bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Models for the Valuation of International Convertible Bonds
Authors: Jennergren L. Peter , Näslund Bertil
Published: April 2007

This paper presents a family of three models for the valuation of international convertible bonds which are denominated in a currency different from that of the country of the issuing corporation. The first model is two‐state, with the value of the underlying stock and the value of the currency of the parent country as state variables. The second model is one‐state. It is derived from the first one, with the two state variables collapsed into one, listed share price times exchange rate. The third model is an extension of the second one, in that it includes the risk of devaluation of the currency of the country of the issuing corporation. One specific Euroconvertible bond, issued by the Swedish corporation SCA, is used as illustration throughout.
The Association Between the Level of International Diversification and Risk
Authors: Goldberg Stephen R. , Heflin Frank L.
Published: April 2007

This study analyzes the association between the degree of international involvement (DOI) and risk. Both systematic risk (measured by the market model beta) and total risk (measured by variance of return) are analyzed. Betas of fully diversified foreign stock portfolios are shown to be lower than betas of domestic portfolios. Therefore, if the beta of a foreign investment by a U.S. firm is equal to the average beta of an investment in the foreign market, then overall firm beta will decrease as DOI increases (hypothesis). While total risk might be decreased due to the diversification provided by increasing DOI, currency, political, and other risks could cause total risk to increase. Briefly, the results of this study suggest that (1) systematic risk is negatively related to DOI even after controlling for other factors known to be associated with systematic risk, (2) intertemporal changes in systematic risk are negatively related to intertemporal changes in DOI, and (3) in contrast to the results of previous research, DOI is not negatively related to total risk and, in fact, intertemporal changes in total firm risk are marginally positively related to intertemporal changes in DOI.

Our results suggest that increasing DOI decreases systematic risk but increases total risk. Year to year changes in both beta and variance of return appear to be related to year to year changes in DOI. While currency, political, and other risks of international operations increase total risk, these risks apparently can be diversified away resulting in a beta that behaves as a blending of its previous level and the beta of a fully diversified investment in the foreign market.
Comparison between 308‐nm monochromatic excimer light and narrowband UVB phototherapy (311–313 nm) in the treatment of vitiligo – a multicentre controlled study
Authors: Casacci M , Thomas P , Pacifico A , Bonnevalle A , Paro Vidolin A , Leone G
Published: March 2007

Background  Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder characterized by areas of depigmented skin resulting from loss of epidermal melanocytes. Recently, it has been shown that narrowband ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) phototherapy may be more effective than psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) photochemotherapy in treating vitiligo, and that 308‐nm monochromatic excimer light (MEL) may present some advantages as compared to NB‐UVB for the treatment of vitiligo.

Aim  The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of NB‐UVB phototherapy and 308‐nm MEL in vitiligo patients.

Methods  The study was done in a randomized, investigator‐blinded and half‐side comparison design. Twenty‐one subjects with symmetrical vitiligo lesions were enrolled in this study. Vitiligo lesions on one body side were treated twice weekly for 6 months with 308‐nm MEL, while NB‐UVB phototherapy was used to treat lesions on the opposite side.

Results  At the end of the study six lesions (37.5%) treated with 308‐nm MEL and only one lesion (6%) treated with NB‐UVB achieved an excellent repigmentation (score 4) while four lesions (25%) treated with 308‐nm MEL and five lesions (31%) treated with NB‐UVB showed a good repigmentation (score 3).

Conclusions  It appears that 308‐nm MEL is more effective than NB‐UVB in treating vitiligo lesions and it induces repigmentation more rapidly.
No significant increase within a 3‐year interval in the prevalence of atopic dermatitis among schoolchildren in Baranya County, Hungary
Authors: Harangi F , Fogarasy A , Müller Á , Schneider I , Sebõk B
Published: March 2007

Background  The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children has significantly increased worldwide in the past decades. Although it is well known that the number of AD patients has also been growing in Hungary, there are only a few published prevalence studies that allow international comparisons.

Objectives  The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of AD among schoolchildren in Baranya County in 2005 and to compare the data with those from 2002.

Methods  The data from the 1454 children (771 girls, 683 boys) surveyed in 2002, and 1454 children (760 girls, 694 boys) surveyed in 2005, respectively, aged 7–14 years were analysed. The distinct populations of the 7‐ to 9‐year‐old age groups were separately compared in relation to their lifetime AD prevalence.

Results  The prevalence of AD accounted for 15.1% in 2002, and 16.1% in 2005. In the compared distinct 7‐ to 9‐year‐old populations the prevalence rates were 17.0% in 2002 and 17.1% in 2005. There were no statistically significant differences between the data of the two surveys.

Conclusions   The results indicate the high prevalence rate of AD nearly approaching the markedly high values registered in the welfare countries, and could indicate that AD has reached a plateau in Hungary.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from the marine sponge Scopalina lophyropoda (Demospongiae: Halichondrida)
Authors: BLANQUER A. , URIZ M. J. , PASCUAL M.
Published: March 2007

A total of seven microsatellites out of 88 isolated from a genomic library enriched for (CA)n and (GA)n repeats were characterized in the Mediterranean marine sponge Scopalina lophyropoda. The microsatellite motifs were large (34.81 ± 13.9 bp) and imperfect. The seven microsatellite loci were screened in 30 individuals collected from Blanes, northwestern Mediterranean. All of them were polymorphic (allele numbers and observed heterozygosities ranged from 3 to 6 and from 0.16 to 0.76, respectively). No significant linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci and no departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were found. These markers are therefore promising for studies of the population structure of the species.
Development and characterization of seven novel di‐, tri‐, and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers in Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius)
Authors: SPIES INGRID B. , LOWE SANDRA , HONG YVONNE , CANINO MICHAEL F.
Published: March 2007

We describe the enrichment for and characterization of seven Pleurogrammus monopterygius microsatellite loci. We used (GACA)4 as an oligonucleotide enrichment probe and screened 484 clones from the enriched library. The seven microsatellite loci include five tetranucleotide, one dinucleotide, and one trinucleotide motif. These markers can potentially be useful tools for use in population genetics studies, parentage analyses, and examining other life history questions.
Microsatellite loci from Russula brevipes, a common ectomycorrhizal associate of several tree species in North America
Authors: BERGEMANN S. E. , MILLER S. L. , GARBELOTTO M.
Published: March 2007

Six microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from genomic libraries enriched for (CA)n (GA)n (ATG)n, and (CAG)n, microsatellite motifs from Russula brevipes, a common ectomycorrhizal fungus that forms mutualisms with several species of trees in North America. The polymerase chain reaction primers were tested on 27 sporocarps of R. brevipes sampled in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), grey pine (Pinus sabiniana), and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) stands. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 14 with expected heterozygosity values from 0.00 to 0.92 within populations. These are the first six microsatellite loci characterized from Russula brevipes that can be used for estimating genotypic diversity and population structure.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Carnaby's cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) and related black cockatoo species
Authors: McINNES LINDA M. , DADOUR IAN R. , STEWART MEREDITH E. , DITCHAM WILLIAM G. F. , MAWSON PETER , SPENCER PETER B. S.
Published: March 2007

Microsatellite loci were isolated from Carnaby's black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris: Aves), a highly valued, endangered, and endemic species of bird from Western Australia. This study describes three dinucleotide and one tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for which the primers produced clear and polymorphic amplification patterns with between two and nine alleles and moderate levels of variability. Two additional dinucleotide markers which were monomorphic in the Carnaby's cockatoo were able to amplify and were polymorphic in two other species of black cockatoo, greatly increasing the utility of these markers.
Microsatellite DNA markers developed for the Australian bass (Macquaria novemaculeata) and their cross‐amplification in estuary perch (Macquaria colonorum)
Authors: SCHWARTZ T. S. , JENKINS F. , BEHEREGARAY L. B.
Published: March 2007

The Australian bass is a catadromous species found in drainages of southeastern Australia. As an economically important resource that is declining in number, the Australian bass is currently extensively stocked in New South Wales and Victoria to meet the requirements of fisheries programs. We have developed six microsatellite markers that amplify in both Australian bass and the congeneric estuary perch. These markers are useful for investigating population genetic structure and for identifying hybrids between these two species.
Development and transportability across Prunus species of 42 polymorphic almond microsatellites
Authors: MNEJJA M. , GARCIA‐MAS J. , HOWAD W. , ARÚS P.
Published: March 2007

We report 47 new simple sequence repeats (SSRs) obtained from a CT/AG enriched genomic library of almond cv. Texas (syn. Mission). Forty‐two of them were polymorphic in a sample of eight almond cultivars and 31 of these were single‐locus. The average values of the number of alleles per locus (6.6), and mean observed (65%) and expected (76%) heterozygosities for these 31 SSRs indicated a high level of variability. All cultivars studied could be individually identified using any one of the five SSRs. Transportability to other Prunus species (peach, sweet cherry, Japanese plum and apricot) was also high (83–100%).
Isolation and characterisation of microsatellite markers for the Australian monitor lizard, Varanus acanthurus (Squamata: Varanidae) and their utility in other selected varanid species
Authors: FITCH A. J. , GOODMAN A. E. , DONNELLAN S. C.
Published: March 2007

There have been no molecular genetic examinations of mating systems in the Australian varanid lizards (genus Varanus) despite their high species diversity, the abundance of some species and difficulties with direct observation of behaviourally cryptic species in the field. We developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci and assessed their utility in a range of varanid species. Observed heterozygosities in the three species assessed ranged from 30% to 100%. These loci should be useful for investigation of population structure, gene flow and mating systems in Varanus acanthurus, V. baritji and V. tristis and may also be of use in other varanid species.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the endangered Malagasy radiated tortoise (Geochelone radiata)
Authors: PAQUETTE SEBASTIEN RIOUX , SHORE GARY D. , BEHNCKE SANDRA M. , LAPOINTE FRANÇOIS‐JOSEPH , LOUIS EDWARD E.
Published: March 2007

The radiated tortoise (Geochelone radiata) is an endangered endemic species from Madagascar that inhabits the semiarid spiny forest of the southern part of the island. Habitat destruction and illegal harvesting greatly threaten this species, as attested by the significant reduction of its distribution area in the past 30 years. In order to undertake appropriate conservation actions, it is essential to acquire a better knowledge of its genetic structure. For this study, 145 blood samples were collected from three populations of radiated tortoises in southwestern Madagascar. Eight microsatellite loci were found to be polymorphic, and allelic diversity and observed heterozygosity were high for all markers.
A set of chloroplast microsatellite primers for Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae)
Authors: STEANE D. A. , JONES R. C. , VAILLANCOURT R. E.
Published: March 2007

We present a set of 35 chloroplast microsatellite primers for Eucalyptus. Ten of the microsatellites displayed intraspecific polymorphism, and identified nine haplotypes among 16 Eucalyptus globulus individuals. Primer conservation was high, with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) success rate of 98% when tested on four other Eucalyptus species and seven additional myrtaceous genera. Chloroplast microsatellites have applications in phylogeographic studies, fingerprinting and progeny analysis.
Characterization of microsatellite loci for the Amazonian rummy‐nose tetra, Hemigrammus bleheri (Teleostei, Characidae)
Authors: BEHEREGARAY L. B. , CHAE J. , CHAO N. L. , CACCONE A.
Published: March 2007

The rummy‐nose tetra, Hemigrammus bleheri, is a small fish found in forest streams of the Rio Negro floodplain, central Amazonia. This species is popular in aquaria and used as an ornamental fishery resource by the riverine people from middle Rio Negro. Here we describe eight microsatellite DNA loci for rummy‐nose tetras. Number of alleles and heterozygosity per locus in a sample of 30 fish ranged from five to 22 and from 0.52 to 0.96, respectively. These highly variable genetic markers provide important tools for investigating population history and identifying conservation units in rummy‐nose tetras.
Characterization and PCR multiplexing of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the locust Locusta migratoria
Authors: CHAPUIS MARIE‐PIERRE , LOISEAU ANNE , MICHALAKIS YANNIS , LECOQ MICHEL , ESTOUP ARNAUD
Published: March 2007

Because of the scarcity of polymorphic genetic markers available in locust species, only a few population genetics studies have been carried out on this taxon. We isolated and characterized 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the pest locust Locusta migratoria capito, and described experimental conditions for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) multiplexing and simultaneously genotyping these loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from six to 25, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.431 to 0.957. Results of cross‐taxon amplification tests are reported in six other Locusta migratoria subspecies, six species of the Oedipodinae subfamily and two other pest locust species.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the fungal tree pathogen Cryphonectria eucalypti
Authors: NAKABONGE G. , CORTINAS M. N. , ROUX J. , GRYZENHOUT M. , WINGFIELD B. D. , WINGFIELD M. J.
Published: March 2007

Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were developed from a single spore isolate of Cryphonectria eucalypti collected from a Eucalyptus stem canker in South Africa. Markers were obtained using the enrichment technique known as fast isolation by AFLPs of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO). Ten polymorphic markers were isolated, of which, two were discarded due to their high polymorphism in the flanking region. The mean number of alleles produced by the remaining eight markers from 20 isolates was 7.25, and alleles per locus ranged from four to 12. The markers will be used to study populations of C. eucalypti.
Eleven polymorphic microsatellite loci for the salmonid trematode Plagioporus shawi
Authors: CRISCIONE CHARLES D. , BLOUIN MICHAEL S.
Published: March 2007

We isolated and characterized 11 microsatellite loci from Plagioporus shawi, a parasitic trematode of salmonid fishes (Oncorhynchus spp.). Extensive polymorphism (expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.476 to 0.981 and number of alleles from 10 to 55) was found in a sample of 94 trematodes from 24 infected cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) individuals. Nine of the 11 loci will be useful for future genetic studies on within population dynamics of P. shawi.
A method for adjusting allele frequencies in the case of microsatellite allele drop‐out
Authors: BJÖRKLUND MATS
Published: March 2007

A new method is proposed to adjust allele frequencies when allelic drop‐out is common. This method assumes Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), and treats the problematic alleles as a one‐locus two‐allele system with dominance. By assuming that the homozygote frequency of the ‘recessive’ allele is measured correctly, we can back calculate the allele frequency of the ‘dominant’ allele, and adjust the heterozygote frequency accordingly. The drawback is that multilocus genotypes cannot be constructed and tests that use deviations from Hardy–Weinberg such as tests for bottlenecks become impossible. An example is given where a large homozygote excess (FIS = 0.44) is adjusted to a reasonable level (FIS = 0.046). The effect of scoring error was set in relation to sampling error and while FIS values can be seriously biased, FST values are not necessarily so, if scoring error and sample size are both low. As sample size increases, the effect of scoring error increases.
Characterization of EST derived SSRs from the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians
Authors: ROBERTS STEVEN , ROMANO CHRISTINA , GERLACH GABRIELE
Published: March 2007

Interest in bay scallop conservation has resulted in organized stock enhancement efforts and increased attention to fisheries management issues. Genetic markers can facilitate the monitoring of enhancement efforts, characterization of wild populations, and optimize hatchery practices. We have identified eight polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers including one dinucleotide, six trinucleotide and one compound dinucleotide repeats, in expressed sequence tags generated from multiple bay scallop cDNA libraries. The numbers of alleles range from two to five. The expected and observed heterozygosities range from 0.093 to 0.720 and 0.095 to 0.600, respectively.
Characterization of 20 highly variable tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and cross‐amplification in other Salvelinus species
Authors: DEHAAN PATRICK W. , ARDREN WILLIAM R.
Published: March 2007

We describe the isolation and development of 20 polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). In a sample of 76 fish, we observed between four and 23 alleles per locus. These loci show greater levels of genetic diversity than other loci previously examined in bull trout. Seventeen of these loci were also polymorphic in at least one of the following species: Salvelinus alpinus, Salvelinus malma, Salvelinus namaycush and Salvelinus fontinalis. These loci will aid in our understanding of the molecular ecology of bull trout and other char.
Microsatellite DNA markers for delineating population structure and kinship among the endangered Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii)
Authors: KING TIM L. , EACKLES MICHAEL S. , HENDERSON ANNE P. , BOCETTI CAROL I. , CURRIE DAVE , WUNDERLE JOSEPH M.
Published: March 2007

We document the isolation and characterization of 23 microsatellite DNA markers for the endangered Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii), a Nearctic/Neotropical migrant passerine. This suite of markers revealed moderate to high levels of allelic diversity (averaging 7.7 alleles per locus) and heterozygosity (averaging 72%). Genotypic frequencies at 22 of 23 (95%) markers conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium expectations, and no linkage disequilibrium was observed in blood samples taken from 14 warblers found on the wintering grounds in the Bahamas archipelago. Multilocus genotypes resulting from this suite of markers should reduce the amount of resources required for initiating new genetic studies assessing breeding structure, parentage, demographics, and individual‐level ecological interactions for D. kirtlandii.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the stick insects Bacillus rossius rossius, Bacillus rossius redtenbacheri and Bacillus whitei (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
Authors: ANDERSEN DITTE HOLM , PERTOLDI CINO , LOESCHCKE VOLKER , SCALI VALERIO
Published: March 2007

Five microsatellite markers were obtained from a dinucleotide enriched genomic library of the stick insect Bacillus rossius rossius. The markers were tested in three species of Bacillus. All loci were polymorphic when tested across species. The number of alleles at each locus was low (maximum four alleles), but different allelic patters were observed among the species.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in Calomys musculinus (Muridae, Sigmodontinae, Phyllotini), the natural reservoir of Junin virus
Authors: CHIAPPERO MARINA B. , GARDENAL CRISTINA N. , PANZETTA‐DUTARI GRACIELA M.
Published: March 2007

Calomys musculinus, one of the most abundant rodent species in central Argentina, is the reservoir of Junin virus, the aetiological agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. We isolated six polymorphic microsatellite loci for microgeographical studies of population structure in this species. Amplification of these loci in 36 individuals from three natural populations revealed five to 14 alleles per locus and expected heterozygosities from 0.426 to 0.868. Cross‐species amplifications suggest that primers designed for these loci may be useful in other closely related species of the tribe Phyllotini, but not in species of other more distantly related tribes of the subfamily Sigmodontinae.
Development of primers to characterize the mitochondrial control region of Galápagos land and marine iguanas (Conolophus and Amblyrhynchus)
Authors: HANLEY T. C. , CACCONE A.
Published: March 2007

Primers were developed for the amplification and sequencing of the mitochondrial control region of Galápagos land (Conolophus) and marine (Amblyrhynchus) iguanas. Sequences were obtained for four land iguana samples from two islands and for 28 marine iguana samples from three islands. A series of 70–80 bp tandem repeats adjacent to the control region are described and preliminary quantification of intra‐ and interspecific sequence divergence is included.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the truffle‐like ectomycorrhizal fungi Rhizopogon occidentalis and Rhizopogon vulgaris
Authors: GRUBISHA LISA C. , KRETZER ANNETTE M. , BRUNS THOMAS D.
Published: March 2007

We have isolated and characterized five microsatellite loci from Rhizopogon occidentalis and six loci from Rhizopogon vulgaris (Boletales, Basidiomycota). Microsatellite variation was assessed using 32 R. occidentalis and 48 R. vulgaris individuals from four populations in California. The number of alleles across populations ranged from two to 10 for R. occidentalis and three to eight for R. vulgaris. Expected heterozygosity values within populations ranged from 0.00 to 0.85 for R. occidentalis and 0.00 to 0.75 for R. vulgaris. These are the first microsatellite loci isolated for R. occidentalis and R. vulgaris and will be useful in the examination of their population genetic structure.
Nematode‐specific PCR primers for the 18S small subunit rRNA gene
Authors: FLOYD ROBIN M. , ROGERS ALEX D. , LAMBSHEAD P. JOHN D. , SMITH CRAIG R.
Published: March 2007

A set of polymerase chain reaction primers were designed, which amplify a c. 1 kb fragment of the 18S ribosomal DNA gene, and are specific to the phylum Nematoda. These have proven useful in isolating nematode genes from samples mixed with other biological material, particularly with application to DNA barcoding. Optimal reaction conditions are described. These primers have successfully amplified the correct fragment from a wide phylogenetic range of nematodes, and have so far generated no sequences from any other organismal group.
Development and characterization of microsatellite loci in Mormon crickets (Anabrus simplex, Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
Authors: BAILEY N. W. , HOCKHAM L. R. , GRAVES J. A. , RITCHIE M. G.
Published: March 2007

Anabrus simplex is an economically significant crop pest in the western United States and is a model organism for studying the influence of sex role reversal on sperm allocation and utilization patterns and population genetics. We isolated seven polymorphic microsatellite loci in Anabrus simplex, and within population allele numbers ranged from 10 to 25. High polymorphism is not unusual for Orthopteran insects, although observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.24 to 0.91 and were lower than expected heterozygosities, suggesting null alleles. These microsatellites will greatly facilitate studies of postcopulatory reproductive isolation in nuptial gift‐giving insects and historical phylogenetics in the Rocky Mountains.
Maximum‐likelihood estimation of a hybrid index based on molecular markers
Authors: BUERKLE C. ALEX
Published: March 2007

This paper elaborates on a hybrid index that utilizes information from genetic markers to quantify the genetic contribution of hybridizing species to individuals of unknown ancestry. Dominant markers will only lead to reliable and accurate estimates of hybrid index in later generation hybrids. In contrast, codominant markers can be fully resolved and their use is unproblematic. For both types of markers and allele frequencies that differ substantially between parental species (FST ≥ 0.17), a hybrid index based on 35–45 loci will have a nearly minimal confidence interval. Estimates of hybrid index are robust to modest errors in estimates of parental allele frequencies.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the avocado thrips Scirtothrips perseae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: RUGMAN‐JONES P. F. , WEEKS A. R. , HODDLE M. S. , STOUTHAMER R.
Published: March 2007

The recent invasion of California by avocado thrips, Scirtothrips perseae, has had a serious economic impact on the Californian avocado industry. Here we report the isolation and characterization of six microsatellite loci for S. perseae, four of which were highly polymorphic (number of observed alleles ranged from three to 13 and expected heterozygosity from 0.31 to 0.87). These markers will be used to investigate the invasion history and route of entry into California of S. perseae. Three of the six loci successfully amplified in other Scirtothrips and Neohydatothrips species.
Six polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Natterjack toad, Bufo calamita
Authors: ROGELL BJÖRN , GYLLENSTRAND NICLAS , HÖGLUND JACOB
Published: March 2007

The Natterjack toad, Bufo calamita, is a locally endangered anuran endemic to Europe. It has been used as a model organism in several ecological studies. When studying the genetic structure of marginalized populations of the species, there was a need to involve more loci in the study than those previously published. Here we present the development of six polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Natterjack. The loci will be used for studying population genetic structure and gene flow between populations.
Isolation of 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci from the North American red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Sciuridae, Rodentia), and their cross‐utility in other species
Authors: GUNN MELISSA R. , DAWSON DEBORAH A. , LEVISTON ANDREW , HARTNUP KATIE , DAVIS COREY S. , STROBECK CURTIS , SLATE JON , COLTMAN DAVID W.
Published: March 2007

We isolated 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci to be used for pedigree analysis in a wild population of North American red squirrels, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. Allelic diversity and observed heterozygosity ranged from six to 13 and 0.39 to 0.89, respectively, in a sample of 93 individuals. Up to 13 sets of primers also amplify in other rodent species.
Microsatellite markers for Vaccinium from EST and genomic libraries
Authors: BOCHES P. S. , BASSIL N. V. , ROWLAND L. J.
Published: March 2007

We present 30 microsatellite loci isolated from expressed sequence tag (EST) and genomic libraries in Vaccinium corymbosum L. Allele number per locus in 11 tetraploid and one diploid V. corymbosum accessions ranged from two to 15 (mean = 8.16) in 24 single‐locus simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Cross‐species amplification in a panel of 12 species representing nine sections ranged from 30 to 100% (mean = 83%).
Direct cloning of microsatellite loci from Cottus gobio through a simplified enrichment procedure
Authors: NOLTE ARNE W. , STEMSHORN KATHRYN C. , TAUTZ DIETHARD
Published: March 2007

Applying a simplified enrichment procedure, we have isolated and characterized 177 microsatellite markers for Cottus gobio L., 1758 (Cottidae, Scorpaeniformes, Teleostei). In contrast to using specific probes for the enrichment, we use genomic DNAs of unrelated organisms for cross‐hybridization. This takes advantage of the fact that simple sequences are the only repetitive elements that are abundantly found in all eukaryotic genomes and that any genome usually contains all permutations of microsatellite motifs. This cross‐hybridization principle was employed to enrich genomic libraries of Cottus DNA to obtain a large number of nonredundant microsatellite markers without further screening procedures.
Geneland: a computer package for landscape genetics
Authors: GUILLOT GILLES , MORTIER FRÉDÉRIC , ESTOUP ARNAUD
Published: March 2007

Geneland is a computer package that allows to make use of georeferenced individual multilocus genotypes for the inference of the number of populations and of the spatial location of genetic discontinuities between those populations. Main assumptions of the method are: (i) the number of populations is unknown and all values are considered a priori equally likely, (ii) populations are spread over areas given by a union of some polygons of unknown location in the spatial domain, (iii) Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium is assumed within each population and (iv) allele frequencies in each population are unknown and treated as random variable either following the so‐called Dirichlet model or Falush model. Different algorithms implemented in Geneland to perform inferences are first briefly presented. Then major running steps and outputs (i.e. histogram of number of populations and map of posterior probabilities of population membership) are illustrated from the analysis of a simulated data set, which was also produced by Geneland.
A simple method to score single nucleotide polymorphisms based on allele‐specific PCR and primer‐induced fragment‐length variation
Authors: HANSSON BENGT , KAWABE AKIRA
Published: March 2007

We describe a simple protocol to genotype single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which combines allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with fragment‐length analysis. Three primers are used in the PCR: two allele‐specific forward primers with a length‐difference and one reverse primer. The forward primers induce a length‐difference between the SNP‐variants, which can be assessed with standard fragment‐length analyses. We designed primers for 21 SNPs, and codominance was achieved for 76% of these SNPs. An inexpensive and flexible laser‐detection scoring protocol can be achieved with multiplex scoring and by incorporating the M13(‐21) genotyping method.
Cross‐species comparison of microsatellite loci in the Culex pipiens complex and beyond
Authors: SMITH JULIE L. , KEYGHOBADI NUSHA , MATRONE MICHAEL A. , ESCHER RICHARD L. , FONSECA DINA M.
Published: March 2007

In the past, we have developed microsatellite loci from the two most common members of the Culex pipiens complex, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens. Here we describe seven additional loci and present an extensive survey of a panel of 20 loci across most of the species and subspecies in the complex as well as in morphologically related species. Because we observed a high degree of polymorphism in the flanking regions, we designed new primers and surveyed multiple populations. We present alternate primers and discuss the cross‐species usefulness of these Culex microsatellite loci in a phylogenetic context.
Characterization of microsatellite markers derived from sequence databases for the European flounder (Platichthys flesus)
Authors: CASAS L. , MARTÍNEZ P. , SÁNCHEZ L.
Published: March 2007

The European flounder (Platichthys flesus; Pleuronectidae) is an important commercial fish species. Nevertheless, no microsatellites for this species have been published to date. The sequence of flounder genes present in the public database was searched for short tandem repeats. Out of 12 microsatellite pairs derived from Sequenced Databases, five amplified successfully with an expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.43 to 0.75. The average allele number of these microsatellites was 4.8 per locus with a range between two and nine.
Extremely variable di‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci in Brazilian free‐tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis)
Authors: RUSSELL A. L. , TURMELLE A. S. , BROWN V. A. , McCRACKEN G. F.
Published: March 2007

We present three dinucleotide and six tetranucleotide microsatellite loci that were developed for the Brazilian free‐tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis (Chiroptera, Molossidae). Ninety‐one individuals from two populations were scored at each locus, revealing extremely high levels of polymorphism (15–55 alleles per locus). These loci provide genetic markers for studying gene flow, migration and mating behaviour.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in Schoenoplectus americanus (Cyperaceae)
Authors: BLUM MICHAEL J. , MCLACHLAN JASON S. , SAUNDERS COLIN J. , HERRICK JEFFREY D.
Published: March 2007

Schoenoplectus americanus is a model organism for studying ecological and ecosystem responses of salt marsh plant communities to global climate change. Here we characterize 16 microsatellite loci in S. americanus to facilitate studies on the genetic basis of phenotypic responses to changing climate conditions such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Most loci also amplified in the morphologically similar sister species, Schoenoplectus pungens. Five loci exhibited species‐specific alleles or distinct allelic size distributions that discriminate S. americanus from S. pungens.
Investor Reaction to Celebrity Analysts: The Case of Earnings Forecast Revisions
Authors: BONNER SARAH E. , HUGON ARTUR , WALTHER BEVERLY R.
Published: March 2007

We examine the effects of analysts' celebrity on investor reaction to earnings forecast revisions. We measure celebrity as the quantity of media coverage analysts receive in sources included in the Dow Jones Interactive database, and find that media coverage is positively related to investor reaction to forecast revisions. The effect of celebrity on the reaction to forecast revisions remains significant after controlling for forecast performance variables examined in prior studies (ex post forecast accuracy, ex ante accuracy, award status, and other variables shown to be related to forecast accuracy). While these results are consistent with the familiarity of the analyst's name affecting the market reaction, we cannot rule out that our measure of celebrity is correlated with error in the performance measures we examine and/or correlated with other unexamined dimensions of forecast performance. A content analysis of a random subsample of the media coverage of our sample analysts suggests that our findings likely are not due to the increased availability of forecast revisions. Finally, an investigation of the excess returns around the quarterly earnings announcement date suggests that market participants react too strongly to forecast revisions issued by analysts with high levels of media coverage. Taken together, these findings suggest that an analyst's level of media coverage can affect the initial market reaction to his forecast revisions.
The Tokugawa Bureaucracy and Urban Crises: A Revival of the Humanist Traditions of China and Japan in Ogyu Sorai's Political Writings
Authors: Sato Yasuko
Published: March 2007

Ogyu Sorai (1666–1728) is a Japanese Confucian scholar who formulated his political philosophy, honoring the benevolent Way of the ancient Chinese Sages. It was his firm conviction that the task of government is to bring peace to the people. This humanistic concern was indeed central to classical Confucianism before the rise of a bureaucratic empire like the Qin (221–206bce). How then is it possible to account for this lofty idealization of early Chinese Confucianism and its relevance to Tokugawa Japan (1600–1868)? This paper explores how Sorai's pursuit of Chinese antiquity was pitted against Tokvgawa bureaucratic control in the Edo metropolis and how he celebrated the centrality of great human beings to the promotion of popular welfare. In this view, the institution of soceity rests ultimately on political personalities who govern the land virtuously, and not on enforcement of order by punishments. It is worth noting, however, that Sorai did not articulate this humanist position merely as a Sinologist. In his mind, the Confucian values of humane rulership and interpersonal and social ethics were conflated with the samurai ideals prior to the establishment of the centralized Tokugawa power structure. He was well acquainted with the mental prowess of Japan's military lords and with their commitment to the primacy of human potentialities in both the military and civil arts. Theoretically, the ideal drawn from the way of antiquity is decentralized rule, as samurai rulers were originally lords of their fiefs. The construction of a human order in autonomous regions is what Sorai considered to be essential to realizing a society where the people can enjoy peace and tranquility.
VITALIZING OF THE RELIGIOUS SCIENCES
Authors: Calverley Edwin E.
Published: April 2007

This article is a careful but greatly condensed analysis of the Book of the Worship (Kitab as‐Sala), the Fourth Book of the First Quarter of al‐Ghazzali's Ihya Ulum al‐Din. Dr. Calverley's complete Translation of this Book, with Introduction and Commentary from original sources, is expected to appear this year.
EVIDENCE FOR A SPECIALIZED LOCALIZATION OF THE CHLOROPLAST ATP‐SYNTHASE SUBUNITS α, β, AND γ IN THE EYESPOT APPARATUS OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Schmidt Melanie , Luff Matthias , Mollwo Anne , Kaminski Marc , Mittag Maria , Kreimer Georg
Published: March 2007

The eyespot apparatus (EA) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P. A. Dang. consists of two layers of carotenoid‐rich lipid globules subtended by thylakoids. The outermost globule layer is additionally associated with the chloroplast envelope membranes and the plasma membrane. In a recent proteomic approach, we identified 202 proteins from isolated EAs of C. reinhardtii via at least two peptides, including, for example, structural components, signalling‐related proteins, and photosynthetic‐related membrane proteins. Here, we have analyzed the proteins of the EA with regard to their topological distribution using thermolysin to find out whether the arrangement of globules and membranes provides protection mechanisms for some of them. From about 230 protein spots separated on two‐dimensional gels, the majority were degraded by thermolysin. Five major protein spots were protected against the action of this protease. These proteins and some that were degradable were identified by mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, the thermolysin‐resistant proteins represented the α and β subunits of the soluble CF1 complex of the chloroplast ATP synthase. Degradable proteins included typical membrane proteins like LHCs, demonstrating that thermolysin is not in general sterically prevented by the EA structure from reaching membrane‐associated proteins. A control experiment showed that the CF1 complex of thylakoids is efficiently degraded by thermolysin. Blue native PAGE of thermolysin‐treated EAs followed by SDS‐PAGE revealed that the α and β subunits are present in conjunction with the γ subunit in a thermolysin‐resistant complex. These results provide strong evidence that a significant proportion of these ATP‐synthase subunits have a specialized localization and function within the EA of C. reinhardtii.
NITROGEN UPTAKE AND ASSIMILATION KINETICS INALEXANDRIUM MINUTUM(DYNOPHYCEAE): EFFECT OF N‐LIMITED GROWTH RATE ON NITRATE AND AMMONIUM INTERACTIONS1
Authors: Maguer Jean‐Francois , L'Helguen Stéphane , Madec Christian , Labry Claire , Le Corre Pierre
Published: March 2007

Uptake and assimilation kinetics of nitrate and ammonium were investigated along with inhibition of nitrate uptake by ammonium in the harmful dinoflagellateAlexandrium minutumHalim at different nitrogen (N)–limited growth rates.Alexandrium minutumhad a strong affinity for nitrate and ammonium (Ks=0.26±0.03 and 0.31±0.04 μmol·L−1, respectively) whatever the degree of N deficiency of the cells. Ammonium was always the preferred form of nitrogen taken up (=0.42–0.50). In the presence of both forms, nitrate uptake was inhibited by ammonium, and inhibition was particularly marked in N‐sufficient cells (Imax∼0.9 andKi=0.31–0.56 μmol·L−1). In the case of N assimilation, ammonium was also the preferred form in N‐deficient cells (=0.54–0.72), whereas in N‐sufficient cells, both N sources were equally preferred (=0.90–1.00). The comparison of uptake and assimilation rates highlighted the ability ofA. minutumto significantly store in 1 h nitrate and ammonium in amounts sufficient to supply twice the daily N requirements of the slowest‐growing N‐deficient cells. Nitrogen uptake kinetic parameters ofA. minutumand their ecological implications are discussed.
Joint Impacts of Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Beer Taxes on US Youth Traffic Fatalities, 1975 to 2001
Authors: Ponicki William R. , Gruenewald Paul J. , LaScala Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

Background:There is a considerable body of prior research indicating that a number of public policies that limit alcohol availability affect youth traffic fatalities. These limitations can be economic (e.g., beverage taxation), physical (e.g., numbers or operating hours of alcohol outlets), or demographic (e.g., minimum legal drinking age). The estimated impacts of these policies differ widely across studies. A full‐price theoretical approach suggests that people weigh the benefits of drinking against the sum of all the associated costs, including the price of the beverages themselves plus the difficulty of obtaining them and any additional risks of injury or punishment related to their use. This study tested one prediction of this model, namely that the impact from changing one availability‐related cost depends on the level of other components of full cost.

Methods:The current analyses concentrate on 2 forms of limitations on availability that have been shown to affect youth traffic fatalities: minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws and beer taxes. The interdependence between the impacts of MLDA and taxes is investigated using a panel of 48 US states over the period 1975 to 2001. All age‐group–specific models control for numerous other variables previously shown to affect vehicle fatalities, as well as fixed effects to account for unexplained crosssectional and time‐series variation.

Results:The analyses showed that raising either MLDA or beer taxes in isolation led to fewer youth traffic fatalities. As expected, a given change in MLDA causes a larger proportional change in fatalities when beer taxes are low than when they are high.

Conclusions:These findings suggest that a community's expected benefit from a proposed limitation on alcohol availability depends on its current regulatory environment. Specifically, communities with relatively strong existing policies might expect smaller impacts than suggested by prior research, while places with weak current regulations might expect larger benefits from the same policy initiative.
Antisocial Behavioral Syndromes and DSM‐IV Alcohol Use Disorders: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Authors: Goldstein Risë B. , Dawson Deborah A. , Saha Tulshi D. , Ruan W. June , Compton Wilson M. , Grant Bridget F.
Published: March 2007

Background: Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), syndromal adult antisocial behavior (AABS) without conduct disorder (CD) before age 15, and CD without progression to ASPD (“CD only”) are highly prevalent among adults with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Among patients in AUD treatment, antisocial behavioral syndromes are associated with more severe AUDs and poorer treatment outcomes. Comparative data concerning associations of antisocial syndromes with clinical characteristics of AUDs and the sociodemographic and clinical correlates of these syndromes among general population adults with AUDs have not previously been available. This study examines prevalences and correlates of antisocial syndromes among adults with lifetime Diagnostic and Statistical Manual—Version IV (DSM‐IV) AUDs, and describes associations of these syndromes with clinical characteristics of AUDs, in the general U.S. population.

Methods: This report is based on the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n=43,093, response rate=81%). Respondents (n=11,843) with lifetime AUDs were classified according to whether they met criteria for ASPD, AABS, “CD only,” or no antisocial syndrome. Correlates of antisocial syndromes were examined using contingency table approaches and normal theory analyses of variance. Associations of antisocial syndromes with clinical characteristics of AUDs, including number of lifetime episodes, duration of longest or only episode, and alcohol consumption during period of heaviest drinking were examined using normal theory and logistic regression.

Results: Sociodemographic and clinical correlates of antisocial syndromes among respondents with AUDs were consistent with results from prior studies. Antisocial syndromes were significantly associated with phenomenology of AUDs, particularly ASPD with the most severe clinical presentations. Associations with AABS were similar to but more modest than those with ASPD; those with “CD only” were weaker and less consistent. Patterns of associations between antisocial syndromes and clinical characteristics of AUDs were generally similar between men and women.

Conclusions: Antisocial syndromes, particularly ASPD, appear to identify a more pernicious clinical profile of AUDs among adults in the general U.S. population.
Chronic Ethanol Exposure During Adolescence Increases Basal Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens Septi During Adulthood
Authors: Badanich Kimberly A. , Maldonado Antoniette M. , Kirstein Cheryl L.
Published: March 2007

Background:In humans, adolescent exposure to alcohol is associated with the onset of adult alcohol dependency and suggests that early use potentiates vulnerability to addiction. The aim of the present study was to address whether chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence would alter nucleus accumbens septi (NAcc) dopamine (DA) levels in the adult brain.

Methods:Rats were injected daily from postnatal day (PND) 30 to 50 with either 0.75 g/kg/i.p. ethanol or saline followed by an ethanol‐abstinent period from PND 51 to 65. Changes in extracellular DA levels in the anterior NAcc shell were measured via the no net flux (NNF) paradigm.

Results:Extracellular DA levels were greater in rats chronically treated with ethanol during adolescence (6.5 nM DA) in comparison with saline‐exposed controls (3.6 nM DA). There were no differences in extraction fraction (Ed), an indirect measure of DA reuptake, between ethanol‐treated (87%) and nontreated (68%) rats.

Conclusions:Together these findings suggest that changes in extracellular DA may be an underlying physiological mechanism in adolescent vulnerability to the rewarding properties of ethanol.