bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La propaganda comercial como transmisora de elementos identitarios: Algunos ejemplos de la ephemera murciana a principios del siglo XX
Authors: López Castillo José Miguel
Published: April 2021

Uno de los apartados menos tratados de las representaciones visuales de Murcia ha sido el de la ephemera comercial. Por tal motivo, dado su uso limitado y efímero, en muchas ocasiones no se le ha considerado como un apartado estimable en la historia del arte. Pero lo cierto es que las etiquetas de fábricas de conservas, frutas, licores y otros establecimientos, desde los últimos años del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del XX, en base al diseño difundieron los elementos identitarios más significativos de este territorio por toda España y el resto del mundo. En la mayoría de casos, la marca publicitaria estaba basada en estampas e imágenes del Costumbrismo romántico murciano que ya se habían consolidado durante el ochocientos para la demanda social de esa corriente; en otros casos se fueron adaptando a los nuevos criterios estéticos del siglo XX. Finalmente, esta forma de publicitar cada producto ayudó a patentar la denominación de origen de diversas empresas de varios sectores, principalmente agroalimentarias, y al mismo tiempo a su asimilación con esta región levantina gracias a sus hitos arquitectónicos, la huerta o sus tipos populares. Esta última premisa es la que abordaremos dentro de este estudio al contrastarlas con otras representaciones anteriores.

One of the less treated sections of the visual representations of Murcia has been the comercial ephemera. For this reason, given its limited and fleeting use, it has often not been considerated as a valvable section in the history of art. But the truth is that the labels of canning factories, fruits, liquors and other establishments, from the last years of the 19th century based on the design spread the most significant identity elements of this territory throughout Spain and the rest the world. In the majority of cases, the advertising brand was based on prints and images of Murcian romantic costums that had already been consolidated during the 19th century for the social demand of this currens, in other cases they were adapted to the new aesthetic criteria of the 20th century. Finally, this way of advertising each product helped to panted the denomination of origin of various companies, mainly agry-food, and at the same time to assimilate it with this southeast region thanks to its architectural landmarks, the orchard or its popular types. This last premise is the one we will address within this study when contrasting them other previous representations.
manuscrito autógrafo del Padre Soler en Orihuela con el final de Didone abbandonata y otras composiciones inéditas
Authors: Berná Pérez Juan
Published: April 2021

Las catalogaciones realizadas en 1909 y 1986 del Archivo de Música de la Catedral de Orihuela (ACO), asignaron al Padre Antonio Soler tres títulos sin advertir que el manuscrito con signatura 52/4, después del villancico A velar, pastores de Belén, tenía anotadas otras seis composiciones de la misma mano, fechadas entre 1763 y 1779. Este artículo tiene como objetivos catalogar y describir los siete títulos del manuscrito ACO 52/4, contextualizar su contenido y establecer los factores que permiten identificar al Padre Soler (1729-1783) como su autor y redactor. Se trata de un hallazgo doblemente importante porque incorpora seis títulos al catálogo de uno de los compositores españoles más importantes y, además, ofrece una faceta desconocida de su actividad creativa, pues uno de ellos pone música a la escena final de Didone abbandonata de Pietro Metastasio.

The 1909 and 1986 catalogues of the Musical Archive in Orihuela Cathedral (ACO) assigned Father Antonio Soler three titles, without noticing that the manuscript 52/4 had, after the villancico A velar, pastores de Belén, another six compositions in hisown handwriting, dated between 1763 and 1779. The purpose of this article is to catalogue and describe the seven titles of the manuscript ACO 52/4, to contextualize its contents and to establish the factors that allow us to identify Father Antonio Soler (1729- 1738) as its author. This is a doubly important find as it adds six titles to the catalogue of one of the most importantSpanish composers, moreover, it offers an unknown facet of his creative activity, as one of them is the final scene of Pietro Metastasio’s Didone abbandonata.
Kontrolteknologier på sikrede institutioner
Authors: Hoffmann Martin
Published: April 2021

Resumé Denne artikel præsenterer en teoretisk refleksion over og en empirisk analyse af, hvordan vi kan forstå kontrolteknologier i en socialpædagogisk sammenhæng på en sikret institution. Disse kontrolteknologier kan man forstå som særlige organisatoriske hjælpemidler, der har til formål at fremme socialpædagogers kontrol med praksis og børnene. Men i praksis vil vi se, at socialpædagoger hele tiden må forhandle og dømme relevansen af specifikke handlinger i et samarbejde med hinanden og de anbragte børn, for at den socialpædagogiske opgave kan lykkes. Dertil vil artiklen komme nærmere ind på børns oplevelser og engagementer i mødet med disse kontrolteknologiske virkemidler i hverdagen, og hvilke konsekvenser det får for dem.

 

AbstractThis article deals with a theoretical reflection on and an empirical analysis of how we can understand control technologies in a social pedagogic context at a secure institution. These control technologies can be understood as special organizational aids aimed at promoting social educators’ control of practice and children. However, in practice, we will see that social educators constantly have to negotiate and judge the relevance of specific actions in collaboration with each other and the children who have been placed in order for the social pedagogy task to succeed. In addition to this, the article will take a closer look at children’s experiences and engagements in the encounter with these technological tools in everyday life and the consequences it will have for them.
Computationel tankegang fra et pædagogisk perspektiv
Authors: Kaup Camilla Finsterbach
Published: April 2021

ResuméDenne artikel beskriver en undersøgelse af skolepædagogens betydning, når der introduceres til nye digitale teknologier i en undervisningssammenhæng i samarbejde med matematiklæreren. Undersøgelsen belyser, hvordan pædagogen kan være med til at understøtte elevernes tilegnelse af computationel tankegang (CT) som en del af matematikundervisningen. I projektet er der til hver klasse tilknyttet et team bestående af en pædagog og en matematiklærer. Empiriindsamlingen er en del af et ph.d.-projekt med fokus på CT i matematik, hvor der ses på, hvordan klasseteamet kollektivt kan udvikle brugen af CT for at understøtte elevernes matematiske forståelse. I denne artikel indgår der datamateriale i form af observationer fra det pædagogiske personales (pædagog og matematiklærer) undervisning og kompetenceudviklingsproces fra i alt fem 2. klasser fra tre forskellige kommuner. Resultaterne viser, at pædagogen spiller en væsentlig rolle i forhold til at understøtte elevernes internaliseringsproces, når der inddrages nye teknologier i undervisningen, og der er en opfattelse af, at pædagogerne fungerer som et medierende led i elevernes tilegnelse af den computationelle og matematiske forståelse. Det er vigtigt, at pædagogerne kender til de valgte teknologier og selv har afprøvet disse i praksis, da det giver dem større tryghed, når de understøtter både læreren og eleverne i undervisningen.

Abstract Computational thinking from a pedagogical perspective. The social educator’s importance for introducing technology in mathematics education. This article describes research on the importance of the social educator when new digital technologies are introduced in a teaching context along with the math teacher. It explores how the social educator can facilitate students’ acquisition of computational thinking (CT) as part of mathematics. For the project, each class is assigned a team that consists of a social educator and a math teacher. This article is part of a larger project that addresses CT in mathematics, which focuses on how to develop the use of CT to support the students’ mathematical understanding. Moreover, this article includes data material such as observations from the teaching and collective professional development process of the pedagogical staff from five second grade classes from three different municipalities. The results reveal that the social educator has a significant role in supporting students’ internalization process when new technologies are incorporated into the teaching. The social educator is also considered a mediating element in the students’ acquisition of computational and mathematical understanding. It is essential that the social educator is familiar with the selected technologies and has tested them in practice since this experience will increase their confidence in supporting the teacher and the students in the teaching.
Implicit og eksplicit viden i tværprofessionelt samarbejde
Authors: Theilmann Birgitte
Published: April 2021

ResumeTidlig indsats og forebyggelse er blevet løsningen på velfærdsstatens problemer i relation til udsatte børn og unge. Kommunale forvaltninger ønsker at effektivisere og øge kvaliteten i indsatserne og kalder i den forbindelse på ny fælles viden, der skal forandre organisationen. Her tilskrives teknologier, særligt organisationsopskrifter og det tværprofessionelle samarbejde, en særlig rolle. Artiklen sætter fokus på, hvordan fire grupper af fagprofessionelle medarbejdere (lærere, pædagoger, sundhedsplejersker og socialrådgivere) meningsudfylder nøglebegreberne tidlig indsats og forebyggelse af udsathed, ved at bringe forskellige vidensformer i spil, med henblik på at skabe en meningsfuld praksis. Artiklen peger på, at medarbejderne i høj grad trækker på mavefornemmelser, erfaringer og intuition (implicit viden) i løsning af den faglige opgave og i mindre grad på teknologier (eksplicit viden). Dette komplicerer vidensudvekslingen i det tværprofessionelle samarbejde. Teknologier anvendes i praksis enten når medarbejderne vurderer, at de passer ind i eksisterende faglig praksis, eller når de kan fungere som en legitimering af praksis (grundet ledelsesbeslutninger). Undersøgelsen peger således på, at organisationen er udfordret i forhold til den efterstræbte ny fælles viden.

AbstractImplicit and explicit knowledge on interdisciplinary cooperation- Operationalization of early intervention and prevention of vulnerability by means of professional perspectivesEarly intervention and prevention have become solutions to problems related to children and adolescents in vulnerable positions in the welfare state. Municipalities aim to increase the quality of the interventions and call for new common knowledge intending to change the organization. Technologies, especially organizational recipes, and interdisciplinary cooperation play important roles. The article highlights, how professional employees (teachers, day care workers, health care workers and social workers) make sense of the key concepts, early intervention and prevention of vulnerability by using different kinds of knowledge in order to create a meaningful practice. The article shows that professional employees to a large degree draw on feelings, experiences and intuition (implicit knowledge) when handling professional tasks, and to a lesser degree by using technologies (explicit knowledge). This complicates the knowledge exchange within interdisciplinary cooperation. Technologies are used either when the employees consider them suitable in existing practice or as a kind of legitimation of practice (due to managerial recommendations). The study shows the organization being overall challenged according to new, common knowledge.
Home prayer, unattended funerals and social responsibility: Muslims in Italy and the coronavirus outbreak (March-May 2020)
Authors: Gori Alessandro
Published: April 2021

Sadly, in 2020 Italy was one of the countries hardest hit by coronavirus (by 26 February 2021 2020: 2,868,435 infected; 96,974 dead). All religious communities in Italy had to respond quickly and clearly to a common and invisible threat, while providing guidance and support to their local congregations and complying with government provisions in order to curb the spread of the virus. From 9 March to 2 May 2020, Italy’s approximately 2.9 million Muslims, like all other residents, had to abide by the country’s strict stay-at-home orders, refraining from going out except for emergencies and to buy food. In the present article, I will make use of selected texts published on the official websites of the Unione delle Comunità e Organizzazioni Islamiche in Italia (UCOII – Union of Islamic congregations and organizations in Italy – اتحاد الهيئات والجاليات الإسلامية في إيطاليا ) and of the As sociazione Islamica Italiana degli Imam e delle Guide Religiose (Italian Islamic Association of Imams and Religious Guides; الجمعية الإسلامية الإيطالية للأئمة والمرشدين ) to deter mine and discuss: 1) which practices of the Italian Islamic community were most affected by the epidemic, and 2) how Italian Muslims carried out various symbolic and social initiatives to demonstrate their active participation in the common fight against the spread of the virus.
“Perhaps we see it in negative terms, but, ultimately, it is positive”
Authors: Sorgenfrei Simon
Published: April 2021

This article investigates how prominent preachers within Sweden’s most active puritan Salafi group, Islam.nu, relate to COVID-19. The article analyzes material published online between March 1, 2020, and July 31, 2020, which is herein divided into three categories: rhetorical responses, social responses, and theological responses. Salafism is often presented in academic literature and by the media as a current that is at odds with the majority society. The material analyzed shows that the Salafi group upon which this article focuses can rhetorically criticize certain expressions in the majority culture while simultaneously emphasizing the importance of heeding the recommendations of the Swedish authorities. Islam is presented both as an alternative and as a complement. The material also shows how the strong emphasis on proselytizing that is typical for Islam.nu is also apparent in relation to COVID-19.
Med bønnens kraft: Et islamisk og kristent arabisk perspektiv på covid-19
Authors: Galal Ehab
Published: April 2021

I de arabiske lande har covid-19, ligesom andre steder i verden, ført til restriktioner af den religiøse praksis, blandt andet i form af periodevis lukkede kirker og moskeer. Ligeledes har religiøse autoriteter med henvisning til religionen deltaget i debatten om covid-19’s betydning og håndtering. På denne baggrund analyseres i denne artikel, hvordan religiøse argumenter bekræfter henholdsvis udfordrer de arabiske staters håndtering af covid-19 i foråret 2020, og hvordan disse afspejler samspillet mellem stat og religion. Mens staterne gør brug af sundhedsvidenskabelig og sekulær argumentation, identificeres tre positioner blandt religiøse autoriteter: de, der støtter op om og med henvisning til religionen legitimerer staternes håndtering af covid-19; de, der finder alle svar i religionen og undgår at tale om politik; og de, der afviser og mistænkeliggør statens linje. Således afspejler debatten om håndtering af covid-19 i de arabiske lande gængse religiøse positioner i spørgsmålet om religionens rolle i samfundet.
GOD IS TELLING US SOMETHING
Authors: Sabih Joshua
Published: April 2021

The conflicting and different reactions to Covid-19 pandemic, ranging from a willingness to cooperate with health authorities to a violent rejection of all decisions and measures suggested or taken by local and international authorities are but expressions of framing meanings of and finding answers to why Covid-19 broke out on a such global scale beyond biological boundaries. This is to show why epidemics such as Covid-19 deserve to be investigated within their broader cultural, political, scientific, and geographic contexts. Religion or the religious rationale once again has made itself a site of interest in the public space; both as one of the many competing explanatory frameworks and as a scapegoat for contributing to the breakdown of the social order and for promoting unscientific, irrational and superstitious understandings and interpretations of Covid-19. As a matter of fact, certain religious communities across all the Abrahamic religions do present theological and eschatological interpretations of the pandemic. As we shall see, Messianic Jewish groups actually present a hermeneutical framework that consists of a theological-eschatological framework of the Covid-19 pandemic and a socio-political pantheism plan of action the aim of which is to maintain the believer immune to the attacks of secularism and its ills. On the latter point, I find Rabbi Amnon Yitzhak’s explanatory framework of the Covid-19 pandemic very informative as both to how the religious rationale is still at work in post-secular societies, and why Jewish ultra-orthodoxy’s theological-eschatological explanation and social pantheist response are worth investigating. In this article, Rabbi Amnon Yitzhak’s “perception, interpretation and response” to the Covid-19 pandemic and its global impact on both the biological and the social aspects shall be the primary subject of our analysis.
A ANÁLISE TEMÁTICA COMO METODOLOGIA NA PESQUISA QUALITATIVA EM EDUCAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS
Authors: Rosa Liane Serra da , Mackedanz Luiz Fernando
Published: April 2021

Neste trabalho, apresentamos a análise temática como procedimento analítico alternativo na pesquisa qualitativa. Apresentamos uma discussão sobre as diferentes formas de análise, com foco nas análises de conteúdo e do discurso, para sinalizar as diferenças com a análise temática. A partir de uma aplicação na pesquisa em educação em ciências, mostramos que esta alternativa não predispõe nenhuma teoria subjacente, e por isso não inclui nenhum viés na pesquisa, desde a produção dos dados. Assim, tal metodologia de análise pode ser utilizada em pesquisas da área da educação e do ensino, sem vinculação necessária a uma determinada corrente teórica, e pode ser trabalhada para alcançar resultados gerais, podendo ser posteriormente, se assim desejado, avaliados sob diferentes referenciais teóricos. Isto apresenta uma novidade em relação às metodologias de análise disponíveis, considerando que estas estão fortemente associadas a um arcabouço teórico próprio. Por esse motivo, defendemos sua aplicação de forma mais ampla para as áreas da educação e do ensino, para além da área da psicologia e da saúde, onde a mesma já é trabalhada.
Advances in NMR‐Based Characterization of Drug Substances, Impurities, Degradants, and Drug Metabolites
Authors: Saurí Josep , Reibarkh Mikhail , Williamson R. Thomas , Martin Gary E.
Published: April 2021

In the approximately 70 years since the first reports of experiments that led to what is now known as nuclear magnetic resonance or NMR spectroscopy, the technique has become the cornerstone of molecular structure characterization. From the isolation of strychnine to the confirmation of its complex structure in a total synthesis reported by Woodward consumed a century and a half. In contrast, using a modern 600 MHz NMR instrument equipped with a 1.7 mm MicroCryoProbe™, that task can now be accomplished in 24 hours, including the acquisition of15N chemical shift information on a few milligrams of sample. Such is the magnitude of the advances that have been made in the discipline. This article is not intended to make NMR spectroscopists out of a practicing medicinal chemistry; rather, the article is intended to acquaint the reader with recent advances in NMR techniques that are making it possible to successfully and unequivocally characterize ever increasingly more complex structures being synthesized in the laboratory as potential drug candidates or isolated from nature. Our goal was to augment the NMR knowledge of the medicinal chemist, better equipping him or her to more effectively interact with the NMR spectroscopy staff at the chemist's facility. The article begins with a discussion of new experimental methods that allow the acquisition of broadband decoupled1H NMR spectra that resemble an1H‐decoupled13C spectrum, with every proton resonance reduced to a singlet. Pure‐shift heteronuclear shift correlation methods are described next, followed by new long‐range heteronuclear chemical shift correlation experiments and then hyphenated techniques to identify components of complex, overlapped proton homonuclear spin systems. Techniques are also described for the unequivocal identification of vicinal neighbor carbon resonances that can be invaluable when dealing with complex impurities or degradation products. Covariance NMR data processing methods that allow 2D NMR experiments to be treated as large numerical matrices that can be manipulated using matrix algebraic operations are briefly discussed. Finally, anisotropic NMR methods are considered, which afford investigators the means of orthogonally verifying chemical structure constitution and configuration without investigator bias that often can lead to erroneously assigned structures. The latter eventuality, of course, can slow development timelines or could potentially have devastating patent protection consequences and regulatory implications.
Gas Vesicle Nanoparticles
Authors: DasSarma Priya , DasSarma Shiladitya
Published: April 2021

Gas vesicles are intracellular nanoparticles produced by many prokaryotic microorganisms. These buoyant, gas‐filled and phase‐bright organelles promote movement of cells vertically in the water column. Easily isolated by flotation after cell disruption, the nanoparticles are surrounded by a lipid‐free protein membrane that is extremely stable and gas permeable. Gas vesicle biogenesis begins with small bicones and proceeds to longer spindle or cylindrical‐shaped structures, with the size and shape dependent on the species. Water is excluded from the gas vesicle interior as a consequence of hydrophobicity of the inner surface of the membrane. Two major and five minor gas vesicle proteins coded by largegvp(gasvesicleprotein) gene clusters with a dozen or more genes have been found in many species. Such gene clusters are necessary and sufficient for biogenesis. Research on gas vesicle architecture is ongoing, and gas vesicle nanoparticles are being engineered for uses in environmental and biomedical applications.

Diverse prokaryotes make organelles known as gas vesicles (GVs) for buoyancy.

Gas vesicles are common in cyanobacteria, halophilic Archaea and other aquatic microorganisms.

Toxic blooms are made by some gas vesicle‐containing cyanobacteria.

Buoyancy increases the availability of light and oxygen to cells for photosynthesis and respiration.

Gas vesicle synthesis requires a cluster of about a dozen genes.

Gas vesicles are easily purified and harvested as nanoparticles (GVNPs).

GVNPs are extremely stable and may be genetically engineered to display foreign proteins.

The GVNPs are being developed for biomedical and environmental applications.
Molluscan Nervous Systems
Authors: Benjamin Paul R , Kemenes György , Staras Kevin
Published: April 2021

Neural circuits generating reflex and rhythmic behaviours in gastropod molluscs have the advantage that they can be analysed at the level of single identified neurons. The most important advances are in the understanding of learning and memory. The ability to analyse the mechanisms of this adaptive behaviour by integrating information at the behavioural, electrophysiological and molecular levels is a major advantage. However, these behaviours and their underlying brain mechanisms are far simpler than those in another group of mollusc, the cephalopods. These ‘brainy’, fast moving molluscs have basic forms of learning such as habituation and associative conditioning, but they also have more sophisticated behaviours characteristic of vertebrates, such as social and spatial learning. Unlike gastropods, they have separate visual and tactile memory systems. Recent developments at the cellular and circuit level show that a learning and memory centre in the octopus brain manifests vertebrate‐like learning mechanisms, such as long‐term synaptic potentiation.

The ability to identify single neurons and determine their synaptic connections is an important concept in molluscan nervous systems.

This illustrates an important principle of circuit design that generation of the appropriate behaviour depends both on synaptic connectivity and on the ion channel complement present in neuron.

No single factor is involved, but behaviours rely on combinations that include both synaptic connections and electrical (intrinsic properties) of the neurons themselves.

An important conclusion from our work is that the ensemble properties of the whole network are required to produce behaviour. This combined with the redundancy of some elements, argues for a distributed type of organization, with neurons having overlapping and complementary functions.

Associative conditioning involved both pre‐ and post‐synaptic processes.

Both neuronal and cellular processes are involved in memory consolidation.
Plant Chloroplasts and Other Plastids
Authors: Finkemeier Iris , Leister Dario
Published: April 2021

Plastids are a group of organelles that are characteristic of plant cells. They have derived in an endosymbiotic event from a cyanobacterial ancestor and still exhibit many bacterial features. Plastids are able to perform many specialised functions that are essential for plant growth and development, such as photosynthesis, nitrate and sulfate assimilation, the synthesis of amino acids and fatty acids, storage of carbohydrates and lipids or the formation of colours in some fruits and flowers. To accomplish this, their membrane systems exert specialised transport functions, including the import and sorting of proteins and the exchange of metabolites in case of the two envelope membranes, as well as proton and electron transport in the case of the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Moreover, plastids communicate with the nucleus by retrograde signalling to adjust the expression of nuclear genes according to the metabolic and developmental state of the organelle.

Plastids are of bacterial origin.

Several forms of plastids exist with different functions and composition.

Chloroplasts, the photosynthetically active plastids, are bounded like the other flowering plant plastids by a double membrane but contain in addition the chlorophyll‐containing thylakoid membrane system, the site of photosynthesis.

Plastids are essential for the assimilation of nitrate and sulfate as well as for the synthesis of aromatic compounds.

In contrast to animals, the major site of fatty acid biosynthesis in plants is within the plastid.

Plastids import most of their several thousand different proteins because the corresponding genes are located in the nucleus.

Various metabolites are imported in or exported from plastids through specific translocators within the envelope.

Plastids communicate with the nucleus by as‐yet‐mostly unknown messenger molecules.
Chelicerata (Arachnids Including Spiders, Mites and Scorpions)
Authors: Shultz Jeffrey W
Published: April 2021

Chelicerata is the group of arthropods that includes extant marine sea spiders (Pycnogonida) and horseshoe crabs (Xiphosurida), mainly terrestrial Arachnida (spiders, mites, scorpions, etc.), and extinct fossil groups, including sea scorpions. Most chelicerates have two body regions, a prosoma bearing feeding and leg‐like appendages and an opisthosoma bearing respiratory structures and other organ systems. The vast majority are predators that can have significant impacts on prey populations. Arachnids are notable for ingesting primarily liquified food and for a variety of predatory adaptations, including venoms and silken webs. Chelicerates probably first evolved in the Cambrian, but the earliest fossils are known from the Ordovician. Among extant arthropods, they form the sister group to the mandibulates (insects, crustaceans and myriapods). Within Chelicerata, sea spiders are the sister group to the horseshoe crabs and arachnids. Relationships among fossil groups and among the 11 extant arachnid orders are uncertain.

The chelicerates form one of the most numerous and species‐rich groups of animals and are rivaled in diversity only by the insects.

The chelicerate body consists of two regions: an anterior prosoma (or cephalothorax) that bears the eyes, mouthparts and six pairs of appendages and a posterior opisthosoma (or abdomen) that houses most of the respiratory, digestive and reproductive organs.

The extant chelicerates include two marine groups, Pycnogonida (sea spiders) and Xiphosurida (horseshoe crabs), and the terrestrial Arachnida (spiders, mites, scorpions, whipscorpions and several other orders).

The vast majority of chelicerates prey on other animals and are ecologically important in terrestrial systems for their effect on insect numbers, but many mites feed on plants or are parasitic.

The chelicerates are extremely ancient, with the earliest fossils of several living and extinct forms found in Silurian and Devonian strata.

Among the extant arthropods, Chelicerata is the sister group to Mandibulata, the clade that includes myriapods, crustaceans and insects.

The phylogenetic relationships of many fossil groups and most the arachnid orders remain uncertain.
Mumps Virus
Authors: Duprex W Paul , Rima Bertus K
Published: April 2021

Mumps virus causes a childhood disease that is characterised by swelling of the salivary glands (parotitis) and the testes (orchitis). Though it causes what is usually a mild disease infection, in adolescents and adults, it can be seriously discomforting and lead to meningitis and other sequelae. It was the main cause of viral meningitis before vaccines controlled the numbers of cases. Some of the clinical signs develop only after the onset of immune responses and may result from immunopathological reactions. Its pathogenesis is not well understood and relatively underresearched for a human pathogen. Mumps virus is a nonsegmented negative‐stranded ribonucleic acid virus belonging to the family
Paramyxoviridae
. The molecular description of the virus, the understanding of the genome expression and the role of most viral proteins, though far from completely understood, have advanced in recent years, and we are now able to introduce mutations into the virus at will.

Key Concepts

Mumps virus is a relatively simple‐enveloped, negative‐sensed RNA virus which contains only seven genes.

Mumps virus is a highly infectious agent which causes a relatively mild systemic disease in susceptible individuals.

A highly efficacious vaccine has been developed, although the molecular basis of the attenuation remains an enigma.

Inadequate virus attenuation caused aseptic meningitis in vaccinees and resulted in the withdrawal of mumps vaccines and public resistance to vaccination in the 1990s. In some countries, such as Japan, this led to the complete cessation of national vaccination programmes.

Recombinant mumps viruses have helped to define the molecular determinants of neurotropism.
Extinction: Late Devonian Mass Extinction
Authors: McGhee George R , Racki Grzegorz
Published: April 2021

The Late Devonian mass extinction, which occurred 371.9 million years ago (Ma), is one of the ‘Big Five’ mass extinctions in Earth history. Suggested main proximate causes of the crisis include oceanic anoxia and climate swings. The severe loss of biodiversity affected both marine and terrestrial ecosystems and animal (especially metazoan reefs) and plant communities. Both high‐ and low‐temperature stresses due to rapid climate switches and oxygen deprivation due to anoxia have been implicated as kill mechanisms in the mass extinction. The ultimate trigger for these kill mechanisms is still conjectural, but a crucial role of Eovariscan tectono‐volcanic events has recently been highlighted, coupled with episodic expansion of terrestrial vegetation due to greenhouse effect driven by magmatic outgassing. Oceanic anoxia may have been triggered by the land‐derived nutrification pulses. Postulated triggers of global cooling include the lag‐time volcanic winter but superimposed on atmospheric carbon dioxide downdraw due to biological and tectonic factors and chemical weathering of terrestrial rocks.

Key Concepts

Early lobe‐finned fishes and tetrapod (four‐limbed) vertebrates were severely impacted by the Late Devonian mass extinction.

The destruction of Devonian‐style metazoan reefs triggered a permanent change in global marine ecosystems.

Both oscillating temperature stress (from hyperthermia to hypothermia) and oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) are implicated in the Late Devonian mass extinction.

Catastrophic mantle plume and arc volcanism is debated as a main trigger of the Late Devonian mass extinction.

Bolide impact (in ocean?) can only be seen as an additional source of stresses in the global ecosystem.
Nitrate Additives Coordinated with Crown Ether Stabilize Lithium Metal Anodes in Carbonate Electrolyte
Authors: Gu Sichen , Zhang Si‐Wei , Han Junwei , Deng Yaqian , Luo Chong , Zhou Guangmin , He Yanbing , Wei Guodan , Kang Feiyu , Lv Wei , Yang Quan‐Hong
Published: April 2021

Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) are promising for next‐generation batteries but have poor compatibility with the widely used carbonate‐based electrolytes, which is a major reason for their severe dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency (CE). A nitrate additive to the electrolyte is an effective solution, but its low solubility in carbonates is a problem that can be solved using a crown ether, as reported. A rubidium nitrate additive coordinated with 18‐crown‐6 crown ether stabilizes the LMA in a carbonate electrolyte. The coordination promotes the dissolution of NO3− ions and helps form a dense solid electrolyte interface that is Li3N‐rich which guides uniform Li deposition. In addition, the Rb (18‐crown‐6)+ complexes are adsorbed on the dendrite tips, shielding them from Li deposition on the dendrite tips. A high CE of 97.1% is achieved with a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 in a half cell, much higher than when using the additive‐free electrolyte (92.2%). Such an additive is very compatible with a nickel‐rich ternary cathode at a high voltage, and the assembled full battery with a cathode material loading up to 10 mg cm−2 shows an average CE of 99.8% over 200 cycles, indicating a potential for practical use.
Entropy production and chemical reactions in nonequilibrium plasma
Authors: Thimsen Elijah
Published: April 2021

In this work, methods based upon nonequilibrium thermodynamics are elucidated to predict stationary states of chemical reactions in nonequilibrium plasma, and limits for energy conversion efficiency. CO2 splitting is used as an example reaction. Expectations from the theoretical framework are compared to experimental results, and reasonable agreement is obtained. The key conclusion is that the probability of observing either reactants or products increases with the amount of energy dissipated by that side of the reaction as heat through collisions with hot electrons. The side of the reaction that dissipates more energy as heat has a higher probability of occurrence. Furthermore, endergonic chemical reactions in nonequilibrium plasma, such as CO2 splitting at low temperature, require an intrinsic energy dissipation to satisfy the second law of thermodynamics—a sufficient and necessary waste. This intrinsic dissipation limits the maximum theoretical energy conversion efficiency.
Construction of Hybrid Bi‐microcompartments with Exocytosis‐Inspired Behavior toward Fast Temperature‐Modulated Transportation of Living Organisms
Authors: Chen Haixu , Wang Lei , Wang Shengliang , Li Junbo , Li Zhenhui , Lin Youping , Wang Xiaoliang , Huang Xin
Published: April 2021

Inspired by the unique characteristics of living cells, the creation of life‐inspired functional ensembles is a rapidly expanding research topic, enabling transformative applications in various disciplines. Herein, we report a facile method for the fabrication of phospholipid and block copolymer hybrid bi‐microcompartments via spontaneous asymmetric assembly at the water/tributyrin interface, whereby the temperature‐mediated dewetting of the inner microcompartments allowed for exocytosis to occur in the constructed system. The exocytosis location and commencement time could be controlled by the buoyancy of the inner microcompartment and temperature, respectively. Furthermore, the constructed bi‐microcompartments showed excellent biocompatibility and a universal loading capacity toward cargoes of widely ranging sizes; thus, the proliferation and temperature‐programmed transportation of living organisms was achieved. Our results highlight opportunities for the development of complex mesoscale dynamic ensembles with life‐inspired behaviors and provide a novel platform for on‐demand transport of various living organisms.
Positive effect of the addition of polyaniline on the anticorrosive property of polyethersulfone two‐layer composite coating
Authors: Wang Hongyue , Zhu Shiyang , Yao Hongyan , Di Yizeng , Shu Meng , Li Jiahao , Zhang Bo , Cao Guangzhao , Guan Shaowei
Published: April 2021

In order to prepare a coating with better corrosion resistance, the double‐layer coatings are designed to work together in this article. The double‐layer coatings are made of polyethersulfone and epoxy resin as the matrix resin. Polyaniline (PANI) of different contents was added to the matrix resin by weight to form the primer coats, which was named as d‐0, d‐20, d‐40, d‐60. And polytetrafluoroethylene was introduced into the matrix resin to prepare the surface coats. A two‐layer coating was prepared by coating the surface layer on the primer layer, named as S‐0, S‐20, S‐40, S‐60. The surface morphology of the primer coatings and the cross section morphology of the two‐layer coatings were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The anticorrosion property of the coatings was studied by water absorption, adhesion, salt spray corrosion acceleration test and electrochemical impedance test. The results indicate that the 40 wt% PANI composite coating shows the best corrosion resistance.
Supramolecular Nanodrugs Based on Covalent Assembly of Therapeutic Peptides toward In Vitro Synergistic Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Hong Huadong , Zou Qianli , Liu Yamei , Wang Shaozhen , Shen Guizhi , Yan Xuehai
Published: April 2021

Therapeutic peptides have attracted significant attention in clinical applications due to their advantages in biological origination and good biocompatibility. However, the therapeutic performance of peptides is usually hindered by their short half‐lives in blood and inferior activity. Herein, supramolecular nanodrugs of therapeutic peptides are constructed by covalent assembly of chemotherapeutic peptides through genipin cross‐linking. The resulting nanodrugs have intense absorbance in the near‐infrared region and high photothermal conversion efficiencies, leading to the possibility of photothermal therapy. The combination of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy using the nanodrugs shows synergistic therapeutic effects on cancer cells. Hence, covalent assembly not only maintains the chemotherapeutic activities of the peptides but also triggers supramolecular photothermal effects, demonstrating that the covalent assembly of therapeutic peptides through genipin cross‐linking is an efficient approach in constructing supramolecular nanodrugs toward synergistic anticancer therapy.
Impact of novel systemic therapies on the first‐year costs of care for melanoma among Medicare beneficiaries
Authors: Gogebakan Kemal Caglar , Mukherjee Kumar , Berry Elizabeth G. , Sonmez Kemal , Leachman Sancy A. , Etzioni Ruth
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND

Since 2011, the therapeutic landscape of melanoma has changed dramatically because of the adoption of immune checkpoint inhibitor and targeted therapies. The authors sought to quantify the effects of these changes on short‐term treatment costs by comparing the first‐year cancer‐attributable costs in novel (2011‐2015) and historical (2004‐2010) treatment eras.

METHODS

The authors estimated the first‐year cancer‐attributable and out‐of‐pocket (OOP) costs by cancer stage at diagnosis by using a case‐control approach. Patients aged ≥67 years with melanoma results were used to calculate the total direct costs of treatment during the first year after the diagnosis of melanoma in the US Medicare population older than 65 years. Costs were reported in 2018 dollars.

RESULTS

Costs increased with the stage at diagnosis. Average first‐year cancer‐attributable costs per patient for stage IV patients increased significantly by 61.7% from $45,952 to $74,297 after the adoption of novel treatments. Per‐patient OOP responsibility decreased by almost 30.8% across all stages of cancer but increased by 16.5% for stage IV patients from 2004 ($7646) to 2015 ($8911). The total direct cost of treatment for persons with melanoma older than 65 years increased by $16.03 million (4.93%) from $324.68 million in 2010 to $340.71 million in 2015. The largest increase in yearly total cost, $23.64 million (56.53%), was observed among stage IV patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The direct cost of melanoma increased significantly in the Medicare population, particularly for advanced‐stage disease. Prevention and early detection initiatives may reduce the economic burden of melanoma.
CAR‐NK cells: the next wave of cellular therapy for cancer
Authors: Daher May , Melo Garcia Luciana , Li Ye , Rezvani Katayoun
Published: April 2021

T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have revolutionised the field of cellular therapy for cancer. Despite its success, this strategy has some recognised limitations and toxicities. Hence, there is growing interest in developing novel cellular therapies based on non‐αβ T‐cell immune effector cells, including NK cells that offer clear advantages in cancer immunotherapy. As a result, NK cells are being explored as an alternative platform for CAR engineering and are becoming recognised as important players in the next generation of cellular therapies targeting cancer. In this review, we highlight preclinical and clinical studies of CAR‐NK cells derived from different sources and discuss strategies under investigation to enhance the antitumor activity of these engineered innate immune cells.
Metal‐Free Synthesis of Selenodihydronaphthalenes by Selenoxide‐Mediated Electrophilic Cyclization of Alkynes
Authors: An Shaoyu , Zhang Zhong , Li Pingfan
Published: April 2021

A transition‐metal‐free, selenium mediated electrophilic cyclization reaction was realized through a one‐pot procedure between simple alkynes and triflic anhydride‐activated selenoxides to give selenium containing dihydronaphthalene products. This method gave good to very high yields for all products, including selenium‐substituted phenanthrene, dihydroquinoline, 2H‐chromene, and coumarin, which can be further transformed to other functionalized compounds.
Cellulose‐Based Plastic Crystal Electrolyte Membranes with Enhanced Interface for Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Zhao Baiqing , Yang Maoxia , Li Jianying , Li Shaomin , Zhang Gen , Liu Shiqi , Cui Yanhua , Liu Hao
Published: April 2021

Fabricating robust succinonitrile‐based plastic crystal electrolyte (PCE) membranes with abundant and sustainable polymer skeleton and reinforcing the stability of the PCE–lithium anode interface are essential for adopting PCE in all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs). Herein, renewable and low‐cost cellulose is utilized as the mechanical support framework to prepare the self‐standing cellulose‐based PCE (C‐PCE) through the facile tape‐casting method. The cellulose matrix provides excellent robustness to the hybrid C‐PCE system. The fabricated C‐PCE shows an ionic conductivity of about 2.1 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a tensile strength of over 0.5 MPa at room temperature. Solid‐state lithium batteries assembled with the Li4Ti5O12 cathode, lithium metal anode, and the prepared electrolyte films exhibit an initial capacity surpassing 155 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and room temperature. This work presents a new attempt to use low‐cost cellulose and common additives to prepare high‐performance PCE membranes for lithium‐battery applications.
Ecological interactions shape the evolution of flower color in communities across a temperate biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Skeels Alexander , Dinnage Russell , Medina Iliana , Cardillo Marcel
Published: April 2021

Processes driving the divergence of floral traits may be integral to the extraordinary richness of flowering plants and the assembly of diverse plant communities. Several models of pollinator-mediated floral evolution have been proposed; floral divergence may (i) be directly involved in driving speciation or may occur after speciation driven by (ii) drift or local adaptation in allopatry or (iii) negative interactions between species in sympatry. Here, we generate predictions for patterns of trait divergence and community assembly expected under these three models, and test these predictions in Hakea (Proteaceae), a diverse genus in the Southwest Australian biodiversity hotspot. We quantified functional richness for two key floral traits (pistil length and flower color), as well as phylogenetic distances between species, across ecological communities, and compared these to patterns generated from null models of community assembly. We also estimated the statistical relationship between rates of trait evolution and lineage diversification across the phylogeny. Patterns of community assembly suggest that flower color, but not floral phenology or morphology, or phylogenetic relatedness, is more divergent in communities than expected. Rates of lineage diversification and flower color evolution were negatively correlated across the phylogeny and rates of flower colour evolution were positively related to branching times. These results support a role for diversity-dependent species interactions driving floral divergence during the Hakea radiation, contributing to the development of the extraordinary species richness of southwest Australia.
Vedolizumab Immunogenicity With Long‐Term or Interrupted Treatment of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Wyant Timothy , Yang Lili , Lirio Richard A. , Rosario Maria
Published: April 2021

Patients in the GEMINI 1 or 2 study (NCT00790933; Eudra CT2008‐002784‐14) with ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease had low immunogenicity rates after vedolizumab treatment for up to 52 weeks. We report immunogenicity rates from the GEMINI long‐term safety (LTS) study using a new drug‐tolerant electrochemiluminescence assay, including analyses in patients who received continuous vedolizumab induction and maintenance in GEMINI 1 or 2 and long term safety, or vedolizumab induction and placebo maintenance in GEMINI 1 or 2 followed by re‐treatment in long term safety (treatment interruption). Patients were enrolled in GEMINI long term safety from GEMINI 1, 2, or 3, or as de novo vedolizumab‐treated patients; all received vedolizumab 300 mg intravenously every 4 weeks. Vedolizumab antidrug antibody (ADA) status was determined by electrochemiluminescence assay; ADA‐positive samples were characterized by neutralizing activity. Vedolizumab ADA data were available for 1753 patients: 1513 continuously treated with vedolizumab before/during GEMINI long term safety, 240 re‐treated after treatment interruption. Among continuously treated patients, 36 (2.4%) were ADA positive (15 persistently, 20 neutralizing ADA positive). Among re‐treated patients, 53 (22.1%) were ADA positive (42 persistently, 40 neutralizing ADA positive). Longitudinal immunogenicity rates increased during placebo maintenance (19.4% at week 52), then decreased in GEMINI long term safety to rates (0 at the final visit) similar to continuously treated patients. ADA positivity was 1.1% vs 2.5% (continuous treatment) and 23.1% vs 22.0% (re‐treatment) among patients with and without infusion‐related reactions, respectively. Long‐term vedolizumab treatment was associated with generally low immunogenicity rates; vedolizumab–re‐treated patients had higher rates during placebo maintenance, which decreased during re‐treatment. No relationship was observed between immunogenicity and infusion‐related reactions.