bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From the Trauma of Stalinism to the Triumph of Stalingrad: The Toponymic Dispute Over Volgograd
Authors: Kangaspuro Markku , Lassila Jussi
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the Putin-era debates over the name of Volgograd/Stalingrad, the site of the historic Battle of Stalingrad. The case of the symbolic politics around the name of this city offers rich material for studying the dynamics of triumph and trauma in Russia. While the theme of Stalingrad continues to represent the core symbol of national triumph, it also inescapably refers to the most acute trauma of the state’s past: the Stalin era. The chapter shows how the debate over the name of Stalingrad reveals a twofold, and somewhat paradoxical, dynamic between the state’s bid for hegemony, on the one hand, and the inexorable pluralization of commemorations of the national past in today’s Russia, on the other.
The Drone Sector in Europe
Authors: de Miguel Molina Blanca , Segarra Oña Marival
Published: December 2017

The aim of this chapter is to review the industry sector in Europe, which involves big companies as well as SMEs. The leading European countries, the main competitors, and the main competitive advantages of the industry are analysed. We have identified five different segments in which companies compete based on distinctive features (toys, hobby/leisure, professional, commercial, and military). The homogenization of the industry, especially in the toy, hobby, and commercial subsectors, is mainly led by big companies, which at the same time also represent the largest market share. We have concluded that there are no entry barriers besides technology and commercial distribution, but the main difficulty that is hampering the industry’s expansion is regulation. This affects in particular the hobby/leisure and commercial drone segments, some areas more than others; while agricultural and military drones are expanding and evolving rapidly, professional filming and photography and toys are still too dependent on safety or legal issues, such as privacy concerns. It is also remarkable that companies from China and the USA are reaching the top positions. This should be taken into consideration by European policy makers, as the decisions made in the next years will be the key to the development of the sector in Europe.
Nieuw gedachtegoed te over
Authors: van der Poel Henk G.
Published: December 2017

Samenvatting

Opnieuw overvloedig veel nieuwe gedachten en voer voor discussie in dit abstractnummer. De selectiecriteria van de PRIAS-studie zijn er niet voor niets: tumoren die er niet aan voldoen, hebben echt slechtere histologie na prostatectomie en de beoordeling van een positief chirurgisch snijvlak blijft subjectief en mogelijk een minder goede kwaliteitsmaat.
Abstracts najaarsvergadering NVU, 3 november 2017, Nieuwegein
Authors: van der Poel Henk G.
Published: December 2017

Samenvatting

De studie had tot doel om te bepalen of preoperatieve anatomische structuren van prostaat en kleine bekken, en intraoperatieve fascie preservatie (FP), herstel van continentie voorspellen na robotgeassisteerde laparoscopische prostatectomie (RARP).
Understanding ownership of patient care: A dual-site qualitative study of faculty and residents from medicine and psychiatry
Authors: Cowley Deborah S. , Markman Jesse D. , Best Jennifer A. , Greenberg Erica L. , Grodesky Michael J. , Murray Suzanne B. , Corning Kelli A. , Levy Mitchell R. , Greenberg William E.
Published: December 2017

Introduction With changes in duty hours and supervision requirements, educators have raised concerns about erosion of patient care ownership by resident physicians. However, the definition of ownership is unclear. This qualitative study investigated definitions of ownership in medicine and psychiatry faculty and residents.

Methods The authors distributed an anonymous online survey regarding definitions of ownership to faculty and residents at the psychiatry and internal medicine residency programs at the University of Washington and the Harvard Longwood psychiatry residency and conducted a qualitative analysis of free-text responses to identify emergent themes.

Results 225 faculty (48.6%) and 131 residents (43.8%) across the three programs responded. Responses yielded themes in five domains: Physician Actions, Physician Attitudes, Physician Identity, Physician Qualities, and Quality of Patient Care. All groups identified themes of advocacy, communication and care coordination, decision-making, follow through, knowledge, leadership, attitudes of going ‘above and beyond’ and ‘the buck stops here’, responsibility, serving as primary provider, demonstrating initiative, and providing the best care as central to ownership. Residents and faculty had differing perspectives on ‘shift work’ and transitions of care and on resident decision-making as elements of ownership.

Discussion This study expanded and enriched the definition of patient care ownership. There were more similarities than differences across groups, a reassuring finding for those concerned about a decreasing understanding of ownership in trainees. Findings regarding shared values, shift work, and the decision-making role can inform educators in setting clear expectations and fostering ownership despite changing educational and care models.
Tunneled Catheter Placement in a Pediatric Patient: A Novel Approach
Authors: Goel Dewansh , Yadav Bhupender , Lewis Paul , Sharma Karun , Vellody Ranjith
Published: December 2017

Establishing venous access can be an important and often complex aspect of care for pediatric patients. When stable central venous access is required for long-term intravenous infusions, several options are available including peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC), tunneled catheters and ports. Both PICC placement and tunneled catheter placement include an exposed external segment of catheter, either in an extremity or on the chest. We present a pediatric patient with complex behavioral history who required long-term intravenous therapy. After careful review, the best option for the patient was determined to be a tunneled catheter that exited the skin in the right upper back, making it difficult to grab and pull out. The catheter was successfully placed and the patient appropriately completed his intravenous antibiotic course. Upon completion, the catheter was removed without complications. This tunneling technique to the scapular region may be useful for patients with psychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders where purposeful dislodgement may be a problem.
First results of study of Lake Baunt bottom sediments (northern Transbaikalia)
Authors: Krainov M.A. , Bezrukova E.V. , Kerber E.V. , Levina O.V. , Ivanov E.V. , Shchetnikov A.A. , Filinov I.A.
Published: December 2017

In March 2014, the Lake Baunt bottom sediments were drilled in the deepest part of the lake basin (33 m). The penetrated interval is 13.7 m thick, with the age of the base being evaluated at 28–30 ka. Lithological study of the penetrated sediments demonstrates the upper part of the section dominated by diatom ooze, whose concentration decreases gradually downward the section, up to the replacement of the ooze by silty clay. The obtained data on variations in petromagnetic parameters, concentration of biogenic silica, and sediment compaction indicate considerable variations of sedimentary environments during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Being compared with the previously reconstructed landscape and climate dynamics for the sedimentary succession of Lake Kotokel for this time interval, the above parameters reveal that the Lake Baunt bottom sediments reliably fix the regional paleoclimate signal. For the first time for lakes of the Baikal region, Gothenburg and Mono Lake magnetic excursions are identified in the paleomagnetic record of the Lake Baunt section.
Analysis and experimental validation of morphing UAV wings
Authors: Chanzy Q. , Keane A.J.
Published: December 2017

The development of new technologies – such as rapid prototyping – and the use of materials with improved properties – such as highly resistant extruded polystyrene foam which can be easily and precisely shaped, while conserving its mechanical properties – allow researchers to improve design concepts. This article details the development of a new set of morphing wings for a 15-kg maximum take-off weight Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) from concept design, to flight tests, including modelling, design optimisation, construction and wind-tunnel tests. A set of comparator-equivalent conventional wings have been used throughout in order to be able to judge any benefits stemming from the adoption of morphing technology. This article shows that the morphing wings provide a controllable aircraft while reducing drag by a factor of 40% compared to the comparator wings with conventional ailerons in a deflected position.
Octreotide for the treatment of intentional insulin aspart overdose in a non-diabetic patient
Authors: Dewaal Catherine M. , McGillis Eric , Mink Matt , Lucyk Scott
Published: December 2017

Intentional insulin overdose may lead to severe and refractory hypoglycemia. Exogenous dextrose administration is the mainstay of therapy for these patients and is effective in most cases. However, in patients with a functional pancreas, exogenous dextrose administration may precipitate endogenous insulin release leading to rebound hypoglycemia. We describe a case report of a 41-year-old woman who injected 300 units of insulin aspart with suicidal intent. Her initial blood glucose was 2.3 mmol/L (41 mg/dL). Over the next 12 hours, she experienced recurrent hypoglycemic episodes despite 10% dextrose infusions and 14 ampoules of 50% dextrose. Our patient experienced complications, including peripheral edema, related to the large volumes of intravenous dextrose required to attempt to maintain euglycemia. Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, may help prevent dextrose-induced hypoglycemia and improve the management in select insulin overdose patients; large infusion volumes resulted in significant peripheral edema. Treatment with octreotide was initiated 12.5 hours post-injection and was followed by a stabilization of blood glucose concentration in this non-diabetic patient.
Comparison of the meteorology and surface energy fluxes of debris-free and debris-covered glaciers in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: YANG WEI , YAO TANDONG , ZHU MEILIN , WANG YONGJIE
Published: December 2017

Knowledge of debris-free and debris-covered glaciers is important for understanding the varying response of glaciers to climate change. Measurements at the debris-free Parlung No. 4 Glacier and the debris-covered 24 K Glacier in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau were carried out to compare the meteorology and surface energy fluxes and to understand the factors controlling the melting process. The meteorological comparisons displayed temporally synchronous fluctuations in air temperature, relative humidity and incoming longwave radiation (Lin), but notable differences in precipitation, incoming shortwave radiation (Sin) and wind speed. Under the prevailing regional precipitation and debris conditions, more Lin (42 W m−2) was supplied from warmer and more humid air and more Sin (58 W m−2) was absorbed at the 24 K Glacier. The relatively high energy supply led mainly to an increased energy output via turbulent heat fluxes and outgoing longwave radiation, rather than glacier melting beneath the thick debris. The sensitivity experiment showed that melt rates were sensitive to energy supply at debris thicknesses <~10 cm. In contrast, energy supply to the Parlung No. 4 Glacier mainly resulted in snow/ice melting, the magnitude of which was significantly influenced by energy supplied by Sin and the sensible heat flux.
A new late Carboniferous coleoid from Oklahoma, USA: implications for the early evolutionary history of the subclass Coleoidea (Cephalopoda)
Authors: Doguzhaeva Larisa A. , Mapes Royal H.
Published: December 2017

The limited record of the bactritoid-like coleoid cephalopods is here expanded due to discovery of a late Carboniferous (Moscovian) orthocone comprising a phragmocone and a body chamber with a proostracum-like structure, a sheath-like rostrum, an ink sac, and a muscular mantle preserved on top of the conch. The specimen comes from the Wewoka Formation in the vicinity of the city of Okmulgee, Oklahoma, which previously yielded an orthocone indicative of an evolutionary branch of the Carboniferous cephalopods described as the order Donovaniconida Doguzhaeva, Mapes, and Mutvei, 2007a within the subclass Coleoidea Bather, 1888. Here, we describe from that site a bactritoid-like coleoid,Oklaconus okmulgeensisn. gen. n. sp. in Oklaconidae n. fam. A broad lateral lobe of the suture line and a compressed conch with a narrowed dorsal side and a broadly rounded ventral side distinguish this genus fromDonovaniconusDoguzhaeva, Mapes, and Mutvei, 2002b. The muscular mantle is preserved as a dense sheet-like structure, with a crisscross pattern and a globular-lamellar ultrastructure. Recent knowledge on the early to late Carboniferous coleoids is discussed. Carboniferous coleoids show a high morphological plasticity with a capacity for being altered to create the diverse combinations of ‘bactritoid’ and ‘coleoid’ structures. This could be the principle evolutionary driver of their radiation in the late Carboniferous.
Technological Innovation Research in China and India: A Bibliometric Analysis for the Period 1991–2015
Authors: Chatterjee Debabrata , Sahasranamam Sreevas
Published: December 2017

Although a substantial literature on the management of technological innovation exists, several scholars argue that much of this research has been rooted in Western contexts, where key assumptions are very different from those in emerging economies. Building on this viewpoint, we investigate the current state of knowledge on technological innovation in two of the largest and fastest growing emerging economies: China and India. We undertook a bibliometric analysis of author keywords and combined different quantitative approaches – frequency analysis, cluster analysis, and co-word analysis – to review 162 articles on technological innovation published about China and India for the period 1991–2015. From the analyses, the trends in technological innovation research in the two countries and the dominant themes of discussion were identified. These themes were further classified into eight sub-themes. Our key findings indicate a near absence of research on the management of technological innovation based on India, limited volume of research on indigenous aspects of innovation, and a lack of theory-building based on these countries’ contexts. Several suggestions for future research are offered based on the gaps identified.
Failure to detect the action of antidepressants in the forced swim test in Swiss mice
Authors: Suman Patrick R. , Zerbinatti Nathalia , Theindl Lais Cristina , Domingues Karolina , Lino de Oliveira Cilene
Published: December 2017

Objective

The aims of this study were to replicate previously published experiments and to modify the protocol to detect the effects of chronic antidepressant treatment in mice.

Methods

Male Swiss mice (n=6–8/group) housed in reversed light/dark cycle were randomly assigned into receive vehicle (10% sucrose), sub-effective doses (1 and 3 mg/kg) or effective doses (10 and 30 mg/kg) of bupropion, desipramine, and fluoxetine and a candidate antidepressant, sodium butyrate (1–30 mg/kg) per gavage (p.o.) 1 h before the forced swim test (FST). Treatments continued daily for 7 and 14 days during retests 1 and 2, respectively. In an additional experiment, mice received fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) or vehicle (10% sucrose or 0.9% saline) p.o. or i.p. before the FST. Mice housed in reversed or standard light/dark cycles received fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) prior FST. Video recordings of behavioural testing were used for blind assessment of the outcomes.

Results

According to the expected, doses of antidepressants considered sub-effective failed to affect the immobility time of mice in the FST. Surprisingly, acute and chronic treatment with the high doses of bupropion, desipramine, and fluoxetine or sodium butyrate also failed to reduce the immobility time of mice in the FST. Fluoxetine 20 mg/kg was also ineffective in the FST when injected i.p. or in mice housed in normal light/dark cycle.

Conclusion

Data suggest the lack of efficacy of orally administered bupropion, desipramine, fluoxetine in the FST in Swiss mice. High variability, due to high and low immobility mice, may explain the limited effects of the treatments.
The validity of a web-based FFQ assessed by doubly labelled water and multiple 24-h recalls
Authors: Medin Anine C. , Carlsen Monica H. , Hambly Catherine , Speakman John R. , Strohmaier Susanne , Andersen Lene F.
Published: December 2017

The aim of this study was to validate the estimated habitual dietary intake from a newly developed web-based FFQ (WebFFQ), for use in an adult population in Norway. In total, ninety-two individuals were recruited. Total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by doubly labelled water was used as the reference method for energy intake (EI) in a subsample of twenty-nine women, and multiple 24-h recalls (24HR) were used as the reference method for the relative validation of macronutrients and food groups in the entire sample. Absolute differences, ratios, crude and deattenuated correlations, cross-classifications, Bland–Altman plot and plots between misreporting of EI (EI–TEE) and the relative misreporting of food groups (WebFFQ–24HR) were used to assess the validity. Results showed that EI on group level was not significantly different from TEE measured by doubly labelled water (0·7 MJ/d), but ranking abilities were poor (r −0·18). The relative validation showed an overestimation for the majority of the variables using absolute intakes, especially for the food groups ‘vegetables’ and ‘fish and shellfish’, but an improved agreement between the test and reference tool was observed for energy adjusted intakes. Deattenuated correlation coefficients were between 0·22 and 0·89, and low levels of grossly misclassified individuals (0–3 %) were observed for the majority of the energy adjusted variables for macronutrients and food groups. In conclusion, energy estimates from the WebFFQ should be used with caution, but the estimated absolute intakes on group level and ranking abilities seem acceptable for macronutrients and most food groups.
The catch characteristics and population structure of the brown crab (Cancer pagurus) fishery in the Isle of Man, Irish Sea
Authors: Öndes Fikret , Emmerson Jack A. , Kaiser Michel J. , Murray Lee G. , Kennington Kevin
Published: December 2017

Brown crab contributes to small-scale fisheries in the Isle of Man and landings (495 t) were worth in excess of £0.5 million in 2012. The present study sought to fill evidence gaps needed to improve the scientific understanding of this fishery. Observer data were collected to examine the spatial and temporal variations in the size distribution and sex ratio of crabs around the Isle of Man. This study also aimed to evaluate the catch characteristics of brown crab using logbook data (2007–2012), observer data (2012–2013) and questionnaire survey data (2013). The sex ratio is highly variable in different areas across seasons and was perhaps indicative of migration patterns in relation to mating. This change was most notable with a strong increase in the proportion of females to the south and west of the Isle of Man in the autumn months. The depth and pot volume were important factors that influenced the catch per unit effort (CPUE). Future survey designs would need to ensure adequate spatial coverage of the east and west coast of the Isle of Man together with a seasonal sampling regime that captures the spatial change in the distribution and abundance of male and female crabs.
Isolated psychosis during exposure to very high and extreme altitude – characterisation of a new medical entity
Authors: Hüfner Katharina , Brugger Hermann , Kuster Eva , Dünsser Franziska , Stawinoga Agnieszka E. , Turner Rachel , Tomazin Iztok , Sperner-Unterweger Barbara
Published: December 2017

Background

Psychotic episodes during exposure to very high or extreme altitude have been frequently reported in mountain literature, but not systematically analysed and acknowledged as a distinct clinical entity.

Methods

Episodes reported above 3500 m altitude with possible psychosis were collected from the lay literature and provide the basis for this observational study. Dimensional criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders were used for psychosis, and the Lake Louise Scoring criteria for acute mountain sickness and high-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE). Eighty-three of the episodes collected underwent a cluster analysis to identify similar groups. Ratings were done by two independent, trained researchers (κ values 0.6–1).

Findings

Cluster 1 included 51% (42/83) episodes without psychosis; cluster 2 22% (18/83) cases with psychosis, plus symptoms of HACE or mental status change from other origins; and cluster 3 28% (23/83) episodes with isolated psychosis. Possible risk factors of psychosis and associated somatic symptoms were analysed between the three clusters and revealed differences regarding the factors ‘starvation’ (χ2 test, p = 0.002), ‘frostbite’ (p = 0.024) and ‘supplemental oxygen’ (p = 0.046). Episodes with psychosis were reversible but associated with near accidents and accidents (p = 0.007, odds ratio 4.44).

Conclusions

Episodes of psychosis during exposure to high altitude are frequently reported, but have not been specifically examined or assigned to medical diagnoses. In addition to the risk of suffering from somatic mountain illnesses, climbers and workers at high altitude should be aware of the potential occurrence of psychotic episodes, the associated risks and respective coping strategies.
The COMMAND trial of cognitive therapy to prevent harmful compliance with command hallucinations: predictors of outcome and mediators of change
Authors: Birchwood Max , Dunn Graham , Meaden Alan , Tarrier Nicholas , Lewis Shon , Wykes Til , Davies Linda , Michail Maria , Peters Emmanuelle
Published: December 2017

Background

Acting on harmful command hallucinations is a major clinical concern. Our COMMAND CBT trial approximately halved the rate of harmful compliance (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.23–0.88, p = 0.021). The focus of the therapy was a single mechanism, the power dimension of voice appraisal, was also significantly reduced. We hypothesised that voice power differential (between voice and voice hearer) was the mediator of the treatment effect.

Methods

The trial sample (n = 197) was used. A logistic regression model predicting 18-month compliance was used to identify predictors, and an exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) of baseline variables used as potential predictors (confounders) in their own right. Stata's paramed command used to obtain estimates of the direct, indirect and total effects of treatment.

Results

Voice omnipotence was the best predictor although the PCA identified a highly predictive cognitive-affective dimension comprising: voices’ power, childhood trauma, depression and self-harm. In the mediation analysis, the indirect effect of treatment was fully explained by its effect on the hypothesised mediator: voice power differential.

Conclusion

Voice power and treatment allocation were the best predictors of harmful compliance up to 18 months; post-treatment, voice power differential measured at nine months was the mediator of the effect of treatment on compliance at 18 months.
The role of the early social environment on Epstein Barr virus infection: a prospective observational design using the Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: GARES V. , PANICO L. , CASTAGNE R. , DELPIERRE C. , KELLY-IRVING M.
Published: December 2017

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a highly prevalent herpesvirus linked to infectious mononucleosis and several malignancies. This paper aims to study the association between children's early life social environment at 9 months and EBV infection at 3 years of age.

Methods

We used data on children included in the UK Millennium Cohort Study. We described the social environment using area-level and material factors as well as socioeconomic position (SEP) at 9 months. EBV was measured at 3 years of age (n = 12 457).

Results

Lower rates of EBV infection were observed in children living in towns and rural areas compared with those living in cities. Lower SEP and overcrowding in the household increased the odds of being infected. Children whose parents were social tenants were more likely to be infected than homeowners. In the overall model, the strength of the association between material factors and EBV infection weakened.

Conclusions

We showed that early life material deprivation was associated with a higher risk of EBV infection among 3-year-olds. Children living in more deprived social conditions may be more likely to become EBV carriers at an earlier age.
Impact of different approaches of primary care mental health on the prevalence of mental disorders
Authors: Moscovici Leonardo , de Azevedo-Marques Joao Mazzoncini , Bolsoni Lívia Maria , Rodrigues-Junior Antonio Luiz , Zuardi Antonio Waldo
Published: December 2017

Aim

To compare the impact of three different approaches to primary care mental health on the prevalence of mental disorders.

Background

Millions of people suffer from mental disorders. As entry point into the health service, primary healthcare plays an important role in providing mental health prevention and treatment.

Methods

Random sample of households in three different areas of the city of Ribeirão Preto (state of São Paulo, Brazil) were selected, and 20 trained medical students conducted interviews using a mental health screening instrument, the Mini-Screening of Mental Disorders, and a socio-demographic datasheet. Primary care mental health was provided in each area through a specific approach. The influence of the area of residence and the socio-demographic variables on the prevalence of mental disorder was explored and analyzed by univariate binary logistic regression and then by a multiple logistic regression model.

Findings

A total of 1545 subjects were interviewed. Comparison between the three areas showed a significantly higher number of people with mental disorders in the area covered by the primary care team that did not have physicians with specific primary care mental health training, even when this association was adjusted for the influence of age, education, and socio-economic status.

Our results suggest that residing in areas with family physicians with mental health training is associated with a lower prevalence of mental disorders.
Latin and Classical Languages on the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme
Authors: Trafford Simon
Published: December 2017

It is well established that Latin has long suffered from not being included in the National Curriculum. The effects of the National Curriculum have been far-reaching and nearly terminal for the teaching of Latin in state schools, an issue which has been discussed effectively already (Hunt, 2016; Tristram, 2003; Gay, 2003). In the face of the more serious issue of Latin being dropped by many schools due to its status outside the National Curriculum, one issue which is often overlooked is the lack of support and guidance concerning curriculum and assessment models for those departments still offering Latin. Many departments are guided by the course books they follow or the outcomes desired by the GCSE they take. These issues can lead to problems of their own, such as an over-reliance on the course book or too keen an eye on the end goal of the GCSE. Neither of these things is sustainable or desirable when it comes to a dynamic curriculum or meaningful assessment, and the satisfactory resolution of such problems often relies on serious input from outstanding practitioners within departments who can navigate these complicated issues – something not open to all. There has been help offered by the Association for Latin Teaching (ARLT) who have produced grade descriptors to help teachers who (paradoxically) need to conform to the same standards as other subjects when reporting ‘National Curriculum’ assessment. But this cannot be considered as anything more than a stopgap and only assists with one half of the issue. Alternatively, others may be attracted by the curriculum model offered by the American Classical League's Standards for Classical Language Learning (2016, draft) which offers a comprehensive and fully communicative approach to the teaching of Latin with their 5 Goals and which has been available for 20 years now. This, of course, cannot help with the other half of the problem: the UK assessment model.
Hong Kong: Home to the Star Ferry, the Peak Tram and @ShuyuanClassics!
Authors: Christou Anastasia
Published: December 2017

‘Classics in Hong Kong’ is not a phrase one comes across on a regular basis, so when I was asked to write this article on my experiences of teaching Classics in Hong Kong specifically and my perspective on Classics in Asia generally, I was delighted at the opportunity. I joined The Independent Schools Foundation Academy (The ISF Academy, Hong Kong) just over two years ago, having studied, trained and taught Classics in London previously. When the prospect arose of teaching the subject I love on the other side of the globe, it was an offer I could not refuse, out of curiosity if nothing else! Although my teaching experiences on my Asian adventure thus far have been quite different and often unfamiliar, I still passionately believe that Classics is equally important everywhere: appreciating the achievements of the ancients; questioning human nature and the world we live in; and learning from heroes and villains, mortals and immortals. After all, the Ancient Greeks and Romans played an important role both in the West and the East, with interaction between the civilisations across the ages; Alexander the Great's empire is of course one such example of the mutual intellectual, political and economic exchange between the western and eastern worlds.
Reducing Errors in Satellite-Derived Arctic Sea Ice Thicknesses
Authors: Witman Sarah
Published: December 2017

Salty snow throws off satellite-based estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness by up to 25%. A new method seeks to fix that.
Oncolytic virotherapy as an immunotherapeutic strategy for multiple myeloma
Authors: Meyers Daniel E. , Thakur Satbir , Thirukkumaran Chandini M. , Morris Don G.
Published: December 2017

Multiple Myeloma (MM), a clonal malignancy of antibody-producing plasma cells, is the second most common hematologic malignancy and results in significant patient morbidity and mortality. The high degree of immune dysregulation in MM, including T cell imbalances and up-regulation of immunosuppressive checkpoint proteins and myeloid derived suppressor cells, allows this malignancy to escape from host immune control. Despite advances in the therapeutic landscape of MM over the last decade, including the introduction of immunomodulatory drugs, the prognosis for this disease is poor, with less than 50% of patients surviving 5 years. Thus, novel treatment strategies are required. Oncolytic viruses (OV) are a promising new class of therapeutics that rely on tumour specific oncolysis and the generation of a potent adaptive anti-tumour immune response for efficacy. To date, a number of OV have shown efficacy in pre-clinical studies of MM with three reaching early phase clinical trials. OVs represent a rational therapeutic strategy for MM based on (1) their tumour tropism, (2) their ability to potentiate anti-tumour immunity and (3) their ability to be rationally combined with other immunotherapeutic agents to achieve a more robust clinical response.
Electrical synapses convey orientation selectivity in the mouse retina
Authors: Nath Amurta , Schwartz Gregory W.
Published: December 2017

Sensory neurons downstream of primary receptors are selective for specific stimulus features, and they derive their selectivity both from excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs from other neurons and from their own intrinsic properties. Electrical synapses, formed by gap junctions, modulate sensory circuits. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are diverse feature detectors carrying visual information to the brain, and receive excitatory input from bipolar cells and inhibitory input from amacrine cells (ACs). Here we describe a RGC that relies on gap junctions, rather than chemical synapses, to convey its selectivity for the orientation of a visual stimulus. This represents both a new functional role of electrical synapses as the primary drivers of feature selectivity and a new circuit mechanism for orientation selectivity in the retina.
Pseudogap phase of cuprate superconductors confined by Fermi surface topology
Authors: Doiron-Leyraud N. , Cyr-Choinière O. , Badoux S. , Ataei A. , Collignon C. , Gourgout A. , Dufour-Beauséjour S. , Tafti F. F. , Laliberté F. , Boulanger M.-E. , Matusiak M. , Graf D. , Kim M. , Zhou J.-S. , Momono N. , Kurosawa T. , Takagi H. , Taillefer Louis
Published: December 2017

The properties of cuprate high-temperature superconductors are largely shaped by competing phases whose nature is often a mystery. Chiefly among them is the pseudogap phase, which sets in at a doping p* that is material-dependent. What determines p* is currently an open question. Here we show that the pseudogap cannot open on an electron-like Fermi surface, and can only exist below the doping pFS at which the large Fermi surface goes from hole-like to electron-like, so that p* ≤ pFS. We derive this result from high-magnetic-field transport measurements in La1.6−x
Nd0.4Sr
x
CuO4 under pressure, which reveal a large and unexpected shift of p* with pressure, driven by a corresponding shift in pFS. This necessary condition for pseudogap formation, imposed by details of the Fermi surface, is a strong constraint for theories of the pseudogap phase. Our finding that p* can be tuned with a modest pressure opens a new route for experimental studies of the pseudogap.
Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation regulates RECQL4 pathway choice and ubiquitination in DNA double-strand break repair
Authors: Lu Huiming , Shamanna Raghavendra A. , de Freitas Jessica K. , Okur Mustafa , Khadka Prabhat , Kulikowicz Tomasz , Holland Priscella P. , Tian Jane , Croteau Deborah L. , Davis Anthony J. , Bohr Vilhelm A.
Published: December 2017

Pathway choice within DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is a tightly regulated process to maintain genome integrity. RECQL4, deficient in Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome, promotes the two major DSB repair pathways, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Here we report that RECQL4 promotes and coordinates NHEJ and HR in different cell cycle phases. RECQL4 interacts with Ku70 to promote NHEJ in G1 when overall cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity is low. During S/G2 phases, CDK1 and CDK2 (CDK1/2) phosphorylate RECQL4 on serines 89 and 251, enhancing MRE11/RECQL4 interaction and RECQL4 recruitment to DSBs. After phosphorylation, RECQL4 is ubiquitinated by the DDB1-CUL4A E3 ubiquitin ligase, which facilitates its accumulation at DSBs. Phosphorylation of RECQL4 stimulates its helicase activity, promotes DNA end resection, increases HR and cell survival after ionizing radiation, and prevents cellular senescence. Collectively, we propose that RECQL4 modulates the pathway choice of NHEJ and HR in a cell cycle-dependent manner.
Loss of PBRM1 rescues VHL dependent replication stress to promote renal carcinogenesis
Authors: Espana-Agusti Judit , Warren Anne , Chew Su Kit , Adams David J. , Matakidou Athena
Published: December 2017

Inactivation of the VHL (Von Hippel Lindau) tumour suppressor has long been recognised as necessary for the pathogenesis of clear cell renal cancer (ccRCC); however, the molecular mechanisms underlying transformation and the requirement for additional genetic hits remain unclear. Here, we show that loss of VHL alone results in DNA replication stress and damage accumulation, effects that constrain cellular growth and transformation. By contrast, concomitant loss of the chromatin remodelling factor PBRM1 (mutated in 40% of ccRCC) rescues VHL-induced replication stress, maintaining cellular fitness and allowing proliferation. In line with these data we demonstrate that combined deletion of Vhl and Pbrm1 in the mouse kidney is sufficient for the development of fully-penetrant, multifocal carcinomas, closely mimicking human ccRCC. Our results illustrate how VHL and PBRM1 co-operate to drive renal transformation and uncover replication stress as an underlying vulnerability of all VHL mutated renal cancers that could be therapeutically exploited.
Mineral surface chemistry control for origin of prebiotic peptides
Authors: Erastova Valentina , Degiacomi Matteo T. , G. Fraser Donald , Greenwell H. Chris
Published: December 2017

Some seventy years ago, John Desmond Bernal proposed a role for clays in the origin of life. While much research has since been dedicated to the study of silicate clays, layered double hydroxides, believed to be common on the early Earth, have received only limited attention. Here we examine the role that layered hydroxides could have played in prebiotic peptide formation. We demonstrate how these minerals can concentrate, align and act as adsorption templates for amino acids, and during wetting—drying cycles, promote peptide bond formation. This enables us to propose a testable mechanism for the growth of peptides at layered double hydroxide interfaces in an early Earth environment. Our results provide insights into the potential role of mineral surfaces in mimicking aspects of biochemical reaction pathways.
Solution-phase synthesis of Al13
− using a dendrimer template
Authors: Kambe Tetsuya , Haruta Naoki , Imaoka Takane , Yamamoto Kimihisa
Published: December 2017

Superatoms, clusters that mimic the properties of elements different to those of which they are composed, have the potential to serve as building blocks for unprecedented materials with tunable properties. The development of a method for the solution-phase synthesis of superatoms would be an indispensable achievement for the future progress of this research field. Here we report the fabrication of aluminum clusters in solution using a dendrimer template, producing Al13−, which is the most well-known superatom. The Al13− cluster is identified using mass spectrometry and scanning transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to measure the binding energies. The superatomic stability of Al13− is demonstrated by evaluating its tendency toward oxidation. In addition, the synthesis of Al13− in solution enables electrochemical measurements, the results of which suggest oxidation of Al13−. This solution-phase synthesis of Al13− superatoms has a significant role for the experimental development of cluster science.
Negative regulation of TGF-β1-induced MKK6-p38 and MEK-ERK signalling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by Rac1b
Authors: Witte David , Otterbein Hannah , Förster Maria , Giehl Klaudia , Zeiser Robert , Lehnert Hendrik , Ungefroren Hendrik
Published: December 2017

Prompted by earlier findings that the Rac1-related isoform Rac1b inhibits transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced canonical Smad signalling, we studied here whether Rac1b also impacts TGF-β1-dependent non-Smad signalling such as the MKK6-p38 and MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Transient depletion of Rac1b protein in pancreatic cancer cells by RNA interference increased the extent and duration of TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in a Smad4-independent manner. Rac1b depletion also strongly increased basal ERK activation - independent of the kinase function of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5 - and sensitised cells towards further upregulation of phospho-ERK levels by TGF-β1, while ectopic overexpression of Rac1b had the reverse effect. Rac1b depletion increased an EMT phenotype as evidenced by cell morphology, gene expression of EMT markers, cell migration and growth inhibition. Inhibition of MKK6-p38 or MEK-ERK signalling partially relieved the Rac1b depletion-dependent increase in TGF-β1-induced gene expression and cell migration. Rac1b depletion also enhanced TGF-β1 autoinduction of crucial TGF-β pathway components and decreased that of TGF-β pathway inhibitors. Our results show that Rac1b antagonises TGF-β1-dependent EMT by inhibiting MKK6-p38 and MEK-ERK signalling and by controlling gene expression in a way that favors attenuation of TGF-β signalling.
A metagenome-derived thermostable β-glucanase with an unusual module architecture which defines the new glycoside hydrolase family GH148
Authors: Angelov Angel , Pham Vu Thuy Trang , Übelacker Maria , Brady Silja , Leis Benedikt , Pill Nicole , Brolle Judith , Mechelke Matthias , Moerch Matthias , Henrissat Bernard , Liebl Wolfgang
Published: December 2017

The discovery of novel and robust enzymes for the breakdown of plant biomass bears tremendous potential for the development of sustainable production processes in the rapidly evolving new bioeconomy. By functional screening of a metagenomic library from a volcano soil sample a novel thermostable endo-β-glucanase (EngU) which is unusual with regard to its module architecture and cleavage specificity was identified. Various recombinant EngU variants were characterized. Assignment of EngU to an existing glycoside hydrolase (GH) family was not possible. Two regions of EngU showed weak sequence similarity to proteins of the GH clan GH-A, and acidic residues crucial for catalytic activity of EngU were identified by mutation. Unusual, a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM4) which displayed binding affinity for β-glucan, lichenin and carboxymethyl-cellulose was found as an insertion between these two regions. EngU hydrolyzed β-1,4 linkages in carboxymethyl-cellulose, but displayed its highest activity with mixed linkage (β-1,3-/β-1,4-) glucans such as barley β-glucan and lichenin, where in contrast to characterized lichenases cleavage occurred predominantly at the β-1,3 linkages of C4-substituted glucose residues. EngU and numerous related enzymes with previously unknown function represent a new GH family of biomass-degrading enzymes within the GH-A clan. The name assigned to the new GH family is GH148.
Comparison of electrohysterogram signal measured by surface electrodes with different designs: A computational study with dipole band and abdomen models
Authors: Gao Pei , Hao Dongmei , An Yang , Wang Ying , Qiu Qian , Yang Lin , Yang Yimin , Zhang Song , Li Xuwen , Zheng Dingchang
Published: December 2017

Non-invasive measurement of uterine activity using electrohysterogram (EHG) surface electrodes has been attempted to monitor uterine contraction. This study aimed to computationally compare the performance of acquiring EHG signals using monopolar electrode and three types of Laplacian concentric ring electrodes (bipolar, quasi-bipolar and tri-polar). With the implementation of dipole band model and abdomen model, the performances of four electrodes in terms of the local sensitivity were quantified by potential attenuation. Furthermore, the effects of fat and muscle thickness on potential attenuation were evaluated using the bipolar and tri-polar electrodes with different radius. The results showed that all the four types of electrodes detected the simulated EHG signals with consistency. That the bipolar and tri-polar electrodes had greater attenuations than the others, and the shorter distance between the origin and location of dipole band at 20 dB attenuation, indicating that they had relatively better local sensitivity. In addition, ANOVA analysis showed that, for all the electrodes with different outer ring radius, the effects of fat and muscle on potential attenuation were significant (all p < 0.01). It is therefore concluded that the bipolar and tri-polar electrodes had higher local sensitivity than the others, indicating that they can be applied to detect EHG effectively.
Design of plasmonic Ag-TiO2/H3PW12O40 composite film with enhanced sunlight photocatalytic activity towards o-chlorophenol degradation
Authors: Lu Nan , Wang Yaqi , Ning Shiqi , Zhao Wenjing , Qian Min , Ma Ying , Wang Jia , Fan Lingyun , Guan Jiunian , Yuan Xing
Published: December 2017

A series of plasmonic Ag-TiO2/H3PW12O40 composite films were fabricated and immobilized by validated preparation technique. The chemical composition and phase, optical, SPR effect and pore-structure properties together with the morphology of as-prepared composite film are well-characterized. The multi-synergies of as-prepared composite films were gained by combined action of electron-capture action via H3PW12O40, visible-response induced by Ag, and Schottky-junction formed between TiO2-Ag. Under simulated sunlight, the maximal K
app
of o-chlorophenol (o-CP) reached 0.0075 min−1 which was 3.95-fold larger than that of TiO2 film, while it was restrained obviously under acid condition. In the photocatalytic degradation process, ·OH and ·O2− attacked preferentially ortho and para position of o-CP molecule, and accordingly the specific degradation pathways were speculated. The novel composite film exhibited an excellent applicability due to self-regeneration of H3PW12O40, well-protection of metal Ag° and favorable immobilization.
Insights into substrate binding of ferulic acid esterases by arabinose and methyl hydroxycinnamate esters and molecular docking
Authors: Hunt Cameron J. , Antonopoulou Io , Tanksale Akshat , Rova Ulrika , Christakopoulos Paul , Haritos Victoria S.
Published: December 2017

Ferulic acid esterases (FAE, EC 3.1.1.73) cleave the arabinose hydroxycinnamate ester in plant hemicellulose and other related substrates. FAE are commonly categorised as type A-D based on catalytic activities towards model, short alkyl chain esters of hydroxycinnamates. However, this system correlates poorly with sequence and structural features of the enzymes. In this study, we investigated the basis of the type A categorisation of an FAE from Aspergillus niger, AnFaeA, by comparing its activity toward methyl and arabinose hydroxycinnamate esters. kcat/Km ratios revealed that AnFaeA hydrolysed arabinose ferulate 1600-fold, and arabinose caffeate 6.5 times more efficiently than their methyl ester counterparts. Furthermore, small docking studies showed that while all substrates adopted a catalytic orientation with requisite proximity to the catalytic serine, methyl caffeate and methyl p-coumarate preferentially formed alternative non-catalytic conformations that were energetically favoured. Arabinose ferulate was unable to adopt the alternative conformation while arabinose caffeate preferred the catalytic orientation. This study demonstrates that use of short alkyl chain hydroxycinnnamate esters can result in activity misclassification. The findings of this study provide a basis for developing a robust classification system for FAE and form the basis of sequence-function relationships for this class.