bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Distance Logistic Mobility as an Organizing Principle among Northern Hunter-Gatherers: A Great Lakes Middle Holocene Settlement System
Authors: Lovis William A. , Donahue Randolph E. , Holman Margaret B.
Published: May 2010

Concepts of residential and logistic mobility are applied to survey assemblages from multiple decades of research along the interior drainages of central lower Michigan. Drawing on the ethnographic record of boreal hunter-gatherers and archaeological interpretations of long-distance logistic mobility from the Mesolithic of northern England and continental Europe, it is argued that the importance of logistic mobility is underrepresented in summaries of northern hemisphere hunter-gatherers. Reconstruction of Middle Holocene environments suggests that the resource structure of the central Michigan uplands was one that fostered use of logistic mobility, and that interior Middle Archaic assemblages and site structures reveal special function activities systemically tied to residential and other special function sites at lower coastal elevations, as well as currently submerged under Lake Huron. We conclude that rising levels of Lake Huron ca. 4500 B.P. resulted in decreased land area, population packing, and a consequent shift to residential mobility by the Late Archaic. Further, the results of this analysis can serve as a comparative framework for recognizing the role of logistic mobility in the evolution of hunter-gatherer adaptive strategies in other regions.
Middle and Late Holocene Hunting in the Great Basin: A Critical Review of the Debate and Future Prospects
Authors: Hockett Bryan
Published: May 2010

Recent papers published in American Antiquity and elsewhere have debated whether there were more artiodactyls available to human foragers during the relatively cool and moist Late Holocene compared to the relatively warm and dry Middle Holocene in the Great Basin. If so, how did human foragers respond to changes in artiodactyl abundance, and what explanations may be offered to account for any changes in human behavior across the Middle Holocene-Late Holocene boundary? A critical examination of the data used in this debate does not support the interpretation that human foragers across the Great Basin intensified artiodactyl hunting during the Late Holocene relative to Middle Holocene levels. Depending on location and setting, individual sites occupied during the Middle Holocene may show decidedly more intensive artiodactyl hunting at this time. At other sites, artiodactyl hunting remained consistent throughout the Middle and Late Holocene, while small game hunting and gathering significantly varied. New data presented below suggest that a change from encounter or ambush hunting involving small family groups to the communal hunting of pronghorn by larger numbers of people occurred near the Middle Holocene-Late Holocene boundary. I suggest that changes in social organization and technology also occurred at this time.
Resolving an Anomolous Radiocarbon Determination on Mastodon Bone from Monte Verde, Chile
Authors: George Debra , Southon John , Taylor R. E.
Published: May 2010

Previous 14C determinations obtained on two segments of a single mastodon bone recovered from Monte Verde, Chile, were highly discordant, differing by more than 5,000 years. Because of the significance of this site in discussions concerning the earliest peopling of the Western Hemisphere, additional 14C and new δ13C values have been obtained on organic fractions isolated from both segments. The constituent amino acid profiles indicate that both bone segments retain significant amounts of protein (mostly collagen) residues. Four accelerator mass spectrometry-based 14C values obtained on total amino acids and ultrafiltered gelatin fractions—two from each segment—are statistically identical and indicate an age of 12,460 (± 30) BP for the mastodon. This value is concordant with 14C values obtained on other culturally affiliated organics associated with the MV-II levels at this site.
Dates Are Not Just Data: Paleolithic Settlement Patterns in Siberia Derived from Radiocarbon Records
Authors: Kuzmin Yaroslav V. , Keates Susan G.
Published: May 2010

The large radiocarbon database now established for Paleolithic sites in Siberia and the Russian Far East can be used to build up a picture of relative population size in these regions. We consider the time period of ca. 46,000 to 12,000 B.P. for which we have assembled and critically studied 437 radiocarbon dates. All dates from individual sites that fall within 1,00014C years are considered as a single event and called occupation episode. The results of our analysis show that the number of14C dates until ca. 28,000 B.P. is small and increases at ca. 28,000–20,000 B.P, and dates decrease in frequency for the ca. 20,000–16,000 B.P. time range. It is after ca. 16,000 B.P. that we see a substantial rise in the number of14C dates. In terms of the relative size of Siberian Paleolithic populations based on the frequency of occupation episodes, population density was small until ca. 36,000 B.P. Subsequently, population size increased gradually at ca. 36,000–16,000 B.P., and the growth rate became almost exponential at ca. 16,000–12,000 B.P. The number of occupations from ca. 20,000 to 18,000 B.P. did not decrease, running counter to arguments that Siberia was completely or considerably depopulated during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Too Little, Too Late? The Radiocarbon Chronology of Alaska and the Peopling of the New World
Authors: Bever Michael R.
Published: May 2010

Alaska is commonly viewed as a gateway between the Old and New Worlds, and as such, figures prominently in most models of the peopling of the New World. With a growing number of archaeological sites dating to the terminal Pleistocene, Alaska might be expected to provide direct evidence bearing on the colonization of the Americas. Based on 27 site components with 114 radiocarbon dates, this paper discusses the archaeological record of late Pleistocene Alaska, organized around the characteristics and chronology of three complexes: the microblade-bearing Denali complex, the Nenana complex, and the Mesa complex. This paper shows that the archaeological record of late Pleistocene Alaska is quite diverse, and not lacking in controversy and conflicting interpretations. In addition, this period of archaeological diversity coincides with the Younger Dryas climatic event. However, none of the reliably dated sites is older than the earliest evidence of human occupation further south in the Americas. Despite this, evidence from DNA studies points strongly to a north-central Asian homeland for Native Americans, upholding Alaska as the point of entry into the New World. Suggestions are offered, then, as to why the Alaskan record remains silent about the initial peopling of the New World.
Style and Resistance in the Seventeenth Century Salinas Province
Authors: Spielmann Katherine A. , Mobley-Tanaka Jeannette L. , Potter James M.
Published: May 2010

This paper draws upon James Scott's insights concerning the “public” and “hidden” transcripts of subjugated peoples to investigate Pueblo responses to Spanish colonization in the seventeenth century. We focus on the marked changes that occurred in the decoration of two ceramic wares produced in the Salinas Pueblo region of central New Mexico, and suggest that these changes express one aspect of native resistance to Spanish missionary efforts to eradicate Pueblo religious practices. We document that differences in the impact of missionization between the northern and southern Salinas pueblos led to marked and divergent changes in the ways women decorated glaze and white ware vessels. Women who made glaze ware bowls lived in villages under the direct control of Spanish missionaries, and appear to have deliberately simplified and masked the iconography on their vessels. Women who made white ware jars, however, lived in villages without resident Spanish missionaries. Following Spanish colonization, these women began decorating their vessels with detailed, diverse ritual iconography, apparently in an effort to reinforce, and probably to teach, religious knowledge.
LiDAR for Archaeological Landscape Analysis: A Case Study of Two Eighteenth-Century Maryland Plantation Sites
Authors: Harmon James M. , Leone Mark P. , Prince Stephen D. , Snyder Marcia
Published: May 2010

Topographic and image maps of archaeological landscapes can be made using airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data. Such maps contain more three-dimensional data than conventional maps and may be more spatially accurate. In addition to providing a record of topography, LiDAR images may reveal surface indications of archaeological deposits unnoticed when using more conventional discovery techniques. LiDAR data and derived imagery need to be integrated with existing forms of archaeological data for their full potential to be realized.
Rock Fortifications: Archaeological Insights Into Precontact Warfare and Sociopolitical Organization Among the Stó:lō of the Lower Fraser River Canyon, B.C.
Authors: Schaepe David M.
Published: May 2010

Whether or not traditional centralized leadership existed among the central Coast Salish of the Gulf of Georgia-Puget Sound Regions is a topic of ongoing interest and debate among archaeologists, social anthropologists, ethnohistorians, and Aboriginal communities. Recent findings in the lower Fraser River Canyon of British Columbia of a unique class of archaeological site—rock fortifications, newly identified on the Northwest Coast—present an opportunity to address this discussion. Description of these features and analysis of their situation within the physical and social landscapes of the Fraser Canyon provides insight into the nature of Stó:lō warfare and defensive strategy. I propose the existence of a multivillage defensive network aimed at regulating access to the entire “Canyon watershed” rather than simply defending individual settlements. I present a “corporate family group” model of sociopolitical organization through which this defensive system operated—representing a minimum level of intercommunity governance traditionally known to the Sto:Lō of the Gulf of Georgia Region. This proposition provides an alternate view to the long-held belief that individual households were the traditional centers of economy, and by extension, of political authority among the Aboriginal peoples of the Northwest Coast. These results affect the current understanding and reconstruction of traditional expressions of Stó: Lō identity engrained in sociopolitical organization.
Experimental and Archaeological Verification of an Index of Retouch for Hafted Bifaces
Authors: Andrefsky William
Published: May 2010

The relative amount of retouch on stone tools is central to many archaeological studies linking stone tool assemblages to broader issues of human social and economic land-use strategies. Unfortunately, most retouch measures deal with flake and blade tools and few (if any) have been developed for hafted bifaces and projectile points. This paper introduces a new index for measuring and comparing amount of retouch on hafted bifaces and projectile points that can be applied regardless of size or typological variance. The retouch index is assessed initially with an experimental data set of hafted bifaces that were dulled and resharpened on five occasions. The retouch index is then applied to a hafted biface assemblage made from tool stone that has been sourced by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Results of both assessments show that the hafted biface retouch index (HRI) is effective for determining the amount of retouch and the degree to which the hafted bifaces have been curated.
On Open Minds and Missed Marks: A Response to Atholl Anderson
Authors: Jones Terry L. , Klar Kathryn A.
Published: May 2010

While we appreciate Atholl Anderson's willingness to consider transoceanic diffusion as a viable possibility, he misrepresents parts of our argument and ignores others, particularly the linguistics that suggest that the Chumash and Gabrieliño borrowed the technique of sewn-plank construction and words related to that technique—not the word for boat or the specific design of a boat. The composite bone fishhook that appears in the Santa Barbara Channel ca. A.D. 700–900 matches simpler Hawaiian variants yet shows a significant stylistic departure from earlier southern California types. A chronological window of A.D. 400–800 for Polynesian contact is still consistent with realistic estimates for both the timing of the appearance of the sewn-plank boat technology in southern California and the initial settlement of Hawaii.
Understanding Cultural Evolutionary Models: A Reply to Read's Critique
Authors: Henrich Joseph
Published: May 2010

This reply to Read's (2006) critique of my paper (Henrich 2004) is divided into three parts. Part I clarifies misinterpretations and mischaracterizations of both Dual Inheritance Theory in general and my model specifically. Part II addresses several problems in Read's empirical analyses of forager toolkits, and presents an alternative analysis. Part III tackles some common misunderstandings about the relationship between cost-benefit models (such as Read's) and cultural evolutionary modeling approaches, as well as highlighting some concerns with Read's efforts. In writing this, I have tried to introduce the reader to the issues in debate, but to fully understand this reply, one should read both my paper and Read’s critique.
Anthropological Applications of Ancient DNA: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Mulligan Connie J.
Published: May 2010

The analysis of DNA extracted from archaeological specimens to address anthropological questions is becoming increasingly common. Despite widespread interest in ancient DNA (aDNA), the difficulties inherent in aDNA analysis are not generally appreciated by researchers outside of the field. The majority of samples subjected to aDNA analysis often fail to produce results, and successful analysis is typically limited to specimens that exhibit excellent preservation. Contamination of samples with exogenous DNA is an ongoing problem and requires careful design of research strategies to limit and identify all DNA contaminants. Overall, aDNA analysis is a highly specialized and technical field that requires extensive training and can be quite expensive. Thus, each aDNA study should be carefully planned with significant input from archaeologists, physical anthropologists, linguists, and related researchers and should focus on well-preserved samples that are likely to produce a clear answer to a question that is not amenable to nongenetic analysis. In this manuscript, I explain the problems and prospects of various anthropological applications of aDNA technology. I present a series of previously published studies, which are of general anthropological interest, to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of aDNA methods in each case. I also provide a checklist of questions to evaluate the utility of archaeological remains for aDNA analysis and to provide guidelines when designing an aDNA study.
Methodological Aspects on Luminescence Dating of Fluvial Sands from the Moselle Basin, Luxembourg
Authors: Cordier S. , Frechen M. , Tsukamoto S.
Published: May 2010

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz and infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating of feldspar were applied to fluvial sands from the lower terrace (M1) of the Moselle valley in Luxembourg (western Europe). The dating results indicated that the aggradation period for the sediments from below the M1 alluvial terrace can be correlated to the Weichselian upper Pleniglacial (MIS 2), which is in good agreement with the general chronostratigraphy of the Moselle terrace staircase. The ages were obtained from small aliquots of quartz and feldspars, using the single aliquot regenerative (SAR) protocol. The equivalent dose determination included a series of tests and the selection of the Minimum Age Model as the most appropriate statistical model. This made it possible to provide a reliable methodological background for further luminescence dating of fluvial sediments from the Moselle basin.
Contamination of the Conchos River in Mexico: Does It Pose a Health Risk to Local Residents?
Authors: Rubio-Arias Hector , Quintana César , Jimenez-Castro Jorge , Quintana Ray , Gutierrez Melida
Published: May 2010

Presently, water contamination issues are of great concern worldwide. Mexico has not escaped this environmental problem, which negatively affects aquifers, water bodies and biodiversity; but most of all, public health. The objective was to determine the level of water contamination in six tributaries of the Conchos River and to relate their levels to human health risks. Bimonthly samples were obtained from each location during 2005 and 2006. Physical-chemical variables (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Total solids and total nitrogen) as well as heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zn, and Li) were determined. The statistical analysis considered yearly, monthly, and location effects, and their interactions. Temperatures differed only as a function of the sampling month (P < 0.001) and the pH was different for years (P = 0.006), months (P < 0.001) and the interaction years x months (P = 0.018). The EC was different for each location (P < 0.001), total solids did not change and total nitrogen was different for years (P < 0.001), months (P < 0.001) and the interaction years x months (P < 0.001). The As concentration was different for months (P = 0.008) and the highest concentration was detected in February samples with 0.11 mg L-1. The Cr was different for months (P < 0.001) and the interaction years x months (P < 0.001), noting the highest value of 0.25 mg L-1. The Cu, Fe, Mn, Va and Zn were different for years, months, and their interaction. The highest value of Cu was 2.50 mg L-1; forFe, it was 16.36 mg L-1; forMn it was 1.66 mg L-1; V was 0.55 mg L-1; and Zn was 0.53 mg L-1. For Ni, there were differences for years (P = 0.030), months (P < 0.001), and locations (P = 0.050), with the highest Ni value being 0.47 mg L-1. The Li level was the same for sampling month (P < 0.001). This information can help prevent potential health risks in the communities established along the river watershed who use this natural resource for swimming and fishing. Some of the contaminant concentrations found varied from year to year, from month to month and from location to location which necessitated a continued monitoring process to determine under which conditions the concentrations of toxic elements surpass existing norms for natural waters.
Risk Factors for Transmission of HIV in a Hospital Environment of Yaoundé, Cameroon
Authors: Mbanya Dora , Ateudjieu Jerome , Tagny Claude Tayou , Moudourou Sylvie , Lobe Marcel Monny , Kaptue Lazare
Published: May 2010

Risk factors for HIV transmission within a hospital setting were assessed using pre-structured questionnaires and observations. Of 409 respondents, 66.3% corresponded to the nursing staff, 14.4% doctors and 8.3% laboratory staff. The irregular use of gloves and other protective clothing for risky tasks, and recapping of needles after use were some of the risk factors identified, especially amongst nurses. Preventive measures were not always implemented by health personnel. More emphasis should be placed not only on diffusing universal precautions and recommendations for hospital staff safety, but accompanying measures for monitoring and evaluation of implementation of these standards are also indispensable.
Gender Differences in Public and Private Drinking Contexts: A Multi-Level GENACIS Analysis
Authors: Bond Jason C. , Roberts Sarah C.M. , Greenfield Thomas K. , Korcha Rachael , Ye Yu , Nayak Madhabika B.
Published: May 2010

This multi-national study hypothesized that higher levels of country-level gender equality would predict smaller differences in the frequency of women’s compared to men’s drinking in public (like bars and restaurants) settings and possibly private (home or party) settings. GENACIS project survey data with drinking contexts included 22 countries in Europe (8); the Americas (7); Asia (3); Australasia (2), and Africa (2), analyzed using hierarchical linear models (individuals nested within country). Age, gender and marital status were individual predictors; country-level gender equality as well as equality in economic participation, education, and political participation, and reproductive autonomy and context of violence against women measures were country-level variables. In separate models, more reproductive autonomy, economic participation, and educational attainment and less violence against women predicted smaller differences in drinking in public settings. Once controlling for country-level economic status, only equality in economic participation predicted the size of the gender difference. Most country-level variables did not explain the gender difference in frequency of drinking in private settings. Where gender equality predicted this difference, the direction of the findings was opposite from the direction in public settings, with more equality predicting a larger gender difference, although this relationship was no longer significant after controlling for country-level economic status. Findings suggest that country-level gender equality may influence gender differences in drinking. However, the effects of gender equality on drinking may depend on the specific alcohol measure, in this case drinking context, as well as on the aspect of gender equality considered. Similar studies that use only global measures of gender equality may miss key relationships. We consider potential implications for alcohol related consequences, policy and public health.
Using a Relational Database to Index Infectious Disease Information
Authors: Brown Jay A.
Published: May 2010

Mapping medical knowledge into a relational database became possible with the availability of personal computers and user-friendly database software in the early 1990s. To create a database of medical knowledge, the domain expert works like a mapmaker to first outline the domain and then add the details, starting with the most prominent features. The resulting "intelligent database" can support the decisions of healthcare professionals. The intelligent database described in this article contains profiles of 275 infectious diseases. Users can query the database for all diseases matching one or more specific criteria (symptom, endemic region of the world, or epidemiological factor). Epidemiological factors include sources (patients, water, soil, or animals), routes of entry, and insect vectors. Medical and public health professionals could use such a database as a decision-support software tool.
Publically Funded Recreation Facilities: Obesogenic Environments for Children and Families?
Authors: Naylor Patti-Jean , Bridgewater Laura , Purcell Megan , Ostry Aleck , Wekken Suzanne Vander
Published: May 2010

Increasing healthy food options in public venues, including recreational facilities, is a health priority. The purpose of this study was to describe the public recreation food environment in British Columbia, Canada using a sequential explanatory mixed methods design. Facility audits assessed policy, programs, vending, concessions, fundraising, staff meetings and events. Focus groups addressed context and issues related to action. Eighty-eighty percent of facilities had no policy governing food sold or provided for children/youth programs. Sixty-eight percent of vending snacks were chocolate bars and chips while 57% of beverages were sugar sweetened. User group fundraisers held at the recreation facilities also sold ‘unhealthy’ foods. Forty-two percent of recreation facilities reported providing user-pay programs that educated the public about healthy eating. Contracts, economics, lack of resources and knowledge and motivation of staff and patrons were barriers to change. Recreation food environments were obesogenic but stakeholders were interested in change. Technical support, resources and education are needed.
Chemical Constituents of a Marine-Derived Endophytic Fungus Penicillium commune G2M
Authors: Yan Hui-Jiao , Gao Shu-Shan , Li Chun-Shun , Li Xiao-Ming , Wang Bin-Gui
Published: May 2010

Cultivation of the endophytic fungus Penicillium commune, which was isolated from the semi-mangrove plant Hibiscus tiliaceus,afforded one new compound 1-O-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoyl)-glycerol (1) along with thirteen known products, including 1-O-acetylglycerol (2), N-acetyltryptophan (3), 3-indolylacetic acid methyl ester (4), 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)ethanone (5), 2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid (6), (4R,5S)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (7), thymidine (8), uracil (9), thymine (10), ergosterol (11), β-sitosterol (12),β-daucosterol (13), and ergosta-7,22-dien-3β,5α,6β-triol (14). The structures of these compounds were established by detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis, as well as by comparison with literature data or with authentic samples.
A Multipath Routing Protocol Based on Clustering and Ant Colony Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Yang Jing , Xu Mai , Zhao Wei , Xu Baoguo
Published: May 2010

For monitoring burst events in a kind of reactive wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a multipath routing protocol (MRP) based on dynamic clustering and ant colony optimization (ACO) is proposed.. Such an approach can maximize the network lifetime and reduce the energy consumption. An important attribute of WSNs is their limited power supply, and therefore some metrics (such as energy consumption of communication among nodes, residual energy, path length) were considered as very important criteria while designing routing in the MRP. Firstly, a cluster head (CH) is selected among nodes located in the event area according to some parameters, such as residual energy. Secondly, an improved ACO algorithm is applied in the search for multiple paths between the CH and sink node. Finally, the CH dynamically chooses a route to transmit data with a probability that depends on many path metrics, such as energy consumption. The simulation results show that MRP can prolong the network lifetime, as well as balance of energy consumption among nodes and reduce the average energy consumption effectively.
Design Strategies for Aptamer-Based Biosensors
Authors: Han Kun , Liang Zhiqiang , Zhou Nandi
Published: May 2010

Aptamers have been widely used as recognition elements for biosensor construction, especially in the detection of proteins or small molecule targets, and regarded as promising alternatives for antibodies in bioassay areas. In this review, we present an overview of reported design strategies for the fabrication of biosensors and classify them into four basic modes: target-induced structure switching mode, sandwich or sandwich-like mode, target-induced dissociation/displacement mode and competitive replacement mode. In view of the unprecedented advantages brought about by aptamers and smart design strategies, aptamer-based biosensors are expected to be one of the most promising devices in bioassay related applications.
Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey
Authors: Bista Rabindra , Chang Jae-Woo
Published: May 2010

Many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications require privacy-preserving aggregation of sensor data during transmission from the source nodes to the sink node. In this paper, we explore several existing privacy-preserving data aggregation (PPDA) protocols for WSNs in order to provide some insights on their current status. For this, we evaluate the PPDA protocols on the basis of such metrics as communication and computation costs in order to demonstrate their potential for supporting privacy-preserving data aggregation in WSNs. In addition, based on the existing research, we enumerate some important future research directions in the field of privacy-preserving data aggregation for WSNs.
Intelligent Gearbox Diagnosis Methods Based on SVM, Wavelet Lifting and RBR
Authors: Gao Lixin , Ren Zhiqiang , Tang Wenliang , Wang Huaqing , Chen Peng
Published: May 2010

Given the problems in intelligent gearbox diagnosis methods, it is difficult to obtain the desired information and a large enough sample size to study; therefore, we propose the application of various methods for gearbox fault diagnosis, including wavelet lifting, a support vector machine (SVM) and rule-based reasoning (RBR). In a complex field environment, it is less likely for machines to have the same fault; moreover, the fault features can also vary. Therefore, a SVM could be used for the initial diagnosis. First, gearbox vibration signals were processed with wavelet packet decomposition, and the signal energy coefficients of each frequency band were extracted and used as input feature vectors in SVM for normal and faulty pattern recognition. Second, precision analysis using wavelet lifting could successfully filter out the noisy signals while maintaining the impulse characteristics of the fault; thus effectively extracting the fault frequency of the machine. Lastly, the knowledge base was built based on the field rules summarized by experts to identify the detailed fault type. Results have shown that SVM is a powerful tool to accomplish gearbox fault pattern recognition when the sample size is small, whereas the wavelet lifting scheme can effectively extract fault features, and rule-based reasoning can be used to identify the detailed fault type. Therefore, a method that combines SVM, wavelet lifting and rule-based reasoning ensures effective gearbox fault diagnosis.
A Novel Radar Sensor for the Non-Contact Detection of Speech Signals
Authors: Jiao Mingke , Lu Guohua , Jing Xijing , Li Sheng , Li Yanfeng , Wang Jianqi
Published: May 2010

Different speech detection sensors have been developed over the years but they are limited by the loss of high frequency speech energy, and have restricted non-contact detection due to the lack of penetrability. This paper proposes a novel millimeter microwave radar sensor to detect speech signals. The utilization of a high operating frequency and a superheterodyne receiver contributes to the high sensitivity of the radar sensor for small sound vibrations. In addition, the penetrability of microwaves allows the novel sensor to detect speech signals through nonmetal barriers. Results show that the novel sensor can detect high frequency speech energies and that the speech quality is comparable to traditional microphone speech. Moreover, the novel sensor can detect speech signals through a nonmetal material of a certain thickness between the sensor and the subject. Thus, the novel speech sensor expands traditional speech detection techniques and provides an exciting alternative for broader application prospects.
La inundación de octubre de 1879 en el Bajo Segura. Magnitud y efectos inducidos
Authors: Calvo García-Tornel F. , Conesa García C. , Álvarez Rogel Y.
Published: May 2010

Este artículo constituye una nueva aproximación en el análisis de la catastrófica inundación ocurrida los días 14 y 15 de octubre de 1875 en la cuenca del Guadalentín y vegas media y baja del Segura, dedicando especial atención a esta última, por su extraordinaria gravedad y mayor grado de información. En primer lugar se describe la trascendencia del suceso dentro de los ámbitos científico, político y socio-económico, así como la magnitud del mismo, valorada en términos de daños materiales y efectos geo- morfológicos. A continuación se estudian los factores físicos que contribuyeron a la catástrofe, haciendo una revisión de los datos pluviométricos e hidrológicos existentes y deduciendo otros nuevos (energía cinética de la lluvia, erosividad pluvial, obtención de parámetros hidráulicos por los métodos de Manning y MEI). Finalmente se muestra la situación de la cuenca ante el riesgo, destacando los efectos derivados de las obras de defensa y de otras infraestructuras como un claro indicador de la fragilidad de este medio impuesta por el hombre.
Medio ambiente urbano. Conceptualización y aplicación a la ciudad de Puertollano (Ciudad Real)
Authors: Cañizares Ruiz María del Carmen
Published: May 2010

[es] Este artículo pretende aportar una aproximación al concepto de medio ambiente urbano así como una reflexión sobre su propio contenido como elemento y factor del desarrollo urbano. Su análisis se concreta en la ciudad de Puertollano en la que la concentración demográfica y la aparición de industrias altamente contaminantes (químicas, refino de petróleo, termoeléctricas) son las causas fundamentales de una extensa problemática frente a la cual sólo es válida una planificación integrada basada en la mejora ambiental urbana.

[fr] Cet article, il prétent apporter une approximation a l'idée ou concept du environement urbain, aussi bien q'une réflexion sur leur contenu comme un élément et aussi facteur du développement urbain. Son analyse se precise a la ville de Puertollano dans laquelle la concentration démographique et l'apparition des industries hautement contaminants (chimiques, raffine du pétrole, thermoélectriques) ce sont les causes fondamentales d'une vaste problématique en face laquelle seulement est valide une planification intégrale base sur l'amélioration du milieu.
Escalas espaciales, escalas temporales
Authors: Gutiérrez Puebla Javier
Published: May 2010

La escala es uno de los conceptos básicos con los que trabajamos los geógrafos; sin embargo, se ha teorizado sorprendentemente poco sobre este concepto. En este artículo se analizan distintas concepciones de la escala espacial (la escala como tamaño, como nivel, como red y como relación) y se subraya la importancia y complejidad de combinar las escalas espaciales con las escalas temporales.
Impacto de las autopistas de circunvalación en la accesibilidad del área metropolitana de Madrid
Authors: García Palomares Juan Carlos
Published: May 2010

[es] Una de las aplicaciones que tradicionalmente se ha dado a los Sistemas de Información Geográfica es el estudio de los impactos territoriales que tiene la construcción de nuevas infraestructuras de transporte a través del cálculo de indicadores de accesibilidad. En este artículo se han aplicado los S.I.G. al estudio del impacto de la construcción de nuevas autopistas de circunvalación en la accesibilidad a diferentes grupos de empleos en el área metropolitana de Madrid.
En un momento en el que nos encontramos inmersos en un intenso proceso de reestructuración metropolitana, con los problemas que el mismo ocasiona, conocer cómo cambia la accesibilidad en función tanto de los cambios en las infraestructuras de transporte como de la propia distribución de las actividades, es muy importante a la hora de determinar políticas que relacionen transporte y uso del suelo, con el objetivo de potenciar un modelo sostenible de la movilidad.

[fr] L'impact des autoroutes de circouvalavation sur l'accessibilité de la zone métropolitaine de Madrid. Une des applications qui s'a donné aux systems d´information geografique, c'est l'étude des impacts territoriaux qui a la construction des nouvelles infrastructures de transport grâce au calcul des indicateurs d'accesibilité. Dans cet article, on a employé le S.I.G. pour l'étude de l'impact et la construction des nouvelles autoroutes circulaires de circonvalation sûr l'accesibilité aux différents groupes des emploies dans la zone métropolitaine de Madrid.
Au moment de restructuration métropolitaine comme l'actuel, et avec les problems provoqués par elle-même, c'est très important de connaître quel-est le mode de changement de l'accesibilité par rapport aux changements des infrastructures et la distribution des propres activités en fonction de ce suject-ci, a l'heure de déterminer politiques qui mettent en relation transport et usage du sol avec l'object de favoriser un modèle soutenable de movilité.
Comparación de métodos de kriging multivariante para la estimación espacial de la temperatura del aire
Authors: Hernández Varela Roberto
Published: May 2010

[es] En el presente artículo se desarrollan tres algoritmos geoestadísticos que incorporan información auxiliar exhaustiva en la estimación de un atributo primario: por una parte, kriging simple con diversas medias locales y kriging con deriva extema, que usan datos secundarios para caracterizar la tendencia espacial primaria; por otra, cokriging colocado, que atiende explícitamente a la correlación espacial cruzada entre ambos atributos.
Los distintos métodos se han ensayado con datos de temperatura del aire registrada por la red automática del Servicio Vasco de Meteorología, introduciendo la elevación del terreno como variable explicativa.
Los resultados se han comparado mediante validación cruzada. Se llega a la conclusión de que la aplicación de métodos geoestadísticos multivariantes puede proporcionar mapas más efectistas que el caso univariado, incluso con relaciones entre temperatura y elevación no demasiado fuertes.

[fr] Comparaison des méthodes de krigeage multivariante pour l´estimation espacial de la température de l´air. Dans cet article, on développe trois algorithmes géostatistiques qu'incorporent information auxiliaire exhaustive pour l'estimation d'un attribut primaire: krigeage simple avec diverses mesures locales et krigeage avec dérive externe, qui emploient des données secondaires pour caractériser la tendance spatiale primaire; et cokrigeage co-localisé, qui tient compte de la corrélation spatiale croisée entre les deux attributs.
Les différentes méthodes sont essayées avec des donnés température de l'air enregistré par le réseau automatique du Service basque de Météorologie, en introduisant l'élévation du terrain comme variable explicative.
Les résultats sont comparés par validation croisée. La conclusion à laquelle on arrive est que l'application des méthodes géostatistiques multivariantes peut donner des cartes qui permettent d'interprétation plus claire que les cartes dérivées des cas univariantes, même avec des relations température - élévation pas très fortes.
Análisis de la concentración industrial en la comunidad de Madrid
Authors: Mayoral M. Milagros
Published: May 2010

[es] En este trabajo se tratan algunos aspectos de la concentración de la industria en la Comunidad de Madrid utilizando la familia de medidas de Entropía de Orden r introducida por Renyi (1961) y estudiada entre otros por Mayoral (1995, 1998).

[fr] Analyse de la concentration industrielle dans la Comunidad de Madrid. L'article analyse quelques traits de la concentration de l'industrie dans la région de Madrid, en utilisant la famille de mesures d'Entropie d'Ordre introduite par Renyi (1961) et étudié parmi d'autres par Mayoral (1995, 1998).
Salamanca y su plan especial de protección: La efectividad en el cuidado del patrimonio
Authors: Senabre López David
Published: May 2010

[es] El trabajo recoge el desarrollo del Plan Especial de Protección y Reforma Interior de la ciudad de Salamanca, desde antecedentes, formulación y también algunas consideraciones respecto a sus resultados.

[fr] Salamanca et son plan spécial de protection: un aménagement effectif pour la gestion du patrimoine. L'article nous montre le développement du Plan Spécial de Protection et Réforme Intérieure de la cité de Salamanque, depuis les antécédents et la formulation, ainsi que quelques considérations à propos de ses résultats.
Patrimonio y turismo sostenible desde la ordenación del territorio: el caso del Pirineo Aragonés
Authors: Bielza de Ory Vicente
Published: May 2010

Se aborda el análisis de los patrimonios natural y cultural del Pirineo aragonés en relación con el turismo desde una óptica amplia, integradora y holística, como tradicionalmente ha hecho la geografía y como tiende a hacer hoy la Ordenación del Territorio de la U.E.(E.T.E., 1999) y la UNESCO (Monte Perdido, 1997). La evolución del turismo hacia la sostenibilidad, recogida en la Carta Mundial del Turismo Sostenible(1995) exige su convergencia con la planificación territorial, máxime en patrimonios tan frágiles como los de montaña; para ello existen en Aragón más normas ordenadoras del territorio y del patrimonio que del turismo. La figura de parque cultural, ampliada por geógrafos y normativizada con rango de ley en 1997 a todo territorio que cuente con una riqueza de patrimonio cultural enclavada en un paisaje de valor ecológico o estético es una forma de ordenar el territorio, fomentando un turismo sostenible. Las experiencias de río Vero y San Juan de la Peña se unen a los programas Leader, como el de Sobrarbe-Ribagorza para proteger y, al mismo tiempo, promocionar turísticamente el territorio pirenaico.
La difusión de innovaciones desde una perspectiva geográfica. Principales tendencias
Authors: Marrón Gaite María Jesús
Published: May 2010

[es] La adopción de innovaciones y su difusión espacio-temporal constituyen un fenómeno de amplias repercusiones socioeconómicas y paisajísticas a las que no puede permanecer ajena la ciencia geográfica. De los niveles de innovatividad se derivan todos los procesos de modernización o estancamiento de los grupos o colectivos humanos y de sus técnicas de producción y niveles de desarrollo. En este artículo se analiza la aportación reaüzada desde la geografía al estudio de los procesos innovación o cambio y sus repercusiones espaciales.

[fr] Le diffusion de innovationes dès une perspective géographique. Principales tendances. Le adoption de innovationes et sa diffusion dans l'espace et dans le temps ils constituyent un phénomène avec amplies repercussiones socioéconomiques et paysagistiques a les que ne pas pouvart demeurer d'autruire le scientifiq géographyque. De les niveaux d'innovation ils dépendent toutes les processus de progrès ou de permaneisance de les groupes ou collectivités humaines et de ses techniques de production et ses niveaux de développement. Dans cet article on analyf l'apport ayant réalice dès le géographie a l'étude de les processus d'innovation ou changement et ses conséquences espacieles.
Medios innovadores y desarrollo local: los sistemas locales productores de calzado del interior de España
Authors: Climent López Eugenio , Méndez Gutiérrez del Valle Ricardo
Published: May 2010

[es] El artículo aborda el análisis de tres núcleos de la España interior especializados en la industria del calzado, cuyo comportamiento reciente se interpreta a partir del contexto teórico asociado a los conceptos de sistema productivo local y medio innovador. Tras una breve presentación del marco teórico, se estudia la evolución de la industria del calzado en España y, de modo más detallado, en los municipios objeto de análisis, centrando la atención en el origen de la industria local, las redes de empresas, el papel de los agentes sociales y el esfuerzo innovador realizado, para finalizar con algunas propuestas de actuación.

[fr] Milieux innovateurs et développement local: systèmes locaux producteurs de la chaussure à l'Espagne intérieure. L'article étude trois localités à l'Espagne intérieure, spécialissés en l'industrie de la chaussure, dont l'évolution récente est expliqué d'après le contexte théorique associé à les concepts de système productif local et milieu innovateur. Après une court présentation du cadre théorique, on étude l'évolution de l'industrie de la chaussure à l'Espagne et à les dits localités, faisant attention à l'origine de l'industrie locale, les réseaux d'entreprises, le rôle des agents socials et l'effort innovateur, concluant avec quelques propositions pour Faction.
Evaluación de tierras para reforestación (Horche, Guadalajara) mediante un índice de Productividad Agraria
Authors: Hontoria Fernández C. , Almorox Alonso J. , Gallardo Díaz J.
Published: May 2010

[es] La Unión Europea está promoviendo la reforestación en aquellos países, como España, con áreas vulnerables a la degradación y a la desertificación. El propósito de este artículo es delimitar y definir, mediante un método de Evaluación de Tierras, las áreas marginales con el fin de conocer cuáles son susceptibles al cambio de uso agrícola al forestal.
El método de Evaluación de Tierras que se utiliza en este artículo es una adaptación y actualización del de Riquier et al. (1970). Se ha denominado «índice de Productividad Agraria (IPA)», y permite la Evaluación para los tipos de uso extensivos: cultivos herbáceos de invierno-primavera, cultivos herbáceos de verano, cultivos leñosos, pastizal y forestal, todos ellos bajo regadío o secano, y considerando para los herbáceos y leñosos dos manejos: laboreo convencional y no laboreo.
El área de estudio, con una superficie aproximada de 50 km2, está situada en el término municipal de Horche en el sudoeste de la provincia de Guadalajara (España). El levantamiento cartográfico ha permitido distinguir nueve unidades cartográficas: Cerrillo, Bachos, Plataformas, Vertientes, Glacis-Terrazas, Pie de ladera. Abanicos aluviales, y Vegas en secano y en regadío. La aplicación del IPA muestra que las Vertientes y los Glacis- Terrazas con cultivos leñosos, y los Abanicos aluviales y en cierta medida los Cerrillos con cultivos herbáceos son tierras agrícolas marginales susceptibles al cambio de uso agrícola forestal.

[fr] L'Union Européene est en traint de promotióner la forestation en ces pays qui comme Espagne ont des regions vulnérables à la degradation et à la desertization. La finalité de cet article est de délimiter et definir, grâce à un méthode d'évaluation des terres, les zones marginales afin de savoir les quelles son susceptibles au changement d'un usage agricole à usage forestier. La méthode d'évaluation des terres, employé dans cet article, est une adaptation et actualization de celui de Riquier et al. (1970). On l'a nommé «Índice de Productividad Agraria, IPA », grâce au quel on peut évaluer, pour le principal type d'usage extensible: cultures herbacées d'hiver et d'été et cultures ligneuses, tous en régime de irrigation on sans arrosage et considérant deux manipulations, celle du labourage conventionnel et celle du non-labourage. La zone d'étude, avec un aire approximative 50 km2, est située dans le municipe de Horche au sud-ouest de la province de Guadalajara (Espagne). Le levage cartographique a permit de distinguir huit unités cartographiques: Cerrillo, Bachos, Plataformas, Vertientes, Glacis-Terrazas, Pie de ladera. Abanicos aluviales et Vegas (sans arrosage et avec irrigation). L'application du IPA montre que les Vertientes et les Glacis-Terrazas avec cultures ligneuses, et les Abanicos Aluviales et, de certain manière, les Cerrillos avec cultures herbacées son terres marginales et son susceptibles au changement de l'usage agricole au forestier.
El complejo cárnico uruguayo ante la realidad del MERCOSUR
Authors: Segrelles Serrano José Antonio
Published: May 2010

[es] Los orígenes agropecuarios de Uruguay continúan representando una realidad trascendental en su economía actual, aunque ante todo destaca el complejo cárnico, tanto por lo que respecta a la producción como al comercio exterior. El complejo cárnico uruguayo va a tener que hacer frente a la progresiva globalización de la economía y a la creciente liberalización comercial en el mundo. Su integración regional en el Mercosur puede ser un instrumento eficaz para resaltar las ventajas comparativas de sus distintos subsectores ganaderos. Sin embargo, no conviene olvidar las repercusiones que deriven del peso económico, posible competencia y estabilidad política, monetaria y financiera de Argentina y Brasil.

[fr] Les origines du complexe agricole et de l'élevage représente encore aujourd'hui une réalité vitale pour son économia actuelle même si c'est surtout l'industrie de la vianda celle qui se détache aussi bien par sa production que par son commerce extérieur. Les industries de la viande à Uruguay doit affronter la progressive globalisation de l'économie et la libéralisation commerciale toujours croissante dans le monde. Leur intégration régionale dans Mercosur peut être un instrument efficace pour la mi se eu relief des avantages des différents sous-secteurs de l'élevage et la comparaison entre eux. Par contre, il fandrait ne pus oublier les répercussions dérivées du poids économique, la libre concurrence et la stabilité politique, monétaire et financière de l'Argentine et du Brésil.