bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deletion, rearrangement, and gene conversion; genetic consequences of chromosomal double‐strand breaks in human cells
Authors: Honma Masamitsu , Izumi Masako , Sakuraba Mayumi , Tadokoro Satoshi , Sakamoto Hiroko , Wang Wensheng , Yatagai Fumio , Hayashi Makoto
Published: December 2003

Chromosomal double‐strand breaks (DSBs) in mammalian cells are usually repaired through either of two pathways: end‐joining (EJ) or homologous recombination (HR). To clarify the relative contribution of each pathway and the ensuing genetic changes, we developed a system to trace the fate of DSBs that occur in an endogenous single‐copy human gene. Lymphoblastoid cell lines TSCE5 and TSCER2 are heterozygous (+/−) or compound heterozygous (−/−), respectively, for the thymidine kinase gene (TK), and we introduced an I‐SceI endonuclease site into the gene. EJ for a DSB at the I‐SceI site results in TK‐deficient mutants in TSCE5 cells, while HR between the alleles produces TK‐proficient revertants in TSCER2 cells. We found that almost all DSBs were repaired by EJ and that HR rarely contributes to the repair in this system. EJ contributed to the repair of DSBs 270 times more frequently than HR. Molecular analysis of the TK gene showed that EJ mainly causes small deletions limited to the TK gene. Seventy percent of the small deletion mutants analyzed showed 100‐ to 4,000‐bp deletions with a 0‐ to 6‐bp homology at the joint. Another 30%, however, were accompanied by complicated DNA rearrangements, presumably the result of sister‐chromatid fusion. HR, on the other hand, always resulted in non‐crossing‐over gene conversion without any loss of genetic information. Thus, although HR is important to the maintenance of genomic stability in DNA containing DSBs, almost all chromosomal DSBs in human cells are repaired by EJ. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 42:288–298, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fungi and Plants Become Partners under Stress
Authors: Bothe Hermann , Hildebrandt Ulrich
Published: December 2003

80 percent of all higher plants live in an ecologically advantageous and effective symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. Investigations on the molecular basis of this symbiosis are at the centre of a DFG Priority Programme
On the Rise and Fall of the Town of Xkipché
Authors: Prem Hanns J. , Vallo Michael , Paap Iken
Published: December 2003

Mexico possesses abundant stone witnesses to the Maya culture. As Xkipché shows, the Mayas had abandoned their houses and palaces prior to their decline. Archaeologists examine the history
Similar and Yet Still Different?
Authors: Wolf Heike , Spinath Frank M. , Angleitner Alois
Published: December 2003

Do the predisposition of our genes or the influence from our environment influence human behaviour? A study of twins provides new information
Model assessment and model building in fMRI
Authors: Razavi Mehrdad , Grabowski Thomas J. , Vispoel Walter P. , Monahan Patrick , Mehta Sonya , Eaton Brent , Bolinger Lizann
Published: December 2003

Model quality is rarely assessed in fMRI data analyses and less often reported. This may have contributed to several shortcomings in the current fMRI data analyses, including: (1) Model mis‐specification, leading to incorrect inference about the activation‐maps, SPM{t} and SPM{F}; (2) Improper model selection based on the number of activated voxels, rather than on model quality; (3) Under‐utilization of systematic model building, resulting in the common but suboptimal practice of using only a single, pre‐specified, usually over‐simplified model; (4) Spatially homogenous modeling, neglecting the spatial heterogeneity of fMRI signal fluctuations; and (5) Lack of standards for formal model comparison, contributing to the high variability of fMRI results across studies and centers. To overcome these shortcomings, it is essential to assess and report the quality of the models used in the analysis. In this study, we applied images of the Durbin‐Watson statistic (DW‐map) and the coefficient of multiple determination (R2‐map) as complementary tools to assess the validity as well as goodness of fit, i.e., quality, of models in fMRI data analysis. Higher quality models were built upon reduced models using classic model building. While inclusion of an appropriate variable in the model improved the quality of the model, inclusion of an inappropriate variable, i.e., model mis‐specification, adversely affected it. Higher quality models, however, occasionally decreased the number of activated voxels, whereas lower quality or inappropriate models occasionally increased the number of activated voxels, indicating that the conventional approach to fMRI data analysis may yield sub‐optimal or incorrect results. We propose that model quality maps become part of a broader package of maps for quality assessment in fMRI, facilitating validation, optimization, and standardization of fMRI result across studies and centers. Hum. Brain Mapping 20:227–238, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early stage Parkinson's disease patients and normal volunteers: Comparative mechanisms of sequence learning
Authors: Mentis Marc J. , Dhawan V. , Feigin Andrew , Delalot Dominique , Zgaljardic Dennis , Edwards Christine , Eidelberg David
Published: December 2003

Early‐stage nondemented Parkinson's disease (PD(es)) patients can learn short but not long sequences as well as controls. We have previously shown that to achieve normal performance, PD(es) patients activated the same right‐sided cortical regions as controls plus the homologous left sided cortex and bilateral cerebellum. In this study, we evaluated two related hypotheses to explain the behavioral abnormalities and the increased bilateral brain activation observed in the PD(es) group. Hypothesis 1 proposed that PD(es) patients recruit regions from a normal bilateral network specialized for sequence learning that healthy controls would activate if performing difficult tasks. Thus, PD(es) patients can learn short sequences as well as controls. Hypothesis 2 proposed that information processing within the network in the PD(es) group is impaired. Thus, PD(es) patients cannot learn as difficult a sequence as controls. To test hypothesis 1, we increased task difficulty and statistical power in the control group and showed that the control and the PD(es) groups activated the same regions. To test hypothesis 2, we analyzed the equal performance data using two partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analyses. The task‐PLS analysis showed that to perform equally with controls, the PD(es) group expressed the normal bilateral network more than the control group. The behavior‐PLS analysis showed that the correlation between learning performance and regional activation was significantly different between the groups. We conclude that PD(es) patients have near normal learning if task difficulty is moderate because they can recruit additional regions from a normal bilateral network specialized for sequence learning. However, when a difficult task would normally require bilateral activation, PD(es) patients fail to learn because information processing within the network is impaired. Hum. Brain Mapp. 20:246–258, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling supply and demand influences on the use of health care: implications for deriving a needs‐based capitation formula
Authors: Gravelle Hugh , Sutton Matthew , Morris Stephen , Windmeijer Frank , Leyland Alastair , Dibben Chris , Muirhead Mike
Published: December 2003

Many health‐care systems allocate funding according to measures of need. The utilisation approach for measuring need rests on the assumptions that use of health care is determined by demand and supply and that need is an important element of demand. By estimating utilisation models which allow for supply it is possible to isolate the socio‐economic and health characteristics which affect demand. A subset of these variables can then be identified by a combination of judgement and further analysis as needs variables to inform funding allocations. We estimate utilisation models using newly assembled data on admissions to acute hospitals, measures of supply, morbidity and socio‐economic characteristics for 8414 small geographical areas in England. We make a number of methodological innovations including deriving additional measures of specific morbidities at small area level from individual level survey data. We compare models with different specifications for the effect of waiting times and provider characteristics, with total, planned and unplanned hospital admissions, and estimated at small area (ward) and primary care organisation (general practice) level. After allowing for waiting times, distance, capacity and the availability of private health care, measures of mortality, self‐reported morbidity, low education and low income increase the use of health care. We find evidence of horizontal inequity with respect to ethnicity and employment and suggest a method for reducing its effects when deriving a needs‐based allocation formula. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transient‐state groundwater flow in various geometries with wells at arbitrary positions: analytical methods
Authors: Roth M. W. , Wilson C. M , Iqbal M. Z.
Published: December 2003

We have developed a method for analytically solving the porous medium flow equation in many different geometries for horizontal (two‐dimensional), homogeneous and isotropic aquifers containing impermeable boundaries and any number of pumping or injection wells located at arbitrary positions within the system. Solutions and results are presented for rectangular and circular aquifers but the method presented here is easily extendible to many geometries. Results are also presented for systems where constant head boundary conditions can be emulated internal to the aquifer boundary. Recommendations for extensions of the present work are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A better world for all
Authors: Hesselbein Frances
Published: December 2003

Seven days of learning, significance, and hope.
What people really need from a change leader
Authors: Tager Mark J.
Published: December 2003

Not a rallying cry but flexibility, empathy, and trustworthiness.
The vision thing: Without it you'll never be a world‐class organization
Authors: Blanchard Ken , Stoner Jesse
Published: December 2003

How to create a clear vision—and make it a reality.
Is leading your calling?
Authors: Leider Richard
Published: December 2003

When leaders dare to ask big questions, they sweep away deadening platitudes.
What women leaders want
Authors: Ruderman Marian N. , Ohlott Patricia J.
Published: December 2003

Forget the old stereotypes about women in business.
REM behavior disorder and excessive daytime somnolence in Machado–Joseph disease (SCA‐3)
Authors: Friedman Joseph H. , Fernandez Hubert H. , Sudarsky Lewis R.
Published: December 2003

We reported previously that behavior suggestive of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) was markedly increased in a small population of SCA‐3 patients. We, therefore, asked patients and nonpatient attendees at an SCA‐3 annual clinic to complete a questionnaire soliciting RBD‐like behavior. Our results support the previous observation that RBD‐like behaviors are significantly increased in SCA‐3. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Cognitive executive function in dystonia
Authors: Jahanshahi Marjan , Rowe John , Fuller Rebecca
Published: December 2003

Dystonia is a movement disorder considered to result from basal ganglia dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional significance of frontal hyperactivity demonstrated in dystonia in imaging studies by examining executive function and working memory, in which the prefrontal cortex is known to be involved. We assessed 10 patients with idiopathic dystonia and 12 age‐ and IQ‐matched normal controls. All subjects completed tests of first letter, category, and alternating category word fluency, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Stroop Colour Word Naming Test, the Missing Digit Test of working memory, a test of random number generation, a test requiring generation of self‐ordered random number sequences, the Paced Serial Addition Test, a test of conditional associative learning, and finger tapping and peg insertion under unimanual, bimanual, and dual task conditions. The patients with dystonia did not differ significantly from controls on any measures of executive function or working memory used other than category word fluency and the extent of decline in tapping with one hand under dual task conditions when simultaneously inserting pegs with the other hand. For this small sample, the results suggest that unlike other movement disorders associated with fronto‐striatal dysfunction such as Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease, dystonia was not associated with deficits on the tests of executive function or working memory used. A more detailed investigation of cognitive function in a larger sample of patients is required. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Pure cerebello‐olivary degeneration of Marie, Foix, and Alajouanine presenting with progressive cerebellar ataxia, cognitive decline, and chorea
Authors: Fox Susan H. , Nieves Anette , Bergeron Catherine , Lang Anthony E.
Published: December 2003

Parenchymatous cerebellar cortical atrophy (CCA) usually presents with a “pure” cerebellar ataxia. We describe a patient with a sporadic, late‐onset progressive cerebellar ataxia plus cognitive decline and chorea who had CCA at post mortem. We discuss this unique case in the current context of classification of idiopathic cerebellar ataxia. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Striatal encephalitis after varicella zoster infection complicated by Tourettism
Authors: Dale Russell C. , Church Andrew J. , Heyman Isobel
Published: December 2003

We describe a case of encephalitis after primary varicella zoster infection with localised basal ganglia imaging abnormalities. The patient subsequently developed a chronic tic disorder with attention deficit disorder. This case furthers the proposed association between Tourettism and the basal ganglia. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Reply: Sleep attacks may not be a side effect of dopaminergic medication
Authors: Paus S. , Brecht H.M. , Klockgether T. , Wüllner U.
Published: December 2003

The letter to which this reply refers can be found here: Movement Disorders 2003;18(12):1569–1570.
Atypical propriospinal myoclonus with possible relationship to α interferon therapy
Authors: Benatru Isabelle , Thobois Stéphane , Andre‐Obadia Nathalie , Gonnaud Pierre‐Marie , Beaugendre Yara , Berger Colette , Gonce Michel , Broussolle Emmanuel
Published: December 2003

We report on a man who received interferon‐α 2a therapy for kidney cancer and who subsequently developed propriospinal myoclonus. The myoclonus was noted at rest and during movement. The jerks were reinforced by cutaneous stimuli and tendon taps and spread to the spinal cord via polysynaptic propriospinal pathways. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis, spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalogram with back‐averaging, and somatosensory‐evoked potentials were normal. No antineuronal antibodies were found. Although the mechanism of interferon neurotoxicity remains unclear, the possible responsibility of interferon was considered, as no focal lesion or paraneoplastic pathology were disclosed. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Premonitory sensory phenomenon in Tourette's syndrome
Authors: Kwak Carolyn , Dat Vuong Kevin , Jankovic Joseph
Published: December 2003

We administered a questionnaire designed to probe for premonitory sensations associated with motor tics to 50 patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS). Premonitory sensations were reported by 46 (92%) patients, and the most common sensation was an urge to move and an impulse to tic (“had to do it”). Intensification of premonitory sensations, if prevented from performing a motor tic, was reported also in 37 patients (74%), 36 patients (72%) reported relief of premonitory sensations after performing the tic, and 27 of 40 (68%) described a motor tic as a voluntary motor response to an involuntary sensation, rather than a completely involuntary movement. The “just right” sensation correlated with the presence of co‐morbid obsessive‐compulsive disorder. We conclude that premonitory sensations are an important aspect of motor tics and some patients perceive motor tics as a voluntary movement in response to an involuntary sensation. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
A three‐phase soil model for simulating stress wave propagation due to blast loading
Authors: Wang Zhongqi , Hao Hong , Lu Yong
Published: December 2003

A three‐phase soil model is proposed to simulate stress wave propagation in soil mass to blast loading. The soil is modelled as a three‐phase mass that includes the solid particles, water and air. It is considered as a structure that the solid particles form a skeleton and their voids are filled with water and air. The equation of state (EOS) of the soil is derived. The elastic–plastic theory is adopted to model the constitutive relation of the soil skeleton. The damage of the soil skeleton is also modelled. The Drucker–Prager strength model including the strain rate effect is used to describe the strength of the soil skeleton. The model is implemented into a hydrocode Autodyn. The recorded results obtained by explosion tests in soil are used to validate the proposed model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of shield tunnel
Authors: Ding W.Q. , Yue Z.Q. , Tham L.G. , Zhu H.H. , Lee C.F. , Hashimoto T.
Published: December 2003

This paper proposes a two‐dimensional finite element model for the analysis of shield tunnels by taking into account the construction process which is divided into four stages. The soil is assumed to behave as an elasto‐plastic medium whereas the shield is simulated by beam–joint discontinuous model in which curved beam elements and joint elements are used to model the segments and joints, respectively. As grout is usually injected to fill the gap between the lining and the soil, the property parameters of the grout are chosen in such a way that they can reflect the state of the grout at each stage. Furthermore, the contact condition between the soil and lining will change with the construction stage, and therefore, different stress‐releasing coefficients are used to account for the changes. To assess the accuracy that can be attained by the method in solving practical problems, the shield tunnelling in the No. 7 Subway Line Project in Osaka, Japan, is used as a case history for our study. The numerical results are compared with those measured in the field. The results presented in the paper show that the proposed numerical procedure can be used to effectively estimate the deformation, stresses and moments experienced by the surrounding soils and the concrete lining segments. The analysis and method presented in this paper can be considered to be useful for other subway construction projects involving shield tunnelling in soft soils. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral response measurements of monolithic GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge triple‐junction solar cells: Measurement artifacts and their explanation
Authors: Meusel M. , Baur C. , Létay G. , Bett A.W. , Warta W. , Fernandez E.
Published: December 2003

Procedures for measuring the spectral response of multi‐junction cells in general require variation of the bias spectrum and voltage biasing. It is shown that a refined procedure including optimization of bias spectrum and voltage is necessary to minimize a measurement artifact, which appears if the subcell under test has non‐ideal properties, such as a low shunt resistance or a low reverse breakdown voltage.

This measurement artifact is often observed on measuring the spectral response of the Ge bottom cell of GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge triple‐junction cells. The main aspect of the measurement artifact is that the response of another subcell is simultaneously measured, while at the same time the signal of the Ge subcell is too low. Additionally, the shape of the spectral response curve is influenced under certain measurement conditions. In this paper the measurement artifact is thoroughly discussed by measurement results and simulation. Based on this analysis, a detailed procedure for the spectral response measurement of multi‐junction cells is developed, specially designed to minimize such measurement artifacts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative evaluation of shunts in solar cells by lock‐in thermography
Authors: Breitenstein O. , Rakotoniaina J. P. , Rifai M. H. Al
Published: December 2003

Infrared lock‐in thermography allows to image shunts very sensitively in all kinds of solar cells and also to measure dark currents flowing in certain regions of the cell quantitatively. After a summary of the physical basis of lock‐in thermography and its practical realization, four types of quantitative measurements are described: local I–V characteristics measured thermally up to a constant factor (LIVT); the quantitative measurement of the current through a local shunt; the evaluation of the influence of shunts on the efficiency of a cell as a function of the illumination intensity; and the mapping of the ideality factor n and the saturation current density J0over the whole cell. The investigation of a typical multicrystalline solar cell shows that the shunts are predominantly responsible for deterioration of the low‐light‐level performance of the cell, and that variations of the injection current density related to crystal defects are predominantly determined by variation of J0rather than of n. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introducing positive psychology: Finding a place within school psychology
Authors: Chafouleas Sandra M. , Bray Melissa A.
Published: December 2003

An introduction to the special issue addressing positive psychology and its “place” in and implications for schools is provided. The articles contained within the issue are described within the context of our perspective regarding positive psychology in schools. As the study of positive psychology continues to evolve, it is likely that its application within other fields (including school psychology) will be more clearly expressed. We contend that the “success” of introducing, implementing, and sustaining positive psychology within schools may be dependent on its early yet also sustained integration across multiple contexts. And, a “positive” school psychology will require attention to the convergence of multiple, diverse areas of literature. The articles within this special issue begin this movement toward finding either a place for positive psychology within school psychology or a place for school psychology within positive psychology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 1–5, 2004.
RICH theory: The promotion of happiness
Authors: Kehle Thomas J. , Bray Melissa A.
Published: December 2003

The acronym RICH stands for resources, intimacy, competence, and health. These characteristics are purported to define psychological health, which is assumed to be synonymous with happiness. The four characteristics encompass all possible reinforcers, are relatively obtainable by all individuals, are interrelated to the extent they incorporate each other in their definitions, and function to guide both the diagnosis of individual functioning, and the design of interventions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 43–49, 2004.
A professional development model for the positive practice of school‐based reading consultation
Authors: Truscott Diane M. , Truscott Stephen D.
Published: December 2003

This paper reports on two years of a multiyear consultation/professional development project based on socioconstructivist principles (situated cognition, social context, and scaffolded instruction) that are consistent with key elements of positive psychology. The consultation model used a case analysis framework to engage 12 elementary school teachers in workshops, demonstration lessons, ad hoc inquiry groups, and coaching. Interview, questionnaire, and field note data from the participants identified “control and choice,” “focus on student needs,” “applicability to classroom practices,” “direct instruction of skills,” and “consultant feedback” as key elements of the model. Changes in classroom practices were reported by 78% of the participants with changes in confidence noted from pre‐ to posttests. Better learning for students was mentioned by 89% of the teachers. Discussion focuses on critical theoretical elements associated with positive psychology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 51–65, 2004.
Positive psychology and externalizing students in a sea of negativity
Authors: Jenson William R. , Olympia Daniel , Farley Megan , Clark Elaine
Published: December 2003

Students with externalizing disorders make up from three to five percent of the population in public school classrooms and are some of the most difficult students to manage in an educational setting. Behavioral excesses and deficits exhibited by these students are a major factor in poor retention rates for new teachers while the students themselves have the highest school drop out rates and experience some of the most restrictive educational settings of any disability. The authors of this article draw upon recent theoretical and applied work in the study of optimism to describe several essential elements of positive psychology and optimal functioning that may be unavailable or lacking in the lives of these students. A variety of factors intrinsic to the nature of these students, as well as environmental and interpersonal factors, are described. These factors often place these students in a “sea of negativity” with minimal opportunities for positive educational experiences or personal relationships. Vigorous debate concerning the effects of positive reinforcement on motivation, academic functioning, and other variables also continues. However, recent advances in proactive behavior management strategies (i.e., positive behavioral support, whole school management/discipline, etc.) are promising, despite a lack of sufficient data to draw firm conclusions. The authors describe several student, teacher, and classroom programs that provide empirically based strategies to promote positive successful experiences and high rates of praise for students with externalizing behavior disorders. Without components of positive psychology it is very likely that schools will continue to lose these students, and at a significant cost to society down the road. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 67–79, 2004.
Current research on the social and emotional development of gifted and talented students: Good news and future possibilities
Authors: Reis Sally M. , Renzulli Joseph S.
Published: December 2003

A recent summary of research produced by a task force of psychologists and educational researchers associated with the National Association for Gifted Children and the National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented indicated that high‐ability students are generally at least as well adjusted as any other group of youngsters. This research also found, however, that gifted and talented students can face a number of situations that may constitute sources of risk to their social and emotional development. Some of these issues emerge because of a mismatch with educational environments that are not responsive to the pace and level of gifted students' learning and thinking. Others occur because of unsupportive social, school, or home environments. In this article, current research about the social and emotional development of gifted and talented students is summarized and suggestions are made about strategies to enhance these students' school experiences. Suggestions are provided for assessment and educational programming based on students' strengths and interests that may result in helping talented students realize their potential. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 119–130, 2004.
Wellness promotion as a life‐long endeavor: Promoting and developing life competencies from childhood
Authors: Mcloughlin Caven S. , Kubick Robert J.
Published: December 2003

Presented here are arguments for reframing school psychologists as agents‐of‐change for children's entire life spans through creating positive patterns that promote healthy living. Such a focus on children's strengths and the enhancement of wellness, in contrast to the current pathology‐driven model of school psychology, may even develop a cadre of healthier professionals. Wellness begins at home, and the brightest prospect for engaging children in positive activities is a “mental‐health enhancer” role model who has personally addressed the goals of wellness, health improvement, and affiliation with constructive communities of friends, colleagues, and family. We offer some justification for a reformulation to the positive, data why this might be beneficial, and some speculative means for how a school psychologist can “take the high road.” © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 131–141, 2004.
Striving for autonomy in a contingency‐governed world: Another challenge for individuals with developmental disabilities
Authors: Clark Elaine , Olympia Daniel E. , Jensen Jenise , Heathfield Lora Tuesday , Jenson William R.
Published: December 2003

The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with an orientation to the concepts and principles of autonomy and self‐determination and the application of those concepts and principles to working with children and adolescents who have intellectual and developmental disabilities (ID/DD), including autism. Self‐determination is essentially the ability of a person to be autonomous as to meaningful life choices and encompasses activities such as problem solving, decision making, goal setting, self‐observation and evaluation, self‐management and reinforcement, acquiring an internal locus of control, experiencing positive attributions of efficacy and outcome expectancy, developing a realistic and positive self‐image, and self awareness. The lack of opportunities for self‐determination, personal expression and consideration of personal preferences experienced by this population has been associated with increased psychiatric disturbance. Several principles supporting self‐determination, including positive psychology and use of positive alternatives, are discussed by the authors. Further, practices that generate more opportunities for individuals to exercise personal control and autonomy across activities and environments in order to prevent psychological problems are discussed. Finally, the school psychologist's role in promoting the development of autonomy and self initiative among children and adolescents with ID/DD are outlined within the contexts of assessment practices, interventions and curriculums, positive behavior support technology, and continued educational reforms and systems change. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 143–153, 2004.
A preventative model of school consultation: Incorporating perspectives from positive psychology
Authors: Akin‐Little K. Angeleque , Little Steven G. , Delligatti Nina
Published: December 2003

Using the principles of mental health and behavioral consultation, combined with concepts from positive psychology, this paper generates a new preventative model of school consultation. This model has two steps: (1) the school psychologist aids the teacher in the development and use of his/her personal positive psychology (e.g., optimism, objective happiness, etc.); and (2) the teacher is then encouraged to utilize positive psychology in the classroom. In support of this model a brief overview of consultation, a discussion of primary prevention in the schools, and a description of positive psychology is presented. It is the authors' belief that teachers who are taught to develop their own personal positive psychology and practice positive psychology in the classroom will (a) provide a more reinforcing classroom environment which may prevent behavior problems from developing; (b) be more accepting of the use of the behavioral principles in the classroom; and (c) implement interventions with greater integrity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 155–162, 2004.
Fibroblast growth factor‐1 transcriptionally induces membrane type‐1 matrix metalloproteinase expression in prostate carcinoma cell line
Authors: Udayakumar T.S. , Nagle Raymond B. , Bowden G. Tim
Published: December 2003

BACKGROUND

We and others have shown that the matrix metalloproteinases, MT1‐MMP is overexpressed in human prostate PIN lesions and invasive cancers compared to normal prostate epithelium. However, the mechanism for this overexpression is not understood. Evidence from our laboratory and others has indicated that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) can regulate the expression of certain matrix metalloproteinase. In addition, human prostate fibroblasts are known to express certain FGFs, including FGF‐1. The purpose of the work in this paper was to determine the mechanism involved in FGF‐1 induced MT1‐MMP expression in prostate carcinoma cells.

METHODS

We tested the ability of recombinant FGF‐1 to induce MT1‐MMP expression in prostate carcinoma cell line, LNCaP cells. We measured the MT1‐MMP message by using Northern analyses and protein levels by Western analysis after FGF‐1 treatment. Downstream signaling was investigated using dominant negative constructs for FGFR‐1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription‐3 (STAT3). Transient transfection was performed using reporter plasmids of the MT1‐MMP gene promoter region (7.2 kb) linked to the firefly luciferase gene in the pGL3‐Basic vector. For dominant negative studies FGFR‐1 dominant negative plasmid in PCEP4 vector or STAT3 dominant negative plasmid in pCMV‐1 vector was co‐transfected with the MT1‐MMP reporter plasmid.

RESULTS

Recombinant FGF‐1 significantly induced MT1‐MMP expression in LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells. MT1‐MMP message increased with FGF‐1 treatment compared to that of untreated control LNCaP cells. Quantitation by digital image analysis revealed that this increase was twofold over untreated LNCaP cells. Treatment of pGL3‐MT1‐MMP‐luciferase transfected cells with FGF‐1 resulted in a twofold to fourfold increase in luciferase enzyme activity compared with untreated cells. Co‐transfection of LNCaP with human MT1‐MMP reporter construct and a dominant negative FGFR1 mutant showed that FGF‐1‐induced MT1‐MMP expression in LNCaP cells was completely inhibited by the mutated FGFR‐1, indicating that FGF receptor (FGFR) activation is necessary for induction of MT1‐MMP. Further, expression of dominant negative STAT3 inhibited the FGF‐1‐induced transactivation of the human MT1‐MMP 7.2‐kb promoter.

CONCLUSIONS

From these data, we conclude that FGF‐1 induces MT1‐MMP expression in prostate carcinoma cells through a transcriptional mechanism mediated through the FGFR and the transcription factor, STAT3. These results confirm earlier data indicating that acidic FGF and STAT3 are involved in the signaling leading to the expression of a MMP. Our findings support the idea that paracrine and autocrine factors play an important role in the regulation of MT1‐MMP in human prostate carcinoma cells. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Difference of cancer core distribution between first and repeat biopsy: In patients diagnosed by extensive transperineal ultrasound guided template prostate biopsy
Authors: Furuno Tsuyoshi , Demura Takayoshi , Kaneta Tatsuo , Gotoda Hiroko , Muraoka Shunji , Sato Toshihiro , Nagamori Satoshi , Shinohara Nobuo , Koyanagi Tomohiko
Published: December 2003

BACKGROUND

We performed extensive transperineal ultrasound guided template prostate biopsy and evaluated cancer core distribution.

METHODS

From August 2000 to May 2002, 113 men with prostate specific antigen levels between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/ml underwent template biopsy. Eighty‐six had no previous biopsy (first group) and 27 had previous transrectal sextant biopsies (repeat group). A mean of 18.4 biopsy cores were taken. We defined the region over 2 cm from the rectal face of the prostate as the anterior region and the other as the posterior.

RESULTS

Cancer was detected in 49 of 113 (43%) men. Forty‐two were in the first group and seven in the repeat group. In the first group, the cancer core rate (cancer core number/biopsy core number) in the anterior region (7.0%) had no difference from that in the posterior region (8.6%) (P = 0.7111). But in the repeat group, the cancer core rate in the anterior region (4.6%) was higher than in the posterior (1.5%) (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that transrectal sextant biopsies miss more cancers in the anterior region than in the posterior. We believe template technique has an advantage to be able to detect cancer equally in the anterior and posterior. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostate carcinoma cells that have resided in bone have an upregulated IGF‐I axis
Authors: Rubin J. , Chung L.W.K. , Fan X. , Zhu L. , Murphy T.C. , Nanes M.S. , Rosen C.J.
Published: December 2003

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer (PC) has a propensity to metastasize to the skeleton, inducing an osteoblastic response in the host. Recent epidemiological studies have suggested that circulating IGF‐I may be important for both the pathogenesis and dissemination of PC. We have postulated that tumor secreted IGF‐I in conjunction with endogenous IGF‐I contributes to the osteoblastic phenotype characteristic of metastatic PC.

METHODS

To test this thesis we studied the established LNCaP PC progression model consisting of three genetically related human PC cell lines.

RESULTS

Using RIA, we found serum‐free conditioned media (CM) of LNCaP and C4‐2 had no measurable IGF‐I, whereas IGF‐I was easily detected in CM from C4‐2B cells at 24 hr (i.e., 1.8 ± 0.53 ng/mg cell protein). Real‐time PCR of IGF‐I mRNA showed that C4‐2B expressed 100‐fold more IGF‐I mRNA than LNCaP cells. In addition, C4‐2B expression of IGF‐I mRNA was substantially increased in the presence of exogenous IGF‐I to nearly twofold. While IGFBP‐3 and IGFBP‐1 were not detectable in the CM of any PC line, all cells secreted IGFBP‐2. C4‐2B cells produced 40% more IGFBP‐2 than LNCaP or C4‐2 cells (C4‐2B at 167 ± 43 ng/mg cell protein). RANKL, a product of bone stromal cells, was also differentially expressed: LNCaP had threefold higher RANKL mRNA compared to C4‐2 and C4‐2B and at least equivalent protein expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that PC cells that have metastasized to bone have an upregulated IGF‐I regulatory system. This suggests an activated IGF‐I axis contributes to the host–PC interaction in promoting osteoblastic metastases. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of the StrOligo algorithm for the automated structure assignment of complex N‐linked glycans from glycoproteins using tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ethier Martin , Saba Julian A. , Spearman Maureen , Krokhin Oleg , Butler Michael , Ens Werner , Standing Kenneth G. , Perreault Hélène
Published: December 2003

Oligosaccharides associated with proteins are known to give these molecules specific conformations and functions. Analysis of proteins would not be complete without studying the glycans. However, high‐throughput techniques in proteomics will soon overwhelm the current capacity of methods if no automation is incorporated into glycomics. New capabilities of the StrOligo algorithm introduced for this purpose (Ethier et al., Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2002; 16: 1743) will be discussed here. Experimental tandem mass spectra were acquired to test the algorithm using a hybrid quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight (QqTOF) instrument with a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source. The samples were N‐linked oligosaccharides from monoclonal antibody IgG, beta interferon and fetuin, detached by enzymatic deglycosylation and labeled at the reducing end. Improvements to the program were made in order to reduce the need for user intervention. StrOligo strips the spectra down to monoisotopic peaks only. The algorithm first builds a relationship tree, accounting for each observed loss of a monosaccharide moiety, and then analyzes the tree and proposes possible structures from combinations of adducts and fragment ion types. A score, which reflects agreement with experimental results, is then given to each proposed structure. The program then decides which combination is the best one and labels relevant peaks in the experimental mass spectrum using a modified nomenclature. The usefulness of the algorithm has been demonstrated by assigning structures to several glycans released from glycoproteins. The analysis was completed in less than 2 minutes for any glycan, which is a substantial improvement over manual interpretation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of atrazine, deethylatrazine and simazine in water at parts‐per‐trillion levels using solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Ma W. T. , Cai Zongwei , Jiang G. B.
Published: December 2003

Methods for trace analysis of atrazine and simazine in water have been developed by using stable‐isotope dilution with detection by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. D5‐Atrazine was used as the internal standard for the determination of atrazine and deethylatrazine, while 13C3‐simazine was used for simazine analysis. Water samples were fortified with known amounts of the internal standards and submitted to solid‐phase extraction with a C18 bonded‐silica cartridge. A gas chromatograph coupled with an ion‐trap mass spectrometer was used to analyze the water sample extracts. Method detection limits were 38 parts‐per‐trillion (ppt) for atrazine and deethylatrazine and 75 ppt for simazine. The accuracy of the method, represented by relative analytical errors, was less than 15%, and the method precision was less than 5% (relative standard deviation, n = 9). The method was successfully applied to analyze surface water samples collected from a reservoir and a river at ppt levels. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionization enhancement in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and suppression in electrospray ionization between target drugs and stable‐isotope‐labeled internal standards in quantitative liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Liang H. R. , Foltz R. L. , Meng M. , Bennett P.
Published: December 2003

The phenomena of ionization suppression in electrospray ionization (ESI) and enhancement in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) were investigated in selected‐ion monitoring and selected‐reaction monitoring modes for nine drugs and their corresponding stable‐isotope‐labeled internal standards (IS). The results showed that all investigated target drugs and their co‐eluting isotope‐labeled IS suppress each other's ionization responses in ESI. The factors affecting the extent of suppression in ESI were investigated, including structures and concentrations of drugs, matrix effects, and flow rate. In contrast to the ESI results, APCI caused seven of the nine investigated target drugs and their co‐eluting isotope‐labeled IS to enhance each other's ionization responses. The mutual ionization suppression or enhancement between drugs and their isotope‐labeled IS could possibly influence assay sensitivity, reproducibility, accuracy and linearity in quantitative liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). However, calibration curves were linear if an appropriate IS concentration was selected for a desired calibration range to keep the response factors constant. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sialylation analysis of O‐glycosylated sialylated peptides from urine of patients suffering from Schindler's disease by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and sustained off‐resonance irradiation collision‐induced dissociation
Authors: Froesch Martin , Bindila Laura , Zamfir Alina , Peter‐Katalinić Jasna
Published: December 2003

A strategy based on Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS) for screening of complex glycoconjugate mixtures containing O‐linked glycopeptides and O‐glycosylated amino acids with α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyl residues is presented. To detect and identify O‐glycoforms present in urine of patients suffering from hereditary N‐acetylhexosaminidase deficiency (known as Schindler's disease), present at 100 times higher concentrations than in urine of healthy controls, new accurate methods for mapping and sequencing were required. In the mass spectrometric analysis particular attention has to be paid to original sialylation patterns, because of the potential lability of the sialic acid moiety during the desorption/ionization process. Negative ion nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) FTICR‐MS at 9.4 T is shown here to represent a method of choice for identification of single components in such complex glycomixtures due to high resolution and mass accuracy. By optimization of sustained off‐resonance irradiation collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (SORI‐CID‐MS2) in the negative ion mode, the type and sequence of the sialylated glycopeptide components were determined from their fragmentation patterns. Additionally, implementation of SORI‐CID‐MS3 provides detailed information for sialylation analysis. The potential diagnostic value of this approach is discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On parametric empirical Bayes methods for comparing multiple groups using replicated gene expression profiles
Authors: Kendziorski C. M. , Newton M. A. , Lan H. , Gould M. N.
Published: December 2003

DNA microarrays provide for unprecedented large‐scale views of gene expression and, as a result, have emerged as a fundamental measurement tool in the study of diverse biological systems. Statistical questions abound, but many traditional data analytic approaches do not apply, in large part because thousands of individual genes are measured with relatively little replication. Empirical Bayes methods provide a natural approach to microarray data analysis because they can significantly reduce the dimensionality of an inference problem while compensating for relatively few replicates by using information across the array. We propose a general empirical Bayes modelling approach which allows for replicate expression profiles in multiple conditions. The hierarchical mixture model accounts for differences among genes in their average expression levels, differential expression for a given gene among cell types, and measurement fluctuations. Two distinct parameterizations are considered: a model based on Gamma distributed measurements and one based on log‐normally distributed measurements. False discovery rate and related operating characteristics of the methodology are assessed in a simulation study. We also show how the posterior odds of differential expression in one version of the model is related to the ratio of the arithmetic mean to the geometric mean of the two sample means. The methodology is used in a study of mammary cancer in the rat, where four distinct patterns of expression are possible. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.