bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjustment to Radiative Forcing in a Simple Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model
Authors: Miller R. L.
Published: November 2011

This study calculates the adjustment to radiative forcing in a simple model of a mixed layer ocean coupled to the overlying atmosphere. One application of the model is to calculate how dust aerosols perturb the temperature of the atmosphere and ocean, which in turn influence tropical cyclone development. Forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is the primary control upon both the atmospheric and ocean temperature anomalies, both at equilibrium and during most of the adjustment to the forcing. Ocean temperature is directly influenced by forcing only at the surface, but is indirectly related to forcing at TOA due to heat exchange with the atmosphere. Within a few days of the forcing onset, the atmospheric temperature adjusts to heating within the aerosol layer, reducing the net transfer of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere. For realistic levels of aerosol radiative forcing, the perturbed net surface heating strongly opposes forcing at the surface. This means that surface forcing dominates the ocean response only within the first few days following a dust outbreak, before the atmosphere has responded. This suggests that, to calculate the effect of dust upon the ocean temperature, the atmospheric adjustment must be taken into account explicitly and forcing at TOA must be considered in addition to the surface forcing. The importance of TOA forcing should be investigated in a model where vertical and lateral mixing of heat are calculated with fewer assumptions than in the simple model presented here. Nonetheless, the fundamental influence of TOA forcing appears to be only weakly sensitive to the model assumptions.
Eddy-Driven Recirculations from a Localized Transient Forcing
Authors: Waterman Stephanie , Jayne Steven R.
Published: November 2011

The generation of time-mean recirculation gyres from the nonlinear rectification of an oscillatory, spatially localized vorticity forcing is examined analytically and numerically. Insights into the rectification mechanism are presented and the influence of the variations of forcing parameters, stratification, and mean background flow are explored. This exploration shows that the efficiency of the rectification depends on the properties of the energy radiation from the forcing, which in turn depends on the waves that participate in the rectification process. The particular waves are selected by the relation of the forcing parameters to the available free Rossby wave spectrum. An enhanced response is achieved if the parameters are such to select meridionally propagating waves, and a resonant response results if the forcing selects the Rossby wave with zero zonal group velocity and maximum meridional group velocity, which is optimal for producing rectified flows. Although formulated in a weakly nonlinear wave limit, simulations in a more realistic turbulent system suggest that this understanding of the mechanism remains useful in a strongly nonlinear regime with consideration of mean flow effects and wave–mean flow interaction now needing to be taken into account. The problem presented here is idealized but has general application in the understanding of eddy–eddy and eddy–mean flow interactions as the contrasting limit to that of spatially broad (basinwide) forcing and is relevant given that many sources of oceanic eddies are localized in space.
“I Need Help!” Social Class and Children’s Help-Seeking in Elementary School
Authors: Calarco Jessica McCrory
Published: November 2011

What role do children play in education and stratification? Are they merely passive recipients of unequal opportunities that schools and parents create for them? Or do they actively shape their own opportunities? Through a longitudinal, ethnographic study of one socioeconomically diverse, public elementary school, I show that children’s social-class backgrounds affect when and how they seek help in the classroom. Compared to their working-class peers, middle-class children request more help from teachers and do so using different strategies. Rather than wait for assistance, they call out or approach teachers directly, even interrupting to make requests. In doing so, middle-class children receive more help from teachers, spend less time waiting, and are better able to complete assignments. By demonstrating these skills and strategies, middle-class children create their own advantages and contribute to inequalities in the classroom. These findings have implications for theories of cultural capital, stratification, and social reproduction.
Tree-structure Based Ontology Integration
Authors: Xie Jie , Liu Fei , Guan Sheng-Uei
Published: November 2011

This paper defines a framework for ontology integration – Tree-structure Based Ontology Integration (TSBOI). Unlike other methodologies in the area, which mainly concentrate on attribute comparison, this methodology is designed to map objects of an ontology to a tree structure, restructure the tree, and rely on the tree structure to integrate ontologies through attribute comparison. The new methodology utilizes accurate matching and partial matching to group the matched objects to enhance the mapping accuracy. Once the tree structure is established, it can be reused to answer different queries. This significantly enhances its efficiency.
The role of leadership in developing and sustaining teachers' professional learning
Authors: King Fiona
Published: November 2011

A prominent feature of education discourse relating to teachers' practice has been the call for increased emphasis on professional development (PD). This paper is part of a wider project which explored the impact of a collaborative PD initiative on teachers' teaching and learning in five urban disadvantaged schools in Ireland. It focused on the impact of PD and critically on sustainability from which emerged important issues of leadership. This article focuses on the specific contribution that leadership made to the sustainability of the practices in the schools. It aims to identify three key features of how principals contribute to sustaining PD practices.
I am more than just a TA!
Authors: Emira Mahmoud
Published: November 2011

This article is based on the findings of a funded research project. It examines the perspectives of teaching assistants (TAs) and higher-level teaching assistants (HLTAs) on their responsibilities and their views on leadership and management to see how they might have a role in leadership and management. The sample ( N = 58) was drawn from schools in the English Midlands. The research followed a sequential mixed method approach which involved a survey and follow-up semi-structured interviews respectively. No major differences were found between the views of TAs and HLTAs. They believed leadership is centred on the support they get from their workplace/colleagues and their engagement in decision-making. They have a preference for the collaborative form of leadership. Although the findings show how TAs and HLTAs perceive leadership and management, which might illuminate some ideas about engaging them in this process, schools have to decide how to meet their own needs.
Improving the nutritional value of the food served and the dining experience in a primary school
Authors: Duncan Sue
Published: November 2011

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that it is possible to make major changes in a primary school with limited investment. I wish to present the methods used in this process which enabled me to examine the existing catering, to identify, investigate and research the problems, to explore the literature available and to synthesise my results with authors in the area of my research. I wish to share my findings so that others may also benefit. The paper will contain a rigorous review of the literature on the Action Research methodology, the historical context of the school meal and the current national debate on the quality of school meals.
Teacher self-efficacy and classroom management styles in Jordanian schools
Authors: Abu-Tineh Abdullah M. , Khasawneh Samar A. , Khalaileh Huda A.
Published: November 2011

Two main purposes guided this study. The first was to identify the degree to which Jordanian teachers practise classroom management styles in their classrooms and their level of teacher self-efficacy. The second purpose was to explore the relationships between classroom management styles and teacher self-efficacy. This study is quantitative in nature and was conducted using a survey design. A variety of statistical techniques were utilised in this research. The Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r), means and standard deviations were used as the main statistical techniques. Findings of this study revealed that Jordanian teachers practise the instructional classroom management style more than the other management styles: behaviour management and people management. However, people management was rated the style least practised by Jordanian teachers. Further, Jordanian teachers who participated in this study perceived themselves to have a higher level of personal teacher efficacy compared to general teacher efficacy. Finally, personal teacher efficacy has the highest and significant relationship with each of the classroom management styles and classroom management styles overall. However, general teacher efficacy was found to be correlated insignificantly with each of the classroom management styles and classroom management styles overall.
Immunizing Against Prejudice
Authors: Huang Julie Y. , Sedlovskaya Alexandra , Ackerman Joshua M. , Bargh John A.
Published: November 2011

Contemporary interpersonal biases are partially derived from psychological mechanisms that evolved to protect people against the threat of contagious disease. This behavioral immune system effectively promotes disease avoidance but also results in an overgeneralized prejudice toward people who are not legitimate carriers of disease. In three studies, we tested whether experiences with two modern forms of disease protection (vaccination and hand washing) attenuate the relationship between concerns about disease and prejudice against out-groups. Study 1 demonstrated that when threatened with disease, vaccinated participants exhibited less prejudice toward immigrants than unvaccinated participants did. In Study 2, we found that framing vaccination messages in terms of immunity eliminated the relationship between chronic germ aversion and prejudice. In Study 3, we directly manipulated participants’ protection from disease by having some participants wash their hands and found that this intervention significantly influenced participants’ perceptions of out-group members. Our research suggests that public-health interventions can benefit society in areas beyond immediate health-related domains by informing novel, modern remedies for prejudice.
Symptom Prevalence in the Last days of Life in Germany
Authors: Pinzón Luis Carlos Escobar , Claus Matthias , Zepf Kirsten Isabel , Fischbeck Sabine , Weber Martin
Published: November 2011

Investigations have shown that symptom prevalence varies according to the place of death. We sought to assess the symptom prevalence of chronically ill people in Germany and how this prevalence differs depending on the place of death. We sent questionnaires to 5000 bereaved people in Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany), whose relatives died between  May 25 and  August 24, 2008. In all, 3832 questionnaires were delivered and 1378 completed (response 36.0%). Most decedents had moderate-to-severe weakness (94.5%), fatigue (93.5%), need for help in daily activities (87.9%), and appetite loss (87.4%). Pain and dyspnea were most severe in hospitals; fatigue, confusion/disorientation, and problems with wound care in nursing homes; and need for help in daily activities and overburden of family at home. Associations persisted after adjusting for potential confounders.
Validity of the Student Risk Screening Scale
Authors: Menzies Holly M. , Lane Kathleen Lynne
Published: November 2011

In this study the authors examined the psychometric properties of the Student Risk Screening Scale (SRSS), including predictive validity in terms of student outcomes in behavioral and academic domains. The school, a diverse, suburban school in Southern California, administered the SRSS at three time points as part of regular school practices during one academic year to (a) monitor the overall level of risk evident in the building and (b) identify students at risk for antisocial behavior who might benefit from secondary (Tier 2) supports. Results suggest strong internal consistency (.85–.87) and test–retest stability (.69–.79). Results of predictive validity analyses suggest that initial ratings of risk as measured by the SRSS were predictive of teacher ratings of students’ self-control skills and overall proficiency in language arts, with a statistically significant, inverse relationship. Students with higher levels of risk at the onset of the academic year were likely to end the year with lower levels of self-controls skills and lower levels of proficiency in language arts skill. SRSS scores were also predictive of office discipline referral (ODR) rates, with higher risk associated with higher rates of ODRs at year-end. Limitations and future directions are offered.
Special Needs Characteristics of Children With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders That Affect Inclusion in Regular Education
Authors: Stoutjesdijk Regina , Scholte Evert M. , Swaab Hanna
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study is to determine the discriminating special needs characteristics of children with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) that predict restrictiveness of placement in special education. The focus is on dynamic factors instead of static factors. To this end, 235 children with EBD in special schools and 111 children with EBD in regular education were compared in terms of behavioral, emotional, academic, and environmental variables. Measurements used were the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher’s Report Form, information in the children’s assessment reports, and the Dutch Family Home Environment Scale. In a logistic regression analysis, eight variables were found to be relevant predictors for placement in special schools instead of regular education. Relational problems between child and caregiver, academic performance, and the age at which the child received youth care for the first time were identified as the three predictors that could most affect the inclusion of children with EBD in regular education. Implications of these findings for future research and practice are discussed.
The Minimal Access Deep Plane Extended Vertical Facelift
Authors: Jacono Andrew A. , Parikh Sachin S.
Published: November 2011

Background: Modern facelift techniques have benefited from a “repopularization” of shorter incisions, limited skin elevation, and more limited dissection of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and platysma in order to shorten postoperative recovery times and reduce surgical risks for patients.

Objectives: The authors describe their minimal access deep plane extended (MADE) vertical vector facelift, which is a hybrid technique combining the optimal features of the deep plane facelift and the short scar, minimal access cranial suspension (MACS) lift.

Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the case records of 181 patients who underwent facelift procedures performed by the senior author (AAJ) during a two year period between March 2008 and March 2010. Of those patients, 153 underwent facelifting with the MADE vertical technique. With this technique, deep plane dissection releases the zygomatico-cutaneous ligaments, allowing for more significant vertical motion of the midface and jawline during suspension. Extended platysmal dissection was utilized with a lateral platysmal myotomy, which is not traditionally included in a deep plane facelift. The lateral platysmal myotomy allowed for separation of the vertical vector of suspension in the midface and jawline from the superolateral vector of suspension that is required for neck rejuvenation, obviating the need for additional anterior platysmal surgery.

Results: The average age of the patients was 57.8 years. The average length of follow-up was 12.7 months. In 69 consecutive patients from this series, average vertical skin excision measured 3.02 cm on each side of the face at the junction of the pre auricular and temporal hair tuft incision (resulting in a total excision of 6.04 cm of skin). Data from the entire series revealed a revision rate of 3.9%, a hematoma rate of 1.9%, and a temporary facial nerve injury rate of 1.3%.

Conclusions: The common goal of all facelifting procedures is to provide a long-lasting, natural, balanced, rejuvenated aesthetic result with few complications and minimal downtime. The MADE vertical facelift fulfills these criteria and often yields superior results in the midface and neck areas, where many short scar techniques fail. Furthermore, this procedure can be performed under local anesthesia, which is a benefit to both patients and surgeons.
Special Educators’ Perspectives on the Services and Benefits of Educational Audiologists
Authors: Knickelbein Becky A. , Richburg Cynthia M.
Published: November 2011

A 36-item survey was used to determine whether special educators have access to the services of an audiologist and whether they obtained benefit from the audiologist’s services. Additional goals included gathering information about special educators’ understanding of basic audiological concepts related to a school setting, added job responsibilities brought about by lack of access to an audiologist, and collaboration between these teachers and audiologists. The survey was emailed to special educators identified through online school district directories. A total of 39% of the surveyed special educators had access to an educational/contractual audiologist, with 71% of them believing they received benefit from these services. These benefits included provision of hearing screenings, in-services, and aural (re)habilitation. In all, 73% of the special educators judged their own background understanding of basic audiological information within the “low” range, and most of the special education teachers surveyed did not feel prepared to assist students with hearing aids, FM systems, or cochlear implants. Less than half of the special educators (47%) reported that collaboration between these professionals was strong where available. Special educators consider themselves unprepared to handle the audiological maintenance needs of their students’ equipment and are often unaware of the audiologist’s role, including their availability in schools.
Current Perspectives on Latino Men’s Health
Authors: Gast Julie , Peak Terry
Published: November 2011

Health concerns for Latinos, the largest ethnic minority in the United States, merit attention by policy makers. Given the importance of the Latino population to the economic well-being of the United States, ensuring good health for this group is crucial. Lack of access to health care is the most obvious barrier to maintaining good health for Latinos, but it is not the only important factor. Sociocultural factors, including acculturation, culturally competent health professionals, immigration status, income, and education are also influential to health concerns. Recommendations to decrease health disparities among Latino men include theoretically based health interventions, better integration of research findings, working with local communities, and incorporating Latino masculine values into both health care and health education. Given the importance of the sociocultural factors, the discussion that follows emphasizes these and the interaction of these factors with Latino cultural values.
A parricidal memory: Flanders’ memorial universe as product and producer of Belgian history
Authors: Beyen Marnix
Published: November 2011

This article examines how the Belgian patriotic collective memory in Flanders during the 20th century was supplanted by a Flemish Nationalist counter memory. The article starts with a semiotic analysis of some concrete commemorative practices and discourses surrounding the brothers Van Raemdonck, two Flemish soldiers who died during the First World War and were venerated as Flemish heroes. Next, these cases are situated in some larger themes and tendencies dominating the intellectual construction of Flemish National collective memory during the 19th and 20th centuries. Finally, the success of these themes is related to the broader cultural, social and political context of Belgium. Through this widening perspective, the article shows not only that Flemish National collective memory was construed from within Belgian patriotic memory, but also that it profited from the weaknesses in the construction of the Belgian State to become the dominant ‘memorial universe’.
ABCD2 Score and Large-Artery Atherosclerosis
Authors: Bhatt Archit , Farooq Muhammad U. , Safdar Adnan , Hejabian Siamak , Razak Anmar , Hussain Syed I. , Kassab Mounzer Y. , Majid Arshad
Published: November 2011

Background and Purpose: Extracranial stenosis (ECS) or intracranial stenosis (ICS) are independent risk factors for stroke after transient ischemic attack (TIA). We examined the association of the age, blood pressure, clinical features, duration of symptoms and diabetes (ABCD2) score, a validated risk prediction model for stroke after TIA, and the presence of ICS or ECS. Methods: Vascular imaging and ABCD2 scores were obtained in a retrospective cohort of 77 consecutive patients diagnosed with TIA in a single center emergency department. The association between vascular stenosis and ABCD2 scores and how each related to clinical outcome was examined. Results: In all, 30 (39.2%) TIA patients had 37 stenotic lesions; 15 (40.5%) stenotic lesions were ICS and 22 (59.5%) stenotic lesions were ECS. A total of 7 patients (9.5%) had both ECS and ICS lesions. Patients with ABCD2 > 3 were more likely to have ICS (odds ratio [OR] = 6.25, confidence interval [CI] 1.39-32.44, P = .009) and ECS (OR = 5.25, CI = 1.56-17.66, P = .005). Of the 37 stenotic lesions, 21 (56.7%) were symptomatic; 4 (19.2%) of these had an ABCD2 ≤ 3. At 7 days, there were 4 ischemic strokes, 3 had previously demonstrated symptomatic stenotic lesions, and all had ABCD2 scores > 3. Conclusions: Compared to patients in the low-risk ABCD2 scores, the patients with medium- to high-risk ABCD2 scores are more likely to have symptomatic and asymptomatic vascular stenotic lesions. However, 1 in 5 patients with low-risk ABCD2 score has symptomatic stenotic lesions, indicating ABCD2 score does not identify all patients with symptomatic stenotic lesions.
Ribosomal deficiencies in Diamond-Blackfan anemia impair translation of transcripts essential for differentiation of murine and human erythroblasts
Authors: Horos Rastislav , IJspeert Hanna , Pospisilova Dagmar , Sendtner Regine , Andrieu-Soler Charlotte , Taskesen Erdogan , Nieradka Andrzej , Cmejla Radek , Sendtner Michael , Touw Ivo P. , von Lindern Marieke
Published: November 2011

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is associated with developmental defects and profound anemia. Mutations in genes encoding a ribosomal protein of the small (eg, RPS19) or large (eg, RPL11) ribosomal subunit are found in more than half of these patients. The mutations cause ribosomal haploinsufficiency, which reduces overall translation efficiency of cellular mRNAs. We reduced the expression of Rps19 or Rpl11 in mouse erythroblasts and investigated mRNA polyribosome association, which revealed deregulated translation initiation of specific transcripts. Among these were Bag1, encoding a Hsp70 cochaperone, and Csde1, encoding an RNA-binding protein, and both were expressed at increased levels in erythroblasts. Their translation initiation is cap independent and starts from an internal ribosomal entry site, which appeared sensitive to knockdown of Rps19 or Rpl11. Mouse embryos lacking Bag1 die at embryonic day 13.5, with reduced erythroid colony forming cells in the fetal liver, and low Bag1 expression impairs erythroid differentiation in vitro. Reduced expression of Csde1 impairs the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid blasts. Protein but not mRNA expression of BAG1 and CSDE1 was reduced in erythroblasts cultured from DBA patients. Our data suggest that impaired internal ribosomal entry site–mediated translation of mRNAs expressed at increased levels in erythroblasts contributes to the erythroid phenotype of DBA.
Neuregulin1/ErbB4-induced migration in ST14A striatal progenitors: calcium-dependent mechanisms and modulation by NMDA receptor activation
Authors: Pregno Giulia , Zamburlin Pollyanna , Gambarotta Giovanna , Farcito Silvia , Licheri Valentina , Fregnan Federica , Perroteau Isabelle , Lovisolo Davide , Bovolin Patrizia
Published: November 2011

Background

A number of studies have separately shown that the neuregulin1 (NRG1)/ErbB4 system and NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in several aspects of neuronal migration. In addition, intracellular calcium fluctuations play central roles in neuronal motility. Stable expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4 promotes migratory activity in the neural progenitor cell line ST14A upon NRG1 stimulation. In this work we analyzed the potential interactions between the NRG1/ErbB4 system and NMDARs in the ST14A migratory process as well as its calcium dependence.

Results

RT-PCR studies have shown that both native ST14A cells (non-expressing ErbB4), as well as ErbB4-transfected cells express low levels of a restricted number of NMDAR subunits: NR1, NR2C, NR2D and NR3B. The resulting NMDAR would form Ca2+ channels characterized by low Mg2+-sensitivity and low Ca2+-permeability, generating small, long-lasting currents. Ca2+-imaging experiments showed slow [Ca2+]i increases in 45% of the cells following 8 μM NMDA stimulation. Basal migration of ErbB4-transfected ST14A cells was unaffected by 18 hrs NMDA incubation. However, over the same incubation time, NMDA was able to significantly enhance NRG1-induced migration. Pre-incubation with the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM reduced both NRG1- and NRG1/NMDA-stimulated migration, suggesting the involvement of Ca2+ in these processes. NRG1 stimulation of ErbB4-transfected ST14A cells induced a sustained, long-lasting increase in [Ca2+]i, in 99% of the cells. These intracellular Ca2+ signals could be ascribed to both release from intracellular stores and influx from the extracellular medium trough a mechanism of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Short-time co-incubation of NMDA and NRG1 did not substantially modify the NRG1-induced intracellular calcium signals.

Conclusions

In summary, NRG1 stimulation of the ErbB4 receptor exerts a sustained [Ca2+]i increase in ST14A neural progenitors; NRG1-induced migration is Ca2+-dependent and can be positively modulated by activation of the NMDA receptor.
DIP/WISH deficiency enhances synaptic function and performance in the Barnes maze
Authors: Asrar Suhail , Kaneko Keiko , Takao Keizo , Negandhi Jaina , Matsui Makoto , Shibasaki Koji , Miyakawa Tsuyoshi , Harrison Robert V , Jia Zhengping , Salter Michael W , Tominaga Makoto , Fukumi-Tominaga Tomoko
Published: November 2011

Background

DIP (diaphanous interacting protein)/WISH (WASP interacting SH3 protein) is a protein involved in cytoskeletal signaling which regulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics and/or microtubules mainly through the activity of Rho-related proteins. Although it is well established that: 1) spine-head volumes change dynamically and reflect the strength of the synapse accompanying long-term functional plasticity of glutamatergic synaptic transmission and 2) actin organization is critically involved in spine formation, the involvement of DIP/WISH in these processes is unknown.

Results

We found that DIP/WISH-deficient hippocampal CA1 neurons exhibit enhanced long-term potentiation via modulation of both pre- and post-synaptic events. Consistent with these electrophysiological findings, DIP/WISH-deficient mice, particularly at a relatively young age, found the escape hole more rapidly in the Barnes maze test.

Conclusions

We conclude that DIP/WISH deletion improves performance in the Barnes maze test in mice probably through increased hippocampal long-term potentiation.
Pivotal Advance: Characterization of mouse liver phagocytic B cells in innate immunity
Authors: Nakashima Masahiro , Kinoshita Manabu , Nakashima Hiroyuki , Habu Yoshiko , Miyazaki Hiromi , Shono Satoshi , Hiroi Sadayuki , Shinomiya Nariyoshi , Nakanishi Kuniaki , Seki Shuhji
Published: November 2011

Although B cells in vertebrates have been thought to lack phagocytic activity, there has been a recent report of such ability by the B cells of early vertebrates such as fish and frogs. Here, we show for the first time that mouse liver IgM+ B cells actively phagocytose microsphere beads and Escherichia coli and that they effectively kill bacterial cells. Such phagocytic activity is not observed in other liver MNCs, except for F4/80+ Kupffer cells. In the presence of fresh mouse serum (but not heat-inactivated serum), the heat-killed E. coli phagocytic activity of liver B cells increased significantly but was inhibited significantly by anticomplement component C3 antibody, suggesting E. coli opsonization by serum factors, including complement components. Upon i.v. injection of FITC-labeled E. coli into mice, a substantial proportion of liver B cells phagocytosed the bacteria, as compared with spleen B cells. Functional phagolysosome formation in liver B cells was supported by several reagents showing an acidic change and lysosomes in the phagocytosed vacuoles. Indeed, mouse liver B cells killed viable E. coli more efficiently than did spleen B cells in vitro. Further, E. coli-phagocytic liver B cells produced a substantial amount of IL-12. These results indicate that liver B cells have phagocytic and bactericidal activities similar to those of dedicated phagocytes and may contribute to bacterial clearance.
Lipid-cytokine-chemokine cascades orchestrate leukocyte recruitment in inflammation
Authors: Sadik Christian D , Luster Andrew D
Published: November 2011

Chemoattractants are pivotal mediators of host defense, orchestrating the recruitment of immune cells into sites of infection and inflammation. Chemoattractants display vast chemical diversity and include bioactive lipids, proteolytic fragments of serum proteins, and chemokines (chemotactic cytokines). All chemoattractants induce chemotaxis by activating seven-transmembrane-spanning GPCRs expressed on immune cells, establishing the concept that all chemoattractants are related in function. However, although chemoattractants have overlapping functions in vitro, recent in vivo data have revealed that they function, in many cases, nonredundantly in vivo. The chemically diverse nature of chemoattractants contributes to the fine control of leukocyte trafficking in vivo, with sequential chemoattractant use guiding immune cell recruitment into inflammatory sites. Lipid mediators frequently function as initiators of leukocyte recruitment, attracting the first immune cells into tissues. These initial responding immune cells produce cytokines locally, which in turn, induce the local release of chemokines. Local chemokine production then markedly amplifies subsequent waves of leukocyte recruitment. These new discoveries establish a paradigm for leukocyte recruitment in inflammation—described as lipid-cytokine-chemokine cascades—as a driving force in the effector phase of immune responses.
Managing an Available-to-Promise Assembly System with Dynamic Short-Term Pseudo-Order Forecast
Authors: Gao Long , Xu Susan H. , Ball Michael O.
Published: November 2011

We study an order promising problem in a multiclass, available-to-promise (ATP) assembly system in the presence of pseudo orders. A pseudo order refers to a tentative customer order whose attributes, such as the likelihood of an actual order, order quantity, and confirmation timing, can change dynamically over time. A unit demand from any class is assembled from one manufactured unit and one inventory unit, where the manufactured unit takes one unit of capacity and needs a single period to produce. An accepted order must be filled before a positive delivery lead time. The underlying order acceptance decisions involve trade-offs between committing resources (production capacity and component inventory) to low-reward firm orders and reserving resources for high-reward orders. We develop a Markov chain model that captures the key characteristics of pseudo orders, including demand lumpiness, nonstationarity, and volatility. We then formulate a stochastic dynamic program for the ATP assembly system that embeds the Markov chain model as a short-term forecast for pseudo orders. We show that the optimal order acceptance policy is characterized by class prioritization, resource-imbalance-based rationing, and capacity-inventory-demand matching. In particular, the rationing level for each class is determined by a critical value that depends on the resource imbalance level, defined as the net difference between the production capacity and component inventory levels. Extensive numerical tests underscore the importance of the key properties of the optimal policy and provide operational and managerial insights on the value of the short-term demand forecast and the robustness of the optimal policy.

This paper was accepted by Martin Lariviere, operations management.
Political culture and the mediascape: A British case study
Authors: Corner John , Richardson Kay , Parry Katy
Published: November 2011

This article seeks to contribute to the emerging literature on the mediation of politics in the wider sphere of civic and popular culture. By focusing on one particular country, the United Kingdom, and on a specific audit period, February 2010, we present some preliminary findings from
a larger project assessing contemporary mediations of politics and the political across a diverse range of genres within print, broadcast and online media. Our findings are derived from three complementary studies, one focusing on the variety of generic forms through which the story of ‘MPs
expenses’ was mediated; one focusing on a reality-style series, Tower Block of Commons, and the range of ways that it sought to engage the political imagination of its audience; and a final study addressing the place of emotions in political life. Substantively, the findings point towards
a desire for a new moral order for British politics, including a new kind of politician. Theoretically, the article validates the proposition that there is much more to political mediation than the dominant focus on political journalism can satisfactorily encompass.
REVIEW
Authors: Sierra Wendi A
Published: November 2011

INTERACTION, AUTHORSHIP AND IMMERSION: HEAVY RAIN AND BUZZWORDS Heavy Rain, Quantic Dream (2010), Paris: Quantic Dream, $79.99 (USD)
Transporters in cholelithiasis
Authors: Stokes Caroline S. , Lammert Frank
Published: November 2011

Gallstones are a common and costly disease with a projected increase in prevalence due to the increasing ageing population. Numerous endogenous and environmental factors are aetiologically related to this multifactorial disease, and genetic studies continue to unravel the pathobiological mechanisms related to gallstone formation. In particular, variants of genes encoding hepatobiliary transporters have been implicated in gallstone disease and, given their ability to influence biliary lipid composition, have undergone considerable investigation. Here we summarize the role of enterohepatic transporters in cholelithogenesis with a particular focus on pertinent ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCB4, ABCB11, ABCC7, and ABCG5/G8).
Variabilidade interdecadal na série secular de temperatura do ar em Santa Maria, RS
Authors: Streck Nereu Augusto , Gabriel Luana Fernandes , Buriol Galileo Adeli , Heldwein Arno Bernardo , Paula Gizelli Moiano de
Published: November 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar possíveis associações entre a variabilidade interdecadal das temperaturas mínima (Tmín) e máxima (Tmáx) diárias do ar e da amplitude térmica diária (ATD) em Santa Maria, RS, com a Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (ODP). Foram usados os valores diários de Tmín e Tmáx de janeiro de 1912 a dezembro de 2009, e os valores mensais do índice da ODP do mesmo período. Há associação entre a variabilidade interdecadal da Tmín e Tmáx e da ATD com a ODP nesse local. Na fase fria da ODP, de 1947-1976, houve decréscimo nas Tmín e Tmáx. Nas duas fases quentes da ODP, 1925-1946 e de 1977-1998, houve aumento na Tmín no primeiro período e na Tmáx no segundo período. Durante a fase fria da ODP, de 1947-1976, houve redução da ATD, pela diminuição da Tmáx média e máxima. Houve aumento na ATD, no primeiro semestre na fase fria atual (1999-2009), em razão da diminuição na média da Tmín. Esses ciclos de aquecimento e resfriamento, na escala decadal, podem nortear estratégias de adaptação e mitigação na agricultura, por meio do melhoramento genético e desenvolvimento de cultivares tolerantes a tais oscilações de temperatura.
Precisão experimental de ensaios de feijão analisada pelo método de Papadakis
Authors: Storck Lindolfo , Ribeiro Nerinéia Dalfollo , Cargnelutti Filho Alberto
Published: November 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o uso do método de Papadakis na análise dos resultados dos ensaios de competição de cultivares de feijão modifica os pressupostos do modelo matemático e as medidas de precisão experimental. Foram utilizados dados de produtividade de grãos de feijão de 26 ensaios de competição de cultivares, conduzidos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Para cada ensaio, sem e com uso do método de Papadakis, foram realizados verificação dos pressupostos, análise de variância e testes de hipóteses, e calculadas as estatísticas para identificação da precisão experimental. Os pressupostos não foram violados por nenhum dos métodos de análise (sem e com Papadakis). O índice de diferenciação de Fasoulas aumentou de 5,9 para 13,9, e a acurácia seletiva de 0,82 para 0,89, com uso do método de Papadakis. Esse método permitiu que se obtivesse 80% de precisão na identificação de cultivares de feijão superiores quanto à produtividade de grãos com uso de apenas quatro repetições; enquanto que, na análise sem uso de Papadakis, foram necessárias sete repetições para manter a precisão de 80%. O método de Papadakis melhora os índices das medidas de precisão experimental e reduz o número de repetições necessário para a predição do desempenho de cultivares de feijão, em termos de produtividade de grãos.
Poliploidização em ápices caulinares de bananeira e seus efeitos morfofisiológicos in vitro
Authors: Costa Frederico Henrique da Silva , Pasqual Moacir , Silva Sebastião de Oliveira e , Silva Neto Honorato Pereira da , Amorim Edson Perito , Santos-Serejo Janay Almeida dos
Published: November 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas morfofisiológicas de ápices caulinares de diploides de Musa acuminata submetidos à poliploidização in vitro. Foram avaliados os antimitóticos colchicina (0, 1,25, 2,5, 3,75 e 5 mmol L-1) e orizalina (0, 15, 22,5 e 30 µmol L-1), e dois tempos de poliploidização: 24 e 48 horas para colchicina, e 3 e 7 dias para orizalina. A aplicação de colchicina reduziu significativamente a sobrevivência e o número médio de brotos dos ápices. A orizalina teve um leve efeito negativo na sobrevivência dos ápices caulinares e influenciou positivamente o número médio de brotos por explante. Observou-se alta mortalidade e níveis acentuados de oxidação dos explantes primários tratados e regenerados, com ambos os antimitóticos. No entanto, a capacidade morfogenética dos explantes foi restabelecida após sucessivos subcultivos em meio fresco, e as brotações produzidas foram alongadas/enraizadas e aclimatizadas com sucesso. O uso de colchicina, nas concentrações de 1,25 e 3,75 mmol L-1, e de orizalina representam abordagens viáveis e práticas para programas de melhoramento da bananeira. Os efeitos morfofisiológicos observados in vitro são importantes para definir estratégias de indução de poliploidia em bananeira.
Estratificação ambiental pela análise da interação genótipo x ambiente em milho
Authors: Ribeiro Juliana Zanetti , Almeida Marina Isabel Mateus de
Published: November 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a estratificação de ambientes de cultivo de milho nos Estados do Paraná, Minas Gerais e Bahia, por diferentes métodos, bem como determinar o grau de associação e divergência entre os métodos de estratificação. Foram avaliados quatro métodos: o tradicional de Lin; o de dissimilaridade ambiental; o de decomposição da interação genótipo x ambiente (GxA) em partes simples e complexa; e o de análise de fatores. Esses métodos foram aplicados a 48 híbridos experimentais de milho, avaliados em 11 ambientes de cultivo nos três Estados, divididos em dois conjuntos de experimentos. Além dos híbridos, foram avaliadas seis cultivares comerciais, utilizadas como testemunhas, comuns aos dois conjuntos. Verificou-se a predominância de interação GxA do tipo complexa. A decomposição da interação GxA em partes simples e complexa e a análise de fatores são métodos fortemente associados entre si, mas moderadamente associados aos demais. Além disso, esses métodos são mais rigorosos no processo de estratificação ambiental e ponderam de maneira mais eficiente a magnitude da interação GxA.
Expressão de genes da subfamília HD-Zip I em soja submetida à seca
Authors: Pereira Alan Alves , Morales Aguida Maria Alves Pereira , Borém Aluízio , Loureiro Marcelo Ehlers
Published: November 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar genes candidatos da subfamília de fatores transcricionais HD-Zip I que contribuem para a tolerância à seca em soja. Foram avaliados trifólios de soja de cultivar tolerante (Embrapa 48) e suscetível à seca (BR 16), sob três níveis de deficit hídrico: ausência, moderado (-1,5 MPa) e severo (-3,0 MPa). Pela análise dos promotores, foi identificada a presença de possíveis elementos cis-regulatórios relacionados à resposta à seca, nos três genes avaliados (GmHB6, GmHB13 e GmHB21). No entanto, não houve padrão de distribuição específico associado à maior tolerância do genótipo à seca. Com a análise comparativa, foram identificados seis elementos cis-regulatórios potencialmente envolvidos na indução da expressão gênica sob seca. O gene GmHB13 foi exclusivamente induzido pela seca no genótipo tolerante, e o gene GmHB6 apresentou redução da expressão somente no genótipo suscetível. Já o gene GmHB21, apresentou aumento da expressão em ambos os genótipos. O gene GmHB13 é um importante elemento na regulação do mecanismo de tolerância à seca em soja, na cultivar tolerante Embrapa 48.
Produção de celulases por Aspergillus niger por fermentação em estado sólido
Authors: Rodríguez-Zúñiga Ursula Fabiola , Farinas Cristiane Sanchez , Bertucci Neto Victor , Couri Sonia , Crestana Silvio
Published: November 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção enzimática de celulases pelo fungo filamentoso Aspergillus niger por fermentação em estado sólido de diferentes substratos. Foram avaliados os substratos sólidos bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo e misturas entre os substratos. Em substrato com 90% de bagaço e 10% de farelo de soja, avaliaram-se os efeitos do conteúdo de umidade (60, 70 e 80%, base úmida) e da suplementação com os meios indutores da atividade enzimática: sacarose, Mandels & Weber básico, Mandels & Weber modificado, com acréscimo de carboximetilcelulose, e Czapeck Dox. As maiores atividades de celulase total e endoglucanase, em farelo de trigo, foram obtidas após 72 horas de cultivo: 0,4 e 21,0 UI g-1, respectivamente. Observou-se expressivo aumento nas atividades enzimáticas na medida em que se aumentou a proporção de farelos no substrato, em comparação à fermentação com bagaço de cana apenas. O conteúdo de umidade de 50% foi insuficiente para conseguir completa hidratação do bagaço de cana, e a umidade ideal varia de acordo com o meio utilizado para suplementação e encontra-se entre 70 e 80%. O meio de Mandels & Weber modificado apresenta o melhor resultado como indutor da atividade enzimática.
Características produtivas de novilhas submetidas à restrição alimentar e dieta suplementada com vitaminas D e E
Authors: Parrili Marina , Matsuhara Sueli Akemi , Arrigoni Mário De Beni , Martins Cyntia Ludovico , Millen Danilo Domingues , Pacheco Rodrigo Dias Lauritano , Sarti Luis Marcelo Nave , Baldin Samira Rodrigues , Parra Fernando Salvador
Published: November 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da restrição alimentar e de dieta de suplementação com vitaminas D e E sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de novilhas Canchim. Vinte e quatro fêmeas, com peso vivo inicial médio de 251,95±18,49 kg, foram distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: alimentação em quantidade restrita e não restrita, com e sem suplementação de vitaminas D e E. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x2, com seis repetições. Os animais com alimentação restrita receberam, por 48 dias, 70% da dieta fornecida ao grupo de alimentação não restrita. Após o período de restrição (peso médio de 300,10 kg), eles voltaram a receber ração à vontade por mais 77 dias, até atingirem peso de abate de 380 kg. As avaliações foram feitas ao final dos períodos de restrição e de realimentação. Não foi observado efeito da restrição alimentar sobre o desempenho animal. Novilhas que não receberam suplementação vitamínica apresentaram maiores índices de fragmentação miofibrilar, luminosidade e mastigabilidade, e menor força de cisalhamento. A restrição alimentar não afeta o desempenho nem as características de carcaça das novilhas Canchim, e a suplementação com vitaminas D e E não melhora a qualidade da carne.
Reprojeto de um dispositivo eletromecânico em uma abordagem de engenharia reversa integrada ao projeto para manufatura e montagem e à prototipagem rápida
Authors: Mello Carlos Henrique Pereira , Toledo Fabrício Oliveira de , Akagi Dóris Akemi , Gorgulho Júnior José Hamilton Chaves , Xavier Amanda Fernandes
Published: November 2011

O tema deste trabalho é o estudo da integração do projeto para manufatura e montagem com a prototipagem rápida, em uma abordagem de engenharia reversa, como ferramenta de suporte ao reprojeto de produtos. A partir de uma fundamentação teórica sobre esses conceitos, o presente trabalho visa analisar a aplicação de um modelo para a utilização integrada do projeto para manufatura com a prototipagem rápida em uma abordagem da engenharia reversa no processo de reprojeto de produtos eletromecânicos e analisar os resultados da aplicação do referido modelo para a redução do tempo de produção/montagem e dos custos de manufatura/montagem no reprojeto desse produto que está, há mais de 30 anos, no mercado. O método de pesquisa empregado foi a pesquisa-ação, uma vez que o pesquisador buscava resolver um problema identificado dentro do objeto de estudo em parceria com a equipe de profissionais da empresa. Os resultados das recomendações para o reprojeto do produto apresentam uma redução no tempo de montagem, do número de processos e de componentes e no custo-meta do produto, propiciando a oportunidade de melhorar a sua competitividade no mercado.
Práticas corporais em Juiz de Fora (1876-1915)
Authors: Cunha Junior Carlos Fernando Ferreira da
Published: November 2011

Até a década de 1920, Juiz de Fora era considerada a principal cidade de Minas Gerais, por sua pujança econômica e por seu desenvolvimento cultural. A cidade está localizada próxima ao Rio de Janeiro e vivenciou um intenso processo de modernização a partir da segunda metade do século XIX. Nosso trabalho analisa o desenvolvimento das práticas corporais em Juiz de Fora (MG), entre 1876 e 1915, através do principal periódico publicado na cidade, o jornal O Pharol. Símbolos da modernidade, as práticas corporais foram desenvolvidas em Juiz de Fora, na perspectiva da educação para a saúde (higiene), bem como na lógica do divertimento e do espetáculo.