bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigations of representation of certain bacteria strains in lungs of pigs with pneumonia
Authors: Zutic Milenko , Ivetic Vojin , Radanovic Oliver , Zutic Jadranka , Jakic-Dimic Dobrila , Savic Bozidar , Pavlovic Ivan , Stanojevic Slobodan
Published: October 2011

The objective of the investigations described in this paper was to carry out the identification and to establish the incidence of certain strains of bacteria that take part in the etiopathogenesis of pig infections. The investigations covered a total of 237 pathoanatomically altered lungs of expired pigs. Sampling was done during visits to pig farms, most often in situations when it had been necessary to resolve occurring respiratory infections. The samples were examined in a laboratory for the presence of bacterial causes using standard and commercial methods of microbiological diagnostics. For this purpose, the samples were sown on corresponding nutritive bases (blood agar, MacConkey agar, nutritive agar, BHI agar, Baird Parker agar). For the primary isolation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Haemophilus parasuis, agar with 5-10% sheep's blood was used and the culture of the strain Staphylococcus aureus which serves as a source of V factor, and for subcultivation of these causes, chocolate agar was used with PolyVitex. In the isolated bacteria, following investigations of morphological and culture characteristics, biochemical identification was performed using the commercial tests BBL Crystal GP ID Kit, E/N ID Kit, Api 20 Strep and Slidex Staph Plus. From the total of 237 examined lung samples, 13 bacteria strains were isolated from 193 samples (81.43%). Among breeding pigs, 112 lung samples were examined and the presence of bacteria was established in 92 (82.14%), while the presence of bacteria was established in 101 samples (80.8%) of 125 examined lung samples from fattening pigs. Two bacteria strains were dominant among the spectrum of lung microorganisms: Pasteurella multocida (32.64%) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (29.02%), or, these two bacteria strains in total accounted for 61.66% of all strains isolated in pure culture. The participation of the other 11 bacteria strains ranged from 0.52-9.84%. Observed according to production categories, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was most often isolated from lungs of breeding pigs (26 isolates), while Pasteurella multocida was most often isolated from the lungs of fattening pigs (43 isolates). Out of the totally identified 13 bacteria species, only 5 were established in fattening pigs, but these animals were also found to have 4 of the total of 5 detected cases of mixed infection. Infection with mixed bacteria was established in 16 lung samples (8.29%). The presence of Pasteurella multocida and/or Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was established in each of the 5 cases of mixed infection.
Establishing presence of antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenza virus 3 (PI3) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1) in blood serum of cattle using indirect immunoenzyme probe
Authors: Samanc Horea , Milic Nenad , Stojic Velibor , Knezevic Dejan , Vujanac Ivan , Dimitrijevic Blagoje , Nisavic Jakov , Radojicic Marina
Published: October 2011

A total of 92 samples of bovine blood serum were examined for the presence of antibodies against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus using indirect immunoenzyme probe - iELISA. Specific antibodies against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were established in 46, or 50% blood serum samples. Investigations of the 92 blood serum samples of cattle for the presence of antibodies against the parainfluenza virus 3 (PI 3), revealed their presence in 77, or 83.69% of the samples, and the presence of antibodies against the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1) was established in 19, or 20.65% of the samples.
Dairy calf pneumonia: Effective treatment depends on early and accurate diagnosis
Authors: Panousis Nikolaos
Published: October 2011

Dairy calf pneumonia is one of the most economically important diseases of calves. A delayed diagnosis could result endemic herd problem, prolonged use of antibiotics, high recurrence rate, pulmonary abscessation and ear infections. The key for effective control is the early detection of pneumonia and the accurate diagnosis of the etiologic factor. For the early detection, a respiratory disease score was assigned based on rectal temperature, character of nasal discharge, eye discharge or ear appearance, and presence of a cough. Each clinical sign has a point scale from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe). The respiratory disease score is the sum of points from the 4 categories of clinical signs, with increasing values representing progressive severity. The scoring system results in a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 12. Calves with score 5 or higher, having at least 2 clinical signs of respiratory disease, are considered sick and have to be treated. For the accurate diagnosis of the etiological agent the best tool in a live calf is bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collection. Sampling of severely affected animals should be avoided. New acute cases are ideal. BAL is performed in sedated calves using a sterilized, flexible catheter with a 5-cc balloon cuff. The fresh BAL fluid sample is processed within 2 hours of collection or refrigerated until analysis. Part of the sample is used for microbiology and the remaining is submitted for cytology. BAL fluid that yields homogenous (>106 CFU/ml) bacterial or positive Mycoplasma bovis culture is considered abnormal. A disproportionate lowering of macrophages (<61%) or elevation of neutrophils (>39%) provides evidence of an inflammatory response with or without a positive culture. The ideal antibiotic selection would be based on the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of lung pathogens after BAL fluid culture.
Changes in population of S. enterica serotype Enteritidis in experimentally contaminated milk depending on temperature and acidity
Authors: Rajic-Savic Natasa
Published: October 2011

Salmonella bacteria are among the most frequent causes of food poisoning, and milk and milk products are food items through which these bacteria can be transmitted. More recent data indicate that the infective dose of Salmonella is very small - up to 101/g/ml food. The preservation of Salmonella in milk depends on the acidity, temperature and the duration of storage. The objective of the work was to examine the survival of Salmonella in milk depending on the changes of the total number of bacteria, pH and temperature. In the study, 0.1 ml of 24-hour bouillon culture of S. enteritidis was inoculated in raw collective milk (104 cfu/ml) and in marketed pasteurized milk (102 cfu/ml) each. The examined milk samples were maintained at room temperature and at a temperature of 7oC. At the beginning of the examinations, after 24h, 48h, 72h, after 7, 14 and 21 days, decimal solutions were made from the milk, and, following incubation, the number of S. enteritidis was determined (Rambach agar), the total number of bacteria (base for total number of bacteria) by multiplying the number of grown colonies and the corresponding solution, and the milk pH was measured. There was a bigger reduction of S. enteritidis at room temperature because the pH value dropped more swiftly. The lowest pH at which S. enteritidis was isolated from experimentally contaminated milk was 3.88. The results of the examinations show that Salmonella can adapt to biochemical processes during milk acid fermentation of soft cheeses. No Salmonella bacteria were isolated from experimentally contaminated pasterurized milk at both maintenance temperatures after seven days of investigations.
Puerperal haemoglobinuria: Haemoglobinuria Puerperalis
Authors: Vujanac Ivan , Glisic Vladan
Published: October 2011

Puerperal haemoglobinuria is a sporadic disease that appears in cows before the fourth week after calving and is manifested as haemoglobinuria and haemolytic anaemia. Haemoglobinuria puerperalis was diagnozed at a private mini cattle farm on the grounds of anamnestic data and the results of clinical examinations, and it was confirmed with the results of laboratory examinations of blood samples. In the course of the disease, characteristic symptoms developed, there was clearly visible paleness of the mucosa, slightly expressed ichtherus of the eyelid ridge skin, and haemoglobinuria. Having in mind the very expressed oligocytemic hypochromic anaemia, therapy was directed at the primary disease and a blood transfusion was administered.
Influence of GnRH-gonadoreline and prostaglandine F2α-dinoprost application on reproduction parameter values in dairy cows with puerperal endometritis
Authors: Sabanovic Mustafa , Paprikic Nevres , Suljkanovic Ahmet , Miljas Jako , Lazarevic Miodrag
Published: October 2011

This paper presents results of investigations of gonadoreline application (14-16, 17-20 and 21-25 days post partum) influence, followed by prostaglanin F2 ? ten days later, on the reproductive parameters of dairy cows with difficult calving and endometritis. The study was carried out on a total of 92 Holstein-Friesian cows. Fifty of them treated with hormones, while 42 animals served as controls, receiving placebo injections. Analysis of the results in cows with postpartal endometrits revealed that mean anoestrus period, open days period and intervals between calving were significantly lower in cows that underwent hormonal treatment, when compared to the controls. The period from gonadoreline application, followed by prostaglandin injection, to conception was shorter by 44, 28 and 14 days respectively when compared to the control groups. The total conception rate from the first three artificial inseminations was higher in the experimental groups in comparison to the controls. .
Blood concentrations of thyroid hormones and lipids and histological changes in the liver in dairy cows in post-parturient period
Authors: Djokovic Radojica
Published: October 2011

The triiodthyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), triacylglycerols (TAG) and total cholesterol concentrations were estimated in the blood serum and content of lipids in the liver in healthy (n=10) and ketotic (n=10) dairy cows in the post parturient period. Samples of liver and blood tissues were taken from all the cows. Pathohistoligical examination of liver tissues showed statistically significant higher (p<0.01) lipid infiltration in ketotic cows compared to healthy ones. Biochemical examination of blood serum showed significantly higher values (p<0.01) of free fatty acids in ketotic cows such as significantly lower concentrations of glucose (p<0.01), triacylglycerols (p<0.01), total cholesterol (p<0.05), triiodthyronine (p<0.05) and thyroxine (p<0.05) compared to values of these parameters in the blood serum in healthy cows. Significant increase of concentration of free fatty acids, such as positive correlation (r=0.51; p<0.05) between the free fatty acids in blood and the content of lipids in liver in ketotic cows compared to healthy ones, as well as pathohistological report, shows that during intensive lipomobilisation newly synthesized triacylglycerols accumulated in the hepatocytes. In ketotic cows hypo thyroidal status is established and it can be a significant factor in the development of fatty liver. .
Susceptibility of coagulase positive staphylococci isolated from cow's mammary gland to antibacterial drugs
Authors: Savic-Rajic Natasa , Katic Vera
Published: October 2011

Coagulase positive staphylococci are one of the most common causes of chronic udder infection. Indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs and their presence in the environment where animals live has led to coagulase positive staphylococci strains resistant to antimicrobial means. Proper and timely treatment of sub-clinical mastitis, based on the most effective use of antimicrobial drugs, is the key to good health of the milk herd. The aim was to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of selected assets in relation to coagulase positive staphylococci isolated from samples of milk taken from individual udder quarters of cows in cases of udder infection from three farms with different mastitis prevalence. From a total of 9245 samples of milk taken from individual udder quarters of cows from three farms, 852 strains isolated were coagulase positive staphylococci. Coagulase positive staphylococci were isolated on blood agar and identified on the basis of macro-morphological characteristics and the coagulase and catalase test. The sensitivity of the coagulase positive staphylococci was tested by the Kirby Bauer agar diffusion method with the following antimicrobials: penicillin 6?g, amoxicillin / sulbactam (20 +10?g), cloxacillin 25 ?g, cefalexin 30 ?g, ceftiofur 30?g, linkomycin 15?g, 30 ?g gentamycin and tetracycline 30 ?g. Sensitivity testing of coagulase positive staphylococci, isolated in cases of intramammary cow infections, established a high degree of sensitivity in vitro towards penicilinasa resistant drugs (amoxicillin-sublactam, cloxacilin), cephalosporins of the first and third generations and linkomycin. The highest levels of resistance to penicillin (70.4%) were found on a farm with a moderate prevalence of udder infection, then on the farm with the highest prevalence of intramammary infections (60.2%) and the lowest on the farm with controlled levels of resistance of infection (43.7%). .
Concentration of cortisol, insulin-like growth factor-I and immunoglobulin G class in blood of neonatal calves of different body mass at birth
Authors: Kirovski Danijela , Samanc Horea , Fratric Natalija , Gvozdic Dragan , Hristov Slavca , Sladojevic Zeljko , Mircu Calin , Tulcan Camelia
Published: October 2011

The objective of this work was to examine whether concentrations of cortisol, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and immunoglobulin G class (IgG), in fact blood parameters which are believed to be of extreme importance in the postnatal survival of calves, are dependant on the body mass of calves at birth. Investigations were performed on 12 newborn calves of the Holstein-Friesian breed, placed into two groups on the grounds of their body mass at birth. The first group (n=6) comprised calves whose body mass was more than 35 kg at birth (41.67?3.08 kg), while the second group (n=6) comprised calves whose body mass at birth was less than 35 kg (32.00?3.58 kg). Blood samples were taken immediately preceding the consuming of colostrum, as well as at 32 hours of neonatal life. Cortisol and IGF-I concentrations were determined in blood serum samples taken immediately before colostrum consumption, while IgG concentration was determined in the samples taken 32 hours after the birth of the calves. The cortisol concentration in calves born with a greater body mass (61.51?32.78 nmol/l) was lower (p=0.052) than in calves born with a smaller body mass (94.89?17.74 nmol/l). A significant negative correlation (r= -0.592; p<0.05) was established between the body mass of calves at birth and the cortisol concentration. The IGF-I concentration determined immediately following birth in calves with a greater boy mass at birth (10.17?1.71 nmol/l) was statistically significantly higher (p<0.05) in comparison with calves born with a smaller body mass (7.04?1.15 nmol/l). There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.519; p<0.10) between the body mass of calves at birth and the IGF-I concentration. Thirty-two hours following birth, the IgG concentration in blood serum of calves born with a bigger body mass (18.72?1.99 g/l) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in calves born with a smaller body mass (11.68?4.79 g/l). A significant positive correlation was established between the body mass of calves at birth and the IgG concentration determined at 32 hours of neonatal life (r = 0.620; p<0.05). The obtained results point to the conclusion that calves of body mass over 35 kg at birth are better adapted to the conditions of the outer environment in comparison with calves born with a body mass of less than 35 kg. .
Molecular diagnostics of swine infection caused by Mycoplasma suis
Authors: Potkonjak Aleksandar , Lako Branko , Milicevic Vesna , Savic Bozidar , Ivetic Vojin , Jakic-Dimic Dobrila , Stevancevic Ognjen , Toholj Bojan
Published: October 2011

The presence of two types of haemoplasm can be established in the swine population. Pathogenic haemoplasm, named Mycoplasma suis (previously called Eperythrozoon suis) is the cause of swine eperythrozoonosis or swine ichtheroanaemia. The cause of this disease can also infect humans. The disease has spread all over the world. The most frequent form is latent infection of swine caused by M. suis. The disease is clinically manifest following action by the stress factor. The acute course of the disease is characterized by the occurrence of a febrile condition and ichtheroanaemia. The disease is usually diagnosed based on an epizootiological poll, a clinical examination, and a microscopic examination of a blood smear stained most often according to Giemsa. Contemporary methods of molecular biology have been developed, such as PCR, which are more sensitive and specific in making a diagnosis of swine infection caused by M. suis. In these investigations, the presence of M. suis on pig farms in the Republic of Serbia has been determined using the PCR test. .
Analysis of mammary gland according to results of CMT (California Mastitis Test) and bacteriological findings in secretion
Authors: Varatanovic Nazif , Katica Amela , Mutevelic Tarik , Mlaco Nadzida , Hamzic Edin
Published: October 2011

Health control of the mammary gland was conducted comparing results of CMT (California Mastitis Test) and bacteriological findings of milk samples during one year. A total of 3863 secretion samples of mammary glands were collected. There were 85.3% matches for CMT and bacteriological findings. The most frequently isolated causative agents were: staphylococci (52.4%), streptococcus bacteria (23.5%), mixed infections (13.1%), and enterobacteria (10.3%). Secretions disorder and inflammations of mammary gland are most common for the warm period of the year, and very rare for the winter period. With permanent use of these two methods it is possible to obtain satisfactory results in order to get better milk production and health condition of the mammary gland. .
Snezana Ivanovic: Na putu, Naucni institut, Beograd, 2008
Authors: Pavlovic Ivan
Published: October 2011

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A retrospective study of peritoneal fluids in cows with abdominal disorders
Authors: Zadnik Tomaz
Published: October 2011

At the Clinic for Ruminants in Ljubljana, an investigation of peritoneal fluid in cows that stretched over 30 years was conducted. A total of 779 cows were studied; 444 had hardware disease, 212 had left abomasal displacement, 98 cows had right abomasal displacement with or without abomasal torsion, and 25 cows had problems with the uterus. Abdominocentesis, macroscopic and microscopic examination of peritoneal fluid (physical appearance, differantion to transudate/exudates, cytological characteristics) offered valuable diagnostic information. On the basis of the results of 779 laboratory examinations, we have come to the conclusion that abdominal fluid is of significant diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic value for several acute and chronic abdominal diseases. .
Possibilities for using plant extracts added to ruminant feed aimed at improving production results
Authors: Grdovic Svetlana , Sefer Dragan , Petrujkic Branko
Published: October 2011

The use of plant extracts with the objective of improving production results and the quality of food articles of animal origin is an area which is acquiring increasing scientific importance. Numerous investigations carried out so far on ruminants and other species of domestic animals have been aimed at examining specific bioactive matter of plants. The results of these investigations have demonstrated a positive influence on the production results. A large number of data indicate that plant extracts added to animal feed contribute to increasing overall productivity. Furthermore, plant extracts as additives in animal feed have a positive effect also on the health condition of the animals. A large number of plants have characteristics which potentially improve consumption, digestibility and conversion of food, and also growth. Examinations have been performed of the effects of different plant extracts on food consumption, wool growth, growth and composition of the trunk, milk production, reproductive parameters, agents for wool shearing, preventing bloat, methane production, as well as the influence of plants on curbing nematode infestations of ruminants. This work presents a review of scientific investigations of different plant species and their effects on the production characteristics of ruminants. .
Influence of Helleborus odorus W. et K. underground parts extracts on red blood pictures of Wistar rats
Authors: Davidovic Vesna , Lazarevic Miodrag , Joksimovic-Todorovic Mirjana , Maksimovic Zoran , Jovanovic Milan , Miljas Niko
Published: October 2011

This paper presents the results of investigations of parameter values of the red blood cell count in Wistar rats, after intramuscular application of rhizome and root extract of Helleborus odorus W. et K (HE). The trial was conducted in experimental conditions on 49 Wistar rats divided into 7 groups with 7 animals per unit (control and six experimental groups). The control group was treated by an intramuscular injection of sterile saline (0.25 ml/100 g BM). For the purpose of determing the duration of the HE effects, the animals were injected with a dose of 10 mg/100 g BMand blood was collected by cardial taps after 24, 48 and 72 hrs. Moreover, we investigated the influence of elevated temperatures on the noted HE extract effects, 24 hrs after the application of the inactivated (56oC 30 min) or denaturized (100oC 5 min) extract, as well as the influence of dialyzed HE. The obtained results of haematological analyses have pointed out the weak hemolyses activity of the extract. In all experimental groups, the erythrocyte count was decreased, but remained within reference values. Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit values in the experimental and the control groups of rats were decreased in comparison to the physiological values, while the applied extract did not significantly affect the examined parameters. .
Comparative presentation of quality of pig carcass halves using different examination methods
Authors: Kosovac Olga , Zivkovic Branislav , Radovic Cedomir
Published: October 2011

Investigations were performed on 135 pig half-carcasses of different genotypes, of both sexes, at several abattoirs in Vojvodina. The determination of the carcass halves according to body mass was performed on the grounds of the linear regression coefficient of characteristics per mass of chilled halves. The General Regression Models analysis, statistics 8, was applied. The percentage of muscle tissue was assessed in three ways: Simulation of the FOM instrumental method and using the dissection method: EU1 (Commission Regulation, 3127/94) and EU2 (Commission Regulation, 1197/2006). The obtained results demonstrated that the relative share of muscle tissue in pig carcass halves determined according to the EU1 regulation was significantly (<0.05) lower (49.90%) than the established share of muscle tissue according to the FOM mathematical model (53.71%) and according to the valid EU2 regulation (54.03 %). In the chilled pig carcass halves, ham meat accounted for 16.05%, muscle tissue of the shoulder for 7.11%, LSD 8.49% and TRD 4.95. According to the distribution of carcass halves into market classes according to the SEUROP system using the FOM and EU2 methods, all carcass halves were ranked medium market class (E and U), while the EU1 formula classified only 36.30% of the carcass halves into the same class, and 63.70% into a lower market class (R). None of the formulas classified any carcass half as having the highest 'S' or the lowest percentage of meat 'O' and 'P'. On these grounds, we conclude that the examined samples are of medium quality, in fact, that the carcass halves belong to the medium quality market class (E, U and R). In closing, it can be concluded that further investigations on this subject are necessary because of the established differences in the meat percentage obtained by applying the previous (EU1) and the currently valid (EU2) formula. .
Pharmacological receptors of nematoda as target points for action of antiparasitic drugs
Authors: Trailovic Sasa , Ivanovic Sasa , Trailovic-Nedeljkovic Jelena , Robertson Alan
Published: October 2011

Cholinergic receptors of parasitic nematodes are one of the most important possible sites of action of antiparasitic drugs. This paper presents some of our own results of electrophysiological and pharamcological examinations of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors of nematodes, as well as data from literature on a new class of anthelmintics that act precisely on cholinergic receptors. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is located on somatic muscle cells of nematodes and it is responsible for the coordination of parasite movement. Cholinomimetic anthelmintics act on this receptor, as well as acetylcholine, an endogenic neurotransmitter, but they are not sensitive to enzyme acetylcholineesterase which dissolves acetylcholine. As opposed to the nicotinic receptor of vertebra, whose structure has been examined thoroughly, the stoichiometry of the nicotinic receptor of nematodes is not completely known. However, on the grounds of knowledge acquired so far, a model has been constructed recently of the potential composition of a type of nematodes nicotinic receptor, as the site of action of anthelmintics. Based on earlier investigations, it is supposed that a conventional muscarinic receptor exists in nematodes as well, so that it can also be a new pharamocological target for the development of antinematode drugs. The latest class of synthesized anthelmintics, named aminoacetonitriles (AAD), act via the nicotinic receptor. Monepantel is the first drug from the AAD group as a most significant candidate for registration in veterinary medicine. Even though several groups of cholinomimetic anthelmintics (imiodazothiazoles, tetrahydropyrimidines, organophosphat anthelmintics) have been in use in veterinary practice for many years now, it is evident that cholinergic receptors of nematodes still present an attractive place in the examinations and development of new antinematode drugs. .
Pharmacotherapy of cancer pain in dogs and cats suffering from cancer
Authors: Milovanovic Mirjana , Jovanovic Milan , Vuckovic Sonja , Prostran Milica
Published: October 2011

Pain is an important symptom that accompanies cancer disease. Cancer pain is a chronic pain of medium to strong intensity, and it usually seriously impairs the quality of life of the cancer patients. In dogs and cats, the management of cancer pain includes drugs from different pharmacological groups. They are non-opioid and opioid analgesics, NMDA antagonists, anticonvulsant drugs, tricyclic antidepressants and steroids. Some of them are registered for use in veterinary medicine, and some are drugs for use in human medicine. .
Seroepizootiological investigations of animals from Obedska bara locality for presence of Avian influenza virus
Authors: Djuricic Bosiljka , Samokovlija Ana , Ilic Zivka , Bacic Dragan , Radojicic Sonja , Gligic Ana
Published: October 2011

The disease caused by Influenza viruses has been well known for a very long time. In the recent period there has been noted an occurrence of pandemics caused by Influenza viruses type A with a high rate of mortality. The ongoing pandemic caused by avian influenza virus serotype H9N9 began in Hong Kong in 1992, and another pandemic caused by serotype H5N1 began in China (Hong Kong) in 1999. The world wide spreading of these viruses occurred due to migratory birds. Avian influenza was confirmed in Serbia in 2007. The goal of this study was to examine whether the avian influenza viruses type A circulate in the region of the Obedska bara marsh, which is a famous resort for many birds in Serbia, as well as many birds migrating from Europe to Africa and vice versa. The samples of blood sera of many animal species (123 samples from fowl, 64 samples from donkeys, 40 samples from horses) were tested by serologic reaction of inhibition of haemmaglutination (IHA) for the presence of antibodies to influenza A subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H7N1 and H7N2. Also, the samples of blood sera of experimental chicken exposed to wild life in Obedska bara (sentinel species) were tested. Antibodies to subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H7N1 and H7N2 were found in chicken from Dec, Boljevci, Petrovcic and Kupinovo villages but no antibodies were found in blood sera from hams from Dobanovci, Jakovo, Becmen and Surcin villages. From 23 samples from ducks antibodies were detected in 3 samples, and from 22 geese blood sera antibodies were found in 4 samples. From a total of 40 horse blood sera tested one was tested positive, and from 64 donkey sera 17 were positive for the presence of antibodies for avian influenza type A. In blood sera of experimental chicken antibodies were found by subtype H5N1 with corrections with H5N2 and H7N1.
Investigations of significance of blood smear results in diagnostics of infectious and parasitic diseases in dogs
Authors: Potkonjak Aleksandar , Lako Branislav , Belic Branislava , Milosevic Nikolina , Stevancevic Ognjen , Cincovic Marko , Lako Bjanka
Published: October 2011

The microscopic examination of stained smears of peripheral blood is of vital significance in the speedy diagnostics of infectious and parasitic diseases, in particular during the stage of infection when the cause is present in the blood, or blood cells. It is sometimes possible to make a definitive diagnosis of an infectious or parasitic disease following an examination of a stained smear of the peripheral blood. Since microscopic examinations of a peripheral blood smear are applied increasingly rarely in clinical practice, due to the development of other methods for the diagnostics of infectious and parasitic diseases in dogs, as well as the lack of knowledge of the morphology of the numerous causes that can be present in the blood, we carried out an investigation into the presence and spread of infections whose causes can be present in dog blood. The investigations covered 100 dogs from which peripheral blood smears were taken and then stained with a Giemsa solution according to the standard protocol and examined under a microscope with an immersion lens. The examination of peripheral blood smears stained according to Giemsa resulted in the identification of the presence of an Ehrlichia spp. morula in a neutrophil granulocyte in one dog. The presence of hemotropic mycoplasmas was established in erythrocytes of eleven dogs, while the presence of the protozoa Babesia canis in erythrocytes was identified in five dogs included in the investigations. A microscopic examination of dog peripheral blood smears stained according to Giemsa was shown as a speedy, practical, simple, and inexpensive method for making a definitive etiological diagnosis of these infections, and it should be included regularly in standard protocols for the diagnostics of infectious and parasitic diseases.
Immunoprophylaxis of bovine respiratory syndrome
Authors: Rogan Dragan , Lazic Sava , Pavlovic Radovan , Samanc Horea
Published: October 2011

Bovine Respiratory Syndrome (BRS) is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of infective agents, the environment and the individual immunological response of animals in the herd. Despite five decades of research on BRS, no clear understanding of how environmental factors influence pathogenic outcomes of the disease has been defined. As such, the development of immunoprophylaxis and vaccine programmes to prevent outbreaks of BRS in cattle has not been successful. The current paper discusses vaccination programmes for all categories of cattle and presents a review of existing vaccines being used for immunoprophylaxis of respiratory syndrome in cattle and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the currently used vaccines and vaccination programmes. Lastly, a discussion detailing the design of future perfect vaccines is presented.
Contributions of Basal and Postprandial Hyperglycemia Over a Wide Range of A1C Levels Before and After Treatment Intensification in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Riddle Matthew , Umpierrez Guillermo , DiGenio Andres , Zhou Rong , Rosenstock Julio
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

To determine the relative contributions of basal hyperglycemia (BHG) versus postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) before and after treatment intensification in patients with glycated hemoglobin A1c (A1C) >7.0% while on prior oral therapy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Self-measured, plasma-referenced glucose profiles and A1C values were evaluated from participants in six studies comparing systematically titrated insulin glargine with an alternative regimen (adding basal, premixed, or prandial insulin, or increasing oral agents). Hyperglycemic exposure (>100 mg/dL [5.6 mmol/L]) as a result of BHG versus PPHG was calculated.

RESULTS

On prior oral therapy, 1,699 participants (mean age 59 years, diabetes duration 9 years) had mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of 194 mg/dL (10.8 mmol/L), and mean A1C was 8.7%. BHG contributed an average of 76–80% to hyperglycemia over the observed range of baseline A1C levels. Adding basal insulin for 24 or 28 weeks lowered mean FPG to 117 mg/dL (6.5 mmol/L), A1C to 7.0%, and BHG contribution to 32–41%. Alternative regimens reduced FPG to 146 mg/dL (8.1 mmol/L), A1C to 7.1%, and the contribution of BHG to 64–71%. BHG contributions for patients with A1C averaging 7.6–7.7% were 76% at baseline and 34 and 68% after adding basal insulin or other therapies, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

When A1C is >7.0% despite oral therapy, BHG routinely dominates exposure. Intensified therapy reduces A1C and changes this relationship, but BHG amenable to further intervention still accounts for one-third of total hyperglycemia after basal insulin treatment and two-thirds after alternative methods.
In Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction, the Impact of Hyperglycemia as a Risk Factor for Mortality Is Not Homogeneous Across Age-Groups
Authors: Nicolau José Carlos , Serrano Carlos Vicente , Giraldez Roberto Rocha , Baracioli Luciano Moreira , Moreira Humberto Graner , Lima Felipe , Franken Marcelo , Kalil Roberto , Ramires José Antonio Franchini , Giugliano Robert P.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

To assess the impact of hyperglycemia in different age-groups of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 2,027 patients with AMI were categorized into one of five age-groups: <50 years (n = 301), ≥50 and <60 (n = 477), ≥60 and <70 (n = 545), ≥70 and <80 (n = 495), and ≥80 years (n = 209). Hyperglycemia was defined as initial glucose ≥115 mg/dL.

RESULTS

The adjusted odds ratios for hyperglycemia predicting hospital mortality in groups 1–5 were, respectively, 7.57 (P = 0.004), 3.21 (P = 0.046), 3.50 (P = 0.003), 3.20 (P < 0.001), and 2.16 (P = 0.021). The adjusted P values for correlation between glucose level (as a continuous variable) and mortality were 0.007, <0.001, 0.043, <0.001, and 0.064. The areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) were 0.785, 0.709, 0.657, 0.648, and 0.613. The AUC in group 1 was significantly higher than those in groups 3–5.

CONCLUSIONS

The impact of hyperglycemia as a risk factor for hospital mortality in AMI is more pronounced in younger patients.
Interrater and Intrarater Reliability of the Active Hip Abduction Test
Authors: Davis Alice M. , Bridge Patrick , Miller Jason , Nelson-Wong Erika
Published: October 2011

Study Design

Clinical measurement.

Objectives

To determine the interrater and intrarater reliability of the active hip abduction (AHAbd) test.

Background

The AHAbd test is used to assess lumbopelvic movement during a dynamic lower limb activity. The test has previously been shown to predict low back pain development during a prolonged standing exposure in previously asymptomatic individuals. As an observation-based assessment for which rater reliability has not been established, similar scoring on the test between clinicians is essential.

Methods

One hundred twenty-eight video clips of participants performing the AHAbd test were recorded. Sixteen practicing physical therapists scored test performance by viewing 20 preselected videos to establish interrater reliability. Fourteen of the 16 raters rescored the videos after a 3-week period to establish intrarater reliability. Demographic data were collected for all raters. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for reliability statistics. Correlations were performed between demographic data and ICCs.

Results

Interrater reliability (ICC2,1) for the test using the 4-point scale was 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56, 0.84) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.76) when the scale was dichotomized into positive/negative scores. Intrarater reliability (ICC3,1) was 0.74 on average. Demographic characteristics were not significantly associated with reliability scores.

Conclusion

Interrater and intrarater reliability for scoring of the AHAbd test by practicing clinicians was similar, regardless of experience level or practice setting. The AHAbd test can be considered to be a reliable observational tool. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(12):953–960, Epub 25 October 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3684
Dynamic In Vivo Glenohumeral Kinematics During Scapular Plane Abduction in Healthy Shoulders
Authors: Matsuki Keisuke , Matsuki Kei O. , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Ochiai Nobuyasu , Sasho Takahisa , Sugaya Hiroyuki , Toyone Tomoaki , Wada Yuichi , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Banks Scott A.
Published: October 2011

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Objectives

To measure superior/inferior translation and external rotation of the humerus relative to the scapula during scapular plane abduction using 3-D/2-D model image registration techniques.

Background

Kinematic changes in the glenohumeral joint, including excessive superior translation of the humeral head and inadequate external rotation of the humerus, are believed to be a possible cause of shoulder impingement. Although many researchers have analyzed glenohumeral kinematics with various methods, few articles have assessed dynamic in vivo glenohumeral motion.

Methods

Twelve healthy males with a mean age of 32 years (range, 27–36 years) were enrolled in this study. Fluoroscopic images of the dominant shoulder during scapular plane elevation were taken, and computed tomography-derived 3-D bone models were matched with the silhouette of the bones in the fluoroscopic images using 3-D/2-D model image registration techniques. The kinematics of the humerus relative to the scapula were determined using Euler angles.

Results

On average, there was 2.1 mm of initial humeral translation in the superior direction from the starting position to 105° of humeral elevation. Subsequently, an average of 0.9 mm of translation in the inferior direction occurred between 105° and maximum arm elevation. The average amount of external rotation of the humerus was 14° from the starting position to 60° of humeral elevation. The humerus then rotated internally an average 9° by the time the shoulder reached maximum elevation. These changes in superior/inferior translation and external/internal rotation were statistically significant (P<.001 and P = .001, respectively), based on 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Conclusion

The observed glenohumeral translations and rotations characterize healthy shoulder function and serve as a preliminary foundation for quantifying pathomechanics in the presence of glenohumeral joint disorders. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(2):96–104, Epub 25 October 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3584
Learning Lumbar Spine Mobilization: The Effects of Frequency and Self-Control of Feedback
Authors: Sheaves Emma G. , Snodgrass Suzanne J. , Rivett Darren A.
Published: October 2011

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study, longitudinal.

Objectives

To investigate the effects of frequency and self-control of feedback on physiotherapy students learning lumbar spinal mobilization.

Background

Posterior-to-anterior mobilization is included in most physiotherapy curricula. However, force application varies between therapists and the optimal feedback for learning is unknown.

Methods

Sixty-two physiotherapy students were randomized to 3 feedback groups: constant (100% of practice trials), intermittent (33%), and self-controlled (varied according to student choice) feedback. Students performed 12 practice trials of grade II posterior-to-anterior mobilization to the third lumbar vertebra while receiving real-time feedback. The differences between students' force parameters (mean peak force [N], force amplitude [N], and oscillation frequency [Hz]) and those of a physiotherapist expert were compared between groups posttest and at a follow-up of 5 to 7 days using analysis of covariance. Students completed a survey regarding their perceptions of feedback.

Results

Students in the self-controlled group applied mean peak force (mean difference between student and expert, 6.7 N; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.4, 9.0) and force amplitude (6.3 N; 95% CI: 4.2, 8.4) that more closely matched the expert's than those applied by the constant group (13.7 N; 95% CI: 8.7, 18.6; P = .021, and 13.1 N; 95% CI: 8.9, 17.4; P = .028) at posttest, with similar results at follow-up for force amplitude only (self-controlled, 9.5 N; 95% CI: 5.8, 18.1; constant, 21.0 N; 95% CI: 13.3, 28.7; P = .018). There were no other significant differences. All students reported a better understanding of manual force application, but feedback preferences varied.

Conclusion

Self-controlled feedback appears to be more beneficial than constant feedback for students learning to apply forces during lumbar mobilization. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(2):114–124, Epub 25 October 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3691
The Patient-Specific Functional Scale: Psychometrics, Clinimetrics, and Application as a Clinical Outcome Measure
Authors: Horn Katyana Kowalchuk , Jennings Sophie , Richardson Gillian , van Vliet Ditte , Hefford Cheryl , Abbott J. Haxby
Published: October 2011

Study Design

Systematic review of the literature.

Objective

To summarize peer-reviewed literature on the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), and to identify its use as an outcome measure.

Methods

Searches were performed of several electronic databases from 1995 to May 2010. Studies included were published articles containing (1) primary research investigating the psychometric and clinimetrics of the PSFS or (2) the implementation of the PSFS as an outcome measure. We assessed the methodological quality of studies included in the first category.

Results

Two hundred forty-two articles published from 1994 to May 2010 were identified. Of these, 66 met the inclusion criteria for this review, with 13 reporting the measurement properties of the PSFS, 55 implementing the PSFS as an outcome measure, and 2 doing both of the above. The PSFS was reported to be valid, reliable, and responsive in populations with knee dysfunction, cervical radiculopathy, acute low back pain, mechanical low back pain, and neck dysfunction. The PSFS was found to be reliable and responsive in populations with chronic low back pain. The PSFS was also reported to be valid, reliable, or responsive in individuals with a limited number of acute, subacute, and chronic conditions. This review found that the PSFS is also being used as an outcome measure in many other conditions, despite a lack of published evidence supporting its validity in these conditions.

Conclusion

Although the use of the PSFS as an outcome measure is increasing in physiotherapy practice, there are gaps in the research literature regarding its validity, reliability, and responsiveness in many health conditions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(1):30–42, Epub 25 October 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3727
The Influence of Affective Teacher–Student Relationships on Students’ School Engagement and Achievement
Authors: Roorda Debora L. , Koomen Helma M. Y. , Spilt Jantine L. , Oort Frans J.
Published: October 2011

A meta-analytic approach was used to investigate the associations between affective qualities of teacher–student relationships (TSRs) and students’ school engagement and achievement. Results were based on 99 studies, including students from preschool to high school. Separate analyses were conducted for positive relationships and engagement ( k = 61 studies, N = 88,417 students), negative relationships and engagement ( k = 18, N = 5,847), positive relationships and achievement ( k = 61, N = 52,718), and negative relationships and achievement ( k = 28, N = 18,944). Overall, associations of both positive and negative relationships with engagement were medium to large, whereas associations with achievement were small to medium. Some of these associations were weaker, but still statistically significant, after correction for methodological biases. Overall, stronger effects were found in the higher grades. Nevertheless, the effects of negative relationships were stronger in primary than in secondary school.
Formulaic Language as a Barrier to Effective Communication with People with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: October 2011

Carers recognize that the linguistic problems associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be detrimental to effective communication, but they are often not sure what they can do to help. This article examines the use of formulaic language in AD, including routines, repetitions, and fillers, through the lens of a model of how cognitive and social priorities shape language learning and use. The model sheds light on the ways in which formulaic language can limit effective communication, but also shows how it can be used to support the declining command of novel language. Carers' tendency to adopt formulaic language in their own interaction is also examined. An agenda for future research is offered to further test the validity of these observations and to explore ways of using formulaic language constructively to support improved communication between carers and AD sufferers.
The Smallest Grammar Problem as Constituents Choice and Minimal Grammar Parsing
Authors: Carrascosa Rafael , Coste François , Gallé Matthias , Infante-Lopez Gabriel
Published: October 2011

The smallest grammar problem—namely, finding a smallest context-free grammar that generates exactly one sequence—is of practical and theoretical importance in fields such as Kolmogorov complexity, data compression and pattern discovery. We propose a new perspective on this problem by splitting it into two tasks: (1) choosing which words will be the constituents of the grammar and (2) searching for the smallest grammar given this set of constituents. We show how to solve the second task in polynomial time parsing longer constituent with smaller ones. We propose new algorithms based on classical practical algorithms that use this optimization to find small grammars. Our algorithms consistently find smaller grammars on a classical benchmark reducing the size in 10% in some cases. Moreover, our formulation allows us to define interesting bounds on the number of small grammars and to empirically compare different grammars of small size.