bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug target validation of the trypanothione pathway enzymes through metabolic modelling
Authors: Olin‐Sandoval Viridiana , González‐Chávez Zabdi , Berzunza‐Cruz Miriam , Martínez Ignacio , Jasso‐Chávez Ricardo , Becker Ingeborg , Espinoza Bertha , Moreno‐Sánchez Rafael , Saavedra Emma
Published: March 2012

A kinetic model of trypanothione [T(SH)2] metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi was constructed based on enzyme kinetic parameters determined under near‐physiological conditions (including glutathione synthetase), and the enzyme activities, metabolite concentrations and fluxes determined in the parasite under control and oxidizing conditions. The pathway structure is characterized by a T(SH)2 synthetic module of low flux and low catalytic capacity, and another more catalytically efficient T(SH)2‐dependent antioxidant/regenerating module. The model allowed quantification of the contribution of each enzyme to the control of T(SH)2 synthesis and concentration (flux control and concentration control coefficients, respectively). The main control of flux was exerted by γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase (γECS) and trypanothione synthetase (TryS) (control coefficients of 0.58–0.7 and 0.49–0.58, respectively), followed by spermidine transport (0.24); negligible flux controls by trypantothione reductase (TryR) and the T(SH)2‐dependent antioxidant machinery were determined. The concentration of reduced T(SH)2 was controlled by TryR (0.98) and oxidative stress (−0.99); however, γECS and TryS also exerted control on the cellular level of T(SH2) when they were inhibited by more than 70%. The model predicted that in order to diminish the T(SH)2 synthesis flux by 50%, it is necessary to inhibit γECS or TryS by 58 or 63%, respectively, or both by 50%, whereas more than 98% inhibition was required for TryR. Hence, simultaneous and moderate inhibition of γECS and TryS appears to be a promising multi‐target therapeutic strategy. In contrast, use of highly potent and specific inhibitors for TryR and the antioxidant machinery is necessary to affect the antioxidant capabilities of the parasites.

Database   The glutathione synthetase gene sequences from the Ninoa and Queretaro strains have been submitted to the GenBank database under accession numbers HQ398240 and HQ398239, respectively
Type III bare lymphocyte syndrome associated with a novel RFXAP mutation: a case report
Authors: Gokturk B. , Artac H. , van Eggermond M. J. , van den Elsen P. , Reisli İ.
Published: March 2012

Type III bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS) is a severe combined immunodeficiency disease caused by the absence of MHC Class II expression associated with low expression of class I molecules. Here, we report a case with type III BLS who lacked RFXAP (Regulatory factor X‐associated protein) expression as a result from a novel mutation introducing a premature stopcodon in DE‐region at amino acid 73.
Relational Economies, Social Embeddedness and Valuing Labour in Agrarian Change: An Example from the Developing World
Authors: CURRY GEORGE N. , KOCZBERSKI GINA
Published: March 2012

A relatively neglected area of research on agrarian and economic change is the role of indigenous concepts of labour value in the transition from subsistence to market production. In West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea, the presence of a migrant population on an oil palm land settlement scheme (LSS) in close proximity to village‐based oil palm growers, provided an opportunity to examine changing notions of labour value through the lens of smallholder productivity. Voluntary settlers on the LSS are experiencing population pressure and are highly dependent on oil palm for their livelihoods. In contrast, customary landowners in village settings produce oil palm in a situation of relative land abundance. By examining differences in how these two groups practise and value commodity production, the paper makes four key points. First, concepts of labour value are not static and involve struggles over how labour value is defined. Second, the transition to market‐based notions of labour value can undermine labour's social value with a consequent weakening of social relationships within and between families. Third, Theories of Value developed in western contexts and used to frame development policies and projects in the developing world are often inappropriate and even harmful to the welfare of communities that have different registers of value. Fourth, in response to Point 3, and following Rigg (2007), there is a need for ‘theorising upwards’ using empirical data from the developing world to inform theory rather than applying to the developing world models of sociality and economy developed in western contexts.
Modeling Dehalococcoides sp. Augmented Bioremediation in a Single Fracture System
Authors: Torlapati Jagadish , Clement T. Prabhakar , Schaefer Charles E. , Lee Kang‐Kun
Published: March 2012

A numerical reactive transport model was developed to simulate the bioremediation processes in a perchloroethene (PCE) contaminated single fracture system augmented with Dehalococcoides sp. (DHC). The model describes multispecies bioreactive transport processes that include bacterial growth and detachment dynamics, biodegradation of chlorinated species, competitive inhibition of various reactive species, and the loss of daughter products because of back‐partitioning effects. Two sets of experimental data, available in the study by Schaefer et al. (2010b), were used to calibrate and test the model. The model was able to simulate both datasets. The simulation results indicated that the yield coefficient and the DHC maximum utilization rate coefficient were the two important process parameters. A detailed sensitivity study was completed to quantify the sensitivity of the model to variations in these two parameter values. The results show that an increase in yield coefficient increases bacterial growth and thus expedites the dechlorination process, whereas an increase in maximum utilization rate coefficient greatly increased dechlorination rates. The proposed model provides a mathematical framework for simulating remediation systems that employ DHC bioaugmentation for restoring chlorinated‐solvent contaminated groundwater aquifers.
A Tracer Test to Characterize Treatment of TCE in a Permeable Reactive Barrier
Authors: Shen Hai , Wilson John T. , Lu Xiaoxia
Published: March 2012

A tracer test was conducted to characterize the flow of groundwater across a permeable reactive barrier constructed with plant mulch (a biowall) at the OU‐1 site on Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma. This biowall is intended to intercept and treat groundwater contaminated by trichloroethylene (TCE) in a shallow aquifer. The biowall is 139‐m long, 7.3‐m deep, and 0.5‐m wide. Bromide was injected from an upgradient well into the groundwater as a conservative tracer, and was subsequently observed breaking through in monitoring wells within and downgradient of the biowall. The bromide breakthrough data demonstrate that groundwater entering the biowall migrated across it, following the slope of the local groundwater surface. The average seepage velocity of groundwater was approximately 0.06 m/d. On the basis of the Darcy velocity of groundwater and geometry of the biowall, the average residence time of groundwater in the biowall was estimated at 10 d. Assuming all TCE removal occurred in the biowall, the reduction in TCE concentrations in groundwater across the biowall corresponds to a first‐order attenuation rate constant in the range of 0.38 to 0.15 per d. As an independent estimate of the degradation rate constant, STANMOD software was used to fit curves through data on the breakthrough of bromide and TCE in selected wells downgradient of the injection wells. Best fits to the data required a first‐order degradation rate constant for TCE removal in the range of 0.13 to 0.17 per d. The approach used in this study provides an objective evaluation of the remedial performance of the biowall that can provide a basis for design of other biowalls that are intended to remediate TCE‐contaminated groundwater.
Clock drawing in spatial neglect: A comprehensive analysis of clock perimeter, placement, and accuracy
Authors: Chen Peii , Goedert Kelly M.
Published: March 2012

Clock drawings produced by right‐brain‐damaged (RBD) individuals with spatial neglect often contain an abundance of empty space on the left while numbers and hands are placed on the right. However, the clock perimeter is rarely compromised in neglect patients’ drawings. By analysing clock drawings produced by 71 RBD and 40 healthy adults, this study investigated whether the geometric characteristics of the clock perimeter reveal novel insights to understanding spatial neglect. Neglect participants drew smaller clocks than either healthy or non‐neglect RBD participants. While healthy participants’ clock perimeter was close to circular, RBD participants drew radially extended ellipses. The mechanisms for these phenomena were investigated by examining the relation between clock‐drawing characteristics and performance on six subtests of the Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT). The findings indicated that the clock shape was independent of any BIT subtest or the drawing placement on the test sheet and that the clock size was significantly predicted by one BIT subtest: the poorer the figure and shape copying, the smaller the clock perimeter. Further analyses revealed that in all participants, clocks decreased in size as they were placed farther from the centre of the paper. However, even when neglect participants placed their clocks towards the centre of the page, they were smaller than those produced by healthy or non‐neglect RBD participants. These results suggest a neglect‐specific reduction in the subjectively available workspace for graphic production from memory, consistent with the hypothesis that neglect patients are impaired in the ability to enlarge the attentional aperture.
Factors Affecting Radiation D‐Values (D10) of an Escherichia Coli Cocktail and Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 Inoculated in Fresh Produce
Authors: Moreira Rosana G. , Puerta‐Gomez Alex F. , Kim Jongsoon , Castell‐Perez M. Elena
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  This study evaluated the effect of produce type, resuspension medium, dose uniformity ratio (DUR), and sample preparation conditions (tissue exposure, MAP, anoxia) on the D10‐value of an Escherichia coli cocktail (BAA‐1427, BAA‐1428, and BAA‐1430) and Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 inoculated on the surfaces of tomato, cantaloupe, romaine lettuce, and baby spinach. Produce at room temperature were irradiated using a 1.35 MeV Van de Graaf electron beam accelerator at 0.2 to 0.9 kGy. The D10‐values for E. coli and Salmonella were 0.20 ± 0.01 kGy and 0.14 ± 0.01 kGy, respectively. Bacterial inactivation was not affected by produce type as long as the samples were irradiated in unsealed bags, the bacteria were suspended in broth, and the sample tissue was exposed. Sample location in front of the e‐beam source during exposure is crucial. A 20% increase in DUR yielded a 53% change in the D10‐values. Variations in sample preparation, microbiological methods and irradiation set‐up, result in variable D10‐values for different microorganisms on fresh produce.

Practical Applications:  Most irradiation studies disregard the effect of sample handling and processing parameters on the determination of the D10‐value of different microorganisms in fresh and fresh‐cut produce. This study shows the importance of exposure of sample, resuspension medium, available oxygen, and dose uniformity ratio. D10‐values can differ by 35% to 53% based on these factors, leading to considerable under‐ or over‐estimation of the irradiation treatment. Results from this study will help to lay firm groundwork for future studies on D10‐values determination for different pathogens on fruits and vegetables.
Volatile Aroma Components and Antioxidant Activities of the Flavedo Peel Extract of Unripe Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata)
Authors: Asikin Yonathan , Taira Ikuko , Inafuku Sayuri , Sumi Hidekazu , Sawamura Masayoshi , Takara Kensaku , Wada Koji
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  The flavedo peel extracts of unripe Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) fruits were extracted using steam distillation (SD) or a cold‐press (CP) system. Volatile aroma content and composition were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and each compound was identified using gas chromatography‐mass spectrophotometry (GC‐MS). The major constituents of the extracts were monoterpene hydrocarbons (91.75–93.75%[709.32–809.05 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]) including limonene (43.08–45.13%[341.46–379.81 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]), γ‐terpinene (27.88–29.06%[219.90–245.86 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]), and p‐cymene (8.13–11.02%[61.47–97.22 mg/100 g of fresh flavedo peel]). The extraction process used was determined to be a decisive factor that affects the composition of key citrus aroma components, as well as the antioxidant activities of the Shiikuwasha fruit. Antioxidant capabilities of the extracts were examined by assay of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity and β‐carotene bleaching inhibition. The cold‐press extraction system may better retain the total phenolic content of the flavedo peel and display superior antioxidant activities, compared to the steam distillation extraction method.

Practical Application:  Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) is a type of small citrus fruit, and has been used as raw material for beverage and food additive productions in Japan. It had a unique aroma composition in which the limonene content of its peels is lower than that of other commonly known citrus peels. The present study detailed the volatile aroma composition, as well as antioxidant capabilities of Shiikuwasha peel extracts of different extraction methods, that are cold‐press and steam distillation methods. The results of this study may provide a basis for selection of Shiikuwasha peel extracts in food industry for citrus flavor production.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Anthocyanins in Bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), and Corresponding Juices
Authors: Müller Dolores , Schantz Markus , Richling Elke
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  In the present study the anthocyanin content of commercially available bilberry juices and fresh fruits were quantified by using 15 authentic anthocyanin standards via high performance liquid chromatography with an ultra‐violet detector (HPLC‐UV/VIS). Delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucopyranoside, delphinidin‐3‐O‐galactopyranoside, and cyanidin‐3‐O‐arabinopyranoside were the major anthocyanins found in juices, nectar, and fresh bilberries. In contrast, fresh blueberries had higher concentrations of malvidin‐3‐O‐arabinopyranoside and petunidin‐3‐O‐galactopyranoside. Up to 438 mg anthocyanins per 100 g fresh weight (2762 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)) were detected in blueberries from various sources, whereas bilberries contained a maximum of 1017 mg anthocyanins per 100 g fresh weight (7465 mg/100 g DW). Commercially available bilberry and blueberry juices (n= 9) as well as nectars (n= 4) were also analyzed. Anthocyanin concentrations of juices (1610 mg/L to 5963 mg/L) and nectar from bilberries (656 mg/L to 1529 mg/L) were higher than those of blueberry juices (417 mg/L) and nectar (258 mg/L to 386 mg/L). We conclude that using several authentic anthocyanin references to quantify anthocyanin contents indicated them to be up to 53% and 64% higher in fresh bilberries and blueberries, respectively, than previously reported using cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside. This study has also demonstrated that commercially available juices produced from bilberries contain much higher anthocyanin concentrations than those from blueberries.

Practical Application:  We have investigated the contents of a special class of antioxidants, namely anthocyanins in blueberry and billberry fruits and juices commercially available in Germany. To achieve reliable data we have used authentic standards for the first time. We think that our results are important in the field of nutritional intake of this important class of polyphenols and fruit juice companies get a closer insight in the occurrence of these antioxidants in market samples to be used in food composition databases and for nutritional survey.
Antioxidant Efficacy of Extracts Produced from Pickled and Dried Mustard in Rapeseed and Peanut Oils
Authors: Li Chang , Tang Zhongfeng , Huang Meng , Tao Nengguo , Feng Bo , Huang Shirong
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Antioxidant efficacy of 70% ethanol extract (EE), 70% methanol extract (ME), and water extract (WE) produced from pickled and dried mustard (Brassica juncea Coss. var. foliosa Bailey) was evaluated in rapeseed and peanut oils by using the Schaal oven method. The protective effects of aforesaid 3 extracts in stabilizing vegetable oils were tested by measuring their peroxide values, conjugated diene values, and p‐anisidine values during storage of 15 d at 60 °C. Results showed that the different solvent extracts produced from pickled and dried mustard, at concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0% (w/w) in vegetable oils, could significantly (P < 0.05) lower the peroxide value, conjugated diene value, and p‐anisidine value of oils during storage at 60 °C. However, the extracts at various concentrations showed a less antioxidant effect than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 200 ppm. The ultraviolet spectra of different extracts exhibited a single maximum absorbance at 268 nm. The qualitative analysis of antioxidants present in the extracts was carried out by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a C18 column. Two phenolic compounds, gallic and protocatechuric acids, were identified. The antioxidant activity of the extracts might be attributed to the presence of these phenolics. These results indicated that the pickled and dried mustard could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Practical Application:  The antioxidant activity of extracts produced from pickled and dried mustard toward rapeseed and peanut oils oxidation and the characterization of active phenolic compounds may be useful in developing natural antioxidants for vegetable oils. Moreover, the extracts could safely be used as potential antioxidant to suppress lipid oxidation in lipid‐containing food products.
Optimum Chopping Conditions for Alaska Pollock, Pacific Whiting, and Threadfin Bream Surimi Paste and Gel based on Rheological and Raman Spectroscopic Analysis
Authors: Poowakanjana Samanan , Mayer Steven G. , Park Jae W.
Published: March 2012

Abstract:   Rheological and Raman spectroscopic properties of surimi from three species [Alaska pollock (AP) (cold water), Pacific whiting (temperate water), and threadfin bream (warm water)] were investigated as affected by various chopping conditions. Comminuting Alaska pollock surimi at 0 °C demonstrated superior gel hardness and cohesiveness when chopping time was extended to 15–18 min; however, long chopping time at higher temperatures resulted in a significantly decreased gel texture particularly at 20 °C. Warm water fish threadfin bream exhibited higher gel texture when chopping was done longer at higher temperature. Rheological properties were significantly affected by both chopping time and temperature. Species effect, based on their thermal stability, was readily apparent. Raman spectroscopy revealed a significant change in disulfide linkage and the reduction of secondary structure upon extended chopping. Dynamic oscillation rheology demonstrated the damage of light meromyoisn and lowering of onset of gelling temperature as the chopping time was extended.

Practical Application:  Chopping conditions to determine gel quality and manufacture surimi seafood are varied by all manufacturers. This paper covering three primary species for surimi with their suggested optimum chopping conditions: 15 min for Alaska pollock when chopped at 0 °C, 15 min for Pacific whiting at 15–20 °C, and 18 min for threadfin bream at 25–30 °C. The use of optimum chopping condition should maximize the value of each surimi and provide consistent quality to the end users.
Development and Application of an Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay for Specific Detection of Mangiferin Content in Various Cultivars of Mangifera indica Leaves Using Anti‐mangiferin Polyclonal Antibody
Authors: Yusakul Gorawit , Kitirattrakarn Wongsathorn , Tanwanichkul Narunat , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Putalun Waraporn
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for determining mangiferin content in plant samples using a polyclonal antibody (PAb) against mangiferin. The developed ELISA showed a full measurement range from 0.12 to 31.25 μg/mL mangiferin with a relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 6% for both intra‐ and interassay precision levels. The accuracy was determined by a percent recovery experiment at three concentration levels and it showed 97.8%–103.7% recovery in Mangifera indica leaf samples. The developed ELISA exhibited a high correlation value (R2= 0.992) with the standard high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method in various mangiferin‐containing plant samples. Our results suggest that the validated ELISA methodology using a PAb against mangiferin can be applied to determine mangiferin content with high specificity, rapidity and simplicity in various mangiferin‐containing plant samples. The mangiferin content in the mature leaves of fifty M. indica cultivars were determined using the developed ELISA. The mangiferin contents ranged from 1.94 ± 0.13% to 13.79 ± 0.84% dry wt. The Thawai cultivar leaves contained the highest level of mangiferin (13.79 ± 0.84% dry wt), but it is a rare cultivar. The Namdokmai, which is more commonly cultivated in Thailand, contain 12.41 ± 0.60% dry wt mangiferin; therefore, this cultivar leaf was recommended as the source of raw material for the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic product industries.

Practical Application:  Currently, natural heath products are accepted worldwide for healthcare. Mangiferin‐containing plants and products exhibit health benefits against oxidative stress‐related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, dyslipidemia and diabetes. We have developed an ELISA with high specificity, rapidity and simplicity for the quality control of mangiferin‐derived product production. Moreover, we found that the Namdokmai leaf, a Thai M. indica cultivar, was recommended as the source of raw material for the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic product industry because of its high mangiferin content and natural prevalence.
Policy Implications of Implicit Social Cognition
Authors: Nosek Brian A. , Riskind Rachel G.
Published: March 2012

Basic research in implicit social cognition demonstrates that thoughts and feelings outside of conscious awareness or conscious control can influence perception, judgment, and action. Implicit measures reveal that people possess implicit attitudes and stereotypes about social groups that are often distinct from their explicitly endorsed beliefs and values. The evidence that behavior can be influenced by implicit social cognition contrasts with social policies that assume that people know and control the causes of their behavior. We consider the present state of evidence for implicit social cognition and its implications for social policy. We conclude that consideration of implicit social cognition can improve policy, and that most policy use of implicit measures as selection or evaluation devices is not easily justified.
Situating Sexual Harassment in the Broader Context of Interpersonal Violence: Research, Theory, and Policy Implications
Authors: Stockdale Margaret S. , Nadler Joel T.
Published: March 2012

Although sexual harassment has been discussed as a form of interpersonal violence, little research has systematically examined both the empirical and theoretical links between sexual harassment and interpersonal violence. We review survey research data that establishes sexual harassment as a form of revictimization from earlier instances of interpersonal violence, such as child sexual abuse and intimate partner violence as well as ways that sexual harassment and interpersonal violence can mutually co‐occur, such as from dissolved workplace romances or as an escalation from one form of violence to another. Bronfrenbrenner's and Grauerholz's ecological frameworks for understanding interpersonal violence and revictimization from several levels of analysis are invoked to understand the many ways that sexual harassment and interpersonal violence are linked. We further discuss organizational theories of sexual harassment and Routine Activities Theory as frameworks for guiding research in these areas. The review pays particular attention to surveys of multiple forms of sexual victimization, including sexual harassment, documented by the U.S. Military as well as the Military's efforts to comprehensively address these problems.
Sex Differences in the Endothelial Function of Untreated Hypertension
Authors: Routledge Faye S. , Hinderliter Alan L. , Blumenthal James A. , Sherwood Andrew
Published: March 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:228–235. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Vascular endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased risk for adverse cardiovascular (CV) events. However, less is known about sex differences in the endothelial function of untreated hypertensive individuals. The purpose of this study was to assess endothelial function in women and men with untreated hypertension. Ninety participants (35 women, 55 men), aged 40 to 60 years (mean age, 46.1±8.2 years), with untreated stage 1 hypertension (systolic blood pressure 140–159 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure 90–99 mm Hg) underwent brachial artery endothelial‐dependent flow‐mediated dilation and endothelial‐independent glyceryl trinitrate dilation. Women had a smaller flow‐mediated dilation response than men (adjusted mean±standard error of the mean [SEM]; 1.8±0.6% vs 3.9±0.4%, P=.036), adjusting for baseline arterial diameter (P=.004), age (P=.596), ethnicity (P=.496), log shear stress ratio (P<.001), body mass index (P=.009), 24‐hour diastolic blood pressure (P=.169), high‐density lipoprotein (P=.225), log creatinine (P=.927), and log physical activity (P=.682). Glyceryl trinitrate dilation did not differ by sex in adjusted models. Women between the ages of 40 and 60 years with untreated stage 1 hypertension exhibited a greater impairment of endothelial function compared with their male counterparts. These findings raise the possibility that female sex may impart a greater risk of CV events in patients with untreated stage 1 hypertension potentially due to poorer endothelial function.
Blood Pressure–Lowering Efficacy of the Fixed‐Dose Combination of Azilsartan Medoxomil and Chlorthalidone: A Factorial Study
Authors: Sica Domenic , Bakris George L. , White William B. , Weber Michael A. , Cushman William C. , Huang Patrick , Roberts Andrew , Kupfer Stuart
Published: March 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012; 14:284–292. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This study compared the efficacy and safety of fixed‐dose combinations (FDCs) of the angiotensin II receptor blocker azilsartan medoxomil (AZL‐M) and the thiazide‐like diuretic chlorthalidone (CLD) with the individual monotherapies in a double‐blind factorial study. A total of 1714 patients with clinic systolic blood pressure (SBP) 160 mm Hg to 190 mm Hg inclusive were randomized to AZL‐M 0 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, or 80 mg and/or chlorthalidone 0 mg, 12.5 mg, or 25 mg. The primary efficacy end point was change from baseline to 8 weeks in trough (hour 22–24) SBP by ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring (ABPM). Patients’ mean age was 57 years; 47% were men and 20% were black. Baseline trough BP was approximately 165/95 mm Hg and 151/91 mm Hg by clinic and ABPM measurements, respectively. For the pooled AZL‐M/CLD 40/25‐mg and 80/25‐mg FDC groups, SBP reduction by ABPM at trough was 28.9 mm Hg and exceeded AZL‐M 80 mg and CLD 25 mg monotherapies by 13.8 mm Hg and 13 mm Hg, respectively (P<.001 for both comparisons). Discontinuation rates and elevations in serum creatinine were dose‐dependent and occurred more often in the AZL‐M/CLD groups. In patients with stage 2 hypertension, treatment with the combination of AZL‐M and CLD resulted in substantially greater SBP reduction compared with either agent alone.
First self‐perceived signs and symptoms in emerging psychosis compared with depression
Authors: Aston Jacqueline , Bull Nadine , Gschwandtner Ute , Pflueger Marlon , Borgwardt Stefan , Stieglitz Rolf‐Dieter , Riecher‐Rössler Anita
Published: March 2012

Aim: To investigate differences between the early symptoms of schizophrenia and depressive disorders.

Methods: Sixty‐one individuals with an at‐risk mental state (ARMS), 17 of whom later made the transition to psychosis, 37 patients with a first episode of psychosis and 16 controls with depressive disorders were interviewed about first self‐perceived signs and symptoms.

Results: In ARMS and first episode of psychosis, on average, first self‐perceived signs or symptoms had occurred about 5–6 years before the interview. In ARMS, including transition to psychosis, ‘loss of energy’ and ‘difficulties concentrating’ were the most frequently recalled first signs. There was much overlap for the four most frequently mentioned symptoms in the three groups. As compared with ARMS, controls with depressive disorders significantly more often recalled ‘depression’ and ‘social isolation’ as the very first signs of disease.

Conclusions: Clinicians should consider the development of self‐recalled first signs over time carefully when assessing suspected early prodromal stages of schizophrenia and beginning depressive disorder.
Medical Problems Where Talk is the Problem: Current Trends in Conversation Analytic Research on Aphasia, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability, and Alzheimer’s
Authors: Garcia Angela Cora
Published: March 2012

While a large body of conversation analytic research focuses on talk in medical settings, a relatively small but important emerging body of research on that subset of medical problems which affect individuals’ ability to produce and comprehend language has been developing. This paper reviews such research on four such medical problems: aphasia, Autism Spectrum Disorder, intellectual disability, and forms of dementia such as Alzheimer’s. This research provides useful insight into the nature of symptoms and the actual communicative competence of the individuals affected, as well as improving our knowledge of the best ways to diagnose, assess, and treat these conditions.
Multiracial Americans: Racial Identity Choices and Implications for the Collection of Race Data
Authors: Khanna Nikki
Published: March 2012

In 2010, approximately nine million Americans self‐identified with more than one race on the U.S. Census – a 32 percent increase since 2000. In this paper, I review the growing body of research on this population, with a particular focus on identifying and describing factors important in shaping their racial identities. Factors explored include: social norms regarding racial classification, socioeconomic status, racial composition of one’s neighborhood and community, region, socialization by family, age, cohort, genealogical locus of multiracial ancestry, nativity, and phenotype. I discuss the broader implications of findings to‐date, with a particular focus on the ongoing scholarly discourse regarding the collection of race data in the United States.
An Intersectional Approach to Understanding Stigma Associated with Male Sexual Assault Victimization
Authors: Ralston Kevin M.
Published: March 2012

Throughout popular media, there are stories about people being victimized because they are seen as different from the majority of people in society. Although there is a stigma aspect to these stories, the role that stigma plays in victimization is never truly examined. This paper uses an intersectional framework to discuss the role stigma plays in victimization. Through the discussion of male sexual assault victims, this paper sheds light on the varying construction of masculinity and how this meshes with the stigma process creating varying experiences for male victims. Issues associated with being a male victim of sexual assault are discussed, including a comparison with female victims and a discussion of how the construction of masculinity varies in different communities to illustrate how the experiences of male victims changes depending on their race, class, and sexuality. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how a better understanding of male sexual assault victims could provide needed assistance for them.
Towards a Critical Global Race Theory
Authors: Weiner Melissa F.
Published: March 2012

The meanings attached to “race” across the globe are myriad, particularly as anti‐Islamic discourse once again links race and religion. Yet scholars lack a common terminology to discuss this phenomenon. This article hopes to expand critical race theory and scholarship across national lines. This critical examination of recent race‐related scholarship provides scholars with empirical suggestions to uncover and document the different processes, mechanisms, trajectories and outcomes of potentially racialized practices that essentialize, dehumanize, “other,” and oppress minority groups while imbuing privileged groups with power and resources in nations across the globe. Ten empirical indicators will allow international researchers to assess the particular situation of different groups in different nations to determine whether, and the extent to which, they are subject to racialization. Specifically, this paper calls for a unified terminology that can accurately account for and address race when and where it occurs and a global broadening of a critical comparative dialogue of racial practices.
Social Class in Family Therapy Education: Experiences of Low SES Students
Authors: McDowell Teresa , Brown Andrae’ L. , Cullen Nicole , Duyn April
Published: March 2012

In this article, we report the results of a national survey of students in COAMFTE‐accredited family therapy programs who self‐identify as coming from lower‐ or working‐class backgrounds. Results of the study reveal opportunity and tension relative to family, friends, and community because of social mobility associated with graduate education. Participants describe family therapy education as middle‐class centered, pointing to lack of attention to social class, marginalization, classism, and unacknowledged class barriers as salient experiences in their graduate programs. Finally, participants share a number of suggestions for program improvement.
Establishing the Validity of the Affirmative Training Inventory: Assessing the Relationship between Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Affirmative Training and Students’ Clinical Competence
Authors: Carlson Thomas Stone , McGeorge Christi R. , Toomey Russell B.
Published: March 2012

This study established the validity and factor structure of the Affirmative Training Inventory (ATI; T. S. Carlson, C. R. McGeorge & M. Rock, unpublished) as a measure of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) affirmative clinical training. Additionally, this study examined the latent associations among the subscales of the ATI and the Sexual Orientation Counselor Competency Scale (Bidell, 2005) utilizing a sample of 248 master’s and doctoral couple and family therapy students. The findings from this study provide empirical support for the relationship between specific classroom‐related content associated with LGB affirmative therapy and students’ perceptions of their own ability to work competently with LGB clients. This study also found a positive association between the degree to which couple and family therapy programs adopt a LGB‐affirmative stance and students’ beliefs, knowledge, and skills associated with competent therapy with LGB clients.
Foldable iris‐fixated intraocular lens implantation in children
Authors: Ryan Andrea , Hartnett Claire , Lanigan Bernadette , O’Keefe Michael
Published: March 2012

Purpose:  To describe the results of foldable iris‐fixated intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in children.

Methods:  Children with high bilateral or unilateral myopia who were intolerant of spectacle or contact lens correction were implanted with an iris‐fixated foldable IOL and prospectively followed. We measured pre‐ and postoperative visual acuity, refraction, endothelial cell density (ECD) and National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire‐25.

Results:  Eleven eyes of six children were implanted. Indications were high bilateral myopia in children with comorbid neurobehavioural disorders, high anisometropia and high myopic astigmatism. Mean preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) refraction was −14.6 dioptres (D) ± 4.2 SD. Mean follow‐up was 15 months. Postoperative SE refraction was −2.40 D ± 2.40 SD. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) improved from mean logMAR 0.84 ± 0.4 SD to postoperative 0.67 ± 0.34 SD (p = 0.005). CDVA was reduced because of coexistent ocular disorders and amblyopia. Vision‐related quality of life (QOL) measures improved significantly. There were no intraoperative or postoperative serious complications.

Conclusion:  Foldable iris‐fixated IOL insertion can give a significant improvement in vision and in vision‐related QOL in a subset of paediatric patients with special refractive needs who are intolerant to conventional treatment. Long‐term follow‐up is required for monitoring of ECD.
Explaining Society: An Expanded Toolbox for Social Scientists
Authors: Bell David C. , Atkinson‐Schnell Jodie L. , DiBacco Aron E.
Published: March 2012

We propose for social scientists a theoretical toolbox containing a set of motivations that neurobiologists have recently validated. We show how these motivations can be used to create a theory of society recognizably similar to existing stable societies (sustainable, self‐reproducing, and largely peaceful). Using this toolbox, we describe society in terms of three institutions: economy (a source of sustainability), government (peace), and the family (reproducibility). Conducting a thought experiment in three parts, we begin with a simple theory with only two motivations. We then create successive theories that systematically add motivations, showing that each element in the toolbox makes its own contribution to explain the workings of a stable society and that the family has a critical role in this process.
The Existence and Composition of Audit Committees in the New Zealand Public Sector
Authors: Rainsbury Elizabeth A. , Malthus Sue , Capper Patsie Anne
Published: March 2012

This study investigates the association between the source of funding of New Zealand public‐sector entities (PSEs) and the existence and composition of their audit committees. We examine 134 PSEs in the health, local government and tertiary sectors. Of these PSEs, 81 (60%) have an audit committee. The size of the audit committees are on average larger than recommended by best practice guidelines. However, most of the PSEs comply with guidelines recommended for audit committee independence but not financial expertise. PSEs with higher levels of government funding are more likely to establish audit committees and PSEs that rely on funding from rate payers and debt providers are more likely to have audit committees with a majority of independent members. There is no support for the association between the source of funding and the level of financial expertise on audit committees.
Commentary: The US and IFRS: Which Way Ahead?
Authors: Singleton‐Green Brian
Published: March 2012

Standard setters, SEC staff and distinguished academics joined together at a panel session of the American Accounting Association meeting in Denver in August 2011 to discuss what course the United States (US) should take with regard to the adoption of IFRS. Panellists drew attention to the political dimensions of the decision. While it might be politically unattractive for the US to surrender some of its power to set its own standards, it would also be unattractive for the US to stay on the sidelines while important international agreements were made. Panellists also looked at developments in the adoption and implementation of IFRS around the world, drew attention to important uncertainties in countries such as China and India, and questioned how far global uniformity was a realistic objective; comparability might be a more sensible goal.
Subject‐based reference values: biological variation, individuality, and reference change values
Authors: Walton Raquel M.
Published: March 2012

Subject‐based reference values have been largely overlooked in veterinary medicine. These values represent longitudinal data rather than the cross‐sectional data represented by standard population‐based reference values. As such they provide information about biological and analytical variation. Inherent random variation of analytes around a homeostatic set point is referred to as biological variation; data on biological variation are underutilized in veterinary medicine and have multiple applications that include setting analytical goals, predicting the utility of population‐based reference intervals (RIs), assessing the value of partitioning reference values, and evaluating the significance of changes in serial results. To generate these data, relatively few individuals are sampled for a short period of time. Given the difficulty of obtaining specimens from large number of healthy individuals to establish a cross‐sectional RI for many veterinary species, especially exotic species, use of subject‐based RIs is a practical alternative approach for the veterinary diagnostician. Furthermore, for the majority of biochemical analytes and even many hemostatic variables, population‐based reference values are less sensitive than subject‐based reference values for detecting pathologic changes in an individual. The focus of this review is the clinical usefulness of subject‐based reference values and diagnostic implications for their use. Implementation of the concepts of biological variation, individuality, and reference change value (RCV) may allow large diagnostic laboratories to offer more sensitive reference values to assess health and detect disease.
Establishment of canine hematology reference intervals for theSysmexXT‐2000iV hematology analyzer using a blood donor database
Authors: Serra Mariana , Freeman Kathleen P. , Campora Carola , Sacchini Federico
Published: March 2012

Background

TheSysmexXT‐2000iV is a hematology analyzer that combines impedance and optical techniques and has been previously validated for dogs. Specific reference intervals (RIs) are useful when interpreting results.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine hematologicRIs for theSysmexXT‐2000iV using a large reference population of client‐owned clinically healthy blood donor dogs, adopting an indirect sampling method.

Methods

Dogs were screened for breed, size, health, travel history, and previous blood transfusions, and the quality of blood specimens was also reviewed. Results from specimens that met inclusion criteria were used to determineRIs using a nonparametric method. Specimens fromAkitas andsighthounds were excluded from the study.

Results

Of 992 specimens that had been collected from blood donors and analyzed, 297 were initially included in theRIstudy. An additional 38 specimens were excluded as outliers, and hematologicRIs for theSysmexXT‐2000iV were based on analysis of specimens from 259 clinically healthy dogs. Measurands evaluated had variable distributions, and intervals obtained were generally comparable to previously reportedRIs. Differences observed included higher lower and upper reference limits (LRLandURL, respectively) forMCVand lowerURLforWBCcount. Reticulocyte count and theLRLof the absolute lymphocyte count were also higher than previously reported, and theRIfor platelet count was narrower and lower.

Conclusions

CanineRIs for theSysmex hematology analyzer were established using an indirect sampling method with reference individuals selected from a large database of client‐owned clinically healthy blood donor dogs. For specimens included in this study, time from collection to analysis was similar to what veterinary commercial laboratories experience.
Segregation of study items in memory determines the magnitude and direction of directed forgetting
Authors: Icht Michal , Chajut Eran , Algom Daniel
Published: March 2012

When words at study are divided into to‐be‐remembered and to‐be‐forgotten ones, people recall more of the former than of the latter in a surprise memory test for all words. In this study, we also tapped memory for word identity at study (forget or remember) by asking participants to reproduce in memory selected portions of the original words. We found word identity to be parasitic on word reproduction. As a result, there is a noted tendency to recall forget‐words from study as remember‐words in the memory test more than vice versa.
Identity, influence, and change: Rediscovering John Turner's vision for social psychology
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Reicher Stephen D. , Reynolds Katherine J.
Published: March 2012

John Turner, whose pioneering work on social identity and self‐categorization theories changed the face of modern social psychology, died in July 2011. This unique virtual special issue celebrates Turner's life and work by reproducing a number of key articles that were published in the British Journal of Social Psychology and the European Journal of Social Psychology over the course of his career. These articles are of three types: first, key position papers, on which Turner was the leading or sole author; second, papers that he published with collaborators (typically PhD students) that explored key theoretical propositions; third, short commentary papers, in which Turner engaged in debate around key issues within social psychology. Together, these papers map out a clear and compelling vision. This seeks to explain the distinctly social nature of the human mind by showing how all important forms of social behaviour – and in particular, the propensity for social influence and social change –are grounded in the sense of social identity that people derive from their group memberships. As we discuss in this editorial, Turner's great contribution was to formalize this understanding in terms of testable hypotheses and generative theory and then to work intensively but imaginatively with others to take this vision forward.
Detection of Combustion Resonance Using an Ion Current Sensor in Diesel Engines
Authors: Badawy Tamer , Shrestha Amit , Henein Naeim
Published: March 2012

This paper discusses the use of an ion current sensor to detect combustion resonance in a heavy duty direct injection diesel engine. A modified glow plug is used to measure the ion current in addition to its main function in warming up the combustion chamber. A comparison is made between the combustion resonance determined from the signals of an ion current sensor, a cylinder pressure transducer, and an engine vibration sensor. Experiments are conducted on a four cylinder, turbocharged 4.5 liter diesel engine to determine the potential of using the ion current sensor to detect combustion resonance under different injection pressures and exhaust gas recirculation rates. It is concluded that the ion current signal can be used to determine the timing, amplitude, frequency, and duration of the resonance. The sensor output has the potential to be used as a feedback signal to the ECU (electronic control unit) to minimize engine vibration and noise.