bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student protest and the counselor
Authors: CAREY RICHARD W.
Published: December 2011

The problem of student protests provides a challenge to counselors because it indicates, among other things, that guidance has been ineffective. Five trends in student attitudes are described that seem to underlie widespread student unrest against the establishment. Then the role of youth in present‐day social change is defined and related to activism, and suggestions are made for counselors interest***ed in channeling student protests into educational improvements. Finally, a more aggressive and active stance by the counselor is called for as part of a revamping of the priorities governing counselor activities.
Eclecticism revisited
Authors: BRAMMER LAWRENCE M.
Published: December 2011

Eclecticism as a counseling point of view has experienced a history of contempt and skepticism mixed with sporadic enthusiasm. A viewpoint described here as emerging eclecticism has promise as a counseling position for the practitioner faced with the needs to be comprehensive, flexible, and open in his theory and method. The emerging eclectic is a skilled observer in the scientific behavioral tradition; he knows the history of counseling theory and contemporary views; he is aware of his unique style and counseling setting. From these he forges his own comprehensive evolving view of behavior change.
Service Delivery and High School Peer Counseling Systems
Authors: Fink Alan M. , Grandjean Patricia , Martin Michael G. , Bertolini Barrett G.
Published: December 2011

Earlier rationales supporting peer counseling systems have emphasized possibilities of increased service delivery and innovative counseling models. An ongoing peer counseling program was studied through questionnaires administered to clients, teachers, the general student body, and peer counselors themselves. Specific attention was directed to numbers of students served. Distinctions between formal and informal counseling relationships and problem content areas are discussed. Results suggested the existence of two distinct service delivery systems. An informal system served large numbers of self‐referred students and dealt primarily with personal‐social problems. A formal system reached fewer students, relied upon staff referral, and addressed academic difficulties. Implications for the design of peer counselor programs with varying goals were discussed.
Group Counseling in a Correctional Setting
Authors: Kahnweiler William M.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a model of group counseling with prison inmates. Members assume responsibility for what transpires and structure is not imposed by the leader. This format contrasts with the high degree of control and rigidity found in the institutional environment. The stages of a typical group are reviewed. The counselor's personality is seen as a crucial variable in the group's success. Those counselor qualities that engender positive group outcomes are explored. The author stresses that highly structured environments, such as prisons, need not be barriers to meaningful counselor intervention.
Critical Issues in Guidance and Personnel
Authors: LEE EDWIN A.
Published: December 2011

Thirty individuals prepared ninety brief statements setting forth what they believed to be the most critical issues in guidance and personnel. From these opinions the Director of the National Occupational Conference selected or prepared the most significant and helpful statements. These issues therefore constitute an expression of the best thought obtainable and present a real challenge to all guidance and personnel workers.
Can Occupational Trends Be Predicted?
Authors: MENEFEE SELDEN C.
Published: December 2011

How, when, and to what degree does technological change produce occupational dislocation? Can the implications of the shifting industrial scene be interpreted far enough ahead to prevent unemployment? Can job opportunities be forecast on the basis of recent scientific developments? The writer of this article considers these challenging questions in a manner both vital and sound.
Inactivation of Ink4a/Arf leads to deregulated expression of miRNAs in K‐Ras transgenic mouse model of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Ali Shadan , Banerjee Sanjeev , Logna Farah , Bao Bin , Philip Philip A. , Korc Murray , Sarkar Fazlul H.
Published: December 2011

Human pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive disease, which has been recapitulated in transgenic animal model that provides unique opportunity for mechanistic understanding of disease progression and also for testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics. Emerging evidence suggests deregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in human PC, and thus we investigated the expression of miRNAs in pancreas tissues obtained from transgenic mouse models of K‐Ras (K), Pdx1‐Cre (C), K‐Ras;Pdx1‐Cre (KC), and K‐Ras;Pdx1‐Cre;INK4a/Arf (KCI), initially from pooled RNA samples using miRNA profiling, and further confirmed in individual specimens by quantitative RT‐PCR. We found over‐expression of miR‐21, miR‐221, miR‐27a, miR‐27b, and miR‐155, and down‐regulation of miR‐216a, miR‐216b, miR‐217, and miR‐146a expression in tumors derived from KC and KCI mouse model, which was consistent with data from KCI‐derived RInk‐1 cells. Mechanistic investigations revealed a significant induction of EGFR, K‐Ras, and MT1‐MMP protein expression in tissues from both KC and KCI mouse compared to tissues from K or C, and these results were consistent with similar findings in RInk‐1 cells compared to human MIAPaCa‐2 cells. Furthermore, miR‐155 knock‐down in RInk‐1 cells resulted in the inhibition of cell growth and colony formation consistent with down‐regulation of EGFR, MT1‐MMP, and K‐Ras expression. In addition, miR‐216b which target Ras, and forced re‐expression of miR‐216b in RInk‐1 cells showed inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation, which was correlated with reduced expression of Ras, EGFR, and MT1‐MMP. These findings suggest that these models would be useful for preclinical evaluation of novel miRNA‐targeted agents for designing personalized therapy for PC. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3373–3380, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organosulfur derivatives of the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid sensitize human lung cancer cell lines to apoptosis and to cisplatin cytotoxicity
Authors: Tesei Anna , Brigliadori Giovanni , Carloni Silvia , Fabbri Francesco , Ulivi Paola , Arienti Chiara , Sparatore Anna , Del Soldato Piero , Pasini Alice , Amadori Dino , Silvestrini Rosella , Zoli Wainer
Published: December 2011

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide and despite efforts made to improve clinical results, continuing poor survival rates indicate that novel therapeutic approaches are needed. Valproic acid (VPA), a short‐chain branched fatty acid used mainly for the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder, has been shown to inhibit class I histone deacetylases (HDAC‐I), a group of enzymes involved in chromatin remodeling and which are thought to play a role in tumor development. Although evidence of VPA's therapeutic efficacy has also been observed in patients with solid tumors, the very high concentration required to induce antitumor activity limits its clinical usefulness. We used a panel of NSCLC cell lines to evaluate the activity and mechanisms of action of organosulfur valproic acid derivatives, a promising new class of compounds designed to improve the safety and efficacy of the valproic acid molecule and created by coupling it with a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)‐releasing moiety. Our results highlighted the increased cytotoxic activity of the novel organosulfur derivatives, ACS33 and ACS2, with respect to VPA, starting from low concentrations. In particular, ACS2 exhibited important pro‐apoptotic activity triggered by the mitochondrial pathway and also showed anti‐invasion potential. Furthermore, our in vitro results identified a highly effective combination schedule of ACS2 and cisplatin capable of inducing a synergistic interaction even when the two drugs were used at low concentrations, which could prove a valid alternative to traditional chemotherapeutic regimens used for advanced lung cancer. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3389–3396, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A framework for inference about carnivore density from unstructured spatial sampling of scat using detector dogs
Authors: Thompson Craig M. , Royle J. Andrew , Garner James D.
Published: December 2011

Wildlife management often hinges upon an accurate assessment of population density. Although undeniably useful, many of the traditional approaches to density estimation such as visual counts, livetrapping, or mark–recapture suffer from a suite of methodological and analytical weaknesses. Rare, secretive, or highly mobile species exacerbate these problems through the reality of small sample sizes and movement on and off study sites. In response to these difficulties, there is growing interest in the use of non‐invasive survey techniques, which provide the opportunity to collect larger samples with minimal increases in effort, as well as the application of analytical frameworks that are not reliant on large sample size arguments. One promising survey technique, the use of scat detecting dogs, offers a greatly enhanced probability of detection while at the same time generating new difficulties with respect to non‐standard survey routes, variable search intensity, and the lack of a fixed survey point for characterizing non‐detection. In order to account for these issues, we modified an existing spatially explicit, capture–recapture model for camera trap data to account for variable search intensity and the lack of fixed, georeferenced trap locations. We applied this modified model to a fisher (Martes pennanti) dataset from the Sierra National Forest, California, and compared the results (12.3 fishers/100 km2) to more traditional density estimates. We then evaluated model performance using simulations at 3 levels of population density. Simulation results indicated that estimates based on the posterior mode were relatively unbiased. We believe that this approach provides a flexible analytical framework for reconciling the inconsistencies between detector dog survey data and density estimation procedures. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The reaction of cyclohexane with H‐atoms: A shock tube and modeling study
Authors: Peukert Sebastian , Naumann Clemens , Braun‐Unkhoff Marina , Riedel Uwe
Published: December 2011

The present work deals with experimental investigations on the bimolecular reaction of H‐atoms with cyclohexane (cC6H12). Iodoethane (C2H5I) was used as an in situ source for H‐atoms to investigate the bimolecular reaction. As the reaction of cC6H12 with H‐atoms yields H2 and cyclohexyl radicals (cC6H11), the mechanism of the thermal decomposition of cC6H11 is of fundamental importance for the interpretation of the experiments. Therefore, also the thermal decomposition of 1‐hexene‐6‐yl (16‐C6H11) was analyzed due to the assumption that cC6H11 almost exclusively isomerizes to 16‐C6H11. 6‐Iodo‐1‐hexene (16‐C6H11I) was used as a precursor molecule for the generation of 16‐C6H11 radicals. The experiments were carried out in a stainless steel shock tube. For the reaction of cC6H12 molecules with H‐atoms, the measurements were performed over a temperature range of 1050–1190 K, at pressures ranging from 1.8 to 2.5 bar; the 16‐C6H11I experiments were carried out at temperatures between 1060 and 1160 K and pressures around 2.0 bar. Behind reflected shock waves, the H‐atom absorption was monitored by atomic resonance absorption spectrometry at the Lyman‐α line (121.6 nm). The experiments reveal important aspects about the thermal dissociation of cyclohexyl radicals (cC6H11). Concerning the reaction cC6H12 + H → cC6H11 + H2 (R1), a rate coefficient expression was derived: kR1(T) = 6.3 × 1013 exp(−2505 K/T) cm3 mol−1 s−1. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 130–146, 2012
Non‐parametric kinetic analysis of the oxidation of TiN and TiC nanoparticles
Authors: Sempere J. , Nomen R. , Serra E. , Sempere B.
Published: December 2011

The non‐parametric kinetics (NPK) method was developed for simulation purposes by applying macroscopic kinetics to complex reactions and transformations. This is able to describe a reaction and provide information about its temperature function, such as Arrhenius equation, and the type of reaction involved. To determine whether the method is applicable to reactions involving nanoscale materials, the NPK method is applied to study the oxidation of titanium nitride and carbide and the results are compared with those already obtained. NPK reproduces both reactions without any problems. It provides consistent results in the case of nitride, but in the case of carbide it suggests that more transformations are involved in the reaction, most likely including diffusional control of the reaction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 147–154, 2012
Kinetic studies on N‐Mannich bases of 3‐hydrazonoindolin‐2‐one in water–ethanol and water–acetonitrile mixtures
Authors: Ismail Amel M.
Published: December 2011

Various isatin–N‐Mannich bases have shown antiviral and tuberculosatic activity. A reaction of 3‐hydrazonoindolin‐2‐one was performed efficiently with morpholine in the presence of formaldehyde. Kinetic studies have revealed no reaction between 3‐hydrazonoindolin‐2‐one and morpholine in the absence of formaldehyde. The reaction was found to obey the pseudo–first‐order kinetics. It was carried out at the temperature range of 30–60°C and at different percentage compositions of aqueous ethanol and aqueous acetonitrile up to 50% v/v. Addition of the organic cosolvent to water decreases the rate of the reaction. The thermodynamic parameters of activation, e.g., ΔH*, ΔS*, and ΔG*, were calculated. The solvent effect is discussed, considering the dielectric constant of the medium, water concentration, and the differential solvation of the species to explain the variation in the reaction rate. The solvent effects were also analyzed in terms of Kamlet–Taft solvatochromic parameters in aqueous organic solvents, ethanol, and acetonitrile. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 125–129, 2012
Maxwell meets Korn: A new coercive inequality for tensor fields in with square‐integrable exterior derivative
Authors: Neff Patrizio , Pauly Dirk , Witsch Karl‐Josef
Published: December 2011

For a bounded domain with connected Lipschitz boundary, we prove the existence of some c > 0, such that
urn:x-wiley:1704214:media:mma1534:mma1534-math-0002
holds for all square‐integrable tensor fields , having square‐integrable generalized “rotation” tensor fields and vanishing tangential trace on ∂Ω, where both operations are to be understood row‐wise. Here, in each row, the operator curl is the vector analytical reincarnation of the exterior derivative d in . For compatible tensor fields T, that is, T = ∇ v, the latter estimate reduces to a non‐standard variant of Korn's first inequality in , namely
urn:x-wiley:1704214:media:mma1534:mma1534-math-0007
for all vector fields , for which ∇ vn,n = 1, … ,N, are normal at ∂Ω. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global nonexistence for an integro‐differential equation
Authors: Wu Shun‐Tang , Lin Ching‐Yan
Published: December 2011

The initial boundary value problem for an integro‐differential equation with nonlinear damping and source terms in a bounded domain is considered. By modifying the method in a work by Autuori et al. in 2010, we establish the nonexistence result of global solutions with the initial energy controlled by a critical value. This improves earlier results in the literatures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perturbations preserving conditioned invariant subspaces
Authors: Compta Albert , Ferrer Josep , Peña Marta
Published: December 2011

Given the set of matrix pairs keeping a subspace invariant, we obtain a miniversal deformation of a pair belonging to an open dense subset of . It generalizes the known results when S is a supplementary subspace of the unobservable one. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When does a royalty clause with a guarantee lead to a no‐equilibrium situation in a licensing contract?
Authors: Buratto Alessandra
Published: December 2011

We consider a licensing agreement where a brand owner grants to a manufacturer the rights to use his own brand on the goods she produces. The ‘royalty’ clause requires that the licensee pays a monetary compensation for having such property and it generally consists of a percentage of the licensee's sales. Furthermore, a guaranteed minimum royalty, the so‐called guarantee, is also required, and it has to be paid even in the face of total failure of the property.

We take into account such clause by considering a non‐differentiable term—the maximum between the guarantee and the percentage of the sales—in the payoffs of the involved parts. A Stackelberg game constituted by two non‐differentiable optimal control problems is formulated in order to find the Stackelberg equilibrium open‐loop advertising strategies for the licensor and the licensee. We discuss the existence conditions for such an equilibrium with respect to feasible guarantee levels, and we highlight that particular guarantee values lead to a no‐equilibrium situations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of wet‐laid techniques to form flax‐polypropylene nonwovens as base substrates for eco‐friendly composites by using hot‐press molding
Authors: Fages Eduardo , Gironés Sagrario , Sánchez‐Nacher Lourdes , García‐Sanoguera David , Balart Rafael
Published: December 2011

The wet‐laid process with flax (base) and polypropylene (binder) fibers has been used to obtain nonwovens for further processing by hot‐press molding. Mechanical characterization of nonwovens has revealed that slight anisotropy is obtained with the wet‐laid process as better tensile strength is obtained in the preferential deposition direction. The thermo‐bonding process provides good cohesion to nonwovens, which is critical for further handling/shaping by hot‐press molding. Flax:PP composites have been processed by stacking eight individual flax:PP nonwoven sheets and applying moderate temperature and pressure. As the amount of binder fiber is relatively low (<30 wt%) if compared with similar systems processed by extrusion and injection molding, it is possible to obtain eco‐friendly composites as the total content on natural fiber (flax) is higher than 70 wt%. Mechanical characterization of hot‐pressed flax:PP composites has revealed high dependency of tensile and flexural strength on the total amount of binder fiber as this component is responsible for flax fiber embedment which is a critical parameter to ensure good fiber–matrix interaction. Combination of wet‐laid techniques with hot‐press molding processes is interesting from both technical and environmental points of view as high natural fiber content composites with balanced properties can be obtained. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 39)
Authors: Green Martin A. , Emery Keith , Hishikawa Yoshihiro , Warta Wilhelm , Dunlop Ewan D.
Published: December 2011

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined, and new entries since July 2011 are reviewed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel benzimidazole moiety‐containing benzoxazine: Synthesis, polymerization, and thermal properties
Authors: Yang Po , Gu Yi
Published: December 2011

A novel benzoxazine‐containing benzimidazole moiety (P‐PABZ) was synthesized from 2‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole‐5‐amine and characterized. With the aid of differential scanning calorimetry and in
situ Fourier transform infrared, we found the thermal polymerization of P‐PABZ in bulk started around 140 °C and its favored polymerization pathway. Compared to the benzoxazine derived from 4,4′‐diamine diphenyl methane (P‐MDA), P‐PABZ exhibited lower processing temperature, and the corresponding polymers had higher glass transition temperature and enhanced thermal stability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of phenol‐based biaryl proton conducting polymers
Authors: Nagamani Chikkannagari , Guo Jing , Thayumanavan S.
Published: December 2011

Biaryl hydroxy polymers with orthogonal disposition of proton transporting OH moieties have been synthesized via conventional free radical polymerization. The polymers are characterized for their thermal stability and proton conductivity, and the results are compared with the corresponding styrenic hydroxy polymers. The orthogonal disposition of OH moieties in biaryl polymers does result in lower Ea for proton transport. However, the lower Ea values in biaryl polymers did not translate into a net increase in proton conductivity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Measurement of size‐dependent glass transition temperature in electrospun polymer fibers using AFM nanomechanical testing
Authors: Wang Wei , Barber Asa H.
Published: December 2011

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of individual electrospun polymer polyvinyl alcohol fibers of varying diameter was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM) based nanomechanical thermal analysis. Indentation and bending of individual electrospun fibers using AFM allowed the calculation of the elastic modulus of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers across a range of different temperatures. The elastic modulus of electrospun PVA fibers was observed to decrease significantly when passing through Tg, which allowed accurate determination of Tg. The Tg of electrospun PVA fibers was shown to decrease for smaller fiber diameters especially for fiber diameters below 250 nm. This size‐dependent glass transition behavior of electrospun PVA fibers is indicated as being due to polymer chain confinement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
The adiabatic‐to‐diabatic transformation angle and the berry phase for coupled jahn–teller/renner–teller systems: The F + H2 as a case study
Authors: Das Anita , Mukhopadhyay Debasis , Adhikari Satrajit , Baer Michael
Published: December 2011

The approach to calculate improved, two‐state, adiabatic‐to‐diabatic transformation angles (also known as mixing angles), presented before (see Das et al., J Chem Phys 2010, 133, 084107), was used here while studying the F + H2 system. However, this study is characterized by two new features: (a) it is the first of its kind in which is studied the interplay between Renner–Teller (RT) and Jahn–Teller (JT) nonadiabatic coupling terms (NACT); (b) it is the first of its kind in which is reported the effect of an upper singular RT‐NACT on a lower two‐state (JT) mixing angle. The fact that the upper NACT is singular (it is shown to be a quasi‐Dirac δ‐function) enables a semi‐analytical solution for this perturbed mixing angle. The present treatment, performed for the F + H2 system, revealed the existence of a novel parameter, η, the Jahn–Renner coupling parameter (JRCP), which yields, in an unambiguous way, the right intensity of the RT coupling (as resembled, in this case, by the quasi‐Dirac δ‐function) responsible for the fact that the final end‐of‐the contour angle (identified with the Berry phase) is properly quantized. This study implies that the numerical value of this parameter is a pure number (independent of the molecular system): η =
$ 2\sqrt 2 /\pi $
(= 0.9003) and that there is a good possibility that this value is a novel characteristic molecular constant for a certain class of tri‐atomic systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Microsolvation of DMSO: Density functional study on the structure and polaraizabilities
Authors: Venkataramanan Natarajan Sathiyamoorthy
Published: December 2011

The structure and stability for the association of water with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are investigated using the density functional M06‐2X level theory. Stable complexes are formed by the formation of hydrogen bonding between water and oxygen atom of DMSO molecule, while the electrostatic force between water and DMSO plays a vital role in deciding the structure. The water‐DMSO interactions are stronger than the interwater hydrogen bonds, which can be inferred from the shorter DMSO‐water bond distance compared with the water–water bond distance. The calculated solvent association energy does not saturate, and it remains favorable to attach additional water molecules to the existing water network. The calculated IR spectra shifts supports the formation stronger hydrogen bonding, while the electrostatic potential (ESP) plot supports the existence of weaker electrostatic interaction in the studied clusters. The polarizabilities for the ground state clusters were found to increase monotonically with the cluster size. The presence of additional electrostatic bonding between water and DMSO, devastates the linear hydrogen‐bonding network. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Theoretical study of the electronic structure of LiX and NaX (X = Rb, Cs) molecules
Authors: Dardouri Riadh , Issa Khaled , Oujia Brahim , Xavier Gadéa Florent
Published: December 2011

Adiabatic potential energy, spectroscopic constants, dipole moments, and vibrational levels have been computed for the lowest electronic states of alkali dimers LiX and NaX (X = Rb, Cs). Calculations have been carried with the use of an ab initio approach with core‐potential potentials and full‐valence configuration. Thus, these systems are treated as two‐electron systems. A good agreement is obtained for some lowest states of the molecules studied with available theoretical works. The existence of numerous avoided crossings between electronic states for 1Σ symmetries is related to the charge‐transfer process in each molecule between its two ionic systems (Li+X−, Li−X+) and (Na+X−, Na−X+). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Comprehensive study of the interaction between hydrogen halides and methanol derivatives
Authors: Raissi Heidar , Yoosefian Mehdi , Mollania Fariba
Published: December 2011

The RCH2HO…HX (R = SCl, Cl, SH, NO2, OMe, CHO, CN, C2H5, CH3, H; X = F, Cl, Br) complexes are considered here as the interest sample for the consideration of different measures of H‐bond strength. The intermolecular interaction energies are predicted by using MP2/6‐31++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p) methods with basis set superposition error and zero‐point energy corrections. The results showed that intermolecular hydrogen bonds for complexes with HF are stronger than such interactions in complexes with HCl and HBr. Quantum theory of “Atoms in Molecules” and natural bond orbitals method were applied to analyzed H‐bond interactions. The gas phase thermodynamic properties of complexes were predicted using quantum mechanical computations. The obtained results showed a strong influence of the R and X substituents on the thermodynamic properties of complexes. Numerous correlations between topological, geometrical, thermodynamic properties and energetic parameters were also found. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantification of character‐impacting compounds in Ocimum basilicum and 'Pesto alla Genovese' with selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
Authors: Amadei Gianluca , Ross Brian M.
Published: December 2011

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is an important flavourant plant which constitutes the major ingredient of the pasta sauce 'Pesto alla Genovese'. The characteristic smell of basil stems mainly from a handful of terpenoids (methyl cinnamate, eucalyptol, linalool and estragole), the concentration of which varies according to basil cultivars. The simple and rapid analysis of the terpenoid constituents of basil would be useful as a means to optimise harvesting times and to act as a quality control process for basil‐containing foodstuffs. Classical analytical techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) are, however, slow, technically demanding and therefore less suitable for routine analysis. A new chemical ionisation technique which allows real‐time quantification of traces gases, Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT‐MS), was therefore utilised to determine its usefulness for the assay of terpenoid concentrations in basil and pesto sauce headspace. Trace gas analysis was performed using the NO+ precursor ion which minimised interference from other compounds. Character‐impacting compound concentration was measured in basil headspace with good reproducibility and statistically significant differences were observed between cultivars. Quantification of linalool in pesto sauce headspace proved more difficult due to the presence of interfering compounds. This was resolved by careful selection of reaction product ions which allowed us to detect differences between various commercial brands of pesto. We conclude that SIFT‐MS may be a valid tool for the fast and reproducible analysis of flavourant terpenoids in basil and basil‐derived foodstuffs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activin and BMP4 Synergistically Promote Formation of Definitive Endoderm in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Teo Adrian K. K. , Ali Yusuf , Wong Kee Yew , Chipperfield Hiram , Sadasivam Akila , Poobalan Yogavalli , Tan Ee Kim , Wang Siew Tein , Abraham Suman , Tsuneyoshi Norihiro , Stanton Lawrence W. , Dunn N. Ray
Published: December 2011

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) herald tremendous promise for the production of clinically useful cell types for the treatment of injury and disease. Numerous reports demonstrate their differentiation into definitive endoderm (DE) cells, the germ layer from which pancreatic β cells and hepatocytes arise, solely from exposure to a high dose of recombinant Activin/Nodal. We show that combining a second related ligand, BMP4, in combination with Activin A yields 15%–20% more DE as compared with Activin A alone. The addition of recombinant BMP4 accelerates the downregulation of pluripotency genes, particularly SOX2, and results in upregulation of endogenous BMP2 and BMP4, which in turn leads to elevated levels of phospho-SMAD1/5/8. Combined Activin A and BMP4 treatment also leads to an increase in the expression of DE genes CXCR4, SOX17, and FOXA2 when compared with Activin A addition alone. Comparative microarray studies between DE cells harvested on day 3 of differentiation further reveal a novel set of genes upregulated in response to initial BMP4 exposure. Several of these, including APLNR, LRIG3, MCC, LEPREL1, ROR2, and LZTS1, are expressed in the mouse primitive streak, the site of DE formation. Thus, this synergism between Activin A and BMP4 during the in vitro differentiation of hESC into DE suggests a complex interplay between BMP and Activin/Nodal signaling during the in vivo allocation and expansion of the endoderm lineage.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Rodent seed predation on tree invader species in grassland habitats of the inland Pampa
Authors: Busch María , Knight Carol , Mazía Cristina Noemí , Hodara Karina , Muschetto Emiliano , Chaneton Enrique
Published: December 2011

Woody plant invasion in grassland ecosystems is a worldwide phenomenon, and biotic interactions as competition and predation have been invoked as a possible barrier to woody encroachment in many ecosystems. We evaluated the role of rodents as seed predators in Pampean grasslands, and we assessed the differences in removal by rodents between one native species, Prosopis caldenia (Caldén) and one exotic species, Gleditisia triacanthos (Honey locust). The experiment was conducted at different phases of the rodent population cycle in two grassland communities, a remnant of a native grassland and a post agriculture grassland (old field). The amount of seed loss caused by predation was estimated by a bait‐removal experiment in foraging stations. We estimated the frequency of foraging stations with consumption, the overall amount of seed predation and the individual rate of seed predation. The total amount of seed removal and the individual rate of seed removal were higher for P. caldenia than for G. triacanthos, in the native grassland than in the old field, and in autumn when rodent density was maximum. Overall, the role of rodents on woody seed removal varied according to the plant species and depending on the local conditions that vary through time and space.
Redox properties of tyrosine and related molecules
Authors: Warren Jeffrey J. , Winkler Jay R. , Gray Harry B.
Published: December 2011

Redox reactions of tyrosine play key roles in many biological processes, including water oxidation and DNA synthesis. We first review the redox properties of tyrosine (and other phenols) in small molecules and related polypeptides, then report work on (H20)/(Y48)‐modified Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin. The crystal structure of this protein (1.18 Å resolution) shows that H20 is strongly hydrogen bonded to Y48 (2.7–2.8 Å tyrosine‐O to histidine‐N distance). A firm conclusion is that proper tuning of the tyrosine potential by a proton‐accepting base is critical for biological redox functions.
Phosphorylation of Akt/GSK‐3β/eNOS amplifies 5‐HT2B receptor blockade mediated anti‐hypertrophic effect in rats
Authors: Bharti Saurabh , Singh Ratnakar , Chauhan S.S. , Hussain Tajamul , Al-Attas Omar S. , Arya Dharamvir Singh
Published: December 2011

Herein, we studied the cross talk between 5‐HT2B receptor blocker (SB‐204741) and GSK‐3β inhibitor (SB‐216763) in isoproterenol‐induced cardiac hypertrophy for 28
days. SB‐204741 treatment significantly ameliorated (P
< 0.05) myocardial dysfunction, myocyte area, fibrosis and myocardial architecture in isoproterenol insulted myocardium. Moreover, this improvement in functional and morphological changes was associated with suppression of hypertrophic (BNP and CK‐MB), inflammatory (IKK‐β/NF‐κB/TNF‐α and CRP), and apoptotic markers (TUNEL positivity and Bax expression) along with phosphorylation of Akt/GSK‐3β/β‐catenin/eNOS. Intriguingly, co‐treatment with GSK‐3β inhibitor (P
< 0.01) further amplified the anti‐hypertrophic effect of SB‐204741 (P
< 0.05) such that the effect was indistinguishable from that of vehicle treated rats. Thus, 5‐HT2B receptor blockade mediated anti‐hypertrophic effect is atleast in part is governed through phosphorylation of Akt/GSK‐3β/β‐catenin/eNOS via attenuating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways.
Online preconcentration ICP‐MS analysis of rare earth elements in seawater
Authors: Hathorne Ed C. , Haley Brian , Stichel Torben , Grasse Patricia , Zieringer Moritz , Frank Martin
Published: December 2011

The rare earth elements (REEs) with their systematically varying properties are powerful tracers of continental inputs, particle scavenging intensity and the oxidation state of seawater. However, their generally low (∼pmol/kg) concentrations in seawater and fractionation potential during chemical treatment makes them difficult to measure. Here we report a technique using an automated preconcentration system, which efficiently separates seawater matrix elements and elutes the preconcentrated sample directly into the spray chamber of an ICP‐MS instrument. The commercially available “seaFAST” system (Elemental Scientific Inc.) makes use of a resin with ethylenediaminetriacetic acid and iminodiacetic acid functional groups to preconcentrate REEs and other metals while anions and alkali and alkaline earth cations are washed out. Repeated measurements of seawater from 2000 m water depth in the Southern Ocean allows the external precision (2σ) of the technique to be estimated at <23% for all REEs and <15% for most. Comparison of Nd concentrations with isotope dilution measurements for 69 samples demonstrates that the two techniques generally agree within 15%. Accuracy was found to be good for all REEs by using a five point standard addition analysis of one sample and comparing measurements of mine water reference materials diluted with a NaCl matrix with recommended values in the literature. This makes the online preconcentration ICP‐MS technique advantageous for the minimal sample preparation required and the relatively small sample volume consumed (7 mL) thus enabling large data sets for the REEs in seawater to be rapidly acquired.
Influences of the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans on the predictability of ENSO
Authors: Frauen Claudia , Dommenget Dietmar
Published: December 2011

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the leading mode of climate variability and predictable on interannual time scales. Recent studies suggest that the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans influence the dynamics and predictability of ENSO. Here we investigate these effects in a hybrid coupled model consisting of a full complexity atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) coupled to a strongly simplified linear 2‐dimensional ENSO recharge oscillator ocean model. We find that the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans have distinct effects on the dynamics and predictability. The decoupling of the tropical Indian Ocean has a strong impact onto ENSO dynamics, but the initial conditions of it have only a small impact on the ENSO predictability. In contrast, initial conditions of the tropical Atlantic have a stronger impact on the predictability of ENSO, but the decoupling of the tropical Atlantic has almost no effect on the ENSO dynamics.
Particle transport over rough hillslope surfaces by dry ravel: Experiments and simulations with implications for nonlocal sediment flux
Authors: Gabet Emmanuel J. , Mendoza Morgan K.
Published: December 2011

Past studies of hillslope evolution have typically assumed that soil creep processes are governed by a linear relationship between local hillslope angle and transport distance. The assumption of “linear diffusion” has fallen out of favor because, when coupled with an expression of mass continuity, it yields unrealistic hillslope profiles. As a consequence, a better understanding of the mechanics of sediment transport is needed. Here we report results from a series of flume experiments performed to investigate sediment transport by dry ravel, a common soil creep process in arid and semiarid environments. We find that, at gentle slopes, transport distances follow distributions characteristic of local transport. As gradients steepen, a fraction of the particles begins to exhibit nonlocal transport, and that fraction increases rapidly with slope. A stochastic discrete element model that couples an effective friction term with a shock term reproduces the results from the flume experiments, suggesting that it can be used to explore the nature of particle transport on rough surfaces. The model predicts that exponential distributions of transport distances on gentle slopes evolve into quasi‐uniform distributions on steep slopes, and the transition occurs as slopes approach the angle of repose. Our results support previous findings that the angle of repose represents a threshold between friction and inertial regimes. In addition, we propose that the angle of repose represents a fuzzy boundary between local and nonlocal transport.
Some uses of head nods in “third position” in talk-in-interaction
Authors: Whitehead Kevin A.
Published: December 2011

Previous research on the use of head nods in talk-in-interaction has demonstrated that they can be used for various interactional purposes by speakers and recipients in different sequential positions. In this report, I examine speakers’ uses of nods in “third position”, in the course of “minimal post-expansions” (Schegloff, 2007). I identify three possible distinct types of nods. The first of these can be used to register a prior utterance as news; the second appears to be designed to register receipt of a prior utterance without treating it as news; and the third embodies features of the first two types, and may be designed to register receipt and acknowledgment of “dispreferred” news. These findings are suggestive of rich complexities in the use of head movements in the production of actions-in-interaction, and of the importance of a fine-grained analytic approach for understanding their situated uses.
The role of gesture in the language production of preschool children
Authors: Sekine Kazuki
Published: December 2011

The present study investigates the functions of gestures in preschoolers’ descriptions of activities. Specifically, utilizing McNeill’s growth point theory (1992), I examine how gestures contribute to the creation of contrast from the immediate context in the spoken discourse of children. When preschool children describe an activity consisting of multiple actions, like playing on a slide, they often begin with the central action (e.g., sliding-down) instead of with the beginning of the activity sequence (e.g., climbing-up). This study indicates that, in descriptions of activities, gestures may be among the cues the speaker uses for forming a next idea or for repairing the temporal order of the activities described. Gestures may function for the speaker as visual feedback and contribute to the process of utterance formation and provide an index for assessing language development.
Metaphor in political dialogue
Authors: Musolff Andreas
Published: December 2011

Metaphor and other figurative uses of language play a central role in political dialogue on account of their semantic, pragmatic and textual ‘added value’ effects: they provide an opportunity to introduce new thematic aspects, increase the textual coherence of the dialogue contributions and provide warrants for (analogical) conclusions. One of the oldest examples of metaphor use in political dialogue is the so-called fable of the belly, which tells the story of a dispute between the seemingly ‘lazy’ stomach/ruler and the more ‘active’ body members/citizens over the right to receive food. One of its most famous renditions can be found in Shakespeare’s Coriolanus, where it is embedded in a debate between the character of the senator Menenius and rebellious citizens. This dialogic frame and the dispute ‘within’ the fable establish a multi-layered inter-dialogic pattern. Whilst the literary construction of this dialogue system in Shakespeare’s play is unique, it underlines the more general aspect of metaphor’s dialogic role, which is discussed further with regard to the present-day use of body-based metaphor in political discourse. These case studies are interpreted as evidence for the necessity to integrate this dialogic function as a central aspect in cognitive metaphor analysis.
Power in dialogic interaction
Authors: Weigand Edda
Published: December 2011

Power in dialogic interaction can be understood as a force which is used to influence our interlocutors by various communicative means. As such it is an integrated component of any action game. The paper gives a short overview of how power is usually dealt with in the literature, namely from the observer perspective. However, power as an integrated component means power-in-action. Power-in-action can be considered as negative or positive power depending on whether it is used in favour of or against the interlocutor. Power needs some basis to draw upon and this can range from emotional relationships to the law or practical actions involving violence. Specific rhetorical means are used to achieve the desired effect. The paper analyses pronouns of address and specific communicative means in representative and directive action games. Persuasion also means exercising some influence or power on the interlocutor. Finally, the question of moral benchmarks or norms of behaviour is dealt with.
Languages and language politics
Authors: Giri Ram Ashish
Published: December 2011

One of the most linguistically and culturally diversified countries in the world, Nepal is in the midst of linguistic and cultural chaos. Linguistic and cultural diversity itself is at its centre. One explanation for the sad situation is that the ruling elites, who have held power since Nepal’s inception in the eighteenth century, have conducted an invisible politics of privileging languages and of deliberately ignoring issues related to minority and ethnic languages to promote the languages of their choice. While this invisible politics of ‘unplanning’ of languages has been responsible for the loss of scores of languages, it has helped the elites to achieve ‘planned’ linguistic edge over the speakers of other languages. In the changed political climate, the Nepalese people have embarked upon a debate about what language policy the country should have and what roles and statuses should be accorded to the local/regional, national and international languages. The socio-political and linguistic context of the current language policy debate and the lack of a clear and consistent language policy allow the ruling elites to adopt an approach which in the existing situation does more harm than good.
Petro Stojan
Authors: Sidorov Anatol
Published: December 2011

The lexicographer and linguist Petro Evstafyevich Stojan was born in 1884 and began learning Esperanto in 1903. After studying in Odessa and a year’s stay in Paris, he took up residence in Saint Petersburg in 1907, where he became active in the Esperanto movement. In 1916, he and various other well-known linguists (including Jan Baudouin de Courtenay) established Kosmoglot, a group that explored various approaches to an international language and examined several planned languages, some of them created by members of the group, Stojan among them. At the time of the Russian Revolution, Stojan moved first to the Balkans, then to Switzerland, and finally to France. In Switzerland, with financial assistance from Alice Vanderbilt Morris, he compiled his Bibliography of International Language, the most complete such bibliography, still consulted today. In France he continued his study of Indo-European languages and peoples, developing his so-called Vindiana theory, which was rejected by scholars. He began to lead the life of a hermit, finally dying by his own hand in Nice in 1961.
Embodied meaning construction
Authors: Kappelhoff Hermann , Müller Cornelia
Published: December 2011

In this article, we argue that multimodal metaphors are grounded in the dynamics of felt experiences. Felt experiences are inherently affective, with immediate sensory qualities and an affective stance. We suggest that as such, they ground the emergence and activation of metaphors. We illustrate this idea with analyzed data from a film and face-to-face conversation. Our consideration of expressive movement in speech, gestures, and feature film does not therefore target the analysis of the speech and gestures of actors. Rather we suggest an approach firmly rooted in film theory, and which considers films as composed of cinematic expressive movements. The basic tenet of our proposal is as follows: seeing cinematic expressive movements trigger the same kind of felt experience in the spectator as a bodily expressive movement that comes along with speech. Expressive movements are held to provide the experiential ‘embodied’ grounds for the construction of metaphors.