bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOIL SPECTRAL SIGNATURES ANALYSIS FOR SOIL PROPERTY ESTIMATION AND PREDICTION
Authors: Labade Prajakta Babasaheb , Rokade Komal Gangaram , Atul Arvind Atre Dr.
Published: June 2024

A crucial and fundamental part of the global ecosystem are the soils. Soil is the loosely packed organic or mineral material that covers the immediate surface of the earth and serves as a natural growing medium for land plants. The growing human population puts strain on the earth's resources, especially the soil. Since the beginning of civilization, humans have relied on the soil as a means of maintaining their existence. Therefore, thorough knowledge of soil resources is necessary for a number of efforts, such as command area development and catchment area development, including their potential, capabilities, and limitations. Features of soil that are physical, biological, or chemical in nature are all significant. Basic indicators of a soil's effectiveness are its physicochemical characteristics, which are comparable to agronomic outcomes in the form of crop output. Understanding the changes that take place in environmental systems depends on knowing the characteristics of the soil. Using remote sensing technology, many soil properties have been successfully studied in the spatial and temporal domains. Understanding the spectral reflectance characteristics of soils is aided by a variety of remote sensing applications in soils. Certain soil qualities can be mapped and measured using spectral imaging. Identifying soil types and future planning that includes conservation measures in catchment area treatments will be made easier with an understanding of soil spectral signatures.
IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR QUALITY EVALUATION OF FOOD
Authors: Bharatkumar Dahihande Pranali , Hiregoudar Dr. Sharanagouda , Udaykumar Nidoni Dr. , Pramod Katti Dr.
Published: June 2024

The modern food industry places a premium on quality because it is the foundation for success in the current market's fierce competition. It is vital to enhance quality control procedures in order to meet consumers' rising awareness, sophistication, and expectations. When used in conjunction with effective image processing techniques, machine vision effective tool which can give helpful data for the quality of goods and the impact of the processing regime.
FOOD MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES: UNRAVELING THE HIDDEN WORLD OF FOOD
Authors: Meti Soumya C , Nidoni Udaykumar , Hiregoudar Sharanagouda , Katti Pramod
Published: June 2024

This book chapter delves into the intricacies of food microstructure, defined as the spatial arrangement of cells, intercellular spaces, and the interaction of food constituents within the matrix. This all-encompassing concept extends to diverse food items, encompassing bakery products, fruits, vegetables, and meat, exerting profound influence on their quality, texture, and nutritional attributes. Although imperceptible to the unaided eye, microstructure plays an indispensable role in shaping characteristics such as sponginess, crispness, firmness, and emulsion stability. An enlightened comprehension of food microstructure and its dynamic metamorphosis during processing is indispensable in crafting superlative foodstuffs with optimized nutritional availability. Employing an array of microscopic analysis techniques such as optical microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and others, researchers gain invaluable insights into food composition, quality control, and the discernment of unwelcome substances. As discerning consumers demand augmented nutritional excellence, heightened sensory properties, and utmost safety, the unexplored realm of microstructural engineering emerges as a captivating avenue to tailor food microstructure for targeted functional efficacy. This chapter accentuates the significance of food microstructure analysis techniques and underscores their boundless potential for pioneering food applications and transformative innovations.
APPLICATION OF HEAT TRANSFER FLUID IN SUB-ZERO TEMPERATURES
Authors: Rohit H.K. , Chitranayak Ms. , Minz P.S. , sain Mukul , Ray Arijit , Mehta Sumit
Published: June 2024

The reliability and efficiency of industrial operations in cold conditions depend on the use of heat transfer fluids in subzero temperatures. Traditional water-based fluids might freeze and cause problems in the entire system. These difficulties are addressed by specialized heat transfer fluids that have low freezing points, great thermal stability, resistance to corrosion, and low viscosity at low temperatures. They are essential for maintaining efficient heat exchange, avoiding freezing, and preserving system parts from damages. These fluids are useful for applications in the oil and gas, refrigeration, solar thermal and automotive industries because they provide accurate temperature control and long-term operation in below-freezing conditions. The capabilities of heat transfer fluids are still being developed via ongoing research and innovation, which boosts the dependability and effectiveness of systems that operate in cold environments. The choice of HTFs significantly affects the system's performance as well as the heat transfer process's dependability, cost, and efficiency
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH PHYLLOSPHERE MICROBES
Authors: Bipasha Mridha Ghosh Dr.
Published: June 2024

All over the world researchers are working on the development and upgradation of sustainable technologies for solid waste management either through degradation or volume reduction or conversion of waste to useful products. Solid Waste Management (SWM) by sustainable technologies in the agricultural field is needed for hours. Literature reveals that the use of microbial strains (bacteria and/or fungus) is in practice but more study requires to explore the efficient application of knowledge in the agricultural field. The situation desires novel strains with better capacities to degrade solid waste materials quicker than the available strains. This work emphasises the finding of microbiota, specifically fungi and applies different isolated strains on waste materials to examine decomposition capabilities. In search of novel strains of fungi, the phyllosphere of mangrove leaves are selected and samples were collected in three different seasons from the Sundarbans region of West Bengal, India. The isolated pure culture of microbial strains is preserved in a laboratory environment and pure cultures are applied to different types of waste materials to know their capabilities of degradation and the enzyme assay method is also applied. The study reveals that all isolated fungal strains produce different categories of enzymes, among them amylase enzyme, catalase enzyme and polyphenol oxidase enzyme production capabilities are examined here. The study suggests application of more than one fungal strain together are effective for agricultural solid waste management and sustainable bioremediation technology for future generation.
AN OVERVIEW OF FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Authors: Gautam Avinash Chandra , Goel Nitika , Deshmukh Ankit Kumar , N Veena , Wandhare Arundhati G. , B Ashritha
Published: June 2024

Hydrocolloids are polysaccharides that are now widely used as additives in different types of food products to improve their textural properties. The main function of hydrocolloids is that they act as thickening, gelling, as well as stabilizing agents. In most cases, they are derived from plants and are easily soluble in both warm and cold water. Plants are typically the source of these compounds. Hydrocolloids are commonly used in the development of low-calorie food products. These are commonly used in dairy products, confectionery products, bakery products, and salad dressings. Nowadays, interest is growing in the use of hydrocolloids in the development of edible film and coatings for packaging. This chapter focused mostly on the role as well as the application of hydrocolloids in food products. In this chapter, we will talk about certain hydrocolloids that are utilized rather frequently in food goods.
FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS OF PHASE CHANGING MATERIALS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
Authors: Rohit H. K. , Deshmukh Ankit Kumar , Minz P. S. , Chitranayak Ms. , Sain Mukul , Ray Arijit
Published: June 2024

Phase-changing materials (PCMs) have become a novel and adaptable component for various industrial applications, especially in the food sector. The principles and uses of PCM are thoroughly covered in this book chapter, emphasizing how they might improve food processing, preservation, and storage. PCMs' unique capacity to absorb, store, and release latent heat during phase transitions is used to solve problems in temperature-sensitive food supply chain operations. The chapter explores the physical and thermodynamic laws that govern phase transitions of PCM, highlighting how PCM changes states to control temperature. Phase-changing materials of both organic and inorganic components are thoroughly examined, with an emphasis on their unique characteristics and applicability for a range of food-related uses. PCMs provide a range of advantages, from enhancing cold chain logistics and lowering energy use in refrigeration to streamlining baking and frying operations. The integration of PCMs is expected to play a crucial role in promoting sustainability, efficiency, and innovation within the food sector as materials science and engineering breakthroughs persist.
HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION: UNVEILING THE PHENOMENON AND ITS FUNDAMENTALS
Authors: Deshmukh Ankit Kumar , Rohit H K , Gautam Avinash Chandra , Sain Mukul , Singh Anamika
Published: June 2024

This chapter delves into the intricate domain of hydrodynamic cavitation, unraveling its fundamental principles and practical applications within the food industry. It explores the distinctive features of hydrodynamic cavitation, closely examining the impact of parameters like pressure, temperature, and fluid properties, thereby highlighting its unique and exclusive aspects. By emphasizing its transformative potential, the chapter illustrates how hydrodynamic cavitation optimizes various food processing operations, ranging from enhanced mixing and emulsification to improved mass transfer and extraction. Through real-world case studies, the chapter elucidates successful applications of hydrodynamic cavitation, while also addressing the challenges and considerations linked to its integration into food processing systems. This comprehensive exploration offers valuable insights to researchers, engineers, and industry professionals, guiding them in harnessing the novelty and exclusivity of hydrodynamic cavitation for innovative and sustainable advancements in food manufacturing technologies.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE: A NEXT-GEN FISH FARMING SYSTEM
Authors: Deepti Mutum , Mahendrajit Amom , Chellamanimegalai P. , Meinam Martina
Published: June 2024

Intensified aquaculture and expansion of area under aquaculture farms can make it difficult for farm managers to supervise each and every culture system and take customized decisions. In this scenario, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) may assist with real-time decision-making and farm monitoring. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a simulation of human intelligence in robots by providing them with sufficient contextual data. AI can also be applied to capture fisheries and preservation of natural resources. The emergence of blockchain technology has made it possible for ML to efficiently trace the source of fish on a customer's stable and track it along the supply chain. As a result, fisheries and aquaculture may become more environmentally as well as economically sustainable. Due to growing populations and increased demand for protein food sources, there is an apparent rise in the world's food production demand each year. Fish is a desired source of protein across the globe; hence this exerts pressure on the capture fisheries. Relying on advanced aquaculture has become the best option for producing enough fish to fulfill demand. Unfortunately, in contrast to the agricultural and manufacturing sectors, the aquaculture industry has not had a significant impact from technological advancements. The emergence of AI has opened up enormous opportunities for the implementation and integration of information technology in all spheres of life. Drones, bionic robots, nano- and micro-sensors, remote cameras, intelligent sorting, statistical modules, and algorithms are some of the AI techniques and tools that will help enhance aquaculture output and minimize human intervention. Through the concept of "replacing human with machine," the intelligent farm attempts in handling precision work such as increasing oxygen input, optimizing feeding, lowering infection, and accurately harvesting in order to completely liberate the manpower and move forward towards green and sustainable aquaculture. In an effort to boost aquaculture productivity and sustainability, AI must be employed throughout the aquaculture value chain to ensure efficiency in tracking, feeding, detection of diseases, growth estimation, monitoring the environment, market information, and other areas. Therefore, innovative technologies will play a significant role in the development of aquaculture operations that call for less human labour, effective maintenance, and efficient utilization of resources. Here, we've addressed the necessity of adopting advanced technology as well as the hurdles to AI adoption in the aquaculture sector. Further, this chapter discusses how AI is deployed in the aquaculture and fishery industries presently and in the future, as well as its potential to revolutionize the aquaculture industry.
APPLICATIONS OF GIS MAPPING IN MARINE FISHERIES
Authors: Jana Susmita
Published: June 2024

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping plays a crucial role in fisheries management by providing tools to gather, analyze, and visualize spatial data related to fish stocks, fishing activities, and the marine environment. GIS can be used to assess the distribution and abundance of fish stocks. It helps fisheries managers understand where different species are located and how their populations are changing over time. This information is essential for setting catch limits and sustainable fishing practices. GIS allows for the mapping of critical fish habitats, such as spawning grounds, nurseries, and feeding areas. Identifying and protecting these areas is vital for the long-term health of fish populations. To implement GIS mapping in fisheries management, agencies and organizations collect and integrate data from various sources, such as satellite imagery, fishery surveys, vessel monitoring systems, and environmental sensors. The use of GIS technology helps improve the effectiveness of fisheries management practices, ensuring the sustainable use of marine resources.
THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN FISHING TECHNOLOGY AND AQUACULTURE
Authors: Mime M. , Biswas O. , Sarker S. , Talawar N. A. , Mahato O. , Barik R.
Published: June 2024

The utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in fishing technology and aquaculture has emerged as a transformative force in the sustainable management and production of seafood. In fishing technology, AI-driven innovations such as autonomous vessels and intelligent fish locating systems optimize fishing operations, enhancing catch efficiency while reducing environmental impact. Real-time monitoring and predictive analytics aid in informed decision-making, ensuring responsible fishing practices and preserving fish stocks for future generations. Furthermore, AI fosters seafood traceability and supply chain transparency, instilling consumer confidence in ethically sourced products. In aquaculture, AI plays a pivotal role in precision farming by analysing environmental data, optimizing feed management, and monitoring fish health. This results in increased productivity, reduced resource wastage, and minimized environmental footprint. AI applications contribute to sustainable aquaculture practices, promoting environmental conservation and responsible resource management. However, as AI adoption accelerates, ethical considerations and data privacy concerns must be addressed. Striking a balance between technological advancement and environmental preservation is vital to safeguard marine ecosystems and support fishing communities' livelihoods. Future research and collaboration among stakeholders are necessary to maximize AI's potential benefits and navigate challenges effectively. Embracing AI in fishing technology and aquaculture offers unparalleled opportunities to meet global seafood demand sustainably, ensuring the continued health and productivity of our oceans for generations to come.
MOLECULAR MAPPING AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF CROPS
Authors: Yadav Sristhi , Senathipathi Deep Nithun , Barthawal Jyoti , Kak Vasudha , Moorthy Gururaj , Kishore Kunal
Published: June 2024

Agriculture is the core of the functioning of the world. From ancient times many new techniques have been introduced to produce good quality crops. From the 18th century the improvement in biotechnology and the study of genes have paved the new paths for the development in agriculture. The current works in agriculture biotechnology has improved the agriculture in many ways that includes the production in abundance, production of good quality crop with abundance in nutrients, pest and insect resistance, and improvement in crops by using the Molecular mapping and then characterizing the required gene of interest for the development of the crop. This genetic engineering in plants has benefitted agriculture around the globe, the specific selection of the genome and study of it without affecting the plants have been used to work more easily and effectively. This chapter includes the first milestone in the current agriculture biotechnology that is the molecular mapping of the plant genome using Marker assisted techniques and Quality trait loci and the Molecular characterization of the genome that helps in the study of the genome of the crop is discussed in detailed that will provide a good understanding of the most important topics of the agriculture biotechnology.
SILK SERICIN AND ITS APPLICATION IN FOOD INDUSTRY: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Shaw Shubhajit , Gangopadhyay Debnirmalya
Published: June 2024

Sericin degummed in substantial amounts during the silk reeling process of cocoon boiling may be a valuable source of ingredients for food packaging and storing with immense health-beneficial effects due to high presence of natural antioxidants. Sericin derived from silk cocoon contains a variety of important amino acids, including serine, glycine, and aspartic acid. Similarly, sericin shows hydrophilic properties, which impart beneficial biological and biocompatible qualities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and antielastase activity. Moreover, sericin when combined with additional biomaterials such as chitosan, glycerol, and carbon-based nano-particles proved to be successful in the production of films, coatings, and packaging of food materials. The present study provides a critical review of the utilization of waste sericin and its various application, particularly in the food industry sector.
ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF TANNASE PRODUCING BACTERIA - ISOLATED FROM GOAT FAECAL SAMPLE
Authors: Aruna B. , Rathore Aarthi Kunwar
Published: June 2024

The faecal samples of goat were used to isolate tannase producing bacteria.The tannase producing isolates (T1 and T2) were identified as Corynebacterium xerosis and Coryne bacterium kutser. The tannase activity found to be,15.2 U/mL (T1 isolate) and 16.5 U/mL (T2) at 37oC; 16.2 U/mL (T1) and 16.1 U/mL (T2) at pH 8by using tannin as asubstrate.The tannase activity was maximum at 37oC and pH 8. The activity of Tannase of the isolates was confirmed by detection of gallic acidby TLC (Thin layer chromatography) and glucose by DNS (3, 5-Dinitrosalicylic acid) method. The T2 Tannase showed antibacterial activity with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Tannins are found in industrial effluents that are toxic to the plant. Tannase producing bacteria that degrade tannins, reduce the toxic effect of tannins towardsplants in contaminated environments and help in plant growth.
UTILITY AND CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN INDIA
Authors: Agri Brijesh Kumar , Verma Prawal P S , Tiwari Amit Kumar , Singh Sonveer , Kumar Dipender , Padalia RC
Published: June 2024

In this book chapter, we examine the enduring and multifaceted relationship between humanity and plants. Over the course of biological and cultural evolution, plants have been integral to meeting our fundamental life needs. They have provided sustenance, medicinal remedies, flavorings, and materials for clothing and shelter. We delve into the rich tapestry of traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha in India, as well as indigenous healthcare practices worldwide, highlighting their continued significance in addressing healthcare needs, especially in developing countries. Furthermore, we explore how pharmaceutical and chemical sciences have harnessed the potential of medicinal plants. Through rigorous analysis, bioactive compounds have been isolated, leading to the discovery of new drugs. Currently, approximately 125 prescription drugs, each with known structures, are derived from over 100 plant species. Additionally, roughly 5,000 plant species globally have been examined as potential sources of novel treatments. India's pharmaceutical industry has been at the forefront of producing modern drugs from plants, underlining the importance of traditional knowledge in contemporary medicine. This chapter underscores the profound influence of plants on human existence and healthcare, both historically and in the present day, while also acknowledging their continued role in shaping our future.
THE FUTURE OF HIGH-VALUE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS
Authors: Tiwari Amit Kumar , Verma Prawal P S , Singh Sonveer , Kumar Dipender , Padalia R C , Upadhyay R. K
Published: June 2024

The future of “High-Value Medicinal and Aromatic Plants" is a captivating exploration of the multifaceted significance, current landscape, and promising trajectory of high-value Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs). This chapter delves into their roles in health, economics, culture, and sustainability. It showcases their historical roots, contemporary applications, and pivotal positions in global industries, from pharmaceuticals to culinary. High-value MAPs are more than commodities; they are repositories of cultural heritage. The chapter discusses their economic importance, regions for cultivation, and emerging trends. It also highlights their vital roles in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals through compelling case studies. High-value MAPs enrich global cuisines, shaping culinary traditions and sensory experiences. The chapter looks to the future, addressing challenges and opportunities while emphasizing sustainability, market trends, research prospects, and their contributions to food security, health, and sustainability.
PROFITABILITY OF OREGANO FARMING (ORIGANUM VULGARE L.) IN HILLY REGIONS OF INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Authors: PPS Verma , D Kumar , AK Tiwari , S Singh , RC Padalia
Published: June 2024

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a highly significant herb with versatile applications in medicine, aromatics, and cuisine. The primary chemical compounds found in the plant's essential oil include carvacrol, thymol, terpinene, cymene, and pinene. Traditionally, oregano has been harnessed for various medicinal purposes, such as its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-cancerous, antibacterial, blood glucose-regulating, and digestive-enhancing properties, among others. In addition to its medicinal virtues, oregano is renowned as the "Pizza herb." Oregano leaves, whether used in fresh or dried form, are prized for their ability to enhance the flavor of dishes. These leaves exude a delightful fragrance that imparts a savory taste when incorporated into various culinary creations. Oregano is particularly favored for elevating the taste of Italian, Greek, Mexican, and Spanish cuisines. It serves as a popular seasoning agent, enhancing the flavors of pizza, pasta, chicken, mutton, sauces, and more. This article delves into the multifaceted uses of oregano, provides product descriptions, and explores advanced agricultural management techniques in comprehensive detail. The present review represents a concerted effort to offer an exhaustive survey of the literature concerning the plant's medicinal properties, applications, and cultivation practices.
SUSTAINABLE VERMICOMPOSTING: AN ECO-FRIENDLY APPROACH TO BOOST CROP PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Kamalkant Yadav Dr. , Singh Nandini , Somnath Nayak Dr. , Kumar Sonu
Published: June 2024

Vermicomposting is a highly cost-effective and environmentally beneficial method for decomposing organic waste. In India, the agro-industrial sector generates significant amounts of plant materials that can be efficiently transformed into compost through vermicomposting. A recent study compared the effects of 50% vermin-compost with plant growth enhancers on the exo-morphological aspects of Capsicum annum (bell pepper). The results demonstrated that plants treated with vermicomposting exhibited remarkable growth and development. This ongoing research aims to showcase the advantages of using organic amendments instead of synthetic fertilizers to enhance soil health and promote plant growth. Vermi-compost is a rich source of macro- and micronutrients, and its application leads to improved plant nutrition, enhanced growth, increased photosynthesis, and higher chlorophyll content in the leaves. By reframing these findings, we shed light on the potential of vermin-compost to revolutionize sustainable agriculture practices.
WHITE GRUB (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) MANAGEMENT THROUGH BIOCONTROL SOLDIER HETERORHABDITIS INDICA (ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE) ON SUGARCANE CROP IN WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA (A SUCCESS STORY)
Authors: Riazuddin Mr. , Singh Jagpal
Published: June 2024

Heterorhabditis indica from genera Heterorhabditis is an efficient biological control agent, due to their ease of culture, their high fatality against key soil insect pests, and their safety in use. The utilization of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from the Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae families has witnessed rapid growth in recent years, with approximately 100 valid EPN species identified worldwide. These nematodes have gained widespread application as biopesticides for managing insect pests. Numerous EPN species have been successfully commercialized for biological control purposes. In this study, we focused on native EPN strains, which were isolated, identified, and assessed for their effectiveness against coleopteran pests in their larval stage. These locally adapted bioagents exhibit suitability for pest control in sugarcane crops, particularly due to their acclimatization to the local climate. They offer several advantages over chemical pesticides, including enhanced safety for both operators and end-users, absence of withholding periods, precise treatment targeting based on insect population monitoring, a broad host range, effectiveness in controlling larval pest stages within subsoil conditions, active and passive host-seeking capabilities, rapid host-killing ability, soil recycling potential, no harmful effects on non-target soil organisms, beneficial soil insects, humans, and animals, environmental friendliness, and the feasibility of EPN production through both in vivo and in vitro methods. By harnessing EPNs as biological control agents, we can promote responsible and selective pesticide use, reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides for managing soil arthropod pests.
DISCUSSION FOR ECONOMIC AGRICULTURE THROUGH MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING
Authors: Sharma Chetan Kumar , Zuhaib Mohammad , Kasana Nitin , Singh Neeraj
Published: June 2024

The attempts to simulate the economy of agricultural production, including its dimensions, are where mathematical programming in agriculture first emerged. In light of economic research, we must talk about the design and resolution of single-period, deterministic linear programming models, which assist farmers in enhancing their economic growth and achieving happiness and success in life. The models have been improved in order to incorporate more economic theory and economic reality. Using a set of fixed farm restrictions, linear programming can be used to identify a combination of farm enterprises that will maximize profits.
ASSESSMENT OF FISHING GEAR YIELDS OF JEBBA LAKE, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: N. D Ago , J. A Abiodun , U.M Tanko , S Mohammed , M. K Haruna , N Muhammad
Published: June 2024

In a bid to update the fishing activities of Jebba Lake, North-Central Nigeria, a team of researchers set out on a survey of the area with an objective to estimating the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of the various fishing gears deployed on the Lake. Three important fishing communities (Faku, Awuru and Gbajibo) were visited, in October 2021 and March of the following year, where six fishing gears namely, gillnet, driftnet, longline, malian trap, castnet and atalla liftnet were encountered. Their number, rigging pattern, specifications, fish target and quantity of fish captured by the gear within the study period were noted and recorded. The gillnet was more common with a percentage occurrence of 49.2%, driftnet 16.9%, traps and longline 15.1% each and cast nets having the least of 3.8%. Also, a total of 41 fish species were identified during the study period, with 38, 23 and 22 species identified at Awuru, Faku and Gbajibo respectively. Total fish catch by gear within the study period was 422.4 kilogram (kg) for gillnets, 173.7 kg for longlines, 150.8 kg for traps, 64.0 kg for castnets and 61.5 kg for driftnets. Furthermore, the average CPUE (kg/manhour/day) of each gear was computed and found to be 0.3819, 0.5277, 0.4495, 0.6070 and 2.3357 for gillnets, driftnets, Malian traps, longlines and castnets respectively; implying cast nets to have the optimum CPUE over the other gears.
FOOD NUTRIENTS
Authors: Kaushal Pragati
Published: June 2024

Foods are complex substances composed of chemical constituents called nutrients. Six general kinds of nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. These constituents give foods their structure, texture, colour, flavour and nutritive value. The nutrients derived from plant sources are called phytonutrients. Examples of phytonutrients are carotenoids, Lutein, Lycopene, Flavanols, Prebiotics/probiotics etc.
BIO BASED AND BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS POLYMERS AND NATURAL FIBRES: EMERGING MATERIALS FOR AN ENVIRONMENTALLY GREEN PLANET
Authors: Subramanya Raghavendra , Kumar M Ravi , G S Jatadhara , K N Manjunatha
Published: June 2024

Plastics have been generally accepted to be to be the most valued materials, due to their exceptional adaptability as well as affordable cost. Their uses include packing, structural, vehicles, aviation parts, electrical components, biomedical, and consumer goods like as toys, cutlery, cameras, and watches. However, the increasing usage of plastics has been a major cause of worry due to their detrimental environmental effect; notably, the sources from which plastics are created and their biodegradability. Almost all synthetic plastics are derived from petroleum and its byproducts. Furthermore, plastics manufactured from fossil fuels are typically non-biodegradable. Biobased polymers or bioplastics are environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and biocompatible. They lessen our reliance on diminishing fossil fuels while being carbon neutral. Despite fulfilling a critical and timely demand for environmental sustainability, bioplastics have failed to establish a prominent position in the plastics sector. This is due to bioplastics' inferior characteristics when compared to synthetic counterparts. As a result, scientists and engineers worldwide have been investigating ways to enhance the characteristics of bioplastics by blending them with other polymers and fibres. Green composites, which are made by combining bioplastics and natural fibres, give a sustainable alternative that is completely biodegradable. Though, studies are being conducted to combine bioplastics with synthetic materials with natural fibres.
STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGIES IN HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION(HC)
Authors: T. Lamani Dr. Venkatesh , Babu D Mr. Hari , B Dr. Sudarshan , D K Dr. Ramesha
Published: June 2024

Cavitation is a phenomenon in which the static pressure of a liquid to below the liquid’s vapor pressure leads to the formation of small vapor- filled cavities in the liquid. Hydrodynamic Cavitations is a process in which high energy is released in a flowing liquid upon bubble implosion due to decrease in local pressure. HC is considered to be a promising technology for process intensification, due to its high energy efficiency, cost-effective operation, ability to induce chemical reactions, and scale-up possibilities. The Rotational HC Reactor (RHCR) is mainly composed of a rotor and a stator. The flow pattern in similar in reactor and RHCR, fluid rotates with the rotor due to this bubbles are formed which leads to the effect of cavitation in the reactor. This research predominantly delivers deliberations on several phenomena connecting to the start and growth of cavitation in liquid flows, exclusively on the base of the experimental data acquired by various researchers. Most of the work is based on references [1] and [4].
IOT IN AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Authors: R Arun , Reddy Arjun. S. , Gaidhankar Santhosh. S. , B Vijaya
Published: June 2024

The aerospace industry is on the verge of a big change because of something called the Internet of Things (IoT). This is when devices can talk to each other over the internet. In this chapter, we will look at how IoT is mixing with aerospace engineering, which is about making airplanes and spacecraft. This mix has a lot of potential to change things in a big way. Imagine building planes and spaceships in a smarter and better way. That's what IoT can help with. From designing and making these vehicles to keeping them running and flying safely, IoT can make everything work better. It can make things happen in real-time, like checking how well a plane's engine is doing while it's flying. It can also predict when something might go wrong before it actually does, so we can fix it before it causes a problem. IoT also helps us make decisions using data, like knowing when to change a part before it breaks. And it can even make planes and spacecraft do things on their own, like self-driving cars but in the sky. All of this means that the future of flying could be much more efficient, safe, and good for the environment. So, as we move into this new chapter of aerospace and IoT coming together, we're learning that it could lead to really amazing new ways to fly and travel in the future.
STATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BACKHOE LOADER EXCAVATOR BUCKET TEETH
Authors: S Jayaswamy , Imran Dr. Mohammed , Moshin Ali H Dr. Mohammed , Nagaral Dr. Madeva
Published: June 2024

Heavy construction machinery such as an excavator is frequently used in mining, construction, and other industries. The JCB loader market in India is continuously expanding, according to off-highway research about equipment analysis. The machine bucket tooth is one factor affecting its productivity. An inadequately designed set of teeth will ultimately result in less effective excavation. The excavator teeth are among the parts that receive very little consideration from the industry that makes them. The bucket teeth are one of the most important parts of an excavator. It is normally composed of a steel alloy and has projecting teeth on its cutting side to break down difficult materials and guard against hard material and bucket damage. Due to the nature of abrasive fields, excavator bucket teeth must support a particular geometrical shape to penetrate and withstand the digging process on the ground, gravels, stones, or any other abrasive field. The purpose of this paper is to design and analyze the excavator bucket teeth. The model is made using ANSYS Design Modeler, by using ANSYS Workbench software mesh is performed, and boundary conditions are applied. Calculated forces are applied at the tip of the excavator bucket teeth and static analysis is carried out to analyze the structural strength. In this study, it has been observed that the maximum stresses are developed at the tip and fixed boundary conditions. Structural analysis of teeth has been carried out without and with slots. In addition to the slot, on the right side of the teeth, a 2 mm thick extension is used to add stiffness to withstand the load. The results observed that the von mises stress and total deformation of the teeth under the resultant load 8285 N (FX = 7026.1 N, FY = 4390.2 N), these results were examined during the analysis for two different types of materials structural steel and alloy steel Hardox 450.
ANALYSIS OF ROBOTIC END EFFECTOR
Authors: Murthy K Venkatesh , Imran Dr. Mohammed
Published: June 2024

In this study analysis of end effector of a pick and place robot is carried out to analyze its strength and develop aroboticend-effect or for machining and part handling. Industrial robotic manipulators require an end effector to perform tasks. The device eliminates the need for separate robots to perform part handling and machining operations. Robots are very important in the field of automation of machinery. Performance of the robotic manipulator is dependent on the work done by the end effectors. The selection of end effector is based on the type of task that has to be performed. For picking, holding, and placing tasks to the specified end effector is selected and various different types of workshop operations tools are fixed on the manipulator for different applications e.g., welding electrode holder, painting spray gun etc. In the present scope of work, design and development of robot end effector by using Solid Works software is carried out. End effector model is imported to ANSYS Workbench to analyze the strength. Analysis for different materials with same joint displacement are carried out and compared with the results equivalent deformation, equivalent strain and equivalent stress for both titanium alloy and structural steel. Selectingthe best material or an application in material handling is very important. Further for the best material, design of end effector will beo ptimized for the industrial robot application in the future scope of work.
ACID RESISTANCE OF FLY-ASH –GGBS BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE USING FIBRE
Authors: Rajasekhar Sri S. , Srinivas Prof. B. Shesha
Published: June 2024

Today, concrete is the second most used after water for global utilization. As concrete is formed by mixture of many chemicals which leads to many global changes in environment. Instead of cement, the waste produced from the steel and thermal industries such as ggbs, fly-ash are been replaced by cement. Such concrete is known as geopolymer concrete. This research is about study of durability properties of ggbs, fly-ash based geopolymer using fibers. Since geopolymer concrete cannot be direct mixable with water so here we have introduced water glass (sodium silicate). Water and water glass are taken in the ratio 0.3 by adding glass, polypropylene and steel fibers in 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% & 1.00%. These concretes are later performed durability studies acid & sulphate resistance test 7% for 28 days. The good results of highest compressive strength were obtained at 0.5% of glass fiber, 0.5% of polypropylene fiber & 1% of steel fiber.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLEXIBLE CONCRETE USING PLASTIC FIBERS
Authors: Manoj D , Shanker Dr. K , Kiran S , Jagan P , Poojitha K Sai
Published: June 2024

This Study Intents to analyze the performance of flexible concrete reinforced with plastic fibers which are extracted from plastic wraps and PET bottles with a proper aspect ratio. The development of the flexible concrete is due to the low strain capacity of conventional, brittle nature and rigidity. The flexible concrete advances the flexibility and resistance to strain failure and this research project focuses on experimentally investigate the strength properties of flexible concrete. The concrete mixture consists of same fundamental materials as that of conventional concrete and the micro plastic fibers are incorporated to reinforce the flexible concrete. The significant issue with flexible concrete is less compressive strength than of conventional concrete to address this problem and to reduce the development of cracks in concrete the Pozzolana Portland Cement (PPC) is employed instead of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) due to its low heat of hydration and presence of cementitious materials that refines the compressive strength of flexible concrete. Additionally, High Water Reducing Agents (HRWR) are used to enhance workability. The pollution caused by plastics is drastic and hazardous causing threat to environment and human existence. For sustainable development and also reflecting upon the prompt demand on concrete, the plastic wraps are used as plastic fibers to minimize the pollution to an extent possibility. The investigation involves testing concrete cubes, beams and cylinders to evaluate strength properties by % addition of plastic fibers usually about 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and also the flexibility characteristics of concrete are determined during flexural strength test.
PRIORITIZING THE RISK PRIORITY NUMBERS IN FMECA – A HEURISTIC APPROACH
Authors: Kumar Dr. M. Pradeep , Raju Dr. N. V. S. , Kumar Dr. M.V. Satish
Published: June 2024

Risk management is one of the most important fields that diagnose hazards and traces by the application of various tools available. In any mines or industries it is necessary to estimate and predict the risk associated with the components/equipment or machineries in order to avoid the loss/damage. One of the tools often used for assessing the risk is Failure Mode Effect and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) which addresses causes, effects and risk of each failure mode. Risk priority number(RPN) evaluates the risk associated with each failure mode, which is obtained by the multiple of severity, occurrence and detection rankings. It is very convenient to point out the failure mode with the highest risk if the values of RPN are different. However, it is very difficult to come to a decision if the entire failure modes have the identical values of RPN. This is the major drawback that was found during FMECA analysis. This paper proposes a new methodology to overcome the drawbacks that was found in traditional FMECA.
FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC WASTE SEGREGATION SYSTEM
Authors: Sreedhar E. , Venumadhav R. , Kumar S.
Published: June 2024

Waste management is crucial in metro and metropolitan areas; if waste is not properly disposed of, infections may spread. More than 40 million tons of trashes are produced in India each year. The disposal is crucial because when it is full, the soil is polluted. Both humans and other living things are harmed by germs and viruses. Transporting waste and rubbish requires prudence and the taking of all necessary safety measures. It is difficult and unsafe to dispose of the waste since it should be separated using machinery rather than by hand. Before it is disposed of, it is crucial to separate household and industrial waste. Following segregation, recycling is relatively simple and secure. IR sensors, rotating discs with compartments, and other devices make up the segregation mechanism. The dry and wet wastes are first sorted. Next, waste that is metallic and nonmetallic is segregated. With the use of machinery, dangerous working circumstances can be removed for waste separation.
PRENATAL CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS: METHODS APPLICATIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Bhatiya Ankita
Published: June 2024

Prenatal cytogenetic analysis plays a crucial role in the field of reproductive medicine, aiding in the diagnosis and management of genetic abnormalities in unborn fetuses. This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of the various methods and techniques utilized in prenatal cytogenetic analysis, along with its applications and clinical significance. Understanding the advancements and challenges in this field is essential for healthcare professionals and researchers to offer accurate and timely genetic counseling and informed decision-making for expectant parents.
NORMATIVE VALUES OF SENSORY THRESHOLD AND PAIN THRESHOLD IN LOWER LIMBS OF HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: D. Gulati Anisha.
Published: June 2024

Aims and Objectives: 1. To record sensory and pain threshold for sural and superficial peroneal nerve. 2. To compare the variations of sensory and pain threshold in BMI and gender in normal young adults. Method: Measurement of sensory and pain threshold was assessed according to the cutaneous supply of the nerve (sural and superficial peroneal nerve) i.e posteroinferior aspect of lateral malleolus and dorsum of foot proximal to 4 digits. A therapeutic current (IG) was used of pulse width 1ms, frequency of 3 Hz and 50 Hz to obtain sensory and pain threshold in volts. Three readings were taken and their mean was considered the final reading. Subject were instructed to report when he/she will start to feel the current, this reading will determine the sensory threshold. When the subject would start feeling pain sensation, it would determine the pain threshold. Result: The normative range of sensory threshold of sural nerve at 3Hz is 45.69 with a SD of 19.25 and at 50 Hz it is 41.53 with a SD of 18.09. The sensory threshold of superficialperoneal nerve at 3Hz is 52.82 with SD of 20.13 and at 50 Hz it is 47.78 with a SD of 18.32. The normative range of pain threshold of sural nerve at 3Hz is 82.10 with a SD of 27.67 and at 50 Hz it is 66.36 with a SD of 23.18. The pain threshold of superficial peroneal nerve at 3Hz is 84.52 with a SD of 27.69 and at 50Hz it is 67.20 with a SD of 23.18. Conclusion: Males have higher sensory and pain threshold for both the nerves, i.e. sural and superficial peroneal nerves at a frequency of 3Hz and 50Hz. Threshold does not vary significantly according to BMI.
DECODING MICROSURGERY IN PERIODONTICS
Authors: Kaur Chawla Tavinder , Bhatnagar Dr. Shruti , Sharan Dr. Aniket , Bodhi Dr. Sonika
Published: June 2024

The use of microscope has never been more welcoming than at this era. Although it has been in use since almost more than two decades in the field of periodontology yet the it has not yet been common. Microsurgery does fall under minimally invasive periodontal surgery however, the concept in itself is tedious to understand. The microsurgery is triad of magnification, illumination and instruments. The working of microscope is necessary knowledge for one to practice this. The hand to eye co-ordination and use of the instruments which far smaller than the conventional can result in an ideal condition for minimal tissue trauma and maximal patient comfort. The present review has attempted to explain the gist of microsurgical principles in periodontics.
APPROACH TO NUTRITIONAL SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT
Authors: Paul Dr. Animesh
Published: June 2024

Clinical Nutrition deals with prevention, diagnosis and management of the disease related adverse effects on metabolic and nutritional status of the body. It has been estimated that about 30 to 50% of all hospitalized patients faces nutrition related problems which may lead to poor treatment outcomes, increase complications and treatment costs, longer hospital stay and even higher mortality rates. To combat these, there are certain nutritional screening and assessment instruments in place which will identify the patients who is suffering or at risk of developing nutritional problems and recommends further management strategy. Screening is a rapid and simple process to be done as soon as a patient gets admitted followed by a detailed assessment if found to be at risk by screening. Amongst various validated tools available Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) popularly used for Nutritional screening and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) widely used for Nutritional Assessment.