bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of silicon dioxide on expression of poly (ADP‐Ribose) polymerase mRNA and protein
Authors: Gao Ai , Song Shanshan , Wang Danlin , Peng Wei , Tian Lin
Published: April 2009

Silicon dioxide induces acute injury and chronic pulmonary fibrosis. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) listed it as a human carcinogen in 1996. However, the molecular mechanisms to induce cancer are not understood yet. The content of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerases (PARP) mRNA and protein in Hela cells treated with concentrations of silicon dioxide up to 400 μg/ml was determined by real‐time fluorogenetic quantitative PCR (RQ‐PCR) and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. MTT assay was used to determine cell viability. The results showed that viability at 400 μg/ml silica was significantly decreased but not at lower concentrations. The protein content of γ‐H2AX in silica‐treated group was significantly higher than the controls. The PARP mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced with a dose response manner from the lowest silicon dioxide level. Our findings suggested that silicon dioxide increased the expression of γ‐H2AX and inhibited the expression of PARP mRNA and protein in Hela cells.
The role of molecular chaperones in human misfolding diseases
Authors: Broadley Sarah A. , Hartl F. Ulrich
Published: April 2009

Human misfolding diseases arise when proteins adopt non‐native conformations that endow them with a tendency to aggregate and form intra‐ and/or extra‐cellular deposits. Molecular chaperones, such as Hsp70 and TCP‐1 Ring Complex (TRiC)/chaperonin containing TCP‐1 (CCT), have been implicated as potent modulators of misfolding disease. These chaperones suppress toxicity of disease proteins and modify early events in the aggregation process in a cooperative and sequential manner reminiscent of their functions in de novo protein folding. Further understanding of the role of Hsp70, TRiC, and other chaperones in misfolding disease is likely to provide important insight into basic pathomechanistic principles that could potentially be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
Reiseimpfungen
Authors: Jelinek Tomas
Published: April 2009

Die Reisemedizin bietet eine Vielzahl von Ansätzen zur Krankheitsprävention. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt sollte auf ausführliche Beratung über wesentliche Risiken im Reisegebiet, auf Vorsorgemaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln in den Tropen liegen. Die Impfberatung und Durchführung von Reiseimpfungen sind ein wesentlicher Teil der reisemedizinischen Beratung. Von den individualmedizinischen Aspekten abgesehen, gibt es auch zahlreiche Argumente aus Sicht des Public Health und der Gesundheitsökonomie, die für eine intensive Beratung und Betreuung von Reisenden sprechen. Reiseimpfungen sind ein wichtiges Präventionstool und sollten auch im Sinne der Allgemeinheit intensiv eingesetzt werden.
ON WEAKLY RIGID RINGS
Authors: NASR-ISFAHANI A. R. , MOUSSAVI A.
Published: April 2009

Let R be a ring with a monomorphism α and an α-derivation δ. We introduce (α, δ)-weakly rigid rings which are a generalisation of α-rigid rings and investigate their properties. Every prime ring R is (α, δ)-weakly rigid for any automorphism α and α-derivation δ. It is proved that for any n, a ring R is (α, δ)-weakly rigid if and only if the n-by-n upper triangular matrix ring Tn(R) is (, )-weakly rigid if and only if Mn(R) is (, )-weakly rigid. Moreover, various classes of (α, δ)-weakly rigid rings is constructed, and several known results are extended. We show that for an (α, δ)-weakly rigid ring R, and the extensions R[x], R[[x]], R[x; α, δ], R[x, x−1; α], R[[x; α]], R[[x, x−1; α]], the ring R is quasi-Baer if and only if the extension over R is quasi-Baer. It is also proved that for an (α, δ)-weakly rigid ring R, if any one of the rings R, R[x], R[x; α, δ] and R[x, x−1; α] is left principally quasi-Baer, then so are the other three. Examples to illustrate and delimit the theory are provided.
EXTENDED QUANTUM ENVELOPING ALGEBRAS OF (2)
Authors: ZHIXIANG WU
Published: April 2009

In present paper we define a new kind of quantized enveloping algebra of (2). We denote this algebra by Ur,t, where r, t are two non-negative integers. It is a non-commutative and non-cocommutative Hopf algebra. If r = 0, then the algebra Ur,t is isomorphic to a tensor product of the algebra of infinite cyclic group and the usual quantum enveloping algebra of (2) as Hopf algebras. The representation of this algebra is studied.
ON THE RESTRICTION OF CHARACTERS OF STEINBERG–TITS TRIALITY GROUP 3D4(q) ON UNIPOTENT CLASSES
Authors: DABBAGHIAN VAHID
Published: April 2009

Let G be a finite Steinberg–Tits triality group 3D4(q), and let H be a maximal unipotent subgroup of G. In this paper we classify irreducible characters χ of G such that χH has a linear constituent with multiplicity one.
ON GLOBAL ROUGH SOLUTIONS TO A NON-LINEAR SCHRÖDINGER SYSTEM
Authors: MA LI , SONG XIANFA , ZHAO LIN
Published: April 2009

The non-linear Schrödinger systems arise from many important physical branches. In this paper, employing the ‘I-method’, we prove the global-in-time well-posedness for a coupled non-linear Schrödinger system in Hs(n) when n = 2, s > 4/7 and n = 3, s > 5/6, respectively, which extends the results of J. Colliander, M. Keel, G. Staffilani, H. Takaoka and T. Tao (Almost conservation laws and global rough solutions to a nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Math Res. Lett. 9, 2002, 659–682) to the system.
ON RINGS WHOSE RIGHT ANNIHILATORS ARE BOUNDED
Authors: HWANG SEO UN , KIM NAM KYUN , LEE YANG
Published: April 2009

Jacobson said a a right ideal would be called bounded if it contained a non-zero ideal, and Faith said a ring would be called strongly right bounded if every non-zero right ideal were bounded. In this paper we introduce a condition that is a generalisation of strongly bounded rings and insertion-of-factors-property (IFP) rings, calling a ring strongly right AB if every non-zero right annihilator is bounded. We first observe the structure of strongly right AB rings by analysing minimal non-commutative strongly right AB rings up to isomorphism. We study properties of strongly right AB rings, finding conditions for strongly right AB rings to be reduced or strongly right bounded. Relating to Ramamurthi's question (i.e. Are right and left SF rings von Neumann regular?), we show that a ring is strongly regular if and only if it is strongly right AB and right SF, from which we may generalise several known results. We also construct more examples of strongly right AB rings and counterexamples to several naturally raised situations in the process.
EXISTENCE RESULT FOR NONUNIFORMLY DEGENERATE SEMILINEAR ELLIPTIC SYSTEMS INN
Authors: CHUNG NGUYEN THANH , TOAN HOANG QUOC
Published: April 2009

We study the existence of solutions for a class of nonuniformly degenerate elliptic systems inN,N≥ 3, of the formwherehi∈L1loc(N),hi(x) ≧ γ0|x|αwith α ∈ (0, 2) and γ0> 0,i= 1, 2. The proofs rely essentially on a variant of the Mountain pass theorem (D. M. Duc, Nonlinear singular elliptic equations,J. Lond. Math. Soc.40(2) (1989), 420–440) combined with the Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg inequality (First order interpolation inequalities with weights,Composito Math.53(1984), 259–275).
COLLECTIVE REDRESS PROCEDURES–EUROPEAN DEBATES
Authors: Fairgrieve Duncan , Howells Geraint
Published: April 2009

Collective redress mechanisms for consumer claims seek both to allow legal systems to accommodate mass litigation without being overwhelmed and to enable litigation to be viable where individual claims would not be economic. The article maps a number of recent reforms and reform proposals relating to consumer collective redress at national level and comments on EU developments. It notes that there is insufficient recognition of the differences between schemes geared at managing mass litigation as opposed to those aimed at facilitating otherwise non-viable claims. There are however signs that a European style of collective redress procedure is developing, which emphasize the role of public authorities and consumer organizations as gatekeepers to collective redress. The EU is unlikely to be able to impose collective redress procedures on national civil procedures, but the EU could prompt Member States to reflect on the need for national reforms. There may be limited scope for an EU mechanism to address the problem of individually non-viable consumer claims. This would however have to address certain fundamental issues such as the opt-out mechanism, cy-près distribution and funding if consumer organizations are to be encouraged to bring such actions. At a legal doctrinal level, it is interesting to note the influence of comparative studies on policy development within Member States as well as at the EU level.
Trichinellosis survey in the wild boar from the Toledo mountains in south-western Spain (2007–2008): molecular characterization of Trichinella isolates by ISSR-PCR
Authors: García-Sánchez R.N. , Nogal-Ruiz J.J. , Manzano-Lorenzo R. , Díaz J.M. Arroyo , López G. Pérez , Ruano F.J. Sánchez , Casas A. Ramiro , Bascón C. Crespo , Bolás-Fernández F. , Martínez-Fernández A.R.
Published: April 2009

In Spain, trichinellosis represents a public health problem, with an average of five outbreaks per year, wild boar meat being the main source of infection. A trichinellosis survey (2007–2008 hunting campaign) was carried out on wild boars in the Toledo Mountains (south-western Spain, EU) in the context of a surveillance programme on wildlife diseases. A total of 2216 wild boars from different locations of the region were examined. The examination was carried out by veterinarians in the local abattoir (Matadero Municipal de Toledo). The positive samples were sent to the Department of Parasitology (Facultad de Farmacia, UCM) for experimental isolation and specific identification by inter-simple sequence repeat-polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR). Using this technique we identified 17 isolates as Trichinella spiralis with an electrophoretic profile indistinguishable from the T. spiralis reference strain (ISS48). We confirmed that ISSR-PCR is a robust technique for the molecular identification of Trichinella isolates. According to our results, the prevalence of T. spiralis in wild boars from the Toledo Mountains (>800 m above sea level) during the hunting season was approximately 0.77%. The prevalence of T. spiralis (100% of our observations) is a good example of the persistence of this species in sylvatic conditions (coming from the domestic cycle), if a good wild host is abundant. Our observations confirm the major prevalence of T. spiralis over T. britovi in this region, as well as the risk to human health represented by the consumption of uninspected wild boar meat.
Use of mitochondrial RNA genes for the differentiation of fourTrichinellaspecies by multiplex PCR amplification
Authors: Blaga R. , Fu BaoQuan , Le Rhun D. , Le Naour E. , Heckman A. , Zocevic A. , Liu MingYuan , Boireau P.
Published: April 2009

Until now, four species of theTrichinellagenus have been identified in Europe:Trichinella spiralis,T. nativa,T. britoviandT. pseudospiralis. The aim of this work was to establish a sound polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method to differentiate these four species using mitochondrial rDNA as a reliable genetic marker and to evaluate the sensitivity of this method. Full-length DNA sequences coding for the small and large mitochondrial rRNA (mt-rrnSand mt-rrnL) of the four species are described. A multiplex PCR was designed and successfully tested on 24 European isolates. As few as one larva, or 100 pg of genomic DNA was detected, providing equivalent sensitivity to previously described PCR methods. The PCR-based method of mitochondrial rDNA amplification was thereby established as a sensitive and reproductive diagnostic method for the four EuropeanTrichinellaspecies.
Factors affecting quality-of-life impact of adult tonsillectomy
Authors: Koskenkorva T , Koivunen P , Penna T , Teppo H , Alho O-P
Published: April 2009

Objective:

To assess the quality of life of adult patients with recurrent tonsillitis after tonsillectomy, and to determine predictive factors for patient satisfaction.

Methods:

In a prospective cohort study, a Glasgow benefit inventory questionnaire was posted to 70 adult patients six months after tonsillectomy for recurrent tonsillitis. Data were obtained on patient characteristics, risk factors, tonsillitis history, and clinical and operative findings. The patients were also assessed using self-completed diary data collection regarding acute symptoms (i.e. fever, throat pain, cough and rhinitis), tonsillitis episodes and visits to a doctor, either three to six months before tonsillectomy or six months after tonsillectomy. Predictive factors were sought for inclusion in the worst 30th percentile of patients (i.e. Glasgow benefit inventory score under 18), regarding post-operative change in quality of life.

Results:

Sixty-two patients (40 females, 22 males; age range 15–46 years) returned the questionnaire (response rate 89 per cent). The mean total Glasgow benefit inventory score after tonsillectomy was +26 (standard deviation 14). The mean scores for Glasgow benefit inventory subscales were: general health +25 (standard deviation 18), social functioning +5 (standard deviation 14) and physical functioning +55 (standard deviation 23). The only factors associated with low patient satisfaction were a small number of tonsillitis episodes (diary-based data) and days with fever before tonsillectomy.

Conclusions:

Adult patients with recurrent tonsillitis seemed to be generally pleased with their tonsillectomy. The more symptoms they had prior to surgery, the greater was their improvement in quality of life. No other patient- or disease-related factors were associated with patient satisfaction.
Initial outcomes from universal newborn hearing screening in Avon
Authors: Sim R J , Matthew S , Foley R J , Robinson P J
Published: April 2009

Objective:

The Avon Area Health Authority was a first-phase site for introduction of universal newborn screening in the UK. The aims of this study were: to review the programme's results to date; to assess the impact screening would have on other services (e.g. the cochlear implant programme); and to assess the longer term outcome for children identified by the screening programme.

Patients:

All children identified by the Avon universal newborn hearing screening programme between April 2002 and July 2006.

Results:

Fifty-four children with a bilateral hearing impairment of worse than 40 dBHL were identified from a screened population of approximately 44 000. Nine of these children were put forward for cochlear implantation, and seven had been implanted at the time of writing. Thirteen of these children were identified with possible auditory neuropathy or dys-synchrony. All the newborn hearing screening programme criteria assessed were met.

Conclusions:

The screening programme was effective. Some areas may need review in order to optimise patient care.
The Grey Seals of the Farne Islands
Authors: Hickling Grace , Ennion E. A. R.
Published: April 2009

The Atlantic Grey Seal, Halichoerus grypus, is one of the world's rarer mammals. In 1954 R. M. Lockley estimated its total population as 33,500 and there is no reason to suppose there has since been an increase. About 20,000 of these seals live in colonies around the coasts of the British Isles, all on the north and west, except for one colony which inhabits the Fame Islands, a National Trust nature reserve off the Northumberland coast.
The Kariba Lake
Authors: Smithers Reay H. N.
Published: April 2009

On 3rd December, 1958, the two ports in the Kariba Dam, through which the whole volume of the great Zambesi River was then flowing were closed. This heralded not only a major step in this vast engineering project but also the commencement of the greatest environmental upset ever to befall a population of animals and birds within the African continent, in the memory of man.
The Position of Wild Life Preservation in West Africa
Authors: Rosevear D. R.
Published: April 2009

In any country the basic need for wild life preservation the education of the masses; and this is perhaps especially true of Africa, which has a shorter history of civilization than other continents. Vast sums are spent annually in West Africa on furthering general education, in building new schools and in improving and extending old ones. New universities spring up on all sides, which, like the schools, are full to overflowing with young students eager for knowledge; but though there are lessons in Nature Study, Zoology and Botany, these matters are all too often treated as mere exercises in learning with view to examination, and tend to concern themselves with the more obscure anatomical features of animals rather than their mode of life. Little emphasis is laid upon bringing home to the boys and girls, the young men and young women, the beauty and cultural value of the living scene around them: the animals, the birds, the trees, the flowers, and the importance of ensuring that the brave new world they are creating is not established in a dull and lifeless countryside. These boys and girls are the teachers and legislators of the not very distant future; ten years at the most will see them persons of considerable influence. It is they who in the States now coming into being will set the tune and engender the spirit which will colour the life of many generations to come. They should be made well-informed and interested in the natural world around them.
The Survival Service Commission
Authors: Boyle C. L.
Published: April 2009

In August, 1949, the International Union for the Protection of Nature held a conference at Lake Success, U.S.A., under the good offices of UNESCO. The conference was attended by representatives from thirty-two countries and from all the continents. The first subject to be studied was education in nature protection. The second was ecology and this was divided into sections of which Section f, under the chairmanship of Mr. Harold J. Coolidge, was devoted to “Emergency Action for preserving vanishing species of flora and fauna”. The deliberations of this section resulted in Resolution No. 15 of the main conference which reads: “That the International Union for the Protection of Nature should establish a ‘Survival Service’ for the assembling, evaluation, and dissemination of information on and the study of, all species of fauna and flora that appear to be threatened with extinction, in order to assist governments and appropriate agencies in assuring their survival.”
The Black Rhinoceros is brought back to Ruanda
Authors: Haezaert J.
Published: April 2009

Thanks to the protection afforded it by the Belgian Government, the northern race of the white, or square-lipped rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum cottoni, is increasing in the Garamba National Park of the Belgian Congo. This park was specially created in 1938 to preserve the species, whose numbers there were down to about a hundred individuals. They now probably approach 1,000. But the story of the black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis, is very different. Once common in the savannahs of Katanga, but now exterminated there, it used also to exist in the east of Ruanda, notably in what is now the Kagera National Park. So, in 1958, bearing in mind its success with the white rhinoceros, the National Parks of the Belgian Congo decided to try to reintroduce the black rhinoceros into Kagera. This rhinoceros is still not rare in some parts of Tanganyika Territory, especially in Karagwe district, but that country is separated from the Kagera Park in Ruanda by the River Kagera itself.
“Operation Noah”
Authors: Critchley R. A.
Published: April 2009

The decision to build a dam at Kariba involved the Federal Government and the governments of both Northern and Southern Rhodesia in a vast amount of planning. The resettlement of 50,000 Tonga tribesmen was undertaken at a cost of about £4 million. Plans for the development of three township areas on each side of the new lake are under way.
A Look at Threatened Species
Authors: Talbot Lee Merriam
Published: April 2009

To preserve the last surviving remnants of gravely endangered species of fauna and flora from total extinction becomes more urgent every day, as the spread of civilization takes over their native habitat. In 1931, when the American Committee for International Wild Life Protection was established, it focused attention on the need for gathering information about gravely endangered species of mammals and birds. The Committee raised funds to support research on this subject, which culminated in the publication ofExtinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Western Hemisphereby Glover M. Allen in 1942,Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Old Worldby Francis Harper in 1945, andExtinct and Vanishing Birds of the Worldby James C. Greenway, Jr., in 1958. These volumes furnish a base line of knowledge to assist future efforts in the protection of endangered species.
The Rescue of Rhinoceroses at Kariba Dam
Authors: Harthoorn A. M. , Lock J. A.
Published: April 2009

The lake damming the Zambezi river at Kariba will eventually be 175 miles long and 2,000 square miles in extent. Much of the flooded land was rich in wild animals. As the country either side of the Zambezi is not a gentle slope, but very hilly, the animals that lived in the inundated areas were not gradually driven away by an advancing tide line, but on the contrary, found the water advancing on them from every side. They were accustomed to floods and merely sought higher ground, but when that in its turn was inundated or remained above the lake only as an island, the marooned animals—if they were not rescued—would either drown or run out of food and starve.
A Camp for Schoolchildren in the Kafue National Park, Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Critchley Erica J.
Published: April 2009

A long required and most urgent need in the education of the “Children of the Country” is being made possible by the generosity and far-sightedness of the Ndola Lottery Board Committee. They have made a grant of £5,000 to our Game Preservation and Hunting Association for the construction of a permanent camp in the Kafue National Park.
The Fate of Wildlife in the Galapagos Islands
Authors: Dorst Jean
Published: April 2009

On the 15th of September, 1835, a young naturalist landed on Chatham, the most easterly island of the Galapagos archipelago: he was none other than Charles Darwin, and it was there he first came into contact with the facts over which he pondered during the immortal voyage of the Beagle and which his genius translated into theories on evolution.
Abominable Snowmen: The Present Position
Authors: Hill William C. Osman
Published: April 2009

On ancient Indian maps the mountainous northern frontier is referred to as the Mahalangur-Himal, which may be translated as the mountains of the big monkeys. In view of recent reports one naturally wonders whether the big monkeys referred o t were the large langurs (Semnopithecus), which are known to ascend to the hills to altitudes of 12,000 feet, or to something still larger, which ranges to even higher altitudes.
The Introduction of White Rhinoceros into the Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda
Authors: Savidge John
Published: April 2009

The Northern race of the Square-lipped (White) Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) occurs in small numbers west of the Albert Nile in Uganda (in the West Nile and West Madi districts); in the N.E. Congo (where, at least until June, 1960, it was most numerous in the Garamba National Park); in the S.W. Sudan (in the Nimule National Park and elsewhere), and in Ubangi Shani.
The Use of Light Aircraft in East African Wild Life Research and Game Management
Authors: Zaphiro D. R. P. , Talbot Lee M.
Published: April 2009

Most of the wild life management and research problems in East Africa to-day are concerned with widespread populations of varied species of animals distributed over vast areas of usually roadless terrain. In such conditions it is difficult, uneconomic and time consuming to operate entirely from the ground, and a light aircraft, correctly used, can be of great value.
Translocation as a Means of Preserving Wild Animals
Authors: Harthoorn A. M.
Published: April 2009

By translocation is meant the transfer of wild animals from one area to another. The term may be used in the positive sense of introducing animals into an area, for instance to enhance the value of a reserve by re-introducing species that have been exterminated there, or in the negative sense of removing them from conflict with human interests as an alternative to their destruction.
Tristan da Cunha 1962 The Royal Society's Expedition and Wildlife Preservation
Authors: Elliott H. F. I.
Published: April 2009

The evacuation of Tristan da Cunha following the volcanic eruption of 9th October, 1961, has again raised the question of safeguarding one of the richest reservoirs of oceanic wildlife left in the world.
The Mediterranean Monk Seal
Authors: van Wijngaarden A.
Published: April 2009

In former times the Mediterranean Monk Seal, Monachus monachus (Hermann), was abundant on the Black Sea and Mediterranean coasts, along the Atlantic seaboard of north-west Africa and around Madeira and the Canary Islands. The following records are especially interesting.
Wild Life Conservation Education in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Pile John A.
Published: April 2009

Seventy years ago the population of Southern Rhodesia was only about 500,000. The inhabitants occupied the land according to their tribal customs, and were mainly hunters and pastoralists. In those days the whole country abounded with wild life. Then western civilization came to the country, bringing with it advanced agricultural techniques, medical science and the western system of law. Within thirty years vast changes and development took place. The indigenous population trebled: industries, particularly mining, sprang up all over the country and around these industries towns were built with the resultant network of road and rail communications. But, following the pattern of development seen in so many countries, Rhodesia's natural resources were being squandered and destroyed, in some cases through lack of knowledge, in others wantonly. Nevertheless, even in the 1920's a few people, supported by the Government, did make some provision for the conservation of wild life and in 1927 the first game reserve was established at Wankie. By the 1930's, however, it was obvious that other resources, particularly the soil, were being lost at an alarming rate. Again a few far-sighted people, led by Water Court Judge Mcllwaine, stirred up public opinion, the Governor appointing a commission of enquiry into the extent to which the natural resources were being squandered. The outcome of this enquiry was the establishment of the Natural Resources Board, constituted by Act of Parliament which, in essence, recognized the Board as the public trustee for the natural resources of the country. The Board has extremely wide powers and can give orders to the owners, occupiers or users of any land to adopt such measures as it may deem necessary for the conservation and protection of the resources. Whilst an appeal to the court against such orders is provided for, the Board relies upon persuasion rather than compulsion and depends upon the goodwill and common-sense of the people to ensure a future both for themselves and for those who are to follow.
Dangers Involved in the Exploitation of Game in N'Gamiland
Authors: Mallinson J. J.
Published: April 2009

N'gamiland is the native reserve of the Batawana tribe, which has at its head Mahumahati Moremi, the Queen Regent. The headquarters of both the native and of the British administration is at Maun, situated in the Okavango Swamps area. No European is allowed to own property in N'gamiland, and any trading store run by Europeans is leased from the tribe. Queen Moremi has the last say on all matters. There is no known mineral wealth in N'gamiland.
Some Problems of Wild Life Conservation in Iceland
Authors: Bourne Arthur G.
Published: April 2009

It would appear that the natural hazards present in Iceland have little or no lasting effects on the fauna. Far more important are the threats introduced by man and his domestic stocks, though even here the effect has more significance in relation to the flora, rather than the fauna. Direct predation does occur, and forms part of the economy, but one must presume that the present-day protection laws and conservation in Iceland seem to be adequate for most of the fauna and flora, the exceptions being the Harlequin and Barrow's Goldeneye at Myvatn. The difficulty seems to be not in giving legal protection by law, but in enforcing it.

The cropping of marine mammals does not seem to have had any great effect on their numbers and one must assume that provided cropping does not increase, conservation measures must be adequate. It must be emphasized, however, that this is only a survey of the conditions existing to-day and a great deal of work must be done on the population dynamics, and a closer study of the effects of the particular physical forces mentioned must be made. It is hoped that through the auspices of the Anglo- Icelandic Field Research Group, and with the help of our colleagues in Iceland, there will be many facilities for future workers.
“Operation Oryx”
Authors: Grimwood I. R.
Published: April 2009

In reports of this nature it is customary to conclude by acknowledging the help received from other persons or organizations. In this case the procedure is being reversed in order to emphasize the fact that “Operation Oryx” was a combined operation, of which the part played by the field party represented only one facet.
The Indian Wild Ass
Authors: Gee E. P.
Published: April 2009

Information on the present population and status of the Indian Wild Ass Equus hemionus khur Lesson, 1827, is scanty. For this reason I was prompted to undertake this brief fact-finding survey, especially as South African Horse Sickness had been reported in that part of India recently. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources sponsored my expedition, and the World Wildlife Fund very kindly paid my travelling expenses from the eastern part of India to the furthest western tip of the country.
Wetlands Conference in the Camargue
Authors: Daubercies A.
Published: April 2009

The progressive loss of marshes, bogs and others wetlands through drainage and “improvement” led the Executive Board and the Ecology Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature to undertake a special project—project MAR—on the conservation and management of temperate wetlands. As with their African Special Project, the work is divided into three stages. First came the collection of data on the status and importance of wetlands and the methods by which they might most profitably be conserved: also the compiling of an inventory of important wetland areas in Europe and north-west Africa.
Wild Life Research in East and Central Africa
Authors: Jewell P. A.
Published: April 2009

This visit took place from August to October, 1962, and its aim was threefold: first, to see and observe large African mammals in their natural environment; second, to visit places where research into the ecology and breeding biology of these animals is being carried out and, third, to become familiar with the conditions and requirements for field work in Africa.
The Status of Manatees in the Guianas
Authors: Bertram G. C. L. , Bertram C. K. Ricardo
Published: April 2009

Manatees appear on the list of animals deemed by the Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature to be in danger of extermination. Fortunately they are not yet very high on the danger list, but are nevertheless in need of proper conservation. A study of these animals in British Guiana and neighbouring countries was therefore undertaken early in 1962 to investigate the problems involved in their use and protection. British Guiana was chosen for this study since it was believed still to have as large a stock of manatees as any country, and because helpful people there made possible the best use of the three months available. This paper is concerned primarily with the status of manatees, both as regards their present abundance and their possible economic uses. Other aspects of the work will be published elsewhere.
News of the European Bison in Poland
Authors: Krysiak Kazimierz
Published: April 2009

During the first world war all the bison in the Białowieża Forest were destroyed but a new chapter in the history of the species started in 1929 with the introduction of captive stock. An area of 500 acres in the forest was fenced and 70 acres of it deforested. Thirty-two bison were living in this closed reserve on 31st December, 1962.
Man Pressure
Authors: Bertram Colin
Published: April 2009

Those with the enthusiasm and zeal for fauna preservation and conservation even yet, I believe, remain inadequately aware of the enormity of the human tide which sets against them. This essay is intended to help towards a fuller perspective, biologically frightening though it is.
Moremi Wildlife Reserve, Okavango
Authors: Kay June
Published: April 2009

Last October, Oryx published an article on the decimation of fauna in the Okavango Swamp country of the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Now comes the story of the astonishing sequel.
The Orang-Utan Crisis
Authors: Boyle C. L.
Published: April 2009

The Orang-utan or Maias, Pongo pygmaeus, which lives only in the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, is one of the animals in greatest danger of extermination throughout the world. The threat comes from the demand for young captive orangs. These are normally obtained by shooting the mother, so that, remembering also the numbers of baby orangs which must be killed accidentally with their mothers or die in transit later from disease or undernourishment, it is reasonable to estimate that for every orang to reach its final destination in captivity, at least three perish.
The Education of Young Orang-Utans to Living in the Wild
Authors: Harrisson Barbara
Published: April 2009

An experimental research project is being carried out at Bako National Park in Sarawak to devise means by which young orphaned orang-utans can be re-established to wild living.
The Giant Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands
Authors: Snow D. W.
Published: April 2009

The Charles Darwin Research Station in the Galapagos has as its most urgent duty the protection of the remaining giant tortoises, which, besides being one of the most interesting and spectacular elements in the unique fauna, and giving the islands their name, are at present in greater danger of extinction than any other native animals. Accurate knowledge of their present status is a prerequisite of conservation, and this is not easy to obtain in the extremely difficult terrain where most of the surviving tortoises live. This paper summarises very briefly the previously available information: its main purpose is to present the new information which has been obtained in the last year and a half (time of writing, August, 1964), to discuss the factors threatening their continued existence, and to outline the conservation measures which have already been taken and those that are planned for the future.
The Persian Fallow Deer
Authors: Pepper Hubert J.
Published: April 2009

Discovered less than a hundred years ago, the Persian fallow deer Dama mesopotamica is in serious danger of becoming extinct. Mr. Pepper describes this large deer and the little that is known of its history, and urges the need for establishing a captive herd based on the two females in a German zoo, the only ones in captivity.
The Bison in Canada
Authors: Egerton P. J. Marjoribanks
Published: April 2009

Ruthless killing by white men brought the wood, or northern, bison which once ranged from Edmonton, Alberta, north to Great Slave Lake, within sight of extinction, as it did the plains bison further south in the U.S.A. In 1893 the Canadian Government instituted a policy of conservation. Wood Buffalo Park was declared a protected area, and in 1906 the Government bought 600 plains bison in the U.S.A. and established them at Wainwright. These were so successful that twenty years later 6,000 were taken to Wood Buffalo Park. Here they interbred with the wood bison, and it was feared that the wood bison would disappear as a distinct subspecies. In 1957, however, a small isolated group of wood bison were discovered in a remote part of Wood Buffalo Park, and these are being kept separate. Miss Egerton studied the social behaviour of the North American bison while employed as a graduate student in the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada, from September, 1960, to December, 1962. In this paper, while mentioning some aspects of bison behaviour, she is concerned mainly with the history and present standing of the species in Alberta.
Can the Earth Support Us All?
Authors: Worthington E. B.
Published: April 2009

The human race is setting itself some formidable problems by both increasing at an unprecedented rate and raising its living standards at an even faster rate. Have we the resources to feed, house, clothe, let alone provide leisure and culture, for all? What, for example, are the untapped food resources of the sea, of rivers and lakes, of wildlife? Nobody knows. The task of the International Biological Programme is to find the answers. Dr. Worthington, deputy director of the Nature Conservancy, and scientific director designate of the IBP, explains the task, and outlines the methods.
Plans for Conserving the Wildlife of Hong Kong
Authors: Marshall P. M. , Phillips J. G.
Published: April 2009

With three mammals certainly extinct in the last seventeen years, two probably extinct and several more now on the danger list, there is argent need for an investigation into the status of Hong Kong's wildlife and the setting aside of reserves for its conservation. Building and industrial development are increasingly destroying some of the hitherto unspoiled areas, and a group of people in Hong Kong have drawn up plans for a national park and several small nature reserves, including an island one on which it would be possible to re-establish local species of animals which could be used to re-stock other areas. Professor Phillips is head of the Department of Zoology in the University of Hong Kong of which Dr Marshall is also a member.
Success Story at Ngorongoro
Authors: Fosbrooke H. A.
Published: April 2009

The ancient volcanic crater of Ngorongoro in Tanzania, 10 miles across and 2,000 feet deep, is one of the show places of East African wildlife. Formerly a part of the great Serengeti National Park, it was separated in 1959 on the recommendation of a Government Committee of Enquiry, and, together with the Eastern Serengeti, established as a Conservation Area with a total area of 3,200 square miles. This followed Professor Pearsall's ecological survey of the Serengeti in 1956, financed by the FPS, the report of which was published in ORYX, August 1957. In this article the retiring Conservator of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area describes how, helped by money from the British Government, Ngorongoro has developed in five years from “a doubtful starter” to one of the successes of East African conservation. Members of the FPS East African tour will visit the Crater in February.
The Life and Status of the Polar Bear
Authors: Harrington C. R.
Published: April 2009

Polar bears are on the IUCN list of endangered species. In 1961, when there were signs of serious depletions, the Canadian Wildlife Service started a five-year research project on the polar bear's biology and ecology, and the author is engaged on this work. He points out that polar bears are a most valuable resource, especially to the Canadian Eskimos, and if their numbers are allowed to dwindle to the point at which they have to be given complete protection they will have little more than aesthetic value, which in the case of an Arctic species is limited. These extracts from a comprehensive paper on the polar bear's life history and status are reproduced from “Canadian Audubon” by kind permission of the author and editor.
The Tsavo Elephants
Authors: Harthoorn A. M.
Published: April 2009

The Ford Foundation has made a grant of £70,000 for research into the elephant problem in the Tsavo National Park in Kenya, which has become acute. In recent years the number of elephants has increased rapidly to some 15,000, and the widespread destruction of trees in the park is generally attributed to them. Are they destroying the habitat? If so, what should be done? One suggestion is to cull up to 5,000 of them. In this article, based on an interview with “Africana” and reprinted by kind permission, Dr Harthoorn of the University College, Nairobi, suggests that some of the tree destruction could be the result of excessive burning, and that until the effects of keeping fire out of the Tsavo have been studied, massive killings of elephants should not be attempted.
Wildlife Conservation in the Antarctic
Authors: Roberts Brian
Published: April 2009

In 1964 twelve nations made conservation history when they produced the Agreed Measures for conserving the Antarctic fauna and lora, the first time such an international agreement had been achieved. The movement towards Antarctic conservation stems from the International Geophysical Year, in 1957–58, when the twelve nations, all in the Antarctic, and including the USA and the USSR, achieved an informal political truce and started collaboration in scientific research. After the end of the IGY this collaboration continued, under the aegis of the International Council of Scientific Unions and with the secretariat at the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, of which Dr. Roberts is a member. One result was the Antarctic Treaty, which came into force in 1961, and this in turn led to the Agreed Measures.
Israel Tackles Conservation
Authors: Ashby K. R.
Published: April 2009

Intensive agricultural and urban development by Jewish settlers, coupled with a population explosion among the Bedouin Arabs (and their goats), have brought rapid changes to both the fauna and flora of Israel. While the increase in suburban gardens has benefited some birds, the use of pesticides has exterminated others, and the use of the Negev for army training brought near disaster to the desert gazelle. But the Jewish people are conservationminded. Dr. Ashby, recently returned from Israel, describes how they are tackling the task of making five per cent. of their country into nature reserves.
In Pursuit of the Thylacine
Authors: Guiler Eric R.
Published: April 2009

The thylacine, now confined to Tasmania, is not only one of the rarest but also one of the most elusive animals. The accidental killing of one in 1961 prompted the Tasmanian Animals and Birds Protection Board to follow up the detailed records it had been collecting over the years with a field investigation. Aided by a grant from the government, the expedition set out in October, 1963, led by Dr Guiler. The thylacine, however, maintained its reputation for elusiveness.
Saving Forests for Wildlife in Brazil
Authors: Nogueira-Neto Paulo
Published: April 2009

In Sao Paulo State in Brazil, 85 per cent, of the forests have been felled, mostly in this century, to make way for agriculture. As it is in the tropical forest that most of the wildlife is found efforts are now concentrated on preserving the remnant and the wildlife with it. The author, who is a member of the State Forest Council and President of the Association for the Defense of the Flora and Fauna, lists the mammals and birds in danger of extermination and describes some of the 35 state forests and seven state parks already established.
Aldabra — The Case for Conserving this Coral Atoll
Authors: Gaymer Roger
Published: April 2009

Aldabra, one of the few islands left in the world with a distinctive fauna undisturbed by man, is threatened with the installation of an air base and a radio station that would without doubt ruin its scientific value and probably exterminate several rare, and some unique, birds. The author, a member of die Bristol University Seychelles Expedition of 1964–65, spent two months on Aldabra, which lies 630 miles south-west of Seychelles and 230 miles northwest of Madagascar. He describes some of the interesting animals and birds and the unique opportunity for scientific study that the island offers, and points to Assumption Island as a “grim warning” of what human interference can do to such an island.
Rhinoceros and Seladang — Malaya's Vanishing Species
Authors: Hislop J. A.
Published: April 2009

The two animals most seriously threatened by development in the Malay peninsula are the Sumatran rhinoceros and the seladang. The author, who has extensive knowledge of the peninsula, puts the rhinos at ten known individuals, with a probable total population of thirty, but many areas are still unexplored and information is far from complete. The seladang or Malayan gaur, the huge wild ox standing as high as six feet at the shoulder, is even more vulnerable than the rhino. Seladang unfortunately prefer habitats that are suitable for cultivation, and since the war some herds of thirty or more animals have completely disappeared. Two projected dams, which will destroy the greatest concentration of salt licks in Malaya, are a new and serious threat to the seladang.
How Independence Saved an African Reserve
Authors: Hayes G. D.
Published: April 2009

Before 1939 the Lengwe game reserve in Nyasaland sheltered a wide range of large animals, including the rare nyala antelope for whose protection it was originally declared. By the end of the war, with invasions and settlement and large-scale poaching, it hardly qualified as a reserve at all, says the author, who is honorary secretary of the Fauna Preservation Society of Malawi; and the situation was not much better in 1964 when the country achieved independence as Malawi. Then, thanks to the personal interest of Dr. Banda, a decision to abolish the reserve was reversed and a new water supply installed which has transformed the situation.
Translocation of White Rhinoceros in South Africa
Authors: Player Ian
Published: April 2009

The history of wildlife conservation in Africa is one of dwindling animal populations and shrinking habitats, and the southern white or square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum simum became one of the rarest large mammals in Africa. This paper, on which the author's address at San Diego was based, describes one of the most successful operations in wildlife conservation, the build-up n i numbers of the white rhino and the re-population of some of its former range, thanks largely to the use of immobilising drugs. Ian Player, who played a major part in the operations, is Chief Conservator of Zululand.
Wildlife Protection in Mongolia
Authors: Hibbert R. A.
Published: April 2009

Although the Mongolian People's Republic, last refuge of the Przewalski wild horse, is one of the most thinly populated countries in the world, the wildlife decreased considerably in the 30's and 40's. There has been some improvement in recent years, and the Game Law now gives protection to nearly all mammals—the few exceptions include the wolf, understandably in a country with vast herds of domestic animals. Mr. Hibbert, who was British Chargé d'Affaires at Ulan Bator from 1964 to 1966, and has since spent a year at Leeds University working on Mongolian materials, assesses the status of the major species of mammals, birds and fish, and describes the game laws.
The First FPS Indian Tour
Authors: Elliott Hugh
Published: April 2009

To the now comparatively teeming members of the Society who have experienced one of its African tours, it is hard to explain in a few words how India was so different and so very well worth while. For it was by no means a case of the mixture as before. But perhaps it would be better to try to convey the atmosphere in a tailpiece, and start with facts and figures.
Przewalski Horses in the Wild
Authors: Montagu Ivor
Published: April 2009

The report by Dr Zoltan Kaszab of a sighting of Przewalski wild horses in Mongolia, published in Oryx, December 1966, has brought criticism of the identification. However, an expedition in the summer of 1967 sighted a mare with a yearling foal and found tracks of others. In this article Mr Ivor Montagu discusses the criticism of the 1966 sighting and Dr Kaszab's reply, and lists other sightings accepted by the Mongolian authorities.