bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infectivity Period After Symptom Relief in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: An Experimental Trial
Authors: Vaez Aysan , Izadi Amin , Mirmohammadkhani Majid , Memarian Mohammad , Hemati Maral , Kokhaei Parviz
Published: February 2022

Background: This study aimed to understand the infectivity period after symptom relief in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This would probably help prevent the disease spread by partially recovered patients to some extent. Methods: A total of 10 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected patients with mild to moderate illness, approved by RT-PCR, were followed daily. After 2 days of cessation of clinical symptoms, a nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal sample RT-PCR was taken. If the patients’ test had a negative result, a repeated RT-PCR was performed 24 hours later. Moreover, if two consecutive tests had negative results, the patient was considered definitively treated, and the follow-up was terminated. However, if RT-PCR was positive, the test was performed 3 days later. The infectivity period after symptom relief and total infectivity period were calculated. The SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were measured 1 month after symptom relief. The SPSS Software (version 20) was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 10 patients met the inclusion criteria to enter the study. There were 6 (60%) male and 4 (40%) female patients. The mean age of patients was 37.40 ± 7.975 years (minimum: 28 years, maximum: 51 years). The mean days passed from the onset of symptoms at the time of referring to Kowsar Hospital in Semnan, Iran, was 3.2 ± 0.919 days (minimum: 2 days, maximum: 5 days). The mean infectivity period after symptom relief was 6.9 ± 5.152 days indicating that it took about 7 days after symptom relief that the patients were considered completely treated according to RT-PCR results. However, the mean period of total infectivity was 16.6 ± 5.73 days. Moreover, 70% of patients had an IgM negative/IgG positive result 1 month after symptom relief; nevertheless, 30% of patients showed a delayed antibody response. Conclusions: The virus could be detected in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples in the studied patients up to 7 days after symptom relief. This finding highlights the importance of isolation and distancing in patients after recovery and the adoption of hygiene measures.
Learning orientation impact, innovativeness and business performance in Croatian companies
Authors: Šlogar Helena
Published: February 2022

This study explores whether certain changes in the model of the impact that learning orientation (LO) had on innovativeness and business performance in Croatian companies occurred in the period 2016-2019. Regression and covariance analysis was used to analyse the collected data. According to the results obtained, the impact of learning orientation and its components (commitment to learning, shared vision, open-mindedness and intra-organizational knowledge sharing) on innovativeness (product innovativeness, process innovativeness and business system innovativeness) did not change statistically significantly in the period 2016-2019. The same trend was observed with respect to business performance. In this period, a statistically significant change was identified in the effect of commitment to learning and open-mindedness on product innovativeness, and in the effect of open-mindedness on business system innovativeness. Likewise, the effect of commitment to learning, open mindedness and intra-organizational knowledge sharing within the company on the qualitative effects of business performance also changed. Empirical results provide significant theoretical and managerial implications in implementing a learning orientation with the aim of increasing companies' competitiveness in the market.
The intellectual structure of behavioral strategy: A bibliometric study
Authors: Urío Santiago , Redondo Raquel , Gavilan Diana
Published: February 2022

Behavioral strategy is a relatively new subfield of strategic management and yet its roots go back to the origins of the discipline. Its rapid growth over the last few years, the interest created in the research community, and the intrinsically diversified approaches call for organization of the intellectual structure developed by scholars. This paper aims to provide the intellectual structure of the subject based on the published research for the entire period covered by the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) Database. By using bibliometric and data analytic techniques, we determine the key works in the development of the subfield, the groups that determine the conceptual contributions and the bridging works that provide the common bond between them. To achieve this, we have used co-citation analysis to capture relationships. It is followed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) and a principal component factor analysis (PCFA) for displaying the groups of works that constitute the different lines of research. The study offers useful insights in the discipline and conclusions for future developments in the subject for researchers and practitioners alike.
Fitorremediação de solos contaminados por ferro (Fe) na forma de sulfato ferroso (FeSO4) utilizando a espécie Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze
Authors: Maciel André Luiz , Casalvara Haniel Fernando Ayoub , Tomé Júlio Diogenes Schuquel , Pereira Rafael Gon , Lourenço Tadeu Cosme Xavier , Consolin Filho Nelson , Araújo José Hilton Bernardino de
Published: February 2022

Popularmente conhecida como Maricá ou arranha-gato, a Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze é considerada uma árvore ou arbusto arborescente, aculeada, comumente com 3 a 10 m de altura, particularmente adaptável a diferentes tipos de solos e climas, apresenta alto poder germinativo (em média 70%), em suas características apresenta raiz pivotante muito comprida favorecendo a absorção de nutrientes e minerais do solo e tende a alcançar a maturidade em 7 anos. Na fitorremediação os vegetais podem atuar de forma direta ou indireta na redução ou remoção dos contaminantes. Na remediação direta, os compostos são absorvidos e acumulados ou metabolizados nos tecidos, através da mineralização dos mesmos. Na forma indireta, os vegetais extraem contaminantes das águas subterrâneas, reduzindo assim a fonte de contaminação ou quando a presença de plantas propicia meio favorável ao aumento da atividade microbiana, que degrada o contaminante. O seguinte trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a efetividade do uso de Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze como espécie fitorremediadora em Latossolo Roxo contaminado por diferentes concentrações de ferro na forma de sulfato ferroso (FeSO4).
Spatio-temporal variation of insects with immature phase in the soil of Cerrado Northeast of Brazil
Authors: Silva Edison Fernandes da , Silva Francinaldo Soares , Silva Luana Nascimento , Lima Charlyan de Sousa
Published: February 2022

Holometabolous insects use multiple substrates for ovipositon, laying their eggs on fruits, seeds, and animal tissues, with many species deposit them directly on the soil. The study aimed to identify the families of winged insects with an immature phase in the soil and to verify the effect of climatic seasonality in this insect guild in different conditions of soil cover in a cerrado area in Northern Brazil. The adult insects were sampled at four sites: I - capoeira forest with litter, II - capoeira forest without litter, III - gallery forest with litter, and IV - gallery forest with litter. In each sample site was installed 6 emergency traps, equidistant 5 m from each other. The traps remained in the field for 20 months, occupying five different points in the 150 m transections plotted at each sampling site. The collect of newly emerged adult insects was carried out weekly, using a suction tube, and identified in family level. The soils of the sampling sites were characterized chemically and physically, as well as the climatic factors (humidity and temperature). In this study, a large number of families of insects with immature phase were sampled in soils of a region that makes up three larges Brazilian biomes: Cerrado, Caatinga, and Amazon. The number of insect families sampled was affected by climatic seasonality but was not affected by spatial variation. The diversity rates recorded in this study were high, with the highest values recorded in the sampling sites where the litter layer was preserved, evidencing the role of litter and soil organic matter in preserving and maintaining the biological diversity of the soil.
Características químicas do solo sob sistema agroflorestal e floresta primária no município de Pacajá, Pará, Brasil
Authors: Soares Andréia de Freitas , Silva Sandra Andréa Santos da , Costa José Farias , Farias Vivian Dielly da Silva , Nogueira Amanda da Silva , Santos Marcos Antônio Souza dos
Published: February 2022

O artigo avalia e compara os atributos químicos do solo sob sistema agroflorestal (SAF) e floresta primária (FP) em diferentes profundidades e declividades no período chuvoso. O estudo foi realizado na Fazenda São Francisco, município de Pacajá, estado do Pará. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com arranjo fatorial (2x2x2), sendo os tratamentos: sistema agroflorestal (5 anos) e floresta primária; profundidades (0-20 e 20-40 cm); declividades média-alta e média-baixa (MA e MB). A área experimental consistiu de 320 m2 para cada tratamento, compostos por quatro repetições, cada uma de 80 m2. Amostras de solos foram coletadas com auxílio de trado holandês nas profundidades de 0-20 e 20-40 cm, nas duas declividades no mês de janeiro, período das chuvas na região. Foram avaliados e comparados os atributos químicos: pH em água, carbono orgânico, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, acidez potencial (H+Al), soma de base (SB), capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), porcentagem de saturação por bases (V%). Constatou-se que as elevações da fertilidade do solo no SAF, em relação ao sistema de floresta primária, foram significativas. Os valores encontrados de pH no SAF foram satisfatórios. Os teores de carbono orgânico foram considerados altos no SAF e variaram de médio a alto na floresta primária (FP). Os teores de Al trocável no SAF foram baixos. O SAF apresentou melhorias na fertilidade do solo em relação à FP, mostrando maiores valores para o P na profundidade 0- 20 nas declividades MA e MB; Ca e Mg em ambas profundidades. Os teores de K no SAF se mostraram tão eficientes quanto na FP. A CTC dos solos em análise variou de média a alta, indicando que possuem uma boa capacidade para reter nutrientes. A saturação por bases (V%) comprovou que os solos no SAF são caracterizados, predominantemente, como eutróficos.
Chemical and biological indicators of soil quality in cultivation areas of the Cerrado
Authors: Silva Patricia Carvalho da , Souza Wesley dos Santos , Cunha Jenilton Gomes da , Maia Ericka Paloma Viana , Holanda Neto Manoel Ribeiro
Published: February 2022

The present study aimed to evaluate the interference of the management adopted in Cerrado cultivation areas on the chemical and biological soil attributes. Four soil management systems were studied (MC, NT3+SM, NT6+MB, and NT6+SMB), with different years of adoption and cover crops, and one area of native vegetation (NV). In each soil management system and in the NV, soil samples were collected at the depths of 0.0-0.05m, 0.05-0.10m, and 0.10-0.20m, 5 replications. The effects of the treatments on the response variables were evaluated by ANOVA, and the means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% of significance. Soil management with crop rotation and succession improved soil fertility since all chemical elements studied presented higher values when compared to the NV. The soil contents of organic carbon, macronutrients, microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), and soil basal respiration (SBR) were generally higher on the surface, with the lowest contents of Cmic being observed for the NT6+MB, and the NV presenting high SBR in all studied depths. The metabolic quotient was higher in depth. In general, our results revealed that the use of no-tillage systems, besides providing soil cover, also increases and maintains the chemical and biological attributes, respectively, thus improving soil quality.
Potencial do lodo doméstico da ETE como adubação orgânica na cultura do crambe
Authors: Leite Aline do Amaral , Silva Joseane Oliveira da , Lacerda Sara Moreno Pereira , Silva Thamires Oliveira da , Rocha Felizardo Adenilson , Ferraz Lorena Lima
Published: February 2022

O crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst), pertencente à família Brassicaceae cujas sementes contém cerca de 35-60% de óleo, surge como opção para produção do óleo vegetal. A sua precocidade são as maiores vantagens da planta, que floresce aos 35 dias e pode ser colhida aos 90 dias após a emergência, podendo atingir produtividade média de 1000 – 1800 kg ha-1. Nesse trabalho avaliou-se o desenvolvimento do crambe submetido a doses crescentes de lodo doméstico da ETE. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de: 0; 4; 8; 16 e 32 Mg há-1. Cada unidade experimental foi constituída por vasos contendo 2 kg de solo, com quatro repetições. O solo utilizado foi o Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico. Foram avaliados: número de folhas, altura da planta, matéria seca da biomassa vegetal e determinação do conteúdo de nitrogênio na planta total. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida da análise de regressão em função das doses, utilizando o programa estatístico SAEG. Os resultados de análise de crescimento indicaram que com o aumento das doses do lodo doméstico a planta respondeu melhor em termos de altura e número de folhas. Para peso seco, a planta obteve um melhor desenvolvimento com a dose de 32 Mg há-1. Em relação ao conteúdo de nitrogênio, o maior conteúdo de nitrogênio foi observado com a dose 32 Mg ha-1.
Caracterização fenotípica e molecular de Zingiber officinale roscoe cultivado no norte de Mato Grosso, Brasil
Authors: Cardoso Elisa dos Santos , Rossi Ana Aparecida Bandini , Alves Uéliton Oliveira , Rodrigues Alex Souza , Pedri Eliane Cristina Moreno de , Tiago Auana Vicente , Zortéa Kelli Évelin Müller
Published: February 2022

Zingiber officinale Roscoe, popularmente conhecido como gengibre, é cultivado no Brasil por agricultores familiares e por mantenedores de quintais, além de ser utilizado na culinária e como medicamento tradicional. Considerando a importância da espécie, este estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar, utilizando marcadores fenotípicos (quantitativos e qualitativos) e moleculares, genótipos de Zingiber officinale cultivados em quatro municípios do estado de Mato Grosso e, assim, identificar a diversidade genética existente entre os mesmos. Foram caracterizados 30 genótipos a partir de 21 descritores fenotípicos (sete quantitativos e 14 qualitativos) e oito primers SSR. Dentre os descritores quantitativos, a produtividade do rizoma contribuiu em 97% para a diversidade entre os genótipos, apresentando uma correlação fraca (r = 0,4) com a altura da planta e moderada (r = 0,54) com o número de perfilhos por planta. Dos 14 descritores qualitativos, apenas oito apresentaram polimorfismo, sendo as cores da folha e da polpa do rizoma as características de maior variabilidade. Os primers SSR utilizados foram altamente informativos e apontaram heterozigosidade observada (Ho) menor que a esperada (He). As análises dos dados fenotípicos e moleculares apresentaram diferenças na formação dos grupos genéticos, sendo observada correlação, embora muito fraca (r ≅ 0,05), entre os dados quantitativos e moleculares. A análise conjunta apresentou uma correlação moderada (0,70 > r > 0,50) com as análises fenotípicas (quantitativa e qualitativa) e molecular. A partir da caracterização fenotípica e molecular, isolada e conjunta, foi possível identificar que existe diversidade genética entre os 30 genótipos de Zingiber officinale avaliados, indicando um processo de diferenciação entre as populações e apontando, portanto, a importância da conservação desse material para programas de conservação e melhoramento genético da espécie.
Avaliação do tempo de retenção celular e da concentração do esgoto na remoção biológica de nutrientes: remoção de nutrientes em reatores em batelada sequencial
Authors: Ó Kely Dayane Silva do , Sousa José Tavares de , Canto Catarina Simone Andrade do , Henrique Israel Nunes , Leite Valderi Duarte , Lopes Wilton Silva
Published: February 2022

A remoção biológica de nitrogênio e fósforo têm sido eficientemente alcançada no tratamento de esgotos utilizando reatores em bateladas sequenciais (RBS). No entanto, a biodesfosfatação e desnitrificação heterotrófica ocorrem quando há carbono orgânico disponível em proporções estequiométricas, dentre outros fatores, como a idade de lodo e o tempo das fases aeróbia, anaeróbia e anóxica. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência de dois RBS na remoção biológica de nutrientes de esgoto com diferentes concentrações, sob diferentes tempos de retenção celular (TRC) e tempos de ciclo. Para isso, dois sistemas experimentais foram operados em paralelo: sistema 1 teve como afluente esgoto concentrado; e no sistema 2 o afluente foi esgoto moderado. Em ambos os experimentos foram utilizados dois RBS com tempos de ciclo de 24 e 8 h e o TRC de 12 e 5 dias, respectivamente para R1 e R2. No experimento 1 foram observadas eficiências médias de remoção no R1 de 60%, 42% e 81%, e de 83%, 80% e 35% no R2, respectivamente para fósforo total, ortofosfato e nitrogênio. Para o experimento 2, as eficiências médias de remoção de fósforo total, ortofosfato e nitrogênio foram respectivamente de 47%, 43% e 83% (R1) e 56%, 54% e 33% (R2). De modo geral, a biodesfosfatação foi realizada com melhor desempenho no reator R2, quando o sistema foi operado com esgoto concentrado, enquanto os processos de nitrificação/desnitrificação foram realizados com maior eficiência no reator R1, também quando este tratava esgoto concentrado. Além disso, as relações DQO/P (55,0 a 65,0) e DQO/N (6,0 a 9,0) comprovaram que, em ambos os experimentos, havia matéria orgânica suficiente para que os processos de remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo ocorressem de forma adequada nos sistemas de lodos ativados.
O ordenamento territorial no Brasil e os zoneamentos ecológicos econômicos dos estados
Authors: Fontes Rodrigo Araujo , Silva Elmo Rodrigues da
Published: February 2022

Nos últimos anos, o ordenamento territorial tem sido um tema muito discutido como ferramenta de política pública de gestão, mas pensar formas de organização do espaço não é algo recente. Desde o início do século XX vários países europeus começaram a estruturar a organização do espaço. Na América Latina, o ordenamento tem sido um dos instrumentos mais utilizados para intervir na organização e gestão do território, em particular, através de políticas e planos de uso do solo. No Brasil, após um longo período de eclipse, o debate sobre concepções e estratégias de ordenamento territorial e de desenvolvimento regional retornaram, no início deste novo milênio, à pauta da agenda política nacional. Nesse contexto, o Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico (ZEE) apareceu como um instrumento potencialmente poderoso de efetivação da gestão territorial. Ele foi estabelecido, por meio da Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente (Lei n.º 6.938/1981), e regulamentado, anos mais tarde, pelo Decreto Federal n.º 4.297/2002. Contudo, este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a base legal do ZEE e discutir as políticas públicas de ordenamento ambiental do território, além de apresentar o cenário atual de elaboração e implementação dos Zoneamentos Ecológicos Econômicos no Brasil, identificando as iniciativas estaduais. Os dados apontam que os maiores gargalos dos estados são a regulamentação e a implementação de seus ZEEs. Aliar os estudos técnicos de zoneamento, como: diagnósticos, prognósticos, cenários, mapeamentos e diretrizes, aos interesses dos diversos atores institucionais e políticos que fazem uso e ocupação daquele espaço, visando contribuir com o ordenamento territorial ambiental, parece ser sempre o maior desafio para os estados. Nota-se ainda, que para a efetiva implementação deste instrumento deve haver um processo de construção coletiva, participativa, política e técnica de forma intensa e equitativa. Espera-se, que os Zoneamentos Ecológicos Econômicos estaduais como instrumento de organização do território, depois de elaborados e implementados, tenham um potencial para influir no ordenamento territorial e ambiental, via orientações, restrições e alternativas de uso e ocupação. E, portanto, influenciar a tomada de decisão sobre áreas distintas daquele espaço.
Svar på V. V. Pokhljobkins og V. B. Vilinbakhovs bemærkninger
Authors: Stender-Petersen AD.
Published: February 2022

Intet resume
Gudenåkulturen ved Varde Å
Authors: Håhr Christiansen & Skelmose Clara & Kaj
Published: February 2022

Gudenaa Settlements in South JutlandIn the years 1958-62 the authors systematically investigated the area around the middle course of the Varde River and its main tributaries. The investigation discovered 75 settlement sites, represented by a total of 1936 implements and a large quantity of blades, cores and swarf. Most sites, including the largest, lie immediately at the confluence of the tributaries and the main river (fig. 1). These have been preferred sites, and the implement inventory frequently proves to represent several periods of occupation. On many of the larger sites the inventory includes Neolithic polished axes. The smaller sites along the main river, to the contrary, give the impression of representing single short-term occupations, and are therefore of importance to a study of the Gudenaa Culture in its various phases. Site 6 at Hodde East seems thus, with its definitely microlithic character and its many lanceolate microliths, to belong to the earliest group, related to the Maglemose Culture (figs. 2-3). Site 40 (fig. 4), on the other hand, with its technique of massive blades is a typical representative of the later phase of the Gudenaa Culture, the time of its widest extension in the Atlantic Period. The majority of the sites by the Varde River belong to this late period.Clara Håhr Christiansen og Kaj Skelmose
Holger Friis, 75år
Authors: Glob P. V.
Published: February 2022

HOLGER FRIIS 75 yearsForemost among those who have worked with love and interest to unravel the prehistory of Jutland is Holger Friis. The dentist from Hjørring is known to all who have had the slightest contact with Danish archaeology. This is due not only to his long activity as museum worker and archaeologist, which nearly covers his 75 years -improbable as it may sound-but also as much to his fertile imagination and lively presentation of prehistory both on radio and television. He is the undisputed master on his home ground in Jutland's northernmost region.As an excavator, Holger Friis has more than half a century behind him. To the many unique discoveries he has made must be added thousands of more prosaic finds. What makes these so valuable is the skill with which they have been excavated and the many valuable observations made at the time. Moreover they are often interpreted with a freedom from prejudice which gives archaeology quite new perspectives. His work will always be fundamental to any study of the prehistory of Vendsyssel.Most of Holger Friis' finds are deposited in "Vendsyssels historiske Museum", the fine museum in Hjørring established the year before Holger Friis was born, mainly on the initiative of his father, Lønborg Friis, who was its first director. The museum also houses rich collections of rural culture up to the present day from North Jutland, material which would fetch thousands of pounds on the antique market, all collected by Holger Friis and his father, largely at their own expense.As a ten-year-old, Holger Friis was engaged at the museum as a custodian with a peaked cap at a wage of a penny a week - the largest wage he has ever received for his museum work, which has always meant money out of his own pocket. He has continued his father's valuable work and is now helped by his son, who himself has already fathered new small "museum curators".Danish archaeologists thank the Friis family for inspiration and hospitality. The close cooperation with the National Museum was initiated by Lønborg Friis and Sophus Müller, that strict, learned scholar and museum director who, in a letter, so cordially addressed Lønborg Friis as "My dear colleague and archaeological friend". The admiration which is apparent here was also given by Sophus Müller to Holger Friis, who is seen together with him in the photograph, during his last study visit in 1932 to the "Friises' Museum". We congratulate Holger Friis also with a: Dear colleague, archaeological friend!P. V. Glob.
To jernalderildbukke
Authors: Thomsen Niels
Published: February 2022

Intet resumé
Forord
Authors: Larsen Sv. Unmack
Published: February 2022

Forord Med denne første årbog træder »Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab« frem for en større offentlighed. Det er vort mål gennem den efterhånden at gøre de mange oldtidsfund og arkæologiske udgravninger fra Jylland tilgængelige både for almenheden og den arkæologiske videnskab, ikke alene inden for Danmarks grænser, men også ude i den store verden.Det er os en glæde, at så mange medarbejdere både fra jyske museer og fra Nationalmuseet har ydet bidrag til den; men der er sikkert mange andre museumsfolk, som ligger inde med interessante fund, der fortjener at bringes frem heri.For årbogen og for selskabets fortsatte trivsel vil det være af største betydning, at den får mange læsere, og at nye medlemmer tilslutter sig. Som repræsentantskabsmedlemmer kan firmaer, byråd, amtsråd, sogneråd og mange andre på afgørende måde støtte selskabet. Nogle har tegnet sig, men desværre endnu alt for få.At det allerede i »Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab«s første leveår har været muligt at udsende denne årbog, skyldes dels den store tilgang af medlemmer, c. 900, dels tilskud fra Undervisningsministeriet og Rask-Ørsted Fondet, som jeg her bringer min bedste tak og hilsen.Sv. Unmack Larsen
En tau-stav fra Island
Authors: Eldjárn Kristján
Published: February 2022

A Tau Crosier from Iceland In 1957 a bronze object was found some 50 cm below the surface of the homefield at þingvellir, a farm situated at the ancient meeting-place of the Icelandic parliament. The object is identified by the present author as a tau cross or tau crosier. It consists of a socket -in which the top end of a staff of cornel wood is still preserved- with two symmetrically placed crooks, all cast of bronze in one piece. The metal is now oxidized to a dark green and there are no traces of gilding. On both sides of the socket there are engraved lines running through loops of the well-known Ringerike or runestone kind. The crooks are terminated by animal heads typical of the Urnes style, with an elongated pointed eye filling almost all the open space of the head, long twisted lip-lappets and degenerate head-lappets. The object must certainly be grouped with the monuments of the Urnes style, and consequently it should very likely be dated to the third quarter of the eleventh century, a period roughly coinciding with the term of office of the first bishop of Iceland, Bishop Ísleifr Gizurarson (1056-1080). If this object really is a bishop's staff, as suggested by the author, it could possibly have belonged to Bishop Ísleifr. It might also have been in the possession of a foreign missionary bishop or an itinerant bishop, as both kinds of clerics are known to have been in Iceland in the eleventh century. At any rate this unique three-dimensional, fully developed work in the Urnes style seems to show what a pastoral staff could look like in early Christian times in the Northern countries.Kristján Eldjárn
En uartig historisk runeindskrift
Authors: Liestøl Aslak
Published: February 2022

A historic runic inscription from Bergen A wooden stick found during the excavation of mediaeval Bergen bears a rather unorthodox runic inscription. The text consists of three sentences, naming three men each of whom is given a nickname: »Jon silkifuþ owns me, and Guthormr fuþsleikir inscribed me, and Jon fuþkula reads me.« The three sentences may have been cut by three separate hands, in which case we may have the signatures of the men concerned. The nicknames all contain the indelicate element fuþ, 'cunt', which looks like a joke, perhaps a bright idea somebody got during a riotous party. Otherwise the names are silki, 'silk', sleikir, from the verb sleikja, 'lick', and kula, 'swelling, growth'. Ignoring the common intrusive element, we have here names of three people known from historical sources. As individuals we know little about them, but collectively they can be placed in the upper ranks of Norwegian society from the beginning of the thirteenth century. One of them may even have been half-brother to the king. At the date to which the inscription belongs they must still have been young men, and we may surmise that, when they invented this joke on their nick­names, they had met together in Bergen on a communal business enterprise.Aslak Liestøl
Regional och global syn på hällrustningar
Authors: Moberg C. A.
Published: February 2022

SUMMARY In a review article on P. V. Glob's recent publication, »Rock Carvings in Denmark«, the author compares the situation in Scandinavian petroglyph studies today with that in 1945 when C. A. Althin published his monograph on the petroglyphs of Scania -mainly those within sight of the sites on the island of Bornholm, a main theme in Glob's book. We are still far from relieved of the necessity to accept isolated »petroglyph research« - with all the dangers of speculation and sterility involved. There is still too little chronology, and too few contextual data for the petroglyphs. In a cross-regional argument, the view preferred here is that the dichotomy between »South Scandinavian«, »bronze age«, »agricultural« petroglyphs and »Arctic«, »North Scandinavian«, »hunting and fishing« petroglyphs has been overemphasized. None of the quoted labels are adequate today. The first mentioned group (the »ship­type« rock art) is seen as a south-western, geographically marginal part of a large North and East European, partly North Asiatic complex, together with the »game­type« art, which prevails towards the north-east.In Lewis R. Binford's »Archeological Perspectives«, questions of the importance or non-importance of »hidden data« are discussed -with a passage in B. Allchin's »The stone-tipped arrow« as an example. It is clear that Glob's analogous way of reasoning would be refuted by Binford. On the other hand, the consequence of Binford's position would be to emphasize the importance of studies of »independent« data, parallel with the petroglyph study. In fact, Glob has a marked tendency in this sound direction.C. A. Moberg
Dolktidsgrav med ravsmykker
Authors: Sylvest Bent
Published: February 2022

Late Neolithic grave with amber pendantsIn 1966, a stone packing-grave was excavated at Nim in eastern Jutland (fig. 1). As the bottom of the grave was trough-shaped, the corpse must have lain in a bole­coffin, of which nothing remained. On the lowest layer of stones in the west end of the grave were two trapezoidal ear-rings of amber (fig. 4). In the centre of the grave lay a surface-flaked, triangular, flint arrow-head with two barbs (fig. 3). South of this lay the cremated bones of a small child, and a few fragments of animal bones (sheep?), and one potsherd. Higher up in the Stone heap was another flint point (fig. 3). The flint arrow-heads permit the grave to be dated to the Late Neolithic.Bent Sylvest
Bygningen på søndre Jellinghøj
Authors: Christiansen Tage E.
Published: February 2022

The house on the south barrow at Jelling In the everlasting discussion about the royal monuments at Jelling, a timber structure on top of the south barrow has, since the excavation in 1941, played the part of a Cartesian devil. To mention the two most diverse opinions, it has been interpreted as the platform for a trigonometrical station from the 1770's and as a mortuary house built shortly after the construction of the barrow in the 10th century. The special importance of the last interpretation - advanced by Harald Andersen (Kuml 1951, pp 91-135) -would be that this might explain why the tumulus -like so many other great Scandinavian tumuli- was empty.A dendrochronological examination of parts of the timber, fortunately preserved by the excavator, the late Ejnar Dyggve, conclusively proves the building to have been medieval. The most likely function of the structure is that of a bell tower belonging to the small stone-built romanesque church erected between the twin barrows. The tower probably fell into disuse when a belfry of masonry was added to the church in the late middle ages.Tage E. Christiansen
Forord
Authors: Brøndsted Johannes
Published: February 2022

PrefaceThis photograph shows Dr. Therkel Mathiassen as we Danish archeologists best know him: out in the field, observant, critical, deeply interested, with wrinkles innumerable telling their tale of good humour and intelligence. Mathiassen the omnipresent, the untiring toiler, never sparing himself but always expecting a little more of himself than of others, the quiet, balanced, unhurried worker who nevertheless works at such a phenomenal speed; this is the Mathiassen we know, as we are accustomed to seeing him. What archeological research and the preservation of ancient monuments in Denmark in actual fact owe to him we shall not forget. Let me stress the following two points:In the sphere of research into Denmark's Stone Age Therkel Mathiassen will long be remembered as the great collector and systematizer of new and primary material. Our knowledge of the millenia of Denmark's Mesolithic Period is based to a considerable extent upon the numerous settlement sites and "stations" discovered by Mathiassen in the field and published by him in the literature of the subject. Think only of his work in Aamose or with the Gudenaa siles - not to mention his contributions in the sphere of the New Stone Age or of systematic research into the history of ancient settlement.The other main point is that of preservation of ancient monuments. Since the law protecting these monuments was passed in 1937 no one has laboured remotely comparably with Mathiassen to explain, practise and adapt the provisions of the statute, and in no less degree to fight for actual literal preservation, lest posterity should see the preservation statutes confined to the obscurity of paper, an imaginary life ignored in practice. This battle is still going on, and if a solution is ever found to the problem of an effective watch and ward over Denmark's ancient monuments a large share of the praise for this will be owed to Mathiassen.In the field of Eskimo research Dr. Mathiassen is, as is well known, a figure of international repute, by reason of the work of his youth and early manhood. But the past twenty years of his everactive life he has devoted to a preponderant degree to the excavation of his native soil and to the shrewd and accurate assessment of its fruits. In his department of the National Museum, the former "Oldnordisk Museum", Dr. Mathiassen is a highly respected and beloved chief. Nor could one expect it to be otherwise.Gentle reader, let these lines and the photograph which accompanies them illuminate for you the background and the reason why.Johannes Brøndsted
Et middelalderligt skibsfund
Authors: Skov Sigvard
Published: February 2022

A Medieval Ship from Eltang VigIn 1943 the remains of a wooden construction which could be identified as belonging to a ship was discovered in Eltang Vig, a reclaimed portion of Kolding Fjord. In 1947 the vessel was excavated and was found to lie mainly immediately under the turf. It would appear that the ship sank and was allowed to lie undisturbed. It contained no extraneous finds of significance. A considerable portion of the strakes, ribs and thwarts has been washed away. All the pieces found are of oak. The keel is 13.6 meters long. The stern and stem-posts are identical and possess grooves which allow the vessel to be ascribed to the Viking Period or to the Early Medieval Period. There was a distance of 90 cms. between the ribs, which consist of keel-piece, main-rib and knee-piece, all formed of naturally curved-grain wood. Neither the keel-pieces nor the main­ribs were attached to the keel. There were 14 strakes a side, 2 cms. in thickness and up to 40 cms. in breadth. They were attached to the ribs with wooden pegs and fastened to each other with iron clinker rivets. Three crossthwarts, or "catwalks" (nos. 14, 16 and 20), to which the ribs have been attached show rounded excisions which reveal that the ship has possessed a keelson for stepping a mast. The shape of the stem and stemposts make it impossible for the ship to have had a stern-rudder. It must have been steered with a rudder on the starboard thwart and can therefore scarcely be later in date than the 12th Century. The remains discovered show that the ship must have been 17.5-18 meters long with a beam which can be estimated with less certainty to not less than 4 meters. It was thus a medium-sized ship of its period, which is shown by the ship's structure to be about 1200-1250 AD. The type of vessel to which it belongs cannot be precisely determined; it was perhaps a "knorr", a deep­sea merchantman.Sigvard Skov
Kuml
Authors: Nielsen Karl Martin
Published: February 2022

KUML

In a number of Danish and Swedish runic inscriptions the word kumbl or kuml is found in the phrase gærþi kumbl þøsi, "made this monument". In Danish inscriptions it stands, with a single exception, in the plural, while it occurs in addition in the genitive singular on two Danish rune stones, in the old formula niut kumbls.

The Danish runologists, P. G. Thorsen and Ludvig Wimmer, are of the opinion that the word in the old formula designates the burial tumulus, and that the plural form is used to cover the tumulus and the rune stone in association. This use of the plural form is odd, while only one certain example is known of a rune stone standing on a tumulus containing a contemporary burial.

From the use of the word in Nordic and in other Germanic languages we can conclude that the basic meaning of kumbl is "sign, monument by means of which an object is distinguished or emphasized". The plural form used on the rune stones must consequently designate several monuments of some sort, and these can only be several erected stones.

The majority of Danish runic monuments no longer stand in their original position, but a small number have survived consisting of one (or more) rune stones in association with other stones bearing no inscriptions. The inscriptions also mention such compound monuments directly, some having the plural "stones"; in Swedish inscriptions the plural mærki, "monuments", also occurs. In addition to the normal association, gærþi kumbl, the combinations resþi or satti kumbl are also found; the use of the verbs "raise" and "set", which normally have "stone" as their object, supports the explanation put forward here.

The singular form in the formula niut kumbls may just as well designate the rune stone as the burial tumulus, while the meaning of kuml where it occurs in the sagas, which has been used to support the earlier explanation, cannot be determined with certainty.

The interpretation of kuml which is put forward here is linguistically simple. It is derived from the basic meaning, while the significance of the plural in relation to the singular is perfectly standard. Monuments consisting of several erected stones do in actual fact occur, and they are directly mentioned in the inscriptions.

Karl Martin Nielsen
Skridfinner, dansk arkæologi og danskernes oprindelse
Authors: Høiris Ole
Published: February 2022

Saami, Danish archaeology and the origin of the DanesWith the Romantic Movement came a need for the Danish people to have a national identity. That is, a history, a language and, in broad terms, a culture. At the end of the 18th century, it was said that the Danes came from Troy with Odin, while in 1814 Rasmus Rask established a link between the Scandinavian tongues and the civilised languages of Greek and Latin, with roots extending back to Sanskrit. In the mindset of Roman­ticism, people and culture were organic and cohesive entities. Consequently, when Christian Jürgensen Thomsen discovered the Stone Age, the question arose as to the identity of the people to whom this technology belonged. It could clearly not be the Danes, because they had never had stone technology but always agriculture and iron, as was evident from Classical Antiquity’s accounts of the Goths.According to this cultural-historical app­roach, there was only one possible explanation: the Finns or Saami were the original people in Denmark. Rasmus Rask confirmed this by finding Finnish words in Danish place names, and a major study by the great Swedish archaeologist Sven Nilsson came to the same conclusion. But the reputation of the Finns since Classical Antiquity, with their homeland in the far north, was of such a demonic character that Danish archaeologists had no desire either to see them as the original inhabitants of Denmark or later, with the advent of modernity, as the ancestors of the Danish people. The Finns, “the Skrithiphinoi”, were namely, as inhabitants of the outer fringes, one of the three most demonised peoples in the world. The two others were, from the middle of the 17th century, the Khoikhoi, “the Hottentots”, in the far south, and, from the end of the 18th century, the Australian aborigines, “the Blackfellows”, as the ultimately most distant peoples in relation to Europe.To explain Danish archaeology’s view of the Finns, it is shown how they were demonised over time. Reference is made to the important criteria in each epoch, from Classical Antiquity’s secular condemnation of this most distant northern people – more distant and wretched than the Scythians – through Christianity’s vilification of their witchcraft and magic and the Age of Enlightenment’s focus on racial hierarchy, to the Romantic Movement’s ideas about peoples as self-­contained and virtually eternal entities. The article concludes with a discussion of why it was so important for Danish archaeology, in the 19th and early 20th century, to deny any connection between the Saami and Denmark’s early history.Ole HøirisAfdeling for AntropologiInstitut for Kultur og SamfundAarhus Universitete
Mønttyper og møntsteder, datering og distribution – Potentiale og problemstillinger ved studiet af danske mønter fra midten af 1200-tallet
Authors: Horsnæs Helle W. , Märcher Michael
Published: February 2022

Coin types and mints, dating and distribution Problems and potential in studies of Danish coins from the mid-13th centurySo-called civil-war coins constitute the largest group of coins found archaeologically in Denmark. They have always been common, but today’s widespread use of metal detectors, combined with the current treasure trove administration, means that civil-war coins now comprise almost 80% of the total coin record (Horsnæs 2017). These many new finds give cause for reassessment, not only of the coins themselves, but also of the methods and traditional interpretations that have been employed and applied for more than a century.In common parlance, the term civil-war coins refers to all coins minted in Denmark between 1241 and the second half of the 14th century. The name is problematic, but it is so widely used by metal detectorists, historians and archaeologists that it should probably be retained as the conventional term.Civil-war coins usually appear in finds reports and lists with a brief description comprising their number according to Mansfell-Bûllner’s illustrations, together with their place of minting and date, which either follow Peter Hauberg’s attributions (1884) or Keld Grinder-Hansen’s adjustments to these (2000).It is, however, important to be clear that, with respect to both geographical and chronological attributions of civil-war coins, these are not absolute truths but interpretations based on a combination of written sources, archaeological finds and theoretical assumptions. The growing number of finds has major consequences: It challenges traditional interpretations and gives cause for re-assessment of both the written sources and the theoretical foundation for the interpretation of the material. This does not just include our attribution of date and place of production, but also our understanding of the use of these coins in time, space and functional context.In this article, we exemplify some of the pertinent questions and problems and, at the same time, also demonstrate the potential of a study of medieval coinage based on the growing body of finds. As an example, we have chosen the only group of coins that can be very precisely dated within the period, namely the type bearing the inscription ABEL REX, which means unequivocally that they were produced in the period 1250-52. This gives the opportunity to put the question of date to one side and to look instead at distribution, period of use and function.Helle Horsnæs & Michael MärcherDen kgl. Mønt-og MedaillesamlingNationalmuseet
Træl – Tralle – Trælleborg
Authors: Lunn Nils
Published: February 2022

Træl - Tralle - TrælleborgThe origin of the name Trælleborg has been variously sought in the words Træl - a slave, Trælle - to perform forced labour, Træl - a supporting post, and Tralle - an open palisade or collonnade. The widespread occurrence of the name shows it to have been a type-name.That forts of the strategic importance of the "trælleborgs" could have been occupied by slaves may be disregarded; and that they were built by slaves would only have been worthy of permanent record if this were an unusual occurrence. However, as they are fortifications of such size or positional importance that they can hardly have been private ventures, it is possible that the king or his constable requisitioned labour for their building and thereby gave rise to the name.lf the name is rather to be derived from Træl - a supporting post or Tralle - an open palisade, then we may expect that the external appearance of these borgs would bear some conspicuous feature to suggest the name.At the original Trælleborg near Slagelse there were traces of a lower fighting-platform on the outer side of the rampart about 1-2 meters above its foot. The breastwork protecting this was of planks strengthened by oblique supporting posts, set in the berm about 1 meter from the foot of the rampart and about a foot's breadth apart. It would have been a conspicuous feature and would conform to what we understand by a Tralværk.The palisade on the summit of the rampart has left no traces capable of interpretation but, remembering that the armament of the period consisted of bows, javelins, slings, spears, axes and swords, with no heavy artillery such as catapults, it is not impossible that this palisade consisted of a row of massive posts higher than a man and a little under shoulder-breadth apart, joined together at breast height and below with a heavy wickerwork screen. This would give the necessary protection against storming while still allowing free use of weapons, and it would in appearance have resembled a Tralværk.Niels Lunn