bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiostatic and Angiogenic Chemokines in Systemic Sclerosis: An Overview
Authors: Bellando Randone Silvia , George Jacob , Mazzotta Celestina , Guiducci Serena , Furst Daniel E. , Mor Adi , Matucci Cerinic Marco
Published: January 2017

In systemic sclerosis (SSc), the dysregulation of several molecular pathways seem to have a role in the disease pathogenesis. Either angiogenesis and vasculogenesis are disturbed and impaired, and an imbalance between angiogenic and angiostatic factors may be involved in the genesis and maintenance of vasculopathy. Aberrant immune system activation and function involves both B and T cells, as well as many different chemokines and cytokines. Particularly, chemokines are central to the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory responses as well as angiogenesis and fibrosis. Increased expression of several chemokines as CXCL4 (platelet factor 4), CXCL8 (IL8), CXCL5 (ENA-78), CCL5 (RANTS), CXCL9 (MIG), CCL24, CXCL10 IP-10), CXCL12, CXCL16 (SRPSDX), CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL19 (MIP-3β/ELC), CCL24 (Eotaxin 2), suggests a complex mechanism by which many immune cell types, including T cells, macrophages and neutrophils are recruited to the skin in SSc patients. Many of these chemokines have redundant roles, possibly to ensure recruitment of specific cell types. Several studies have shown a synergistic effect of combinations of these chemokines in cell recruitment, emphasizing the importance of understanding global chemokine expressions. urthermore, chemokines can be detected in peripheral blood compared with cytokines or growth factors. The utility of cytokines as biomarkers has been investigated but longitudinal studies are necessary to clarify their clinical utility for the evaluation of disease activity, therapeutic effects on skin sclerosis or interstitial lung disease and risk stratification of SSc patients. An effective therapeutic agent, able to interfere with complex chemokine networks, is warranted to attenuate perivascular inflammation, dysregulated angiogenesis and the evolution of skin and internal organ fibrosis, is the most ambitious goal for the scientific research of the future.
Musculoskeletal Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis: An Unexplored Aspect of the Disease
Authors: Varjú Cecília , Péntek Márta , Lóránd Veronika , Nagy Gabriella , Minier Tünde , Czirják László
Published: January 2017

Musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) include articular involvement (arthralgia, synovitis, contractures), which is often an early phenomenon and significantly contributes to the disability. Predominantly the hands are affected. Consensus in outcome measures of articular involvement is missing. Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), Cochin Hand Function Scale (CHFS), Hand Mobility Index in Scleroderma (HAMIS), and Disease Activity Score of 28 Joints (DAS28) may be used for the assessment of different aspects of joint involvement. There is an unmet need for therapies confirmed by randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) to treat both synovitis and non-inflammatory joint involvement. The few rehabilitation studies that have been conducted have shown some promising efficacy.

Muscle involvement may be an early symptom. The presence of clinically meaningful muscle involvement often heralds an unfavourable prognosis. The histology of muscle biopsy shows a variable picture including inflammation and necrosis. Besides, signs of acute neurogenic atrophy have been recently described as a previously underestimated contributor to muscle weakness. Similar to articular involvement, the lack of classification criteria on inflammatory and non-inflammatory SSc-associated myopathies, and the lack of validated core set of outcome measures makes it difficult to perform RCTs.

The SSc-specific fibrinous tenosynovitis (tendon-friction rubs /TFRs/) is a frequent finding in SSc. Patients with TFR are at increased risk of developing renal, vascular, cardiac and gastrointestinal involvement and have reduced survival rates. Changes of fibrinous tenosynovitis can be objectively detected by ultrasound and may be used as an outcome measure in the treatment of MSK involvement.
Safety and efficacy of placing internal jugular dialysis catheter tip in the inferior vena cava
Authors: Mayer Michael A.M. , Soundararajan Vinaya , Soundararajan Ramesh
Published: January 2017

Purpose

To assess the efficacy and safety of placing the tip of the internal jugular (IJ) hemodialysis catheter in the inferior vena cava (IVC) in situations where it does not work well when placed in the right atrium.

Methods

The medical records of chronic hemodialysis patients at an outpatient vascular intervention facility were retrospectively reviewed. Out of the 831 patients who had dialysis catheters exchanged over a 4-year period, 13 patients were identified who underwent catheter exchanges where the tip of the catheter was placed in the IVC via the IJ approach. These were all patients where the catheters had poor flows when placed in the right atrium earlier.

Results

Adequate flow (>350 mL/min) was achieved in all 13 cases with the catheter placed in the IVC with no significant complications.

Conclusions

This study suggests that exchanging the catheter and placing the tip in the IVC is effective and safe in certain situations especially when the tip placement in the conventional position (i.e. the right atrium) does not work well.
Protecting the Inventions of Smaller High-Tech Firms
Authors: Kingston William
Published: January 2017

It is now widely recognized that smaller firms make contributions to innovation that are quite disproportionate to their financial resources. They could do even more if the intellectual property system, which was originally designed to protect individual creativity, had not been captured in the interest of large firms. This paper explains why and how this happened, and discusses a series of remedies to make the use of patents attractive again to smaller firms and individual inventors, without damaging their value to large firms.
Projetos educacionais para um Brasil-nação: uma reflexão sobre a educação brasileira no processo de transição Império-Primeira República (1850-1930)
Authors: Franklin Ruben Maciel
Published: January 2017

O presente artigo tem como objetivo delinear, em linhas gerais, a trajetória de organização escolar brasileira entre a segunda metade do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX. Retomamos as diversas ações empreendidas pelo Governo Imperial no intuito de combater a precariedade do sistema educacional, bem como as alternativas levantadas na Primeira República no sentido de atacar o elevado índice de analfabetismo do “grosso” da população. Procuramos, entre os anos 1850 e 1920, discutir as “inovações” que foram sendo introduzidas na educação brasileira, assim como os debates sobre os tipos de disciplinas (castigos físicos e imposições morais) a serem testadas nas escolas. Problematizamos, igualmente, a relação existente entre os novos métodos de alfabetização e o surgimento de um sentimento de nacionalidade.Educational projects for a Brazil-nation: a reflection on the Brazilian education in the transition process of empire-first republic (1850-1930). This article aims to approach, in general, the trajectory of Brazilian educational organization between the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. We resumed the various actions taken by the Imperial Government in order to combat the precariousness of the educational system as well as the alternatives raised in the First Republic to attack the high illiteracy rate of “bulk” of the population. We seek, between the years 1850 and 1920, to discuss the “innovations” that have been introduced in Brazilian education, as well as dialogues on the type of discipline (corporal punishment and moral impositions) to be tested in schools, arguing also on the ratio of literacy methods and the emergence of a sense of nationhood. Keywords: Education, Brazil, Imperial Government, First Republic, Literacy.
Vestígios “dos jovens anos escolares” de uma intelectual brasileira: itinerários da aluna Maria Thetis Nunes no Atheneu Sergipense (1935-1941)
Authors: Oliveira João Paulo Gama
Published: January 2017

Maria Thetis Nunes (1923-2009) constitui-se como uma intelectual brasileira que atuou em diferentes áreas do conhecimento ao longo do século XX. Nascida na cidade sergipana de Itabaiana, a jovem deixou o interior para prosseguir os estudos na capital Aracaju. Ali, no Atheneu Sergipense, cursou o ensino secundário entre 1935 e 1941. No ano seguinte ingressou na primeira turma da graduação em Geografia e História da Faculdade de Filosofia da Bahia. Nesse sentido, os seus itinerários como aluna do ensino secundário é o foco da presente pesquisa que possui como fontes: atas, jornais, discursos e depoimentos em diálogo com o referencial teórico de Jean-François Sirinelli (1998, 2003, 2006). O estudo concluiu que “professores-paradigma” são creditados como influenciadores dos caminhos percorridos pela jovem estudante secundarista. As práticas escolares dos seus professores, somadas ao universo cultural no qual Thetis Nunes esteve imersa – contando com contribuições do ambiente familiar e com as amizades dentro e fora da sala de aula, participando de agremiações estudantis e publicando na imprensa local ainda na condição de discente – reafirmam a importância dos estudos dos itinerários formativos para a compreensão da intelectual, bem como da História da Educação brasileira.The remains “of young scholar years” of a Brazilian intelectual: itinerary of the student Maria Thetis Nunes at Atheneu Sergipense (1935-1941). Maria Thetis Nunes (1923-2009) was a Brazilian intellectual that acted in different knowledge areas during the 20th century. Born in the city from Sergipe, Itabaiana, the young woman left the inland city to continue her studies in the capital city Aracaju. There, at Atheneu Sergipense, she studied the high school between 1935 and 1941. In the next year, she entered at the first graduation class in Geography and History of the Philosophy College of Bahia. In that matter, her itinerary as student of high school was the focus the present research that has as source: records, papers, speeches and testimonies in dialogs with the theoretical reference of Jean-François Sirinelli (1998, 2003, 2006). The study concluded that “paradigm-teachers” are credited as influences of paths went through the young high school student. The scholar practices of her teachers, added to the cultural universe in which Thetis Nunes was immersed, counting with the familiar environment contribution, with the friendships inside and outside the classroom, the participation in student organizations and publishing at the local press still as student, reaffirms the importance of the formation itinerary to the intellectual comprehension, as well as, of the Brazilian education history. Keywords: Atheneu Sergipense. Intellectual. Itinerary. Maria Thetis Nunes.
Entre história e memória: olhares de ex-alunos sobre o cotidiano escolar no Grupo Escolar e Ginásio Estadual - Cáceres/MT
Authors: Silva Alexandra Lima da , Silva Giuslane Francisca Da
Published: January 2017

As escolas também guardam memórias, sendo, portanto, espaços nos quais se tecem parte da memória social de uma determinada cidade. O conhecimento do universo escolar possibilita compreender as instituições escolares para além de sua finalidade específica (a de ensinar), mas percebê-las como territórios de lenta aprendizagem do mundo exterior. Considerando que as memórias se apresentam como ricas fontes documentais, nas quais expressam sentidos e acontecimentos que não estão registrados nos documentos escritos, dessa maneira, os relatos orais foram tomados aqui como fontes para se pensar o cotidiano escolar do Grupo Escolar Esperidião Marques e Ginásio Onze de Março, na cidade de Cáceres/MT, na primeira metade do século XX, levando em consideração todas as peculiaridades envoltas no processo de rememoração. O movimento se deu na busca de pensar o cotidiano e o processo escolar a partir dos olhares de ex-alunos, apontando a relevância da memória como fonte para pesquisa em história da educação.Between History and memory: a former students view about the school routine in the School Group and State Middle School – Cáceres/MT. The schools also hold memories, becoming a place where the social memories of a particular city are weaved.  The knowledge of the school universe allows understanding the educational institution beyond it specifics purpose (to teach) perceiving them as territories slowly learning the outside world. Whereas the memories present themselves as rich documentary sources that express meaning an events that are not recorded in written documents. In this way, the oral accounts are taken as a source to thinking the school routine in the School Group Esperidião Marques and Middle School Onze de Março of Cáceres/MT in the second half of the twentieth century, taking into account all the peculiarities wrapped in the remembrance process. The movement occurred in the search of thinking the day-routine and the school process from the former students, pointing the relevance of the memory as a research source in history of education. Keywords: Memory; History of Education; School Routine.
A escola invade as ruas: passeatas cívicas dos grupos escolares sergipanos. Civismo e patriotismo no espaço urbano
Authors: Silva Degenal De Jesus da
Published: January 2017

Este artigo apresenta a pesquisa sobre as festas cívicas realizadas nas ruas de Sergipe, entre 1923 e 1930. Nesse intervalo temporal, aconteceu algo inusitado, e os historiadores sergipanos não se debruçaram a estudar: o declínio das comemorações republicanas nas ruas. Este estudo ganha relevância, principalmente, porque se sucedeu no governo de Graccho Cardoso a presidente do estado, considerado pela historiografia sergipana como um governante desenvolvimentista, especialmente, na área da educação. Assim, o objetivo é examinar o percurso das festividades, tentando perceber os indícios deixados nas fontes sobre as formas de participação de indivíduos e instituições envolvidos nesses momentos de celebração; e, as representações utilizadas naquele momento histórico. Para tanto, utilizamos diversos documentos para que pudéssemos cruzar as informações, com o intuito de podermos lançar um novo olhar sobre esse período. Dessa forma, utilizamos os conceitos de Representações, de Roger Chartier; de indivíduos, de Norbert Elias; e do paradigma indiciário, de Carlo Ginzburg.The school invade streets: parades civic of the sergipeans groups school. Civility and patriotism in urban space. Article search civic parties in Sergipe held in the streets, between 1923-1930. In this time interval, there was something unusual, and that the Sergipeans historians pored studying: the decline of republican celebrations in the streets. This study becomes relevant, especially because this fact began under President Cardoso Graccho the President of the State, considered by sergipana historiography as a developmentalist - and especially in education. The objective is to examine the course of the festivities, trying to understand the clues left in the sources of the forms of participation; individuals and institutions involved in these moments of celebration; and the representations used in that historic moment. Therefore, we use various documents so that we could cross the information, In order that we can launch a new look at this period. Thus, we used the concepts: Representations of Roger Chartier; individuals of Norbert Elias and the indiciary paradigm of Carlo Ginzburg. Keywords: Civic Parties; First Republic; Representations.
A infância no filme O Contador de Histórias: uma abordagem sociológica
Authors: Santos Sônia Maria Fernandes dos
Published: January 2017

Este artigo pretende suscitar reflexão a respeito das diferentes formas em que a criança é percebida nas produções cinematográficas, particularmente na película O contador de histórias (2009), na tentativa de contribuir para o repertório de investigações sobre infância, bem como tentar compreender padrões sociais e de comportamentos no que se refere à infância e sua história – uma vez que muitos aspectos da infância contemporânea descendem do passado. Os estudos sobre infância alcançaram uma dimensão significativa e, com isso, têm proporcionado contribuições expressivas sob diversos enfoques, neste sentido, faz-se necessário estudar a infância, em perspectivas variadas, para tentarmos perceber os diferentes fenômenos sociais que dizem respeito à construção do sujeito criança. A escolha em repousar nossas análises em um filme é por acreditar que pelos filmes há a possibilidade da construção de representações sociais, bem como um forte potencial para influenciar comportamentos, isto é, os filmes têm a qualidade de registrar o passado e o contexto social e também de criar reminiscências históricas próprias. O aporte teórico para este estudo está baseado na Sociologia da Infância, uma vez que este campo “...insere-se decisivamente na construção da reflexividade contemporânea sobre a realidade social”, e devido ao fato que “as crianças constituem uma porta de entrada fundamental para a compreensão dessa realidade” (SARMENTO, 2009, p. 19). The childhood in the film O Contador de Histórias: a sociological approach. This article aims to encourage reflexion about the differents ways in which children is noticed in cinematographic productions, especially in the film O contador de histórias (Luiz Villaça, Brazil, 2009), in an attempt to contribute to the research's repertoire of childhood, as well as try to understand social and behaviour standarts regarding childhoos and it's history - once that many childhood contemporary's aspects descendants of the past. The studies about childhood reached a significative dimension and, with that, have provided significant contributions under various focuses, in this sense, it's necessary to study childhood, in different perspectives, to try to understand the different social phenomena that relate to the construction of the subject child. The choice to rest our analysis in a movie is to believe that the films are the possibility of social representation's constrution, as well as a strong potential to influence behaviour, that is, films have the quality to record the past and the social context, but also, to create own historical reminiscences. The theoretical basis for this study is based on the Sociology of Childhood, since this field "...inserts decisively in the construction of modern reflexivity of social reality" and, due to the fact that "children form a fundamental gateaway to the understanding of this reality" (SARMENTO, 2009, p. 19). Keywords: Childhood; Cinema; Childhood's Sociology.
Objetos à venda: o que contam os jornais?
Authors: Scaravelli Hiassana , Silva Vera Lucia Gaspar da
Published: January 2017

Este trabalho é dedicado à apresentação de dados e de análises tecidas a partir da identificação de anúncios, em jornais impressos que veicularam em Santa Catarina entre 1908 e 1921, relativos à venda de objetos da escola que, articulados à legislação escolar, oferecem indicativos de uma composição material da escola. Procura-se tecer algumas reflexões referentes ao comércio que se formou acompanhando a expansão da escola primária, consumo de objetos exigidos pelo Estado, com o argumento de serem essenciais para o ensino e aprendizagem do aluno. A ênfase aqui são anúncios de materiais escolares destinados à organização da sala de aula: mapas, quadro negro, tinteiro, etc. Entende-se que os jornais do dia a dia, impressos destinados para o público em geral, constituem-se em fontes de grande relevância e que contêm informações que ajudam a compor o quadro no qual a escola se edifica e suas relações com o mercado econômico. Dos 47 jornais consultados, foram analisados os anúncios localizados num conjunto de 13: O Catharinense de São Bento, A Comarca, O Commercio de Joinville, a Gazeta de Joinville, o Municipio de Joinville e a Gazeta do Comércio de Joinville, A Revista de São Francisco do Sul, O Pharol de Itajaí, A Época, O Estado, O Dia, O Correio do Povo e Republicade Florianópolis. Trata-se, em grande parte, de jornais de circulação regional, mas que reverberam nas localidades de relações econômicas mais amplas.Objects on sale. What do the newspapers tell us? This work is dedicated to the presentation of datas and analysis made from the identification in printed newspapers that broadcasted in Santa Catarina between 1908 and 1921, from news related to school objects selling, which were atributed to school Law, it offers indicatives of a material composition of the school. It was found a way of doing some reflexions, refered to the trade that is formed with the expansion of the primary school. A consume of objects was required from the State, with the argument of being essencial for the teaching and learning from the student. The emphasys here, are news of school materials, destinated to an organization of the classroom: maps, blackboards. Inkstand, etc. It is understood that daily newspapers printed and destinated to the general public, are made of sources of great relevance and it contains informations that help to compose the chart which it builds itself, its relations with economic market. From 47 newspapers consulted, it were analysed news located in a group of 13: O Chatarinense de São Bento, A Comarca, O Commércio de Joinville, a Gazeta de Joinville, o Município de Joinville e a Gazeta do Comércio de Joinville, A revista de São Francisco do Sul, O Pharol de Itajaí, A Época, O Estado, O dia, O Correio do Povo e Republica de Florianópolis. It´s a big part of newspapers of regional circulation that reverberates in locations of economic relations in large scale. Keywords: School material, Cultural material, newspapers, school market.
A tuberculose na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e o teste da vacina BCG em escolares de escolas públicas (1933-1935)
Authors: Oliveira Mariza Da Gama Leite de
Published: January 2017

O artigo destaca os maiores desafios da Instrução Pública Primária na cidade do Rio de Janeiro no início do século XX quando era capital federal. Nesse período emergiram debates envolvendo médicos e profissionais de diversas áreas da sociedade em torno de questões educacionais e sanitárias. As principais fontes utilizadas são a revista A Escola Primária e o relatório do médico Alvimar de Carvalho sobre o teste da vacina BCG, ambos do acervo da Biblioteca Nacional. Como aporte teórico, utilizam-se as possibilidades abertas pela nova história política (RÉMOND, 2003) e o auxílio da observação microscópica (GINZBURG, 1990), o que permite restaurar personagens e processos através dos indícios deixados pelos sujeitos históricos. As descobertas realizadas pelo estudo empreendido traduzem a importância do uso de fontes e de métodos variados no resgate da história das instituições escolares e sua intercessão com a história política e social.Tuberculosis in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the BCG vaccine test in public school students (1933-1935). The article highlights the major challenges of Primary Public Education in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the early 20th century, when it was the federal capital. In this period, debates involving physicians and professionals from various areas of society emerged around educational and health issues. The main sources used are: the magazine A Escola Primária and the report of the doctor Alvimar de Carvalho on the BCG vaccine test, both from the collection of the National Library. As a theoretical contribution, the possibilities opened by the new political history (RÉMOND, 2003) and the aid of microscopic observation (GINZBURG, 1990) are used to restore characters and processes through the clues left by historical subjects. The findings of the study show the importance of the use of varied sources and methods in the rescue of the history of school institutions and their intercession with political and social history.  Keywords: Tuberculosis, Primary Public Education of Rio de Janeiro, Alvimar de Carvalho, Instituto Ferreira Vianna, "The Primary School" Magazine.
Expediente
Authors: Educação Revista De História e Historiografia da
Published: January 2017

Revista de História e Historiografia da Educaçãov. 1 , n. 1 / jan./abr. 2017
Contemporary agents in the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Kapoor Anil , Wu Christopher , Shayegan Bobby , Rybak Adrian P.
Published: January 2017

Docetaxel-based chemotherapy has been the standard of care for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) since 2004. Over the past few years, there has been a significant paradigm shift in the treatment landscape of this disease. A deeper understanding of prostate cancer biology, along with the development of novel agents has created hope towards treating chemotherapy-naïve and resistant disease. Following the implementation of docetaxel as the first-line therapy for mCRPC, five novel therapies have demonstrated survival benefit in mCRPC. Cabazitaxel, abiraterone acetate, and enzalutamide are three agents recently approved for the treatment of mCRPC, having shown overall survival benefit in patients previously treated with docetaxel, while both abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide have also shown promise in the pre-docetaxel setting. Sipuleucel-T has shown overall survival benefit in asymptomatic mCRPC, while radium-223 provides survival benefit to patients with mCRPC who are symptomatic from their skeletal metastases in both docetaxel-naïve patients and post-docetaxel patients. Denosumab, an anti-RANKL antibody, has been approved for the prevention of skeletal-related events in patients with prostate cancer bone metastases. This review examines the phase 3 trials supporting the use of theses novel agents in the treatment of mCRPC. While these agents provide incremental increases in patient survival, further study to determine the best choice, combination, and/or sequencing of administration is still necessary.
Can individualized sunitinib dose and schedule changes optimize outcomes for kidney cancer patients?
Authors: Bjarnason Georg A.
Published: January 2017

The recommended starting dose and schedule for sunitinib is 50 mg daily for 28 days, followed by a 14-day break with significant dose reductions to 37.5 mg (75% of starting dose), and then 25 mg (50% of starting dose) on the same schedule (four/two schedule). There are several reasons why these dose and scheduling recommendations may not be optimal for most patients, as outlined below.
Developing an Emotional Intelligence Program Training and Study Its Effectiveness on Emotional Intelligence of Adolescents with Emotional and Behavioral Problems That Living in Single Parent Families
Authors: Motamedi Farzaneh , Ghobari-Bonab Bagher , Beh-pajooh Ahmad , Shokoohi Yekta Mohsen , Afrooz Gholam Ali
Published: January 2017

Development of children and adolescents’ personality is strongly affected by their parents, and absence of one of them has an undesirable effect on their development, and makes them vulnerable to later psychological disorders and behavioral problems. The purpose of this study was to develop an emotional intelligence training program and to evaluate its effectiveness on increasing emotional intelligence of adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems that living in single parent families. The study utilized a quasi-experimental research method with pretest-posttest and follow-up with control group. The sample of the study selected by a purposive sampling method and 11 students in the experimental group and 12 students in the control group were among the adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems that living in single parent families. This program was offered through workshop which consisted of 10 sessions, two hours per session. The instruments which were used in this study included Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Youth Self Report (YSR), and Bar-on Adolescents’ Emotional Intelligence Scale. The obtained data was analyzed using Repeated Measures of Analysis of Variance, which showed that emotional intelligence training program could significantly increase emotional intelligence in adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems in single parent families.Participating in the workshop, has led to increasing the emotional intelligence of adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems that living in single parent.
The Investigation of Teachers’ Metaphoric Perceptions about Professional Development
Authors: Yurtseven Nihal
Published: January 2017

Professional development is an ongoing process in which teachers review their teaching practices and learn how to respond to their students’ needs. To make the professional development process more effective, we need to define the identity of a teacher correctly and clarify the perspective about teachers’ professional development. The purpose of this study is to investigate teachers’ metaphoric perceptions about professional development. The study was carried out through qualitative research design. The data was collected via an electronic form. The participants were 526 teachers that the researcher contacted through e-mail or social media sites. The data was analyzed through content analysis. The findings of the study indicated that the participants often associated the concept of professional development with an object. In addition, they regarded professional development as a growing and developing entity as well as a demanding occupation that involved change. In this respect, it is important that the teachers are provided with the required resources, budget and time to continue their professional development. Moreover, it is crucial that professional development activities are not limited to seminars and teachers are given the initiative to conduct research about their teaching process.
Asymmetry as an Instrument of Differentiated Integration
Authors: Martinico Giuseppe
Published: January 2017

Asymmetry as an Instrument of Differentiated Integration. The Case of the European Union

This article offers a reflection on asymmetry as an instrument of differentiated integration in the current phase of the EU integration process. As for the structure, this work is divided into four parts: First, I shall clarify what I mean by asymmetry as an instrument of integration relying on comparative law. This comparative exercise is particularly useful because it allows us to acknowledge the strong integrative function performed by asymmetry in contexts different from but comparable to the EU system. Second, I shall look at EU law and recall the main features of asymmetry in this particular legal system. In the third part of the article I shall look at the implications of the financial crisis, which has increased the resort to asymmetric instruments. In the last part I shall deal with some recent proposals concerning the differentiated representation of the Eurozone. The idea of differentiated integration and that of asymmetry have been extended and adapted to many different processes by scholars over the years, but to avoid misunderstandings I would like to make clear that in this work I shall analyse those forms of asymmetries that are allowed and carried out only when respect for an untouchable core of integration is guaranteed. This is crucial to conceive asymmetry as an instrument of integration.
Responses to Climate Change in Bangladesh
Authors: Mohammad Nour
Published: January 2017

Responses to Climate Change in Bangladesh: An Appraisal

Climate change is a global problem. The impacts of climate change are worldwide. It’s not only detrimental for developing countries but also harmful for developed countries. Bangladesh is recognized as one of the countries most vulnerable to and affected by the impacts of climate change and global warming. This is due to its geographical location, geo-morphological conditions, low elevation from the sea, density of population, poverty, and remarkable dependence on nature, as well as its resources and services. As a developing country, Bangladesh is least responsible for the GHGs emission and an innocent victim of adverse impacts of climate change. This article explores the situation of climate change, its various causes and the impacts faced by the developing countries, in particular Bangladesh. The author aims to highlight how to reduce the causes of climate change for developing countries and the obligations of developed countries to combat the climate change under the existing international legal framework.
De burgemeester als crisismanager
Authors: Schat Patricia , Prins Ruth
Published: January 2017

The Dutch Mayor as a crisis manager – The implications of the decentralization of youth care for leadership styles in crisis management

Dutch mayors are confronted with various crises differing from a deadly incident with a monster truck to societal unrest due to convicted sex offenders returning to local society. This article presents the results of a research about the role of the mayor in so-called ‘youth crises’. The ‘big decentralization operation’ of January 1, 2015 resulted in new tasks and responsibilities for local governments regarding youth care. This research focuses on the implications of this decentralization for the leadership style of the mayor when a youth related crisis causes societal unrest. The way in which mayors deal with such a crisis was studied by means of in-depth interviews and a vignette study before and after the decentralization. This research concludes that the leadership style of the mayor did not change after the decentralization. Mayors consistently show two dominant leadership styles when managing a youth crisis: ‘First Civilian’ and ‘Peer Governor.’ As a ‘First Civilian’ the mayor’s crisis management actions focuses primarily on the community and the affected family. The style ‘Peer Governor’ is all about gathering relevant information and consultation with various partners, such as youth care organizations and aldermen. More interestingly, the results show that decentralization of youth care redefines the relationship between the local alderman responsible for youth care and the mayor as a crisis manager safeguarding local order and public safety. This relationship is currently under construction and could grow either competitive or fruitful.
Quantitative Determination of Anthraquinones and Resveratrol in Polygonum Cillinerve (Nakai) Ohwi by HPLC-PAD
Authors: Wu Yanfang , Wang Xinsheng , Liu Pu , Niu Qingshan , Wu Qinan
Published: January 2017

A simple, sensitive, and validated high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array method has been established for the simultaneous determination of anthraquinones and resveratrol in Polygonum Cillinerve (Nakai) Ohwi (Zhushaqi in Chinese). The evaluation was performed using a Sunfire C18 reversed-phase column with 30°C column temperature. The mobile phase was composed of a gradient elution of 0.5% acetic acid (solvent A) and methanol (solvent B) with flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was at 254nm. The method developed and validated is simple, shows good linearity, sensitivity, precision, and recovery, and is applied to analyze anthraquinones and resveratrol in 13 batches of Zhushaqi. The results show that the target compounds of Zhushaqi are significantly different among these samples. Based on results of the statistical analysis, the samples collected from Funiu Mountain were clustered together, and the samples obtained fromBozhou Market were close together. The developed method can be a useful tool in quality control and used to evaluate difference and to identify the geographical area of Zhushaqi, and also to provide technical support for the pharmacological and clinical research of related drugs.
Taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) in the Afrotropical region, with a review of current species groups and description of a new species of the N. angulatus group from Mozambique
Authors: Hita Garcia Francisco , Mbanyana Nokuthula , Audisio Tracy Lynn , Alpert Gary D.
Published: January 2017

This study reviews the taxonomy of the ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler, 1910 in the Afrotropical region. Previous revisionary studies are discussed and four species groups are proposed on the basis of external morphology. The N. angulatus group contains seven species that are widely distributed throughout the whole Afrotropical region, with one species also occurring in the Palaearctic and Malagasy regions. The N. cataulacoides group is monotypic, with one morphologically bizarre species found in Equatorial rain forests. The N. humerosus group is also monotypic and occurs in East Africa. The last and by far most species-rich group is the N. simoni group that contains 17 species, all of which are endemic to South Africa. The four groups are defined for the first time for the region, and an illustrated identification key is provided. Furthermore, the N. angulatus group is more thoroughly reviewed. One new species from Mozambique is described, N. inhaca sp. nov., and species accounts for the other six are provided. Also, an illustrated identification key to the species of the N. angulatus group is presented.
Progress in Simultaneous Interpreting - an Evaluation of the Development of four Students
Authors: Vik-Tuovinen Gun-Viol
Published: January 2017

This article describes an analysis of students’ simultaneous interpreting performance. The interpreting performance of four students was recorded in the beginning and at the end of their interpreting training. The performances were then analysed by using a modified version of a model of analysis presented by Kopczynski (1980 and 1981). Factors paid attention to in the analysis were equivalence, linguistic competence, linguistic performance and style. The analysis shows that equivalence improves during the period of training but does not achieve the level of equivalence of professional interpreters. In the area of linguistic competence, progress can be noticed as well, but in the area of linguistic performance the students only progress slightly.
Dialogue Interpreting and the Distribution of Responsibility
Authors: Wadensjö Cecilia
Published: January 2017

The sense-making work carried out by anyone in interaction can be described as based on different aspects of meaning, basically the propositional meaning of talk and the interactional or situated meaning of words spoken. Moreover, in a conversation involving three or more persons, sense is arguably made also on the basis of the participation framework (Goffman, 1981), continuously negotiated in and by talk. This composes a theoretical platform for the analysis of the distribution of responsibility in an interpreter-mediated encounter; responsibility for the substance and for the progression of talk. The paper suggests an interactionistic, non-normative, dialogical approach to studies of interpreter-mediated talk for a deepened, developed understanding of the interpreter’s role in face-to-face interaction.
Fremmedsprogspædagogikken - eksemplificeret ved 4 forskningsområder
Authors: Henriksen Birgit
Published: January 2017

The paper gives a brief introduction to Foreign Language Pedagogy. In order to show the wide scope in research interests and methodology within this field of research 4 specific areas of study are outlined: 1) cross-cultural pragmatics 2) lexical inferencing strategies 3) text quality in written texts and 4) classroom research within the action research paradigm. For each of the fields of study the research design, the results and possible pedagogical implications are outlined. Finally, the implications of the results in relation to the teaching of Greenlandic in secondary education in Greenland are discussed.
An extended retinotopic map of mouse cortex
Authors: Zhuang Jun , Ng Lydia , Williams Derric , Valley Matthew , Li Yang , Garrett Marina , Waters Jack
Published: January 2017

Visual perception and behavior are mediated by cortical areas that have been distinguished using architectonic and retinotopic criteria. We employed fluorescence imaging and GCaMP6 reporter mice to generate retinotopic maps, revealing additional regions of retinotopic organization that extend into barrel and retrosplenial cortices. Aligning retinotopic maps to architectonic borders, we found a mismatch in border location, indicating that architectonic borders are not aligned with the retinotopic transition at the vertical meridian. We also assessed the representation of visual space within each region, finding that four visual areas bordering V1 (LM, P, PM and RL) display complementary representations, with overlap primarily at the central hemifield. Our results extend our understanding of the organization of mouse cortex to include up to 16 distinct retinotopically organized regions.
Structural and biochemical analyses of the DEAD-box ATPase Sub2 in association with THO or Yra1
Authors: Ren Yi , Schmiege Philip , Blobel Günter
Published: January 2017

mRNA is cotranscrptionally processed and packaged into messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) in the nucleus. Prior to export through the nuclear pore, mRNPs undergo several obligatory remodeling reactions. In yeast, one of these reactions involves loading of the mRNA-binding protein Yra1 by the DEAD-box ATPase Sub2 as assisted by the hetero-pentameric THO complex. To obtain molecular insights into reaction mechanisms, we determined crystal structures of two relevant complexes: a THO hetero-pentamer bound to Sub2 at 6.0 Å resolution; and Sub2 associated with an ATP analogue, RNA, and a C-terminal fragment of Yra1 (Yra1-C) at 2.6 Å resolution. We found that the 25 nm long THO clamps Sub2 in a half-open configuration; in contrast, when bound to the ATP analogue, RNA and Yra1-C, Sub2 assumes a closed conformation. Both THO and Yra1-C stimulated Sub2’s intrinsic ATPase activity. We propose that THO surveys common landmarks in each nuclear mRNP to localize Sub2 for targeted loading of Yra1.
Perisomatic GABAergic synapses of basket cells effectively control principal neuron activity in amygdala networks
Authors: Veres Judit M , Nagy Gergő A , Hájos Norbert
Published: January 2017

Efficient control of principal neuron firing by basket cells is critical for information processing in cortical microcircuits, however, the relative contribution of their perisomatic and dendritic synapses to spike inhibition is still unknown. Using in vitro electrophysiological paired recordings we reveal that in the mouse basal amygdala cholecystokinin- and parvalbumin-containing basket cells provide equally potent control of principal neuron spiking. We performed pharmacological manipulations, light and electron microscopic investigations to show that, although basket cells innervate the entire somato-denditic membrane surface of principal neurons, the spike controlling effect is achieved primarily via the minority of synapses targeting the perisomatic region. As the innervation patterns of individual basket cells on their different postsynaptic partners show high variability, the impact of inhibitory control accomplished by single basket cells is also variable. Our results show that both basket cell types can powerfully regulate the activity in amygdala networks predominantly via their perisomatic synapses.
Glycolysis and glutaminolysis cooperatively control T cell function by limiting metabolite supply to N-glycosylation
Authors: Araujo Lindsey , Khim Phillip , Mkhikian Haik , Mortales Christie-Lynn , Demetriou Michael
Published: January 2017

Rapidly proliferating cells switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis plus glutaminolysis, markedly increasing glucose and glutamine catabolism. Although Otto Warburg first described aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells >90 years ago, the primary purpose of this metabolic switch remains controversial. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway requires glucose and glutamine for de novo synthesis of UDP-GlcNAc, a sugar-nucleotide that inhibits receptor endocytosis and signaling by promoting N-acetylglucosamine branching of Asn (N)-linked glycans. Here, we report that aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis co-operatively reduce UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis and N-glycan branching in mouse T cell blasts by starving the hexosamine pathway of glucose and glutamine. This drives growth and pro-inflammatory TH17 over anti-inflammatory-induced T regulatory (iTreg) differentiation, the latter by promoting endocytic loss of IL-2 receptor-α (CD25). Thus, a primary function of aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis is to co-operatively limit metabolite supply to N-glycan biosynthesis, an activity with widespread implications for autoimmunity and cancer.
Cooperative and acute inhibition by multiple C-terminal motifs of L-type Ca2+ channels
Authors: Liu Nan , Yang Yaxiong , Ge Lin , Liu Min , Colecraft Henry M , Liu Xiaodong
Published: January 2017

Inhibitions and antagonists of L-type Ca2+ channels are important to both research and therapeutics. Here, we report C-terminus mediated inhibition (CMI) for CaV1.3 that multiple motifs coordinate to tune down Ca2+ current and Ca2+ influx toward the lower limits determined by end-stage CDI (Ca2+-dependent inactivation). Among IQV (preIQ3-IQ domain), PCRD and DCRD (proximal or distal C-terminal regulatory domain), spatial closeness of any two modules, e.g., by constitutive fusion, facilitates the trio to form the complex, compete against calmodulin, and alter the gating. Acute CMI by rapamycin-inducible heterodimerization helps reconcile the concurrent activation/inactivation attenuations to ensure Ca2+ influx is reduced, in that Ca2+ current activated by depolarization is potently (~65%) inhibited at the peak (full activation), but not later on (end-stage inactivation, ~300 ms). Meanwhile, CMI provides a new paradigm to develop CaV1 inhibitors, the therapeutic potential of which is implied by computational modeling of CaV1.3 dysregulations related to Parkinson’s disease.
CDK-regulated dimerization of M18BP1 on a Mis18 hexamer is necessary for CENP-A loading
Authors: Pan Dongqing , Klare Kerstin , Petrovic Arsen , Take Annika , Walstein Kai , Singh Priyanka , Rondelet Arnaud , Bird Alexander W , Musacchio Andrea
Published: January 2017

Centromeres are unique chromosomal loci that promote the assembly of kinetochores, macromolecular complexes that bind spindle microtubules during mitosis. In most organisms, centromeres lack defined genetic features. Rather, they are specified epigenetically by a centromere-specific histone H3 variant, CENP-A. The Mis18 complex, comprising the Mis18α:Mis18β subcomplex and M18BP1, is crucial for CENP-A homeostasis. It recruits the CENP-A-specific chaperone HJURP to centromeres and primes it for CENP-A loading. We report here that a specific arrangement of Yippee domains in a human Mis18α:Mis18β 4:2 hexamer binds two copies of M18BP1 through M18BP1’s 140 N-terminal residues. Phosphorylation by Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) at two conserved sites in this region destabilizes binding to Mis18α:Mis18β, limiting complex formation to the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Using an improved viral 2A peptide co-expression strategy, we demonstrate that CDK1 controls Mis18 complex recruitment to centromeres by regulating oligomerization of M18BP1 through the Mis18α:Mis18β scaffold.
Relationship between harmonic spectra and coercive field of immobilized magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Sasayama Teruyoshi , Yoshida Takashi , Enpuku Keiji
Published: January 2017

We studied the AC hysteresis loop and the harmonic spectra of samples containing immobilized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) at different values of the excitation field frequency f and amplitude H
0. First, we measured the dependences of the coercive field 〈H
c〉 on f and H
0. The measured dependences agreed qualitatively with the numerically predicted values. Next, we studied the relationship between 〈H
c〉 and the harmonic spectra, and found strong correlation between 〈H
c〉 and the attenuation rate of these harmonic spectra. We obtained an empirical expression for the harmonic spectra using 〈H
c〉 and a static magnetization curve for the immobilized MNPs. The expression obtained explained the experimental data well. Finally, the harmonic spectra were measured for two MNP samples with different distributions of the magnetic moment m. The MNP sample with the lower m distribution produces richer harmonic spectra for use in magnetic particle imaging.