pie chart. The chi square test and correlation between genders was done and represented in the bar chart. p<0.05 was statistically significant.

Results: More than 50% of the nurses responded that their quality of life was good. 43.31% Females have a good quality of life. 78% of the nurses replied that they have both physical and mental impact treating COVID-19 Patients. The association between the gender and quality of life of nurses was found with the help of chi square test p=0.383 (p >0.05) and hence it was statistically not significant.

Conclusion: The present study found that the majority of nurses 54.33% have a good quality of life.The officials in the health care system should improve the nurses' working conditions, strategies and their quality of work life, so that nurses will perform their duties properly.