bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality Characteristics of Occupational Therapy Students and Clinicians
Authors: Brown G. Ted
Published: March 2013

Various occupational groups are often viewed as having a set of distinctive personality characteristics. The purpose of this study was to examine the personality traits of five subject groups: occupational therapy students in first, second, third and fourth years (N = 60) at the School of Rehabilitation Therapy at Queen 's University, and practicing occupational therapy clinicians from the Kingston area (N = 22). The Personality Research Form—E (PRF-E) was used to collect the data. As a combined group, students and clinicians were not distinguishable from the general population in terms of personality. For students notable correlation scores (p .01) between the year of study and the obtained PRF-E scores were observed on two scales: endurance (r = −0.31) and nurturance (r = −0.41). Analysis of variance indicated statistically significant differences (p .01 and p .05) between fourth year students and clinicians on certain personality variables. Fourth year students scored higher on the abasement, affiliation, change, nurturance, play and social recognition scales. Clinicians obtained higher scores for endurance and harm avoidance.
Disability Ethnography: A Methodological Approach for Occupational Therapy Research
Authors: Krefting Laura
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of the ethnographic approach to occupational therapy research problems. Disability ethnography is defined and a rationale for its use is provided. A review of disability ethnographies is included to support the usefulness of the technique. A description of methods and one approach to data analysis are described next. The paper concludes with a discussion of the limitations of this research approach.
Hand Splints and Cerebral Spasticity: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Langlois Sylvia , MacKinnon Joyce R. , Pederson Linda
Published: March 2013

The literature pertaining to the use of hand splints to treat cerebral spasticity is reviewed. Splinting patients with hand dysfunction as a result of spasticity remains a controversial treatment technique because of a paucity of research, methodological weakness in study designs, and contradictory results from investigations. The various splint designs commonly used, the corresponding neurophysiological rationale and research examining splinting and spasticity are discussed. Suggestions incorporating sound research methodology are offered to further explore this treatment technique.
Occupational Therapy Research in Canada. Report from the Association of Canadian Occupational Therapy University Programs
Authors: Polatajko Helene , Miller Jan , MacKinnon Joyce , Harburn Karen
Published: March 2013

The Association of Canadian Occupational Therapy University Programs held a workshop in May, 1988. The purpose of that discussion was to describe the current status and needs of occupational therapy research and to consider principles to direct further research. Currently, research in occupational therapy is very limited. The reasons for this lack of development are the isolation of present researchers, the small number of trained researchers, difficulty in obtaining external funding, and the inadequacy of quantitative research methodologies to answer questions in occupational therapy. This group presented a number of strategies intended to further the development of research in our profession. These strategies include increasing the number of trained researchers through the development of graduate programs in occupational therapy, use of varied methodologies, including quantitative and qualitative means, which fit the types of research questions asked. More collaboration is recommended which should increase successful procurement of external funding. Finally, occupational therapists are encouraged to focus research efforts on the specification and support of the scientific basisof our practice. The purpose of this paper is to describe the current status and needs of occupational therapy research in Canada, to bring forward for discussion principlesto direct future occupational therapy research and to state the position of the Association of Canadian Occupational Therapy University Programs (ACOTUP) on strategies to increase research productivity in occupational therapy.
The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: An Outcome Measure for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Law Mary , Baptiste Sue , McColl MaryAnn , Opzoomer Anne , Polatajko Helene , Pollock Nancy
Published: March 2013

The Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, in collaboration with Health and Welfare Canada have developed and published a conceptual model for occupational therapy, the Occupational Performance model. This paper describes the development of an outcome measure, The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), which is designed to be used with these guidelines for client-centred clinical practice. The COPM is an outcome measure designed for use by occupational therapists to assess client outcomes in the areas of self-care, productivity and leisure. Using a semi-structured interview, the COPM is a five step process which measures individual, client-identified problem areas in daily function. Two scores, for performance and satisfaction with performance are obtained. This paper describes the rationale and development of the COPM as wellas information about its use for therapists.
Factors Influencing Leisure Activities following a Stroke: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Morgan Debra , Jongbloed Lyn
Published: March 2013

This exploratory study identified factors that influence social and leisure activities following a stroke. Thirty subjects who had suffered a stroke within the previous 15 months and had returned home, were interviewed regarding the effect of the stroke on their activities, roles and relationships. Factors which influenced leisure activities were extracted from documentation of interviews and observations. Kielhofner's Model of Human Occupation was used to organize the findings. Age affects the type of activities a person finds meaningful; younger subjects are more likely than older subjects to be motivated by work-related activities. Age also influences the maintenance of friendships; older people are more accepting of disabilities in their friends than are younger individuals. Personal standards, range of interests and access to transportation also affect involvement in social and leisure activities. Some activity changes are attributable to the loss of physical and mental function. However, the interaction of individuals with their total environment is much more important than the severity of the disability. The quality of an individual's relationship with family and friends is often the most influential factor determining social and leisure activities following a stroke.
Collaborative Research: Campus and Clinic Working Together
Authors: Pranger Tina , Brown G. Ted
Published: March 2013

Collaborative research has been heralded as one means to increase research productivity within the field of occupational therapy. Drawing on the literature and an example of collaborative research of the authors, several benefits of faculty/clinician collaboration will be identified, including: the sharing of theoretical and practical knowledge, gaining access to resources, and enhancing the credibility of the research, ingredients that increase the probability of success in such an endeavour will also be outlined to suggest how research can be made more manageable in overcoming some of the deterrents to research.
Post-occupancy evaluation: An environment-behaviour technique for assessing the built environment
Authors: Cooper Barbara Acheson , Ahrentzen Sherry , Hasselkus Betty Risteen
Published: March 2013

This paper reviews the development, structure and process of post-occupancy evaluation (POE) as an environment-behaviour approach to assessing built environments of all sizes and types. It illustrates the use of POEs with three examples from the Health Care sector: The Canadian Hospital Evaluation Program, the Weiss Institute, and 18 independent-living apartment units. A comparison is made between POEs and the approach currently used by occupational therapy (OT) for environmental assessments. Recommendations suggest that OT's approach could be extended and strengthened through 1) incorporating POE methods and existing data from environment-behaviour studies; 2) the use of standard assessment procedures and well-validated measures; and 3) the development of a data bank on OT environmental assessments.
Occupational Therapy in the Treatment of Individuals with Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Oke Susan , Kanigsberg Elue
Published: March 2013

Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) has been diagnosed with increasing frequency in the last ten years. It is no longer considered rare. A result of child abuse or trauma, MPD is a dissociative disorder which defends the child from the overwhelming experiences of abuse. In adulthood the client may present with amnesia, auditory hallucinations, depression, eating disorders and borderline personality disorder. Occupational Therapy intervention has become more common and has gained recognition by both clients and clinicians. Mosey's developmental frame of reference serves as a basis for the treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder by occupational therapists at the Royal Ottawa Hospital. This treatment approach uses projective techniques and life skills teaching with alter personalities to offer age appropriate learning experiences. A composite case history is included to illustrate the range of goals and activities involved
A Model of Social Interaction to Guide Occupational Therapy Practice
Authors: Doble Susan E. , Magill-Evans Joyce
Published: March 2013

Social interaction is recognized as being within the domain of occupational therapy practice. However, without a clearly defined model of social interaction that is consistent with the tenets of occupational therapy, therapists' understanding of how socially-oriented occupational behaviour is produced and their ability to assess and treat social deficits will remain limited. A working model that conceptualizes social interaction within the context of occupational performance is presented and discussed. Social enactment skills, the output of the process, are produced as a result of the individual's ability to take in and make sense of social information, and develop a plan of action. This process is influenced by several variables including the individual's sensory organs, cognitive abilities, emotional state, volitional traits, and interactional style. Three brief case studies illustrate the utility of the model in explaining clients' social interaction and helping to guide the assessment and intervention process.
Large Field Studies of Hospital Based Services: Lessons from Occupational Therapy
Authors: Ryan Brenda , O'shea Barbara J. , Townsend Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

A study with a quasi-experimental design was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of hospital-based occupational therapy services in Nova Scotia. Seven hospitals with occupational therapy services were matched with seven hospitals without occupational therapy services. Within the two hospital groups, subjects were matched on the basis of diagnosis and disability. Outcome measures included measures of functional performance in activities of daily living, and community living skills. This paper discusses some of the strengths and weaknesses of conducting large field studies of hospital based services. It is based on our experience with an occupational therapy outcome evaluation. Some of the strengths include well developed and implemented hospital admission and discharge practices, personal contact with key hospital staff, support of the hospital occupational therapy directors and the Nova Scotia Department of Health, and professional support through national guidelines on the client-centered practice of occupational therapy. Study weaknesses can be categorized into three major areas including evaluation issues, hospital issues, and professional issues. Our experience can contribute to the scientific literature on outcome studies on occupational therapy and to the conduct of large field studies of hospital based services in general.
Psychophysiological Measurement of Treatment Effects in an Adult with Sensory Defensiveness
Authors: Reisman Judith E. , Gross Anne Yockey
Published: March 2013

This paper reports the results of a single subject study of an adult with sensory defensiveness. Psychophysiological measurements were used to assess the subject's autonomic responsiveness to touch, visual and auditory stimulation. As treatment, the subject self-administered firm tactile input which was, according to sensory integrative principles, expected to have a calming effect. Autonomic responses measured throughout the treatment period were compared to baseline responses. Significant changes in respiration rate, hand temperature and amplitude of skin conductance responses reflected reduced autonomic arousal. The study provides support for 1) the relationship of sensory defensiveness to autonomic arousal, 2) the potential for normalization of autonomic responses following treatment and 3) the use of psychophysiological measures in efficacy studies of sensory defensiveness.
Adapted Make-Up Kit for Persons with C5 and C6 Quadriplegia
Authors: Fisher Janet M. , Hunter Jennifer
Published: March 2013

For persons with impaired or absent hand function, the task of applying make-up independently can be a frustrating and for some, a seemingly impossible challenge. At Chedoke-McMaster Hospitals, an adapted make-up applicator kit has been developed which allows clients with C5 C6 quadriplegia to independently apply their own make-up. This article provides an outline for the construction of this device.
Activities of Daily Living, Cognitive Impairment and Social Function in Community Residents with Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Carswell Anne , Eastwood Robin
Published: March 2013

One hundred and one patients with Alzheimer disease who were residing in the community were surveyed twice, in a six-month longitudinal study. A strong linear relationship was found between function, as measured by activities of daily living and cognitive impairment and between activities of daily living and social function.

At the first interview the proportion of variance in activities of daily living explained by cognitive impairment and social function, controlling for age, estimated duration of the disease and marital status was 65%. After six months the proportion had increased to 67%. The proportion of social function accounted for by activities of daily living was 30% at the initial interview; the proportion increased to 43% after six months. Patients lose the ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living before they lose the ability to perform self-care activities. The pattern of deterioration in activities of daily living is hierarchical.

The results of the study have implications for assessment and for intervention programmes. For those patients who have a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease, measures of activities of daily living are more useful for helping caregivers and for planning intervention programmes than measures of cognitive impairment.
Occupational Therapy Guidelines for Client-Centred Practice: Impact Study Findings
Authors: Blain Jenny , Townsend Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

The Guidelines Impact Study investigated use and usefulness of the guidelines for client-centred practice produced in the 1980's by the Department of National Health and Welfare and the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. This paper outlines the study, summarizes findings, and discusses implications for revising and updating the Guidelines. Qualitative interview data from key informants across Canada were incorporated into a quantitative survey of a 5% sample of CAOT members. Data reveal variable use of the Guidelines, with greatest use in acute care and rehabilitation services; and mixed interpretations of the Model of Occupational Performance, particularly ‘environment’ and ‘spiritual component’. Recommendations include: clarification of the purpose and audience of revised Guidelines; national consultation during updating to include diverse forms of practice; and rethinking the Model of Occupational Performance as a dynamic model. Updated Guidelines should include both generic concepts and specific applications for different types of occupational therapy practice.
Fieldwork Education: A Shared Supervision Model
Authors: Jung Bonny , Martin Adele , Graden Lynn , Awrey Joyce
Published: March 2013

This paper describes how McMaster University, Department of Occupational Therapy implemented a shared supervision model during an adult physical health block clinical placement, in two fieldwork settings in Hamilton. Five students were assigned to each of the clinical facilities and spent time with the group supervisors and clinical preceptors to meet their learning needs. The objectives, implementation process, training and orientation process, learning and evaluation process, and outcome of this project are discussed. The shared supervision model appears to be a viable alternative supervision model in fieldwork education.
Holistic Occupational Therapy: Historical Meaning and Contemporary Implications
Authors: Mccoll Mary Ann
Published: March 2013

Holism is an idea that occupational therapists use frequently to describe and characterize their practice. And yet, there seems to be some controversy about what it means and what it implies? This paper explores the historical and contemporary meaning of holism, and attempts to project implications for occupational therapy of adopting a strict definition of the holistic practitioner. Implications are explored according to four principles of holistic health care: that the individual is an integrated being, with the capacity to maintain equilibrium; that the goal of health care is the experience of health, not merely the absence of observable signs of illness; that evaluation of health should be a synthesis of understanding of the individual in his or her environment, not an analysis of the individual; and finally, that illness is a normal experience and an opportunity to achieve a higher level of self-awareness and integration with the environment. Each of these principles is explored relative to perceived current practices in the areas of service, research and education in occupational therapy. The paper concludes with a summary of the changes that would be required of the discipline of occupational therapy, if it were to adhere strictly to this definition.
Workload Measurement: A Survey of Computerized Data Collection
Authors: Edwards Mary , Law Mary , Mills Jennifer
Published: March 2013

The results of a national survey which examined current computer usage and occupational therapist direct entry of Workload Measurement Data is presented. Results indicated an almost equal distribution of departments using computers versus not using computers. A variety of software packages are used for the purposes of collecting workload measurement data, but the majority of departments use customized in-house programmes. The most common method of data entry was a clerk in a central location, however, a number of departments are considering a switch to therapist direct entry. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods were described by survey respondents.
Fidélité inter-examinateurs du “Profil des AVQ-Mise en situation” chez la personne traumatisée cranio-encéphalique Partie 2: Étude sur la cote des opérations
Authors: Rousseau Jacqueline , Dutil Élisabeth , Lambert Jean
Published: March 2013

Cet article présente la suite d'une recherche concernant la fidélité inter-examinateurs du “Profil des AVQ-Mise en situation”. L'ouvrage précédent, en partie 1, s'attardait à la cote globale de chacune des 21 tâches de l'instrument. L'objectif de l‘étude actuelle est de vérifier la fidélité interexaminateurs des opérations (processus de réalisation d'une tâche) de ce nouvel instrument. Dix-neuf personnes traumatisées cranio-encéphaliques ont participé â l’étude. Trois ergothérapeutes ont testé l'instrument. La statistique kappa (k), démontre que k varie entre: 1) 0,10 et 0,59 pour Formuler des objectifs 2) 0,03 et 0,53 pour Planifier la tâche 3) 0,03 et 0,64 pour Régler la performance et 4) 0,01 et 0,62 pour S'assurer de la qualité de la performance. L'opération Formuler des objectifs démontre des coefficients plus élevés pour l'environnement personnel tandis que S'assurer de la qualité de la performance présente cette tendance pour l'environnement communautaire. Cette étude a permis d'identifier et de proposer des solutions aux biais possibles lors de l'utilisation de l'instrument afin d'en améliorer la précision.
Theory and Practice in the Occupational Therapy Guidelines for Client-Centred Practice
Authors: McColl Mary Ann , Pranger Tina
Published: March 2013

A model for occupational therapy has evolved and has come to be referred to as the “Guidelines” model or the Canadian Occupational Performance model. This paper attempts to reformulate information relating to the Guidelines model, to support its use as a conceptual model and a model of practice. Both the conceptual model and model of practice are described in terms of their domain of concern, underlying values and assumptions, concepts and principles. The conceptual model provides a means of understanding occupational performance, while the model of practice offers a way of understanding the relationship between occupational therapy interventions and occupational performance. Both models are evaluated relative to nine criteria derived from the literature. The conceptual model is found to be largely consistent, supportable, comprehensive and useful. The model of practice, however, proves more problematic, with technical, structural and conceptual variances. The paper is intended as a stimulus for discussion and study of this central model of Canadian occupational therapy.
The Effect of Kinesthetic Stimulation on Acquisition and Retention of a Gross Motor Skill
Authors: Jarus Tal , Loiter Yael
Published: March 2013

The role of kinesthetic stimulation in motor learning and performance of a gross motor task was investigated. Forty healthy female adult volunteers, ages 20 to 30 years old, were required to learn a gross motor task involving the kicking of a ball. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two training groups, a kinesthetic stimulus group or a non-kinesthetic stimulus group. Results indicated that kinesthetic stimulation during practice and retention phases seemed to enhance task acquisition. Kinesthetic stimulation may have provided important feedback information for the learners that might have enabled them to make the necessary adjustments during performance. In addition, it appears that the stimulation affected the motor memory processes and left a more stable representation of the movement pattern. The use of continuous pressure as a means of kinesthetic stimulation for the facilitation of motor skill acquisition is recommended, although further research is required in order to generalize these findings to the clinic.
Rehabilitation of Visual Skills Using the Dynavision: A Single Case Experimental Study
Authors: Klavora Peter , Gaskovski Peter , Heslegrave Ron J. , Quinn Robert P. , Young Margaret
Published: March 2013

It has been argued that conventional approaches to visual skill training and evaluation have focussed excessively on higher level visual skill impairments, but often fail to target the basic skill impairments that may underlie them. A novel apparatus known as the Dynavision™ may be ugeful for remediating skills according to several key training guidelines that have been proposed. The Dynavision is specifically designed to train and test visuomotor response time and coordination, visual scanning, visual attention, and basic cognitive skills, within a broad visual training environment. This paper describes some of the general features of the apparatus, and reports preliminary but positive findings with one elderly person who has had a cerebrovascular accident.
The Clinical Utility of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure
Authors: Toomey Moira , Nicholson Donna , Carswell Anne
Published: March 2013

A qualitative research project was undertaken to investigate the clinical utility of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) among therapists from the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton's Home Care Programme. Nineteen occupational therapists participated in one of four focus groups and in a plenary session to elicit reasons why some therapists used the COPM to assess clients and why others did not. The participants presented a wide range of opinions on the same theme, often from two polarities. The five themes that emerged from the focus groups and which were validated during the plenary session were: Use, environment, administration, outcome and suggested changes. The results demonstrated that COPM utility depended upon the degree to which therapists had incorporated the client-centred approach in their practice, the degree to which management valued and supported the use of the COPM and the degree to which the COPM could be flexible to fit practice context.
Tackling Evaluation: Applying a Programme Logic Model to Community Rehabilitation for Adults with Brain Injury
Authors: Letts Lori , Dunal Lynda
Published: March 2013

Programme evaluation has become an important component of many rehabilitation initiatives in both institutional and community environments. Of key importance is a need for information on developing an evaluation framework to determine and address programme processes and outcomes. This paper presents a programme logic model used to guide the evaluation of a community rehabilitation programme for adults with brain injury. Programme logic models are visual models that provide a framework to organize and integrate information about programme inputs, processes and outcomes. The model is also used in this programme to incorporate the client-centred values of the programme. It was developed through the consensus of the entire team, and was used to plan implementation and outcome evaluations. A similar programme logic model will be useful to occupational therapists and other health care professionals planning programme evaluations of their services.
Personal and Extrapersonal Orientation in Persons with Alzheimer Disease: Reliability and Validity of Three Assessments
Authors: Liu Lili , Gauthier Louise , Gauthier Serge
Published: March 2013

This paper provides definitions of personal and extrapersonal orientation, describes assessments, and presents a study that examined the reliability and validity of these assessments for use by occupational therapists with early Alzheimer clients. Personal orientation was evaluated using the Right-left Discrimination Test and the Road-Map Test. Extrapersonal orientation was evaluated using the Map-Reading Test. These assessments were administered to 25 early Alzheimer subjects and 97 control subjects. Each of the Alzheimer subjects returned for two more visits, one for the test-retest reliability and another for the inter-rater reliability. The Road-Map Test and the Map-Reading Test met the criteria for adequate test-retest and inter-rater reliability, and intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from .71 to .96. However, the coefficients for the Right-left Discrimination test were lower (about .50). All three tests were able to discriminate between the two groups. None of the scores correlated with the Functional Spatial Abilities Questionnaire, a measure of geographic orientation. Suggestions for further research are provided.
Une recension des écrits sur l'intégration au travail des jeunes adultes présentant une déficience
Authors: Bouchard Anne , Tétreault Sylvie , Bourbonnais Renée
Published: March 2013

Le travail joue un rôle primordial dans la vie de tous les individus. Pourtant, les jeunes adultes atteints d'une déficience sont confrontés â plusieurs situations de handicap lorsqu'ils quittent le milieu scolaire pour accéder au milieu du travail. Dans la région de Québec, un certain nombre d'entre eux se retrouvent devant aucune possibilité, et ce, dès l'âge de vingt et un ans. Le présent article vise â recenser les principaux écrits portant sur l'intégration au travail des personnes présentant une déficience. Les thèmes suivants sont abordés: l'importance du travail dans la population en géénéral et chez les individus vivant avec une déficience, les facteurs influençant l'intégration au travail, les différents programmes favorisant l'accès au marché du travail et le rôle de l'ergothérapeute face au travail. À la fin du texte, différentes pistes de recherche dans ce domaine sont proposées.
The Functional Spatial Abilities Questionnaire for Use with Persons Who are in the Early Stages of Alzheimer Disease: Preliminary Data on Reliability and Validity
Authors: Liu Liu , Gauthier Louise , Gauthier Serge
Published: March 2013

The 12-item Functional Spatial Abilities Questionnaire (FSAQ) was developed for evaluating spatial orientation in clients who have progressive dementia of the Alzheimer type. Twenty-five clients in the early stages of Alzheimer disease, ten clients in the later stage of the disease and 97 normal subjects rated themselves on the questionnaire. A proxy version of the questionnaire was administered to a caregiver or relative of each subject in the three groups. The FSAQ demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability (ICCs = .84 to .85). Construct validity was examined in three ways. First, using the known group method, the proxy-ratings were shown to discriminate between early and late Alzheimer clients, but not the self-ratings. Second, there was a high agreement between the self-and proxy-ratings in the early Alzheimer group indicating concurrent validity. Third, the FSAQ scores did not correlate with mental status examination scores which provides evidence for discriminant validity. The FSAQ is quick to administer and provides occupational therapists with a basis for further evaluation of a client's ability to find his or her way in new or familiar environments.
The Evolution of a Quality Programme within a Changing Environment
Authors: Rudman Deborah , Hall Mary , Langlois Sylvia
Published: March 2013

Health care facilities have been forced to re-evaluate traditional methods of quality assurance and consider quality improvement techniques. The Toronto Hospital Occupational Therapy Department has developed a quality programme that incorporates a foundation and supporting structures that can be adapted to accommodate the shift from quality assurance to continuous quality improvement. The foundation consists of a philosophy and principal functions, while the supporting structures include mechanisms to monitor principal functions and for communication. With a shift to continuous quality improvement, the quality programme was expanded to include clinical indicators and greater involvement of front-line staff and consumers. The programme also incorporates a framework that directs the development and implementation of clinical indicators related to occupational performance outcomes. Issues pertaining to the implementation and adaptation of the quality programme are discussed. Although initially developed in an occupational therapy environment, the framework and processes of this quality programme are being applied to multidisciplinary quality programmes in which occupational therapists are taking on leadership roles.
Application of the Social Interaction Model
Authors: Koning Cyndie , Manyk Kathy , Magill-Evans Joyce , Cameron-Sadava Anne
Published: March 2013

Assessment and treatment of children and adolescents presenting with social interaction deficits must be guided by an understanding of the roles of social perception, planning, and output. This paper describes a case study of a client's functional ability in social interaction using the Social Interaction Model described by Doble and Magill-Evans (1992) as a framework. The use of the Child and Adolescent Social Perception Measure to assess how the individual client functions in the area of social perception is discussed.
Alberta Occupational Therapists' Perspectives on and Participation in Research
Authors: Waine Melissa , Magill-Evans Joyce , Pain Kerrie
Published: March 2013

To determine the current level of research participation of Alberta occupational therapists, the Edmonton Research Orientation (ERO) survey, with an additional section measuring perceptions of barriers to research, was mailed to 610 Alberta occupational therapists. From an initial response rate of 52%, there were 293 useable responses. Seventy percent of therapists reported no participation in research. There was an association between level of education and greater participation in research but participation in research was not limited to those with advanced degrees. Therapists who were actually participating in research had higher ERO scores. There were no differences between therapists at different levels of research participation in their perceptions of barriers to research. Limited time, limited research resources, concerns about the usefulness of research, and questions as to whether all therapists need to be involved in research were some of the issues raised by respondents. The results are compared to a similar study of Alberta speech-language pathologists. Recommendations for facilitating clinical research are included.
Client Advocacy in Action: Professional and Environmental Factors Affecting Israeli Occupational Therapists' Behaviour
Authors: Sachs Dalia , Linn Ruth
Published: March 2013

Client advocacy refers to various expressions of taking a stand such as representing and supporting the interests of clients and of populations with special needs, informing them of their rights in particular situations, making sure they have all the necessary information to make an informed decision, safeguarding their rights, and promoting legislation, policy and social awareness that may affect care and quality of life through education and public activism. The purpose of the present study is to examine situations in which occupational therapists identify the need for their involvement on behalf of clients, and identify factors that affect their behaviour when they protect, represent or inform clients about their rights. In-depth ethnographic interviews were conducted with 12 Israeli registered occupational therapists representing a variety of professional specializations and work settings. From the analysis of the results three main themes were identified as follows: a) the interviewees view themselves as “guardians of morals” in relation to personal, professional and social misconduct, b) occupational therapists become advocates when mediation is needed to represent clients' functional abilities, and c) the role of client advocacy is affected and shaped by occupational therapists' perceptions and experiences of the interdisciplinary team.
Partnerships among Health Professionals and Self-Help Group Members
Authors: Banks Sheila , Crossman Doug , Poel Dale , Stewart Miriam
Published: March 2013

Occupational therapy practice in partnership with self-help groups is consistent with the principles of client-centred practice and health promotion. This qualitative research study examined the meanings and interactional mechanisms of effective partnerships with a theoretical sample of 47 health professionals, including seven occupational therapists, and 49 self-help group members. Inductive analysis of semi-structured interview transcripts resulted in a number of themes: roles of health professionals and self-help group members, relationships between them, characteristics of effective partnerships, tensions/barriers to effective partnerships, and strategies to promote partnerships. Themes with particular implications for occupational therapy practice include trust and trust building; knowledge, empathy and understanding; and the balance of power between health professionals and self-help group members. Effective partnership relationships require a continued commitment by occupational therapists, other health professionals and self-help group members to understand the experiences and perceptions of each other.
The Effects of Auditory Stimuli on Functional Performance among Cognitively Impaired Elderly
Authors: Elm Debra , Warren Sharon , Madill Helen
Published: March 2013

Cognitively impaired elderly residents of a continuing care facility performed three tasks (getting a drink, folding laundry and setting a table) under three different auditory stimulus conditions (silence, conversation and music). Functional performance skills were assessed during execution of these tasks using the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS). Scores for process functional performance skills were significantly better under the conversation and silence conditions than under the music condition, while scores for motor functional performance skills were significantly better under the conversation condition than the music condition. These results suggest that background music may have a detrimental effect on performance and that other forms of auditory stimuli which might be beneficial should be sought.
Motor Proficiency in Children Reporting Low Levels of Participation in Physical Activity
Authors: Hay John , Missiuna Cheryl
Published: March 2013

This study examined the motor proficiency and physical activity levels of young children with low levels of perceived self-efficacy regarding their participation in physical activities. This group (n=48) was compared with 400 of their peers in Grades 4–8 attending the same schools and also with a group (n=44) who reported high levels of perceived self-efficacy. Although none of the students with poor self-efficacy had been identified by their schools as having a learning or behavioural disorder, these children were found to have characteristics which are typical of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). These findings suggest that an instrument which asks children about their confidence when participating in physical leisure activities, and their enjoyment of those same activities may have potential as a possible screening tool for DCD.
A Standardized Paediatric Sensory Assessment for the Lower Extremity: Preliminary Results of a Reliability Study in Normal School-Aged Children
Authors: Booth Sharon , Estevez Wendy , Cooper Jasmine , Majnemer Annette
Published: March 2013

The aims of this study were to establish a set of standardized sensory procedures for lower extremity sensory assessment in a paediatric population, to gather preliminary data on normal sensory performance, and to derive preliminary reliability estimates. Three subtests derived from the paediatric upper extremity sensory battery under development by Cooper, Majnemer, Rosenblatt and Birnbaum (1993) were performed bilaterally on 50 healthy, school-aged children: i) pressure sensitivity and ii) directionality, on the plantar surface of the distal phalanx of the hallux, using the Semmes-Weinstein Pressure Aesthesiometer, and iii) proprio-ception at the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint. Neither age nor gender exerted any significant effects on the data, whereas dominance did. Cut-offs were determined separately for the dominant and nondominant halluces. Data analysis revealed good test-retest and inter-rater agreements on all subtests. These sensory subtests show promise as a standardized, reliable and therapeutically useful assessment of lower extremity sensation in children at risk for sensory impairment.
Enjoyment Experiences as Described by Persons with Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Emerson Heather , Cook Joanne , Polatajko Helene , Segal Ruth
Published: March 2013

Csikszentmihalyi's (1990) assertion that persons with schizophrenia do not experience “flow” states provided the impetus for a study exploring the enjoyment experiences of nine persons with schizophrenia. Data were gathered using an audio taped semi-structured interview and analyzed using qualitative methods. Five themes emerged regarding the informants' subjective experiences: excitement, accomplishment, relaxation, social connectedness, and being interested. The first two themes parallel flow states, disputing Csikszentmihalyi's assumption that individuals with schizophrenia are unable to experience flow. The third theme may be a precursor to flow. The remaining two themes are distinct from flow, suggesting that for the informants in this study, enjoyment was a broader construct than flow.
Le fardeau perçu par les proches de personnes ayant des incapacités physiques
Authors: Dumont Claire , St-Onge Myreille , Fougeyrollas Patrick , Renaud Lise-Anne
Published: March 2013

Cette étude visait à mesurer la perception de fardeau chez les proches de personnes ayant des déficiences physiques, vivant à domicile et fréquentant un Centre de jour. Cinquante-cinq aidants ont répondu à des questionnaires portant sur trois dimensions du fardeau ainsi que sur les améliorations perçues depuis que l'aidé fréquente le Centre de jour. Des analyses en fonction de variables socio-démographiques ont été faites ainsi que des comparaisons avec une clientèle psychiatrique, dont les données provenaient d'une étude précédente. Les résultats montrent un fardeau élevé pour le soutien concret offert et pour la préoccupation pour le bien-être de l'aidé. Les problèmes de déplacements extérieurs sont identifiés comme source importante de fardeau. En général, le fardeau s'est avéré plus lourd en déficience physique que dans le secteur psychiatrique. Les conclusions portent sur l'importance de considérer les facteurs environnementaux et d'intégrer des mesures du fardeau dans l'évaluation des programmes en déficience physique.
Self-Care, Productivity and Leisure Limitations of People with Multiple Sclerosis in Manitoba
Authors: Finlayson Marcia , Impey Michelle Winkler , Nicolle Cameron , Edwards Jeanette
Published: March 2013

As part of the activities of the Social Action Committee of the Multiple Sclerosis Society (Manitoba Division), a large mail-out survey was conducted in the spring of 1995. The purpose of the survey was to gather demographic, health, social and financial information from members who have multiple sclerosis to support various government lobbying efforts and to plan individual and family services. The response rate for the 720 surveys sent was 65%. This paper presents descriptive analysis exploring the occupational performance limitations experienced by the survey respondents based on the Model of Occupational Performance (CAOT, 1991). The prevalence of limitation was found to vary by specific occupation, by type of multiple sclerosis, by area of occupational performance, but not by fatigue status. The study findings have assessment and intervention implications for occupational therapists who work with people with multiple sclerosis in both institutional and community settings.
Enabling Occupational Performance: Optimal Experiences in Therapy
Authors: Rebeiro Karen L. , Polgar Jan Miller
Published: March 2013

Occupational therapists believe that engagement in occupation contributes to health through an individually balanced use of time, a positive focus for one's physical and mental energy, and the provision of a sense of purpose. Flow is a construct which describes optimal experiences or enjoyment in everyday activities. A review of the literature suggests that the theory of optimal experience is complementary to occupational therapy beliefs and that an understanding of the flow experience may contribute to our understanding of human occupation. Specifically, flow may be useful in understanding those aspects of the occupation, environment and person that contribute to a “just right” challenge, and to enabling occupational performance through enjoyable, structured and purposeful activity. Occupational therapists are encouraged to explore whether optimal experiences facilitate occupational performance for individuals with a disability. Future research could explore whether the occupational opportunities available to persons with a disability provide the degree of challenge required to elicit the optimal experience. Finally, research could explore whether the client-driven selection of meaningful occupation, and therapist enablement of the “just right” challenge, influences optimal experience, occupational performance, and life satisfaction for those with a disability.
Client-Centred Care Means that I am a Valued Human Being
Authors: Corring Deborah , Cook Joanne
Published: March 2013

Canadian occupational therapists have increasingly adopted a client-centred approach to practice. Interpretation of what “client-centred” means has been diverse and varied. Professionals have written about the characteristics of this approach to care but no reported studies could be found that examined the client's perspective. The omission of the client perspective is puzzling when partnership, client involvement in decision making, and client empowerment are thought to be fundamental elements of this approach to practice.

A qualitative research approach, using focus groups was employed to explore the opinions and perspectives of individuals with experience of mental illness and the mental health service delivery system. Seventeen individuals participated in three focus groups to discuss the meaning of a client-centred approach to practice. Participants assessed the inadequacies of past and present practices and recommended needed changes. Their central message was the need for individuals with mental illness to be viewed as valuable human beings by service providers and by society.
Biomechanical Analysis of Four Supports for the Subluxed Hemiparetic Shoulder
Authors: Spaulding Sandi J.
Published: March 2013

External support systems, such as slings and lapboards, may reduce shoulder subluxation in individuals with hemiplegia. However there is controversy among occupational therapists concerning the most appropriate method to support the affected arm. The purpose of the present paper is to report the biomechanical analysis of four support systems; two shoulder support systems, a Bobath axillary roll, and a laptray. Two dimensional static biomechanical analyses determine the mechanical characteristics of each of these four support systems. The results of the analyses demonstrate the magnitude of the shoulder loading and the effectiveness of the various components of each of the systems. The effect of changing some of the characteristics of the slings is demonstrated. Slings with straps over the unaffected shoulder provide continuous support for the flaccid extremity. The Bobath axillary roll may introduce an unwanted lateral force. Lapboards must be maintained at an appropriate distance from the subluxed shoulder to be effective. This theoretical analysis of supports systems will provide therapists information to help them understand effective supports for subluxation.
Occupational Performance Needs of a Shelter Population
Authors: Tryssenaar Joyce , Jones Elizabeth J. , Lee Deanne
Published: March 2013

Practice in shelters for people who are homeless is an exciting and challenging opportunity for occupational therapists. However, there is a paucity of knowledge about the occupational performance needs of this population. In the present study, 25 persons at a shelter were interviewed using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Data were analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Several major themes emerged including spirituality, “we want what everyone wants”, choosing satisfaction, diverse health concerns, power of relationships, the importance of environment to well-being, and poverty. Altruism in the midst of adversity and individuality were minor themes. Instrumental activities of daily living, such as access to employment, financial management, housing, and recreation, were reported as more important than basic activities of daily living. Participants and interviewers also responded to general questions regarding the use of the COPM in the assessment process. The COPM was found to be useful for assessing the occupational performance needs of this population, but should be augmented by inquiry about environmental concerns, relationships, housing, and spirituality