bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gambling and the American Economy
Authors: CHRISTIANSEN EUGENE MARTIN
Published: March 2007

Some form of commercial gambling is legal in almost every state of the Union, reflecting substantial consumer demand for these activities. Yet gambling is regarded by policymakers, the media, and the public as an industry that is different and not subject to the economic laws that govern other industries. However, by examining gambling through standard measures such as consumer spending expressed as percentages of personal income, job creation, and gambling privilege tax receipts, it can be determined that gambling industries are not operating independently of the larger economic context. One of the fastest-growing sectors of the general economy, gambling accounts for about 10 percent of leisure expenditures.
Gambling and Problem Gambling among Youths
Authors: STINCHFIELD RANDY , WINTERS KEN C.
Published: March 2007

With the rapid expansion of gambling have also come concerns about underage gambling and youth problem gambling. Most studies of youth gambling have found that the majority of youths have gambled but do so infrequently and do not suffer any adverse consequences. A minority of youths, however, appear to be over-involved in gambling and are experiencing problems associated with their gambling. This is the first generation of youths to be exposed to such widespread access to gambling venues, ubiquitous gambling advertising, and general social approval of gambling. Gambling is the only so-called vice endorsed and promoted in many locales by both the church and state. On the one hand, youths are instructed by their teachers (and ostensibly their state department of education) that the way to get ahead in life is to study and work hard; on the other hand, their state lottery tells them that they need only to be lucky. Youths are adept at recognizing these apparent discrepancies and may be confused by this mixed message. Future research will need to address a number of gaps in our knowledge about youth gambling.
Mainline Protestantism 2000
Authors: McKINNEY WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

For much of its history, mainline Protestantism has sought to mediate or bridge tensions present in the wider culture. In an increasingly polarized society, its churches struggle to find ways to provide moral leadership while holding themselves together. The postwar period has been difficult for mainline Protestantism's institutions. Membership declines and financial pressures continue. New communities of reference are replacing the denominational seminary as the primary locus of theological inquiry. Nonetheless, congregations are reemerging as centers of religious vitality, and there are signs of progress as mainline Protestantism adapts to a rapidly changing social context.
Student Politics in Latin America
Authors: Bonilla Frank
Published: March 2007

In the case study of the Student Federation of Chile summarized here, data was obtained by interviews with leaders and by the study of documents, covering three separate periods in the federation's history. Organization was considered in two complementary ways; as a set of institutionalized value patterns and ideas, and as a collectivity. The results are generalized to other Latin American student organizations. The author suggests new research on such groups, whose role in events such as Castro's Cuban revolution may have far-reaching impact.
Research on Roosevelt
Authors: Freidel Frank R.
Published: March 2007

Professor Frank Freidel illustrates the problems of the student of recent history with his experiences as biographer of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The historian needs not an IBM machine but a strong wrist and a perceptive eye to examine materials that are measured by the ton.
The Revolution in Intellectual Work
Authors: Vasiliev M. , Gusciov S.
Published: March 2007

About two years ago two Soviet journalists surveyed the prospects of science as seen by Russia's leading scientists and reported their findings in a semi-popular book, Today and Tomorrow in Russian Science. This selection was translated from an Italian edition of the book, L'oggi e il Domani della Scienze in Russia (Milan: Aldo Martello, 1959). The authors outline some of the consequences of electronic computers and related devices, as suggested by S. A. Lebedew of the Soviet Academy of Science. In addition to mathematical and statistical uses, computers will have extensive applica tions in industry and in the retrieval and transmission of information. Man's intelligence will remain superor but, in effect, the devices will revolutionize mental work. The set of ideas closely parallels American commentary on the subject over the past decade.
The Politics of Soviet Science
Authors: De Witt Nicholas
Published: March 2007

Professor DeWitt of the Russian and East European Institute, Indiana University, examines the role of the Russian scientist in terms of the organization of scientific activity and the social milieu in which he operates. He points out why Soviet science is effective even though it exists in a socially restrictive atmosphere and why, despite his prestige, the Soviet scientist does not directly affect Russian policy.
The Differential Impact of a Game Simulating a Community Disaster
Authors: Inbar Michael
Published: March 2007

Group effects, pre-disposition of the players and capability of the game administrator are investigated as factors accounting for the differential impact of simulation games. The author received his B.A. from Hebrew University, Jerusalem, and his Ph.D. in social relations from Johns Hopkins; he is now Assistant Professor in Sociology at the University of Michigan.
Federalism and Health Care Reform
Authors: GROGAN COLLEEN M.
Published: March 2007

U.S. health care reform will take a largely decentralized state-controlled approach based on the belief that decentralization leads to greater democratic responsiveness, increased state-level innovation, and administrative efficiency. This article challenges these assumptions underlying the push for decentralization by presenting a literature review of the state-controlled Medicaid program and examining the relationship between decentralization and democratic responsiveness, innovation, and administrative costs. It questions the main claim—that state-controlled programs increase democratic responsiveness—on two fronts: First, whose needs do state governments respond to? Second, do states have the financial ability to respond to local needs? The article concludes by offering some reasons why the United States continues to favor a decentralized approach and notes that, in the absence of a centralized system, the nation continues to move toward methods of micromanagement to promote efficiency and effectiveness.
Portrayals of African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans in Magazine Advertising
Authors: TAYLOR CHARLES R. , LEE JU YUNG , STERN BARBARA B.
Published: March 2007

A content analysis of magazine advertisements from 1993 and 1994 is performed to examine advertising portrayals of African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans. The issues investigated are the frequency of portrayal of minority groups, the representation of groups in technical versus nontechnical product categories, and the settings and relationships in which each group appears. Results indicate that (a) Hispanic Americans are significantly underrepresented in magazine advertising, (b) portrayals of Asian Americans reflect societal stereotypes, and (c) portrayals of African Americans have become less stereotyped over the years, but nonetheless remain sufficiently stereotyped to raise societal concerns.
Suicide and Shame
Authors: MOKROS HARTMUT B.
Published: March 2007

But basically I've lost my mind completely that's all people have told me. I really am crazy. I think I am. I've heard tell the only people who commit suicide are real muts well I'm a nut. Always have been.

Greg (1973-1988)

God, if you are listening, please take me to Heaven and. I hear suicide is a sin itself but uh. And I also hear everything happens for a reason. So maybe this is happening for a reason too. I just feel so alone right now.

Mark (1974-1993)
Editor's Introduction
Authors: COTLER MIRIAM
Published: March 2007

Having a chronic illness is in some ways similar to being held prisoner with no definite release date. (Greenhut, 1995)
Diffusion of School-Based Substance Abuse Prevention Programs
Authors: ROHRBACH LOUISE ANN , D'ONOFRIO CAROL N. , BACKER THOMAS E. , MONTGOMERY SUSANNE B.
Published: March 2007

Despite promising evidence of the effectiveness of psychosocial-based approaches to drug abuse prevention, these programs have not been widely adopted by schools. This article considers the feasibility of widespread diffusion of empirically based prevention programs in school settings. The literature on determinants of diffusion is reviewed, results of recent research on strategies to increase diffusion are discussed, and barriers to successful diffusion in school settings are identified. The article concludes by presenting implications of these research findings for policy, practice, and future research.
Successful Failure
Authors: SEIBEL WOLFGANG
Published: March 2007

Although organization theory has acknowledged low-performance-high-persistence phenomena, the question remains how resources can conceivably be mobilized in favor of permanently failing organizations. This article argues that permanent organizational failure requires those contributing resources to an organization to be interested in both failure and ignorance about failure. Two illustrative examples—help for battered women, employment of the handicapped—are interpreted as cases where “principals” are not necessarily interested in high performance of their “agents” but rather in symbolic problem solving. It is stated, though, that neither the competitive market nor the public sector in a democratic system is likely to provide a favorable environment for such interest. Rather, there is good sense to assume the third (or nonprofit) sector to provide a structural and ideological setting in which both interest in failure and interest in ignorance about failure may be flourishing.
Civil Society and Political Institutionalization
Authors: BERMAN SHERI
Published: March 2007

As a result of the dramatic events of recent years, social scientists have devoted increasing attention to explaining what causes democratization as well as what makes democracies vibrant and successful over the long term. Yet, whereas a generation ago most scholars tackling these issues stressed economic, political, or institutional factors, today societal and cultural variables are in vogue. This article argues that examining societal and cultural variables in isolation from their broader context leaves fundamental questions unanswered and misinterprets some of the most important dynamics of political development. To know whether civil society activity will have positive or negative consequences for democratic development, we need to marry an analysis of societal and cultural factors to the study of political institutions.
American Governmentality
Authors: CAWLEY R. McGREGGOR , CHALOUPKA WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

The governing that now pervades the developed world is so omnipresent that it seems virtually natural. Administration—specific forms of rationality, authority, and participation—was, nonetheless, a development. French philosopher Michel Foucault argued that this development could be understood as governmentality”—a new arrangement among sovereignty, discipline, and government that made the art of governing both thinkable and practicable. This article explores the utility of French philosopher Michel Foucault's approach within the field of public administration. Reinvestigating the works of Woodrow Wilson, Frederick Winslow Taylor, and Mary Parker Follett, we demonstrate that their approaches can be interpreted as establishing the basic contours of American governmentality.
Why Is There No Affirmative Action in Britain?
Authors: TELES STEVEN M.
Published: March 2007

Political scientists generally pay great attention to the creation of policies, but relatively little to the absence of policies. This article examines the reasons why Great Britain has not developed affirmative action policies, and in doing so, tries to shed some light on why the United States has. The author finds that both institutional and cultural factors explain the absence of preferential treatment in Great Britain, in particular the salience of the immigration issue, the absence of a leading oppressed group, the structure of the Labour Party and the electoral system, and the centralization of the British political system. The author argues that Great Britain seems to be moving along a different trajectory from that of the United States and that although their antidiscrimination policies are less developed than those in the United States, they may be more effective in the long term. As a result, the British experience may hold lessons for the United States.
Leisure Lifestyles
Authors: GREENBERG MARSHALL G. , FRANK RONALD E.
Published: March 2007

Using their own 1978 national survey sample, Greenberg and Frank describe the social and demographic characteristics as well as the psychological needs and television viewing behaviors of persons who exhibit each of 14 patterns of leisure activity isolated through factor analysis and clustering techniques.
Financing Mental Health Services
Authors: UYEDA MARY K. , DeLEON PATRICK H. , PERLOFF ROBERT , KRAUT ALAN G.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on federal policies that affect the financing of mental health care services. The need for a delicate balance between controlling the costs of care and assuring access to quality services for those in need is addressed. The programs discussed are Medicare, the federal insurance program for the elderly and disabled, and the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS), the Department of Defense program for military dependents and retirees. Efforts to control the costs of care often result in the policy decision to limit significantly the scope of practice of nonphysician health care providers when compared to that authorized by state-level practice and licensing laws. Some federal initiatives that focus on these combined concerns will be discussed including the CHAMPUS initiatives to contract out for services and Medicare's prospective payment system now used for hospital services.
Board Composition and Stakeholder Performance: Do Stakeholder Directors Make a Difference?
Authors: Hillman Amy J. , Keim Gerald D. , Luce Rebecca A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, we examine the link between board composition and an enterprise strategy outcome, stakeholder relations. Because a firm’s enterprise strategy is set at the highest level of the organization, we expect the presence of stakeholder directors (suppliers, customers, employees, and community representatives) to be positively associated with stakeholder performance.Results from an analysis of 3,268 board members representing 250 firms are discussed in the context of both corporate governance and stakeholder management literatures.
Theoretical Foundations of Public Policy
Authors: Buchholz Rogene A. , Rosenthal Sandra B.
Published: March 2007

Many theoretical developments in the business and society field do not pay enough attention to the policy environment in which business functions and through which corporate behavior is largely shaped to respond to social problems. Part of this problem may be due to the lack of a firm philosophical foundation for public policy providing legitimacy for the concept in relation to the market system. American pragmatism offers such a foundation and overcomes many of the tensions between the market and public policy by puffing the concept of the individual and community in proper perspective.
Just a Classic?
Authors: Logsdon Jeanne M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the major contributions made by Preston and Post in Private Management and Public Policy from the dual perspectives of a doctoral student in the late 1970s and midcareer professor in the mid-1990s. It also identifies the roots of contemporary issues and concepts in the business and society field in this early book, published in 1975. Finally, four questions are raised about what is missing, unforeseen, and subject to further scrutiny. The author's assessment is that the book is both a classic in the evolution of the field and highly relevant to contemporary analyses of corporate social performance.
Essay Forum
Authors: Wood Donna J.
Published: March 2007

A total of 36 Business & Society scholars from five intellectual generations answer questions about the field's biggest challenges and their own motivations.
Three Worlds of Welfare State Research
Authors: Pierson Paul
Published: March 2007

This article reviews three important clusters of recent research on the comparative politics of the welfare state. The three clusters focus on political economy, gender and social policy, and the investigation of long-term developmental processes. The article argues that in each area there has been significant progress and that there are increasing opportunities for intellectual exchange across these clusters. Research in this important empirical sub field of comparative politics has been pluralistic and eclectic, both methodologically and theoretically. Overall, this stance has yielded substantial benefits.
Political Parties, Party Systems, and Democracy in East Asia
Authors: STOCKTON HANS
Published: March 2007

Institutionalized parties and party systems have traditionally been viewed as necessary conditions for democracies to function effectively. Although this area of research is germane to all democracies, most analyses have been divided by regional investigation. Seeking to bridge the gap, this article applies concepts and measures of institutionalization from the study of Latin America to Pacific Asia's two most prominent cases of democratic transition, South Korea and Taiwan. An effort is made to apply the approaches of Dix and Mainwaring and Scully on party and system institutionalization in Latin America to South Korea and Taiwan. Cross-national comparison reveals a curvilinear relationship between institutionalization and consolidation. Taiwan's path to consolidation has been predicated on a pattern very similar to those taken by Latin American cases, whereas South Korea, theoretically, should not be as close to consolidation as it is.
Prelude to the Resource Curse
Authors: LUONG PAULINE JONES , WEINTHAL ERIKA
Published: March 2007

The literature on resource-rich states leaves a key and prior question unexplored: Why and how do states choose to develop their natural resources? The authors address this gap by explaining the divergence in oil and gas development strategies in five energy-rich Soviet successor states. The authors argue that leaders choose development strategies based on the domestic constraints they face when they either discover or gain newfound authority over their resource endowments: (a) the availability of alternative sources of export revenue and (b) the level of political contestation. Where leaders enjoy a high degree of access to alternative export revenue and a low level of contestation, they choose to nationalize their energy sector and to minimize international involvement. Where leaders face a low degree of access to alternative export revenue and a high level of contestation, they privatize their energy sector with direct international involvement. This argument also accurately predicts initial energy development strategies in several other developing countries.
Power Politics and the Free Trade Bandwagon
Authors: GRUBER LLOYD
Published: March 2007

What explains the world's newfound enthusiasm for free trade? Are government leaders integrating their economies to achieve Pareto-improving gains? Or is it because a critical mass of pro—free trade governments has acquired the capacity to “go it alone,” leaving would-be protectionists with a choice between a bad option (opening their markets at very high political cost) and an even worse alternative (incurring the still higher political costs of exclusion)? This article suggests that in practice, mutual-gains-seeking motivations are frequently dominated by defensive ones. The North American Free Trade Agreement is a case in point: Without in any way being bullied or coerced, the Mexican and Canadian governments agreed to take part in a multilateral arrangement that the evidence suggests neither much liked. Although hard to reconcile with the political economy literature's positive-sum model of international cooperation, this finding is consistent with the broader “power-politics” model introduced here.
Limiting the Unintended Consequences of Institutional Change
Authors: CORTELL ANDREW P. , PETERSON SUSAN
Published: March 2007

Students of institutional change pay insufficient attention to the conditions under which institutional reform produces unintended procedural and policy consequences. The authors contend that the broader institutional context in which an altered institution is embedded influences the likelihood and extent of such unintended outcomes. Three aspects of this environment are particularly important. First, a reformer's access to policy instruments may allow him or her to monitor compliance and sanction noncompliance with the altered institution. Second, normative understandings can reinforce or work against specific institutional reforms. Finally, the organization of decision-making authority within the state determines the ability of state and societal actors to derail institutional change and its intended consequences. Two empirical investigations illustrate the argument: congressional attempts in the 1980s to limit executive authority over U.S. policy in Nicaragua and the institutional reforms Margaret Thatcher implemented to advance a market-oriented industrial strategy.
Structural Imperialism
Authors: YOUNGBLOOD ROBERT L.
Published: March 2007

Part of the “common core” of ideas that make up dependency theory is the importance of elite relationships, yet few empirical studies in the dependency literature focus on elite behavior. This article examines three conditions derived from Galtung's structural imperialism model with respect to the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP), namely, that (1) the harmony of interest between the pope and Roman curia (center of the Center) and the CBCP in Manila (center of the Periphery) is manifested in support for martial law (1972-1981) or in withdrawal from politics and a traditional view of the Church's role in society; (2) that the disharmony of interest between the center and periphery in the Philippines is underscored by disagreement among the bishops over martial law and the Church's proper role in society; and (3) that the disagreement among the bishops on these issues is reflected in the most progressive bishops' holding the least powerful positions in the Church's hierarchy, controlling fewer of the Church's resources, and located most frequently in the peripheral areas of the country. The analysis essentially confirms the three conditions, demonstrating an alternative use of Galtung's structural imperialism model, and suggests insights into the dynamics of church-state conflict in the Philippines.
Ideological Change in Competitive Labor Parties
Authors: THOMAS JOHN CLAYTON
Published: March 2007

This research tests the Downsian explanation of ideological change in competitive political parties on a sample of twelve labor parties examined at various points over their lifetimes. Ideological change is defined in terms of changes on three economic issue dimensions. The analysis first tests a series of hypotheses of bivariate association, hypotheses drawn from Anthony Downs's work, before utilizing multiple regression analysis to determine the best predictors of ideological change. The results tend to confirm Downsian theory, showing a party's competitive trend and party system size to be the major determinants of labor party ideological change. A party's competitive trend is found to be the primary determinant of ideological change, with growing parties tending toward leftism or rigidity, and stagnating parties tending toward centrism. Changes in the number of minor parties in a party system is the second most important factor, with increases in the number of minor parties encouraging leftist tendencies and decreases encouraging centrist tendencies. Finally, the number of major parties in a system also influences ideological change, with greater numbers of parties encouraging more leftism.
Designing Research on the World-System
Authors: RAY JAMES LEE
Published: March 2007

World-system analysis can bring several benefits to the study of international and comparative politics, including an increased appreciation of the important relationship between large-scale comparative analyses and the study of single cases, as well as the basis for vigorous, healthy debate between scholars with a radical perspective and their critics in the academic community. But it is not clear to this writer that Chase-Dunn et al.'s discussion of research designs constitutes a valuable contribution. The categories of designs they have devised are neither mutually exclusive nor exhaustive. The suggestions based on categories of designs with blurred or nonexistent lines of demarcation create confusion. One suggestion made by Chase-Dunn et al. that does seem useful focuses on an alternative technique of data management rather than an innovative research design. The global modeling strategy developed by Jay Forrester, as well as analysis of the variation in dependent variables of interest across space and over time in a manner analogous to that used by Donald Stokes in the study of election results, might provide helpful guidance toward design for future research on the world-system.
Attitudes, Issues, and Labour Party Decline in England, 1974-1979
Authors: McALLISTER IAN , MUGHAN ANTHONY
Published: March 2007

This article critically examines the argument that the Labour party's poor performance in the 1979 general election reflects a long-term decline that is largely the result of its own natural support groups, Labour identifiers and the working class, developing political attitudes that serve increasingly to estrange them from the party's traditional principles. This argument further holds that issues emerged in the 1979 campaign that, deriving from these same principles, compounded the tendency for Labour supporters to defect at the polls. We argue that these findings are conceptually and methodologically flawed and that the evidence does not, in fact, support this explanation of Labour party decline. We conclude, instead, that what the evidence does suggest is that Labour suffered from a widespread voter “backlash” as a result of having been in office during a particularly difficult period in British social, economic, and political history.
Bureaucrats and Politicians in Canada
Authors: ATKINSON MICHAEL M. , COLEMAN WILLIAM D.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the characteristics of the “political administration” in Canada and compares these characteristics with those found in other liberal democratic systems. The findings are based on interviews conducted with 82 federal public officials interviewed in 1982 and 1983. The contact patterns of these public officials and their attitudes toward the personnel and institutions of liberal democracy are studied within the structural context of the bureaucracy. Three communications networks are identified: a departmental policy, a policy integration, and a private sector network. The former two networks are shown to intervene in a developmental model between structural location in the bureaucracy and attitudes consistent with a “tolerance for politics.” Conclusions are drawn with respect to relations between bureaucrats and politicians in Canada and the implications of these relations for the autonomy of the democratic state.
Party Structures and Democracy
Authors: KOELBLE THOMAS A.
Published: March 2007

In recent years a number of new political parties have emerged in Western Europe with novel forms of intraparty organizations. This article addresses some of the questions raised by Michels, McKenzie, and Duverger about oligarchic tendencies and undemocratic features in party organization in light of the experience of two new parties. The data suggests that Michels's “iron law of oligarchy,” while superficially true, does not hold equally well across both cases. The organization of the West German Green Party, while not completely successful in avoiding oligarchic tendencies, does inhibit leadership domination of the membership and party activists. The British Social Democratic Party (SDP) exhibits strong oligarchic tendencies because the party was founded by a group of party notables who desired to avoid activist domination. In other words, the origins of the party—the intentions and policy goals of its founders—play an important role in shaping organizational structure. Oligarchy is not an inescapable outcome of organization.
Legacies of the Past or New Institutions?
Authors: COMISSO ELLEN
Published: March 2007

In a case study of how claims of former owners for the return of nationalized assets were dealt with in Hungary, the explanatory power of theories emphasizing the importance of cultural “legacies” is tested against that of theories stressing the impact of institutional incentives in accounting for political outcomes. In Hungary, the structure of post-1989 institutions provides a persuasive explanation of the Compensation Law; legacies had a largely rhetorical impact. Yet, restitution claims were dealt with equally generously elsewhere in Eastern Europe despite differing institutional features and partisan alignments and despite the fact that former owners everywhere were a relatively unrepresentative outlier in electorates as a whole. Hence, although institutions clearly affected how former owners' demands were processed, they do not account for the strength of the demand itself. The implication is that the substantive array of forces on the political spectrum and the nature of groups able to capture the center in decision-making bodies may be a more critical factor in the survival of pluralism than either formal institutions or global political culture.
Competencies, Cracks, and Conflicts
Authors: MARKS GARY , NIELSEN FRANÇOIS , RAY LEONARD , SALK JANE E.
Published: March 2007

Over the past 5 years, a new and unexpected form of interest representation has developed in the European Union: subnational governments that mobilize directly in Brussels. The authors propose explanations for this phenomenon, drawing on theories of public choice, resource mobilization, and multilevel governance. The first set of hypotheses is concerned with the material and cultural resources that may induce a subnational government to organize in the European arena. The second set of hypotheses explains regional representation as an outcome of overlapping competencies, tensions, and conflicts in a system of multilevel governance. Logistic analysis of the probability of regional representation provides support for the second set of hypotheses. The authors find that subnational representation is positively associated with the degree of overlap between the competencies of subnational and supranational governments and with the political distinctiveness of a region and the relative strength of citizens' regional identity.
Public-Good Movements and the Dimensions of Political Process
Authors: COOPER ALICE HOLMES
Published: March 2007

Although nuclear war would have proven equally deadly to all West Germans, only certain people at certain times mobilized against this potential danger. What explains the cyclicity of peace protest, the composition of movement activism, and variations in organizational structure over time? Adopting a political process framework, a three-pronged argument is made. The timing, duration, and size of peace mobilization cycles reflected the mix of opportunities and constraints provided by the public-policy process and other aspects of politics. The framing of defense issues by institutions and extraparliamentary groups strongly influenced the composition of movement activism. Adequate organizational capacities depended on the availability of autonomous extraparliamentary networks. Although the political process framework has usually served to analyze citizenship movements, it is adapted here to a public-good movement.
District Magnitude, Economic Performance, and Party-System Fragmentation in Five Latin American Countries
Authors: COPPEDGE MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

This article makes a fresh start in the attempt to explain the number of parties in party systems. It develops a simultaneous equations model to differentiate between the psychological and mechanical effects of district magnitude on party-system fragmentation. Both effects are statistically significant and approximately equal. However, neither effect is very large in comparison to underlying patterns of politicization, which are argued to be reflections of the number of political cleavages in society. These cleavages predispose each party system to converge toward a country-specific effective number of parties within 5 elections, regardless of the initial level of fragmentation, barring outside disturbances. Major devaluations may act as such disturbances, but the evidence so far is inconclusive. The analysis is based on new data from 62 elections in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela, supplemented by 30+ additional elections in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, and Uruguay for the exploration of economic impacts.
Contemporary Democracies Revisited
Authors: KRAIN MATTHEW
Published: March 2007

Few have questioned how democracies as a group differ within and among themselves. The most important study in this area of inquiry is Powell's (1982) Contemporary Democracies. Unfortunately, some of his results may be both inefficient and biased due to the use of what we now understand to be an inappropriate method. This study applies more appropriate event count models to Powell's data in hopes of gaining new insights into the relationship between political violence and elements of democracy. Evidence to support Collective Action explanations of political violence was found. Strong support for the argument that presidencies can be detrimental to the state and that representational electoral systems and constitutions, especially consociational constitutions, outperform majoritarian systems was also supported. Environmental factors are important, but constitutional variables, discounted to some degree by Powell, were also found to have extremely important and significant effects on the degrees of violence in democracies.
Harry Eckstein as Political Theorist
Authors: ALMOND GABRIEL A.
Published: March 2007

Few political scientists can claim to have made significant substantive as well as methodological contributions as has Harry Eckstein. His theory of political stability has won a lasting place in the systematic literature on the properties and conditions of democratic stability. His case study typology is one of the most original and significant contributions to the methodology of political science and is an impressive contribution to the metamethodology of political science of this or any generation. His theory of social science as cultural science is an impressive contribution to the metamethodology of the social sciences.
The Same Old Game?
Authors: HAAHR JENS HENRIK
Published: March 2007

The article examines the European Community's role in three international negotiating processes aiming at improved free trade: the Uruguay Round of the GATT negotiations, the negotiations with EFTA and the EC's negotiations on association agreements with three Central European states. The liberal-institutionalist perspective on international cooperation is contrasted with the realist perspective, and in accordance with the realist expectations it is concluded that relative gains have played a decisive role in outcomes. However, the distribution of gains within the participating states has been of greater importance than the distribution between states, thus indicating the significance of domestic determinants for international cooperation.
Ties that Bind to the Recent Past
Authors: TÖRNUDD KLAUS
Published: March 2007

An examination of official documents and press material indicates that several concepts and elements that have played a prominent role in Finnish security policy during the Cold War period are still present in the new security policy that has been evolving in Finland during the early 1990s. These `ties that bind to the recent past' are here described as falling into the following categories: (1) neutrality policy, (2) Nordic identity, (3) policy towards Russia, and (4) nuclear policy and disarmament policy.
The Institutions of Security
Authors: WILLIAMS MICHAEL C.
Published: March 2007

The role and significance of institutions in international security has become a key aspect of contemporary debates regarding security relations. Building upon an analysis of structures of knowledge, authority and legitimacy as social institutions, this paper argues that the realm of security politics as a whole can beneficially be understood not as uniquely resistant to the influence of institutions, but as constituted by institutions. To this end, it attempts to show how a clear understanding of institutions requires a move toward an appreciation of the significance of `institutionalization' and the role of `symbolic power' in political life, and argues that a theory of security institutions constructed along these lines provides useful insights for the analysis of international security structures.
Critical Theory and Security Studies
Authors: KRAUSE KEITH
Published: March 2007

Security studies has been slow to accept critical challenges to its problematic, and these have often been met with hostility and deliberately marginalized. This article responds to some of the critiques, and outlines the main elements of a critical engagement with security studies. It discusses the intellectual and `disciplining' power of rationalist and neorealist security studies scholarship, and highlights some of the practices that marginalize critical scholarship. It then overviews the rich and diverse threads of current research within `critical security studies', and emphasizes the central themes of its research agenda: how threats and appropriate responses are constructed; how the `objects' of security are constructed; and what the possibilities are for the transformation of `security dilemmas'. It summarizes the six central claims (concerning the constitution of the actors of world politics, its dynamic and constructed nature, the concomitant epistemological claims and methodological tools, and the purpose of theorizing) that are the hallmark of a critical approach to security studies. Finally, it clarifies what these claims do and do not entail for research and practice in international security studies.
A Research Approach to Restaurant Marketing
Authors: Swinyard William R.
Published: March 2007

In his article appearing in this issue (pp. 56-61), Professor Sasser of the Harvard Business School faculty points out the need for food service chains to pursue sophisticated market research in order to comprehend — and respond to — changing consumer needs. The following research report describes one of the tools long available to marketers of consumer products but only recently applied to the restaurant industry. — Ed.
Facing the Future with New Communications Technology
Authors: Arneberg Bliss
Published: March 2007

The hotel has always been a communications center. Early business travelers, for example, chose inns where they could exchange the latest commercial news, and their meetings turned the inns' common rooms into the precursors of our com modities and securities markets. A single copy of an inn-supplied newspaper, with its vital shipping and mercantile reports, was often passed around until it wore out.

Today's hotels, motels, inns, and resorts are communications centers with a some times bewildering array of procedures and equipment for exchanging information and managing properties. The manager who applies recent technological innova tions, however, will find communications need not be bewildering — indeed, they can be profitable.
The Tlicatios of Digital Cash for Hotels and Restaurants
Authors: Sheel Atul , Lefever Michael M.
Published: March 2007

Experiments with digital-cash cards continue, although their use has not yet become common. Digital cash involves cards having memory chips that store currency balances, as distinct from debit cards, which require access to balance information stored in banks' computers. Perhaps the greatest challenge posed by the use of digital cards involves the expense of setting up digital-cash systems. In addition, much of the world operates on a paper-cash basis, meaning that many people must be educated regarding digital cash. The cards may permit faster service to guests and present the prospect of reduced fraud and pp. 92-96 theft losses compared to cash.
Existing Programs and Emerging Strategies
Authors: Harrison Laurie R. , Entine Alan D.
Published: March 2007

An examination of the scope and dimensions of adult counseling programs in the United States. Emphasis is placed upon a 1974 national survey of adult career planning and development programs conducted by the American Institutes for Research. Counseling programs for women, ethnic minorities, and mid-career change are highlighted. Prospective strategies to improve the future effectiveness of adult counseling efforts are discussed.
INQUIRY Project: Computer-Assisted Counseling Centers for Adults
Authors: Farmer Helen
Published: March 2007

INQUIRY centers for adults offer counseling for persons who seek to make career changes, to continue their education, or to re-enter the world of work (i.e., women) but who are unaware of most of the available opportunities. Computers are used to assist in the counseling by providing a comprehensive data bank of information on educational, leisure time, and occupational opportunities and by teaching problem-solving processes and awareness of self as decision-maker. Educational and career development tasks provide a diagnostic and prescriptive framework for services. Centers are being developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, a leader in advanced computer technology. An integrative computer-assisted counseling service, such as INQUIRY centers are designed to be, could make needed counseling and information services available to many more adults than are currently being served.
Rational-Emotive Therapy: Research Data That Supports The Clinical and Personality Hypotheses of RET and Other Modes of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Authors: Ellis Albert
Published: March 2007

This article examines 32 important clinical and personality hypotheses of rational-emotive therapy (RET) and other modes of cognitive-behavior therapy and lists a large number of research studies that provide empirical confirmation of these hypotheses. It concludes that (1) a vast amount of research data exists, most of which tends to confirm the major clinical and personality hypotheses of RET; (2) this data keeps increasing by leaps and bounds; (3) RET hypotheses nicely lend themselves to experimental investigation and therefore encourage a considerable amount of research; (4) researchers have not yet tested some of the major RET formulations and could do so with profit to the field of psychotherapy and personality theory.
Psychological Health and the Experience of Transcendence
Authors: Noble Kathleen D.
Published: March 2007

Transcendent experience is generally viewed by mental health professionals as a rare occurrence and symptomatic of psychopathology. A growing body of research, however, suggests that it is more common and more productive of psychological health than was previously believed. This article reviews the recent literature and its implications for psychologists whose clients have had transcendent experience of some kind, and who need support in the adjustment period that follows. It reviews common characteristics of the experience, incidence, catalysts, and relationship to mental health. It also offers treatment guidelines for adjustment reactions and suggests directions for future research.
Counseling Psychology and the Fulbright Program
Authors: McWhirter J. Jeffries
Published: March 2007

This article describes counseling psychology in Australia. Undergraduate preparation in psychology, ethnic minority issues, and the future of counseling psychology in Australia are discussed.
Reforming Career Appraisals to Meet the Needs of Clients in the 1990s
Authors: Healy Charles C.
Published: March 2007

Career appraisals are intended to strengthen clients in recognizing and pursuing viable career options. However, this article shows that the structure of client and counselor roles and the focus of the assessments and interpretation in the typical appraisal obstruct this objective in four major ways. It proposes that radical reformations, rather than minor revisions, are required and offers methods for eliminating each obstacle. The four obstructions are: (1) casting clients as subordinates rather than as collaborators, (2) discounting self-assessment by favoring counselor assessments, (3) de-emphasizing the influence of contexts in clients' development, and (4) focusing on a single choice rather than on strengthening client decision-making and knowledge for follow-through.
New and Early Professionals in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Good Glenn E.
Published: March 2007

The type of employment setting chosen by counseling psychologists has been in flux during recent years. This issue of The Counseling Psychologist examines the issues encountered by new and early counseling psychologists employed in five settings. The settings examined are those that counseling psychology graduate students indicate they most prefer for their initial employment. In this issue, the authors, all of whom are new and early professionals, responded to the same set of stimulus questions about the professional and personal issues they encountered. This article provides an overview of the issues faced by new and early counseling psychologists, regardless of their employment setting.
A Proposal to Integrate Science and Practice in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Heppner P. Paul , Carter Jean A. , Claiborn Charles D. , Brooks Linda , Gelso Charles J. , Fassinger Ruth E. , Holloway Elizabeth L. , Stone Gerald L. , Wampold Bruce E. , Galassi John P.
Published: March 2007

Science and practice cannot continue together without a major attitudinal shiA a broadening perspective of science and practice and how these two activities can be integrated to strengthen each other. This article represents the culmination of a 2-year project that examined the roles of science and practice within counseling psychology. The central goal of the article is to present (a) specific recommendations for promoting the integration of science and practice within Division 17 and (b) suggest specific strategies for implementing the recommendations.
Counseling Psychology and the Scientist-Practitioner Model
Authors: Bernstein Bianca L. , Kerr Barbara
Published: March 2007

The ways in which the scientist-practitioner model has been implemented in the admissions and training processes of psychology programs are examined. Institutional pressures on counseling psychology faculty have led to admissions procedures that are highly biased in favor of science. Not only have most training programs failed to provide the clinical training desired and needed by practitioners, but even the most scientifically oriented programs have often failed to provide the conditions necessary to the development of talented researchers. Recommendations are given for admissions and training procedures that can bring about a stronger integration of science and practice.