bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Un sens de la satiété, condition sine qua non pour les agents politiques en démocratie. Lire Piketty avec Arendt
Authors: Dewandre Nicole
Published: December 2017

Je propose une réflexion suscitée par la lecture du « Capital au XXI e siècle » de Thomas Piketty, à la lumière des concepts proposés par Hannah Arendt. Thomas Piketty révèle l’illusion générationnelle qui consiste, pour les baby boomers, à argumenter que nous sommes en crise depuis le milieu des années 70, alors que c’est la crise provoquée par les deux guerres mondiales du XXème siècle qui s’est achevée à ce moment-là. Il met aussi en évidence une généralisation de l’aisance depuis deux siècles, en même temps qu’une explosion des inégalités depuis les années 1990. Inspirée par Hannah Arendt, il me semble que Thomas Piketty tombe dans trois pièges de la modernité : (i) celui du mirage méritocratique en acceptant les inégalités pour autant qu’elles soient justifiées, (ii) celui de valoriser les sommets, tout en prônant l’égalité, (iii) celui d’abonder dans le fait de considérer que l’identité et le prestige vont de pair. Avec sa caractérisation de la condition humaine, Hannah Arendt fournit un système conceptuel qui permet de changer nos représentations, et par là, de créer des espaces pour d’autres types de motivations pour l’action politique : l’éradication de la pauvreté, plutôt que la recherche de la croissance, l’appréciation de la pluralité, plutôt que la course et les sommets, la révélation de l’identité par une action juste et réfléchie plutôt qu’à travers des attributs. A cette fin, les agents politiques doivent se percevoir comme des êtres pluraux, pour qui la liberté signifie le privilège d’agir parmi ses pairs, et non la recherche effrénée d’une accumulation sans fin.
« L’autheur de ce magnifique ouvrage » : Charles Le Brun et la réception de l’escalier des Ambassadeurs
Authors: Lett Matthieu
Published: December 2017

Cet article traite de l’implication de Charles Le Brun sur le chantier de l’escalier des Ambassadeurs. L’analyse des comptes des Bâtiments du roi permet de mettre en évidence l’arrivée tardive du premier peintre de Louis XIV sur ce chantier, alors qu’il n’existait pas d’escalier peint dans les résidences princières européennes. Bien que l’architecture fût inventée vraisemblablement sans son intervention, de nombreuses sources imprimées, en particulier une série d’articles parus dans le Mercure galant dans les années 1680, considèrent Le Brun comme l’auteur de l’ensemble de l’ouvrage, y compris de l’architecture. S’il est probable que l’on ait fait appel à lui en raison de l’étroitesse du lieu et du choix de représenter l’histoire du roi, Le Brun a saisi l’opportunité de prouver ses capacités à unir les arts de l’architecture, de la sculpture et de la peinture. L’accès restreint du lieu, qui ne permettait de voir son œuvre que dans les conditions exceptionnelles des fêtes, a sans doute contribué à renforcer le désir de l’artiste de contrôler la réception de son œuvre.
Le Seigneur de la charité : une image de Charles Le Brun pour les Filles de la Charité
Authors: Woolley Alexandra
Published: December 2017

Dans les années 1630, Vincent de Paul promit à Louise de Marillac qu’il enverrait « quérir le peintre » pour réaliser une image religieuse pour les Filles de la Charité. L’estampe appelée Le Seigneur de la charité fut dessinée par Charles Le Brun, gravée par Pierre Daret et imprimée en 1640 chez Antoine Hérault, proche de Dames de la compagnie vincentienne. Elle présente le Christ en pied sur un nuage où il est inscrit « La charité de Jésus-Christ nous presse. Cor. 2, 5 ». Il protège l’action des Filles de la Charité, placées au second plan, qui soignent des nécessiteux dans un hôpital. Largement distribuée au sein de la compagnie et copiée par ses membres à maintes reprises, cette gravure devait éduquer spirituellement les « Filles des campagnes » qui s’étaient engagées auprès de saint Vincent en tant que « servantes des pauvres ».
Refugium WA: crafting connection through plant-relating arts-science experiences of urban ecology
Authors: Beer Tanja , Santin Cristina Hernandez
Published: December 2017

Various platforms have demonstrated the value of hands-on activities – such as community gardening and crafting – in making meaningful connections and collective identities for a sustainable and resilient future. In his seminal book, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (1990), psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi describes how these activities can be an opportunity to engage with ‘flow’ – a highly focused mental state that increases awareness, connectivity and well-being. In Through Vegetal Being (2016), philosophers Luce Irigaray and Michael Marder also argue that it is through ‘vegetal’ (or plant relating) activities in particular (e.g. touching and smelling plants), that our relations with the more-than-human world can be reignited. Drawing upon these publications and others, this paper explores how combining these two modes of thought – to enable ‘flow’ through shared ‘vegetal’ or plant-based activities – may assist communities in gaining a greater awareness of and connection to sustainability. The potential of plant-based creative activities are examined through a recent, practice-led, arts-science research project (Refugium WA, Australia 2017), which used scientific knowledge and ‘vegetal’ or ‘botanical’ crafting as a way of engaging people in biodiversity issues. The project employed the community in creating mini native plant- sculptures which were temporally installed at the State Library of Western Australia. Indication of flow, increased nature-connection and biodiversity understanding were explored through gathering observations of the participants, pre- and post-activity surveys and discussions. The research sought to examine the capacity for vegetal- crafting activities to lead to new modes of arts-science communication that connect people to the importance of biodiversity in urban spaces.
La UCA en su cuadragésimo aniversario
Authors: Editor El
Published: December 2017

No abstract available.
Impactos de la entrada de China a la OMC en la maquila de confección salvadoreña
Authors: Hernández Claudia Carolina , Laguardia Jessica , Molina Karen , Pereira Ligia
Published: December 2017

The authors assess the initial impacts that the admission of China to the WTO caused to textile maquila in El Salvador. Aspects of the regulations for textile and confection industries and its development in El Salvador, China and the United States are analyzed in this work. Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 106, 2005: 633-671
Medio ambiente, sustentabilidad y participación ciudadana: una mirada desde la sociología contemporánea
Authors: Alfaro Salvador Orlando
Published: December 2017

On its critical version, sustainable development is a concept that includes a new relation between nature and society. This concept considers that environmental problems belong to a larger system that includes the interactions between natural environment, constructed environment and social environment, in which the human being can not be dissociated from his environment. Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 106, 2005: 673-688
La dignificación de la política según Monseñor Romero
Authors: Ayala Ramírez Carlos
Published: December 2017

There are many lessons in Monsignor Óscar Romero's thought to dignify politics. Politics, which are intended to act in the public sphere, must be understood, as Monsignor Romero did in his practice, as a communication of truth, a struggle for the common good and a defence of human dignity. Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 107, 2006: 65-75
¿Con Nietzsche contra Nietzsche? Una discusión con Franz Hinkelammert
Authors: Romero Cuevas José Manuel
Published: December 2017

German philosopher Franz Hinkelammert criticizes the Nietzschean thought, considering that it supports oppressive political system, as Nazism. However, the author states that Hinkelammert criticizes Nietzsche with the same theoretical instruments of the author of Human, all too human. This would be like "thinking with Nietzsche against Nietzsche".Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 107, 2006: 77-100
El protagonismo político y teológico de la mujer
Authors: Miller Katherine
Published: December 2017

No abstract available.
La posibilidad de una ética en realidades alternas. Un ejercicio académico
Authors: Vázquez Parra José Carlos , Peña Camacho Emerson Michael
Published: December 2017

No cabe duda que el trabajo de formar nuevos profesionistas es una labor cada vez más compleja, sobre todo, cuando lo que se busca enseñar es sobre la ética del comportamiento y las decisiones que se puedan tomar en un futuro. El presente artículo muestra los resultados de un ejercicio académico realizado con alumnos de pregrado de una universidad privada mexicana, que, aunque era una actividad con el objetivo de desarrollar el juicio moral de sus participantes, terminó dando pauta a una reflexión nutrida e interesante sobre la posibilidad de la ética en realidades alternas. Aunque puede llegar a cuestionarse el cumplimiento de su hipótesis central, las conclusiones alcanzadas por los estudiantes son dignas de ser compartidas en este artículo.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 17, No 46, Julio-Diciembre 2017; 22-33
100 circuitos escolares vivificantes de la reforma educativa de 1968
Authors: Rubio Sorto de Peña Carmen Etelvina
Published: December 2017

Ensayo sobre la Reforma Educativa de 1968, la creación de 100 Circuitos Escolares y la función administrativa y pedagógica de 100 Supervisores docentes preparados por el sistema en la Ciudad Normal “Alberto Masferrer” de la República de El Salvador, para el cumplimiento de la misión y visión de la Reforma Educativa de 1968, durante la gestión ministerial del licenciado Walter Béneke Medina y el Viceministro de la misma cartera de Estado, licenciado Roberto Murray Meza, y el licenciado Carlos De Sola, encargado de la Dirección Nacional de Cultura y Juventud. 

Realidad y Reflexión Año 17, No 46, Julio-Diciembre 2017; 76-82
Language and Power Nexus: A Critical Study of Pakistani Political Discourse
Authors: Qadeer Ayyaz , Shehzad Wasima
Published: December 2017

The present study presents a critical view of the speech delivered on May 09, 2011 by the prime-minister of Pakistan, Yousuf Raza Gillani. Following the language of the political discourse, this speech is delivered in the parliament house in front of the speaker, but is meant for the masses. The position of the speaker remains uniform as the questions are asked in the end alone. However, the speech is meant for both the addressee present at the time of the speech, and the assumed masses. It was found out the pronouns we, our, were constantly used to shift the responsibility on Al-Qaida whereas “I” was used for authority in order to digress the discussion from the topic. The pronouns and the vocabulary together establish the in-group or out-group category. The solidarity is shown towards the masses to get their support and defense is shown towards the allies who are accusing the government of fraud and nefarious ploy. Mystification is performed at a number of places to hide truth and claim the truth alternatively.
Pragmatics of Sports News Reports
Authors: Al-Hindawi Fareed H. , Mirza Ramia
Published: December 2017

The paper aims to build the structure of sports news reports by bridging them to pragmatics hence coming up with their pragmatic structure. Accordingly, two pragmatic concepts (viz. cooperative principle and speech acts) are believed to be helpful in performing this task. Moreover, the notion of dialectical relevance, developed by Walton (1995), is utilized. This is done by pragmatically analyzing eight news reports of different sports (football, tennis, formula1, and golf, respectively) taken from the BBC sports official website. The analysis is carried out by means of an eclectic model developed by the study itself to serve this aim. This type of analysis is supported by a statistical analysis to quantitatively validate its findings. The two types of analysis basically show that there are no major differences between the games analyzed as to employing the various strategies compiling the aforementioned analytic tool.
Representation(s) of Developed and Developing Countries in Newspapers’ Coverage of Climate Conferences: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Nhung Luu Thi Kim
Published: December 2017

This study critically analysed how developed and developing countries were represented in The Independent and The New York Times’ coverage of the Conferences of the Parties to the UNFCCC between 2004 and 2013. The method of analysis was a qualitative critical discourse analysis in accordance with Fairclough’s (1989) framework with the support of corpus techniques.The research findings showed that there were distinct responsibilities for climate change ascribed to the developed and the developing countries. While the developed countries were represented as being reluctant and indifferent towards their responsibility, the developing countries tended to depend on the developed countries’ support in solving their climate-related problems. During the study period, therefore, no consensus could be reached on a common framework for climate change. The linguistic features of lexical choice, passivisation, nominalisation, modality and metaphor were found ideologically employed in the newspapers’ representations of the countries. Additionally, the ideologies and their linguistic manifestations were influenced by the media’s discursive practices and the wider social context.
A Perceptual Study of Phonological Variations in Pakistani English
Authors: Abbasi Abdul Malik , Channa Mansoor Ahmed , Kakepoto Innayatullah , Ali Rida , Mehmood Misbeh
Published: December 2017

The present study examines the perceptual judgments of English lexical items and English lexical stress by Urdu ESL (Note 1) (English as Second Language) learners. The analysis discusses the different sound systems of both languages and their syllabification system coupled with the stress patterns. The stimuli of 50 high frequency English words were designed as data collection tool for counting the number of syllables and for marking lexical stress as follows: 9 monosyllabic, 11 disyllabic, 10 tri-syllabic, 10 four-syllabic and 10 five-syllabic words. All participating subjects were 40 under graduate students from the department of computer sciences, Sindh Madressatul Islam University (SMIU) Karachi. The findings of the study show English lexical items were syllabified with different numbers and primary stressed syllables were also marked with different places of the lexical items, however, data also show the correct syllabification and the right placement of lexical stress which is a strong evidence manifesting as Urdu-accented English perceived and produced by Urdu ESL learners.
Nederlands schaduwkant
Authors: Tops Pieter , Tromp Jan
Published: December 2017

R&D

Reflection and debate initiates academically inspired discussions on issues that are on the current policy agenda.
Jeugdigen en jongvolwassenen met licht verstandelijke beperkingen en criminaliteit
Authors: Moonen X. , Kaal H.
Published: December 2017

Children and young adults with mild intellectual disability and borderline intelligence and criminality

In criminological literature there is an ongoing discussion about the relation between intellectual disability and criminality. Because of differences of definitions and measurement methods prevalence figures may vary. Recent assessment of prevalence in the Netherlands using a valid Dutch screener (the SCIL) reveals a relatively high percentage of people with mild intellectual disability and borderline intelligence in the Dutch criminological system. People with mild intellectual disability and borderline intelligence cannot be considered as belonging to one group. Five typologies with even more subtypes based on mixed characteristics can be distinguished. A need for early detection and personalized interventions is stressed as is treatment based on the specific characteristics of these subtypes.
Vegetation richness, height, coverage and spatial distribution mediate grasshopper abundance in the upper reaches of Heihe River, China
Authors: Li Lili , Zhao Chengzhang , Zhang Tingjun , wang dawei , li yuxing , Zhang Feng
Published: December 2017

Species interactions are often context-dependent and complex, such as the grasshopper community and phytoecommunity. The adoption of grasshopper abundance and vegetation community was determined by topographical heterogeneity. However, it remains vague about how vegetation community, such as coverage abundance and height, influence the spatial distribution pattern of grasshopper abundance at the altitude gradient. Using Geostatistical methods in natural grassland of the upper reaches of Heihe River to quantitatively study the relationship of spatial correlation. A 3 years investigation was shown that 3149 grasshoppers were collected, belonging to 3 families, 10 genera, and 13 species. The semivariable function of grasshopper abundance and vegetation community followed a nonlinear model. Meanwhile, horizontal distribution of two communities was a clear flaky and plaque distribution pattern, especially at the altitude gradient. The abundance of grasshoppers is opposite to the height and coverage of vegetation and the overall followability of coverage, while the local following is consistent. Such as grasshopper abundance, the above 2750m sample with the opposite trend, the following areas are consistent. Finally, grasshoppers have the different choice on different vegetation characteristics in different directions, formed of specific trend characteristics; and the spatial distribution trend is different even with the same community indicators, formed of embedded striped patches structure.
Post-qualitative mo(ve)ments: Concluding remarks on methodological response-abilities and being wounded by thought
Authors: Higgins Marc
Published: December 2017

Post-qualitative research methodologies require us to work within, against, and beyond our methodological inheritance to respond to the world’s ongoing becoming. It is our responsibility; yet do we have the ability to respond to that which is beyond and yet-to-come? This article begins by asking this question of the process it engages in: concluding. Following an exploration entangled practices of textual closure, (fore)closure, and the clôture of metaphysics, the article expands outward through the relation between closure and responsibility. Specifically, the lived concept of response-ability as an engaged practice of (re)opening the lines of closure (beyond knowledge already known) to respond to and enact responsibility for that which is not-yet and/or to-come. Drawing from Kuokkanen, Spivak, and Barad, response-ability is explored respectively as necessary homework, as (not) hearing the call of the other, and as account-ability toward co-constitutive relationality. The article concludes with further lines of questioning as to what it might mean to responsibly inherit (post-)qualitative methodological pasts and futurities.
Importance of Logistics Processes for Customer Service and Firm Performance: Evidence from Furniture Industry of Pakistan
Authors: Qadir Imran , Ali Amjad
Published: December 2017

Research Question: This study examines the relationship between logistics processes, customer service and firm performance in the furniture industry of Pakistan. Motivation: Furniture industry in Pakistan comprises small and medium enterprises wherein production is mainly labor intensive. Therefore, the current study also investigates the mediating role of manufacturing flexibility for the relationship of logistics processes and customer service. The paper applies the logistics models developed by Bowesox (1974), Green et al.(2008), and Tracey (1998) to furniture industry. Idea: The core idea of the paper is to measure the effects of logistics process on customer service and the performance of furniture manufacturing firms. The study takes the logistics process as an independent variable, the customer service as the first dependent variable and manufacturing performance as a moderating variable. Data: Primary data on logistics, customer service, manufacturing flexibility and firm performance were conveniently collected through a questionnaire from owners/managers of 61 furniture manufacturing firms. Tool: Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses were run to draw the results. Findings: Logistics processes positively affect customer service and firm performance. Customer service also exerts a positive effect on firm performance while the moderating role of manufacturing flexibility was not supported for the relationship of logistics processes and customer service. Contribution: Through efficiency in logistics processes, furniture manufacturing firms can serve customers in a superior way to ultimately achieve improved firm performance. The framework being restricted to efficiency of logistics processes only constitutes an important limitation of the study.
Diurnal frequency internal waves in the southern part of the California Current ecosystem as a nutrient source
Authors: Ladah Lydia Betty , Leichter James J , Filonov Anatoliy , Tereshchenko Iryna
Published: December 2017

Although the semidiurnal internal tide dominates internal motions at all sites studied to date off Mexico, a diurnal signal was detected on the shelf of the California Current System off Baja California Sur, even though the barotropic tide is exponentially stronger in the semidiurnal frequency along this coastline. In this study, diurnal thermocline shoaling events were measured in kelp beds in late summer and fall of 2004, very near their southern limit in the Northern Hemisphere. Sub-thermocline water bathed the base of the kelp beds at a diurnal frequency. Nitrate concentrations up to 1.4 µmol·L–1 were found in this sub-thermocline water of almost 20 ºC entering the kelp beds, which is a much greater concentration of nitrate at this temperature than is typical for the California Current. Nitrate-rich pulses lasted from 35 min to 19 h and reduced bottom temperatures up to 5 ºC in 1 h. The periodicity of temperature variability at the moorings showed significant coherence with the diurnal variability in zonal winds (>95% confidence interval) and was not coherent with the semidiurnal tide. We propose that windforced, diurnal internal motions may provide an important nutrient source for primary producers during reduced upwelling periods and merit further study as a fertilization source in the southern part of the California Current System.
Spontaneous Emission of Alfvénic Branch Oscillations From a Strong Inhomogeneous Plasma Flow
Authors: Liu Yu , Lei Jiuhou , Yu Pengcheng , Liu Pengfei , Ling Yiming , Zhang Zhongkai , Cao Jinxiang
Published: December 2017

Laboratory observations of spontaneous emission of Alfvénic branch oscillations generated by a strong inhomogeneous plasma flow are reported in this work. Electrostatic KH instabilities in the subcyclotron frequency range were excited using the interpenetrating plasma method. Experiments indicate that spontanegeous Alfvénic branch oscillations occur when the plasma inhomogeneity increases above a threshold. The electromagnetic wave amplitude spreads out radially over a much larger extent than the electrostatic mode. Theoretical calculations using the MHD method also support the experimental observation. The result has important application in understanding the cross‐scale transport of particles and energies in astrophysical, space, and laboratory plasmas.
Enhanced Mobility in Concentrated Pyroclastic Density Currents: An Examination of a Self‐Fluidization Mechanism
Authors: Breard Eric C. P. , Dufek Josef , Lube Gert
Published: December 2017

Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) are a significant volcanic hazard. However, their dominant transport mechanisms remain poorly understood, in part because of the large variability of PDC types and deposits. Here we combine field data with experimental and numerical simulations to illuminate the twofold fate of particles settling from an ash cloud to form the dense PDC basal flow. At solid fractions >1 vol %, heterogeneous drag leads to formation of mesoscale particle clusters that favor rapid particle settling and result in a mobile dense layer with significant bed weight support. Conversely, at lower concentrations the absence of particle clusters typically leads to formation of poorly mobile dense beds that deposit massive layers. Based on this transport dichotomy, we present a numerical dense‐dilute parameter that allows a PDC's dominant transport mechanism to be determined directly from the deposit geometry and grainsize characteristics.
Mineralogical Diversity and Geology of Humboldt Crater Derived Using Moon Mineralogy Mapper Data
Authors: Martinot M. , Besse S. , Flahaut J. , Quantin‐Nataf C. , Lozac'h L. , van Westrenen W.
Published: December 2017

Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) spectroscopic data and high‐resolution imagery data sets were used to study the mineralogy and geology of the 207 km diameter Humboldt crater. Analyses of M3 data, using a custom‐made method for M3 spectra continuum removal and spectral parameters calculation, reveal multiple pure crystalline plagioclase detections within the Humboldt crater central peak complex, hinting at its crustal origin. However, olivine, spinel, and glass are observed in the crater walls and rims, suggesting these minerals derive from shallower levels than the plagioclase of the central peak complex. High‐calcium pyroxenes are detected in association with volcanic deposits emplaced on the crater's floor. Geologic mapping was performed, and the age of Humboldt crater's units was estimated from crater counts. Results suggest that volcanic activity within this floor‐fractured crater spanned over a billion years. The felsic mineralogy of the central peak complex region, which presumably excavated deeper material, and the shallow mafic minerals (olivine and spinel) detected in Humboldt crater walls and rim are not in accordance with the general view of the structure of the lunar crust. Our observations can be explained by the presence of a mafic pluton emplaced in the anorthositic crust prior to the Humboldt‐forming impact event. Alternatively, the excavation of Australe basin ejecta could explain the observed mineralogical detections. This highlights the importance of detailed combined mineralogical and geological remote sensing studies to assess the heterogeneity of the lunar crust.
Sediment Transport of Fine Sand to Fine Gravel on Transverse Bed Slopes in Rotating Annular Flume Experiments
Authors: Baar Anne W. , de Smit Jaco , Uijttewaal Wim S. J. , Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: December 2017

Large‐scale morphology, in particular meander bend depth, bar dimensions, and bifurcation dynamics, are greatly affected by the deflection of sediment transport on transverse bed slopes due to gravity and by secondary flows. Overestimating the transverse bed slope effect in morphodynamic models leads to flattening of the morphology, while underestimating leads to unrealistically steep bars and banks and a higher braiding index downstream. However, existing transverse bed slope predictors are based on a small set of experiments with a minor range of flow conditions and sediment sizes, and in practice models are calibrated on measured morphology. The objective of this research is to experimentally quantify the transverse bed slope effect for a large range of near‐bed flow conditions with varying secondary flow intensity, sediment sizes (0.17–4 mm), sediment transport mode, and bed state to test existing predictors. We conducted over 200 experiments in a rotating annular flume with counterrotating floor, which allows control of the secondary flow intensity separate from the streamwise flow velocity. Flow velocity vectors were determined with a calibrated analytical model accounting for rough bed conditions. We isolated separate effects of all important parameters on the transverse slope. Resulting equilibrium transverse slopes show a clear trend with varying sediment mobilities and secondary flow intensities that deviate from known predictors depending on Shields number, and strongly depend on bed state and sediment transport mode. Fitted functions are provided for application in morphodynamic modeling.
Stochastic Periodic Autoregressive to Anything (SPARTA): Modeling and Simulation of Cyclostationary Processes With Arbitrary Marginal Distributions
Authors: Tsoukalas Ioannis , Efstratiadis Andreas , Makropoulos Christos
Published: December 2017

Stochastic models in hydrology traditionally aim at reproducing the empirically derived statistical characteristics of the observed data rather than any specific distribution model that attempts to describe the usually non‐Gaussian statistical behavior of the associated processes. SPARTA (Stochastic Periodic AutoRegressive To Anything) offers an alternative and novel approach which allows the explicit representation of each process of interest with any distribution model, while simultaneously establishes dependence patterns that cannot be fully captured by the typical linear stochastic schemes. Cornerstone of the proposed approach is the Nataf joint‐distribution model, which is related with the Gaussian copula, combined with Gaussian periodic autoregressive processes. In order to obtain the target stochastic structure, we have also developed a computationally simple and efficient algorithm, based on a hybrid Monte‐Carlo procedure that is used to approximate the required equivalent correlation coefficients. Theoretical and practical benefits of the proposed method, contrasted to outcomes from widely used stochastic models, are demonstrated by means of real‐world as well as hypothetical monthly simulation examples involving both univariate and multivariate time series.
Adaptive Wavelet Techniques in Numerical Simulation
Authors: Cohen Albert , Dahmen Wolfgang , DeVore Ronald
Published: December 2017

This chapter highlights recent developments concerning adaptive wavelet methods for time dependent and stationary problems. The first problem class focuses on hyperbolic conservation laws in which wavelet concepts exploit sparse representations of the conserved variables. Regarding the second problem class, we begin with matrix compression in the context of boundary integral equations in which the key issue is now to obtain sparse representations of (global) operators like singular integral operators in wavelet coordinates. In the remainder of the chapter, a new fully adaptive algorithmic paradigm along with some analysis concepts are outlined, which, in particular, work for nonlinear problems and where the sparsity of both, functions and operators, is exploited.
Mesh Generation and Mesh Adaptivity: Theory and Techniques
Authors: George Paul Louis , Borouchaki H. , Alauzet F. , Laug P. , Loseille A. , Marcum D. , Maréchal L.
Published: December 2017

In this chapter we are concerned with mesh generation methods and mesh adaptivity issues. Nowadays, many techniques are available to complete meshes of arbitrary domains for computational purposes. Planar, surface, and volume meshing have been automated to a large extent. Over the past few years, meshing activities have focused on adaptive schemes where the features of a solution field must be accurately captured. To this end, meshing techniques must be revisited in order to be capable of completing high‐quality meshes conforming to these features. Error estimates are therefore used to analyze the solution field at a given stage and, based on the results and the information they yield, adapted meshes are created before computing the next stage of the solution field. A number of novel meshing issues must be addressed including how to construct a mesh adapted to what the error estimate prescribes, how to validate and construct high‐order meshes, how to handle large‐size meshes, how to consider moving boundary problems, and so on.
Linear Algebraic Solvers and Eigenvalue Analysis
Authors: van der Vorst Henk A. , Vuik Cornelis
Published: December 2017

This chapter gives an overview of the most widely used numerical methods for the solution of linear systems of equations and for eigenproblems, including direct methods and iterative methods. Iterative methods are often used in combination with the so‐called preconditioning operators. We will give a brief overview of the various preconditioners that exist. For eigenproblems of the type , the QR method is discussed. The QR method is expensive for larger values of , and for these larger values, a number of iterative methods, including the Lanczos method, Arnoldi's method, and the Jacobi–Davidson method are shown.
Iterative Solutions of Nonlinear Systems, Solution Manifolds, and Bifurcations
Authors: Rheinboldt Werner C.
Published: December 2017

An overview of the basic theory of iterative methods for solving systems of nonlinear equations is presented. The emphasis is on considering the methods as discrete‐time, dynamical systems, where examples of the complicated process flows call for adaptive controls. Overviews of existence theories, condition numbers, convergence orders, and basic convergence results are given. Principal members of the class of linearization methods are surveyed, including Newton's method and related forms, as well as some Broyden and inexact Newton methods. Then, equations arising in parameterized problems are considered and an introduction to the computational analysis of their solution manifolds and the related bifurcation problems is given. In the case of one‐dimensional manifolds, this includes a discussion of some continuation methods.
Finite Element Methods for
M
axwell's Equations
Authors: Demkowicz Leszek
Published: December 2017

The chapter reviews fundamentals of finite element discretizations of time‐harmonic Maxwell equations. The chapter includes a short introduction to Maxwell equations, derivation of various variational formulations, discussion on Bubnov‐ and Petrov–Galerkin discretizations, three fundamental Nédélec's elements in context of exact sequences, projection‐based interpolation, and the commuting diagram property. The presentation is biased toward conforming methods and higher order discretizations.
Finite Element Methods for Elasticity with Error‐Controlled Discretization and Model Adaptivity
Authors: Stein Erwin , Olavi Rüter Marcus
Published: December 2017

The essential topics of classical and advanced adaptive finite element methods (FEMs) for linear and finite elastic deformations of solids and structures are presented in this chapter from both the mechanical and mathematical point of view.

As the mechanical and mathematical basis, nonlinear and linearized theories of elasticity are derived in a rigorous way, followed by the classical variational principles of elasticity, which are the basis for FEM, derived for classical and advanced Ritz–Galerkin methods, such as the extended finite element method (XFEM) and the meshfree reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM). Next to the discrete (one‐field) Dirichlet minimization principle, the (two‐field) Hellinger–Reissner stationary dual‐mixed principle and the (three‐field) Hu–Washizu stationary mixed principle are presented, including the main features of the associated FEMs.

The main objective of this chapter is the systematic treatment ofa posteriorierror estimators and their applications to bothverification, that is, efficient mesh and particle adaptivity in order to achieve optimal convergence rates for the discretized solutions with prescribed error tolerances, andvalidation, that is, error‐controlled model adaptivity combined withverification.

In the framework ofverification, linearized and finite elasticity problems are treated, using both energy‐norm and goal‐orienteda posteriorierror estimators for mesh‐based and meshfree methods. The four basic classes, that is, residual‐type, hierarchical‐type, gradient averaging‐type, and constitutive equation error estimators are presented and applied, for example, to fracture mechanics problems.

A challenging topic in the framework ofvalidationis error‐controlled expansive hierarchical modeling of 2D thin‐walled elastic plates and shells to 3D‐elastic continua by dimensional adaptivity of the underlying mathematical models, especially in subdomains with boundary layers and other disturbances where model expansion is necessary for validation.
Elastoplastic and Viscoplastic Deformations in Solids and Structures
Authors: Armero Francisco
Published: December 2017

This chapter presents a summary of some recent developments in the formulation and the numerical integration of elastoplastic and viscoplastic models of solids and structures. A brief description of the constitutive relations in these models in both the infinitesimal and finite deformation ranges is presented first. A key aspect of the elastoplastic models is the yield condition constraining the stress state to the so‐calledelastic domain, with the viscoplastic models resulting in a regularization of this unilateral constraint. This constrained character of the problem leads naturally to the traditional return‐mapping algorithms used in the numerical integration of the local plastic evolution equations. The resulting discrete equations correspond to the so‐calledclosest‐point projectionequations by which an elastic trial state is projected onto the elastic domain. The mathematical structure of these equations is studied to obtain efficient numerical techniques for their solution. In particular, the rich variational structure of the associated problem is investigated in detail. Primal and dual variational formulations are derived for the elastoplastic and viscoplastic models. Both lead to unilaterally constrained elastoplastic problems reflecting the underlying constrained physical system. Augmented Lagrangian extensions of these formulations resulting in unconstrained forms of the discrete equations, both in their primal and dual versions, are also explored. The different numerical algorithms associated with each of these formulations, referred generically as closest‐point projection (CPPM) algorithms, are presented in detail for a general plastic model, not necessarily associated.
Shakedown and Safety Assessment
Authors: Zouain Nestor
Published: December 2017

The main subjects of this chapter are the variational formulations for the computation of a safety factor in shakedown analysis, the numerical procedures available to implement this analysis, and an overview on the wide field of applications and conceptual extensions.

In structural engineering and solid mechanics, the wordshakedown, introduced in the 1940s by Prager, became, since then, synonymous with elastic adaptation in the presence of variable loadings, a safe stabilized phenomenon, often due to some limited plastic deformation (or equivalently, due to the residual stress distribution associated with inelastic strains).

Concerning the failure analysis of ductile structures, the termsalternating plasticity(AP) andincremental collapse(IC), besidesplastic collapse, are also widely used to identify failure modes under variable loadings. A structure undergoesAPwhen the fluctuating loading program produces, after any arbitrarily large time, some plastic deformation as well as a subsequent vanishing of the net plastic deformation. This induces failure due to low‐cycle fatigue. Likewise, the structure fails byICwhen plastic deformations accumulate in the form of a compatible strain distribution that leads to excessive inelastic deformation.

Shakedown analysis allows working under the realistic assumption that only the range of variable loadings is known, unlike the usual prescription of a particular loading history. That is, we deal in this chapter withdirect methodsthat are based solely on the knowledge of a range of load variations (or a reference loading, in limit analysis). It is worth emphasizing that the differences between incremental and direct methods go beyond the computational advantages frequently obtained with the latter ones. In fact, the fundamental questions about whether or not critical loads or cycles do exist, independently from loading histories, can only be answered by the theories of direct methods.

The mathematical foundations of shakedown theory strongly rest on optimization theory and the related areas of convex analysis and mathematical programming. This chapter contains simplified derivations of the static, kinematic, and mixed variational principles of shakedown theory by means of the basic techniques of convex analysis. Moreover, numerical procedures suitable to solve the shakedown analysis problem are discussed here in the framework of mathematical programming techniques combined with common procedures in the field of finite element methods.

Applications in fundamental examples are then presented, namely (i) a restrained block under thermomechanical loadings; (ii) the classical Bree problem of a tube under variable pressure and temperature, with a more realistic model and including an exact solution; (iii) a plate with a circular hole subjected to variable tractions; (iv) a plate with simulated imperfections showing critical mechanisms with strongly localized deformations; and (v) a pipe elbow under internal pressure and in plane bending moment.
Damage, Material Instabilities, and Failure
Authors: de Borst René , Verhoosel Clemens V.
Published: December 2017

This chapter begins with an overview of damage mechanics. Isotropic and anisotropic models are described, as well as the coupling to plasticity, including the algorithmic treatment. Next, the implications of strain softening, which starts at a certain level of damage accumulation, are discussed as regards important notions such as material stability and ellipticity. The consequences of loss of ellipticity in terms of grid sensitivity of computations are illustrated for static and dynamic instabilities. Next, the important role of cohesive‐zone models is highlighted, both in its original (discrete) format, a derived smeared format, and as an embedded discontinuum description. To avoid the loss of ellipticity, the introduction of higher order continua is necessary. Various higher order continua incorporating damage or coupled damage–plasticity models are discussed, including aspects of numerical implementation. Also, various discretization methods are discussed, which can accommodate the higher order gradients that arise in higher order gradient models, including meshless methods and isogeometric analysis. Also, the phase‐field approach to brittle fracture and its close relation to gradient damage models are demonstrated. Finally, the numerical implementation of cohesive‐zone models in a discrete format is considered. Attention is given to conventional interface elements, meshless methods, approaches that exploit the partition‐of‐unity property of finite element shape functions, and isogeometric finite element analysis.
Computational Concrete Mechanics
Authors: Lackner Roman , Pichler Christian , Traxl Roland , Mang Herbert A.
Published: December 2017

This chapter contains a report on recent developments in the field of computational concrete mechanics, introducing the multiscale concept for simulation of cement‐based materials and, in case of reinforced concrete Reinforced Concrete (RC), of the steel–concrete interaction. Within the framework of this concept, several scales of observation are considered simultaneously in the numerical analysis. Alternatively, material properties, which serve as input for macroscopic analyses, are related to properties of the material phases and their assemblage at finer scales of observation. The benefits of multiscale approaches in computational concrete mechanics are illustrated by the analysis of real‐life structures subjected to various loading conditions, including mechanical loading and thermal and chemical attacks. Macroscopic material properties for plain and reinforced concrete that are related to finer scales of observation are employed.
Incompressible Viscous Flows
Authors: Rannacher Rolf
Published: December 2017

In this article, we describe some approaches to the efficient numerical computation of viscous incompressible flows governed by the Navier–Stokes equations. We concentrate onlaminarflows, stationary as well as nonstationary, for Reynolds numbers of moderate size, and in general domains. The emphasis is on spatial discretization by the finite element method. We discuss the treatment of the incompressibility constraint, the time‐stepping process, techniques of error control and mesh adaptation and the solution of the resulting indefinite algebraic equations.
Computability and Adaptivity inCFD
Authors: Hoffman Johan , Jansson Johan , Jansson Niclas , De Abreu Rodrigo Vilela , Johnson Claes
Published: December 2017

We give a brief introduction to research on adaptive computational methods for laminar compressible and incompressible flows and then focus on computability and adaptivity for turbulent incompressible flow, where we present a framework for adaptive finite element methods with duality‐baseda posteriorierror control for chosen output quantities of interest. We show in concrete examples that outputs such as mean values in time of drag and lift of a bluff body in a turbulent flow are computable to a tolerance of a few percent, for a simple geometry using some hundred thousand mesh points and for complex geometries using some million mesh points.
An In Vitro Model for the Development of Mature Bone Containing an Osteocyte Network
Authors: Iordachescu Alexandra , Amin Harsh D. , Rankin Sara M. , Williams Richard L. , Yapp Clarence , Bannerman Alistair , Pacureanu Alexandra , Addison Owen , Hulley Philippa A. , Grover Liam M.
Published: December 2017

Bone is a dynamic tissue that remodels continuously in response to local mechanical and chemical stimuli. This process can also result in maladaptive ectopic bone in response to injury, yet pathological differences at the molecular and structural levels are poorly understood. A number of in vivo models exist but can often be too complex to allow isolation of factors which may stimulate disease progression. A self‐structuring model of bone formation is presented using a fibrin gel cast between two calcium phosphate ceramic anchors. Femoral periosteal cells, seeded into these structures, deposit an ordered matrix that closely resembles mature bone in terms of chemistry (collagen:mineral ratio) and structure, which is adapted over a period of one year in culture. Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction confirm that the mineral is hydroxyapatite associated with collagen. Second‐harmonic imaging demonstrates that collagen is organized similarly to mature mouse femora. Remarkably, cells differentiated to the osteocyte phase are linked by canaliculi (as demonstrated with nano‐computed tomography) and remained viable over the full year of culture. It is demonstrated that novel drugs can prevent ossification in constructs. This model can be employed to study bone formation in an effort to encourage or prevent ossification in a range of pathologies.