bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismological Aspects of the December 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake
Authors: Kanamori Hiroo
Published: July 2006

The 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake had an average source duration of about 500 sec. and a rupture length of 1,200–1,300 km. The seismic moment, M0, determined with a finite source model, was 6.5×1022 N- m, which corresponds to Mw=9.18. Allowing for the uncertainties in the current M0 determinations, Mw is in the range of 9.1 to 9.3. The tsunami magnitude Mt is 9.1, suggesting that the overall size of the tsunami is consistent with what is expected of an earthquake with Mw=9.1 to 9.3. The short-period body-wave magnitude m^ b is 7.25, which is considerably smaller than that of large earthquakes with a comparable Mw. The m^ b versus Mw relationship indicates that, overall, the Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake is not a tsunami earthquake. The tectonic environment of the rupture zone of the Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake is very different from that of other great earthquakes, such as the 1960 Chile and the 1964 Alaska earthquakes. This difference may be responsible for the unique source characteristics of this earthquake. The extremely large size of the Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake is reflected in the large amplitude of the long-period phase, the W phase, even in the early part of the seismograms before the arrival of the S wave. This information could be used for various early warning purposes.
Madagascar Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Okal Emile A. , Fritz Hermann M. , Raveloson Ranto , Joelson Garo , Pančošková Petra , Rambolamanana Gérard
Published: July 2006

The effects of the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on the island of Madagascar were surveyed in July and August of 2005. Runup and inundation were obtained at 52 sites, covering most of the eastern coast of the country, ranging from a maximum runup of 5.4 m in the south to locations where the tsunami was not observed by eyewitnesses present on the day of the event. The data set is characterized by significant heterogeneity, suggesting the importance of local factors in controlling runup. The report of a 50-m vessel breaking its moorings in the port of Toamasina several hours after the maximum visible activity of the wave underscores the complexity of harbor responses and the need to re-evaluate civil defense policies in port environments. Important factors are how the Malagasy population responded to the warning issued during the Nias earthquake, on 28 March 2005, and the hazard posed to Madagascar by possible future mega-earthquakes in south Sumatra.
Oman Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Okal Emile A. , Fritz Hermann M. , Raad Peter E. , Synolakis Costas , Al-Shijbi Yousuf , Al-Saifi Majid
Published: July 2006

In August 2005, a team surveyed the effects of the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on the southern coast of Oman. Runup and inundation were obtained at 41 sites, extending over a total of 750 km of shoreline. Measured runup ranged from 3.25 m in the vicinity of Salalah to a negligible value at one location on Masirah Island. In general, the largest values were found in the western part of the surveyed area. Significant incidents were documented in the port of Salalah, where a 285-m-long vessel broke its moorings and drifted inside and outside the port, and another ship struck the breakwater while attempting to enter the harbor. The general hazard to Oman from tsunamis may be greatest from the neighboring Makran subduction zone in western Pakistan.
Gender Issues in Recovery from the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Case of Sri Lanka
Authors: Ariyabandu Madhavi M.
Published: July 2006

The prevailing gender disparities in Sri Lanka became more prominent after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Relief and recovery operations were insensitive to gender differences in many respects, and women had little opportunity to participate in any of the stages of recovery. These trends were evident in such areas as emergency management, recovery planning, and specific interventions. As a result, gender-based disparities and vulnerabilities are being re-enforced and perpetuated. Knowledge, experience, and skills that women possess can contribute significantly to the planning and implementation of recovery operations to make the outcomes more appropriate and make the benefits equitable. Therefore, the various stakeholders in tsunami recovery must develop gender awareness and gender-sensitive practices.
Thailand Lifelines after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Edwards Curtis
Published: July 2006

A team of engineers went to the west coast of Thailand to investigate and document damage resulting from the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami. For the most part, the road system performed well during the tsunami. Bridges and culverts seemed to handle most of the inflow and outflow of the flooding with little or no erosion. Some bridge approaches and railings were damaged by the flooding, but service was not significantly interrupted. Most bridges in the beachfront areas of southern Thailand and Phuket were not extensively damaged by the tsunami. However, scour behind the abutments and wing walls evidently damaged the approach spans and put many of the bridges temporarily out of service. Water system damage was concentrated in the coastal areas. The lack of major pumping and treatment facilities along the coastline of Thailand and Phuket Island prevented major damage to the key components of the potable water system. However, private and localized wells and pumps were inundated by the tsunami, thus shorting the electrical components and contaminating the wells with saltwater. Damage to wastewater collection and treatment facilities was limited to those within the inundation zone. Due to the localized, coastal impacts of the tsunami, there was no damage to major electrical and telecommunications facilities, which are typically inland.
Far-Field Motions in Singapore during the December 2004 and March 2005 Great Sumatra Earthquake and the March 2005 Nias-Simeulue Earthquake
Authors: Pan T-C. , Karim K. R. , You X. T. , Lim C. L. , Leong C. L.
Published: July 2006

The frequency content of accelerograms, recorded at the basement of the Singapore Republic Plaza (RP) high-rise commercial building during the 26 December 2004 earthquake, was concentrated within a frequency band of 0.04–0.1 Hz. This observation explains why the ground motions did not cause much response in the buildings or by the citizens in Singapore. Occupants of only a few high-rise buildings in Singapore felt the vibrations. A finite element model (FEM) of the RP building computed displacement time histories at the roof level that were similar to the displacement traces obtained by integrating the accelerograms recorded at that level. However, the computed velocity and acceleration responses were not similar to the recorded motions. Ground motions recorded during the 28 March 2005 event were generally larger than the motions recorded during all other previous events, including the 26 December event.
Sri Lanka Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Goff James , Liu Philip L-F. , Higman Bretwood , Morton Robert , Jaffe Bruce E. , Fernando Harindra , Lynett Patrick , Fritz Hermann , Synolakis Costas , Fernando Starin
Published: July 2006

An International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST) consisting of scientists from the United States, New Zealand, and Sri Lanka evaluated the impacts of the 26 December 2004 transoceanic tsunami in Sri Lanka two weeks after the event. Tsunami runup height, inundation distance, morphological changes, and sedimentary characteristics of deposits were recorded and analyzed along the southwest and east coasts of the country. Preliminary results show how local topography and bathymetry controlled the limits of inundation and associated damage to the infrastructure. The largest wave height of 8.71 m was recorded at Nonagama, while the greatest inundation distance of 390 m and runup height of 12.50 m was at Yala. At some sites, human alterations to the landscape increased the damage caused by the tsunami; this was particularly evident in areas of coral poaching and of sand dune removal.
Coastal Indian Lifelines after the 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Tang Alex , Ames David , McLaughlin John , Murugesh Ganapathy , Plant Graham , Yashinsky Mark , Eskijian Martin , Surrampalli Rao , Murthy P. A. K. , Prasad M. , Gandhi Prathibha
Published: July 2006

Damage to the electric power system was confined to the distribution system, in particular to electric power poles that were downed by the tsunami. The power generation plants and substations were over 1 km inland and escaped damage. The telecommunication system performed well, and the postdisaster response was reasonably efficient, but inundation caused the shutdown of equipment. The major Tamil Nadu port, the Port of Chennai, performed well, and its seawalls reduced the tsunami impact. However, all the fish auction stations were damaged, thus affecting many villagers’ livelihoods. The transportation system in the southern coast suffered heavy damage, and much of the infrastructure along the east coast was damaged. Most municipal water storage tanks remained intact. However, seawater contaminated wells and arable land, and the long-term environmental and ecological effects of this are unknown.
Natural Warning Signs of Tsunamis: Human Sensory Experience and Response to the 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in Thailand
Authors: Gregg Chris E. , Houghton Bruce F. , Paton Douglas , Lachman Roy , Lachman Janet , Johnston David M. , Wongbusarakum Supin
Published: July 2006

Natural warning signs of tsunamis include ground shaking from earthquakes and unusual sea-level fluctuations, wave forms, and sounds. These signs can alert people to impending tsunamis, but no research has explored the recognizability of these signs or the social-cognitive factors that affect human behavioral response to them. Of 663 interviewees, 24% felt ground shaking during the earthquake; 69% saw something unusual about the ocean before the first wave reached land, mostly a receded shoreline; and 55% heard something unusual. Despite these levels of observation, most people did not evacuate. In fact, 65% saw other people in the danger zone at the time of the tsunami impact. Most respondents had to run for their lives but could not identify a safe place. There are major differences in experience among north, central, and southern coastal Thailand, reflecting social, topographical, and hydrological factors.
Landscape Changes in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Malik Javed N. , Murty C. V. R. , Rai Durgesh C.
Published: July 2006

Plate tectonics after the 26 December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake resulted in major topological changes in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Aerial and land reconnaissance surveys of those islands after the earthquake provide evidence of spectacular plate tectonics that took place during the earthquake. Initial submergence of the built environment and the subsequent inundation upon arrival of the tsunami wave, as well as emergence of the new beaches along the islands—particularly on the western rims of the islands and in the northern islands—are the major signatures of this Mw=9.3 event.
Northern Sumatra Field Survey after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Borrero Jose C. , Synolakis Costas E. , Fritz Hermann
Published: July 2006

A field survey of earthquake and tsunami effects was conducted in the region around Banda Aceh in northern Sumatra. The field data included visual observations of watermarks, which were located via handheld GPS units and then photographed. Where possible, watermarks were surveyed along cross-shore profiles to determine runup height. Additional information on wave arrival and behavior—including the timing and the number of waves—was collected through interviews with witnesses and survivors and from video recorded during the tsunami event. These data were used in conjunction with satellite imagery obtained before and shortly after the earthquake to describe the effects of the tsunami and earthquake in terms of runup height, inundation distance, flow depth, levels of structural damage, shoreline erosion, and earthquake-related subsidence. This data set is far from complete, and additional information is needed to fully assess the tsunami effects in northern Sumatra.
Performance of Lifelines in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, during the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami
Authors: Scawthorn C. , Ono Y. , Iemura H. , Ridha M. , Purwanto B.
Published: July 2006

The 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami significantly affected lifelines in Banda Aceh: (a) the water system sustained almost no damage due to shaking, but it had breaks at almost all aboveground stream crossings affected by the tsunami; (b) a waste disposal plant 1 km inland was estroyed by the tsunami; (c) electric utilities were not affected by shaking but were generally destroyed when impacted by the tsunami, and a floating generation barge was carried several kilometers inland; (d) a 70- m steel telecommunications tower at Lho Nga was destroyed by the tsunami; (e) the fishing port at Banda Aceh was totally destroyed, while the deep-water port at Kreung Raya (oil and dry cargo) lost half its piping and 3 of 9 oil tanks; (f) the airport at Banda Aceh is inland and had minor shaking damage to the control tower; and (g) one fire was reported on 26 December due to the earthquake. Significant lessons are (a) since the potential for this event was well known, the global earthquake community should better inform populations and decision makers; (b) urban master planning and building codes should include tsunami design as a standard and significant criterion; (c) the needs of lifeline operators should be considered in the design and development of tsunami warning systems; (d) building and other design codes should include tsunami design as a standard loading; and (e) extrapolation of the experience in this event to other situations is required.
Observations on Reconstruction in Banda Aceh after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Kessler Earl
Published: July 2006

A set of observations on reconstruction were made during the author's field work in Banda Aceh in March 2005. The Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre was contracted to provide technical guidance and support to the Government of Indonesia and the UN to develop a planning strategy for recovery in Aceh. Planning strategies were developed at a number of key meetings, and core issues and recommendations were identified.
The Effect of the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami on Transportation Systems in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Authors: Rai Durgesh C. , Murty C. V.R. , Jain Sudhir K. , Kaushik Hemant B. , Mondal Goutam , Dash Suresh R. , Tang Alex , Yashinsky Mark , Eskijian Martin
Published: July 2006

Boats and ships are the major modes of transportation among the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands. The Andaman Trunk Road also forms an important part of the transportation system in the Andaman Islands north of Port Blair. The harbor structures in the islands were the most affected during the ground shaking; the result heavily disrupted the lives of the island residents. These transportation systems are expected to be in working condition after a major disaster, to facilitate the search and rescue operations and the relief work in the affected areas. A reconnaissance team surveyed the damage that the 2004 earthquake and tsunami caused to the transportation structures in the islands. Damage was observed in all transportation systems, including harbors, highways, airports, and hangars.
The Impact of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on Tourism in Thailand
Authors: Birkland Thomas A. , Herabat Pannapa , Little Richard G. , Wallace William A.
Published: July 2006

The 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami appears to have reduced tourist visits to southern Thailand and particularly to the provinces of Phuket and Phang Nga. In Thailand, a much higher proportion of the tsunami victims were tourists than in other affected nations. Also, the tourism industry, which is a major source of foreign exchange, is very sensitive to the perception of risk created by disasters like this tsunami. Although revenues may remain depressed for some time, it is likely that tourism will rebound in this region because of the attractiveness of the physical amenity and the value it offers for European tourists. Damage to the physical infrastructure did not serve as a substantial impediment to response and recovery. Information and warning systems, together with buildings that afford vertical evacuation, will protect lives and reduce perceived risk.
Northwest Sumatra and Offshore Islands Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
Authors: Jaffe Bruce E. , Borrero Jose C. , Prasetya Gegar S. , Peters Robert , McAdoo Brian , Gelfenbaum Guy , Morton Robert , Ruggiero Peter , Higman Bretwood , Dengler Lori , Hidayat Rahman , Kingsley Ettiene , Kongko Widjo , Lukijanto  , Moore Andrew , Titov Vasily , Yulianto Eko
Published: July 2006

An International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST) conducted field surveys of tsunami effects on the west coast of northern and central Sumatra and offshore islands 3–4 months after the 26 December 2004 tsunami. The study sites spanned 800 km of coastline from Breuh Island north of Banda Aceh to the Batu Islands, and included 22 sites in Aceh province in Sumatra and on Simeulue Island, Nias Island, the Banyak Islands, and the Batu Islands. Tsunami runup, elevation, flow depth, inundation distance, sedimentary characteristics of deposits, near-shore bathymetry, and vertical land movement (subsidence and uplift) were studied. The maximum tsunami elevations were greater than 16 m, and the maximum tsunami flow depths were greater than 13 m at all sites studied along 135 km of coastline in northwestern Sumatra. Tsunami flow depths were as much as 10 m at 1,500 m inland. Extensive tsunami deposits, primarily composed of sand and typically 5–20 cm thick, were observed in northwestern Sumatra.
Structural Damage in the March 2005 Nias-Simeulue Earthquake
Authors: Boen Teddy
Published: July 2006

Nias and Simeulue islands, which are west of Sumatra, suffered structural damage, largely from shaking, during a large earthquake on 28 March 2005. This earthquake occurred in roughly the same epicentral area as the 26 December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake. Within a few days of the 28 March earthquake, a team set out from Jakarta to survey the earthquake damage on both islands.
Sri Lanka Lifelines after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami
Authors: Ballantyne Donald
Published: July 2006

The water supply and transportation lifeline systems near the coastline of Sri Lanka were the most heavily affected by the December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake and tsunami. The fishing and tourist industries were devastated; many fishing harbors were heavily damaged. Dozens of bridges in the highway and railroad system were damaged, primarily by erosion and scour. Portions of coastal road were washed away. However, most of the above-grade infrastructure components such as electrical distribution systems, water supply systems, communications systems, and bridges were inland and thus were not affected. Quickly distributing potable water to the affected areas was a challenge. International emergency responders provided portable, then permanent, water treatment facilities. An estimated 60,000 wells were inundated, 12,000 of which will require cleaning. Wells were being restored by pumping out the saltwater. Restoration was limited by the availability of equipment, labor, and supplies of critical resources. Sand for concrete to construct schools, hospitals, and housing was in very limited supply.
Observed Reconstruction of Houses in Aceh Seven Months after the Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 2004
Authors: Boen Teddy
Published: July 2006

The 26 December 2004 earthquake ( Mw=9.2) that shook Aceh and the subsequent tsunami catastrophe was one of the worst natural disasters in modern history. The world—governments and people—responded with unprecedented generosity in solidarity with the rescue and relief efforts of the affected communities and local and national authorities. This response has been very useful in reducing or mitigating the consequences of the disaster, and particularly in speeding the current recovery and reconstruction efforts. In the wake of the recovery and reconstruction of houses in Aceh, many NGOs and donors tried to introduce house types that defy the local culture with respect to earthquake-resistant houses and that also neglect social problems.
High-Dose Chemotherapy With Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation and Hyperfractionated Radiotherapy As First-Line Treatment of Primary CNS Lymphoma
Authors: Illerhaus Gerald , Marks Reinhard , Ihorst Gabriele , Guttenberger Roland , Ostertag Christoph , Derigs Günther , Frickhofen Norbert , Feuerhake Friedrich , Volk Benedikt , Finke Jürgen
Published: July 2006

Purpose

To improve survival and reduce toxicity in primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) treatment, we conducted a multicenter phase II study with early high-dose chemotherapy (HDT) and autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) followed by hyperfractionated whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for newly diagnosed PCNSL patients younger than 65 years of age.

Patients and Methods

Chemotherapy included three steps: three cycles of methotrexate (8 g/m2); cytarabine (AraC; two doses of 3 g/m2) and thiotepa (40 mg/m2) followed by stem-cell harvest; HDT with carmustine (400 mg/m2) and thiotepa (two doses of 5 mg/kg body weight) followed by ASCT. WBRT (45 Gy, two doses of 1 Gy/d) was administered for consolidation.

Results

Thirty patients with PCNSL younger than 65 years of age (median, 54 years; range, 27 years to 64 years) were enrolled (nine pilot-phase; 21 phase II). Twenty-eight patients responded to methotrexate: six patients with complete remission (CR), 15 patients with partial remission (PR), and seven patients with stable disease (SD) with clinical improvement. Of 26 patients proceeding to AraC and thiotepa, 10 patients achieved CR, 14 patients achieved PR, one patient experienced SD with clinical improvement, and one patient suffered disease progression. Twenty-three patients received HDT plus ASCT, resulting in 15 patients with CRs and eight patients with PRs. After WBRT, 21 of 21 patients had CRs. One patient died from liver failure after methotrexate. HDT was well tolerated apart from WHO grade 3/4 cytopenia. With a median follow-up of 63 months (range, 4 months to 84 months), 5-year overall survival probability is 69% for all patients and 87% for the 23 patients receiving HDT plus ASCT. The 5-year probability of relapse-related death is 21% for all patients (n = 30) and 8.7% for patients treated with HDT plus ASCT (n = 23).

Conclusion

Sequential systemic methotrexate and AraC and thiotepa followed by HDT plus ASCT and hyperfractionated WBRT is very effective with little toxicity as initial therapy for PCNSL.
Photoinduced Electron-transfer from Thiols to [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Miyashita Tokuji , Matsuda Minoru
Published: July 2006

The quenching of photoexcited [Ru(bpy)3]2+ by water–soluble thiols was studied by steady-state and time-resolved measurements. 2-Mercaptobenzoic acid and 4-mercaptopyridine which give the delocalized thiolate ions in water quenched [Ru(bpy)3]2+* effectively, and [Ru(bpy)3]+ was formed by the quenching. No quenching occurred with cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol.
Preparation of Cs2ZrY(PO4)3 and Related New Compounds
Authors: Ono Akira
Published: July 2006

New compounds have been prepared with the chemical formula A2ZrM(PO4)3 with A=K, Rb or Cs and M=Y or In. X-Ray diffraction data can be indexed based on a cubic cell with a langbeinite-type structure. CsTi2(PO4)3 could not be obtained but CsTi3P5O19 was synthesized between 1100–1275°C. It crystallized with a space group C2/c or Cc with Z=4.
The Crystal Structure of 3a,5,6a-Triphenyl-3,3a-dihydro-2H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-2,6(6aH)-dione
Authors: Mataka Shuntaro , Uehara Kazuko , Takahashi Kazufumi , Tashiro Masashi , Yoshihira Kunitoshi , Kawazoe Kayoko , Sato Sadao , Tamura Chihiro
Published: July 2006

The structure of 3a,5,6a-triphenyl-3,3a-dihydro-2H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-2,6(6aH)-dione in the crystalline state was determined by X-ray analysis. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P2/a, a=16.606(8), b=7.314(2), c=16.295(9)Å, β=111.67(4), z=4. The final R value was 0.067 for 2453 reflections.
Reactions of Trimethylsilylmethyl Azide with Aromatic Acid Derivatives Catalyzed by Fluoride Ion
Authors: Nishiyama Kozaburo , Mikuni Hiroyuki , Harada Mari
Published: July 2006

The treatment of an aromatic acid halide with trimethylsilylmethyl azide (TMSMA) in the presence of potassium fluoride and crown ether gave triazine, methanediamine, and benzamide derivatives, while the reaction of acid anhydride with TMSMA gave tertiary amine together with methanediamine and benzamide under similar conditions.
Cation-binding Properties of Ionophorous Cyclic Octapeptide in Acetonitrile Solution
Authors: Shimizu Toshimi , Tanaka Yoshio , Tsuda Keishiro
Published: July 2006

Complex formation of synthetic cyclic octapeptide, cyclo[Gly–l-Lys(Z)–Sar–l-Pro]2, with alkali and alkaline earth metal ion was investigated by CD and NMR spectroscopy. Titration curves obtained from CD data revealed three kinds of CGLSP2(P)/cation(C) complexes. P2C (“peptide sandwich”), PC (“1:1”), and PC2 (“cation sandwich”) complexes occurred in the complexation between CGLSP2 and Ba2+. In the presence of Li+, Mg2+, or Ca2+, the existence of PC and PC2 was assumed. K+ and Na+ form only a PC species with CGLSP2. By analyzing the titration curves, 1 :1 complex-formation constants (K1) were evaluated. The K1 values decrease in the order Ba2+>Ca2+>Mg2+>Li+>>Na+, K+. 1H- and 13C-NMR data showed that CGLSP2 in acetonitrile exists in at least five different conformational states in a free state. A predominant conformer had a C2-symmetric structure containing two cis Lys–Sar peptide bonds. After the addition of equimolar amounts of Ba(ClO4)2, these conformations converged into a single C2-symmetric one with all-trans peptide bonds. This corresponds to a PC species. On further addition of the salt, CGLSP2 changed the conformation into an asymmetric structure with one cis Lys–Sar peptide bond. This corresponds to a PC2 species.
Brillouin Scattering of Supercooled Liquids. II. Diisobutyl Phthalate
Authors: Koda Shinobu , Hashitani Ryuki , Nomura Hiroyasu
Published: July 2006

The Brillouin scattering spectra of diisobutyl phthalate were measured over a wide range of temperatures. The sound velocity dispersion was observed in the GHz region in a temperature range between 240 and 340 K. We concluded that the sound dispersion of the sample was attributed to the structural relaxation of a supercooled liquid. The relaxation curve of the longitudinal modulus was obtained by a superposition method and could be analyzed using a generalized B.E.L. model with a parameter of K=0.3–0.5. The viscoelastic relaxation in the GHz region was found to have a narrower distribution of relaxation times than in the MHz region.
Na+/H+ Ion-exchange Process on Layered Hydrous Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Sasaki Takayoshi , Watanabe Mamoru , Komatsu Y\={u} , Fujiki Yoshinori
Published: July 2006

The Na+/H+ ion-exchange on layered hydrous titanium dioxide, H2Ti4O9·1.2–1.3H2O, has been studied from chemical and structural aspects. The ion-exchange reaction proceeded stepwise through two stages [0–50%, 50–72% conversion]. In stage I a discontinuous change in interlayer distance took place and the 1/2-exchanged phase with a widened interlayer distance appeared. The exchange in stage II proceeded via a solid solution and resulted in the 3/4-exchanged phase. The variation in unit cell dimensions indicates that these partially exchanged phases were formed by swelling the spacing of adjacent [Ti4O92−]n sheets. The structural and the thermoanalytical data can be interpreted on the basis of the structural model in which sodium ions and water molecules are arranged in a double row in the interlayer region.
Extraction-spectrophotometric Study of the System Technetium–Chromotropic Acid–Long Chain Quaternary Ammonium Salt
Authors: Grases Feliçiá , March Juan Gabriel , Mata Félix , Peñafiel Alberto
Published: July 2006

A simple and highly selective extraction-spectrophotometric determination of technetium is described. The ion-associate formed between the technetium–chromotropic acid (CA) anion and trioctylmethylammonium (TOMA) is extracted with toluene in acidic media. The absorption maximum of the extracted species occurs at 630 nm, the molar absorptivity being 3.1×103 dm3 mol−1 cm−1. The composition of the ion-associate is estimated to be [Tc(CA)2(TOMA)3].
Application of Pyrrole/N-Methylpyrrole Composite Polymer to Cathode Active Material of Lithium Secondary Battery
Authors: Naoi Katsuhiko , Hirabayashi Takayuki , Tsubota Ichiro , Osaka Tetsuya
Published: July 2006

An electrochemically prepared polypyrrole(PPy)/poly(N-methylpyrrole)(PMPy) composite polymer film(PPy-PMPy) was used as a cathode active material of a rechargeable lithium battery. The charging-discharging behavior of a Li/LiClO4/(PPy-PMPy) battery was studied and compared with those of Li/LiClO4/PPy and Li/LiClO4/PMPy batteries. In order to rationalize the charging-discharging properties of these batteries, anion doping-undoping processes at PPy, PMPy, and PPy-PMPy electrodes were checked using the usual electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry and potential step chronoamperometry. A PPy-PMPy film electrode gave an intermediate conductivity as well as an intermediate redox potential just between those of the PPy and PMPy electrodes. Li/LiClO4/(PPy-PMPy) batteries with thin (0.3 C cm−2-charged) and thick (10 C cm−2-charged) PPy-PMPy films were found to show different charging-discharging characteristics, depending on their film thickness. The IR spectra obtained for a PPy-PMPy film showed that the composition of PPy and PMPy in the resulting PPy-PMPy film was different according to its film thickness and that the PPy content in the PPy-PMPy film became higher with an increase in its film thickness.
Binding and Catalytic Properties of Charged β-Cyclodextrins
Authors: Matsui Yoshihisa , Ogawa Kouichi , Mikami Seiji , Yoshimoto Misao , Mochida Kazuo
Published: July 2006

The effects of the signs and structures of charged groups in modified β-cyclodextrins on their binding and catalytic properties were examined in aqueous solutions by using ammonium salt of mono(6-sulfonato-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin and hydrogencarbonate salts of mono(6-trimethylammonio-6-deoxy)- and mono[6-(1-pyridinio)-6-deoxy]-β-cyclodextrins as charged hosts. An ionic guest was bound more strongly to an oppositely charged host than to an identically charged host. Binding constants for charged host-guest systems were affected by a change in the ionic strength and by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide to an aqueous solution. The catalytic effects of the charged hosts on the alkaline hydrolyses of o-, m-, and p-acetoxybenzoic acids were also different from those of the parent β-cyclodextrin. These results could be explained in terms of electrostatic, steric, and hydrophobic interactions between the hosts and guests.
Effects of Alkali Metals Added to Silica-Supported Ruthenium Catalysts on Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Enomoto Toshiyuki , Kata Keiichiro , Okuhara Toshio , Misono Makoto
Published: July 2006

The hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to produce hydrocarbons (Fischer–Tropsch synthesis) has been studied over Ru/SiO2 catalysts to which alkali metals (Li, Na, K, and Cs) were added. The effects of alkalis were compared by varying the amounts added and by varying the support to Al2O3. By the alkali addition, the CO conversion and the selectivity to methane decreased but the propagation probability as well as the olefin/paraffin ratio increased. Among the alkali metals, Li least depressed the catalytic activity of Ru/SiO2, but was most effective for the suppression of methane formation. In contrast to a K-added catalyst, the infrared band of adsorbed carbon monoxide shifted only slightly upon Li addition, showing its small electronic effect. The results in electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction suggested that the Ru particle size remained almost unchanged upon Li addition, although the amounts of adsorbed carbon monoxide and hydrogen significantly decreased. This indicates that Ru particles were partially covered by a compound of Li. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that the suppression of methane formation by Li was due to a geometric or ensemble effect.
Photoredox Properties of Viologen Linked Porphyrins
Authors: Okura Ichiro , Kaji Naruhiko , Aono Shigetoshi , Nishisaka Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2006

Viologen linked water-soluble porphyrins (ZnP(CnV)4) with different methylene chain lengths (n=2–5) between porphyrin and viologen were synthesized. These compounds were applied to photoinduced hydrogen evolution in a system containing NADPH–ZnP(CnV)4–hydrogenase under steady state irradiation.
The Crystal and Molecular Structures of Bis(2-methylpyridine)-, and Bis(3-methylpyridine)bis(thiocyanato)cadmium(II) in Polymeric Forms, [Cd(SCN)2(CH3C5H4N)2]n
Authors: Taniguchi Masahiro , Sugita Yoshihiko , Ouchi Akira
Published: July 2006

The crystal and molecular structures of the title complexes were determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. Both of them are triclinic, with the space group P\bar1. The crystallographic data: 2-methylpyridine (α-pic) adduct, a=11.076(3), b=18.478(8), c=9.299(3)Å, α=104.60(3), β=114.84(2), γ=81.12(3)°, Z=4, final R value is 0.037; 3-methylpyridine (β-pic) adduct, a=8.7667(16), b=16.655(4), c=5.8447(10)Å, α=91.406(18), β=100.571(14), γ=92.525(18)°, Z=2, final R value is 0.041. In both complexes, all cadmium atoms are in 4N2S-hexa-coordination, being in an octahedral geometry; they are oriented as any pair of side-by-side metal atoms being bridged by two thiocyanate ions. In the α-pic adduct, the chain is oriented approximately along the [111] axis. In the chain, the metal atoms in two kinds of orientations appear alternately: Around one kind of the metal atoms three kinds of ligating atoms are all in trans-configurations, and around the other kind of the metal atoms the respective pairs of N(base) and S(SCN) atoms are in cis and the pair of the N(SCN) atoms in a trans-configuration. In the β-pic adduct, the chain is along the [001] axis and pairs of three kinds of ligating atoms are all in trans-configurations.
Racemic Structure and Optical Resolution by Preferential Crystallization of Organic Ammonium Salts of N-Formyl-Dl-tyrosine
Authors: Shiraiwa Tadashi , Miyazaki Hideya , Uramoto Atsushi , Sunami Michio , Kurokawa Hidemoto
Published: July 2006

The Gibbs energy of formation of racemate, binary melting point diagram, and ternary solubility diagram indicated that dicyclohexylammonium salt of N-formyl-Dl-tyrosine (Dl-DCH salt) forms a racemic compound at melting point, but is a conglomerate at room temperature. The optical resolution of the Dl-DCH salt was successfully performed by preferential crystallization. A successive preferential crystallization in methanol at 10 °C followed by purification gave d- and l-tyrosines with 100% optical purity.
Aggregate Morphology of Peptide Lipids Having Hydroxyl Groups: Molecular Basis for Formation of Inverted Hexagonal, Inverted Cubic, Bilayer, and Micellar Phases
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Kikuchi Jun-ichi , Takaki Toshihiko , Uchimura Katsuya
Published: July 2006

Three types of peptide lipids having different numbers of hydroxyl groups in their head moieties, (HO)C5Ala2Cn, QC5Ala2Cn and Q2LysC5Ala2Cn (n=14, 16), were prepared, and their morphological behavior was investigated by various physical techniques: negative staining and freeze-fracture electron microscopy, low-angle X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, fluorescence polarization spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. QC5Ala2Cn, having four hydroxyl groups in the head moiety, underwent aggregation in the aqueous dispersion state to afford the nonbilayer phase, which was constituted with highly developed globular domains with face-centered cubic (CII) lattice, above the phase transition temperature (Tm). This CII phase was transformed into the bilayer one below Tm. On the other hand, Q2LysC5Ala2Cn, having eight hydroxyl groups in the head moiety, formed bilayer aggregates in a whole temperature range, above and below Tm. Deprotonation of the hydroxyl groups of QC5Ala2Cn and Q2LysC5Ala2Cn resulted in morphological changes to afford the bilayer and micellar phases, respectively. Two-component lipid systems composed of (HO)C5Ala2C14 and Q2LysC5Ala2C14 at appropriate molar ratios afforded the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase in the aqueous dispersion state; the first example of the HII phase formed with artificial double-chain amphiphiles. The aggregate morphology was discussed on the basis of the critical packing mode of lipid molecules.
Synthesis of (14R)- and (14S)-14-De(hydroxymethyl)-14-hydroxymycaminosyl Tylonolides
Authors: Sakamoto Shuichi , Tsuchiya Tsutomu , Umezawa Sumio , Umezawa Hamao
Published: July 2006

The title compounds 29 and 19 have been prepared from mycaminosyl tylonolide 9,20-bis(ethylene acetal) via 9 (for 19) and 13 steps (for 29). The key step in the synthesis of 19 is Baeyer-Villiger reaction applied to 2′,4′-di-O-acetyl-3-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-23-deoxy-23-oxomycaminosyl tylonolide 9,20-bis(ethylene acetal), and the desired 14-O-formyl derivative is obtained with other products including 12,13-epoxy and 14-C-carboxylic acid. The key step in the synthesis of 29 is Mitsunobu reaction applied to (14S)-2′,4′-di-O-acetyl-3-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-14-de(hydroxymethyl)-14-hydroxymycaminosyl tylonolide 9,20-bis(ethylene acetal), and the desired (14R)-acyloxy product is obtained by inversion at C-14, with other compounds including 10(11), 12(22), 13(14)-triene and 12-acyloxy-10(11),13(14)-diene.
Reactions of 1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-dihydropyridines with Carbonyl Compounds: A New Method for Regioselective Synthesis of 3-Alkylpyridines
Authors: Tsuge Otohiko , Kanemasa Shuji , Naritomi Toshio , Tanaka Junji
Published: July 2006

A new method for the alkyl group introduction at the 3-position of pyridienes is described: Reductive disilylation of pyridine, its 2-methyl, 3-methyl, and 4-methyl derivatives affords the corresponding 1,4-disilyl-1,4-dihydropyridines. In the presence of a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium fluoride, these dihydropyridines smoothly react with a variety of aldehydes and ketones to give 3-alkylpyridines.
Liquid Crystal Formation in Binary Systems. XI. Effects of Branching of Ester Alkyl Group on the Induction of Liquid Crystals in the N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylbenzidine–Alkyl 4-(4-Nitrobenzylideneamino)benzoate Systems
Authors: Matsunaga Yoshio , Niki Yurie
Published: July 2006

Smectic A liquid crystals are induced in binary mixtures with normal alkyl esters as well as with esters of branched alkyl groups.
Template Synthesis of Binuclear Lanthanoid Complexes with Macrocyclic Schiff Base Constituted of 2,6-Diacetylpyridine and 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol
Authors: Sakamoto Masatomi
Published: July 2006

Reaction of 2,6-diacetylpyridine with 1,3-diamino-2-propanol in the presence of lanthanoid(III) ions gave complexes of (2+2) macrocyclic tetraimine ligand, H2apdapy. Complexes synthesized have the composition of Ln2(apdapy)(NO3)4(H2O)5 (Ln=La or Pr) or Ln2(apdapy) (NCS)4 (H2O)4 (Ln=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, or Eu). It is suggested that the complexes are considerably stable and maintain the binuclear structure in dimethylsulfoxide solution.
Syntheses and Biological Activities of Neurokinin B Analogs Modified at Positions 2, 3, and 6
Authors: Uchida Yoshiki , Okimura Keiko , Kurosawa Katsuro , Sakura Naoki , Hirose Kyoko , Hashimoto Tadashi
Published: July 2006

Nine neurokinin B [NKB] related octa- and nona-peptides containing Arg and N-methylglycine, d-Ala, d-Phe, d-Trp, d-α-aminophenylacetic acid, d-Arg, d-Pro, d-homoglutamine, or d-homoglutamic acid instead of Met2 or His3, and Phe6, respectively, in the original sequences were synthesized by standard solid phase method. The biological activities of the analogs were assayed on isolated guinea-pig ileum. [Arg3, d-Ala6]–NKB (3–10) was found to act as an antagonist of NKB.
ESR and Mass Spectrometric Studies of Methanol Combustion. II. Correlation between Labile and Stable Chemical Species in Methanol–Oxygen–Argon Flame at Low Pressure
Authors: Taniguchi Masayuki , Yoshioka Toshiharu , Yoshida Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

In order to experimentally elucidate the chemical reactions of methanol combustion, the concentration profiles of ten chemical species were determined in stoichiometric CH3OH–O2–Ar flat flame at low pressure, 1.11×104 Pa. The concentrations of three labile intermediates (H, O, and OH) as well as that of stable O2 molecules, were measured by means of the probe-sampling-ESR method. The concentrations of six stable species (CH3OH, CH2O, CO, CO2, H2, and H2O) were measured using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The rates of the net chemical formation (or decay) of these species were determined by subtracting the effect of diffusion from their observed concentration profiles, and were examined on the basis of the reaction mechanisms previously proposed for methanol combustion. The experimental results were found to be consistent with the oxidation pathway CH3OH→CH2OH→CH2O→CHO→CO→CO2. The results also showed that the reaction CH2OH+O2→CH2O+HO2 is an important pathway for O2 consumption.
Deuterium Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Oriented DNA Fibers
Authors: Shindo Heisaburo , Hiyama Yukio , Roy Siddhartha , Cohen Jack S , Torchia Dennis A
Published: July 2006

Solid-state 2H NMR spectra were measured as a function of relative humidity for nonoriented DNA films and oriented DNA fibers deuterated at C8 carbons of the purine bases. The line-shape analyses of the quadrupole echo spectra from oriented DNA fibers demonstrated that the purine base planes of the A form of DNA were tilted by about 70° relative to the helix axis, and that base planes of the B form varied significantly, although they were, on average, perpendicular to the helix axis. These results were generally consistent with the X-ray fiber diffraction studies and the single crystal structures of oligonucleotides. Analyses of 2H relaxation times, T1 and T2, showed at 79% RH that the orientation of the base planes fluctuated about an axis normal to the helix axis with a correlation time, τc=3.6×10−8 s and amplitude of 8.5°. The correlation time of the base plane fluctuation was 1.5×10−8 s and the amplitude was 13.5° at 92% RH. In addition, at 92% RH, but not at 79% RH, the base planes reoriented slowly, τc ≈10−6 s, about the helix axis, through an rms angle of ca. 30°.
Mössbauer and ESR Spectroscopic Studies on the Mixed-Valence States of 1′,1'″-Dialkyl- and 1′,1'″-Bis(methylbenzyl)biferrocenium Triiodides in Crystalline and Dispersed State
Authors: Nakashima Satoru , Masuda Yuichi , Motoyama Izumi , Sano Hirotoshi
Published: July 2006

Iron atoms in the two different crystal forms of 1′,1'″-dibutylbiferrocenium triiodide showed different temperature-depending mixed-valence states; i.e., an averaged-valence state at higher temperatures and a trapped-valence state at lower temperatures in one crystal form but only a trapped-valence state from 78 K to room temperature in the other crystal form. The temperature-depending mixed-valence states were observed in 1′,1'″-diisobutylbiferrocenium triiodide, whereas only a trapped-valence state was found in 1′,1'″-dipentylbiferrocenium triiodide. Both the 1′,1'″-dibutyl- and 1′,1'″-diisobutylbiferrocenium triiodide showed Mössbauer spectra that were different from those of their crystalline states in a dispersed state. A good correlation of the anisotropy of g-values with the mixed-valence states was observed in the ESR spectra for a series of 1′,1'″-dialkyl- and 1′,1'″-bis(methylbenzyl)biferrocenium triiodides. The difference in the ESR parameters between these compounds in the crystalline state was reduced in the dispersed state.
Crystal and Molecular Structures of [Cu2(taec)X](ClO4)3·nH2O (taec=N,N′,N″,N'″-Tetrakis(2-aminoethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane; X=I, F, NO2, and CH3COO; n=0, 1, or 2). Effect of Incorporation of an Anion X on the Structure of the Complex Cation
Authors: Mikuriya Masahiro , Kida Sigeo , Murase Ichiro
Published: July 2006

The crystal structures of four binuclear copper(II) complexes of N,N′,N″,N'″-tetrakis(2-aminoethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (taec), [Cu2(taec)I](ClO4)3(1), [Cu2(taec)F](ClO4)3·H2O (2), [Cu2(taec)(NO2)](ClO4)3(3), and [Cu2(taec)(CH3COO)](ClO4)3·2H2O (4), were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. In all the complexes, each copper is coordinated by two ring- and two pendant-nitrogen atoms. All the complexes except for 4 adopt similar structures, where I−, F−, or NO2− is incorporated into the “cavity” of [Cu2(taec)]4+ as a bridging group. The structure of 4 is different from those of 1, 2, and 3. In 4, one of the oxygen atoms of acetate ion coordinates to one of the copper ions at the apical site and the other oxygen occupies an in-plane coordination site of the other copper ion. The structural effect of incorporation of an anion, X, into [Cu2(taec)]4+ was discussed on the basis of the crystal structures.
CH3···O Hydrogen Bond. Implications of Its Presence from the Substituent Effects on the Populations of Rotamers in 4-Substituted 9-Ethyl-1-methoxytriptycenes and 9-(Substituted Phenoxymethyl)-1,4-dimethyltriptycenes
Authors: Tamura Yoshio , Yamamoto Gaku , Oki Michinori
Published: July 2006

In the series of 4-substituted 9-ethyl-1-methoxytriptycenes, the populations of the sc conformer increase as the electron-density on the 1-methoxy–oxygen decreases. This trend was interpreted on the basis of steric repulsion which should increase as the electron density on the oxygen atom becomes high. In contrast, in the series of 9-(substituted phenoxymethyl)-1,4-dimethyltriptycenes, the high electron density on the aryloxy–oxygen favors the sc form. The stabilization of the sc form relative to the ap in the high electron density compounds in the latter series is attributed to the presence of CH3···O hydrogen bond, since other factors like Coulombic interactions, van der Waals repulsions, and van der Waals attractions could be excluded from being the main factor for the stabilization.
Photoinduced Substitution Reaction Initiated by Electron-Transfer. Photochemical Reaction of 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with Thiophenes
Authors: Maruyama Kazuhiro , Tamiaki Hitoshi
Published: July 2006

Photochemical reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (1) with thiophenes 2 afforded 2-chloro-3-(2-thienyl)-1,4-naphthoquinones. The reaction might be initiated by the photoelectron transfer from 2 to 1, resulting in the formation of combined products via recombination of the formed ion radicals 1\ewdot and 2\underset.+ by accompanying elimination of chloro and hydro radicals. In the photoreaction, reactivity of 2 was estimated from the observed oxidation potentials of 2 and the calculated electron densities in 2\underset.+.