bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interrelationships among Three Measures of Preference for Cognitive Style Based on Hemisphere Specialization Theory
Authors: Payne David A. , Evans K. Ann
Published: September 2011

Right and left cerebral hemisphere and limbic scores derived from the Herrmann Brain Dominance Profile were correlated with left, right, and integrated scores from the Torrance-Reynolds Your Style of Learning and Thinking and four cognitive style scores from the Kolb Learning Style Inventory. Coefficients from 40 students in occupational therapy indicated (a) low moderate positive relationships between like-named hemisphere scores, (b) lack of significant relationships between cognitive style and two independent measures of hemispheric preference, and (c) relative independence of preferred hemisphere mode as well as relative independence between cerebral and limbic systems. The data are interpreted as requiring cautious concern about the validity of these measures by potential users.
Variability of Voice Fundamental Frequency in Elderly Female Speakers
Authors: Morgan Edward E. , Rastatter Michael
Published: September 2011

Three groups of women, of mean age 21, 72, and 84 yr. ( ns = 34, 17, 17), were tape-recorded while describing the “Cookie Thief” picture of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Test. Voice fundamental frequency (fo) was measured for a 30-sec. sample from the middle of their descriptions. Analysis showed that the two elderly groups' mean fo was significantly lower than the younger females‘, but no differences between means were significant for the older groups. Similar findings were obtained for variability of performance. Also, the older groups were more restricted in their vocal maneuvering below their average fo. Compared to past findings showing greater fo variability during reading, the current data suggest that the magnitude of variability of fo in elderly women is dependent upon both the vocal parameters measured and the method used to obtain the data.
Effects of Gross Motor Training on Attention-Deficit Behavior in One Learning-Disabled Child
Authors: Karper William B.
Published: September 2011

The effects of gross motor training on attention-deficit behavior of one learning disabled boy were studied. An A-B-A-B reversal design was used with motor training administered during B phases and no motor training administered during A phases. At the end of each phase, data on motor coordination, self-concept, locus of control, and attention deficit were collected. Motor coordination, self-concept, locus of control, and teacher's ratings of attention-deficit behavior were more positive at the end of B phases than at the end of immediately previous A phases. Mother's ratings of attention-deficit were also more positive at the end of the first B phase than at the end of the first A phase but worsened from the end of the second A phase to the end of the second B phase.
Maximization of Biofeedback following Cognitive Stress Preselection in Generalized Anxiety
Authors: Spencer J.
Published: September 2011

53 subjects, who scored high on an anxiety check list, were evaluated for their responsiveness to relaxation exercises and biofeedback. Each subject was cognitively stressed prior to the training phase by imagining anxiety-provoking situations. Analysis was done on pretraining/posttraining anxiety scores and physiological parameters (galvanic skin response, differences in finger temperature, and frontalis muscle activity). Subjects given feedback corresponding to that physiological parameter which changed the most when stressed, maximized that feedback more than subjects receiving nonrelevant or no feedback. All groups reported significant reductions in anxiety symptoms. Follow-up analysis 15 mo. later showed 76% of the subjects were still symptom-free for anxiety regardless of type of feedback received.
An Inventory for Measuring Player-Coach Interaction
Authors: Thorpe Joanne , Medford Pamela
Published: September 2011

To develop the Medford Player-Coach Interaction Inventory for assessing positive interaction between players and coaches 23 adjectives of 81 were selected. Subjects were members of 9 women's teams and their coaches. To assess reliability subjects were 5 women's teams and their coaches. Data were collected through 3 forms of the inventory—player's form, coach's form, and validity form. Significant correlations were obtained among the adjectives, with few exceptions. Coefficients for the total score between Day 1 and Day 2 indicated stable scores ( r = .87). Validity was studied by subjects rating each adjective on a 5-point scale as to its predictive value; each adjective received a rating above the mean of 3.0 on a 5-point scale.
Cigarette Smoking, Urinary Acidity, and Nicotine Excretion under Natural Conditions
Authors: Fix A. James , Daughton David , Issenberg Phillip
Published: September 2011

For 40 males who smoked 20 cigarettes a day titratable acidity of the urine was significantly correlated with nicotine/cotinine excretion at several sample intervals, as was urinary pH, but not urinary acidity and daily cigarette consumption or serum COHB.
The Cognitive World Structure Game: A Factor Analysis
Authors: Tivendell John
Published: September 2011

The Cognitive World Structure Game, a social psychological measure of personality, was administered to 165 male and 219 female undergraduates. The valences attributed to the items were factor analysed using a principal components method with a varimax rotation. The resulting factor solutions are discussed, and further research is recommended.
Comprehension of Spatial Dimensions of Text in Cursive Handwriting by Young Writers
Authors: Hayward Malcolm
Published: September 2011

The study investigated whether young writers can accurately estimate the length of space required for words written in cursive script. 53 third-grade students were asked to draw boxes estimating the amount of space they would need to write 16 words of 3 to 6 letters. Significant correlations were found between the lengths of the boxes and the lengths of the words. No significant differences were found between boys and girls in ability to predict length. The word's referent and the context of the word affected significantly, but not consistently, the length of the box drawn.
Alcohol and Simple Reaction Time in a Vigilance Setting: A Placebo Control Study
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

The present study tested whether earlier reported effects of alcohol on simple auditory and visual reaction time in a vigilance setting should be attributed to the pharmacological properties of alcohol or to subjects' expectancies as to the acute effects of alcohol. Results indicated that an expectancy interpretation can be excluded.
Pain Responsivity in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome across the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Kuczmierczyk Andrzej R. , Adams Henry E. , Calhoun Karen S. , Naor Simona , Giombetti Robert , Cattalani Mark , McCann Peter
Published: September 2011

11 women with a clinical diagnosis of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and 10 control women with no such diagnosis were compared on pain threshold and pain-tolerance measures in the intermenstrual and premenstrual phases of their menstrual cycles. No significant differences were found between the groups for behavioral measures of pain sensitivity. Ratings of pain intensity, however, were higher in both phases for the PMS group.
Time-of-Day Preference, Pattern Evoked Potentials, and Hemispheric Asymmetries: A Preliminary Statement
Authors: Zani Alberto
Published: September 2011

7 “morning-type” and 6 “evening-type” individuals were subjected to pattern reversal steady-state Event-related Potentials (ERPs) recording to obtain data with respect to time of day, diurnal typology, and hemispheric asymmetries. A significant interaction between these factors suggested a model of hemispheric functioning much more complex than suspected.
Inferring Causality from Corresponding Variances
Authors: Chambers William V.
Published: September 2011

A method for inferring causal relations in correlational research is described. A Monte Carlo experiment demonstrates the ability of the method to differentiate simulated independent and dependent variables under certain conditions. These conditions include use of independent variables orthogonal to each other and account for all of the variance of the dependent variable. The method is potentially a substantial improvement over techniques currently used to infer causality in that it assesses the existence and direction of causal relations between variables in correlational contexts.
Two Evaluation Studies of Reitan's Rehabit Program for the Retraining of Brain Dysfunctions
Authors: Brodsky Patricia , Brodsky Marvin , Lee Henry , Sever Joy
Published: September 2011

Two evaluation studies of Reitan's REHABIT program, using 26 subjects, showed improvement for 23 persons, ranging from moderate to markedly improved. Three subjects showed no change. t tests for correlated observations on the pre-post Z scores were significant. Follow-up studies on brain rehabilitation are in progress.
A Re-Examination of William Stern's Classic Eyewitness Research
Authors: Cunningham Jacqueline L. , Bringmann Wolfgang G.
Published: September 2011

The classical work (1903–1904) on sex differences in eyewitness behavior by William Stern (1871–1938) provided evidence for a traditional view of the superior ability of males over females in this area. The present investigation replicated Stern's original research (1903–1904) with 20 male and 35 female adults. In contrast to Stern's results, no significant sex differences were found among the participants regarding accuracy of recall and resistance to false information on the short-term memory task.
Territoriality and the Use of Library Study Tables
Authors: Gal Cynthia A. , Benedict James O. , Supinski Deborah M.
Published: September 2011

This experiment examined the influence of three different spatial markers at three different types of college library tables. College students were told to assume they were using the library either to do research or to study for a test and were then presented slides each showing a different table with a different marker. The students were asked to rate their level of avoidance for sitting at each of the seats at the table or to sitting at the table itself. The types of tables were a four-person table, four study tables with low partitions at front and sides, and four carrels with high partitions at front and sides. The markers were an open book, a jacket, and a person. The presumed purpose for using the library did not affect the reactions to the tables or markers. However, the type of table and type of marker affected reactions to sitting at each of the different seats. All seats except the diagonal seat at marked tables with low or no partitions led to high avoidance. Only the marked seat was avoided at the carrels. The marker that was rated with the highest level of avoidance at the tables was the person marker. Implications for the design of efficient and comfortable study and workspace were discussed.
Identification Thresholds of Nonsense Syllables by Stutterers
Authors: Fukawa Teruyo , Kato Noriaki
Published: September 2011

Stutterers react emotionally to syllables they stutter because they experience difficulty in articulating those syllables. The identification thresholds of nonsense syllables containing syllables stuttered by six stutterers were investigated. Four one-syllable stimuli and eight three-syllable stimuli were displayed by a tachistoscope, and the subjects were asked to respond with the syllables. The identification thresholds of one-syllable stimuli were lower than those of three-syllable stimuli, and the identification thresholds of one-syllable stimuli containing stuttered syllables were not higher, but rather lower, than those of one-syllable stimuli which did not contain stuttered syllables. It was concluded that stutterers were generally sensitive to syllables they stutter, and this phenomenon was referred to as perceptual vigilance.
Rapid Eye Movement during Sleep Considered as Nystagmus
Authors: Di Prete John
Published: September 2011

Based on supportive evidence, it is proposed in this paper that rapid eye movements during paradoxical sleep actually represent nystagmus, the latter due to the occurrence of conflicting perceptions of bodily position in space. During rapid eye movements in sleep, the brain's perception of bodily position in a dream is opposed to the sensory perception of the dreamer's sleeping position. The split in perception triggers nystagmus, a physiological mechanism known to accompany motion sickness and other waking forms of spatial sense distortion. Supportive evidence from studies on motion sickness, nystagmus, and sleep is presented. A number of experiments are suggested to lend validity to the hypothesis.
Annoyingness of Aircraft Noise in Relation to Cognitive Activity
Authors: Arnoult Malcolm D. , Gillfillan Lynne G. , Voorhees James W.
Published: September 2011

College students were exposed by means of headphones to two kinds of aircraft noise (helicopter and jet) at three levels of loudness (60, 70, and 80 dB) while engaging in two tests of intelligibility and 12 cognitive tasks. In addition, the annoyingness of the noise was rated on a seven-point scale for each source/loudness combination in each task. Individual-differences measures (embedded figures, locus-of-control, and test anxiety) were also obtained. No performance difference related to noise was obtained in any of the cognitive tasks, and using the individual-difference measures as co-variates made no difference. In a second experiment a limited set of five modified cognitive tasks was used, again without producing any significant results. Finally, a third experiment utilized four cognitive tasks, a perceptual-motor task (Rotary Tracking) and intermittent rather than continuous noise, and yielded the same results. It was concluded that the failure to find performance differences on the cognitive tasks was probably due to the fact that concern for the welfare of the subjects limited the stimuli to loudness levels that were too low to be effective.
Errors of Free Recall in Senile Dementia
Authors: Wiegersma Sjoerd , Van Dongen Emmy , Lomans Hans
Published: September 2011

Errors made in the free recall of nouns by patients with senile dementia were classified as to their paradigmatic, phonological, or syntagmatic relationships with presented words. Dementia patients at four levels of dementia severity made relatively more paradigmatic errors than normals. Syntagmatic errors only occurred for greater severity. Such errors show the relative preservation in dementia of semantic knowledge about words as well as the decreased paradigmatic and syntagmatic discriminability of words.
Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Evaluation of 114 Measures
Authors: Bittner Alvah C. , Carter Robert C. , Kennedy Robert S. , Harbeson Mary M. , Krause Michele
Published: September 2011

The goal of the Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) Program was to identify a set of measures of human capabilities for use in the study of environmental and other time-course effects. 114 measures studied in the PETER Program were evaluated and categorized into four groups based upon task stability and task definition. The Recommended category contained 30 measures that clearly obtained total stabilization and had an acceptable level of reliability efficiency. The Acceptable-But-Redundant category contained 15 measures. The 37 measures in the Marginal category, which included an inordinate number of slope and other derived measures, usually had desirable features which were outweighed by faults. The 32 measures in the Unacceptable category had either differential instability or weak reliability efficiency. It is our opinion that the 30 measures in the Recommended category should be given first consideration for environmental research applications. Further, it is recommended that information pertaining to preexperimental practice requirements and stabilized reliabilities should be utilized in repeated-measures environmental studies.
Organizational Effects on Recall of a Movement Series by Mildly Mentally Retarded Adolescents
Authors: Porretta David L.
Published: September 2011

The effect of an experimenter-presented organization on facilitating recall of various movement distances by 20 mentally retarded adolescents and 40 nonretarded individuals of the same mental age or chronological age was investigated. Blindfolded subjects performed linear arm movements and reproduced distances under either organized or random presentation conditions. Results support use of experimenter-presented organization in enhancing recall of movement distances in mildly mentally retarded adolescents.
Personality and the Acceptance of Barnum Statements under a Condition of Ambiguous Relevance
Authors: Kelly I. W. , Dickson D. H. , Saklofske D. H.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship of extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and locus of control with uniqueness and accuracy ratings on favorable and unfavorable Barnum profiles. Subjects were 87 university students. Pearson correlations showed no significant relationships among these variables for the total sample. A further analysis in which the ratings of each sex were considered separately indicated that only one of 48 correlations was statistically significant. Ratings of accuracy and uniqueness did not differ between favorable and unfavorable profiles.
Neuroanatomic and Neuropsychologic Correlates of Digit Span Performance by Brain-Damaged Adults
Authors: Black F. William
Published: September 2011

Digit repetition performance was examined in samples of adult brain-injured patients having confirmed unilateral lesions. The primary purposes of the study were to investigate the sensitivity of forward and backward repetition to the effects of lateralized brain lesions and to assess the differential neuroanatomic and neuropsychologic substrates of the two forms of digit repetition. Digit repetition, especially digits backward and particularly by patients with left-hemisphere lesions, was significantly lower than would be predicted on the basis of intelligence. However, impaired repetition was not invariably a consequence of brain damage. Correlational data suggested but could not confirm hypotheses about either the functional or the neuroanatomic substrate in differential performance on digits forward and backward. Problems implicit in using measures having a high intellectual loading in clinical studies are discussed, as are suggestions for further research.
Proactive Interference and Intertrial Interval in Short-Term Retention of Temporal Visual Information
Authors: Guay Michel
Published: September 2011

The main purpose was to examine the role of proactive interference in temporal short-term memory when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, made without time-aiding techniques. Visual durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 18 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three retention intervals were used: immediate reproduction, 15, and 30 sec. of rest. The three intertrial intervals were immediate, 15, and 30 sec. Constant error was used as an index of bias. The constant errors provided no indication that proactive interference was operating in temporal short-term memory. The lack of proactive interference was not associated with intertrial intervals; even when the intertrial intervals were shortened to 1 sec. no proactive interference was observed. Variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. The variable errors for the 4- and 8-sec. durations seemed amenable to a trace-decay explanation.
Role of Competitive Anxiety in the Performance of Black College Basketball Players
Authors: Williams Deborah A. , Jenkins Jack O.
Published: September 2011

Scores on an Atari video game, Martens's Competitive Anxiety Scale and Life Experience Survey, and coaches' ratings of actual performance over 10 home basketball games were obtained for 8 black players and 7 black controls. Several significant ( p ≤ .01) correlations of anxiety and performance with stress were low to moderate and encourage a full-scale study with a larger sample and standardized measures.
Anthropometric Design Variables and Performance
Authors: Gregoire Harv , Trimble Rannell
Published: September 2011

This study analyzed performance correlates resulting from various applications of anthropometric data used in tactical aircraft cockpit design. Three anthropometric cockpit-geometry configurations were used as variables in performance testing a sample of 50 subjects, undergraduate and graduate college students as well as military pilots. The task was a simulated tactical, combat flight. Variables included: (a) viewing a display from a design eye-position based on uncorrected anthropometric data derived from traditional measuring techniques-erect, (b) viewing the display from the same position as (a) with the exception that supports were used to prevent or relieve fatigue-supported, and (c) viewing the display from a position 3.81-cm lower than the erect position to accommodate the postural displacement resulting from (i) normal upper body slouch, (ii) torso-restraint body retention, and (iii) wearing aviators equipment—actual. The mean performance scores in the actual condition were significantly better than scores which resulted from the supported or erect condition based on traditional application of anthropometric criterion.
Some Thoughts on the Nature of Concrete Thinking
Authors: Coles E. M. , Patterson R. I.
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that earlier criticism of the Goldsteirt-Scheerer Tests of Abstract and Concrete Thinking was based on an incorrect conceptualization of abstract and concrete thinking; and that, while ‘abstract’ thinking is a conjunctive concept, ‘concrete’ thinking is a disjunctive concept.
Physical Fitness: A Buffer against Stress
Authors: Tucker Larry A. , Cole Galen E. , Friedman Glenn M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which physically fit and unfit persons differ regarding levels of stress in their lives. The six Kraus-Weber tests were employed to assess minimal muscular function and fitness among 4,628 adult males, and a 10-item Likert-type inventory was administered to measure perceived stress. Analysis of covariance was utilized with age statistically controlled, and the results indicated that the unfit subjects perceived significantly more distress in their lives than did the adequately fit subjects. It was concluded that physical fitness may fortify the body against the demands of life and provide increased strength and hardiness. Physical fitness may act as a buffer against stress.
Stroop Interference as a Function of Percentage of Congruent Items
Authors: Zajano Michael J. , Gorman Anne
Published: September 2011

Color-word interference in the traditional Stroop paradigm was investigated as a function of the percentages of congruent and incongruent items. Over-all color-naming times decreased with increasing percentages of congruent items. The response time function was significantly deviant from linearity, suggesting the existence of sources of interference other than just response competition. While the pattern of response times was consistent with the notion that effects of selective attention may be enhanced by inhibition of information from the irrelevant dimension of words, data for errors did not support a stronger test of the inhibition concept. Topics discussed include the insensitivity of measurements of error and relatedness to other recent Stroop experiments and theories.
Relation of Two Perceptual Styles to Learning a Novel Motor Skill
Authors: Pettigrew Frank E. , Buell Cathy M.
Published: September 2011

Whether specific perceptual styles are related in learning a novel motor skill was investigated. Using scores on the perceptual component of the Dunn, Dunn, and Price Learning Style Inventory, to determine perceptual style, 98 secondary school students were divided into two groups, kinesthetic/tactile and auditory/visual. No significant difference in skill was observed.
Comment on Robert Fudin's Paper “Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: Mommy and I are Not Yet One”
Authors: Weinberger Joel
Published: September 2011

Six criticisms by Fudin are evaluated and new directions for study suggested by constructive exchange noted.
Initial Relaxation Response: Contrasts between Clinical Patients and Normal Volunteers
Authors: Schneider H. G. , Rawson J. C. , Bhatnagar N. S.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of EMG biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, and self-relaxation were compared using a within-subjects design. Thirteen clinical subjects and 48 normal volunteers participated in 4 counterbalanced relaxation sessions using one of the techniques. Frontalis EMG and surface skin temperature were monitored throughout the sessions. For reducing EMG, biofeedback was more effective than the other three techniques. A significant interaction of treatment X subjects was found for changes in skin temperature. Clinical subjects had the greatest increase in skin temperature with EMG biofeedback and analog subjects responded best to self-relaxation. There were no significant differences in initial measures of EMG or skin temperature for the two samples.
Left-Handedness in Twin Families: Support of an Environmental Hypothesis
Authors: Tambs Kristian , Magnus Per , Berg Kåre
Published: September 2011

Information on handedness, assessed as writing-hand, was collected from 197 MZ twin pairs and 203 DZ twin pairs and from their parents, spouses, and children. Associations for pairs of relatives were studied by 2 × 2 tables, computing chi squared-values and tetrachoric correlations. Correlations of about .3 were obtained for mother-offspring and sibling pairs, while for cousins the correlation was .25 (in a small sample). No other significant associations were found, not even for twins. These results suggest only a small, if any, genetic effect, and only a small environmental between family effect, most of which seems to be a maternal effect. The lack of cotwin correlations and correlations for one of the twins with her/his ordinary brothers/sisters suggest the existence of an effect specific to twins, since the correlation for pairs of ordinary siblings is significant. Conclusions drawn from twin studies alone may be biased. The frequency of left-hand writers has increased from 1% to 10% in the different age groups born during the last century in Norway This age effect is present mainly in hand writing and not so much in handedness generally, suggesting a decrease in cultural repression against left-hand writing.
Drivers' Behavior at Stop Signs: A Deterioration
Authors: Mc Kelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

In a 1985 observational study of 176 private car drivers at stop signs in eight locations in a town setting in Quebec, 42% came to a complete stop, 43% slowed, and 15% did not stop or slow. Relative to previous years (1979 to 1983), these data show a general deterioration in performance that cannot be accounted for by changes in the density of traffic. Further analyses showed that most of the 1985 decline in performance occurred in the absence of other vehicles, where complete stops were considerably fewer than in recent years.
An Experimental Analysis of Response-Class Learning between is Copula and Auxiliary and between are Copula and Auxiliary
Authors: Blankenmeyer Geoffrey L. , Weston Alan J.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to measure if (1) is copula and auxiliary are referents of the same response class, (2) are copula and auxiliary are referents of the same response class, and (3) singular is and plural are are referents of independent response classes. These questions were answered through a multiple baseline design. Analysis showed response-class learning between is copula and auxiliary and between are copula and auxiliary. Previous studies have indicated a functional relatonship only between is copula and auxiliary. Past studies have not clearly shown response-class learning since the baseline without reinforcement was not recaptured.
Fitting Index of Predominance Based on Periodicity of Strengths of Pattern and Suppression in Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Sohmiya Tamotsu , Sohmiya Kazuko
Published: September 2011

The predominance of the strength of pattern over the strength of suppression during binocular rivalry has generally been defined as the percentage of total time of appearance. Is this fit for an index of the predominance? Theoretically, the strengths of pattern and suppression periodically oscillate throughout the observation period. From this assumption, the best fitting indices of predominance were examined. The simplest model of the visual system was one in which the periodicity of the two originates was expressed by a differential equation. Various indices were examined by the solution of its equation so that a power function of the ratio of the time of appearance to that of disappearance was obtained as the most suitable index of the predominance.
Headline Size and Position Influence on Consumers' Perception
Authors: Bellizzi Joseph A. , Hite Robert E.
Published: September 2011

In a laboratory experiment, the size of an advertising headline announcing a retail sale positively affected consumers' perception of the magnitude of the discount. When large print was used, subjects perceived a larger discount. When small print was used, smaller discounts were perceived. Position of the headline had no effect.
Individual Differences in Fashion Orientation and Cognitive Complexity
Authors: Lennon Sharron J. , Davis Leslie L.
Published: September 2011

Individual differences in cognitive complexity, innovativeness in fashion, and fashion-opinion leadership were investigated. 50 undergraduate women completed scales on innovativeness in fashion and fashion-opinion leadership. Each subject's level of cognitive complexity was measured by the Paragraph Completion Method. In accord with predictions an inverse relationship was found between fashion-opinion leadership and cognitive complexity. Fashion-opinion leaders functioned at lower levels of cognitive complexity than nonleaders. Partial correlation analysis indicated a small positive relationship between cognitive complexity and innovativeness in fashion, with fashion-opinion leadership removed. Finally, a moderate correlation was found between fashion-opinion leadership and innovativeness in fashion, replicating previous research.
Hemispheric Asymmetry in Olfaction on a Category Judgement Task
Authors: Pendse Shripad G.
Published: September 2011

An olfactory experiment using a category-judgement paradigm is reported. Right-handed women showed a right-nostril superiority in identifying five intensity levels of n-butanol. The results are seen as supporting Pendse's (1978) hypothesis that hemispheric specialization for language and visuospatial functions can be accounted for in terms of an information transmission model.
Interrelations of Trait and State Anxiety with Game Performance of Rugby Players
Authors: Maynard Ian W. , Howe Bruce L.
Published: September 2011

The Martens' Sport Competition Anxiety and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 tests were administered to 22 male university rugby players to assess the relationship between the tests and their effectiveness in predicting game performance. The Sport Competition Anxiety Test was completed early in the season and the State Anxiety Inventory an hour before two games during a tournament. A multiple regression between the Competitive Anxiety Test and the three subscales of the Sport Anxiety Inventory-2 showed a significant relationship between the Competitive Anxiety Test and the single subscale of somatic anxiety. A separate multiple regression with performance as the criterion variable produced no significant findings. A significant correlation was noted between somatic anxiety and performance for those players who performed below their normal ability. The significant increase in self-confidence between games may have been detrimental to the performance of the team.
Effect of Prior Mental Activity on a Parafoveal Task
Authors: Galluscio Eugene H. , Evermann Lynn M. , Gagnon Anne R.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of spatial and verbal tasks on subsequent strategies of men and women on a parafoveal task. Dextrals, 30 men and 30 women, performed a parafoveal task which had been previously demonstrated to show no visual-field advantage. Mental activity resulting from the spatial and verbal prior tasks produced a right-field (left-brain) advantage on the parafoveal task, which was significantly greater for men than for women.
Time-Interval Estimates as a Function of Thinking of Self, Things, and others
Authors: Beattie Richard L.
Published: September 2011

Written estimates of time (5, 10, or 20 sec.) for thinking about Self, Others, and Things activities were obtained from 78 students tested in groups. These indicated type of interpolated activity led to underestimates of 20 sec. spent thinking about Self-related activities relative to estimates made for Things and Others.
Effects of Instructions to Subjects on Draw-a-Person as a Measure of Ethnic Identity
Authors: Pfeffer Karen
Published: September 2011

Draw-A-Person was used to measure ethnic identify in 134 Nigerian (Yoruba) school children. The instructions “draw yourself” were used in preference to the usual instructions to draw a person. A higher ethnic identity based on color was expressed in this study than in a previous Nigerian study with different instructions. Interpretations were based on possible effects of instructions on subjects. The implications for the use of Draw-A-Person to measure ethnic identity were discussed with reference to different racial contexts.
Participants' Early Impressions of a Supervised Exercise Program as a Determinant of Their Subsequent Adherence
Authors: Desharnais Raymond , Bouillon Jacques , Godin Gaston
Published: September 2011

A prospective study was conducted with participants of a supervised exercise program to verify if early impressions developed while participating in the program contributed to predict subsequent adherence. After voluntarily completing five weeks of an 11-wk. supervised exercise program, 126 young adults (52 men, 74 women) indicated their thoughts concerning (i) the professional interest directed towards them by the fitness leader, (ii) satisfaction with the ongoing fitness programme, (iii) the perceived tiredness, (iv) difficulty in accommodating the time request by the fitness program with daily timetable, and (v) perceived support from family and friends. Multiple regression analysis indicated that 38% of the total variability in the adherence level (the subsequent 6 wk.) was explained by the perceived difficulty in accommodating the fitness program with daily timetable.
Effects of Force Output and Preparation on Fractionated Reaction Time
Authors: Kawabe Shoko
Published: September 2011

Fractionated reaction times of elbow-flexion to light stimuli were measured when two kinds of loads (light and heavy) were applied to the elbow joint. Premotor time for the heavy load was lengthened in comparison with that for the light load. This fact suggests that the intensity of the muscle tension required for the response influences the initiation of the output from the central nervous system. When subjects were informed about the load before presentation of the stimulus, premotor time was shorter than that under the conditions without the information. It seemed that the preparatory set for the force output influenced the fractionated reaction time for 20 subjects.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XXXVII. Lunar Phase, “No;” Weekend, “Yes;” Month, “Sometimes”
Authors: Wagner Mahlon W. , Almeida Lynne
Published: September 2011

Police department calls over a 2-yr. period in a small Northeast city were examined. No “lunar” effect was found for the 12 offenses. Seven offenses occurred more frequently on weekends, and five offenses occurred more frequently during summer months.
Running and Depression
Authors: Rape Roger N.
Published: September 2011

Two studies on the relationship between running and depression among normal persons are reported. Study 1 investigated whether a group of 21 runners were significantly less depressed, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, than a group of 21 nonexercisers who were matched on sex, age, and height/weight ratio. The runners were significantly less depressed than the nonexercisers. Study 2 assessed whether cardiovascular fitness correlated with depression. Using scores on the Beck Depression Inventory as the criterion of depression, 17 depressed subjects and 17 nondepressed subjects took the Harvard “Step Test”, the measure of cardiovascular fitness. There was a significant negative r of -.30. It is noted that the basis of the relation between running and depression is still unclear and suggestions for research are presented.
Relation of Empathy and Self-Esteem to Active Participation in Finnish Baseball
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

The aim of the study was to survey the connection of empathy and self-esteem with active Finnish baseball playing which is nonviolent team play requiting affective and intellectual capacities and cooperation. The 1381 subjects, aged from 8 to 16 yr., were from the teams who had attended three national training camps. All were given the modified Mehrabian and Epstein Emotional Empathy Test, the Battle Self-esteem Scale, the Osborn and Harris Assertiveness Scale, and the Emmons Narcissism Scale. Empathy, self-esteem, and self-assertiveness seem to increase with age. Girls are more empathetic and more sensitive than boys. There are no sex differences in self-esteem; however, boys are more narcissistic than girls. The subjects became increasingly narcissistic and self-assertive but less sensitive with the years spent in active Finnish baseball training. No effect on total empathy scores was found, although the self-esteem increased with years of playing.
Effect of Music on Perceptions of Task Characteristics
Authors: Perrewé Pamela L. , Mizerski Richard W.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined music as a means to enhance task perceptions. The study was a 2 (complex task vs simple task) × 2 (music vs no music) experimental design in which 110 undergraduates participated. Both main and moderating effects were examined. Results suggest that music does not affect perceptions of task characteristics.
Descriptive Statistics, Reliability and Validity of a Short Form of Rotter's Locus of Control Scale Given to Iranian College Students
Authors: Shapurian Reza , Hojat Mohammadreza
Published: September 2011

A short form of Rotter's locus of control scale was administered to two samples of Iranian students. Sample I comprised 305 students in Iranian universities and Sample II consisted of 232 Iranian college students in the USA. Descriptive statistics for each sample are reported. Test-retest reliability over 3 wk. was .84, and the alpha estimates were .82 for both samples. Scores were correlated in expected directions with measures of depression, neuroticism, anxiety, self-esteem, and loneliness.
Sex and Age Differences on the Raven's Matrices
Authors: Persaud Gagindra
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of sex and age on scores on a matrices test among university and college students aged 17 to 51 yr. Sex differences in mean scores were nonsignificant. The general decline with age was linear and negative, significantly so for women ( n = 132), not for men ( n = 74). Significant decrements occurred from the age of 26 yr. upwards for women only. The findings suggest that loss of intellectual capacity on the Raven's Matrices can be attributed to age.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale
Authors: Wisniewski Jack J. , Genshaft Judy L. , Mulick James A. , Coury Daniel L.
Published: September 2011

Test-retest reliabilities of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale over 1- and 5-wk. intervals were examined for two samples of students, 73 boys and 88 girls in regular sixth, seventh and eighth grade classrooms (11 yr. to 14 yr). For raw scores the test-retest Pearson r was .88 (1-wk.) and .77 (5-wk.), indicating good reliability. For both samples there was a small difference between test (12.2 for 1-wk. sample; 11.4 for 5-wk. sample) and retest (11.2 for 1-wk. sample; 9.8 for 5-wk. sample) mean raw scores. Implications for test use are discussed.
Interference Processes in Visual and Olfactory Stimulations
Authors: Gabassi Pier Giorgio , Batic Nidia
Published: September 2011

The aim of this work was to verify whether two congruent inputs (simultaneous administration of one odor and the corresponding name) increase recall or, on the contrary, whether recall becomes worse when there is no coincidence between the two simultaneous stimuli (verbal and olfactory). The data show no significant difference among the experimental conditions. It seems then possible to conclude that a ‘visual dominance’ effect takes place vis-á-vis the olfactory mode.
Catch as Catch Can
Authors: Whiting H. T. A. , Savelsbergh G. J. P.
Published: September 2011

The conclusions drawn by Diggles, Grabiner, and Garhammer (1987) with respect to the differences between skilled and unskilled subjects in catching ability and the consequences of occluding vision of the catching arm on catching errors are questioned on factual and methodological grounds.
Validity of an Instrument Measuring Male Attitudes: The Traditional-Liberated Content Scale
Authors: Vera Wilfredo , Fiebert Martin S.
Published: September 2011

This study was undertaken to investigate the validity of two factors in The Traditional-Liberated Content Scale, an instrument which shows promise in assessing some major dimensions of men's attitudes. Scores were compiled from the ratings made by 83 college undergraduate men and on a short form of the Brannon Masculinity Scale. Subjects also rated the meaning of four concepts representing major areas of change for the male sex-role. Different bipolar-adjective scales were used to rate these concepts. As indicative of the concurrent validity, each factor had a modest, but statistically significant correlation with scores on the Brannon Masculinity Scale. Support for construct validity also was obtained as subjects with extreme scores on these two factors differed in their ratings of two of the four concepts.
An Investigation of the Validity of the Trait and State Sport-Confidence Inventories in Predicting Marathon Performance
Authors: Gayton William F. , Nickless Cynthia J.
Published: September 2011

Data from 35 marathon runners (25 men, 10 women) were used to examine the validity of the Trait Sport-confidence Inventory and the State Sport-confidence Inventory as predictors of marathon running performance. Both instruments were significantly correlated with predicted and actual finishing times.
Effects of Task Demands on Throwing Performance of Children
Authors: Moore Jane B. , Reeve T. Gilmour
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of cast demands on the throwing performance of 6 boys and 6 girls in each of three age groups: 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10 yr. Each child was asked to throw a small yarnball five times in three conditions of no target, small target (30 cm diameter), and large target (46 cm diameter) from 8-ft. distance. Throwing accuracy was measured as vertical and horizontal deviations from the center of the throwing surface, or target, and expressed as radial error. A 3 (age group) × 2 (sex) × 3 (target size) analysis of variance with repeated measures on target size gave significant effects for age and sex. As expected, older children were more accurate than younger ones, and boys were more accurate than girls. Target size was nonsignificant. Radial error was decomposed into the horizontal and vertical deviations from center. The youngest children had greater horizontal deviation to the right than the older children. The older children showed least vertical deviation. Boys tended to underthrow the target consistently while younger girls' throwing undershot target but the older ones overshot. Throwing accuracy did not vary with target size and so the size of the target was not an important feature of the task.
Students' Perceptions of Faculty's Office Arrangements
Authors: Darby Bruce W. , Judson Nia
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to assess the effects of sex of student, sex of professor, and office arrangement on college students' evaluations of possible interactions in faculty offices. It was expected that offices arranged to put the professor in total control would evoke more negative evaluations from students than offices arranged to allow students some sense of control and that this especially would be true for perceptions of male professors. Subjects looked at four different office types ranging from faculty-controlled to less-faculty-controlled and were asked to evaluate how much control they thought the professor and they as students would have in each setting, how likely they would be to remain in the environment after their business was completed, and how comfortable they would feel. Results showed that students rated the less-faculty-controlled offices more favorably than the faculty-controlled offices, although an interaction showed that men more than women differentially evaluated the offices. The most negative office ratings were made for male professors in faculty-controlled offices, but again men more than women made these distinctions.
Inhibitory Interaction between Channels Sensitive to Direction and Velocity in the Human Visual System
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

Two paradigms for the study of velocity contrast have been employed. Paradigm one has focused on perceived velocity changes across a field. Paradigm two has focused on perceived velocity changes at the juncture of disparate velocities. The current experiments employ both paradigms to look at oppositely directed motion. Using paradigm two, it was determined that, with oppositely directed motion, the effect on perceived velocity could not be attributed to lateral inhibitory interaction—in contrast to earlier reports of lateral interaction when motion was in the same direction. Using paradigm one, it was determined that the effect upon perceived velocity with oppositely directed motion appeared to involve inhibition across entire fields of motion.
Pain Combines Additively across Different Sensory Systems: A Further Support for the Functional Theory of Pain
Authors: Algom Daniel , Raphaeli Nehama , Cohen-Raz Lior
Published: September 2011

Subjects made magnitude estimations of noxious stimuli produced by a 6 × 6 factorial design of electric shocks (pulse trains) and loud tones. Group data and all individual results conformed to a linear additive model of pain. The estimates of pain approximated the linear sum of the pain estimates of the individual electrocutaneous and auditory components. Pain related differently to the two inducing stimuli. It grew as a mildly expansive power function of current intensity (with an exponent of about 1.2) but as a mildly compressive power function of sound-pressure level (with an exponent of about 0.8). These results replicate recent findings by the same authors in 1986 using a more aversive type of electric stimulation. They are interpreted as supportive of a new functional approach to understand pain and pain-related phenomena.
The Social Skills Apperception Test: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Svec Henry
Published: September 2011

For the evaluation of social skills of adolescents, the present inquiry assessed the initial properties of the Social Skills Apperception Test, a projective test having a videotaped format. Initial results suggest favourable interjudge reliability.