bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gas‐phase formation of protonated benzene during collision‐induced dissociation of certain protonated mono‐substituted aromatic molecules produced in electrospray ionization
Authors: Li Min , Lin Mingxiang , Rustum Abu M.
Published: May 2010

Protonated benzene, C6H, has been studied extensively to understand the structure and energy of a protonated organic molecule in the gas phase. The formation of C6H is either through direct protonation of benzene, i.e., chemical ionization, or through fragmentation of certain radical cations produced from electron ionization or photon ionization. We report a novel observation of C6H as a product ion formed in the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of protonated benzamide and related molecules produced via electrospray ionization (ESI). The formation of C6H from these even‐electron precursor ions during the CID process, which has not been previously reported, is proposed to occur from the protonated molecules via a proton migration in a five‐membered ring intermediate followed by the cleavage of the mono‐substituent CC bond and concurrent formation of an ion‐molecule complex. This unique mechanism has been scrutinized by examining some deuterated molecules and a series of structurally related model compounds. This finding provides a convenient mean to generate C6H, a reactive intermediate of considerable interest, for further physical or chemical investigation. Further studies indicate that the occurrence of C6H in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) appears to be a rather common phenomenon for many compounds that contain ‘benzoyl‐type’ moieties. Hence, the observation of the C6H ion in LC/ESI‐MS/MS can be used as an informative fragmentation pathway which should facilitate the identification of a great number of compounds containing the ‘benzoyl‐type’ and similar structural features. These compounds are frequently present in food and pharmaceutical products as leachable impurities that require strict control and rapid elucidation of their identities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visual teach and repeat for long‐range rover autonomy
Authors: Furgale Paul , Barfoot Timothy D.
Published: May 2010

This paper describes a system built to enable long‐range rover autonomy using a stereo camera as the only sensor. During a learning phase, the system builds a manifold map of overlapping submaps as it is piloted along a route. The map is then used for localization as the rover repeats the route autonomously. The use of local submaps allows the rover to faithfully repeat long routes without the need for an accurate global reconstruction. Path following over nonplanar terrain is handled by performing localization in three dimensions and then projecting this down to a local ground plane associated with the current submap to perform path tracking. We have tested this system in an urban area and in a planetary analog setting in the Canadian High Arctic. More than 32 km was covered—99.6% autonomously—with autonomous runs ranging from 45 m to 3.2 km, all without the use of the global positioning system (GPS). Because it enables long‐range autonomous behavior in a single command cycle, visual teach and repeat is well suited to planetary applications, such as Mars sample return, in which no GPS is available. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Achieving a near‐optimum erasure correction performance with low‐complexity LDPC codes
Authors: Liva Gianluigi , Matuz Balazs , Paolini Enrico , Chiani Marco
Published: May 2010

Low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) codes are shown to tightly approach the performance of idealized maximum distance separable (MDS) codes over memoryless erasure channels, under maximum likelihood (ML) decoding. This is possible down to low error rates and even for small and moderate block sizes. The decoding complexity of ML decoding is kept low thanks to a class of decoding algorithms, which exploit the sparseness of the parity‐check matrix to reduce the complexity of Gaussian elimination. ML decoding of LDPC codes is reviewed at first. A performance comparison among various classes of LDPC codes is then carried out, including a comparison with fixed‐rate Raptor codes for the same parameters. The results confirm that a judicious LDPC code design allows achieving a near‐optimum performance over the erasure channel, with very low error floors. Furthermore, it is shown that LDPC and Raptor codes, under ML decoding, provide almost identical performance in terms of decoding failure probability vs. overhead. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transport challenges facing a next‐generation hybrid satellite Internet
Authors: Fairhurst Gorry , Sathiaseelan Arjuna , Cruickshank Haitham , Baudoin Cedric
Published: May 2010

This paper considers the transport layer implications by assuming a position where satellite networks form one integrated component of a hybrid Internet architecture. It reviews the key role of transport protocols in providing a reliable and robust end‐to‐end Internet service. A history of TCP protocol evolution from a satellite perspective is followed by focussing on the role of protocol‐enhancing proxies in satellite systems and how these have impacted the introduction of new Internet transport techniques. Current transport research issues are identified and related to two new architectural approaches to highlight the expected performance benefits and derive the implications on the design of geostationary satellite Internet systems as the network evolves toward a next‐generation Internet. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainability, self‐identity and the sociology of consumption
Authors: Soron Dennis
Published: May 2010

In order to develop a more nuanced model of consumer behaviour and the dynamics of behavioural change, this paper argues, the discourse of sustainable consumption needs to draw more fully upon the sociological literature addressing consumption, its varied drivers, and the complex roles it plays within contemporary life. Since its revival in the 1980s, the sociology of consumption has largely focused on the ways in which everyday consumption choices in affluent societies facilitate the process of creating and sustaining a ‘self‐identity’. While the literature in this field is not without its own flaws, framing sustainable consumption in relation to the problem of self‐identity enables us to confront not only the psycho‐cultural factors that maintain demand for material goods, but also the difficulties faced by ordinary people as they try to understand and respond ethically to large‐scale social and ecological problems within an everyday environment that is highly commodified and individualized. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of MgH2 thin films grown by reactive sputtering
Authors: Jensen I. J. T. , Diplas S. , Løvvik O. M. , Watts J. , Hinder S. , Schreuders H. , Dam B.
Published: May 2010

In this work the indepth compositional variations of MgH2 thin films grown directly by reactive sputtering in H2 gas were studied over time. XPS was performed using a Thermo Scientific Theta Probe with monochromatic Al Kα radiation (hν = 1486.6 eV). Measurements at different sample depths were obtained by Ar+ ion sputtering, and high‐resolution Mg 2p and O 1s spectra were used to quantify the data. Indications of differential charging effects were observed in the O 1s spectra. At the unsputtered surface a layer of Mg(OH)2 was found to grow with air exposure time. Underneath this layer, both MgH2 and MgO were present in near equal amounts, and deeper in the film there was an increasing amount of metallic Mg. Apart from the growth of Mg(OH)2 the film appeared to be stable in air over the time period of the experiment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for monitoring a process from an out of control to an in control state: Application to the learning curve
Authors: Biau David J. , Porcher Raphaël
Published: May 2010

The cumulative summation (CUSUM) test is increasingly being used in medicine to monitor a wide variety of processes such as cardiac surgery or disease outbreaks. The CUSUM sequentially tests the null hypothesis that the process is in control, i.e. its mean is equal to a given target. Thus, it detects when the process changes to an out of control state. Conversely, monitoring the learning curve requires detecting the time when the process reaches an in control state. In this work we develop an alternative to the CUSUM, the learning curve CUSUM (LC‐CUSUM), that serves to detect when a process deviates from an out of control state to an in control state. The test is based on a two one‐sided tests procedure where the null hypothesis is that the process is out of control. This can be written as H0: |µ−µ0|⩾δ tested against H1: |µ−µ0|< δ. The null hypothesis is thus the union of two one‐sided hypotheses and is rejected when both are rejected. A CUSUM test statistic is then constructed for each hypothesis in a traditional way. The properties of the test are investigated through numerical simulations, and are illustrated on the learning curve of an endoscopist performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies for biliary tract disorders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A binning method for analyzing mixed longitudinal data measured at distinct time points
Authors: Xiong Xiaoqin , Dubin Joel A.
Published: May 2010

For longitudinal data where the response and time‐dependent predictors within each individual are measured at distinct time points, traditional longitudinal models such as generalized linear mixed effects models or marginal models cannot be directly applied. Instead, some preprocessing such as smoothing is required to temporally align the response and predictors. We propose a binning method, which results in equally spaced bins of time. After incorporating binning, traditional models can be applied. The proposed binning approach was applied on a longitudinal hemodialysis study to look for possible contemporaneous and lagged effects between occurrences of a health event (i.e. infection) and levels of a protein marker of inflammation (i.e. C‐reactive protein). Both Poisson mixed effects models and zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) mixed effects models were applied to the subsequent data, and some important biological findings about contemporaneous and lagged associations were uncovered. In addition, a simulation study was conducted to investigate various properties of the binning approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐stage testing using selection schemes
Authors: Sudbury Aidan
Published: May 2010

In this paper, we consider pooling schemes in which samples are to be tested in two‐stages. We show that when batch size is limited as well as pool size, selection schemes tend to be more efficient and flexible. Formulae for the efficiencies of square arrays in all dimensions and for all selection schemes are given in the Appendix. A Fortran program has been written to find whether the most efficient scheme under constraints of batch and pool size be ‘square’ or ‘selection’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gating of Single‐Layer Graphene with Single‐Stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acids
Authors: Lin Jian , Teweldebrhan Desalegne , Ashraf Khalid , Liu Guanxiong , Jing Xiaoye , Yan Zhong , Li Rong , Ozkan Mihri , Lake Roger K. , Balandin Alexander A. , Ozkan Cengiz S.
Published: May 2010

Patterning of biomolecules on graphene layers could provide new avenues to modulate their electrical properties for novel electronic devices. Single‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acids (ssDNAs) are found to act as negative‐potential gating agents that increase the hole density in single‐layer graphene. Current–voltage measurements of the hybrid ssDNA/graphene system indicate a shift in the Dirac point and “intrinsic” conductance after ssDNA is patterned. The effect of ssDNA is to increase the hole density in the graphene layer, which is calculated to be on the order of 1.8 × 1012 cm−2. This increased density is consistent with the Raman frequency shifts in the G‐peak and 2D band positions and the corresponding changes in the G‐peak full width at half maximum. Ab initio calculations using density functional theory rule out significant charge transfer or modification of the graphene band structure in the presence of ssDNA fragments.
A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: a perspective on high‐resolution paleoclimatology
Authors: Frank David , Esper Jan , Zorita Eduardo , Wilson Rob
Published: May 2010

The high‐resolution reconstruction of hemispheric‐scale temperature variation over the past‐millennium benchmarks recent warming against more naturally driven climate episodes, such as the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period, thereby allowing assessment of the relative efficacies of natural and anthropogenic forcing factors. Icons of past temperature variability, as featured in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports over nearly two decades, have changed from a schematic sketch in 1990, to a seemingly well‐solved story in 2001, to more explicit recognition of significant uncertainties in 2007. In this article, we detail the beginning of the movement to reconstruct large‐scale temperatures, highlight major steps forward, and present our views on what remains to be accomplished. Despite significant efforts and progress, the spatial representation of reconstructions is limited, and the interannual and centennial variation are poorly quantified. Research priorities to reduce reconstruction uncertainties and improve future projections, include (1) increasing the role of expert assessment in selecting and incorporating the highest quality proxy data in reconstructions (2) employing reconstruction ensemble methodology, and (3) further improvements of forcing series. We suggest that much of the sensitivity in the reconstructions, a topic that has dominated scientific debates, can be traced back to the input data. It is perhaps advisable to use fewer, but expert‐assessed proxy records to reduce errors in future reconstruction efforts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Paleoclimate
Decision neuroscience: neuroeconomics
Authors: Smith David V. , Huettel Scott A.
Published: May 2010

Few aspects of human cognition are more personal than the choices we make. Our decisions—from the mundane to the impossibly complex—continually shape the courses of our lives. In recent years, researchers have applied the tools of neuroscience to understand the mechanisms that underlie decision making, as part of the new discipline of decision neuroscience. A primary goal of this emerging field has been to identify the processes that underlie specific decision variables, including the value of rewards, the uncertainty associated with particular outcomes, and the consequences of social interactions. Recent work suggests potential neural substrates that integrate these variables, potentially reflecting a common neural currency for value, to facilitate value comparisons. Despite the successes of decision neuroscience research for elucidating brain mechanisms, significant challenges remain. These include building new conceptual frameworks for decision making, integrating research findings across disparate techniques and species, and extending results from neuroscience to shape economic theory. To overcome these challenges, future research will likely focus on interpersonal variability in decision making, with the eventual goal of creating biologically plausible models for individual choice. WIREs Cogn Sci 2010 1 854–871

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making

Neuroscience > Cognition
Stimulus‐driven capture and contingent capture
Authors: Theeuwes Jan , Olivers Christian N. L. , Belopolsky Artem
Published: May 2010

Whether or not certain physical events can capture attention has been one of the most debated issues in the study of attention. This discussion is concerned with how goal‐directed and stimulus‐driven processes interact in perception and cognition. On one extreme of the spectrum is the idea that attention capture is primarily stimulus driven and automatic. On the other end is the notion that attention capture is always contingent on the goals of the observer, and thus under top‐down control. This review discusses the empirical evidence for each of these viewpoints and the theoretical consequences. In addition, there is a discussion of the issues that remain controversial within the debate between the two viewpoints. It is concluded that visual selection depends on the interaction between bottom‐up and top‐down processes with a special role for spatial attention as the top‐down gatekeeper for attention capture. WIREs Cogn Sci 2010 1 872–881

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Attention
Parameterization of a synchronous generator to represent a doubly fed induction generator with chopper protection for fault studies
Authors: Martínez Jorge , Kjær Philip C. , Rodriguez Pedro , Teodorescu Remus
Published: May 2010

This paper addresses the representation of the wound rotor asynchronous generators by an equivalent synchronous generator, valid for short circuit current calculations.

Modern wind power plants are required and designed to ride through faults in the network, subjected to fault clearing. Accurate knowledge of the wind turbine short circuit current contribution is needed for component sizing and protection relay settings during faults within the wind power plant collector system or in the external networks.

When studying fault currents and protection settings for wind power installations, the industry standard is to employ software packages where generators are represented by their equivalent synchronous generator operational impedances. Hence, it is of importance to represent non‐synchronous wind generators by an equivalent synchronous generator. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of calibration results from cup and propeller anemometers. Influence on wind turbine Annual Energy Production (AEP) calculations
Authors: Pindado Santiago , Vega Enrique , Martínez Alejandro , Meseguer Encarnación , Franchini Sebastián , Sarasola Imanol Pérez
Published: May 2010

The calibration coefficients of several models of cup and propeller anemometers were analysed. The analysis was based on a series of laboratory calibrations between January 2003 and August 2007. Mean and standard deviation values of calibration coefficients from the anemometers studied were included. Two calibration procedures were used and compared. In the first, recommended by the Measuring Network of Wind Energy Institutes (MEASNET), 13 measurement points were taken over a wind speed range of 4 to 16  m  s−1. In the second procedure, 9 measurement points were taken over a wider speed range of 4 to 23  m  s−1. Results indicated no significant differences between the two calibration procedures applied to the same anemometer in terms of measured wind speed and wind turbines' Annual Energy Production (AEP). The influence of the cup anemometers' design on the calibration coefficients was also analysed. The results revealed that the slope of the calibration curve, if based on the rotation frequency and not the anemometer's output frequency, seemed to depend on the cup center rotation radius. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Structure of a Macrocyclic Dinickel Complex Incorporating a Hypercoordinated Sulfenium(II) Cation
Authors: Gressenbuch Mathias , Kersting Berthold
Published: May 2010

The synthesis and structure of a macrocyclic dinickel complex incorporating a hypercoordinated sulfenium(II) cation are reported. The novel complex [Ni2L3(Cl)]2+ was obtained from a reaction of the per‐hydroxyethylated N6S2 macrocycle H2L2 with NiCl2(H2O)6 in the presence of air, and isolated as its ClO4 or BPh4 salt. The structure reveals a three‐coordinate sulfenium cation that is stabilized by two intramolecularly coordinating amino groups. The N–S bonds are 2.087(7) Å and 2.105(6) Å and the N–S–N bond angle is 168.2(2)°. The bonding is best described by a N,N‐chelated sulfur(II) atom (3c–4e bond) bearing two lone pairs and a formal charge of +1.
Two New Hybrid Architectures Based on Polyoxometaloborates and Imidazole Fragments
Authors: An Haiyan , Zheng Hui , Xu Tieqi , He Cheng , Wang Jian , Wu Pengyan , Duan Chunying
Published: May 2010

Two new hybrid compounds based on polyoxometaloborates, (HIm)12[MnBW11O39H]2·13H2O (1) and (HIm)(Im)[(Im)4Zn]2[BW12O40]·2H2O (2) (Im = imidazole), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV, TG, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compound 1 is made up of [MnBW11O39H]6– polyoxoanions, which are coordinatively linked together by terminal oxygen atoms to yield an unprecedented one‐dimensional chain that represents the first example of one‐dimensional assemblies based on polyoxotungstoborates and transition metal cations. Adjacent inorganic chains are further in close contact by imidazole molecules to form a three‐dimensional supramolecular channel framework by strong hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Compound 2 exhibits a three‐dimensional supramolecular architecture constructed from Keggin‐type polyoxoanions [BW12O40]5– and zinc‐imidazole coordination units by strong hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Furthermore, both compounds exhibit interesting photoluminescence properties at room temperature.
Lanthanide Containing Ionic Liquid Crystals: EuBr2, SmBr3, TbBr3 and DyBr3 in C12mimBr
Authors: Getsis Anna , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: May 2010

Doping the ionic liquid crystal C12mimBr with various lanthanide halides yields interesting novel liquid crystalline and luminescent materials. The thermal phase behavior of all compounds was investigated by hot‐stage polarizing optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry and the photophysical properties were determined by luminescence spectroscopy. C12mimBr itself is an ionic liquid crystal that shows bluish‐white emission upon excitation with UV light due to transitions in the imidazolium π‐system. Doping lanthanide bromides into C12mimBr with concentrations of about 1 mol‐% does not affect the liquid crystalline behavior of the host materials to a great extent and room temperature liquid crystals are obtained. All materials show an appreciable luminescence. EuBr2 in C12mimBr yields a material, which shows a blue emission originating from 4f–5d‐transitions. SmBr3‐doped samples show a red and TbBr3 samples a green luminescence. Upon doping C12mimBr with DyBr3 an orange luminescent liquid crystalline material is obtained. Most interestingly the emission color for the TbBr3 and DyBr3 containing materials can be tuned from bluish‐white (mainly C12mimBr emission) to green (for TbBr3) and orange‐yellow (for DyBr3) depending on the wavelength of the excitation light used.
[Pb2I3(18‐crown‐6)2][SnI5] and CdI2(18‐crown‐6)·2I2: Two Layered Iodine Networks with Crown‐ether Coordinated Pb2+ and Cd2+
Authors: Wolff Michael , Feldmann Claus
Published: May 2010

[Pb2I3(18‐crown‐6)2][SnI5] (1) and CdI2(18‐crown‐6)·2I2 (2) were prepared by reaction of PbI2, SnI4 and 18‐crown‐6 as well as CdI2, I2 and 18‐crown‐6. All reactions were performed in the ionic liquid [NMe(nBu)3][N(Tf)2], which serves as polar but aprotic liquid‐phase providing a fast diffusion of the reactants at moderate temperatures ( ≤ 100 °C). 1 exhibits V‐shaped [Pb2I3(18‐crown‐6)2]+ cations and trigonal‐bipyramidal [SnI5]– anions. In CdI2(18‐crown‐6)·2I2 (2), the building unit CdI2(18‐crown‐6) formally contains linear CdI2 molecules that are interlinked by molecular iodine via long‐ranging I–I contacts.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties of a New 2D Copper(II) Polymer Constructed by μ1,5‐Dicyanamide and Sulfonate Anion Bridges
Authors: Zhou Qi‐Ji , Yao Xue‐Jun , Hao Lan‐Fang , Ouyang Yan , Xu Jing‐Yuan , Xie Cheng‐Zhi , Lou Jian‐Shi
Published: May 2010

A new two‐dimensional (2D) polymer, [Cu(pmt)(dca)]n [pmt = 2‐(2‐pyridymethylamino)ethanesulfonate, dca = dicyanamide] (1), was synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements. X‐ray structure analysis revealed that the compound contains [Cu(μ1,5‐dca)]n chains, which are further connected by bridging sulfonate anions of pmt ligands to result in (4,4)‐connected 2D sheets. The magnetic susceptibilities (2–300 K) of 1 were investigated, and indicated that the complex exhibits a weak ferromagnetic interaction between the copper(II) ions.
Physiological integration impacts nutrient use and stoichiometry in three clonal plants under heterogeneous habitats
Authors: He Wei‐Ming , Yu Fei‐Hai , Zhang Li‐Li
Published: May 2010

Physiological integration facilitates clonal plants to deal with heterogeneous resources. However, little is known about how nutrient patchiness affects its use and stoichiometry in clonal plants. We conducted an experiment with Cynodon dactylon, Glechoma longituba, and Potentilla reptans to address the effects of physiological integration on nutrient use efficiency and N:P ratios. For C. dactylon, the effects of nutrient patchiness on N use efficiency (NUE), P use efficiency (PUE), and N:P ratio were stronger in daughter ramets than in parent ramets; for G. longituba, nutrient patchiness affected PUE and N:P ratio of parent and daughter ramets, but not NUE; for P. reptans, nutrient patchiness decreased NUE, PUE, and N:P ratio, regardless of parent or daughter ramets. PUE was associated with N:P ratios in three clonal plants and this association of NUE with N:P ratios varied with species. Our findings suggest that physiological integration alters nutrient use efficiency and N:P ratios of clonal plants under patchy nutrients and that these effects are linked to clonal species identity.
Intracellular Lipid Droplets Contain Dynamic Pools of Sphingomyelin: ADRP Binds Phospholipids with High Affinity
Authors: McIntosh Avery L. , Storey Stephen M. , Atshaves Barbara P.
Published: May 2010

During the last several years, intracellular lipid droplets have become the focus of intense study. No longer an inert bystander, the lipid droplet is now known as a dynamic organelle contributing lipids to many cellular events. However, while the dynamics of cholesterol efflux from both the plasma membrane and lipid droplets have been studied, less is known regarding the efflux of sphingomyelin from these membranes. In order to address this issue, sphingomyelin efflux kinetics and binding affinities from different intracellular pools were examined. When compared to the plasma membrane, lipid droplets had a smaller exchangeable sphingomyelin efflux pool and the time required to efflux that pool was significantly shorter. Fluorescence binding assays revealed that proteins in the plasma membrane and lipid droplet pool bound sphingomyelin with high affinity. Further characterization identified adipose differentiation‐related protein (ADRP) as one of the sphingomyelin binding proteins in the lipid droplet fraction and revealed that ADRP demonstrated saturable binding to 6‐((N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino)‐hexanoyl)sphingosyl‐phosphocholine (NBD‐sphingomyelin) and also 2‐(6‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino)hexanoyl‐1‐hexadecanoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (NBD‐phosphatidylcholine) with binding affinities in the nanomolar range. Taken together, these results suggest that lipid droplet associated proteins such as ADRP may play a significant role in regulating the intracellular distribution of phospholipids and lipids in general. Overall, insights from the present work suggest new and important roles for lipid droplets and ADRP in phospholipid metabolism.
Relation Between Oxidative Stability and Composition in Argentinian Olive Oils
Authors: Ceci Liliana N. , Carelli Amalia A.
Published: May 2010

The relation between oxidative stability and composition in 58 virgin olive oils from different cultivars and Argentinian regions was studied over four harvest years. The oxidative stability of the oils was assessed using the OSI index (110 °C, 20 L/h air flow). A multiple linear regression model is proposed using OSI values as the dependent variable (multiple R = 0.933, p = 1 × 10−15), with positive contributions of the independent variables: fatty acid composition [oleic acid/(linoleic acid + linolenic acid), 55.3%, p = 1 × 10−15], total polyphenols (24.1%, p = 1.8 × 10−9), carotenes (4.8%, p = 6.1 × 10−5), β‐tocopherol (1.9%, 6.0 × 10−3) and other compounds (13.9%). Highly significant correlation was observed between oxidative stability indexes estimated by the compositional model and those experimentally determined by Rancimat method (b = 0.981, R = 0.924). Chlorophylls and Δ‐5‐avenasterol contributions to the model were non‐significant when variables related with fatty acids and polyphenols were included. The results suggest that the fatty acid composition and the polyphenol content are the main factors that affect the oxidative stability of olive oils. The proposed model allows the estimation of the oxidative stability in olive oils independently of the cultivar. The model was obtained also taking into account samples that lie out of the international legal limits in some compositional values due to natural variations.
Analgesia for Shock Wave Lithotripsy
Authors: Yardy George , Shah Nimish , Wiseman Oliver
Published: May 2010

Since its introduction nearly three decades ago, extracorporeal lithotripsy has become an established treatment for kidney and ureteric stones. Treatment using early lithotripsy devices was efficacious but painful, requiring general anaesthesia. Modern lithotripters are better tolerated: shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is now usually an outpatient procedure undertaken after administration of analgesia, with or without sedation. Many different analgesia regimens have been investigated. In this article the characteristics of the ideal painkiller for shock wave lithotripsy are described and evidence of the suitability of a variety of different analgesic protocols is reviewed.
Survey of infectious and parasitic diseases in stray cats at the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal
Authors: Duarte Ana , Castro Isabel , da Fonseca Isabel M. Pereira , Almeida Virgilio , de Carvalho Luis M. Madeira , Meireles José , Fazendeiro Maria I. , Tavares Luis , Vaz Yolanda
Published: May 2010

A survey of infectious and parasitic diseases of stray cats was carried out using biological samples collected from animals captured during a catch-neuter-release programme in four counties of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. The main objective was to investigate the potential threat of stray cats for animal and public health. Samples of blood, stool, hair and auricular swabs were collected from 231 cats in 27 colonies. Anti- Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were detected in 47/194 samples (24.2%); anti- Leishmania infantum antibodies in 1/180 cats (0.6%); intestinal parasites in 23/74 samples ( Toxocara cati, Isospora felis, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Dipylidium caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxascaris leonina) and Otodectes cynotis in 4/182 cats (2.2%); dermatophyte fungi were isolated in 40/136 samples (29.4%); feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies were detected in 23/226 samples (10.2%); feline leukaemia virus antigen in 14/198 samples (7.1%); and feline coronavirus RNA in 9/127 samples (7.1%). Our results revealed that zoonotic agents, namely dermatophyte fungi and Toxocara cati were present in stray cat colonies in the investigated counties. Overall the low frequency of major pathogens suggests a balanced relationship between host and agents.
Dealing with the communist past: Its role in the disintegration of the Czech Civic Forum and in the emergence of the Civic Democratic Party
Authors: Kopeček Lubomír
Published: May 2010

The end of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia in 1989 has opened the thorny question of how to deal with the communist legacy. This paper focuses on important aspects of decommunization at the beginning of the 1990s and analyzes the role they played in the disintegration of the Civic Forum and in the emergence of the Civic Democratic Party. The paper shows that the decommunization agenda gradually became a significant divisive factor within the Civic Forum and served as one of the key issues through which the Civic Democratic Party defined itself. It also provided an opportunity for politicians skilled enough to grasp this issue to do so and to incorporate it into their wider political agendas.
Iceberg discharge to the Chukchi shelf during the Younger Dryas
Authors: Hill Jenna C. , Driscoll Neal W.
Published: May 2010

The extent of glaciation in northwestern Alaska, the source of sediment supply to the Chukchi shelf and slope, and the movement of sea ice and icebergs across the shelf during the last glacial maximum (LGM) remain poorly constrained. Here we present geophysical and geological data from the outer Chukchi margin that reveal a regionally extensive, heavily ice-scoured surface ∼ 5–8 m below the modern seafloor. Radiocarbon dating of this discrete event yields age estimates between 10,600 and 11,900 14C yr BP, indicating the discharge event occurred during the Younger Dryas. Based on mineralogy of the ice-rafted debris, the icebergs appear to be sourced from the northwestern Alaskan margin, which places important constraints on the ice extent in northern Alaska during the LGM as well as existing circulation models for the region.
THE MYSTERIES OF FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT AFTER CARTESIO
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael
Published: May 2010

The judgment of the European Court of Justice in Cartesio was eagerly awaited as a clarification of the questions concerning the scope of the right of establishment (articles 49, 54 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), (ex-articles 43, 48 EC) that remained after previous landmark decisions such as Centros, Überseering, and Inspire Art. This article analyses the implications of Cartesio in light of different scenarios of transfer of the registered and the real seat within the European Union. It assesses the interrelations of right of establishment and private international law rules for the determination of the law applicable to companies and concludes that the case law of the European Court of Justice after Cartesio, rather than providing for a coherent system of European company law, leads to arbitrary distinctions and significantly impedes the free movement of companies.
ADJUDGING THE EXCEPTIONAL AT INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW: SECURITY, PUBLIC ORDER AND FINANCIAL CRISIS
Authors: Kurtz Jürgen
Published: May 2010

This article examines the impact of international law on the ability of States to mitigate the effects of financial crises. It focuses on the invocation of investment treaty disciplines in the aftermath of the 2001–2002 Argentine financial crisis, and the adjudication of Argentina's defence of a state of necessity under both subject treaties and at customary international law. The article uncovers three interpretative methods in the jurisprudence on the relationship between the treaty exception and customary plea of necessity: methodologies I (confluence), II (lex specialis) and III (primary-secondary applications). Method I is the dominant approach in the jurisprudence and the most restrictive of the three readings. The article argues that method I is mistaken both on a careful interpretation of the two legal standards and on a broader historical analysis of the emergence of investment treaty norms. Given these substantive flaws, the article isolates the motivations to account for the popularity of this method through a close reading of the awards. These reveal continuing tensions in the field, not least the problematic suggestion that a single value of protection should exclusively inform our understanding of the purpose of investment treaties. These sociological features of investor–State arbitration should, it is suggested, inform our choice on other interpretative methods. This comes down to an election between methods II (lex specialis) and III (primary–secondary applications). Method III is the most convincing and coherent reading of the relationship between the two legal standards. The article concludes by offering a framework to address the key interpretative questions implicated in that method: (a) the identification and scope of the notion of ‘public order’ and a State's ‘essential security interests’; and (b) the appropriate test of ‘necessity’ or means–end scrutiny.
THIRD PARTY PARTICIPATION IN INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION
Authors: Ishikawa Tomoko
Published: May 2010

While the public nature of investment treaty arbitration has been increasingly recognized, its procedures are modelled on those of international commercial arbitration. This creates a gap between (public) substance and (private) procedure in investment treaty arbitration. Against this background, this article examines the increasing acceptance ofamicus curiaesubmissions in investment treaty arbitration. It argues that investment treaty arbitration tribunals should make effective use ofamicus curiaesubmissions in order to include neglected perspectives of the issues raised in arbitration, which may bridge this public/private gap.
DNS of the thermal effects of laser energy deposition in isotropic turbulence
Authors: GHOSH SHANKAR , MAHESH KRISHNAN
Published: May 2010

The interaction of a laser-induced plasma with isotropic turbulence is studied using numerical simulations. The simulations use air as the working fluid and assume local thermodynamic equilibrium. The numerical method is fully spectral and uses a shock-capturing scheme in a corrector step. A model problem involving the effect of energy deposition on an isolated vortex is studied as a first step towards plasma/turbulence interaction. Turbulent Reynolds number Reλ = 30 and fluctuation Mach numbers Mt = 0.001 and 0.3 are considered. A tear-drop-shaped shock wave is observed to propagate into the background, and progressively become spherical in time. The turbulence experiences strong compression due to the shock wave and strong expansion in the core. This behaviour is spatially inhomogeneous and non-stationary in time. Statistics are computed as functions of radial distance from the plasma axis and angular distance across the surface of the shock wave. For Mt = 0.001, the shock wave propagates on a much faster time scale compared to the turbulence evolution. At Mt of 0.3, the time scale of the shock wave is comparable to that of the background. For both cases the mean flow is classified into shock formation, shock propagation and subsequent collapse of the plasma core, and the effect of turbulence on each of these phases is studied in detail. The effect of mean vorticity production on the turbulent vorticity field is also discussed. Turbulent kinetic energy budgets are presented to explain the mechanism underlying the transfer of energy between the mean flow and background turbulence.
Large-activation-energy theory for premixed combustion under the influence of enthalpy fluctuations
Authors: WU XUESONG , MOIN PARVIZ
Published: May 2010

This paper presents a mathematical theory for premixed combustion under the influence of enthalpy fluctuations in the oncoming fresh mixture. On the basis of the assumptions of large activation energy and small Mach number, an analysis of the thermal, hydrodynamic and acoustic regions of a flame is performed to derive an interactive system that describes, on the first-principles basis, the intricate coupling between the flame and its spontaneously emitted acoustic waves. The system, in its general form, is strongly nonlinear and requires a numerical attack. In this paper, it is employed to analyse several fundamental physical processes in relatively simple cases in order to provide useful insights into the role of enthalpy fluctuations in combustion. First, the linear response of the flame to two- or three-dimensional small-amplitude enthalpy fluctuations is considered, and they are found to generate hydrodynamic motion. Secondly, enthalpy fluctuations are shown to radiate sound waves through their interaction with the flame. Thirdly, enthalpy fluctuations and the sound waves emitted by them modify the flame stability, and the analysis shows that a moderate level of enthalpy fluctuation may cause a strong subharmonic parametric instability. Finally, in the small-heat-release limit, an extended Michelson–Sivashinsky equation is derived to describe the nonlinear evolution of the flame under the influence of both the imposed enthalpy fluctuations and the induced acoustic waves. Numerical solutions suggest that the flame evolves into a time-periodic state and acquires a curved profile, which primarily vibrates in the longitudinal direction, while its overall shape remains almost unaltered.
Migration of ion-exchange particles driven by a uniform electric field
Authors: YARIV EHUD
Published: May 2010

A cation-selective conducting particle is suspended in an electrolyte solution and is exposed to a uniformly applied electric field. The electrokinetic transport processes are described in a closed mathematical model, consisting of differential equations, representing the physical transport in the electrolyte, and boundary conditions, representing the physicochemical conditions on the particle boundary and at large distances away from it. Solving this mathematical problem would in principle provide the electrokinetic flow about the particle and its concomitant velocity relative to the otherwise quiescent fluid.

Using matched asymptotic expansions, this problem is analysed in the thin-Debye-layer limit. A macroscale description is extracted, whereby effective boundary conditions represent appropriate asymptotic matching with the Debye-scale fields. This description significantly differs from that corresponding to a chemically inert particle. Thus, ion selectivity on the particle surface results in a macroscale salt concentration polarization, whereby the electric potential is rendered non-harmonic. Moreover, the uniform Dirichlet condition governing this potential on the particle surface is transformed into a non-uniform Dirichlet condition on the macroscale particle boundary. The Dukhin–Derjaguin slip formula still holds, but with a non-uniform zeta potential that depends, through the cation-exchange kinetics, upon the salt concentration and electric field distributions. For weak fields, an approximate solution is obtained as a perturbation to a reference state. The linearized solution corresponds to a uniform zeta potential; it predicts a particle velocity which is proportional to the applied field. The associated electrokinetic flow is driven by two different agents, electric field and salinity gradients, which are of comparable magnitude. Accordingly, this flow differs significantly from that occurring in electrophoresis of chemically inert particles.
Direct numerical simulations of low-Rm MHD turbulence based on the least dissipative modes
Authors: POTHÉRAT ALBAN , DYMKOU VITALI
Published: May 2010

We present a new spectral method for the direct numerical simulation of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence at low magnetic Reynolds number. The originality of our approach is that instead of using traditional bases of functions, it relies on the basis of eigenmodes of the dissipation operator, which represents viscous and Joule dissipation. We apply this idea to the simple case of a periodic domain in the three directions of space, with a homogeneous magnetic field in the ez direction. The basis is then still a subset of the Fourier space, but ordered by growing linear decay rate |λ| (i.e. according to the least dissipative modes). We show that because the lines of constant energy tend to follow those of constant |λ| in the Fourier space, the scaling for the smallest scales |λmax| in a forced flow can be expressed, using this single parameter, as a function of the Reynolds number as $\(\sqrt{1\lambda^{max}|}/(2\upi k_f)\simeq 0.5\Rey^{1/2}\)$, where kf is the forcing wavelength, or as a function of the Grashof number Gf, which gives a non-dimensional measure of the forcing, as |λmax|1/2/(2πkf) ≃ 0.47Gf0.20. This scaling is also found to be consistent with heuristic scalings derived by Alemany et al. (J. Mec., vol. 18, 1979, pp. 277–313) and Pothérat & Alboussière (Phys. Fluids, vol. 15, 2003, pp. 3170–3180) for interaction parameter S ≳ 1, and which we are able to numerically quantify as k⊥max/kf ≃ 0.5Re1/2 and kzmax/kf ≃ 0.8kfRe/Ha. Finally, we show that the set of least dissipative modes gives a relevant prediction for the scale of the first three-dimensional structure to appear in a forced, initially two-dimensional turbulent flow. This completes our numerical demonstration that the least dissipative modes can be used to simulate both two- and three-dimensional low-Rm magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows.
Formation and decay of coherent structures in pipe flow
Authors: PHILIP JIMMY , COHEN JACOB
Published: May 2010

Experimental investigation of the generation and decay of coherent structures, namely, streaks (accompanied by a counter-rotating vortex pair) and hairpin vortices in pipe flow, is carried out by artificial injection of continuous disturbances. Flow visualization and velocity measurements show that for small amplitudes of disturbances (v0) streaks are produced, and increasing v0 produces instability waves on the streaks, which further break down into an array of hairpin vortices. However, the streaks and hairpins decay along the downstream direction (X). In fact, the critical value of v0 required for the initiation of hairpins at a given Re (Reynolds number) varies with the streamwise distance (in contrast to the previously found scaling of v0 ~ Re−1, valid only close to the location of injection, i.e. smaller X). This is a consequence of the decay of the coherent structures in the pipe. Moreover, the hairpins have been found to decay more slowly with increasing Re. Measurements of energy in the cross-sectional plane of the pipe, and maps of disturbance velocity at various X-locations show the transient growth and decay of energy for relatively low v0. For higher v0 and Re the energy has been seen to increase continuously along the length of the pipe under observation. Owing to the increase in the cross-sectional area occupied by the disturbance along the X-direction, it is observed that energy can transiently increase even when the total disturbance magnitude is decreasing. Observing the similarity of the present work and other investigations wherein decay of turbulence in pipe flow is found, a schematic illustration of the transition surface for pipe flow on a v0−Re−X, three-dimensional coordinate system is presented.
English as an Asian lingua franca and the multilingual model of ELT
Authors: Kirkpatrick Andy
Published: May 2010

The concept of English as a lingua franca (ELF) has recently caused a great deal of controversy, much of it based on a misunderstanding of ELF. In this presentation, I shall first provide a brief history of lingua francas and then compare and contrast two major Asian lingua francas – Bahasa Indonesia and Putonghua – in order to show how different their developmental paths have been. The presentation will then consider the current role that English is playing as a lingua franca, with a particular focus on its role in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and East Asia. Examples of linguistic features of English as a lingua franca in Asia will be provided. These will be contrasted with linguistic features of vernacular varieties of English, varieties of world English and European ELF. Finally, possible implications of ELF in English language teaching, and the ‘multilingual model’ will be proposed. Suggestions on ways in which English/regional lingua francas and local languages might work together as languages of education will conclude the presentation.