bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La normalisation comptable internationale face à la crise
Authors: Colasse Bernard
Published: April 2013

About the crisis of the international accounting standardization

In October 2008, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has modified in urgency its IAS 39 and IFRS 7 in response to an injunction of the European Union who feared that these standards caused the collapse of investment banks. This article studies the various and linked problems raised by this critical event : the problem of accounting evaluation in fair value, the problem of the orientation given to its standards by IASB via its conceptual framework and, in fine, the political problem of the independence and governance of IASB. The examination of these problems opens on a road map aiming to solve the present crisis of the international accounting standardization.

Classification JEL : K2, M4.
Le recyclage des pétrodollars
Authors: Kopper Christopher
Published: April 2013

Les transactions sur le marché des pétrodollars sont apparues avant le premier choc pétrolier, mais n'ont prospéré qu'après le quadruplement des prix du pétrole entre 1973 et 1974. Le marché, peu taxé et peu réglementé, des dépôts, obligations et prêts en dollars de Londres, la principale place financière d'Europe, s'est révélé être une institution parfaite pour le recyclage des excédents de paiements des pays de l'OPEP. Le marché de l'eurodollar de Londres a canalisé leurs excédents à court terme vers les pays importateurs de pétrole et a stimulé le marché des prêts à long terme pour les pays en développement. Dans les années 1970, les prêts à long terme aux pays en développement étaient devenus un débouché prisé pour les excédents de liquidités des banques. Mais la chute des excédents de paiements des pays de l'OPEP, la politique de taux d'intérêt élevés aux États-Unis et la menace d'une pénurie de liquidités dans les banques commerciales ont précipité le rappel de certains prêts et ont amené certains emprunteurs au bord de l'illiquidité.

Classification JEL : F30, O16 mais n'ont prospérées qu'après le quadruplement des prix du pétrole entre 1973 et 1974. Le marché, peu taxé et peu réglementé, des dépôts, obligations et prêts en dollars de Londres, la principale place financière d'Europe, s'est révélé être une institution parfaite pour le recyclage des excédents de paiements des pays de l'Opep. Le marché de l'eurodollar de Londres a canalisé leurs excédents à court terme vers les pays importateurs de pétrole et a stimulé le marché des prêts à long terme pour les pays en développement. Dans les années 1970, les prêts à long terme aux pays en développement étaient devenus un débouché prisé pour les excédents de liquidités des banques. Mais la chute des excédents de paiements des pays de l'Opep, la politique de taux d'intérêt élevés aux États-Unis et la menace d'une pénurie de liquidités dans les banques commerciales ont précipité le rappel de certains prêts et ont amené certains emprunteuts au bord de l'illiquidité.

Classification lEL : F30, 016
Les défis de la création d’un fonds souverain en Algérie
Authors: Hadj-Nacer Abderrahmane
Published: April 2013

Si elle avait disposé d'un fonds souverain, judicieusement investi dans des entreprises internationales, l'Algérie aurait pu avoir accès aux capacités techniques et managériales, aux systèmes, technologies et savoirs nécessaires à son développement, tout en offrant d'énormes opportunités pour le développement externe des entreprises étrangères acceptant ce partenariat.

Classification JEL : F30, G29, 016
Vers la fin des fonds souverains ?
Authors: Artus Patrick
Published: April 2013

Towards the End of Sovereign Wealth Funds ?

Before the crisis, the emerging countries (especially chose in Asia) and the oil-exporting countries had enormous foreign (fade surpluses they were accumulating in their foreign exchange reserves and which they used to give their sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) capital endowments. It was thus in these countries and SWFs that financing and capital investment capacities were to be found, which is what we saw at the beginning of the crisis. But the crisis then led to two developments : first of all, a significant trend towards repatriating capital From the emerging and oil-exporting countries

to the main countries of the OECO, particularly to the United Stares ; secondly, the decline in commodity prices. We then saw a very different situation : the emerging and oil countries suffered declines in their foreign exchange reserves. World savings was no longer concentrated in these countries, but in financing the public debts of the main OECD countries : in the United States and in Europe, governments replaced SWFs as " investors of last resort".

JEL Classification : F30, G01, 016
Fonds souverains : nouvelles réalités économiques et réponses politiques
Authors: Kern Steffen
Published: April 2013

D'un point de vue général, les fonds souverains et leurs investissements représentent un aspect d'une nouvelle phase de la mondialisation, qui porte sur la propriété des actifs mondiaux et une nouvelle qualité dans la participation des marchés émergents à l'économie mondiale. Il s'agit d'une évolution positive et fort bienvenue. La croissance des investissements des marchés émergents devrait les aider à jouer un rôle plus affirmé dans la finance mondiale plus en phase avec leur importance dans l'économie mondiale. Ceci requiert la définition rapide et coordonnée d'une approche politique. La stratégie de coordination du FMI concernant la gouvernance et la transparence des fonds souverains est un exemple très positif de la manière dont une initiative politique rapide et ciblée a pu amener les marchés émergents à la [ able des négociations, les transformant même en moteurs du processus.

Classification JEL : F30, G29
Fonds souverains : définir les engagements
Authors: Rozanov Andrew
Published: April 2013

Définir son profil de risque est probablement l'étape la plus importante dans la conception et la gestion de tous les fonds. Les fonds souverains sont souvent différents des autres investisseurs institutionnels dans l'évolution de leurs engagements. Cet article examine la nature des différents engagements des fonds souverains et cherche à présenter des éléments d'analyse qui permettent de réfléchir aux effets de ces engagements sur le bilan des fonds souverains.

Classification JEL : F30, G29
Les fonds souverains : des investisseurs à long terme en mal de stratégies efficaces
Authors: Aglietta Michel
Published: April 2013

Sovereign Wealth Funds : Long-Term Investors in Need of Effective Strategies

This article underscores the limited financial power of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) and their growth potential, as well as their objectives and governance principles, With the Santiago Principles as a backdrop, it evokes efforts aimed at drafting a common charter of principles for investors and recipient countries. Then, it examines the funds' strategic asset allocations, while emphasising their diversity. Lastly, it considers how the funds' missteps amid the crisis will likely encourage them to improve their strategies.

JEL Classification : F30, G29
Infrastructure Funding : a Long-Term Perspective
Authors: Margairaz Michel
Published: April 2013

Precise analysis of the methods of funding certain infrastructure at carefully selected moments, in function of the long-term fluctuations that have been identified, should shed light on the dynamic history of infrastructure. The preceding lines lead us to distinguish five distinct periods over the two centuries under review : that of the infrastructure already begun before the French Revolution, and still predominant into the 1820s ; that of the first wave of railroad and mine construction during the first period of industrialization (1840 to 1880) ; that of the second period of industrialization and its new networks at the time of the republican compromise on public service (1890 to 1940) ; that of the big national companies and rapid growth (1950 to 1970) ; and that of current deregulation and diversification with the advent of globalized markets.

JEL Classification : H54, N43, N44
Who's Afraid of Sovereign Wealth Funds ?
Authors: Balding Christopher
Published: April 2013

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) independence target specific issues faced by commodity dependent economies and represent challenges to investment target countries. The rhetorical impulses of critics obscures the issue of equal treatment, the cornerstone of the international economic system. Policy makers must work to deal with SWFs within the principle of equal treatment and scholar must make appropriate comparisons of investment behavior rather than theoretical unreliable assertions about profit motives.

JEL Classification : F30, G29
2007 : une crise systémique ?
Authors: Facchini François
Published: April 2013

2007 : a Systemic Crisis ?

This article explains the 2007 crisis in the United States from the Classical Austrian Cycle theory and its recent developments. It provides three causes for the crisis : a general cause (Fed’s behaviour), a singular one (the subprime policy) and a systemic one. The systemic cause is the institution of central bank and its regulation of money supply. This institution was established in the early twentieth century to address the instability caused by the Great War and facilitate the financing of public spending through inflation tax. This crisis proved the fragility of these public solutions and their undesirable effects on the socialization of risk. It raises questions about the need to initiate a comprehensive reform of the system and introduce of real competition among currencies.

Classification JEL : E58, E3, G01.
La gestion déléguée dans les fonds de capital-investissement : relation d’agence et clauses contractuelles des fonds
Authors: Mahieux Xavier
Published: April 2013

La gestion déléguée dans le capital-investissement s’est développée massivement en France depuis les années 1980 avec la création des fonds à durée de vie limitée (FCPR), adaptés à l’investissement dans le non-coté. Cet article analyse les relations entre gérants et investisseurs au vu de la théorie de l’agence. Il montre comment les clauses contractuelles des règlements des fonds de capital-investissement s’adressent aux différents risques encourus par les investisseurs du fait de cette relation d’agence spécifique et permettent de les réduire. En dépit de leur étendue et des mécanismes qu’elles mettent en oeuvre, il apparaît toutefois que ces clauses ne permettent pas d’éliminer totalement les risques de hasard moral.

Classification JEL : D82, G24, G34.
Peut-on représenter la chronogénèse sur le tenseur binaire radical ?
Authors: Soutet Olivier
Published: April 2013

Olivier Soutet : Is it possible to represent chronogenesis by using the radical binary tensor ?

This paper aims at making out the use of the "sublinguistic scheme" named radical binary tensor (tenseur binaire radical) in Gustave Guillaume's psychomecanics, particularly to represent chronogenesis (chronogenese), that is to say the process by which thought builds image tirne (image temps) in act of language (which ought to be told from speech act in pragmatics). Usually, in Guillaume's works, considering french verbal morphology, this process is represented by combining an horizontal vector (chronogenesis vector, strictly speaking) and three vertical straight lines -named chronothesis (chronothese)- namely three "interceptive prehensions" (saisies interceptives) which correspond to the three moods : (I) first prehension, infinitive and participles ; (2) second prehension, subjonctive ; (3) third prehension, indicative.

The use of the radical binary tensor (which associates two tensions, a closing tension and an opening tension) to represent chronogenesis conduces to reconsider the relevance of the notion of mood and to propose an new organization of temporal paradigms.
« Dire quelque chose de quelque chose ou de quelqu'un » et la théorie de l'incidence de Gustave Guillaume
Authors: Vassant Annette
Published: April 2013

Annette Vassant : 'To say something about something or about somebody' and Gustave Guillaume's theory of incidence.

The publication of G. Guillaume's manuscripts allows to observe the progressive refinement of his linguistic ideas. A close reading of these texts will help us to retrace this evolution regarding some important questions such as the theory of word genesis in French and that ofthe incidence (by which parts of speech are defined), particularly the internai incidence of the substantive. Meanwhile, we will examine the function ofthe article in the actualisation of the substantive. G. Guillaume's notion of extensity and the value given by the article to the noun phrase on account of context and extensity, agreement between substantive and article during the operation of producing a noun phrase. On the way, G. Guillaume's historical contribution to the study ofthe facts will be emphasized by means of quotations. In contrast, some divergent present usages of guillaumian works like incidence, extension and extensity will be discussed.
Size variation of infrared vibrational spectra from molecules to hydrogenated diamond nanocrystals: a density functional theory study
Authors: Abdulsattar Mudar A
Published: April 2013

Infrared spectra of hydrogenated diamond nanocrystals of one nanometer length are calculated by ab initio methods. Positions of atoms are optimized via density functional theory at the level of the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof (PBE) using 3-21G basis states. The frequencies in the vibrational spectrum are analyzed against reduced masses, force constants and intensities of vibration. The spectrum can be divided into two regions depending on the properties of the vibrations or the gap separating them. In the first region, results show good matching to several experimentally obtained lines. The 500 cm−1 broad-peak acoustical branch region is characterized by pure C–C vibrations. The optical branch is centered at 1185 cm−1. Calculations show that several C–C vibrations are mixed with some C–H vibrations in the first region. In the second region the matching also extends to C–H vibration frequencies that include different modes such as symmetric, asymmetric, wagging, scissor, rocking and twisting modes. In order to complete the picture of the size dependence of the vibrational spectra, we analyzed the spectra of ethane and adamantane. The present analysis shows that acoustical and optical branches in diamond nanocrystals approach each other and collapse at 963 cm−1 in ethane. Variation of the highest reduced-mass-mode C–C vibrations from 1332 cm−1 of bulk diamond to 963 cm−1 for ethane (red shift) is shown. The analysis also shows the variation of the radial breathing mode from 0 cm−1 of bulk diamond to 963 cm−1 for ethane (blue shift). These variations compare well with experiment. Experimentally, the above-mentioned modes appear shifted from their exact positions due to overlap with neighboring modes.
Antibiotics for Treatment of Reactive Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis
Authors: Barber Claire E. , Kim Joseph , Inman Robert D. , Esdaile John M. , James Matthew T.
Published: April 2013

Objective.

To examine the efficacy and safety of antibiotic treatments for reactive arthritis (ReA).

Methods.

We did a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials of antibiotics for treatment of ReA. We searched electronic databases and conference proceedings up to November 2011. Included trials reported on remission, joint counts, and pain or patient global scores in any language.

Results.

Twelve trials were eligible for inclusion and 10 provided data for metaanalysis. The pooled relative risk of failure to achieve remission from a random effects model showed no significant benefit of antibiotic treatment on remission (7 trials, 375 participants, RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.49–1.10); however, substantial heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 76.3%, p < 0.0001). The treatment effect did not differ significantly by the type of organism triggering the ReA (chlamydia, 4 trials, RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.63–1.03, vs other microorganisms, 5 trials, RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.29–1.79, metaregression p = 0.477) or use of combination antibiotics (monotherapy, 6 trials, RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.39–1.26, vs combination therapy, 1 trial, RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63–0.99, metaregression p = 0.466). When unblinded trials were excluded, the treatment effect was attenuated and heterogeneity decreased (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.70–1.10, I2 = 32.8%, p = 0.19). No significant effects of antibiotic treatment were observed on joint counts, pain, or patient global scores; however, antibiotics were associated with a 97% increase in gastrointestinal adverse events.

Conclusion.

Trials of antibiotic treatment for ReA have produced heterogeneous results that may be related to differences in study design. The efficacy of antibiotics is uncertain.
La réglementation de l'audit : une comparaison entre le Canada, les États-Unis et la France
Authors: Bédard Jean , Baker C. Richard , Prat dit Hauret Christian
Published: April 2013

L’audit est sujet à un ensemble très complet de règles émises par divers organismes régulateurs tels que l’État, les Commissions des opérations en Bourse et la profession comptable. Ces règles portent sur l’accès à la profession, les normes de travail, l’éthique, le contrôle d’activité, la discipline et la responsabilité légale. Bien que l’objectif principal de cette réglementation soit la protection de l’intérêt public, le sens de cet objectif et la façon de réglementer varient d’un pays à l’autre, La réglementation de l’audit légal et des auditeurs traduit les traditions économiques, de gouvernement d’entreprise et de droit commercial propres à chaque pays (Baker et al., 2001, p. 4). L’objectif de cette recherche est d’examiner le système réglementaire de trois pays avec différentes traditions économiques et légales : le Canada, les Etats-Unis et la France. Ainsi, nous examinerons la réglementation de l’audit à travers la grille de lecture présentée par Puxty et al (1987) et étudierons les rôles respectifs de l’État, des instances de réglementation, de la profession et du marché dans ces trois pays. Parmi les aspects de cette réglementation que nous étudierons, nous notons : (1) l’agrément des personnes chargées du contrôle légal des comptes, incluant les conditions concernant les qualifications professionnelles de ces personnes ; (2) l’établissement des normes de conduite et d’audit ; (3) le contrôle d’activité et (4) la responsabilité professionnelle incluant la responsabilité disciplinaire, civile et pénale.
Influence de la profession comptable sur la diffusion des coûts standard en Grande-Bretagne et en France : 1880-1950
Authors: Berland Nicolas , Boyns Trevor , Zimnovitch Henri
Published: April 2013

Les coûts standard furent développés au tournant du siècle dernier parallèlement à l’organisation scientifique du travail. Les recherches qui ont traité de la diffusion de cette méthode de calcul des coûts ont conclu que les entreprises européennes ne l’adoptèrent que tardivement. Des travaux récents montrent qu’un nombre significatif de firmes britanniques usèrent des coûts standard dès les années 1930 alors qu’il fallut attendre les années 1950 pour assister au même phénomène en France. Pour quelle raison ? Si des facteurs, politiques, sociaux, culturels, sont, à n’en point douter, à considérer, c’est au seul rôle joué par les professons comptables que ce texte s’intéresse. Il est étudié l’hypothèse selon laquelle ce serait la quête de reconnaissance par les comptables français qui expliquerait, pour partie, le retard de ce pays alors que, par contraste, en Grande-Bretagne le statut auquel leurs confrères étaient parvenus, combiné à la constitution d’une organisation professionnelle spécifique à la comptabilité industrielle auraient permis aux coûts standard de se diffuser dans un délai plus court.
Les différences comptables entre la Belgique et la France et leur impact sur la valorisation boursière des sociétés belges et françaises sur les places de Bruxelles et Paris
Authors: De Beelde Ignace , Garré Sandra , Levant Yves
Published: April 2013

Afin d’évaluer la performance d’une entreprise les investisseurs, sur les marchés financiers, doivent pouvoir distinguer les différences dues aux performances économiques des firmes de celles dues aux normes comptables qu’elles ont adoptées ou auxquelles elles sont soumises. L’harmonisation comptable européenne aurait dû réduire l’impact des différences des normes nationales. Cependant, sur ce plan, l’harmonisation n’est pas encore atteinte. Cet article présente les principales différences comptables entre la Belgique et la France et cherche à déterminer si ces différences, quoique limitées, ont des conséquences sur la valorisation des firmes belges et françaises sur leurs marchés boursiers respectifs. Les résultats d’une étude empirique réalisée sur des sociétés beiges et françaises cotées à Bruxelles et à Paris ne montrent pas que ces différences aient un impact significatif sur leur évaluation boursière, bien qu’il y ait des différences concernant les éléments sur lesquels les investisseurs s’appuient.
Incidence sur les états financiers des méthodes de comptabilisation des dépenses de recherche et développement et des coûts de production : le cas de l'industrie aérospatiale internationale
Authors: André Paul , Cormier Denis
Published: April 2013

Dans cet article, nous décrivons les différentes méthodes de comptabilisation des dépenses de recherche et développement (R & D) et de calcul des coûts de production utilisées dans l’industrie aérospatiale internationale. En outre, nous discutons de l’utilisation de la méthode de la comptabilisation par programme. Nous constatons que les pratiques varient énormément d’un pays à l’autre et également à l’intérieur d’un même pays. Enfin, nous analysons l’impact des différentes méthodes comptables sur la valeur de l’entreprise à l’aide de simulations et discutons des études portant sur la comptabilisation des dépenses de R & D et de leur impact sur les marchés boursiers.
L'invisible qui fait mal
Authors: Messing Karen , Lippel Katherine
Published: April 2013

Nés des préoccupations d’égalité et de revendications syndicales des années 1970, des partenariats entre université et syndicat ont mené des formations et des recherches sur la santé des travailleuses québécoises. Différentes thématiques ont émergé, dont la reconnaissance du caractère pénible et exigeant de certaines tâches effectuées surtout par des femmes, la conciliation entre les besoins économiques des femmes et leur rôle dans la reproduction biologique, les obstacles à l’intégration et le maintien des femmes dans l’ensemble des emplois, ainsi que le droit à l’indemnisation des travailleuses atteintes de lésions professionnelles. L’étude de plusieurs de ces thématiques a exigé des chercheures en ergonomie et en droit de réexaminer les méthodes et approches de leur discipline respective, en essayant d’aider les travailleuses à accéder à l’égalité professionnelle tout en préservant leur santé.
High Definition Real-Time Ultrasound (HDLive) of Embryonic and Fetal Malformations before Week 16
Authors: Raga Francisco , Caballero Oscar , Bonilla Francisco , Bonilla-Musoles Fernando , Castillo Juan Carlos , Climent Maria Teresa
Published: April 2013

High definition real-time ultrasound (HDLive US) incorporates software that calculates the propagation of light through surface structures in relation to the light direction.

This light source can be freely positioned in order to illuminate the desired area of interest allowing a better image quality, a better sensation of deepness and easier visualization of fetal surfaces.

Cases of normal embryos, fetuses and common fetal malformations are shown.

The full potential of this new technology is still to be revealed. HDLive represents, in our opinion, an innovative tool and a step toward an even more realistic anatomical visualization of normal and malformed fetuses.

How to cite this article

Bonilla-Musoles F, Raga F, Castillo JC, Bonilla F Jr, Climent MT, Caballero O. High Definition Real- Time Ultrasound (HDLive) of Embryonic and Fetal Malformations before Week 16. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(1):1-8.
Fetal and Maternal Physiology and Ultrasound Diagnosis
Authors: Kadic Aida Salihagic , Predojevic Maja
Published: April 2013

Fetal developmental potential is determined at the moment of conception by genetic inheritance. However, this development is modulated by environmental factors. It is important to recognize that both, the mother and the fetus, actively participate in the maintenance of the physiological intrauterine environment. Unfortunately, the fetus is not entirely protected from harmful influences of the external factors. By altering the intrauterine environment, these factors can have a long-term effect on fetal health.

How to cite this article

Kadic AS, Predojevic M, Kurjak A. Fetal and Maternal Physiology and Ultrasound Diagnosis. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(1):9-35.
Early Detection of Fetal Abnormality
Authors: Pooh Ritsuko K
Published: April 2013

After introduction of high-frequency vaginal transducer, transvaginal two-dimensional ultrasound has established a field of sonoembryology and most of the major fetal abnormalities have been detectable in the first trimester. Three-dimensional ultrasound adds an objective and comprehensive information to two-dimensional sonographic findings.

How to cite this article

Pooh RK. Early Detection of Fetal Abnormality. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(1):46-50.
Magnesium Sulfate: Fetal Neuroprotective Role in Reducing the Risk of Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Vladareanu Radu , Constantinescu Simona , Denes Margareta , Chilianu Andrei
Published: April 2013

Advances in perinatal and neonatal medicine have significantly improved survival rates of preterm infants. This improvement has been associated with substantial risk of neurodevelopmental impairments and with increased number of infants with special health care needs. Cerebral palsy is the most well known and potentially most disabling motor abnormality associated with prematurity. There has been limited progress in understanding the causes of cerebral palsy and in developing primary prevention strategies. Several studies have summarized the experimental evidence that supports possible neuroprotective effects of magnesium. Five randomized controlled trials of antenatal magnesium sulfate found a trend of reduced risk of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Three meta-analyses using the data from these five trials found that magnesium sulfate given to women at risk of premature birth significantly reduced the risk of cerebral palsy without increasing the risk of perinatal or infant death.

How to cite this article

Constantinescu S, Denes M, Chilianu A, Vladareanu R. Magnesium Sulfate: Fetal Neuroprotective Role in Reducing the Risk of Cerebral Palsy. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(1):98-104.
Penile Ossification: a traumatic event or evolutionary throwback? Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Yılmaz Ibrahim Edhem , Barazani Yagil , Tareen Basir
Published: April 2013

Penile ossification is an exceedingly rare condition, with only a handful of histologically confirmed cases reported in the literature.  The most common condition leading to penile ossification is Peyronie’s disease.  Other conditions such as gout, ERSD, diabetes mellitus, hyperparathyroidism, and local trauma have also been associated with penile ossification.  We report a unique case of near-complete penile ossification of the corporal bodies with histologic confirmation on pathologic review.  Our report summarizes the literature regarding this rare entity.
A singular case of intravesical bleeding angiomyolipoma in a bladder diverticulum
Authors: Chua Michael E. , Geron Maria Anna Vanessa A.
Published: April 2013

Neoplasms arising from intravesical diverticula are rare and considered by urologists as an important surgical challenge. A hamartomatous lesion noted in a bladder diverticulum has never been reported. To our knowledge, we report the first angiomyolipoma, a subtype of mesenchymal hamartoma uncommonly located extrarenally, seen in a bladder dome diverticulum. We discuss the dilemma on the management of such case, related literature and probable etiology.
Complete endoscopic management of a retained bullet in the bladder
Authors: Friedman Ariella A. , Trinh Quoc-Dien , Kaul Sanjeev , Bhandari Akshay
Published: April 2013

A 25-year-old male gunshot victim presented at our institution with gross hematuria following Foley catheter insertion. Computed tomography and cystogram did not show a bladder perforation, but were notable for a left ischial fracture and the presence of a bullet within the bladder. After failed attempts at retrieving the bullet with a resectoscope and loop, as well as a cystoscope and stone crusher, a 26 French nephroscope was inserted transurethrally, and the bullet was successfully engaged and removed using a Perc NCircle (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN) grasper. The extraperitoneal injury was managed conservatively with catheter drainage. To our knowledge, this represents the first case of successful transurethral management of a retained intravesical bullet. Such an approach may benefit patients with retained intravesical bullets or other challenging intravesical foreign bodies and may be helpful in select circumstances to spare patients from more extensive surgeries.
Ureteroiliac fistula secondary to radiotherapy in a patient with single renal metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma
Authors: Dormeus Sarah , Hernández Erick A. , Nicolazzi Mickaël , Barba Javier F. , Algarra Rubén , Tienza Antonio , Pascual Juan I. , Zudaire Juan J.
Published: April 2013

We report the case of a 61-year-old man diagnosed in 2001 with rectal cancer (stage T3N1M0). The patient was treated by surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In 2009 he was admitted to the urology department with a complaint of right hemiabdominal pain. The anatomopathological investigation reported renal metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma. After surgery he received adjuvant chemotherapy. No tumour  recurrence or metastasis were reported at the 22-month follow-up.
Parameters predicting postoperative unilateral disease in patients with unilateral prostate cancer in diagnostic biopsy: a rationale for selecting hemiablative focal therapy candidates
Authors: Sfoungaristos Stavros , Perimenis Petros
Published: April 2013

Background: Focal hemiablative therapy for prostate cancer is a new treatment alternative. Unilateral and unifocal disease are its main limitations. The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiological, clinical and pathological parameters that may predict unilateral disease in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer.Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients at our institution between January 2005 and January 2011. Only patients with unilateral disease in prostate biopsy were part of the study. The analysis included age, preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and its density, prostate volume, biopsy first and second Gleason pattern and Gleason summary, number of biopsy cores, percentage of cancer in biopsy material and the presence of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Their role as potential predictors was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis.Results: A total of 161 patients had unilateral disease after prostate biopsy. A significant correlation was found between prostate volume, PSA density and percentage of cancer in biopsy material and the presence of unilateral disease in the surgical specimen. These are the same factors significant in the univariate analysis. The results of the multivariate analysis demonstrated that PSA density (p = 0.015) and percentage of cancer in biopsy material (p = 0.028) are the most significant predictors.Interpretation: Our results demonstrate that PSA density and the percentage of cancer in biopsy cores are significant predictorsfor prostate cancer unilaterality and should be considered for theselection of hemiablative focal therapy candidates.
Undergraduate exposure to urology: impact of the distributed model of medical education in British Columbia
Authors: Hoag Nathan A. , Hamidizadeh Reza , MacNeily Andrew E.
Published: April 2013

Background: With the increased development of distributed sites for medical education across Canada, it is imperative we ensure that the quality of education is comparable between the different campuses. Our objective was to assess medical student experience and comfort with common urologic clinical encounters and to determine whether any differences exist between the distributed education sites at the University of British Columbia (UBC).Methods: Questionnaires assessing urologic education were delivered simultaneously to all final-year UBC medical students attending campuses in Vancouver, Victoria and Prince George. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: Overall, 55.8% of students felt their exposure to urology was adequate in the medical curriculum; learners in the Northern Program (Prince George) ranked their clinical and didactic experiences significantly higher. Areas requiring improvement include teaching of the male genitourinary exam, digital rectal exam and sexual history, in which learners rated teaching “good/outstanding” in only 18.2%, 47.7% and 43.2% of cases, respectively. Overall, students were most comfortable with the following clinical encounters: urinary tract infection, nephrolithiasis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hematuria, incontinence and prostate cancer. Few differences in student experience or comfort were noted related to campus site, gender or urology clerkship exposure.Conclusion: A significant minority of learners perceived that theyhad inadequate exposure to urology in the undergraduate curriculum. Experience in urology was comparable across the distributed sites and was congruent with teaching objectives. Students were comfortable with the clinical scenarios deemed most important in the literature. Learners in the Northern Program were significantly more satisfied with their urologic teaching, which potentially highlights the advantages of learning in a smaller academic setting.
A pilot study of urinary microRNA as a biomarker for urothelial cancer
Authors: Snowdon Jaime , Boag Sandy , Feilotter Harriet , Izard Jason , Siemens D. Robert
Published: April 2013

Objective: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are part of a class of small ribonucleic acid (RNAs). They are important regulatory molecules, involved in several cell processes, such as developmental timing, stem cell division and apoptosis. Dysregulated miRNAs have been identified in several human malignancies, including bladder cancer tissue samples, and may confer a “tumour signature” that can be exploited for diagnostic purposes. We report on a prospective pilot study investigating the diagnostic capability of miRNAs in the urine of patients with urothelial cancer.Methods: Voided urine samples were collected from patients with urothelial carcinoma just prior to bladder tumour resection, as well as age-matched healthy control patients. Pathology demonstrated both low- and high-grade cancer. Total RNA was isolated and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed on the RNA extracts using primers for 4 miRNAs shown previously to be dysregulated in solid urothelial carcinomas with RNU6B as the endogenous control. Standard urine cytology was performed on all samples in a blinded fashion.Results: Two miRNAs of interest were dysregulated in the urine from cancer patients with miR-125b showing an average 10.42-fold decrease (p < 0.01) and miR-126 showing an average 2.70-fold increase (p = 0.30) in the cancer samples compared to the normal controls. The sensitivity and specificity of the cytology on the same urine samples were 50% and 80%, respectively. Using these 2miRNAs only, a decision-tree prediction model was generated for a validation cohort of patients yielding a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 80%.Discussion: This preliminary study of candidate urinary miRNA inpatients with low- and high-grade urothelial cancer demonstrated a significantly improved diagnostic accuracy over cytology. These results provide rationale for further studies on discovery and validation of candidate miRNAs in voided urine and may potentially lead to the development of a non-invasive and sensitive test for bladder cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
A Nonlinear Model Arising in the Buckling Analysis and its New Analytic Approximate Solution
Authors: Khan Yasir , Al-Hayani Waleed
Published: April 2013

An analytical nonlinear buckling model where the rod is assumed to be an inextensible column and prismatic is studied. The dimensionless parameters reduce the constitutive equation to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation which is solved using the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) through Green’s function technique. The nonlinear terms can be easily handled by the use of Adomian polynomials. The ADM technique allows us to obtain an approximate solution in a series form. Results are presented graphically to study the efficiency and accuracy of the method. To the author’s knowledge, the current paper represents a new approach to the solution of the buckling of the rod problem. The fact that ADM solves nonlinear problems without using perturbations and small parameters can be judged as a lucid benefit of this technique over the other methods
Selective Growth of Gold onto Copper Indium Sulfide Selenide Nanoparticles
Authors: Witt Elena , Parisi Jürgen , Kolny-Olesiak Joanna
Published: April 2013

Hybrid nanostructures are interesting materials for numerous applications in chemistry, physics, and biology, due to their novel properties and multiple functionalities. Here, we present a synthesis of metal-semiconductor hybrid nanostructures composed of nontoxic I-III-VI semiconductor nanoparticles and gold. Copper indium sulfide selenide (CuInSSe) nanocrystals with zinc blende structure and trigonal pyramidal shape, capped with dodecanethiol, serve as an original semiconductor part of a new hybrid nanostructure. Metallic gold nanocrystals selectively grow onto vertexes of these CuInSSe pyramids. The hybrid nanostructures were studied by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, and UV-Vis-absorption spectroscopy, which allowed us conclusions about their growth mechanism. Hybrid nanocrystals are generated by replacement of a sacrificial domain in the CuInSSe part. At the same time, small selenium nanocrystals form that stay attached to the remaining CuInSSe/Au particles. Additionally, we compare the synthesis and properties of CuInSSe-based hybrid nanostructures with those of copper indium disulfide (CuInS2). CuInS2/Au nanostructures grow by a different mechanism (surface growth) and do not show any selectivity.
Nifedipine-Loaded Polymeric Nanocapsules: Validation of a Stability-Indicating HPLC Method to Evaluate the Drug Entrapment Efficiency and In Vitro Release Profiles
Authors: Granada Andréa , Tagliari Monika Piazzon , Soldi Valdir , Silva Marcos Antônio Segatto , Zanetti-Ramos Betina Ghiel , Fernandes Daniel , Stulzer Hellen Karine
Published: April 2013

A simple stability-indicating analytical method was developed and validated to quantify nifedipine in polymeric nanocapsule suspensions; an in vitro drug release study was then carried out. The analysis was performed using an RP C18 column, UV-Vis detection at 262 nm, and methanol–water (70 + 30, v/v) mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity and range, LOQ, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The results obtained were within the acceptable ranges. The nanocapsules, made of poly(ε-caprolactone), were prepared by the solvent displacement technique and showed high entrapment efficiency. The entrapment efficiency was 97.6 and 98.2% for the nifedipine-loaded polymeric nanocapsules prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Pluronic F68 (PF68), respectively. The particle size and zeta potential of nanocapsules were found to be influenced by the nature of the stabilizer used. The mean diameter and zeta potential for nanocapsules with PVA and PF68 were 290.9 and 179.9 nm, and –17.7 mV and –32.7 mV, respectively. The two formulations prepared showed a drug release of up to 70% over 4 days. This behavior indicates the viability of this drug delivery system for use as a controlled-release system.
Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Quantitation of Rosuvastatin and Ezetimibe in Human Plasma
Authors: Varghese Susheel John , Thengungal Kochupappy Ravi
Published: April 2013

A simple, rapid, and sensitive LC/electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of rosuvastatin (ROS) and ezetimibe (EZE) in human plasma. Following liquid–liquid extraction, the analytes and an internal standard, atorvastatin (ATO), were separated using an isocratic mobile phase comprising 0.1% (v/v) formic acid–methanol (20 + 80, v/v) on an RP-C18 column. Detection was performed on a mass spectrometer by selected ion monitoring using their respective [M-H]– ions, m/z 480 for ROS, m/z 408 for EZE, and m/z 557 for ATO. For both analytes, the method was linear in the range of 0.1 to 10 ng/mL. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 4 min made it possible to determine many plasma samples/day. The validated LC/ESI-MS method can be used to study pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and bioequivalence of combined dosage forms of ROS and EZE.
Cloud Point Extraction and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Cadmium and Nickel in Drinking and Wastewater Samples
Authors: Naeemullah  , Kazi Tasneem G , Shah Faheem , Afridi Hassan I , Baig Jameel Ahmed , Soomro Abdul Sattar
Published: April 2013

A simple method for the preconcentration of cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) in drinking and wastewater samples was developed. Cloud point extraction has been used for the preconcentration of both metals, after formation of complexes with 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) and extraction with the surfactant octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114). Dilution of the surfactant-rich phase with acidified ethanol was performed after phase separation, and the Cd and Ni contents were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The experimental variables, such as pH, amounts of reagents (8-HQ and Triton X-114), temperature, incubation time, and sample volume, were optimized. After optimization of the complexation and extraction conditions, enhancement factors of 80 and 61, with LOD values of 0.22 and 0.52 μg/L, were obtained for Cd and Ni, respectively. The proposed method was applied satisfactorily for the determination of both elements in drinking and wastewater samples.
Simultaneous Determination of Sitagliptin and Metformin in Their Pharmaceutical Formulation
Authors: Rezk Mamdouh R , Riad Safa'a M , Mahmoud Ghada Y , Abdel Aleem Abdel-Aziz El Bayoumi
Published: April 2013

Two simple, accurate, and rapid methods were developed for simultaneous determination of sitagliptin phosphate and metformin hydrochloride in their pharmaceutical formulation. The first is a TLC method coupled with densitometry. The second is an HPLC method using a C18 column. The selectivity of the proposed methods was checked using laboratory-prepared mixtures. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of sitagliptin phosphate and metformin hydrochloride in bulk form and in their pharmaceutical formulation without interference from other additives.
Development of a Novel Direct Bioautography-Thin-Layer Chromatography Test: Optimization of Growth Conditions for Gram-Positive Bacteria, Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Grzelak Edyta M , Majer-Dziedzic Barbara , Choma Irena M , Pilorz Karol M
Published: April 2013

A TLC-direct bioautography (DB) assay using Bacillus subtilis as test bacteria was developed. Various factors affecting the microorganism's viability on the TLC plates were studied and verified for the flumequine standards. The Dhenasar's method called "direct sample determination" was used for TLC; the antibiotic samples were spotted on the TLC plates and subjected to bioautography without developing with a mobile phase. The best preincubation and incubation times of bacterial broth were found to be 1 h at 37°C and 6 h at 37°C. The optimal viscosity of broth was obtained by the addition of agarose to obtain a 0.05% solution in the Mueller-Hinton broth. The best incubation time of seeded TLC plates was 17 h at 37°C. The plates were visualized by spraying with 0.2% aqueous 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide solution and incubated again for 0.5 h at 37°C. The method was validated by determination of linearity, interday and intraday precision, LOD, and LOQ. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the range 0.005–0.5 μg (0.5–50.0 μg/mL). The regression coefficients were 0.9970 and 0.9955 for intraday and interday plots, respectively. The LOD of flumequine equalled 0.5 μg/mL, i. e., 5 ng of the antibiotic in the spot. The sensitivity of the developed TLC-DB test was compared with that of the two most commonly used standard antimicrobial susceptibility assays: agar disc diffusion and agar cylinder diffusion. The obtained minimum inhibitory concentration values clearly indicate much higher sensitivity of the TLC-DB method compared to the standard antimicrobial susceptibility assays.
Stability Study for 53 Antibiotics in Solution and in Fortified Biological Matrixes by LC/MS/MS
Authors: Gaugain Murielle , Chotard Marie-Pierre , Verdon Eric
Published: April 2013

This study was performed in order to determine the stability of antibiotics belonging to eight families in solution or biological matrix. Knowledge of the stability of antibiotics has to be demonstrated during method development or validation. The stability of stock standard solutions of 53 antibiotics was assessed after determining the appropriate conditions of dissolution and storage. The stability of the same 53 antibiotics after addition to negative control cow milk or pork muscle tissue stored at –18 and –70°C was also assessed. Our concern was to obtain information concerning the stability of antibiotic residues in fortified biological matrixes in order to make easier the implementation of a routine screening method for antibiotic residues within the framework of the French monitoring program. Antibiotic solutions and fortified samples were analyzed using an LC/MS/MS method previously validated for screening purposes and for which it was checked that all pertinent criteria to obtain interpretable stability results were fulfilled. The design for testing the stability of antibiotics in solutions and matrix samples is described, as well as the rules of decision that were observed. Term periods for the stability study ranged from 1 month to 1 year, depending on the class of compounds. The results presented in this article will be useful and time-saving for many reference and field laboratories because LC/MS/MS methods are more and more commonly used for screening purposes.