bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Significance of Amount and Avidity of E. coli O Antibodies for Manifestation of their Serological and Protective Properties
Authors: Ahlstedt S. , Holmgren J. , Hanson L.Å.
Published: July 2009

This preliminary study analyzed the significance of amount and avidity of E. coli·antibodies for serological and protective properties. Using the ammonium sulphate precipitation technique of Farr to measure the primary binding between antigen and antibody and comparing the results with indirect haemagglutination (IHA) it seemed that the latter technique favoured IgM antibodies more and disfavoured IgG antibodies less in serum taken from a primary response, than in serum from an anamnestic immune response. This is possibly due to the increase in avidity of the antibodies seen during immunization. The capacity of antisera to protect mice against an intraperitoneal infection with E. coli bacteria was found to be more closely related to the titres obtained with the Farr technique than to the IHA titres. The relationship of avidity to protection was less clear. The results were consistent, however, with the possibility that low avidity is favourable for the protective function of IgM antibodies in contrast to IgG antibodies for which high avidity seemed important for the protective capacity.
Pharmacokinetics of Trifluralin in Blood and Heart Tissue of Mice
Authors: Zaidenberg A. , Marra C. , Villagra S. , Rule R.
Published: July 2009

Background: Trifluralin displays anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity and a potential therapeutic effect for the treatment of Chagas disease. We assessed peroral and intramuscular trifluralin pharmacokinetics in mouse blood and heart tissue. Methods: A parallel experimental design was used. Healthy adult male CF1 albino mice (n = 108, 25–35 g bw) received a single peroral or intramuscular trifluralin dose (50 mg/kg in peanut oil). Blood and heart tissue samples were taken at set times after intramuscular and peroral trifluralin administration. Feces and tissue samples were taken 12 h after intramuscular trifluralin administration. Trifluralin concentrations in whole blood, feces and tissues were determined by HPLC. Results: After intramuscular and peroral administration, maximum whole blood concentration (Cmax) was attained at 30 min and 2.0 h (tmax) (28.2 ± 0.7 and 7.8 ± 0.033 μg/ml; p < 0.05). Cmax in heart tissue was attained at 1.0 and 2.0 h (0.6 ± 0.004 and 0.2 ± 0.002 μg/g; p < 0.05). Liver, perirenal and subcutaneous fat concentrations were 55.1, 66.3 and 59.7 ng/mg tissue protein. Peroral and intramuscular penetration ratios determined by comparing heart tissue areas under the curve were 6.3 and 4.0%, respectively. Conclusion: Intramuscular trifluralin could be a new alternative for the treatment of Chagas disease.
An Antigenic Relationship Between Human Kidney, Colon and the Common Antigen of Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Holmgren J. , Hammarström S. , Holm S.E. , Ahlmén J. , Attman P.O. , Jodal U.
Published: July 2009

By immunodiffusion analyses an antigen was demonstrated in human kidney which cross-reacted with colon antigen from germ-free rats as well as with the common antigen of Enterobacteriaceae extracted from E. coli O14 bacteria. The possibility is raised that the progressive renal disease sometimes noted in patients with ulcerative colitis might be due to autoantibodies or cells with immunologic reactivity against kidney as well as colon.
Transplantation of Cells from Bursa of Fabricius into Surgically Bursectomized Chicks
Authors: Toivanen Auli , Toivanen P. , Good R.A.
Published: July 2009

Cells from bursa of Fabricius were transplanted intravenously into surgically bursectomized and bursectomized-irradiated chicks. The 61/2-week-old donors used were isogeneic with the recipients at the major histocompatibility locus. Survival pattern, gain of body weight, humoral immune responses, and microscopic morphology of spleen and cecal tonsils were studied to assess the effects of transplantation. Antigenic stimulation with SRBC and Brucella abortus was carried out at 28 and 35 days following the transplantation. The number of chickens producing natural and immune antibodies was approximately 2-fold greater in the transplanted groups than in untransplanted groups. Presence of germinal centers and plasma cells in the spleen and cecal tonsils paralleled the functional evidence for restoration of humoral immunity. These findings indicate that, at the time of a beginning involution of the bursa, the bursal stem cell is sufficiently mature to home to other lymphoid organs, and to proliferate and develop further without a bursal influence. This conclusion is supported by findings in chickens treated with cyclophosphamide in the newly hatched period. In these birds, transplantation of bursa cells resulted in a more frequent reconstitution of the bursa-dependent lymphoid system than occurred in the surgically bursectomized birds – even though no evidence of homing of transplanted cells to the bursa could be obtained.
The Peyer’s Patches as Thymus-Independent Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Heim L.R. , Yunis E.J. , Good R.A.
Published: July 2009

Comparisons of the Peyer’s patches of thymectomized and/or adrenalectomized mice during graft-versus-host reaction indicate that most of the damage is secondary to the immunologic assault. These findings are compared to previous studies of lymphoid tissue damage during graft-versus-host reaction and are discussed relative to the thymus independent nature of the Peyer’s patch tissue.
Liberation of Non-Specific Cytotoxic Factors During the Establishment of Immunity Against a Murine Allogeneic Tumour
Authors: Vaillier D. , Donner M. , Vaillier J. , Burg C.
Published: July 2009

The kinetics, of the establishment of immunity against a murine allogeneic tumour have been studied by measuring the rate of liberation of non-specific cytotoxic factors by spleen cells taken from the immunized animals and re-exposed to the antigen. The experiments were carried out in double-compartmented diffusion chambers, one compartment containing spleen cells, which had or had not been re-exposed to the antigen, and the other containing the target cells. The results show that when the s.c. route is used for immunization, an immunization time of a few hours is sufficient for the liberation of non-specific cytotoxic factor by the spleen cells when they are re-exposed to the antigen. When immunization is carried out by the i.p. route, an immunization time of about 20 days is required before the release of cytotoxic factors becomes comparable to that obtained by s.c. immunization. This difference may be explained by the intervention of peritoneal macrophages. The liberation of non-specific cytotoxic factors by the spleen cells of mice immunized by the i.v. route is very weak, even after an immunization period of 3 months.
The Effect of Ubiquinone-7 and its Metabolites on the Immune Response
Authors: Imada I. , Azuma I. , Kishimoto S. , Yamamura Y. , Morimoto H.
Published: July 2009

The effect of Q-7, its metabolites and related compounds on antibody formation, was investigated. From the determination of passive hemagglutination titer, the stimulation of the antibody formation was observed in the sera of mice dosed with Q-7 and Q acid-II at 3 and 5 weeks after immunization. As the possible mechanism of the stimulation, the enhancement of a phagocytic activity by the reticuloendothelial system was considered. Release of splenic lysosomal enzyme activities in the dosed group was more at 1 week after immunization than that in the control group, whereas it was less at 3 weeks in the dosed group showing the stabilization of the lysosomal membrane.
Influence of Antigenic Stimulation on Lymphoid Cell Traffic in the Chicken
Authors: Bäck R.
Published: July 2009

6-week-old chickens were immunized with a single intravenous injection of human serum albumin (HSA). 24 h after the immunization, the chickens and nonimmunized saline-injected control chickens were locally labelled in the bone marrow with 3H-thymidíne. 48 h after labelling, the chickens were sacrificed and the distribution of label between different lymphoid organs in the immunized and the nonimmunized chickens was compared with a radiochemical method and with autoradiography. An increased proportion of bone marrow-derived tritium-labelled DNA and significantly more heavily labelled bone marrow-derived cells were found in the bursa of Fabricius of the HSA-immunized chickens as compared with the nonimmunized controls. The heavily labelled bone marrow-derived cells were pyroninophilic, and were located in the follicular cortex, as well as in the medulla. There was no indication of an increase of the normal transport of label or of heavily labelled cells from the bone marrow to other lymphoid organs in the immunized chickens. It is suggested that the increased homing of bone marrow-derived cells to the bursa of Fabricius, 72 h after the antigenic stimulation, may reflect a recruitment of bursa cell precursors.
In vitro Lymphocyte Response to Pollen Extract Constituents in Grass Pollen-Sensitive Individuals
Authors: Romagnani S. , Biliotti G. , Passaleva A. , Ricci M.
Published: July 2009

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from grass pollen-sensitive patients showed a significant thymidine-2-14C uptake when cultured in vitro in the presence of a whole mixed grass pollen extract. A depressed lymphocyte response to the same extract in grass-sensitive patients who had received immunotherapy was seen. Dialyzable material of grass pollen extract, showing little or no skin activity, was unable to transform lymphocytes in vitro. A dialyzed extract of Holcus lanatus pollen was then fractionated on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-75. At least four chromatographic fractions were shown to induce a significant in vitro response by lymphocytes from grass-sensitive patients.
Immunological Studies in Burn Patients
Authors: Leguit, jr. P. , Meinesz Anneke , Zeijlemaker W.P. , Schellekens P.T.A. , Eijsvoogel V.P.
Published: July 2009

In 22 patients with thermal injury, the cellular immunity as measured in vitro by the lymphocyte transformation test was studied at different intervals post burn. A temporary increase in PHA responsiveness was observed shortly after the trauma. At the same time, the response to antigens and allogeneic lymphocytes was diminished. Unilateral mixed lymphocyte culture tests revealed a decrease in both the responding and the stimulating capacity of the lymphocytes of burn patients. The observed alterations in lymphocyte reactivity were somewhat more pronounced and lasted longer in the severely injured patients. All parameters resumed normal values after 4–6 weeks. Evidence was provided which suggests, together with recent data from literature, that this altered cellular responsiveness might be based on some influence on the central lymphoid system, possibly resulting in a shift of lymphocyte subpopulations in the circulating pool in favour of the B-cells. Although other explanations are also given for the observed alterations, the underlying mechanism remains obscure.
Allergen-Reagin-Mediated Histamine Release Reactions
Authors: Malley A. , Baecher L. , Crossley G. , Burger D.
Published: July 2009

Monospecific antisera directed against human complement components C3, C5, C6, C8, C9 and C3PA, and properdin were used to evaluate the role of complement in human allergic reactions. These studies demonstrated that (1) components C3, C5, C6, C8, C9, C3PA, and properdin are bound to monkey lung tissue, (2) monospecific antisera directed against these components inhibit allergen-reagin-induced histamine release reactions from monkey lung tissue, and (3) the histamine-liberated following allergen-reagin interaction is not due to the action of anaphylatoxins (C3a or C5a). Preliminary studies show that both anti-C3 and anti-C5 sera completely inhibit allergen-induced histamine release from leukocytes obtained from patients sensitive to either ragweed or timothy pollen. The data suggest that the alternate pathway of complement activation may play an important role in allergen-reagin-induced reactions from both human leukocytes and monkey lung tissue.
Blood Groups of Macaques
Authors: Wiener A.S. , Socha W.W. , Moor-Jankowski J. , Gordon Eve B. , Kaczera Z.
Published: July 2009

19 of the 22 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) isoimmunized by us since 1965 produced hemagglutinating antisera. Seven contain the Erh specific antibody. Other antibodies determine the simian type blood factors Arh, Brh, Crh, Drh, Frh, Grh, Hrh, lrh, χrh; Yrh and Zrh in rhesus monkeys and by cross-reaction in another species, the crabeating macaques (Macaca fascicularis). The Erh is the most immunogenic blood factor-producing prozone with noninactivated sera. So far, no homologues of that factor could be demonstrated in man or in chimpanzees. Family studies indicate simple Mendelian dominance for several of the blood factors described.
Blocking of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Action by Microtubular Disruptive Drugs
Authors: Pick E. , Abrahamer Hana
Published: July 2009

The microtubular disruptive drugs colchicine and vinblastine were found to have a strong enhancing effect on the in vitro migration of normal guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages. Both drugs were also found to protect macrophages from the migration inhibitory effect of supernatants of antigen-stimulated sensitized lymphocyte cultures. These findings suggest that colchicine and vinblastine may be of potential use as suppressors of the peripheral manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity.
Enhancement of the Humoral Immune Response by Vitamin E
Authors: Tengerdy R.P. , Heinzerling R.H. , Brown G.L. , Mathias M.M.
Published: July 2009

Vitamin E, supplemented to semisynthetic or natural commercial diets in amounts of 60–180 mg/kg increased the humoral immune response of mice against sheep red blood cell or tetanus toxoid antigens by 30–40%, measured by the antibody plaque forming cell test, or by hemagglutination. Vitamin E affected particularly the IgG antibody production. The antioxidant NN-diphenyl-p-phenylene diamine was ineffective in restoring immune response in a vitamin E-deficient diet, and was only partially effective in replacing vitamin E in a normal diet.
IgE Levels, Antibodies against Smooth Muscle and Eosinophilia in Asthmatic Patients and Normal Controls
Authors: Reerink-Brongers E.E. , Stoop J.W. , Groen A.S. , Campagne van Lookeren , Feltkamp T.E.W. , Veer M.V.D. , Calliauw J.O. , Sander P.C.
Published: July 2009

With the radioactive single radial diffusion method, serum IgE levels were estimated in 263 normal children, 117 normal adults, 36 asthmatic adults and 77 asthmatic children. Antibodies against smooth muscle were determined with immunofluorescent techniques. The IgE estimations appeared to be of limited value for the differential diagnosis between allergic and nonallergic asthma. The determination of the antibodies against smooth muscle was no help in this respect.
IgE Levels in External Secretions
Authors: Waldman R.H. , Virchow C. , Rowe D.S.
Published: July 2009

IgE levels were measured in serum and various external secretions from normals and patients with respiratory, intestinal, gynecological and dermatologic diseases. No IgE was detected in cervicovaginal secretions. The small intestinal secretions also had no detectable IgE, but did have a substance that inhibited the precipitation of IgE – anti-IgE, and was possibly a degradation product of IgE. The IgE:IgG ratio in sputum, nasal washings and saliva was greater than that of serum, suggesting that IgE is a secretory immunoglobulin. IgE levels were highest in these secretions and in serum of patients with extrinsic asthma and neurodermatitis.
Leukocyte Histamine Release in Clinical Assessment of Subjects with Ragweed Respiratory Allergy
Authors: McCourtie D.R.M. , Elder H.W. , Broder I.
Published: July 2009

The postseasonal leukocyte histamine release of ragweed-sensitive patients was correlated with the level of symptoms experienced in the preceding pollen season. The results demonstrated a random relationship between leukocyte sensitivity and symptom score.
The Role of Soft Connective Tissue in the Breakdown of Pig Articular Cartilage Cultivated in the Presence of Complement-Sufficient Antiserum to Pig Erythrocytes
Authors: Fell H.B. , Barratt M.E.J.
Published: July 2009

1. Articular cartilage from the 3rd and 4th metacarpals of young pigs was maintained for 10 or 14 days in organ culture, in either control media or medium containing rabbit antiserum to pig red cells and rabbit serum complement (A-S + C′). 2. In the absence of soft connective tissue, A-S + C′ had no obvious effect on the explanted cartilage. 3. Soft connective tissue, either as invading marrow or as an adjacent explant of joint capsule, caused some loss of metachromatic material from neighbouring cartilage matrix in explants grown in control medium. 4. This effect was much exaggerated by A-S + C′. 5. The very fibrous transitional cartilage linking the articular cartilage with the periosteum and bone, was highly susceptible to the action of A-S + C′, and a broad subarticular zone became necrotic and lost most of its metachromasia during treatment. 6. When combined with capsular tissue, fibrous cartilage was even more drastically affected by A-S + C′. 7. Antiserum produced a slight effect on articular cartilage associated with soft connective tissue, in the absence of complement.
Comparative Microfluorometric Studies of Activity and Size of Suspension-Polymerized Anti-IgG Antibodies at Different pH Levels
Authors: Holubar K. , Bergquist N.R. , Lesser G.R. , Beutner E.H.
Published: July 2009

Polymer particles (PP) consisting of microspheres of antihuman IgG antibodies were prepared by suspension polymerization of IgG fractions of antisera. These PP retained their antibody activity as demonstrated by immunofluorescence (IF) reactivity with FITC-labeled human IgG and appropriate negative controls. Size measurements, microfluorometry, conjugate and pH titrations point to the following characteristics of such PP. The ranges of PP size varied somewhat in different batches, but the relative distribution from 4 to 30 µm was the same. Microfluorometric readings of fluorescence intensity revealed variations at different pH levels, and in different sizes of PP. As the pH was increased from 6.6 to 9.5, correspondingly higher readings were noted up to a pH of 8.0–8.5, where a plateau became evident. There were variations in the microfluorometric readings of three different batches of PP, determined at pH 8.0. Differences in titers of labeled antigen paralleled these differences in readings of fluorescence intensity. According to these results, the use of PP as an artificial reference substrate in IF tests appears feasible.
Rosette-Formation between Guinea Pig Lymphoid Cells and Rabbit Erythrocytes – a Possible T-Cell Marker
Authors: Wilson Anne B. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

A proportion of guinea pig lymphoid cells have an affinity for rabbit erythrocytes which is demonstrable by a rosette-forming technique. In normal adult guinea pigs, this reaction has been shown to occur with up to 89% thymus cells, 26% lymph node cells and 55% peripheral blood lymphocytes. This rosette-formation which occurred on both live and dead lymphoid cells was not inhibited by anti-immunoglobulin serum. Very few, if any, of the peripheral lymphocytes which form rosettes with rabbit erythrocytes also have detectable Ig-determinanls on the cell membrane. It is suggested that this affinity for rabbit erythrocytes may form a marker for thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes in guinea pigs in the same way as rosette-formation with sheep erythrocytes appears to afford a T-marker for human lymphocytes.
The Effect of Ambient Temperature on the Immune Response in the Syrian Hamster
Authors: Mates A.
Published: July 2009

The influence of ambient temperatures of 15 and 25 °C on the primary immune response of the Syrian hamster has been investigated. Animals were immunized with a single intracardiac injection of either sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or Salmonella typhosa. Results show an increase in the latent period and an overall lower titer of agglutinating and hemagglutinating antibodies in hamsters kept at 15 °C. The antibody response to Salmonell ‘H’ antigen at this temperature was found to be more suppressed than the response to ‘O’ antigen or to SRBC. No such differences were seen in rabbits kept at 15 °C as opposed to those kept at 25 °C.
The Production of Biologically Active Factors in Lymph Following Stimulation with Concanavalin A
Authors: Hay J.B.
Published: July 2009

Following the subcutaneous injection of 125I-labelled Con A almost all of the radioactivity remained at the injection site for a period of several days. There were several changes in the draining lymph including the appearance of two soluble factors which appear to correspond to MIF and mitogenic factor. The kinetics of the two factors were different and they had characteristics which distinguished them from one another and from Con A itself. The lymph flow rate was enhanced for a period of several days during these responses and a large increase in cell traffic was evident in the efferent lymph.
Serological Studies of Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Branefors-Helander Paula
Published: July 2009

Culture fluids and washings of agar cultures (Ex antigens) and phenol-water extractions of whole bacteria or bacterial cell walls were prepared from capsulated and non-capsulated H. influenzae strains. The preparations were subjected to comparative immunodiffusion analyses as well as to studies of their endotoxic effect, as demonstrated by dermal Shwartzman reaction and lethal tests. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis analyses showed that in addition to the capsular precipitinogen a second precipitinogen, designated 2, was demonstrated in all preparations of all the strains tested. Both Ex antigens and phenol-water preparations from capsulated strains and from the non-capsulated variants could provoke a dermal Shwartzman reaction in rabbits. Ex antigens from capsulated strains and from a non-capsulated variant were lethal when given parenterally to rabbits. A relation between precipitinogen 2 and the endotoxic effect of the materials was shown. This precipitinogen was demonstrated in washings of young agar cultures as well as in phenol-water extractions of whole bacteria and of cell walls, from both M and S strains. Thus, precipitinogen 2 may be designated an·antigen. It was found to be antigenetically complex, and all the strains tested shared one of the antigen determinant of this complex.
Immunological Induction of DNA Synthesis in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: More D.G. , Penrose Jean M. , Kearney R. , Nelson D.S.
Published: July 2009

The occurrence of DNA synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages was estimated autoradiographically in cells cultured on glass in the presence of tritiated thymidine. Subcutaneous injection of a soluble antigen, human serum albumin (HSA) into mice previously immunized with HSA in Freund’s complete adjuvant was followed, after a lag of at least 16 h, by the onset of DNA synthesis in peritoneal macrophages. This effect was immunologically specific and was accompanied by morphological changes indicating activation. The ability to respond in this way was passively transferable by means of spleen cells, but not serum, from immunized mice. DNA synthesis in macrophages was induced in vivo by Concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin-P, anti-lymphocyte globulin, bacterial endotoxin and normal mouse serum. The number of macrophages synthesizing DNA was also increased in mice with graft-versus-host reactions and in mice bearing a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced tumour.
Cell Fractionation on Affinity Columns
Authors: Moroz L.A. , Kotoulas A.O.
Published: July 2009

Nonimmune C57BL/6f mouse spleen lymphocytes were fractionated on glass-bead columns coated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Adherent cells conferred enhanced humoral anti-KLH responses on irradiated syngeneic recipients when compared with nonadherent or unfractionated cells. This effect was unaltered by simultaneous transfer of unfractionated nonimmune thymocytes, but it was not observed when cells were fractionated on a column coated with control antigen, when nonviable cells were transferred, and when cells were fractionated in the presence of free KLH. No adjuvant effect of KLH transferred with cells was demonstrable. By autoradiography with 125I-KLH, adherent lymphocytes were enriched in antigen-binding cells (0.24%), relative to nonadherent cells (0.03%,) with an estimated incidence of 0.06% for KLH-binding lymphocytes in nonimmune C57BL/6f mouse spleen.
Technical Modification of Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody Test Using Filter Paper Blood Eluates
Authors: Franco M.F. , Chamma L.G.
Published: July 2009

An indirect immunofluorescence test using small discs (0.4 cm in diameter) cut from blood smears on filter paper is described. Discs plus three drops of phosphate-buffered saline are laid on antigenic areas on slides, which are then incubated. During incubation, eluted antibodies react with antigen. The method was tested with 10 eluates from healthy persons and with 30 eluates from three groups of 10 patients with Chagas’ disease, schistosomiasis Mansoni and South American blastomycosis, respectively. Sera from the same blood samples were tested also by conventional indirect immunofluorescence tests. Both tests gave similar results. The method proposed is useful as a rapid qualitative screening test when dealing with a large number of samples.
A Comparative Study of the Mechanisms of Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Induced by Mouse IgG, Rabbit IgG, and Rabbit F (ab′)2 Antibodies
Authors: Casey F.B. , Tokuda S.
Published: July 2009

Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) was provoked in BALB/c mice by either mouse IgG or rabbit IgG antibodies, or by rabbit F(ab′)2 antibody fragments using varying latent periods. Mice were pretreated with BOL-148 and pyrilamine maleate, specific antagonists for serotonin and histamine, respectively, in order to study the role of these basic amines in the PCA reactions. At least three types of PCA reactions were observed. The mouse IgG-provoked PCA was partially inhibited by each of the antagonists and totally inhibited by use of the antagonists in combination. When animals were sensitized by rabbit IgG using a 1- hour latent period, the reaction was found to involve histamine, but not serotonin. The reactions provoked by either rabbit IgG, using a 3- hour latent period, or by rabbit F(ab’)2 antibody fragments were unaffected by either of the antagonists. Diethylcarbamazine, disodium cromoglycate, bretylium, and α-methyldopa had no effect on any of the PCA reactions studied.
Dietary Influence on Antinuclear Antibodies and Cell-Mediated Immunity in NZB Mice
Authors: Fernandes G. , Yunis E.J. , Jose D.G. , Good R.A.
Published: July 2009

The influence of two different commerical diets on immune parameters of 8–11-month-old New Zealand Black (NZB) female mice has been presented. A diet relatively high in fat and low in protein favored increase of body weight, but also increased the propensity of NZB mice to develop anemia, leukocytosis, and reticulocytosis. The higher fat diet also increased the severity of Coombs positivity and resulted in apparently larger amounts of immunoglobulins, especially IgGj and IgA autoantibodies, on red cell surfaces than did the lower fat diet fed to NZB mice. The sera of mice fed a higher fat diet contained a greater titer of antibodies to deoxyribonucleoprotein. The higher fat diet was also associated with a greater deficiency of cellular cytotoxicity to mammary adenocarcinoma and sarcoma I cells, and with a lower capacity to induce graft-vs.-host reactions. Production of serum blocking factors against sarcoma I and hemagglutinating antibody response with SRBC in old NZB mice did not seem to be influenced by diet. These changes in the kinetics of the cellular and humoral immune response associated with diet suggest that acceleration or delay of the involution of the lymphoid system in NZB mice may be attributed to variations in diet. This finding deserves extensive and direct analysis.
The Canine Respiratory Immune Response
Authors: O’Rourke J. , Patterson R. , Roberts Mary , Suszko Irena
Published: July 2009

The canine respiratory secretory immune response was studied by quantitative delivery of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) to the lower respiratory tract (LRT) and compared with intravenous administration of KLH. Respiratory secretions (RS) were standardized by IgA content and antibody against KLH studied by precipitin, passive hemagglutination and radioimmunoelectrophoretic (RIEP) techniques. Dogs immunized with KLH by either the respiratory or the intravenous route showed precipitating antibodies in serum but not RS. In these studies, aerosolized KLH resulted in IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies in RS and serum, and a comparatively higher antibody titer in RS than occurred following intravenous KLH.
Suppression of Anaphylactic Responses in Mice by Antilymphocyte Sera, Normal Sera, and Egg Albumin
Authors: Hargis Betty J. , Malkiel S.
Published: July 2009

ALS and several ‘normal proteins’ were seen to be equally effective in suppressing anaphylactic response to primary challenge with heterologous antigen but response to secondary challenge remained unaltered. Challenge of ALS-treated mice with homologous ALS indicated that only a mild sensitivity had been engendered but animals nonspecifically suppressed and challenged with the homologous suppressant were acutely sensitive. The former probably is due to specific suppression of the antibody-producing lymphocytes; a single small dose of ALS given with an adjuvant was effective in sensitizing mice. Multiple precipitins against the suppressant were identified by immunodiffusion in the sera of mice of those groups suppressed by ALS or ‘normal protein’. Precipitin lines failed to appear after a single injection of a low dose of antigen in pertussis vaccine or Freund’s complete adjuvant even though the anaphylactic death rate of these mice was invariably high. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis followed development of active anaphylaxis. Sera obtained just prior to primary challenge (10 days postsensitization) no longer gave a singificant PCA reaction following treatment with 2-ME. These findings presuppose the presence of a skin-sensitizing form of IgM, a low-titered reaginic antibody or a sub-class of IgG. 2-ME had no effect on sera drawn just prior to secondary challenge (17 days postsensitization and 7 days postprimary challenge).
The Behaviour of Complement and Platelets in Lethal Endotoxin Shock in Rabbits
Authors: Brown D.L. , Lachmann P.J.
Published: July 2009

The in vivo behaviour of chromium-labelled platelets was studied in normal, C6 deficient and C3-9 depleted rabbits following the injection of a potentially lethal dose of an endotoxin (S. marcescens). The majority of labelled platelets were acutely destroyed in normal rabbits and only a small proportion returned briefly to the circulation. All normal rabbits subsequently died. In marked contrast, labelled platelets survived normally in C3-9 depleted rabbits following injection of the endotoxin and no C3-9 depleted rabbit died. In C6 deficient rabbits, platelets were acutely sequestered but destroyed to only a variable degree. C6 deficient rabbits, in which platelet recovery following early sequestration was greater than 65%, survived subsequently, whereas C6 deficient rabbits, in which platelet recovery was less than 45%, died. Platelet factor 3 (PF3) activation by endotoxin was also studied both in vivo and in platelet rich plasma in vitro. A major degree of PF3 activation occurred in normal rabbits, a minor degree in C6 deficient rabbits and none in C3-9 depleted rabbits. A direct association was found between complement status, PF3 activation, platelet survival and subsequent mortality following endotoxin injection.
Factors Affecting the Traffic and Segregation of Lymphoid Cell Populations
Authors: Parrott Delphine M.V. , Ferguson Anne , de Sousa Maria A.B.
Published: July 2009

Spleen cells from normal (N) or thymus-deprived (B) mice were labelled in vitro with either 3H-adenosine or 3H-5-uridine and injected into syngeneic normal or thymus-deprived mice. The distribution profiles showed that N spleen cells were distributed over both thymus-dependent and thymus-independent (B) compartments of spleen and lymph node, whilst the great majority of B cells were distributed only over B compartments. No difference was observed in the labelling intensity of N or B spleen cells. A quantitative analysis of the number of cells per unit area of T or B areas of lymph nodes demonstrated that lymph nodes in B mice were more receptive to injected cells. Differences between the phenomena of ‘eco-taxis’ and ‘homing’ as applied to migrating lymphoid cells are discussed.
Movement to Sites of Inflammation and Non-Specific Cytotoxicity of T Lymphocytes Stimulated by Antigen in vivo and Their Resemblance to Lymphocytes Stimulated with Phytohaemagglutinin in vitro
Authors: Asherson G.L. , Allwood G.G.
Published: July 2009

It is known that following immunization with agents which cause delayed hypersensitivity, T cells proliferate in the draining lymph nodes, become large pyroninophilic cells with a peak about day 4 and then revert to small lymphocytes. In parallel with these changes, cells appear which have the ability to move to sites of inflammation and to show non-specific cytotoxic killing. These cells are large, theta positive and synthesize DNA. Their activity reaches a peak four days after immunization with contact sensitizing agents. It is postulated that movement to sites of inflammation and non-specific cytotoxic killing are the properties of large pyroninophilic cells (T blasts) or their immediate descendents, and that these cells represent a single sequence or line of T cells. It is suggested that the biological role of these properties is to ensure that the cells which mediate delayed hypersensitivity arrive at the sites where they are required.
Tubular Lesions Produced by Autoantibodies to Tubular Basement Membrane in Human Renal Allografts
Authors: Klassen J. , Kano K. , Milgrom F. , Menno A.B. , Anthone S. , Anthone R. , Sepulveda M. , Elwood C.M. , Andres G.A.
Published: July 2009

In two patients with chronic glomerulonephritis who received renal allografts, transplant failure was associated with binding of transplantation antibodies to the graft and with glomerular and vascular changes frequently seen in chronic rejection. Lesions of renal tubules were characterized by basement membrane thickening, splitting or disruption, with adjacent extensive mononuclear cell infiltrates. Direct immunofluorescence showed linear staining pattern for IgG, IgA and C3 along the tubular basement membranes of the two allografts and linear staining for IgG in the tubular basement membranes of the own kidneys of one patient who had not been nephrectomized prior to renal transplantation. Indirect immunofluorescence and passive transfer studies demonstrated that theimmunoglobulins eluted from the grafts reacted with the tubular basement membranes of all human and monkey kidneys tested. Since antibodies with similar reactivity would also be eluted from the recipient’s own kidneys, they can be classified as autoantibodies. The presented data, however, do not indicate whether the autoimmune response was induced by the graft or whether the lesion just recurred in the graft.
Expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the Intestine of Rats: the Role of a Cellular Component Derived from Bone Marrow
Authors: Dineen J.K. , Kelly J.D.
Published: July 2009

Reconstitution of heavily irradiated rats (750 rad whole-body irradiation) with mesenteric lymph node cells from immune donors and bone marrow cells from either immune or normal (non-immune) donors caused the expulsion of transplanted damaged worms of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. These results show that a third component derived from bone marrow is required for worm expulsion and is additional to the humoral (worm damage by antibody) and cell-mediated components previously defined by the studies of Jones and Ogilvie [1971], Kelly and Dineen [1972a], Keller and Keist [1972] and Dineen et al. [1973b].
Effect of Disodium Cromoglycate on Various Types of Anaphylactic Reaction in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Taylor W.A. , Roitt I.M.
Published: July 2009

The development of allergic reactivity and the effect of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on that development were studied in groups of actively sensitized guinea pigs using both ocular sensitivity and antigen-induced histamine release from chopped lung, as test systems. DSCG reduced the allergic reactivity of animals actively sensitized for less than 12 days. At 12 days, DSCG was either inactive or it increased the reactivity of the animals. Antisera raised in animals co-immunized with Bordetella pertussis organisms were found to have a mixture of both IgE-like and γ1-like homocytotropic antibody properties. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mediated by the IgE-like antibody was maximal at 48 h, was sensitive to heat and mercaptoethanol and was inhibited by DSCG. PCA mediated by γ1-like antibody was maximal at 4 h, was heat-stable, insensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol and DSCG and was apparently inhibited by concurrent stimulation of the IgE-mediated pathway.
Study of the Nature of the Binding Sites of Some Allergens Interacting with IgE
Authors: Ceska M. , Ponterius G.
Published: July 2009

The nature of one of the binding sites of interacting macromolecules was studied by employing a model system consisting of immobilized allergens and specific reaginic antibodies present in the sera of allergen sensitive patients. Prior to their interaction with reaginic antibodies, the immobilized allergens were treated with a variety of enzymes in order to determine their susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis.
Autoimmune Uveo-Retinitis in the Rat Sensitized with Retina Photoreceptor Cell Antigen
Authors: Wacker W.B. , Kalsow Carolyn M.
Published: July 2009

Although uveitis has been widely identified as the main feature of the autoimmune disease produced in several vertebrate species immunized with retina, the present study shows that retinitis is the main feature of the disease in rats. These species differences can be correlated with species differences in intraocular vascularization, and the hematogenous pathways by which the inflammatory cells reach the ocular target. Results in the rat show that the retinal circulation is the source of inflammatory infiltrates which moved progressively from the inner vascular to the outer avascular layers of the retina and destroyed the photoreceptor cells, the retina structure with which the pathogenic antigen has been identified by fluorescent antibody staining.
A Modified Agarose Method for Detection of Migration Inhibitory Factor and Delineation of its Antigen Dependency
Authors: Weisbart R.H. , Cunningham J.E. , Bluestone R. , Goldberg L.S.
Published: July 2009

A modified agarose method for the detection of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is described. This technique which employs human leukocytes as effector cells distinguished PPD-sensitive from nonsensitive individuals. Because of the improved sensitivity of this method, MIF activity could be detected in serially diluted supernatants. The antigen dependency of MIF was demonstrated by progressively diluting the supernatants (containing MIF) with antigen-free medium until MIF activity was undetectable; reconstitution of these supernatants with small amounts of PPD antigen restored 52–85% of the initial MIF activity. These studies suggest that human MIF is antigen dependent.
Hypersensitivity Responses to Bee Venom and to Mellitin
Authors: Saelinger Catharine B. , Higginbotham R.D.
Published: July 2009

Bee venom has both antigenic and anaphylactoid properties. Immunization of mice with relatively small amounts of this venom induced both cutaneous and fatal systemic hypersensitivity to appropriate challenge with this material. Equivalent or greater systemic hypersensitivity was also induced by adrenalectomy or by heat stress, and thus a fatal reaction to this venom does not necessarily reflect an allergic condition. All immune and anaphylactoid responses to bee venom were reproduced with mellitin, a cationic polypeptide constituent of this venom. In contrast, enhanced response to phospholipase A was demonstrated only by systemic challenge of venom-immunized mice. The results suggest that mellitin is an important allergen as well as the major toxic constituent of whole bee venom.
Autoreagins and Conventional Autoantibodies to Rabbit Male Accessory Glands Induced by Cryoimmunization
Authors: Yantorno C. , Riera Clelia M. , Faillaci María G. , Vides M.A.
Published: July 2009

Cryosurgery of rabbit male accessory glands induced the formation of organ-specific hemagglutinating and skin anaphylactic autoantibodies. The latter antibodies appeared to fulfill the criteria for homocytotropic antibodies since they fixed to homologous skin, showed heat lability and were clearly differentiable from IgG and IgM antibody when serum samples were chromatographed through Sephadex G-200 gel column. Using Sephadex G-100 rabbit seminal plasma fractions it was possible to prove that autoantigens and autoallergens are confined in different fractions judging by their capacity to produce positive hemagglutinating and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions. The extrapolation of these results could have important implications in the field of autoimmune diseases.
B and T Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Human Peripheral Blood
Authors: Haegert D.G. , Hallberg T. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals were examined to detect the presence of membrane-bound Ig and surface receptors for fixed IgG and fixed C3. These three features are thought to be characteristic of B lymphocytes and were measured by the mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction, the antibody (Fc) rosetting reaction and complement (C3) rosetting reactions, respectively. As a reaction believed to be characteristic of T lymphocytes, the capacity to rosette with non-sensitized SRBC was also evaluated. Mean percentages of the total number of lymphocytes from 20 healthy donors ± 1 SD were: sheep red blood cell rosetting reaction 55.7 ± 9.6; mixed antiglobulin rosetting reaction 34.3 ± 9.6; Fc rosetting reaction 26.3 ± 9.9, and C3 rosetting reaction 14.7 ± 5.2. Having established a range of normal values, eleven patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) were examined. For all the reactions believed characteristic of B lymphocytes the mean percentage of lymphocytes rosetting was increased; mixed antiglobulin rosettes 85.8; Fc rosettes 60.4, and C3 rosettes 56.4. There was consequent reduction in the mean percentage of lymphocytes rosetting with SRBC, i.e. 11.8%. This confirms that, in the cases studied, CLL is a disorder of B lymphocytes. In normal persons and in CLL patients it was found that Fc receptors, C3 receptors and Ig determinants appeared to express themselves independently on B lymphocytes.
Increased Permeability of the Rat Mast Cell Membrane to Sodium and Potassium Caused by Extracellular ATP and its Relationship to Histamine Release
Authors: Dahlquist Rune , Diamant Bertil , Krüger Per Göran
Published: July 2009

Extracellular ATP induced a prompt increase in sodium and decrease in potassium contents of isolated rat mast cells. The effects on the cation composition of the cells preceded the histamine release induced by ATP and, in contrast to the release, was not dependent on the presence of calcium in the medium. When mast cells were incubated with ATP and CaCl2 for more than 1 min, the accumulated sodium gradually decreased. This decrease was counteracted by addition of LaCl3, prior to the centrifugation and washing procedure which followed incubation, presumably through a membrane-stabilizing effect of the trivalent cation. The optimal concentration of calcium for histamine release induced by ATP was 0.25 mm. Increasing concentrations of calcium concomitantly depressed histamine release and the changes of the cellular cation composition induced by ATP. Mast cells pretreated with ATP (which allowed the cells to accumulate sodium) released histamine upon addition of calcium at a concentration that was inhibitory to both sodium uptake and histamine release when added together with ATP. It is concluded that exogenous ATP exerts an effect on the mast cell membrane leading to an increase in its permeability to sodium and potassium. These permeability changes of the membrane are necessary but not sufficient for histamine release to be induced by ATP, since the release is also dependent on the presence of calcium.
Morphological Changes Induced by ATP on Rat Mast Cells and their Relationship to Histamine Release
Authors: Krüger Per Göran , Diamant Bertil , Dahlquist Rune
Published: July 2009

Discharge of granules from isolated rat mast cells could be observed concomitantly with the histamine release from the cells when incubated with adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) in the presence of Ca++. Since the percentage of mast cells with discharged granules was close to the percentage of histamine released, but the cells were still not emptied of granules, it is concluded that part of the histamine release occurred independently of granule discharge. In the absence of Ca++, only a slight histamine release occurred, and few extracellular granules were observed. ATP was shown to induce an immediate increase in the permeability of the cell membrane, as judged from the trypan blue exclusion test. ATP induced an increase in mast cell volume to more than twice the original volume, irrespective of the absence or presence of 0.25 mm Ca++, which is the optimum concentration for histamine release induced by ATP. By increasing the concentration of Ca++ in the incubation medium, the swelling effect of ATP on the cells was counteracted concomitantly with a decrease in the histamine release. It is concluded that swelling of the cells per se does not cause histamine release but is a necessary component for histamine release to occur from mast cells exposed to ATP and Ca++.
Mitogen Stimulation of Rabbit Spleen Cells before and after Complement-Mediated Cell Kill with an Antiserum Directed against the Thymus Antigen RTLA
Authors: Shek Pang Nin , Chou Chi-Tao , Dubiski Stanislaw , Cinader Bernhard
Published: July 2009

Rabbit thymus lymphocyte antigen (RTLA) has been previously characterized as an antigen of rabbit thymus-derived cells (Cell. Immunol. 7: 484–501, 1973). It has now been shown that the antigen may be regarded as a thymus marker in terms of cellular responsiveness to various mitogens. It was found that only RTLA-bearing spleen cells responded to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A with increased thymidine uptake. Only those spleen cells, which remained viable after treatment with RTLA antibody and complement, responded by thymidine incorporation to antibody against A4 light chain marker. The sensitivity of the detection of mitogen effects was improved by removing cells, adhering to or ingesting magnetic core particles, coated with poly-L-lysine. Following such pretreatment, there was a reduction in thymidine uptake by unstimulated spleen cells. This reduction in background thymidine incorporation made it possible to determine target specificity with mitogens of low potency. Using this technique, it became possible to demonstrate that lipopolysaccharide is a mitogen for rabbit B cells, albeit marginally so, and much less effective for rabbit than for murine B cells.