bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ODNOS VJEČNOG I ISTORIJSKOG U ISTORIJI FILOZOFIJE
Authors: Milinković Danijela I. , Milinković Mladen S.
Published: June 2020

U ovom radu autori će se baviti onim suštinskim filozofskimproblemima koji zasigurno određuju njen pravac i poziciju u unutarsvjetskimzbivanjima. Filozofija jeste stanje duha čovjeka kojiteži da dokuči istinu. Sve nauke teže, tj. imaju svrhu da dosegnuistinu. Filozofija, kao što je poznato, nije nauka, ali njen cilj takođeje istina. U ovom rada ukazaće se na suštinsku razliku između filozofijei nauke i posebnih problema prema kojim se one odnose. Potom,govorićemo o filozofiji i njenoj istoriji, o nužnosti razlikovanjaovoga dvoga kako bi se stvorila jasna slika i predstava u konkretizovanjunjihove problematike. Autori ističu i to da u suštini svi probleminastaju iz nerazumijevanja onog što filozofija jeste i što jepredmet istorije filozofije, odnosno postavlja se pitanje − kako možemorazumjeti istoriju filozofije ako ne razumijemo ono što filozofijazaista jeste. S tim u vezi, autori će u radu obrazložiti, tj.postaviti kao centralnu temu jaz između filozofije koja traga zaonim vječnim i posebnim i filozofije koja se otkriva u vremenu, tj.kao ono što izrasta iz vremena i koje se samo u vremenu razumije.Shodno tome, autori će se pozabaviti Koplstonovom philosophiaperennis i Hegelovim shvatanjem razvića konkretnog.
ПОРОДИЦА У САВРЕМЕНОМ ДРУШТВУ: КОНТРОВЕРЗЕ И ИЗАЗОВИ
Authors: Вуковић Драгомир Ћ.
Published: June 2020

У издању Филозофског факултета Пале 2019. године изашла је мо-нографија Изазови савремене породице ауторке Бисерке Кошарац. Књигаје резултат дугогодишњих ауторкиних истраживања широке области по-родичних промјена у савременом друштву. Та истраживања, представ-љена стручној социолошкој јавности и студентима социологије, уобли-чена су овој монографији кроз сљедећа поглавља: Уводна разматрања,Трансформација породице у савременом друштву, Породица и вриједноснисистем у трансформацији, Породица и класно-слојна структура друш-тва, Породичне праксе у трансформацији и Умјесто закључка. Поред тогамонографија садржи богат попис коришћених библиографских јединицаи индекс имена.
Art and reality
Authors: Vilić Nataša
Published: June 2020

Aesthetics raises the question - Is the relationship between art andreality based on the relationship between the imaginary world in theworks of art and the ”real” world? In the relationship between art andreality, the engaged artist is tasked with witnessing the truth in thelanguage of art. The avant-garde/engaged artists test the foundationsof their own existence. The question/s of the relationship between artand reality is/are reduced to the dimension of freedom. The artist doesnot hesitate to turn his ”primary engagement” into his own ”self-selection”.Engaged artists of the 20th century do not stop at basing theirworks of art on primarily aesthetic and artistic values, but regardpolitical, cultural and existential values as primary. Their rebellionand demand for revaluation of the existing values had a wide echo.Engaged artists of the 20th and 21st century, in their broad artisticexpression, seemed to be guided by the idea, “I rebel therefore I exist“.
Umetnost i stvarnost
Authors: Vilić Nataša
Published: June 2020

Estetika postavlja pitanje - Da li je odnos umetnosti i stvarnosti odnoskoji je baziran na odnosu imaginarnog sveta u delima umetnosti i„stvarnog“ sveta. U odnosu umetnosti i stvarnosti angažovani umetnikima zadatak da jezikom umetnosti posvedočava Istinu. Avangardni/angažovani umetnici iskušavaju temelje vlastite egzistencije.Pitanje/a odnosa umetnosti i stvarnosti svodi se na dimenziju slobode.Takav umetnik se ne libi da svoj „primarni angažman“ pretvori uvlastiti „samoizbor“. Angažovani umetnici 20. veka ne zaustavljajuse na tome da se njihova umetnička dela utemelje na primarno estetskimi umetničkim vrednostima, nego političke, kulturne, egzistencijalnevrednosti stvaljaju kao primarne. Njihova pobuna i zahtev zaprevrednovanjem postojećih vrednosti nisu ostali bez širokog odjeka.Angažovani umetnici 20. i 21. veka u svome širokom umetničkomizrazu kao da su bili vođeni idejom „Bunim se, dakle, postojim“.
Identification of prognostic risk factors for pancreatic cancer using bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Jin Dandan , Jiao Yujie , Ji Jie , Jiang Wei , Ni Wenkai , Wu Yingcheng , Ni Runzhou , Lu Cuihua , Qu Lishuai , Ni Hongbing , Liu Jinxia , Xu Weisong , Xiao MingBing
Published: June 2020

Background

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers worldwide. Currently, the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer remains unclear; thus, it is necessary to explore its precise molecular mechanisms.

Methods

To identify candidate genes involved in the tumorigenesis and proliferation of pancreatic cancer, the microarray datasets GSE32676, GSE15471 and GSE71989 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and nonmalignant samples were screened by GEO2R. The Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) online tool was used to obtain a synthetic set of functional annotation information for the DEGs. A PPI network of the DEGs was established using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database, and a combination of more than 0.4 was considered statistically significant for the PPI. Subsequently, we visualized the PPI network using Cytoscape. Functional module analysis was then performed using Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE). Genes with a degree ≥10 were chosen as hub genes, and pathways of the hub genes were visualized using ClueGO and CluePedia. Additionally, GenCLiP 2.0 was used to explore interactions of hub genes. The Literature Mining Gene Networks module was applied to explore the cocitation of hub genes. The Cytoscape plugin iRegulon was employed to analyze transcription factors regulating the hub genes. Furthermore, the expression levels of the 13 hub genes in pancreatic cancer tissues and normal samples were validated using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) platform. Moreover, overall survival and disease-free survival analyses according to the expression of hub genes were performed using Kaplan-Meier curve analysis in the cBioPortal online platform. The relationship between expression level and tumor grade was analyzed using the online database Oncomine. Lastly, the eight snap-frozen tumorous and adjacent noncancerous adjacent tissues of pancreatic cancer patients used to detect the CDK1 and CEP55 protein levels by western blot.

Conclusions

Altogether, the DEGs and hub genes identified in this work can help uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying the tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer and provide potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
A Retrospective Study of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections of Tamatave University Hospital Center, Madagascar
Authors: Ratsimbazafy Arthur Bien Aimé , Andrianarivelo Andry Maharo , Rakotomahefa Narison Mbolanirina Lala , Rakotoarisoa Heriniaina , Anissa Van Cuong Miora , Rasolonjatovo Jean De La Croix , Rabesandratana Norotiana
Published: June 2020

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is very common in children. The future of kidney function depends on its management.

Our objective was to investigate the epidemio-clinical, bacteriological and therapeutic profile of UTIsin the Pediatric Department of Tamatave University Hospital Center, Madagascar for better care of children.

Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study that was carried out in the Pediatrics Department of Tamatave University Hospital over a three-year period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019. The parameters retained and studied were age, gender, clinical signs, pathogens identified with the results of the antibiotic susceptibility tests and the treatments received.

Results: The frequency of UTI was 7.46%. The average age was 11.21 months, with extremes of 2 to 120 months. Fever was the main symptom found (80.95%) followed by urinary signs. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacteria (61.90%). Almost all of the isolates found (98%) were resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole. Ceftriaxone alone was the most used (44.44%).

Discussion: This study suggests that gentamicin and ceftriaxone (even though ESBLs were found) should be included in the treatment protocol for UTIs in the absence of an antibiogram, which is not always available in our context.
Efficacy Trial of AgroSuper (2, 4-D Dimethyl Amine Salt 720G/L SL) on Sorghum Broad Leaf Weed
Authors: Fisseha Dawit
Published: June 2020

Sorghum is susceptible to weed competition at its early stage of growth. The aim of this efficacy trial was to ensure that candidate chemical AgroSuper verification on a selective and effective control of broad leaf weed on Sorghum, after sorghum germination. RCBD with three replication experiment was carried out in Humera area in Humera Agricultural Research Center and Desta Berhe farm during 2019 rainy growing season using sorghum variety called Brhan. Pre and post spray weed count were subjected to efficacy calculation. Finally, new product of herbicide, AgroSuper (2, 4-D dimethyl amine salt 720G/L SL) 1.5 liter using 200-liter water solution per hectare was shown better performance than the standard check Aura 72SL. Therefore, the new AgroSuper could be suggested as an alternative selective herbicide during post-emergency to kill broad leaf weeds of sorghum.
Occurrence and Determination of Tropane Alkaloids in Food and Feed
Authors: Gonçalves Carlos , Dernovics Mihaly , Moreno‐Gonzalez David , Bouten Katrien , Garcia‐Reyes Juan F. , Stroka Joerg
Published: June 2020

The determination of tropane alkaloids (TAs) in food and feed is gaining importance after the detection of mainly atropine and scopolamine in cereal and tea/herbal infusion samples at levels that may represent a risk to human health, in particular for infants and young children. Relevant legislation was published in the European Union (EU) recently.

This article aims at presenting the most recent developments in the sample preparation and analytical determination of this group of substances in food and feed. Considerations about related matrices are also included with the purpose of gaining insight into other alternative and advanced analytical approaches.

A review of the occurrence and levels of TAs in food and feed until 2019 covering EU‐wide surveys, data archived in the official notifications repository and the scientific literature is carried out as well, since such data are needed for any risk assessment.
Emerging and Established Queer Terminology in the English Language Classroom
Authors: Ariza Eileen N. W. , Brown Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2020

Throughout the world, people who struggle for equality, civil rights, and justice because of their sexual orientation and gender identity face discrimination, abuse, violence, torture, and sometimes even execution for being who they are, loving who they love, or looking different. Students may find a more nonthreatening place of study in classrooms where English is the language of communication and, therefore, become part of a global community of people who identify with the newer descriptions of themselves. Consequently, the multiple issues and identities of LGBTQI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, questioning, intersex) individuals' language describing each entity is emerging daily, and is being integrated into the English language lexicon. This entry details a number of terms that teachers need to be cognizant of when interacting with students identifying as nonmainstream or “queer” (within a broad spectrum of sexual and gender‐based identities) and refer to themselves with nontraditional pronouns.
Chaos/Complexity Theory for Second Language Acquisition/Development
Authors: Larsen‐Freeman Diane
Published: June 2020

Chaos/complexity theory (C/CT) is a transdisciplinary systems theory that deals fundamentally with change. Although it originated in the physical sciences and mathematics, it has been widely used in the social sciences and humanities. In essence, it is a poststructural metatheory with its own ontology and epistemology.

Complex systems are dynamic, nonlinear, open, interconnected with the environment, and comprised of many components. As the components interact, new unanticipated patterns emerge. As applied to second language acquisition, the metaphor of a developmental ladder becomes inadequate to explain the progress, regress, and the multidimensionality of SLA from a target language perspective. A better metaphor is that of a web of language resources, continually being constructed by language learners.

As learners interact, they soft‐assemble their language resources, dynamically adapting them to a specific context. Thus, it follows that each learner's developmental trajectory is unique, sculpted by the learner's prior experience, including other languages that they know, the (social) ambient language to which they are exposed, and the application of particular domain general mechanisms, such as inferencing, pattern perception, categorization, and memory. Performance variability makes it clear that second language acquisition is not a process of conformity to uniformity.

A usage‐based or emergentist view of language acquisition aligns well with C/CT, where frequency, contingency, and salience of constructions in the ambient language focus learners' intention and attention on particular patterns and facilitate their acquisition. New research methods are being developed, and findings from them attest to the value of examining SLA from a C/CT perspective.
Content‐Based Second/Foreign‐Language Instruction
Authors: Snow Marguerite Ann
Published: June 2020

Content‐based instruction (CBI) is the integration of language teaching aims with interesting relevant themes or subjects. It shares a conceptual basis with content and language integrated learning (CLIL); both approaches are widely implemented across different educational levels and settings. This entry describes three prototype models of CBI: theme‐based, sheltered, and adjunct. It also describes variations, such as English as a medium of instruction, that have developed over the years to respond to local needs and goals. Implementation issues and challenges are also discussed and examples of research being conducted in CBI and CLIL settings provided.
Multimodal Teaching and Learning
Authors: Grapin Scott E.
Published: June 2020

This entry provides a broad overview of research on teaching and learning from a multimodal perspective. The first section outlines some fundamental assumptions of multimodality. The second and third sections describe how teaching and learning in the classroom are realized through a range of modes. Given the increasing diversity of the student population, the final section addresses implications of a multimodal perspective for teaching and learning with second language (L2) students and highlights promising directions for future research with this student population.
Qualitative Corpus Analysis
Authors: Hasko Victoria
Published: June 2020

Qualitative corpus analysis is a methodology for pursuing in‐depth investigations of authentic language use representative of purposefully selected communicative situations. The samples of language are digitally captured, documented as to their origins and ecology, stored as electronic language corpora, annotated as needed, and made available for digital access, retrieval, and analysis via a computer. Researchers using qualitative corpus analysis as the methodological basis for their investigations adopt an exploratory, inductive approach to the empirically based study of how the meanings and functions of linguistic forms found in a specific corpus interact with diverse ecological characteristics of language used for communication (speaker age, gender, level of education, and socioeconomic background; place and time of a communicative event; relationship between interlocutors; speech modality; etc.). A common belief shared by all corpus linguists is that it is important to base linguistic investigations on “real data,” that is, actual instances of oral or written communication as opposed to contrived or “made‐up” texts. Unique goals of qualitative corpus analysis may include careful documentation of numerous contextual factors that capture the people and the setting in which the language was produced in depth; rich annotation schemes that may involve manual markup; as well as interpretation of the retrieved corpus query outputs in the intellectual traditions from an appropriate subfield of language studies and with consideration of the accompanying contextual data. This entry summarizes the evolution of the field, outlines the methodological foundations and principles of qualitative corpus analysis, and enumerates major areas of application of the methodology.
Writing and Language for Specific Purposes
Authors: Tardy Christine M.
Published: June 2020

Within the study of language for specific purposes (LSP), writing has been an important area of focus, as written communication is often used to carry out important tasks in business, academic, and professional domains. Writing in these domains is investigated by researchers from four complementary perspectives: descriptions of texts, descriptions of contexts of production, descriptions of learning, and critical analyses of text production and use. Writing is taught in LSP through the use of consciousness‐raising approaches such as genre‐ and corpus‐based pedagogy that are adaptable to different LSP settings, as well as critical approaches seeking to extend students' repertoire of abilities by engaging them in academic tasks while helping them to reflect on and interrogate the social conditions that the tasks assume and reinforce. In addition, content‐based writing pedagogy, primarily found in academic contexts, helps students simultaneously learn content and language.
Intergenerational Ethics
Authors: Mulgan Tim
Published: June 2020

Unless something goes drastically wrong in the next few centuries, most of the people who will ever live are yet to be born. Our actions have little impact on those who are dead, considerable impact on those currently alive, and potentially enormous impact on those who will live in the future. Our decisions affect who those future people will be, and even if there will be any future people at all. The threat of environmental crisis gives us some inkling of the magnitude of our impact on future generations. Only in the last few decades have moral philosophers really begun to grapple with the complexities of intergenerational ethics. Underlying their often technical debates are some of the deepest moral questions. What makes life worth living? What do we owe to our descendants? How do we balance their needs against our own? This entry focuses on three central questions in contemporary intergenerational ethics: (1) Do we have any obligations to future people? (2) If so, what grounds those obligations? (3) Finally, what obligations do we have? While the third question is clearly the most urgent from a practical point of view, most philosophical attention has focused on the first two questions. This entry examines the two dominant traditions: utilitarianism and social contract.
Surrogacy
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: June 2020

Surrogacy is a practice whereby prospective (or commissioning) parents who cannot gestate children entrust another woman with that particular task. There are many reasons why those parents resort to a surrogate mother. Typically, the female partner in a heterosexual couple is unable to bear children, because (for example) she had to undergo a hysterectomy, or suffers from severe endometriosis. In other cases, gay males who do not wish to adopt a child have no choice but to use a surrogate mother. Surrogacy arrangements have a long history. In this entry, I review the main two arguments in favour – which appeal to, respectively, self‐ownership and individual autonomy. I then examine four objections to surrogacy: the commodification objection, the objectification objection, the exploitation objection, and the harm‐to‐children objection.
Deontic Logic
Authors: Hansson Sven Ove
Published: June 2020

Deontic logic is the discipline that attempts to systematize structural properties of systems of norms. Although our everyday reasoning does not always conform exactly to principles of deontic logic, logical investigations can be useful as means to express ideas from moral philosophy in a precise way. Topics in moral philosophy that can be clarified with the help of deontic logic include the relationship between norms and values, supererogation,
prima facie
versus overall obligations, and the resolution of moral dilemmas.
International Relations
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: June 2020

Up until World War I, relations between states were analyzed by philosophers, lawyers, political scientists, and historians. The twentieth century witnessed the emergence of the study of international relations as an academic discipline in its own right, with its own methodologies and traditions. It also witnessed the articulation of a particularly rich and complex body of literature, standardly gathered under the heading of international relations theory (IRT). Although IRT appears mostly to describe and explain facts about human nature and collective action in the international realm, it also tackles some normative questions, such as: (a) to what extent do international actors consider themselves to be subject to moral norms in their dealings with one another? (b) Are international actors, in fact, bound by moral norms? Some theories of international relations explicitly consider both issues, while others focus more on the former. This entry reviews major theories of international relations in the light of those normative questions.
Kelsen, Hans
Authors: Paulson Stanley L.
Published: June 2020

The legal philosopher Hans Kelsen (1881–1973) is regarded in many circles as the quintessential figure in analytical legal philosophy, whose only possible rival in originality and scope is Jeremy Bentham. As with other legal positivists, Kelsen rejects morality as a criterion for legal validity. He parts company with other legal positivists in rejecting an appeal to social facts as undergirding the legal system. He is waging battle, then, on two fronts, which leads him to appeal to the Kant of the firstCritiquewith an eye to a transcendental argument that will lend support to his nonnaturalistic view of the law. Along with his extensive work in the field of legal philosophy, Kelsen was active in the immediate post‐World War I period as one of the draftsmen of the Austrian Federal Constitution of October 1920. Here his epochal contribution was to establish centralized constitutional review, an institutional practice that was adopted by other European countries after World War II. Kelsen was also active in public international law and in political philosophy, where he defended political liberalism. A “Collected Works” of Kelsen's writings, projected to run to well over 30 volumes, is under way.
Jankélévitch, Vladimir
Authors: Kelley Andrew
Published: June 2020

Vladimir Jankélévitch (1903–85) taught philosophy at the Sorbonne from 1951 to 1978. His philosophical oeuvre centered on ethics, culminating in hisTraité des vertus(Treatise on the Virtues), which ran to over 1,500 pages after its reedition in the early 1970s. Showing the influence of Simmel, Schelling, Scheler, and especially of Bergson, Jankélévitch is known for his inimitable writing and speaking style, which sometimes involves terminology that he creates. The Holocaust and his years in hiding during World War II greatly affected his postwar work. His moral theory can be loosely characterized as a virtue‐based ethics because of its emphasis on the entirety of a person's being. But this does not really do justice to the subtlety and complexity of his thought. In his moral philosophy, one also finds an aspect of what he terms a “hyperbolic” ethics. As such, for many of the virtues that he analyzes there can be no element of a mean or of moderation. Instead, some virtues would require that the person do continually more, that there is no end or specific amount of what can be done. Moreover, Jankélévitch will never give a simple answer concerning what is to be done and to what degree. This would be against the spirit of his philosophy. Instead, it is up to each moral agent to determine what she needs to do. As soon as this is done, something anew must now be accomplished. And thus the moral task continues.
Effective Altruism
Authors: MacAskill William , Pummer Theron
Published: June 2020

This entry looks at effective altruism, defining it as the project of using evidence and reason to try to find out how to do the most good, and on this basis trying to do the most good, without violating any side‐constraints. It looks at what that project does and does not exclude. The entry then considers and rejects some reasons someone might have for thinking that effective altruism should not be a significant part of their life.
Gas Diffusion Strategy for Inserting Atomic Iron Sites into Graphitized Carbon Supports for Unusually High‐Efficient CO2 Electroreduction and High‐Performance Zn–CO2 Batteries
Authors: Wang Tingting , Sang Xiahan , Zheng Wanzhen , Yang Bin , Yao Siyu , Lei Chaojun , Li Zhongjian , He Qinggang , Lu Jianguo , Lei Lecheng , Dai Liming , Hou Yang
Published: June 2020

Emerging single‐atom catalysts (SACs) hold great promise for CO2 electroreduction (CO2ER), but the design of highly active and cost‐efficient SACs is still challenging. Herein, a gas diffusion strategy, along with one‐step thermal activation, for fabricating N‐doped porous carbon polyhedrons with trace isolated Fe atoms (Fe1NC) is developed. The optimized Fe1NC/S1‐1000 with atomic Fe‐N3 sites supported by N‐doped graphitic carbons exhibits superior CO2ER performance with the CO Faradaic efficiency up to 96% at −0.5 V, turnover frequency of 2225 h−1, and outstanding stability, outperforming almost all previously reported SACs based on N‐doped carbon supported nonprecious metals. The observed excellent CO2ER performance is attributed to the greatly enhanced accessibility and intrinsic activity of active centers due to the increased electrochemical surface area through size modulation and the redistribution of doped N species by thermal activation. Experimental observations and theoretical calculations reveal that the Fe‐N3 sites possess balanced adsorption energies of *COOH and *CO intermediates, facilitating CO formation. A universal gas diffusion strategy is used to exclusively yield a series of dimension‐controlled carbon‐supported SACs with single Fe atoms while a rechargeable Zn–CO2 battery with Fe1NC/S1‐1000 as cathode is developed to deliver a maximal power density of 0.6 mW cm−2.
Coupling a Crystal Graph Multilayer Descriptor to Active Learning for Rapid Discovery of 2D Ferromagnetic Semiconductors/Half‐Metals/Metals
Authors: Lu Shuaihua , Zhou Qionghua , Guo Yilv , Zhang Yehui , Wu Yilei , Wang Jinlan
Published: June 2020

2D ferromagnetic (FM) semiconductors/half‐metals/metals are the key materials toward next‐generation spintronic devices. However, such materials are still rather rare and the material search space is too large to explore exhaustively. Here, an adaptive framework to accelerate the discovery of 2D intrinsic FM materials is developed, by combining advanced machine‐learning (ML) techniques with high‐throughput density functional theory calculations. Successfully, about 90 intrinsic FM materials with desirable bandgap and excellent thermodynamic stability are screened out and a database containing 1459 2D magnetic materials is set up. To improve the performance of ML models on small‐scale datasets like diverse 2D materials, a crystal graph multilayer descriptor using the elemental property is proposed, with which ML models achieve prediction accuracy over 90% on thermodynamic stability, magnetism, and bandgap. This study not only provides dozens of compelling FM candidates for future spintronics, but also paves a feasible route for ML‐based rapid screening of diverse structures and/or complex properties.
Ultradurable Superhydrophobic Natural Rubber‐Based Elastomer Enabled by Modified Multiscale Leather Collagen Fibers
Authors: Li Shuangyang , Wang Yaping , Xu Shuangfeng , Xiang Zongwei , Xu Weixing , Shi Bi
Published: June 2020

Superhydrophobicity is vital to natural rubber‐based materials and can endow materials with intriguing features, such as self‐cleaning. Normally, low surface energy and surfacial micro/nanostructure are the two premises of superhydrophobicity. However, the fragility of micro/nanostructures in natural rubber (NR) composite surfaces makes the maintenance of durable superhydrophobicity under external forces difficult. Thus, the application of NR composite elastomers is limited in industrial fields. In this work, a novel NR‐based elastomer is prepared by uniquely dispersing perfluorooctytriethoxysilane‐modified leather collagen fibers (M‐LCF) with multiscale structures into rubber matrix. The as‐prepared NR composite with 40% M‐LCF content displays excellent superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 156°, and the endowed superhydrophobicity is ultradurable and can be retained after 2000 cycles of mechanical abrasion under a pressure of 100 kPa. Moreover, the prepared material features superior self‐cleaning performance and mechanical properties. The reported work may serve as a basic for fabricating materials with durable superhydrophobicity.
Self‐Healable Capacitive Photodetectors with Stretchability Based on Composite of ZnS:Cu Particles and Reversibly Crosslinkable Silicone Elastomer
Authors: Choi Su Bin , Lee Chan‐Jae , Han Chul Jong , Kang Jae‐Wook , Lee Cheul‐Ro , Kim Jong‐Woong
Published: June 2020

Recent studies are actively contributing to the implementation of the use of five human senses in electronic skins. In order to achieve this, it is critical to develop sensors with the ability to heal after being subjected to stretching or damage; this should be achieved without any significant deterioration in performance, as is possible for human skin. This study investigates the potential for producing stretchable, cuttable, and healable photodetectors. To this end, a reversibly cross‐linkable silicone polymer, polydimethylsiloxane (rcPDMS), is synthesized via a Diels–Alder reaction; subsequently, ZnS:Cu particles are dispersed therein to form a composite film. Ag nanowires (AgNWs) are formed on both the surfaces of the film to realize a three‐layer sandwich structured capacitor, namely: AgNWs/ZnS:Cu‐rcPDMS/AgNWs. Light irradiation of the film induces the photodielectric effect in ZnS:Cu particles and the dielectric response of photoinduced dipole moments composed of localized photoactive carriers results in a change in the capacitance of the film. Based on this, a photodetector is developed that is stretchable, healable, and demonstrates no reduction in the device performance even before and after cutting as well as healing.
Large‐Area Uniform Polymer Transistor Arrays on Flexible Substrates: Towards High‐Throughput Sensor Fabrication
Authors: Zeidell Andrew M. , Filston David S. , Waldrip Matthew , Iqbal Hamna F. , Chen Hu , McCulloch Iain , Jurchescu Oana D.
Published: June 2020

Solution‐processable organic semiconductors can serve as the basis for new products including rollable displays, tattoo‐like smart bandages for real‐time health monitoring, and conformable electronics integrated into clothing or even implanted in the human body. For such exciting commercial applications to become a reality, good device performance and uniformity over large areas are necessary. The design of new materials has progressed at an astonishing pace, but accessing their intrinsic, efficient electrical properties in large‐area flexible device arrays is difficult. The development of protocols that allow integration with industrial‐scale processing for high‐throughput manufacturing, without the need to compromise on performance, is the key for transitioning these materials to real‐life applications. In this work, large‐area arrays of organic thin‐film transistors obtained by spray‐coating the high‐mobility polymer indacenodithiophene‐co‐benzothiadiazole (IDTBT) are demonstrated. A maximum charge carrier mobility of 2.3 cm2 V−1 s−1, with a very narrow performance distribution, is obtained over surface areas of 10 cm × 10 cm. The devices retain their electrical properties when bent multiple times and at different curvatures. In addition, large arrays of highly sensitive (0.25% change in mobility for 1% humidity variation), reusable, near‐identical humidity sensors are produced in a one‐step fabrication and calibrated from 0% to 94% relative humidity.
A New Near‐Infrared Long Persistent Luminescence Material with Its Outstanding Persistent Luminescence Performance and Promising Multifunctional Application Prospects
Authors: Ding Songsong , Guo Haijie , Feng Peng , Ye Qiangfei , Wang Yuhua
Published: June 2020

In this work, a novel near‐infrared (NIR) persistent luminescence (PersL) material Na2CaGe5SiO14 (NCGSO):Cr3+ is designed and prepared. The phase composition and crystal structure are analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld structural refinement. The band gap of NCGSO is calculated to be 4.245 eV by density functional theory (DFT) and confirmed by diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS). It is determined by the photoluminescence (PL) spectra, X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES), and time‐resolved emission spectra (TRES) that three Ge4+ sites can be superseded simultaneously when Cr3+ ions are doped. In addition, the PL, photoluminescence excitation (PLE), and PersL performance are analyzed systematically. Under the radiation of 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) lamp, the samples exhibit excellent PL and PersL performance in the range of 600–900 nm, and the optimal afterglow duration lasts for more than 10 h. According to results, a possible mechanism is proposed to explain the PersL phenomenon. In the end, a set of information encrypted digital labels is designed and biological tissue penetration experiments are performed. The results reveal the potential of NCGSO:Cr3+ for information encryption and biological imaging applications.
Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on a Columnar Liquid‐Crystalline Perylene Emitter
Authors: Keum Changmin , Becker David , Archer Emily , Bock Harald , Kitzerow Heinz , Gather Malte C. , Murawski Caroline
Published: June 2020

Liquid crystalline materials possess great potential as emitters in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) due to their self‐assembling property, which may lead to anisotropic films and improved charge transport. Here, the key photophysical properties of the columnar liquid crystalline emitter perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic tetraethyl ester (PTCTE) are investigated and the material is implemented into OLEDs. It is found that vacuum‐deposited PTCTE films exhibit preferential horizontal orientation of the transition dipole moment. Embedding the emitter into different host materials leads to increased photoluminescence quantum yield but reduces molecular orientation compared to the neat film. OLEDs containing PTCTE doped into an exciplex‐forming co‐host achieve very high luminance exceeding 10 000 cd m−2 at 5.7 V, which is among the best performances of OLEDs based on columnar liquid crystalline emitters reported so far.
High‐Efficiency Transmissive Programmable Metasurface for Multimode OAM Generation
Authors: Bai Xudong , Kong Fanwei , Sun Yuntao , Wang Guanfu , Qian Jingyi , Li Xianbin , Cao Anjie , He Chong , Liang Xianling , Jin Ronghong , Zhu Weiren
Published: June 2020

Metasurfaces have been extensively studied for generating electromagnetic waves carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). In particular, programmable metasurfaces enable real‐time switching between multiple OAM modes in a digital manner. However, the current programmable metasurfaces are mostly based on reflective mode, which suffer from low efficiency as well as serious feed blockage. In this paper, a transmissive programmable metasurface is presented for the highly efficient generation of multimode convergent OAM beams. The proposed transmissive metasurface is composed of electronically reconfigurable units with 1‐bit phase resolution (0/π), which are obtained by integrating two PIN diodes in the radiating layer for current direction modulation. Through the antisymmetry configuration of the two PIN diodes, nearly uniform transmission magnitudes but inversed phase states in a wide band can be obtained. The simulation results show that the proposed reconfigurable unit can achieve good 1‐bit phase tuning, with minimum insertion loss of 0.2 dB and 2 dB transmission bandwidth of more than 10%. Through the dynamic modulation of the quantized code distributions on the metasurface, programmable multimode OAM beams can thus be constructed. Both simulated and measured results verify the effectiveness of the proposed design.
Effective Delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 System Enabled by Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for GFP‐Tagged Paxillin Knock‐In
Authors: Xu Xiaoyu , Koivisto Oliver , Liu Chang , Zhou Junnian , Miihkinen Mitro , Jacquemet Guillaume , Wang Daqi , Rosenholm Jessica M. , Shu Yilai , Zhang Hongbo
Published: June 2020

In this study, direct and effective intracellular delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids for homology‐directed repair is achieved by functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The functionalized MSNs (Cy5.5‐MSNs‐NLS) are synthesized by in situ labeling of a fluorescent dye (Cy5.5) and surface conjugation of nuclear localization sequence (NLS, PKKKRKV), showing a high loading efficiency (50%) toward the plasmids (PXN cutdown plasmid: GFP‐Cas9‐paxillin_gRNA and repair plasmid: AICSDP‐1: PXN‐EGFP). Subsequently, a polymeric coating of the poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDDA) is electrostatically deposited onto the plasmid‐loaded Cy5.5‐MSNs‐NLS by microfluidic nanoprecipitation. The coating layer offers effective protection against the denaturation of plasmids by EcoRV restriction enzymes, and is shown to prevent premature release. Moreover, owing to the positive charge and pH‐responsive disaggregation of PDDA, enhanced cellular internalization (16 h) and endosomal escape (4 h) of the nanocarrier are observed. After escape of nanocarrier system into the cytoplasm, the NLS on the surface of MSNs facilitates nuclear transport of the CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids, achieving successful GFP‐tag knock‐in of the PXN genomic sequence in U2OS cells. This intracellular delivery system thus offers an attractive method to overcome physiological barriers for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery, showing considerable promise for paxillin‐associated focal adhesion and signaling regulator investigation.
A Nanomedicine Fabricated from Gold Nanoparticles‐Decorated Metal–Organic Framework for Cascade Chemo/Chemodynamic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ding Yuan , Xu Hao , Xu Chang , Tong Zongrui , Zhang Sitong , Bai Yang , Chen Yining , Xu Qianhui , Zhou Liuzhi , Ding Hao , Sun Zhongquan , Yan Sheng , Mao Zhengwei , Wang Weilin
Published: June 2020

The incorporation of new modalities into chemotherapy greatly enhances the anticancer efficacy combining the merits of each treatment, showing promising potentials in clinical translations. Herein, a hybrid nanomedicine (Au/FeMOF@CPT NPs) is fabricated using metal–organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as building blocks for cancer chemo/chemodynamic therapy. MOF NPs are used as vehicles to encapsulate camptothecin (CPT), and the hybridization by Au NPs greatly improves the stability of the nanomedicine in a physiological environment. Triggered by the high concentration of phosphate inside the cancer cells,Au/FeMOF@CPT NPseffectively collapse after internalization, resulting in the complete drug release and activation of the cascade catalytic reactions. The intracellular glucose can be oxidized by Au NPs to produce hydrogen dioxide, which is further utilized as chemical fuel for the Fenton reaction, thus realizing the synergistic anticancer efficacy. Benefitting from the enhanced permeability and retention effect and sophisticated fabrications, the blood circulation time and tumor accumulation ofAu/FeMOF@CPT NPsare significantly increased. In vivo results demonstrate that the combination of chemotherapy and chemodynamic therapy effectively suppresses the tumor growth, meantime the systemic toxicity of this nanomedicine is greatly avoided.
MXenes for Non‐Lithium‐Ion (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Al) Batteries and Supercapacitors
Authors: Aslam Muhammad Kashif , Niu Yubin , Xu Maowen
Published: June 2020

The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for lithium‐ion batteries is a powerful confirmation of the importance of portable energy storage devices, which will further promote collaborative innovation in the field of new energy storage. Non‐lithium rechargeable energy storage technologies are attracting attention due to their low cost and high energy densities. However, electrochemical performance depends upon the inherent properties of the electrodes. In recent decades, 2D materials have been extensively investigated owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. One of the typical representatives is the MXenes with good electrochemical properties, which have become popular material in the field of energy storage in recent years. The discovery of MXene with metal solution, expanded interlayer‐spacing and tamperable surface termination offers a valuable strategy to discover MXenes with new structures. These flexible properties of MXene allow the tuning of properties for energy storage technologies. Here, the synthesis, structure, properties and applications of MXenes in non‐lithium energy storage technologies are reviewed, and a comprehensive outlook and personal perspective on the future development of MXene in the energy storage system are also presented.
Correlations between dental wear and oral cavity characteristics: Mandibular torus, palatine torus, and oral exostoses
Authors: Lease Loren R.
Published: June 2020

Objective

This study evaluates the correlations amongst mandibular torus, palatine torus, oral exostoses to dental wear/loss and temporomandibular damage.

Methods

The sample consists of 504 skulls from the Hamann‐Todd Osteological Collection; 223 African American and 281 European Americans aged between 30 and 80 years. The sample was analyzed using Pearson's Chi‐square for significance of sex, age, ancestry, and wear as well as the interactions between the demographic variables and the presence of mandibular torus, palatine torus and oral exostoses.

Results

Wear was statistically significant by age and sex but not ancestry. The maxillary exostoses varied significantly by age, ancestry and wear but not sex. Mandibular torus frequencies varied significantly by wear, sex and ancestry. The palatine torus varied significantly across wear groups, sex and ancestry.

Discussion

The etiology of nonmetric oral cavity characteristics, mandibular torus, palatine torus and oral exostosis, is complex. The degree to which traits' presence and expression is the result of genetic and environmental interactions is not fully understood. More than age, sex or ancestry, the degree of dental wear and tooth loss influences the presence and expression of the oral cavity traits. The sample can be characterized as the presence of exostoses in higher frequencies in young African American males with little tooth loss. Males of both ancestral groups with heavy wear have higher frequencies of mandibular tori than females. The palatine torus is more common in edentulous European American females.
Differential occupational risk for COVID‐19 and other infection exposure according to race and ethnicity
Authors: Hawkins Devan
Published: June 2020

Background

There are racial and ethnic disparities in the risk of contracting COVID‐19. This study sought to assess how occupational segregation according to race and ethnicity may contribute to the risk of COVID‐19.

Methods

Data about employment in 2019 by industry and occupation and race and ethnicity were obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Survey. This data was combined with information about industries according to whether they were likely or possibly essential during the COVID‐19 pandemic and the frequency of exposure to infections and close proximity to others by occupation. The percentage of workers employed in essential industries and occupations with a high risk of infection and close proximity to others by race and ethnicity was calculated.

Results

People of color were more likely to be employed in essential industries and in occupations with more exposure to infections and close proximity to others. Black workers in particular faced an elevated risk for all of these factors.

Conclusion

Occupational segregation into high‐risk industries and occupations likely contributes to differential risk with respect to COVID‐19. Providing adequate protections to workers may help to reduce these disparities.
Pd(II)‐Catalyzed, Bidentate Directing Group‐aided Alkylation of sp3 γ‐C−H Bonds: Access to 3‐Alkylated Thiophene/Furan and Benzothiophene/Benzofuran Motifs
Authors: Bisht Narendra , Babu Srinivasarao Arulananda , Tomar Radha
Published: June 2020

We report the Pd(II)‐catalyzed bidentate directing group 8‐aminoquinoline‐aided sp3 γ‐C−H alkylation of 3‐methyl‐ thiophene/furan‐2‐carboxylic acid and 3‐methyl‐ benzothiophene/benzofuran‐2‐carboxylic acid systems. While the 8‐aminoquinoline‐aided sp3 γ‐C−H functionalization including arylation or amidation or amination of carboxylic acid derivatives are well known, however, the Pd(II)‐catalyzed bidentate directing group 8‐aminoquinoline‐aided sp3 γ‐C−H alkylation is not explored. Notably, 2‐ and/or 3‐alkylated thiophene/furan and benzothiophene/benzofuran motifs are found in pharmaceutically active molecules. Accordingly, this work reveals the scope of the 8‐aminoquinoline‐aided sp3 γ‐C−H alkylation method, and its usefulness by enriching the libraries of 3‐alkylated thiophene/furan and benzothiophene/benzofuran motifs.
Utilizing auxology to understand ontogeny of extinct hominins: A case study on Homo naledi
Authors: Bolter Debra R. , Cameron Noel
Published: June 2020

The methods used to study human growth and development (auxology) have not previously been applied within the setting of hominin maturation (ontogeny). Ontogeny is defined here as the pattern of biological change into an adult form, both at the individual and species level. The hominin fossil record has a lack of recovered immature materials, due to such factors as taphonomic processes that destroy pre‐adults; the fragility of immature compared to adult bone; and the lower mortality rates of juveniles compared to adults. The recent discovery of pre‐adult hominin skeletal material from a single, homogeneous Homo naledi species from the Rising Star cave system in South Africa provides the opportunity for a broader application of auxology methods and thus the need to understand their use in a modern context. Human auxology studies benefit from a robust database, across multiple populations, and with longitudinal studies in order to assess the patterns and variations in typical growth, development and life history stages. Here, we review the approach, vocabulary, and methods of these human studies, investigate commonalities in data with the fossil record, and then advance the reconstruction of ontogeny for the extinct hominin species H. naledi. To this end, we apply an auxology model into the paleontological context to broadly predict H. naledi birthweight of the offspring at 2.06 kg with a range (±1 SD) of 1.89 to 2.24 kg, with a length at birth 45.5 cm. We estimate a H. naledi juvenile partial skeleton DH7 to be a height of 111–125 cm at death.