bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Utility of Expectancy Theory in Studying the Turnover of Nurses
Authors: Birkenbach X.C. , van der Merwe Roux
Published: March 2013

Although expectancy theory has been widely used in organizational behaviour research to study the motivation of individuals, its application in the field of turnover research has been limited. The aim of the present study was to assess the usefulness of the approach in the study of turnover behaviour of hospital nurses. In terms of the propositions of the theory, desirability of outcomes (valence) and expectancies about the achievement of these outcomes in the nursing work role as well as alternative work roles were assessed. The univariate results of the study showed that while nurses who left their jobs and those who remained did not differ significantly with regard to their nursing work roles, there were significant differences between the groups in their evaluations of alternative work roles. This finding underlined the importance of examining employees' perceptions of other work roles in employee turnover research.

The results of the bivariate analysis revealed that the expectancy theory measures were not particularly good predictors of turnover. However, correlations with nurses' job satisfaction and organizational commitment were comparatively high and significant. It was concluded from the correlational analysis that respondents' ratings of expectancies of achieving outcomes were better predictors of the dependent variables than the traditional approach to operationalizing expectancy theory measures, namely, expectancies weighted by desirabilities.
Comprehending Text and Comprehension Tests
Authors: Doctor Estelle A.
Published: March 2013

Four different categories of reading tests are discussed with special attention to their relevance for reading comprehension. Diagnostic and phonic tests serve special functions, but pronunciation, or word tests are often assumed to be measures of comprehension. A detailed critique of one of these, the Schonell Graded Reading Test (R1) is presented and some explanations are suggested for the type of error usually made on this type of test. Several different types of comprehension tests exist, and these are discussed. A different comprehension test which distinguishes between the ability to comprehend material presented aurally and the ability to comprehend the same material in its printed form is presented. The relationship between pre- and post-lexical phonology is also discussed in relation to reading tests.
Depression: A Broader Perspective
Authors: Musikanth Sue , Fourie David P.
Published: March 2013

Considerable controversy exists within and between the various conceptualizations of depression. Whereas some theorists and researchers view depression as primarily of biological origin, others emphasize intrapsychic, behavioural, or interpersonal mechanisms. In this paper an effort is made to adopt a broader perspective in which the different models of depression are seen as mutually complementary, rather than as mutually exclusive. In contrast to other attempts that have been made to bypass the controversy (e.g., Coyne, 1976; Feldman, 1981), this paper spells out some of the therapeutic implications of the broader framework that are advocated.
From Crowding to Density: Conceptual Developments, Methods and Research
Authors: Van Staden Fred
Published: March 2013

Psychological interest in crowding has tended to focus on density-related phenomena and their experiential attributes. A synopsis of psychological models and methods is presented, followed by an overview of diverse research interests with relevance to high density situations. The review is organized around personal, social and physical characteristics. Finally it is argued that an ecological analysis of density distributions would involve recognition of temporal, social and physical dimensions, and its relation with the individual's subjective experiences of density conditions.
A Photographic Survey of Lateral Cradling Preferences in Black and White Women
Authors: Saling Michael , Abrams Ruth , Chesler Hiliary
Published: March 2013

The lateral cradling biases of Black and White women were examined by surveying photographs of women holding infants. The photographs were taken from a number of Black- and White-orientated popular periodicals. A systematic leftward bias in cradling was found in both Black and White women, suggesting that left-sided cradling is a universal maternal behaviour. The results were discussed in terms of their significance for a biogenetic model of the lateral cradling bias.
Preliminary Standardization of the Durrell Listening-Reading Series
Authors: Doctor Estelle A. , Becker Margaret A. , Kulutbanis Georgette
Published: March 2013

A preliminary item analysis of the ‘Durrell Listening-Reading Series’ was carried out on 380 English-speaking, Standard 3 children. This test is unique in that it provides comparable measures of reading and aural comprehension.

The results indicated that although the performance of the South African children compared favourably with that of the American children on this test, it would be necessary to adapt the test extensively in order to make it more suitable for South African usage.
The Relationship between Religion, Religiosity and Death Anxiety among Indian Adolescents
Authors: Mahabeer M. , Bhana K.
Published: March 2013

Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and the Religious Orientation Scale of the OPI were administered to 360 Indian adolescents to examine the relationship between religion and religiosity and death anxiety. Muslim subjects were found to be more death anxious than Christian and Hindu subjects. The degree of commitment to one's religious practices and beliefs did not intensify or reduce death anxiety. Further, female subjects manifested higher death anxiety than male subjects. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.
Die evaluering van 'n ouerbegeleidingsprogram
Authors: Van Wyk J.D. , Eloff M.E. , Heyns P.M.
Published: March 2013

Die meerderheid van die bestaande ouerbegeleidingsprogramme het, met die verskillende terapeutiese oriëntasies as agtergrond, unieke en soms uiteenlopende aksente. Die doel van die huidige ondersoek was om die doeltreffendheid van 'n geïntegreerde ouerbegeleidingsprogram te ondersoek. Deur ewekansige toewysing is die totale steekproef in kontrole- en eksperimentele groepe verdeel en voor- en nametings is verkry. Die volgende veranderlikes is in die eksperimentele ontwerp ingesluit: moeders: persoonlikheid (selfaktualisering) en interpersoonlike sensitiwiteit; kinders (8 tot 12 jaar): persoonlikheid (behoeftestruktuur) en ervaring van moeders se interpersoonlike sensitiwiteit. Die ouerbegeleidingsprogram was suksesvol in die bevordering van interpersoonlike sensitiwiteit en die gehalte van ouerkindkommunikasie asook sekere aspekte van selfaktualisering by die moeders. Geen beduidende verandering het egter by die kinders ten opsigte van behoeftestruktuur plaasgevind nie.
Wordiness in Retelling Narratives
Authors: Mann J.W.
Published: March 2013

Two experiments deal with elaboration of narratives. In a preliminary experiment concerned with accurate recall, 30 Ss tend to reproduce a story in a shortened form. In the main experiment, 344 Ss have to rewrite a story to make it more interesting. The 2 × 2 × 2 design involves two different stories with the same structure and the inclusion or exclusion of two sentences expressing transition. Ss tend to lengthen stories and lengthening depends on the story presented. Lengthiness is not affected by the absence of transitional structure.
Kruiskulturele ondersoek van die beleweniskwaliteite van verskillende argitektoniese style
Authors: Viljoen Henning G. , van Staden Frederik J.
Published: March 2013

Die ondersoek is 'n loodstudie om die invloed van kultuur, geslag, en die eie woonomgewing op die belewing van verskillende argitektoniese style te bepaal. Vier verskillende argitektoniese style is met behulp van 'n semantiese differensiaal deur 'n groep Duitsers (Nürnberg) en Afrikaanssprekendes (Pretoria), wat in vergelykbare hoogbouwonings woon geëvalueer. Die resultate het getoon dat daar in die belewing van argitektoniese style drie belewenisdimensies onderskei kan word, naamlik: 'n a-kulturele belewenisdimensie, 'n kultuur-spesifieke, en 'n geslagspesifieke belewenisdimensie. Verdere navorsing oor die spesifieke aard en invloed van die belewenisdimensies behoort nou onderneem te word.
Work Stressors, Gender Differences and Psychosomatic Health Problems
Authors: Barling Julian , Janssens Pam
Published: March 2013

Two consistent problems in research assessing the work stress/health relationship are identified, namely, the tendency (a) to ignore possible gender differences in the association between work stressors and health, and (b) to assess work status (i.e., whether an individual is employed or not) rather than the experience of unique work stressors. This study focuses on the association between health problems and work involvement, job satisfaction and role conflict for 91 males and 56 females, all in full-time employment with at least one dependent child. Role conflict and job dissatisfaction predicted health problems of females, but not of males, while work involvement was not associated with health for either gender. The role conflict/health relationship differed significantly for males and females, although the job dissatisfaction/health relationship did not.

The dichotomy between emotional outcomes arising from work (e.g., job dissatisfaction and role conflict) and intrinsic work aspects (e.g., job involvement); the importance of gender role expectations on the working mother and father; and the differential experiences of work of males and females are suggested as possible factors accounting for the different patterns of relationships. Some suggestions for further research are offered.
Salary Survey Methods: Differences in Market Pay Curves over a Seven-Year Period
Authors: Snelgar R.J.
Published: March 2013

Virtually all large organizations consider labour market information in their wage-level decisions. Decisions must be made on what jobs and organizations are to be surveyed, type and quantity of information to be collected, and methods of collecting, analysing and interpreting data. Considering all these variables, the organization is faced with the impracticality of adjusting its pay structure according to a market pay curve which inadequately reflects market ‘going rates’. This study indicates the extent to which a single pay structure received differing adjustments as a result of applying three different salary survey methods to the same labour market over a seven-year period. Results indicate differences in average salary range values obtained from the respective survey methods which varied from 0,4% to 10,8%. Differences in ranges at the lower levels of the job hierarchy varied from 2,3% to 10,8%; and at the upper-levels from 1,1% to 13,2%. These discrepancies suggest problems in terms of cost to the organization, in that ultimately surveys chase surveys, and in terms of effects on the inflation rate.
Perception of Personality and Social Behaviour in Different Racial Groups by Black and White University Students
Authors: Edwards D.J.A.
Published: March 2013

One hundred and eighty-six white and 225 black first-year psychology students at the universities of Rhodes and Fort Hare completed a modified form of Wrightsman's Philosophy of Human Nature scale as a measure of perception of one of five race groups. Black respondents perceived their own group as more Trustworthy, Conventionally Good and Variable and as more Altruistic (male respondents only). Blacks were most Cynical about the white group and rated them lower than blacks or coloureds on Trustworthiness and on Altruism. Unexpectedly, white respondents had a relatively unfavourable perception of their own group, rating it lower than other groups on Trustworthiness, Altruism (female respondents only) and Conventional Goodness and having the highest Cynicism scores for their own group. Whites perceived indians particularly favourably, rating them high on Trustworthiness, Altruism, Conventional Goodness, Independence and Strength of Will/Rationality, and being least Cynical about them. Whites rated blacks low on Strength of Will/Rationality which was interpreted to mean that blacks were perceived to have low internal locus of control (a perception not shared by the black respondents themselves).
Fairness in Selection: An Elusive Ideal
Authors: Lourens P.J.D.
Published: March 2013

Fairness in selection is required for moral reasons but may contribute as well to industrial relations, reduction of labour turnover, and public relations.

Various conceptions of fairness in selection are discussed and the following recommendations are made in this regard. First, that compensatory training for disadvantaged groups should be considered. Second, that selection (including the appropriate and careful use of psychological tests) should optimize the quality of the work force and thirdly, that race should not be used as a predictor in selection.
Practice Preferences of Clinical Psychologists in South Africa
Authors: Bassa F.M. , Schlebusch L.
Published: March 2013

There is a need for information on the practice of clinical psychology in South Africa. The characteristics of clinical psychologists and the patients who consult them were discussed elsewhere. The present article deals with the practice preferences of clinical psychologists in South Africa. Results of a study indicated that the majority of clinical psychologists spent most of their time conducting psychotherapy. They expected this trend to escalate and diagnostic psychological testing to decline in the next decade following the survey. The psychotherapy was generally completed in less than 20 sessions. Respondents were predominantly eclectic in psychotherapeutic orientation but frequently used client-centred and behaviour therapy. Most were satisfied with the suitability of the psychological tests they used, with the exception of neuro-psychological tests. Intelligence and personality assessments were the most common psychometric procedures. The WAIS/SAWAIS was most commonly used to assess intelligence, the TAT to assess personality and the Bender Gestalt Test for neuropsychological evaluation. Findings are discussed with reference to related literature.
The Effects of Electric Shock Stress on Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep in Hooded Rats
Authors: Clark R.I.A , Holdstock T.L. , Chalmers B.E. , Saling M.M.
Published: March 2013

The effects of various parameters of electric footshock on the sleep stage distribution of hooded rats were investigated in three experiments. Shock severity, rather than predictability or controllability, affected sleep stage distribution. Continued suppression of REM sleep occurred with the administration of 150, but not with the administration of 15 shocks per day. The predictability of shock onset and the controllability of shock offset, had no effect whatsoever on sleep stage distribution.
The Stigmatization of Ex-Political Detainees in Employment Practices
Authors: Bluen Stephen D. , Goodman Elaine R.
Published: March 2013

The present study investigated the employment responses of 570 personnel practitioners regarding stigmatized (ex-political detainees, ex-mental patients, and ex-convicts) and non-stigmatized job applicants. It was hypothesized that ex-detainees would be discriminated against in similar fashion to the other stigmatized groups. Results suggested that although significantly more respondents were prepared to employ the non-stigmatized applicants, no such differences were found regarding salaries people were prepared to pay. Using employment discrimination as a criterion, ex-political detainees appear to be stigmatized in the same manner as ex-mental patients or ex-convicts.
Authoritarian Dominance, Self-Esteem, and Manifest Anxiety
Authors: Ray J.J.
Published: March 2013

A mail-out questionnaire was sent to addresses selected at random from the Australian electoral rolls. There were 95 respondents. It contained the Rosenberg Self-esteem scale, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety scale, and the Ray ‘Directiveness’ scale of authoritarian dominance. Reliabilities (alpha) of 0,83, 0,87 and 0,75 were observed. Authoritarianism was found to be weakly associated with better mental health (in the sense of greater self-esteem and less anxiety). This is consistent with previous findings from South Africa but is at variance with the account given by Adorno et al. (1950). It is pointed out that dominance is also generally adaptive in animal species.
The Development and the Evaluation of a Behaviour-Modelling Training Programme for Supervisors
Authors: Birkenbach X.C. , Kamfer L. , ter Morshuizen J.D.
Published: March 2013

There is an accumulating body of research evidence which has highlighted the utility of behaviour-modelling training in improving the interpersonal skills of people in diverse settings, but particularly in the work place. Because of the widespread use of this approach to training in the South African industrial context, the necessity for a systematic and thorough evaluation of this approach to training has become evident. The present study set out to assess the effects of behaviour-modelling training on first-line supervisors using multiple criteria and an experimental design incorporating an experimental group and three control groups. The results of the research provided support for behaviour modelling on reaction, learning, and behavioural criteria. Owing to external environmental factors it was not possible to assess the influence of training on organizational results.
Bydraes tot die ontwikkeling van plekidentiteit as 'n omgewingsielkundige konstruk
Authors: van Staden Fred
Published: March 2013

Hierdie artikel is gebaseer op 'n oorsig van onderskeie dissiplines se bydrae tot die konseptualisering van plekidentiteit. Dit blyk dat die verhouding tussen plek en persoonlike identiteit deur drie interafhanklike dimensies heen sny, naamlik, kulturele faktore, sosiale groepsfaktore, en individuele faktore. Stokols (1982) se subjektiewe lewenstadiummodel is ook op die verband tussen plek en persoonlike identiteit toegepas. Riglyne vir toepaslike navorsing en die verdere konseptuele ontwikkeling van hierdie begrip is verskaf.
‘Person — Environment’ Fit or Man — Machine Systems Design?
Authors: Fisher J.
Published: March 2013

Recent suggestions for strategies to achieve ‘Person — Environment’ matching have been limited and misdirected because of over-simplistic guiding frameworks. A more sophisticated approach to work and job design is urged which will cope with both social and technological change to produce viable man — machine systems, acceptable in terms of both organizational effectiveness and individual well-being.
Die ontwikkeling en toepassing van 'n massaveiminderingsprogram wat op gedragsmodifikasie berus
Authors: Bester C.L. , Beukes R.B.I. , Grobler J.J. , Schoeman C.D.
Published: March 2013

Daar is 'n behoefte aan 'n doeltreffende massaverminderingsprogram wat vir die deelnemers daaraan aanvaarbaar en uitvoerbaar sal wees. Dit blyk uit die literatuur dat die meeste oormassaprobleme voortspruit uit verkeerde eet-gewoontes. Die doel met die ondersoek was om 'n massaverminderingsprogram wat op gedragsmodifikasiebeginsels gebaseer is, te ontwikkel en toe te pas. Die rede vir die gebruik van gedragsmodifikasiebeginsels is dat leer 'n belangrike rol speel by die vestiging van verkeerde eet-gewoontes. Agt-en-dertig dames is ewekansig in 'n eksperimentele en 'n kontrolegroep ingedeel. Die massaverminderingsprogram is vir 'n periode van 12 weke op die eksperimentele groep toegepas. Voor en na die eksperimentele periode is die gemiddelde massa van elke groep bepaal. Elkeen se voor- en nameting is afsonderlik vergelyk. Siegs die eksperimentele groep se gemiddelde massa het beduidend verander.
Politics and Mental Health: The Position of Clinical Psychology in South Africa
Authors: Dawes A.
Published: March 2013

Clinical psychology in South Africa, with few exceptions, has been unresponsive to its socio-political context. Attempts by certain authors to make their work relevant to the South African context are examined. Their adherence to a non-critical, conservative ideology is suggested as a reason for the lack of a more powerful critical focus. It is argued that Apartheid (or the policy of racial segregation) adversely affects the mental well-being of most South Africans through its generation of stress situations unique to this society. It is further argued that clinical psychology cannot claim scientific or moral respectability as long as it continues to take an uncritical position. South African clinical psychologists can begin to remedy this situation through the development of appropriate research and training, as well as public pronouncement through their professional associations.
Comment on Downing and Oliver's (1973–1974) Experimental Procedure for Establishing a Child's Conception of ‘Word’
Authors: Beyers E. , Coetzee C.H.
Published: March 2013

This article comments on the experimental procedure-followed by Downing and Oliver (1973–1974) which aims at establishing to what extent a child possesses the conception of ‘word’. The procedure consisted of a ‘Yes–No’ game during which a child was asked to respond to phonemes, syllables, phrases, sentences, short words, long words, and non-verbal sounds, after having been trained to respond with a ‘Yes’ if he heard ‘one of something’. Because low internal consistencies were found in two samples (56 English-speaking and 82 Afrikaans-speaking Grade 1 children) factor analyses were carried out to determine how items in the tests group together. In both samples three factors were extracted. Examination of these factors led to the conclusion that children use different criteria for classifying stimuli at different times. Sometimes they listen for ‘one word’, sometimes for ‘one sound’, depending upon the uncertainty which the stimulus generates. It is stated that it is not possible to know whether the child listens for one word or one sound. It is suggested that the solution lies in presenting the child with long words only, which have been established as being representative of the lexicon of a particular age group.
Hypnotic Behaviour: Mutual Qualification
Authors: Fourie David P. , Lifschitz Stanley
Published: March 2013

In traditional conceptualizations hypnosis often has been regarded as an entity with certain inherent characteristics. Subject behaviours such as limb catalepsy, analgesia, and amnesia are thought to be properties of this entity (‘state’). This reified view of hypnosis is limiting both conceptually and pragmatically because it disregards the relationship matrix in which hypnosis is embedded. A more tenable perspective is one which regards hypnosis as a concept describing a situation in which participants recursively influence the behaviour of each other in particular ways. Hypnotic behaviour is but one of the aspects that contribute to the development of the situation. This view recognizes that subject behaviours are not intrinsically hypnotic but that they are qualified as hypnotic by the participants present in the situation. This qualification is part of the recursive processes occurring between all participating parties. A clinical case-study concerned with the cessation of smoking was carried out to illustrate a way in which a dyadic hypnotherapeutic team can be used to organize a situation in such a way that certain client behaviours can be mutually qualified as hypnotic in order to influence a particular target behaviour.
'n Kommunikasie-opleidingsprogram vir studentevoogde
Authors: Visser Maretha J. , van der Westhuÿsen T.W.B.
Published: March 2013

Met die doel om die funksionering van 'n studentevoogde-stelsel (‘n stelsel van student-tot-studenthulpverlening aan eerstejaars in universiteitskoshuise) te verbeter, is 'n kommunikasie-opleidingsprogram vir voogde aangebied en die effek daarvan geëvalueer. Die program het ten doel gehad om voogde se interpersoonlike vaardighede en verhoudings te verbeter, asook om die fokus van die stelsel uit te brei van 'n akademiesgerigte tot 'n verhoudingsgerigte hulpverleningstelsel. Die eksperimentele groep ( N = 20) het 'n kommunikasie-opleidingsprogram deurloop, terwyl 'n kontrolegroep ( N = 20) slegs die tradisionele opleidingsprogram ontvang het. Die eksperimentele groep se interpersoonlike vaardighede, vlak van selfaktualisering, en verhouding met hul eerstejaars soos deur die eerstejaars beoordeel, was betekenisvol beter as dié van die kontrole-groepvoogde. Eerstejaars met voogde in die eksperimentele groep het die voogdestelsel as nuttiger gesien en het meer opregte belangstelling van hul voogde ervaar. Kommunikasie-opleiding speel dus 'n belangrike rol in die optimale benutting van die voogdestelsel in kampusgeestes-gesondheidsdienste.
Toetsopstelling met behulp van item- en toetsinligtingskrommes
Authors: Hoffman Daniël J.
Published: March 2013

Itemresponsteorie bied (in teorie) oplossings vir probleme wat nie met behulp van die klassieke toetsteoriemodel opgelos kan word nie, byvoorbeeld die probleem van steekproefafhanklike tellings. Begrippe wat deur itemresponsteorie ontstaan het, is onder andere dié van item-en toetsinligting en in die plek van betroubaarheid word van die begrip relatiewe doeltreffendheid gebruik gemaak. Die data is verkry van 'n itemontledingstoepassing in September 1982. Die steekproewe het bestaan uit die tellings van 10–14-jarige leerlinge in st. 3 tot 7, uit drie bevolkingsgroepe, op Woordpare, Getallerye, en Patroonvoltooiing. Deur gebruikmaking van die a-, b-, en c-parameters van items en item- en toetsinligtingsfunksies, is die beste items geïdentifiseer vir elk van die drie subtoetse, Woordpare, Getallerye, en Patroonvoltooiing. Die relatiewe doeltreffendheid van die saamgestelde subtoetse (bestaande uit 25 items elk) is bepaal relatief tot dié van 'n verkorte weergawe van elke subtoets onderskeidelik. Aan die kwessie van eendimensionaliteit is ook aandag geskenk.
The Development of a New Attitude Measurement Method
Authors: Taylor Terence R.
Published: March 2013

Many different types of attitude measurement techniques have been developed. Of these, the most effective and widely used are of the questionnaire variety, such as the Likert and Semantic Differential. Although successful, these methods have certain disadvantages, especially when applied to people who do not have an industrialized cultural background or people with a low level of education. The most serious of these disadvantages are susceptibility to response bias; transparency; and abstractness of item material. This article describes the development of a new method designed to be less susceptible to these drawbacks. The new method was applied in three multitrait — multimethod studies, the Likert and Semantic Differential being the other methods used. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the data. The findings guided the researcher in improving the new method to the point where it compared well with the Likert and Semantic Differential techniques.
Social Interaction between a Pair of Infant Twins
Authors: Dickman Zita , Clark Philippa M.
Published: March 2013

The development of social competence was studied by observing the free-play behaviour of a pair of twin boys. Videotape recordings of monthly free-play sessions in a laboratory from age 8 months to 2 1/2 years were analysed according to a combination of Mueller and Lucas's stage categories of toddler interaction and Parten's levels of social participation. Previous findings regarding these stages were replicated in play with objects, with the first example of a co-operative sequence occurring at 22 months. However, non-object-centred sequences exhibited features of co-operative behaviour as early as 10 months. These sequences showed conversation-like vocal exchanges and distracting — consoling behaviour. It is suggested that when peers are completely familiar, they may be capable of a social competence which is not based on objects and which can therefore develop before skill with objects is likely.
Die geldigheid van sielkundige meetinstrumente om tussen universitêre studierigtings te onderskei
Authors: Roos Willem L.
Published: March 2013

Die naskoolse studieloopbane van hoërskoolleerlinge wat van 1965 tot 1969 aan die RGN se Projek Talentopname deelgeneem het, is van 1970 tot 1980 opgevolg om studierigting en studiesukses te bepaal. In hierdie ondersoek is die toetsgegewens wat op skoolvlak verkry is met universitêre studiesukses in verband gebring. Die doel daarmee was om te bepaal of sekere gestandaardiseerde sielkundige meetinstrumente tussen breë universitêre studierigtings kan onderskei met die oog op die gebruik daarvan in onderwys- en beroepsleiding. Die mate waarin sielkundige meetinstrumente suksesvol in onderwys- en beroepsleiding gebruik kan word, word bepaal deur die mate waarin sodanige metings tussen breë universitere studierigtings kan onderskei. Om dit te bepaal, is die tegniek van diskriminantontleding gebruik en is groepe se sentroïdes in 'n tweedimensionele diskriminantruimte grafies voorgestel. Die agt breë studierigtings ten opsigte waarvan die onderskeidingsvermoë van die meetinstrumente bepaal is, was die volgende: Toegepaste natuurwetenskappe; suiwer natuurwetenskappe; toegepaste geesteswetenskappe; suiwer geesteswetenskappe; ingenieurswese; medies, tandheelkunde, en veeartsenykunde; handel en administrasie; en regte. Die resultate van die ondersoek dui daarop dat die betrokke sielkundige meetinstrumente betekenisvol tussen breë studierigtings onderskei en gevolglik met vrug in onderwys- en beroepsleiding gebruik kan word.

Hierdie artikel is gebaseer op 'n verslag wat gedurende 1984 deur die Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing gepubliseer is.
Medical Psychology and Psychonephrology: Contributions of Clinical Psychology
Authors: Schlebusch Lourens
Published: March 2013

Clinical psychology is developing into an integral part of modern health care delivery systems as evidenced by its role in the establishment of services in clinical psychology in general hospitals, training programmes in medical psychology, and the increased teaching of medically applied psychology in medical schools. This extended role of clinical psychology is discussed against the background of a subspecialization in psychonephrology. The aim is to illustrate the development of psychological treatment for chronically ill patients with end-stage renal disease, in the context of a developing country with a multi-ethnic society.
Student Teachers' Expectations of Psychosocial and School Adjustment of Boys from Divorced, Widowed, and Intact Families
Authors: Mahabeer Manorunjunie
Published: March 2013

This study examined student teachers' expectations of adjustment of boys from father-absent and intact families. Subjects' expectations of boys from intact families were significantly more positive than of boys from widowed families. Expectations of the latter, in turn, were significantly more positive than of boys from divorced families. Psychological services and social support systems were perceived as being more important than remedial instruction for pupils from the father-absent homes. Psychological services and social support systems were more strongly recommended for pupils from divorced families than for those from widowed families. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.
The Need for Theory Development in Psychology. Some Case Studies
Authors: Retief Alexis
Published: March 2013

An introductory survey of the literature is presented in which the author emphasizes the lack of theoretical sophistication in psychology. It is argued that a greater awareness of theoretical and conceptual problems now exists, and that studies addressing these or similar issues are starting to appear with greater frequency. Two general approaches to the improvement of theoretical development are contrasted: the constructivist philosophy (theoretical sophistication will be achieved by lower level theories spontaneously falling into place) and the comparative approach (theories should be analysed and compared in order to assess their complementary explanatory power and jurisdiction). Case studies of sound theoretical analyses are presented, and conclusions about the necessary elements of a good analysis are drawn. It is argued that metatheoretical issues cannot be ignored, and that the comparative approach to theoretical analysis has much more to offer in the way of theoretical development in psychology than the constructivist approach.
Psychometric Testing as an Unfair Labour Practice
Authors: Taylor J.M. , Radford E.J.
Published: March 2013

The concept of unfair labour practice has been introduced into South Africa through the Labour Relations Act and it is argued that certain psychometric testing practices can be interpreted as falling under the definition of an unfair labour practice. Empirical results are presented indicating that different ethnic groups obtain significantly different mean ability test scores. A case-study is cited to show that this would result in underprediction of performance on a criterion for the lower scoring of two groups if test scores are regarded as comparable. It is argued that any interpretation of psychometric data in South Africa that does not take account of possible differences between ethnic groups is likely to ignore a significant moderator variable, given the history of ethnically based discriminatory practices in this country. Arguments based on meta-analytical research in the USA, to the effect that psychometric ability tests do not discriminate unfairly against disadvantaged groups if the same tests and norms are used, should not be assumed to hold in South Africa. Various conceptions of what constitutes fairness in selection are considered, and it is concluded that there is a need for employers to make explicit in their selection policies the trade-off between economic and social costs of employment practices. Finally, some implications for users of psychometric tests in industry are considered, in order to forewarn of likely developments in this field.
Phenomenological Praxis: A Constructive Alternative in Research in Psychology
Authors: Stones Christopher R.
Published: March 2013

Serious consideration is given to the possibility that the traditional quantitative research orientation in psychology can no longer be considered the panacea that it was once believed to be. It is argued that any research approach, such as a quantitative one, which gives priority to the methodology as opposed to the phenomenon is based on inappropriate ontological reduction. Consequently, it is argued that psychology should aim more at being a descriptive science rather than an explanatory one. The traditional research modus operandi is compared with that offered by a qualitative approach and examples of such research are provided. The article concludes by outlining a programmed series of steps considered fundamental to any form of rigorous phenomenological research.
The Experience of Human Finitude: A Phenomenological Investigation
Authors: Todres Leslie A.
Published: March 2013

This article attempts to explore some relationships between awareness of finitude and our every-day lives. To this end, both existential philosophy and phenomenological-psychological research are employed. Existential philosophy, especially as in the writings of Martin Heidegger, is used to delineate this field of interest as a vital context for self-understanding. A phenomenological-psychological research methodology is employed to describe the experience of focusing on personal finitude by a group of young people by means of experiential procedures and reflections.
Kognitiewe Vermoëns Van Persone met Regterhemisferiese Taalverteenwoordiging
Authors: Stuart A.D. , Schepers J.M.
Published: March 2013

Cognitive abilities of persons with right hemispheric language representation. It is well known that language functions are mostly mediated by the left cerebral hemisphere. Approximately 4% of the population (mostly left-handed people), however, have right hemispheric language representation. Theories which predict the outcome of right hemispheric language representation on cognitive abilities are contradictory and divergent. Some researchers postulate differences in cognitive abilities between persons with right hemispheric and left hemispheric language representation, whereas other researchers postulate similar cognitive abilities for the two groups. The present study indicates that there are no differences in cognitive ability between normal persons with right and with left hemispheric language representation. In the light of this finding it is postulated that people with right hemispheric language representation possibly have a crossed cerebral organization which does not lead to any cognitive deficit or advantage.
Barriers to Rape Reporting among White South African Women
Authors: Collings Steven J.
Published: March 2013

This study was designed to investigate the reasons why many rape victims fail to report their victimization to public agencies. The study sample comprised 54 victims of unreported rape (38 Afrikaans-speaking white females and 16 English-speaking white females) who had responded to media appeals. In line with recent conceptualizations of crime victim decision making, barriers to reporting were examined at three levels of abstraction: the intrapersonal level (victim immaturity, victim guilt, or self-blame); the interpersonal level (fear of rapist retaliation, fear of further victimization by family and friends); and the institutional level (fear of victimization by the police or the criminal justice system). Interpersonal barriers were found to constitute effective barriers to reporting in 34 cases (63%), institutional barriers in 20 cases (37%), and intrapersonal barriers in 12 cases (22%). Analysis of the relationship between victim characteristics, rape circumstances, and reporting barriers revealed that the importance of reporting barriers can be predicted to a significant extent by selected rape-descriptive variables. The study findings are discussed in terms of their practical and methodological implications.
Pregnancy: The Pedi Woman's Veil of Secrecy
Authors: Chalmers Beverley
Published: March 2013

Traditionaly confirmation of pregnancy amongst black women relied largely on the presence of physical changes associated with pregnancy and occurred fairly well into the gestation period. In addition a strict veil of secrecy was drawn around this knowledge to prevent potential bewitchment by others. This article explores current views regarding these practices amongst Pedi women. Interviews with 89 women revealed that western medical resources are being used by the majority of the sample studied to confirm pregnancy in addition to accepted physical signs. Knowledge of pregnancy is thus occurring much earlier today than was previously the case. However secrecy about this confirmation of pregnancy is still maintained, with only small percentages of women revealing their news to even close family members.
World War II, Industry, and the Professionalization of South African Psychology
Authors: Louw Johann
Published: March 2013

Two institutions were created in South Africa during the Second World War, which significantly influenced the development of South African psychology. These were the Personnel Research Section of the Leather Industries Research Institute, and the Aptitude Tests Section of the South African Air Force. It is argued that this formed a significant advance in the professionalization of psychology in this country, as it institutionalized psychology as a discipline outside the universities for the first time.
The Evaluation of a Training Programme in Rape Crisis Intervention for Lay Therapists
Authors: Flisher Alan J. , Isaacs Gordon M.
Published: March 2013

A training programme in rape crisis intervention for lay therapists (members of Rape Crisis in Cape Town) is described and evaluated. Apart from this experimental group ( N = 8), there were two control groups: one consisting of members of Rape Crisis who did not attend the programme ( N = 9) and the other consisting of people who were not members of Rape Crisis and had not attended the programme ( N = 8). Levels of facilitativeness (FAC) and action orientatedness (ACT) that subjects were able to offer before and after the programme were assessed, using a modification of the instrument developed by Carkhuff. The levels of FAC that subjects were able to offer were not affected by the programme. Members of Rape Crisis offered significantly lower levels of FAC than those subjects who were not members of Rape Crisis, both before or after the programme. The programme appeared to increase the levels of ACT that subjects were able to offer. Theoretical and practical explanations for, and implications of, these results are examined.
A Decade of Environmental Psychology in South Africa
Authors: van Staden Fred J.
Published: March 2013

A brief summary is provided of the development of environmental psychology in South Africa. Discussion focuses on contributions to human -environment theorizing, completed research, and university training in environmental psychology. In conclusion it is argued that the development of a socially responsive environmental psychology in South Africa is dependent upon the extent to which attention is paid to sociopolitical factors influencing human — environment relationships.
Conflicts of Theory and Views of Human Nature: The Case of Kernberg versus Kohut
Authors: Straker Gillian
Published: March 2013

Kernberg's and Kohut's ideas concerning the idealizing transference are explored. It is postulated that their disparate ideas are explicable in terms of their different beliefs concerning human nature. The ontological status of these beliefs cannot be verified but they lead Kernberg and Kohut to adopt different observational stances. These stances influence their interpretations of the data perceived and the theories they construct. It is argued that Kernberg and Kohut are not unique in this regard. The link between psychological theories and deeply held convictions about human nature is an inextricable one. The controversy between Kernberg and Kohut simply serves to illustrate this.
Parasuicide among Indian Adolescents: Some Cultural Perspectives
Authors: Pillay A.L. , Schlebusch L.
Published: March 2013

From the significant amount of research devoted to parasuicide it is evident that parasuicidal adolescents experience many unique problems. There is however a paucity of research in this regard on South African Indian patients. Culturally oriented research is necessary in order to gain a better understanding of the problems facing these patients, and for appropriate management and ultimate prevention of parasuicide. Accordingly a preliminary study of parasuicide among Indian adolescents was undertaken. The patients ( N = 54) were mostly older adolescent females who engaged in self-poisoning by overdose of medicinal substances. Culturally rooted authoritarian parenting and the effects of acculturation emerged as important causal considerations and are discussed in relation to the aetiology of parasuicidal behaviour in this group of patients.
Medical Psychology in Southern Africa: Future Concerns in the General Teaching Hospital
Authors: Schlebusch L.
Published: March 2013

The challenge facing the contribution of clinical psychology to general health care from within the medical teaching establishment, in a changing society, is explored. Factors providing an impetus for psychology to participate in the quest for a mind — body synthesis in understanding and treating physical disease are discussed, along with related joint collaborative and other psychological aspects. The importance of cross-cultural issues and implications for future training and functioning of clinical psychologists within the general teaching hospital are mentioned.
Legal and Psychological Criteria for the Determination of Custody in South Africa: A Review
Authors: Cumes J.W. , Lambiase E.A.A.
Published: March 2013

The criteria used respectively by mental health professionals and legal professionals in child custody assessments are reviewed. The review concentrates on case precedents and the psychological literature in an attempt to delineate the major criteria on which custody decisions are based. Differences in assumptions between the two groups of professionals are highlighted.
Orientations to Child Management: A Comparison of Teacher-Counsellors and High School Principals with Regard to Child versus Institutional Advocacy
Authors: Dawes A.R.L. , Donald D.R.
Published: March 2013

Twenty teacher-counsellors and twenty principals from a socio-economic spectrum of white co-educational high schools in the Cape Peninsula participated in the study. A repertory grid comprising a set of child management situations to which subjects were required to respond in terms of a series of bipolar constructs reflecting child-centred or institutionally orientated problem-solving action was used. Consensus grids were compiled from the two samples in order to describe their responses and the two consensus grids were correlated in order to assess their degree of similarity. Results showed a high degree of consistency between the two samples in their likely management of problems. Further, teacher-counsellors were shown to be unlikely to act consistently as child advocates. Reasons for these findings are discussed with reference to possible structural constraints on the teacher- counsellor's role.
Die Suid-Afrikaanse Wechsler-Intelligensieskaal vir Volwassenes: 'n Kritiese perspektief
Authors: Pieters Huibrie C. , Louw D.A.
Published: March 2013

The South African Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: A critical perspective. The South African Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (SAWAIS) is applied widely, but may no longer be serving its purpose more than 25 years after its introduction. Certain negative implications for research with the test are highlighted. It is not clear which abilities the SAWAIS measures, and students are trained to use the SAWAIS in a clinical diagnostic way which is applicable to the American situation. The uncritical and one-sided way in which the SAWAIS is used as a diagnostic aid is criticized. The research literature is discussed to illustrate the many inconsistent results regarding the VIQ-PIQ discrepancy, as well as subtest scatter. It is suggested that attention should be given urgently to either the restandardization of the SAWAIS, or the compilation of a new South African intelligence test for adults.
Trade Union Membership and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Bluen Stephen D. , van Zwam Caroline
Published: March 2013

The relationship between union membership and job satisfaction, and the moderating role of race and sex is considered in this study. Results show that both race and sex interact with union membership in predicting job satisfaction. A significant 2 × 2 × 2 (union membership × race × sex) interaction showed that white, non-unionized females were less satisfied with their work than black, non-unionized females. In addition, sex moderated the relationship between union membership and co-worker satisfaction: Whereas unionized males were more satisfied with their co-workers than unionized females, the opposite was true for the non-unionized subjects. Finally, union members and non-members differed regarding promotion opportunities: Union members were more satisfied with their promotion opportunities than non-union members. On the basis of the findings, implications and future research priorities are discussed.