bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conservation biology of malagasy strepsirhines: A phylogenetic approach
Authors: Lehman Shawn M.
Published: December 2005

The phylogenetic diversity of extant lemurs represents one of the most important but least studied aspects of the conservation biology of primates. The phylogenetic diversity of a species is inversely proportional to the relative number and closeness of its phylogenetic relatives. Phylogenetic diversity can then be used to determine conservation priorities for specific biogeographic regions. Although Malagasy strepsirhines represent the highest phylogenetic diversity among primates at the global level, there are few phylogenetic data on species‐specific and regional conservation plans for lemurs in Madagascar. Therefore, in this paper the following questions are addressed for extant lemurs: 1) how does the measure of taxonomic uniqueness used by Mittermeier et al. (1992Lemurs of Madagascar; Gland, Switzerland: IUCN) equate with an index of phylogenetic diversity, 2) what are the regional conservation priorities based on analyses of phylogenetic diversity in extant lemurs, and 3) what conservation recommendations can be made based on analyses of phylogenetic diversity in lemurs? Taxonomic endemicity standardized weight (TESW) indices of phylogenetic diversity were used to determine the evolutionary component of biodiversity and to prioritize regions for conserving lemur taxa. TESW refers to the standardization of phylogenetic diversity indices for widespread taxa and endemicity of species. The phylogenetic data came from recent genetic studies of Malagasy strepsirhines at the species level. Lemur species were assigned as being either present or absent in six biogeographic regions. TESW indices were combined with data on lemur complementarity and protected areas to assign conservation priorities at the regional level. Although there were no overall differences between taxonomic ranks and phylogenetic rankings, there were significant differences for the top‐ranked taxa. The phylogenetic component of lemur diversity is greatest forDaubentonia madagascariensis,Allocebus trichotis,Lepilemur septentrionalis,Indri indri, andMirza coquereli. Regional conservation priorities are highest for lemurs that range into northeast humid forests and western dry forests. Expansion of existing protected areas in these regions may provide the most rapid method for preserving lemurs. In the long term, new protected areas must be created because there are lemur species that: 1) are not found in existing protected areas, 2) exist only in one or two protected areas, and 3) are still being discovered outside the current network of protected areas. Data on the population dynamics and feeding ecology of phylogenetically important species are needed to ensure that protected areas adequately conserve lemur populations in Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractures in late medieval skeletal populations from Serbia
Authors: Djurić Marija P. , Roberts Charlotte A. , Rakočević Zoran B. , Djonić Danijela D. , Lešić Aleksandar R.
Published: December 2005

Bone fractures were analyzed from skeletal remains of 861 adult individuals from six cemeteries dating to the Late Medieval period in Serbia. Results of the study were compared to other cemetery populations (635 individual skeletons) of the same date and region in an attempt to understand fracture patterns. The association of types of fractures and their prevalence with sex, age at death, cemetery site, and information deriving from historical sources are discussed. Results showed that the long bone fracture frequency was 0.7%, and the majority of the fractures were the result of direct force. This rate is similar to some studies of contemporary British skeletal samples. However, it is much lower than for some other Old World sites. Cranial vault fractures had a rate of 6.7%, and of the facial skeleton, 1.3%; the frontal bone was the most affected of bones of the cranial vault. Injuries were more common on the upper extremities (0.8%) compared to the lower (0.6%). However, the fibula was the most fractured bone (2.8%), followed by the ulna (2.4%). This pattern is similar to three of six Late Medieval urban sites in Britain. These findings suggest that this rural community was exposed to a low risk of trauma, probably related mostly to accidents sustained during farming, and rarely to interpersonal violence. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health of infants in an Imperial Roman skeletal sample: Perspective from dental microstructure
Authors: FitzGerald Charles , Saunders Shelley , Bondioli Luca , Macchiarelli Roberto
Published: December 2005

This study examines general health in the first year of life of a population of 127 subadults from the Imperial Roman necropolis of Isola Sacra (2nd–3rd century ACE). Health status was determined by analyzing 274 deciduous teeth from these children for Wilson bands (also known as accentuated striae), microscopic defects caused by a disruption to normal enamel development arising from some generalized external stressor. While macroscopic enamel defects, or hypoplasias, have long been used as proxies of general population health, we believe that this is the first population‐wide study of microscopic defects in deciduous teeth. We used microstructural markers of enamel to attach very precise chronologies to Wilson band formation that allowed us to calculate maximum prevalence (MAP) and smoothed maximum prevalence (SMAP) distributions to portray what we believe to be a realistic risk profile for a past population of children. There appear to be two periods of high prevalence, the first beginning around age 2 months and continuing through month 5, and the second higher period beginning around month 6 and continuing through month 9. These results are discussed in light of historical records of Roman childhood rearing practices. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of mobility on femur midshaft external shape and robusticity
Authors: Wescott Daniel J.
Published: December 2005

This study investigates differences in femur midshaft shape, robusticity, and sexual dimorphism derived from external measurements between a broad range of prehistoric and historic North American populations with different subsistence strategies and inferred levels of mobility. The sample was divided into six groups to test whether observed femur midshaft variables follow the patterns predicted based on archaeologically and historically determined subsistence and mobility data. The results suggest significant variation in femur midshaft shape and robusticity in all populations, and that inferred mobility levels do not correspond consistently with femur midshaft structure in either males or females. Results do, however, support the prediction that sexual dimorphism is generally greater in more mobile populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population demography of Northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Estação Biológica de Caratinga/Reserva particular do Patrimônio Natural‐Felìciano Miguel Abdala, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Strier Karen B. , Boubli Jean P. , Possamai Carla B. , Mendes Sérgio L.
Published: December 2005

The 957‐ha forest at the Estação Biológica de Caratinga/Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural‐Felìciano Miguel Abdala, in Minas Gerais, Brazil, supports one of the largest known populations of the critically endangered northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus). We combine long‐term data on one group that has been monitored since 1982 with new data obtained on the other three groups since 2002 and 2003 to describe the demographic structure of this population, evaluate its potential for future growth, and predict how dispersal and competitive regimes may change in response to current demographic conditions. As of January 2005, the 226 individuals in the population were divided into four mixed‐sex groups with 37–77 members, and an all‐male unit whose eight males maintained transient associations with two of the mixed‐sex groups. Although 51.77% of the population was female, the sex ratio among adults and subadults was female‐biased (0.75), while that among immatures was male‐biased (1.47). Consistent with expectations from mean interbirth intervals, 64.18% of adult females gave birth in 2003 and 2004. However, by January 2005, only 52.31% of adult females were still carrying infants <24 months of age due to unusually high infant mortality. First‐year survivorship among the 25 infants born in the population in 2003 was only 76%, considerably lower than previously documented in the longest‐studied group. High female fecundity is indicative of a healthy population, but the current male bias in births will result in a decline in the population growth rate within two decades, and may increase levels of male reproductive competition and alter dispersal patterns. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebral folate deficiency and leukoencephalopathy caused by a mitochondrial DNA deletion
Authors: Pineda Merce , Ormazabal Aida , López‐Gallardo Esther , Nascimento Andres , Solano Abelardo , Herrero Maria D. , Vilaseca Maria A. , Briones Paz , Ibáñez Lourdes , Montoya Julio , Artuch Rafael
Published: December 2005

Objective

Our aim was to describe a child with an incomplete form of Kearns–Sayre syndrome who presented profound cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) folate deficiency and his response to folinic acid supplementation

Methods

CSF 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate was analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection and mitochondrial DNA deletions by southern blot hybridization.

Results

Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed a leukoencephalopathy. Profound CSF 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate deficiency was observed with normal blood folate values and decreased CSF/serum folate ratio, suggesting a transport defect across the blood–brain barrier. Folinic acid treatment was established, and after 1 year clinical response to folinic supplementation was remarkable, with almost normal white matter image.

Interpretation

The clinical response after folinic therapy highlights the need for the study of cerebral folate deficiency in patients with mitochondrial disorders and white matter lesions. Ann Neurol 2006
Migraine and MTHFR C677T genotype in a population‐based sample
Authors: Scher Ann I. , Terwindt Gisela M. , Verschuren W. M. Monique , Kruit Mark C. , Blom Henk J. , Kowa Hisanori , Frants Rune R. , van den Maagdenberg Arn M. J. M. , van Buchem Mark , Ferrari Michel D. , Launer Lenore J.
Published: December 2005

Objective

Migraine with aura is associated with increased risk of stroke. The MTHFR C677T genotype has been associated with increased risk of migraine in selected clinical samples and with elevated homocysteine, a risk factor for stroke. We assessed the association of the MTHFR C677T variant with migraine and the mediating effect of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic markers of genotype status.

Methods

We compared adult migraineurs with aura (MA; n = 187), without aura (MO; n = 226), and nonmigraineurs (n = 1,212) from the population‐based Genetic Epidemiology of Migraine study.

Results

Compared with the wild‐type genotype, the T/T genotype was associated with increased odds of MA (odds ratio [OR], 2.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–3.4; p < 0.006), with a trend of increasing numbers of T alleles (OR, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–1.8; p < 0.007). ORs were slightly attenuated after adjusting for homocysteine.

Interpretation

Risk of MA is associated with MTHFR C674T homozygosity, independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. Ann Neurol 2006
Chemie superschwerer Elemente
Authors: Schädel Matthias
Published: December 2005

In den letzten Jahrzehnten sind immer mehr neue chemische Elemente entdeckt worden. Dass die schwersten, künstlich erzeugten Elemente am Ende des Periodensystems im Gebiet der lang erwarteten superschweren Elemente liegen, macht dies besonders spannend. Derzeit kommen bei diesen Entdeckungen noch hauptsächlich rein physikalische Techniken zum Einsatz, chemische Methoden haben allerdings stark aufgeholt. Fortgeschrittene, hochempfindliche Techniken ermöglichen es, die chemischen Eigenschaften dieser schwer fassbaren Elemente zu untersuchen. Oft sind es insgesamt weniger als zehn kurzlebige Atome – jedes einzelne individuell chemisch abgetrennt (“one atom at a time”) –, die entscheidende Informationen über grundlegende chemische Eigenschaften liefern. Diese Ergebnisse ermöglichen es, den Aufbau des Periodensystems der Elemente an seinem Ende zu bestimmen und den Einfluss der zunehmend starken relativistischen Effekte auf die chemischen Eigenschaften zu untersuchen. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt schwerpunktmäßig die experimentellen Arbeiten zur Chemie superschwerer Elemente. Er enthält einen kurzen Abriss der relativistischen Theorie und behandelt einige wichtige historische und nukleare Aspekte.
Chemistry of Superheavy Elements
Authors: Schädel Matthias
Published: December 2005

The number of chemical elements has increased considerably in the last few decades. Most excitingly, these heaviest, man‐made elements at the far‐end of the Periodic Table are located in the area of the long‐awaited superheavy elements. While physical techniques currently play a leading role in these discoveries, the chemistry of superheavy elements is now beginning to be developed. Advanced and very sensitive techniques allow the chemical properties of these elusive elements to be probed. Often, less than ten short‐lived atoms, chemically separated one‐atom‐at‐a‐time, provide crucial information on basic chemical properties. These results place the architecture of the far‐end of the Periodic Table on the test bench and probe the increasingly strong relativistic effects that influence the chemical properties there. This review is focused mainly on the experimental work on superheavy element chemistry. It contains a short contribution on relativistic theory, and some important historical and nuclear aspects.
New polynuclear carbonyl ruthenium (II) complexes derived from 1,8‐naphthyridine
Authors: Gajardo Juana , Araya Juan C. , Moya Sergio A. , Pardey Alvaro J. , Guerchais Veroniqué , Bozec Hubert Le , Aguirre Pedro
Published: December 2005

This work shows the synthesis and characterization of new carbonyl complexes derived of 1,8‐naphthyridine. Covalently bonded complex can be successfully employed in building of supramolecular structures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triphenyltin hydroxide as a precursor for the synthesis of nanosized tin‐doped TiO2 photocatalysts
Authors: Fresno Fernando , Tudela David , Maira A. Javier , Rivera Francisco , Coronado Juan M. , Soria Javier
Published: December 2005

1H and 119Sn NMR results indicate that, when Ph3SnOH is dissolved in CD2Cl2, it dehydrates to (Ph3Sn)2O, only a small amount of Ph3SnOH remaining in equilibrium at room temperature. As a result, the reaction of TiCl4 with Ph3SnOH in CH2Cl2 proceeds via hydrolysis of the halide to precipitate amorphous TiO2 that contains adsorbed organotin species. Calcination of the amorphous precursor to 723 K yields nanoparticles of tin‐doped TiO2 photocatalysts, that contain anatase and rutile phases, and may also contain a segregated SnO2 phase. The reaction conditions that lead to the formation of a SnO2 phase have been studied and we have found that it is formed when the amorphous precipitate is not thoroughly washed with CH2Cl2 or when non‐recrystallized commercial Ph3SnOH is used as a starting material. The catalysts obtained have a high activity for the photooxidation of toluene in the gas phase. In particular, a material obtained from non‐recrystallized Ph3SnOH is particularly promising because the toluene photooxidation rate is more than twice as high as when using Degussa P25. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
pH sensitive interpenetrating network microgels of sodium alginate‐acrylic acid for the controlled release of ibuprofen
Authors: Ramesh Babu V. , Krishna Rao K. S. V. , Sairam M. , Naidu B. Vijaya Kumar , Hosamani Kallappa M. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M.
Published: December 2005

pH‐Sensitive interpenetrating network (IPN) microgels (MGs) of sodium alginate (NaAlg) and acrylic acid have been prepared by using water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsion technique. The MGs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffractometer (X‐RD). The release of ibuprofen (IB), an anti‐inflammatory drug, from these MGs was studied in pH 1.2 and 7.4 media. MG network consists of NaAlg, which disintegrates in the intestinal fluid, while poly(acrylic acid) provides pH‐sensitivity to the microgel network. The system developed in this study showed a pH‐sensitivity for the release of IB, which was attributed to the diffusion controlled release of the drug through the surfaces of MGs that undergo disintegration after swelling, depending upon the chemical composition of MGs and pH of the medium. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Thermal degradation of poly(dimethylsilylene) and poly(tetramethyldisilylene‐co‐styrene)
Authors: Radhakrishnan T. S.
Published: December 2005

Thermal degradation of poly(dimethylsilylene) homopolymer (PDMS) and poly(tetramethyldisilylene‐co‐styrene) copolymer (PTMDSS) was investigated by pyrolysis‐gas chromatography and thermogravimetry (TG). PDMS decomposes by depolymerization, producing linear and cyclic oligomeric products, whereas PTMDSS decomposes by random degradation along the chain resulting in each monomeric product and various other combination products. The homopolymer was found to be much less stable than the copolymer. The decomposition mechanisms leading to the formation of various products are shown. The kinetic parameters of thermal degradation were evaluated by different integral methods using TG data. The activation energies of decomposition (E) for the homopolymer and the copolymer are found to be 122 and 181 kJ/mol, respectively, and the corresponding values of order of reaction are 1 and 1.5. The observed difference in the thermal stability and the values of the kinetic parameters for decomposition of these polymers are explained in relation with the mechanism of decomposition. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Electrochemical behavior of a new type of perfluorinated carboxylate membrane/platinum composite
Authors: Jeong Ho Young , Kim Byung Kyu
Published: December 2005

A new type of ionomeric polymer–metal composite (IPMC) based on various compositions of perfluoroalkylacrylate‐acryl acid copolymer with different types of counter cation has been synthesized by a radical copolymerization of fluoroalkylacrylate (FA) and acrylic acid (AA). Swelling behavior of the membranes was studied in deionized water as well as in aqueous single salt solutions (LiCl and NaCl). Swell of membrane increased with the increase in ionic content of the copolymer. Swell in deionized water was much higher than in aqueous single salt solution. To examine its performance as a new electroactive polymer, actuation force and displacement responses to DC and step voltage across the IPMC were measured. Results indicated that membranes prepared from 75/25 (FA/AA) (FA25) gave an adequate flexibility and proper hydrated state, allowing easy deflection toward the applied voltage. Surface morphology measurements (atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) showed that platinum particles are predominantly located at the surfaces. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Two‐dimensional NMR studies of styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymers synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Brar A. S. , Puneeta
Published: December 2005

Copolymers of styrene and n‐butyl acrylate were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using CuBr/N,N,N′,N′,N″‐pentamethyl‐diethylenetriamine as catalyst and Methyl 2‐bromopropionate as initiator. The polydispersity of the copolymers is quite low (1.1–1.3). 13C {1H} NMR spectra of these copolymers show that the methylene and methine signals of the main chain are compositional sensitive and highly overlapped. Even the distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) was not able to assign the complex and overlapping signals. Assignments of the various resonance signals were done with the help of heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) experiments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Variability of teleconnections between the Atlantic subtropical high and the Indian monsoon low and related impacts on summer temperature over Egypt
Authors: Hasanean H. M.
Published: December 2005

A robust subtropical circulation index (SCI) is defined as the difference between the North Atlantic subtropical high and the Indian monsoon low. The SCI is negatively correlated to air temperatures over Egypt and is associated with large‐scale climate indices of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic sector. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
The impact of increase in CO2 on the simulation of tropical biennial oscillations (TBO) in 12 coupled general circulation models
Authors: Nanjundiah Ravi S. , Vidyunmala V. , Srinivasan J.
Published: December 2005

The Tropical Biennial Oscillation (TBO) in coupled GCM simulations over the Indo–Pacific region in IPCC‐AR4 scenarios of 280 (PI) and 720 (FS) ppm of CO2 (both stable) are investigated. In many models, TBO is more prominent in FS in Nino3.4 SST and rainfall but less prominent in Indian Ocean SST. TBO, as primary mode (mode with highest power), is simulated by more models in Indian and Australian rainfall during FS. Thus, the Indo–Pacific teleconnection through Walker circulation rather than local forcing over the Indian Ocean could be responsible for increased TBO in Indian and Australian rainfall. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Trichloroethylene and dichloroethylene: A critical review of teratogenicity
Authors: Hardin Bryan D. , Kelman Bruce J. , Brent Robert L.
Published: December 2005

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and dichloroethylene (DCE) are high‐volume industrial chemicals frequently found as contaminants in public drinking water supplies. The developmental toxicity of both chemicals has been evaluated in laboratory and epidemiologic studies. It has been suggested that TCE and DCE are specific cardiac teratogens and that drinking water contaminated with them increases the risk of congenital heart defects in exposed human populations. In contrast, other laboratory and epidemiologic studies do not find an increase in developmental effects, either in general or specifically affecting the heart. This laboratory and epidemiologic base was reviewed to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the conflicting published reports. We conclude that the weight of experimental and epidemiologic evidence does not support the hypothesis that TCE or DCE is a selective developmental toxicant in general or a cardiac teratogen specifically. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization and redox properties of cytochrome c552 from Thermus thermophilus adsorbed on different self‐assembled thiol monolayers, used to model the chemical environment of the redox partner
Authors: Bernad Sophie , Soulimane Tewfik , Mehkalif Zineb , Lecomte Sophie
Published: December 2005

The structure of cytochrome c552 (Cyt‐c552) from Thermus thermophilus shows many differences to other c‐type cytochromes. The rich lysine domain close to the heme does not exist in this cytochrome, allowing us to postulate that the interaction with its redox partner must be different to the cytochrome c/cytochrome c oxidase interaction. We report a study of Cyt‐c552 adsorbed on self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of functionalized alkanethiols used to mimic the chemical properties of its redox partner (ba3‐oxydase). Hydrophilic (—COOH), polar (—OH), hydrophobic (—CH3), and mixed (—OH/—CH3) SAMs grafted on roughened silver electrodes were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) was employed to determine the structure and the redox properties (E° and number of transferred electron) of the heme of Cyt‐c552 adsorbed on roughened silver electrodes coated by the different SAMs. The surface that most closely models the environment of the ba3‐oxidase is a mixed SAM formed by 50% polar [Ag–(CH2)5–CH2OH] and 50% hydrophobic [Ag–(CH2)5–CH3] alkanethiols. Only the native form B1(6cLS) of Cyt‐c552 is detected by SERRS when the protein is adsorbed on such a surface that promotes a protein orientation favorable for the electron transfer (number of transferred electron = 1). We shall discuss the differences and similarities of the electron‐transfer mechanism of Cyt‐c552 compared to cyt‐c. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 407–418, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
E230Q mutation of the catalytic subunit of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase affects local structure and the binding of peptide inhibitor
Authors: Ung Man‐Un , Lu Benzhuo , McCammon J. A.
Published: December 2005

The active site of the mammalian cAMP‐dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (C‐subunit) has a cluster of nonconserved acidic residues—Glu127, Glu170, Glu203, Glu230, and Asp241—that are crucial for substrate recognition and binding. Studies have shown that the Glu230 to Gln mutant (E230Q) of the enzyme has physical properties similar to the wild‐type enzyme and has decreased affinity for a short peptide substrate, Kemptide. However, recent experiments intended to crystallize ternary complex of the E230Q mutant with MgATP and protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) could only obtain crystals of the apo‐enzyme of E230Q mutant. To deduce the possible mechanism that prevented ternary complex formation, we used the relaxed‐complex method (Lin, J.‐H., et al. J Am Chem Soc 2002, 24, 5632–5633) to study PKI binding to the E230Q mutant C‐subunit. In the E230Q mutant, we observed local structural changes of the peptide binding site that correlated closely to the reduced PKI affinity. The structural changes occurred in the F‐to‐G helix loop and appeared to hinder PKI binding. Reduced electrostatic potential repulsion among Asp241 from the helix loop section and the other acidic residues in the peptide binding site appear to be responsible for the structural change. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 428–439, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Pathological features as predictors of recurrence after radical resection of gastric cancer
Authors: Buzzoni R , Bajetta E , Di Bartolomeo M , Miceli R , Beretta E , Ferrario E , Mariani L
Published: December 2005

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern and timing of recurrence and to determine associated risk factors after radical resection of gastric cancer including D2 dissection.

Methods

A total of 274 patients who had undergone radical resection of gastric cancer with nodal involvement or T3–4 tumour were randomized to receive chemotherapy or no further treatment (control group). Locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis were analysed in a competing risks framework, by estimating the crude cumulative incidence in each group. Multiple regression models were used to investigate the influence of treatment and pathological features on the risk of recurrence.

Results

Overall, the 7 year rate of locoregional relapse was 15·8 per cent and that of distant recurrence was 34·5 per cent. There was a significant association between pathological node (pN) stage and distant relapse (P < 0·001), and between pathological tumour (pT) stage and locoregional recurrence (P = 0·024). Chemotherapy had no significant effect on either locoregional or distant recurrence.

Conclusion

The rate of locoregional recurrence after radical surgery for gastric cancer was lower than that in studies based on more conservative surgery. The pT stage was related to the rate of locoregional recurrence whereas pN stage had an impact on distant recurrence.
Clinical significance of immunohistochemically detectable lymph node metastasis in adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater
Authors: Mizuno T , Ishizaki Y , Ogura K , Yoshimoto J , Kawasaki S
Published: December 2005

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of immunohistochemically identified lymph node metastasis on survival in patients with carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.

Methods

Three hundred and twenty-six regional lymph nodes dissected from pancreatoduodenectomy specimens from 25 patients with ampulla of Vater carcinoma were immunostained with anticytokeratin antibody (CAM 5·2®). The clinicopathological significance of immunohistochemically detectable lymph node metastasis was evaluated and compared with that of other potential prognostic factors.

Results

The frequency of lymph node involvement in relation to the total number of dissected lymph nodes increased from 5·5 per cent (18 of 326) using haematoxylin and eosin staining to 9·5 per cent (31 of 326) using cytokeratin immunostaining (P < 0·001). Lymph node involvement was revealed by haematoxylin and eosin staining in eight of 25 patients and by cytokeratin immunostaining in 11 of 25 patients (P = 0·006). Absence of immunohistochemically detectable lymph node metastasis was identified as an independent predictor of improved postoperative survival.

Conclusion

Immunostaining of dissected lymph nodes adds additional information to data obtained by conventional haematoxylin and eosin staining when determining the prognosis of patients with carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.
Randomized clinical trial examining psychosocial and quality of life benefits of bilateral breast reduction surgery
Authors: Iwuagwu O C , Walker L G , Stanley P W , Hart N B , Platt A J , Drew P J
Published: December 2005

Background

The aim was to determine the effects of bilateral reduction mammaplasty on quality of life and psychosocial functioning in women with mammary hypertrophy.

Methods

Seventy-three women who were referred to either the Hull Breast Unit or Hull Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit were randomized to early or delayed surgery. Both groups had quality of life and psychosocial assessment. Each group underwent two sets of tests. Women who had early bilateral breast reduction were tested before and at 4 months after surgery, whereas those in the control group were tested at the time of randomization and 4 months later, before undergoing surgery.

Results

All 73 women completed the study. Mean age was 39 years, and the two groups were well matched for age, body mass index and breast dimension. There were highly significant differences between groups in scores measured on the Functional Assessment of Non-Life Threatening Conditions version 4, EuroQoL, and both mental and physical scales of Short Form 36 (P < 0·001). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire—Revised demonstrated a statistically significant increase in extroversion and emotional stability in the early treatment group.

Conclusion

Reduction mammaplasty significantly improved quality of life, and increased extroversion and emotional stability.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Catalytic Properties of MgCo6Ge6
Authors: Gieck Christine , Schreyer Martin , Fässler Thomas F. , Cavet Sylwia , Claus Peter
Published: December 2005

The ternary compound MgCo6Ge6 represents a novel member of the RM6X6 phases, which contains a graphite‐type Ge network, Kagomé nets of Co atoms, and Ge2 dumbbells with an unexpected short GeGe contact in the range of a localized GeGe single bond. The title compound shows a large variety of chemical bonding, which ranges from metallic to multicenter and covalent bonding. The role of polar intermetallic alloys as promising candidates for the application as catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes is discussed. MgCo6Ge6 possesses a remarkable activity and selectivity for the hydrogenation of cis/trans‐citral to geraniol and nerol.
Self‐Assembled, Kinetically Locked, RuII‐Based Metallomacrocycles: Physical, Structural, and Modeling Studies
Authors: de Wolf Paul , Waywell Phil , Hanson Matt , Heath Sarah L. , Meijer Anthony J. H. M. , Teat Simon J. , Thomas Jim A.
Published: December 2005

By using a “complex as ligand approach,” the metal‐ion‐templated self‐assembly of heterometallic teteranuclear metallomacrocycles containing kinetically locked RuII centers is described. Depending on the metal‐ion template employed in the self‐assembly process, the final macrocycle can be kinetically labile or inert. Electrochemical studies reveal that the kinetically inert macrocycles display reversible RuIII/II oxidation couples. The crystal structure of a kinetically inert Ru2Re2 macrocycles reveals a structurally complex palmate anion‐binding pocket. Host–guest studies carried out with the same macrocyle in organic solvents reveals that the complex functions as a luminescent sensor for anions and that binding affinity and luminescent modulation is dependent on the structural nature and charge of the guest anion. Computational density functional theory (DFT) studies support the hypothesis that the luminescence of the macrocycle is from a 3MLCT state and further suggests that the observed guest‐induced luminescence changes are most likely due to modulation of nonradiative decay processes.
Photophysical Studies of Anion‐Induced Colorimetric Response and Amplified Fluorescence Quenching in Dipyrrolylquinoxaline‐Containing Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Wu Cheng‐Yang , Chen Min‐Shen , Lin Chih‐An , Lin Su‐Ching , Sun Shih‐Sheng
Published: December 2005

The dipyrrolylquinoxaline (DPQ)‐containing monomer and polymers were synthesized and employed as chromogenic and fluorescent chemosensors for inorganic anions. We have found that in the presence of fluoride or pyrophosphate, the receptors do not form hydrogen bonds between the pyrrole protons and anions. The colorimetric responses and fluorescence quenching in these chemosensors are indeed the result of deprotonation of the N‐H proton. The anion selectivity is primarily determined by the relative basicity of anions. The sensitivity of DPQ‐based chemosensor was found to display a 34‐fold enhancement by incorporation into the conjugated polymer. The anion‐induced deprotonation generates low‐energy, non‐fluorescent trapping sites and is responsible for the signal amplification where the quenching of the excited state occurs from the deprotonated DPQ site in the network by rapid exciton migration along the polymeric backbone.
Novel 2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazole‐Based Red‐Fluorescent Dyes with Enhanced Two‐Photon Absorption Cross‐Sections
Authors: Kato Shin‐ichiro , Matsumoto Taisuke , Shigeiwa Motoyuki , Gorohmaru Hideki , Maeda Shuuichi , Ishi‐i Tsutomu , Mataka Shuntaro
Published: December 2005

This paper reports the two‐photon absorbing and orange‐red fluorescence emitting properties of a series of new 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BTD)‐based D–π–A–π–D‐type and star‐burst‐type fluorescent dyes. In the D–π–A–π–D‐type dyes 1–6, a central BTD core was connected with two terminal N,N‐disubstituted amino groups via various π‐conjugated spacers. The star‐burst‐type dyes 8 and 10 have a three‐branched structure composed of a central core (benzene core in 8 and triphenylamine core in 10) and three triphenylamine‐containing BTD branches. All the BTD‐based dyes displayed intense orange‐red color fluorescence in a region of 550–689 nm, which was obtained by single‐photon excitation with good fluorescent quantum yield up to 0.98 as well as by two‐photon excitation. Large two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross‐sections (110–800 GM) of these BTD dyes were evaluated by open aperture Z‐scan technique with a femtosecond Ti/sapphire laser. The TPA cross‐sections of D–π–A–π–D‐type dyes 2–6 with a benzene, thiophene, ethene, ethyne, and styrene moiety, respectively, as an additional π‐conjugated spacer are about 1.5–2.5 times larger than that of 1 c with only a benzene spacer. The TPA cross‐sections significantly increased in three‐branched star‐burst‐type BTDs 8 (780 GM) with a benzene core and 10 (800 GM) with a triphenylamine core, which are about 3–5 times larger than those of the corresponding one‐dimensional sub‐units 9 (170 GM) and 11 (230 GM), respectively. The ratios of σ/eπ between three‐branched and one‐dimensional dyes were 6.5:3.8 (for 8 and 9) and 6.0:4.0 (for 10 and 11), which are larger than those predicted simply on the basis of the chromophore number density (1:1), according to a cooperative enhancement of the two‐photon absorbing nature in the three‐branched system.
Neutron and X‐ray Diffraction and Spectroscopic Investigations of Intramolecular [CH⋅⋅⋅FC] Contacts in Post‐Metallocene Polyolefin Catalysts: Modeling Weak Attractive Polymer–Ligand Interactions
Authors: Chan Michael C. W. , Kui Steven C. F. , Cole Jacqueline M. , McIntyre Garry J. , Matsui Shigekazu , Zhu Nianyong , Tam Ka‐Ho
Published: December 2005

A family of Group 4 post‐metallocene catalysts, supported by fluorine‐functionalized tridentate ligands with the fluorine substituent in the locality of the metal center, is described. For the first time, the contentious CH⋅⋅⋅FC interaction has been characterized by a neutron diffraction study, which has allowed the position of the hydrogen atoms to be accurately determined. The nature of the weak intramolecular CH⋅⋅⋅FC contacts in these complexes in solution and the solid state was probed by using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in tandem with neutron and X‐ray crystallography. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that the spectroscopic CH⋅⋅⋅FC coupling occurs “through‐space” rather than “through‐bond” or by M⋅⋅⋅F coordination. The titanium catalysts exhibit excellent activities and high co‐monomer incorporation in olefin polymerization. The observed intramolecular CH⋅⋅⋅FC interactions are important with regards to potential applications in polyolefin catalysis because they substantiate the proposed ortho‐F⋅⋅⋅H(β) ligand–(polymer chain) contacts derived from DFT calculations for the remarkable fluorinated phenoxyimine Group 4 catalysts. Compared with agostic and co‐catalyst⋅⋅⋅metal contacts, weak attractive noncovalent interactions between a polymer chain and a judiciously designed “active” ligand is a new concept in polyolefin catalysis.
Cutaneous melanoma in postmenopausal women after nonmelanoma skin carcinoma
Authors: Rosenberg Carol A. , Khandekar Janardan , Greenland Philip , Rodabough Rebecca J. , McTiernan Anne
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

An elevated risk for cutaneous melanoma has been reported in individuals with nonmelanoma skin carcinoma (NMSC), but to the authors' knowledge, this association has not been prospectively studied in a large, multigeographic population of postmenopausal women.

METHODS

The association between NMSC and the incidence of cutaneous melanoma was assessed in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study involving 67,030 non‐Hispanic white postmenopausal women ages 50–79 years and who were free of prior other cancers at baseline. Cancer history, demographics, and previous and current risk exposures were determined by questionnaires at baseline and follow‐up. Participants' reports of incident cutaneous melanoma collected annually were confirmed by physician review of medical records. Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to assess the relation of prior NMSC with incident cutaneous melanoma.

RESULTS

In age‐adjusted analysis, women with a history of NMSC but no other malignancy (n = 5552) were found to be 2.41 times more likely to develop cutaneous melanoma over a mean 6.5 years compared with women who had no history of NMSC (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.82–3.20). In a multivariate analysis, women with a history of NMSC and no other cancer history at baseline were 1.70 times more likely to develop cutaneous melanoma compared with women without NMSC (95% CI, 1.18–2.44).

CONCLUSION

The results of the current study provide evidence and further defines the magnitude of increased risk for cutaneous melanoma in postmenopausal non‐Hispanic white women with a history of NMSC. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Remarks on the regularity of biharmonic maps in four dimensions
Authors: Moser Roger
Published: December 2005

We study intrinsic biharmonic maps on a four‐dimensional domain into a smooth, compact Riemannian manifold. We prove a partial regularity result without the assumption that the second derivatives are square‐integrable. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy of Uniaxially Oriented Terrylene in Polyethylene
Authors: Butter Jacqueline Y. P. , Crenshaw Brent R. , Weder Christoph , Hecht Bert
Published: December 2005

Single terrylene molecules doped into linear low‐density polyethylene can be oriented by tensile deformation of the matrix. In measurements on ensembles at ambient and on single terrylene molecules at cryogenic temperature, strong orientation along the stretching direction was observed by polarization‐resolved confocal microscopy. At cryogenic temperatures narrow and spectrally stable zero‐phonon lines were found. The low saturation intensity of 0.07 W cm−2 is consistent with an uniaxial orientation of terrylene in the sample plane.
Structure and Dynamics of Water Confined in Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Wulf A. , Ludwig Ralf
Published: December 2005

We study the structure and dynamics of hydrogen‐bonded complexes of H2O/D2O and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. We find that single water molecules occur in two configurations. For one half of the water monomers both OH/OD groups form strong hydrogen bonds to DMSO molecules, whereas for the other half only one of the two OH/OD groups is hydrogen‐bonded to a solvent molecule. The H‐bond strength between water and DMSO is in the order of that in bulk water. NMR deuteron relaxation rates and calculated deuteron quadrupole coupling constants yield rotational correlation times of water. The molecular reorientation of water monomers in DMSO is two‐and‐a‐half times slower than in bulk water. This result can be explained by local structure behavior.
Sol–Gel Template Synthesis and Photoluminescence of n‐ and p‐Type Semiconductor Oxide Nanowires
Authors: Cao Huaqiang , Qiu Xianqing , Liang Yu , Zhang Lei , Zhao Meijuan , Zhu Qiming
Published: December 2005

A sol–gel template technique has been put forward to synthesize single‐crystalline semiconductor oxide nanowires, such as n‐type SnO2 and p‐type NiO. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations show that the oxide nanowires are single‐crystal with average diameters in the range of 100–300 nm and lengths of over 10μm. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra show a PL emission peak at 401 nm for n‐type semiconductor SnO2, and a PL emission at 407 nm for p‐type semiconductor NiO nanowires, respectively. Correspondingly, the observed violet‐light emission at room temperature is attributed to near‐band‐edge emission for SnO2 nanowires and the 3d74s→3d8transition of Ni2+for NiO nanowires.
Synthesis of Thioacetate‐Functionalized Cobalt(II) Porphyrins and Their Immobilization on Gold Surface – Characterization by X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Éll Alida H. , Csjernyik Gábor , Slagt Vincent F. , Bäckvall Jan‐E. , Berner Simon , Puglia Carla , Ledung Greger , Oscarsson Sven
Published: December 2005

Cobalt tetraarylporphyrins 1‐Co and 2‐Co with thioacetate‐functionalized carbon chains on the aryl groups were synthesized. The cobalt porphyrin 2‐Co was immobilized on a gold surface after deprotection of the S‐acetyl group. The immobilized porphyrin was studied by X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and the results suggest that a complete monolayer of porphyrins is formed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Photochemical and Thermal cis/trans Isomerization of Cyclic and Noncyclic Azobenzene Dimers: Effect of a Cyclic Structure on Isomerization
Authors: Norikane Yasuo , Tamaoki Nobuyuki
Published: December 2005

The effect of ring strain on the photochemical and thermal isomerization of azobenzene dimers was investigated by comparison of macrocyclic (1) and noncyclic (2) azobenzene dimers. The macrocycle 1 comprises two azobenzene moieties connected at their meta positions through two methylene linkers, whereas the noncyclic dimer 2 has only one methylene linker bridging two azobenzenes at the meta positions. Upon irradiation of 1 or 2 with UV light, each (E/E) (trans/trans) isomer exhibited a stepwise photoisomerization to give the corresponding (E/Z) (trans/cis) isomer, followed by isomerization to yield the (Z/Z) (cis/cis) isomer. Quantum yields for the isomerization indicated that the photochemical isomerizations of 1 were altered by its cyclic structure. The effect on the photochemical isomerization process can be explained in terms of the ring strain, causing shifts in the absorption spectra of the azobenzene chromophore and perturbations in molecular motion in the excited state. Thermal (Z) → (E) isomerization was observed in each 1 and 2, taking place in stepwise manner as (Z/Z) → (E/Z) → (E/E). The cyclic structure gave higher activation barriers (Ea and ΔH‡) and activation entropies (ΔS‡). HF/6‐31G** calculations were carried out for 1 and 2 in their ground electronic states in order to estimate the ring strain of each isomer of 1. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Condensed Emodin Derivatives and Their Applicability for the Synthesis of a Fused Heterocyclic Hypericin Derivative
Authors: Waser Mario , Falk Heinz
Published: December 2005

Investigations on the bifunctionalization of emodin at C(6) and C(7) with respect to the synthesis of a new class of fused heterocyclic hypericin derivatives were undertaken. The synthesis of such complex anthraquinone derivatives is possible by applying a Marschalk‐type reaction with emodin‐6‐carbaldehyde as the key step. The newly synthesized pyridazinone‐fused hypericin derivative possesses a satisfying bathochromically shifted absorption maximum making it a promising candidate for further investigations concerning a possible application in photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, the herein described strategy for the bifunctionalization of emodin provides a novel route for the synthesis of anthraquinone derivatives that are difficult to obtain by other methods.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Diazonium Salt‐Based Ionic Liquid for Solvent‐Free Modification of Carbon
Authors: Liang Chengdu , Huang Jing‐Fang , Li Zuojiang , Luo Huimin , Dai Sheng
Published: December 2005

A novel ionic liquid that consists of p‐butylbenzenediazonium ions and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amidates (Tf2N–) has been synthesized as a task‐specific ionic liquid for the solvent‐free modification of carbon materials. The use of anions Tf2N– is the key to rendering the hydrophobicity, low liquidus temperature, and ionicity to this novel molten salt. This diazonium salt has a melting point of 7.2 °C and a moderate electric conductivity of 527 μs/cm at 25 °C. The thermal stability of this diazonium ionic liquid has been investigated by high‐resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HRTGA). The compound is stable up to about 90 °C in nitrogen, which is only 10 °C less than its solid tetrafluoroborate counterpart. The modification of carbon materials has been carried out through both thermal and electrochemical activations of diazonium ions to generate free radical intermediates without the use of any solvent. The surface‐coverage loadings of 3.38 μmol/m2 and 6.07 μmol/m2 for covalently attached organic functionalities have been achieved by the thermally induced functionalization and electrochemically assisted reaction, respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)