bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breeding for Pest and Disease Tolerance High Yielding Variety (DHLM-36-3-1) in Little Millet (Panicum sumetrense. L)
Authors: Govanakoppa Nagappa , Anilkumar  , S. H, Anitha, , B. R. Jagadeesh, , K. N. Jakir Hussain,
Published: November 2024

Developed from 2008 to 2013 and evaluated between 2010 and 2014, the high-yielding medium-maturing little millet variety DHLM-36-3-1 was officially released and notified in 2018, showing its potential as an excellent variety. This cultivar, developed at the Agricultural Research Station in Hanumanamatti, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, is well-suited to the state of Karnataka. It matures in 85 to 90 days and features an erect growth habit, reaching heights of 112 to 130 cm, with bold, oval-shaped grains of light black color. DHLM-36-3-1 demonstrated a grain yield of 14.29 q/ha and a fodder yield of 5.6 t/ha, showing good tolerance to shoot fly infestation (15.50%) compared with the national check JK-8, which recorded a 20.34% infestation rate. Furthermore, DHLM-36-3-1 outperformed both national checks OLM-203 and JK-8 by 9.59% and 11.21%, respectively, in terms of grain yield. Similarly, the newly developed variety DHLM-14-1 has yielded promising results across various trials conducted throughout India, demonstrating its potential as a high-yielding and nutritionally rich option for farmers. Over three growing seasons, DHLM-14-1 achieved an impressive average seed yield of 35.12 q/ha, exceeding the local check TNAU-63 by 18.56% and the national check OLM-203 by 12.06%. It has consistently performed well in All India Coordinated Trials, showing adaptability across diverse agro-climatic conditions, with notable yield improvements in states such as Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Tamil Nadu. Nutritional assessments highlight DHLM-14-1's superior mineral profile, boasting higher levels of zinc (4.06 mg/100 g) and calcium (3.45 mg/100 g) compared to national checks, while its iron content (16.2 mg/100 g) significantly surpasses that of OLM-203. Additionally, disease resistance evaluations revealed that DHLM-14-1 maintained lower incidence rates for grain smut and brown spots, with competitive resistance to shoot fly. Collectively, these findings emphasize DHLM-14-1's vital role in promoting sustainable millet production, enhancing food security and farmer livelihoods, supporting integrated pest management strategies, and improving the nutritional quality of staple diets in areas with micronutrient deficiencies.
Optimizing Nutrient Management for Enhanced Performance in Kadiri Lepakshi Groundnut
Authors: Sahana G. , Murthy K. N. Kalyana , Hanumanthappa D. C. , Prakasha H. C. , Anand M. R. , Raju B. Mohan
Published: November 2024

The study was conducted to determine the optimal fertilizer levels for Kadiri Lepakshi groundnut. The experiment consists of eight treatments and was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The present investigation was conducted at Integrated Farming System demonstration plot, ZARS, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru Karnataka, during the summer of 2022 and Kharif 2023. Five plants from the sampling area were randomly selected and observations on growth and yield parameters were recorded at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest. The results revealed that among the various nutrient levels, application of 100 % RDF combined with Phosphogypsum @ 750 kg ha-1 and Borax @ 10 kg ha-1 resulted in significantly higher values for plant height (32.95 cm), number of branches per plant (12.60) and dry matter production at harvest. This treatment also led to a substantial increase in the total number of pods per plant (59) and filled pods per plant (48) in groundnut, performing on par with the treatment that included 100% RDF, Gypsum @ 750 kg ha-1 and Borax @ 10 kg ha-1 (with 57 and 44 pods, respectively) when compared to other treatments. The similar trend was observed with respect to pod yield (2327 kg ha-1), kernel yield (1580 kg ha-1), and haulm yield (3594 kg ha-1). So, the application of 100% RDF with Phosphogypsum @ 750 kg ha-1 and Borax @ 10 kg ha-1 significantly enhanced growth attributes (plant height, branches per plant, and dry matter production) and yield parameters (pods per plant, filled pods, pod yield, kernel yield, and haulm yield) in groundnut. This indicates that Phosphogypsum is an effective source of calcium and sulfur for boosting groundnut yield.
Assessment of Haematological Profiles in Apparently Healthy Male Kombai Dogs in Theni District, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Deepika B. , Vinayaki M. Sundara , Karthikeyan R. , Preedaa Manju G
Published: November 2024

The hematological profiles of apparently healthy male Kombai dogs in Theni district was studied in this research. Twelve male Kombai dogs had their cephalic veins venipunctured to obtain blood samples, which were then analysed. Red blood cell count, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and haemoglobin content were among the haematological parameters measured. The study also included a total white blood cell count, which includes eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and platelets. This information may be helpful to veterinary clinicians and biomedical researchers.
Seasonal Incidence of Sucking Pests and Their Natural Enemies on Moth Bean [Vigna aconitifolia(Jacq.) Marechal]
Authors: Muchhadiya D. V. , Bavaliya D.G. , Thakor B.B.
Published: November 2024

A field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, NAU, Bharuch (Gujarat) to study the seasonal incidence of sucking pests and their natural enemies and their correlation with weather parameters on moth bean during kharif -2023. The studies on seasonal incidence indicated that jassid infestation began in the 1st week of August (31st SMW) and peaked during the 1st week of September (35th SMW). Whitefly infestation also began in the 1st week of August (31st SMW) achieved its peak during 2nd week of September (36th SMW). The population of thripscommenced from 1st week of August (31st SMW) reached its peak during2nd week of September (36th SMW). The population of ladybird beetle appeared from 2nd week of August (32th SMW) and reached its peak during 2nd week of September (36th SMW). The population of chrysoperla appeared from 2nd week of August(32nd SMW) and reached its peak population during 2nd week of September (36th SMW). Among the different environmental factors, morning relative humidity had a significant positive impact on the jassid and whitefly population. Bright sunshine hours showed significant positive influence on thrips and whitefly population. However no significant correlation was observed between ladybird beetle and Chrysoperla population with weather parameters.
Epidemiological and Clinical Profile of Covid-19 in Pregnant Women and Newborns
Authors: Silva Alex Patrick Oliveira da , Bispo Sebastião Kauã de Sousa , Cunha Karoline Guerreiro Sales da , Araújo Maísa Barroso de , Viana Brenda Tereza Freitas , Miranda Lucas de Sousa , Costa Marina Rodrigues Andrade , Oliveira Giselly do Socorro Santos de , Sardinha Daniele Melo , Soares Tamires de Nazaré
Published: November 2024

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease. In around 85% of cases, it presents as flu-like symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, myalgia, adynamia, runny nose, and loss of smell and taste. However, approximately 15% of cases can progress to a severe form of the disease. Since the first reported case of neonatal COVID-19 in February 2020, concerns have been raised about the possibility of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The initial Chinese reports suggested that vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 does not occur. Samples of amniotic fluid, vaginal mucus, placenta, umbilical cord, cord blood and neonatal feces were negative for the virus. Understanding the possible routes of transmission from mother to newborn is crucial for preventing potential neonatal infections and developing appropriate guidelines for neonatal care. This study aims to describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of pregnant women and newborns with COVID-19, based on a narrative review of the literature. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in pregnant women and newborns are primarily respiratory symptoms such as discomfort, dyspnea, and fever. Studies have shown that lethality and incidence are low in newborns without comorbidities, but high in mothers. Breastfeeding and rooming-in are recommended according to guidelines and published studies, with appropriate precautions taken. It is important to maintain objectivity and avoid biased language when discussing these findings.
Impact of Cow Urine and Substrate Composition on Germination and Early Growth of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seedlings
Authors: Sharma Pooja , Yadav R.K. , Jain M.C. , Bhateshwar Mukesh Chand
Published: November 2024

Aim: This study evaluates the impact of cow urine and substrate composition on the germination and early growth of papaya (Carica papaya L.) seedlings, a critical phase for successful crop establishment.
Study Design and Methodology: Conducted as a factorial experiment, it assessed eleven substrate or growing media combinations with and without cow urine treatment.
Results: Results reveal that cow urine significantly reduces the time to 90 percent germination (T90) and enhances the germination index, indicating its stimulatory effect on seed metabolic activity. Treatments combining cow urine with substrates like soil, sand, vermiculite, cocopeat, and perlite (T10) showed the shortest T90 and highest germination index, suggesting cow urine accelerates germination. Additionally, cow urine application improved growth metrics such as relative growth rate (RGR) and total biomass accumulation, with T10 and T8 treatments yielding the highest values. Enhanced leaf relative water content (LRWC) and elevated proline levels in cow urine-treated plants indicate better water retention and stress resilience. Strong positive correlations were observed among proline content, RGR, and biomass accumulation, highlighting cow urine’s contribution to vigorous seedling growth and stress adaptation.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that cow urine, in combination with optimized substrates, is a sustainable growth enhancer that promotes robust seedling development, suitable for organic farming practices aimed at papaya cultivation.
Studies on Sheet‐Metal Compounds with Piezoceramic Modules for Icing Detection and De‐Icing
Authors: Mäder Thomas , Nestler Matthias , Kranz Burkhard , Drossel Welf‐Guntram
Published: September 2018

The authors aim at laying the foundations for the use of sheet‐metal compounds with integrated piezoceramic modules in airplanes or wind turbines. The utilization of piezoceramic modules in aerofoils and rotor blades enables material integrated icing detection or de‐icing. An innovative production technology allows for the integration of piezoceramic modules in sheet‐metal parts. The modules are placed inside an aluminum sheet sandwich structure surrounded by an adhesive layer. A beam for bending with a local sandwich build‐up and an integrated piezomodule is manufactured. The measurement of impedance and phase is used for identification of resonance frequencies. Resonance frequencies change when icing occurs because of its additional mass. First tests on the bending beam identified frequency ranges favorable for icing detection and vibration assisted de‐icing. For this purpose, icing is performed inside a cooling chamber at −25 °C. Furthermore, a demonstrative aerofoil structure (DAS), based on a previously used demonstrator for health‐monitoring, is redesigned and built. Several piezomodules are integrated on positions identified as suitable by a finite element (FE) analysis. The structure with integrated piezomodules is also tested inside the cooling chamber. Icing is detected at the bending beam and the DAS. De‐Icing is possible by means of integrated piezomodules in the bending beam. The obtained results provide information to develop strategies for the use of integrated piezomodules in icing detection and de‐icing systems.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones through Anodic Oxidation and the Related Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Cao Liu , Huo Hengrui , Zeng Haipeng , Yu Yu , Lu Dengfu , Gong Yuefa
Published: September 2018

A metal‐free and oxidant‐free method for the one‐pot preparation of quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones enabled by electrochemical oxidation is described. Together with 2‐aminobenzamides, a variety of aldehydes were successfully applied to an acid‐catalyzed annulation and direct anodic oxidation cascade, affording structurally diverse quinazoline‐4(3H)‐ones in good to excellent yields. Additionally, certain alcohols can be directly applied instead of the corresponding aldehydes to achieve the same final products with the assistance of an electrolysis mediator (TEMPO). The reaction mechanism was carefully examined and the results strongly suggest that the direct and indirect oxidation go through different pathways. As an efficient and environmentally friendly access to a broad range of quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones, the synthetic utility of this method was demonstrated by gram‐scale operation, as well as the preparation of bioactive mackinazolinone and truncated erlotinib.

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Subsystem decomposition of process networks for simultaneous distributed state estimation and control
Authors: Yin Xunyuan , Liu Jinfeng
Published: September 2018

An appropriate subsystem configuration is a prerequisite for a successful distributed control/state estimation design. Existing subsystem decomposition methods are not designed to handle simultaneous distributed estimation and control. In this article, we address the problem of subsystem decomposition of general nonlinear process networks for simultaneous distributed state estimation and distributed control based on community structure detection. A systematic procedure based on modularity is proposed. A fast folding algorithm that approximately maximizes the modularity is used in the proposed procedure to find candidate subsystem configurations. Two chemical process examples of different complexities are used to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 904–914, 2019
Hole‐Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Fan , Li Qianqian , Li Zhen
Published: September 2018

In recent years, inorganic−organic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have delivered power conversion efficiencies (PCE) beyond 22%, in which hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) play the key role to the improved photovoltaic performance and chemical stability. In this review, the diverse types of HTMs, from inorganic to organic, especially small organic HTMs, have been highlighted to summarize the relationship between the molecular structure and device performance, with the aim to afford some guidance for the further development of PSCs.
Co(III), V(IV) and Cu(II) complexes of bidentate N,O‐donor Schiff base ligands: Characterization, anticancer activities and metal oxide nanoparticles preparation via solid state thermal decomposition
Authors: Abbasi Zeinab , Salehi Mehdi , Khaleghian Ali , Kubicki Maciej
Published: September 2018

Three new mononuclear Schiff base complexes [Co(L1)3 (1), VO(L1)2 (2) and Cu(L2)2 (3)] were synthesized, characterized and used as a precursor for preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles. The crystal structure of compounds was determined using single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The Co(III) coordination sphere consists of three phenolato oxygens and three imino nitrogen atoms from three Schiff base ligands, thus forming a distorted octahedral geometry. In complex (2), the vanadium(IV) is five‐coordinated in a regular tetragonal pyramid fashion and the Cu(II) ion is four coordinated with a square‐planar geometry in the complex (3). The nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). In vitro cell proliferation via MTT assay was studied to calculate the cytotoxicity of complexes and metal oxide nanoparticles against gastric cancer cell line (MKN‐45). The results showed that all compounds have anticancer activity with dose–response dependency.
Fluorescence anisotropy analysis of comb‐type grafted poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid)‐g‐poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) microgels labeled by acenaphthylene
Authors: Chen Y. , Sun P. , Zhang Y. , Ye Y.
Published: September 2018

Two kinds of thermosensitive and pH sensitive comb‐type grafted poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide‐co‐acrylicacid)‐g‐poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) [P(DEA‐co‐AA)‐g‐PDEA] microgels labeled by acenaphthylene (ACE) were prepared in water/methanol mixed solvent. Both of them were prepared through surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization: one was labeled in the main chain of the gel networks (B‐ACE) and the other was labeled in the grafted chains of the gel networks (G‐ACE). Steady state fluorescence anisotropy was used to study the mobility of the chains in different buffers at their lower critical solution temperature. It was found that the grafted chains moved more freely than the main chain, and the pH dependence of the mobility of the grafted chain was more pronounced. With the results obtained in the present study, we can better understand why the microgels with grafted chains have faster response rates than the ones of normal types. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46742.
Probing toughness of polycarbonate (PC: ductile and brittle)/polypropylene (PP) blends and talc‐triggered PC/PP brittle composites with diverse impact fracture parameters
Authors: Jang Keon‐Soo
Published: September 2018

Polycarbonates (PCs) are commonly used as a blend and a composite to achieve pecuniary advantages and dimensional stability. While the toughness of a homogeneous PC matrix has been extensively investigated, examination for the toughness of heterogeneous blend systems such as PC/polypropylene (PP) blends has been limited. Furthermore, recent interest in highly flowable PCs (low‐molecular‐weight PCs with low ductility) has surfaced due to the large and geometrically complex plastic parts. Herein, the toughness for PC/PP blends and PC/PP/talc composites in a ductile and a brittle PC matrix was explored by using various toughness measurements such as notched Izod impact strength, falling dart impact, boss quasi‐static energy/impact energy, and tensile toughness tests. In a ductile PC matrix [melt flow index (MFI) = 8], the incorporation of PP gradually reduced the toughness. On the other hand, the toughness was improved by 450% at 2 wt % PP in a brittle PC matrix (MFI = 19). Similarly, in the talc‐induced brittle PC matrix, the toughness was enhanced at the PP loading from 2 to 10 wt %. The density of PC/PP blends was gradually reduced from 1.19 to 1.10 g cm−3 with increasing PP concentration from 0 to 20 wt %. Degradation, density, thermal behaviors, and morphology were also investigated. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47110.
Dental restorative composites containing methacrylic spiroorthocarbonate monomers as antishrinking matrixes
Authors: Berlanga Duarte María Lydia , Reyna Medina Luis Alberto , Torres Reyes Patricia , Esparza González Sandra C. , Herrera González Ana María
Published: September 2018

In this work, the synthesis of two new antishrinking methacrylic monomers of spiroorthocarbonate type, SOC‐IP‐UDMA and SOC‐UDMA, is discussed, along with studies of their performance as polymeric matrix in dental composites. The monomers were photoactive with components of a conventional resin composite. In order to study the photocuring kinetics of these SOC monomers, a real‐time test was performed using FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that SOCs promoted higher double bond conversions (DC) than conventional methacrylic monomer bis‐GMA (48%), reaching a DC value of 68% for SOC‐UDMA and 75% for SOC‐IP‐UDMA. The shrinkage stress that accompanies curing of dental composites was measured by a universal testing machine. These new monomer SOCs are capable of reducing the shrinkage up to 51.1% and 27.7% for both methacrylic monomers when they were compared with bis‐GMA as control. Also, a dynamical mechanical analysis was conducted on the dental composites, obtaining a higher modulus and a range of T
g values from 80 to 100 °C. Others parameters like flexural properties, solubility, and sorption water were determined, obtaining values better than or equal to the parameters established by the standard ISO 4049. These monomers can be considered as alternative matrixes to replace bis‐GMA in dental composites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47114.
Weathering properties and hydrolysis of poly(butylene terephthalate)/poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐styrene‐co‐acrylate) blend with reactive compatibilizer
Authors: Kim In Chol , Kwon Kee Hae , Kim Woo Nyon
Published: September 2018

The effects of compatibilizer on the weathering properties and hydrolysis of the poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/poly(acrylonitrile‐styrene‐acrylate) (PolyASA) blend (70/30 wt %) were investigated. Poly(ethylene‐co‐glycidylmethacrylate‐g‐styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (EGMA‐g‐SAN) was used as a compatibilizer of the blend. When the EGMA‐g‐SAN content was 3 phr, the impact and tensile strengths of the PBT/PolyASA blend showed maximum; as the EGMA‐g‐SAN content was increased from 0 to 3 phr, the impact strength of the blend increased from 6.1 to 9.5 kJ m−2. The rheological results showed that when the EGMA‐g‐SAN was 3 phr, the storage modulus and complex viscosity of the blend also showed maximum value. The mechanical and rheological results of the blend were consistent with the morphological result that when the EGMA‐g‐SAN was 3 phr, PolyASA domain size of the blend showed minimum. The weathering results showed that when the EGMA‐g‐SAN content was 3 phr, the gloss value of weathered surface of the blend showed maximum. After hydrolysis test, when the EGMA‐g‐SAN content was 3 phr, the impact and tensile strengths of the blend showed maximum. The mechanical, rheological, and weathering results suggested that EGMA‐g‐SAN is an effective compatibilizer in the PBT/PolyASA blend, and the optimum compatibilizer content is 3 phr. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47197.
Concurrent PI Controller Design for Indirect Vector Controlled Induction Motor
Authors: Jain Jitendra Kumar , Ghosh Sandip , Maity Somnath
Published: September 2018

In this work, a concurrent proportional integral (PI) controller design technique is addressed for indirect vector controlled induction motor (IVCIM). For this, a full‐order induction motor (IM) model is employed that includes the stator current dynamics. The current‐loop proportional integral (PI) controllers are tuned to use the attributes of such dynamics. The robustness against load torque and rotor resistance variations are incorporated in the design problem. This method is implemented using a static output feedback scheme in which iterative linear matrix inequality (ILMI) based H∞ control technique is applied. The simulation and experimental comparison with existing designs show the superiority of proposed method and practical interest for industry use.
Exploring student participation across different arenas of school life
Authors: Graham Anne , Truscott Julia , Simmons Catharine , Anderson Donnah , Thomas Nigel
Published: September 2018

Much has now been written on student participation at school. Yet a lack of conceptual clarity, contestation over purpose and benefits, and uncertainty about how to culturally embed and effectively facilitate participation in school contexts continue to pose considerable challenges. This article reports the qualitative findings from a large‐scale, mixed‐method study that sought to explore how participation is perceived and practised in schools. The qualitative phase involved students from Years 7–10 (n = 177) and staff (n = 32) across 10 government and Catholic secondary schools in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The data demonstrate that considerable efforts are being made in NSW schools to expand opportunities through which students might ‘participate’, with these explored across three key arenas of school life: the classroom; co‐curricular activities, including formal participatory structures; and informal relational spaces. Although participatory opportunities were largely ad hoc and often dependent upon the approach of individual teachers or school initiatives, differing enactments of childhood and adulthood were identifiable between the three arenas, along with varying expectations in this regard. The classroom emerged as a positive arena at present, and one in which adult–child relations are beginning to become reconfigured. The co‐curricular arena was much more contested, with the breadth of potential participatory opportunities perhaps distracting from the need to address underlying intergenerational issues. However, informal relational encounters between students and teachers were becoming increasingly egalitarian, and these offer scope for creating the cultural preconditions such that student participation might expand more evenly across school life.
Governing through trust: Community‐based link workers and parental engagement in education
Authors: Fretwell Nathan , Osgood Jayne , O'Toole Gill , Tsouroufli Maria
Published: September 2018

This article seeks to further understandings of contemporary patterns of parental government. It explores the politicisation of family life by examining a pilot programme tasked with enhancing parental engagement in education amongst ‘hard‐to‐reach’ families within the white British community of a large inner‐London borough. Focusing on the programme's signature device—the deployment of community‐based ‘link workers’ to bridge home and school—‘governmentality’ is used as a theoretical lens through which to foreground the link workers’ role in governing parents. We draw on qualitative data collected from link workers, parents and school leaders, to argue that link workers represent a mode of governmentality that privileges the instrumental use of trust to achieve strategic objectives, rather than coercive authority. The aim is to produce responsible, self‐disciplined parents who act freely in accordance with normative expectations as to what constitutes ‘good’ parenting and effective parental support. As such, the article highlights the link workers’ role in (re)producing the ideal, neoliberal parent. However, governing through trust comes at the cost of being unable to firmly secure desired outcomes. We thereby conclude that this gentle art of parental government affords parents some latitude in resisting institutional agendas.
Endocrine Regulation of Energy Balance by Drosophila TGF‐β/Activins
Authors: Song Wei , Ghosh Arpan C. , Cheng Daojun , Perrimon Norbert
Published: September 2018

The Transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) family of secreted proteins regulates a variety of key events in normal development and physiology. In mammals, this family, represented by 33 ligands, including TGF‐β, activins, nodal, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), regulate biological processes as diverse as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, homeostasis, immune response, wound repair, and endocrine functions. In Drosophila, only 7 members of this family are present, with 4 TGF‐β/BMP and 3 TGF‐β/activin ligands. Studies in the fly have illustrated the role of TGF‐β/BMP ligands during embryogenesis and organ patterning, while the TGF‐β/activin ligands have been implicated in the control of wing growth and neuronal functions. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of Drosophila TGF‐β/activins in inter‐organ communication via long‐distance regulation, especially in systemic lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis, and discuss findings relevant to metabolic diseases in humans.
Evidence for a Neogenic Niche at the Periphery of Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Huising Mark O. , Lee Sharon , van der Meulen Talitha
Published: September 2018

We recently discovered a novel subset of beta cells that resemble immature beta cells during pancreas development. We named these “virgin” beta cells as they do not stem from existing mature beta cells. Virgin beta cells are found exclusively at the islet periphery in areas that we therefore designated as the “neogenic niche.” As beta cells are our only source of insulin, their loss leads to diabetes. Islets also contain glucagon‐producing alpha cells and somatostatin‐producing delta cells, that are important for glucose homeostasis and form a mantle surrounding the beta cell core. This 3D architecture is important and determines access to blood flow and innervation. We propose that the distinctive islet architecture may also play an important, but hitherto unappreciated role in generation of new endocrine cells, including beta cells. We discuss several predictions to further test the contribution of the neogenic niche to beta cell regeneration.
The anti‐metastatic effect of ginsenoside Rb2 in colorectal cancer in an EGFR/SOX2‐dependent manner
Authors: Phi Lan Thi Hanh , Wijaya Yoseph Toni , Sari Ita Novita , Yang Ying‐Gui , Lee Yun Kyung , Kwon Hyog Young
Published: September 2018

Ginsenoside Rb2, a saponin from Panax ginseng, has been shown to have many functions. However, the effect of ginsenoside Rb2 on the metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unknown. CRC cell lines HT29 and SW620 were used to determine the effects of ginsenoside Rb2 on the colony‐forming, migration, invasion, and wound‐healing abilities of CRC cells in vitro. Further, ginsenoside Rb2 was given intraperitoneally at 5 mg/kg of mouse body weight to check its effect on the metastasis of CRC cells in vivo. Ginsenoside Rb2 decreased colony‐forming ability, migration, invasion, and wound healing of CRC cells in vitro, although it did not affect cell proliferation. As a possible mechanism, we found that ginsenoside Rb2 down‐regulated the expression of stemness and Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related genes via the EGFR/SOX2 signaling axis; these were partially rescued by either exogenous EGF treatment or ectopic expression of SOX2. More importantly, ginsenoside Rb2 significantly reduced the number of metastatic nodules in the livers, lungs, and kidneys in a mouse model of metastasis. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb2 could be used to treat the metastasis of CRC therapeutically or as a supplement.
When occam's razor can fail– active mycobacteria infection and lung cancer: A case of neuroendocrine lung cancer diagnosed in the setting of refractory mycobacterium avium‐intracellulare
Authors: Garg Nupur , Punch Chandra , Stein Michael , Schofield Christina
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

The link between Myobacterium avium‐intracellulare and lung cancer remains underemphasized in literature. Our objective is to increase awareness of Myobacterium avium‐intracellulare and coexisting lung cancer and to emphasize the need in establishing prevalence and specific testing guidelines in this patient population.
Chromatographic Recovery of Monosaccharides and Lignin from Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates
Authors: Heinonen Jari , Tamper Juha , Laatikainen Markku , Sainio Tuomo
Published: September 2018

The chromatographic recovery of monosaccharides and lignin from lignocellulosic hydrolysates was studied at laboratory and pilot scale. A weak cation‐exchange resin in sodium form and a water eluent gave good separation efficiency. Scale‐dependent phenomena, especially viscous fingering resulting from the large viscosity and density differences between the hydrolysate feed and eluent, were observed. The issue was resolved in the pilot scale with appropriate selection of the flow direction, and a high productivity was achieved at 95 % recovery yield. The pH value of the feed was found to have no effect on the actual separation; however, the resin was significantly less colored at a higher pH value.
Ozone Biomonitoring with White Clover Clones: The First Experience in Brazil
Authors: Sandrin Carla Zuliani , Gonçalves da Silva Engela Marcela Regina , Sacramento Gislaine N. , Domingos Marisa
Published: September 2018

Ozone concentrations are expected to rise in developing countries, potentially reducing crop yield and causing great economic losses. Therefore, an ozone biomonitoring system based on the ratio of the biomass of ozone‐resistant (NC‐R) and ozone‐sensitive (NC‐S) biotypes of white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Regal) is tested over 2 years (2012 and 2013) at four sites with neighboring crop production in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC), Brazil. The biomass production of both clones is similar at the four sites studied in the MRC, but significant differences are observed between the monthly harvests during the experimental period. Linear regression analyses show contrasting results from the experimental years. During 2012, the biomass of both clones correlated positively with precipitation and relative humidity, and negatively with vapor pressure deficit, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. During 2013, the biomass production of both clones did not significantly correlate with oscillating environmental conditions. No significant linear regression between the NC‐S/NC‐R biomass ratio and ozone is found in either year. A stepwise backward multilinear method identified nitrogen dioxide and accumulated dose over a threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40) as the main parameters negatively affecting the biomasses of both clones; particulate matter affected only the sensitive clone. This field experiment shows that the current concentrations of ozone may affect sensitive Brazilian crops.
Elucidating the Catalytic Power of Glutamate Racemase by Investigating a Series of Covalent Inhibitors
Authors: Vance Nicholas R. , Witkin Katie R. , Rooney Patrick W. , Li Yalan , Pope Marshall , Spies M. Ashley
Published: September 2018

The application of covalent inhibitors has experienced a renaissance within drug discovery programs in the last decade. To leverage the superior potency and drug target residence time of covalent inhibitors, there have been extensive efforts to develop highly specific covalent modifications to decrease off‐target liabilities. Herein, we present a series of covalent inhibitors of an antimicrobial drug target, glutamate racemase, discovered through structure‐based virtual screening. A combination of enzyme kinetics, mass spectrometry, and surface‐plasmon resonance experiments details a highly specific 1,4‐conjugate addition of a small‐molecule inhibitor with a catalytic cysteine of glutamate racemase. Molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanics–molecular mechanics geometry optimizations reveal the chemistry of the conjugate addition. Two compounds from this series of inhibitors display antimicrobial potency similar to β‐lactam antibiotics, with significant activity against methicillin‐resistant S. aureus strains. This study elucidates a detailed chemical rationale for covalent inhibition and provides a platform for the development of antimicrobials with a novel mechanism of action against a target in the cell wall biosynthesis pathway.
Initiation, Expansion, and Cryopreservation of Human Primary Tissue‐Derived Normal and Diseased Organoids in Embedded Three‐Dimensional Culture
Authors: Clinton James , McWilliams‐Koeppen Penney
Published: September 2018

Organoids are primary patient‐derived micro tissues grown within a three‐dimensional extracellular matrix that better represents in vivo physiology and genetic diversity than existing two‐dimensional cell lines. Organoids rely on the self‐renewal and differentiation of tissue‐resident stem cells that expand in culture and self‐organize into complex three‐dimensional structures. Depending on the tissue, organoids typically lack stromal, vascular, neural, and immune cells but otherwise can contain cells from all the respective tissue‐specific cell lineages found in vivo. Established organoids can be initiated from cryopreserved material, cultured using largely traditional cell culture techniques and equipment, and then expanded and cryopreserved for future use. Organoid models have been developed from a variety of diseased and normal tissues including small intestine, colon, mammary, esophagus, lung, prostate, and pancreas. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cross‐ecosystem effects of terrestrial predators link treefrogs, zooplankton, and aquatic primary production
Authors: Hite Jessica L. , Hughey Myra C. , Warkentin Karen M. , Vonesh James R.
Published: September 2018

Predators can directly or indirectly shape food webs through a combination of consumptive and non‐consumptive effects. Yet, how these effects vary across natural populations and their consequences for adjacent ecosystems remains poorly resolved. We examined links between terrestrial predators and aquatic ecosystems through their effects on a locally abundant amphibian, the red‐eyed treefrog (Agalychnis callidryas), which has arboreal eggs (heavily predated by snakes and wasps) and aquatic larvae; embryos can escape terrestrial threats by hatching at an earlier age and smaller size. Our multi‐site field survey indicates that in natural populations, the relative contributions of these consumptive and non‐consumptive effects of predators can be substantial and remarkably similar. However, in mesocosms where we experimentally mimicked these predator effects, changes in the density and initial hatching age of tadpoles carried distinct consequences for aquatic food webs. Density‐dependent growth resulted in peak tadpole biomass at intermediate densities (reflecting intermediate predation), and early‐hatched tadpoles grew 16% faster and produced 26% more biomass than their late‐hatched counterparts. These changes in tadpole growth and size differentially affected zooplankton communities, and the production and stability of phytoplankton. Together, these results illustrate multiple pathways through which predators in one ecosystem can modulate the structure of adjacent food webs.
Rationale and design for ENHANCE CRT: QLV implant strategy for non‐left bundle branch block patients
Authors: Singh Jagmeet P. , Berger Ronald D. , Doshi Rahul N. , Lloyd Michael , Moore Douglas , Daoud Emile G. ,   for the ENHANCE CRT Study Group
Published: September 2018

Aims

Historically, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) response in non‐left bundle branch block (non‐LBBB) patients has been suboptimal in comparison with that observed in left bundle branch block patients. The electrical activation pattern of the left ventricle (LV) is different between these two QRS morphologies. Small non‐randomized studies have suggested that targeting the LV wall with greatest electrical delay may be superior to conventional anatomical pacing from the lateral wall in non‐LBBB patients. This article outlines the design and rationale of a prospective, randomized, pilot study, which assesses the effect of a non‐traditional LV lead implant strategy on the clinical composite score after 12 months of follow‐up in a non‐LBBB patient population.

Methods

All patients will receive an Abbott quadripolar CRT‐D system (Quartet 1458Q LV lead with Unify Quadra™, Quadra Assura™ CRT‐D or any market‐approved CRT‐D device with quadripolar pacing capabilities). Patients will be randomized in a 2:1 ratio between a QLV‐based implant strategy vs. standard of care. Up to 250 patients will be enrolled in the study.

Conclusions

If the primary endpoint is achieved, this study will provide important information about reducing the non‐responder rate in non‐LBBB patients and provide further evidence for the QLV‐based implant strategy.
Suitability of Long‐Term Frozen Rat Blood Samples for the Interrogation of Pig‐a Gene Mutation by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Avlasevich Svetlana L. , Torous Dorothea K. , Bemis Jeffrey C. , Bhalli Javed A. , Tebbe Cameron C. , Noteboom Jessica , Thomas Demetria , Roberts Daniel J. , Barragato Matthew , Schneider Brett , Prattico John , Richardson Mary , Gollapudi B. Bhaskar , Dertinger Stephen D.
Published: September 2018

The rodent blood Pig‐a assay has been undergoing international validation for use as an in vivo hematopoietic cell gene mutation assay, and given the promising results an Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline is currently under development. Enthusiasm for the assay stems in part from its alignment with 3Rs principles permitting combination with other genotoxicity endpoint(s) and integration into repeat‐dose toxicology studies. One logistical requirement and experimental design limitation has been that blood samples required antibody labeling and flow cytometric analysis within one week of collection. In the current report, we describe the performance of freeze–thaw reagents that enable storage and subsequent labeling and analysis of rat blood samples for at least seven months. Data generated from three laboratories are presented that demonstrate rat erythrocyte recoveries in the range of 80–90%. Despite some loss of erythrocytes, Pearson coefficients and Bland–Altman analyses based on fresh blood vs. frozen/thawed matched pairs indicate that mutant cell and reticulocyte frequencies are not significantly affected, as the measurements are highly correlated and exhibit low bias. Collectively, these data support the effectiveness and suitability of a freeze–thaw procedure that endows the assay with several new advantageous characteristics that include: flexibility in scheduling personnel/instrumentation; reliability when shipping samples from in‐life facilities to analytical sites; 3Rs‐friendly, as blood from positive control animals can be stored frozen to serve as analytical controls; and ability to defer a decision to generate Pig‐a data until more toxicological information becomes available on a test substance. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:47–55, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel, sensitive and non‐destructive method for quantitative determination of lipid in live Eriocheir sinensis using low‐field 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Zhang Hongcai , Yu Huaning , Song Lingling , Chen Shunsheng
Published: September 2018

In this study, lipid content of live Eriocheir sinensis has been quickly and accurately determined by low‐field 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐1H NMR). The experimental parameters of LF‐1H NMR have been optimized and the validity of the established standard method has been confirmed with traditional Soxhlet extraction method. Results show that the lipid signal intensity is strongly correlated with its content and exhibits a good linear correlation (Y = 0.0376 + 4.899X, R2 = 0.9999), thus demonstrating favorable accuracy and sensitivity for the quantitative determination of lipid content. In conclusion, the lipid content of live E. Sinensis can be directly obtained based on an established method, indicating a great application potential in food and other fields.
Tailored Surface Wettability of Gas Diffusion Layer in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Proposing a Pore Scale‐Two Phase Design
Authors: Nazari M. , Shakerinejad E. , Kayhani M. H.
Published: September 2018

In this study, lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to investigate liquid water transport in a gas diffusion layer (GDL) of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) by considering mixed wettability. The GDL is reconstructed using the stochastic method and the simulations are performed to explore liquid water behaviors in the GDL. In this study, the dynamic behavior of liquid water during removal from gas diffusion layer of a PEMFC electrode is analyzed. The results are related to the water management and the optimal design of the GDL. The effects of inserted hydrophilic layer on the removal process and water distribution are investigated and a wettability‐tailored GDL is proposed. In addition, liquid water dynamic behaviors and liquid water saturation within the GDL in steady state and transient mode are explored. The effects of mixed wettability on the effective clusters in GDL, merging of different clusters and the loops developed by the fingers are investigated in detail. The optimum thickness and optimum location for the inserted hydrophilic layer inside the GDL are also proposed. The results show that combination of hydrophilic layer with the hydrophobic pores leads to an increase in the performance of the PEMFCs. In other words, the water management in GDL can be suitably done by selection of location and thickness of inserted hydrophilic layer. Regarding different test cases, the optimum location of the inserted hydrophilic layer is GDL‐GC interface with the optimum thickness of 12.5% of GDL thickness.
Influence of the Cathode Catalyst Layer Void Volume on the Short‐term and Long‐term Performance of PEM Fuel Cell
Authors: Taghiabadi M. M. , Zhiani M. , Shafiei M.
Published: September 2018

The cathode catalyst layer void volume of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) determines the available three‐phase regions and routes of mass transfer in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In this paper, four MEAs with different void volume of cathode catalyst layer have been made and their performance was evaluated and analyzed. The results show that for the MEA with cathode catalyst layer porosity of 20.8%, an optimal structure and a proper balance between catalyst layer void volume and Nafion content is obtained. The optimal void volume caused that electrochemical surface area for the MEA with the optimal structure be 1.45 times higher than MEA having a porosity of 29.5% at the end of the long‐term cycles. On the other hand, the mass transfer resistance (Rmt) at the end of long‐term cycles for MEA with the optimal structure is 4.8 times less than the same MEA having a porosity of 15.9%. This fact makes that MEA with the cathode catalyst layer porosity of 20.8%, both in short and in the long‐term, has higher and more stable performance than other MEAs; so that its maximum output power density has changed only 0.8% during 200 cycles.
Enhanced Performance of Ionomer Binder with Shorter Side‐Chains, Higher Dispersibility, and Lower Equivalent Weight
Authors: Kim O.‐H. , Oh S.‐H. , Ahn C.‐Y. , Kim S. , Kim J. K. , Kim J. , Yang S. , Choi M. , Cho Y.‐H. , Sung Y.‐E.
Published: September 2018

Interaction between the ionomer binder and catalyst nanoparticles in catalyst ink is well known to play an important role in the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) because it determines the final micro‐morphology of the catalyst layer. Herein, we investigated the 3M series of perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer binders, which have higher polymeric main‐chain mobilities, increased solubilities, shorter side‐chains, and lower equivalent weights than the Nafion 1100 series of ionomers. The molecular mobility was determined by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the differences in the structure of the catalyst layer surfaces were identified using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and Hg intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The 3M binder with high dispersibility exhibits more developed and connected secondary pore catalyst layer structures and fewer clustered agglomerates; thus, it shows higher performance in a single cell, particularly under conditions of low relative humidity (RH). A comparative study of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) results of the 3M and Nafion series of ionomer binders is also included. These insights help us elucidate the reason for the difference in performance by different ionomers and provide the foundation for improving the fuel cell performance of Nafion‐type ionomers.