bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grammatical Relations
Authors: Farrell Patrick
Published: November 2023

Patrick Farrell shows how grammatical relations are characterized in competing theories of grammar and reveals the different theories' merits and limitations. He compares mainstream generative-transformational theory with formalist and functionalist approaches, showing points of convergence and divergence. This is an ideal introduction to the field for graduate students and will be a useful reference for theoretical syntacticians of all persuasions.
Introduction
Authors: Farrell Patrick
Published: November 2023

Language is used to say things about things that happen in the world. We conceive of what happens in the world as involving people and other entities doing things, often to each other. In order to say something about things that happen, it is critical to identify the participants and the precise process in which they are involved. Noun phrases (NPs) such as the boy, a dog, and the branches are used to identify event participants, by virtue of the fact that they are built on nouns, which (typically) name kinds of things. Verbs, such as touch, hit, sneeze, and shout, are used to identify types of processes. Knowing the syntactic and semantic conventions for constructing NPs, how the world is generally considered to operate, and the meanings of the words the, boy, touched, and branches is not enough to tell me everything I need to know about the meaning of a sentence such as (1.1) in a hypothetical language like English-but with no conventions governing the relative order of verbs and noun phrases.
On projecting the unprojectible
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: November 2023

This essay deals with one of the issues raised by Nelson Goodman’s predicate “grue” and other similarly defined predicates. Goodman defines “grue” as applying “to all things examined before t just in case they are green but to other things just in case they are blue,” where t is some particular time in the future - say, 12:or a.m., E.S.T., r January 2010. I take this to mean that something is grue at a given time if and only if either (r) it is green at that time and is (has been or will be) first examined before t, or (2) it is blue at that time and is not (has not been and will not be) examined before t. Goodman defines another predicate, “bleen,” which is defined as applying to all things examined before t just in case they are blue and to other things just in case they are green. And he points out that while we can define “grue” and “bleen” in terms of “green” and “blue,” we can also define “green” and “blue” in terms of “grue” and “bleen”; for example, we can say that something is green just in case it is grue and examined before t or bleen and not so examined.
Phenomenal similarity
Authors: Shoemaker . Sydney
Published: November 2023

I shall begin by quoting from some recent philosophical discussions of sensation. In his book Myself and Others Don Locke says that “My elders and betters taught me what ‘pain’ meant even though they did not and could not know how my sensations felt because they did not and could not feel them.”1 This is possible, according to Locke, because

A sensation’s being a pain sensation is not a matter of how it feels, but a matter of its being of the sort caused by bodily damage and leading to pain behavior. Similarly a sensation’s being a sensation of cold is not a matter of how it feels, but a matter of its being a sensation of the sort caused by frost and snow and leading to shivering, etc. And similarly for other sensations.2
Functionalism and qualia
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: November 2023

In their paper “What Psychological States are Not” N. J. Block and J. A. Fodor raise a number of objections to the ‘functional state identity theory’ (FSIT), which says that “for any organism that satisfies psychological predicates at all, there exists a unique best description such that each psychological state of the organism is identical with one of its machine states relative to that description.”1 FSIT is a version of ‘functionalism,’ which they characterize as the more general doctrine that “the type-identity conditions for psycho¬ logical states refer only to their relations to inputs, outputs, and one another.”2 Most of the objections Block and Fodor raise they take to be objections only to FSIT, and not to functionalism more broadly construed.
Vagueness: A Fifth Colun1n Approach
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: November 2023

Anyone must agree that vagueness pervades the lexicon of natural languages: almost everything we say is expressed in vague vocabulary. It is a little more controversial, but presumably true, that this is unavoidable: that a language stripped of vague expressions would suffer not merely in point of usefulness— often a vague judgement is exactly what we need—but in its very expressive power. (We need concepts, for instance, of rough impressions, of casual appearances, and of circumstances in which a precise predicationsay, “is more than six feet tall”—may justifiably be made on the basis of rough—and— ready observation; and we need to be able to express these concepts.) 'This makes vagueness a topic of central philosophical significance in at least two ways. Both the philosophy of languagein so for as it is concerned with what it is, at the most general level, to have mastery of a natural language—and the metaphysics of the relationship between natural languages and the world they serve to represent must demand an understanding of the nature of vagueness.
The Sen1an tic Paradoxes and the Paradoxes of Vagueness
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: November 2023

Both in dealing with the semantic paradoxes and in dealing with vagueness and indeterminacy, there is some temptation to weaken classical logic: in particular, to restrict the law of excluded middle. The reasons for doing this are somewhat different in the two cases. In the case of the semantic paradoxes, a weakening of classical logic (presumably involving a restriction of excluded middle) is required if We are to preserve the naive theory of truth without inconsistency. In the case of vagueness and indeterminancy there is no worry about inconsistency; but a central intuition is that we must reject the factual status of certain sentences, and it hard to see how we can do that while claiming that the law of excluded middle applies to those sentences.
Universal Universal Quantification: Comments on Rayo and
Authors: McGee Vann
Published: November 2023

In telling us what formulas of the lower predicate calculus are true under every interpretation in which the variables are allowed to range over everything whatever, Dr.Rayo and Professor Williamson (Chapter 15 in this volume) have given us the answer we anticipated to a question we thought we knew the answer to all along. It’s been known since the 1930s that a formula is a theorem of .6.00. if and only if it is true under every interpretation over some infinite domain, which happens if and only if it’s true under every interpretation over every infinite domain.
How Might We Survive Death?
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: November 2023

The earliest written suggestion in Western writing that we might be annihilated at death is said to be on the inscription for those who fell at the battle of Potidaea in Greece in 432 bc.1 For hundreds of years before that, the Homeric bards had been singing of at least a shadowy after-life. Not that a Homeric after-life would comfort everybody. It was pretty gloomy, with a very dimmed form of consciousness, and it allowed for punishment of the wicked. The possibility of annihilation is not necessarily what people fear about death. They may rather fear illness or pain, or the interruption of their projects and relationships, or subsequent punishment. Indeed, around 300 bc, the philosopher Epicurus sought to remove the fear of punishment after death by saying that we need not worry, because we were a bunch of atoms and would have disintegrated.
If we do not survive death, is it irrational to feel dismay?
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: November 2023

In the last two chapters, I have discussed four ways in which we might be expected to survive death: reincarnation, disembodiment, resurrection, and time going round in a circle. All turned out to have their difficult, though I did not exclude them all as impossible methods. Nonetheless, if we do not survive, is it irrational to feel dismay at that prospect? I certainly do not accept the view that annihilation would make life pointless. If there is no point in a life of four score years, it will not gain point by being prolonged, even indefied. But I want to consider the opposite view: that fear of annihilation, so far from being justified, is irrational. Of various reasons that have been, or might be, suggested for rejecting dismay, I shall mention some only briefely.
Language Networks
Authors: Hudson Richard
Published: November 2023

This book argues that language is a network of concepts which in turn is part of the general cognitive network of the mind. It challenges the widely-held view that language is an innate mental module with its own special internal organization. It shows that language has the same internal organization as other areas of knowledge such as social relations and action schemas, and reveals the rich links between linguistic elements and contextual categories. Professor Hudson presents a new theory of how we learn and use our knowledge of language. He puts this to work in a series of extended explorations of morphology, syntax, semantics, and sociolinguistics. Every step of his argument and exposition is illustrated with examples, including the kind mainstream theory finds it hard to analyse. He introduces the latest version of his influential theory of Word Grammar and shows how it can be used to explain the operations of language and as a key to understanding the associated operations of the mind.
Pakistan
Authors: Shackle Christopher
Published: November 2023

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a virtually unique case of a multilingual Asian country whose frontiers were explicitly defined by the religious identity of the majority of its inhabitants. The partition of the British Indian empire in 1947 into the separate countries of India and Pakistan was the result of a successful separatist campaign to achieve an independent homeland for the Muslims of South Asia. Since the Muslim majority areas of South Asia were not geographically contiguous, Pakistan was initially created as a country of two separate halves (West and East Pakistan) on either side of a hostile India. A mass exchange of populations between Pakistan and India along religious lines further conformed the Muslim identity of Pakistan while simultaneously changing previous patterns of linguistic identity. Following two in-conclusive wars with India fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir in 1947–48 and 1965, Pakistan was itself divided in 1971, when a third war resulted in the former East Pakistan becoming the independent country of Bangladesh. The focus of this chapter is on present-day Pakistan, the former West Pakistan.
Taiwan
Authors: Simpson Andrew
Published: November 2023

Issues of language and national identity have been of considerable importance for those living on the island of Taiwan for much of the twentieth century, and continue to be the subject of great public debate in contemporary Taiwan as the population tries to establish what kind of nation it thinks it should belong to. Having initially been incorporated into China as part of the Qing empire during the seventeenth century, Taiwan became an official part of the Japanese empire in 1895 when ceded to Japan following the Sino-Japanese war of 1894–5. For much of the fifty years after this, there were concerted efforts to assimilate the population of Taiwan to a Japanese national identity, with the manipulation of language playing a key role in the attempts at assimilation. In 1945, the forced departure of the Japanese led to Taiwan coming to be occupied by a second, twentieth-century long-term ruling force from outside the island, the Chinese nationalist army of the Kuo Min Tang (KMT), which adopted Taiwan as its main base of operations and stronghold after being defeated by communist forces on the Chinese mainland. Continued claims by the KMT to be the official government of all China resulted in policies on Taiwan which promoted an idealized Chinese national identity and simultaneously enforced the suppression of local Taiwanese language and culture. More recently still, since the lifting of restrictions on language and political opposition in the mid-1980s, there has been a dramatic growth in the championing of a local, potentially national, Taiwanese identity, and the celebration of languages spoken on the island prior to the arrival of the mainlander nationalist government. Taiwan has thus experienced a complex twentieth century from the point of view of language and national identity, with various, quite different national identities being promoted on the island, and language continuously being manipulated for political reasons. The present situation of Taiwan also remains highly complex, with the sovereignty and future of the territory still very much under dispute.
Cambodia
Authors: Heder Steve
Published: November 2023

Since the early twentieth century, the Khmer language has been at the centre of a series of only partly successful attempts by Cambodian politicians to rework and re-present ethnic identities in Cambodian society into one with a unitary national core. Their lack of success reflects that of Khmer nationalist movements themselves, a failure all the more striking given the overwhelming linguistic hegemony of Khmer for a millennium in what is now Cambodia. The current Hun Sen-led political regime lacks a credible nationalist pedigree, and Cambodia now seems to be passing – some would say disappearing – into an era of Asianization within globalization, having never passed through a period of viable nationalist rule. Instead, after a series of at best weak and at worst catastrophically self-destructive regimes since the nineteenth century – late classical, colonial, royalist, republican, communist, and liberal democratic – Cambodia still lacks an effective modern state and a self-sustaining national identity.
The Philippines
Authors: Gonzalez Andrew
Published: November 2023

a National Language in Search of a Nation The Director of the Philippines Institute of National Language from 1955 to 1969, Jose Villa Panganiban, a person who had dedicated his entire life to the development of the national language of his country, is recorded to have lamented, as he lay dying, that Pilipino (the name of the national language at the time) was ‘a language in search of a people (or a nation)’.1 In more prosaic language, what the late director was lamenting was the fact that it seemed that in spite of decades of work by the Institute of National Language (the official development agency for the selection, standardization, propagation, and cultivation of the national language), the national language had not yet been accepted by the people of the Philippines at large (Gonzalez 1980).
Justice and Law in Hobbes
Authors: Green Michael J
Published: November 2023

Justice is one of the most important moral concepts for Hobbes and the most mature statement of his moral philosophy is presented in chapters 13-15 ofLeviathan. Nonetheless, Hobbes makes three claims about justice in these chapters that are in tension with one another. 1. There is no such thing as justice or injustice in the state of nature. To this war of every man against every man, this also is consequent; that nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong,justice and injustice have there no place. Where there is no common power, there is no law: where no law, no injustice. Injustice is, by definition, breaking a valid covenant.
The Enigma of Leibniz’s Atomism
Authors: Arthur Richard
Published: November 2023

Reminiscing about his early views on the continuum problem in a dia-logue penned in 1689, Leibniz recalled the period in his youth when he had enthusiastically subscribed to the ‘New Philosophy’, embracing the composition of the continuum out of points and the doctrine that ‘a slower motion is one interrupted by small intervals of rest.’2 Speaking of himself through the character Lubinianus, he continues: And I indulged other dogmas of this kind, to which people are prone when they are willing to entertain every imagination, and do not notice the infinity lurking everywhere in things.
Answering Bayle’s Question: Religious Belief in the Moral Philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Harris James A
Published: November 2023

‘Bayle states the question,’ wrote Lord Karnes in his Sketches of the History of Man,’Whether a people may not be happy in society and be qualified for good government, upon principles of morality singly, without any sense of religion’.’The question is ingenious,’ he continues, ‘and may give opportunity for subtile reasoning’.1 In this essay I examine some answers given to Bayle’s question in the moral philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment. Calvin had claimed that ‘natural’ man is so depraved ‘that he can be moved or impelled only to evil’;2 and the Westminster Confession too affirms that, because of the sin of Adam and Eve, all human beings are ‘made opposite to all good and wholly inclined to all evil’(VI. iv). Hutcheson, Karnes, Smith, and Reid all reject this kind of pessimism.
The Fragmenting Family
Authors: Almond Brenda
Published: November 2023

Brenda Almond throws down a timely challenge to the liberal consensus about personal relationships. She maintains that the traditional family is fragmenting in Western societies, and that this fragmentation is a cause of serious social problems. Behind this phenomenon Almond finds a new ideology according to which the family is seen no longer as a natural procreative unit, but rather as a social construction, a set of legal and social relationships. She gives an urgent warning about the danger of legal changes which weaken the contractual status of marriage and discount genetic and biological parenthood. These changes threaten the parent-child link which is fundamental to human life. The Fragmenting Family challenges widespread beliefs about commitment and freedom in partnerships and parenthood. Almond urges that we reconsider our attitudes to sex and reproduction in order to strengthen our most important social institution, the family, which is the key to ensuring healthy relationships between parents and children and a secure upbringing for the citizens of the future. Anyone who is concerned about how the framework of society is changing, anyone who has to face difficult personal decisions about parenthood or family relationships, will find this book compelling. It may disturb deep convictions, or offer an unwelcome message; but it is compassionate as well as controversial.
Aristotle on the Virtues of Slaves and Women
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite
Published: November 2023

Aristotle maintains that both women and slaves have virtue, but also that their virtue differs from the virtue of free men (Pol. 1. 13, 12599-1260a7). These claims about virtue are connected to the claim that women, children, and slaves are all natural subjects, subject to the authority of free adult men (Pol. 1.3, 1253b4-8; 1.5, 1254b13-20; 1. 12, 1259a37-b4). The naturalness of the subjection is in every case a question of the capacity for practical reason and deliberation. Aristotle claims that this capacity is undeveloped in children, absent in natural slaves, and ‘without authority’ in women (Pol. 1. 13, 1260a7-14). These differences in capacity are the foundation of the differences in the virtue of different kinds of people. At the same time, these differences account for the different relations of rule that obtain between fathers and children, male householders and slaves, and men and women.
A uniqueness theorem for ‘no collapse’ interpretations of quantum mechanics
Authors: Clifton Rob
Published: November 2023

On the orthodox (Dirac­von Neumann) interpretation1 of quantum mechanics, an observable has a determinate (definite, sharp) value for a system in a given quantum state if and only if the state is an eigenstate of the observable. So, the orthodox interpretation selects a particular set of observables that have determinate values in a given quantum state; equivalently, a particular set of idempotent observables or propositions, represented by projection operators, Thanks to Guido Bacciagaluppi and Michael Dickson for helpful critical comments on a draft version of the paper. R. C. would like to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for research support.
Are Rindler quanta real? Inequivalent particle concepts in quantum field theory
Authors: Clifton Rob
Published: November 2023

Sagredo: Do we not see here another example of that all­pervading principle of complementarity which excludes the simultaneous applicability of concepts to the real objects of our world? Is it not so that, rather than being frustrated by this limitation of our conceptual grasp of the reality, we see in this unification of opposites the deepest and most satisfactory result of the dialectical process in our struggle for understanding? ­ Josef Jauch, Are Quanta Real? A Galilean Dialogue (1973) We are extremely grateful to John Earman and Laura Ruetsche for many stimulating discussions which provided the impetus for writing this paper, and to Aristidis Arageorgis for writing a provocative and inspiring dissertation. We would also like to thank Klaas Landsman and Rainer Verch for help with the proof of Proposition 6.
Argumentation And Heraclitus’ Book
Authors: Grager Herbert
Published: November 2023

Antiquity credits Heraclitus of Ephesus with a single book (D.l.9. 5-6), but the nature, even the very existence, of this ‘book’ has been a topic of much dispute in modern times. Diels, who despaired of discerning any intrinsic order among the fragments of Heraclitus, concluded that his book was a collection of aphorisms, and, as a consequence, he printed Heraclitus’ fragments largely in an alphabetical arrangement based on the names of the authors who preserved them. 1
On The Use And Abuse Of Non-Contradiction: Aristotle’S Critique Of Protagoras And Heraclitus In Metaphysics Gamma 5
Authors: Wedin Michael V
Published: November 2023

Book gamma of Aristotle’s 1v1.etaphysics contains a vigorous defence of the principle of non-contradiction (PNC). A chief part of Aristotle’s strategy is to attack those who deny the principle, both those who deny it merely for the sake of argument and those who deny it because of genuine theoretical perplexity. Chapter s concentrates on the latter and gives special attention to Protagoras and Heraclitus. Both, Aristotle avers, deny PNC. Students of the historical record will be quick to point out that nowhere does either predecessor explicitly deny the principle, at least not obviously. Aristotle need not quarrel with this, for his claim is that the central thesis of each thinker entails, even if unwittingly, denial of PNC. Stil1, the claim is surprising. More surprising yet is Aristotle’s proclamation that they are committed not just to denying PNC but also to asserting the principle’s contrary.
Counting the Holes
Authors: Casati Roberto , Varzi Achille C
Published: November 2023

Argle claimed that holes supervene on their material hosts, and that every truth about holes boils down to a truth about perforated things. This may well be right, assuming holes are perforations. But we still need an explicit theory of holes to do justice to the ordinary way of counting holes-or so says Cargle. Concerning holes. Argle claimed that holes supervene on their material hosts, and that every truth about holes boils down to a truth about perforated things. This may well be right, assuming holes are perforations. (I suppose a similar theory can be worked out to account for our discourse about cuts, indentations, fissures, inner cavities, nooks, and the like.) But we still need an explicit theory of holes to do justice to the ordinary way of counting holes. Now there is one hole. But this is not to say that you have created an immaterial entity that should now be added to the inventory of the world. We can truly say that there is one hole in the card insofar as it is true that the card has been perforated, and everything we say about that hole can be paraphrased in terms of statements about this singly perforated card. If that is what Argle said, he was right. And don’t tell me now that paraphrases can be hard to find, misleading, unnatural, or what have you-that is an empty can of worms. Nobody ever claimed that linguistic revision is easy.
Don’t Forget About the Correspondence Theory of Truth
Authors: David Marian
Published: November 2023

Contra Lewis, it is argued that the correspondence theory is a genuine rival theory of truth: it goes beyond the redundancy theory; it competes with other theories of truth; it is aptly summarized by the slogan ‘truth is correspondence to fact’;and it really is a theory of truth. In one of his very last publications, David Lewis asks us to forget about the correspondence theory of truth [2001: 275-80]. The correspondence theory, according to Lewis, is not one of the rival theories of truth. There are only four theories of truth that are genuine rivals: the redundancy theory, the coherence theory, the pragmatic theory, and the epistemic theory. The four really are rivals, Lewis says, because they are ‘incompatible’ [275]. Take, for instance, the redundancy theory and the pragmatic theory. The redundancy biconditional, (1), and the pragmatic biconditional, (2), are both ‘meant to be a priori’ [275]: is ‘manifestly not a priori’ [275], the two theories conflict. The same strategy, mutatis mutandis, is supposed to show that any two of the four are genuine rivals.Lewis is using ‘is not a priori’ as short for something like ‘its truth value cannot be determined by a priori means’. He is saying that (3)’s truth value, whatever it may be, is manifestly not determinable by a priori means. Note the special sense of incompatibility: two theories, meant to be a priori, are incompatible, if the result of putting them together in a certain way is manifestly not a priori. Theories that are incompatible in this special sense might still be compatible in the ordinary sense. Nevertheless, Lewis holds that two theories conflict when they are incompatible in his sense: they are rivals-though theories that are not incompatible in his sense might still be rivals for other reasons.
Distributional Properties
Authors: Parsons Josh
Published: November 2023

This paper discusses a distinctive kind of property that I call ‘distributional’ properties, which include, for example, the property of being polka-dotted (a colour-distributional property) and the property of being hot at one end and cold at the other (a heat-distributional property). I argue that distributional properties exist in whatever sense other properties exist, that they do not simply reduce to the non-distributional properties of points, and that they are implicated in the correct analysis of change. Distributional properties are perfectly simple and straightforward. Let me give some examples. Being polka-dottedis an example of a colour-distributional property-the property a surface has when it has the right kind of colour distribution. Being hot at one end and cold at the otheris an example of a heat-distributional property. Having a density o/ 1 kg/m > throughoutis an example of a density-distributional property. It’s hard for me to say more about what a distributional property is without begging the question against some of the arguments I’m about to discuss. Intuitively, though, a distributional property is like a way of painting, or filling in, a spatially extended object with some property such as colour, or heat, or density. Properties that can be filled in (like colours, temperatures, or densities themselves) I call ‘qualities’ (one might alternatively call them ‘distributable properties’). The qualities and the distributional properties are prima facie distinct: it’s one thing to have a redness distribution (to be red in some places, one might say), another to just plain be red.
Introduction
Authors: Judson Lindsay , Karasmanis Vassilis
Published: November 2023

Socrates died in Athens in 399 bc by drinking hemlock, condemned to death by his fellow citizens. In 2001 the European Cultural Centre of Delphi, with the support of the Greek Ministry of Culture, organized a number of activities and events to commemorate the 2,400th anniversary of Socrates’ death. One of these was an international conference on Socrates, held in Athens and Delphi: in this volume, with the permission of the European Cultural Centre of Delphi, we publish some of the papers presented at this conference. For the selection of the papers the editors were assisted by David Charles and Michael Frede.
Pyrrho’S Undecidable Nature
Authors: Svavarsson Svavar Hrafn
Published: November 2023

Towards the end of book 5 of Plato’s Republic,Socrates states that ‘what is completely is completely knowable’ (477 A). At the beginning of the Physics,Aristotle says that first principles are knowable by nature and altogether (184a10–21). Inboth cases, what is primarily and fundamentally real is knowable. It follows that what is not knowable is not primarily and fundamentally real. Not only do these philosophers’ ideas about knowledge depend on their views about reality, these views are in turn guided by their ideas about what can be known. The reasons behind their conception are not the subject of this paper, but the conception is, for it plays a role in an important Pyrrhonist argument.
Idealism Vindicated
Authors: Adams Robert M
Published: November 2023

What I want to present in this paper is a case, or rationale, for a sort of idealism. Modern metaphysical idealism enjoyed a distinguished history, and a flourishing and sometimes dominant position, in European philosophy from the early part of the eighteenth century to the early part of the twentieth century. Since then it has fallen on hard times. Not that it has been refuted. Its appeal in modern thought has rested, as I will try to explain, on certain deep problems about supposed soulless substances; and those problems have neither gone away nor been solved in a non-idealist way, so far as I can see. But other intellectual motives have led philosophical interest away in other directions.
I Am Not an Animal!
Authors: Hudson Hud
Published: November 2023

Well, not literally, at least. Despite my testimony, however, the thesis that a human person is identical to a human animal is a surprisingly popular one—and among the educated elite, the orthodoxy even. Arguments for this thesis come in a variety of flavors from which I would like to single out three for special attention.
The Form of the Hippiatrica
Authors: Mccabe Anne
Published: November 2023

The Hippiatrica belongs to a form of composite text whose origins lie in the scholarly activity of Late Antiquity, and whose purpose is to gather an array of authorities and present them, juxtaposed, for practical purposes of reference or comparison. The form is characterized by a distinctive method of compilation, which consists in the gathering of extracts from different treatises into a single book. Other defining features are the use of sources firitten by different authors, and the organization of the excerpts according to a consistent principle, for example, by subject, or in chronological or alphabetical order.
Anatolius
Authors: Mccabe Anne
Published: November 2023

Anatolius of Berytus was a compiler; the text that goes under his name is drawn from diverse sources, most of which were compilations as well. Broader in scope than the other sources of the Hippiatrica, Anatolius’ text was a sort of farmer’s almanac containing information on many diVerent aspects of agriculture and rural life, including the care, breeding, and medical treatment of animals. The precise date of the text is unknown: a terminus post quem is provided by Anatolius’ use of the Kestoi of Julius Africanus (Wrst half of the third century ad); a terminus ante quem by the use of Anatolius in Palladius’ agricultural manual (probably around the middle of the Wfth century ad).
Pelagonius
Authors: Mccabe Anne
Published: November 2023

Pelagonius’ treatise, composed in Latin, nevertheless belongs to the same tradition as the Greek sources of the Hippiatrica. It has been observed that Pelagonius’ work is ‘the First Latin treatise on horse medicine’, that is, the First specialized treatise devoted to the subject outside of the context of a more general work on agriculture. To refer to him as the First, however, implies a certain amount of originality, a quality which one is hard-pressed to recognize in the text. Pelagonius is dependent upon other firiters not only for the content of his treatise, which is a patchwork of quotations, but even for its epistolary form, which is imitated from Apsyrtus.
Hippocrates
Authors: Mccabe Anne
Published: November 2023

The identity of the veterinary author Hippocrates, masked by the famous name, remains obscure,1 and his text has received attention only as a spurious annexe to the Corpus Hippocraticum. Yet Hippocrates speaks very directly to the reader, in an almost colloquial style. His treatise, in contrast to the artifice of Apsyrtus ‘ firiting, the precision of Theomnestus, and the eloquence of Hierocles, provides evidence of veterinary language at the lower end of the literary scale.
Serial Verb Constructions: Conspectus and Coda
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

In this final chapter I shall first attempt to summarize some of the main properties, and some of the main parameters of variation, of serial verb constructions (SVCs) as exemplified by the detailed accounts in the preceding chapters. A final section looks at what have been called verb-plus-adverbal constructions in the Australian language Dyirbal, and enquires whether these should be regarded as a type of SVC.
Ramsey’s Principle Resituated
Authors: Rôme Dokic &Pascal Engel J É
Published: November 2023

Let us consider what may be called ‘Ramsey’s Principle’. It is the principle that ‘truth is the property of a belief that suffices for your getting what you want when you act on it’ (Whyte 1990: 149). When an action results in getting what one wants, i.e. when it leads to the satisfaction of one’s desires, the action is said to be successful. So, according to this principle, there is an internal relation between truth and success: ( RP) True beliefs are those that lead to successful actions whatever the underlying motivating desires.
Ramsey’s Transcendental Argument
Authors: Potter Michael
Published: November 2023

One of the papers of Ramsey’s Nachlass which his widow, Lettice, sold to the Hillman library at Pittsburgh is a set of notes entitled ‘ The Infinite’. Embedded in these notes is the following curious argument for the Axiom of Infinity:We can say that the idea of infinity proves its existence. ( Wittgenstein’s extra prop). But the sign 00 proves nothing. We can prove it this way. It is clear that there may be an 00 of atoms and whether there are or not is an empirical fact, and this possibility implies an 00 of objects, as it were to be the possible atoms.
Pragmatism and Deﬂationism
Authors: Misak Cheryl
Published: November 2023

C. S. Peirce, the founder of pragmatism, argued that a belief is true if it would be ‘indefeasible’, or would not be improved upon, or would never lead to disappointment, no matter how far we were to pursue our inquiries. Although he occasionally articulated this view of truth in terms of a belief’s being fated to be believed at the end of inquiry, on the whole he tried to stay away from unhelpful ideas such as the ﬁnal end of inquiry, perfect evidence, and the like.
Pragmatism and Ethical Particularism
Authors: Bakhurst David
Published: November 2023

Ethical particularism is the view that sound moral judgement issues from the exercise of a sensibility that transcends codification into rules or principles. Accordingly, rationality and consistency in ethical practice cannot be explained— or fully explained— in terms of adherence to principles, and the acquisition of a moral point of view cannot be seen — or cannot primarily be seen — as a matter of grasping a set of moral rules. Moral judgement demands sensitivity to the salient moral dimensions of particular cases, and this cannot be properly anticipated by moral principles.
Truth as a Pretense
Authors: Woodbridge James A
Published: November 2023

Truth is a pretense. This bald statement might inspire “incredulous stares”, but my aim here is to deflect this initial incredulity. To begin, then, my claim that truth is a pretense is really part of an analysis of truth-talk-the fragment of our talk (and thought) that employs the notion of truth. Just this clarification probably deflects little skepticism, since it merely marks my view as some sort of fictionalism with respect to truth-talk. On a common understanding of fictionalist analyses, certain statements from a “way of talking” understood fictionally may be “true in the fiction’’, but really all statements from this fragment of discourse are false. Some of the abiding skepticism toward my initial claim likely comes from the recognition that this error-theoretic conception of fictionalism undermines itself when applied to truth-talk. The problem here is by now familiar: an account of truth-talk based on the thesis that all truth-talk is false (or, more broadly, never true) seems to presuppose a non-error-theoretic notion of truth-conditions, and so of truth.4 And even if it did not, the claim that all instances of truth-talk are false is itself an instance of truth-talk, and so it would turn out to be false on this view. In fact, matters are even worse; this position would be paradoxical since it would say of itself that it was false.5 Understood this way, a fictionalist interpretation of truth-talk is a non-starter.
Introduction
Authors: Green Mitchell , Williams John N
Published: November 2023

G. E. Moore observed that to say,’I went to the pictures last Tuesday but I don’t believe that I did’ would be ‘absurd’ (1942: 543). Over half a century later, such sayings continue to perplex philosophers and other students of language, logic, and cognition. On the one hand, such sayings seem distinct from semantically odd Liar-type sayings such as ‘What I’m now saying is not true’. Unlike Liar-type sentences, what Moore said might be true: One can readily imagine a situation in which Moore went to the pictures last Tuesday but does not believe that he did so.
Speaking Through Silence: Conceptual Art and Conversational Implicature
Authors: Hopkins Robert
Published: November 2023

Does conceptual art raise a distinctive problem for philosophical aesthetics? Many have thought so. There is thought to be a tension, if not down-right contradiction, between the notion of art that seemed viable before the turn to the conceptual, and the works to which that development gave birth. My first task is to attempt to focus this tension. I will not be directly concerned with the question of what defines conceptual art. No doubt the question of what is distinctively problematic about that art cannot be separated entirely from the question of its nature. However, to the extent that the two can be kept apart, it is the former that will concern me.
Artistic Character, Creativity, and the Appraisal of Conceptual Art
Authors: Kieran Matthew
Published: November 2023

How should we appreciate conceptual art? Indeed, can conceptual art really be valuable as art? These are taken to be hard questions within contemporary philosophical aesthetics. If there’s no artfully constructed or styled material object to appreciate, if there’s no beauty or other aesthetic qualities to savour, if there’s no insight to be gained in an experience with a work, how can it be artistically valuable? Indeed the worries about conceptual art articulated by philosophers tend to be shared by many ordinary art lovers. Yet if we look at contemporary artistic practice there hardly seems to be an issue here at all. Artists are happy enough to produce canvases with text only printed onto them, put together slogans lit up in neon, or enter as an exhibit for the Turner Prize an empty room with the light turning on and off.
Sortals and the Binding Problem
Authors: Campbell John
Published: November 2023

Philosophers have sometimes maintained very strong theses of sortal dependence; theses to the effect that singular reference depends on knowledge of the sort of the object to which one is referring. They have held that the ability to single out in experience a tree, or a mountain, or a lion depends on grasp of such sortal concepts as ‘tree’, ‘mountain’, or ‘lion’. Their basic point is that there can be different things of different kinds in the same place at the same time. Suppose we consider a bend in the river. What object is there, at that point? There is, of course, the river, which continues on downstream. There is also a stage of a river: that is, the river as it is at this particular moment, for example. A ‘river-stage’ so defined cannot last longer than a moment, unlike the river. There is also a collection of water molecules at that point. This collectionwill have been diffused in the sea by tomorrow, unlike the river itself.
Sleeping Beauty Reconsidered: Conditioning and Reflection in Asynchronous Systems
Authors: Halpern Joseph
Published: November 2023

The standard approach to updating beliefs in the probability literature is by conditioning. But it turns out that conditioning is somewhat prob- lematic if agents have imperfect recall. In the economics community this issue was brought to the fore by the work of Piccione and Rubinstein (1997), to which was dedicated a special issue of the journal Games and Economic Behavior. There has also been a recent surge of interest in the topic in the philosophy community, inspired by a re-examination by Elga (2000) of one of the problems considered by Piccione and Rubinstein, the so-calledSleeping Beauty problem.
Nietzsche: Perfectionist
Authors: Hurka Thomas
Published: November 2023

Nietzsche is often regarded as a paradigmatically anti-theoretical philosopher. Bernard Williams has said that Nietzsche is so far from being a theorist that his text ‘is booby- trapped not only against recovering theory from it, but, in many cases, against any systematic exegesis that assimilates it to theory.’ Many would apply this view especially to Nietzsche’s moral philosophy. They would say that even when he is making positive normative claims, as against just criticizing existing morality, his claims have neither the content nor the organization characteristic of moral theory.
Honest Illusion: Valuing for Nietzsche’s Free Spirits
Authors: Hussain Nadeem J Z
Published: November 2023

There is a widespread, popular view — and one I will basically endorse— that Nietzsche is, in one sense of the word, a nihilist. As Arthur Danto put it some time ago, according to Nietzsche, ‘there is nothing in [the world] which might sensibly be supposed to have value.’ As interpreters of Nietzsche, though, we cannot simply stop here. Nietzsche’shigher men, Ü bermenschen, ‘genuine philosophers’, free spirits— the types Nietzschewants to bring forth from the human, all-too-human herds he sees around him with the ﬁsh hooks, as he says, of his books— seem to engage in what looks like valuing.
Two Jonsonian Court Masques
Authors: Ravelhofer Barbara
Published: November 2023

The Masque of Queen  es (1609) has often been interpreted as the struggle between a patriarchal king, a queen who wished to promote her own vision of a female court, and a poet caught in between.1 Much has been written about Ben Jonson’s subtle stratagems to give heroic queens of the past (and present) a voice, and yet nod at the male authority figure of James. This renders the lack of interest in what made the queens most conspicuous on stage all the more surprising. The key to their striking performance was not the text—in which they, as silent masquers, had the least share—but their physical appearance. To recover these lost physical aspects of a Jonsonian masque, this chapter considers the importance of dance and costume in The Masque of Queenes (thereafter called Queenes ), and Oberon . The impact of colours, fabrics, sounds, and movements during a masquing night will be read vis-à-vis the representation of performance in manuscript and print.
Senegal: The Emergence of a National Lingua Franca
Authors: McLaughlin Fiona
Published: November 2023

In addressing the relationship between language and national identity in the African context I take the term national identity to have two different meanings: the first of these is a population’s relationship and sense of belonging to a nation-state, and the second is the identity of an individual nation-state within the international world order. Based on the first meaning, Senegal can best be described as a predominantly Wolof-speaking nation, while on the international scene it is a francophone state. The African nation-state is in itself a relatively recent phenomenon, dating in most cases from the early 1960s when African colonies were granted independence from European colonial powers. Clearly, contemporary African states did not grow out of pre-existing indigenous political structures: their boundaries are artefacts of rivalries and negotiations between the European powers who eventually exerted political and economic hegemony over their respective colonies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
South Africa: The Rocky Road to Nation Building
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend
Published: November 2023

South Africa is a country which has witnessed spectacular and far-reaching changes from the 1990s until the present, having emerged as a constitutional democracy with equal rights for all races and ethno-linguistic groups only in 1994. Prior to this, the country was subject to two forces of colonization and the assertion of their associated languages, Dutch rule from the mid-seventeenth century and British from the early nineteenth century. It then experienced a twentieth century dominated by increasing racial separation and inequality under the system of apartheid, which took colonial dynamics to an extreme and promulgated a near-complete segregation of people into four main groups: White, Black, Indian, and Coloured. In the colonial period first Dutch and then Dutch and English were imposed as the official languages of the territories within South Africa. The twentieth century saw the rapid rise of Afrikaans as the language of power in the Union of South Africa. This was a form of Dutch which had emerged since early European settlement showing considerable influence from local languages, and which came to be seen and promoted as a central symbol of White Afrikaner nationalism during the course of the twentieth century. Under the domination of apartheid, recognition was given to indigenous African languages, but only in their designated ‘homelands’, areas within South Africa assigned the status of self-governing territories and demarcated along ethno-linguistic lines, KwaZulu being the homeland established for Zulu-speaking people, KwaNdebele that of Ndebele-speakers, and so on. The Afrikaner government thus supported a Herderian view of nation–language–culture, and saw not one nation but many nations in the territory, which would be allowed to ‘develop separately’ (Alexander 1989). These homelands had little legitimacy in the eyes of the Black population, however, as they were illresourced, primarily rural, and sustained the apparent divide-and-rule policy of the White government. The extremism of apartheid finally came to a head in the late 1970s and 1980s, with the country close to civil war and under increasing international