bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calcineurin inhibitors-related posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in liver transplant recipients: Three case reports and review of literature
Authors: Gong Yu
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), characterized by acute neurological deterioration and extensive white matter lesions on T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is increasingly associated with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI)-related neurotoxicity. Prompt diagnosis is crucial, as early intervention, including the modification or discontinuation of CNI therapy, strict blood pressure management, corticosteroid treatment, and supportive care can significantly improve patient outcomes and prognosis. The growing clinical recognition of CNI-related PRES underscores the importance of identifying and managing this condition in patients presenting with acute neurological symptoms.

CASE SUMMARY

This report describes three cases of liver transplant recipients who developed PRES. The first case involves a 60-year-old woman who experienced seizures, aphasia, and hemiplegia on postoperative day (POD) 9, with MRI revealing ischemic foci followed by extensive white matter lesions. After replacing tacrolimus, her symptoms improved, and no significant MRI abnormalities were observed after three years of follow-up. The second case concerns a 54-year-old woman with autoimmune hepatitis who developed headaches, seizures, and extensive white matter demyelination on MRI on POD24. Following the switch to rapamycin and the initiation of corticosteroids, her symptoms resolved, and she was discharged on POD95. The third case details a 60-year-old woman with hepatocellular carcinoma who developed PRES, evidenced by brain MRI abnormalities on POD11. Transitioning to rapamycin and corticosteroid therapy led to her full recovery, and she was discharged on POD22. These cases highlight the critical importance of early diagnosis, CNI modification, and stringent management in improving outcomes for liver transplant recipients with CNI-related PRES.

CONCLUSION

Clinical manifestations, combined with characteristic MRI findings, are crucial in diagnosing PRES among organ transplant recipients. However, when standard treatments are ineffective or MRI results are atypical, alternative diagnoses should be taken into considered.
Concomitant determination of hematological indices supported the application of the albumin-bilirubin score in non-malignant liver diseases
Authors: Al-Nimer Marwan S M
Published: September 2024

The albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score is a useful prognostic marker that predicts mortality in patients suffering from terminal diseases. Recently, it has been reported that ALBI score is a predictor of non-malignant liver diseases. The cutoff point of the ALBI score that distinguishes hepatocellular carcinoma from non-malignant liver disease is still not identified. Therefore, the ALBI score is a sensitive rather than a specific predictor of the poor outcomes of liver diseases. There are many hematological indices and ratios that are utilized as prognostic biomarkers. Among these biomarkers are the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and platelet-hemoglobin ratio (PHR), which are useful discriminating prognostic biomarkers for liver diseases, e.g. , hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis, liver fibrosis, etc. There is evidence that PLR and PHR are prognostic biomarkers that predict the poor outcomes of diseases. Therefore, concomitant measurements of ALBI score and PHR or ALBI score and PLR will improve the predictive value that can differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma from non-malignant diseases.
Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles from Terminalia arjuna (L.) bark extract: Characterization and potential for mercury degradation
Authors: Ramalakshmi C. , Suresh S. , M. Murugan A. , M. Alyami Nouf , M.  Aljawdah Hossam , Ali Alharbi Sulaiman , Mariselvam R.
Published: September 2024

The focus of this study is on synthesizing copper nanoparticles through a green approach, utilizing Terminalia arjuna bark extract. The ultra violet (UV) spectral analysis of copper nanoparticles synthesized through environmentally friendly methods revealed distinct absorption peaks at 287 nm, 575 nm, and 898 nm, indicative of significant light absorption. These peaks elucidate the nanoparticles' optical characteristics, shedding light on electronic transitions and surface plasmon resonance phenomena. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis displayed various peaks, suggesting vibrations associated with copper nanoparticles and functional groups in T. arjuna bark extract. The X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) data exhibited characteristic peaks corresponding to metallic copper's crystallographic planes, confirming the formation of highly crystalline copper nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy results depicted surface morphology and particle size distribution. Copper nanoparticles show promise in mercury degradation due to their high surface area and catalytic activity. They interact effectively with mercury ions through adsorption, reduction, and oxidation processes, leading to sequestration or transformation into less toxic forms. Functionalization enhances their affinity towards mercury, while synergies with other nanomaterials boost efficiency. Green synthesized copper nanoparticles offer an eco-friendly solution for effective mercury remediation, promising advancements in sustainable nanotechnological approaches for global environmental sustainability.
KEY WORDS: Mercury, Copper, Terminalia arjuna, Remediation
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1703-1713.                                          
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.16
Structural, spectroscopic, and morphological characteriza-tions of metal-based complexes derived from the reaction of 1-phenyl-2-thiourea with Sr2+, Ba2+, Cr3+, and Fe3+ ions
Authors: Alsawat Mohammed , Majid A. Adam Abdel , S. Refat Moamen , Mohammed Alsuhaibani Amnah , Y. El-Sayed Mohamed
Published: September 2024

The chemical reaction between 1-phenyl-2-thiourea as a ligand (termed PTU) with the metal ions Sr2+, Ba2+, Cr3+, and Fe3+ at a stoichiometry of 2:1 (PTU to metal ion) at 65 °C generated thermally stable metal-based complexes. The synthesized complexes were termed as Complex 1 (Sr2+), Complex 2 (Ba2+), Complex 3 (Cr3+), and Complex 4 (Fe3+). Elemental analyses, thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and ultraviolet/visible (UV-Visible) data suggested that the synthesized complexes can be formulated as [Sr(PTU)2(H2O)4]×Cl2 (Complex 1), [Ba(PTU)2(H2O)4]×Cl2 (Complex 2), [Cr(PTU)2(H2O)2Cl2]×Cl×4H2O (Complex 3), [Fe(PTU)2(H2O)2Cl2]×Cl×4H2O (Complex 4). The corresponding gross formulas for these complexes were C14H24N4S2O4Cl2Sr (534.96 g/mol), C14H24N4S2O4Cl2Ba (584.23 g/mol), C14H28N4S2O6Cl3Cr (570.79 g/mol), and C14H28N4S2O6Cl3Fe (574.63 g/mol), respectively. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope data demonstrated that the complexes exhibited high purity and possessed a uniform and well-structured morphology.
KEY WORDS: 1-Phenyl-2-thiourea, Metal ion, Thermal decomposition, SEM, Morphology
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1803-1814.                                                          
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.23
Nutritional Significance and Nutrients-related Chronic Diseases Prevention Potential of Brown Unpolished Rice: A Review
Authors: Shaayau S. , Salisu Y. Y.
Published: September 2024

The increasing incidence of nutrient-related non-communicable chronic diseases (NCCDs), like type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancers, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posed researchers in Nutrition and Nutrigenomics to search for the possible link between such diseases and the foods consumed by different communities. Hence, the objective of this paper is to provide a critical review of nutritional significance and nutrient-related chronic diseases prevention potential of brown, unpolished rice using relevant literatures searches from online and library sources. The study, therefore, investigated the various nutritional and health protection potentials of the brown, unpolished rice. The review highlighted the implication of polished, white rice consumption in conditions such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress, as well as the preventive effects of the brown rice consumption against these disease conditions. It can, therefore, be concluded that substitution of the widely consumed polished white rice with the unpolished brown rice may promote healthy living and prevent the risk of various nutrients-related chronic diseases.
Design and Development of a Manual Pineapple Processing Machine Capable of Peeling, Coring and Slicing Pineapples for Small and Medium Enterprises
Authors: Ibiyeye D. E. , Adedipe J. O. , Yusuf I. O. , Adesida O. A. , Akala A. O. , Ogunbamowo P. O. , Roberts A. E.
Published: September 2024

Pineapple processing involves peeling, coring and slicing of pineapple. A simple manual pineapple processing machine was developed to enhance the crude method of processing pineapple using just the knife and to reduce musculoskeletal problems associated with processing large quantity of pineapples with the knife. Hence, the objective of this paper is to design and develop a manual pineapple processing machine capable of peeling, coring and slicing pineapples to be utilized by small and medium enterprises (SME) using Response Surface Method (RSM) and validated using desirability plots. The results of actual and predicted response surface plots confirms pineapple sample weight 1.35 kg, diameter 60, height 110 mm with efficiency of 94.81% as the optimal variables. The desirability plot validated these results with response of 1.47, 0.17, 0.06, 0.22 kg weights of peeled, peel and core of pineapple removed, respectively, machine peeling efficiency at 87.29 % as optimal at 11 seconds. At these optimal conditions, the actual efficiency realized was 94.81 %. The differences within the actual and predicted valuations were lower and not significant statistically, which implied that selected model efficiently predicted the peeling efficiency of the machine. Center Composite Design Rotatable (CCDR) was employed to initiate 20 experimental processes.
Impacts of Solid Wastes on Physicochemical Characteristics and Habitats of Fiddler Crabs (Uca tangeri) on the Intertidal Sediments of Part of the Bonny Estuary, in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Moslen M. , Fihto G. B. , Bob-Manuel K. N. O.
Published: September 2024

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the impacts of solid wastes on physicochemical characteristics and habitats of fiddler crabs (Uca tangeri) on the intertidal sediments of Part of the Bonny Estuary, in Rivers State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Results obtained show that the physiochemical characteristic in the study are were pH (4.9 - 6.3); conductivity (780.0 – 6290 µS/cm) sulphate (34.4 – 190.0 mg/kg); phosphate (0.6 – 6.8mg/kg); nitrate (1.2 – 4.5mg/kg); sand (32 – 87%); silt (0.2 - 14%) clay (3 - 54%). Solid wastes observed were plastics, wood/plank, bottles, Styrofoam, tyres, nylon/polyethene, clothes and ropes while fiddler crabs holes ranged from 3 -38 .in the study area. Physico-chemical characteristics of sediment varied between intertidal stations however, changes in pH, phosphate, nitrate and silt particles caused significant (p<0.05) changes in the number of fiddler crab holes. The amount of solid wastes observed at the mid intertidal level also impacted significantly on the number of crab holes but the observation was different at the low and the high intertidal zones. In conclusion, the interplay of physicochemical characteristics of the sediment with solid wastes contributed to the fragmentation and loss of fiddler crab habitats but varied from one intertidal coast to another. It is therefore, important to assess each intertidal coast in order to conserve fiddler crabs and their habitats.
Evaluation of Grafting Parameters of Styrene onto Alkaline Modified Sugarcane Bagasse using Fe2+/H2O2 and Fe2+/H2O2-N2H4 initiator systems and Characterization of the Hydrolyzed Grafted Polystyrene Chains
Authors: Samuel A. E. , Muhammad F. , Gachi J. A. , Hyeladzira Y. B. , Sani H. I.
Published: September 2024

Cellulose the most abundant natural fibre can be modified, via grafting with vinyl monomers, in homogenous or heterogeneous reaction medium. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to study the grafting parameters of styrene onto alkaline modified sugarcane bagasse using Fe2+/H2O2 and Fe2+/H2O2- N2H4 initiator systems and characterized the hydrolyzed grafted polystyrene chains for their viscometry and average molecular weight distributions using standard appropriate methods. The grafting parameters increases within 0.10-0.25 M styrene concentration in both initiator systems and initiator concentration within the range 1.0x10-3 to 6.0x10-3 for Fe2+/H2O2- N2H4 and 1.0x10-3 to 9.0x10-3 for Fe2+/H2O2 systems, albeit with higher values in the former system. These parameters decrease at higher monomer and initiator concentrations in both systems. The viscometry of hydrolyzed polystyrene chain prepared at optimum initiator concentrations and 0.10-0.30 M styrene concentration in both initiator systems are in the range (1.6416-4.5327 cP), (0.6416-3.5327 cP) and (73.2277-202.1927 cP) for relative, specific and inherent viscosities respectively, consistent with increases in activation energy of flow (1.24-5.30 KJmol-1) and average viscosity molecular weights (307.92-565.79 gmol-1) , these parameters decreases at higher monomer concentration in both initiator systems. The number and weight-average molecular weight distributions and polydispersity indices indicates that grafted polystyrene chains in Fe2+/H2O2 system are broader and more polydispersed than those for  Fe2+/H2O2- N2H4 initiator system. The results showed that the hydrazine enhanced initiator system was more effective for the copolymerization reaction with polystyrene polydispersity indices comparable to those of synthetic chain-growth polymers.
Deep Eutectic Solvent-Magnetite Hybrid Composite for Effective Removal of Zinc (II) Ions from Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Usman A. , Osuegba S. O. , Mamman S.
Published: September 2024

Zinc is one of the important trace element, but its high amount in aquatic bodies is detrimental to health. Hence, the objective of this paper was to synthesize deep eutectic solvent (DES) nanoparticles and evaluate their adsorption behavior for the removal of zinc (II) ions from industrial wastewater using appropriate standard techniques. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were utilised to investigate the adsorption kinetics, and the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were employed to assess the adsorption isotherms. The results of the kinetic study shows that the adsorption process follows the Langmuir isotherm model (0.9740) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (0.9186).  At pH 7 and room temperature, the highest adsorption capacity was determined to be 22.883 mg/g. These findings indicate that DES nanoparticles may be a promising, highly effective, and ecologically benign adsorbent for extracting zinc (II) ions from wastewater.
Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Mitigating Environmental Degradation through Anaerobic Co-digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Solid Residues
Authors: Ajayi O. , Olalusi A. P. , Olarenwaju O. O. , Ikhazuagbe H. I. , Olugbemide A. D.
Published: September 2024

The utilization of palm oil mill residues for sustainable biogas production presents a promising avenue to mitigate environmental challenges associated with waste disposal and energy demand in palm oil processing. The study explores the use of palm oil mill residues for sustainable biogas production, focusing on the impact of mixing ratios of POME and three raw milled residues on biogas yield through anaerobic co-digestion. Results indicate that co-digestion significantly enhanced biogas production compared to mono-digestion of POME alone. The highest biogas yield of 370 ml was recorded in the digester with 40% residues followed by 50% with a cumulative biogas of 190 ml. The two digesters were higher than 80 ml recorded for POME alone. The findings underscore the potential of integrating palm oil mill residues into biogas systems to achieve dual objectives of waste management and renewable energy generation
Assessment of the Status and Characteristics of Faecal Sludge Management in populated unplanned settlements of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Ruhinda E. F. , Mgana S. M. , Mbuligwe S. E. , Mahenge A.
Published: September 2024

This study evaluates faecal sludge management in densely populated informal settlements of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, using suitable standardized methods. The data indicates that latrines are built with less emphasis on quality compared to the construction of houses, resulting in the use of inferior materials and technology. Various techniques are employed for emptying pits, with vacuum trucks and manual pit emptying being the predominant methods. However, lack of access to households poses a significant obstacle to vacuum truck emptying, as 39.67% cannot be reached by transportation means. The pit emptying industry faces high costs and restricted technological accessibility. Semi-manual and semi-mechanized technology innovations for hygiene emptying in less accessible dwellings have not gained sufficient appeal among inhabitants in densely crowded unplanned settlements. DAWASA owns treatment plants for faecal sludge treatment, but these are located far away, increasing transportation expenses. Implementing decentralized faecal sludge treatment plants appears to be a more effective approach. The collection and handling of faecal sludge now overlook the potential for resource recovery and re-use, which might greatly enhance the sustainability of faecal sludge management. Two government ministries have partially incorporated the faecal sludge management or sanitation sector into their health and water policies and programs, but the separation of responsibility has hindered its growth and lack of emphasis on information diffusion in urban areas.
Body and organ weight changes in male Wistar rats treated with saponins extract of Vernonia amygdalina and Vernonia colorata
Authors: Obike C. A. , Ijeh I.I. , Egbuonu A.C.C. , Ubah E.E.
Published: September 2024

Vernonia amygdalina (VA) and Vernonia colorata (VC) have been reported to have anti-obesity activities attributable to phytochemicals such as saponins. We studied the effect of crude saponin-rich extracts of VA (VACS) and VC (VCCS) on body weight and relative organ weight (ROW) in male Wistar rats fed high-fat diet (HFD). 40 rats were randomly allocated to 8 groups of 5, with average weights of 183g. Group 1; Basal control Diet (BCD), Group 2; HFD only, Group 3 and 4; HFD + 100 mg/kg VACS and HFD + 200 mg/kg VACS respectively, Group 5 and 6; HFD + 100 mg/kg VCCS and HFD + 200 mg/kg VCCS respectively. Group 7; HFD + Orlistat 10mg/kg, Group 8; HFD + Orlistat 10mg/kg + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). All treatments were administered orally for 10 weeks. The HFD-only group had the highest increase in weight. Administration of VCCS and VACS resulted in weight loss relative to the HFD group only. The effect was not dose-dependent but compared favourably with Orlistat (10 mg/kg). 100 mg/kg VACS produced the highest weight reduction of all the saponins -rich extracts treated groups. There was no difference between the ROW of the treatment groups and the BCD group suggesting there was no organ toxicity. crude saponins. Our findings suggest that saponins-rich fractions from VA and VC may be useful in weight management.
Surface characterization of biochar from agricultural residues for environmental applications
Authors: Abolodje D. , Egbuchunam T. O. , Ewah C. , Peter N.E.
Published: September 2024

Bio-waste materials banana (Musa ealbisiana) leaves, cassava (Manihot esculenta) peels, mango (Mangifera indica) leaves, plantain (Plantago lanceolata) leaves and peels were pyrolyzed at different temperatures; 300, 400, 450, 500 and 600 oC using a muffle furnace. The biochar samples obtained were characterized and properties evaluated for their potential application in soil for agronomic and environmental benefits. The measured physico-chemical properties; pH, bulk density, percentage yield and electrical conductivity varied with temperature of pyrolysis and somewhat with the source of the bio-waste. Surface morphology and elemental composition were determined from Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) measurements and showed variations in texture, porosity and elemental composition with pyrolysis temperature. The produced biochar yields were in the range 16.1 to 84.6% and highest for banana leaves (BL) pyrolysed at 300 oC. The scanned images showed a remarkable surface morphology for all the biochar samples obtained at temperatures ≥ 450 oC. The pH obtained indicate the alkaline nature of the biochars with mean values > 7.5 except for cassava peels (CP) pyrolysed at 300 oC having a value of 5.5. From the elemental analysis, the high carbon content (> 60%) at higher temperatures (> 450 oC) of the biochars and the molar O/C ratios may suggest the suitability of the biochars in applications for long-term carbon sequestration and also promising candidates for soil amendment due to increase in macro porosity.
Green synthesized silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: a review
Authors: Akinsipo (Oyelaja) O. B. , Osinubi A. D. , Badeji A. A. , Ogunade T. J. , Idowu A. D. , Afolayan O. J. , Ajiwe I. A. , Ameen A. O
Published: September 2024

Over the last two decades, scientists have become increasingly interested in metallic nanoparticles due to their unique properties, especially in the biomedical field. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a rapidly growing field in nanotechnology due to its viability, reduced toxicity, ecofriendly nature, and ease of preparation. Plants have long been a centre of attraction in the field of medicine because they are a unique source of a variety of bioactive compounds. Silver has been known for its medicinal properties, especially its antibacterial therapeutic effect. Among other metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles have taken a special place since it has made a big impact on medical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the biomedical qualities of medicinal plants, as well as an overview of their impact on the synthesis of green silver nanoparticles. Various biomedical applications of plant-mediated silver nanoparticles will also be highlighted.
Geotechnical assessment of subsoils in parts of Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Authors: Ntuk M.D. , Ehibor I.U. , Udoh A.C. , Ibanga I.M.
Published: September 2024

A pre-construction assessment of the geotechnical properties of subsoils in parts of the main campus of Akwa Ibom State University was carried out to determine the stratigraphy, identify and classify the soils between 0 to 7m. Six boreholes were drilled to 7m each using a hand Auger, while soil samples were extracted for different laboratory classification tests including moisture content, atterberg limit, particle size distribution, compaction and california bearing ratio. The subsurface stratigraphic profile consists of a clayey silty sand topsoil in all the boreholes excluding BH5 where it did not occur throughout the drilled depth and BH6, where it was found from 0-7m. Underlying the topsoil is a sandy silty clay layer at different depths in BH1, BH2, BH3, BH4 and in BH5, where it was found from 0-7m. The clayey silty sands were of low to intermediate plasticity (9% to 17%) with liquid limit and moisture content values of 23% to 40 % and 15% to 41.1% respectively. The sandy silty clays had a higher plasticity index (11% to 32%) and liquid limit (27% to 92%) than the topsoil. Particle size distribution curves of the sands showed poorly graded fine to medium to coarsegrained sands with minimal gravel fractions. The maximum dry densities (1700kg/m3 to 1770kg/m3) fell within the acceptable range for good backfill materials although the optimum moisture content percentages (14.3% to 16.5%) were slightly higher than the acceptable range. Therefore, the soils should be improved and a bearing capacity analysis carried out before construction for an adequate foundation design.
Gas leakage detection system for domestic and industrial applications
Authors: Alao P.O. , Raji A.A. , Olajide M.B. , Jagun Z.O. , Okubanjo A.A. , Oyedeji A.O.
Published: September 2024

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a highly inflammable gas used as sources of energy in automobiles, industries and for domestic cooking. Disaster occurs when LPG leaks and is in contact with the source of fire which may claim lives and destroy properties. Hence, its early detection is essential for preventing disaster. This paper presented smart detection of LPG leakage in domestic homes and industries. The system consisted of MQ-2 gas sensor which sensed the presence of the gas in the air and sent signal to the Arduino micro controller. The micro-controller informed the embedded Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module to send message in form of Short Message Service (SMS) to the users to swing into action in a bid to prevent outbreak of fire. Performance tests carried out to evaluate the system showed the capability of the system to concurrently send SMS to different subscribers and produce audible alarm. It was also observed that SMS was sent to users in a timely and efficient manner. The system could be useful in residential homes and industrial premises for preventing fire hazards.
The use of electrical resistivity tomography method to resolve land boundary disputes in mining areas
Authors: Yusuf S.N. , Ejepu J.S. , Ogunmola J.K. , Yohanna O.M. , Wakili W.M.
Published: September 2024

This paper presents the use of electrical resistivity tomography data to solve lingering land disputes arising from boundary encroachment by artisanal and small-scale miners in Jos, Plateau State. Seven electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles were employed using the Wenner Alpha array with an electrode spacing of 1m. The 2Delectrical resistivity tomography image showed areas with low resistivity ranging from 1.80 to 250 Ωm that are interpreted as void or saturated mine drift, in contrast, areas with greater than 250 Ωm areas interpreted as dry mine drifts dug by artisanal miners in search of tin. The results revealed 38 mining drifts at depths ranging from 0 to 30m. Evidence from the 2D ERT method proves that underground mine cavities were created by mining drifts at the fringes of landed property. Field evidence of land subsidence appearing as sinkholes on the encroached property is also an indication of underground mining activities within the property. Mining activities within built-up areas damage soil conditions and pose a threat to buildings and infrastructure. The electrical resistivity tomography method employed in this study provides substantial technical proof for resolving land encroachment disputes in mining areas within Jos and its environs.
Formulation of a carbon-based solid acid catalyst from groundnut husk for the esterification of oleic acid
Authors: Orji I. , Onofowase J. O.
Published: September 2024

In this research, a biochar was prepared from groundnut husk and sulphuric acid. The biochar wassulphonated with chlorosulphonic acid to give a carbon-based sulphonated solid acid catalyst (SAC). The catalyst was characterised by N2 adsorption and desorption at 77K after degassing overnight under vacuum at 250˚ C, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and total acid density measurement. The results of the acid density measurement showed that the sulphonated biochar has a relatively high acid density of 3.2 mmol/g, while that of the non-sulphonated counterpart is 0.56 mmol/g. Comparison of the percentage conversion of oleic acid by esterification with methanol and butanol was carried out under three different conditions, viz: without catalyst, with the non-sulphonated biochar and with the sulphonated biochar, under the same experimental conditions of 5% catalyst weight percent (based on weight of acid), acid-methanol mole ratio of 1:12, reaction temperature of 70 oC, and five hours reaction time. Up to 91.6% percentage conversion of oleic acid to methyl oleate and 86.4% for butyl oleate were achieved, proving the effectiveness of the sulphonated biochar in catalysing the esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol and butanol. The results of this study are expected to provide insights into the development of sustainable and cost-effective solid acid catalysts for the synthesis of oleate esters and other value-added materials from renewable feedstocks.
Depositional environment and stratigraphic framework of the NS- 1 well, Coastal Swamp Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin: a foraminiferal perspective
Authors: Igbinigie N.S. , Aigbadon G.O.
Published: September 2024

A comprehensive analysis of 102 ditch-cutting samples from the NS-1 well in Leuma Field, Coastal Swamp Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin, covering depths from 4730 ft to 7790 ft, is presented. Lithologic descriptions revealed eleven lithostratigraphic sub-units within the transitional-paralic sequence of the Agbada Formation, comprising alternating sandstone and shale. The foraminiferal analysis identified 58 species: 14 planktonic, 26 calcareous benthic and 18 agglutinated benthic. Key planktonic index species such as Globigerinoides sp. and Globorotaliacontinuosa indicates a Middle to Late Miocene age. The biozonation correlates with the Blow (1969) Scheme (N7- N9/N10/N11) placing the intervals within the Middle Miocene to Late Miocene epochs. The depositional environment transitioned from Coastal Deltaic to Inner Neritic and Middle Neritic, suggesting a shallow marine setting influenced by a warm, humid climate. The presence of calcareous foraminifera supports a shallow marine deposition above the carbonate compensation depth. This study provides valuable insights into the sedimentological, stratigraphic, and paleoenvironmental history of the NS-1 well during the Miocene.
Relevance of surface characterization of Bambusa vulgaris (l.) leaf extract doped iron nanoparticle
Authors: Anioke C.F. , Obi C. , Ezigbo C.I.
Published: September 2024

In the present study, green nano scaled zero-valent irons (nZVI) were synthesized from Bambusa vulgaris leaf extract at room temperature. The plant extract was evaluated for the presence of reducing agents (bioactive compounds) phytochemically using standard methods. nZVI was systematically characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) techniques. The SEM and XRD results showed that after the reduction process for 4 hr at 25oC, the iron powder obtained was a single phase of lamellar or platy α-Fe crystals with the presence of medium nanoparticles (10-100 nm) having crystal size, L ranging from 40-46 nm (42.2 nm) and particle size, D ranging from 53-70 nm (56.1 nm) for both 0.3 M and 0.9 M B. vulgaris-nZVI. It has been demonstrated that B. vulgaris leaf extract was capable of producing iron nanoparticles that shows good stability in solution and under the UV-Visible wavelength, nanoparticles exhibited quite good surface plasmon resonance behavior in the range of 220-740 nm. The FT-1R spectra revealed that the vibrational bands at 3722.76 cm-1 and 3706.4 cm-1 represented the O-H stretching due to the presence of polyphenol as a functional group in addition to tannins, saponins, and others which may be responsible for the  eduction of ferrous ion (Fe3+) to zero-valent iron (Feo). This study reveals that B. vulgaris-nZVI possessing short-time synthesis protocol, anisotropism, and eco-benignity could be promising lowcost matrix for remediation (both soil and water), adsorption, catalysis, and other applications.
Rare Earth Elements: A Global Scenario and Understanding of Their Impacts, Challenges, and Recycling Processes in Bangladesh through Global Literature
Authors: Chandrow Ovijit
Published: September 2024

Over the last decade, rare earth elements (REEs) have gained international attention due to their multiple usages. Because of their unique properties, the elements play a vital role in electronics, defense, aerospace, transportation, agriculture, and communications technology. They are also critical to the high technology and low carbon economy. These applications drive demand for rare earth products and promote the steady development of the rare earth industry. In this paper, we have reviewed the current scenario, applications, challenges, and impacts of REEs from a global perspective. It is seen that China leads in the production of REEs worldwide. Globally, REE production is associated with a range of environmental issues, including mining-related pollution, the generation of radioactive waste, water scarcity, soil contamination, and deforestation, all of which impact both humans and animals. Drawing from global literature, we discussed a comparative scenario of REEs in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, the rising population has led to increased REE demand, and we utilized secondary sources to deduce REE impacts. We overviewed aspects such as 100% electricity coverage, import opportunities from the other countries, and government initiatives, all contributing to the growing REE demand and e-waste generation in Bangladesh. Currently, there is no recycling process available. Subsequently, we highlighted the situation in Bangladesh regarding REE management, presented suggestions for recycling based on recent global literature, and provided recommendations for the future.
Dietary habit, hygiene practice, and disease status among street children: A cross sectional survey
Authors: Hossen Khondoker Monir , Raihan Md , Hossain Md Shehab , Propa Nazmun Taiyeba , Islam Mohammad Saiful , Al-Amin Hossain Md , Alamgir Mohammed
Published: September 2024

Child rag pickers in Dhaka city are increasing and very little known about their conditions and nutritional status. They lead a very vulnerable life and high risk of prone to different kinds of diseases. An observational cross-sectional study was carried out at selected areas of Dhaka to assess food habit, hygiene practice and disease pattern of street children. Data were collected from conveniently selected different areas of Dhaka City like Sadarghat, Gabtoli, Gulistan Airport, Kamlapur railway station. Total 150 street children were interviewed with semi structured pretested questionnaire by face to face interview. Disease history was taken from last six months. The mean age of the children was 10.55 ± 2.96 years. More than half (66.7%) of the respondents were boys. About half of the respondents were day labor. About 83.8% respondents did not have any disease currently. Fever, diarrhea, skin disease, and common cold were seen among 20%-30% respondents. More than 80% respondents had good appetite. Fish and fruits were taken randomly. They did not cut nail on regular basis. It is concluded that street children suffered those diseases which were preventable.
Microbiome to dictate the occurrence of neurological disorders
Authors: Kaushal Anju
Published: September 2024

Neuropsychiatric disorders have been the constant burden impacting healthcare since 1990, and more than 3 billion people worldwide are living with neurological conditions. Mental health conditions with cognitive decline were also observed in people who contracted SARSCoV-2 and later presented the PACS related disease after the resolution of primary infection. Long term dysbiosis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and neurological inflammations signify the establishment of major depressive disorders (MDD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease (PD), lateral sclerosis etc. More than 4% of cases of periodontitis are likely to develop brain related abnormalities. Conversely, cellular and molecular alterations keep restoring Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ), tau protein, and 2-synuclein protein with plaque formation allow the disease associate microglia (DAM TREM) phenotype to transfer the aberrant signals through post synaptic neurons. Brain related inflammations are accompanied by various agonist molecules, Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), increased C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Firmicutes with Lactobacillus spp., Ruminococcus spp., Lachnospira spp. are the known short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers, those meant to involve in regulating the immunological and physiological functions from Gut-Brain-Gut building homeostasis. Aβ stimulation of glial cells produces anti-inflammatory effects, while controlling the ERK/MAPK/JAK/NFkβ pathways-based inflammations. Serotonin, dopamine, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), kynurenic acid are the regulatory neurotransmitters that contribute to the prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases and also reduce the stress related corticosterone. Impaired molecular signals disrupt the endothelial layer of gut and blood brain barrier (BBB) impacting the serotonin production in brain. It is imperative to utilize pre, pro, and postbiotics to modulate the depleted microbiota, could reverse the aberrant signals instigating a better disease prognosis.
Integrating “fast” and “slow” systems therapeutics for physiological renormalization in neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Maguire Greg , Ayoub George
Published: September 2024

In our previous paper, we provided evidence that simultaneously activating multiple cannabinergic pathways, CB1 and CB2, a systems therapeutic approach, was harnessed to provide “fast” protection from neurodegenerative diseases by renormalizing the physiology of the retina. We had used an animal model of glaucoma, using glutamate-induced neurodegeneration of the retina. Other forms of chronic or acute neurotoxicity throughout the CNS may likewise benefit from a systems approach to cannabinergic mediated rescue of neural tissue.

However, from a systems biology perspective, cannabinergic pathways act in many ways, not fully explained in our previous paper, and must act in synergy with many other pathways, including the molecules (e.g. HSP) released by adjacent stem cells, to optimally yield neuroprotection. In addition to the “fast” pathways previously described, we’ll address “slow” acting, lifestyle and nutritional pathways too. Building on our previous paper, we highlight some of the important “fast and “slow” neuroprotective pathways that should be activated together through a systems therapeutic approach.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Genetic susceptibility
Authors: Saghir Shakil A , Shams Nicole , Veliz Lianette , Alfuraih Saleh , Omidi Yadollah , Barar Jaleh , Sharma Ajay , Ansari Rais
Published: September 2024

The prevalence of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is increasing, particularly in individuals who consume minimal to no alcohol. Currently, NAFLD affects at least 32% of the global population. Although not all but approximately 5-10% cases of NAFLD progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a condition arising from lipotoxicity. Patients with NASH may further develop liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it is important to note that progression from NAFLD to NASH and HCC is not inevitable for all patients. The pathogenesis of HCC in the context of NAFLD and NASH remains poorly understood, however, fat accumulation, often due to obesity or metabolic syndrome, leads to lipotoxicity. In individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), elevated insulin levels promote lipolysis in adipose tissue and activate lipid-synthesizing enzymes such as fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), which contribute to lipid accumulation in the liver. Additionally, high glucose levels in T2D can alter gene regulation by activating carbohydrate response-element binding protein (ChREBP) and insulin can increase the activity of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP-1c). These lipogenic transcription factors are known to directly or indirectly activate patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3). Recent research has found elevated levels of angiotensinogen (AGT) and des-angiotensin in both experimental animals and patients with NAFLD. Emerging evidence highlights the significance of genetic factors in the risk of developing NAFLD. Here we explore the association between specific genes and hepatosteatosis, detailing the roles of T2D and obesity in the progression from NAFLD to NASH, and involvement of hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis. Additionally, we examine the impact of genes such as PNPLA3, MBOAT7, TM6SF2, GKRP, CCN3, and AGT as well as role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in gene regulation and their contribution to the risk of NAFLD.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Role of nuclear receptor superfamily members and approaches to treatment
Authors: Mohammed Siddique Rezan , Saghir Shakil A , Alfuraih Saleh , Salamatullah Abdulaziz Khalid , Alnefaie Faisal Fahad , Khan Samirah , Rizvi Syed A. A. , Ansari Rais
Published: September 2024

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing health problem when left untreated. NAFLD is defined as accumulation of fat in 5% of the hepatocytes. NAFLD can convert into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which is defined as inflammatory NAFLD. Both NAFLD and NASH are observed in individuals suffering from metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Agents which increase the insulin sensitivity for T2D treatment are thiazolidinediones (TZDs) which target nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Therefore, TZD has been investigated as a potential agent for the treatment of NAFLD and NASH. Other members of nuclear receptor families such as constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane and xenobiotic receptor (PXR) and liver X receptor regulate metabolic responses across multiple organ system during eating and fasting. These nuclear receptors are regulators of the axis of gut, liver, and adipose tissue. Abnormal NRs signaling is associated with NAFLD, especially in obesity, increased intestinal permeability of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by inflammation, abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism, and insulin insensitivity. We review nuclear receptor superfamily, its architectural structure, signaling and possible signaling interference in the development of NAFLD. Due to the lack of treatment for NAFLD or NASH, patients' only option is changes in their lifestyle which include weight reduction and less fat intake. This review also examined the possibility of NR mediated treatment of NAFLD. Current clinical trials are focused on separate treatments of different NAFLD states, such as steatosis, inflammation, insulin insensitivity, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Nuclear receptor mediated transcription does not occur in isolation rather many works in coordination, i.e., one NR activation affects other NRs, a process referred to as NR crosstalk resulting in transrepression/transactivation. For the treatment of NAFLD, a tissue specific ligand devoid of NR-crosstalk is likely needed.
COVID-19 and burnout of physicians redeployed to emergency care
Authors: Nash Carol
Published: September 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2023 significantly affected emergency medical care. Physicians who regularly saw their patients by appointment were redeployed to emergency care, increasing their reported burnout. Understanding how the burnout of specialists increased from this redeployment during COVID-19 is relevant to finding ways to reduce redeployment burnout in these appointment-based physicians when preparing for future pandemics. In this regard, the findings concerning New York physicians serve as guidance for preparedness.
The role of computed tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography in the diagnosis and management of gunshot wounds to the head
Authors: Serra Riccardo , Schwartzbauer Gary
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Traumatic intracranial pseudoaneurysms (TICAs) and penetrating cerebrovascular injuries (PCVI) complicate gunshot wounds to the head (GSWH) and other forms of penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI). Recent developments in neuroimaging have allowed early detection of these lesions in the minutes and hours following the initial injury. CT angiography (CTA) and digitally subtracted angiography (DSA) have different sensitivity, periprocedural risks, and logistical limitations. Growing evidence is defining their role in clinical practice.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed for published articles treating the use of CTA and DSA to diagnose PCVI and TICAs after pTBI and GSWH. Four series, three retrospective and one prospective, were selected for this review.

Results: In three retrospective and one prospective series (with a sensitivity of ~70% in the former studies vs 36% in the latter), DSA emerges as the modality of choice to study the intracranial vasculature of patients that suffered pTBI. Nonetheless, the use of CTA in the first hours after the injury can provide a wealth of information in emergent scenarios where TICAs and PCVIs can significantly affect surgical management and risk. Further, a significantly higher incidence of TICAs was reported in the first hours after civilian GSWH via CTA.

Conclusions: DSA and CTA emerged as two complementary techniques in the study and management of PCVI and TICA related to pTBI and GSWH. Their integration can provide a safe approach to the emergent surgical management of vascular lesions via CTA, allowing for delayed DSA characterization after neurological and hemodynamical stabilization.
Memórias das feirantes sobre as trajetórias de vida e trabalho na CEASA de Vitória da Conquista-BA
Authors: Azevedo Priscilla Rosa , Souza Raick de Jesus
Published: September 2024

O objetivo central deste artigo é analisar as memórias e percepções das feirantes de Vitória da Conquista-BA, por meio de suas trajetórias profissionais e memórias individuais e coletivas. Esta é uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa e retrospectiva, elaborada a partir da coleta e análise de entrevistas, na qual contamos com a colaboração de 11 participantes, com idades entre 32 e 72 anos e cuja média de tempo de atuação profissional varia entre 2 e 40 anos. Os dados coligidos foram interpretados à luz da metodologia da análise de conteúdo, na qual identificamos algumas categorias de análise, dentre as quais encontram-se: trabalho na feira livre, trabalho no campo e trabalho doméstico. Ao término da pesquisa percebemos que muitas das participantes associam o trabalho doméstico como sendo função social das mulheres, ademais, muitas das trabalhadoras trazem em suas recordações memórias sobre o trabalho no campo. Todavia, as participantes caracterizaram o trabalho como feirante como sendo fator de emancipação econômica e de promoção da dignidade humana. Esperamos com este estudo contribuir para a expansão crítica dos estudos sobre o protagonismo feminino no mercado de trabalho informal.