bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bone regeneration capacity of newly developed spherical magnesium phosphate cement granules
Authors: Fuchs Andreas , Kreczy Dorothea , Brückner Theresa , Gbureck Uwe , Stahlhut Philipp , Bengel Melanie , Hoess Andreas , Nies Berthold , Bator Julia , Klammert Uwe , Linz Christian , Ewald Andrea
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Magnesium phosphate–based cements begin to catch more attention as bone substitute materials and especially as alternatives for the more commonly used calcium phosphates. In bone substitutes for augmentation purposes, atraumatic materials with good biocompatibility and resorbability are favorable. In the current study, we describe the in vivo testing of novel bone augmentation materials in form of spherical granules based on a calcium-doped magnesium phosphate (CaMgP) cement.

Materials and methods

Granules with diameters between 500 and 710 μm were fabricated via the emulsification of CaMgP cement pastes in a lipophilic liquid. As basic material, two different CaMgP formulations were used. The obtained granules were implanted into drill hole defects at the distal femoral condyle of 27 New Zealand white rabbits for 6 and 12 weeks. After explantation, the femora were examined via X-ray diffraction analysis, histological staining, radiological examination, and EDX measurement.

Results

Both granule types display excellent biocompatibility without any signs of inflammation and allow for proper bone healing without the interposition of connective tissue. CaMgP granules show a fast and continuous degradation and enable fully adequate bone regeneration.

Conclusions

Due to their biocompatibility, their degradation behavior, and their completely spherical morphology, these CaMgP granules present a promising bone substitute material for bone augmentation procedures, especially in sensitive areas.

Clinical relevance

The mostly insufficient local bone supply after tooth extractions complicates prosthetic dental restoration or makes it even impossible. Therefore, bone augmentation procedures are oftentimes inevitable. Spherical CaMgP granules may represent a valuable bone replacement material in many situations.
Looking back and looking forward—adapting to extreme weather events in municipalities in western Norway
Authors: Amundsen Helene , Dannevig Halvor
Published: October 2021

In October 2014, an extreme precipitation event hit western Norway, which caused flooding, landslides and severe damage to infrastructure and houses. Climate model projections for western Norway show that heavy precipitation events, such as the one in 2014, will increase in frequency and intensity in the future. This paper discusses barriers to proactive adaptation to high-impact weather events in two municipalities in western Norway. Interviews were conducted with representatives from municipalities in this region to understand the adaptation measures the municipalities had implemented after this event and the barriers to proactive adaptation to extreme events in the future. We found that the key barriers to proactive adaptation are lack of resources, lack of knowledge and lack of willingness to adapt. The magnitude of the event meant that only a few of the informants expected the municipality to be hit by such an extreme event again in the near future, and as such, they did not see a need for major adaptation measures. Further, some assumed that the municipality was sufficiently protected because their areas either were not directly affected or were secured after the event. Finally, some interviewees assumed that it is not possible to adapt to such high-magnitude events.
Ist das Pariser Abkommen der Durchbruch zu einem weltweiten Klimaabkommen?
Authors: Neubäumer Renate
Published: October 2021

Der weltweite Klimawandel lässt sich nicht durch die Anstrengungen einzelner Länder oder Ländergruppen aufhalten; dazu bedarf es internationaler Kooperationen und Abkommen. Daher wird in diesem Beitrag analysiert, wie sich der CO2-Ausstoß der zehn größten Emittenten bisher entwickelt hat und wie er sich bis 2030 entwickeln wird, wenn die Teilnehmenden des Pariser Abkommens die von ihnen eingereichten „nationally determined contributions“ auch einhalten werden. Welche Anteile der CO2-Budgets zur Einhaltung des 1,5-Grad- bzw. 2-Grad-Ziels werden dann bereits 2030 ausgeschöpft sein?
The Case for Telemedical Early Medical Abortion in England: Dispelling Adult Safeguarding Concerns
Authors: Parsons Jordan A. , Romanis Elizabeth Chloe
Published: October 2021

Access to abortion care has been hugely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This has prompted several governments to permit the use of telemedicine for fully remote care pathways, thereby ensuring pregnant people are still able to access services. One such government is that of England, where these new care pathways have been publicly scrutinised. Those opposed to telemedical early medical abortion care have raised myriad concerns, though they largely centre on matters of patient safeguarding. It is argued that healthcare professionals cannot adequately carry out their safeguarding duties if the patient is not in the room with them. These concerns lack empirical support. Emerging evidence suggests that safeguarding processes may, in fact, be more effective within telemedical abortion care pathways. In this article, we address two specific safeguarding concerns: (1) that a remote consultation prevents a healthcare professional from identifying instances of abuse, and (2) that healthcare professionals cannot reliably confirm the absence of coercion during a remote consultation. We demonstrate that such concerns are misplaced, and that safeguarding may actually be improved in telemedical care pathways as victims of abuse may find it easier to engage with services. It is inevitable that some individuals will fall through the net, but this is unavoidable even with in-person care and thus does not constitute a strong critique of the use of telemedicine in abortion care. These safeguarding concerns set aside, then, we argue that the current approval that enables telemedical early medical abortion should be afforded permanence.
Effects of advance regeneration and germinated seedlings on forest recovery after clearcutting of Chamaecyparis obtusa plantations in Southern Kyushu, Southwestern Japan
Authors: Yamashita Kazuhiro , Yamagawa Hiromi , Kondo Hiroki , Ito Satoshi , Hirata Ryoko
Published: October 2021

We clarified the effect of advance regeneration on natural forest recovery after clearcutting of conifer plantations over the mid-term observation period (12–14 years to allow formation of the forest canopy). We established understory-intact plot (UI-plot), where advance regeneration (AR; DBH more than 1 cm before clearcutting) were retained, and understory-cleared plot (UC-plot), where all ARs were removed at felling of conifer crops. We surveyed individual density, species richness, and tree height with reference to different regeneration origins 1 year after and 12 or 14 years after clearcutting. Then, we compared the structural changes in UI-plot with that in UC-plot. The resprouted AR in UC-plot has provided the same effect as the retained AR in UI-plot in forming their height distribution patterns and stratification over a mid-term recovery process. We also found that individual density and species richness attributed by the individuals of newly established seedlings after clearcutting (SE), have contributed to the stand development in the both plots. Furthermore, SE was found to have a large contribution to forest recovery in terms of tree density and species number, while its significance for the recovery of gravity-dispersal, lucidophyllous trees was limited. We concluded that the advantage of AR retention is limited to the fast recovery of forest structure at the early stage after clearcutting, and mostly disappeared over a mid-term observation period as far as abundant advance regeneration was sufficiently accumulated and surrounding seed sources were effectively secured.
Behavior of potentially toxic elements from stoker-boiler fly ash in Interior Alaska: paired batch leaching and solid-phase characterization
Authors: Milke Kyle P. , Mitchell Kiana L. , Hayes Sarah M. , Green Carlin J. , Guerard Jennifer J.
Published: October 2021

Despite significant investigation of fly ash spills and mineralogical controls on the release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from fly ash, interactions with the surficial environment remain relatively poorly understood. We conducted 90-day batch leaching studies with paired analysis of supernatant and solid-phase mineralogy to assess the elemental release and transformation of fly ash upon reaction with aquatic media (18 MΩ cm−1 water and simulated rainwater). The fly ash in this study, collected from the University of Alaska Fairbanks stoker-boiler power plant, is high in unburned carbon (~20% LOI) and highly enriched in several PTEs relative to the upper continental crust. Supernatant concentrations of oxyanion-forming elements (e.g., As, Se, Mo, Sb) remained relatively low and constant, suggesting equilibrium with the solid phase, possibly ettringite [Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12•26H2O], which is known to incorporate and sorb oxyanion-forming PTEs and was identified by X-ray diffraction. Synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) results failed to capture important temporal trends. Lead and Ba supernatant concentrations consistently exceeded drinking water standards, as well as others upon exposure to simulated physiological solutions. Seven-day experiments with dissolved organic matter-isolate solutions indicated that for certain elements, liberation was influenced by carbon concentration and/or the identity of the isolate. Overall, this paired approach can serve as a model for future studies, bridging existing gaps between batch leaching and single-element mineralogical, sorption, or speciation studies.
Pesticide residues in honeybee-collected pollen: does the EU regulation protect honeybees from pesticides?
Authors: Kaila Lotta , Ketola Jarmo , Toivonen Marjaana , Loukola Olli , Hakala Kati , Raiskio Sakari , Hurme Timo , Jalli Marja
Published: October 2021

Researchers globally identify pesticides as one of the main reasons for pollinator decline. In the European Union (EU), extensive legislation is implemented to protect pollinators from harmful pesticide exposure. The aim of our study was to discover whether the pesticide residue levels in honeybee matrices, such as nectar and pollen, exceeded the chronic or acute toxicity levels when beehives were located next to fields treated with specific insecticides. The insecticides were used according to the EU legislation and its national implementation. The experiments were conducted in turnip rape, oilseed rape, and caraway fields in southern Finland during the years 2019 and 2020. The pesticides used in the experiments contained the active substances lambda-cyhalothrin (2019), esfenvalerate (2020), and tau-fluvalinate (2020). However, the honeybee-collected pollen and nectar were analyzed for residues of more than 100 active substances. The results showed that the pesticide residue levels clearly remained under the oral acute toxicity for honeybees, although we found high levels of thiacloprid residues in the pollen collected in 2019. The pesticide residues in nectar were below LOQ values, which was most likely due to the rainy weather conditions together with the chosen sampling method. No statistically significant differences were observed between the insecticide-treated and untreated fields. In light of our research, the EU legislation protected honeybees from oral acute toxicity during the years 2019 and 2020. However, potential sublethal effects of thiacloprid and other pesticide compounds found in the collected pollen cannot be ruled out. In the future, constant monitoring of pesticide exposure of honeybees and wild pollinators should be established to ensure that pesticide legislation, and its implementation across the EU successfully protects pollinators and their services in agricultural environments.
Spatial mapping of groundwater quality in the municipality of Santa Ignacia, Tarlac, Philippines
Authors: Inson Jessamine Gail M. , Supsup Christian E. , Flores Mary Jane C.
Published: October 2021

The municipality of Santa Ignacia in the Province of Tarlac is highly dependent on groundwater as its major water supply for various purposes, but there is inconsistency in monitoring groundwater quality in the area which may impact the health of consumers. This study presented the preliminary assessment of groundwater quality through the application of spatial mapping. Out of 6,815 wells in the municipality, groundwater samples were collected from 274 hand pump wells. The measurements of selected groundwater quality parameters such as pH, conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, and iron of groundwater samples were determined on-site. The geographical coordinates of sampled wells and measurements of groundwater quality parameters were used in Geographic Information System software, QGIS, to construct the spatial distribution and spatial variation maps. The values of measured parameters were interpolated using the inverse distance weighted technique to predict the parameters at other sites in Santa Ignacia. Spatial variation maps revealed that the groundwater quality parameters varied in the municipality. All measured parameters, except the nitrite content, were within the acceptable limits set by the World Health Organization for drinking water. The high level of nitrite content in groundwater may be attributed to the application of fertilizers during agricultural activities. The nitrite content of groundwater, which exceeded the permissible limit, may cause long-term public health problems. Hence, an upscale evaluation and monitoring of groundwater quality and existing anthropological activities in the municipality are highly recommended. The identification of other possible source(s) of nitrite is necessary to lessen possible contamination risk and to protect the groundwater sources in the municipality. The results of this preliminary study would be useful in prospect studies of groundwater quality in the study area and in other provinces in the Philippines.
REINFORCE: rapid augmentation of large-scale multi-modal transport networks for resilience enhancement
Authors: Henry Elise , Furno Angelo , El Faouzi Nour-Eddin
Published: October 2021

With the recent and continuous growth of large metropolis, the development, management and improvement of their urban multi-modal transport networks become a compelling need. Although the creation of a new transport mode often appears as a solution, it is usually impossible to construct at once a full networked public transport. Therefore, there is a need for efficient solutions aimed at prioritizing the order of construction of the multiple lines or modes that a transport operator might want to construct to increase its offer. For this purpose, we propose in this paper a simple and quick-to-compute methodology, called REINFORCE, to prioritize the order of construction of the lines of a newly designed transport mode by maximizing the transport network performances and enhancing the transport network resilience, as described by complex networks metrics. REINFORCE could also be helpful to support the rapid and quick response to disruptions by setting up or reinforcing an adapted emergency transport line (e.g., bus service) over a set of predefined itineraries.
Narrative Review of Complications Following DDH Treatment
Authors: Badrinath Raghav , Orner Caitlin , Bomar James D. , Upasani Vidyadhar V.
Published: October 2021

Background

The purpose of this narrative review was to survey the literature for common complications following treatment of DDH in children less than 4 years old.

Methods

The Pubmed database was queried. Search result titles were reviewed to identify papers that were pertinent to the topic. Abstracts for these papers were obtained and read, and a subset of these were selected for review of the complete manuscript.

Results

92 manuscripts were reviewed. Residual dysplasia, redislocation, and osteonecrosis are the primary complications of treatment in this age group. In the long term, hips without complications related to DDH treatment tend to do well, although a significant percentage of them will inevitably require joint replacement surgery.

Conclusion

Although there is excellent potential for a good outcome when DDH is diagnosed and treated under age 4 years, osteonecrosis continues to be a concern with all treatment methods. A subset of patients from this young cohort will continue to have residual dysplasia or recurrent dislocation requiring return to the operating room.
WHO PROTESTS AND WHY: HIERARCHICAL GOVERNMENT TRUST AND PROTEST PARTICIPATION IN CHINA
Authors: Chen Yen-Hsin , Paolino Philip , Mason T. David
Published: October 2021

We present a theory on how trust in the central government to remedy grievances combined with a lack of trust in local government to act motivates people to participate in local protests in China. Low trust in local government combined with high trust in the central government gives people expectation that protest will not be an exercise in futility. People protest to redress injustices when they believe that such protests have a chance of producing a favorable resolution of their grievances. Utilizing individual level data from the Asian Barometer Survey Wave 4, our analysis suggests that, in contemporary China, people who have greater trust in the central government than the local government are more likely than others to report having participated in protests. In a society without meaningful elections, participating in protest is an effective strategy for attracting the attention from the upper-level authorities in hope of redressing unfavorable situations.
A new Late Devonian flora from Sonid Zuoqi, Inner Mongolia, northeastern China
Authors: Bai Lingqi , Huang Pu , Yang Ning , Ju Wenxin , Liu Jianbo , Basinger James F. , Xu Honghe , Xue Jinzhuang
Published: October 2021

The Silurian and Devonian plant fossil record is the basis for our understanding of the early evolution of land plants, yet our appreciation of early global phytogeographic evolution has been constrained by the focus of most studies on deposits from Europe, North America, and, more recently, South China. Devonian plants have been recorded rarely from northeastern China, and among previous records, few plants have been illustrated and formally described. In this article, megafossil plants representing a Late Devonian-aged (probably Famennian) flora are described from a locality at northern Sonid Zuoqi, Inner Mongolia, NE China. The flora includes Melvillipteris sonidia new species, Archaeopteris sp., and fragments of some other plants. The new plant shows main axes and two orders of lateral branches. The first-order branches of this plant show a typical zigzag appearance and are borne in pairs on main axes. Second-order branches are straight or slightly flexed, and are borne helically or alternately on first-order branches. Sterile ultimate appendages and fertile structures of M. sonidia n. sp. are borne alternately on second-order branches. An associated palynological assemblage, as well as U-Pb ages of detrital zircon grains from adjacent horizons, are also reported, indicating a Late Devonian age in accord with the megafossil plants. The present study contributes to our appreciation of the Devonian floristic diversity of the Xing'an Block, and, through our review of the record of early vascular plants from NE China, more broadly to the understanding of the mid-latitude vegetation of the Northern Hemisphere during the Late Devonian.
Taxonomic revision of Ediacaran tubular fossils: Cloudina, Sinotubulites and Conotubus
Authors: Yang Ben , Warren Lucas V. , Steiner Michael , Smith Emily F. , Liu Pengju
Published: October 2021

The Ediacaran tubular fossils Cloudina, Sinotubulites, and Conotubus are taxonomically revised with type materials. It is proposed that Aulophycus lucianoi Beurlen and Sommer, 1957, is not a senior synonym of Cloudina hartmannae Germs, 1972. Instead, most of its syntypes may be assigned to Sinotubulites or other taxa. Lectotypes of Sinotubulites baimatuoensis Chen et al., 1981, and Conotubus hemiannulatus Zhang and Lin in Lin et al., 1986, are designated from rediscovered syntypes. Sinotubulites baimatuoensis Chen et al., 1981, is reported from the Mooifontein Member of Nama Group at Aar Farm, Namibia. Cloudina waldei Hahn and Pflug, 1985, is assigned to Sinotubulites baimatuoensis, and thus its occurrence range is extended to Brazil. The lectotype of Conotubus hemiannulatus shows corrugations and annulations on the surface distinguishing it from Cloudina and other collared Ediacaran tubular fossils. Based on the taxonomic revision, we propose a Cloudina hartmannae Interval Zone for the terminal Ediacaran with the upper boundary defined by the first appearance datum of Protohertzina anabarica (i.e., the index fossil of the early Cambrian Anabarites trisulcatus-Protohertzina anabarica Assemblage Zone).
Characteristics and outcomes of emergency department patients with a foreign body that entered through the ear, nose or mouth: a 10-year retrospective analysis
Authors: Lee J H , Kim S J
Published: October 2021

Background

Foreign bodies in the ear, nose and throat commonly necessitate emergency department visits.

Method

This retrospective study was conducted on emergency department visits from January 2010 to December 2019 to determine characteristics and clinical prognoses of ENT patients. Patients were divided into three groups according to foreign-body entry route; patient characteristics and clinical findings were compared between groups.

Results

Of 676 142 emergency department visits, 10 454 were because of ENT-related foreign bodies. The mean (± standard deviation) age of subjects was 24.0 (± 23.4) years, and 5176 patients were male (49.5 per cent). The most common entry route was the mouth (74.5 per cent). Most patients (97.1 per cent) were discharged after emergency treatment. Intensive care and in-hospital mortality occurred only in the mouth group.

Conclusion

Clinical findings differ depending on foreign-body entry route. After emergency treatment, most patients were discharged; some cases presented serious complications.
Assessment of prestin level changes as an inner-ear biomarker in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Saadat F , Jalali M M , Akbari M
Published: October 2021

Objective

To assess the correlation of serum prestin level and audiological findings in adults with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Methods

Audiometry and serum prestin measurements were performed at study entry (T0), at day 14 (end of treatment, T1) and at day 30 (T2).

Results

A total of 25 idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients and 25 healthy adults were included. The geometric mean prestin level in the case and control groups at T0 was 227.7 pg/ml and 130.5 pg/ml, respectively. The geometric mean prestin level in the case group demonstrated a downward trend at T1 and T2 (214.0 pg/ml and 180.1 pg/ml, respectively; p < 0.001). Of 17 patients with high baseline prestin levels (over 150 pg/ml), prestin levels tended to decrease in 11 patients, and 5 of them (45.5 per cent) showed good recovery.

Conclusion

The prestin concentrations increased in two-thirds of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Future work is recommended to determine the location of injury.
Association between Motor Planning and the Frontoparietal Network in Children: An Exploratory Multimodal Study
Authors: Bhoyroo Ranila , Hands Beth , Caeyenberghs Karen , de Luca Alberto , Leemans Alexander , Wigley Adam , Hyde Christian
Published: October 2021

Objective:

Evidence from adult literature shows the involvement of cortical grey matter areas of the frontoparietal lobe and the white matter bundle, the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) in motor planning. This is yet to be confirmed in children.

Method:

A multimodal study was designed to probe the neurostructural basis of childhood motor planning. Behavioural (motor planning), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) data were acquired from 19 boys aged 8–11 years. Motor planning was assessed using the one and two colour sequences of the octagon task. The MRI data were preprocessed and analysed using FreeSurfer 6.0. Cortical thickness and cortical surface area were extracted from the caudal middle frontal gyrus (MFG), superior frontal gyrus (SFG), precentral gyrus (PcG), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), superior parietal lobe (SPL) and the inferior parietal lobe (IPL) using the Desikan–Killiany atlas. The DWI data were preprocessed and analysed using ExploreDTI 4.8.6 and the white matter tract, the SLF was reconstructed.

Results:

Motor planning of the two colour sequence was associated with cortical thickness of the bilateral MFG and left SFG, PcG, IPL and SPL. The right SLF was related to motor planning for the two colour sequence as well as with the left cortical thickness of the SFG.

Conclusion:

Altogether, morphology within frontodorsal circuity, and the white matter bundles that support communication between them, may be associated with individual differences in childhood motor planning.
Leaky Pipes Are Dosing Baltimore’s Waterways with Drugs
Authors: Sima Richard
Published: October 2021

Poor infrastructure is responsible for tens of thousands of pharmaceutical doses that flow through Baltimore’s streams each year.
Reclus, a New Database for Investigating the Tectonics of the Earth: An Example From the East African Margin and Hinterland
Authors: Markwick P. J. , Paton D. A. , Mortimer E. J.
Published: October 2021

The open availability of global scientific databases is key to advancing research of the Earth system and facilitating cross‐disciplinary studies. There are numerous data sets available for investigating tectonics, but none that provide an internally consistent representation of the structural framework, crustal architecture, and geodynamics. We present Reclus, a suite of global, integrated databases that fill this gap, thereby providing the community with the key components for investigating the Earth system. Reclus includes databases of the following: (a) structural elements, which define the three‐dimensional geometry of the rock volume, including folds and faults; (b) “crustal” facies describing the geometry and composition/rheology of the lithosphere; (c) igneous features; and (d) geodynamics, representing the dominant thermo‐mechanical processes acting on the lithosphere. These databases and workflows are applied to East Africa to investigate the geometry and heterogeneity of the margin and its hinterland. This margin is often summarized in the literature as a “transform margin,” represented by a single structural feature, the “Davie Fracture Zone,” but it is much more complicated. We show how the pre‐existing structure, the superimposition of successive tectonic cycles, and crustal heterogeneity dictate the complexity observed.
Magnetic Flux Circulation in the Saturnian Magnetosphere as Constrained by Cassini Observations in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Lai Hairong , Jia Ying‐Dong , Russell Christopher T. , Jia Xianzhe , Masters Adam , Dougherty Michele K. , Cui Jun
Published: October 2021

In steady state, magnetic flux conservation must be maintained in Saturn’s magnetosphere. The Enceladus plumes add mass to magnetic flux tubes in the inner magnetosphere, and centrifugal force pulls the mass‐loaded flux tubes outward. Those flux tubes are carried outward to the magnetotail where they deposit their mass and return to the mass loading region. It may take days for the magnetic flux to be carried outward to the tail, but the return of the nearly empty flux tubes can last only several hours, with speeds of inward motion around 200 km/s. Using time sequences of Cassini particle count rate, the difference in curvature drift and gradient drift is accounted for to determine the return speed, age, and starting dipole L‐shell of return flux tubes. Determination of this flux‐return process improves our understanding of the magnetic flux circulation at Saturn and provides insight into how other giant planets remove the mass added by their moons.
The Transpolar Drift Influence on the Arctic Ocean Silicon Cycle
Authors: Liguori Bianca T. P. , Ehlert Claudia , Nöthig Eva‐Maria , van Ooijen Jan C. , Pahnke Katharina
Published: October 2021

During most of the year, diatom production in the ice‐covered Central Arctic Ocean (CAO) is limited by light availability and nutrient supply. Therefore, biological production is thought to be generally low, with higher biological production at the sea ice edge and over partially ice‐free shelf areas. The major surface ocean current in the CAO is the Transpolar Drift (TPD), which transports sea ice and water from the rivers and shelves of the Laptev and the East Siberian Seas across the CAO toward the Fram Strait, carrying high amounts of terrestrial‐derived material over long distances. We used Si isotopes (δ30Si) to better understand the difference between lower and higher biological production areas and how the TPD potentially affects the Si cycle in the CAO. Our data show low dissolved Si concentrations ([DSi]) paired with high values of δ30Si‐DSi in all surface samples indicating fractionation by diatoms. Specifically, outside the TPD influence, all nutrients were depleted and supply was limited due to stratified conditions, thus preventing further phytoplankton growth in the area during the sampling time in late summer‐early fall. In contrast, under the TPD influence, diatom primary production was limited by low nitrate and strongly limited by light due to the presence of sea ice, even though [DSi] values were much higher than outside the TPD. Based on δ30Si, we could identify low but measurable DSi utilization in the TPD, potentially highlighting the importance of sea ice‐attached diatoms transported to the CAO via the TPD for the Si cycle in this region.
Severely Declining Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Heavily Dammed Changjiang Fluvial System
Authors: Sun Jian , Zhang Fanyi , Zhang Xiaofeng , Lin Binliang , Yang Zuosheng , Yuan Bing , Falconer Roger A.
Published: October 2021

As a key component of global change, dam‐induced sediment reduction occurs in large rivers worldwide, which has profound implications on the fluvial systems. However, the systematic change of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and its dynamic processes are not well known. We summarize typical SSC changes and propose a new sediment modeling framework for heavily dammed fluvial systems with the Changjiang (Yangtze River) as a background. We find that the fluvial SSC has declined by an order of magnitude, i.e., from ∼1.0 to ∼0.1 kg/m3, and even to ∼0.01 kg/m3 locally. The SSC distribution pattern along the mainstream has changed remarkably, with the sediment source/sink being partially reversed. Downstream of the Three Gorges Dam, the SSC recovery capacity gradually decreases with the sediment erosion quantity accumulated over time, and the SSC contribution rate of a linked large lake (Dongting) will change from negative (ca. −39%) to positive (ca. 17%), in the coming decades.
The Four Ways to Consider Measurement Noise in Bayesian Model Selection—And Which One to Choose
Authors: Reuschen Sebastian , Nowak Wolfgang , Guthke Anneli
Published: October 2021

Bayesian model selection (BMS) is a statistically rigorous approach to assess the plausibility of competing models. It naturally accounts for uncertainties in models and data. In this study, we discuss the role of measurement noise in BMS deeper than in past literature. We distinguish between four cases, accounting for noise in models and/or data: (1) no‐no, (2) no‐yes, (3) yes‐no, and (4) yes‐yes. These cases differ mathematically and philosophically. Only two out of these four cases are logically consistent, and they represent two potentially conflicting research questions: “Which model is best in modeling the pure physics?” (Case 1) and “which model is best in predicting the data‐generating process (i.e., physics plus noise)?” (Case 4). If we are interested in the “pure physics question,” we face two practical challenges: First, we would need noise‐free data, which is impossible to obtain; and second, the numerical approximation of Bayesian model evidence can be hard when neglecting noise. We discuss how to address both challenges and reveal that a fallback to the easier “data‐generation question” as a proxy for the “physics question” is not appropriate. We demonstrate on synthetic scenarios and a real‐world hydrogeological case study that the choice of the case has a significant impact on the outcome of posterior model weights, and hence on results of the model ranking, model selection, model averaging, model confusion analysis, and uncertainty quantification. Reality might force us to use a different case than philosophy would suggest, and we provide guidance on how to interpret model probabilities under such conditions.
Default-mode and fronto-parietal network connectivity during rest distinguishes asymptomatic patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder
Authors: Rai Sabina , Griffiths Kristi R. , Breukelaar Isabella A. , Barreiros Ana R. , Chen Wenting , Boyce Philip , Hazell Philip , Foster Sheryl L. , Malhi Gin S. , Harris Anthony W. F. , Korgaonkar Mayuresh S.
Published: October 2021

Bipolar disorder (BD) is commonly misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD). This is understandable, as depression often precedes mania and is otherwise indistinguishable in both. It is therefore imperative to identify neural mechanisms that can differentiate the two disorders. Interrogating resting brain neural activity may reveal core distinguishing abnormalities. We adopted an a priori approach, examining three key networks documented in previous mood disorder literature subserving executive function, salience and rumination that may differentiate euthymic BD and MDD patients. Thirty-eight patients with BD, 39 patients with MDD matched for depression severity, and 39 age-gender matched healthy controls, completed resting-state fMRI scans. Seed-based and data-driven Independent Component analyses (ICA) were implemented to examine group differences in resting-state connectivity (pFDR < 0.05). Seed analysis masks were target regions identified from the fronto-parietal (FPN), salience (SN) and default-mode (DMN) networks. Seed-based analyses identified significantly greater connectivity between the subgenual cingulate cortex (DMN) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (FPN) in BD relative to MDD and controls. The ICA analyses also found greater connectivity between the DMN and inferior frontal gyrus, an FPN region in BD relative to MDD. There were also significant group differences across the three networks in both clinical groups relative to controls. Altered DMN–FPN functional connectivity is thought to underlie deficits in the processing, management and regulation of affective stimuli. Our results suggest that connectivity between these networks could potentially distinguish the two disorders and could be a possible trait mechanism in BD persisting even in the absence of symptoms.
Kinectin1 depletion promotes EGFR degradation via the ubiquitin-proteosome system in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ma Ji , Ma Shudong , Zhang Ying , Shen Yi , Huang Lei , Lu Tianhao , Wang Lu , Wen Yunhan , Ding Zhenhua
Published: October 2021

Depletion of kinectin1 (KTN1) provides a potential strategy for inhibiting tumorigenesis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) via reduction of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein levels. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of KTN1 remain obscure. In this study, we demonstrate that KTN1 knockdown induces EGFR degradation in cSCC cells by promoting the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and that this effect is tumor cell-specific. KTN1 knockdown increases the expression of CCDC40, PSMA1, and ADRM1 to mediate tumor suppressor functions in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, c-Myc directly binds to the promoter region of CCDC40 to trigger the CCDC40-ADRM1-UCH37 axis and promote EGFR deubiquitination. Furthermore, KTN1 depletion accelerates EGFR degradation by strengthening the competitive interaction between PSMA1 and ADRM1 to inhibit KTN1/ADRM1 interaction at residues Met1-Ala252. These results are supported by studies in mouse xenografts and human patient samples. Collectively, our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into KTN1 regulation of EGFR degradation in cSCC.
Quantitative analysis of phosphoproteome in necroptosis reveals a role of TRIM28 phosphorylation in promoting necroptosis-induced cytokine production
Authors: Zu Rui , Yu Zhen , Zhao Jing , Lu Xiaojuan , Liang Wei , Sun Le , Si Chenfang , Zhu Kezhou , Zhang Tian , Li Ganquan , Zhang Mengmeng , Zhang Yaoyang , Liu Nan , Yuan Junying , Shan Bing
Published: October 2021

Necroptosis is a form of regulated necrotic cell death that promotes inflammation. In cells undergoing necroptosis, activated RIPK1 kinase mediates the formation of RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL complex to promote MLKL oligomerization and execution of necroptosis. RIPK1 kinase activity also promotes cell-autonomous activation of proinflammatory cytokine production in necroptosis. However, the signaling pathways downstream of RIPK1 kinase in necroptosis and how RIPK1 kinase activation controls inflammatory response induced by necroptosis are still largely unknown. Here, we quantitatively measured the temporal dynamics of over 7000 confident phosphorylation-sites during necroptosis using mass spectrometry. Our study defined a RIPK1-dependent phosphorylation pattern in late necroptosis that is associated with a proinflammatory component marked by p-S473 TRIM28. We show that the activation of p38 MAPK mediated by oligomerized MLKL promotes the phosphorylation of S473 TRIM28, which in turn mediates inflammation during late necroptosis. Taken together, our study illustrates a mechanism by which p38 MAPK may be activated by oligomerized MLKL to promote inflammation in necroptosis.
Targeting LSD1 suppresses stem cell-like properties and sensitizes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to PD-1 blockade
Authors: Han Yong , Xu Shengming , Ye Weimin , Wang Yang , Zhang Xiangkai , Deng Jiong , Zhang Zhiyuan , Liu Liu , Liu Shuli
Published: October 2021

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly aggressive tumor with poor clinical outcomes due to recurrence, metastasis, and treatment resistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small population among tumor cells, are proposed to be responsible for tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence. Here we show that high LSD1 expression was a predictor of poor prognosis for HNSCC patients. We found that high expression of LSD1 is essential for the maintenance of the CSC properties by regulating Bmi-1 expression. Moreover, tumor LSD1 ablation suppresses CSC-like characteristics in vitro and inhibits tumorigenicity in vivo in immune-deficient xenografts. However, this deletion induces the upregulation of PDL1 levels, which compromises antitumor immunity and reduces antitumor efficacy in an immune-competent mouse model. Functionally, the combination of LSD1 inhibitor and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody can overcome tumor immune evasion and greatly inhibit tumor growth, which was associated with reduced Ki-67 level and augmented CD8+ T cell infiltration in immunocompetent tumor-bearing mouse models. In summary, these findings provide a novel and promising combined strategy for the treatment of HNSCC using a combination of LSD1 inhibition and PD-1 blockade.
Resolving hepatic fibrosis via suppressing oxidative stress and an inflammatory response using a novel hyaluronic acid modified nanocomplex
Authors: Ren Lianjie , Li Jingjing , Liu Lisha , Wu Wantao , Zhao Di , Zhang Kai , Xin Xiaofei , Yang Lei , Yin Lifang
Published: October 2021

A novel nanocomplex based on an oridonin conjugated hyaluronic acid polymer and LY294002 liposomes for resolving hepatic fibrosis via suppressing oxidative stress and an inflammatory response.
Naringenin prolongs lifespan and delays aging mediated by IIS and MAPK in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Ge Yue , Chen Huibin , Wang Jilite , Liu Guishan , Cui Steve W. , Kang Ji , Jiang Yumei , Wang Hao
Published: October 2021

Naringenin (NN) posseses the antioxidant and anti-aging activities, and the underlying molecular mechanism in C. elegans was explored in this study.
Digitally aligned ZnO nanowire array based synaptic transistors with intrinsically controlled plasticity for short-term computation and long-term memory
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Yang Lu , Jiang Chengpeng , Sun Lin , Guo Kexin , Han Hong , Xu Wentao
Published: October 2021

S- and L-ZnO NW synaptic transistors prepared from arrays of ZnO NWs of different diameters (100 nm and 500 nm) enable the development of neuromorphic computers that use the same material to achieve both short-term computation and long-term memory.
A bioinspired porous-designed hydrogel@polyurethane sponge piezoresistive sensor for human–machine interfacing
Authors: Shen Junhao , Guo Yixin , Zuo Shaohua , Shi Fuwen , Jiang Jinchun , Chu Junhao
Published: October 2021

A hydrogel@PU piezoresistive sensor with a compressible porous conductive layer has good cycle stability under 80% strain.
A deep neural network based method for magnetic anomaly detection
Authors: Wang Yizhen , Han Qi , Zhao Guanyi , Li Minghui , Zhan Dechen , Li Qiong
Published: October 2021

Magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) is a technique to find ferromagnets hiding in strong and complicated magnetic background. In many practical cases, the targets are very far from the detection sensor, which leads to low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and high detection difficulty. Most of the current methods determine the existence of target by some approaches based on signal analysis, such as the orthogonal basis function (OBF) and the minimum entropy (ME). However, although these methods consume low resources, the detection performances are not satisfactory enough. In recent years, due to the increase of computer capability, complex methods become applicable in MAD. In this study, a deep neural network (DNN) is adopted to detect the magnetic anomalies. The DNN has shown its better ability to represent natural data in many applications. A feature automatically learned by a DNN from data in the raw form is more effective for detecting target signals and suppressing irrelevant variations. Herein, a convolutional network with residual structure to implement the feature extraction is designed and an MAD method based on it is proposed. Through the semi‐real tests, the proposed method exhibits a strong capability to extract features and shows excellent performances on detection.
Analytical simulations of the effect of satellite constellations on optical and near-infrared observations
Authors: Bassa C. G. , Hainaut O. R. , Galadí-Enríquez D.
Published: October 2021

Context. The number of satellites in low-Earth orbit is increasing rapidly and many tens of thousands of satellites are expected to be launched in the coming years. There is a strong concern among the astronomical community about the contamination of optical and near-infrared observations by satellite trails, what has led to several initial investigations of the impact of large satellite constellations.

Aims. We expand the impact analysis of such constellations on ground-based optical and near-infrared astronomical observations in a more rigorous and quantitative way, using updated constellation information and considering imagers and spectrographs and their very different characteristics.

Methods. We introduce an analytical method that allows us to rapidly and accurately evaluate the effect of a very large number of satellites, accounting for their magnitudes and the effect of trailing of the satellite image during the exposure. We use this to evaluate the impact on a series of representative instruments, including imagers (traditional narrow field instruments, wide-field survey cameras, and astro-photographic cameras) and spectrographs (long-slit and fibre-fed), taking their limiting magnitude into account.

Results. Confirming earlier findings, the effect of satellite trails is more damaging for high-altitude satellites, on wide-field instruments, or essentially during the first and last hours of the night. Thanks to their brighter limiting magnitudes, low- and mid-resolution spectrographs will be less affected, but the contamination will be at about the same level as that of the science signal, introducing additional challenges. High-resolution spectrographs will essentially be immune. We propose a series of mitigating measures, including one that uses the described simulation method to optimise the scheduling of the observations. We conclude that no single mitigation measure will solve the problem of satellite trails for all instruments and all science cases.
Generationenvielfalt als Chance
Authors: Welk Ina
Published: October 2021

Wie können Mehrgenerationenteams gefordert und gefördert werden? Indem sich Führungskräfte mehr auf die Kompetenzen als auf die Defizite der einzelnen Altersgruppen fokussieren, rät unsere Autorin.
Geburtsvorbereitung für Väter
Authors: Nelles Hans Georg
Published: October 2021

Werdende Väter in die Geburtsvorbereitung einzubeziehen, ist nicht nur wichtig, um sie am Geburtsprozess teilhaben zu lassen. Mit der Inklusion der Männer bereits während der Schwangerschaft wird der Grundstein für eine partnerschaftliche Aufteilung in der Elternschaft gelegt. Hebammen sollten dies aktiv fördern.
Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit von FGM/C betroffenen Frauen im geburtshilflichen und pflegerischen Kontext
Authors: Moll Carla Marie , Pestel Justine
Published: October 2021

Die rituelle weibliche Genitalverstümmelung bzw. -beschneidung (Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting, kurz: FGM/C) ist aktueller denn je. Durch Migration und Globalisierung gewinnt das Thema an Relevanz für Gesundheitsfachpersonal. Der Artikel vermittelt Hebammen, Geburtshelfer*innen und Pfleger*innen aktuelle Handlungsempfehlungen für die Betreuung betroffener Frauen. Intention ist es, das Thema zu enttabuisieren und zur optimalen Betreuung beizutragen.
Die inadäquate Darstellung von COVID-19-Statistiken – ganz allgemein und in Zusammenhang mit Substanzkonsum und Suchtphänomenen
Authors: Uhl Alfred
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund Die COVID-19-Pandemie führt seit nunmehr eineinhalb Jahren zu dramatischen Einschränkungen und Veränderungen der Gesellschaft. Da das Thema inzwischen die Bevölkerung stark polarisiert, ist eine sachlich korrekte Information umso wichtiger. Das betrifft sowohl die Beurteilung von COVID-19-assoziierten Problemen als auch Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie. Im Zusammenhang mit Suchtphänomenen stellt sich die Frage, wie sich COVID-19 bisher auf Substanzkonsum und suchtbedingte Verhaltensweisen auswirkte.

Methode Exemplarisch wird analysiert, wie Forschungsergebnisse in der medialen Darstellung präsentiert werden und wie die Forschung zur Information bzw. Desinformation der Bevölkerung beiträgt. Einige gängige Mediendarstellungen, die auf intuitiv-assoziativem Denken beruhen, sowie die ihnen zugrunde liegenden wissenschaftlichen Texte werden methodenkritisch hinterfragt, um einen rational-analytischen Zugang zum Thema zu unterstützen.

Ergebnisse Der Diskurs zum Thema COVID-19 ist geprägt von methodologisch inadäquaten Darstellungen – nicht nur von jenen, die systematisch zur Desinformation beitragen, sondern teilweise auch von jenen, die an einem sachlich-wissenschaftlichen Umgang mit der Pandemie interessiert sind und ihre Position durch wissenschaftliche Argumente stützen wollen.

Schlussfolgerung Für Wissenschaftler wie Medienarbeiter ist es notwendig, sich mit den grundlegenden methodischen Prinzipien so weit vertraut zu machen, dass sie nicht Gefahr laufen, falsche Argumente zur Verteidigung richtiger Positionen zu verwenden – denn damit würden sie die eigene Glaubwürdigkeit nachhaltig untergraben.