bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mythologie et discours théorique en géographie : réflexions préalables
Authors: Deneux Jean-François
Published: May 2018

L'analyse du langage utilisé par les géographes révèle l'appartenance de la géo¬ graphie traditionnelle à une mythologie : l'explication des paysages se réfère souvent à un ensemble -la ville par exemple -où le lecteur distingue rarement les moteurs écono¬ miques et les classes sociales directement responsables d'une organisation de l'espace. De plus, les auteurs n'explicitent guère les systèmes de valeurs auxquels renvoient les mots qu'ils choisissent : ceux de «fonctions urbaines» ou d'«organisme urbain» déri¬ vent d'une conception naturaliste contestable dans le domaine de la géographie des villes. Le recours au structuralisme et à ses méthodes permet-il d'échapper à cette mythologie ? Dans quelle mesure l'analyse des normes sociales admises et transmises rend-elle compte de l'élaboration des paysages ? Peut-on marier ces démarches à quelques éléments du marxisme ? Ces interrogations guident la seconde partie de cet article.
Disparités régionales de l'évolution de la population urbaine en R.D.A.
Authors: Sevrin Robert
Published: May 2018

The G.D.R. (German Democratic Republic) is an extensively urbanised country. During the last two decades the urban population tends to grow slowly, while the total national population continues to decrease.

Also, because of the youth of the population in the new cities, many of the urban districts have a birth rate higher than the national mean.

Two big kinds of structure differentiate the urban habitat of G.D.R. : the slightly industrialised regions of the north as opposed to the big connurbations of the south.
Marxisme et géographie urbaine
Authors: Boyer Jean-Claude , Burgel Guy , Deneux Jean-François
Published: May 2018

Pourquoi le marxisme exerce-t-il une si faible influence en géographie urbaine ? Cela ne tient pas tant à l'objet de l'étude (la sociologie urbaine le prouve a contrario) qu'à l'orientation de la géographie dans son ensemble : discipline descriptive, visant à l'appréhension du «réel» et répugnant à la conceptualisation. En outre, le marxisme a souvent présenté un visage rébarbatif (schématisme, sectarisme), et son assimilation (abusive) au communisme a accentué les blocages.

Les auteurs de cette introduction cherchent à comprendre les raisons d'une non-rencontre et ouvrent un débat qui se poursuit tout au long du volume.
Périphérie urbaine et intervention étatique à Mexico
Authors: Núñez González Óscar
Published: May 2018

PERIPHERAL URBAN AREAS AND STATE INTERVENTION IN MEXICO CITY

This study is based on surveys carried out in eighteen working-class suburbs on the outskirts of Mexico City. Two main topics were covered : firstly, the strategies of agents who intervened in the processes of land acquisition and allocation, and property régularisation, and secondly, the forms of organisation of social groups and their relationship with the state. Two types of agent can be identified, according to the type of land ownership and their role is a determining one. The first group are developers who are building on state and private land, and the second are the ejido commissioners who intervene in ejido and communal land. Although relations between occupants and developers vary according to cases, explicit intervention (regularization) and implicit intervention (tolerance) by the authorities is relevant in both cases.

An analysis of the nature, role and logics of state intervention provides an understanding of the issues at stake in the question of urban land and its function as a means of regulating social relation. The state's apparent laissez-faire policy masks indirect intervention with which it is aiming to establish organisational formations based on community relationships or managed by state-appointed organizations, and thus avoid an independent mobilisation of the working-classes. It would seem that relations between the state and the masses constitute the main decisive, variable factor in the study of social formations in all the surburbs on the outskirts of Mexico City.
La ville de Ptolémaïs : une création industrielle
Authors: Avgerinou-Kolonias Sofia
Published: May 2018

In post-war Greece, where the urban phenomenon concerns mainly the development of Athens and partly, of Thessalonica, Ptolémaïs is an original case of urbanisation due mainly to the exploitation of a single natural ressource for electric power production, that is, lignite. The dramatic speed at which within barely thirty-years, rural activités have been replaced by industry and a population increase largely accounted by immigration, set a question on the forms and the mechanisms of such a phenomenon. A small market-town is being transformed into an industrial mining-town. The built-up space is densified and assumes urban characteristics. It is not only an indicator and a consequence of recent demographic changes. It becomes itself a preliminary condition for future demographic and social change at Ptolémaïs.
L'urbanisation spontanée à Athènes : un programme alternatif d'habitat populaire
Authors: Zeicou Poly
Published: May 2018

L'urbanisation illégale et autoproduite, hors des zones urbanisables, constitue un palliatif pour la production des logements sociaux. La légalisation a posteriori de ces zones d'habitat spontané est le moyen normatif d'intégration de l'espace et des populations dans les rapports capitalistes et étatiques.
Inventer des formes nouvelles
Authors: Niemeyer Oscar , Genestier Philippe , Mattei Marie-Flore
Published: May 2018

Oscar NIEMEYER, grande figure historique de l'architecture moderne, insiste sur la domination capitaliste que subit la ville, sur les contraintes spéculatives qui pèsent si lourdement sur l'espace urbain brésilien. Face à ces logiques puissantes il ne reste possible que de créer, librement. Ainsi en révolte depuis toujours contre les dogmes et les règles, sa quête de formes nouvelles, toutes de courbes faites, que permet le béton armé, constitue un hymne à l'invention plastique, à l'exploration de solutions techniques inédites.
Le Comité Supérieur d'Aménagement et d'Organisation de la Région Parisienne et les lotissements, de la loi SARRAUT à la remise du Plan PROST (1928-1934)
Authors: Fourcaut Annie
Published: May 2018

La fondation du Comité Supérieur d'Aménagement et d'Organisation de la Région Parisienne en mars 1928, dans le contexte d'Union nationale instauré par le gouvernement Poincaré, marque les débuts de la planification urbaine en région parisienne. Ses membres, élus, fonctionnaires et techniciens, sont immédiatement confrontés aux conséquences de la crise des lotissements défectueux. La réflexion sur ce phénomène conduit les membres du C.S.A.R.P. a remettre en cause droit de propriété et libéralisme en matière urbaine.
Opportunité et nécessité
Authors: Burgel Guy
Published: May 2018

The publication of Actors and Researchers in City comes up to three necessities : wondering about the increasing contradiction between the sector-based divisions of urban knowledge and the overall nature of urban problems, validating the conditions of accurate urban experimentation, questioning researchers and citizens on their mutual duties of interference, autonomy and dependency.
Le philosophe et la ville
Authors: Labica Georges
Published: May 2018

To conceive of city as a structure of social, political and geographic integration refers to the Great Utopians. It is essential to note how modern cities have broken up in comparison with this vision of the antique city so that sometimes the image of the city substitutes for the city itself, place of nonsense, violence and inequality. Philosophers are the City's children but they have forgotten the city. Now they must requestion themselves about the concrete idea of life surroundings...
Un observatoire urbain ? Mais encore...
Authors: Maximy René de
Published: May 2018

Sous un titre volontairement provocateur, l'auteur montre que la constitution d'un observatoire urbain n'a pas d'intérêt s'il ne sert pas directement la collectivité locale dans ses tentatives de planification et de gestion de l'espace. A Quito, une équipe de chercheurs français et équatoriens construit un outil informatique et élabore une méthode d'investigation fondée sur des enquêtes, des images (dont celles du satellite SPOT) et l'utilisation des chorèmes. Malgré les difficultés rencontrées, la base des données urbaines ainsi constituée doit permettre de saisir les tendances socio-politiques qui façonnent l'espace urbain (centralité, intégration et hiérarchisation des quartiers, spéculation foncière...), informations qui devraient être immédiatement exploitables par la municipalité.
Éthique et pragmatisme. La recherche urbaine et l'action sur le terrain
Authors: Querrien Anne
Published: May 2018

After two decades of contractual urban research, decentralization leads to experimentation, whose methodologies are still widely to be made up.
Pékin dans son espace régional
Authors: Sun Hongming
Published: May 2018

The economic and social development of Peking should no longer be content with its urban limits. It must now design the growth of the capital in an «enlarged space» which includes Peking as well as Tianjin and the towns in the Province of Hebei, i. e. a region of 168 000 km2. This urban network would allow Peking to profit from the reciprocal economic complementarities that these town can bring each other. The capital could then reinforce its role of political and cultural center, and redeploy its populations and activities rationally.
D'une décennie à l'autre
Authors: Lappo Guéorgui , Annenkov Vladimir
Published: May 2018

Written in 1990, ten years after the articles were drafted by the Soviet authors, the contribution gives an idea of the first considerable difference which occurred in USSR during the 1980ies. The maturity of the urban system increased, with the drop in the rhythm of the creation of the new towns and the strengthening of the role played by the large towns, where ecological, social, ethnic and planning problems, became more acute. Simultaneously, the perestroika disrupts the relations between populating and production, without abandoning -at least in academic discussions -a certain continuity in the belief that the dynamisms and contradictions of society could be regulated.
L'environnement sonore urbain
Authors: Rozec Valérie
Published: May 2018

L'environnement sonore urbain que nous connaissons actuellement résulte de l'évolution des techniques et des modes de vie. Les nuisances sonores accompagnent notre vie quotidienne dans les transports, le travail ou/et dans l'habitat. Force est de reconnaître que la gêne des citadins croît et les effets sur la santé, sur les comportements altèrent la qualité de vie en ville. Les politiques tentent de répondre en légiférant suivant l'état des techniques et les moyens financiers. De leur côté, les chercheurs tentent d' approfondir les connaissances tant dans le domaine technique que dans la qualité sonore des espaces en relation avec la perception de l'individu. Toutefois, les décideurs manquent d'outils de diagnostics et de prévision pour agir efficacement contre ces nuisances. Une collaboration des différents acteurs est nécessaire pour en finir avec des situations de rattrapages coûteuses et privilégier le confort sonore des citadins.
Le Caire, quand la ville déborde son enceinte
Authors: Denis Eric
Published: May 2018

En moins de dix ans, la puissance des développements immobiliers autour du Caire a conduit au doublement de l'aire urbaine, juxtaposant sans transition à l'une des agglomérations les plus denses du monde une ville connexe. La libéralisation économique et l'ajustement structurel ont imposé l'abandon de la maîtrise du projet urbain par la seule puissance publique. Le Schéma directeur qui affirmer une politique de containment et de report de la croissance incontrôlée vers des villes nouvelles a été abandonné au profit de la promotion immobilière spéculative ce qui suppose d'admettre et d'intégrer une promotion populaire jusqu'alors considérée comme illégale.
L'urbanisation en Algérie : un essai de bilan statistique
Authors: Lekehal Abdelouahab
Published: May 2018

Urbanization in Algeria is in a period of fast mutation. After independence in 1962 and until the start of the 1970's, the process corresponds to a so-called demographic urbanization, mainly centered around the uppermost strata of the urban hierarchy. Progressively, urbanization changes face, obeying a rationale based on more viable economic supports, which has led to more integrated development and which has contributed to extensive spreading of the urban phenomenon in Algeria. The traditional demographic pattern which has often marked the Algerian urban landscape dominated by the large city is progressively giving way to a wide range or small urban centers. These mutations underlying the hierarchy have strengthened the micro-urbanization process which, in turn, made the urban network more balanced. However, these new forms of territoriality are now confronted with more economic and social problems : unemployment, under-employment, housing crisis. It would therefore be essential to implement a series of urban management and economic development measures in favor of these small centers immediately, to consolidate the process of micro-urbanization considered as a true alternative to the urban concentration in Algeria.
Cherchell : aspects urbanistiques de l'archéologie urbaine
Authors: Ben Ali Bachira , Hammache Seddik
Published: May 2018

L’idée de base à partir de laquelle est généré le débat sur le devenir de la ville antique de Cherchell est celle qui explique dans un même contexte les aspects urbanistiques de l’archéologie urbaine : comment concilier archéologie et projet urbain ? Cela n’est possible qu’à travers des outils appropriés comblant les lacunes existantes dans les instruments d’urbanisme adoptés actuellement en Algérie (PDAU et POS). Ces instruments se caractérisent par une protection passive du site archéologique en le considérant, a priori, comme zone non aedificandi. Il est alors mis hors de tout circuit de la dynamique urbaine. Ces outils, qui se présentent sous forme de fiches d’inventaire et d’identification des sites archéologiques, viennent donc illustrer la voie intermédiaire entre celle des partisans de la conservation et celle des défenseurs de la ville. Elles ne sont en fait que le mode opératoire du projet de parc archéologique.
Quand la fonction altère le droit
Authors: Auger Jean
Published: May 2018

In view of their characteristics, largely due to their construction mode, housing estates have only recently been able to access common law urban administration. Special legal schemes, which may be qualified as exceptions, had to be set up in order to operate and manage the real estate content. Major uncertainties weigh on the statutory condition of this land estate, which may jeopardize the reorganization and transformation of these urban sites.
Trazos urbanos en la ciudad de México
Authors: Sánchez de Carmona Manuel
Published: May 2018

La zone urbaine de la ville de Mexico a été formée avec le plus grand désordre. Principalement dans les deux derniers siècles, la croissance a été faite avec l'annexion de fractions d'espaces, connu génériquement comme «colonies», initialement développés le long des routes qui reliaient les gens avec leur environnement. Par la suite, ont été comblées les lacunes laissées par le développement précoce et forme ainsi le grand étalement urbain d'aujourd'hui.
An Improved Transit Measurement for a 2.4 R⊕ Planet Orbiting A Bright Mid-M Dwarf K2–28
Authors: Chen Ge , Knutson Heather A. , Dressing Courtney D. , Morley Caroline V. , Werner Michael , Gorjian Varoujan , Beichman Charles , Benneke Björn , Christiansen Jessie L. , Ciardi David , Crossfield Ian , Howell Steve B. , Krick Jessica E. , Livingston John , Morales Farisa Y. , Schlieder Joshua E.
Published: May 2018

We present a new Spitzer transit observation of K2–28b, a sub-Neptune (R
p = 2.45 ± 0.28 R
⊕) orbiting a relatively bright (V
mag = 16.06, K
mag = 10.75) metal-rich M4 dwarf (EPIC 206318379). This star is one of only seven with masses less than 0.2

known to host transiting planets, and the planet appears to be a slightly smaller analogue of GJ 1214b (

). Our new Spitzer observations were taken two years after the original K2 discovery data and have a significantly higher cadence, allowing us to derive improved estimates for this planet’s radius, semimajor axis, and orbital period, which greatly reduce the uncertainty in the prediction of near future transit times for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations. We also evaluate the system’s suitability for atmospheric characterization with JWST and find that it is currently the only small (

) and cool (<600 K) planet aside from GJ 1214b with a potentially detectable secondary eclipse. We also note that this system is a favorable target for near-infrared radial velocity instruments on larger telescopes (e.g., the Habitable Planet Finder on the Hobby–Eberly Telescope), making it one of only a handful of small, cool planets accessible with this technique. Finally, we compare our results with the simulated catalog of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and find K2–28b to be representative of the kind of mid-M systems that should be detectable in the TESS sample.
A Mini-BAL Outflow at 900 pc from the Central Source: VLT/X-shooter Observations
Authors: Xu Xinfeng , Arav Nahum , Miller Timothy , Benn Chris
Published: May 2018

We determine the physical conditions and location of the outflow material seen in the mini-BAL quasar SDSS J1111+1437 (z = 2.138). These results are based on the analysis of a high S/N, medium-resolution VLT/X-shooter spectrum. The main outflow component spans the velocity range −1500 to −3000 km s−1 and has detected absorption troughs from both high-ionization species: C iv, N v, O vi, Si iv, P v, and S iv; and low-ionization species: H i, C ii, Mg ii, Al ii, Al iii, Si ii, and Si iii. Measurements of these troughs allow us to derive an accurate photoionization solution for this absorption component: a hydrogen column density,

cm−2 and ionization parameter,

. Troughs produced from the ground and excited states of S iv combined with the derived

value allow us to determine an electron number density of

cm−3 and to obtain the distance of the ionized gas from the central source:

pc.
Star-forming Galaxies as AGN Imposters? A Theoretical Investigation of the Mid-infrared Colors of AGNs and Extreme Starbursts
Authors: Satyapal Shobita , Abel Nicholas P. , Secrest Nathan J.
Published: May 2018

We conduct for the first time a theoretical investigation of the mid-infrared spectral energy distribution (SED) produced by dust heated by an active galactic nucleus (AGN) and an extreme starburst. These models employ an integrated modeling approach using photoionization and stellar population synthesis models in which both the line and emergent continuum is predicted from gas exposed to the ionizing radiation from a young starburst and an AGN. In this work, we focus on the infrared colors from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, predicting the dependence of the colors on the input radiation field, the interstellar medium conditions, the obscuring column, and the metallicity. We find that an extreme starburst can mimic an AGN in two band mid-infrared color cuts employed in the literature. However, the three-band color cuts employed in the literature require starbursts with extremely high ionization parameters or gas densities. We show that the extreme mid-infrared colors seen in some blue compact dwarf galaxies are not due to metallicity but rather a combination of high ionization parameters and high column densities. Based on our theoretical calculations, we present a theoretical mid-infrared color cut that will exclude even the most extreme starburst that we have modeled in this work. The theoretical AGN demarcation region presented here can be used to identify elusive AGN candidates for future follow-up studies with the James Webb Space Telescope. The full suite of simulated SEDs are available online.
Stellar Population Properties of Ultracompact Dwarfs in M87: A Mass–Metallicity Correlation Connecting Low-metallicity Globular Clusters and Compact Ellipticals
Authors: Zhang Hong-Xin , Puzia Thomas H. , Peng Eric W. , Liu Chengze , Côté Patrick , Ferrarese Laura , Duc Pierre-Alain , Eigenthaler Paul , Lim Sungsoon , Lançon Ariane , Muñoz Roberto P. , Roediger Joel , Sánchez-Janssen Ruben , Taylor Matthew A. , Yu Jincheng
Published: May 2018

We derive stellar population parameters for a representative sample of ultracompact dwarfs (UCDs) and a large sample of massive globular clusters (GCs) with stellar masses ≳ 106
M
⊙ in the central galaxy M87 of the Virgo galaxy cluster, based on model fitting to the Lick-index measurements from both the literature and new observations. After necessary spectral stacking of the relatively faint objects in our initial sample of 40 UCDs and 118 GCs, we obtain 30 sets of Lick-index measurements for UCDs and 80 for GCs. The M87 UCDs have ages ≳ 8 Gyr and [α/Fe] ≃ 0.4 dex, in agreement with previous studies based on smaller samples. The literature UCDs, located in lower-density environments than M87, extend to younger ages and smaller [α/Fe] (at given metallicities) than M87 UCDs, resembling the environmental dependence of the stellar nuclei of dwarf elliptical galaxies (dEs) in the Virgo cluster. The UCDs exhibit a positive mass–metallicity relation (MZR), which flattens and connects compact ellipticals at stellar masses ≳ 108
M
⊙. The Virgo dE nuclei largely follow the average MZR of UCDs, whereas most of the M87 GCs are offset toward higher metallicities for given stellar masses. The difference between the mass–metallicity distributions of UCDs and GCs may be qualitatively understood as a result of their different physical sizes at birth in a self-enrichment scenario or of galactic nuclear cluster star formation efficiency being relatively low in a tidal stripping scenario for UCD formation. The existing observations provide the necessary but not sufficient evidence for tidally stripped dE nuclei being the dominant contributors to the M87 UCDs.
Central-engine-powered Bright X-Ray Flares in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts: A Hint of a Black Hole–Neutron Star Merger?
Authors: Mu Hui-Jun , Gu Wei-Min , Mao Jirong , Hou Shu-Jin , Lin Da-Bin , Liu Tong
Published: May 2018

Short gamma-ray bursts may originate from the merger of a double neutron star (NS) or the merger of a black hole (BH) and an NS. We propose that the bright X-ray flare related to the central engine reactivity may indicate a BH–NS merger, since such a merger can provide more fallback materials and therefore a more massive accretion disk than the NS–NS merger. Based on the 49 observed short bursts with the Swift/X-ray Telescope follow-up observations, we find that three bursts have bright X-ray flares, among which three flares from two bursts are probably related to the central engine reactivity. We argue that these two bursts may originate from the BH–NS merger rather than the NS–NS merger. Our suggested link between the central-engine-powered bright X-ray flare and the BH–NS merger event can be checked by future gravitational wave detections from advanced LIGO and Virgo.
A Chandra Survey of Milky Way Globular Clusters. I. Emissivity and Abundance of Weak X-Ray Sources
Authors: Cheng Zhongqun , Li Zhiyuan , Xu Xiaojie , Li Xiangdong
Published: May 2018

Based on archival Chandra data, we have carried out an X-ray survey of 69, or nearly half the known population of, Milky Way globular clusters (GCs), focusing on weak X-ray sources, mainly cataclysmic variables (CVs) and coronally active binaries (ABs). Using the cumulative X-ray luminosity per unit stellar mass (i.e., X-ray emissivity) as a proxy of the source abundance, we demonstrate a paucity (lower by 41% ± 27% on average) of weak X-ray sources in most GCs relative to the field, which is represented by the Solar Neighborhood and Local Group dwarf elliptical galaxies. We also revisit the mutual correlations among the cumulative X-ray luminosity (L
X), cluster mass (M), and stellar encounter rate (Γ), finding

,

and

. The three quantities can further be expressed as

, which indicates that the dynamical formation of CVs and ABs through stellar encounters in GCs is less dominant than previously suggested, and that the primordial formation channel has a substantial contribution. Taking these aspects together, we suggest that a large fraction of primordial, soft binaries have been disrupted in binary–single or binary–binary stellar interactions before they could otherwise evolve into X-ray-emitting close binaries, whereas the same interactions also have led to the formation of new close binaries. No significant correlations between

and cluster properties, including dynamical age, metallicity, and structural parameters, are found.
Revisiting the Cooling Flow Problem in Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters of Galaxies
Authors: McDonald M. , Gaspari M. , McNamara B. R. , Tremblay G. R.
Published: May 2018

We present a study of 107 galaxies, groups, and clusters spanning ∼3 orders of magnitude in mass, ∼5 orders of magnitude in central galaxy star formation rate (SFR), ∼4 orders of magnitude in the classical cooling rate (

) of the intracluster medium (ICM), and ∼5 orders of magnitude in the central black hole accretion rate. For each system in this sample, we measure the ICM cooling rate,

, using archival Chandra X-ray data and acquire the SFR and systematic uncertainty in the SFR by combining over 330 estimates from dozens of literature sources. With these data, we estimate the efficiency with which the ICM cools and forms stars, finding

% for systems with

M
⊙ yr−1. For these systems, we measure a slope in the SFR–

relation greater than unity, suggesting that the systems with the strongest cool cores are also cooling more efficiently. We propose that this may be related to, on average, higher black hole accretion rates in the strongest cool cores, which could influence the total amount (saturating near the Eddington rate) and dominant mode (mechanical versus radiative) of feedback. For systems with

M
⊙ yr−1, we find that the SFR and

are uncorrelated and show that this is consistent with star formation being fueled at a low (but dominant) level by recycled ISM gas in these systems. We find an intrinsic log-normal scatter in SFR at a fixed

of 0.52 ± 0.06 dex (1σ rms), suggesting that cooling is tightly self-regulated over very long timescales but can vary dramatically on short timescales. There is weak evidence that this scatter may be related to the feedback mechanism, with the scatter being minimized (∼0.4 dex) for systems for which the mechanical feedback power is within a factor of two of the cooling luminosity.
Chandra and XMM-Newton Observations of the Abell 3395/Abell 3391 Intercluster Filament
Authors: Alvarez Gabriella E. , Randall Scott W. , Bourdin Hervé , Jones Christine , Holley-Bockelmann Kelly
Published: May 2018

We present Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observations of the Abell 3391/Abell 3395 intercluster filament. It has been suggested that the galaxy clusters Abell 3395, Abell 3391, and the galaxy group ESO-161 -IG 006 located between the two clusters, are in alignment along a large-scale intercluster filament. We find that the filament is aligned close to the plane of the sky, in contrast to previous results. We find a global projected filament temperature kT = 

keV, electron density

cm−3, and

M
⊙. The thermodynamic properties of the filament are consistent with that of the intracluster medium (ICM) of Abell 3395 and Abell 3391, suggesting that the filament emission is dominated by ICM gas that has been tidally disrupted during an early stage merger between these two clusters. We present temperature, density, entropy, and abundance profiles across the filament. We find that the galaxy group ESO-161 may be undergoing ram-pressure-stripping in the low-density environment at or near the virial radius of both clusters, due to its rapid motion through the filament.
The Incomplete Conditional Stellar Mass Function: Unveiling the Stellar Mass Functions of Galaxies at 0.1 < Z < 0.8 from BOSS Observations
Authors: Guo Hong , Yang Xiaohu , Lu Yi
Published: May 2018

We propose a novel method to constrain the missing fraction of galaxies using galaxy clustering measurements in the galaxy conditional stellar mass function (CSMF) framework, which is applicable to surveys that suffer significantly from sample selection effects. The clustering measurements, which are not sensitive to the random sampling (missing fraction) of galaxies, are widely used to constrain the stellar–halo mass relation (SHMR). By incorporating a missing fraction (incompleteness) component into the CSMF model (ICSMF), we use the incomplete stellar mass function and galaxy clustering to simultaneously constrain the missing fractions and the SHMRs. Tests based on mock galaxy catalogs with a few typical missing fraction models show that this method can accurately recover the missing fraction and the galaxy SHMR, hence providing us with reliable measurements of the galaxy stellar mass functions. We then apply it to the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) over the redshift range of 0.1 < z < 0.8 for galaxies of M
* > 1011
M
⊙. We find that the sample completeness for BOSS is over 80% at z < 0.6 but decreases at higher redshifts to about 30%. After taking these completeness factors into account, we provide accurate measurements of the stellar mass functions for galaxies with

, as well as the SHMRs, over the redshift range 0.1 < z < 0.8 in this largest galaxy redshift survey.
Risk factors for bloodstream infections due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in cancer patients
Authors: Ceken Sabahat , Iskender Gulsen , Gedik Habip , Duygu Fazilet , Mert Duygu , Kaya Ali Hakan , Altuntas Fevzi , Ertek Mustafa
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by Enterobacteriaceae is associated with mortality in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors and outcomes related to BSIs caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in cancer patients.

Methodology: Hematology/oncology patients, who were diagnosed with BSIs caused by Enterobacteriaceae by positive blood cultures were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups by ESBL-positive and ESBL-negative Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia. Patients' demographic features, underlying conditions, comorbidity, neutrophil count, duration of neutropenia, antibiotic use in the previous three months before infection, mechanical ventilation, steroid use, central venous catheter implementation, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), hospitalization in the past three months, stay in intensive care unit, quinolone prophylaxis, and history of infection with ESBL-producing Enterobactericeae were evaluated. Risk factors related to BSIs caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and mortality were assessed.

Results: A total of 122 patients were evaluated retrospectively. Quinolone propyhlaxis, TPN, infection with Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase positive ESBL-P Enterobacteriaceae during the previous three months, treatment with piperasillin-tazobactam or carbapenems in the previous three months were found to be independent risk factors for ESBL-P BSIs. Longer duration of neutropenia before BSI and complication at the beginning of BSI were found to be independent risk factors for mortality related to infection.

Conclusions: ESBL-producing Enterobacteriacea should be treated with an appropriate antibiotic that is associated with better outcomes in hematology/oncology patients with BSIs. History of broad-spectrum antibiotic use and stay in hospital in the previous three months should be taken into consideration upon commencing antibiotic therapy.
Interleukin-18 and its gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influence chronic hepatitis C progression
Authors: Said Ebada M , Soliman Mohamed S , Shousha Hend Ibrahim , Rashed Mohamed Sanad , Elazm Abeer Abo , Aamer Rania Zakaria , Kamel Mai Hamed , Abdelsalam Fatma Mohamed
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Inter-individual variations of IL-18 gene expression may alter HCV-associated liver injury. Variable single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been detected within IL-18 gene sequence. Quantitative assessment of IL-18 plasma level and detection of genotype frequencies of 2 functional polymorphisms of its gene (-607 C/A and -137 G/C) were done to assess their impact on the severity of chronic hepatitis C (CHC).

Methodology: Cases group (I) comprised 110 treatment naïve CHC Egyptian patients (78 Males and 32 Females, mean age = 40.7 ± 11.8 years) who underwent routine laboratory investigations. Assessment of plasma level of IL-18 was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), detection of IL-18 gene polymorphisms at positions -607 C/A and -137 G/C by polymerase chain reaction sequence specific polymorphism (PCR-SSP) analysis and Liver biopsy with METAVIR scoring were done. The control group (II) comprised 90 healthy participants.

Results: Plasma levels of IL-18 were significantly higher in cases than the control group. We found a statistically highly significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation between IL-18 plasma level and both METAVIR necro-inflammatory grade and fibrosis stage. The A/A allele at -607 position was significantly more frequent (p < 0.05) in patients with F ≤ 1.

Conclusions: Higher IL-18 plasma levels are found in CHC patients and positively correlate with the severity of liver disease. The presence of A/A allele at -607 position of IL-18 gene promoter is associated with milder liver disease.
Dengue fever in Lebanon: First confirmed case since 1945 and review from the region
Authors: Youssef Mona , El Zein Saeed , Kanj Souha
Published: May 2018

Lebanon yearly witnesses a high flux of expatriates and workers from Dengue virus (DENV) endemic regions. Multiple cases of Dengue fever have been documented at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) in travellers to endemic regions. Given the presence of the Aedes aegypti mosquito in Lebanon, introduction of DENV to the country is highly likely. We report a case of DENV infection in Lebanon diagnosed in April 2012 in a patient with no prior travel history. The patient presented with fever (39°C) and lower urinary tract symptoms and was initially diagnosed with culture negative prostatitis. He was started on empiric antibiotics but continued to have severe headache, diffuse myalgias, bone pain, and fatigue. He later developed a faint rash with leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Extensive work-up was unrevealing. DENV IgM and IgG were positive suggesting acute infection. This is the first reported case since 1945 from Lebanon in a patient with no prior travel history.
Reinstatement of Leuctra biellensis Festa, 1942 (Plecoptera, Leuctridae)
Authors: Vinçon Gilles , Boumans Louis , Gattolliat Jean-Luc
Published: May 2018

Both molecular and morphologic characters support the reinstatement ofLeuctrabiellensisFesta, 1942 as a valid species distinct fromLeuctranigra(Olivier, 1811). Genetic distances betweenL.biellensisand the different populations ofL.nigraare around 9%, while intraspecific distances amongL.nigrahaploclades are less than 1%. Morphologically, the two species can be separated in male adult specimens by the shape of the two teeth on tergite VIII, by the lateral edges of tergites and by the distal expansion of the paraprocts.Leuctrabiellensisoccurs on the southern slope of the Alps in Italy and Switzerland (Ticino and Graubünden), whileL.nigrahas a wide distribution in Central and Northern Europe. As the type material ofL.biellensiswas lost, and to avoid future confusion between the two species, we designate as neotype a male imago collected at the type locality.
Descriptions of two new species of Platygaster Latreille that attack gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) with notes on their biology (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)
Authors: Matsuo Kazunori , Fujii Tomohisa , Tokuda Makoto , Ganaha-Kikumura Tomoko , Yukawa Junichi , Yamagishi Kenzou
Published: May 2018

PlatygasteringeniosusMatsuo & Yamagishi,sp. n.andP.urniphilaMatsuo & Yamagishi,sp. n.(Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) are described from Japan. The former species is an egg-larval solitary parasitoid ofMasakimyiapustulaeYukawa and Sunose (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). The latter species is an egg-larval gregarious parasitoid ofRhopalomyialongitubifex(Shinji) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).
International Student Mobility
Authors: Wadhwa Rashim
Published: May 2018

International student mobility is the core element of the internationalization of higher education. In recent years, a significant change has been observed in the outlook of individuals which is giving a boost to this phenomenon. Within this context, the present chapter analyzed the phenomenon of international student mobility through different approaches by providing critical outlook. An attempt has been made to list the important determinants which influence the decision-making process of international students.
Open Minds
Authors: Li Jing
Published: May 2018

Study abroad can be life-changing, but the effect of such experience is hard to measure. This research examines the causal link between study abroad and global perspectives. With data from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE)'s basic survey and the global perspectives module, this study uses factor analysis to create a comprehensive index and then estimates causal effects by matching students who studied abroad during college to those who did not, based on their propensity to study abroad. Key findings are 1) institution type and student's major make difference in participation rate; 2) study abroad induces a positive, statistically significant but small impact on student global perspectives; 3) such positive impact is consistent across ethnic groups. Yet, there is no clear indication of the mechanism through which these effects may operate. Future research could employ qualitative research methods to understand the mechanism and complement the findings of this research.
International Undergraduate Students Coping With Challenges at a Private Faith-Based University
Authors: Saint-Phard Renaude Etienne , Gregorutti Gustavo
Published: May 2018

Current research shows that international students confront multifaceted challenges in their host country. However, most of the studies conducted do not give a voice nor do they explore these students' coping strategies. This qualitative study aimed to explore the cultural, linguistic, curricular, and financial experiences of 10 international undergraduate students and their coping strategies at a Midwest university. The Bronfenbrenner's bio-ecological model of human development and the Australian resilience international student education (RISE) theories guided this study to facilitate an interpretative and naturalistic approach and understandings of the coping phenomenon. The findings implied that the overwhelming majority of the participants confronted various challenges and coped with them because of their resilience through their faith in God, motivation, determination, and community support. This study may help to increase student retention improving services to international students. It provides the bases to policies development to advance better insertion of international students.
Career Counseling for International Students
Authors: Bulgan Gökçe , Çiftçi Ayşe
Published: May 2018

International students are a group with diverse career needs and concerns. The challenges international students face (e.g., psychological and sociocultural adjustment issues, language barriers, sense of loss, financial problems, getting used to a new educational system) when they come to study in the United States, as well as their expectations of coming to a new country, may significantly influence their career needs and decision-making processes. In this chapter, the authors suggest social cognitive career theory (SCCT) as a framework for working with the undergraduate and graduate international student population by emphasizing intervention strategies and making specific recommendations.
Fuzzy-Logic-Based Reactive Power and Voltage Control in Grid-Connected Wind Farms to Improve Steady State Voltage Stability
Authors: Moger Tukaram , Dhadbanjan Thukaram
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents a fuzzy logic approach for reactive power and voltage control in grid-connected wind farms with different types of wind generator units to improve steady state voltage stability of power systems. The load buses' voltage deviation is minimized by changing the reactive power controllers according to their sensitivity using fuzzy set theory. The proposed approach uses only a few high sensitivity controllers to achieve the desired objectives. A 297-bus-equivalent grid-connected wind system and a 417-bus-equivalent grid-connected wind system are considered to present the simulation results. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a comparative analysis is also carried out with the conventional linear-programming-based reactive power optimization technique. Results demonstrated that the proposed approach is more effective in improving the system performance as compared with the conventional existing techniques.
Seamless Control and Unified Dynamic Energy Management in a Renewable/Clean Energy Integrated Self-Reliant DC Microgrid
Authors: Kumar Vulisi Narendra , Panda Gayadhar , Naidu Bonu Ramesh
Published: May 2018

The growing demand for electrical energy calls for the assimilation of renewable energy sources to the main utility grid. Multiple renewable energy sources (RESs) like solar PV array, wind turbine, micro-hydro plant, etc. can be combined and controlled to form a microgrid. In spite of the availability of different microgrid topologies, DC microgrid largely facilitates the injection of DC power from various renewable energy sources into the stabilised DC power pool. The requirement for a minimal number of conversion stages, simple structure, economic operation, and numerous localised applications are driving factors for the DC microgrid technology. The mettle of the DC microgrid technology lies in choosing the appropriate microgrid participants for energy interchange and the suitable supervisory control to tap power from the microgrid partakers even after respecting their operating constraints. The use of high gain DC-DC converters is inevitable in DC microgrid due to the low terminal voltage levels of different RESs.
Optimization of Dynamic Power for System on Programmable Chip SOPC
Authors: Jemai Mehdi , Hassine Siwar Ben Haj , Ouni Bouraoui , Mtibaa Abdellatif
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, the authors present a new scheduling algorithm that brings a reduction in dynamic power consumption by achieving components scheduling while holding the global latency of the application. The main idea of that algorithm is to augment the latency of some components without impacting the dependency constraint and degrading the global latency of the system. There exist many solutions that manage to increase component's latency; one of them is through decreasing the frequency of their corresponding clocks. Generally, such a method leads to an augmentation in global latency of a system. However, this algorithm manages to reduce the consumed power and hold the same global latency of the system. The presented algorithm has been tested and it provides a significant gain in power at both simulation and physical levels.
Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks
Authors: Jain Dhiraj , Misra Vijay Prakash
Published: May 2018

Banking in India has taken various forms and has undergone severeral reforms as and when the markets needed. Because of the growing need, the banks today not only strive for greater profits but also have various social targets like the priority sector lending, setting up various branches in the rural areas, extending loans, encouraging innovation, and setting up new businesses and the like. One of the latest objectives of present day banks was financial inclusion as efforts taken before had not proved very fruitful. The RBI therefore has introduced the concept of differentiated banks where it intends to issue licenses for specialized banks like small and payment banks, infrastructure banks, and so on so that the banks could develop specialized skills and affect greater financial penetration so that the overall objective of financial inclusion could be met. The guidelines have been issued for the first kind of differentiated banks—small and payment banks—and applications have been invited for the same. Though the RBI has taken a very conservative approach for different kinds of banks to co-exist, it may prove to be a step in the right direction and help in greater financial inclusion.
Effectiveness of Financial Inclusion Initiatives
Authors: Nair K. Sanal , Jain Saumya
Published: May 2018

An inclusive financial system has been the major agenda of the Indian government over the past few years and several steps have been taken in this direction. The main purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of financial inclusion initiatives taken by Rajasthan government. A questionnaire was drafted and was sent to people from weaker section of the society who have been the beneficiaries of the financial inclusion initiative of the government. Research methodology adopted for the study includes descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA was used to test the association/non-association between the variables. The study concluded towards lack of awareness and usage of financial inclusion initiatives, especially internet, mobile banking, and credit card. In terms of experience with financial services, respondents were positive towards interest on loans and help received by banking staff with respect to documentation and identification norms as well as branch timings. However, distance from the bank and the availability of ATM was an issue for them.
How Customer Analytics and Digital Technologies Drive Banks to Understand Consumer Awareness Towards Financial Inclusion
Authors: Sharma Yuvraj
Published: May 2018

In today's switching economy, customers' needs are changing and they are demanding more transparency, higher involvement, and clear communication in day-to-day banking processes. The rationale behind carrying out the present research is to identify the role of customer analytics in the new digital customer journey in terms of enhancing their engagement, loyalty, and satisfaction. The present research emphasizes opportunities that would accrue to financial institutions after demonetization and collecting large amount of demographics, customer transaction, and account-related data. Primary data was collected from 300 customers through a structured questionnaire to know their perceptions about the role of customer analytics and digital technologies to build their confidence and capability to use financial services. This study brings out the customer analytics trends and identifies the reasons due to which banks are struggling to keep pace with the increasing demand of both digital savvy and traditional consumers.