bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Welcome to Talent & Technology
Authors: Al-Khalifa Abdul-Jaleel
Published: January 2021

President's Letter - Introduction to the SPE publication Talent & Technology by Abdul-Jaleel Al-Khalifa, 2007 SPE President.
Lessons From History: The Value of Competent People
Authors: Brett J. Ford
Published: January 2021

Feature - The cost of the "big crew change" to the oil and gas industry could be huge—the equivalent of 20% of total industry E&P expenditures, or more than U.S. $35 billion per year. J. Ford Brett, President of PetroSkills, explains the financial downside of demographic changes.
Interview with Francois Viaud
Authors: Viaud Francois , Donnelly John
Published: January 2021

Talent & Technology Interview - A conversation with Francois Viaud, Senior Vice President of Human Resources and Communication for Total E&P.
There's No Lack of Talent or Technology
Authors: Garland Eric
Published: January 2021

The Long View - Energy, talent, and technology share so much in common—the scarcity of all three is what drives the market, and yet the three are all around us.
Talent Retention and the International Assignment
Authors: Carson Neill M.
Published: January 2021

HR Perspective - While oil and gas companies are scouring the world looking for energy and the means to produce and distribute these resources, internal human resources (HR) personnel of these companies are faced with their own challenges to discover and maintain the talent needed to cope with the increasing worldwide demand for energy.
The Necessity of Government and Industry Working Together
Authors: Yudhoyono Susilo Bambang
Published: January 2021

Executive Perspective

"Resources are abundant, professionalism is high, and technology is there. Combine the three, add the necessary element of conducive government policy, and we will see great delivery."
Assessment of Cardiac Amyloidosis with 99mTc-Pyrophosphate (PYP) Quantitative SPECT
Authors: Ren Chao , Ren Jingyun , Tian Zhuang , Du Yanrong , Hao Zhixin , Zhang Zongyao , Fang Wei , Li Fang , Zhang Shuyang , Hsu Bailing , Huo Li
Published: January 2021

Background: 99mTc-PYP scintigraphy provides differential diagnosis of ATTR cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) from light chain cardiac amyloidosis and other myocardial disorders without biopsy. This study was aimed to assess the diagnostic feasibility and the operator reproducibility of 99mTc-PYP quantitative SPECT. Method: Thirty-seven consecutive patients underwent a 99mTc-PYP thorax planar scan followed by SPECT and CT scans to diagnose suspected ATTR-CM were enrolled. For the quantitative SPECT, phantom studies were initially performed to determine the image conversion factor (ICF) and partial volume correction (PVC) factor to recover 99mTc-PYP activity concentration in myocardium for calculating the standardized uptake value (SUV) (unit: g/ml). SUVmax was compared among groups of ATTR-CM, AL cardiac amyloidosis and other pathogens (Others), and among categories of Perugini visual scores (Grade: 0-3). The intra- and inter-operator reproducibility of quantitative SPECT was verified, and the corresponded repeatability coefficient (RPC) was calculated. Results: The ICF was 79,327 Bq/ml to convert count rate in pixel to 99mTc activity concentration. PVC factor as a function of the measured activity concentration ratio in myocardium and blood-pool was [y=1.424*(1-exp(-0.759*x)) +0.104]. SUVmax of ATTR-CM (7.50±2.68) was significantly higher than those of AL (1.96±0.35) and Others (2.00±0.74) (all p<0.05). SUVmax of Grade 3 (8.95±1.89) and Grade 2 (4.71±0.23) were also significantly higher than those of Grade 1 (1.92±0.31) and Grade 0 (1.59±0.39) (all p <0.05). Correlation coefficient (R2) of SUVmax reached 0.966 to 0.978 with only small systematic difference (intra=-0.14; inter=-0.23) between two repeated measurements. Intra- and inter-operator RPCs were 0.688 and 0.877.Conclusions: 99mTc-PYP quantitative SPECT is feasible to quantitatively and objectively assess the burden of cardiac amyloidosis for diagnosis of ATTR-CM.
semantic account of the stative adverb gap
Authors: Katz Graham
Published: January 2021

It is argued that there is a surprising gap in the distribution of adverbial modifiers, namely that there are (practically) no adverbs that modify exclusively stative verbs. Given the general range of selectional restrictions associated with adverb/verb modification, this comes as a surprise. It is argued that this gap cannot be the result of standard selectional restrictions. An independently motivated account of the state-event verb contrast, in which state verbs are proposed to lack Davidsonian arguments is presented and argued to account for this stative adverb gap. Some apparent and real problems with the analysis are discussed.
Genitives, relational nouns, and the argument-modifier distinction
Authors: Partee Barbara H. , Borschev Vladimir
Published: January 2021

The argument-modifier distinction is less clear in NPs than in VPs; nouns do not typically take arguments. The clearest cases of arguments in NPs are in certain kinds of nominalizations which retain some "verbal" properties (Grimshaw 1990). The status of apparent arguments of non-deverbal relational nouns like sister is more controversial.

Genitive constructions like 'John's teacher', 'team of John's' offer a challenging testing ground for the argument-modifier distinction in NPs, both in English and cross-linguistically. On the analyses of Partee (1983/97) and Barker (1995), the DP in a genitive phrase (i.e. 'John' in 'John's') is always an argument of some relation, but the relation does not always come from the head noun. On those "ambiguity" analyses, some genitives are argument-like and some are modifier-like. Recent proposals by Jensen and Vikner and by Borschev and Partee analyze all genitives as argument-like, a conclusion we are no longer sure of.

In this paper we explore a range of possible analyses: argument-only, modifier-only, and ambiguity analyses, and consider the kinds of semantic evidence that suggest that different analyses may be correct for different genitive or possessive constructions in different languages.
Satisfying minimality in Ndebele
Authors: Downing Laura J.
Published: January 2021

In this paper, I discuss four different verb forms in Ndebele (a Nguni Bantu language spoken mainly in Zimbabwe) - the imperative, reduplicated, future and participial. I show that while all four are subject to minimality restrictions, minimality is satisfied differently in each of these morphological contexts. To account for this, I argue that in Ndebele (as in other Bantu languages) Word and RED are not the only constituents which must satisfy minimality: the Stem is also subject to minimality conditions in some morphological contexts. This paper, then, provides additional arguments for the proposal that Phonological Word is not the only sub-lexical morpho-prosodic constituent. Further, I argue that, although Word, RED and Stern are all subject to the same minimality constraint – they must all be minimally bisyllabic - this does not follow from a single 'generalized' constraint. Instead, I argue, contra recent work within Generalized Template Theory (see, e.g., McCarthy & Prince 1994, 1995a, 1999; Urbanezyk 1995, 1996; and Walker 2000; etc.) that a distinct minimality constraint must be formalized for each of these morpho-prosodic constituents.
Identical topics in Mandarin Chinese and Shanghainese
Authors: Liu Danqing
Published: January 2021

Identical topic (IT henceforth) was previously known as copying topic (Xu & Liu (1998:141-157). It is fully or partially identical to a corresponding element (CE henceforth) occurring in the following part of the clause. Broadly speaking, IT is semantically empty. Being an unusual type of adding, it properly falls into the central concern of this volume.

It seems IT can be attested in all Chinese dialects, though the phenomena in question have been poorly documented and have scarcely been studied under a unified category. IT seems to be a better candidate to characterise topic prominent languages than many other topic types including the non-gap topic, which has long been called "Chinese style topic" since Chafe (1976) and has been viewed as a major characteristic of topic prominent languages (e.g., Li & Thompson, 1976, Xu & Langendoen 1985, Gasde 1999). I believe the study of IT structure is necessary to obtain a clearer and more complete picture of topic structure in general. As far as I know, Wu dialects of Chinese, including Shanghainese, are the ones which have the richest IT types and the greatest text frequency of IT. Therefore, this study will be based on both Mandarin and Shanghainese data.
Measure instrumental in Russian
Authors: Demjjanow Assinja , Strigin Anatoli
Published: January 2021

We will argue that some seemingly adverbial free DPs in the instrumental in Russian which are traditionally termed measure instrumental are best understood as secondary predicates. We present the relevant syntactic assumptions and propose a semantics of this use of DPs in the instrumental. This proposal hears on the distinction between adjunct modification and secondary predication.
structures of depictive and resultative constructions in Chinese
Authors: Zhang Niina
Published: January 2021

In this paper I firstly argue that secondary predicates are complement of v, and v is overtly realized by Merge or Move in secondary predication in Chinese. The former option derives the de-construction, whereas the latter option derives the V-V construction. Secondly, I argue that resultatives are hosted by complement vPs, whereas depictives are hosted by adjunct vPs. This complement-adjunct asymmetry accounts for a series of syntactic properties of secondary predication in Chinese: the position of a secondary predicate with respect to the verb of the primary predicate, the co-occurrence patterns of secondary predicates, the hierarchy of depictives, the control and ECM properties of resultative constructions, and the locality constraint on the integration of secondary predicates into the structure of primary predication. Thirdly, I argue that the surface position of de is derived by a PF operation which attaches de to the right of the leftmost verbal lexical head of the construction. Finally, I argue that in the V-V resultative construction, the assumed successive head-raising may account for the possible subject-oriented reading of the resultative predicate, and that the head raising out of the lower vP accounts for the possible non-specific reading of the subject of the resultative predicate.
Focus structure and the referential status of indefinite quantificational expressions
Authors: Breul Carsten
Published: January 2021

Many authors who subscribe to some version of generative syntax account for the two readings of [...] sentences [...] in terms of LF-ambiguity. There is assumed to be covert quantifier raising (QR), which results in two distinct possibilities for the indefinite quantificational expressions involved to take scope over each other [...] In this paper, an alternative account is proposed which dispenses with the idea that there are different scope relations involved in the readings of […] sentences [...] and, consequently, with QR as the syntactic operation to be assumed for generating the respective LFs. I argue that it is rather focus structure in connection with type semantic issues pertaining to the indefinite quantificational expressions involved which result in the different readings associated with [...] sentences.
Zweifelsfall: zweifeln im Deutschen
Authors: Fischer Markus
Published: January 2021

Two main types of sentences are traditionally distinguished in the context of semantic theories of questions and answers: declarative sentences, corresponding to statements, and interrogative sentences, corresponding to questions. The interrogative forms can be further subdivided into dialectical ones (yes-no-questions) and non-dialectical ones (constituent questions). These distinctions are made for both root and embedded sentences. The predicates that select sentential complements fall into three classes: predicates that license only declaratives, those that allow only for interrogatives, and those that embed both types of sentences. In this connection, verbs of doubt are interesting in that they allow for declaratives as well as dialectical interrogatives, while non-dialectical interrogatives do not seem to be appropriate complements.

In what follows, our main concern will be with the German verb of doubt zweifeln and its possible sentential complements. Speaker intuitions as to which constructions are grammatical or acceptable vary, particularily with respect to rare expressions like zweifeln. Therefore, interviews and corpus analysis were applied as a means to acquire reliable linguistic data. These as well as data from historical sources and from some languages other than German (esp. English and Italian) are presented and analysed. In the last section, based on the notion of ‘subjective probability’, an attempt is made at explaining the observations.
Experimentelle Studie zum Verständnis des bestimmten Artikels
Authors: Bittner Dagmar
Published: January 2021

Der Beitrag referiert Ergebnisse eines mit Erwachsenen durchgeführten Experiments zum Verständnis des bestimmten Artikels. Das Testmaterial entstammt einem für Kinder konzipierten Blickpräferenzexperiment. Die Durchführung des Tests mit Erwachsenen diente als Kontrolle der Verwendbarkeit der Materialien und der Überprüfung folgender Hypothese: Die referentielle Grundfunktion des Artikels besteht im Verweis auf begrenzte Ganze bzw. einen bestimmten (=begrenzten) Umfang einer Entität. Der interessante Aspekt des Experiments war, dass die Entscheidung zwischen [+begrenzt] vs. [-begrenzt] innerhalb einer pluralischen Kondition fallen musste, die Begrenztheitslesart wurde also nicht durch einzahlig auftretende zählbare Objekte erzeugt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die pluralische Kondition sich auf das Antwortverhalten der Probanden auswirkte. Probanden mit durchschnittlich längerer Reaktionszeit entscheiden sich anders als Probanden mit vergleichsweise kurzer Reaktionszeit. Während von der Gruppe mit spontanerem Entscheidungsverhalten die Hypothese im Hinblick auf den Artikel bestätigt wurde, scheint sich die Gruppe mit höheren Reaktionszeiten für das prototypischere Bild innerhalb der Pluralkondition zu entscheiden.
Vowel dispersion in Truku
Authors: Chiang Wen-yu , Chiang Fang-mei
Published: January 2021

This study investigates the dispersion of vowel space in Truku, an endangered Austronesian language in Taiwan. Adaptive Dispersion (Liljencrants and Lindblom, 1972; Lindblom, 1986, 1990) proposes that the distinctive sounds of a language tend to be positioned in phonetic space in a way that maximizes perceptual contrast. For example, languages with large vowel inventories tend to expand the overall acoustic vowel space. Adaptive Dispersion predicts that the distance between the point vowels will increase with the size of a language's vowel inventory. Thus, the available acoustic vowel space is utilized in a way that maintains maximal auditory contrast.
Intraposition and Formosan adverbial heads
Authors: Holmer Arthur
Published: January 2021

[W]hy are not all Malagasy adverbs postverbal with reverse Cinque order? The predicate raising mechanism […] operates around heads, and this leads Rackowski & Travis (2000: 122) to suggest that preverbal adverbs are not heads, but are phrasal, and are located in the Specifier positions themselves. The crucial consequence of this is that the specifier position is blocked, thus effectively preventing further predicate raising. Given that the entire analysis crucially rests on the assumption that certain elements are heads and others are phrases, it would be an advantage if some independent evidence for the X I XP status of the elements could be unearthed. Unfortunately, such evidence is hard to come by in Malagasy. However, other Austronesian languages with similar word order patterns do display rather robust evidence for the head status of certain elements. One such language in the Formosan language Seediq.
Phonological phrases in Xhosa (southern Bantu)
Authors: Zerbian Sabine
Published: January 2021

This paper investigates how syntax and focus interact in deriving the phonological phrasing of utterances in Xhosa, a Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Although the influence of syntax on phrasing is uncontroversial, a purely syntactic analysis cannot account for all the data reported for Xhosa by Jokweni (1995). Focus influences the phrasing in that it inserts a phonological phrase-boundary after the focused constituent. This generalization can account for the variation found in the phrasing of adverbials.

The findings are dealt with in an OT-based framework following Truckenbrodt's work on Chichewa (1995, 1999) which is extended to the phrasing of adjuncts.
Hungarian palatal stop: phonological considerations and phonetic data
Authors: Geng Christian , Mooshammer Christine
Published: January 2021

This study examines the movement trajectories of the dorsal tongue movements during symmetrical /VCa/ -sequences, where /V/ was one of the Hungarian long or short vowels /i,a,u/ and C either the voiceless palatal or velar stop consonants. General aims of this study were to deliver a data-driven account for (a) the evidence of the division between dorsality and coronality and (b) for the potential role coarticulatory factors could play for the relative frequency of velar palatalization processes in genetically unrelated languages. Results suggest a clear-cut demarcation between the behaviour of purely dorsal velars and the coronal palatals. Moreover, factors arising from a general movement economy might contribute to the palatalization processes mentioned.
(Un)markedness of trills: the case of Slavic r-palatalisation
Authors: Żygis Marzena
Published: January 2021

This paper evaluates trills [r] and their palatalized counterparts [rj] from the point of view of markedness. It is argued that [r]s are unmarked sounds in comparison to [r]s which follows from the examination of the following parameters: (a) frequency of occurrence, (b) articulatory and aerodynamic characteristics, (c) perceptual features, (d) emergence in the process of language acquisition, (e) stability from a diachronic point of view, (f) phonotactic distribution, and (g) implications. Several markedness aspects of [r]s and [rj] are analyzed on the basis of Slavic languages which offer excellent material for the evaluation of trills. Their phonetic characteristics incorporated into phonetically grounded constraints are employed for a phonological OT-analysis of r-palatalization in two selected languages: Polish and Czech.
Parameters of variation & complement licensing in Bantu
Authors: Thwala Nhlanhla
Published: January 2021

In this paper I argue that the syntax of Eastern Bantu does not make reference to the notion 'syntactic object'. That is, there is no linguistic category of objects that is the target of syntactic rules in Eastern Bantu languages. Instead I propose that syntactic rules broadly distinguish complements and adjuncts as well as category type of complement or adjunct. I argue that Bantu languages are typologically special in that (a) the verb complement structure can be expanded by the valency increasing applicative suffix; and (b) that the class of adjuncts can be expanded through verb concord licensing. Because of these properties, Bantu languages have a much-expanded notion of 'complement' and 'adjunct'. Namely, complements consist of (a) inherent complements (subcategorised by the lexical verb), and (b) derived complements (licensed by the applicative suffix). Adjuncts consist of (a) non-subcategorised modifying constituents in the usual sense and (b) phrases that are licensed by verb concord (i.e. Topics in Bresnan and Mchombo (1987)). I propose that most the differences in the licensing of objects in Bantu are due to two causes: (a) the unusual split in the composition of complements and adjuncts and (b) a set of typological parameter settings.
Complex focus versus double focus: investigations on multiple focus interpretations in Hungarian
Authors: Von Balogh Katalin
Published: January 2021

The main aim of this paper is to point out several problems with the semantic analysis of Hungarian focus interpretation and 'only'. For current semantic analyses the interpretation of Hungarian identificational/exhaustive focus and 'only' is problematic, since in classical semantic analyses 'only' is identified with an exhaustivity operator. In this paper I will discuss multiple focus constructions and question-answer pairs in Hungarian to show that such a view cannot be applied to Hungarian exhaustive focus. Next to this I will discuss possible interpretations of Hungarian sentences containing multiple prosodic foci: complex focus versus double focus. My claim is that in order to interpret multiple focus (in Hungarian) we have to take into consideration the different intonation patterns, the occurrence of 'only', and the syntactic structure as well.
Proceedings of the Sinn und Bedeutung 10
Authors: Ebert Christian , Endriss Cornelia
Published: January 2021

...
Quantificational readings of indefinites with focused creation verbs
Authors: Stephenson Tamina
Published: January 2021

This paper looks at sentences with "quantificational indefinites," discussed by Diesing (1992) and others. I propose that these sentences generate sets of alternatives of the form {p, not p and it's possible that p}, which restrict the quantification by an extension of familiar focus principles. For example, in the sentence "I usually read a book about slugs" (on the relevant reading), "usually" quantifies over pairs  such that x is a book about slugs, t is a time interval, and one alternative is true from the set {I read x at t, I can but do not read x at t}. In addition to accounting for a well-known contrast between creation and non-creation verbs, this also explains a second contrast that Diesing’s analysis cannot account for.
How semantics dictates the syntactic vocabulary
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: January 2021

In this paper I argue that the set of formal features that can head a functional projection is not given by UG but derived through L1 acquisition. I formulate a hypothesis that says that initially every functional category F is realised as a semantic feature [F]; whenever there is an overt doubling effect in the L1 input with respect to F, this semantic feature [F] is reanalysed as a formal feature [i/uF]. In the first part of the paper I provide a theoretical motivation for this hypothesis, in the second part I test this proposal for a case-study, namely the cross-linguistic distribution of Negative Concord (NC). I demonstrate that in NC languages negation has been reanalysed as a formal feature [i/uNEG], whereas in Double Negation languages this feature remains a semantic feature [NEG] (always interpreted as a negative operator), thus paving the way for an explanation of NC in terms of syntactic agreement. In the third part I discuss that the application of the hypothesis to the phenomenon of negation yields two predictions that can be tested empirically. First I demonstrate that negative markers X° can be available only in NC languages; second, independent change of the syntactic status of negative markers, can invoke a change with respect to the exhibition of NC in a particular language. Both predictions are proven to be correct. I finally argue what the consequences of the proposal presented in this paper are for both the syntactic structure of the clause and second for the way parameters are associated to lexical items.
Papers on information structure in African languages
Authors: Fiedler Ines , Schwarz Anne
Published: January 2021

These proceedings, also online available as No. 46 in the ZAS Papers in Linguistics series under http://www.zas.gwz-berlin.de/index.html?publications_zaspil have resulted from the International Conference "Focus in African languages" held October 6-8, 2005 at the Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS) in Berlin. The conference was cooperatively organized by the latter, together with the Collaborative Research Center (Sonderforschungsforschungsbereich) 632, generously funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). It was the first conference bringing together colleagues working on this topic from all over the world in such scale.

Even though this volume contains only ten contributions out of the 35 papers presented at the conference, it displays the wide range of approaches, subjects and languages studied in the field of information structure in African languages. The collection thus reflects the synergetic atmosphere of the conference.

In the name of all organizers (Laura Downing, Ines Fiedler, Katharina Hartmann, Brigitte Reineke, Anne Schwarz, Sabine Zerbian, Malte Zimmermann) we would like to take this opportunity to thank the participant reviewers and student assistants for their contributions by which the conference became such a fruitful forum for inspiring and seminal studies in this field. Also special thanks for their effort in copy editing to our research assistants Lars Marstaller and Paul Starzmann.
Genitive focus in Supyire
Authors: Carlson Robert
Published: January 2021

Supyire has two distinct genitive constructions, one consisting of juxtaposed nouns, and the other marked with a particle. This study demonstrates that the marked genitive correlates significantly in natural discourse with contrastive focus as operationally defined in Myhill and Xing (1996). The method used avoids the vicious circularity of many discourse-based studies of focus. Contrastive focus, rather than being "coded", is a pragmatic construal which is dependent on other elements in the communicative context. This construal is only one of the possible construals of the marked genitive (contra Carlson 1994). In this it is not unlike other so-called "contrastive focus" constructions noted in the literature, such as contrastive stress in English.
On the control/raising ambiguity with aspectual verbs: a structural account
Authors: Fukuda Shin
Published: January 2021

In what follows, I first briefly review Perlmutter (1968, 1970), in which it is argued that aspectual verbs are ambiguous between control and raising. I suggest that while the argument for the raising analysis is solid, the arguments supporting the control analysis of aspectual verbs are less so. As an alternative hypothesis to consider, I introduce the structural ambiguity hypothesis. In Section 3, I review three recent analyses of control and raising. Although there are important differences among them, they all share the basic assumption that the control/raising distinction is due to differences in selectional restrictions that the lexical items impose. Under such an assumption, the lexical ambiguity hypothesis is the only available option. In Section 4, I present evidence for the structural ambiguity hypothesis from studies concerning aspectual verbs in languages from four distinct families, German (Wurmbrand 2001), Japanese (Fukuda 2006), Romance languages (Cinque 2003), and Basque (Arregi Molina-Azaola 2004). These data strongly suggest that across languages aspectual verbs can appear in two different syntactic positions, either below or above vP, or the projection with which an external argument is introduced (Kratzer 1994, 1996, Chomsky 1995). Given these findings, I argue that it is the aspectual verbs' position with respect to vP which creates the control/raising ambiguity. When an aspectual verb appears in a position that is lower than vP, an external argument takes scope over the aspectual verb. Thus, it is interpreted as control. When an aspectual verb appears in a position that is higher than vP, on the other hand, it is the aspectual verb that takes scope over an entire vP, including the external argument. Thus, it is interpreted as raising. In section 5, I extend the scope of this study to include a discussion of want-type verbs in Indonesian, as analyzed in Polinsky & Potsdam (2006). Polinsky & Potsdam argue that the Indonesian want-type verbs must be raising in at least certain cases where they allow a rather peculiar interpretation. Although they assume that there are also control counterparts of the want-type verbs, I argue that applying the proposed analysis to the want-type verbs does away with the need for stipulating two distinct lexical entries for these verbs. Section 6 concludes the paper.
representation of turbulent sounds in German: a government approach
Authors: Bloch-Rozmej Anna
Published: January 2021

The unfolding discussion will focus on the internal representation of turbulent sounds in the phonology of German as well as pinpoint the special status of the prime defining the quality of turbulence. It will also be argued that this prime is capable of entering into special types of licensing relations, which results in specific phonetic manifestations of forms. We shall compare the effects of two processes attested in German: consonant degemination and spirantisation with a view to revealing the role of the turbulence-defining element in the two operations. Furthermore, our attention will be focused on the workings of the Obligatory Contour Principle which, as will be shown below, exerts decisive impact on prime interplay and consequently the phonetic realization of sounds and words. We shall see that segmental identity is contingent on the languagespecific interpretation of inter-element bonds.

Aware of the importance of prime autonomy in determining the manifestation of sounds, let us start with a brief outline of the fundamental segment structure principles offered by the theory of Phonological Government.
Papers from the workshop on Bantu relative clauses
Authors: Downing Laura , Rialland Annie , Beltzung Jean-Marc , Manus Sophie , Patin Cédric , Riedel Kristina
Published: January 2021

All of the papers in the volume except one (Kaji) take up some aspect of relative clause construction in some Bantu language. Kaji’s paper aims to account for how Tooro (J12; western Uganda) lost phonological tone through a comparative study of the tone systems of other western Uganda Bantu languages. The other papers examine a range of ways of forming relative clauses, often including non-restrictive relatives and clefts, in a wide range of languages representing a variety of prosodic systems.
prosody of Shingazidja relatives
Authors: Patin Cédric
Published: January 2021

Símákonde is an Eastern Bantu language (P23) spoken by immigrant Mozambican communities in Zanzibar and on the Tanzanian mainland. Like other Makonde dialects and other Eastern and Southern Bantu languages (Hyman 2009), it has lost the historical Proto-Bantu vowel length contrast and now has a regular phrase-final stress rule, which causes a predictable bimoraic lengthening of the penultimate syllable of every Prosodic Phrase. The study of the prosody / syntax interface in Símákonde Relative Clauses requires to take into account the following elements: the relationship between the head and the relative verb, the conjoint / disjoint verbal distinction and the various phrasing patterns of Noun Phrases. Within Símákonde noun phrases, depending on the nature of the modifier, three different phrasing situations are observed: a modifier or modifiers may (i) be required to phrase with the head noun, (ii) be required to phrase separately, or (iii) optionally phrase with the head noun.
Sprachstandstest Russisch für mehrsprachige Kinder = Russian language proficiency test for multilingual children
Authors: Gagarina Natalʹja Vladimirovna , Klassert Annegret , Topaj Nathalie
Published: January 2021

'Sprachstandstest Russisch für mehrsprachige Kinder' ist ein linguistisch und psycholinguistisch fundiertes Sprachstandsscreening für bilingual russisch-deutsche Kinder im Vorschul- und Frühschulalter. Es ermöglicht die Einschätzung des Sprachstands im Russischen, auf der Basis vorläufiger Normen, zu wissenschaftlichen, therapeutischen und pädagogischen Zwecken.

Der Test sollte von kompetenten, im Idealfall muttersprachlichen Sprechern des Russischen durchgeführt werden. Die Durchführungsdauer beträgt ca. 60 Minuten.

'Sprachstandstest Russisch' überprüft die Fähigkeiten bilingualer Kinder im Russischen in folgenden Bereichen:

- produktives und rezeptives Lexikon für Verben und Nomen

- Produktion morphologischer Markierungen an Verben (Verbflexion 1. und 2. Person Singular Präsens) und Nomen (Kasus Akkusativ und Dativ Singular)

- Verständnis grammatischer Strukturen auf Satzebene

Zur Interpretation der Testergebnisse werden vorläufige bilinguale Normdaten zur Verfügung gestellt. Sie basieren auf einer Stichprobe von insgesamt 167 deutsch-russisch aufwachsenden Kindern von drei bis sechs Jahren.

Zusätzlich zum Test zur Feststellung der sprachlichen Kompetenzen enthält 'Sprachstandstest Russisch' einen Fragebogen, der die detaillierte Inputsituation sowie die bisherige sprachliche und nichtsprachliche Entwicklung des Kindes erfasst. Der Fragebogen ist russisch-deutsch verfasst und wird von den Eltern durch Ankreuzen ausgefüllt.
Degrees as nominalized properties: evidence from differential verbal comparatives in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Luo Qiongpeng , Xie Zhiguo
Published: January 2021

Whether degrees should be modeled as simple semantic primitives or ontologicallycomplex entities has been an issue in recent formal semantic research. This article aims tomake a contribution to this scholarly enterprise by investigating the Differential VerbalComparative (DVC) construction in Chinese. DVCs exhibit peculiar properties : (i)obligatory differentials, and (ii) DPs as differentials(e.g., liang ben xiaoshuo ‘two CL novel’).We propose that a degree is the entity correlate of a property that is formed on the basis of ameasure, akin to Chierchia-style kind. This new kind of degree, coupled with a differencefunction-based semantics for comparatives, correctly predicts the behaviors of DVCs whichwould otherwise remain formally inscrutable. This article’s contributions are twofold: (i) itprovides direct support for the degree-as-kind analysis by extending its empirical scope; and(ii) by combining degrees as kinds with a difference function-based semantics, it representsan improvement over the previous degree-as-kind analysis based on linear ordering.Keywords: comparatives, degrees, kinds, Mandarin Chinese, differential verbalcomparatives.
Ist der Verbwortschatz entscheidend für die Makrostruktur? Eine Analyse anhand elizitierter Narrative deutsch-russisch bilingualer Vor- und Grundschulkinder
Authors: Sürmeli Natalie
Published: January 2021

This study explores the relation between the development of narrative skills at the macrostructural level and the productive lexical abilities (verbs) of German-Russian children. The narratives are elicited using the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) and the lexical abilities are assessed using different tests. Twenty-one preschoolers (mean age: 3;9), forty-four 1st graders (mean age: 6;11) and twenty-two 3rd graders (mean age: 9;3) were included in the study. Correlation analyses were performed between verb lexicon and the following macrostructural components: Story Structure, Structural Complexity and Internal State Terms. The analysis also targets cross-language effects. In addition, the production of verbs within the elicited narratives was taken into account. Some positive correlations were found; however, no clear pattern across age groups and languages was observed. It is suggested that cognitive abilities might be a more decisive factor than lexical abilities and/or that the verbs assessed via the vocabulary tests are more specific than the ones required to achieve high scores for macrostructure.
Macrostructural organization of adults’ oral narrative texts
Authors: Gagarina Natalia , Bohnacker Ute , Lindgren Josefin
Published: January 2021

This study investigates macrostructure in elicited narratives of 69 monolingual German-, Russian- and Swedish-speaking adults. Using the LITMUS-MAIN (Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives), and its Baby Goats and Baby Birds stories, story structure and story complexity, concerning episodic organization, were examined across the 3 languages. As theoretical underpinnings, a multidimensional model of macrostructure was used. This model includes analyses of story structure (SS), in which a narrative merits a maximum score of 17, based on the occurrence of five types of macrostructural components (Internal states as initiating event and as reaction, Goal, Attempt and Outcome), and of story complexity (SC), which measures combinations of Goals, Attempts and Outcomes within one episode. The highest attainable complexity is the GAO-sequence, when a Goal, Attempt and Outcome are produced within the same episode. The results for SS were similar for German, Russian and Swedish, where adults included 11-12 components per story. A more detailed analysis of the individual components revealed striking similarities across the 3 languages, both for frequently used and seldom occurring components. SC did not differ significantly across languages nor across stories, whilst for SS, a slight difference between the two stories was found. We interpret this finding as story complexity (a qualitative measure of macrostructure) being of a more universal nature. Furthermore, our results indicate that caution is warranted when conclusions about children’s narrative skills are to be drawn on the basis of the MAIN Baby Goats and Baby Birds stories.
Preface: New language versions of MAIN: Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives – Revised
Authors: Gagarina Natalia , Lindgren Josefin
Published: January 2021

ZasPiL 64.2020 contains 33 articles
Adapting MAIN to Arabic
Authors: Bohnacker Ute , Haddad Rima
Published: January 2021

This paper provides some brief background information on the Arabic language and describes how MAIN (Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives) was adapted to several varieties of Arabic.
The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN): Adding Cantonese to MAIN
Authors: Chan Angel , Cheng Kelly , Kan Rachel , Wong Anita M.-Y. , Fung Roxana , Wong Janice , Cheng Timothy , Cheung Amelie , Yuen Karen , Chui Barbie , Lo Joyce , Gagarina Natalia
Published: January 2021

This paper gives an introduction to the Cantonese adaptation of Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN), which is part of the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) battery. We here discuss the motivation for adapting this assessment instrument into Cantonese, the adaptation process itself and potential contexts for use of the Cantonese MAIN.
Adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) to Catalan
Authors: Camus Alondra , Aparici Melina
Published: January 2021

The adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS- MAIN; Gagarina, et al., 2019) to Catalan contributes to advancing our knowledge of the development of children’s narrative skills in a diversity of languages using the same protocol, making it possible to evaluate narratives also in Catalan-speakers. The adaptation of MAIN will be very useful in Catalonia, because it is a region where two official languages (Catalan and Spanish) coexist, Catalan being the language of schooling, so that most of the population is bilingual. However, currently there is no instrument for assessing narrative skills that allows for parallel assessment of Catalan in bilingual children. For these reasons, this adaptation will be of great value to promote the study of narratives in the bilingual population considering Catalan within the possible language combinations. The present paper describes the process of adapting MAIN to Catalan and reports results from the first pilot study using the Catalan MAIN.
The Croatian adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives*
Authors: Hržica Gordana , Kraljević Jelena Kuvač
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the Croatian version of the Multilingual Assessment tool for Narratives (MAIN), outlines its development and describes the research that has used it to assess narrative skills in monolingual and bilingual speakers. The Croatian version of MAIN has so far been used in three research projects and results have been presented in five peer-reviewed articles (published or in press) covering a total of 175 children in the age range from 5;0 to 9;0 (20 with developmental language disorder) and 60 adults, age range from 22 to 76. The accumulated results indicate that MAIN can differentiate narrative skills of speakers in distinct age groups and can distinguish children with language disorders form children with typical language development.
The adaptation of MAIN to Danish
Authors: Jensen de López Kristine , Knudsen Hanne B. Søndergaard
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN) to Danish and the use of MAIN in a Danish context. First, there is a brief description of the Danish language followed by details of the process of translating and adapting the MAIN manual to Danish. Finally, we briefly describe some of the research contexts in which the current and previous MAIN materials have been piloted and applied.
Does public approval shape news? Competing legitimacies and news headlines in the Philippines from Ramos to Aquino III
Authors:   University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines, Mendoza Gabrielle Ann S. , Panao Rogelio Alicor L. ,   University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines
Published: January 2021

Can a president’s high public approval, vis-à-vis competing coordinate institutions, shape press coverage of political events? Testing theories of executive scandals, this paper argues that in the context of Philippine presidential democracy, presidential satisfaction shapes the production of political events more than the presence of other policy issues competing for broadsheet space. Using logistic regression models to analyse the news headlines appearing in two major broadsheets in the Philippines from 1992 to 2016, the study finds that presidents whose approval ratings are low compared to Congress are an easy target for the opposition and a much more attractive topic for sensational news by the press. With a much smaller circle of supporters for the president, there is also less risk for the opposition and the press collaborating or colluding in the production of political events. The press, in contrast, tends to be conservative in reporting political events when the public mood is generally supportive of the Philippine chief executive.
Order Theory I and II As Foundations for Finding Relationship Between Formulas
Authors: Goenawan Stephanus Ivan
Published: January 2021

Order theory is generated through the process of induction logic from solving several mathematical functions so that it can be formulated in general the pattern of regularity. If there are function and associates each other is organized and interconnected, then the constants will also be organized and interconnected. Similarly, if there are function and associates that are mutually regulated and the constants that make them organized and interrelated, then the function basis and associates will also have interconnected properties.
Pengembangan Automatic Pet Feeder Mengunakan Platform Blynk Berbasis Mikrokontroller ESP8266
Authors: Ngarianto Heri , Gunawan Alexander Agung Santoso
Published: January 2021

In this paper, automatic pet feeder device was developed. This device is useful for feeding pets at home when all family members are busy working or traveling. The device settings can be controlled by the mobile application automatically, thus the pet owners can ensure the feeding of their pets. The development of this tool is based on an electronic board which uses an ESP8266 microcontroller namely WeMos D1 MINI and is equipped with a Relay Shield to control the amount of food released. In addition, through Blynk platform, the pet owners can control this device remotely. Pet feeding also can be done according to a schedule that can be pre-arranged as needed in realtime.
Security Testing Using Intrusion Detection System in Cloud Computing
Authors: Anggeliung Augustin , Rachmadian Arief Dwi , Vincent Vincent
Published: January 2021

The development of technology is very fast, one of them is cloud computing. Cloud computing has been used from various circles and began to be developed. There are various problems that arise in cloud computing, such as problems from data, whether the data will be safe. To ensure that the data is safe, several methods or tools can be used. In this scientific work we use the Intrusion Detection System as an aid tool needed to access the network, including whether packages can protect data in cloud computing. Although the intrusion detection system there are still some shortcomings such as only being able to read some data and the performance will decrease the data very much. To overcome this it is necessary to use several additional tools such as the Intrusion Prevention System which is a refinement of the Intrusion Detection System and using the AES algorithm
Clinical trials in the Coronavirus era: management of risks
Authors:   Remedium, Vodovozov Aleksey
Published: January 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unique problems facing the clinical trials (CT) community both in terms of the rapid implementation of CTs of COVID-19 drugs and vaccines, and many ongoing non-COVID-19 CTs that are either suspended or adapted to new realities. The CT organizers have played a key role in decision making, risk assessment and adaptation of trial processes, working side by side with other members of the trial team. Regulatory authorities (FDA, EMA, Ministry of Health of Russia, etc.), which issued initial recommendations for adapting the clinical trial methodology to new conditions as far back as March 2020, and then later on, generalized the experience in the management for clinical trials. The recommendations made based on the reviewed experience can help all CT parties to cope with the risks associated with both COVID-19 itself and anti-epidemic measures in different countries of the world with minimal losses.
Analysis of performance indicators of the High-cost Nosologies program in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Authors:   Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia, Petrukhina I.K. , Yagudina R.I. ,   Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia, Ryazanova T.K. ,   Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia, Gladunova E.P. ,   Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia, Egorova A.V. ,   Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia, Loginova L.V. ,   Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia, Khusainova A.I. ,   Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia, Blinkova P.R. ,   Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
Published: January 2021

In the Russian Federation, preferential medicine provision is an important component of state assistance to citizens living in various regions. One of the main programs of preferential drug provision is the High-cost Nosologies program, funded by the federal budget. The purpose of the work was to study regional implementations of this program in 21 constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the period from 2018 to 2019. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the performance indicators of the program, differences were revealed in the amount of funding,average medicine costs, as well as actual costs per 1 beneficiary. In 2019, in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation, an increase in the number of beneficiaries was revealed along with a simultaneous increase in the medicine costs, which is due to the inclusion of 5 additional diseases in the list of High-cost Nosologies.
Financial performance of the pharmaceutical manufacturers: 2020 interim results
Authors:   Remedium, Romanova Svetlana
Published: January 2021

Financial status is the most important characteristic of the economic activity of the industry enterprises, which determines its economic attractiveness. Let us consider a set of indicators reflecting the availability, placement and use of financial resources of enterprises in the industry. Financial status of the industry enterprises is analysed using the data form State Statistical Reporting Form No. P-3 Information on Company Financial Status.