bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features of the Reducibility of Titanomagnetite Iron Ore Materials
Authors: Dmitriev Andrey N. , Alektorov Roman V. , Vitkina Galina Yu. , Petrova S.A. , Chesnokov Yury A.
Published: March 2020

The reducibility of titanomagnetite iron ore materials (agglomerate, pellets) with various TiO2 contents are studied. The mineralogical features of agglomerate and pellets before and after reduction are investigated. Calculations of technical and economic indicators of blast furnace smelting using iron ore materials with different TiO2 contents are carried out. It is shown that an increase in the content of titanium dioxide in pellets and agglomerate (with an increase in the amount of concentrate introduced into them) does not change the quality of iron ore preparation for blast furnace smelting.
Effect of Gradient Layer of TiO2- HA on Properties of the Ha Coated Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Azari Rezvan , Rezaie Hamid Reza , Khavandi Alireza , Mohammadi Elham Malek
Published: March 2020

The use of hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on metallic implants has always been a challenge due to a discrepancy between ceramic coating and metallic substrate properties. In this study, functionally graded TiO2-HA coating (FGC TiO2-HA), with bottom-up composition: 100% TiO2, 50% TiO2 -50% HA, 100% HA, produced by sol-gel method on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate. The XRD, FTIR and DSC results signified desired phase achievement. The quality assessment and scratch resistance of FGC TiO2-HA in comparison with control samples (single-layer HA and double-layer TiO2-HA coatings) were assessed by SEM and FESEM images and nanoscratch test. According to the tests outcomes, The TiO2 intermediate layer increases the HA coating’s strength (22%) and surface hardness, while gradient layer of TiO2-HA improves (14%) this consequence by progressing the coating integrity.
Transport Modelling of Multi-Phase Fluid Flow in Porous Media for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Soleimani Hassan , Ali Hassan , Yahya Noorhana , Guan Beh Hoe , Sabet Maziyar , Lee Kean Chuan , Dehzangi Arash , Kakooei Saeid
Published: March 2020

This article studies the combined effect of spatial heterogeneity and capillary pressure on the saturation of two fluids during the injection of immiscible nanoparticles. Various literature review exhibited that the nanoparticles are helpful in enhancing the oil recovery by varying several mechanisms, like wettability alteration, interfacial tension, disjoining pressure and mobility control. Multiphase modelling of fluids in porous media comprise balance equation formulation, and constitutive relations for both interphase mass transfer and pressure saturation curves. A classical equation of advection-dispersion is normally used to simulate the fluid flow in porous media, but this equation is unable to simulate nanoparticles flow due to the adsorption effect which happens. Several modifications on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been made to increase the number of unknown variables. The simulation results indicated the successful transportation of nanoparticles in two phase fluid flow in porous medium which helps in decreasing the wettability of rocks and hence increasing the oil recovery. The saturation, permeability and capillary pressure curves show that the wettability of the rocks increases with the increasing saturation of wetting phase (brine).
Heat Transfer in Fixed Bed Elliptic Cylindrical Reactor via Two-Phase Model
Authors: Pereira A. Santos , Silva Rodrigo Moura , Machado Maria Conceição Nóbrega , Azerêdo Luan Pedro Melo , Vilela Anderson Ferreira , Andrade Romário Oliveira , de Lima Antonio Gilson Barbosa
Published: March 2020

The study of heat transfer in fixed bed tubular reactors of heated or cooled walls has presented great interest by the academy and industry. The adequate and safe design of such equipment requires the use of reliable and realistic mathematical. Unfortunately several studies are restrict to homogeneous model applied to circular and elliptic cylindrical reactors. Then, the objective of this work was to predict heat transfer in packed-bed elliptic cylindrical reactor, by using a proposed heterogeneous model. The mathematical model is composed for one solid phase and another fluid phase, in which the balance equation for each constituent is applied separately. The finite volume method was utilized to solve the partial differential equations using the WUDS scheme for interpolation of the convective and diffusive terms, and the fully implicit formulation. Results of the temperature distribution of the fluid and solid phases along the reactor are presented and analyzed. It was verified that the highest temperature gradients of the phases are located close to the wall and inlet of the reactor.
Tribological Behavior of a Self-Lubricant Surface Film of H3BO3 Formed on a Borided Biomedical Steel by a Post-Treatment
Authors: Sánchez Enrique Hernández , Torres Avila I.P. , Chino-Ulloa A. , Alvarez C.O. , Hernández-Rodríguez M.A.L. , Tadeo-Rosas R. , Carrera-Espinoza R. , Yescas-Hernández J.A.
Published: March 2020

This paper evaluates the tribological behavior of borided AISI 316L steel after being exposed to a secondary process to form a thin film of a solid lubricant. The process known as Short Annealing Process (SAP), allows creating a thin film of boric acid (H3BO3) on the surface of metallic materials previously exposed to boriding. The H3BO3 film acts like solid lubricant due to its lamellar crystalline structure. First samples of AISI 316L were exposed to boriding to temperatures of 875, 925 and 975 °C during 2, 4 and 6 h each temperature. Then, samples were heated to 750 °C during 5 min and cooled to room temperature at 60 % of Relative Humidity. The tribological behavior of the treated samples was evaluated by pin-on-disk test equipped with friction coefficient measurement system. Samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and Vickers microhardness test. The results showed an evident influence of the experimental parameters on the thickness of the boride layers and their mechanical properties. The layer ́s thickness was ranged from 10.51±0.71 to 51.57±5.12 μm. The hardness of the coatings was increased from 264 to 1685 HV. Finally, the Coefficient of Friction was diminished from values of 0.7 for the as-received material to 0.29 for the borided samples and to 0.06 for those after SAP, which indicates that the post-treatment SAP enhances the tribological properties of the biomedical steel.
Plasma-Texturing Surface Treatment of Grey Cast Iron for Friction Reduction
Authors: Zha Wei , Cai Ran , Zhang Jing Zeng , Nie Xueyuan
Published: March 2020

A new surface texturing technique, based on liquid plasma discharging in an aqueous electrolyte, is proposed to modify the surface morphology of grey cast iron. During the process, a grey cast iron sample serves as a cathode where the reduction of hydrogen from the aqueous electrolyte occurs and consequently plasma discharging is generated on the sample surface under applied high voltages (up to 480V). The formed hydrogen bubbles are exploded during the electrical discharging, leaving an irregular array of craters on the sample surface due to the high temperature and shockwaves of the plasma micro-arc discharging. After polishing the crater-like textured surface, surface roughness and oil retention are measured by a profilometer. Reciprocating tribotests are utilized to determine the coefficients of friction. The surface morphology of the polished and tested surface is studied by SEM. The same tests are also conducted for the cast iron with a cross-hatched surface. These two set of results are compared to determine the effects of the texturing and polishing on friction. The results show that the polishing of textured surface can decrease the roughness and coefficients of friction significantly at starved lubricating conditions. This method has potential to be applied on the cylinder bore surface of a cast iron liner for the internal combustion engine (ICE). By honing the textured bore surface, the friction between piston and cylinder bore is expected to decrease and the ICE efficiency to increase for environmental benefits.
Laboratory preparedness for SARS-CoV-2 testing in India
Authors: Gupta Nivedita , Potdar Varsha , Praharaj Ira , Giri Sidhartha , Sapkal Gajanan , Yadav Pragya , Choudhary Manohar Lal , Dar Lalit , Sugunan A.P. , Kaur Harmanmeet , Munivenkatappa Ashok , Shastri Jayanthi , Kaveri Krishnasamy , Dutta Shanta , Malhotra Bharti , Jain Amita , Nagamani Kammilli , Shantala G.B. , Raut Sharmila , Vegad M.M. , Sharma Ajanta , Choudhary Aashish , Brijwal Megha , Balakrishnan Anukumar , Manjunatha Jayaswamy , Pathak Manish , Srinivasan Sivasubramanian , Banu Hasina , Sharma Himanshu , Jain Parul , Sunita Pakalpati , Ambica R. , Fageria Babita , Patel Disha , Rajbongshi Gitika , Vijay Neetu , Narayan Jitendra , Aggarwal Neeraj , Nagar Anu , Gangakhedkar Raman R. , Abraham Priya
Published: March 2020

Background & objectives:

An outbreak of respiratory illness of unknown aetiology was reported from Hubei province of Wuhan, People's Republic of China, in December 2019. The outbreak was attributed to a novel coronavirus (CoV), named as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 and the disease as COVID-19. Within one month, cases were reported from 25 countries. In view of the novel viral strain with reported high morbidity, establishing early countrywide diagnosis to detect imported cases became critical. Here we describe the role of a countrywide network of VRDLs in early diagnosis of COVID-19.

Methods:

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, established screening as well as confirmatory assays for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 13 VRDLs were provided with the E gene screening real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay. VRDLs were selected on the basis of their presence near an international airport/seaport and their past performance. The case definition for testing included all individuals with travel history to Wuhan and symptomatic individuals with travel history to other parts of China. This was later expanded to include symptomatic individuals returning from Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand and South Korea.

Results:

Within a week of standardization of the test at NIV, all VRDLs could initiate testing for SARS-CoV-2. Till February 29, 2020, a total of 2,913 samples were tested. This included both 654 individuals quarantined in the two camps and others fitting within the case definition. The quarantined individuals were tested twice - at days 0 and 14. All tested negative on both occasions. Only three individuals belonging to different districts in Kerala were found to be positive.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Sudden emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its potential to cause a pandemic posed an unsurmountable challenge to the public health system of India. However, concerted efforts of various arms of the Government of India resulted in a well-coordinated action at each level. India has successfully demonstrated its ability to establish quick diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 at NIV, Pune, and the testing VRDLs.
Healthcare Service Payment Methods and Coping Strategies of Nomads and Labor Migrants in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Obembe Taiwo A. , Bankole Oluwayomi T. , Abbas Gbolahan , Ajayi IkeOluwapo O.
Published: March 2020

Nomads and labor migrants constitute a vulnerable group beset with high healthcare costs due to lack of health insurance coverage. Their inability to pay for health care constitutes a threat to their well-being and health risk to the host community as they have higher morbidity from diseases and serve as a reservoir of infective agents. This study investigated how nomads and labor migrants pay and cope with necessary healthcare costs. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 323 migrants in four local government areas of Oyo State, which were selected purposively. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire that sought information on respondents’ sociodemographics, healthcare payment methods and coping strategies were employed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test to test the association between categorical variables at P ≤ 0.05. The mean age of the respondents was 34.4 ± 1.4 years and 53.2% were farmers. Of the 200 respondents who had used the formal healthcare system, 13 (6.5%) obtained free services via the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) and 187 (93.2%) paid out of pocket for service. Coping with health bills, 115 (62.2%) paid from savings, 34 (18.4%) borrowed money, and 58 (31.4%) sold property. Those with formal education were more likely to pay through NHIS (χ2 = 9.7, P = 0.002). Nomads/migrants in this study have demonstrated the inability to cope with payment of health bills, suggesting the need to look into the policy on healthcare funding/support to migrants and educationally disadvantaged persons. The creation of prepaid pooled payment systems such as social and community health insurance schemes is suggested.
Climate-induced migration and resilient cities: a new urban agenda for sustainable development
Authors: Serraglio Diogo Andreola , Ferreira Heline Sivini , Robinson Nicholas
Published: March 2020

O presente estudo propõe-se a examinar como migrações de cunho climático podem contribuir para a expansão sustentável de cidades. A partir do método dedutivo, as conexões entre mudanças climáticas e mobilidade humana são inicialmente analisadas. Em seguida, investiga-se como os centros urbanos lidam com tais fenômenos e, por fim, volta-se à Agenda 2030, com especial atenção ao ODS 11. Apesar de almejar tornar as cidades e os assentamentos urbanos inclusivos, seguros, resilientes e sustentáveis, esse ODS não considera o papel desempenhado por migrantes climáticos em áreas urbanizadas. Explora-se, diante disso, a Nova Agenda Urbana(ONU-HABITAT),que reconhece que migrantes podem trazer contribuições sociais, econômicas e culturais para a vida urbana.
ANÁLISIS TÉCNICO DEL ESTILO DE NADO CROL
Authors: Pino Aguilera Sebastián , Vega Enero Yasser
Published: March 2020

El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar las fases de la técnica del nado de crol y el análisis del gesto deportivo.Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica utilizando las palabras claves: “Biomecánica, Biomechanics, swimming,Crawl y Phases” en diferentes bases de datos electrónicas.El nado de crol es una acción coordinada de brazos, piernas y tronco, cuyo propósito principal es alcanzar la máximavelocidad de desplazamiento del nadador a través del agua. Este estilo de nado se puede dividir en 4 fases principales:desplazamiento, empuje, final del empuje y recuperación. Al realizar el análisis del gesto deportivo, se determinó que laactividad de los músculos motores primarios era similar en todas las fases del gesto, los músculos identificados fueron:deltoides, romboides, trapecio superior, tríceps crural, bíceps, flexor cubital del carpo, extensor cubital del carpo, psoasiliaco, cuádriceps y tríceps sural.Autores demostraron en sus estudios que el nadador como respuesta individual a las limitaciones fisiológicas asociadosal ritmo de carrera, resistencia del agua y velocidad de la carrera, fue el aumento del índice de coordinación entre lasextremidades y la respiración. Y entre los errores más frecuentes en la ejecución de la técnica, se encuentran la posicióndel codo en la fase de recuperación y empuje, la posición de la mano al entrar al agua y su recorrido durante la fase deempuje.
The Warming Tibetan Plateau improves winter air quality in the Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Zhao Shuyu , Feng Tian , Tie Xuexi , Wang Zebin
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Impacts of global climate change on the occurrence and development of air pollution have attracted more attentions. This study investigates impacts of the warming Tibetan Plateau on air quality in the Sichuan Basin. Meteorological observations and ERA-interim reanalysis data reveal that the Tibetan Plateau has been rapidly warming during the last 40 years (1979–2017), particularly in winter when the warming rate is approximately twice as much as the annual warming rate. Since 2013, the winter temperature over the plateau has even risen by 2 °C. Here, we use the WRF-CHEM model to assess the impact of the 2 °C warming on air quality in the Sichuan Basin. The model results show that the 2 °C warming causes an increase in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) height and a decrease in the relative humidity (RH) in the basin. The elevated PBL height strengthens vertical diffusion of PM2.5, while the decreased RH significantly reduces secondary aerosol formation. Overall, PM2.5 concentration is reduced by 17.5 % (~ 25.1 μg m−3), of which the reduction in primary and secondary aerosols is 5.4 μg m−3 and 19.7 μg m−3, respectively. These results reveal that the recent warming plateau has improved air quality in the basin, to some certain extent, mitigating the air pollution therein. Nevertheless, climate system is particularly complicated, and more studies are needed to demonstrate the impact of climate change on air quality in the downstream regions as the plateau is likely to continue warming.
A new method to assess mesoscale contributions to meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Delman Andrew , Lee Tong
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The meridional heat transport (MHT) in the North Atlantic is critically important to climate variability and the global overturning circulation. A wide range of ocean processes contribute to North Atlantic MHT, ranging from basin-scale overturning and gyre motions to mesoscale instabilities (such as eddies). However, previous analyses of eddy MHT in the region have mostly focused on the contributions of time-variable velocity and temperature, rather than considering the spatial scales that are more fundamental to the physics of ocean eddies. In this study, a zonal spatial-scale decomposition separates large-scale from mesoscale velocity and temperature contributions to MHT, in order to characterize the physical processes driving MHT. Using this approach, we found that the mesoscale contributions to the time mean and interannual/decadal (ID) variability of MHT in the North Atlantic Ocean are larger than large-scale horizontal contributions, though smaller than the overturning contributions. Considering the 40° N transect as a case study, large-scale ID variability is mostly generated in the deeper part of the thermocline, while mesoscale ID variability has shallower origins. At this latitude, most ID MHT variability associated with mesoscales originates in two regions: a western boundary region (70°–60° W) associated with 1–4 year interannual variations, and an interior region (50°–35° W) associated with decadal variations. Surface eddy kinetic energy is not a reliable indicator of high MHT episodes, but the large-scale meridional temperature gradient is an important factor, by influencing the local temperature variance as well as the local correlation of velocity and temperature. Most of the mesoscale contribution to MHT at 40° N is associated with transient and propagating processes, but stationary mesoscale dynamics contribute substantially to MHT south of the Gulf Stream separation, highlighting the differences between the temporal and spatial decomposition of meridional temperature fluxes.
Postgraduate education and training of European physicians involved in insurance medical work
Authors: E de Wind Annette , M Dekkers-Sánchez Patricia , Godderis Lode
Published: March 2020

Aims: Insurance medicine being only in a few countries a recognized medical specialty, there are only in some countries registered insurance physicians. Yet in all countries, medical doctors carry out assessments in the context of the social security framework. In countries where there are no registered insurance physicians, these assessments are being carried out by doctors whose education and training are determined by history and national legislation. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the postgraduate education and training of physicians involved in insurance medical work in 15 European countries. Methods: We organized a European expert meeting consisting of three phases: a preparatory phase in order for 21 participants to prepare themselves for the meeting, a written phase at the meeting, an oral phase with systematic rounds of questions and discussion followed by analysis and classification of data. Results: Education and training requirements for physicians involved in insurance medical work differ in Europe, as do the actual available training and education programs offered, both at the start and throughout the career in this field. The current situation varies from nonexistent in three countries to a full postgraduate program leading to a registered medical specialization in seven countries. Continuous medical education also varies from nonexistent, through general to specific insurance medical training in eight countries. Conclusion: Harmonization of the postgraduate education and training program of the physicians involved in the insurance medical work in Europe is needed. Setting the basis for European standards in insurance medicine education and advocating for competence-based training are not only the conditions for European recognition but would also further insurance medicine as a medical specialty.
Abiraterone vs. docetaxel for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: A microsimulation model
Authors: Hird Amanda E. , Magee Diana E. , Cheung Douglas C. , Matta Rano , Kulkarni Girish S. , Nam Robert K.
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Our aim was to determine whether androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) with abiraterone acetate (AA) or ADT with docetaxel chemotherapy (DC) resulted in improved quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) among men with de novo metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) and the cost-effectiveness of the preferred strategy using decision analytic techniques.

Methods: A microsimulation model with a lifetime time horizon was constructed. Our primary outcome was QALYs. Secondary outcomes included cost, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), unadjusted overall survival (OS), rates of second- and third-line therapy, and adverse events. A systematic literature review was used to generate probabilities and utilities to populate the model. The base case was a 65-year-old patient with de novo mCSPC.

Results: A total of 100 000 microsimulations were generated. Initial AA resulted in a gain of 0.45 QALYs compared to DC (3.36 vs. 2.91 QALYs) with an ICER of $276 251.84 per QALY gained with initial AA therapy. Median crude OS was 51 months with AA and 48 months with DC. Overall, 46.6% and 42.6% of patients received second-line therapy and 8.7% and 7.9% patients received third-line therapy in the AA and DC groups, respectively. Grade 3/4 adverse events were experienced in 17.6% of patients receiving initial AA and 22.3% of patients receiving initial DC.

Conclusions: Although ADT with AA results in a gain in QALYs and crude OS compared to DC, AA therapy is not a cost-effective treatment strategy to apply uniformly to all patients. The availability of AA as a generic medication may help to close this gap. The ultimate choice should be based on patient and tumor factors.
Utility of digital rectal examination in a population with prostate cancer treated with active surveillance
Authors: Herrera-Caceres Jaime O. , Wettstein Marian S. , Goldberg Hanan , Toi Ants , Chandrasekar Thenappan , Woon Dixon T.S. , Ahmad Ardalan E. , Sanmamed-Salgado Noelia , Alhunaidi Omar , Ajib Khaled , Nason Gregory , Tan Guan Hee , Fleshner Neil , Klotz Laurence
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Digital rectal examination (DRE) is part of the clinical evaluation of men on active surveillance (AS). The purpose of the present study is to analyze the value of DRE as a predictor of upgrading in a population of men with prostate cancer (PC) treated with AS.

Methods: We used the prostate biopsy (PBx) database from an academic center, including PBx from 2006–2018, and identified 2029 confirmatory biopsies (CxPBx) of men treated with AS, of which 726 men had both diagnostic (initial) and CxPBx information available. We did a descriptive analysis and evaluated sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of DRE for the detection of clinically significant PC (csPC). Multivariable regression analysis was done to identify predictors of csPC. The primary outcome was to evaluate DRE as a predictor of the presence of csPC at CxPBx.

Results: Among the 2029 patients with a CxPBx, 75% had PC, and of these, 30.3% had upgrading to ISUP Grade ≥2. Thirteen percent of men had a suspicious DRE (done by their treating physician). Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of DRE to detect csPC were best with a PSA <4 ng/ml (27%, 88%, 31%, and 87%, respectively). A suspicious DRE at CxPBx, particularly if the DRE at diagnosis was negative, was a predictor of csPC (odds ratio [OR] 2.34; p=0.038). The main limitation of our study is the retrospective design and the lack of magnetic resonance imaging.

Conclusions: We believe DRE should still be used as part of AS and can predict the presence of csPC even with low PSA values. A suspicious nodule on DRE represents a higher risk of upgrading and should prompt further assessment.
Reviewer acknowledgements for Environment and Pollution, Vol. 9, No. 1
Authors: John Albert
Published: March 2020

Reviewer acknowledgements for Environment and Pollution, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020.
Reduction of diagnostic and treatment delays reduces rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis mortality in Rwanda
Authors: Ngabonziza J-C. S. , Habimana Y. M. , Decroo T. , Migambi P. , Dushime A. , Mazarati J. B. , Rigouts L. , Affolabi D. , Ivan E. , Meehan C. J. , Van Deun A. , Fissette K. , Habiyambere I. , Nyaruhirira A. U. , Turate I. , Semahore J. M. , Ndjeka N. , Muvunyi C. M. , Condo J. U. , Gasana M. , Hasker E. , Torrea G. , de Jong B. C.
Published: March 2020

SETTING: In 2005, in response to the increasing prevalence of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) and poor treatment outcomes, Rwanda initiated the programmatic management of RR-TB, including expanded access to systematic rifampicin drug susceptibility testing (DST) and
standardised treatment.OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in diagnostic and treatment delays and estimate their effect on RR-TB mortality.DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of individual-level data including 748 (85.4%) of 876 patients diagnosed with RR-TB notified to the World
Health Organization between 1 July 2005 and 31 December 2016 in Rwanda. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of diagnostic and therapeutic delays on RR-TB mortality.RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2016, the median diagnostic delay significantly decreased from 88 days to
1 day, and the therapeutic delay from 76 days to 3 days. Simultaneously, RR-TB mortality significantly decreased from 30.8% in 2006 to 6.9% in 2016. Total delay in starting multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment of more than 100 days was associated with more than two-fold higher odds for
dying. When delays were long, empirical RR-TB treatment initiation was associated with a lower mortality.CONCLUSION: The reduction of diagnostic and treatment delays reduced RR-TB mortality. We anticipate that universal testing for RR-TB, short diagnostic and therapeutic delays
and effective standardised MDR-TB treatment will further decrease RR-TB mortality in Rwanda.
Smoking and HIV associated with subclinical tuberculosis: analysis of a population-based prevalence survey
Authors: Gunasekera K. , Cohen T. , Gao W. , Ayles H. , Godfrey-Faussett P. , Claassens M.
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND: Despite multiple tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys reporting a relatively high frequency of bacteriologically confirmed, active TB among individuals reporting no typical symptoms of disease, our understanding of this phenomenon is limited.OBJECTIVE:
To quantify the epidemiological burden and estimate associations between individual-level variables and this “subclinical” presentation.METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of TB prevalence survey data from the South African communities of the Zambia, South Africa
Tuberculosis and AIDS Reduction trial. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the association between individual-level demographic, behavioral, socio-economic, and medical variables and the risk of bacteriologically positive TB among participants not reporting any symptoms
consistent with active TB.RESULTS: The crude prevalence of TB was 2222.1 cases per 100 000 population (95% CI 2053.4–2388.5); 44.7% (295/660) of all documented prevalent cases of TB were subclinical. Current tobacco smoking (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.41–3.99) and HIV-positive
status (OR 3.26, 95% CI 2.31–4.61) were significantly associated with subclinical TB.CONCLUSION: Individuals who smoke or have HIV may be at increased risk of active TB and not report typical symptoms consistent with disease. This suggests possible shortcomings of symptom-based
case finding which may need to be addressed in similar settings.
Traduction et acceptabilité sociale : Cossery en version anglaise
Authors: Miquet Françoise
Published: March 2020

Le regard cru, intemporel et dénué d’orientalisme que porte sur la société cairote l’écrivain égyptien d’expression française Albert Cossery, unique dans la littérature arabe, lui a valu une appréciation unanime en France. Or, la réception d’oeuvres de Cossery récemment publiées aux États-Unis révèle un écart culturel de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique, à l’égard de la critique comme de l’analyse littéraire : du côté anglo-saxon, on tend à envisager l’oeuvre sous une perspective postcoloniale et politiquement actuelle, alors que du côté français prévaut une approche davantage individuelle et historicisée, comme en témoigne l’intérêt que suscite en France la génétique littéraire. La traduction des passages susceptibles de heurter dans l’oeuvre cossérienne pose ainsi le problème de la fidélité à la voix de l’auteur, laquelle, décontextualisée et mise à distance de l’histoire personnelle de l’écrivain, résonne différemment. Les traductrices américaines, qui se sont dites sensibles à sa vision et touchées par ses personnages, ont néanmoins effectué dans ces passages problématiques des lissages à portée morale pour tenter de résoudre la tension entre adéquation au texte original et acceptabilité sociale de la traduction, telle qu’elle est définie par Gideon Toury (1995/2004).
La composante russe du Nadsat et ses métamorphoses en français, en russe et en bulgare
Authors: Meteva-Rousseva Elena
Published: March 2020

Le présent article traite des problèmes particuliers que pose la composante russe dans la traduction du Nadsat, l’argot qu’Anthony Burgess a inventé pour les jeunes voyous de son roman dystopiqueA Clockwork Orange(1962). Celui-ci se range parmi les meilleurs romans écrits en anglais. Le russe est la composante dominante du Nadsat. Exotique pour un anglophone, il pose de sérieux problèmes en traduction, surtout si celle-ci se fait vers le russe ou vers une autre langue slave, comme le bulgare. L’analyse partira des motifs qui ont poussé Burgess à doter ses personnages de ce langage crypté et à choisir le russe pour le forger. Seront détaillées la composition de cette couche lexicale et son incorporation à l’anglais pour étudier par la suite les solutions qu’ont trouvées les traducteurs vers le français, le russe et le bulgare pour reproduire l’effet de ce lexique russifié dans leurs traductions. Nos observations porteront sur la traduction française de Georges Belmont et Hortense Chabrier, parue en 1972 sous le titreL’Orange mécanique, sur celles, vers le russe, de Vladimir Bošnâk et d’Evgenij Sinelʹŝikov, toutes deux parues en 1991, ainsi que sur les deux versions de la traduction bulgare de Mariana Ekimova-Melniška, publiées respectivement en 1991 et en 2009.
Colección Panamericana, traducción peninsular: los polos de la representación y de la inteligibilidad en un proyecto editorial
Authors: Foz Clara , Atala Lili
Published: March 2020

La guerra civil española y los conflictos en Europa entre las décadas de 1930 y 1940 resultaron en un traslado de las actividades editoriales del mundo hispánico desde España hacia América. En este contexto, la producción escrita de América se volvió central en los proyectos editoriales; la proliferación de colecciones cuyo fin era reunir los clásicos americanos es muestra de ello. Mediante el estudio de la Colección Panamericana de W. M. Jackson (1945) este artículo argumenta que, si bien esta colección promueve explícitamente un discurso identitario panamericano, en lo que toca a la traducción, es un producto enraizado en un panhispanismo que proscribe el uso de las variedades del español de las Américas. El artículo explora las características particulares de la casa Jackson: su carácter de empresa trasnacional, su lejanía de la intelectualidad hispanoamericana al ser una editorial estadounidense y su exclusiva publicación de colecciones con el fin de garantizar ventas por volumen. Asimismo, analiza los tomos de la Colección Panamericana, en particular los que se ofrecen en traducción, a la luz de los lineamientos expuestos por la editorial en un manual de estilo destinado a sus editores y traductores, en donde se insiste en la importancia de ofrecer un material lingüísticamente accesible a todos los hispanohablantes. Por último, mediante algunos ejemplos, muestra la contradicción entre la representación de la realidad americana presente en los textos traducidos y su exposición en una voz supuestamente neutra.
Hispanoamérica desde fuera: la investigación en traducción de tema hispanoamericano publicada en revistas no hispanoamericanas
Authors: Vargas Gómez Francisco Javier
Published: March 2020

Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico a partir de la información pertinente disponible en BITRA (base de datos multilingüe de acceso libre con más de 70 000 referencias bibliográficas en el campo) para delimitar la evolución y el estado de la cuestión de la investigación en traducción sobre Hispanoamérica publicada en revistas no hispanoamericanas. Se aplican técnicas de conteo de publicaciones (Grbić y Pöllabauer 2008c; Li 2015; Martínez-Gómez 2015) a un corpus de 611 artículos publicados en 193 revistas y se examinan diferentes indicadores de productividad. Los resultados revelan un aumento del interés por la región hispanoamericana, de la productividad y de la coautoría principćalmente a partir de los años noventa. También se observa el predominio de los temas literarios, estudios de caso y asuntos históricos, la preferencia por el inglés, el español y las revistas especializadas, y el posicionamiento de los Estados Unidos y España como principales centros de publicación.
El repertorio de acción política en el ciclo de movilizaciones estudiantiles chilenas
Authors: Sandoval Juan
Published: March 2020

This article analyzes the forms of political action taken by young university students who participated in the cycle of student mobilizations that arose in Chile in 2011. To this end, a descriptive and analytical design based on open interviews and qualitative analysis was implemented. The work carried out involved participants from different forms of organization in the cities of Valparaíso, Santiago and Concepción. The results revealed three forms of political action —expressive action, confrontational action and violent action— and two modes of relationship and communication —the influence of new information technologies and the modes of the youths’ horizontal organization. It is concluded that the novelty of the action repertoire of the young university students lies in its characteristic as an “event.”
Food additive “lauric acid” possess non-toxic profile on biochemical, haematological and histopathological studies in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats
Authors: Khan Hidayat Ullah , Aamir Khurram , Sisinthy Sreenivas Patro , Nagojappa Narendra Babu Shivanagere , Arya Aditya
Published: March 2020

Background

Lauric acid (LA), a common constituent of coconut oil, is used as food additives and supplements in various formulations. Despite various potential pharmacological properties, no scientific evidence on its dose-related toxicity and safety is available till date.

Objective

The current study was conducted to evaluate acute oral toxicity of LA on normal rats.

Methods

The study was conducted in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines (OECD 423) with slight modifications. LA was administered orally to female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 6/group) at a single dose of 300 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight, respectively, while normal control received vehicle only. Animals from all the three groups were monitored for any behavioural and toxicological changes and mortality for two weeks. Food and fluid consumption, body weight was monitored on daily basis. At the end (on day 15th) of the experimental period, blood was collected for haematological and biochemical analysis. Further, all the animals were euthanized, and internal organs were harvested for histopathological investigation using four different stainings; haematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome, Periodic Acid Schiff and Picro Sirius Red for gross pathology through microscopical observation.

Results

The study results showed no LA treatment-related mortality and morbidity at two different dosages. Daily food and water consumption, body weight, relative organ weight, haematological, and biochemical analysis were observed to be normal with no severe alterations to the internal tissues.

Conclusion

The current finding suggests that single oral administration of LA, even up to 2,000 mg/kg body weight, did not exhibit any signs of toxicity in SD rats; thus, it was safe to be used on disease models in animals.
Nutrition and physiology of hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis in soil fertilized with sewage sludge
Authors: Zabotto Alessandro Reinaldo , Longuini Gomes Leticia Danielle , D’andréa Mateus Caroline de Moura , Villas Boas Roberto Lyra , Kanashiro Shoey , Tavares Armando Reis
Published: March 2020

Sewage sludge is a residual pollutant product from the treatment of urban effluent and must be adequately processed before final disposal in order to avoid environmental contamination. The use of sewage sludge in agricultural and forestry areas can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil; it can also be a source of nutrients, increasing crop productivity. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the growth and development of hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla) seedlings cultivated in soil with different doses of sewage sludge. To accomplish this, hybrid E. urograndis seedlings were cultivated for 120 days in pots containing soil (dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol -LVA) with different doses of sewage sludge (0, 30, 60 or 90 Mg ha-1). The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design consisting of four treatments, three replications with four plants per replication, totaling 48 plants. Biometric, biomass and physiological variables (chlorophyll, gaseous exchange, stomatal conductance and transpiration); in addition to macro- and micronutrient contents in leaves and soils of each treatment were evaluated. The treatments with sewage sludge were statistically superior to control treatment for all variables. Therefore, we recommend the application of 60 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge for the growth of hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings. Conversely, 90 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge inhibited hybrid E. urograndis root growth. Moreover, the use of sewage sludge as organic fertilizer in tropical soils is a viable and sustainable alternative for Eucalyptus cultivation.
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Extract: Characterization (FTIR-ATR), Storage Stability and Food Application
Authors: Paraíso Carolina Moser , Dos Santos Suelen Siqueira , Langer Ogawa Camilla Yara , Sato Francielle , Santos Onélia A. A. dos , Madrona Grasiele Scaramal
Published: March 2020

The objective was to evaluate the extract stability of hibiscus in different conditions and the food application. Anthocyanins (TA), phenolic compounds (TP) and color, at: 4 and 25 °C, presence or absence of light, pH stability and FTIR were evaluated. Gelatin developed with hibiscus extract was submitted to sensory analysis. Light and temperature factors affected the stability of TP and TA throughout the storage.  Higher stability was observed at 4 ºC and absence of light (in relation to TA and TP respectively, 3% and 26% losses were observed in this condition against 43% and 39% at 25 °C with light). Regarding pH, it was observed that pH change affected the absorbance and color in the hibiscus extract. Finally, the hibiscus extract, when added at the highest concentration into gelatin, was the most accepted by tastes, and scored 7 (like moderately) for color and global acceptance.
Urban Experiment: Taking Off on the Wind of Al
Authors: He Wanyu
Published: March 2020

Abstract

What will be the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on our urban futures? It is clear is that a symbiosis between human designer and AI assistant is swiftly evolving. Wanyu He, CEO of XKool Technology and co‐founder of Future Architecture Lab, leads us through some of the advantages of this new alliance, featuring some examples of XKool's AI‐ empowered insights.
The effect of the visceral fat area on the predictive accuracy of C‐reactive protein for infectious complications after laparoscopy‐assisted gastrectomy
Authors: Iida Michihisa , Takeda Shigeru , Nakagami Yuki , Kanekiyo Shinsuke , Nakashima Chiyo , Nishiyama Mitsuo , Yoshida Shin , Suzuki Nobuaki , Yoshino Shigefumi , Nagano Hiroaki
Published: March 2020

Aim

To investigate the influence of visceral fat area on postoperative C‐reactive protein levels and whether it affects its ability to diagnose infectious complications after laparoscopy‐assisted gastrectomy.

Methods

A total of 435 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopy‐assisted resection for gastric cancer from 2008 to 2017 were reviewed and divided into four groups according to visceral fat area quartiles. We evaluated the relationship between C‐reactive protein and visceral fat area and whether visceral fat area affects the sensitivity and specificity of C‐reactive protein in diagnosing postoperative infectious complications.

Results

Postoperative C‐reactive protein levels increased with increasing visceral fat areas at every postoperative assessment. Multiple linear regression revealed that levels on postoperative day 3 significantly positively correlated with visceral fat area. Postoperative day 3 levels also showed moderate accuracy for diagnosing infectious complications (area under the curve, 0.78; sensitivity, 0.86; specificity, 0.65), with an optimal cut‐off of 11.8 mg/dL. The sensitivity for predicting infectious complications was low in the 1st visceral fat area quartile group but high in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups (0.43 vs 1.0 vs 1.0 vs 0.94, respectively). By contrast, the specificity was high in the 1st and 2nd group but low in the 3rd and 4th (0.84 vs 0.70 vs 0.54 vs 0.48, respectively).

Conclusion

Visceral fat area positively correlated with postoperative C‐reactive protein levels and this affected its accuracy in diagnosing infectious complications. A uniform C‐reactive protein cut‐off may not provide accurate predictions in patients with more extreme visceral fat areas.
The History of Spanish Neuroscience: Thematic Papers Issue
Authors: De Carlos Juan A.
Published: March 2020

To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the creation of the Instituto Cajal, we bring this thematic issue to honor Spanish neuroscience. The issue includes several papers written by scientists, most of them being direct descendants of those who lived on the front lines of the dawn of Spanish neuroscience. These pages reflect a summary of the main achievements of this unique group of neuroscientists, all of them belonging to the Cajal School. Finally, this school of scientists became the forerunner of the modern worldwide neuroscience. Anat Rec, 303:1179–1180, 2020. © 2020 American Association for Anatomy
Proteomic and genomic biomarkers for Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer: Peroxiredoxin, Haptoglobin, and Alpha‐1 antitrypsin
Authors: Najafi Zahra , Mohamadnia Abdolreza , Ahmadi Rahim , Mahmoudi Minoo , Bahrami Naghmeh , Khosravi Adnan , Jamaati Hamidreza , Tabarsi Payam , Kazem pour Dizaji Mehdi , Shirian Sadegh
Published: March 2020

Background

The development of lung cancer is a multifactorial process that involves the environmental and genetic factors. The mortality rate of this cancer is higher than breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers. In this study, we try to analyze the proteome of patients with Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and compare it with the healthy samples.

Methods

This study has compared 30 lung tissue samples from patients with NSCLC and 30 healthy samples using proteomics and RT‐PCR. Hence, tissue samples were obtained from the surgical ward in sterile conditions, and then, protein extraction applied to them. At the next stage, two‐dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry LCMS/MS were performed for protein isolation and sequencing, respectively.

Results

The proteome analysis identified more than 40 differences in proteomic pattern of normal lung tissues compared to lung tissues with NSCLC. Peroxiredoxin, Haptoglobin, and Alpha‐1 antitrypsin proteins were identified. Molecularly, it has also been shown that the two main proteins of Peroxiredoxin‐2 and Alpha‐1 antitrypsin were upregulated, and the expression of Haptoglobin protein was downregulated in cancer tissue.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that there are some differences in term of protein content between the normal and cancerous lung tissues. Further studies are needed to evaluate these proteins that investigate whether these proteins can candidate as biomarkers to use in the early diagnosis of patients with NSCLC.
Liver necrosis following cholecystectomy in sickle cell disease
Authors: Muttillo Edoardo Maria , Felli Emanuele , Pessaux Patrick
Published: March 2020

Postoperative vaso‐occlusive disease may be a life‐threatening condition in patients affected by sickle cell disease, necessitating sometimes liver transplantation. After laparoscopic cholecystectomy, liver necrosis is usually secondary to intraoperative vascular injury. In this patient, the vaso‐occlusive crisis mimicked a vascular injury with segmental postoperative necrosis.
Color vision defectives' experience: When white is green
Authors: Almustanyir Ali , Hovis Jeffery K.
Published: March 2020

Despite having difficulties in discriminating colors, individuals with a congenital color vision defect (CVD) sometimes identify colors correctly. One explanation for their correct use of the color name could be the context in which the color is used. In North America, how context influences the use of color names can be illustrated using the pedestrian signal light, where the color of the light indicating that it is safe to cross is white. Sixty color vision normals (CVNs) and 68 CVD subjects were asked to identify the color of the man figure icon from memory. All of the CVNs identified the figure correctly as white, whereas 56% of the CVDs identified the color of the man‐figure incorrectly, with 92% of the errors identifying the color as green and the remaining 8% as yellow. No one identified the figure as red. The data show one example of how context plays a role in how CVDs identify colors.