bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Alternative Drive Vehicles in Road Transport in Poland and the European Union
Authors: Frej Damian , Grabski Paweł , Szumska Emilia
Published: June 2021

The development of electromobility in Poland and the whole world is an inevitable process. Every year, electric vehicles and vehicles powered by renewable fuels become more and more popular. It should be noted that the development of infrastructure for electric vehicles and the pursued environmental policy with the related subsidies for the purchase of electric vehicles are an important aspect encouraging the purchase of this type of vehicle. The article presents a comparison of the popularity of vehicles powered by renewable energy sources in Poland and other European Union countries, as well as the characteristics of the most common alternative fuels. Its main objective is to specify the importance of passenger cars with alternative drive sources across the selected EU countries.
Evaluation of the Hazard Perception Skills of Young Drivers
Authors: Sappl Hannes , Kubjatko Tibor
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study is to collate valuable information about the hazard perception process of (young) drivers and to evaluate their hazard perception skills. For this, an eye-tracking system was used to record the visual behaviour of drivers. In addition, a system based on a data logger and sensors was developed to capture and log the relevant data from the vehicle. By tapping into the vehiclés CAN bus (Controller Area Network), the needed parameters (e.g. position of accelerator, brake, and clutch pedal, as well as the steering wheel angle) were acquired through the reverse engineering of the vehicle′s CAN stream. All the captured data was subsequently synchronized and overlaid in the eye-tracking video. The complete system, i.e. data-logger and sensors, was consistently integrated into a driving school car. Due to the fact that all the data was captured in real-time whilst driving in traffic, every analysed situation can be considered unique and therefore cannot be compared to other situations. The results of the study revealed that only in 18% of the analysed situations, the hazard-perception skills were adequate or the same as they were taught at the driving school just a few months previous. Confronted by the videos of their lessons, the participating drivers adjusted their self-assessment scores for their driving skills downwards by around 25% on average.
Distribution and ecology of two interesting diatom species Navicula flandriae Van de Vijver et Mertens and Planothidium nanum Bąk, Kryk et Halabowski in rivers of Southern Poland and their spring areas
Authors: Halabowski Dariusz , Bąk Małgorzata , Lewin Iga
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we report new records of rare diatoms that have recently been found in Southern Poland. Planothidium nanum was found only in the upper reaches of the Centuria River, which is not exposed to human influence, while Navicula flandriae was found in two rivers (the Bolina and the Mleczna) affected by salt mine water from hard coal mines. The impact of anthropogenic salinity on diatom communities is as yet poorly documented. Therefore, we conducted a survey on this phenomenon. We surveyed seven sampling sites for diatom assemblages and habitat characteristics, including three sampling sites impacted by mine water. Navicula flandriae was recorded at both sampling sites affected by salt mine water and in two other rivers (the Centuria and the Mitręga), indicating its wide preference for salinity. We confirmed the occurrence of P. nanum at the same site where this species was found and described in our previous paper. In addition, we recorded the occurrence of this species at two other sites in habitats with similar characteristics (lower reaches of the Centuria and Wiercica rivers). Our results indicate a more common occurrence of N. flandriae and P. nanum, which means that further monitoring of diatoms is necessary.
The Education in Crisis. The Initial Description and Assessment of the Phenomenon
Authors: Szmyd Jan
Published: June 2021

The contemporary education faces the worsening structural crisis. It is the real e d u c a t i o n a l c r i s i s – it’s being exposed at a scale not experienced before. This crisis is determined with the civilization and economy. It’s being invoked with expanded scientific-technology and information civilization and co-related new neoliberal socio-economic system. Thus, the educational crisis is global, as it’s determinants are.

The article focus on the main manifestations of the educational crisis: 1) the excessive orientation of higher education programmes on the utilitarian (professional, vocational) knowledge at the expense of the general (cultural and humanistic) knowledge, which is driven by the economic growth; 2) the collapse of the great pedagogical narratives and ideas; 3) the regress of academic identity of the most of universities; 4) the increasing dysfunction of the classical models of school, teacher and upbringing; 5) the permanent decrease of the quality of the general education and upbringing.

The contemporary educational crisis is the major threat to the comprehensive and harmonious human development, in a sense it’s the crisis of the man himself.
The Word Leading to Agreement
Authors: Kowalczyk Małgorzata , Poslední Petr
Published: June 2021

The concept of the language as an instrument for children, that leads to their mutual understanding in the classes 1–3, depends on the comprehensive educators approach to the relations between linguistics and the philosophy of language, developmental psychology, sociology of culture, and the history of the Polish society. The child’s undertaking of the school education imposes on the teacher the obligation to accompany it not only in mastering the elementary knowledge of the native language’s grammar system, but also in creating situations that overcome students fear of making difficult decisions when solving interesting tasks. When using the functions of the language: fatic, communicative, informational, expressive or meta-linguistic, pupils go through the several stages from the incorrect speech to correct speech, and they master the elementary structure of the reading texts intended for the little recipients. The described process would be strengthened depending on the pupil’s social background, and conditioned culturally and environmentally. This in turn affects the perception of the poetic language function and aesthetic attitude towards art.
Professional Learning Community (PLC) in Singapore (Potential and Limitations in Shaping High-Quality Education)
Authors: Nowosad Inetta
Published: June 2021

The aim of this article is to recognise the Professional Learning Communities (PLC) model adopted in 2009 in Singapore as a national mode. The explicit use of the term of PLC together with related terms makes it possible to understand an educational policy which is focused on the implementation of concepts developed in a different, foreign context. The orientation adopted in Singapore identifies PLC not only as reinforcing incentives for teachers and their professionalism, but more broadly, as reinforcing the already high-quality education. The arguments and evidence presented in this article are mainly based on literature and research review, as well as on analyses of source documents.
Why Polish Teachers Quit Jobs in Public Schools? Research Report
Authors: Michniuk Anna
Published: June 2021

The aim of the article is to present the reasons for leaving the job in public schools by Polish teachers. The author describes the current situation of teachers in Poland, paying attention to their salaries and some expectations set for them. Based on the research results (N = 108), it was found that Polish teachers most often leave teaching in public schools for: financial reasons (too low salaries), being mobbed by the headteachers, divisions in the teachers’ group and also too tough and outdated education system. These reasons are connected with internal and external motivations. Interestingly, after quitting a public school, almost 40% of the respondents wanted to stay in education field, 12% wanted to emigrate and 10% of respondents declared to move to the job which will be connected with ICT.
About Statistical Thinking in Pedagogics. On the Margin of the Reading of Wiesław Szymczak’s bookThe practice of Statistical Inference
Authors: Pasikowski Sławomir
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to the issue of statistical thinking in pedagogy and research conducted in this discipline. Inspired by the readings of the book by Wiesław Szymczak,The Practice of Statistical Inference, it contains comments on popular associations and misunderstandings about what statistics is, what its principles and goals are, and therefore also comments on the using of statistical methods inconsistently with the underlying assumptions of statistical theory.
Characteristics, Chemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Methanol Extracts of Lichens Pleurosticta Acetabulum and Cladonia Subulata
Authors: Tomovic Jovica , Kosanic Marijana , Rankovic Branislav , Vasiljevic Perica , Najman Stevo , Manojlovic Nedeljko
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition of methanol extracts of the lichens Pleurosticta acetabulum and Cladonia subulata and their antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The phytochemical analysis of the extracts of lichens was determined by HPLC-UV method. The predominant phenolic compounds in these extracts were norstictic acid and salazinic acids in P. acetabulum, while hypoprotocetraric acid and fumarprotocetraric acid were the major metabolites detected in C. subulata. Total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically, with the varied amount from 21.31 to 73.45 mg GA/g and from 8.48 to 15.42 mg RU/g, respectively. The lichen extracts showed comparable and strong antioxidant activity, exhibited higher DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavengings, inhibitory activity towards lipid peroxidation and reducing power. Cytotoxic effects of lichens were tested against HeLa S3 and LS174 cell lines using MTT method.The cytotoxic effects of P. acetabulum and C. subulata extracts toward two cancer cell lines were in the range from 39.17 to >200 μg/mL IC50 value. The present study showed that the tested extracts of lichens demonstrated important antioxidant and anticancer effects. That suggests that these lichens can be used as new sources of the natural antioxidants and anti-cancer compounds.
On the Shapes of the Polish Word: Phonotactic Complexity and Diversity
Authors: Zydorowicz Paulina , Jankowski Michał , Dziubalska-Kołaczyk Katarzyna
Published: June 2021

The aim of this contribution is to identify the dominant shapes of the Polish word with reference to three criteria: cluster complexity (i.e., cluster size), saturation (the number of clusters in a word), and diversity (in terms of features of consonant description). The dominant word shape is understood as the mostfrequentortypicalskeletal pattern, expressed by means of alternations or groupings of Cs (consonants) and Vs (vowels), e.g., CVCCV etc., or by means of specific features (of place, manner, voice, and the sonorant/obstruent distinction). Our work focuses on 2 aspects of Polish phonotactics: (1) the relation between cluster complexity and saturation of words with clusters, (2) the degrees of diversity in features of place, manner, and voice within clusters. Using corpus data, we have established that only 4.17% of word shapes have no clusters. The dominant word shape for a one-cluster word is CVCCVCV. The most frequent scenario for a word shape is to contain two clusters, of which 67% are a combination of a word initial and a word medial cluster. We have found that: (1) cluster length is inversely proportional to the number of clusters in a word; (2) nearly 73% of word types contain clusters of the same size, e.g., two CCs or two CCCs (Polish words prefer saturation over complexity); (3) MOA is more diversified than POA across clusters and words.
Dissecting the Word: The Use of the LexemeShitin Selected Performances of Comedian Dave Chappelle’s Stand-Up Routine
Authors: Dylewski Radosław
Published: June 2021

The paper explores the use of the lexemeshitin the corpus of Dave Chappelle’s stand-up specials released between 2000 and 2019. It consists of two parts: theoretical and analytical. The first one presents theoretical and pragmatic considerations connected with stand-up routines, touches upon slang semantics, and depicts the links between Dave Chappelle’s stage persona and the hip hop community. Lastly, it presents the reader with the past and present-day status of the lexeme at issue. In the analytical section of the paper the use ofshitin the aforesaid corpus is scrutinized from the semantic angle. The discussion is supplemented with the results culled from the corpus of rap lyrics compiled at the Faculty of English at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. The paper argues that (i)shithas lost its taboo status and is mainly used in both corpora as a less formal equivalent ofstuff,anythingandsomethingand (ii) Chappelle’s stage use ofshit, even though present in a different context and serving context-specific purposes, corresponds to the use of African American rappers in their song lyrics (assuming that rap lyrics depict African American English, this conclusion can be extended to the sociolect of African Americans).
The Main Principles of Adminisrative Licensing in Oil and Gas Sector of Norway
Authors: Shvets N. N. , Belyakova M. Yu.
Published: June 2021

The present article is dedicated to the analysis of administrative licensing procedure in Norwegian oil and gas sector. That is one of the most important mechanisms of state regulation in this area. The paper explores a wide range of reasons for choosing precisely this model of interaction between oil and gas companies and the state. The main aspects of the present administrative licensing system are highlighted in the article. Particular attention is paid to pre-qualification of oil and gas companies, participating in licensing rounds, especially to different criteria for choosing oil and gas companies that will operate on Norwegian Continental Shelf. Further conditions of their cooperation are provided. Moreover, the article refers to the role and the functions of state bodies in Norway that control and govern the licensing process - the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy and the Petroleum Directorate - and describes different types of licenses that exist in oil and gas sector of Norway. In conclusion the article shows numerous advantages of using the administrative licensing system in oil and gas sector, its impact on the economy of Norway and the possibility of its application in the oil and gas sector of Russia.
Implementation of International Standards in Russia's Foreign Trade Statistics
Authors: Grigoruk N. E. , Galkin S. A.
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes the basic documents of international organizations in recent years, which have become the global standard for the development and improvement of statistics of foreign economic relations of most countries, including the Russian Federation. The article describes the key features of the theory and practice of modern foreign trade statistics in Russia and abroad, with an emphasis on the methodological problems of its main parts - the external trade statistics. It shows their interpretation in the most recent recommendations by UN statistical apparatus and other international organizations; considers a range of problems associated with the implementation of the national statistical practices of countries, including Russia and the countries of the Customs Union, the main international standard of foreign trade statistics - UN document "International Merchandise Trade Statistics". The main attention is paid to methodological issues such as: the criteria for selecting the objects of statistical accounting in accordance with international standards, quantitative and cost parameters of foreign trade statistics, statistical methods and estimates of commodity exports and imports, the problems of comparability of data; to a comparison of international standards in 2010 with documents on key precursor methodology of foreign trade statistics, characterized by the practice of introducing these standards in the foreign trade statistics of Russia and the countries of the Customs Union. The article analyzes the content given in the official statistical manuals of Russia foreign trade and foreign countries, covers the main methodological problems of World Trade in conjunction with the major current international statistical standards - System of National Accounts, Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services and other documents; provides specific data describing the current structure of Russian foreign trade and especially its position in international trade in goods and services.
Concentration and Diversification of Production by Example of Major Indian Business groups
Authors: Vorobyeva M. A.
Published: June 2021

The goal of this work is to show that in contrast with the dominating economic concept, that concentration and expansion of production in one or several neighboring industries is the natural and economically reasonable mechanism for business growth, there is an alternative model of big business development, such as the industrial diversification. In this paper we analyze the phenomenon of big capital diversification on example of Indian business groups. We assume that diversification appears to be a necessary, and sometimes the only possible way of big business development amid imperfect market competition, inherent in emerging markets. We show that the main feature of big business formation in India, due to some conditions of colonial and postcolonial development, is that capital concentration was not accompanied by industrial concentration. The factors which condition the absence of industrial concentration in the Indian business groups are: the activity of managing agencies and other specifics of primitive capital accumulation, state regulations and licensing policy, state limitations on the scale of production, tough Monopoly Act, various market distortions etc. The paper also postulates that heterogenic industrial structure predetermines organizational and managerial forms big business takes. It resumes that industrial diversification enables big business to better adjust to market and legal imperfections as well as to hedge transnationalisation risks. As a business strategy diversification is common not only to India, but to other big vibrant rapidly developing economies. The success of Asian and Latin American business groups and conglomerates is worthy of a comprehensive investigation to adopt their experience in Russia.
Transport Corridors in the Russian Integration Projects, the Case of the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Podberezkina O. A.
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the political importance of transport corridors in terms of the development of integration projects in the post-Soviet space. The world is witnessing the formation of a single market and transport and communication infrastructure, which intensifies competition among regional and world leaders, both states and non-state actors, such as businesses, markets over the routes of transporting goods. In the medium and long term the value of the control over the transport routes will increase due to the dynamics of economic development in the Asia-Pacific region. Competition for the development of projects of international transport corridors (ITC) between the leading countries in the region will increase, because the ITC entail the formation of a common political space, the reduction of tariff and customs barriers, which provides easy access to the markets of countries linked by ITCs and creates the preconditions for economic integration. The growing political importance of ITC is reflected in the fact that global leaders such as China, the US, the EU, are trying to create their own versions of international land transport corridors connecting Europe and Asia. China is trying to promote their transport project "Economic Belt Silk Road" European countries develop cooperation on ITC TRACECA with other countries of Eurasia. US also embody their interests through the implementation of the project by the ITC in Afghanistan. Transport corridors in Russia are seen as a way to integrate it into the global transportation system and logistics space. To do this, Russia needs to develop Eurasian transport corridors through its territory. As a result of the implementation of transport projects Russia will be able to ensure the transit of goods from China to Europe, which has a positive impact on the economic development of the regions through which they pass. Development of international transportation through Russia will unite many of the players on the world stage: integration associations, state, transnational corporations, business entities, regional authorities.
Kazakh Initiatives on Cooperation with European Union
Authors: Kurmanguzhin R. S.
Published: June 2021

The author of this article presents initiatives of the Republic of Kazakhstan to develop cooperation with the European Union that was initiated through 2000 - 2009. In 2000 the Republic of Kazakhstan proposed to EU Comment cooperation doctrine in Central Asia. The purpose of the doctrine lied in expanding cooperation in the areas of trade, economy and investment; in granting access to commodities and services from European markets; in developing collaboration in the areas of energy, transport, communication, finance and banking. In 2006 Kazakhstan introduced a new set of prepossess to the new European Union Strategy for Central Asian 2007-2013 that was developed under the chairmanship of Germany of the EU in the first half of 2007. The Strategy covered areas of cooperation such as regional integration, economic development, democratization, energy and security. In 2008 under the instructions of the President of Kazakhstan Ministry of Foreign Affairs in cooperation with other ministries developed a state programme "Path to Europe" for 2009 - 2011, which aided the priorities of cooperation between Kazakhstan and the European Union. "Path to Europe" has become a key initiative of the Kazakh foreign policy that was successfully implemented, as well as the most important document aimed at modernization of the national economy and the Kazakh society. In the beginning of2009 using the accumulated positive experience of cooperation with the EU and experience of a number of countries in Europe and Asia, Kazakhstan devised and submitted a concept of a new treaty which was supposed to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement of 1995. The Republic of Kazakhstan's influence eventually persuaded the European Union to agree on the necessity of devising the Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.
National Identity as a Factor of Inter-Cultural Communication
Authors: Volkova E. A.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the definition and origin of the notions «mentality (identity)» and «national mentality (identity)» focusing on their complex essence. The article names factors that affect the formation of national identity, at the same time pointing out the aspect of human life that the identity itself affects. The notion «national identity» is revealed via its vocabulary definitions. National identity is analyzed as a factor of inter-cultural communication, its role and importance in this communication are also analyzed. One of the objectives of the research is signing out the limits of the concepts «national identity» and «inter-cultural communication» and revealing the conditions of their interaction and mutual dependence. National identity is a complex notion, which complexity lies within the combination of mental and emotional, spiritual elements. This factor adds extra difficulty into understanding, as well as investigating the notion of national identity. Thus it is not rarely ignored in linguistics, international communication, even in teaching languages. However, nowadays, when globalization makes international contacts and communication widely accessible, many people meet unexpected difficulties that derive from ignoring national identity factor. That is why recently it is getting more and more obvious that taking national identity into consideration can be one of the main keys to successful communication at all levels.
Interpretation of Historical Facts in Modern Italian Literature by the Example of Umberto Eco’s Novel “Baudolino”
Authors: Mushtanova O. Yu.
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to interpretation of historical facts in Umberto Eco's novel " Baudolino ". The subject of interpretation in the novel is medieval history, in particular, the reign of the emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Eco uses the typical for the historical novel method, which is the combination of facts from chronicles and fictional elements; the events are shown by the eyes of an invented character Baudolino. Emphasizing the connection between history and modernity, Eco proposes to revise the stereotypes associated with the mentioned historical period. The portraits of historical figures are borrowed from the chronicles, however in the novel they get more emotional in the perception of the protagonist, typical cliches are replaced by individuality. The opposition of italian communes to the government of Frederick also becomes a part of Baudolino's personal history. The interpretation of many events is based on legendary sources, including local tales of the italian city Alessandria, the legends of Grail and of Prester John. The legendary material fills in the gaps in medieval history. Many events (in particular, the participation of Barbarossa in the Third Crusade) correspond to the chronicles in the descriptive part, however they acquire a fictional motivation. The mystery of the emperor's death is solved in a detective key. The novel presents various doctrines elaborated in the imperial office of Frederick, their authorship is attributed to Baudolino. In the novel «Baudolino» Umberto Eco not only interprets creatively certain facts of the past, but he also practices the postmodern concept of history, according to which the past is unknowable as objective and ultimate truth and therefore it exists only in the form of a narrative. The past and the present have no fundamental difference, the history is always interpreted from the perspective of the present.
Lifelong Education: External and Internal Constructs of Human Motivation
Authors: Kurdenkova O. P.
Published: June 2021

Rapid changes in the modern society lead to the alteration of the role of education in it. Knowledge obtained several years ago becomes outdated and not relevant. Permanent development of one's skills and acquirement of new competences are the essential and integral part of a modern society. At the summit in Lisbon in 2000, lifelong education was defined as the priority in the development of educational policy within European Educational Area. Six major principles were also represented. Effective and sustained results of application of lifelong learning conception are closely connected with the implementation of these principles. The Russian Federation signed the Bologna Declaration in 2003. As a result active work on implementing the ideas of lifelong education is conducted. According to statistics, motivation towards continuation of education among the Russian population is extremely low. The author points to the importance of this problem, as motivation is the driving force of every activity. Analyzing European experience the author affirms that creation of the state educational policy based on lifelong learning is one of the key priorities. Active participation of the government will contribute to increase of the motivation towards continuation of education among all the age groups.
Japan in the Russia - U.S. Relations
Authors: Volkov S. V.
Published: June 2021

The article examines the impact of the crisis in Russia - U. S. relations in connection with the events surrounding Ukraine on the world system and its key component - the Asia-Pacific region where Japan plays a crucial role. The author assumes that the international relations have no common understanding of the rules of engagement between the USA, the Group of Seven, Russia and the BRICS countries. As a result, the leading countries of the world are guided by conflicting scenarios. The article deals with the American scenario in relation to China and the Russian Federation and the Russian one in relation to polycentric and the U. S. - centered world orders. The most important element of the American scenario in relation to Beijing is Japan. This country is central to Washington's policy to contain China. Tokyo is headed for the rapid rejection of pacifist principles of its foreign policy. Russian scenario for the international system is in an active course to establishing a polycentric world order. United States' scenario against Russia in this regard is a containment strategy of Moscow. The central component of this strategy, as it can be assumed, is a violation of the strategic balance in US - Russian relations. However, Ukraine has become a major springboard to contain Russia. Instead of establishing equal Russian - American relations United States and their allies (under American pression) have chosen a policy of isolating Moscow, but such actions are blocking the Russian - Japanese rapprochement beneficial both for Tokyo and Kremlin, which is interested in deepening its ties with Japan in order to diversify its relations with Asia-Pacific area. The author concludes that the long-term interests of Russia and Japan dictate both sides to move closer, but the policy of the U.S. administration towards Russia on the Ukranian question blocks this possibility.
Lvov and Sandomir Offensive Operation: the Look 70 Years
Authors: Makovskiy V. B.
Published: June 2021

Successful advances of Soviet troops in Belarus created in the middle of July 1944 favorable conditions for large-scale operations on the southern flank of the Soviet-German front to complete the liberation of Ukraine and Moldova, driving Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria out of war, and driving the enemy from Czechoslovakia. During the Soviet offensive in Belorussia 1st Ukrainian Front began operation in the Lvov direction. The operation, which was later called the Lvov-Sandomierz, turned into a major offensive of more than 400 km and lasted from July 13 to August 29, 1944. The Soviet Supreme Command was seeking to crush Army Group "Northern Ukraine", liberate Western Ukraine and take the war to the south east Poland. Operations were carried out by 1st Ukrainian Front in close cooperation with the Soviet troops operating in the Belarusian direction. It was closely linked to the southern wing of the Soviet-German front, a series of successive and simultaneous front offensive operations, including operations by groups of fronts, united by a common concept and plan, such as Lvov-Sandomierz, Iasi-Kishenёvskaya, East Carpathian.
To the Question on the Nature of Military Threats and Non-Military Responses
Authors: Tsyrendorzhjyev S. R.
Published: June 2021

The notion of "military danger, military threats, military and non-military measures to Parry, and other definitions from the policy of the State to ensure the military security of the now widely used in journalism, conceptual, other documents and research. The attentive reader it is not difficult to notice the ambiguity in the interpretation of these concepts. This makes it difficult to not only the perception of the relevant topics for ensuring military security publications, but also the development of the theory and practice of ensuring the defence and security of the State. The author's view on the essence of the reasoning logic of non-military measures to counter military threats, as the ultimate goal of the article is the following.First the task of analyzing the concept of "national security", "object of national security" and understand the functions of the State, society and the individual to ensure national security. Decomposition of an object of national security, which is "national property" (the content of the concepts described in the article) has made it possible to substantiate the basis for classification of national security threats and with better understanding of the nature, variety, Genesis. This provided a rationale for the role and the place of the tasks ensuring military security in the common task of ensuring national security, the correlation of military and non-military threats.The final phase of the research, the results of which are set out in the article is devoted to analysis of military threats, which made it possible to identify their main structural elements: source, media, military-political and strategic nature, install the main factors defining the content of these elements and their interaction. Based on these results, the proposed definition of the essence of non-military measures for counteracting of military threats, as well as guidelines for developing these measures.
Monetary Union is the future of EAEU
Authors: Kuznetsov V. S.
Published: June 2021

The president of Russian Federation V. Putin's Order from the 10th of March 2015 to the Government and Central Bank of Russia to work on the plan of creating Monetary Union of EAEU by the 1st of September cannot be ignored by scientific community's attention of Russia and other Eurasian countries. Strategic goal of this document is pretty clear - to create an island of currency stability in the surrounding of Jamaica's Monetary nonsystem and existing monopolar and assimetric world's dollar order, to minimize the dependency of Eurasian countries on US dollar, to hold its world expansion, to freeze the process of financing of USA imbalances by all countries, to turn back the process of dollarization of Eurasian countries and world's dollarization and relieve the world's community from future financial crises. The world's financial and economic crisis of 2008-2010 has clearly shown that US monetary, credit and banking system has become a permanent source of future turmoil of world's scale. It creates a necessity to activate the process of monetary integration of countries on the regional level and transformation of the modern Jamaica's world's dollar standard into the world's multipolar monetary standard. In this article the author analyses he stages of setting up the Eurasian regional monetary order from the creation of multilateral settlement system using common regional currency unit to the introduction of Eurasian currency system with Eurasian currency unit, which can be transformed in the future into the Eurasian Economic and monetary union with common regional currency (euras), which can restrict the world's monopoly position of the dollar.
The Phenomenon of «Islamic State»
Authors: Fedorchenko A. V. , Krylov A. V.
Published: June 2021

On the first day of the holy month of Ramadan July 29,2014, jihadist organization "Islamic State" (IG), formerly known as "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (ISIS), announced the creation of a "caliphate" in the areas controlled by its militants in Iraq and Syria. Using the weakness of state power and poignancy of inter-ethnic, inter-tribal conflicts, the leaders of the ISIS were able to multiply the number of its supporters and increase their influence. The crisis of "secular ideologies" (primarily Western liberalism and communism), greatly contributed to the success of "Islamic boom", including the creation of the ISIS. It prompted broad appeal to the Muslim masses on the ideological basis closer to them in spirit, mentality, purely religious values. The ISIS is funded better than any other extremist group before it. At least five sources of replenishment of its finances can be named. Current goals ofjihadists include the use of a power vacuum, bringing chaos in the various territories in the Muslim world, and prepare the ground for the transition to the ultimate goal of the program, namely the re-establishment, as it is declared, of the powerful theocratic state - the Caliphate, in the likeness of that which existed in Middle Ages, during the victorious Muslim conquests in the VII-IX centuries. The effectiveness of the fight against the ISIS depends on a combination of political, military, economic and social measures. Furthermore, it should be coordinated internationally. International coordination of anti-terrorist activities of Russia with the West and the East should bring positive results.
The Islamic State" in the Context of Political Changes in the Middle East
Authors: Kuznetsov A. A.
Published: June 2021

The article "The Islamic State phenomenon in the framework of the political changes in the Middle East" is dedicated to the "Islamic State", one of the most powerful and dangerous extremist organizations. Author realizes in this article: research of the genesis and causes of appearance of the movement "Islamic State"; analysis of the sociopolitical and geopolitical situation of the Iraqi Sunni community after the American invasion of 2003; bringing to the light factors of the high scale propagation of the Islamic extremism in Syria and Iraq; research of the military and political potential of the "Islamic State" and factors which could impede its expansion. Author considers "Islamic State" as an emergent phenomenon giving huge impact on the political situation in the Middle East. It provoked repartition of the old frontiers existed since the Sykes-Pico treaty of 1916. To the author's opinion oppression of the Iraqi Sunni community by the government of Nuri al-Maliki was the main cause of the Sunni revolt in Summer of 2014. Sunni tribes of Northern Iraq and former Baath party members were the driving forces of the revolt but then Jihadi extremists hijacked this revolt. To the author's mind elimination of the "Islamic State" is impossible without reconciliation between various religious communities in Syria and Iraq.
Commissariats of Military Industry during the Great Patriotic War
Authors: Il’In Yu. V.
Published: June 2021

Strengthening national defense by building up military and economic potential was the most important vital task of the Soviet Union during the whole period of its existence. The price of enormous effort of labor, research and design teams, huge material and financial costs in the course of the prewar five-year plans in the Soviet Union was paid and incurred to create the military-industrial complex (MIC) - sector of social production, designed to provide security for the state in armed struggle. The core of the DIC were four industry: Commissariat of Aviation Industry (NCAP), the People’s Commissariat of ammunition (NBC) weapons Commissariat (IEC) and the People's Commissariat of the shipbuilding industry (NCSP), formed in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on January 11, 1939 by separation of the People's Commissariat of Defense Industry of the USSR. They became a separate group of central government, designed to provide measures for the implementation of strategic decisions of the military and political leadership of the country. Objective assessment of commissariats effectiveness were the results of their operations in wartime. From this point of view it is necessary to ascertain performance of its mission - to supply front with modern means of warfare. Largely due to this fact, the Soviet Union won in serious confrontation with the military-industrial complex military industry of Nazi Germany and its satellites. On the basis of archival documents and testimony of contemporaries the article shows the contribution of the defense industry in the Soviet Union's victory in the Great Patriotic War.
The History of Popularization of Science in France
Authors: Romanova M. D.
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the process of popularization of science in France in terms of bilateral cooperation between scientists and the media. Mediator in the relationship of the two parties is a science journalist. The long history of interaction between researchers and journalists in France can serve as a theoretical model applicable to the Russian media system. Science journalist, acting primarily as a popularizer of science, is intended to bring to the uninitiated reader scientific facts in an accessible form. In this connection, still the question remains about the specialized education of science journalists: whether he should specialize in a particular field or possess the basics of writing and be able to transpose the complex scientific language. French popular science magazines are not only popular among scientists themselves who are willing to cooperate with publishers and participate in the preparation of the editions, but also among readers. Relations between science journalists and scientists should be considered at the theoretical and practical levels. The paper analyzes in detail the first level, which includes the history of the emergence of scientific journalism in France since the first edition of the scientificjournal in Europe, as well as peculiarities of the educational system in this field. A special role in shaping ideas about the role of science journalists belongs to the Association of Science Journalists of informational press, organization, which is actively involved in the development of trust between scientists and journalists.
The Narrative Structure of Amy Tan’s ‘The Bonesetter’s Daughter’: Myth as a Critical Element
Authors: Karavaeva E. M.
Published: June 2021

The article explores Amy Tan's use of ghosts and spirituality in her novel 'The Bonesetter's Daughter'. The author studies how the belief in ghosts functions in the novel as an alternative perspective through which to understand life, social relations, and the cosmos. The spirit of Gu Liu Xin, the Chinese grandmother, plays a critical role in developing the psychological integrity of Ruth Luyi Young, the American-born Chinese granddaughter. It also helps guide Lu Ling, Liu Xin's daughter and Ruth's mother, out of the hazardous situation in China and sustains Lu Ling in times of alienation and hardship in America. The article concludes that spirituality is essential for a subjugated woman character to achieve her personal and political freedom as well as her physical and spiritual wholeness.
The 2nd Guards Tank Army in the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation
Authors: Daynes V. O.
Published: June 2021

One of the greatest battles of the Great Patriotic and also the World War II took place on the outskirts of the capital of Nazi Germany on April 16, 1945. Three magor fronts - 1st Belorussian, 2nd Byelorussian, 1st Ukrainian - and four tank armies were involved. They were not used as highly mobile groups to enter Berlin from the north and north-west, they were sent first to break powerful enemy defenses, and then to wage battles on the streets. The Supreme Command and the commanders of the 1st Byelorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts understood the inevitability of heavy losses in tanks and troops, but deliberately took this step. The aim was not only a speedy capture of the German capital and the end of the war, but also to be ahead of allies on their way to Berlin. The article deals with the planning and preparation for the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation, the use of 2nd Guards Tank Army, who played along with other tank divisions a magor role in the success of this operation.
Little-Known Operations of the Soviet Troops in Liberation of Czechoslovakia
Authors: Makovsky V. B.
Published: June 2021

RETRACTED

Successful advances of Soviet troops during the East Carpathian offensive created very favorable conditions for further operations to liberate Czechoslovakia. The breakthrough by Soviet troops of powerful natural barriers - the Eastern Carpathians with strongly fortified defensive positions created an entirely new situation on the Carpathian-Prague direction. The enemy lost an important strategic milestone, a cover of Czechoslovakia from the east. There were favorable conditions for the further deployment of the Red Army offensive deep into Czechoslovakia and access to the southern border of Germany. During this operation the right wing of the 2nd and 4th Ukrainian Fronts entered the territory of Czechoslovakia and by the end of 1944 liberated a large part of South and South-East Slovakia, surrounded by the large enemy grouping. During the offensive they managed to destroy about four divisions of the enemy, and capture more than 68 thousand troops. In March - April 1945 as a result of the fighting of the 2nd and 4th Ukrainian fronts and friendly Czechoslovak and Romanian forces large groups of the Wehrmacht were defeated in the Western Carpathians. Slovakia and Moravia were completely liberated, including such major administrative and industrial centers such as Prague, Brno and Moravian Ostrava. Within six weeks the troops advanced on both fronts more than 150-350 km, reaching the southern regions of Germany and central regions of Czechoslovakia, occupying a favorable position for an attack on Prague and the final defeat of the Wehrmacht.
The War in the Historical Memory of Nations
Authors: Pavlov N. V.
Published: June 2021

There is no doubt that the most important event of the 20th century was a joint victory of the united front of peoples and states over German fascism. For some that was the victory in the Second World War. For the Russians - the victory in the Great Patriotic War which cost the Soviet Union incredible efforts, enormous sacrifices and material losses. Now when we celebrate the 70thyear since that epoch-making date we turn our attention once more to the lessons of history because the memory of the war has been imprinted deeply on our gene level of Russians and Germans. This is because every family from both sides sustained heavy losses. This memory is alive in literature, in movies and plays, songs, in memorials, biographies and historical dates. The Russian and German descendants of those who fought against each other are doing an important work searching for the killed, looking after the burial places, compensating the damage to the victims of this inhuman massacre, trying to understand critically our common and controversial past. What was the 9th of May for the Germans and the Russians in the perception of Germans and Russians? Was it a victory, a defeat or liberation? This is what the author of the article reflects on, convinced that we are anyway dealing with the greatest event of the 20th century, at least because it prevented the end of civilization.