bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vinculin Arrests Motile B Cells by Stabilizing Integrin Clustering at the Immune Synapse
Authors: Saez de Guinoa Julia , Barrio Laura , Carrasco Yolanda R.
Published: July 2013

Lymphocytes use integrin-based platforms to move and adhere firmly to the surface of other cells. The molecular mechanisms governing lymphocyte adhesion dynamics are however poorly understood. In this study, we show that in mouse B lymphocytes, the actin binding protein vinculin localizes to the ring-shaped integrin-rich domain of the immune synapse (IS); the assembly of this platform, triggered by cognate immune interactions, is needed for chemokine-mediated B cell motility arrest and leads to firm, long-lasting B cell adhesion to the APC. Vinculin is recruited early in IS formation, in parallel to a local phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate wave, and requires spleen tyrosine kinase activity. Lack of vinculin at the IS impairs firm adhesion, promoting, in turn, cell migration with Ag clustered at the uropod. Vinculin localization to the B cell contact area depends on actomyosin. These results identify vinculin as a major controller of integrin-mediated adhesion dynamics in B cells.
Three types of interviews: Qualitative research methods in social health
Authors: Stuckey Heather
Published: July 2013

Interviewing is a primary way of collecting data in qualitative research to direct the participant in responding to a specific research question. In diabetes, this may include “what are the reasons that have contributed to your success in diabetes self-management” or “how do you believe stress impacts your blood glucose?” Three types of interviews are common in social health: (1) Structured; (2) semi-structured; and (3) narrative interview. These range in a format including specified sets of questions to the telling of patient stories in an organic way. This paper describes the differences between these types of interviews and examples of each related to diabetes research.
Impact of socio-cultural factors, dietary habits, and lifestyle patterns on the health status of North African migrants in France
Authors: Kamoun Mahdi , Mnif Mouna , Charfi Nadia , Naceur Basma , Mnif Fatma , Rekik Nabila , Abid Mohamed
Published: July 2013

The available studies in France showed a paradox among North African migrant men in France and some other developed countries, i.e., that migration could have a protective effect against some nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases compared to French. The origin of this paradox is not well documented. Particular attention was given to the influence of socio-cultural and environmental factors on health status of North African migrants. Conservation of healthy diet habits, lower prevalence of smoking, lower alcohol consumption, and adoption of a more active lifestyle may confer protective effects on morbidity and mortality of North African men compared to local-born French. It should be noted however that beneficial effects of migration in men would be expected to decrease with the length of stay in the host country because of acculturation to the host country lifestyle. More comprehensive and larger-scale studies will be required to provide a better insight into migration-health relationships.
Diabetes in the Himalayas: Psychosocial barriers and solutions
Authors: Poudel Resham , Adhikari Bishwa
Published: July 2013

Psychosocial problems are common in diabetic population. Apart from the common issues faced by the diabetics everywhere, the Himalayan population suffer unique psychosocial burden arising out of poor social infrastructures, low economy and education, and extreme bio-geographical disadvantages. The patients are deprived of modern state-of-art scientific health care and mostly depend on conventional medicine. Stress, hostility, and depression emerging out of this misery affect the health of diabetics through modified behaviors, lifestyles, and psychology. Studies have demonstrated that addressing psychosocial issues is unequivocally associated with better outcomes in diabetes management. The psychosocial support and education highlighted by the DAWN study can be rightly adopted to solve the psychosocial problems and improve the daily life of the diabetic people in general as well as in the Himalayas.
Psycho-social and clinical aspects of diabeto-criticare
Authors: Bajwa Sukhminder , Sehgal Vishal
Published: July 2013

A progressive rise in the number of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients has been observed globally with India becoming a new diabetic capital. In spite of numerous advancements in the pharmacotherapeutics, diabetes is still difficult to manage and control. Besides clinical management of DM, an increasing need is felt to manage the psycho-social aspects related to DM, which have not been given adequate attention. Similar trends can be observed in the critically ill diabetic patients in intensive care units (ICU), which is treated on the lines of evidence based clinical medicine. The psycho-social management of diabetes is somewhat a newer concept for the intensivist that was being practiced occasionally, but unknowingly. The newer psycho-social guidelines to manage DM can be of immense help in ICU if such guidelines are modified to suit the needs of the intensivists and critically ill patients. The current review is aimed at analyzing the clinical, biological, social and psychological aspects of critically ill DM patients and the possible therapeutics measures and modifications in the current regimens so as to effectively treat the rising epidemic of DM.
Children with diabetes friendly services: A blueprint
Authors: Kalra Sanjay , John Mathew , Unnikrishnan Ambika , Sahay Rakesh , Baruah Manash , Bantwal Ganapathy
Published: July 2013

Children with diabetes, despite their small numbers, form a population with needs different from adult subjects with diabetes. This emphasizes the need to establish child- friendly standards in services rendered to these children. The care providers for children with diabetes are quite heterogeneous and include generalists, paediatric subspecialist and endocrinologists and care is delivered in various circumstances. Various aspects of caring for children need to be taken into account when a system is created for children with diabetes. This includes but is not limited to physical infrastructure of the system, qualified medical personal with experience in handling children and quality systems to maintain cold chains for insulin and laboratory reporting. The system should be able to reach out to other stake holders that include the community and family of children with diabetes. The system should be subjected to self audit, and performance on various key indicators should be assessed.
Preparation and readability assessment of patient information leaflets for diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Roy Raymol , Sekhar M. , Rodrigues Gabriel , Rajesh V.
Published: July 2013

Context: Patient counseling is the mainstay for prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcer. Hence, patient information leaflet (PIL) can act as an educational material for imparting patient education regarding diabetic foot care for better patient outcome.

Aim: The objective of this study was to develop and to assess the readability of PIL for diabetic foot ulcer.

Materials and Methods: Various online resources such as Patient UK and Micromedex data base were used to prepare PILs on diabetic foot ulcer. Physicians were validated the content of the leaflet. Leaflet was designed and modified according to the physician's suggestions. PILs-readability was checked online by using the website www.readability-score.com and calculated Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) and Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FK-GL). Layout and design features of the PILs were assessed by using Baker Able Leaflets Design (BALD) method.

Results: Readability of the leaflet was assessed by using the FRE and FK-GL scores. After initial assessment leaflets were modified to achieve ideal readability scores. The best FRE score achieved was 69.9 and FK-GL score achieved was 7.1. The BALD score was 27.

Conclusions: PILs prepared had ideal readability score and layout design. The leaflet's estimated FRE and FK-GL scores rate showed that it was fairly easy readable.
Research productivity regarding psychosocial aspects of diabetes from India
Authors: Varadarajulu Rachel , Aravinda K. , Kumar K.V.S.
Published: July 2013

Introduction: psychosocial factors play an important role in chronic ailments like diabetes. Unfortunately, there is limited research in the area of diabetes and the published literature is scanty from India. In this study, we assessed the research productivity on psychosocial aspects of diabetes from India.

Materials and Methods: the online database of PUBMED was searched using the search terms ‘psychosocial′, ‘diabetes’ in any field and ‘India’ in the author affiliation field. The available articles were studied further for analyzing the research productivity.

Results: the number of available articles dealing with the psychosocial aspect of diabetes are 16 that constitute only 0.08% of the total papers in PUBMED. The articles were mostly in the form of original articles (13 out of 16) and the remaining three constituted a case report, review, and medical hypothesis. The majority of the articles originated from Delhi, Chennai, and Visakhapatnam.

Conclusion: the research productivity from India is lacking in the psychosocial aspects of diabetes. The imbalance is marked as we have the highest disease burden and urgent measures are required to cover the gaps in the research.
Community level diabetes management through public private partnership initiative in Gujarat-results from Changing Diabetes® Barometer
Authors: Shah Asha , Zargar Samir , D'Souza Clifford
Published: July 2013

Introduction: Diabetes is a huge and growing problem in developed and developing countries. For tackle this situation in effective manner a new approach is required in diabetes health-care setup.

Objectives: To understand the changing diabetes® barometer program impact in Ahmedabad district, Gujarat.

Materials and Methods: A total of 12,140 screened populations at five primary health centers from June 2012 to August 2012 are used in this report.

Results: 13.1% diabetic and 11.3% pre-diabetes (PD) population were found in the screening camps. Diabetes detection rate was more among males (16.4%) and geriatric population (21.9%). High correlation was observed for people with diabetes and PD with high body mass index and high waist-to-hip ratio. Two-third of the total people turned out to the screening camps was found to be either hypertensive or pre-hypertensive. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) results shown that nearly half of the diabetes patients (57.7%) having HbA1c more than or equal to 9%.

Conclusion: Government of Gujarat and Novo Nordisk Education Foundation has jointly demonstrated to create awareness and education on diabetes management in the Ahmedabad district under private public partnership framework.
Process evaluation of glucometer based diabetes screening initiative in India: Early experiences from North India
Authors: Sharma Deepak , Trusty Khumukcham , Singh Amarjeet
Published: July 2013

Background: Government of India, launched population based screening for diabetes under the National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardio-vascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS). There is a need to get early feedback and to fine tune this program.

Aims and Objectives: (1) To assess the current status of the implementation of NPCDCS piloted at sub-center level in one district of Haryana. (2) To assess the views of health workers and community leaders regarding this newly launched program.

Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was carried in selected villages of Ambala district in North India from July 2012 to December 2012. The study used in-depth interview with screened persons and health-care workers of the study area. Field notes were taken. Informal conversations with community leaders were held.

Results: Residents were not made aware of screening activity prior to and after launching of the health program. There was anxiety among residents regarding screening. There was no focus on health promotion activities. There was a shortage of self-diagnostic kits for screening diabetes.

Conclusion: Adequate priming of the population was not carried out before launching the NPCDCS program. Validation of kit is questionable. Continuity of medical care in patients screened for diabetes was missing.
Diabetic care and religious bound dietary pattern
Authors: Wiwanitkit Viroj
Published: July 2013

Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder that can be seen around the world. The management of diabetic patient needs a holistic approach. The concern on the social background of the patients is required. In this short article, the author discusses on the diabetic care in the context of religious bound dietary pattern.
Diabetes @ the Kumbh Mela
Authors: Bajaj Sarita , Srivastava Anubha , Varma Anurag , Kalra Sanjay
Published: July 2013

Spirituality is a globally acknowledged concept. It involves belief and obedience to an all powerful force or “God,” who controls the universe and the destiny of man. It involves the ways in which people fulfill what they hold to be the purpose of their lives, a search for the meaning of life and a sense of connectivity to the universe. Can this be better utilized for appreciation of and better management of chronic illnesses? Mahakumbh is a holy Hindu festival, which brings together up to 50 million devotees, every 12 years. The 2-month-long ritual of prayer and fasting occurs at the confluence of the Ganga, Yamuna, and Saraswati rivers, at Allahabad in Northern India. This mammoth festival exposes vulnerability to the diabetic devotees who visit it, while providing opportunity to manage the condition as well. This article discusses both vulnerability and opportunity related to diabetes at the Kumbh Mela.
Socio-cultural aspects of type 1 diabetes in Egypt: Where are we and where do we need to be?
Authors: Aly Hanan
Published: July 2013

Socio-cultural factors play a pivotal role in the control of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents, especially in developing countries like Egypt. The financial burden of this chronic illness, together with the modulations needed in lifestyle affect the family and school dynamics, adding further stress on the diabetic individual and his/her family. The key to improved outcome (not only in terms of glycemic control but also quality of life) has two arms. The first one is having a diabetes team with a psychologist skilled in this area for clear and positive communication with both the family and school from the time of diagnosis. The second one is the implementation of government laws to enforce the rights of diabetic children and adolescents.
Achievement of Exercise Objectives and Satisfaction with the Walk with Ease Program—Group and Self-Directed Participants
Authors: Nyrop Kirsten A. , Cleveland Rebecca , Callahan Leigh F.
Published: July 2013

Purpose.

This study presents group (instructor-led) and self-directed (nongroup) participant achievement of exercise objectives and satisfaction with the Arthritis Foundation's Walk With Ease (WWE) program at 6 weeks postintervention and 1-year follow-up.

Design.

Secondary data analysis.

Setting.

Rural and urban counties in North Carolina.

Subjects.

Four hundred sixty-two adults with self-reported joint pain/stiffness or physician-diagnosed arthritis, age ≥ 18 years, no serious medical condition, no cognitive impairments, English speaking.

Intervention.

WWE is a 6-week community-based walking program offered in two formats—group and self-directed.

Measures.

Self-report measures collected at baseline, 6 weeks, and 1 year.

Analysis.

Descriptive statistics, χ2 and t-tests.

Results.

Individuals self-selected either group (n = 192) or self-directed (n = 270) format. On average, participants were age 67, Caucasian (70%), and female (88%). Mean minutes per walk increased from 16.7 at baseline to 34.2 minutes at 1 year among group participants, and from 16.5 to 33.7 minutes among self-directed. At 1 year, 59.6% of group and 69.3% of self-directed participants reported continued walking (p = .06). Group participants were more likely than self-directed to do recommended stretching (p < .02) and warm-up/cool-down exercises (p < .01).

Conclusion.

Group and self-directed participants have similar self-reported walking outcomes but have some differences in their utilization of WWE recommendations.
Valid and Invalid Accelerometry Data among Children and Adolescents: Comparison across Demographic, Behavioral, and Biological Variables
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Smit Ellen , Cardinal Bradley J. , Crespo Carlos , Brodowicz Gary , Andersen Ross
Published: July 2013

Purpose.

To examine whether there are differences between demographic, behavioral, and biological variables for those with invalid accelerometry data (IAD) and those with valid accelerometry data (VAD)

Design.

Cross-sectional

Setting.

Data from 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used

Subjects.

Participants included 1,315 children (ie., 6–11 years) with VAD and 534 children with IAD and 1,859 adolescents (i.e., 12–17 years) with VAD and 1,057 with IAD.

Measures.

Physical activity (PA) was measured using an accelerometer, with questionnaires used to assess demographic and behavioral variables and biological parameters assessed from a blood sample

Analysis.

Wald and design-based likelihood ratio tests and logistic regression were used to assess differences between those subjects with IAD and those with VAD

Results.

After adjustments, overweight children, compared to normal weight children, were 1.6 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22–2.29) times more likely to have IAD. After adjustments, and as an example, adolescents engaging in 4 or more hours of computer use per day, compared to no computer use, were 2.6 (OR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.38–5.18) times more likely to have IAD.

Conclusion.

Excluding youth with IAD may introduce bias, limit generalizability, and ultimately underestimate the association between PA and health outcomes Future research is needed to identify reasons for poor monitoring compliance.
Ouverture de ‘Innovation Management in Global Markets – 2’
Authors: Brondoni Silvio M.
Published: July 2013

With globalisation, since the early 80’s, the companies compete in open markets with articulated, widespread and highly interconnected organisations (business networks). The competitive upgrading imposed by global markets determines particular organisational and strategic priorities for corporations. In the automotive industry, characterized by an intense global competition, the economic instability and the stagnation in sales have stimulated all manufacturers to create competitive alliances and enable global innovation and imitation processes. To align with the growing attention towards pollution and, more generally, environmental issues, the big automotive corporations have invested substantial financial resources and capabilities in re-engineering power systems; on the one hand focusing R&D towards new power systems (i. e. Full Hybrid and Mild Hybrid), on the other one, developing imitation processes to obtain less emissions and better performance by traditional engines.
Innovation, Imitation and Competitive Value Analysis
Authors: Corniani Margherita
Published: July 2013

The most widespread kind of innovation in global markets is incremental innovation, which modifies business processes, typically without visible manifestations outside the company. Incremental innovation is also applied to products, bringing changes to their characteristics, and/or impacting on the supply profile, with the aim of attracting customers and even of stealing them from competitors. These incremental innovations are usually the result of imitation processes that are the effect of the application of passive and competitive value analysis. Value analysis implies the breakdown of processes, products and offers, looking for alternative solutions and improvements that are economically and competitively viable.
Evaluation and Comparison of Effect of Delmopinol Application on Adherence of Candida albicans on Denture Fitting Surface on Three Types of Acrylic Resin: An in vitro Study
Authors: Shakya Prabha , Jain Deshraj , Rahangdale Tripty
Published: July 2013

Purpose

Denture-related stomatitis is probably the most common form of oral candidiasis and its reported prevalence varies widely ranging up to 65%. In this in vitro study, we evaluate the effect of delmopinol application on Candida albicans adherence on heat-cured acrylic resin, cold-cured acrylic resin and microwave-cured acrylic resin.

Materials and methods

A total of 40 specimens of each type of acrylic resin were made; 20 specimens of each type were contaminated before delmopinol treatment and 20 specimens were contaminated after delmopinol treatment. The each specimen in each tube was individually transferred to a spectrophotometer at 530 nm wavelength in order to measure the turbidity degree, through the transmittance. Aliquots of 10 μl of each tube was then collected and inoculated into agar Sabouraud plates containing 500 mmol/l of sucrose, which was incubated for 24 hours at 37oC, in order to check microbial growth. Two-way ANOVA analysis of variance test and posthoc Turkey's test were carried out to ascertain the level of significance (p < 0.001) of various observations.

Results

Mean of the turbidity degree of contamination after delmopinol application for heat-cured acrylic resin specimens (A1) 1440.80, colony forming units (CFU) (⨯106/ml), cold-cured acrylic resin specimens (B1) 833.30 CFU (⨯106/ml) and microwave-cured acrylic resin specimens (C1) 944.70 CFU (⨯106/ml) was significantly higher than the mean of the turbidity degree of contamination before delmopinol application for heatcured acrylic resin specimens (A2) 550.85 CFU (⨯106/ml), coldcured acrylic resin specimens (B2) 341.45 CFU (⨯106/ml) and microwave-cured acrylic resin specimens (C2) 451.50 CFU (⨯106/ml).

Conclusion

In case of contamination after delmopinol application, heat-cured acrylic resin showed maximum reduction in adherence of C. albicans in the study.

How to cite this article

Shakya P, Jain D, Rahangdale T. Evaluation and Comparison of Effect of Delmopinol Application on Adherence of Candida albicans on Denture Fitting Surface on Three Types of Acrylic Resin: An in vitro Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(4):129-135.
Evaluation of Hemocompatibility of Titanium after Various Surface Treatments: An in vitro Study
Authors: BhavanChand Yemineni , Ranzani R , Annapoorani H
Published: July 2013

Objective

To evaluate the hemocompatibility of titanium after various surface treatments.

Materials and methods

A total of 27 disk-shaped specimens (3 ⨯ 10.0 mm) were prepared from a cylindrical rod of medical grade titanium. The disks were divided into three groups, of which one was considered as the control (mechanical surface polished surface). The other groups being sandblasted disks and anodized disks. Surface evaluation was done for sandblasted and anodized disks with scanning electron microscope. The specimens were placed in polystyrene culture plates and agitated with phosphate buffered saline for 5 minutes before they were exposed to blood taken from human volunteer. The materials were under 30 minutes agitation at 75 ± 5 rpm using an Environ shaker thermostated at 35 ± 20°C. The total hemoglobin from the initial sample was measured using automatic hematology analyzer. Percentage hemolysis, thrombin time, platelet adhesion and activation were assessed. Significant differences between different treated titanium materials were determined using Minitab® Version 15.1.1.0. A two-sample t-test was performed to find the p-values for different groups of data.

Results

After 30 minutes of agitation, cells began to spread on the test surfaces. There was a clear reduction in the number of platelets before and after exposure to titanium samples. Reduction of leukocytes was seen to a least extent on the anodized surface. Rough surface induced higher hemolysis than other groups. Platelet reduction and leukocyte reduction in all the three surfaces was quite higher than that obtained for reference plate. Surface variation has no significance on the thrombogenic capabilities of medical grade titanium (p < 0.05).

Significance

The hemocompatibility of medical grade titanium did not vary with different surface modifications.

How to cite this article

BhavanChand Y, Ranzani R, Annapoorani H. Evaluation of Hemocompatibility of Titanium after Various Surface Treatments: An in vitro Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(4):136-142.
A Simplified Approach of Customized Acrylic Nasal Stent Fabrication
Authors: Arya Deeksha , Tripathi Shuchi , Singh Raghuwar D , Singh Saumyendra V
Published: July 2013

Post-traumatic nasal obstruction is a common phenomenon which leads to difficulty in breathing and thus affecting the patient's life expectation. Even after surgical correction, a nasal stent is needed to hold the valve area. The present article describes modifications in nasal stent fabrication which provides adequate retention, accuracy and ease in insertion and removal.

How to cite this article

Tripathi S, Singh RD, Singh SV, Arya D. A Simplified Approach of Customized Acrylic Nasal Stent Fabrication. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(4):143-145.
Modified Neutral Zone Technique for the Partial Mandibulectomy Patient
Authors: Arya Deeksha , Tripathi Shuchi , Singh Saumyendra V , Singh Vibha
Published: July 2013

Aim

Surgical removal of tumors in the mandible leads to discontinuity of bone which requires surgical reconstruction of the defect to provide a suitable tissue foundation for an acceptable prosthesis. At times when reconstructive surgeries are not possible, prosthetic rehabilitation is a successful alternative. In the present article, prosthetic rehabilitation using neutral zone technique has been discussed in the patient of marginal mandibulectomy.

Methods

The fabrication procedure of the removable partial denture was modified to achieve adequate retention and stability in a 22-year-old female patient with the anterior mandibulectomy. Polished surface contours and tooth positioning were recorded with modified neutral zone technique and mandibular teeth were characterized to provide esthetics.

Conclusion

The modified neutral zone technique enhanced the stability of the partial denture. A marked improvement in esthetics, function and psychology was noticed.

How to cite this article

Tripathi S, Singh V, Singh SV, Arya D. Modified Neutral Zone Technique for the Partial Mandibulectomy Patient. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(4):146-149.
Complications and their Management in Implantology
Authors: Vaidya Smita , Khalikar Arun , Dange Shankar P , Desai Rujit
Published: July 2013

Implant prosthodontics will become straightforward if the fixture position and angulation are ideal. But the prosthetic treatment may be complicated by component and framework breakage, inadequate tissue support, poor implant position and angulation. Complications during maintenance of implant supported prostheses have considerable clinical and laboratory implications. It is important for the practitioner who uses implants to have an understanding of the type and frequency of complications that may arise.

This paper focuses on the common complications in treatments involving the use of implants and also considers the modalities for its management. The practitioner should be fully aware of any possible complications prior to treatment and inform the patient accordingly. In most cases it is possible to avoid complications by careful attention to diagnosis, treatment planning and good surgical and prosthodontic planning.

How to cite this article

Vaidya S, Khalikar A, Dange SP, Desai R. Complications and their Management in Implantology. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(4):150-155.
Comparative studies of pelagic microbial methane oxidation within two anoxic basins of the central Baltic Sea (Gotland Deep and Landsort Deep)
Authors: Jakobs G. , Rehder G. , Jost G. , Kießlich K. , Labrenz M. , Schmale O.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Pelagic methane oxidation was investigated in dependence on differing environmental conditions within the redox zone of the Gotland Deep (GD) and Landsort Deep (LD), central Baltic Sea. The redox zone of both deeps, which indicates the transition between oxic and anoxic conditions, was characterized by a pronounced methane concentration gradient between the deep water (GD: 1233 nM, LD: 2935 nM) and the surface water (GD and LD < 10 nM), together with a 13C CH4 enrichment (δ13C CH4 deep water: GD −84‰, LD −71‰ ; redox zone: GD −60‰, LD −20‰ ; δ13C CH4 vs. Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard), clearly indicating microbial methane consumption in that specific depth interval. Expression analysis of the methane monooxygenase identified one active type I methanotrophic bacterium in both redox zones. In contrast, the turnover of methane within the redox zones showed strong differences between the two basins (GD: max. 0.12 nM d–1 and LD: max. 0.61 nM d–1), with a four times higher turnover rate constant (k) in the LD (GD: 0.0022 d–1, LD: 0.0079 d–1). Vertical mixing rates for both deeps were calculated on the base of the methane concentration profile and the consumption of methane in the redox zone (GD: 2.5 × 10–6 m2 s–1 LD: 1.6 × 10–5 m2 s–1). Our study identified vertical transport of methane from the deep water body towards the redox zone as well as differing hydrographic conditions within the oxic/anoxic transition zone of these deeps as major factors that determine the pelagic methane oxidation.
EFL In-service Yemeni Teachers’ Perceptions and Perspectives on the Importance of Teaching Stress and Intonation as Supra-segmental Features of Speech and Sound attributes to the Process of Comprehension: A Survey-Study
Authors: Al-Shamiry Rafiq , Alduais Ahmed M. S.
Published: July 2013

Purposes: To obtain the EFL in-service Yemeni teachers’ perceptions and perspectives on the importance of teaching stress and intonation as supra-segmental features of speech and sound-attributes to the process of comprehension. Methods: 40 EFL teachers who were identified as in-service teachers in both public and private schools at IBB city, Yemen (20 Arts’ graduates and 20 Education’s graduates, both males and females) participated in this survey-study. A researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 20 items - aiming at achieving the above stated objective was distributed to the participants. Results: The 17th version of SPSS, descriptive statistics, mainly percentages and frequency tools were used to analyse the collected data. The statistical data indicated that a large number of the in-service teachers are incompetent in the supra-segmental features of speech, yet demonstrated negative attitudes towards the importance of using applying such features. Though there is an attempt to communicate in English language, there is no clear consideration for the use of these features of speech. Syllabus’ update, motivation and teachers’ fluency, and teachers overall qualification are the the responsible factors behind the failure of practice and appropriate use of these features. Educational system, social situation, major differences between the two phonological systems of the Arabic and English languages, and difficulty of these features of speech are the discouraging factors respectively from the teachers’ perspective. Developing teaching methods, laboratories, and frequent evaluation were the proposed encouraging factors from the teachers’ perspective. Conclusions: The study is concluded with that a large number of the in-service school’s teachers are incompetent in terms of supra-segmental features of speech due to focus on other language elements other than communication. Most of the teachers are not fluent and this supports their tendency to ignore applying yet showing the importance of these features to their learners - an ability which they themselves are not competent in.
‘What Will I Be When I Grow up?’ Children’s Preferred Future Occupations and Their Stereotypical Views
Authors: Tzampazi Fani , Kyridis Argyris , Christodoulou Anastasia
Published: July 2013

This study explores the occupational preferences of 150 kindergarten and elementary school children living in urban, semi-urban and rural areas in Greece and the stereotypes that emerge from the choices they made when they were asked to make a drawing of ‘what they would like to be when they grow up’ and then to justify that choice. The statistical analysis of the data confirmed the findings made in previous studies: The analysis of variance showed that (a) the stereotypical representation of gender is more frequent among girls, (b) gender affects the choice of gender-typed occupations, as indicated by the boys’ more frequent choice of ‘traditionally masculine occupations’, (c) the educational background of the father affects children’s stereotyped choices, and (d) media and family influence is more frequent among younger children. Finally, the children’s justifications showed that, for the majority of the sample, their choice of occupation expresses a specific feeling, for a smaller percentage this choice expresses a certain playfulness, while for only a few does their choice express the desire for further knowledge and profit.
Mode Conversion and Total Reflection of Torsional Waves for Pipe Inspection
Authors: Nakamura Nurmalia , Ogi Hirotsugu , Hirao Masahiko
Published: July 2013

The group velocity of each higher torsional mode in a pipe depends on the wall thickness and it will convert to a lower mode when the thickness is smaller than a critical value, the so-called cut-off thickness. The fundamental torsional mode, T(0,1), and the first higher mode, T(0,2), are generated in pipes by an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) and their mode conversion behaviors are investigated by changing the shape of a defect on the pipe. It is confirmed that the conversion behavior is sensitive to the shape of thickness transition and the total reflection of the T(0,2) mode occurs in a pipe with a tapered defect. On the basis of the mode conversion, defects with a cross-sectional loss larger than 35% are detectable.
Proposal of Curvature Control Method for High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Transducer
Authors: Kim Jungsoon , Kim Moojoon , Ha Kanglyeol , Chu Mincheol
Published: July 2013

A method of controlling the focal length of concave ultrasonic transducers using a flexible surface with arrayed piezoelectric elements is proposed. The surface made of a silicon rubber has a different curvature depending on the air pressure of the inner space of the transducer housing. The acoustic fields of the transducer were measured and compared with the simulated ones. The ultrasonic field from the transducer converged with a different shape with the deflection of the surface. We confirmed the possibility that the focal point of the transducer could be easily controlled by the method.
Experimental Study to Produce Multiple Focal Points of Acoustic Field for Active Path Selection of Microbubbles through Multi-bifurcation
Authors: Koda Ren , Koido Jun , Ito Takumi , Mochizuki Takashi , Masuda Kohji , Ikeda Seiichi , Arai Fumihito , Miyamoto Yoshitaka , Chiba Toshio
Published: July 2013

We previously reported our attempt to propel microbubbles in a flow by a primary Bjerknes force, which is a physical phenomenon where an acoustic wave pushes an obstacle along its direction of propagation. However, when ultrasound was emitted from the surface of the body, controlling bubbles in an against-flow was necessary. It is unpractical to use multiple transducers to produce the same number of focal points because single-element transducers cannot produce more than two focal points. In this study, we introduced a complex artificial blood vessel according to a capillary model and a two-dimensional (2D) array transducer to produce multiple focal points for the active control of microbubbles in an against-flow. From the results, about 15% more microbubbles were led to the desired path with multiple focal points of ultrasound relative to the no-emission case.
Intraventricular Flow Velocity Vector Visualization Based on the Continuity Equation and Measurements of Vorticity and Wall Shear Stress
Authors: Itatani Keiichi , Okada Takashi , Uejima Tokuhisa , Tanaka Tomohiko , Ono Minoru , Miyaji Kagami , Takenaka Katsu
Published: July 2013

We have developed a system to estimate velocity vector fields inside the cardiac ventricle by echocardiography and to evaluate several flow dynamical parameters to assess the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. A two-dimensional continuity equation was applied to color Doppler data using speckle tracking data as boundary conditions, and the velocity component perpendicular to the echo beam line was obtained. We determined the optimal smoothing method of the color Doppler data, and the 8-pixel standard deviation of the Gaussian filter provided vorticity without nonphysiological stripe shape noise. We also determined the weight function at the bilateral boundaries given by the speckle tracking data of the ventricle or vascular wall motion, and the weight function linear to the distance from the boundary provided accurate flow velocities not only inside the vortex flow but also around near-wall regions on the basis of the results of the validation of a digital phantom of a pipe flow model.
Quantitative Evaluation of Liver Fibrosis Using Multi-Rayleigh Model with Hypoechoic Component
Authors: Higuchi Tatsuya , Hirata Shinnosuke , Yamaguchi Tadashi , Hachiya Hiroyuki
Published: July 2013

To realize a quantitative diagnosis method of liver fibrosis, we have been developing a modeling method for the probability density function of the echo amplitude. In our previous model, the approximation accuracy is insufficient in regions with hypoechoic tissue such as a nodule or a blood vessel. In this study, we examined a multi-Rayleigh model with three Rayleigh distributions, corresponding to the distribution of the echo amplitude from hypoechoic, normal, and fibrous tissue. We showed quantitatively that the proposed model can model the amplitude distribution of liver fibrosis echo data with hypoechoic tissue adequately using Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence, which is an index of the difference between two probability distributions. We also found that fibrous indices can be estimated stably using the proposed model even if hypoechoic tissue is included in the region of interest. We conclude that the multi-Rayleigh model with three components can be used to evaluate the progress of liver fibrosis quantitatively.
Finite Element Method Study for Generating Shear Wave by Mode Conversion of Longitudinal Wave at Elasticity Boundary in a Living Body
Authors: Nii Kohei , Tagawa Norio , Okubo Kan , Yagi Shin-ichi
Published: July 2013

Shear wave elastography has attracted attention because of its possibility for quantitative measurement of tissue elasticity. However, conventional methods for shear wave elastography have shortcomings. To solve the shortcomings, we propose a new scheme for shear wave elastography, in which tissue elasticity is measured only at tumors using the shear wave generated by the mode conversion of a longitudinal wave. In this study, as a fundamental examination, we investigate the suitable frequency and incident angle of a longitudinal wave for generating the shear wave through finite element method (FEM) simulations.
Study on Efficiency Component Estimation of 405 nm Light Emitting Diodes from Electroluminescence and Photoluminescence Intensities
Authors: Aoyama Kazuki , Suzuki Atsushi , Kitano Tsukasa , Kamiyama Satoshi , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Iwaya Motoaki , Akasaki Isamu
Published: July 2013

The Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) model was applied to the determination of photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) characteristics. From the ratio of the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) obtained from the PL and EL intensities, the carrier injection efficiencies (CIE) for 405 nm LEDs were derived. All the efficiency components including the IQE, CIE, and light extraction efficiency for 405 nm LEDs were obtained for various structural parameters by fitting the experimental data to theoretical equations of the SRH model.
Ambiguity: aspects of the wave–particle duality
Authors: STEPANSKY BARBARA K.
Published: July 2002

As has become evident from historical studies, science does
not proceed in the coherent and
predictable way that basic science texts would have us believe. I will
argue that an excellent
counter-example is an episode from the historical development of
quantum mechanics in
which the incompatibility of the particle and the wave representations
of the electron and
light were destined to be encompassed by two mathematically equivalent,
but conceptually quite different theories.

I shall argue that the appearance of two such different, yet equivalent,
quantum theories
was not surprising at all and I claim even predictable. As Einstein himself
wrote in 1909:
‘It is my opinion that the next phase in the development of theoretical
physics will bring
us a theory of light that can be interpreted as a kind of fusion of the
wave and the [particle] theory.’
Certainly, the interpretative content of Werner Heisenberg's and Erwin
Schrödinger's theories could not have been more different.
By mid-1926, the theoretical
foundations had been laid for a scientific and emotional battleground
between the particle
and the wave. I suggest that an important element in the debate was
not the incompatibility
itself but actually coming to terms with ambiguity in science. For,
in the end, ambiguous and vague interpretations of the same phenomena became
part of
science, where science
was supposed to give a clear and unambiguous description of nature.
Comment: practical proposals by scientists for
reforming the machinery of scientific advice, 1914–17
Authors: VARCOE IAN
Published: July 2002

In selecting among the many statements that were made in the ‘War of Words’, it is important
to choose only those that contained practical proposals for administrative reform and
redirection of Government policy. Only then can we assess the extent to which they were
in tune with or diverged from the plans being developed within the Board of Education.
These were the ones that, because of their focused nature, draftspersons in the Board of
Education might conceivably have felt constrained to take into account, and either to
incorporate in, or exclude from, their own designs. In this way it is possible to be precise
about what scientists wanted in 1914–17, and to estimate their degree of realism and the
likely scope of their influence.

The Fellows of the Royal Society and the Chemical and Engineering societies must, Sir
William Ramsay (FRS, chemist) urged in October 1914, be co-ordinated. They need, he
said, to ‘work together at what for us is the supreme problem of all – how to conquer the
Germans?’. The British Science Guild was to be included and the Royal Society was to
‘set the example’. Committees should be created; experts from other societies were to be
added.

In March 1915 Ramsay prepared a ‘Draft Scheme for a Chemical Council of State’. It
was to comprise twenty-four members, one-third technical chemists, one-third scientific
investigators and one-third analytical and consulting chemists. It was to collect information
on all aspects of the industry; to bring universities into contact with manufacturers; and
to advise Government. Members were to be paid a small retainer. Agents were to be
employed to visit factories and colleges. Eight members were to retire each year. The
proposed Council was ‘to resemble to some extent a Royal Commission’. It would be
appointed for ten years in the first instance. It would report annually to the Crown, but
would not be attached to any Government department, although it would be associated
with several. Non-political, it would be appointed by and directly responsible to the
Crown. The president of the Royal Society would initially nominate two technical chemists
and two scientific chemists. They, chaired by him, would choose twenty others.
Insanity and mens rea
Authors: Spencer J.R.
Published: July 2002

QUESTION: “D, who is mentally ill, believes that he is Jesus Christ. He breaks down P's front door and belabours him with a snooker cue, in the deluded belief that P is about to crucify him. Having been subdued by five police officers, D is eventually tried on indictment for aggravated burglary and affray. What is his criminal liability?”
PROPORTION OF TOTAL NITROGEN AND FIXED NITROGEN IN SHOOTS OF LENTIL AND CHICKPEA GROWN IN A MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: PILBEAM C. J. , WOOD M. , JONES M. J.
Published: July 2002

Shoot dry matter yield, shoot nitrogen yield and amount of nitrogen derived from fixation are collated for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. ILC482 and lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) cv. ILL8 grown at the ICARDA research station Tel Hadya, Syria over a period of 17 years. Regression analyses of shoot nitrogen yield on shoot dry matter and of the amount of nitrogen fixed on shoot nitrogen yield were undertaken for both species. The intercepts for both analyses with lentil were not significantly different from zero, so the slopes of the lines represented the concentration of nitrogen in the plant tissue (20.6 g kg−1 dry matter) and the proportion of nitrogen derived from fixation 0.75. Data for other cultivars of lentil grown at Tel Hadya and at four other locations in Syria fell within the 95% confidence limits of the original analyses. The intercept of the regression of shoot nitrogen yield on shoot dry matter yield for chickpea grown at Tel Hadya was not significantly different from zero, so the concentration of nitrogen in the plant tissue was constant (17.8 g kg−1 dry matter). The proportion of nitrogen derived from fixation increased asymptotically as the shoot nitrogen yield increased. Data for other cultivars of chickpea grown in different locations were generally similar to those for cv. ILC482 grown at Tel Hadya. It is proposed that generalized relationships between shoot nitrogen yield and shoot dry matter yield, and between amount of nitrogen fixed and shoot nitrogen yield can be established for lentil and chickpea grown in the West Asia–North Africa region. Consequently the amounts of nitrogen fixed by the two crops could be predicted from a knowledge of dry matter production alone.
NITROGEN ACCUMULATION AND PARTITIONING BY WINGED BEAN IN RESPONSE TO SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Authors: MOTIOR M. R. , WAN MOHAMAD W. O. , WONG K. C. , SHAMSUDDIN Z. H.
Published: July 2002

An experiment was carried out to determine the partitioning and accumulation of nitrogen in plant components, nitrogenase activity and their relationships with seed yield of a local cultivar of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) grown on three support systems of 0, 1, and 2 m height under field conditions. Total nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen partitioning were determined throughout the growing season by measuring nitrogen content and concentration in above-ground plant tissues (leaves, stems, petioles and pods). Support heights of 1 and 2 m significantly increased total nitrogen accumulation in component parts of the plant, nitrogenase activity, nodulation, total dry matter accumulation and seed yield compared with the control. Plants grown on supports accumulated significantly higher leaf nitrogen at the vegetative stages and the contribution of seed nitrogen was also significantly higher compared with unsupported plants. Nitrogenase activity increased with onset of flowering but declined during the pod formation stage in plants grown on a support system. Unsupported plants showed higher nitrogenase activity prior to flowering possibly due to lack of photosynthate and, consequently, early senescence of leaves.