bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colloidal stability and ecotoxicity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Influence of select organic matters
Authors: Cerrillo Cristina , Barandika Gotzone , Igartua Amaya , Areitioaurtena Olatz , Uranga Nerea , Mendoza Gemma
Published: July 2015

In the last few years, the release of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into the environment has raised serious concerns regarding their fate and potential impacts. Aquatic organisms constitute an important pathway for their entrance and transfer throughout the food web, and the current demand for standardization of methodologies to analyze the interactions of MWCNTs with them requires aquatic media that represent natural systems. However, the inherent hydrophobicity of MWCNTs and the substances present in natural waters may greatly affect their stability and bioavailability. The present study analyzes the influence of the most referenced synthetic and natural organic matters (Sigma-Aldrich humic acid and Suwannee River natural organic matter) in the agglomeration kinetics and ecotoxicity of MWCNTs, with the aim of determining their suitability to fulfill the current standardization requirements. Natural organic matter provides increased colloidal stability to the MWCNTs' dispersions, which results in higher adverse effects on the key invertebrate organism Daphnia magna. Furthermore, the results obtained with this type of organic matter allow for observation of the important role of the outer diameter and content impurities of MWCNTs in their stability and ecotoxicity on daphnids. Sigma-Aldrich humic acid appeared to alter the response of the organisms to carbon nanotubes compared with that observed in the presence of natural organic matter. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:74–83. © 2015 SETAC
Biomaterials use in Mulago National Referral Hospital in Kampala, Uganda: Access and affordability
Authors: Bakwatanisa Bosco , Enywaku Alfred , Kiwanuka Martin , Lamunu Claire , Mbowa Nicholas , Mukiibi Denis , Namayega Catherine , Ngabirano Beryl , Ntambi Henry , Reichert William
Published: July 2015

Students in Biomaterials BBE3102 at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda were assigned semester long group projects in the first semester of the 2014‐15 academic year to determine the biomaterials type and usage in Mulago National Referral Hospital, which is emblematic of large public hospitals across East Africa. Information gathering was conducted through student interviews with Mulago physicians because there were no archival records. The students divided themselves into seven project groups covering biomaterials use in the areas of wound closure, dental and oral surgery, cardiology, burn care, bone repair, ophthalmology and total joint replacement. As in the developed world, the majority of biomaterials used in Mulago are basic wound closure materials, dental materials, and bone fixation materials, all of which are comparatively inexpensive, easy to store, and readily available from either the government or local suppliers; however, there were significant issues with the implant supply chain, affordability, and patient compliance and follow‐up in cases where specialty expertise and expensive implants were employed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 104–112, 2016.
Silk fibroin sponges with cell growth‐promoting activity induced by genetically fused basic fibroblast growth factor
Authors: Kambe Yusuke , Kojima Katsura , Tamada Yasushi , Tomita Naohide , Kameda Tsunenori
Published: July 2015

Transgenic silkworm technology has enabled the biological properties of silk fibroin protein to be altered by fusion to recombinant bioactive proteins. However, few studies have reported the fabrication of genetically modified fibroin proteins into three‐dimensional spongy structures to serve as scaffolds for tissue engineering. We generated a transgenic silkworm strain that produces fibroin fused to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and processed the fibroin into a spongy structure using a simple freeze/thaw method. NIH3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts grown on bFGF‐fused fibroin sponges proliferated and spread out well, showing half the population doubling time of cells cultured on wild‐type fibroin sponges. Furthermore, the number of primary rabbit articular chondrocytes growing on bFGF‐fused fibroin sponges was around five‐times higher than that of the wild‐type control at 3‐days post cell‐seeding. As the physical properties of wild‐type and bFGF‐fused fibroin sponges were almost identical, it is suggested that bFGF fused to fibroin retained its biological activity, even after the bFGF‐fused fibroin was fabricated into the spongy structure. The bFGF‐fused fibroin sponge has the potential for widespread application in the field of tissue engineering, and the method of fabricating this structure could be applicable to other recombinant bioactive fibroin proteins. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 82–93, 2016.
Wnt Signaling Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation by Activating Canonical and Noncanonical cAMP/PKA Pathways
Authors: Weivoda Megan M , Ruan Ming , Hachfeld Christine M , Pederson Larry , Howe Alan , Davey Rachel A , Zajac Jeffrey D , Kobayashi Yasuhiro , Williams Bart O , Westendorf Jennifer J , Khosla Sundeep , Oursler Merry Jo
Published: July 2015

Although there has been extensive characterization of the Wnt signaling pathway in the osteoblast lineage, the effects of Wnt proteins on the osteoclast lineage are less well studied. We found that osteoclast lineage cells express canonical Wnt receptors. Wnt3a reduced osteoclast formation when applied to early bone-marrow macrophage (BMM) osteoclast differentiation cultures, whereas late addition did not suppress osteoclast formation. Early Wnt3a treatment inactivated the crucial transcription factor NFATc1 in osteoclast progenitors. Wnt3a led to the accumulation of nuclear β-catenin, confirming activation of canonical Wnt signaling. Reducing low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins (Lrp) 5 and Lrp6 protein expression prevented Wnt3a-induced inactivation of NFATc1; however, deletion of β-catenin did not block Wnt3a inactivation of NFATc1, suggesting that this effect was mediated by a noncanonical pathway. Wnt3a rapidly activated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and pharmacological stimulation of cAMP/PKA signaling suppressed osteoclast differentiation; Wnt3a-induced NFATc1 phosphorylation was blocked by inhibiting interactions between PKA and A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). These data indicate that Wnt3a directly suppresses osteoclast differentiation through both canonical (β-catenin) and noncanonical (cAMP/PKA) pathways in osteoclast precursors. In vivo reduction of Lrp5 and Lrp6 expressions in the early osteoclast lineage via Rank promoter Cre recombination reduced trabecular bone mass, whereas disruption of Lrp5/6 expression in late osteoclast precursors via cathepsin K (Ctsk) promoter Cre recombination did not alter the skeletal phenotype. Surprisingly, reduction of Lrp5/6 in the early osteoclast lineage decreased osteoclast numbers, as well as osteoblast numbers. Published studies have previously noted that β-catenin signaling is required for osteoclast progenitor proliferation. Our in vivo data suggest that Rank promoter Cre-mediated deletion of Lrp5/6 may similarly impair osteoclast progenitor proliferation. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Introduced reed canary grass attracts and supports a common native amphibian
Authors: Holzer Katie A. , Lawler Sharon P.
Published: July 2015

The control of introduced plants is frequently a demanding and expensive activity for wildlife managers. It can be difficult to suppress some well‐established species, and control measures may harm native organisms. Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) is a common wetland invader that can dominate and greatly alter wetlands. To examine the relationship between this plant and native amphibians, we analyzed field survey data and quantified amphibian‐plant relationships in constructed replicated experimental ponds. Surveys showed positive associations between reed canary grass and the abundance of 3 native amphibians in 62 natural and constructed urban and suburban ponds in Portland, Oregon. Experiments elucidated mechanisms whereby 2 native and 2 introduced plants influenced breeding habitat use and larval performance of the common native Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla). Males preferred to call from reed canary grass, and there was a strong trend for females to lay eggs on the invasive grass compared to other plants offered. Tadpoles had 7 times higher survival in reed canary grass. These patterns were likely due to the morphology of reed canary grass: it provides support for calling males, its leaves and shoots are of ideal size for oviposition, and its branching may provide effective refuges from predators. This study demonstrates that some introduced plants may be beneficial for some native amphibians. Improved understanding of the relationships between introduced plants and native wildlife can help guide management actions by recognizing that the control of introduced plants may not be a priority in all systems. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Diffusion MRI with concurrent magnetic field monitoring
Authors: Wilm Bertram J. , Nagy Zoltan , Barmet Christoph , Vannesjo S. Johanna , Kasper Lars , Haeberlin Max , Gross Simon , Dietrich Benjamin E. , Brunner David O. , Schmid Thomas , Pruessmann Klaas P.
Published: July 2015

Purpose

Diffusion MRI is compromised by unknown field perturbation during image encoding. The purpose of this study was to address this problem using the recently described approach of concurrent magnetic field monitoring.

Methods

Magnetic field dynamics were monitored during the echo planar imaging readout of a common diffusion‐weighted MRI sequence using an integrated magnetic field camera setup. The image encoding including encoding changes over the duration of entire scans were quantified and analyzed. Field perturbations were corrected by accounting for them in generalized image reconstruction. The impact on image quality along with geometrical congruence among different diffusion‐weighted images was assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Results

The most significant field perturbations were found to be related to higher‐order eddy currents from diffusion‐weighting gradients and B0 field drift as well as gradual changes of short‐term eddy current behavior and mechanical oscillations during the scan. All artifacts relating to dynamic field perturbations were eliminated by incorporating the measured encoding in image reconstruction.

Conclusion

Concurrent field monitoring combined with generalized reconstruction enhances depiction fidelity in diffusion imaging. In addition to artifact reduction, it improves geometric congruence and thus facilitates image combination for quantitative diffusion analysis. Magn Reson Med 74:925–933, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fish and Birds in the Trypillya Economy and Culture (5.4–2.7 kya BC): Evidence from Ukraine
Authors: Kovalchuk O. , Gorobets L.
Published: July 2015

The paper deals with the role of fish and birds in the Trypillya culture, which was one of the greatest Eneolithic cultures within Europe. Analysis of the osteological material (authors' own determination and literature data), as well as auxiliary material – fish and bird images in the Trypillya art – were used for this purpose. As in the case of mammals, the role of different fish and bird species varied greatly among the regions and cultures. Bones of sturgeon, roach, carp, catfish, pike, perch and other freshwater fish species were observed with different frequencies. Analysis of the skeletal remains and data on fishing gear from the archaeological literature indicates that the Trypillya fishing focused on large‐sized fish. The main birds hunted by the Trypillya people were waterfowl (ducks, geese and coot), large Galliformes (capercaillie and black grouse), grey crane and bustard. A characteristic feature of the Trypillya settlements was a large proportion of birds of prey and owls. Remains of domestic chicken from the Gorods'k settlement (late Trypillya or Gorods'k‐Usatove culture), dated as 3212 ± 100 CalBC, were the most ancient remains of domestic chicken found in Ukraine, and probably in Europe. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational scheme for pH‐dependent binding free energy calculation with explicit solvent
Authors: Lee Juyong , Miller Benjamin T. , Brooks Bernard R.
Published: July 2015

We present a computational scheme to compute the pH‐dependence of binding free energy with explicit solvent. Despite the importance of pH, the effect of pH has been generally neglected in binding free energy calculations because of a lack of accurate methods to model it. To address this limitation, we use a constant‐pH methodology to obtain a true ensemble of multiple protonation states of a titratable system at a given pH and analyze the ensemble using the Bennett acceptance ratio (BAR) method. The constant pH method is based on the combination of enveloping distribution sampling (EDS) with the Hamiltonian replica exchange method (HREM), which yields an accurate semi‐grand canonical ensemble of a titratable system. By considering the free energy change of constraining multiple protonation states to a single state or releasing a single protonation state to multiple states, the pH dependent binding free energy profile can be obtained. We perform benchmark simulations of a host‐guest system: cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and benzimidazole (BZ). BZ experiences a large pKa shift upon complex formation. The pH‐dependent binding free energy profiles of the benchmark system are obtained with three different long‐range interaction calculation schemes: a cutoff, the particle mesh Ewald (PME), and the isotropic periodic sum (IPS) method. Our scheme captures the pH‐dependent behavior of binding free energy successfully. Absolute binding free energy values obtained with the PME and IPS methods are consistent, while cutoff method results are off by 2 kcal mol−1. We also discuss the characteristics of three long‐range interaction calculation methods for constant‐pH simulations.
Mass spectrometry based analysis of human plasma‐derived factor X revealed novel post‐translational modifications
Authors: Chevreux Guillaume , Tilly Nolwenn , Faid Valegh , Bihoreau Nicolas
Published: July 2015

Human coagulation factor X is a central component of the blood coagulation cascade that converts, under its activated form, prothrombin into thrombin. Generation of thrombin is the final step of the clotting cascade that leads to the clot by polymerization of fibrinogen molecules into a fibrin network. Today, research of new by‐passing agents of the coagulation may contribute to an increased interest for human factor X, which may, in consequence, lead to the need of a more exhaustive picture of its structural features. Several post‐translational modifications of human factor X such as γ‐carboxylation/β‐hydroxylation of the N‐terminal light chain and N‐/O‐glycosylation of the activation peptide have been described. But, so far as we know, no comprehensive studies of its post‐translational modifications have been reported. In this article we report an exhaustive structural analysis of human factor X by mass spectrometry using successive protein and peptide mapping. Surprisingly, human factor X was found to be mostly O‐glucosylated on its light chain at Ser106 position, Ser9 of its activation peptide is phosphorylated at about 30% and its C‐terminal heavy chain is fully O‐glycosylated at Thr249 by a mucin‐type O‐glycan (HexNAc‐Hex‐NeuAc). The knowledge of these post‐translational modifications is mandatory for the development of recombinant molecules.
Two Hexagonal Series of Lanthanoid(III) Oxide Fluoride Selenides: M6O2F8Se3 (M = La – Nd) and M2OF2Se (M = Nd, Sm, Gd – Ho)
Authors: Zimmermann Dirk D. , Grossholz Hagen , Wolf Sarah , Janka Oliver , Müller Alexander C. , Schleid Thomas
Published: July 2015

Two hexagonal series of lanthanoid(III) oxide fluoride selenides with similar structure types can be obtained by the reaction of the components MF3, M2O3, M, and Se in sealed niobium tubes at 850 °C using CsI as fluxing agent. The compounds with the lighter and larger representatives (M = La – Nd) occur with the formula M6O2F8Se3, whereas with the heavier and smaller ones (M = Nd, Sm, Gd – Ho) their composition is M2OF2Se. For both systems single‐crystal determinations were used in all cases. The compounds crystallize in the hexagonal crystal system (space group: P63/m) with lattice parameters of a = 1394–1331 pm and c = 403–372 pm (Z = 2 for M6O2F8Se3 and Z = 6 for M2OF2Se). The (M1)3+ cations show different square antiprismatic coordination spheres with or without an extra capping fluoride anion. All (M2)3+ cations exhibit a ninefold coordination environment shaped as tricapped trigonal prism. In both structure types the Se2– anions are sixfold coordinated as trigonal prisms of M3+ cations, being first condensed by edges to generate trimeric units and then via faces to form strands running along [001]. The light anions reside either in threefold triangular or in fourfold tetrahedral cationic coordination. For charge compensation, both structures have to contain a certain amount of oxide besides fluoride anions. Since F– and O2– can not be distinguished by X‐ray diffraction, bond‐valence calculations were used to address the problem of their adjunction to the available crystallographic sites.
Evodiamine suppresses capsaicin-induced thermal hyperalgesia through activation and subsequent desensitization of the transient receptor potential V1 channels
Authors: Iwaoka Emiko , Wang Shenglan , Matsuyoshi Nobuyuki , Kogure Yoko , Aoki Shunji , Yamamoto Satoshi , Noguchi Koichi , Dai Yi
Published: July 2015

Evodiae fructus (EF), a fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham, has long been used as an analgesic drug in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of its pharmacological action is unclear. Here, using calcium imaging, whole-cell patch-clamp recording, and behavioral analysis, we investigated the pharmacological action of EF and its principal compound, evodiamine, on the transient receptor potential (TRP) V1 channels. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and TRPV1- or TRPA1-transfected human embryonic kidney-derived (HEK) 293 cells were used for calcium imaging or whole-cell patch-clamp recording. Twenty male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the capsaicin-induced thermal hyperalgesia behavioral analyses. We found that evodiamine induced significant increases in intracellular calcium and robust inward currents in a subpopulation of isolated rat DRG neurons, most of which were also sensitive to capsaicin. The effect of evodiamine was completely blocked by capsazepine, a competitive antagonist of TRPV1. Evodiamine induced significant inward currents in TRPV1-, but not TRPA1-transfected HEK293 cells. Pretreatment with evodiamine reduced capsaicin-induced currents significantly. Furthermore, the in vivo pre-treatment of evodiamine suppressed thermal hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar injection of capsaicin in rats. These results identify that the analgesic effect of EF and evodiamine may be due to the activation and subsequent desensitization of TRPV1 in sensory neurons.
Interfacial Rheology of Mixed Surfactants at the Oil/Water Interface
Authors: Pang Jinyu , Du Sujun , Chang Runtian , Pei Qiang , Cui Dongxia
Published: July 2015

The interfacial rheology of surfactant mixtures (SBT and Tween® 80) at the oil/water interface is investigated using toluene as a model oil. The surfactant ratio in the mixed system has an important impact on the interfacial properties. After adding Tween® 80, the interfacial tension and modulus of SBT show remarkable changes. Compared with the individual SBT or Tween® 80 systems, the interfacial properties of the mixed surfactant system improve, especially at a 1:1 ratio. At the optimum ratio, synergistic adsorption takes place resulting in improved asphalt emulsion stability.
Using EBSD Data to Analyze Effect of Heat Supplied by Granite on CPO of Quartz in Deformed Quartzite
Authors: Mamtani Manish A. , Renjith A. R.
Published: July 2015

Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) data of quartz are presented from two quartzite samples of the Lunavada Group (Aravalli Mountain Belt, India). The two samples lie at a distance of 4 km and 30 km from the eastern margin of Godhra granite, which is known to have emplaced syntectonically with late deformation of the Lunavada Group rocks. The sample located away from the granite has weak CPO and fine grain size. Quartz grains in the sample close to the granite are coarse and show strong CPO. It is concluded that heat supplied by the Godhra granite resulted in coarsening of grain size, and dislocation creep was an important deformation mechanism in the sample proximal to the granite. Weak CPO in sample away from granite maybe due to grain boundary sliding, which may have been favoured by the finer grain size of quartz in the sample.
A Quantitative Analysis of the Ramganga Drainage Basin and Structural Control on Drainage Pattern in the Fault Zones, Uttarakhand
Authors: Asthana A. K. L. , Gupta Anil K. , Luirei Khayingshing , Bartarya S. K. , Rai S. K. , Tiwari S. K.
Published: July 2015

The present study incorporates quantitative analysis of drainage of the Ramganga basin, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. The drainage parameters (linear, areal and relief) of the Ramganga basin from Dudhatolidhar peak its point of origin to Kalagarh from where the river Ramganga enter into the plain, are covered. The impact of the morphological characters on the terrain is reflected by the drainage basin of the area. The calculated values of all the morphometric parameter of 38 Vth order intrabasins for different lithotectonic units were computed under four sectors viz., NE of NAT, between NAT and SAT, between SAT and MBT and downstream of MBT. In the lower reaches of Ramganga basin the various morphometric parameters shows existence of proportionality between stream length and catchment area while such proportionality is non-existence in the crystalline zone. Structural control on the drainage patterns of the Ramganga river and its tributaries are observed in the form of straight course, wide valleys with thick fluvial deposits and relatively gentle stream gradient along the transverse faults to incised valleys; less fluvial deposits in the banks and steeper stream gradient with knick points in the hanging wall of thrusts.
Palynofloral Evidence for PaPalynofloral Evidence for Palaeoecology and Depositional Environment of the Kopili Formation (Late Eocene), Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya
Authors: Trivedi G. K. , Ranhotra P. S.
Published: July 2015

A rich and diversified palynofloral assemblage has been recovered from the Kopili Formation exposed at 136 km post on Jowai-Badarpur Road, Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya, India. Besides the gymnospermous and angiospermous pollen and pteridophytic spores, the palynofloral assemblage also contains dinoflagellate cysts, fungal remains, bryophytic spores and reworked Gondwana palynofossils in good amount. Based on the distribution and habitat of the extant counterparts of recovered palynofossils, eight plant complexes have been recognized. Most families represented in the assemblage are presently distributed in the tropical to sub-tropical regions indicating almost similar climatic conditions during the deposition of Kopili sediments. The palynofloral assemblage indicates coastal to marine depositional environment with minor oscillations of sea, having fresh water connections with swamps and ponding conditions nearby.
Mineral Chemistry and Alteration Characteristics of Spinel in Serpentinised Peridotites from the Northern Central Indian Ridge
Authors: Banerjee Ranadip , Ray Dwijesh , Ishii Teruaki
Published: July 2015

Serpentinites (frequently cross cut by gabbroic dikelet), collected from Northern Central Indian Ridge (NCIR), Indian Ocean, contain both Cr-rich (Group I) and Cr-poor (Group II) variety of spinel. Based on mineralogy they can be classified as non-residual and residual spinel, respectively. While, non residual spinel (TiO2 up to 0.5 wt %; Group I) display the evidences of peridotite-gabbro interaction, residual spinel (TiO2<0.1 wt%; Cr# ~24; Group II), suggests intermediate degree of partial melting (~10%) of mantle peridotite, which falls between most depleted mantle peridotite (~15%) and most fertile peridotite (~5%). Alteration of spinel porphyroclast is conceded by the presence of relict fresh interior, intermediate ferritchromit zone and secondary magnetite at the margins. Due to the effect of serpentinisation, marginal areas of spinel porphyroclasts display increasing Fe, but decreasing Al and Mg, while their Cr content remains unaffected throughout the spinel.
Performance Analysis of Different Threshold Determination Techniques for Change Vector Analysis
Authors: Singh Sartajvir , Talwar Rajneesh
Published: July 2015

Change vector analysis as change detection technique is an effective tool for extracting and identifying land-cover change information from satellite imagery data. Threshold determination is one of most critical task in change vector analysis (CVA) which distinguishes “change” pixels and “no-change” pixels. Many threshold determination techniques for CVA such as empirical strategies, manual trial-and-error procedures or double-window flexible pace search (DFPS) semi-automatic, have been developed since last two decades. But the selection of appropriate threshold determination technique for specific study area is a very important and difficult process because overall accuracy of CVA depends upon threshold value. In this paper, different threshold determination techniques such as empirical strategies, manual trial-and-error procedures and DFPS, have been implemented to evaluate a method for CVA which could more effectively distinguishes the “change” pixels and “no-change” pixels on snow cover area. Experimental results confirm that a semiautomatic DFPS has greater potential than trail-and-error and empirical procedure to determine the specific threshold value for CVA technique that minimizes the overall change detection error probability and maximizes the overall accuracy.
Petrography, Geochemistry and Rb-Sr Geochronology of the Basement Granitoids from Umthongkut Area, West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya, India: Implications on Petrogenesis and Uranium Mineralization
Authors: Srivastava S. K. , Hamilton Sandeep , Nayak S. , Pandey U. K. , Mohanty R. , Umamaheswar K.
Published: July 2015

The basement granitoids from Umthongkut, West Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya is exposed in a very small area (1.5 km x 0.5 km) and unconformably overlain by Mahadek sandstone of upper Cretaceous age and successively followed by rocks of Tertiary age. Megascopically, granitoids are leucocratic, mesocratic to mild melanocratic and differ in texture and mineral abundance without any definite contact relation in field. The leucocratic granitoid is medium-grained, designated as granite (syenogranite and monzogranite) with appreciable content of biotite and garnet and has peraluminous to mild metaluminous character (mol. Al2O3/mol. CaO+Na2O+K2O= 0.9-1.17). However, mesocratic granitoid is relatively fine-grained, identified as quartz monzonite with abundant biotite, minor hornblende and opaque like magnetite, ilmenite, anatase, pyrite and chalcopyrite and metaluminous to mild peraluminous (mol. A/CNK=0.76-1.02) in nature. The presence of characteristic minerals and textural replacement features point towards S-type signature for granite and I –type for quartz monzonite. On the other hand, mixed S and I-type characters are observed in geochemical plot of SiO2 vs. A/CNK. The coexistence of granite and quartz monzonite with former being more evolved, S-type signature and presence of garnet with biotite suggests that the granite appears to be generated from melting of lower crustal source of monzonitic composition. The Rb-Sr dating is also attempted and the errorchron age of 1130±53 with low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7063±0.0011Ma appears to be the emplacement age for these coexisting phases of granitoid. Considering the Meghalaya plateau being northeastern extension of Chhotanagpur granite-gneiss complex (CGGC), the calculated age for the studied samples corresponds to the 1200-1000 Ma. which is defined as fourth tectono-magmatic thermal event of CGGC. Interestingly, these granitoids are considered as the probable source for uranium in the sandstones of Mahadek Formation of Cretaceous age hosting ore grade uranium mineralization at Umthongkut,
The Pipe-15 Kimberlite: A New Addition to the Wajrakarur Cluster of the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field, Eastern Dharwar Craton, Southern India
Authors: Dongre Ashish N. , Viljoen K.S. , Malandkar M.
Published: July 2015

This paper serves to report, for the first time, on the chemical composition of primary groundmass minerals occurring in a newly discovered kimberlite located 150m NE of the well known Pipe 2 kimberlite in the Wajrakarur cluster of the Wajrakarur kimberlite field, Eastern Dharwar craton, Southern India. These mineral compositions are also compared with newly acquired analyses of groundmass minerals in the Pipe 2 kimberlite. The kimberlite in this newly discovered intrusion (here referred to as Pipe 15) is characterized by a magmatic, microcrystic rock texture, consisting of microcrysts of serpentinised olivine in a finer groundmass rich in phlogopite, clinopyroxene, spinel, perovskite and apatite (in a base of serpentine). The rock is intensely altered. Phlogopite in the Pipe 15 kimberlite has comparatively low Al and higher Fe than phlogopite in Pipe 2 and (on this basis) is markedly different to phlogopite from Pipe 2. Spinels in Pipe 15 are also compositionally markedly different to that in Pipe 2 in that lower Ti/(Ti+Cr+Al) and Fe/(Fe+Mg) are seen in spinels from Pipe 15, when compared to spinels from Pipe 2. Furthermore, Fe-poor, primary (groundmass) clinopyroxenes are abundant in Pipe 15, while it is almost totally absent in Pipe 2. In view of these compositional differences, it is here considered likely that Pipe 15 represents a new, separate intrusion and that it is not simply a satellite of Pipe 2, in the Wajrakarur kimberlite cluster.

The compositions of the phlogopites, spinels and clinopyroxenes from the Pipe 15 kimberlite, as analyzed in the present study, are strikingly similar to that of the groundmass phases (phlogopite, spinel and clinopyroxene) in Group 2 kimberlites (orangeites) from the Bastar craton in Central India, as well as for typical orangeites from the Kaapvaal craton in South Africa. A genetic relationship to Group 2 kimberlites (orangeites) can therefore be inferred in view of modern mineralogical genetic classification. The recent discovery of Late-Cretaceous orangeite in the nearby Timmasamudram kimberlite cluster is also indicative of Group 2 kimberlite (orangeite) magmatism in this region of kimberlite intrusions, and serves to support the classification proposed here for Pipe 15.
Raman-Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy Study of Natural Cordierites from Kalahandi, Odisha
Authors: Majumdar Alik Sundar , Mathew George
Published: July 2015

A combined Raman and IR spectroscopic study has been carried out on natural cordierite samples from Kalahandi district, Odisha to understand the effect of Mg-Fe2+ exchange on Raman peak shift and to identify the volatile species within these cordierite crystals. In the field, the cordierites are hosted by silica-saturated quartz-feldspathic rocks, mafic granulites and also by the silica-undersaturated Mg-Al granulites. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and microprobe analyses were initially used to characterize the samples and to obtain chemical composition respectively. XRD of the gem quality cordierite reveals perfect orthorhombic symmetry, supported by Raman analyses that deduce the extent of Al-Si ordering in this mineral. Microprobe data indicate that most cordierites are Mg-rich (XMg = 0.93-0.94), however, a variation in Mg/Fe concentration of cordierite from different locations is observed. The samples also show high Na content that are associated with quartzo-feldspathic rocks intruded by pegmatites, than that of the Mg-Al granulites. This result suggests temperature variance in cordierite crystallization among different host rocks. Raman spectra of these cordierites define structurally resolved Raman vibrational modes where the magnitude of peak shift of most bands towards lower wavenumber than pure Mg-cordierite is proportional with Fe concentration, and are linked with the extent of Mg-Fe exchange within cordierite structure. FTIR study confirms the presence of both type-I and type-II waters along with significant amount CO2 as channel constituents, however, type-I H2O and CO2 concentrations vary within a single crystal. The FTIR spectroscopic evidence strongly supports a H2O and CO2 bearing fluid composition during crystallization of cordierite from these localities.
Remnants of Supracrustal Rocks around Mohar Brecciated Granite Complex, Shivpuri District, Madhya Pradesh: A Petrological and Geochemical Appraisal
Authors: Roy Madhuparna , Pandey Pradeep , Sarma G.V.G. , Bhairam C.L.
Published: July 2015

Enclaves, pockets, slivers and lenses of dark colored rocks within the predominantly granite territory and commonly referred to as andesites, have been reported in the area around Mohar structure in the western parts of Bundelkhand craton. These rocks are characterised by diverse mineralogy, microfabric and geochemical signature, although apparently maintaining similarity in broad megascopic attributes. Compositionally, these rocks deviate markedly from average andesite. The concerted petrological and geochemical studies have revealed three major rock suites viz., (a) tonalite-trodjhemite-granodiorite (TTG) mylonite gneisses, (b) calc-silicate-aluminous tuffaceous sediment association and (c) meta-rhyodacite porphyry. All the rocks are characterized by an imprint of dynamothermal metamorphism leading to the invariable development of a discernible gneissose fabric. The study also implies that these rocks in all their diversity, represent part of the metamorphosed and deformed supracrustals, surviving as remnants within younger Bundelkhand granitoid pluton, thereby stratigraphically older.
Leaching of Trace Elements from Indian Coal
Authors: Equeenuddin SK. MD.
Published: July 2015

Metal contamination due to coal leaching has caused various detrimental health hazards in the vicinity of mining industries. To evaluate the release of metal upon weathering under natural condition, aqueous leaching experiments of three different coal samples, from three coalfields - Neyveli, West Bokaro and Makum, were carried out. These coalfields represent three contrasting geological settings. Concentration of Cu and Cr in West Bokaro, and Ni in Makum coal exceeds that of world range. Leachate from Makum coal is highly acidic and contains very high concentration of Fe, Ni, Pb, Mn and Cd. This is mainly caused due to the dominance of pyrite in coal. On the other hand, coals from other mines release near neutral to slightly alkaline leachate. Leachate quality is mainly controlled by the mineralogy, which is a manifestation of depositional environment. Therefore, proper care needs to be taken during storage and dumping of coal at Makum area in order to control the metal contamination.
Geochemical and Mineralogical Studies in Recent Clastic Sediments from Upper Godavari River in Peninsular India
Authors: Vuba Shilpa , Ahmad S. Masood , Anipindi Nageswara Rao
Published: July 2015

Detailed geochemical and clay mineralogical investigations were carried out on bed sediments from upper Godavari river of peninsular India. The results suggest that these sediments are mainly derived from weathering of basaltic rocks of Deccan volcanic province. Strong relationship between Fe2O3 and TiO2 is attributed to their co-occurrence in weathering resistant minerals and/or scavenging of Ti by Fe oxy-hydroxides during weathering of basalts. The concentrations of Na2O, K2O and MgO in these upper Godavari river sediments are relatively less compared to parent basalt. The abundance of minor elements like V, Cr, Cu and Zn shows significant scatter within the range of Deccan basalts. Vanadium and nickel shows significant correlation with Fe2O3 due to their association with iron minerals or their sequestration with iron oxy-hydroxides. Higher Zn concentrations at some locations of Godavari river may have been due to anthropogenic contamination. The REE pattern is greatly influenced by the degree of source rock weathering. Light rare earth elements (LREE) show greater fractionation compared to the heavy rare earth elements (HREE) during weathering and transportation. Strong positive Ce-anomaly in some sediment samples suggests oxidizing conditions of deposition. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) varies significantly from 37.01 to 60.16, indicating large spatial variability in the intensity of chemical weathering of Deccan basalts. Low CIA values are observed in samples that are enriched in CaO probably due to semi-arid climate which facilitates CaCO3 precipitation and restricts chemical weathering.
High‐resolution structures of the d‐alanyl carrier protein (Dcp) DltC from Bacillus subtilis reveal equivalent conformations of apo‐ and holo‐forms
Authors: Zimmermann Stephan , Pfennig Sabrina , Neumann Piotr , Yonus Huma , Weininger Ulrich , Kovermann Michael , Balbach Jochen , Stubbs Milton T.
Published: July 2015

d‐Alanylation of lipoteichoic acids plays an important role in modulating the properties of Gram‐positive bacteria cell walls. The d‐alanyl carrier protein DltC from Bacillus subtilis has been solved in apo‐ and two cofactor‐modified holo‐forms, whereby the entire phosphopantetheine moiety is defined in one. The atomic resolution of the apo‐structure allows delineation of alternative conformations within the hydrophobic core of the 78 residue four helix bundle. In contrast to previous reports for a peptidyl carrier protein from a non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase, no obvious structural differences between apo‐ and holo‐DltC forms are observed. Solution NMR spectroscopy confirms these findings and demonstrates in addition that the two forms exhibit similar backbone dynamics on the ps–ns and ms timescales.
Recognition of xyloglucan by the crystalline cellulose‐binding site of a family 3a carbohydrate‐binding module
Authors: Hernandez-Gomez Mercedes C. , Rydahl Maja G. , Rogowski Artur , Morland Carl , Cartmell Alan , Crouch Lucy , Labourel Aurore , Fontes Carlos M.G.A. , Willats William G.T. , Gilbert Harry J. , Knox J. Paul
Published: July 2015

Type A non‐catalytic carbohydrate‐binding modules (CBMs), exemplified by CtCBM3acipA, are widely believed to specifically target crystalline cellulose through entropic forces. Here we have tested the hypothesis that type A CBMs can also bind to xyloglucan (XG), a soluble β‐1,4‐glucan containing α‐1,6‐xylose side chains. CtCBM3acipA bound to xyloglucan in cell walls and arrayed on solid surfaces. Xyloglucan and cellulose were shown to bind to the same planar surface on CBM3acipA. A range of type A CBMs from different families were shown to bind to xyloglucan in solution with ligand binding driven by enthalpic changes. The nature of CBM‐polysaccharide interactions is discussed.
The S100P/RAGE signaling pathway regulates expression of microRNA‐21 in colon cancer cells
Authors: Mercado-Pimentel Melania E. , Onyeagucha Benjamin C. , Li Qing , Pimentel Angel C. , Jandova Jana , Nelson Mark A.
Published: July 2015

S100P signaling through the receptor for advanced glycation end‐products (RAGE) contributes to colon cancer invasion and metastasis, but the mechanistic features of this process are obscure. Here, we investigate whether activation of S100P/RAGE signaling regulates oncogenic microRNA‐21 (miR‐21). We show that exogenous S100P up‐regulates miR‐21 levels in human colon cancer cells, whereas knockdown of S100P results in a decrease of miR‐21. Furthermore, blockage of RAGE with anti‐RAGE antibody suppresses S100P induction of miR‐21. In addition, we found that S100P induction of miR‐21 expression involves ERK and is suppressed by the MEK inhibitor U0126. Also, S100P treatment stimulates the enrichment of c‐Fos, and AP‐1 family members, at the miR‐21 gene promoter.
Identification of new substrates for the CYP106A1‐mediated 11‐oxidation and investigation of the reaction mechanism
Authors: Kiss Flora Marta , Khatri Yogan , Zapp Josef , Bernhardt Rita
Published: July 2015

CYP106A1 from Bacillus megaterium DSM319 was recently shown to catalyze steroid and terpene hydroxylations. Besides producing hydroxylated steroid metabolites at positions 6β, 7β, 9α and 15β, the enzyme displayed previously unknown 11‐oxidase activity towards 11β‐hydroxysteroids. Novel examples for 11‐oxidation were identified and confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR for prednisolone, dexamethasone and 11β‐hydroxyandrostenedione. However, only 11β‐hydroxyandrostenedione formed a single 11‐keto product. The latter reaction was chosen to investigate the kinetic solvent isotope effect on the steady‐state turnover of the CYP106A1‐mediated 11‐oxidation. Our results reveal a large inverse kinetic isotope effect (∼0.44) suggesting the involvement of the ferric peroxoanion as a reactive intermediate.
Structural, morphological, and functional diversity of amyloid oligomers
Authors: Breydo Leonid , Uversky Vladimir N.
Published: July 2015

Protein misfolding and aggregation are known to play a crucial role in a number of important human diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, prion, diabetes, cataracts, etc.) as well as in a multitude of physiological processes. Protein aggregation is a highly complex process resulting in a variety of aggregates with different structures and morphologies. Oligomeric protein aggregates (amyloid oligomers) are formed as both intermediates and final products of the aggregation process. They are believed to play an important role in many protein aggregation‐related diseases, and many of them are highly cytotoxic. Due to their instability and structural heterogeneity, information about structure, mechanism of formation, and physiological effects of amyloid oligomers is sparse. This review attempts to summarize the existing information on the major properties of amyloid oligomers.
Bicoid Signal Extraction with a Selection of Parametric and Nonparametric Signal Processing Techniques
Authors: Ghodsi Zara , Silva Emmanuel Sirimal , Hassani Hossein
Published: July 2015

The maternal segmentation coordinate gene bicoid plays a significant role during Drosophila embryogenesis. The gradient of Bicoid, the protein encoded by this gene, determines most aspects of head and thorax development. This paper seeks to explore the applicability of a variety of signal processing techniques at extracting bicoid expression signal, and whether these methods can outperform the current model. We evaluate the use of six different powerful and widely-used models representing both parametric and nonparametric signal processing techniques to determine the most efficient method for signal extraction in bicoid. The results are evaluated using both real and simulated data. Our findings show that the Singular Spectrum Analysis technique proposed in this paper outperforms the synthesis diffusion degradation model for filtering the noisy protein profile of bicoid whilst the exponential smoothing technique was found to be the next best alternative followed by the autoregressive integrated moving average.
A fresh perspective from immunologists and vaccine researchers: Active vaccination strategies to prevent and reverse Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Agadjanyan Michael G. , Petrovsky Nikolai , Ghochikyan Anahit
Published: July 2015

Traditional vaccination against infectious diseases relies on generation of cellular and humoral immune responses that act to protect the host from overt disease even though they do not induce sterilizing immunity. More recently, attempts have been made with mixed success to generate therapeutic vaccines against a wide range of noninfectious diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. After the exciting first report of successful vaccine prevention of progression of an Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal model in 1999, various epitope‐based vaccines targeting amyloid beta (Aβ) have proceeded to human clinical trials, with varied results. More recently, AD vaccines based on tau protein have advanced into clinical testing too. This review seeks to put perspective to the mixed results obtained so far in clinical trials of AD vaccines and discusses the many pitfalls and misconceptions encountered on the path to a successful AD vaccine, including better standardization of immunologic efficacy measures of antibodies, immunogenicity of platform/carrier and adjuvants.
Fickle men, faithful women: Effects of mating cues on men's and women's variety‐seeking behavior in consumption
Authors: Chen Rui , Zheng Yuhuang , Zhang Yan
Published: July 2015

Attitudes about commitment can affect consumers' variety‐seeking behavior. In the mating domain, short‐term mating cues tend to activate an uncommitment mind‐set in men and lead them to seek greater variety in romantic relationships; whereas long‐term mating cues tend to activate a commitment mind‐set in women and lead them to seek less variety. In this research, we explore whether short‐term and long‐term mating cues can likewise affect variety‐seeking behavior in the product consumption domain through their influence on commitment attitude. In three experiments, we demonstrate that men's variety‐seeking behavior increases in the presence of short‐term but not long‐term mating cues; conversely, women's variety‐seeking behavior decreases in the presence of long‐term but not short‐term mating cues. These effects are caused by attitude toward commitment induced by mating cues. Past research concerning this topic has focused on one gender and on short‐term mating cues only, but in this paper we provide a more complete picture—and a more coherent theory—of how, via influencing commitment attitude, mating cues affect variety‐seeking behavior differently in men than in women.
Hemodynamic effects of Purkinje potential pacing in the left ventricular endocardium in patients with advanced heart failure
Authors: Hamaoka Mamoru , Mine Takanao , Kodani Takeshi , Kishima Hideyuki , Mitsuno Masataka , Masuyama Tohru
Published: July 2015

Background

Various difficulties can occur in patients who undergo cardiac resynchronization therapy for drug‐refractory heart failure with respect to placement of the left ventricular (LV) lead, because of anatomical features, pacing thresholds, twitching, or pacing lead anchoring, possibly requiring other pacing sites. The goal of this study was to determine whether Purkinje potential (PP) pacing could provide better hemodynamics in patients with left bundle branch block and heart failure than biventricular (BiV) pacing.

Methods

Eleven patients with New York Heart Association functional class II or III heart failure despite optimal medical therapy were selected for this study. All patients underwent left‐ and right‐sided cardiac catheterization for measurement of LV functional parameters in the control state during BiV and PP pacing.

Results

Maximum dP/dt increased during BiV and PP pacing when compared with control measurements. This study compared parameters measured during BiV pacing with PP pacing and non‐paced beats as the control state in each patient (717±171 mmHg/s vs. 917±191 mmHg/s, p<0.05; and 921±199 mmHg/s, p<0.005); however, the difference between PP pacing and BiV pacing was not significant. There was no difference in heart rate, electrocardiographic wave complex duration, minimum dP/dt, left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure, left ventricular end‐systolic pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, or cardiac index when comparing BiV pacing and PP pacing to control measurements.

Conclusions

The hemodynamic outcome of PP pacing was comparable to that of BiV pacing in patients with advanced heart failure.