bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La situation socio-économique des chrétiens de Malwa (MP), Inde
Authors: Pothen K.P.
Published: March 2007

This article contains the results of an enquiry into social and economic aspects of a Christianity founded in India in the 19th Century. The work takes the form of statistical analysis, interviews and close observation of 100 families in a rural environment and 100 families in an urban environ ment.

The author describes, first of all, the history of this Christian Community and then puts forward the major conclusions of the study. It seems clear that, in spite of the fact that for the last ten years the influence of the Church has been constantly declining, the growth in the numbers of Christians is sufficient to ensure the continued existence, in material terms, of the Church's institutions.

The annual income per head of 447 Roupees puts the Christian Community of Malwa above the average for India as a whole, but there is a considerable difference, in this as in other aspects, between rural and urban areas.

It appears that Christianity is much less firmly rooted in rural areas than it is in the towns ; conversion means much

less socially to the country-dweller who lives in an environment where the caste-system, with its religious overtones, is still very influential.

The achievement of Independence has made a very con siderable difference to the conditions of missionary work. The Church is no longer the sole means of influence in providing advancement and employment.
Religious Brotherhoods : A Sociological View
Authors: Jioultsis Basil
Published: March 2007

De l'impuissance de l'Eglise du siècle passé à répondre aux besoins spirituels du peuple grec est née la nécessité du développement d'une initiative privée dans le domaine de la mission intérieure. Cette initiative a provoqué l'apparition des confréries religieuses qui ont sérieusement influencé la vie religieuse en Grèce durant le siècle présent.

L'œuvre des ces confréries primitivement prédicative, catéchétique et piétiste s'est ensuite exprimée comme une protestation contre la situation administrative, spirituelle et morale de la hiérarchie de l'Eglise.

La présente étude examine les origines historiques et idéologiques des confréries religieuses et ensuite leur organi sation intérieure. Cette organisation présente un intérêt parti culier, car elle révèle dans les confréries l'existence d'une typologie des relations, de l'administration, de la vie intérieure et de l' œuvre spirituelle selon les classes sociales auxquelles elles s'adressent.

L'étude examine le phénomène des confréries religieuses du point de vue microsociologique.
Autour du Catholicisme populaire. Reflexions socioloqiques sur un debat
Authors: Isambert François
Published: March 2007

The debate over liturgical practices such as Sunday Mass, Baptism or the funeral service has resurged, sometimes in a fiery way, among Catholic circles, and the sociologists' role in this debate has not been insignificant. The debate centers around the question of "popular religion " and therefore takes up theoretical and practical antagonisms such as " elite- masses," " traditionalists-innovators," and " multitudinal Church-sectarian Church."
Les « Fêtes du village » en Corée et leur signification sociale
Authors: Deschamps Christian
Published: March 2007

The village celebrations take place within the context of villages which are not administrative units, but which are autonomous social units in which the actual power is held by the generation of older men. The offering ceremony is the central part of the celebration ; it occurs in a place called tang, which can be a tree, a rock or a small building. It is adressed to one or several spirits which have a rather imprecise physionomy, but whose main feature is their being the protec tive spirit of the village. Those who officiate at the offering ceremony are chose from among the village men ; the essential condition for this position is to be « pure » from any contact with a death or a birth.

After the offering ceremony, which consists of offering the protective spirit of the village rice wine and food, and pre senting him prayers for the village, the inhabitants gather for a communion meal, after which they hold a meeting in which they discuss village affairs.

The village celebration is an important moment of the manifestation of a village community's identity. It gives the latter the possibility to renew the link with its origins and to assert itself in a regard to the other villages. Moreover it plays an important role as a catalyst of social cohesiveness of the village. But the importance of this celebration in village life varies from village to village, and by observing the way in which the inhabitants participate in the celebration you can measure rather accurately the degree of cohesiveness which exists among the village inhabitants.
Some Sociological Aspects of the Muslim Revivalism in Sri Lanka
Authors: Samaraweera Vivaya
Published: March 2007

Les musulmans, qui représentent environ 6 % de la popu lation totale du Sri Lanka, constituent un des groupes sociaux minoritaires significatifs du Sri Lanka contemporain. Il est évident que ce n'est pas par leur seul nombre qu'ils ont pu réussir à occuper une place éminente au sein de la société. Il y a à cela d'autres raisons. La plus importante parmi celles ci, est la position dominante qu'ils ont traditionnellement oc cupée dans le monde du commerce et des affaires; le com merçant musulman a toujours été une figure omniprésente dans le pays. On peut considérer comme étant d'une im portance égale le rôle qu'ils ont joué dans le développement politique du Sri Lanka indépendant; leur dispersion et en même temps leur concentration dans certaines localités leur ont fourni l'occasion d' acquérir une place importante — déci sive en fait — au sein des controverses électorales des partis politiques nationaux (Kearney 1973 : 179 ; Wilson 1974 : 55- 57) . Mais malgré leur caractère « bien en vue », l'on dispose de très peu d'informations ethnographiques ou sociologiques à leur sujet — en fait, les musulmans ont été pratiquement ignorés par les savants qui ont travaillé sur le Sri Lanka. Le présent article représente une modeste tentative de combler la lacune qui existe dans la connaissance de ce groupe social. L'auteur procède en cernant de plus près une question cruciale dont l'étude s'impose si l'on veut accéder à une connaissance adéquate du rôle joué par les musulmans dans le Sri Lanka actuel : la question est de savoir quand et de quelle façon, dans la société pluraliste du Sri Lanka, s'est effectué le dé veloppement et l'appiration des musulmans en tant que groupe distinct, doté de la conscience de son identité propre. La thèse proposée dans cet article, est que le mouvement de « re naissance » qui a eu lieu parmi les musulmans au tournant du siècle représente la force décisive qui a façonné leur identité propre.
Jehovah's Witnesses and Immigration in Continental Western Europe
Authors: Leman Johan
Published: March 2007

Face à sa situation de transplanté, l'immigré peut s'orienter de diverses manières : se replier sur son passé ; vivre dans le présent (avec le risque du mimétisme et du conformisme) ; s'orienter vers un avenir précis.

A partir d'une recherche empirique menée parmi les Témoins de Jéhovah immigrés et autochtones en Belgique, l'Auteur cherche à expliquer le pourquoi de l'adhésion croissante des migrants à ce mouvement religieux. Sa thèse consiste à dire que le Mouvement de la Tour de Garde permet au migrant une possibilité de réponse à son problème d'orientation : faire un « choix d'avenir » qui consolide fondamentalement son passé au moment où il traverse une crise.
New Religious Movements in the United States: a Review
Authors: Richardson James T.
Published: March 2007

Cet article synthétise la littérature sociologique et psychologi que concernant les nouveaux mouvements religieux aux États- Unis. Il accorde une attention particulière aux études basées sur des enquêtes et ayant fait usage d'une procédure standardisée dans la collecte des données.
The Sociology of Religion and the Dutch Churches since World War II
Authors: De Loor H.D.
Published: March 2007

La sociologie de la religion aux Pays-Bas n'est arrivée à maturité qu'après la seconde guerre mondiale. Et ce fait entretient un rapport étroit avec la position des Églises néerlandaises qui entrevirent chacune à leur manière leurs possibilités d'ouverture à cette nouvelle période.
La pratique dans le cadre des modèles pastoraux
Authors: van Hemert Martien
Published: March 2007

In the preceeding article Leo Spruit outlined three pastoral models. In this article some results are presented of four research- projects in catholic parishes. The three pastoral models are the frame of reference. These projects investigated the three initial sacraments (baptism, first communion, confirmation) and the motivation of catholic parents who have their children baptized.
A Critique of Religion and Power in the Sociological Sciences
Authors: Seneviratne H.L.
Published: March 2007

La relation entre la religion et la politique a été comprise presque universellement dans la littérature sociologique comme une relation d'utilisation consciente de la religion en vue d'attein dre et de légitimer le pouvoir politique. Cette vue repose sur l'hypothèse étonnante selon laquelle toutes les sociétés ont une structure idéologique semblable. En réalité, nous pouvons catégo riser le monde ethnographique en deux types idéaux de sociétés — pré-modernes et modernes. Dans les sociétés pré-modernes, les structures idéologiques sont intégrales et indifférenciées, faisant de la religion et de la politique les parties d'un ensemble global et unitaire. Dans un tel contexte, cela n'a pas de sens de dire que la religion est consciemment employée comme un outil de pouvoir. Au contraire, dans les sociétés modernes, l'idéologie intégrale est brisée et la religion et la politique sont des phénomènes autono mes. Dans de telles sociétés, la religion peut être et est employée afin de prendre le pouvoir politique. Dans le cas concret du Sri Lanka, la période antique fournit un exemple d'une idéologie intégrale que les auteurs sociologiques ont interprétée à tort comme une idéologie qui illustre l'utilisation consciente de la religion dans la politique. D'autre part, l'ère post-européenne de l'île est carac térisée par une modernité dans laquelle l'ancien système intégral de croyances est détruit et les deux sphères, la religion et la politi que, ont émergé comme phénomènes autonomes. La voie est donc dégagée pour ceux qui s'intéressent à faire une utilisation cons ciente de la religion visant à atteindre des buts politiques.
Charisme, mass-media et religion populaire Le voyage du Pape au Canada
Authors: Lemieux Raymond
Published: March 2007

The mass-media production of pontifical charisma made of the papal voyage to Canada a veritable mass-communication celebra tion. But, it is precisely in this that the event has taken on its speci fic religious dimension, structuring into one single emotional communion the paradoxical identity of a public otherwise dis pensed.
The Social Construction of Reality in a Para-Religious Healing Group
Authors: Foltz Tanice G.
Published: March 2007

L 'A uteur de cet article présente une série de données récoltées par observation participante au sein d'un groupe de guérison para-religieux. Trois topiques de base ont retenu l'attention pour décrire le processus de construction sociale de la réalité dans ce groupe: le pouvoir d'utiliser un langage «inventé», la conception du monde qui transparaît de l'utilisation de ce langage, l'impor tance de la combinaison des éléments précédents avec un rituel performatif.
Indigenous Healers and Western Dominance : Challenge for Social Scientists ?
Authors: Huizer Gerrit
Published: March 2007

En dépit de la domination économique et culturelle occiden tale sur les peuples du tiers-monde, des formes de thérapeutiques indigènes sont restées vivaces dans beaucoup d'endroits. Et les mouvements de libération nationale ont, pour une part au moins, contribué à leur conférer un regain d'intérêt. Dans ces contextes profondément occidentalisés et urbanisés, les thérapeutiques spiri tuelles indigènes ont prouvé leur efficacité, particulièrement dans les cas où la dislocation des liens sociaux ont accru les souffrances d'origine psychosomatique. Alors que la médecine scientifique occidentale nefournissaitpas d'explication de ces méthodes théra peutiques, des changements et de nouveaux développements sont intervenus dans les paradigmes des sciences de la nature pour ren dre possible une appréciation plus adéquate de telles pratiques tra ditionnelles des peuples du tiers-monde.
Le thème de la religion dans l'œuvre de Marx
Authors: Dussel Enrique
Published: March 2007

The author passes in review the various manners in which Marx situates himself concerning religion over the course of his writings. From the prespective of a believing Lutheran (of Jewish origin) at the outset, Marx develops, first of all, a critique of Christianity and its legitimizing of economic and social practices. Rapidly abandoning the Bauerian "theological critique", there soon emerges that of money, as the idol to which men are sacrifi ced. He then adds a materialist critique of religious idealism and more particularly, of "Christian socialism", because of its uto pian character. The symbolic character of class domination beco mes central. He utilizes the idea of fetishism in order to denounce the false representation of capital and labour. Finally, he stands opposed to the utilization of atheism as dogma, as done by Baku nin. The author concludes that, faced with three levels of analysis of religion (abstract essence, concrete essences and concrete mani festations), Marx can only be explicitly identified with the second and then uniquely in labelling religion as domination. Nonethe less, the logic of his writings and certain of his intuitions does not at all warrent excluding other levels.
The Desacralization of Marxism within Latin American Liberation Theology
Authors: Maduro Lang Otto Axel
Published: March 2007

Le but est d'étudier les relations entre la théologie de la libé ration latino-américaine et les traditions intellectuelles et politi ques marxistes. Bien qu'on ait mis en valeur les coïncidences, il est aussi important de manifester les différences. La T.L. est porteuse d'une éthique, qui d'une certaine façon contredit certaines certitu des encore véhiculées par des courants marxistes en Amérique Latine. La première constatation est que le marxisme apparaÎt comme un instrument utifisé par la T.L. en fonction d'objectifs propres et de stratégies aussi bien intra qu'extra-ecclésiales. Dans ce sens le marxisme est à la fois désatanisé et désacralisé (dépouillé d'une allégeance totale). C'est pourquoi la diversité des courants à l'intérieur du marxisme a eu relativement peu d'importance sur son utilisation.
Lourdes - un pèlerinage à l'échelle de la catholicité: bilan d'une enquête
Authors: GADILLE Jacques
Published: March 2007

This study is based on a survey conducted among pilgrims visiting Lourdes from many countries of the Third World. In June and July 1984, sixty people were questioned in forty interviews. Many of these interviewees are active in their churches. They were asked four questions. (1) What brought you to Christianity? (2) What is your place in the local or national Church? (3) What do you think of the French Christians? (4) What matters have you been keen to discuss with French Christians?

Analysis of the results highlighted the persistence and weight of familial or religious traditions and of popular forms of piety, and illustrated a strong inclination towards ecumenical meetings. Lourdes is valued as a place for dialogue, in order to establish an effective Catholic society. Our inquiry would seem to justify the foundation in Lourdes of a permanent centre for intercultural Christian dialogue, a sort of observatory of religious knowledge, attitudes and behaviour.
Le 19ème siècle: un tournant dans l'Eglise catholique et dans la vie des femmes au Brésil
Authors: NUNES Maria José F. ROSADO
Published: March 2007

In the 19th century, as a reaction to the acute crisis undergone by the Catholic Church in Brazil, a fundamental reorganization of institutional structures had to be implemented in order to recover lost political, economic and social power. One result of this reorientation was a new approach to women, with the Church attempting to “enlist” women in its cause. A simultaneous “feminization” of Catholic practice led nevertheless to stronger “clericalism” within this practice, obedience becoming a norm and a virtue in itself to the faithful. This process of female mobilization and women's various reactions to it is a very complex one, its terms and conditions being incessantly redefined, conditional both upon the Church's own inner structural redefinition and upon evolution of broader social patterns. Throughout and due to this dual process, during which the Catholic Church constantly tried to “incorporate” women into its own institutional views and actions (without, however, changing any of its specific institutional patterns, thus deliberately maintaining women in an inferior and marginal position), opportunities to disrupt and transform the course of events in favour of women have emerged. This complex process is traced in this article.
Les dissidences de Jacques Maritain
Authors: GARANT Nicolas
Published: March 2007

Jacques Maritain strove to reconcile his faith's precepts and his “fear of freedom” with the “climat historique” of the modern world. He tried to define and to valorize the new place of faith and the Church in the contemporary secular order, but refused to accord any special right or advantage to any one denomination. Although he considered cooperation between Church and the body politic as essential, his “philosophie personnaliste” was opposed to state paternalism, valuing instead the vitality and tension of particular groups. His attempts to find a way between the radical approach of religious conviction and the necessity of moving with the times often disconcerted those who could not identify in his philosophy the ideological oppositions by which they defined themselves.
The Crisis of Modernity and Religious Revivalism: A Comparative Study of Islamic Fundamentalism, Jewish Fundamentalism and Liberation Theology
Authors: DORRAJ Manochehr
Published: March 2007

While the literature on specific case studies of Islam, Judaism and Christianity has grown steadily in the past three decades, attempts at comparisons and contrasts have remained sparse and scattered. The author proposes to undertake a comparative study of these three religio-political movements. More specifically, he intends to grapple with the following issues. First, what are the roots of these revivalist movements? Are they revolts against modernity and its dislocations as some have suggested or are they movements of community building in the face of fragmentation of postmodern society? Or a confluence of the two? Second, what are the historical and political antecedents for the appeal of these movements? More specifically, what message do they communicate to the faithful and what material and spiritual remedies do they provide for their needs? Third, are there any patterns to be discerned for theory construction? What are the grounds for comparisons and contrasts? What are the commonalities and the differences?
The Soiling Characteristics of Textile Fibers
Authors: Weatherburn A.S. , Bayley C.H.
Published: March 2007

The influence on soil retention of filament denier and cross-sectional contour of a series of man-made fibers has been studied. The fibers used included normal acetate (with the usual serrated cross section), circular cross-sectional acetate, nylon. Terylene, 2 and viscose rayon. Filament deniers varied from approximately 2 to 16. Soil content was determined by dissolving the soiled fiber in a suitable solvent and measuring the optical density of the resulting suspension.

In general, soil retention increases with decreasing filament denier, and for any one type of fiber, e.g., acetate, circular cross-sectiunal fibers retain less soil than those of similar denier but having a serrated cross section. Soil retention by any one type of fiber is a linear function of the gross surface area of the filaments. There are differ ences in soil retention by various chemical types of fiber that apparently cannot be re lated to differences in physical size and shape of the filaments. The influence of static electricity on soiling is not clear, soil retention showing no correlation with the mag nitude of the electrostatic charge. The visual appearance of soiled fibers is not neces sarily indicative of the quantity of soil retained.
The Significance of Wool Fiber Crimp Part I: A Study on the Worsted System
Authors: Menkart J. , Detenbeck Jeanne C.
Published: March 2007

Two batches of Merino wool, closely matched in fiber diameter and length, but dif fering in their crimp content. have been processed into worsted yarn on the French sys tem and converted into fabric. The changes in the properties of the fibers through processing have been followed. and the properties of intermediate assemblies and of the fabric examined.

The fiber crimp was found to persist through processing and to exert an effect on the properties of top. roving, yarn. and fabric. The wool with greater crimp content produced twistless assemblies with greater cohesion; performed better in spinning: gave rise to a bulkier yarn with lower stiffness in extension and lower breaking extension : and resulted in a thicker fabric with softer handle, smoother appearance, lower re sistance to air-flow. slightly lower bending stiffness and better drape, and slightly better recovery from extension and from wrinkling. Crimp appeared to have no influence on the tensile properties of the fabric. or on its resistance to flex abrasion.
Experimental Yarns from Partially Acetylated Cotton and Blends with Untreated Cotton
Authors: Sloan William G. , Sens Charles L. , Buras Edmund M.
Published: March 2007

A number of experimental yarns were spun from partially acetylatecl (PA) cotton stock to determine some of the factors that improve its mechanical processing and yarn properties. These studies indicated that blending PA cotton stock with raw cotton was a better method of preparation for mechanical processing than the use of an antistatic treatment on the PA stock. Blending resulted in better mechanical processing and im proved yarn properties at a lower cost. Blending high acetyl PA cotton with 40% raw cotton was considered to be the best method of preparation. PA stock prepared from a rain-grown cotton exhibited better mechanical processing characteristics than stock pre pared from a longer-staple irrigated cotton. However, yarns spun from the latter type of PA cotton had better properties of strength, elongation, and flex abrasion resistance. The use of a higher twist multiplier in spinning and plying resulted in PA cotton yarns having improved properties of elongation and flex abrasion resistance.
The Nonaqueous Carboxymethylation of Cotton
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Fenner Terrence W. , Reid J. David
Published: March 2007

Cotton fiber, thread, and fabric were carboxymethylated by a nonaqueous process. Activated cotton was impregnated with an isopropanol solution of monochloroacetic acid and refluxed with 0.3% sodium hydroxide in a mixture of methanol and isopropanol. Degrees of substitution ranging up to 0.09 were achieved. Higher values can be ob tained by retreatment or premercerization.

Four varieties of cotton fiber have been carboxymethylated by this method. Cor relation between the reactivity and the original physical properties of the fibers has been shown.

Textile properties of fabric treated by this nonaqueous method and those of a sample treated by the usual aqueous alkali method were compared at equal substitution. The α-methyl-, α-ethyl-, α-propyl-, α-decyl-, and α-cetylcarboxymethyl derivatives of cotton were prepared in low degrees of substitution, using the appropriate α-halo carboxylic acid as etherifying agent in the nonaqueous reaction.
Melange or Vigoureux Printing of Wool: A Method for Increasing the Rate of Dye Fixation
Authors: Delmenico J.
Published: March 2007

The steaming time required for dye fixation has been reduced from the generally accepted 1 or 2 hrs. at atmospheric pressure to a matter of minutes by the use of suitable solvents in the printing paste and by increasing the steam pressure.

For example, with 5-10% benzyl alcohol in the paste, most neutral dyeing pre- metallized and many acid dyes required 5-15 min. steaming at 5-10 lb./sq. in. Chrome dyes required somewhat longer.

Besides increaaing the rate of fixation, suitable solvents increased the depth of color obtained for a given amount of dye.
The Influence of Weathering Prior to Harvest on Certain Properties of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Marsh P.B. , Merola G.V. , Butler M.L. , Simpson M.E.
Published: March 2007

Most of the.commercial cotton fiber produced in the United States is subjected to a period of from one to many weeks of exposure to the weather before it is harvested from the plant. Such weathering has been shown in prior work to be a cause of changes in the wax on the fiber [19], in the fiber's swelling behavior in alkali [22]. and, under humid conditions, in the pH of water extracts of the fiber [21]. Subsequent investigation now has revealed that a number of other fiber properties also may undergo change during preharvest weathering. These properties include moisture regain at constant relative humidity, dye absorption, content of water-soluble reducing substances, browning tendency, rate of wetting in a water-alcohol mixture, length, strength, and susceptibility to enzymatic decomposition. As might have been expected, the X-ray angle, as defined by Berkley and co-workers [4], showed little if any alteration. Several of the fiber properties which change during weathering have been measured on commercial fiber samples and the results found to show a relationship to the grade of the fiber. Further work is in progress to analyze the nature of the above fiber property changes and to detect other changes which may occur. A rapid and practical test for measuring the water-soluble copper-reducing constituents in raw cotton fiber is described.
The Reactivity of Keratin
Authors: Ghosh R.C. , Holker J.R. , Speakman J.B.
Published: March 2007

The amorphous phase of wool contains and is created by the amino acids with large sidechains. Among the latter are those which are commonly used in cross-linking reac tions ; since cross-linking is unlikely to have a profound effect on the elastic properties of a disorganized structure unless it occurs with very great frequency, it is now clear why cross-linking with agents such as formaldehyde fails to give desirable technical effects. A more promising method of modifying the properties of wool to commercial advantage is to form graft copolymers in the amorphous phase; possible methods of achieving this end are examined.
The Reliability of the Soil Burial Method for Evaluating Textile Preservative Treatments
Authors: Ashcroft J.M.
Published: March 2007

The variability in the degradation rate of a fabric treated with each of two rot- inhibiting treatments was measured after burial in a biologically active soil for varying periods of time under controlled conditions. The purpose of the experiment was to determine what limits of reliability might be expected in average strength measurements as a consequence of random variations inherent in the soil burial procedure employed under practicable measures of control. The experiment utilized a random block design, which permitted estimation of the effect of soil variations among the several blocks. The design also made possible an analysis of the results as 5 replicate measurements of 10 observations, or, when combined, as a single measurement of 50 observations.

The results showed that the variability in fabric strength measurements increased as deterioration progressed, reaching a maximum when 40-60% of the original strength was lost. The increase was greater in the treated than in untreated fabric, and for one treatment than for the other. The degradation rate of untreated fabric in the several soil blocks showed highly significant differences. But a similar block effect on the treated fabric could not be detected in 8 of the 10 exposure periods. The increased variability and reduced rate of deterioration resulting from the treatment evidently tended to mask the smaller effect of soil variation. At the stage corresponding to the greatest variability, the 95% confidence range for measurements based on 10 observa tions was for one treated fabric 43.8% of the original strength, and for the other, 22.4%. This degree of precision does not justify the high confidence often placed in soil burial test data based on 10 or fewer observations per sample. The variability measurements indicate several measures that can be taken to increase the precision of the test pro cedure by reducing the random variations.

The shortcomings inherent in the general practice of reporting the results of soil burial tests as the average percentage of the original strength lost or retained are dis cussed. A novel method of presenting test data in the form of a histogram of the cumulative frequency distribution is proposed as a means of overcoming most of the disadvantages of the conventional methods of reporting data.
Whither Rayon?
Authors: Wharton John , Lund G.V.
Published: March 2007

A general review of certain developments in the viscose rayon production industry is given, together with some account of how rayon can be used in the wash and wear field.
Effects of Crimp and Cross-Sectional Area on the Mechanical Properties of Wool Fibers
Authors: Dusenbury Joseph H. , Wakelin James H.
Published: March 2007

Force-extension data for a large number of wool fibers of various types have been analyzed in detail by statistical methods in order to determine the effects of fiber crimp and cross-sectional area on mechanical behavior. During the initial stages of crimp removal, the extensional behavior is controlled by fiber bending; during later stages of crimp removal, this behavior is controlled by both fiber bending and extension. Finally, as the crimp removal approaches completion, the behavior is controlled by the exten sional modulus of the fiber. This modulus is perturbed by differential bending strains associated with crimp removal which act to decrease the modulus below that for an un crimped fiber. Generally good correlation has been found between visual estimates of crimp and mechanical estimates based on analysis of the low-extension region of the fotce-extension curve. The methods of crimp evaluation used indicate that within a group of fibers taken from the same Rambouillet sheep the crimp level increases with increasing fiber diameter, and among fibers taken from sheep of different breeds the crimp level decreases with increasing fiber diameter. It is also observed that the rupture properties, breaking stress and breaking extension. generally increase with increasing fiber diameter.
Multicultural Perceptions of 1st-Year Elementary Teachers’ Urban, Suburban, and Rural Student Teaching Placements
Authors: Cook Donovan W. , van Cleaf David W.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to determine the effects student teaching in four settings (urban Comer, urban non-Comer, suburban, and rural) had on 1st-year teachers’ (a) perceptions of success in general, (b) success as it relates to their perceptions of the multicultural needs of students, and (c) perceptions of success in their interactions with parents from a variety of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. The findings indicate that 1st-year teachers who had student teaching experiences in urban settings perceived themselves as better prepared to deal with multicultural needs of children and better prepared to work with parents in multiracial and multiethnic settings. The implications include the conclusion that student teaching placements in cross-cultural settings contribute to the preparation of 1st-year teachers for work in urban schools.
Teachers' Preferences of Children's Qualities
Authors: Hynson Lawrence M.
Published: March 2007

Teachers are less concerned than communities with the cleanliness and good manners of the child. There are other discrepancies in preferences also, and differences among teachers.
"The New Math"
Authors: Graff Harvey J.
Published: March 2007

Historians of the urban schools have avoided or neglected alternative explanations and quantitative analysis.
Change Agents Working from Below
Authors: Johnson Knowlton W. , Johnson Frank P.
Published: March 2007

Change the bureaucracy from within or below? A course with that as objective.
Working for the Man
Authors: Cottle Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

A perspective of the life of Junine Hinsman, of London, member of the underclass. It is not different there.
Improving Reading Skills
Authors: Lass Bonnie
Published: March 2007

Pupils' reading skills and their use of "Black English" are not related.
The Vice Principalship in Urban High Schools
Authors: Reed Donald B. , Conners Dennis A.
Published: March 2007

The most important duty of the city school assistant principal is protection of the school against its turbulent social environment.
Goals, Goodness, and Gold and the Urban School
Authors: Blackburn Harold
Published: March 2007

Considerations in the financial support of urban schools.
Politics of Evaluation
Authors: Marshall Catherine
Published: March 2007

Evaluation is a technical, scientific matter. It is also a matter of intense political interest.
Black Principals for Black Students
Authors: Lomotey Kofi
Published: March 2007

Cultural differences seem to make black principals more effective in black schools.
School District Approval for Staff Development
Authors: Furman Gail Chase
Published: March 2007

Staff development in a small school system was the resultant of a nearly fortuitous conjuncture of problem and solution.
Contribution of Social Workers to Sociology
Authors: Allen-Meares Paula
Published: March 2007

Development, goals, and tasks of social work in the schools.
Social Work Services to Parents
Authors: Kurtz P. David
Published: March 2007

Pupil performance can be enhanced by social work with their parents.
Resegregation
Authors: Carr Leslie G.
Published: March 2007

Norfolk, Virginia ended busing in 1986, after a court decision based upon enrollment predictions that were in error.
Social and Moral Integration and Attachment to the Nation-State
Authors: Ichilov Orit , Haymann Flor , Shapira Rina
Published: March 2007

In Israel, students' tracks in school seem to affect their attitude toward "Yerida," emigration
The American Achievement Ideology as Perceived by Urban African-American Students
Authors: Ford Donna Y.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to explore gender differences in the American achievement ideology among 148 gifted and nongifted African-American males and females in an urban school district. Also explored were the perceptions these students had regarding social, cultural, and psychological determinants of achievement and underachievement. Results did not indicate differential determinants of under-achievement by gender; however, statistically significant differences were found by academic program (gifted and nongifted). Gifted students expressed the greatest support for the achievement ideology. Implications are drawn and recommendations are offered for urban educators and those working with African-American children.
Understanding Dropout in an Urban Worker Education Program
Authors: Perin Dolores , Greenberg Daphne
Published: March 2007

This study seeks reasons for dropout from an urban basic education program for paraprofessional health care workers in which the retention rate was 47%. Demographics, students' perceptions of the program, and reasons given by dropouts for early departure were compared across four groups: Completers, Non-Completers, Leavers, and Non-Attenders, the last two of which are often overlooked in the literature. The groups differed significantly in terms of previous college experience, attainment of education goal, judgment of instructional level, and perceived usefulness of instructional materials. The Non-Completers and Leavers stated similar reasons for early departure, except where family matters were concerned.
Classroom Instruction and Learning Environment Differences between Effective and Ineffective Urban Elementary Schools for African American Students
Authors: Waxman Hersholt C. , Huang Shwu-Yong L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are significant differences between effective and ineffective urban schools based on (a) students' classroom behavior and (b) students' motivation and perceptions of their classroom learning environment. Students from four effective and four ineffective urban elementary schools that served predominantly African American students were systematically observed during the school year and completed three surveys about 6 weeks before the end of the school year. Students from effective schools were observed significantly more (a) working in an individualized setting, (b) interacting with their teacher, and (c) working on written assignments. Students from effective schools also reported significantly higher achievement motivation, academic self-concept, task orientation, rule clarity, and student aspiration scores than students from the ineffective schools.
Promoting Entrepreneurship among Inner-City High School Students
Authors: Fitzgerald Joan
Published: March 2007

This article presents findings from an evaluation of an entrepreneurship and community economic development initiative implemented in three Chicago public high schools. Assistance in program implementation was provided by a nationally based education advocacy organization and several community organizations. Although two of the three schools were quite satisfied with the program’s implementation, it was difficult to document improvements in student outcomes. The author discusses difficulties in evaluating such projects, including reasons for noncooperation with data collection efforts, and the value of individual student outcome measures in the face of serious barriers to success.
Youth Programs as Alternative Spaces to be
Authors: HALPERN ROBERT , BARKER GARY , MOLLARD WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

This article presents the findings of a year-long, qualitative study of a network of neighborhood youth programs in a low-income, Latino neighborhood in Chicago. It discusses the characteristics of youth served by the programs, the programs' daily functioning, how youth workers construct and carry out their roles, the nature of youth-worker-youth relationships, and implementation issues. The authors also reflect on the strengths and limitations of the programs, and their role in the lives of youth served.
The Impact of Violence Exposure on African American Youth in Context
Authors: MYERS MICHELL A. , THOMPSON VETTA L. SANDERS
Published: March 2007

Statistics indicate that violence exposure is a major health concern for African American youth. Studies have focused on traditional reactions to violence exposure but have failed to explore violence exposure among African American youth in the context in which it occurs. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine whether the stress and coping responses of 178 African American youth were the result of violence exposure alone or an accumulation of stressors. Violence experienced was a significant predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms but not of preferred coping strategy. Life events, discrimination, violence exposure, neighborhood disadvantage, number of people in the home, and gender (each variable contributing to sociopolitical context) significantly predicted variance in active coping. Witnessing violence failed to be predictive of any variable. Assessment and treatment implications are discussed.
Restorative Justice and Substance Abuse
Authors: SHENK BARB TOEWS , ZEHR HOWARD
Published: March 2007

In bringing together restorative justice and adolescent treatment, a dialogue has been created between two fields that have developed quite separately. This dialogue is just beginning, and there remain many paths to follow up, many fault lines to explore. Following a clarification about the basic concept of restorative justice, this article explores paths that might benefit from further exploration such as concepts of harms, causes, and obligations; offenders as victims; shame and vindication; and the fundamental and guiding questions of restorative justice. Possible fault lines and dangers, such as co-optation and victim exclusion, are explored. The article concludes with suggestions for ways to stay true to the restorative justice vision through attention to values and evaluation, revisioning the role of the “expert” and the language of respect.
Gender, Self-control, and Informal Social Control in Adolescence
Authors: MASON W. ALEX , WINDLE MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Three alternative theories of the continuity of delinquent behavior throughout childhood and into adolescence were evaluated with a series of nested structural equation models in a sample of 840 middle adolescents. Longitudinal analyses revealed that childhood behavior problems were related directly and indirectly (through age-graded social control variables) to adolescent delinquency among boys. Childhood behavior problems had unmediated effects on girls' major delinquency but were only indirectly related to girls' minor delinquency.
Creative, Intellectual, and Psychosocial Development through Mentorship
Authors: HAENSLY PATRICIA A. , PARSONS JAMES L.
Published: March 2007

The intricate relationship of mentor and protégé serves as personal guide for extraordinary creative development and self-actualization. This article presents a developmental theory of mentoring in which we propose that, while enhancing extraordinary creative and intellectual growth, mentoring also facilitates the task accomplishment uniquely characteristic of early life stages. We describe how different levels of mentors working with youthful protégés facilitate this critical developmental process and explore implications of this theory in bringing about a dynamic synergism between creativity, intellectual accomplishment, and individual independence and autonomy.
Racism Stress Management
Authors: STEVENSON HOWARD C. , REED JOCELYN , BODISON PRESTON , BISHOP ANGELA
Published: March 2007

The psychological effects of living in a racially hostile context are multiple. African American adolescents who respond to racial intolerance with anger and depression are silenced and vulnerable to misinterpretation and misdiagnosis. Adolescents who believe the African American family has the responsibility of raising children to be aware of societal hostilities and cultural strengths are the focus of this article. Gender differences were found, and results suggest that beliefs in various types of racial socialization differentially contribute to positive psychological outcomes for adolescents. A cultural ecological framework is used to discuss the resilience and risk of anger expression.
Design of Work-Based Learning for Students in the United States
Authors: STERN DAVID , RAHN MIKALA L. , CHUNG YUE-PING
Published: March 2007

Work-based learning (WBL) of the “learn-and-stay” variety prepares for specific occupations or industries, whereas “learn-and-go” WBL develops more broadly transferable knowledge and skills. Census data from California show that from the ages of 16 to 34, many workers move from industries with lower earning prospects to industries with higher ones. This natural flow might be facilitated by more learn-and-go WBL in low-wage industries and more learn-and-stay in high-wage industries. School-sponsored enterprises could play an important role in delivering additional WBL.
Perceiving Social Cleavages and Inequalities
Authors: DAR YECHEZKEL , ERHARD RACHEL , RESH NURA
Published: March 2007

Analyses of perceptions of social cleavages and inequality among junior high school students indicated the ability of young adolescents to accurately apprehend a multifaceted social structure. A perception of a fairly conflictual social map of a considerable level of inequality was revealed, but within a conception of a well-differentiated social structure. Ethnic cleavage and inequality appeared least prominent among the cleavages and inequalities that were studied. Likewise, students' personal and social traits explained only a minor part of the variance in perceptions. Among these traits, cognitive ability exerted the strongest effect on perceptions whereas the effects of socioeconomic background and ethnic extraction were minuscule. Considering the centrality of discourse on ethnic disparities in Israeli media and politics, these findings suggest that among the younger generation, a construction of social reality is evolving in which ethnicity plays a lesser role.
Forget Trauma? Responses to September 11
Authors: Edkins Jenny
Published: March 2007

Traumatic events demand a response that recognizes their impact rather than one that moves rapidly to forgetting the trauma or incorporating it into existing narratives. This article explores four reactions to the events of September 11: securitization, criminalization, aestheticization and politicization. Securitization represents the rapid reinstatement of state power and sovereign control in the face of a traumatic challenge to the state's monopolization of the instrumentalization of human life. While criminalization is less dangerous, it nevertheless involves the depoliticization of opposition and risks outlawing citizen dissent. Aestheticization can be a party to the rebuilding of narratives of nation and heroism in support of state action, but it can also provide a site for critical engagement with the reality of trauma and an acknowledgement of the impossibility of its domestication. Politicization demands a refusal of the easy categories and accepted agendas of what we call `politics' and calls for an engagement with the complexity of the events themselves in all their specificity.
Is History and Philosophy of Science Withering on the Vine?
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: March 2007

Nearly thirty years after the first stirrings of the Kuhnian revolution, history and philosophy of science continues to galvanize methodological discussions in all corners of the academy except its own. Evidence for this domestic stagnation appears in Warren Schmaus's thoughtful review of Social Epistemology in which Schmaus takes for granted that history of science is the ultimate court of appeal for disputes between philosophers and sociologists. As against this, this essay argues that such disputes may be better treated by experimental psychology. Humanistic methods typically (though not always) blind the historian to cognitive biases and limitations that make it difficult for philosophers and sociologists to mobilize historical research for settling their differences. It is also observed that the failure of philosophers to incorporate the methods and findings of experiemental psychology is symptomatic of an artificially restrictive understanding of the normative dimension of their enterprise.
Truth in Interpretation
Authors: Roth Paul A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores and attempts to resolve some issues that arise when psychoanalytic explanations are construed as a type of historical or narrative explanation. The chief problem is this: If one rejects the claim of narratives to verisimilitude, this appears to divorce the notion of explanation from that of truth. The author examines, in particular, Donald Spence's attempt to deal with the relation of narrative explanations and truth. In his critique of Spence's distinction between narrative truth and historical truth, the author develops some suggestions regarding the role of truth in narrative explanations.