bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Significance of Pesticides in Water Supplies
Authors: Woodward Richard L.
Published: February 2018

Since World War II, the pesticide chemical industry has undergone a revolution. Before the war, the principal insecticides were either inorganic compounds, such as the arsenic compounds, or naturally occurring organic compounds, such as pyrethrum, rotenone, and nicotine. Herbicides were primarily copper sulfate, arsenic compounds, and other inorganic materials. The introduction of DDT and 2, 4‐D marked the start of a tremendous surge in the development and use of new products that have had far‐reaching effects on public health and agriculture. Several hundred pesticide chemicals are now in use, and the number of products and formulations registered under the federal Insecticide, Fungi‐ cide, and Rodenticide Act exceeds 90,000. Water utilities have not felt much impact from these developments to date, but concern is expressed in many quarters about the water quality problems that these new chemicals may cause. It is virtually certain that any chemical in widespread use will get into streams in some concentration. Some of these chemicals are quite resistant to biologic attack and quite toxic to humans. Comparatively little is known about ways to remove these chemicals from water. There is a need to anticipate the problems that may develop and to find solutions for these problems. Pesticide production and use is discussed, along with concentration of pesticides in water, fate of pesticides, toxicity of pesticides, taste and odor, pesticides in water supply practice, and action taken by utilities.
Standardization of Design Procedures for Prestressed‐Concrete Pipe
Authors: Bald Robert E.
Published: February 2018

After several years of study and review, the Specifications and Technical Problem Committee of the American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association has developed a design procedure for prestressed pipe which has been adopted by the industry. This article discusses the design procedure that allows engineers to check the designs submitted by any of the producers of pipe made under C301. There will be some variations between old and new designs, but these will be relatively small. In some cases the wire area will be increased and in others it will be decreased. This procedure, together with the requirements in sec. 3.2 of AWWA C301, gives designs suitable for the internal pressure and at least 6 ft of earth cover under normal circumstances. There is also an automatic water hammer allowance of 50 psi or 40 per cent of the design pressure, whichever is greater. Therefore, most pipe can be designed according to this simple hydrostatic procedure. When external loads exceed the equivalent of 6 ft of cover, a combined load analysis may be used.
Determination of Ferrous Iron in the Presence of Ferric Iron With Bathophenanthroline
Authors: Lee G. Fred , Stumm Werner
Published: February 2018

Many of the analytic procedures used for the determination of ferrous iron in the presence of ferric iron are not applicable to the determination of ferrous iron in natural waters because of a lack of sensitivity or because of the instability of developed color. The 1, 10‐phenanthroline method for the determination of ferrous iron, recommended in the ninth and tenth editions of Standard Methods, is likely to result in incorrect results unless it is applied in a very limited range and under special conditions. A colorimetric procedure using bathophenanthroline as the color‐developing reagent has been found to give reliable determinations of ferrous iron in the presence of ferric iron in quantities measured in micrograms.
Water Supply–A Continuing Challenge
Authors: Wertz C. F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the challenges of water supply in the United States, in particular the challenge of long‐range planning, the challenge of communicating to the public the need to provide for the water supply needs of the future growth of communities, and the challenge of providing quality water service, or quality service of quality water.
1958 Inventory of Water Supply Facilities in United States Communities With Populations of 25,000 or More
Authors: Jenkins Kenneth H.
Published: February 2018

A listing of water supply facilities in the large cities of the U.S., reflecting conditions as of January 1, 1958, was issued by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) in April 1959. This listing continued the series of inventories begun in 1954, repeated for 1955 and 1956, and scheduled to be issued every 2 years. A statistical summary of the data for each of these earlier years has been reported. This report contains the national summary for 1958 and is directly comparable to that for 1956. The present summary includes data for United States territories and possessions. Alaska and Hawaii are included in this category because they became states after 1958. Future inventories for the United States as a whole will be comparable with inventories made in 1956 and later.
Metering and Meter Maintenance at Long Beach
Authors: Wilson Harold E.
Published: February 2018

The Long Beach (Calif.) Water Department's metering program is discussed here. The use of a corrosion‐inhibiting oil coating, which has virtually eliminated corrosion deterioration of measuring chambers and decreased wear as indicated to date, has proven to be an important factor in determining the optimum time to remove, recondition, and replace a meter. The most important single item to observe in evaluating a metering program is the metered percentage of total water to be accounted for.
Stability Field Diagrams as Aids in Iron Chemistry Studies
Authors: Hem John D.
Published: February 2018

Common iron‐bearing minerals of rocks and soils include oxides, carbonates, and sulfides. Under certain conditions, any of these may be attacked by water, and enough iron may thus go into solution to be troublesome to the water user. Iron oxides, for example, are dissolved by water at a nearly neutral pH below the water table if oxygen is almost entirely absent. Under these conditions iron carbonate may also be quite soluble. The sulfide minerals containing iron, of which pyrite is probably the most common, are relatively insoluble in alkaline‐reducing environments but can be dissolved easily when oxidizing conditions prevail. In the following discussion, these relationships will be considered quantitatively.
Plastic Films for Water Storage
Authors: Lauritzen C. W.
Published: February 2018

Polyethylene and vinyl films are gaining wide acceptance as linings for irrigation canals and reservoirs, because they control seepage effectively and are low in cost. Among the prospective applications of these plastic films, low‐cost storage would seem to be the most promising. This article discusses the properties of these films, as well as the principles of their construction and examples of their use for water storage.
Electrophoretic Studies of Turbidity Removal by Coagulation With Aluminum Sulfate
Authors: Black A. P. , Hannah Sidney A.
Published: February 2018

One important factor affecting coagulation is the negative zeta potential, often referred to as the charge, that is associated with natural clay particles suspended in water. This article discusses a study of the zeta potential of clay particles that were found to be dependent on the pH and on the alum dosage. An amount of alum equivalent to several times the base‐exchange capacity of the clay suspension was required to neutralize the particle charge. Clarification was best in the range pH 7.5 – 8.5 where the particles were negative, rather than at pH values where the particle charge had been neutralized. Fair coagulation was often obtained below pH 4.5 where the particles were nearly neutral. In many instances, residual turbidities changed sharply without any accompanying change in mobility values. The eight coagulant aids used with alum all could be made to improve or inhibit coagulation by selection of dosages of alum and aid. As in the coagulation at different pH values, final particle charges could not be correlated with residual turbidities.
Accounting for Water in Wisconsin
Authors: Kuehlthau William A.
Published: February 2018

Some communities may eliminate a water shortage by more efficient or more complete use of the existing water supply. To do this, the community must know what proportions of the existing supply are going to the various uses. This article discusses metering the water used by the various consumers to obtain this information, and the importance of maintaining the accuracy of the meters. The article discusses the growth of metering in Wisconsin, and the primary importance of metering in providing a basis for definite and fair billing.
Public Relations Campaign in a Referendum
Authors: Louis Leo
Published: February 2018

This article compares the history of the Gary‐Hobart Water Corporation with the history and growth of the city of Gary, Indiana. The article begins by providing a brief overview of Gary‐Hobart Water Corporation, and goes on to discuss steps taken toward municipal acquisition through referendum by the citizens of Gary.
Texas Water Need Forecasts
Authors: Hunter Homer A.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by presenting factors that affect the consumption of water and the forecasts of future water needs. Domestic consumption history is presented, along with operation data, variation between Texas cities, data for forecasts, forecast by neighborhood, and consumption rate variation.
System Telemetering and Automation at Madison
Authors: Miller Nate
Published: February 2018

This article describes the unusual central supervisory control, telemetering, and alarm monitoring of Madison, Wisconsin. During the last 10 years, Madison's population has increased by 40 per cent. At the same time, pumping facilities have increased by 60 per cent but automation has eliminated the need for additional operating personnel during the same 10 year period. The system's supervisory control unit is discussed, along with remote units, cost savings, and operation and maintenance.
Water Supply on the Moon
Authors: Lowe Harry N.
Published: February 2018

The objectives of this article are to outline the problem of sustained manned operations on the moon supported by systems of recycling and reuse of water that greatly reduce or eliminate the need for resupply of water from Earth. The article discusses three other sources for water in the absence of lunar water sources, including: the Earth; man's excretions; and, other wastes.
Water Use in the United States, 1960
Authors: MacKichan Kenneth A.
Published: February 2018

This article presents data on water use in the U.S. from a 1960 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) water use survey. Data is presented in terms of amount used, pattern of use, use and supply, and trends. A table of water use by region is included in the article.
Great Lakes as a Water Source
Authors: Rynders Arthur
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of the importance of the Great Lakes as a water source. Various uses of Great Lakes water are discussed, along with pollution of the Great Lakes and a potential survey by the U.S. Public Health Service of pollution in Lake Michigan and the Illinois River, with possible expansion of the survey to include all of the Great Lakes in a 6‐year program.
Disinfection of a Distribution System After Disaster
Authors: Teller Joe P.
Published: February 2018

This article presents problems arising from flooding in Port Lavaca, Texas, and suggests some measures that utility personnel may take to restore service. In 24 hours, 30 inches of rain fell on saturated ground, washing out water main lines, and plugging up several sewer lines. Severe rain caused the motors on the pumps in the well field to short out, and a fuse was blown on the electric supply line to the well field. Storm water flowed into the system in several places, making disinfection of the entire system necessary. This was accomplished in three separate phases of work: as soon as water receded, the first two phases of line repair and removing water from the well field were begun; and, the third phase of chlorine disinfection followed later. A chlorinator capable of delivering 400 lbs. of chlorine per day was brought in and installed at a point in the system so as to allow a 0.5‐mil gal ground storage tank to serve as a contact chamber. The article provides a listing of preparedness measures that should be taken by a utility, along with necessary pieces of equipment.
Control of Red Water Due to Pipeline Corrosion
Authors: Flentje Martin E.
Published: February 2018

This article provides data on the control of red water and disturbances in distribution systems caused by surges and higher‐than‐normal velocities. From results obtained, it appears that red water from corrosion of unlined or unprotected cast‐iron mains should not result in extensive consumer complaints, if the CaC03 saturation index is maintained within 1.0 unit of saturation (a saturation index up to ‐1.0).
Evaluation of Method for Counting Gross Radioactivity in Water
Authors: Mullins J. W. , Kroner R. C. , Ballinger D. G. , Kramer H. P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study on the determination of radioactivity in water. The first sample examined in the study was prepared to simulate a natural water sample, and was examined for the following: accuracy of radioactivity at normal or background levels; factors in the analytic procedure that affect accuracy; and, whether there is a need for standardization of sample preparation and counting techniques. The second sample in the study evaluated the following factors determined to be significant as a result of the first sample: a prescribed sample‐preparation procedure; the type of counter to be used for beta or gamma counting; preparation of the standard; and, the effect of sample thickness (self‐absorption).
Analysis of Synthetic Organic Pesticides in Water
Authors: Hindin Ervin , Hatten Margie Jo , May Don S. , Skrinde Rolf T. , Dunstan Gilbert H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the need for a method to detect and estimate the amount of synthetic organic pesticides there are in surface water and groundwater. Such a proposed procedure is complicated by the constant introduction of new pesticides, and the increased use of pesticide formulations containing multiple compounds. The two general pesticide classes of toxicological interest are compounds which contain chloride functional groups, and compounds which inhibit the enzymatic ability of acetylcholinesterase. A single screening program is needed to identify each pesticide, estimate its concentration in microquantities, and anticipate new compounds. This article discusses a new combination of paper chromatographies and enzymatic methods, supplemented by gas chromatography, that shows great promise.
Bactericidal Effect of Low Concentrations of Silver
Authors: Chambers Cecil W. , Proctor Charles M. , Kabler Paul W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses experiments that found that the germicidal action of a specified amount of silver was related to the concentration of silver ions rather than to the physical nature of the silver from which the ions were originally derived. Neither the presence or absence of light nor the change in the density of test organisms within the range of 1,680 – 1,800,000 per milliliter produces a discernible effect on the bactericidal action of silver. Phosphate tends to decrease germicidal efficiency, whereas increases of pH accelerate death rates. Of the several neutralizers studied, a mixture of sodium thiosulfate and sodium thioglycollate was found to be most efficient. In the presence of inefficient neutralizers, bacteriostasis may be mistaken for bactericidal action. When silver‐contaminated glass is reused, some of the silver is desorbed and exerts a germicidal action. In these studies, boiling in sodium chloride solution was the most effective method of removing the silver from glassware. Radioactive Ag110m is useful in determining silver concentrations in solution and the residual remaining on surfaces.
Personnel Recruitment and Training in San Antonio, Tex.
Authors: Boothe Mary F.
Published: February 2018

Part of the extensive training and educational activities at the City Public Service Board in San Antonio, Texas, is a program for the recruitment of college graduates. The program, composed of three parts – summer undergraduate work, campus recruitment, and cadet training and orientation – is the subject of this article.
Improvement of Membrane Filter Technique
Authors: Connors Joseph J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the membrane filter technique and the modifications and new equipment presently in use. Topics discussed include filter assembly, containers, clamping arrangements, and incubation.
Laboratory and Field Studies on the Treatment of Iron‐Bearing Waters
Authors: Longley J. M. , Engelbrecht R. S. , Margrave G. E.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this paper was to report on a joint investigation being carried out by the Sanitary Engineering Laboratory of the University of Illinois and the Illinois Department of Public Health. In one phase of the investigation, a pilot plant that was designed for both laboratory and field experiments, was used to study the fundamental factors that govern the removal of iron by oxygenation, sedimentation and flocculation, and filtration. This paper describes the design and construction of the pilot plant and the initial laboratory and field experiments.
Suggested Methods for Determining Selenium in Water
Authors: Rossum John R. , Villarruz Primo A.
Published: February 2018

The diaminobenzidine method by Hoste and Gillis, as improved by Cheng, permits the determination of selenite with a sensitivity previously unattainable. Magin and colleagues have suggested a procedure for selenium in water based on this method, but there is no provision for converting the various oxidation states of selenium to selenite. Two methods using diaminobenzidine are presented in this article. The first method involves less time and is preferred in the absence of large amounts of iodide. The second method utilizes the classical bromine distillation to separate selenium.
Error Inference in Systematic‐Sample Statistics in Stream Quality Studies
Authors: Rainwater Frank H. , Avrett James R.
Published: February 2018

With the equations presented in this paper, the standard errors of the mean and the standard deviation of systematic samples of stream quality over finite periods of time can be inferred easily with accuracy sufficient for most uses and interpretations of sample data. These formulas are based on a modification of the conventional error formulas used with the random series. The number of measurements in the stream sample is adjusted with a probable efficiency coefficient to reflect an effectively equivalent number of measurements from a random series.
Suggested Dithizone Method for Cadmium Determination
Authors: Ganotes James , Larson Ernest , Navone Remo
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study done by the Division of Laboratories of the California Department of Public Health to develop a suggested dithizone method for cadmium determination. A general discussion of principle, interference, and minimum detectable concentration is presented, along with experimental apparatus, reagents, procedure, calculation, and precision and accuracy.
Colorimetric Determination of Arsenic in Water With Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate
Authors: Stratton Garland , Whitehead H. Collins
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a simple, direct colorimetric method for the determination of arsenic that was reported by Vasak and Sedivek in 1952. This method, which is both very accurate and very sensitive, is based on spectrophotometric measurement of the red color developed when arsine gas is passed into a solution of silver diethyldithiocarbamate in pyridine.
Safety at the Management Level
Authors: Laughlin Chandler A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the role of the top level of utility management, its place, its function, and its importance in a safety program. It discusses in detail management's function of providing constant direction, supervision, and control of the safety program. Workmen's compensation insurance rates, and a cost benefits analyses of an effective accident prevention program are discussed.
Chemical Aspects of Coagulation
Authors: Stumm Werner , Morgan James J.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a comprehensive review of the chemistry underlying the hydrolysis of ferric and aluminum salts, the probable composition of the various hydrolysis products, and suggests the possibility that these highly hydrated materials may very likely have a polymeric structure. It is emphasized throughout the paper that the effect of the multivalent ferric and aluminum ions upon coagulation is not brought about by the ions themselves but by their hydrolysis products. A discussion by A.P. Black follows the article.
Water Supply Legislation and Litigation, 1961
Authors: Taylor Edward F.
Published: February 2018

As water shortages increase, many states are reexamining their existing laws. They doubt that common‐law water rights doctrines, prevalent in the East and South, are adaptable to present‐ day conditions. They feel that these traditional doctrines invite litigation. This is certainly true of riparian rights, which cannot be definitely measured or limited under the common law. The article discusses examples of litigation across the country.
The Years Ahead–Resources, Plant, and Planning
Authors: Hazen Richard
Published: February 2018

This article discusses several measures of intense development of water resources that show the most promise for ensuring an ample water supply, including: building impounding reservoirs in humid areas of the country where flood flows are wasted; increased use of groundwater; water reuse; treatment of brackish waters or highly mineralized groundwater; developments in large‐diameter transmission mains; changes in water treatment techniques; and, developments in automation in the regulation of distribution systems and booster pumps, and in the adjustment of treatment to parallel automatically‐monitored raw water quality.
A Tribute to John M. Diven
Authors: Murdoch John H.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a tribute to John M. Diven, a former vice‐president, president, secretary, and treasurer of the American Water Works Association (AWWA). This article discusses his life and career with AWWA, along with his major accomplishments in the water field.
Detection and Quantitative Estimation of Synthetic Organic Pesticides by Chromatography
Authors: Skrinde Rolf T. , Caskey John W. , Gillespie Charles K.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by presenting a brief overview of the development and use of synthetic organic pesticides. Paper and gas chromatographic detection methods are discussed for analyses of pesticide residues in water, with the use of gas chromatography showing more promise. Results of gas chromatographic analysis, using argon and electron capture ionization detectors, of gamma BHC show that sensitivity of detection is increased with decrease in voltage in the detector cell.
Electrodialytic Demineralization at Gettysburg Air Force Station
Authors: Preul Herbert C.
Published: February 2018

For approximately four years after completion of Gettysburg Air Force Station in 1955, personnel assigned there shunned consumption of the water supply because of its unusually high salt content. In 1959, an electrodialysis water demineralization plant was put into operation which caused these residents to switch from bottled beverages to water. This was the first plant of its type to be constructed in the midwest. Design and construction was under the direction of the US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District Office, Omaha, Nebraska. This article presents general design considerations and operational data from over three years of operation.
Development and Effect of the Delaware River Basin Compact
Authors: Terenzio Vincent G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Delaware River Basin Contract, signed into effect on November 2, 1961 by President John F. Kennedy. It represents an interjurisdictional cooperation that recognizes the basin's water resources as regional assets vested with local, state, and national interest in which they have a joint responsibility. The two‐fold agreement benefit accruing to New York is impressive in that the commission will not trespass upon the water developments created thus far by New Yorkers in the basin, and the signatories will not further challenge the diversions permitted to New York under the Supreme Court decrees. These advantages are assured for 100 years, no small benefit even if the compact fails to be renewed thereafter.
Comparison of Flow Formulas and Friction Factors for Concrete Pressure Pipe
Authors: Swanson Harold V. , Reed Mason D.
Published: February 2018

Flow test data on concrete pressure pipe are gathered, tabulated, and analyzed in this article. The purpose of the analysis was to determine what flow formula is most applicable to concrete pressure pipe operating within the diameter and velocity ranges found in water supply practice, and determines flow coefficients for pipeline design. For the range of velocities encountered in water transmission, the empirical Hazen‐Williams formula most closely matches the test results, and certainly gives results of acceptable accuracy. Substantial rational justification of this formula is also provided by the Morris isolated‐roughness theory of flow.
Noncontributory Retirement Plan for Employees of Publicly and Privately Owned Utilities
Authors: Erickson Claud R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a model retirement plan developed for the use of utilities in Michigan and indicates the various items which should be included in a self‐administered plan, and the changes which must be made in local charters and ordinances so that the plan conforms with the city charter and state statutes. The plan itself is included in Appendix A to this article, and supporting data appears in Appendix B. This article states the characteristics of retirement plans and planning in general, and enlarges upon specific provisions of the Michigan plan that require comment.
Management Responsibilities in Meeting Consumer Demands
Authors: Fassnacht George G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a paper published in the June 1962 issue of the Journal titled, “Legal and Moral Responsibilities of Water Utility Management” that draws a fine line between the legal responsibilities of the water works and the moral responsibilities of management. The article states that, in these respects, there is no difference in the responsibilities of municipally owned water works and stockholder‐owned water companies.
Air Injection for Control of Reservoir Limnology
Authors: Ford Maurice E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the use of compressed air to force circulation and counteract stratification in Lake Wohlford Reservoir owned by the Escondido Mutual Water Company in San Diego County, California, in April 1961. Eighty hours of air injection at approximately 210 cfrn reduced the top‐to‐bottom temperature differential from 16.5°F to 2°F. Reservoir stratification was thus eliminated, allowing reaeration of the entire body of water.
Emergency Alum Treatment of Open Reservoirs
Authors: Ree William R.
Published: February 2018

The clarification of water by aluminum sulfate is a widely used and standard treatment operation, elementary to most water treatment engineers. However, this article discusses a unique aspect of the use of alum, not in conventional treatment plant operations, but in waters that are either in, or entering into, distribution reservoirs. The Department of Water and Power in Los Angeles, California, used powdered alum for this unique clarification operation in reservoirs on three recent occasions, and has used it to reduce turbidity of storm runoff water on many other occasions in the past. Several methods of treatment have been used, and this paper briefly reviews some of the department's experiences and the operational problems that were encountered.
Measurement and Control of Particulate Matter in Filter Effluents
Authors: Harwood Raymond M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the application of molecular membrane filters for the physical examination of water. The simple patch test procedure for detection and analysis of membrane filter contamination is discussed, along with the effectiveness of the addition of polymers.
Electrophoretic Studies of Filtration
Authors: Jorden Roger M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the hypothesis that adsorption is the principal cause of removal of suspended matter during filtration through gravel, and was established by demonstrating that a relationship exists between the electrokinetic potential of the suspended material and the effectiveness with which it is removed during filtration; and, no fractionation of particles according to size occurs in the process of filtration. This experiment indicated that the principal cause for the removal of suspended material during filtration of turbid water through “aged” pea‐size gravel at a rate of 0.1 gpm/sq ft is adsorption, or some allied process, rather than straining, sedimentation, or both.
Considerations in the Isolation and Measurement of Organic Refractories in Water
Authors: Myrick H. Nugent , Ryckman DeVere W.
Published: February 2018

In this article, the important considerations in the concentration of organic refractories from a highly turbid natural surface water and a sampling technique in conformance with these considerations are presented. Activated carbon adsorption beds in series were used to concentrate the refractories under both basic and acidic pH conditions. Because of the need for passing clarified river water through the adsorption beds, several solids separation techniques were evaluated as pretreatment processes. Sedimentation followed by diatomite filtration produced a clarified water low in turbidity and suspended solids. The significant increases over previous methods for concentrating refractories from the river water were probably associated with the use of a clarified river water. Furthermore, larger quantities of organic refractories were obtained from the clarified water concentrated under an acidic rather than a basic adsorption condition. The refractories associated with the particulate matter were also eluted and characterized. Each extract of organic refractories had a distinct COD value, threshold odor level, and functional‐group separation. Data on the characterization of these extracts are presented in this article.
Fifty Years of Progress in Water Purification, 1913–63
Authors: Fair Gordon M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses water purification over the last fifty years, 1913‐1963. The article presents notable events, the decline of waterborne disease, pioneering control studies, progress in chlorination, conventional treatment, coagulation, filtration, ion exchange and corrosion control, desalinization, prophylaxis, source and resource, and operations research.
Threshold Odors of Organic Chemicals
Authors: Baker Robert A.
Published: February 2018

A multiphased study of the problem of taste and odor in water is being sponsored by the Manufacturing Chemists' Association. The first phase of the study involved a critical review of the literature to discover gaps in the technology. Subsequently, recommendations were made for experimental research to fill these gaps. Phase two, a laboratory study, was devoted to an evaluation of the various methods of testing for odor in water and the factors affecting results. The effects on the results reported by a given odor panel member of other persons present and of the chemicals used, of temperature, and background odor have been reported. The application of the reported results to laboratory practice in order to determine the threshold odor levels of 32 various organic chemicals is reported in this article.
Water and Sewerage Technical School
Authors: Caughran Lloyd
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Water and Sewerage Technical School at Neosho, Missouri, which is the only full‐time school where personnel of the water and sewerage industry receive comprehensive training. It is highly significant that this school was established at a time when AWWA was working toward an advancement program for the water utility industry and was creating its Committee on Education. The history of the school founding is discussed, along with equipment, staff, courses, enrollments, curriculum problems, expansion, expanded curriculum, museum, financial support, and tuition and expenses.
Purpose and Operation of USGS Water Quality Networks
Authors: Swenson Herbert A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses ten U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) networks as examples of the three principal categories of USGS operations. Observations in one network may have applications in other networks. Thus, the USGS program provides quantitative assessment of the quality of water as it falls from the sky, reacts with rocks, soil, vegetation, and the products of man, and finally merges with the ocean. Nevertheless, the program samples only a small part of the earth's hydrosphere. Basic water facts thus obtained must not only meet local needs but must also be applied to unsampled areas through correlation techniques and other statistical treatment. The usefulness of basic data has been stressed. These records appear in numerous USGS publications and in those of other federal bureaus, state agencies, and university experiment stations.
Filter Collapse Due to Improper Wash Water Distribution
Authors: Becker Robert J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the experience of the Indianapolis Water Company, Indianapolis, IN, with a hydraulic differential in the underdrain that resulted in uneven wash water distribution and filter collapse. The article includes a discussion of the situation by Richard Hazen of Hazen and Sawyer, New York, NY.
Water Utility Planning for Nuclear Attack
Authors: Erickson Claud R.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this article was to stimulate the interest and enlist the support of key personnel representing public utilities in order to plan for civil defense. The article presents an outline for a manual on “Radioactivity and Civil Defense for Water Utilities” prepared by AWWA's Committee on Radioactivity and Civil Defense, acting in an advisory capacity to the Secretary of Defense. This outline was accepted by the Office of Civil Defense (OCD), which authorized the manual to be written under an OCD contract. The manual covers the following topics in detail: nuclear weapons effects; vulnerability assessment; protective measures; postattack assessment of plant operation; recovery of plant operation; emergency sources and supply procedures; and, disaster planning. In addition, an appendix covering the fundamental concepts of radioactivity is included.
Projections of Accounting Data as a Tool of Management
Authors: Rynders Arthur
Published: February 2018

By the extension of accounting to prepare projections based on trends and by the timely comparison of actual experience with the projections, management is not only able to determine the present status of the utility in relation to past performance, but also, because such information is available, to decide on future actions. With these projections, management has another tool for guiding the business of the utility.
AWWA Safety Program
Authors: Preston David B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the AWWA safety program, which is centered in the Safety Practices Committee that works closely with an active safety committee in each section. The basic elements of the program are: gathering data on disabling injuries to chart the industry's progress in safety; giving awards in recognition of utilities that have established outstanding records or made notable progress in the reduction of disabling injuries; and, distributing safety information to stimulate and help utilities establish safe operations. The article includes the Water Utility Safety Report Form that collects information on injury statistics that indicate the safety position of the water industry. Statistics are provided on Utility Safety Reports for the years 1960 – 1962, along with statistics for Section Safety Awards, 1957 – 1962. The article mentions the 1955 AWWA Manual, Safety Practice for Water Utilities, which provides safety information focused on the needs of the industry, including recommendations for safe working practices in all phases of operation and maintenance.
Procedures for Setting Up a Safety Program
Authors: Johnson Byron N.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by emphasizing the importance of management support for a successful utility safety program. Manuals on safety programs for water utilities are recommended, along with five basic common‐sense steps for preventing accidents. Based on the size of the utility, the foreman has the responsibility of preventing accidents in the larger utilities, whereas in a small utility the manager is the safety director. The National Safety Council's Supervisors' Safety Manual is called out as a good resource for safety managers, along with the Manual's Instructor Guide, “Five Minute Safety Talks For Foremen,” general once‐a‐month safety meetings, a National Safety Council‐sponsored safety contest, record‐keeping for accident inspection, equipment and process safety, and safety training.
Microbiologic Degradation of Rubber
Authors: Leeflang Karel W. H.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of the degradation of vulcanized natural rubber by microorganisms of the Streptomyces genus. A study of the degradation of rubber rings in the joints of water distribution pipe is discussed. Samples were obtained of deteriorated rings from water utilities in the Netherlands. The bacteriologic examination of the rings is described, and experimental results demonstrated that, without exception, the same species of Streptomyces was isolated. Two types of this species of Streptomyces were often found together: Type 1 first forms white and then pink colonies on glucose‐peptone agar; and, Type 2 forms smaller, round, and orange‐colored colonies. Whether these two types are two different species or just variations of the same species remains to be investigated. The article goes on to discuss pure‐culture tests, the effect of compression, the role of Streptomyces, tests of resistance to attack, and the significance of protein content.
Mechanism of Hydrogen Ion Buffering in Natural Waters
Authors: Weber Walter J. , Stumm Werner
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive, integrated concept of the nature and interplay of capacity factors of the principal buffer systems indigenous to freshwaters. Fundamental acid‐base equilibria pertinent to natural waters were examined in detail, with particular emphasis on a rigorous quantitative interpretation of the CO2‐ HC03‐‐C03‐ system. A graphic method is presented of chemical equilibria. Conceptual and operational definitions of alkalinity and acidity, and some of the analytic implications of quantitative determinations of these parameters, are discussed. Finally, consideration was given to some of the practical processes that influence the pH and the pH buffer capacity of waters.
Ductile‐Iron Pipe Design
Authors: Sears Edward C.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a method of design for ductile‐iron pipe as recommended by the American Cast Iron Pipe Company. Other manufacturers have also devised design methods ductile‐iron pipe. As can be noted from the article and from a comparison with AWWA Manual H1 (ASA A21.1), Computation of Strength and Thickness of Cast Iron Pipe, the design of ductile‐iron pipe differs from that of (grey) cast‐iron pipe, as the latter is a semirigid pipe and the former has considerable ductility and flexibility. The development of the method is divided among the following three sections: metal properties, a discussion of the physical properties and tests used in specification and qualification of ductile‐iron pipe; design principles and procedure, a presentation of the engineering principles and formulas used in the design method and the details of the design steps; and, design verification, a presentation of data from structural‐strength tests and trench tests of ductile‐iron pipe that verify design principles, procedure, and design values.
Federal Role in Water Quality Control in the United States
Authors: Atkins Callis H.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of the history of federal water quality control in the United States. Today, domestic water quality standards are based on the 1962 revision of the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Drinking Water Standards. The article discusses significant changes in the standards, along with a completely new section on radioactivity. Quality standards are discussed for the following areas: industrial water; agriculture and wildlife; and, recreation. The amended Water Pollution Control Act of 1961 is discussed, along with a program by the Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control of USPHS to contain or alleviate the pollution problem, and the USPHS Water Quality Network of sampling stations for maintaining a constant check on water pollution in major U.S. waterways.
Granular‐Activated‐Carbon Beds for Odor Removal
Authors: Woodward Richard L. , Dostal Kenneth A. , Robeck Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

In the United States, granular activated carbon beds have been used in water treatment for removal of odor‐producing substances far less than powdered activated carbon. One reason for this limited use has been the much lower price of powdered carbon. In some situations, however, the use of granular activated carbon beds has both theoretical and practical advantages over the use of powdered carbon in slurry. The article discusses various treatment methods in the U.S. and in Europe. The remarkable improvement in carbon economy by pretreatment with ozone at Dusseldorf prompted the undertaking of some experiments on treated Ohio River water to see whether comparable results could be realized. In addition, several methods of monitoring the performance of carbon columns were used to see whether any performance data correlated well with odor removal.
Consistency of Results With Threshold Odor Tests
Authors: Sigworth E. A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study done on threshold odor values, using a “standard individual” who had an average or slightly above‐average sense of smell.
Water Use and Related Costs With Cooling Towers
Authors: Berg Brian , Lane Russell W. , Larson Thurston E.
Published: February 2018

This study is primarily an economic evaluation of cooling towers for water reuse compared with once‐through use. The study presents a method for estimating and comparing approximate costs for specific cooling‐tower applications with the costs of non‐conservative practices. The report is primarily concerned with northeastern Illinois, which has experienced what is probably one of the greatest groundwater recessions in the world. In this study, a particularly interesting discovery was the chemicals savings that can be realized by permitting mineral concentrations in the cycled water in cooling towers to increase 5‐10 times rather than 1.5‐2.0 times, as is common practice. The specific cooling costs considered in this report are: the initial cost of equipment and installation, exclusive of alterations to the existing system; annual fixed costs, including amortization, depreciation, interest, taxes, insurance, and rent; and, annual operating costs, including water, treatment, power, and maintenance. Suggestions for relating these costs to the costs of once‐through, self‐produced, and purchased water are included.
Recent Developments in the Fairfax County Water Authority
Authors: Corbalis James J.
Published: February 2018

The Fairfax County Water Authority, Fairfax County, Virginia, was created in 1957 for the development of a comprehensive county‐wide water supply system. Data is presented on population growth and the acquisition of systems in 1957, along with statutory authority, financing arrangements, acquisition experiences, condemnation proceedings, purchasing policy, adjustment of rates, and water supply sources.
Management of a Small Water Utility
Authors: Porter Charles L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the management of a small water utility serving the town of Tallulah, Louisiana. It is one of several small water utilities owned by a firm located in Baltimore, Maryland. Most of its managing is done at the local level, and all operations are performed at the individual plant level. The Baltimore office exercises control and broad financial decisions, such as new construction projects, budgeting, and accounting. Regulatory agencies that affect the utility are discussed, along with utility organization, the manager's role, and the superintendent's role.
Developments in Demand Metering
Authors: Hartz Marvin E.
Published: February 2018

Two types of water use recording equipment, having the capability of unattended operation and compatibility with automatic data‐processing equipment, are discussed in this article. The first system is designed for the monitoring of the more complex multiple supply point system of the larger customer. The second system is designed for the monitoring of a single, or, possibly, dual supply point system. The second system does not require an external power source, thus allowing for more mobility.
Problems in Determination of Chlorine Dioxide Residuals
Authors: Feuss James V.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by reviewing the chemical properties of Cl02, and goes on to discuss a study to determine whether a titration test could be devised with an amperometric endpoint more specific for Cl02 than the Standard Methods test. The article discusses the manganous sulfate‐malonic acid titration procedure.
Patterns of Growth in the United States Economy
Authors: Johnson Arno H.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing five major elements of growth that may have important implications for long‐range planning in the water industry. These are: employment, income, population, education, and health. The article also discusses six major trends that reflect the changing social characteristics of the United States and Canadian population, including: an increasingly family‐oriented way of life; a change in the age distribution of the population; an increase in the number of married women workers; a greater concentration on professional and technical skills; more pressure to increase consumption; and, an increase in urban population. These changes in the social characteristics of the population in the United States and Canada in the next decade will expand the demand and needs for water facilities and services far beyond just the population growth alone.
Proposed Method for Nitrate in Potable Waters
Authors: Navone Remo
Published: February 2018

This article presents a new method for measuring the nitrate ion content of potable water. The method is based on the absorption of nitrate ion at 210 mμ, measured against a duplicate sample (blank) in which the nitrate ion has been reduced to ammonia by a zinc‐copper couple. The use of a blank thus prepared permits the canceling out of all interfering substances except nitrite. As nitrite ion content of potable waters has been shown to be extremely low, interference from nitrite ion is not a factor. Waters having a nitrate ion content in excess of 8.8 mg/l must be diluted in order to use the proposed method. This dilution aids in reducing any nitrite ion interference which may be present.