bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Causal Description to Causal Explanation: Improving Three Already Good Evaluations of Adolescent Health Programs
Authors: Cook Thomas D , Anson, Amy R , Walchli Suzanne
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about evaluating the quality of evaluations done in adolescent health. As such, it is an attempt at metaevaluation (Cook & Groder, 1978). A crucial concern in all evaluative activities is to specify and justify the criteria by which judgments of quality are made. In evaluating evaluations of adolescent health pro­ grams, we distinguish three such criteria: How justified are inferences about program effectiveness, about the nature of the program activities actually implemented, and about the reasons why particular program effects do or do not come about?
Feral Children and Clever Animals
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith
Published: November 2023

What is it that sets us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom? What makes us unique? What makes us human? In this provocative book, Douglas Candland shows that as we begin to understand the way animals and non-speaking humans ‘think’, we hold up a mirror of sorts to our own mental world, and gain profound insights into human nature. Among the fascinating accounts of feral children and clever animals from which the book draws its arguments are the Wolf Girls of India, Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron, Kaspar Hauser, and ‘Clever Hans’, the German horse that could calculate square roots.
Nineteenth-Century Mormon Architecture and City Planning
Authors: Hamilton C Mark
Published: November 2023

This book is the first comprehensive study of Mormon architecture. It centers on the doctrine of Zion which led to over 500 planned settlements in Missouri, Illinois, Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Canada, and Mexico. This doctrine also led to a hierarchy of building types from temples and tabernacles to meetinghouses and tithing offices. Their built environment stands as a monument to a unique utopian society that not only survived but continues to flourish where others have become historical or cultural curiosities. Hamilton’s account, augmented by 135 original and historical photographs, provides a fascinating example of how religious teachings and practices are expressed in planned communities and architecture types.
The Evolving Systems Approach to Creative Work
Authors: Gruber Howard E
Published: November 2023

Surely not that it give an account of inscrutable processes that lead to miraculous products. If it is to be a scientific undertaking, such a theory must explain how knowable and sometimes well-known processes, organized in new ways, bring about the great marvels of human thought and invention. On the other hand, if it is to be about creativity, it must deal not with the predictable and repeatable-the stuff of normal science-but with the unique and unrepeatable.
Ensembles of Metaphor in the Psychology of William James
Authors: Osowski Jeffrey V
Published: November 2023

William James (1842-1910) made this comment in the early days of the science of psychology. The combination of vagueness and fertility in his own thinking found dramatic expression in his use of metaphors. Indeed, James is famous for a single metaphor-the stream of consciousness-which was eventually borrowed to describe a literary genre and entered the intellectual language of the twentieth century. But an examination of James’s use of metaphor does not turn on a single item. On the contrary, it reveals an intricate hierarchic structure of ensembles of metaphors. Each ensemble is made up of families of metaphors, and each family has a central metaphor and other individual metaphors. The articulation of members of the ensemble, each with its special function, produces a coherent whole.
Self and Oeuvre in Jean Piaget’s Youth
Authors: Vidal Fernando
Published: November 2023

Jean Piaget’s (1896-1980) worldwide reputation is built on his work as a child psychologist. Yet he claimed to be interested less in actual children than in the “epistemic subject. “ The epistemic subject is made up of that which is common to all subjects at the same level of development. Thus the epistemic subject is abstract because it is not meant to correspond to any concrete individual and because Piaget insisted on describing it in abstract formal language. Not surprisingly, therefore, the most widespread image of Piaget today rests on his emphasis on logic, or formalization, as the essential tool for construing the subject of cognitive studies. Although Piaget did not deny the importance of social and affective: life, he simply did not consider it central to his work.
Is Superstition Abnormal, Irrational, Or Neither?
Authors: Vyse Stuart A
Published: November 2023

He remembers that it began on August 28, 1965, when he was thirteen years old. He and his father were watching Tea House of the August Moon, on NBC’s Saturday Night at the Movies. Eventually he went to bed and was struck with a profound fear that he was ‘‘queer.’’ Things seemed unreal to him, and he was aware that his feelings were not normal. From this point on, his life was filled with irrational fears and obsessive thoughts. The onset of his difficulties on August 28 gave the number twenty-eight special significance. He engaged in rituals twenty-eight times for fear that not doing so would lead to the death of a loved one or would make time run backwards. Living in the San Francisco area, he was obsessed with the fear not just that an earthquake would occur, but that he would do something to cause an earthquake. On occasion, he was afraid that simply touching an object might be enough. He was haunted by the belief that Pepperidge Farms products could cause earthquakes because an earthquake occurred on Thanksgiving Day in 1974, shortly after he had eaten a Pepperidge Farms turnover. His parents eventually divorced, and his mother moved to the East Coast. When it came time to go to college, he chose Carleton College in Minnesota, both to avoid his earthquake fears and to be halfway between his parents. For a time, the hot- and cold-water taps of his sink began to symbolize to him his parents’ differing political views, mother on the left and father on the right, and whenever he used the sink he felt compelled to turn on both the hot and cold water.
Design Sensitivities and Optimization
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata
Published: November 2023

The first main section of this chapter presents a BEM formulation for the determination of design sensitivity coefficients (DSCs) for ‘‘fully nonlinear” (both material and geometric) clastoviscoplastic problems. As described in chapter 2, problems of interest are those in which elastic strains are small but inelastic strains and rotations can he arbitrarily large. This section is followed by a discussion of numerical implementation and numerical results for design sensitivity coefficients for illustrative examples. The final sections arc concerned with optimization problems in elastoviscoplasticity.
Emotional Disorders Associated with Neurological Diseases
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Blonder Lee X , Bowers, Dawn , Valenstein Edward
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we discuss changes in emotional experience and behavior that are caused directly by diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). These disorders interfere with brain mechanisms that underlie emotion. There are other ways in which neurological disorders and emotions may interact: Patients with neurological diseases may have an emotional response to their illness (e.g., they may get depressed because they are disabled), emotional states may enhance neurological symptoms (e.g., anxiety may aggravate tremor), and emotional states may induce neurological symptoms (e.g., stress may cause headaches). Emotional response to disease, emotional enhancement of symptoms, and emotion induced disorders are not unique to neurology, and are not discussed in this chapter. It has long been recognized that several disorders traditionally in the realm of psychiatry, such schizophrenia, are probably caused by abnormalities in the brain. However, this chapter is limited to traditional neurological illnesses.
Amnesic Disorders
Authors: Bauer Russell M , Reckess Gila Z , Kumar, Abhay , Valenstein Edward
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the term amnesic syndrome talic> to the behavioral characteristics of memory disorders that follow medial temporal lobe destruction, and to the substantially similar disorders associated with diencephalic and basal forebrain lesions. To facilitate discussion of clinical and research topics relevant to amnesia, we have divided this chapter into seven sections. The first section, Clinical Characteristics of the Amnesic Syndrome, provides an overview of the behavioral characteristics of amnesia. The second, Evaluating the Amnesic Patient, discusses the neuropsychological evaluation of memory. The third section, Anatomy, reviews the anatomic localization of lesions that cause amnesia. The fourth section, Theoretical Accounts of Amnesia, reviews theories of amnesia and their ability to account for the clinical and neuroanatomic findings reviewed in the previous sections. The fifth section, Functional Imaging Studies of Amnesia, discusses the role of functional neuroimaging in advancing our understanding of memory and amnesia. The sixth, Clinical Presentation of Disorders Associated with Amnesia, discusses neurological conditions that often present with impairment of memory, and the seventh, Rehabilitation of Memory Disorders, reviews the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with amnesia.
Disorders of Self-Awareness After Brain Injury
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

Disorders of self-awareness are common after brain injury but poorly understood and managed (Principle 11). Is the patient’s apparent lack of insight a result of brain dysfunction or a psychological defense (i.e., denial) against recognizing impairments and disabilities? The answer to this question has important implications for managing patients and for understanding the mechanisms responsible for human consciousness (Principle 11).
Memory In Oral Traditions
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

This book applies the methods and theories of cognitive psychology to the study of oral traditions. Rubin elaborates on three structural devices that appear in oral traditions: those consisting of meaning, those using imagery, and those in which sound pattern is predominant. Next, the way in which these and other constraints fit together is examined. The processes of transmission and recall are then considered. Three genres are considered as different applications of the principles outlined in the book. For two of these -- counting-out rhymes and ballads -- original studies are reported. For the third -- epic -- new analyses of existing data are reported.
Counting-out Rhymes
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

A child tells off with his finger one word of the rhyme for each of the group, and he on whom the last word falls is “out. “ This process of exclusion is continued until one only is left who has the usually unpleasant duty of leading in the sport. All European nations possess such rhymes, and-apply them in a like manner. These have the common peculiarity of having very little sense, being often mere jargons of unmeaning sounds.
Becoming a Certain Body
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene
Published: November 2023

As part of membership in our society, young women have to learn how “to be a body.”1 And, for the most part, what a woman observes in the mirror is what she uses as a measure of her worth as a human being. We have just seen how the food, diet, and fitness industries, aided by the media, have systematically convinced women that independence means self-improvement, self-control, and the responsibility for achieving the ultra slender body ideal. But the family, school, and peer group also have a role. They reflect and frequently amplify societal norms. These social influences often take the form of rewards and punishments to urge women’s bodies toward thinness. The result creates vast differences in how men and women feel about their bodies.
Joining the Cult of Thinness
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene
Published: November 2023

For Elena, the pursuit of thinness has taken on the qualities of a religion. She makes a collage out of media images, paragons of female beauty. These are the “totems” that she worships; the inspiration for her quest for an ideal body. Her mirror can be compared to an altar, where she examines herself and fervently prays that she will be able to attain her ideal through practicing the rituals of dieting and exercising. Her daily mantra, “Thin Promises,” keeps her dedicated and focused on a physical self that must be continually improved.
New Recruits for the Cult of Thinness: Young Girls, Men, and Ethnic Women
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene
Published: November 2023

The average fashion model is white, S feet 10 inches tall, and weighs 110 pounds. She is approximately 30 pounds less than the average American teenage girl, and almost six inches taller. Her looks are relatively rare, yet her image is so pervasive that it is difficult for girls to see themselves as anything but “wrong” in comparison.
Size, shape, and genetic variation in feral pigeons
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Body size is one of the most important qualities of birds, and it dictates the range of activities of any species as well as the manner in which any activity is under taken. Shape, whether of the body or any of its parts, similarly permits and constrains activities. Size and shape thus are sufficiently fundamental that specialists claim information on body mass allows accurate prediction of any aspect of a bird’ s natural history--flight speed, territory size, the size of body organs, energy requirements, age at maturity, lifespan, incubation period, heart rate and so on (Calder 1985; Jones 1991; Peters 1983). Moreover, the way in which activities are undertaken is likewise influenced by body size.
Development: fledglings
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Body weights of juvenile feral pigeons tend to be similar from different localities. The average weight of juvenile ferals from Ithaca, New York (Edrich and Keeton 1977) was not significantly different from that of juveniles at Manchester, England (Murton et al. 1972b). In such a study, comparisons must be made only of samples from the same seasonal periods, because body weights of pigeons of any age vary through the year. For example, at Montreal, Canada, juveniles weighed 253 to 283 g (n = 96) in July and August and 330 to 350 g in winter (Levesque and McNeil 1986).
Fligh
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Birds are capable of flying in various ways. Such capabilities may be due to variation in the basic structure of birds an albatross does not fly like a falcon, nor like a sparrow (and none fly like an airplane, as Rayner notes in the quote above). But even within a species, manner of flight varies, and hovering differs from cruising flight, fast flight from slow, and so it goes. Specialists now speak of “flight gaits” (Rayner 1986) in much the same way as they refer to mammalian locomotory gaits.
Orientation and navigation
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

You might suppose that in summarizing what is known about orientation and navigation in pigeons we would be forced to rely on information from studies of domestic homing pigeons. But, you would be right only up to a point. Beyond that point, the uncanny truth about orientation and navigation of pigeons is that not only are feral pigeons reasonably good at it (Edrich and Keeton 1977) but wild Rock Pigeons have just about the same abilities (Visalberghi et al. 1978). As we have noted elsewhere in this volume for other aspects of biology, the differences between wild and feral pigeons and homing pigeons in orientation and navigation are largely ones of degree.
The Description and Meaning of Insight in Psychosis
Authors: Amador Xavier F , Kronengold Henry
Published: November 2023

Clinicians treating individuals with schizophrenia and other psychoses have long been struck by the seeming indifference or unawareness many of these patients display in regard to their own illness. People diagnosed with psychotic disorders have similarly been frustrated with their friends, family members, and doctors who insist they have a serious mental illness when they know that they do not. Owing to its prevalence and to disruption of the therapist-patient relationship, this type of discrepancy in perspective-or what we in the mental health field have labeled “poor insight” -has become integral to our conception of particular psychoses. Poor insight often frustrates attempts by clinicians and concerned family members to render assistance and treatment. Such patients, feeling coerced into accepting medications for an illness they don’t believe they have, understandably resist cooperating with prescribed treatments.
On the Potential for a CO2 Fertilization Effect in Forests: Estimates of the Biotic Growth Factor Based on 58 Controlled-Exposure Studies
Authors: Wullschleger Stan D , Post W M , King A W
Published: November 2023

There is little question that terrestrial ecosystems have a potentially pivotal role in determining both the direction and the rate of future changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. There is some question, however, whether terrestrial ecosystems will contribute to global warming by releasing additional CO2 into the atmosphere as a result of increasing respiration in a warming climate, or whether they will instead sequester additional carbon in response to the enhancing effects of atmospheric CO2 on plant growth (Soloman and Cramer 1993). This latter response, the so-called CO2 fertilization effect, has been advanced as an important negative feedback that has the potential for limiting increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The mechanism has often been invoked as an explanation of the 1.6-petagram (Pg = 1015 g)-carbon-per-year imbalance or “missing sink” in calculations of the global carbon budget.
Global Climate Change: Disturbance Regimes and Biospheric Feedbacks of Temperate and Boreal Forests
Authors: Kurz Werner A , Apps Michael J , Stocks Brian J , Volney W Jan A
Published: November 2023

General circulation models that predict large-scale climatic changes at present account neither for the effects of these changes on terrestrial and aquatic biota nor for feedbacks associated with the effects. This chapter reviews some of the feedback mechanisms through which temperate and boreal forest ecosystems could affect future climatic changes. The effects of changes in forest distribution and changes in growth and decomposition rates are addressed by others in this volume. This chapter emphasizes the role of disturbance regimes and their effects on forest structure and function. We show that changes in climatic conditions have affected forest disturbance regimes in the past and that these changes in disturbance regimes must be considered when assessing biospheric feedbacks to future climate changes.
Effects of Land-Use Change, Surface Temperature, and CO2 Concentration on Terrestrial Stores of Carbon
Authors: Houghton R A
Published: November 2023

Two questions are addressed in this chapter. First, are there feedbacks between the earth’s environment and the amount of carbon held in terrestrial ecosystems? More specifically, will a warmer earth with higher concentrations of CO2 in its atmosphere store more or less carbon in vegetation and soil than the current earth? The time frame of interest is years to decades, and consideration is given to metabolic processes (productivity and respiration) rather than to migration of species or ecotones. The question is addressed from the perspective of the global carbon balance over the last 140 years. The answer is tentative: it appears as though there may have been both positive and negative biotic feedbacks.
Measurement of Cardiovascular Responses
Authors: Krantz David S , Falconer Jennifer J
Published: November 2023

The cardiovascular system is highly responsive to a variety of psychological and behavioral states. This observation was first noted by ancient Egyptian physicians and philosophers who believed that the heart was the seat of emotion (Hassett, 1978), and promoted by many generations of romantic writers who observed cardiac changes associated with intense emotions such as love, fear, joy, and sadness (Dunbar, 1947). Only in the seventeenth century was the primary function of the heart of pumping blood throughout the body discovered by William Harvey (Willis, 1965).
The History of Political and Social Concepts
Authors: Richter Melvin
Published: November 2023

This book outlines and illustrates a new approach to intellectual history - the history of “concepts”. In distinction to the study of more traditional units of analysis, (authors, texts, traditions, discourses) conceptual history systematically combines the history of ideas and language with social history in such a way as to illustrate how changes in language both registered and shaped great transformations of government, society, economy, and mentality. With its origin in German social thought, and now gaining popularity in the US, this approach has affinities with some British intellectual history (Pocock, Skinner) and French discourse analysis, yet Richter carefully demonstrates how conceptual history makes important advances over each by focusing on the range of a terms’s meaning, its changes, and its continuities, while avoiding pitfalls of deconstruction. This volume will be indispensable for historians of political and social thought, political and social philosophers, and those interested in the history of ideas.
Pocock, Skinner, and Begriffsgeschichte
Authors: Richter Melvin
Published: November 2023

This chapter compares the programs and findings of recent German conceptual history to the work of J. G. A. Pocock and Quentin Skinner. Within the English-speaking world, they have become the most admired and imitated historians of what others call political thought, but which they designate as “discourses” and “ideologies” respectively. Often treated together because their methods were developed at Cambridge University, Pocock and Skinner offer instructive objections and alternatives to Begriffsgeschichte. Yet they share with German historians of concepts a common concern with political language treated historically, and the insistence on both sides that political thought and behavior, now and in the past, cannot be understood without reference to the distinctive vocabularies used by agents in given contexts.
The Psychological Underpinnings of Cognitive Science
Authors: Dodwell Peter
Published: November 2023

Five main paths of inquiry, developing sometimes in isolation but often connecting in strong and useful ways, define the discipline of cognitive science: (1) the experimental psychology of cognition; (2) neuroscience, particularly its application of sophisticated new techniques to the detailed study of the anatomy and physiology of the brain and the rest of the cental nervous system; (3) those fields of computing science that study artifical intelligence (Al) and robotics in relationship to human thought and action; (4) linguistics, especially in its imaginative treatment of language competence and in its biological and developmental aspects; and (5) the philosophy of mind, insofar as it concerns the study of the ontogeny and epistemology of cognition. In this chapter I shall survey briefly the presuppositions, methods, and findings of the first of these paths. In the next chapter I shall do the same for the remaining four, and show how, despite their differences, the five paths have each come to embrace a common view of the mind. I call this the standard model of the mind.
What Is Aphasia?
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

Aphasia is the loss or impairment of language function caused by brain damage. Despite considerable variation in wording reflecting attempts at greater precision, this basic definition is accepted by virtually all clinicians and investigators dealing with aphasia. The appearance of fundamental agreement is illusory, how ever. Aphasia was born of controversy, has a history of ongoing disagreements about appropriate approaches and remains a contentious topic. Rather than cooly discussed, viewpoints on aphasia are often hotly argued and the debate has some times become downright acrimonious. In recent years, investigators appear increasingly willing to accept and utilize distinctly different approaches; a tendency remains, however, for viewpoints on aphasia to be both diverse and contested.
Historical Background
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

Writings on the history of aphasia naturally tend to be slanted toward the views of their authors. Some reveal a strong national prejudice, some emphasize the contributions of specific investigators and others have a particular theoretical bias. Especially recommended reviews are those of Freud (1891/1953), Head (1926), Weisenburg and McBride (1935/1964), Benton and Joynt (1960), Brain (1961), Quadfasel (1968), Hécaen and Albert (1978), Benson (1979a), Arbib, Caplan, and Marshall (1982), Lecours and colleagues (1983), and Goodglass (1993).

The modern conception of aphasia can be said to have commenced with the 1861 presentation by Broca of a case of aphasia associated with a focal brain lesion. Acquired language loss following brain injury had been reported far earlier, however, and a critically important historical prodrome preceded the 1861 presentation. The surveys of pre-Broca reports by Benton and Joynt (1960), Ben ton (1964), Boller (1977), and others showed that acquired language disorders had been noted for many centuries. Benton and Joynt (1960) asserted that “almost all the clinical forms of aphasia—complete motor aphasia, paraphasia, jargon aphasia, agraphia and alexia—had been described before 1800.”
Neural Basis of Language Functions
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

At least since the time of Gall, a focal neuroanatomical basis for language has been conjectured. Gall’s view of a specific cortical locus for language was sub stantiated, in spirit if not in precise anatomy, by the clinical studies of Broca, Wernicke, and their followers. However, his full premise that a cortical mosaic consisting of discrete organs (centers), each performing a specific cognitive function, was not substantiated. The brain-as-a-whole interpretation (that all higher mental functions such as language are performed as a single operating unit—the mind) remained standard before and after the nineteenth-century language localization efforts, the holistic explanation has proved equally unsuccessful. Cur rent views, borrowing on information theory and the mechanistic designs of electronic computers but featuring both neuroanatomical and neurophysiological demonstrations, hold that language is a product of cognitive networks with pro cesses distributed over a complex neuroanatomical architecture (Edelman, 1989; Goldman-Rakic, 1990; Mesulam, 1990). The distributed-network concept has considerable potential; to establish a neural basis for language, however, the neural networks underlying language function must be defined. This chapter will attempt to outline parameters of language-dedicated cortical networks based on clinical observations and apply this information to individual language functions.
Recovery from Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

Almost from the first observations of language loss due to brain injury, clinicians have been concerned with recovery and rehabilitation. There have been reports of spontaneous or directed language recovery in aphasic patients since at least the sixteenth century (for historical review, see Benton, 1964; Sarno, 1981). It was not until immediately after World War II, however, that hospital units were developed for the rehabilitation of brain-injured patients. A few fundamental observations about aphasia were made in patients injured during World War I, but formal language therapy was not instituted then.
Introduction and Plan of the Book
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

Migration is one of the most fascinating of all behaviors. For sheer drama and beauty it is hard to match the movements of millions of individuals over what are often sizable portions of the surface of our planet. For sheer intrigue it is hard to match the question: Why do they do it? It is little wonder that migration in all its spectacular variety is a perpetual subject for coffee-table books, television programs, and even the daily press. Its “mystery” and its “marvels” are responsible for attracting much of the attention the public devotes to matters of natural history. The conspicuousness of migration in the lives of organisms also signals the importance of its role in life histories, and it is this role that is the focus of this book. In view of the many books written about migration, a word is due here regarding why I have written another one. Broadly, there are two reasons. First, with but only one or two exceptions, previous books on migration have focused on a single taxon. Biologists have as a result tended to view migration from the perspective of a single group and indeed have often defined migration in terms of its properties within that group. Thus ornithologists and other vertebrate biologists have stressed migration as a round-trip movement, even though round-trips are characteristic only of long-lived organisms like vertebrates; the vast majority of migrants, with insects being a prime example, migrate only one way. One of the major points I make is that if one compares across a spectrum of organisms, it is apparent that physiological and behavioral characteristics define migration, not the particular route followed. A reason for writing this book then, is to consider migration across a range of taxa to determine its common properties and the way natural selection has molded those properties to fit the life histories of the organisms concerned.
Optical Wavefront Sensors
Authors: Hardy John W
Published: November 2023

The development of adaptive optics has fostered a new generation of wavefront sensors, instruments with speeds and sensitivities that are orders of magnitude greater than anything known before 1970. Compensation for atmospheric turbulence requires the measurement of randomly distorted wavefronts in real time, using only a faint star as the reference source. A totally new approach to optical wavefront measurement was needed to solve this problem. The wavefront sensors used in adaptive optics are different in almost all respects from the optical interferometers used to measure lenses and mirrors in the laboratory. In the laboratory environment, lasers provide abundant coherent illumination and measurement times are not critical, so the optical efficiency of the instruments is irrelevant. The adaptive optics environment is the exact opposite, with very low photon flux available and measurement times counted in milliseconds. Together, these requirements dictate the need for high optical efficiency. In addition, adaptive optics wavefront sensors are required to operate with incoherent light and extended reference sources. On the other hand, the spatial resolution and accuracy requirements for adaptive optics are modest compared with those for laboratory instruments.
The Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we review the neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological literatures on Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS). Whereas the former is quite extensive, the latter is still fairly undeveloped and, in our opinion, represents an important area for future research. The diagnostic criteria for GTS include the presence of multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics, both ,of which must exceed a year’s duration (ICD-10, World Health Organization, 1992, 4th edition, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV], American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The anatomical location, number, frequency, complexity and severity of the tics characteristically change over time. Although the exact prevalence of GTS is unknown, a currently accepted figure is 0.5 per thousand (approximately 110,000 patients in the United States and 25,000 in the United Kingdom) (Bruun, 1984), but even this may now prove to be an underestimate (Robertson, 1944).
The Mechanistic Bases of Behavioral Evolution: A Multivariate Analysis of Musculoskeletal Function
Authors: Lauder George V , Reilly Stephen M
Published: November 2023

Of the many approaches that one might take to studying animal behavior, the comparative and phylogenetic analysis of physiological traits has been one of the least utilized. On the one hand, the discipline of neuroethology has had spectacular success in investigating the neural basis of behavior in individual species, but only rarely have such studies ventured into phylogenetic territory (e.g., Arbas et al. 1991; Hoy et al. 1988; Katz 1991). For the most part, neuroethologists have focused on understanding the mechanistic basis of behavior in individual species and on clarifying the motor and sensory systems involved in generating behavior.
Phylogenetic Interpretations of Primate Socioecology: With Special Reference to Social and Ecological Diversity in Macaca
Authors: Chan Leslie K W
Published: November 2023

Socioecological explanations have dominated discussion of primate social diversity since the pioneering work of Crook and Gartlan (1966). The authors suggest in this highly influential paper that the social organization of diverse primate species can be predicted on the basis of a number of key ecological variables, most notably predation pressure and food distribution.
Why Phylogenies Are Necessary for Comparative Analysis
Authors: Nee Sean , Read Andrew F , Harvey Paul H
Published: November 2023

Constraints of time and space have meant that astronomy has developed largely as a nonexperimental science. Nevertheless, observations backed by appropriate theory have led to some remarkable predictions, such as the existence of the planet Neptune. Nowadays, evolutionary biologists face only one of the astronomer’s constraints, that of time. It is frequently impractical to do experiments that will test ideas about why organisms have come to be as they are. But we can make observations on living organisms, and the patterns we find can often be used to test ideas about process.
A Basic Topological Problem
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides just one of the many possible ways to motivate the use of algebraic topological tools in robust control. This avenue of approach is the most intuitive one. It deals with the behavior of the boundary under the Nyquist map. This problem is easily motivated by practical robust stability issues. In this chapter, we present a blending of examples, borrowed from both robust control and traditional mathematics, from which the “boundary problem” emerges.
Computational Geometry
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we develop an implementation of the simplicial approximation theorem based on computational geometry, with the objective of developing a combinatorial algorithm for computing an approximate crossover in the uncertainty space.
Structural Stability Of Crossover
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we address some potentially “catastrophic” sensitivity issues in robustness analysis in the best of the tradition initiated by Whitney, Thom, Zeeman, and Arnold. While some results overlap with those of Chapter 21, the latter are nevertheless worth rephrasing in the very specific context of the theory of stability of maps and the structural stability of solutions to equations.
The Pursuit of Happiness: Contributions from a Social Psychology of Emotions
Authors: Franks David D , Heffernan Susan M
Published: November 2023

Every semester for ten years, the senior author of this chapter has asked students in his emotions classes to write down the purpose of life. By far the most common response-outnumbering various kinds of “success” and “serving God and others”-is to be happy. Probably most people entering therapy feel deprived of just this condition; to lack happiness is something we consider a malady. This is hardly surprising in the country whose founders forged “the pursuit of happiness” as an inalienable right in their Declaration of lndependence. The purpose, of course, of the classroom exercise is to have students realize that happiness is a core cultural value, and that in this society, we give the inner life of emotion a lofty status indeed. For the majority of them, this exercise is hardly needed-the message is a truism: What other ways are there to think, and if there are other ways, why bother with them? In this chapter, we will allude to some of the other ways there are to think, and use them to shed perspective on some dangers in an unreflective preoccupation with happiness, especially as construed in currently popular ways as a subjective “feeling way down deep inside,” and especially as something to acquire as we do commercial products. Without critique, beliefs such as these become the eye with which we see rather than the object seen. For example, as Gehlen (1980) points out, the priority placed on subjectivized, private states “screened away from action is a novelty of our own historical era; it is a component of the very air we breathe” (p. 76). We should mention at the outset that our intent is not in any way to devalue actual happiness; we do not toll a leper’s bell! Our effort is to take it from a particular pedestal on which it is often placed and minimize unnecessary disappointment, false goals and promises, and to be happy when we can.
Experiential Theory of Emotion Applied to Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Paivio Sandra C , Greenberg Leslie S
Published: November 2023

The experiential theory of emotion presented here summarizes views developed by Greenberg and associates (Greenberg, Elliott, & Foerster, 1990; Greenberg, Rice, & Elliott, 1993; Greenberg & Safran, 1987). It integrates traditional experiential concepts (Gendlin, 1981; Perls, Hefferline, & Goodman, 1957; Rogers, 1958) with recent developments in cognitive psychology and current emotion theory. Traditionally, the experiential/humanistic view of functioning is wholistic, positing an internal, tacit synthesizing process that guides the organism to adaptive action. In this view, emotion plays a central role and is intimately connected with cognitive, motivational, and physiological processes. Emotion is considered adaptive and a source of orienting information about self and the world. Perls and colleagues emphasized the role of emotion, particularly avoidance of painful emotion, in dysfunction. Other theorists (Gendlin, 1981; Rogers, 1958) have been concerned with the broader concept of experience, which consists of both emotion as sensorimotor response and the meaning of a feeling in context. The general assumption in this view is that being cut off from the adaptive information inherent in emotion impedes growth and healthy functioning.
Is Schizophrenia an Affective Disease?: The Hypothesis of Affect-Logic and Its Implications for Psychopathology
Authors: Ciampi Luc
Published: November 2023

Since the fundamental classificatory work of Emil Kraepelin at the end of the nineteenth century, major “functional” or “endogenous” psychoses are subdivided into mania and melancholia on the one hand, and dementia praecox—which after E. Bleuler (191 l) became schizophrenia-on the other hand. Classically, the former two are considered as affective diseases according to the prevailing psychopathologic picture, whereas the latter is supposed to be a predominantly cognitive disease, as thinking disorders are in fact in the foreground. There are, however, intermediate forms—the so-called schizo-affective psychoses-and important cognitive disturbances exist also in melancholia and mania, as there are affective disturbances in schizophrenia. Despite various attempts to replace this basic dichotomy by the perhaps more adequate notion of a unitary psychosis with variable phenomenological aspects (Kuhne, Morgner, & Koselowski, 1988), the Kraepelinian subdivision continues to form a cornerstone of current psychopathologic and diagnostic systems, such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III and -IV) of the American Psychiatric Association.
Homogeneous Bubbly Flows
Authors: Brennen Christopher E
Published: November 2023

When the concentration of bubbles in a flow exceeds some small value the bubbles will begin to have a substantial effect on the fluid dynamics of the suspending liquid. Analyses of the dynamics of this multiphase mixture then become significantly more complicated and important new phenomena may be manifest. In this chapter we discuss some of the analyses and phenomena that may occur in bubbly multiphase flow.
The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla
Published: November 2023

This collection of seminal readings in international political economy charts the historical and theoretical evolution of the field from the eighteenth century to the present day. Bringing together classic works and leading contemporary arguments, this book outlines the development of three schools of IPE thought -- Liberalism, Marxism, and Realism -- and also includes recent syntheses of these approaches to show how conventional theoretical categories are giving way to more eclectic conceptual schemes. The second edition features an added section on the “postmodern turn” and several new readings are included as well.
Men and Women in Interaction
Authors: Aries Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

This is critical review and re-evaluation of the empirical literature on men and women in conversational interaction in light of recent debates about gender differences. Aries contends that gender differences have been exaggerated and that many variables have been ignored, most notably the status and power of the individuals in conversation, their race, their education, among other factors.
The Synthesis of Spin Traps
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj
Published: November 2023

In many examples of scientific endeavors, useful discoveries are often not directly associated with the original intent of the research. In the case of cyclic nitrones, the initial design of these compounds was to address fundamental questions unrelated to spin trapping free radicals. Early studies investigating the planar quadridentate ligands of vitamin B12, for example, led to the development of a family of pyrroline I-oxides, including 5,5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide (5), as models in the exploration of the physical structure of this unique ringed system (Bonnett, et al., 1959b). More than a decade would elapse, however, until this 1).1-pyrroline 1- oxide would be found to react with free radicals (Iwamura and Inamoto, 1967, 1970a, 1970b; Janzen and Liu, 1973), and several additional years before nitrone (5) would surface as the spin trap of choice for02- and HO. (Habour, et al., 1974; Harbour and Bolton, 1975; Buettner and Oberley, 1978; Buettner, et al., 1978; Sealy, et al., 1978; Finkelstein, et al., 1979).
Regional Approaches to Conservation Biology: RFLPs, DNA Sequence, and Caribbean Birds
Authors: Bermingham Eldredge , Seutin Gilles , Ricklefs Robert E
Published: November 2023

The assessment of conservation pnonttes on a regional basis depends on an understanding of the genetic uniqueness and genetic diversity of local populations. Genetic surveys of regional biotas have become a practical goal only recently with the development of rapid, molecular methods of genetic evaluation. Because mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is homologous across animals, analysis ofmtDNA variation permits objective, quantitative comparisons across independently evolving taxa and provides a particularly useful tool for regional biotic surveys. Although mtDNA has some unique attributes-maternal inheritance and rapid nucleotide substitution rates, to name two-insights obtained from mtDNA into phylogenetic relationship and genetic diversity are representative of a taxon’s history and population biology, if not of the evolution of the nuclear genome. Thus, mtDNA-based assessments of regional faunas can provide information on genetic diversity that can inform conservation programs.
The Use of PCR-Based Single-Stranded Conformation Polymorphism Analysis (PCR-SSCP) in Conservation Genetics
Authors: Girman Derek J
Published: November 2023

The use of molecular markers to investigate the population structure of endangered or threatened species has become a key component in the genetic management of endangered species (see chapter 1). The identification of variable genetic loci has allowed the analysis of DNA sequence data to become one of the most useful measures of genetic differentiation, genetic variability, and evolutionary related¬ ness for conservation-oriented analysis at or below the species level (Wayne and Jenks, 1991; Wenink et al. 1993; Gottelli et al., 1994; Rosel et al., 1994; Taberlet and Bouvet, 1994; Taylor et al., 1994). In addition, the development of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) has allowed specific regions of the genome to be quickly isolated and amplified, so that the products of this relatively simple procedure can be readily sequenced (Saiki et al., 1988). The use of PCR technology is also advantageous because it provides a way to access DNA from a wide variety of sample sources including skin, hair, and feces which allows researchers to use noninvasive sampling methods (Karesh et al., 1987; Hoss et al., 1992; see chapter 18). With increased use of remote sampling, researchers can greatly increase the sample size of their studies, thereby increasing the strength of their analyses. However, with increased sample sizes (often hundreds of individuals), the task of generating DNA sequences from every individual in the study becomes labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly. To facilitate the identifica¬ tion of DNA sequence genotypes in a more efficient manner, a number of DNA screening techniques have been developed that allow one to distinguish sequence differences among individuals without having to sequence each individual directly. Among the range of techniques that are available, PCR-SSCP (polymerase chain reaction combined with the analysis of single-stranded conformation poly¬ morphisms) has emerged as a favored technique for screening DNA sequences in a wide variety of applications in molecular biology (Desgeorges et al., 1993; Hunter et al., 1993; Pietravalle et al., 1994).