bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vanillylacetone attenuates cadmium chloride-induced hippocampal damage and memory loss through up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 gene and protein expression
Authors: AL-Hashem Fahaid H. , Bashir Salah O. , Dawood Amal F. , Aboonq Moutasem S. , Bin-Jaliah Ismaeel , Al-Garni Abdulaiziz M. , Morsy Mohamed D.
Published: December 2023

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202412000-00030/figure1/v/2024-05-29T122840Z/r/image-tiff

Memory loss and dementia are major public health concerns with a substantial economic burden. Oxidative stress has been shown to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of hippocampal damage-induced memory impairment. To investigate whether the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound vanillylacetone (zingerone) can protect against hippocampal damage and memory loss induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) administration in rats, we explored the potential involvement of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, which is known to modulate oxidative stress and inflammation. Sixty healthy male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: vehicle-treated (control), vanillylacetone, CdCl2, vanillylacetone + CdCl2, vanillylacetone + CdCl2+ brusatol (a selective pharmacological Nrf2 inhibitor) groups. Vanillylacetone effectively attenuated CdCl2-induced damage in the dental gyrus of the hippocampus and improved the memory function assessed by the Morris Water Maze test. Additionally, vanillylacetone markedly decreased the hippocampal tissue levels of inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, intracellular cell adhesive molecules) and apoptosis biomarkers (Bax and cleaved caspase-3). The control and CdCl2-treated groups treated with vanillylacetone showed reduced generation of reactive oxygen species, decreased malondialdehyde levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione activities, along with significant elevation of nuclear Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression in hippocampal tissue. All the protective effects of vanillylacetone were substantially blocked by the co-administration of brusatol (a selective Nrf2 inhibitor). Vanillylacetone mitigated hippocampal damage and memory loss induced by CdCl2, at least in part, by activating the nuclear transcription factor Nrf2. Additionally, vanillylacetone exerted its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.
The interaction between KIF21A and KANK1 regulates dendritic morphology and synapse plasticity in neurons
Authors: Sun Shi-Yan , Nie Lingyun , Zhang Jing , Fang Xue , Luo Hongmei , Fu Chuanhai , Wei Zhiyi , Tang Ai-Hui
Published: December 2023

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202501000-00029/figure1/v/2024-12-10T152134Z/r/image-tiff

Morphological alterations in dendritic spines have been linked to changes in functional communication between neurons that affect learning and memory. Kinesin-4 KIF21A helps organize the microtubule-actin network at the cell cortex by interacting with KANK1; however, whether KIF21A modulates dendritic structure and function in neurons remains unknown. In this study, we found that KIF21A was distributed in a subset of dendritic spines, and that these KIF21A-positive spines were larger and more structurally plastic than KIF21A-negative spines. Furthermore, the interaction between KIF21A and KANK1 was found to be critical for dendritic spine morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Knockdown of either KIF21A or KANK1 inhibited dendritic spine morphogenesis and dendritic branching, and these deficits were fully rescued by coexpressing full-length KIF21A or KANK1, but not by proteins with mutations disrupting direct binding between KIF21A and KANK1 or binding between KANK1 and talin1. Knocking down KIF21A in the hippocampus of rats inhibited the amplitudes of long-term potentiation induced by high-frequency stimulation and negatively impacted the animals’ cognitive abilities. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the function of KIF21A in modulating spine morphology and provide insight into its role in synaptic function.
Magnesium-L-threonate treats Alzheimer’s disease by modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis
Authors: Liao Wang , Wei Jiana , Liu Chongxu , Luo Haoyu , Ruan Yuting , Mai Yingren , Yu Qun , Cao Zhiyu , Xu Jiaxin , Zheng Dong , Sheng Zonghai , Zhou Xianju , Liu Jun
Published: December 2023

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202410000-00029/figure1/v/2024-02-06T055622Z/r/image-tiff

Disturbances in the microbiota-gut-brain axis may contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Magnesium-L-threonate has recently been found to have protective effects on learning and memory in aged and Alzheimer’s disease model mice. However, the effects of magnesium-L-threonate on the gut microbiota in Alzheimer’s disease remain unknown. Previously, we reported that magnesium-L-threonate treatment improved cognition and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in a double-transgenic line of Alzheimer’s disease model mice expressing the amyloid-β precursor protein and mutant human presenilin 1 (APP/PS1). Here, we performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze changes in the microbiome and serum metabolome following magnesium-L-threonate exposure in a similar mouse model. Magnesium-L-threonate modulated the abundance of three genera in the gut microbiota, decreasing Allobaculum and increasing Bifidobacterium and Turicibacter. We also found that differential metabolites in the magnesium-L-threonate-regulated serum were enriched in various pathways associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The western blotting detection on intestinal tight junction proteins (zona occludens 1, occludin, and claudin-5) showed that magnesium-L-threonate repaired the intestinal barrier dysfunction of APP/PS1 mice. These findings suggest that magnesium-L-threonate may reduce the clinical manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease through the microbiota-gut-brain axis in model mice, providing an experimental basis for the clinical treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Emerging strategies for nerve repair and regeneration in ischemic stroke: neural stem cell therapy
Authors: Wang Siji , He Qianyan , Qu Yang , Yin Wenjing , Zhao Ruoyu , Wang Xuyutian , Yang Yi , Guo Zhen-Ni
Published: December 2023

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide, with limited treatment options available in clinical practice. The emergence of stem cell therapy has provided new hope to the field of stroke treatment via the restoration of brain neuron function. Exogenous neural stem cells are beneficial not only in cell replacement but also through the bystander effect. Neural stem cells regulate multiple physiological responses, including nerve repair, endogenous regeneration, immune function, and blood-brain barrier permeability, through the secretion of bioactive substances, including extracellular vesicles/exosomes. However, due to the complex microenvironment of ischemic cerebrovascular events and the low survival rate of neural stem cells following transplantation, limitations in the treatment effect remain unresolved. In this paper, we provide a detailed summary of the potential mechanisms of neural stem cell therapy for the treatment of ischemic stroke, review current neural stem cell therapeutic strategies and clinical trial results, and summarize the latest advancements in neural stem cell engineering to improve the survival rate of neural stem cells. We hope that this review could help provide insight into the therapeutic potential of neural stem cells and guide future scientific endeavors on neural stem cells.
Metabolic reprogramming of the inflammatory response in the nervous system: the crossover between inflammation and metabolism
Authors: Amo-Aparicio Jesus , Dinarello Charles A. , Lopez-Vales Ruben
Published: December 2023

Metabolism is a fundamental process by which biochemicals are broken down to produce energy (catabolism) or used to build macromolecules (anabolism). Metabolism has received renewed attention as a mechanism that generates molecules that modulate multiple cellular responses. This was first identified in cancer cells as the Warburg effect, but it is also present in immunocompetent cells. Studies have revealed a bidirectional influence of cellular metabolism and immune cell function, highlighting the significance of metabolic reprogramming in immune cell activation and effector functions. Metabolic processes such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation have been shown to undergo dynamic changes during immune cell response, facilitating the energetic and biosynthetic demands. This review aims to provide a better understanding of the metabolic reprogramming that occurs in different immune cells upon activation, with a special focus on central nervous system disorders. Understanding the metabolic changes of the immune response not only provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms that regulate immune cell function but also opens new approaches for therapeutic strategies aimed at manipulating the immune system.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, neuroinflammation, and sigma 1 receptors as contributors to depression and its treatment
Authors: Fujii Chika , Zorumski Charles F. , Izumi Yukitoshi
Published: December 2023

The etiological factors contributing to depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders are largely undefined. Endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways and autophagy are well-defined mechanisms that play critical functions in recognizing and resolving cellular stress and are possible targets for the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric and neurologic illnesses. An increasing number of studies indicate the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in the control of neuroinflammation, a contributing factor to multiple neuropsychiatric illnesses. Initial inflammatory triggers induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to neuroinflammatory responses. Subsequently, induction of autophagy by neurosteroids and other signaling pathways that converge on autophagy induction are thought to participate in resolving neuroinflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. Studies focused on innate immune factors, including neurosteroids with anti-inflammatory roles will be reviewed. In the context of depression, animal models that led to our current understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying depression will be highlighted, including the roles of sigma 1 receptors and pharmacological agents that dampen endoplasmic reticulum stress and associated neuroinflammation.
Urine Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein as a Potential Biomarker for Incipient Diabetic Nephropathy: A Pilot Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Tamizhan Sudhahar , Rajput Swati , Rabari Kamlesh , Mamgain Garima , Naithani Manisha
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) continues to be used as an indicator for detecting diabetic nephropathy (DN); however, damage starts much before that. Currently, no biomarkers are there to indicate incipient damage. As a result, researchers are looking for new biomarkers that could be used to detect DN threats sooner and perhaps hinder the development of end-stage renal disease. The present study intended to know if urine Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG) levels correlate with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the study participants of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Materials and Methods:

The study included 68 participants with a known history of T2DM. Serum urea and creatinine levels, fasting plasma glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total protein, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and urine ZAG were estimated and UACR along with estimated GFR (eGFR) were calculated for all individuals. The characteristics of the study participants in the microalbuminuric and normoalbuminuric groups were compared.

Results:

The levels of urine ZAG in the microalbuminuric and normoalbuminuric groups were not observed to be substantially different. The relationship between urine ZAG and diabetes mellitus duration was found to be highly significant in normoalbuminuric patients. Urinary ZAG and correlation with categories of HbA1c % (good <7, 7–9 moderate, >9 poor) among normoalbuminuric individuals were not found to be significant.

Conclusion:

Despite previous research, we were unable to find a positive relationship between urinary ZAG concentrations and eGFR in this study. Prospective studies with greater sample sizes and follow-up are required to fully comprehend the possible use of ZAG as a biomarker in diabetic nephropathy.
Comparison of Intravenous Ketamine Dosages for Postoperative Analgesia: Efficacy and Adverse Reactions in Abdominal Hysterectomy
Authors: Pauranik Ritu , Girwal Kiran , Sharma Aseem , Arora Kishore Kumar
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

Following an abdominal hysterectomy, preemptive analgesia with two intravenous ketamine injections has been used as multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain. Ketamine’s ideal dosage for postoperative analgesia that has the least amount of adverse reactions is still up for discussion.

Materials and Methods:

This investigation was conducted at M.G.M. Medical College and M.Y. Hospital, Indore. The study included a total of 90 participants, classified as the American Society of Anesthesiologists classes 1 and 2, within the age range of 18–65 years. There were three groups made after dividing the patients with the help of the chit method so that no preference could be done. Group A was given an intravenous ketamine injection of 0.3 mg/kg, Group B was given an intravenous ketamine injection of 0.2 mg/kg, and Group C then got an intravenous ketamine injection of 0.1 mg/kg. In addition, all groups received subsequent 0.1 mg/kg ketamine injections every 30 min until the completion of the surgery. Various parameters were recorded for 24 h following the procedure, including the time to the first dosage, combined dose of rescue analgesia, combined number of doses of rescue analgesia, and incidence of adverse reactions.

Results:

The demographic profiles of all three groups were found to be comparable. The average time to request the first dosage of rescue analgesia was 316.33 ±66.345, 230± 44.721 & 89 ±26.698 minutes and 89 min, respectively, in Groups A, B, and C. Group A exhibited a significantly longer duration compared to Groups B and C. Postoperatively, at the 24-h mark, Group A displayed the lowest mean pain score (Visual Analog Scale) compared to Group B and Group C, with a statistically significant difference observed at P = 0.05. However, the frequency of nausea and vomiting between Groups A and B, as well as C, was not significant.

Conclusion:

Patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy under spinal anesthesia experience reduced postoperative discomfort when administered intravenous ketamine at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg, as opposed to lower doses. These results emphasize the potential benefits of higher dosage administration in enhancing postoperative analgesia in such procedures.
A Comparative Study of Endoscopic Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy with and without Stenting
Authors: Prinja Sumit , Dhanoa Simran , Singh Gurbax , Kaur Kanwalpreet , Gupta Shivangi , Bansal Garima
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

The definitive management of complete nasolacrimal duct obstruction from chronic dacryocystitis is surgical. The surgery of choice is dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), which can be done external or endonasal with or without stenting. We aim to compare the anatomical and functional outcomes of endoscopic endonasal DCR with and without stenting.

Materials and Methods:

This prospective study was carried out involving 30 patients of either sex randomly divided into two groups of 15 patients each. Group A underwent endoscopic DCR with stenting of the canaliculi, whereas Group B underwent endoscopic DCR without stenting. These patients were followed up at week 1, 6, and 12. The success of surgery in each group was determined by the absence of epiphora (Munk scale grades: 0 and 1), patent ostium on irrigation, positive Jones test, and decrease in the marginal tear film volume as seen on dye disappearance test (grade: 0 and 1) at week 12. Final data were analyzed using SPSS 21 version.

Results:

About 86.6% success rate was noted in the group where stenting was done (Group A) compared to 100% success in the group without stenting (Group B). This difference was, however, not statistically significant (P = 0.143). Failures in the study were attributed to the closure of rhinostomy ostium at week 12 follow-up. The most common complication noted was postoperative pain around the bridge of nose. Stent-related complications such as conjunctivitis and difficulty in removal of the stent were also noted.

Conclusion:

In our study, the surgical results of endoscopic endonasal DCR without stenting were better than endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with stenting both anatomically as well as functionally.
A Retrospective Study on Smell Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients Presenting to a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Northern India
Authors: Singhal Aditya , Jain Akshay , Agarwal Shradha
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

The smell dysfunction in COVID-19 patients has remained an unexplained topic. The blood parameters’ variability in COVID-19 patients with anosmia has been studied in few literatures. The study is aimed to find the association of anosmia with the blood grouping and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in coronavirus-infected patients.

Materials and Methods:

Database from Medical Records Department of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Northern India was searched from July 2020 to December 2020. Every fifth file was selected using the stratified random sampling. Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction files were included. Blood grouping and CRP levels were assessed and statistically correlated.

Results:

A total of 103 patients of coronavirus-associated infection with anosmia were included among which 52 (50.48%) patients were from moderate category of AIIMS-ICMR joint task Force’s clinical guidelines. A total of 44 (42.71%) patients had moderate levels of elevated CRP. The blood Group B-type was found most commonly in 35 (33.98%) patients. The correlation of severity of COVID-19 infection with CRP was found to be statistically significant (Chi-square test statistic was 31.203 and P = 0.00023) in patients presenting with smell dysfunction.

Conclusion:

Anosmia was found to a suggestive symptom for the early identification of coronavirus-infected cases. In this study, CRP levels showed statistically significant association with anosmia in COVID-19 patients. Predilection for specific blood groups serves as platform for further research.
Impact of Maternal Obesity on Obstetric Outcome: A Prospective Study in a District Hospital of West Bengal
Authors: Mukherjee Saswati , Mandal Aparna Khan , Chakraborty Atanu , Pal Amitabha , Sarkar Ashis
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

The prevalence of obesity among women is an increasing problem, especially in urban population due to sedentary lifestyles and altered dietary habits. Maternal obesity has consequences on pregnancy and perinatal outcome. The present study was conducted to determine the impact of maternal obesity on maternal and perinatal outcome.

Materials and Methods:

A prospective hospital-based study was conducted on 176 pregnant women with body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2 and 166 pregnant women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Data on maternal outcomes and perinatal outcomes were collected by following up on antenatal women till the end of the pregnancy and results were analyzed among the two groups using SPSS version 27.

Results:

Around 31.3% of pregnant women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 had developed gestational hypertension, 22.9% had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 7.8% had preeclampsia/eclampsia, 9.6% had prolonged labor, and more than half (53%) of them had emergency lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). Less than 1/3rd of pregnant women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 had induction of labor and perineal injuries. Association of gestational hypertension, GDM, preeclampsia/eclampsia, prolonged labor, and mode of delivery (emergency LSCS) was found to be significant with maternal obesity. About 16.9% and 7.2% of pregnant women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 had preterm and postterm delivery, respectively. Only 0.6% of pregnant women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 had weight of newborn >4 kg.

Conclusions:

Maternal obesity leads to adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes and is an important contributor to the burden of obstetric care. Thus, effective intervention is required in preconception period to reduce the obstetric complications.
Iodine-125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma by using Ocuprosta seeds with indigenous non-collimated plaques: Our initial experience
Authors: Narang Subina , Pandey Awadesh K , Kaur Gurbir , Giran Mannat , Saxena Sanjay K , Moudgil Sandeep , Walia Dinesh K , Handa Uma , Meena Vijay K , Kaur Ravinder , Astrahan Melvin
Published: December 2023

Purpose:

Brachytherapy is the gold-standard treatment for choroidal melanoma. This study evaluated iodine-125 brachytherapy by using Ocuprosta seeds with indigenous non-collimated plaques in Asian patients.

Methods:

Retrospective single-center study in a tertiary care hospital of 12 eyes with choroidal melanoma in 12 Asian patients who underwent brachytherapy with Ocuprosta seeds fixed on non-collimated plaques and had a follow-up of at least 32 months (mean: 42.4 ± 9.5 months; median: 40 months). Radiotherapy was planned after developing the digital 3D model of the tumor within the eye by using radiological images and clinical pictures. Ocuprosta iodine-125 seeds were used on indigenous non-collimated gold plaques to deliver the radiation for precalculated time. “Successful outcome” was taken as a decrease in the volume of the tumor, and “unsuccessful outcome” was defined as no change in the tumor volume or increase in the tumor volume at 24 months after brachytherapy.

Results:

The mean decrease in tumor volume was 21% (914.5 ± 912.2 mm3 to 495.7 ± 633.6 mm3) after brachytherapy, which correlated with the baseline volume of the tumor. Ten eyes (83.3%) showed a reduction in tumor volume, whereas two eyes showed an increase in the volume of the tumor after brachytherapy. One of the cases with a reduction in tumor size developed neovascular glaucoma. Enucleation was done in three eyes. A globe salvage rate of 75% and tumor regression rate of 83% were seen in the present study using Ocuprosta seeds.

Conclusions:

Iodine-125 brachytherapy with uncollimated indigenous gold plaques is an effective treatment modality for choroidal melanomas in Asian patients.
Real-world experience of brolucizumab in nAMD
Authors: Narnaware Shilpi H , Bansal Anju , Bawankule Prashant K , Raje Dhananjay
Published: December 2023

Purpose:

To evaluate real-world outcomes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in relation to anatomical success, visual outcomes, and safety of intravitreal brolucizumab (IVBr) injection at 1.5 years.

Methods:

Prospective, randomized, single-center study between December 2020 and December 2022 that included 71 eyes of 62 patients with nAMD, who received IVBr. Patients were divided into three groups, i.e., naïve choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM), switched therapy (st) CNVM, and st polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (stPCV). They were subdivided into dry, minimal fluid (fluid <50 microns)/pigment epithelial detachment (PED) and persistent fluid (fluid >100 microns)/PED subgroups depending upon the fluid level at the end of 1.5 years. Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), status of fluid, and number of injections at 1.5 years were evaluated. From the beginning, patients were treated on pro re nata (PRN) basis.

Results:

Of the 71 eyes, 27 eyes (38%) were naïve CNVM, 35 eyes (49.3%) were stCNVM, and 9 (12.7%) were stPCV cases. Significant vision improvement after 1.5 years was seen in the stCNVM category (P = 0.001), while CMT reduction was significant in all three groups (P < 0.05). The mean number of injections required in naïve CNVM and stCNVM groups was significantly less as compared to the stPCV group (P = 0.017). Further, vision improvement was significant in the “Minimal fluid” subgroup (P = 0.002), while the CMT improvement was significant in the “Minimal fluid” and “Dry” subgroups each with P < 0.0001. No ocular/systemic adverse events including intraocular inflammation (IOI) were noted.

Conclusion:

In a real-world scenario, with 203 procedures and 1.5-year follow-up, brolucizumab is found to be efficacious and safe with the need for a lesser number of injections and more interval-free period in the management of naïve CNVM, stCNVM, and stPCV patients.
Prediction of Operability by Pulmonary Artery Acceleration Time and Right Ventricular Ejection Time in Large Ventricular Septal Defects with Severe Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sudipta , Sridhar Anuradha , Sivaprakasam Muthukumaran Chinnaswamy
Published: December 2023

Background:

Diagnosing and treating cardiopulmonary illnesses in children depend heavily on evaluating pulmonary hemodynamics. Severe pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) and Eisenmenger’s syndrome are most frequently seen in post-tricuspid shunts. Right heart catheterization is the gold standard test for calculating pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressures, but it has many flaws, especially regarding shunt abnormalities. Right ventricular ejection and pulmonary artery acceleration times can be useful alternatives for determining pulmonary vascular resistance.

Aims and Objectives:

This study aimed to correlate pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT) and right ventricular ejection time (RVET) with PAH.

Materials and Methods:

We included 52 patients with large ventricular septal defects (VSD) and severe pulmonary artery hypertension. All children with large VSD and severe PAH admitted for diagnostic catheterization after satisfying the inclusion criteria were included in the study following approval from the institutional ethics committee. All pre-catheterization echocardiographic data were collected with a Philips iE33 ultrasound machine. All of them underwent diagnostic catheterizations.

Results:

We observed that the chance of operability was high earlier in the age of presentation. PAAT: RVET had a positive correlation with Qp:Qs (pulmonary flow: systemic flow) and were negatively correlated with pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI), pulmonary vascular resistance: systemic vascular resistance (PVR:SVR), and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP). In our study, we found that both PAAT and PAAT: RVET were moderately negatively correlated with PVRI and PVR: SVR (r: -0.72, P < 0.001, r: -0.71, P < 0.001 and r: -0.67, P < 0.001, r: -0.71, P < 0.001 respectively). PAAT and PAAT: RVET were moderately negatively correlated with mPAP (r: -0.7. P < 0.001; r: -0.71, P < 0.001 respectively) and positively with Qp:Qs (r: +0.63, P < 0.001; r: 0.67, P < 0.001 respectively).

Conclusion:

PAAT and PAAT: RVET index are important parameters in assessing pulmonary arterial pressure in large VSD with severe PAH.
How Many Echocardiograms Should be Performed to Detect One Cardiac Abnormality in Patients <18 Years? Results from the “Performing Echocardiography to Detect Heart Disease (PED-HEART) Study”
Authors: Jain Pradeep Kumar , Upadhyay Jaya , Soni Shishir , Rai Nimish , Siddiqui Suhel , Mishra Vikas , Kinare Amit
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

Echocardiography is an important cardiac investigating tool, however, its appropriate use in patients <18 years has to be ascertained.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to assess the clinical indication of the referral for echocardiography in patients with abnormal and normal echocardiographic examination.

Methods:

Single-center, retrospective observational analysis was done in patients <18 years who underwent echocardiography. This included patients’ clinical profiles and echocardiography examination findings.

Results:

Out of 7500 patients, normal echocardiography examinations (Group 1) were found in 75.33% (n = 5650) of the patients. Out of these (Group 1), 32.8% were referred for electrocardiographic changes, while 25% and 31% were for palpitation and chest pain, respectively. Patients with trivial findings on echocardiography were 350 (Group 2). Patients with a significant abnormality on echocardiography requiring medical management (Group 3) or cardiac intervention (Group 4) were 1250 and 250, respectively. The comparison of Group A (combined Groups 1 and 2 patients) with Group B (combined Groups 3 and 4 patients) showed that the referrals made for murmur, suspected heart failure, chest X-ray abnormalities, abnormal blood pressure/shock, and multiple parameters were found to be an independent predictor of abnormal findings on echocardiography.

Conclusion:

Abnormal findings on echocardiography requiring cardiac intervention in patients <18 years is one in every five echocardiograms performed in this study. The implementation of appropriate use criteria for echocardiography may help in improving this ratio.
Evaluation of antifungal activity of vanilla pods silver nanoparticles against various oral candidal species: An in-vitro study
Authors: Sri V.L Premika , Srinivasan Samyukta , Muthukumar Sathish , Chellaswamy Sreeja , Nachiappan N. Nachiammai , Thamilselvan Snega
Published: December 2023

Background:

The oral health of individuals is undoubtedly affected by the fact that fungal microorganisms are currently resistant to the conventional antifungal drugs used. Still, there are numerous emerging therapeutic alternatives available like phytotherapy. The phytochemistry of various plant species has indicated that phytochemicals could be a better source of medicine with outstanding antifungal, healing, anti-inflammatory spectrum, and antioxidant properties.

Aim:

To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of silver nanoparticles of vanilla pods against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida krusei and to compare with Fluconazole.

Materials and Methods:

The vanilla pods were procured from the organic store. The aqueous extracts were prepared. Ten percent of the vanilla extract was utilized to generate the silver nanoparticles. The generated silver nanoparticles were characterized visually based on color change and confirmed by UV spectroscopy. Disk diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal activity of the vanilla pods reinforced silver nanoparticles at different concentrations (20 μl, 40 μ, 40n μ, and 80 μand 80ratioC. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei. The antifungal efficacy of the produced nanoparticles was evaluated against a standard of ketoconazole (30 μ30.

Results:

Vanillin silver nanoparticles exhibit commendable antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. glabrata which is equivalent to that of ketoconazole, and amplified activity against drug-resistant C. krusei was evident.

Conclusion:

Silver nanoparticles from vanilla pods were studied and their wider zones of inhibition indicated exemplary antifungal efficacy compared with conventional antifungal drugs like ketoconazole.

Clinical significance:

Future research on vanillin nanocarrier systems might enhance their stability, bioavailability, and bioactivity. As an outcome, with some promising advances in this area, it would be captivating to pursue a systematic investigation into the potential effects of vanillin at the cellular and molecular levels. This will enable us to further assess its applicability as an active biopharmaceutical ingredient in mouthwashes, probiotic lozenges, and denture resin for use as an effective strategy against the biofilm growth of various Candida species.
Assessment of Microgap and Bacterial Leakage of Two Types of Internal Implant–Abutment Union
Authors: Basha Shaik Riyaz , Channamsetty Praveena , Janapati Divya , Badugu Satyavathi , Kodipalli Sravalli , Ireddy Kavya Sri , Mitra Nirban
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective:

The current research was done to assess microbial seepage of two types of internal implant–abutment connections

Materials and Methods:

Twenty dental implants are categorized into two groups. Group A fixtures with an internal hexagonal geometry and group B fixtures with a tri-lobe internal connection. All implant–abutment assemblies underwent a three-week incubation period at 37°C in sterile tubes containing 5 mL of Staphylococcus aureus broth culture. Through the use of Gram stain and biochemical processes, the resultant colonies were recognized.

Results:

The mean Log10 colony forming unit (CFU) in group A was 8.4 and in group B was 7.2. The variation between both groups was found to be considerable (P < 0.05). Microgap was more in group B compared to group A

Conclusion:

Bacteria may infiltrate the small area between the implant and the abutment. Compared to dental implant fixtures with a tri-lobe internal connection, there was a noticeably higher Log10 CFU in dental implant fixtures with an internal hexagonal geometry.
Clinical Correlation of Vitamin D Deficiency and Early Childhood Caries: A Cross-Sectional Study in Western Rajasthan
Authors: Aijaz Amreen , Chaudhary Pankaj , Malawat Kanchan , Almalki Sultan A. , Sharma Tanvi , Jameel AlBandary H. Al , Arya Sugandha
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Objectives:

To ascertain whether a link exists between vitamin D insufficiency and early childhood caries or not.

Method:

From the out patient department (OPD) of the Pedodontics Department at Vyas Dental College, a random sample of 40 kids between the ages of 8 months and 5 years old was chosen. Each kid had blood drawn to check their serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels. All of the data was collated and given the necessary statistical analysis.

Result:

The case group’s mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D level was 10.19 ng/mL (with a standard deviation of 3.46), while the control group’s was 20.84 ng/mL (2.54 SD).

Conclusion:

A significant modifiable risk factor for childhood dental caries is a vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, cavities in teeth can be avoided by giving youngsters vitamin D supplements and avoiding vitamin D insufficiency.
Estimation of Loss of Crestal Bone Around Dental Implants in Various Tissue Biotypes Using CBCT
Authors: Algethmi Abdullah Saeed , Chowdary Koduru Ranga Roy , Almansour Hosain Mohammed Hosain , Dhal Angurbala , Khan Nubesh , Parihar Anuj Singh , Reddy Naveen
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Objectives:

To evaluate the loss of crestal bone height around dental implants placed in various tissue biotypes.

Materials and Methods:

20 patients with single edentulous sites were allocated randomly, with 10 samples in each into Group I (implants were placed in thick tissue biotype) and Group II (implants were placed in thin tissue biotype). Baseline cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed after implant placement in both groups, and follow-up CBCT was taken at the time of cementation prior to occlusal loading to assess the crestal bone loss around the mesial and distal side of implants in both groups.

Result:

A significant loss of crestal bone at both the distal and mesial sides of the implants at the time of cementation was observed in both groups but Group II showed more crestal bone loss as compared to Group I.

Conclusion:

Mean crestal bone loss was more in Group II (thin tissue biotype) in comparison to Group I (thick tissue biotype). The thick biotype causes less crestal bone changes than the thin biotype, which evokes more loss of crestal bone during the period of peri-implant healing.
Existence of Lathyrus Beyond Lathyrism
Authors: Singh Vineeta , Mishra Yeshashwini , Mishra Vijaya Nath
Published: December 2023

Lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus) pulse is better known as the causative agent of a crippling neurological disorder called Lathyrism. Patients suffer from gradual progressive increasing spasticity and bony changes, which ultimately result in crippling stages throughout life. The present literature aimed to discover the L. sativus existence beyond Lathyrism. We searched the electronic databases of PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords. We have taken reference to previously published literature on the Lathyrus and Lathyrism. In the current literature, we have found that Lathyrus is nutritionally rich and tolerant to different kinds of environmental stress, and it could be included in human meals or used to feed animals. In India, Lathyrus is banned due to its proposed neurotoxicity. However, the literature suggests that alone, Lathyrus cannot cause Lathyrism. Other factors like environmental factors such as availability of water in paddy fields, associated genetic disorders, and metal content of soil decide the amount of beta-N-oxalyl-amino-L-alanine and Oxalyl-diamino-propionic acid (ODAP) in Lathyrus seeds and its effects. There are new technologies and physical methods that can minimize the toxic nature of Lathyrus. A low ODAP containing Lathyrus is an economic cereal for poor people and grazing animals.
Evaluating Diagnostic Utility of geneXpert Ultra (Mycobacterium tuberculosis/Rifampicin), Microscopy and Liquid Culture to Isolate Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Suspects
Authors: Gota Apoorva , Shenoy Vishnu Prasad , Kamath Asha
Published: December 2023

CONTEXT:

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are posing major public health problems and have recently gained importance as they are being isolated from patients with pulmonary disorders. Most of the time, NTM are misinterpreted as tuberculosis (TB) and this misdiagnosis leads to treatment failure. Hence, this study aimed to identify NTMs isolated from suspected cases of pulmonary TB cases and was aimed to distinguish Mycobacterium TB (MTB) from NTM infections.

AIMS:

Our study aimed to compare microscopy grading of respiratory samples with the Ct values of GeneXpert Ultra (MTB/rifampicin [RIF]), to assess the diagnostic accuracy of microscopy, GeneXpert ultra (MTB/RIF), liquid culture, to compare GeneXpert ultra (MTB/RIF) results with microscopy with culture and clinical implications, importance of performing a rapid test for pulmonary TB and pulmonary NTM infections in suspected cases of adults.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN:

The study was conducted in the Mycobacteriology laboratory, Department of Microbiology, in Kasturba Hospital, Manipal. The study was a prospective, cross-sectional study, single center.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS:

A total of 452 respiratory samples obtained from April to July 2023 were included in the study. Smearpositive pulmonary TB cases were identified and subjected to amplification by GeneXpert ultra (MTB/RIF) and 84 samples were GeneXpert ultra (MTB/RIF) positive and RIF sensitive. Liquid culture by mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) 960 was performed and for positive tubes, TB Ag MPT64 was performed. The results were compared and analyzed with patients’ demographic information. Clinical and radiological data from the requisition forms were assessed.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:

IBM SPSS statistics software version 22 was used. Correlations between GeneXpert ultra (MTB/RIF) Ct values and smear status were calculated by polychoric correlation. Extended McNemar’s test was used to find the association between the variables.

RESULTS:

GeneXpert ultra (MTB/RIF) yielded a positivity rate of 22.2% compared to smear microscopy 17.2%. Liquid culture yielded a positivity rate of 20.3%. Ct value and smear grading yielded a positive correlation (ρ = 0.8681; P < 0.05). Undetected cases of TB by GeneXpert ultra (MTB/RIF) were identified as positive under liquid culture by MGIT 960. TB Ag MPT64 was performed and yielded NTM and speciated as Mycobacterium abscessus complex by line probe assay.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our study states the need for identification and differentiation of MTB from NTM.
Two Years of COVID-19: Analysis of Global and India's Pandemic Response
Authors: Kapoor Suraj , Anand Vivek , Arya Aman , Kumar Ankit , Kumar Pravin , Yadav Arun
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

We are currently amid a COVID-19 pandemic which had its epicenter in Hubei Province of the People's Republic of China. The present study is conducted to understand the various factors influencing pandemic response, policies adopted by different countries, and lessons learned.

Materials and Methods:

This is a descriptive study conducted across countries of different WHO regions covering period from January 2020 to December 2021. Data included parameters like case fatality rate, R0, human development index, vaccination coverage, medical manpower. Other key epidemiological parameters assessed and analyzed like sociodemographic and health related indicators.

Results:

A range of strategies has been adopted worldwide based on the population structure as well as the health-care infrastructure of each country. Rich countries such as the US and the UK were susceptible to COVID because of international air travel but also had more financial resources to fight the pandemic but have been repeatedly overwhelmed by infections and face a return to costly lockdowns. These countries had high prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes and obesity with large elderly population. Case fatality and death per million had no relation with vaccination coverage. Countries with high population density like India and Israel shown to have high reproduction number for COVID-19. Country like New Zealand revealed best pandemic response thanks to timely and aggressive lockdown containment strategy alogwith strongpolitical will.

Conclusion:

COVID-19 vaccine seems to be the single most important weapon that needs global focus. Pediatric vaccination, booster coverage, containment strategies with strict lockdowns amid delta, and omicron variants are some of the public health dilemmas offered by the pandemic to the public health specialist and policymakers which needs to be urgently addressed.
The Use of Indigenous Communication Media for Children's Vaccination and Immunization Promotion in Rural Communities of Abia State, Nigeria
Authors: Udochi-Nwachukwu Amarachi Precious , Dada Samuel Oluwasogo , Nyashanu Mathew
Published: December 2023

Background:

In Nigeria, child survival is threatened by vaccine-preventable diseases, and routine immunization services do not reach many children, especially those living in rural communities. The non-use of indigenous communication has been identified as one of the barriers preventing immunization coverage and acceptance by mothers of children.

Aims and Objectives:

This study investigated the use of indigenous communication media for immunization promotion among mothers in rural communities of Abia State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:

Using a descriptive survey design, the study was anchored on the development communication theory. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 394 participants across 10 rural communities in Abia State. A validated closed-ended questionnaire was used for the data collection and data were analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics at P < 0.05.

Results:

The findings showed that 53.8%, 25.6%, and 20.6% of the participants averred that indigenous communication media played the role of immunization information dissemination, reminder, and reinforcement, respectively. Most (73.6%) of the respondents opined that indigenous communication media are highly relevant in informing rural dwellers about immunization programs while 50.0% believed that the use of traditional media should complement health workers' efforts during health promotion and education on vaccination and immunization. The town crier was the most utilized indigenous communication media (89.3%). There was a statistically significant relationship between the use of indigenous media and vaccination/immunization communication (P = 0.001).

Conclusion:

This study revealed that indigenous communication media is crucial for the promotion of children's vaccination and immunization in rural communities. It is important that for effective health promotion efforts toward reaching rural dwellers, the use of indigenous communication media should be encouraged.
Prehospital Care in Road Traffic Accident Cases
Authors: Swaroop Vibha , Ahmed Naim
Published: December 2023

Background:

Rapid population growth, industrialization and an increase in road vehicles, have led to a drastic increase in the number of Road Traffic Accidents (RTA).Pedestrians, motorized two wheeled vehicle (MTV) users, and cyclists are the most vulnerable road user groups in terms of injuries and fatalities resulting from road traffic crashes in India. At least one-third of potentially preventable deaths occur prior to arrival at hospital and over half occur during the hospital reception and resuscitation phase of care. Prehospital emergency care in India is only beginning to develop. Thirty per cent of emergency patients in India die before they reach a hospital. Persons who shift the victims are usually untrained members of the public. Crash victims are often taken to the nearest hospital, regardless of the hospital’s capabilities for dealing with trauma. The vast majority of ambulances are used for inter-hospital transfer, not for primary response. This highlights the need of urgent steps for establishing good pre-hospital care and trauma services at site in India.

Aims and Objectives:

The study attempts to know the status of provision of pre hospital care to RTA victims and to suggest measures for improving hospital and pre-hospital care to the same.

Methods:

The study was conducted on patients of RTI admitted at Trauma Centre of King George’s Medical University UP (KGMU), Lucknow. A semi-structured questionnaire was used gather information about the socio demographic profile of RTA victims and the status of provision of pre hospital care to them.

Results:

It was seen in the present study that only eight percent cases had some sort of pre-hospital care given, or some interventions done before victim was taken to the hospital. Majority of these interventions were given by the bystanders and included measures like shifting the victim from the accident site (76.5%), water splinting/fanning/water given to drink (8.8%), or wound covered with cloth (5.9%) or medications (8.8%). In 9.7 percent cases, it was not known whether any pre hospital intervention was given. Out of the total cases who died, 66.7 percent had not received any intervention before hospitalization. The proportion of mortality was 2.5 percent in cases where no interventions were given, while there was no mortality in cases where some interventions were given before hospitalization.

Conclusion:

It was seen that very few cases got some intervention before hospitalization and a number of cases were referred from government health facilities due to unavailability of beds, equipment or medical staff. About thirty percent interviewees were not aware of ambulance emergency number. Lower proportion of mortality was seen in cases that got intervention at a health facility within an hour.