bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IN VIVO METABOLISM OF STEROID HORMONES BY SOCKEYE SALMON: (A) IMPAIRED HORMONE CLEARANCE IN MATURE AND SPAWNED PACIFIC SALMON (O. NERKA) (B) PRECURSORS OF 11-KETOTESTOSTERONE
Authors: Idler D. R. , Truscott B. , Freeman H. C. , Chang V. , Schmidt P. J. , Ronald A. P.
Published: December 2009

Intra-arterially injected cortisone-4-C14and cortisol-4-C14were cleared from the plasma of sexually mature and spawned sockeye salmon (O. nerka) at a much slower rate than from the plasma of immature sockeye and spawned Atlantic salmon (S. salar). The results explain the elevated hormone levels found in the blood of mature and spawned sockeye salmon. The normal clearance rate found with Atlantic salmon, which frequently survive spawning, would indicate that the impaired hormone metabolism was associated with the imminent death of the Pacific salmon rather than with the act of spawning.Testosterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were found to be precursors of 11-ketotestosterone, a sex hormone found in high concentrations in the blood of mature sockeye salmon. Testosterone was also formed in vivo from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. The results suggest more than one pathway for the synthesis of 11-ketotestosterone in salmon. Cortisol was converted to cortisone but no conversion of the former to 11-ketotestosterone could be demonstrated.
THE ACTIVATION OF PURIFIED HUMAN PLASMINOGEN IN SOLUTIONS OF ETHYLENE GLYCOLS
Authors: Roberts Phyllis S.
Published: December 2009

Ethylene glycols have been found to allow activation of purified preparations of human plasminogen. The activity of the enzyme formed, plasmin, was measured using TAMe (p-toluene-sulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester) as a substrate. In 50% (v/v) solutions of these compounds at pH 7.6 and 30 °C, plasmin accumulated faster in diethylene and triethylene glycols than in glycerol, but in ethylene glycol no plasmin was found. When lower concentrations of ethylene glycol (from zero to 50%) and shorter times of incubation were used, plasmin was found. With equimolar solutions (4.3 M) of glycerol and the three glycols, only diethylene glycol showed a fast rate of accumulation of plasmin. A 50% triethylene glycol solution partially inhibited the rate of spontaneous activation but stabilized the plasmin formed and therefore enzyme accumulated. At room temperature more plasmin accumulated than at higher temperatures when plasminogen was incubated in 50% triethylene glycol solution, and no plasmin was found when plasminogen was incubated at pH 7.6, 30 °C, in 50% solutions of propylene glycols, several ethers of the ethylene glycols, several polymers of various glycols, and dioxane.
THE ROLE OF ADSORPTION IN CONTROLLING THE RATE OF REACTION OF CHLORAMBUCIL WITH PROTEIN
Authors: Linford J. H.
Published: December 2009

Two proteins, haemoglobin and bovine serum albumin, have been studied with respect to their rates of alkylation by chlorambucil in vitro at 37 °C and pH 8.4. The proteins are of nearly the same molecular weight and free carboxylic acid content, but the alkylation reaction is 30 times faster with haemoglobin. On the other hand, the adsorption of chlorambucil by albumin is 20 times greater than that exhibited by haemoglobin. This inverse relationship between extent of adsorption and reaction rate suggests that adsorption protects the chlorambucil from activation in the solvent.
ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE OF URIDINE NUCLEOTIDE-PEPTIDES FROM AEROBACTER CLOACAE NRC 492
Authors: Anwar R. A. , Roy C. , Watson R. W.
Published: December 2009

Four closely related uridine nucleotide-peptides isolated from ethanol extracts of penicillin-treated Aerobacter cloacae NRC 492 have been partially characterized. Fractionation of dialyzed extracts on Dowex-1-Cl columns with aqueous lithium chloride solutions, precipitation of the nucleotide-peptides with methanol–acetone, and further separation by paper chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis yielded (a) UDP-GNAc-lact.L-ala.D-glu.meso-dap.D-ala,* (b) UDP-GNAc-lact.L-ala.D-glu.meso-dap, (c) UDP-GNAc-lact.L-ala.D-glu., and (d) UDP-GNAc-lactic acid. The amino acid isomers were identified by micro-enzymic and chromatographic methods.
MEAN FORMATION TIME OF HUMAN OSTEONS
Authors: Frost H. M.
Published: December 2009

With the aid of 19 doubly tetracycline-labelled human bones the mean daily linear decrease in the radius of Haversian canals of newly forming osteons was measured. The mean outside diameters of the Haversian canals were measured on a larger number of human bones. From these measurements the calculated mean time of Haversian system formation in ribs is 46±37 days at age 7 years and 79±63 days at age 43. Compared with those for ribs, the formation times seem to be longer in the long bones of the appendicular skeleton.
RESISTANCE TO 6-MERCAPTOPURINE: III. DELETION OF A 5′-NUCLEOTIDASE IN A 6-MERCAPTOPURINE-RESISTANT SUBLINE OF THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA
Authors: Paterson A. R. P. , Hori A.
Published: December 2009

Nuclei prepared from cells of a 6-mercaptopurine-resistant subline of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma differed from nuclei isolated from the parent line of cells in being markedly deficient in an enzymatic activity, 5′-nucleotidase.The nucleotidase activity of Ehrlich cell homogenates was characterized as being (a) localized primarily in the nuclear fraction, (b) specific for 5′-nucleotides, and (c) inhibited by zinc ions.A relationship between the observed deficiency of the 5′-nucleotidase and resistance to 6-mercaptopurine was not apparent.
ADMINISTRATION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE TO RATS DURING COLD EXPOSURE
Authors: Beaton John R. , Orme T. , Laufer J. , Turner A.
Published: December 2009

Male, growing rats were injected daily with anterior pituitary growth hormone (3 mg/100 g body weight) and fed ad libitum for 7 days at environmental temperatures of 22 °C and 2–3 °C. Body weight gain, nitrogen retention, and four liver enzyme activities were measured. As observed previously, cold exposure retarded body weight gain and decreased nitrogen retention despite an increased food intake. These effects of cold were not eliminated by administration of growth hormone. The increased activities of liver arginase, alanine-glutamic transminase, and phosphate-activated glutaminase consequent upon cold exposure were not significantly affected by growth hormone although, at 22 °C, growth hormone decreased the activities of liver arginase and alanine-glutamic transaminase. Cold exposure eliminated the lowering effect of growth hormone on liver glutamic acid dehydrogenase activity observed at 22 °C. It is concluded that, under these conditions, growth hormone does not overcome the protein catabolic effects of cold exposure but rather, cold exposure eliminates the protein anabolic effects of the hormone.
THE EFFECT OF PIG PITUITARY ACTH FRACTIONS ON DIFFERENT PARAMETERS OF ADRENOCORTICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Jager E. de , Homan J. D. H. , Wied D. de
Published: December 2009

Purified unhydrolyzed corticotrophin was separated into five fractions by chromatography on a column of carboxymethyl cellulose, using pyridine – acetic acid as a buffer system. These fractions were biologically assayed by means of the in vitro technique of Saffran and Schally, the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion test of Sayers et al., and an assay based on the increase of plasma corticosterone levels in hypophysectomized rats. In the in vivo assays both the intravenous and subcutaneous routes of injection were applied.The principal aim of this study was to investigate for each separate fraction the extent to which the potencies according to the Sayers test correspond with the potencies obtained by the plasma corticosterone method. When comparing results found after identical routes of injection, a fair agreement was observed for those fractions showing electrophoretic relationship and together accounting for the major part of the biological activity of the starting material. However, the minor fractions showed significant differences.These findings are discussed together with the results of the classical assay methods and their deviations from data reported in the literature.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID DEPENDENT RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN THE CROWN-GALL TUMOR-INDUCING ORGANISM AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS
Authors: Hochster R. M. , Chang V. M.
Published: December 2009

The enzyme RNA polymerase has been partially purified from cell-free extracts of the crown-gall tumor-inducing organism Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The four triphosphates ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP, manganese (or magnesium) ions, and DNA are all required for activity. DNA acts as a template in the formation of the new RNA molecule the base composition of which exactly mimics that of the particular DNA used. The dependence of the reaction on time, pH, and on the concentrations of nucleoside triphosphate, DNA, and protein has been worked out. The exact requirements of the entire system are delineated, the effect of physical alteration of the DNA used (heating, cooling, sonic oscillation) has been examined and a new observation made on the stimulation of DNA action by 1-minute sonic pretreatment.Actinomycin D is shown to inhibit the reaction completely at 2.8 × 10−5 M while atabrine, a new inhibitor, requires a concentration of 3.3 × 10−3 M under the conditions specified. Hydrolysis of the reaction product by means of a variety of procedures and other information obtained show that the reaction product is, indeed, RNA.The data reported herein are regarded as providing a satisfactory explanation for the mechanism of biosynthesis of at least one type of RNA (presumably "messenger" RNA) in A. tumefaciens.
THE EFFECT OF X-IRRADIATION AND SEROTONIN ON Cr51UPTAKE IN MOUSE BONE, MUSCLE, AND BRAIN
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Wight E. W.
Published: December 2009

In all the tissues studied (duodenum, gastrocnemius, heart, brain, and tibia) serotonin treatment prior to X-irradiation produced a smaller increase and a faster return to corresponding control Cr51values than in unprotected X-irradiated mice. It is suggested, with certain exceptions, that this increase in Cr51and return to normal, whether in protected or non-protected X-irradiated mice, is indicative of the amount of damage or subsequent repair and the time of recovery in the tissues studied.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FISH FLOUR: III. FURTHER STUDIES ON AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Morrison A. B.
Published: December 2009

Weight gains of male weanling rats given fish flour sample X were significantly increased by addition to the diet of methionine, histidine, threonine, and tryptophan. When histidine or methionine were omitted from the amino acid mixture, weight gains were similar to those found with the unsupplemented flour, and the combination of methionine and histidine was as effective as the four amino acids. Supplements of histidine and methionine had no effect on weight gains of rats given fish flour sample CFF, which was of high nutritional value. Sample X contained methionine in an amount similar to that of sample CFF, and somewhat less histidine. The amounts of methionine and histidine released during in vitro digestion with pancreatin were much less for sample X than for sample CFF. Steaming sample X for 30 minutes significantly increased its gross protein value determined in a methionine-deficient diet, but had no effect on the total or organic chloride content. It was concluded that sample X contained unavailable methionine and histidine.
SYSTEMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN THE GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF SEAL OIL
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Burgher R. D. , Jangaard P. M.
Published: December 2009

The fatty acids of a commercial seal blubber oil have been surveyed by application of the linear log plot and separation factor procedures to the gas–liquid chromatograms of methyl esters obtained from urea complexing. These techniques, coupled with the use of two polyesters, have permitted the tentative identification of virtually all of the components. The overall composition of the seal blubber oil appears to cover the same range of fatty acids as the body oils of menhaden and herring.
EFFECT OF AMPHENONE B ON DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS
Authors: Fregly Melvin J. , Taylor Jr. Robert E.
Published: December 2009

The effect of Amphenone B on development of renal hypertension was studied in rats whose kidneys were encapsulated with latex envelopes. The compound was administered in the diet for 13 weeks at dose levels of 0.1 and 0.3% by weight. Both dose levels of Amphenone B were equally effective in preventing rise of systolic blood pressure to the level of untreated, renal-encapsulated controls although both doses of the drug allowed modest rises of pressure to occur. Growth was inhibited by the drug. Amphenone B depressed thyroid activity as assessed by increased release rate of radioactive iodide from the thyroid gland; decreased resting metabolic rate; decreased growth; decreased food intake; and increased thyroid size. The protection against development of hypertension afforded by this compound may be related, at least in part, to its antithyroid activity.
THE STABILITY OF ADRENOCHROME AND ITS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Heacock R. A. , Mattok G. L. , Wilson D. L.
Published: December 2009

The stability of adrenochrome solutions in the presence of several inorganic compounds has been studied.The purity and stability of several "aged" and commercial samples of adrenochrome have been evaluated.The stability of solutions of adrenochrome in some of the lower aliphatic alcohols has been examined.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FAT ON THE LIVER LIPIDS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Moore J. H. , Williams D. L.
Published: December 2009

Five groups of rabbits were given diets consisting of 80 parts of a semipurified basal mixture supplemented either with 20 parts of corn oil, 24 parts of butter, 20 parts of butter fat, 20 parts of hydrogenated coconut oil, or with 41.9 parts of starch plus 1 part of corn oil. After 9 months the rabbits were killed and the liver lipids analyzed by silicic acid chromatography. The fatty acids of the liver sterol esters, triglycerides, and phospholipids were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. Although there was considerable within-group variation in the concentration of certain of the lipid constituents it was clear that there was no deposition of cholesterol in the liver of the hypocholesterolaemic rabbits given the high corn oil diet. Changes in the fatty acid composition of the three lipid fractions analyzed were confined mainly to increases in the linoleic acid content with the high corn oil diet and to increases in the lauric and myristic acid contents with the hydrogenated coconut oil diet. In the cholesterol ester fraction these increases were balanced by decreases in the oleic acid content but in the triglyceride fraction they were balanced by decreases in the palmitic and palmitoleic acid contents.
SKIN HEPARIN LEVELS AND POSTHEPARIN PLASMA CLEARING FACTOR LIPASE LEVELS IN IRRADIATED ADRENALECTOMIZED AND CORTISONE-TREATED RATS
Authors: Monkhouse Frank C. , Baker Donald G.
Published: December 2009

Experiments were carried out to determine whether changes in endogenous heparin in rat tissues were related to changes in plasma levels of clearing factor lipase (CFL). Skin heparin levels, postheparin plasma CFL levels, and peritoneal mast cell counts were measured in normal, adrenalectomized, cortisone-treated, and X-irradiated rats. Total body X-irradiation in doses of 400 r to 600 r decreased skin heparin levels. The postheparin CFL levels of irradiated rats remained high while that of pair-fed controls dropped significantly. Cortisone treatment for 6 days caused an increase in plasma CFL levels in both intact and adrenalectomized rats but no significant change in skin heparin levels or mast cell count. Adrenalectomy caused no significant change in either postheparin CFL or skin heparin levels.
STUDIES ON THERMOGENESIS IN COLD-ACCLIMATED BIRDS
Authors: Chaffee R. R. J. , Mayhew W. W. , Drebin M. , Cassuto Y.
Published: December 2009

Effects on oxygen consumption of continuous intravenous injection of various doses of L-noradrenaline were measured in anesthetized chickens acclimated to 1 °C for 3 months, and in controls. No effects were produced in either and it is concluded that noradrenaline is not a calorigenic mediator in cold-acclimated chickens. Liver succinoxidase and liver microsomal pyridine nucleotide-cytochrome c reductases of cold-acclimated and control sparrows were assayed, and there were no cold-induced differences. Since small cold-acclimated mammals show elevation of these liver enzyme systems, the findings indicate that the chemical basis of non-shivering thermogenesis (if this phenomenon is present at all) may involve different mechanisms in birds and mammals. Organ weights were measured, and it was found that in the sparrow, as in small rodents, the kidney and heart become enlarged in response to cold, perhaps indicating a convergent adaptation in these two diverse homoeotherms. Changes in the thickness and changes in color of the pectoral muscles which were observed in the cold-acclimated sparrows are discussed in relation to their possible roles in shivering thermogenesis.
THE EFFECT OF SOME TRANSPLANTABLE TUMORS ON THE NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM OF THE HOST TISSUES
Authors: Nixon J. C. , Zbarsky S. H.
Published: December 2009

A study was made of the effect of several transplantable tumors on the incorporation in vivo of formate-C14and tritiated thymidine into the nucleic acids of the host tissues. The presence of the ascitic or subcutaneous forms of the Ehrlich tumor in mice was found to have little effect on the incorporation of formate-C14into the nucleic acid purines and thymine of the host liver, spleen, kidney, and lung. Experiments with thymidine-H3were carried out with mice bearing the Erhlich ascites tumor, using three dose levels of the precursor, 0.014, 0.14 and 1.40 μmoles per mouse. At all levels incorporation into liver DNA of the tumor-bearing mice was greater than in controls, whereas the reverse was true for intestinal mucosa, especially at the lowest dosage. With the higher levels of thymidine-H3, incorporation into the DNA of spleen of the tumor animals was higher than in the controls. Variable results were observed for the other tissues examined. The presence of Novikoff hepatoma in rats had little effect on the uptake of tritiated thymidine by the DNA of the host tissues. The presence of the intramuscular form of Walker carcinosarcoma 256 was accompanied by an increased uptake into the DNA of lung and particularly into the DNA of liver and spleen.
THE GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN OF THE 'GROUND SUBSTANCE' OF RAT SKIN
Authors: Mathieson Joyce M. , Pearce R. H.
Published: December 2009

The glycosaminoglycan was isolated from an isotonic saline extract of dry, fat-free rat skin in better than 80% yield. The product was virtually homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis on paper at several pH values, by electrophoresis on sponge rubber, and by fractional precipitation of the calcium and sodium salts with ethanol. The material corresponded to hyaluronate in electrophoretic mobility, solubility of its salts in ethanol, and in its content of a single hexosamine, glucosamine.
THE HYDROXYLATION OF SKATOLE
Authors: Heacock R. A. , Mahon M. E.
Published: December 2009

The mixture of products obtained when skatole is oxidized with the ferrous sulphate – ascorbic acid – EDTA – air system has been examined by means of paper and thin layer chromatographic techniques. 3-Methyloxindole, o-aminoacetophenone, N-formyl-o-aminoacetophenone, and the four isomeric hydroxyskatoles have been definitely identified. A number of, as yet, unidentified compounds, which react positively with Ehrlich's reagent, are also present in the reaction mixture. The mechanism of the hydroxylation reaction and its possible physiological significance are discussed.
THE ACTION OF CATECHOLAMINES IN SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA
Authors: Weir Mervyn C. L. , McLennan H.
Published: December 2009

Injection of the catecholamines, and particularly adrenaline, has been found always to depress synaptic transmission in a sympathetic ganglion. Although an adrenaline-like substance is released upon preganglionic stimulation, this is not believed to have any physiological significance.
ACETATE INCORPORATION INTO CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACIDS BY LIVERS OF FETAL, SUCKLING, AND WEANED RATS
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: December 2009

Liver homogenates from fetal rats gave good incorporation of labelled acetate into cholesterol and fatty acids, but liver slices or homogenates from suckling rats gave very little incorporation. The amount of acetate incorporated increased greatly as soon as the suckling rats began to eat a commercial diet. Mevalonic acid was incorporated into cholesterol equally well by liver slices from suckling and weaned rats. Acetate given orally or intraperitoneally to intact rats was incorporated into liver cholesterol and fatty acids to a lesser extent in suckling rats than in rats weaned to a commercial diet. Plasma cholesterols were elevated in suckling rats and dropped to normal adult levels at weaning. Liver cholesterols tended to be slightly higher in suckling rats.
A MODIFIED YEMM AND COCKING NINHYDRIN REAGENT FOR PEPTIDASE ASSAY
Authors: Matheson A. T. , Tattrie Brenda L.
Published: December 2009

A modified Yemm and Cocking ninhydrin–cyanide reagent has been developed which gives quantitative color yields with free amino acids, but much lower yields with most peptides tested. Using this reagent, a more sensitive assay for peptidase activity has been developed, and its use in column fractionation of peptidase activity is described.The ϵ values for peptides, obtained with the modified reagent, are compared to those obtained with the conventional ninhydrin–hydrindantin reagent. The formation of Ruhmann's Purple by the modified reagent is inhibited by Tris buffer. No inhibition occurs with the ninhydrin–hydrandantin reagent. The absorption spectra of the two reaction mixtures indicate that Tris reacts in a different manner with the two reagents.
FAT AND CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION IN RELATION TO BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN THE COCKEREL
Authors: March B. E. , Biely Jacob , Lindsay O. B.
Published: December 2009

There are marked individual differences in the hypercholesteremic response of cockerels to high cholesterol diets. It is demonstrated that differences in the amount of cholesterol absorbed from the intestine are primarily responsible for differences in blood cholesterol level of cockerels fed 1 or 2% of cholesterol in the diet. Cholesterol absorption is related to the efficiency with which dietary fat is absorbed by individual birds.
A NEW COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR SERUM TRYPSIN DETERMINATION
Authors: Kallos J. , Kahn D. , Rizok D.
Published: December 2009

A new and sensitive colorimetric method for serum trypsin determination has been described. The specific substrate, α-N-benzoyl-l-lysine hydrazide was found to be rapidly hydrolyzed by trypsin and the liberated hydrazine was determined colorimetrically by means of Ehrlich's reagent. The sensitivity coupled with the relative ease of the technical procedure provides a suitable routine assay for serum trypsin.
VITAMIN ABSORPTION STUDIES: IV. SITE OF ABSORPTION OF C14-RIBOFLAVIN AND S35-THIAMINE IN THE RAT
Authors: Middleton E. J. , Grice H. C.
Published: December 2009

Normal adult male rats were killed at time intervals after an oral dose of C14-riboflavin or S35-thiamine. The small intestine (divided into four equal parts), cecum, large intestine, and liver were removed and analyzed for radioactivity. Based upon measurement of radioactivity the vitamins appeared to be absorbed throughout the small intestine. Maximum absorption of riboflavin occurred in the lower ileum and took place 2 to 4 hours after administration of the dose. Thiamine appeared to be absorbed maximally at a higher level in the small intestine and maximum absorption took place within 1 hour of ingestion.Absorption of the radioactive vitamins was estimated by measuring radioactivity in the urine and feces of normal controls and others which had portions of the small intestine removed surgically. Resection appeared to have no effect on the absorption of either vitamin. Cecectomy, however, lowered the availability of both riboflavin and thiamine.
ABILITY OF STARVATION AND OF DIETARY CHOLESTEROL TO SUPPRESS INCORPORATION OF LABELLED PRECURSORS INTO CHICK LIVER AND PLASMA CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Lupien P. J. , Migicovsky B. B.
Published: December 2009

The effect of cholesterol feeding and of starvation on C14-acetate and mevalonate-2-C14 incorporation into serum and liver cholesterol of chicks, as well as the presence or absence of an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis (I.C.S.) in cholesterol-fed rats, has been studied.Starvation significantly reduced C14-acetate incorporation into liver cholesterol of 15-day-old chicks, but did not affect mevalonate-2-C14 incorporation.The feeding of 1% dietary cholesterol significantly decreased both C14-acetate and mevalonate-2-C14 incorporation into liver cholesterol of the chick.Mitochondria from the livers of starved rats inhibited C14-acetate incorporation into liver cholesterol to a much greater extent than did "cholesterol-fed" or "normal" rat mitochondria.It is suggested that although starvation and cholesterol feeding both reduce the degree of acetate incorporation into cholesterol, they do so in different ways.
NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE LEVELS IN RAT BRAIN
Authors: Brown F. Christine
Published: December 2009

Albino rats were fed diets which were deficient in tryptophan, niacin, or both, until severe deficiency symptoms appeared. The brains were analyzed for their content of oxidized and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD), which are derived from dietary tryptophan and niacin. Deficiencies of tryptophan or niacin had little or no effects on the levels of NAD in rat brain. The injection of niacinamide in massive doses caused a 50 to 75% increase in the NAD levels. Reserpine had no significant effect on brain NAD. No "tranquilizing" or depressing effects were noticed after niacinamide injection.
THE PHENOLIC ACIDS IN WHEAT: II. NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF ORTHOFERULIC ACID (2-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYCINNAMIC ACID)
Authors: El-Basyouni Said , Towers G. H. N.
Published: December 2009

Orthoferulic acid was isolated in small amount (5 mg/300 g fresh wt.) from an alkaline hydrolyzate of an ethanolic extract of wheat shoots. This phenolic acid was found in shoots only at certain stages of growth and was absent from embryos, grains, or roots. Traces of 8-methoxycoumarin were also shown to be present.
CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF HEAD IRRADIATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIATION DAMAGE IN THE RAT THYMUS
Authors: Scaife J. F.
Published: December 2009

Early radiation damage in rat thymocytes has been assessed at 4 hours and 24 hours following varying doses of whole body irradiation and compared with the effects produced by a dose of 1000 rads to the head only of the animal. The indirect dose to the shielded thymus in these head irradiation experiments was found to be 22 rads. The criteria employed to assess the radiation damage were: changes in wet weight, DNA content, pyknosis, Cr51uptake, supernatant NADase alkaline RNAase and soluble RNA and nucleotide content of the thymus. No radiation damage beyond what could be expected from scattered irradiation was produced in the thymus by head irradiation only. Adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized animals showed no difference in their response to whole body irradiation as compared to unoperated controls. It is concluded that the adenohypophysis response of irradiation is not involved in the death or damage of thymocytes following low doses of whole body irradiation.
STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ADENYLOSUCCINASE
Authors: Cohen L. H. , Bridger W. A.
Published: December 2009

Studies of the inhibition of yeast adenylosuccinase by the products of the reaction it catalyzes, as well as studies of the ability of the products to protect the enzyme from inhibitors, indicate that fumarate leaves the enzyme before adenylic acid. Evidence to be presented indicates that the binding of adenylic acid to the enzyme is by the phosphate group and either the amino group or the purine ring. Evidence is also cited for the existence of a sulphydryl group at the active center of the enzyme, apparently close to the C–N bond that is cleaved by the enzyme.
THE METABOLISM OF ACETATE BY WHEAT STEM RUST UREDOSPORES
Authors: Suryanarayanan S. , McConnell W. B.
Published: December 2009

When uredospores of Puccinia graminis var. tritici (race 15B) were incubated at pH 6.2 in phosphate buffer containing either acetate-1-C14or -2-C14, about 12% of the radioactivity was removed from the solution in a period of 3 hours. Respired carbon dioxide contained about 45% and 22% of the carbon-14 taken up as acetate-1-C14and acetate-2-C14, respectively. Incorporation of carbon-14 into spore components was considerably higher with acetate-2-C14than with acetate-1-C14. With either tracer most of the radioactivity in water-soluble spore materials was accounted for in amino acids and neutral substances. Glutamic acid was particularly radioactive and accounted for about 40% of the radioactivity in the amino acid fraction. Incorporation of carbon-14 into the glutamic acid skeleton was consistent with the view that both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glyoxalate cycle were functioning.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF MUSTARD OIL GLUCOSIDES: IV. THE ADMINISTRATION OF METHIONINE-C14 AND RELATED COMPOUNDS TO HORSERADISH
Authors: Chisholm M. D. , Wetter L. R.
Published: December 2009

The administration of C14-labelled compounds to horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.) demonstrated that both methionine and acetate were efficiently incorporated into the aglycone (allyl isothiocyanate) of sinigrin. Chemical degradation of the aglycone showed that the methyl group of acetate appeared in the "isothiocyanate carbon" and that carbons 2, 3, and 4 of methionine were incorporated into carbons 2, 3, and 4 respectively of the aglycone with very little randomization. Homocysteine was the only other compound that was incorporated into the aglycone. Other degradation products of methionine did not appear to be incorporated into allyl isothiocyanate.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON RIBONUCLEASES FROM RYEGRASS
Authors: Freeman K. B.
Published: December 2009

A ribonuclease, extracted from ryegrass and partially purified, degraded ribonucleate to the cyclic nucleoside-2′:3′-phosphates of all four bases. Detailed studies of the kinetics of the enzyme showed that its activity was markedly dependent on the ionic strength of the solution and that its optimum pH decreased below pH 6.4 in solutions of increasing ionic strength or substrate concentration.A second enzyme found in the ryegrass extracts degraded ribonucleate to 5′-nucleotides and resembled the 3′-nucleotidase described previously.
STUDIES ON THE POLYGLYCEROLPHOSPHATIDE OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Subrahmanyam D.
Published: December 2009

Polyglycerolphosphatide has been isolated from the lipids of two virulent (H37RV and Mycobacterium avium) strains and one avirulent (H37Ra) strain of M. tuberculosis by chromatography on silicic acid columns. The lipid constitutes a major fraction of the total phosphatides of the three strains. Evidence is presented that the lipid is similar in structure to cardiolipin.
THE SEPARATION OF AUTOPROTHROMBIN IcFROM BOVINE PROTHROMBIN PREPARATIONS
Authors: Seegers Walter H. , Kagami Mitsuyasu
Published: December 2009

Autoprothrombin Icis a degradation product of purified prothrombin which is obtained when the enzyme autoprothrombin C is used for activation. A quantitative method was developed for the assay of autoprothrombin Ic. Conditions were found for activating purified prothrombin so as to obtain the maximum yield of autoprothrombin Ic. Isolation procedures were developed for obtaining a single component. The specific activity was in the range 32,000 to 34,000 units/mg tyrosine or 1440 U./mg. The yield was about 4 mg from 6 liters of plasma. By contrast with autoprothrombin C it did not by itself alter prothrombin activity. In the presence of lipids, calcium ions, and Ac-globulin it was found to be a powerful procoagulant. Plasma and serum contain a substance that destroys the activity. The activity was also destroyed by reduced glutathione, iodoacetate, and ascorbic acid, but it was relatively resistant to SH blocking agents. In the prothrombin utilization test purified autoprothrombin Icgave prothrombin consumption with Stuart plasma and with factor VII deficient plasma. With 0.5 μg in the test mixture (0.3 ml) the prothrombin time of Stuart plasma was completely corrected. With 60 μg the clotting time was 8 seconds.
THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA AS A TOOL FOR THE RAPID EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF RADIOPROTECTIVE COMPOUNDS AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL
Authors: Scaife J. F.
Published: December 2009

A simple, rapid quantitative method for biologically evaluating radioprotective compounds at the cellular level has been developed by means of Ehrlich mouse ascites tumor cells. The cells were irradiated in vitro and subsequently grown in vivo and the radioprotective compound was evaluated by its ability to prevent mitotic arrest and loss of proliferative capacity in the cells. Results statistically significant at the 1% level were available in 48 hours when groups of 15 mice per sample were compared. L-Cysteine was found to be a better protector than 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobomide or 2-mercaptoethylamine and also increased the protection of cells irradiated under anaerobic conditions.
CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF "BALLOON CELLS" OCCURRING IN THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA
Authors: Tolnai Susan
Published: December 2009

Anomalous giant cells, termed "balloon cells", were found in a subline of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The balloon cells remained in the supernatant when ascitic fluid was centrifuged at 17,000 r.p.m.The balloon cells were considerably larger than the regular tumor cells, and in their fully developed form the nucleus occupied a completely lateral position, resembling a signet-ring cell. The cytoplasm contained only a small number of lipid granules surrounding the nucleus; no vacuolization of the cytoplasm could be demonstrated. Mucoid substances in the cytoplasm were not accumulated. Mitochondrial activity was localized mainly around the nucleus. The uptake of tritiated thymidine in the nucleus indicated continued DNA synthesis by the balloons. They underwent mitotic division and contributed to the expanding tumor cell population.
SOME PROPERTIES OF AN ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE FROM RAT ADIPOSE TISSUE
Authors: Wallach Donald P. , Ko Howard
Published: December 2009

An alkaline phosphatase was partially purified from aqueous extracts of rat adipose tissue, and some characteristics of the enzyme delineated. Among salient features, the enzyme is strongly inhibited by cysteine and ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and types of inhibition were determined. Cysteine induced "complete exclusive" inhibition, while EDTA caused "partial" inhibition. Kinetic data on the inhibition by EDTA are consistent with a mechanism which does not involve chelation of a metallic cation. Various other properties of the enzyme are discussed.
SOME PROPERTIES OF RAT LIVER GLYCYL-RNA SYNTHETASE
Authors: Boyko J. , Fraser M. J.
Published: December 2009

Some properties of rat liver glycyl-RNA synthetase are described. The fact that methylamine competitively inhibited the glycine-dependent ATP–32PP exchange catalyzed by the enzyme suggested that glycine might be bound to the enzyme at an anionic site. The KIfor methylamine was 6.3 mM as compared with the KMfor glycine of 0.60 mM. The effects of pH on the glycine-dependent ATP–32PP exchange and on glycyl-RNA formation were very similar and indicated that these activities depended on the presence in the active center of a titratable group with a pK in the region of pH 6.2–6.7. These results suggested that an uncharged imidazole group of a histidine side chain might be necessary for activity. Further evidence for histidine in the active center came from studies on photoinactivation of the enzyme in the presence of methylene blue. It was found that glycine, but not ATP, protected the enzyme from photoinactivation and that the presence of ATP abolished this protection. A previous finding, that the partially purified enzyme fractions which had been freed of RNA were sensitive to sulfydryl agents, was confirmed. Para-hydroxymercuribenzoate (10−5M) completely inhibited the glycine-dependent ATP–32PP exchange catalyzed by the purified enzyme. Neither glycine alone nor ATP alone afforded appreciable protection of the enzyme against inactivation by PHMB, but, if the enzyme were preincubated with both of these substrates, protection was obtained. It was found that soluble RNA, but not ribosomal RNA, also protected the enzyme against the action of this inhibitor. These results suggested that a sulfydryl group of a cysteine side chain is also present in the active center of this enzyme. A tentative proposal is put forward for the mechanism of activation of glycine based on these results and on the findings of other investigators with other amino acyl-RNA synthetases.
STUDIES ON BRAIN GANGLIOSIDES: IV. THE EFFECT OF HYPERCAPNIA ON GANGLIOSIDES IN VIVO
Authors: Lowden J. A. , Wolfe L. S.
Published: December 2009

Gangliosides are relatively stable acidic glycolipid components of neuronal membranes. When isolated and purified from normal human, rat, or cat brains, they contain 1 μmole of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) per mg. Gangliosides, isolated and purified from fresh autopsy specimens of human brain of patients who were cyanotic before death, contained considerably less NANA and N-acetyl-galactosamine than normal brain gangliosides. Also, gangliosides isolated from cerebral tissue adjacent to a variety of intracerebral lesions contained less NANA than gangliosides from uninvolved tissue from the same patient. Gangliosides from the brains of cats which had been asphyxiated for periods up to 8 minutes also contained less NANA and hexosamine. Experiments in which cats were treated with various gas mixtures showed that hypercapnia and the consequent respiratory acidosis were the major causes of the change in ganglioside composition in vivo. Treatment with 100% N2produced a respiratory alkalosis but had no effect on brain ganglioside composition. The mechanism by which hypercapnia causes the change in the composition of the membrane gangliosides is unclear. An intact cerebral circulation appeared necessary to elicit the changes. The possibility that hypercapnia releases enzyme activators (e.g. adrenalin) or activates brain glycosidases is discussed. The loss of anionic groups located in the neuronal membrane would alter the behavior of these lipids towards cations and may, in part, explain the altered excitability of neurones following hypercapnia.
THE HISTONES OF CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTE NUCLEI
Authors: Neelin J. M. , Callahan P. X. , Lamb D. C. , Murray K.
Published: December 2009

Five fractions of chicken erythrocyte histone have been obtained by ion-exchange chromatography, and compared with calf thymus histone fractions in amino acid composition, electrophoretic behavior in starch gel, N-terminal amino acid content, and fingerprint of tryptic peptides. A major erythrocyte histone fraction, rich in both lysine and arginine, as well as serine, was peculiar to these singular cells, and appeared to replace the "arginine-rich" histone of other somatic tissues. In contrast, the other four erythrocyte histone fractions were closely similar in kind to their chromatographic counterparts in calf tissues, despite some differences in number and yield. The occurrence of this unusual histone may be related to the limited biosynthetic capacities of these cells with highly differentiated nuclei.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF MIMOSINE: INCORPORATION OF ASPARTIC ACID INTO THE PYRIDONE NUCLEUS
Authors: Notation A. D. , Spenser Ian D.
Published: December 2009

Radioactive mimosine was isolated from plants of Mimosa pudica L., to which14C-labelled aspartic acid had been administered. It was shown by partial degradation that C-3 of aspartic acid is specifically incorporated into the pyridone nucleus of mimosine.
MONOMER AND DIMER FORMS OF GAMMA-GLOBULIN POLYPEPTIDES IN NORMAL URINE
Authors: Freedman M. H. , Connell G. E.
Published: December 2009

The γ-globulins of low molecular weight in human urine have been partially fractionated and characterized. The two principal components are made up of "light" polypeptide chains of 7 S γ-globulin. One of these components, the "monomer", has a molecular weight in dissociating solvents of approximately 20,000 and probably consists of single light chains. The other component, the "dimer", has a molecular weight of approximately 40,000 and probably consists of pairs of light chains joined by intermolecular disulfide bonds.
METABOLITES OF TRITIATED TESTOSTERONE IN HEALTHY MEN
Authors: Ahmad Nisar , Morse William I.
Published: December 2009

Tracer doses of tritiated testosterone were injected into four healthy men, followed by urine collection and by an assay for estrone, estradiol, androsterone, etiocholanolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and Δ16-androstenol, and by an assay for radioactivity in each of these fractions. The androstenol fraction contained very little tritium, which indicated that most of it was not derived from the miscible testosterone pool. Maximum testosterone production rates were calculated from the urinary estrone and estradiol data, the results indicating testosterone turnovers of 1 to 3 mg per day. Comparison with testosterone production rates for healthy men, which were reported by other investigators using different methods, indicated that most, if not all, of the estrone and estradiol produced by the four subjects was derived from the miscible testosterone pool.
THE ACTION OF CARBOXYPEPTIDASES A AND B AND LEUCINE AMINOPEPTIDASE ON HORSE HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Purdie Jocelyn E. , Smith David B.
Published: December 2009

Carboxypeptidase A releases histidine and tyrosine from horse oxy- and deoxy-hemoglofoins; carboxypeptidase B releases arginine only. In both cases, action is more rapid with the oxygenated form.Frozen storage appears to alter the structure of hemoglobin, permitting the two enzymes together to digest further into the protein.Leucine aminopeptidase had no detectable effect on horse hemoglobin.
FRACTIONATION OF MOUSE LIVER MICROSOMAL ESTERASES
Authors: Carruthers C. , Heins E. , Baumler A.
Published: December 2009

Mouse liver microsomal esterases were fractionated on DEAE-cellulose after the solution of these enzymes in a solution containing 0.1 M glycyl glycine buffer, pH 7.0, and 5 × 10−4 M Lubrol W, a nonionic detergent. Elution of the enzymes from the DEAE-cellulose was accomplished by using NaCl in the glycyl glycine – Lubrol W solution. Microsomes isolated from sucrose and glycerol homogenates have three esterase peaks in common and two peaks not in common. The glycerol supernatant fraction from whole liver homogenate, which contains about 50% of the total esterase activity, and the sucrose supernatant fraction, which contains about 6% of the total esterase activity, have four common esterase peaks, one of which is different from both the microsomes isolated from glycerol and sucrose liver homogenates. Incorporation of Lubrol W in the solution that was employed for the elution of the esterases from the DEAE-cellulose was necessary to prevent extensive loss or inactivation of these enzymes. The nature of the changes induced by glycerol on liver esterases is briefly discussed.
POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF β-GLUCURONIDASE IN THE JEJUNUM AND ILEUM OF RATS
Authors: Heringová A. , Jirsová V. , Koldovský O.
Published: December 2009

β-Glucuronidase activity in the homogenates of the mucosa of the small intestine is higher in the distal than in the proximal third of the intestine between the 4th and 17th postnatal day in rats. Activity falls proximally up to day 20, while distally, activity rises from birth up to day 15 and then falls rapidly up to day 20 (20×). Starting from day 20, activity is the same proximally and distally. β-Glucuronidase (expressed as changes of total activity per third of the small intestine) changes during the postnatal development very little in the proximal part; the greatest changes occur in the distal part.Adrenalectomy, performed on day 15, inhibits the normal decrease in activity seen in the distal part on day 19.
STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDES IN EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Uppin B. I. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: December 2009

Studies have been made of the effects of metabolic inhibitors on the oxidation and incorporation of radioactivity into nucleotides of glucose labelled in the 1, 2, and 6 positions. The results indicate that in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells the predominant oxidative pathway is the hexosemonophosphate shunt. Investigation of the time courses of oxidation of the labelled glucose molecules confirms this conclusion. The pattern of incorporation of radioactivity initially suggests that nucleotide ribose is not formed via this pathway. However, it is shown that the coupling of an active transketolase system with the other enzymes of the hexosemonophosphate shunt provides a sufficient explanation of all the experimental observations. The conclusion is reached that pentose is formed by oxidation of glucose through the shunt but that the labelling pattern is largely established as the result of the exchange reaction catalyzed by transketolase.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDES IN WHEAT: II. PYRIMIDINES FROM C14-LABELLED COMPOUNDS
Authors: King J. , Wang D. , Waygood E. R.
Published: December 2009

Aspartate-U-C14and uracil-2-C14were fed to wheat leaves and embryos respectively. The alcohol-soluble and perchloric acid soluble fractions were treated with Norit A, and the Norit eluates were subjected to paper chromatography to identify the pyrimidines and derivatives synthesized from the labelled compounds. Both compounds were found to be precursors of pyrimidine nucleotides. The results are discussed in relation to recent views on the pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in plants.
ULTRACENTRIFUGAL ANALYSIS OF YOLK PROTEINS IN RAINBOW TROUT EGG AND THEIR CHANGES DURING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Ando Kazuo
Published: December 2009

Yolk proteins in Salmo irideus (rainbow trout) eggs were studied by means of ultracentrifugal analysis, and the following facts were clarified. Unfertilized eggs contain two protein components, designated as component I (90% in relative content) and component II (10%). The sedimentation constant for component I is 9.4 S and its molecular weight is approximately 240,000 ~ 260,000. The phosphorus and lipid contents of this major component are similar to those of a lipovitellin in hen's egg yolk, but the molecular weight is considerably smaller than that of the hen's lipovitellin. Component I is split by alkali into two subunits. The sedimentation coefficient for the subunits is 4.9 S and the molecular weight is approximately 120,000. The sedimentation coefficient for component II is 3.1 S, and the phosphorus content is higher than that of component I but is lower than that of hen's phosvitin. A new component of 11.2 S appears at the beginning of the eyed stage, and is inferred to be a protein in the blood formed at this stage. The relative changes of these three components during the synchronous development of embryo from fertilization to the swim-up fry stage were followed.