bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity to Glucocorticoids of Lymph Node Cells Stimulated in Vivo by Oxazolone
Authors: VENETIANER A. , ARÁNYI P. , BÖSZE ZS. , FACHET J.
Published: June 2006

Sensitization of B10.A mice with oxazolone results in delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) and a two‐to three‐fold increase in the weight of regional lymph nodes by the third day. Hydrocortisone treatment of the animals 3 days after sensitization suppresses the manifestation of DTH on the tenth day hut not on the seventieth day and significantly decreases the weight of lymph nodes both in control and oxazolone‐sensitized mice. The regional lymph node cells of oxazolone‐stimulated mice were, like the controls, sensitive to dexamethasone in vitro, as judged by viability and thymidine incorporation. Dexamethasone binding capacity of the regional lymph node cells 72 h after oxazolone sensitization increased. However, the dissociation constant for dexamethasone, the binding specificity, and the nuclear transfer of the hormone were not altered. Since high doses of hydrocortisone given.1 days after sensitization were unable to erase permanently the DTH lo oxazolone, it seems very likely that cells responsible for the immunological memory survive the high dose of hydrocortisone.
The Use of Bacteria for the Functional Characterization of Human Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Various Lymphoid Organs
Authors: RYNNEL‐DAGÖÖ B. , RINGDÉN O. , ALFREDSSON H. , MÖLLER E.
Published: June 2006

In a haemolytic plaque assay staphylococcal strain Cowan 1 was shown to induce polyclonal antibody secretion In human blood lymphocyles, whereas Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli gave low responses. Diplococcus pneumoniae and haemolytic streptococci generally did not activate blood cells. All five bacteria could activate spleen, tonsil and adenoid cells both to polyclonal Ig secretion and increased DNA synthesis. Thus blood cell reactivity does not necessarily reflect the response pattern in other lymphatic organs. The adenoid was shown to contain lymphocytes more responsive to bacteria normally residing in nasopharynx than cells residing in other lymphatic organs. On the other hand, spleen and mesenteric lymph node contain a subpopulation of cells highly responsive to bacteria such as Escherichia coli normally residing in the bowel. Therefore, we conclude that there exists a functional compartmentalization of lymphocytes in distinct secondary lymphoid organs.
Transplantation of Cultured Thymic Fragments I. Morphologic and Technical Considerations
Authors: SCHULTE‐WISSERMANN H. , MANNING D. , HONG R.
Published: June 2006

Thymic fragments were maintained in organ culture until egress or deterioration of the leucocyte component was near completion. These depopulated cultured thymic fragments were then implanted into immunologically competent mouse recipients. Acute immunologic rejection was not observed in mice given cultured thymic allografts. If the organ culture period was approximately 2 weeks, lymphoid repopulation and newly developed Hassall's corpuscles were observed 7–10 weeks after implantation. If the initial culture period was extended to 3 weeks, transplanted fragments developed an unusual repopulation pattern, characterized by eosinophils, macrophages and plasma cells. This finding could be interpreted as a protracted allograft rejection or, more likely, a loss of ability of the thymic epithelium 10 attract or differentiate the types of precursors usually attracted to the normal gland. When cultured and non‐cultured tissues were simultaneously transplanted in a single recipient, the non‐cultured tissue was acutely rejected and became fibrous, while the cultured thymus assumed the appearance of a normal lymphoid organ without any neighbouring inflammatory reaction.
Clonal Priming of Human Lymphocytes with Soluble Microbial Antigens: High‐Dose Paralysis, Restoration, and Autologous Leukocyte Preference
Authors: DATTNER A. M. , LEVIS W. R.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes stimulated in appropriate leukocyte cultures undergo blastogenesis and proliferation for a finite period of time. With specific antigens the proliferative response peaks usually between 4 and 8 days, after which the blastoid cells revert to small lymphocytes. Lymphocytes ‘primed’ in this manner can be restimulated to proliferate only by the same antigen with which they were incubated and only with an adequate amount of a self‐specific, autologous, somatic product(s). First or ‘primary’ leukocyte cultures stimulated by optimal or supraoptimal concentrations of soluble protein antigens (purified protein derivative (PPD), tetanus toxoid, Candida albicans) will undergo proliferation in the first culture, but the increased number of small lymphocytes that can be visualized after 10–14 days often fail to respond to any stimulus in second (secondary) or ‘primed’ cultures. However, when fresh X‐irradiated autologous cells are re‐added in appropriate amounts, vigorous accelerated proliferation takes place. Addition of allogeneic cells to antigen‐primed populations has one of three effects: (I) no effect (complete restriction); (2) in some instances allogeneic cells restore a significant response to the specific antigen but almost never to the same degree as autologous cells; and (3) allogeneic cells can also induce high levels of accelerated responsiveness without added antigen. These findings are discussed in the context of a working hypothesis that self‐specific factors are involved in all specific immune responses. The combination of antigen and self‐specific factors may lead to a quantitatively unique immune response to all antigens in each individual. The preferential response to antigen in conjunction with autologous rather than allogeneic leukocytes suggests that self‐specific products are required for recognition of soluble microbial antigens.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of the Allergen in Mountain Cedar Pollen
Authors: GROSS G. N. , ZIMBUREAN J. M. , CAPRA J. D.
Published: June 2006

A biologically active fraction from a crude extract of mountain cedar pollen has been purified and partially chemically characterized. An ammonium bicarbonate extract of commercial defatted pollen was fractionated by G‐100 Sephadex chromatography and the biologically active fraction was found to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and N‐terminal amino acid sequence analysis. The biologically active component is a 50,000 dalton protein whose N‐terminal amino acid sequence is Asp—Asn—Pro—lle—Asp. These findings provide a further purified pollen allergen for immunologic studies and the first such purified allergen having clinical significance in a limited geographic region.
Copper‐Catalysed Reoxidation of Human Monoclonal IgM
Authors: SCHROHENLOHER R. E.
Published: June 2006

Human monoclonal IgM was dissociated into subunits by reduction with 0.01M dithiothreitol and then separated from the latter with minimal loss of free sulphydryl groups by gel filtration. Incubation in pH 8.0 buffered saline at 25°C for 1 or 2 h resulted in oxidation of approximately 10% of the sulphydryl groups and no significant polymer formation. Incubation for 20 h resulted in oxidation of approximately 60% of the sulphydryl groups and appearance of 15–55% polymers sedimenting at 17S. Oxidation of the sulphydryl groups during the 20 h incubation period was decreased, and reassociation of the subunits was prevented by the addition of 10−3 M ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid to the buffered saline. In contrast, 90% of the sulphydryl groups were oxidized and 75% of the subunits were reassociated after only 30 min when incubated in 10−5 M cupric ion. The reassociated IgM sedimented as a major and a minor component at 15S and 19S, respectively. Urea‐SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis further demonstrated that extensive interchain bonding also occurred. Neither the yield of polymers nor the relative quantities of the reassociated components were altered by increasing the incubation time to 20 h.
Optimal Conditions for Polyclonal Antibody Secretion and DNA Synthesis in Human Blood and Spleen Lymphocytes by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: KUNORI T. , RINGDÉN O. , MÖLLER E.
Published: June 2006

Lipopolysaccliarides from E. coli (LPS) stimulated increased DNA synthesis and high‐rate antibody secretion in human lymphocytes from blood and spleen. Peak DNA synthesis by 10 or 100 μg/ml LPS was seen on day 6 for blood lymphocytes. Using 500 μg/ml of LPS the peak response was reached on day 5 and with 0.1–1 μg/ml the maximal stimulation was on day 7. For spleen cells LPS 100 μg/ml gave a peak stimulation on day 4 or 5. Antibody secretion, measured as plaque‐forming cells (PFC) against fluorescein isothiocyanate‐coupled sheep erythrocytes in a haemolysis‐in‐gel assay, was maximal on day 5 in blood lymphocytes and on day 3 or 4 in spleen cells. The highest cell viability and antibody secretion after stimulation with LPS was obtained in 16 mm diameter multiwell plates using 2.5 × 106 cells in 1 ml of medium containing 10% AB serum absorbed with SRBC. Feeding of cultures was essential for stimulation of blood lymphocytes but not for spleen cells.
Relevance of Biliary IgA Antibodies in Rat Intestinal Immunity
Authors: LEMAITRE‐COELHO I. , JACKSON G. D. F. , VAERMAN J.‐P.
Published: June 2006

Two intraperitoneal administrations of foreign red cells in Freund's complete adjuvant, or two intragastric intubations of erythrocytes, given to rats at 15 days interval, both elicit the appearance of specific antibodies in bile and serum. When bile was compared to serum, the selective predominance of IgA antibodies in this secretion was observed for both the intraperitoneally and intragastrically immunized groups, being more pronounced for the orally immunized group when related to IgG or IgM antibodies. The IgA content of upper intestinal washings was roughly ten‐fold smaller in rats with bile duct cannulation than in sham‐operated controls. Altogether, the data demonstrate that bile IgA may significantly contribute to the secretory IgA system of the gut.
Polyclonal Activation of Human B Lymphocytes in Vitro by Pokeweed Mitogen: a Simple Technique for the Simultaneous Assessment of Cell Proliferation, Generation of Plasma Cells, Plaque‐forming Cells and Immunoglobulin Production
Authors: NESPOLI L. , VITIELLO A. , MACCARIO A. R. , LANZAVECCHIA A. , UGAZIO A. G.
Published: June 2006

A simple technique has been worked out for the simultaneous assessment of cell proliferation, generation of plasma cells, plaque‐forming cells and immunoglobulin production from single cultures of 1 × 104 human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Kinetic studies showed that number of cells, thymidine incorporation rate, number of plaque‐forming cells against fluorescein‐isothiocyanate‐haptenated sheep erythrocytes and concentration of IgM and IgG in the supernatant peaked on the average between day 5 and 7 of culture. This technique is particularly suitable for the analysis of hypogammaglobulinaemias in infancy.
Association of Mouse Major Histocompatibility and Rauscher Murine Leukaemia Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Antigens on Leukaemia Cells and their Recognition by Syngeneic Virus‐Immune‐Cytotoxic T‐Lymphocytes
Authors: ZARLING D. A. , KESHET I. , WATSON A. , BACH F. H.
Published: June 2006

Physical association was measured between MLV gp70, the envelope glycoprotein of Rauscher murine leukaemia virus (R‐MLV), and serologically defined H‐2 antigens on the surface of R‐MLV transformed C57BL/6 (H‐2Dbkb) mouse leukaemia cells (RBL‐5A). Capping and patching with antisera against H‐2Db caused specific co‐capping and co‐patching of R‐MLV gp70 antigens as seen by fluorescence microscopy. Despite the physical proximity of R‐MLV gp70 and H‐2Db antigens, high titre αR‐MLV gp70 sera had no effect in blocking syngeneic T‐lymphocyte mediated cytolysis of RBL‐5A cells whereas αaH‐2Db sera were effective.
Complement Activation during Subsequent Stages of Canine Endotoxin Shock
Authors: AASEN A. O. , MELLBYE O. J. , OHLSSON K.
Published: June 2006

Changes in total haemolytic complement and levels of C3, C4 and C6 were studied during subsequent stages of lethal endotoxin shock in dogs. Substantial decreases of all parameters were observed. C4 and C6 decreases showed a very similar pattern, indicating activaiion of complement by the classical pathway in addition to the activation of the alternative pathway known to occur in this pathological condition. The findings emphasize the role of the complement system in the palhophysioiogy of endotoxin shock and are consistent with the concept that complement activation has prognostic value during endotoxacmia.
IgG on Human Blood Lymphocytes Studied by Immunofluorescence
Authors: PETTERSSON D. , MELLSTEDT H. , HOLM G.
Published: June 2006

Surface immunoglobulins (sIg) on human blood lymphocytes were identified by immunofluorescence (IFL) after staining with conjugated F(ab'2) fragments of the anti‐Ig antibodies. A large fraction (≃20%) of freshly isolated lymphocytes was found to carry sIgG. Polyclonal IgG, which was present on Fc‐receptor‐bearing lymphocytes, could be removed by incubation and repeated washings only at 37°C. Lymphocytes treated at 37°C expressed the same percentage of sIg+ cells in direct IFL when F(ab')2 fragments of the antibody was used as when undigested aggregate‐free IgG antibody was used. Indirect IFL using F(ab')2 fragments in both steps yielded similar sIg+ values. However, much higher percentage of cells carried sIg when undigested antibody was included in one of the steps. The results suggest that incubation and washing at 37°C and the use of F(ab)2 fragments of the anybodies are important to eliminate absorbed sIgG and to avoid absorption of IgG during the staining procedure, thus preventing overestimation of the number of sIg+ B lymphocytes identified by IFL.
In Vivo and in Vitro Binding of IgA to the Plasma Membrane of Hepatocytes
Authors: HOPF U. , BRANDTZAEG P. , HUTTEROTH T. H. , MEYER ZUM BÜSCHENFELDE K. H.
Published: June 2006

IgA bound in vivo was shown by immunofluorescence on the plasma membrane of isolated hepatocytes from subjects with normal liver and patients with liver cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis or fatty liver. IgA in sera with elevated IgA concentrations, especially from cases with alcoholic cirrhosis, was bound in vitro to isolated hepatocytes from rabbit and mouse. This was not due to the high IgA concentration per se. Moreover, polyclonal polymeric serum‐type and secretory IgA, and three often polymeric monoclonal IgA preparations, showed similar binding properties. Conversely, purified polyclonal and monoclonal monomeric IgA did not show affinity for the hepatocytes. The binding of polymeric IgA did not seem to depend on the proportion of dimers and larger polymers, κ or λ‐type light chains, heavy‐chain subclasses, content of J chain or affinity for secretory component. The in vivo binding of IgA by hepatocytes is probably a physiological phenomenon which in part may explain the normal clearance of polymeric IgA from serum.
Amino Acid Sequence Homology between HLA‐A,B,C Antigens, β2‐Microglobulin and Immunoglobulins
Authors: TRÄGÅRDH L. , WIMAN K. , RASK L. , PETERSON P. A.
Published: June 2006

Papain‐solubilized HLA‐A. B.C antigen heavy chains have been cleaved by combined acid and CNBr treatment to yield three large fragments. A 14,000‐dalton peptide comprises the NH2‐ terminal portion of the molecule, less a five‐membered peptide The 14,000‐dalton fragment is followed in the linear sequence by a 9000‐dalton peptide connected through an aspartyl‐prolyl bond to the COOH‐terminal 11,000‐dalton fragment. The 9000‐ and 11,000‐dalton fragments contain disulphide bridges that are immunoglobulin‐like inasmuch as they encompass some fifty‐live lo sixty amino acid residues. The NH2‐terminal portion of the HLA antigen heavy chain is devoid of cysteine. NH2‐terminal amino acid sequence analyses do not reveal homologies between the 14.000‐ and 9000‐dalton fragments. β2‐microglobulin, and the constant immunoglobulin domains. However, the NH2‐terminal sequence of the 11,000‐dalton fragment is as homologous to β2‐microglobulin and the constant immunoglobulin domains as they are to one another.
Use of a Macrophage Cytotoxicity System to Show Macrophage Activation by Listeria monocytogenes Cell Wall Fraction
Authors: CAMPBELL P. A. , CALDWELL J. E. , HARTMAN A. L.
Published: June 2006

Experiments were conducted to determine whether a partiulls purified listeria cell wall fraction could stimulate macrophages to high levels of activation. To detect activation of macrophages. a macrophage‐mediated cytotoxicity system was established. The data demonssrate that listeria cell wall components are capable of activating thioglycollate‐induced adherent peritoneal exudate cells to be cytotoxic for 51Cr‐labelled target tumour cells, and that the listeria fraction is as effective as bacterial lipopolysaccharide in inducing cytotoxicily. The listeria fraction can also induce peritoneal exudate cells from congenitally thymusless nude mice to become cytotoxic, suggesting that mature T cells are not required. Furthermore, thioglycollate‐induced adherent peritoneal exudate cells from mice hyperimmunized to live Listeria organisms are already stimulated to be cytotoxic for tumour cells, and do not need to be aciivated in vitro. Additional data are presented which characterize the system. These data demonstrate that a critical concentration of adherent peritoneal cells is required for in vitro activation. Moreover, only peritoneal cells induced with aged batches of thioglycollate, and not uninduced peritoneal cells or those induced with fresh thioglycollate or with protease peptone can be activated in vitro to kill tumour cells. Evidence is presented which suggests that the cyloioxic cell is a macrophage
Impairment of Jones‐Mote Hypersensitivity and Specific Antibody Response against Depolymerized Flagellin in Lepromatous Leprosy
Authors: SAHA K. , WHITTINGHAM S. , RAY D. , MITTAL M. M. , BEOHAR P. C.
Published: June 2006

Cutaneous hypersensitivity and antibody‐producing capacity were assessed in patients with lepromatous leprosy with defective immunity, by immunizing them with monomeric flagellin from Salmonella adelaide Results were compared with those of controls, matched for age and sex, derived from similar socioeconomic stratum, but without any defect of the immunological system. In contrast to the normal individuals, who showed Jones‐Mote type of hypersensitivity, no lepromatous patient could mount any ‘delayed‐in‐time’ cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction against an intradermal challenge of monomeric flagellin. However, when immunized through the subcutaneous route, both groups could produce adequate amounts of specific serum antibody. In addition to this unique split tolerance found in all lepromatous patients, some patients showed low levels of ‘natural’ IgM antibody, reduced formation of specific antibody when immunized through the subcutaneous route, and incomplete maturation of IgG class of anti‐flagellin antibody. When immunized by the intradermal route, however, production of both anti‐flagellin antibody and maturation of IgG antibody was significantly inhibited in normal adults but not in lepromatous patients. Thus, contrary to the earlier concept of hyperactivity of the humoral immune apparatus in lepromalous leprosy, the present study detected B‐cell hypofunction in some patients.
High‐Density Lipoprotein as Carrier for Amyloid‐related Protein SAA in Rabbit Serum
Authors: SKOGEN B. , BORRESEN A. L. , NATVIG J. B. , BERG K. , MICHAELSEN T. E.
Published: June 2006

In this study we present evidence that SAA is complexed to high density lipoprotein (HDL) in rabbit serum and is co‐isolated with HDL apoproteins. The binding of SAA to HDL seems to be quite strong, judged from affinity chromatography experiments. The studies did not reveal any interaction between SAA and albumin, and there was no evidence that SAA could complex to itself. By isolation of HDL apoproteins, SAA seems to behave like other known apoproteins and may he characterized as an apoprotein that is present in normal serum in very low concentration but increases in concentration under different unphysiological circumstances.
Demonstration of Anti‐Rubella Antibody‐secreting Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY H. , CHATTOPADHYAY C. , NATVIG J. B. , WIGER D. , MELLBYE O. J.
Published: June 2006

In the present study we describe a plaque‐forming cell assay using erythrocytes coated with viral antigen, which detected anti‐viral antibody‐secreting cells against various viral antigens. These anti‐viral antibody‐secreting cells were studied in normal individuals with known viral infections and in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rubella anti‐viral antibody‐secreting cells were present after induction in the peripheral blood of eight out of ten patients. No plaques were seen before induction. Synovial tissue of seven patients out of ten showed rubella‐antigen‐specific plaques before induction. In all three patients tested, the numbers of plaques increased after induction. The peripheral blood of only one patient showed plaque‐forming cells against mumps virus and cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen. No other patients showed any plaques against CMV, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps virus, measles virus, adenovirus, and varicella zuster virus antigens. The method appears to he promising in studying viral antibody‐secreting cells in human immuno‐pathology.
The Amyloid P‐Component (Protein AP): an Integral Part of the Amyloid Substance?
Authors: HOLCK M. , HUSBY G. , SLETTEN K. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

The P‐component of amyloid (protein AP) appears to be presem in all types of amyloid substance regardless of the clinical category of amyloidosis or the chemical class of the amyloid fibril The role of protein AP in the formation of amyloid substance has not been established. In a patient with primary amyloidosis, significant amounts of protein AP were found closely associated with the amyloid fibril proteins and was released from the latter only after dissociation and reduction of the amyloid fibril preparation. EDTA seemed to be very effective in releasing protein AP, and it is thought that the close association between the amyloid fibrils and protein AP is calcium‐dependent. The very close association between amyloid fibrils and protein AP suggests that the latter is an integral part of the amyloid substance.
Evidence for the Expression of Thy‐l‐Analogous Structures on Human Thymic Epithelial Cells
Authors: RAEDLER A. , ARNDT R. , THIELE H.‐G.
Published: June 2006

Cultured human thymic tissue was examined electron microscopically and analysed for the expression of the Thy‐1‐analogous antigen. It was found that almost all cultured cells were of epithelial appearance, exhibiting both tonofibrils and well‐developed desmosomes. Absorption of an anti‐human brain serum highly purified for antibodies directed against the non‐species‐specific determinant of the Thy‐l‐analogous antigen with these cultured cells revealed its presence on thymic epithelial cells. Using the indirect peroxidase‐labelled antibody technique, this molecule could be localized on the non‐attached cell surface of human thymic epithelial cells with the preference of their cell processes. The biological significance of the expression of this antigen on the thymic epithelial cells of various species lor cellular interaction within the thymus is discussed.
Efficient Conjugation of Rabbit Fab′ with β‐D‐Galactosidase from Escherichia coli
Authors: YOSHITAKE S. , HAMAGUCHI Y. , ISHIKAWA E.
Published: June 2006

An efficient procedure for the conjugation of rabbit Fab′with β‐D‐galaclosidase from Escherichia coli using N,N′‐o‐phenylenedimaleimide is described. Thiol groups of Fab′were stabilized by the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and maleimide groups were shown to be stable at pH 5 at 4°C. The stability of thiol and maleimide groups enabled an efficient introduction of maleimide groups into Fab′and the average number of maleimide groups introduced into Fab′was 0.76 (range 0.73–0.79; n=10) per molecule. As a result. 43.4% (range 41.3–46.9%; n=6) of Fab′used could be conjugated with most of β‐D‐galactosidase used. The average number of Fab′molecules conjugated per enzyme molecule was calculated to be 4.2 (range 4.0–4.6; n=6). Both the enzyme and antibody activities were well preserved in the conjugate, There was no self‐coupling of Fab′, although the enzyme was polymerized to some extent during the conjugation reaction. The enzyme activity and cross‐link in the conjugate was stable at pH 6.0–7.0 at 4°C for at least 3 months.
Cross‐reactivity of Cytotoxic T‐Lymphocyte Antigen‐binding Receptors Immune to Antigens of the H‐2 System
Authors: BRONDZ B. D. , ANDREEV A. V. , EGOROVA S. G. , DRIZLIKH G. I.
Published: June 2006

Anti‐B10 D2 (anti‐KbDb) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and monospecific anti‐KK and anti‐Dd CTL, separated from their mixture in anti‐A B10 lymphocytes and concentrated wilh the absorption‐elution technique on the macrophage monolayers of various genotypes, gave rise to cross‐lysis of third‐party target cells. Anti‐B6 R 10 (anti‐Kb) CTL, which display a cross‐lysis of mutant Kbd (M505) and Kba (Hzl) target cells, were separated into fractions, one of them being able and the other unable to adhere to the cell monolayer of the particular mutant. The fraction of anti‐Kb CTL adherent to Kba antigen was isolated by elution from the Hzl cell monolayer. These anti‐Kba CTL and CTL eluted from the B6 cell monolayer displayed a considerably higher cytotoxic effect on B6 than on target cells. This difference was not due to lower sensitivity of Hzl targets so lysis. The findings indicate that anti‐Kba CTL are homogeneous in the specificity of their receptors. The H‐2 molecule is presumed to bear a single CTL determin‐ant only, which induces a CTL clone or a group of clones homogeneous in specificity but heterogeneous in the affinity of its receptors.
Receptors for IgM on Human Lymphoblastoid B and T Cell Lines
Authors: PREUD'HOMME J. L. , GONNOT M. , FELLOUS M. , SELIGMANN M.
Published: June 2006

Receptors for the Fc of IgM were studied together with other lymphocyte markers on cells from nineteen human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Receptors for IgM were found on three of seven T lines and three of twelve B lines studied. Culture conditions needed for an optimal detection of the receptor were different for B and T lines. The presence of the receptor for IgM could not be correlated with that of any other membrane marker.
Studies of Anti‐lymphocyte Antibody of Patients with Active SLE
Authors: MORIMOTO C. , ABE T. , TOGUCHI T. , KIYOTAKI M. , HOMMA M.
Published: June 2006

Effect or anti‐lymphocyte antibody or active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on lymphocyte function was examined. Lymphocytes from normal individuals treated with anti‐lymphocyte antibody and complement exhibited marked inhibition of response to concanavalin A (Con A). while the response of lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin M (PHA‐M) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was slightly affected. In mixed lymphocyte culture response, both stimulator and responder tells were insensitive to anti‐lymphocyte antibody. Treatment of sensitized lymphocytes with anti‐lymphocyte amibody and complement caused a dose‐dependent suppression of blaslo‐genic response to purified protein derivatives (PPD). No effect, however, was noted on migration‐inhibitory factor (MlF)‐producing cells. In PWM‐driven Ig synthesis, T lymphocytes lacking the anti‐lymphocyte antibody‐reactive T‐cell subset enhanced PWM‐driven Ig synthesis of autologous B lymphocytes. Con‐A‐induced suppressor function of lymphocytes was abolished by the treatment with unti‐lymphocytc antibody and complement. The present study demonstrated that lymphocytes from normal individuals after treatment with anti‐lymphocyte antibody and complement showed similar immunological reactivities with lymphocytes from active SLE, indicating that those anti‐lymphocyte antibodies could play an important role in defective suppressor cell function.
Suppressed Development of Experimental Glomerulonephritis in Lactating Rats
Authors: IVERSEN B. M. , OFSTAD J.
Published: June 2006

Five out of six lactating rats did not develop proteinuria after an injection of nephrotoxic serum, whereas four out of five non‐lactating, non‐pregnant rats showed the usual proteinuric response (P = 0.06). The amount of heterologous IgG deposits was similar in both groups, but the lactating rats had significantly less autologous IgG (P= 0.004) in the glomerular basal membrane. It is suggested that hormonal factors influence the development of experimental glomerulo‐nephritis in lactating rats.
Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Man: Suppression of PWM‐induced B‐Cell Proliferation by Infectious Mononucleosis T Cells
Authors: JOHNSEN H. E. , MADSEN M. , KRISTENSEN T.
Published: June 2006

The in vitro polyclonal pokewced milogen (PWM)‐induced activation of human B lymphocytes is enhanced by addition of autologous or allogeneic: irrudiated T cells. This model for B/T‐cell cooperation may he used tu define and describe the balance between T helper and T suppressor phenomena. The present study investigates the helper and suppressor capacities of mononuclear cells isolated from peripherial blood of infectious mononucleosis patients during the acute disease and the reconvalescence period. During the acute disease, we found a functional lack of T helper capacity; furthermore, the T cells were able to suppress the PWM and T‐cell‐dependent B‐cell proliferation of healthy donor cells. The suppression was non‐cytotoxic: i.e. not due to destruction of the responder cells. This phenomenon of non‐cytotoxic suppression was found for all seven patients studied and disappeared during the reconvalescence period, indicating that the T lympliocyltosis seen in infectious mononucleosis includes an expansion of T suppressor cells.
Human Natural Killer Cell Activity is Augmented by Interferon via Recruitment of ‘Pre‐NK’ Cells
Authors: SAKSELA E. , TIMONEN T. , CANTELL K.
Published: June 2006

Contact with various cell‐line targets increases the natural killer (NK) activity of human lymphocytes, Supernatants of such 20 h co‐cultures augment the NK activity of virgin lymphocyte populations, and the augmenting factor penetrates 0.2 mTm Millipore filters. The supernatants also contain interferon, and partially purified human leucocyte interferon increases NK activity when added to 20 h assays with 51Cr‐labelled K‐562 target cells. Potent anti‐interferon antiserum added to the co‐cultures inhibits the target‐cell‐induced augmentation phenomenon. Both the target‐cell contact and interferon‐induced augmentation affect a population of human lymphocytes, from which the ‘mature’ NK cells have been removed by adsorption‐elution using fetal fibroblasts as adsorbents. The activity of ‘mature’ NK cells is not enhanced, and we conclude that the augmentation is mediated by recruitment of ‘pre‐NK’ cells.
HLA‐D‐restricted Antigen Activation of Sensitized T Lymphocytes: Studies on the Ability of HLA‐D/DR‐expressing B Lymphocytes to Substitute for Macrophages in Antigen Activation
Authors: BERGHOLTZ B. O. , THORSBY E.
Published: June 2006

The proliferative response of sensitized human T lymphocytes to purified protein derivative (PPD) and to trinitrophenyl (TNP)‐conjugated autologous cells in vitro is restricted by self HLA‐D/DR determinants. Here we report that the PPD‐specific response is strictly related to the content of phagocytosing celts (macrophages, M) in the cultures and that an optinal PPD response occurred at a T/M ratio between 10:1 and 5:1. B‐cell‐enriched suspensions, which also express the HLA‐D/DR determinants, were not able to replace the macrophages in this HLA‐D/DR‐restricted response. On the other hand, TNP‐trealed similarly prepared B cells were in most instances effective in inducing a secondary TNP‐specific response of in vitro‐sensitized T cells.
In Vitro Enhancement of Natural Cytotoxicity by Tumour Necrosis Serum
Authors: PASANEN V. J.
Published: June 2006

Cells cytotoxic for syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic cultured target cells are shown to be induced spontaneously in cultures of murine lymphoid cells. Serum containing bacillus Calmette‐Guérin and endotoxin‐induced tumour necrosis factor accelerates the appearance of observed natural cytotoxic cells.
Plaque Assay with Protein A‐coated Erythrocytes for the Evaluation of Human Immunoglobulin‐secreting Cells Induced by Pokeweed Mitogen
Authors: LANZAVECCHIA A. , SACCHI G. , MACCARIO R. , VITIELLO A. , NESPOLI L. , UGAZIO A. G.
Published: June 2006

Cells secreting IgM, IgG and IgA were evaluated in cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with pokeweed mitogen by a haemolytic plaque assay using protein A‐coated erythrocytes in the presence of class‐specifie antisera. Kinetic study revealed that immunoglobulin‐secreting cells appeared after 3 days of culture and peaked between days 5 and 7. IgM‐secreting cells predominated throughout the culture period. This plaque assay is a useful and sensitive in vitro test for the evaluation of polyclonal B‐cell activation in humans and may provide a good approach to the study of disturbances in the synthesis of the various classes of immunoglobulins.
Senile Cardiac Amyloidosis: Evidence of Two Different Amyloid Substances in the Ageing Heart
Authors: WESTERMARK P. , JOHANSSON B. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

In a material of seventy‐two persons over 70 years of age. forty‐seven cases of amyloidosis of the heart were found. In thirty‐nine cases, deposits occurred only in the atria (isolated atrial amyl‐oidosis. IAA), while in eight cases amyloid also was seen in the ventricles (senile cardiac amyloidosis, SCA). In some of the latter cases, small amyloid deposits occurred in other organs, especially the lungs. Some definite differences existed between the amyloid substance in SCA and IAA. Thus, tryptophan was demonstrated histochemically in SCA but not in IAA, and, furthermore, amyloid fibrils isolated from patients with IAA lacked protein ASCA, the fibril subunit protein of senile cardiac amyloid. It is concluded that the ageing heart may be the target of two different forms of amyloid, one only affecting the atria, while the other is more widespread within the heart and sometimes also is found in other organs.
T Helper Lymphocytes Recognize the VL Domain of the Isologous Mouse Myeloma Protein 315
Authors: JøRGENSEN T. , HANNESTAD K.
Published: June 2006

The localization of a major determinant on an isologous myeloma protein (M315) which stimulates BALB/c helper T cells was investigated. Augmentation of the adoptive secondary antibody response to NIP‐M315 and the idiotype of M315 (ld315) was used as an indicator of helper effects. Spleen cells primed with the light chain of M315 (L315) and its V‐domain (VL315) were highly efficient helpers; priming with the fragment containing the two V‐domains of M315 (Fv315) induced a somewhat weaker helper effect than L315 or VL315. The helper effect was abolished or markedly reduced by treating the primed cells with rabbit anti‐brain theta + C. Cells primed with the heavy chain of M315 (H315) effected weak but significant help. The V‐domain of H315 (VH315) was incapable of eliciting cells with detectable helper effect. The data indicate that the VL315 embodies a major determinant for T helper lymphocytes. This determinant is expressed on the free VL315 as well as on the complete M315. In contrast, previous studies have shown that BALB/c antibodies produced against Id315 recognize antigenic sites that are only displayed on associated (VL315 VH315) domains.
Intraembryonic Origin of Lymphoid Stem Cells in the Chicken: Studies with Sex Chromosome and IgG Allotype Markers in Histocompatible Yolk Sac‐Embryo Chimaeras
Authors: MARTIN C. , LASSILA O. , NURMI T. , ESKOLA J. , DIETERLEN‐LIéVRE F. , TOIVANEN P.
Published: June 2006

Two‐day‐old chick embryonic bodies were transplanted onto the area vasculosa of age‐matched histocompatible blastoderms, resulting in the development of yolk sac‐embryo chimaeras. Eighteen of these succeeded in hatching and became adults. Differences in the sex chromosomes and in IgG allotype between the embryo and the yolk sac were used to study the contribution of these two components to the lymphoid cell development. At 5–7 weeks of age the chimaeras proved to be completely normal in the IgM and IgG antibody production against human gamma globulin and Brucella abortus and in the lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A. For the sex chromosome analyses bursa cells and specifically stimulated B and T lymphocytes were used. The latter was achieved by stimulating thymus, spleen, and bone marrow cells in vitro with anti‐Ig and Con A. Only four out of 1498 mitoses analysed belonged to the sex opposite to that of the bird. Among the chimaeras eleven were marked through IgG allotypes. At the age of 3–20 weeks all eleven chimaeras showed serum IgG of the embryo allotype and none of the yolk sac type. These results, based on the use of two different markers, indicate that lymphoid stem cells in the chicken are originally derived from an intraembryonic source and not from the yolk sac.
Phytohaemagglutinin Responsiveness of Non‐adherent Nude Spleen Cells
Authors: CLAËSSON M. H.
Published: June 2006

Non‐adherent spleen cells from athymic nude mice showed incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H‐TdR) at a level comparable to that of non‐adherent cells of normal mice when stimulated with the T‐cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The optimal dose of PHA was 50 μl/ml for nude cells, a concentration that does not stimulate normal cells. In comparison. 2.5 μl/ml PHA was optimal for cells of normal mice. Anti‐theta serum plus complement treatment of the non‐adherent nude spleen cells reduced 3H‐TdK incorporation by approximately 50%, suggesting that some of the responding cells carried the theta antigen. Direct immunofluorescence showed that the non‐adherent nude spleen cells contained 6–9% theta‐positive cells. In comparison, more than 80% of the PHA‐induced nude blast cells were theta‐positive. PHA‐induced DNA synthesis of normal mouse spleen cells was inhibited by adherent nude spleen cells. No theta‐antigen or surface immunoglobulin could be demonstrated on these inhibitory cells, suggesting that they belong to the macrophage system of the nude mouse spleen.
I‐Region‐coded Products Expressed on Both Macrophages and Thymus Epithelium Influence T‐Cell Activities
Authors: SMITH F. I. , MOTTRAM P. L. , MILLER J. F. A. P.
Published: June 2006

I‐region‐coded products expressed on the surface of both macrophages (Mph) and thymus epithelium were shown to restrict T‐cell activities at the level of antigen recognition and determination of the T‐cell repertoire. Thus keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH)‐pulsed Mph could elicit a delayed‐type hypersensitivity response in a KLH‐sensitized mouse only when the Mph and the sensitized mouse were compatible at the I‐A region of the major histocompatibility complex. Also, experiments with thymus‐grafted chimaeras showed that I‐region compatibility between the thymus of the cell donor and the reticuloendothelial system of the recipient was essential for successful transfer of the DTH reaction. Thus, F1 T cells derived from stem cells differentiating in a P1 thymus graft, where F1 parents (P1 and P2) differed only at defined regions of the H‐2 complex, could always transfer sensitivity to P1 mice. However, successful transfer to P2 mice was possible only if P1 and P2 were H‐2I‐compatible.
A High Frequency of Cytotoxic Precursor Cells for a Syngeneic Tumour
Authors: WARREN H. S. , LAFFERTY K. J.
Published: June 2006

The average frequency of cytotoxic precursor cells in DBA/2 lymph node cell preparations reactive to the syngeneic tumour P815 has been determined as 1 in 2000. This frequency is similar to the precursor frequency for an allogeneic tumour EL‐4. The normal lack of response of DBA/2 lymph node cells to the syngeneic tumour P815 in vitro cannot be attributed to a lack of cytotoxic precursor cells. We conclude that in this tumour‐host system non‐immunogenicity reflects a defect at the inductive step.
The Availability for Recognition of Normal H‐2 Antigens by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes on a Rauscher‐Virus‐transformed Cell, RBL‐5A
Authors: WATSON A. , ZARLING D. A. , BACH F. H.
Published: June 2006

The availability for recognition of cell surface H‐2Db antigenic determinants on RBL‐5A cells in comparison to normal C57BL/6 cells was investigated by an in vitro immunological assay. No differences in the immunological recognition of the H‐2Db antigens on RBL‐5A cells compared to normal C57BL/6 cells were detected. This assay system, however, readily detected changes in the H‐2Kb determinant profile an target cells from the C37BL/6 H‐2Kb region mutant strains H(z1) and H(z170) when compared to normal C57BL/6 mice. The result obtained with RBL‐5A target cells therefore suggests that Rauscher murine leukaemia virus transformation does not induce, either genotypically or phenotypically, an immunologically recognizable alteration of the H‐2Db antigen profile on this cell.
Sharing of Ia Antigens between Species
Authors: LUNNEY J. K. , MANN D. L. , SACHS D. H.
Published: June 2006

Certain mouse alloantisera have been found to detect immunologic cross‐reactions between human and murine Ia antigens. Almost every anti‐Iaa, ‐Iak and ‐Iad serum tested exhibited such cross‐reactions. Sera prepared against the products of limited segments of the mouse I region and tested on human B cells revealed that anti‐I‐E/Ck cross‐reactions were more readily detectable than anti‐I‐A,B,Jk cross‐reactions. Most of the mouse alloantisera were cytotoxic to cells from almost every individual tested, although a few sera exhibited more restricted patterns of lysis, permitting limited segregation analyses. The cytotoxicity of these mouse alloantisera in family studies was consistent with HLA linkage of the genes responsible for the cross‐reacting Ia determinants. Immunochemical analysis on radiolabelled detergent lysales of human lymphocytes indicated that the sera reacted with molecules of 34,000 and 28,000 daltons. Thus, by cellular distribution. HLA association, and immunochemical criteria, these mouse alloantisera detect human Ia antigens. These cross‐reactive sera should be of practical value for the detection of human Ia antigens and may also have theoretical implications for the evolution of genes coding for Ia antigens.
T and B Lymphocytes during Normal Human Pregnancy: a Longitudinal Study
Authors: BIRKELAND S. A. , RISTOFFERSEN K. K
Published: June 2006

Immunological relationships in pregnancy were investigated in a longitudinal study of twenty‐two pregnant women, whose blood samples were taken before pregnancy, during pregnancy. at delivery, and 3–5 months after delivery. Blood samples were also taken from the fathers and the infants, both at birth and after 3–5 months. All the samples were frozen by means of a cryobiological freezing system, and when a whole longitudinal series had been collected, the material was thawed and tested in a single seance. T and B lymphocytes were studied with rosette tests (E and HEAC rosettes). T and B lymphocytes were found not to change during the course of pregnancy. It is thus concluded that the mother's tolerance of a fetus with a dissimilar tissue type is not exercised via changes in the total count of T and B lymphocytes, although there may well be changes in their subpopulations, with the hypothesis that T‐suppressor function increases and B‐lymphocyte function decreases.
Clearance and Glomerular Localization of Preformed DNP Anti‐DNP Immune Complexes
Authors: KIJLSTRA A. , KNUTSON D. W. , DAHA M. R. , VAN ES L. A.
Published: June 2006

The in vivo behaviour of well‐defined immune complexes in rats was studied using complexes derived from DNP‐conjugated bovine thyroglobulin (DNP‐BTC) and purified specific goat anti‐DNP IgG. Both clearance and glomerular localization were mainly dependent on the nature of the antigen. Soluble immune complexes formed with DNP17‐BTG were cleared faster and showed a more marked localization in the glomerular mesangium than complexes formed with DNP3,4‐BTG. A slight increase in the antibody to antigen ratio seemed to facilitate mesangial localization of soluble immune complexes. Insoluble immune complexes showed temporary localization as microemboli in the lumina of glomerular and peritubular capillaries. This study thus shows that not only the size and composition of the complexes but also the nature of the antigen within the complex can influence the clearance and organ localization of circulating immune complexes.
Rat Mixed Lymphocyte Culture: Optimization of Culture Conditions
Authors: NEMLANDER A. , ANDERSSON L. C. , HÄYRY P.
Published: June 2006

We have systematically analysed the various parameters of rat mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), aiming at defining optimal conditions in analytical (micro) MLC and at the production of maximal numbers of blast cells in preparative (maxi) MLC. Treatment of both responder and stimulator cells, or at least the responder cells, with N‐acyl‐neuraminidase allowed a good and reproducible analytical MLC response. Responses with a maximal resolution between the stimulated versus nonstimulated control cultures were obtained in the presence of rat sera, BN serum being superior to Lewis and AO serum in supporting the response. Rat sera derived from DA and HO strains, fetal calf serum, and human serum were not good. Spleen cells, lymph node cells, and density‐separated blood leucocytes were good responders, and spleen cells were good stimulators, provided the spleen cells were prepurified from most of the phagocytic cells with iron powder plus magnet. Similar culture conditions were applicable also for the maxi‐MLC assay. The number of blast cells generated from a single spleen could, however, be increased by a factor of 10, if the responder cell donor was primed intravenously with 10 ± 106 stimulator‐strain spleen cells 72 h before being killed. The responses both in the non‐primed and in the primed cultures were specific, since the background stimulation was negligible and the cytotoxic effect by the primed cells in the cell‐mediated lysis assay was immunologically specific.
Age‐dependent Changes in the Electrophoretic Mobilities of Human Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: WIOLAND M. , MEHRISHI J. N.
Published: June 2006

The distribution of Ihe anodic electrophorctic mobilities (EPM) of htiman peripheral blood lymphocyles was determined for lymphocytes isolated from umbilical card blood and from blood of individuals 6 months to 9.1 years of age. The distribution was bimodal in infants up to 2 years of age and suggested a small percentage of cells with a mobility of 0.95 tim s ‘V’ cm. this value was chosen to discriminate between low‐mobility cells (LMCs) and high‐mobility cells (HN4Cs). The relative percentage of LMCs increased from birth to 2 years and two types of LMCs could be distinguished. The distribution was unimodal and asymmetric in children and adults and nearly Gaussian in aged people. Substantial differences between the distributions of the lymphocyte EIPMs were seen on comparison of the histograms for individuals of similar ages. The analysis of the distribution of the lymphocyte EPMs on cell suspensions enriched in, or depleted of T or B cells confirmed the mobility of most T cells to be higher than the mobility of most B cells, whatever the age of the individual. The distribution of lymphocyte EPMs determined in the same adult over a 6 year period showed minor variations.