bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isothermal Amplification and Lateral-Flow Assay for Detecting Crown-Gall-Causing Agrobacterium spp.
Authors: Fuller Skylar L. , Savory Elizabeth A. , Weisberg Alexandra J. , Buser Jessica Z. , Gordon Michael I. , Putnam Melodie L. , Chang Jeff H.
Published: June 2017

Agrobacterium is a genus of soilborne gram-negative bacteria. Members carrying oncogenic plasmids can cause crown gall disease, which has significant economic costs, especially for the orchard and nursery industries. Early and rapid detection of pathogenic Agrobacterium spp. is key to the management of crown gall disease. To this end, we designed oligonucleotide primers and probes to target virD2 for use in a molecular diagnostic tool that relies on isothermal amplification and lateral-flow-based detection. The oligonucleotide tools were tested in the assay and evaluated for detection limit and specificity in detecting alleles of virD2. One set of primers that successfully amplified virD2 when used with an isothermal recombinase was selected. Both tested probes had detection limits in picogram amounts of DNA. Probe 1 could detect all tested pathogenic isolates that represented most of the diversity of virD2. Finally, the coupling of lateral-flow detection to the use of these oligonucleotide primers in isothermal amplification helped to reduce the onerousness of the process, and alleviated reliance on specialized tools necessary for molecular diagnostics. The assay is an advancement for the rapid molecular detection of pathogenic Agrobacterium spp.
Genetic Variability of Phyllosticta ampelicida, the Agent of Black Rot Disease of Grapevine
Authors: Rinaldi Pietro A. , Paffetti Donatella , Comparini Cecilia , Broggini Giovanni A. L. , Gessler Cesare , Mugnai Laura
Published: June 2017

Phyllosticta ampelicida causes black rot disease of Vitis spp. Genetic homogeneity of pathogen populations was investigated by analyzing the number of haplotypes present in infected samples from Europe and America. The fungus was identified from an analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-ITS2 region, and partial sequences of β-tubulin and calmodulin genes. The analysis of nuclear microsatellites applied to strains from Vitis spp. confirmed the existence of a high degree of genetic variability in the fungal populations, revealed four subpopulations, and showed that strains from America are distinct from the European ones. Furthermore, the results obtained by landscape genetics showed that there were different introductions of the pathogen in the main vine areas of Europe, confirming what was observed in the first reports of the disease. The genetic variability of the fungus revealed by this study confirms the ability to generate new haplotypes by sexual reproduction. The difference found between the European populations and the American one confirms that the pathogen originated from America.
Camera-based measurement of respiratory rates is reliable
Authors: Becker Christoph , Achermann Stefan , Rocque Mukul , Kirenko Ihor , Schlack Andreas , Dreher-Hummel Thomas , Zumbrunn Thomas , Bingisser Roland , Nickel Christian H.
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Respiratory rate (RR) is one of the most important vital signs used to detect whether a patient is in critical condition. It is part of many risk scores and its measurement is essential for triage of patients in emergency departments. It is often not recorded as measurement is cumbersome and time-consuming. We intended to evaluate the accuracy of camera-based measurements as an alternative measurement to the current practice of manual counting.

Materials and methods

We monitored the RR of healthy male volunteers with a camera-based prototype application and simultaneously by manual counting and by capnography, which was considered the gold standard. The four assessors were mutually blinded. We simulated normoventilation, hypoventilation and hyperventilation as well as deep, normal and superficial breathing depths to assess potential clinical settings. The volunteers were assessed while being undressed, wearing a T-shirt or a winter coat.

Results

In total, 20 volunteers were included. The results of camera-based measurements of RRs and capnography were in close agreement throughout all clothing styles and respiratory patterns (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r=0.90–1.00, except for one scenario, in which the volunteer breathed slowly dressed in a winter coat r=0.84). In the winter-coat scenarios, the camera-based prototype application was superior to human counters.

Conclusion

In our pilot study, we found that camera-based measurements delivered accurate and reliable results. Future studies need to show that camera-based measurements are a secure alternative for measuring RRs in clinical settings as well.
Stochastic Simulation of Dopamine Neuromodulation for Implementation of Fluorescent Neurochemical Probes in the Striatal Extracellular Space
Authors: Beyene Abraham G. , McFarlane Ian R. , Pinals Rebecca L. , Landry Markita P.
Published: June 2017

Imaging the dynamic behavior of neuromodulatory neurotransmitters in the extracelluar space arising from individual quantal releases would constitute a major advance in neurochemical imaging. Spatial and temporal resolution of these highly stochastic neuromodulatory events requires concurrent advances in the chemical development of optical nanosensors selective for neuromodulators in concert with advances in imaging methodologies to capture millisecond neurotransmitter release. Herein, we develop and implement a stochastic model to describe dopamine dynamics in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain dorsal striatum. Our model is developed from first principles and simulates release, diffusion, and reuptake of dopamine in a 3D simulation volume of striatal tissue. We find thatin vivoimaging of neuromodulation requires simultaneous optimization of dopamine nanosensor reversibility and sensitivity: dopamine imaging in the striatum or nucleus accumbens requires nanosensors with an optimal dopamine dissociation constant (Kd) of 1 μM, whereasKdabove 10 μM are required for dopamine imaging in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, our model reveals that imaging frame rates of 20 Hz are optimal for imaging temporally-resolved dopamine release events based on the probabilistic nature of dopaminergic terminal activity in the striatum. Our work provides a modeling platform to probe how complex neuromodulatory processes can be studied with fluorescent nanosensors and enables direct evaluation of nanosensor chemistry and imaging hardware parameters. Our stochastic model is generic for evaluating fluorescent neurotransmission probes, and is broadly applicable to the design of other neurotransmitter fluorophores and their optimization for implementationin vivo.
Task-dependent representations of stimulus and choice in mouse parietal cortex
Authors: Pho Gerald N. , Goard Michael J. , Woodson Jonathan , Crawford Benjamin , Sur Mriganka
Published: June 2017

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been implicated in perceptual decisions, but whether its role is specific to sensory processing or sensorimotor transformation is not well understood. To distinguish these possibilities, we trained mice of either sex to perform a visual discrimination task and imaged the activity of PPC populations during both engaged behavior and passive viewing. Unlike neurons in primary visual cortex (V1), which responded robustly to stimuli in both conditions, most neurons in PPC responded exclusively during task engagement. However, PPC responses were heterogeneous, with a smaller subset of neurons exhibiting stimulus-driven, contrast-dependent responses in both conditions. Neurons in PPC also exhibit stronger modulation by noise correlations relative to V1, as illustrated by a generalized linear model that takes into account both task variables and between-neuron correlations. To test whether PPC responses primarily encoded the stimulus or the learned sensorimotor contingency, we imaged the same neurons before and after re-training mice on a reversed task contingency. Unlike V1 neurons, most PPC neurons exhibited a dramatic shift in selectivity after re-training and reflected the new sensorimotor contingency, while a smaller subset of neurons preserved their stimulus selectivity. Mouse PPC is therefore strongly task-dependent, contains heterogeneous populations sensitive to stimulus and choice, and may play an important role in the flexible transformation of sensory inputs into motor commands.

Significance Statement

Perceptual decision making involves both processing of sensory information and mapping that information onto appropriate motor commands via learned sensorimotor associations. While visual cortex (V1) is known to be critical for sensory processing, it is unclear what circuits are involved in the process of sensorimotor transformation. While the mouse posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been implicated in visual decisions, its specific role has been controversial. By imaging population activity while manipulating task engagement and sensorimotor contingencies, we demonstrate that PPC, unlike V1, is highly task-dependent, heterogeneous, and sensitive to the learned task demands. Our results suggest that PPC is more than a visual area, and may instead be involved in the flexible mapping of visual information onto appropriate motor actions.
Concentrating Nucleic Acids by Extraction with Butanol
Authors: Green Michael R. , Sambrook Joseph
Published: June 2017

During extraction of aqueous solutions with solvents such as secondary butyl alcohol (isobutanol) or n-butyl alcohol (n-butanol), a proportion of the water molecules is partitioned into the organic phase. Nucleic acids remain in the aqueous phase. By performing several sequential cycles of extraction, the volume of a nucleic acid solution can be reduced significantly. This method of concentration can be used to reduce the volume of dilute solutions to the point where the nucleic acid can be recovered easily by precipitation with ethanol.
Library Quantification Using SYBR Green-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
Authors: Mardis Elaine , McCombie W. Richard
Published: June 2017

To quantify complex DNA libraries, Kapa Biosystems engineered a DNA polymerase specifically for SYBR Green-based qPCR, enabling efficient amplification of targets such as GC-rich DNAs that present a challenge to wild-type DNA polymerases. Kapa Library Quantification Kits contain this engineered polymerase to ensure robust amplification of longer fragments, across a broad range of GC content.
Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) Technology in Fission Yeast
Authors: Maček Boris , Carpy Alejandro , Koch André , Bicho Claudia C. , Borek Weronika E. , Hauf Silke , Sawin Kenneth E.
Published: June 2017

Shotgun proteomics combined with stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) is a powerful approach to quantify proteins and posttranslational modifications across the entire proteome. SILAC technology in Schizosaccharomyces pombe must cope with the “arginine conversion problem,” in which isotope-labeled arginine is converted to other amino acids. This can be circumvented by either using stable isotope-marked lysine only (as opposed to the more standard lysine/arginine double labeling) or using yeast genetics to create strains that only very inefficiently convert arginine. Both strategies have been used successfully in large-scale (phospho)proteomics projects in S. pombe. Here we introduce methods for performing a typical SILAC-based experiment in fission yeast, including generation of SILAC-compatible strains, sample preparation, and measurement by mass spectrometry.
Scattering from surface fractals in terms of composing mass fractals
Authors: Cherny A. Yu. , Anitas E. M. , Osipov V. A. , Kuklin A. I.
Published: June 2017

It is argued that a finite iteration of any surface fractal can be composed of mass-fractal iterations of the same fractal dimension. Within this assertion, the scattering amplitude of a surface fractal is shown to be a sum of the amplitudes of the composing mass fractals. Various approximations for the scattering intensity of surface fractals are considered. It is shown that small-angle scattering (SAS) from a surface fractal can be explained in terms of a power-law distribution of sizes of objects composing the fractal (internal polydispersity), provided the distance between objects is much larger than their size for each composing mass fractal. The power-law decay of the scattering intensity I(q) ∝ q^{D_{\rm s}-6}, where 2 < D
s < 3 is the surface-fractal dimension of the system, is realized as a non-coherent sum of scattering amplitudes of three-dimensional objects composing the fractal and obeying a power-law distribution dN(r) ∝ r
−τdr, with D
s = τ − 1. The distribution is continuous for random fractals and discrete for deterministic fractals. A model of the surface deterministic fractal is suggested, the surface Cantor-like fractal, which is a sum of three-dimensional Cantor dusts at various iterations, and its scattering properties are studied. The present analysis allows one to extract additional information from SAS intensity for dilute aggregates of single-scaled surface fractals, such as the fractal iteration number and the scaling factor.
The future of topological analysis in experimental charge-density research
Authors: Macchi Piero
Published: June 2017

In a recent paper, Dittrich (2017) critically discussed the benefits of analysing experimental electron density within the framework of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, often called simply the topological analysis of the charge density. The point he raised is important because it challenges the scientific production of a very active community. The question whether this kind of investigation is still sensible is intriguing and it fosters a multifaceted answer. Granted that none can predict the future of any field of science, but an alternative point of view emerges after answering three questions: Why should we investigate the electron charge (and spin) density? Is the interpretative scheme proposed by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules useful? Is an experimental charge density necessary?
Internationalization to survive; the case of renewable energy companies in Spain
Authors: Zolfaghari Ejlal Manesh Seyed Meysam , Rialp-Criado Alex
Published: June 2017

Purpose

In this study, entrepreneurial internationalization in renewable energy industry as a high-tech and emerging industry was explored. The focus of this study is on firm level factors to understand how and why these companies entered the international markets and what are their challenges and difficulties in this process. To answer these questions, two main streams of literature were used: international entrepreneurship (IE) and sustainable entrepreneurship.

Design/methodology/approach

Case study methodology is selected for this research. Because this subject is new and empirical researches in renewable energy industry are scarce, a method to gather research and in-depth data was adopted. Following suggestions by Eisenhardt (1989), a multiple-case design method was used with nine cases of entrepreneurial companies in renewable energy industry from Spain.

Findings

Results show that in renewable energy industry firms, resources and capabilities such as need for funding and rapid commercialization are key factors that encourage companies to enter the international market. However, having access to the technological knowledge cannot be a compelling reason for internationalization of renewable energy companies from Spain. Moreover, the interaction between the large and small firms is an important factor that facilitates the process of internationalization.

Research limitations/implications

In this study, the focus was only on firm level factors, whereas other levels of analysis such as entrepreneur, environment, policy scheme and industrial factors need further attention in future studies. Moreover, this study is only limited to Spanish companies, and future studies can be replicated in other context.

Practical implications

Findings of the study have significant theoretical and empirical implications. First of all, it explains the entrepreneurial internationalization by taking advantage of sustainable entrepreneurship literature. In addition, empirical results of this study are significantly important for entrepreneurs to implement effective internationalization strategy to survive. Findings of this study can help policy makers for designing a supportive scheme for further development of this industry in the international markets.

Originality/value

This paper explores the entrepreneurial internationalization of renewable energy companies as an emerging industry by taking advantage of two streams of literature: international entrepreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurship. The results show the phenomenon of early internationalization in pre-commercialization phase. These findings put emphasis on interaction between large and small firms in process of internationalization in this specific industry.
Natural convection of nanofluids in a cavity: criteria for enhancement of nanofluids
Authors: Sabour M. , Ghalambaz Mohammad , Chamkha Ali
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to theoretically analyze the laminar free convection heat transfer of nanofluids in a square cavity. The sidewalls of the cavity are subject to temperature difference, whereas the bottom and top are insulated. Based on the available experimental results in the literature, two new non-dimensional parameters, namely, the thermal conductivity parameter (Nc) and dynamic viscosity parameter (Nv) are introduced. These parameters indicate the augmentation of the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid by dispersing nanoparticles.

Design/methodology/approach

The governing equations are transformed into non-dimensional form using the thermo-physical properties of the base fluid. The obtained governing equations are solved numerically using the finite element method. The results are reported for the general non-dimensional form of the problem as well as case studies in the form of isotherms, streamlines and the graphs of the average Nusselt number. Using the concept of Nc and Nv, some criteria for convective enhancement of nanofluids are proposed. As practical cases, the effect of the size of nanoparticles, the shape of nanoparticles, the type of nanoparticles, the type of base fluids and working temperature on the enhancement of heat transfer are analyzed.

Findings

The results show that the increase of the magnitude of the Rayleigh number increases of the efficiency of using nanofluids. The type of nanoparticles and the type of the base fluid significantly affects the enhancement of using nanofluids. Some practical cases are found, in which utilizing nanoparticles in the base fluid results in deterioration of the heat transfer. The working temperature of the nanofluid is very crucial issue. The increase of the working temperature of the nanofluid decreases the convective heat transfer, which limits the capability of nanofluids in decreasing the size of the thermal systems.

Originality/value

In the present study, a separation line based on two non-dimensional parameters (i.e. Nc and Nv) are introduced. The separation line demonstrates a boundary between augmentation and deterioration of heat transfer by using nanoparticles. Indeed, by utilizing the separation lines, the convective enhancement of using nanofluid with a specified Nc and Nv can be simply estimated.
Place-based business models for resilient local economies
Authors: Di Gregorio Dante
Published: June 2017

Purpose

This purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyze the concept of place-based business models, by which entrepreneurs use highly context-specific strategies and linkages to a “sense of place” as sources of value creation. To illustrate how place-based business models create unique value, case studies are reviewed from three sectors in Italy: Slow Food (Coop Italia and Eataly), agritourism (Spannocchia) and the albergo diffuso (Sextantio).

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper with case studies from qualitative data and external sources.

Findings

The case studies demonstrate the value-creating potential of opportunities for the implementation of place-based business models. In contrast with conventional harm reduction perspectives, these models show how organizational contributions to local and regional resilience may also directly generate competitive advantage. The cases also illustrate challenges such as scaling up while maintaining authenticity, and coping with the public goods-nature of place-based resources.

Originality/value

Conventional management theory and practice treat environmental context as a distraction from which the technical core of the organization must be protected. Place-based business models diverge from convention by using tight coupling with local context to create value, enhance local economic resilience and contribute to a “sense of place”.
The role of social entrepreneurs in developing community resilience in remote areas
Authors: Morrison Caroline , Ramsey Elaine , Bond Derek
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand the processes whereby social entrepreneurs can contribute to community resilience and sustainability.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used a qualitative case study approach with 15 island communities located off the north and west coasts of Scotland and who were engaged in the development and implementation of renewable energy initiatives.

Findings

Peripheral communities provide an environment where entrepreneurial activities can flourish. Through a model of social enterprise, they were able to develop the necessary mechanisms to increase socio-economic resilience. The study indicates the importance of social capital in this process.

Research limitations/implications

External networks provide part of the framework to overcome market imperfections caused by distance and remoteness so that social entrepreneurs can develop their ability to build resilience and sustainability. More research is needed on how this framework can be utilised.

Social implications

In spite of the challenges presented in remote areas, these communities have shown the ability to adapt. This is an important component of resilience building.

Originality/value

This paper makes a unique contribution to the knowledge base through the interconnected concepts of social entrepreneurship and social capital. It provides new empirical insights into social enterprises and describes the mechanisms that help to build resilient rural communities in the context of renewable energy endeavours.
Participant evaluation of an inpatient occupational therapy groups programme in brain injury rehabilitation
Authors: Patterson Freyr , Fleming Jennifer , Doig Emmah , Griffin Janelle
Published: June 2017

Background/aim

Therapy groups are commonly used in brain injury rehabilitation yet patient perceptions of participation in groups are largely uninvestigated. This paper describes the occupational therapy groups programme at an inpatient brain injury rehabilitation unit and presents an evaluation from the patient's perspective.

Methods

Participants were in patients with traumatic brain injury who participated in the groups programme and completed a customised self‐report questionnaire measuring perceptions about and satisfaction with four occupational therapy groups. Data were analysed descriptively and comparisons made between groups with a functional focus (meal preparation and community access) and an impairment focus (cognitive and upper limb) using Z scores.

Results

Thirty‐five participants (30 males, five females) completed a total of 83 questionnaires. Over 90% of responses agreed or strongly agreed that working with others was enjoyable, that the groups provided feedback and individualised treatment, and were useful for them. There were no significant differences in perceptions about the functional and impairment‐focussed groups. An illustrative case example of participation in the groups programme is presented.

Conclusions

Overall, consumer feedback on different aspects of the occupational therapy groups programme in brain injury rehabilitation was positive. Further in‐depth investigation of patient perceptions of groups including processes that facilitate or challenge participation is warranted.
Investor–State Dispute Settlement Systems in Emerging Mega‐Integration Blocs
Authors: Jovanović Miroslav N.
Published: June 2017

Emerging mega‐integration blocs, such as the Trans‐Pacific Partnership and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, are evolving outside of the World Trade Organization's influence. Their most contested features are their investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) systems. This article considers basic features of the ISDS system, the expansion in the number of ISDS cases and the privileged place of corporations vis‐à‐vis citizens in the law‐making process. The arcane private corporation‐friendly ISDS system is beyond reparation and it needs to be scrapped. The existing court systems in the self‐assured democracies of Europe, North America and Australia are sufficient.
Quality Metrics and Systems Transformation: Are We Advancing Alcohol and Drug Screening in Primary Care?
Authors: Rieckmann Traci , Renfro Stephanie , McCarty Dennis , Baker Robin , McConnell K. John
Published: June 2017

Objective

To examine the influence of Oregon's coordinated care organizations (CCOs) and pay‐for‐performance incentive model on completion of screening and brief intervention (SBI) and utilization of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment services.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Secondary analysis of Medicaid encounter data from 2012 to 2015 and semiannual qualitative interviews with stakeholders in CCOs.

Study Design

Longitudinal mixed‐methods design with simultaneous data collection with equal importance.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Qualitative interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded in ATLAS.ti. Quantitative data included Medicaid encounters 30 months prior to CCO implementation, a 6‐month transition period, and 30 months following CCO implementation. Data were aggregated by half‐year with analyses restricted to Medicaid recipients 18–64 years of age enrolled in a CCO, not eligible for Medicare coverage or Medicaid expansion.

Principal Findings

Quantitative analysis documented a significant increase in SBI rates coinciding with CCO implementation (0.1 to 4.6 percent). Completed SBI was not associated with increased initiation in treatment for SUD diagnoses. Qualitative analysis highlighted importance of aligning incentives, workflow redesign, and leadership to facilitate statewide SBI.

Conclusions

Results provide modest support for use of a performance metric to expand SBI in primary care. Future research should examine health reform efforts that increase initiation and engagement in SUD treatment.
A review of the burns caseload of a physician‐based helicopter emergency medical service
Authors: Hall Karina , Burns Brian
Published: June 2017

Objectives

The aim of this study was to describe patient demographics, injuries, physiology and interventions performed by retrieval physicians in the care of burns patients in both a pre‐hospital and interhospital setting.

Methods

A retrospective review of patient records from a large Australian Helicopter Emergency Medical Service was conducted. Demographics, injury, burn type, physiology and intervention data were extracted into a database for statistical analysis. Basic descriptive statistics were calculated, and patient physiology measures were compared at arrival and destination.

Results

A total of 490 burns cases were identified from a 5 year period (January 2010–August 2015). The majority (78.6%) were interhospital transfers conducted by road (49.4%) or helicopter (36.9%). Patients were predominantly men (75.7%) with a median age of 37 years (interquartile range [IQR] 23–50). Median estimated total body surface area burned was 15% (IQR 8.5–20) and 18% (IQR 10–30) in pre‐hospital and interhospital groups, respectively; however, retrieval physicians tended to overestimate total body surface area burned in comparison to destination burns units. Flash burn or explosion were the predominant aetiology of burn (49.4%), although the majority (95.3%) of patients had no associated traumatic injuries. Sixty patients were intubated by the Service. Escharotomies were performed on eight occasions resulting in improvement in circulation or ventilation. Overall mortality was 3.7% at 24 h.

Conclusions

The Service cares for 80–100 burns patients annually, a proportion of whom require complex interventions such as intubation and escharotomy, which was performed by retrieval physicians appropriately. Associated traumatic injuries were infrequent in patients who sustained burns from flashes or explosions.
Does FIN 48 Improve Firms' Estimates of Tax Reserves?
Authors: Gleason Cristi A. , Mills Lillian F. , Nessa Michelle L.
Published: June 2017

This paper examines whether the increased accounting guidance and reporting requirements of FIN 48 impact the adequacy and accuracy of tax reserves and the effect of auditor‐provided tax services on tax reserves. While we do not find FIN 48 affected the adequacy or accuracy of tax reserves on average, FIN 48 eliminated the differences in the tax reserve adequacy of firms with and without auditor‐provided tax services that existed prior to its adoption. We also find evidence of less premature releasing of tax reserves post‐FIN 48. Our evidence is consistent with an increase in the comparability of reserves for firms that do and do not purchase auditor‐provided tax services, consistent with one of the FASB's objectives for FIN 48.
Optimizing monitoring schemes to detect trends in abundance over broad scales
Authors: Ficetola G. F. , Romano A. , Salvidio S. , Sindaco R.
Published: June 2017

Measuring population changes and trends is essential to identify threatened species, and is requested by several environmental regulations (e.g. European Habitat Directive). However, obtaining this information for small and cryptic animals is challenging, and requires complex, broad‐scale monitoring schemes. How should we allocate the limited resources available for monitoring, to maximize the probability of detecting declines? The analysis of simulated data can help to identify the performance of monitoring scenarios across species with different features. We simulated data of populations with a wide range of abundance, detection probability and rate of decline, and tested under which circumstances open‐population N‐mixture models can successfully detect the decline of populations. We tested multiple monitoring strategies, to identify the ones having the highest probability of detecting declines. If 30 sites are surveyed, strong declines (≥30%) can be successfully spotted for nearly all the simulated species, except the species with lowest abundance and detection probability. Weaker declines are successfully identified only in species that are easy to detect and have high abundance. Increasing the number of sites quickly increases model power, but hundreds of sites would require monitoring to measure trends of the least detectable species. For most of species, performance of monitoring was improved by: surveying many sites with a few replicates per site; surveying many small sites instead of a few large sites; combining data from sites monitored for multiple species. Our findings show that one single monitoring approach cannot be appropriate for all the species, and that surveying efforts should be modulated across them, according to their detection probabilities and abundances. We provide quantitative values on how the number of surveys and the number of sites to be surveyed can be assigned to different species, and emphasize the need of planning to maximize the performance of monitoring.
A hierarchical multi‐scale analysis of the spatial relationship between parasitism and host density in urban habitats
Authors: Fenoglio María Silvina , Werenkraut Victoria , Morales Juan Manuel , Salvo Adriana
Published: June 2017

Studies on spatial density dependence in parasitism have paid scarce attention to how changes in host density at different hierarchical scales could influence parasitism in an herbivore at a particular scale. Here, we evaluated if rates of parasitism per leaf (by the whole parasitic complex and by dominant species) of the specialist leaf minerLiriomyza commelinae(Diptera: Agromyzidae) respond to variations in host density at the leaf, plant patch and site levels in an urban setting. We used multi‐level Bayesian models that incorporate the spatial hierarchy occurring in this system, as well as habitat factors previously found to have an effect on theL. commelinaeparasitoid community in an urban context (patch size, patch isolation and urbanization level). According to the fitted model, overall parasitism rates decreased with increasing number of mines per leaf, being independent of host‐density variations at patch and site level. Patch structure was found to have a strong effect on parasitism rates per leaf. The analysis of parasitism by parasitoid species separately showed consistent results with the response at community level. These results suggest that parasitism of the parasitoid community here studied would be sensitive to hierarchical cues related to the host at the leaf level and to the host habitat at the patch level.
BOLA‐DRB3 gene polymorphisms influence bovine leukaemia virus infection levels in Holstein and Holstein × Jersey crossbreed dairy cattle
Authors: Carignano H. A. , Beribe M. J. , Caffaro M. E. , Amadio A. , Nani J. P. , Gutierrez G. , Alvarez I. , Trono K. , Miretti M. M. , Poli M. A.
Published: June 2017

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infections, causing persistent lymphocytosis and lethal lymphosarcoma in cattle, have reached high endemicity on dairy farms. We observed extensive inter‐individual variation in the level of infection (LI) by assessing differences in proviral load in peripheral blood. This phenotypic variation appears to be determined by host genetics variants, especially those located in the BoLA‐DRB3 MHCII molecule. We performed an association study using sequencing‐based typed BOLA‐DRB3 alleles from over 800 Holstein and Holstein × Jersey cows considering LI in vivo and accounting for filial relationships. The DBR3*0902 allele was associated with a low level of infection (LLI) (<1% of circulating infected B‐cells), whereas the DRB3*1001 and DRB3*1201 alleles were related to a high level of infection (HLI). We found evidence that 13 polymorphic positions located in the pockets of the peptide‐binding cleft of the BOLA‐DRB3 alleles were associated with LI. DRB3*0902 had unique haplotypes for each of the pockets: Ser13‐Glu70‐Arg71‐Glu74 (pocket 4), Ser11‐Ser30 (pocket 6), Glu28‐Trp61‐Arg71 (pocket 7) and Asn37‐Asp57 (pocket 9), and all of them were significantly associated with LLI. Conversely, Lys13‐Arg70‐Ala71‐Ala74 and Ser13‐Arg70‐Ala71‐Ala74, corresponding to the DRB3*1001 and *1201 alleles respectively, were associated with HLI. We showed that the specific amino acid pattern in the DRB3*0902 peptide‐binding cleft may be related to the set point of a very low proviral load level in adult cows. Moreover, we identified two BOLA‐DRB3 alleles associated with a HLI, which is compatible with a highly contagious profile.
Genetic diversity of Syrian Arabian horses
Authors: Almarzook S. , Reissmann M. , Arends D. , Brockmann G. A.
Published: June 2017

Although Arabian horses have been bred in strains for centuries and pedigrees have been recorded in studbooks, to date, little is known about the genetic diversity within and between these strains. In this study, we tested if the three main strains of Syrian Arabian horses descend from three founders as suggested by the studbook. We examined 48 horses representing Saglawi (n = 18), Kahlawi (n = 16) and Hamdani (n = 14) strains using the Equine SNP70K BeadChip. For comparison, an additional 24 Arabian horses from the USA and three Przewalski's horses as an out group were added. Observed heterozygosis (Ho) ranged between 0.30 and 0.32, expected heterozygosity (He) between 0.30 and 0.31 and inbreeding coefficients (Fis) between −0.02 and −0.05, indicating high genetic diversity within Syrian strains. Likewise, the genetic differentiation between the three Syrian strains was very low (Fst < 0.05). Hierarchical clustering showed a clear distinction between Arabian and Przewalski's horses. Among Arabian horses, we found three clusters containing either horses from the USA or horses from Syria or horses from Syria and the USA together. Individuals from the same Syrian Arabian horse strain were spread across different sub‐clusters. When analyzing Syrian Arabian horses alone, the best population differentiation was found with three distinct clusters. In contrast to expectations from the studbook, these clusters did not coincide with strain affiliation. Although this finding supports the hypothesis of three founders, the genetic information is not consistent with the currently used strain designation system. The information can be used to reconsider the current breeding practice. Beyond that, Syrian Arabian horses are an important reservoir for genetic diversity.
Empirically testing the effectiveness of thermal imaging as a tool for identification of large mammals in the African bushveldt
Authors: Goodenough Anne E. , Carpenter William S. , MacTavish Lynne , MacTavish Dougal , Theron Charles , Hart Adam G.
Published: June 2017

Monitoring animal populations often relies on direct visual observations. This is problematic at night when spotlighting can cause misidentification and inaccurate counting. Using infrared thermography (IRT) could potentially solve these difficulties, but reliability is uncertain. Here, we test the accuracy of 24 observers, differing in experience and skill levels, in identifying antelope species from IRT photographs taken in the African bush. Overall, 38% of identifications were correct to species level, and 50% were correct to genus/subfamily level. Identification accuracy depended on the confidence and skill of the observer (positive relationship), the number of animals present (positive relationship), and the distance at which it was taken (negative relationship). Species with characteristic features, horn morphology, or posture were identified with ~80% accuracy (e.g. wildebeest, kudu and impala) while others were considerably lower (e.g. blesbok and waterbuck). Experience significantly improved identification accuracy but the effect was not consistent between species and even experienced observers struggled to identify red hartebeest, reedbuck and eland. Counting inaccuracies were commonplace, particularly when group size was large. We conclude that thermal characteristics of species and experience of observers can pose challenges for African field ecologists, but IRT can be used to identify and count some species accurately, especially <100 m.
Training Improves Vibrotactile Spatial Acuity and Intensity Discrimination on the Lower Back Using Coin Motors
Authors: Stronks H. Christiaan , Walker Janine , Parker Daniel J. , Barnes Nick
Published: June 2017

Tactile vision substitution devices are assistive technologies for the blind that redirect visual information to the tactile sense. They typically include a tactile display that conveys visual information to the skin. Two important parameters that determine the maximum information bandwidth of tactile displays are the spatial acuity of the skin, and the ability of the user to discriminate between stimulus intensities. These two parameters were investigated by determining the two‐point discrimination (TPD) threshold and the just‐noticeable intensity difference (JND) using coin motors on the lower back. Coin motors are eccentric rotating‐mass motors that are affordable, energy‐efficient, and easy to implement. The lower back was chosen because it is a discreet place to wear assistive technology. It is generally available for use, as it is usually not critically involved in activities of daily living. Rehabilitation with sensory substitution devices often requires training by professional occupational therapists, because the user needs to extract visual information from sparse information presented through an alternative channel such as the skin. In this study they determined whether short, automated training sessions of 5 min each could improve the TPD threshold and JND. It was found that 10 min of computer‐assisted training improved the vibrotactile TPD threshold on the lower back by 36%, and that 18 min of training improved the just‐noticeable intensity difference (JND) by 44%. It was concluded that short, automated training sessions could provide a fast and inexpensive means to improve people's basic spatial acuity and intensity discrimination skills with coin motors.
Managing consequences of climate‐driven species redistribution requires integration of ecology, conservation and social science
Authors: Bonebrake Timothy C. , Brown Christopher J. , Bell Johann D. , Blanchard Julia L. , Chauvenet Alienor , Champion Curtis , Chen I‐Ching , Clark Timothy D. , Colwell Robert K. , Danielsen Finn , Dell Anthony I. , Donelson Jennifer M. , Evengård Birgitta , Ferrier Simon , Frusher Stewart , Garcia Raquel A. , Griffis Roger B. , Hobday Alistair J. , Jarzyna Marta A. , Lee Emma , Lenoir Jonathan , Linnetved Hlif , Martin Victoria Y. , McCormack Phillipa C. , McDonald Jan , McDonald‐Madden Eve , Mitchell Nicola , Mustonen Tero , Pandolfi John M. , Pettorelli Nathalie , Possingham Hugh , Pulsifer Peter , Reynolds Mark , Scheffers Brett R. , Sorte Cascade J. B. , Strugnell Jan M. , Tuanmu Mao‐Ning , Twiname Samantha , Vergés Adriana , Villanueva Cecilia , Wapstra Erik , Wernberg Thomas , Pecl Gretta T.
Published: June 2017

Climate change is driving a pervasive global redistribution of the planet's species. Species redistribution poses new questions for the study of ecosystems, conservation science and human societies that require a coordinated and integrated approach. Here we review recent progress, key gaps and strategic directions in this nascent research area, emphasising emerging themes in species redistribution biology, the importance of understanding underlying drivers and the need to anticipate novel outcomes of changes in species ranges. We highlight that species redistribution has manifest implications across multiple temporal and spatial scales and from genes to ecosystems. Understanding range shifts from ecological, physiological, genetic and biogeographical perspectives is essential for informing changing paradigms in conservation science and for designing conservation strategies that incorporate changing population connectivity and advance adaptation to climate change. Species redistributions present challenges for human well‐being, environmental management and sustainable development. By synthesising recent approaches, theories and tools, our review establishes an interdisciplinary foundation for the development of future research on species redistribution. Specifically, we demonstrate how ecological, conservation and social research on species redistribution can best be achieved by working across disciplinary boundaries to develop and implement solutions to climate change challenges. Future studies should therefore integrate existing and complementary scientific frameworks while incorporating social science and human‐centred approaches. Finally, we emphasise that the best science will not be useful unless more scientists engage with managers, policy makers and the public to develop responsible and socially acceptable options for the global challenges arising from species redistributions.
Longitudinal Associations Among Reading‐Related Skills and Reading Comprehension: A Twin Study
Authors: Erbeli Florina , Hart Sara A. , Taylor Jeanette
Published: June 2017

This study investigated the etiology of longitudinal relations among kindergarten prereading skills, first‐grade word level reading skills, and seventh‐grade reading comprehension in 265 monozygotic and 459 dizygotic twin pairs (Mage = 6.29 years in kindergarten) from the Florida Twin Project on Reading. Using a quadvariate Cholesky decomposition, results showed genetic, shared, and nonshared environmental overlap among prereading skills, word level reading skills, and reading comprehension. In addition, genetic and shared environmental overlap was indicated among word level reading skills and reading comprehension, outside the influence of prereading skills. After accounting for overlapping, there remained moderate genetic and nonshared environmental influence specific to reading comprehension. Implications for reading education are discussed.
Negotiating In/visibility: The Political Economy of Lesbian Activism and Rights Advocacy
Authors: Hildebrandt Timothy , Chua Lynette J.
Published: June 2017

Efforts to address HIV/AIDS have brought new opportunities and resources to LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) activism in many parts of the developing world. However, increased attention in terms of both political opportunities and economic resources is uneven across the diverse population of LGBT peoples and activists. Lesbian activists have reaped far fewer benefits than their gay men counterparts. Building on existing approaches to movement visibility and invisibility, we posit a ‘political economy of in/visibility’ to analyse lesbian activism in China and Myanmar, where activists face particularly restrictive political and economic conditions. Rather than focus on visibility as a movement pre‐condition, objective or strategy, we examine the sources of in/visibility and their interactions with activists’ agency; in/visibility emerges from political and economic conditions, but is continuously reshaped by activists who negotiate them. We demonstrate that, despite challenges, lesbian activists respond in ways that help advance LGBT rights advocacy broadly, sometimes even with tactics that their more visible gay counterparts avoid. These interactions subsequently influence the conditions that shape in/visibility. Investigating the political economy of in/visibility, therefore, has significant implications for understanding not only lesbian activism, but also LGBT advocacy and collective mobilization, especially under politically and economically restrictive conditions.