bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PRESENTARY RELATIONSHIP OF PARENTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF EFFECTIVE APPROACHES FOR THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTION OF AGRESSION IN CHILDREN FROM THE PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION
Authors: Ivanova Bozhkova Vesela
Published: December 2021

To reduce aggression in children, parents emphasize the preventive importance of improving communicative and cognitive skills among adolescents. Parents are looking for more information about the normal psychological and emotional development of children for their age. At the level of primary prevention of aggression there is not enough emphasis on this issue. Basically, after the study, it turns out that children show aggression everywhere because they often feel affected by the actions of their classmates. Very often aggressive children do not understand the situation properly. The manifestations of verbal aggression are the most common among children. According to parents, the good example of behavior is a more effective corrective for preventive change in adolescent behavior than censorship, rewards, and penalties. A primary criterion that should be dealt with at the level of primary prevention of aggression is, according to parents, a clear and specific pan to the implementation of preventive action. Preventive activities according to parents should be allocated to preventive roles at the level of primary prevention. There is a clear and concrete plan to counteract aggression in children. This preventive plan can be accomplished by involving parents, children, teachers and other professionals concerned with overcoming aggression in socio-pedagogical training. This preventive socio-pedagogical training will be effective, implemented with a common thematic core and various preventive activities. Conflict relationships between children and the reference environment at primary prevention level need to be realized by building a supportive environment. According to parents, the high level of aggressive behavior in their children is related to aggressive role models that watch children at school on TV, friends, and other perceptual and cognitive perceptions. As main strategies to improve the level of primary prevention of aggression, parents indicate the extension of early prevention activities. Innovations regarding strategies to improve the level of primary prevention of aggression are needed by the majority of parents surveyed. These innovations need to be realized through teamwork at the level of primary prevention of aggression in children of primary school age.
IMPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICAL WORK IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF HIGHER EDUCATION - QUALITY FACTOR
Authors: Chochoroski Tosho , Sekulovska Mirjana , Rakichevik Gabriela
Published: December 2021

Practical work is a system for training and training students for a certain job by short-term work in which the student has set goals for learning and actively considering what he learns during this practical experience. This working process enables students to gain professional experience and practice in practice their interests in the professional field in which they want to engage. In addition to this definition, practical work can be defined as a process of exchange of service for the experience between the student and the employer, that is, the object accepted by the intern. The practical work contains a set agenda for learning that is structured in experience which at the same time represents a certain responsibility that enables the student to develop new skills in this field by offering training and supervision that facilitates learning. Through practical work interns get the opportunity to develop critical thinking skills, analytical thinking, and technical skills that are important for a particular job or for a particular profession. In the course of studying, besides the theoretical mastering of materials for subjects studied in accordance with the study programs, the students will have the opportunity to apply such theoretical overlaps in the real world. The reasons for introducing practical work during the educational process mainly arise from the needs and requirements of the economy.
INFLUENCE OF VALUES OF SOCIAL, CIVIC OR ETHNICAL NATURE ON THE SELECTION OF UNIVERSITY SPECIALITY OF GRADUATES OF SECONDARY EDUCATION FROM SOUTHWEST BULGARIA
Authors: Bozhkova Emiliya , Vardareva Veska
Published: December 2021

The educational development at university level in a changing economic and cultural environment is a stereotype alternative to career development of graduates of secondary education, a trend that is said to have small regional differences throughout the Republic of Bulgaria. Whether this choice is stimulated, suppressed or pressed by family culture and community experience, and whether the attitude of promoting self-esteem and rationality of personality choice dominates, are the key issues that are analysed in this article. And moreover, whether this is at all a basic value of the graduates of secondary education from Southwest Bulgaria.Discussed is also the thesis discourse – whether higher education ensures objective advantages for the subsequent realization on the labour market, satisfying the vital priority of the independent person, or it is an elite type of education that prolongs the crisis of professional inclusion and the life perspective.The research of what factors, in what ranking and quality potential confirm or eliminate the influence of culturally-based community and family models, is objectivized through interviews and surveys. In the function of respondents are secondary school graduates and diverse pedagogical specialists. Autobiographical method is used and verifying in parents and alumni up to three decades back.Different types of dimensions are sought and formulated, which confirm that still in less developed or economically disadvantaged settlements (we refer to regions in South-West Bulgaria), where employers decrease, incl. those in the school system, the secondary school graduates and the parents, accept career development in the aspect of choosing a university speciality as ‘education forever, corresponding to a job forever’ and ‘with us’. This unrealistic and self-deceiving life concept enters a situation of conformism where the person seeks solutions that protect and raise their living standard and protects them from emigration as the only alternative to unemployment and poverty.Of interest are some unexpected and unpredicted factors, in the conceptual framework of the study of the secondary school graduates of the region, that falsify the expected advantages when selecting a university or speciality. For example some of these are: quality of information access, the completeness of a university or faculty website - information and design, opportunities for continuing education, etc., that pose the marketing problem about the adequacy of the university practice of admitting candidate students that are potentially good as future professionals.
EDUCATION AT HOME
Authors: Okić Nermina
Published: December 2021

In pedagogical theory and practice, the education system is a much wider term than school system, and the fact is that every state forms the educational and school system according to their needs. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the law guarantees compulsory education in public buildings - schools. Last years compulsory education is conducted in private schools. The rapid development of technique and technology enabled education by- distance learning. This type of learning was applied in Bosnia and Herzegovina mainly in higher education institutions which apply this new practice very slowly. Education at home, originally homeschooling, is one of the ways to complete compulsory education. This typ of education has origins in the United States and is an important component of many educational systems in Europe. Considering that Bosnia and Herzegovina is in transition and that it is constantly working on education reforms, the question arises as to whether this kind of education is one of the alternative solutions for education in BiH? In this paper, we will learn abaut this type of learning and arguments that support the fact that this way of education is not just a trend, but has its own tradition.
INTERACTIVE SKILLS OF THE BULGARIAN TEACHER IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MODERN QUALIFICATION PROCESS
Authors: Tsoneva Magdalena , Georgieva Kristina
Published: December 2021

The 21st Century is characterized with fast changes in the digital world and more and more talk about interactivity - The Future of the digital education. Digital innovations are more than necessary. Nowadays we are used to everything around us to change in seconds. From smartphones to holographic watches, we live increasingly in a world where the digital reality is prevalent. To enable pedagogic specialists to meet the requirements of these fast changes, they often need to go through additional training and qualifications to acquire additional skills and competencies, as well as share good practice to educate digital citizens. Pedagogical specialists should develop creativity, analytical thinking, and teamwork skills in children. The article discusses interactive pedagogical skills in the context of the modern qualification process. The technology of interactive training is based on the phenomenon of interaction, which gives the special importance of pedagogical communication, manifesting itself as an interaction, where the tendencies for "cooperation" or the active participation of the participants in the training programs deserve attention. The exemplary model of interactive technology for training pedagogical specialists includes the description of several groups of methods that help improve the interactive skills. Interactive communication involves the creation of a dynamic area, changing space, depending on the skills of pedagogical specialists. Interactive skills are presented in detail and show the variety of techniques and technologies used in the learning process. Technology is developed for specific pedagogical work and is based on a specific methodology to build a system of actions between teacher and student to increase efficiency and interactivity. The development of the individuality of each student and the upbringing of his personality are in a situation of play. The use of interactive learning methods allows the creation of life situations, joint problem solving. There is equal communication between learner and trainer based on dialogue and negotiation. For this reason, interactivity most often within one class is achieved through group work. Several interesting concepts are known about the stages in skill development. They outline five key stages in the gradual structuring of skills, which are detailed presented. The article ends with an example of good pedagogical practice, conducted with students in 3rd and 4th grade from Varna, Bulgaria. The Mind Map method is presented.
ESTABLISHING AND STANDARDIZATION OF DESIGN METHODOLOGIES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPETENCE OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Veleva Victoria
Published: December 2021

The modern dynamic and fast-paced way of life, the provocative environment, urbanization and the new priorities in our interaction with the surrounding world, require not only the creation but also the effective deepening of the environmental competence of Adolescents from preschool age. This, on the other hand, shows the current issue, for educators as well as psychologists, of examining the ecological competence of preschool children.Considering the antagonism in the relationships "human - society - nature”, we believe that it is entirely appropriate to draw the following conclusion: To date, pedagogical science faces the difficult, but necessary task, to create and approve methodologies for the study of the environmental competence of children at pre-school age.This article examines the projection methodologies as a reliable and valuable component of pedagogical diagnostics. It is the projection methodologies that provoke impulsive associations in the studied children, which allows to make a more accurate judgment in the diagnostics of the studied area. Not coincidentally, prof. G. Bizhkov summarizes that “Pedagogical diagnostics has no reason not to focus on a wider use of these methods, despite the fact that they rarely lead to the display of coefficients and do not offer great opportunities to use more complex statistical methods”[2].The occurring theoretical and methodological analysis allows us to deduce that, to date, pre-school pedagogy is missing the methodologies that examine the environmental competence of children at pre-school age. This is precisely why the article proposed the standardized version of the projective methodology for investigating the ecological competence of pre-school children. The scientific-research goal of our methodology is to investigate the emotional intelligence of the child that affects the feeling of experiencing contact with the environment (as a habitat for all living creatures). The suggested diagnostic procedure is a modification of the Index of Compatibility for Children and Adolescents, Brenda K. Bryant.We believe that the results obtained from the projective methodology proposed by us could effectively serve to determine the ecological competence of pre-school children.
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN MATHEMATICAL EDUCATION BASED ON MATERIALS SCIENCE RESEARH
Authors: Budinski Natalija , Milinković Dragica , Teofilović Vesna , Jovičić Mirjana , Budinski-Simendić Jaroslava
Published: December 2021

Interdisciplinary approach in education attracts significant attention in the contemporary education due to its beneficial effect on teaching-learning process. It is noticed that interdisciplinary approach help students in developing knowledge, increases problem solving skills, supports self-confidence and passion for learning. In this work we explained interdisciplinary approach that was based on mathematics, as a school subject and materials science as a scientific discipline. The combination of the two disciplines is not usual, since materials science is not part of middle school curriculums, even though it is known as an interdisciplinary field that combines many aspects of science and provide results important for everyday life. Polymers, adhesives, coatings, rubbers, ceramics, solar cells are widely used in every day, but they are rarely explored in the classroom. The main reason is that problems in materials science are highly advanced, but with the careful planning there are many possibilities to make them understandable to students. In this work we selected different problems from the materials science field which could help students to develop their modeling competences, since many problems relate to the mathematics. The examples have been derived from the practice applied with students from 10 to 18 years. They illustrate connection of materials science to school mathematics in order to enrich educational process. Educational process benefits in many segments, from developing students' knowledge to promotion of scientific disciplines and jobs in the field of science. Examples show how authentic context support students' engagement and their learning become meaningful and purposeful. Also, we highlight the different perspectives explored during the interdisciplinary approach and stress development of critical thinking skills during researching across disciplinary boundaries. That increase transfer of student knowledge trough disciplines and give them wider prospective of knowledge that they gain in the regular lessons which lead to creativity and production of new ideas. Examples follow elements that are common for interdisciplinary approach of instructions recommended by Fink taxonomy for significant learning. Those elements are foundational knowledge which assume understanding ideas, application of skills, integration and connection of ideas, human dimension and caring, and learning how-to learn which is important for obtaining insight into process of learning. Those instructions are leading to meaningful and lasting experiences for students and fully illustrate importance of school mathematics in scientific disciplines such as materials science.
SPECIFIC TRAINING DIFFICULTIES FOR PARTICIPANTS IN CHEMICAL GROUPS
Authors: Dimitrova Raya
Published: December 2021

The article discusses the problem of chimerical groups at school as a deviant community and problems associated with their training, related to learning difficulties affecting an increasing number of children in the context of modern reality. In search of answers to ever-increasing forms of aggression violence and abnormal behavior in adolescents, our attention is directed to a weakly researched problem and its lack of understanding by the contemporary teacher, namely neuropsychological deficits and their relationship to deviant behavior. The lack of enough research on this issue provoked us to examine the topic of chimerical groups through the prism of some of the psychological development disorders and, in particular, specific disorders of the development of school skills. This article is a theoretical attempt to outline the specificities associated with the emergence of informal groups at school the dropout of children from the school system, the increase in antisocial acts, due to certain deficits in their development. Participants in chimeric groups are actually deviant behaviors that hardly cope with the requirements of the environment in which the violation of rules is found, is part of their nature. The reasons that accompany their development can be found both in the main socialization institutions and in their individual personal or biological characteristics. Based on its limited social inclusion, the aggressive and violent behavior practiced by the chimeric groups can be considered as an alternative to solving their problems. When the individual faces the alienation and the feeling of incomprehension on the part of adults and the socia ment, from the earliest childhood, he begins to build a world in which certain rules exist. On their basis, the necessary balance of the individual is maintained, which in turn can accumulate internal tension and, in certain circumstances, through the existence of a current conflict (trigger mechanism) lead to violent incidents. Their distribution largely depends on the social commitment of all those responsible for complying with social and legal standards. The school chemical groups represent a rotating micro-community from adolescents who through their behavior pose a serious challenge to socially oriented science. One of the most difficult tasks posed to the specialists is the care of those children who in one way or another have been identified as difficult problem-ridden or deviant behaviors. The research interest in the subject is determined by the poor school achievements of adolescents with deviant behavior difficulties in learning content as well as their effective adaptation in the school environment. The early identification of problem areas in children with deviant behavior affecting specific learning difficulties is an important step in the prevention of unlawful behavior in general.
THE INTERACTIVE METHODS IN THE TRAINING OF ACCOUNTANCY STUDENTS
Authors: Pancheva Stanislava
Published: December 2021

Interactivity is an important part of the process of active learning. By introducing it into learning, it is possible to learn much more information than the situations in which learners read, listen, watch or combine visual perception. It is based on dialogue and interaction between participating parties in the learning process and its use ensures high performance in all areas of knowledge and in all levels of education. Therefore, in the modern educational system it occupies an extremely important place. Therefore, in the research, an attempt has been made to explore the essence of learning interactivity, drawing on its main features and specific features; to analyze the interactive methods used in it, divided into three main groups: situational (problem-situational); discussion; (empirical), as well as to highlight and characterize the features of those methods that have the widest application in the preparation of student accountants. On the basis of the results of the research conducted and taking into account the specifics of the curriculum in the accounting courses, the conclusion is drawn that for the students of accounting, the most important are the interactive methods: case study, simulation and game methods, brainstorming, discussion and project work . Through their inclusion in the learning process, it is possible not only for the implementation of practical oriented training, based experience and interaction between learners and trainers, but also for the formation of important qualities and skills in the students, incl.activity, analytical, critical, communicative, teamwork, responsibility, flexibility, creativity, work in the information environment, initiative, etc.
PREPOSITIONS AND THEIR SYNTACTIC USE IN ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH
Authors: Fera Ardian
Published: December 2021

A preposition is a word or set of words that indicates location or some other relationship between a noun or pronoun and other parts of the sentence. It refers to the word or phrase which shows the relationship between one thing and another, linking nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. They are abstract words that have no concrete meaning. They merely show the relationships between groups of words. Within a preposition, there are many different variations in meaning that are conveyed. The proper interpretation of prepositions is an important issue for automatic natural language understanding. Although the complexity of preposition usage has been argued for and documented by various scholars in linguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics, very few studies have been done on the function of prepositions in natural language processing (NLP) applications. The reason is that prepositions are probably the most polysemous category and thus, their linguistic realizations are difficult to predict and their cross-linguistic regularities difficult to identify. Prepositions play a major role in the syntactic structures of the English language and they often make an essential contribution to sentence meaning by signifying temporal and spatial relationships, as well as abstract relations involving cause and purpose, agent and instrument, manner and accompaniment, support and much more. They are sensitive linguistic elements that are culturally acceptable and very well known to all members of the same linguistic community. According to cognitive semantics, the figurative senses of a preposition are extended from its spatial senses through conceptual metaphors. In a pedagogical context, it may be useful to draw learners' attention to those aspects of a preposition's spatial sense that are especially relevant for its metaphorization processes. Prepositions have type restrictions on their arguments, they assign thematic roles, and they have a semantic content, possibly underspecified. The only difference with the other open-class categories like nouns, verbs or adjectives is that they do not have any morphology.
THE INFLUENCE OF EVALUATION ON STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION TO LEARN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Ivanova Biljana , Kuzmanovska Dragana , Kirova Snezana , Dimova Violeta
Published: December 2021

Motivation has inspired а lot of authors to identify its characteristics. It has also inspired students and teachers to learn and teach foreign languages through its different types and provide different results in teaching and learning the language. This is closely connected to how evaluation has the potential to influence students and motivate them to learn a foreign language and how teachers should find easier or more difficult ways of evaluating them depending on what kind of motivation is involved during the class. This paper deals with the issue of how different evaluation methods provide opportunities for students to meet different motives. The students do that by answering a questionnaire, which is the initial hypothesis of it. The target groups are third year students, 15 of each one, from the departments of English language and literature, German language and literature, and Macedonian language and literature at the Faculty of Philology, Goce Delcev University – Stip. The students answer 15 questions concerning the different methods they are evaluated by. They provide their answers by answering the questions and they give their opinion about the different types of evaluation methods. The results are used to give us an insight into the influence of the different evaluation methods on students’ motivation, so we can see whether they are actually the main reason why students learn or do not learn foreign languages and an inspiration to teachers to be familiar with which types of evaluation methods decrease or increase the level of motivation while learning a foreign language. As a result of that they are able to use those methods in future in order to improve the level of foreign language knowledge that the students should possess and gain.
CREATION OF ELECTRONIC LEARNING OBJECTS FOR THE HIGH COGNITIVE LEVELS OF BLOOM’S DIGITAL TAXONOMY
Authors: Goranova Evgenia
Published: December 2021

The training of students - future teachers in Informatics and Informational Technologies is a responsible and multi-layered task. It requires future teachers to use the modern digital technologies providing the digital competence required by national and European standards; to know the current and perspective features of modern young people; to be skillful at software tools for creating electronic learning objects so that they can create effective blended learning in accordance with the generally accepted ergonomic and didactic aspects of pedagogical psychology; to apply digital training methodologies for training in computer science subjects; to define, research and find solution to scientific problems in their pedagogical practice.Changes in the characteristics of modern pupils that characterize them as a ‘Digital Generation’ genuinely generate the need for interactive e-learning, mobile and blended learning, especially in the field of computer sciences. Considering these facts parallel changes in the taxonomy of learning objectives have also emerged - from classic to revised to digital.To explore the problem of synchronizing the training of future teachers in Informatics and Informational Technologies in line with the dynamics of the learning objectives taxonomy, we use the following methods: we clarify the concepts of ‘blended learning’, ‘e-learning’, ‘m-learning’ and ‘electronic learning object’; we review the characteristics of the digital generation; we follow the evolution in the taxonomy of learning objectives; we clarify the levels of interactivity that are achieved when creating e-learning objects for blended learning implementation; we offer digital instrumentation and authoring tools that students acquire to create electronic learning objects for the high cognitive levels of Bloom's digital taxonomy - evaluation and creation.In conclusion, we comment on the advantages of being skillful at the toolkit for creating electronic learning objects of varying degrees of interactivity and suitable models for their inclusion in the Informatics and Information Technology teaching units in the implementation of blended learning.
SOME OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF CONNECTING PHYSICAL EDUCATION WITH OTHER EDUCATIONAL AUTHORITIES
Authors: Nikolić Miloš
Published: December 2021

Physical education of children in pre-school age through numerous activities (classes, walks, excursions, morning exercises, etc.) provides ideal opportunities for connecting, or as we say more recently - interlacing with other educational areas from the program of preschool education, such as: development speech, initial mathematical concepts, acquaintance with the environment, music education, artistic education. Since children love physical activity, especially the game, there is a possibility that many program tasks of preschool education can often be realized on more interesting, more attractive and the most acceptable way for the youngest.In particular, using a moving game Swap a house in which children on teachers counting 1, 2, 3! should change their places, where we have the realization of two areas: physical education - initial mathematical concepts (running in the game and telling numbers), or, for example, the use of fairy tales Magic Fluff where children, acquainting themselves with the text of the stories, carry out physical movements with adequate text (development of speech - Physical Education). Similar relations can be achieved with other educational areas, so in the following text we will look at some of the possibilities in certain areas.
ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN`S SWIMMING AT SWIMMING CLUB “PIRIN”
Authors: Lekina Daniela
Published: December 2021

The aim of the study is to analyze the level of swimming training for athletes who have mastered the techniques of swimming styles with a marked sporting focus. The effectiveness of the training was determined by the achieved growth rate of the test results at the end of the training period of one year. We have defined the efficiency of the training thanks to the positive test results from the conduced test by the end of the training period for the year. The test contained physical and swimming exercises.The results from these exercises show that 1) our training process has been carried out correctly which is the reason for the high test results at the end of the year; 2) The analyze from the results could be used for children with high sport perspectives.In conclusion ,the children’s swimming training has positively influenced the following directions: Positive physical changes have been achieved; Interest is swimming sport had been created; The techniques of various auxiliary and specially preparatory exercises are mastered; Techiques of swimming styles are built.
SURVEY OF THE ATTITUDES IN THE SOUTH-WEST BULGARIA BY THE COMPLETE MEDIUM EDUCATION FOR THE CONTINUING OF EDUCATION IN SWU "NEOFIT RILSKI", BLAGOEVGRAD, BULGARIA
Authors: Derijan Itska , Vasilev Violin
Published: December 2021

The economic changes that have occurred in recent years in Bulgaria concern a significant number of large industrial enterprises and the territory of the Blagoevgrad region. Their privatization changes the industrial map of the region and puts the labor activity of the population in check. In many enterprises, the labor process is carried out by young people who do not continue their education at a higher school. For them, university education is not among the priorities, as the completed vocational education allows them to join the labor market. But under the conditions of market change, young people are forcibly deprived of the opportunity to pursue vocational training acquired in secondary education. This situation automatically classifies them in the group of economically inactive youths, which according to current statistics account for 22% of the inhabitants of the Blagoevgrad region. The dynamics described in today's economic reality focuses attention on young people's insufficient readiness to flexibly change their vital orientations and develop motivation to achieve success in professional realization. This finding is alarming because it challenges the attitude of lifelong learning among young people as mediating their motivation for personal growth and success in professional realization. The present study aims at studying the educational activity of unemployed young people from the Blagoevgrad region by examining their attitudes towards applying at Southwestern University "Neofit Rilski" and on this basis to analyze the subjective determinants mediating the overcoming of barriers for continuing qualification. The main reason for conducting the study is related to the understanding that as a life event the unemployment period is negative and the longer stays in it escalate into a decrease in self-esteem, painful sensitivity in terms of personal confidence, anxiety towards the expected rejection from any work environment.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Stojanov Leon , Salih Nese , Mirceski Valentin
Published: December 2021

Silver nanoparticles have been formed with two different methods: by reduction of Ag+ ions from AgNO3 aqueous solution and reduction of Ag+ ions obtained by electrolysis in a pure water by using ultrapure Ag electrode. Glutathione and ascorbic acid have been used as reductive redox agents. The preparation has been conducted by mixing aqueous solutions of reactants at different concentrations. Formation of colloidal solutions containing silver nanoparticles has been confirmed by electrochemical, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques. By applying UV-Vis spectroscopy the formation of nanoparticles has been supported with the localized surface plasmon resonance absorption peak at 350 nm. The morphology and dimensions of the formed silver nanoparticles have been studied by inspecting microphotographs collected by atomic force microscopy. The decrease of the concentration of the free Ag+ ions following the reduction with the reductants has been measured by anodic stripping voltammetry using square-wave voltammetry as a potential modulation form. As a result of addition of reductive agents, a colloid of silver nanoparticles is formed, which is not prone to detection with anodic stripping voltammetry. The problem was circumvented by using an excess of glutathione, causing adsorptive accumulation of silver nanoparticles at the electrode surface, thus enabling anodic oxidation and voltammetric detection of silver particles.
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL COMMUNAL WASTE
Authors: Grubor Marina , Dimitijević Oliver , Šmelcerović Miodrag
Published: December 2021

The key goal of this work is to analyze the process of municipal waste recycling in the European Union and in Serbia, as well as to identify the economic instruments which are missing in this field. The work is intending to answer to the several related questions: first, the economic basis of recycling, that is to establish a general framework in which this process can fulfill its economic viability; second, to analyze the present state, effects and problems in which recycling operations are performing in the European Union and the position of Serbia in this context; thirdly, to establish economic instruments and measures to promote recycling of municipal waste in Serbia. The paper proposes a set of economic instruments in the field ofresolving these issues are at the basis ofstandards established in the European Union.
PROTOZOAN PARASITES IN COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO, L. 1758) FROM CYPRINID AQUACULTURE FACILITY IN PELAGONIA REGION (BITOLA, MACEDONIA)
Authors: Blazhekovikj - Dimovska Dijana
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the protozoan parasites in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L. 1758) from the largest cyprinid aquaculture facility in Macedonia, located in Pelagonia region (Bitola). This study was carried out by seasons, in a period of three years. A total of 212 specimens of common carp were examined and 134 fish (63.20%) were infected with protozoan parasites. Representatives of Protozoa were most commonly occurred during the spring (in 58.27 % of the fish examined), than in winter (55.21 %), summer (39.07 %) and the lowest in autumn (35.64 %).In common carp from this cyprinid fish farm the presence of 4 protozoa species was established: Myxobolus müelleri, Myxobolus encephalicus, Thelohanellus nikolskii and Trichodina sp. The mean intensity with protozoan parasites in common carp was 3.60, while the prevalence 10.20 %.
RISK ASSESSMENT IN DOG FOOD PROCESSING
Authors: Neshovska Christina , Kirov Veselin , Shindarska Zaprianka , Kostov Iliyan
Published: December 2021

We conduct a comparative study that includes an analysis of three different types of dog foods processing – dry-extruded, wet and raw ones.Our aim was to compare the technological stages of these three three different types of dog foods processing and to analyze the Critical Control Points and risk factors throughout the production cycles.The Critical Control Points at the production cycles in three types of dog food were analyzed. A risk assessment of the food production stages with a view to their safety by comparison of the shelf life of different types of dog food has been carried out using the principles of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system as adopted by the Codex Alimentarius.The technological processes used in the production of different types of dog food have their own advantages and disadvantages. Critical Control Points are identified in the first and second production technologies, the first one being in the heat treatment (cooking and drying), and the second is one in the sterilization stage. With the latest technology (raw food), CCP have not been analyzed, despite the presence of biological hazards, the appearance of which is prevented from GMP compliance. Good Manufacture Practices (GMP) also apply to other production processes under Regulation (EC) № 1069/2009 and the Bulgarian Feed Law, although CCP have been established at certain stages of production.Future studies in this area should enrich the information related to the technological processes and the assessment of the risk analysis according to the modification of the normative requirements of the European and national legislation.
SEPARATION OF HEAVY METALS FROM WATER RESOURCES BY DIFFERENT NATURAL ADSORBENTS
Authors: Bezhovska Viktorija , Aliu Flakrim , Atkovska Katerina , Kuvendziev Stefan , Marinkovski Mirko , Šmelcerović Miodrag , Lisichkov Kiril
Published: December 2021

Within this paper, investigations were carried out in order to obtain data for determining the maximum absorption capacity and the conditions in which the balance in the systems occurs: Mn2+ ions - expanded perlite and Mn2 + ions - carbonized sunflower husks. A series of tests were performed using model solutions of Mn2+ ions with different concentrations.Experimental data obtained by the equilibrium absorption of the systems: Mn2+ ions - expanded perlite and Mn2+ ions - carbonized sunflower husks are fitted with four commonly used isotherms: Langmuir, Freundlich, Langmuir – Freundlich and Redlich – Peterson, with the application of MATLAB/Curve Fitting Toolbox. The obtained results from analyzes are shown graphically and tabular, after which a comparison of the adsorption characteristics of the two adsorbents is performed.
AERODROMES IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
Authors: Glavinov Aleksandar , Ivanovski Nikola
Published: December 2021

The regulatory body for aerodromes and its infrastructure in Republic of North Macedonia is Civil Aviation Authority of North Macedonia (CAA). CAA is responsible for the certifying and oversight of the aerodromes around the country. In North Macedonia we have 2 international aerodromes, 5 sport airfields and 6 airfields for agricultural aviation. The international airport Skopje, located in vicinity of the capital Skopje and the international airport St. Apostle Paul in Ohrid. Both of the airports are operated by TAV Macedonia Ltd. since 1st March 2010 and its passenger turnover and capacities increased drastically in the last 5 years. Taking into account their current infrastructure, possibilities for renovation and future increase of their capacity we can say that International airport Skopje is near its maximum capabilities in both terms of infrastructure capacity and possible upgrade to a higher level of classification for instrument approach and runway extension or strengthening to accommodate larger aircrafts. Additionally, both airports in Skopje and Ohrid suffer from specific meteorological condition during the winter months with a foggy days mainly due to their geographic location in valley surrounded by high terrain. Resulting from the foggy days, many flights are delayed or cancelled, with foggy days accounting 7-9 days per month during January and February in Skopje. As a comparison, some of the airports in the region such as Belgrade airport, Sofia airport or Thessaloniki airport have better infrastructure, longer runways with higher PCN characteristics able to accommodate heavier fleet of aircraft and higher level of classification for instrument approach – CAT IIIB or CAT IIIC, allowing them to continue operations even during heavy fog or no visibility at all. As a comparison, our international airport in Skopje has a classification of CAT I for instrument approaches and due to high terrain in the final approach and the resulting steep glide path of 3.3° is not able to upgrade to CAT II instrument approaches or higher. In order for us to be able to keep up with the airports in our region and be able to offer more on the market and be competitive, the only solution is to build a new airport on a location that will not be affected by obstacles, without the valley effect and foggy days. The new location will need to offer expansion possibilities allowing for new, longer runways to be built and certified for CAT III approaches in order to attract more airlines to open new routes to our country.
KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING THE AIR TRANSPORT IN BULGARIA
Authors: Todorova Galina
Published: December 2021

Bulgaria has a significant background in the sector of air transport. It is one of the first countries in Europe to develop air transport. The latter eventually goes through three political systems: the Third Bulgarian Tsardom, socialist Bulgaria and the so-called democratic Bulgaria after 1989. An extensive period of time with its ups and downs, hardship and struggle to prove its place and remain on the market. The years of Bulgaria's political and economic transition from a socialist planned economy to a market economy have brought our country to a number of challenges and have created a number of problems related to property shifts, infrastructure problems and facilities in the transport sector, and in particular in air transport. During this period, the ownership of our international airports and airlines was restructured through a number of privatization deals, with new "players" emerging on the economic scene, while others went bankrupt and went out of circulation, as the state-owned airline BGA "Balkan" whose name and logo were recognizable the whole world. Many of the existing and built air transport sites were closed due to poor organization and financial resources. In addition to these events, air transport was hit by a serious political crisis where airspace of neighboring countries was very often violated due to military action in Syria, and the efforts of our specialized bodies focused on flight safety and safety. In addition, our country was economically covered by the global financial crisis.In order to promote the development and competitiveness of the sector, the factors that affect it must be taken into consideration.The main purpose of this paper is to outline the crucial for the development of air transport factors.The tasks we have undertaken to reveal the purpose of this research relate to such issues as the human factor, regulations, international airports and domestic licensed passenger and cargo airlines. Our main proposition is that to create and promote a competitive air transport, all the main factors like quality staff, synchronized regulations, licensed airports and airlines, must be compatible. If this can be achieved, more and more people in the country will opt for air transport rather than other means of transport.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS OF DRIP LATERALS WITH CIRCULAR AND ELLIPTIC CROSS SECTION
Authors: Georgiev Dimitar , Karasinkerov Veselin
Published: December 2021

Lately, the drip irrigation systems find more and more application, which led to the production of a new type of drip laterals – with flat to elliptic cross section and comparatively small thickness of the wall – from 0.2 to 0.9 mm, compared to the conventional ones with circular cross section and wall thickness over 1 mm. The main advantage of the first type is that they are comparatively cheap and are offered in the form of small rolls, the length of the hose being from 500 to 3500 m which makes their transportation to warehouses, assembly and disassembly very convenient. With the smaller thickness of the walls, the laterals have almost clenched form and are intended to be used for one irrigation season, while those with higher thickness, with elliptic form, may be used for several seasons. The inside welded emitters are flat and have a very small water-stopping head area compared to the annular water-stopping cross section of the cylindrical drippers in the conventional circular type of laterals. This is connected with the smaller head losses in the movement of water in them, which is an important advantage. The paper presents and analyses the results of the hydraulic test of the two types of drip hoses – with circular and elliptic cross section, in order to find the head losses for different lengths - 40, 60 and 80 m and heads in the beginning of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 m, as well as the coefficients of uniformity for both types. The following hoses of both types were tested: JUNIOR, with circular cross section and internal diameter of 13.8 mm, nominal diameter 16 mm, thickness of wall 1.1mm, cylindrical type of drippers with a flow rate of 2.1 l/h and interval between nozzles 0.30 m (Irritec, Italy); DP Line (D5), with elliptic cross section, with the same sizes and intervals but with a wall thickness 0.6 mm and flat type of drippers (Irritec, Italy). The results indicate that irrespectively of the elliptic form of the cross section which is with a very small hydraulic radius, the head losses are almost equal to those with the circular cross section with cylindrical drippers, which is due to the minor head losses because of the flat nozzles in them. The values of the absolute coefficient of uniformity and the calculated one according to the method of Christiansen for all options are presented. The test is performed for zero slope, while modelling is performed for slopes 1% and 2%. The analysis of the data indicates that for zero slope of the terrain the increase of head leads to increase of the coefficients of uniformity for the three tested lengths of laterals; for 1% are observed very small tendencies for reduction of those coefficients, while for 2% the coefficients have higher values compared to the other slopes, again with slightly expressed tendency for change. The higher values in the 2% slope are due to the additional head caused by the geodetic level difference of the terrain.