bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure Development in Low‐Antimony Oxide‐Doped Zinc Oxide Ceramics
Authors: Bernik Slavko , Bernard Janez , Daneu Nina , Rečnik Aleksander
Published: August 2007

The grain growth of ZnO ceramics sintered with low additions of Sb2O3 (<500 ppm of Sb) was investigated. Additions of Sb<250 ppm resulted in a coarse‐grained microstructure with large ZnO grains (55–70 μm), much larger than the grain size of ZnO ceramics without any Sb2O3 addition (45 μm). The addition of 500 ppm of Sb resulted in a fine‐grained microstructure with an average ZnO grain size of about 12 μm. The results are explained by an inversion‐boundary (IB) ‐induced grain‐growth mechanism. The grain‐growth exponent has a value of about 2 as long as the grains containing IBs grow at the expense of IB‐free grains. It increases to about 4 after the IB‐containing grains impinge on each other, and achieves values above 10 for additions of 500 ppm of Sb when IBs nucleate in nearly all the ZnO grains so that grains with IBs prevail in the microstructure at an early stage in the grain‐growth process.
Analytical Determination of the Distribution of Polishing Time over the Surface of Polished Tiles
Authors: Sousa Fábio J. P. , Aurich Jan C. , Weingaertner Walter L. , Alarcon Orestes E.
Published: August 2007

Several kinds of glossiness pattern can be seen on the surface of porcelain stoneware tiles right after the polishing process, as a function of the kinematics performed by the polishing heads. For the newest generation of industrial polishing trains, where a transverse oscillation is included, there is still a great need for literature about the resulting patterns. This paper intends to find the spatial distribution of time under polishing analytically using the kinematics equations involved in the polishing process. The measured values of glossiness collected from three polished tiles are also presented. The importance of adopting a good kinematics for the polishing process has been highlighted, and the equations developed herein are useful tools for further attempts at optimizing the polishing process.
Whisker‐Reinforced Calcium Phosphate Cements
Authors: Müller Frank A. , Gbureck Uwe , Kasuga Toshihiro , Mizutani Yoichiro , Barralet Jake E. , Lohbauer Ulrich
Published: August 2007

Self‐setting calcium phosphate cements (CPC) consisting of hydroxyapatite (HA) and tetracalcium phosphate were reinforced with various amounts of hydrothermally synthesized HA whiskers with an aspect ratio of 10. Flexural strength (σb) and work of fracture (γwof) were calculated by four‐point bending tests, and fracture surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). σb and γwof of the CPCs that were reinforced with 30 vol% HA whiskers increased by 60% to 7.4 MPa and by 122% to 102 J/m2, respectively. SEM analyses reveal that this increase could be correlated to energy‐dissipating processes (e.g., whisker pull‐out) at the crack tip.
Localization of Vacuolar Transport Receptors and Cargo Proteins in the Golgi Apparatus of Developing Arabidopsis Embryos
Authors: Hinz Giselbert , Colanesi Sarah , Hillmer Stefan , Rogers John C. , Robinson David G.
Published: August 2007

Using immunogold electron microscopy, we have investigated the relative distribution of two types of vacuolar sorting receptors (VSR) and two different types of lumenal cargo proteins, which are potential ligands for these receptors in the secretory pathway of developing Arabidopsis embryos. Interestingly, both cargo proteins are deposited in the protein storage vacuole, which is the only vacuole present during the bent‐cotyledon stage of embryo development. Cruciferin and aleurain do not share the same pattern of distribution in the Golgi apparatus. Cruciferin is mainly detected in the cisand medial cisternae, especially at the rims where storage proteins aggregate into dense vesicles (DVs). Aleurain is found throughout the Golgi stack, particularly in the transcisternae and transGolgi network where clathrin‐coated vesicles (CCVs) are formed. Nevertheless, aleurain was detected in both DV and CCV. VSR‐At1, a VSR that recognizes N‐terminal vacuolar sorting determinants (VSDs) of the NPIR type, localizes mainly to the transGolgi and is hardly detectable in DV. Receptor homology‐transmembrane‐RING H2 domain (RMR), a VSR that recognizes C‐terminal VSDs, has a distribution that is very similar to that of cruciferin and is found in DV. Our results do not support a role for VSR‐At1 in storage protein sorting, instead RMR proteins because of their distribution similar to that of cruciferin in the Golgi apparatus and their presence in DV are more likely candidates. Aleurain, which has an NPIR motif and seems to be primarily sorted via VSR‐At1 into CCV, also possesses putative hydrophobic sorting determinants at its C‐terminus that could allow the additional incorporation of this protein into DV.
Deficits in social behavior and sensorimotor gating in mice lacking phospholipase Cβ1
Authors: Koh H.‐Y. , Kim D. , Lee J. , Lee S. , Shin H.‐S.
Published: August 2007

Abnormal phospholipid metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and it was reported that phospholipase C (PLC) β1 is reduced in specific brain areas of patients with schizophrenia. However, the causal relationship of the PLCβ1 gene with behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia remains unclear. To address this issue, we have examined the mutant mice lacking PLCβ1 for schizophrenia‐related phenotypes by performing various behavioral tests, including general locomotor activity, sensorimotor gating, social behaviors, and learning and memory. Phospholipase C β1 knockout mice showed hyperactivities in an open field. They showed impaired prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle response, which was ameliorated by a systemic administration of an antipsychotic D2‐receptor antagonist, haloperidol. In addition, they showed abnormal social behaviors, such as lack of barbering behavior, socially recessive trait and lack of nesting behavior. Furthermore, they showed impaired performance in the delayed‐non‐match‐to‐sample T‐maze test. The present results show that the PLCβ1 mutant mice share some of the behavioral abnormalities that have been reported in patients with schizophrenia. Thus, the PLCβ1‐linked signaling pathways may be involved in the neural system whose function is disrupted in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Spiritual Identification with Christ: Jon Sobrino, the CDF and St Paul
Authors: Turner Geoffrey
Published: August 2007

The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith has issued a Notification criticising Jon Sobrino's Christology. In their criticism of Sobrino's description of Jesus as a man of faith, they risk introducing a semi‐Docetism by emphasising Jesus' closeness to his divine Father and his relative distance from us. Paul, on the other hand, brings Christ and believers very close together – he gives them a ‘spiritual identification’ in a common experience of death, burial, sonship, heirdom and resurrection. A parallel is also drawn between the faith/faithfulness of Christ and all Christian believers who, according to Paul, are made righteous (justified) through their faithfulness.
A new sulfurtransferase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus
Authors: Giuliani Marie‐Cécile , Tron Pascale , Leroy Gisèle , Aubert Corinne , Tauc Patrick , Giudici‐Orticoni Marie‐Thérèse
Published: August 2007

Sulfur is a functionally important element of living matter. Rhodanese is involved in the enzymatic production of the sulfane sulfur which has been suggested as the biological relevant active sulfur species. Rhodanese domains are ubiquitous structural modules occurring in the three major evolutionary phyla. We characterized a new single‐domain rhodanese with a thiosulfate : cyanide transferase activity, Aq‐477. Aq‐477 can also use tetrathionate and polysulfide. Thermoactivity and thermostability studies show that in solution Aquifex sulfurtranferase exists in equilibrium between monomers, dimers and tetramers, shifting to the tetrameric state in the presence of substrate. We show that oligomerization is important for thermostability and thermoactivity. This is the first characterization of a sulfurtransferase from a hyperthermophilic bacterium, which moreover presents a tetrameric organization. Oligomeric Aq‐477 may have been selected in hyperthermophiles because subunit association provides extra stabilization.
Insights into the activation of brain serine racemase by the multi‐PDZ domain glutamate receptor interacting protein, divalent cations and ATP
Authors: Baumgart Florian , Mancheño José M. , Rodríguez‐Crespo Ignacio
Published: August 2007

Brain serine racemase contains pyridoxal phosphate as a prosthetic group and is known to become activated by divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+, as well as by ATP and ADP. In vivo, brain serine racemase is also activated by a multi‐PSD‐95/discs large/ZO‐1 (PDZ) domain glutamate receptor interacting protein (GRIP) that is usually coupled to the GluR2/3 subunits of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid Ca2+ channel. In the present study, we analysed the mechanisms by which serine racemase becomes activated by GRIP, divalent cations and ATP. We show that binding of PDZ6 of GRIP to serine racemase does not result in increased d‐serine production. However, full‐length GRIP does augment significantly enzymatic activity. We expressed various GRIP shorter constructs to map down the regions within GRIP that are necessary for serine racemase activation. We observed that, whereas recombinant proteins containing PDZ4‐PDZ5‐PDZ6 are unable to activate serine racemase, other constructs containing PDZ4‐PDZ5‐PDZ6‐GAP2‐PDZ7 significantly augment its activity. Hence, activation of serine racemase by GRIP is not a direct consequence of the translocation towards the calcium channel but rather a likely conformational change induced by GRIP on serine racemase. On the other hand, the observed activation of serine racemase by divalent cations has been assumed to be a side‐effect associated with ATP binding, which is known to form a complex with Mg2+ ions. Because no mammalian serine racemase has yet been crystallized, we used molecular modelling based on yeast and bacterial homologs to demonstrate that the binding sites for Ca2+, ATP and the PDZ6 domain of GRIP are spatially separated and modulate the enzyme through distinct mechanisms.
Glutamate recognition and hydride transfer by Escherichia coli glutamyl‐tRNA reductase
Authors: Lüer Corinna , Schauer Stefan , Virus Simone , Schubert Wolf‐Dieter , Heinz Dirk W. , Moser Jürgen , Jahn Dieter
Published: August 2007

The initial step of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in Escherichia coli involves the NADPH‐dependent reduction by glutamyl‐tRNA reductase (GluTR) of tRNA‐bound glutamate to glutamate‐1‐semialdehyde. We evaluated the contribution of the glutamate moiety of glutamyl‐tRNA to substrate specificity in vitro using a range of substrates and enzyme variants. Unexpectedly, we found that tRNAGlu mischarged with glutamine was a substrate for purified recombinant GluTR. Similarly unexpectedly, the substitution of amino acid residues involved in glutamate side chain binding (S109A, T49V, R52K) or in stabilizing the arginine 52 glutamate interaction (glutamate 54 and histidine 99) did not abrogate enzyme activity. Replacing glutamine 116 and glutamate 114, involved in glutamate–enzyme interaction near the aminoacyl bond to tRNAGlu, by leucine and lysine, respectively, however, did abolish reductase activity. We thus propose that the ester bond between glutamate and tRNAGlu represents the crucial determinant for substrate recognition by GluTR, whereas the necessity for product release by a ‘back door’ exit allows for a degree of structural variability in the recognition of the amino acid moiety. Analyzing the esterase activity, which occured in the absence of NADPH, of GluTR variants using the substrate 4‐nitrophenyl acetate confirmed the crucial role of cysteine 50 for thioester formation. Finally, the GluTR variant Q116L was observed to lack reductase activity whereas esterase activity was retained. Structure‐based molecular modeling indicated that glutamine 116 may be crucial in positioning the nicotinamide group of NADPH to allow for productive hydride transfer to the substrate. Our data thus provide new information about the distinct function of active site residues of GluTR from E. coli.
Differential effects of Mxi1‐SRα and Mxi1‐SRβ in Myc antagonism
Authors: Dugast‐Darzacq Claire , Grange Thierry , Schreiber‐Agus Nicole B.
Published: August 2007

Mxi1 belongs to the Myc‐Max‐Mad transcription factor network. Two Mxi1 protein isoforms, Mxi1‐SRα and Mxi1‐SRβ, have been described as sharing many biological properties. Here, we assign differential functions to these isoforms with respect to two distinct levels of Myc antagonism. Unlike Mxi1‐SRβ, Mxi1‐SRα is not a potent suppressor of the cellular transformation activity of Myc. Furthermore, although Mxi1‐SRβ exhibits a repressive effect on the MYC promoter in transient expression assays, Mxi1‐SRα activates this promoter. A specific domain of Mxi1‐SRα contributes to these differences. Moreover, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase interacts with Mxi1‐SRα and enhances its ability to activate the Myc promoter. Our findings suggest that Mxi1 gains functional complexity by encoding isoforms with shared and distinct activities.
Characterization of inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 1C on a human cellular system
Authors: Dunkern Torsten R. , Hatzelmann Armin
Published: August 2007

Different inhibitors of the Ca2+/calmodulin‐stimulated phosphodiesterase 1 family have been described and used for the examination of phosphodiesterase 1 in cellular, organ or animal models. However, the inhibitors described differ in potency and selectivity for the different phosphodiesterase family enzymes, and in part exhibit additional pharmacodynamic actions. In this study, we demonstrate that phosphodiesterase 1C is expressed in the human glioblastoma cell line A172 with regard to mRNA, protein and activity level, and that lower activities of phosphodiesterase 2, phosphodiesterase 3, phosphodiesterase 4 and phosphodiesterase 5 are also present. The identity of the phosphodiesterase 1C activity detected was verified by downregulation of the mRNA and protein through human phosphodiesterase 1C specific small interfering RNA. In addition, the measured Km values (cAMP, 1.7 µm; cGMP, 1.3 µm) are characteristic of phosphodiesterase 1C. We demonstrate that treatment with the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin increases intracellular Ca2+ in a concentration‐dependent way without affecting cell viability. Under conditions of enhanced intracellular Ca2+ concentration, a rapid increase in cAMP levels caused by the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin was abolished, indicating the involvement of Ca2+‐activated phosphodiesterase 1C. The reduction of forskolin‐stimulated cAMP levels was reversed by phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors in a concentration‐dependent way. Using this cellular system, we compared the cellular potency of published phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors, including 8‐methoxymethyl‐3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine, vinpocetine, SCH51866, and two established phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors developed by Schering‐Plough (named compounds 31 and 30). We demonstrate that up to 10 µm 8‐methoxymethyl‐3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine and vinpocetine had no effect on the reduction of forskolin‐stimulated cAMP levels by ionomycin, whereas the more selective and up to 10 000 times more potent phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors SCH51866, compound 31 and compound 30 inhibited the ionomycin‐induced decline of forskolin‐induced cAMP at nanomolar concentrations. Thus, our data indicate that SCH51866 and compounds 31 and 30 are effective phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors in a cellular context, in contrast to the weakly selective and low‐potency phosphodiesterase inhibitors 8‐methoxymethyl‐3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine and vinpocetine. A172 cells therefore represent a suitable system in which to study the cellular effect of phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors. 8‐Methoxymethyl‐3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine and vinpocetine seem not to be suitable for the study of phosphodiesterase 1‐mediated functions.
Rotenone inhibits mammalian cell proliferation by inhibiting microtubule assembly through tubulin binding
Authors: Srivastava Pallavi , Panda Dulal
Published: August 2007

Rotenone, a widely used insecticide, has been shown to inhibit mammalian cell proliferation and to depolymerize cellular microtubules. In the present study, the effects of rotenone on the assembly of microtubules in relation to its ability to inhibit cell proliferation and mitosis were analyzed. We found that rotenone inhibited the proliferation of HeLa and MCF‐7 cells with half maximal inhibitory concentrations of 0.2 ± 0.1 µm and 0.4 ± 0.1 µm, respectively. At its effective inhibitory concentration range, rotenone depolymerized spindle microtubules of both cell types. However, it had a much stronger effect on the interphase microtubules of MCF‐7 cells compared to that of the HeLa cells. Rotenone suppressed the reassembly of microtubules in living HeLa cells, suggesting that it can suppress microtubule growth rates. Furthermore, it reduced the intercentrosomal distance in HeLa cells at its lower effective concentration range and induced multipolar‐spindle formation at a relatively higher concentration range. It also increased the level of checkpoint protein BubR1 at the kinetochore region. Rotenone inhibited both the assembly and the GTP hydrolysis rate of microtubules in vitro. It also inhibited the binding of colchicine to tubulin, perturbed the secondary structure of tubulin, and reduced the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of tubulin and the extrinsic fluorescence of tubulin−1‐anilinonaphthalene‐8‐sulfonic acid complex, suggesting that it binds to tubulin. A dissociation constant of 3 ± 0.6 µm was estimated for tubulin–rotenone complex. The data presented suggest that rotenone blocks mitosis and inhibits cell proliferation by perturbing microtubule assembly dynamics.
A Dialogue on the Future of Nursing Practice
Authors: Lavin Mary Ann , Meyer Geralyn A. , Ellis Peggy
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE.  The challenges of health care; its safety, effectiveness, and efficiency; the quality of care; and the outcomes patients experience are issues central to nursing practice. This centrality needs to be affirmed as the profession shapes its practice over the next 50 years. The purpose of this article is to initiate a dialogue on the future of nursing practice.

METHODS.  The methods used are observation, reflection, dialogue, and proposed actions.

FINDINGS.  The results of this process are preliminary. They suggest that the establishment of nursing hospitals is a distinct possibility.

CONCLUSIONS.  This article concludes with a series of arguments for and against this position along with an invitation for your participation in this dialogue.

NURSING IMPLICATIONS.  The major implications of this article are not “nursing” implications per se but client and patient implications and the future contribution of nursing to improved health and patient care.
Morphology and life cycle of a new loriciferan from the Atlantic coast of Florida with an emended diagnosis and life cycle of Nanaloricidae (Loricifera)
Authors: Kristensen Reinhardt Møbjerg , Heiner Iben , Higgins Robert P.
Published: August 2007

Abstract. A new interstitial loriciferan, Nanaloricus gwenae sp. nov., is described from coarse‐sand and shell‐hash habitats (Amphioxus sand), at 15–17 m depth, 6–7 miles off the coast of Fort Pierce, FL, USA. The new species is very closely related to the type species Nanaloricus mysticus found off the coast of Roscoff, France in nearly the same kind of sediment (Dentalium sand). All life stages (Higgins larva, postlarva, and adult) in the life cycle of the new species were found through the 10‐year investigation, leading to the conclusion that all species of Nanaloricidae have only a sexual reproductive cycle. The adult of the new species can be distinguished by the different body shape, the lorical spikes and sculpture, and the shape of the scalids. The postlarva has stronger longitudinal ridges on the lorical plates and the Higgins larva has toes with smaller mucrones than those of N. mysticus. An emended definition of the Nanaloricidae is provided based on the new formula of the number of rows and shape of the scalids on the introvert. The associated meiofauna found in the subtidal sand or shell hash is both abundant and diverse. Tardigrades, gastrotrichs, and kinorhynchs are among the most common associates. N. gwenae sp. nov. is represented by only eight specimens collected during a 10‐year period of sampling this habitat.
Marking hard‐shelled gastropods: tag loss, impact on life‐history traits, and perspectives in biology
Authors: Henry Pierre‐Yves , Jarne Philippe
Published: August 2007

Abstract.Individual marking has long been used in many fields of biology. However, capture–mark–recapture (CMR) studies are not evenly distributed among taxonomic groups, with most studies focusing on vertebrates. For example, a limited number of studies have been conducted in gastropods, in sharp contrast to their important role as biological models or exploited natural resources. The lack of standard, validated marking techniques certainly contributes to the limited use of CMR. In this article, we evaluate two fundamental requirements for a marking technique to be suitable, i.e., tag loss (two experiments) and impact on life‐history traits (survival, growth, and fecundity, in three experiments). Five marking techniques for hard‐shelled gastropods were tested in the freshwater snailPhysa acuta(Pulmonata). The tag‐loss rate per month was lower for glued plastic marks (0.01) than for paint marks (0.03–0.07), and the tag‐loss rate varied among colors (gouache paint). Under laboratory conditions, the life‐history traits were not significantly affected by marking. We thus recommend using glued plastic marks for long‐term studies, and paint marks for mass marking, with double marking to account for tag‐loss rate. Based on an extensive literature survey, we also review current CMR practices in gastropod studies and suggest general improvements that would prove useful in both this group and invertebrates in general.
Seasonal reproductive cycle in relation to tolerance to high temperatures in the terrestrial slug Lehmannia valentiana
Authors: Udaka Hiroko , Mori Midori , Goto Shin G. , Numata Hideharu
Published: August 2007

Abstract. Seasonal maturation of the gonad (hermaphrodic gland) was examined in the terrestrial slug Lehmannia valentiana in Osaka, Japan. The ratio of the gonad weight to body weight was low in June–September, rapidly increased in October, and gradually decreased thereafter. In May–September, most slugs had only spermatogonia and spermatocytes, and all slugs had mature sperms in October–April. The oocyte size increased in September and large oocytes were observed in late October–April. Under natural temperature and photoperiodic conditions in Osaka, slugs laid eggs in early November–May. Therefore, this species reproduces from late autumn to spring, in contrast to many terrestrial slugs. In January–early February, however, the number of laid eggs was small and oviposition activity showed a bimodal seasonal pattern. In contrast, the hatching pattern was unimodal and most hatching was observed in spring. After a 1‐h exposure to 33°C, the survival rate was 100% in juvenile slugs but 0% in eggs. Although hatching success was >85% at 15°–20°C, no eggs hatched when they were maintained at 25°C. The heat susceptibility of eggs in this species may be one of the key factors restricting oviposition from late autumn to spring.
Rapid induction and disappearance of electron‐dense organelles following sulfide exposure in the marine annelid Branchioasychis americana
Authors: Wohlgemuth Stephanie E. , Arp Alissa J. , Bergquist Derk , Julian David
Published: August 2007

Abstract. Electron‐dense organelles (EDOs) are a characteristic feature of marine annelids adapted to hydrogen sulfide, but little is known about their origin or fate or the mechanism by which they are formed. In this study, transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the appearance, quantity, and size distribution of EDOs in body wall epithelium of the sulfide‐tolerant annelid Branchioasychis americana. EDOs were enclosed by either one or two lipid bilayers with a typical diameter in the range of 0.4–1.2 μm. The contents included amorphous electron‐dense material, lamellated membranes, and distinct membrane‐bounded structures. In animals fixed immediately after collection from the mudflat, the EDO quantity was 0.148 μm−2. This decreased by one‐third to 0.100 μm−2 after 2 weeks under sulfide‐free conditions. Subsequent exposure to 250–400 μmol L−1 sulfide for ≤24 h increased the EDO quantity by 2.4‐fold to 0.240 μm−2, which reverted to control levels after 24 h under sulfide‐free conditions. The results show that EDOs are transient structures that are rapidly induced by sulfide, which is consistent with the hypothesis that sulfide‐induced EDOs represent the upregulated autophagic degradation of mitochondria or other cellular constituents damaged by sulfide exposure.
The origin of large-scale H i structures in the Magellanic Bridge
Authors: Muller Erik , Bekki Kenji
Published: August 2007

We investigate the formation of a number of key large-scale Hi features in the interstellar medium of the Magellanic Bridge using dissipationless numerical simulation techniques. This study comprises the first direct comparison between detailed Hi maps of the Bridge and numerical simulations. We confirm that the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) forms two tidal filaments: a near arm, which forms the connection between the SMC and the Large Magellanic Cloud, and a counter-arm. We show that the Hi of the most dense part of the Bridge can become arranged into a bimodal configuration, and that the formation of a ‘loop’ of Hi, located off the north-eastern edge of the SMC, can be reproduced simply as a projection of the counter-arm, and without invoking localized energy-deposition processes such as supernova events or stellar winds.
FSR1767 – a new globular cluster in the Galaxy
Authors: Bonatto C. , Bica E. , Ortolani S. , Barbuy B.
Published: August 2007

The globular cluster (GC) nature of the recently catalogued candidate FSR1767 is established in the present work. It turns out to be the closest GC so far detected in the Galaxy. The nature of this object is investigated by means of 2MASS colour–magnitude diagrams (CMDs), the stellar radial density profile (RDP) and proper motions (PM). The properties are consistent with an intermediate-metallicity ([Fe/H]≈−1.2) GC with a well-defined turnoff (TO), red giant branch (RGB) and blue horizontal branch (HB). The distance of FSR1767 from the Sun is d⊙≈ 1.5kpc, and it is located at the Galactocentric distance RGC≈ 5.7kpc. With the space velocity components (V, W) = (184 ± 14, −43 ± 14)kms−1, FSR1767 appears to be a Palomar-like GC with MV≈−4.7, which currently lies ≈57pc below the Galactic plane. The RDP is well represented by a King profile with the core and tidal radii Rcore= 0.24 ± 0.08pc and Rtidal= 3.1 ± 1.0pc, respectively, with a small half-light radius Rh= 0.60 ± 0.15pc. The optical absorption is moderate for an infrared GC, AV= 6.2 ± 0.3, which together with its central direction and enhanced contamination explains why it has so far been overlooked.
Establishing Stage‐Discharge Relationships in Multiple‐Channelled, Ephemeral Rivers: a Case Study of the Diamantina River, Australia
Authors: BULLARD JOANNA E. , MCTAINSH GRANT H. , MARTIN PAUL
Published: August 2007

The method for deriving a stage‐discharge relationship has a significant impact on the shape of the river's rating curve. We compare rating curves for a single gauging station on a mutiple‐channelled river in Australia compiled using three different methods – the Urban Runoff and Basin Systems (URBS) rainfall‐runoff model, an empirically‐based velocity‐area method, and the predictive Hydrologic Engineering Centre‐River Analysis System (HEC‐RAS) computer model. The rainfall‐runoff model was found to predict lower discharges for stage heights over 3.5 m than both the empirically‐based velocity‐area method and the HEC‐RAS model. The empirically‐based velocity‐area model predicts similar discharges to the rainfall‐runoff model for stage heights less than 3 m but much higher discharges for larger flood events. The HEC‐RAS model predicts higher discharges than both other rating curves at all stage heights probably due to under‐estimation of the impact of surface roughness on flow velocity. The three models are discussed with particular reference to their use on multiple‐channelled rivers.
Best Management Practice for Complex Problems: a Case Study of Defining BMP for Dryland Salinity
Authors: MEASHAM THOMAS G. , KELLY GAIL J. , SMITH F. PATRICK
Published: August 2007

The concept of ‘best management practice’ (BMP) has become popular in the context of natural resource management in Australia and is a core principle of the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality. However, despite the emergence of this concept, it seems to have been mostly overlooked for critical assessment by geographers and social scientists. This paper presents an overview of the BMP concept and its use in natural resource management, identifying two distinct types of BMP, one associated with regulation and one focused on innovation. The paper presents findings from focus groups with farmers and scientists seeking to implement BMP to manage dryland salinity in the Western Australian wheatbelt. The focus of the paper concerns defining what is meant by BMP for managing dryland salinity, and drawing attention to complications with the BMP concept as it is used in Australia to address salinity. In particular, the paper discusses the contested nature of defining BMP against a background of imperfect knowledge. As a complex environmental problem, a prescriptive approach to BMP for the management of dryland salinity is problematic. However, the concept has some merit when conceptualised as a process of continual improvement and learning.
Economic Incentive, Embeddedness, and Social Support: A Study of Korean-Owned Nail Salon Workers' Rotating Credit Associations
Authors: Oh Joong-Hwan
Published: August 2007

Much of the past research on rotating credit associations (RCAs) in the U.S. Korean community has been conducted in the context of Korean entrepreneurs' success in small businesses. By contrast, little has been known about the significance of RCAs in the lives of Korean immigrant workers. Based on a sample of Korean female workers at Korean-owned nail salons in the New York–New Jersey area, the first aim of this study is to address whether Korean immigrant workers, like Korean immigrant merchants, take into account RCAs as a way to save money or raise capital. Second, this study also speculates about the importance of embeddedness (Granovetter) and social capital (Portes and Sensenbrenner) views for both economic behavior and a likelihood of malfeasance by RCA participants. Lastly, this study regards RCA membership as a mechanism of social support for its participating members. Overall, the analyses provide evidence that RCA membership at nail salons leads to both economic benefit and social support for some of its participants, and that embedded networks and an accompanying sense of trust have some connection to the suppression of its members' latent malfeasance.
Sending States' Transnational Interventions in Politics, Culture, and Economics: The Historical Example of Italy
Authors: Choate Mark I.
Published: August 2007

This article uses archival evidence to study in depth the historical policies of Italy as a classic sending state. Most of the mass migrations of a century ago came from multinational empires, but Italy was a recently formed independent state. Ambitious to benefit from emigration while assisting and protecting emigrants, Italy reached out to “Italians abroad” in several ways. For example, the state opened a low-cost channel for remittances through a nonprofit bank; promoted Italian language education among Italian families abroad; supported Italian Chambers of Commerce abroad; and subsidized religious missionary work among emigrants. Italy's historical example of political innovation and diplomatic negotiation provides context, comparisons, and possibilities for rapidly changing sending-state policies in the twenty-first century.
Centenary of HM Seervai – Doyen of Indian constitutional law – an Australian appreciation
Authors: Kirby Michael
Published: August 2007

For much of the second half of the twentieth century, HM Seervai was a leading advocate of the Bombay High Court. He argued some of the most important constitutional cases decided by the Supreme Court of India and eventually resolved in 1970 to write his Constitutional Law of India. It became the leading text on Indian constitutional law. It is still in widespread use. Many instances of recent citations are quoted. But it is not the usual commentary on the text of the Indian constitutional and case law. Instead, the book contains a running discussion on the shifts in direction as well as sharp criticisms where Seervai felt that the courts had strayed from correct constitutional doctrine. Seervai died in 1996 as the fourth edition was just completed. In this paper, originally given as a lecture in Mumbai in 2007 on the centenary of Seervai’s birth, the author questions Seervai’s testamentary prohibition on posthumous editions of his text. He urges that a new edition should be produced to keep Seervai’s legacy alive not only in India but in other constitutional democracies where Indian judicial authority is increasingly cited.
Cultural Challenges to Biotechnology: Native American Genetic Resources and the Concept of Cultural Harm
Authors: Tsosie Rebecca
Published: August 2007

Our society currently faces many complex and perplexing issues related to biotechnology, including the need to define the outer boundaries of genetic research on human beings and the need to protect individual and group rights to human tissue and the knowledge gained from the study of that tissue. Scientists have increasingly become interested in studying so-called “population isolates” to discover the nature and location of genes that are unique to particular groups. Indigenous peoples are often targeted by scientists because “the relative isolation of the communities ensures minimal gene flow.” Such studies raise a number of issues related to privacy rights, property rights, informed consent, and group rights versus individual rights. These issues recently came to light in a case brought by the Havasupai Tribe and its members over the use of blood samples, handprints, and genealogy information initially taken by researchers at Arizona State University (ASU) for a diabetes project. These materials were then allegedly used by researchers at ASU and other institutions for a multitude of unauthorized purposes, including research into the frequency of mental health disorders and the origin of human populations. Consequently, the affected members sued for damages under several legal theories. However, underlying all of these claims was the allegation that this unauthorized use of genetic resources and data not only injured the individuals who gave samples, but also caused a collective harm to the Havasupai Tribe and the cultural and spiritual beliefs of its members.
Narratives of Race and Indigeneity in the Genographic Project
Authors: TallBear Kim
Published: August 2007

In his 21st-century explorer’s uniform, Nordiclooking Spencer Wells kneels alongside nearly naked, smaller, African hunters who sport bows and arrows. Featured on the National Geographic Web site, “Explorer-in-Residence” Wells hold a bachelor’s and doctorate degree in biology. He is also a filmmaker who both masterminded and hosted National Geographic’s 2002 documentary, The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, which explains to non-scientists a molecular anthropology narrative of how humans left Africa 60,000 years ago to populate the rest of the globe.

In his latest exploratory adventure, Wells is the project leader and spokesperson for the recently announced “Genographic Project,” a “landmark study of the human journey.” In April 2005, National Geographic and IBM, with funding from the Waitt Family Foundation (Gateway computers), launched the Genographic Project as a five-year “research partnership” that aims to “trace the migratory history of the human species” and “map how the Earth was populated.”
Partnership in U.K. Biobank: A Third Way for Genomic Property?
Authors: Winickoff David E.
Published: August 2007

Although scientific and commercial excitement about genomic biobanks has subsided since the biotech bust in 2000, they continue to fascinate life scientists, bioethicists, and politicians alike. Indeed, these assemblages of personal health information, human DNA, and heterogeneous capital have become and remain important events in the ethics and politics of the life sciences. For starters, they continue to reveal and produce the central scientific, technological, and economic paradigms so ascendant in biology today: genome, infotech, and market. Biobanks also illustrate what might be called the new distributive politics of biomedical research. Within those politics, the commodification of persons – or at the very least, of their informational representations – has challenged the ontological, ethical, and political underpinnings of the social contract between researchers and their human research subjects. In brief, biobanks are unsettling relations between genes, tissue, medical records, and persons (both individual and collective). But it is also clear that these relations are increasingly being restructured by new rights of control, access, exclusion, and use known as “property,” both material and intellectual.
Individuality and Human Beginnings: A Reply to David DeGrazia
Authors: Gómez-Lobo Alfonso
Published: August 2007

In a recent article published in the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, David DeGrazia criticized the two pivotal assumptions that underlie President Bush’s policy on funding stem cell research. Those assumptions are (1) that we originate as single-cell zygotes at the time of conception and (2) that we have full moral status as soon as we originate.

In this paper, I would like to concentrate on the first of those assumptions and show in light of recent findings in embryological development that DeGrazia’s criticisms have to be rejected. I shall save my discussion of DeGrazia’s critique of the second assumption for a later article that can take into account DeGrazia’s further elaboration of his position.
Discontinuity and Disaster: Gaps and the Negotiation of Culpability in Medication Delivery
Authors: Dekker Sidney
Published: August 2007

We say that celebrated accidents shape public perception of safety and risk in health care. Take the so-called celebrated story of the three Colorado nurses who, by administering bezathine penicillin intravenously, caused the death of a neonate. The nurses were charged with criminal negligence, with one pleading guilty to a reduced charge and another fighting the charge and eventually being exonerated. “Celebrated” accidents (i.e., celebrated in the media and, accordingly, popular imagination, amplified momentarily by the media as it may get ferried along from courtroom to courtroom) seem to follow a predictable script and cast participants in recognizable roles. They present heroes (e.g., a care provider who tried to save the patient despite the odds and errors of others), survivors, and victims. And, of course, they put villains, or anti-heroes, center stage – the chief protagonists of a fatal plot.
Off the Grid: Vaccinations among Homeschooled Children
Authors: Khalili Donya , Caplan Arthur
Published: August 2007

Every September, millions of parents around the country herd their children into pediatricians’ offices with school immunization forms in hand. Their kids have already received a dozen or more shots before the age of two, and, depending on the state in which they live, a dozen more may await them over the ensuing decade. To protect public health, states require that parents have their children immunized before they are permitted to attend public or private school, but the rules vary for homeschooled children. With the spectacular growth in the number of homeschooled students, it is becoming more difficult to reach these youth to ensure that they are immunized at all. These children are frequently unvaccinated, leaving them open to infection by diseases that have been all but stamped out in the United States by immunization requirements. States should encourage parents to have their homeschooled students vaccinated by enacting the same laws that are used for public school students, enforcing current laws through neglect petitions, or requiring that children be immunized before participating in school-sponsored programs.
A “taxonomic affidavit”: Why it is needed?
Authors: POR Francis Dov
Published: August 2007

Imprecise and faulty taxonomic identification of the biological objects of many ecological and experimental studies renders these studies irreproducible. Incomplete identification to the species level and excessive use of vernacular species names are additional problems. Good science must be able to be falsified. I recommend that publications and granting agencies use and mention the names of the zoologists or botanists who identified the species. Voucher specimens should be marked and deposited in scientific museums for future checking.
A Comparative Study on the Effects of Glucose Monohydrate, Hot Water, and Sodium Pyrophosphate on Quality Parameters and Microbial Flora of Deboned and Matured Brisket
Authors: Gögüs U. , Bozoglu F. , Alpas H.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT:  Organic acids, hot water (HW), and chlorine have been commonly used in carcass decontamination for years. However, it has been observed that organic acids have adverse effects on color and are corrosive, while HW is discoloring. On the other hand, glucose fermentation by lactic acid bacteria in meat during the rigor period might be effective in microbial inhibition, without producing an adverse effect on the organoleptic quality of meat. Therefore, this study has aimed at finding an alternative meat decontamination procedure without any adverse effects. In this study, briskets were treated with 6 different applications: D (+) glucose monohydrate (GM) (16.51 g/100 mL, 15%) dip, HW dip, sodium pyrophosphate (SPP) and HW dip, GM + SPP + HW, and GM + HW combined dip. Then, the results of these applications were compared. First, GM + HW and GM + SPP + HW applications indicated more inhibition on Pseudomonas spp., Coliform and total Mesophile Aerob Bacteria growth, resulting in lower acidity loss (P < 0.01). Second, additional use of SPP with GM and HW did not enhance microbial inhibition (P < 0.01). Finally and most importantly, GM, 15%, improved a and b Hunter values significantly (P < 0.01), producing a very intense red meat color that can be very attractive for meat producers and consumers.
Evaluation of High Humidity and Wet Marinade Methods for Pasteurization of Jerky
Authors: Allen K. , Cornforth D. , Whittier D. , Vasavada M. , Nummer B.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT:  The USDA FSIS meat and poultry jerky compliance guidelines recommend a high humidity or liquid immersion pasteurization step before drying. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of high humidity (>90%) or wet marinade pasteurization on jerky characteristics (water activity, moisture/protein ratio, total aerobic plate count [TAC]) and sensory properties. Jerky pasteurized by nonmarinade method A (76.6 °C dry bulb, 54.4 °C oven wet bulb temperature for 1 h) had highest sensory scores for spice intensity and interior cured color (redness), and generally lower TACs than jerky from marinade pasteurization methods. Jerky pasteurized by method B (54 °C for 121 min in marinade) had higher TACs than other methods. Approximately 2‐log reduction in TAC was observed using marinade pasteurization in the smokehouse to internal temperature of 60° for 12 min (method C), or in hot marinade to internal temperature of 70 °C before drying (method D), but jerky was less spicy and somewhat darker than jerky from method A. Extruded jerky (1.5‐cm thickness) was similar to intact jerky for spice flavor intensity and interior redness, but required longer drying time to reach the target Aw of 0.85. Marinade pasteurization by methods C or D was feasible, and may be a preferred alternative for some processors, since monitoring of oven humidity during pasteurization is not necessary.
Comparative Studies on the Antioxidant Activities of Nine Common Food Legumes Against Copper‐Induced Human Low‐Density Lipoprotein Oxidation In Vitro
Authors: Xu B.J. , Yuan S.H. , Chang S.K.C.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT:  Epidemiological studies demonstrated that the consumption of dietary antioxidant was associated with the prevention of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of the hydrophilic extracts from 9 selected legumes based on copper‐induced human LDL oxidation model in vitro. The antioxidant activities were assessed on the basis of the formation of conjugated dienes (lag time of oxidation) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as the early and later stage markers of LDL oxidation. The results showed that the extracts of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lentils (Lens culinaris), black soybeans (Glycine max), and red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) had significant (P < 0.05) longer LDL oxidation lag times (128.8, 124.2, 107.7, and 111.1 min, respectively) than the LDL control group (94.9 min). No significant lag‐time lengthening was observed in other tested legume extracts. On the other hand, black beans, lentils, black soybeans, red kidney beans, and pinto beans exhibited higher antioxidant capacities (Trolox equivalents) than yellow peas, green peas, chickpea, and yellow soybeans in both LDL‐conjugated dienes assay and LDL‐TBARS assay. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activities of these legumes against LDL‐lipid peroxidation in the above assays were found to correlate very significantly (P < 0.01) with their phenolic substances, and DPPH radical scavenging activity and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). These results suggest that consuming black beans, lentils, black soybeans, and red kidney beans may have potential in preventing the development of atherosclerosis from the perspective of inhibiting LDL oxidation.
Formation of Zinc‐Chlorophyll‐Derivative Complexes in Thermally Processed Green Pears (Pyrus communis L.)
Authors: Ngo T. , Zhao Y.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT:  The formation of zinc‐chlorophyll‐derivative complexes was investigated in peels‐on green D'Anjou pears when subjected to blanching in zinc ion solution (1300, 2600, and 0 ppm) at 94 °C for 6, 12, or 18 min and then canning at 94 °C for 20 min. The peels removed from the pears were freeze‐dried and ground into powders in liquid nitrogen for pigment extraction using ethyl ether. The visual absorption of the extracts was measured using a spectrophotometer along with identification and quantification of chlorophyll derivatives using reverse‐phase HPLC method. Furthermore, pears with or without the peels were blanched in 2600 ppm of zinc solution for 12 min following the canning process in 10 °Brix syrup solution. Total antioxidant (TA) and total phenolic content (TPC) of the pear flesh and peels were evaluated using Folin‐Ciocalteu's phenol and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl assays. Thermal processing destroyed chlorophylls on pear peels, in which pheophytins were found to be the major degraded compounds while an insignificant amount of pyropheophytins was also formed. In zinc blanched peels, Zn pheophytins a was the dominant green compound, and its amount increased about 100% and 144.4% in peels blanched in 1300 ppm zinc solution for 6 and 12 min, respectively. When blanching peels in 2600 ppm zinc solution for 6 and 12 min, the pigment increased about 118% and 242%, respectively. Significant reductions in TA and TPC were found on the peels of zinc treated pears, but the overall TA and TPC of whole fruits were not significantly affected by the treatments.