bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organizational citizenship behavior and service quality
Authors: Bienstock Carol C. , DeMoranville Carol W. , Smith Rachel K.
Published: July 2003

What is the best way for service organizations to evaluate and motivate service employees so that customers are retained and new customers are attracted? What motivates service employees to deliver high quality service? Are there actions a service organization can take, e.g. way of evaluating, training, and rewarding employees, which encourage them to perform to the organization’s advantage? Answers to these questions would enable a service organization to formulate a system that links human resource management policies to desired service employee performance, thus enhancing customer perceptions of service quality and organizational financial outcomes. This research investigated organizational citizenship behavior, with its framework of organizational rights and responsibilities, to explore these issues. The research shows that service employee perceptions of how they are treated by the service organization, i.e. what organizational rights they receive, are positively associated with organizational citizenship behaviors. Furthermore, it demonstrates that these behaviors result in more effective service delivery to organizational standards and enhanced customer perceptions of service quality.
Go away! Don’t bother me! I don’t want your money!
Authors: Ho Karen , Jacobs Laurence , Cox John
Published: July 2003

In 1988, 998 letters of reservation inquiries were sent to hotels with 250 rooms or more requesting information about hosting a business reception for 20 couples. The study was designed to test the responsiveness of hotels to reservation inquiries made by letter and whether the hotels would miss the opportunity to maximize their revenues by failing to respond effectively to these reservation inquiries. Recently, 100 letters of similar content were again sent to a random sample of hotels with 250 rooms or more located in the USA, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean. The letters of reservation inquiries were sent to test the responsiveness of hotels again and to assess whether the quality of the responses made by the hotels has changed since 1988. The current study found that the responsiveness of hotels to reservation inquiries made by letter has changed little since 1988. Like 1988, many hotels missed the opportunity to maximize their revenues by failing to respond to reservation inquiries made by letter.
Familiarity and interest: in a learning center service context
Authors: Paswan Audhesh K. , Ganesh Gopala
Published: July 2003

Services are inherently intangible, and high on experience as well as credence quality. To promote services effectively, a service provider must go beyond mere creation of awareness. There is a need to induce trial so that consumers are able to assess the experience and credence qualities. In addition, the notion of timing in the consumption process also plays a key role, i.e. pertinent information about the service at the appropriate time. These issues are empirically investigated in a higher educational setting, with a focus on learning augmentation services. The results indicate that although consumer interest increases with awareness, the increase in interest is even higher when awareness is coupled with trial. This study also indicates that interest in a service is a function of timing in the overall service consumption cycle. Finally, interest in service items offered is positively associated with the overall interest in the service provider. Promotion planners and brand managers need to take these into account for an efficient and effective promotional plan.
Scaffolding speech and writing in the primary classroom: a consideration of work with literature and science pupil groups in the USA and UK
Authors: Warwick Paul , Maloch Beth
Published: July 2003

In considering scaffolding as it is enacted across two disciplines – literacy and science – the focus of this paper is specifically on issues related to teacher scaffolding of pupils' learning in these areas. Features of scaffolding in action are drawn out that reflect a concern with developing a principled approach to instruction and learning. The three notions around which the paper pivots are: scaffolding theprocessesof learning in classroom; the importance of this type of scaffolding for independent learning; and the idea of appropriateness as it relates to the level of scaffolding employed by the teacher. The strategies used by teachers to encourage groups of pupils to adopt and use ways of thinking appropriate to the subject context are explored, and this is linked toMercer's (2000)conception of the Intermental Developmental Zone, which explored how the concepts of scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky, 1978) might be extended to group contexts, rather than dyadic ones. Some consideration is given to how individual pupils may conceive of the teacher's structuring of thinking as scaffold or straitjacket.
Agreement: the range of the phenomenon and the principles of the Surrey Database of Agreement
Authors: Corbett Greville G.
Published: July 2003

Agreement is approached from the analytical decisions required for constructing a typological database. The Surrey Database of Agreement provides detailed, highly structured information on the agreement systems of fifteen genetically diverse languages. The range of material included and the criteria for inclusion are set out here. There is then detailed discussion of the difficult cases, in particular the dividing line between agreement markers and pronominal affixes. The criteria relevant to this distinction are in part drawn from the literature and in part new. The aim is that the criteria adopted should be fully clear, so that linguists of different persuasions can use the database for their varying purposes.
Pronouns and agreement: The information status of pronominal affixes
Authors: Mithun Marianne
Published: July 2003

Pronominal affixes are often assumed to represent an intermediate stage of diachronic development between independent pronouns like English he and redundant inflectional markers like English ‐s. The path of development would involve changes in distribution, form and function. Recently it has been proposed that pronominal affixes are functionally closer to the redundant subject agreement markers of English and German than to independent pronouns, because they cannot distinguish referentiality or definiteness. An examination of the use of pronominal affixes in connected speech in two unrelated polysynthetic languages, Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo and Navajo, indicates that the affixes are actually essentially equivalent in referentiality and definiteness to the independent pronouns of English and German. Reference and definiteness are established in Yup'ik and Navajo in the same ways as in English and other languages, plus one more. Alternative constructions are used for non‐referential mentions. In some cases, these systems actually show finer distinctions of referentiality and definiteness than those of English and other European languages.
Non‐canonical agreement is canonical
Authors: Polinsky Maria
Published: July 2003

This paper examines the phenomenon of cross‐clausal agreement, where the controller (trigger) of agreement and the agreement target seem to be in distinct local domains. It is argued that most instances of cross‐clausal agreement can be reduced to properly local agreement and are thus unproblematic for theories of agreement. A typology of such apparent violations is proposed. In addition, the paper considers a more challenging instance of cross‐clausal agreement where the controller and the target are indeed in distinct local domains (Long‐Distance Agreement, LDA). It is demonstrated that LDA involves the relationship between the periphery of the embedded clause and the embedding verb. The attested cases of LDA argue for the syntactic conception of agreement that closely resembles government.
Person agreement and the determination of alignment
Authors: Siewierska Anna
Published: July 2003

The paper explores two issues arising from the extension of the notion of alignment from the domain of monotransitive to ditransitive clauses. The first is, To what extent should other than purely formal patterns of identification be taken into account in determining the ditransitive counterparts of the respective monotransitive alignments, i.e., accusative, ergative, active, etc.? The second issue is, How should conflicts between the formal criteria used in the determination of the alignment of person agreement be resolved? It is argued that only under a purely formal interpretation of alignment is it possible to discern ditransitive counterparts of all the major monotransitive alignments, and that once the notion of neutral alignment is distinguished from absence of agreement, form/order conflicts involving agreement markers can be consistently resolved in favour of phonological form.
‘Mother's Little Helper’: The Crisis of Psychoanalysis and the Miltown Resolution
Authors: Metzl Jonathan M.
Published: July 2003

This paper examines the discourse surrounding the release in 1955 of Miltown, America's first psychotropic wonder drug. According to many histories of psychiatry, Miltown heralded the arrival of a new paradigm in treating psychiatric patients – as a drug that operated on a neurochemical level, it was argued to replace a psychoanalytic approach with its focus on the mother‐child relation. Between 1955 and 1960, articles about pharmaceutical miracle cures for mental illnesses filled mass‐circulation news magazines and top fashion magazines. Through analysis of these representations, this article shows how the newly discovered pills came to be associated with existing concerns about conditions problematically referred to as ‘maternal conditions,’ ranging from a woman's frigidity, to a bride's uncertainty, to a wife's infidelity. Using these representations, the paper demonstrates how in American popular culture, psychoanalytic notions of motherhood prevalent in the 1950s shaped early understandings and uses of psychotropic drugs.
‘Subjective Testimonies’: Women Quaker Ministers and Spiritual Authority in England: 1750–1825
Authors: Plant Helen
Published: July 2003

It was generally believed by historians that the increasingly formal regulation of belief and practice in the Society of Friends (Quakers) during the eighteenth century led to a decline in the influence and authority exercised by women in the denomination. Recent research has indicated, however, that although women were denied equal status and roles in the Society's new disciplinary bodies, the period also saw them beginning to outnumber men as the principal upholders of charismatic spiritual leadership through the ministry. These conflicting trends suggest that there were tensions and ambiguities within Quaker discourses on the meaning of gender and its implications for the exercise of religious authority. Using the testimonies of religious experience constructed by women ministers, this paper explores those discourses and illuminates the ways in which they were exploited, questioned and transformed by women. It argues that belief in the equal capacity of men and women for divine service was cut across by the conviction that sexual difference played a crucial part in shaping religious experience. Ministering women negotiated and manipulated the relationship between spirituality and femininity, both to understand themselves as instruments of divine power and to challenge the establishment of a male hierarchy in their church.
Gender and the Family in Pre‐industrial Europe
Authors: Rigby S. H.
Published: July 2003

P. Fleming, Family and Household in Medieval England

A. Lynn Martin, Alcohol, Sex and Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe

N. J. Menuge (ed.), Medieval Women and the Law

P. Skinner, Women in Medieval Italian Society, 500–1200

F. A. Underhill, For Her Good Estates: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh
When Culture Means Gender: Issues of Cultural Defence in the English Courts
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: July 2003

The use of cultural defence has been much discussed in the American context and has figured as one of the areas of concern in feminist assessments of multiculturalism. This paper examines two categories of cases from the English courts, those where cultural context has been seen as significant in interpreting the actions of female defendants, and those where ‘culture’ is invoked to explain severe acts of violence against women. It argues that cultural arguments become available to female defendants mainly when they conform to stereotypical images of the subservient non‐Western wife. They have not, on the whole, been successfully employed by male defendants to mitigate crimes against women, though there are troubling exceptions. The larger problem is that mainstream culture itself promotes a gendered understanding of agency and responsibility, as when it perceives men as understandably incensed by the sexual behaviour of their women, or women as less responsible for their actions because of the influence of men. The conclusion is that the uses and abuses of cultural defence highlight issues that have wider provenance, for it is when cultural arguments resonate with mainstream conventions that they have proved most effective.
Effects of Pediatric Chronic Physical Disorders on Child and Family Adjustment
Authors: Wallander Jan L. , Varni James W.
Published: July 2003

Research conducted primarily over the past 5–8 years on the psychosocial effects of pediatric chronic physical disorders on children and their families is reviewed. A large body of studies show that both children and their mothers, as groups, are at increased risk for psychosocial adjustment problems compared to peers, but that there is considerable individual variation in outcome. Since the last review on this topic (Eiser, 1990a), many studies have been conducted to identify risk and resistance factors associated with differences in adjustment among these children and their mothers. Improvements are noted in the theoretical basis for this work, programmatic nature of some of the research, and efforts at producing clinically relevant information. Evaluations of interventions, however, are lagging. Critical issues and future directions regarding developmental approaches, theory, method, measurement and intervention are discussed.
Internalizing Disorders in Childhood
Authors: Kovacs Maria , Devlin Bernie
Published: July 2003

In this selective review of recent research on internalizing disorders in childhood, we focus on four areas: the predictive validity of the diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders, rates of comorbidity, the chronology of onsets of the disorders of interest, and transmission of depressive and anxiety disorders in the pedigrees of affected individuals. To synthesize and reconcile findings in these four areas, we approach the information from a developmental perspective and assume that genetically driven biologic processes play a salient role in the expression of depressive and anxiety disorders in childhood. We also comment on the relevance of findings on children and adolescents to the field of depressive and anxiety disorders in adults and make recommendations for further research.
Research Update: Childhood‐onset Schizophrenia: Implications of Clinical and Neurobiological Research
Authors: Jacobsen Leslie K. , Rapoport Judith L.
Published: July 2003

Childhood‐onset schizophrenia is a rare, clinically severe form of schizophrenia, which is associated with disrupted cognitive, linguistic, and social development well before the appearance of frank psychotic symptoms. This disruption of multiple developmental domains signals the important opportunity these patients present for examining neurodevelopmental and other etiologic hypotheses of schizophrenia. The present research update reviews studies of the phenomenology and neurobiology of childhood‐onset schizophrenia conducted since 1994. Findings from these studies indicate that children can be diagnosed with schizophrenia using unmodified DSM‐III, ‐IIIR, and ‐IV criteria, and that the atypical neuroleptic clozapine is an effective medication for this treatment refractory group. Neuropsychologic and neurobiologic studies generally support continuity with adult‐onset schizophrenia, with evidence of more severe premorbid impairment. Longitudinal studies show preliminary evidence of progressive ventricular enlargment and more prolonged deterioration in intellectual function than is seen in the adult‐onset disorder. If replicated, these observations, together with the insidious onset of this disorder, would suggest that the pathologic underpinning of childhood‐onset schizophrenia is not a single static lesion or event but may be a continuous or multi‐event process.
Parent Personality Traits and Psychopathology Associated with Antisocial Behaviors in Childhood Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Nigg Joel T. , Hinshaw Stephen P.
Published: July 2003

Although a role for family and parent factors in the development of behavioral problems in childhood is often acknowledged, the roles of specific parental characteristics in relation to specific child actions need further elucidation. We studied parental “Big Five” personality traits and psychiatric diagnoses in relation to their children's antisocial diagnoses and naturalistically observed antisocial behaviors, in boys with and without the diagnosis of Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). First, regardless of comorbid antisocial diagnosis, boys with ADHD, more often than comparison boys, had mothers with a major depressive episode and/or marked anxiety symptoms in the past year, and fathers with a childhood history of ADHD. Second, compared to the nondiagnosed group, boys with comorbid ADHD + Oppositional Defiant or Conduct Disorder (ODD/CD) had fathers with lower Agreeableness, higher Neuroticism, and more likelihood of having Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Third, regarding linkages between parental characteristics and child externalizing behaviors, higher rates of child overt antisocial behaviors observed in a naturalistic summer program were associated primarily with maternal characteristics, including higher Neuroticism, lower Conscientiousness, presence of Major Depression, and absence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The association of maternal Neuroticism with child aggression was larger in the ADHD than in the comparison group. In contrast, higher rates of observed child covert antisocial behaviors were associated solely with paternal characteristics, including history of substance abuse and higher Openness. Results provide external validation in parent data for a distinction between overt and covert antisocial behaviors and support inclusion of parent personality traits in family studies. The interaction of maternal Neuroticism and child ADHD in predicting child aggression is interpreted in regard to a conceptualization of child by parent “fit.”
The Parenting and Family Functioning of Children with Hyperactivity
Authors: Woodward Lianne , Taylor Eric , Dowdney Linda
Published: July 2003

This study examined the parenting and family life correlates of childhood hyperactivity in a community sample of London school children. Twenty‐eight boys with pervasive hyperactivity were compared to 30 classroom control children on a range of parenting and family functioning measures. Results showed that poor parent coping and the use of aggressive discipline methods were significantly associated with hyperactivity after adjusting for the effects of conduct disorder and parent mental health. The best parenting predictor of hyperactivity was disciplinary aggression. Findings suggest that the quality of parenting provided for hyperactive children may contribute to their behavioural difficulties, and highlights the need to examine more closely the role of parenting attitudes and behaviour in shaping the course, prognosis, and treatment outcomes for children with hyperactivity.
Familiar Face and Voice Matching and Recognition in Children with Autism
Authors: Boucher Jill , Lewis Vicky , Collis Glyn
Published: July 2003

Relatively able children with autism were compared with age‐ and language‐matched controls on assessments of (1) familiar voice‐face identity matching, (2) familiar face recognition, and (3) familiar voice recognition. The faces and voices of individuals at the children's schools were used as stimuli. The experimental group were impaired relative to the controls on all three tasks. Face recognition and voice recognition correlated significantly with voice‐face identity matching, but not with each other, suggesting that the recognition impairments jointly cause the matching impairment. Neither chronological age nor verbal mental age were consistently related to the recognition and matching impairments.
Cognitive Functioning in Adults with Williams Syndrome
Authors: Howlin Patricia , Davies Mark , Udwin Orlee
Published: July 2003

This paper reports the results of cognitive, linguistic, and academic assessments in a representative sample of 62 adults with Williams syndrome. The average age of the group was 26 years and their mean full scale IQ was 61. Differences between Verbal and Performance IQ, and between receptive and expressive language skills, were smaller than generally found in studies of children with this condition. However, an examination of subtest scores revealed an almost identical cognitive profile to that found in children. Skills in other areas, such as reading, spelling, arithmetic, and social adaptation remained at a low level, with functioning generally being around a 6‐8‐year age equivalent. The consistency of reports on intellectual abilities in both child and adult studies of individuals with Williams syndrome lends increased support to the notion of a syndrome specific pattern of cognitive, linguistic, and adaptive functioning.
Preschool Sibling Interaction in Separated and Married Families: Are Same‐sex Pairs or Older Sisters More Sociable?
Authors: Kier Cheryl , Lewis Charlie
Published: July 2003

Two factors have been associated with the quality of sibling relationships: the sex of the children and their family circumstances. Yet the data on each issue are complex. This study examines the sex constellations of sibling pairs in two groups, one of which had experienced a major family disruption (parental separation), with the aim of assessing both influences more fully. Two 1‐hour home observations were conducted on 20 preschool sibling dyads of separated parents and 24 pairs in which the parents were married. In both groups the sex configuration of the sibling pairs was important‐same‐sex pairs seemed to show closer patterns of interaction, and sister‐sister dyads were particularly prosocial. These results suggests that previous research showing that older sisters or same‐sex pairs interact more are both partly correct. In addition, preschoolers from separated families interacted more. The results suggest that negative life experiences might promote greater closeness between siblings.
A Comparative Study of Greek Children in Long‐term Residential Group Care and in Two‐parent Families: II. Possible Mediating Mechanisms
Authors: Vorria Panyiota , Wolkind Stephen , Rutter Michael , Pickles Andrew , Hobsbaum Angela
Published: July 2003

Forty‐one children reared in group care were compared with 41 age‐ and sex‐matched family care children according to interview, questionnaire, and observation measures of behavioural and scholastic functioning. Individual differences in outcome within the group care sample were examined in relation to a range of possible risk/protective indicators. The strongest predictor of outcome proved to be the reason for admission into residential care, with the implication that the outcome was best for children who had experienced stable, harmonious family relationships in their early years. The risk and protective effects applied to both the children's behaviour and scholastic attainments but, although the two were intercorrelated, neither accounted for the other. All subgroups of children in institutional care failed to show a lack of confiding peer relationships, with the pattern of findings suggesting that this stemmed from some aspect of experiences (possibly involving peer relationships) during residential care, as well as from discontinuity in caregiving during the early years.
Early Asthma Onset: Risk of Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties
Authors: Mrazek David A. , Schuman Wendy B. , Klinnert Mary
Published: July 2003

The relationship between age of asthma onset and behavioral adjustment was analyzed using data from a longitudinal prospective investigation of 150 children identified prenatally as at genetic risk for developing asthma (the W. T. Grant Asthma Risk Study). The children's development and asthma status were monitored regularly for 6 years. Mothers were interviewed yearly using the Behavioral Screening Questionnaire (BSQ). Children who had an early onset of asthma (by 3 years of age) had significantly more behavior problems at age 4 than children who developed asthma later (between 3 and 6 years of age). Furthermore, the early‐onset group had significantly more problems at age 6 than both children who developed asthma later and children who never developed asthma. Children with early asthma onset were compared to children who were asthma free on individual problem items of the BSQ, revealing a profile of behavior problems that included waking at night, depressed mood, and some indication of increased fearfulness. This profile is consistent with an earlier report of behavior problems among severely asthmatic preschool children (Mrazek, Anderson, & Strunk, 1984), who displayed the same internalizing behavior problems on the BSQ. These results suggest that early asthma onset may have predictable negative influences on behavioral adjustment over a wider range of asthma severity than has previously been reported.
Adolescent Body Image Dissatisfaction: Relationships with Self‐esteem, Anxiety, and Depression Controlling for Body Mass
Authors: Kostanski Marion , Gullone Eleonora
Published: July 2003

The current study examined the relationships of anxiety, depression, and self‐esteem with Perceived Body Image Dissatisfaction (PBID) in a nonclinical population of 516 adolescents, aged 12 to 18. The prevalence of PBID was comparative with previous findings. Interestingly, actual body mass and psychological well‐being variables were found to be significantly related with PBID, whilst being independent of each other. Findings support proposals that PBID arises from a complex interplay of factors, including gender, self‐esteem, and actual body mass. In particular, our findings highlight the need for future research of a prospective nature incorporating psychological, sociocultural, and maturational factors.
Can Cognitive Distortions Differentiate between Internalising and Externalising Problems?
Authors: Leung Patrick W. L. , Wong Maggie M. T.
Published: July 2003

A community sample of 405 adolescents were given the Youth Self‐Report Form (YSR) and the Children's Negative Cognitive Errors Questionnaire (CNCEQ). Both regression and group comparison analyses, using the full sample and a subset of extreme scorers, respectively, indicated that internalising problems were specifically associated with the various forms of cognitive distortions assessed, namely, selective abstraction, personalising, overgeneralisation, and catastrophising. Furthermore, they displayed a curvilinear relationship; as the severity of internalising problems increased, the magnitude of cognitive distortions grew positively at a quadratic rate, displaying a U‐shaped upward curve. However, in view of the potential measurement bias of CNCEQ toward internalising problems, the conclusion was qualified. Although our results found some specific event/schema‐linked cognitive distortions that distinguished internalising from externalising problems, we could not conclude that the latter were free from any other event/schema‐linked cognitive distortions that the CNCEQ might have failed to elicit.
Utilizing Parent Report to Investigate Young Children's Fears: A Modification of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children‐II: A Research Note
Authors: Bouldin Paula , Pratt Chris
Published: July 2003

The Fear Survey Schedule for Children‐II (FSSC‐II) (Gullone & King, 1992) was modified for parent report and a younger age group. The modified instrument (FSSC‐IIP) was completed by 753 parents of children within the age range 3.0 to 8.9 years. Results revealed a stable eight‐factor solution that was sensitive to age and gender differences. Parents reported a higher overall level of fear for school children compared to preschool children, and a higher overall level of fearfulness for girls compared to boys. The most common fears reported were getting lost in a crowd and in a strange place.
Practitioner Review: Psychological and Educational Treatments for Autism
Authors: Howlin Patricia
Published: July 2003

The review discusses various interventions that have been used in the treatment of children with autism. It concludes that no single mode of treatment is ever likely to be effective for all children and all families. Instead, intervention will need to be adapted to individual needs and the value of approaches that involve a functional analysis of problems is explored. It is suggested that many so called “challenging” behaviours result from the child's fundamental difficulties in communication and social understanding, or from the ritualistic and obsessional tendencies that are also characteristic of autism. Possible ways in which parents and teachers might deal with problems in these areas are discussed. The importance of early diagnosis, and with it early, practical advice for families is stressed.
An Adoption Study of Depressive Symptoms in Middle Childhood
Authors: Eley Thalia C. , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Fombonne Eric , Fulker David W. , Plomin Robert
Published: July 2003

Several twin studies of children and adolescents have found significant heritability of depressive symptoms. In contrast, the sole adoption study of biologically related and biologically unrelated adopted siblings found no evidence for genetic influence. The present study attempts to confirm these results in middle childhood using two adoption designs. The sample, from the Colorado Adoption Project, included 180 adopted children (77 with adoptive siblings) and their biological and adoptive mothers, and 227 nonadopted children (93 with biological siblings) and their mothers. Mothers reported their own neuroticism, and children's depressive symptoms were reported by the parents and by the children themselves. For both the sibling adoption and the parent‐offspring designs heritability was negligible, shared environment modest, and nonshared environment substantial, irrespective of child gender. Although the power of the sibling data is low, the combined findings from the two designs suggest that genetic effects on depressive symptoms in childhood may be somewhat smaller than previously estimated in twin studies.
The Longitudinal Stability of Psychiatric Problems in Children with Hemiplegia
Authors: Goodman Robert
Published: July 2003

A representative sample of 328 children with hemiplegia was assessed by behavioural screening questionnaires completed by parents and teachers; just under half were also individually assessed. Four years later, 90% of the sample were followed up by questionnaire. There was substantial continuity across time for most measures of psychopathology. Depending on the measures used, around 70% of children who were psychiatric “cases” initially were still cases 4 years later. In addition, around 30% of children who were not psychiatric cases initially had become cases 4 years later. In the preschool years, externalising symptoms were predictive of later conduct and hyperactivity problems, whereas emotional symptoms were not predictive of later problems. In the school years, hyperactivity was particularly predictive of continuing psychiatric problems. Neurological, cognitive, demographic, and family factors did not add much predictive power once allowance had been made for the severity and type of the initial psychiatric problems. Since the psychiatric complications of childhood hemiplegia are persistent as well as common, they warrant increased clinical and research attention. All children with hemiplegia deserve careful monitoring for psychiatric problems, with a view to early intervention or the deployment of preventative approaches.
Reactive and Proactive Aggression Differentially Predict Later Conduct Problems
Authors: Vitaro Frank , Gendreau Paul L. , Tremblay Richard E. , Oligny Patrice
Published: July 2003

This study tested whether proactive and reactive aggression were differently predictive of later externalizing problems such as delinquency and DSM‐related disruptive behaviors (i.e. oppositional defiant and conduct disorders). It also tested whether these two subtypes of aggressive behaviors interacted in predicting externalizing problems. A community sample of low SES boys participated in the study. Proactive and reactive aggression were rated by teachers when boys were 12 years old. Delinquency, oppositional disorders, and conduct disorders were assessed during mid‐adolescence. Proactive but not reactive aggression predicted delinquency and disruptive behaviors. Moreover, high levels of reactive aggression weakened the link between proactive aggression and delinquency. Reactive aggression, however, did not moderate the link between proactive aggression and disruptive behaviors. We conclude that reactive and proactive aggression are two distinct types of aggressive behaviors with different predictive abilities. We also offer tentative explanations to account for the present findings.
Frequency and Correlates of Substance Use among Preadolescents and Adolescents in a Swiss Epidemiological Study
Authors: Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph , Metzke Christa Winkler
Published: July 2003

Alcohol use and nicotine use were investigated in a representative sample of 1110 study participants aged 10 to 17 years. In addition to questions on substance use, the participants responded to questionnaires covering behavior and emotions, life events, self‐related cognitions, coping capacities, perceived parental behavior, perceived school environment, and the social network. The gender gap in substance use tended to close with increasing age. Parental substance use served as a model for substance use in the participants. Substance users had more abnormal scores on almost all variables as compared to abstaining controls. Lack of acceptance and control, pressure to achieve at school, and life events significantly predicted substance use. The latter served as a moderating risk variable for delinquent behavior under stress.
Response Inhibition in AD/HD, CD, Comorbid AD/HD+CD, Anxious, and Control Children: A Meta‐analysis of Studies with the Stop Task
Authors: Oosterlaan Jaap , Logan Gordon D. , Sergeant Joseph A.
Published: July 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate whether impaired response inhibition is uniquely related to AD/HD or whether deficits in response inhibition are also evident in other psychopathological disorders. Furthermore, the suggestion was examined that anxiety disorders are associated with abnormally high levels of response inhibition. This paper presents the results of a meta‐analysis of eight studies in which response inhibition was assessed with the so‐called stop task in five groups of children: children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), children with conduct disorder (CD), children with AD/HD+CD, children with anxiety disorders, and control children. A total of 456 children participated in the 8 studies. All children were in the age range 6–12 years. Consistent and robust evidence was found for a response inhibition deficit in AD/HD. However, response inhibition deficits did not distinguish children with AD/HD from children with CD, nor from children with comorbid AD/HD+CD. Contrary to predictions, anxious children did not demonstrate enhanced levels of response inhibition.
Developmental Catch‐up, and Deficit, Following Adoption after Severe Global Early Privation
Authors: Rutter Michael
Published: July 2003

The extent of developmental deficit and catch‐up following adoption after severe global early privation was examined at 4 years in a sample of 111 Romanian children who came to the U.K. before the age of 2 years, and compared with respect to their functioning at the same age to a sample of 52 U.K. adopted children placed before the age of 6 months. The measures at 4 years included height, head circumference, and general cognitive level (assessed on both the McCarthy and Denver Scales). The children from Romania were severely developmentally impaired at the time of U.K. entry, with about half below the third percentile on height, on weight, on head circumference, and on developmental quotient. Many were also in a poor physical state with recurrent intestinal and respiratory infections. The catch‐up in both physical growth and cognitive level appeared nearly complete at 4 years for those children who came to the U.K. before the age of 6 months, despite the fact that their background prior to U.K. entry was similar to the children who came to the U.K. when older. The developmental catch‐up was also impressive, but not complete, in those placed after 6 months of age. The mean McCarthy General Cognitive Index was 92 compared with 109 for the within‐U.K. adoptees. The strongest predictor of level of cognitive functioning at 4 years was the children's age at entry to the U.K. It was concluded that the remaining cognitive deficit was likely to be a consequence of gross early privation, with psychological privation probably more important than nutritional privation. A further follow‐up at age 6 years will determine whether there is continuing recovery after 4 years.
The Relationship between Mutual Family Relations and Child Psychopathology
Authors: Mathijssen Jolanda J. J. P. , Koot Hans M. , Verhulst Frank C. , De Bruyn Eric E. J. , Oud Johan H. L.
Published: July 2003

The associations of the mutual mother‐child, father‐child, and mother‐father relationship and various patterns of family relations with child psychopathology were investigated in a sample of 137 families referred to outpatient mental health services. Assessment of the relative association of the different family dyads showed that both the mother‐child and the mother‐father relationship were related to child problem behaviour. However, whereas the mother‐child relationship was consistently more related to externalising behaviour, the mother‐father relationship was particularly related to internalising behaviour. Our findings gave clear support for the cumulative risk model: having more negatively qualified relationships was associated with more problem behaviour. Furthermore, our results suggested a protective influence of the parent‐child relationship: having one or two positive parent‐child relationships was associated with less problem behaviour. No support was found for the cross‐generational coalition hypothesis. Implications for future research are discussed.
Problems of Children with Hemiplegia in Mainstream Primary Schools
Authors: Yude Carole , Goodman Robert , McConachie Helen
Published: July 2003

A representative sample of 55 mainstreamed 9–10‐year‐olds with hemiplegia were compared with all classmates on sociometric measures of popularity and friendship, and with 55 matched controls on measures of victimisation. Children with hemiplegia were more rejected and less popular, had fewer friends, and were more often victimised; they were not more likely to be bullies themselves. These differences were not fully accounted for by group differences in teacher‐estimated IQ and behaviour. Possible explanations range from neurologically determined deficits in mentalising skills to peer prejudices about children with disabilities. The development of appropriate intervention strategies should be a high priority, particularly since peer problems not only result in current distress but also predict psychosocial problems in the future.
Adolescent Abortion and Parental Notification: Evidence for the Importance of Family Functioning on the Perceived Quality of Parental Involvement in U.S. Families
Authors: Griffin‐Carlson Mary S. , Schwanenflugel Paula J.
Published: July 2003

This study was an investigation of the relationship between family variables and the perceived quality of parental involvement following parental notification of an adolescent's decision to have an abortion. Demographics, family religiosity, and family functioning variables were examined. Pregnant adolescent clients from seven abortion clinics in three states completed a survey assessing their perception of the quality of parental involvement and the family variables. Only family functioning variables were significantly related to the perceived quality of parental involvement. Family adaptability (the family's ability to change its power structure, role relationships, and relationship rules in response to situational and developmental stress) was the most predictive. Adolescents from adaptable families had a more positive experience with parental involvement than adolescents from less adaptable families.
Teacher Ratings of Externalizing Behavior at School Entry for Boys and Girls: Similar Early Predictors and Different Correlates
Authors: Fagot Beverly I. , Leve Leslie D.
Published: July 2003

In a test of Patterson's Coercion Theory with young children, 156 children (82 boys and 74 girls) were studied to assess the extent to which parenting and child variables, assessed at 18 months, would predict teacher ratings of externalizing child behaviors at age 5. Child playgroup behavior, parent coercion during home observations, and marital status each emerged as predictors, whereas child temperament, attachment classification, and gender did not. At age 5, the correlates of externalizing behaviors differed for boys and girls. Boys rated higher on externalizing behaviors by the teachers presented many problems in the home and school, whereas externalizing girls did not. In fact, girls rated higher on externalizing behaviors performed better on an intelligence test, yet the girls perceived themselves as less competent.
Children with Symptoms of Depression—What Do the Adults See?
Authors: Puura Kaija , Almqvist Fredrik , Piha Jorma , Moilanen Irma , Tamminen Tuula , Kumpulainen Kirsti , Räsänen Eila , Koivisto Anna‐Maija
Published: July 2003

In order to find out whether parents and teachers report depressive symptoms in children with self‐reported depression and which features are connected with sought psychiatric care, a sample of 5682 prepubertal children was assessed with the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Rutter A2 scale (RA) and Rutter B2 scale (RB). In tepwise regression analysis of parent report, depressed mood, unpopularity, social withdrawal, disobedience, inattentiveness, and stealing were associated with high CDI scores. The items of the teacher report associated with high CDI scores included poor school performance, restlessness, somatic complaints, unresponsiveness, being bullied, and absenteeism from school. Although the parents and teachers readily saw and reported depressive symptoms in children, only for a small minority of children with multiple depressive symptoms had psychiatric care been sought or even considered. The symptoms associated with sought psychiatric care for depressed children were somatic (soiling, asthma) and behavioural (disobedient, restless). The results indicate that a large number of children with multiple depressive symptoms are left without necessary psychiatric assessment and help.
Children's Judgements about Pain at Age 8–10 Years: Do Extremely Low Birthweight (≤ 1000 g) Children Differ from Full Birthweight Peers?
Authors: Grunau Ruth Eckstein , Whitfield Michael F. , Petrie Julianne
Published: July 2003

Children's judgements about pain at age 8–10 years were examined comparing two groups of children who had experienced different exposure to nociceptive procedures in the neonatal period: extremely low birthweight (ELBW) ≤ 1000 g (N= 47) and full birthweight (FBW) ≤ 2500 g (N= 37). The 24 pictures that comprise the Pediatric Pain Inventory, depicting events in four settings: medical, recreational, daily living, and psychosocial, were used as the pain stimuli. The subjects rated pain intensity using the Color Analog Scale and pain affect using the Facial Affective Scale. Child IQ and maternal education were statistically adjusted in group comparisons. Pain intensity and pain affect related to activities of daily living and recreation were significantly higher than psychosocial and medically related pain on both scales in both groups of children. Although the two groups of children did not differ overall in their perceptions of pain intensity or affect, the ELBW children rated medical pain intensity significantly higher than psychosocial pain, unlike the FBW group. Also, duration of neonatal intensive care unit stay for the ELBW children was related to increased pain affect ratings in recreational and daily living settings. Despite altered response to pain in the early years reported by parents, on the whole at 8–10 years of age ELBW children judged pain in pictures similarly to their term peers. However, differences were evident, which suggests that studies are needed of biobehavioural reactivity to pain beyond infancy, as well as research into beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions about pain during the course of childhood in formerly ELBW children.
Practitioner Review: Long‐term Consequences of Childhood Cancer
Authors: Eiser Christine
Published: July 2003

Survival rates in childhood cancer now approach approximately 65%, depending on the specific cancer. Success has been achieved through the use of increasingly aggressive treatments (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, bone‐marrow transplantation). These are now recognised to be associated with a range of physical late effects, including problems associated with growth and endocrine function, sensory function, fertility, liver, cardiac, and kidney damage. Recognition of these physical late effects raises the issue of related problems in psychological, educational, and behavioural functioning. There is considerable evidence to suggest that children who are younger on diagnosis are more at risk in terms of cognitive and behavioural late effects compared with those who are diagnosed later. Cancer remains a rare disease in children and consequently only those professionals attached to centres specialising in the care of children with cancer are likely to receive a significant number of referrals. It is important to establish a psychological support service as an integral part of long‐term care in order to (a) establish more accurately the incidence of social and psychological late effects and (b) offer advice to the individual about the possible long‐term effects of cancer treatment on future health, social, and employment prospects.