bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the effect of verbal feedback vs. real-time software feedback on kinetic and kinematic metrics of the Nordic hamstring exercise
Authors: Sconce Emma , Heller Ben , Maden-Wilkinson Tom , Hamilton Nick
Published: December 2024

Purpose

A wealth of research exists for the Nordic hamstring exercise and several devices provide real-time feedback on torque profiling. However, none currently offer feedback on technique execution. This study investigated the effect of verbal and software feedback on Nordic exercise kinetic and kinematic metrics.

Methods

24 recreational participants completed two sets of three bilateral repetitions on a hamstring testing device. In a crossover design, one set was performed with verbal feedback, while the other set used software-based feedback. Hamstring strain injury risk metrics (peak torque, break-torque angle, and bilateral limb percentage difference) and exercise technique metrics (relative trunk-to-thigh angle and angular velocity of the knee) were recorded for analysis.

Results

The feedback type significantly affected eccentric knee flexor peak torque, by a mean decrease of 7.1 Nm when performed with software feedback (Cohen’s d = 0.238, p < 0.01). Altering feedback had no significant effect on bilateral limb difference percentage (Cohen’s d = 0.068, p = 0.578) or break-torque angle (Cohen’s d = 0.159, p = 0.115). Software feedback significantly decreased the mean of both the relative-trunk-to-thigh angle at peak torque by 5.7° (Cohen’s d = 0.514, p < 0.01) and the angular velocity of the knee at peak torque by 8.7 deg·s−1.

Conclusions

An integrated software feedback system significantly improves acute Nordic exercise technique, benefitting individuals initially exhibiting poorer technique the most.
A simple technique to improve docking time in robotic surgery
Authors: Mintz Yoav , Elazary Ram , Helou Brigitte , Brodie Ronit , Marom Gad
Published: December 2024

The docking process is a crucial step in robotic surgery, which determines the technical capability of moving the robotic arms during surgery and affects the performance of surgery. Robotic companies, therefore, provide setup guides recommending the trocar placement, arm carts, and operating table positioning for each procedure or body quadrant, to facilitate this process. This process takes time and although improves with experience, reported docking times range from 4 to 29 min. The final step of docking the robot is sometimes challenging and includes the insertion of the robotic instruments into the surgical field which involve patient safety. We implemented a simple new technique for safe insertion of robotic instruments and overcome the challenge of manipulating the camera arm for visualizing the trocars and advancing of the robotic instruments into the surgical field. This technique utilizes simple laparoscopic skills of laparoscopic instrument insertion. Docking times were recorded in ten consecutive patients undergoing robotic surgeries with the Hugo RAS™ and compared to our prospectively collected data registry prior to this technique. The new technique reduced the average docking time by 3.5 min and resulted in improvement of 45% in docking time. Integrating trivial laparoscopic skills into the docking process may simplify and reduce the docking time in robotic surgery.
A case of complete remission by cabozantinib as an end-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Nagashima Shuhei , Kobayashi Satoshi , Tsunoda Shotaro , Yamachika Yui , Tozuka Yuichiro , Fukushima Taito , Morimoto Manabu , Ueno Makoto , Furuse Junji , Maeda Shin
Published: December 2024

Cabozantinib is a multi-kinase inhibitor targeting multiple tyrosine kinases. It improves overall survival and progression-free survival in patients previously treated with sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to the placebo in the phase 3 CELESTIAL trial. A 71-year-old man presented to our hospital for treatment of HCC with chronic hepatitis C. He was refractory to sorafenib, lenvatinib, regorafenib, and ramucirumab and started atezolizumab and bevacizumab therapy in November 2020. After administering the second cycle on December 10, 2020, the patient was diagnosed with progressive disease in January 2021. Therefore, cabozantinib (60 mg/day) was initiated on January 14, 2021. As the grade 3 aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels increased, grade 3 anorexia and a decline in performance status were observed in the first week, and cabozantinib was terminated. His performance status and anorexia gradually improved, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in June 2021 showed complete remission (CR) according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. The patient did not show disease progression for 11 months without receiving any treatment for HCC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CR with cabozantinib in advanced HCC.
Impregnated layer solution combustion synthesized CaO-based composite pellets with enhanced CO2 sorption property
Authors: Wang Te , Li Hewen , Wei Fei , Xue Zeyu , Wang Mengqin , Guo Yafei , Sun Jian , Lu Ping
Published: December 2024

The impregnated layer solution combustion synthesis (SCS) technique was employed to synthesize CaO-based sorbents supported by inert stabilizers so as to improve the cyclic CO2 uptake stability. Four different inert stabilizers were evaluated for their impact on the cyclic CO2 uptake stability of sorbents. It found that the Mg-based inert stabilizer significantly outperforms the other three in improving cyclic CO2 sorption capabilities of sorbents synthesized by the impregnated layer SCS method. Moreover, MgO-supported sorbent pellets were prepared via graphite hydrophobic layer-assisted casting, with the magnesia load within the pellets being regulated between 15 and 45 wt %. It is the addition of MgO stabilizer that significantly improves the performance of CaO-based sorbents, with the improvements being notably more pronounced at higher MgO loads. The calcium-based sorbent pellets containing 45 wt % MgO show extremely stable CO2 sorption performance; after 17 cycles, the carbonation conversion rate is 73.6%, about three times the rate of pellets without MgO loading. The uniform dispersion of MgO inert stabilizer inside pellets improves high-temperature sintering resistance and, concurrently, enhances the mechanical property. Furthermore, the use of waste cigarette butts as impregnated layer templates, rather than other organic additives, will significantly reduce the cost of synthesizing MgO-supported CaO-based sorbents.

Graphical Abstract
Cypro-Minoan and Its Writers
Authors: Donnelly Cassandra M.
Published: December 2024

Poised as middlemen between the Ancient Near East and the Aegean, writers of Cypro-Minoan, the undeciphered Late Bronze Age script of Cyprus, borrowed and transformed writing practices from their neighbors and invented new ones. Bits and pieces of the script are found throughout the Mediterranean, but there are few clay tablets, characteristic of neighboring scribal-based, administrative writing traditions. Instead, Cypro-Minoan writers wrote on mercantile objects, outside of scribal schools. As the administrative centers of the eastern Mediterranean collapsed c. 1177 BCE administrative writing systems went with them. Cypro-Minoan remained in use, presaging the spread of the Phoenician alphabet. This Element explores the role of writing and trade during the collapse period and introduces readers to the Cypro-Minoan script, its history, and approaches to its decipherment, showing that writers of an undeciphered script can still communicate when we take the care to look for them.
Identifying the Mechanism of Interaction Between Soil Moisture State and Summertime MCS Initiations in Weakly Forced Synoptic Environments Using Convective‐Permitting Simulations
Authors: Gaal Rachel , Kinter James L. , Dirmeyer Paul A. , Singh Bohar
Published: December 2024

This work aims to identify a mechanism of interaction between soil moisture (SM) state and the incidence of weakly forced synoptic scale MCS events during boreal summer by performing a sensitivity study using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model over the US Great Plains. A uniformly dry SM patch at a 5° × 5° scale is centered at the point of a documented MCS initiation to observe spatiotemporal changes of the simulated MCS events, totaling 97 cases between 2004 and 2017. A storm‐centered composite analysis of SM at the location of simulated MCS events depicted SM heterogeneity [O(100) km] structured as significantly drier soils to the southwest (SW) transitioning to wetter soils northeast (NE) of the mean simulated initiation. Further analyses showed that this SM configuration influenced near‐surface fluxes, which created a gradient of 2m‐temperature and 2m‐humidity, also aligned SW‐to‐NE, which affected the growth of the planetary boundary layer to trigger MCS initiations earlier in time (∼1–2 hr on average) compared to Control simulations. The implementation of the dry SM perturbation introduced drier‐to‐wetter SM gradients along the edges of the perturbed area, and MCS initiations were subsequently preferred on the drier side of those transition zones, with the most common orientation of simulated MCS events embedded within southwesterly flow. These results emphasize the importance of the low‐level wind field alignment to organized SM gradients, which suggests that SM heterogeneity can drive MCS initiation related to near‐surface atmospheric variable fluctuations as the main mechanism of interaction in weakly forced synoptic environments.
Using Simulated Radiances to Understand the Limitations of Satellite‐Retrieved Volcanic Ash Data and the Implications for Volcanic Ash Cloud Forecasting
Authors: Saint C. , Beckett F. M. , Dioguardi F. , Kristiansen N. , Tubbs R. N.
Published: December 2024

Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs) have generated volcanic ash forecasts for the aviation industry since the mid‐1990s. The excellent spatial and temporal coverage of satellite data makes them critical to the validation of ash dispersion model forecasts. This study investigates the limitations of satellite‐retrieved volcanic ash data through the production of simulated radiances for a range of ash cloud properties encompassing the satellite retrieval's sensitivity. We run a detection and retrieval algorithm (Francis et al., 2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016788) on these simulated ash clouds and assess the sensitivity and performance of the algorithms. Expected limitations are highlighted, including a lack of sensitivity to particles larger than ∼10 μm in radius and challenges in accurately retrieving heights in the stratosphere. However, other previously poorly defined limitations are also constrained, such as the reduction in sensitivity as ash column loading increases in optically thick ash clouds and increasingly underestimated column loading when column loadings are >∼7 g m−2. We consider the implications of the identified limitations when using satellite‐retrieved ash column loadings to verify dispersion model output. We show that, accounting for the limitations of the satellite retrieval, a significant proportion of mass in the model output can lie outside the sensitivity range of the satellite detection and retrieval. This demonstrates the importance of understanding observations' limitations when comparing to model output. This knowledge should be used when verifying operational volcanic ash cloud forecasts.
Convective Gravity Waves in the Stratosphere and the Mesosphere: A Case Study of Airglow Over West Africa Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model
Authors: Chou Yen‐Liang , Wang Pao K.
Published: December 2024

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is employed to explore gravity waves excited by a storm complex over West Africa on 15 August 2020, propagating to the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Although the simulation portrays gravity waves in the stratosphere in a complex structure, it reveals a concentric‐ring pattern of gravity waves in the mesosphere. The waves closely resemble the airglow image acquired by Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership satellite near the mesopause. This intriguing phenomenon of the emergence of concentric rings after passing the stratopause is investigated by analyzing wave characteristics, including horizontal wavenumbers, frequency, and phase speed. The analysis reveals that the wind filtering effect directly influences the behavior of gravity waves, leading to variations in their appearance with altitude. The wind filtering effect, which typically breaks symmetric ring waves, could help reveal the ring pattern when the waves are subject to interference. Consequently, the concentric rings, propagating faster than the background winds, are shown to originate from the cloud tops of the storm complex. A wind duct at a specific location is identified through spectral analysis. This mechanism is further elucidated with the assistance of the dispersion relation of a classical linear theory.
Investigating New Particle Formation and Growth Over an Urban Location in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Ajith T. C. , Windwer Eli , Li Chunlin , Fang Zheng , Kompalli Sobhan Kumar , Nursanto Farhan R. , Olayemi Temitope E. , Ese Julius I. , Sharpe Steven A. L. , Fraund Matthew , Moffet Ryan C. , Laskin Alexander , Fry Juliane L. , Rudich Yinon
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the new particle formation (NPF) events at an urban location in the Eastern Mediterranean. Particle size distribution, particulate chemical composition, and gaseous pollutants were monitored in Rehovot, Israel (31°53″N 34°48″E) during two campaigns: from April 29 to 3 May 2021 (Campaign 1) and from May 3 to 11 May 2023 (Campaign 2), coinciding with an intensive bonfire burning festival. The organic aerosols (OA) source apportionment identified two major factors—Hydrocarbon‐like OA and Biomass‐burning OA—as well as two secondary factors—MO‐OOA (more oxidized‐oxygenated OA) and LO‐OOA (low oxidized oxygenated OA). NPF events were frequently observed during the day (mostly well‐defined nucleation events) and at night (burst of ultrafine mode particles without any discernible growth). A condensation sink value of (9.4 ± 4.0) × 10−3 s−1 during Campaign 1 and (14.2 ± 6.0) × 10−3 s−1 during Campaign 2 was obtained. The daytime events were associated with enhanced sulfuric acid proxy concentrations of (2–12) × 106 molecules cm−3, suggesting the role of gas‐phase photochemistry in promoting NPF. A novel approach of hybrid positive matrix factorization analysis was used to deconvolve the chemical species responsible for the observed events. The results suggest the involvement of multiple components, including ammonium sulfate and MO‐OOA, in the nucleation; Nitrate, HOA and LO‐OOA participate in the subsequent particle growth for the daytime events. Nighttime events involve only semi‐volatile species (LO‐OOA, HOA and nitrate) along with ammonium sulfate.
Expression of p53 in human adipose tissue correlates positively with FAS and BMI
Authors: Wueest Stephan , Scaffidi Chiara , van Krieken Pim P. , Konrad Nils K. , Koch Christian , Lempesis Ioannis G. , Fullin Jonas , Manolopoulos Konstantinos N. , Böttcher Steffen , Goossens Gijs H. , Blüher Matthias , Konrad Daniel
Published: December 2024

Activation of Fas (CD95) in adipocytes inhibits browning and may contribute to body weight gain in mice. Moreover, Fas expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) correlates positively with body mass index (BMI) in humans. However, molecular pathways involved in the inhibitory effect of Fas on energy metabolism remain incompletely understood. Herein, we report that protein levels of the tumor suppressor p53 were reduced in primary white adipocytes of adipocyte-specific Fas-knockout mice. Moreover, Fas ligand (FasL) treatment increased p53 concentrations in cultured adipocytes and decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption in control but not in p53-depleted cells, indicating that Fas activation reduces energy expenditure in a p53-dependent manner. In line, in differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells and WAT derived from different anatomical depots, FAS expression was positively associated with p53. Furthermore, p53 expression in human subcutaneous and visceral WAT correlated positively with BMI, whereas its expression in visceral WAT was inversely associated with insulin sensitivity (as assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp). Taken together, our data suggest that Fas regulates p53 expression in adipocytes, and may thereby affect body weight gain and insulin sensitivity.
Liquid biopsy in cancer: current status, challenges and future prospects
Authors: Ma Liwei , Guo Huiling , Zhao Yunxiang , Liu Zhibo , Wang Chenran , Bu Jiahao , Sun Ting , Wei Jianwei
Published: December 2024

Cancer has a high mortality rate across the globe, and tissue biopsy remains the gold standard for tumor diagnosis due to its high level of laboratory standardization, good consistency of results, relatively stable samples, and high accuracy of results. However, there are still many limitations and drawbacks in the application of tissue biopsy in tumor. The emergence of liquid biopsy provides new ideas for early diagnosis and prognosis of tumor. Compared with tissue biopsy, liquid biopsy has many advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancer, including non-invasive, quickly and so on. Currently, the application of liquid biopsy in tumor detection has received widely attention. It is now undergoing rapid progress, and it holds significant potential for future applications. Around now, liquid biopsies encompass several components such as circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, exosomes, microRNA, circulating RNA, tumor platelets, and tumor endothelial cells. In addition, advances in the identification of liquid biopsy indicators have significantly enhanced the possibility of utilizing liquid biopsies in clinical settings. In this review, we will discuss the application, advantages and challenges of liquid biopsy in some common tumors from the perspective of diverse systems of tumors, and look forward to its future development prospects in the field of cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Phosphorylation determines the glucose metabolism reprogramming and tumor-promoting activity of sine oculis homeobox 1
Authors: Lin Yanni , Li Ling , Yuan Bin , Luo Fei , Zhang Xiujuan , Yang Yuanjun , Luo Shaliu , Lin Jing , Ye Tianxing , Zhang Youzhi , Gao Shan , Ye Qinong
Published: December 2024

Aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of cancer and is regulated by growth factors, protein kinases and transcription factors. However, it remains poorly understood how these components interact to regulate aerobic glycolysis coordinately. Here, we show that sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1) phosphorylation integrates growth factors (e.g. TGFβ, EGF) to control aerobic glycolysis and determines its tumor-promoting activity. SIX1 is phosphorylated at serine 225 (S225) by growth factors-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 and its phosphorylation is responsible for glycolysis stimulated by some growth factors. SIX1 is dephosphorylated by the atypical protein phosphatase eyes absent 4 (EYA4). Phosphorylation blocks non-canonical ubiquitination and degradation of SIX1 through the E3 ubiquitin ligase FZR1. Unexpectedly, the non-canonical phosphorylation mimic SIX1 (S225K), but not the canonical phosphorylation mimic SIX1 (S225D/E), phenocopies the effects of SIX1 phosphorylation on glycolysis and cancer cell growth and metastasis in vitro and in mice. Compared to normal liver tissues, SIX1 phosphorylation at S225 (pS225) is upregulated in human liver cancer tissues. ERK1/2 expression is positively correlated with pS225 and EYA4 expression is negatively associated with pS225 in liver cancer specimens. Moreover, low expression of pS225 had longer disease-free survival and overall survival in patients with liver cancer. Thus, we identify a common mechanism underlying growth factors-mediated glycolysis, and provide a previously unidentified mode for non-classical phosphorylation mimics of a protein. Targeting growth factors/SIX1 signaling pathway may be beneficial to cancer treatment.
Innovation and application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in dentistry – a scoping review
Authors: Umer Fahad , Batool Itrat , Naved Nighat
Published: December 2024

Objective

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized healthcare, yet their integration in dentistry remains underexplored. Therefore, this scoping review aims to systematically evaluate current literature on LLMs in dentistry.

Data sources

The search covered PubMed, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar, with studies selected based on predefined criteria. Data were extracted to identify applications, evaluation metrics, prompting strategies, and deployment levels of LLMs in dental practice.

Results

From 4079 records, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. ChatGPT was the predominant model, mainly used for post-operative patient queries. Likert scale was the most reported evaluation metric, and only two studies employed advanced prompting strategies. Most studies were at level 3 of deployment, indicating practical application but requiring refinement.

Conclusion

LLMs showed extensive applicability in dental specialties; however, reliance on ChatGPT necessitates diversified assessments across multiple LLMs. Standardizing reporting practices and employing advanced prompting techniques are crucial for transparency and reproducibility, necessitating continuous efforts to optimize LLM utility and address existing challenges.
DOCK8 gene mutation alters cell subsets, BCR signaling, and cell metabolism in B cells
Authors: Gu Heng , Xie Miaomiao , Zhao Siyu , Luo Xi , Huang Yanmei , Yang Lu , Guan Fei , Lei Jiahui , Liu Chaohong
Published: December 2024

DOCK8 deficiency has been shown to affect the migration, function, and survival of immune cells in innate and adaptive immune responses. The immunological mechanisms underlying autosomal recessive (AR) hyper-IgE syndrome (AR-HIES) caused by DOCK8 mutations remain unclear, leading to a lack of specific therapeutic options. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to develop a mouse model with a specific DOCK8 point mutation in exon 45 (c.5846C>A), which is observed in patients with AR-HIES. We then investigated the effect of this mutation on B cell development, cell metabolism, and function in a mouse model with Dock8 gene mutation. The results demonstrated that Dock8 gene mutation inhibited splenic MZ and GC B cell development and crippled BCR signaling. In addition, it resulted in enhanced glycolysis in B cells. Mechanistically, the reduced BCR signaling was related to decreased B cell spreading, BCR clustering, and signalosomes, mediated by inhibited activation of WASP. Furthermore, the DOCK8 mutation led to increased expression of c-Myc in B cells, which plays an important role in glycolysis. As such, GC B cells’ formation and immune responses were disturbed in LCMV-infected mice. These findings will provide new insights into the immunological pathogenesis of primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by DOCK8 mutation.
The USP11/Nrf2 positive feedback loop promotes colorectal cancer progression by inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis
Authors: Lu Yuanyuan , wei Wanhui , Li Mengting , Chen Danyang , Li Wenjie , Hu Qian , Dong Shouquan , Liu Lan , Zhao Qiu
Published: December 2024

Abnormal antioxidant capacity of cancer is closely related to tumor malignancy. Modulation of oxidative stress status is a novel anticancer therapeutic target. Nrf2 is a key regulator of various antioxidant enzymes, but the mechanism of its deubiquitination remains largely unclear. This study unveiled that Nrf2 received post-transcriptional regulation from a proteasome-associated deubiquitinating enzyme, USP11, in colorectal cancer (CRC). It was found that USP11 was overexpressed in CRC tissues acting as an oncogene by inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis, and USP11 managed to maintain balance in the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanistically, we identified a feedback loop between USP11 and Nrf2 maintaining the redox homeostasis. USP11 stabilized Nrf2 by deubiquitinating and protecting it from proteasome-mediated degradation. Interestingly, we also map that Nrf2 could bind to the antioxidant reaction element (ARE) in the USP11 promoter to promote its transcription. Hence, USP11/Nrf2 positive feedback loop inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis of CRC cells by activating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, thus promoting CRC progression.
Organizing space through saccades and fixations between primate posterior parietal cortex and hippocampus
Authors: Vericel Marie E. , Baraduc Pierre , Duhamel Jean-René , Wirth Sylvia
Published: December 2024

The primate posterior parietal cortex (PPC) withholds a unified representation of the visual space supporting visual exploration, while the hippocampus (HPC) provides a memory-based cognitive place map of the environment. To probe the interactions between these two representations, i.e. between view and place, we compared neural activity in the two regions of macaques navigating a virtual maze. We show that a large proportion of PPC neurons displayed spatial selectivity, along with the HPC. We hypothesized that such modulation by self-position might stem from visual cues processing through saccades and fixations. Accordingly, we found saccade-modulated neurons and cells driven by direct fixations on maze paths or landmarks in both brain regions. These populations of “path” and “landmark cells” gave rise to task-relevant maze segmentation, specific to each region. Finally, both regions anticipated landmarks before they appeared in the field of view, suggesting a shared knowledge of the spatial layout. Altogether, these findings highlight the neural processes that make up place, combining visual exploration of objects in space with memory-driven actions.
SAM-DNMT3A, a strategy for induction of genome-wide DNA methylation, identifies DNA methylation as a vulnerability in ER-positive breast cancers
Authors: Hosseinpour Mahnaz , Xi Xinqi , Liu Ling , Malaver-Ortega Luis , Perlaza-Jimenez Laura , Joo Jihoon E. , York Harrison M. , Beesley Jonathan , Caldon C. Elizabeth , Dugué Pierre-Antoine , Dowty James G. , Arumugam Senthil , Southey Melissa C. , Rosenbluh Joseph
Published: December 2024

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that plays a critical role in regulating gene expression. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors, inhibit global DNA methylation and have been a key tool in studies of DNA methylation. A major bottleneck is the lack of tools to induce global DNA methylation. Here, we engineered a CRISPR based approach, that we initially designed, to enable site-specific DNA methylation. Using the synergistic activation mediator (SAM) system, we unexpectedly find that regardless of the targeted sequence any sgRNA induces global genome-wide DNA methylation. We term this method SAM-DNMT3A and show that induction of global DNA methylation is a unique vulnerability in ER-positive breast cancer suggesting a therapeutic approach. Our findings highlight the need of caution when using CRISPR based approaches for inducing DNA methylation and demonstrate a method for global induction of DNA methylation.
Probabilistic photonic computing with chaotic light
Authors: Brückerhoff-Plückelmann Frank , Borras Hendrik , Klein Bernhard , Varri Akhil , Becker Marlon , Dijkstra Jelle , Brückerhoff Martin , Wright C. David , Salinga Martin , Bhaskaran Harish , Risse Benjamin , Fröning Holger , Pernice Wolfram
Published: December 2024

Biological neural networks effortlessly tackle complex computational problems and excel at predicting outcomes from noisy, incomplete data. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), inspired by these biological counterparts, have emerged as powerful tools for deciphering intricate data patterns and making predictions. However, conventional ANNs can be viewed as “point estimates” that do not capture the uncertainty of prediction, which is an inherently probabilistic process. In contrast, treating an ANN as a probabilistic model derived via Bayesian inference poses significant challenges for conventional deterministic computing architectures. Here, we use chaotic light in combination with incoherent photonic data processing to enable high-speed probabilistic computation and uncertainty quantification. We exploit the photonic probabilistic architecture to simultaneously perform image classification and uncertainty prediction via a Bayesian neural network. Our prototype demonstrates the seamless cointegration of a physical entropy source and a computational architecture that enables ultrafast probabilistic computation by parallel sampling.
Antioxidant activity of herbal medicine Pyrrosia lingua evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Quan Li , Zhou En-chao , Guo Xue-wen , Yin Gui
Published: December 2024

A method based on EPR spectroscopy measurements to detect ˙OH radicals captured by herbs, demonstrating the strong antioxidant activity of the Pyrrosia lingua extract and providing a reference for its application in clinical disease therapies.
Resolving Duodenal Gastric Outlet Obstruction: A Case Report of Successful Management of Phytobezoar Impaction in a Duodenal Diverticulum
Authors: Jhajharia Ashok , Bishnoi Narendra Kumar , Ashdhir Prachis , Nijhawan Sandeep
Published: December 2024

Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a clinical syndrome characterized by hindrance in the passage of gastric contents into the duodenum, with various etiologies including bezoars. Phytobezoars, composed of undigested food fibers, represent a rare but significant cause of GOO. Herein, we present a case of a 34-year-old female with recurrent vomiting and early satiety, diagnosed with GOO caused by an impacted phytobezoar in the duodenum. Despite initial unsuccessful attempts at endoscopic removal, alternative techniques led to successful extraction. Postprocedure evaluation revealed a large duodenal diverticulum. Our experience underscores the complexity of managing duodenal phytobezoars and highlights the efficacy of combined therapeutic approaches. Heightened awareness among gastroenterologists regarding this condition is essential to optimize patient outcomes. Recurrence prevention strategies include dietary modifications and periodic endoscopic interventions for challenging cases.
Nuclear spin waves in magnetically ordered materials
Authors: Tulin V. A.
Published: December 2024

The state of the art in experimental and theoretical research on nuclear spin waves in antiferromagnets with low crystal anisotropy (MnCO3, CsMnF3, RbMnF3) is reviewed in the article. A qualitative analysis is made of the sources of nuclear spin-wave spectra and various attendant phenomena: the dynamic shift (pulling) of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) frequency and the NMR gain. A scheme is presented for calculating nuclear spin wave spectra and parametric excitation with parallel pumping. Experimental studies on the mechanism of excitation and the relaxation rate of nuclear spin waves are considered. It is shown that only one of several relaxation mechanisms observed experimentally has been provided with a good theoretical description.
Vibrations of a charged liquid helium surface
Authors: Williams F. , Shikin V. B.
Published: December 2024

The question of the applicability of the metal approximation to the problem of the vibrations of the charged surface of liquid helium is investigated. It is shown that this approximation is valid not only for a vapor-liquid surface charged with free electrons, but also, at the limit of applicability, for the He3− He4 interface boundary, on which a two-dimensional system of helium ions can be created.
Quantum resistance oscillations of Bi1–xSbx alloy films at 4.2–300°K temperatures
Authors: Bukhshtab E. I. , Ass E. I.
Published: December 2024

The electrical resistivity of Bi1–xSbx alloy films has been measured at 4.2–300 °K. A temperature dependence of the amplitudes of the quantum-dimensional resistivity oscillations is constructed in specimens with different composition 0≦x≦0.14. It is shown that a model taking account of near-surface bending of the bands should be used to describe the temperature attenuation of the oscillations, as in the case of pure bismuth. Changes in the energy spectrum in alloy films with the change in composition are estimated.
Appearance of phase transitions of 2 1/2 order in the electronic properties of α-uranium and cadmium
Authors: Makarov V. I. , Kleiner V. Z. , Ignat’eva T. A.
Published: December 2024

It is shown that the nonlinear dependence of the superconducting transition temperature TK of α-uranium on the pressure P, is the result of two phase transitions of 2 1/2 order. By means of parameters defining these transitions, the coefficient of thermal expansion is calculated, which coincides with the experimental data. The effect of molybdenum impurities on the electron specific heat and the function TK(P) is explained. Starting from the concepts of the 2 1/2 order phase transition, the nonlinear variation of TK of cadmium with uniaxial deformation is analyzed.
Oscillation effects in the impedance of a metal plate under one-sided excitation
Authors: Zherebchevskii D. É. , Naberezhnykh V. P. , Chabanenko V. V.
Published: December 2024

A theoretical and experimental investigation is conducted on the surface impedance of a metal plate placed in a permanent magnetic field perpendicular to the surface, under one-sided excitation by an electromagntic wave. It is shown that the periods of impedance oscillation, associated with excitation of a doppleron, are not always doubled completely for nonspecular electron reflection from the surface (the even and odd harmonics are of different amplitude) in contrast to the case of two-sided excitation. The period of the dimensional oscillations associated with the surface current oscillations (the high-frequency analog of the Sondheimer effect) is not doubled under purely diffuse reflection. The field, frequency, and temperature dependences of the oscillation amplitudes with doubled and not-doubled periods are studied. A distinct relationship between the amplitudes of the even and odd oscillation harmonics is also observed in an experimental investigation, depending on the magnitude of the magnetic field, the frequency of the external electromagnetic wave, and the specimen temperature. The experimental results are in good qualitative agreement with the results of the theory.
Exciton self-localization in the quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet NaMnCl3
Authors: Bron R. Ya. , Eremenko V. V. , Malyushkin É. V.
Published: December 2024

The luminescence and excitation spectra for crystalline NaMnCl3 are reported for the temperature interval 4.2–100 °K. The observed spectral properties are explained on the basis of exciton selflocalization. In magnetic fields a delocalization of the excitons is observed, due to the increase of the noncollinearity of the magnetic structure of the crystal.
Variations caused in low-temperature dislocation internal friction in antimony by high-amplitude ultrasonic oscillations
Authors: Pal’-Val’ P. P. , Platkov V. Ya.
Published: December 2024

We studied the changes caused in the dislocation internal friction of antimony single crystals by high-amplitude ultrasonic pulses at temperatures of 300, 78, 4.2, and 1.8°K. It was found that at 4.2 and 1.8 °K the high-amplitude pulses caused a decrease in the internal friction only in the amplitude-dependent region whereas at 78°K the internal friction increased over the entire range of amplitudes. The kinetics of the change in the internal friction under the effect of high-amplitude pulses was investigated. The fact that the maximum of the damped dislocation resonance shifted position when the temperature was lowered to 4.2°K is evidence of considerable changes in the dislocation structure of the specimens. The difference in the dislocation structures is responsible for the different character of the variations of the internal friction under the effect of high-amplitude pulses. The results are interpreted in terms of the concepts of the Granato-Liicke and Rogers theories of athermal dislocation unpinning.
First sound absorption in liquid 3He under pressure
Authors: Dyumin N. E. , Esel’son B. N.
Published: December 2024

The first sound absorption coefficient has been measured in liquid 3He in the temperature interval 1.4–2.1 °K under pressures up to 20.0 atm at frequencies f = ω/2π = 13.55, 18.96, and 24.40 MHz. It is shown that the sound absorption in the studied temperature and pressure region may be described within a hydrodynamic framework in which the absorption coefficient is independent of pressure in the liquid.
The sign of the interference current component in superconducting tunnel junctions
Authors: Zorin A. B. , Kulik I. O. , Likharev K. K. , Schrieffer J. R.
Published: December 2024

The role of a finite-width Riedel peak in the interference conductivity of a Josephson tunnel junction is treated phenomenologically. It is shown that allowance for the finite width of the peak can lead to a change in sign of this conductivity in the region ω≪Δ from positive, as given by standard theory, to negative. Separate mechanisms responsible for finite peak width are analyzed. It is found that only some of these mechanisms lead to the change in the interference conductivity mentioned above. The results obtained are compared with experiment.
Effect of electron-phonon scattering anisotropy on the Hall effect in molybdenum
Authors: Cherepanov V. I. , Startsev V. E. , Volkenshtein N. V.
Published: December 2024

The Hall effect is studied in the temperature interval 2−150 K in monocrystalline molybdenum with resistance ratio ρ273.2/ρ4.2=32 000. For T<80°K the Hall coefficient is anisotropic and has a nonmonotonic temperature dependence. An extremum in RH(T) is observed at hydrogen temperatures and is sensitive to the magnitude of the magnetic field. The observed behavior of RH(T) is explained by the Fermi surface geometry of molybdenum and by the influence of the electron-phonon scattering anisotropy. The interpretation of the experimental data is supported by a comparison of the temperature dependences of the Hall coefficient for molybdenum and tungsten.
Magnetic susceptibilities and electronic structures of Cu–Au and Cu–Pd ordering alloys
Authors: Zhuk G. M. , Svechkarev I. V. , Syutkina V. I.
Published: December 2024

Measurements have been made of the magnetic susceptibility of the stoichiometric compounds CuAu and Cu3Au and a series of Cu–Pd solid solutions (17–30 at. % Pd) between 4.2 and 300 °K with the materials in various structure states. The measurements and calculations on the orbital susceptibility for a two-band model demonstrate that the long-period superlattices at least are stabilized because the Fermi level lies at the middle of the energy gaps in the Bragg planes of the corresponding superlattices.
Interaction between homogeneous transverse magnetization and spin waves in a ferrodielectric
Authors: Sinitsyn Yu. A. , Tsukernik V. M.
Published: December 2024

Coupled oscillations of the homogeneous precession of magnetization and the ensemble of spin waves in a ferrodielectric are examined. The spectrum of the natural oscillations of such a system is obtained and a complete set of singular eigenfunctions is constructed, which is convenient for the solution of nonstationary problems. The time evolution of the system is examined upon the switching on of a permanent transverse magnetic field by using the eigenfunctions found.
Optical pumping of nonequilibrium magnons in the one-dimensional antiferromagnet CsMnCI3·2H2O
Authors: Dokashenko V. P. , Eremenko V. V. , Matyushkin É. V.
Published: December 2024

A nonequilibrium population of magnons with large wavevectors has been obtained in the onedimensional antiferromagnet CsMnCl3·2H2O by strong optical pumping in the spectral region corresponding to exciton-magnon transitions.
Chien-Shiung Wu's trailblazing experiments in particle physics
Authors: Kam Chon-Fai , Zhang Cheng-Ning , Feng Da Hsuan
Published: December 2024

The Chinese American physicist led groundbreaking experiments that demonstrated parity violation and photon entanglement. Many in the physics community say Wu deserved more accolades in her lifetime.
UK coalition gears up to demonstrate commercial viability of fusion energy
Authors: Means Hannah H.
Published: December 2024

The government is aiming to build a prototype plant in the next two decades.
The interdisciplinary journey to fractal bionics
Authors: Taylor Richard
Published: December 2024

The search is underway for the ideal electrode to pass signals from artificial implants to the body’s neurons. Fractal shapes in biology could provide the solution.
Going with the flow in unstable surroundings
Authors: Gowen Savannah D. , Videbæk Thomas E. , Nagel Sidney R.
Published: December 2024

A colorful technique allows us to better understand the development of branching patterns in fluid flow.
Follow the LINE: A novel case of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by a LINE-1 insertion in the TTN gene
Authors: Ding Qiliang , Fine Jenna , Hoffman Frank T , Kluge Michelle L , Kuennen Rhonda K , Thieke Sarah M , Hoppman Nicole L , Marcou Cherisse A , Rowsey Ross A , Thorland Erik C , Baudhuin Linnea M , Moyer Ann M , Buglioni Alessia
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Protein-truncating variants in the TTN gene are a well-established cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We report a novel case of DCM caused by a mobile element insertion (MEI) in TTN, through which we highlight the key features of MEIs in next-generation sequencing data. Because of the rarity of MEIs, the next-generation sequencing data features associated with these events may be mistaken as noise, potentially leading to missed diagnoses.

Methods

Next-generation sequencing gene panel testing for DCM was performed on a 17-year-old male patient presenting with severe left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction. Manta was used for structural variant detection, followed by manual review of NGS data for potential structural variants.

Results

Manta detected a potential insertion in TTN. Manual review identified hallmark features consistent with a LINE-1 MEI. This finding was orthogonally confirmed by long-range polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis, which indicated an insertion of approximately 4 to 5 kilobase pairs. The insertion disrupted the reading frame of TTN within an A-band exon, resulting in protein truncation that was classified as likely pathogenic.

Conclusions

This case expands the mutational spectrum of TTN protein-truncating variants. It also underscores the importance of recognizing rarer types of pathogenic variants (eg, MEIs) to produce accurate genetic diagnostics.
Migrants, Violence, and Discrimination in Early Modern Holland
Authors: van der Heijden Manon , Luk Karlijn , Sint Nicolaas Samantha
Published: December 2024

This study examines the experiences of migrants in early modern Dutch cities, focusing on violence and indications of social tensions in criminal cases from 1680 to 1810. Despite the prevailing notion of harmonious coexistence, migrants, comprising a significant portion of urban residents, faced stigmatization and bias. The research focuses on Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Leiden, major economic centers witnessing high immigration rates. Whereas existing studies suggest migrants faced similar treatment in courts, this article challenges such notions. It explores tensions and conflicts in violence-related cases, revealing subtle forms of discrimination against immigrants. Through quantitative analysis and case studies, it uncovers differential treatment in the reporting of violence, court sentencing, and procedures. The findings reveal that while the overall patterns of violent crime were similar between local and immigrant offenders, immigrants were disproportionately accused of more serious offenses. Moreover, immigrants faced differential treatment in the judicial system, including harsher interrogation methods, limited opportunities for settlement, and a higher likelihood of expulsion and corporal punishment. The study highlights the complex interplay between immigration, social tensions, and discriminatory practices in early modern Dutch cities. It underscores the need for further research to fully understand the extent of discrimination against immigrants in historical criminal justice systems, advocating for a nuanced approach that combines quantitative analysis with qualitative examination of individual cases.
Beyond Asexual: Genomics-Driven Progress in Unveiling Sexual Reproduction in Cereal Rust Fungi
Authors: Mojerlou Shideh , Moeller Mareike , Schwessinger Benjamin , Rodriguez-Algaba Julian
Published: December 2024

Recent advances in genomics technologies have revolutionized our understanding of cereal rust fungi, providing unprecedented insights into the complexities of their sexual life cycle. Genomic approaches, including long-read sequencing, genome assembly, and haplotype phasing technologies, have revealed critical insights into mating systems, genetic diversity, virulence evolution, and host adaptation. Population genomics studies have uncovered diverse reproductive strategies across different cereal rust species and geographic regions, highlighting the interplay between sexual recombination and asexual reproduction. Transcriptomics have begun to unravel the gene expression networks driving sexual reproduction, while complementary omics approaches such as proteomics, and metabolomics offer potential insights into the underlying molecular processes. Despite this progress, many aspects of rust sexual reproduction remain elusive. Integrating multiple omics approaches with advanced cell biology techniques can help address these knowledge gaps, particularly in understanding sexual reproduction and its role in pathogen evolution. This comprehensive approach will be crucial for developing more targeted and resilient crop protection strategies, ultimately contributing to global food security.