bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on the Early Development of Lacerta Muralis
Authors: Weldon W. F. R.
Published: April 2021

The following paper contains an account of some observations on the early stages in the development of Lacerta muralis, begun during the summer of this year at the zoological station at Naples and completed in the morphological laboratory at Cambridge. It relates chiefly to the mode of formation of the germinal layers and to the early development of the kidney.
The Renal Organs (Nephridia) of Patella
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: April 2021

The existence of two renal organs in Patella was first pointed out by Professor Lankester in 1867,1 and he stated at the same time that he believed he had discovered, by careful dissection, a minute orifice leading from the pericardium into the left and smaller of the two. In 1877 Von Jhering, in a paper on the “Morphology of Molluscan Kidneys,”2 confirmed the account given by Professor Lankester, at the same time emphasising the fact that the two renal sacs are distinct, as had already been stated by Lankester, who says, after describing the two renal papillæ with their openings to the exterior, “These two orifices represent two renal organs, as in Lamellibranchs.”Von Jhering was unable to find any pericardial openings. In April, 1881, Professor Lankester and Mr. A. G. Bourne3 examined fresh limpets as to the pericardial orifice of the kidneys. They found that injections from the pericardium passed sometimes into the right and sometimes into the left renal sac, but that there was only one orifice leading into a narrow subanal tract belonging to the organ of the right side. Professor Lankester suggested to me some time ago that I should endeavour to settle definitely this question of the reno-pericardial pore in Patella by cutting a series of sections through the parts, and so tracing their relations to one another. My investigations were commenced in the Zoological Laboratory of University College, London, under the supervision of Professor Lankester, and were subsequently completed at Naples in the winter 1882-83.
A Rare Form of the Blastoderm of the Chick, and its Bearing on the Question of the Formation of the Vertebrate Embryo
Authors: Whitman C. O.
Published: April 2021

In the summer of 1878, while in Leipsic, I obtained a blastoderm of the chick, which presented at least one unusual and very remarkable feature. The egg had been kept in an incubator, at a temperature of 37° to 38° C., for eighteen hours. After cutting away a portion of the shell and removing as much of the white of the egg as could be done without injury to the embryonic disc, the remainder of the egg, while still in the shell, was carefully dropped into a bowel of nitric acid (10%). The embryonic portion was then freed from the coagulated white by the aid of a feather, and, after fifteen minutes’ immersion, was carefully cut around by sharp scissors and floated into a watch-glass. The vitelline membrane was then removed by the aid of pincers, and the yolk detached by gently shaking the blastoderm in the watch-glass. The acid was next turned off and replaced with distilled water, several times renewed. After being thus thoroughly washed from the acid it was stained in an aqueous solution of carmine, then passed through several grades of alcohol, and finally mounted in balsam. The whole process was accomplished without causing any distortion or wrinkle, and without the loss of any portion of the blastoderm, as the preparation still shows.
Researches on the Intracellular Digestion of Invertebrates
Authors: Metsclinikoff Elias
Published: April 2021

I have long been of opinion that many questions connected with the genealogy of the Metazoa are not to be solved by the methods of purely morphological embryology. Morphology certainly considers as of primary importance the structure of organs which have either lost their function by retrogression, or which, being not yet fully developed, have not acquired their full functional activity; but in the determination of the phylogenetic importance of such organs, a knowledge of their physiological history is often indispensable. The embryonic history of an animal or an organ shows us a series of phenomena, often extremely complicated, among which mere embryology cannot in many cases choose out those which are primitive from those of secondary value. Every student of comparative embryology knows how hard it is to determine in any given case the genealogical meaning of a certain phenomenon, and how often the standard used is purely subjective. These difficulties are increased by the fact that the primitive Metazoa have all disappeared, so that the gap between the Metazoa of to-day and the Protozoa is wide indeed.
On the Fate of the Blastopore and the Presence of a Primitive Streak in the Newt (Triton cristatus)
Authors: Johnson Alice
Published: April 2021

The coincidence of the blastopore with the anus in the Newt has already been observed by Mr. Sedgwick.1 His assertion was, he says, based only upon surface views. He therefore suggested to me that I should attempt to verify it by cutting sections of the embryos, and my results confirm what he has stated.2
On the Origin of the Hypoblast in Pelagic Teleostean Ova
Authors: George Brook
Published: April 2021

In a paper which I brought before the recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Philadelphia, attention was called to certain points of difference in the development of pelagic and non-pelagic teleostean ova. After the meeting I had an opportunity of seeing a paper then just published by Agassiz and Whitman (1), and when in Cambridge Dr. Whitman very kindly showed me his beautiful series of drawings on this subject. The conclusions arrived at by Dr. Whitman are so completely at variance with my own on some points, that it appears necessary for me to give a detailed account of my observations with carefully made drawings from actual sections of the egg. I may here add that whereas in very small pelagic ova I have found an optical section of the living egg to give fairly reliable details of the process of segmentation, invagination, &c., I have found that in larger eggs this method is not to be relied on at all, and that a clear interpretation of the process of invagination can only be obtained from actual sections made from eggs taken at frequent intervals.
The Photospheria of Nyctiphanes Norvegica, G. O. Sars
Authors: Vallentin Rupert , Cunningham J.T.
Published: April 2021

It has long been a familiar fact to zoologists that in nearly all the Schizopodous genera which form the family Euphaus-iidæ are present ten small globular, reddish organs, having a resemblance in many respects to such eyes as those of Vertebrata and some Mollusca and Chætopoda. The organs in question have not the least resemblance to the typical compound eye which is so characteristic of Arthropoda, but because when one of them is examined in the fresh state, a doubly convex structureless lens, and a cell layer suggesting the idea of a retina, are easily seen, therefore the organs were, until a recent date, generally denominated accessory eyes, or in German “Nebenaugen.”
Notes on the Anatomy of Peripatus capensis and Peripatus Novæ-Zealandiæ
Authors: Sheldon Lilian
Published: April 2021

There are a few anatomical details in which these two species of Peripatus differ both from one another and from P. Edwardsii, the anatomy of which has been described by Gaffron (2).
Kleinenberg on the Development of Lopadorhynchus
Authors: Bourne G. C.
Published: April 2021

It is now more than a year since Professor Kleinenberg published, in the ‘Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologiel,’ a long account of the development of a polychæte Annelid, Lopadorhynchus. Whether it is because of the extreme length of the paper, which extends over 225 pages, that the work has not attracted the attention it deserves, or because the very numerous illustrations include no diagrams, but are invariably exact drawings of the sections studied by the author, and require to be laboriously re-interpreted by the reader, or because the facts and views expressed are so novel and so much opposed to all preconceived notions of what mesoblast ought to be, the fact remains that this paper is little known by English readers.
Haplodiscus Piger; a new Pelagic Organism from the Bahamas
Authors: Weldon W. F. R.
Published: April 2021

I propose the name Haplodiscus for a small pelagic organism occasionally found in the tow-net near the island of New Providence, Bahamas.
The Organ of Verrill in Loligo
Authors: Laurie Malcolm
Published: April 2021

In a paper on North American Cephalopoda 1 Verrill describes a valve-like organ at the base of the siphon in Desmoteuthis and Taonia, in both of which genera the true valve is absent. His drawing of this structure in Desmoteuthis tenera is reproduced in fig. 1. It is there seen to be composed of a median portion, (m.) lying on the dorsal side of the siphon, and a pair of lateral cushions (n. n ′,). The median portion is raised into three papillae, one (i.) median and a pair (i ′.) more posterior in position.
Notes on Raphides.
Authors: Lankester Edwin
Published: April 2021

The term Raphides (from φαϕςι, a needle) was first applied by De Candolle to certain needle-like crystals found in the tissues of plants. The term has since been extended by some writers to all crystals found, in plants, whilst others, adhering to the etymology of the word, apply it only to crystals of an acicular form. Schleiden discards the word altogether, and perhaps it would be better to get rid of a term which has neither accuracy nor utility to recommend it. The discovery of crystals in plants is due to Malpighi, who first figured crystals found in a species of Opuntia in his ‘Anatomy of Plants’ The needle-like crystals were afterwards described by Rafu as occurring in the milky juice of the Euphorbiaceæ. Jurin found the same kind of crystals in the leaves of Leucojum verum. Raspail was the first to demonstrate that many of these crystals were oxalate of lime—a fact that Scheele had demonstrated with regard to the crystals found in the roots of the common rhubarb. The most elaborate and complete paper on this subject was published by Edwin Quekett, and appeared in the appendix to the third edition of ‘Lindley’s Introduction to Botany’ in 1839. Since that time various observers have -published observations on this subject. The late Professor John Quekett, in a paper in the ‘Microscopical Transactions,’ showed that many of these crystals had an organic basis. Mr. Rainey, in his ‘Researches on the Mineral Structure of Vegetable and Animal Cells,’ has contributed many observations on the presence of crystalline matters in vegetable cells. In the January number of the ‘Annals of Natural History? Professor Gulliver, in a paper “On the Raphides of British Plants,” says : “It appears to me that these raphides are deserving of more attention than they have yet received both in relation to the structure and economy of vegetables, and as affording a wide, interesting, and scarcely cultivated field of research for the chemical phytologist.” These raphides, he adds, “may also be often useful as diagnostic characters in systematic botany when others are not available ; for example, a mere fragment of one of the Onagraceæ or of the Lemnaceæ may be so surely distinguished simply by its raphides from some of its near allies in other orders, that this fact ought henceforth to be added to the description of the orders just mentioned, independently of its value in other respects.” “Though common in some orders, it is remarkable that the raphides are so rare where they might be most expected, that I have not a single note of their presence in young parts of the stem, leaves, and flowers of British Oxalidaceae, Umbelliferæ, Labiateæ, Euphorbiaceæ, or Polygonaceæ, and even among Crassulaceæ. No crystals were found in Sedum Telephium and S’. acre”
A Comparative Study of Striated Muscle
Authors: Haswell William A.
Published: April 2021

There are very many discrepancies between the statements which we find in the writings of various observers as to the distribution of striated muscular fibres in the various classes of Invertebrata. These discrepancies are due partly to defective methods of investigation and misinterpretation of the appearances observed, but partly also to the want of a distinct understanding as to what constitutes “striation “in muscle. Clearly our conception of striation in muscular fibres is derived originally from the study of the tissues of the voluntary muscles of Mammalia and the Frog, and the limb-muscles of Insects, since it was in these that the striation was first observed, and it is in these that the nature of striation has been invariably investigated. Now what are the essential characteristics of striated fibres in such instances ? They are five in number.

A striated muscular fibre in these cases consists of a bundle of narrower elements, the fibrils, which are capable by certain methods of treatment of being isolated from one another. The whole substance of the fibre is composed of two series of transverse segments, the anisotropous and isotropous series, differing in optical properties and affinity for certain dyes, which alternate with one another, the segments of the one series being doubly refracting and readily affected by haematoxylin or carmine (anisotropous segments) ; while those of the other set are singly refracting and are not readily stained (isotropous segments). Running transversely across the whole fibre in the middle of each singly refracting segment is a network or membrane, the transverse network, or Krause’s membrane. Running between the fibrils are a number of delicate threads, for the most part longitudinal in direction, constituting the longitudinal networks. Each fibre is, so far as known, formed originally from a single formative cell, the nucleus of which undergoes division, giving rise to a multinucleated protoplasmic body1 by modification of whose protoplasm the muscle substance and networks are formed.
Contributions to Animal Chromatology
Authors: Munn C. A. Mac
Published: April 2021

The following observations, although they are not as complete as one might wish, may yet be found useful to those who take an interest in Animal Chromatology. The greater part of them is the result of a short visit to the Marine Biological Laboratory at Plymouth last year. Owing to my having been provided with only one spectroscope of small dispersion at Plymouth, I am unable to guarantee the accuracy of the measurements. The chemical laboratory there was not at that time yet fully equipped, so that I could not thoroughly examine the pigments, but the characters given below are sufficient to enable one to form an opinion as to their connexion with other pigments.
Note on the Transformation of Ciliated into Stratified Squamous Epithelium as a Result of the Application of Friction
Authors: Haycraft John Berry , Carlier E. W.
Published: April 2021

In man, in the rabbit, and in some other animals, the trachea, as is well known, is built up of a series of cartilaginous rings, which are incomplete behind. Posteriorly, where the cartilage is wanting, involuntary muscular fibres are found. These are placed transversely, and form what is called the trachealis muscle, which is placed outside the cartilage. The mucous membrane forms a smooth cylindrical lining to the cartilaginous walls of the trachea, and is covered by ciliated epithelium. In the cat and the dog the rings of cartilage overlap posteriorly for a considerable distance, and the trachealis muscle, which is much developed in these animals, and placed outside the cartilage, evidently exerts a powerful action in varying the diameter of the tube.
Terminations of Nerves in the Nuclei of the Epithelial Cells of Tortoise-shell
Authors: Haycraft John Berry
Published: April 2021

The land tortoise (Testudo græca), so commonly imported into England from the south of Europe, appears to be a very sluggish animal. This is not really the case, and its movements on a hot summer day are the reverse of phlegmatic. In this condition its carapace is sensitive to the slightest impact. If the carapace or plastron be very gently tapped, the nearest leg is alone withdrawn, a heavier tap causing a withdrawal of its whole body. We have here, therefore, a structure which is a true sensitive surface, and like the soft skin of a frog or of a man, it is brought into relationship with the central nervous system. Like the soft skin of other animals it may be mapped out into areas, from which the nerve-fibres passing to the spinal cord are all especially connected with outgoing motor nerves, so that the definite reflex movements of limbs as already described may come about.
Immunity Against Microbes
Authors: Ruffer M. Armand
Published: April 2021

When examining the microscopic world actively growing in various infusions, we are often able, says Metschnikoff,1 “to follow with our eyes the struggle taking place between the representatives of the Flora and Fauna of microbes. Many unicellular animals, such as Amœbæ and other Rhizopoda, as well as flagellated and ciliated Infusoria, feed on various bacteria, devour them in great numbers, and take them into their protoplasm in order to extract from them the necessary nutritive material. Small Monads in the course of a few minutes take into their interior Leptothrix filaments ten times longer than they are themselves.” It is a very old observation that Amœbæ and other Protozoa seize dead particles, and, after extracting the nutritive material contained in these, reject the remainder.
On the Minute Structure of the Gills of Palæmonetes varians
Authors: Allen Edgar J.
Published: April 2021

Kowalevsky1 states that when he injected Palsemon with a strong solution of litmus, two red stripes appeared on the axis of each gill, the effect being due to the colouring matter having been deposited in two solid strings of cells, which lie on both sides of the axis, near the channels through which the blood flows from the gill lamellæ to the heart (branchiocardiac canals). Professor Weldon drew my attention to this statement, and suggested that I should endeavour to work out the minute structure of the gills, of which no description, so far as I am aware, at present exists. My observations have been carried on chiefly upon Palæmonetes varians, as this form can be more readily obtained alive and kept in confinement in London.
On Teichmann’s Blood-Crystals
Authors: Hendry William
Published: April 2021

Having an impression that the nature of Teichmann’s blood-crystals, supposed to be that of pure hæmatine or of the colouring matter of blood, and hence termed hematin-crystals, may not be so generally understood as the subject seems to merit; believing also that but very few individuals amongst those whom their production may chiefly interest have hitherto undertaken manipulations with respect to them, and the subject at large possessing a general microscopical value, as well as being of some interest in medical jurisprudence, I have deemed it worth while to awaken the attention of your readers to it, with the earnest hope of inducing some to undertake enlarged experiments, and of eliciting additional facts, which may tend to still greater utility.
On “Contractility” as distinguished from purely Vital Movements
Authors: Beale Lionel S.
Published: April 2021

There are probably few actions more different than the contraction of a muscle or the vibration of cilia, and the movements which occur in a living Amoeba, in a living mucus-corpuscle, or young epithelial cell; but it is generally considered that all these movements depend on a property which has long been known as contractility. And yet one would hardly conceive it possible that even a casual observer, who had attentively watched ciliary or muscular action, and the movements of an Amoeba, for example, would fail to discern a remarkable difference in the movements he observed, although he might be quite unable to define in what essential points the movements differed. Not only are there essential differences between these (at least) two classes of movements, both of which occur in all the higher organisms, but I think it can be shown that the matter which is the seat of the observed motion is not of the same nature in each case. I have endeavoured to prove that the so-called moving matter (sarcode) of an Amœba or of a mucus-corpuscle, white blood or pus-corpuscle, corresponds to, or is homologous with, the so-called “nucleus,” and not with contractile material of muscle. The moving matter of the former and the so-called “nucleus “of the latter correspond, and I have termed this living or germinal matter, while the latter I. consider to be formed matter, and therefore no longer the seat of vital changes.
The “Sexual Season” of Mammals and the Relation of the “Pro-œstrum” to Menstruation
Authors: Heape Walter
Published: April 2021

The following paper is concerned with certain phenomena which affect reproduction and which occur in female mammals prior to the fertilisation of the ovum.
The Life-History of Nucula delphinodonta (Mighels)
Authors: Drew Gilman A.
Published: April 2021

The material upon which these observations were made was secured at Casco Bay, Maine, during the summers of 1897 and 1898. Nucula delphinodonta is a small form, seldom growing to be more than 4 mm. in length, and as it lives below low-tide mark it is not very well known by collectors. By using a sufficiently fine dredge, however, unlimited numbers of adult and young specimens may be procured. Individuals may be found living under very different conditions; in inlets and protected places, and exposed to the open sea, and from near low-tide mark to a depth of several fathoms. The principal habitat, however, is in the shallow inlets and near the heads of sounds, where the bottom is composed of fine mud, mixed with some sand, broken shells, and decaying vegetable matter. Individuals are most numerous just outside of the eel grass which skirts the shore where the bottom is of this character, in water which at low tide is from one to three fathoms deep. The mud in which they live is much like that inhabited by Yoldia limatula, except that it is not so free from shore débris. Although some specimens may be obtained where Yoldia is most abundant, they are generally more numerous somewhat nearer the shore, and they may be very numerous at considerable distances from places where Yoldia is known to thrive.
The Crystalline Style of Lamellibranchia
Authors: Mitra S. B.
Published: April 2021

Four hypotheses have been framed with regard to what the crystalline style of the Lamellibranchia is and does: (1) Gegenbaur thought it was a secretion from the enteric epithelium (‘Elements of Comparative Anatomy,; English translation, p. 359). (2) Balfour suggested that it was to be considered as a rudiment of the radular sac of the Glossophora (see Professor Lankester’s article on “Mollusca,” in the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica/ninth edition, p. 685). (3) Claus regarded it as an excretion of the enteric epithelium. (4) Sedgwick thinks it is to be regarded as a “reserve of nutriment” (‘Student’s Text-book of Zoology,; vol. i, p. 335). We may say at the outset that of all the hypotheses Gegenbaur’s was the nearest to the truth, for it is in reality a secretion, a digestive ferment whose function it is to digest starch, i. e. to convert starch into a reducible sugar.
On the Development of Sagitta; with Notes on the Anatomy of the Adult
Authors: Doncaster L.
Published: April 2021

The development of the Chætognatha was first investigated by Gegenbaur, but the earliest full account was given by Kowalevsky in 1871 (1). He described the gastrulation, the formation of the archenteric pouches, and the subsequent stages up to the hatching of the young Sagitta. Bütschli studied another species taken off the coast of Norway in 1873 (2), and found considerable difference between this species and that which Kowalevsky had described. The most important new facts which he added were, firstly, the formation of separate anterior cavities of the cœlom, separated off in the earlier stages of the embryo from the archenteric pouches ; and secondly, the very early separation of the cells which remain unaltered during the whole embryonic development, and which ultimately give rise to the male and female generative organs.
On Peripatus guianensis (sp. nov.)
Authors: Evans Richard
Published: April 2021

To add another species to the already somewhat large number of the New World members of the family Peripatidæ will probably seem to many zoologists to be unwarranted presumption, for within the last few years the number of species from this part of the world has been more than doubled—a result, to some extent, of redescribing old material rather than of discovering new forms. However, the species under consideration in the present paper cannot be identified with any of the already known ones; and whatever view we choose to adopt regarding the validity of some of the species which have been made, I am of opinion that no one will doubt,after perusal of the facts which will be recorded in the coming pages, that Peripatus guianensis is a new species.
On the Development of Flagellated Organisms (Trypanosomes) from the Spleen Protozoic Parasites of Cachexial Fevers and Kala-Azar
Authors: Rogers Leonard
Published: April 2021

The small oval parasites, known under the name of Leishman-Donovan bodies (although they appear to have been first found by D. D. Cunningham in Dehli boil) were described last year as occurring in the enlarged spleens of patients dying of chronic fever with marked cachexia by Leishmau, who considered them to be degenerate trypanosomes, because he found somewhat similar bodies form with a large and a small chromatine mass in the spleens of rats which had died forty-eight hours before of trypanosomiasis due to the organisms of tsetse fly disease. Donovan, working in Madras, found similar bodies in blood obtained fresh from patients suffering from this fever, thus proving that those seen by Leishman were not degenerate trypanosomes, and Laveran, after examining Donovan’s specimens, came to the conclusion that the parasite was apiroplasma. Ross, Nuttall, and Manson have all dissented from this view, and regard the organism as probably belonging to a new genus. Christophers suggests that it is a microsporidium.1
On the Maiotic Phase (Reduction Divisions) in Animals and Plants1
Authors: Farmer J. Bretland , Moore J. E. S.
Published: April 2021

We think it desirable, in the interests of clearness, to explain the meaning of the nomenclature that is employed in this memoir in connection with the “reduction “divisions.
Some Facts in the Later Development of the Frog, Rana temporaria: Part I.—The Segments of the Occipital Region of the Skull
Authors: Elliot Agnes I. M.
Published: April 2021

The question of the segmentation of the vertebrate head is one which for a long time has attracted the attention of many investigators. With regard to the segmentation of the anterior and middle parts of the head the facts are conflicting, and opinions differ; but, with regard to the postotic portion, there is a converging mass of evidence, drawn from the neural, muscular, and skeletal tissues, that a varying number of segments serially homologous with the trunk segments have been drawn into the head. Besides this there is also evidence that in this region, in some groups at all events, a certain number of segments have altogether dropped out, and are not now represented by any rudiments, even in the embryo.
Peripatus ceramensis, n. sp
Authors: Muir F. , Kershew J. C.
Published: April 2021

Female.—Antennæ dark grey, the articulations thinly ringed with ochreous. Eyes shiny black. Oral papillæ pale ochreous at the base, pale grey on tips, and dotted there with black. Head and anterior part of body to about the second pair of legs rather pale rust-colour, irrorated with black; there is in some specimens an ochreous marking on the dorsal median line of the head. Rest of body dark slaty-grey, irregularly spotted with small sub-circular rust-coloured spots, most of them centred with a black dot (the spots are the bases of papillæ, the black dots the bristles at the summits). These spots extend to near the head, but arc there smaller and paler. There is a narrow median dorsal line of very dark grey, becoming narrower, paler, and almost obsolete near the head, but it continues fairly distinct to the anus. This line, under the microscope, is seen to be divided longitudinally by an exceedingly fine light line. Underside wholly grey, lighter than the upperside, and irregularly spotted with pale ochreous, chiefly on each side of the median line. Round the mouth is pale ochreous. Legs on the inside concolourous with the underside ; on the outside concolourous with the upperside, and with a few pale rusty spots, chiefly near the base. Just around the anus the skin and papillæ are ochreous or rusty. The spiniferous pads on the legs are pale ochreous. Between each pair of legs, on the median ventral line, is a rather large light ochreous spot. Papillæ round genital opening whitish.
Observations on Trypanoplasma congeri
Authors: Martin C. H.
Published: April 2021

In the ‘Zoologischer Anzeiger,’ Bd. xxxv, Nos. 14 and 15, Mr. Elmhirst and I published a short note on a trypanoplasma parasitic in the stomach of the conger eel (Conger niger). Up to the present, as far as I am. aware, no satisfactory account has been given of the division of any trypanoplasma, and the only point in connection with this process, on which previous workers have been unanimous, seems to be the extreme rarity of dividing forms. By what I must now regard as rather a fortunate accident, the second conger which I chanced to examine was so heavily infected that frequently two dividing forms have been found in the same field. As such infections, however, seem extremely rare, I have decided to publish my observations on the division of the active form of Try panoplasm a congeri at once, reserving the notes we have at present made on the changes into the resting form for a later paper. In the later paper we hope also to deal more fully with the general literature of the group. I shall only mention in this paper the previous accounts of intestinal trypanoplasma, and, in a later section of the paper, I shall refer to the descriptions of division given for this genus by Keysselitz and Friedrich. The first description of an intestinal trypanoplasma was given by Léger in 1905 for a form, Trypanoplasma. intestinalis, which be found in the stomach of Box boops.
Notes on a Deep-sea Echiuroid, Acantho-hamingia shiplei (n. g. et n. sp.), with Remarks on the Species Hamingia ijimai, Ikeda.
Authors: Ikeda Iwaji
Published: April 2021

In July, 1909, I obtained au Echiuroid animal through the kindness of Mr. Aoki, of the Marine Biological Station at Misaki, Japan. As at that time the date of my departure from Japan was near at hand I was compelled to bring with me the specimen, which remained untouched until the end of October, when I entered the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Cambridge. After some weeks’ work in that laboratory I discovered that this single specimen was a very curious and undescribed species belonging to the Bonellidæ, and apparently to the genus Hamingia. Doubt was, however, thrown upon relationship of the new form to Hamingia by two remarkable features, the presence (i) of the abnormally numerous ventral hooks and (ii) of the skin-papillæ. The absence of the two structures just mentioned represents the most essential generic characteristics of Hamingia, distinguishing the genus from the rest of the Bonellidæ, Boneilia and Protobonellia.1 Seeing many close relationships between the present species and Hamingia ijimai,2 both in its general “facies “and its anatomy, I suspected that the type-specimen of H. ijimai might possess the two structures mentioned above, and I asked Mr. S. Takahashi, my colleague in the College of Hiroshima, to re-examine the type-specimen. His reply was that H. ijimai has hooks similar in nature to those of the present species, but no skin-papillæ at all. Thus informed, I have decided to propose the new genus Acanthohamingia for the reception of both the present species and that which I formerly described as H amingia ijimai. The question of classification will be more fully discussed later. The following contribution, though brief and incomplete in many points, is produced with the hope of adding something to our present knowledge of the group of Bonellidæ. Before going further, I wish to express my deep gratitude to Professor J. Stanley Gardiner, F.R.S., and Mr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., through whose great kindness and generosity I have been enabled to produce the present study, being supplied with every necessary convenience of the laboratory. I also feel greatly indebted to Mr. S. Takahashi for his kindness in supplying me with the prompt information for which I troubled him.
On Cristispira veneris nov. spec., and the Affinities and Classification of Spirochæts
Authors: Dobell C.Clifford
Published: April 2021

During the last few years many memoirs have made their appearance in connection with the remarkable group of Protista which may be conveniently collected under the common name “Spirochæts.” Of these organisms the most divergent descriptions have been given, and consequently the most divergent views have been held regarding their affinities with other organisms. Many workers consider that the Spirochæts are allied to the flagellate Protozoa; many consider that their proper systematic position is among the Bacteria. As I have devoted a considerable amount of study to both these groups—as regards their cytology and lifehistories—I have naturally been anxious to extend my studies to the Spirochæts. The present paper represents a part of the researches which I have made upon these organisms, with the conclusions derived from them. I may state at the outset that my own observations have led me to believe that the Spirochæts are really neither Protozoa nor Bacteria, but a group of Protista which—for the present—must be held to stand apart.
Further Observations on the Cæcal Parasites of Fowls, with Some Reference to the Rectal Fauna of other Vertebrates PART I
Authors: Martin C. H. , Hobertson Muriel
Published: April 2021

During the last two years we have been engaged in some work on the cæcal parasites of the fowl, and although we do not feel that our work is complete, we have decided to publish some of the results we have obtained.
On the Condition of the Epidermal Fibrils in Epithelioma
Authors: Arnold George
Published: April 2021

The following observations were made in the course of some experiments which were carried out with the object of demonstrating chondriosomes in malignant tissues.
Cytological Observations on the Early Stages of Segmentation of Echinus Hybrids
Authors: Doncaster L. , Gray J.
Published: April 2021

The material on which the greater part of the observations here described was made was handed over to us by Messrs. Shearer, De Morgan and Fuchs, and was collected by them while carrying out experiments on the characters of the phitei in hybrids between the British species of Echinus. A preliminary account of their results has been published,1 and their fuller paper appears concurrently with this. In view of the fact that in some of the hybrids the plutei, whichever way the cross was made, were essentially of the maternal type, it was clearly of interest to determine whether an elimination of paternal chromosomes takes place comparable with that described by Baltzer,2 who has found that in the early stages of hybrids between different Echinoid genera, paternal chromosomes are eliminated in those cases in which the phitei are of the maternal type. The species used in the present experiments were Echinus esculentus, E. acutus, and E. miliaris, the three species of Echinus found at Plymouth, where the experiments were made. The material obtained in 191.1 consisted of segmenting eggs of these three species, and of the hybrids eseulentus ♀ × acutus ♂, acutus ♀ × esculentus ♂, and acutus ♀ × milaris ♂, preserved at intervals of from half an hour to five hours after fertilisation.
On the Development and Morphology of the Mandibular and Hyoid Muscles of Mammals
Authors: worth F. H. Edge
Published: April 2021

In the course of a paper on the morphology of the muscles of the head in Vertebrates published in this Journal two years ago, I gave a short description of those of the mandibular and hyoid segments in the rabbit. There is great difficulty in distinguishing muscle-Anlagen from surrounding mesoblast in the early stages of developing Mammals, and, not quite satisfied with some of the statements made, I have re-investigated the phenomena. The inquiry has been much facilitated by Prof. J. P. Hill, who very kindly lent me sections of Dasyurus viverrinus—an animal which is born with two masticatory muscles only and an incudo-meckelian joint, and in which the development of typical mammalian muscles and of a squamoso-mandibular joint takes place after birth. These changes can be easily followed, and enable one to interpret the more obscure phenomena occurring in Mammals with a longer intra-uterine development. Other Mammals have also been investigated, viz. pig, rabbit, Phoca vitulina, Halichœrus grypus, Bradypus marmoratus, Dasypus novemcinctus, Manis pentadactyla, Didelphys aurita, Echidna aculeata, Ornithorhynchus.
Observations on the Genera Cylindrocystis (Meneghini), Mesotænium (Näg.), and SpirotæNIA (Bréb.) (= Palmoglœa, Kütz., pro maxima parte), mainly induced by a paper by Dr. J. Braxton Hicks, F. R. S., F. L. S., on the Lower Forms of Algæ‡
Authors: Archer William
Published: April 2021

In a paper which I had the honour to read before this Society, in the session preceding last, on the genus Palmoglœa (Kütz.),§ I took the opportunity to bring before your notice the Irish forms of that genus, or rather those forms by which Kützing would have been referred to it, but which, as I then stated, and as I still apprehend, belong more naturally to several individually distinct but closely related genera. I gave at the same time what may be called, in some measure, an analysis of the genus Palmoglœa (Kütz.), with regard to at least the majority of the forms therein included by that algologist.
On the Life-History of the Sporozoa of Spatangoids, with Observations on some Allied Forms
Authors: Pixell-Goodrich Helen L. M.
Published: April 2021

Certain Spatangoids harbour peculiarly interesting parasites which were named by Giard in 1876 (8) Lithocystis, owing to the fact that their cysts invariably contain crystals. He interpreted the tail with which the spores are provided as two filaments which approached one another, and consequently did not realise the close affinities of this genus with Urospora, established by Schneider in the preceding year (23).
On a New Species of Pentastomid from a N. African Snake (Zamenis ravigieri)
Authors: Hett Mary L.
Published: April 2021

The specimens of Pentastomid described in this paper were given to me in the spring of 1913 by Mrs. Pixell Goodrich, who obtained them from the body cavity of Zamenis ravigieri while studying the hæmogregarine of that snake in the Sahara.
On the So-called Pharyngeal Gland-cells of Earthworms
Authors: Stephenson J.
Published: April 2021

The “pharyngeal gland-cells” of earthworms are not gland-cells in the usual sense, and do not communicate with the pharynx; the term “chromophil cells “is proposed for them because of their intense coloration by haematoxylin and similar stains. The so-called “septal glands “of earthworms a.re aggregations of similar cells at a more posterior level. In the chromophil cells the deeply staining matter is not equably distributed through the cell-body; the peripheral regions of the cells in general stain more lightly, and appear to be disintegrating, or merge into an intercellular substance. While most of the cells form a more or less compact aggregate on the surface of the pharyngeal mass, a number penetrate inwards towards the pharyngeal epithelium, and become progressively metamorphosed into fibrillar connective tissue. A capsule of flattened cells covering the mass, though present in part, is incomplete. The smaller masses of cells in Helodrilus parvus are frequently continuous with the peritoneal membrane, of which they appear as modifications. In Helodrilus parvus, and especially in all young earthworms, the inwandering and the connective tissue change of the chromophil cells is less marked; in very young specimens neither has taken place. The capsule is also more and more incomplete the younger the specimen. The cells are to be looked on as of peritoneal origin -, that is to say, they are modifications of the original lining colls of the coelomic cavity. Hence the absence of capsule in the early stages; and hence the original limitation of the cells to the superficial portion of the pharyngeal mass. The main function of the cells is probably metabolic; but it is at present impossible to particularise further.
The Development of Echinocardium cor-datum. Part II.—The Development of the Internal Organs.
Authors: MacBride E. W.
Published: April 2021

In a former number of tins Journal (10) I gave an account of the development of Echinocardium cordatum, including in it a description of the living larvæ and of the external features of the young urchins just after their metamorphosis. Since then I have been engaged (with frequent interruptions) in exploring the development of the internal organs by means of sections, and the facts recorded in the present paper, taken together with what was communicated in the earlier paper, constitute the first complete account of the development of a Spatangoid irregular urchin which has been published.
Rhythmic Pulsation in the Madreporic Vesicle of Young Ophiuroids
Authors: Geinmill James F.
Published: April 2021

In view of the interest attaching to the nature and function of the madreporic vesicle, I made a careful examination of a number of young living Ophiuroids from tow-nettings at the Millport Marine Station in June, 1918. In particular specimens (probably of Ophioglypha albida), at the stage when the young star is a flattened disc with five blunt arms, each with five tentacles, the madreporic interradius is slightly wider than the rest, and is marked by the projection in its neighbourhood of a still persisting larval arm-rudiment. Careful focussing through the tissues of this interradius, in recently taken specimens examined in saltwater, never failed to reveal the presence of a rhythmically pulsating thin-walled cavity entirely comparable with the pulsating madreporic vesicle of an Asterias larva. The pulsations are extremely regular, occurring once in every eleven or twelve seconds, and they continued for over an hour in several of the specimens examined. They could be made out both from the oral and from the aboral side, and nothing similar was revealed by search in the other interradii. One gets the impression that the essential part of the pulsation is the emptying and filling of spongy tissue to one side of the vesicle, but this appearance is not nearly so definite as in Asterias (2, p. 248) and Porania (3, p. 40) larvæ. Bury (9, p. 76, 1896) noted in Echinus microtuberculatus that during contraction the floor of the vesicle projects far up into its cavity, and that the pulsation is certainly continued in the earliest post-larval stages, though whether it occurs in the adult he was unable to say. Recently MacBride has figured and called attention to a similar projection in sections of late larvæ of Echinocardium cordatum (5, p. 263, Pl. 19, fig. 10A).
An Alcoholic Eosin and Methylene-Blue Staining Method
Authors: Lim R. K. S.
Published: April 2021

Aqueous or alcoholic solutions of eosin and aqueous solutions of methylene-blue have long been individually and successively employed for the double staining of sections. (It is not intended here to deal with the mixed or combined staining method of Romanowsky (8), Ehrlich (1), and others.) The various methods now in use (Schafer (9), Sims Woodhead (10), Miller (5), etc.) may be generally described as follows :
Observations on the Protozoa Parasitic in the Hind Gut of Archotermopsis wroughtoni Desn: Part I.—Ditrichomonas (Trichomonas) termitis, Imms
Authors: Cutler D. Ward
Published: April 2021

In a recent paper Dr. Imms (12)1 has described some of the species of Protozoa parasitic in the hind gut of an Indian termite—Archotermopsis wroughtoni Desn. As many of these insects have been living in Dr. Imms’ laboratory at Manchester, I had the opportunity, a few years ngo, of examining their Protozoa, which showed a number of features of great interest and importance. Early in 1918 I decided to make a thorough investigation of these parasites, and Dr. Imms kindly placed at my disposal the remainder of his material. I therefore express to him my sincere thanks for thus rendering possible my research.
Text-book of embryology : Vol. II, Vertebrala, with the exception of Mammalia
Authors: Graham Kerr J.
Published: April 2021

The interesting Fish and Amphibians collected abroad by Prof. J. Graham Kerr and his friend Mr. Budgett have provided the material for a series of important contributions to our knowledge of the development of vertebrates in the pages of this Journal and elsewhere. Zoologists have therefore eagerly looked forward to the appearance of this the second volume of the ‘Text-Book of Embryology’ of which the first volume—on the Invertebrata—was written by Prof. MacBride and reviewed four years ago ; and they will not be disappointed, for Prof. Kerr has produced a strikingly original work of real merit. Unlike many text-books it is not a mere conscientious compilation, nor has the author aimed at writing a complete and comprehensive work of reference. Rather has he endeavoured to illustrate the fundamental results of the study of embryology, omitting mere descriptive detail, and avoiding the accumulation of data without special significance. As he truly remarks in the preface, such masses of detail “have tended to obscure general principles and incidentally to smother interest in one of the most fascinating of sciences.” It must not be thought, however, that this handsome volume devoted to the Lower Vertebrata (Vertebrata, with the exception of the Mammalia) is filled with vague speculations; on the contrary, it conveys a vast amount of information, facts and relevant detail being set forth with admirable clearness to support the author’s views.