bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Newspaper Ideological Bias or “Statist Quo”?
Authors: Anderson William L. , McLellan Jacquelynne W.
Published: August 2006

Absract.  Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, acid rain was an important topic of public debate. Newspapers ramped up coverage in the early 1980s, which then peaked in the mid‐1980s and died off slowly in the late 1980s and early 1990s, to be rarely seen again. The question asked is whether the tone of the acid rain coverage was an example of alleged “liberal bias” of journalists, or if it was due to other factors. This paper examines various explanations of newspaper behavior, including one given by the late Warren Brookes concluding that the real bias of reporters tends toward the expansion of government, or the statist quo. In our paper, we examine the coverage of acid rain before and after the election of George Bush in 1988, an event that led directly to the passage of the the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, which had strong acid rain provisions. Our statistical tests, while mixed, give credence to the “statist quo” hypothesis, especially where newspapers of “national stature” are concerned.
Valuing Nature
Authors: Nelson Robert H.
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  During the 1970s, Congress created a new statutory foundation for public land management by the U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. The stated goal was to establish a rational administrative process for resolving the demands of competing users. Economists argued that public land decisions therefore must be made through comprehensive application of benefit‐cost and other economic methods. The hopes to ground public land management in economic analysis, however, were not realized. It would have required a radical change in the politics of the public lands, including a large loss of influence among historically dominant groups, and there was no powerful constituency to make that happen. By the 1980s, moreover, the environmental movement was promoting ecosystem management as a replacement for traditional multiple‐use management. In place of economic benefits, ecosystem management substituted biological goals that could not effectively be captured by economic methods. This article offers a case study of the failure of professional economic analysis to have much impact in many real‐world government settings.
The Resource Economics of Grover Pease Osborne
Authors: Vaughn Gerald F.
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  Grover Pease Osborne was the author of the first American textbook on resource economics. This field started during the Progressive Period in the United States (from 1890 to the 1920s). Osborne’s pioneering work encourages us to ask what sorts of public policies towards the management of non‐renewable resources are in the best interests of the nation.
A Comparative Political Economy Approach to Farming Interest Groups in Australia and the United States
Authors: Alley Sean , Marangos John
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  Commons ([1950] 1970: 34) insisted that “economics should be the science of activity.” In this tradition, the aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of farming interest groups on natural resource policy by using a comparative political economy approach. Special attention will be given to farming interest groups in Australia and the United States. Curiously, each group takes a very different ideological approach to promoting farming interests. Our contention is that each group tends to display values that were prominent during its formation. The ideology and thus behavior of interest groups cannot be isolated from the history, the economic conditions, and the changing alternatives open to individuals. It is very reasonable to argue that two groups with similar goals might pursue different means to the same ends; the different means simply reflect values that were important in the formation of the groups. As such, there might be a concerted effort of the farming interest group, based on history, economic conditions, and custom, to either encourage a higher degree of competition or protect against the degree of competition.
Reconciling Gray and Hotelling
Authors: Brazee Richard J. , Cloutier L. Martin
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  Early exhaustible resource economics provides an important foundation for recent suggestions that firm‐level economic modeling plays a larger role in the analysis of resource scarcity. The lack of empirical support for Hotelling’s r‐percent rule, introduced in 1931, and recent suggestions that industry behavior may not be reducible to firm behaviors are the primary motivating factors for examining the relative value of Gray’s contribution to the field of exhaustible resource economics relative to Hotelling’s contribution. Specifically, Gray’s papers that appeared in the 1910s provide insight into the heterogeneity of deposits and their spatial dimensions, and offer the possibility that firms will be subject to fixed costs carried over between periods. In this paper, the arguments presented by Gray are formalized in a dynamic model, which allows the differences between Gray’s and Hotelling’s assumptions to be more fully explored. The results of the paper illustrate that by considering spatially identifiable heterogeneous deposits, fixed costs, and entry costs, in general Hotelling’s r‐percent rule is not a sufficient condition for firm‐level decision making and that firms’ extraction behavior cannot be linearly aggregated to describe industry behavior.
A Simple General Test for Tax Bias
Authors: Gaffney Mason
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  The paper infers the biasing effects of taxes from their differential effects on the present values of rival uses for given tracts of land. After‐tax wage rates, interest rates, and commodity prices are exogenous, hence not affected by taxes, which are therefore all shifted to land rents and values. The effects are differential among rival uses, hence change their ranking in the eyes of the landowner‐manager. Most taxes downgrade the highest use into a lower use, inducing quantum leaps away from higher and better uses into lower and worse uses. The paper uses forestry as an allegory for all land uses. It compares yield taxes, property taxes, income taxes, and site value taxes. It finds that a change from the first three to the site value tax would induce quantum leaps from lower to higher uses of land.
Lessons for Economic Reform Based on Pennsylvania’s Experiences with the Two‐Tiered Property Tax
Authors: Peters Robert Andrew
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  Although economic theory indicates that the imposition of a two‐tiered property tax system facilitates urban revitalization, localities in most states have not been authorized to institute a two‐tiered property tax. The authority to implement such a tax is partially determined by a state constitution’s uniformity and equal protection clauses and tax rate ceilings. An analysis of these provisions reveals 23 states may establish a two‐tiered tax, but implementation in 20 of the states must await the passage of state‐enabling legislation. Because of the dearth of experience in enacting legislation and the absence of literature that provides guidance for securing its passage, the politics of enacting Pennsylvania’s 1998 statute are assessed. The case study clearly indicates that enabling legislation enjoys bipartisan support as well as the backing of urban and rural representatives. However, the legislation’s fate is primarily determined by the composition of local electorates and the political power of farm lobbies.
Financing Transit Systems Through Value Capture
Authors: Smith Jeffery J. , Gihring Thomas A.
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  Much of the literature on value capture reports empirical findings on the incidence of rising land values related to distance from a transit stop following the installation of rail transit improvements. This annotated bibliography shows that the elevated value effects of transit access are well documented. The authors maintain that it is now time for transit/land‐use research to move from hypothesis testing to practical applications of value capture. Longitudinal models can help predict land‐value increments over a period of time, yielding estimates of the total capturable revenues that would support the debt financing of transit improvement projects.
Heterogeneity and Time
Authors: Faber Malte , Winkler Ralph
Published: August 2006

Abstract. Although heterogeneity and time are central aspects of economic activity, it was predominantly the Austrian School of economics that emphasized these two aspects. In this paper we argue that the explicit consideration of heterogeneity and time is of increasing importance due to the increasing environmental and resource problems faced by humankind today. It is shown that neo‐Austrian capital theory, which revived Austrian ideas employing a formal approach in the 1970s, is not only well suited to address issues of structural change and of accompanying unemployment induced by technical progress but also can be employed for an encompassing ecological‐economic analysis demanded by ecological economics. However, complexity, uncertainty, and real ignorance limit the applicability of formal economic analysis. Therefore, we conclude that economic analysis has to be supplemented by considerations of political philosophy.
Escaping the Resource Curse and the Dutch Disease?
Authors: Larsen Erling Røed
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  In the 1960s, Norway lagged behind its Scandinavian neighbors in the aggregate value of economic production per capita, as it had for decades. By the 1990s, Norway had caught up with and forged ahead of Denmark and Sweden. When and why did Norway catch up? The discovery and extraction of oil in the early 1970s is usually suggested as the explanation. But oil alone cannot explain Norway’s growth, since Sachs and Warner (2001) show that resource gifts often reverse growth, making oil a curse, not a blessing. Moreover, there is the possibility of contracting the Dutch Disease, which involves a rapid and substantial contraction of the traded goods sector. This article explains how deliberate macroeconomic policy, the arrangement of political and economic institutions, a strong judicial system, and social norms contributed to let Norway escape the Resource Curse and the Dutch Disease for more than two decades. Intriguingly, it appears that Norway in the late 1990s may show some symptoms: Norway has experienced reversed relative growth compared to Denmark and Sweden and a contraction of industrial activity. This article explores the political economy behind this recent slowdown.
The Role of Ethnicity and Language in Contingent Valuation Analysis
Authors: Loomis John , Ellingson Lindsey , Gonzalez‐Caban Armando , Seidl Andy
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  In order to satisfy legal requirements, many federal agencies must assess the potential effects of their policies on the public. This is often done through surveys, but frequently those surveys are only administered in English. This paper tests whether there are differences in survey response rates, refusals to pay, and willingness to pay (WTP) across different ethnicities and language for forest fire reduction in the State of California. The ethnicities studied were Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic (half in Spanish, half in English).

There was a statistical difference in survey response rates across all ethnicities, and no statistical difference among ethnicities for reasons of refusing to pay. The influence of ethnicity and language was tested using a logit model with ethnicity intercepts and bid slope interaction terms. The Hispanic‐Spanish intercept shifter and the Hispanic‐English dollar bid amount interaction terms were statistically significant and positive. There was a significant difference in the logit willingness to pay coefficients between Hispanics surveyed in Spanish with each of the other ethnicities. The annual willingness to pay of Hispanics taking the survey in Spanish was twice that of Caucasians, but no statistical difference in mean and median WTP between these two groups was found, due to large confidence intervals around each estimate. Nonetheless, the WTP of both Hispanics and Caucasians for the forest thinning program is substantial, and statistically different from zero, suggesting there may be broad support for this program in California.
Characterization of Thermoplastic Blends as Binders for Ceramics
Authors: Knapp Angela M. , Halloran John W.
Published: August 2006

Molded ceramics with simple poly(ethylene–ethylacryate) thermoplastic binders suffer severe distortion during heating associated with relaxation of polymer conformations, but blends of poly(ethylene–ethylacrylate) containing poly(isobutyl methacrylate) resins and polyethylene glycol and mineral additives do not suffer distortions. The polymer blends are characterized using polarized light microscopy and thermal analysis. Crystallinity and spherulite size of the binder are reduced by blending and by the addition of ceramic powder. Plasticizer additives polyethylene glycol and mineral oil phase separate in poly(ethylene–ethyacrylate), but are compatablized by additions of poly(isobutyl methacrylate). The compatibalized plasticizers are able to relax the polymer conformations after molding, avoiding distortion on subsequent heating.
Factors Influencing Anisotropic Sintering Shrinkage in Tape‐Cast Alumina: Effect of Processing Variables
Authors: Patwardhan J. S. , Cannon W. Roger
Published: August 2006

The effect of the processing variables shear rate, solids loading, and sintering temperature on the anisotropy of sintering shrinkage of aqueous tape‐cast alumina was studied. Higher shear rates and higher solids loading resulted in higher in‐plane shrinkage anisotropy, whereas the shrinkage anisotropy in the thickness direction was higher for low solids loadings. The in‐plane shrinkage anisotropy was found to be fairly constant above a certain critical shear rate (∼100 s−1) independent of the solids loading. The shrinkage anisotropy through the thickness was higher than in‐plane directions. A higher thickness direction sintering rate was observed and attributed to a greater number of interparticle necks in the thickness direction because of the platy nature of alumina particles and the greater thickness direction strains associated with binder removal. The binder did not significantly affect the in‐plane sintering shrinkage but significantly affected the shrinkage in the thickness direction. It was suggested that emulsion binder particles occupy sites in between layers of particles in the thickness direction. The degree of anisotropic shrinkage was quantified using edge orientation polarograms and a direct correlation was obtained between the processing variables, shrinkage anisotropy, and the edge orientation index.
Detection of Indentation Induced FE‐to‐AFE Phase Transformation in Lead Zirconate Titanate
Authors: Juliano Thomas F. , Gogotsi Yury G. , Buchheit Thomas E. , Watson Chad S. , Kalinin Sergei V. , Shin Junsoo , Baddorf Arthur P.
Published: August 2006

Instrumented indentation was combined with microscopy and spectroscopy analysis to investigate the local mechanically induced ferroelectric to anti‐ferroelectric phase transformation of niobium‐modified lead zirconate titanate 95/5. Indentation experiments to a depth of 2 μm were performed using a Berkovich pyramidal three‐sided diamond tip. Subsequent Raman spectroscopy and piezoelectric force microscopy revealed that indentation locally induced the ferroelectric to antiferroelectric phase transformation. Piezoelectric force microscopy demonstrated the ability to map the individual phases within and near indented regions on the niobium‐modified lead zirconate titanate ceramics.
Characterization of Chemical Vapor‐Deposited (CVD) Mullite+CVD Alumina+Plasma‐Sprayed Tantalum Oxide Coatings on Silicon Nitride Vanes After an Industrial Gas Turbine Engine Field Test
Authors: Haynes J. A. , Zemskova S. M. , Lin H. T. , Ferber M. K. , Westphal W.
Published: August 2006

Silicon nitride ceramic vanes coated with chemical vapor‐deposited (CVD) mullite, CVD alumina, and plasma‐sprayed tantalum oxide were exposed to field tests in an industrial gas turbine engine. Results varied due to expected non‐uniformities in the CVD coating microstructures, but dense CVD mullite/alumina showed excellent stability and protective capacity after 1148 h of engine testing. Surfaces without CVD coatings experienced massive intragranular subsurface oxidation and/or rapid recession of the ceramic substrate due to volatilization of silica species formed by oxidation. These results suggest that thin (<5 μm), dense, high‐purity CVD mullite and CVD alumina are viable components for an environmental barrier coating system to protect structural ceramics in combustion environments.
Phase Diagram of the Alumina–Zirconia–Samaria System
Authors: Lakiza Sergij , Lopato Lydia
Published: August 2006

The phase diagram of the Al2O3–ZrO2–Sm2O3 system was constructed in the temperature range 1250°–2800°C. The phase transformations in the system are completed in eutectic reactions. No ternary compounds or regions of appreciable solid solution were found in the components or binaries in this ternary system. Two new ternary and one new binary eutectics were found. The minimum melting temperature is 1680°C and it corresponds to the ternary eutectic Al2O3+F‐ZrO2+SmAlO3. The solidus surface projection, the schematic of the alloy crystallization path, and the vertical sections present the complete phase diagram of the Al2O3–ZrO2–Sm2O3 system.
Pressureless Sintering of High‐Density ZrB2–SiC Ceramic Composites
Authors: Yan Yongjie , Huang Zhengren , Dong Shaoming , Jiang Dongliang
Published: August 2006

Ultra‐high‐temperature ceramic composites of ZrB2 20 wt%SiC were pressureless sintered under an argon atmosphere. The starting ZrB2 powder was synthesized via the sol–gel method with a small crystallite size and a large specific surface area. Dry‐pressed compacts using 4 wt% Mo as a sintering aid can be pressureless sintered to ∼97.7% theoretical density at 2250°C for 2 h. Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of the sintered ceramic composites were 14.82±0.25 GPa and 5.39±0.13 MPa·m1/2, respectively. In addition to the good sinterability of the ZrB2 powders, X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results showed that Mo formed a solid solution with ZrB2, which was believed to be beneficial for the densification process.
Synthesis of Various LaMO3Perovskites in Molten Carbonates
Authors: Kojima Toshikatsu , Nomura Katsuhiro , Miyazaki Yoshinori , Tanimoto Kazumi
Published: August 2006

Lanthanum‐containing perovskites, LaMO3(M=Al, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ga, and In), have been synthesized in molten carbonates from a mixture of lanthanum carbonate and an M‐containing oxide or an acetate, or from a co‐precipitation mixture of metal (M) and lanthanum. Metal aluminum, chromium, and iron, immersed in a mixture of molten (Li0.52Na0.48)2CO3and lanthanum carbonate at 923 K, were covered, respectively, with LaAlO3, LaCrO3, and LaFeO3. Ceramic and single‐crystal α‐Al2O3, immersed in molten (Li0.52Na0.48)2CO3mixed with lanthanum carbonate, were also covered with LaAlO3.In situX‐ray diffractometry revealed that La2O2CO3reacted with α‐LiAlO2to yield LaAlO3; the reaction proceeded faster under N2than under a CO2atmosphere.
Bimodal Microstructure and Reaction Mechanism of Ti2SnC Synthesized by a High‐Temperature Reaction Using Ti/Sn/C and Ti/Sn/TiC Powder Compacts
Authors: Li Shi‐Bo , Bei Guo‐Ping , Zhai Hong‐Xiang , Zhou Yang
Published: August 2006

High purity of titanium tin carbide (Ti2SnC) powder was fabricated by pressureless sintering two types of mixtures of Ti/Sn/C and Ti/Sn/TiC powders under different conditions. A bimodal microstructure of Ti2SnC with plate‐like and rod‐like forms was first observed, which is determined by the grain growth rate in different planes, the C particle's size, and the growth environment. Based on the microstructure observation, a reaction model was proposed to understand the reaction mechanism for the formation of Ti2SnC. Further investigation of the thermal stability of Ti2SnC demonstrates that Ti2SnC decomposes to TiC and Sn in vacuum atmosphere at 1250°C.
Pigmented malignant hidroacanthoma simplex mimicking irritated seborrheic keratosis
Authors: Lee Julia Yu‐Yun , Lin Ming‐Hsien
Published: August 2006

Pigmented variant of malignant hidroacanthoma simplex (PMHS) is very rare. We are aware of only two reported cases, all arising in pigmented hidroacanthoma simplex (HS). We report the third case of PMHS arising in a pigmented HS. A 71‐year‐old‐woman presented with a well‐demarcated pigmented hyperkeratotic tumor on the right knee resembling irritated seborrheic keratosis. Histopathologic examination of the excised tumor revealed intraepidermal proliferation of atypical polygonal poroid cells forming large, sharply demarcated nests with colonization of dendritic melanocytes. In addition, there were focal changes of a benign pigmented HS and syringofibroadenoma. The key diagnostic features of ductal structures and intracytoplasmic lumina were highlighted by carcinoembryonic antigen and epithelial membrane antigen immunostaining. PMHS should be differentiated from irritated seborrheic keratosis, melanoacanthoma, Bowen's disease and malignant melanoma both clinically and pathologically.
Stem cell apoptosis in HIV‐1 alopecia
Authors: Barcaui Carlos Baptista , Gonçalves da Silva Ana Maria , Sotto Mírian N. , Genser Bernd
Published: August 2006

Background:  Diffuse alopecia occurs in almost 7% of HIV‐1‐infected patients. Telogen effluvium is the main pathogenic mechanism involved. Apoptotic keratinocytes in the outer root sheath at bulge level was described as the most characteristic histopathologic finding of this kind of hair loss.

Methods:  A case–control study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of apoptosis of follicular stem cells at the bulge in diffuse alopecia of HIV‐1 infection. We applied a double‐staining procedure to transverse scalp sections from 15 HIV‐1‐infected patients and 12 controls, with the monoclonal antibody anticytokeratin 19 as stem cell marker and TUNEL technique to identify apoptosis.

Results:  Eighty percent of cases and 25% of controls presented at least one double‐stained follicle. The proportion of positive follicles per section was 48% (±7%) for cases and 26% (±13%) for controls.

Conclusion:  Our study demonstrated that diffuse alopecia related to HIV‐1 infection represents a hair cycle disturbance and that part of the follicular stem cell population become apoptotic in a higher proportion than normal subjects. We found no cytotoxic folliculitis. Owing to its cell‐cycle interaction and caspase‐induction capacities, we propose HIV‐1 viral protein R as a possible follicular stem cell apoptosis inductor.
Immunoreactivity of CD99 in invasive malignant melanoma
Authors: Wilkerson Anne E. , Glasgow Meriden A. , Hiatt Kim M.
Published: August 2006

Background:  CD99, also known as p30/32, is a glycoprotein product of the MIC2 gene. It was originally utilized in immunohistochemistry as a unique marker for Ewing sarcoma, other primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and subsequently in other tumors. Its expression in malignant melanoma (MM) has not been well documented, with just two isolated cases of MM recently reported. Recent studies have documented CD99 expression in a significant percentage of atypical fibroxanthomas (AFX), posing potential diagnostic problems in differentiating these two entities. As mistaking MM for AFX based on immunohistochemical staining pattern has significant consequences, we sought to determine the percentage of invasive MM in our archives that have this staining pattern.

Methods:  Seventy‐eight cases of invasive melanoma were retrieved from our files. Each case was stained with mouse anti‐human CD99 and evaluated for membranous expression.

Results:  Our evaluation revealed that 47 of 78 MM cases (60%) stain positive for CD99.

Conclusion:  This study is the first to demonstrate, in a large series, the prevalence of CD99 expression in primary cutaneous melanoma. Additionally, this introduces in the histologic differential diagnosis of CD99 expressing dermal spindle cell lesions.
Type I interferon‐associated cytotoxic inflammation in lichen planus
Authors: Wenzel Joerg , Scheler Marina , Proelss Julia , Bieber Thomas , Tüting Thomas
Published: August 2006

Introduction:  Lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory autoimmune skin disease of unknown origin. Evidence has accumulated that autoreactive cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes cause destruction of keratinocytes. Recent studies suggested that type I interferons (IFNs) play a central role in cytotoxic skin inflammation by increasing the expression of IP10/CXCR10 and recruiting effector cells via CXCR3. Here, we investigated whether type I IFNs are also involved in the pathogenesis of LP.

Patients and methods:  Skin biopsies of altogether 17 donors (seven LP and 10 healthy controls) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, CXCR3, granzyme B, IP10/CXCL10, CD123, and the MxA protein, which is specifically induced by type I IFNs.

Results:  Our analysis revealed a significant expression of the MxA protein in all LP skin biopsies, indicating involvement of type I IFNs. Expression of MxA was closely associated with the recruitment of CXCR3+ and granzyme B+ lymphocytes, indicating a Th1‐biased cytotoxic immune response. Strong expression of the CXCR3 ligand, the interferon‐inducible protein IP10/CXCL10, links type I IFN expression and recruitment of CXCR3+ lymphocytes. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) appear to be a major source of type I IFNs in LP.

Discussion:  Our observations support the hypothesis that lesional type I IFNs produced by pDCs plays an important role in chronic cytotoxic inflammation of LP by recruiting cytotoxic effector lymphocytes via IP10/CXCR3 interactions.
Merkel cell carcinoma in organ‐transplant recipients: report of two cases with unusual histological features and literature review
Authors: Kanitakis Jean , Euvrard Sylvie , Chouvet Brigitte , Butnaru Agripina Cristina , Claudy Alain
Published: August 2006

Background:  Non‐melanoma skin cancers are the commonest malignancies after organ transplantation and are often associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). Merkel cell carcinoma is an uncommon neuroendocrine skin tumor, of which 67 cases have been reported up till now, usually briefly, in organ transplant patients.

Methods:  Among a cohort of 2340 organ‐transplant recipients, two patients (one renal, one heart) developed cutaneous Merkel cell carcinomas 5 and 12 years of post graft, respectively. These were studied histologically and immunohistochemically, as well as virologically for the presence of HPV. A thorough literature review of all reported cases of Merkel cell carcinoma following solid organ transplantation was performed.

Results:  Despite a typical immunophenotype, the tumors showed unusual histological features: both were epidermotropic, and one was intermingled with a bowenoid squamous cell carcinoma. Search for HPV by immunohistochemistry and PCR proved negative in both cases.

Conclusion:  In the setting of organ transplantation, Merkel cell carcinoma is much rarer than other non melanoma skin cancers but may show unusual histologic features. HPV do not seem to be involved in its pathogenesis.
Hidradenocarcinoma: a histological and immunohistochemical study*
Authors: Ko Christine J. , Cochran Alistair J. , Eng William , Binder Scott W.
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  The diagnosis of hidradenocarcinoma is difficult due to a combination of factors including inconsistent nomenclature/ classification, rarity of the neoplasm, and variable morphology of cells composing the neoplasm. Immunohistochemistry has not been previously performed on a series of hidradenocarcinomas. We evaluated six cases of hidradenocarcinoma histologically and immunohistochemically using antibodies to gross cystic disease fluid protein‐15 (GCDFP‐15), carcino‐embryonic antigen (CEA), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), S‐100 protein, keratin AE1/3, cytokeratin 5/6, p53, bcl‐1, bcl‐2, and Ki67. Histology suggested concurrent eccrine and apocrine differentiation of the cases. Ki67 and p53 staining was strongly positive in five of six tumors. The neoplasms stained with antibodies to CEA, S‐100 protein, GCDFP‐15, EMA, bcl‐1, and bcl‐2 in no consistent pattern. All tumors studied stained positively for keratin AE1/3 and cytokeratin 5/6. In making the diagnosis of hidradenocarcinoma, it may be unnecessary to separate hidradenocarcinoma into eccrine and apocrine categories, and although Ki67 and p53 may be helpful, histological parameters remain paramount.
Subcutaneous ossifying fibromyxoid tumor*
Authors: Soldano Anthony C. , Vazquez‐Martul Eduardo , Romero J. A. , Prieto Victor G.
Published: August 2006

Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor (OFMT) is an uncommon neoplasm occurring predominantly in the deep soft tissues of the trunk and proximal extremities. The lineage of this rare tumor to date is still uncertain. We present a case of a subcutaneous OFMT that recurred 8 years after initial resection. The histological findings of the primary and recurrent lesions are compared along with the histologic features possibly associated with aggressiveness. Dermatopathologists should consider OFMT in the differential diagnosis of subcutaneous neoplasms with a myxoid matrix.
Female‐patterned alopecia in teenage brothers with unusual histologic features
Authors: Carlson J. Andrew , Malysz Jozef , Schwartz Joseph
Published: August 2006

Background:  Patterned hair loss, follicular miniaturization, and increased telogen hair counts characterize androgenic alopecia (AGA). Follicular inflammation in AGA has been associated with treatment resistance and progressive hair loss.

Case report:  Brothers, 15 and 18 years old, presented with frontal and mid‐scalp hair loss with an intact frontal hairline noted over a 1‐year period. The elder reported past use of androgenic steroids. Laboratory assessment for metabolic and hormonal abnormalities was unrevealing, and hair pull test was negative. Scalp biopsies revealed decreased terminal hairs, marked diameter variation of anagen hairs, decreased terminal to vellus hair ratios (3.7:1/3.4:1, older/younger), and increased telogen counts (23%/21%). Infrabulbar and peri‐isthmic (follicular bulge region) lymphocytic infiltrates were present. Hair loss has progressed, unabated by daily topical 0.5% clobetasol (for 6 months), daily 5% minoxidil (1 year), and latter, daily oral finasteride (2 years – older brother only).

Discussion:  Based on patterned hair loss and miniaturized hairs, these brothers have AGA. The female pattern of hair loss (diffuse hair loss affecting the central scalp with preservation of frontal hair line) coupled with follicular isthmic lymphocytic inflammation represents an unusual presentation, possibly a treatment resistant, inflammatory variant of AGA. The differential diagnosis includes exogenous androgen‐mediated hair loss, cicatricial pattern hair loss, or the superimposition of alopecia areata.
Endocrine mucin‐producing sweat gland carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Bulliard Carl , Murali Rajmohan , Maloof Anthony , Adams Stuart
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Mucinous carcinoma of skin (MCS) is an uncommon adnexal tumor of disputed differentiation. In 1995, Rahilly et al. reported a case of MCS with neuroendocrine differentiation (E‐MCS).1 Since that report, seven additional cases have been published. Here, we report on a case of E‐MCS and discuss the differential diagnoses.
A case of argyria after colloidal silver ingestion
Authors: Chang Anne Lynn S. , Khosravi Vista , Egbert Barbara
Published: August 2006

Background:  Argyria is often considered an entity of the past, one which has largely disappeared with the cessation of silver usage in oral medications. However, with the practice of colloidal silver ingestion in current “alternative health” treatments, argyria should be considered in the differential diagnosis of blue‐gray hyperpigmentation.

Methods:  A single case report with clinicopathological correlation.

Results:  Histological examination of skin biopsy specimen, which showed perieccrine brown‐black granules, verified that colloidal silver rather than a prescribed medication was the source of the patient’s dyspigmentation.
Analysis of the expression pattern of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor, neurturin, their cognate receptors GFRα‐1 and GFRα‐2, and a common signal transduction element c‐Ret in the human scalp skin
Authors: Adly Mohamed A. , Assaf Hanan A. , Hussein Mahmoud R. , Paus Ralf
Published: August 2006

Background:  Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and a related family member, neurturin (NTN), as well as their cognate receptors (GDNF receptors, GFRα‐1 and GFRα‐2, respectively) are involved in nervous system development and murine hair cycle control. To date, their expression in human scalp skin is still unknown.

Materials and methods:  The expression pattern of these proteins was examined in human scalp skin by immunofluorescence and immunoalkaline phosphatase staining methods as well as RT‐PCR (GDNF). A total of 50 normal human scalp skin biopsy specimens were examined (healthy females, 53–57 years).

Results:  The expression of GDNF protein was strong in the epidermis and sebaceous and sweat glands. In the epidermis, GDNF protein expression was seen in all layers except the stratum corneum. It was strong in the basal layer and decreased gradually towards the granular layer. The results of RT‐PCR analysis revealed that GDNF protein is synthesised in the epidermis. The expression of NTN, GFRα‐1, and GFRα‐2 proteins was strong in the papillary dermis and sebaceous and sweat glands. In the epidermis, NTN protein expression was absent. The expression of GFRα‐1 and GFRα‐2 proteins was moderate in the epidermis. The expression of c‐Ret protein was consistently strong in the epidermis and sebaceous and sweat glands. These proteins were strongly expressed in both epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of human anagen VI scalp hair follicles.

Conclusions:  Our investigation reports, for the first time, the expression patterns of GDNF, NTN, GFRα‐1, GFRα‐2, and c‐Ret proteins in human scalp skin. The expression of these proteins in the skin suggests their possible roles in skin homeostasis. The clinical ramifications of these observations mandate further investigations.
Primary cutaneous osteosarcoma of the scalp: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Massi Daniela , Franchi Alessandro , Leoncini Giuseppe , Maio Vincenza , Dini Mario
Published: August 2006

Abstract: We report on an 84‐year‐old man with a solitary, nodular lesion on the scalp. The patient had been previously submitted to electrodessications of the scalp due to multiple solar keratoses. Histopathologically, the lesion showed features of a high‐grade conventional osteoblastic osteosarcoma involving the dermis. Computed tomography showed no involvement of the underlying bone tissues. Clinical examination and extensive total body radiologic workup revealed absence of bone lesions in any body site, thus suggesting a final diagnosis of primary cutaneous extraskeletal osteosarcoma. The clinico‐pathological features of the case are discussed in light of the rare cases previously described in the literature.
Clinical spectrum and histological analysis of 32 cases of specific cutaneous sarcoidosis
Authors: Mangas Cristina , Fernández‐Figueras Maria‐Teresa , Fité Enriqueta , Fernández‐Chico Natalia , Sàbat Mireia , Ferrándiz Carlos
Published: August 2006

Background:  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown aetiology in which skin involvement is frequent.

Objective:  To review histological characteristics of biopsies of specific cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis and their relationship with clinical course.

Patients and methods:  Biopsies from 32 patients with specific cutaneous sarcoidosis were reviewed. Histological findings and clinical characteristics of these patients were analysed.

Results:  The initial clinical lesions of the patients were ten infiltrated nodule‐plaques, eight papules, four maculopapular eruptions, five scar sarcoidosis, four subcutaneous nodules and one lupus pernio. Sarcoidal granulomas were located at dermis in 31 cases (74%) and at subcutaneous fat in 12 (28%) but only four were subcutaneous exclusively. Perivascular or periannexial distribution of granulomas was observed in eight cases (19%) and they had coalescence in 29 samples. The presence of foreign material was demonstrated in 11 cases (26%).

Conclusions:  Clinical spectrum of specific lesions of cutaneous sarcoidosis showed a good correlation with granulomas localization in the biopsies. However, traditional classification of specific cutaneous sarcoidosis is often overlapping. On the other hand, foreign bodies and other atypical histological findings were more common than initially expected.
Non‐infectious granulomatous dermatitis: a clinicopathological study
Authors: Mohan Harsh , Bal Amanjit , Dhami G. P.
Published: August 2006

Background:  Granulomatous dermatitis frequently presents a diagnostic challenge to dermatopathologists because an identical histologic picture is produced by several causes, and conversely, a single cause may produce varied histologic patterns.

Methods:  A retrospective analysis of skin biopsies received over a period of 7 years was performed, and cases of non‐infectious granulomatous dermatitis diagnosed on histopathological examination were retrieved.

Results:  Out of a total of 586 cases of granulomatous dermatitis, 71 cases (12.11%) were categorized as non‐infectious granulomatous dermatitis on the basis of clinicopathological findings. Further subcategorization was done based on morphology of granulomas as epithelioid granulomas; 15 cases of sarcoidosis, 21.1%, one case of Crohn’s vulvitis, 1.4%, necrobiotic granulomas; 11 cases of granuloma annulare, 15.4%, two cases of rheumatoid nodule, 2.8%, 10 cases of foreign body granulomas, 14.0%; 32 cases of miscellaneous group, 45%.

Conclusions:  Morphology alone is seldom specific and cannot be used as a diagnostic tool for identification of specific diseases. Adequate clinical data and work up in combination of pathological resources can help in elucidation of specific etiology of granulomatous dermatitis.
A Role for Adaptor Protein‐3 Complex in the Organization of the Endocytic Pathway in Dictyostelium
Authors: Charette Steve J. , Mercanti Valentina , Letourneur François , Bennett Nelly , Cosson Pierre
Published: August 2006

Dictyostelium discoideum cells continuously internalize extracellular material, which accumulates in well‐characterized endocytic vacuoles. In this study, we describe a new endocytic compartment identified by the presence of a specific marker, the p25 protein. This compartment presents features reminiscent of mammalian recycling endosomes: it is localized in the pericentrosomal region but distinct from the Golgi apparatus. It specifically contains surface proteins that are continuously endocytosed but rapidly recycled to the cell surface and thus absent from maturing endocytic compartments. We evaluated the importance of each clathrin‐associated adaptor complex in establishing a compartmentalized endocytic system by studying the phenotype of the corresponding mutants. In knockout cells for μ3, a subunit of the AP‐3 clathrin‐associated complex, membrane proteins normally restricted to p25‐positive endosomes were mislocalized to late endocytic compartments. Our results suggest that AP‐3 plays an essential role in the compartmentalization of the endocytic pathway in Dictyostelium.
Determinants of Longevity and Success in Lebanese Family Businesses: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Fahed-Sreih Josiane , Djoundourian Salpie
Published: August 2006

This article explores the characteristics of Lebanese family businesses using a sample of 114 firms and tests various propositions regarding the relationships between correlates of effective succession planning and longevity. Successful family businesses in Lebanon exhibit a variety of responses to the variables that are conducive to success. The findings indicate that older firms are more inclined to use a participatory decision-making process, as evidenced by more reliance on advisory boards. A significantly larger proportion of older firms relative to younger ones holds family meetings and has formal redemption and liquidity plans. Firms in our sample are characterized by liberal attitudes: more than 75% consider female ownership acceptable and more than two-thirds of the firms respond positively to potential female CEOs.
The Effect of Confucian Values on Succession in Family Business
Authors: Jun Yan  , Sorenson Ritch
Published: August 2006

This article examines Confucian values and their effect on family business succession. Several implications are drawn. One of these is that Confucianism places family business in a social context in which the interpersonal relationships inside and outside the business family are subject to a variety of environmental influences. Examining family firms in their social context provides more complete understanding of the dynamics underlying choices and activities in family firms.
Are We Making the Grade? A National Overview of Financial Education and Program Evaluation
Authors: LYONS ANGELA C. , PALMER LANCE , JAYARATNE KORALALAGE S. U. , SCHERPF ERIK
Published: August 2006

Many financial education providers still do not have a basic level of evaluation capacity and are unable to identify program outcomes and design effective evaluation instruments. It is difficult to propose a national evaluation strategy without a basic understanding of current evaluation capacity and of the critical gaps in program evaluation. In addition, there has been little discussion about the challenges facing financial professionals and educators who are on the “front lines” delivering and evaluating programs. The purpose of this survey article is to address these critical gaps in the literature and to provide an overview of the current state of financial education and program evaluation. Using qualitative and quantitative data collected from financial professionals and educators nationwide, this study provides insight into what can be done to build national evaluation capacity and conduct more effective program evaluations.
Gender Differences in Debt Repayment Problems after Divorce
Authors: LYONS ANGELA C. , FISHER JONATHAN
Published: August 2006

Studies have shown that a growing number of divorced women were experiencing debt repayment problems during the 1980s. This study uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to (1) examine how debt repayment problems differ by marital status and gender and (2) investigate the role that supplemental income payments play in helping to mitigate repayment problems. The results show that divorced men and women are more likely to default on their debt obligations than married households. Further analysis reveals that increases in welfare payments significantly decrease the likelihood of default for divorced women but do not affect the probability of default for divorced men and married households. There is no evidence that payments related to child support and alimony affect default rates. The findings suggest that welfare benefits may help to mitigate the economic consequences of divorce for women.
The Allocation of Food Expenditure in Married‐ and Single‐Parent Families
Authors: ZIOL‐GUEST KATHLEEN M. , DeLEIRE THOMAS , KALIL ARIEL
Published: August 2006

Differences in food expenditures in married‐ and single‐parent families are examined using the Consumer Expenditure Survey Diary Component (1990–2003). Single parents, compared to married parents, allocate a greater share of their food budget to alcohol and food purchased away from home; conversely, they spend a smaller share of their food budget on vegetables and fruits. Compared to married parents, single fathers spend a greater share on alcohol and food purchased away from home and a lesser share on vegetables, fruits, meat and beans, desserts and snacks, and prepared foods. Single mothers, compared to married parents, spend a greater share on grains and nonalcoholic beverages and a lesser share on vegetables and alcohol. Single mothers and fathers differ from each other in almost all categories of food and beverage expenditure. We also find important differences based on the employment status of parents in the household: families where all parents are employed, irrespective of family structure, spend a greater share of their food budgets on food purchased away from home and a lesser share on vegetables, fruits, milk, and meat and beans compared with married‐couple families in which the mother is not employed. We discuss ways in which family structure and parental employment status may be associated with food purchasing decisions.
The Effect of Demographic, Economic, and Nutrition Factors on the Frequency of Food Away from Home
Authors: BINKLEY JAMES K.
Published: August 2006

Food away from home, especially fast food, is often cited as contributing to obesity and other nutritional problems. This negative publicity can affect demand. Models explaining visits to table service and fast food restaurants are estimated, with nutrition variables added to standard demographic measures. Demographic effects are similar to those in past studies. Nutrition factors have little impact on table service, but nutrition‐orientated consumers tend to have lower fast food consumption.
Subliminal Advertising and the Perpetual Popularity of Playing to People’s Paranoia
Authors: BROYLES SHERI J.
Published: August 2006

Every 20 years, subliminal advertising pops back into popular culture. August Bullock (2004a) is the most recent “advocate” with his book The Secret Sales Pitch: An Overview of Subliminal Advertising. This paper reviews nearly 50 years of research on subliminal advertising and comments specifically about Bullock’s more recent publication. The literature repeatedly shows that most effects are only obtained in highly artificial situations, and no research has shown an effect that changed attitudes or impacted purchasing behavior.
The Power of Testing Memory: Basic Research and Implications for Educational Practice
Authors: Roediger Henry L. , Karpicke Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2006

A powerful way of improving one's memory for material is to be tested on that material. Tests enhance later retention more than additional study of the material, even when tests are given without feedback. This surprising phenomenon is called the testing effect, and although it has been studied by cognitive psychologists sporadically over the years, today there is a renewed effort to learn why testing is effective and to apply testing in educational settings. In this article, we selectively review laboratory studies that reveal the power of testing in improving retention and then turn to studies that demonstrate the basic effects in educational settings. We also consider the related concepts of dynamic testing and formative assessment as other means of using tests to improve learning. Finally, we consider some negative consequences of testing that may occur in certain circumstances, though these negative effects are often small and do not cancel out the large positive effects of testing. Frequent testing in the classroom may boost educational achievement at all levels of education.