bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PFI-3 induces vasorelaxation with potency to reduce extracellular calcium influx in rat mesenteric artery
Authors: Li Jing , Liang Xue-Qi , Cui Yun-Feng , Fu Yu-Yang , Ma Zi-Yue , Cui Ying-Tao , Dong Xian-Hui , Huang Hai-Jun , Tong Ting-Ting , Zhu Ya-Mei , Xue Ya-Dong , Wang Yong-Zhen , Ban Tao , Huo Rong
Published: May 2023

Background

PFI-3 is a small-molecule inhibitor that targets the bromodomains (BRDs) of Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1). This monomeric compound, which has high selectivity and potent cellular effects, has recently been developed. Although PFI-3 has been reported as a potential therapeutic agent targeting thrombomodulin, its role in the regulation of vascular function remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of PFI-3 on arterial vessel tone.

Methods

A microvascular tension measurement device (DMT) was utilized to identify alterations in vascular tension within the mesenteric artery. To detect variations in cytosolic [Ca2+]i, a Fluo-3/AM fluorescent probe and fluorescence microscope were employed. Additionally, whole-cell patch clamp techniques were utilized to evaluate the activity of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells (A10 cells).

Results

PFI-3 exerted a dose-dependent relaxation effect on rat mesenteric arteries with both intact and denuded endothelium after phenylephrine (PE)- and high-K+-induced constriction. PFI-3-induced vasorelaxation was not affected by the presence of L-NAME/ODQ or K+ channel blockers (Gli/TEA). PFI-3 abolished Ca2+-induced contraction on endothelium-denuded mesenteric arteries preincubated by PE in Ca2+-free solution. Incubation with TG had no impact on PFI-3-induced vasorelaxation pre-contracted by PE. PFI-3 reduced Ca2+-induced contraction on endothelium-denuded mesenteric arteries pre-incubated by KCl (60 mM) in Ca2+-free solution. PFI-3 declined extracellular calcium influx in A10 cells detected by Fluo-3/AM fluorescent probe and fluorescence microscope. Furthermore, we observed that PFI-3 decreased the current densities of L-type VDCC by whole-cell patch clamp techniques.

Conclusions

PFI-3 blunted PE and high K+-induced vasoconstriction independent of endothelium on rat mesenteric artery. The vasodilatory effect of PFI-3 may be attributed to its inhibition of VDCCs and receptor-operated calcium channels (ROCCs) on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).
Solid Waste Disposal: A Potential Threat to Aquatic Environment
Authors: Acholonu Chidinma , Bridget E. Diagi , Somtochukwu Nwufo Remigus , Chinonye Ekweogu , Okorondu Justin N. , Uyo Chijioke
Published: May 2023

The disposal of solid waste close to water bodies is becoming a threat to the potability of water and the survival of aquatic organism. This research work was carried out to assess the impact of solid waste disposal on Nwaorie River in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. This was to ascertain the level of some heavy metals and physico-chemical parameters that could affects the quality of the water. Three sampling stations were established along the length of the study area and water from untreated effluent discharged points, 50m upstream, 50m midstream and 50m downstream respectively from the point of discharge. The water sample collected was taken to the Laboratory for analysis. Parameters such as pH, turbidity, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid, Electrical conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Zinc, Arsenic, Iron, Cadmium were measured in situ using a multi-parameter water quality monitor and flame absorption spectrometry. The results obtained revealed the concentration of dissolved Oxygen ranged 6.900-7.400mg/l, Biochemical Oxygen Demand ranged 0.250-0.540mg/l, mean of pH has the highest value of 5.30±0.0 at the downstream, electrical conductivity highest value was 98.00±0.0 at the downstream and temperature was found highest at the upstream with a value of 31.2±0.01 Zinc was less than 0.003mg/l in all sampling points, Iron, zinc and Arsenic were not detected while CaCO3 ranged 13-29mg/l and turbidity was 0.00. When compared the results of the measured parameters with World Health Organization Standard, all the measured parameter fell within the permissible limit. The study therefore concluded that river Nwaorie is slightly impacted by untreated waste deposited within the vicinity of the river, which could have implications for people that depend on the river for domestic uses and also aquatic organism in the river. Measures should therefore, be taken to stop this unhealthy way of waste disposal.
The impact of Two-way Direct Investment on Tax Revenue: An Empirical Analysis Based on Jiangsu Province
Authors: Fangting Fu
Published: May 2023

Two-way direct investment is an important part of the open economic system. The financial   pressure causes local governments to generate internal motivation to absorb more tax revenue. The research on the relationship between them is helpful for us to have a deeper understanding of the local government behavior in the new opening up pattern. This paper uses GMM estimation and panel threshold model to discuss the tax effect of two-way direct investment based on the municipal data of 13 cities in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2020. The results show that: first, increasing two-way direct investment can significantly increase local government tax revenue, and this effect is more significant in the region with higher degree of foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment. Second, with FDI as the threshold variable, the optimization of industrial structure will increase the tax revenue of the whole province and the central and northern regions of Jiangsu while inhibiting the tax revenue of southern Jiangsu. The investment in fixed assets will reduce the tax revenue in northern Jiangsu and help increase the tax revenue in the whole province and southern Jiangsu. Third, when OFDI is the threshold variable, improving economic development level, optimizing industrial structure, increasing fixed asset investment and per capita wage can promote the growth of tax revenue. Therefore, in today's free and open market economy, Jiangsu Provincial government should continue to formulate and improve relevant policies, ctively introduce foreign direct investment and encourage outward foreign direct investment.
Response of Bio-fertilizer and Phosphorus on Yield and Economics of Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. var. kabulium)
Authors: Minz Teresha Akancha , Singh Rajesh , Indu Thakur
Published: May 2023

At the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj, a field experiment was undertaken during the Rabi season 2022. The soil texture of the experimental plot was sandy loam, with a pH of 7.1, low organic carbon (0.28 percent), available N (225 kg/ha), available P (19.50 kg/ha), and available K (213.7 kg/ha). Rhizobium sp (20g/kg seed), PSB (20g/kg seed), and Rhizobium sp + PSB (10g/kg seed + 10g/kg seed) were used as bio-fertilizers, and phosphorus (50 kg P2O5/ha, 60kg P2O5/ha, 70 kg P2O5/ha) were used as fertilizers in 3 levels. The experiment used a Randomized Block Design with ten treatments and was repeated three times. The treatment of Rhizobium sp + PSB (10 g/kg seed + 10 g/kg seed) + Phosphorus (70 kg/ha) resulted in the highest plant height (57.67cm) (Treatment-10) recorded in the study. Number of nodules per plant (47.80), plant dry weight (10.32 g/plant), number of pods per plant (30.17), number of seeds per pod (1.65), seed yield (2975.44 kg/ha) and in treatment-8 [Rhizobium sp. + PSB + Phosphorus (50 kg/ha)] stover yield (4080.63 kg/ha) was recoded maximum, were all determined to be significant. The treatment (T10) with the application of Rhizobium sp + PSB (10g/kg seed + 10g/kg seed) + Phosphorus (70 kg/ha) produced the highest gross returns (157698.10 INR/ha), net returns (118348.64 INR/ha), and B:C ratio (3.01).
Assessment of Physico-chemical Properties of Soil from Different Blocks of Purnea District, Bihar, India
Authors: Kamal Richa , Swaroop Narendra , Thomas Tarence , Mohanta Satya Ranjan
Published: May 2023

The present study was carried out in the Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry lab at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences. The sampling location was Purnea district of Bihar. The objective of the study was to analyze the Physico-chemical properties in soil of Purnea district of Bihar, India. Depth wise soil samples were collected from nine different village of 3 blocks of selected spots at 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm. The total no. of 27 samples were collected from several farmer's fields, and composite sampling was carried out. The results revealed that the texture of the soil is sandy loam. The bulk density ranged from 0.95 to 1.29 (Avg. 1.12) Mg m-3, particle density from 2.22 to 2.34 (Avg. 2.28) Mg m-3, pore space from 43.19 to 48.71 (Avg. 45.95) %, water holding capacity from 38.56 to 46.58 (Avg. 42.57) %. The pH ranged from 6.52 to 6.82 (Avg. 6.68), E.C. ranged from 0.31 to 0.45 (Avg. 0.38) dS m-1. The soil organic carbon ranged from 0.15 to 0.33 (Avg. 0.24) %. Available nitrogen ranged from 162.02 to 255.64 (Avg. 208.83) kg ha-1, available phosphorous ranged from 8.84 to 20.21 (Avg. 14.525) kg ha-1, available potassium ranged from 76.30 to 170.70 (Avg. 123.50) kg ha-1, exchangeable calcium ranged from 3.2 to 4.8 (Avg. 4.00) Meq 100g-1, exchangeable magnesium ranged from 0.60 to 1.00 (Avg. 0.855) Meq 100g-1. The Soil has acceptable BD, PD, pore space, and water holding capacity. As a result of the beneficial electrical conductivity for plants, the pH of the soil is slightly acidic to neutral. Available Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Exchangeable Calcium and Magnesium are low in macronutrients. The results indicated that overall soils were in moderate conditions and farmers required maintaining soil health card, adopting suitable management practices, and providing proper nutrition to the soil to overcome the pollution effect.
Analysis of Prescriptions Dispensed After Death and Associated Medicare Spending Following Reimbursement Policy Changes in Medicare
Authors: Vouri Scott M. , Morris Earl J. , Zhang Yongkang
Published: May 2023

This cohort study examined the association of a prescription drug event edit policy change with prescriptions dispensed after the deaths of beneficiaries and estimated Medicare spending.
Asymmetric Palladium‐Catalyzed Dearomative Intramolecular N‐Alkylation Reaction: Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)‐Spiroquinazoline
Authors: Zhang Rongxing , Wu Zhijie , Yang Shaoqian , Ma Dawei
Published: May 2023

Tricyclic imidazo[1,2‐a]‐indol‐3‐ones have been found in several classes of alkaloids. We report here an asymmetric approach to instal substituted imidazo[1,2‐a]‐indol‐3‐ones, which relied on a Pd/diamidophosphite‐catalyzed intramolecular dearomative allylic substitution of 1,3‐disubstituted indoles derived from 3‐formylindoles and amino acids. Enantioselective total syntheses of (−)‐spiroquinazoline and three related alkaloids were achieved.
An Optoelectronic Synapse Based on Two‐Dimensional Violet Phosphorus Heterostructure
Authors: Liu Xiaoxian , Wang Shuiyuan , Di Ziye , Wu Haoqi , Liu Chunsen , Zhou Peng
Published: May 2023

Neuromorphic computing can efficiently handle data‐intensive tasks and address the redundant interaction required by von Neumann architectures. Synaptic devices are essential components for neuromorphic computation. 2D phosphorene, such as violet phosphorene, show great potential in optoelectronics due to their strong light‐matter interactions, while current research is mainly focused on synthesis and characterization, its application in photoelectric devices is vacant. Here, the authors combined violet phosphorene and molybdenum disulfide to demonstrate an optoelectronic synapse with a light‐to‐dark ratio of 106, benefiting from a significant threshold shift due to charge transfer and trapping in the heterostructure. Remarkable synaptic properties are demonstrated, including a dynamic range (DR) of > 60 dB, 128 (7‐bit) distinguishable conductance states, electro‐optical dependent plasticity, short‐term paired‐pulse facilitation, and long‐term potentiation/depression. Thanks to the excellent DR and multi‐states, high‐precision image classification with accuracies of 95.23% and 79.65% is achieved for the MNIST and complex Fashion‐MNIST datasets, which is close to the ideal device (95.47%, 79.95%). This work opens the way for the use of emerging phosphorene in optoelectronics and provides a new strategy for building synaptic devices for high‐precision neuromorphic computing.
Revisiting the permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) assay assumptions: POXC is lignin sensitive
Authors: Woodings Finnleigh S. , Margenot Andrew J.
Published: May 2023

Permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) is a popular soil health test developed to measure “labile” C via the reduction of permanganate, dependent on several stoichiometric reduction oxidation assumptions. As a proof‐of‐concept experiment to evaluate the interpretation of POXC as “labile” C, we tested 17 compounds ranging in biological lability under standard POXC assay conditions at a fixed C mass (25 mg) in a quartz (2–0.053 mm diameter) matrix. POXC was high for lignin, whereas carbohydrates did not differ from the quartz control. Functional group‐based reactivity partly explained permanganate reduction. These findings indicate that (i) POXC is not a labile C fraction and (ii) corroborate previous concerns that the stoichiometric oxidation–reduction assumptions in the calculation of C oxidation from permanganate reduced are not sound. POXC interpretation should regard POXC as a chemically defined fraction, report in units of moles permanganate reduced per kg soil, and avoid terms such as “labile” and “active.”
Rodlike nanomaterials from organic diradicaloid with high photothermal conversion capability for tumor treatment
Authors: Sun Tingting , Guo Jiaxiang , Wen Hui , Pei Qing , Wu Qihang , Hao Dengyuan , Dou Chuandong , Xie Zhigang
Published: May 2023

Organic diradicaloids with unique open‐shell structures and properties have been widely used in organic electronics and spintronics. However, their advantageous optical properties have been explored less in the biomedical field. In this work, the photothermal conversion behaviors of a boron‐containing organic diradicaloid (BOD) are reported. BOD can assemble with 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine‐poly(ethylene glycol) to form rodlike nanoparticles (BOD NPs). These as‐prepared BOD NPs exhibit high photothermal conversion capability and robust photothermal stability. Notably, they possess morphological superiority, which guarantees the effective photothermal therapy of tumors. This work thus demonstrates the promise of organic diradicaloids as efficient photothermal agents for biomedical applications.
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 2: Aggregating the literature and reporting on the life of a 66‐year‐old man
Authors: Beke Alexander , da Costa Silveira Karina , Athey Taryn , Kannu Peter
Published: May 2023

Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity, leptodactylic type (SEMDJL2), is a rare bone dysplasia that results from hotspot (amino acids148/149) mutations in KIF22. Clinically, affected individuals present with generalized joint laxity, limb malalignment, midface hypoplasia, gracile digits, postnatal short stature, and occasionally, tracheolaryngomalacia; additionally, radiological features include severe epi‐metaphyseal abnormalities and slender metacarpals. This report evaluates the progression of SEMDJL2 throughout the life of the oldest individual reported in the literature—a 66‐year‐old man with a pathogenic KIF22 variant (c.443C > T, p.Pro148Leu). The proband developed many of the clinical and radiological alterations consistent with the presentation of other individuals in the literature. Interestingly, throughout his life, joint limitation progressed, beginning with knee and elbow stricture (year 20), and later, limitation of the shoulders, hips, ankles, and wrists (year 40). This differs from previous case reports, where joint limitation is identified in 1‐to‐2 joints. Cumulatively, the progressive body‐wide joint limitation resulted in early retirement (year 45) and difficulty completing daily tasks and managing personal hygiene culminating in the need for assisted living (year 65). In conclusion, we report on the clinical and radiological developments of a 66‐year‐old man with SEMDJL2, that developed significant joint limitation in adulthood.
Large Enhancements in Optical and Piezoelectric Properties in Ferroelectric Zn1‐xMgxO Thin Films through Engineering Electronic and Ionic Anharmonicities
Authors: Zu Rui , Ryu Gyunghyun , Kelley Kyle P. , Baksa Steven M. , Jacques Leonard C. , Wang Bo , Ferri Kevin , He Jingyang , Chen Long‐Qing , Dabo Ismaila , Trolier‐McKinstry Susan , Maria Jon‐Paul , Gopalan Venkatraman
Published: May 2023

Multifunctionality as a paradigm requires materials exhibiting multiple superior properties. Integrating second‐order optical nonlinearity and large bandgap with piezoelectricity can, for example, enable broadband, strain‐tunable photonics. Though very different phenomena at distinct frequencies, both second‐order optical nonlinearity and piezoelectricity are third‐rank polar tensors present only in acentric crystal structures. However, simultaneously enhancing both phenomena is highly challenging since it involves competing effects with tradeoffs. Recently, a large switchable ferroelectric polarization of ≈80 μC cm−2 was reported in Zn1‐xMgxO films. Here, ferroelectric Zn1‐xMgxO is demonstrated to be a platform that hosts simultaneously a 30% increase in the electronic bandgap, a 50% enhancement in the second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients, and a near 200% improvement in the piezoelectric coefficients over pure ZnO. These enhancements are shown to be due to a 400% increase in the electronic anharmonicity and a ≈200% decrease in the ionic anharmonicity with Mg substitution. Precisely controllable periodic ferroelectric domain gratings are demonstrated down to 800 nm domain width, enabling ultraviolet quasi‐phase‐matched optical harmonic generation as well as domain‐engineered piezoelectric devices.
Effects of chronic sleep restriction on the neuro‐phenotypes of Ctnnd2 knockout mice
Authors: Xu Man , Wang Xiaoya , Wang Luyi , Wang Shali , Deng Jing , Wang Yan , Li Yingbo , Pan Sen , Liao Ailing , Tao Yihao , Tan Shujiang
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Sleep abnormalities are highly correlated with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The severity of behavioral abnormalities is correlated with the presence of sleep abnormalities. Based on previous research, we investigated that Ctnnd2 gene deletion in mice lead to ASD‐like behaviors and cognitive defects. Given the importance of sleep in individuals with ASD, this study aimed to determine the effects of chronic sleep restriction (SR) on wild‐type (WT) mice and on Ctnnd2 deletion‐induced, neurologically related phenotypes in mice.

Method

WT and Ctnnd2 knockout (KO) mice were both subjected to manual SR (5 h per day) for 21 consecutively days separately, then we compared neurologically related phenotypes of WT mice, WT mice subjected to SR, KO mice, and KO mice subjected to SR using a three‐chamber assay, direct social interaction test, open‐field test, Morris water maze, Golgi staining, and Western blotting.

Results

The effects of SR on WT and KO mice were different. After SR, social ability and cognition were impaired in both WT and KO mice. Repetitive behaviors were increased, and exploration abilities were decreased in KO mice but not in WT mice. Moreover, SR reduced the density and area of mushroom‐type dendritic spines in WT rather than KO mice. Finally, the PI3K/Akt‐mTOR pathway was found to be involved in the effects induced by SR‐impaired phenotypes in WT and KO mice.

Conclusion

Overall, results of the present study may have implications for the role of disrupted sleep in patients with CTNND2 gene‐related autism and the evolution of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Swatting incidents, another new concern for campus safety
Authors: Miles David
Published: May 2023

As everyone knows, in April 2023, there were several mass shootings in the United States.
Insight into the Structural Ambiguity of Actinide(IV) Oxalate Sheet Structures: A Case for Alternate Coordination Geometries**
Authors: Sockwell A. Kirstin , Sweet Teagan F. M. , Barth Brodie , Isbill Sara B. , DiBlasi Nicole A. , Szymanowski Jennifer E. S. , Sigmon Ginger E. , Oliver Allen G. , Miskowiec Andrew J. , Burns Peter C. , Hixon Amy E.
Published: May 2023

Plutonium(IV) oxalate hexahydrate (Pu(C2O4)2 ⋅ 6 H2O; PuOx) is an important intermediate in the recovery of plutonium from used nuclear fuel. Its formation by precipitation is well studied, yet its crystal structure remains unknown. Instead, the crystal structure of PuOx is assumed to be isostructural with neptunium(IV) oxalate hexahydrate (Np(C2O4)2 ⋅ 6 H2O; NpOx) and uranium(IV) oxalate hexahydrate (U(C2O4)2 ⋅ 6 H2O; UOx) despite the high degree of unresolved disorder that exists when determining water positions in the crystal structures of the latter two compounds. Such assumptions regarding the isostructural behavior of the actinide elements have been used to predict the structure of PuOx for use in a wide range of studies. Herein, we report the first crystal structures for PuOx and Th(C2O4)2 ⋅ 6 H2O (ThOx). These data, along with new characterization of UOx and NpOx, have resulted in the full determination of the structures and resolution of the disorder around the water molecules. Specifically, we have identified the coordination of two water molecules with each metal center, which necessitates a change in oxalate coordination mode from axial to equatorial that has not been reported in the literature. The results of this work exemplify the need to revisit previous assumptions regarding fundamental actinide chemistry, which are heavily relied upon within the current nuclear field.
Optimizing the synthesis of Ag/γ‐Al2O3 for selective reduction of NOx with C3H6: Experiments and modelling
Authors: Kummari Shivaraj Kumar , Yedala Neha , Selvam Parasuraman , Kaisare Niket S. , Aghalayam Preeti
Published: May 2023

Ag/γ‐Al2O3 is an effective catalyst for the selective reduction of NOx (SCR) using propylene as a reducing agent. The catalyst performance is greatly influenced by the synthesis procedure. Various methods for synthesis of Ag/γ‐Al2O3 are analyzed, and their performance is examined via packed bed reactor experiments in this work. An optimal one‐pot synthesis method, single‐step sol–gel (SSG) synthesis, is explored systematically. The SSG‐synthesized catalyst shows better performance than those prepared via wet impregnation. The influence of synthesis conditions, specifically pH, on the textural and morphological properties of the SSG‐synthesized Ag/γ‐Al2O3, and therefore the activity for hydrocarbon‐based SCR in a packed‐bed reactor, are analyzed using experiments and simulations. The optimized catalyst demonstrates excellent performance (90% NOx conversion) for NOx reduction under nominal operating conditions with a wide activity temperature window (300–600°C). The catalyst shows good time‐on‐stream performance and is effective at higher inlet oxygen concentrations and space velocities. A global kinetic model, which uses synthesis‐pH‐dependent parameters, is proposed, and its ability to predict the activities of these catalysts is validated.
Prognostic role and relationship of thyroid dysfunction and lipid profile in hospitalized heart failure patients
Authors: Zhou Ping , Huang Liyan , Zhai Mei , Huang Yan , Zhuang Xiaofeng , Liu Huihui , Zhang Yuhui , Zhang Jian
Published: May 2023

Background

Thyroid dysfunction might have a negative impact on the prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF) and affect the lipid metabolism. The aim of our study was to investigate the prognostic role of thyroid dysfunction and its relationship with lipid profile in hospitalized HF patients.

Hypothesis

Thyroid dysfunction strongly correlates with prognosis of HF patients and combination with lipid profile improves the prognostic value.

Methods

We performed a single‐center retrospective cohort study including hospitalized HF patients between March 2009 and June 2018.

Results

Among enrolled 3733 patients, low fT3 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.33; 95% CI: 1.15–1.54; p < .001), elevated TSH (HR 1.37; 95% CI 1.15–1.64; p < .001), LT3S (HR 1.39; 95% CI: 1.15–1.68; p < .001), overt hyperthyroidism (HR 1.73; 95%CI: 1.00–2.98; p = .048), subclinical hypothyroidism (HR 1.43; 95%CI: 1.13–1.82; p = .003) and overt hypothyroidism (HR 1.76; 95%CI: 1.33–2.34; p < .001) independently increased the risk of composite endpoint defined as the combination of all‐cause mortality, heart transplantation, or left ventricular assist device requirement. Higher total cholesterol (HR 0.64; 95%CI: 0.49–0.83; p < .001) was still a protective factor in HF patients. When divided into four groups by fT3 and median lipid profiles, comparison of Kaplan–Meier survival curves for various groups showed good risk stratification (p < .001).

Conclusion

LT3S, overt hyperthyroidism, subclinical and overt hypothyroidism were independently associated with poor outcomes in HF. The combination of fT3 and lipid profile improved the prognostic value.
Real‐Time Visualization of Microtubule and Protofilament‐Scale Dynamics in Multi‐Microtubule Arrays by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Wijeratne Sithara S. , Subramanian Radhika
Published: May 2023

Microtubules, polymers of α, β‐tubulin heterodimers, are organized into multi‐microtubule arrays for diverse cellular functions. The dynamic properties of microtubule arrays govern their structural and functional properties. While numerous insights into the biophysical mechanisms underlying microtubule organization have been gleaned from in vitro reconstitution studies, the assays are largely restricted to visualization of single or pairs of microtubules. Thus, the dynamic processes underlying the remodeling of multi‐microtubule arrays remain poorly understood. Recent work shows that Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) enables the visualization of nanoscale dynamics within multi‐microtubule 2D arrays. In this assay, electrostatic interactions permit the non‐specific adsorption of microtubule arrays to mica. AFM imaging in tapping mode, a gentle method of imaging, allows the visualization of microtubules and protofilaments without sample damage. The height information captured by AFM imaging enables the tracking of structural changes in microtubules and protofilaments within multi‐microtubule arrays over time. The experimental data from the method described here reveal previously unseen modes of nanoscale dynamics in microtubule bundles formed by the microtubule‐crosslinking protein PRC1 in the presence of the depolymerase MCAK. The observations demonstrate the potential of AFM imaging in transforming our understanding of the fundamental cellular process by which multi‐microtubule arrays are dynamically assembled and disassembled. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

This article was corrected on 06 June 2023. See the end of the full text for details.

Basic Protocol: Sample preparation and real‐time visualization of microtubule arrays by atomic force microscopy

Alternate Protocol: Protocol for coating surface with poly‐L‐lysine and immobilizing microtubules
Hexacoordinated MIV (M=Ti, Zr, Hf) Tetrachlorido Complexes with Chelating Dithienylethane Based 1,2 Diketone Ligand – π‐Conjugation as Decisive Factor for Axial Chirality Mode
Authors: Schlüter Dirk , Duvinage Daniel , Langer Robert , Vogt Matthias
Published: May 2023

1,2‐bis(2,5‐dimethylthiophen‐3‐yl)ethane‐1,2‐dione (1, DTEthane) reacts with MCl4 metal precursors of group four (M=Ti, Zr, Hf) via coordination of the carbonyl groups. The molecular structure of complex 2–4 were determined in scXRD studies in the solid state and characterized by means of multi‐nuclear and multi‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy in solution. While the resulting titanium complex [TiCl4(DTEthane)] 2 shows a monomeric structure, where 1 binds in a bidentate fashion, complexes with a Zr (3) and Hf (4) center have dimeric scaffolds in which the ligands adopt a bridging mode. Quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory (G16, B97D3/def2‐TZVP) were used to evaluate the general trend of dimer formation (Ti<Zr<Hf). The molecular structures derived from both scXRD and the DFT optimized structures reveal the carbonyl groups in conjugation with the adjacent thiophene substituent. As a result, they are coplanar and rotation about the two C−C axes (C1−C7; C8−C9) is restricted allowing for only one chiral axis along C7−C8. This gains special importance with respect to previously described complexes carrying the closely related 1,2‐endiolato ligand (1,2‐bis(2,5‐dimethylthiophen‐3‐yl)ethene‐1,2‐diolate), in which no coplanarity of the thiophene rings to their neighboring metallacycle was observed allowing for two chiral axes. Noteworthy, further DFT calculations addressing the pathway of racemization found transition states, which are characterized by contrary rotations of both thiophene rings and a loss of conjugation rather than a direct rotation around the axis C7−C8.
What we can learn from the international program for development evaluation training (IPDET)
Authors: Morra Imas Linda , Rist Ray C.
Published: May 2023

The International Program for Development Evaluation Training, IPDET, ran in its first chapter from 2001–2016 in Ottawa, Canada. In 2018, it began its second chapter in Bern, Switzerland and continues today – an almost unheard‐of longevity for a summer short‐term training program. Over its first 16 years, IPDET trained more than 4000 persons in evaluation from more than 80 countries. During the time we report on in this chapter, IPDET consisted of a mix and match basic 2‐week core program in development evaluation and two subsequent weeks of 2‐ and 3‐day workshops for more in‐depth specialized evaluation training. Workshop topics were updated annually to remain current but included, for example, Cost‐Benefit Analytic Tools for Development Evaluation, Logic Models in Evaluation, Sampling Techniques I and II, Monitoring and Evaluating Governance in Africa, and Assessing the Outcomes and Impacts of Complex Programs. IPDET graduates have made many contributions to the field, such as establishing national evaluation associations, establishing and leading monitoring and evaluation units, producing country evaluation plans and national evaluation policies, and advancing evaluation in non‐profits, foundations, and the private sector. This reflective chapter examines IPDET's successes by identifying good practices for short‐term evaluation training programs. We review nine major factors contributing to IPDET's longevity in increasing the availability and diversity of evaluators worldwide and examine research on good training practices for short‐term adult evaluation training. Based on IPDET's experience, we suggest additional good practices for evaluation training programs.
Explicitly integrating interpersonal skills in the evaluation curriculum
Authors: Tovey Tiffany L. S. , Smith Libby , Linnell Dana Jayne , Wisner Deven , Coles Cade
Published: May 2023

Interpersonal skills are an essential element of evaluators’ work, particularly when evaluators aim to affect the understanding and use of evaluation to make changes in the programs and policies we are evaluating. In this chapter, we provide a brief background on interpersonal skills in the evaluation literature, situating these competencies as essential in making evaluators facilitators of change, and highlight evaluation education's lack of explicit training in interpersonal skills. We then share our experiences with a standalone course for evaluators on interpersonal skill development. We conclude with insights into how evaluation educators can integrate activities focused on developing interpersonal skills into their own evaluation courses.
Effect of fibre orientation and thermal exposure on the post‐fire mechanical behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer material
Authors: Aspinall Tim J. , Erskine Emmajane L. , Taylor Derek C. , Hadden Rory M.
Published: May 2023

This study investigates the influence of fibre orientation and heat flux on the post‐fire (residual) load‐bearing properties of carbon fibre‐reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. As a result, a deep insight into the post‐fire load‐bearing response is gained, which is necessary to fully understand and assess the advantages of CFRP laminates containing different fibre orientations for use in load‐bearing structures. Specimens were produced from three CFRP laminates containing different fibre orientations, exposed to varying heat fluxes up to 40  and then loaded in either tension or three‐point bending at ambient room temperature. The study's results have shown that the post‐fire behaviour of CFRP specimens is sensitive to changes in fibre orientation and heat flux. For example, specimens with an anisotropic fibre orientation in tension had the highest tensile load‐bearing capacity, whereas those with bidirectional and multi‐directional fibre orientations demonstrated lower tensile load‐bearing capacities. In bending, however, specimens containing bidirectional and multidirectional fibre orientations had higher load‐bearing capacities than specimens with an anisotropic fibre orientation. Furthermore, the data also shows that exposure to a heat flux reduces the load‐bearing capacity in both the bending and tensile specimens.
A new perspective on the role of the frontoparietal regions in Stroop‐like conflicts
Authors: Oren Noga , Abecasis Donna , Inbar Edna , Glik Amir , Steiner Israel , Shapira‐Lichter Irit
Published: May 2023

Humans are goal‐directed; however, goal‐unrelated information still affects us, but how? The Stroop task is often used to answer this question, relying on conflict (incongruency) between attributes, one targeted by the task and another irrelevant to the task. The frontal regions of the brain are known to play a crucial role in processing such conflict, as they show increased activity when we encounter incongruent stimuli. Notably, the Stroop stimuli also consist of conceptual dimensions, such as semantic or emotional content, that are independent of the attributes that define the conflict. Since the non‐targeted attribute usually refers to the same conceptual dimension as the targeted‐attribute, it is relevant to the task at hand. For example, when naming the emotion of an emotional face superimposed by an emotional word, both the targeted‐attribute and the non‐targeted attribute refer to the conceptual dimension “emotion”. We designed an fMRI paradigm to investigate how conflicts between different conceptual dimensions impact us. Even though the conflict was task‐irrelevant, incongruent stimuli resulted in longer reaction times, indicating a behavioral congruency effect. When examining the neural mechanisms that underlie this effect, we found that the frontal regions exhibited repetition suppression, while the bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS) showed a congruency effect linked to the behavioral effect. Taken together, these findings suggest that individuals are unable to completely ignore task‐irrelevant information, and that the IPS plays a crucial role in processing such information.
The effect of prehypertension and hypertension on the incidence of cardiovascular disease: A population‐based cohort study in Kharameh, a city in the South of Iran
Authors: Moftakhar Leila , Rezaianzadeh Abbas , Seif Mozhgan , Ghoddusi Johari Masoumeh , Hosseini Seyed Vahid , Dehghani Seyed Sina
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim

Prehypertension and hypertension are important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of prehypertension and hypertension on the development of cardiovascular diseases.

Methods

This prospective cohort study was performed on 9442 people aged 40−70 in Kharameh, southern Iran. Individuals were divided into three groups: normal blood pressure (N = 5009), prehypertension (N = 2166), and hypertension (N = 2267). In this study, demographic data, disease histories, behavioral habits, and biological parameters were studied. At first, the incidence density was calculated. Then Firth's Cox regression models were used to investigate the association between prehypertension and hypertension with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.

Results

The incidence density in the three groups of individuals with normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension was 1.33, 2.02, and 3.29 cases per 100,000 person‐days, respectively. The results of multiple Firth's Cox regression by controlling all factors showed that the risk of occurrence of cardiovascular disease in people with prehypertension was 1.33 times (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01−1.73, p = 0.03) and those with hypertension were 1.85 times higher (HR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.38−2.29, p < 0.0001) than the individuals with normal blood.

Conclusion

Prehypertension and hypertension have played an independent role in the risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, early detection of individuals with these factors and control of other risk factors in them can contribute to reducing the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases.
Deposit‐borrowing substitutability: Evidence from microfinance institutions around the world
Authors: Shettima Usman , Dzolkarnaini Nazam
Published: May 2023

Drawing from 645 microfinance institutions across 56 countries, this paper examines the deposit‐borrowing dynamic of microfinance institutions' source of capital. We find that deposits and borrowings are substitutes rather than complements. We further find that the degree of substitutability is more pronounced among microfinance institutions operating in a developed financial sector where the level of information asymmetry is lower. Our findings represent novel contribution in understanding microfinance institutions' funding behaviour that supports its quest for further growth and long‐term sustainability.
Temporal intra‐host variability of mpox virus genomes in multiple body tissues
Authors: Rueca Martina , Tucci Fabio Giovanni , Mazzotta Valentina , Gramigna Giulia , Gruber Cesare Ernesto Maria , Fabeni Lavinia , Giombini Emanuela , Matusali Giulia , Pinnetti Carmela , Mariano Andrea , Butera Ornella , Specchiarello Eliana , Mondi Annalisa , Lanini Simone , Carletti Fabrizio , Girardi Enrico , Vaia Francesco , Nicastri Emanuele , Antinori Andrea , Maggi Fabrizio
Published: May 2023

Whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) has been widely used for the genomic characterization and the phylogenesis of mpox virus (MPXV) 2022 multi‐country outbreak. To date, no evidence has been reported on intra‐host evolution within samples collected over time from a single patient with long‐term infection. Fifty‐one samples were collected from five patients at different time points post‐symptom onset. All samples were confirmed as MPXV DNA positive, amplified by a multiplexed PCR amplicon, and sequenced by WGS. Complete MPXV genomes were assembled by reference mapping and then aligned to perform phylogenetic and hierarchical clustering analysis. Large intra‐host variability was observed among the MPXV genomes sequenced from samples of two immunocompromised with advanced HIV‐1 infection patients with prolonged MPXV shedding. Overall, 20 nucleotide mutations were identified in the 32 genomes from HIV patients, differently distributed in samples collected from different tissues and at different time points. No sequence compartmentalization nor variation was observed in the three patients with rapid viral clearance. MPXV exhibits adaptation to changing environments within the infected host and consequently demonstrates tissue compartmentalization. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of this adaptation in forming a pool of genetic variability and contributing to viral persistence and its clinical implications.
Evolution of the quality and sensory characteristics of extra virgin olive oil as affected by phenolic content during long‐time storage at room temperature
Authors: Averbuch Natália Cristina , Silva Lucas Tolio , Cavalcante Luana Souza , Machado Isabel Cristina Kasper , dos Santos Sara Oberlaender , Nogueira Júlia Leão , Scheid Camila , Merib Josias , Garavaglia Juliano
Published: May 2023

Background

Extra Virgin olive oils are directly obtained from olives and their quality is influenced by the oxidative process during storage as consequence the category may be penalized. Sensory attributes are crucial parameter of olive oils quality and classifications. This study evaluated the main sensorial and volatile profile of three olive oils with high medium and low content of initial total phenolic compounds (from ‘Koroneiki’ Blend of varieties and ‘Arbequina’ respectively) including quality parameters up to 15 months of storage.

Results

A significant increase of peroxide index value (around 50%) and reduction of phenolic compounds level (around 60%) were observed. The sensory attributes of sweet herbaceous almond and fruity notes decreased and the majority of volatile compounds found in all olive oils were (E)‐2‐hexenal (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol 1‐penten‐3‐one and hexanal even after 15 months. The reductions of different parameters are related to initial phenolic level and samples are classified as Virgin after seven (low phenolics) nine (medium phenolics) and 11 (high phenolics) months displaying defect of rancid in distinct intensities.

Conclusions

This investigation provided detailed about Brazilian olive oils useful in a global context moreover modifications of sensory and volatile compounds profile and its evolution according to the long‐time storage were established.
Averrhoa carambola L. fruit polyphenols ameliorate hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and hyperglycemia by modulating lipid and glucose metabolism in mice with obesity
Authors: Song Haizhao , Zhang Yanhui , Huang Qianqian , Deng Rou , Zheng Xiaodong
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND

Hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and hyperglycemia are common metabolic complications of obesity. The objective of the present study is to investigate the in vivo protective effect of Averrhoa carambola L. fruit polyphenols (ACFP) on hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and hyperglycemia in mice with high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obesity and elucidate the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of ACFP. Thirty‐six specific pathogen‐free male C57BL/6J mice (4 weeks old, weighing 17.1–19.9 g) were randomly divided into three groups and fed with a low‐fat diet (LFD, 10% fat energy), HFD (45% fat energy), or HFD supplemented with ACFP by intragastric administration for 14 weeks. Obesity‐related biochemical indexes and hepatic gene expression levels were determined. The statistical analyses were conducted using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's multiple range test.

RESULTS

The results showed that the body weight gain, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose, insulin resistance index, and steatosis grade in the ACFP group decreased by 29.57%, 26.25%, 27.4%, 19.6%, 40.32%, and 40%, respectively, compared to the HFD group. Gene expression analysis indicated that ACFP treatment improved the gene expression profiles involved in lipid and glucose metabolism compared to the HFD group.

CONCLUSION

ACFP protected from HFD‐induced obesity and obesity‐associated hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and hyperglycemia by improving lipid and glucose metabolism in mice. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Abdominal wall reconstruction with the free functional L‐shaped latissimus dorsi flap: A case report
Authors: Brunetti Beniamino , Salzillo Rosa , Tenna Stefania , Petrucci Valeria , Morelli Coppola Marco , Valeri Sergio , Persichetti Paolo
Published: May 2023

Extensive tridimensional defects of the abdominal wall are usually addressed with soft tissue flaps combined with meshes. In this scenario, the additional value of dynamic abdominal wall reconstruction with functional flaps has yet to be demonstrated. In this paper the authors describe for the first time a unique case of total abdominal wall reconstruction with the free functional L‐shaped latissimus dorsi (LD) flap, designed to increase the surface area of skin flap coverage while minimizing donor site morbidity, highlighting technical tips and long‐term outcomes. A 65‐year‐old patient underwent abdominal wall resection for a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, leaving her with a 23 × 15 cm full‐thickness defect. After placing a mesh, a myo‐cutaneous free LD Flap with an L‐shaped configuration was planned. The flap was composed of Paddle A, designed vertically along the anterior margin of the muscle and Paddle B, designed over the inferior aspect of the LD muscle, extending obliquely from the midline and intersecting Paddle A laterally with a 60° angle. End‐to‐end anastomoses to the deep inferior epigastric artery and vein and thoracodorsal nerve coaptation to a sizeable intercostal nerve were performed. The LD muscle was sutured according to its native tension while the two skin islands allowed an almost complete resurfacing of the abdominal wall defect. Donor site was closed primarily. Post‐operative course was uneventful. One year postoperatively, good abdominal contour was observed, with adequate abdominal tone at rest in laying and standing position. Muscle neurotization was confirmed with clinical examination showing voluntary contraction of the transplanted muscle and the patient reported very high functional outcomes at the hernia‐related quality‐of‐life (HerQles) questionnaire. The free L‐shaped LD flap represents an innovative solution to reconstruct extensive full‐thickness defects of the abdominal wall while reducing donor site morbidity. Flap neurotization should be attempted whenever possible to improve functional outcomes of the procedure.
A broadband dual‐polarized antenna with filtering function for base stations
Authors: Ma Chang , Yang Dong , Zhai Huiqing , Song Liwei , Zhao Zhipeng , Liu Changyuan
Published: May 2023

In this paper, a broadband dipole antenna with filtering function is proposed. The proposed antenna as a whole comprises a reflector, coaxial cables, a main radiator, and a cross‐center structure. First, two orthogonal dipoles are used as the main radiator and form dual‐polarization. By adding Y‐shaped branches and a cross‐center structure, the base station antenna realizes the filtering function and expands bandwidth. The antenna has filtering function on both sides of the operating frequency band, and the out‐of‐band radiation suppression can be 16 dB at the upper band. The radiation null can be controlled independently by the additional structure. And the parasitic structure has little effect on the realized gain in the operating frequency band. The measurement results show that the relative operating bandwidth of the proposed antenna exceeds 54%, and the isolation between ports is greater than 27 dB. In the operating frequency band, the realized gain is relatively flat, and the HPBW is in the range of 67.3° ± 2.6°.
Gain enhancement for low‐profile broadband dual‐polarized magnetoelectric dipole using impedance surface walls
Authors: Wang Buyun , Zhang Jiahao , Yan Sen
Published: May 2023

A broadband dual‐polarized magnetoelectric (ME) dipole is proposed with gain enhancement by impedance surface walls (ISWs). The proposed antenna has a dimension of 140 × 140 × 45 mm3 (0.4 × 0.4 × 0.12 λ3) and operates from 0.87 to 3.0 GHz (110%), which can be applied on the on board UWB communications. The ISWs are designed for the band from 2.6 to 3.0 GHz to counter the high‐mode radiated waves of the ME dipole while maintaining the size of the antenna. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured, and there is a good agreement between the simulated results and the measured ones. Compared to the antenna without ISWs, the gains of the proposed design are enhanced at 4.5 dBi at 2.6 GHz and 3 dBi at 3.0 GHz.