bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medial Habenula Output Circuit Mediated by α5 Nicotinic Receptor-Expressing GABAergic Neurons in the Interpeduncular Nucleus
Authors: Hsu Yun-Wei A. , Tempest Lynne , Quina Lely A. , Wei Aguan D. , Zeng Hongkui , Turner Eric E.
Published: November 2013

TheChrna5gene encodes the α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit, an “accessory” subunit of pentameric nicotinic receptors, that has been shown to play a role in nicotine-related behaviors in rodents and is genetically linked to smoking behavior in humans. Here we have used a BAC transgenic mouse line, α5GFP, to examine the cellular phenotype, connectivity, and function of α5-expressing neurons. Although the medial habenula (MHb) has been proposed as a site of α5 function, α5GFPis not detectable in the MHb, and α5 mRNA is expressed there only at very low levels. However, α5GFPis strongly expressed in a subset of neurons in the interpeduncular nucleus (IP), median raphe/paramedian raphe (MnR/PMnR), and dorsal tegmental area (DTg). Double-label fluorescencein situhybridization reveals that these neurons are exclusively GABAergic. Transgenic and conventional tract tracing show that α5GFPneurons in the IP project principally to the MnR/PMnR and DTg/interfascicular dorsal raphe, both areas rich in serotonergic neurons. The α5GFPneurons in the IP are located in a region that receives cholinergic fiber inputs from the ventral MHb, and optogenetically assisted circuit mapping demonstrates a monosynaptic connection between these cholinergic neurons and α5GFPIP neurons. Selective inhibitors of both α4β2- and α3β4-containing nicotinic receptors were able to reduce nicotine-evoked inward currents in α5GFPneurons in the IP, suggesting a mixed nicotinic receptor profile in these cells. Together, these findings show that the α5-GABAergic interneurons form a link from the MHb to serotonergic brain centers, which is likely to mediate some of the behavioral effects of nicotine.
Das Buch im Seitenrand
Authors: Hajjar Osman
Published: November 2013

Der Heilsschlüssel und die Seelenleuchte von Scheich Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh al-Iskandarī (gest. 1309) ist nach eigener Angabe die erste systematische Abhandlung zum Gottesgedenken. Obgleich der Autor dieses so definiert, dass praktisch jede religiöse Handlung miteingeschlossen ist, steht im Fokus von Scheich Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāhs Untersuchung das sufische Ritual einer mantraisierenden Wiederholung des islamischen Credos Kein Gott außer Gott. Ist der erste Teil des Werks konventionell wissenschaftlich strukturiert, so entwickelt der zweite Teil - ausgehend von der grammatischen Negation des Credos - eine sufische Negativitätsästhetik. Der Autor zeigt, wie sich die Formel Kein Gott außer Gott kontinuierlich reduzieren lässt, bis das Gottesgedenken nur noch ein Atem ist, sich der Vernunft entzieht und als religiöse Erfahrung alle theologischen Diskurse übersteigt. Ihre Transzendenz setzt Scheich Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh literarisch um, indem er sich schließlich der auktorialen Stimme enthält.
Computational fluid dynamics of vortex flow controls at low flow rates
Authors: Queguineur Gautier , Jarman Daniel , Paterson Eric , Tabor Gavin
Published: November 2013

A vortex flow control with differing outlet shapes is investigated computationally at low flow rates. The volume of fluid method was utilised to track the moving free surface. In order to achieve a smooth free surface, interface compression coupled with the inter-gamma compressive scheme was used. The turbulent evolution of the two-phase flow was modelled by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the k–ε model for turbulent quantities. Validation of the results was carried out by analysing the total head and discharge coefficient for the three outlet shapes at various flow rates and comparing these results with experimental data. Very good agreement with the experimental data was obtained.
Environmental Risk Arising From Well-Construction Failure—Differences Between Barrier and Well Failure, and Estimates of Failure Frequency Across Common Well Types, Locations, and Well Age
Authors: King George E. , King Daniel E.
Published: November 2013

Do oil and gas wells leak to the environment? This paper will show the great majority of wells do not pollute. The purpose of this paper is to explain basic concepts of well construction and illustrate differences between single-barrier failure in multiple-barrier well design and outright well-integrity failure that could lead to pollution by use of published investigations and reviews from data sets of more than 600,000 wells worldwide. For US wells, while individual-barrier failures (containment maintained and no pollution indicated) in a specific well group may range from very low to several percent (depending on geographical area, operator, era, well type, and maintenance quality), actual well-integrity failures are very rare. Well-integrity failure occurs when all barriers fail and a leak is possible. True well-integrity-failure rates are two to three orders of magnitude lower than single-barrier-failure rates.

When one of these rare total-well-integrity failures occurs, gas is the most common fluid lost. Common final-barrier leak points are failed gaskets or valves at the surface and are easily and quickly repaired. If the failure is in the subsurface, an outward leak is uncommon because of a lower pressure gradient in the well than in outside formations. Subsurface leaks in oil and gas wells are rare, and routinely comprise exterior-formation salt water leaking into the well toward the lower pressure in the well.

Failure frequencies are estimated for wells in several specific sets of environmental conditions (i.e., location, geologic strata, produced-fluid composition, and soils). Estimate accuracy depends on a sufficient database of wells with documented failures, divided into (1) barrier failures in a multiple-barrier system that did not create pollution, and (2) well-integrity failures that created a leak path, whether or not pollution was created. Estimated failure-frequency comparisons are valid only for a specific set of wells operating under the same conditions with similar design and construction quality. Well age and construction era are important variables. There is absolutely no universal definition for well-failure frequency.
Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution by enhanced chitosan/bentonite composite
Authors: Liu Qian , Huang Ruihua , Yang Bingchao , Liu Yanping
Published: November 2013

In this work, enhanced chitosan/bentonite composite was prepared by treating chitosan/bentonite composite with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). The adsorption of fluoride ions from aqueous solution onto the enhanced chitosan/bentonite composite was investigated. Adsorption studies were performed in a batch system, and the effects of various parameters, such as the pH value of the solution, adsorbent dosage and initial fluoride concentration, were evaluated. The optimum operating conditions for fluoride removal by the enhanced chitosan/bentonite composite were pH = 7 or so, and adsorbent dosage =1.2 g. Increasing initial fluoride concentration reduced the adsorption of fluoride onto the enhanced chitosan/bentonite composite. Furthermore, the presence of other co-anions weakened the adsorption of fluoride onto this adsorbent. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms were well described by both the Freundlich and Langmuir models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 2.95 mg/g at 293 K.
Numerical study of heat and mass transfer during evaporation of a thin liquid film
Authors: Oubella M’hand , Feddaoui M’barek , Mir Rachid
Published: November 2013

A numerical study of mixed convection heat and mass transfer with film
evaporation in a vertical channel is developed. The emphasis is focused on
the effects of vaporization of three different liquid films having widely
different properties, along the isothermal and wetted walls on the heat and
mass transfer rates in the channel. The induced laminar downward flow is a
mixture of blowing dry air and vapour of water, methanol or acetone, assumed
as ideal gases. A two-dimensional steady state and elliptical flow model,
connected with variable thermo-physical properties, is used and the phase
change problem is based on thin liquid film assumptions. The governing
equations of the model are solved by a finite volume method and the
velocity-pressure fields are linked by SIMPLE algorithm. The numerical
results, including the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, as
well as axial variations of Nusselt numbers, Sherwood number and
dimensionless film evaporation rate are presented for two values of inlet
temperature and Reynolds number. It was found that lower the inlet
temperature and Re, the higher the induced flows cooling with respect of most
volatile film. The better mass transfer rates related with film evaporation
are found for a system with low mass diffusion coefficient.
T-Cell Costimulation Protects Obesity-Induced Adipose Inflammation and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Zhong Jixin , Rao Xiaoquan , Braunstein Zachary , Taylor Anne , Narula Vimal , Hazey Jeffrey , Mikami Dean , Needleman Bradley , Rutsky Jessica , Sun Qinghua , Deiuliis Jeffrey A. , Satoskar Abhay R. , Rajagopalan Sanjay
Published: November 2013

A key pathophysiologic role for activated T-cells in mediating adipose inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) has been recently postulated. However, mechanisms underlying their activation are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated a previously unrecognized homeostatic role for the costimulatory B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) in preventing adipose inflammation. Instead of promoting inflammation, which was found in many other disease conditions, B7 costimulation reduced adipose inflammation by maintaining regulatory T-cell (Treg) numbers in adipose tissue. In both humans and mice, expression of CD80 and CD86 was negatively correlated with the degree of IR and adipose tissue macrophage infiltration. Decreased B7 expression in obesity appeared to directly impair Treg proliferation and function that lead to excessive proinflammatory macrophages and the development of IR. CD80/CD86 double knockout (B7 KO) mice had enhanced adipose macrophage inflammation and IR under both high-fat and normal diet conditions, accompanied by reduced Treg development and proliferation. Adoptive transfer of Tregs reversed IR and adipose inflammation in B7 KO mice. Our results suggest an essential role for B7 in maintaining Tregs and adipose homeostasis and may have important implications for therapies that target costimulation in type 2 diabetes.
Occurrence of Spontaneous Pancreatic Lesions in Normal and Diabetic Rats: A Potential Confounding Factor in the Nonclinical Assessment of GLP-1–Based Therapies
Authors: Chadwick Kristina D. , Fletcher Anthony M. , Parrula M. Cecilia , Bonner-Weir Susan , Mangipudy Raja S. , Janovitz Evan , Graziano Michael J. , Roy Denis , Reilly Timothy P.
Published: November 2013

Glucagon-like peptide 1–based therapies, collectively described as incretins, produce glycemic benefits in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Recent publications raised concern for a potential increased risk of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer with incretins based in part on findings from a small number of rodents. However, extensive toxicology assessments in a substantial number of animals dosed up to 2 years at high multiples of human exposure do not support these concerns. We hypothesized that the lesions being attributed to incretins are commonly observed background findings and endeavored to characterize the incidence of spontaneous pancreatic lesions in three rat strains (Sprague-Dawley [S-D] rats, Zucker diabetic fatty [ZDF] rats, and rats expressing human islet amyloid polypeptide [HIP]; n = 36/group) on a normal or high-fat diet over 4 months. Pancreatic findings in all groups included focal exocrine degeneration, atrophy, inflammation, ductular cell proliferation, and/or observations in large pancreatic ducts similar to those described in the literature, with an incidence of exocrine atrophy/inflammation seen in S-D (42–72%), HIP (39%), and ZDF (6%) rats. These data indicate that the pancreatic findings attributed to incretins are common background findings, observed without drug treatment and independent of diet or glycemic status, suggesting a need to exercise caution when interpreting the relevance of some recent reports regarding human safety.
Identification of Water Stress in Citrus Leaves Using Sensing Technologies
Authors: Johnson Kaitlin , Sankaran Sindhuja , Ehsani Reza
Published: November 2013

Water stress is a serious concern in the citrus industry due to its effect on citrus quality and yield. A sensor system for early detection will allow rapid implementation of control measures and management decisions to reduce any adverse effects. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) presents a potentially suitable technique for early stress detection through elemental profile analysis of the citrus leaves. It is anticipated that the physiological change in plants due to stress will induce changes in the element profile. The major goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as a method of water stress detection for potential use in the citrus industry. In this work, two levels of water stress were applied to Cleopatra (Cleo) mandarin, Carrizo citrange, and Shekwasha seedlings under the controlled conditions of a greenhouse. Leaves collected from the healthy and stressed plants were analyzed using LIBS, as well as with a spectroradiometer (visible-near infrared spectroscopy) and a thermal camera (thermal infrared). Statistical classification of healthy and stressed samples revealed that the LIBS data could be classified with an overall accuracy of 80% using a Naïve-Bayes and bagged decision tree-based classifiers. These accuracies were lower than the classification accuracies acquired from visible-near infrared spectra. An accuracy of 93% and higher was achieved using a bagged decision tree with visible-near infrared spectral reflectance data.
Comparison between Vegetation and Rainfall of Bioclimatic Ecoregions in Central Africa
Authors: Rousvel Sonfack , Armand Nzeukou , Andre Lenouo , Tengeleng Siddi , Alain Tchakoutio , Armel Kaptue
Published: November 2013

This paper investigates the relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and extracted rainfall in the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) in Central Africa between latitudes 15°S and 20°N and longitudes 0°E and 31°E. Monthly NDVI and GPCP datasets for the period 1982–2000 have been used. The Index of Segmentation of Fourier Components (ISFC) has been applied on the NDVI dataset to segment Central Africa into four bioclimatic ecoregions (BCERs). In order to compare the differential response of vegetation growth to rainfall, an analysis of the inter-annual, intra-annual and seasonal variability for each BCER has been carried out, and the correlations between NDVI and rainfall have been assessed. The plot of the annual cycles of both variables revealed a coherent onset, peak and decay, with a time lag of 1 month for almost all the zones, except the zones, semi-desert and steppe, where a season of short and intense rainfall was observed. The correlation coefficients computed between the two variables are relatively high, especially in brush-grass savannah, where they reach up to 0.90 at a time lag of 1 month. The phenological transition points and phases show that the range between the +1 and -1 time lags corresponds to the duration of the maturity of vegetation. Overall, there is a strong similarity between temporal patterns of NDVI and rainfall, showing that the NDVI can be considered a sensitive indicator of the interannual variability of rainfall.
The Changing Effectiveness of Monetary Policy
Authors: Leightner Jonathan
Published: November 2013

In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, many countries are hoping that massive increases in their money supplies will revive their economies. Evaluating the effectiveness of this strategy using traditional statistical methods would require the construction of an extremely complex economic model of the world that showed how each country’s situation affected all other countries. No matter how complex that model was, it would always be subject to the criticism that it had omitted important variables. Omitting important variables from traditional statistical methods ruins all estimates and statistics. This paper uses a relatively new statistical method that solves the omitted variables problem. This technique produces a separate slope estimate for each observation which makes it possible to see how the estimated relationship has changed over time due to omitted variables. I find that the effectiveness of monetary policy has fallen between the first quarter of 2003 and the fourth quarter of 2012 by 14%, 36%, 38%, 32%, 29% and 69% for Japan, the UK, the USA, the Euro area, Brazil, and the Russian Federation respectively. I hypothesize that monetary policy is suffering from diminishing returns because it cannot address the fundamental problem with the world’s economy today; that problem is a global glut of savings that is either sitting idle or funding speculative bubbles.
Comparative Analysis of Flower Volatiles from Nine Citrus at Three Blooming Stages
Authors: Azam Muhammad , Song Min , Fan Fangjuan , Zhang Bo , Xu Yaying , Xu Changjie , Chen Kunsong
Published: November 2013

Volatiles from flowers at three blooming stages of nine citrus cultivars were analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-MS. Up to 110 volatiles were detected, with 42 tentatively identified from citrus flowers for the first time. Highest amounts of volatiles were present in fully opened flowers of most citrus, except for pomelos. All cultivars were characterized by a high percentage of either oxygenated monoterpenes or monoterpene hydrocarbons, and the presence of a high percentage of nitrogen containing compounds was also observed. Flower volatiles varied qualitatively and quantitatively among citrus types during blooming. Limonene was the most abundant flower volatile only in citrons; α-citral and β-citral ranked 2nd and 3rd only for Bergamot, and unopened flowers of Ponkan had a higher amount of linalool and β-pinene while much lower amount of γ-terpinene and p-cymene than Satsuma. Taking the average of all cultivars, linalool and limonene were the top two volatiles for all blooming stages; β-pinene ranked 3rd in unopened flowers, while indole ranked 3rd for half opened and fully opened flower volatiles. As flowers bloomed, methyl anthranilate increased while 2-hexenal and p-cymene decreased. In some cases, a volatile could be high in both unopened and fully opened flowers but low in half opened ones. Through multivariate analysis, the nine citrus cultivars were clustered into three groups, consistent with the three true citrus types. Furthermore, an influence of blooming stages on clustering was observed, especially with hybrids Satsuma and Huyou. Altogether, it was suggested that flower volatiles can be suitable markers for revealing the genetic relationships between citrus cultivars but the same blooming stage needs to be strictly controlled.
Supramolecular Luminescence from Oligofluorenol-Based Supramolecular Polymer Semiconductors
Authors: Zhang Guang-Wei , Wang Long , Xie Ling-Hai , Lin Jin-Yi , Huang Wei
Published: November 2013

Supramolecular luminescence stems from non-covalent exciton behaviors of active π-segments in supramolecular entities or aggregates via intermolecular forces. Herein, a π-conjugated oligofluorenol, containing self-complementary double hydrogen bonds, was synthesized using Suzuki coupling as a supramolecular semiconductor. Terfluorenol-based random supramolecular polymers were confirmed via concentration-dependent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The photoluminescent spectra of the TFOH-1 solution exhibit a green emission band (g-band) at approximately ~520 nm with reversible features, as confirmed through titration experiments. Supramolecular luminescence of TFOH-1 thin films serves as robust evidence for the aggregates of g-band. Our results suggest that the presence of polyfluorene ketone defects is a sufficient condition, rather than a sufficient-necessary condition for the g-band. Supramolecular electroluminescence will push organic devices into the fields of supramolecular optoelectronics, spintronics, and mechatronics.
New Benzo[c]phenanthridine and Benzenoid Derivatives, and Other Constituents from Zanthoxylum ailanthoides: Effects on Neutrophil Pro-Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Chung Ching-Yi , Hwang Tsong-Long , Kuo Liang-Mou , Kuo Wen-Lung , Cheng Ming-Jen , Wu Yi-Hsiu , Sung Ping-Jyun , Chung Mei-Ing , Chen Jih-Jung
Published: November 2013

A new benzo[c]phenanthridine, oxynorchelerythrine (1), and two new benzenoid derivatives, methyl 4-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3-methyl-4-oxobutoxy)benzoate (2) and (E)-methyl 4-(4-((Z)-3-methoxy-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)phenoxy)-2-methylbut-2-enoate (3), have been isolated from the twigs of Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, together with 11 known compounds (4–14). The structures of these new compounds were determined through spectroscopic and MS analyses. Among the isolated compounds, decarine (4), (−)-syringaresinol (6), (+)-episesamin (8), glaberide I (9), (−)-dihydrocubebin (10), and xanthyletin (11) exhibited potent inhibition (IC50 values ≤ 4.79 µg/mL) of superoxide anion generation by human nutrophils in response to N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLP/CB). Compounds 4, 8, and 11 also inhibited fMLP/CB-induced elastase release with IC50 values ≤ 5.48 µg/mL.
Ionizing Radiation-Induced Responses in Human Cells with Differing TP53 Status
Authors: Mirzayans Razmik , Andrais Bonnie , Scott April , Wang Ying , Murray David
Published: November 2013

Ionizing radiation triggers diverse responses in human cells encompassing apoptosis, necrosis, stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS), autophagy, and endopolyploidy (e.g., multinucleation). Most of these responses result in loss of colony-forming ability in the clonogenic survival assay. However, not all modes of so-called clonogenic cell “death” are necessarily advantageous for therapeutic outcome in cancer radiotherapy. For example, the crosstalk between SIPS and autophagy is considered to influence the capacity of the tumor cells to maintain a prolonged state of growth inhibition that unfortunately can be succeeded by tumor regrowth and disease recurrence. Likewise, endopolyploid giant cells are able to segregate into near diploid descendants that continue mitotic activities. Herein we review the current knowledge on the roles that the p53 and p21WAF1 tumor suppressors play in determining the fate of human fibroblasts (normal and Li-Fraumeni syndrome) and solid tumor-derived cells after exposure to ionizing radiation. In addition, we discuss the important role of WIP1, a p53-regulated oncogene, in the temporal regulation of the DNA damage response and its contribution to p53 dynamics post-irradiation. This article highlights the complexity of the DNA damage response and provides an impetus for rethinking the nature of cancer cell resistance to therapeutic agents.
Migration and Freedom of Movement of Workers: EU Law, Crisis and the Cypriot States of Exception
Authors: Trimikliniotis Nicos
Published: November 2013

This paper examines the authoritarian immigration policy of the Republic of Cyprus (RoC), which often results in the denial of the rights of migrants, TCNs, and EUNs. It examines how the mode of immigration control is connected to the particular state of exception in Cyprus known as ‘the doctrine of necessity’. It focuses particularly the issue of criminalizing, detention and expulsion of migrants, both TCNs and EUNs and the denial of residency rights for TCNs. The paper introduces the basic components towards an analytical frame for understanding and critiquing the current legal framework. Repressive migration control is a manifestation of an ill-construed conception of ‘sovereignty’ in a divided country, which the State seeks to justify on the grounds of ‘necessity’ and ‘exception’. In addition, the RoC is currently facing the banking/economic crisis and mass unemployment, which has provided a fertile ground for racism and xenophobia. The paper concludes with some ideas about the alternative policies ahead. Important for this paper are the current global and European debates around the ‘states of exception’, ‘emergency’, ‘necessity’, and ‘sovereignty’ in the context of the dissensus or fundamental disagreement over the issue migration and the racialization of subaltern migrants. The case of Cyprus is discussed, in part as an exception, but also as a particular instance of a broader global and European issue.
Evaluation of Stiffness Changes in a High-Rise Building by Measurements of Lateral Displacements Using GPS Technology
Authors: Choi Se , Kim Ill , Park Jae , Kim Yousok , Sohn Hong , Park Hyo
Published: November 2013

The outrigger truss system is one of the most frequently used lateral load resisting structural systems. However, little research has been reported on the effect of installation of outrigger trusses on improvement of lateral stiffness of a high-rise building through full-scale measurements. In this paper, stiffness changes of a high-rise building due to installation of outrigger trusses have been evaluated by measuring lateral displacements using a global positioning system (GPS). To confirm the error range of the GPS measurement system used in the full-scale measurement tests, the GPS displacement monitoring system is investigated through a free vibration test of the experimental model. Then, for the evaluation of lateral stiffness of a high-rise building under construction, the GPS displacement monitoring system is applied to measurements of lateral displacements of a 66-story high-rise building before and after installation of outrigger truss. The stiffness improvement of the building before and after the installation is confirmed through the changes of the natural frequencies and the ratios of the base shear forces to the roof displacements.
Accords et dissonances : les cinémas latino-américains et les Cahiers du Cinéma (1951-2003)
Authors: Amiot-Guillouet Julie
Published: November 2013

RESUMEN- La revista francesa Cahiers du cinéma desempeñó un papel relevante en la modificación de las prácticas cinematográficas, en particular en el momento del surgimiento de los « nuevos cines » en los años 1960. Éstos florecieron en América Latina, entre otros elementos gracias al diálogo que se instauró entre los redactores de los Cahiers y los cineastas latinoamericanos. Si el interés de los Cahiers por el cine latinoamericano duró poco tiempo, permitió sin embargo dar a conocer a un grupo de jóvenes cineastas en Francia y en su propio continente.
Hinged circular fixator construct for correction of congenital metatarsal deformity in a foal
Authors: Cuddy L. C. , Graham A. S. , Reese D. J. , Porter M. B. , Morton A. J. , Lewis D. D. , Porter E. G.
Published: November 2013

A five-week-old American Quarter Horse colt was presented for evaluation of a left hindlimb deformity and lameness. Radiographs of the left hindlimb revealed a varus deformity with recurvatum originating in the middiaphysis of the third metatarsal bone. Surgical correction was undertaken by performing an osteotomy through the centre of rotation of angulation located within the mid-diaphysis of the third metatarsal bone, and a fourring hinged circular external fixator construct was applied. Distraction of the osteotomy site was performed over an 11 day period. Notable complications included failure of a fixation pin, infection of the surgical site, and temporary laxity of the supporting tendons and ligaments of the contralateral metatarsophalangeal joint. The fixator was maintained until there was sufficient bone formation to allow frame removal, 152 days after the initial surgery. Use of a hinged circular construct allowed for partial correction of the deformity with resultant lengthening and resolution of the lameness in this colt.
Critical analysis of government vs. Commercial advertising discourse on older persons in Spain
Authors: de-Andrés-del-Campo Susana , de-Lima-Maestro Rosa
Published: November 2013

The elderly population has increased considerably in recent years and it is estimated that by 2050 32% of the Spanish population will be old people. This group is underrepresented in the media and does not attract much research interest. To put this right, we present an analysis of the representation of older persons in advertisements appearing in magazines aimed directly or indirectly at seniors in Spain. A content analysis estimated the frequency of appearance of the images and words that represent the elderly, and a discourse analysis enabled this study to investigate the presence of stereo types and discourse relations between advertising and theories of ageing. The results show that the older people who appear in the ads are mostly men portrayed as consumers of entertainment products who are at the beginning of their period of old age. A marked gender stereotype is observed. The differentiation between the institutional and commercial advertising discourse is also clear. The study analyses such advertising over three decades, covering the period in which the age distribution of the population has been inverted in Spain. Throughout this period, the frequency of ap pearance has been very low. Old people are clearly an invisible collective in magazine advertising.

La población de personas mayores se ha multiplicado en los últimos años. Se estima que en el año 2050, el 32% de la población española estará constituido por personas mayores. Mientras tanto, es fácil observar la infrarrepresentación de este colectivo en los medios de comunicación, pero la cuestión apenas recibe interés investigador. Se presenta aquí un análisis de la representación de las personas mayores en la publicidad de dominicales y revistas dirigidas directa o indirectamente a las personas mayores en España. A través de un análisis de contenido se calcula la frecuencia con que se recurre a la imagen de los y las mayores en la publicidad. Mediante un análisis del discurso se indaga también en la presencia de estereotipos y en las relaciones discursivas entre los mensajes publicitarios y las teorías de la vejez. Los resultados muestran que las personas mayores que aparecen en los anuncios son mayoritariamente varones, que inician su periodo de vejez y consumidores de productos de ocio. Se encuentra un marcado estereotipo de género y una clara diferenciación discursiva entre los mensajes comerciales y los institucionales. El estudio analiza tres décadas, abarcando el periodo en el que se ha producido la inversión poblacional en la distribución por edades en España. En todo este periodo la frecuencia de aparición ha sido muy baja. Se trata de un colectivo de patente invisibilidad en los anuncios publicitarios.
Osteoarthropathy of unknown aetiology in the long bones of farmed and wild Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)
Authors: Huchzermeyer Fritz W. , Groenewald Herman B. , Myburgh Jan G. , Steyl Johan C.A. , Crole Martina R.
Published: November 2013

Humeri of farmed and wild Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) collected during routine post-mortem examinations were boiled, cleaned and examined for lesions. Various degrees of gross bone and articular pathology were found. The lesions were situated predominantly at the proximal and distal epiphyseal and metaphyseal regions of the bone, where growth and bone remodelling occurs. In advanced cases partial collapse of the articular surface could be identified. From the collection of crocodile bones five particular cases are described. Because of the wide distribution of origin of the affected animals, nutritional or toxicological causes seem unlikely. One of the cases presented was associated with mycoplasmosis. These forms of crocodilian bone pathology need further investigation.
Validation of the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire in a group of Black teachers: The SABPA study
Authors: Vosloo Mariette , Potgieter Johan , Temane Michael , Ellis Suria , Khumalo Tumi
Published: November 2013

Orientation: Recent literature has emphasised the important role that self-regulation plays in the mental health of individuals. The lack of a validated psychometric instrument to accurately measure self-regulation amongst Black South Africans however limits its potential impact within the challenging South African context.Research purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ) when used in a South African context, specifically focusing on Black South Africans.Motivation for the study: By commenting on the ability of the SSRQ to accurately capture the construct of self-regulation amongst Black educators, the current article serves to address and alleviate the lacunae in our understanding of self-regulation as a potentially protective factor.Research design, approach and method: The study was of a quantitative nature, and made use of a cross-sectional design and purposively selected study sample. Participants were urbanised Black teachers (N = 200) who completed the SSRQ and other measures of self-regulation and psychological well-being.Main findings: The reliability of the SSRQ total scale score proved satisfactory. Factor analysis produced five robust sub-constructs that were theoretically interpretable. Significant correlations between the SSRQ and other measures of self-regulation and psychological well-being also indicated good criterion-related validity.Practical/managerial implications: The availability of a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of self-regulation in the South African context will enable both researchers and practitioners to better understand and utilise self-regulation in the enhancement of individual well-being.Contribution/value-add: The SSRQ’s ability to accurately measure self-regulation will contribute to our understanding of its role as preventive strength in the South African context. Refinement of item content will serve to further strengthen the SSRQ’s factor structure, and improve its validity for use within the Black South African population.
Unaddressed Implications of Technology in Global Health
Authors: Liang Bryan A
Published: November 2013

This is the introduction piece for the 9th San Diego Health Policy Conference, with papers by Tom Kubic, John Theriault, Tim Mackey, Jim Balcius, and Bryan A. Liang.
Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of water vapor over the Bay of Bengal during monsoon
Authors: Midhun M. , Lekshmy P. R. , Ramesh R.
Published: November 2013

δDv and δ18Ov of ~70 water vapor samples collected at 6 and 25 m above sea level over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during July–August 2012 are reported. This helps characterize the isotopic signature of monsoon vapor. No significant vertical variation is observed in δDv, δ18Ov, or deuterium excess (defined as δD–8δ18O); δDv and δ18Ov are significantly correlated (r = 0.92) at each height; the deuterium excess values do not, because the variation of δDv and δ18Ov relative to their uncertainties is much larger than that of the latter. The temporal variations of δDv and δ18Ov correlate well with air temperature rather than sea surface temperature. The control of normalized humidity on deuterium excess is less prominent. While the distribution of water vapor isotopologues over the BoB is primarily determined by the ocean surface conditions, they are significantly altered by laterally advected vapor from rain en route during the monsoon.
Convective amplification of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves from ring‐distribution protons in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Mithaiwala Manish , Crabtree Chris , Ganguli Gurudas , Rudakov Leonid , Keika Kunihiro
Published: November 2013

The growth of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves due to a ring distribution of hydrogen ions is examined. Though these distributions are more commonly implicated in the generation of equatorial noise, their potential for exciting EMIC waves is considered here. It is shown that since the ring distribution is nonmonotonic in perpendicular velocity, the amplification achieved by this instability is greater than bi‐Maxwellian distributions for typical observed anisotropies, because the waves can maintain resonance over a much longer part of its trajectory. For ring speeds (Vr) close to the Alfvén speed (VA), the growth rate is largest at parallel propagation but decreases less rapidly toward oblique angles compared with a bi‐Maxwellian and can have a second peak for shorter wavelengths. The ring distribution parallel thermal speed is deduced from the observation of equatorial noise because a statistical survey of this parameter is not available. A ring density to background plasma density of a few percent is sufficient to achieve moderate gain. The gain is also shown to increase with L shell since the perpendicular wave number does not rise as rapidly along the raypath as compared with smaller L. The analysis suggests that EMIC wave activity should be closely associated with equatorial noise.
Cyano‐Functionalized Triarylamines on Au(111): Competing Intermolecular versus Molecule/Substrate Interactions
Authors: Gottardi Stefano , Müller Kathrin , Moreno‐López Juan Carlos , Yildirim Handan , Meinhardt Ute , Kivala Milan , Kara Abdelkader , Stöhr Meike
Published: November 2013

The self‐assembly of cyano‐substituted triarylamine derivatives on Au(111) is studied with scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. Two different phases, each stabilized by at least two different cyano bonding motifs are observed. In the first phase, each molecule is involved in dipolar coupling and hydrogen bonding, while in the second phase, dipolar coupling, hydrogen bonding and metal‐ligand interactions are present. Interestingly, the metal–ligand bond is already observed for deposition of the molecules with the sample kept at room temperature leaving the herringbone reconstruction unaffected. It is proposed that for establishing this bond, the Au atoms are slightly displaced out of the surface to bind to the cyano ligands. Despite the intact herringbone reconstruction, the Au substrate is found to considerably interact with the cyano ligands affecting the conformation and adsorption geometry, as well as leading to correlation effects on the molecular orientation.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Aldehydes with Hydrosilanes in the Presence of Pivalic Anhydride
Authors: Fujihara Tetsuaki , Cong Cong , Terao Jun , Tsuji Yasushi
Published: November 2013

A palladium catalyst system that allows the reduction of carboxylic acids to the corresponding aldehydes with hydrosilanes as reducing agent and pivalic anhydride as an indispensable reagent has been developed. A simple mixture of commercially available bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0) [Pd(dba)2], tri(para‐tolyl)phosphane and methylphenylsilane realized the reduction of various aliphatic carboxylic acids as well as benzoic acids to aldehydes in good to high yields.

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Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aza‐Friedel–Crafts Reaction of Indoles with Cyclic N‐Acylketimines: Enantioselective Synthesis of Trifluoromethyldihydroquinazolines
Authors: Zhang Ke‐Feng , Nie Jing , Guo Ran , Zheng Yan , Ma Jun‐An
Published: November 2013

An enantioselective aza‐Friedel–Crafts (F‐C) reaction of indoles with cyclic N‐acylketimines has been developed. By using chiral phosphoric acid catalysts, a wide range of enantioenriched trifluoromethyldihydroquinazolines was obtained in excellent yields (up to 98%) with good to high enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee).

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Deoxycholic Acid‐Derived Biaryl Phosphites as Versatile and Enantioselective Ligands in the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Nitroalkenes
Authors: Jumde Varsha R. , Iuliano Anna
Published: November 2013

A highly enantioselective conjugate addition of arylboronic acids to cyclic as well as acyclic aromatic and aliphatic nitroalkenes is presented. The rhodium complexes obtained from deoxycholic acid‐derived binaphthyl and flexible biphenyl phosphites showed good activity as well as very high enantioselectivity (ee up to 99%) in the conjugated addition even in the presence of challenging substrates such as 1‐nitrocyclohexene or aliphatic acyclic nitroalkenes.

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Phosphine‐Catalyzed Asymmetric [4+2] Annulation of Vinyl Ketones with Oxindole‐Derived α,β‐Unsaturated Imines: Enantioselective Syntheses of 2′,3′‐Dihydro‐1′H‐spiro[indoline‐3,4′‐pyridin]‐2‐ones
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Nan , Chen Gen‐Qiang , Dong Xiang , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: November 2013

A novel asymmetric [4+2] annulation of vinyl ketones with oxindole‐derived α,β‐unsaturated imines has been developed in the presence of a multifunctional thiourea‐phosphine catalyst derived from a natural amino acid, providing the first phosphine‐catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of 2′,3′‐dihydro‐1′H‐spiro[indoline‐3,4′‐pyridin]‐2‐ones in good yields with excellent stereoselectivities under mild conditions.

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Biomimetic biphasic 3‐D nanocomposite scaffold for osteochondral regeneration
Authors: Castro Nathan J. , O'Brien Christopher M. , Zhang Lijie Grace
Published: November 2013

Scaffold‐based interfacial tissue engineering aims to not only provide the structural and mechanical framework for cellular growth and tissue regeneration, but also direct cell behavior. Due to the disparity in composition of the osteochondral (cartilage and bone) interface, this work has developed a novel biomimetic biphasic nanocomposite scaffold integrating two biocompatible polymers containing tissue‐specific growth factor‐encapsulated core–shell nanospheres. Specifically, a poly(caprolactone) (PCL)‐based bone layer was successfully integrated with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel cartilage layer. In addition, a novel nanosphere fabrication technique for efficient growth factor encapsulation and sustained delivery via a wet coaxial electrospray technique was developed. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) adhesion, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation were evaluated. Our in vitro results showed significantly improved hMSC adhesion and differentiation in bone and cartilage layers, respectively. Studies have demonstrated promising results with novel biphasic nanocomposite scaffold for osteochondral tissue regeneration, thus, warranting further studies. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J60: 432–442, 2014
An Approach to Mixed PnAsm Ligand Complexes
Authors: Schwarzmaier Christoph , Bodensteiner Michael , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Scheer Manfred
Published: November 2013

The reaction of a P4 butterfly complex with yellow arsenic yields the largest mixed PnAsm ligand complexes synthesized to date. [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2(μ,η1:1‐P4)] reacts with As4 to yield [{Cp′′′Fe}2(μ,η4:4‐PnAs4‐n)] and [Cp′′′Fe(η5‐PnAs5‐n)]. Mass spectrometry together with NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography give clear evidence about the arrangement of the E positions within the cyclo‐E5 and E4 moieties of the products. Moreover, the results of DFT calculations agree well with the experimental determined outcomes. By coordinating the E4 complex [{Cp′′′Fe}2(μ,η4:4‐PnAs4‐n)] with CuCl, a rearrangement of the E positions occurs in favor with a preferred phosphorus coordination towards copper atoms in the resulting 1D polymeric chain.
Hunchback IS REQUIRED FOR ABDOMINAL IDENTITY SUPPRESSION AND GERMBAND GROWTH IN THE PARTHENOGENETIC EMBRYOGENESIS OF THE PEA APHID, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: Mao Jianjun , Liu Changyan , Zeng Fanrong
Published: November 2013

Aphid, a short germband insect, displays an embryogenesis different from that of long germband insect species. Furthermore, the development of its parthenogenetic and viviparous embryo is different from that of the embryo resulting from sexual reproduction. To better understand the genetic regulation of this type of embryogenesis, the functions of hunchback in asexual Acyrthosiphon pisum were investigated by parental RNAi. Microinjection of Aphb double‐stranded RNA yielded several defective phenotypes. Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis revealed that these defects resulted from reduction of Aphb mRNA level in injected aphids. All these results suggested that the hb gene in parthenogenetic and viviparous Acyrthosiphon pisum was involved in abdominal identity suppression and germband growth as its homologue does in sexual insects.
PPh3‐Catalyzed Ring‐Expansion Reactions of Sulfamate‐Derived Cyclic Imines with Acetylenedicarboxylates
Authors: Yang Zhilin , Yu Hao , Zhang Lei , Wei Hang , Xiao Yumei , Chen Lanzhen , Guo Hongchao
Published: November 2013

The PPh3‐catalyzed ring‐expansion reaction of sulfamate‐derived cyclic imines with acetylenedicarboxylates has been developed. The reaction works quite efficiently under very mild conditions to afford benzo[g][1,2,3]oxathiazocine‐4,5‐dicarboxylate 2,2‐dioxide derivatives in high yields.
Superoxide Dismutase Activity of the Naturally Occurring Human Serum Albumin–Copper Complex without Hydroxyl Radical Formation
Authors: Kato Ryunosuke , Akiyama Matofusa , Kawakami Hiroyoshi , Komatsu Teruyuki
Published: November 2013

The superoxide radical anion (O2.−) is biologically toxic and contributes to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Here we describe the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of human serum albumin (HSA) complexed with a single CuII ion at the N‐terminal end (HSA–Cu complex). The structure of this naturally occurring copper‐coordinated blood serum protein has been characterized by several physicochemical measurements. The O2.− dismutation ability of the HSA–Cu (1:1) complex is almost the same as that of the well‐known SOD mimics, such as MnIII‐tetrakis(N‐methylpyridinium)porphyrin. Interestingly, the HSA–Cu complex does not induce a subsequent Fenton reaction to produce the hydroxyl radical (OH.), which is one of the most harmful reactive oxygen species.
A distance‐ and orientation‐dependent energy function of amino acid key blocks
Authors: Chen Lin , He Jing
Published: November 2013

Blocks are the selected portions of amino acids. They have been used effectively to represent amino acids in distinguishing the native conformation from the decoys. Although many statistical energy functions exist, most of them rely on the distances between two or more amino acids. In this study, the authors have developed a pairwise energy function “DOKB” that is both distance and orientation dependent, and it is based on the key blocks that bias the distal ends of side chains. The results suggest that both the distance and the orientation are needed to distinguish the fine details of the packing geometry. DOKB appears to perform well in recognizing native conformations when compared with six other energy functions. Highly packed clusters play important roles in stabilizing the structure. The investigation about the highly packed clusters at the residue level suggests that certain residue pairs in a low‐energy region have lower probability to appear in the highly packed clusters than in the entire protein. The cluster energy term appears to significantly improve the recognition of the native conformations in ig_structal decoy set, in which more highly packed clusters are contained than in other decoy sets. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 681–692, 2014.