bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining the limits of geometrical tortuosity from seepage flow calculations in porous media.
Authors: Uribe David , Osorno Maria , Sivanesapillai Rakulan , Steeb Holger , Ruiz Oscar
Published: December 2014

Recent investigations have found a distinct correlation of effective properties of porous media to sigmoidal functions, where one axis is the Reynolds number Re and the other is the effective property dependent of Re, Θi = Si(Re). One of these properties is tortuosity. At very low Re (seepage flow), there is a characteristic value of tortuosity, and it is the upper horizontal asymptote of the sigmoidal function. With higher values of Re (transient flow) the tortuosity value decreases, until a lower asymptote is reached (turbulent flow).

Estimations of this parameter have been limited to the low Reynolds regime in the study of porous media. The current state of the art presents different numerical measurements of tortuosity, such as skeletization, centroid binding, and arc length of streamlines. These are solutions for the low Re regime. So far, for high Re, only the arc length of stream lines has been used to calculate tortuosity. The present approach involves the simulation of fluid flow in large domains and high Re, which requires numerous resources, and often presents convergence problems. In response to this, we propose a geometrical method to estimate the limit of tortuosity of porous media at Re → ∞, from the streamlines calculated at low Re limit. We test our method by calculating the tortuosity limits in a fibrous porous media, and comparing the estimated values with numerical benchmark results. Ongoing work includes the geometric estimation of different intrinsic properties of porous media. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Consolidation of a poroelastic sphere: Numerical investigations of Cryer's problem
Authors: Pollmann Nele , Steeb Holger
Published: December 2014

In geomechanics the consolidation of a fluid‐saturated soil is of great interest and many theories have been proposed in the recent years. A special case is the consolidation problem in a porous, fluid‐saturated sphere under drainage and hydrostatic pressure. For this configuration Cryer [2] discussed the special effect of pore pressure response. We increase the complexity of the classical approach, taking into account a modified sphere with an undrained layer. This modification is an expansion of the original problem towards more realistic situations of a poroelastic rock which contains a heterogeneity (modified Cryer problem). It results in nearly effective drainage for the heterogeneity and significant differences in momentary stress state. The interaction between the skeleton and the pore fluid of the porous sphere is implemented numerically with Biot's theory of linear consolidation in an us‐p‐formulation. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling of Surfactant Concentration in a Coupled Bulk Surface Problem
Authors: Hahn Andreas , Held Kristin , Tobiska Lutz
Published: December 2014

Surface active agents (surfactants) are on high interest for physical and chemical industries. Their presence lowers the surface tension of fluids. This is used to achieve special flow properties. These mechanisms are not only influenced by the overall amount of surfactant. They highly depend on the local surfactant distribution. The surfactant concentration is modeled by two convection diffusion equations, one in the bulk and the other on its surface. Adsorption‐ and desorption processes are included and lead to a (non linear) coupling of both equations. We present a numerical scheme for solving the coupled problem. Additionally, first analytical results will be given. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A model describing pressure buildup in rough surfaces with partially filled gaps
Authors: Mueller Michael , Bubser Florian , Ostermeyer Georg‐Peter
Published: December 2014

Because of an ecological and economical need to reduce the application of lubricants, the tribological regime of starved lubrication in the field of mechanical engineering has gained importance during the last decades. In order to describe the respective processes properly, models should consider that the gap between the bodies is not fully but only partially filled with a fluid. Recently, the authors introduced a model which explicitly describes the fluid flow and its interaction with the buildup of pressures under these conditions [1]. This paper points out that the correlation between the filling ratio and a time‐ and space‐averaged pressure value is highly nonlinear. This is due to the fact that the system's load bearing character changes from being a local effect to a global effect, in particular near the fully filled regime. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An analysis of the different parameters influence on the microbearing load carrying capacity
Authors: Stevanovi´ c Nevena D. , Mili´ cev Snežana S.
Published: December 2014

An analytical solution for the two‐dimensional non‐isothermal compressible gas flow in a slider microbearing is presented in this paper. The solutions enable analysis of the relevant parameters influences on the load carrying capacity of the micro‐bearing. Hence, the influences of the flow conditions expressed by Mach, Reynolds and Knudsen numbers, the ratio of the inlet to outlet heights, bearing number, as well as temperature field are investigated. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical Simulation of Injection Molding using OpenFOAM
Authors: Ospald Felix
Published: December 2014

We show how to use and extend OpenFOAM's incompressible two‐phase flow solvers for the simulation of injection molding with short fiber reinforced thermoplastics in a laminar flow regime. Second order fiber orientation tensors are computed using the Folgar‐Tucker equation (FTE) with quadratic closure. The FTE is coupled to the viscosity‐term of the Navier‐Stokes equations for the non‐Newtonian flow in a segregated manner. Phase dependent boundary conditions are implemented to simulate wall heat transfer, stickiness of the melt to the wall and to prevent air‐traps close to the wall. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sensitivity of the slip rate coefficient in fluid flow – poroelastic coupling conditions
Authors: Beck Silja C. , Uphoff Sonja , Langer Sabine C. , Krafczyk Manfred
Published: December 2014

To model flow‐induced structural vibrations, an interface to couple fluid flow and poroelastic material in a finite element formulation has been developed. One parameter of this interface condition is the slip rate coefficient, resulting from the so‐called Beavers‐Joseph‐Saffman condition. This condition states that the jump in tangential velocity at a fluid flow – porous interface is proportional to the shear stress. Up to now no a priori determination of this parameter exists, and the known parameter range has been deducted from measurements, i. e., in our case from the results of the pore‐resolving simulations. When modeling realistic problems assuming incompressible fluids, vectorial flow velocity and scalar pressure interact with the poroelastic material. As the slip rate coefficient only influences the tangential contributions, its overall influence is not clear. In this work, the sensitivity of the slip rate coefficient regarding the interface's coupling conditions is evaluated. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Navier‐Stokes equations with particle methods
Authors: Asanalieva Nazgul , Heutling Carolin , Varnhorn Werner
Published: December 2014

We consider the initial boundary value problem for the nonstationary Navier‐Stokes equations in a bounded three‐dimensional domain Ω with a sufficiently smooth boundary ∂Ω. These equations describe the motion of a viscous incompressible fluid contained in Ω for 0 < t < T. They represent a system of nonlinear partial differential equations concerning four unknown functions, i.e. the velocity vector v = (v1(t, x), v2(t, x), v3(t, x)) and the kinematic pressure function p = p(t, x) of the fluid at time t ∈ (0, T) in x ∈ Ω. The purpose of this paper is to construct a Leray‐Hopf type weak solution to the nonstationary Navier‐Stokes system, which exists globally in time. Our construction is based on a suitable approximation using particle methods for stationary fluid flow. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
About an analytical approach to a quasicontinuum method via Γ‐convergence
Authors: Schäffner Mathias , Schlömerkemper Anja
Published: December 2014

We report on an analytical study of a quasicontinuum method in the context of fracture mechanics in a one‐dimensional setting. To this end, we compare the asymptotic behaviour of a discrete model with nearest and next‐to‐nearest neighbour interactions of Lennard‐Jones type and its quasicontinuum approximation via Γ‐convergence. In case of fracture it turns out that one has to coarse grain in the continuum region and at the atomistic/continuum interface in order to capture the same behavior as the atomistic model, while this is not needed if the boundary conditions are such that the system behaves elastically. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Comparison of positivity preserving techniques without time step restriction for the DG scheme applied to shallow water flows
Authors: Ortleb Sigrun
Published: December 2014

Positivity preservation in the context of shallow water flows is important as soon as wet regions become dry or a dry region is flooded. However, positivity preserving explicit time stepping of DG semi‐discretizations can not be applied in a straigthforward manner to the case of implicit time integration as the enforcement of non‐negativity generally demands rather restrictive time step constraints. In this context, we compare two different modifications to the strategy of positivity preservation based on a production‐destruction splitting of the DG scheme for the cell means of water height. One strategy uses the so‐called Patankar trick while the other one is based on an iterative redistribution of the water level. Both modifications guarantee non‐negativity of the water height for any time step size while still preserving conservativity. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impact of Intravenous Acetaminophen on Reducing Opioid Use After Hysterectomy
Authors: Herring Brittany O. , Ader Sheila , Maldonado Angel , Hawkins Carla , Kearson Margaretta , Camejo Madeline
Published: December 2014

Study Objective

To examine the impact of intravenous acetaminophen on the total quantity of opioids (in morphine equivalents) administered within the first 48 hours postoperatively and perioperatively, while still affording patients adequate analgesia, in women who underwent total abdominal hysterectomies.

Design

Retrospective chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care community hospital.

Patients

One hundred women underwent total abdominal hysterectomies performed by a single surgeon: 50 patients received opioids only (fentanyl, morphine, hydromorphone, meperidine, or oxycodone), without the addition of any acetaminophen, between January 1 and March 28, 2011, and 50 patients received intravenous acetaminophen 1000 mg every 6 hours in addition to opioids (multimodal group) between May 1 and July 16, 2012 (time period coincided with the addition of intravenous acetaminophen to the hospital formulary). Patients in both groups were also given nonopioids (celecoxib, dexmedetomidine, aspirin, or tizanidine) perioperatively.

Measurements and Main Results

Patients in both groups had a mean age of 55 years (mean ± SD 55 ± 13 yrs in the multimodal group, 55 ± 15 yrs in the opioids‐only group), surgery time of ~2 hours (116 ± 51 min in the multimodal group, 118 ± 40 min in the opioids‐only group), and an anesthesia time of ~3.5 hours (209 ± 79 min in the multimodal group, 207 ± 79 min in the opioids‐only group). During postoperative days 1–2, intravenous acetaminophen reduced opioid use by 31% (mean ± SD 47 ± 24 mg in the multimodal group vs 68 ± 37 mg in the opioids‐only group, p=0.003) and by 26% during the total perioperative period, defined as preoperative, intraoperative, recovery room, and postoperative days 1–2 (73 ± 24 mg in the multimodal group vs 99 ± 39 mg in the opioids‐only group, p=0.001).

Conclusion

The multimodal approach to perioperative analgesic management, which includes concurrent administration of intravenous acetaminophen and opioids, is effective in reducing the total average amount of opioids administered on postoperative days 1–2 and perioperatively. Limitations of this study include its short duration, retrospective design, and single‐site setting. These results may not be generalized to patients undergoing other types of obstetric‐gynecologic surgeries.
Optimizing Multimodal Analgesia with Intravenous Acetaminophen and Opioids in Postoperative Bariatric Patients
Authors: Song Kangwon , Melroy Michael J. , Whipple Oliver C.
Published: December 2014

Study Objective

To evaluate the effect of therapeutic doses of intravenous acetaminophen (IV APAP) on postoperative opioid use following bariatric surgery.

Design

Retrospective review of medical records.

Setting

A 654‐bed academic hospital.

Patients

Records for 104 patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG; 44 patients) or laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (LRYGB; 60 patients) were reviewed. Patients received IV APAP 1 g every 6 hours postoperatively (22 LSG patients and 30 LRYGB patients) or no IV APAP (22 LSG patients and 30 LRYGB patients).

Measurements and Main Results

Baseline demographic features were similar for both groups. Patients receiving IV APAP required fewer intravenous morphine equivalents than patients treated with opioids alone. Reductions in morphine equivalents with IV APAP were 21 mg (LSG), 33 mg (LRYGB), and 28 mg (all patients) (p<0.001 for all comparisons). IV APAP was associated with a shorter hospital length of stay (LOS) for the LRYGB (mean difference 1.47 days; p=0.039) and combined groups (mean difference 0.95 days; p=0.025). Patients who received IV APAP had earlier return of bowel sounds and flatus. IV APAP did not reduce mean pain scores in any group.

Conclusion

Patients undergoing bariatric surgery who received IV APAP during the 24‐hour postoperative period consumed fewer intravenous morphine equivalents and had similar pain scores as patients who were treated with opioids alone. Use of IV APAP reduced the hospital LOS and resulted in earlier return of bowel sounds and passage of flatus.
Opioid Use in Knee Arthroplasty After Receiving Intravenous Acetaminophen
Authors: Kelly Jennifer S. , Opsha Yekaterina , Costello Jennifer , Schiller Daryl , Hola Eric T.
Published: December 2014

Background

Intravenous (IV) acetaminophen may be an effective component of multimodal postoperative pain management. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of IV acetaminophen on total opioid use in postoperative patients. The secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of IV acetaminophen on hospital length of stay.

Methods

This retrospective, case–control study evaluated the impact of IV acetaminophen on total opioid use in surgical patients. Patients were included if they received at least one perioperative dose of IV acetaminophen and underwent a surgical knee procedure. Controls were matched and randomly selected based on procedure type, age, and severity of illness. Postoperative opioids were converted into oral morphine equivalents, and overall use was compared between groups.

Results

One hundred patients were enrolled, with 25 patients receiving IV acetaminophen and 75 matched controls. A total of 135 mg versus 112.5 mg oral morphine equivalents were used in the IV acetaminophen group and control group, respectively (p=0.987). There were 45 mg/day oral morphine equivalents used in the IV acetaminophen group versus 37.5 mg in the control group (p=0.845). The median hospital length of stay in both groups was 3 days (p=0.799).

Conclusion

IV acetaminophen did not significantly decrease postoperative opioid use in patients who underwent surgical knee procedures. In addition, there was a nonsignificant trend toward increased opioid use in the IV acetaminophen group. There was no significant difference in hospital length of stay between the IV acetaminophen group and the control group. These findings require further study in larger patient populations and in other orthopedic procedures that typically require longer hospital stays.
Back to the Basics: Career Counseling
Authors: Pipkins Keri Carter , Rooney Gail S. , Jaunarajs Imants
Published: December 2014

This chapter emphasizes that the practice of career counseling should be the foundation of career centers.
Academic Advising and Career Services: A Collaborative Approach
Authors: Ledwith Katherine E.
Published: December 2014

This chapter describes how career services professionals and academic advising units can partner to serve college students. Observations are also provided regarding the role of advising and best practices to meet the growing need for a shared approach to the academic and career needs of students.
Framing Assessment for Career Services: Telling Our Story
Authors: Makela Julia Panke , Rooney Gail S.
Published: December 2014

This chapter provides career professionals with an overview of current assessment practices and a framework for understanding how to bring practitioner‐led assessment activities into daily practice.
Career Services in University External Relations
Authors: Hayden Seth C. W. , Ledwith Katherine E.
Published: December 2014

The chapter will focus on the role of career services in external relations. It will provide the basis for this connection along with best practices in developing and maintaining a mutually beneficial relationship between career centers and on‐campus and off‐campus partners.
Presence in the Classroom
Authors: Hufford Don
Published: December 2014

This chapter is designed to provide a stimulus for reflective thinking. The intent is to encourage teachers to reflect upon—even question—a teaching methodology that recognizes and builds upon the learning potential inherent in a cacophony of voices, paradoxical worldviews, and divergent ways of personal being. A pedagogical possibility is explored, one that courts creativity, intellectual flexibility, and open‐minded dialectical response. The possibility relates to the orchestration of a classroom setting in which previously silent voices—particularly the socially, politically, or culturally silenced—will join the educational chorus. Here is an academic setting where every student is allowed, encouraged, and expected to be personally present in the classroom. Without presence there is diminished self‐identity and a negation of authentic personhood. Without authentic conversational interaction, there is reduced possibility of an intentional learning community that is inclusive of diverse voices. To seek the full reality of student presence in a classroom is to open a door that allows the “other” to interact with the “I.”
Identity, Status, and Culture: Examining Barriers of Success for Students from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds
Authors: Walker Anthony
Published: December 2014

Dewey () described the attainment of education as a necessary tool for the establishment and sustainability of progress. Education, attending to the good of the public, is designed to instill knowledge in the constituencies it serves (Kezar ). Further, Woods () described the design of education, its services and responsibilities, as an enterprise that promotes ethical, active engagement and respect for everyone. However, disconnects between theory and practice exist as education in the United States functions to empower some while marginalizing and oppressing others. This chapter, through a critical lens, will juxtapose ideals of equality and equity to discuss how integrating criticality and identity development into educational praxis will assist in creating inclusive, equitable practice prepared to meet the needs of learners from low socioeconomic backgrounds.
A Journey with a Refugee Family: Raising Culturally Relevant Teaching Awareness
Authors: Berumen Freyca Calderon , Silva Cecilia
Published: December 2014

In a context that is increasingly becoming more diverse, we consider it essential to promote activities to develop linguistic and cultural awareness among preservice teachers. This chapter is based on the narratives of college students who when enrolled in an English as a Second Language class participated in a project where they accompanied newly resettled refugee families on their first visit to their children's school. Using narrative inquiry, the authors analyze the students’ experience and describe the impact it had on them. The students’ reflections provide evidence of their developing cultural awareness. The authors conclude that teacher educators can engage preservice students in authentic experience aimed at developing cultural awareness.
Difference Does Not Mean Less Than: Our Pathway for Educating an Entire Nation of Learners
Authors: Thomas Cornell
Published: December 2014

The socially constructed categorization of groups of people has formed perceptions that cause one to believe that being different also means being less than those representing the so‐called norm. It is suggested in this chapter that we must broaden our perspectives regarding the differences among us and begin to see each person as an individual with gifts worthy of membership in our society.
Curriculum Retention and Programming for Inclusive Teaching
Authors: Walker Anthony
Published: December 2014

Access to higher education continues to expand in the United States. And, as opportunity has continued to increase, so too has the amount of diversity present throughout higher education. These trends, combined with the fundamental principles connected to the purpose of higher education, work to create culturally relevant and responsive practice. Focused on educational practice designed to meet the needs of a continuously diversifying student population, this chapter examines student programming and curricula as a means to promote student success and learning.
Review additional notes on school officials and legitimate educational interest
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: December 2014

Last month, as part of our FERPA Basics training, I discussed the concept of school officials/legitimate educational interest. This month, I thought we would cover a few additional items on this topic.
HIV and Injecting Drug Users in Vietnam: An Overview of Policies and Responses
Authors: Ahmed Tanvir , Long Nguyen Thanh , Huong Phan Thi Thu , Stewart Donald Edwin
Published: December 2014

The HIV epidemic in Vietnam is fueled by injecting drug use. Since HIV emerged, because of a law‐enforcement–focused drug policy and response, injecting drug users (IDUs) frequently experience drug detention and compulsory treatment. It has taken more than a decade to shift the focus from punitive to liberal policies. This overview presents a brief discussion on policies, responses, and experiences to identify implications. Related literature including government policies, peer‐reviewed articles, and reports has been reviewed. The HIV epidemic in IDUs accelerated rapidly in an environment characterized by a lack in understanding and recognition of significance. There was limited leadership and weak direction to implement a countrywide response. Policies and responses gradually shifted to a harm reduction approach and recognized the need for harmonization, relating common features of drug and HIV. The review identifies that government leadership is crucial for supportive policies and long‐term strategies. A multi‐sectoral collaboration and continuous resource allocation with national priorities is essential to impact on the epidemic. In this review the context of these issues in policies and responses are highlighted and discussed, which gradually can lead towards the development of a substantial response for the drug use‐driven HIV epidemic in Vietnam.
The Burden of Mucosal Barrier Injury Laboratory-Confirmed Bloodstream Infection among Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant Patients
Authors: Metzger Kristen E. , Rucker Yvonne , Callaghan Mary , Churchill Michelle , Jovanovic Borko D. , Zembower Teresa R. , Bolon Maureen K.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To evaluate the impact and burden of the new National Healthcare Safety Network surveillance definition, mucosal barrier injury laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection (MBI-LCBI), in hematology, oncology, and stem cell transplant populations.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Two hematology, oncology, and stem cell transplant units at a large academic medical center.

Methods

Central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) identified during a 14-month period were reviewed and classified as MBI-LCBI or non-MBI-LCBI (MBI-LCBI criteria not met). During this period, interventions to improve central line maintenance were implemented. Characteristics of patients with MBI-LCBI and non-MBI-LCBI were compared. Total CLABSI, MBI-LCBI, and non-MBI-LCBI rates were compared between baseline and postintervention phases of the study period.

Results

Among 66 total CLABSI cases, 47 (71%) met MBI-LCBI criteria. Patients with MBI-LCBI and non-MBI-LCBI were similar in regard to most clinical and demographic characteristics. Between the baseline and postintervention study periods, the overall CLABSI rate decreased from 3.37 to 3.21 infections per 1,000 line-days (incidence rate ratio, 0.95; 4.7% reduction, P=.84), the MBI-LCBI rate increased from 2.08 to 2.61 infections per 1,000 line-days (incidence rate ratio, 1.25; 25.3% increase, P=.44), and the non-MBI-LCBI rate decreased from 1.29 to 0.60 infections per 1,000 line-days (incidence rate ratio, 0.47; 53.3% reduction, P=.12).

Conclusions

Most CLABSIs identified among hematology, oncology, and stem cell transplant patients met MBI-LCBI criteria, and CLABSI prevention efforts did not reduce these infections. Further review of the MBI-LCBI definition and impact is necessary to direct future definition changes and reporting mandates.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–6
Staying in the First League: Parliamentary Representation and the Electoral Success of Small Parties
Authors: Dinas Elias , Riera Pedro , Roussias Nasos
Published: December 2014

Why are some small parties successful whereas others wither away? Despite the voluminous literature on parties and party families, we have a limited understanding of what explains small party success. Most studies tend to emphasize the role of social cleavages and electoral systems. Instead, we propose a new institutional explanation that treats entering parliament as a key resource for small parties. Parliamentary entrance signals organizational capacity and candidates’ appeal, and reduces uncertainty about parties’ ideological profile. Taking advantage of the discontinuities generated by thresholds of representation, we estimate the causal effect of entering parliament on the future vote shares of small parties. We use a new data set that covers all post-WWII democracies with a national threshold of representation. Results indicate that presence in parliament increases parties’ vote share in the next election. Importantly, entering parliament is more important for parties in new democracies, where party branding is weak and the need for signaling is high.
REFLEXIVITY AND CONNECTEDNESS
Authors: SATHER-WAGSTAFF SEAN
Published: December 2014

Given a finitely generated module over a commutative noetherian ring that satisfies certain reflexivity conditions, we show how failure of the semidualizing property for the module manifests in a disconnection of the prime spectrum of the ring.
An overview of the nutrition transition in West Africa: implications for non-communicable diseases
Authors: Bosu William K.
Published: December 2014

The nutrition landscape in West Africa has been dominated by the programmes to address undernutrition. However, with increasing urbanisation, technological developments and associated change in dietary patterns and physical activity, childhood and adult overweight, and obesity are becoming more prevalent. There is an evidence of increasing intake of dietary energy, fat, sugars and protein. There is low consumption of fruit and vegetables universally in West Africa. Overall, the foods consumed are predominantly traditional with the component major food groups within recommended levels. Most of the West African countries are at the early stages of nutrition transition but countries such as Cape Verde, Ghana and Senegal are at the latter stages. In the major cities of the region, children consume energy-dense foods such as candies, ice cream and sweetened beverages up to seven times as frequently as fruit and vegetables. Adult obesity rates have increased by 115 % in 15 years since 2004. In Ghana, the prevalence of overweight/obesity in women has increased from 12·8 % in 1993 to 29·9 % in 2008. In Accra, overweight/obesity in women has increased from 62·2 % in 2003 to 64·9 % in 2009. The age-standardised proportion of adults who engage in adequate levels of physical activity ranges from 46·8 % in Mali to 94·7 % in Benin. The lingering stunting in children and the rising overweight in adults have resulted to a dual burden of malnutrition affecting 16·2 % of mother–child pairs in Cotonou. The prevalence of hypertension has been increased and ranges from 17·6 % in Burkina Faso to 38·7 % in Cape Verde. The prevalence is higher in the cities: 40·2 % in Ougadougou, 46·0 % in St Louis and 54·6 % in Accra. The prevalence of diabetes ranges from 2·5 to 7·9 % but could be as high as 17·9 % in Dakar, Senegal. The consequences of nutrition transition are not only being felt by the persons in the high socioeconomic class, but also in cities such as Accra and Ouagadougou, where at least 19 % of adults from the poorest households are overweight and 19–28 % have hypertension. Concerted national action involving governments, partners, private sector and civil society is needed to re-orient health systems and build capacity to address the dual burden of malnutrition, to regulate the food and beverage industry and to encourage healthy eating throughout the life course.
HIDDEN MARKOV STRUCTURES FOR DYNAMIC COPULAE
Authors: Härdle Wolfgang Karl , Okhrin Ostap , Wang Weining
Published: December 2014

Understanding the time series dynamics of a multi-dimensional dependency structure is a challenging task. Multivariate covariance driven Gaussian or mixed normal time varying models have only a limited ability to capture important features of the data such as heavy tails, asymmetry, and nonlinear dependencies. The present paper tackles this problem by proposing and analyzing a hidden Markov model (HMM) for hierarchical Archimedean copulae (HAC). The HAC constitute a wide class of models for multi-dimensional dependencies, and HMM is a statistical technique for describing regime switching dynamics. HMM applied to HAC flexibly models multivariate dimensional non-Gaussian time series.

We apply the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm for parameter estimation. Consistency results for both parameters and HAC structures are established in an HMM framework. The model is calibrated to exchange rate data with a VaR application. This example is motivated by a local adaptive analysis that yields a time varying HAC model. We compare its forecasting performance with that of other classical dynamic models. In another, second, application, we model a rainfall process. This task is of particular theoretical and practical interest because of the specific structure and required untypical treatment of precipitation data.
A COMBINED FIRST-ORDER AND SECOND-ORDER VARIATION APPROACH FOR
MULTIPLICATIVE NOISE REMOVAL
Authors: JIANG LE , HUANG JIN , LIU JUN , LV XIAO-GUANG
Published: December 2014

Denoising of images corrupted by multiplicative noise is an important task in various
applications, such as laser imaging, synthetic aperture radar and ultrasound imaging.
We propose a combined first-order and second-order variational model for removal of
multiplicative noise. Our model substantially reduces the staircase effects while
preserving edges in the restored images, since it combines advantages of the
first-order and second-order total variation. The issues of existence and uniqueness
of a minimizer for this variational model are analysed. Moreover, a gradient descent
method is employed to solve the associated Euler–Lagrange equation, and
several numerical experiments are given to show the efficiency of our model. In
particular, a comparison with an existing model in terms of peak signal-to-noise
ratio and structural similarity index is provided.
The eye of the storm: a feasibility study of an adapted Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) group intervention to manage NHS staff stress
Authors: Marx Robert , Strauss Clara , Williamson Cleo , Karunavira  , Taravajra
Published: December 2014

A feasibility study evaluated five adapted Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) groups that were delivered to staff in a National Health Service (NHS) mental health Trust as part of a staff health and wellbeing initiative. Using an uncontrolled design typical of a feasibility study, recruitment, retention and acceptability of the groups were assessed. Effectiveness was also measured at pre- and post-therapy, and at 3-month follow-up, using quantitative methods. In addition, qualitative methods were used to explore staff experiences of the groups. Results demonstrated high levels of feasibility, and significant improvements in staff perceived stress and self-compassion at both post-therapy and follow-up. Qualitative data suggested many staff felt the groups had improved their physical and emotional health, their ability to manage stress at work and the quality of their work with patients and of their relationships with colleagues. Although Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) has typically been used to help manage staff stress, these results are promising for the use of an adapted MBCT with this population. Challenges and factors contributing to these outcomes are discussed.
A Meeting of the Minds: John Bowlby Encounters Jean Piaget
Authors: Pallini Susanna , Barcaccia Barbara
Published: December 2014

John Bowlby has several times asserted the complementarity between the theory of attachment and both ethology and Jean Piaget's theory. However, it remains unclear why the contribution of ethology and psychoanalysis on Bowlby's thought has been underlined by numerous authors, whereas the influence of Jean Piaget has been systematically neglected. In this article, we focus on the points of contact between these 2 outstanding scholars. To this purpose, 80 of Bowlby's writings have been perused (books, book chapters, and articles). Subsequently, the writings in which explicit references to Piaget's work appear have been selected. In particular, evidence of the influences of Piaget over Bowlby's thinking has been tracked down through the numerous quotes Bowlby made of Piaget and also analyzing the participation of both of them in an important interdisciplinary group during the 50s, the International Interdisciplinary Meetings on Child Psychology, convened by the World Health Organization. Furthermore, we have analyzed the Piagetian concepts which Bowlby used in his theory, such as object permanence and egocentrism, and the conceptual similarities between the 2 authors. Finally, we have highlighted the analogy between the Bowlbian concept of Internal Working Model and the Piagetian concepts of the development of knowledge through the processes of assimilation and accommodation.
The Circumplex of Personality Metatraits: A Synthesizing Model of Personality Based on the Big Five
Authors: Strus Włodzimierz , Cieciuch Jan , Rowiński Tomasz
Published: December 2014

The Big Five model describes the structure of personality as 5 orthogonal and universal dimensions. Although the model has gained significant empirical support both in the psycholexical and questionnaire approaches, it is not free of criticism. The controversies concern the main assumptions regarding the structure of personality, among others the number of basic traits and their orthogonality. It turns out that 2 higher-order factors (also called metatraits) Alpha and Beta, or even 1 General Factor of Personality (GFP) are located above the 5 traits and account for systematical intercorrelations between these basic dimensions. The present article describes the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits (CPM), a proposal based on the knowledge gathered in the Big Five research tradition and solving some problems raised both in psycholexical and psychometric approaches. According to the model, metatraits can be described within a circumplex that is organized by 2 orthogonal dimensions: Alpha and Beta. Furthermore, we also introduce to the model 2 other metatraits: Gamma and Delta. On one hand these correspond to the personality types, and on the other they resolve the controversies related to the GFP. The main advantage of the CPM model is that it provides foundations for wide-ranging theoretical integration: (a) of the trait (disposition) approach to personality with those personality theories that make use of dynamic and explanatory theoretical constructs; (b) of various models of personality, temperament, emotion, motivation, and psychopathology; and (c) of the traditions of personality description in terms of traits and in terms of types.
The Role of Moral Emotions in Military Trauma: Implications for the Study and Treatment of Moral Injury
Authors: Farnsworth Jacob K. , Drescher Kent D. , Nieuwsma Jason A. , Walser Robyn B. , Currier Joseph M.
Published: December 2014

Moral injury, a term coined to represent the potential negative outcomes following transgression of deeply held moral values and beliefs, has recently gained increased recognition as a major concern among military service members exposed to trauma. However, working definitions of moral injury have not yet fully clarified the mechanisms whereby violations of conscience result in these outcomes or their co-occurrence with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper, advances from the field of moral psychology are used to integrate cognitive, affective, and social dimensions of the emerging moral injury construct, while also pointing to new possibilities for clinical intervention. After reviewing the salience of moral injury for military and veteran populations, the presence of negative moral emotions (e.g., guilt, anger, disgust) are examined within the context of trauma and military-related PTSD. Next, social functionalist accounts of moral emotions are used to explain the development of moral injury and are linked to potential etiologies of PTSD that emphasize both fear and nonfear emotions. Finally, the clinical importance of positive moral emotions for existing and emerging trauma-focused interventions is discussed. Future directions for research and clinical interventions are identified highlighting the importance of utilizing community support.
Integrating the Study of Transgender Spectrum and Cisgender Experiences of Self-Categorization from a Personality Perspective
Authors: Tate Charlotte Chuck , Youssef Cris P. , Bettergarcia Jay N.
Published: December 2014

We advocate for the integration of transgender spectrum experiences alongside cisgender experiences (i.e., having the same current gender identity label as one's birth-assigned gender category) to provide hitherto unrealized insights within the psychology of gender identity development. Specifically, we propose using personality theory to understand gender self-categorization for both profiles of experience because this perspective allows the structure and stability of self-categorization to be explored in a single, extant framework. Moreover, the dominant model of gender identity development in psychology and qualitative studies within sociology and related fields both suggest that self-categorization may in fact be similar between the 2 profiles. The integration also dispels 2 persistent myths about gender self-categorization: (a) that it is binary and (b) that it is an active psychological process for transgender spectrum, but not cisgender, individuals. Finally, we translate these new theoretical insights into testable research hypotheses within the mainstream of personality research.
Influencing Mental Health Policy and Planning: DSM–5 as a Disciplinary Challenge for Psychology
Authors: Pilgrim David
Published: December 2014

Since the appearance of DSM–5 in May 2013 a range of criticisms has emerged about its scientific and humanistic worthiness. An international network of protest is now evident, prompted in the run up to the publication of the document, by a letter of complaint (and offer of conciliation) from Division 32 of the American Psychological Association (the Society of Humanistic Psychologists). This article summarizes the criticisms evoked by DSM–5 and then moves to its main focus: the disciplinary challenge for psychology. The latter contains a number of aspects including the diversity, and thus sometimes incommensurability, of theoretical perspectives and the policy implications of moving from psychiatric diagnosis to psychological formulation. This shift from digital to analogue reasoning is less compatible with traditional legally based rationales of decision making in both the mental health and criminal justice systems than the digital logic. The article concludes with some suggestions of solutions to these challenges premised on critical realism.
A supramolecular ladder polymer prepared by hydrogen bonding-mediated self-assembly of a metallomacrocycle
Authors: Ng Chun-Fai , Chow Hak-Fun
Published: December 2014

A defect-free supramolecular ladder polymer was prepared by H-bond-mediated self-assembly of a metallocycle 1 as determined by NMR, viscometry and dynamic laser light scattering studies.
Rapid Markovnikov addition of HCl to a pendant alkyne: evidence for a quinoidal cumulene
Authors: Eaves Samantha G. , Hart Sam J. , Whitwood Adrian C. , Yufit Dmitry S. , Low Paul J. , Lynam Jason M.
Published: December 2014

The reaction of the vinylidene cations trans-[Ru(CCH–C6H2-2,5-R2-4-CCH)Cl(dppm)2]+ (R = H, Me) with chloride results in Markovnikov addition of HCl to the terminal alkyne, suggesting the intermediacy of a quinoidal cumulene complex.
Assembly of encapsulated water in hybrid bisamides: helical and zigzag water chains
Authors: Bera Santu , Maity Sibaprasad , Haldar Debasish
Published: December 2014

The addition of water promotes the self-assembly of hybrid bisamides by bridging between the molecules and stabilizes the helical or zigzag one-dimensional water chains.
Theoretical studies on POM-based organic–inorganic hybrids containing double D–A1–π–A2 chains for high-performance p-type, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)
Authors: Zhang Ting , Guan Wei , Yan Likai , Ma Tengying , Wang Jing , Su Zhongmin
Published: December 2014

The polyoxometalate (POM)-based organic–inorganic hybrid systems II1–II7 are designed as the p-type dyes containing double D–A1–π–A2 chains.
Platinum–carbide interactions: core–shells for catalytic use
Authors: Yates J. L. R. , Spikes G. H. , Jones G.
Published: December 2014

A selection of carbides were modelled using DFT to assess their suitability as core–shell components for the oxygen reduction reaction.
Evaluation of electrostatic binding of PAMAM dendrimers and charged phthalocyanines by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Garcia-Fernandez Emilio , Paulo Pedro M. R. , Costa Sílvia M. B.
Published: December 2014

The electrostatic binding of PAMAM dendrimers and charged phthalocyanines was evaluated by FCS providing estimates of dendrimer electrostatic potential.
Computational study of flow-induced vibration of a reed in a channel and effect on convective heat transfer
Authors: Shoele Kourosh , Mittal Rajat
Published: December 2014

The flow-induced fluttering motion of a flexible reed inside a heated channel is modeled numerically and used to investigate the relationship between the aeroelastic vibration of the reed and heat-transfer enhancement. An immersed boundary method is developed to solve the coupled flow-structure-thermal problem, and the simulations show that the vibrating reed significantly increases the mean heat flux through the channel, as well as the thermal performance, quantified in terms of the thermal enhancement factor. The effect of reed material properties on vibratory dynamics and heat transfer is studied. Changes in material properties produce a rich variety of vibratory behavior, and the thermal performance is found to depend more strongly on the reed inertia than its bending stiffness. The effects of both the Reynolds number and channel confinement are examined and it is found that the thermal performance is maximized when the reed creates large modulations in the boundary layer of the channel, while at the same time avoiding the creation of strong vortices.
Deformation of an elastic capsule in a uniform electric field
Authors: Karyappa Rahul B. , Deshmukh Shivraj. D. , Thaokar Rochish. M.
Published: December 2014

The deformation of a thin elastic capsule subjected to a uniform electric field is investigated in the Stokes flow regime. The electrohydrodynamic flow is analyzed using a perfect conductor and a perfect dielectric model for the capsule and the fluid phase, respectively. A theoretical analysis is carried out using an asymptotic expansion in the electric capillary number (Ca) (a ratio of the electric stress to the elastic tension) in the small deformation limit using the finite deformation Hooke’s law. The analysis is used to determine the elasticity of polysiloxane capsules suspended in oil, the deformation of which is obtained using videography. The boundary element method is implemented to seek numerical solutions to the hydrodynamic, elastic, and electrostatics equations. The finite deformation Hooke’s law, the Mooney-Rivlin, and Skalak’s model for elasticity are employed. The effect of electric capillary number, unstressed geometry, and the type of membrane material on the deformation of a capsule is presented in the high Ca number limit using numerical simulation. Capsules synthesized with higher monomer concentration displayed electric stress induced wrinkling process at high electric field strengths. Burst of a capsule is characterized by poration of the polymer membrane, which could be symmetric or asymmetric at the two poles, depending upon the value of the capillary number. The results should be useful in understanding the response of elastic capsules such as red blood cells and polymerized membranes, to an electric field, in applications such as electrodeformation and electroporation. It also provides a theoretical framework for a possible way of determining the elastic parameters of a capsule.
History dependent quantum random walks as quantum lattice gas automata
Authors: Shakeel Asif , Meyer David A. , Love Peter J.
Published: December 2014

Quantum Random Walks (QRW) were first defined as one-particle sectors of Quantum Lattice Gas Automata (QLGA). Recently, they have been generalized to include history dependence, either on previous coin (internal, i.e., spin or velocity) states or on previous position states. These models have the goal of studying the transition to classicality, or more generally, changes in the performance of quantum walks in algorithmic applications. We show that several history dependent QRW can be identified as one-particle sectors of QLGA. This provides a unifying conceptual framework for these models in which the extra degrees of freedom required to store the history information arise naturally as geometrical degrees of freedom on the lattice.