bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of Sentences Without Semantic Context to Complement the Basic English Lexicon Sentences
Authors: O'Neill Erin R. , Parke Morgan N. , Kreft Heather A. , Oxenham Andrew J.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The goal of this study was to develop and validate a new corpus of sentences without semantic context to facilitate research aimed at isolating the effects of semantic context in speech perception.

Method

The newly developed corpus contains nonsensical sentences but is matched in vocabulary and syntactic structure to the existing Basic English Lexicon (BEL) corpus. It consists of 20 lists, with each list containing 25 sentences and each sentence having four keywords. Each new list contains the same keywords as the respective list in the original BEL corpus, but the keywords within each list are scrambled across sentences to eliminate semantic context within each sentence, while maintaining the original syntactic structure. All sentences in the original and nonsense BEL corpora were recorded by the same two male and two female talkers.

Results

Mean intelligibility scores for each list were estimated by calculating the mean proportion of correct keywords achieved by 40 normal-hearing listeners for one male and one female talker. Although small but significant differences were found between some pairs of lists, mean performance for all 20 lists fell within the 95% confidence intervals of the mean.

Conclusions

Lists in the newly developed nonsense corpus are reasonably well equated for difficulty and can be used interchangeably in a randomized experimental design. Both the original and nonsense BEL sentences, all recorded by the same four talkers, are publicly available.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13022900
Ageism Among Graduate Students in Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Heape Amber , Causey Brandon , Lloyd Taylor , Jeter Stevonna
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Ageism is a negative bias that results in stereotyping of and discrimination against older individuals and is one of the most institutionalized forms of prejudice in current society. Literature suggests that negative attitudes toward the elderly may have adverse effects, especially in health care settings. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the presence and level of ageism in a group of graduate students enrolled in an accredited speech-language pathology program over a 2-year period, to determine if the degree of ageism differed based on ethnicity, gender, age, or previous experience working with older adults.

Method

Eighty students of an accredited speech-language pathology graduate program completed the Fraboni Scale of Ageism over a 2-year period at the onset of a course on aging. Students were blinded to the type of assessment they were completing and were anonymous in order to blind the instructor to specific student performance. Demographic data for each protocol were gathered in order to analyze results.

Results

Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance calculated for effect size between groups. Results indicated that the level of ageism did not significantly change when grouped by gender, ethnicity, age, or level of experience, though a level of implicit bias was demonstrated through overall participant scores.

Conclusions

Authors concluded that existing evidence should be used to develop graduate curriculum that encompasses all age groups, especially those aged 65 years and older. Opportunities for experiential learning may provide further benefit to decreasing ageism in graduate students, leading to positive societal change.
The magnetic fine structure of the Sun’s polar region as revealed by Sunrise
Authors: Prabhu A. , Lagg A. , Hirzberger J. , Solanki S. K.
Published: October 2020

Context. Polar magnetic fields play a key role in the solar magnetic cycle and they are the source of a significant portion of the interplanetary magnetic field. However, observations of the poles are challenging and hence our understanding of the polar magnetic environment is incomplete.

Aims. We deduce properties of small-scale magnetic features in the polar region using high-resolution data and specifically aim to determine the flux per patch above which one magnetic polarity starts to dominate over the other.

Methods. We study the high spatial resolution, seeing-free observations of the north solar polar region, obtained with the IMaX instrument on-board the balloon-borne SUNRISE observatory during June 2009, at the solar activity minimum. We performed inversions of the full Stokes vector recorded by IMaX to retrieve atmospheric parameters of the Sun’s polar region, mainly the temperature stratification and the magnetic field vector.

Results. We infer kilo-Gauss (kG) magnetic fields in patches harbouring polar faculae, without resorting to a magnetic filling factor. Within these patches we find the maxima of the magnetic field to be near the dark narrow lanes, which are shifted towards the disc centre side in comparison to the maxima in continuum intensity. In contrast, we did not find any fields parallel to the solar surface with kG strengths. In addition to the kG patches, we found the polar region to be covered in patches of both polarities, which have a range of sizes. We find the field strength of these patches to increase with increasing size and flux, with the smaller patches showing a significant dispersion in field strength. The dominating polarity of the north pole during this phase of the solar cycle is found to be maintained by the larger patches with fluxes above 2.3  ×  1017 Mx.
Internet-Interventionen in der Psychotherapie
Authors: Berger Thomas , Bur Oliver , Krieger Tobias
Published: October 2020

Die Erforschung und Anwendung internetbasierter psychosozialer Interventionen hat in den letzten Jahren rapide zugenommen. Das neue Behandlungsformat bietet viele Chancen, weckt aber auch Skepsis und Bedenken. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über verschiedene Formen von Internet-Interventionen, neuere Entwicklungen und den aktuellen Stand in Forschung und Praxis.
Praxis der Sterbehilfe durch Ärzte und Pflegekräfte in deutschen Krankenhäusern
Authors: Beine Karl H.
Published: October 2020

Hintergrund Aktive Sterbehilfe und ärztlich assistierter Suizid werden in Deutschland kontrovers diskutiert. Empirische Studien fehlen, um ihr jeweiliges Vorkommen, einschließlich dem von passiver und indirekter Sterbehilfe, in deutschen Krankenhäusern einschätzen zu können. Ärztinnen und Ärzte sowie Pflegerinnen und Pfleger in deutschen Krankhäusern wurden zu ihrer Anwendung von Sterbehilfe befragt und mögliche Einflussfaktoren erhoben.

Methode Angaben zu Sterbehilfe wurden mit deskriptiven Begriffen und zugeordneten Definitionen in einer anonymen Online-Befragung erhoben. Die objektive und subjektive Arbeitssituation der Befragten und ihre Befürwortung von aktiver Sterbehilfe wurden erfasst. Die finale ärztliche Stichprobe umfasste n = 2507, die pflegerische Stichprobe umfasste n = 2683 Personen.

Ergebnis Die Anwendung von passiver und indirekter Sterbehilfe innerhalb von 24 Monaten wurde von einem großen Anteil der ärztlichen und pflegerischen Befragten angegeben, aktive Sterbehilfe und assistierter Suizid von deutlich weniger Befragten. Die Varianz in der Anwendung von aktiver Sterbehilfe wurde u. a. durch mehrere arbeitsbezogene Faktoren und die jeweilige Befürwortung von aktiver Sterbehilfe beeinflusst, nicht aber durch subjektive Belastungsfaktoren.

Schlussfolgerung Sterbehilfe wird durch ärztliche und pflegerische Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter in deutschen Krankenhäusern praktiziert. Das Vorkommen unterschiedlicher Formen von Sterbehilfe und relevante Einflussfaktoren werden vor dem Hintergrund methodischer Limitationen diskutiert.
Verbleib der Absolventinnen und Absolventen der Modellstudiengänge in den
Gesundheitsfachberufen in Nordrhein-Westfalen: Ergebnisse zu Beschäftigungsmerkmalen
und Kompetenzen in der Berufspraxis
Authors: Dieterich Sven , Grebe Christian , Bräutigam Christoph , Hoßfeld Rüdiger , Latteck Änne-Dörte , Helmbold Anke , Heim Stefan , Bonato Marcellus , Schlarmann Jörg große , Adam-Paffrath Renate , Sommer Sascha , Oetken Elke , Jacobs Nina , Mijatovic Anke
Published: October 2020

Ziel Ziel des Artikels ist es, zentrale Ergebnisse aus der landesweiten Studie zum
Verbleib der Absolventen aus den 12 Modellstudiengängen in den Gesundheitsfachberufen
in Nordrhein-Westfalen zu referieren. Untersuchungsziel der Studie ist es, den beruflichen
Verbleib nach dem Abschluss eines berufsqualifizierenden Modellstudiums zu beschreiben und
Merkmale sowie Rahmenbedingungen der beruflichen Situation darzustellen. Im Mittelpunkt des
Artikels stehen Erkenntnisse zu den Merkmalen der Haupterwerbstätigkeit der Absolventen
und zur Anwendung der im Studium vermittelten Kompetenzen im Berufsalltag.

Methodik Insgesamt 515 Absolventen aus den Modellstudiengängen Pflege
(N=244), Physiotherapie (N=97), Logopädie (N=95), Ergotherapie
(N=47) und Hebammenkunde (N=32) haben sich im Frühsommer 2018 an einer
Online-Querschnitt-Befragung beteiligt. In die Befragung eingeschlossen waren alle
Abschlussjahrgänge zwischen Wintersemester 2013/2014 und Sommersemester 2017.
Ergänzend wurden Arbeitgeber (N=109) befragt, die Absolventen aus den genannten
Studiengängen eingestellt haben.

Ergebnisse Die Absolventen sind v. a. im Krankenhaus und in ambulanten
Therapiepraxen tätig. Acht von 10 Absolventen (84%) erbringen vornehmlich
klientennahe Aufgaben. 71% dieser klientennah arbeitenden Absolventen erbringen im
Vergleich zu fachschulisch ausgebildeten Personen ergänzend besondere Aufgaben. Die
Absolventen schätzen sich in allen untersuchten Kompetenzdimensionen durchschnittlich
als handlungssicher ein. Die Arbeitgeber nehmen in allen Kompetenzdimensionen bei den
Absolventen einen „Kompetenzvorsprung“ im Vergleich zu fachschulisch
Ausgebildeten wahr.

Schlussfolgerungen Die Resultate der Verbleibstudie unterstützen die Empfehlung,
die Studiengänge aller untersuchten Gesundheitsfachberufe berufsgesetzlich zu verankern
und ihren Regelbetrieb an den Hochschulen einzuführen.
Adenauer hat es gewollt – Das Universitätsklinikum Köln
Authors: Hardinghaus Christian
Published: October 2020

Et es wie et es, et kütt wie et kütt und et hätt noch emmer joot jejange möchte sicherlich kein Patient gerne diagnostiziert bekommen und der altgediente Spruch, der zu Köln gehört wie Dom und Rheinufer, ist zum Glück auch nicht zum Leitbild des Universitätsklinikums geworden. Doch ein bisschen drin von der vermittelten Gelassenheit der sogenannten Artikel 1–3 des Rheinischen Grundgesetzes stecken auch in der Geschichte des mit einer Kapazität von 1500 Betten heute größten Kölner Krankenhauses. Über 60 000 Patienten werden hier jährlich stationär und über 310 000 ambulant behandelt. Insgesamt arbeiten in den 59 Kliniken der Universitätsmedizin 11 000 Mitarbeiter, 3600 Studenten werden pro Jahr in Medizin, Zahnmedizin und Neurowissenschaften ausgebildet. Auf einem Areal von insgesamt 220 000 Quadratmetern betreiben Forscher, Ärzte und Fachpersonal Medizin auf Spitzenniveau. Ganz schön groß! So wie es bereits der Name des Gründers der Kölner Lehranstalten Albertus Magnus erkennen ließ.
Dauerbrenner Anfängeroperation!
Authors: Häser Isabel
Published: October 2020

Die Überwachung einer Ärztin in Weiterbildung bei der selbstständigen Durchführung einer Herzkatheteruntersuchung durch einen Oberarzt von einem angrenzenden Monitorraum aus kann ausreichend sein.
Recent Advances in Cycloaddition Reactions with Alkynes to Construct Heterocycles
Authors: Li Jin-Heng , An De-Lie , Qin Jing-Hao
Published: October 2020

Heterocyclic compounds, especially N-heterocycles and O-heterocycles, are prominent structural motifs present in numerous natural products and medically and/or economically important compounds. This review aims to describe the development of transition-metal-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions of functionalized m-atom partners with alkynes to access a wide range of five-, six-, and seven-membered heterocycles, that is functionalized N-heterocycles and O-heterocycles such as azepines, isoquinolines, isocoumarins, spiroheterocycles, indoles, furans, and pyrroles, in a selectively controlled manner with an emphasis on scope and limitations and with a discussion of the mechanisms.

1 Introduction

2 Intermolecular Cycloaddition To Construct Azepine Derivatives

2.1 [5+2] Cycloaddition

2.2 [3+2+2] Cycloaddition

2.3 [3+2]/[5+2] Cycloaddition

3 Intermolecular [4+2] Cycloaddition To Construct Isoquinolines or Isocoumarins

4 Intermolecular [3+2] Cycloaddition To Construct Spirohetero­cyclic Compounds, Indoles, Furans, and Pyrroles

5 Summary and Outlook
Improving Management of Infantile Spasms by Adopting Implementation Science
Authors: Samanta Debopam
Published: October 2020

Over the last several decades, significant progress has been made in the discovery of appropriate therapy in the management of infantile spasms (IS). Based on several well-controlled studies, the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society have published the current best practice parameters for the treatment of IS. However, dissemination and implementation of evidence-based guidelines remain a significant challenge. Though the number of well-performed controlled trials and systematic reviews is increasing exponentially, the proportion of valuable new information subsequently embedding into the routine clinical care is significantly lower. Planned and systematic implementation of evidence-based interventions in a given health care structure may outstrip the benefits of discovering a new insight, procedure, or drug in another controlled setting. Implementation problems can be broad-ranging to hinder effective, efficient, safe, timely, and patient-centered care without significant variation. The first part of this review article provides a detailed summary of some crucial comparative treatment studies of IS available in the literature. In the second part, practical challenges to mitigate the gap between knowledge and practice to improve outcomes in the management of IS has been explored, and a consolidated framework approach for systematic implementation research methodology has been discussed to implement evidence-based guidelines for the management of IS. Although large multicenter controlled studies will help gather quality evidence in the treatment of IS, a more comprehensive range of scientific methodologies, including qualitative research and mixed research methodologies, will hold the more considerable promise for implementing evidence-based practices in the health care system.
Origin of resistance state relaxation and nonvolatile features in NiO films: Interfacial vs filamentary resistive switching
Authors: Xia Wanying , Sun Xianwen , Yin Yanfeng , Jia Caihong , Li Guoqiang , Zhang Weifeng
Published: October 2020

NiO films grown on Pt and Nb:SrTiO3 (NSTO) substrates display filament-type and interface-type resistance switching (RS), respectively. The resistance retention studies show that these two different RSs also lead to distinct resistance evolutions. For Pt/NiO/Pt, both high and low resistance states have good retention property, demonstrating that the conducting filament is stable once it is formed. However, for Pt/NiO/NSTO/In, all resistance states show time-relaxation, and the relaxation trend depends on the polarity of the write bias. The resistive relaxation and nonvolatile features are attributed to the charge migration and electron trapping scenario, respectively.
A simple method to prepare deuterated targets for experiments relevant to nuclear astrophysics
Authors: Bar Tanmoy , Basu Chinmay
Published: October 2020

In this article, a simple and efficient deuterated polyethylene target preparation method is described. The method of convenient removal of the targets from a casting surface without any cryogenic freezing has been adopted. The difference in thermal expansion properties of the target material and casting surface (glass) is utilized. The target thickness was determined from 3 − α energy loss in the prepared targets. The target thickness varies from 100 µg/cm2 to 350 µg/cm2. The thickness variation in these foils was between 4% and 10%. The material retention property of a deuterated foil has been verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and an attenuated total reflection method.
High performance planar microcavity organic semiconductor lasers based on thermally evaporated top distributed Bragg reflector
Authors: Hu Yongsheng , Bencheikh Fatima , Chénais Sébastien , Forget Sébastien , Liu Xingyuan , Adachi Chihaya
Published: October 2020

High performance organic semiconductor lasers (OSLs), especially those under current injection, have been sought for decades due to their potentially great applications in fields such as spectroscopy, displays, medical devices, and optical interconnection. The design and fabrication of high-quality resonators is a prerequisite for high performance OSLs. In the case of planar microcavities, the fabrication process of top distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) usually requires electron beam evaporation or manual lamination on top of organic thin-film layers, which can lead to issues including degradation of the organic materials, large-scale non-uniformity, and difficulties for current injection. Here, we report a non-destructive way of fabricating a top DBR by thermal evaporation. The top DBR based on thermally evaporated alternative TeOx/LiF stacks shows low morphological roughness, high process tolerance, and high reflectivity. Moreover, the deposition process causes negligible damage to the organic thin-film layers underneath. With the combination of a conventional e-beam evaporated bottom DBR, a high performance planar microcavity OSL with a low threshold of 1.7 μJ cm−2, an emission linewidth of 0.24 nm, and an angular divergence of <3° has been achieved under nitrogen laser pumping. Similar performance, with a high Gaussian beam quality comparable with that of an ideal diffraction-limited beam, was also obtained under diode pumping, showing the potential of this technique for building compact and cost-effective organic lasers with good beam quality. Our result will open a promising route for future high performance microcavity optoelectronic devices, especially for laser devices under current injection.
Enhanced electronic and thermoelectric properties of p-type doped filled skutterudites RFe4Sb12 (R = Pr, Nd)
Authors: Limbu N. , Ram M. , Joshi H. , Saxena A. , Bin Omran S. , Khenata R. , Shankar A.
Published: October 2020

A semimetallic type of electronic profile has been predicted for RFe4Sb12 (R = Pr, Nd) from a first-principles investigation, where the presence of a small energy bandgap above the Fermi energy level (EF) is a key feature. The EF lies at the top of the valence band and it is crossed by a single band more than twice, which improves the band concentration and electronic specific heat as reflected by the high Seebeck coefficient. The doping of a heavy lanthanide atom at the center of the cage formed by pnictogen atoms has a significant effect on the electronic structure that enhances the Seebeck coefficient and the thermoelectric power factor. The heavy atom at the center also dampens the lattice vibration and lowers the lattice thermal conductivity. The Nd-doped system shows an enhanced Seebeck coefficient with the highest power factor among the sample alloys. Moreover, due to significant reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity from 2.46 W/m K to 0.54 W/m K, a maximum ZT value of ∼1.11 at 800 K has been observed for an Nd-doped system. The covalent nature of PrFe4Sb12, Pr-doped NdFe4Sb12, and Nd-doped PrFe4Sb12 and the ionic nature of NdFe4Sb12 have been confirmed, where Pr-doped NdFe4Sb12 is the stiffest and a highly rigid material with strong bonding forces among the constituent atoms. The results presented in this manuscript open the possibilities for further exploration of center atom-doped filled skutterudites with improved Seebeck coefficient and reduced lattice thermal conductivity, which are promising materials for thermoelectric applications
Photon-mediated entanglement scheme between a ZnO semiconductor defect and a trapped Yb ion
Authors: Lilieholm Jennifer F. , Niaouris Vasileios , Kato Alexander , Fu Kai-Mei C. , Blinov Boris B.
Published: October 2020

We propose an optical scheme to generate an entangled state between a trapped ion and a solid state donor qubit through which-path erasure of identical photons emitted from the two systems. The proposed scheme leverages the similar transition frequencies between In donor bound excitons in ZnO and the P21/2 to S21/2 transition in Yb+. The lifetime of the relevant ionic state is longer than that of the ZnO system by a factor of 6, leading to a mismatch in the temporal profiles of emitted photons. A detuned cavity-assisted Raman scheme weakly excites the donor with a shaped laser pulse to generate photons with a 0.99 temporal overlap to the Yb+ emission and partially shift the emission of the defect toward the Yb+ transition. The remaining photon shift is accomplished via the dc Stark effect. We show that an entanglement rate of 2.1×104 s−1 and an entanglement fidelity of 94% can be attained using a weak excitation scheme with reasonable parameters.
Key role of retardation and non-locality in sound propagation in amorphous solids as evidenced by a projection formalism
Authors: Caroli Christiane , Lemaître Anaël
Published: October 2020

We investigate acoustic propagation in amorphous solids by constructing a projection formalism based on separating atomic vibrations into two, “phonon” (P) and “non-phonon” (NP), subspaces corresponding to large and small wavelengths. For a pairwise interaction model, we show the existence of a “natural” separation lengthscale, determined by structural disorder, for which the isolated P subspace presents the acoustic properties of a nearly homogenous (Debye-like) elastic continuum, while the NP one encapsulates all small scale non-affinity effects. The NP eigenstates then play the role of dynamical scatterers for the phonons. However, at variance with a conjecture of defect theories, their spectra present a finite low frequency gap, which turns out to lie around the Boson peak frequency, and only a small fraction of them are highly localized. We then show that small scale disorder effects can be rigorously reduced to the existence, in the Navier-like wave equation of the continuum, of a generalized elasticity tensor, which is not only retarded, since scatterers are dynamical, but also non-local. The full neglect of both retardation and non-locality suffices to account for most of the corrections to Born macroscopic moduli. However, these two features are responsible for sound speed dispersion and have quite a significant effect on the magnitude of sound attenuation. Although it remains open how they impact the asymptotic, large wavelength scaling of sound damping, our findings rule out the possibility of representing an amorphous solid by an inhomogeneous elastic continuum with the standard (i.e., local and static) elastic moduli.
A comprehensive review on accuracy in ultrasonic flow measurement using reconfigurable systems and deep learning approaches
Authors: J Senthil Kumar , A Kamaraj , C Kalyana Sundaram , G Shobana , G Kirubakaran
Published: October 2020

Flow rates of fuel are a major control variable in the engines of airborne vehicles. Accuracy in flow rate measurements became a mandatory requirement for the testing and reliable operation of those engines. Flow rate measurement is also essential in food industries, automotive industries, and chemical industries. Flow rate measurement using ultrasonic transducers is an appropriate choice because of its unique properties when they are in contact with the gases and water medium, as well as larger diameter pipelines. Estimating the echo signal of the ultrasonic flowmeter is a challenging task; however, the processing tasks for real-time performance are mandatory for improving accuracy in flow rate measurements. This article reviews the improvement in the accuracy of flow rate measurements of liquids and gases incorporating the modern technological trends with the support of field programmable gate arrays, digital signal processors, other advanced processors, and deep learning approaches. The review also elaborates on the reduction of uncertainty in single path and multi-path ultrasonic flowmeters. Finally, future research prospects are put forward for developing low cost, reliable, and accurate ultrasonic flowmeters for extensive categories of industrial applications.
Realization of multidimensional sound propagation in 3D acoustic higher-order topological insulator
Authors: Meng Fei , Chen Yafeng , Li Weibai , Jia Baohua , Huang Xiaodong
Published: October 2020

Higher-order topological insulators (TIs) develop the conventional bulk-boundary correspondence theory and increase the interest in searching innovative topological materials. To realize a higher-order TI with a wide passband of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) transportation modes, we design three-dimensional non-trivial and trivial sonic crystals whose combination mimics the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model. The topological boundary states can be found at the interfaces, including the zero-dimensional corner state, 1D hinge state, and 2D surface state. The fabricated sample with the bent two-dimensional and one-dimensional acoustic channels exhibits the multidimensional sound propagation and verifies the mode transition among the complete bandgap, hinge mode, and surface mode. The bandwidth of the single-mode hinge state achieves a large relative bandwidth of 9.1% in which sound transports one-dimensionally without significant leak into the surfaces or the bulk. The higher-order topological states in the study pave the way for sound manipulation in multiple dimensions.
Analytical canonical partition function of a quasi-one-dimensional system of hard disks
Authors: Pergamenshchik V. M.
Published: October 2020

The exact canonical partition function of a hard disk system in a narrow quasi-one-dimensional pore of given length and width is derived analytically in the thermodynamic limit. As a result, the many body problem is reduced to solving the single transcendental equation. The pressures along and across the pore, distributions of contact distances along the pore, and disks’ transverse coordinates are found analytically and presented in the whole density range for three different pore widths. The transition from the solidlike zigzag to the liquidlike state is found to be quite sharp in the density scale but shows no genuine singularity. This transition is quantitatively described by the distribution of zigzag’s windows through which disks exchange their positions across the pore. The windowlike defects vanish only in the densely packed zigzag, which is in line with a continuous Kosterlitz–Thouless transition.
A stick–slip piezoelectric actuator with high consistency in forward and reverse motions
Authors: Xu Zhi , Li Xuan , Wang Kuifeng , Liang Tianwei , Dong Jingshi , Huang Hu
Published: October 2020

This paper presents a stick–slip piezoelectric actuator with high consistency in performances of forward and reverse motions. It is achieved by developing an integrated stator which bonds two lead zirconate titanate ceramic plates to a symmetrical flexible hinge mechanism. The working principle of the actuator was introduced, and the stator was optimized by finite-element analysis. Experimental results showed that the proposed actuator had an excellent consistency in output performances of forward and reverse motions with or without an external load. The positioning resolution, maximum speed, and maximum loading capacity of the actuator were 0.061 µm, 2195.29 µm/s, and 1.1 N, respectively. This study provides a solution for improving the forward and reverse motion consistency of stick–slip piezoelectric actuators.
Investigation of the dynamic properties of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by time-resolved atomic force and Kelvin probe microscopy
Authors: Luiten Willemijn M. , van der Werf Verena M. , Raza Noureen , Saive Rebecca
Published: October 2020

We have studied the dynamic properties of hybrid devices in which the piezoelectric material lead zirconate titanate is integrated with silicon photodiodes on-chip. Such an integrated system enables direct conversion of light energy into mechanical deformation and motion, opening up new pathways for light propulsion in microrobots and nanorobots. By operating our devices under alternating illumination and simultaneously recording the time-dependent deformation and surface potential, we were able to derive frequency and voltage dependent time constants and phase relations between photovoltage and deformation. We observed that the silicon top contact resistance limits the response time to 6 ms in small area devices in which the capacitance is low. Furthermore, we observed a phase transition at low frequency that seems to be consistent with the occurrence of a negative capacitance. Our method of using time-dependent atomic force and Kelvin probe force microscopy proves to be suitable for the investigation of nanoscale, dynamic properties of light-driven piezo systems and can lead the design of next generation devices.
Measurement of angstrom-level laser induced protrusion using touchdown in heat-assisted magnetic recording
Authors: Cheng Qilong , Wang Haoyu , Sakhalkar Siddhesh V. , Bogy David B.
Published: October 2020

In heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), a laser is employed above the read-write transducer to provide energy to the media, lowering its coercivity. However, the laser also brings thermal energy diffusion inside the slider and induces an extra angstrom-level protrusion, which we call laser-induced protrusion (LIP). The LIP needs to be taken into consideration in HAMR due to the significance of head-media spacing. This paper focuses on laser heating on the millisecond timescale during flying in the HAMR conditions. When the laser is turned ON for milliseconds, the LIP forms in the short term (∼μs) and fly height change (FHC) happens in the long term (∼ ms) due to the crown/camber change, resulting in a smaller touchdown power (TDP). Thus, the touchdown power change (ΔTDP) is measured and the LIP is isolated using the time constants. A component-level HAMR stage is used to study the effects of laser-on time, laser current, and linear velocity on the ΔTDP. The experimental results show that the FHC needs ∼ 28 ms to reach the steady state and that the protrusion size presents a two-stage linear relation with the laser current separated by a threshold. The LIP size is reduced by about half when operating from 12 m/s to 24 m/s.
Access to molecular complexity. Multicomponent reactions involving five or more components
Authors: Nenajdenko Valentin G.
Published: October 2020

The evaluation of the significance of a chemical transformation addresses many factors, including such important characteristics as the number of chemical bonds formed in one step, the reaction time, labour intensity, the cost of reactants and catalysts and so on. The amount of waste produced in the reaction has also gained increasing importance in recent years. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) occupy a special place as a synthetic tool in modern organic chemistry. These reactions allow the synthesis of target products with complex structures, minimizing labour costs. This review summarizes the literature on multicomponent reactions involving five or more components. The data in the review are classified according to the number of reactants participating in the reaction and the types of reactions. It is worth noting that in some cases, these transformations can be a part of a domino process, making this classification difficult, if not impossible. The structural diversity of the reaction products greatly increases with increasing number of components involved in the MCR, which becomes virtually unlimited when using combinations of MCRs. This review highlights the main trends of past decades in the field of MCRs. The last two decades have witnessed an explosive growth in the number of publications in this area of chemistry.

The bibliography includes 309 references.
Growth and behavioural development of the fawn-footed mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys cervinipes)
Authors: Rowell Misha K. , Rymer Tasmin L.
Published: October 2020

The fawn-footed mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys cervinipes) is a common Australian rainforest rodent; however, little is known about the growth or behavioural development of individuals of this species. We raised mosaic-tailed rats in captivity to assess the growth and behavioural development of pups from birth until weaning. Pups developed quickly compared with some other Australian species, and there were no significant differences in growth between males and females, except for anogenital distance. The auditory meatus was open by Postnatal Day 5, and eyes were fully opened by Postnatal Day 9. All behaviours, including righting, locomotion, negative geotaxis, climbing and grip reflex, were fully developed by Postnatal Day 6. These results suggest that mosaic-tailed rats are semiprecocial in their physical and behavioural development compared with some native Australian rodent species that are found in arid environments. As females produce few, relatively well-developed young, the population has a low intrinsic rate of natural increase. This may, however, be offset by mosaic-tailed rats producing more litters per year. Understanding the biology of mosaic-tailed rats in general could provide insights into how rarer precocial species might struggle to increase in population size under increasing disturbances.
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus replication in primary human cells reveals potential susceptibility to infection
Authors: Edwards Caitlin E. , Yount Boyd L. , Graham Rachel L. , Leist Sarah R. , Hou Yixuan J. , Dinnon Kenneth H. , Sims Amy C. , Swanstrom Jesica , Gully Kendra , Scobey Trevor D. , Cooley Michelle R. , Currie Caroline G. , Randell Scott H. , Baric Ralph S.
Published: October 2020

Significance

The emergence of new human and animal coronaviruses demand novel strategies that characterize the threat potential of newly discovered zoonotic strains. We synthetically recovered recombinant wild-type and derivative swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronaviruses (SADS-CoVs) that express indicator genes and characterized their growth, macromolecular biosynthesis, and replication efficiency in a variety of mammalian cell lines, including primary human cells. The data demonstrate that SADS-CoV has a broad host range and has inherent potential to disseminate between animal and human hosts, perhaps using swine as an intermediate species.
Rhodopsin-mediated light-off-induced protein kinase A activation in mouse rod photoreceptor cells
Authors: Sato Shinya , Yamashita Takahiro , Matsuda Michiyuki
Published: October 2020

Significance

Rod photoreceptor cells mediate scotopic vision using rhodopsin and its downstream signal transduction cascade to degrade guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). However, less is known about another rod photoresponse: dopamine-mediated cAMP degradation, which contributes to the visual desensitization. Here, we show the fine time course of rod cAMP regulation using a two-photon microscope and fluorescent protein probe for cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Unexpectedly, the light-induced PKA suppression was followed by robust PKA activation upon light off. Our data strongly suggest the involvement of rhodopsin in this activation and, thus, the presence of its alternative output toward cAMP. The light-off-induced PKA activation might contribute to an efficient dark adaptation after the transition from light to dark environment.
Motile ghosts of the halophilic archaeon,
Haloferax volcanii
Authors: Kinosita Yoshiaki , Mikami Nagisa , Li Zhengqun , Braun Frank , Quax Tessa E. F. , van der Does Chris , Ishmukhametov Robert , Albers Sonja-Verena , Berry Richard M.
Published: October 2020

Significance

Molecular motors are natural molecular machines that convert chemical energy to directional mechanical motion (e.g., ATP [adenosine-5′-triphosphate]-driven linear motors myosin, kinesin, and dynein in Eukaryotes; the ion-coupled rotary bacterial flagellar motor in Bacteria). Reconstituted systems such as in vitro motility assays are powerful tools for understanding the mechanisms of these motors. In this study, we established a membrane-permeabilized ghost system that controls the ATP-driven archaellar rotary motor in halophilic archaea. With this assay, we demonstrated high nucleotide selectivity and negative binding cooperativity and measured the energetic requirements for rotation. Our ghost model is also a platform for further studies of the archaellum. More generally, it is also a powerful tool for the investigation of other intracellular molecular functions in archaea.
Dissecting landscape art history with information theory
Authors: Lee Byunghwee , Seo Min Kyung , Kim Daniel , Shin In-seob , Schich Maximilian , Jeong Hawoong , Han Seung Kee
Published: October 2020

Significance

A foundational question in art and aesthetics is if there are culturally and temporally transcendent characteristics in the organizing principles within art and if yes, how these principles evolve over time. We propose a simple yet coherent information-theoretic framework that captures compositional proportion as used for dissecting landscape paintings by artists. The analysis of 14,912 landscape paintings representing the canonical historiography of Western art uncovers that the preferred compositional proportion within the historiography of landscape paintings systematically evolves over time. The network analysis of similarity distributions reveals clear clustering structures of individual artist’s artworks, absolute time periods, and conventional style periods, suggesting meaningful supergroups of art historical concepts, which remained so far nonintuitive to a broader audience.
Sociopolitical stress and acute cardiovascular disease hospitalizations around the 2016 presidential election
Authors: Mefford Matthew T. , Mittleman Murray A. , Li Bonnie H. , Qian Lei X. , Reynolds Kristi , Zhou Hui , Harrison Teresa N. , Geller Alan C. , Sidney Stephen , Sloan Richard P. , Mostofsky Elizabeth , Williams David R.
Published: October 2020

Significance

Previous studies have shown a transiently higher risk of acute cardiovascular disease (CVD) events within minutes to hours after behavioral, psychosocial, and environmental triggers. Research is limited examining acute CVD surrounding sociopolitical events. We compared hospitalization rates for acute CVD before and immediately after the date of the 2016 presidential election among patients in an integrated healthcare delivery system. The rate of CVD hospitalizations in the 2 d after the 2016 presidential election was 1.62 times higher compared to the rate in the same 2 d the week prior. Transiently heightened cardiovascular risk around the 2016 election may be attributable to sociopolitical stress. Further research is needed to understand the intersection between major sociopolitical events, perceived stress, and acute CVD.
Repurposing a peptide toxin from wasp venom into antiinfectives with dual antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties
Authors: Silva Osmar N. , Torres Marcelo D. T. , Cao Jicong , Alves Eliane S. F. , Rodrigues Leticia V. , Resende Jarbas M. , Lião Luciano M. , Porto William F. , Fensterseifer Isabel C. M. , Lu Timothy K. , Franco Octavio L. , de la Fuente-Nunez Cesar
Published: October 2020

Significance

Novel antibiotics are urgently needed to treat the ever-increasing number of drug-resistant infections. Venoms constitute a treasure trove of novel potential medicines. Here, we converted a peptide derived from venom into potent antimicrobials capable of resolving otherwise lethal infections in mice. We demonstrate that the peptide acts directly on bacteria by targeting their membrane, while also modulating the host immune response and dampening unwanted inflammation. Venom-derived molecules such as the ones described here represent an exciting new source of antibiotics.
The earliest-known mammaliaform fossil from Greenland sheds light on origin of mammals
Authors: Sulej Tomasz , Krzesiński Grzegorz , Tałanda Mateusz , Wolniewicz Andrzej S. , Błażejowski Błażej , Bonde Niels , Gutowski Piotr , Sienkiewicz Maksymilian , Niedźwiedzki Grzegorz
Published: October 2020

Significance

Mammals underwent an adaptive radiation shortly after the acquisition of several morphological characters in their dentition and jaw. Most of these innovations evolved to facilitate more efficient food processing. The double-rooted molariforms with a specialized crown are one such innovation, but their role in the early diversification of mammals has remained poorly understood. This study shows a comprehensive analysis of an early mammaliaform dentary, which combines data from comparative anatomy, CT scanning, and FEA. The new fossil fills an important gap in our understanding of mammaliaform evolution showing a transitional stage between triconodont-like molariform pattern of morganucodontids and multicusped pattern of haramiyidans. Moreover, this study demonstrates that double-rooted teeth are more resistant to bite-related stresses than single-rooted teeth.
One-dimensional spatial patterning along mitotic chromosomes: A mechanical basis for macroscopic morphogenesis
Authors: Chu Lingluo , Liang Zhangyi , Mukhina Maria V. , Fisher Jay K. , Hutchinson John W. , Kleckner Nancy E.
Published: October 2020

Significance

Spatial patterns are a prominent and interesting feature of both biological and physical systems. We have discovered that mammalian mitotic chromosomes, which comprise two closely associated sister chromatids, exhibit two interesting spatial patterns. In one pattern, the structural axis of each chromatid acquires sequential partial helices of alternating handedness. In the other, an array of evenly spaced bridges links these two axes. Development of any spatial pattern requires communication within the system. We present a constellation of observations suggesting that these patterns are related and are promoted by a mechanical mechanism in which the communication required for development of patterns arises from redistribution of mechanical stress. Models involving bonded chromatin/axis bilayers and Kirchhoff–Love theory for elastic rods are discussed.
Phylogenetic escape from pests reduces pesticides on some crop plants
Authors: Pearse Ian S. , Rosenheim Jay A.
Published: October 2020

Significance

Pesticides are a ubiquitous component of conventional crop production but come with considerable economic and ecological costs. Phylogenetic escape and crop value determine pesticide use against herbivores and pathogens among diverse crops. Phylogenetic escape from arthropod and pathogen pests results in lower pesticides, suggesting that the introduced status of some crops can be leveraged to reduce pesticides.
The EB1–Kinesin-14 complex is required for efficient metaphase spindle assembly and kinetochore bi-orientation
Authors: Kornakov Nikolay , Möllers Bastian , Westermann Stefan
Published: October 2020

Kinesin-14s are conserved molecular motors required for high-fidelity chromosome segregation, but their specific contributions to spindle function have not been fully defined. Here, we show that key functions of budding yeast Kinesin-14 Cik1-Kar3 are accomplished in a complex with Bim1 (yeast EB1). Genetic complementation of mitotic phenotypes identifies a novel KLTF peptide motif in the Cik1 N-terminus. We show that this motif is one element of a tripartite binding interface required to form a high-affinity Bim1–Cik1-Kar3 complex. Lack of Bim1-binding by Cik1-Kar3 delays cells in mitosis and impairs microtubule bundle organization and dynamics. Conversely, constitutive targeting of Cik1-Kar3 to microtubule plus ends induces the formation of nuclear microtubule bundles. Cells lacking the Bim1–Cik1-Kar3 complex rely on the conserved microtubule bundler Ase1/PRC1 for metaphase spindle organization, and simultaneous loss of plus-end targeted Kar3 and Ase1 is lethal. Our results reveal the contributions of an EB1–Kinesin-14 complex for spindle formation as a prerequisite for efficient kinetochore clustering and bi-orientation.
Influenza infection fortifies local lymph nodes to promote lung-resident heterosubtypic immunity
Authors: Paik Daniel H. , Farber Donna L.
Published: October 2020

Influenza infection generates tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) that are maintained in the lung and can mediate protective immunity to heterologous influenza strains, but the precise mechanisms of local T cell–mediated protection are not well understood. In a murine heterosubtypic influenza challenge model, we demonstrate that protective lung T cell responses derive from both in situ activation of TRMs and the enhanced generation of effector T cells from the local lung draining mediastinal lymph nodes (medLNs). Primary infection fortified the medLNs with an increased number of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) that mediate enhanced priming of T cells, including those specific for newly encountered epitopes; cDC depletion during the recall response diminished medLN T cell generation and heterosubtypic immunity. Our study shows that during a protective recall response, cDCs in a fortified LN environment enhance the breadth, generation, and tissue migration of effector T cells to augment lung TRM responses.
An unconventional view of COVID-19 T cell immunity
Authors: Koay Hui-Fern , Fulford Thomas S. , Godfrey Dale I.
Published: October 2020

In this issue of JEM, Jouan et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200872) report the activation and skewed function of unconventional T cells in severe COVID-19 patients. This may reflect a role in COVID-19 immunity or pathogenesis and potentially identifies new therapeutic targets for this disease.
Signatures of avoided energy-level crossings in entanglement indicators obtained from quantum tomograms
Authors: Sharmila B , Lakshmibala S , Balakrishnan V
Published: October 2020

Extensive theoretical and experimental investigations on multipartite systems close to an avoided energy-level crossing reveal interesting features such as the extremisation of entanglement. Conventionally, the estimation of entanglement directly from experimental observation involves either one of two approaches: uncertainty-relation-based estimation that captures the linear correlation between relevant observables, or rigorous but error-prone quantum state reconstruction on tomograms obtained from homodyne measurements. We investigate the behaviour, close to avoided crossings, of entanglement indicators that can be calculated directly from a numerically-generated tomogram. The systems we study are two generic bipartite continuous-variable systems: a Bose–Einstein condensate trapped in a double-well potential, and a multi-level atom interacting with a radiation field. We also consider a multipartite hybrid quantum system of superconducting qubits interacting with microwave photons. We carry out a quantitative comparison of the indicators with a standard measure of entanglement, the subsystem von Neumann entropy (SVNE). It is shown that the indicators that capture the nonlinear correlation between relevant subsystem observables are in excellent agreement with the SVNE.