bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A combination of MTAP and BAP1 immunohistochemistry in pleural effusion cytology for the diagnosis of mesothelioma
Authors: Kinoshita Yoshiaki , Hida Tomoyuki , Hamasaki Makoto , Matsumoto Shinji , Sato Ayuko , Tsujimura Tohru , Kawahara Kunimitsu , Hiroshima Kenzo , Oda Yoshinao , Nabeshima Kazuki
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Homozygous deletion of 9p21 detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and loss of BRCA1‐associated protein 1 (BAP1) expression detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) are useful for the differentiation between malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and reactive mesothelial hyperplasia. The authors previously described that IHC expression of the protein product of the methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene, which is localized in the 9p21 chromosomal region, was correlated with the deletion status of 9p21 FISH in MPM tissues. In the current study, the authors investigated whether a combination of MTAP and BAP1 IHC could distinguish MPM from reactive mesothelial cells (RMC) in cell blocks obtained from pleural effusions.

METHODS

The authors examined IHC expression of MTAP and BAP1 in cell blocks obtained from pleural effusions of 45 cases of MPM and 21 cases of reactive mesothelial hyperplasia. Furthermore, IHC expression of MTAP was compared with the deletion status of 9p21 FISH.

RESULTS

MTAP and BAP1 IHC differentiated MPM from RMC with 100% specificity for both and sensitivities of 42.2% and 60.0%, respectively. The combination of MTAP and BAP1 IHC yielded a sensitivity of 77.8%, which was higher than that of BAP1 IHC alone or 9p21 FISH alone (62.2%). Moreover, a high degree of concordance was observed between the results of MTAP IHC and 9p21 FISH in cell blocks.

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of MTAP and BAP1 IHC in cell blocks from pleural effusions appears to be a reliable and useful method for differentiating MPM cells from RMC and can be used in the routine diagnosis of MPM. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:54–63. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Polyradical PROXYL/TEMPO‐Derived Amides: Synthesis, Physicochemical Studies, DFT Calculations, and Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Poprac Patrik , Poliak Peter , Kavala Miroslav , Barbieriková Zuzana , Zalibera Michal , Fronc Marek , Švorc Ľubomír , Vihonská Zuzana , Olejníková Petra , Lušpai Karol , Lukeš Vladimír , Brezová Vlasta , Szolcsányi Peter
Published: October 2017

A series of polynitroxide amides possessing 2,2,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1‐pyrrolidinyloxy (PROXYL) and/or 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) units connected through various bridges were synthesized and their properties were analyzed. EPR spectroscopy provided detailed insight into their paramagnetic character and related properties. A thorough examination of the EPR spectra of dinitroxides in organic solvents provided valuable information on the intramolecular motions, thermodynamics, and spin‐exchange mechanisms. Analysis of low‐temperature X‐ and Q‐band EPR spectra of the dissolved dinitroxides provided spin–spin distances that were comparable with the theoretical values obtained by DFT. Cyclic voltammetry investigations revealed (quasi)reversible electrochemical behavior for PROXYL‐derived biradicals, whereas significant loss of the reversibility was found for TEMPO‐containing bi‐ and polyradicals. The inhibitory activities of the nitroxides against model bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi were assessed.
Efficacy From Strange Sources
Authors: Lesko Lawrence J.
Published: October 2017

Reverse translation (RT) refers to perceptions and observations of clinical outcomes, both beneficial and harmful, that can lead to a hypothesis intended to identify a new use of a drug that is different from the original use. I provide a panoramic view of successes in RT from the historic discovery of penicillin to the contemporary development of CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T therapies. I delineate the core principles of RT that shift discovery from serendipity to a systematic strategy based on target identification and causal biology, pharmacodynamic biomarkers that recapitulate disease pathophysiology, confirmation of target engagement by clinical proof of concept studies, and optimal selection of dose and interval. The article proposes four different categories of RT and successful examples are provided for each category. It concludes with a summary of open questions related to the business case of RT that includes a comparison of the pros, cons, and barriers to future RT development programs.
Ecotypic differences in the phenology of the tundra species Eriophorum vaginatum reflect sites of origin
Authors: Parker Thomas C. , Tang Jianwu , Clark Mahalia B. , Moody Michael M. , Fetcher Ned
Published: October 2017

Eriophorum vaginatum is a tussock‐forming sedge that contributes significantly to the structure and primary productivity of moist acidic tussock tundra. Locally adapted populations (ecotypes) have been identified across the geographical distribution of E. vaginatum; however, little is known about how their growth and phenology differ over the course of a growing season. The growing season is short in the Arctic and therefore exerts a strong selection pressure on tundra species. This raises the hypothesis that the phenology of arctic species may be poorly adapted if the timing and length of the growing season change. Mature E. vaginatum tussocks from across a latitudinal gradient (65–70°N) were transplanted into a common garden at a central location (Toolik Lake, 68°38′N, 149°36′W) where half were warmed using open‐top chambers. Over two growing seasons (2015 and 2016), leaf length was measured weekly to track growth rates, timing of senescence, and biomass accumulation. Growth rates were similar across ecotypes and between years and were not affected by warming. However, southern populations accumulated significantly more biomass, largely because they started to senesce later. In 2016, peak biomass and senescence of most populations occurred later than in 2015, probably induced by colder weather at the beginning of the growing season in 2016, which caused a delayed start to growth. The finish was delayed as well. Differences in phenology between populations were largely retained between years, suggesting that the amount of time that these ecotypes grow has been selected by the length of the growing seasons at their respective home sites. As potential growing seasons lengthen, E. vaginatum may be unable to respond appropriately as a result of genetic control and may have reduced fitness in the rapidly warming Arctic tundra.
Multilocus genetic analyses and spatial modeling reveal complex population structure and history in a widespread resident North American passerine (Perisoreus canadensis)
Authors: Dohms Kimberly M. , Graham Brendan A. , Burg Theresa M.
Published: October 2017

An increasing body of studies of widely distributed, high latitude species shows a variety of refugial locations and population genetic patterns. We examined the effects of glaciations and dispersal barriers on the population genetic patterns of a widely distributed, high latitude, resident corvid, the gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis), using the highly variable mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and microsatellite markers combined with species distribution modeling. We sequenced 914 bp of mtDNA control region for 375 individuals from 37 populations and screened seven loci for 402 individuals from 27 populations across the gray jay range. We used species distribution modeling and a range of phylogeographic analyses (haplotype diversity, ΦST, SAMOVA, FST, Bayesian clustering analyses) to examine evolutionary history and population genetic structure. MtDNA and microsatellite markers revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations with high concordance between markers. Paleodistribution models supported at least five potential areas of suitable gray jay habitat during the last glacial maximum and revealed distributions similar to the gray jay's contemporary during the last interglacial. Colonization from and prolonged isolation in multiple refugia is evident. Historical climatic fluctuations, the presence of multiple dispersal barriers, and highly restricted gene flow appear to be responsible for strong genetic diversification and differentiation in gray jays.
Ad hoc instrumentation methods in ecological studies produce highly biased temperature measurements
Authors: Terando Adam J. , Youngsteadt Elsa , Meineke Emily K. , Prado Sara G.
Published: October 2017

In light of global climate change, ecological studies increasingly address effects of temperature on organisms and ecosystems. To measure air temperature at biologically relevant scales in the field, ecologists often use small, portable temperature sensors. Sensors must be shielded from solar radiation to provide accurate temperature measurements, but our review of 18 years of ecological literature indicates that shielding practices vary across studies (when reported at all), and that ecologists often invent and construct ad hoc radiation shields without testing their efficacy. We performed two field experiments to examine the accuracy of temperature observations from three commonly used portable data loggers (HOBOPro,HOBOPendant, andiButton hygrochron) housed in manufactured Gill shields or ad hoc, custom‐fabricated shields constructed from everyday materials such as plastic cups. We installed this sensor array (five replicates of 11 sensor‐shield combinations) at weather stations located in open and forested sites.HOBOPro sensors with Gill shields were the most accurate devices, with a mean absolute error of 0.2°C relative to weather stations at each site. Error in ad hoc shield treatments ranged from 0.8 to 3.0°C, with the largest errors at the open site. We then deployed one replicate of each sensor‐shield combination at five sites that varied in the amount of urban impervious surface cover, which presents a further shielding challenge. Bias in sensors paired with ad hoc shields increased by up to 0.7°C for every 10% increase in impervious surface. Our results indicate that, due to variable shielding practices, the ecological literature likely includes highly biased temperature data that cannot be compared directly across studies. If left unaddressed, these errors will hinder efforts to predict biological responses to climate change. We call for greater standardization in how temperature data are recorded in the field, handled in analyses, and reported in publications.
Have bird distributions shifted along an elevational gradient on a tropical mountain?
Authors: Campos‐Cerqueira Marconi , Arendt Wayne J. , Wunderle Joseph M. , Aide T. Mitchell
Published: October 2017

An upward shift in elevation is one of the most conspicuous species responses to climate change. Nevertheless, downward shifts and, apparently, the absences of response have also been recently reported. Given the growing evidence of multiple responses of species distributions due to climate change and the paucity of studies in the tropics, we evaluated the response of a montane bird community to climate change, without the confounding effects of land‐use change. To test for elevational shifts, we compared the distribution of 21 avian species in 1998 and 2015 using occupancy models. The historical data set was based on point counts, whereas the contemporary data set was based on acoustic monitoring. We detected a similar number of species in historical (36) and contemporary data sets (33). We show an overall pattern of no significant change in range limits for most species, although there was a significant shift in the range limit of eight species (38%). Elevation limits shifted mostly upward, and this pattern was more common for upper than lower limits. Our results highlight the variability of species responses to climate change and illustrate how acoustic monitoring provides an easy and powerful way to monitor animal populations along elevational gradients.
Genetic implications of bottleneck effects of differing severities on genetic diversity in naturally recovering populations: An example from Hawaiian coot and Hawaiian gallinule
Authors: Sonsthagen Sarah A. , Wilson Robert E. , Underwood Jared G.
Published: October 2017

The evolutionary trajectory of populations through time is influenced by the interplay of forces (biological, evolutionary, and anthropogenic) acting on the standing genetic variation. We used microsatellite and mitochondrial loci to examine the influence of population declines, of varying severity, on genetic diversity within two Hawaiian endemic waterbirds, the Hawaiian coot and Hawaiian gallinule, by comparing historical (samples collected in the late 1800s and early 1900s) and modern (collected in 2012–2013) populations. Population declines simultaneously experienced by Hawaiian coots and Hawaiian gallinules differentially shaped the evolutionary trajectory of these two populations. Within Hawaiian coot, large reductions (between −38.4% and −51.4%) in mitochondrial diversity were observed, although minimal differences were observed in the distribution of allelic and haplotypic frequencies between sampled time periods. Conversely, for Hawaiian gallinule, allelic frequencies were strongly differentiated between time periods, signatures of a genetic bottleneck were detected, and biases in means of the effective population size were observed at microsatellite loci. The strength of the decline appears to have had a greater influence on genetic diversity within Hawaiian gallinule than Hawaiian coot, coincident with the reduction in census size. These species exhibit similar life history characteristics and generation times; therefore, we hypothesize that differences in behavior and colonization history are likely playing a large role in how allelic and haplotypic frequencies are being shaped through time. Furthermore, differences in patterns of genetic diversity within Hawaiian coot and Hawaiian gallinule highlight the influence of demographic and evolutionary processes in shaping how species respond genetically to ecological stressors.
Advancing ecohydrology in the changing tropics: Perspectives from early career scientists
Authors: Wright Cynthia , Kagawa‐Viviani Aurora , Gerlein‐Safdi Cynthia , Mosquera Giovanny M. , Poca María , Tseng Han , Chun Kwok Pan
Published: October 2017

Tropical ecosystems offer a unique setting for understanding ecohydrological processes, but to date, such investigations have been limited. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of studying these processes—specifically, how they are being affected by the transformative changes taking place in the tropics—and to offer an agenda for future research. At present, the ongoing loss of native ecosystems is largely due to agricultural expansion, but parallel processes of afforestation are also taking place, leading to shifts in ecohydrological fluxes. Similarly, shifts in water availability due to climate change will affect both water and carbon fluxes in tropical ecosystems. A number of methods exist that can help us better understand how changes in land use and climate affect ecohydrological processes; these include stable isotopes, remote sensing, and process‐based models. Still, our knowledge of the underlying physical mechanisms, especially those that determine the effects of scale on ecosystem processes, remains incomplete. We assert that development of a knowledge base concerning the effects of transformative change on ecological, hydrological, and biogeochemical processes at different spatio‐temporal scales is an urgent need for tropical regions and should serve as a compass for emerging ecohydrologists. To reach this goal, we advocate a research agenda that expands the number and diversity of ecosystems targeted for ecohydrological investigations and connects researchers across the tropics. We believe that the use of big data and open source software—already an important integrative tool/skill for the young ecohydrologist—will be key in expanding research capabilities.
Habitat characteristics of the hoary marmot: assessing distribution limitations in Montana
Authors: Turnock B. Y. , Litt A. R. , Vore J. M. , Hammond C. A. M.
Published: October 2017

Species that live in ecosystems with extremely different seasonal conditions must balance the constraints of each season to survive. Alpine species that do not migrate seasonally are especially adept at balancing the constraints created by short growing seasons and long, harsh winters. We investigated the habitat characteristics of hoary marmots in western Montana to provide a better understanding about habitat selection at the southern extent of this species’ distribution. Hoary marmots are an alpine obligate of special concern in western Montana; given that climate change is impacting alpine ecosystems at a rapid rate, this species may be especially vulnerable at the southern edge of their range. We conducted occupancy surveys in three study areas along a latitudinal gradient in 2014 and 2015 to assess the importance of specific habitat characteristics to their presence on the landscape. Slope, aspect, and presence of shrubs were all important habitat characteristics. Marmots preferred shallow slopes and southern aspects, similar to findings from other studies on hoary marmots and other marmot species. Our results provide evidence that marmots may strike a balance between the environmental conditions they require during summer and winter. Shallow slopes typically accumulate deeper snow in winter that provide the best insulating snowpack. However, a preference for southern aspects allows for more snow‐free areas in spring, providing a slightly longer growing season than northern aspects. Hoary marmots may be selecting areas with shrubs because shrubs can accumulate deeper snow and the additional insulation can increase subnivian temperatures. Other studies suggest that marmot survival is influenced by snowpack, indicating that marmot distribution may be more closely tied to winter conditions rather than summer conditions. This highlights the difficulty of working on marmots and other alpine obligates, as most studies occur only during the short growing season. Given the current and projected increases in temperature and reduction in snowpack in Montana, areas that provide the winter conditions hoary marmots require may become more limited. Effectively conserving, monitoring, and managing alpine obligates under an uncertain climate future will require a closer look at how winter conditions drive habitat selection and distributions on the landscape.
A Voltage Control Method for a Distributed Line Feeder by means of Multiagent Approach
Authors: KURISU SHINYA , NAGATA TAKESHI
Published: October 2017

This paper proposes a method for the coordinated control of power factor by means of a multiagent approach. The proposed multiagent system consists of two types of agent: single feeder agent (F_AG) and bus agent (B_AG). In the proposed system, an F_AG plays as an important role, which decides the power factors of all distributed generators by executing the load flow calculations repeatedly. The voltage control strategies are implemented as the class definition of Java into the system. In order to verify the performance of the proposed method, it has been applied to a typical distribution model system. The simulation results show that the system is able to control very violent fluctuation of the demands and the photovoltaic (PV) generations.
Vapochromic Gold(I)–Silver(I) Cluster Protected by Alkynyl and Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Lei Zhen , Chang Shan‐Shan , Wang Quan‐Ming
Published: October 2017

Intensely luminescent coinage metal cluster [Au12Ag14(C≡CPh)20(mdppz)4(CH3OH)8](BF4)6 {1, mdppz = 2‐(3‐methylpyrazinyl)diphenylphosphine} was synthesized and structurally characterized. Twenty alkynyl ligands (PhC≡C–), four mdppz ligands, and eight methanol molecules were found to co‐stabilize the metal cluster. Interestingly, when the weakly ligated methanol molecules were removed, the green luminescence of 1 significantly redshifted to yellow; exposing the resulting yellow sample in methanol vapor immediately restores the green luminescence. Thus reversible luminescence response can be observed by removing and restoring methanol. Other small solvent molecules with weak coordination ability such as Me2CO, MeCN, and C2H5OH were also found to be good agents to trigger the vapochromism.
Controlling the Structures of Lanthanide Complexes in Self‐Assemblies with Tripodal Ligands
Authors: Hamacek Josef , Vuillamy Alexandra
Published: October 2017

The complexity of self‐assembled supramolecular systems is continuously evolving in the direction of large multicomponent polynuclear architectures. The self‐assembly of such systems requires the preparation of sophisticated organic receptors with “programmed” multidentate sites for binding metal ions. In this review we focus on the concept of tripodal receptors specifically designed for complexing lanthanide cations. A large palette of polytopic podands is described, and the structures of their anchoring and binding moieties are discussed together with their impact on the self‐assembly with LnIII. The crystal or calculated structures of mononuclear and polynuclear complexes are shown to illustrate typical structural features in relation to their properties. Moreover, thermodynamic speciation with several ligands is analysed along the lanthanide series in order to ascertain the effects of the ionic size. Understanding and controlling the different factors discussed here should help in rational designing of more complex architectures with LnIII.
Palladium Catalyzed Direct Acylation of Iodo‐Acetanilides/Iodo‐Phenyl Acetates: Domino One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Quinolinones
Authors: Basuli Scuhand , Satyanarayana Gedu
Published: October 2017

Pd‐catalyzed direct acylation reaction of iodoacetanilides/iodophenyl acetates with aldehydes is presented. Simple, bench‐top aldehydes were used as non‐toxic acylating agents. This protocol comprises direct coupling with aldehydes without activating the carbonyl group and without directing group assistance. The strategy was applied to a domino one‐pot synthesis of 2‐quinolinones through acylation and intramolecular aldol condensation. Significantly, the strategy was extended to the domino one‐pot synthesis of drugs and bioactive compounds.
What makes displaced revenge taste sweet: Retributing displaced responsibility or sending a message to the original perpetrator?
Authors: Sjöström Arne , Magraw‐Mickelson Zoe , Gollwitzer Mario
Published: October 2017

The present research investigates the psychological dynamics underlying displaced revenge. We examine (1) the effect of entitativity on displaced revenge tendencies, including potential mediators of this effect, and (2) the conditions under which taking displaced revenge is satisfying for avengers. In three studies, we show that (a) perpetrator group entitativity predicts the tendency to take displaced revenge via perceptions that the vengeful action is effective in delivering a message to the original perpetrator, (b) that displaced revenge is satisfying when the group continues to exist in its original form, but not when the perpetrator has left the group or when the group has dissolved, and (c) that displaced revenge is most satisfying when both the original perpetrator and the target of revenge understand why revenge has been taken. These findings imply that sending a message to the original perpetrator is an important aspect of the psychological dynamics underlying displaced revenge.
Historical land use as a driver of alternative states for stream form and function in forested mountain watersheds of the Southern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Livers Bridget , Wohl Ellen , Jackson Karen J. , Sutfin Nicholas A.
Published: October 2017

We demonstrate how land use can drive mountain streams in the Southern Rockies across a threshold to induce an alternative state of significantly reduced physical complexity of form and reduced ecological function. We evaluate field data from 28 stream reaches in relatively laterally unconfined valleys and unmanaged forest that is either old‐growth forest or naturally disturbed younger forest, and 19 stream reaches in managed forest with past land use. We evaluate potential differences in stream form, as reflected in channel planform, cross‐sectional geometry, and in‐stream wood loads, and stream function, as reflected in pool volume and storage of organic carbon. Field data indicate a threshold of differences in stream form and function between unmanaged and managed stream reaches, regardless of forest stand age, supporting our hypothesis that the legacy effects of past land use result in an alternative state of streams. Because physical complexity that increases stream retentiveness and habitat can maintain aquatic‐riparian ecosystem functions, the alternative physical state of streams in managed watersheds creates a physical template for an alternative ecological state with reduced pool volume, organic carbon storage, and ecosystem productivity. We recommend maintaining riparian forests that can supply large wood to streams as a stream restoration technique in historically forested stream segments. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catastrophe futures and reinsurance contracts: An incomplete markets approach
Authors: Perrakis Stylianos , Boloorforoosh Ali
Published: October 2017

We present a theoretical methodology for the pricing of catastrophe (CAT) derivatives with event‐dependent and non‐convex payoffs given the price of a CAT indexed futures contract. We do not assume a fully diversifiable CAT event risk, nor do we assume knowledge of the martingale probability measure beyond the futures price. We derive tight bounds on the contract value and present trading strategies exploiting the mispricing whenever the bounds are violated. We estimate the bounds of the reinsurance contract with data from hurricane landings in Florida. Our method is also applicable when there is no futures market but the price of a CAT‐indexed bond is available.
Bleomycin‐induced chromosomal damage and shortening of telomeres in peripheral blood lymphocytes of incident cancer patients
Authors: Kroupa Michal , Polivkova Zdenka , Rachakonda Sivaramakrishna , Schneiderova Michaela , Vodenkova Sona , Buchler Tomas , Jiraskova Katerina , Urbanova Marketa , Vodickova Ludmila , Hemminki Kari , Kumar Rajiv , Vodicka Pavel
Published: October 2017

Disruption of genomic integrity due to deficient DNA repair capacity and telomere shortening constitute hallmarks of malignant diseases. Incomplete or deficient repair of DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB) is manifested by chromosomal aberrations and their frequency reflects inter‐individual differences of response to exposure to mutagenic compounds. In this study, we investigated chromosomal integrity in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from newly diagnosed cancer patients, including 47 breast (BC) and 44 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and 90 matched healthy controls. Mutagen sensitivity was evaluated by measuring chromatid breaks (CTAs) induced by bleomycin and supplemented by the chemiluminescent measurement of γ‐H2AX phosphorylation in 19 cancer patients (11 BC, 8 CRC). Relative telomere length (RTL) was determined in 22 BC, 32 CRC, and 64 controls. We observed statistically significant increased level of CTAs (P = .03) and increased percentage of aberrant cells (ACs) with CTAs (P = .05) in CRC patients compared with controls after bleomycin treatment. No differences were observed between BC cases and corresponding controls. CRC and BC patients with shorter RTL (below median) exhibited significantly higher amount of ACs (P = .02), CTAs (P = .02), and cells with high frequency of CTAs (≥12 CTAs/PBL; P = .03) after bleomycin treatment. No such associations were observed in healthy controls. γ‐H2AX phosphorylation after bleomycin treatment in PBL did not differ between CRC and BC patients. Our results suggest that altered DSB repair measured by sensitivity towards mutagen in PBL occurs particularly in CRC carcinogenesis. Irrespective of cancer type, telomere shortening may be associated with a decreased capacity to repair DSB.
Geochronology, geochemistry, and zircon Hf isotopes of the late Permian–early Triassic Wuma intrusions in the Erguna Block, northeast China: Petrogenesis and implications for tectonic setting and crustal growth
Authors: Gou Jun , Sun De‐You , Hou Xue‐Gang , Yang Dong‐Guang
Published: October 2017

The Wuma magmatic suite is a group of large granite plutons and small diorite stocks in the Erguna Block, northeast China. These intrusions were emplaced along the Mongol–Okhotsk Suture Zone during the late Permian–early Triassic (253–248 Ma). Significant chemical and isotopic diversity within the granites and diorites suggests variable formation conditions and the involvement of multiple magmatic sources. The granitic intrusions are dominantly characterized by moderate to large, uniform light rare earth element enrichments and variable heavy rare earth element depletions. Zircons from the Wuma granites have εHf(t) values of −6.0 to 0.5 and TDM2 ages of 1.6–1.2 Ga, suggesting that these granitic magmas were generated by partial melting of Mesoproterozoic continental crust. The diorites are compositionally similar to Andean plutonic rocks with moderate light rare earth element and heavy rare earth element fractionations and likely formed by partial melting of a sediment‐metasomatized mantle. The Wuma intrusions belong to the high‐K calc‐alkaline series and are characterized by a significant enrichment in large‐ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Ba, K, and U) and depletion of high‐field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti). These geochemical characteristics are typical of subduction‐related magmatism, which can be linked to the southward subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate. Combined with data from published studies, our Hf isotopic analyses indicate 4 main periods of crustal growth beneath the Erguna Block: Mesoarchean (3.0–2.8 Ga), Neoarchean–Paleoproterozoic (2.6–1.8 Ga), Meso‐ to Neoproterozoic (1.6–0.7 Ga), and Phanerozoic (mainly Ordovician and Late Triassic–Early Cretaceous).
Complex evolution and the Triassic Tethyan‐type sedimentation in the Qinling Orogen
Authors: Li Yongjun , Duan Fenghao , Zhang Yuling , Zhi Qian , Xu Qian , Li Shuling , Niu Haiping
Published: October 2017

The evolution of the Tethys Ocean is a significant geological event in global evolution history. However, although the hinterland of China has Tethyan sedimentary formations, the original extent of the Neo‐Tethyan Ocean remains vague and controversial. It has been confirmed that the Triassic strata in the Qinling Orogen is bounded by regional faults in the north and the south with an east–west‐trending distribution, as well as a scissor‐like linked to Paleo‐Tethyan flysch to the Bayakala area. The Qinling Orogen is characterized by great thickness and unique sedimentary formations, including deep‐water gravity flows, colluvial deposits, and olistostromes. Moreover, the Triassic strata have plastic rheology and buckling folds that are stronger than those of the adjacent pre‐Triassic strata in an aulacogen sedimentary setting. The original Yangtze‐type platform facies deposition in the Qinling rapidly switched into the Tethyan‐type aulacogen deposition after the Ladinian marine regression during the Middle Triassic. The Qinling Ocean was separated from the original and coeval Yangtze Ocean to the east and then connected with the Tethys Ocean to the west, and the orogeny started after the “emergency” closure of the basin during the late Middle Triassic to early Late Triassic. This unusual sedimentation and evolution highlight the uniqueness and complexity of the Qinling Tethyan‐type deposition. The Qinling Tethyan‐type Triassic formation is remarkably different from that of the Yangtze‐type platform facies Triassic formation in China recording the opening and closing of the Tethys Ocean within the mainland of China in the Triassic. The discovery and confirmation of the Triassic Tethyan‐type aulacogen sedimentation in the hinterland of China provide important evidence for further study of identification of the distribution and configuration of ocean and continent, and refinement and modification of the Tethyan Ocean of the global Triassic plate tectonic evolution.
Functionalizing titanium surface with PAMAM dendrimer and human BMP2 gene via layer‐by‐layer assembly for enhanced osteogenesis
Authors: Chen Weizhen , Li Wen , Xu Kui , Li Menghuan , Dai Liangliang , Shen Xinkun , Hu Yan , Cai Kaiyong
Published: October 2017

The study reports on the gene functionalization of titanium substrates with multilayered functional human BMP2 (hBMP2) gene plasmid and its effects on osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The multilayers comprising cationic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer/EGFP‐hBMP2 plasmid DNA complex (d‐DNA) and anionic naked plasmid were deposited on titanium substrates via layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly technique, which was revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle measurement, and release profiles. The expression of marker gene EGFP and functional gene hBMP2 were observed in osteoblasts. The assays of alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen secretion, ECM mineralization, and osteogenesis‐related genes expression indicated that the multilayered structure improved the osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Moreover, the femur and subcutaneous transplantation of multilayered titanium implants were also investigated to reveal osteogenesis peri‐implant by using histological examination and X‐ray imaging. The in vivo histologic results showed that the BMP2 group (containing functional gene hBMP2) resulted in improved osteogenic proteins expression in subcutaneous and femur tissue, as well as high level of bone formation and % bone‐implant contact (%BIC) peri‐implant. The study offers an effective dendrimer and hBMP2 based strategy for surface functionalization of titanium implants in potential orthopedic applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 706–717, 2018.
Retracted: Effects of microRNA‐206 and its target gene IGF‐1 on sevoflurane‐induced activation of hippocampal astrocytes in aged rats through the PI3K/AKT/CREB signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Tie‐Jun , Wang Bin , Li Qun‐Xi , Dong Xiao‐ Liu , Han Xiao‐Liang , Zhang Shu‐Bo
Published: October 2017

The study aims to explore the effects of microRNA‐206 (miR‐206) targeting IGF‐1 on the activation of hippocampal astrocytes in aged rats induced by sevoflurane through the PI3K/AKT/CREB signaling pathway. Wistar rats and astrocytes were divided into the normal/blank, sham/negative control (NC), sevoflurane (sevo), miR‐206 mimics+sevo, miR‐206 inhibitors+sevo, miR‐206 NC+sevo, IGF‐1 shRNA+sevo, and miR‐206 inhibitors+IGF‐1 shRNA+sevo groups. The Morris water maze test was exhibited to assess the cognitive functions. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Western blotting and RT‐qPCR were used to detect the expression of miR‐206, IGF‐1, PI3K, AKT, CREB, pPI3K, pAKT, pCREB, cytochrome‐c (Cyt‐c), and caspase‐3. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected by MTT assay and annexin V/PI double staining respectively. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) were determined by flow cytometry. The IGF‐1 shRNA+sevo group showed reduced miR‐206 expression. Compared with the normal/blank group, the sevo, and miR‐206 NC+sevo groups showed decreased miR‐206 and GFAP expressions, cell viability and MTP but increased expressions of IGF‐1, PI3K, AKT, CREB, pPI3K, pAKT, pCREB, Cyt‐c and caspase‐3, as well as cell apoptosis. Similar trends were observed in the miR‐206 inhibitors+sevo group when compared with the sevo group. The study provides evidence that miR‐206 alleviates the inhibition of activation of hippocampal astrocytes in aged rats induced by sevoflurane by targeting IGT‐1 through suppressing the PI3K/AKT/CREB signaling pathway.
An alternating direction method of multipliers for the solution of matrix equations arising in inverse problems
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Nagy James G.
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we consider an efficient approach to solve a linear ill‐posed inverse problem
with total variation regularization, where
has a Kronecker product structure,
. A numerical scheme is developed by using a variable splitting technique and directly exploiting the Kronecker structure of the problem. Experimental results on image restoration applications illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Simple and economical CALB/polyethylene/aluminum biocatalyst for fatty acid esterification
Authors: Cavallaro Valeria , Ercoli Daniel Ricardo , Tonetto Gabriela Marta , Ferreira María Luján
Published: October 2017

Candida antarctica lipase B was immobilized for the first time (at the author's knowledge) onto linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) films. Polymer films were previously bonded to a commercial aluminum sheet using a simple support preparation method. Biocatalyst performance was evaluated in penthyl oleate synthesis at room temperature. Two different catalyst geometries were tested and compared: one aluminum‐polyethylene 50 mm × 50 mm foil (50CAT) or near 5 mm × 5 mm aluminum‐polyethylene foils (5CAT). The obtained results demonstrate that the biocatalyst obtained with 50 mm × 50 mm aluminum‐polyethylene foil or 50CAT is reusable in up to 7 cycles, easy to separate from reaction products, and economical in comparison with commercial Novozym 435. Novel and economical CALB/LLDPE/Al biocatalyst is an attractive alternative for possible applications in a continuous monolithic reactor and future industrial scaling up.
Composite poly(ethylene carbonate) electrolytes with electrospun silica nanofibers
Authors: Li Zhenguang , Matsumoto Hidetoshi , Tominaga Yoichi
Published: October 2017

We prepared a ternary composite polymer electrolyte from poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) and non‐calcined silica nanofibers (SNFs) having 3 average diameters (300, 700, and 1000 nm). The SNF composite electrolytes were obtained as homogeneous, self‐standing membranes. The ionic conductivity of PEC/LiTFSI 100 mol% was increased by the addition of SNFs, and the thinner SNFs with average diameter 300 nm were most effective in improving the conductivity. The conductivity was of the order of 10−4 S/cm at 60°C. The lithium transference number of the SNF300 composite was greater than 0.7. Stress‐strain curves of the composites indicated significant increases in Young's modulus and maximum stress for the PEC electrolytes. The 5% weight‐loss temperature of the composites also improved with the addition of SNF.
Sound absorption behavior of flexible polyurethane foams including high molecular‐weight copolymer polyol
Authors: Sung Giwook , Kim Jin Seok , Kim Jung Hyeun
Published: October 2017

Noise pollution is an important issue for automotive industries. In this article, the high molecular‐weight copolymer polyol is blended in the polyol mixtures for fabricating flexible polyurethane foams to improve sound absorption efficiency. Changes of cavity size and material density of the foams are negligible by inclusion of copolymer polyol in the polyol mixture, but the closed pore ratio and specific airflow resistance increase for the copolymer polyol content higher than 20 wt% because of changes of phase separation behavior from drainage flow rate reduction that occurs with increased viscosity. Sound absorption efficiency increases with increasing copolymer polyol content up to 20 wt%, but it decreases beyond this point. The sound absorption property mainly results from the closed pore ratio, not from the cavity size. The compression strength increases with increasing copolymer polyol contents by increased amount of hard segments. Therefore, an optimum amount of high molecular‐weight polyol is recommended for enhanced sound absorption property.
Dissociation of nNOS from PSD‐95 promotes functional recovery after cerebral ischaemia in mice through reducing excessive tonic GABA release from reactive astrocytes
Authors: Lin Yu‐Hui , Liang Hai‐Ying , Xu Ke , Ni Huan‐Yu , Dong Jian , Xiao Hui , Chang Lei , Wu Hai‐Yin , Li Fei , Zhu Dong‐Ya , Luo Chun‐Xia
Published: October 2017

Mechanisms underlying functional recovery after stroke are little known, and effective drug intervention during the delayed stage is desirable. One potential drug target, the protein–protein interaction between neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD‐95), is critical to acute ischaemic damage and neurogenesis. We show that nNOS–PSD‐95 dissociation induced by microinjection of a recombinant fusion protein, Tat‐nNOS‐N1–133, or systemic administration of a small‐molecule, ZL006, from day 4 to day 10 after photothrombotic ischaemia in mice reduced excessive tonic inhibition in the peri‐infarct cortex and ameliorated motor functional outcome. We also demonstrated improved neuroplasticity including increased dendrite spine density and synaptogenesis after reducing excessive tonic inhibition by nNOS–PSD‐95 dissociation. Levels of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA transporter‐3/4 (GAT‐3/4) are increased in the reactive astrocytes in the peri‐infarct cortex. The GAT‐3/4‐selective antagonist SNAP‐5114 reduced tonic inhibition and promoted function recovery, suggesting that increased tonic inhibition in the peri‐infarct cortex was due to GABA release from reversed GAT‐3/4 in reactive astrocytes. Treatments with Tat‐nNOS‐N1–133 or ZL006 after ischaemia inhibited astrocyte activation and GABA production, prevented the reversal of GAT‐3/4, and consequently decreased excessive tonic inhibition and ameliorated functional outcome. The underlying molecular mechanisms were associated with epigenetic inhibition of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 and monoamine oxidase B expression through reduced NO production. The nNOS–PSD‐95 interaction is thus a potential target for functional restoration after stroke and ZL006, a small molecule inhibitor of this interaction, is a promising pharmacological lead compound. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting the Ancylostoma Caninum Secretome Provides New Information on Hookworm–Host Interactions
Authors: Morante Taylor , Shepherd Catherine , Constantinoiu Constantin , Loukas Alex , Sotillo Javier
Published: October 2017

Hookworm infection is a major tropical parasitic disease affecting almost 500 million people worldwide. These soil‐transmitted helminths can survive for many years in the intestine of the host, where they feed on blood, causing iron deficiency anemia and other complications. These parasites release a variety of molecules known as excretory/secretory products (ESPs) that are involved in many different biological processes that govern parasite survival. Using a combination of separation techniques such as SDS‐PAGE and OFFGEL electrophoresis, in combination with state‐of‐the‐art mass spectrometry we have reanalyzed the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, ESPs (AcESP). We identified 315 proteins present in the AcESP, compared with just 105 identified in previous studies. The most highly represented family of proteins is the SCP/TAPs (110 of the 315 proteins), and the most abundant constituents of AcESP are homologues of the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMP) family. Interestingly, we identified new homologs of well‐known vaccine candidates and immunomodulatory proteins. This study provides novel information about the proteins secreted by A. caninum, and constitutes a comprehensive dataset to study the proteins involved in host–hookworm interactions.
Crystal structure of the human dual specificity phosphatase 1 catalytic domain
Authors: Gumpena Rajesh , Lountos George T. , Raran‐Kurussi Sreejith , Tropea Joseph E. , Cherry Scott , Waugh David S.
Published: October 2017

The dual specificity phosphatase DUSP1 was the first mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP) to be identified. It dephosphorylates conserved tyrosine and threonine residues in the activation loops of mitogen activated protein kinases ERK2, JNK1 and p38‐alpha. Here, we report the crystal structure of the human DUSP1 catalytic domain at 2.49 Å resolution. Uniquely, the protein was crystallized as an MBP fusion protein in complex with a monobody that binds to MBP. Sulfate ions occupy the phosphotyrosine and putative phosphothreonine binding sites in the DUSP1 catalytic domain.
Herbicide discovery in light of rapidly spreading resistance and ever‐increasing regulatory hurdles
Authors: Peters Bodo , Strek Harry J
Published: October 2017

According to the United Nations, the global population is expected to grow to almost 10 billion people in 2050. This means that the demand for food, feed and fiber will double while at the same time, agriculture is being challenged by a scarcity of water, global warming, less land available for farming, protection of natural habitats, a demand for biodiversity on farms and other factors. In addition, crop protection products are under pressure from rapidly spreading resistance and increasing regulatory requirements. Many regulatory bodies are also moving away from a risk assessment approach to a more hazard‐based approach to grant registrations. Nevertheless, chemical crop protection compounds remain attractive and necessary to combat pests, particularly weeds. Industry has increased its efforts to find new molecules that are highly biologically effective on target species, including resistant populations, but safe for non‐target organisms. To manage resistance in the future, a diverse toolbox is needed that includes herbicides with a variety of different chemistries and modes of action, combined with non‐chemical measures in integrated systems. However, discovering a herbicide and getting it registered and to the market is an extremely complex endeavor full of risk, much of it incalculable. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Bipolar Resistive Switching Properties of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Thin Film for Flexible Memory Applications
Authors: Wu Zhipeng , Zhu Jun , Zhou Yunxia , Liu Xingpeng
Published: October 2017

An Au/Ni/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/Au flexible memory device fabricated on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate was studied for flexible resistive random access memory applications. A typical bipolar resistive switching behavior was revealed with an OFF/ON ratio of approximately 15. The reproducibility and uniformity were investigated using 100 repetitive write/erase cycles. The retention property did not degrade for up to 5 × 104 s, and the resistive switching properties did not degrade even under bending conditions, which indicated good mechanical flexibility. The current–voltage characteristics of the memory device show a Poole–Frenkel emission conduction mechanism in the high‐voltage region in the high‐resistance state, while in the low‐voltage region, the Ohmic contact and space charge limit current responded to the low‐resistance state and high‐resistance state, respectively. Combined with the conductance mechanism, the resistive switching behavior is attributed to conductive filaments forming and rupturing due to oxygen vacancies migrating under the external driving electric field.