bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Securing Prison through Human Rights: Unanticipated Implications of Rights‐Based Penal Governance
Authors: ARMSTRONG SARAH
Published: September 2018

Human rights are a dominant framework for regulating prisons. However, there is little critical interrogation of human rights as they are actually translated into tools for governance. This article develops a critique of human rights by analysing and considering policy as a means of realising rights. It urges sustained and ethnographic attention to policy settings, arguing that policy exerts a form of agency. The article revisits critical criminological claims that reform expands penal control, examining this specifically in the context of human rights governance of prisons. To do so, it draws on the anthropology of policy and science and technology studies (STS) suggesting that these fields offer useful tools and insights in the study of policy. In the final part the discussion turns to three examples of human rights issues in the Scottish penal context to problematise rights‐driven penal policy and suggest directions for research.
On the Unity of the Trinity's External Works: Archaeology and Grammar
Authors: Wittman Tyler R.
Published: September 2018

The rule that opera Trinitatis ad extra indivisa sunt, servato ordine et discrimine personarum is best understood when its two clauses are read together as mutually informative. Read thus, and grasped according to its principles and grammar, the rule articulates two things: the pure benefit of God's activity terminating in time, and the intimate yet unconfused relation between theology and economy.
Syrian Refugees Living on the Edge: Policy and Practice Implications for Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing
Authors: Cantekin Duygu
Published: September 2018

This qualitative study aims to explore the difficulties experienced by Syrian refugees living in the camps of Turkey in the pre‐migration and post‐migration environment and the impacts thereof on their mental wellbeing. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with Syrian refugees living in three different camps on the Syrian border of Turkey. Syrian refugees were highly exposed to traumatic events in the pre‐migration period, including armed conflicts, human rights violations, and social and economic devastation. Participants reported a wide range of difficulties in the post‐migration environment, including separation from and loss of close ones, camp difficulties, gender‐based, adaptational and economic adversities. They reported a number of psychological and social effects of these pre‐migration and post‐migration difficulties. The implications of the findings are discussed and recommendations are made concerning the necessity of a rights‐based approach to policies and interventions for mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrian refugees.
Electrochemical and mechanical stability of LixLa0.557TiO3‐δ perovskite electrolyte at various voltages
Authors: Hu Xitao , Yan Gang , Cheng Xu , Malzbender Jürgen , Qiang Wenjiang , Huang Bingxin
Published: September 2018

Perovskite LixLa0.557TiO3 electrolytes in all‐solid‐state lithium batteries are operated under a voltage gradient, which potentially induces the electrochemical and mechanical instability. To simulate the properties of LixLa0.557TiO3 (LLTO) under application relevant conditions, samples are charged (or discharged) to 0.2 V, 3.2 V, 4.0 V, and 4.5 V, respectively. The Li ion conductivity is 9.55 × 10−5 S/cm at 3.2 V and decreases obviously to 2.54 × 10−5 S/cm as the voltage increases to 4.5 V, whereas the value of the LLTO‐0.2 V is between that of LLTO‐3.2 V and LLTO‐4.0 V. In terms of mechanical behavior, elastic modulus (E), hardness (H), and fracture toughness (KIC) of LLTO operated at different voltages are also tested using depth‐sensitive indentation. The results can be used in the designing, monitoring and also improving of the battery cells.
Microstructural comparison of the AH3 phase in the hydration of three structural modifications of ye'elimite
Authors: Zhang Yangyang , Chang Jun , Zhao Jiuye
Published: September 2018

This paper investigated the hydration and formation of the AH3 phase in three structural modifications of ye'elimite (namely, ss‐ye'elimite, Sr‐ye'elimite, and Ba‐ye'elimite). Three structural modifications of ye'elimite were synthesized, and their reactions with water were studied. The similarities and differences of the microstructure of the final AH3 phase formed during the hydration of different structural modifications of ye'elimite were investigated using a multitechnique approach. The crystal structure of three structural modifications of ye'elimite had an important influence on the kinetics of the reaction. The AH3 phases formed from ss‐ and Sr‐ye'elimite pastes were nanocrystalline, whereas the AH3 phases formed in Ba‐ye'elimite pastes were microcrystalline. The distinct microstructures of the AH3 phase in three structural modifications of ye'elimite had been investigated by the amount, composition, and crystal size of the AH3 phase.
Physical activity detection in patients with intracardiac leadless pacemaker
Authors: Bari Zsolt , Vamos Mate , Bogyi Peter , Reynolds Dwight , Sheldon Todd , Fagan Dedra H. , Duray Gabor Zoltan
Published: September 2018

Introduction

The Micra Transcatheter Pacing System provides a rate adaptive pacing using an individually programmable three‐axis accelerometer. We evaluated the short‐ and mid‐term performance of the Micra activity sensor by testing all three available activity vectors during the exercise tests.

Methods and Results

Implantation and follow‐up data were prospectively collected from the patients undergoing Micra implantation at our institution. Patients underwent a 5‐minute exercise test for each vector at predischarge (initial testing) and at scheduled in‐office visits (repeat testing). On the basis of measurements of activity counts during the test, vectors were categorized to be adequate (excellent or acceptable) or poor.

A total of 278 tests with 818 vector measurements were analyzed in 51 patients during follow‐up (median duration was 18 months). Initial testing revealed the adequate quality of the nominal Vector 1 in 74.5% of the patients. Upon repeated testing at subsequent in‐office visits, Vectors 1 and 3 were comparable (adequate quality in 64.7% vs 68.6% of the patients; P = 0.65) but better compared with Vector 2 (51.0%;
P = 0.10 vs Vector 1,
P = 0.01 vs Vector 3). In a subgroup of 45 patients programmed to VVIR mode, Vector 1 was selected in 46.7% of the patients after the initial test (Vector 2, 8.9%; Vector 3, 44.4%). Vector change was performed in 10 patients (22.2%) following repeated tests within 3 months of postimplantation.

Conclusion

The three‐axis accelerometer‐based rate adaptive pacing feature proved to be feasible after manual selection of an adequate activity vector. Vector testing in Micra patients with chronotropic incompetence appears to be beneficial compared with the use of nominal Vector 1.
Editorial Perspective: Delayed circadian rhythm phase: a cause of late‐onset attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adolescents?
Authors: Lunsford‐Avery Jessica R. , Kollins Scott H.
Published: September 2018

Late‐onset attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been a topic of significant debate within our field. One question focuses on whether there may be alternative explanations for the onset of inattentive and/or hyperactive symptoms in adolescence. Adolescence is a developmental period associated with a normative circadian rhythm phase delay, and there is significant overlap in the behavioral and cognitive manifestations and genetic underpinnings of ADHD and circadian misalignment. Delayed circadian rhythm phase is also common among individuals with traditionally diagnosed ADHD, and exposure to bright light may be protective against ADHD, a process potentially mediated by improved circadian timing. In addition, daytime sleepiness is prevalent in late‐onset ADHD. Despite these converging lines of evidence, circadian misalignment is yet to be considered in the context of late‐onset ADHD – a glaring gap. It is imperative for future research in late‐onset ADHD to consider a possible causal role of delayed circadian rhythm phase in adolescence. Clarification of this issue has significant implications for research, clinical care, and public health.
Burrowing fishes: Kinematics, morphology and phylogeny of sand‐diving wrasses (Labridae)
Authors: Tatom‐Naecker Theresa‐Anne M. , Westneat Mark W.
Published: September 2018

Burrowing through the substrate is a common behaviour in many organisms, both invertebrate and vertebrate. Sand‐diving, a burrowing behaviour in the fish family Labridae, consists of a quick and forceful headfirst plunge into the sediment followed by undulatory axial body movements until the fish is completely concealed beneath the surface. This study determined that sand‐diving of the slippery dick wrasse Halichoeres bivittatus is composed of two distinct phases of undulatory axial body movements. In the first phase, body undulations occur at high frequencies and wave speeds and low amplitudes, while in the second phase, frequencies and wave speeds decrease while amplitude increases. Furthermore, this study examined several morphological features of sand‐diving labrids, including narrow, elongated bodies and lengthened neural spines that overlap with the dorsal pterygiophores, that may be anatomical traits that contribute to burrowing ability. Finally, ancestral state reconstruction showed that sand‐diving occurs exclusively in the upper half of the labrid phylogenetic tree with an evolutionary history indicating that sand‐diving may have evolved once and then been lost three to five times or may have evolved independently at least three times in family Labridae.
Selecting optimal mixtures of natural sweeteners for carbonated soft drinks through multi‐objective decision modeling and sensory validation
Authors: Acevedo Waldo , Capitaine Chloé , Rodríguez Ricardo , Araya‐Durán Ingrid , González‐Nilo Fernando , Pérez‐Correa José R. , Agosin Eduardo
Published: September 2018

The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to optimize mixtures of natural, noncaloric sweeteners—with the highest sweetness and the lowest bitterness—for carbonated soft drinks. To this end, and with the aid of a trained sensory panel, we first determined the most suitable mixtures of tagatose, sucrose, and stevia in a soft drink matrix, using a three‐component simplex lattice mixture design. Then, we developed a multi‐objective thermodynamically‐based decision model to this purpose. Results indicate that both, sucrose and tagatose, were able to reduce stevia's bitterness. However, an increase of bitterness intensity was found above 0.23 g/L of stevia (sucrose equivalency or SE >5). Both, sensory analysis and multi‐objective decision modeling identified similar optimal mixtures, corresponding to 23–39 g/L sucrose, 0.19–0.34 g/L stevia, and 34–42 g/L tagatose, depending on the desired sweetness/bitterness balance. Within this constrained area, a reduction of almost 60% of sucrose can be achieved in both approaches, keeping bitterness intensity low.

Practical applications

Current demand of low‐calorie beverages has significantly raised as a result of consumer concerns on the negative effects of refined sugars present in carbonated soft drinks. Consequently, natural sweeteners, and their mixtures, are being increasingly used for these product developments. This study provides a methodology to optimize mixtures of natural, noncaloric sweeteners for preparing carbonated soft drinks with the lowest possible caloric content, while maintaining the tastiness—high sweetness and low bitterness—of full caloric ones, containing the bulk sweetener tagatose and the high‐intensity sweetener stevia.
The Role of Experts and Scholars in Community Conflict Resolution: A Comparative Analysis of Two Cases in China
Authors: Yang Lihua
Published: September 2018

In this article, I draw from two case studies to explore the role of experts and scholars (ES), as a special third party, in community conflict resolution in contemporary China. Findings include that local ES are more likely to play the roles as leaders, organizers of farmers, and as agents of government. Nonlocal ES are more likely to play the roles as information providers and as pure self‐interest pursuers. This study also reveals that, although their knowledge and information are important, knowledge and information are only preconditions for ES's participation. Their social capital–rather than the knowledge and information they possess–differentiates the effectiveness of their participation in governance and the facilitation of community conflict resolution. Local ES with high social capital are more effective in governance and facilitating community conflict resolution than nonlocal ES without high social capital.
Plectranthus gamblei (Lamiaceae) sp. nov. from India and notes on the identity and lectotypification of P. bourneae
Authors: Smitha K. , Sunojkumar P.
Published: September 2018

Gamble's and A. G. Bourne & E. G Bourne's specimens from different localities comprise the syntypes of Plectranthus bourneae. However, these syntypes are obviously variable, and when combined with observations of fresh specimens we concluded that they represent two different species. Following Gamble, we treated A. G. Bourne & E. G Bourne's collection as P. bourneae and a lectotype is designated. In contrast Gamble's specimen having ovate leaves, compact inflorescence, elliptic bracts and glabrous ovules are treated as a new species under the name P. gamblei. Detailed descriptions, photographs, IUCN red list categories, distribution maps and biogeographic notes are provided for the two species. SEM images of mericarp surface sculpturing patterns are also provided.
Persistent seed banking as eco‐evolutionary determinant of plant nucleotide diversity: novel population genetics insights
Authors: Tellier Aurélien
Published: September 2018

Contents

Summary
725

I.
Introduction
725

II.
Seed banks decrease the population extinction rate
726

III.
Seed banks define the effective population size
727

IV.
Seed banks affect the mutation rate
728

V.
Seed banks affect the effective recombination rate
728

VI.
Seed banks influence the rate and signatures of natural selection
729

VII.
Conclusion
729

Acknowledgements
729

References
729

Long‐term persistent seed banking is a common temporal bet‐hedging strategy in plants to adapt to unpredictable environments. The population genomics perspective developed in this article suggests that seed banking determines plant nucleotide diversity by decreasing the rate of genetic drift and the effect of linked selection while increasing mutational input. As a result, persistent seed banks are important factors determining the magnitude of the discrepancy between the census size of the above‐ground plant population and its genetic diversity, an effect known as the Lewontin paradox. The theoretical population genetics predictions presented here can be tested by combining genome‐wide polymorphism data with ecological studies of dormancy.
Artificial ventilation during transport: A randomized crossover study of manual resuscitators with comparison to mechanical ventilators in a simulation model
Authors: Lucy Malcolm J. , Gamble Jonathan J. , Peeling Andrew , Lam Jimmy T.H. , Balbuena Lloyd
Published: September 2018

Background

Positive‐pressure ventilation in critically ill patients is commonly administered via a manual resuscitation device or a mechanical ventilator during transport. Our group previously compared delivered ventilation parameters between a self‐inflating resuscitator and a flow‐inflating resuscitator during simulated in‐hospital pediatric transport. However, unequal group access to inline pressure manometry may have biased our results. In this study, we examined the performance of the self‐inflating resuscitator and the flow‐inflating resuscitator, both equipped with inline manometry, and several mechanical ventilators to deliver prescribed ventilation parameters during simulated pediatric transport.

Methods

Thirty anesthesia providers were randomized to initial resuscitator device used to hand ventilate a test lung. The resuscitators studied were a Jackson‐Rees circuit (flow‐inflating resuscitator) or a Laerdal pediatric silicone resuscitator (self‐inflating resuscitator), both employing manometers. The scenario was repeated using several mechanical transport ventilators (Hamilton‐T1, LTV® 1000, and LTV® 1200). The primary outcome was the proportion of total breaths delivered within the predefined target PIP/PEEP range (30 ± 3, 10 ± 3 cm H2O).

Results

The Hamilton‐T1 outperformed the other ventilators for breaths in the recommended range (χ2 = 2284, df = 2, P < .001) and with no breaths in the unacceptable range (χ2 = 2333, df = 2, P < .001). Hamilton‐T1 also outperformed all human providers in proportion of delivered acceptable and unacceptable breaths (χ2 = 4540, df = 3, P < .001 and χ2 = 639, df = 3, P < .001, respectively).

Compared with the flow‐inflating resuscitator, the self‐inflating resuscitator was associated with greater odds of breaths falling outside the recommended range (Odds ratio (95% CI): 1.81 (1.51‐2.17)) or unacceptable (Odds ratio (95% CI): 1.63 (1.48‐1.81)).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that a majority of breaths delivered by manual resuscitation device fall outside of target range regardless of provider experience or device type. The mechanical ventilator (Hamilton‐T1) outperforms the other positive‐pressure ventilation methods with respect to delivery of important ventilation parameters. In contrast, 100% of breaths delivered by the LTV 1200 were deemed unacceptable.
Individual experiences of psychological‐based interventions for bipolar disorder: A systematic review and thematic synthesis
Authors: Davenport Kelly , Hardy Gillian , Tai Sara , Mansell Warren
Published: September 2018

Purpose

To conduct a thematic synthesis to evaluate qualitative studies exploring individuals’ experiences of psychological‐based interventions for bipolar disorder (BD).

Method

A systematic search of relevant databases (Web of Science, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL) was conducted using predefined search terms related to ‘Bipolar’ ‘Qualitative method’, ‘Psychological‐based interventions’ and ‘Adults’. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected and were then evaluated using established quality appraisal criteria. A thematic synthesis was used to synthesize the findings.

Results

From the thematic synthesis, nine analytical themes were derived from the 10 identified research studies. These were helpful and unhelpful aspects of the intervention, increased knowledge of BD, mood recognition, control of moods, change of perspective, mood stability, empowerment, improved relationships and lifestyle changes.

Conclusions

Findings from the review suggest there were characteristics of psychological‐based interventions that individuals with BD valued and which helped facilitate areas of positive change, such as feeling empowered and in control of their moods and other aspects of their lives. However, there were also elements that individuals did not find as helpful and therefore reflects the challenge of a one‐size‐fits‐all model or plan of interventions, compared to a wider recognition of the individuals as being the agent of their recovery. Future qualitative research is needed to explore individual experiences across a range of psychological interventions, in order to further understand the therapeutic processes, which may facilitate recovery.

Practitioner points

Psychological‐based interventions for BD need to consider facilitating and measuring empowerment in individuals, rather than focusing just on mood stability.

Clinicians with expertise and knowledge in BD should provide timely information to individuals and their families to help increase their understanding of the diagnosis.
Cream Skimming: Innovations in Insurance Risk Classification and Adverse Selection
Authors: Cather David A.
Published: September 2018

We demonstrate how innovations in insurance risk classification can lead to adverse selection, or cream skimming, against insurers that are slow to adopt such pricing innovations. Using a model in which insurers with insufficient pricing data cannot differentiate between low‐ and high‐risk policyholders and therefore charge both the same premium, we show how innovative insurers develop new risk classification data to identify overcharged low‐risk policyholders and attract them from rival insurers with reduced prices. Less innovative insurers thus insure a growing percentage of high‐risk customers, resulting in adverse selection attributable to their informational disadvantage. Next, we examine two cases in which “Big Data” innovations in risk classification led to concerns about cream skimming among U.S. auto insurers. First, we track the rapid adoption of credit‐based insurance scores as pricing variables in personal auto insurance markets. Second, we examine the growing popularity of usage‐based insurance programs like telematics, plans in which insurers use data on policyholders’ actual driving behavior to set prices that attract low‐risk customers. Issues associated with the execution of such pricing strategies are discussed. In both cases, we document how rival insurers quickly adopt successful innovations to reduce their exposure to adverse selection.
Land grabs and labour: Vietnamese workers on rubber plantations in southern Laos
Authors: Baird Ian G. , Noseworthy William , Tuyen Nghiem Phuong , Ha Le Thu , Fox Jefferson
Published: September 2018

Since the early 2000s the Lao government has dramatically increased the number of large‐scale land concessions issued for agribusinesses. While studies have documented the social and environmental impacts of land dispossession, the role of Vietnamese labour on these Vietnamese‐owned rubber plantations has not previously been investigated. Taking a political ecology approach, we situate this study at the intersection between ‘land grabbing’ studies and work on ‘labour geographies’. Most of the remittances generated from Vietnamese working in Laos are used for non‐agricultural purposes, with people purposely choosing to not invest in agriculture in Vietnam. Vietnamese labour on Lao plantations still has significant spatial implications, both in Laos and in Vietnam, including through the norms, formal rules and practices introduced at rubber plantations by Vietnamese workers and management, but also through labour regime changes in Vietnam. In Laos, one of the most significant results has been to make certain spaces less welcoming to Lao labour. This study particularly points to the importance of geopolitics, as the close political relationship between Laos and Vietnam, and the fact that Vietnamese companies and managers are involved, is crucial for understanding the particular nature of the labour geographies associated with Vietnamese rubber plantations in Laos.
Phylogeny of Evanioidea (Hymenoptera, Apocrita), with descriptions of new Mesozoic species from China and Myanmar
Authors: Li Longfeng , Rasnitsyn Alexandr P. , Shih Chungkun , Labandeira Conrad C. , Buffington Matthew , Li Daqing , Ren Dong
Published: September 2018

The phylogeny of the superfamily Evanioidea is presented using morphology and DNA sequence data of selected extant and fossil genera by employing two phylogenetic methods, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. Based on our new results, the monophyly of Evanioidea is corroborated. Evanioidea, Anomopterellidae, Othniodellithidae, Andreneliidae and Evaniidae are monophyletic families, while Praeaulacidae, Aulacidae, Baissidae and Gasteruptiidae are paraphyletic families. In addition, four new genera (Sinuevaniagen.n.,Curtevaniagen.n.,Exilaulacusgen.n.,Heterobaissagen.n.) with five new species (Sinuevania mirasp.n.,Curtevania enerviasp.n.,Exilaulacus loculatussp.n.,Exilaulacus latussp.n.,Heterobaissa apetiolasp.n.), and five additionally new species (Newjersevania longasp.n.,Newjersevania brevissp.n.,Cretevania tenuissp.n.,Cretevania venaesp.n.,Praeaulacus rectussp.n.) and one new combination [Cretevania mitis(Li, Shih & Ren, 2014a)comb.n.] are described based on well‐preserved fossils from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation in Inner Mongolia, China, the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation in Liaoning, and mid‐Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. This study documents the diversification of one major lineage of the mid‐Mesozoic parasitoid revolution that dramatically changed food‐web relationships in terrestrial ecosystems.

This published work has been registered in ZooBank,http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CBC04ADA‐0176‐402D‐9B43‐E1B3CDA080E1.
Ergative as Perfective Oblique
Authors: Bjorkman Bronwyn M.
Published: September 2018

Many languages with ergative systems of case or agreement exhibitsplitsin their alignment. Viewpoint aspect is a common basis for such splits, with perfective aspect often associated with ergative alignment and imperfective with the absence of ergativity (Moravcsik, Silverstein). Recent work has argued that splits arise from properties of the imperfective that disrupt otherwise‐available mechanisms of ergative alignment (Laka, Coon). This article argues rather that the perfective can be asourceof ergative case, and specifically that ergative alignment in Hindi‐Urdu arises from the intersection of two different ways of expressing perfective aspect, each attested independently in other languages: the first is the use of oblique case to mark perfect or perfective subjects, while the second is a morphosyntactic sensitivity to transitivity, a hallmark of auxiliary selection in Germanic and Romance languages. The result is a more unified view of the morphosyntax of perfective aspect, though at the cost of a nonunified account of aspectually split ergativity.
New England BK consortium: Regional survey of BK screening and management protocols in comparison to published consensus guidelines
Authors: Gabardi Steven , Pavlakis Martha , Tan Chen , Francis Jean , Cardarelli Francesca , Asch William , Bodziak Kenneth , Chobanian Michael , Gilligan Hannah , Gohh Reginald , Kung Shiang‐Cheng , Inker Lesley , Martin Spencer , Rodig Nancy , Rossi Ana , Chandraker Anil
Published: September 2018

Introduction

BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) continues to impact renal transplant recipients (RTR). The New England BK Consortium aims to jointly optimize screening and management of BKPyV.

Methods

Our first project was to survey centers’ BKPyV screening protocols and compare them to consensus guidelines.

Results

Thirteen of 15 centers (86.7%) returned the survey. Only two center reported using monitoring parameters that were in line with consensus guidelines for BKPyV screening, while the majority of centers reported less intensive methods and shorter duration. One center reported performing renal biopsies in all patients with plasma viral loads >10 000 copies/mL, while all other centers only perform for‐cause biopsies. For presumptive nephropathy, 11 centers recommend a biopsy for confirmation. For management of documented BKPyV‐associated nephropathy, 12 centers propose further immunosuppression reduction. Nine centers report CNI dose reduction as their primary treatment. More than half of centers surveyed reported use of leflunomide, cidofovir or intravenous immunoglobulin.

Conclusions

There was a large variance in BKPyV screening and management strategies among centers. Due to these results, all participating centers agreed to implement uniform screening and aim to optimize management protocols.
Long‐term management of horses with atopic dermatitis in southeastern England: a retrospective questionnaire study of owners’ perceptions
Authors: Loeffler Anette , Herrick Desiree , Allen Serena , Littlewood Janet D.
Published: September 2018

Background

Allergic pruritus and urticaria in the horse are challenging for veterinarians and owners; little is known about their long‐term management.

Objectives

To summarize intradermal allergen test results (IDT), and to assess owners’ perceptions of skin disease and the effects of medical treatment and management changes in their atopic horses over time.

Animals

Eighty two horses with atopic dermatitis in southeastern England between 2006 and 2011.

Methods and materials

TheIDTresults were reviewed retrospectively. Owners completed telephone questionnaires on skin changes, medication, effect of allergen‐specific immunotherapy (ASIT) and management.

Results

Sixty one owners (74.4%) could be contacted, an average of 5.9 years (range 28–88 months) afterIDT; of those, three could not be enrolled. Of the 58 remaining horses, eleven (19%) were deceased at the time of owner interview, including four (6.9%) euthanized due to uncontrollable skin disease. The remaining 47 owners reported that the signs of skin disease had not been seen for at least two years in 18 horses (38.3%), including two that only flared with known triggers. Twenty nine horses (61.7%) still required medication to control skin disease although 25 (53.2%) required less since testing. Owners reported benefit fromASITin nine of 14 horses (64.3%) from glucocorticoids in 33 of 35 (94.3%) and from antihistamines in 17 of 28 (60.7%). Specific management changes were implemented for 22 horses and reported as beneficial in nine of 22 (40.9%).

Conclusions

Equine atopic dermatitis may not always be chronic, but severe cases appear difficult to control.IDTmay help to formulateASITand can help to guide management changes.
Thromboxane and histamine mediate PVR elevation during xenogeneic pig lung perfusion with human blood
Authors: Burdorf Lars , Harris Donald , Dahi Siamak , Laird Christopher , Zhang Tianshu , Ali Franchesca , Shah Aakash , Thompson Mercedes , Braileanu Gheorghe , Cheng Xiangfei , Sievert Evelyn , Schwartz Evan , Sendil Selin , Parsell Dawn M. , Redding Emily , Phelps Carol J. , Ayares David L. , Azimzadeh Agnes M. , Pierson Richard N.
Published: September 2018

Background

Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), platelet adhesion, coagulation activation, and inflammation are prominent features of xenolung rejection. Here, we evaluate the role of thromboxane and histamine on PVR, and their contribution to other lung xenograft injury mechanisms.

Methods

GalTKO.hCD46 single pig lungs were perfused ex vivo with fresh heparinized human blood: lungs were either treated with 1‐Benzylimidazole (1‐BIA) combined with histamine receptor blocker famotidine (n = 4) or diphenhydramine (n = 6), 1‐BIA alone (n = 6) or were left untreated (n = 9).

Results

Six of the nine control experiments (GalTKO.hCD46 untreated), “survived” until elective termination at 4 hours. Without treatment, initial PVR elevation within the first 30 minutes resolved partially over the following hour, and increased progressively during the final 2 hours of perfusion. In contrast, 1‐BIA, alone or in addition to either antihistamine treatment, was associated with low stable PVR. Combined treatments significantly lowered the airway pressure when compared to untreated reference. Although platelet and neutrophil sequestration and coagulation cascade activation were not consistently altered by any intervention, increased terminal wet/dry weight ratio in untreated lungs was significantly blunted by combined treatments.

Conclusion

Combined thromboxane and histamine pathway blockade prevents PVR elevation and significantly inhibits loss of vascular barrier function when GalTKO.hCD46 lungs are perfused with human blood. Platelet activation and platelet and neutrophil sequestration persist in all groups despite efficient complement regulation, and appear to occur independent of thromboxane and histamine antagonism. Our work identifies thromboxane and histamine as key mediators of xenolung injury and defines those pathways as therapeutic targets to achieve successful xenolung transplantation.
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Double-Tube-Type Heat Exchanger by Petal-Shaped Tube (Study on Optimum Tube Shape)
Authors: Shakouchi Toshihiko , Matsumoto Yusuke , Tsujimoto Koichi , Ando Toshitake
Published: September 2018

Heat exchangers are used widely in many fields, and various kinds of exchanger have been developed according to the requirement of the practical applications. Recently, heat exchangers that are highly efficient or compact have become more desirable from the viewpoint of energy conservation, and several new types have been developed, such as a compact fin tube type and a double tube type having an inner pipe with a special geometry. In this study, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a petal-shaped double tube with a large wetted perimeter of six and five petals and five shallow petals and the effect of tube shape on the heat transfer and heat transfer efficiency were examined experimentally. The heat transfer of the double tube with a petal-shaped inner tube was increased because of the large wetted perimeter, but the pressure loss by friction increased. The optimal shape of the petal-shaped double tube with a high heat transfer performance and the greatest efficiency is discussed.
Design and Development of a Real-Time Simulation and Testing Platform for a Novel Seamless Two-Speed Transmission for Electric Vehicles1
Authors: Nguyen Truong Sinh , Song Jian , Yu Liangyao , Fang Shengnan , Tai Yuzhuo , Lu Zhenghong
Published: September 2018

An approach for building a real-time simulation and testing platform for a novel seamless two-speed automated manual transmission (AMT) for electric vehicles (EVs) is proposed and experimentally evaluated. First, the structure of the AMT and the dynamic model of an EV powertrain system equipped with the AMT are presented. Then, according to the testing requirements, a prototype of the AMT, hardware components and software system of the platform are designed. Unlike a real-time transmission test bench, of which the real-time simulation and control system (RSCS) is built based on a dedicated simulator, the RSCS of the platform is built based on a standard desktop personal computer (PC) by using a useful and low-cost solution from matlab/simulink®. Additionally, a simulation model of EV, which is equipped with the AMT and is more suitable for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation, has been developed. In particular, for conducting various dynamic mechanical tests, the platform is combined with induction motors (IMs), which are adopted with direct torque control (DTC) technique to emulate the dynamic driving conditions of the transmission. The designed platform can be used for different test techniques, including rapid simulation, rapid control prototyping, HIL simulation as well as dynamic mechanical tests. The work expands the capability of the platform and makes the test conditions become closer to reality. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the platform responds well to the real-time dynamic requirements, and it is very useful for developing the proposed transmission.
Film-Stiffness Characterization for Supercritical CO2 Film-Riding Seals
Authors: Trivedi Deepak , Bidkar Rahul A. , Wolfe Chris , Zheng Xiaoqing
Published: September 2018

Low-leakage film-riding seals are a key enabling technology for utility-scale supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power cycles. Fluid film-riding rotor-stator seals (operating with sCO2 as the working fluid) are designed to track rotor movements and provide effective sealing by maintaining a tight operating clearance from the spinning rotor. The operating equilibrium clearance of the seal is determined by the balance of opening and closing forces, while the rotor tracking ability of the seal at this equilibrium gap depends on the stiffness of fluid film and its insensitivity to expected distortions of the seal and/or rotor faces. Consequently, for designing a reliable film-riding seal, it is important to characterize the fluid film stiffness and its sensitivity to equilibrium gap, pressure ratio, and seal/rotor geometrical parameters. In this paper, we describe a non-rotating experimental test rig designed for measuring the fluid film stiffness of representative seal/rotor geometries along with the instrumentation and actuation mechanisms incorporated in the test rig. The rig consists of a pressure vessel, where the top cover forms the stator portion of the seal. Inside the vessel, a non-rotating dummy rotor floats on piezo-electric actuators that precisely locate the rotor surface relative to the seal bearing surface. Several rotor and stator configurations have been fabricated and tested. The rig has three independently controlled pressure cavities (supply pressure, high pressure and low pressures) and is designed to be run with medium-pressure air and with high-pressure supercritical CO2. We present typical non-dimensionalized test data from this rig with air as the working fluid. Furthermore, we present a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with air for predicting the film stiffness, and compare the predictions of this model with the test data acquired from the rig. The CFD model predictions for film stiffness are in excellent agreement with the test data for the two tested configurations, with the CFD-based bearing pressures overpredicting the measured bearing pressures by about 10%. Unavoidable friction in the moving rig interfaces is one of the main reasons for this mismatch. Testing on this rig with sCO2 as the working fluid and comparison with sCO2-based CFD remain as future work.
Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Hexamethyldisiloxane (MM) at Supercritical Pressures
Authors: Fu Jian , Xu Guoqiang , Quan Yongkai , Fu Yanchen , Dong Bensi
Published: September 2018

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is one of the most promising solutions to utilize low-grade thermal energy for the worldwide energy crisis, environment deterioration, and climate change. Organic fluids, commonly with relatively low critical temperature and pressure, can be heated and compressed directly to the supercritical state in order to obtain better match with the heat source temperature and lower corresponding exergy destruction. Supercritical ORC has therefore attracted increasing attention in recent years. Supercritical fluids in the heated channels experience sharp changes in thermal properties during the pseudo-critical temperature range, leading to abnormal supercritical heat transfer characteristics. However, to the best of our knowledge, as one of the most challenging aspects related to the ORC modeling, heat transfer mechanisms for supercritical organic fluids have not been completely explained. To fill this gap, this work numerically analyzes the heat transfer to supercritical hexamethyldisiloxane (MM) with characteristics of high thermal stability and low critical parameters and therefore it is applicable for high temperature supercritical ORC system. In the numerical analysis, the shear stress transport k–ω turbulence model is employed to simulate the supercritical heat transfer process in a vertical upward tube under different boundary conditions of pressure, mass flux, and heat flux. Further insight is provided about the physical mechanisms of heat transfer deterioration with numerical results. The results show that the distributions of specific heat and turbulent kinetic energy are the key factors in determining the deterioration degree of heat transfer.
Identification of Cavitation Instabilities on a Three-Bladed Inducer by Means of Strain Gages
Authors: Hadavandi Ruzbeh , Pace Giovanni , Valentini Dario , Pasini Angelo , d’Agostino Luca
Published: September 2018

The present paper reports the experimental characterization of the cavitation induced flow instabilities of a high head three-bladed inducer at design condition detected simultaneously by means of piezoelectric pressure transducers located at different axial and azimuthal stations on the casing of the pump and through strain gages mounted on the pressure side of each blade. The purpose of this experimental campaign is a deeper insight of the phenomena associated to the flow instabilities obtained by the simultaneous analysis performed in the stationary and rotating frames. Both the sensors set-ups proved to be able to detect the main flow instabilities such as synchronous and sub-synchronous rotating cavitation, cavitation surge and tip vortex instability. Moreover, the simultaneous analysis of the results supported by high speed movie has allowed for assessing the mutual relations between the instabilities.
On the Periodically Unsteady Interaction of Wakes, Secondary Flow Development and Boundary Layer Flow in an Annular LPT Cascade: Part 2 — Numerical Investigation
Authors: Winhart Benjamin , Sinkwitz Martin , Engelmann David , di Mare Francesca , Mailach Ronald
Published: September 2018

In this work we present the results of the numerical investigations concerning interaction effects between periodically incoming wakes, secondary flow development and boundary layer flow inside a low pressure turbine (LPT) equipped with modified T106-profile blades. The numerical predictions obtained using 3D Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations are compared against stationary and time resolved experimental results conducted in the same configuration and discussed in part 1 of this 2-part work. For the investigation of the spatial topologies and the dynamics of the coherent flow structures under periodical wake impact, a frequency domain analysis as well as proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the unsteady data is proposed and discussed.
The Effect of Manufacturing Tolerances on the Performance of Gas Turbine Air System Metering Holes With Chamfered Inlets
Authors: Chernukha Polina , Spencer Adrian , Colwill James A.
Published: September 2018

The current study represents an experimental and steady-state computational analysis of the mass flow through a single metering orifice with uniform and non-uniform chamfers. Chamfered holes have been used extensively in gas turbine air-systems for the ease of production and their (relatively high) discharge coefficient is insensitive to typical chamfer depth tolerances. This work extends the understanding of chamfer tolerances by investigating non-uniform chamfers due to angular misalignment of the chamfer tool relative to the hole. The range of the deviation angles between the axis of the tool and the axis of the metering orifice was 0–12°. The tests were performed in the pressure ratio range of 1.1...1.48, representing the range between idle and take-off operation points. A 3D CFD analysis of the tests using the Shear-Stress Transport (SST) k–ω model to simulate the mean flow field inside the metering orifice has also been completed. The results showed that at large pressure ratios, representative of the take-off operation point, the metering orifice with non-uniform chamfers showed reduction in mass flow delivery as high as 4%. A threshold in metering holes performance was detected for the tool inclination of 9.5°. At low pressure ratios, for conditions typically representative of idle operation point, a small deviation angle causes mass flow increase across the orifice.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Measurements for the Forward Purge Cavity, Inner Endwall, and Rotor Platform of a Cooled Transonic Turbine Stage
Authors: Nickol Jeremy , Tomko Matthew , Mathison Randall , Liu Jong S. , Morris Mark , Malak Malak F.
Published: September 2018

An experiment is performed using a cooled transonic high-pressure turbine stage operating at design-corrected conditions. Pressure measurements are taken at several locations within the forward purge cavity between the high-pressure stator and rotor, as well as on the blade platforms and vane inner endwalls. Double-sided Kapton heat-flux gauges are installed on the upper surface of the rotor blade platform (open to the hot gas path flow) and underneath the platform (exposed to coolant and leakage flow). The blade airfoil and purge flow cooling are supplied by the same flow circuit and must be varied together, but the influence of the airfoil cooling has previously been shown to be negligible in the platform region flow of interest to this study. A separate cooling circuit supplies the aft purge flow between the rotor and downstream components. The vane cooling holes have been blocked off for this experiment to simplify analysis. In order to determine the effect of the purge flow on the blade aerodynamics and heat transfer, the forward and aft cooling flow rates are varied independently. Both time-averaged and time-accurate results are presented for the pressure and heat-flux data to illustrate the complex interactions between the purge cavity flow structures and the external flow. Time-accurate data are presented using both Fast-Fourier Transforms (FFTs) to identify driving frequencies and ensemble average plots to highlight the impact of different wake shapes.
Three-Dimensional CFD Analysis of Meshing Losses in a Spur Gear Pair
Authors: Fondelli T. , Massini D. , Andreini A. , Facchini B. , Leonardi F.
Published: September 2018

The reduction of fluid-dynamic losses in high speed gearing systems is nowadays increasing importance in the design of innovative aircraft propulsion systems, which are particularly focused on improving the propulsive efficiency. Main sources of fluid-dynamic losses in high speed gearing systems are windage losses, inertial losses resulting by impinging oil jets used for jet lubrication and the losses related to the compression and the subsequent expansion of the fluid trapped between gears teeth. The numerical study of the latter is particularly challenging since it faces high speed multiphase flows interacting with moving surfaces, but it paramount for improving knowledge of the fluid behavior in such regions. The current work aims to analyze trapping losses in a gear pair by means of three-dimensional CFD simulations. In order to reduce the numerical effort, an approach for restricting computational domain was defined, thus only a portion of the gear pair geometry was discretized. Transient calculations of a gear pair rotating in an oil-free environment were performed, in the context of conventional eddy viscosity models. Results were compared with experimental data from the open literature in terms of transient pressure within a tooth space, achieving a good agreement. Finally, a strategy for meshing losses calculation was developed and results as a function of rotational speed were discussed.
Predictions for Non-Contacting Mechanical Face Seal Vibration With External Excitation From Pump Vibration: Part I — Flexibly Mounted Stator
Authors: Norrbin Clay S. , Childs Dara W.
Published: September 2018

Stability and response predictions are presented for a Flexibly Mounted Stator (FMS) mechanical seal ring using the model developed by Childs in 2018. The seal ring is excited by external vibration from the rotor/housing. The model includes a frequency dependent stiffness and damping model for the O-ring and a frequency independent model for the fluid film. The dynamic coefficients depend on both speed and excitation frequency. Data used in defining the model are representative of a typical FMS mechanical seal. Parameters for radius and O-Ring placement are varied. The predictions show an insignificant dependency on speed. The predictions are strongly frequency dependent with a critical speed of 90 kRPM. The FMS is predicted to be stable to frequencies below 140 kRPM. The distance between the O-Ring and seal ring inertia center doz couples lateral and pitch-yaw motion of the seal ring. Overall, if doz is kept small, the seal ring is predicted to not have any stability or response issues.
Bifunctional Enzyme SpoT Is Involved in Biofilm Formation of Helicobacter pylori with Multidrug Resistance by Upregulating Efflux Pump Hp1174 (
gluP
)
Authors: Ge Xiaoran , Cai Yuying , Chen Zhenghong , Gao Sizhe , Geng Xiwen , Li Ya , Li Yan , Jia Jihui , Sun Yundong
Published: September 2018

The drug resistance of
Helicobacter pylori
is gradually becoming a serious problem. Biofilm formation is an important factor that leads to multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacteria.