bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF A RADIOTHERAPY PATIENT IMMOBILIZATION DEVICE USING SINGLE PLANE PORT RADIOGRAPHS AND A REMOTE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANNER
Authors: Rohrer Bley Carla , Blattmann Hans , Roos Malgorzata , Sumova Andrea , Kaser‐Hotz Barbara
Published: May 2005

Radiation treatment requires a precise procedure for Intel‐fraction repositioning of the patient. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of our fixation device in treatment position and to evaluate the setup accuracy with two different methods. The positioning data of 19 canine patients with tumors in the head region (oral, nasal, cerebral) treated with photon or proton irradiation were included in this study. The patients were immobilized by means of an individualized fixation device. Focus was set upon interfraction displacement with systematic and random components. In one method, treatment position was evaluated using single plane port radiographs and megavoltage x‐rays. In the other method, two orthogonal CT‐topograms were acquired to evaluate the precision of positioning of the patient in the immobilization device. Systematic and random displacements were calculated and presented as mean values with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. In spite of a difference between both methods, the positioning seemed to be accurate within the expected range. It seems that a safety margin of 3.7 mm would be enough for both methods to take into account systematic and random position variability in the fixation device, thereby preventing geometric inaccuracies of treatment delivery. The reported immobilization protocol provides accurate patient immobilization for photon and conformal proton radiation therapy.
A VACUUM‐FORMABLE MATTRESS FOR VETERINARY RADIOTHERAPY POSITIONING: COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL METHODS
Authors: Green Eric M. , Forrest Lisa J. , Adams William M.
Published: May 2005

This prospective study was undertaken to compare the positioning repeatability and setup time of a rigid immobilization device (Vac‐LokTM mattress*) to conventional positioning methods (sandbags, tape, foam wedges) in the clinical veterinary radiotherapy setting. Positioning repeatability was determined by using port films to verify appropriate patient positioning. Setup time was determined by recording the time required to set up each patient using each positioning method. Sixty‐seven patients receiving radiotherapy were positioned using both the Vac‐LokTM mattresses and conventional positioning methods during their treatments. Seventy‐eight total sites were treated. Forty‐eight were treated daily (Monday through Friday, 2 to 4 weeks) and 30 were treated once weekly (4 weeks). Patients were grouped according to the site treated: head (29), neck/body (24), and limb (25). Vac‐LokTM mattresses were similar to conventional means in positioning repeatability and setup time. Vac‐LokTM mattresses are potentially advantageous in specific situations, including use during pre‐radiotherapy tumor imaging. These mattresses are not recommended for distal limb positioning.
EX VIVOMAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE DISTAL ROW OF EQUINE CARPAL BONES: ASSESSMENT OF BONE SCLEROSIS AND CARTILAGE DAMAGE
Authors: Anastasiou A. , Skioldebrand E. , Ekman S. , Hall L.D.
Published: May 2005

The distal row of carpal bones (C2, C3, and C4) from eight left intercarpal joints‐four from Standardbred Trotters and four from Swedish Warmblood horses–were used to assess the potential of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to detect cartilage and bone lesions. The joints used in the study were classified by macroscopic and radiographic examinations as having normal, mild, moderate, or severe articular cartilage lesions and bone sclerosis. Those classifications correlated well with the appearance of the MR images. Bone sclerosis in the MR images was observed as regions of decreased signal intensity. Upon quantitative analysis of the MR images there was a significant difference (p< 0.0001) in the MR signal intensity from areas where radiographic bone sclerosis was observed compared to areas of radiographic nonsclerotic bone. In addition, the MR images were used to pilot the location of histology slices through areas of interest that were then examined microscopically; hence, the lesions found from the MR imaging examination were verified microscopically. It was concluded that cartilage lesions and cartilage loss are related to the sclerotic state of the underlying bone. The MR protocols developed in this study were applied on five intact cadaveric carpal joints, and it was concluded that MR imaging could successfully be used in the intact joint to detect minor cartilage and bone lesions not visualized by either radiography or macroscopic examination. Hence, MR imaging can be used to delineate interactions between articular cartilage and subchondral bone over time andin vivo.
USE OF INTRAOPERATIVE MESENTERIC PORTOVENOGRAPHY IN CONGENITAL PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT SURGERY
Authors: White Robert N. , Macdonald Nicholas J. , Burton Carolyn A.
Published: May 2005

A retrospective study of the use of intraoperative mesenteric portovenography (IOMP) in the surgical management of congenital portosystemic shunts in 100 dogs and cats was performed. Each portovenogram was scored using a subjective visual analogue scale (VAS) and was assessed for the presence of portal atresia or hypoplasia. VAS scores and portal hypoplasia assessments were obtained for portovenogram images obtained for each animal both before shunt manipulation (preligation) and following the temporary, complete ligation of the vessel (postligation). In each patient, surgical records were reviewed to ascertain the degree of shunt attenuation that was achieved at surgery. Hepatic portal vasculature was significantly different on postligation compared with preligation IOMP. Sixty‐two percent of animals had apparent portal hypoplasia or atresia on their preligation IOMP. The majority of these (81%) had an improvement in portal vasculature on postligation IOMP. It was concluded that both preligation and postligation IOMP provided valuable information regarding the morphology of congenital portosystemic shunts. An accurate assessment of an animal's portal vasculature could only be made following the interpretation of a postligation portovenogram, and these findings significantly influenced the surgical management of the patient. Although individuals with high postligation VAS scores were more likely to achieve full shunt attenuation at surgery, there was no quantifiable relationship between IOMP findings and the degree of shunt attenuation achieved.
RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE CANINE COXOFEMORAL JOINT USING THE DORSAL ACETABULAR RIM (DAR) VIEW
Authors: Trumpatori Brian J. , Mathews Kyle G. , Roe Simon R. , Robertson Ian D.
Published: May 2005

A radiographic study of the anatomy of the canine acetabulum was performed. The relationship between the area of dorsal acetabular rim that is subject to early damage in dogs with coxofemoral joint laxity, and the “DAR point” identified on dorsal acetabular rim (DAR) radiographic views was examined. Radiographs and digital photographs were made of the pelvis harvested from each of six skeletally mature dogs. Through analysis of these images, it was determined that in the standing animal, the DAR point is located 4–6 mm (or approximately 37°) caudal to the dorsal acetabular rim area that is prone to early damage in dogs with coxofemoral joint laxity. This study suggests that the DAR radiographic view may under‐represent changes to the dorsal acetabular rim in dogs with coxofemoral laxity.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF CHOANAL ATRESIA IN AN ALPACA CRIA
Authors: Nykamp S.G. , Dykes N.L. , Cook V.L. , Beinlich C.P. , Woodie J.B.
Published: May 2005

A 6‐hour‐old alpaca cria was admitted for evaluation of respiratory distress since birth. Contrast radiography confirmed the presence of bilateral choanal atresia, and computed tomography (CT) evaluation was planned to aid in the surgical treatment. Due to deterioration in the cria's condition, euthanasia was performed prior to the CT examination. Postmortem CT examination was performed to determine the appearance of choana) atresia. The embryology and CT appearance of choanal atresia is discussed.
IMAGING OF A SPINAL NEPHROBLASTOMA IN A DOG
Authors: Fraser McConnell J. , Garosi Laurent S. , Dennis Ruth , Smith Ken C.
Published: May 2005

An 8‐month‐old German Shepherd dog was presented for investigation of pelvic limb gait abnormality. Neurolocalization indicated a T3‐L3 spinal cord lesion. The myelographic appearance was of an intramedullary lesion at T9/10, but upon subsequent magnetic resonance imaging it was determined that the mass was extramedullary. A diagnosis of nephroblastoma was made on histological examination. The imaging features of this rare tumor and the differentiation of intradural‐extramedullary and intramedullary masses are discussed.
HIGH FIELD STRENGTH (4.7T) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF HYDROCEPHALUS IN AN AFRICAN GREY PARROT (PSITTACUS ERITHACUS)
Authors: Fleming Gregory J. , Lester Nola V. , Stevenson Rhoda , Silver Xeve S.
Published: May 2005

Hydrocephalus was diagnosed in a juvenile African Grey parrot by high‐field strength (4.7‐Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Excellent anatomic detail was achieved, and there was severe dilation of all ventricles. Relative obstruction was localized to the level of or beyond the outflow of the fourth ventricle. There have been several reports of hydrocephalus diagnosed postmortem in psittacines (i.e., hook‐billed parrots), however, this is the first report of an antemortem diagnosis in a psittacine using high‐field strength MRI.
RADIOGRAPHIC GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST STUDY IN THE OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS)
Authors: Wagner Wencke M. , Kirberger Robert M.
Published: May 2005

Ten gastrointestinal contrast studies were performed with barium on seven clinically healthy ostriches. Concentrations of 25–100% w/vol liquid barium sulfate at 7 and 10 ml/kg were administered by stomach tube after withholding food for 16 h. A 6‐frame technique for left‐to‐right lateral views in standing and a 3‐frame technique for the dorsoventral views in sternally recumbent adult ostriches were used for survey and contrast radiographs. Objectives were to describe the appearance of the normal gastrointestinal tract with contrast radiography and to provide a guideline for optimal dosage and concentration of barium sulfate as well as a reliable protocol for frequency of radiographs. Structures that were consistently identified included the esophagus, proventriculus, ventriculus, duodenum, jejunum, proximal, and distal rectum. Due to the superimposition of the remainder of the small intestine, individual components were difficult to differentiate. The caeca were inconsistently highlighted and only for a short time. The ventral pouch of the coprodeum never filled with contrast medium.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN DOGS AND CATS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL PERFORATION
Authors: Boysen Soren R. , Tidwell Amy S. , Penninck Dominique G.
Published: May 2005

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the sonographic features of gastrointestinal (GI) perforation in dogs and cats. Sonographic findings in 19 animals (14 dogs and 5 cats) included regional bright mesenteric fat (19), peritoneal effusion (16), fluid‐filled stomach or intestines (12), GI wall thickening (11), presence of free air (9), loss of GI wall layering (9), regional lymphadenopathy (8), reduced GI motility (7), pancreatic changes (4), corrugated intestines (4), presence of a mass (3), presence of a foreign body (3), and mineralization of the gastric wall (1). In 14 patients, “perforation” was listed as a differential diagnosis by the sonographer. Abdominal radiographs and radiographic reports were available for 14 patients. Radiographic findings were decreased serosal detail (12), free air (8), peritoneal contrast medium (1), and suspected foreign body (1). GI perforation was listed as radiographic diagnosis in eight patients, seven of which had evidence of pneumoperitoneum, and one had leakage of contrast material on an upper GI study. In 9/14 patients with radiography, “GI perforation” was listed as a sonographic diagnosis. In three patients in which free air was diagnosed sonographically, radiographs were either not available (2) or the presence of free air was not detected at presentation (1). Peritoneal fluid analysis was performed in nine patients, five of which were identified as septic inflammation, and the remaining four were classified as neutrophilic inflammation with no etiologic agent identified. The histologic or surgical diagnoses were as follows: three intestinal surgical dehiscence; one percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube site leakage; one duodenal adenocarcinoma; one ileocolic lymphoma; one trichobezoar; one ascarid impaction; and one bobby pin foreign body. In the remaining 10 patients, a focal area of gastric/intestinal ulceration or transmurai necrosis with perforation was identified without evidence of an underlying cause.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC AND PATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF INTESTINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY IN FOUR CATS
Authors: Diana Alessia , Pietra Marco , Guglielmini Carlo , Boari Andrea , Bettini Giuliano , Cipone Mario
Published: May 2005

The ultrasonographic findings for four cats with intestinal smooth muscle hypertrophy are described. In two cats, intestinal smooth muscle hypertrophy was associated with chronic enteritis. In the remaining two cats, intestinal smooth muscle hypertrophy affected the intestinal tract proximal to stenosis due to alimentary lymphoma and an intestinal foreign body, respectively. Moderate increased thickness of the affected intestinal wall, measuring 7–8 mm, was evident on abdominal ultrasonographic examination of all subjects. In addition, the ultrasonographic five‐layered feature of the intestinal wall was maintained, and only the muscular layer appeared thickened. Abdominal ultrasound allowed a presumptive diagnosis of intestinal smooth muscle hypertrophy that was confirmed histologically in all cats.
DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN DIFFERENTIATING ENTERITIS FROM INTESTINAL NEOPLASIA IN DOGS
Authors: Penninck Dominique , Smyers Bethany , Webster Cynthia R.L. , Rand William , Moore Antony S.
Published: May 2005

One hundred and fifty dogs with histopathologically confirmed intestinal disease were evaluated retrospectively. Sixty‐one dogs had enteritis and 89 dogs had intestinal neoplasia. Ultrasonographic findings including the thickness and distribution of the intestinal lesion, the integrity of intestinal wall layering, regional lymph node thickness, the location of the intestinal segment involved, and regional motility were evaluated. Dogs with intestinal tumor had wall thickness (1.5 cm) significantly greater than dogs with NSE lesions (0.6 cm;p0.001). Ninety‐nine percent of dogs with intestinal tumor had loss of wall layering while 88% of dogs with NSE had normal or altered wall layering (p0.001). Dogs with NSE were significantly more likely to have diffuse lesion (72%) than dogs with intestinal tumor (2%;p0.001). Lymph node median thickness in 24/61 dogs with NSE was 1.00 cm. The median thickness of the lymph nodes in 56/89 dogs with intestinal tumors was 1.9 cm. A multivariate analysis showed that loss of wall layering alone was an excellent predictive factor in differentiating intestinal tumor from NSE. In our population, dogs with loss of intestinal wall layering were 50.9 times more likely to have a tumor than enteritis.
ULTRASOUND EVALUATION OF SMALL BOWEL THICKNESS COMPARED TO WEIGHT IN NORMAL DOGS
Authors: Delaney Fern , O'Brien Robert T. , Waller Ken
Published: May 2005

The use of ultrasound to measure small bowel thickness is an important part of any ultrasound examination of the abdomen. Increased thickness of the intestinal wall is a hallmark for the detection of diseases ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to neoplasia. Our subjective impression has been that dogs with no clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease often have sonographic measurements greater than published norms. The purpose of this study was to prospectively reevaluate these norms. The clinical history on all dogs receiving an abdominal ultrasound examination was evaluated for signs of gastrointestinal disease. Those without clinical signs were entered into this study. The documentation of body weight, breed, jejunal thickness, and duodenal thickness was made in 231 dogs. Dogs were placed into five groups based on their weight. Sixty‐nine breeds were represented with weight ranging from 2.1 to 64 kg. A statistically significant (P 0.05) correlation between body weight and both jejunal and duodenal thickness was observed. We also found that the maximum thickness in both jejunum and duodenum in healthy dogs was larger than previously reported. These data indicate norms for the jejunum of < 4.1 mm for dogs up to 20 kg, < 4.4 mm for dogs between 20 and 39.9 kg, and < 4.7 mm for dogs over 40 kg. The data indicate norms for the duodenum < 5.1 mm for dogs up to 20 kg, < 5.3 kg for dogs between 20 and 29.9 kg, and < 6.0 mm for dogs over 30 kg.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE EQUINE DIGIT WITH CHRONIC LAMINITIS
Authors: Murray Rachel C. , Dyson Sue J. , Schramme Michael C. , Branch Marion , Woods Sarah
Published: May 2005

Chronic laminitis is a severe disease affecting the equine digit. It was hypothesized that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging would improve visualization of structures within the foot and pathology associated with chronic laminitis. This study aimed to describe the MR imaging findings in chronic laminitis, compare different pulse sequences for visualization of pathology, and to compare MR imaging with standard radiography. Twenty (10 forelimb, 10 hindlimb) cadaver limbs from 10 horses clinically diagnosed with chronic laminitis (group L) and 10 limbs without laminitis (group N) were used. Lateromedial radiographs and sagittal and transverse MR images of the foot were obtained. Radiographs and MR images were evaluated for anatomic definition and evidence of pathology. Dorsal hoof wall thickness and angle of rotation and displacement distance of the distal phalanx were measured. Comparisons were made between group L and N, forelimb and hindlimb within each horse, and MR imaging and radiography. Features consistently noted with MR images in group L, but not detected using radiography, included laminar disruption, circumscribed areas of laminar gas, laminar fluid, and bone medullary fluid. Other findings seen only on MR images included increased size and number of vascular channels, alterations in the corium coronae, and distal interphalangeal joint distension. Magnetic resonance imaging allowed better definition of laminar gas lines and P3 surface irregularity observed on radiographs. Based on measurements, group L had a greater angle of rotation, distal displacement, and dorsal hoof wall thickness than group N; forelimb hoof wall thickness was greater than hindlimb; and distal displacement and hoof wall thickness measurements were smaller using MR imaging than radiography, but had a similar pattern. It is concluded that there are features of chronic laminitis consistently observed using MR imaging and that these may be additional to features observed radiographically.
COMPARISON OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, TANGENTIAL VIEW RADIOGRAPHY, AND CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY IN EVALUATION OF CANINE PELVIC TRAUMA
Authors: Crawford Jason T. , Manley Paul A. , Adams William M.
Published: May 2005

Thirteen dogs with fractures requiring surgical repair were evaluated by standard two‐view (i.e., lateral and ventrodorsal) radiography, tangential view (ventro 20° cranial‐dorsocaudal [inlet] and ventro 20° caudal‐dorsocranial [outlet]) radiography, and computed tomography (CT). Radiographic and CT examinations were reviewed independently by the three authors, and specific anatomic sites were graded for the presence or possibility of lesions. The results of radiographic interpretations were compared to CT scan interpretations. Eighty‐one percent of skeletal lesions detected by CT scans were diagnosed definitively radiographically. Differences between the interpretation of CT and radiographic examinations included abnormalities associated with soft‐tissue structures (P < 0.0001), the sacroiliac joints (P = 0.02), and the acetabula (P = 0.04). Interpretation of the lateral/ventrodorsal and inlet/outlet radiographic series were not statistically different, although inlet views may be complimentary to the standard radiographic examination. Its use deserves further study. Reader variation was less on evaluation of CT examinations than radiographic examinations. CT multiplaner reformations and three‐dimensional reconstructions were useful for surgical planning in seven dogs. CT scanning is superior to survey radiography in assessing skeletal and soft‐tissue injuries in dogs with pelvic trauma, although all clinically significant surgical lesions were described accurately radiographically. Based on this small series, the routine CT examination of dogs with pelvic trauma may not be justifiable for diagnosis but may be advantageous for surgical planning, especially if acetabular fractures are suspected on radiographs.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL LUMBOSACRAL INTER VERTEBRAL DISC IN 22 DOGS
Authors: Axlund T.W. , Hudson J.A.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography of the lumbosacral spine was performed on 22 purpose–bred, medium‐sized hound dogs between 1 and 6 years of age. Images were evaluated to determine the degree of disc bulge. All dogs were neurologically normal. Dogs were imaged in dorsal recumbency with the pelvic limbs variably extended. Sagittal reconstructions were made from transverse images. The mean (±SD) width of the mid‐portion of the L7‐S1 intervertebral disc was 0.5 ± 0.07 cm (range 0.33–0.62 cm). All L7‐S1 intervertebral discs were dorsally convex, with the mean bulge measuring 0.25 ± 0.07 cm (range 0.17–0.50 cm). The height of the vertebral canal at L7‐S1 was 0.91 ± 0.11 cm (range 0.68–1.15 cm). The mean percentage of the vertebral canal occupied by the bulge was 26.89 ± 5.05% (range 20.74–43.08%). Mild bulging of the L7‐S1 intervertebral disc can be present without associated neuropathy in medium‐sized dogs.
EFFECT OF METHYLCELLULOSE ON UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL QUALITY IN DOGS
Authors: Jung Joohyun , Choi Mincheol , Chang Jinhwa , Won Sungjoon , Chung Woqjo , Choi Hojung , Lee Kichang , Yoon Junghee , Ha Hyunkwon
Published: May 2005

This study was performed to evaluate and optimize a small bowel contrast technique using barium and methylcellulose in dogs. Ten healthy dogs underwent both a conventional upper gastrointestinal study that used only barium and a modified study that used barium and methylcellulose. The control group received 10 mL/kg of 40% barium suspension. Experimental groups were divided into three subgroups given 15 mL/kg of different viscosities (low, moderate, and high viscosity) of 0.5% methylcellulose after 4 mL/kg of 40% barium suspension. Compared with the control group, dogs receiving methylcellulose had higher‐quality upper gastrointestinal studies. Moderate viscosity of methylcellulose was superior to the other methylcellulose groups. In conclusion, the use of methylcellulose is a simple and effective method for improving the image quality in an upper GI examination.
INFLAMMATORY POLYP IN THE MIDDLE EAR WITH SECONDARY SUPPURATIVE MENINGOENCEPHALITIS IN A CAT
Authors: Cook Laurie B. , Bergman Robert L. , Bahr Anne , Boothe Harry W.
Published: May 2005

A 15‐month‐old male Maine Coon Cat presented with persistent auricular discharge and progressive head tilt, ataxia, and loss of blink on the right side. Using computed tomography a hyperattenuating, contrast‐enhancing material within a thickened right tympanic bulla and contrast enhancement of the adjacent cerebellum were identified. Marked suppurative inflammation was identified on cerebrospinal fluid analysis with no growth on bacterial culture. Ventral bulla osteotomy was performed to remove a soft tissue mass, and an inflammatory polyp with chronic severe suppurative inflammation was confirmed using histology. Staphylococcus auricularis was grown on aerobic culture and Fusobacterium necrophorum and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were grown on anaerobic culture. The cat was treated for 10 weeks with amoxicillin/clavulinic acid and metronidazole. Dramatic improvement in body weight, appetite, energy level, balance, and resolution of right‐sided facial paralysis were noted, but the cat retained a head tilt.
LINEAR OSTEOCHONDROMATOSIS IN A CAT
Authors: Levitin Boaz , Aroch Itamar , Aizenberg Itzhak , Foreman Oded , Shamir Merav
Published: May 2005

A domestic shorthair cat was presented with quadriparesis and lumbar hyperesthesia that progressed over 4 months. There were linear and amorphous radiopaque masses throughout the soft tissue surrounding the long bones, vertebral bodies, ribs, pelvis, and scapula. The diagnosis of osteochondromatosis was confirmed by histopathology. Unlike previously reported patients with osteochondromatosis, most of the calcified masses in this cat were not connected to the periosteum; some were linear and were arranged parallel to the long bones involved.
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATIONS IN HUMANS, AND POTENTIAL VETERINARY APPLICATIONS
Authors: Gaschen Lorrie , Kircher Patrick , Lang Johann
Published: May 2005

Endoluminal scanning under endoscopic guidance, or endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), has become the most significant advance for imaging the gastrointestinal (GI) tract wall and contiguous organs in the past 20 years. It was originally designed to overcome the limitations in humans to imaging the abdominal organs transabdominally, such as large penetration depths and GI air. This imaging modality provides detailed images of pathological processes both within and outside of the GI wall since a high‐frequency transducer can be brought into close proximity with the target regions. It has found most success in humans for the staging of lung, gastric, and esophageal cancer, the detection of both lymphatic and hepatic metastases, and diagnosis of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, as well as achieving an important role in interventional and therapeutic procedures. The EUS examination can be performed to examine both the thorax and abdomen in animals when both conventional transthoracic or transabdominal ultrasound are inadequate due to intervening air, bone, large penetration depths, or obesity. The echoendoscope is similar to a conventional endoscope but has an ultrasound transducer at its tip. Both radial and linear multifrequency scanners are available. Linear scanners allow fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of the bowel wall or extraluminal structures. Transducer coupling is either by direct mucosal contact or by inflation of a water‐filled balloon surrounding the transducer. Current thoracic applications for EUS in veterinary medicine include examination of the mediastinum, bronchial lymph nodes, esophagus, and pulmonary lesions as well as FNA of pulmonary masses. Abdominal applications include examination of both pancreatic limbs and the liver, including portosystemic shunts, detection of lymphadenomegaly, and examination of the gastric wall, duodenum, and jejunum. Other potential applications in dogs and cats include tumor staging and intrapelvic ultrasound.
CHANGES IN ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF ADRENAL GLANDS IN DOGS WITH PITUITARY‐DEPENDENT HYPERADRENOCORTICISM TREATED WITH TRILOSTANE
Authors: Mantis Panagiotis , Lamb Christopher R. , Witt Angela L. , Neiger Reto
Published: May 2005

Trilostane, a 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor, has been used successfully over the last few years for the treatment of canine pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism. In a prospective study of 19 dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism, the adrenal glands were measured before and at least 6 months after initiation of trilostane therapy. Right adrenal gland length and caudal pole thickness and left adrenal gland caudal pole thickness increased significantly (p= 0.05); there was no significant change in left adrenal gland length. Enlargement of adrenal glands during trilostane therapy may occur as a result of suppression of the negative feedback mechanism affecting cortisol production.
RELATIONSHIP AMONG BASILAR ARTERY RESISTANCE INDEX, DEGREE OF VENTRICULOMEGALY, AND CLINICAL SIGNS IN HYDROCEPHALIC DOGS
Authors: Saito Miyoko , Olby Natasha J. , Spaulding Kathy , Mun̄ana Karen , Sharp Nicholas J.H.
Published: May 2005

Forty‐four transcranial Doppler ultrasound studies were performed in 36 dogs. The ratio of the height of the ventricle to the height of the brain (VB ratio) was calculated to determ‐ine the severity of ventriculomegaly. Resis‐tance index (RI) was calculated from Doppler measurements of the blood flow velocity in the basilar artery and neurologic signs were scored on a scale of 0 to 3. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings, dogs were divided into four groups (normal controls, asymptomatic hydrocephalus, symptomatic hydrocephalus, and other intracranial disease). RI and VB ratio were compared between the groups of dogs and compared with neurologic signs in hydrocephalic dogs. RI ranged from 0.50 to 0.81 (mean, 0.68). Resistance index was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus and other intracranial disease when compared with the other two groups. The degree of ventriculomegaly was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus than the other groups, but there was substantial overlap between asymptomatic and symptomatic hydrocephalus groups. Combining measurements of VB ratio and RI allowed detection of symptomatic hydrocephalus with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 94%. The severity of neurological signs was significantly correlated with RI and with VB ratio in hydrocephalic dogs, and in dogs evaluated on more than one occasion, changes in neurologic status were accompanied by changes in RI but not in VB ratio. All asymptomatic hydrocephalic dogs with a VB ratio of greater than 60% eventually developed neurologic signs. Our results suggest that ultrasonographic measurement of VB ratio and basilar artery RI may allow identification of dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus or dogs that are at risk of developing symptomatic hydrocephalus. Repeated RI measurements are a useful means of monitoring dogs with a variety of intracranial diseases.
COMPARISON OF DOPPLER‐DERIVED PEAK AORTIC VELOCITIES OBTAINED FROM SUBCOSTAL AND APICAL TRANSDUCER SITES IN HEALTHY DOGS
Authors: Abbott Jonathan A. , Maclean Heidi N.
Published: May 2005

The accuracy of Doppler‐derived blood flow velocity depends on the angle of incidence between the ultrasound beam and the direction of flow. In dogs with subaortic stenosis, it is known that the subcostal transducer site provides higher left ventricular ejection velocities than does the apical site. Left ventricular ejection velocities obtained from the subcostal site in healthy dogs have not been reported; accordingly, we examined healthy, random‐source dogs to test the hypothesis that aortic velocities obtained from the subcostal and apical transducer sites differ. In 38 unsedated dogs, high‐pulsed repetition frequency (HPRF) and continuous‐wave (CW) Doppler studies of the proximal aorta and left ventricular outflow tract were performed using two‐dimensional echocardiographic guidance. The effects of Doppler modality, transducer site, and their interaction on peak aortic velocity were tested through the use of analysis of variance. P values less than 0.05 were considered to indicate significance. The mean (±SE) peak aortic velocities were as follows: subcostal site (HPRF) = 1.44 ± 0.03; apical site (HPRF) = 1.39 ± 0.03; subcostal site (CW) = 1.48 ± 0.03; apical site (CW) = 1.39 ± 0.03. Aortic velocities obtained from the subcostal site were significantly greater than those obtained from the cardiac apex (P = 0.0001). Lower and upper limits of 95% reference intervals for aortic velocities by method of measurement and transducer location are proposed. In a population of healthy dogs, peak aortic velocities obtained from the subcostal site exceeded those obtained from the cardiac apex but did so only to a marginal degree.
SCINTIGRAPHY OF THE SACROILIAC JOINT REGION IN ASYMPTOMATIC RIDING HORSES: SCINTIGRAPHIC APPEARANCE AND EVALUATION OF METHOD
Authors: Erichsen C. , Eksell P. , Widström C. , Berger M. , Roethlisberger Holm K. , Johnston C.
Published: May 2005

The sacroiliac region in 33 clinically normal riding horses was examined with scintigraphy to determine the normal scintigraphic appearance, to evaluate a semiquantitative method used to calculate a sacroiliac joint (SI joint) ratio, and to identify factors that affect the scintigraphic appearance of the pelvis. The scintigraphic examination included dorsal views of each SI joint region and one lateral view of the urinary bladder. Two predefined areas (the SI joint and the area between the tuber sacrale and the SI joint) were evaluated subjectively by comparing the intensity in each area to the intensity in the tuber sacrale, and a semiquantitative method was applied on the images to calculate an SI joint ratio. The thickness of the muscle mass overlying each SI joint was measured by using ultrasound. A corrected ratio was calculated based on a corrected pixel count for each SI joint. Of 29 evaluated horses, 28 had normal radiotracer uptake in the SI joints and 10 horses had symmetric normal radiotracer uptake in the area between the tuber sacrale and the SI joint. The mean SI joint ratio was 0.53 on both the left and right sides, and the mean corrected SI joint ratio was 2.15 on the left side and 2.13 on the right side. Factors that affect the scintigraphic appearance of the pelvis were identified and included attenuation, radioactive urine, and muscle symmetry. The muscle thickness ranged from 8–11 cm, causing 71–82% attenuation. Radioactive urine in the urinary bladder was located ventral to the SI joint region in 16 horses, and four of these were excluded from further evaluation because of risk of misinterpretation. A visual assessment of symmetry of the horses’ gluteal muscle mass was compared with the ultrasound measurements. Fourteen horses (14/33) were regarded symmetric by both techniques. Soft tissue attenuation was found to severely compromise the result and indicated that only lesions in the SI joint with severely increased radiotracer uptake can be detected with scintigraphy. Knowledge about presence of radioactive urine ventral to the SI joint region and assessment of muscle symmetry is essential for a correct subjective evaluation. Any situation with difference in muscle mass between the left and right side of the pelvis will give a false impression of increased radiotracer uptake on the side with lesser muscle mass.
SONOGRAPHIC AND SCINTIGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF ACUTE RENAL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION IN CATS
Authors: Halling Krista B. , Graham John P. , Newell Susan P. , Ellison Gary W. , Detrisac Carol J. , Martin Frank G. , Vangilder James M. , Grossman Daniel
Published: May 2005

The sonographic features of acute renal allograft rejection in humans and dogs are manifested by increase in renal cross‐sectional area and reduction in renal cortical blood flow. These changes have not been investigated in cats. The objectives of this study were to evaluate sonographic and scintigraphic changes during acute renal allograft rejection in cats. Eight SPF, intact, adult, male cats received heterotopic renal allotransplantations. Immunosuppressive doses of cyclosporine and prednisolone were administered for 14 days and then discontinued to allow acute allograft rejection to occur. Serial measurements of renal cross‐sectional area, resistive index (RI), echogenicity, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were performed to evaluate changes during acute rejection. Upon sonographic confirmation of absent diastolic blood flow or a 20% increase in cross‐sectional area of the allograft, a nephrectomy and histopathologic evaluation were performed. Acute allograft rejection was confirmed histologically in all cats. Significant increases in renal cross‐sectional area (P< 0.001) occurred postoperatively and during rejection. There were no significant changes in RI (P= 0.43) at any time. A subjective increase in medullary echogenicity and a decrease in corticomedullary demarcation were observed in the rejection period. While GFR decreased significantly in the immediate postoperative period (P< 0.001), no further change occurred during rejection (P= 0.42). Changes in RI and GFR do not appear to be sensitive indicators of acute renal allograft rejection in cats. Serial measurements of renal cross‐sectional area appear to be a sensitive method for the early diagnosis of allograft rejection in feline renal transplant recipients.
ACCURACY OF POSITIONING THE CERVICAL SPINE FOR RADIATION THERAPY AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO GTV, CTV AND PTV
Authors: Kippenes Hege , Gavin Patrick R. , Sande Ronald D. , Rogers Dennis , Sweet Vaughn
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of a rigid positioning device for repositioning the cervical spine accurately and precisely during conformal radiation therapy of dogs. Fifteen purpose bred research dogs in a radiation therapy study were included. The dogs were positioned using a head holder and a deflatable pillow attached to the treatment table. Port films were reviewed retrospectively, and repositioning precision was recorded by measurements in three orthogonal planes of the head, 2nd cervical vertebra and 1st thoracic spinous process. Mean treatment position was compared to the planning position for a measurement of systematic set‐up error. Mean interfraction position variation of the 2nd cervical vertebra was 0.2, 0.1 and 0.2 cm for the ventrodorsal, caudocranial and laterolateral directions respectively, and the average systematic set up error was 0.2, 0.1 and 0.2 cm for the ventrodorsal, caudocranial and laterolateral directions respectively. Knowledge of the magnitude of reposition errors should be included when determining the margins around the tumor.
APPEARANCE OF THE SACROILIAC JOINT IN VENTRODORSAL RADIOGRAPHS OF THE NORMAL CANINE PELVIS
Authors: Knaus Iris , Breit Sabine , Kunzel Wolfgang
Published: May 2005

Radiology of the canine sacroiliac (SI) joint was investigated by obtaining ventrodorsal radiographs of cadaveric pelves and bone specimens (n= 40) marked with solder wire or radiopaque paint to demonstrate the orientation of the sacroiliac joint in various radiographic views. In the following retrospective radiographic study (n= 94 survey sacroiliac joint radiographs), central projections of the sacrum were noted to ease identification of the dorsal, middle and ventral joint components, whereas angled projections of the sacrum had advantages when assessing the cranial joint components. Radio‐graphic assessment was already successful in juvenile dogs older than 5 months. Failure in tracing the outlines of the joint space of the sacroiliac joints is not consistent with alteration of the SI joint. Rather, it was felt that alterations would have assisted in identifying the contours of the SI joints because of an increase in mineralization.
EVALUATION OF THE URETER AND URETEROVESICULAR JUNCTION USING HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY IN HEALTHY DOGS
Authors: Rozear Lance , Tidwell Amy S.
Published: May 2005

Abdominal computed tomography (CT) using a protocol designed for evaluation of the ureters was performed on six normal purpose‐bred research dogs. After noncontrast CT, a postcontrast scan was performed 3 min post midpoint of injection of 400 mgl/kg body weight of diatrizoate meglumine/sodium. Ureteral and ureterovesicular junction anatomy were readily assessed with minimal patient preparation. The ureters were similar in size to reported values and the renal pelvis, ureter, and ureterovesicular junction were easily identified on both noncontrast and contrast‐enhanced scans. There was a significant relationship between bladder volume and interureterovesicular junction distance but not between bladder volume and ureterovesicular junction to internal urethral orifice distance. A reliable bony landmark for the identification of the internal urethral orifice could not be determined. The results of this preliminary study of normal anatomy should facilitate the clinical use of CT in the evaluation of ureteral disease (e.g., ureteral ectopia).
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE EQUINE TARSUS
Authors: Tomlinson Julia E. , Rich Redding W. , Berry Clifford , Smallwood James E.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed computed tomographic (CT) anatomic reference for the equine tarsus. CT exami‐nations of the tarsal regions from four cli‐nically and radiographically normal adult horses, which were euthanized for reasons not related to musculoskeletal disease, were included in the study. Limbs were removed at the level of midtibia, and 3‐mni contiguous transverse CT images were obtained, starting at a level proximal to the tuber calcanei and con‐tinuing distally into the proximal metatarsus. Soft tissue and bone windows were used to image different anatomic features, including bones, joints, and various soft tissue components of the tarsus. Each transverse slice was compared with bone models and dissected specimens to assist in the accurate identification of spe‐cific structures. The results of the study consist of nine CT images of the equine tarsus. Each image incorporates labeled soft tissue and bone‐window images, a directional compass indi‐cating cranial (Cr) or dorsal (D) and lateral (L), and a reconstructed scout image indicating the level through which the transverse slice was made.
RETROSPECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF FELINE SINONASAL DISEASE IN 62 CATS
Authors: Schoenborn William C. , Wisner Erik R. , Kass Philip P. , Dale Margaret
Published: May 2005

Sixty‐two cats with sinonasal disease were evaluated with computed tomography. Findings that may lead to a computed tomographic diagnosis of nasal neoplasia versus rhinitis included osteolysis of the paranasal bones, moderate to severe turbinate destruction, lysis of the nasal septum, the presence of a homogenous space occupying mass, and extension of the disease process into the orbit or facial soft tissues. These findings were not pathognomonic for neoplasia and may be associated with severe rhinitis; therefore, nasal biopsy was recommended. When compared with parallel radiographic studies, computed tomography was not more sensitive than radiographs at detecting the presence of nasal cavity abnormalities in cats with referable clinical signs but was more sensitive at localizing these changes and determining the extent of disease.
EMPHYSEMATOUS PYOMETRA IN A DOG
Authors: Hernandez J.L. , Besso J.G. , Rault D.N. , Cohen A.H. , Guionnet A. , Begon D. , Ruel Y.
Published: May 2005

An 8‐year‐old intact female West Highland White Terrier was examined for anorexia, vomiting, abdominal distension, and mild purulent vulvar discharge. The results of physical examination, laboratory testing, and radiography are presented. Emphysematous pyometra was suspected and confirmed at surgery. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from the uterine lumen. A brief discussion of emphysematous pyometra is presented.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE AND ETIOLOGY OF CORRUGATED SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: Moon Martha L. , Biller David S. , Armbrust Laura J.
Published: May 2005

An ultrasound pattern of corrugated, and some‐times thickened, bowel wall has been associated with pancreatitis and small intestinal lymphan‐giectasia. In a retrospective study, records of dogs and cats with an ultrasound diagnosis of corrugated bowel were examined for age, breed, gender, presenting complaint, abdominal radio‐graphic results, and final diagnosis. Eighteen dogs and six cats had an ultrasound diagnosis of corrugated bowel. The final diagnosis was pancreatitis (12 of 24), peritonitis (4 of 24), enteritis (2 of 24), pancreatic neoplasia (2 of 24), diffuse abdominal neoplasia (1 of 24), lym‐phocytic‐plasmacytic enteritis (1 of 24), thrombosis/infarction (1 of 24), and protein‐losing enteropathy and acute renal failure (1 of 24). The presence of bowel wall corrugation, although a nonspecific finding, should alert one‐to the possibility of pancreatitis, ente‐ritis, peritonitis, neoplasia, or bowel wall ischemia.
TISSUE HARMONIC ULTRASOUND FOR IMAGING NORMAL ABDOMINAL ORGANS IN DOGS AND CATS
Authors: Matheson Jodi S. , O'Brien Robert T. , Delaney Fern
Published: May 2005

Normal cats (n= 38) and dogs (n= 40) were imaged with fundamental ultrasound and tissue harmonic ultrasound. Images of the liver, gall bladder, spleen, left kidney, urinary bladder, and jejunum were collected in all animals. Images of the left adrenal gland were collected in all dogs. All normal cats and dogs had improved imaging with tissue harmonic ultrasound. The number of organs with improved conspicuity ranged from one to all organs imaged. The most common organ to have improved conspicuity was the jejunum (100% of dogs and 89% of cats). Significant improvement by tissue harmonic ultrasound was seen in images of gall bladder (p= .05) and left adrenal gland (p= .02) in dogs, and spleen, urinary bladder, and intestinal images (p= .01) in cats. Significant improvement was seen in tissue harmonic ultrasound images of the gall bladder in dogs weighing greater than 16 kilograms (p= .03) and in the images of the urinary bladder of dogs weighing less than 16 kilograms (p= .02). These data suggest that image quality improvement of normal organs using tissue harmonic ultrasound is consistent but not predictable. The exception was the jejunum, where improvement was seen in all dogs. Sonographers should be cognizant of the potential benefits of tissue harmonic ultrasound.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY VERSUS RADIOGRAPHY FOR DETECTION OF FLUID IN THE CANINE TYMPANIC BULLA
Authors: Griffiths Leigh G. , Sullivan Martin , O'Neill Turlough , Reid Stewart W. J.
Published: May 2005

The tympanic bullae of 20 previously healthy cadaver animals were randomly filled with sterile saline or air. The heads were positioned using tape ties and a rostrocaudal open mouth radiograph taken. The resulting radiographs were assessed by a blinded ECVDI diplomate, with each tympanic bulla being recorded as being either air or fluid filled. Ultrasound examination of the bullae was performed, by a blinded assessor, using a B‐mode 5 mHz sector probe (Sonotron‐VingMed Sound A/S, PO Box 141, N3191, Horten, Norway) operating at 3 mHz. Each bulla was recorded as being either air or fluid filled. Results of radiography and ultrasonography were each compared to the actual status of the bulla in a chi square analysis. Sensitivity of radiography was 80%, with specificity of 65%. Ultrasonographic sensitivity was 100% and specificity 100%. Ultrasonography may in future provide a cheap, non‐invasive, rapid and widely available method for diagnosing otitis media in clinical cases.
APPROACHES FOR ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF LONG BONES IN THE DOG
Authors: Risselada M. , Kramer M. , van Bree H.
Published: May 2005

The objective of this study was to identify access portals for ultrasonographic evaluation of canine long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia). A 7.5 MHz linear transducer was used in five medium‐sized dogs (range of 25–35 kg body weight). Good approaches could be identified for all long bones. For the proximal humerus, a cranial portal, and the distal humerus, a lateral portal is suggested. For the radius and ulna, a craniolateral approach seemed to be the best. In the hindlimb, a medial approach for the femur and a craniolateral approach for the tibia were the most effective approaches.