bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pragmatic Resources for Enactive and Extended Minds
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: August 2017

This chapter situates the embodied cognition (EC) approaches of extended mind and enactivism in relation to pragmatism. Despite some disagreements, highlighted in Chapter 2, enactivism and extended mind share some common ground in their pragmatist roots. The argument here is not only that pragmatism (especially as found in the work of John Dewey) offers the possibility of rapprochement between these versions of EC, but also that it offers resources for responding to some of the common objections raised against them, involving concepts of causality, constitution, and the ‘mark of the mental’. Responding to these concerns points in the direction of reconceiving the notion of intentionality.
Making Enactivism Even More Embodied
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: August 2017

An enactivist approach to understanding the mind, in its fullest sense, is not just a matter of action-oriented processes; enactivism is about more than action and sensory–motor contingencies. To understand cognition as richly embodied this chapter considers factors involving affectivity and intersubjectivity. Empirical studies show that affectivity, in a wide sense that includes hunger, fatigue, pain, respiration, as well as emotion, has an effect on perception, attention, and judgment. Likewise, intersubjective factors, including the role of bodily postures, movements, gestures, gaze and facial expressions, and dynamical aspects of interaction, have similar effects. This richer conception of embodied cognition also holds implications for understanding how the brain works.
Futurity, Offshore, and the International Political Economy of Crime
Authors: Palan Ronen
Published: August 2017

Capitalist economies consist of co-habiting economies, an economy of exchange of goods and services, or the “economy of the present.” This economy is dwarfed by an “economy of the future” that trades in anticipated future earnings and income streams. However profitable, the organized criminal world operates largely in the economy of the present and caught in the slow lanes of the modern economy. But as many criminal organizations are run by savvy businessmen, they seek to access the economy of futurity by “laundering” not only money, but the very organizations they operate. The ease of incorporation and the opacity provided by offshore secrecy jurisdictions allow criminal organizations to appear to be legitimate businesses and thus to access the realm of futurity.
Illegal Prices
Authors: Samuel Boris
Published: August 2017

Between 2005 and 2010, Mauritania and Guadeloupe faced massive social mobilizations against the high cost of living. The widespread use of illegal practices was blamed for the unjust pricing of some of the most important consumer goods. While state responses to illegality had limited success, the interfaces between legality and illegality in markets appeared to shape social and political relations. In Guadeloupe, a wave of audits responded to the social demands for transparency and the unveiling of illegal practices. But illegalities remained largely unsanctioned, enabling the continued coexistence of legality and illegality in price formation. In Mauritania, public interventions were necessary to contain the social and political consequences of price hikes. But circumvention of the rules was so common in the public administration that fraudulent practices characterized the implementation of such social programs too. Illegal market transactions became one of the means by which the government organized redistribution.
In Praise of a Self-Contained Regime
Authors: Barker J Craig
Published: August 2017

This chapter is dedicated to the challenges which the VCDR, fifty years into its existence, faces in a world marked by a globalized economy and rapid technological developments. The author reflects on new diplomatic processes which have emerged through the creation of governmental and non-governmental institutions and on notions such as collaborative, public, and cultural diplomacy which have challenged accepted understandings of the role and functions of traditional diplomacy. Barker also explores the fact that international law itself is changing from a system regulating co-existing sovereignties to a possibly fragmented discourse of complex frameworks which themselves challenge the sovereignty paradigm. In this context, he investigates the continued relevance and purpose of the VCDR and gives particular focus to existing mechanisms within the Convention that allow for modified and developed interpretations of the Convention to take account of the changing international world in which contemporary diplomacy operates.
Views of a Delegate to the 1961 Vienna Conference
Authors: Casás Nelson Iriñiz
Published: August 2017

Dr Iriñiz Casás was thirty-four years old when he participated in the Vienna Conference in 1961 as the representative of Uruguay. Based on his personal experiences, this chapter provides details on the background of the Vienna Conference, both with regard to the key players at Vienna and the problems under debate and with regard to the geopolitical parameters that shaped the climate at that time. The author also offers a reflection on the main difficulties which have emerged since the conclusion of the VCDR and suggests amendments to the convention which would enable the instrument to deal with the challenges which have emerged within the more than fifty years of its existence.
Introduction—Conflicts of Rights in Theoretical and Comparative Perspective
Authors: Smet Stijn
Published: August 2017

This introductory chapter frames the book’s debate by delineating the extent of persistent reasonable disagreement on both the existence and resolution of human rights conflicts in the context of the European Convention on Human Rights. Drawing on the core arguments of the book’s substantive chapters, the introduction highlights the central cleavages in the debate. The chapter first discusses arguments deployed to deny the very existence of conflicts of rights, as well as available counterarguments. It goes on to provide insight in different strategies aimed at minimizing the occurrence of conflicts. It finally suggests that the resolution of genuine human rights conflicts runs along four axes: balancing versus non-balancing; compromise versus winner-take-all; ad hoc balancing versus definitional balancing; and substantive reasoning versus procedural checks. Where useful, the chapter provides linkages to broader scholarly and judicial debates by accentuating relevant theoretical approaches and comparative materials.
Human Rights in Relation
Authors: Besson Samantha
Published: August 2017

Human rights must sometimes be restricted to further social interests or the rights of others. Yet, we like to think that human rights are not reducible to interests like security and cannot be weighed and balanced against them. This position holds a middle ground between Kantian absolutism and prioritization of rights and utilitarian consequentialism and weighing and balancing of rights. It reflects the sheer theoretical difficulty of accounting for moral trade-offs that are not quantitative. This ambivalence is also echoed in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR): restrictions to human rights are usually hard to justify or even excluded in some cases. This chapter proposes an interpretation that comes close to a form of qualitative balancing of human rights by reference to their egalitarian dimension. It also accounts for seemingly contradictory elements in the ECtHR’s reasoning: the ‘proportionality’ test and the reference to ‘absolute’ rights.
Conflict and Consent
Authors: Van Drooghenbroeck Sébastien
Published: August 2017

There is an important interaction between the issue of conflicts between human rights and the question of the validity and effects of the waiver of these rights. Based on an analysis of some major judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, this chapter aims to shed light on the questions of if, and how, the existence or lack of ‘consent’ on the part of one of the parties to a conflict of rights affects the resolution of the conflict. Three conclusions emerge. At one end, there are cases in which the existence of ‘consent’ will totally ‘neutralize’—and thus ‘resolve’—the conflict. At the other end, there appear situations in which ‘consent’ will have no effect at all on the conflict. Between these two extremes, the issue of waiver is addressed as one argument among others, neither irrelevant nor decisive, in the exercise of balancing conflicting rights.
Law, Dilemmas, and Happy Endings
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo
Published: August 2017

Genuine conflicts of rights imply a choice between two valuable goods and an inevitable sacrifice as a consequence. In Evans v. The United Kingdom the choice was between imposing fatherhood on one of the parties or denying biological motherhood to the other. The case was presented as a dilemma, and this chapter suggests a cautious approach to the resolution of dilemmas. In medical ethics, technological advancements largely determine the range of options open to individuals. Medical progress is so fast that a dead end one day can become an opportunity the next. This reshapes the choices individuals have and ultimately dispels the necessary choice between options that seemed to lead to a sacrifice of value. This chapter argues that given the state of incessant medical progress, it is fundamental that the law refrains from coercing either party to do something without their consent.
The Future of Religious Freedom
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: August 2017

This chapter revisits Ladele v. The United Kingdom, contending that the way in which the case was argued at the European Court of Human Rights resulted from a restrictive interpretation of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights by UK courts. It is argued that Ladele and other cases remain best adjudicated and understood as freedom of religion claims, provided that the way in which such claims are argued and adjudicated is improved. This chapter innovates by applying Ayelet Shachar’s call for ‘joint governance’ to the question of religious freedom as a human right for the first time, before suggesting that a relational approach to the relevant cases is required, emphasizing relationships and the power roles within them.
Circumnavigating the Conflict between the Right to Reputation and the Right to Freedom of Expression
Authors: Cariolou Leto
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyses key features of the purported conflict between the right to free speech and the right to reputation in the context of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The chapter addresses two questions. How can it be that the right to free speech and the right to reputation co-exist as equal, when they can require directly opposite results or protective measures? Second, how can the seemingly inescapable conflict between them be principally reconciled without leading to inconsistent outcomes, depending on how the claims on which they are grounded are framed and adjudicated? The chapter argues that, in adjudicating defamation cases, the ECtHR employs in principle substantive reasoning aimed at delineating or defining the content of both rights, which effectively circumnavigates the conflict between them. Thus the limits of freedom of expression are set where protection of the right to reputation begins; and vice versa.
Fernández Martínez v. Spain
Authors: Martínez-Torrón Javier
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyses the European Court of Human Right’s Grand Chamber judgment in Fernández Martínez v. Spain. Although the author agrees with the outcome of the judgment, he does not share part of the decision’s rationale. Among other things he argues that there was no actual interference with the applicant’s right to private and family life; that the case should have been examined from the perspective of the State’s positive obligations under Articles 10 and 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights; and that the conflict of rights approach was probably not the best way to decide the case, taking into account that the applicant’s job consisted in performing a strictly religious function and not ordinary teaching duties. The chapter concludes with some remarks about how to deal with the practical difficulties raised by systems of religious education such as the one in Spain.
Introduction
Authors: Pattenden Miles
Published: August 2017

A pope’s legitimacy—and the authority of papal officials—derived from his election. But the election process itself generated practical, logistical, legal, and political problems which all parties with a stake in the election’s outcome had to negotiate. The chapter lays out the book’s overall contention, namely that the papal office’s elective nature was as important in shaping papal history in the early modern period as the pope’s twin identities of temporal prince and universal pastor. It seeks to introduce the unique issues and complications of papal elections and the inherent difficulties that new popes faced in establishing themselves after an election. It also starts a discussion of decision-making within a political elite, in this case the one which occupied the highest levels of the Counter-Reformation Catholic Church.
Methods of Election
Authors: Pattenden Miles
Published: August 2017

This chapter describes the practical difficulties which the cardinals’ and the pope’s lesser officials faced in conducting the election. Agreed rules for the conclave developed only slowly during the later Middle Ages but by the sixteenth century they were already widely flouted. The change in routine and the deprivation of normal comforts were stressful for many elderly cardinals and exposed them to a heightened risk of infectious disease. The high stakes of the decision meant that attempts at bribery and at communication with the outside world were hard to eradicate; and also that the cardinals and others present occasionally felt the consequences of the tensions conclaves generated. The chapter argues that the cardinals never found a solution to these problems, but adhered to the conclave as an institution because a cardinal’s vote was the source of his personal power.
The Vacant See
Authors: Pattenden Miles
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers the problem that no pope could countenance a named successor in his lifetime so the cardinals had to negotiate a brief period without a pope every time a pope died. The College developed legal foundations for exercising authority independent of the pontiff, and for expressing and enforcing that authority. Until the fifteenth century this may not have mattered that much in practical terms, because the overall impact of papal government remained light. However, as the papal administration grew throughout the Papal States the need to preserve stability rose commensurately. To maintain the peace the cardinals partnered with potential rivals: communal authorities, the old nobility, and even the late pope’s family. Yet, the cardinals could not overcome a paradox: the more stable each vacancy, the greater the systemic threat from papal subjects who lacked other opportunities to express their grievances.
Choosing Candidates
Authors: Pattenden Miles
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyses the difficulty cardinals faced in deciding for whom to vote. All cardinals, and those whom they represented, entered each election with preferences for what they wanted the new pope to be like—and perhaps even for particular candidates. But they lacked the information to know how to express those preferences and the process of gathering it and assessing it was arduous. Much information was available through Rome’s burgeoning public sphere but its reliability was hard to test. Several treatises also offered advice to cardinals but it was not always easy to follow. Many cardinals in most elections seem with hindsight to have assessed the situation poorly. However, most importantly, their primary concern when selecting the next pope seems to have been to take as few risks as possible.
Awards are Popular
Authors: Frey Bruno S. , Gallus Jana
Published: August 2017

State orders play a great role in most countries. This applies not only to monarchies (e.g. the United Kingdom) but also includes staunch republics such as France or the United States. Awards are most popular in the arts and media (e.g. the Oscars), in sports, in religion, in the voluntary and humanitarian sector, in academia (e.g. honorary doctorates), and also in business (e.g. Manager of the Year). One of the most cherished awards is the Nobel Prize, given for peace, literature, and various sciences. Inducement prizes have been successful to spark innovation. They promise a monetary sum and public acclaim to that person or group of persons finding a solution to a well-specified problem. There are also ironic prizes (such as the Golden Raspberry Awards or the Goat of West Point). The social sciences, including economics, have largely disregarded awards. The Economics of Award is only in its beginnings.
Awards and Academic Performance
Authors: Frey Bruno S. , Gallus Jana
Published: August 2017

Awards may honour and induce performance. There are many different academic awards, ranging from the Nobel Prizes to best paper awards, and to awards for young scholars and rising stars. The Synthetic Control Method allows us to show empirically that the performance of recipients of the well-known John Bates Clark Medal (given by the American Economic Association to a scholar under the age of 40 ‘who is judged to have made the most significant contribution to economic thought and knowledge’) subsequently increases. Clark Medallists raise their publication activity and the work they had previously published is cited considerably more often (in line with a status effect). The same effects can be observed when researchers are elected as Fellows of the Econometric Society, also a prestigious honour.
Awards in Firms
Authors: Frey Bruno S. , Gallus Jana
Published: August 2017

Money is not always successful in sustaining and raising employee motivation. When money is perceived to be controlling, financial incentives may backfire and undermine motivation. High-powered incentives can also lead to strategic behaviour and gaming. Many firms are aware of the limitations of monetary incentives. They use non-financial rewards in an effort to sustain and raise employee motivation. Awards are a special kind of non-financial yet extrinsic incentive, whose value resides primarily in the recognition conveyed among peers and in the public. Awards are used in firms to raise employees’ motivation, to foster retention, and to establish role models. They are a valuable component of organizations’ human resource strategy. Outside the boundaries of the firm awards are used to set standards, to establish norms, and to support innovation. Awards may have unintended motivational effects, particularly on non-recipients. Awards may create and foster competitive advantage.
The Challenges of Using Awards
Authors: Frey Bruno S. , Gallus Jana
Published: August 2017

Many awards, such as the Nobel Prizes, are accompanied by money, but in most cases what really matters is the honour and recognition received. The benefits and costs of using awards must be compared to those of other devices for fostering motivation, such as monetary bonuses, gifts, or verbal praise. It must also be considered how the award can best be combined with alternative motivators. An inflationary use of awards undermines their value. When a particular award is handed out too liberally, recipients and the public may even ridicule it. Award inflation can partly be countered by creating new ranks or new awards. Awards fail when they are given to undeserving recipients or when they are rejected. Non-recipients of awards may engage in destructive behaviours. Negative effects can be countered by emphasizing collaborative efforts and the award recipient’s representative role.
S. T. Coleridge’s Contemplative Imagination
Authors: Hedley Douglas
Published: August 2017

Chapter 13 takes as its theme the deep roots in the Platonic tradition of Coleridge’s view of contemplation as the experience of nóēsis, for Plato the highest form of epistēmē, being the knowledge of ‘Ideas’ beyond diánoia (discursive and conceptual understanding). Coleridge’s theory of the symbol only makes sense within this metaphysical-theological context. Plotinus’s decisive contribution within Coleridge’s metaphysics is often overlooked. Contemplation, for Plotinus, is connected to Gift. Contemplation is always a return to the ‘Giving’ of the One (rooted in Plato’s ‘unbegrudging’ Goodness of the demiurge, Timaeus 29), and this process of gift and return is mirrored throughout different levels of reality. Like the Cambridge Platonists before him, Coleridge furnished this contemplative return with a Trinitarian articulation. Coleridge’s own contemplative theology is especially inspired by the revival of neo-Platonism in German idealism.
Rationality, the Evaluative Attitudes, and Import
Authors: Helm Bennett W.
Published: August 2017

Understanding communities of respect requires understanding evaluative attitudes like caring, valuing, loving, and respecting. This Chapter sketches the author’s existing background theory of how evaluative attitudes are constituted by rational patterns of emotions: to care about something, for example, is for it to be the focus of a rational pattern of emotions. Different kinds of evaluative attitudes are constituted by patterns of distinct types of emotions and, conversely, we can delineate types of emotions in terms of the sorts of rational patterns they form constituting distinct forms of evaluative attitudes. The result is a revisionist account of practical rationality, in particular of a rationality of import, in terms of a type of commitment implicit in the subject’s emotions and the normative implications of such commitments. This account of rationality and the relationship between evaluative attitudes and patterns of emotions will form the backbone of the account of communities of respect.
Respect and the Reactive Attitudes
Authors: Helm Bennett W.
Published: August 2017

The nature of both respect and the reactive attitudes is illuminated by understanding the reactive attitudes to be a class of emotions distinguished by their forming a distinctively interpersonal pattern of rationality. In feeling a reactive attitude such as resentment, one holds the wrongdoer responsible by “calling on” him to feel guilt and on witnesses to feel disapprobation or indignation; other things being equal, one’s resentment is unwarranted if that “call” is not taken up by others. This call and its uptake are made intelligible through the community members’ joint background commitment to the value of the community and its norms, and to the dignity of its members as members—a commitment undertaken and reaffirmed in their reactive attitudes. The resulting interpersonal rational patterns of reactive attitudes constitute their joint recognition respect for its norms and for each other as a part of their joint reverence for the community.
Trust: A Forward-Looking Reactive Attitude
Authors: Helm Bennett W.
Published: August 2017

The reactive attitudes are often thought to be “reactive” in that they are backward-looking responses to wrongdoing that has already happened. This is a mistake that obscures the rational interconnections among the reactive attitudes. Rather, we should understand trust and distrust to be forward-looking reactive attitudes, so that in feeling trust we are thereby committed to later feeling approbation or gratitude when our trust is upheld or resentment when it is betrayed. Understanding trust in this way not only clarifies the rational interconnections among reactive attitudes. It also provides a compelling account of trust itself, including: the nature of trustworthiness and the rationality of trust; distinctions among personal, self, and vicarious reactive trust; the nature of welcome and unwelcome trust; and how trust can motivate the trustee to act in accordance with that trust. The Chapter concludes by helpfully blurring the distinction between emotions and evaluative judgments.
Roles, Relationships, and Blame
Authors: Helm Bennett W.
Published: August 2017

Tim Scanlon is right to think that how it is proper to blame (or praise) another depends on your relationships with her. This Chapter argues that such relationships are in part communal relationships you have with fellow community members. Understanding such relationships depends on understanding the different roles one might have within a community of respect and the variability in how the norms bind one depending on one’s role. In addition, how it is proper to praise or blame another varies depending on one’s connection to her actions as well as on what else is going on in both her and one’s own lives—on what excuses you each have. Consequently, this Chapter examines roles, relationships, and excuses so as to provide a clearer picture of the nature of responsibility and its grounding within communities of respect.
Communal Values and Character-Oriented Reactive Attitudes
Authors: Helm Bennett W.
Published: August 2017

Whereas most accounts of the reactive attitudes and of responsibility focus on norms of action, we must also consider norms of character: norms that govern the kind of person we can or must be. We are bound by norms of character and so responsible to fellow members for who we are in the same way as for norms of action: via the interpersonal rational patterns in our reactive attitudes. Accordingly, this Chapter develops an account of pride, shame, esteem, and contempt as character-oriented reactive attitudes, clarifies the sense in which these are globalist emotions, distinguishes between personal and social forms of pride and shame, and provides a partial defense of the value of shame and contempt. The result both illuminates the distinction between guilt and shame and, more fundamentally, provides a unified account of responsibility without dividing it into aretaic and accountability faces as Gary Watson does.
Imperatives and commands: a cross-linguistic view
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: August 2017

The chapter offers a cross-linguistic approach to commands as a speech act, and the structure of imperatives in their various guises, focusing on canonical (second person) and non-canonical (other person-oriented) imperatives. It also addresses imperative specific categories and meanings, and social functions of imperatives, as well as possible restrictions on their formation and uses. Negative imperatives, or prohibitives, may differ from positive imperatives in terms of their semantics and structure. If imperative forms sound too harsh, essentially non-command forms can be deployed in their stead as command strategies. The chapter sets the scene for the volume, and also contains a summary of subsequent chapters within it.
Commands as a form of intimacy among the Karawari of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Telban Borut
Published: August 2017

Over three thousand Karawari-speaking people live in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Among the Ambonwari, who belong to one of four dialectal groups, canonical imperatives can be marked with -ra or -nda (‘do it!’), with -n (‘come to do it!’), and with potential -mbi (‘should do it!’). Non-canonical imperatives directed toward first person can be marked either with -n (‘let’s go to do it’) or with -mba and potential prefix and- (‘let’s do it’, ‘should do it’). Imperatives directed toward third person are marked with -mba and imperative prefix ka- (‘let them do it’). Negative imperatives have fewer forms than positive imperatives. For an egalitarian kinship-based society, where people’s lives depend on sharing, exchange, and cooperation, commands are a common way of daily communication. Being used as directives, demands, requests, instructions, exhortations, advice, and even greetings, they generate and reflect close relationships and intimacy between people.
Veiled commands: anthropological perspectives on directives
Authors: Henry Rosita
Published: August 2017

The great diversity of command strategies that can be found cross-linguistically provides rich comparative material for consideration by speech act theorists and other linguistic philosophers. Speech act theory has generated productive debates on how illocutionary acts such as commands are situated in context, and the relationship between speech action, power relations, politics, and diplomacy. This chapter concerns the way culturally specific strategies for authority, politeness, and diplomacy are encoded in how people deliver directives to others. The focus is on veiled commands, especially in the context of public speeches in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG), as they relate to egalitarian values and concepts of autonomy. While veiled commands are not able to be universally correlated with an egalitarian ethos, in any context the veiling of words is related to the human awareness of others and that the world we inhabit is always a social world.
Pilgrimage as Moral and Aesthetic Formation in Augustine’s Thought
Authors: Stewart-Kroeker Sarah
Published: August 2017

Augustine’s dominant image for the human life is peregrinatio, which signifies at once a journey to the homeland—a pilgrimage—and the condition of exile from the homeland. For Augustine, all human beings are, in the earthly life, exiles from their true homeland: heaven. Only some become pilgrims seeking a way back to the heavenly homeland, a return mediated by the incarnate Christ. Becoming a pilgrim begins with attraction to beauty. The return journey therefore involves formation, both moral and aesthetic, in loving rightly. This image has occasioned a lot of angst in ethical thought in the last century or so. Augustine’s vision of Christian life as a pilgrimage, his critics allege, casts a pall of groaning and longing over this life in favor of happiness in the next. Augustine’s eschatological orientation robs the world of beauty and ethics of urgency. In this book, Stewart-Kroeker sets out to elaborate Augustine’s understanding of moral and aesthetic formation via the pilgrimage image, which she argues reflects a Christological continuity between the earthly journey and the eschatological home that unites love of God and neighbor. From the human desire for beauty to the embodied practice of Christian sacraments, Stewart-Kroeker reveals the integrity of Augustine’s vision of moral and aesthetic formation, which is essentially the ordering of love. Along the way, Stewart-Kroeker develops an Augustinian account of the relationship between beauty and morality.
Christ-Centered Peregrinatio: The Mediated Journey
Authors: Stewart-Kroeker Sarah
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses how Christ bridges the human–divine, temporal–eternal, earthly–heavenly realms by healing and purifying the believer for union with God. This union with God consists of knowing and loving God—imperfectly in this life, but perfectly in the life to come. This union happens through the conformation of the believer to Christ in love, which forms the believer for rightly ordered relationships with God, self, and neighbor. Augustine pictures the process of conformation as the journey to the homeland, a pilgrimage the believer makes to God in Christ. Christ is the way to the homeland and he is the way because he is the homeland. Christ’s mediating and healing work is inextricably tied to his dual roles as the way and the end.
Europe Needs Principles, Not Pragmatism
Authors: Grimm Dieter
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the question of European statehood, arguing that what is needed is not pragmatism but greater orientation to principles and more explanations of consequences. It first considers the EU’s ultimate goal: whether it should become the United States of Europe or whether it should remain a community of Member States who unite for specific purposes in areas that they can better address unitedly than separately. It then explains how the transformation of European institutions in accordance with a nation-state model would lead towards a European state, suggesting that one cannot transform the EU’s institutional structure on the nation-state model and at the same time defer to a later date the question of European statehood. It also considers the German Federal Constitutional Court’s role in bridging the scope of EU powers and the autonomy of European decision-making on the one hand, and European democracy on the other.
Attitudes to Party Unity in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Willumsen David M.
Published: August 2017

The book starts its empirical section in the most-likely case of party influence: Four Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden). Analysing parliamentary survey data, it is argued that a very large proportion of voting unity can be explained by there simply being a lack of policy incentives to defect from the party line for a very large proportion of the members of the Nordic parliaments. However, it is also shown that preferences alone cannot explain the near-perfect voting unity found in these countries. Modelling legislators’ attitudes to party unity, the chapter shows that the most credible explanation of their decision to vote the party line against their preferred policy position is that MPs are aware of the long-term benefits of belonging to a united political party, and are willing to incur the short-term cost of voting against their preferred policy in order to obtain these benefits.
Conclusion
Authors: Willumsen David M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter summarizes the key findings of the book, and puts them into the larger perspective of both party politics and representative government. It argues that we need to adjust our understanding of how the ‘party in the legislature’ in Europe functions, and understand it as a horizontal rather than hierarchical organization, where disciplinary tools are commitment mechanisms between rank-and-file legislators rather than a top-down tool for leaders to impose their policy preferences on their legislative parties. The chapter also suggests avenues for future research, pointing in particular to the need for regular, comparative, parliamentary surveys across countries to be conducted.
Intending, Settling, and Relying
Authors: Alonso Facundo M.
Published: August 2017

It is suggested that one may only intend what one takes one’s so intending as settling. This condition has traditionally been understood as a doxastic constraint on intention: what one takes one’s intention as settling is what one believes one’s so intending as settling. This paper proposes an alternative conception of such a constraint. The idea is to conceive of it in terms of the attitude of reliance, rather than of belief. The aim of the paper is three-fold: to clarify the connection between intending to act and the phenomena of being settled on and of settling a course of action, to provide support for the reliance conception of the cited constraint, and to show that this conception drives a wedge in the familiar dispute, between doxastic and conative accounts of intention, as to whether intending to act necessarily involves the belief that one will so act.
The Path to Completion
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: August 2017

Attempted wrongdoing is wrong and deserves censure and sanction, provided the agent was responsible for her attempt. One conception of attempts, incorporated in the criminal law, treats them as bivalent. The important question is at what point in an agent’s planning, preparation, and execution of an offense the attempt is completed. However, bivalence fails to recognize partially complete attempts and is unable to give a satisfying account of the criminal law defense of abandonment. This essay explores an alternative conception of attempts as historical and scalar. On this view, attempts involve the implementation of temporally extended decision trees that pass through many nodes and terminate in a last act. This view rejects bivalence, because at many points within the decision tree there is only a partially complete attempt, and it provides a more satisfying account of abandonment, precisely because it can recognize attempts that are partially complete.
Yaḥyā Ibn ʿAdī on a Kalām Argument for Creation
Authors: Adamson Peter , Wisnovsky Robert
Published: August 2017

This article offers an analysis, translation, and edition of a brief, recently uncovered Arabic text by the tenth-century CE Christian Aristotelian thinker Yaḥyā ibn ʿAdī. Ibn ʿAdī here takes issue with an argument for the existence of God, widely used in kalām (Islamic theology). According to this argument, bodies cannot exist without being either in motion or at rest; motion and rest must begin; therefore all bodies and hence the universe as a whole must have begun. Ibn ʿAdī diagnoses various flaws in this reasoning, including a supposed part–whole fallacy. The analysis of the text shows how it fits into Ibn ʿAdī’s intellectual profile and the project of the Baghdad Aristotelian school.
Enacting Skillful Research Performance through Abductive Reasoning
Authors: Dougherty Deborah
Published: August 2017

Few outsiders pay attention to organization and management research, suggesting we need to enhance our skillful research performance. We are uniquely able to address grand challenges that societies face since all involve organizing, but we fail to deliver on our capabilities because we focus instead on filling small gaps in our own theories, and we use constricted notions of rigor. This chapter develops one way to enact skillful research that contributes to resolving grand challenges rather than just extending our own theories. Enacting skillful research performance relies on abductive reasoning to cycle through formulating, evaluating, and reframing rich understandings that define and resolve practical problems. The author explains how to use cycles of abductive reasoning in researching and publishing, and outline new criteria for publishing to support this enhanced enactment of skillful research performance.
On the Power of the Object
Authors: Vetoshkina Liubov , Engeström Yrjö , Sannino Annalisa
Published: August 2017

By skillfully shaping and producing objects human beings externalize and make real their future-oriented imaginaries and visions. Material objects created by skilled performance make human lifeworlds durable. From the point of view of history making, wooden boat building is a particularly rich domain of skilled performance. This chapter is based on two research sites, one in Finland and the other in Russia. The analysis is divided into four layers or threads of history making, namely personal history, the history of the wooden boat community, the political history of the nations and their relations, and the history of the boats themselves as objects of boat-building activity. The chapter ends by discussing our findings and their implications for the understanding of skilled performance and history making in work activities and organizations.
Rethinking Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Peteraf Margaret , Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the development path of the dynamic capabilities construct, calling attention to two ways in which the path has become bifurcated. In particular it pays attention to the widening chasm between Teece’s original conception of dynamic capabilities and his revised conception, as expressed in some of his more recent works. The roots of these divergent, and yet theoretically consequential understandings are explored, as are the ways they have developed in the literature: the need to reconcile the routine nature of dynamic capabilities on the one hand with the need to account for the ability of organizations to intentionally alter their resource base on the other. The chapter argues that such a reconciliation is possible, once a process (or performative) approach is adopted. In particular, the authors argue that in so far as capabilities fully exist in performance, each particular performance may enact capabilities differently over time and in particular contexts.
Skillful Coping
Authors: Brown Anna , Greig Gail , Ferraro Emilia
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines and accounts for skillful coping and its complexity in a way that linear and staged models cannot. The authors propose a morphogenetic approach of enskilment that surmounts the limitations of such stepwise progressions from novice to expert. Based on rich empirical data that follow forwards the process of one author’s craft apprenticeship over time, the chapter shows that becoming enskilled is an ongoing process that unfolds against the background of practice. This reveals a recursive, multidirectional pattern of movement that is specific to each practitioner, depending upon his or her prior experiences and circumstances. Thus the pattern of enskilment may be shared by a range of skillful copers, but is given its specificity by each practitioner’s particular background practice(s).
The Human Condition in Hilary of Poitiers
Authors: Image Isabella
Published: August 2017

The mid-fourth-century bishop Hilary of Poitiers is better known for his Trinitarian works and theology, but this book assesses his view of the human condition using his commentaries in particular. The commentary on Psalm 118 is shown to be more closely related to Origen’s than previously thought; this in turn explains how his articulations of sin, body, and soul, the Fall, and the will all parallel or echo Origen’s views in this work, but not necessarily in his Matthew commentary. Hilary has a doctrine of original sin (‘sins of our origin’, peccata originis), which differs from the individual personal sins and for which we are individually accountable. He also articulates a fallen will which is in thrall to disobedience and needs God’s help, something God always gives as long as we show the initiative. Hilary’s idea of the fallen will may have developed in tangent with Origen’s thought, which uses Stoic ideas on the process of human action in order to articulate the constraints on purely rational responses. Hilary in turn influences Augustine, who writes against the Pelagian bishop Julian of Eclanum, citing Hilary as an example of an earlier writer with original sin. Since Hilary is known to have used Origen’s work, and Augustine is known to have used Hilary’s, Hilary appears to be one of the stepping-stones between these two great giants of the early church as the doctrines of original sin and the fallen will developed.
The Human as Imago Dei
Authors: Image Isabella
Published: August 2017

Patristic theology emphasizes how humans are created in God’s image. Some older scholarship on Hilary has seen his imago theology as ‘Alexandrian’. This supposed category sees God’s image only in the human mind/soul and not the body; and suggests that humans are ‘in God’s image’ but not themselves ‘God’s image’ (a title reserved for Christ). This chapter shows that Hilary only demonstrates such doctrines in the Psalms commentary, which is known to be derived from Origen; the category ‘Alexandrian’ thus collapses and seems to mean merely ‘Origenistic’. Hilary’s Matthew commentary, on the other hand, presents imago theology less characteristic of Origen (for example stating we are in God’s image, and that this includes the body). Lastly tentative evidence is presented for Hilary deliberately writing out an element of Origen’s imago theology, namely the notion that the image was lost at the Fall.
Constraint (2): Thoughts and Passions
Authors: Image Isabella
Published: August 2017

In common with others, Hilary sees passions or emotions as causing instability (mutabilitas), which prevents human action from being purely rational. In the Psalms commentaries (but not elsewhere) he suggests we cannot control our thoughts (cogitationes) which then might lead to destructive passions. This seems to be a translation of Origen’s (dia)logismoi, which in turn is related to a Stoic concept. The literature is assessed, concluding that the cogitationes should not be considered as Stoic pre-passions (propatheiai) but as impressions, an earlier step in the mental processes leading to action. Hilary is ambiguous on whether we are morally responsible for our thoughts, but certainly disagrees with the idea that a Christian should strive for apatheia or impassibility.
Original Sin
Authors: Image Isabella
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses Hilary’s doctrine of original sin (literally ‘sins of our origin’, peccata originis). This denotes a category of sin different from our individual personal sins, which is related to our origin (origo) and is hereditary. Hilary’s doctrine may have crystallized through his concern to show Christ as different from other humans, since he emphasizes Christ’s distinct origin (origo). Humans are not merely guilty of original sin but somehow participated in it. Lastly, unlike personal sin, original sin is somehow mitigated by baptism. In all this, Hilary clearly foreshadows important details of Augustine’s doctrine of original sin; indeed, it arguably pre-dates Hilary since he uses the concept without explanation, suggesting that his readers are already aware of it.
The Paradoxes of ‘Popularity’ in Shakespeare’s History Plays
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: August 2017

This chapter surveys the development of sixteenth-century popularity politics, noting Burghley, Essex, and Bancroft all to have been practitioners of that ‘dark art’. It shows that popularity was a term of opprobrium and distaste to the elite, yet was taken up with equal enthusiasm by Puritanism and Roman Catholic enemies of the Elizabethan regime, contributing to a fitful emergence of the public sphere. Deploying English history in support of their claims, religious partisanship focused certain late medieval reigns: those of Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, and Richard III—the very reigns that Shakespeare then addressed in his history plays. Shakespeare’s dramas are shown to present the complexities and risks attendant upon popularity politics; and to demonstrate, further, the resistance of popular attitudes to conscription by elites, given the independent intelligence of commoners and their capability for large-scale news gathering.
Shakespeare’s Commonwealth
Authors: Rollison David
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the existence in England from the thirteenth century of the political ideal of ‘commonwealth’: the overarching principle, dominating the political thought of commoners, that the constitutional legitimacy of any government lay not in heredity or a mystic theology of authority but in its consultation with subjects and pursuit of the well-being of the entire people. Numerous medieval rebellions had risen with ‘the commonweal’ as their rallying cry, and Kett’s rebels of 1549 were likewise termed ‘commonwealths’. In Tudor England, ‘commonwealth’ was consequently a term coloured by subversive connotation, yet pervasive in political discourse as an honorific concept. The chapter shows this ambivalence to inhere in Shakespeare’s engagements with the word. Yet no one did more, it claims, in the generations before the English Revolution, to publicize this basic, yet too often ignored tenet of English constitutional history.