bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Second language learners’ reflections on the effectiveness of dictogloss: A multi-sectional, multi-level analysis
Authors: Gallego Muriel
Published: August 2014

Despite the extensive research conducted regarding Focus on Form instruction, no conclusive results have been provided concerning (a) the issue of which techniques contribute most effectively to L2 acquisition, and b) at which level of proficiency those techniques should be implemented for best results. Dictogloss, one of these techniques, has been proven to be effective (Fortune, 2005; Kowal & Swain, 1994; Malmqvist, 2005; Nabei, 1996; Swain, 1998). While previous studies evaluating dictogloss explored feedback opportunities and the amount and type of language related episodes produced, fewer studies have reported on the effectiveness and its applicability according to proficiency level (Fortune, 2005; García Mayo, 2002) and none have explored learners’ conceptions about the task. Therefore, this study seeks to determine which proficiency level might be most appropriate for the implementation of dictogloss and to gather learners’ opinions regarding its usefulness and effectiveness. A total of 497 participants enrolled in novice-mid (N = 275) and advanced-low (N = 222) levels took part in the study. All participants engaged in two dictogloss tasks and completed a survey afterwards. Overall, results indicate that dictogloss was better received by advanced-low level students and that most students found it both useful and effective for learning.
Topic prominence in Chinese EFL learners’ interlanguage
Authors: Li Shaopeng , Yang Lianrui
Published: August 2014

The present study aims to investigate the general characteristics of topicprominent typological interlanguage development of Chinese learners of English in terms of acquiring subject-prominent English structures from a discourse perspective. Topic structures mainly appear in Chinese discourse in the form of topic chains (Wang, 2002; 2004). The research target are the topic chain, which is the main topic-prominent structure in Chinese discourse, and zero anaphora, which is the most common topic anaphora in the topic chain. Two important findings emerged from the present study. First, the characteristics of Chinese topic chains are transferrable to the interlanguage of Chinese EFL learners, thus resulting in overgeneralization of the zero anaphora. Second, the interlanguage discourse of Chinese EFL learners reflects a change of the second language acquisition process from topic-prominence to subject-prominence, thus lending support to the discourse transfer hypothesis.
Mechanisms of remyelination: recent insight from experimental models
Authors: Tanaka Tatsuhide , Yoshida Shigetaka
Published: August 2014

Oligodendrocytes and myelin play essential roles in the vertebrate central nervous system. Demyelination disrupts saltatory nerve conduction, leading to axonal degeneration and neurological disabilities. Remyelination is a regenerative process that replaces lost myelin. However, remyelination is disrupted in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, at least partially, due to the failure of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that impact the differentiation of oligodendrocytes and myelination may help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for demyelinating diseases. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms controlling the differentiation of oligodendrocytes during remyelination, and we discuss the function of astrocytes and microglia in animal models of demyelinating diseases.
CLEAR: Class Level Software Refactoring Using Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Wang Muchou , Pan Weifeng , Jiang Bo , Yuan Chenxiang
Published: August 2014

The original design of a software system is rarely prepared for every new requirement. Software systems should be updated frequently, which is usually accompanied by the decline in software modularity and quality. Although many approaches have been proposed to improve the quality of software, a majority of them are guided by metrics defined on the local properties of software. In this article, we propose to use a global metric borrowed from the network science to detect the moving method refactoring. First, our approach uses a bipartite network to represent classes, features (i.e., methods and fields), and their dependencies. Second, a new metric is introduced to quantify the modularity of a software system as a whole. Finally, a crossover-only evolutionary algorithm that uses the metric as its fitness function is introduced to optimize the class structure of a software system and detect the methods that should be moved. Empirical results on the benchmark Java projects show that our approach can find meaningful methods that should be moved with a high stability. The advantages of our approach are illustrated in comparison with some other approaches, specifically one refactoring approach, namely search-based refactoring approach (SBRA), and two community detection algorithms, namely a graph theoretic clustering algorithm (MCODE) and a fast algorithm for community detection (FG). Our approach provides a new way to do refactoring from the perspective of software structure.
The development of free indirect constructions in Dutch novels
Authors: Clement Marja
Published: August 2014

Why is the free indirect style such a useful narrative means to portray characters' minds in fictional texts? This article gives more insight into this phenomenon by analyzing texts from earlier times. Previous studies state that the free indirect style for the representation of thoughts emerged in Dutch literary prose in the 19th century. However, this article shows that the roots of this technique were already present in 17th century Dutch popular literature novels. The analysis of these novels provides us with more insight into this phenomenon. Before the emergence of free indirect style, the most common form for the representation of a character's consciousness was direct discourse. The suggestion that the character is ‘thinking out loud' makes this thought representation unnatural, as emotions and feelings are often pre-verbal and wordless. Free indirect style gives the narrator the possibility to formulate that which the character cannot put into words. The free indirect style allows the author to merge descriptions of events and actions with the character's inner life, feelings, questions and wishes without a change in the narrative style when it comes to personal pronouns and tense.
Association study of TAC3 and TACR3 gene polymorphisms with idiopathic precocious puberty in Chinese girls
Authors: Xin Xiujuan , Zhang Jing , Chang Yaning , Wu Yixin
Published: August 2014

The allele variant of neurokinin B and its receptor genes were thought important in regulating the human reproductive axis in many populations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the variances in

The genotyping method of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was applied in this study; the distribution of five active single nucleon acid polymorphisms (SNPs) in

Among the nine active SNPs, only A63P in

A63P in
ANTIGONE’S LANGUAGE OF DEATH AND POLITICS IN THE ANTIGONE OF SOPHOCLES
Authors: Chesi Giulia Maria
Published: August 2014

In this essay, I argue that Antigone talks about the transgression of the edict and about her death as an issue within the politics of Thebes. As Antigone’s appropriation of key-words such as φίλος, έχθρός, φιλία, δίκη, ἄρχεΐν and νόμος shows, the heroine displays a political understanding of her own acts in several passages of the play (Ant. 7-10, 26-36, 86-87 and 93-94 in Antigone’s first verbal exchange with Ismene; Ant. 508-509 and 523 in the stichomythia between Creon and Antigone; Ant. 806-816, 842-849 and 937-943 in Antigone’s farewell speeches; Ant. 902-907 in Antigone’s defence speech). In my reading, Antigone’s political representation of her deeds is deeply rooted in her view of death as a free choice.
LE PRÉTENDU ÉLOGE DE LA CHEVELURE DE DION DE PRUSE: OEUVRE DE PURE RHÉTORIQUE OU DÉCLARATION DE FOI PHILOSOPHIQUE?
Authors: Ventrella Gianluca
Published: August 2014

Generally categorised as pertaining to the genre of paradoxical eulogies, the Encomium on Hair by Dio Chrysostom was until recently considered an example of the author’s strictly sophistic works, which the author would have pursued prior to his conversion to philosophy. Rather, the markedly autobiographical nature of the text, with references to the author’s mop of hair and the extremely well groomed hair of the filoκomoi (most likely identifiable with the sophists of the era), allows the Encomium on Hair to be classified as one of the numerous prolaliai scattered throughout Dio’s corpus under fallacious titles. In these works the orator chose to speak about himself in order to claim, albeit in a Socratic style, his status as a philosopher of the most upright and uncompromising character. A comparison with the Encomium on Hair by Apollonius of Tyana also allows us to appreciate the rich symbolism inherent in Dio’s text. Despite its misleading title, the Encomium on Hair by Dio, therefore, should be considered less as a futile school exercise and more as a living document of the author’s personal life-story during the period of his so-called ‘exile’.
ZWEI NEUE DICHTERZITATE BEIM ALTEN CATO
Authors: Schubert Christoph
Published: August 2014

A close reading of a chapter of Gellius’ Noctes Atticae (IV 7) on the quantity of prefixes reveals that the two prose quotations from the elder Cato, which seem to be inappropriate in a discussion that otherwise consists of nothing but poetic examples, are in fact not at all out of place, since Cato himself offered poetic material in these quotations. Through this, two fragments of Old Latin poetry can be recovered. The first (faenoribus copertus or faenoribus copertust), the ending of a hexameter, is probably taken from a satiric context. The content of the second fragment (ita nos fert ventus ad primorem Pyrenaeum quo proicit / in altum), an iambic octonarius, may indicate occasional poetry.
Crystal architecture of the low melting nitrogen heterocycles tetrafluoropyrimidine and trifluorotriazine
Authors: Vasylyeva Vera , Merz Klaus
Published: August 2014

In situ cryo-crystallization was used to obtain single crystals of the low-melting tetrafluoropyrimidine and trifluorotriazine in order to explore the molecular aggregation of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds with weak directing substituents in the solid state. A comparative crystallographic study of the series hexafluorobenzene, pentafluoropyridine, tetrafluoropyrimidine and trifluorotriazine was performed to clarify an influence of a successive substitution of C-F groups by a further nitrogen atom on the crystal architecture. Due to the absence of the hydrogen atoms different supramolecular motifs based on short F···F contacts were observed in all crystal structures.
Design and Testing of a Debris Flow ‘Smart Rock’
Authors: Harding M. J. , Fussell B. K. , Gullison M. A. , Benoît J. , de Alba P. A.
Published: August 2014

This paper describes the development of a “smart rock,” an instrumented device for the study of debris flows, which is often triggered by earthquakes, heavy rain events, and rising groundwater conditions. Debris flows are very destructive forms of landslide consisting of a mixture of rocks, saturated soil, and debris typically flowing at high rates of speed and over long distances. In an effort to better understand the mechanics of debris flows, the smart rock was developed with a sensor package to be used in U.S. Geological Survey experiments at their flume facility in the Willamette National Forest, OR. The instrumented rock contains an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to measure acceleration and rotation rate about three body fixed axes, and two pressure sensors to measure pore water pressure. The sensors provide information about the movement of the rock and pore water pressures within a debris flow. One of the objectives of the sensor package is to use this information to track the position of a particle in the flow with an accuracy of 1 m over the course of 10 s. Calculation of position using the IMU requires the use of strapdown inertial navigation equations. Unfortunately, noise and bias in the rotation rate sensor introduce significant error in the position calculation. The results from one of the USGS debris flow experiments using the smart rock show that an ad hoc filtering method on the IMU data provides a rough estimate of the rock position in the flume, but far from the desired level of accuracy. Pressure and velocity recorded by the smart rock, while comparable to those measured by the USGS during the debris flow test, cannot be verified. Position accuracy can only be improved by using a better IMU and obtaining known rock positions versus time during the debris flow. Based on the results of this work, it is hoped that improved technology will result in a smart rock that can successfully provide useful and insightful debris flow data.
Understanding the Friction Measured by Standardised Test Methodologies Used to Assess Shoe-Surface Slip Risk
Authors: Clarke J. D. , Hallas K. , Lewis R. , Thorpe S. , Hunwin G. , Carré M. J.
Published: August 2014

This paper discusses standardised mechanical test methodologies that measure dynamic coefficient of friction in order to assess the risk of a pedestrian slip. Currently, two shoe-surface contact test methods are specified in British Standards to assess the risk of pedestrian slips during the heel strike phase. A pendulum test device as specified in BS 7976-2:2002 is used to determine the slip resistance of surfaces. Another standard, BS EN ISO 13287:2007 specifies the test method to assess the slip resistance of conventionally soled safety, protective and occupational footwear. Experiments were conducted on six common household surfaces in water contaminated conditions in compliance with the aforementioned standard procedures. The roughness and stiffness of each surface was also found. The results show no statistically significant linear correlation between the dynamic coefficient of friction found via the two standardised test methods. At low levels of roughness, no statistically significant linear correlations were found between the coefficient of friction found via the two standardised test methods and roughness. For flooring with a compliant layer, the contact conditions of the pendulum test device were found to cause friction losses associated with energy dissipated as the surface deforms and recovers during sliding. Differences in sliding velocity and area of contact were found to influence the measurements given by the two test procedures. The higher velocity pendulum is a more appropriate test device to replicate slip in wet conditions as it predicts the worst case scenario. However, it is likely to give misleading results on deformable surfaces as, on such surfaces, as it is not replicating the loading conditions during a real-life heel strike.
Benefits of ASTM Economic Standards
Authors: Kasi M.
Published: August 2014

The ASTM E06.81 Building Economics Subcommittee developed 26 standards that can assist in key project areas. Almost every action throughout the life of a project has cost and risk consequences. This paper provides an overview of how ASTM standards are used to promote more cost-effective decisions for the design, construction, operation and disposal of constructed facilities. There are 10 standards focused on compiling, analyzing, reporting, and summarizing cost data; three standard practices for measuring the value of construction related systems and attributes; five standards for measuring and managing risk; and seven standards for measuring economic performance and reporting the results of an economic evaluation. Terminology is an important part of all E06.81 standards. A separate terminology standard provides definitions of economic techniques and terms used in the 25 other E06.81 standards. Five case studies are presented in this paper. Case Studies 1 and 2 focus on risk management of low-rise and high-rise buildings. Case Study 3 is an example of value analysis of high rise building columns. Case Study 4 describes how to manage cost and mitigate risks for bridge projects and Case Study 5 is part of economic evaluation of a long-span bridge from concept to construction and beyond.
Feeding and larval growth of an exotic freshwater prawn Macrobrachium equidens (Decapoda: Palaemonidae), from Northeastern Pará, Amazon Region
Authors: GOMES JEAN N. , ABRUNHOSA FERNANDO A. , COSTA ANNE K. , MACIEL CRISTIANA R.
Published: August 2014

In the present study, we carried out experiments on the diet of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium equidens. We tested which type of food and which density of food is suitable for larval development. For the experiment on the type of food, eight treatments were carried out: (I) starvation, (AL) microalgae, (RO) rotifers, (AN) Artemia, (RO + AN) rotifers + Artemia, (AL + RO) microalgae + rotifers, (AL + AN) microalgae + Artemia, (AL + RO + AN) microalgae + rotifers + Artemia. For the experiment on the density of food, we used the type of food, which had resulted in a high survival rate in the previous experiment. Three treatments were carried out: 4, 8 and 16 Artemia nauplii /mL. The rate of feeding during larval development was observed. The survival, weight and percentage of juveniles of each feeding experiment were determined. We found that larvae are carnivores; however, they have requirements with respect to the type of food, because larvae completed their cycle from the zoeal to the juvenile stage only when Artemia nauplii were available. We also verified that the larvae feed mainly during the day-time, and are opportunistic with respect to the density of food offered.
Growth and intestinal morphology of juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) fed dietary prebiotics (mannanoligosaccharides - MOS)
Authors: SADO RICARDO Y. , BICUDO ÁLVARO J.A. , CYRINO JOSÉ E.P.
Published: August 2014

Intensification of aquaculture production systems exposes fish to numerous stressors, which may negatively affect their growth and limit profitability of aquaculture systems. This study determined effects of increasing levels of dietary mannanoligosaccharides on growth and intestine morphology of pacu. Fish (44.04 g) were randomly distributed into 32 tanks (500 L; 10 fishes per tank) and fed during 63 days with a commercial diet supplemented with 0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0% dietary mannanoligosaccharides. Growth parameters did not differ (P>0.05) between fish fed control diet and mannanoligosaccharide supplemented diets. Intestinal villi perimeter was performed in fish fed control diet, 0.4 and 1.5% dietary mannanoligosaccharides and also showed no differences (P>0.05) between treatments. Dietary supplementation of mannanoligosaccharides unclear did not have effects on pacu. Studies on the characterization of intestinal microbiota together with experiment that reproduce commercial fish production systems rearing conditions are necessary to determine the effective use of this dietary supplement for the species.
Richness, composition and trophic groups of an avian community in the Pernambuco Endemism Centre, Alagoas, Brazil
Authors: TOLEDO-LIMA GUILHERME S. , MACARIO PHOEVE , LYRA-NEVES RACHEL M. DE , TEIXEIRA BRUNO P. , LIMA LUIZ A.F. DE , SUGLIANO GABRIEL O.S. , TELINO-JÚNIOR WALLACE R.
Published: August 2014

In northeastern Brazil, the reduction of the natural forest cover to a series of small, isolated fragments has had negative consequences for the local avian fauna, in particular, a loss of the more specialized species, while the populations of some generalists have tended to increase. The present study focuses on the composition and trophic groups of a bird community on a farm in the northeastern Brazilian state of Alagoas. Monthly surveys were conducted between November 2008 and October 2009, based on mist-netting and systematic observations. Overall, 112 species were recorded, of which 76 were associated with the two forest fragments surveyed, while all the others were observed exclusively in the surrounding matrix of pasture and orchards. The bird community presented a predominance of insectivorous species, followed by omnivores. However, specialized trunk-creeping and understory insectivores accounted for only around 15% of the species in this feeding category. The reduced diversity of other guilds and species with more specialized diets, and the complete absence of sensitive species such as large parrots and raptors, reflects the severe fragmentation and degradation of the local forests, which has greatly reduced the availability of dietary resources and breeding sites.
Reproduction of a whiptail lizard (Ameivula ocellifera, Teiidae) from a coastal area in northeastern Brazil
Authors: ZANCHI-SILVA DJAN , BORGES-NOJOSA DIVA M. , GALDINO CONRADO A.B.
Published: August 2014

The reproductive ecology of Ameivula ocellifera was studied from September 2009 to August 2010 in a coastal area of the state of Ceará, Brazil. Females reproduced continuously throughout the year, with a peak at the end of the rainy season. Even though there was a predominance of pre-reproductive individuals in the sample, gonadal activity of males peaked synchronously to female reproduction. Mean clutch size was 1.98 ± 0.56 and positively associated with female body size, while mean egg volume was 510.54 ± 84.29 mm3 and unrelated to female body size. We did not find any association between clutch size and average egg volume.
As medidas de confiança no Conselho de Defesa Sul-americano (CDS): análise dos gastos em Defesa (2009-2012)
Authors: Saint-Pierre Héctor Luis , Palacios Junior Alberto Montoya Correa
Published: August 2014

Analisamos a metodologia de aferição de gastos em Defesa do Conselho de Defesa Sul-americano (CDS). Discutimos fundamentos, inovações, limitações e perfil de gastos. Na região, a folha de pagamento de pessoal e encargos previdenciários consumiram 60% do total dos gastos em Defesa entre 2006 e 2010, enquanto as pesquisas em tecnologia apenas 0,5%. Sobre esse diagnóstico, defendemos a modernização das FA e os Ministérios da Defesa da região, sobretudo uma racional e equalizada distribuição dos gastos por objeto, antes de aumentar as verbas para o setor.
Discursos em disputa: uma leitura alternativa acerca dos dilemas da ação internacional na Somália durante a década de 1990
Authors: Moreno Marta Regina Fernandez Y Garcia
Published: August 2014

O artigo aborda os dilemas enfrentados pelos atores internacionais nas operações de paz levadas a cabo na Somália na década de 1990. Busca-se evidenciar as narrativas divergentes articuladas pelos Estados Unidos e pelas Nações Unidas vis-à-vis o "Outro" somali. Sugere-se que os principais dilemas experimentados pela ONU e pelos Estados Unidos na Somália não foram de natureza técnica, concernente a problemas de coordenação entre as principais forças envolvidas, como usualmente se argumenta. Diferentemente, argumenta-se que existiu uma disputa de natureza política entre os Estados Unidos e a ONU na Somália, amparada por discursos distintos sobre o "Outro" somali.
Exploring the interplay between Framing and Securitization theory: the case of the Arab Spring protests in Bahrain
Authors: Carvalho Pinto Vânia
Published: August 2014

This article advances the theoretical integration between securitization theory and the framing approach, resulting in a set of criteria hereby called security framing. It seeks to make a twofold contribution: to sharpen the study of the ideational elements that underlie the construction of threats, and to advance towards a greater assessment of the audience's preferences. The case study under examination is the 2011 military intervention of the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council in Bahrain. The security framing of this case will help illuminate the dynamics at play in one of the most important recent events in Gulf politics.
Revisionismos de relações com os Estados Unidos e suas variáveis nos governos progressistas da América do Sul
Authors: Monteiro Leonardo Valente
Published: August 2014

Este artigo identifica e analisa os diferentes tipos de política revisionista, e suas gradações, desenvolvidos pelos governos progressistas da América do Sul em relação aos Estados Unidos nos últimos 13 anos. Para isso, tem como ponto de partida conceitos fundamentais para o melhor entendimento sobre o comportamento dos países da região em relação à grande potência: "revisionismo periférico", de Cesar Guimarães, e "confrontação autônoma" e "confrontação antagônica", ambos de Helio Jaguaribe. A partir dos desdobramentos desses conceitos foi desenvolvido um modelo teórico com diferentes tipos de revisionismos periféricos, o que permitiu uma espécie de sintonia fina de classificações das políticas externas do período.
Economic sanctions and human rights: an analysis of competing enforcement strategies in Latin America
Authors: Carneiro Cristiane de Andrade Lucena
Published: August 2014

This article addresses the consequences of economic sanctions for the protection of human rights in Latin America. The literature on sanctions and compliance informs three hypotheses, which investigate the relationship between sanctions and the level of rights protection in two groups of countries: those that were targeted by sanctions and those that were not. Using data from the Political Terror Scale (PTS) and from Freedom House, I find empirical evidence that sanctions do improve the level of protection in countries that were not targeted. This finding can be explained by the deterrent effect attributed to sanctions by the compliance literature, broadly interpreted. The presence of economic sanctions in a given year increases the probability of observing better human rights practices by almost 50%. These results hold for the 12 Latin American countries that were not subject to economic sanctions for the period 1976-2004.
Oxidative profile of patients with osteoarthrosis undergoing total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Pierezan Bruna , Webber Bruna , Vidmar Marlon Francys , Martins César Antônio de Quadros , Almeida Carlos Rafael de , Siqueira Luciano de Oliveira
Published: August 2014

Introduction Total knee arthroplasty may be the most appropriate method of treatment in several cases of osteoarthritis. This disease causes tissue damage, which is closely related to the production of free radicals, leading to oxidative stress and to lipid damage. Because of that, the body has several antioxidative defense systems involved in detoxification (antioxidants).Objective Based on the previous information, the goal of this study was to establish the systemic and local oxidative profile of individuals with osteoarthritis submitted to total knee arthroplasty.Materials and methods The sample consisted of four female patients (65.5 ± 0.7 years) with osteoarthritis of the knee. Blood and synovial fluid (SF) samples were collected from the patients 15 minutes before surgery. The concentrations of flavonoids, catalase, and TBARS were then quantified.Results The results indicate a higher catalase activity in the SF than in the serum (S), (SF = 1 S = 14.3 ± 3.1 ± 0.8). The concentration of TBARS proved to be higher in the SF (SF = 0.29 ± 0.02 S = 0.09 ± 0.05), whereas the concentration of phenols was higher in the serum (SF = 3.2 S = 5.2 ± 0.2 ± 0.6).Conclusion Osteoarthritis is a disease that increases the oxidative stress markers in the serum and in the SF.
Histomorphometrical analysis on the effects of two therapeutic ultrasound intensities on fracture healing in aged rats
Authors: Skau Jeronimo Rafael , Rodrigues Bruno , Rosa Felipe Oliveira , Araujo Rubens Correa , Fontinele Renata Gabriel , Souza Romeu Rodrigues de
Published: August 2014

Introduction Experimental studies conducted in young animals show that therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) has been successfully used to shorten the healing time of bone fractures. However, they were not found in the literature, studies comparing the effect of different intensities of UST in aged animals. Objective To test the efficacy of intensity 1.0 W/cm2 and of 0.5 W/cm2 in the consolidation of experimental fracture of the tibia from aged Wistar rats. Materials and methods Three groups of 15 month old rats were submitted to a midshaft osteotomy of the tibia and then, the hind member was immobilized with a metal splint and plaster of Paris, wrapping the knee and ankle joint. One group (L), received ultrasound at 0.5 W/cm2; the other group (I), were exposed to ultrasound at 1.0 W/cm2. One control group (C), did not receive the ultrasound. Fifteen animals (five from each group) were euthanatized at the end of the first week and fifteen (five from each group) at the end of the third week. The progress of the fracture healing was performed for each group by morphometric analysis of histological sections of the fracture region. Results and conclusion The results showed that fractures treated with ultrasound at 1.0 W/cm2 healed significantly faster than did the fractures treated with ultrasound at 0.5 W/cm2 and the control.
Multimodal physiotherapeutic approach: effects on the temporomandibular disorder diagnosis and severity
Authors: Freire Ariane Bôlla , Nardi Angélica Trevisan De , Boufleur Jalusa , Chiodelli Laís , Pasinato Fernanda , Corrêa Eliane Castilhos Rodrigues
Published: August 2014

Introduction The temporomandibular disorder (TMD) consists of a set of signs and symptoms that affect the masticatory structures, which may cause joint and/or muscular pain. The physiotherapy approach aims at the pain relief and the functional recovery by means of several modalities.Objective To investigate the effects, short and medium-term, of a multimodal physiotherapeutic approach on TMD diagnosis and severity.Methodology Individuals with diagnosis of TMD, confirmed by the Axis I of the RDC/TMD, took part in the study. From this evaluation, the Temporomandibular Index (TMI) and its sub-indices were calculated. The participants were treated during ten sessions of physiotherapy, which included therapeutic ultrasound, thermotherapy, manual therapy, stretching and neuromuscular exercises, as well as self-care and home exercises instructions. Assessments were carried out before treatment (AV1), immediately after treatment (AV2) and two months after the end of the treatment (AV3). The values of indices and the diagnosis prevalence were compared between the different periods by the t paired test (p < 0.05).Results The number of diagnoses reduced in all the subgroups and 41.7% of the 24 participants presented no diagnosis after the treatment. A significant decrease in the TMI was observed between AV1 and AV2 (p = 0.000). There was no difference between AV2 and AV3 (p = 0.204) in 13 participants assessed two months after the end of the treatment.Conclusion The multimodal physiotherapeutic approach resulted in positive effects, short and medium-term, on the symptoms and clinical signs, with deletion of the dysfunction or reduction of its severity in treated patients.
Elaboration and assessment of clinical protocols to support the evaluation of stand-to-sit activity
Authors: Cunha Maíra Junkes , Carmo Carolina Mendes do , Siqueira Cássio Marinho , Takara Kelly , Tanaka Clarice
Published: August 2014

Introduction Evaluation of sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit activities is used by physical therapists in patients with neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. Sit-to-stand activity presents different descriptions of phases and movements; however the phases of stand-to-sit activity have not been established yet.Objectives To describe the movements during stand-to-sit activity and create an evaluation protocol.Materials and methods Stand-to-sit activity was described on anterior and lateral views based on the observation of 27 healthy subjects. The body segments chosen to analyze were feet, ankles, knees, hips, pelvis, trunk, spine, upper limbs, head and cervical spine. The movements of body segments were described as adduction and abduction, eversion and inversion, valgus and varus, neutral position and asymmetry. The protocol was assessed with questionnaires answered by 12 physiotherapists experts in the area.Results Stand-to-sit activity was divided in 4 phases: 1- "Neutral position", 2- "Pre-squat", 3- "Squat" and 4- "Stabilization". Two models of protocols were developed considering 5 body segments to the anterior view and 7 segments for the lateral view.Conclusion Stand-to-sit activity was described in 4 phases with sequential movements of each body segment. These protocols allow physiotherapists to identify unusual movements of body segments during the stand-to-sit activity.
Acute effects of short and long duration dynamic stretching protocols on muscle strength
Authors: Santos Christiano Francisco dos , Moser Auristela Duarte de Lima , Manffra Elisangela Ferretti
Published: August 2014

Objective Compare the acute effects of dynamic stretching protocols on the isokinetic performance of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles at two velocities in adult males.Methodology Included the participation of 14 males (21 ± 2.6 years; 178 ± 0.4 cm; 73.2 ± 20.9 kg) were assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer before and after following a short or long-duration dynamic stretching protocol or a control protocol. The results were assessed by a two-way ANOVA and a Scheffé’s post hoc test at a 5% significance level.Results No difference was found in the variables assessed at 180°/s after LDDS. At 60°/s, LDDS reduced the power of the knee flexors. The control protocol reduced the power of the knee flexors and increased the power of the extensors. At 60°/s, the work of the knee flexors exhibited a reduction after LDDS. The control protocol resulted in a reduction in the work of the flexors. The peak torque angle exhibited a reduction in the extensors and flexors after LDDS and SDDS.Conclusion Dynamic stretching did not cause any change in the peak torque, which points to its possible use in activities involving velocity and muscle strength. The executing dynamic stretching before physical activities such as running and high-intensity sports might be beneficial by promoting increases in heart rate and in body temperature.
Efeito do treino isocinético excêntrico sobre a razão I/Q do torque e EMGs em sujeitos saudáveis
Authors: Santos Heleodório Honorato , Hanashiro Daniela Naomi , Ávila Mariana Arias , Camargo Paula Rezende , Oliveira Ana Beatriz , Salvini Tania Fátima
Published: August 2014

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do treino isocinético excêntrico dos extensores do joelho sobre a razão Isquiotibiais/Quadríceps (I/Q) do torque e do eletromiograma de superfície (EMGs), em sujeitos saudáveis.MÉTODOS: Vinte homens ativos e saudáveis com idade média 22,5±2,1 anos; massa corporal 67,8±9,5 kg; estatura 1,72±0,10 m; e índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 22,5±2,0 kg/m2 foram avaliados quanto ao torque (isométrico e excêntrico a 30 e 120o/s) e EMGs dos extensores e flexores do joelho, antes e após 6 semanas de treino isocinético excêntrico (30o/s) dos extensores do joelho.RESULTADOS: O torque extensor do joelho aumentou em todos os modos e velocidades avaliados (P<0,01); a razão I/Q do torque declinou em todas as medidas realizadas (P<0,01), porém a razão I/Q do EMGs manteve-se nos valores pré-treino (P>0,05). As correlações torque/EMGs mostraram-se fracas (r<0.3; P>0,05) para todos os modos de contração, no pré- e pós-treino, porém, houve diferença (P>0,01) na comparação entre o modo excêntrico (30º e 120º/s) e isométrico, pré e pós-treino.CONCLUSÕES: O treino isocinético excêntrico dos extensores do joelho aumentou a diferença na razão I/Q do torque, porém, não alterou a razão I/Q do EMGs, sugerindo que a adaptação pelo aumento do torque associado ao treino excêntrico não alterou o recrutamento das unidades motoras avaliadas pelo EMGs.
Força de preensão manual em atletas de judô
Authors: Lima Mauricio Correa , Kubota Leandro Massaru , Monteiro Carlos Bandeira de Mello , Baldan Cristiano Schiavinato , Pompeu José Eduardo
Published: August 2014

INTRODUÇÃO: A força de preensão manual é a capacidade da mão em realizar tarefas, imprimir forças e segurar objetos. Dentre os diversos esportes que utilizam a força de preensão manual com predominância em sua prática, um deles é o judô, aonde a força de preensão manual é imprescindível para que o judoca consiga se impor ao adversário, pois está ligada à capacidade de realização do golpe. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a força de preensão manual em atletas de judô.MÉTODOS: O estudo contou com a participação de 30 judocas, sendo formado por 15 faixas brancas e 15 faixas pretas, que foram submetidos a uma avaliação da força de preensão com um dinamômetro manual da marca Jamar(r). Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva (média e desvio-padrão) para análise dos dados antropométricos, o teste tde Student para verificação da homogeneidade entre os grupos e o Teste de Shapiro-Wilk para verificação da distribuição. Para análise de comparação intra e intergrupos foi utilizado o Teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes (p≤0,05). Os dados foram analisados através do software BioEstat 5.0.RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que os judocas faixas pretas apresentam uma força de preensão palmar significativamente maior na mão dominante em relação à não dominante, e também significativamente maior em relação aos atletas de faixas brancas tanto na mão dominante quanto na mão não dominante.CONCLUSÃO: Atletas de judô faixas pretas têm preensão manual mais forte do que os atletas de faixas brancas, sugerindo que quanto maior o tempo de prática esportiva na modalidade, maior a força de preensão manual em ambas as mãos.
Desempenho em teste cardiopulmonar de adolescentes: peso normal e excesso de peso
Authors: Gomes Kamilla Bolonha , Carletti Luciana , Perez Anselmo José
Published: August 2014

INTRODUÇÃO: Sabe-se que o excesso de peso interfere no desempenho físico do cotidiano do adolescente e, consequentemente, na aptidão física e na capacidade cardiorrespiratória.OBJETIVO: O estudo objetivou identificar e comparar os valores das variáveis cardiorrespiratórias no limiar anaeróbico ventilatório (LAV) de adolescentes com peso normal e excesso de peso.MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 140 adolescentes de ambos os sexos entre 10 e 14 anos, escolares do município de Vitória, ES, Brasil. Foram mensuradas massa corporal e estatura para cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC). Os adolescentes foram divididos em grupo peso normal (GPN) e grupo excesso de peso (GEP), realizaram um eletrocardiograma de repouso e um teste cardiopulmonar de exercício em esteira ergométrica (Inbrasport Super ATL) utilizando o ergoespirômetro MedGraphics Corporation e o protocolo de rampa. O LAV foi identificado pelo método V-slope e/ou equivalente ventilatório de oxigênio (VE/VO2). Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis no LAV: consumo de oxigênio (VO2LAV ml.kg-1.min-1), frequência cardíaca (FCLAV bpm), percentuais do consumo máximo de oxigênio (%VO2máxLAV) e da FC máxima (%FCmáxLAV), e velocidade (VelLAV km/h), além do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máxml.kg-1.min-1) e FC máxima (FCmáx). Foi realizado teste t de Studentnas comparações entre os grupos, considerando p<0,05 para significância estatística.RESULTADOS: O GPN apresentou valores significativamente maiores no LAV para VO2ml.kg-1.min-1 (20,0 ±6,4 vs 15,8 ±5,7) e velocidade (7,1 ±0,9km/h vs 6,2 ±1,1km/h), e para o VO2máx (44,6 ±7,6 vs 36,0 ±6,4) quando comparado ao GEP.CONCLUSÃO: Os dados sugerem que adolescentes com excesso de peso apresentam prejuízo na aptidão cardiorrespiratória não somente ao nível máximo, mas também ao nível submáximo (LAV) quando comparados aos adolescentes com peso normal.
Impacto de sulfentrazona, isoxaflutol e oxyfluorfem sobre a microbiota de dois solos florestais
Authors: Silva Gustavo Soares da , Melo Christiane Augusta Diniz , Fialho Cíntia Maria Teixeira , Santos Leonardo David Tuffi , Costa Maurício Dutra , Silva Antonio Alberto da
Published: August 2014

Questões referentes à aplicação de herbicidas em pré-emergência das plantas daninhas na cultura do eucalipto merecem destaque devido ao impacto dessa prática no ambiente, principalmente sobre a atividade microbiana do solo e micro-organismos benéficos, como os fungos micorrízicos e os solubilizadores de fosfatos. Objetivou-se estudar o impacto da aplicação dos herbicidas sulfentrazona, isoxaflutol e oxyfluorfem sobre a colonização micorrízica, biomassa e atividade microbiana de dois solos florestais cultivados com eucalipto. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando um solo argiloso e um solo francoarenoso distribuídos em vasos de 12 dm³. O esquema fatorial utilizado foi 4 x 3, sendo três herbicidas (sulfentrazona, isoxaflutol e oxyfluorfem) mais a testemunha e três avaliações (5, 20 e 70 dias após a aplicação - DAA), no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Após a aplicação dos herbicidas na dose recomendada para a cultura transplantaram-se as mudas do híbrido de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. Avaliaram-se a biomassa microbiana, a taxa respiratória do solo, o quociente metabólico e o potencial de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico aos 5, 20 e 70 DAA. Aos 70 DAA verificou-se a colonização micorrízica e a viabilidade de esporos. Os herbicidas sulfentrazona, isoxaflutol e oxyfluorfem, bem como o tempo decorrido da aplicação afetaram os indicadores microbiológicos de maneira diferenciada. No solo franco-arenoso, o sulfentrazona foi mais prejudicial à biomassa microbiana, à colonização micorrízica e aos micro-organismos solubilizadores de fosfato inorgânico. No solo argiloso, no entanto, a aplicação dos três herbicidas não afetou a biomassa microbiana, mas reduziu a colonização radicular do eucalipto por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e o potencial de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico. O herbicida sulfentrazona se destacou por provocar aumento do número de esporos não viáveis de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nesse solo.
IMERSÃO SOCIAL NA CADEIA DE SUPRIMENTOS E SEU EFEITO PARADOXAL NO DESEMPENHO OPERACIONAL
Authors: ROSSONI LUCIANO , MARTINS GUILHERME SILVEIRA , MARTINS RICARDO SILVEIRA , SILVEIRA REBECCA IMPELIZIERI MOURA DA
Published: August 2014

Este artigo buscou analisar os efeitos da imersão relacional e da imersão estrutural no desempenho operacional das firmas, medido em termos de ganhos de produtividade e de qualidade. O objeto de estudo foi a indústria moveleira, com base em seus laços com clientes e fornecedores. Especificamente, analisamos como a imersão relacional - confiança e solidariedade - reforça a imersão estrutural, que foi avaliada a partir do grau de concentração de fornecedores e clientes das firmas. Foi possível identificar que a imersão relacional teve efeitos positivos nos indicadores de desempenho operacional, porém de maneira distinta: ela afeta a qualidade nas relações com clientes e a produtividade nos laços com fornecedores. Identificamos ainda, dois efeitos paradoxais. No primeiro, níveis baixos de imersão relacional com fornecedores geram efeitos negativos da imersão estrutural na produtividade, mas, em níveis mais altos, esses efeitos são positivos. No segundo, a contradição reside no efeito positivo da combinação dos dois tipos de imersão na produtividade, mas negativo na qualidade.
VALORES RELATIVOS AO TRABALHO DE PESQUISADORES EM UMA ORGANIZAÇÃO BRASILEIRA
Authors: CAMMAROSANO MARÍLIA , SANTOS FERNANDO CÉSAR ALMADA , ROJAS FRANCISCO ANTÔNIO ROJAS
Published: August 2014

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os valores relativos ao trabalho de pesquisadores em uma empresa de P&D brasileira, definindo-se suas prioridades axiológicas laborais. Estudos têm evidenciado lacunas sobre gestão de pesquisadores em organizações inovadoras, sendo esse recurso humano envolvido diretamente com a inovação. Por meio da compreensão dos valores pessoais laborais de pesquisadores em empresa de P&D, torna-se possível avaliar o que esses profissionais consideram importante em seu ambiente de trabalho, subsidiando conhecimento aos gestores de trabalhadores do conhecimento e possibilitando melhorias organizacionais. Por meio de um questionário validado, 208 pesquisadores da firma de P&D brasileira participaram deste estudo. Os resultados possibilitaram a compreensão da organização dos valores do trabalho dos pesquisadores, bem como suas prioridades axiológicas laborais, sendo estas definidas pela seguinte sequência: relações sociais, realização profissional, estabilidade e prestígio. Implicações e limitações do estudo foram levantadas e discutidas.
La paradoja de Fitch y los mundos epistémicos abiertos
Authors: Tajer Diego
Published: August 2014

En este artículo, daré una solución a la paradoja de Fitch que se basa en el quiebre de la clausura epistémica. Mi enfoque será semántico, en la línea de Beall (2009). A diferencia de la propuesta de éste, mi sistema es lógicamente clásico, y relativamente conservador respecto a las afirmaciones sobre el conocimiento; todas sus desviaciones se basarán en la introducción de afirmaciones modales. Para dar lugar a ello, introduciré mundos posibles anormales (en esto, me acerco a Beall), pero además, mundos abiertos de dos tipos distintos que funcionarán como explicación de las desviaciones epistémicas de los agentes.
Indiscernibilidade e identidade em química: aspectos filosóficos e formais
Authors: Schinaider Jaison , Krause Décio
Published: August 2014

Neste artigo tratamos, de um ponto de vista formal e filosófico, com alguns conceitos que fazem parte da química usual. As teorias da química, e seus conceitos, normalmente são apresentadas de um ponto de vista informal (não axiomatizada), e isso pode trazer dificuldades filosóficas (embora a química propriamente - bem como também as outras disciplinas da ciência aplicada - pareçam não sofrer qualquer restrição quanto a isso). Aqui estaremos ocupados em um aspecto parti-cu-lar, que diz respeito à indiscernibilidade de alguns objetos básicos da química, tais como átomos, moléculas, bem como de seus componentes. Começamos com uma visão geral da identidade destes compostos e seus componentes a partir de uma perspectiva filosófica e, em seguida, mostramos em que sentido o conceito de identidade dos compostos químicos é problemático em relação ao conceito correspondente de identidade na lógica e matemática clássicas (que, como em geral é suposto, estão 'alicerçando' as teorias químicas). Argumentamos que, por um lado, a química parece supor que esses objetos básicos precisam ser 'idênticos' (indistinguíveis) uns aos outros (como enfatizado há muito tempo por John Dalton, como veremos.) Por outro lado, do ponto de vista formal, se a lógica subjacente à teoria atômica for a lógica clássica (que também é pano de fundo da matemática padrão), coisas idênticas devem ser a mesma coisa e logo 'colapsar' em apenas uma (e este não é o caso em química, uma vez que temos uma enorme quantidade de átomos e moléculas semelhantes, mas não apenas um). Esta aparente contradição pode ser tratada de várias perspectivas e, aqui, propomos o uso de uma teoria de conjuntos não-clássica (a saber, a teoria de quase-conjuntos) para alicerçar uma formulação axiomática de certas teoria químicas, mostrando como essa diferente base matemática pode nos levar a uma visão que está mais perto da química em si. Como esta teoria não é conhecida em geral, uma breve revisão se faz necessária. Por último, mostramos como podemos construir modelos matemáticos para átomos e moléculas utilizando esta teoria de conjuntos alternativa evitando, assim, o problema lógico acima mencionado, e discutimos um pouco da abordagem mereológica dos compostos químicos a partir dessa perspectiva quase-conjuntista.