bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discovery learning rise student’s activeness and understanding compound figure area
Authors: Subagis J
Published: August 2021

In elementary school, activeness and understanding is prime factor to learn mathematic joyfully and succesfuly. Both has strong relationship factor to master mathematic well. Low student interest in mathematics affect in activeness in participating in the learning process. Understanding mathematics is not easy for sixth-grade student of Lipursari elementary school due to its complexcity. This is caused by improperly of instructional media and approaches with the material being studied. It is a descriptive qualitative action research. This study aims to determine the increase in student activeness and understanding using a discovery learning approach and manipulatives media. This research was conducted in class VI SD Negeri Lipursari, Leksono District, 2019/2020 academic year. The research subjects were 19 students consisting of 9 male and 10 females. First lesson was carried out using manipulative media in large groups (4 students) and second one in small groups (2-3 students). Data collection techniques using test, interview and observation. The observation sheet is used to determine the increase in activity. Meanwhile, the understanding of the combined plane area material is known through tests. The data analysis technique used a comparative descriptive method. The results showed that discovery learning can increase the activeness of the sixth-grade students of SD Negeri Lipursari in the first semester of the 2019/2020 academic year. Student’s activeness rate increased from 2.57 to 3.04. Their understanding score of compound figure increased from 64.9 to 68.6. The rxycorrelation coefficient shows 0.546200 in the first lesson and 0.507962 in the second lesson. Base on this study, the researcher define Discovery learning is a method that becomes a solution for teachers and students to be able to present learning that is friendly, flexible, student-oriented and able to show how to think and how to solve math problems logically and creatively. The results of the study showed that students’ activity and understanding of the broad materials of the compound figure area increased using the discovery learning approach.
Perceptions of pre-service teachers about outdoor learning for STEM Education in early childhood education
Authors: Khwaengmek V , Pitiporntapin S , Pimthong P , Bukatunyoo O
Published: August 2021

This study explored pre-service teachers’ perceptions of outdoor learning for STEM education. The 29 pre-service teachers were asked to respond with opened questionnaire about teaching experience information for STEM outdoor learning and ideas of how to implement outdoor learning in STEM education. Data were analysed using a qualitative analysis. Qualitative data analysis was analysed by content analysis methods. The finding indicates that pre-service teachers’ perceptions about outdoor learning for STEM-related with these three ways: a local place in the community, cooperation with people in the community, and knowledge of how to integrate activity within the things around the community. They think outdoor learning provides an authentic context for students to solve real-world problems and develop problem-solving skills. Their perceptions also show the way of how to integrate the nature of STEM with outdoor learning and how to connect STEM disciplines with outdoor learning.
Indonesian students’ STEM career motivation: a study focused on gender and academic level
Authors: Sya’bandari Y , Aini R Q , Rusamana A N , Ha M
Published: August 2021

The STEM field faces challenges related to uncertainties about the number and composition of skilled workforce. Measuring STEM career motivation (STEM-CM) of students at an early grade is crucial to improve the quality of science learning and to engage more students in STEM fields. This study focuses on the gender and academic level issues related to STEM career motivation. A total of 1583 elementary and middle school students participated in investigating two research questions: (1) Do gender and academic level impact students’ STEM career motivation? (2) How to classify students based on their STEM-CM? This study revealed that gender was not significantly related to STEM-CM. Nonetheless, academic level impacted significantly with STEM-CM where students’ motivation declined from elementary to middle school. Furthermore, the clustering method elicited five groups of students for consideration in designing STEM teaching activities. The influenced factors of students’ motivation for STEM careers were discussed. Finally, customized learning to improve student engagement in STEM was recommended.
Students’ perspectives on Batik Cirebon for high school chemistry embedded STEM learning
Authors: Anugrah I R
Published: August 2021

Batik Cirebon is one of Indonesia’s potential local wisdom contexts that can be used in Chemistry high school STEM-based instruction. However, it is necessary to educationally reconstruct the context first so that its scientific content is suitable to be delivered to students. This research was a preliminary study that explored students’ perspectives of batik Cirebon context as one of the stages in educational reconstruction. Model of Educational Reconstruction was used as a basis for reconstructing batik Cirebon context. Students’ perspectives were explored through in-depth questionnaire towards 14 respondents about: STEM education; their preconceptions about scientific content of batik and its related chemical concepts; and their interest of implementing batik context in Chemistry embedded-STEM instruction. Analysis of students’ perspectives was carried out based on the hermeneutic-analytic method. The results of this study indicated that students’ preconceptions about chemical concepts related to batik context were still far from its correct scientific conceptions. Even so, respondents showed positive attitude towards the possibility of implementing STEM learning in high school chemistry. These findings are important as references in further educational reconstruction research of batik Cirebon context for Chemistry embedded-STEM learning, such as the instructional materials and also its learning strategy and evaluation.
Improving the ability of Miftahul Huda Islamic elementary school students to face the 21st century with the application of STEM in learning curriculum 2013
Authors: Susilowati T
Published: August 2021

This paper aims to determine the effect of the application of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) in the 2013 curriculum learning to improve students’ abilities in facing century skills at Miftahul Huda Islamic Elementary School, Siwatu, Watumalang, Wonosobo-Central Java. The target of this research is students of grade VI (six) at Miftahul Huda Islamic Elementary School. The problem is solved in five stages of activities, namely preparation, pre-test, implementation, post-test, and evaluation. Preparation is done by compiling the instruments that will be given to students and testing the validity and reliability of the instruments. The pre-test is carried out by distributing instruments according to the topic without the application of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) in learning. Implementation is done by applying STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) in learning. The Post Test is carried out after the implementation of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) learning. Based on the data obtained in the research, the application of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) in the learning is effective in improving 21st century skills at Miftahul Huda Islamic Elementary School. STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) will teach critical, creative, communicative, and collaborative thinking from an early age.
Improving effectiveness learning solar system through mind mapping strategy with mase paper ball and flashcard
Authors: Priyatin R
Published: August 2021

Natural Science Lessons emphasize providing direct experience, to develop competencies in order to explore and understand the natural surroundings scientifically. It is taught to equip students to have knowledge (knowing various ways) and skills (how to do it) that can help students to understand natural phenomena in depth. However, in the learning process, students still have difficulty understanding of the solar system. Inadequate media and conventional learning processes make students’ enthusiastic in participating in learning still low, and this makes learning not as expected by the teacher. In the solar system topic, the teacher expects students to be able to understand the position of the planets in the solar system in order and correctly. The strategy used in the learning process is to apply two-dimensional mind mapping using mase paper balls made of pulp and flashcards made by the teacher. The goal that is expected in the learning process using these strategies and media is to increase the effectiveness of student learning. The research was conducted using the R and D (Research and Development) method using the ADDIE model development method (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Effective learning is active, creative and fun learning for students so that learning outcomes increase. Effectiveness is the level of success achieved from implementing a strategy and learning media, in this case measured from student learning outcomes. The results of the final assessment are in the form of a process assessment and a final assessment.
Identifying teacher understanding of phenomena-based learning after professional development
Authors: Hongyim K , Brunsell E
Published: August 2021

Although phenomenon-based learning is an important pedagogical approach for science instruction, it is still new for many teachers of science. In this study, teachers have received professional development focused on identifying or creating phenomenon events for use in their classroom to improve student learning. Teachers must also be able to integrate modelling approaches so that their students can develop and refine appropriate scientific models related to the phenomenon being studied. This study will investigate teachers’ understanding of phenomena-based learning and issues surrounding the approach. Analysis of teacher questionnaires and open-ended questions about science and engineering practices and crosscutting concepts revealed understanding (1) Planning and carrying out investigations, (2) Analysing and interpreting data, (3) Constructing explanation and designing solutions, (4) Structure and function. However, teachers need supporting about using mathematics and computational thinking. Additionally, the most comfortable knowledge is connecting phenomena, processes, and events with scientific ideas. However, they have problems with controlling different kinds of response from students; some students may accept the new teaching method, but some students refuse to study by this method. Moreover, they also indicated to sharing the experiences to their profession community.
The impact of STEM-based independent learning unit on students’ mastery of the respiratory system topic
Authors: Puspaningsih A R
Published: August 2021

One of the efforts to overcome distance learning problems due to the lack of facilities owned by Bali Mandara Senior High School students is by implementing Independent Learning Unit (ILU). However, the ILU that has been developed so far has not been successfully applied in the biology class as evidenced by the average value of students’ understanding being four points below the passing grade. The application of STEM-based ILU is the solution in improving the students’ biology learning outcomes. In conducting the research, post-test data on biology learning outcomes on the respiratory system topic and the students’ responses toward a questionnaire administered were taken from the control group and the treatment group. The average post test score was compared with the passing grade. The results showed that the percentage of the learning mastery of the experimental group using STEM-based ILU was 81% while that of the control group was 59%. It is very likely that the result occured because STEM-based ILU provided a learning stimulus to foster the students’ independence and active involvement in competency mastery. For this reason, STEM-based ILU needs to be developed in distance learning for the other topics.
Maiman revisited: tuneable single mode CW ruby ring laser
Authors: Luhs W , Wellegehausen B , Zuber D , Morgner U
Published: August 2021

The cw ruby laser reveals amazing properties, which have not been expected since its invention 60 years ago. CW pumping with a 405 nm laser diode requires an overall electrical power of only 6 W to achieve more than 100 mW in TEM00 at 694 nm for a linear resonator. In a ring cavity unidirectional single frequency operation with up to 75 mW, tuneable over more than 420 GHz is demonstrated. Experimental details will be presented, and possible applications will be discussed.
Properties of the five dimensions for the truncated overlap fermions
Authors: Murakami Yuko , Sekiguchi Motoo , Wada Hiroaki , Wakayama Masayuki
Published: August 2021

Lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) simulation with chiral fermions is an attractive tool for studies on the non-perturbative field theory of strong interaction. However, it requires a large number of computer assets and is computationally very expensive. We describe the propagators of the π meson and the ρ meson constructed from the truncated overlap fermions. These propagators are calculated using lattice QCD simulations with a quench approximation. We indicate the dependence of the five dimensions for the mass of the π and ρ mesons. The residual mass at the chiral limit is also investigated.
Deciphering the inflection points to achieve proficiency for each procedure step during training in laparoscopic appendicectomy
Authors: Skjold-Ødegaard B , Hamid S , Lindeman R -J , Ersdal H L , Søreide K
Published: August 2021

Background

Laparoscopic appendicectomy is a common procedure early in surgical training. A minimum number is usually required for certification in general surgery. However, data on proficiency are scarce. This study aimed to investigate steps towards proficiency in laparoscopic appendicectomy.

Methods

This was a prospective observational cohort study of laparoscopic appendicectomies performed by junior trainees under supervision scored on a six-point performance scale. Structured assessment was done within a defined programme. Procedures performed for uncomplicated appendicitis in adults were included. The procedures were evaluated with LOWESS graphs generated to investigate inflection points. Factors associated with proficiency rates were reported with odds ratios and 95 per cent confidence intervals.

Results

In total 142 laparoscopic procedures were included for 19 trainees (58 per cent female). The cumulative number of procedures during the study was a median of 20 (i.q.r. 8–33). For overall proficiency, an inflection point occurred at 30 procedures. Proficiency rate increased from 51 per cent for 30 or fewer procedures to 93 per cent for more than 30 procedures (odds ratio 11.9 (95 per cent c.i. 3.4 to 40.9); P < 0.001). Inflection points for proficiency for each procedure step varied considerably, with lowest numbers (fewer than 15 procedures) for removing the specimen, and highest for dividing the mesoappendix (more than 55 procedures). Operating time was significantly reduced by a median of 7 minutes after 30 procedures, from median 62 (i.q.r. 25–120) minutes to median 55 (i.q.r. 30–110) minutes for more than 30 procedures.

Conclusion

For junior trainees, variation in proficiency is related to specific procedure steps. Targeted training on specific procedure skills may reduce numbers needed to achieve proficiency in laparoscopic appendicectomy during training.
Correlation between the position of the glenoid fossa and condylar translational movement in skeletal Class III mandibular asymmetry patients
Authors: Tun Oo Lin , Miyamoto Jun J , Takada Jun-Ichi , Moriyama Keiji
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Understanding the mechanism of mandibular asymmetry (MA) is important to provide suggestions for occlusal treatment and to know the developmental process of masticatory dysfunction. To investigate the morphological and functional effects on MA, we evaluated the three-dimensional position of the glenoid fossa and its relationship to asymmetrical condylar translational movement.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 50 subjects who previously underwent computed tomography for surgical purposes were divided into MA and control groups according to a menton deviation of at least 4 mm from the mid-sagittal plane. The glenoid fossae positions were evaluated using a three-dimensional analysis program. Condylar translational movements were recorded and measured by computerized axiography on protrusion. Side-to-side asymmetry was measured for each parameter. Asymmetry index value was calculated to assess the correlation between glenoid fossa position and condylar movement. Wilcoxon’s signed-ranked test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Spearman’s rank correlation were used for the statistical analysis.

Results

In the MA group, glenoid fossa position on the shifted side was significantly inferior and posterior as compared to that on the non-shifted side and of the control group. Condylar path length and sagittal condylar inclination were significantly greater on the shifted side versus non-shifted side, while no significant difference was found in transverse condylar inclination. The asymmetry index of the anterior–posterior glenoid fossa position was significantly correlated with that of condylar path length and bilateral transverse condylar inclination. In the control group, there were no significant correlations among the morphological and functional parameters.

Limitations

This study did not consider muscle activity and disc position, which may affect condylar movement.

Conclusions

Functional asymmetry of condylar translational movements is closely related to asymmetry of glenoid fossa position in MA patients.
Long-term outcome of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with severe left atrial enlargement and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Demarchi Andrea , Neumann Laura , Rordorf Roberto , Conte Giulio , Sanzo Antonio , Özkartal Tardu , Savastano Simone , Regoli François , Vicentini Alessandro , Caputo Maria Luce , Klersy Catherine , Petracci Barbara , Piciacchia Flavia , Bruno Jolie , Baldi Enrico , D’Amore Sabatino , Auricchio Angelo
Published: August 2021

Aims

Data regarding the efficacy of catheter ablation in heart failure patients with severely dilated left atrium and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) are scanty. We sought to assess the efficacy of catheter ablation in patients with reduced LVEF and severe left atrial (LA) enlargement, and to compare it to those patients with preserved left ventricular function and equally dilated left atrium.

Methods and results

Three patient groups with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing a first pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) were considered: Group 1 included patients with normal or mildly abnormal LA volume (≤41 mL/m2) and normal LVEF; Group 2 included patients with severe LA enlargement (>48 mL/m2) and normal LVEF; and Group 3 included patients with severe LA enlargement and reduced LVEF. Time to event analysis was used to investigate AF recurrences. The study cohort includes 439 patients; Group 3 had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. LA enlargement was associated with a two-fold in risk of AF recurrence, on the contrary only a smaller non-significant increase of 30% was shown with the further addition of LVEF reduction.

Conclusions

The long-term outcome of patients with severe LA dilatation and reduced LVEF is comparable to those with severe LA enlargement but preserved LVEF. Long-term efficacy of PVI is certainly affected by the enlargement of the left atrium, but less so by the addition of a reduced LVEF. CA remains the best strategy for rhythm control both in paroxysmal and persistent AF in this subgroup of patients.
Rad9-mediated checkpoint activation is responsible for elevated expansions of GAA repeats in CST-deficient yeast
Authors: Spivakovsky-Gonzalez Ekaterina , Polleys Erica J , Masnovo Chiara , Cebrian Jorge , Molina-Vargas Adrian M , Freudenreich Catherine H , Mirkin Sergei M
Published: August 2021

Large-scale expansion of (GAA)n repeats in the first intron of the FXN gene is responsible for the severe neurodegenerative disease, Friedreich’s ataxia in humans. We have previously conducted an unbiased genetic screen for GAA repeat instability in a yeast experimental system. The majority of genes that came from this screen encoded the components of DNA replication machinery, strongly implying that replication irregularities are at the heart of GAA repeat expansions. This screen, however, also produced two unexpected hits: members of the CST complex, CDC13 and TEN1 genes, which are required for telomere maintenance. To understand how the CST complex could affect intra-chromosomal GAA repeats, we studied the well-characterized temperature-sensitive cdc13-1 mutation and its effects on GAA repeat instability in yeast. We found that in-line with the screen results, this mutation leads to ∼10-fold increase in the rate of large-scale expansions of the (GAA)100 repeat at semi-permissive temperature. Unexpectedly, the hyper-expansion phenotype of the cdc13-1 mutant largely depends on activation of the G2/M checkpoint, as deletions of individual genes RAD9, MEC1, RAD53, and EXO1 belonging to this pathway rescued the increased GAA expansions. Furthermore, the hyper-expansion phenotype of the cdc13-1 mutant depended on the subunit of DNA polymerase δ, Pol32. We hypothesize, therefore, that increased repeat expansions in the cdc13-1 mutant happen during post-replicative repair of nicks or small gaps within repetitive tracts during the G2 phase of the cell cycle upon activation of the G2/M checkpoint.
Gravity gradient tensors derived from radial component of gravity vector using Taylor series expansion
Authors: Chen Tao , Yang Dikun
Published: August 2021

Gravity gradient tensors (GGTs) are used to investigate the density of subsurface structures in the Earth's crust and can reduce ambiguity during data interpretation. However, costs and research area restrictions often prevent their application during surveys, thereby limiting their utility. To address this limitation, a matrix equation based on the Taylor series expansion that uses the gravity vector and its neighbours was formulated to obtain the GGTs. Higher-order derivatives of the gravity vector were utilized to constrain the calculation, which improved the accuracy of the transformation. Synthetic data were used to demonstrate that the proposed approach improved accuracy when the radial component of the gravity vector was transformed into GGTs. This approach was also applied to gravity data from the Otway Basin in Australia. Compared with the measured GGT, the results obtained using the proposed approach had a relative error of 0.46.
Damage-associated molecular patterns and Toll-like receptors in the tumor immune microenvironment
Authors: Yanai Hideyuki , Hangai Sho , Taniguchi Tadatsugu
Published: August 2021

As clinically demonstrated by the success of immunotherapies to improve survival outcomes, tumors are known to gain a survival advantage by circumventing immune surveillance. A defining feature of this is the creation and maintenance of a tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) that directly and indirectly alters the host’s immunologic signaling pathways through a variety of mechanisms. Tumor-intrinsic mechanisms that instruct the formation and maintenance of the TIME have been an area of intensive study, such as the identification and characterization of soluble factors actively and passively released by tumor cells that modulate immune cell function. In particular, damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules typically released by necrotic tumor cells are recognized by innate immune receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and stimulate immune cells within TIME. Given their broad and potent effects on the immune system, a better understanding for how DAMP and TLR interactions sculpt the TIME to favor tumor growth would identify new strategies and approaches for cancer immunotherapy.
AUTHORITARIAN RESILIENCE AND THE ABSENCE OF DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION: THE IMPLICATIONS OF 2011
Authors: Joffé George
Published: August 2021

By the end of 2021 it will be a decade since the events of the ‘Arab Spring’ (al-rabīʿ al-ʿarabī) profoundly disrupted the Arab world, particularly in North Africa, raising hopes that the region overall would, through a permanent democratic transition, shake off its apparent exceptionalism in endorsing authoritarian governance. A decade later, such aspirations would appear to have been dashed, except in Tunisia, although fresh rounds of protest in Lebanon and Iraq, and especially in Algeria, during 2019 and 2020, might have suggested that this could be too peremptory a judgment. Nonetheless, authoritarian resistance appears to have been far more resilient than expected at the time. Yet, do the experiences of the decade therefore demonstrate that political liberalization within the region, specifically within North Africa, is not possible and, if not, what were the factors that made such an outcome seemingly impossible to achieve? This comment is designed to address some aspects of these concerns with particular emphasis on the theories behind democratic transition derived from different sets of hypotheses about the origins and principles of participatory socio-political action.
Deep co-added sky from Catalina Sky Survey images
Authors: Singhal Akshat , Bhalerao Varun , Mahabal Ashish A , Vaghmare Kaustubh , Jagade Santosh , Kulkarni Sumeet , Vibhute Ajay , Kembhavi Ajit K , Drake Andrew J , Djorgovski S George , Graham Matthew J , Donalek Ciro , Christensen Eric , Larson Stephen , Beshore Edward C
Published: August 2021

A number of synoptic sky surveys are underway or being planned. Typically, they are done with small telescopes and relatively short exposure times. A search for transient or variable sources involves comparison with deeper baseline images, ideally obtained through the same telescope and camera. With that in mind, we have stacked images from the 0.68 m Schmidt telescope on Mt. Bigelow taken over 10 yr as part of the Catalina Sky Survey. In order to generate deep reference images for the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS), close to 0.8 million images over 8000 fields and covering over 27 000 sq. deg have gone into the deep stack that goes up to 3 mag deeper than individual images. CRTS system does not use a filter in imaging; hence, there is no standard passband in which the optical magnitude is measured. We estimate depth by comparing these wide-band unfiltered co-added images with images in the g band and find that the image depth ranges from 22.0 to 24.2 across the sky, with a 200-image stack attaining an equivalent AB magnitude sensitivity of 22.8. We compared various state-of-the-art software packages for co-adding astronomical images and have used swarp for the stacking. We describe here the details of the process adopted. This methodology may be useful in other panoramic imaging applications, and to other surveys as well. The stacked images are available through a server at Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Galaxy Zoo: 3D – crowdsourced bar, spiral, and foreground star masks for MaNGA target galaxies
Authors: Masters Karen L , Krawczyk Coleman , Shamsi Shoaib , Todd Alexander , Finnegan Daniel , Bershady Matthew , Bundy Kevin , Cherinka Brian , Fraser-McKelvie Amelia , Krishnarao Dhanesh , Kruk Sandor , Lane Richard R , Law David , Lintott Chris , Merrifield Michael , Simmons Brooke , Weijmans Anne-Marie , Yan Renbin
Published: August 2021

The challenge of consistent identification of internal structure in galaxies – in particular disc galaxy components like spiral arms, bars, and bulges – has hindered our ability to study the physical impact of such structure across large samples. In this paper we present Galaxy Zoo: 3D (GZ:3D) a crowdsourcing project built on the Zooniverse platform that we used to create spatial pixel (spaxel) maps that identify galaxy centres, foreground stars, galactic bars, and spiral arms for 29 831 galaxies that were potential targets of the MaNGA survey (Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory, part of the fourth phase of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys or SDSS-IV), including nearly all of the 10 010 galaxies ultimately observed. Our crowdsourced visual identification of asymmetric internal structures provides valuable insight on the evolutionary role of non-axisymmetric processes that is otherwise lost when MaNGA data cubes are azimuthally averaged. We present the publicly available GZ:3D catalogue alongside validation tests and example use cases. These data may in the future provide a useful training set for automated identification of spiral arm features. As an illustration, we use the spiral masks in a sample of 825 galaxies to measure the enhancement of star formation spatially linked to spiral arms, which we measure to be a factor of three over the background disc, and how this enhancement increases with radius.
The GALAH survey: effective temperature calibration from the InfraRed Flux Method in the Gaia system
Authors: Casagrande Luca , Lin Jane , Rains Adam D , Liu Fan , Buder Sven , Horner Jonathan , Asplund Martin , Lewis Geraint F , Martell Sarah L , Nordlander Thomas , Stello Dennis , Ting Yuan-Sen , Wittenmyer Robert A , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Casey Andrew R , De Silva Gayandhi M , D’Orazi Valentina , Freeman Ken C , Hayden Michael R , Kos Janez , Lind Karin , Schlesinger Katharine J , Sharma Sanjib , Simpson Jeffrey D , Zucker Daniel B , Zwitter Tomaž
Published: August 2021

In order to accurately determine stellar properties, knowledge of the effective temperature of stars is vital. We implement Gaia and 2MASS photometry in the InfraRed Flux Method and apply it to over 360 000 stars across different evolutionary stages in the GALAH DR3 survey. We derive colour-effective temperature relations that take into account the effect of metallicity and surface gravity over the range $4000\, \rm {K}\lesssim T_{\rm {eff}}\lesssim 8000\, \rm {K}$, from very metal-poor stars to supersolar metallicities. The internal uncertainty of these calibrations is of order 40–80 K depending on the colour combination used. Comparison against solar-twins, Gaia benchmark stars, and the latest interferometric measurements validates the precision and accuracy of these calibrations from F to early M spectral types. We assess the impact of various sources of uncertainties, including the assumed extinction law, and provide guidelines to use our relations. Robust solar colours are also derived.
Photometry and long-slit spectroscopy of the split comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
Authors: Ivanova Oleksandra , Luk'yanyk Igor , Tomko Dušan , Moiseev Alexei
Published: August 2021

We present an analysis of the photometric and spectroscopic observations of the split comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS). Observations were carried out on 2020 April 14 and 16, when the heliocentric distance of the comet was 1.212 and 1.174 au, its geocentric distance 0.998 and 0.991 au, and the phase angle 52.°9 and 54.°5, respectively. The comet was observed with the 6-m BTA (Big Telescope Alt-azimuth) telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory (Russia) with the SCORPIO-2 (Spectral Camera with Optical Reducer for Photometric and Interferometric Observations) multimode focal reducer. The narrow-band BC and RC cometary filters in the continuum were used. We identified numerous emissions of CN, C2, C3, and NH2 molecules within the range of 3750–7100 Å. The C2/CN and C3/CN production rate ratios coincide with those of typical comets. Four fragments belonging to the coma were detected in both observational runs. We compared and analysed temporal variations of the visual magnitudes, gas productivity, and dust colour. Based on our dynamical investigation of the orbits of comets C/1844 Y1 (Great comet) and C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS), we can claim that, with high probability, the two comets do not have a common progenitor.
Composite powerful short flare of water maser emission in IRAS 16293-2422
Authors: Volvach A E , Volvach L N , Larionov M G
Published: August 2021

Using long-term monitoring data of water-vapour masers, here we examine a composite powerful flare of extremely short duration (∼12 d), which occurred in IRAS 16293-2422. The most powerful part of the flare was located on top of a less strong but more prolonged flare, which in turn is also a composite. The configuration of three radiating maser condensations located on the line of sight to the observer was detected for the first time. This made it possible to confirm one of the hypotheses for the activation of water masers, based on an increase in the maser’s amplification length by the components located in the observer’s line of sight. The unsaturated state of the two most powerful maser flares have been confirmed and some significant water maser parameters were obtained.
The Association of Human Leukocyte Antigen and COVID-19 in Southern China
Authors: Yu Xueping , Ho Kuoting , Shen Zhongliang , Fu Xiaoying , Huang Hongbo , Wu Delun , Lin Yancheng , Lin Yijian , Chen Wenhuang , Su Milong , Qiu Chao , Zhuang Xibin , Su Zhijun
Published: August 2021

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphism is hypothesized to be associated with diverse immune responses toward infectious diseases. Herein, by comparing against multiple subpopulation groups as control, we confirmed that HLA-B*15:27 and HLA-DRB1*04:06 were associated with coronavirus disease 2019 susceptibility in China. Both alleles were predicted to have weak binding affinities toward viral proteins.
Exploring Why People with Back Pain Use the Pain Management Strategies They Do: Is Research Looking in the Wrong Places?
Authors: Setchell Jenny , Costa Nathalia , Abrosimoff Monica , Hodges Paul W
Published: August 2021

Objective

Low back pain (LBP) is a significant issue with considerable impact on people’s lives and economies. A plethora of research has investigated interventions to manage LBP. However, despite considerable knowledge translation efforts, individuals with the condition frequently use management strategies considered to be “ineffective.” To address this concern, our aim was to explore why people with LBP choose the management strategies they do.

Methods

We used a predominantly inductive, descriptive qualitative design. We interviewed 20 Australian adults who have or have had LBP to investigate the management strategies they have used and why. Data were analyzed thematically.

Results

Analysis identified three interrelated themes that highlight that participants chose management strategies, at least in part, because they: 1) reduce symptoms in the very short term (e.g., immediately, a few hours); 2) have effects beyond the condition (e.g., low cost, lack of negative side effects, convenience, social effects); and 3) are pleasurable.

Discussion

These outcomes suggest that people with LBP are likely to have nuanced reasons for choosing the management strategies they use, and this can contrast with the outcomes tested in empirical studies. Our findings suggest that researchers may need to broaden or rethink which outcomes they measure and how, including by meaningfully engaging consumers in research design. Furthermore, clinicians could better explore their patients’ reasons for using the strategies they do before suggesting they discard existing strategies or offering new ones.
Cruciferous Weeds Do Not Act as Major Reservoirs of Inoculum for Black Rot Outbreaks in New York State
Authors: Lange Holly W. , Tancos Matthew A. , Smart Christine D.
Published: August 2021

Cruciferous weeds have been shown to harbor diverse Xanthomonas campestris pathovars, including the agronomically damaging black rot of cabbage pathogen, X. campestris pv. campestris. However, the importance of weeds as inoculum sources for X. campestris pv. campestris outbreaks in New York remains unknown. To determine if cruciferous weeds act as primary reservoirs for X. campestris pv. campestris, fields that were rotating between cabbage or had severe black rot outbreaks were chosen for evaluation. Over a consecutive 3-year period, 148 cruciferous and noncruciferous weed samples were collected at 34 unique sites located across five New York counties. Of the 148 weed samples analyzed, 48 X. campestris isolates were identified, with a subset characterized using multilocus sequence analysis. All X. campestris isolates originated from weeds belonging to the Brassicaceae family, with predominant weed hosts being shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), yellow rocket (Barbarea vulgaris), and pennycress (Thlaspi arvense). Identifying pathogenic X. campestris weed isolates was rare, with only eight isolates causing brown necrotic leaf spots or typical V-shaped lesions on cabbage. There was no evidence of cabbage-infecting weed isolates persisting in an infected field by overwintering in weed hosts; however, similar cabbage and weed X. campestris haplotypes were identified in the same field during an active black rot outbreak. X. campestris weed isolates are genetically diverse both within and between fields, but our findings indicate that X. campestris weed isolates do not appear to act as primary sources of inoculum for B. oleracea fields in New York.
Postoperative Correction in Idiopathic Scoliosis: Which Preoperative Imaging Technique Is Most Predictive?
Authors: Erkilinc Mehmet , Dumaine Anne M. , Du Jerry Y. , Poe-Kochert Connie , Thompson George H. , Liu Raymond W. , Mistovich R. Justin
Published: August 2021

Introduction:

Preoperative radiographic assessment of curve flexibility in patients with idiopathic scoliosis is important to determine Lenke classification, operative levels, and potential postoperative correction. However, no consensus exists regarding the optimal technique. We compared measurements from supine side bending (SB) and intraoperative traction radiographs under general anesthesia (TUGA) with actual postoperative correction followed for 1 year.

Methods:

We identified 235 patients with idiopathic scoliosis who underwent posterior spinal fusion with pedicle screw instrumentation between 2010 and 2018 who had preoperative and postoperative radiographs including standing posterior-anterior (PA) and lateral radiographs, preoperative SB radiographs, and TUGA radiographs. Curves were categorized into proximal thoracic, main thoracic/thoracolumbar (MT), and distal thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L) curves. Flexibility was calculated from SB and TUGA radiographs. Correction rates were calculated from 1 month and 1 year radiographs postoperatively. Bending radiographs that correlated significantly with postoperative correction with P<0.10 were eligible for inclusion. Preoperative demographics, etiology, deformity details, and surgical details were included in the multivariate models.

Results:

On univariate analysis, TUGA radiographs correlated with postoperative correction at 1 month and 1 year on MT curves (r=0.214, P=0.001; r=0.209, P=0.001) and TL/L curves (r=0.280, P<0.001; r=0.181, P=0.006). Supine SB radiographs did not correlate with postoperative correction on either MT or T/TL curves. On multivariate analysis, major curve TUGA radiographs were independently associated with postoperative MT curve correction at 1 month (beta: 0.158, 95% confidence interval: 0.035-0.280, P=0.012) and 1 year (beta: 0.195, 95% confidence interval: 0.049-0.340, P=0.009). MT curve SB radiographs were not associated with postoperative major curve correction at 1 month (P=0.088).

Conclusions:

TUGA radiographs independently correlated with postoperative main thoracic and distal thoracolumbar/lumbar curve correction at 1 month and 1 year postoperatively. SB radiographs independently correlated only with TL/L curve correction at 1 year postoperatively. However, this correlation was not as strong as TUGA correction (beta of 0.280 vs. beta of 0.092). TUGA radiographs appear superior to SB radiographs at predicting curve correction after surgery.

Level of Evidence:

Level III.
Evaluating Perioperative Complications Surrounding Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: Expanding Indications for Outpatient Surgery
Authors: Hockensmith Lindsay H. , Muffly Brian T. , Wattles Mitchell R. , Snyder Erin N. , McFarland Braxton J. , Jacobs Cale , Iwinski Henry J. , Riley Scott A. , Prusick Vincent W.
Published: August 2021

Background:

Supracondylar humerus (SCH) fractures are one of the most common pediatric orthopaedic injuries. Described using the Wilkins modification of the Gartland Classification system, current practice guidelines give moderate evidence for closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of type 2 and 3 injuries, but little evidence exists regarding the appropriate surgical setting for fixation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the perioperative complication profile of type 3 fractures with maintained metaphyseal contact and determine their suitability for outpatient surgery.

Methods:

Skeletally immature patients with type 2 and 3 SCH fractures treated at a single, Level-1 trauma institution from March 2019 to January 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 1126 subjects were identified. Open, concomitant injuries, incomplete physical examination, initial neurovascular compromise, flexion-type fractures, ecchymosis, skin compromise, and those managed nonoperatively were excluded. Type 3 fractures were categorized as either “3M” versus type “3” (“M” denoting metaphyseal bony contact). Demographic data, neurovascular changes, and postoperative complications were collected. Categorical variables were evaluated using χ2 or Fisher exact tests, and continuous variables analyzed using analysis of variance, with significance defined as a P-value <0.05.

Results:

A total of 485 patients (189 type 2, 164 type 3M, 132 type 3) met inclusion criteria. Sex and length of stay did not differ among groups. The incidence of neurovascular change between initial presentation and surgical fixation was significantly greater for type 3 fractures compared with other groups (P=0.02). No child in the 3M group had preoperative neurovascular examination changes, compared with 3 patients with type 3 injuries. When directly compared with the 3M group, type 3 fractures had a higher incidence of neurovascular examination changes that trended towards significance (P=0.08). There was no difference in postoperative complication rate between groups (P=0.61).

Conclusions:

Our findings demonstrate that Gartland type 3 SCH fractures lacking metaphyseal bony contact, compared with types 3M and 2, are more likely to experience neurovascular examination changes between initial presentation and definitive surgical fixation. Type 3M fractures clinically behaved like type 2 injuries and, accordingly, could be considered for treatment on an outpatient basis.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Surgical options for aortic root aneurysm disease: which procedure, which patient
Authors: Schill Matthew R. , Kachroo Puja
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review

Several surgical repair strategies are available for patients with aortic root aneurysms. This review summarizes the indications for surgery, surgical treatment options, as well their associated outcomes.

Recent findings

Despite the development and increasing adoption of valve sparing aortic root replacement, most patients with aortic root aneurysms still undergo placement of a composite valved graft. Valve sparing aortic root replacement may have a lower rate of bleeding and thrombotic complications during long-term follow-up with excellent long-term survival and low rates of aortic valve reintervention.

Patients with aortic root aneurysms who are symptomatic or reach the recommended size criteria should undergo surgical repair. Most patients receive composite valve graft conduits with good outcomes. The presence of normal aortic leaflet tissue and minimal regurgitation, including those with connective tissue disorders, should be evaluated for valve sparing aortic root replacement. Valve sparing procedures are durable and obviate the need for lifelong anticoagulation and avoid the risk of structural degeneration of bioprosthetic valves
Fatigue After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ali Arshad , Morfin Jussely , Mills Judith , Pasipanodya Elizabeth C. , Maas Yvonne J. , Huang Emily , Dirlikov Benjamin , Englander Jeffrey , Zedlitz Aglaia
Published: August 2021

Objective:

To provide a systematic review of published interventions for posttraumatic brain injury fatigue (PTBIF).

Methods:

PubMed and OneSearch were systematically searched for PTBIF interventions published between January 1, 1989, and March 31, 2019. Search results were evaluated for inclusion based on an abstract and full-text review. Inclusion criteria were (1) an investigation of an intervention, (2) participant sample including individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), (3) report of fatigue outcome data among individuals with TBI, and (4) articles available in English, Spanish, French, German, Afrikaans, or Dutch. A risk of bias assessment was conducted on all included publications.

Results:

The search resulted in 2343 publications, with 37 meeting inclusion criteria for this review. Categories of PTBIF interventions were pharmacological (n = 13), psychological (n = 9), exercise-based (n = 4), complementary alternative medicine (n = 5), electrotherapeutic (n = 3), and multimodal (n = 3). Only methylphenidate, modafinil, and cognitive behavioral therapy interventions included multiple cohorts. Pharmacological and psychological interventions represented the groups with the lowest risk of bias.

Conclusions:

This review includes 37 studies, with 21 studies published after 2014. Methylphenidate and melatonin were the only pharmacological agents found to reduce fatigue in randomized controlled trials. Creatine given to children prospectively at onset of injury reduced fatigue at follow-up. Walking and water aerobics were effective exercise interventions in isolated randomized controlled studies. One multimodal study of children after concussion was more effective at reducing fatigue and postconcussion symptoms than community standard of care. Other interventions had equivocal results. Overall, more work remains to understand and develop treatments for PTBIF.