bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical waveguides using fiber bundle technology
Authors: Bernauer Otto
Published: May 2011

Optical wave guides based on fiber bundle technology are used whenever optical quantities are measured or distributed. They can be employed to measure temperatures, radiation, properties of suspensions and mechanical quantities. Furthermore, fiber bundle technology allows for light to be distributed or combined in many ways and for beam cross sections to be adjusted in diverse ways to the application.
Fiber optics for laser cooling and trapping
Authors: Knothe Christian , Oechsner Ulrich
Published: May 2011

Over the last two decades, the interest in the investigation of atoms at ultralow temperatures has increased substantially, as is reflected in the number of Nobel prizes awarded during this time. The major focus has shifted from primarily cooling down atoms as close as possible to absolute zero and towards the experimental investigation of these already cooled atoms. Fiber‐optical components designed for the accomplishment of these goals assist researchers all over the world in concentrating their experimental effort on their endeavours with ultra‐cold atoms.
What is a ‘secure base’ when death is approaching? A study applying attachment theory to adult patients' and family members' experiences of palliative home care
Authors: Milberg A. , Wåhlberg R. , Jakobsson M. , Olsson E‐C. , Olsson M. , Friedrichsen M.
Published: May 2011

Objective

Attachment theory has received much interest lately in relation to how adults cope with stress and severe illness. The aim of this study was using the experiences of patients and family members to explore palliative home care as a ‘secure base’ (a central concept within the theory).

Methods

Twelve patients and 14 family members were interviewed during ongoing palliative home care. The interviews were analysed with deductive qualitative content analysis.

Results

Informants expressed the relevance of sensing security during palliative home care because death and dying were threats that contributed to vulnerability. Palliative home care could foster a feeling of security and provide a secure base. This was facilitated when informants had trust in staff (e.g. due to availability and competence in providing symptom relief), felt recognised as individuals and welcomed to contact the team in times of needs. Being comfortable, informed and having an everyday life also contributed to a perception of palliative home care as a secure base. Family members stressed the importance of being relieved from responsibilities that were too heavy. The underlying meanings of experiencing palliative home care as a secure base involved gaining a sense of control and of inner peace, perceiving that despite a demanding and changed life situation, one could continue partially being oneself and having something to hope for, even if this no longer concerned cure for the ill person.

Conclusions

Important aspects of palliative home care as providing a secure base were identified and these have implications for clinical practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behind closed doors II: systematic analysis of prostate cancer patients' primary treatment consultations with radiation oncologists and predictors of satisfaction with communication
Authors: Hack Thomas F. , Ruether J. Dean , Pickles Tom , Bultz Barry D. , Chateau Dan , Degner Lesley F.
Published: May 2011

Objective

The purpose of this investigation was to explicate the content of primary treatment consultations in prostate oncology and examine the predictive relationships between patient, significant other, and oncologist consultation factors and patient satisfaction with communication.

Methods

The recorded consultations of 156 newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients from three Canadian cancer centers were examined using the Medical Interaction Process System (MIPS). The MIPS findings, independent observer ratings of patient, significant other, and oncologist affective behavior, and derived consultation ratios of patient centeredness, patient directedness, and psychosocial focus, were used to predict patient satisfaction with communication post‐consultation and at 12‐weeks post‐consultation.

Results

Biomedical content categories were predominant in the consultations, accounting for 86% of utterances, followed by administrative (9%) and psychosocial (5%) utterances. Post‐consultation satisfaction with communication was significantly lower for patients whose significant others were rated as more assertive during the consultation, and those rated as more anxious during the consultation. Patients who were rated as more anxious during the consultation, those with lower satisfaction with communication immediately post‐consultation and those with shorter consultations were significantly less satisfied with communication at 12‐weeks post‐consultation.

Conclusions

Adjuvant treatment consultations in prostate oncology are characterized by a high degree of information‐giving by the physician, a predominance of biomedical discussion, and relatively minimal time addressing patients' psychosocial concerns. Patients may benefit from oncologists who address anxiety and emotional distress during the primary treatment consultation, allowing sufficient time to ensure that patients leave the consultation with their communication needs having been satisfied. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the donor material on the effectiveness of the anode buffer layer in organic solar cells
Authors: Bernède J. C. , Cattin L. , Djobo S. Ouro , Morsli M. , Kanth S. R. B. , Patil S. , Leriche P. , Roncali J. , Godoy A. , Diaz F. R. , del Valle M. A.
Published: May 2011

Efficiency of organic photovoltaic cells based on organic electron donor/organic electron acceptor junctions can be strongly improved when the transparent conductive Anode is coated with a Buffer Layer (ABL). Here, the effects of a metal (gold) or oxide (molybdenum oxide) ABL are reported, as a function of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) of different electron donors. The results indicate that a good matching between the work function of the anode and the highest occupied molecular orbital of the donor material is the major factor limiting the hole transfer efficiency. Indeed, gold is efficient as ABL only when the HOMO of the organic donor is close to its work function ΦAu. Therefore we show that the MoO3 oxide has a wider field of application as ABL than gold.
Resonant multiple diffraction of light in 3D opal‐like photonic crystals
Authors: Fedotov V. G. , Sel'kin A. V. , Ukleev T. A. , Men'shikova A. Yu. , Shevchenko N. N.
Published: May 2011

Propagation of electromagnetic waves in spatially confined three‐dimensional (3D) photonic crystals (PhCs) of high dielectric contrast is studied for the case when the regime of the multiple Bragg diffraction (MBD) is of importance. The Bragg reflection spectra of opal‐like PhCs made up of polystyrene spheres are measured. Detailed comparison of the eigenmode energy spectrum with the measured and calculated reflectance contours is performed. The complicated structure of the Bragg reflection spectra is shown to be due to the additional eigenmodes excited resonantly by diffraction of light from the crystal planes inclined to the lateral ones.
Phase I control chart based on a kernel estimator of the quantile function
Authors: Mercado Gary R. , Conerly Michael D. , Perry Marcus B.
Published: May 2011

To measure the statistical performance of a control chart in Phase I applications, the in‐control average run length (ARL) is the most frequently used parameter. In typical start up situations, control limits must be computed without knowledge of the underlying distribution of the quality characteristic. Assumptions of an underlying normal distribution can increase the probability of false alarms when the underlying distribution is non‐normal, which can lead to unnecessary process adjustments. In this paper, a control chart based on a kernel estimator of the quantile function is proposed. Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the in‐control ARL performance of this chart relative to that of the Shewhart individuals control chart. The results indicate that the proposed chart is more robust to deviations in the assumed underlying distribution (with respect to the in‐control ARL) and results in an alternative method of designing control charts for individual units. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structures, vibrational frequencies, topologies, and energies of hydrogen bonds in cysteine‐formaldehyde complexes
Authors: Yu Lei , Wang Yuhua , Huang Zhengguo , Wang Hongke , Dai Yumei
Published: May 2011

The hydrogen bonding interactions between cysteine (Cys) and formaldehyde (FA) were studied with density functional theory regarding their geometries, energies, vibrational frequencies, and topological features of the electron density. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital analyses were employed to elucidate the interaction characteristics in the Cys‐FA complexes. The intramolecular hydrogen bonds (H‐bonds) formed between the hydroxyl and the N atom of cysteine moiety in some Cys‐FA complexes were strengthened because of the cooperativity. Most of intermolecular H‐bonds involve the O atom of cysteine/FA moiety as proton acceptors, while the strongest H‐bond involves the O atom of FA moiety as proton acceptor, which indicates that FA would rather accept proton than providing one. The H‐bonds formed between the CH group of FA and the S atom of cysteine in some complexes are so weak that no hydrogen bonding interactions exist among them. In most of complexes, the orbital interaction of H‐bond is predominant during the formation of complex. The electron density (ρb) and its Laplace (∇2ρb) at the bond critical point significantly correlate with the H‐bond parameter δR, while a linearly relationship between the second‐perturbation energyE(2) and ρbhas been found as well. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
EUROPEAN SILVER EEL MIGRATION AND FISHERIES‐INDUCED MORTALITY IN THE HAVEL RIVER SYSTEM (GERMANY)
Authors: Simon J. , Berends K. , Dörner H. , Jepsen N. , Fladung E.
Published: May 2011

By using acoustic telemetry, the behaviour and fishery mortality of silver eels Anguilla anguilla (L.) were studied during the early phase of the spawning migration through the Havel River downstream to the river Elbe. A total of 99 female silver eels were implanted with acoustic transmitters and released at two locations in the Havel River system in autumn 2007. Tag recaptures by fisheries were used to assess fishery mortality. Most eels continued their downstream migration immediately after release during October–November in the year of release. However, some eels continued their downstream migration the following spring or autumn; only a few eels migrated in winter and summer. Tagged eels reached the river Elbe from 2 days to more than 1 year after tagging. Fishing efficiency was very high, and by the end of December 2008, only 8% of the tagged eels had reached the river Elbe, whereas 25% were reported caught by commercial fishers and 2% by recreational fishers. The remaining 65% of the tagged eels were unaccounted for at the end of the study period. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge referencing issues in XPS of insulators as evidenced in the case of Al‐Si‐N thin films
Authors: Pélisson‐Schecker A. , Hug H. J. , Patscheider J.
Published: May 2011

Accurate charge referencing in XPS of insulating specimens is a delicate issue. This difficulty is illustrated in the case of Al‐Si‐N composite thin films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering with variable composition from pure aluminum nitride to pure silicon nitride. The samples were mounted with Au‐coated metallic clamps. Argon sputter cleaning was required to remove a surface native oxide before analysis. For charge referencing implanted argon atoms from the sputter gas and a small amount of gold re‐deposited from the metallic clamps onto the specimen surface during sputter cleaning were evaluated. For the argon atoms, a surprisingly large chemical shift (∼1 eV) and a significant peak broadening (0.6 eV) of the Ar 2p3/2 photoelectron line were found with varying the Si content of the films. This could be related to chemical and structural changes of the Al‐Si‐N films. Hence implanted argon could not be used for charge referencing of Al‐Si‐N samples. In contrast to the implanted argon, the Au 4f7/2 line width of the gold re‐deposited onto the sample surface did not depend on the Si content of Al‐Si‐N films. A constant energy shift (∼1.2 eV) of the Au 4f7/2 line as compared with bulk gold was, however, found, which was related to the size of gold particles formed on the insulating films. Therefore gold could be reliably used to study chemical shifts of sample‐relevant species in Al‐Si‐N films, but the absolute binding energies of Al 2p, Si 2p and N 1s photoelectrons could not be determined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical and structural properties of Pd/V/n‐type InP (111) Schottky structure as a function of annealing temperature
Authors: Naik S. Sankar , Rajagopal Reddy V. , Choi Chel‐Jong , Bae Jong‐Seong
Published: May 2011

Palladium/Vanadium (Pd/V) Schottky structures are fabricated on n‐type InP (100) and the electrical, structural and surface morphological characteristics have been studied at different annealing temperatures. The extracted barrier height of as‐deposited Pd/V/n‐InP Schottky diode is 0.59 eV (I–V) and 0.79 eV (C–V), respectively. However, the Schottky barrier height of the Pd/V Schottky contact slightly increases to 0.61 eV (I–V) and 0.84 eV (C–V) when the contact is annealed at 200 °C for 1 min. It is observed that the Schottky barrier height of the contact slightly decreases after annealing at 300, 400 and 500 °C for 1 min in N2 atmosphere. From the above observations, it is clear that the electrical characteristics of Pd/V Schottky contacts improve after annealing at 200 °C. This indicates that the optimum annealing temperature for the Pd/V Schottky contact is 200 °C. Basing on the auger electron spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction results, the formation of Pd‐In intermetallic compound at the interface may be the reason for the increase of barrier height upon annealing at 200 °C. The formation of phosphide phases at the Pd/V/n‐InP interface could be the reason for the degradation in the barrier heights after annealing at 300, 400 and 500 °C. From the AFM results, it is evident that the overall surface morphology of the Pd/V Schottky contacts is fairly smooth. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of gel‐instillation sonography on Doppler ultrasound findings in endometrial polyps
Authors: Van Den Bosch T. , Van Schoubroeck D. , Luts J. , Bignardi T. , Condous G. , Epstein E. , Leone F. P. , Testa A. C. , Valentin L. , Van Huffel S. , Bourne T. , Timmerman D.
Published: May 2011

Objective

Saline infusion sonohysterography has been reported to suppress the color signal within the endometrium at color or power Doppler evaluation. The aim of this study was to evaluate if gel‐instillation sonography (GIS) affects the power Doppler signal in patients with endometrial polyps.

Methods

Ultrasound volumes of the uterus, obtained by three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging of 25 women with histologically confirmed endometrial polyps, were assessed offline by six gynecologists with a special interest in gynecological ultrasound. Each woman contributed four volumes: one gray‐scale volume and one power Doppler volume before GIS, and one gray‐scale volume and one power Doppler volume at GIS. Power Doppler features before and after gel infusion were compared.

Results

At unenhanced ultrasound a pedicle artery was seen in 27–46% of cases, whereas, after gel infusion the examiners reported a pedicle artery in 30–46% of cases (Exact McNemar's test P‐values ranged from 0.50 to 1.00). The level of agreement between unenhanced ultrasound and GIS ranged from 59 to 91% (Cohen's kappa values ranged from 0.17 to 0.79). There was no tendency for a pedicle artery to be identified less often at GIS than before gel instillation.

Conclusion

Gel infusion does not affect the power Doppler signal in patients with endometrial polyps. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking visual scene perception
Authors: Intraub Helene
Published: May 2011

A classic puzzle in understanding visual scene perception is how to reconcile the physiological constraints of vision with the phenomenology of seeing. Vision captures information via discrete eye fixations, interrupted by saccadic suppression, and limited by retinal inhomogeneity. Yet scenes are effortlessly perceived as coherent, continuous, and meaningful. Two conceptualizations of scene representation will be contrasted. The traditional visual‐cognitive model casts visual scene representation as an imperfect reflection of the visual sensory input alone. By contrast, a new multisource model casts visual scene representation in terms of an egocentric spatial framework that is ‘filled‐in’ by visual sensory input, but also by amodal perception, and by expectations and by constraints derived from rapid‐scene classification and object‐to‐context associations. Together, these nonvisual sources serve to ‘simulate’ a likely surrounding scene that the visual input only partially reveals. Pros and cons of these alternative views will be discussed.WIREs Cogn Sci2012, 3:117–127. doi: 10.1002/wcs.149

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics
Value of Polyclonal Human Immunoglobulin Tagged With 99mTc for Detecting Acute Appendicitis in Patients With Intermediate Probability of Appendicitis
Authors: Asadi Mehdi , Mehrabi Bahar Mostafa , Sadeghi Ramin , Jangjo Ali , Dabbagh Kakhki Vahidreza , Zakavi Seyed Rasoul
Published: May 2011

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the value of a technetium (99mTc)‐polyclonal antibody to detect acute appendicitis in patients with intermediate probability of appendicitis.

Methods

A total of 40 patients with mean age of 24.6 ± 6.9 years with intermediate probability of appendicitis according to the Alvarado scoring system (score 5 or 6) were studied. After intravenous injection of 740 MBq of 99mTc–immunoglobulin G (IgG), a flow and blood pool image was obtained followed by two planar images and single photon emission tomography (SPECT) scan from the lower abdominal and pelvic regions. The images were subjected to visual and quantitative analysis. Patients were followed clinically, and the surgeon decided to operate on or observe the patient depending on the clinical findings. The pathology results were considered the gold standard if patients underwent an operation. If patients improved without surgery, it was considered negative for appendicitis.

Results

Altogether, 31 patients were operated on, and 21 patients had acute appendicitis. Nine patients were discharged from hospital and had no symptoms during follow‐up. The sensitivity of the planar images for diagnosing appendicitis was 19–24% and specificity was 100%. The sensitivity of SPECT for diagnosis of appendicitis was 62%, the specificity was 68%, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 62%. Quantitative analysis showed that using a cutoff of >1.2 for the mean right‐to‐left count per voxel ratio, the sensitivity of the test for detection of appendicitis was 54%, and the specificity was 86%.

Conclusions

99mTc–polyclonal IgG scanning has low sensitivity and moderate NPV for detecting appendicitis. Therefore, it is not a suitable tracer for excluding appendicitis.
School Context Protective Factors Against Peer Ethnic Discrimination Across the High School Years
Authors: Bellmore Amy , Nishina Adrienne , You Ji-in , Ma Ting-Lan
Published: May 2011

Ethnically diverse high school contexts present unique social opportunities for youth to form interethnic relationships, but they may also subject students to certain social challenges such as peer ethnic discrimination. With a sample of 1,072 high school students (55% girls; 54% Latino, 20% African American, 14% Asian, 12% White) attending 84 high schools, school context factors that protect students’ exposure to peer ethnic discrimination across the high school years were investigated with a three‐level hierarchical linear model. Each spring for four consecutive years (grades 9–12), self‐reported peer ethnic discrimination, interracial climate at school, and perceived school ethnic composition were assessed. At the school level, objective high school ethnic composition data were collected. Peer ethnic discrimination was found to decline slightly across the high school years. Above and beyond this decline, more positive perceptions of the school interracial climate and both objective and perceived numerical ethnic majority status predicted lower levels of peer ethnic discrimination. Taken together, the results highlight the significance of both objective (e.g., ethnic composition) and subjective (e.g., interracial climate) aspects of the school ethnic context to students’ high school social experiences.
Overview of transient liquid phase and partial transient liquid phase bonding
Authors: Cook Grant O. , Sorensen Carl D.
Published: May 2011

Transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding is a relatively new bonding process that joins materials using an interlayer. On heating, the interlayer melts and the interlayer element (or a constituent of an alloy interlayer) diffuses into the substrate materials, causing isothermal solidification. The result of this process is a bond that has a higher melting point than the bonding temperature. This bonding process has found many applications, most notably the joining and repair of Ni-based superalloy components. This article reviews important aspects of TLP bonding, such as kinetics of the process, experimental details (bonding time, interlayer thickness and format, and optimal bonding temperature), and advantages and disadvantages of the process. A wide range of materials that TLP bonding has been applied to is also presented. Partial transient liquid phase (PTLP) bonding is a variant of TLP bonding that is typically used to join ceramics. PTLP bonding requires an interlayer composed of multiple layers; the most common bond setup consists of a thick refractory core sandwiched by thin, lower-melting layers on each side. This article explains how the experimental details and bonding kinetics of PTLP bonding differ from TLP bonding. Also, a range of materials that have been joined by PTLP bonding is presented.
Influence of root structure on root survivorship: an analysis of 18 tree species using a minirhizotron method
Authors: Gu Jiacun , Yu Shuiqiang , Sun Yue , Wang Zhengquan , Guo Dali
Published: May 2011

Fine root survivorship is an important aspect of root ecology and is known to be influenced by a suite of covariates. However, the relative importance of each covariate on root survivorship is not clear. Here, we used minirhizotron‐based data from 18 woody species to evaluate the relative strength of influence on root survivorship by root diameter, branch order, soil depth, and season of root birth, and to examine how the relationship between each covariate and root survivorship differed across species. We extracted hazard ratio estimates for 16 species from published studies that performed Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, and from our own unpublished data for two Chinese temperate tree species. The mean change in hazard ratio (CHR) and corresponding coefficient of variation for each factor were calculated across species. On average, root diameter and season of root birth had stronger effects on root survivorship than branch order and soil depth. However, the effects of season varied with species and were stronger in temperate forests, whereas the influence of diameter and order were relatively consistent across species. These results suggest that root structures such as diameter and branch order should be carefully considered in root classification and sampling, and adding season of birth (particularly in temperate forests) as a covariate in root survivorship analysis should further enhance our ability in achieving a better understanding of root demography and more accurate estimates of root turnover in forests of different climate zones.
Degradation of Two Persistent Surfactants by UV‐Enhanced Ozonation
Authors: Tehrani‐Bagha A. R. , Nikkar H. , Menger F. M. , Holmberg K.
Published: May 2011

In this study the treatment efficiency of different ultraviolet (UV)‐enhanced ozonation processes for degradation of two surfactants, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate [200 mg/L or 0.3 critical micelle concentration (CMC)] and a nonylphenol ethoxylate with 40 oxyethylene units (200 mg/L ∼0.5 CMC), were investigated in laboratory‐scale experiments at ambient temperature. The absorbance band of the aromatic ring of the surfactants was monitored during the oxidation process. The reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) of the surfactant solution was evaluated. The results showed that a combination of UV irradiation and ozonation was considerably more efficient than the individual processes (at least two times more efficient in terms of COD and TOC reductions). The synergistic effect of ozonation and UV irradiation was particularly pronounced when medium‐pressure UV irradiation was used. By adding alkali to the solution, the efficiency of the UV‐enhanced ozonation increased with respect to COD reduction but decreased with respect to TOC reduction. This indicates partial oxidation with lower degree of mineralization of the surfactants.
Dietary Fish Oil Supplements Increase Tissue n‐3 Fatty Acid Composition and Expression of Delta‐6 Desaturase and Elongase‐2 in Jade Tiger Hybrid Abalone
Authors: Mateos Hintsa T. , Lewandowski Paul A. , Su Xiao Q.
Published: May 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fish oil (FO) supplements on fatty acid composition and the expression of ∆6 desaturase and elongase 2 genes in Jade Tiger abalone. Five test diets were formulated to contain 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% of FO respectively, and the control diet was the normal commercial abalone diet with no additional FO supplement. The muscle, gonad and digestive glands (DG) of abalone fed with all of the five test diets showed significantly high levels of total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid n‐3 (DPAn‐3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) than the control group. In all three types of tissue, abalone fed diet supplemented with 1.5% FO showed the highest level of these fatty acids (P < 0.05). For DPAn‐3 the higher level was also found in muscle and gonad of abalone fed diet supplemented with 2% FO (P < 0.05). Elongase 2 expression was markedly higher in the muscle of abalone fed diet supplemented with 1.5% FO (P < 0.05), followed by the diet containing 2% FO supplement. For ∆6 desaturase, significantly higher expression was observed in muscle of abalone fed with diet containing 0.5% FO supplement (P < 0.05). Supplementation with FO in the normal commercial diet can significantly improve long chain n‐3 PUFA level in cultured abalone, with 1.5% being the most effective supplementation level.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Size Exclusion Chromatography for Rapid Analysis of Total Polar Compounds in Used Frying Oils
Authors: Caldwell J. D. , Cooke B. S. , Greer M. K.
Published: May 2011

Analysis of used frying oil samples by high performance liquid chromatography–size exclusion chromatography (HPLC–SEC or HPSEC) was compared to AOCS Official Method Cd 20‐91 (silica gel column chromatography) for the purpose of developing a rapid analysis of total polar compounds (TPC). In a direct comparison of the two analytical methods using four different sets of used frying oils (21 total oil samples) ranging from fresh to discard quality (4.3 to 35.4% TPC by column chromatography), the weight percent total polar compounds (%TPC) determined by HPLC–SEC averaged 0.71% higher than the values by silica gel column chromatography. Reproducibility of the HPLC–SEC method of sr = 0.30 and RSDr% = 1.22 compares to the variability of sr = 0.29 and RSDr = 1.3 for samples of approximately the same %TPC, reported in AOCS Method Cd 20‐91. Because the rapid method does not separate pure (non‐polar) triacylglycerol (TAG) and polar, oxidized TAG (OX‐TAG), a high concentration of OX‐TAG will quantitatively affect the results. This places practical limits on the types of studies to which the method may be applied if a separate analysis for the OX‐TAG is not performed. Advantages of the HPLC–SEC method include the following. It uses about 75% less solvent than standard column chromatography methods for determination of %TPC. This HPLC–SEC method is very similar to AOCS Official Method Cd 22‐91, and thus, also separates and quantifies polymerized triacylglycerols. The HPLC–SEC method determines both TAG polymer concentration and %TPC of used frying oils in about 1 h.
Researching Market Orientation and Business Performance
Authors: Uncles Mark D.
Published: May 2011

Market orientation (MO) research is beset with conceptual and measurement difficulties. Researchers freely acknowledged these difficulties, but all too often fail to modify their research designs. Modifications to standard MO research designs would help to advance our understanding of the relationship between MO and business performance. More radical extensions would help us understand concepts related to MO, such as sense-making by managers.
EFPA’s Support for Psychology as a Science
Authors: Polišenská Veronika A.
Published: May 2011

This article describes the European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations’ (EFPA) support for psychology as a science. Scientific research is an important part of the discipline of psychology, which aims to improve, develop, and help clients. EFPA’s support of psychology as a science is achieved through the European Congresses, awards for scientific excellence, this journal (European Psychologist), and the work of the Standing Committee on Scientific Affairs. All these aspects will be discussed here.
Nonhomogeneous seawater Sr isotopic composition in the coastal oceans: A novel tool for tracing water masses and submarine groundwater discharge
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Fang , You Chen‐Feng , Chung Chuan‐Hsiung , Lin In‐Tian
Published: May 2011

Here we present high‐precision (2σ = ±3 ppm) 87Sr/86Sr measurements in coastal waters, together with salinity, to evaluate water mass mixing and the influence of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in coastal waters and marginal seas. Nonhomogeneous Sr isotopic variations in water columns were documented in the Southern Okinawa Trough (SOT), South China Sea, and Kao‐ping Canyon (KPC), where seawater 87Sr/86Sr varied up to 70 ppm. Seawater Sr isotopic composition changes only slightly in the upper 200 m of the SOT but was detectable and highly correlated with salinity, indicating a mixing between radiogenic North Pacific Tropical Water (high 87Sr/86Sr and high salinity) at 100–150 m and a less radiogenic component with low 87Sr/86Sr and low salinity at ∼200 m. Vertical profiles of seawater 87Sr/86Sr along the KPC show significant variations, suggesting dynamic mixing affected by continental inputs (i.e., river runoff and SGD) in this region. These results highlight the potential use of seawater Sr isotopes as a powerful tracer for determining mixing ratios and the dynamic mixing of oceanic water masses, especially in coastal and marginal seas.
Production flux of sea spray aerosol
Authors: de Leeuw Gerrit , Andreas Edgar L , Anguelova Magdalena D. , Fairall C. W. , Lewis Ernie R. , O'Dowd Colin , Schulz Michael , Schwartz Stephen E.
Published: May 2011

Knowledge of the size‐ and composition‐dependent production flux of primary sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles and its dependence on environmental variables is required for modeling cloud microphysical properties and aerosol radiative influences, interpreting measurements of particulate matter in coastal areas and its relation to air quality, and evaluating rates of uptake and reactions of gases in sea spray drops. This review examines recent research pertinent to SSA production flux, which deals mainly with production of particles with r80 (equilibrium radius at 80% relative humidity) less than 1 μm and as small as 0.01 μm. Production of sea spray particles and its dependence on controlling factors has been investigated in laboratory studies that have examined the dependences on water temperature, salinity, and the presence of organics and in field measurements with micrometeorological techniques that use newly developed fast optical particle sizers. Extensive measurements show that water‐insoluble organic matter contributes substantially to the composition of SSA particles with r80 < 0.25 μm and, in locations with high biological activity, can be the dominant constituent. Order‐of‐magnitude variation remains in estimates of the size‐dependent production flux per white area, the quantity central to formulations of the production flux based on the whitecap method. This variation indicates that the production flux may depend on quantities such as the volume flux of air bubbles to the surface that are not accounted for in current models. Variation in estimates of the whitecap fraction as a function of wind speed contributes additional, comparable uncertainty to production flux estimates.
Spatial organization of process domains in headwater drainage basins of a glaciated foothills region with complex longitudinal profiles
Authors: McCleary Richard J. , Hassan Marwan A. , Miller Dan , Moore R. D.
Published: May 2011

Lithologic transitions and glaciations create complex longitudinal profiles that control contemporary erosion and deposition processes. In areas with these characteristics, traditional morphometric approaches for predicting process domains, such as area‐slope plots, can be augmented by considering other predictors measured from high resolution lidar‐derived digital elevation models (DEMs). Ordinal logistic regression was used to model the distribution of hillslope, swale, colluvial channel, and fluvial channel domains, as identified during field surveys. The study area was a glaciated region of the Rocky Mountain foothills with a complex lithostructural setting. Relationships between domains and a suite of geographic information system–derived descriptors were explored. Predictors included profile anomalies measured at the reach and basin scale using a normalized stream length–gradient (SL/k) index. Drainage area was the dominant factor controlling domains. A model with area as the only predictor was 82% accurate. Reach slope relations were not consistent. A model that also included lithology and basin‐scale SL/k index variation was 87% accurate. Domain transitions had larger area thresholds in basins with resistant conglomerate versus sandstone or shale formations and where SL/k index was more variable along a profile. In a restricted model of hillslope, swale, and colluvial channel domains, profile curvature measured over 100 m was also related to domain occurrence. A model for regional‐scale mapping applications with six additional predictors was 95% accurate. The results showed that ordinal logistic regression can be used to predict and map process domains in regions with complex physiography using descriptors measured from high ‐resolution DEMs.
Beryllium‐7 in soils and vegetation along an arid precipitation gradient in Owens Valley, California
Authors: Kaste James M. , Elmore Andrew J. , Vest Kimberly R. , Okin Gregory S.
Published: May 2011

Beryllium‐7 is a potentially powerful tracer of atmospheric deposition and recent sediment transport, but the quantity and distribution of 7Be on arid landscapes have not been described. We measured 7Be in soil, vegetation, and dust in Owens Valley, California, and describe its distribution in aridisols and mollisols to evaluate its potential as a sediment tracer in desert environments. Beryllium‐7 in vegetation and the upper few cm of soil is low but detectable (>20 Becquerels [Bq] m−2). Surface inventories of 7Be at sites on the valley floor vary by a factor of five between the end of the rainy season (April) and the end of the dry season (November). In mollisols, live grasses hold ∼50 Bq 7Be m−2, which is on the order of half of the total springtime surface inventory. We find that within‐site variability at the 5 m scale is 5 to 22% (1 relative standard error) and can be explained by localized rain shadowing and erosion, but between site variability at the km scale can be explained by differences in rainfall. Our alpine site has more than triple the inventory that is predicted from the rainfall‐7Be flux relationship that we generate using our springtime soil measurements and previously reported deposition data. Dust deposition does not appear to contribute significantly to 7Be inventories, but anomalously high 7Be on the eastern flank of the Sierras may be explained by a higher altitude air mass source and better scavenging efficiency of snow.
Ice flux divergence anomalies on 79north Glacier, Greenland
Authors: Seroussi H. , Morlighem M. , Rignot E. , Larour E. , Aubry D. , Ben Dhia H. , Kristensen S. S.
Published: May 2011

The ice flux divergence of a glacier is an important quantity to examine because it determines the rate of temporal change of its thickness. Here, we combine high‐resolution ice surface velocity observations of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden (79north) Glacier, a major outlet glacier in north Greenland, with a dense grid of ice thickness data collected with an airborne radar sounder in 1998, to examine its ice flux divergence. We detect large variations, up to 100 m/yr, in flux divergence on grounded ice that are incompatible with what we know of the glacier surface mass balance, basal mass balance and thinning rate. We examine the hypothesis that these anomalies are due to the three‐dimensional flow of ice around and atop bumps and hollows in basal topography by comparing the flux divergence of three‐dimensional numerical models with its surface equivalent. We find that three‐dimensional effects have only a small contribution to the observed anomalies. On the other hand, if we degrade the spatial resolution of the data to 10 km the anomalies disappear. Further analysis shows that the source of the anomalies is not the ice velocity data but the interpolation of multiple tracks of ice thickness data onto a regular grid using a scheme (here block kriging) that does not conserve mass or ice flux. This problem is not unique to 79north Glacier but is common to all conventional ice thickness surveys of glaciers and ice sheets; and fundamentally limits the application of ice thickness grids to high‐resolution numerical modeling of glacier flow.
Role of the import motor in insertion of transmembrane segments by the mitochondrial TIM23 complex
Authors: Popov‐Čeleketić Dušan , Waegemann Karin , Mapa Koyeli , Neupert Walter , Mokranjac Dejana
Published: May 2011

The TIM23 complex mediates translocation of proteins across, and their lateral insertion into, the mitochondrial inner membrane. Translocation of proteins requires both the membrane‐embedded core of the complex and its ATP‐dependent import motor. Insertion of some proteins, however, occurs in the absence of ATP, questioning the need for the import motor during lateral insertion. We show here that the import motor associates with laterally inserted proteins even when its ATPase activity is not required. Furthermore, our results suggest a role for the import motor in lateral insertion. Thus, the import motor is involved in ATP‐dependent translocation and ATP‐independent lateral insertion.
Life's demons: information and order in biology
Authors: Binder Philippe M , Danchin Antoine
Published: May 2011

To make use of the full potential of synthetic biology to manipulate living systems, new concepts and hypotheses must be developed about the way in which cells process information; does a genuine Maxwell's Demon exist inside living organisms?
Wolbachia and the biological control of mosquito‐borne disease
Authors: Iturbe‐Ormaetxe Iñaki , Walker Thomas , O' Neill Scott L
Published: May 2011

Mosquito‐borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and filariasis cause an enormous health burden to people living in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Despite years of intense effort to control them, many of these diseases are increasing in prevalence, geographical distribution and severity, and options to control them are limited. The transinfection of mosquitos with the maternally inherited, endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia is a promising new biocontrol approach. Fruit fly Wolbachia strains can invade and sustain themselves in mosquito populations, reduce adult lifespan, affect mosquito reproduction and interfere with pathogen replication. Wolbachia‐infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have been released in areas of Australia in which outbreaks of dengue fever occur, as a prelude to the application of this technology in dengue‐endemic areas of south‐east Asia.
Markov models of molecular kinetics: Generation and validation
Authors: Prinz Jan-Hendrik , Wu Hao , Sarich Marco , Keller Bettina , Senne Martin , Held Martin , Chodera John D. , Schütte Christof , Noé Frank
Published: May 2011

Markov state models of molecular kinetics (MSMs), in which the long-time statistical dynamics of a molecule is approximated by a Markov chain on a discrete partition of configuration space, have seen widespread use in recent years. This approach has many appealing characteristics compared to straightforward molecular dynamics simulation and analysis, including the potential to mitigate the sampling problem by extracting long-time kinetic information from short trajectories and the ability to straightforwardly calculate expectation values and statistical uncertainties of various stationary and dynamical molecular observables. In this paper, we summarize the current state of the art in generation and validation of MSMs and give some important new results. We describe an upper bound for the approximation error made by modeling molecular dynamics with a MSM and we show that this error can be made arbitrarily small with surprisingly little effort. In contrast to previous practice, it becomes clear that the best MSM is not obtained by the most metastable discretization, but the MSM can be much improved if non-metastable states are introduced near the transition states. Moreover, we show that it is not necessary to resolve all slow processes by the state space partitioning, but individual dynamical processes of interest can be resolved separately. We also present an efficient estimator for reversible transition matrices and a robust test to validate that a MSM reproduces the kinetics of the molecular dynamics data.
The Hom–Yang–Baxter equation and Hom–Lie algebras
Authors: Yau Donald
Published: May 2011

Motivated by recent work on Hom–Lie algebras, a twisted version of the Yang–Baxter equation, called the Hom–Yang–Baxter equation (HYBE), was introduced by Yau [J. Phys. A 42, 165202 (2009)]. In this paper, several more classes of solutions of the HYBE are constructed. Some of the solutions of the HYBE are closely related to the quantum enveloping algebra of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathfrak {sl}(2)$\end{document}sl(2), the Jones–Conway polynomial, and Yetter-Drinfel'd modules. Under some invertibility conditions, we construct a new infinite sequence of solutions of the HYBE from a given one.
Origin of the refractive index modification of femtosecond laser processed doped phosphate glass
Authors: Ferrer Andrés , Jaque Daniel , Siegel Jan , la Cruz Alexandro Ruiz de , Solís Javier
Published: May 2011

The origin of the local refractive index modification in femtosecond laser inscribed structures has been investigated with confocal microfluorescence imaging. We have identified the origin of both, positive and negative refractive index changes in a commercial Er-Yb codoped phosphate glass upon irradiation in the low repetition rate regime (1 kHz). Consistent relations among the photoluminescence behavior of the dopants (erbium and ytterbium ions), the local sign of the density change and the local modification of the refractive index by means of characteristic emission features such as the intensity and the spectral peak position have been established. Blue or redshift in the photoluminescence emission have been observed and related to a local perturbation in the crystal field caused by a modification of the mean distance among the dopant ions, and thus of the local matrix density. These conclusions are additionally supported by the spatial distribution of photoluminescence emission intensities, which have been interpreted in terms of energy transfer mechanisms underlying the overall erbium-ytterbium emission process.
Dissociative photoionization of 1,3-butadiene: Experimental and theoretical insights
Authors: Fang Wenzheng , Gong Lei , Zhang Qiang , Shan Xiaobin , Liu Fuyi , Wang Zhenya , Sheng Liusi
Published: May 2011

The vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization and dissociative photoionization of 1,3-butadiene in a region ∼8.5–17 eV have been investigated with time-of-flight photoionization mass spectrometry using tunable synchrotron radiation. The adiabatic ionization energy of 1,3-butadiene and appearance energies for its fragment ions, C4H5+, C4H4+, C4H3+, C3H3+, C2H4+, C2H3+, and C2H2+, are determined to be 9.09, 11.72, 13.11, 15.20, 11.50, 12.44, 15.15, and 15.14 eV, respectively, by measurements of photoionization efficiency spectra. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been performed to investigate the reaction mechanism of dissociative photoionization of 1,3-butadiene. On the basis of experimental and theoretical results, seven dissociative photoionization channels are proposed: C4H5+ + H, C4H4+ + H2, C4H3+ + H2 + H, C3H3+ + CH3, C2H4+ + C2H2, C2H3+ + C2H2 + H, and C2H2+ + C2H2 + H2. Channel C3H3+ + CH3 is found to be the dominant one, followed by C4H5+ + H and C2H4+ + C2H2. The majority of these channels occur via isomerization prior to dissociation. Transition structures and intermediates for those isomerization processes were also determined.
Observation of the pure rotational spectra of trans- and cis-HOCO
Authors: Oyama Takahiro , Funato Wataru , Sumiyoshi Yoshihiro , Endo Yasuki
Published: May 2011

Pure rotational spectra of trans- and cis-HOCO have been observed by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and the millimeter-wave double resonance technique, where gas phase spectra of the cis-conformer were observed for the first time. These radicals were produced in a supersonic jet by discharging a mixture gas of CO and H2O diluted in Ar. The molecular constants including the fine and hyperfine constants have been precisely determined for both conformers. Deuterated analogs have also been observed. The determined r0 structures agree with these of ab initio calculations. The Fermi contact constants show a difference of the unpaired electron densities on the protons between the two conformers. Intensity of the spectrum for cis-HOCO was compared with that of trans-HOCO, leading to a conclusion that both conformers were produced nearly equally in abundance under the present experimental conditions.