bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speech databases for mental disorders: A systematic review
Authors: Li Yiling , Lin Yi , Ding Hongwei , Li Chunbo
Published: July 2019

Background

The employment of clinical databases in the study of mental disorders is essential to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with mental illness. While text corpora obtain merely limited information of content, speech corpora capture tones, emotions, rhythms and many other signals beyond content. Hence, the design and development of speech corpora for patients with mental disorders is increasingly important.

Aim

This review aims to extract the existing speech corpora for mental disorders from online databases and peer-reviewed journals in order to demonstrate both achievements and challenges in this area.

Methods

The review first covers publications or resources worldwide, and then leads to the reports from China, followed by a comparison between Chinese and non-Chinese regions.

Results

Most of the speech databases were recorded in Europe or the United States by audio or video. Some were even supplemented by brain images and Event-Related Potential (ERP) statistics. The corpora were mostly developed for patients with neurocognitive disorders like stutter and aphasia, and mental illness like dementia, while other types of mental illness such as bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression and autism were scarce in number in database development.

Strengths and limitations

The results demonstrated that database development of neurocognitive disorders in China is much scarcer than that in some European countries, but the existing databases pave an instructive road for psychiatric problems. Also, the methods and applications of databases from the leading countries are inspiring for Chinese scholars, who are searching methods for developing a comprehensive resource for clinical studies.
A vulnerability framework to protect coastal social ecological systems
Authors: O’Higgins Timothy G. , O’Dwyer Barry
Published: July 2019

Due to a long and beneficial legacy, human settlement and development is particularly concentrated in coastal zones and this concentration is expected to continue and increase in the future. Coastal dwelling, however, also entails risks from both anthropogenic and natural hazards and interactions between these. A spatially explicit ecosystem services framework combined with a vulnerability framework is used to explore human relations with the coast and to assess current and future capacities to ensure benefits of coastal migration and to address the risks that these areas pose. The spatial characteristics of some fundamental benefits — transport and settlement, fisheries and waste assimilation — of coastal dwelling and their associated environmental costs are first analysed using modern and historical examples. A variety of spatial characteristics describing human use patterns are then identified. On this basis, the implications of the variety of spatial scales in benefits and costs for effective governance are discussed with reference to historical and current marine and coastal management practice. Our analysis will attempt to demonstrate that incorporating ecosystem services in environmental management may provide a useful tool in the application of ecosystem-based management.
Production and cytological characterization of a synthetic amphiploid derived from a cross betweenOryza sativaandOryza punctata
Authors: Kumar Kishor , Neelam Kumari , Singh Gurpreet , Mathan Jyotirmaya , Ranjan Aashish , Brar Darshan Singh , Singh Kuldeep
Published: July 2019

Oryza punctata Kotschy ex Steud. (BB, 2n = 24) is a wild species of rice that has many useful agronomic traits. An interspecific hybrid (AB, 2n = 24) was produced by crossing O. punctata and Oryza sativa variety Punjab Rice 122 (PR122, AA, 2n = 24) to broaden the narrow genetic base of cultivated rice. Cytological analysis of the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of the interspecific hybrids confirmed that they have 24 chromosomes. The F1hybrids showed the presence of 19–20 univalents and 1–3 bivalents. The interspecific hybrid was treated with colchicine to produce a synthetic amphiploid (AABB, 2n = 48). Pollen fertility of the synthetic amphiploid was found to be greater than 50% and partial seed set was observed. Chromosome numbers in the PMCs of the synthetic amphiploid were 24II, showing normal pairing. Flow cytometric analysis also confirmed doubled genomic content in the synthetic amphiploid. Leaf morphological and anatomical studies of the synthetic amphiploid showed higher chlorophyll content and enlarged bundle sheath cells as compared with both of its parents. The synthetic amphiploid was backcrossed with PR122 to develop a series of addition and substitution lines for the transfer of useful genes from O. punctata with least linkage drag.
Comparison of block adjustment methods and accuracies of photogrammetric point determination
Authors: Balce A.E.
Published: July 2019

This paper compares accuracy results of photogrammetric block adjustments using independent models, and bundles without added parameters, with block-invariant added parameters and with image-wise added parameters. Three real test blocks at scales of 1:4000,1:8000 and 1:60 000 were adjusted individually using the aforementioned methods. The root-mean-square (RMS) errors of discrepancies at checkpoints were compared and analyzed. It appeared that bundle adjustments with block-invariant added parameters gave the best results which were then used as the basis for comparing the RMS values of standard errors of independent model and bundle adjustments and of confidence ellipsoids of bundle adjustment, and accuracies estimated using RMS errors of residuals of independent model adjustments. The RMS values of standard errors of bundle adjustments appeared to be consistent, except for small-scale photography (smaller than 1:10 000). On the other hand, accuracies estimated using RMS errors of residuals of independent model adjustments appeared to be consistent, except in planimetry for large-scale photography (larger than 1:10 000). Hence, in the absence of checkpoints, standard errors of bundle adjustments may be used to estimate accuracy of photogrammetric point determination, except for small-scale photography which may then be estimated using the RMS errors of residuals of independent model adjustments.
NONLINEARITY AND LEAST SQUARES
Authors: Teunissen P.J.G. , Knickmeyer E.H.
Published: July 2019

Since almost all functional relations in our geodetic models are nonlinear, it is important, especially from a statistical inference point of view, to know how nonlinearity manifests itself at the various stages of an adjustment. In this paper particular attention is given to the effect of nonlinearity on the first two moments of least squares estimators. Expressions for the moments of least squares estimators of parameters, residuals and functions derived from parameters, are given. The measures of nonlinearity are discussed both from a statistical and differential geometric point of view. Finally, our results are applied to the 2D symmetric Helmert transformation with a rotational invariant covariance structure.
Establishment of crustal deformation networks using gps: a case study
Authors: Kleusberg Alfred , Georgiadou Yola , Dragert Herb
Published: July 2019

This paper describes the analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) observations for the determination of precise relative coordinates in two networks established to monitor crustal deformation on the west coast of Canada. Following the description of the networks and their observation schedules, the computer software used for the data reduction is reviewed and typical GPS relative positioning errors are discussed. To assess the internal consistency of GPS positioning, single baseline results are compared to those obtained in an overall network adjustment for both networks. It is found that the consistency in horizontal coordinates is better than that in the vertical coordinate by a factor of about 3. For one of the networks, which is mostly in a mountainous area, the consistency of the vertical coordinates is improved slightly when standard instead of observed meteorological data is used. The comparison of baseline lengths obtained from the GPS network adjustment and from the adjustment of terrestrial EDM measurements reveals a relative scale factor of 1.2 parts per million with residual discrepancies of 8 mm (rms). This precision will allow the determination of accumulating strain with these GPS monitoring networks within a period of five years.
Distributed land information networks: database management issues
Authors: Lee Y.C. , McLaughlin J.D.
Published: July 2019

This paper explores the major database management issues related to distributed land information networks. Recent developments in distributed database management are first reviewed; then special problems unique to the handling of spatial data are addressed. Lastly, this paper speculates on the future of distributed land information systems.
SIMPLE ADJUSTMENT OF SURVEY FIGURES
Authors: Siurna T.
Published: July 2019

Fill-nets are commonly adjusted either by the method of indirect observations (adjusting co-ordinates) or by the method of condition observations (adjusting angles or directions). The method that gives the smaller number of normal equations to solve will generally be chosen. If both methods give the same number of normals, the second is more convenient. When the second method is used, the choice of what to adjust—angles or directions— depends on the probable error to be expected after the adjustment (computed by the use of Ferrero’s formula). Decisions may be facilitated by reference to Table 2, which shows the figures most frequently occurring.
A STUDY OF THE ACCURACY OF THE TELLUROMETER
Authors: McLellan C. David
Published: July 2019

A study is made of Tellurometer measurements in 1958 near Kenora, Ontario, and near Brandon, Manitoba. Comparisons with Geodimeter base lines are made; ground swings are discussed; and the standard error of measurements is derived. Finally, the interesting phenomenon of diurnal trend is investigated.
OPERATIONAL USE OF THE AP-2 AT ACIC
Authors: Mahoney William C.
Published: July 2019

This paper describes experience at ACIC obtained with the AP-2 Plotter. It discusses the basic concepts upon which the AP-2 Plotter operates, some key tests performed, and problems associated with its introduction into a mapping organization and evaluates the plotter with respect to contemporary instrumentation. Emphasis in technical discussion is placed upon the capability of the plotter to remove systematic distortions arising from random and non-random sources.

This instrument represents a great advancement in photogrammetric instrumentation, but in its present form should not be expected to reduce operational time significantly in bridging and compilation operations. The AP-2 allows more complete exploitation of photogrammetric materials, but because of its complexity and increased requirements for advanced personnel training it will not be easy for most organizations to incorporate it in their line operations.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN MUNICIPAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING AS SEEN BY A TOWN PLANNER
Authors: Thompson William E.
Published: July 2019

The city planner has an important role to fulfil in the rapid development of cities, and he works in close cooperation with surveyors and other engineers. Using the city of Kitchener as an example, the use of photogrammetry in surveying and planning work is demonstrated. Photogrammetry has become an indispensable tool for both the surveyor and the planner.
A Generalized Least Squares Solution Hybrid Measuring Systems
Authors: Schmid Hellmut H. , Schmid Erwin
Published: July 2019

The Helmert method of subjecting a least squares adjustment to rigorously enforced boundary conditions is shown to be a special case of a generalized concept, in which these conditions are allowed to contribute to the solution in accordance with the weights of the observations that generate them. All parameters entering the solution are treated uniformly as weighted observations with a range in weight from 0 to ∞.

The generalized approach not only provides the necessary algorithm for the statistically correct treatment of hybrid measuring systems, but, at the same time, provides the means of obtaining optimum design of experiments.
Theory of Adjustments by Least Squares
Authors: Gale L. A.
Published: July 2019

The concepts of least squares adjustments and the relationships between various types of adjustment are presented in terms of generalized matrix algebra. By developments based on the variance law for independent observations and the linear relationship between independent and correlated observations, variance-covariance matrices and the corresponding weight matrices are developed. The use of generalized matrix algebra permits the derivation of weight matrices from singular, variance-covariance matrices by inversion of the latter matrices. A singular transformation matrix for the elimination of superfluous parameters from observation equations prior to adjustment is presented.
The Solution of Linear Equation Systems
Authors: Wilson Peter
Published: July 2019

Several methods for solving normal equations in least squares solutions are explained and the variance-covariance matrix is developed from the law of error propagation.
A Matrix Arithmetic for Use in a Course in Geodetic Adjustments
Authors: Gracie Gordon
Published: July 2019

The introduction of excellent electronic computing facilities at the University of Illinois has resulted in changed teaching methods. The course in geodetic adjustments uses a matrix program package to good advantage.
Analytical Damping in Iterative Solutions
Authors: Therrien J. J.
Published: July 2019

When normal equations in the process of a least squares adjustment are solved by the Gauss-Seidel iterative method, the values of the unknowns tend to oscillate during the process. When a ‘‘damping factor” is introduced, the oscillations are effectively damped. When this damping factor and an overcorrection factor are introduced at the proper stages of the solution, the iterations converge more rapidly.
An Integrated Survey of Metropolitan Whitehorse
Authors: Gauthier Jean , Snowling R. G.
Published: July 2019

This paper deals with all phases of field work, from planning through monumentation, observation and computations, of an integrated survey to establish control for subsequent photogrammetrical compilation of large-scale plans and to provide a network of monumented territorial plane coordinate points for future legal surveys.

Pre-field planning resulted in well integrated operations and early reconnaissance, monumentation and construction of targets in an efficient and economic operation. Horizontal positions were established for 114 monuments and elevations for 103 of these. Elevations of 94 other points were determined. Positions were determined by both triangulation and traverse. Of the latter, most distances were measured with a geodimeter 4-D, but a tellurometer MRA-2 was used for six lines. A device for eliminating gross errors in delay-line geodimeter readings was developed and used. Suitable accuracies were obtained.

Monuments for use in subsequent legal surveys were each placed no more than one half mile apart. Most areas where future development is planned are visible from at least two monuments. Ties were made to 40 existing legal monuments.

Recommendations are made regarding modifications of the equipment and the use of personnel.
Coastal Studies by Sequential Air Photography
Authors: Cameron H. L.
Published: July 2019

With the advent of air photography, many problems of mapping coast lines, such as those caused by surf action and underwater obstructions, were solved, as the vertical air photo shows the exact configuration of the coast and reveals many of the shallow-water obstructions. This paper shows that aerial photographs, obtained at intervals ranging from 2 to 20 years, contain important information on long-term coastal changes, brought about by wave and current action over a period of time. Two examples of such changes, revealed by sequential aerial photography, are given. It is concluded that a program of systematic study of existing photographs and supplementary rephotography would more than justify its cost.
The Adjustment of Incomplete Direction Observations
Authors: Bennett G. G.
Published: July 2019

An iterative method for the solution of the problem of adjusting incomplete direction observations has been known and practised for many years, apparently without theoretical justification. The method is shown to be theoretically sound and convergent in all cases. In fact, the approximate method may be classed as a general case, which includes the special case of the adjustment of complete direction observations.
The Use of Photogrammetry in Integrated Surveys
Authors: Brocklebank R. A.
Published: July 2019

The term, “integrated surveys”, is probably of Canadian origin and was first introduced in the surveying literature of the early 1960’s. Today it has become a slogan that is extensively used but sometimes loosely interpreted.

The true concept of an integrated-survey system is clarified in this paper which analyzes the various components, forming such a system, and the role of photogrammetry in them. Current problems in the development of Canadian survey integration are discussed, particularly the need for standardization of coordinate systems.
Block Triangulation on the NRC Monocomparator
Authors: Young M. E. H.
Published: July 2019

This article describes an experiment in analytical block triangulation using the NRC monocomparator. The experiment was carried out on a block of photographs that had been triangulated with the Wild A7 autograph, and the analytical and analogue methods were compared. The results of the experiment showed that the analytical method using the monocomparator is cheaper, more accurate and faster than the conventional analogue method.
Causes of Dimensional Changes in Estar Base Aerial Film Under Simulated Service Conditions
Authors: Carman P. D. , Martin J. F.
Published: July 2019

Dimensional changes were studied in five rolls of Estar base film exposed in both routine and simulated survey operations in a Wild RC8 camera. The simulated operations, with ambient conditions controlled and intentionally varied, enabled causes to be established for the various types of size change observed.

The source of the most serious dimensional changes is low relative humidity in the camera compartment. This is a common condition in a heated aircraft cabin when the outside temperature is low.

Ways of minimizing dimensional changes are recommended. To approach the potential geometrical accuracy of cameras, humidity control is needed in the aircraft.
Some Problems in the Evaluation of Lunar Orbiter Photography
Authors: Konecny Gottfried
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the author indicates possibilities of obtaining imagery from space, describes the Lunar Orbiter Camera System, and discusses problems in evaluating imagery obtained from this system.
Some Basic Features of an Environmental Integrated Data Bank
Authors: Roberts W. F.
Published: July 2019

In establishing an environmental integrated data bank, it is important that a suitable common denominator or ‘anchor’ be selected to which the various files can be related. Logically, this common denominator would appear to be the individual land units because they are stable and unique.
Applications of Photogrammetry in Mining Surveying
Authors: Dorrer E.
Published: July 2019

An attempt is made to classify the applications of photogrammetry to mining problems. Examples of practical applications of photogrammetry in mapping and profiling open pits, surface and underground deformation measurements, and tunnel cross sectioning show that greater accuracy and a saving in time can be achieved by this means than by conventional surveying methods. Further research in the applications of photogrammetry in the mining industry in North America is required.
Transfer of Resolution in the Production of Orthophotos
Authors: Collins Stanley H. , Kalensky Zdenek
Published: July 2019

The progressive loss of resolution was determined for the various steps involved in producing optically-projected orthophoto prints. The first test object was a set of low-contrast annular targets placed at the focus of a collimator in the laboratory. A film negative, with images of the test object across both diagonals, was made in a Wild RC8 camera supported on a nodal slide. From this negative, glass plate diapositives were made in three different printers. A typical diapositive was selected and used as the test object for two different orthophoto projectors and a tilt-rectifying projector. The resulting negatives were printed by contact and by projection. A graph of resolution vs. angle-of-view is given for each stage of reproduction, and the relative importance of the loss of resolution in each stage is discussed.
The Ideal Mechanical Parallax for Stereorthophotos
Authors: Collins Stanley H.
Published: July 2019

In producing a stereomate for an orthophoto, a mechanical x-parallax is introduced to provide stereoscopic relief in the terrain model that is seen when the two are viewed binocularly. It is shown in this paper that the mechanical parallax must bear a unique logarithmic relationship to the elevation of the model terrain. This matches the differential optical and mechanical parallaxes and gives the following properties to the stereorthophoto combination: the terrain model is visually smooth; errors of profiling during production do not affect the accuracy of height measurement; the same floating mark and height indicator can be used for both elevation measurement and spot-height measurement, and the output to the height indicator is linear over the whole range of model elevations.
Small-Scale Mapping on a National Level
Authors: Altenhofen Robert E.
Published: July 2019

Canada stands pre-eminent among nations who are applying new techniques to the solution of national mapping problems. The mapping programs of Canada, Australia, and the United States can be similarly described: they are planned and executed by scientifically oriented government agencies; funding is never commensurate with mapping needs; a fine balance is maintained between the completion of new mapping and the revision of out-dated maps.

Photogrammetry came of age just before World War II and enabled these countries to accelerate their output of small- and medium-scale maps. The computer-based combination of aerotriangulation with electronic methods of ground survey enabled Canada and Australia to sweep over large unchartered areas with control network expansion followed quickly by map production. Developing nations could well use the resulting techniques. The orthophoto map is a new form which introduced semiautomation to mapping and presages fully automatic map compilation.
Test Areas and Targeting in the Hull Project
Authors: Van Wijk M. C.
Published: July 2019

This paper describes the test areas used for the large scale mapping experiments carried out by the National Research Council and the Ministère des Terres et Forêts du Québec, the experiments performed to determine a suitable target size, and the aerial photography.
Image Deformation A Discussion of Several Contributing Sources
Authors: Ziemann H.
Published: July 2019

Many sources can contribute to the deformation of a photographic image. Deformation can occur during the exposure and processing of photographs, during the period between exposure and processing, and also during storage periods.

The effects of several sources that most likely contributed to the image deformation encountered in the Hull Project are discussed. These sources are unequal pull during the film transport in the aerial camera and lack of film flatness caused by blocked suction holes (sources causing the deformation of the negative), insufficient contact between negative and diapositive emulsions in a printer using centrally projected light (a source of diapositive deformation during the printing process), and plastic flow near the edges of film sheets (a source of deformation resulting from processing). In addition, changes in film diapositives during the measurement are singled out. It is also shown that image deformation is very similar for all frames exposed on the same film mounted in the same magazine.
Use of Rectified Photographs and Differentially Rectified Photographs for Photo Maps
Authors: Marsik Z.
Published: July 2019

A brief analysis shows that the rapid development of the orthophoto technique in the last decade does not mean that the ordinary rectification of aerial photographs should be discarded. Derived formulas, tables and diagrams make possible the evaluation of the accuracy and of the usability of rectified photographs and orthophotographs; ’affine rectification’ extends the possibilities of using rectified photographs. Some examples show when it is more economical to use rectified photographs than orthophotographs. From the instrumental point of view, it would be convenient to develop a versatile apparatus that could be used both as a differential rectifier and as an ordinary rectifier.
Combined Block Adjustment of APR Data and Independent Photogrammetric Models*
Authors: Ackermann F. , Ebner H. , Klein H.
Published: July 2019

Based on the computer program PAT-M for block adjustment by independent models, an extended system is presented for the combined simultaneous block adjustment of photogrammetric models with APR and/or statoscope data, including photogrammetric height measurements of shorelines of lakes, if available. The system is intended for small- and medium-scale topographic mapping. Because of possible application to very large blocks, is is expected to be of great economic importance.

The paper develops the basic mathematical formulas for the combined adjustment. In view of efficient and economic computation, some modifications are proposed, which the present programing of the system takes into account.
Three-Dimensional Adjustment of Terrestrial Geodetic Networks
Authors: Fubara D. M. J.
Published: July 2019

This paper shows how terrestrial geodetic networks can be rigorously adjusted in three dimensions. It summarizes investigations about the types of field data and how many of each type are necessary for the adjustment, the role of coordinate systems used, the mathematical models and which methods of least squares adjustment are desirable, and the attainable accuracies of adjusted parameters for chosen precisions of field observations. The trends for optimum design and minimum field data requirements for successful terrestrial three-dimensional adjustment are indicated. The conclusions relied on extensive use of statistical tests. Both simulated and real network data were used.
Small-Scale Imagery in Forest Pest Surveys in British Columbia
Authors: Harris John W. E.
Published: July 2019

Surveillance of the large forested areas of British Columbia by personnel of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey, Canadian Forestry Service, involves ground examinations, supplemented by limited observations from small aircraft. The increasing demand for better information, however, has resulted in a search for improved methods. One answer seems to be aerial photography, which offers a permanent accurate record.

Conventional aerial photographs are useful but are expensive to obtain and interpret. This study has determined that the boundaries and intensity of a variety of forest pest infestations can also be delineated on color photographs at some of the smallest scales (about 1:137,000) available, and at least some infestations that contrast well with surrounding forests can also be seen on ERTS-1 imagery. The latter has the advantage of being routinely available and cost shared by various users, while normal photography requires a specific mission. Results with ERTS-1 are encouraging, and likely improvements in future resource satellites may be of increasing value in survey programs.
Merging of the Canadian Triangulation Network with the 1973 Doppler Satellite Data
Authors: Peterson A. E.
Published: July 2019

Coordinate estimates resulting from an adjustment of Canadian triangulation were adjusted simultaneously with 1973 reduced Doppler satellite data to investigate differences in scale and rotation between the two systems. Transformation and adjustment involving the geodetic coordinate system and earth centered orthogonal system are discussed and preliminary results of merging the two systems are summarized.
The Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1972
Authors: Seppelin Thomas O.
Published: July 2019

An improved world geodetic system has been developed to satisfy the mapping, charting, and geodetic needs of the Department of Defense. The system, designated WGS 72, represents the culmination of approximately five years of data collection within the Department of Defense and the scientific community. Principal agencies involved in the developmental cycle include the USAF, Defense Mapping Agency, US Naval Weapons Laboratory, and Naval Oceanographic Office. The method of solution for an adjustment of this magnitude is characterized by the formation of a large-scale matrix by combining normal matrices from each of the major data input sets. The scaling and weighting processes for the final matrix are discussed. The resultant ellipsoid parameters, datum shifts and their related accuracies are presented and compared against similar quantities in other recent geocentric systems.
Mathematical Models for the Combination of Terrestrial and Satellite Networks
Authors: Krakiwsky Edward J. , Thomson Donald B.
Published: July 2019

This paper reviews and analyzes some existing mathematical models used for the combination of terrestrial and satellite networks. They all contain three rotations, three translations and a scale factor, but differ in the choice of the point at which the rotations are made. Also, an alternative model is developed. It contains the above seven parameters and an additional set of rotations to account for systematic errors in the networks. An estimation technique is proposed for the separation of system and network rotations. Finally, an adjustment technique for the combination of pairs of satellite and terrestrial networks to yield a solution from all possible data is outlined.
Two Approaches to Nonlinear Least Squares Adjustments
Authors: Pope Allen J.
Published: July 2019

The following discussion of Newton-Raphson and Newton-Gauss applied to least squares adjustment of nonlinear conditions with parameters is abstracted from the longer paper, “Modern Trends in Adjustment Calculus”, presented at the International Symposium on Problems Related to the Redefinition of North American Geodetic Networks, Fredericton, New Brunswick. Copies are available from the author.

This paper attempts a broad survey of some interesting, useful, or potentially useful, developments in today’s geodetic adjustment theory. Special consideration is given to relevant inputs from numerical analysis and statistics.
Optimization of Geodetic Networks
Authors: Grafarend Erik W.
Published: July 2019

Optimization of geodetic networks is classified in different orders. (1) Zero-order design solves the geodetic datum problem of how to transform geodetic measurements into absolute Cartesian coordinates. (2) First-order and (3) second-order design are closely related to find an optimaI configuration and an optimal observational weight within a geodetic net. (4) As a third-order design, the problem of introducing new observations into an existing geodetic net referred to as geodetic Bayesian estimation is discussed. In the Introduction, the general Gauss-Markov model, BLUE, least squares and BLIMBE are reviewed. By experimental design, a geodetic experiment is defined. For geodetic loss functions of cost, time, material, on the one hand, and of the dispersion matrix of the net coordinates on the other, five different classes are introduced: invariants for point transformations, eigen values and condition numbers that have the property to produce a homogeneous and isotropic geodetic net, invariants of derived quantities, maximal distribution functions, and norms of the dispersion matrix. The interpretation of a geodetic net in terms of stochastic processes is reviewed, especially the Taylor-Karman decomposition (1) is solved by the Moore-Penrose inverse, the Tykhonov inverse and the bias problem. (2) gives a review of critical configuration designs, three examples for simulation and nonlinear programming of type A designs (scalar risk functions). Although the configuration design is strong nonlinear, many problems in observational weight design (3) are linear. For type B designs (given the explicit structure of the dispersion matrix of net coordinates) three-dimensional examples solved by simplex algorithms are presented. Literature on the Schreiber Theorem of optimal weight distribution in a geodetic net is collected. Finally in (4) the geodetic Bayesian approach is formulated.
Contour Design and the Topographic Map User
Authors: Cromie Brian W.
Published: July 2019

Owing to their considerable information content and unique visual characteristics, terrain contours may be a particularly noisy element of the topographic map. Theoretical arguments based on recent psychological and psychophysical research are presented in support of this hypothesis. As a test, an experiment is carried out on sample maps having various contour designs. Subjects are asked to perform a selection of tasks on the maps; speed and accuracy are used to measure contouring influence. It appears that most users are adversely affected by contours, but also that, of the alternatives tested, only complete deletion of the contouring image would lead to a consistent improvement of map reading. Results are discussed in terms of user abilities, and implications for map design are suggested.
An Integrated Digital Mapping System
Authors: Zarzycki J.M.
Published: July 2019

There is an increasing demand for terrain information in digital form in addition to graphical format. Under such circumstances the establishment of a national digital topographic data base can be envisaged and implemented to serve the needs for terrain data in either digital and/or graphical format.

This paper discusses the digital interactive photogrammetric data acquisition system, interactive cartographic editing and automated drafting. The concepts of digital topographic data bank and data base are discussed as well as the requirements for selective retrieval and data base query language capability.
Specifications for Urban Horizontal Control Survey Networks
Authors: Simanovskis Janis
Published: July 2019

Three urban horizontal control survey networks measured in Newfoundland during 1976 are examined to test their compliance with the Surveys and Mapping Branch specifications of 1973 and 1977.
Field Experience with the Lambert “Twin” Tower at the Geodetic Survey of Canada
Authors: Swanson M.T.
Published: July 2019

A new survey tower, which combines the provision for precise angle measurement, characteristic of wooden and steel structures, with the mobility and ease of assembly of lightweight aluminum structures, was tested under field conditions to establish its viability for use on first-order horizontal control surveys.

Constructive criticism from the user and cooperation from the manufacturer combined to produce a survey tower that can be used to advantage in the variety of field conditions encountered on conventional type control surveys.
Optimization of the Breakthrough Accuracy in Tunneling Surveys
Authors: Chrzanowski Adam
Published: July 2019

Analysis and optimization of the breakthrough accuracy and a proper design of the underground control survey are the most important tasks of the survey engineer in charge of a tunneling project. The breakthrough point P should be treated as two different points P′ and P″ in the accuracy analysis, and the breakthrough error is found from the relative error ellipses calculated for P′ and P″. The accuracy of the underground control surveys (usually open-ended traverses) is much more critical in tunneling surveys than the accuracy of the surface control network. Use of gyrotheodolites decreases the error propagation in underground traverses, particularly when the influence of atmospheric refraction is suspected.
Airstrip Site Selection in Coastal Labrador
Authors: Innes J. D. , Smith E. H. , Fiander Allan
Published: July 2019

This paper examines a case study of the selection of nine airstrip sites in the coastal area of Labrador. The procedure used involved the procurement of better mapping for the site selection process. The benefits of this process are examined in the context of the data requirements for good airstrip selection. The site selection process is then examined utilizing state of the art digital mapping and computerized geometric design techniques.
The Mapping of Canada’s Arctic Islands
Authors: Wonders William C.
Published: July 2019

It is now well established that the Vikings were the first Europeans to explore Canada’s Arctic Islands, but these early travelers left no maps and it was not until the voyage of Marlin Frobisher, in 1576, that the four-century process of mapping this part of the world was begun.

The south and east margins of the Islands were explored in the 17th century but a deeper penetration into the central Arctic had to wait for the stronger ships and steam propulsion of the 19th century. During the search for the lost Franklin Expedition of 1845, most of the islands were discovered and explored, except those in the extreme north. The last major pieces in the map were put into place by the Norwegian explorer, Otto Sverdrup, and the Canadian, Vilhjalmur Stefansson. Minor additions and corrections to the map were still being made in the decade following World War II.
On the Use of Nonmetric Cameras in Analytical Close-Range Photogrammetry
Authors: Fraser C.S.
Published: July 2019

Analytical data reduction techniques have facilitated the use of nonmetric, amateur cameras in applications of precision photogrammetry. This paper discusses the analytical restitution of close-range nonmetric imagery. Initially, aspects of the mathematical formulations of both the self-calibrating bundle adjustment and sequential DLT-type methods are reviewed and statistical considerations are outlined. A self-calibration approach using mixed block- and photo-invariant additional parameters is proposed, and an experiment conducted to test the accuracy and precision of this technique is detailed. The experiment involved the multistation phototriangulation of nonmetric Hasselblad 500 ELM images, using both self-calibration and a DLT-type method. Relative accuracies in the object space were found to be of the order of 1:10 000 and higher for the former approach and 1:6000 for the latter. Further results of this experiment, which lend weight to the contention that nonmetric cameras are capable of producing results of high accuracy, are discussed and general conclusions are drawn.
A Study of the Effect of Standard Laboratory Processing on Speed and Resolution of Three Black and White Aerial Films
Authors: Fleming E. A. , Landreville M. , Nagy E.
Published: July 2019

Three aerial films were tested using standard aerial photo laboratory processing procedures for three different chemistries. Relationships were established with respect to average gradient, speed, base plus fog, graininess and resolution for low, medium and high contrast targets. The films compared were Kodak Double-X type 2405, Kodak Plus-X type 2402 and Kodak Panatomic-X 2412. The processing was done in a Kodak Versamat processor using Type A, 885 and Versaflo chemistry. The results indicated that processing in 885 chemistry enhanced film speed. The versatility of Double-X in terms of speed and contrast range was demonstrated, however the resolution of Panatomic-X greatly exceeded that of either of the other two films and shows promise for small scale mapping photography.
The Ultimate Trespass
Authors: Doig J. F.
Published: July 2019

Due to an erroneous interpretation of a parcel of land, a house was constructed on a lot that was not the property of the person who paid to have the house built. The author describes how this mistake occurred and how it could have been avoided.
Special Order Geodetic Operations for a Canadian Pacific Railway Tunnel in the Canadian Rockies
Authors: Lachapelle G. , Dennler M. , Lethaby J. , Cannon E.
Published: July 2019

A brief historical account is presented of the Canadian Pacific Railway involvement in the Rogers Pass that led to the decision to build 34 km of new track in the area, including a 14.5-km tunnel through the Pass. The specifications to be met for each of the two phases of the survey are described. The first phase consisted of the establishment of a surface control network and was carried out by Nortech in the summer of 1983. The second phase is the underground alignment survey to be carried out during the period 1984–1988. The unique survey problems of Phase A encountered in such a mountainous area are described together with the methods used for their solution. The observations selected, which consisted of distances, directions, Laplace azimuths and spirit leveled heights, led to results that exceeded, in terms of accuracy, the objectives initially set. A discussion on the importance of each data type used is presented.
The Use of Reconnaissance Hydrographic Surveys for Establishment of Essential Navigation Bathymetric Data in the Third World Countries
Authors: Fish J.P. , Klein M.
Published: July 2019

Many third world countries do not have the resources to conduct classic hydrographic surveys, either due to the length of the coastline or the level of available funds. In the past, this has resulted in an arbitrary choice of navigational channel areas to be surveyed.

In order to more effectively utilize the limited resources available in third world countries, the use of a large footprint side scan sonar to provide reconnaissance type information to the surveyor is advocated so that the surveyor may “triage” the large areas to be surveyed and survey only areas which offer the highest return for the application of resources. The use of the large footprint side scan sonar to augment the traditional narrow beam echo sounder trace permits the use of wider spaced lines without undue risk of missing significant bottom obstructions. With increasing commerce to Third World countries, accurate bathymetry becomes increasingly significant. The utilization of selected systems such as the side scan sonar can permit the Third World hydrographer to maximize utilization of available resources to obtain this data. A complete discussion of the methodology involved with the utilization of side scan sonar, as well as the employment of the equipment, is discussed in this paper.
UNBSAT: A Digital Recording System for the CMA-722B Transit Doppler Receiver
Authors: Quek See Hean , Langley Richard B.
Published: July 2019

The United States Department of Defense (DoD) Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS), commonly known as Transit, has been used extensively since 1967 for civilian geodetic surveying and navigation. With the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), the DoD will have no further need for Transit and plans to shut down the system in 1994. GPS receivers are still expensive and Transit Doppler receivers purchased today, according to the planned schedule, would have a limited life span of less than ten years. In this paper we present an economical method of acquiring the capabilities of modern Transit receivers by upgrading a popular old receiver. We have interfaced a standard Apple II microcomputer to a Canadian Marconi CMA-722B. The Apple microcomputer provides the added data processing and storage capability found in more modern Doppler receivers and obviates the need for “user unfriendly" paper tape or expensive data cassettes. Dubbed “UNBSAT”, our system allows established survey organizations to expand their Transit positioning capabilities by reactivating their moth-balled CMA-722B receivers, allows developing nations to carry out Doppler surveys economically, and provides an educational tool for training surveying engineers in satellite positioning techniques. The hardware and software configuration of this system is described and an outline of its capabilities is given. The direction of current and future development of the system is also discussed.
THE CADASTRE AND THE EMERGING LAND INFORMATION SYSTEM IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: SOME ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
Authors: Toms Ken N. , Williamson Ian P. , Grant Don M.
Published: July 2019

A modern cadastre is defined and the relationship with the wider concept of land information system is established. A generalized approach to cadastral and land information systems in Australia is discussed. The experience of administration of cadastre and the emerging land information system in South Australia is examined and a conceptual model aimed at improvement is presented. The paper concludes with a recommendation for the creation of an Office of Land Information that would administer the operation of a complete LIS for South Australia.
Changes in the Serum Metabolome of Acute Myocardial Ischemia Rat Pretreatment with Electroacupuncture
Authors: Zhang Hong-Ru , Tao Jia-Lei , Bai Hua , Yang Eun-Mee , Zhong Ze-Hao , Liu Xin-Tong , Gu Yi-Huang , Lu Sheng-Feng
Published: July 2019

Myocardial infarction (MI), the most common symptom is chest pain, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. Electroacupuncture pretreatment (EP) is a recent observation which has been shown to induce ischemic tolerance like the ischemia preconditioning, suggesting that EP may be a promising preventive strategy for individual susceptibility to MI. This study investigated mechanisms that underlie the effect of EP on MI through the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolic profiling. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided to receive or not receive three days of EP at PC6 (Neiguan). Then on the fourth day, each group was further divided to undergo mock surgery or MI, induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. After 24[Formula: see text]h, the blood samples and hearts were collected for the follow-up research. The results showed that treatment by EP significantly reduced the levels of CK-MB, cTnT, AST, and MDH in serum and decreased myocardial infarction area. According to GC-MS-based serum metabolic profiling and analysis, a total of 636 characteristic peaks were identified, including 158 known and 478 unknown metabolites. MI caused comprehensive metabolic changes in glycolysis-related metabolites, malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) metabolites, and purine metabolites with anti-oxidant functions, while EP reversed more than half of the differential metabolic changes, mainly affecting amino acid and energy metabolism, especially the glutamate metabolism and MAS. In a word, our findings suggest that EP exerts its cardioprotective effect on MI by regulating amino acid and energy metabolisms. Meanwhile, GC-MS-based metabolomics provided a powerful way to characterize the metabolic features of MI, with and without EP, and thereby improved our understanding of the effect and mechanisms of EP.
Angular decorrelations in γ + 2jets events at high energies in the parton Reggeization approach
Authors: Karpishkov Anton , Saleev Vladimir , Shipilova Alexandra
Published: July 2019

We study associated production of prompt photon and two jets at high energies in the framework of the parton Reggeization approach (PRA), which is based on multi-Regge factorization of hard processes and Lipatov’s effective theory of Reggeized gluons and quarks. In this approach, initial-state off-shell effects and transverse momenta of initial partons are included in a gauge-invariant way. We compute azimuthal angle difference spectra in [Formula: see text] + 2[Formula: see text]jets events and compare results with data from D0 Collaboration at the Tevatron. It was found that agreement between predictions and data can be achieved only under assumption on strong violation in transverse momentum ordering during initial-state quantum chromodynamics (QCD) evolution which corresponds multi-Regge kinematical regime instead of DGLAP picture.