bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hands Held Up
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

This chapter unveils the story of Charan Das who always longed for love as both his parents had passed away in an accident when he was very young. Raised by his paternal uncle and grandmother, he worked in multiple professions; from starting a flour mill in eastern Punjab to tailoring, watch repairing to business of hosiery and then finally settling down in Scotland. Most importantly, he found the love he was longing for after getting married to this woman whom he really needed in his life. The story, Hands help up, is about this man who lives in Glasgow while keeping his love for Lahore alive in his heart.
Time Tailor
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

This chapter narrates the story of Surinder Singh, a man from the holy Panja Sahib, whose migration would have been impossible without the help of the Frontier Gandhi. He remembers the announcement of the Maharaja of Patiala that gave them the courage to leave behind everything they owned, and they migrated carrying only three pairs of clothing. Remembering about the joyful days of his childhood, he recalls the fun rides on his father’s awe-striking Tonga. The story, Time Tailor, saddens the narrator for the current generation would never understand the love and friendship between him and Bashir. He wished if only people knew what they really lost and are still losing.
The Airport Professor
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

This chapter narrates the extraordinary story of a poet, philosopher, teacher, and author of 47 books, Dr. Satyapal Anand, whose journey begins from the North-West Frontier Province to Ludhiana but that is only the new beginning to the various places he visits later in his life. He ends up teaching the students all around the globe and attended many conferences in Norway, Denmark, UK, Germany, and Turkey that earned him a nickname, ‘Airport Processor’. He has fond memories of his village which he has had the fortune of visiting three times so far. This story reflects the storyteller’s belief that the time is indeed a leveller; a destroyer… but never a preserver.
Horror of Horrors
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter reveals the story of the father of Syed Abdul Waheed who tried his best to save his children. The details of an escape attempt from Ambala, are still fresh in the memory of narrator as he explains in great detail: how her sisters and father disguised themselves to hide their Islamic identities. His father who was a railway employee, had sought help from the Baloch Regiment for a safe passage, and yet he happened to be a spectator of many horrors before he could finally enter Pakistan while hearing the cheering slogans of Long Live Pakistan! Written in blood, Horror of Horrors, screams, ‘Why?’ with every single drop within.
Beyond Barbed Wire
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter reveals an unusual but beautiful story of a 22-year-old Hindu woman, Mandowari Karmani who was living in Sindh, Pakistan and did not migrate like the other Hindu families living there at the time of partition for a heart-warming reason. She recalls the thundering sounds of the fighter jets of World War II, that still haunts her. Now, an old woman who misses her three daughters who have migrated to India in the 1990s, wants to hug her grandchildren but only if she could cross the border. She says Beyond the Barbed Wires, peace is the only way. The story is a promise to people that humanity isn’t dead yet.
Egypt’s State Periodical as a Tool of Governance, 1828–39
Authors: Schwartz Kathryn A.
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the first decade of issues of al-Waqa’i‘ al-Misriyya, the Ottoman Arabic language paper founded by Mehmed ‘Ali in 1828, from the perspective of the government that made it and the functionaries who formed its target audience. I argue that the organ was intended as a tool of state-building, published not for an open-ended public but for those who were to use it to impose the emerging polity’s aims upon the land and people of Egypt. At the same time, it served to narratively render this select readership into one corps united by Mehmed ‘Ali’s vision for the province. In the absence of scholars’ regular and unrestricted access to Egyptian state archives, the entries across al-Waqa’i‘ al-Misriyya’s pages serve as an intriguing alternative resource.
Introduction
Authors: Baron Beth , Culang Jeffrey
Published: February 2024

This handbook is the first reference work in decades to cover the span of modern Egyptian history. Eschewing a view of the modern period as a series of reactions by Egyptians to the changes wrought by colonialism and modernity, it portrays modern Egyptian history as a continuous process of translation and adaptation, invention and reinvention, construction and reconstruction. The handbook brings together a dynamic group of leading scholars to highlight new and exciting research trajectories that are reshaping the field rather than provide a comprehensive overview of Egypt’s modern past. Although it represents the traditional staples of social, economic, and political history, the focus is on new and fast-growing areas of research, including the histories of medicine and disease, environment, and technology. The authors adopt various analytical lenses, especially gender and class, and to a lesser extent race. A current that connects all of the chapters is the archive—more specifically, the question of how to pursue research on modern Egyptian history at a time when access to the Egyptian National Archives has become more difficult. The handbook highlights some of the creative ways in which scholars are responding to this challenge.
Dams, Ditches, and Drains
Authors: Reynolds Nancy Y.
Published: February 2024

Egypt was integrated as a unified water landscape, or hydroscape, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries through the accumulated efforts of engineers, farmers, and state officials who constructed ever-larger water management projects to channel Nile water. While these efforts initially increased centralized control of water, the partial failure of new technologies ultimately returned some measure of agency to local users. The turning point came in the 1960s, when three colonial-era infrastructural projects were remade by the postcolonial state: the large dam system in the country’s south at Aswan, Cairo’s sewer system, and the hydrology of the canal and drainage systems in the country’s agricultural fields. These changes fundamentally reoriented the work of managing the river system. Whereas in the earlier period, the river was managed at its highest levels (in flood) and involved the removing of silt from canals, by the second half of the twentieth century, water control focused on managing the river at its lowest levels and managing scour from the now silt-free river. The Aswan High Dam, completed in 1971, established a new hydrological regime by eliminating the annual flood, flattening out the seasonal variation in the river’s flow, and ultimately requiring an extensive drainage system to counter the rising water table. Connecting the local surface encounters of water users to the larger infrastructural story demonstrates, then, how a range of engineering practices both created a national hydroscape and, paradoxically, opened new spaces for individual interaction with the overall system.
Toward Understanding Muslim Responses to Forced Migration
Authors: Zaman Tahir
Published: February 2024

Using the example of Islamic tradition, this chapter navigates developments in how the intersections of religion and forced migration have been understood in academic and policy arenas. The author identifies three key areas around which knowledge generation on Muslim responses to refugee situations has clustered: rights-based approaches to protection and assistance, readings of hospitality to account for the encounter between so-called host communities and newly arrived refugees, and decolonial perspectives that interpret the dynamics of mass displacement situations from within the framework of an Islamic ontology and epistemology. The author argues that while Islamic traditions have been mobilized across different forums to advocate for a culturally different conception of protection and assistance for displaced people, Islamic traditions—as a perspective on migration and mass displacement—remain subordinate to European ways of knowing, seeing, being, and doing in the world that spatially fixes people within the territorial borders of the nation-state.
Running Late
Authors: Mayer Ruth
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the temporal dimensions of serial storytelling in the silent film serial both on a structural level and as a plot contrivance. It approaches the silent serial as a unique cinematic mode with its very own conventions and practices, rather than a mere preparation for feature-film storytelling, and it focuses on the paradigmatically serial device of the cliffhanger. The chapter investigates the “pre-cliffhanger” serial The Hazards of Helen (1914–1917), in comparison to the cliffhanger serial A Woman in Grey (1920). Both serials revolve around “serial queens” and both draw heavily on temporally inflected narrative formulas such as the “last-minute rescue” or the chase, and they do so in ways that differ from the practices of the feature film. At the same time, these serials participate in a more pervasive cultural renegotiation of time and temporality, taking issue with the time politics of industrial modernity at large.
A Prologue to Hollywood
Authors: Melnick Ross
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines Sidney Patrick Grauman’s role in developing film prologues and premieres that helped redirect the focus of the film industry westward via a combination of motion-picture marketing and exhibition and real estate investment and promotion. Grauman, through his real estate development projects, redefined the cityscape of Los Angeles in the 1910s and then, during the 1920s, the growing urbanity of Hollywood. Grauman’s use of stars, publicity, and premieres to sell his real estate, theatrical, and other ventures is part of a larger story about his role in Hollywood’s evolution. Examining Grauman’s additional connections with local developers, financiers, hotels, banks, and industry organizations provides a window into the small number of key players in Hollywood’s early maturation and how Grauman’s Egyptian and Chinese theaters, the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, and other local entities became essential parts of Hollywood’s growth as an iconic place for global commerce, entertainment, and tourism.
Introduction
Authors: King Rob , Keil Charlie
Published: February 2024

Revisionist scholarly interest in silent cinema has now lasted longer than the silent era itself. This introductory chapter offers an overview of that scholarship, the better to see how silent film research positions itself today. It considers how historical research into film’s early years first emerged out of debates and disputes within the context of 1970s film studies; it explores how the concept of “modernity” subsequently provided a framework for silent film scholars in the 1990s and 2000s to bridge the concerns of film history and film theory; and it sketches the implications of the recent material turn in the humanities for silent film scholarship. It concludes by advocating a comparative media approach to film historiography, for which the emphasis falls on relations among media forms, technologies, and institutions as frameworks for historical analysis.
Scandinavian Cinema, Location, and the Discourse of Quality in 1920
Authors: Bachmann Anne
Published: February 2024

In Swedish film history, it is customary to describe the production practice emerging from 1916/1917 onward, and geared toward quality cinema, as resulting in a “golden age,” with flagship productions characterized by natural scenery, psychological interest, and a weighty sense of literariness. Around 1920, this production trend inscribed itself into various realms of Sweden’s contemporary culture, in particular interacting with a burgeoning contemporary print culture in the form of posters, souvenir booklets, and book editions with film stills. The Swedish style soon spread to other Nordic countries and was endorsed by Carl Th. Dreyer, whose films from the early 1920s partake in a trans-Scandinavian practice informed by the quality concept formed in Swedish cinema. The article explores trans-Scandinavian aspects of this era, framing them in terms of nature and location, tied to the notion of authenticity.
Picture, Shadow, Play
Authors: Bao Weihong
Published: February 2024

This chapter looks at how cinema’s initial appearance in China reveals the limits of media archaeology and invites a new way of thinking about ontology. It takes a slice of the first few years of cinema’s development in China while relocating that period within the longer and broader history of visual modernity from the mid-nineteenth century onward. Zooming in and out of this horizontal and vertical span, the chapter examines how cinema’s ontology was threaded through a series of media analogies: picture, shadow, play. By looking into their historical antece dents, the chapter illustrates how these analogies did not correspond to specific media “objects” in a Cartesian sense but instead served as ontological placeholders, hinting at the tremendous transformations in media practice during this period. Together, these ontological constellations contributed to new modes of perceiving, experiencing, and knowing as the condition of possibility for cinema.
Race, Rights, and Reproductive Oppression
Authors: Bridges Khiara M.
Published: February 2024

This chapter draws into greater relief the relationship of race to reproductive rights. The first section explains why abortion rights are an issue of racial justice. The second section explores a few of the myriad modes by which reproductive oppression—that is, the domination and subjugation that operate through the regulation and exploitation of people’s reproductive capacities—is inflicted in the United States today. It discusses the United States’ long history of sterilization abuse against poor and nonwhite communities, the criminalization of substance use during pregnancy, and the terror that the child welfare system (frequently called the “family policing” or “family regulation” system by activists) inflicts on vulnerable families. The chapter notes that nonwhite people with the capacity for pregnancy sustain these forms of reproductive oppression more frequently and to a greater degree than their White counterparts. It offers that the disparate racial burdens imposed by these forms of reproductive oppression likely explain why so much of it flies under the radar and never becomes the stuff of headlines.
The Role of Race in Expanding and Diminishing Parental Rights
Authors: Bridges Khiara M.
Published: February 2024

The right of parents to direct their children’s upbringing is a right that, at least in theory, the Constitution guarantees to all. The right is not supposed to be contingent on the parents’ race or socioeconomic status (or any other status, for that matter). However, in practice, parents with race privilege—especially when combined with class privilege—have robust rights to family privacy. Meanwhile, parents without race privilege—especially when that nonwhiteness intersects with a low income—appear to have rights to family privacy that exist solely in theory. This chapter examines two contexts to illustrate this stark divergence: the battle over “Critical Race Theory” in K-12 schools and the family regulation system’s practice of systematically separating and dismantling vulnerable families.
Urbanity, Biopolitics, and Race in Whitman’s “Manly Health and Training”
Authors: Pöhlmann Sascha
Published: February 2024

Walt Whitman’s “Manly Health and Training” offers an opportunity to reconsider the long-standing assessment of Walt Whitman’s urbanity. Neither journalistic prose nor poetry (but still poetic and imaginative), “Manly Health” is a city text, blending self-help manual and biopolitical manifesto. “Manly Health” attempts a reconciliation of the positive and negative aspects that allegedly distinguish Whitman’s urban poetry and prose, and it combines the utopian promise of metropolitan life with a critique of its actual dire conditions. This chapter also argues that Whitman proffers “individualist biopolitics,” or a care of the self that is entirely the responsibility and domain of the individual, but which nevertheless serves national interests. The city in “Manly Health” is the site of a dual conflict between individual and society that plays out in the related terms of Modern economic conditions and biopolitical demands that constitute Whitman’s combined critique and fantasy of America.
Indigenous Glyphs, Granite Inscriptions
Authors: Einboden Jeffrey
Published: February 2024

Opening with discussion of a monument that marked the centennial of Walt Whitman’s 1819 birth, this chapter interrogates Whitman’s engagements with hieroglyphic antiquity, excavating the graphic and alphabetic inscriptions that lie underneath Leaves of Grass. In 1920, lines from Leaves of Grass were inscribed in massive letters on a Canadian cliff overlooking Mazinaw Lake in traditional Algonquian territory. Now, a full hundred years later, these inscribed words have eroded but are still faintly legible, aptly reflecting tensions original to Whitman’s own poetry, spanning organic grass and effaced granite, English language and Anishinaabe lands. The chapter argues that Whitman’s verses—rightly associated with leafy animation and serene leisure —are also rooted in a nineteenth century typified by archaeological discovery and deciphering, with Leaves of Grass growing from the granite and clay grounds of pre-Columbian America and Bronze Age Assyria, bridging between Indigenous petroglyphs and Near Eastern cuneiform tablets.
Whitman Left to His Own Devices
Authors: Folsom Ed
Published: February 2024

This essay examines Walt Whitman’s “erotics of reading,” the way he imagined his material book itself to be a kind of haptics—a technology of touch feedback. It examines Whitman’s use of haptic diction—touch, tenderness, press—his insistence upon the reader’s body materially touching the poet’s body (of work). It probes how Whitman uses deictic words—this, here, now—to point to nothing specific and thus to the one place that these words all magically do point: a moment of now, here, where you are reading this material book. The essay explores the way his words insist that they feel the pulse of the reader’s wrist as the physical hand of the reader descends on the actual physical printed page. The essay concludes by acknowledging that this magic is an artifice or a device, as Whitman reveals in his odd and complex “Whoever You Are Holding Me Now in Hand.”
Backhanded Compliments, or Rehabilitating Rehabilitation in Whitman
Authors: Martínez Benedí Pilar , Savarese Ralph James
Published: February 2024

This essay analyzes Walt Whitman’s evolving notion of vigor, especially after the strokes that he experienced in 1873 and 1875. In Specimen Days, Whitman describes “left-hand writing” by Civil War veterans and declares it “beautiful,” though “slant[ing] backwards instead of forward.” In this moment, we see Whitman “looking over some of this writing”—exploring, that is, the fruits of rehabilitation. The concept of “rehabilitation” traditionally assumes an embodied norm even as it tries to find a solution to catastrophic injury. However, it also locates disability strictly in the person as opposed to the environment. Physiological distinctiveness only becomes disabling when the environment refuses to accommodate it—or, in Whitman’s terms, to sing and celebrate it. Yet a more progressive, one might even say a more neurocosmopolitan, understanding of rehabilitation has begun to emerge: one that almost begs to be applied to the good gray poet and bard of democracy.
Whitman’s Prodigal “Pictures”
Authors: Gray Nicole
Published: February 2024

This essay revisits Walt Whitman’s manuscript poem “Pictures,” an early piece described as “pre-natal” to Leaves of Grass. Drawing on a constellation of related manuscripts, it shows that the idea that was “Pictures” evolved over the course of decades. Hovering between manuscript and print, early and late, “Pictures” remains on the periphery of publication and yet informs a number of Whitman’s poems and ideas. His use of “Pictures” manuscripts as poetic compost also turns the desire to date and to categorize back on itself, frustrating critical desires to think of the poem as a single, datable item. More productively, “Pictures” should be understood as a spinal idea that informed manuscripts and published lines for decades. To think of any single manuscript version as complete or authoritative compromises the potential to see the full field of resonances of the project across decades and through multiple printed volumes of poetry.
On Color Metaphors in Organization Studies
Authors: Örtenblad Anders , Alpaslan-Danisman Sumeyra
Published: February 2024

This chapter acknowledges color metaphors in organization studies, and focuses on one group of color metaphors that may be the most frequently used—the variety of color-coded versions of the collar metaphor, such as blue- and white-collar workers. The chapter is based on an unsystematic literature review, and identifies and discusses a set of fairly common color metaphors that have occurred in both more academic and more practitioner-oriented writings. The authors make efforts to trace how certain colors have been given certain meanings, as they have been used as metaphors in combination with “collar.” The authors give examples of the many different meanings that there are of any single color, discuss the universality of meaning of any particular color, and suggest that caution is exercised by any organizational researcher who wants to include color metaphors in their research.
Using Metaphors in Research
Authors: Mitterhofer Hermann , Jordan Silvia
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses how organizational visual metaphors translate particular discourses and come to shape shared ways of thinking and acting in organizational contexts. Visual metaphors are found in written documents such as performance reports and risk reports, and they may appear in company interior design (pictures, paintings, sculptures in offices) or in digital media (e.g., in social media debates, self-representations in intranets, or PowerPoint slides when internally promoting a particular program of restructuring or a new strategy or “vision”). The chapter illustrates the relevance of visual metaphors in organizations, and outlines theoretical concepts and methods for analyzing these “metaphors in use.”
Research
Authors: Letiche Hugo , de Loo Ivo
Published: February 2024

“Invitation to research” is a metaphor. However, on the semantic or narrative level, we are rarely “invited” to conduct research. This chapter examines three very different ways of dealing with the metaphorical nature of doing research. The metaphorical grounds to semiotics (words) and semantics (narratives) are crucial to our very ability to do research. The authors first turn to Paul Ricoeur, the 20th century’s leading theoretician of the metaphor in research, linking his views to Gareth Morgan’s (1986) text on organizational metaphor. Then, they describe Jacques Derrida’s and Bernard Stiegler’s challenges to the propriety of metaphorization. What if metaphors endlessly keep referring to one another; or if the choices of metaphor do more harm than good? Thereafter, Henri Lefebvre’s rhythmanalysis is examined as an example of metaphorization as good practice. Finally, the authors discuss how balance may be sought between the necessity, complexities, and pitfalls of metaphor in research.
Do Indigenous Metaphors have Universal Applicability?
Authors: Dell Kiri , Spiller Chellie , Staniland Nimbus
Published: February 2024

Indigenous paradigms are renowned for promoting holistic relationships with the environment, connectedness to place, and an intwined sense of belonging to a universal life force. The socially constructed worlds of Indigenous Peoples provoke ways of thinking that create sustainable practices and harmonious living with Earth. The contribution Indigenous metaphors offer are explored through Māori experiences in New Zealand. Four Māori metaphors being enacted in New Zealand’s organization environment are examined: Te Whare Tapa Wha (a house with four walls), whānau (kinship networks), Maui (personifying innovation), and rāranga (life as interwoven). The authors draw on these Māori metaphors and examine the implications of adopting, incorporating, and utilizing them beyond originating contexts. The authors address the political realities of engaging Indigenous metaphors, where the power imbalance of colonial situations creates sensitivities when non-Indigenous people access Indigenous knowledge. They also explore how Indigenous metaphors travel and assess which metaphors might gain uptake.
Metaphors of Digital Transformation
Authors: Audrin Bertrand , Davoine Eric
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores metaphors used by organizational actors to understand digital transformation and digitalized organizations. Following a “pigeon-holing approach” (Örtenblad 2017), we identify and categorize two sets of metaphors. The first set of metaphors consists of the metaphors of digital transformation: that is, the metaphors that deal with change—the wave metaphor and the digit metaphor. These metaphors help us better understand different dimensions of digital transformation as a technological and organizational change process. The second set consists of the metaphors of digitalized organizations: that is, the metaphors that deal with transformed organizations. Based on Morgan’s (1986) metaphors, the authors identify three root metaphors, namely the machine metaphor, brain metaphor, and instrument of domination metaphor. They argue that using several metaphors as categories helps us identify differences between various phenomena associated with digital transformation and digitalized organizations, and offer an overview of organizational actors’ understandings of these phenomena.
Managers’ Regulatory Focus, Exploration-Exploitation, and Temporal Ambidexterity
Authors: Tuncdogan Aybars , Ritala Paavo , Karhu Päivi
Published: February 2024

Micro-foundations of ambidexterity—the psychological underpinnings that enable the individual level exploration-exploitation behavior by managers—is a topic that is attracting increasing scholarly attention. However, the extant research on temporal ambidexterity and the reasoning why managers decide to explore or exploit at a particular point of time is still scarce. In this chapter, drawing upon research on regulatory focus (a trait-like construct that can shift due to contextual influences), we establish a theoretical grounding and build a conceptual model for managers’ temporal ambidexterity. More specifically, we develop a dynamic model where we show how short-term and long-term performance aspirations and the received feedback affect managers’ exploration and exploitation choices. This chapter introduces the regulatory focus construct into the Handbook, and the model provides a feasible starting point for theorizing and empirical work on individual-level temporal ambidexterity.
Moderating Machiavelli
Authors: Hemsey Destiny R. , Dahling Jason J.
Published: February 2024

This chapter focuses on the Machiavellianism trait: Contrary to common belief, Machiavellian behavior is sensitive to situations and can be suppressed or exacerbated under certain circumstances. This chapter summarizes and interprets these situational characteristics that moderate the expression of Machiavellian personality specifically in the workplace. The authors apply trait activation theory and situational strength theory to organize findings and identify themes in the literature. Their analysis emphasizes the important moderating roles of normative standards, opportunity-enhancing situational factors, and perceived threats on the expression of Machiavellianism. The chapter concludes by deriving important directions for future research and the effective management of highly Machiavellian workers.
A Typology for Engaging Individuals in Crowdsourcing
Authors: Randhawa Krithika
Published: February 2024

Crowdsourcing is an open innovation mechanism by which organizations (seekers) tap into large groups of external individuals (solvers) to generate innovative ideas and solutions. To date, relatively little is known about open innovation at a more micro level than the firm, providing scarce insights into the role individuals (outside an organization) play in crowdsourcing. Yet, successful crowdsourcing depends on the activities and inputs of such individuals. This chapter consolidates the different ways individual solvers can contribute to open innovation in both corporate and social crowdsourcing contexts, and explains how seekers can tap into individuals to produce various open innovation outcomes. Based on this, a typology for engaging individuals in crowdsourcing is developed, unpacking four categories of crowdsourcing strategies that allow firms to design aligned models, based on the type of solver expertise required (for technical problem-solving and for ideation) and different levels of solver interactions (in innovation contests and online communities). Opportunities are outlined for future research to further examine how best to enable and harness solver engagement that will yield valuable contributions to theory and practice.
Intermediaries and Platforms for Open Innovation
Authors: Diener Kathleen , Piller Frank , Pollok Patrick
Published: February 2024

Intermediaries are an inherent part of value creation in open innovation, especially crowdsourcing. They connect organizations seeking external input or solutions for an innovation-related problem (seekers) with potential solution providers (solvers). To bridge between the innovation problem and external knowledge sources, intermediaries deploy different search strategies and offer complementary services. Drawing on three market surveys conducted among open innovation intermediaries over the last decade, this chapter introduces the market of open innovation intermediaries, provides descriptive information about their value chain, structures the professional services offered by them, and comments on the ongoing challenges of these essential actors of the larger open innovation ecosystem.
Open Innovation in Smart Cities
Authors: Almirall Esteve
Published: February 2024

In a world where societies increasingly compete on innovation, cities are no strangers and aim to go beyond the provision of public services and the regulation of public goods. Open innovation has also taken cities by storm. However, Open innovation in cities has different objectives, methodologies, and aims than in the private sector. Objectives are different because cities seek the common good above all. Methodologies are different because labs, platforms, and city ecosystems are of paramount importance. Actors are different because citizens, non-profits, research organizations, and agencies play a fundamental role. This chapter reviews more than a decade of efforts of open innovation in cities together with the lessons learned. It shows the tensions between the actual city structures and their ambitions, highlighting the importance of open innovation in cities and the urgent need for transformation and renewal.
Open Innovation in Regional Innovation Clusters and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Radziwon Agnieszka
Published: February 2024

The geographical dimension of open innovation consists of (geographical) proximity, economic growth, and inter-organizational networks. On one hand, clusters are characterized by spatial affordances and non-random co-location of economic activity—especially innovation. On the other hand, digital and traditional entrepreneurial ecosystems may benefit from both spatial and digital affordances. Firms embedded in a particular geographical location may experience advantages not only due to geographical proximity but also because of knowledge flows between the key actors forming relationships around shared technology and interests. This is where open innovation can play an important role in further development and growth while improving policy support, entrepreneur-to-entrepreneur knowledge exchange, and ecosystem orchestration. Therefore, this chapter explores open innovation in regional clusters and entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Connecting The (Invisible) Dots
Authors: Ferràs Xavier , Nylund Petra , Brem Alexander
Published: February 2024

Open innovation requires the correct diagnosis of the situation, a differentiated value proposal, and a coherent, consistent action plan. In at least the first phases of this related funnel, open innovation can profit tremendously from artificial intelligence (AI) applications. How? Today, numerous sources of unstructured and scattered information, which may provide strategic insights, are accessible and can be automatically and systematically scanned and analyzed by AI algorithms. For example, the main sources of a company’s strategic information are the evolving scientific research on its core competencies; the emergence of synergistic startups; the company’s expansion decisions, new product launches, patents, and research and development investments; and its economic and financial results. While open innovation is subject to human cognitive biases, AI applications help overcome these biases and use metadata far beyond human respective ecosystems. This chapter explores the possibilities and limits of AI-enabled open innovation.
Open Innovation in The Context of Digital Ecosystems
Authors: Tatipamula Mallik
Published: February 2024

Digital technologies are transforming the landscape of business around the world. Yet it is challenging to construct the necessary platforms and ecosystems to provide commercial digital technologies, and to incorporate these technologies into one’s own business practices. The rollout of 5G technologies demonstrates many of these points vividly. This chapter will follow 5G from its early days in the lab, to its technically complex development, through to the ecosystem relationships that are driving adoption of 5G around the world. An open innovation perspective is shown to be useful for navigating this long journey of a general-purpose technology, from the lab through to the market.
Tantric Studies
Authors: Payne Richard K. , Hayes Glen A.
Published: February 2024

This introductory chapter addresses ongoing academic debates regarding the origins and earliest forms of tantra, as well as defining it and methodologies for its study. Did it begin as a movement within Hinduism, or Buddhism, or perhaps in some less-documented “pre-tantric” traditions, and what were the interactions between traditions? And what about “tantra” as a category term, regarding which there are a diversity of scholarly opinions. Any study of tantra must also consider the dynamics of gender, embodiment, sexuality, the roles of goddesses, and historical gender biases in scholarship. Because there are many flourishing communities of “lived tantra” across Asia, a survey of ethnographic and anthropological studies is included. Cognitive scientific and neuroscientific approaches to tantric studies are also reviewed. And an appendix discusses scholarly institutions and collaborations that focus on tantric studies, including a survey of archives of available tantric texts and images.
The Next Frontier
Authors: Sweijs Tim , Ellison Davis
Published: February 2024

At the dawn of the Second Space Age, the evolution of space as a warfighting domain is keeping brisk pace alongside its increasing economic and societal importance. A clear understanding of strategic dynamics in space is a necessary prerequisite to enhancing the stability and peaceful uses of space. This chapter proposes concepts that are central to developing a strategic theory for space. It first provides descriptions of both why space is important and why it is different and links these considerations to a rationale for new strategic theorizing. The chapter engages with previous thinking from other military domains, namely land, maritime, and airpower, to probe the literature on strategy and ascertain those most fundamental elements applicable to the space domain. It then offers three foundational concepts for a strategic theory for space: power, access, and command. Finally, it considers theory both in relation to orbital uses for space as well as in the emerging commercial and military uses of cislunar and deep space.
US National Security Interests in Space
Authors: Pace Scott
Published: February 2024

Given its dependence on space-derived information and an increase in potential adversary threats to space assets, the United States has taken a number of steps in recent years to protect its national security interests in space. Most visibly, it created a distinct military service for space, the United States Space Force. This chapter considers US national space policy and the way in which it addresses deterrence in the space domain and describes measures to shape the international space environment in a manner conducive to US interests. While realism provides the context for understanding US competition with adversaries such as Russia and China in space, other theories can be more useful in understanding specific international engagements. These include complex interdependence with respect to like-minded allies and partners in space exploration, and constructivism with respect to the creation of international norms of behavior. As the chapter shows, this suggests analytical eclecticism as a pragmatic approach to understanding US international activities in space.
Japan’s Grand Strategy in Outer Space
Authors: Pekkanen Saadia M.
Published: February 2024

The international space order is marked by a rising number of spacefaring countries, unprecedented commercial trends, and a slide toward weaponization. These deeply intertwined trends present threats, challenges, opportunities, and uncertainties for all states. Using the lens of grand strategy, this chapter illuminates how Japan is producing prosperity and security in its national interest. Given its deeply developmental and historically realist orientation, the Japanese state is doing so by proactive positioning on all fronts in the space domain—economic, military, diplomatic. Through whatever means, processes, and forums available, the Japanese state’s all-fronts vision keeps it attentive to locking in specific national advantages, big or small, concrete or nebulous. The Japanese state is not so much sprinting in some finite space race as it is proactively positioning in an unbounded marathon. On that field, it matters less who is first and what was won and more whether Japan is present.
Security Dilemma, Debris, and the Future of Space Operations
Authors: Townsend Brad
Published: February 2024

Orbital debris generated by the ongoing use of space is a limiting factor on the future use of space. No feasible way of removing more than a small fraction of the debris already in orbit exists, which makes each future space launch or satellite collision an enduring hazard that nations must cooperatively manage. This chapter looks at the challenges associated with tracking and removing debris as well as the impact that national security competition extending into space could have on the space environment. It concludes with two primary recommendations that could ensure the future sustainability of Earth orbit. First, elevating debris mitigation guidelines to the level of international law combined with developing enforcement mechanisms for malign actors will reduce debris generation for normal space operations. Second, extending the laws of armed conflict to ban usage of debris-generating weapons in orbit will mitigate the threat of armed conflict extending into space.
Space-Based Data and Human Security
Authors: Borowitz Mariel
Published: February 2024

Data from Earth observation satellites has great potential to contribute to human security—focusing on security at the level of the individual and addressing issues such as environmental security, food security, and health security. However, this potential has not been fully realized. Human security requires that we focus on individuals not only as referents of security but also as actors able to influence the security landscape. Space activity has been, and largely remains, the province of state actors. However, the trend toward open data policies, the growth of the commercial remote sensing sector, and the increasing availability of data analysis tools and training have created more opportunities for non-state actors to utilize satellite data and become meaningful actors in the realm of human security. While these trends are opening new opportunities for involvement, there are still important inequities that remain. This chapter explores how the shifting roles and capabilities of state and non-state actors within the remote sensing satellite sector have affected the contribution of this technology to human security.
Geopolitics of Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Authors: Larsen Paul B.
Published: February 2024

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are in geopolitical crisis. The United States, Russia, European Union, and China have each established international satellite positioning, navigation, and timing systems. As this chapter shows, these four systems both compete with and serve as back-ups for each other. With the exception of European Galileo, they are all linked to confrontational national military operations. All provide free services for civilian uses which have become pillars of economic and social society. However those services are made insecure by intentional harmful interferences, and the chapter shows, undermines the reliability of GNSS and places stress on the regulatory structure. GNSS is subject to national regulation by the states and international regulation by the UN Charter, the Outer Space Treaty and by the other space law treaties. Additionally, GNSS open civilian radionavigation signals are coordinated and supported by the UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), which has established an international GNSS Committee with an active working groups to resolve civilian GNSS operating problems.
Commercial Space Peace Theory
Authors: Whitman Cobb Wendy N.
Published: February 2024

As home to a significant number of assets that underpin the global economy, space has been largely underappreciated in treatments of globalization and the economic ties that stem from it. Capabilities that are intrinsic to the global economy such as communications, financial transactions, and environmental and weather monitoring all depend on space-based systems. This chapter argues that economic interdependence between states depends to a great extent on these space systems thereby raising the cost of potential conflict in the domain. The chapter begins by highlighting the physical differences between the terrestrial and space domains that make operations in space more difficult. After highlighting the ways in which space systems facilitate global economic behavior, this chapter then lays out the five propositions of the commercial space peace theory. The theory not only has implications for how conflict in space may be discouraged by increasing the commercialization of space but also suggests ways in which international relations writ large may deal with unique issues such as the power of private companies. As a whole, the chapter represents a means by which traditional international relations theories may be applied in the space domain.
Soft Power and Cooperation for Space Security
Authors: Luzin Pavel
Published: February 2024

This chapter covers the connections between the soft power of different actors and contrasts their space cooperation and competition on the one hand with space security on the other. Even the US-Soviet space race demonstrated that the soft powers of both actors contributed to space security and that the competitive approaches toward soft power usually mean a positive-sum game rather than a zero-sum one. The global space leadership of the United States during the 1990s–2010s was based on an agenda for space exploration that was attractive for other leading actors in outer space. The space partnership established by the United States increased the soft powers of all partners and made the space security environment predictable. However, new space competition began and again involves competition between the actors’ soft powers and their agendas for space exploration and international space cooperation.
Placemaking on the Northwest Coast of North America
Authors: Lepofsky Dana , Letham Bryn , Ritchie Morgan , Armstrong Chelsey Geralda
Published: February 2024

On the Northwest Coast of North America, current archaeological practice increasingly encompasses a diversity of approaches; these in turn are contextualized within a framework that honors the long-term, place-based connections of Indigenous Peoples to their lands and seas. This review explores these deep-time relationships by summarizing the methods and results used to document their archaeological manifestations, beginning with the earliest dated sites some 14,000 years ago and continuing throughout the Holocene. Understanding the dynamic physical and ecological contexts of Northwest Coast sites requires modeling of postglacial sea-level changes and paleoclimate as well as collecting data on geomorphology and paleoecology. These data also allow us to track the extent to which people have lived persistently in specific spots or regions for millennia. In these places, people emotionally and physically invested in their homes by creating complex aquatic and terrestrial resource management systems that allowed for sustainable harvests of diverse foods and other resources. Understanding these management systems and the social networks in which they are nested and are upheld is facilitated by integrating Indigenous ecological knowledge with innovative, cross-disciplinary techniques. Summaries of the histories of three regions—Prince Rupert Harbour, the lower Fraser River, and the lower Columbia River—illustrate the multi-dimensionality of the long-term, place-based histories of Indigenous Peoples of the Northwest Coast.
The Archaeology of Islands and Coasts in the Study of Colonialism and the Rise of the Early Modern World
Authors: Lightfoot Kent G. , Siegel Benjamin D. , Allan James M.
Published: February 2024

In the study of colonialism, the archaeology of islands and coasts is crucial in examining the multifaceted processes and outcomes of Indigenous and colonial encounters that took place with the rise of the early modern world from the 1400s to the mid-1800s. European global expansion ensued with advances in oceanic sailing technology, the opening of maritime highways, and the establishment of an extensive coastal infrastructure with port facilities near good harbors and anchorages. This chapter highlights how island and coastal archaeology provides important insights about the earliest encounters between Indigenous populations and foreign intruders; about the onslaught of managerial, missionary, and settler colonies onto native homelands; and about later processes of urbanization, intensification, and landscape modifications that continue to impact many coastal places today. The authors emphasize how archaeological investigations of coastal ports provide exceptional opportunities to examine ancient Indigenous history and the various permutations of colonialism that subsequently unfolded in native lands with the rise of the early modern world.