bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vascular Prostacyclin and Plasminogen Activator Activity in Experimental and Clinical Conditions of Disturbed Haemostasis or Thrombosis
Authors: de Gaetano G. , Remuzzi G. , Mysliwiec M. , Donati M.B.
Published: April 2009

In several experimental and clinical conditions associated with thrombotic tendency, or complicated by thrombotic episodes, either prostacyclin (which inhibits platelet aggregation) or plasminogen activator (which promotes fibrinolysis), or both, appear to be decreased in the vessel wall. In other conditions, however, either activity may not change or even be increased. Possibly, vascular damage is followed by an early stimulation of both activities (a defence mechanism?) which may be subsequently reduced or exhausted. While the role of vascular plasminogen activator in haemorrhagic conditions is apparently unknown, prostacyclin activity appears to be markedly enhanced both in experimental animals and in patients with uraemia and bleeding complications. There is a suggestive evidence that uraemic plasma powerfully stimulates vascular prostacyclin generation.
The Role of Endothelial Cells and Subendothelial Components in the Initiation of Blood Coagulation
Authors: Østerud B.
Published: April 2009

The effect of collagen on isolated platelets, platelet-rich plasma and whole blood has been studied. Collagen failed to generate factor XIa-like activity in mixtures of isolated platelets, collagen and Ca++. Moreover, collagen added to whole blood or platelet-rich plasma containing 125I-factor IX and Ca++, also failed to form cleaved (activated) factor IX. In preliminary studies, lysed endothelial cells were found to enhance the formation of factor Xa and thrombin and to induce cleavage of 125I-factor IX in normal plasma, factor XII and factor-XI-deficient plasma even in the presence of antibody to tissue factor.
The Vascular Wall and Fibrinolysis
Authors: Emeis J.J.
Published: April 2009

A survey is given of recent data pertaining to the presence of components of the fibrinolytic system in the vascular wall. Activators and inhibitors of fibrinolysis were shown to be present in the vessel wall, while activators were mainly found in the endothelial cells, and inhibitors in the media. Activators will be released into the circulation by a variety of stimuli. Among these stimuli are compounds formed or released during coagulation and thrombus formation, thus indicating how coagulation or thrombosis might induce increased fibrinolysis. Abnormal fibrinolytic activity in the vessel wall in relation to thrombosis is discussed.
A Study of the Relationship between ex vivo and in vivo Effects of Sulphinpyrazone in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Butler K.D. , Wallis R.B. , White A.M.
Published: April 2009

In guinea pigs, sodium arachidonate-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo proved a more sensitive method for detecting drug-related effects after the administration of sulphinpyrazone than collagen-induced platelet aggregation. It was possible to detect inhibition of platelet aggregation after giving sulphinpyrazone orally in a single dose of 3 mg/kg. Excellent correlation was achieved between ex vivo and in vivo inhibition of platelet function with sulphinpyrazone using the Arthus reaction. The results are consistent with the formation, in the guinea pig of metabolites more potent than the parent molecule.
Heparin-Antithrombin III Binding In vitro and in vivo Studies
Authors: Chan Vivian , Chan T.K.
Published: April 2009

Heparin antithrombin III binding was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In plasma and purified antithrombin III standard, multicomponent patterns were obtained with low concentrations of mucosal heparin. There is evidence that antithrombin III may bind more than one heparin molecule. At high heparin concentration ( > 16 U/ml), single symmetrical peaks were obtained. Serum samples showed two antithrombin HI peaks due to a decreased heparin binding of the slower peak (2.1–3.9 times), which was probably antithrombin III-activated procoagulant complexes. Heparin analogue (A 73025) also bound antithrombin III in vitro but the mobility of the peak was slower than with mucosal heparin and only a single peak was obtained in serum samples. Radioimmunoassay showed a decreased binding of antithrombin III antibody to heparin-antithrombin III complex. Venous occlusion to the forearm resulted in a slow second peak in the plasma. Heparin therapy gave rise to a double peak in the plasma antithrombin III profile and with continuous infusion, quantitative decreases were noted in all subjects studied, two of whom rethrombosed at the end of 7 days therapy.
Human Platelet Aggregation by Thimerosal. Functional and Ultrastructural Studies
Authors: Leone G. , Schintu S. , Porfiri R. , Landolfi R. , Bizzi B.
Published: April 2009

Thimerosal, a sulfhydryl group inhibitor, produces in an aggregometer a decrease in optical density of normal platelet-rich plasma over a wide range of concentrations. Ultrastructural study shows that the decrease of optical density produced by thimerosal at low doses is due to a true platelet aggregation preceded by a release reaction, whereas the aggregometric curves recorded after addition of thimerosal at high doses can be attributed to marked alterations of platelet morphology. Electron microscopic study shows the presence of electron-dense material between plasma membranes after addition of a low dose, and the early rupture of membranes after a high dose. These findings support previous conclusions that thimerosal binds to plasma membranes. Thimerosal induces a release reaction, seen in ultrastructural study and revealed by measurement of 14C-serotonin release. Moreover, thimerosal-induced aggregation is independent of released ADP and of formation of intermediates of the arachidonate pathway. Thimerosal-induced platelet aggregation is inhibited neither by ADP removal nor by aspirin addition.
Serotonin Uptake and Release by Platelets Adhering to Polyethylene
Authors: Malmgren R. , Larsson R. , Olsson P. , Rådegran K.
Published: April 2009

Heparinized human blood containing platelets labelled with 14C-serotonin and 51Cr was exposed to a polyethylene surface by rotation in Chandler loops. Both uptake of platelets on the surface and platelet aggregation in the blood occurred. More 14C- than 51Cr activity accumulated on the surface. It was demonstrated that this was due to an active uptake of 14C-serotonin by the surface-adherent platelets, which also retained their capacity to exert a release reaction.
Correlation Analysis of Relationships between Vitamin-K-Dependent Clotting Factors and Effective Hepatic Blood Flow, Albumin and Other Liver Function Tests
Authors: Fujii M. , Yasunaga K. , Uchino H.
Published: April 2009

Relationships between Normotest, prothrombin time, albumin, γ-globulin, GPT, and the hepatic fractional clearance of 198Au-colloids as a measure of effective hepatic blood flow were studied by correlation analysis, in 50 patients with liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. Simple correlation coefficients were highly significant between Normotest, prothrombin time, albumin, and the heaptic fractional clearance; however, not between GPT or γ-globulin and the other parameters. Further correlation analysis revealed a highly significant partial correlation coefficient between Normotest and albumin and the hepatic clearance; however, not between Normotest and albumin. As effective hepatic blood flow is considered to be proportional to the liver parenchymal volume, the above results indicate that vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors, as well as albumin, reflect the liver cell mass.
Determination of Antithrombin III Activities by Different Methods in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Gandolfo Giuseppe M. , De Angelis Anna , Torresi Maria Vittoria
Published: April 2009

Antithrombin III activity was determined by three techniques in 58 patients with maturity onset diabetes mellitus: a spectrophotometric assay, using the chromogenic substrate Chromozym TH; evaluation of antifactor Xa activity and an immunochemical technique. Although the biological antithrombin III activity was clearly reduced in individual subjects, there was only a slight nonsignificant reduction in the mean antithrombin III activity values as compared to normal subjects. No difference was observed between diabetics receiving insulin and subjects taking oral hypoglycemic agents or between diabetics without vascular complications and diabetics with vascular lesions.
Distribution of Myosin, Actin and Actin-Binding Protein in Thrombasthenic Platelets
Authors: Eldor Amiram , Kahane Itzhak , Muhlrad Andras
Published: April 2009

The quantity of myosin, actin, and actin-binding protein (ABP) in platelets and platelet fractions of 5 patients with Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia were compared to those of normal individuals. No significant differences were observed between the average amounts of these contractile proteins in unfractionated platelets or platelet membrane obtained after osmotic shock. However, the amount of myosin was significantly decreased in the KC1 extract of thrombasthenic platelets ruptured by freezing and thawing, while its specific ATPase activity was increased.
Importance of the Liver in the Regulation of Platelet Activity: Effect of Its Functional Exclusion (Eck Fistula)
Authors: Doni M.G. , Vassanelli P. , Avventi G.L. , Bonadiman L. , Meduri F.
Published: April 2009

The functional exclusion of the liver, obtained with end-to-side anastomosis of the porta into the cava vein results in impairment of platelet activity. In fact the maximal amplitude and velocity of platelet aggregation in vitro are reduced in animals which undergo the operation and are examined 1 month later. Adding fibrinogen to the platelet-rich plasma after portacaval anastomosis restores a normal type of aggregation indicating that the lack of this factor is involved in the phenomenon, even if alterations occurring to platelets may be implied, too.
Clotting Changes in Two Patients with Longitudinal Sinus Thrombosis
Authors: Girolami A. , Pardatscher K. , Scanarini M. , Job I. , Patrassi G.
Published: April 2009

Two patients with angiographically proven longitudinal sinus thrombosis were studied from a coagulation point of view. In the first case, marked primary thrombocytosis was found. This patient was treated with aspirin, dipyridamole and radioactive phosphorus. In the second case, fibrinogen and whole blood plasma viscosity were elevated. This patient developed deep vein thrombosis of the left leg a few weeks after the cerebral episode and was treated with coumarin drugs. The importance of a coagulation study in every patient with cerebral vein thrombosis is emphasized.
Thrombin-Dependent Spleen Transamidase
Authors: Zuch Aleksander
Published: April 2009

Certain properties of tissue transamidase isolated from a bovine spleen have been described. This enzyme, like factor XIII (FSF), after reaction with thrombin causes the transformation of soluble fibrin polymer into insoluble clot – desmofibrin.
Interaction of Adenosine and Adenylnucleotides with the Human Platelet Membrane. Further Characterization of the ADP Binding Sites
Authors: Bauvois Brigitte , Legrand Chantal , Caen Jacques P.
Published: April 2009

The binding of adenosine and adenylnucleotides to the human platelet membrane has been measured and the subsequent effect on the binding of 14C-ADP has been determined. The following conclusions have been drawn: (1) Two reactions with different velocities (t 1/2 = 15–30 sec and t 1/2 = 4–6 min) seem to be involved in the binding of ADP to the platelet membrane. (2) AMP binds to the platelet membrane and partially inhibits binding of ADP in a competitive manner. These two findings suggest that ADP binding sites on the platelet membrane may be of more than one type. (3) At concentrations up to 10-5 M, ATP does not itself bind to the platelet membrane but is rapidly transformed into ADP which, in turn, binds to the membrane and inhibits the binding of 14C-ADP. (4) Adenosine does not significantly interfere with the binding of 14C-ADP and has not been shown to bind to the platelet membrane.
Essential Thrombocythaemia
Authors: Woodruff R.K. , Bell W.R. , Castaldi P.A , Streatfield K. , Penington D.G.
Published: April 2009

The results of detailed studies of 3 patients with essential thrombocythaemia (ET) are presented. Qualitative tests of platelet function were abnormal, and autologous platelet survivals were diminished. Megakaryocyte ploidy distribution analysis showed an increased proportion of cells with high ploidy, and buoyant density distribution analysis showed increased proportions of less dense platelets. Ultrastructural studies of the platelets showed proliferation of the dense tubular system with deficiency of the surface-connected canalicular system. Megakaryocyte electron microscopy showed abnormal distribution of demarcation membrane complex and granules.The precise functional abnormality of the platelets in ET has not yet been defined, but a release defect of variable severity with corresponding morphological abnormalities of the dense tubular and surface-connected canalicular systems, seems the most likely explanation.
Increased Platelet Aggregation due to a Plasma-Aggregating Activity
Authors: Neri Serneri G.G. , Abbate R. , Mugnaini C. , Gensini G.F.
Published: April 2009

Platelet-poor plasmas (PPPs) from 52 out of 71 patients affected by different diseases and selected for increased amounts of circulating platelet aggregates, incubated at 37 °C for 30 min with control platelet-rich plasma (PRP; cross-matching test) induced the formation of platelet aggregates, stimulated the production of malondialdehyde and enhanced ADP-induced aggregation. 31 control PPPs were consistently negative at cross-matching test. Gel chromatography of plasmas on agarose 4% allowed the identification of four different fractions (A, B, C, D) provided with aggregating activity. Fraction A eluted at the void volume was to be identified with the von Willebrand factor, whereas B, C and D fractions, eluted at the same elution volumes as activated factor X were mainly composed of factor X (fraction B) and activated factor X (fractions C and D). Thrombin activity was absent in all the fractions provided with aggregating activity. Also, from control PPPs negative at cross-matching tests, the same fractions could be obtained, although of 5–10 times lower aggregating potency, thus explaining the negative cross-matching tests. These findings stress the role of some extraplatelet factors related to hypercoagulability in platelet hyperaggregability.
Factor VIII-Related Antigen Assay in Capillary Samples
Authors: Veltkamp Jan J. , Kolb Ria , Ruys Jan H.
Published: April 2009

Factor VIII-related antigen was assayed in adults in venous citrated samples and in samples taken with heparinized and plain capillaries blown out in citrate. The three sampling methods gave nearly identical results in a wide range of values. Two of the sampling methods were used in newborns and again the results showed excellent correlation.
Thromboplastic and Fibrinolytic Activity of Autogenous-Free Vein Grafts Used as Abdominal Aorta Replacements in Dogs
Authors: Głowiński Stanisław , Worowski Krzysztof
Published: April 2009

In the intima of a vein grafted into the aorta, the thromboplastic activity during the first 4 months after the operations is higher than in the artery and vein. At the same time, the plasminogen activator activity of the venous graft is also higher than that of the artery but lower than that of the vein. In the later post-operative period, both activities of the intima of the venous graft closely approaches those of the intima of the normal vein. In the media the thromboplastic activity is lower in the graft and the plasminogen activator content is higher than in the artery and vein. However, the thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activity in the adventitia of the venous graft, artery, and vein did not change significantly during the 36-month observation period of the experiment.
Adrenaline-Induced Reactions of Human Platelets in Hirudin Plasma
Authors: Glusa Erika , Markwardt F.
Published: April 2009

The anticoagulant used for blood collection may modify platelet aggregation. In platelet-rich citrated plasma, adrenaline induced biphasic aggregation accompanied by 14C-serotonin release, whereas in platelet-rich hirudin plasma it induced weak primary aggregation. In plasma from blood anticoagulated simultaneously with hirudin and citrate, adrenaline caused biphasic aggregation as it was observed in citrated plasma. Qualitative differences in platelet reaction in hirudin citrated plasma were found to be dependent on calcium ion concentration. Therefore, the deprivation of calcium ions by citrate is considered the cause of the adrenaline effect in citrated plasma.
Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome and Accumulation of Haemoglobin-Haptoglobin Complexes in Plasma in Serum Sickness Caused by Penicillin Drugs
Authors: Brandslund Ivan , Hyltoft Petersen Per , Strunge Poul , Hole Peter , Worth Vernon
Published: April 2009

2 patients treated with penicillin and ampicillin, respectively, suffered from haemorrhagic diathesis, haemolysis, cerebral symptoms and renal insufficiency, resembling a haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. Their plasma was red due to the presence during several days of haemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes, the P-haemoglobin being 2.8 and 1.6 g/l, respectively. Coagulation tests showed an unusual pattern with prolonged activated partial thrombo-plastin times, an extremely long thrombin time and very high levels of fibrinogen degradation products. Repeated transfusion had no effect. The patients were considered to have developed a drug-induced serum sickness associated with insufficient function of the reticuloendothelial system, and secondary to this an accumulation of haemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes in plasma. When the penicillin drugs were discontinued, all measured variables rapidly normalised and the patients recovered completely. Thus, the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome seemed to be caused by the serum sickness, possibly via circulating or cell-associated immune complexes. The possibility of a type III allergic reaction should be considered in patients with haemolytic-uraemic-like syndromes.
Effect of Prenatal Drug Administration on Maternal and Neonatal Platelet Aggregation and PF4 Release
Authors: Whaun J.M. , Smith G.R. , Sochor V.A.
Published: April 2009

Release of platelet antiheparin activity (platelet factor 4, PF4) induced by collagen and l-epinephrine, is normal in newborn infants without antenatal drug exposure. In contrast, PF4 release in platelets of infants of mothers with membrane-stabilizing drug ingestion is decreased to a greater extent than in their respective mothers. Platelet aggregation gives a qualitative indication of response. Platelets of mothers with antenatal drug exposure and those of their infants showed only a one-wave response to adenosine diphos-phate, while platelets of these same mothers still showed a two-wave aggregation response to l-epinephrine. In contrast, platelets of all neonates lacked epinephrine-induced aggregation response, even when washed and resuspended in adult plasma. Our studies show that prenatal drugs have an effect on the platelet release mechanism in both mothers and their exposed infants; but the effect on the epinephrine-induced platelet response is less in mothers. Newborn infants have different aggregation and platelet release response to epinephrine which suggests that platelet aggregation and the release reaction can occur independently of each other.
Effects of Dextran Sulphate and Flufenamic Acid on Euglobulin Fibrinolytic Activity of Glass-Treated or Heated Plasma
Authors: Jenks Rodney L. , Astrup Tage
Published: April 2009

Treatment of human citrated plasma with glass has complex effects on the fibrinolytic system. While the spontaneous euglobulin activity is only slightly affected by the glass treatment, the activity precipitated in the presence of dextran sulphate diminishes rapidly with increasing amounts of glass. With common glass a minimum is reached, and the activity reappears when larger amounts of glass are used. With Pyrex glass the decrease continues. Addition of flufenamate to the solutions recover much of the missing activity suggesting the presence in the euglobulin precipitates of an inhibitor sensitive to flufenamic acid. Heating of plasma at 56°C rapidly destroys its ability to produce spontaneously active euglobulin precipitates while the capacity to elicit fibrinolytic activity by precipitation in the presence of dextran sulphate remains largely undisturbed suggesting a relative stability of the precursors of the intrinsic fibrinolytic system.
Deposition of Human Labeled Platelets to Damaged Rabbit Aorta before and after Use of Sulfinpyrazone in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Jæger Steinar , Berntsen Harald
Published: April 2009

Platelets from patients with acute myocardial infarction were labeled with 51Cr and reconstituted whole blood. The endothelium of rabbit aorta was removed, and segments of the inverted aorta placed on a Plexiglas rod in a perfusion chamber, and the deposition of platelets on the aorta was calculated by radioactivity measurement. In all 8 patients the deposition of platelets was reduced after ingestion of 800 mg of sulfinpyrazone daily for 4 weeks.
In vivo Platelet Release Reaction in Patients with Heart Valve Prosthesis
Authors: Cella G. , Schivazappa L. , Casonato A. , Molaro L.G. , Girolami A. , Westwick J. , Lane D.A. , Kakkar V.V.
Published: April 2009

Platelets play an important role in the genesis of thromboembolic episodes frequently observed in patients following cardiac valve replacement. No simple and reliable method as yet exists for quantitating platelet function in vivo. Platelet-specific proteins, serum β -thromboglobulin related antigen and platelet factor 4 as well as thromboxane B2 were measured in 50 healthy subjects and in 100 patients who had cardiac valve replacement at least 6 months previously; these were related to the type, site and number of valves replaced. Highly significant differences were observed in the mean plasma β-thromboglobulin related antigen, platelet factor 4 and thromboxane B2 levels in patients compared with healthy controls. The elevated levels of platelet release products observed 6 months after cardiac valve replacement suggest a continuous activation by the prosthesis. No significant differences were observed in patients with different types and site of valve prosthesis.
Observations on ADP Aggregation of Lithium Chloride Incubated Platelets in a Variety of Mammalian Species
Authors: Imandt Leon , Tyhuis Dorien , Wessels Hans , Haanen Clemens
Published: April 2009

In citrated platelet-rich plasma of eight mammalian species lithium produces species-dependent effects on ADP aggregation ranging from stimulation to inhibition. Raising the extracellular calcium concentration enhanced aggregation of both lithium-stimulated and lithium-inhibited platelets, indicating that the extracellular calcium concentration has no direct relation to the effect of lithium on platelet function. Lithium did not induce changes in total intracellular platelet calcium and magnesium contents. Aggregation of platelets with ionophore A23187 showed the same species-specific lithium effects as aggregation induced by ADP. The data suggest that lithium does not exert its effect on platelets through interference with intra- or extracellular calcium concentrations.
The Antiheparin Effect of α1-Acid Glycoprotein, Evaluated by the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and by a Factor Xa Assay for Heparin
Authors: Andersen P.
Published: April 2009

The heparin-antagonizing effect of human α1-acid glycoprotein (α1-acid GP) was studied by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and by a factor Xa assay for heparin using a chromogenic substrate for factor Xa. The antiheparin effect of α1-acid GP in the APTT system was similar to the effect on heparin thrombin clotting time (HTCT), and the effect in the factor Xa assay system corresponded well with the effect in a heparin cofactor assay system using a chromogenic substrate for thrombin instead of factor Xa. It is concluded that α1-acid GP contributes to the reduced anticoagulant effect of heparin observed in various acute stages of disease, when assayed not only by HTCT but also by so-called ‘global’ coagulation tests, such as the activated partial thromboplastin time.
Characterization of Heterogeneity of Haemophilia B for the Detection of Carriers
Authors: Panicucci F. , Sagripanti A. , Conte B. , Pinori E. , Vispi M. , Lecchini L.
Published: April 2009

Factor IX activity (IX:C) and antigen (IX:Ag) as well as factor VII, prothrombin time, Normotest and Thrombotest were determined in 37 haemophiüacs B from 26 kindreds, in 30 carriers of haemophilia B and in 40 healthy subjects. In 15 obligatory carriers from 9 kindreds, in which haemophiliacs did not exhibit IX:Ag in excess of IX:C, IX:C was parallel with IX:Ag, but in 4 from 4 kindreds, in which haemophiliacs exhibit excess of IX:Ag, there was a discrepancy between IX:C and IX:Ag. Among the obligatory carriers 6 from 3 kindreds, in which haemophiliacs did not have IX:Ag in excess of IX:C, showed that the anomaly M is not a sign of genetic variability of haemophilia B.
Utilization of Drugs Active on the Haemostatic System in Intensive Care Units: a Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Farina M.L. , Levati A. , Tognoni G.
Published: April 2009

A retrospective analysis of 628 case reports for utilizing drugs affecting the haemostatic system is reported. Anticoagulants and drugs inhibiting platelet function were mainly used in cardiopulmonary patients. Antifibrinolytic treatment, often as a general ‘haemostatic’ treatment, was administered to patients with trauma or post-operatively.
Secondary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction: a Comparison of Acetylsalicylic Acid, Placebo and Phenprocoumon
Authors: Breddin K. , Loew D. , Lechner K. , Überla K. , Walter E.
Published: April 2009

A multicenter clinical trial on the prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction was started in 1970 and continued until March 1977. 946 patients who had survived a myocardial infarction for 30–42 days were randomly allocated in equal proportions to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 1.5 g/day) (317 patients), placebo (309 patients) or phenprocoumon treatment (320 patients) and followed to determine the incidence of total mortality, coronary death and nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction. The ASA and placebo groups were treated double-blind. The observation period for each patient was 2 years. The outcome at 24 months has been established for 231 patients on ASA, for 215 on placebo and for 233 on phenprocoumon treatment. Total mortality was lower in the ASA group (27 patients) than in the placebo (32 patients) and phenprocoumon group (39 patients). These differences are not statistically significant. Coronary deaths (fatal myocardial infarction and sudden death) were 13 in the ASA, 22 in the placebo- and 26 in the phenprocoumon group. This represents a reduction rate of 42.3% in the ASA group compared with placebo (p > 0.1) and of 46.3% in the ASA group compared with phenprocoumon (p < 0.07). Considering male patients alone, the difference regarding coronary death is significant between ASA versus placebo (p < 0.05) and ASA versus phenprocoumon (p < 0.05). Coronary events (coronary death and non-fatal recurrent myocardial infarction) were lower in the ASA group (24 patients) than in the placebo (37 patients) (p < 0.06) or phenprocoumon groups (32 patients). Gastrointestinal discomfort, with or without hermorrhage, was more frequent in the ASA group than in the placebo or phenprocoumon groups. These results, in combination with similar trends reported in other clinical trials with ASA, suggest that ASA treatment is beneficial in patients who have survived a myocardial infarct.
Karl Barth, a Public Theologian? The One Word and Theological 'Bilinguality'
Authors: Harasta Eva
Published: April 2009

On first glance, Karl Barth seems an unlikely witness for public theological 'bilinguality'. Yet he off ers substantial clarifi cation for theology's double responsibility within the context of the church and within the context of its contemporary public(s), especially in his lecture ' e Christian Community and the Civil Community'. Barth there develops a sophisticated interpretation of bilinguality avant la lettre. He proposes that the civil community and the Christian community are two diff erent analogies for the eschatological kingdom of Christ. Each of the two has its own way of testifying to Christ. The church needs to respect the autonomy of the civil sphere in its proclamation. us emerges a clear notion of the two languages intended by the concept of bilinguality. The secular and the ecclesial proclamation of Christ complement each other.
The Dignity of the Old: Towards a Global Ethic of Ageing
Authors: de Lange Frits
Published: April 2009

How does globalization aff ect the lives of older people? Developments in demography show that the world population is rapidly getting older, and not only in affluent societies. Politically, economically, socially and culturally, the elderly are in a vulnerable position. Is a global ethical response possible? Christian theology should actively support the human rights discourse that pleads for non-discrimination of the elderly in society. Yet, a human rights ethic is unable to account for the stages of life and the specific role of the elderly within communities; these are highlighted within more communitarian approaches. Communitarianism however, has its limitations as well. A global ethic of ageing should not fix the elderly within closed traditions and communities; rather, it requires openness towards other cultures and ways of life. 'Dialogical contextualism' should be the method, and its main question should be: can people globally learn from one another about how to live in dignity into old age? is article concludes with some European refl ections on the dignity of older persons, in which a hermeneutic of the concept of human dignity and empirical findings are brought together. The results may function as an impulse for further intercultural conversation on a global scale.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Gender Justice in South Africa
Authors: Le Bruyns Clint
Published: April 2009

This article critically explores the extent to which corporate social responsibility in South Africa contributes to the quest for gender justice in the world of economy. It fi nds that business has avoided the notion of responsibility in favour of investment and philanthropy, and that meaningful and constructive approaches to gender ideals have not as a result been forthcoming. e article argues for a renewed understanding of and commitment to responsibility with special attention given to underlying perspectives impeding this approach, but sees much promise in the role that churches with their theology and partners could fulfil in assisting the public discourse on women's human dignity, equality and freedom amidst various economic challenges.
Review Article: Public Theology for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Hogan Linda
Published: April 2009

Duncan Forrester is a forefather of the current interest in and debate on public theology. The volume under review here bears witness to the significance of his thought and the range of scholars who are engaged with his work. The contributors to the volume critically examine the legacy of modernity and the direction of future public theology in relation to a variety of specific social and political circumstances. While the passage of time may require a new edition responding to the changing socio-political climate, this volume will remain a valuable resource for all those engaged in public theology.
Review Article: God and Globalization
Authors: Sebastian J. Jayakiran
Published: April 2009

The fourth and final volume in Max Stackhouse series on 'God and Globalization' invites to consider more deeply the realities of globalization. In particular, questions of imperialism and post-colonialism are related to questions concerning the place given to religion and faith by nation-states. China and India, while both experiencing rapidly changing economies, have diverse approaches to the role of religion in the public sphere. Globalization forces 'the west' to engage with the differing economic and religious circumstances of 'the east', and to reconsider the appropriateness of Christian mission in the face of the plurality of faiths and their competing truth claims.
Responses to My IJPT Reviewers
Authors: Stackhouse Max
Published: April 2009

Globalization has many dimensions and there are diverse perspectives on it. e contributors to the first three volumes of God and Globalization are a testament to the range of scholarly engagement with key dimensions of globalization. e aim of these essays and the structure of their presentation is to lay the foundations for comprehensive theological interaction with globalization. While the review of volume 1 highlights the issue of glocal and local interaction with the global; volume two's reviewer draws attention to the often neglected religious (Christian) infl uences at work in a variety of professional and scholarly spheres of action shaping global developments. Volume 3 raises questions of the universal and the particular in religious studies and the ways that the world religions are shaping or responding to globalization, opening the way for inter-religious dialogue. is leads to the forth volume which asks what Christian theology and ethics specifi cally have to off er to the interpretation and guidance of these global developments. All four reviews are responded to here and the challenge to tease out a public theology and its mission appropriate for our globalizing era is re-asserted.
The Soviet Discourse on the Origin and Class Character of Islam, 1923-1933
Authors: Kemper Michael
Published: April 2009

The article examines the growing radicalization of the Marxist anti-Islamic discourse in the USSR as a case-study of "Soviet Orientalism". To which of Marx's five socio-economic formations should Muslim society be assigned? During the relatively pluralistic period of the New Economic Policy (1921-1927) Marxist scholars offered various answers. Many argued that Islam emerged from the trading community of Mecca and was trade-capitalist by nature (M. Reisner, E. Beliaev, L. Klimovich). Others held that Islam reflected the interests of the agriculturalists of Medina (M. Tomara), or of the Bedouin nomads (V. Ditiakin, S. Asfendiarov); and some even detected communist elements in Islam (Z. and D. Navshirvanov). All authors found support in the Qur'ān and works of Western Orientalists. By the late 1920s Marx' and Engels' scattered statements on Islam became central in the discourse, and in 1930 Liutsian Klimovich rejected the Qur'ān altogether by arguing that the book, as well as Muhammad himself, were mere inventions of later times. By the end of the Cultural Revolution (1929-1931) it was finally "established" that Islam was "feudal" in character, and critical studies of Islam became impossible for decades. The "feudal" interpretation legitimized the Soviet attack on Islam and Muslim societies at that time; but also many of the Marxist writers on Islam perished in Stalin's Terror. We suggest that the harsh polemics the authors directed against each other in the discourse contributed to their later repression. By lending itself to the interests of the totalitarian state, Soviet Marxist Islamology committed suicide—the ultimate form of "Orientalism".
Salafism Revived: Nu'mān al-Alūsī and the Trial of Two Ahmads
Authors: Nafi Basheer M.
Published: April 2009

In 1298/1881, the Iraqi scholar Nu'mān al-Alūsī published his Jalā' al-'aynayn fī muhākamat al-Ahmadayn, one of the most astute tracts to be written in defense of the fourteenth-century Hanbalī scholar, Ibn Taymiyya. This article attempts to read into the significance of Jalā' al-'aynayn by studying the life and educational environment of its author, the subject matter of the book, the format in which it appeared, and the circumstances of its publishing. There is little doubt that Jalā' al-'aynayn is a founding text in the emergence of modern Salafiyya in major Arab urban centers. Considering the contribution of the Wahhābī movement to the revival of Salafī Islam, one of the aims of this article is to look into the variant expressions of modern Salafiyya. An important aspect of the impact of Nu'mān al-Alūsī's work is related to the way he treated his subject matter, reconstituting the legacy of Ibn Taymiyya in the Muslims' imagination of their traditions. The other, was the publishing of Jalā' al-'aynayn in print. In the following decades, the ecology of Islamic culture would be transformed at a dramatic pace. But two things would not lose their value for the Salafī circles of modern Islam, the referential position of Ibn Taymiyya and the power of the printing-press.
Whither Pentecostal Theology? Why a Catholic is Interested
Authors: Del Colle Ralph
Published: April 2009

The essay explores the future direction of Pentecostal theology by posing a dialogue question that emerges in the conversation between Catholics and Pentecostals. This concerns the "supernatural" character of grace as understood and experienced in both traditions. How is this character preserved as it engages all dimensions of our humanity? Two aspects of this affirmation are explored. First, grace perfects all aspects of human nature including human agency, thus our common emphasis on transformation and Christian perfection. Second, the Church's mission ad extra embraces its witness in the secular realm in the arenas of culture, justice, peace, and the integrity of creation. The challenge to both traditions is how to preserve the supernatural gratuity of grace as the church enacts this mission in the transit from church to world.
The Manila Healing Revival and the First Pentecostal Defections in the Methodist Church in the Philippines
Authors: Oconer Luther Jeremiah
Published: April 2009

This article examines the arrival of the worldwide healing revival movement in Manila in the mid-1950s and its role in the first Pentecostal defections in the Methodist Church in the Philippines. It seeks to answer why, despite the presence of other Protestant denominations in Manila at that time, Philippine Methodism became a fertile seedbed for divine healing revivalism, I argue that Methodists' conspicuous participation in the healing revivals was part of a larger Holiness revival impulse that had pervaded their denomination decades earlier, when pneumatological language or, most specifically, emphasis on the baptism of the Holy Spirit was the central motif. Thus, the turn of Filipino Methodist schismatics to divine healing and eventually Pentecostalism did not emerge in a vacuum, but can be seen as a trajectory reminiscent of the birth of the modern Pentecostal Movement.
Legal Recognition for Child-Headed Households: An Evaluation of the Emerging South African Framework
Authors: Zaal F. Noel , Couzens Meda
Published: April 2009

This article evaluates legislation developed in South Africa for the legal recognition and support of child-headed households. It provides an explanation and critical analysis of new statutory provisions. We show that in a developing country with AIDS pandemic challenges and limited resources such as South Africa reasons in favour of formal legal recognition outweigh those against. We demonstrate, however, that in order to meet the best interests standard it is essential to base recognition on household viability. Our analysis indicates that, although the South African provisions are groundbreaking and of considerable value as an example for other countries, there are some deficiencies which may compromise their effectiveness. Amendments and supplementary wording are proposed.
Forming Partnerships: The Human Rights of Children in Need of Care and Protection
Authors: Bessell Sharon , Gal Tali
Published: April 2009

The care and protection of children experiencing or considered to be at risk of abuse or neglect within their families is a major policy dilemma. Children in the care and protection system do not fare well on a range of indictors, when compared to the overall population. In recent years there have been significant changes in policies and support for children in out of home care, including the adoption of the language of rights. Nevertheless, the care and protection of children who enter the system bearing that name is often dubbed one of social policy's 'wicked problems'. This paper synthesises concepts of human rights, children's needs and citizenship as a basis for redefining policy and services for children in out-of-home care. We suggest that improved support for children in out of home care requires the recognition of children as partners.
The Ethics of Involving Children Who Have Been Abused in Child Abuse Research
Authors: Goddard Chris , Mudaly Neerosh
Published: April 2009

Is it ethical for children to experience pain or sadness when talking about their experiences of abuse for purposes of research? Can they be re-traumatised by this experience? How can confidentiality be guaranteed if there are concerns about current abuse? These are some of the ethical questions that arise when children who have been abused are involved in research. Yet it is also recognised that children have a right to be involved in research. The critical dilemma is how to balance the welfare rights of children to be protected from any possible exploitation, trauma and harm with their right to be consulted and heard about matters that affect them. The difficulty in resolving this conflict may be one reason that current literature on this subject is still limited, and because such research places researchers 'in a minefield of ethical dilemmas' (Runyan, 2000: 676).This paper critically explores the ethical issues encountered in a study which encouraged children and young people who had been abused to speak for themselves about their experiences of victimisation. The authors discuss the ethical dilemmas that were encountered and how these were addressed in the context of children's rights. The authors argue that while serious ethical difficulties arise in this type of research, strategies which empower and promote children's informed participation, and minimise risks, are possible. The article presents the voices of children wherever relevant.
The Emergence of Sankofa Practice in the United States
Authors: Temple Christel N.
Published: April 2009

Sankofa is a small part of the Akan philosophical tradition, yet widespread informal and scholarly interpretation confirms that Sankofa represents a Diasporan phenomenon. This essay is an exploratory, working history of Sankofa practice in the United States that confirms the potential of the Adinkra system as a largely untapped philosophical resource. The widespread practical use of Sankofa among Blacks in the United States substantiates the community’s thirst for culturally relevant philosophies that can be used to characterize diverse elements of Black life. This essay encourages the community to understand the depths of Sankofa and to explore the Adinkra system’s value beyond Sankofa.
Beyond Information: Intimate Relations in Sociotechnical Practice
Authors: Mort Maggie , Smith Andrew
Published: April 2009

More and faster information will transform our experience of healthcare, according to policymakers, while social theorists have argued that medicine has become `informatized': a new medical paradigm is being shaped. We question both the policy-led conflation of `information' and `healthcare' and ideas about the extent of the informatization of medicine, by exploring how these ideas resonate in medical work, revisiting our studies of expertise in two clinical domains where information technologies are central to practice. The projection of new information programmes as creating knowledge which is independent of space and time runs the risk of devaluing the experiential, haptic and affective knowledge of both apprentices and practitioners. Information, we argue, cannot underpin medicine unless it is recognized and defined as generative, dynamic and intimate, rather than storable and deliverable.
Professionals, Carers or `Strangers'? Liminality and the Typification of Postnatal Home Care Workers
Authors: Zadoroznyj Maria
Published: April 2009

The proliferation of home health care workers is an increasingly important trend in many contemporary societies, and its impact on the division of labour and the social meaning of care work is complex. In this article, these issues are analysed in relation to a new programme of domiciliary postnatal care in Australia. Coupled with early discharge from hospital, the programme is part of a reconfiguration that disrupts existing logics of care.The insertion of paid carers into the division of labour between `functionally diffuse', informal care and the `functional specificity' of professionals' work renders their status liminal, and their spatial location within the home transgresses symbolically important boundaries. Birthing women's responses include unease and a rejection of the workers based on the construction of them as `strangers'. It is argued that these responses demonstrate the lack of a `typification' based on contextual and spatialized knowledge of home health care workers.
Strategy in a Religious Network: A Bourdieuian Critique of the Sociology of Spirituality
Authors: Wood Matthew , Bunn Christopher
Published: April 2009

Within the sociology of religion there has emerged a discourse on spirituality that views contemporary developments as involving the assertion of individuals' self-authority.This perspective's theoretical roots have been persistently criticized for their conceptualization of agency; in contrast, this article draws on Bourdieu's concept of strategy to examine action in an English religious network of the sort often classified as `New Age'. In particular, one informant is discussed in order to provide focus for an understanding of what Lahire calls sociology at the level of the individual. Her actions, better explained as strategic improvisations than as choices made on the basis of self-authority, help to illuminate the peculiarities of this religious setting, which is characterized in terms of `nonformativeness'. By emphasizing social contextualization, this approach addresses people's meaningful actions in a way that may be applied not only more widely within the religious field but also in other fields of action.
Ethno-religious Background as a Determinant of Educational and Occupational Attainment in Britain
Authors: Khattab Nabil
Published: April 2009

This article seeks to contribute to a newly growing literature on religious differences in education and the labour market, and seeks to answer two main questions: To what extent does education have similar impacts on occupational attainment across ethnic and faith groups? To what extent are these ethnic differences due to religious affiliation and/or skin colour? The data used in this study have been obtained from the 2001 UK Census.The data suggest that ethnicity per se is not an important factor but operates as a proxy, and, as this article shows, skin colour and culture (religion) are to a greater extent arguably the main mechanisms that operate to reinforce disadvantage among some groups or to facilitate social mobility amongst others. The direction and strength of their influence appears to be dependent on whether the specific culture is seen as compatible or `alien' in relation to the hegemonic culture.