bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATE SAMPLING IN THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF CERAMIC MATERIALS*
Authors: Knight F. P.
Published: June 2006

A discussion of the theory and methods of sampling and their application to the production and use of feldspar and other ceramic materials is presented. Analytical data concerning segregation within shipments and bin contents arc given.
VII. Further Studies of Enamel‐Metal Contact Zones by Microscopic and Metallographic Methods
Authors: Spencer‐Strong G. H. , Lord J. O. , King R. M.
Published: June 2006

This paper reports the results of a continuation and confirmation of Schwartz‐walder's work.
DOMES FOR CIRCULAR KILNS*
Authors: Fellows J. A.
Published: June 2006

The object of this study was to find the shape of a dome having no circumferential stresses. To find such a surface of revolution, the calculus of variations was employed, and a differential equation set up whose solution would be a curve which, when revolved about the vertical axis, would give this surface. This differential equation was found to be unsolvable except by graphical methods. A graphical solution was obtained using an integrating machine. The vertical cross‐section of this surface is compared with well‐known curves. It is found that spherical domes with small heights lie inside the surface in question, and are therefore stable, while spherical domes which approach a hemisphere lie outside this surface at certain points, and are unstable. These conclusions are in accordance with the physical facts. Tables containing all the data relative to this derived surface are given. The relation between the resultant stress at the base and the height is shown graphically. The radial component of stress is found to approach infinity for a very flat dome, and to approach zero for a high dome. The value of this dome lies in the fact that stability of any curve may be determined by comparison with it. Any curve which lies outside this limiting curve at any point will give an unstable dome. It also makes it possible to find the surface having a minimum resultant stress for any given base diameter or any given height.
A COMPILATION OF PHASE‐RULE DIAGRAMS OF INTEREST TO THE CERAMIST AND SILICATE TECHNOLOGIST*
Authors: Hall F. P. , Insley Herbert
Published: June 2006

This paper is a compilation of phase‐rule diagrams, principally of silicates and the refractory oxides, that may be useful to the ceramist and the silicate technologist. The text of the paper includes definitions of terms used in discussion of the Phase Rule, a description of methods used in the study of systems at high temperatures, and an interpretation of Phase‐Rule diagrams for systems with one or more components.
TESTS OF REINFORCED BRICK COLUMNS*
Authors: Lyse Inge
Published: June 2006

This paper presents the data obtained in an extensive investigation on reinforced brick columns. The results furnished a basis for the development of rational design formulas. The strengths of the columns were found to be made up of the effective strength of the masonry plus the yield‐point strength of the longitudinal reinforcement. A study of the type of masonry mortars revealed the fact that Portland cement mortar containing 15% ordinary brick clay by weight of the cement gave better results than did any of the other types used.

A review of all known experiments on brick piers and columns is given.
AN X‐RAY STUDY OF THE TOUGHNESS OF PAVING BRICK*
Authors: Stong Guy E.
Published: June 2006

X‐ray diffraction photographs of paving brick were compared with those of pure materials.

The most important result obtained in this work is the discovery of a line in the X‐ray diffraction pattern of paving brick which is characteristic of high‐grade shale paving brick. This line, produced by an undetermined crystal, is more intense in the tougher than in the weaker brick. The line falls at 2.03 ± 0.01 Ångström units.

A further result of this investigation is the proof that cristobalite, mullite, sillimanite, alumina, and cyanite are not present in the paving brick studied. This also shows that mullite is not produced in ceramic materials at the relatively low temperature at which paving brick are fired.
MODERN WASTE‐HEAT TUNNEL DRIERS*
Authors: Garve T. W.
Published: June 2006

The use of driers utilizing all waste heat available from kiln firing and cooling is advocated. Faults of waste‐heat tunnel driers in reference to the manner of heat application are eliminated by original methods reaching the vital points, which are incorporated in driers of the following types: (1) hot air (waste heat) from top, combustion gas from bottom (optional); (2) hot air (waste heat) from bottom, combustion gas from bottom; and (3) hot air (waste heat) from bottom.
ENAMELS OF STANDARD COLORS FOR VITREOUS CHINA SANITARY WARE AT CONE 6*
Authors: Kautz Karl M.
Published: June 2006

The composition and preparation of the six colored enamels for producing the standard color samples in use in the sanitary ware industry are given. These enamels can also be used for the production of a standard vitreous china sanitary ware at cone 6.
A FUSION STUDY OF THE HIGH FELDSPAR AREA IN THE FELDSPAR‐KAOLIN‐QUARTZ SYSTEM*
Authors: Waldschmidt M. H.
Published: June 2006

Pyrometric cone equivalent values of various mixtures of the three components are presented with some observations on deformation eutectics found and on the location of the true eutectic.
DE‐AIRING STIFF‐MUD BODIES BY MEANS OTHER THAN THE VACUUM METHOD*
Authors: Straight H. R.
Published: June 2006

A new design of auger blades and pug‐mill knives which avoid working air into the clay mass during tempering and forming is presented.
SOME PROPERTIES OF ENGLISH CHINA CLAYS*
Authors: Klinefelter T. A. , Meyer W. W. , Vachuska E. J.
Published: June 2006

A study is presented of some of the properties of fifteen English china clays in common use commercially in the United States. Data are presented which may be useful in making substitutions for these clays, as well as furnishing a basis of correlation of some of the properties. A study of the base exchange capacities shows a general relationship to the transverse strengths of the clays in the unfired state.
SOME SHEET‐IRON GROUND‐COAT REBOIL AND BOND STUDIES USING SEVERAL ENAMELING STOCKS*
Authors: Ebright H. E. , Clawson C. D. , Irwin J. T.
Published: June 2006

This paper presents results and observations obtained from a study of metals and some metallic oxides as mill additions to eliminate or reduce reboiling of ground‐coat enamels.
EFFECT OF SODIUM ALUMINATE ON CONSISTENCY AND ACID RESISTANCE OF SOME ACID‐RESISTANT ENAMELS*
Authors: McIntyre G. H. , Irwin J. T. , Carter W. K. , King R. M.
Published: June 2006

This paper includes consistency studies and shows variations in acid resistance occurring with concentration and the method of using sodium aluminate as a setting‐up agent.
DIFFICULTIES IN FIRING DECORATED WHITEWARE*
Authors: Robson J. T.
Published: June 2006

Some of the problems encountered in firing decorated whiteware are discussed. Both commercial and laboratory tests were conducted to show the cause of difficulties and their prevention. The subjects discussed are (1) “spit‐out” or blistered glaze, (3) prevention of crazed or dunted glaze, (3) firing of selenium red overglaze, and (4) prevention of specks in decorating or overglazing one‐fired whiteware.
THE USE OF AUXILIARY FLUXES IN DINNERWARE BODIES*
Authors: Loomis George A.
Published: June 2006

A plant and laboratory study was made of the use of frits as auxiliary fluxes in dinnerware bodies. The frits were added to a commercial earthenware body. Seven‐inch plates of these bodies were jiggered, fired, and glazed at the pottery.

Some practical difficulties encountered were as follows: (1) Due to the progressive solubility of the frits, even when this solubility was slight and only 2 to 4% of the frit was used, the slip was deflocculated and the plasticity of the body was destroyed. This trouble apparently was overcome by using a slight excess of hydrochloric acid in the body slip. (2) The ware of the bodies containing frit warped more than the normal body, especially in the glost fire.

Results of tests of the slips, bodies, and ware are presented.
HIGH‐TEMPERATURE PREPARATION AND THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM ALUMINATE*
Authors: Kammermeyer K. , Peck Albert B.
Published: June 2006

Crystalline sodium aluminate was prepared by heating monomolecular and other mixtures of Na2CO3 and A12O3.3H2O for varying periods to temperatures up to 1700°C.

The constituents produced were identified by petrographic‐microscopic methods, and new optical data on sodium aluminate was obtained.

Sodium aluminate was found to exist from temperatures below 1100 to above 1700°C, its melting point being above 1700°C.

Small amounts of iron oxide aid the formation of sodium aluminate, especially at the lower temperatures.
THE COMMERCIAL UNDERCLAYS OF INDIANA*
Authors: Whitlatch George I.
Published: June 2006

The commercial underclays of Indiana are used extensively in the manufacture of heavy clay products in that State; the use of native underclays for making pottery and refractories has been comparatively limited. Field and laboratory data relating to those underclays now being utilized by the clay plants of the State are summarized. The data, for the most part, are based upon field observations and laboratory tcsts made by the writer. The underclays are discussed with reference to their stratigraphical occurrences, physical characteristics in the outcrop, and physical properties as determined in the laboratory by chemical analyses and fire tests. The data selected for each underclay horizon are representative of the average quality of the clay used commercially from that horizon. Brief mention is made also of the qualities of underclays in horizons other than those being utilized at the present time.
LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF “BETA‐ALUMINA”*
Authors: Austin J. B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

An attempt to determine the linear thermal expansion coefficient of a sample of “beta‐alumina” containing 4.47% K2O and 1.03% Na2O was unsuccessful because the expansion was irregular and not reproducible. On successive heatings, the expansion approached more and more closely that of alpha‐alumina (corundum). This observation, together with the fact that the fused‐silica parts of the expansion apparatus were badly etched during the measurements, apparently by alkali given off by the sample, gives further support to the view that “beta‐alumina” is not an allotropic form of pure alumina but is an alkali aluminate.
EXAMINATION OF AN UNUSUAL CAST IRON *
Authors: Spencer‐Strong G. H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Results of chemical analysis and metallographic investigation of a casting which enameled well, but which contained many defects commonly connected with defective enameling, are discussed.
ACID AND BASE BINDING CAPACITIES AND VISCOSITY RELATIONS IN CERTAIN WHITEWARE CLAYS *
Authors: Henry Edward C. , Taylor Nelson W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

In studying the relationships between the chemical and the physical behavior of clay slips, correlations otherwise obscured are brought out if the clay is first carefully purified. Electrodialysis seems to be an effective method of removing interfering adsorbed electrolyte from clay in preparing it for such investigations.

Electrodialyzed samples of several whiteware clays in wide use in the ceramic industry were found to behave chemically as weak acids and bases. The amount of Na‐OH necessary to neutralize the “acids” coincided with the smallest amount sufficient to produce the minimum viscosity in suspensions of these clays.

The pH of exchange neutrality of each clay agreed closely with a maximum in its pH‐viscosity curve. At this point, the addition either of HCl or NaOH reduced the viscosity, although not equally. As further amounts of NaOH were added, two effects were recognized. Some clays continued to become more fluid until complete deflocculation, while other clays passed first through a range of concentration in which NaOH caused increasing Viscosity. Changes in viscosity were observed also in suspensions with increasing concentrations of HCl. A theory for these effects is presented.
LIFE HISTORY OF A GLAZE: I, MATURING OF A WHITEWARE GLAZE *
Authors: Blakely A. M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Glazed specimens of a commercial semivitreous body were fired according to a production tunnel‐kiln schedule, and draw trials were taken out and quenched at frequent temperature intervals. Thin sections of these specimens were examined with a petrographic microscope for a determination of the constituents in the glaze and at the interface. The volume of the bubbles, undissolved feldspar, and undissolved quartz were measured for each temperature.
USE OF THE WATER ELUTRIATOR IN ADDITION TO SCREEN TESTS IN DETERMINING FINENESS DISTRIBUTION OF MILLED ENAMEL *
Authors: Lange L. A. , Fellows R. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A method of using a water elutriator in combination with screen tests to determine the fineness distribution of milled enamels is described. Results of tests of milled enamels which were ground under various conditions are given.
RANDOM EXPERIMENTS ON ENAMEL ADHERENCE*
Authors: Kautz Karl
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The results of various experiments dealing with the behavior of ground‐coat enamels are given. Hydrogen causes metallic nickel or iron to separate from regular molten ground coats, while the gases evolved from sheet iron cause metallic copper to form from molten copper‐bearing glasses and metallic iron to form from regular molten ground coats. Ground coats have only a slight volatilization loss at 1600°F. Because CuO decomposes when heated in absence of oxygen or with iron or FeO, the various experiments performed suggest that glass solutions of CuO are oxidizing and are reduced by such reducing agents as H2, CO, FeO, CoO, NiO, MnO, and Fe.
CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF METALLIC PARTICLES AND OXIDES OF IRON, NICKEL, AND COBALT IN FIRED GROUND COATS*
Authors: Kautz Karl
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Chemical methods were investigated and are described for studying the products formed in fired ground‐coat enamels. The results obtained show that (1) the metallic particles are essentially iron with a trace of nickel, (2) a film of free FeO exists between glass and iron, (3) total FeO content increases with firing time, but the NiO and CoO content remains constant, and (4) no metallic cobalt and only a trace of metallic nickel is present on the iron surface on which ground coats have been fired and then removed.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLINOIS POTTERY CLAY*
Authors: Harman C. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Four Illinois pottery clays, representing two extreme types and two intermediate types, are described. Porosity and thermal expansion tests were made on the raw and fired clays. The temperature of the inversion of low to high cristobalite in these clays is much lower than is usually accepted for the lower limit of this inversion because cristobalite is formed at low temperatures. A limited amount of data was obtained on the volume changes of raw clays during firing, the organic matter content, and thermal dissociation.
CONTROL OF CRAZING IN SANITARY WARE GLAZES BY MAYER AND HAVAS COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION FACTORS*
Authors: Knecht A. O.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A brief history of glaze literature on coefficient of expansion and a short description of methods of determination are given. Using the factors of Mayer and Havas to calculate the coefficient of expansion of glazes from the percentage weights of their oxides, factors were calculated for glaze raw materials. Instead of the empirical formulas for raw materials, chemical analyses supplied by dealers of glaze materials were used. A series of glazes, starting with a high coefficient and gradually decreasing in coefficient, was tested. After determining from this series the calculated coefficient of the noncrazing glaze, a series was made in which the composition was varied and the coefficient was kept constant. Glazes of low coefficient did not craze. No crazing resulted when the composition of the glazes was varied and the calculated coefficient was kept constant. This method is a valuable means of controlling crazing in sanitary glazes because of its simplicity, the economy of experimental equipment, and the relatively short time required to complete the tests.
APLITE, A NEW CERAMIC MATERIAL*
Authors: Dear Paul S. , Whittemore John W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The chemical and mineralogical content and the physical properties of zoisitic aplite rock, mined in Amherst County, Virginia, and milled in Nelson County, Virginia, have been investigated. The possibilities of various ceramic uses of zoisitic aplite are discussed.
USE OF NEPHELINE SYENITE IN FLOOR‐TILE AND WALL‐TILE BODIES*
Authors: Koenig C. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The physical properties of wall‐tile bodies and floor‐tile bodies are described. The wall‐tile bodies are fluxed respectively with nepheline syenite; feldspar; talc and feldspar; talc and syenite; talc, pyrophyllite, and syenite; and talc, pyrophyllite, and feldspar. Floor‐tile bodies, developing at lower temperatures, may be formulated with nepheline syenite. The greater refractoriness of American clays used in these bodies, as compared to English clays, is compensated for by the increased fluxing action of nepheline syenite.
PHOSPHORUS STEELS FOR VITREOUS ENAMELING*
Authors: Lorig C. H. , Krause D. E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A summary is given of the tests which were conducted to appraise the utility of phosphorus steels in vitreous enameling. Enameling tests were conducted on both killed and rimmed steels of low‐carbon iron and steel with a phosphorus content up to 0.60%. Phosphorus was found to reduce the sag of laboratory‐prepared enameling stock to a marked degree. The most effective range of phosphorus was from 0.10 to 0.15%, and killed steels were superior to rimmed steels in their sag resistance. Phosphorus appeared to have no significant influence on common enameling defects. In amounts of less than 0.40%, it had no marked effect on the adherence of the enamel. The deep drawing qualities of the sheet, based on Olsen ductility tests, were somewhat impaired by phosphorus. This is in line with the strong tendency for phosphorus to raise the strength of the sheet.
RESISTANCE OF GLASS BOTTLES TO NEUTRAL ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS*
Authors: Bacon Frank R. , Burch O. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Bottle surface tests with alcoholic solutions of various strengths and with distilled water show that corrosion decreases with increasing alcoholic concentration. The tendency to form flakes usually, though not always, decreases with increasing alcoholic concentration. The results show no relation that will hold for all glass bottle compositions between extraction values with distilled water in any accelerated test and extraction values or the tendency to form flakes in neutral alcoholic solutions.
RATE OF DECOMPOSITION OF KYANITE AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Barlett Helen Blair
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The rate at which North Carolina kyanite of various grain sizes decomposes into mullite and glass in the range 1350° to 1600 °C. is given. Kyanite from other sources is also discussed.
REACTION BETWEEN METALS AND MOLTEN GLASS *
Authors: Badger A. E. , Bard B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A series of melts of soda‐lime‐silica glass cullet in contact with various chemical elements was made to determine by observation the extent of the reaction between metal and glass. The heat treatment consisted of a period of two hours at about 1250°C. An atmosphere of hydrogen gas was used to protect the element from oxidation during the the test period. Various colors were produced by Cu, Ag, Au, Se, C, S, and Zr. Black fogs resulted from melts containing Ba, Cr, or V; gray or black fogs with reddish zones resulted from Mg, Ca, Ti, Mn, Si, and Al. A faint blue with large reddish zones was produced by Co. Only slight attack was shown by Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, Bi, Sn, Pb, Mo, and W.
AN ALL‐AMERICAN SANITARY‐WARE BODY*
Authors: Sproat I. E. , Treischel C. C. , Emrich E. W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The development of a casting body for sanitary ware is based on the theories that (1) organic deflocculating agents are inherently better than inorganic deflocculants; (2) the use of at least three ball clays and two kaolins permits better control of uniformity of physical properties of casting slip; and (3) the proper selection of domestic clays will give casting slips that cast as fast or faster than those made from imported clays. Comparisons with commercial bodies are made for color, shrinkage, absorption, speed of casting, and rate of thickening.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYS THROUGH CONTROL OF PH AND CHARACTER OF BASE‐EXCHANGE SATURATION*
Authors: Barker George J. , Truog Emil
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Marked improvement in the workability of clays and the quality of the fired products can be attained with many clays by a control process that involves the regulation of pH and the character of base saturation by the addition of sodium carbonate and other alkaline materials. The amount of basic material which must be added to effect this proper control is most easily determined by the use of titration curves derived by titrating samples of the clays with alkali. The interpretation of the various types of curves thus obtained is discussed in detail. The control process, if desired, may be used in combination with deairing. The use of certain wetting agents in addition to the control process has given only slight additional benefit.
FACTORS INFLUENCING AUTOCLAVE CHEMICAL DURABILITY TESTS OF GLASS CONTAINERS*
Authors: Herman A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

To secure reproducible results with the chemical durability test in which distilled water is used as the leaching medium, the distilled water must be prepared with special care because certain impurities, of which copper is the most important, are present in small quantities and exhibit a marked effect on alkalinity values. Other impurities, such as lead, iron, sodium silicate, and sodium carbonate, which may be found occasionally in distilled water, do not have as great an effect as copper on alkalinity values. The temperature at which the leaching is carried out has a much greater effect on the test than the length of the test period.
SEPARATION OF INHOMOGENEITIES IN BOTTLE GLASS BY DENSITY DIFFERENCES*
Authors: Turnbull John C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Cordy glass consisting of a mixture of fibers or laminations of various glasses of slightly differing compositions is separated in the form of powder by differences of density. These differences in general run parallel with differences of thermal expansion which produce the polariscopic appearance of cordiness. The separated fractions can be analyzed chemically, and therefore, perhaps, for the first time an estimate can be made of the chemical errors involved in the cords of the old polariscopic gradings, A, B, C. The most important features of the technique are (1) the elimination of moisture from the glass and the suspending liquid and (2) the use of a special centrifuge with accurate control of temperature.
THE SYSTEM SODIUM DISILICATE‐BARIUM DISILICATE*
Authors: Greene K. T. , Morgan W. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The sodium disilicate‐barium disilicate join of the ternary system, Na2O‐BaO‐SiO2, has been studied by means of the quenching method, and the phase‐equilibrium diagram has been determined. The two compounds form a binary system without intermediate compounds and without appreciable solid solution. The eutectic occurs at approximately 32% of barium disilicate by weight and at a temperature of 797° C. The melting point of barium disilicate was determined as 1418° C. The glasses in the field of stability of barium disilicate show a marked tendency toward devitrification.

The refractive indices of the glasses for sodium light were measured by the microscopic immersion method. These varied regularly from 1.505 for sodium disilicate glass to 1.610 for barium disilicate glass. The refractive index‐composition curve plotted on a weight percentage basis is definitely convex downward, whereas on a mol percentage basis it is slightly convex upward.
DURABILITY OF OPTICAL GLASS*
Authors: Jones Frank L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Samples of polished optical glass were exposed under varying conditions, and the optical systems of instruments in use and in storage were studied. Two general types of change in the polished surface were noted in the cases where weathering had taken place. Glass that remained in a humid atmosphere for a long period of time became covered with a hazy film of soluble alkaline salts. All glasses are subject to such dimming in contact with water vapor, but the rate and degree of dimming vary with different glasses. The second type of weathering is the formation of transparent silica‐rich surface films because of the loss of high refractive index oxides such as lead or barium from the surface of the glass by solution in water. A filmed glass is usually not harmed in any way, but interference effects make the surface appear colored so that the user considers it to be stained.

A study of durability tests has led to the adoption of a stain test similar to that of Berger. A dimming test has been developed in which glass samples are exposed to a saturated humidity atmosphere for 28 days at 50°C. and then compared with standard ground‐glass samples.
PHASE‐EQUILIBRIUM DATA IN THE MANUFACTURE OF REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Birch Raymond E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

It has been possible, with certain types of refractories, to apply phase‐rule data to the manufacturing processes. The fields in which these data are useful include silica, magnesite, chrome, dolomite, forsterite, and, to a limited extent, alumina‐silica refractories. Phase‐rule data frequently are inadequate, and in other cases their use is dependent on certain empirical generalizations. Refractories usually contain five or more oxides which are present in amounts that cannot be ignored. The application of three‐component phase‐rule data is possible because of independent research conclusions which have shown that there is almost no solubility of certain components in the liquid phase in some systems or that one or more components are present almost entirely in solid solution.

In predicting which of several types of refractories is likely to succeed best in a given service, the information available is usually insufficient to permit a strict application of phase‐rule data. Slagging action, in a large measure, depends on slag viscosity, and viscosity data are usually not available.
IRON OXIDE IN ENAMEL GLASS AS DISSOLVED FROM THE METAL BASE*
Authors: Andrews Andrew I. , Swift Howard R.
Published: June 2006

The iron oxide content of an enamel glass was measured by the use of a predetermined curve representing iron oxide versus the index of refraction. It was found that the iron oxide content of the glass adjoining the interface between the enamel and the iron base rises sharply in the early stages of firing to a value close to the solubility limit of the glass after which it gradually falls to a constant value. The iron content at the surface remains low until that at the interface decreases, whereupon the surface concentration correspondingly increases. The cobalt additions resulted in a lower iron content in solution at the interface, but they increased the dendrite content of the glass. A decrease in the cobalt content resulted in an opposite effect. There was a direct relation between the amounts of cobalt and dendrites and the adherence. The effects of temperature and thickness of application are given, and the results are discussed.
COMMERCIAL FIRING SURVEY OF CAR‐TUNNEL KILNS*
Authors: Nelson McDonald S. , Wilscon Hewitt
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Firing data were received from forty‐eight manufacturers of many types of ceramic products. The products were divided into six classes, and minimum, maximum, and average values are presented in chart form on the firing cycle, loading, heat consumption, and firing costs. Fuel costs are analyzed, and data are given for two small, electric, twin‐tunnel kilns.
AN IMPROVED MERCURY BALANCE VOLUMETER*
Authors: Speil Sidney , Wilson Hewitt
Published: June 2006

Abstract

An improved mercury balance volumeter is described, which uses a commercially available balance for the determination of the volume of small test pieces. The volume is determined indirectly by using the sample weight and the force necessary to submerge the sample in a mercury reservoir. The accuracy, manipulation, and advantages of the method are discussed.
RED SILVER GLASSES*
Authors: Forst Edward , Kreidl Norbert J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

At the interface of the vitreous phase and a halide precipitation forming therein, attractive red colors have been developed in glasses containing silver and halides.
INFLUENCE OF WATER VAPOR ON SILICA BRICK AT HIGH TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Harvey Fred A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Some tests are described which show that water vapor does not cause softening of silica brick at a temperature of 2900°F in a sixteen‐hour laboratory test
NOTE ON ANOMALOUS HEAT ABSORPTION OF KAOLINITE*
Authors: Norton F. H. , Lawrence W G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The unusually great heat absorption of certain sizes of kaolinite particles is described There are indications that kaolinite may be a mixture of two similar minerals, one requiring more energy to drive off combined water.
ADSORPTION OF IONS BY LEACHED SURFACE FILMS ON GLASS*
Authors: Hafner Harold C. , Jones Frank L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The leaching of glass by acid or neutral solutions may be complicated by the selective adsorption of certain ions within the hydrated silica film formed on the glass surface. The rate of release of acid‐soluble elements to the attacking solution is thus not necessarily in accordance with the amounts present in the body of the glass. Society, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 22, 1942 (Glass Division). Received June 8, 1942.
COLLOID CHEMISTRY IN CERAMICS*
Authors: Johnson A. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The advancement of ceramics from an art to a science, a transition which has been in progress for the last forty odd years, parallels the development of the science of colloids. Whereas the application of the fundamentals of the physical and the chemical sciences has indicated to the ceramic engineer the methods to be used in solving his problems, it has been in the interpretation of these researches that the colloid science has contributed more than was ever anticipated. For a more practical knowledge of the basic principles involved in the fabrication of ceramic goods, the ceramist finds that a thorough understanding of the colloid‐physical concept of clays and other raw materials supplies him with the answers to many of his industrial problems.

The subject matter of ceramics or, more specifically, the fabrication of ceramic ware is discussed from the colloid‐physical standpoint in an effort to illustrate what colloid chemistry means to the ceramic industry.
SIMPLIFIED THERMAL‐EXPANSION RINGS FOR PRODUCTION CONTROL IN TERRA COTTA MANUFACTURE
Authors: Nicholson T. E. , Goin Fred L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

An improved arid simplified method of manufacturing rings for determining glaze stresses has been developed, which gives reliable results without excessive laboratory expense.
ANALYSIS OF BATCH FOR SEGREGATION *
Authors: Hunt H. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Factors influencing the accuracy of tests for segregation in glass batches are discussed. Recommendations are given as to optimum sample size. Methods of correction for cullet in the samples taken for analysis and for comparison of the results with a standard miniature batch are described.
GLASSHOUSE STONES *
Authors: Fabianic William L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Most of the various types of glass stones actually found under operating conditions in furnaces melting soda‐lime bottle glass are discussed. Each type is described in detail and photomicrographs of each kind of stone are shown. The possible source of each type of stone is considered along with general methods for its identification and elimination. Auxiliary aids to the petrographer, such as the use of solvent acids and chemical analyses, are mentioned. The stone specimens have been taken from flint, amber, and green‐colored glasses.
ABRASION RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Hutchison Clark
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The abrasion resistances of enamels, differing in composition and properties, were determined by the test for resistance of porcelain enamels to surface abrasion (a standard of the Porcelain Enamel Institute, March, 1942).

Four to five classes of abrasion resistance were obtained, but for the most part, the results fell within relatively narrow limits. Differences in abrasion index, in general, were not distinguishable by visual inspection. No one class or kind of enamel was superior. While changes in abrasion index were affected by changes in frit formula, it seems that many compositions will give comparable results.
EFFECT OF FLUORINE AND PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE ON PROPERTIES OF SODA‐DOLOMITE LIME‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors:   Owens‐Illinois Glass Company General Research Laboratory
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The effect of the substitution of fluorine for silica on the viscosity, liquidus temperature, and chemical durability of a typical soda‐lime glass is shown. The effects of substituting P2O5 for (a) silica and (b) dibasic oxides in two typical soda‐lime glasses are also described.
INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF HIGH‐FREQUENCY CERAMICS*
Authors: Hausner Henry H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The dielectric properties of ceramics depend on composition, density, and surface conditions as well as many other factors. Humidity influences the dielectric properties to a large extent. These studies show that the amount of moisture depends on the compacting pressure and that the firing temperature has some influence on the dielectric properties in connection with relative humidity. Frequency and air pressure have an entirely different influence on the dielectric properties in relation to relative humidity.
CALCINATION OF TOPAZ ORE IN A ROTARY KILN*
Authors: Pole Gordon R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Reports have indicated that calcined topaz might be useful as substitute material for Indian kyanite in high aluminous, mullite‐type refractories. Tests were conducted to determine the value of calcining and defluorinating raw topaz. Fifteen tons of minus 1‐in. topaz ore were calcined in a 25‐ft. rotary kiln of 20‐in. in inside diameter, at 2600° to 2950°C., with feed rate of 200 to 400 1b. per hour and feed retention in the kiln of 70 to 120 minutes. The best operating conditions were found to be 2700°F. and a feed rate of 300 1b. per hour at 0.90 r.p.m. of kiln rotation. The average fluorine content was 0.24% and the apparent porosity was 19%. A dust loss of 11% occurred during calcination, but no serious reduction in particle size occurred from the heat‐treatment. It seems to be practicable, therefore, to calcine and defluorinate raw topaz in a rotary kiln and to obtain a product suitable for the manufacture of mullite‐type refractories.
INVESTIGATION OF REACTIONS OF SIMPLE MAGNESIA SPINELS WITH ALKALINE EARTH ORTHOSILICATES IN THE SOLID STATE *
Authors: Frechette V. D. , Andrews A. I.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The spinels MgO Al2O3, MgO Cr2O3., and MgO Fe2O3 and the orthosilicates 2MgO SiO2, 2CaO SiO2, 2SrO SiO2, and 2BaO SiO2 were synthesized by solid‐state reaction of the component oxides or compounds yielding the oxides on ignition. Each of the spinels was tested at various temperatures with each orthosilicate in turn by placing a pellet of each in contact and also by intimately mixing the two. Petrographic microscopy and X‐ray diffraction were employed in the identification of reaction products.
CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL ORGANIC BINDERS*
Authors: McNamara Edward P. , Comeforo Jay E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Modulus of rupture, loss on tumbling, migration, water absorption, and burn‐out characteristics were studied using a series of organic compounds representative of the types used as binders for ceramic materials. The results are interpreted in terms of the constitution of the organic compounds and in terms of the mechanism of specific adhesion. The binding strength of an organic material may be predicted from a knowledge of its molecular constitution.
METHOD FOR MEASURING FINING TIME OF GLASS*
Authors: Lyle A. K.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A method is described for measuring the fining time of glass, and a formula is given for using the data obtained to estimate the tonnage‐temperature schedules of continuous tank furnaces. Measurement of fining time at two and preferably three temperatures, in the range 1400° to 1500°C., is required to establish the fining characteristics of a glass. Data from fining‐time measurements of four glasses show that fining is largely independent of the viscosity and probably also of the surface tension of glass.

The use of fining‐time measurements in accounting for differences in the melting efficiencies of tank furnaces and the value of systematic studies, involving fining agents and variations in composition, are suggested.
PERMANENCE OF DISANNEALING STRESSES IN GLASS*
Authors: Preston F. W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Nonmathematical considerations indicate that residual annealing stresses in glass are permanent although Ghering and Green do not draw this positive conclusion from their analysis of measurements over a seven‐year period.
GLASS COMPOSITION AND DENSITY CHANGES*
Authors: Elliott Robert M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A set of factors is derived for calculating the glass density changes caused by moderate changes in composition. These are similar to those of Ghering and Knight but indicate that portion of the total density change due to each oxide. They also give directly the approximate density change caused by dilution.
STANDARD THERMAL‐SHOCK TEST FOR PORCELAIN ENAMELED UTENSILS*
Authors: Petersen F. A. , Andrews A. I.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The equipment and method used in testing porcelain enameled utensils for thermal‐shock resistance is described. Test results are given which show that increased enamel thickness and decreased metal thickness decrease the thermal‐shock resistance of enameled ware. The mechanics of thermal‐shock failures is discussed. This study is one of a series sponsored by the Enameled Utensil Manufacturers' Council.
THE SYSTEM MAGNESIUM OXIDE‐BORIC OXIDE*
Authors: Davis H. M. , Knight M. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Equilibrium In the system has been investigated for compositions from 0.6 to 75 weight per cent MgO. Three intermediate compounds are present. MgO⋅B2O3 melts incongruently at 988°C. to form 2MgO⋅B2O3 and a liquid containing more than 99% B2O3. The other two compounds melt congruently: 2MgO⋅B2O3 at 1340°C. and 3MgO⋅‐B2O3 at 1366°C. At 1142°C., a region of liquid immiscibility extends from 0.6 to 36.0% MgO. Temperatures are accurate within =5°C. Conflicts between these results and those of Toropov and Konovalov (see footnote 8) are discussed.
INFLUENCE OF GLAZE ON STRENGTH OF STEATITE TUBES AND NEW METHOD OF DETERMINING GLAZE STRESSES *
Authors: Gingold J. J. , Hirsh E. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Different glazes have been applied on steatite tubes and the influence on impact and flexural strength has been investigated. Glazes applied on tubes with very thin walls affect the thermal expansion of the ceramic body. This fact has been used to test the glaze fit.
REPRESENTATION OF DENSITY AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF TERNARY SILICATE GLASS SYSTEMS
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Welch Ruth M. , Huggins Maurice L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A general procedure is outlined for the preparation of contour maps representing such properties as density, refractive index, and Abbe value for ternary glass systems in which one component is silica, using previously published equations and constants. The procedure is illustrated by application to the Na2O–MgO–SiO2 and Na2O–CaO–SiO2 systems.
NOTES ON SILICATE ANALYSIS: I, ELIMINATION OF EXCESS HYDROFLUORIC ACID*
Authors: Osthaus B. B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A procedure is outlined for using chemically prepared silicic acid for the removal of fluorine after decomposition by hydrofluoric acid and prior to analysis of insoluble silicates.
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF STEATITE PORCELAIN* Dielectric Test Results of Round Robin by Test Procedure in JAN–1–10, 1944
Authors: Howatt Glenn N.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The results of measurements are tabulated for power factors, dielectric constants, and loss factors obtained by various testing agencies during a round robin, following the test procedure in JAN–I–10, 1944. Deviations of results, sources of errors, and methods are discussed.
RESISTANCE OF GLASS TO THERMAL STRESSES*
Authors: Clark Orrin H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The theory of stresses introduced in glass by thermal shocks is a matter of fundamental interest to the glass manufacturer. Analysis is complicated by the existence in many cases of unknown degrees of stress relief or transference by flexure. General treatment of these cases is extremely difficult because of irregular or variable shapes. There is, however, a large group of thermal‐shock phenomena in which flexure of the piece is not a factor. Complete immersion shocks fall in this category; so also do thermal shocks administered to tubes and pipes, since the cylindrical shape prevents flexure. (There is a small end effect accompanied by flexure, but in practice only a small fraction of breaks originate in the end region.) Many examples of breakage from shocking one side only of a piece are also of this simple type, since maximum tension occurs immediately from pure “stretch” and is greater than subsequent stresses accompanied by flexure.

Analysis of the stresses resulting from stretch incurred by thermal gradients has been carried out by many writers for plates and cylinders, and various applications have been made of the results.1 The calculation of maximum fiber tension, however, is not in itself enough to determine thermal endurance. The duration of the stress also plays an important role. The simplest example of this is the well‐known fact that in immersion tests breakage frequently does not occur for an appreciable interval, sometimes several seconds. Yet maximum tension on the cooled surface is almost immediate and falls off rapidly. The importance of duration is pointed out by Schönborn,1(c) but he does not attempt any quantitative treatment. It is the purpose of the subsequent analysis to incorporate the time of stressing into the discussion of thermal endurance.
THE PEBBLE HEATER—A NEW HEAT‐TRANSFER APPARATUS*
Authors: Norton C. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

This paper describes a new type of apparatus capable of use for heating gases above the operating temperatures permissible in metallic heat interchangers. The principle involved consists of heating refractory pellets by means of high‐temperature gases and then passing a gas to be heated through a permeable bed of the heated pellets. Details of the refractory constructions are described and performance figures are given for some operating units. Some applications for the use of this pebble heater in the ceramic and metallurgical fields are also given
EFFECT OF COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION OF GROUND‐ AND COVER‐COAT ENAMELS ON THERMAL‐SHOCK AND IMPACT RESISTANCE *
Authors: Petersen F. A. , Andrews A. I.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Four antimony cover‐coat enamels, four fluoride cover‐coat enamels, and four ground‐coat enamels were formulated to give varying coefficients of expansion. The calculated values were 250, 275, 300, and 325 × 10–7. The observed coefficients of expansion are included in the paper. The enamels were applied to standard 2‐quart pudding pans and were tested for thermal shock and impact resistance using the standard methods of the Enameled Utensil Manufacturers’Council.

The results show that thermal‐shock resistance is controlled chiefly by the coefficient of expansion of the ground‐coat and cover‐coat enamels. The best results were obtained by using a cover‐coat enamel with a low coefficient of expansion and a ground coat with a high coefficient of expansion. No conclusive evidence was found to indicate any effect of the coefficient of expansion of the ground‐ and cover‐coat enamels on impact resistance. The solubility resistance and reflectance curves for the enamels are also included.
OSCILLOGRAPH STUDY OF DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BARIUM TITANATE
Authors: de Bretteville Alexander
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A disk of barium titanate was fired to 1350°C. for six hours in an electric furnace. Silvered electrodes were then fired on the disk at 650°C. A cathode‐ray oscillograph measurement was made of the dielectric properties in order to analyze the whole charging and discharging cycle. The material showed saturation of the dielectric flux density or charge with increase of field strength or voltage and is therefore a new type of ferroelectric material. The dielectric properties of such a nonlinear circuit element was studied over a temperature range from –175° to +140°C. at field strengths of 59, 134,234, 580, and 4300 volts per cm. Peaks in the dielectric constant were observed near –70°, +10°, and 120°C. As the field strength was increased, the two lower peaks increased in magnitude and all peaks shifted slightly to lower temperature.
LEAD‐NICKEL GLASS OF CONTROLLED CHEMICAL DURABILITY FOR STORAGE BATTERY USE *
Authors: Williams F. J. , Orsino J. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The addition of small amounts of soluble nickel salts to the electrolyte of a storage battery markedly decreases the end‐of‐charge voltage. This effect, however, is fugitive and disappears in a few cycles. A lead‐nickel‐silicate glass was developed which, when incorporated in a battery, makes the effect on voltage permanent by continually supplying nickel ions to the electrolyte and also improves the cold capacity of the battery during its life. Current knowledge of the chemical durability of glass was used to advantage in the experimental work.
ALUMINA IN WHITEWARE *
Authors: Austin C. R. , Schofield H. Z. , Haldy N. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A brief résumé on an extensive investigation of the use of calcined alumina in white‐ware bodies is presented. Its use in vitreous chinaware, semivitreous dinnerware, electrical porcelain, cooking ware, and sanitary ware is discussed. Data are given also on special alumina bodies of unusual strength.
OCCURRENCE OF CASSITERITE AS A STONE IN GLASS
Authors: Steierman B. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Black stones occurring in a glass prepared from a Santa Anna, Texas, sand were identified by petrographic, X‐ray diffraction, and chemical methods as cassiterite (stannic oxide).
RESIDUAL STRESSES IN ENAMELED SHEET‐IRON SPECIMENS*
Authors: Jones R. A. , Andrews A. I.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A method of quantitatively measuring the magnitude of the stresses existing in porcelain enameled specimens is explained. The method involves measuring with a mechanical strain gauge the dimensional changes which occur when an enameled‐metal specimen is de‐enameled. The theoretical approach to the problem is reviewed, and equations are derived. The results obtained in tests on a series of ground‐coated specimens are presented and indicate that with a normal application of a commercial, 3‐frit ground coat on 20‐gauge enameling iron a compressive stress of about 35,000 1b. per sq. in. is present in the enamel.