bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GENDER DIVISIONS IN URBAN SPACE: BEYOND THE RIGIDITY OF DUALIST CLASSIFICATIONS
Authors: Vaiou Dina
Published: May 2006

The paper discusses the absence of gender from the analysis and understanding of urban development as a result of dichotomies, implicit or explicit, in much of urban research: private space vs public space, home life vs politics, domestic labor vs paid employment, reproduction vs production. It is argued that urban analysis and theorizing have focused almost exclusively on the latter part of such dichotomies, the one associated with men and masculinity. This is an emphasis on and valuation of the adult male's activities and experiences of urban development and a corresponding devaluation of the activities and experiences of women — thereby reproducing gender hierarchies and ways of thinking about them. To consider these questions, a historically and geographically specific context of urban development is presented: the municipality of Helioupolis in the Greater Athens area (Greece). This study helps explain how the boundaries of divisions and dichotomies are transcended in women's everyday lives; how women (and men) are not exclusively identified with either part of dichotomies; but also how dichotomies are often intensified — sometimes by perceptions and practices of women themselves.
COLLECTIVE CONSUMPTION AND URBAN SEGREGATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE CASE OF TWO COLORED SUBURBS IN THE JOHANNESBURG REGION
Authors: Lupton Malcolm
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

In South Africa, the provision of collective consumption and urban racial segregation have always been closely connected. This article examines changes in apartheid urban policy with specific reference to two predominantly working‐class colored suburbs on the periphery of Johannesburg: Eldorado Park, begun in the mid‐1960s during a period of relative growth and stability, is largely an expression of socialized housing produced by an interventionist state and construction of this suburb, despite its racially exclusive character, appears to fit all too well within the theory which sees collective consumption in terms of the reproduction of labor power. However the apartheid regime, confronted by a deepening economic and political crisis, later withdrew from the provision of collective consumption, and appears to be abandoning its racist urban policies and ideology. Thus construction of Ennerdale, beginning in the mid‐1970s occurred within a context of privatization and austerity. Analysis of the apparent “deracialized” and market‐oriented provision of urban goods and services in Ennerdale reveals, at a local level, contradictions of South African crisis policies.
FEMININITY, PLACE AND COMMODITIES: A RETAIL CASE STUDY
Authors: Dowling Robyn
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

Recent accounts of the significance of consumption and commodities in the constitution of femininity have stressed the fluidity of consumption practices and the indeterminacy of their meaning for the oppression of women. The role of place in the construction of femininity has not been considered in these accounts, and as such uni‐dimensional portraits of the consumption‐femininity nexus have prevailed. In this article I offer an alternative place‐based account of the construction of femininity through consumption, demonstrating the constitution of gendered relations of consumption in place. In so doing, some of the contradictions in the consumption‐femininity nexus are highlighted. Using a case study of one facet of consumption ‐ retailing ‐ I demonstrate the importance of place and context in the construction of femininity through consumption, in three substantive ways. First, the selling of commodities by retail institutions entails the creation of place. Second, the construction of femininity ‐ shopping as an important component of domestic labor and shopping as feminine, is part of this creation of place. Third, this environment and the process of shopping influence the meaning of commodities and associated constructions of femininity.
POSTMODERNIST THOUGHT IN GEOGRAPHY: A REALIST VIEW
Authors: Sayer Andrew
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

The paper develops a critique of some ideas that have emerged in geographers' interpretations of postmodernist thought. The intention is not to criticize them for diverging from the views of leading postmodernist authors but simply as ideas in themselves, regardless of their origins. Three main problems are discussed: firstly, a flip from foundationalism or naive objectivism to new versions of idealism and relativism; secondly, a flip from grand narratives or totalizing discourses to local knowledges; and thirdly, a flip from ethnocentrism or androcentrism to “cultural relativism writ small” in which authors grant a privileged status to the knowledge, values and judgements of others. It is argued that each of these “pomo‐flips” is unsatisfactory, and that critical realism offers an alternative way of resolving the problems. This involves different concepts of truth and of the role of philosophy from those often assumed in the postmodernist literature on space and society.
THE REVALUING OF URBAN SPACE: THE GREEN PAPER FOR EUROPEAN CITIES AND THE CASE OF GREECE
Authors: Hastaoglou‐Martinidis Vilma , Kalogirou Nicos , Papamichos Nicos
Published: May 2006

In summer 1990, the Commission of the European Communities published a “Green Paper” on the urban environment as a first step toward establishing an integrated policy for European cities, focusing on the revaluing of public space whose degradation is considered a symptom of a deep‐seated developmental and environmental crisis. This article addresses the questions raised by the Green Paper: the needs to which it responds, and the results to be expected; the extent to which the proposed themes cover a “full range of difficulties facing Europe's conurbations,” given the diversity of urban space in the old continent. Finally, it considers the paper's relevance for Greek cities: this highlights the existence of non‐discussed city typologies within the single European space, which means that the concept of the European city should be carefully re‐examined and based on the social and cultural plurality and complexity of the European cities, rather than stressing the existence of a single city‐type. The Green Paper, when seen not as a text of generalizing assumptions or an instrument for action, may very well act positively to open a debate that will reveal and answer the specificities and the problems of each city.
PETS OR MEAT: CLASS, IDEOLOGY, AND SPACE IN ROGER & ME*
Authors: Natter Wolfgang , Jones John Paul
Published: May 2006

This paper offers a reading of Michael Moore's docu‐comedy, Roger & Me, a film ostensibly chronicling the director's effort to interrogate General Motors Chairman Roger Smith following massive plant closures in and around Flint, Michigan in the 1980s. Our analysis focuses on four key themes: (1) the status of “community” as an ideological lever both prior and subsequent to GM's layoffs; (2) the spatial consequences of economic restructuring, expressed most formidably in the division between public and private space; (3) the charge that Moore's film suffers from a lack of objectivity; and (4) the notable absence of any significant representation of labor resistance to the plant closures. The film's themes, we argue, coalesce in an emblematic sequence involving Rhonda Britton, a woman who sells rabbits as both pets and meat. The paper concludes by calling for increased attention on the part of geographers to filmic portrayal, and, more generally, to all forms of representation and the issues which surround them.
MASCULINISM, THE USE OF DUALISTIC EPISTEMOLOGIES AND THIRD SPACES*
Authors: Pile Steve
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

First, this paper establishes a ground from which to question not only the relationship between power and knowledge in the construction of geographical knowledge, but also the gendering of this relationship. From this starting position, second, it is argued that dualisms permit the gendering of particular binary opposites. The argument is not that certain dualistic categories ‐ such as Reason and Emotion or Time and Space ‐ are inherently wrong or to deny that western societies are organized through them, at least in part. Instead, dualisms are shown ‐ at particular times and in particular places ‐ to mark and help police supposedly fixed, natural divisions between the powerful and the disempowered (as in the masculine versus the feminine). In assuming away dualistic economies of meaning, the danger is that this helps to maintain the reproduction of the power‐ridden values which dualisms help to sustain. Indeed, it is because dualist architectures are not as fixed, stable or natural as they are meant to be (i.e., precisely because they need to be policed) that it is possible to refuse them. Finally, this paper describes one alternative episte‐mology which draws on the notion of a third space. The idea of third spaces uses a spatial metaphor to suggest an alternative radical geography which mobilizes place, politics and hybrid identities. One such third space is illustrated by an empirical example.
FROM VIOLENCE TO RECONSTRUCTION: THE MAKING, DISINTEGRATION AND REMAKING OF AN APARTHEID CITY
Authors: Hindson Doug , Byerley Mark , Morris Mike
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

This article analyzes the relationship between violence and the racial city. It examines Durban's construction and disintegration in the context of unsuccessful apartheid reform, and traces corresponding distinct but overlapping stages of violence. Internecine violence of the latter 1980s constituted a racially displaced confrontation over political control and resources of the society transformed into internecine conflict within black residential areas, especially the urban peripheries. The violence was rooted in spatial and material differentiation reinforced by township and shantytown power structures, which clandestine state intervention accentuated. The article concludes by analyzing the new spatial and racial city forms, suggesting alternative urban reconstruction paths to redress the deeper causes of violence.
ROBERT BRENNER IN THE TUNNEL OF TIME*
Authors: Blaut J. M.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

Robert Brenner is a follower of one tradition in Marxism that is as diffusionist, as Eurocentric, as any conservative position. Within one of the most egalitarian of all socio‐political doctrines, this is a tradition that believes in the historical superiority of Europeans over non‐Europeans. Eurocentric Marxists are not racist, nor even prejudiced, but most of them believe that Europe is the fountainhead of civilization, the permanent source of innovative social change.
RUSSIAN MINERS BOW TO THE ANGEL OF HISTORY
Authors: Burawoy Michael , Krotov Pavel
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

This paper follows the struggles of Russian coal miners who first challenged the Soviet regime in 1989 and helped precipitate its downfall in 1991. In the Arctic city of Vorkuta, the movement's most militant and radical center, the dreams of workers have again, as in 1917, become bonds of their affliction. In response to invading market forces, the city strike committee has turned from support of the new regime to renewed opposition, the independent trade union movement increasingly throws its weight behind the once reviled mine management, and the mines themselves have rallied around the conglomerate, long a symbol of arbitrary power.
ON BEING NOT EVEN ANYWHERE NEAR ‘THE PROJECT’: WAYS OF PUTTING OURSELVES IN THE PICTURE
Authors: Chouinard Vera , Grant Ali
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

This paper challenges current constructions of “the project” in radical geography by examining the phenomenon of “missing sisters.” We discuss the social construction of lesbians and disabled women as invisible “others” and how this is manifest in Geography. We argue that disabled women and lesbians have had their experiences and lives marginalized; both in the geographic literature and through practices of exclusion. We call for a reconstructed radical geography which includes lesbians and disabled women, on their own revolutionary terms, in the production of knowledge and in political practice. Such an inclusionary project will enrich our understanding of geographic processes and strengthen our efforts to build political strategies of resistance to contemporary forms of oppression and marginalization.
TRANSPORT AND POPULAR STRUGGLES IN SOUTH AFRICA*
Authors: Khosa Meshack M.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

The separation of place of residence from place of work under capitalism has been aggravated in South Africa by various apartheid policies which forced African people to the fringes of urban areas. Provision of transport was crucial to the establishment of segregated townships, and four decades of protests against fare increases and conditions demonstrate the importance of this service to African working people. These protests achieved only limited success, but commuters were able to challenge the state and transport companies. Although a national transport policy forum set up in 1992 ushered in a new era of inclusion, it has already become another site of contestation.
LOS ANGELES AFTER THE STORM: THE DIALECTIC OF ORDINARY DISASTER
Authors: Davis Mike
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

This article weighs recent scientific evidence that the urbanization of Southern California has taken place during one of the most unusual episodes of climatic and seismic benignity in the last 3500 years. Official disaster and resource planning, moreover, has been based on record‐keeping shorter than the temporal wavelengths of the most important landscape processes. Indeed, the “biblical” flood, fire, and earthquake disasters of the last three years may only be a prelude to seismic and climatic events of far greater magnitude. What will be the future of the Los Angeles area if Congress refuses to continue federal disaster subsidies?
IMAGINING SAFE URBAN SPACE: THE CONTRIBUTION OF DETECTIVE FICTION TO RADICAL GEOGRAPHY
Authors: Schmid David
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

Radical geographers often discuss how contemporary urban space is becoming increasingly violent and dangerous. They pay much less attention to the question of how to make this space safe. In contrast, detective fiction focuses precisely on how to take danger out of the city. It therefore provides radical geographers with imaginative models of how different levels of space are linked through forms of violence. Detective fiction challenges accounts of the urban spatialization of power that over‐simplify relations between city inhabitants as a clash between “oppressor” and “oppressed.” By suggesting how a subject can simultaneously oppress through and be oppressed by volence, detective fiction shows the contradictory multiplicity of people's spatial identifications.
INDONESIA'SMEDAN MERDEKA: NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT*
Authors: Macdonald Gerald M.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

Indonesia, among the world's most culturally diverse countries, has long grappled with the issues of national unity. This paper explores the meanings of Medan Merdeka [Independence Square] in central Jakarta, Indonesia ‐ a particular site in which symbols for the abstract ideals of political unity and national identity were constructed in an urban space honoring the struggle for national independence. These symbols, however, also expose the struggle to define “Indonesianness” within the international geopolitical milieu of the post‐independence years. As such they offer a glimpse into competing interpretations of identity and the real world struggle to impose meaning on the built environment.
CONTESTED BOUNDARIES: STATE POLICIES, FOREST CLASSIFICATIONS, AND DEFORESTATION IN THE GARHWAL HIMALAYAS
Authors: Rangan Haripriya
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

Prominent environmental scholars and activists in India have posited that environmental crises in the Indian Himalayas result primarily from adopting forestry practices that override local communities and argue that the region can be sustained only when the state allows local communities to practice indigenous forest management. This paper challenges those critiques: focusing on the Garhwal Himalayas, it shows that forestry practices involve contestation and negotiation between the state and local communities and argues that environmental scholars fail to recognize how particular classes have shaped forest use and management practices and played a central role in determining environmental sustainability for local communities.
WHOSE WOODS ARE THESE? COUNTER‐MAPPING FOREST TERRITORIES IN KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
Authors: Peluso Nancy Lee
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTS

This paper examines the politics of land and forest rights in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Forest mapping by government forestry planners allocates rights of resource use and land access according to forest types and economic objectives, only rarely recognizing indigenous occupancy rights or forest territories customarily claimed or managed by local people. As maps and official plans based on them ignore, and in some cases criminalize, traditional rights to forest, forest products, and forest land for temporary conversion to swidden agriculture, indigenous activists are using sketch maps to re‐claim territories ‐ a process that requires re‐defining many traditional forest rights. The paper considers the political implications of mapping and the implications of a focus on land use rather than forest use.
GEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY, DEMOCRACY*
Authors: Lipietz Alain
Published: May 2006

Critical geography must go beyond the spaces of power to political ecology. Human activity is necessarily ecological, and so too are politics and democracy. Thus, the regulation of environmental contradictions raises fundamental issues of democratic politics and principles of social justice. The answers to environmental crises are not to be found in the state or the market, the two leviathans, but in the ability of humans to govern themselves democratically and justly in relation to the earth. Because landscape is the sedimented history of human transformations of nature, love of landscapes and their Otherness is a testing ground for a moral and democratic relation to nature.
CONSERVING THE RACE: NATURAL ARISTOCRACIES, EUGENICS, AND THE U.S. CONSERVATION MOVEMENT
Authors: Brechin Gray
Published: May 2006

Proposing that much was deleted from the historical record when the death camps were opened in 1945, the article begins by examining the ties between the U.S. and German eugenics movements prior to the Second World War. Eugenics in the United States was closely linked with the fledgling conservation movement, particularly through the writings and activities of Henry Fairfield Osborn at the American Museum of Natural History and his close friend Madison Grant. In America, as in Germany, both movements were sponsored by the elite and served to justify aristocracy, and both derived much of their legitimacy from a social construction of Nature which increasingly replaced Divine Law.
JUST WAIT UNTIL THERE'S A DROUGHT: MEDIATING ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES FOR URBAN GROWTH
Authors: Nevarez Leonard
Published: May 2006

Pro‐development water managers from a southern Californian jurisdiction secured voter approval for importing water supplies by mediating a six year drought. Through reorganized water management structures, unsustainable technological practices, and “crisis” discourses, water managers overcame residents' historic resistance to imported water by defining it as insurance against a “natural” emergency, not a social mechanism for growth. The research suggests how the environmental crisis can advance development‐oriented state agencies' hegemony. Given the otherwise general advocacy of environmentalism and “slow‐growth in the empirical setting, water managers” success in overturning sustainable water development regimes reveals potential contradictions within the “environmentalist” landscape.
LABORING FOR LOVE? A COMMENT ON ACADEMICS AND THEIR HOURS OF WORK
Authors: Wills Jane
Published: May 2006

Evidence would suggest that for those in work, the rigors of the contemporary labor market require them to work longer and harder than was previously the case. While new workplace cultures of obsessive over‐work have been documented amongst professionals in the private sector, the parallels have rarely been drawn with academic work. This paper uses original research material collated by students at Southampton University to discuss the changing nature of academic work and illustrate the social costs resulting from long hours of labor.
VOLUNTEERS, NIMBYs, AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: DILEMMAS OF DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE
Authors: Lake Robert W.
Published: May 2006

The principle of environmental equity constitutes a challenge to local autonomy and democratic practice. Community protest is sometimes hailed as an expression of local autonomy, sometimes derided as NIMBYism. To disentangle these issues we must reexamine environmental justice in light of the distinction between distributional and procedural justice. A search for just procedures for distributing environmental burdens represents an unnecessarily truncated view. Procedural equity entails democratic participation not only with regard to distribution but in prior decisions affecting production of costs and benefits. Two brief case studies illustrate the possibility of reconciling environmental equity with local autonomy. Geographers concerned with environmental inequity might turn from mapping the distribution of burdens to mapping power relations between local communities and the structures producing those burdens.
“FIRST FEED THE FACE”: ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND COMMUNITY FOOD SECURITY
Authors: Gottlieb Robert , Fisher Andrew
Published: May 2006

Environmental justice and community food security represent parallel though largely separate movements whose linkage would help establish a new community development, environmental, and empowerment‐based discourse. Environmental justice has been limited by its risk discrimination focus, even as environmental justice organizations have shifted to a broader social justice orientation, eclipsing their earlier environmental focus. Community food security advocacy, while offering a concrete example of linked agendas and constituencies, has yet to effectively outreach to environmental justice groups. Coalition building efforts, such as the Community Food Security Empowerment Act, presents that opportunity.
FRAGMENTS OF POSTWAR LOS ANGELES: THE BLACK DAHLIA IN FACT AND FICTION*
Authors: Hamm Theodore
Published: May 2006

The gruesome murder of Elizabeth Short, a sex worker nicknamed the “Black Dahlia,” created a real‐lifefilm noirtale in postwar Los Angeles. In the unsuccessful search for her killer, the tabloid press and psychiatric “experts” indicted all forms of the open sexual expression brought on by the war as complicit. The problematic connection made at the time between the sexually dangerous woman and the corruptions of postwar Los Angeles has been reinforced in the numerous fictional retellings of the case written in the past fifteen years.
Must Governments Keep Bad Promises?
Authors: ASCHHEIM JOSEPH
Published: May 2006

Governments can buy votes by mortgaging future tax revenue through promises of state pensions. The Thatcher Government's failure to rescind index‐linked pensions for civil servants increases the potential tax burden on future generations. To buy today's votes with tomorrow's money is a promise government is not morally required to keep.
Bus Deregulation–The Next Step
Authors: HIBBS JOHN
Published: May 2006

The fares increase in London Transport following Ken Livingstone's illegal rates surcharge reinforces the argument that public transport be removed beyond the reach of vote‐buying politicians. Deregulation of coaches indicates that the market can provide a cheap and efficient alternative if town halls stop raising bureaucratic obstacles and subsidising municipal competition.
The State School Straightjacket
Authors: HANNAN AUDREY
Published: May 2006

Sir Keith Joseph's inertia on freeing the market in education suggests he regards it as a debate on details between bureaucrats on politicians. A parent's experiences indicate there is no time for leisurely discussion. It is always children who suffer when education is politicised.
Labour and Tory Economic Policies: Both Frustrated by Non‐Economic Forces?
Authors: ROSE HAROLD
Published: May 2006

Professor Rose demonstrates how the Thatcher Government's progress is much closer to that of her Labour predecessor than is realised. His graphs demonstrate dramatically how much political courage will be required to prevent welfare spending and trade union obstructions to growth dragging Government policies into the same traps.
8‐Point Plan for Escape from Stagnation
Authors: GIERSCH HERBERT
Published: May 2006

The reasons for the present economic stagnation – which can be compared to the stagnation phase of the inter‐war period – are various. But there is one main common denominator: slow growth is the price to be paid today for the artificial stimulation of production through Keynesian demand‐oriented policies that came into fashion around the mid‐1960s.
Fiscal Restraints: Seven Lessons From West Germany
Authors: VAUBEL ROLAND
Published: May 2006

West German attempts to discipline runaway welfare and other state expenditure present telling lessons for Mrs Thatcher, Sir Keith Joseph, Norman Fowler and Michael Heseltine.
Monetary Fiasco: Is there a Culprit?
Authors: CONGDON TIM
Published: May 2006

Criticism of the Bank of England over the excess supply of money neglects its fundamental role in supplying money to the financial institutions to ensure the efficiency of the capitalist economy. Rather than reduce the supply of money directly, the Government has correctly attempted to reduce demand for it by using high interest rates to raise its price.
Sponsoring Sport: Abolish the ‘Amateur’
Authors: SLOANE PETER
Published: May 2006

Neil MacFarlane, the Sports Minister, is neglecting his job. ‘Amateur’ sports are accepting commercial sponsorship. Restrictive rules waste resources and exploit the ‘amateur’ sportsman. Only abolition of the distinction between professional and amateur can create efficient use of sporting skills.
Hayek Too Lenient on Socialist Calculation
Authors: MELNYK ANDREW
Published: May 2006

Professor Hayek(JEA 2.3) allowed that collectivist planning, although practically impossible, could conceivable work in theory. Andrew Melnyk shows that Ludwig von Mises had demonstrated in 1949 that it is just as impossible in theory as in practice.
Minimum Wages and Youth Unemployment: Will Britain Learn from Canada?
Authors: FORREST DAVID
Published: May 2006

Norman Tebbit is spending vast sums on palliatives for youth employment. Minimum wage legislation may be responsible for nearly 40 per cent of youth unemployment in Britain. Canada suggests that unemployment must result if the labour market is prevented from accommodating population change through state‐imposed rigidities which prevent changes in the price of labour.
Agenda for Competitiveness with Compassion
Authors: Owen David
Published: May 2006

The January issue gave Sir Geoffrey Howe space to outline the philosophy of the Liberal Conservatives and the policies that emerged. His statement was assessed by four economists, to whom he responded. Here Dr David Owen outlines his philosophy and the policies of the alternative government. He is assessed by four economists, to whose reservations be replies. An editorial leader comments on these two complementary features. (The Prime Minister has recently accepted that her true opposition is the Alliance rather than Labour.)
Education Voucher Schemes — Strong or Weak?
Authors: PEACOCK ALAN T.
Published: May 2006

With Sir Keith Joseph's espousal of a limited educational scheme, debate on vouchers has moved from their desirability to means of implementing them. Professor Peacock, one of the early British pioneers of the voucher, offers a ‘strong’ and a ‘weak’ approach.
Mrs. Thatcher's Old‐Style Dirigisme
Authors: HENDERSON P. D.
Published: May 2006

Claims that Mrs Thatcher's administration is market‐based ignore, not least, its protectionist trade policies, recently exemplified in the EEC's inability to sign the GATT agreement. Professor Henderson assesses the Government's disappointing policy record in trade and in industry and energy.
Ideas, Civil Servants and Keynes
Authors: KINGSTON WILLIAM
Published: May 2006

Sir John Hoskyns has joined Anthony Wedgwood Benn in condemning Civil Service obstruction to the implementation of government policy. William Kingston examines the changes in the Civil Service that have made bureaucratic stubbornness all too predictable.
Workers’ Companies in Turkey
Authors: SPEARMAN DIANA
Published: May 2006

In a free market employees can become owners of their firms. Diana Spearman shows how Turkish workers have pioneered the creation of new worker‐controlled companies as an even better way of worker participation than the share‐ownership favoured in Britain.
Government Underground: Politicians Evade Taxpayers
Authors: BENNETT JAMES , DiLORENZO THOMAS
Published: May 2006

Lord Cockfield and other Government spokesmen have paid insufficient attention to the evassion of oppressive taxation in the black economy. Professors bennett and DiLorenzo reveal a direct parallel ‐ the growing movement of government activity our of official department budgets and beyond the control of citizens.
Property Markets At Sea
Authors: DENMAN D. R.
Published: May 2006

Explotation of seabed resources will be inefficient unless markets are established in seabed property rights. Professor Denman draws an implicit parallel between the Enclosure Movement which produced rapid improvements in agricultural efficiency, and privatising the ocean floor, and offers specific proposals for its implementation.
Creeping Protectionism
Authors: GREENAWAY DAVID
Published: May 2006

Mrs Thatcher's trade policy is not the model of free‐market liberalism her opponents claim it to be David Greenaway examines the growth in ‘voluntary’ export restraints imposed by the Conservative Government on the UK's trading partners, and explains how this cost falls on the consumer by cushioning domestic inefficiency against competition from overseas.
Closing Time for Democracy?
Authors: HARRIS RALPH
Published: May 2006

The rejection of the Shops Bill in the House of Commons reveals the extent to which‘representative’democracy can subvert the wishes of the majority to those of self‐interested pressure groups. Lord Harris of High Cross, who was active in passing the Bill through the House of Lords, details the abuse of parliamentary democracy by Tory and Labour MPs alike, which responds to the noise made by opponents of reform rather than to the numbers who stand to gain.
The Fish War: A Lesson from Iceland
Authors: GISSURARSON HANNES H.
Published: May 2006

The Icelandic government's attempt to manage Iceland's fish stocks and yet accommodate political pressure from a powerful producer group, the trawlermen, yields valuable lessons on the dangers of intervention: one government measure greates difficulties that promote calls for another.
British Churches and Unemployment: Bias Against the Market
Authors: MILLER ROBERT
Published: May 2006

Bias to the Poor, a book by David Sheppard, the Bishop of Liverpool, outlines the familiar statist case for dealing with unemployment and relative deprivation but claims to be based on Christian principles. Robert Miller finds much of the thinking of the Church on unemployment ill‐informed and shallow, its recommendations questionable on theological grounds, even shakier on economic issues, and lacking convincing analysis of the fundamental causes of unemployment.
The Economic Crisis in Professional Football
Authors: SLOANE PETER
Published: May 2006

Football clubs have only themselves to blame for their current financial malaise, highlighted by the recent decision to turn down an exclusive offer for broadcasting right from BBC and ITV. They have refused to acknowledge changes in consumer demand; they have not advertised, nor shifted their grounds to more densely populated areas, and have made no efforts to attract more women to matches. They have cushioned themselves against change at the cost of increasing inefficiency.
How to Sell the Tubes — and Why
Authors: RAMSEY JAMES
Published: May 2006

John Hibbs described in the last JEA the dangers awaiting London's transport system if it were exposed to further political manipulation. From his analysis of the transport difficulties besetting New York, James Ramsey outlines the measures by which Tom King. Transport Secretary, can use privatisation to help whatever transport administration survives the dismemberment of the GLC.
Encouraging Enterprise—The Belgian Experience
Authors: VAN NOTTEN MICHAEL
Published: May 2006

Nigel Lawson will meet with failure in adopting Sir Geoffrey Howe's plans for enterprise zones in Britain unless he learns from the mistakes of the Belgian E‐Zones. Michael van Notten, who was instrumental in the implementation of the Belgian plan, outlines the political obstacles raised in the path of the E‐Zones by empire‐building bureaucrats.
Incentives for Discovery
Authors: Kirzner Israel M.
Published: May 2006

Three more of cur academic advisers, Professors Kirzner, Minford and Tullock, write short notes on‘a development’in economics that is contributing to improvement in the human condition.
Local Government Imperialism
Authors: Seldon Arthur
Published: May 2006

Local government has attracted increasing criticism in recent years. It has been investigated by committees of enquiry. Central government has tried, but failed, to control its expenditures. Its trade unions can disrupt everyday life by strikes. What is wrong? This Open Letter diagnoses the crucial cause as the failure to subject local services to the measurement and discipline of price.
Coal: For Miners or Consumers?
Authors: Marshall Eileen , Robinson Colin
Published: May 2006

Nationalisation promised to run the coal industry efficiently in the public interest. But nationalisation is politicisation. The consumer is replaced by party politics. Despite surplus stocks, the National Union of Mineworkers under Arthur Scargill resists concentration on the most efficient pits. The industry has become an engine not for coal production but for Job preservation.
Playing Hide‐and‐Seek with Taxes
Authors: Christopher Anthony
Published: May 2006

Small business is in the news. Should it be treated differently from big business? Anthony Christopher, of the Inland Revenue Staff Federation and TUC General Council, argues that it is under‐taxed; Teresa Gorman of the Alliance of Small Firms, that it is over‐regulated.
Debasement by Degrees
Authors: Marks Jojn
Published: May 2006

In the name of equality there has been a widespread sacrifice of quality, not least in education. Dr Marks, a polytechnic lecturer in physics, assesses the damage to academic standards in the emergint practice of overassisting candidates by the Council for National Academic Awards and, in particular, the Polytechnic of North London.
Taxi Sharing: Belfast leads London
Authors: Barrett Sean , McLoughlin Declan
Published: May 2006

Nicholas Ridley, Secretary of State for Transport, is loosening the market by deregulating road transport. He could intensify competition to ‘public’ bus services by relaxing the regulation of taxis, as two Irish economists demonstrate from the example of Northern Ireland.
The British Wine Drinker and US Regulation
Authors: Gay David , Hutchinson Ralph , Waters Alan Rufus
Published: May 2006

Government regulators of a wide range of products often act in ignorance of its effects, good or bad. Three American economists assess the consequences of US federal regulation of the wine industry and point to the restriction of choice this has imposed on the British wine drinker.
Towards Economic Literacy
Authors: Hodkinson Steve , Thomas Linda
Published: May 2006

Following Fred Hankins's initial article on the approach to economics teaching in schools, two educational specialists involved in the 14—16 Project for school economics curricula, outline their approach to the fostering of economic literacy.
Make Governments Compete for People
Authors: van Notten Michael
Published: May 2006

The EEC is under severe criticism for failing lo live up to its early promise as the means to liberalise the European economy. Belgian economist Michael van Notten, a former official in Brussels, analyses the causes of bureaucratisation and proposes a means of liberalising the Community by making ifs governments compete for citizens and industry. He visualises the EEC as a European Hong Kong.
Keynes was a Monetarist
Authors: Levaic Rosalind
Published: May 2006

Rosalind Levaic of the Open University argues that Keynes has been misinterpreted by the Cambridge Marxist‐Keynesians and that standard textbooks (Samuelson, Lipsey and others) have misled students and non‐economists by failing to emphasise that Keynes accepted the classical view that a reduction in unemployment required a fall in real wages. She therefore questions conventional demand management, macro‐economic ‘models’, and other elements in current economic teaching.
USSR in Crisis
Authors: Plaut Steven E
Published: May 2006

Dr Plaut assesses the weaknesses in the Soviet economy as revealed by economist, Marshall Goldman, recent lecturer in China on the USSR.
Agricultural Prices and Markets ‐ the Domino Effect
Authors: Blight Catherine
Published: May 2006

The Common Agricultural Policy of the EEC is under increasing fire. Dr Blight applies ‘Austrian’ economic analysis to show that regulation of agriculture serves neither the efficient farmer nor the consumer.
Austrian Challenge to Orthodoxy
Authors: Barry Norman
Published: May 2006

The demise of Keynesianism leaves a void in economic thinking that is being filled not only by the Chicago monetarists but also by the lesser known ‘Austrian school’ of market liberalism, of which F. A. Hayek (right) is the leading living exponent. Norman Barry of the (private) University of Buckingham shows how it supplies new and radical solutions to unsolved problems of economic policy.
Scoffing at Liberty?
Authors: Anderson Digby
Published: May 2006

What is the authority of the ‘expert’? Dr Anderson contrasts his proper function in disseminating information about diets with his improper aspiration to the power to prohibit ‘undesirable’ eating.
High Unemployment is Not Permanent
Authors: Minford Patrick
Published: May 2006

People in industry and government who should know better are hounded by the fear that intensified mechanisation by computer, micro‐chip and other advanced technologies will ‘destroy’ jobs. ‘Where will the new jobs come from?’, they ask mechanically. Professor Patrick Minford retorts that their fears are largely groundless because their reasoning is superficial. The long‐term outlook for employment could be bright if government helped rather than hindered fluidity in the labour market.
Abolish the Mortgage Subsidy
Authors: Taylor Tom
Published: May 2006

Ian Gow, Minister of Housing, is faced with a market massively distorted by subsidies and controls imposed at the whim of earlier politicians. Mortgage subsidies, coupled with rent controls, have virtually abolished the rented sector, and have encouraged (at the taxpayer's expense) owner‐occupancy among groups which would probably have preferred to rent. Tom Taylor, of the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology, argues that the current system reduces choice in housing and that the mortgage subsidy should be abolished, replaced for the less well‐off by a housing voucher.
Profitability and Investment: Anglo‐German Comparisons
Authors: Hallett Graham
Published: May 2006

Why is Germany so much more successful a producer‐nation than the UK? Dr Graham Hallett, of University Oollege, Cardiff, contrasts Britain's reliance on the inadequate state system of vocational training run by the Youth Training Scheme with West Germany's privately funded investment in training.
Muggers and Other Progressives
Authors: Plaut Steven E
Published: May 2006

Is crime caused by free‐market capitalism? Economist Dr Steven Plaut tilts at Marxist sociologist Professor David Greenberg's ‘crank anthropology’ that passes for social science.
Arts to Follow Political Piper?
Authors: Burton John
Published: May 2006

The arts are almost universally commended for government subsidy because of their supposed dispersed cultural and economic benefits to the community as a whole. John Burton, Research Fellow at the Institute of Economic Affairs, challenges this superstition and demonstrates it is economically unfounded and impossible to establish from the evidence.
Cut the Commonwealth Development Corporation Down ‐ or Out
Authors: Morgan David J
Published: May 2006

The Commonwealth Development Corporation is one among many governmental organisations that have long outlived their creators’ misguided intentions. David Morgan calls upon Sir Geoffrey Howe to axe this white elephant.
In Defence of Gower
Authors: Palamountain Edgar
Published: May 2006

Len Ross's condemnation of the Gower Report that it was too protective of suppliers of financial services is questioned by Edgar Palamountain on the ground that freedom of entry by new competitors can be excessive, leading to decline in standards and avoidable confusion for the consumer. Len Ross defends his argument.
Wage Fixing Loses 230,000 Youth Jobs
Authors: Siebert Stanley
Published: May 2006

The Government has announced its intention to modify, perhaps even abolish, the Wages Councils which help determine minimum pay for the under‐20s, and a Department of Employment Consultative Paper has called for views on the potential for improvement in the labour market. Stanley Siebert of the University of Birmingham presents evidence that the Youth Wages Councils combine with union restrictive practices to throw around 230,000 teenagers on the dole.
No Monopoly for Trust‐Busters
Authors: Senior Ian
Published: May 2006

Why should we expect the Monopolies and Mergers Commission to be more efficient than any other government department? Ian Senior of the Economists Advisory Group finds the MMC is itself guilty of monopolistic tendencies, with predictable accompanying inefficiencies.
Ford in U.K. Car‐tel?
Authors: Genn‐Bash Angela , Burke Terry , Haines Brian , Killick Geoffrey
Published: May 2006

The British car industry has long been suspected of provoking higher prices by restricting the importation of cheaper models. Four oconomists at the Poiytechnic of Central London arguo for the revision of UK design copyright laws to increase competition.
Must Capitalism Yield to Socialism?
Authors: Kirzner Israel M
Published: May 2006

Why did a brilliant economist who favoured capitalism argue that it would be replaced by socialism because of its very success? Professor Kirzner, an authority on Austrian economics, rejects the capitalism‐is‐doomed hypothesis of the Austrian Joseph Schumpeter, author of Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.
The Miners’ Strike: Economics or Politics?
Authors: Green David
Published: May 2006

Was the Scargill‐MacGregor confrontation an episode in collective bargaining or a clash between economic and political interest groups? Dr Green, a political scientist and a former Labour councillor, argues that the NUM President's motivation lay deeper in the attempt to use the Union for a political attack on ‘capitalism’ by exploiting the ‘liberal ethic’.
‘Social Partnership’ not for Export
Authors: Thum Max
Published: May 2006

Sweden was once held up as a model welfare state for Britain to emulate. But Swedes are having doubts. Lately Austria has been offered as a model for the achievement of low unemployment and little inflation through wage regulation by incomes policy. An Austrian and a British observer appraise the argument with differing degrees of scepticism.
The CAP is Destroying the EEC
Authors: Engels Wolfram , Gutowski Armin , Hamm Walter , Möschel Wernhard , Stützel Wolfgang , von Welzsäcker Carl Christian , Willgerodt Hans
Published: May 2006

The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community threatens to pull Europe apart. Seven eminent German economists, the Kronberger Kreis, demonstrate the political and economic tailings of the CAP. They argue in this short version prepared by Dr klaus Peter Krause of a book to be published in German that without radical reform the CAP will continue to generate massive wastage, subvent the efforts of farmers throughout the Community, provoke widespread political tension both inside and outside the Community, and force unnecessarily high prices on consumers. Two British commentators examine the importance of the Kronberger Kreis Supplement for the agricultural markets in Europe and the Third World.
Outer Space: New Market Frontier
Authors: Sandler Todd , Schulze William
Published: May 2006

The world's governments look set to commit the same fundamental economic errors to obstruct the development of natural resources outside the earth's atmosphere as have hampered the exploitation of the earth's seabed. Professor Sandler and Schulze of the Universities of Colorado and Wyoming, argue that, without the establishment of property rights in slots in the earth's orbit, in the electro‐magnetic spectrum, and other outer space resources to allow private development, mankind may forego many of their benefits.
Political Abuse of Regulation
Authors: Blight Catherine Montgomery
Published: May 2006

Economists who have proposed government regulation to solve ‘market failure’ are guilty of short‐sightedness, since regulations are captured by interest groups to maintain monopoly and exclude competition, Catherine Blight (right), a Scottish economist and lawyer, examines the effectiveness of free markets and dynamic legal systems to break down monopolies, and calls for a policy of anti‐regulation.
‘Need’: A Sociological Myth
Authors: Cummins Alex
Published: May 2006

Welfare economists have long been bamboozled by cries of ‘need’ from social workers and employees of local government ‘services’ Alex Cummins, Senior Lecturer in Social Policy, New College, Durham, reveals how the subjective term ‘need’ has been misused by politically motivated professionals to lasso increased government expenditure intended to help the under‐privileged
Buses in the Market
Authors: Gibbs John
Published: May 2006

Keynes wrote in 1936 that ‘Practical men, who behove themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usualy the slaves of some defunct economist’. John Hibbs, still happily far from being defunct, assesses the extent to which ideas can shape public policy if their advocates are prepared to withstand the opposition of vested inteiests who stand to lose from change.
Adam Smith in the School Classroom
Authors: Harding Simon
Published: May 2006

‘Schools and the Economy’ usually examines the role of teaching economics in schools to stimulate economic awareness in pupils, Simon Harding, Head of Economics at Westminster School, turns the argument around, to reveal how markets operating inside schools would improve efficiency, increase consumer choice, weed out incompetence, and. encourage diversity.
State Spending out of Control?
Authors: Levac̆ić Rosalind
Published: May 2006

Despite denials by the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, economists are beginning to wonder whether the Government has abandoned its commitment to contain state expenditure. Rosalind Levacic (right), of the Open University, examines the resistance of the bureaucracy to political attempts to restrict its growth.
Famine in Africa: The Real Cause
Authors: Ayittey George
Published: May 2006

The widespread starvation in Africa has been largely blamed on enduring drought, but Ghanaian George Ayittey (right), Professor of Economics at Bloomsburg State College, reveals how Africa's food problems have been created government interference with the agricultural meyhods that have fed her for centuries.457
American Health Care: the Re‐awakening of Competition
Authors: Green David G.
Published: May 2006

The market for health care in America is constantly used as an Aunt Sally by British health economists. But, Dr David Green (above), a political scientist and welfare economist at the IEA, reveals why the American system is hardly a free market and why it has misled debate in the UK.