bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protocol for HER2 FISH determination on PAXgene‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue in breast cancer
Authors: Oberauner‐Wappis Lisa , Loibner Martina , Viertler Christian , Groelz Daniel , Wyrich Ralf , Zatloukal Kurt
Published: June 2016

Molecular diagnostics in personalized medicine increasingly relies on the combination of a variety of analytical technologies to characterize individual diseases and to select patients for targeted therapies. The gold standard for tissue‐based diagnostics is fixation in formalin and embedding in paraffin, which results in excellent preservation of morphology but negatively impacts on a variety of molecular assays. The formalin‐free, non‐cross‐linking PAXgene tissue system preserves morphology in a similar way to formalin, but also preserves biomolecules essentially in a similar way to cryopreservation, which markedly widens the spectrum, sensitivity and accuracy of molecular analytics. In this study, we have developed and tested a protocol for PAXgene‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The implementation of a 24‐h formalin postfixation step of slides from PAXgene‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues allowed us to use the assays approved for formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues. The equivalence of the methodologies was demonstrated by FISH analysis of HER2 amplification in breast cancer cases. The 24‐h postfixation step of the slides used for FISH can be well integrated in the routine diagnostic workflow and allows the remaining PAXgene‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue to be used for further molecular testing.
Effects of dietary supplementing tannic acid in the ration of beef cattle on rumen fermentation, methane emission, microbial flora and nutrient digestibility
Authors: Yang K. , Wei C. , Zhao G. Y. , Xu Z. W. , Lin S. X.
Published: June 2016

Four adult Simmental male cattle (376 ± 9.0 kg initial BW), fitted with permanent rumen cannulas, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to investigate the effects of dietary supplementing tannic acid (TA) on rumen fermentation, methane (CH4) production, rumen microbes, nutrient digestibility and plasma biochemical parameters. Four levels of TA, that is 0, 6.5, 13.0 or 26.0 g/kg dry matter (DM), were added to the basal ration (composed of corn silage and concentrate mixture) as experimental treatments respectively. Each experimental period consisted of a 12‐day adaptation phase followed by a 3‐day sampling phase. The results showed that supplementing TA at 26.0 g/kg DM decreased the relative abundance of protozoa, methanogens and Ruminococcus albus to the total ruminal bacterial 16S rDNA in beef cattle (p < 0.05). The results also showed that supplementing TA at 6.5, 13.0 or 26.0 g/kg DM decreased (p < 0.01) the CH4 production (l/kg DM intake) by 11.1%, 14.7% and 33.6% respectively. Supplementing TA at 13.0 or 26.0 g/kg DM decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate and ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N) (p < 0.05) and tended to decrease the total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration of rumen fluid (p = 0.07). Supplementing TA at 26.0 g/kg DM decreased DM and organic matter (OM) digestibility (p < 0.05), supplementing TA at 6.5, 13.0 or 26.0 g/kg DM decreased (p < 0.01) crude protein (CP) digestibility by 5.0%, 8.6% and 15.7%, respectively, and supplementing TA at 6.5, 13.0 or 26.0 g/kg DM increased (p < 0.05) the plasma total antioxidant capability. It was concluded that supplementing TA in the ration of beef cattle decreased the CH4 production and digestibility of CP of beef cattle. Supplementing TA could be an effective option to mitigate CH4 emission form cattle, further research is necessary to study the effects of TA on the performance of cattle.
Emotions Evoked by Viewing Pictures may Affect Temporal Aspects of Visual Processing
Authors: Kobayashi Misa , Ichikawa Makoto
Published: June 2016

We examined how impression (such as safety, pleasantness, and impact), as well as emotional arousal and valence, evoked by viewing a picture affects temporal resolution of visual processing and perceived picture duration. In the first experiment as an index of temporal resolution of visual processing, we measured the noticeable duration of a monochrome picture after presenting a color picture. In the second experiment, we measured the duration of the picture presentation, which was equivalent to the duration of the presentation of a gray rectangle that should not evoke specifically safe or pleasant impressions. We found that the minimum duration in which an observer could notice a monochrome image in viewing a dangerous picture was shorter than that in viewing safe pictures. We also found that observers overestimated the duration of the picture presentation in viewing dangerous pictures. However, there was no significant correlation between the results of the two experiments. These results suggest that the basis for improvement of the temporal resolution in visual processing differs from that for the elongation of the perceived duration.
The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Egypt 2015: implications for future policy on prevention and treatment
Authors: Kandeel Amr , Genedy Mohamad , El‐Refai Samir , Funk Anna L. , Fontanet Arnaud , Talaat Maha
Published: June 2016

Background & Aims

In 2015, a national Egyptian health issue survey was conducted to describe the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this paper, we describe the HCV burden in 2015, compare the results with the national survey conducted in 2008, and discuss the implications of the new findings on prevention of HCV in Egypt.

Methods

A multistage probability sampling approach was used, similar to the national demographic survey conducted in 2008. More than 90% of sampled individuals complied with the interview and provided blood samples.

Results

In the 15–59‐year age groups, the prevalence of HCV antibody was found to be 10.0% (95% CI 9.5–10.5) and that of HCV RNA to be 7.0% (95% CI 6.6–7.4). In children, 1–14 years old, the prevalence of HCV antibody and HCV RNA were 0.4% (95% CI 0.3–0.5) and 0.2% (95% CI 0.1–0.3) respectively. Approximately, 3.7 million persons have chronic HCV infection in the age group 15–59 in 2015. An estimated 29% reduction in HCV RNA prevalence has been seen since 2008, which is largely attributable to the ageing of the group infected 40–50 years ago during the mass schistosomiasis treatment campaigns. Prevention efforts may have also contributed to this decline, with an estimated 75% (95% CI 6–45) decrease in HCV incidence in the 0–19 year age groups over the past 20 years.

Conclusions

These findings can be used to shape future HCV prevention policies in Egypt.
Gas/solid carbon branching ratios in surface‐mediated reactions and the incorporation of carbonaceous material into planetesimals
Authors: Nuth Joseph A. , Johnson Natasha M. , Ferguson Frank T. , Carayon Alicia
Published: June 2016

We report the ratio of the initial carbon available asCOthat forms gas‐phase compounds compared to the fraction that deposits as a carbonaceous solid (the gas/solid branching ratio) as a function of time and temperature for iron, magnetite, and amorphous iron silicate smoke catalysts during surface‐mediated reactions in an excess of hydrogen and in the presence of N2. This fraction varies from more than 99% for an amorphous iron silicate smoke at 673 K to less than 40% for a magnetite catalyst at 873 K. TheCOnot converted into solids primarily forms methane, ethane, water, andCO2, as well as a very wide range of organic molecules at very low concentration. Carbon deposits do not form continuous coatings on the catalytic surfaces, but instead form extremely high surface area per unit volume “filamentous” structures. While these structures will likely form more slowly but over much longer times in protostellar nebulae than in our experiments due to the much lower partial pressure ofCO, such fluffy coatings on the surfaces of chondrules or calcium aluminum inclusions could promote grain–grain sticking during low‐velocity collisions.
The Cretaceous/Paleogene (K‐Pg) boundary at the J Anomaly Ridge, Newfoundland (IODP Expedition 342, Hole U1403B)
Authors: Loroch Dominik , Deutsch Alexander , Berndt Jasper , Bornemann André
Published: June 2016

We present results of an in‐situ geochemical study using laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) analyses along a ~4.3 cm long section across the K‐Pg event bed, drilled during IODP Expedition 342 at J Anomaly Ridge south of St. John's, Newfoundland. This section comprises the Maastrichtian with a sharp boundary to the graded, between 1.5 and 1.8 cm thick ejecta layer with totally altered impact glass spherules, which in turn is topped by Danian sediments. The porous and clayey material required elaborate preparation in order to yield reliable data. The ejecta bed shows a highly variable depletion in rare earth elements that even results in strongly subchondritic concentrations. The Ce/Ce* varies strongly (0.81–34), Ni/Cr ranges from 0.38 to 2.79. The maximum platinum group elements (PGE) concentrations are located in one LA‐spot exactly at the basis of the ejecta layer; they amount (in μg g−1) to 0.35 (Rh), 1.64 (Pd), 2.79 (Pt), and 0.86 (Au). The Nb/Ta ratio increases in the Ma from ~10 to 35.9 toward the ejecta horizon, which itself has higher Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf concentrations than the background sedimentation, combined with low Nb/Ta (~5–10), and low Zr/Hf (~20–30). The overall result is that alteration processes changed totally the original geochemical characteristics of this K‐Pg spherule bed. To explain the exorbitant element mobility at distances of hundreds of μm, we discuss a combination of mostly reducing redox processes and interaction with organic compounds. This study demonstrates the high potential of in‐situ analyses with high spatial resolution at complex geological materials. Moreover, our results indicate that some caution is necessary in determining the projectile type in impactites via PGE ratios.
Proteomic analysis of stress‐related proteins and metabolic pathways in Picea asperata somatic embryos during partial desiccation
Authors: Jing Danlong , Zhang Jianwei , Xia Yan , Kong Lisheng , OuYang Fangqun , Zhang Shougong , Zhang Hanguo , Wang Junhui
Published: June 2016

Partial desiccation treatment (PDT) stimulates germination and enhances the conversion of conifer somatic embryos. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the responses of somatic embryos to PDT, we used proteomic and physiological analyses to investigate these responses during PDT in Picea asperata. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that, during PDT, stress‐related proteins were mainly involved in osmosis, endogenous hormones, antioxidative proteins, molecular chaperones and defence‐related proteins. Compared with those in cotyledonary embryos before PDT, these stress‐related proteins remained at high levels on days 7 (D7) and 14 (D14) of PDT. The proteins that differentially accumulated in the somatic embryos on D7 were mapped to stress and/or stimuli. They may also be involved in the glyoxylate cycle and the chitin metabolic process. The most significant difference in the differentially accumulated proteins occurred in the metabolic pathways of photosynthesis on D14. Furthermore, in accordance with the changes in stress‐related proteins, analyses of changes in water content, abscisic acid, indoleacetic acid and H2O2 levels in the embryos indicated that PDT is involved in water‐deficit tolerance and affects endogenous hormones. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for the transition from morphologically mature to physiologically mature somatic embryos during the PDT process in P. asperata.
Relative Contributions of UVB and UVA to the Photoconversion of (6‐4) Photoproducts into their Dewar Valence Isomers
Authors: Douki Thierry
Published: June 2016

Dewar valence isomers are photoisomerization products of pyrimidine (6‐4) pyrimidone photoproducts, a major class of UV‐induced DNA lesions, which exhibits a maximal absorption around 320 nm. However, Dewar isomers are not produced in significant amounts in cells exposed to biologically relevant doses of UVB. In contrast, they are readily produced when cells are exposed to a combination of UVA and UVB. The present computational work demonstrates that, on the basis of known absorption properties and formation quantum yields, the difference in Dewar formation between the two types of radiation can be explained by the role of normal bases. In the UVB range, at the low level of (6‐4) photoproducts present in cells exposed to realistic doses, normal bases are present in overwhelming amounts and absorb the vast majority of the incident photons. In contrast, the absorption of DNA bases is much weaker in the UVA range while that of (6‐4) photoproducts is still significant, making photoisomerization possible. This two‐photon process makes it difficult to define an action spectrum for the formation of Dewar isomers.
Selection response in fish and shellfish: a review
Authors: Gjedrem Trygve , Rye Morten
Published: June 2016

The aquaculture sector is significantly behind plant and farm animal production in applying selective breeding, in spite of the fact that it has been suggested that the world aquaculture production could be doubled in 13 years if breeding programmes were supplying stocks for the farmed species. It is estimated that as late as in 2010, only 8.2% of the world's total aquaculture production was based on material developed in selective breeding programmes. Reported estimates of genetic gain per generation for a key trait like growth rate average 13%, implying that the animal's potential for growth can be doubled in a time span of only six generations of selection, as demonstrated for major farmed species like Atlantic salmon and Nile tilapia. Likewise are reported genetic gains for improved disease resistance generally very high. This study offers an updated review of published estimates on genetic gains for a range of traits in aquaculture species. Results are highly encouraging and demonstrate a substantial potential for genetic improvement in aquatic productions, in particular for traits such as growth rate and resistance to diseases.
Pathogens and Politics: Current Research and New Questions
Authors: Inbar Yoel , Pizarro David A.
Published: June 2016

The emotion of disgust has been linked to more conservative social attitudes and to self‐placement on the left–right political spectrum. This relationship seems to be robust and general: It has been observed by multiple labs, using diverse methods and measures, in a variety of countries and cultures. However, why disgust should be associated with social and political attitudes is still an open question. We first review the evidence for a link between disgust and political attitudes and then outline competing accounts of why there should be a relationship between the two in the first place.
In vivomonitoring of topical therapy for acne with reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Manfredini M. , Greco M. , Farnetani F. , Mazzaglia G. , Ciardo S. , Bettoli V. , Virgili A. , Pellacani G.
Published: June 2016

Background

Acne vulgaris is a common disease of the pilosebaceous unit. The aim of the study was to evaluate compartment‐specific treatment action through the microscopic non‐invasive imaging of skin changes.

Methods

Mild‐moderate acne patients, that were prescribed a topical anti‐acne product, were followed by clinical and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) imaging every 14 days to 6 weeks. Mean and standard deviation of the scores were analyzed for each time point.

Results

After 2 weeks, theRCMcount of papules/pustules and theRCMscores of exocytosis and dermal inflammation, decreased substantially. After 4 weeks, theRCMnumber of comedos was reduced. After 6 weeks, the number of regular follicles increased, while the infundibula with thickened bright border decreased significantly.

Conclusion

The progressive reduction in the clinical scores was correlated with the improvement of theRCMparameters.RCMstudy of acne skin showed a different timing for inflammatory and hyperkeratotic components to achieve a significant reduction during topical therapy with the association of retinoid and antibacterial molecules. The microscopic changes observed showed the regularization of the skin and the improvement of acne related features.RCMmay represent a useful tool for the objective assessment of treatment efficacy and individual response evaluation.
UDP‐glycosyltransferase 72B1 catalyzes the glucose conjugation of monolignols and is essential for the normal cell wall lignification in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Lin Ji‐Shan , Huang Xu‐Xu , Li Qin , Cao Yingping , Bao Yan , Meng Xia‐Fei , Li Yan‐Jie , Fu Chunxiang , Hou Bing‐Kai
Published: June 2016

Glycosylation of monolignols has been found to be widespread in land plants since the 1970s. However, whether monolignol glycosylation is crucial for cell wall lignification and how it exerts effects are still unknown. Here, we report the identification of a mutant ugt72b1 showing aggravated and ectopic lignification in floral stems along with arrested growth and anthocyanin accumulation. Histochemical assays and thioacidolysis analysis confirmed the enhanced lignification and increased lignin biosynthesis in the ugt72b1 mutant. The loss of UDP‐glycosyltransferase UGT72B1 function was responsible for the lignification phenotype, as demonstrated by complementation experiments. Enzyme activity analysis indicated that UGT72B1 could catalyze the glucose conjugation of monolignols, especially coniferyl alcohol and coniferyl aldehyde, which was confirmed by analyzing monolignol glucosides of UGT72B1 transgenic plants. Furthermore, the UGT72B1 gene was strongly expressed in young stem tissues, especially xylem tissues. However, UGT72B1 paralogs, such as UGT72B2 and UGT72B3, had weak enzyme activity toward monolignols and weak expression in stem tissues. Transcriptomic profiling showed that UGT72B1 knockout resulted in extensively increased transcript levels of genes involved in monolignol biosynthesis, lignin polymerization and cell wall‐related transcription factors, which was confirmed by quantitative real‐time PCR assays. These results provided evidence that monolignol glucosylation catalyzed by UGT72B1 was essential for normal cell wall lignification, thus offering insight into the molecular mechanism of cell wall development and cell wall lignification.
Cryopreservation (−20 °C) of feline corneoscleral tissue: histologic, microbiologic, and ultrastructural study
Authors: Costa Daniel , Leiva Marta , Naranjo Carolina , Ríos José , Peña Maria Teresa
Published: June 2016

Objective

To evaluate microbiological, histologic, and ultrastructural characteristics of short‐term cryopreserved (STC) feline corneoscleral tissue (<1 year) and to compare it with long‐term cryopreserved (LTC) tissue (>7 years).

Animals studied

Twenty healthy feline globes were obtained from 2003 to 2013.

Procedure

After a decontamination protocol, globes were enucleated and stored at −20 °C in broad‐spectrum antibiotics. Corneoscleral tissue was evaluated at different storage periods: <1 year (10 eyes) and >7 years (8 eyes). Two eyes were used as controls. Microbiologic study included direct (blood, McConkey, and Sabouraud agars) and enrichment (brain–heart infusion broth) cultures. Cryopreservation artifacts were evaluated by hematoxylin–eosin. Corneoscleral collagen organization and number of normal and dead keratocytes were established by transmission electron microscopy.

Results

Although microbiologic cultures were positive only in STC [direct (20.8%); enrichment (37.5%)], significant differences between periods were only found in enrichment cultures (P = 0.006). Cryopreservation artifacts were most commonly observed in LTC tissues (P < 0.001). Normal keratocytes were predominant in STC corneas (STC 58.3%, LTC 12.5%) and apoptotic ones in LTC (STC 41.7%, LTC 75%), whereas necrotic keratocytes were only seen in LTC (LTC 12.5%) (P = 0.046). No structural differences were detected in collagen organization between STC and LTC (Pcornea = 0.147; Psclera = 0.362).

Conclusions

Cryopreservation of feline corneoscleral tissue seems to reduce bacterial contamination over time. Apoptosis is the main cause of death of cryopreserved feline keratocytes. Based on the lack of significant structural differences between STC and LTC samples, these cryopreserved tissues could potentially be used for tectonic support for at least 10 years without structural or microbiological impediment.
The effect of lung deformation on the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow
Authors: Arai Tatsuya J. , Theilmann Rebecca J. , Sá Rui Carlos , Villongco Michael T. , Hopkins Susan R.
Published: June 2016

Key points

Pulmonary perfusion measurement using magnetic resonance imaging combined with deformable image registration enabled us to quantify the change in the spatial distribution of pulmonary perfusion at different lung volumes.

The current study elucidated the effects of tidal volume lung inflation [functional residual capacity (FRC) + 500 ml and FRC + 1 litre] on the change in pulmonary perfusion distribution.

Changes in hydrostatic pressure distribution as well as transmural pressure distribution due to the change in lung height with tidal volume inflation are probably bigger contributors to the redistribution of pulmonary perfusion than the changes in pulmonary vasculature resistance caused by lung tissue stretch.

Tidal volume lung inflation results in structural changes in the pulmonary circulation, potentially affecting pulmonary perfusion. We hypothesized that perfusion is recruited to regions receiving the greatest deformation from a tidal breath, thus ensuring ventilation–perfusion matching. Density‐normalized perfusion (DNP) magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained in healthy subjects (n = 7) in the right lung at functional residual capacity (FRC), FRC+500 ml, and FRC+1.0 l. Using deformable image registration, the displacement of a sagittal lung slice acquired at FRC to the larger volumes was calculated. Registered DNP images were normalized by the mean to estimate perfusion redistribution (nDNP). Data were evaluated across gravitational regions (dependent, middle, non‐dependent) and by lobes (upper, RUL; middle, RML; lower, RLL). Lung inflation did not alter mean DNP within the slice (P = 0.10). The greatest expansion was seen in the dependent region (P < 0.0001: dependent vs non‐dependent, P < 0.0001: dependent vs middle) and RLL (P = 0.0015: RLL vs RUL, P < 0.0001: RLL vs RML). Neither nDNP recruitment to RLL [+500 ml = −0.047(0.145), +1 litre = 0.018(0.096)] nor to dependent lung [+500 ml = −0.058(0.126), +1 litre = −0.023(0.106)] were found. Instead, redistribution was seen in decreased nDNP in the non‐dependent [+500 ml = −0.075(0.152), +1 litre = −0.137(0.167)) and increased nDNP in the gravitational middle lung [+500 ml = 0.098(0.058), +1 litre = 0.093(0.081)] (P = 0.01). However, there was no significant lobar redistribution (P < 0.89). Contrary to our hypothesis, based on the comparison between gravitational and lobar perfusion data, perfusion was not redistributed to the regions of the most inflation. This suggests that either changes in hydrostatic pressure or transmural pressure distribution in the gravitational direction are implicated in the redistribution of perfusion away from the non‐dependent lung.
Modal Analysis of the Gyroscopic Continua: Comparison of Continuous and Discretized Models
Authors: Yang Xiao-Dong , Yang Song , Qian Ying-Jing , Zhang Wei , Melnik Roderick V. N.
Published: June 2016

The vibrations of gyroscopic continua may induce complex mode functions. The continuous model governed by partial differential equations (PDEs) as well as the discretized model governed by ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are used in the dynamical study of the gyroscopic continua. The invariant manifold method is employed to derive the complex mode functions of the discretized models, which are compared to the mode functions derived from the continuous model. It is found that the complex mode functions constituted by trial functions of the discretized system yield good agreement with that derived by the continuous system. On the other hand, the modal analysis of discretized system demonstrates the phase difference among the general coordinates presented by trial functions, which reveals the physical explanation of the complex modes.
Exact Closed-Form Solution of the Nonlinear Fin Problem With Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity and Heat Transfer Coefficient
Authors: Anbarloei Mahdi , Shivanian Elyas
Published: June 2016

In the current paper, the nonlinear fin problem with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient is revisited. In this problem, it has been assumed that the heat transfer coefficient is expressed in a power-law form and the thermal conductivity is a linear function of temperature. It is shown that its governing nonlinear differential equation is exactly solvable. A full discussion and exact analytical solution in the implicit form are given for further physical interpretation and it is proved that three possible cases may occur: there is no solution to the problem, the solution is unique, and the solutions are dual depending on the values of the parameters of the model. Furthermore, we give exact analytical expressions of fin efficiency as a function of thermogeometric fin parameter.
Effect of Wettability on Pool Boiling Incipience in Saturated Water
Authors: Kim Jinsub , Jun Seongchul , Lee Jungho , Lee Seong Hyuk , You Seung M.
Published: June 2016

Three different copper surfaces - bare, Al2O3 nano-coated, and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated - are prepared and tested to examine the effect of wettability on the pool boiling incipience in saturated water at 1 atm. A copper surface is coated with Al2O3 particles ranging 25~43 nm in diameter by immersing the surface in Al2O3/ethanol nanofluid (1g/l) and boiled for 3 min. SEM image in Fig. 1 shows the coated Al2O3 nanoparticles on the copper surface, together with the reference bare surface. PTFE coating is also applied to the copper surface using spin coating method with the mixture of Dupont AF 2400 particles and 3M FC-40 solvent. The final coating thickness of the PTFE coating is estimated to be 30 nm. The three surfaces exhibit different static contact angles, 78° (bare), 28° (nano-coated), and 120° (PTFE coated) in Fig. 2, respectively. Wettability affects the boiling incipience heat flux where initial bubble nucleation starts: 15 kW/m2 for the bare surface; 30 kW/m2 for the nano-coated surface; and 2.5 kW/m2 for the PTFE coated surface. Captured images from the high speed camera at 2,000 fps show significantly different bubble shapes and departure frequencies in Fig. 3. During the bubble growth, advancing contact angles are captured and shown qualitatively and found consistent with their static angle measurements for the sessile droplet observed at each surface. The larger bubble is generated on the nano-coated surface compared to that of the bare surface because improved wetting makes promising cavities flood and thus incipience is delayed, resulting in higher superheat. The single bubble life cycle appears to be much longer on the PTFE coated surface due to the increase of the contact angle which becomes hydrophobic (> 90°), resulting in lower bubble departure frequency. Successive tests at the same heat flux of 30 kW/m2 confirmed that life cycle on the PTFE coated surface (88.5 ms) is consistently longer than that on the bare surface (16.5 ms) and nano-coated surface (20 ms).
Drop Impact Variation at the Extremes of Wettability
Authors: Girard Adam , Wolfgong John , Kim Jinsub , You Seung M.
Published: June 2016

Depicted are sequences of water drop impacts on copper, taken at 16,000 fps. The copper is treated with a heated alkali solution, resulting in a highly wetting, nanoscale structured, cupric oxide layer with a static contact angle approaching 0° with water. In the top series an 11.5 µl water droplet impacts this surface from 60 mm. The interfacial forces are large compared with the inertia; the low advancing contact angle of the expanding front continues to pull the droplet outward and absorbs the droplet without any rebound. The droplet spreads to cover the entire 0.5x0.5 in2 surface in less than 500 ms. After the surface energy of the oxide layer is reduced with silane, this surface becomes highly non-wetting with a static contact angle of ~160° and a hysteresis <5°. The lower sequence shows the 11.5 µl water droplet dropped from the same height. The large advancing contact angle creates an inverted wedge at the triple line, and the advancing front quickly reaches a maximum diameter at 3 ms and begins to recede inward while the top of the droplet is still moving downward, creating a donut shape. The receding front collides at the center forcing a jet of liquid up and out. This jet pulls the remainder of the liquid upward at a decreasing velocity, relative to the head. This is apparent as the jet splits into secondary droplets at 16ms (which moves out of frame at 18 ms) and again at 22 ms, referred to as S-1 and S-2, respectively. As the S-2 splits off, surface tension force cause it to slow at 25 ms, while the parent droplet moves up to collide with, and impart momentum to S-2. They remain detached; S-2 moves out of view, the parent falls. This bouncing behavior continues until the energy is dissipated and the droplets come to rest. This can be seen as the parent drop rebounds again at 100ms, S-2 at 130 ms and S-1 in the final frame, forming a tertiary droplet. These surfaces are being studied for their effects on two phase heat transfer.
Experimental Investigation of Comparative Process Capabilities of Metal and Ceramic Injection Molding for Precision Applications
Authors: Islam Aminul , Giannekas Nikolaos , Marhöfer David , Tosello Guido , Hansen Hans
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this paper is to make a comparative study on the process capabilities of the two branches of the powder injection molding (PIM) process—metal injection molding (MIM) and ceramic injection molding (CIM), for high-end precision applications. The state-of-the-art literature does not make a clear comparative picture of the process capabilities of MIM and CIM. The current paper systematically characterizes the MIM and CIM processes and presents the process capabilities in terms of part shrinkage, surface replication, tolerance capability, and morphological fidelity. The results and discussion presented in the paper will be useful for thorough understanding of the MIM and CIM processes and to select the right material and process for the right application or even to combine metal and ceramic materials by molding to produce metal–ceramic hybrid components.
Effects of Screen Laminates on Droplet-Induced Film Hydrodynamics and Surface Heat Transfer
Authors: Zhang Taolue , Alvarado Jorge , Muthusamy J. P. , Kanjirakat Anoop , Sadr Reza
Published: June 2016

Formation of dry-out area could lead to a sharp increase in surface temperature during droplet impingement cooling. The objective of this study is to figure out an effective way of suppressing dry-out formation in droplet impingement cooling. In this work, HFE-7100 droplet train was produced using a piezo-electric droplet generator at a frequency of 6000 Hz with a droplet Weber number of 280. A translucent substrate was coated with a thin film ITO, which was used as a heater in the experiments. A copper screen laminates with a single punched hole (diameter = 3 mm) was placed over the heater surface at a distance of 0.3 mm to enhance surface heat transfer. Optical images showed that screen laminates effectively suppressed the formation of the dry-out area. It was also found that heat transfer was greatly improved when screen laminates were used. The heat transfer improvement could be attributed to the enhanced surface tension effects, which keep the whole surface wet at high surface temperatures. In summary, the results show that screen laminates effectively suppress the formation of dry-out area and greatly improve surface heat transfer.
Lean Design for the Developing World: Making Design Decisions Through the Use of Validated Learning Techniques in the Developing World
Authors: Pease Jordan F. , Dean Jered H. , Van Bossuyt Douglas L.
Published: June 2016

Current methods for design in the developing world rely on many tools that are used in standard product and system design. Design for the developing world methods, such as Human Centered Design or co-design, often use a user-centered method yet advise the use of design tools developed for use in a market-centered approach. Recent advances in market-centered design from lean startup methodologies and decision-based design hold promise for the development of new methods that allow effective product design for consumers in the developing world. The Lean Design for the Developing World method (LDW) is an iterative method that is based upon three fundamental hypotheses including the growth hypothesis, the value hypothesis, and the impact hypothesis. LDW seeks to provide products for under-served markets of the developing world that are economically viable, have strong market growth potential, and have a net positive impact on the customers and their communities. This paper contributes a novel detailed method to collect and analyze qualitative and quantitative data for the LDW. To enable effective decision making and design tradeoff decision-making in the LDW, effective accounting and gathering of feedback data is vital.
Optimum 3D Rapping of CAD Models Using Single NURBS
Authors: El-Komy Mohamed A. , Metwalli Sayed M.
Published: June 2016

Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) can represent curves and surfaces of any degree. Usually in the same curve, however, the degree is unique. The goal of this work is to identify single and exact corner point of lines represented by cubic or other NURBS. The combination of arcs and lines can then be represented by one NURBS with error not to exceed (10−12). The developed procedure can represent any NURBS curve and surface of any degree with full control on all parameters, control points, weights, knot vectors, and number of segments representing the curve or surface, in addition to, the basis functions examination. The optimization identifies the parameters and geometry to insure any required level of accuracy to represent singular corner solid models to allow a single cubic or other NURBS representing the whole solid. It is concluded that the singular corner point can be identified with cubic NURBS. Applications to several 3D solid CAD models are used to verify such a technique.
Robust Topology Optimization Under Random Load Locations
Authors: Pham Trung B. , Hoyle Christopher , Bay Brian
Published: June 2016

Recent years have seen the emergence of topology optimization as one of the most active research areas of structural optimization, with a broad range of promising applications in engineering design. Uncertainty is ubiquitous in real-world situations, which affects design solutions profoundly. This paper proposes a method to integrate topology optimization of static continuum structures with robust design optimization under uncertain load positions. To model the robust design problem, a multi-objective optimization formulation is posed, in which both the expectancy and the standard deviation of the structural compliance are minimized with weighting factors. Next a density based method, called Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization, and the Method of Moving Asymptotes are employed to output the robust structural topology. Numerical examples implemented in Matlab are then utilized to illustrate the proposed method, investigate outcomes of the robust design methodology against deterministic one, and confirm that the resulting designs are robust. Nodal displacements are compared between robust and deterministic solutions.
Impeller Placement Optimization: Mixing Versus Mechanical Shaft Fatigue
Authors: Lee Sang Jin , Higbee Robert W. , Wu Binxin
Published: June 2016

Appropriate mixing system design is a balance between performance and cost. For most mixing systems, all flow in the mixing vessel is induced by the impeller which creates predominantly symmetrical circulatory loops and, on average, does not produce a net horizontal flow impinging against an agitator assembly. However, in some applications a fluid inlet is placed adjacent to an impeller which subjects the impeller to a continuous flow oriented perpendicular to the impeller axis of rotation. Such side flow adversely affects the life of an agitator assembly due to fatigue loading. In a particular commercial waste water treatment mixing application, there was a desire to place an impeller in a high side flow inlet region of a basin which would have necessitated an unreasonably large shaft diameter to prevent premature shaft fatigue failure. Using a combination of CFD flow analysis and fatigue based shaft design; the impeller was placed at an appropriate height to both minimize the fatigue affects of the horizontal inlet flow, as well as to ensure proper mixing. 3 separate CFD studies are presented — The originally requested configuration (impeller next to side flow), impeller situated as high in the vessel as possible (good fatigue life but poor mixing) and the final optimum configuration (acceptable fatigue life and acceptable mixing). Constant Bernoulli side flow forces were computed from time averaged constant flow velocities determined by the CFD studies which allowed the computation of mean and alternating force components whose frequency of application equaled the shaft rotations per minute. A Goodman fatigue analysis approach was utilized.
Remote Sealing of Canisters for Hot Isostatic Pressing
Authors: Wahlquist Dennis , Bateman Ken , Malewitz Tim
Published: June 2016

Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC, has successfully tested a remote welding process to seal radioactive waste containers prior to hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Since the 1990s, a variety of radioactive and hazardous waste forms have been remotely treated using HIP during trials within Idaho National Laboratory (INL) hot cells. For HIP treatment at INL, waste was loaded into a stainless-steel or aluminum canister, which was evacuated, seal welded, and placed in a HIP furnace. HIP simultaneously heats and pressurizes the waste, reducing its volume and increasing its stability, thus lowering the cost and risk associated with disposal. Weld integrity must be ensured in order to prevent the spread of contamination during HIP. This paper presents a process for sealing HIP canisters remotely using modified, commercially available equipment. This process includes evacuation, heating, welding, and weld inspection. The process and equipment have proven to reliably seal canisters in continued HIP trials.
Process and Equipment Development for Hot Isostatic Pressing Treatability Study
Authors: Bateman Ken , Wahlquist Dennis , Malewitz Tim
Published: June 2016

Battelle Energy Alliance (BEA), LLC, has developed processes and equipment for a pilot-scale hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatability study to stabilize and volume reduce radioactive calcine stored at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). In 2009, the U. S. Department of Energy signed a Record of Decision with the state of Idaho selecting HIP technology as the method to treat 5,800 yd3 (4,400 m3) of granular zirconia and alumina calcine produced between 1953 and 1992 as a waste byproduct of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing. Since the 1990s, a variety of radioactive and hazardous waste forms have been remotely treated using HIP within INL hot cells. To execute the remote process at INL, waste is loaded into a stainless-steel or aluminum can, which is evacuated, sealed, and placed into a HIP furnace. The HIP simultaneously heats and pressurizes the waste, reducing its volume and increasing its durability.

Two 1-gal cans of calcine waste currently stored in a shielded cask were identified as candidate materials for a treatability study involving the HIP process. Equipment and materials for cask handling and calcine transfer into INL hot cells, as well as remotely operated equipment for waste can opening, particle sizing, material blending, and HIP can loading have been designed and successfully tested. These results demonstrate BEA’s readiness for treatment of INL calcine.
The Methodology of Predictive Design Analysis
Authors: Eriksson Martin
Published: June 2016

From an engineering point of view, uncertainty is present in all areas of design (products, processes and organizations). Computer-based design analysis, here confined to quantitative computer-based structural design analysis within mechanical engineering, serves as an important source of information in decisions taken during the design activity; importantly, it aims at giving confidence in critical design results. It is moreover nowadays used on all levels of concretization of the product-to-be throughout the development process. It must therefore address different uncertainties and errors during the whole development process. To that end, the concept of predictive design analysis (PDA) was introduced. The initial version of PDA treated primarily uncertainties of aleatory nature and was confined to product/technology-related issues. Today a broader perspective on the uncertainties is needed, and it is important to develop reliable design analysis methods because of the increasing use of design analysis by both analysts and engineering designers. Hence it is therefore necessary to extend the PDA framework into a full-blown methodology. PDA is a specific computer-based design analysis methodology that supports the systematic handling of uncertainties and errors during the computer-based design analysis activity throughout the whole development of the artifact. Such a methodology includes: Not only aleatory uncertainties, but also epistemic uncertainties connected with factors affecting the design analysis activities; Operationally efficient and effective integration between the engineering design and design analysis activities; Quality assurance aspects in terms of quality checks, verification and validation activities taking physical testing into account; Progress monitoring throughout all design analysis activities from clarification to completion; Traceability in utilized information, technologies and established results; Information and knowledge re-use for an improved uncertainty treatment in future design analysis activities through establishment of lessons learned and best practice documentation as well as methodology development.

In this paper the synthesis of the PDA methodology is reported. Starting from an elaboration on different concepts of uncertainty, the constituent elements of the extended PDA methodology are presented. The methodology is then illustrated with a case study.
Using Functional Analysis Diagrams as a Design Tool
Authors: Michalakoudis Ioannis , Childs Peter R. N. , Aurisicchio Marco , Pollpeter Nathan , Sambell Neil
Published: June 2016

This paper presents the process and outcomes of the pilot introduction of Functional Analysis Diagram (FAD) as a design assist tool within a Small Medium Enterprise (SME). During this study, two sets of Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (PFMEA) sessions were conducted using the traditional and the proposed, FAD assisted (FMEA-FAD) method developed, aiming to optimize the failure mode selection phase of the process. The results have shown that the FMEA-FAD method has significantly improved the efficiency and the effectiveness of the process. They were also consistent with previous research, suggesting that FAD is relatively easy to use, supports high levels of understanding through functional decomposition, and can be used as an interdisciplinary communication platform (Aurisicchio et al., 2011). Given the resource limitations in SMEs, such an efficiency improvement could be vital for a resource intensive process such as FMEA.

FAD discourages disciplinary terminologies in function descriptions; instead, the functions can be represented simply by the combination of an active verb and a measurable noun. Breaking the system down into lower level subsystems and studying the functional interrelationships between system components, can help us understand the overall system functions (Pahl et al., 1996). As market needs are mostly determined based on past user experience (Norman, 2010), innovation commonly occurs incrementally. Although this practice reduces risks — being, as it is, based on already tested platforms, incremental innovation often leads to the retention of superfluous components and outdated technologies. The process of functional modeling prompts the users to question the existence of every component and feature within a product or process, potentially leading to a radical reassessment of a design against the need which created it.
Product Architecture and Modularization Process for Brownfield Development
Authors: Thumm Benjamin , Orth Caroline , Presser Nazmir , Grammel Sascha , Göhlich Dietmar
Published: June 2016

This paper describes the investigation of the industrial need in standardized products, the role of product architecture in modularization and a suitable product development process implementation. A comprehensive approach of implementing standardized product architecture for an industrial “brownfield development” and a methodology for redesigning existing modularization concepts are the main contents, as well as a detailed overview and assessment of existing modularization approaches in engineering science and industrial practice.
Examining Design for Development Online: An HCD Analysis of OpenIDEO Using HCD/UCD Metrics
Authors: Gordon Pierce , Fuge Mark , Agogino Alice
Published: June 2016

OpenIDEO.com is an online collaborative platform developed to crowd source design talent across the Internet to tackle difficult interdisciplinary problems. Many of their design Challenges have focused upon issues concerning impoverished communities. Challenges include human sanitation solutions, alternatives for serving maternal health issues with mobile technologies, affordable learning tools, and social business models to improve health, and other pressing global quandaries. The platform uses tens of thousands of designers to contribute inspirations and design concepts for product and service-based solutions. The design process uses Human-Centered Design (HCD) techniques to develop interventions for the public and private sectors, in the form of products and services which are catered specifically to users’ needs. These products and services have considerable economic, social, and cultural benefits for firms and customers alike. In fact, the IDEO community has developed a Human-Centered Design (HCD) toolkit that helps designers develop products and services tailored for communities at the base of the pyramid. Although HCD techniques are practiced by IDEO consistently, a collection of larger HCD literature argues for parallel, yet slightly different, metrics of design success, which rarely have a chance to be tested against real-world settings. Fortunately, the rich content of OpenIDEO affords a novel opportunity to study the presence and effectiveness of HCD metrics in practice. By synthesizing seminal texts describing metrics for design thinking, we develop a collection of metrics that use empathetic methods to identify user needs. We then apply qualitative coding methods to find parallel themes between OpenIDEO Challenges that address issues in impoverished communities. Moreover, we use this comparison to answer the following questions:

1) Which, if any, of the HCD characteristics are potential predictors for successful designs?

2) How well do the present themes and metrics of the OpenIDEO design community correlate with metrics of Human-Centered Design?

These qualitative methods complement previous quantitative network analyses of the OpenIDEO network, in the hopes of developing benchmarks for HCD methods that successfully cater to user needs.