bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
McOndo ¿Una generación transcontinental o transgénica ?
Authors: Fernández Begoña Alonso
Published: January 2016

« Une génération transaméricaine, transcontinentale ou transgénique ?»

Notre analyse, inspirée des travaux de Pablo Berchenko en ce qui concerne l'importance des États-Unis dans l'éducation des élites latino-américaines, portera sur le rôle joué par le « voisin du nord » dans la naissance et « consolidation » des mouvements de rénovation littéraire hispano-américaine. En effet, dans l'avant-propos de McOndo anthologie déjeunes écrivains hispano-américains, publiée en 1 996, les éditeurs, Alberto Fuguet et Sergio Gómez, signalent l'Université d'Iowa comme le lieu de naissance du « mouvement» McOndo : « Para dejar un registre histórico : ese dia, en medio de la planicie del medioeste surgió McOndo. » L'impact des États- Unis sera également abordé sous une approche « globalisatrice » de la littérature, en suivant la voie ouverte par Pascale Casanova et Franco Moretti lorsque l'on analysera les enjeux de la portée transrégionale et transcontinentale de McOndo. Une attention toute particulière sera accordée aux stratégies des grands groupes éditoriaux transcontinentaux.
(Des)encuentros interculturales en Manhattan : migrantes «hispanos» y rizomas ficcionales en la narrativa de Miguel Gomes
Authors: Pacheco Carlos
Published: January 2016

« Rencontre et non-rencontre culturelles à Manhattan : migrants "hispanos" et rhizomes de la fiction dans les récits de Miguel Gomes»

Colombiens, Argentins, Cubains, Brésiliens, Vénézuéliens, Portoricains, Espagnols ou leurs descendants, des transplantés dans la ville de New York ou ailleurs aux États-Unis, tels sont les personnages de prédilection des récits de Miguel Gomes, récemment publiés [De fantasmas y destierros, Medellin, Fondo Editorial Universidad EAFIT, 2003 ; Un fantasma portugués, Caracas, Otero Ediciones, 2004 ; Viviana y otras historias del cuerpo, Caracas, Random House Mondadori, 2006 ; Viudos, sirenas y libertinos, Caracas, Editorial Equinoccio, publication annoncée). Des liens indirects sont établis entre les personnages et les situations de ces récits qui relient, parfois subtilement, les contextes de l'emploi (une maison d'édition, une société de promotion commerciale...), même si chaque nouvelle apporte une histoire partielle, dans une perspective qui lui est propre. Cette stratégie permet de créer un espace narratif ayant la stabilité propre au roman tout en conservant le dynamisme et la versatilité de la nouvelle. Scène narrative idéale pour déployer les diverses situations de la condition du migrant : la défiance et les préjugés hérités de la société, l'incompréhension linguistique et celle des conduites, la différence des motivations et des valeurs entre les « hispanos » et leurs collègues états-uniens, eux-mêmes d'origines multiples. Ce réseau d'histoires donne ainsi forme à une sorte d'hyper-roman par rhizomes, ouverte, réceptive, qui ne commence ni ne finit nulle part, dans laquelle on peut entrer par n'importe quel bout, et qui en principe ne finit jamais.
El fantasma de América : la espectralidad y las relaciones transcontinentales en The jolly corner de Henry James y Una familia lejana de Carlos Fuentes
Authors: Eymar Marcos
Published: January 2016

« Le fantôme de l'Amérique : spectralité et relations transcontinentales dans Una familia lejana de Carlos Fuentes y The jolly corner de Henry James»

Le roman Una familia lejana, de Carlos Fuentes, et le récit The jolly corner, de Henry James, partagent non seulement de nombreux caractères qui les inscrivent dans le genre fantastique, mais aussi une réflexion sur les liens complexes qui unissent l'Amérique à l'Europe. À travers l'histoire des Heredia, à cheval entre l'Amérique et un manoir enchanté des environs de Paris (Fuentes), et à travers le retour d'un New-yorkais expatrié en Angleterre à la maison de son enfance, habitée par le fantôme de celui qu'il aurait été s'il était resté dans sa ville natale (James), les deux auteurs construisent l'identité américaine de leurs personnages au moyen d'un échange spectral avec le Vieux Monde. Si de nombreux parallèles entre ces deux oeuvres corroborent l'existence symbolique d'un espace « transaméricain », ils font aussi ressortir l'importance de la relation transcontinentale avec l'Europe qui en est une composante.
Sobre exiliados, migrantes y extranjeros : hacia una definición terminológica
Authors: Mandolessi Silvana
Published: January 2016

« De la littérature de l'exil à une littérature migrante : de nouvelles modalités d'échanges culturels» La communication révise certaines idées fondamentales autour du concept de « littérature nationale », catégorie qui demeure valide dans le cadre actuel d'une reconfiguration des limites entre local et global. Les discussions autour de « world literature » et les nouveaux concepts des études comparatistes (Damrosh, 2003 ; Casanova, 1999 ; Moretti, 2005 ; Apphia, 2005 ; Beck, 2006 ; Apter, 2006) montrent l'actualité de cette problématique. D'autre part, les réflexions théoriques autour du déplacement, traditionnellement désignées par la catégorie globale de « l'exil » ont reçu une nouvelle dénomination, celle de « migrante » (Mardossian, 2002), dénomination qui fait écho aux transformations de la production littéraire et à celles de l'expérience de la transculturation que représentait le statut antérieur de l'exilé. À notre avis, la discussion autour de l'appellation de « word literature » aussi bien que le nouveau statut de « littérature migrante » proviennent d'une récente suite d'échanges et de transactions culturels ayant une configuration nouvelle. Cela oblige à remettre à plat des notions généralement acceptées sur la relation entre littérature et nation. C'est pourquoi la modification de ces concepts offre un champ privilégié à l'analyse de nouvelles modalités d'échanges culturels.
Hacia un espacio pedagógico del encuentro hispánico en Nueva York : Movimiento, identidad y espacios simbólicos
Authors: Dávila Lourdes
Published: January 2016

«Vers un espace pédagogique de la rencontre de "lo hispanico" à New York»

La critique littéraire et celle des « études culturelles » qui discutent la modernité et les discours de globalisation, utilisent fréquemment les termes de mouvement, corps/ écriture, ralentissement, suspension. Ce travail part de l'espace réel du mouvement, du corps lui-même dans le monde de la danse pour observer à quel point ce monde est régi par le discours critique assigné aux études culturelles et littéraires. Le travail a une dimension pédagogique. Les étudiants du cours sur les « Cités américano-hispaniques : New York » se sont interrogés sur la valeur de l'observation de la danse et du mouvement dans un cadre hispanique : modèles théoriques à mettre en œuvre, avantages de l'observation des traits hispaniques dans le monde de la danse, variation dans le temps des espaces symboliques de « lo hispano » avec les avancées technologiques et la globalisation, droits et responsabilités de l'identité « hispanique » dans les échanges avec la ville, définitions, alliances et objectifs qu'ont ou doivent avoir les institutions dont l'identité principale est hispanique.
Crisis del discurso importador de modelos extranjeros en Impressions of America by a very Fresh Spaniard (1880), de José Marti
Authors: Waldegaray Marta Inés
Published: January 2016

« Crise dans le discours importateur de modèles étrangers dans "Impressions of America by a very Fresh Spaniard" (1880), de José Marti»

Au XIXe siècle, les États-Unis ont été pour de nombreux intellectuels latino-américains un symbole de modernité auquel nul ne pouvait être indifférent. Il existe toute une tradition de lettrés latino-américains ou européens en voyage aux États-Unis qui en décrivent la société de manière critique ou admirative, dans la perspective positiviste dans les années 1 880, ou spiritualiste, dans les années 1 890, et qui contribuent à ériger un mythe de civilisation récente. José Marti appartient à cette tradition intellectuelle. Fraîchement arrivé aux États- Unis (New York), admirateur de la démocratie américaine, mais défiant devant le danger expansionniste, Marti écrit entre juillet et octobre 1880 une suite de trois lettres en anglais (accompagnées de leurs traductions en espagnol) intitulées « Impressions of America by a very Fresh Spaniard », publiées en trois livraisons dans le périodique The Hour (10 juillet, 21 août et 23 octobre 1880, reproduites dans Marti (J.), Obras Complétas, Editorial Nacional de Cuba, La Habana, 1965, XIX, p. 101). Il y donne ses premières impressions sur la société nord-américaine. Par son ton familier et son esprit critique, tout l'opposé du prototype du voyageur importateur de modèles étrangers que représentait Sarmiento, Marti posait dès 1 880 l'ensemble des thèmes du discours à l'égard de la modernité nord-américaine que d'autres lettrés de la fin du xixe siècle allaient développer vingt ans après : Rubén Dario (« El triunfo de Calibân », 1898) et José Enrique Rodô (Ariel, 1900). La communication analyse ces livraisons épistolaires de Marti, nouveau modèle intellectuel de récit de voyage aux États- Unis.
L'Opération Condor dans 99% asesinado de Pablo Vierci
Authors: Petit Cécile
Published: January 2016

« El Plan Condor en 99% asesinado, de Pablo Vierci »

En 2004, el escritor uruguayo Pablo Vierci publica 99% asesinado, una novela sobre la Operaciôn Condor. Esta consistia en la coordinaciôn de los servicios de seguridad y de inteligencia de diferentes paises americanos, a fin de intercambiar informaciones y realizar operaciones en los Estados asociados 0 en el extranjero, para deshacerse de losoponentes izquierdistas. La novela de Vierci trata antes que nada del asesinato del quimico chileno Eugenio Berrios, pero también ofrece al lector una representaciôn de esta red transnacional que unia los servicios de seguridad de Chile, Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay y Estados Unidos. Se presentan en este estudio diversos aspectos de la Operaciôn Condor evocados en 99% asesinado : su organizaciôn como red, sus actividades, sus medios de acciôn, los intercambios militares mes amplios en los que se inscribe.
Intercambios transamericanos y transcontinentales. La recepción en internet del relato de Luis Britto García «Guaicaipuro Cuautémoc cobra la deuda a Europa»
Authors: Prieto Yurinis
Published: January 2016

« transaméricains : la réception sur Internet de "Guaicaipuro Cuautémoc cobra la deuda a Europa" de Luis Britto Garcia, 2002-2008 »

Un texte de Luis Britto Garcia - imaginant un « Exposé du Cacique Guaicaipuro Cuautémoc devant la réunion des chefs d'États de la Communauté européenne, le 8 février 2002 » - a été diffusé sur Internet et a donné lieu à une grande diversité de forum comportant des opinions, des commentaires et des analyses. Ce corpus très riche révèle un véritable échange culturel transnational et transcontinental entre « lecteurs internautes», et fait ressortir aussi une problématique et une histoire commune : la dette externe des pays de l'Amérique latine est mise en balance avec la dette historique de l'Europe à l'égard de notre Amérique. Ces documents montrent le degré d'identification et l'adhésion des lecteurs à l'affirmation de souveraineté latino-américaine politique, économique et culturelle soutenues par le texte. Par ailleurs, la transfiguration de ce texte de fiction et sa réception confirment les potentialités de l'internet comme espace d'échanges, de diffusion, aussi bien que de création.
La política cultural de la Argentina en el Paraguay en los años previos a la Guerra del Chaco
Authors: Oliveira-Cézar María
Published: January 2016

« La politique culturelle de l'Argentine au Paraguay dans les années qui ont précédé la guerre du Chaco»

Entre 1925 et 1931 l'action culturelle argentine au Paraguay a eu des changements substantiels liés aux divers intérêts qui l'animent. Jusqu'à fin 1927 la plupart des activités, assez modestes, sont conçues et mises en œuvre par une collectivité active de résidents argentins d'Asunciôn, parmi lesquels se détachait la personnalité de José Rodriguez Alcalé. Ces résidents y avaient créé l'Association Argentine, qui comptait sur l'appui résolu de la Légation de leur pays, dirigée alors par le ministre Leopoldo Diaz. À partir de ce moment ce sont les diplomates eux-mêmes, conduits par le nouveau ministre Ricardo Olivera, qui allaient se charger de créer et contrôler des institutions bien plus importantes, dont les conseils d'administration réunissaient des Argentins propriétaires des grandes entreprises rurales établies au long du fleuve Paraguay et la fine fleur des hommes politiques paraguayens. Deux facteurs allaient accentuer cette évolution après septembre 1930 et provoquer la militarisation des échanges « culturels » : le coup d'État du général J. F. Uriburu en Argentine et la certitude du prompt déclenchement de la guerre du Chaco.
Encuentros y desencuentros culturales en el «estrecho dudoso». La constitución del espacio rio San Juan por viajeros y escritore/as de las Américas (Ephraim G. Squier, José Coronel Urtecho, Gioconda Belli)
Authors: Esch Sophie
Published: January 2016

« Rencontre et non-rencontre culturelles sur l'isthme "estrecho dudoso".

La constitution de l'espace du Rio San Juan par des voyageurs et écrivains et écrivaines des Amériques» La communication analyse les dynamiques culturelles autour du Rio San Juan. Ce fleuve qui fait la frontière entre le Nicaragua et le Costa Rica a été longtemps prédestiné à la construction d'un canal transocéanique à travers l'isthme centre-américain. Important axe de transit, il est aussi un espace tentant pour l'imaginaire des voyageurs et des écrivains. Dans ce cadre, les rencontres ou les non-rencontres entre écrivains des États-Unis et du Nicaragua ont constitué au fil du temps cette real-and-imagined place (Soja, 1 996). On ne peut jamais parler du rio San Juan seulement comme territoire, car il est chargé en littérature de traits imaginaires tels que utopie, paradis, etc. L'étude est menée sur des textes de Ephrain G. Squier, Mark Twain, José Coronel Urtecho et Gioconda Belli ; certains de leurs textes dialoguent l'un avec l'autre.
La melancolía como mal de la frontera y estereotipo nacional en La frontera de cristal de Carlos Fuentes
Authors: Dhondt Reindert
Published: January 2016

« La mélancolie comme mal de la frontière : allégorie baroque et espaces d'altérité dans La frontera de cristal, de Carlos Fuentes»

Dans cet article nous nous proposons d'étudier comment la mélancolie, en tant que maladie du déplacement, produit des espaces hétérotopiques dans un certain nombre de contes de La frontière de verre (1 995) de Carlos Fuentes. Déployant une écriture dans le droit fil de la mélancolie baroque, Fuentes crée des identités nomades qui renforcent le mythe de l'état d'esprit mélancolique comme ingrédient de la culture nationale mexicaine, d'où la nécessité d'analyser le traitement de ce stéréotype national dans une oeuvre qui célèbre le nouveau contexte transnational d'après l'ALÉNA. En même temps, le concept d'« archéotopie » nous permettra d'expliquer pourquoi l'insistance sur l'espace et la frontière implique nécessairement une dimension temporelle dans ce roman.
Échanges biaisés en territoire privé. La représentation de l'espace intime dans la littérature frontalière mexicaine contemporaine
Authors: Fabriol Anaïs
Published: January 2016

«Intercambios alterados en territorio privado. La representación del espacio intimo en la literatura fronteriza mexicana contemporanea »

Si la literatura fronteriza contemporénea se focaliza en representaciones de grandes espacios o en cuadros urbanos precisos, ambos vistos como lugares de desculturación, de metamorfosis o de intercambios enganosos, también propone unas perspectivas originales, o al menos particulares, del espacio intimo y de los intercambios que en este ambito se desarrollan. De hecho, lo que ahi sucede saca a la luz algunos elementos fundadores de lo que podria ser definido como la identidad fronteriza, asi como las aproximaciones que le pertenecen. Más que un simple detalle, el espacio privado parece ser un elemento constitutivo de la psique de algunos personajes, y por lo tanto, sirve de base a los intercambios humanos y sociales. Por lo tanto, las relaciones, los intercambios fronterizos han de ser definidos a través de este prisma, pero ino sera déformante ? ¿No habrá alguna ambigùedad en los intercambios entre huésped e invitado ? ¿Quién ganaré en estas relaciones, quién sera la victima ?
A.B.U.R.T.O. de Heriberto Yépez : Tijuanalandia ou le show de la précarité
Authors: Fourez Cathy
Published: January 2016

«A.B.U.R.T.O.de Heriberto Yépez : Tijuanalandia o el show de los marginados»

En el contexto de una frontera que solo vive por el desplazamiento de sus limites, la ponencia estudia varios aspectos de la eonstrucciôn literaria de una ciudad : Tijuana, en la linea separatoria con los Estados Unidos. Sita en un espacio caracterizado hasta el exceso por su limite reforzado, tanto como por la porosidad de la frontera, asi como por su humanismo tanto como por su barbarie, la ciudad se estudia a través de la representaciôn de las trabajadoras de la maquiladoras. Las «Tijuanas» de Heriberto Yépez (A.B.U.R.T.O., 2005) se destacan, especialmente en la ôptica del trabajo transfronterizo y transnacional ; como unos lugares magné- ticos que desencadenan attracciôn y desconexiôn ; oscilan entre la ilusiôn de un «Las Vegas del Tercer Mundo»

y el desengano en una «maquilandia» de la mano de obra barata y desechable.
Utopía y derrota. Política y ética en la narrativa latinoamericana del fin del milenio
Authors: Amar Sánchez Ana María
Published: January 2016

« Utopie et déroute. Politique et éthique dans la prose narrative latino-américaine

à la fin du deuxième millénaire»

Les changements politiques et économiques des dernières décennies ont donné lieu à différents discours visant à rendre compte des processus culturels complexes où le besoin de préserver la mémoire d'un passé traumatisant converge avec le besoin de rendre compte des nouvelles conditions politiques et économiques et des nouvelles productions culturelles. La communication analyse un corpus de récits latino-américains - mexicains, argentins, cubains - qui ont de nombreux points communs. Écrits dans les années quatre-vingt-dix et au commencement du nouveau millénaire, ils partagent des stratégies et des modes de représentation. Ces récits offrent diverses options - très éloignées dans la plupart des cas des solutions simplificatrices des discours politiques et médiatiques - par rapport au dilemme engendré par les déroutes politiques : la littérature latino- américaine propose des réponses allant de la résistance ou du repli au désenchantement et au fait de s'aligner ou de transiger avec ces nouvelles conditions historiques.
A Context-Dependent Role for IL-21 in Modulating the Differentiation, Distribution, and Abundance of Effector and Memory CD8 T Cell Subsets
Authors: Tian Yuan , Cox Maureen A. , Kahan Shannon M. , Ingram Jennifer T. , Bakshi Rakesh K. , Zajac Allan J.
Published: January 2016

The activation of naive CD8 T cells typically results in the formation of effector cells (TE) as well as phenotypically distinct memory cells that are retained over time. Memory CD8 T cells can be further subdivided into central memory, effector memory (TEM), and tissue-resident memory (TRM) subsets, which cooperate to confer immunological protection. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras and adoptive transfer studies in which CD8 T cells either do or do not express IL-21R, we discovered that under homeostatic or lymphopenic conditions IL-21 acts directly on CD8 T cells to favor the accumulation of TE/TEM populations. The inability to perceive IL-21 signals under competitive conditions also resulted in lower levels of TRM phenotype cells and reduced expression of granzyme B in the small intestine. IL-21 differentially promoted the expression of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 and the integrin α4β7 on CD8 T cells primed in vitro and on circulating CD8 T cells in the mixed bone marrow chimeras. The requirement for IL-21 to establish CD8 TE/TEM and TRM subsets was overcome by acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection; nevertheless, memory virus-specific CD8 T cells remained dependent on IL-21 for optimal accumulation in lymphopenic environments. Overall, this study reveals a context-dependent role for IL-21 in sustaining effector phenotype CD8 T cells and influencing their migratory properties, accumulation, and functions.
HB-EGF–Promoted Airway Smooth Muscle Cells and Their Progenitor Migration Contribute to Airway Smooth Muscle Remodeling in Asthmatic Mouse
Authors: Wang Qing , Li Hequan , Yao Yinan , Lu Guohua , Wang Yuehong , Xia Dajing , Zhou Jianying
Published: January 2016

The airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells’ proliferation, migration, and their progenitor’s migration are currently regarded as causative factors for ASM remodeling in asthma. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), a potent mitogen and chemotactic factor, could promote ASM cell proliferation through MAPK pathways. In this study, we obtained primary ASM cells and their progenitors from C57BL/6 mice and went on to explore the role of HB-EGF in these cells migration and the underlying mechanisms. We found that recombinant HB-EGF (rHB-EGF) intratracheal instillation accelerated ASM layer thickening in an OVA-induced asthmatic mouse. Modified Boyden chamber assay revealed that rHB-EGF facilitate ASM cell migration in a dose-dependent manner and ASM cells from asthmatic mice had a greater migration ability than that from normal counterparts. rHB-EGF could stimulate the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in ASM cells but further migration assay showed that only epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (AG1478) or p38 inhibitor (SB203580), but not ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059), could inhibit rHB-EGF–mediated ASM cells migration. Actin cytoskeleton experiments exhibited that rHB-EGF could cause actin stress fibers disassembly and focal adhesions formation of ASM cells through the activation of p38. Finally, airway instillation of rHB-EGF promoted the recruitment of bone marrow–derived smooth muscle progenitor cells, which were transferred via caudal vein, migrating into the airway from the circulation. These observations demonstrated that ASM remodeling in asthma might have resulted from HB-EGF–mediated ASM cells and their progenitor cells migration, via p38 MAPK-dependent actin cytoskeleton remodeling.
Despite Increased Type 1 IFN, Autoimmune Nonobese Diabetic Mice Display Impaired Dendritic Cell Response to CpG and Decreased Nuclear Localization of IFN-Activated STAT1
Authors: Rahman M. Jubayer , Rahir Gwendoline , Dong Matthew B. , Zhao Yongge , Rodrigues Kameron B. , Hotta-Iwamura Chie , Chen Ye , Guerrero Alan , Tarbell Kristin V.
Published: January 2016

Innate immune signals help break self-tolerance to initiate autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, but innate contributions to subsequent regulation of disease progression are less clear. Most studies have measured in vitro innate responses of GM-CSF dendritic cells (DCs) that are functionally distinct from conventional DCs (cDCs) and do not reflect in vivo DC subsets. To determine whether autoimmune NOD mice have alterations in type 1 IFN innate responsiveness, we compared cDCs from prediabetic NOD and control C57BL/6 (B6) mice stimulated in vivo with the TLR9 ligand CpG, a strong type 1 IFN inducer. In response to CpG, NOD mice produce more type 1 IFN and express higher levels of CD40, and NOD monocyte DCs make more TNF. However, the overall CpG-induced transcriptional response is muted in NOD cDCs. Of relevance the costimulatory proteins CD80/CD86, signals needed for regulatory T cell homeostasis, are upregulated less on NOD cDCs. Interestingly, NOD Rag1−/− mice also display a defect in CpG-induced CD86 upregulation compared with B6 Rag1−/−, indicating this particular innate alteration precedes adaptive autoimmunity. The impaired response in NOD DCs is likely downstream of the IFN-α/β receptor because DCs from NOD and B6 mice show similar CpG-induced CD86 levels when anti–IFN-α/β receptor Ab is added. IFN-α–induced nuclear localization of activated STAT1 is markedly reduced in NOD CD11c+ cells, consistent with lower type 1 IFN responsiveness. In conclusion, NOD DCs display altered innate responses characterized by enhanced type 1 IFN and activation of monocyte-derived DCs but diminished cDC type 1 IFN response.
Autoreactive T Cells from Patients with Myasthenia Gravis Are Characterized by Elevated IL-17, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF and Diminished IL-10 Production
Authors: Cao Yonghao , Amezquita Robert A. , Kleinstein Steven H. , Stathopoulos Panos , Nowak Richard J. , O’Connor Kevin C.
Published: January 2016

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a prototypical autoimmune disease that is among the few for which the target Ag and the pathogenic autoantibodies are clearly defined. The pathology of the disease is affected by autoantibodies directed toward the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Mature, Ag-experienced B cells rely on the action of Th cells to produce these pathogenic Abs. The phenotype of the MG Ag-reactive T cell compartment is not well defined; thus, we sought to determine whether such cells exhibit both a proinflammatory and a pathogenic phenotype. A novel T cell library assay that affords multiparameter interrogation of rare Ag-reactive CD4+ T cells was applied. Proliferation and cytokine production in response to both AChR and control Ags were measured from 3120 T cell libraries derived from 11 MG patients and paired healthy control subjects. The frequency of CCR6+ memory T cells from MG patients proliferating in response to AChR-derived peptides was significantly higher than that of healthy control subjects. Production of both IFN-γ and IL-17, in response to AChR, was also restricted to the CCR6+ memory T cell compartment in the MG cohort, indicating a proinflammatory phenotype. These T cells also included an elevated expression of GM-CSF and absence of IL-10 expression, indicating a proinflammatory and pathogenic phenotype. This component of the autoimmune response in MG is of particular importance when considering the durability of MG treatment strategies that eliminate B cells, because the autoreactive T cells could renew autoimmunity in the reconstituted B cell compartment with ensuing clinical manifestations.
CD4+ Group 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC) Form a Functionally Distinct ILC Subset That Is Increased in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Roan Florence , Stoklasek Thomas A. , Whalen Elizabeth , Molitor Jerry A. , Bluestone Jeffrey A. , Buckner Jane H. , Ziegler Steven F.
Published: January 2016

Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are a heterogeneous group of cellular subsets that produce large amounts of T cell–associated cytokines in response to innate stimulation in the absence of Ag. In this study, we define distinct patterns of surface marker and cytokine expression among the ILC subsets that may further delineate their migration and function. Most notably, we found that the subset previously defined as group 1 ILC (ILC1) contains CD4+ CD8−, CD4− CD8+, and CD4− CD8− populations. Although all ILC1 subsets shared characteristics with Th1 cells, CD4+ ILC1 also demonstrated significant phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. We also show that the frequencies of CD4+ ILC1 and NKp44+ group 3 ILC, but not CD4− ILC1 or group 2 ILC, are increased in the peripheral blood of individuals with systemic sclerosis (SSc), a disease characterized by fibrotic and vascular pathology, as well as immune dysregulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CD4+ and CD4− ILC1 are functionally divergent based on their IL-6Rα expression and that the frequency of IL-6Rα expression on ILC is altered in SSc. The distinct phenotypic and functional features of CD4+ and CD4− ILC1 suggest that they may have differing roles in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases, such as SSc.
Cutting Edge: Critical Role of Glycolysis in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Antiviral Responses
Authors: Bajwa Gagan , DeBerardinis Ralph J. , Shao Baomei , Hall Brian , Farrar J. David , Gill Michelle A.
Published: January 2016

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are vital to antiviral defense, directing immune responses via secretion of huge concentrations of IFN-α. These cells are critical in protecting the lung against clinically relevant respiratory viruses, particularly influenza (Flu), a virus responsible for substantial worldwide morbidity and mortality. How pDC responses to such viral pathogens are regulated, however, is poorly understood in humans. Using an unbiased approach of gene chip analysis, we discovered that Flu significantly affects metabolism in primary human pDCs. We demonstrate that Flu and RV, another common respiratory virus, induce glycolysis in pDCs and that this metabolic pathway regulates pDC antiviral functions, including IFN-α production and phenotypic maturation. Intranasal vaccination of human volunteers with live influenza virus also increases glycolysis in circulating pDCs, highlighting a previously unrecognized potential role for metabolism in regulating pDC immune responses to viral infections in humans.
Treatment of Uveitis by In Situ Administration of Ex Vivo–Activated Polyclonal Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Grégoire Sylvie , Terrada Céline , Martin Gaelle H. , Fourcade Gwladys , Baeyens Audrey , Marodon Gilles , Fisson Sylvain , Billiard Fabienne , Lucas Bruno , Tadayoni Ramin , Béhar-Cohen Francine , Levacher Béatrice , Galy Anne , LeHoang Phuc , Klatzmann David , Bodaghi Bahram , Salomon Benoît L.
Published: January 2016

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cell therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. To be effective, Treg cells should be in an activated state in the target tissue. This can be achieved by systemic administration of Ag-specific Treg cells, which are difficult to produce in conditions that can be translated to the clinic. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach consisting of in situ injection of preactivated polyclonal Treg cells that would exert bystander suppression in the target tissue. We show that polyclonal Treg cells suppressed uveitis in mice as efficiently as Ag-specific Treg cells but only when preactivated and administered in the vitreous. Uveitis control was correlated with an increase of IL-10 and a decrease of reactive oxygen species produced by immune cell infiltrates in the eye. Thus, our results reveal a new mechanism of Treg cell–mediated suppression and a new Treg cell therapy approach.
MicroRNA-30c Modulates Type I IFN Responses To Facilitate Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection by Targeting JAK1
Authors: Zhang Qiong , Huang Chen , Yang Qian , Gao Li , Liu Hsiao-Ching , Tang Jun , Feng Wen-hai
Published: January 2016

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important pathogen and has evolved several mechanisms to evade IFN-I responses. We report that a host microRNA, miR-30c, was upregulated by PRRSV via activating NF-κB and facilitated its ability to infect subject animals. Subsequently, we demonstrated that miR-30c was a potent negative regulator of IFN-I signaling by targeting JAK1, resulting in the enhancement of PRRSV infection. In addition, we found that JAK1 expression was significantly decreased by PRRSV and recovered when miR-30c inhibitor was overexpressed. Importantly, miR-30c was also upregulated by PRRSV infection in vivo, and miR-30c expression corresponded well with viral loads in lungs and porcine alveolar macrophages of PRRSV-infected pigs. Our findings identify a new strategy taken by PRRSV to escape IFN-I–mediated antiviral immune responses by engaging miR-30c and, thus, improve our understanding of its pathogenesis.
Molecular Basis of the Functional Differences between Soluble Human Versus Murine MD-2: Role of Val135 in Transfer of Lipopolysaccharide from CD14 to MD-2
Authors: Vašl Jožica , Oblak Alja , Peternelj Tina T. , Klett Javier , Martín-Santamaría Sonsoles , Gioannini Theresa L. , Weiss Jerrold P. , Jerala Roman
Published: January 2016

Myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) is an extracellular protein, associated with the ectodomain of TLR4, that plays a critical role in the recognition of bacterial LPS. Despite high overall structural and functional similarity, human (h) and murine (m) MD-2 exhibit several species-related differences. hMD-2 is capable of binding LPS in the absence of TLR4, whereas mMD-2 supports LPS responsiveness only when mMD-2 and mTLR4 are coexpressed in the same cell. Previously, charged residues at the edge of the LPS binding pocket have been attributed to this difference. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis was used to explore the hydrophobic residues within the MD-2 binding pocket as the source of functional differences between hMD-2 and mMD-2. Whereas decreased hydrophobicity of residues 61 and 63 in the hMD-2 binding pocket retained the characteristics of wild-type hMD-2, a relatively minor change of valine to alanine at position 135 completely abolished the binding of LPS to the hMD-2 mutant. The mutant, however, retained the LPS binding in complex with TLR4 and also cell activation, resulting in a murine-like phenotype. These results were supported by the molecular dynamics simulation. We propose that the residue at position 135 of MD-2 governs the dynamics of the binding pocket and its ability to accommodate lipid A, which is allosterically affected by bound TLR4.
Cutting Edge: Regulatory T Cells Facilitate Cutaneous Wound Healing
Authors: Nosbaum Audrey , Prevel Nicolas , Truong Hong-An , Mehta Pooja , Ettinger Monika , Scharschmidt Tiffany C. , Ali Niwa H. , Pauli Mariela L. , Abbas Abul K. , Rosenblum Michael D.
Published: January 2016

Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) reside in tissues where they control inflammation and mediate tissue-specific functions. The skin of mice and humans contain a large number of Tregs; however, the mechanisms of how these cells function in skin remain largely unknown. In this article, we show that Tregs facilitate cutaneous wound healing. Highly activated Tregs accumulated in skin early after wounding, and specific ablation of these cells resulted in delayed wound re-epithelialization and kinetics of wound closure. Tregs in wounded skin attenuated IFN-γ production and proinflammatory macrophage accumulation. Upon wounding, Tregs induce expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Lineage-specific deletion of EGFR in Tregs resulted in reduced Treg accumulation and activation in wounded skin, delayed wound closure, and increased proinflammatory macrophage accumulation. Taken together, our results reveal a novel role for Tregs in facilitating skin wound repair and suggest that they use the EGFR pathway to mediate these effects.
Overlapping IgG4 Responses to Self- and Environmental Antigens in Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus
Authors: Qian Ye , Jeong Joseph S. , Ye Jian , Dang Bim , Abdeladhim Maha , Aoki Valeria , Hans-Filhio Gunter , Rivitti Evandro A. , Valenzuela Jesus G. , Diaz Luis A.
Published: January 2016

The etiology of human autoimmune diseases in general remains largely unknown, although the genetic and environmental interplay may be relevant. This applies to the autoimmune diseases of the skin such as the pemphigus phenotypes and others. In this group, there is an endemic form of pemphigus foliaceus (also known as fogo selvagem [FS]) in which the pathogenic IgG4 autoantibody response to the self-antigen desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) cross-reacts with the LJM11 sand fly salivary gland Ag. In this investigation, we dissected the IgG4 autoantibody repertoires used by FS patients in response to endogenous self-Dsg1 and exogenous LJM11 sand fly Ag. Based on analyses of the genetic clonal signatures of these Abs, our results indicate that there is a significant overlap between these two responses, as all identified IgG4 mAbs cross-react to both Dsg1 and LJM11 Ags. Germline H- and L-chain V gene Abs generated according to mutated cross-reactive mAbs preserved their reactivity to both Ags. Our findings suggest that both Dsg1 autoantigen and LJM11 environmental Ag could be the initial antigenic stimulants for the IgG4 autoimmune responses in FS. These results support our hypothesis that LJM11 Ag plays a substantial role in triggering the IgG4 autoantibody development in FS and provide new insights on how noninfectious environmental Ag(s) may drive the generation of autoantibodies in IgG4-related autoimmune diseases.
Vitamin C Facilitates Demethylation of the Foxp3 Enhancer in a Tet-Dependent Manner
Authors: Sasidharan Nair Varun , Song Mi Hye , Oh Kwon Ik
Published: January 2016

Demethylation of CpG motifs in the Foxp3 intronic element, conserved noncoding sequence 2 (CNS2), is indispensable for the stable expression of Foxp3 in regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this study, we found that vitamin C induces CNS2 demethylation in Tregs in a ten-eleven-translocation 2 (Tet2)-dependent manner. The CpG motifs of CNS2 in Tregs generated in vitro by TGF-β (iTregs), which were methylated originally, became demethylated after vitamin C treatment. The conversion of 5-methylcytosin into 5-hydroxymethylcytosin was more efficient, and the methyl group from the CpG motifs of Foxp3 CNS2 was erased rapidly in iTregs treated with vitamin C. The effect of vitamin C disappeared in Tet2−/− iTregs. Furthermore, CNS2 in peripheral Tregs in vivo, which were demethylated originally, became methylated after treatment with a sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter inhibitor, sulfinpyrazone. Finally, CNS2 demethylation in thymic Tregs was also impaired in Tet2−/− mice, but not in wild type mice, when they were treated with sulfinpyrazone. Collectively, vitamin C was required for the CNS2 demethylation mediated by Tet proteins, which was essential for Foxp3 expression. Our findings indicate that environmental factors, such as nutrients, could bring about changes in immune homeostasis through epigenetic mechanisms.
Del tweet a la fotografía, la evolución de la comunicación política en Twitter hacia la imagen. El caso del debate del estado de la nación en España (2015)
Authors: Ruiz del Olmo Francisco Javier , Bustos Díaz Javier
Published: January 2016

Este estudio analiza el uso de Twitter en la política y su evolución hacia un modelo comunicativo basado más en la imagen que en el contenido. Metodología. Esta investigación realiza un análisis cualitativo que tiene como objeto las imágenes publicadas en la red social Twitter por los principales partidos y líderes políticos españoles, durante el debate del estado de la nación que tuvo lugar entre el 24 y el 25 de febrero de 2015. Resultados. Los datos muestran el progresivo aumento de imágenes en la comunicación política en Twitter y visualizan sus categorías. Conclusiones. La investigación establece que las imágenes tienen una mayor relevancia que el propio texto y en muchos casos, la imagen se convierte en el principal vehículo de la comunicación política.
Local artifacts in ice core methane records caused by layered bubble trapping and in-situ production: a multi-site investigation
Authors: Rhodes R. H. , Faïn X. , Brook E. J. , McConnell J. R. , Maselli O. J. , Sigl M. , Edwards J. , Buizert C. , Blunier T. , Chappellaz J. , Freitag J.
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Superimposed on the coherent and major atmospheric changes in trace gases revealed by ice core records, local high frequency, non-atmospheric features can now be resolved due to improvement s in resolution and precision of analytical techniques. These are signals that could not have survived the low-pass filter effect that firn diffusion exerts on the atmospheric history and therefore do not result from changes in the composition of the atmosphere at the surface of the ice sheet. Using continuous methane (CH4) records obtained from five polar ice cores, we characterize these non-atmospheric signals and explore their origin. Isolated samples, enriched in CH4 in the Tunu13 (Greenland) record are linked to the presence of melt layers. Melting can enrich the methane concentration due to preferential dissolution of methane relative to nitrogen, but we find that an additional in-situ process is required to generate the full magnitude of these anomalies. Furthermore, in the all ice cores studied there is evidence of reproducible, decimetre-scale CH4 variability. Through a series of tests, we demonstrate that this sign al is an artifact of layered bubble trapping in a heterogeneous-density firn column; we term this phenomenon ‘trapping noise’. The magnitude of CH4 trapping noise increases with atmospheric CH4 growth rate and seasonality of density contrasts, and decreases with accumulation rate. Firn air transport model simulations, accounting for layered bubble trapping, are in agreement with our empirical data. Significant annual periodicity is present in the CH4 variability of two Greenland ice cores, suggesting that layered gas trapping at these sites is controlled by regular, seasonal variations in the physical properties of the firn.
The Machine, the Mayor, and the Marine:
Authors: Leichtman Ellen C.
Published: January 2016

The Republican machine, the mayor of Philadelphia, and the head of public safety all had input with regard to the enforcement of Prohibition in Philadelphia in 1924–25. W. Freeland Kendrick, a member of the Philadelphia machine, had won the mayoralty overwhelmingly in 1923 because he was the choice of machine head William S. Vare. The Republican machine did not support Prohibition and Vare expected Kendrick to turn a blind eye to the Prohibition laws. Kendrick, however, decided to appoint a Marine brigadier general, Smedley D. Butler, as the head of the Department of Public Safety. It was Butler's belief that all laws had to be upheld, including the Prohibition laws. Butler's methods of Prohibition enforcement were not popular with either the machine or the populace. Kendrick found himself between Vare and Butler. The result was that Kendrick fired Butler, and the machine destroyed Kendrick's future in politics.
Intimate Enemies:
Authors: Hornor Elizabeth
Published: January 2016

During the mid-eighteenth century, relations between British Americans and Indians in North America were defined by the events of the Seven Years' War and Pontiac's War. A critical component of the relationship was the Native American capture of European American civilians, particularly those living on land simultaneously claimed by competing groups. Native American captivity had a long history in the colonies and continues to be studied by historians. This article concludes that the strict separation introduced by the Proclamation Line of 1763 was ineffective because it did not take into account the complexity of white-Indian relations at mid-century, but the ideology behind the Line's implementation resolved the tension that had been the defining character of life on simultaneously claimed land. That resolution had far-ranging effects, pointing to the lasting importance of Pontiac's War as well as the impact of those events on the continuing relationship between Native Americans and Americans.
The Mid-Atlantic and the American Revolution
Authors: Bodle Wayne
Published: January 2016

This essay explores the mutual effects of the American Revolution and the Mid-Atlantic region on each other, with its principal emphasis on how the Revolution impacted the region, and somewhat less on the obverse consequences. Reviewing previously published and forthcoming arguments about how New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware were a “fabricated” regional entity—a construct of political, economic, and social intention as much as or perhaps more than spatial imagination and geographical expression—it suggests that the cumulative impacts of the Seven Years' War, the British “imperial crisis” from 1763 to 1775, and the war of the American Revolution itself, uprooted and otherwise destroyed much of the spatial framing systems of the earlier colonial era. Notwithstanding these consequences, the article argues that the region's structural and functional integrity, as a shaper of both elite and more ordinary experience, largely survived the collapse and peeling away of this colonial “scaffolding.” It offers some tentative suggestions about how that improbable outcome may have obtained, and proposes some areas to which future research attention to the Mid-Atlantic should be paid.
The Only Things You Will Find in the Middle of the Road Are Double Yellow Lines, Dead Frogs, and Electoral Leverage:
Authors: Heineman Kenneth J.
Published: January 2016

The Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, from its very inception, attracted visionaries, exiles, pacifists, and warriors—often united only by their suspicion of an overly assertive government. Over the course of the past four centuries, the Mid-Atlantic engendered melting-pot politics and a spirit of private initiative—allowing for partnerships with government when necessary. The middle of the Eastern Seaboard ultimately influenced the political culture of the middle of America—helping to bind the North together during the Civil War, laying the foundation for the New Deal, and continuing to influence national elections through the twenty-first century.
In Search of a Useable—and Hopeful—Environmental Narrative in the Mid-Atlantic
Authors: Magoc Chris J.
Published: January 2016

Beyond a survey of some of the most recent traditional and public environmental history scholarship and trends in the Mid-Atlantic, this article—drawing from and reinterpreting the Turner Frontier Thesis—argues that the region both embodies broad currents of US environmental history and helped to establish American attitudes and patterns of behavior that migrated westward and shaped the course of national development. The article suggests that a Mid-Atlantic environmental history marked by such stories as mountaintop removal coal mining, urbanization, industrial disaster, environmental injustice, and the despoliation and ongoing recovery of rivers and watersheds like the Chesapeake and the Hudson is not only “typically” but “exceptionally” American. Further, the author notes that geography, environment, and natural resource history have shaped and informed heritage areas and other important recent work in public history, seeing in those trends the genesis of an era in which regional and subbioregional environmental histories can help inform and inspire new directions toward a more hopeful and sustainable future.
A Labored Mid-Atlantic Region Defined, Not Discovered:
Authors: Batch Rachel A.
Published: January 2016

Despite expansive agendas in labor and working-class history, a Mid-Atlantic regional perspective has not been, and likely will not be, deemed useful in discerning historical change and causation for core questions in the field. Following a brief survey of labor historiography and its emerging directions, the author considers diverse ways of “finding” a region and regional identities through routes of work and place, and suggests that a Mid-Atlantic labor identity might be found in the “drama and debris” of the Great Strike of 1877 and during deindustrialization in the 1970s.
The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission and the Papers of the Harmony Society:
Authors: Mattern Eleanor
Published: January 2016

Among archivists and manuscript collectors, the term “replevin” commonly describes efforts by government archives to recover public records that are in private hands. At times, such efforts can provoke friction, raising questions about the line between public and private property rights. This article chronicles an atypical replevin case in Pennsylvania, one that focuses on the struggles over the ownership of papers of a private origin, but which became government property with their transfer to the Commonwealth in 1937. This is a custodial history of a collection of papers documenting the Harmony Society, a religious separatist society once located in western Pennsylvania and in southwest Indiana. It is a story that involves a former Harmonist, a scholar, misplaced trust, and recovery that highlights the complex psychology of ownership.