bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
We are all aging, and here's why
Authors: Shinde Atharva , Deore Gargi , Navsariwala Kedar P. , Tabassum Heena , Wani Minal
Published: October 2022

Here, through this review, we aim to serve this purpose by first discussing the statistics and aging demographics, including the life expectancy of the world and India, along with the gender life expectancy gap observed throughout the world, followed by explaining the hallmarks and integral causes of aging, along with the role played by senescent cells in controlling inflammation and the effect of senescence associated secretory phenotype on longevity. A few of the molecular pathways which are crucial in modulating the process of aging, such as the nutrient‐sensing mTOR pathway, insulin signaling, Nrf2, FOXO, PI3‐Akt, Sirtuins, and AMPK, and their effects are also covered in paramount detail. A diverse number of ingenious research methodologies are used in the modern era of longevity exploration. We have attempted to cover these methods under the umbrella of three broad categories: in vitro, in vivo, and in silico techniques. The drugs developed to attenuate the aging process, such as rapamycin, metformin, resveratrol, etc. and their interactions with the above‐mentioned molecular pathways along with their toxicity have also been reviewed in detail.
Disruptive selection via pollinators and seed predators on the height of flowers on a wind‐dispersed alpine herb
Authors: Chen Kai‐Hsiu , Pannell John R.
Published: October 2022

Premise

Floral stalk height is known to affect seed dispersal of wind‐dispersed grassland species, but it may also affect the attractiveness of flowers and fruits of animal‐pollinated and animal‐dispersed plants. Stalk height may thus be responsive to selection via interactions with both mutualist pollinators and seed dispersers, but also antagonist florivores and seed predators. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of pollinators and seed predators on selection on floral stalk height in the insect‐pollinated and wind‐dispersed, alpine, andromonoecious herbPulsatilla alpina, whose flowers also vary in their sex allocation and thus in the resources available to both mutualists and antagonists.

Methods

We measured the resource status of individuals in terms of their size and the height of the vegetation surrounding plants ofP. alpinaat 11 sites. In one population, we recorded floral stalk height over an entire growing season and investigated its association with floral morphology and floral sex allocation (pistil and stamen number) and used leaf‐removal manipulations to assess the effect of herbivory on floral stalk height. Finally, in four populations, we quantified phenotypic selection on floral stalk height in four female components of reproductive success before seed dispersal.

Results

Stalk height was positively associated with female allocation of the respective flower, the resource status of the individual, and the height of the surrounding vegetation, and negatively affected by leaf removal. Our results point to disruptive selection on stalk height in terms of both selection differentials and selection gradients for fertilization, seed predation, and seed maturation rates and to positive selection on stalk height in terms of a selection differential for mature seed number.

Conclusions

Stalk height ofP. alpinais a costly trait that affects female reproductive success via interactions with both mutualists and antagonists. We discuss the interplay between the resource status and selection imposed on female reproductive success and its likely role in the evolution of sex‐allocation strategies, especially andromonoecy.
Electrochemical Double‐Layer Capacitor based on Carbon@ Covalent Organic Framework Aerogels
Authors: Martín‐Illán Jesús Á. , Sierra Laura , Ocón Pilar , Zamora Félix
Published: October 2022

High energy demand results in comprehensive research of novel materials for energy sources and storage applications. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) possess appropriate features such as long‐range order, permanent porosity, tunable pore size, and ion diffusion pathways to be competitive electrode materials. Herein, we present a deep electrochemical study of two COF‐aerogels shaped into flexible COF‐electrodes (ECOFs) by a simple compression method to fabricate an electrochemical double‐layer capacitor (EDLC). This energy storage system has considerable interest owing to its high‐power density and long cycle life compared with batteries. Our result confirmed the outstanding behavior of ECOFs as EDLC devices with a capacity retention of almost 100 % after 10 000 charge/discharge cycles and, to our knowledge, the highest areal capacitance (9.55 mF cm−2) in aqueous electrolytes at higher scan rates (1000 mV s−1) for COFs. More importantly, the hierarchical porosity observed in the ECOFs increases ion transport, which permits a fast interface polarization (low τ0 values). The complete sheds light on using ECOFs as novel electrode material to fabricate EDLC devices.
Ruthenium‐Based Metal–Organic Nanoradiosensitizers Enhance Radiotherapy by Combining ROS Generation and CO Gas Release
Authors: Dai Qixuan , Wang Lin , Ren En , Chen Hu , Gao Xing , Cheng Hongwei , An Yibo , Chu Chengchao , Liu Gang
Published: October 2022

A lack of targeting accuracy and radiosensitivity severely limits clinical radiotherapy. In this study, we developed a radiosensitizer comprised of Ru‐based metal–organic nanostructures (ZrRuMn‐MONs@mem) to optimize irradiation by maximizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and CO release in X‐ray‐induced dynamic therapy (XDT). The well‐designed nanostructures increase the direct absorption of radiation doses (primary radiation) and promote the deposition of photons and electrons (secondary radiation). The secondary electrons were trapped and transferred in the constrained MONs where they induce a cascade of reactions to increase the therapeutic efficiency. Meanwhile, the full‐length antiglypican 3 (GPC3) antibody (hGC33) expressed a cell membrane coating enabling active targeting of tumor sites with optimized biocompatibility. The ZrRuMn‐MONs@mem represents a starting point for advancing an all‐around radiosensitizer that operates efficiently in clinical XDT.
Interfacial and tensile properties improvement of composites using a modified matrix with epoxy‐terminated hyperbranched polyether sulfone
Authors: Zhu Tianyu , Lu Chunxiang , Lu Xiaoxuan , Zhi Jieying , Song Yingjun
Published: October 2022

The carbon fiber/epoxy resin (CF/EP) composites have been prepared using CF and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) matrix, modified by a new epoxy‐terminated hyperbranched polyether sulfone (EHPES). Compared with CF/DGEBA composite, the modified CF/EHPES composites achieve excellent performances. The tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break are increased by 19.1%, 7.9%, and 66.7%, respectively. The results are mainly caused by the strong interfacial properties, the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of CF/7% EHPES composite is increased by 20.7%. Many crosslinking points enhance the mechanical interlocking between the DGEBA/EHPES matrix and CF surface. The strengthened chemical bonding promotes the formation of a higher density crosslinking network. This study provides a strategy for the domestication of large diameter wind turbine blades.
Bioinspired cellulose nanofibrils and NaCl composited polyacrylamide hydrogels with improved toughness, resilience, and strain‐sensitive conductivity
Authors: Wei Jie , Wang Jianquan , Shao Ziqiang
Published: October 2022

Hydrogels are regarded as excellent substrates for flexible materials owing to their porous structure, softness, and flexibility. However, the requirement of enhancement and functionalization for a hydrogel is still an important issue. Cellulose nanomaterials present promising reinforcing potentials for hydrogels thanks to their high strength, good compatibility, and environmental friendliness. Inspired by the composition of the dermis, we use carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibrils (CMCNFs) and NaCl as additives to participate in the crosslinking polymerization of acrylamide (AM), fabricating PAM/CMCNFs/NaCl composite hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties, good resilience, and strain‐sensitive conductivity. The interactions between CMCNFs and PAM chains contribute to mechanical improvement of composite hydrogels; 0.5 M NaCl in precursor solutions imparts further synergistic reinforcement and ionic conductivity. The compressive stress, tensile strength and elongation at break values of PAM‐based hydrogels are increased with the incorporation of CMCNFs, and the optimal CMCNFs dosage is found at 4 wt% of AM. The resilience of composite hydrogels can be maintained at approximately or over 90% after five compression or stretching cycles. Moreover, the strain‐sensitive conductivity of a composite hydrogel demonstrates their potential application in flexible sensors. In brief, this work provides a facile one‐step approach to fabricate composite hydrogels suitable for application as flexible sensors.
Association of maternal autoimmune disease and early childhood infections with offspring autism spectrum disorder: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Nielsen Timothy C. , Nassar Natasha , Shand Antonia W. , Jones Hannah F. , Han Velda X. , Patel Shrujna , Guastella Adam J. , Dale Russell C. , Lain Samantha J.
Published: October 2022

The aim of this study was to examine potential synergistic effects between maternal autoimmune disease and early childhood infections and their association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. Both exposures have been associated with increased risk of ASD in previous studies, but potential synergistic effects remain underexplored. We conducted a population‐based cohort study of singleton children born at term gestation (37–41 weeks) in New South Wales, Australia from January 2002 to December 2008. Maternal autoimmune diagnoses and childhood infections before age 2 years were identified from linked maternal and child hospital admissions, and ASD diagnoses by age 9 years were identified from linked disability services data. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the association between each exposure and ASD and additive interaction between exposures, controlling for potential confounders. A total of 18,451 children exposed to maternal autoimmune disease were propensity score matched (1:2) to 36,902 unexposed children. Any maternal autoimmune disease (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.47) and any childhood infection before age 2 years (aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.15–1.67) were each associated with ASD. However, there was no evidence of additive interaction between the two exposures (relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI] 0.128, 95% CI ‐0.418‐0.675) resulting in increased odds of ASD in offspring. Future studies could examine potential interactions between other sources of maternal immune activation and childhood infection and impact on ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Brain structure correlates with auditory function in children diagnosed with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder
Authors: Cooper Hannah E. , Halliday Lorna F. , Bamiou Doris‐Eva , Mankad Kshitij , Clark Christopher A.
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is a term for a collection of test results which indicate disruption of the auditory signal at some point along the neural pathway. This results in a spectrum of functional outcomes, ranging from reasonably normal hearing to profound hearing loss. This study assessed brain structure changes and behavioral correlates in children diagnosed with ANSD.

Methods

Seventeen children who had previously been diagnosed with ANSD were recruited to the study and underwent a battery of behavioral measures of hearing, language, and communication, along with structural MR imaging. Analysis of cortical thickness of temporal lobe structures was carried out using FreeSurfer. Tract‐based spatial statistics were performed on standard diffusion parameters of fractional anisotropy and diffusivity metrics. The control group comprised imaging data taken from a library of MRI scans from neurologically normal children. Control images were matched as closely as possible to the ANSD group for age and sex.

Results

Reductions in right temporal lobe cortical thickness were observed in children with ANSD compared to controls. Increases in medial diffusivity in areas including the corpus callosum and in the right occipital white matter were also seen in the group with ANSD compared to controls. Speech perception abilities, both in quiet and in noise, were correlated with cortical thickness measurements for several temporal lobe structures in children with ANSD, and relationships were also seen between diffusion metrics and measures of auditory function.

Conclusion

This study shows that children with ANSD have structural brain differences compared to healthy controls. It also demonstrates associations between brain structure and behavioral hearing abilities in children diagnosed with ANSD. These results show that there is a potential for structural imaging to be used as a biomarker in this population with the possibility of predicting functional hearing outcome.
Study of computer attitudes in STEM problem‐solving for students with disabilities
Authors: Du Xiaoxue , Lyublinskaya Irina
Published: October 2022

Students with disabilities have limited opportunities to become problem solvers due to the deficit‐thinking mindset of their teachers. Thus, technology could facilitate the development of problem‐solving skills for these students, which requires an understanding of student computer attitudes in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) problem‐solving. However, there is limited research about computer attitudes in problem‐solving for students with disabilities. To address this challenge, this study first developed a questionnaire on computer attitudes in problem‐solving in STEM (Colorado assessment of problem‐solving [CAPS]‐STEM) and validated this instrument for the population of elementary school students with disabilities (N = 199). The questionnaire was then used in a sequential explanatory mixed methods study to examine factors affecting CAPS‐STEM for students with disabilities in two inclusive classrooms. Results of the study indicate significant positive correlations among students' self‐perceived confidence, knowledge, and competence in using computers for STEM problem‐solving. These attitudes were mostly affected by the nature of the assigned projects, existing school support for teachers, available technology resources, and teachers’ mindsets about the abilities of students with disabilities.
Atypical molluscum contagiosum on multiple sclerosis patients treated with fingolimod: A case report
Authors: Cheraghmakani Hamed , Baghbanian Seyed Mohammad , Ghasemi Maryam
Published: October 2022

Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a skin infection caused by a virus of the DNA poxvirus family that has already been reported by Fingolimod. We report two cases. MC can resist standard therapy and discontinuation of the fingolimod may be the only way to treat it.
Leukemia cutis presenting as hyperpigmented patches. A rare presentation
Authors: Namazi Nastaran , Kani Zahra Asadi , Kaddah Ali , Diab Reem
Published: October 2022

Leukemia cutis is a cutaneous manifestation of leukemia. Herein, we present a rare cutaneous manifestation of leukemia cutis in a patient with myeloid leukemia m5, characterized by hyperpigmented red‐to‐brown patches on face and upper trunk. To our knowledge, hyperpigmented patches secondary to leukemia cutis is rarely described in the literature.
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Squaramides as Allosteric GSK‐3β Inhibitors Promoting β‐Catenin‐Mediated Transcription of TCF/LEF in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Authors: Carullo Gabriele , Bottoni Laura , Pasquini Silvia , Papa Alessandro , Contri Chiara , Brogi Simone , Calderone Vincenzo , Orlandini Maurizio , Gemma Sandra , Varani Katia , Butini Stefania , Galvagni Federico , Vincenzi Fabrizio , Campiani Giuseppe
Published: October 2022

The glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK‐3β) is a ubiquitous enzyme that is a validated target for the development of potential therapeutics useful in several diseases including retinal degeneration. Aiming at developing an innovative class of allosteric inhibitors of GSK‐3β potentially useful for retinal degeneration, we explored the class of squaramides. The developed compounds (6 a–l) were obtained through a nontoxic one‐pot synthetic protocol, which employs low‐cost goods and avoids any purification step. Ethanol was used as the reaction solvent, simultaneously allowing the pure reaction products′ recovery (by precipitation). Out of this set of squaramides, 6 j stood out, from computational and enzymatic converging data, as an ATP non‐competitive inhibitor of GSK‐3β of micromolar potency. When engaged in cellular studies using retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE‐19) transfected with a luciferase reporter gene under the control of T‐cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) binding sites, 6 j was able to dose‐dependently induce β‐catenin nuclear accumulation, as shown by the increased luciferase activity at a concentration of 2.5 μM.
Gsx2, but not Gsx1, is necessary for early forebrain patterning and long‐term survival in zebrafish
Authors: Coltogirone Rebecca A. , Sherfinski Emma I. , Dobler Zoë A. , Peterson Sarah N. , Andlinger Abreanne R. , Fadel Lindsay C. , Patrick Regina L. , Bergeron Sadie A.
Published: October 2022

Background

Homeobox transcription factor encoding genes, genomic screen homeobox 1 and 2 (gsx1 and gsx2), are expressed during neurodevelopment in multiple vertebrates. However, we have limited knowledge of the dynamic expression of these genes through developmental time and the gene networks that they regulate in zebrafish.

Results

We confirmed that gsx1 is expressed initially in the hindbrain and diencephalon and later in the optic tectum, pretectum, and cerebellar plate. gsx2 is expressed in the early telencephalon and later in the pallium and olfactory bulb. gsx1 and gsx2 are co‐expressed in the hypothalamus, preoptic area, and hindbrain, however, rarely co‐localize in the same cells. gsx1 and gsx2 mutant zebrafish were made with TALENs. gsx1 mutants exhibit stunted growth, however, they survive to adulthood and are fertile. gsx2 mutants experience swim bladder inflation failure that prevents survival. We also observed significantly reduced expression of multiple forebrain patterning distal‐less homeobox genes in mutants, and expression of foxp2 was not significantly affected.

Conclusions

This work provides novel tools with which other target genes and functions of Gsx1 and Gsx2 can be characterized across the central nervous system to better understand the unique and overlapping roles of these highly conserved transcription factors.
What drives the perceived prejudice asymmetry among advantaged group members? The mediating role of social group power and moral obligations
Authors: Dierckx Kim , Van Hiel Alain , Valcke Barbara , Sekwena Eva Kefilwe , De Souter Laura , Braet Jolien , Haesevoets Tessa
Published: October 2022

The present study investigated the psychological foundations of the perceived prejudice asymmetry, that is, the observation that members of privileged groups are more likely to consider ‘downward’ bias—advantaged group members displaying ambiguous intolerant behaviour towards disadvantaged groups—as instances of prejudice than ‘upward’ bias—disadvantaged group members behaving negatively towards advantaged groups. Specifically, we tested whether a higher moral obligations account could explain these divergent judgements of prejudice. We hypothesised that advantaged witnesses implicitly ascribe higher social power—and hence, elevated moral obligations—to advantaged (compared to disadvantaged) groups. The resulting differential morality judgements, in turn, lead to divergent attributions of prejudice. Five experiments (total N = 1063) provided converging evidence for our predictions, although we also obtained evidence for a reverse causal pathway in which perceived prejudice determines morality judgements. Challenges for other accounts of the perceived prejudice asymmetry are discussed.
Experience from pre‐excavation and leakage closing injections obtained in the Follo Line Project
Authors: Gollegger Johannes
Published: October 2022

More and more projects use single‐shell segmental lining for rock support as well as water and frost protection. Unless the potential water pressure is very high, i.e., above several hundreds of meters, these lining structures are usually built as undrained fully watertight tunnels. The Follo Line Project included a considerable amount of pre‐excavation grouting to reduce the water ingress during construction and invested a lot in injections to close leakage points after the tunnel excavation had finished. This article discusses the various types of injections and reflects critically the use of single‐shell linings for tunnels with high water pressure.
Das ÖBB‐Kraftwerk Tauernmoos – Energiespeicher für die Bahn
Authors: Herzog Peter , Voringer Jürgen , Kühner Walter , Reiter Franz , Lang Georg
Published: October 2022

In 2004, ÖBB‐Infrastruktur AG started the first studies for the construction of a pumped‐storage hydro power plant between the two largest reservoirs of the existing Stubach Valley power plant group in Salzburg's Pinzgau region. Two reversible pump‐turbine units including a full converter with a total capacity of 170 MW and a maximum flow of 80 m3/s are planned. The construction of the 335 million. euro project started in 2020 and will be completed by autumn 2025. In addition to a 50,000 m3 cavern, an 11.5 km tunnel system including the access tunnels and the power water ways have been built. Most of the 11.5 km tunnel system is situated in stable gneiss. A greater challenge is the construction of the two inlet and outlet structures in the high mountain region during the winter season, when the lakes can be held on the lowest reservoir level. Since the remaining construction work is also carried out at an altitude of 1500 to 2250 m above sea level in alpine terrain, the construction company has been facing recurring problems such as snow, cold, wind, mudslides and the associated logistical difficulties. Despite these challenges, the excavation work was completed in summer 2022. The main focus is currently placed on the concrete works in the cavern, which is scheduled to be completed in autumn 2023. This will be followed by the installation of mechanical and electrical equipment as well as the control systems.
Grouting at Lonato tunnel
Authors: Di Salvo Giuseppe , Granata Raffaella
Published: October 2022

The planned Brescia–Verona high‐speed/high‐capacity railway line is a key project of the Milan–Verona railway link. Between Brescia and Verona, the new line is about 48 km long, running mostly alongside the A4 highway. Near Lonato (south of Garda Lake), the line goes under A4 and other buildings and structures, through twin tunnels bored by the tunnel boring machine (TBM). The soil consolidation project is deemed necessary to protect the road from subsidence before the TBM is deployed. On site, the soil is extremely heterogeneous but always characterized by a silty sand matrix. The poor capacity of the soil to be permeated led to reshaping the borehole mesh and selecting both cementitious and silicate‐based grout mixes designed to obtain rheological features leading to better permeation capability. The operation to prevent subsidence involved injecting some 10,000 m3 of grout mixture, through about 90,000 m of sleeved pipes, in multi‐directional geometries.
The relationship between depressive symptoms and subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in post‐menopausal women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
Authors: Korthauer Laura E. , Goveas Joseph S. , Rapp Stephen R. , Espeland Mark A. , Shumaker Sally A. , Garcia Katelyn R. , Rossom Rebecca C. , Garcia Lorena , Tindle Hilary A. , Salmoirago‐Blotcher Elena , Wassertheil‐Smoller Sylvia , Zaslavsky Oleg , Cochrane Barbara , Sink Kaycee M. , Masaki Kamal , Driscoll Ira
Published: October 2022

Background

Depressive symptoms are associated with age‐related cognitive impairment, but the relative risk of specific subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) conferred by depressive symptoms is unclear. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the longitudinal association between baseline depressive symptoms and incident cases of MCI subtypes (amnestic vs. non‐amnestic) and probable dementia (PD) (Alzheimer's disease, vascular, mixed) among postmenopausal women.

Methods

Depressive symptoms were assessed at study baseline using an 8‐item Burnam algorithm in 7043 postmenopausal women who participated in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) and the WHIMS‐Epidemiology of Cognitive Health Outcomes (WHIMS‐ECHO) extension study. During the median 9.4‐year follow‐up interval, the presence of MCI and PD was classified by a central adjudication committee. Classification of participants by MCI subtype (amnestic single and multi‐domain, non‐amnestic single and multi‐domain) was done algorithmically based on established criteria using data from annual cognitive testing.

Results

At baseline, 557 women (7.9%) had clinically significant depressive symptoms based on Burnam algorithm cut‐point of 0.06. Depressive symptoms at baseline were associated with an increased risk of incident amnestic MCI (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32–2.78, p < 0.0001), but not non‐amnestic MCI (HR = 1.39, 95% CI 0.91–2.14, p = 0.13) after controlling for demographic factors. This relationship between depressive symptoms and amnestic MCI remained consistent after controlling for lifestyle variables, cardiovascular risk factors, antidepressant use, and history of hormone therapy. There were no significant associations between depressive symptoms and incidence of PD.

Conclusion

Depressive symptoms at baseline among postmenopausal older women are associated with higher incidence of amnestic MCI, suggesting that they may be an independent risk factor or part of the early prodrome of dementia.
Care aides' perceptions of caring for residents with a history of psychological trauma in Western Canadian care homes
Authors: Thorne Trina E. , Titley Heather K. , Duan Yinfei , Norton Peter G. , Lanius Ruth A. , Estabrooks Carole A.
Published: October 2022

Objective

To explore care aide perceptions of caring for residents who aides perceived had past psychological trauma.

Methods

Through cognitive interviews, we developed a definition of trauma for four survey questions about caring for residents with psychological trauma. We added these questions to our routine care aide survey in 91 care homes in Western Canada (September 2019 to February 2020). We asked if care aides perceived that they were caring for residents with trauma, how often, types of trauma experienced, and what indication led them to perceive a resident had experienced trauma. We analyzed data using content analysis (open‐ended questions) and regression analyses (closed‐ended questions).

Results

Three thousand seven hundred and sixty five care aides responded (70% response rate) to the survey, and 53% perceived caring for one or more residents with a history of psychological trauma in the previous 2 weeks. Within six categories of traumatic events, abuse (35%) and war exposure (26%) were most common. Most common indications of trauma reported by care aides (five categories) were reliving the experience or having intrusive symptoms (28%) and avoidant behaviors (24%). Care aides were more likely to report caring for a resident who they perceived had experienced past psychological trauma if they were younger, spoke English as their first language, self‐reported experiencing more aggression from residents, or who worked in not‐for‐profit homes.

Conclusions

This preliminary study supports the need for further study of care aides' perceptions and experiences of caring for residents with past trauma, and the effects of caring for these residents on quality of work life.
Search and rescue incidents among persons 65 years and older in the USA: Examination of factors associated with death
Authors: Woolford Marta H. , Bugeja Lyndal , Weller Carolina , Koester Robert J. , Ibrahim Joseph E.
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Older people are vulnerable to becoming lost from home, especially if alone and in unfamiliar environments. Incidents of older persons becoming lost are frequently reported and often requiring a search and rescue (SAR) response. Becoming lost is distressing to the person concerned, their carer, and family and may result in physical injury and/or death. This study examined what factors are associated with death among older persons reported lost from home.

Methods/Design

A retrospective cross‐sectional study. Data were obtained from the International Search and Rescue Incident Database from 1985 to 2013. Participants comprised persons aged 65 years and older living in the United States. Individual, SAR incident, and environmental factors were analysed. The primary outcome of this study was lost person found alive or found dead on arrival. Relationships between categorical variables and outcome were summarised with contingency tables, chi‐squared test p‐values (or Fisher's‐exact‐test), and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Association between continuous variables and outcome were examined using multiple logistic regression. p‐value of <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Among the 5242 SAR incidents, 1703 met the inclusion criteria, of which 87.8% (n = 1495) were found alive and 12.2% (n = 208) were found dead. Factors associated with death included: male gender (OR 1.46; CI 1.01–2.13; p = 0.048), cognitively intact (OR 0.32; CI 0.22–0.47; p < 0.001), prolonged SAR duration (OR: 1.028; CI: 1.021–1.035; p < 0.001), found in water/wetlands (OR 7.40; CI 3.37–16.24; p < 0.001), and extreme weather (OR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.10–3.86; p = 0.024).

Conclusions

Older people have a fundamental human right to protection from preventable deaths. Findings indicate these rights are not being protected with deaths occurring frequently among older people who have become lost from home. To minimise fatalities, knowledge of factors associated with death could inform the development suitable assessment and intervention strategies for SAR teams and caregivers.
Drivers of patient perceptions of health system responsiveness in Germany
Authors: Achstetter Katharina , Köppen Julia , Hengel Philipp , Blümel Miriam , Busse Reinhard
Published: October 2022

Background

Health system responsiveness (HSR)—the ability of a health system to meet the non‐medical legitimate expectations of patients—is a key to patient‐centred health systems. Although responsiveness is essential to provide equitable and accountable health care, little is known about patient‐side drivers of HSR. This study aims to narrow this gap.

Methods

A survey among 20,000 Germans with substitutive private health insurance included questions on HSR and patient characteristics such as health literacy (HL), experienced discrimination, and sociodemographic information. Survey data were linked to patient‐level claims data. Logistic regression was applied to assess the association between HSR and patient characteristics.

Results

The sample (age 54.0 ± 16.1; 60.5% male) contains 2951 respondents with outpatient physician care in the past year. Of the nine HSR items, eight are rated as (very) good (74.4%–94.3%), except for coordination between providers (60.2%). Patient characteristics highly influence HSR: patients with high HL, for instance, are more likely to assess responsiveness as (very) good (e.g., clear explanations from physicians: OR 4.17). Poor assessment of responsiveness is seen among users who experienced discrimination.

Conclusion

This study revealed new associations between HSR and patient characteristics. Incorporating this knowledge in practice would help strengthen patient‐centred health services by considering patient experiences and expectations. This highlights that HSR can be used as a tool to evaluate and promote patient‐centred health services. Future research should investigate additional drivers of HSR, both on the patient and the provider sides.
The role of the non‐stationary Andean Dry Diagonal in paleoclimate reconstructions
Authors: Houston John , Latorre Claudio
Published: October 2022

Natural archives used to reconstruct past climates of the Atacama Desert sometimes lead to contradictory interpretations. One explanation for such contradictions is the non‐stationary nature of the Andean Dry Diagonal (ADD), a narrow zone of precipitation minima between two large scale weather systems. The ADD bisects the Central Andes; to the north precipitation originates from the Atlantic Ocean via Amazonia, largely in summer, with extreme events linked to La Niña; to the south precipitation originates from the Pacific Ocean, dominated by winter storm events linked to El Niño. The dynamic nature of these weather systems implies that the position of the ADD is not stable over seasonal and longer periods. Climates currently found either north or south of the ADD may in the past have been displaced, intensified or weakened leading to changes in the position of the ADD. For example, along the coastal regions of Peru and Chile, El Niño currently modulates both winter and summer precipitation. Flood episodes caused by these precipitation events are manifested in sedimentary and other natural archives that have been used to reconstruct past climates, yet have at times, produced contradictory interpretations. The realization that ENSO has varying ‘flavours’ that are spatially distinct and associated with a mobile ADD may allow a more sophisticated approach to paleoclimate research that has the potential to resolve some of these difficulties.
Associations of bisphenol F and S, as substitutes for bisphenol A, with cardiovascular disease in American adults
Authors: Lu Yuan , Chen Shaoxi , Jin Hongfeng , Tang Lijiang , Xia Ming
Published: October 2022

Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure may be positively associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). For more than a past decade, exposure to bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS), as substitutes for BPA, has gradually increased in the population. Whether BPF and BPS exposure are associated with CVD remains unclear. We used data from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2016. A total of 3,502 participants, including 368 with CVD, were enrolled in the final analysis. Associations of BPA, BPF and BPS with CVD were determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The highest level of urinary BPA (≥2.5 ng/ml) was significantly associated with a higher CVD prevalence (odds ratio [OR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–2.3) among all participants in the quartile analysis. In stratified analyses, the highest level of urinary BPA was positively associated with CVD prevalence in males (1.86, 1.1–3.13) and the elderly population (≥60 years old) (1.89, 1.2–2.97). Higher levels of urinary BPF were positively associated with CVD prevalence in females (Q2: 1.81, 1.03–3.18; Q4: 1.73, 1.07–2.79) and in the elderly population (Q3: 1.7, 1.16–2.48). No associations were found between urinary BPS levels and CVD, regardless of whether the participants were stratified by age or sex. In conclusion, exposure to BPA or BPF was positively correlated with CVD prevalence, but an association was not found for exposure to BPS. BPF may not be as safe as assumed for human health.
Eddy current loss estimation for direct drive wind turbine generators with superconducting excitation winding by numerical and analytical models
Authors: Köster Robin , Binder Andreas
Published: October 2022

Direct drive wind turbine generators with superconducting excitation winding are studied with focus on the electromagnetic damper design. A semi‐analytical eddy current model is built for parametric design studies based on a vector potential approach. The considered generators employ open stator slots and exhibit strong saturation effects, so that an analytical expression for the source terms is not adequate. Whilst the field equations are solved analytically, an equivalent current loading, accounting for slotting effects and saturation, is obtained by magnetostatic models applying the 2D finite element method (FEM). The proposed framework for the extraction of the current loading is universal and may also be applied to other machine types (e.g., permanent magnet synchronous machines, [PMSM]). In relation to transient FEM models, a considerable time‐saving can be achieved, which is particularly beneficial in case of large models, for example, in case of fractional slot windings or intermittent feeding schemes. The eddy current loss in warm and cold rotor parts in a direct drive generator in the 7 MW power class are computed with the semi‐analytical and transient 2D FEM models under variation of the damper geometry and the stator winding configuration. Minimum damper dimensions as well as constraints regarding applicable stator windings are derived.
My sweet‐hard boss: How do paternalistic managers influence employees’ work‐family and family‐work conflict?
Authors: Tokat Tülüce , Göncü‐Köse Aslı
Published: October 2022

Paternalistic Leadership (PL) is endorsed especially by employees who score high on collectivism and power distance and is found to be negatively associated with Work‐Family Conflict (WFC) and Family‐Work Conflict (FWC) in many studies. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying these relationships have been the focus of few studies. We propose that PL is positively related to psychosocial and career support, and affective and job dependence; psychosocial and career support, and affective dependence, in turn, decrease employees’ WFC and FWC while job dependence increases them. Data were collected from 730 employees in Turkey and analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). PL was positively associated with all of the mediating variables. The relationships of PL with WFC and FWC were fully mediated by psychosocial support; however, career support did not mediate the relationship between PL and WFC. Unexpectedly, affective dependence was positively associated with WFC and FWC. PL was also positively associated with WFC via its positive effect on job dependence. Results suggest that both affective and job dependence enhanced by PL increase employees’ WFC and FWC for different reasons. Moreover, although paternalistic managers provide career support, the main psychological mechanism that mediates the relationships of PL with WFC and FWC is psychosocial support.
Green procurement and green innovation for green organizational legitimacy and access to green finance: The mediating role of total quality management
Authors: Acquah Innocent Senyo Kwasi , Baah Charles , Agyabeng‐Mensah Yaw , Afum Ebenezer
Published: October 2022

Green manufacturing practices and total quality management (TQM) are relevant mechanisms that hold promise for firms to plan and monitor their activities for sustainable outcomes. However, despite their potential for sustainability and continuous improvement, their application and study in the literature have remained largely separated and underexplored. To address this gap, we draw on the institutional and stakeholder theories to examine how green procurement, green product innovation and green process innovation enhance green organizational legitimacy and access to green finance by using TQM as a mediator in these relationships. We used the partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) technique to analyze survey data from 244 manufacturing firms in Ghana. The results showed that green procurement influenced TQM and green organizational legitimacy but not access to green finance. Likewise, green product innovation and green process innovation enhanced TQM, green organizational legitimacy, and access to green finance. TQM had differential degrees of mediation on the effects of green procurement, green product innovation, and green process innovation on green organizational legitimacy and access to green finance. We contribute to prior studies by integrating green manufacturing practices and TQM in ways that help managers of manufacturing firms who wish to unravel the complexities of integrating green manufacturing practices and TQM.
Sex bias in letters of recommendation and personal statements for otolaryngology residency
Authors: Berk Garrett A. , Ho Tiffany D. , Stack‐Pyle Taylor J. , Zeatoun Abdullah , Kong Keonho A. , Chaskes Mark B. , Thorp Brian D. , Ebert Charles S. , Senior Brent A. , Kimple Adam J. , DeMason Christine E.
Published: October 2022

Objective

Application for otolaryngology residency is highly competitive, with letters of recommendation (LORs) and applicant personal statements (PSs) representing important components of the application process. However, their inherently subjective nature predisposes them to potential implicit bias. Otolaryngology has historically been predominated by male physicians and while implicit sex bias has been demonstrated in LORs for application to residency of multiple specialties, data is limited for otolaryngology.

Methods

LORs and PSs for all otolaryngology applicants to an academic medical center during the 2019–20 and 2020–21 cycles were abstracted. Quantitative analysis was performed using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2015 (LIWC2015), a validated software application designed to analyze various emotional, cognitive, and structural components of written text.

Results

LORs written for females were found to be written from a perspective of higher expertise and confidence while LORs written for males were associated with a more honest, personal, and disclosing tone. Moreover, LORs written for female applicants were found to reference achievement and “grindstone” terminology more than those written for men. No differences were observed in any word category between PSs written by male and female applicants.

Conclusion

Minor linguistic differences exist in multiple domains between LORs written for male and female applicants for otolaryngology residency. These tended to favor female applicants, with their letters demonstrating higher clout, achievement, and grindstone scores. This trend was unexpected in this historically predominantly male specialty. While differences were statistically significant, the overall difference in an entire letter of recommendation is likely subtle.

Level of Evidence

3.
Dissolvable Carboxymethylcellulose Microneedles for Noninvasive and Rapid Administration of Diclofenac Sodium
Authors: Silva Ana C. Q. , Pereira Bárbara , Lameirinhas Nicole S. , Costa Paulo C. , Almeida Isabel F. , Dias‐Pereira Patrícia , Correia‐Sá Inês , Oliveira Helena , Silvestre Armando J. D. , Vilela Carla , Freire Carmen S. R.
Published: October 2022

The aim of this study is to prepare dissolvable biopolymeric microneedle (MN) patches composed solely of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), a water‐soluble cellulose derivative with good film‐forming ability, by micromolding technology for the transdermal delivery of diclofenac sodium salt (DCF). The MNs with ≈456 µm in height displayed adequate morphology, thermal stability up to 200 °C, and the required mechanical strength for skin insertion (>0.15 N needle−1). Experiments in ex vivo abdominal human skin demonstrate the insertion capability of the CMC_DCF MNs up to 401 µm in depth. The dissolution of the patches in saline buffer results in a maximum cumulative release of 98% of diclofenac after 40 min, and insertion in a skin simulant reveals that all MNs completely dissolve within 10 min. Moreover, the MN patches are noncytotoxic toward human keratinocytes. These results suggest that the MN patches produced with CMC are promising biopolymeric systems for the rapid administration of DCF in a minimally invasive manner.
Electrical‐Triggered Multicolor Reversible Color‐Changing Ag Nanoparticles/Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyurethane Conductive Fibers
Authors: Zhang Ningyi , Cheng Haonan , Han Weiyi , Ge Fangqing , Yin Yunjie , Wang Chaoxia
Published: October 2022

Smart color‐changing fibers attract much attention owing to their importance as a component of flexible electronics. A facile and scalable method of multicolor reversible electro–thermochromic Ag nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide/polyurethane conductive fiber (ETC AgNPs/rGO/PU conductive fiber) is fabricated, which contains the polyurethane (PU) as the inner layer, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) as the conductive layer, and thermochromic paste as the outermost layer. It possesses excellent electrothermal and color‐changing properties and rapidly generates Joule heat at 0.5 V, which makes the fiber surface temperature reach 39.81 °C rapidly. The color switching rate is fast and changes from green to yellow within 2 s. During the process of 250 times on/off voltage, ETC AgNPs/rGO/PU conductive fibers still maintain excellent electrical and thermal properties and color change stability; even in the washing, strong acid, and strong alkali environment, they still have excellent durability. This human subjective adjustable electrical–thermal–color multi‐level induced modulation makes it possible to be applied to smart wearable fields such as visual camouflage, personal thermal management, and active information transfer.
The triangular prism approximation method for volume estimation of deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap in breast reconstruction
Authors: Kato Sayuri , Mori Hiroki , Koga Haruka , Uemura Noriko , Tanaka Kentaro
Published: October 2022

Background

Many methods to predict the amount of tissue needed for breast reconstruction have been reported, but some require complicated software and special systems. The purpose of this report was to present a simpler method for predicting the volume required for deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps. The accuracy of this method was evaluated based on both actual flap design and computed tomography.

Methods

The weight and horizontal (x cm) and vertical (y cm) lengths of the DIEP flap were recorded, and the maximum thickness of subcutaneous tissue (z cm) was measured from computed tomography in 36 cases of breast reconstruction using DIEP flap in our hospital performed between January 2019 and December 2020. Flap volume was calculated using three methods of approximation: triangular prisms using physical and CT measurements (1/2xyz cm3); quadrangular and triangular prisms using physical and CT measurements (3/4xyz cm3); and a previously reported method using measurements from CT angiography alone and calculation with a standard mathematical formula. These three groups were compared using Bland–Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to assess consistency between predicted and measured values.

Results

On Bland–Altman plots, values were distributed almost randomly around the average value of the difference, and no proportional error was evident in the methods. The ICC between predicted and actual values of triangular prisms using physical and CT measurements was largest: ICC (1, 2) = 0.978 (0.825–0.981; 95% confidence interval for ICC). A sufficient flap volume was able to be transplanted in all cases.

Conclusion

The methods presented appear useful to calculate flap volume closer to the measured value without complicated software systems. These results suggest that the method using two symmetric triangular prisms could predict volume more easily than previously reported methods and may facilitate good breast reconstruction.