bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preferential oxidation (PrOx) in a thin‐film catalytic microreactor: Advantages and limitations
Authors: Ouyang X. , Bednarova L. , Besser R. S. , Ho P.
Published: April 2005

Silicon microreactors with Pt/Al2O3 thin‐film wall catalyst were adopted for kinetic studies of CO preferential oxidation (PrOx). The activity of this catalyst was compared to that of other catalyst systems based on similar formulation. Internal and external mass‐transport and heat‐transport limitations of the microreactor were examined and comparisons were made to minimized packed‐bed reactors (m‐PBRs). We found that at lower temperatures (<220°C), the microreactor shows negligible mass‐ and heat‐transport resistance, implying direct access to intrinsic kinetics. However, external mass transport begins to play a significant role in limiting overall reaction rates above 220°C for PrOx. A microkinetic reaction model for PrOx was used for the study of reaction pathways and the analysis of surface intermediate species, which are difficult to study experimentally. Reaction mechanisms are discussed with these modeling results as a guide. Afterward, the results of a separate, nonisothermal reactor model using the finite‐difference method are discussed to understand differences in performance of the microreactor and m‐PBRs with respect to the CO conversion vs. temperature characteristic. As a result, we discovered that the temperature gradients in m‐PBRs favor the reverse water–gas shift (r‐WGS) reaction, thus causing a much narrower range of permissible operating temperatures compared to that of the microreactor. Accordingly, the extremely efficient heat removal of the microchannel/thin‐film catalyst system eliminates temperature gradients and efficiently prevents the onset of the r‐WGS reaction. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Processing and characterization of biodegradable soy plastics: Effects of crosslinking with glyoxal and thermal treatment
Authors: Vaz Cláudia M. , van Doeveren Patrick F. N. M. , Yilmaz G. , de Graaf Leontine A. , Reis Rui L. , Cunha António M.
Published: April 2005

Processing and modification routes to produce and to improve properties of biodegradable plastics from soy isolate were studied. Soy isolate, acid‐treated and crosslinked soy were subsequently compounded, extruded, and injection molded. Acetic acid and glyoxal were examined concerning their suitability for acid treating and crosslinking of soy, and their effect on the final properties of the obtained materials. Heat treatment was also used as a possible methodology to crosslink the protein structure. The molded specimens were tested in terms of their tensile properties and solubility at different pHs, and were also evaluated for the degree of crosslinking and molecular weight distributions. The obtained plastics were rigid and brittle with stiffness ranging from 1436 MPa for soy, to 1229 MPa for glyoxal crosslinked soy, up to 2698 MPa for heat‐treated soy. The differences in stiffness were discussed in terms of the crosslinking efficiency and spatial distribution. The solubility profiles were studied as a function of the pH of the immersion solutions and the crosslinking degree of each material. A reduction in protein solubility with decreasing pH was observed, with a minimum between pH 4 and 5 and a resolubilization of the protein at pHs lower than pH 4 and greater than 8. Higher levels of crosslinking resulted in a decrease of the solubility and an aggregation of the protein molecules. The soy plastics proved to be very versatile materials with potential to be used in applications where quite demanding performances are expected, such as in the biomedical field. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 604–610, 2005
Crosslinking of cotton cellulose in the presence of serine and glycine. I. Physical properties and reaction kinetics
Authors: Yao Wei‐Hua , Chen Jui‐Chin , Hu Mei‐Shan , Teng Ming‐Yu , Huang Po‐Hsiung , Lin Jian‐Min , Chen Cheng‐Chi
Published: April 2005

Serine and glycine were used to combine with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) as crosslinking agents to study the physical properties of the crosslinked fabrics and the reaction kinetics, and find that the bound nitrogen is in the series of DMDHEU ≫ DMDHEU‐serine > DMDHEU‐glycine at the same resin concentration. The results also show that the wet crease recovery angle (WCRA) value of the treated fabrics for the three crosslinking agent systems is in the series of DMDHEU‐serine > DMDHEU‐glycine > DMDHEU alone at a given dry crease recovery angle (DCRA). The DCRA values of the treated fabrics for DMDHEU alone are higher than those for DMDHEU‐α‐amino acids for a given value of tensile strength retention (TSR). WCRA values for the various treated fabrics is in the rank of DMDHEU‐serine > DMDHEU alone > DMDHEU‐glycine at the same TSR. Rate constants for the various crosslinking agents are in the series of DMDHEU‐glycine > DMDHEU‐serine > DMDHEU alone at the given heated temperatures. Energies needed to crosslink and the values of enthalpies and entropies of activation are all DMDHEU‐glycine > DMDHEU‐serine > DMDHEU alone. Infrared ray (IR) spectra strongly suggest the reaction between DMDHEU and serine and the reaction between the hydroxyl group (cellulose) and serine can occur in the pad‐dry‐cure process, but only a little for the latter. The reaction between the functional groups of serine and the aluminum ion to form a complex also confirm with IR spectrum. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 595–603, 2005
Molecular‐imprinted nylon membranes for the permselective binding of phenylalanine as optical‐resolution membrane adsorbents
Authors: Takeda Kohei , Abe Masanori , Kobayashi Takaomi
Published: April 2005

Nylon 6, nylon 6,6, and terephthalic phenylene polyamide (TPPP) were functionalized by phase‐inversion molecular imprinting to add L‐phenylalanine recognition ability. Formic acid containing 20 wt % nylon and 8 wt % L‐phenylalanine was used as the solvent for the cast solution of the imprinting process. The resultant porous membranes behaved as membrane adsorbents that separated the L/D mixture of the substrate. The imprinted nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 presented high selectivity to the L‐form substrate with respect to the TPPP membranes, but the imprinted TPPP membranes showed higher binding capacity with 0.57 μmol/g for L‐phenylalanine. The apparent partition coefficients of L‐ and D‐forms by the imprinted membranes were 6.8, 4.2, and 1.7 for nylon 6, nylon 6,6, and TPPP, respectively. The separation manner of the L‐ and D‐forms from the mixture was also confirmed by membrane filtration under 1.5 kgf/cm2 of applied pressure. The imprinted nylon 6, nylon 6,6, and TPPP membranes had separation factors of L‐ and D‐phenylalanines of 1.1, 1.1, and 1.2, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 620–626, 2005
Chain structure and mechanical properties of polyethylene/polypropylene/poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene)in‐reactor alloys synthesized with a spherical Ziegler–Natta catalyst by gas‐phase polymerization
Authors: Fu Zhisheng , Xu Junting , Zhang Yanzhong , Fan Zhiqiang
Published: April 2005

Two polyethylene/polypropylene/poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene) in‐reactor alloy samples with a good polymer particle morphology were synthesized by sequential multistage gas‐phase polymerization with a spherical Ziegler–Natta catalyst. The alloys showed excellent mechanical properties, including both toughness and stiffness. With temperature‐gradient extraction fractionation, both alloys were fractionated into five fractions. The chain structures of the fractions were studied with Fourier transform infrared, 13C‐NMR, and thermal analysis. The alloys were mainly composed of polyethylene, polyethylene‐b‐polypropylene block copolymer, and polypropylene. There also were minor amounts of an ethylene–propylene segmented copolymer with very low crystallinity and an ethylene–propylene random copolymer. The block copolymer fraction accounted for more than 44 wt % of the alloys. The coexistence of these components with different structures was apparently the key factor resulting in the excellent toughness–stiffness balance of the materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 640–647, 2005
Optimization of the coordination–insertion ring‐opening polymerization of poly(p‐dioxanone) by programmed decreasing reaction temperatures
Authors: Esteves L. M. , Márquez L. , Müller A. J.
Published: April 2005

The optimization of the synthesis of poly(p‐dioxanone), by ring‐opening polymerization with tin II bis(2‐ethylhexanoic acid) as the catalyst, was conducted by a new method in which programmed decreasing reaction temperatures were employed. The results were compared with those obtained for polymerization reactions performed at constant temperatures in the 80–180°C range. In the novel method, the temperature was gradually reduced, as the reaction proceeded, to maintain a maximum polymerization rate and monomer conversion as the monomer was consumed. The experiments performed at constant temperatures confirmed previous reports that the bulk polymerization of 1,4‐dioxan‐2‐one is an equilibrium polymerization reaction. With increasing polymerization temperature, the initial rate of polymerization increased, but the monomer conversion, reaching equilibrium, decreased. High conversions were obtained at low temperatures and long reaction times. Therefore, reducing the reaction temperature, to ensure working conditions that guaranteed the maximum polymerization rate and monomer conversion, could optimize the polymerization process. These conditions were calculated under the assumption of equilibrium polymerization reaction kinetics. With our proposed method, a 71% conversion was achieved in half the time needed when the polymerization was performed at a constant temperature of 120°C. Similarly, a 78% conversion was obtained with our proposed method in only a third of the time employed when the reaction was carried out at a constant temperature of 80°C. Our method guarantees high conversions in shorter times and a gradual reduction of the polymerization temperature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 659–665, 2005
Shh signaling in limb bud ectoderm: Potential role in teratogen‐induced postaxial ectrodactyly
Authors: Bell Sheila M. , Schreiner Claire M. , Goetz John A. , Robbins David J. , Scott William J.
Published: April 2005

A variety of teratogens induce the loss of postaxial forelimb structures when administered during mid‐gestation to the mouse. Previous studies demonstrated that teratogen exposure is associated with a reduction in zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) ‐related polarizing activity without a noticeable loss of Shh expression. Herein, we quantitatively confirm that expression of Shh, Ptch1, and Gli3 are unaltered by teratogen exposure and demonstrate that sonic hedgehog (Shh) translation is unaffected. Examination of the polarizing response of host chick wings to teratogen‐exposed ZPA tissue revealed an induced growth response and ectopic induction of Fgf4, Bmp2, Ptch1, and Gli1 expression similar to control ZPA tissue. Control ZPA tissue altered the fate of cells destined to die in the anterior necrotic zone, whereas cell death ensued in hosts receiving teratogen‐exposed grafts. Immunohistochemical studies localized Shh protein in the mouse limb to the posterior mesoderm and overlying ectoderm. We postulate that teratogen exposure alters the ability of Shh to signal to the ectoderm and present microarray and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction data, indicating that Shh signaling could occur in the limb bud ectoderm. Developmental Dynamics 233:313–325, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Challenges of gas chromatography–high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for simultaneous analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other halogenated persistent organic pollutants in environmental samples
Authors: Čajka Tomáš , Hajšlová Jana , Kazda Radek , Poustka Jan
Published: April 2005

The potential of a gas chromatographic method employing high‐resolution time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometry was evaluated for detection of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environmental matrices represented by fish and river sediment. Two ionisation techniques, viz. electron ionisation (EI) and negative ion chemical ionisation (NICI), the latter with methane as a reagent gas, were used in this study. While the instrumental lowest calibration levels (LCLs) obtained in EI were in the range from 1 to 5 pg, their values ranged between 10 to 250 fg in NICI mode. This enhancement in detectability of target analytes enabled identification/quantification of even minor PBDE congeners, and consequently, improved characterisation of particular sample contamination patterns. In addition, this method allowed estimation of the PCB levels in examined samples. CB 153 was used as a contamination marker in this study.
Determination of preservatives in cosmetics and food samples by micellar liquid chromatography
Authors: Memon Najma , Bhanger M. Iqbal , Khuhawer M. Y.
Published: April 2005

An analytical procedure has been developed for the analysis of benzoic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl‐, ethyl‐, propyl‐, isopropyl‐, and butyl esters of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid by micellar liquid chromatography. After dilution in n‐propanol the sample was directly injected onto a Lichrosorb ODS, 5 μm (250×4.6 mm ID) column and eluted with aqueous 2% Brij‐35 adjusted to pH 3.0 with phosphoric acid:propanol (80 : 20 v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL min–1 and UV detection at 254 nm. A linear calibration curve was obtained simultaneously for each component in the range of 50–500 μg mL–1 for benzoic acid and 5–150 μg mL–1 for the other components; detection limits were within 25–250 ng mL–1 corresponding to125–1250 pg per injection (5 μL). The reproducibility in terms of average peak area and average retention time was obtained with coefficients of variation (CV) of 1.2% and 0.5%. The method was applied to analysis of these compounds in cosmetics (shampoos, hand lotions, creams, and bath foam) and food samples.
Pledger modelling: Help the Aged case study
Authors: Cole Karen , Dingle Rachel , Bhayani Rajesh
Published: April 2005

The recruitment of pledgers (as a proxy for potential legators) to charitable organisations plays a vital role in their continued success, and as a percentage of all fundraising income generated it can represent substantial proportions. However, of all the ‘donation asks’ made of supporters, asking for a legacy is the most difficult. Therefore, it is important that the target audience should be as well researched and highly targeted as possible.

Help the Aged had reached the stage where decisions need to be made about its future marketing in order to protect longer‐term income. The findings of this legacy targeting project were to feed into communication programmes, direct marketing, and the overall legacy marketing strategy.

The key objective was to identify the best prospects to mail a legacy ask to, across the supporter database, with the likelihood that they are going to pledge as a result.

It was found that whilst tailored data analysis comes at a price, the average value of a legacy justifies the cost of using sophisticated targeting tools. However, because of the pledge‐to‐legacy time lapse, there will always be issues with measuring any long‐term return on investment (ROI). Nonetheless, pledgers have to be taken on their word for the purpose of testing (and subsequent rollouts). Pledge data should be tested and the outcomes should inform legacy marketing. However, as mentioned above, pledgers necessarily need to be taken on their word and therefore, formulating models based on the type and/or value of pledges is not recommended.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreased physical activity among headstart children with a history of wheezing: Use of an accelerometer to measure activity
Authors: Firrincieli Vincent , Keller Adrienne , Ehrensberger Ryan , Platts‐Mills James , Shufflebarger Cindy , Geldmaker Bethany , Platts‐Mills Thomas
Published: April 2005

Asthma is a severe problem among inner city children, and recent evidence suggests that both allergen exposure and lifestyle can impact the disease early in childhood. This study was designed to investigate the association between physical activity and wheezing among a population of inner city children enrolling in Head Start. The parents of children aged 3–5 years responded to a questionnaire (N = 144) to determine the presence and severity of wheezing and asthma. Information was also gathered regarding home environment, food frequency, and presence of other allergic diseases. Serum was obtained to measure total IgE and specific IgE levels to common allergens. Height and weight for body mass index were recorded. Lastly, motion sensor wristwatches (Actiwatch®) were worn continuously by a subset of these children (n = 54) for 6 or 7 days. Physical activity measured with the motion sensor was decreased among children with a history of wheezing. The significant differences involved those measures of activity relating to prolonged or sustained physical activity. The correlates of asthma associated with decreased levels of physical activity included: 1) a history of wheezing in the last 12 months, 2) the diagnosis of asthma, and 3) presentation to the emergency room in the last 12 months for wheezing or asthma. In a preschool‐age population, decreased physical activity was observed among children with a history of asthma or wheezing. Decreased physical activity could contribute to persistence of asthma or put children at higher risk for obesity and other chronic diseases. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limitations of electronic compensation for measuring plethysmographic airway resistance in infants
Authors: Subbarao Padmaja , Hulskamp Georg , Stocks Janet
Published: April 2005

Electronic compensation to overcome thermal artifacts during plethysmographic estimations of airway resistance is now used routinely in adults and school‐age children, and was shown to be a valuable means of discriminating airway function between preschool children with and without lung disease. A similar system is now commercially available for infants, which could increase the applicability of this technique. However, we noted marked discrepancies in electronically calculated values of airway resistance in this age group, both with respect to absolute values displayed and marked within‐subject variability on a single test occasion. The aim of this technical report is to summarize our recent findings in order to alert other users to potential problems. Airway resistance (Raw) was measured in 62 infants (28 with cystic fibrosis (CF); 34 healthy). Three to five epochs of quiet regular tidal breathing were collected in each infant. Marked within‐subject, within‐test variability was observed, with the median coefficient of variation (CV) being 9.1% (range, 1.2–52.6%) within and 8.5% (0.1–112%) between epochs. Among healthy infants, Raw varied from 0.1–6.4 (kPa · liter−1 · sec), with no relationship to either body or lung size and complete overlap of results with those from infants with CF, despite abnormal lung function in the latter when assessed by other means. The marked within‐ and between‐subject variability in healthy infants, and lack of discriminative power of Raw when derived from electronically compensated values, currently preclude application in either clinical or research studies. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New aspects of the BMN correspondence beyond the planar limit
Authors: Gutjahr P. , Pankiewicz A.
Published: April 2005

We study the one‐loop correction to the energy of free string states in light‐cone string field theory. In particular, we construct the supermultiplet of states with two stringy excitations and explicitly determine the complete perturbative contribution to their energy shift from the impurity‐conserving channel. The result does not reproduce the gauge theory prediction and features half‐integer powers of the effective gauge coupling I'. We show that the above truncation is incompatible with supersymmetry and thus not suited for conclusive tests of the BMN duality.
Supersymmetry and flavor in a sugra dual of 𝒩 = 1 Yang‐Mills
Authors: Paredes A.
Published: April 2005

Some field theory aspects can be addressed holographically by introducing D‐branes in the string theory duals. In this work, we study this issue in the framework of a dual of 𝒩 = 1 YM, the so‐called Maldacena‐Núñez model. Some supersymmetric embeddings for D5‐brane probes are found and they are interpreted as the addition of fundamental flavors to the gauge theory. This allows to give a dual description of some known aspects of 𝒩 = 1 SQCD and to compute a mass spectrum of mesons.
Towards an effective action for D‐branes
Authors: Keurentjes A. , Koerber P. , Nevens S. , Sevrin A. , Wijns A.
Published: April 2005

We introduce and review several indirect methods to calculate the effective action for a single D‐brane or a set of coinciding D‐branes.
Double scaling string theory of QCD in two dimensions
Authors: Griguolo L. , Seminara D. , Szabo R.J.
Published: April 2005

We describe a novel double scaling limit of large N Yang‐Mills theory on a two‐dimensional torus and its relation to the geometry of the principal moduli spaces of holomorphic differentials.
Geometric transitions, non‐Kähler geometries and string vacua
Authors: Tatar R.
Published: April 2005

We summarize an explicit construction of a duality cycle for geometric transitions in type II and heterotic theories. We emphasize that the manifolds with torsion constructed with this duality cycle are crucial for understanding different phenomena appearing in effective field theories.
Aspects of WZW models at critical level
Authors: Bakas I. , Sourdis C.
Published: April 2005

We consider non‐compact WZW models at critical level (equal to the dual Coxeter number) as tensionless limits of gravitational backgrounds in string theory. Special emphasis is placed on the Euclidean black hole coset SL(2,R)k/U(1) when k = 2. In this limit gravity decouples in the form of a Liouville field with infinite background charge and the world‐sheet symmetry of the model becomes a truncated version of W∞ without Virasoro generator. This is regarded as manifestation of Langlands duality for the SL(2,R)k current algebra that relates small with large values of the level in the two extreme limits. However, the physical interpretation of the SL(2,R)k/U(1) coset model below the self‐dual value k = 3 remains elusive including the non‐conformal theory at k = 2.
Numerical results for U(1) gauge theory on 2d and 4d non‐commutative spaces
Authors: Bietenholz W. , Bigarini A. , Hofheinz F. , Nishimura J. , Susaki Y. , Volkholz J.
Published: April 2005

We present non‐perturbative results for U(1) gauge theory in spaces, which include a non‐commutative plane. In contrast to the commutative space, such gauge theories involve a Yang‐Mills term, and the Wilson loop is complex on the non‐perturbative level. We first consider the 2d case: small Wilson loops follow an area law, whereas for large Wilson loops the complex phase rises linearly with the area. In four dimensions the behavior is qualitatively similar for loops in the non‐commutative plane, whereas the loops in other planes follow closely the commutative pattern. In d = 2 our results can be extrapolated safely to the continuum limit, and in d = 4 we report on recent progress towards this goal.
Intrastriatal dopamine D1 receptor agonist‐mediated motor behavior is reduced by local neurokinin 1 receptor antagonism
Authors: Krolewski David M. , Bishop Christopher , Walker Paul D.
Published: April 2005

Recent evidence suggests that striatal neurokinin receptors modulate dopamine (DA)‐induced motor behaviors. To further examine this, we studied the effects of intrastriatal neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonism on motor behaviors induced by direct infusion of the full DA D1 receptor agonist SKF 82958. Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats received bilateral intrastriatal 0.8‐μl infusions of the NK1R receptor antagonist LY 306,740 (0, 27, or 54 nmol/side) followed by intrastriatal infusions of SKF 82958 (0 or 24 nmol/side) into the dorsal striatum. Following each infusion, rats were placed into automated activity monitors for the quantification of horizontal activity, total distance traveled, movement bouts, and stereotypy counts. As expected, SKF 82958 increased motor activity on all behavioral measures. More importantly, whereas 27 nmol was without effect, prior infusion of 54 nmol LY 306,740 significantly reduced most aspects of behavior. The results of this study suggest that functional NK1Rs within the striatum play a permissive role in the motor behaviors induced by D1R stimulation. Synapse 57:1–7, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Personal experience withCorynebacterium parvum in human cancers
Authors: IsraËl Lucien , Edelstein Richard
Published: April 2005

This article reviews the results obtained from treating over 800 cancer patients withCorynebacterium parvum in various clinical situations. No fatalities or severe complications occurred.C. parvum is a very safe agent, although it may induce temporary fever and chills, especially when given by the intravenous route. Its use as a single agent has induced some regressions of established tumors when given intravenously, and has always significantly increased the duration of response in chemotherapy responders as shown by 4 distinct randomized studies. These studies and others lead to the conclusion that nonspecific immune stimulation has a role to play in the treatment of disseminated tumors as well as of minimal residual disease, and that far from conflicting with the use of cytostatic agents, it may increase their effectiveness. The mechanisms by which this can be accomplished are discussed and some unsolved problems are reviewed relating to the proper scheduling of immunochemotherapy, the monitoring of nonspecific immune stimulation and the exact place ofC. parvum in a multi‐modality approach to established tumors. It is emphasized that the concepts derived from the use ofC. parvum are more important than the agent itself, which is only one of numerous immunopotentiators that can be used in various combinations.
Levamisole as an immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer
Authors: Amery willem K.
Published: April 2005

Levamisole, as an immunotherapeutic agent, distinguishes itself from the bacterial immunoadjuvants in that it does not stimulate immune responses above the normal level in healthy subjects. Numerous animal and clinical studies on levamisole as an anticancer agent suggest that there is a threshold dose of levamisole (2.5 mg/kg per day for humans) which should be met in order to achieve optimum results and which should be adjusted for body weight or surface area. In addition, levamisole appears most effective on hematogenous metastases and on patients with a heavier pre‐treatment tumor burden. Finally, while most cancers appear susceptible to the effects of levamisole, the drug should be used as an adjunct to classical therapeutic modalities, to stabilize complete remissions, not to induce them by itself. Therefore, immunotherapy with levamisole may be most efficacious when used as an adjuvant to other forms of cytoreductive therapy.
Lymphography of the thyroid gland: Is intraglandular dissemination of thyroid carcinoma possible?
Authors: Fernandez‐Cruz Laureano , Astudillo E. , Pera C.
Published: April 2005

Lymphography of the thyroid gland was performed in 82 patients with multinodular goiter (41), solitary thyroid nodule (36), and hyperthyroidism (5). Six of the patients proved to have cancer. The studies showed that each thyroid lobe has its own intraglandular lymphatics and drains only to homolateral cervical lymph nodes. The absence of lymphatic connections between the two thyroid lobes casts doubt on the proposal that cancer cells spread from one lobe to the other by way of the lymphatics. Thyroid lymphography was found to be of value in demonstrating the presence or absence of metastases to cervical lymph nodes and, thereby, in determining the necessity for radical neck dissection. Lymphography was also useful in detecting unsuspected small thyroid nodules.
Use of chlorpromazine in the treatment of adynamic ileus
Authors: Kinnaert P. , Panda M. , Deuvaert F.
Published: April 2005

Ten patients suffering from severe adynamic ileus which did not respond to standard treatment, consisting of nasogastric suction and neostigmine, received chlorpromazine either intravenously or intramuscularly in association with neostigmine. This therapy was successful in 8 patients and failed in 2. One 89‐year‐old woman developed a cecal perforation. This complication could presumably have been avoided with a “blow hole” cecostomy.
Tumors of the brachial plexus associated with a tumor of the thyroid gland
Authors: Noterman J. , Dor P. , Jortay A. M.
Published: April 2005

This is a report of 3 patients who had brachial plexus tumors associated with thyroid tumors. The brachial plexus tumors were schwannomas in 2 patients and a neurofibrosarcoma in one. The thyroid tumors were a carcinoma in 2 patients and a large colloid goiter in one. The association of these two conditions may be coincidental, particularly since they have nothing in common from the standpoints of embryology and pathology. However, it is interesting that approximately 10% of the reported cases of brachial plexus schwannoma have had an associated thyroid tumor.
Major limb, hand, and digital replantation
Authors: Tamai Susumu , Hori Yoshihide , Tatsumi Yoshitaka , Okuda Hisao , Nakamura Yoshiya , Sakamoto Hiroshi , Takita Takehiko
Published: April 2005

Successful replantation of an amputated extremity depends mainly upon the accurate repair of blood vessels, but the final goal must be complete restoration of function. Before a decision to replant is made, the extent of tissue damage, the patient's age and general condition, sex, occupation, and the patient's wishes regarding replantation are evaluated. All tissues that influence survival of the replanted part and its ultimate function must be repaired primarily. An operating microscope should always be used for the vascular and nerve repairs, especially in digital replantation. Good postoperative management is the final key for successful replantation, and includes prevention of thrombosis and adequate rehabilitation. Systemic heparinization is used in digital replantation, but is not used in major limb replantation. Rehabilitation is begun on the first post‐operative day, but several reconstructive operations may be necessary on the replanted part to achieve improved function.

Between May, 1959 and December, 1977, replantation operations were performed in 218 extremities of 159 patients. Thirteen of 16 major limb replantations and 181 of 204 digital replantations have survived, an overall success rate of 88%. Functional recovery has varied in each individual for several reasons, but most patients are satisfied with the function of their replanted part.
Treatment of acute abdominal diseases by combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine
Authors:   Institute for Acute Abdominal Diseases,   The Research Group for Acute Abdominal Diseases
Published: April 2005

Treatment of acute abdominal diseases by combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine has extended the scope of nonoperative management. When appropriately applied, the clinical results have been quite satisfactory, being better than those from the practice of either traditional Chinese medicine or modern Western medicine. The combined treatment for acute abdominal diseases does not exclude the use of operation when really indicated. The choice of nonoperative or operative treatment is determined by the individual condition of the patient. The use of herb medicine plays an important role in the combined treatment of acute abdominal diseases. The choice of herbs, the selection of constituents of the prescriptions, and the forms of the preparations employed are determined by the underlying pathologic process and the clinical manifestations of the individual patient.

Combined treatment was used in 1,200 patients with acute appendicitis, 486 with acute perforation of peptic ulcer, 1,006 with acute intestinal obstruction, 829 with acute pancreatitis, and 1,408 with acute biliary tract infection. The percentages of patients who recovered without operation were 94.2% with acute appendicitis, 69.5% with perforated ulcer, 71.8% with intestinal obstruction, 97.6% with acute pancreatitis, and 83.4% with acute biliary tract infection. The overall mortality rates for all patients treated by the combined approach were 0.17% for acute appendicitis, 2.7% for perforated ulcer, 2.9% for intestinal obstruction, 0.8% for acute pancreatitis, and 3.3% for acute biliary tract infection.
Transduodenal diverticulectomy for periampullar diverticula
Authors: Lida Futoshi
Published: April 2005

Transduodenal diverticulectomy was carried out in 14 patients who had diverticula evaginating into the head of the pancreas. There were 13 patients with diverticula associated with gallstones and 1 without gallstones but with symptoms resembling cholelithiasis. Diverticulectomy was securely performed without any complications or deaths. Recurrence of the diverticula was not seen on follow‐up study for 3 years. In 1 patient, 1 of 3 diverticula was missed at the time of operation; it remains asymptomatic. However, it is important to note the exact location and number of diverticula prior to operation.
Progress in the treatment of breast cancer—Introduction
Authors: Forrest A. P. M. , Maureen Roberts M.
Published: April 2005

Conclusions

It is clear that unless the surgeon is specially committed to a study of breast cancer, he or she no longer can hope to have the necessary knowledge of the wide variety of techniques now required for the investigation and treatment of this disease. Since women with breast tumors often seek the advice of the surgeon as a first step, it is essential that it be realized that surgery is only part of the management of the patient. Nevertheless, the surgeon must be fully aware of the principles underlying the investigation and planned therapy of women with malignancies of the breast. In this review we have attempted to present a summary of new developments and likely trends for the future.
The curability of breast cancer
Authors: Brinkley Diana , Haybittle J. L.
Published: April 2005

A long‐term follow‐up study was performed of 704 women who were treated for breast cancer during 1947–50 at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, England. After 21 years the observed survival curve for the treated patients and the expected survival curve for the normal population became parallel, suggesting a “cure rate” of about 18% for all cases of breast cancer and about 30% for cancers in stages I and II combined. At least 6 patients died of breast cancer after 20 years. Eighty‐one patients survived for 20 or more years, and at least 21 of these originally had metastases in axillary lymph nodes. It would be very worthwhile if this “curable” group could be identified at the time of diagnosis so that they would be spared systemic adjuvant treatments.
Controlled trials in the treatment of “early” breast cancer: A review of published results
Authors: Stewart Helen J.
Published: April 2005

This review summarizes the results of local treatment of “early” breast cancer obtained in 17 clinical trials that can be divided into 3 groups. In the 7 trials in group I, the type of surgery in each was a constant (radical mastectomy or simple mastectomy) and the evaluations were designed to compare the results of various forms of postoperative treatment (immediate radiotherapy, delayed radiotherapy, chemotherapy, placebo, and observation). In the 4 trials in group II, the postoperative management in each was a constant (radiotherapy or observation) and the variable that was evaluated was the type of surgery (simple mastectomy versus radical mastectomy). In the 6 trials in group III, both the type of surgery (super‐radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy, simple mastectomy, wide local excision) and the type of postoperative treatment (partial or complete radiotherapy, observation) were varied so as to evaluate different combinations. Although sufficient time has not elapsed to assess the results of many of these trials, the conclusions that appear warranted at this time are: 1) simple mastectomy combined with postoperative radiotherapy is as effective in terms of survival and recurrence rates as radical mastectomy with or without postoperative radiotherapy in stage I and stage II breast cancer, and 2) postoperative radiotherapy does not increase survival following radical mastectomy.
United States trials of adjuvant therapy
Authors: Fisher Bernard
Published: April 2005

Beginning in 1958, the first clinical trial of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project compared a brief postoperative course of low dose triethylenethiophosphoramide (TSPA) with no adjuvant therapy or placebo in 826 patients who underwent radical mastectomy for breast cancer. After 5 years, one subset of patients made up of premenopausal women with 4 or more positive axillary lymph nodes had a significantly higher survival rate and longer disease free interval following TSPA therapy than after placebo therapy. After 10 years, these significant differences in survival and incidence of treatment failure between the TSPA‐treated patients and the controls persisted.

In 1972, the NSABP initiated a trial comparing prolonged postoperative chemotherapy with 1‐phenylalanine mustard (L‐PAM) with placebo in patients with positive nodes who had undergone radical mastectomy. By 1975 it appeared that premenopausal women who received L‐PAM had a significantly lower incidence of treatment failure than those who received placebo. L‐PAM therapy produced little alteration in the well‐being of the patients.

Between February 1975 and March 1976, 700 patients were entered into NSABP Protocol #7 which compares 2 regimens of prolonged postoperative chemotherapy, L‐PAM alone and L‐PAM plus 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). In June 1976, NSABP Protocol #8 was initiated to compare another 2 regimens of prolonged postoperative chemotherapy, L‐PAM plus 5‐FU and L‐PAM plus 5‐FU plus methotrexate. It is too early to evaluate the results of these studies. It seems likely that the many trials of adjuvant chemotherapy being conducted throughout the world will provide significant improvement in the curability of breast cancer, provided these trials are carefully planned and thoroughly executed.
Adjuvant combination chemotherapy with CMF in primary mammary carcinoma
Authors: Veronesi Umberto , Rossi Anna , Bonadonna Gianni
Published: April 2005

From June 1, 1973 to September 11, 1975, 207 patients with clinical stages I and II breast cancer who underwent radical mastectomy and were found to have histologically positive axillary lymph nodes were entered into a clinical trial that compared no further therapy with prolonged, cyclic chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5‐fluorouracil (CMF). A full 12 cycles of CMF therapy has been completed in 124 patients. After observation for 6 to 34 months, the cancer recurrence rate was 29.6% in the control group and 12% in the CMF group. The difference in the relapse curves of the 2 groups was highly significant, irrespective of the number of positive axillary lymph nodes. Short‐term toxicity was frequent but acceptable. Conclusions regarding the effects of CMF therapy on survival await a longer period of observation.
Putative host resistance and long‐term survival in breast cancer
Authors: Fegiz G. , Di Paola M. , Angelini L. , Bertolotti A. , Colizza S.
Published: April 2005

Lymphocytic infiltration in and around the tumor together with sinus histiocytosis and follicular hyperplasia in regional nodes has been studied in a group of 310 patients with breast cancer treated by standard radical mastectomy. The semiquantitative grading of these particular changes made possible the division of patients into 3 classes of putative host resistance, namely, no or poor reaction, good reaction, and strong reaction. The grading was shown to have a close correlation with prognosis both 5 and 10 years after surgery. More interestingly, the incidence of metastases in the 3 classes was significantly different, i.e. much higher in the non‐responder group, thus supporting the hypothesis that prognosis in breast cancer is closely related to a histological picture of cell‐mediated immunity against the tumor, and that this resistance probably acts as a local barrier to the diffusion of the tumor.
Reconstruction of the esophagus by posterior invagination esophagogastrostomy
Authors: Okada Naniwa , Tagami Yutaka , Morishita Hisashi , Nishimura Osamu , Takimoto Motoyuki , Kodama Ken
Published: April 2005

From October 1967 to August 1976 posterior invagination esophagogastrostomy in 1 stage without positional change was performed on 84 patients. Since 1971 this method has been extended to include 32 cases of cancer of the upper and middle thirds of the thoracic esophagus. The anastomosis was constructed in the neck in 27 patients, and in the thoracic cavity in 5 patients (1 supra‐aortic, 2 at the level of the aortic arch, and 2 at the level of the inferior margin of the aortic arch). There were no instances of postoperative anastomotic leakage, hemothorax, chylothorax or pyothorax. Six of these patients (18.8%) died of circulatory insufficiency or pulmonary complications within 1 month of operation. Postoperative esophageal stenosis occurred at the site of anastomosis in 4 patients and was relieved by bougienage dilatation or operation under local anesthesia. Of the 32 patients with lesions in the upper and middle thoracic esophagus, 17 survived for 6 months after operation, 6 have lived for at least 3 years, and 4 are still alive after 4 years. Postoperative examinations of autonomic nervous system and cardiopulmonary functions revealed no abnormalities. In the early postoperative period, lipid and Vitamin B12absorption was markedly disturbed but returned to normal levels by the time of the follow‐up studies.
Surgical prophylaxis of gastroduodenal complications associated with renal allotransplantation
Authors: Uhlschmid Georg , Largiadèr Felix
Published: April 2005

From 1971 to 1975, 226 patients received kidney allografts, and prophylactic ulcer surgery was regularly performed prior to kidney transplantation in those who had a history of previous ulcer, symptoms of peptic ulcer, a demonstrable ulcer on x‐ray or endoscopy, gastric acid hypersecretion, or a temperament conducive to the development of peptic ulcer. The results of this prophylactic program were compared with those of the previous period from 1964 to 1970 when prophylactic ulcer surgery was not used in 77 kidney allograft recipients, and with those of the concurrent period obtained in 194 recipients who did not receive surgical prophylaxis. Initially, the prophylactic operation was truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty, then it was proximal selective vagotomy (PSV) without pyloroplasty, and finally it was selective gastric vagotomy with pyloroplasty (SGV+P). The incidence of gastroduodenal complications in patients who did not receive prophylactic ulcer surgery was 22.1% during the period 1964–1970, and 15.9% during the period 1971–1975; the mortality rates from gastroduodenal complications were 10.4% and 4.6%, respectively. In contrast, only 1 of 32 renal transplant recipients who underwent prior prophylactic ulcer surgery developed a gastrointestinal complication, and there were no deaths in the prophylactic surgery group. Two patients developed fatal ischemic necrosis of the stomach following PSV, which led to the adoption of SGV+P as the prophylactic operation of choice.
Prevention and management of hyperthyroid storm
Authors: Dobyns Brown M.
Published: April 2005

Thyroid storm or crisis has become a rare clinical problem but remains a serious emergency when it occurs. The reduction in occurrence rate and deaths is not only attributable to improvements in modern management of severe hyperthyroidism, but also to the inclusion of cases in some series which, by previous standards, would not have been classified as storm in the past. Information from modern research on thyroid pathophysiology is reviewed as a basis for current steps in management of storm. Safeguards in preparation of patients with hyperthyroidism for surgery and recognition of both the potential for storm and the steps required to combat it are reviewed and emphasized.
Graded gastric bypass
Authors: Mason Edward E. , Ito Chikashi
Published: April 2005

Gastric bypass is an extensive exclusion operation which was developed in 1966 and has been used in over 600 patients for the treatment of morbid obesity. Stomal ulceration has developed in 2% of patients and has usually occurred because the stomach was transected at too low a level. To determine the effect of varying levels of transection and exclusion of the stomach, graded gastric bypass was studied in 2 peptic ulcer models in dogs. With histamine‐in‐beeswax, stomal ulcers occurred whenever there was more than 63% of the stomach located above the gastroenterostomy. With common duct ligation, stomal ulcers were not observed in dogs with 44% or less of the stomach excluded, but when more than 44% of the stomach emptied through the duodenum, duodenal ulcers developed. Stomal ulceration occurred as a result of excessive acid production from large fundic segments stimulated by histamine. Duodenal ulcers resulted from a deficiency in buffering of acid when sufficient stomach was excluded and when an adequate volume of acid entered the duodenum where bile was excluded. These experiments add further emphasis to the importance of high transection of the stomach in gastric bypass, but also suggest that the occurrence of common duct obstruction will introduce the risk of duodenal ulcer in patients who have had gastric bypass for the treatment of obesity.
Five‐year experience with Lillehei‐kaster prostheses in the aortic position
Authors: Mayer John E. , Pyle R. Bradford , Lindsay William G. , Wang Yang , Jorgensen Charles , Nicoloff Demetre M.
Published: April 2005

From 1972 through 1976, 140 patients underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) with the Lillehei‐Kaster (LK) prosthesis and 18 additional patients had AVR plus coronary bypass procedures. Follow‐ up information was obtained in 98% of the patients. The operative mortality rate was 7.5% and the actuarial 5‐ year survival rate was, 79%. Two episodes of thromboembolism occurred in 3,645 patient‐months. Prosthesis malfunction or significant hemolysis has not occurred. Postoperative catheterization studies revealed a functional valve area of 0.81 cm2 with the 14A prosthesis; all other valve areas were greater than 1.1 cm2. Continued use of the LK aortic valve prosthesis with warfarin anticoagulation is recommended in sizes greater than 14A.