bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Norwegian Psychomotor Physiotherapy versus Cognitive Patient Education and active physiotherapy—A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dragesund Tove , Nilsen Roy Miodini , Kvåle Alice
Published: December 2020

Background and Purpose

Norwegian Psychomotor Physiotherapy (NPMP) has been an established treatment approach for more than 50 years, mostly in the Scandinavian countries, usually applied to patients with widespread and long‐lasting musculoskeletal pain and/or psychosomatic disorders. Few studies have investigated the outcomes of NPMP, and no randomized clinical trials (RCT) with a comparing treatment group have systematically been tried out on individuals.

Methods

This is a pragmatic, single‐blinded RCT where 128 participants with long‐lasting widespread musculoskeletal pain and/or pain located to the neck and shoulders were block randomized to NPMP or Cognitive Patient Education combined with active individualized physiotherapy (COPE‐PT). Intention‐to‐treat with linear mixed models were used to estimate the group differences in treatment effects. The outcomes at 3, 6, and 12 months follow‐up were pain intensity, function, anxiety and depression, quality of life, sleep, fear of movement, and subjective health complaints. Risk profile (Örebro) was examined at 3 and 6 months. All participants underwent physical tests at baseline and 6 months.

Results

One‐year data were available for 66.4% of the original participants. Calculated with intention‐to‐treat analysis, at 3 months statistically significant differences were found in favor of COPE‐PT for pain, anxiety and depression, quality of life‐physical dimension, risk profile and fear of movement. At 6 months, statistically significant differences in favor of COPE‐PT were found for anxiety and depression, and sleep. At 12 months, the improvements were still statistically significant for anxiety, depression and sleep. Both groups improved, but no statistically significant differences were found between the groups on the physical tests at 6 months.

Conclusions

COPE‐PT, which is targeted towards pain‐coping and increasing activity, contribute to more improvements than NPMP.
Hexamerization and thermostability emerged very early during geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase evolution
Authors: Kropp Cosimo , Straub Kristina , Linde Mona , Babinger Patrick
Published: December 2020

A large number of archaea live in hyperthermophilic environments. In consequence, their proteins need to adopt to these harsh conditions, including the enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of their membrane ether lipids. The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the first ether bond in these lipids, geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase (GGGPS), exists as a hexamer in many hyperthermophilic archaea, and a recent study suggested that hexamerization serves for a fine‐tuning of the flexibility – stability trade‐off under hyperthermophilic conditions. We have recently reconstructed the sequences of ancestral group II GGGPS enzymes and now present a detailed biochemical characterization of nine of these predecessors, which allowed us to trace back the evolution of hexameric GGGPS and to draw conclusions about the properties of extant GGGPS branches that were not accessible to experiments up to now. Almost all ancestral GGGPS proteins formed hexamers, which demonstrates that hexamerization is even more widespread among the GGGPS family than previously assumed. Furthermore, all experimentally studied ancestral proteins showed high thermostability. Our results indicate that the hexameric oligomerization state and thermostability were present very early during the evolution of group II GGGPS, while the fine tuning of the flexibility – stability trade‐off developed very late, independent of the emergence of hexamerization.
Lysine–arginine advanced glycation end‐product cross‐links and the effect on collagen structure: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Nash Anthony , Noh Sang Young , Birch Helen L. , de Leeuw Nora H.
Published: December 2020

The accumulation of advanced glycation end‐products is a fundamental process that is central to age‐related decline in musculoskeletal tissues and locomotor system function and other collagen‐rich tissues. However, although computational studies of advanced glycation end‐product cross‐links could be immensely valuable, this area remains largely unexplored given the limited availability of structural parameters for the derivation of force fields for Molecular Dynamics simulations. In this article, we present the bonded force constants, atomic partial charges and geometry of the arginine‐lysine cross‐links DOGDIC, GODIC, and MODIC. We have performed in vacuo Molecular Dynamics simulations to validate their implementation against quantum mechanical frequency calculations. A DOGDIC advanced glycation end‐product cross‐link was then inserted into a model collagen fibril to explore structural changes of collagen and dynamics in interstitial water. Unlike our previous studies of glucosepane, our findings suggest that intra‐collagen DOGDIC cross‐links furthers intra‐collagen peptide hydrogen‐bonding and does not promote the diffusion of water through the collagen triple helices.
Preparation and characterization of efficient and safe lambda‐cyhalothrin nanoparticles with tunable particle size
Authors: Wang Chunxin , Cui Bo , Zhao Xiang , Zeng Zhanghua , Wang Yan , Sun Changjiao , Guo Liang , Cui Haixin
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

Safe and efficient nanopesticides for pest control have attracted attention because of their ability to enhance target efficiency and reduce undesirable side effects. Nanoformulations have a significant role in solving the problem of water solubility for insoluble drugs. However, there are few studies on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of pesticides of different particle sizes and remains unclear how these key physicochemical properties are affected by particle size. In this study, a series of glucose‐loaded lambda‐cyhalothrin nanoparticles (LCNs) with a tunable size were developed via shearing emulsification and carrier loading in order to evaluate insecticidal action.

RESULTS

The mean particle sizes of the LCNs were 50.6, 115.2 and 221 nm. The wettability, dispersibility and stability of nanoparticles were particle size‐dependent, and were mainly determined by particle size and the uniformity of distribution. Furthermore, the insecticidal activity of LCNs was inversely proportional to the particle size.

CONCLUSION

This study not only provides a facile technology for the preparation of nanopesticides with a tunable particle size, but also clarifies the effect of particle size on the performance of pesticides. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Spatial distribution and colonization pattern of Bemisia tabaci in tropical tomato crops
Authors: Ribeiro Arthur V , Ramos Rodrigo S , de Araújo Tamíris A , Soares João RS , Paes Jhersyka da S , de Araújo Vitor CR , Bastos Cristina S , Koch Robert L , Picanço Marcelo C
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

In precision integrated pest management, management tactics are implemented only where and when needed, by identifying the sites where the pest population has reached economic thresholds. Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum (Linn.), is a vegetable cultivated worldwide, but its production is reduced by insect pests such as the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). To improve management, there is a need to understand B. tabaci spatial dynamics in tomato fields, which will elucidate colonization patterns and may improve management of this pest. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the spatial autocorrelation, distribution, and colonization patterns of B. tabaci in 19 commercial tomato fields through the growing season.

RESULTS

A total of 69 isotropic variograms were fit for B. tabaci. The insect distribution was aggregated with a strong level of spatial dependence. Ranges of spatial dependence varied from 0.53 to 19.05 m and 0.5 to 20 m for adults and nymphs, respectively. Overall, densities of adults and nymphs were higher and reached the economic threshold mainly at the field edges.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest a colonization pattern for B. tabaci starting at the edges and spreading inwards in to the tomato fields. This study can improve B. tabaci management in tomato fields, especially scouting and decision‐making to treat fields. Scouting for this pest should be directed to the field edges, with sample points at least 20 m apart from each other for independent insect counts. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Summary of BTS guideline on the long‐term use of macrolides
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: December 2020

The new British Thoracic Society (BTS) guideline on the long‐term use of macrolides in adults with respiratory disease provides recommendations and good practice points on the use of these antibiotics for chronic conditions such as asthma and COPD. This article gives a brief summary of the guidance.
Medication management in older people – a hidden burden
Authors: Maidment Ian , Huckerby Clair , Shukla David
Published: December 2020

The MEMORABLE study was designed to identify the real‐world challenges associated with medication management in older people taking many different medicines. This article summarises the key findings of the study and discusses potential ways in which medication burden could be reduced.
Prone position ventilation and femoro‐femoral veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID‐19 treatment
Authors: Maeda Akiko , Nabeya Daijiro , Nagano Hiroaki , Yagi Nobuhito , Miyagi Tadayoshi , Kishaba Tomoo
Published: December 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Approximately 5% of COVID‐19 patients who suffer from pneumonia develop critical respiratory failure. Here, we report the case of a healthy 52‐year‐old man who had respiratory failure owing to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and was treated using femoro‐femoral veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV‐ECMO) and prone position ventilation (PPV). After this treatment, his blood oxygen levels, chest high‐resolution computed tomography findings, and clinical parameters significantly improved. He was decannulated from VV‐ECMO on day 6 and finally extubated on day 11. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated acute respiratory distress syndrome that was successfully treated with a combination of femoro‐femoral VV‐ECMO and PPV.
Single port robotic radical prostatectomy versus multi‐port robotic radical prostatectomy: A human factor analysis during the initial learning curve
Authors: Talamini Susan , Halgrimson Whitney R. , Dobbs Ryan W. , Morana Carmelo , Crivellaro Simone
Published: December 2020

Background

Studies have thus far neglected to evaluate the impact of the da Vinci single port (SP) robotic platform on surgeon experience and operating room efficiency. We sought to assess the effect of the SP platform on surgeon cognitive load measures during robotic assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP).

Methods

We prospectively compared the first 20 SP‐RALPs performed at our institution to 20 multi‐port (MP)‐RALPs performed by a single experienced robotic surgeon. Three multi‐dimensional assessment tools were used to evaluate mental and surgical workload, teamwork and workflow disruptions.

Results

No statistically significant differences were found between the MP‐RALP and SP‐RALP cohorts when evaluated by NASA Task Load Index, Surgery Task Load Index and Observational Teamwork Assessments.

Conclusions

The SP robotic platform did not adversely affect human factor performance of the surgeon during RALP. Multi‐institutional validation will be necessary to confirm these initial findings.
Synthetic mRNA-based differentiation method enables early detection of Parkinson's phenotypes in neurons derived from Gaucher disease-induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Akiyama Tomohiko , Sato Saeko , Ko Shigeru B. H. , Sano Osamu , Sato Sho , Saito Masayo , Nagai Hiroaki , Ko Minoru S. H. , Iwata Hidehisa
Published: December 2020

Gaucher disease, the most prevalent metabolic storage disorder, is caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene GBA1, which lead to the accumulation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in affected cells. Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1), although defined as a nonneuronopathic subtype, is accompanied by an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. To gain insights into the association of progressive accumulation of GlcCer and the Parkinson's disease phenotypes, we generated dopaminergic (DA) neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from a GD1 patient and a healthy donor control, and measured GlcCer accumulation by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We tested two DA neuron differentiation methods: a well-established method that mimics a step-wise developmental process from iPSCs to neural progenitor cells, and to DA neurons; and a synthetic mRNA-based method that overexpresses a transcription factor in iPSCs. GD1-specific accumulation of GlcCer was detected after 60 days of differentiation by the former method, whereas it was detected after only 10 days by the latter method. With this synthetic mRNA-based rapid differentiation method, we found that the metabolic defect in GD1 patient cells can be rescued by the overexpression of wild-type GBA1 or the treatment with an inhibitor for GlcCer synthesis. Furthermore, we detected the increased phosphorylation of α-synuclein, a biomarker for Parkinson's disease, in DA neurons derived from a GD1 patient, which was significantly decreased by the overexpression of wild-type GBA1. These results suggest that synthetic mRNA-based method accelerates the analyses of the pathological mechanisms of Parkinson's disease in GD1 patients and possibly facilitates drug discovery processes.
Improving Performance and Stability of Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Through Passivation Effect with Green Additives
Authors: Liu Fangyv , Zuo Xiaokun , Wang Kai , Bao Huaxi , Liu Lu , Guo Zhihua , Wang Shiwei , Liu Shengzhong Frank
Published: December 2020

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have debuted as the photovoltaic devices with the most potential and progress is being made at an unprecedented pace. Meanwhile, additive engineering is continuously pushing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and device stability to higher levels by passivating defects and regulating crystallization behaviors. Considering the scalable fabrication of PSCs in the following stage, seeking green additives for optimizing perovskites is extremely valuable and paramount. Herein, we pioneer a green additive engineering method using fumaric acid (FMAC) to optimize the three‐cation perovskites to obtain highly efficient PSCs. FMAC not only optimizes crystallization behaviors to endow the perovskite films with a large grain size and few grain boundaries, but also forms a strong interaction with Pb2+/I− of the perovskites, thereby stabilizing the [PbI6]4− octahedral framework of the perovskite crystal lattices and effectively passivating the surface defects. On this basis, FMAC improves the photoelectric properties of perovskites and in particular, suppresses the nonradiative recombination. Consequently, the PCE of PSCs incorporating FMAC rises to 20.48%, exceeding that (19.18%) of the pristine device. In addition, FMAC also enhances the stability of PSCs. Therefore, we provide a significant strategy using a green additive to enhance the photovoltaic performance of PSCs.
Walking the line: mechanisms underlying directional mRNA transport and localisation in neurons and beyond
Authors: Abouward Reem , Schiavo Giampietro
Published: December 2020

Messenger RNA (mRNA) localisation enables a high degree of spatiotemporal control on protein synthesis, which contributes to establishing the asymmetric protein distribution required to set up and maintain cellular polarity. As such, a tight control of mRNA localisation is essential for many biological processes during development and in adulthood, such as body axes determination inDrosophila melanogasterand synaptic plasticity in neurons. The mechanisms controlling how mRNAs are localised, including diffusion and entrapment, local degradation and directed active transport, are largely conserved across evolution and have been under investigation for decades in different biological models. In this review, we will discuss the standing of the field regarding directional mRNA transport in light of the recent discovery that RNA can hitchhike on cytoplasmic organelles, such as endolysosomes, and the impact of these transport modalities on our understanding of neuronal function during development, adulthood and in neurodegeneration.
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Detected in Mountain Gorilla Respiratory Outbreaks
Authors: Mazet Jonna A. K. , Genovese Brooke N. , Harris Laurie A. , Cranfield Michael , Noheri Jean Bosco , Kinani Jean Felix , Zimmerman Dawn , Bahizi Methode , Mudakikwa Antoine , Goldstein Tracey , Gilardi Kirsten V. K.
Published: December 2020

Respiratory illness (RI) accounts for a large proportion of mortalities in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), and fatal outbreaks, including disease caused by human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infections, have heightened concern about the risk of human pathogen transmission to this endangered species, which is not only critically important to the biodiversity of its ecosystem but also to the economies of the surrounding human communities. Our goal was to conduct a molecular epidemiologic study to detect the presence of HRSV and HMPV in fecal samples from wild human-habituated free-ranging mountain gorillas in Rwanda and to evaluate the role of these viruses in RI outbreaks. Fecal samples were collected from gorillas with clinical signs of RI between June 2012 and February 2013 and tested by real-time and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays; comparison fecal samples were obtained from gorillas without clinical signs of RI sampled during the 2010 Virunga gorilla population census. PCR assays detected HMPV and HRSV first in spiked samples; subsequently, HRSV-A, the worldwide-circulating ON1 genotype, was detected in 12 of 20 mountain gorilla fecal samples collected from gorillas with RI during outbreaks, but not in samples from animals without respiratory illness. Our findings confirmed that pathogenic human respiratory viruses are transmitted to gorillas and that they are repeatedly introduced into mountain gorilla populations from people, attesting to the need for stringent biosecurity measures for the protection of gorilla health.
Employment and further study outcomes for care-experienced graduates in the UK
Authors: Harrison Neil , Baker Zoë , Stevenson Jacqueline
Published: December 2020

Life outcomes for people who spent time in the care of the state as children (‘care-experienced’) are known to be significantly lower, on average, than for the general population. The reasons for this are complex and multidimensional, relating to social upheaval, disrupted schooling, mental and physical health issues and societal stigmatisation. Previous studies across several countries have demonstrated that they are significantly less likely to participate in higher education and more likely to withdraw early. However, little is currently known about their outcomes after graduation.

This paper therefore explores the initial outcomes for the 1,010 full-time students identified as care-experienced within the cohort graduating from an undergraduate degree programme in the UK in 2016/17—the most recent year for which data are available. They were found to be slightly more likely to be unemployed and less likely to be in work (and particularly professional work) than their peers, but, conversely, more likely to be studying. These differences largely disappeared once background educational and demographic factors were controlled.

The paper discusses the relationship between care-experience and other sites of inequality, concluding that care-experienced graduates are crucially over-represented in groups that are disadvantaged in the graduate labour market—e.g. by ethnicity, disability or educational history. This intersectional inequality largely explains their lower graduate outcomes. While there are important limitations with the data available, this speaks for the transformational potential of higher education in enabling care-experienced graduates to transcend childhood adversity. Recommendations for national policy and local practices conclude the paper.
Withholding tax rates on dividends: symmetries versus asymmetries or single- versus multi-rated double tax treaties
Authors: Petkova Kunka
Published: December 2020

Out of all double tax treaties (DTTs) in force in 2012, around 41% are symmetric (single-rated) and 59% are asymmetric (multi-rated), i.e., they prescribe different dividend withholding tax rates depending on the foreign investor’s ownership fraction. The paper investigates the reasons for this phenomenon, namely why some countries in their DTTs prefer homogenous withholding tax rates over separate rates for participation and portfolio dividends. In a theoretical model, I demonstrate why home countries may have an interest in a high withholding tax rate in the host country, even though they do not receive the revenue from this tax. Further, I find confirming evidence that a reason for having multi-rated withholding taxes on dividends is an existing spatial dependence on the rates of the countries’ peers that may be a driving factor for setting multi-rated taxes. Finally, I confirm that the spread itself (i.e., the difference between the portfolio and participation dividends negotiated in the tax treaty) is also affected by the peer countries.
Persistence of Biogeochemical Alterations of Deep‐Sea Sediments by Bottom Trawling
Authors: Paradis S. , Goñi M. , Masqué P. , Durán R. , Arjona‐Camas M. , Palanques A. , Puig P.
Published: December 2020

Bottom trawling grounds have been expanding to deeper areas of the oceans since the mid‐XXth century, and mitigating strategies aimed to protect fish stocks, such as temporal trawling closures, have recently been implemented. Here we investigated the biogeochemical properties of sediment from a deep‐sea trawling ground in Palamós Canyon (NW Mediterranean) to assess the effects of a 2‐months trawling closure in the recovery of sedimentary organic matter. In comparison to untrawled areas, the continuous erosion and sediment mixing in trawling grounds led to coarser reworked sediments impoverished in organic carbon (∼30% loss) and promoted the degradation of labile compounds (52–70% loss). These impacts persisted after the temporal trawling closure, highlighting that this management strategy is insufficient to restore the seafloor. Considering the continuous expansion of bottom trawling grounds, this activity could have significant and irreversible biogeochemical impacts on ocean margins at a global scale, hampering their carbon burial capacity.
Dawn‐Dusk Asymmetry in Energetic (>20 keV) Particles Adjacent to Saturn's Magnetopause
Authors: Liou Kan , Paranicas Chris , Vines Sarah , Kollmann Peter , Allen Robert C. , Clark George B. , Mitchell Donald G. , Jackman Caitriona M. , Masters Adam , Achilleos Nick , Roussos Elias , Krupp Norbert
Published: December 2020

Energetic particles (>∼25 keV) have been observed routinely in the terrestrial magnetosheath, but have not been well studied at the magnetosheaths of the outer planets. Here we analyze energetic electrons and ions (mostly protons) in the vicinity (±1 RS) of Saturn's magnetopause, using particle data acquired with the low‐energy magnetosphere measurements system, one of the three sensors of the magnetosphere imaging instrument on board the Cassini spacecraft, during a period of ∼14 years (2004–2017). It is found that energetic particles, especially ions, are also common in Saturn's magnetosheath. A clear inward (toward Saturn) gradient in the electron differential flux is identified, suggestive of magnetospheric sources. Such an inward gradient does not appear in some of the ion channels. We conclude that Saturn's magnetopause acts as a porous barrier for energetic electrons and, to a lesser extent, for energetic ions. A dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the gradient of particle flux across the magnetopause is also identified, with a gradual decrease at the dawn and a sharp decrease at the dusk magnetopause. It is also found that magnetic reconnection enhanced flux levels just outside of the magnetopause, with evidence suggesting that these particles are from magnetospheric sources. These findings strongly suggest that Saturn's magnetosphere is most likely the main source of energetic particles in Saturn's magnetosheath and magnetosphere leakage is an important process responsible for the presence of the energetic particles in Saturn's magnetosheath.
Correlated Observation on Global Distributions of Magnetosonic Waves and Proton Rings in the Radiation Belts
Authors: Zhou Qinghua , Jiang Zheng , Yang Chang , He Yihua , Liu Si , Xiao Fuliang
Published: December 2020

Fast magnetosonic (MS) waves are excited by the ring distribution of energetic protons preferably when the ring velocity (VR) is within a factor of 2 above or below the local Alfvén speed (VA). Here we examine the global distributions of MS waves and proton rings with 0.5VA ≤ VR ≤ 2VA based on 64 months (from October 25, 2012 to February 28, 2018) of Van Allen Probes observations. The statistical results show that MS waves are present over a broad region of L = 1.2–6.0 and 00–24 magnetic local time (MLT), with a higher occurrence rate at L = 2.5–5.5 on the dayside. Proton rings occur mainly on the dayside of L > 5.0. During active geomagnetic periods, both MS waves and proton rings occur more frequently and extend to low L‐shells. The current results provide the further observational evidence that MS waves can be excited by proton rings at a distant region and propagate to low L‐shells.
Impact of GOLD Retrieved Thermospheric Temperatures on a Whole Atmosphere Data Assimilation Model
Authors: Laskar F. I. , Pedatella N. M. , Codrescu M. V. , Eastes R. W. , Evans J. S. , Burns A. G. , McClintock W.
Published: December 2020

The present investigation evaluates the assimilation of synthetic data which has properties similar to actual Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) level‐2 (L2) temperatures and other conventional lower atmospheric observations. The lower atmospheric and GOLD L2 temperature (Tdisk) are assimilated in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere‐ionosphere eXtension using Data Assimilation Research Testbed. It is found that inclusion of the GOLD Tdisk improves the forecast root mean square error (RMSE) and bias by 5% and 71%. When compared to lower atmosphere only assimilation, the improvements in RMSE and bias are 20% and 94%. An investigation of the global diurnal westward‐propagating wavenumber 1 (DW1) and local diurnal tidal characteristics shows that inclusion of the GOLD temperatures improves the DW1 by about 8% and diurnal tide by more than 17%. Larger percentage improvements in the tides are seen in the lower thermosphere. Considerable improvements in the model state are also seen at times and locations where there are no GOLD observations available. These results and the background data assimilation procedure are presented here, which demonstrate that GOLD thermospheric temperature is an excellent data set that can be used for thermospheric assimilation studies and operational purposes.
Equation of State of TiN at High Pressures and Temperatures: A Possible Host for Nitrogen in Planetary Mantles
Authors: Daviau Kierstin , Fischer Rebecca A. , Brennan Matthew C. , Dong Junjie , Suer Terry‐Ann , Couper Samantha , Meng Yue , Prakapenka Vitali B.
Published: December 2020

Nitrogen, the most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere, is also a primary component of solid nitride minerals found in meteorites and on Earth's surface. If they remain stable to high pressures and temperatures, these nitrides may also be important reservoirs of nitrogen in planetary interiors. We used synchrotron X‐ray diffraction to measure the thermal equation of state and phase stability of titanium nitride (TiN) in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell at pressures up to ∼70 GPa and temperatures up to ∼2,500 K. TiN maintains the cubic B1 (NaCl‐type) crystal structure over the entire pressure and temperature range explored. It has K0 = 274 (4) GPa, K0′ = 3.9 (2), and γ0 = 1.39 (4) for a fixed V0 = 76.516 (30) Å3 (based on experimental measurements), q = 1, and θ0 = 579 K. Additionally, we collected Raman spectra of TiN up to ∼60 GPa, where we find that the transverse acoustic (TA), longitudinal acoustic (LA), and transverse optical phonon modes exhibit mode Grüneisen parameters of 1.66(17), 0.54(15), and 0.93 (4), respectively. Based on our equation of state, TiN has a density of ∼5.6–6.4 g/cm3 at Earth's lower mantle conditions, significantly more dense than both the mantle of the Earth and the estimated densities of the mantles of other terrestrial planets, but less dense than planetary cores. We find that TiN remains stable against physical decomposition at the pressures and temperatures found within Earth's mantle, making it a plausible reservoir for deep planetary nitrogen if chemical conditions allow its formation.
Evaluation of the Stratospheric and Tropospheric Bromine Burden Over Fairbanks, Alaska Based on Column Retrievals of Bromine Monoxide
Authors: Wales Pamela A. , Salawitch Ross J. , Lind Elena S. , Mount George H. , Canty Timothy P. , Chance Kelly , Choi Sungyeon , Donohoue Deanna , Kurosu Thomas P. , Simpson William R. , Suleiman Raid M.
Published: December 2020

In spring 2011, columns of bromine monoxide (BrO) were retrieved over Fairbanks, Alaska using a ground‐based multifunction differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MFDOAS) instrument. MFDOAS vertical column BrO is consistently lower than retrievals from the satellite‐based Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), with a relative bias of 20 ± 14%. Numerous tropical‐based studies suggest that 5 ± 2 parts per trillion (ppt) of bromine from very short‐lived substances (VSLS) reaches the stratosphere. We evaluate upper limits on the contribution of VSLS to stratospheric bromine by treating the column retrievals of BrO as purely stratospheric and modeling the ratio of BrO to total inorganic bromine. The OMI and MFDOAS retrievals respectively present 8 and 5 ppt upper limits on the stratospheric injection of VSLS, and kinetic uncertainties in the daytime partitioning of bromine species decrease both values by ∼1.7 ppt. The OMI‐based estimate is in agreement with the 5 ppt tropical‐based value for stratospheric injection of VSLS if the tropospheric column of BrO is 1.5 × 1013 molecules cm−2 over Fairbanks, which is within the range of uncertainty of a second ground‐based instrument that monitored tropospheric BrO during the campaign. Because our ground‐based instruments detected no BrO near the surface, this value for tropospheric BrO would originate from higher altitudes in the troposphere and is in agreement with previous retrievals of background tropospheric BrO. Our calculations of tropospheric BrO over Fairbanks are most sensitive to uncertainties in the stratospheric loading of VSLS, followed by the difference between the OMI and MFDOAS retrievals of BrO.
Spectral Characterization of Bennu Analogs Using PASCALE: A New Experimental Set‐Up for Simulating the Near‐Surface Conditions of Airless Bodies
Authors: Donaldson Hanna K. L. , Bowles N. E. , Warren T. J. , Hamilton V. E. , Schrader D. L. , McCoy T. J. , Temple J. , Clack A. , Calcutt S. , Lauretta D. S.
Published: December 2020

We describe the capabilities, radiometric stability, and calibration of a custom vacuum environment chamber capable of simulating the near‐surface conditions of airless bodies. Here we demonstrate the collection of spectral measurements of a suite of fine particulate asteroid analogs made using the Planetary Analogue Surface Chamber for Asteroid and Lunar Environments (PASCALE) under conditions like those found on Earth and on airless bodies. The sample suite includes anhydrous and hydrated physical mixtures, and chondritic meteorites (CM, CI, CV, CR, and L5) previously characterized under Earth‐ and asteroid‐like conditions. And for the first time, we measure the terrestrial and extra‐terrestrial mineral end members used in the olivine‐ and phyllosilicate‐dominated physical mixtures under the same conditions as the mixtures and meteorites allowing us better understand how minerals combine spectrally when mixed intimately. Our measurements highlight the sensitivity of thermal infrared emissivity spectra to small amounts of low albedo materials and the composition of the sample materials. As the albedo of the sample decreases, we observe smaller differences between Earth‐ and asteroid‐like spectra, which results from a reduced thermal gradient in the upper hundreds of microns in the sample. These spectral measurements can be compared to thermal infrared emissivity spectra of asteroid (101955) Bennu's surface in regions where similarly fine particulate materials may be observed to infer surface compositions.
A Practical, Objective, and Robust Technique to Directly Estimate Catchment Response Time
Authors: Giani G. , Rico‐Ramirez M. A. , Woods R. A.
Published: December 2020

Methodologies to estimate the response time of a catchment to new rainfall inputs based on rainfall and streamflow observations require the analyst to make a number of uncertain and subjective steps. Moreover, these methods make the assumption that the water producing the discharge peak fell in the last rainfall event, which does not necessary apply to all the environments and conditions. Hence, here we present a practical, objective, and robust method to estimate catchment response time (Tr) based on hourly rainfall and streamflow time series only, which removes most of the sources of uncertainties arising from current methodologies by restating the conceptual hypothesis and minimizing the user’s choices. The proposed method, used originally in the field of economics to assess the temporal correlation between two variables, has been adapted to be used for the first time in the field of hydrology. The method does not make any assumption about the rainfall‐runoff transformation (no hydrograph separation needed), does not require event selection or parameter estimation, and it is easily reproducible. The above features make the proposed method a useful tool even under different hypothesis regarding the hydrograph water age. The method agrees well with the traditionally used method to estimate Tr from observed hyetographs and hydrographs (Spearman rank correlation r = 0.82). The proposed method gives robust results for relatively short records, and works in presence of noise and bias in the time series.
Discovery and quantification of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms among oxygenated tropical Cuban stony corals
Authors: Babbin Andrew R , Tamasi Tyler , Dumit Diana , Weber Laura , Rodríguez María Victoria Iglesias , Schwartz Sarah L , Armenteros Maickel , Wankel Scott D , Apprill Amy
Published: December 2020

Coral reef health depends on an intricate relationship among the coral animal, photosynthetic algae, and a complex microbial community. The holobiont can impact the nutrient balance of their hosts amid an otherwise oligotrophic environment, including by cycling physiologically important nitrogen compounds. Here we use 15N-tracer experiments to produce the first simultaneous measurements of ammonium oxidation, nitrate reduction, and nitrous oxide (N2O) production among five iconic species of reef-building corals (Acropora palmata, Diploria labyrinthiformis, Orbicella faveolata, Porites astreoides, and Porites porites) in the highly protected Jardines de la Reina reefs of Cuba. Nitrate reduction is present in most species, but ammonium oxidation is low potentially due to photoinhibition and assimilatory competition. Coral-associated rates of N2O production indicate a widespread potential for denitrification, especially among D. labyrinthiformis, at rates of ~1 nmol cm−2 d−1. In contrast, A. palmata displays minimal active nitrogen metabolism. Enhanced rates of nitrate reduction and N2O production are observed coincident with dark net respiration periods. Genomes of bacterial cultures isolated from multiple coral species confirm that microorganisms with the ability to respire nitrate anaerobically to either dinitrogen gas or ammonium exist within the holobiont. This confirmation of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms by coral-associated microorganisms sheds new light on coral and reef productivity.
Pervasive prophage recombination occurs during evolution of spore-forming Bacilli
Authors: Dragoš Anna , Priyadarshini B , Hasan Zahraa , Strube Mikael Lenz , Kempen Paul J , Maróti Gergely , Kaspar Charlotte , Bose Baundauna , Burton Briana M , Bischofs Ilka B , Kovács Ákos T
Published: December 2020

Phages are the main source of within-species bacterial diversity and drivers of horizontal gene transfer, but we know little about the mechanisms that drive genetic diversity of these mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Recently, we showed that a sporulation selection regime promotes evolutionary changes within SPβ prophage of Bacillus subtilis, leading to direct antagonistic interactions within the population. Herein, we reveal that under a sporulation selection regime, SPβ recombines with low copy number phi3Ts phage DNA present within the B. subtilis population. Recombination results in a new prophage occupying a different integration site, as well as the spontaneous release of virulent phage hybrids. Analysis of Bacillus sp. strains suggests that SPβ and phi3T belong to a distinct cluster of unusually large phages inserted into sporulation-related genes that are equipped with a spore-related genetic arsenal. Comparison of Bacillus sp. genomes indicates that similar diversification of SPβ-like phages takes place in nature. Our work is a stepping stone toward empirical studies on phage evolution, and understanding the eco-evolutionary relationships between bacteria and their phages. By capturing the first steps of new phage evolution, we reveal striking relationship between survival strategy of bacteria and evolution of their phages.
Selfishness driving reductive evolution shapes interdependent patterns in spatially structured microbial communities
Authors: Wang Miaoxiao , Liu Xiaonan , Nie Yong , Wu Xiao-Lei
Published: December 2020

Microbes release a wide variety of metabolites to the environment that benefit the whole population, called public goods. Public goods sharing drives adaptive function loss, and allows the rise of metabolic cross-feeding. However, how public goods sharing governs the succession of communities over evolutionary time scales remains unclear. To resolve this issue, we constructed an individual-based model, where an autonomous population that possessed functions to produce three essential public goods, was allowed to randomly lose functions. Simulations revealed that function loss genotypes could evolve from the autonomous ancestor, driven by the selfish public production trade-off at the individual level. These genotypes could then automatically develop to three possible types of interdependent patterns: complete functional division, one-way dependency, and asymmetric functional complementation, which were influenced by function cost and function redundancy. In addition, we found random evolutionary events, i.e., the priority and the relative spatial positioning of genotype emergence, are also important in governing community assembly. Moreover, communities occupied by interdependent patterns exhibited better resistance to environmental perturbation, suggesting such patterns are selectively favored. Our work integrates ecological interactions with evolution dynamics, providing a new perspective to explain how reductive evolution shapes microbial interdependencies and governs the succession of communities.
Correction: Flower-like AgNPs@m-MgO as an excellent catalyst for CO2 fixation and acylation reactions under ambient conditions
Authors: Chowdhury Arpita Hazra , Ghosh Swarbhanu , Manirul Islam Sk.
Published: December 2020

Correction for ‘Flower-like AgNPs@m-MgO as an excellent catalyst for CO2 fixation and acylation reactions under ambient conditions’ by Arpita Hazra Chowdhury et al., New J. Chem., 2018, 42, 14194–14202, DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ02286K.
Effect of CaCO3on catalytic activity of Fe–Ce/Ti catalysts for NH3-SCR reaction
Authors: Wang Xiaobo , Fang Qiuyue , Wang Jia , Gui Keting , Thomas Hywel Rhys
Published: December 2020

In the present work, fresh and Ca poisoned Fe–Ce/Ti catalysts were prepared and used for the NH3-SCR reaction to investigate the effect of Ca doping on the catalytic activity of catalysts.
Next generation amino acid technology for CO2 capture
Authors: Xu Xingguang , Myers Matthew B. , Versteeg Friso G. , Adam Ethan , White Cameron , Crooke Emma , Wood Colin D.
Published: December 2020

A flexible strategy to prepare a scalable CO2 absorbent (LAHPs) via encapsulating amino acid salt solutions in a polymer matrix.
High‐voltage direct current fault current interruption: A technology review
Authors: Smeets Rene P. P. , Belda Nadew A.
Published: December 2020

This review paper describes fault current interruption principles and various high‐voltage direct currrent (HVDC) circuit breaker technologies. First, fundamentals of HVDC fault current interruption and a generic set of requirements of HVDC circuit breakers are presented. The critical parameters during fault current interruption are assessed using a simplified mathematical model. Then, the state‐of‐the‐art of HVDC circuit breaker technologies and their application in actual HVDC multi‐terminal projects is highlighted. Several sub‐components of HVDC circuit breakers are standard components used in a non‐standard application and, hence, have to face non‐standard stresses. All of today's HVDC circuit breaker technologies consist of mechanical switching devices and metal‐oxide surge arresters, which are used in an unconventional way. A critical analysis of these stresses compared to the stresses in a conventional application is provided. Recommendations on testing supported with examples of actual full‐power ‘complete’ demonstration of HVDC circuit breakers up to 350 kV/20 kA are discussed. Finally, the actual status of standardisation activities is presented.
Risk Perception and Decision Making about Early-Onset Sepsis among Neonatologists: A National Survey
Authors: Rugolo Ligia Maria Suppo de Souza , Bentlin Maria Regina , Almeida Maria Fernanda Branco de , Guinsburg Ruth , Carvalho Werther Brunow de , Marba Sergio Tadeu Martins , Almeida João Henrique Carvalho Leme de , Luz Jorge Hecker , Procianoy Renato Soibelmann , Duarte José Luiz Muniz Bandeira , Anchieta Leni Márcia , Ferreira Daniela Marques de Lima Mota , Alves Júnior José Mariano Sales , Diniz Edna Maria de Albuquerque , Santos Juliana Paula Ferraz dos , Gimenes Carolina Boschi , Silva Nathalia Moura de Mello e , Ferrari Lígia Lopes , Silva Regina Paula Guimarães Vieira Cavalcante da , Meneses Jucille , Gonçalves-Ferri Walusa Assad , Vale Marynéa Silva do , Brine Holly , Weiner Gary M. ,   Brazilian Network on Neonatal Research
Published: December 2020

Objective Many newborns are investigated and empirically treated for suspected early-onset sepsis (EOS). This study aimed to describe neonatologists' self-identified risk thresholds for investigating and treating EOS and assess the consistency of these thresholds with clinical decisions.

Study Design Voluntary online survey, available in two randomized versions, sent to neonatologists from 20 centers of the Brazilian Network on Neonatal Research. The surveys included questions about thresholds for investigating and treating EOS and presented four clinical scenarios with varying calculated risks. In survey version A, only the scenarios were presented, and participants were asked if they would order a blood test or start antibiotics. Survey version B presented the same scenarios and the risk of sepsis. Clinical decisions were compared between survey versions using chi-square tests and agreement between thresholds and clinical decisions were investigated using Kappa coefficients.

Results In total, 293 surveys were completed (145 survey version A and 148 survey version B). The median risk thresholds for blood test and antibiotic treatment were 1:100 and 1:25, respectively. In the high-risk scenario, there was no difference in the proportion choosing antibiotic therapy between the groups. In the moderate-risk scenarios, both tests and antibiotics were chosen more frequently when the calculated risks were included (survey version B). In the low-risk scenario, there was no difference between survey versions. There was poor agreement between the self-described thresholds and clinical decisions.

Conclusion Neonatologists overestimate the risk of EOS and underestimate their risk thresholds. Knowledge of calculated risk may increase laboratory investigation and antibiotic use in infants at moderate risk for EOS.

Key Points
Convergence analysis of subdivision processes on the sphere
Authors: Hüning Svenja , Wallner Johannes
Published: December 2020

We analyse the convergence of nonlinear Riemannian analogues of linear subdivision processes operating on data in the sphere. We show how for curve subdivision rules we can derive bounds guaranteeing convergence if the density of input data is below that threshold. Previous results only yield thresholds that are several magnitudes smaller and are thus useless for a priori checking of convergence. It is the first time that such a result has been shown for a geometry with positive curvature and for subdivision rules not enjoying any special properties like being interpolatory or having non-negative mask.
Commitment to Public Values, Charismatic Leadership Attributions, and Employee Turnover in Street-Level Bureaucracies
Authors: Tavares Gustavo M , Sobral Filipe , Wright Bradley E
Published: December 2020

Public values (PV) are receiving growing attention in public administration research and scholars frequently stress the need for public leaders to commit to and promote PV to protect the public interest and build citizens’ trust in government. However, the relationship between public leaders’ commitment to PV and intra-organizational, behavioral outcomes has received much less theoretical and empirical attention. To help address this gap, we draw on the social identity theory of leadership to propose that leaders in street-level bureaucracies who are perceived to be committed to PV are also more likely to be perceived as charismatic leaders and that these leadership attributions will be associated with lower employee turnover, especially in more stressful work contexts. We test our hypotheses with ordinary least squares and negative binomial regression. Additional mediation tests were conducted with structural equation modeling. Based on a sample of 87 public organizations and 874 participants, our results reveal that perceived leader commitment to PV is positively associated with perceived charismatic leadership which, in turn, is associated with lower employee turnover in more stressful and demanding work environments. This study brings more publicness to public leadership studies and can inform public leaders on how to develop more engaging and inspirational forms of leadership with their constituencies.