bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exercise Dependence and Elite Athletes: Perceptions of Coaches of Elite Athletes
Authors: McNamara Justin , McCabe Marita P.
Published: January 2007

Exercise dependence (EXD) is a psychological condition associated with physical, emotional, social and performance consequences. Despite growing awareness of the prevalence of EXD within the athletic population, the symptoms or dimensions that comprise the condition largely remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the perceptions of coaches relating to the symptoms or dimensions that define EXD among athletes. Participants were 90 coaches of elite athletes employed by the Australian Institute of Sport and State Institutes of Sport in Australia. Coaches completed an EXD checklist and a separate checklist of characteristics of committed exercisers. Both checklists contained 31 dimensions. The results supported a constellation of cognitive, emotional, behavioral, physical, social and performance dimensions. The results are discussed in terms of the consequences of EXD for elite athletes Implications for coaches and teammates of elite athletes who experience EXD are also highlighted.
Partial regularity and amplitude
Authors: Arapura Donu
Published: January 2007

The author continues the study of Frobenius amplitude, introduced in an earlier paper, and compares this to various other positivity notions. These are applied to deduce vanishing theorems. A refinement of Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity is also given.
Geometric theory of unimodular Pisot substitutions
Authors: Barge Marcy , Kwapisz Jaroslaw
Published: January 2007

We are concerned with the tiling flow T associated to a substitution φ over a finite alphabet. Our focus is on substitutions that are unimodular Pisot, i.e., their matrix is unimodular and has all eigenvalues strictly inside the unit circle with the exception of the Perron eigenvalue λ > 1. The motivation is provided by the (still open) conjecture asserting that T has pure discrete spectrum for any such φ. We develop a number of necessary and sufficient conditions for pure discrete spectrum, including: injectivity of the canonical torus map (the geometric realization), Geometric Coincidence Condition, (partial) commutation of T and the dual R d -1 -action, measure and tiling properties of Rauzy fractals, and concrete algorithms. Some of these are original and some have already appeared in the literature-as sufficient conditions only-but they all emerge from a unified approach based on the new device: the strand space F φ of φ. The proof of the necessity hinges on determination of the discrete spectrum of T as that of the associated Kronecker toral flow.
Inheriting Vice, Acquiring Virtue: Hereditary Disease and Moral Hygiene in the Medicine of the French Enlightenment
Authors: Quinlan Sean M
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the medical debates over hereditary disease and moral hygiene in France between 1748 and 1790. During this time, which was marked by two formal academic exchanges about pathological inheritance, doctors critically studied the existence of hereditary diseases—including syphilis, arthritis, phthisis, scrofula, rickets, gout, stones, epilepsy, and insanity—and the problems that heredity might pose for curing and preventing these diseases. Amid public debate, doctors first treated heredity with formal skepticism and then embraced the idea. Their changing attitudes stemmed less from epistemological or cognitive reasons than from new cultural beliefs about gender, domesticity, and demographic policy. Fearing moral degeneracy and demographic decline, they argued that a number of social pathologies were truly hereditary and that these diseases spread within the family itself. These beliefs were seemingly confirmed by new clinical studies on tuberculosis. Though doctors conceded that hereditary diseases might limit Enlightenment hopes to perfect society, they also suggested that sexual hygiene and physical education could cure hereditary degeneracy and transcend genealogy and descent. Consequently, they stressed that physical regeneration was a dynamic process, one that stretched from the conjugal bed to weaning and beyond. Rather than accepting the accidents of birth, physicians believed that their patients could self-consciously overcome inherited defects and thus regenerate themselves and even all of society itself. Heredity thus gave doctors an idiom with which to diagnose a felt social crisis and to prescribe appropriate hygienic responses.
Hong Kong's Information Technology after 1997 and the Case of 3G Mobile Licenses "Auction" in 2001
Authors: Cheung Gordon C. K
Published: January 2007

Soon after the Hong Kong Government changeover in 1997, the IT industry could have created substantial revenues for the Government and business sectors alike, and also somewhat rescued the economy following the collapse of the housing market. However, the use of royalties instead of an auction for four 3G licences scuppered this opportunity.
Sex Is Dangerous, So Satisfy Your Wife: The Softcore Thriller in Its Contexts
Authors: Andrews David
Published: January 2007

Besides its high-budget theatrical sector, the erotic thriller includes lower-profile, lower-budget, nontheatrical subgenres like the softcore thriller. This article proposes that as the softcore thriller has grown more feminized, pornographic, and consumerist over the past fifteen years, it has also become less like 1940s film noir and much less expensive.
Hinterland History: The Ok Tedi Mine and Its Cultural Consequences in Telefolmin
Authors: Jorgensen Dan
Published: January 2007

Much of the literature on mining in Papua New Guinea is concerned with the politics of landowner compensation. In the case of the Ok Tedi mine, attention has focused largely on claims for downstream ecological damage and the ensuing settlement on behalf of people living along the Lower Ok Tedi. Like all major mines, however, Ok Tedi has produced a series of large-scale ripple effects throughout the surrounding region, both downstream and upstream. In this article I explore two decades of mine-related transformations among Telefolmin, one of several groups of Min people who are a major source of labor for the Ok Tedi mine. I argue that Ok Tedi provides Telefolmin with the ability to realize a particular form of modernity. For Telefolmin, however, this modernity is rendered insecure by their hinterland status and the prospect of mine closure, sharpening fears that the Telefol experience of modernity may be a fleeting one.
Contested Visions: Technology Transfer, Water Resources, and Social Capital in Chilasc�, Guatemala
Authors: Holder Curtis D
Published: January 2007

Technology transfer is a common mechanism for development agencies and nongovernmental organizations to meet their goals of increasing economic productivity, enhancing social capital, and minimizing the impact on the environment in rural areas of Third World countries. The objective of this article was to discuss the hydrological and social impacts of technology transfer in the community of Chilascó, Guatemala. Several technologies were adopted since the 1980s in the region surrounding Chilascó, including technologies related to hydroelectricity, rural electrification, irrigation, and broccoli production. These technology transfers had a direct and indirect impact on the hydrology of the region as streams were diverted, forests were removed, and agricultural fields expanded. Hydroelectricity and irrigation projects have increased demand for water resources at the expense of a community-based ecotourism project in Chilascó. Stream discharge has changed as cloud forests are replaced with broccoli fields. Additionally, these technology transfers had social impacts in the community of Chilascó. Broccoli production is more labor and capital intensive than traditional subsistence agriculture. Social networks have changed as time and labor constraints limit participation in community-level projects. Holistic approaches are necessary to understand the connections between technology transfer, water resources, and social capital before and after the initiation of rural development projects.
Friends for better or for worse: Interracial friendship in the United States as seen through wedding party photos
Authors: Berry Brent
Published: January 2007

Friendship patterns are instrumental for testing important hypotheses about assimilation processes and group boundaries. Wedding photos provide an opportunity to directly observe a realistic representation of close interracial friendships and race relations. An analysis of 1,135 wedding party photos and related information shows that whites are especially unlikely to have black friends who are close enough to be in their wedding party. Adjusting for group size, whites and East and Southeast Asians (hereafter, E/SE Asians) are equally likely to be in each other’s weddings, but whites invite blacks to be in their wedding parties only half as much as blacks invite whites, and E/SE Asians invite blacks only one-fifth as much as blacks invite E/SE Asians. In interracial marriages, both E/SE Asian and black spouses in marriages to whites are significantly less likely than their white spouses to have close friendships with members of their spouse’s race.
Less help for mother: The decline in coresidential female support for the mothers of young children, 1880–2000
Authors: Short Susan E. , Goldscheider Frances K. , Torr Berna M.
Published: January 2007

Research on changes in women’s parenting has focused primarily on their increased likelihood of combining parenthood with paid employment, exploring the pressures that result from this “second shift” or “double burden.” This article complements this approach by focusing instead on the likely reduction in the help that mothers of small children have received as declines both in fertility and the coresidence of nonnuclear adults have reduced the number of other women in the household. Using national census data for the period 1880 to 2000, we show a substantial decline in the presence and availability of other females in the household, as fewer are coresident and more of those who are coresident are employed or in school. Although all mothers experience this decline, it is most acute for mothers working for pay in nonagricultural activities.
Women's Economies in North America before 1820: Special Forum Introduction
Authors: Matson Cathy D.
Published: January 2007

This introduction places six articles in the context of three overlapping issues in the economic history of women's lives before 1820. Considered together, the authors have situated their case studies within the long-term development of a domestic North American and wider Atlantic world economy growing enormously during this era. Secondly, the introduction elaborates on how the six essays situate women's economic lives in the dramas of consumer, transportation, and market revolutions transforming the colonies and nation. Thirdly, the introduction reviews the wider historiographical insights that have governed our perspectives about women's economic lives and points to ways that these six case studies help extend and change long-standing views.
A Conversation of Their Own: Watering-Place Correspondence Among the Bluestockings
Authors: Hurley Alison E
Published: January 2007

This article analyzes the role resort towns such as Bath, Bristol, Brighton, and Tunbridge Wells played in establishing a legitimate space for female correspondence (the intercourse or relation between individuals and groups of individuals as well as the letters they produced) within the public sphere. Spas helped women bypass the prevailing models of female friendship and female letters that submerged women's alliances beneath the imperatives of a patriarchal society, thereby allowing them to develop a distinctive style of spa correspondence. In its reading of Bluestocking letters, this essay describes this correspondence as characterized by a communal sense of female identity and a "spectatorial" epistolary style.
Frances Burney's Camilla : "to print my Grand Work...by subscription"
Authors: Pink Emma E
Published: January 2007

Critics have tended to view Frances Burney's authorial activities as evidence of her diffidence as a cultural producer. In fact, a closer examination of her publishing history, especially her management of the subscription publication of her third novel, Camilla, reveals quite the contrary. In addition to being an accomplished novelist, playwright, letter writer, and diarist, Burney was also a skillful negotiator who understood the economic and aesthetic value of her literary productions, and worked hard to obtain what she felt to be appropriate remuneration for them. Not only was Burney willing to engage with the material aspects of cultural production, but she was sensitive to the subtleties of exchange dynamics operating during the time in which she was writing. By focusing on her publishing history, we are able to trace the arc of her professionalization, and come to understand the ways in which Burney negotiated the complexities of the literary field.
"Nagging Wife" Revisited: Women and the Fur Trade in New France
Authors: Noel Janet
Published: January 2007

Les femmes jouaient un rôle important dans le commerce des ressources naturelles en Nouvelle-France. Cet article fournit des exemples de la participation des femmes de l'élite dans le commerce des fourrures, puis montre que les femmes du peuple s'impliquaient aussi dans cette économie de diverses façons. L'auteur conclue à la nécessité d'examiner de nouveau les interprétations variées de la condition féminine en Nouvelle-France, y compris ses propres recherches antérieures. Les recherches les plus récentes sur les femmes en Europe montrent que la production et le commerce féminins n'étaient pas du tout exceptionnels dans les sociétés préindustrielles. La participation active des femmes dans l'économie de la Nouvelle-France fut donc tout à fait normale.
Cabo Verde: Gulag of the South Atlantic: Racism, Fishing Prohibitions, and Famines
Authors: Brooks George E.
Published: January 2007

[Off São Tiago Island, March 1456] We found so great a quantity of fish that it is incredible to record.

[Praia, São Tiago, April 1816] The strictest precautions are taken against the evasion of slaves on board foreign vessels that touch here, and particularly by not allowing boats of any kind to the inhabitants, the want of which gives to the port the appearance of a deserted settlement.

Numerous species of fish swim in Cabo Verdean waters, and the two streams of the Canary Current flowing past the archipelago nourish some of the richest marine resources on the globe. Yet, for centuries Portuguese colonial officials leagued with plantation owners to prohibit Cabo Verdeans from owning fishing craft and other vessels to prevent the escape of slaves, mutinous soldiers, exiled criminals, and political deportees. Denied the bounty of the sea and afflicted by multi-year droughts, tens of thousands of destitute people perished during famines. Cabo Verde during Portuguese rule was a gulag.
Balancing Service and Education: Ethical Management of Student-run Clinics
Authors: Buchanan David , Witlen Renee
Published: January 2007

At medical schools across the United States, students operate free clinics that have the potential to provide health benefits to patients while furnishing unique educational opportunities for students. While they provide the energy necessary to make these clinics successful, students must, due to their inexperience, collaborate with faculty, clinic preceptors, community members and medical school administrators to ensure that their clinics attain high standards in health care and education. Medical school faculty and clinic preceptors must make certain that appropriate health care is provided and that desirable educational messages regarding physician professionalism and altruism are conveyed effectively. As faculty availability in such clinics is limited, it is important that the pursuit of educational goals not compromise clinics' patient care. By valuing faculty time dedicated to this work and actively supporting clinic organizers' applications for external funding, medical school administrators can facilitate high quality care and education at student-run clinics.
Fair Trade? How Oxfam Presented a Systemic Approach to Poverty, Development, Human Rights, and Trade
Authors: Aaronson Susan A , Zimmerman Jamie M
Published: January 2007

This article discusses how Oxfam tried to change global trade policies to better reflect the rights-based approach delineated in its strategic plan. Oxfam has been extremely successful at helping policymakers and the public understand the relationship between poverty, development, human rights, and trade. (We do not examine the "make poverty history" campaign). To understand Oxfam's perspective and approach, we begin the article with a discussion of how the WTO system addresses questions of human rights, poverty, and development. We then examine Oxfam's strategy and how it changed over time—moving from a systemic emphasis on poverty, development, human rights, and trade to a more limited, but visible, focus on "making trade fair." Finally, we examine Oxfam's contribution to the trade debate.
Using Womanist Caring as a Framework to Teach Social Foundations
Authors: Cozart Sheryl Conrad , Gordon Jenny
Published: January 2007

The authors address how to make Social Foundations relevant to teacher education by using a framework of womanist caring. In this article, they focus on how they use womanist caring in their Social Foundations classes to help their students examine and reconceptualize their own views about caring to include social transformation.
Customary Law, Sentencing and the Limits of the State
Authors: Douglas Heather
Published: January 2007

La question de la punition coutumière, particulièrement de la rétribution («payback»), a étiré les limites du droit pénal dans une série de décisions sentencielles dans le Territoire du Nord de l'Australie. Des arrêts australiens successifs ont établi que le droit pénal aborigène ne s'applique plus au-delà de l'établissement britannique. Cependant, la jurisprudence dans le Territoire du Nord ne reflète pas cette position. La réponse judiciaire aux punitions coutumières y fut de développer une sorte de pluralisme soft. Les juges y tiennent compte de la punition suggérée sans toutefois l'endosser formellement. Le système judiciaire tente de garder le contrôle sur la punition coutumière mais dépend des communautés aborigènes pour s'assurer tant d'une réponse coutumière adéquate que de l'exécution des punitions promises. Ceci crée une situation complexe dans laquelle les Aborigènes sont à la fois surveillés et surveillants, alors que l'État contrôle tout en ne contrôlant pas.
The Training of an Inner Asian Nomad Army in the Pre-Modern Period
Authors: May Timothy
Published: January 2007

Often the armies that emerged from the steppes of Inner Asia are viewed as throngs of horse-archers who overwhelmed their opponents through sheer ferocity or superior numbers. The typical observation about their military ability is that as nomads they were natural warriors inured since birth to riding and archery in the harsh climate of the steppe. While this view has an element of truth, the armies were actually better trained than is generally assumed. This article examines the training of Inner Asian armies. Although it focuses on the Mongols, it also explores the antecedents and evolution of training techniques across Inner Asia.
Studying the Art of War: Military Books Known to American Officers and Their French Counterparts During the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Powers Sandra L
Published: January 2007

This essay seeks first to identify published military books available to eighteenth-century American officers and their French counterparts. Second, it examines which among those titles were actually known to or owned by a number of said officers. Not surprisingly, the titles included classical military histories as well as contemporary histories and biographies. In addition, practical treatises such as drill manuals and mathematical treatises on artillery, fortification, and strategy were popular. The study includes an annotated list of those books and identifies which among them can be found at the library of the Society of the Cincinnati.
Universal Values and Muslim Democracy
Authors: Ibrahim Anwar
Published: January 2007

The desire for freedom and self-government is written in human hearts everywhere; in this there can be no "clash of civilizations." The quest for democracy among Muslims today is one of the most prominent and transformative features of our time. Claims that Islam is inherently hostile to democracy represent an unwarranted surrender to fundamentalist arguments. We should engage with a broad spectrum of Muslim groups, but without compromising our commitment to freedom and democracy.
From Biracial Democracy to Direct Rule: The End of Self-Government in the Nation's Capital, 1865–1878
Authors: Harrison Robert
Published: January 2007

There has always been something problematic, if not anomalous, about the political status of the District of Columbia. In theory, the federal government reigns supreme. Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution allows Congress to “exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever” in the territory that houses the seat of government, but it is not clear whether that rules out some measure of popular representation in local government. For Congress to exercise exclusive authority over the capital of the Republic, in denial of the inhabitants' right to govern their own affairs, might seem a stark contradiction of the founding principles of American government. “This, happening at the seat of a nation which boasts of its democratic government,” observed a writer in theAtlantic Monthlyin 1909, during a period when the District was subject to direct federal control, “constitutes a solecism of the first magnitude.” Over the 204 years of its residence there, Congress has both allowed and disallowed local representation. For most of its first seventy years, Washington was governed by an elected mayor and councils. (The city of Georgetown and the rural sections of the District, known as Washington County, had their own separate governing arrangements.) The conduct of municipal government in the antebellum period was not dissimilar to that in other cities of comparable size, with the important distinction that Washington, like the rest of the District, was subject to the supreme authority of Congress. That authority, however, was exercised fitfully by a national legislature whose preferred stance toward the District was one of benign neglect. Whatever practical inconvenience might result from this arrangement was not judged sufficient to warrant a serious reconsideration, that is, until the Civil War and its aftermath drastically raised the stakes and altered the significance of governing the District.
Technological Innovation and the Expansion of Mexico City, 1870-1920
Authors: Garza Merodio Gustavo G
Published: January 2007

By the end of the nineteenth century most metropolitan areas worldwide had expanded following a process of heavy industrialization. However, the metropolitan area of the Mexican capital was an exception. Its growth was mostly due both to its location as the central node of the Mexican railroad network, and to the introduction of many urban and domestic innovations of the late 19th century. Modern means of communication and transportation were not profitable before 1867, when the Conservative Party was soundly defeated. The application of the Liberals' Reforma Laws (1856 and 1859) allowed a full capitalist management of ecclesiastical and Indian properties, making possible the development of a rapidly expanding real estate market. After the 1870s, Mexico City became the financial and service center of the country and a metropolitan area was born

Hacia finales del siglo XIX, la mayor parte de las áreas metropolitanas del mundo se habían extendido, como consecuencia de un fuerte proceso de industrialización. Una de las excepciones, fue el área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, su expansión se debió en lo primordial, tanto a su carácter nodal con respecto a la red ferroviaria mexicana, como a la introducción de diversas innovaciones tecnológicas decimonónicas, ya urbanas, ya domésticas. Los medios de comunicación y transporte modernos no fueron rentables antes de 1867, cuando el Partido Conservador fue definitivamente derrotado, dando lugar a la aplicación de las leyes liberales de Reforma (1856 y 1859) en todo el país. El manejo plenamente capitalista de propiedades eclesiásticas e indígenas, permitió el desarrollo de un mercado de bienes raíces. Después de la década de 1870, la Ciudad de México, se convirtió en el centro financiero y de servicios de la mayor parte del país; edificios para oficinas, bodegas y almacenes ferroviarios fueron construidos, generando una gran cantidad de empleos técnico-administrativos. Nacía un área metropolitana, no por medio de un proceso de industrialización, sino por causa de una economía terciaria, proceso de metropolitización que casi no ha sido tratado como tal.
"Local," "Ethnic," and "Rural" Food: On the Emergence of "Cultural Diversity" in Greece since its Integration in the European Union
Authors: Yiakoumaki Vassiliki
Published: January 2007

In this case study, the unsystematic emergence of the politics of cultural diversity in a European-Union member state is examined from the perspective of the entanglement of food and national identity. Discussing the publication of texts on food generated in Greece during the last two decades, I explore the increasing visibility of a "diverse" Greek landscape, which signifies a departure from heretofore official definitions of national identity. In the selected texts, food becomes a site for endorsing the politics of "cultural diversity" and "multiculturalism," through use of categories such as "local," "ethnic," and "rural." Therefore, formerly "incompatible," or counter-hegemonic, versions of Greekness are [re-]deployed, thus contesting the version of an idealized mono-cultural national identity in public discourses. This emergence needs to be viewed as instances, not of subversion, but of a potential for alternative positionings vis-�-vis hegemonic definitions of national identity in the public sphere. The above emergence is strongly related to political, economic, and consumerist agendas pertaining to EU integration processes and marketplace imperatives.
Queering Horace Walpole
Authors: Haggerty George E
Published: January 2007

What does it mean to talk about sexuality in the eighteenth century? What can historians of sexuality accomplish without the keyhole testimonies that prove our subjects had sex with members of their own gender? In this essay, George Haggerty considers the case of Horace Walpole. He looks at Walpole's friendships, his style and effeminacy, his wit and taste, his politics and public life, as a way of understanding what it is possible to say about Horace Walpole the man. Rather than pinning Walpole down with one identity or another, we should let the letters speak for themselves.
Hollywood’s Rogue Neighbor: The Argentine Film Industry during the Good Neighbor Policy, 1939–1945
Authors: Falicov Tamara L.
Published: January 2007

‘During World War II, the United States created a political, economic, I land cultural policy aimed at improving hemispheric relations between the U.S. and Latin America. Dubbed the “Good Neighbor Policy,” its objectives were twofold: 1) to insure that nations in Latin America were joined in the Allied war effort and were not associated with the Axis or Communist sympathizers, and 2) to allow the U.S. access to Latin America as a source of raw materials and a market for goods, including films. Because Argentina did not side with the Allies, instead preferring neutrality, it was castigated by an economic boycott. Beginning in 1941, the U.S. sold small rations of raw film stock to Argentina, and over time, refused to sell it all together. The film industry in Argentina, at the time considered the most profitable and advanced in Latin America, began to lose its hold on the Spanish-language market.
“As a Mexican I Feel It’s My Duty:” Citizenship, Censorship, and the Campaign Against Derogatory Films in Mexico, 1922–1930
Authors: Serna Laura I.
Published: January 2007

In June of 1930, Dr. J. M. Puig Casauranc, who held the post of Jefe del Departamento del Distrito Federal (a post then somewhat akin to mayor) received a lengthy letter from the Confederación de Sociedades Mexicanas in Los Angeles, California. The letter asked Dr. Puig if a Committee for the Supervision of Film could be constituted in Los Angeles, a committee to be made up of members of the Confederation and the Mexican consulate in Los Angeles. In their letter members of the Confederation’s steering committee displayed a clear understanding of the history of Mexico’s struggle to exert some control over the content of Hollywood films.
Making History in the Second Person: Post-touristic Considerations for Living Historical Interpretation
Authors: Magelssen Scott
Published: January 2007

Living history museums differ from other institutions through their use of performance, yet they forfeit the potential of performance to engender a more dynamic and responsible mode of historiography. Alternative living history models that incorporate "second-person interpretation," in which the visitors pretend to be part of the past, may be more efficacious in achieving this potential. This article explores how second-person interpretation can go beyond simply letting visitors try crafts or chores, both to make curatorial decisions and agendas visible to spectators and to give spectators more agency in determining the trajectory of their encounter with history.
Getting Rid of Children's Literature
Authors: Jones Katharine
Published: January 2007

"Children's Literature" is a troublesome term. Jones proposes to get rid of it, but not losing sight of children and child readers in doing so. She recommends a new term, "Child Literature," as a way to think through many critical difficulties while sustaining the genre and its critical discourse. Jones broadly explores critical approaches to the genre and links between feminist and child literature criticism. She examines how literary critics might ground critical positions they take in light of poststructuralist skepticism about foundational arguments and what critical approaches to child literature might bring to broader cultural theory.
Adaptive and Bystander Responses in Human and Rodent Cell Cultures Exposed to Low Level Ionizing Radiation: The Impact of Linear Energy Transfer
Authors: de Toledo Sonia M. , Azzam Edouard I.
Published: January 2007

To understand the potential impact on risk from exposure to low-level ionizing radiation, we have investigated the modulation of gene expression, induction of DNA damage and of neoplastic transformation in human or rodent cells derived from cultures exposed in vitro to low dose γ-rays (a low linear energy transfer radiation) or very low fluences of a-particles (a high linear energy transfer radiation). Pre-exposure of cells to a low γ-ray dose protected cells from the DNA damaging and killing effects induced by a subsequent acute challenge exposure to γ-rays. Furthermore, a low dose chronic exposure to γ-rays decreased the frequency of micronucleus formation and neoplastic transformation to a level below the spontaneous rate in human and rodent cells respectively. In contrast, when cell cultures were exposed to low fluences of a-particles, wherein a small fraction of cells were irradiated, stressful effects were transmitted from the irradiated to adjoining non-irradiated bystander cells. The mechanisms underlying these effects and their relative contribution to the overall risk to ionizing radiation is discussed.
Will Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects or Adaptive Responses Impact on the Shape of the Dose Response Relationships at Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation?
Authors: Morgan William F.
Published: January 2007

Radiation induced bystander effects and adaptive responses are two phenomena that modulate cellular responses to low doses of ionizing radiation. Bystander effects generally exaggerate the effects of low doses of radiation by eliciting detrimental effects in non-irradiated cells, thus making the target for radiation effects greater than the volume irradiated. Adaptive responses on the other hand indicate that low doses of radiation can reduce damage induced by a second challenging dose. The potential impact of these two low dose effects on the shape of the dose response relationship will be discussed.
Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects: Evidence for an Adaptive Response to Low Dose Exposures?
Authors: Mothersill Carmel , Seymour Colin
Published: January 2007

This paper reviews our current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the induction of bystander effects by low dose, low-LET ionizing radiation and discusses how they may be related to observed adaptive responses or other protective effects of low dose exposures. Bystander effects appear to be the result of a generalized stress response in tissues or cells. The signals may be produced by all exposed cells, but the response appears to require a quorum in order to be expressed. The major response involving low LET radiation exposure discussed in the existing literature is a death response. This has many characteristics of apoptosis but is p53 independent. While a death response might appear to be adverse, the position is argued in this paper that it is in fact protective and removes damaged cells from the population. Since many cell populations carry damaged cells without being exposed to radiation, so called “background damage”, it is possible that low doses exposures cause removal of cells damaged by agents other than the test dose of radiation. This mechanism would lead to the production of “U-shaped” dose response curves. In this scenario, the level of “adaptive” or beneficial response will be related to the background damage carried by the cell population. This model may be important when attempting to predict the consequences of mixed exposures involving radiation and other environmental stressors.
Radiation-Induced Bystander and Adaptive Responses in Cell and Tissue Models
Authors: Prise Kevin M. , Folkard Melvyn , Michael Barry D.
Published: January 2007

The use of microbeam approaches has been a major advance in probing the relevance of bystander and adaptive responses in cell and tissue models. Our own studies at the Gray Cancer Institute have used both a charged particle microbeam, producing protons and helium ions and a soft X-ray microprobe, delivering focused carbon-K, aluminium-K and titanium-K soft X-rays. Using these techniques we have been able to build up a comprehensive picture of the underlying differences between bystander responses and direct effects in cell and tissue-like models. What is now clear is that bystander dose-response relationships, the underlying mechanisms of action and the targets involved are not the same as those observed for direct irradiation of DNA in the nucleus. Our recent studies have shown bystander responses even when radiation is deposited away from the nucleus in cytoplasmic targets. Also the interaction between bystander and adaptive responses may be a complex one related to dose, number of cells targeted and time interval.
Enhancement of Bio-Protective Functions by Low Dose/Dose-Rate Radiation
Authors: Sakai Kazuo , Nomura Takaharu , Ina Yasuhiro
Published: January 2007

Effects of low-dose-rate gamma-irradiation on the process of tumorigenesis were investigated in mice treated with a carcinogenic agent or irradiated with high dose X-rays at a high dose rate. A prolonged gamma irradiation at approximately 1 mGy/hr suppressed the appearance of skin tumors induced by methylcholanthrene and delayed the appearance of radiation-induced thymic lymphomas in C57BL/6 mice. We also investigated the effects of low-dose-rate irradiation on disease model mice. In Type II diabetic C57BL/KsJ-db/db (db) mice, the urine glucose level was improved in some of the mice irradiated at 0.70 mGy/hr, but not in non-irradiated control mice. In MRL-lpr/lpr (lpr) mice with severe autoimmune diseases, immunological status was kept better in the mice irradiated at 0.35 or 1.2 mGy/hr. The incidence of a number of symptoms, including lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and proteinuria, was suppressed by the irradiation. Furthermore, in both of the strains, the low-dose-rate irradiation prolonged the life span of the irradiated mice.
Population structure of the classic period Maya
Authors: Scherer Andrew K.
Published: January 2007

This study examines the population structure of Classic period (A.D. 250–900) Maya populations through analysis of odontometric variation of 827 skeletons from 12 archaeological sites in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. The hypothesis that isolation by distance characterized Classic period Maya population structure is tested using Relethford and Blangero's (Hum Biol 62 (1990) 5–25) approach to R matrix analysis for quantitative traits. These results provide important biological data for understanding ancient Maya population history, particularly the effects of the competing Tikal and Calakmul hegemonies on patterns of lowland Maya site interaction. An overall FST of 0.018 is found for the Maya area, indicating little among‐group variation for the Classic Maya sites tested. Principal coordinates plots derived from the R matrix analysis show little regional patterning in the data, though the geographic outliers of Kaminaljuyu and a pooled Pacific Coast sample did not cluster with the lowland Maya sites. Mantel tests comparing the biological distance matrix to a geographic distance matrix found no association between genetic and geographic distance. In the Relethford–Blangero analysis, most sites possess negative or near‐zero residuals, indicating minimal extraregional gene flow. The exceptions were Barton Ramie, Kaminaljuyu, and Seibal. A scaled R matrix analysis clarifies that genetic drift is a consideration for understanding Classic Maya population structure. All results indicate that isolation by distance does not describe Classic period Maya population structure. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, DNA Binding and Antiviral Activity of New Uracil, Xanthine, and Pteridine Derivatives
Authors: El‐Sabbagh Osama I. , El‐Sadek Mohamed E. , El‐Kalyoubi Samar , Ismail Ibrahim
Published: January 2007

Some new 6‐amino‐1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐(substituted methylidene)aminouracils were synthesized. Most of them were cyclized with triethyl orthoformate as a one‐carbon source to afford 1,3‐dimethyl‐6‐substituted pteridine derivatives. Certain uracils gave xanthine instead of the expected pteridine derivatives upon using another one‐carbon source such as triethyl orthoacetate or triethyl orthobenzoate. The nucleic acid binding assay revealed that some new compounds showed high affinity, chelation, and fragmentation of nucleic acids whether DNA or RNA contrary to acyclovir that has affinity to DNA only. The antiviral activity of these novel compounds showed that compounds 2e and 2f reduced the cytopathogencity of Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) on Vero cell culture by 60 and 50%, respectively.
Progress in Polydiacetylene Nanowires by Self‐Assembly and SelfPolymerization
Authors: Zhou Weidong , Li Yuliang , Zhu Daoben
Published: January 2007

In recent years, there has been immense interest in studying nanoscale aggregate structures derived from various polydiacetylenes (PDAs). The motivation for this is not only to understand the fundamental aggregate structures at different scales, but also to explore their potential for future technological applications. PDAs have been made sensitive to external stimuli such as light and chemical entities by incorporating a spectroscopically active moiety or a receptor unit as the head group of the PDA molecule. This makes them suitable for applications such as sensing and actuating. Furthermore, owing to the delocalization of π‐conjugated electrons, PDAs have been exploited as good candidates for organic nonlinear optical materials. This Focus Review highlights some of the instructive work done by various groups to develop well‐defined one‐dimensional assembly systems with a highly structural aspect ratio, which can be directly imaged by microscopic techniques.
Mechanistic Study on Rearrangement Cascades Starting from Annulated 2‐Aza‐hepta‐2,4‐dienyl‐6‐ynyl Anions: Formation of Aniline and Azepine Derivatives
Authors: Lyaskovskyy Volodymyr , Fröhlich Roland , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich
Published: January 2007

Deprotonation of benzothiophene‐derived alkynyl imine 11 with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) and subsequent transmetalation with ZnCl2 etherate furnished azepine 12 upon aqueous workup. Similarly, alkynyl benzaldimine 1 a gave a mixture of benzazepine 13 and naphthylamine 14. Allylic benzonitriles 15 a,b reacted to produce naphthylamine 16 upon deprotonation with LDA at room temperature. In an analogous manner, imino benzonitrile 17 may be converted into 4‐amino isoquinoline 18 by means of an intramolecular nucleophilic attack on the nitrile function upon treatment with LDA. The allylic benzonitriles 19 a,b were prepared by LDA treatment of alkynyl imine 11. They were further converted to amino dibenzothiophene 20 by LDA deprotonation and aqueous workup. These various transformations represent the key steps of a multistep reaction cascade, which was previously postulated on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. Thus, all features of this complex rearrangement mechanism could now be confirmed experimentally. DFT calculations support the lower reactivity of zinc species in the ring‐opening step compared to the lithium intermediates. All new compounds were completely characterized by spectroscopic data, including X‐ray diffraction studies for the key compounds 12, 19 a, and 20.
Breaches of the pial basement membrane and disappearance of the glia limitans during development underlie the cortical lamination defect in the mouse model of muscle‐eye‐brain disease
Authors: Hu Huaiyu , Yang Yuan , Eade Amber , Xiong Yufang , Qi Yue
Published: January 2007

Neuronal overmigration is the underlying cellular mechanism of cerebral cortical malformations in syndromes of congenital muscular dystrophies caused by defects in O‐mannosyl glycosylation. Overmigration involves multiple developmental abnormalities in the brain surface basement membrane, Cajal‐Retzius cells, and radial glia. We tested the hypothesis that breaches in basement membrane and the underlying glia limitans are the key initial events of the cellular pathomechanisms by carrying out a detailed developmental study with a mouse model of muscle‐eye‐brain disease, mice deficient in O‐mannose β1,2‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (POMGnT1). The pial basement membrane was normal in the knockout mouse at E11.5. It was breached during rapid cerebral cortical expansion at E13.5. Radial glial endfeet, which comprise glia limitans, grew out of the neural boundary. Neurons moved out of the neural boundary through these breaches. The overgrown radial glia and emigrated neurons disrupted the overlying pia mater. The overmigrated neurons did not participate in cortical plate (CP) development; rather they formed a diffuse cell zone (DCZ) outside the original cortical boundary. Together, the DCZ and the CP formed the knockout cerebral cortex, with disappearance of the basement membrane and the glia limitans. These results suggest that disappearance of the basement membrane and the glia limitans at the cerebral cortical surface during development underlies cortical lamination defects in congenital muscular dystrophies and a cellular mechanism of cortical malformation distinct from that of the reeler mouse, double cortex syndrome, and periventricular heterotopia. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:168–183, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multigrid method for solving the Navier–Stokes/Boussinesq equations
Authors: Cheikh Nader Ben , Beya Brahim Ben , Lili Taieb
Published: January 2007

The present work investigates the efficiency and the accuracy of a multigrid (MG) technique for solving the Navier–Stokes/Boussinesq equations. In order to improve convergence, an accelerated full multigrid (AFMG) method with the iterative red and black successive over‐relaxation smoother (RBSOR) is utilized. The AFMG method consists in introducing an accelerated parameter Γ>0 in the standard full multigrid procedure (FMG). A well‐known benchmark problem is used to demonstrate the effectiveness and the accuracy of the method. Solutions are compared with those of the literature and show excellent agreement. Results for Prandtl numbers Pr=12.5, 6.8, 0.71 and 0.025 are also presented in this paper. It is observed that the mean heat transfer rate is minimum for Pr=0.71 and maximum for Pr=0.025. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Oxidation States of MM′X‐Type Platinum–Rhodium Dinuclear Complexes Having Amidate Bridging Ligands
Authors: Uemura Kazuhiro , Yamasaki Kana , Fukui Kôichi , Matsumoto Kazuko
Published: January 2007

Six novel Pt–Rh dinuclear complexes (1–6), [PtRh(PVM)2(NH3)2Cl3]·4H2O (1, PVM = tBuCONH–), [PtRh(PVM)2(en)Cl3]·3H2O (2, en = ethylenediamine), [PtRh(PVM)2(NH2CH3)2Cl3]·3H2O (3), [PtRh(PVM)2(NH2tBu)2Cl3]·3H2O (4), [PtRh(TCM)2(NH3)2Cl3] (5, TCM = Cl3CCONH–), and [PtRh(BZM)2(NH3)2Cl3]·H2O (6, BZM = PhCONH–), have been synthesized from Pt mononuclear complexes having nitrogen‐coordinated amidate ligands with noncoordinated amidate oxygen atoms. X‐ray analysis revealed that compounds 1 and 2 form zigzag one‐dimensional chains in the form [–Pt–Rh–Cl–]n. The oxidation states of the metal ions have been determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and 195Pt NMR spectroscopic analysis, and are Pt(+2, d8)···Rh(+3, d6). In comparison with the Pt–Rh distances found in the literature, it has become apparent that the Pt–Rh dinuclear complexes have a dative Pt(d8)→Rh(d6) bond, where the Pt d orbital is stabilized by the overlap with the d orbital of the Rh atom. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The Outer Membrane of the Marine Gram‐Negative Bacterium Alteromonas addita is Composed of a Very Short‐Chain Lipopolysaccharide with a High Negative Charge Density
Authors: Leone Serena , Molinaro Antonio , Sturiale Luisa , Garozzo Domenico , Nazarenko Evgeny L. , Gorshkova Raisa P. , Ivanova Elena P. , Shevchenko Liudmila S. , Lanzetta Rosa , Parrilli Michelangelo
Published: January 2007

The complete structure of the lipopolysaccharide isolated from the Gram‐negative marine bacterium Alteromonas addita, type strain KMM 3600T = R10SW13T, has been elucidated by means of a combined chemical approach and state‐of‐the‐art NMR and MS analyses. Isolation and characterisation of the lipid A moiety and the core oligosaccharide were pursued separately after either acid or alkaline treatment of the lipopolysaccharide. The structure detected was identified as a novel, highly negatively charged, deep‐rough lipopolysaccharide in which a trisaccharide subunit is connected to a typical lipid A glucosamine backbone. Within the core oligosaccharide, a phosphodiester bridge connects a glucose unit to a heptose residue.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Large cystic infiltrating ductal carcinoma in male breast
Authors: Degirmenci Bumin , Gulhan Sitki , Acar Murat , Haktanir Alpay
Published: January 2007

Cystic infiltrating ductal carcinoma is a very rare entity that, to the best of our knowledge, has not yet been reported in males. We report the sonographic and CT findings of a large cystic infiltrating ductal carcinoma in a 51‐year‐old man. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 35, 2007