bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contact allergy to the fungicide benomyl?
Authors: Larsen Anders I. , Laksen Allan , Jepsen Jørgen R. , Jørgensen Ralph
Published: April 2006

Benomyl is a widely used fungicide. Contact allergy to benomyl has been reported in a few cases. We describe a group of 62 workers, exposed to benomyl. None had contact dermatitis from benomyl. It appears that benomyl at most is a weak sensitizer. We suggest that earlier‐reported allergy may represent cross‐reactions and/or that the development of contact allergy to benomyl requires previous exposure to other chemically related pesticides.
Occupational contact dermatitis in 2 dental technicians
Authors: Farli M. , Gasperini M. , Francalanci S. , Gola M. , Sertoli A.
Published: April 2006

2 dental technicians, both with chronic hand eczema, reported worsening from the use of 2 products containing methyl methacrylate, employed in manufacturing acryline prostheses. Patch tests in both patients gave positive reactions in methyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and products employed in manufacturing acrylic prostheses (2% and 5% pet.). On the basis of results subsequently obtained from patch tests carried out with pieces of glove interposed between the skin and the allergens (methyl methacrylate and products employed), we advised our patients still to use latex gloves during work. Follow‐up after 1 year showed complete regression of the dermatitis in I case and considerable improvement in the other.
Olive oil as a cause of contact allergy in patients with venous eczema, and occupationally
Authors: Padoan S. Malmkvist , Pettersson A. , Svensson A.
Published: April 2006

From 1985 10 1989, 13 cases of contact allergy 10 olive oil have been identified in the Departments of Dermatology of Kristianstad and östersund Hospitals. Known components of olive oil could not be proved to be the cause of the allergy. This high number of patients with contact allergy to olive oil and possible explanations are discussed.
Contact sensitization by pesticides in farmers
Authors: Sharma V. K. , Kaur S.
Published: April 2006

30 farmers with contact dermatitis and 20 controls were patch tested with a series of locally used pesticides. Allergic reactions to 1 or more pesticides were seen in 11 patients but none of the controls. Carbamates (maneb, carbofuran. Carbaryl) were the most frequent sensitizers. (7 patients), followed by organophosphorus compounds like: malathion and oxydemton methyl (4 patients); 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and fenvalerate (3 patients each): streptocycline (2 patients). Irritant reactions to captaf were seen in 4 patients, thiobencarb weedicide in 3, and organophosphorus compounds in 3. Pesticides should be patch tested in all fanners with contact dermatitis.
Low allergenicity of clonidine impedes studies of sensitization mechanisms in guinea pig models
Authors: Scheper R. J. , von Blomberg B. M. E. , de Groot J. , Goeptar A. R. , Lang M. , Oostendorp R. A. J. , Bruynzeel D. P. , van Tol R. G. L.
Published: April 2006

During clinical mills, a clonidine transdermal device has been found to induce clonidine‐specific allergic contact dermatitis in up to 25% of patients during a treatment period of 1 year. Using 3 different guinea pig strains, development was attempted of an experimental guinea pig model that would allow for in‐depth studies into the mechanism of sensitization, and a possible role of transdermal device components. Transient low‐level clonidine allergy could be obtained only in a minority of animals, with severe sensitization procedures departing from epicutaneous applications, combined with intradermal (adjuvant) FCA injections. Sensitization was not potentiated by additional booster procedures, including cyclophosphamide pretreatment, nor any of the putative cofactors (UV‐treatments, C. parvum or acetaldehyde involvement) studied. These results suggest that the persistent skin contacts in man with transdermal devices for sustained drug delivery, generate unique conditions favouring the development of allergic contact dermatitis, which are difficult to mimic in experimental animal models. Thus, clinical allergy may develop even lo extremely weak sensitizing drugs that can be safety used orally, and escape most currently available predictive contact allergy animal models Clinical studies remain unavoidable for studying factors that may reduce sensitization rates to more acceptable levels.
Contact allergy due to colophony (VI). The sensitizing capacity of minor resin acids and 7 commercial modified‐colophony products
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Hessling C.
Published: April 2006

3 minor resin acidS 7 commercial modified‐colophony products of different origins were studied by experimental sensitization by means of a modified FCA method. All 3 resin acids were almost negative. The commercial products gave different results. While the maleic‐modified product of Greek origin showed a strong sensitizing power, the fumaric‐modified, terpene‐phenol‐modified and a disproportioned rosin were only moderate. A remarkable difference was obtained with the Swedish and Finnish tall oil rosins, which, in contrast to the previously studied French product, exhibited only a weak sensitizing capacity.
Contact dermatitis from acrylate and methacrylate compounds in Lowicryl® embedding media for electron microscopy
Authors: Tobler M. , Wüthrich B. , Freiburghaus A. U.
Published: April 2006

This report is about occupational contact dermatitis found in 3 out of 6 workers of a chemistry laboratory using Lowicryl® embedding media, which contain (meth)acrylate monomer mixtures of known composition. The notation (meth) acrylates is used to refer to both acrylates and methacrylates. (Meth) acrylate monomers will polymerize in the absence of oxygen when induced by metal ions, peroxides, heat or ultraviolet light. The monomers are of low viscosity and remain in the liquid stale at temperatures far below 0°C. The volatile compounds, some of which exhibit a most pungent odour, have a tendency to penetrate all tissue and to permeate into the finest fissures, a properly which makes them suitable as sealants, glues, embedding material, etc. This and their toxicity may represent a danger to (he health of individuals who need to work with them, especially if no precautions are taken We show with putch testing that one patient reacted strongly to the compound 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate at the dilutions tested (0.5 and 1% v/v), but not at all to 10 other (meth)acrylates. In the same lest. 3 volunteer controls were negative to 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate, We demonstrate that at maximum working concentration, 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate penetrates both latex and vinyl gloves and elicits irritant allergic reactions on the patient and irritant reactions on a control. Finally, we discuss the necessary protective measures.
Irritant and sensitizing potential of copper, mercury and tin salts in experimental contact stomatitis of rat oral mucosa
Authors: Larsson A. , Kinnby B. , Könsberg R. , Peszkowski M. J. , Warevinge G.
Published: April 2006

HgCl2, CuSO4, SnCl2, SnCl4, or sodium lauryl sulphate (Sls) Were Openly applied to rat oral mucosa for 1 min, followed 6 h later by histologic examination of the tissue response. Granulocytes were the predominant inflammatory cells and no lymphocytic infiltration could be seen with any of the substances tested, irritant threshold levels were defined histologically for each of the substances. CuSO4, was found to be non‐irritant at all concentrations. The addition of non‐irritant concentrations of SLS lowered the threshold levels for HgCl2 and SnCl2, but CuSO4/SLS was non‐irritant at all concentrations tested. Preapplication to the mucosa of SLS at non‐irritant concentrations gave results with HgCl2, SnCl2and CuSO4 similar to those with SLS added to the metal salt solutions. Lesions of allergic contact type could not be induced in the Oral mucosa to any of the metal salt preparations.
Ammoniated mercury ointment: outdated but still in use
Authors: Aberer Werner , Gerstner Georg , Pehamberger Hubert
Published: April 2006

Although severe mercury‐associated side effects, such as poisoning and high irritant and allergic potential, as well as the weak potency of mercury as an antiseptic or antipsoriatic agent, are well‐Known, topical mercury perparations are still listed in several pharmacopoeias, including that of the United Slates, UK and several other European countries. Thus, topical mercurials are still in use, even though more effective and less toxic drugs are now available, We report 2 cases of severe allergic reaction to ammoniated mercury and hope, in agreement with the pertinent literature, to contribute to its removal, and that of most other mercurials, from the therapeutic armamentarium.
Sensitizing risk of butylated hydroxytoluene based on exposure and effect data
Authors: Flyvholm Mari‐Ann , Menne Torkil
Published: April 2006

A national database on chemical products (the Danish Product Register (PROBAS)) was searched for products containing butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). As of March 1990, 440 products containing BHT were registered. The content of BUT was below 50 ppm in 66% of these products. Paints/lacquers (1‐ and 2‐component) and hardeners for 2‐component paints, glues, fillers, etc. make up the main categories. No positive reactions were seen in 1336 consecutive eczema patients patch tested with BHT. From the widespread use of BHT, it was considered that BHT could be regarded as a safe antioxidant in the normally used concentrations. The possibilities, limitations, and demands of product registration as exposure estimates are discussed.
Inhibitory effect of zinc oxide on contact allergy due to colophony
Authors: Söderberg Thor A. , Elmros Theoder , Gref Rolf , Hallmans Göran
Published: April 2006

Contact allergy to a wound dressing with an adhesive mass consisting of colophony, zinc oxide and rubber (Mezinc®) was studied in 179 patients with a history of eczema. 12 patients were found to be allergic to colophony, whereas only 4 of these patients also showed a positive patch test reaction to the wound dressing. 14 patients with verified moderate contact allergy to colophony were patch tested with adhesive mass (10%). Portuguese colophony (10%), zinc oxide (10%), purified resin acids (10%) and Portuguese colophony (10%), in combination with zinc oxide. Only 3 patients reacted to the adhesive mass, whereas all patients showed a positive patch test reaction to Portuguese colophony. A combination of zinc oxide (10%) with Portuguese colophony (10%) provoked a positive patch test reaction in only 5 of these 14 patients. An allergic reaction to abietic acid (90–95% purity) was found in 7 patients and to neoabietic acid (99 +%) in 3 patients, whereas no reactions to dehydroabietic (99 +%), isopimaric (99 +%) or levopimaric acids (98 +%) were found.
Vaccination despite thimerosal sensitivity
Authors: Aberer Werner
Published: April 2006

Thimerosal sensitivity is Extremely common in Austria, being surpassed asa contact allergen only by nickel, This high incidence is still rising and is probably due to the Frequent vaccinations which are performed in Austria Most, or the patch‐test‐positive patients had recently been immunized with thimerosal‐containing vaccines, and no other obvious sources of exposure to thimerosal could be found, On retrospective questioning. 48 out of 50 patients had had no problems with their recent immunization; the 2 who reported massive local reactions had received their injections, against the recommendation of Ihe manufacturer. Subcutaneously. In a prospective study. 12 thimerosal‐sensitized persons received their follow‐up immunization at our department, and no side effects occurred. This enables us to conclude that sensitization had occurred through vaccines, but trial those amounts of thimerosal delivered i.m. are not sufficient to elicit clinical symptoms. Patch‐test Positivity to thimerosal thus represents no contra‐indication to i.m immunization with Thimerosal‐containing vaccines.
The nickel content of certain commercially available metallic patch test materials and its relevance in nickel‐sensitive subjects
Authors: Eedy D. J. , Burrows D. , Mcmaster Dorothy
Published: April 2006

The nickel contamination of the metallic patch test substance from 3 commercial sources was estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Contamination was generally greatest in the cobalt patch test substances. To determine whether the levels of contamination encountered were sufficient to produce a false positive patch test, 20 nickel‐sensitive patients were patch tested to various concentrations of free elemental nickel in aqueous solution. The level of nickel contamination was less than that required to produce a false positive patch test in our patients, but was at a level which could produce false positive reactions in subjects highly sensitive to nickel.
Minimum eliciting patch test concentration of thimerosal*
Authors: Lisi P. , Perno P. , Ottaviani M. , Morelli P.
Published: April 2006

Positive patch test reactions to thimerosal 0.1% pet (40/ 690 subjects: 5.8%) were more common in younger age groups, in the allergic contact dermatitis group and in subjects who had used contact lens solutions. In the 40 thimerosal‐positive patients, the minimum eliciting quantity of preservative was evaluated using different test concentrations: 0.05% and 0.01% pet (patch testing) and 1:10,000 in saline (intradermal testing). Cross‐reactions between thimerosal and other mercury Compounds and sensitivity to thiosalicylic acid were also examined. The results of the investigation demonstrate that many of the reaction to 0.1% thimerosal are probably irritant, because only half the subjects studied had positive patch test when allergen concentrations 5 to 10 × lower than that conventionally used for patch testing, were utilized. In these subjects, the average strength of patch test reactions was higher, intradermal testing was more often positive and cross‐reactions between mercurials more frequent. These data indicate that the optimal eliciting patch test concentration for studing thimerosal sensitivity is 0.05% pet.
Occupational contact dermatitis due to acrylonitrile
Authors: Bakker J. , Jongen S. M. J. , van Neer F. C. J. , Neis J. M.
Published: April 2006

Within DSM Chemicals BV, a producer of acrylonitrile, skin complaints arc frequent, the majority of these are an irritant nature, while a smaller portion is based on acquired allergies Allergological examination revealed 3 employees with an allergy In acrylonitrile. 1 of these subject also developed paresthesiae in the skin sues affected, a finding not previously described for acrylonitrile. In the guinea ptE maximization lest (GPMT), acrylonitrile showed strong allergenic potential for prevention and treatment of contact allergologic disorders, close cooperation between occupational health officer, dermatologist and lexicologist in chemical companies is recommended
Cutting oil dermatitis on guinea pig skin
Authors: Goh C. L.
Published: April 2006

The effect of repeated exposure of cutting oil on 8 guinea pigs' skin was evaluated by visual scoring for erythema and skin water vapour loss (SVL) measurement over a 6‐week period. The visual scores (measuring severity of erythema) and SVL values were significantly higher on skin treated with cutting oils (positive control) compared in untreated skin (negative control) throughout the study period. The scores and SVL values returned to near‐baseline values when cutting oil application was stopped. In addition, the effect of 2 “after‐work” emollient creams on 8 guinea pigs' skin repeatedly treated with a cutting oil was assessed by similar methods. The visual scores and SVL values of guinea pig skin that was repeatedly treated with the cutting oil and moisturized with “after‐work” emollient creams, were significantly higher than negative and positive control guinea pig skin. It appeared that the 2 “after‐work” emollient creams do not alleviate the irritant effect of the cutting oil on guinea pig skin. They appeared to aggrevate the irritant effect of the cutting oil.
Systemic contact dermatitis from pseudoephedrine
Authors: Tomb Roland R. , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre , Espinassouze François , Heid Ernest , Foussereau Jean
Published: April 2006

A patient with rhinitis developed systemic contact dermatitis when starting oral treatment with Rhinalair®, Containing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. A few months later, another oral treatment Rinutan®, containing norephedrine hydrochloride, provoked a more severe generalized eczema. Patch test reactions were strongly positive to ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, slightly positive to phenylephrine and negative to epinephrine. Norephedrine was not tested.
Skin symptoms among workers in the fish processing industry are caused by high molecular weight compounds
Authors: Halkier‐Sorenesen Lars , Heickendorff Lene , Dalsgaard Inger , Thestrup‐Pedersen Kristian
Published: April 2006

Scratch tests were performed with fish juice containing high and low molecular weight compounds obtained by ultrafiltration and with degradation compounds known to accumulate in fish stored on ice. 75 volunteers were tested. The peptide pattern in raw fish juice and its high and low molecular weight fractions were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and the concentration of protein in the various fractions was determined Fish products were analysed for bacteria and algae and the concentration of degradation compounds we measured. Mainly high molecular weight compounds (polypeptides) of fish juice wore found to be responsible for the skin symptoms.
Occupational skin disease in Western Australia
Authors: Wall Leon M. , Gebauer Kurt A.
Published: April 2006

993 cases of occupational skin disease (OSD) were diagnosed in a private dermatology practice over an 8–year period. Dermatologists wore the major source of referral. The sex ratio was 2.4 males to 1 female. Patch tests were conducted in 79% of cases. Wet work industries predominated in females; in males the causative industries were more varied. Apprentices were affected in a high proportion pf hairdressers and food handlers. Atopics accounted for 75% of the apprentice hairdressers. Atopics also were more prevalent in females with OSD than males. 29% of all eases had suffered from OSD for over 2 years before diagnosis. 75% of patients with OSD were less than 40 years of age at onset of OSD. Irritant contact dermatitis predominated over allergic contact dermatitis in all up; groups except those over 60 years of ape. Nickel was the predominant occupational allergen in females, whereas chromate was the predominant occupational allergen in males. 46% had been in the causative occupation for over 2 years before developing irritant contact dermatitis. Some new occupational allergens have emerged in recent years. OSD in Western Australia does not appear to differ in any major way from that reported from other countries.
Epidemiological survey of standard series patch test results and observations on day 2 and day 4 readings
Authors: Shehade S A. , Beck M. H. , Hillier V. F.
Published: April 2006

Computer data on 4721 consecutive patients patch tested with an extended standard series were analysed for the frequency of allergic reactions to each substance. Particular Attention was given to the negative first reading at day 2 (D2) which later became positive at day 4 (D4). A total of 4210 allergic reactions were recorded. 993 of which were negative on D2(24%). The most frequent positive reactions were to nickel sulphate (18%), fragrance‐mix (8%), colophony (6%), neomycin (6%), cobalt chloride (6%), thiuram‐mix (4%) and potassium dichromate (3%). The frequency of negative D2, positive D4 readings was sizeable for all but one substance, primin, with a range of 14% for fragrance‐mix to 64% for neomycin. All of 21 positive reactions to primin, with a range of 14% for fragrance‐mix to 64% for neomycin. All of 21 positive reactions to primin were recorded on D2. In our opinion, it is unjustified to perform D2‐only patch test readings.
Screening for corticosteroid contact sensitivity
Authors: Lauerma A. I.
Published: April 2006

3 corticosteroids have so far been tried as markers for corticosteroid contact sensitivity; hydrocortisone, tixocortol privalate and hydrocortisone‐17‐butyrate. The present study compared these steroids for screening in addition to a standard patch test series. Of 727 patients, 28 (3.9%) reacted to tixocortol pivalate and 10 (1.4%) to hydrocortisone‐17‐butyrate; hydrocortisone gave an allergic reaction in 2 of 521 (0.4%) to hydrocortisone‐17‐butyrate; hydrocortisone gave an allergic in Finland, caused allergic reactions which could possibly be cross‐reactions to hydrocortisone. In contrast to previously published data, frequent cross‐reactions occurred with hydrocortisone‐17‐butyrate and tixocortol pivalate. All allergic reactions to other corticosteroids found by testing with tixocortol pivalate concurred with reactions to hydrocortisone‐17‐butyrate. The study suggests that the most effective choice for routine testing for corticosteroid contact sensitivity would be both tixocortol pivalate and hydrocortisone‐17‐butyrate.
A probable role for vaccines containing thimerosal in thimerosal hypersensitivity
Authors: Osawa Junko , Kitamura Kazuko , Ikezawa Zenro , Nakahma Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

We patch tested 141 patients with 0.05% aq thimerosal and 222 patients with 0.05% aq, mercuric chloride, including 63 children. The frequency of positive patch test reactions to thimerosal was 16.3%. There was a marked preponderance in the young age groups after vaccination, while none of 3h infants (aged 3–48 months) reacted lo thimerosal positive reactions to mercuric chloride were found in 23 (10.4%) of 223 patients. We also sensitized guinea pigs with diphtheria‐pertussis‐tetanus (DPT) vaccine containing 0.01% thimerosal and succeeded in inducing hypersensitivity to thimerosal. From patch testing in humans and animal experiments, it is suggested that 0.01% thimerosal in vaccines can sensitize children, and that hypersensitivity to thimerosal is due to the throsaticylic part of the molecule and correlates with photosensitivity to piroxicam.
Tussockosis: an outbreak of dermatitis caused by tussock moths in Singapore
Authors: Ooi P. L. , Goh K. T. , Lee H. S. , Goh C. L.
Published: April 2006

An outbreak of acute pruritic rash occurred in Mutch 1990 among 141 residents of a high‐rise public housing estate in Bukit Panjang, Singapore. The typical rash consisted of urticarial lesions distributed over the limbs and trunk. The outbreak was associated with a transient increase in tussock moths in the residential estate following an unusual, short dry spell. The aetiology was established when patch tests with crude moth material produced similar eruptions in 5 out of 7 adult volunteers between 40 min and 12 h. Pharmacological experiments with an aqueous extract of moth hairs in isolated guinea pig ileum elicited a response similar to that induced by histamine.
Ultrasound B scanning with image analysis for assessment of allergic patch test reactions
Authors: Seidenari S. , Nakijo A. Di , Pepe P. , Giannetti A.
Published: April 2006

Assessment of patch lest results has been performed visually and using u lira sound in the U mode. A positive test site has a typical ultrasonographic appearance, presenting a uniform hypoechogenic area in the dermis. In this zone, the mean amplitude of ultrasound reflection peaks decreases, and the extension of this area increases, together with the intensity of the eczematous reaction. A close correlation has been shown between visual scoring, amplitude decrease and surface increase of the hypoecbogenic area. This technique seems to provide a reproducible System for the evaluation of patch tests.
A follow‐up study of occupational skin disease in Western Australia
Authors: Wall Leon M. , Gebauer Kurt A.
Published: April 2006

From a total of 993 previously reported cases of occupational skin disease (OSD), 954 (96%) were contacted and 711 (75%) examined, The review time (i.e., period from original diagnosis of OSD until review] varied from u minimum of 6 months to a maximum of over 8 years. Over 60% of cases were reviewed more than 2 years after the original diagnosis was made. More than 50% were still suffering from OSD or consequences related thereto. Clearance was less likely in those who remained in their original, or similar, occupational environment. However, of those who changed their job due to OSD. Many suffered aggravation of the dermatitis from factors in the new work environment. Over 10% of cases had evolved into a persistent post occupational dermatitis without obvious cause. This condition is responsible for considerable impairment and is of medicolegal importance due lo confusion as to its relationship to the original occupational factors.
Contact sensitization to textile dyes: description of 100 subjects
Authors: Seidenari S. , Manzini B. M. , Ddanese P.
Published: April 2006

We have described 100 subjects sensitized to textile dyes. Of these, 16 had clinically been suspected of having a textile dermatitis from among 1145 patients referred for patch testing. 41 patients were identified from among 861 consecutive subjects tested with the GIRDCA (Italian Research Group on Contact and Environmental Dermatitis) standard series supplemented with 4 disperse dyes (Disperse Blue 124, Disperse Red I, Disperse Yellow 3. Disperse Orange 3), The remaining 43 patients were identified from among 746 subjects tested with the GCRDCA standard series, supplemented with the 4 disperse dyes mentioned above and a further series of 12 other textile dyes, The clinical picture was extremely variable: most patients had a typical eczematous dermatitis, but we also observed persistent erythematous‐wheal‐type reaction. a transient urticarial dermatitis and an erythema‐multiforme‐like eruption Among these textile dyes, Disperse Blue 124 caused most reactions. With the addition of the 4 disperse dyes to the GIRDCA standard series, we identified 4.8% sensitized 10 textile dyes. a much higher figure than the 1.4% observed among patients being patch tested on the basis of their history and the clinical findings; the addition of a further 12 textile dyes to the series further increased the detection rate to 5.8%. We stress the importance of routinely patch testing with textile dyes, which can help to elucidate the cause of certain kinds of atypical dermatitis
α‐Peroxyachifolid and other new sensitizing sesquiterpene lactones from yarrow (Achillea millefolium L., Compositae)
Authors: Hausbn B. M. , Bheuer J. , Weglewski J. , Rucker G.
Published: April 2006

Yarrow, Achillea millefolium L., is one of the commonest weeds of the Compositae family. Cases, of allergic contact dermatitis have been described since 1899. Although 10 sesquiterpene lactones (SL) and 3 polyines have previously been identified, the sensitizers of yarrow have escaped detection. A reinvestigation of short ether extracts of yarrow revealed the presence of 5 unsturated hitherto unknown guaianolides of peroxide character. The main SL, identified as a strung sensitizer in guinea pig sensitization experiments, was named α‐peroxyachifolid. The minor SL also contribute marginally to the sensitizing capacity. while other known yarrow constituents like dehydromatricaria ester and pontica epoxide appear to play no role. A 5‐year follow‐up (1985 1990) of Compositae‐sensitive palients showed that more than 50% reacted when tested with a short either extract of yarrow. Exacerbation of the patch test. sites by irradiation, wish UV light was never observed.
Allergic contact dermatitis from para‐tertiary‐butylphenol‐formaldehyde resin (PTBP‐FR) in athletic tape and leather adhesive
Authors: Shono Mamiko , Ezoe Kazuhiko , Kaniwa Masa‐Aki , Ikarashi Yokhiaki , Kojima Shigeo , Nakamura Akitada
Published: April 2006

4 girls with severe allergic contact dermatitis from a brand of athletic tape and a cobbler with allergic contact dermatitis from leather adhesive are presented. Alkylphenol resin with unknown chemical structure had been compounded in both product. One of the girls developed fool dermatitis later from the adhesive used on the inside of new sneakers. By patch testing and chemical analysis of alkylphenol resin and the products, the 5 patients were given a specific diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis from PTBP‐FR.
Allergic contact dermatitis from non‐diglycidyl‐ether‐of‐bisphenol‐A epoxy resins
Authors: Kanerva Lassi , Jolanki Riitta , Estlander Tuula
Published: April 2006

In addition lo previously presented patients with allergic contact dermatitis from cycloalipoatic epoxy resins (ERs), during 1974–1990, we have seen 4 patients with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by products containing uncured non‐diglycidyl‐ether‐of‐bisphenol‐A ER. The patients were negative on patch testing with the standard ER based OT diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA‐ER). The following non‐DGKBA‐ERs wore included in the causative agents: heterocyclic dimethylhydantoin ER. phenol novolak ER, and brominated ER. We were unable to Specify the type of ER in un epoxy primer used by the 4th patient. Apart from the ACD caused by the brominated HR. I of the patients also had IgE‐mediated occupational rhinitis caused by methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA), an epoxy hardener. The diagnosis was verified by positive prick tests and specific IgE determinations with MHHPA. Intense rhinitis evoked by a bronchial challenge with MHHPA confirmed the diagnosis. We stress the importance of performing patch testing with the relevant epoxy resins to which the patient has been exposed, in addition to patch testing with the standard ER.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by nitroglycerin
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Laine Risto , Jolanki Riitta , Tarvainen Kyllikki , Estlander Tuula , Helander Inkeri
Published: April 2006

Irritant contact dermatitis caused by occupational contact with nitroglycerin has been known since the end of the last century, Nitroglycerin is an allergen, and the transdermal drug deliver; systems for nitroglycerin recently used to treat angina pectoris have sensitized 4 patients with allergic contact dermatitis caused by nitroglycerin from explosives are described, and I patient who was sensitized by transdermal nitroplaster. On patch testing dynamite and/or the explosive components nitroglycerin, ethylene glycol dinitrate and dinitrotoluene gave allergic reactions. The following concentration and vehicles are suggested for patch testing: nitroglycerin 0.5–2% pet., dinitrotoluene and ethylene glycol dinitrate 0.1–0.5% pet., Persons exposed to nitroglycerin at work should try to avoid skin contact by using protective gloves. It is advisable that those who have become allergic to nitroglycerin should wear disposable protective gloves when handling explosives.
Contact sensitivity to captafol in BALB/c mice
Authors: Cushman Janette R. , Street Joseph C.
Published: April 2006

The fungicide captafol has been reported us causing irritant and allergic contact dermatitis in humans and in guinea pigs. This study investigated the ability of purified captafol to cause contact sensitization in BALB/c mice. Female mice were pretreated with an intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide or saline. Applications of captafol (18.7 or 37.4 mg/ml), dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB; 5 mg/ml) or sulvent (4:1 acetone ethanol mixture) were administered to the shaved abdomen on 2 consecutive days, or on days 1, 2, 8, 15, 22 and 29. Following challenge with captafol (37.4 mg/ml) or DNFB (2 mg/ml) on the right ear 6 days after, the last induction, cat thickness ratios (right ear/left ear) were significantly larger after challenge in captafol‐iuduced and DNFB‐induced mice compared to control mice. A slightly larger response was observed with the smaller induction dose level of captafol and with multiple inductions over the course of a month. The overall maximum response to captafol was not increased by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide, Histologically, ears from captafol‐induced and DNFB‐induced mice showed edema and cellular infiltration. This study demonstrated the ability of captafol to produce contact hypersensitivity in the BALB/c mouse.
Cross‐reactivity between sensitivity to thimerosal and photosensitivity to piroxicam in guinea pigs
Authors: Kitamura Kazuko , Osawa Junko , Ikezawa Zenro , Nakajima Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

Piroxicam (PXM) is a nansteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug which may induce a photosensitive eruption shortly after administration. We examined whether animals sensitized to thimerosal developed a photosensitivity to PXM. Male Hartley strain guinea pigs were sensitized to thimerosal, thiosalicylate and PXM separately. The open patch test was used lo evaluate sensitization to each drug and cross‐reactions between the drugs. Animals sensitized to thimerosal exhibited positive patch test thimerosal to thiosalicylate and positive path test reactions to PXM. Both those sensitized to thiosalicylate and to PXM showed positive patch test reactions to PXM. This study demonstrated that thimerosal induces cross‐sensitivity to PXM in vivo and that the common active components among these compounds may be thiosalicylate.
Experimental study of the potential for contact sensitization and cross‐reaction of imidazole antifungals
Authors: Nishioka Kazue , Kukata Keiko , Asagami Chidori
Published: April 2006

We examined the potential for contact sensitization of miconazole nitrate and croconazole hydro‐chloride and the cross‐reaction between them in guinea pigs by the maximization lest of Mugnsson and Kligman. Contact sensitivity was induced by croconazole hydrochloride in 5 out of 7 animals which, after being injected with 5% croconazole hydrochloride, underwent a closed patch with 25% croconazole hydrochloride. Contact sensitivity was not induced by miconazole nitrate. The 5 animals sensitized to croconazole hydrochloride were tested with 8 other imidazole antifungals and positive reactions were observed to oxiconazole nitrate in 2 of the 5 animals. This response may be a cross‐reaction.
Contact allergens in registered chemical products
Authors: Flyvholm Mari‐Ann
Published: April 2006

A national database on chemical products (the Danish Products Register (PROBAS)) was searched Few products containing Selected contact allergens. As of June 1990, a total of 47,400 products were registered in PROBAS. About 27,800 of these were fully computerized. A list of 43 allergens was established, based on the European standard patch test series, substances classified “May cause sensitization by skin contact”, text books on contact dermatitis, and clinical experience. The number of products in which each of these allergens was registered varied from 30 to more than 1300. Formaldehyde was registered in all product categories included in the study. Benzyl alcohol, stearic acid, epoxy compounds, diethylenetriamine and butylated hydroxytoluene were registered in more than half of the product categories. Paints/lacquers and hardeners for two‐component products (paints, glues, fillers, etc.), cleaning agents, binders, adhesives glues and toiletries made up the most frequently registered product categories for the allergens listed. The possibilities and limitations of database Information on chemical products are discussed.
Risk factors for cement eczema
Authors: Avnstorp Christian
Published: April 2006

Risk factors for cement eczema were studied among workers employed in the Danish construction industry. 2 cohorts exposed to cement containing different concentrations of water‐soluble chromate were examined. A statistically significant decrease in the number of workers with allergic cement eczema was found in the cohort exposed to cement with the lower water‐soluble chromate concentration. Allergic cement eczema was found to have in greater extent of involvement than irritant cement eczema, if 3rd cohort was followed to evaluate individual risk factors. The degree of exposure to wet cement seems to have a certain, though not statistically significant, effect on the risk of developing irritant cement eczema. Individual preventive measures, such as the use of gloves and creams, did not seem to reduce the development of irritant cement eczema.
Allergic contact dermatitis from 1,6‐diisocyanatohexane in an anti‐pill finish
Authors: Wilkinson S. M. , Cartwright P H. , Armitage J. , English J. S. C.
Published: April 2006

We report an outbreak of occupational allergic contact dermatitis from l,6‐diisocyanatohexane (old name hexamethylene diisocyanate or HDI), in the anti‐pill finish Evafanol AS‐1, in 2 clothing factories. The 19 Operatives Iron: 2 dressmaking mills all complained of work‐related dermatitis. 5 of the subjects had positive patch tests to the fabric with which they were working, and when all 19 were patch tested to Evafanol AS‐1 (1% aq). II were positive. 6 of these II were patch tested to MDI (l% pet.) and all 6 were positive. It appears that HDI in our group of clothing workers acted as a potent sensitizer affecting around 10% of the workforce.
Allergic contact dermatitis from 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazan
Authors: Brasch Jochen
Published: April 2006

A 30‐year‐old pharmacist suffered from acute allergic contact dermatitis due to 4‐chlom‐7‐nitrobenzofurazan (NBD‐C1). Contact allergy towards this reagent and 2 of its reaction products was proven by patch tests. As NBD‐CI has mil been reported as an allergen before, the characteristics of this chemical and its use as an analytical reagent lire briefly surveyed, Similarities to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) are pointed out.
Patch testing in cases of eczema and dermatitis in Beijing, China
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Min , Niklasson Bo , Li Shi‐Yin
Published: April 2006

Of 124 patients with eczema and dermatitis patch tested by the European standard series of allergens in the period Horn April to October 1989, 59 cases showed sensitivity to 1 or more allergens, Potassium dichromate, nickel sulphate and cobalt chloride were the 3 major sensitizers with a frequency of 17.9%. 13.8% and 10.6%, respectively. The office and factory workers showed higher incidence of positive reactions than the student group. The environment of the office and the factory seems to be the potential Source of exacerbating factors of eczematous skin disease.
Adverse skin reactions to nicotine in a transdermal therapeutic system
Authors: Bircher A. J. , Howald H. , Rufli TH.
Published: April 2006

Nicotine in a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) has been introduced recently to help people to stop smoking. 14 volunteers (10 male, 4 female) with a History of former adverse skin reactions to this device were investigated. Skin tests for contact urticaria and patch tests for contact allergy were done with the individual components of the TTS. Contact sensitization in nicotine was identified in 5 and to the TTS itself in 1 individual. Irritant reactions due to occlusion were present in 9 subjects The optimal test agent and concentration for elucidating the adverse skin reaction was on aqueous solution of 10% nicotine base. Atopy, as diagnosed by history und skin prick tests to common inhalant allergens, and contact sensitization to standard patch test allergens, were each identified in 6 subjects. Nicotine should be added to the expanding list of transdermally delivered drugs which may elicit contact dermatitis.
Sequential order of skin responses to surfactants during a soap chamber test*
Authors: Simon F. Anthony , Rhein Linda D. , Grove Gary L. , Wojtkowski Janet M. , Cagan Robert H. , Scala Diana D.
Published: April 2006

Differences in the response of distinct layers of the skin to surfactants were probed using a modification of the Frosch and Kligman soap chamber test. Soap and other surfactant‐containing cleansers corneum is readily damaged even by a mild insult when no erythema is induced. A more severe treatment, such as 24‐h exposure to a 5% solution, induced the maximal level of barrier damage but a submaximal level of erythema. Even 2 days of exposure to 5% soap does not elicit a maximal erythema response. These results suggest that the stratum corneum is more readily damaged than the dermis. Which is not unexpected because the stratum corneum is the readily damaged than the surfactant and skin. Furthermore, this study indicates that for discriminating among mild products, when a small degree of irritation is induced. The most effective measure is stratum corneum damage assessed by evaporimetry. However, for evaluating more irritating products, erythema is probably the more discriminating evaluation technique.
Chemical and pharmacologic skin irritation in man
Authors: Andersen P. H. , Nangia A. , Bjerring P. , Maibach H. I.
Published: April 2006

Attention is increasingly being focused on the relationship of dissocial Ion constant (pKa) of chemicals and skin irritation presumably caused by pH effects at epidermal levels. Human skin Studies of irritation have utilized both subjective visual‐palpation scores and reflectance spectroscopy (RS) or laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) respectively. Several studies document that erythema determined subjectively and objectively correlates with the degree of skin irritancy, but others report lack of correlation between LDV and irritancy scored subjectively. In this study, pharmacologicol and chemical in vivo, skin irritation was evaluated utilizing an improved reflectance spectrophotometer equipped with computerized data analysis. In 16 white females, a model for skin irritation was induced by a 24‐h patch application of 4 basic chemicals, imipramine, norephedrine, nicotine and 8‐aminoquinoline, with pKa's ranging from 3.8 to 9.5. Skin pigmentation (melanin) and the relative amounts of oxygenized (arterial) and deoxygenized (venous) hemoglobin present in the erythematous skin were calculated. A clear increase in the hemoglobin content was observed in chemical and vehicle exposed sites. Although skin irritation is a complex phenomenon involving chemical and solution properties, percutaneous absorption and the biological drug response, high pKa (p > 0.01) was predictive of acute skin irritation in man using computerized analysis of reflectance spectroscopy, A high correlation between visual score and RS was found (r= 0.91).
Hyposensitization to urushiol among Japanese lacquer craftsmen: results of patch tests on students learning the art of lacquerware
Authors: Kawai Keiichi , Nakagawa Mikio , Kawai Kyozo , Liew Foo Min , Yasuno Hirokazu
Published: April 2006

8 subjects learning the art of Iacquerware were patch tested to urushiol before and after contact with lacquer, in order to document whether hyposensitization to urushiol occurred among Japanese lacquer craftsmen. Simultaneously we performed patch tests on 2 urushiol‐sensitized controls who had no contact with during the investigation. Lacquer is made from the sap of the Japanese lacquer tree and raw lacquer is composed of 60–65% urushiol and its oligomer 5 of the 8 subjects showed positive reactions to urushiol 1 month after their first contact. They became negative or less positive after prolonged (9 or 10 months) exposure to lacquer. As reactions to urushiol decreased, dermatitis became less severe. Controls showed consistently high reactions, However. I subject showed persistently strong reactions to urushiol. Unlike the other 7 subjects he was previously sensitized to urushiol before the first contact with lacquer. The remaining 2 subjects showed no reaction throughout our investigation. These results strongly suggest that hyposensitization to urushiol does occur among Japanese lacquer craftsmen.
Allergic contact dermatitis from tocopheryl acetate in cosmetic creams
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , Berretty Paul J. M. , van Ginkel Cornells J. W. , den Hengst Chris W. , van Ulsen Jose , Weyland J. Willem
Published: April 2006

4 cases of cosmetic allergy to tocopheryl acetate are reported. The literature on contact allergy to vitamin E and its derivatives is reviewed.
Contact dermatitis caused by allergy to ophthalmic drugs and contact lens solutions
Authors: Herbst Rudole A. , Maibagh Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Although a common cause of allergic reactions, topically applied Ophthalmic drugs and contact lens solutions are seldom verified as such. This review documents reported allergens and suggests an ‘ophthalmic tray’, based on the literature search, to simplify parch test verification. The criteria for literature selection were that each patient had a history of allergic reaction to local application of ophthalmic drugs or contact lens solutions, and tested positive to putative allergen patch tests. We established 38 chemicals causing allergic reactions. 5 authors published suggestions for patch lest trays.
Evaluation of customers' complaints about sunscreen cosmetics sold by the Swedish pharmaceutical company
Authors: Fischer Torkel , Bergström Kerstin
Published: April 2006

Sweden's pharmacies hold more than a 1/3 of the country's market for sunscreen cosmetics (sun‐screens). Customers complaining of skin problems associated with the use of sunscreens obtained from the pharmacies were offered dermatological investigation and tests with standard allergens and sunscreens. 27 of 58 complaining customers were fully investigated, and another 8 partly tested. 2 disease entities, a burning sensation and erythema for one or a few days, and dermatitis with scaling lasting for up to 3 weeks, were about equally common. Contact or photocontact allergy to 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzophenone caused contact dermatitis in 3 individuals.
Human irritant response to qualities and concentrations of cocoamidopropylbetaines: a possible model of paradoxical irritant response
Authors: Vilaplana J. , Mascaró J. M. , Trullas G. , Coll J. , Romaguera C. , Zemba C. , Peleiero C.
Published: April 2006

Cocoamidopropylbetatnes arc surfactants frequently used in cosmetics. We have evaluated the irritant capacity of 3 different qualities of cocoamidopropylbetaine, using the following method; patch tests have been carried out with 5 different dilutions in 67 patients and the results read at 2 days by noninvasive methods (direct visualization, transepidermal water loss (TEWL). laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF)). The results with the 3 methods were concordant. However, the results with the different concentrations were paradoxical, as irritancy did not increase at higher concentrations We have tried to explain this by the fact that these substances contain by‐products (free amidoamine and sodium monochloroacetate), the concentrations tested all being above the critical micelle concentration and therefore containing both micelles and monomer. Finally, we believe that noninvasive methods such as TEWL and LDF could be of treat use in the evaluation of irritant contact dermatitis
Vaccination granulomas and aluminium allergy: course and prognostic factors
Authors: Kaaber Kund , Otkjer Aksel , When Niels K.
Published: April 2006

21 children who had cutaneous granulomas following immunization with a vaccine containing aluminium hydroxide, and who had positive patch tests to aqueous aluminium chloride and/or to a Finn Chamber, were Followed for I to 8 years During the period of observation, the symptoms cleared in 5 children. Improved in 11, and remained unchanged in 5. The course of the granulomas could ran he correlated with sex or atopy. nor with intensity of she initial aluminium patch test. 4 children were patch tested again with aluminium.
Allergic contact dermatitis from chironomids
Authors: Brasch Jochen , Brüing Harald , Paulke Edgar
Published: April 2006

Although Type 1 allergy to Chironomids is well‐known, allergic contact dermatitis caused by these cosmopolitan insects has run previously been reported. In the case we describe in this report, patch tests disclosed a delayed‐hypersensitivity to 4 different Species of chironomids (larvae of Chironomus thummi, Chironomus plumosus, and 2 different species of Glyptotendipes) as the probable cause or airborne facial contact dermatitis. An additional asymptomatic immediate‐type allergy to chironomids, was demonstrated by scratch tests and specific IgE. The possible sources of exposure to chironomids, their allergens and their discussed are discussed with regard to clinical implications.