bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Typhoon Hazards in the Shanghai Area
Authors: Zong Yongqiang , Chen Xiqing
Published: March 2003

There are three major typhoon hazards that apply to the Shanghai area. First, gale‐force winds can damage buildings and service facilities. The most severe damage from this occurs only when a typhoon strikes Shanghai directly. Second, both the urban and rural sections of Shanghai are liable to flooding during typhoon seasons. These floods occur when typhoon‐induced storm surges coincide with high spring tides and meet with high discharges from the river network as a result of the typhoon downpours. Third, typhoon‐induced torrential rain has caused waterlog hazards, particularly in the most densely populated parts of Shanghai. The waterlog hazard has been exacerbated by land subsidence and poor management of pumping systems. In order to prevent disasters happening and reduce the scale of damage, the government has issued construction guidelines and invested in flood defences. Further measures are to be brought in including engineering projects, educational programmes and insurance policies.
The Rationality of Resistance: Alternatives for Engagement in Complex Emergencies
Authors: Gilgan Megan
Published: March 2003

The different conceptualisations of conflict in the complex emergency literature have profound implications on the perception of the agency of different groups and the prospects for conflict management. While much recent analysis has focused on the rational political and economic functions of violence, relatively little analysis has focused on why the majority of people chose not to resort to violence. Using Foucault's analysis of power relations, a new framework for conflict analysis is proposed which includes non‐violent resistance as well as violence as a means of domination. Non‐violent resistance is explored as a rational, highly adaptable response to acts of domination. A comprehensive understanding of conflict must recognise local forms of resistance and identify the barriers and opportunities for the engagement of the international humanitarian community with these groups. This engagement can be used to foster capacities for the creation of legitimate, inclusive, non‐violent political and economic processes in the attempt to provide alternatives for everyone in the conflict. If the purpose of the study of complex emergencies is to understand the nature of various conflicts and, based on that understanding, make recommendations for possible routes to conflict management, the analysis of local resistance and efforts to foster it must become a major aspect of the research agenda.
Forced Migration, Processes of Return and Livelihood Construction among Pastoralists in Northern Sudan
Authors: Haug Ruth
Published: March 2003

The Hawaweer, a nomadic, pastoralist group in northern Sudan, were seriously affected by the drought in the Sahel during the mid‐1980s. Their experience illustrates the connection between internally displaced people, normal mobility, forced migration, dilemmas and opportunities of return and how new livelihoods can be successfully constructed based on traditional rights, strong local institutions and external resources. Some displaced Hawaweer got the chance to return to their homeland as new livelihood opportunities were established; others did not get this opportunity nor would they have returned if they had been given the chance. In both situations, the processes of displacement and return had an impact on the sense of belonging and identity.
Measuring the Impact of Rehabilitation Services on the Quality of Life of Disabled People in Cambodia
Authors: Powell Bruce A. , Mercer Stewart W. , Harte Carson
Published: March 2003

The present study aimed to measure the quality of life (QOL) of disabled people in Cambodia and the impact of rehabilitation services. The categories of services were: physical rehabilitation (prosthetics/orthotics with physiotherapy); community‐based rehabilitation; and (3) labour market assistance. The 164 respondents were from a range of urban and rural settings. The results suggest that QOL was substantially lower among disabled Cambodians who had received no rehabilitation services compared to those who had received one of the three categories of rehabilitation services. QOL scores tended to be highest, however, among those who had received a combination of all three services. The results also highlighted the vulnerability of certain sub‐groups who may need specific provision in planning, policy‐making and service delivery. The present study suggests that an integrated approach may be the best way to maximise the impact of individual rehabilitation services in Cambodia.
The Need to Look Beyond the Production and Provision of Relief Seed: Experiences from Southern Sudan
Authors: Jones Richard B. , Bramel Paula , Longley Catherine , Remington Tom
Published: March 2003

Free distribution of seeds in selected areas of southern Sudan has been widespread as a way of increasing food security. Field research in areas targeted for seed relief found that farmer seed systems continue to meet the crop and varietal needs of farmers even following the 1998 famine. Donor investments in seed multiplication of improved sorghum have not been sustained due to a lack of effective demand for the improved seed beyond that created by the relief agencies. The article argues that rather than imposing outside solutions, whether through seed provisioning or seed production enterprises, greater attention needs to be given to building on the strengths of existing farmer systems and designing interventions to alleviate the weaknesses. The case is made to support dynamically the process of farmer experimentation through the informed introduction of new crops and varieties that can potentially reinforce the strength and diversity of local cropping systems.
The effects of privatization on productive efficiency: evidence from the Baltic republics
Authors: Jones Derek C. , Mygind Niels
Published: March 2003

By using new and unusual data sets for large samples of firms in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania we find that, since privatization, diverse patterns of enterprise ownership have emerged and ownership configurations are quite dynamic.  To test competing theories on the productivity effects of alternative ownership structures, identical cross sectional production functions specifications are estimated for each country for varying years during 1993 1996. While the effects of private ownership upon productivity are found to vary considerably over time and across countries, productivity effects are always found to be either zero or positive, thus providing partial support for the hypothesis that state ownership is less efficient than private ownership.  Findings are mixed concerning hypotheses on the effects of particular ownership structures. Often (e.g. for Lithuania) estimates indicate that all forms of private ownership have zero productivity effects. However, some estimates for Estonia provide support for the mainstream hypothesis that outside (and especially foreign) ownership is preferred to insider ownership. But in other estimates (again for Estonia) majority ownership by employees is found to deliver better business performance than majority ownership by managers (thus refuting the hypothesis that the preferred form of insider ownership is ownership by managers).
Low Pay in the UK: The Case for a Three Sector Comparative Approach
Authors: Almond Stephen , Kendall Jeremy
Published: March 2003

This paper represents a first attempt to examine empirically the comparative extensiveness of low pay in the third sector against the theoretical backdrop of both the generic labour market literature and the newly emerging specialist third sector literature. It shows that the third sector occupies an intermediate position between relatively high concentrations of low pay in the private sector and low concentrations in the public sector. These differences do not emerge simply because the categories of vulnerable workers identified in the generic labour market literature are less likely to be found in the third sector. Nor do they reflect differences in sectoral industry and occupation composition. Theoretical explanations for these differences are to be found in the third sector literature.
Libéralisation des Services publics de réseau et jeux croisés de la régulation: le cas de l'électricité
Authors: Varone Frédéric , Genoud Christophe
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the liberalization of public services with a special focus on the (re)regulation process that is induced. Firstly, a conceptual framework is developed in order to identify the constitutive elements of the public regulation related to market competition, public service obligations, operators and public property, as well as the tension between them. Secondly, a comparative study describes the liberalization and the regulatory design of the electricity sector in England, France, Germany, Norway and Switzerland. As a conclusion, we note the necessity to further analyse the introduction of market mechanisms into formerly monopolistic network industries and its effects.
Privatization, Ownership and Technical Efficiency a Study of the Turkish Cement Industry
Authors: Saygili Seref , Taymaz Erol
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an empirical study of the effects of ownership and privatization on technical efficiency in the Turkish cement industry. We first summarize the characteristics of the Turkish cement industry and changes in industrial structure in the post‐privatization period. The effects of ownership and privatization on technical efficiency are estimated using the stochastic production frontier approach. The empirical tests presented, which use data on all cement plants in Turkey, suggest that neither ownership nor privatization had a significant impact on technical efficiency.
Economic role, Property rights, Labour skills and Technology in the Portuguese Wine Co‐Operatives
Authors: Rebelo João , Caldas José , Teixeira Manuel
Published: March 2003

Agricultural markets are characterised by thinner margins, greater price and income volatility. Despite these changes, agricultural raw material markets are increasingly characterised by the vertical co‐ordination of farmers and processors. The organisational form of a marketing co‐operative is a common means adopted by farmers to achieve this end. In a world increasingly concerned with the importance of the separation of ownership and user, the survival and growth of agricultural co‐operatives (in which the primary users of the services are also the main owners) is linked to their economic role, to how members exercise their property rights, and how inputs are used by the co‐operative. This paper provides a function that summarises the economic role of agricultural co‐operatives and goes on to analyse the contribution to the economic performance of Portuguese wine co‐operatives (PWCs) made by the use of property rights, and the skills of the human resources and technology employed. The results of a multinomial logit model show that PWCs would indeed be able to improve their economic performance through the application of integrated management strategies to solve common property and horizon problems, as well as increasing their recruitment of skilled professionals in the areas of management, wine production and marketing, and by the adoption of new technologies of production and packaging.
The Social Economy Sector in Japan
Authors: Ishizuka Hideo
Published: March 2003

The Social Economy Sector is a new comer in Japanese society. Based on two experiments and theories derived from the European concept of social economy and the American concept of the non profit organization, the Japanese way of integration of a social economy sector is developing under the name of the Non Profit and Co‐operative Sector. The change of social policy and public policy under the influence of the new liberalism has urged a change in traditional relations between public sector and private sectors and created the new role of a social economy sector. Even though there is no clear image of the sector, both the financial need of public authorities and the social needs of citizen users especially in social security and medical care has made the social economy sector an alternative for realizing better service supply.
Privatization And Poverty: The Distributional Impact of Utility Privatization
Authors: Bayliss K.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the effects on poverty of privatization, an impact to which donors have given little attention in their concern with efficiency and markets. The analysis of the distributional impact of privatization activities draws on empirical cases in the utilities sector in a wide range of developing economies, principally in Africa and Latin America. After a critical consideration of the World Bank position on privatization strategies, and the arguments presented by donors on the pro–poor effects of these economic reforms, the article turns to the negative distributional effects. It is argued that privatization has demonstrably damaged the poor, whether through loss of employment and income, or through exclusion from, or reduced access to, basic services. This is mainly because private firms are principally concerned with profits, prices and costs, and are highly selective as to sectors and types of consumer. Meanwhile, the weakness of governance and regulatory capacity in many developing countries lead to poor control of market abuses. The article concludes by proposing that donors should take more account of local variations in state–market relations, and be prepared to give consideration to alternative economic strategies where privatization is not working as intended.
Governance–Based Analysis Of Regulation
Authors: Minogue M.
Published: March 2003

This article surveys current literature on the developing nature of regulatory systems and regulatory reforms, attempts to place such arrangements in the pervasive context provided by public policy processes and institutions, and argues that an explanation of the ‘governance of regulation’ is crucial to an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of regulatory practice. The article begins by defining the range of meanings of regulation, then goes on to emphasize the importance of the framework of governance within which regulatory policy and practice proceed. The location of regulatory reform in contemporary debates on state–market relations and related managerial reforms is examined. Reference to this framework highlights the significance of the public policy process through which regulatory policies must be delivered, and the key role within that framework of political categories of analysis. The article ends by considering the issue of ‘policy transfer’ between developed and developing economies, and the need for policy–relevant research into regulatory systems and policies in developing countries.
No Net Loss: Wetland Restoration and the Incomplete Capitalization of Nature
Authors: Robertson Morgan M.
Published: March 2003

The practice of restoration ecology (the creation and restoration of ecosystems)has important implications for theorizing nature in the traditions of O'Connor's‘capitalized nature,’ Haraway's hybrid socionatures, and other recent work in poststructural approaches to political ecology. The prominent US environmental discourse of ‘no net loss of wetlands’ has spurred the rapid expansion of restoration practices, which promise to open a new frontier in the commodification and capitalization of nature. Through wetland mitigation and banking, restoration science is representing entire ecosystems as abstract, mobile, and fungible entities; however, a simple reading of a restored landscape as fully capitalized is unsatisfactory. Close attention to the wetland commodification process reveals two important points: 1) the commodification and capitalization of nature is never automatic; rather, the crucial steps of abstraction and valuation are composed of negotiations between and within differentiated segments of the state and civil society, in which there are many spaces for resistance; and 2) the materiality of restoration sites provided important challenges to the commodification process, which are not contemplated within critical approaches to nature as currently constituted. The transformation of restoration sites into sites of commodity provision is incomplete at best. A major challenge for poststructural political ecology will be to specify ecological phenomena and their important role in the social construction of material environments, without falling into an ontological commitment to the primacy of ecological data.
Rethinking the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions and its Inter‐American Regional Organization
Authors: Jakobsen Kjeld A
Published: March 2003

In responding to the impact of corporate globalization on the working class, the trade union movement needs not only to rethink its strategies, but also to review its international organization. This article highlights changes in the labour market such as the increase in unemployment, deregulation, informality, the stronger presence of women, and the issue of child labour. In this context, the article goes on to consider the growing social movements that might form alliances with trade unions for social change.

The present international confederations of trade unions—the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), the World Confederation of Labor (WCL), and the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)—were profoundly engaged in the cold war. Their structure today, particularly that of the ICFTU, is the same as 50 years ago. The ICFTU's structure mirrors the Leninist model of centralized direction practiced by its traditional opponent, the WFTU. Many national confederations resisted this East‐West pressure during the Cold War, and chose to stay outside all of the international confederations. Post‐Cold War, most have elected to become members of the ICFTU, believing it to be a democratic space for an open political debate, and in the hope of reform. However, expected change has been slow to materialize. This paper explores the way in which changes already made in the Organización Regional Interamericana de Trabajadores (ORIT) might shape ongoing discussions in the ICFTU.
European Integration and Industrial Relations: A Case of Variable Geometry?
Authors: Hyman Richard
Published: March 2003

This contribution considers the implications for industrial relations of European economic integration, and possible trade union responses. We can understand industrial relations as institutions and processes of social regulation of work and employment, whether by law, collective bargaining or more diffuse norms and standards (often, a combination of all three). These systems of worker protection became consolidated at national level; their foundations are eroded by increasing economic internationalisation (to which the European single market was a response, but which it further reinforced). Through the dynamic of “regime competition”, multinational capital can play off national governments and national trade unions against one another, while norms of worker protection are subverted by growing insistence on “shareholder value”. Effective regulation of work and employment must be reconstructed transnationally; but most trade union energy has been devoted to a vain pursuit of European analogues of national legislation and collective agreements within a bureaucratic elite process of “social dialogue”. What is needed is, first, effective articulation between European‐level trade union action and the day‐to‐day realities of national and workplace trade unionism, and second, a struggle to create a European civil society within which the protection of workers' rights can win popular support and which can sustain effective collective mobilisation.
“Common–Sense” Neoliberalism: Progressive Conservative Urbanism in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Keil Roger
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that urban neoliberalism can best be understood as a contradictory re–regulation of urban everyday life. Based on an analysis of neoliberalism as a new political economy and as a new set of technologies of power, the paper argues that the urban everyday is the site and product of the neoliberal transformation. Governments and corporations play a key role in redefining the conditions of everyday life through neoliberal policies and business practices. Part of this reorientation of everydayness, however, involves new forms of resistance and opposition, which include the kernel of a possible alternative urbanism. The epochal shift from a Keynesian–Fordist–welfarist to a post–Fordist–workfarist society is reflected in a marked restructuring of everyday life. The shift changes the socioeconomic conditions in cities. It also includes a reorientation of identities, social conflicts, and ideologies towards a more explicitly culturalist differentiation. Social difference does not disappear, but actually becomes more pronounced; however, it gets articulated in or obscured by cultural terms of reference.

The paper looks specifically at Toronto, Ontario, as a case study. An analysis of the explicitly neoliberal politics of the province’s Progressive Conservative (Tory) government under Mike Harris, first elected in 1995, demonstrates the pervasive re–regulation of everyday life affecting a wide variety of people in Toronto and elsewhere. Much of this process is directly attributable to provincial policies, a consequence of Canada’s constitutional system, which does not give municipalities autonomy but makes them “creatures of provinces.” However, the paper also argues that Toronto’s elites have aided and abetted the provincial “Common–Sense” Revolution through neoliberal policies and actions on their own. The paper concludes by outlining the emergence of new instances of resistance to the politics of hegemony and catastrophe of urban neoliberalism.
Gunnar Olsson's Transformers: The Art and Politics of Rendering the Co–Relation of Society and Space in Monochrome and Technicolor
Authors: Doel Marcus A
Published: March 2003

Human geography is concerned with the co–relation of society and space. However, every device that has been used to express the co–relation of social space breaks down. Consequently, this paper engages with the fundamental difficulty of providing a consistent and effective rendering of relations. Specifically, the paper explores the poststructural work of Gunnar Olsson, a writer who has provided the most sustained and far–reaching engagement with co–relation to date. Consideration is given to Olsson's deconstruction of logic, dialectics, semiotics and the empty forms of co–relation (=, /, —, □, ▵, ○, etc.). This deconstruction enables one to appreciate the ethical and political performativity of Olsson's surrealist and hyperrealist optical art: dematerialized points, torpedoes, ovoids, Moebius bands, and so on. In addition, the paper raises a peculiar but nonetheless vital question: what is the colour of co–relation and social space? In answering this question, the paper moves through two monochrome series (one rendered in black and white; the other in blue–grey) and one Technicolor series (rendered in ruby and gold). In the final showdown, however, the dyes leak in all directions. Social space is iridescent.
Of social construction, politics and biology: population geographies in the Pacific
Authors: Underhill‐Sem Yvonne
Published: March 2003

Sustained challenges by third world, black and feminist scholars have unsettled the established agenda of the social sciences in the 1990s. Unfortunately, population geographies in the Pacific have failed to engage with these debates. By avoiding the metaphysical challenges posed by contemporary theoretical debates, often by people from previously marginalised groups, population geographies have failed to provide the spark necessary for the dynamic expansion of ideas. However, an analysis of population geographies in the Pacific, almost all of which are mobility studies, reveals important contributions for advancing a more critical population geography. This paper begins with a critical review of population geography in general then looks more specifically at population geographies, mostly mobility studies, in the Pacific. It advances the argument that the humanist geographers Chapman and Bonnemaison have made critical contributions in reconceptualising population mobility. Further advances would benefit from an engagement with feminist geography and post‐structural discourse analysis.
Agricultural colonisation in Lam Dong Province, Vietnam
Authors: Déry Steve
Published: March 2003

Since 1975, the territory within the limits of Vietnam has been subject to rapid land use changes. Agricultural colonisation by ethnic Viet in the mountains and plateaus of the Central Highlands constitutes one of the most visible trends in this process. As one of the traditional dynamics in Viet history, agricultural colonisation has contributed to the integration of marginal peoples and territories into the national body. In the province of Lam Dong, in the Central Highlands, the actual distribution and structure of the population are directly inherited from four phases of agricultural colonisation: the Colonial period (1858‐1954); the regime of South Vietnam (1954‐1975); the unified communist State (1975‐1987); and the Vietnam of Doi Moi (1987 onwards). By analysing these phases, this article aims to show that agricultural colonisation has contributed to the penetration and consolidation of the State in such marginal territories.
Mapping ethnic groups in Lao Cai Province, Vietnam
Authors: Roche Yann , Michaud Jean
Published: March 2003

This research note offers a brief summary of recent cartographic work in the province of Lao Cai in northern Vietnam, with a specific focus on the districts of Sa Pa and Bac Ha. By providing a representation of topography in digital format, which enables a connection between demographic and physical variables, the long term aim is to illustrate the relationship between ethnicity and topography.
Energy
Authors: Bertram Geoff
Published: March 2003

The 1990s was a decade in which radical institutional restructuring was imposed from above on an energy economy which was in a stage of stable maturity following half a century of rapid development. The key plank in the reforms was the withdrawal of the state from ownership of energy production where possible (natural gas and parts of electricity), and from any non‐commercial philosophy in relation to the electricity and coal enterprises which remained state‐owned. Regulation of natural monopoly elements (pipelines, transmission and distribution lines, processing plants) was virtually eliminated under the rubric of ‘light‐handed regulation’, and the scheduling of electricity generators was moved from a planned to a market system. Underlying real trends in energy intensity, production and use were unaffected by the reforms, and the expected efficiency gains which had motivated reform were not in evidence by the end of the decade.
Wetland Drainage and Agricultural Transformations in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Ballard Chris
Published: March 2003

Models of prehistoric agricultural transformation in the New Guinea highlands have relied heavily on sequences of the use and abandonment of drained wetland gardens. Drawing on archaeological and oral historical lines of evidence, this paper offers a detailed account of wetland use in the Tari region of the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. The relatively late exploitation of the largest and most productive wetland in this region poses problems for models of agricultural change founded principally on population pressure, and requires a more complex account that integrates environmental and social explanations, and allows for both intended and unintended consequences for the actions of historical agents. Explanations for the apparent intensification of wetland use in the Haeapugua Swamp, the case study for this paper, appear to require a complex intersection of hydrological constraints and increasing demands on production, relating specifically to the production of pigs.
Contradictions in land development schemes: the case of joint ventures in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Ngidang Dimbab
Published: March 2003

Landowners and the private investors often have contradictory interests in joint ventures. Although development planners sometimes believe that government can harmonise these contradictions, state interests in development often lead them to support the interests of private capital. While joint ventures may be useful ways of pooling human, material and financial resources, this article draws on a case study of two pilot joint venture oil palm schemes in Sarawak, Malaysia, to show that the legal construction and administration of native customary land rights generate lower results for landowners than they do for the private sector. Information and power asymmetries constrain the ability of affected natives to realise fair benefits under a joint venture arrangement. When institutional constraints that give a measure of protection to native rights and interests are dismantled in the rush to establish commercial plantations for example, an unregulated market can be detrimental to landowners’ rights and long–term interests.
Disentangling the ‘grass roots’ in Tonga: ‘traditional enterprise’ and autonomy in the moral and market economy
Authors: James Kerry E.
Published: March 2003

Semi–subsistence sectors predominate throughout Pacific Island countries. But the nature of the social organisation that characterises them, remains generally unexamined. This paper introduces the concept of ‘traditional enterprise’, based on observations in Tonga, to help analytically illuminate the sector. It also investigates processes of household dynamics that lead to selective upward social mobility and the consequent fragmentation of the generalised peasant household. Better understanding of the basic units, goals and means of achieving them among the traditional, rural, or the ‘grass roots’ sectors should help the current developmentalist emphasis on informal sector growth.
Geographics of identity: the migrant experiences of Filipinas in Northeast Ohio
Authors: Tyner James A.
Published: March 2003

Major urban areas in the United States have undergone rapid shifts in their ethnic compositions. However, ethnic change is not limited to urban areas; rural areas, likewise, have witnessed substantial changes in recent decades. Scholarship, though, has paid minimal attention to the day–to–day lives of migrants in non–urban, and ethnically–homogenous, locations. And yet the ‘migrant experience’ is fundamentally different. Using Friedman’s concept of a ‘geographics of identity’, this paper provides insight into the day–to–day activities of two Filipinas as they adjust to living in rural northeast Ohio. Findings suggest that difficulties may accrue at a multitude of social scales, including tensions and contestations not only between Filipinas and non–Filipinas, but also among the Filipinas themselves. Moreover, the constant ‘becoming’ of identity is highlighted through their experiences.
Japanese Joint Ventures in the UK: Does Product Classification Matter?
Authors: Cleeve Emmanuel
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the factors that determine the choice of Japanese companies between part and full ownership of their UK subsidiaries. This choice may very well depend on the product classification of the firm. This study extends a previous paper which dealt only with aggregate manufacturing. Here the sample size has been increased and manufacturing split into consumption goods and investment goods industries. Also, the service sector has been included in the analysis. The result of the analysis suggest that the choice is governed by transaction costs considerations and that product classification does matter in the ownership strategy of Japanese MNEs in the UK.
Comparisons of Foreign Multinationals and Local Firms in Asian Manufacturing over Time
Authors: Ramstetter Eric
Published: March 2003

This paper first shows that shares of foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) in the manufacturing sectors of five Asian host economies (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan) were generally large in terms of exports, small in terms of employment and moderate in terms of production. Correspondingly, the average product of labour and export propensities were often significantly higher in foreign MNCs than in local firms. In addition, foreign MNCs tended to be relatively large and to have relatively high average capital productivity, capital intensity, skilled‐labour intensity, R&D intensity, profit rates and import propensities, but relatively low shares of labour compensation in value added, and these differences were also statistically significant in many cases. Differences between wholly‐ or heavily‐foreign plants and foreign plants with lower foreign ownership shares were also significant in many cases and generally in the same direction as the differences between MNCs and local plants noted above. Differences among MNCs by foreign source were generally small and insignificant in Hong Kong. In Singapore, European and US firms tended to be larger and characterized by relatively high average labour productivity, capital intensity, profitability and export propensities, but relatively low shares of labour compensation in value added compared to Japanese and other Asian firms.
An Application of the Extended Glass and McKillop Procedure for Computing TFP Growth to the Malaysian Rice Sector
Authors: Abdullah Naziruddin
Published: March 2003

The objective of the present study is three‐fold: to employ an aggregated data to investigate the total factor productivity (TFP) growth of the Malaysian rice sector; to investigate the sources of the TFP growth; and, to examine and extend the Glass and McKillop procedure for computing TFP growth. To this end, we establish several procedures which make it possible for us to: (i) link the TFP analysis with the theory of production; (ii) disentangle the sources of TFP growth into scale and technological change effects; and (iii) apply, compute, examine and extend the Glass and McKillop procedure for computing TFP growth.The finding of the study is as follows. (i) Using the standard procedure forcomputing TFP growth it was found that the average TFP growth for Malaysian rice farming was 1.37%, of which the scale effect contributed 0.29% and the remaining 1.08% was due to the technological change effect. (ii) Using the extended Glass and McKillop procedure, however, it was found that the average TFP growth, the technological change effect and the scale effect were 3.48%, 3.19% and 0.29%, respectively. (iii) Comparing these two results, derived from two different procedures, we concluded that the difference in magnitude of the TFP growth was due to the two distinct procedures for computing the technological change effect per se.
The Equilibrium Yen–Dollar Rate: 1976–91
Authors: De Carvalho Anthony
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a definition of the equilibrium exchange rate that is based on a modified version of purchasing power parity (PPP) for traded goods. Employing constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production functions and data from 28 three‐digit international standard industrial classification (ISIC) manufacturing industries, the equilibrium Yen‐Dollar rate is calculated for the period between 1976 and 1991 (a time in which the Yen appreciated markedly against the Dollar) showing that the actual Yen‐Dollar rate closely tracked the equilibrium rate over that time. The results suggest that strong growth in Japanese labor productivity, coupled with Japan’s relatively low capital‐labor elasticity of sub‐stitution, were the main contributors to the Yen’s long‐run appreciation.
Social Psychology in an Ageing World: Ageism and Intergenerational Relations
Authors: Ng Sik Hung
Published: March 2003

In many countries, individuals are living longer and the population is ageing. The advent of ageing societies will lead to various social changes, reconstruct beliefs about ageing, and affect the life‐style of individuals. One of the challenges of ageing societies for social psychology is the undertaking of research that is more gerontologically sensitive. The paper reviews studies on attitudes and stereotypes towards older adults, as well as intergenerational conflict and communication. In doing so it highlights the roles of social communicative, intergroup and power processes, and concludes with the call for a life‐span approach to theoretical development.
Trust, Gullibility, and Social Intelligence
Authors: Yamagishi Toshio , Kikuchi Masako , Kosugi Motoko
Published: March 2003

A series of experiments conducted in Japan by Yamagishi and his associates are presented, all consistently showing that high trusters (as measured with a general trust scale) are more sensitive than low trusters to information potentially revealing lack of trustworthiness in others and judge other people's choice in a one‐shot prisoner's dilemma more accurately. Based on these findings, a new theoretical twist is introduced to the “emancipation theory of trust” originally proposed by Yamagishi & Yamagishi (1994), that emphasizes the relation‐expansion role of trust in addition to the traditionally noticed relation‐fortification role of trust. When opportunity cost for staying in a commitment relation is generally high, it is more advantageous not to stay in secure and stable commitment relations but to explore opportunities that lie outside, and yet such social exploration involves the risk of being exploited by untrustworthy people. It is thus a more gainful strategy to invest “cognitive resources” in the nurturing of “social intelligence” needed to detect signals of untrustworthiness. General trust may be conceived as a by‐product of the development of such social intelligence. Those who have invested in the development of social intelligence can afford to maintain a high level of general trust, whereas those who have not are encouraged to assume that “everyone is a thief” and to refrain from pursuing potentially lucrative but risky outside opportunities.
The Culture Specificity of Epistemological Beliefs about Learning
Authors: Youn Inn
Published: March 2003

The present study analyzed the nature of epistemological beliefs about learning (learning beliefs) in Korea and the United States. Learning beliefs are implicit assumptions held by learners about the source and certainty of knowledge and the ways to obtain knowledge. For the comparative analysis of both the model and the nature of learning beliefs across two countries that differ in emphasis on individualism and collectivism, two attempts were made. First, Jehng, Johnson, and Anderson's (1993) study was replicated with university students from the US (N=496) and Korea (N=487). Second, the relationship between US students' learning beliefs and the two aspects of their self‐construal (independent and interdependent) was analyzed by using a scale developed by Singelis (1994) which measures cultural orientation of individualism and collectivism at the individual level. Factor analyses of the US sample confirmed the conceptual model proposed by Jehng et al. The factor structure of the Korean sample, however, showed significant variation reflecting the collectivistic values of Korea. MANCOVA indicated that the two developmental factors, age and the amount of formal education, were related with American students' beliefs, but they were not with those of Korean students. MANCOVA revealed that US students' beliefs are significantly related with the independent self‐construal, but not with the interdependent self‐construal. The differences between the two samples in terms of the impact of formal education and self‐construal on learning beliefs will be further discussed by focusing on the cultural differences between the two countries.
Spatial Disparities in Developing East Asia: a survey
Authors: Hill Hal
Published: March 2003

Intra‐country regional disparities and centre‐region relations are important issues in developing East Asian countries. Most governments are experimenting with decentralisation initiatives, some of which are quite radical. There is disaffection towards centralised capital city control in several countries, most notably in Indonesia, where the possibility of further territorial fragmentation cannot be discounted. Rapid economic growth is inevitably uneven in its sub‐national impacts. Some regions—usually those with better connections to the international economy—grow faster than others. In the wake of the 1997/98 economic crisis, fiscally constrained governments find it increasingly difficult to finance fiscal equalisation mechanisms and other measures designed to assist poor regions. Paradoxically, as international boundaries become increasingly porous and blurred, regional identities and aspirations are more sharply defined.
Theory and Methods: On Minimum Distance Estimation Using Kolmogorov‐Lévy Type Metrics
Authors: Kozek Andrzej S.
Published: March 2003

Let X1, . . ., Xn be independent identically distributed random variables with a common continuous (cumulative) distribution function (d.f.) F, and F^n the empirical d.f. (e.d.f.) based on X1, . . ., Xn. Let G be a smooth d.f. and Gθ = G (·–θ) its translation through θ∈R. Using a Kolmogorov‐Lévy type metric ρα defined on the space of d.f.s. on R, the paper derives both null and non‐null limiting distributions of √n[ρα(Fn, Gθn) –ρα (F, Gθ)], √n(θn –θ) and √nρα (Gθ, Gθ), where θn and θ are the minimum ρα‐distance parameters for Fn and F from G, respectively. These distributions are known explicitly in important particular cases; with some complementary Monte Carlo simulations, they help us clarify our understanding of estimation using minimum distance methods and supremum type metrics. We advocate use of the minimum distance method with supremum type metrics in cases of non‐null models. The resulting functionals are Hadamard differentiable and efficient. For small scale parameters the minimum distance functionals are close to medians of the parent distributions. The optimal small scale models result in minimum distance estimators having asymptotic variances very competitive and comparable with best known robust estimators.
Applications: Equivalence Tests Can Enhance Environmental Science and Management
Authors: McBride Graham B.
Published: March 2003

Tests of point hypotheses are common in observational environmental studies, but there is concern about their appropriateness. Exhortations to restrict sample sizes on the basis of a power analysis for such tests may fail to satisfy the environmental professional, because sample sizes are not always easily controlled. Testing of interval hypotheses via equiva‐lence test procedures offers a way of testing meaningful hypotheses and of giving effect to the precautionary principle. An example is given which concerns mining impacts on stream benthic invertebrate communities, and includes calculation of Bayesian posterior probabilities.
Applications: Example of Block Designs for Plant and Tree Breeding Trials
Authors: Williams E.R. , John J.A. , Whitaker D.
Published: March 2003

Experimental designs which use extensive blocking and which are particularly useful in plant and tree breeding trials are discussed. They can be constructed either to accommodate field restrictions or take advantage of favourable plot layouts. Computer software is available to generate these design types for use in practice. Examples cover latinized row‐column designs, t ‐latinized and partially‐latinized designs and designs with unequal block sizes.
Applications: CUSUM Charts for AR1 Data: are they worth the Effort?
Authors: Sparks Ross S.
Published: March 2003

The conventional one‐sided CUSUM procedure is extended for controlling autocorrelated data which are approximately AR1. The performances of these procedures are compared using simulation studies and the average run length as a criterion. Also these procedures are compared to two versions of Shewhart individual charts. Two applications are considered.
Theory & Methods: Joint‐regression Analysis for Incomplete Two‐way Tables
Authors: Ng M.P. , Williams E.R.
Published: March 2003

Joint‐regression analysis of incomplete two‐way tables of genotype‐by‐environment data is usually carried out using the iterative method of Digby (1979). However, the nonlinear analysis method of Ng & Grunwald (1997) can also be used. The speed of convergence for the Ng & Grunwald method compares favourably with that of Digby, and more importantly the method gives valid inference and hence should be preferred.
αn–Designs
Authors: John J.A. , Ruggiero K. , Williams E.R.
Published: March 2003

This paper defines a broad class of resolvable incomplete block designs called αn–designs, of which the original α–designs are a special case with n = 1. The statistical and mathematical properties of α–designs extend naturally to these n–dimensional designs. They are a flexible class of resolvable designs appropriate for use in factorial experiments, in constructing efficient t–latinized resolvable block designs, and for enhancing the existing class of α–designs for a single treatment factor.
Development, Education and the Teachers Union Movement in South Korea, 1989‐1999
Authors: Synott John
Published: March 2003

The passing of legislation in July 1999 to legalise Chunkyojo, the Korean Teachers and Educational Workers Union signalled the culmination of ten‐year struggle by teachers to form a representative organisation that could represent them in industrial matters and push forward their agenda for educational reforms in South Korean schools. However the gains, as this article points out, were substantially less than the original goals of the movement. These goals, as this article discusses, were founded on grievances of the movement located in complex facets of South Korean education at its intersection with history, politics and development. The article examines some of the core grievances of the movement emanating from issues of teachers' identities, the role of education in national development, the dominance of the examination system and the industrial relations contexts of school teachers. The analysis confirms that the systemic features which the teachers union movement challenged reside in the social and historical foundations and political constructions of school education in South Korea and indicates that the recent developments are not likely to address these but, instead, signal the emergence of a new phase of conflict between reform‐minded teachers and the South Korean government.
Nagano Shigeo: Business Leadership in the Asia Pacific Region and the Formation of the Pacific Basin Economic Council
Authors: Terada Takashi
Published: March 2003

The Pacific Basin Economic Council (PBEC) was established in 1968 through the initiatives taken by the Japanese and Australian business leaders. This article focuses on the ideas and activities of the Japanese and Australian business leaders in the establishment of PBEC, especially those of Nagano Shigeo and W.R.C. Anderson, both of whom devoted themselves to the establishment of PBEC, while cooperating with each other. The central questions posed are: how and why Nagano and Anderson came to consider it desirable to establish an economic institution in the Asia Pacific region in the mid‐1960s; how and why those ideas were refined and transformed into the establishment of PBEC; what approaches business leaders in other countries took towards Pacific cooperation and how the Japanese and Australians adjusted different interests of people in other countries in organising PBEC. Finally, the article assesses the role played by PBEC in the development of economic cooperation in Asia and the Pacific and insists that it should help set up foundations for the subsequent organisations of regional economic institutions such as the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum.