bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex as a moderator of body composition following a randomized controlled lifestyle intervention among Latino youth with obesity
Authors: Vander Wyst Kiley B. , Olson Micah L. , Keller Colleen S. , Soltero Erica G. , Williams Allison N. , Peña Armando , Ayers Stephanie L. , Jager Justin , Shaibi Gabriel Q.
Published: February 2020

Background

Body composition differences between males and females emerge during adolescence and continue throughout adulthood; however, whether sex moderates body composition changes in adolescents with obesity after an intervention is unknown.

Objective

To examine sex as a moderator of changes in adiposity following lifestyle intervention.

Methods

A total of 136 Latino youth with obesity (BMI% 98.2 ± 1.3) aged 14 to 16 years old were randomized to either a 12‐week lifestyle intervention (27 males/40 females) or control (35 males/34 females) group. The intervention included nutrition education (1 h/wk) and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (3 h/wk). Anthropometric data (body mass index [BMI], BMI%, waist circumference, total body fat, and fat‐free mass) were obtained pre‐ and post‐intervention. Sex differences were examined by general linear models with significance determined at P < .05 for the F‐statistic.

Results

Sex did not moderate changes in BMI (F1,115 = 0.01, P = .9), BMI% (F1,115 = 0.14, P = .7), or waist circumference (F1,117 = 1.1, P = .3). Sex significantly moderated changes in body fat percent (F1,117 = 5.3, P = .02), fat mass (F1,116 = 4.5, P = .04), and fat‐free mass (F1,116 = 4.3, P = .04). Intervention males compared with females had greater relative reductions in fat percent (−4.1 ± 0.8% vs −1.2 ± 0.7%, P = .02) and fat mass (−5.0 ± 1.1 kg vs −1.5 ± 0.9 kg, P = .02) and gained more fat free mass (3.6 ± 0.9 kg vs 0.5 ± 0.8 kg, P = .02) when compared with same sex controls.

Conclusion

Males and females exhibited a differential response to lifestyle intervention for percent fat, fat mass, and fat‐free mass indicating that sex‐specific improvements in body composition favours males over females.
Effect of Zn and Co doping on antibacterial efficacy and cytocompatibility of spark plasma sintered hydroxyapatite
Authors: Bhattacharjee Arjak , Hassan Rubia , Gupta Anshul , Verma Madhu , Murugan Prem Anand , Sengupta Pradyut , Saravanan Matheshwaran , Manna Indranil , Balani Kantesh
Published: February 2020

Hydroxyapatite [Hap, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is one of the most preferred bioceramic material for orthopedic implants and coatings due to its stoichiometric similarities with human hard tissues. However, foreign body implantation inside human body sometimes leads to bacterial film formation over the implant surface causing the implant failure, thereby needing a revision surgery. This study attempts to select the better dopant between zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co) as per the antibacterial efficacy when doped in Hap. To prepare antibacterial transition‐metal‐doped Hap, Zn and Co are doped in Hap as per the chemical formula Ca10−x Mx(PO4)6(OH)2, (M = Zn or Co and x = 0.24) to improve antibacterial efficacy. Phase and microstructural characterization by Rietveld refinement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) confirms the doping. Evaluation of antibacterial activity against E coli reveals that both Zn‐ and Co‐doped Hap shows antibacterial property with the latter being more effective (zone of inhibition ~3 mm more) for the same level of doping. Inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry confirms the presence of ~676 ppb Co+2 and ~303 ppb Zn+2 after leaching. In addition, cytotoxicity assay with NIH3T3 cell line reveals cytocompatibility of both the compositions with either dopant. The effect of spark plasma sintering on densification and mechanical properties of Co‐doped Hap is investigated for the first time and compared with Hap with the same level of Zn doping. It appears that Co‐doped Hap attains higher densification (~7% more) and fracture toughness (~2 times better) as compared to that of Zn‐doped counterpart (densification: 86% and fracture toughness: 0.75 ± 0.12 MPa √m). Thus, this study suggests that Co‐ and Zn‐doped Hap are promising candidates for bone tissue engineering with improved antibacterial properties and in addition, Co‐doped Hap can attain higher density and offer better fracture toughness than that of Hap doped with Zn.
Hospitalized children with intellectual disability: Parents as partners in their care
Authors: Oulton Kate , Sell Debbie , Gibson Faith
Published: February 2020

Background

Limited evidence exists of what hospital care is like for parents of children and young people (CYP) with intellectual disability (ID). Effective collaboration is often missing, with parents lacking trust in professionals, with feelings of being expected to care and consequently unable to leave their child. This paper focuses on what parents want from their relationship with healthcare professionals.

Method

An ethnographic approach was used, including in‐depth interviews and informal discussions with nine parents of CYP with intellectual disability. Researcher voice poems are interspersed with quotations to illustrate key findings.

Results

Parents described the need for a genuine partnership with professionals. They identified seven elements that ideally characterize this partnership: Preparation, Accessibility, Reliability, Trust, Negotiation, Expertise and Respect (PARTNER).

Conclusion

Children and young people with intellectual disability and their parents are frequent users of healthcare services. Getting it right from the outset is important to establish their trust in the system.
Communicating about death and dying with adults with intellectual disabilities who are terminally ill or bereaved: A UK‐wide survey of intellectual disability support staff
Authors: Tuffrey‐Wijne Irene , Finlayson Janet , Bernal Jane , Taggart Laurence , Lam Claire Kar Kei , Todd Stuart
Published: February 2020

Background

Illness and death are part of life for everyone, including people with intellectual disabilities. This study investigated the extent to which staff communicate about death with people with intellectual disability facing terminal illness or bereavement.

Method

Staff who support people with intellectual disability in the UK (n = 690) completed an electronic survey. Detailed data were obtained from staff where a client had died in the past 12 months (n = 111), was terminally ill (n = 41) or had been bereaved (n = 200). Analysis included descriptive and chi‐squared statistics.

Results

52.6% of people with intellectual disability who were terminally ill were told about their illness, and 18.1% were told they would die. Of those experiencing an anticipated bereavement, 32.4% of staff said no one talked about this with them beforehand. A quarter of staff had received training on end of life or bereavement.

Conclusion

Death affects many people with intellectual disability. Staff require training and support in communicating death.
Late clinical outcomes of lambre versus amplatzer occluders for left atrial appendage closure
Authors: Schnupp Steffen , Liu Xiao‐Xia , Buffle Eric , Gloekler Steffen , Mohrez Yamen , Cheikh‐Ibrahim Mohammad , Allakkis Wasim , Brachmann Johannes , Park Jai‐Wun , Kleinecke Caroline
Published: February 2020

Introduction

The LAmbre (LifeTech Scientific, Shenzhen, China) is a novel occluder for left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) in patients with atrial fibrillation. This study compares late clinical outcomes of LAmbre and the established Amplatzer devices (Abbott, St Paul, MN).

Methods

Between 2012 and 2018, 265 consecutive patients underwent LAAC with LAmbre and Amplatzer devices at a single center. After a 3:1 propensity score matching, 40 (LAmbre) vs 107 (Amplatzer) patients were compared by the primary efficacy endpoint of all‐cause stroke, systemic embolism and cardiovascular/unexplained death, the primary safety endpoint of major periprocedural complications and major bleeding events at follow‐up, and the combined hazard endpoint, a composite of all the above‐mentioned hazards.

Results

The mean age 75.6 ± 8.9 (LAmbre) vs 75.5 ± 9.0 (Amplatzer) years, CHA2DS2‐VASc score 4.8 ± 1.7 vs 4.8 ± 1.7 and HAS‐BLED score 3.1 ± 0.9 vs 3.2 ± 0.8 were similar. After 3.6 ± 1.9 vs 2.5 ± 1.4 years, the clinical efficacy (12/146, 8.2% [LAmbre] vs 28/266, 10.5% [Amplatzer]; hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38‐1.40; P = .34) and safety (5/146, 3.4% vs 14/266, 5.3%; HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.14‐1.6; P = .22), as well as the combined hazard endpoint (15/146, 10.3% vs 36/266, 13.6%; HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.36‐1.25; P = .21) were comparable.

Conclusion

In the presented report, in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, the LAmbre offered similar long‐term efficacy and safety in comparison to Amplatzer devices.
American eels produce and release bile acid profiles that vary across life stage
Authors: Schmucker Andrew K. , Johnson Nicholas Scott , Bussy Ugo , Li Ke , Galbraith Heather S. , Chung‐Davidson Yu‐Wen , Li Weiming
Published: February 2020

The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is an imperilled fish hypothesized to use conspecific cues, in part, to coordinate long‐distance migration during their multistage life history. Here, holding water and tissue from multiple American eel life stages was collected and analysed for the presence, profile and concentration of bile acids. Distinct bile acid profiles were identified in glass, elver, yellow eel and silver eel holding waters using ultraperformance liquid chromatography high‐resolution mass spectrometry and principal component analysis. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurolithocholic acid and taurocholic acid were detected in whole tissue of American glass eels and elvers, and in liver, intestine and gallbladder samples of late‐stage yellow eels. Bile acids were not a major component of silver eel washings or tissue. This study is novel because little was previously known about bile acids produced and emitted into the environment by American eels. Future behavioural studies could evaluate whether any bile acids produced by American eels influence conspecific migratory behaviour.
Debt Contracting on Management
Authors: AKINS BRIAN , DE ANGELIS DAVID , GAULIN MACLEAN
Published: February 2020

Change of management restrictions (CMRs) in loan contracts give lenders explicit ex ante control rights over managerial retention and selection. This paper shows that lenders use CMRs to mitigate risks arising from CEO turnover, especially those related to the loss of human capital and replacement uncertainty, thereby providing evidence that human capital risk affects debt contracting. With a CMR in place, the likelihood of CEO turnover decreases by more than half, and future firm performance improves when retention frictions are important, suggesting that lenders can influence managerial turnover, even outside of default states, and help the borrower retain talent.
Three‐Dimensional Cinematic Rendering to Optimize Visualization of Cerebrovascular Anatomy and Disease in CT Angiography
Authors: Caton M. Travis , Wiggins Walter F. , Nunez Diego
Published: February 2020

Three‐dimensional cinematic rendering (3DCR) is an emerging postprocessing technique for computed tomography (CT) and CT angiography (CTA) that produces photorealistic, volumetric images. In contrast to conventional volume rendering techniques, 3DCR depicts life‐like shadowing and surface reflection, which can improve the perception of depth and complex anatomic spatial relationships. This tool allows clinical neuroimagers to study, explore, and teach the complex relational anatomy of the cerebral vessels and skull in a more intuitive manner. The purpose of this report is to introduce the physical and optical principles behind 3DCR and to explore applications of 3DCR in modern cerebrovascular imaging. Using CTA source data, we describe our approach to visualizing cerebrovascular anatomy and disease and introduce three simple, reproducible techniques through a series of case vignettes. First, we show how selective manipulation of rendered models can imitate cadaveric dissection. Next, we discuss surface rendering as a means of recapitulating the neurologic physical exam. Last, we provide a step‐by‐step method of simulating the operating room perspective in visualizing cerebrovascular disease. In our experience, 3DCR proves most useful for visualizing structures at the vessel‐skull interface, which can be difficult to assess with conventional imaging methods. 3DCR, therefore, complements traditional 2‐dimensional and 3‐dimensional imaging methods and serves as an emerging tool for neuroimagers to communicate with and educate other clinicians.
Investigating the effect of extrinsic cues on consumers' evaluation of red wine using a projective mapping task
Authors: Jantzi Heather , Hayward Lydia , Barton Alanah , Richardson Connor D. , McSweeney Matthew B.
Published: February 2020

Consumers' perception (intrinsic sensory characteristics) of wine can be affected by extrinsic cues. This study aimed to determine the influence of extrinsic cues (price and label information/bottle) on consumers' sensory perception of red wine blends. A total of 202 participants (regular consumers of red wine), evaluated six red wine blends. Projective mapping (PM) and ultra‐flash profile (UFP) were used to characterize the wines in three separate sessions: blinded, presented with the bottle, and presented with their price. Participants separated the red wine blends based on sweet, fruity, bitter, and peppery attributes. RV coefficients indicated that the presentation of the bottle and label information affected the participants' results, and the PM sessions were not significantly correlated (RV = 0.500). The participants' results were affected by the brand name presented on the wine bottle. However, the blinded and price PM sessions were correlated (RV = 0.733). The consumers were able to evaluate the wines using the PM and UFP method. The extrinsic cues, except for the brand name, did not affect consumers' descriptions of the different wines.

Practical Applications

Projective mapping (PM) asks participants to express similarities and differences between samples, as well as position samples on a two‐dimensional plane. PM is usually paired with ultra‐flash profiling and allows researchers to identify the main attributes that account for differences among the samples. This study investigates the effect of extrinsic cues (bottle/label information and price) on consumers' evaluation of red wines blends. Brand names were found to affect consumers' evaluations. Understanding how consumers use label information and price when making their purchase decision is vital to both winemakers and for package design of wines.
Evaluation of whey protein sources on performance, liver antioxidants and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with ethanol
Authors: Afkhami Marzieh , Kermanshahi Hassan , Majidzadeh Heravi Reza
Published: February 2020

To evaluate the effects of whey protein (WP) sources on performance, liver antioxidants and immune responses of broiler chickens, 300 one‐d‐old male Ross 308 chickens were randomly allocated into six treatments with five replications of 10 birds each. This study was conducted on the basis of a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with dietary supplemental WP sources (no WP; 2% WP and 2% whey protein concentrate (WPC)) and ethanol (zero and 6%) into drinking water. Birds were challenged with ethanol 6% from 10 to 24 days of age. Growth performance, immune responses, intestinal morphology and antioxidant enzymes were assessed in both challenged and non‐challenged groups. There was a significant interaction between ethanol and WP sources for growth performance, so that weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly improved in broiler chickens challenged with ethanol and fed with WP (p < .05). Intestinal morphology, humoral responses and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L) were not affected by WP sources. Cellular immunity responses were significantly lower in control group and challenged birds fed with WP compared with other groups after 48 hr of phytohemagglutinin‐P (PHA‐P) injection. Ethanol challenge decreased liver antioxidant enzyme activities and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. Dietary inclusion of WP and WPC increased levels of liver antioxidant enzymes and decreased MDA and ALT activities. It can be recommended to use WP for improving the growth performance and liver antioxidant enzymes in broiler chickens challenged with ethanol.
Impact of maternal overweight and obesity on milk composition and infant growth
Authors: Ellsworth Lindsay , Perng Wei , Harman Emma , Das Arun , Pennathur Subramaniam , Gregg Brigid
Published: February 2020

Overweight and obesity (OW/OB) impact half of the pregnancies in the United States and can have negative consequences for offspring health. Studies are limited on human milk alterations in the context of maternal obesity. Alterations in milk are hypothesized to impact offspring development during the critical period of lactation. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between mothers with OW/OB (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2), infant growth, and selected milk nutrients. We recruited mother–infant dyads with pre‐pregnancy OW/OB and normal weight status. The primary study included 52 dyads with infant growth measures through 6 months. Thirty‐two dyads provided milk at 2 weeks, which was analysed for macronutrients, long‐chain fatty acids, and insulin. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the association of maternal weight status with infant growth, maternal weight status with milk components, and milk components with infant growth. Mothers with OW/OB had infants with higher weight‐for‐length (WFL) and BMIZ‐scores at birth. Mothers with OW/OB had higher milk insulin and dihomo‐gamma‐linolenic, adrenic, and palmitic acids and reduced conjugated linoleic and oleic acids. N6 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA)‐driven factor 1 was associated with higher WFL, lower length‐for‐age (LFA), and lower head circumference‐for‐ageZ‐scores change from 2 weeks to 2 months in human milk‐fed infants, whereas N6 LC‐PUFA‐driven factor 5 was associated with lower LFAZ‐score change. Human milk composition is associated with maternal pre‐pregnancy weight status and composition may be a contributing factor to early infant growth trajectory.
A cell wall‐associated polysaccharide is required for bacteriophage adsorption to the Streptococcus thermophilus cell surface
Authors: McDonnell Brian , Hanemaaijer Laurens , Bottacini Francesca , Kelleher Philip , Lavelle Katherine , Sadovskaya Irina , Vinogradov Evgeny , Ver Loren van Themaat Emiel , Kouwen Thijs , Mahony Jennifer , van Sinderen Douwe
Published: February 2020

Streptococcus thermophilus strain ST64987 was exposed to a member of a recently discovered group of S. thermophilus phages (the 987 phage group), generating phage‐insensitive mutants, which were then characterized phenotypically and genomically. Decreased phage adsorption was observed in selected bacteriophage‐insensitive mutants, and was partnered with a sedimenting phenotype and increased cell chain length or aggregation. Whole genome sequencing of several bacteriophage‐insensitive mutants identified mutations located in a gene cluster presumed to be responsible for cell wall polysaccharide production in this strain. Analysis of cell surface‐associated glycans by methylation and NMR spectroscopy revealed a complex branched rhamno‐polysaccharide in both ST64987 and phage‐insensitive mutant BIM3. In addition, a second cell wall‐associated polysaccharide of ST64987, composed of hexasaccharide branched repeating units containing galactose and glucose, was absent in the cell wall of mutant BIM3. Genetic complementation of three phage‐resistant mutants was shown to restore the carbohydrate and phage resistance profiles of the wild‐type strain, establishing the role of this gene cluster in cell wall polysaccharide production and phage adsorption and, thus, infection.
Modern ornamental aquaculture in Europe: early history of freshwater fish imports
Authors: Novák Jindřich , Kalous Lukáš , Patoka Jiří
Published: February 2020

Modern ornamental fishkeeping is one of the most popular hobbies in the world, with various known positive and also negative aspects including the introduction of non‐native species. Despite this fact, the history of the first imports of freshwater tropical fish species for ornamental purposes has never been deeply studied and is usually simplified. Here, we present the first comprehensive review of reported imports in the period of the early history of this sector of aquaculture, ending with the end of the First World War. Moreover, the total number of kept species has been updated, with a forecast for the future. We present the summarised information in a wide context of both historical and current connections and viewpoints, highlighting the crucial role of German importers at this time. In this regard, the term ‘German aquarium phenomenon’ is proposed.
New general theory of economic development: Innovative growth and distribution
Authors: Lee Yong‐Shik
Published: February 2020

Economic development, which refers to the process of progressive transformation of an economy, is a multifaceted term without a universal definition. This article presents the constitutive elements of economic development: growth, distribution, and innovation. Economic development has been ubiquitous with the economic progress of “developing” countries, but the changing economic circumstances of “developed” countries, such as stagnant growth, regional economic disparity within developed countries, and deepening income gaps among citizens of developed countries, have made this term also relevant to address the economic problems of developed countries. The mechanisms of economic development, with respect to both developed and developing countries, are elusive, and the existing theories have not been able to explain these mechanisms of economic development adequately. This article reviews the existing theories and presents a new theoretical framework to explain the process of economic development.
Beyond the Rape “Victim”–“Survivor” Binary: How Race, Gender, and Identity Processes Interact to Shape Distress
Authors: Boyle Kaitlin M. , Rogers Kimberly B.
Published: February 2020

“Victim” and “survivor” identities are central to discourses on sexual victimization. Activist and academic discourses associate the former with weakness and latter with strength, while centering images and experiences of white women. Yet, little research has explored who identifies as “victims”/“survivors” or how these identities relate to distress. We utilize identity theory to consider how “victim” and “survivor” identities are incorporated into and prioritized within the self among women of color, white women, and men. In a sample of college students who have experienced sexual assault (N = 169), we find identity theory’s core concepts—commitment, prominence, and salience—are strongly and positively correlated across identities, suggesting respondents cannot be easily dichotomized into “victims” and “survivors.” Indeed, most respondents identified with both identities (44%), while 25% identified as “survivors” only and 11% as “victims” only. As expected, respondents who identify only as “victims” or as “victim/survivors” report greater negative emotions and depression and lower self‐esteem than those who identify only as “survivors.” The “victim” identity is particularly damaging for men’s emotional states, while the “survivor” identity ameliorates distress among women of color. We discuss how these identities interact with social identities and each other.
Infections after kidney transplantation: A comparison of mTOR‐Is and CNIs as basic immunosuppressants. A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wolf Sebastian , Lauseker Michael , Schiergens Tobias , Wirth Ulrich , Drefs Moritz , Renz Bernhard , Ryll Martin , Bucher Julian , Werner Jens , Guba Markus , Andrassy Joachim
Published: February 2020

Background

Side effects of the immunosuppressive therapy after solid organ transplantation are well known. Recently, significant benefits were shown for mTOR‐Is with respect to certain viral infections in comparison with CNIs. However, reported total incidences of infections under mTOR‐Is vs CNIs are usually not different. This raises the question to additional differences between these immunosuppressants regarding development and incidence of infections.

Methods

The current literature was searched for prospective randomized controlled trials in renal transplantation. There were 954 trials screened of which 19 could be included (9861 pts.). The 1‐year incidence of infections, patient and graft survival were assessed in meta‐analyses.

Results

Meta‐analysis on 1‐year incidence of infections showed a significant benefit of an mTOR‐I based therapy when combined with a CNI vs CNI‐based therapy alone (OR 0.76). There was no difference between mTOR‐I w/o CNI and CNI therapy (OR 0.97). For pneumonia, a significant disadvantage was seen only for mTOR‐I monotherapy compared to CNI's (OR 2.09). The incidence of CMV infections was significantly reduced under mTOR‐I therapy (combination with CNI: OR 0.30; mTOR w/o CNI: OR: 0.46). There was no significant difference between mTOR‐I and CNI therapy with respect to patient survival (mTOR‐I w/o CNI vs CNI: OR 1.22; mTOR‐I with CNI vs CNI: OR 0.86). Graft survival was negatively affected by mTOR‐I monotherapy (OR 1.52) but not when combined with a CNI (OR 0.97).

Conclusion

Following renal transplantation the incidence of infections is lower when mTOR‐Is are combined with a CNI compared to a standard CNI therapy. Pneumonia occurs more often under mTOR‐I w/o CNI.
Genome‐wide expression quantitative trait locus studies facilitate isolation of causal genes controlling panicle structure
Authors: Wang Fanmiao , Yano Kenji , Nagamatsu Shiro , Inari‐Ikeda Mayuko , Koketsu Eriko , Hirano Ko , Aya Koichiro , Matsuoka Makoto
Published: February 2020

The morphology of rice (Oryza sativa L.) panicles is an important determinant of grain yield, and elucidation of the genetic control of panicle structure is very important for fulfilling the demand for high yield in breeding programs. In a quantitative trait locus (QTL) study using 82 backcross inbred lines (BILs) derived from Koshihikari and Habataki, 68 QTLs for 25 panicle morphological traits were identified. Gene expression profiling from inflorescence meristems of BILs was obtained. A combination of phenotypic QTL (pQTL) and expression QTL (eQTL) analysis revealed co‐localization between pQTLs and eQTLs, consistent with significant correlations between phenotypic traits and gene expression levels. By combining pQTL and eQTL data, two genes were identified as controlling panicle structure: OsMADS18 modulates the average length of the primary rachis and OsFTL1 has pleiotropic effects on the total number of secondary rachides, number of grains per panicle, plant height and the length of flag leaves. Phenotypes were confirmed in RNA interference knocked‐down plants and overexpressor lines. The combination of pQTL and eQTL analysis could facilitate identification of genes involved in rice panicle formation.
Primary structure of human neutrophil antigens 1a and 1b
Authors: Sachs Ulrich J. , Radke Clemens , Bein Gregor , Grabowski Claudia , Simtong Piyapong , Bux Jürgen , Bayat Behnaz , Reil Angelika
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND

Neutrophil specific Fcγ receptor IIIb (CD16b) is a low‐affinity IgG receptor. Its polymorphic variants are associated with human neutrophil antigens (HNA). HNA‐1a and HNA‐1b differ in four amino acids. Immunization can lead to the production of alloantibodies. The exact contribution of four amino acid exchanges for the formation of HNA‐1a, −1b epitopes is currently unknown.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Permutation of each polymorphic amino acid from wild‐type CD16b cDNA constructs was performed and expressed on HEK293 cells. All 16 receptor variants were produced and tested against 19 well‐characterized HNA antisera in an antigen capture assay.

RESULTS

Analyzing the reaction pattern revealed that anti‐HNA‐1a antibodies can bind whenever asparagine (N) is present in position 65, regardless of the three other positions (CD16b *N**). Anti‐HNA‐1b antibodies can bind when serine (S) is present in position 36 (CD16b S***), when N is present in position 82 (CD16b **N*), or both (CD16b S*N*). CD16b variants with N65 and S36 and/or N82 (such as CD16b SNN*) bind both, anti‐HNA‐1a and anti‐HNA‐1b alloantibodies. If these specific amino acids are missing (as in CD16b RSD*), no antibodies will bind.

CONCLUSION

Whereas the primary structure of HNA‐1a and HNA‐1b usually differs in four amino acids, epitope composition is not “antithetical”. N65 alone determines the presence of HNA‐1a, and S36 and/or N82 determine the presence of HNA‐1b. Amino acid 106 does not participate in epitope formation. Our findings are of specific relevance when a HNA‐1 phenotype is predicted from a genotype.
Structure and function of the calcium‐selective TRP channel TRPV6
Authors: Yelshanskaya Maria V. , Nadezhdin Kirill D. , Kurnikova Maria G. , Sobolevsky Alexander I.
Published: February 2020

Epithelial calcium channel TRPV6 is a member of the vanilloid subfamily of TRP channels that is permeable to cations and highly selective to Ca2+; it shows constitutive activity regulated negatively by Ca2+ and positively by phosphoinositol and cholesterol lipids. In this review, we describe the molecular structure of TRPV6 and discuss how its structural elements define its unique functional properties. High Ca2+ selectivity of TRPV6 originates from the narrow selectivity filter, where Ca2+ ions are directly coordinated by a ring of anionic aspartate side chains. Divalent cations Ca2+ and Ba2+ permeate TRPV6 pore according to the knock‐off mechanism, while tight binding of Gd3+ to the aspartate ring blocks the channel and prevents Na+ from permeating the pore. The iris‐like channel opening is accompanied by an α‐to‐π helical transition in the pore‐lining transmembrane helix S6. As a result of this transition, the intracellular halves of the S6 helices bend and rotate by about 100 deg, exposing different residues to the channel pore in the open and closed states. Channel opening is also associated with changes in occupancy of the transmembrane domain lipid binding sites. The inhibitor 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB) binds to TRPV6 in a pocket formed by the cytoplasmic half of the S1‐S4 transmembrane helical bundle and shifts open‐closed channel equilibrium towards the closed state by outcompeting lipids critical for activation. Ca2+ inhibits TRPV6 via binding to calmodulin (CaM), which mediates Ca2+‐dependent inactivation. The TRPV6‐CaM complex exhibits 1:1 stoichiometry; one TRPV6 tetramer binds both CaM lobes, which adopt a distinct head‐to‐tail arrangement. The CaM C‐terminal lobe plugs the channel through a unique cation‐π interaction by inserting the side chain of lysine K115 into a tetra‐tryptophan cage at the ion channel pore intracellular entrance. Recent studies of TRPV6 structure and function described in this review advance our understanding of the role of this channel in physiology and pathophysiology and inform new therapeutic design.

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Head Rotational Kinematics, Tissue Deformations, and Their Relationships to the Acute Traumatic Axonal Injury
Authors: Hajiaghamemar Marzieh , Seidi Morteza , Margulies Susan S.
Published: February 2020

Head rotational kinematics and tissue deformation metrics obtained from finite element models (FEM) have the potential to be used as traumatic axonal injury (TAI) assessment criteria and headgear evaluation standards. These metrics have been used to predict the likelihood of TAI occurrence; however, their ability in the assessment of the extent of TAI has not been explored. In this study, a pig model of TAI was used to examine a wide range of head loading conditions in two directions. The extent of TAI was quantified through histopathology and correlated to the FEM-derived tissue deformations and the head rotational kinematics. Peak angular acceleration and maximum strain rate of axonal fiber and brain tissue showed relatively good correlation to the volume of axonal injury, with similar correlation trends for both directions separately or combined. These rotational kinematics and tissue deformations can estimate the extent of acute TAI. The relationships between the head kinematics and the tissue strain, strain rate, and strain times strain rate were determined over the experimental range examined herein, and beyond that through parametric simulations. These relationships demonstrate that peak angular velocity and acceleration affect the underlying tissue deformations and the knowledge of both help to predict TAI risk. These relationships were combined with the injury thresholds, extracted from the TAI risk curves, and the kinematic-based risk curves representing overall axonal and brain tissue strain and strain rate were determined for predicting TAI. After scaling to humans, these curves can be used for real-time TAI assessment.
Minimalistic Control for Reaching Absolute State of a One-Legged Dynamic Robot on Uncertain Terrain
Authors: Gaathon Adar , Degani Amir
Published: February 2020

Footstep and path planning for dynamic legged robots is complex, and even if such a plan exists, execution is even harder. We propose a new method for a planar model of a dynamic legged robot that brings the trajectory to an absolute desired destination even on unknown rough terrain with minimal sensing. This can later aid a global planner to reach “way-points” with low destination errors. The basic block of the technique incorporates two consecutive jumps, each triggers a minimalistic control method to govern a sole controller—the leg angle during flight. Only two detection sensors and initial state information are required during implementation. Prior to execution, an optimization process is initiated to obtain the temporal control laws for both jumps. This work presents the process of obtaining the control parameters and studies the performance and limitations of the scheme.
Effect of Temperature on Tribological Properties of Cu/Ti3AlC2 Composites
Authors: Zhou Zijue , Feng Yi , Zhao Hao , Qian Gang , Zhang Jingcheng , Zhang Xuebin , Huang Xiaochen
Published: February 2020

In aerospace and power generation, components will serve in high-temperature environments. In this work, the influence of temperature on the tribological performances of Cu/Ti3AlC2 composites was investigated from 25 °C to 700 °C. Cu/Ti3AlC2 composites were fabricated by hot-pressing at 800 °C. The friction coefficients of the composites were in the range of 0.19–0.28. From 25 °C to 300 °C, the wear-rates increased with temperature from 9.05 × 10−5 mm3/Nm to 110 × 10−5 mm3/Nm, and the wear-rate reached the highest value at 300 °C. Interestingly, the wear-rates plummeted to 30.8 × 10−5 mm3/Nm at 500 °C, and 31.2 × 10−5 mm3/Nm at 700 °C. It was found that tribofilms consisting of Ti3AlC2 and Cu2O covered on the wear surfaces at 25 °C and 100 °C. Plastic flow and material transfer occurred at 300 °C. From 500 °C to 700 °C, oxidation layers formed on the wear surfaces of the composites. For simplicity, a schematic of the tribological mechanisms is proposed.
Effect of crystallinity on thermal atomic layer etching of hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, and hafnium zirconium oxide
Authors: Murdzek Jessica A. , George Steven M.
Published: February 2020

Thermal atomic layer etching (ALE) can be achieved using sequential, self-limiting fluorination and ligand-exchange reactions. Previous studies have demonstrated thermal ALE of amorphous HfO2 and ZrO2 ALD films. This study explored the differences between thermal ALE of amorphous and polycrystalline films of hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, and hafnium zirconium oxide on silicon wafers. HF, XeF2, or SF4 were used as the fluorination reactants. Titanium tetrachloride or dimethylaluminum chloride (DMAC) was employed as the metal precursor for ligand exchange. The spectroscopic ellipsometric measurements revealed that the amorphous films had much higher etch rates per cycle than the crystalline films regardless of the fluorination reactants or metal precursors for ligand exchange. The differences were most pronounced for HfO2. Using HF and TiCl4 as the reactants at 250 °C, the etch rates were 0.36 Å/cycle for amorphous HfO2 and 0.02 Å/cycle for crystalline HfO2. In comparison, the etch rates were 0.61 Å/cycle for amorphous ZrO2 and 0.26 Å/cycle for crystalline ZrO2. The etch rates were 0.35 Å/cycle for amorphous HfZrO4 and 0.04 Å/cycle for crystalline HfZrO4. When HF and DMAC were used as the reactants, the etch rates were higher than with HF and TiCl4 for every material. Using HF and DMAC as the reactants at 250 °C, the etch rates were 0.68 Å/cycle for amorphous HfO2 and 0.08 Å/cycle for crystalline HfO2. In comparison, the etch rates were 1.11 Å/cycle for amorphous ZrO2 and 0.82 Å/cycle for crystalline ZrO2. The etch rates were 0.69 Å/cycle for amorphous HfZrO4 and 0.16 Å/cycle for crystalline HfZrO4. SF4 as the fluorination reactant resulted in higher etch rates than for HF when using TiCl4 as the metal precursor for ligand exchange. XeF2 as the fluorination reactant resulted in even higher etch rates than for SF4. The differences in the etch rate with the fluorination reactant can be partially attributed to differences in thermochemistry for fluorination by HF, SF4, and XeF2. The differences in etch rates between amorphous and crystalline films may be caused by the greater degree of fluorination and subsequent ligand-exchange reaction for the amorphous films. The amorphous films have a lower density and may be able to better accommodate the large volume expansion upon fluorination.
Teaching Thermodynamics Using a Vacuum Container for Food
Authors: Ogawara Yasuo
Published: February 2020

When we teach thermodynamics, a vacuum container used to keep food isolated from air is a cheap and interesting teaching device. There are some experiments already described in the literature and we can also find videos of demonstrations on YouTube. At the same time, there is increasing interest in how to utilize smartphones in physics instruction, and an experiment using a smartphone with a canning jar has recently been reported. In this paper, I describe experiments combining the vacuum container and smartphone that I have recently tried to introduce into my physics class.
Systematic Errors in Video Analysis
Authors: Martin Tim , Frisch Kayt , Zwart John
Published: February 2020

Video analysis helps students to connect physical, mathematical, and graphical models with the phenomena that the models represent and improves student kinematic graph interpretation skills. The wide-spread availability of easy to use software packages like Logger Pro (Vernier), Capstone (PASCO), and Tracker have led to many introductory physics courses adopting video analysis techniques in the classroom. Such uses include high-speed cameras to study rocket launches and other innovative applications. In this paper, we will look at ways in which some common systematic errors can affect outcomes.
Hybrid aeroacoustic approach for the efficient numerical simulation of human phonation
Authors: Schoder Stefan , Weitz Michael , Maurerlehner Paul , Hauser Alexander , Falk Sebastian , Kniesburges Stefan , Döllinger Michael , Kaltenbacher Manfred
Published: February 2020

A hybrid aeroacoustic approach was developed for the efficient numerical computation of human phonation. In the first step, an incompressible flow simulation on a three-dimensional (3 D) computational grid, which is capable of resolving all relevant turbulent scales, is performed using STARCCM+ and finite volume method. In the second step, the acoustic source terms on the flow grid are computed and a conservative interpolation to the acoustic grid is performed. Finally, the perturbed convective wave equation is solved to obtain the acoustic field in 3 D with the finite element solver CFS++. Thereby, the conservative transformation of the acoustic sources from the flow grid to the acoustic grid is a key step to allow coarse acoustic grids without reducing accuracy. For this transformation, two different interpolation strategies are compared and grid convergence is assessed. Overall, 16 simulation setups are compared. The initial (267 000 degrees of freedom) and the optimized (21 265 degrees of freedom) simulation setup were validated by measurements of a synthetic larynx model. To conclude, the total computational time of the acoustic simulation is reduced by 95% compared to the initial simulation setup without a significant reduction of accuracy, being 7%, in the frequency range of interest.
“I Was Raised a Buddhist”: Tiger Woods, Race, and Asian-ness
Authors: Thangaraj Stanley
Published: February 2020

Scholarly articles on Tiger Woods have attended to his mixed-race body through blackness and the refusal of his Asian heritage and identity. His Asian-ness was not part of the early marketing of his iconicity. In this paper, I looks at how Tiger Woods responded to the news of his marital affairs through a deployment of Buddhism. In particular, I theorize Asian/Asian American masculinity that engages with religion, Asia, Asian-ness, and Asian America to complicate theories of race, gender, and sexuality. Through the invocation of Buddhism, Tiger Woods offers a different racial heteronormativity that is legible in the nation and larger marketplace. In the process, he aligns with Asian and Asian American respectability as a way to temper blackness; it is an Asian and Asian American identity grounded in the rise of Asian capital and reconfigurations of both Asian and Asian American masculinity. Therefore, through Asian-ness, Woods offers an assemblage of religion, race, gender, and sexuality that silences and erases blackness.
Mechanosensing metabolically moves cancer cells
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: February 2020

A stiff stroma triggers metabolic changes that support invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer cells.
An α/β-Hydrolase Fold Subfamily Comprising
Pseudomonas
Quinolone Signal-Cleaving Dioxygenases
Authors: Wullich Sandra C. , Arranz San Martín Alba , Fetzner Susanne
Published: February 2020

Functional annotation of protein sequences is a major requirement for the investigation of metabolic pathways and the identification of sought-after biocatalysts. To identify heterocyclic ring-cleaving dioxygenases within the huge superfamily of α/β-hydrolase fold proteins, we defined search and validation criteria for the primarily motif-based identification of 3-hydroxy-4(1
H
)-quinolone 2,4-dioxygenases (HQD). HQDs are key enzymes for the inactivation of metabolites, which can have signaling, antimicrobial, or cytotoxic functions. The HQD candidates detected in this study occur particularly in environmental and plant-associated microorganisms. Because HQDs active toward the
Pseudomonas
quinolone signal (PQS) likely contribute to interactions within microbial communities and modulate the virulence of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, we analyzed the catalytic properties of a PQS-cleaving subset of HQDs and specified characteristics to identify PQS-cleaving dioxygenases within the HQD family.
The Potential for Redox-Active Metabolites To Enhance or Unlock Anaerobic Survival Metabolisms in Aerobes
Authors: Ciemniecki John A. , Newman Dianne K.
Published: February 2020

Classifying microorganisms as “obligate” aerobes has colloquially implied death without air, leading to the erroneous assumption that, without oxygen, they are unable to survive. However, over the past few decades, more than a few obligate aerobes have been found to possess anaerobic energy conservation strategies that sustain metabolic activity in the absence of growth or at very low growth rates. Similarly, studies emphasizing the aerobic prowess of certain facultative aerobes have sometimes led to underrecognition of their anaerobic capabilities. Yet an inescapable consequence of the affinity both obligate and facultative aerobes have for oxygen is that the metabolism of these organisms may drive this substrate to scarcity, making anoxic survival an essential skill. To illustrate this, we highlight the importance of anaerobic survival strategies forPseudomonas aeruginosaandStreptomyces coelicolor, representative facultative and obligate aerobes, respectively. Included among these strategies, we describe a role for redox-active secondary metabolites (RAMs), such as phenazines made byP. aeruginosa, in enhancing substrate-level phosphorylation. Importantly, RAMs are made by diverse bacteria, often during stationary phase in the absence of oxygen, and can sustain anoxic survival. We present a hypothesis for how RAMs may enhance or even unlock energy conservation pathways that facilitate the anaerobic survival of both RAM producers and nonproducers.
Silent Infection of B and CD8
+
T Lymphocytes by Influenza A Virus in Children with Tonsillar Hypertrophy
Authors: Castro Italo A. , Jorge Daniel M. M. , Ferreri Lucas M. , Martins Ronaldo B. , Pontelli Marjorie C. , Jesus Bruna L. S. , Cardoso Ricardo S. , Criado Miria F. , Carenzi Lucas , Valera Fabiana C. P. , Tamashiro Edwin , Anselmo-Lima Wilma T. , Perez Daniel R. , Arruda Eurico
Published: February 2020

Influenza A virus (IAV) infections are important threats to human health worldwide. Although extensively studied, some aspects of virus pathogenesis and tissue tropism remain unclear. Here, by different strategies, we describe the asymptomatic infection of human lymphoid organs by IAV in children. Our results indicate that IAV was not only detected and isolated from human tonsils but displayed unique genetic features in comparison with those of contemporaneous IAVs circulating in Brazil and detected in swabs and nasal washes. Inside the tissue microenvironment, immune cells were shown to be carrying IAV antigens, especially B and T CD8
+
lymphocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that human lymphoid tissues can be sites of silent IAV infections with possible impact on virus shedding to the population.
Whole-Genome Sequence of
Lachnospiraceae
Bacterium NBRC 112778, Isolated from a Mesophilic Methanogenic Bioreactor
Authors: Morimura Kohji , Ueda Kenji
Published: February 2020

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Lachinospiraceae
bacterium NBRC 112778. This anaerobic bacterium, isolated from a sweet potato-digesting mesophilic methanogenic bioreactor, represents a new genus related to the genus
Anaerosporobacter
. The 4.52-Mb circular genome harbored many genes involved in carbohydrate utilization, suggesting its adaptation to a saccharolytic environment.