bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of level of nutrition on the development of resistance to Haemonchus contortus in sheep
Authors: Roberts JA , Adams DB
Published: September 2010

Merino wether weaners, 5‐months old at the start of the experiment and fed lucerne‐based pellets at 600 g per head per day, developed resistance to Haemonchus contortus given as a continuous or “trickle” infection at the rate of 500 larvae 3 times per week over a period of 17 weeks. By contrast, the development of resistance was impaired in weaners fed pellets at 400 g per head per day. Low food intake and protein‐energy deprivation, therefore, have a major effect in impairing the development and expression of host‐protective immunity against haemonchosis. The point at which low food intake causes outbreaks of haemonchosis in sheep at pasture is critical in determining procedures for prevention and control of the disease.
Perspectives of young people on depression: awareness, experiences, attitudes and treatment preferences
Authors: Hickie Ian B. , Luscombe Georgina M. , Davenport Tracey A. , Burns Jane M. , Highet Nicole J.
Published: September 2010

Aim: Ascertaining current knowledge and attitudes towards depression among young people is vital for developing campaigns promoting community awareness and early intervention.

Methods: Cross‐sectional computer‐assisted telephone interviews of persons aged 18–90 years were conducted by beyondblue in Australia in 2002 and 2004/05. Items assessed consideration of depression as a major general health or mental health problem, knowledge about prevalence of depression, usual age of onset for depression or anxiety and treatment preferences.

Results: The surveys included 2003 and 3200 persons, respectively, with 285 and 400 aged between 18 and 25 years. Depression was not recognized by young persons as a major general health problem (1–2% of responses), but was the most frequently named mental health problem (37–42%). Younger persons were more likely than older persons to see depression as the major mental health problem, placing less emphasis on alcohol and other drug problems. They preferred first to seek help from family or friends (61–65%) and try non‐pharmacological treatments. Although understanding of the helpfulness of several evidence‐based treatments was good, many younger respondents still considered non‐evidence‐based treatments to be helpful. A quarter of subjects believed antidepressant medications were harmful and that alcohol use may be helpful.

Conclusions: Although knowledge about depression was good, young people do not recognize depression as a major general health problem and remain reluctant to use professional services. These attitudes represent significant barriers to seeking treatment early in the course of common mental health problems.
The promise of early intervention
Authors: Addington Jean
Published: September 2010

The focus of this review is the research and clinical work in early psychosis and early intervention which over the past 10–15 years has had a tremendous impact on the field of schizophrenia. Unparalleled progress has been made in programme and service development with a wide range of reported research results, outcome studies, treatment approaches and new initiatives. Traditional areas are being explored in the first episode that can add to our knowledge of schizophrenia. New areas that have a specific relevance for early intervention such as the duration of untreated psychosis and pathways to care are being widely studied. Despite the criticism of the lack of randomized controlled trials, there is a wealth of positive outcome from both effectiveness studies and limited controlled trials. However, there are still many unanswered issues which are in developing stages or which require further investigation.
What are the effects of providing evidence‐based information on eating disorders and their treatments? A randomized controlled trial in a symptomatic community sample
Authors: Hay Phillipa , Mond Jonathan , Paxton Susan , Rodgers Bryan , Darby Anita , Owen Cathy
Published: September 2010

Aim: We hypothesize that a reason for the infrequent uptake of treatments by people with eating disorders is poor knowledge about treatments and outcomes for eating disorders (ED‐Mental Health Literacy; ED‐MHL). Our aim was to test putative health benefits of a brief ED‐MHL intervention.

Methods: In a community‐based two‐phase survey, 122 young women (mean age 28.5 SD 6.3 years) with ED symptoms meeting DSM‐IV criteria for clinical severity were randomized to receive either a brief ED‐MHL intervention (comprising information about efficacious treatments, reputable self‐help books and where to go for further information and/or services) or information about local mental health services only. All were given feedback on their scores on measures of ED symptoms and quality of life. ED‐MHL, ED symptoms and health‐related quality of life were assessed prior to the intervention and at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up.

Results: One hundred and two participants (84%) completed follow‐up at 12 months. Symptomatic improvement and changes in specific aspects of ED‐MHL, namely, less pessimism about how difficult EDs are to treat and improved recognition and knowledge, as well as increased help seeking, were observed in both groups. Differences between groups were uncommon but compared with control participants, those in the intervention group had improved health‐related quality of life.

Conclusions: A brief community‐based intervention aimed to improve knowledge and beliefs about EDs and their treatments may be a valuable first step in improving health‐related outcomes for people with ED, but more research is needed.
Effects on referral patterns of reducing intensive informational campaigns about first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Joa Inge , Johannessen Jan Olav , Auestad Bjørn , Friis Svein , Opjordsmoen Stein , Simonsen Erik , Vaglum Per , McGlashan Thomas , Larsen Tor K.
Published: September 2010

Aim: The primary aim of this study was to assess referral patterns and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) following the partial dismantling of intensive, information campaigns (IC) to help detect first‐episode, non‐affective psychosis via early detection teams in the TIPS study.

Methods: We compared referral patterns of potential cases from the same geographical region (Rogaland County, Norway) referred to low‐threshold, rapid‐response detection teams at three timepoints: early‐IC period (1997–1998), late‐IC period (1999–2000) and the no‐IC period (2002–2003).

Results: A significant increase occurred in the total number of phone calls, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)‐interviews and referrals from families from the early‐to the late‐IC period. A comparison of the late‐IC period versus no‐IC period showed a significant decrease in the number of PANSS‐interviews administered, as well as fewer cases referred to the assessment teams. Additionally, a significant decline occurred in the number of referrals from general physicians, whereas the number of direct referrals to the hospital units increased. The DUP increased from a median of 5 to 14 weeks.

Conclusion: External referrals to easy access detection teams occurred more frequently when IC were intensive, especially referrals from families and general practitioners. A shorter DUP was observed in the IC period, suggesting the importance of IC in augmenting the effectiveness of detection teams in identifying first‐episode psychosis early in the course of illness.
Deep Tectonophysical Process of the Uplift of the Northern Qinghai—Tibet Plateau
Authors: Zhiqin Xu , Mei Jiang , Jingsui Yang
Published: September 2010

The tectonic activities occurring since the Cenozoic in the northern part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (the region from the East Kunlun Mountains to the Tanggula Mountains) were probably caused by the intense intraplate deformation propagation after the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. Their main expressions include the substantial uplifting of the plateau, alternation of horizontal extension and compression under the vertical greatest principal stress α1, occurrence of rift–type volcanic activity, formation of the basin–range system, and successive eastward extrusion of blocks resulting from large–scale strike–slip faulting. Geophysical exploration and experiments have revealed that there exist closely alternating horizontal high–velocity and low–velocity layers as well as lithospheric faults of a left–lateral strike–slip sense in the lower part of the lithosphere (the lower crust and lithospheric mantle, 60–120 km deep), Based on an integrated study of the geological–geophysical data available, the authors have proposed a model of deep–seated mantle diapir and the associated tectonophysical process as the dynamic source for the uplift of the northern part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.
The Origin of the Early Proterozoic Kuandian Complex: Evidence from Geochemistry
Authors: Lifei Zhang , Min Sun , Jiahong Wu
Published: September 2010

The Kuandian Complex is scarcely preserved Early Proterozoic volcanic suite, formed 2.3–2.4 Ga ago. It is located in an Early Proterozoic mobile belt bounded by the Archaean Rangrim and Ryonggang Blocks of the northeastern Sino–Korean Cratoa The Complex is mainly made up of amphibolites, gneisses, leucoleptite, leptite and layered granite. Petrological and geochemical studies show that the protoliths of the Complex are mainly associations of bimodal volcanics and anorogenic granites. The Kuandian amphibolites are depleted in Nb, Ta, P and Ti, and enriched in LILE, e.g. K, Rb and Cs, with pronounced depletion of Sr relative to Nd and Pb; La/Nb ratios are higher than 1 (1.75 to 5.18). The trace element patterns of the amphibolites are similar to continental flood basalts formed by the Gondwana break–up, such as those in South Karoo and Tasmania, which shows continental contamination. Nd values ranging from 0.70 to 1.94 of the Kuandian amphibolites and the relationships between Nb/Yb and La/Yb suggest that contamination of basaltic magma happened in the mantle, rather than along the conduit. Isotope ratios of 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 206Pb/204Pb, 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr indicate that the magma was derived from a contaminated mantle source like DMM or a mixture of DMM and EM2. The Kuandian Complex has Dupal anomaly, as is the case with some continental basalts in the south hemisphere, e.g. in South Karoo and Tasmania. Petrochemical modelling proposes that the Kuandian gneiss, granite, and amphibolite came from the same parental magma, being products of strong fractional crystallization. Protoliths of the Kuandian Complex were formed in extensional tectonic setting during the transition from continental crust to oceanic crust. The formation of the Kuandian Complex indicates that 2.3 or 2.4 Ga ago tectonic evolution of the Sino–Korean craton was different from that of other well–studied Precambrian cratons, e.g. the North American shield, European platform and Australian continent in that strong volcanic eruption resulted in its accretioa Besides, the contaminated magma source with a Dupal anomaly for the Complex indicates that crust–mantle convection whose scale was similar to that of the present plate tectonics had occurred at least before the formation of the Kuandian Complex (2.3–2.4 Ga B.P.).
The Background Features and Formation of Chemical Elements of Groundwater in the Region of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River
Authors: Zhaohua Zeng
Published: September 2010

The paper deals with the background features, formation and distribution of the chemical elements K, Na, Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, V, Co, Ti, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, Cd, Be, Li, Sr, B, F, Cl, Br and I in the groundwater in the region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and their relations to the composition of the water–bearing media, properties of the overlying rocks and soils, redox environment, and groundwater flow condition, mineralization and pH of groundwater.
Mineralization Ages of the Jiapigou Gold Deposits, Jilin
Authors: Junjian Li , Baofeng Shen , Debao Mao , Shuangbao Li , Huifang Zhou , Yuming Cheng
Published: September 2010

The Jiapigou gold deposits are typical vein type deposits associated with Archaean greenstone belts in China. According to the crosscutting relationships between dykes and auriferous veins, single hydrothermal zircon U–Pb dating and quartz K–Ar, 40Ar–39Ar and Rb—Sr datings, the main mineralization stage of the Jiapigou deposit has been determined to be 2469–2475 Ma, while mineralization superimposition on the gold deposit occurred in 1800–2000 Ma and 130–272 Ma. They form a mineralization framework of one older metallogenic epoch (Late Archaean–Early Proterozoic) and one younger metallogenic epoch (Mesozoic) of gold deposits in Archaean greenstone belts in China.
Model for Quantitatively Estimating Marine Biogeographic Provinciality—A Case Study of the Permian Marine Biogeography Provincialism
Authors: Guangrong Shi
Published: September 2010

The relationship between the number, position and orientation of lithospheric plates and marine biogeographic provinciality may be quantified since the spatial distribution of organisms is primarily controlled by latitude—related temperature gradients and geographical barriers— two dynamic biogeographic determinants whose variation is closely related to the spatial disposition of continents and oceans. This paper modifies Schopf's (1976) model for quantitatively estimating shallow marine provinciality in recognition of latitude–related temperature gradients as the primary biogeographical factor. A test of the modified model against modern marine zoogeography reveals high consistency between them. Using this modified model and the Permian palaeogeographical reconstruction maps of Scotese and McKerrow (1990), fifteen shallow benthic marine provinces are estimated to be Early and Late Permian in age respectively. A comparison of the estimated Permian marine provinciality with previously recognised empirical provincial patterns reveals a high degree of congmity, which may imply that there existed moderate to high latitudinal thermal gradients during the Permian, a level probably similar to that of the present world.
On the Carboniferous Sequence Stratigraphy in the Tazhong Area, Xinjiang — A Model of the Sequence Stratigraphy Framework of Intracratonic Depressional Basins
Authors: Jianhua Guo , Yunfu Zeng , Yonghong Zhai , Zhenzhong Gao
Published: September 2010

The Carboniferous prototype sedimentary basin in the Tazhong (Central Tarim basin) area is recognized as a compressive intracratonic depressional one. Three type I sequence boundaries and three type II sequence boundaries can be identified in the Carboniferous System, which can accordingly be divided into five sedimentary sequences. These sequences possess stratigraphic characters of the standard sequence and correspond to the depositional stratigraphic unit of a third–order eustatic cycle. They can be regionally or globally correlated with each other. The framework of sequence stratigraphy of the intracratonict basin in the study area distinctly differs from that of the passive continental–margin basin in the lack of depositional systems of early–middle lowstand, poor development of the deeply incised valley and condensed section of the maximum sea—flood, good development of type II sequence boundaries and coastal plain depositional systems coexisting with shelf–type fan deltas under wet climatic conditions, which consequently led to the formation of a paralic lithofacies framework.
Quantitative Tectonic Markers of Large Coastal Earthquakes in Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan and Hainan —with a Discussion of Qualitative Indicators
Authors: Fuzhi Bi , Youshen Yuan
Published: September 2010

This paper expounds the quantitative tectonic indicators and some qualitative indicators of large earthquakes in the coast areas of Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan and Hainan. The main quantitative indicators include uplift amplitude of the Moho, Quaternary and Late Holocene coasts. The paper also gives a brief account of the research method on quantitative indicators of surface uplifted zones. Taiwan is a famous neotectonic zone and an area of large earthquakes in the world. There is only one large–earthquake area in each of Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan Provinces. Along the coast large earthquake areas there are certainly many remains of crustal activity. Among these remains, coast activity, taking the sea level as the accurate marker horizon, can determine not only the amplitude of coastal elevation and subsidence in a certain period, but also the cycle and rate of positive or negative movements.
Experimental Study of the Melting Reaction and Genetic Mechanism of Mineral Phase Transformation in Granulite Facies Metamorphism
Authors: Fulai Liu , Qihan Shen , Yuansheng Geng , Xuechun Xu , Rui Ma
Published: September 2010

The high–temperature and high–pressure experiment on natural block rock indicates that dehydration–melting of hydrous biotite (Bi) and partial melting of felsic minerals in garnet–biotite–plagioclase gneiss are mainly controlled by temperature, while mineral phase transformation is not only controlled by temperature–pressure conditions but also genetically associated with hydrous mineral dehydration–melting and partial melting of felsic minerals. According to the characteristics of biotite dehydration–melting and garnet transformation reaction, three stages may be distinguished: (1) when the experimental temperature is 700°C, biotite transforms to ilmenite (Ilm) + magnetite (Mt) + H2O and garnet to magnetite (Mt); (2) when the temperature is 730–760°C, biotite is dehydrated and melted and transformed into K2O—rich melt + Ilm + Mt, and garnet, into hypersthene (Hy) + cordierite (Crd); (2) when the temperature is up to or higher than 790°C, biotite is dehydrated and melted and transformed into melt + Hy + Ilm + Mt, and garnet, into the hypersthene (Hy) + spinel (Sp) + cordierite (Crd) assemblage. The melt proportion and its evolutionary characteristics are mainly controlled by dehydration–melting of hydrous minerals and partial melting of felsic minerals besides P–T conditions; In addition to the traditional solid + solid (or fluid) reaction and dehydration—melting reaction, the metamorphic reaction involving melts (reaction between unmelted minerals and melts) is one of the most important reactions in granulite facies metamorphism and its attendant remelting (or regional migmatization). This experiment may provide dependable experimental data for an in–depth study of the genetic mechanism of mineral assemblage evolution and its geological dynamic significance in granulite facies metamorphism of the studied area.
Stable Carbon Isotope Geochemical and Hydrochemical Features in the System of Carbonate–H2O–CO2 and Their Implications—Evidence from Several Typical Karst Areas of China
Authors: Zaihua Liu , Daoxian Yuan , Shiyi He
Published: September 2010

On the basis of hydrochemical observation and experimental calculation, the features of stable carbon isotope geochemistry in the karst dynamic systems of the Guilin Karst Experimental Site, Huanglong Ravine and Wujiangdu Dam Site are summarized in this study. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to solve several geochemical problems, such as the origin of CO2 in the system, kinetic fractionation of carbon isotopes during calcite deposition, hydrochemistry and formation of tufa, and carbon—14 dating of tufa of hydrothermal origin. The results show that three kinds of karst dynamic system can be distinguished: (1) the shallow system, such as the Guilin Karst Experimental Site, in which soil CO2 provides the an active agent for karst processes; (2) the geothermal system, such as the Huanglong Ravine, in which metamorphic or/and juvenile CO2 is the source of activity for karst; (3) the anthropogenic system, such as the Wujiangdu Dam Site, in which the stable carbon isotope geochemical and hydrochemical features have been greatly affected by human activity.
Changchengite—A New Iridium Bismuthide–Sulphide from the Yanshan Mountains
Authors: Zuxiang Yu
Published: September 2010

Changchengite occurs in chromite orebodies in dunite and in platinum placer deposits in chromite orebodies nearby. The mineral occurs as massive aggregates or veinlets on margins of iridisite (IrS2) and replaces it. Opaque. Lustre metallic. Colour steel–black. Streak black. Hm = 3.7. VHN20= 165 kg/mm2. Isotropic. Cleavage none. Density 11.96 g/cm3. Seven electron microprobe analyses give the following mean chemical results (wt. %): S 7.2, Cu 0.3, Te 0.4, Ir 41.2, Pt 2.8 and Bi 47.3 with total 99.1. The simplified formula is IrBiS. The strongest X–ray powder diffraction lines (hkl, d, f) are 210, 2.75 (70); 211, 2.51 (60); 311, 1.860 (100); 440, 1.090 (50) and 600, 1.027 (50). The X–ray powder diffraction pattern is similar to that of mayingite. After the diffraction data are indexed the mineral is determined to be cubic. The space group is P 213 with a = 0.6164(4) nm, V = 0.2342 nm3 and Z = 4.
Polygenetic Mineralization of the Early Proterozoic Tongkuangyu Metaporphyry Copper Deposit in the Zhongtiao Mountains, Shanxi Province
Authors: Wenming CHEN , Chengxin ZHANG , Jiren LU , Zefa DANG , Shuping LI , Wenbin CUI , Yuan NING , Yongjun CAO
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The Tongkuangyu metaporphyry copper deposit formed in the Early Proterozoic is tectonically located in the northern part of the Zhongtiao Λ‐type palaeorift depression, on the southern margin of the North China platform. The genesis of the deposit has long been a hot subject of research of geologists working on mineral deposits. By means of the protolith reconstruction and fluid inclusion and isotope studies of host rocks of the deposits, the authors hold that this deposit is the product of combined exogenic, endogenic and metamorphic processes. Its formation mainly involved the following four stages: (1) the stage of formation of Mg‐ and Fe‐rich tuffaceous variegated cupriferous sand‐shale and K‐rich biomodal volcanic rocks; (2) the early stage of formation of the metaporphyry copper deposit; (3) the stage of formation of the metaporphyry copper deposit; and (4) the stage of reworking of the metaporphyry copper deposit.
Water in Mantle‐derived Xenoliths in the Hannuoba Basalt
Authors: Lihe GUO , Xingyuan LIN , Manze XIE , Jialin FENG , Shuqi WU
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Minerals of various mantle‐derived xenoliths from the Hannuoba basalt in Hebei Province have been studied by means of IR spectroscopy. The results show that all xenoliths from the mantle at depths <75 km contain trace amounts of water (0.45%–11.6×10−2% H2O). The data of about 0.1% H2O contained in primary pyrolite estimated by earlier studies may be on the high side. The water might enter the frameworks of olivine, pyroxene and garnet earlier than it entered those of amphibole and phlogopite. The presence of water in amphibole and phlogopite may be a local phenomenon of water enrichment, which is related to relatively small‐scale magmatic or metasomatic events although they can contain a hundred times more water than pyroxene contains. There is a little more water (1.11%–3.01×10−2% of H2O mostly) in xenoliths from the Hannuoba basalt than in those from mid‐ocean ridge basalt and kimberlites of South Africa (less than 1×10−2% of H2O mostly). This indicates the heterogeneity of water in time and space in the upper mantle. The presence of trace amounts of water in mantle‐derived anhydrous silicate minerals provides basic data for us to understand the distribution of water in the upper mantle and the role of water in the mantle dynamic and geochemical processes.
The Characteristics of Spinels in Mantle‐derived Xenoliths in Cenozoic Basalts from Eastern China and Their Thermal States
Authors: Zhenxin DONG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The colours and chemical composition variations of 160 spinels in peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths from Cenozoic basalts in eastern China and their petrogeneses have been studied in detail. The relationships between major elements of spinels are discussed. The equilibrium temperatures, pressures and oxygen fugacities of spinels and their coexisting olivines, orthopyroxenes and clinopyroxenes have been determined using the Brey—kohler's T—P calculation methods (1990) and Ballhaus' fo2 calculation method (1991). The relationships between the composition and the equilibrium temperatures, pressures or oxygen fugacities of spinels in peridotite xenoliths from the basalts and the stable field of the spinels in the upper mantle have been shown.
Organic/Inorganic Occurrence of Metallic Elements of the Black Shale‐Hosted Baiguoyuan Silver‐Vanadium Deposit in Xingshan, Hubei
Authors: Hanping ZHUANG , Jialan LU , Jiamo FU , Jinzhong LIU , Chigang REN , Degang ZOU , Weizhi TIAN
Published: September 2010

Abstract: By means of kerogen purification, the proton induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), the authors have studied the organic/inorganic occurrence modes of the metallic elements of the Baiguoyuan silver‐vanadium deposit hosted in black shale in Hubei Province, China. The result shows that Au, Hg and Ta have a strong tendency to occur organically, with more than 70% of these elements being associated organically. Se, Ga, Ag and Hf are partly associated with organic matter, with more than 20% of them occurring organically. Compared with the above elements, Zn, Cu, As and Sb are weakly associated organically, and tend to be enriched in kerogen. However, Mn, Th, U, V, Co, Cr, AI, Fe and Sc usually occur inorganically. Of the rare earth elements (REE), La, Ce, Tb, Dy, Yb and Lu have stronger ability to be associated with organic matter than Sm and Eu.
The Discovery of a Crinoid Community in the Late Triassic Zhuganpo Formation of Guizhou Province and Its Geological Significance
Authors: Ruidong YANG , Yuanlong ZHAO
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Recently a rich and well—preserved crinoid community including Traumatocrinus and Encrinus has been found in the Late Triassic Zhuganpo Formation in Guanling and Xingyi, Guizhou province, China. Among the fossils Traumatocrinus is the richest, and most of it occurs as clusters, with each cluster containing 3–42 crinoid branches. Study of the stem and calyx of Traumatocrinus shows that the number of stem‐joints (columnals) is equal to the total stem length × K (5.85 per cm × stem—diameter). There are about 376 first‐ and second—order columnals on the whole stem. This number seems to coincide with the number of days in a year at that time. According to the present study of the palaeoecological environment of the crinoid community, it is considered that the reproduction and preservation of the crinoid community were controlled by the Late Triassic regression and the restricted bay of an interior sea behind the S—shaped shoal zone.
Five‐Stage Model of the Palaeozoic Crustal Evolution in Xinjiang
Authors: Dequan LIU , Yanling TANG , Ruhong ZHOU
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The great majority of the Palaeozoic orogenic belts of Central Asia are of the intercontinental type, whose evolution always follows a five‐stage model, i.e. the basal continental crust‐extensional transitional crust‐oceanic crust‐convergent transitional crust‐new continental crust model. The stage for the extensional transitional crust is a pretty long, independent and inevitable phase. The dismembering mechanism of the basal continental crust becoming an extensional continental crust is delineated by the simple shear model put forward by Wernike (1981). The continental margins on the sides of a gently dipping detachment zone and moving along it are asymmetric: one side is of the nonmagmatic type and the other of the magmatic type with a typical bimodal volcanic formation. In the latter case, however, they were often confused with island arcs. This paper discusses the five‐stage process of the crustal evolution of some typical orogenic belts in Xinjiang.
Evolution‐Motion of Crustobodies and Geotectonic Metallogeny
Authors: Guoda CHEN , Shenglin PENG , Tagen DAI
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Following the paper entitled A Preliminary Proposal on Crustobody Geotectonics presented by the first author to the 30th IGC in 1996, this paper further extends and elucidates the concept of crustobody in order to make a unifying study of the evolution and motion of crustal structures and to understand the law governing the formation and development of the earth' crust. In this paper the characteristics of crustobody evolution‐motion are given. The authors lay emphasis on the relationship between crustobody evolution‐motion and tectonic metallogeny. In the end, a multiple dynamic system of the crustobody evolution‐motion is discussed from internal and external dynamic forces, and the mantle creep in internal dynamic factors is paid special attention to.
Complexity and Geodynamics of Ore‐accumulating Basins in the Qinling Orogenic Belt, China
Authors: Weixuan FANG , Guowei ZHANG , Jiying LU , Yalin LI
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Researches were made of different continental‐margin and intraplate basin systems in the Qinling microplate in terms of hydrothermal deposition, geodynamics of basin formation, hydrothermal sedimentary rock facies, syntectonics in the basins, and the styles of ore accumulation in the basins.
Emanation‐Sedimentary Metallogenic Series and Models of the Proterozoic Rift in the Kangdian Axis
Authors: Dexian QIN , Chunxue LIU
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The Kangdian axis basement can be divided into two tectonic layers. The lower tectonic layer is the crystalline basement which is made up of the Archaean Dibadu Formation and early Proterozoic Dahongshan Group. The former is a kata‐metamorphic basic volcano‐sedimentary formation of the old geosyncline (old continental nucleus), and the latter is a medium‐grade metamorphosed alkali‐rich basic volcanic (emanation)‐sedimentary formation of the Yuanjiang‐Dahongshan marginal rift. They are in disconformable contact. The upper tectonic layer is the folded basement, and made up of the middle‐late Proterozoic Kunyang Group. It is the result of Dongchuan‐Yuanjiang intercontinental rifting with discordant contract with the underlying and overlying strata. Along with the evolution of Proterozoic from early to late, four types of emanation‐sedimentary deposits in the Kangdian axis rift were formed in turn: emanation‐sedimentary iron‐copper‐gold deposits related to basic volcanic rocks in the Yuanmou‐Dahongshan marginal rift; emanation‐sedimentary iron‐copper deposits related to intermediate‐basic volcanic rocks in the early stage of the Dongnchuan‐Yuanjiang intercontinental rift; emanation‐sedimentary copper deposits related to sedimentary rocks in the middle stage; copper deposits related to the late tectonic reworking. From early to late Proterozoic, with the evolution of the Kangdian axis rift and lowering volcanic basicity, the ore‐forming elements also evolved from Fe, Cu and (Au) through Cu and Fe to Cu.
Tectono‐Metallogenic System in the Altay Orogenic Belt, China
Authors: Jingbin WANG , Jinhong ZHANG , Rufu DING , Tonghui FANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The Altay orogenic belt of China is an important metallogenic belt of base metals, rare metals and gold. The main orogenic‐metallogenic epoch is the Hercynian (Late Palaeozoic). Hercynian orogeny underwent two tectonic stages: the early volcano‐passive continental margin extension (D1‐D2) and late subduction‐collision (D3‐P). There correspondingly developed two different metallogenic systems. One is the stratabound massive sulphide and iron metallogenic system related to volcano‐passive continental margin, and the other is the epigenetic gold and granite‐associated rare metals system formed by collision. Very few mineralizations were formed during the subduction time.
Features of Minerogenic Series Related to Continental Volcanic Rocks in the Southeastern Coastal Area of China—A Case Study of the Daiyunshan‐Shiniushan Volcanic Depression in Fujian
Authors: Yulin ZHU
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The Daiyunshan‐Shiniushan volcanic depression in Fujian Province is situated in a volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in China along the west Pacific Ocean. A new breakthrough has been made in the exploration of gold and silver ore deposits in recent years. The minerogenic series of the Daiyunshan‐Shiniushan volcanic depression is discussed in this paper based on the analysis of major metallogenic types and factors. According to the study of enormous ore deposits and occurrences in the study area, two minerogenic series have been recognized: 1. Late Jurassic Au‐Ag‐Pb‐Zn minerogenic series related to intermediate‐acid, acid volcanic formations; 2. nonmetallic minerogenic series (pyrophyllite, alunite pearlite, andalusite, zeolite, corundum and so on) related to intermediate and acid volcanic formations. The division and study of the minerogenic series have revealed metallogenic and time‐space distribution characteristics of the ore deposits in the volcanic belt of the southeast coastal area in China, which are of economic importance for metallogenic prognosis.
Geochemical Characteristics of Sinian Manganese Deposits in China
Authors: Kaijun ZHU , Guolong YAO
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Sinian is one of the main periods of the formation of manganese deposits in China. Sinian manganese deposits are mainly hosted in carbon‐rich black shale and siliceous shale formed during the Sinian interglacial period. The composition of manganese ore is simple. The main ore mineral is manganiferous carbonates. The grade of manganese ore is about 16–25%, with Mn/Fe>5 and P/Mn=0.006‐0.14. Based on the tectonic setting and geological and geochemical characteristics of manganese deposits, this paper discusses the process of migration and concentration of manganese and ore‐forming conditions of Sinian manganese deposits in China.
Tetrahedrite‐Group Minerals in the Jinjitai Gold Deposit, Western Sichuan
Authors: Xiaochun WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  There are quite a few tetrahedrite‐group minerals in the Jinjitai gold deposit, western Sichuan, which occur in an interstratified fractured zone of Middle Devonian carbonate rock series. The gold ore consists of pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite‐group minerals, galena, sphalerite and gold‐silver series minerals, with an element association of Au‐Cu‐Ag‐Pb‐As‐Sb‐Bi. Electron microprobe analyses of the tetrahedrite‐group minerals gave the following results: copper 40.04 to 42.27% (average 40.04%), iron 1.24 to 7.78% (average 4.13%), zinc 0.39 to 7.06% (average 3.58%), arsenic 5.41 to 17.40% (average 8.84%), antimony 2.70 to 20.46% (average 15.87%), and silver 0.02 to 0.73% (average 0.28%). The mineral varieties include zinc‐antimony‐tetrahedrite, iron‐antimony‐tetrahedrite, iron‐tennatite and zincotennatite. These data show that there is a complete isomorphous series between Sb and As. From above downwards tetrahedrite varies from zinc‐ and antimony‐rich to iron‐ and arsenic‐rich compositions. Their occurrence and zonal features are very important for exploration of the same type of gold deposits in western Sichuan.
Ore‐forming and Exploration Models of the Baguamiao Gold Deposit, Shaanxi Province
Authors: Jian GUO , Ping LIU , Wanye ZHANG , Huaping ZHU , Hongzhou ZHU
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The Baguamiao superlarge gold deposit in Shaanxi Province is one of the typical cases in China that are hosted by sedimentary rocks. Explorers and researchers have discussed the gold mineralization enrichment conditions by studying sulphur, oxygen, carbon, silicon stable isotopes and mineralizing fluid features of the Baguamiao gold deposit and proposed a hydrothermal sedimentation‐magmatic reconstructing gold mineralization model featuring multi‐sources of ore‐forming materials and multistage mineralizations. In addition, prospecting for “Baguamiao‐type” gold deposits was started in the Fengtai Basin and a great number of important prospecting targets such as Tonglinggou, Simaoling, Guoansi and Dachaigou were discovered.
Conditions of Petroleum Geology of the Qiangtang Basin of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Zhengzhang ZHAO , Yongtie LI
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau located in the Tethyan tectonic domain is the best developed region of Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine sediments in China. The Qiangtang basin is the biggest and relatively stable area of the plateau. Triassic and Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks are extensively distributed in the basin. There exist good dolomite and organic reef reservoirs and mudstone and evaporite cap rocks, as well as well‐developed structural traps in the basin; in addition destroyed petroleum traps have been discovered. Therefore, the conditions of petroleum geology in the Qiangtang basin are excellent
Formation Laws of Inorganic Gas Pools in the Northern Jiangsu Basin
Authors: Liqing ZHOU , Shengliang YANG , Yixin LEI
Published: September 2010

Abstract  In the Northern Jiangsu basin there are high pure CO2 gas pools, low condensed oil‐containing CO2 gas pools, high condensed oil‐containing CO2 gas pools and He‐containing natural gas pools, with the δ13Cco2 (PDB) values ranging from −2.87%o to −6.50%o, 3He/4He 3.71 × 10−6 to 6.42 × 10−6, R/Ra 2.64 to 4.5, 40Ar/36Ar 705 to 734, belonging to typical mantle source inorganic gas pools which are related to young magmatic activity. The gas layers occur in two major reservoir‐caprock systems, the terrestrial Meso‐Cenozoic clastic rock system and the marine Meso‐Palaeozoic carbonate rock‐clastic rock system. Controlled by the difference in the scale of traps in the two reservoir‐caprock systems, large and medium‐scale inorganic gas pools are formed in the marine Meso‐Palaeozoic Group and only small ones are formed in the terrestrial Meso‐Cenozoic strata. Inorganic gas pools in this basin are distributed along the two deep lithospheric faults on the west and south boundaries of the basin. Gas pools are developed at the intersected part of the ENE‐trending faults that control the half graben and the E‐W tenso‐shear faults, mainly distributed near the Es1, Ny1 and Ny2‐Q basalt eruption centres.
Study of Pyrolysis Kinetics of Asphaltenes in Silurian Oilsands in the Tarim Basin
Authors: Zewen LIAO , Ansong GENG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  It is a special petroleum geological phenomenon that Silurian oilsands are extensively distributed in the central and northeast Tarim basin. Some geochemical studies of the oilsands have been carried out, but there is still great controversy over the hydrocarbon‐regenerating potential of oilsands and the possibility of Silurian oilsands as hydrocarbon source rocks. In this study, the kinetics of asphaltenes pyrolysis was directly used to simulate the potential of Silurian oilsands for regenerating hydrocarbons. According to the experimental results, combined with other related organic geochemical analysis, it is considered that Silurian oilsands in the Tarim basin have a high hydrocarbon‐regenerating potential and are latent hydrocarbon source rocks.
Resources Conditions of Coalbed Methane Districts in China
Authors: Shuheng TANG , Dayang LIN
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The China National Administration of Coal Geology accomplished an assessment of coalbed methane resources of China in 1988. The total amount of coalbed methane resources in China is 14336.944 billion m3, occurring in recoverable coal seams and beneath weathering zones, with coalbed methane content equal to or higher than 4 m3 per ton and buried depths smaller than 2000 m, among which there are 967.51 billion m3 of predicted reserves and 13369.434 billion m3 of future reserves. The resources in coal reservoirs with methane content of more than 8 m3 per ton are 12444.087 billion m3, and those with methane content between 4 to 8 m3 per ton are 1892.856 billion m3. There are 35 districts in which the resources abundance is higher than 150 million m3/km2, 49 districts with the abundance between 50 million and 150 million m3/km2, and 31 districts with the abundance less than 50 million m3/km2. There is 9256.078 billion m3 of methane occurring in coal seams with buried depths less than 1500 m, and 5080.866 billion m3 in coal seams with buried depths between 1500 and 2000 m. There are 28 large‐scale districts in which coalbed methane resources are more than 100 billions m3, 28 medium‐scale districts with coalbed methane resources between 20 billion and 100 billion m3 and 59 small‐scale districts with resources amount less than 20 billion m3. The Jincheng area is one of the most favourable districts for coalbed methane resources in China.
Characteristics of Coalbed Methane Resources of China
Authors: Dayang LIN , Jianping YE , Yong QIN , Shuheng TANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The paper deals with the coalbed methane gas‐bearing characteristics such as the gas content, theoretical gas saturation, gas concentration and abundance, as well as coal reservoir characteristics such as the adsorption, desorption and permeability of China's coal reservoirs. The paper also introduces the resources of coalbed methane with a gas content ≥ 4 m3/t and their distribution in China.
A New Understanding on South China Permian Coal‐bearing Strata and Coal Accumulation Regularity*
Authors: Wenheng LI , Shaoli GONG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The Longtan Formation was originally thought to belong to the Late Permian, but this study reveals that the lower part of this formation belongs to the Middle Permian. The study proposes the corresponding chro‐nostratigraphic boundary and new schemes for the correlation of geological sections. Based on these schemes a new understanding on the accumulation regularity of Permian coal measures in South China is reached.
Diagenesis and Porosity of the Cambrian‐Ordovician Carbonate Shoal Facies at Yangjiaping, Shimen, Hunan
Authors: Xiulian ZHANG , Yinghua WANG , Xiaolong CHEN
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Upper Cambrian‐Lower Ordovician shoal‐facies carbonate rocks are well developed in the Yangjiaping section, Shimen, Hunan, and their types are also highly varied. There are both monomictic shoal‐facies rocks (e.g. sparite oolitic limestone and sparite calcarenite) and polymictic shoal‐facies rocks (e.g. grainstone, whose grain types include sand‐ and pebble‐sized fragments, bioclasts, oolites, algal mats etc.). What is different is that the Upper Cambrian shoal‐facies rocks have been mostly strongly dolomitized into shoal‐facies dolomite with various residual textures. This paper presents an in‐depth study of various kinds of diagenesis and pore space evolution occurring in this section and suggests that the diagenetic sequences of shoal‐facies rocks in the study area is dominantly of retrogressive type.
Geochemical Indication of Sinian Bedded Siliceous Rocks in the Hunan‐Guizhou‐Guangxi Area and Their Environmental Significance
Authors: Jim PENG , Haisheng YI , Wenjie XIA
Published: September 2010

Abstract: In the Hunan‐Guizhou‐Guangxi area there have developed very thick bedded siliceous rocks of the late Sinian. The rocks have a fairly pure composition, with an average content of siliceous minerals exceeding 95%. They are relatively rich in Fe and Mn, and poor in Al, Ti and Mg. The Fe/Ti, (Fe+Mn)/Ti, Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) and U/Th ratios and the Al‐Fe‐Mn and Fe‐Mn‐(Ni+Co+Cu)×10 triangle diagrams all show that they are hydrothermal sedimentary siliceous rocks. In the rocks the total amount of REEs is low, the δCe shows an obvious negative anomaly and the δEu a weak anomaly, and LREE>HREE, all indicating that they are products of hydrothermal processes. The δ30Si and δ18O values, as well as the formation temperature of the rocks all clearly show that the silica forming the rocks comes from hot water. Besides, analyses of the depositional environment of the rocks using the MnO/TiO2 ratio and the δCe and δ30Si values yield the same conclusion that they are formed in environments from continental marginal slopes of a bathyal environment to oceanic basins of a deep‐sea environment.
Distribution of Rare Earth Elements in Early Permian Reef‐Island Ocean Sediments in Eastern Kunlun
Authors: Yongbiao WANG , Guirong XU , Qixiang LIN , Shuyun GONG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Based on the study of stratigraphy and fossils, the Early Permian ocean in eastern Kunlun is recognized as a kind of reef‐island ocean, in which there exist many different kinds of sediment, including patch carbonate platform, reef facies, transitional facies and deep basin sediments. It has been found that the total contents of REEs increase gradually from carbonate platform facies to deep basin facies. Meanwhile, sediments of different facies have different REE distribution patterns and different Ce anomalies. Most of the sediments of patch carbonate platform facies or reef facies are characterized by extremely negative Ce anomalies or moderately negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=0.33 to 0.55), and medium or thin‐bedded limestones of transitional facies by moderately negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=0.49 to 0.60). However, sediments of deep basin facies show weak or no negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=0.69 to 1.47), among which the value of Ce/Ce* in the radiolarian chert is 1.47.
Extreme Mantle Heterogeneity beneath the Jingpohu Area, Northeastern China—Geochemical Evidence of Holocene Basaltic Rock
Authors: Zhaochong ZHANG , Zong LIN , Zhaonai LI , Shucai LI , Zhaomu LI , Xianzheng WANG
Published: September 2010

Holocene basaltic rocks of the Jingpohu area are located in the “Crater Forest” and Hamatang districts to the northwest of the Jingpohu Lake. Although there is only a distance of 15 km between the two districts, their petrological characteristics are very different: alkaline olivine basalt without any megacrysts in the former, and leucite tephrite with Ti‐amphibole, phlogopite and anorthoclasite megacrysts in the latter. On the basis of their geochemical characteristics, the two types of basaltic rocks should belong to weakly sodian alkaline basalts. But leucite tephrite is characterized by higher Al2O3, Na2O and K2O, higher enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE), lower MgO and CaO, compatible elements and moderately compatible elements and lower Mg*values and Na/K ratios in comparison with alkaline olivine basalt. However, the two types of basaltic rocks have similar Sr, Nd, Pb isotopic compositions, which suggests that the mantle beneath the Jingpohu area was homogeneous before undergoing some geological processes about 3490 years ago. As the activity of the mantle plume led to different degrees of metasomatism, extreme mantle source heterogeneities occurred beneath the Jingpohu area. In comparison with alkaline olivine basalt, the leucite tephrite was derived from the more enriched mantle source region and resulted from strong metasomatism.
Evolution of Mesozoic Volcanic Basins and Red Basins in the Gan‐Hang Tectonic‐Volcanic Metallogenic Belt
Authors: Xinpu ZHANG
Published: September 2010

This paper mainly proposes six major regional geological events in the active continental‐margin mantle uplift zone and discusses the oscillation nature of the evolution of Mesozoic volcanic basins and red basins, origin of erosion in the late stage of red basins and mechanism of volcanism.
Palaeoclimatic Indicators of China's Quaternary Saline Lake Sediments and Hydrochemistry
Authors: Mianping ZHENG , Yuanyi ZHAO , Junying LIU
Published: September 2010

In this paper the authors classify saline lake sediments into the cold, warm and eurythermal phases, reveal the consistency between the zoning of hydrochemical types of modern saline lake water and climatic zoning and give climatic parameters under the conditions of typical cold phase (mirabilite and natron), warm phase (thenardite) and slightly warm phase (bloedite) saline lake deposition.