bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistics of Magnetospheric Sawtooth Oscillations
Authors: Connor DiMarco , Pulkkinen Tuija , Kumar Sanjay , Ala-Lahti Matti
Published: February 2023

Magnetospheric sawtooth events (STE) are periodic oscillations in Earth’s magnetic field and energetic particle fluxes, typically occurring during geomagnetic storms. While previous studies have helped to provide information about the characteristics of STEs and the conditions that lead to the onset of these events, very little research has been done in the past 10 years documenting STEs, and analyzing the inner magnetosphere magnetic configuration during sawtooth events. This information can help understand how storms and substorms affect ionosphere-thermosphere convection, and how low-latitude ionospheric disturbances are generated during substorms. This project uses observations from magnetospheric missions and ground-based magnetometer networks to study the sawtooth event processes. Using magnetic field measurements GOES and the auroral electrojet indices, we are able to identify and catalog sawtooth events. We present our methods for identifying sawtooth events and preliminary statistics of the event characteristics. Then using magnetic field measurements from the THEMIS, RBSP, and MMS missions, we will study the evolution of the ring current and its latitudinal and longitudinal variations during STEs. We will also assess the abilities of the empirical Tsyganenko field models to reproduce the magnetospheric conditions during sawtooth events.
Long-term Reproducibility for Jupyter Notebook
Authors: D'Onofrio Claudio , Pantazatou Karolina , Karstens Ute , Hellström Margareta , Storm Ida , Vermeulen Alex
Published: February 2023

Computational notebooks (e.g. Jupyter notebook) are a popular choice for interactive scientific computing to convey descriptive information together with executable source code. The user can annotate the scientific development of the work, the methods applied, describe ancillary data or the analysis of results, with text, illustrations, figures, and equations. Such ‘executable’ documents provide a paradigm shift in scientific writing, where not only the science is described, but the actual computation and source code are openly available and can be reproduced and validated.Therefore, it is of paramount importance to preserve these documents. A unique and persistent identification (PID) is essential together with providing enough information to execute the source code. Generating a PID for a Jupyter notebook is not technically challenging. We can automatically collect system and run-time information and, with a guided workflow for the user, assemble a rich set of metadata. The collected information allows us to recreate the computational environment and run the source code, which in return (theoretically) should produce the same results as published.The importance of providing a rich set of metadata for all digital objects in a human readable and machine actionable form is well understood and widely accepted as necessity for reproducibility, traceability, and provenance. This is reflected in the FAIR principles (Wilkinson, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18) which are regarded as gold standard by many scientific communities.Pimentel et al. (https://doi.org/10.1109/MSR.2019.00077) analysed over 800’000 Jupyter notebooks from GitHub. 24 % executed without errors and only 4 % produced the same results. The likelihood to successfully compile and run a decade old source code is slim. Long term support for well established operating systems varies between 5 to 10 years, user software support is usually shorter and looking at free and open-source repositories there is often no support (or best effort) offered.We present an approach to safely reproduce the computational environment in the future with a focus on long-term availability. Instead of trying to reinstall the computational environment based on the stored metadata, we propose to archive the docker image, the user space (user installed packages) and finally the source code. Recreating the system in this way is more like restoring a backup, where backup is the equivalent of an entire computer system. It does not solve all the problems but removes a great deal of complexity and uncertainty.Though there are shortcomings in our approach, we believe our solution will lower the threshold for scientists to provide rich meta data, code and results attached to a publication that can be reproduced in the far future.
How late spring frosts affect tree-ring growth and wood anatomical traits of European beech in Mediterranean mountain forests?
Authors: Tonelli Enrico , Vitali Alessandro , Camarero Julio J. , Colangelo Michele , Frigo Davide , Ripullone Francesco , Carrer Marco , Urbinati Carlo
Published: February 2023

Xylem anatomical traits in series of annual tree rings, allow establishing structure-function relationships and assessing species sensitivity to environmental variability. Extreme events such as late spring frosts (LSF) and drought spells are among the main climate-induced disturbances affecting European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests, especially in the Mediterranean region. In this study we aimed to i) compare chronologies of tree-ring widths and vessel traits of beech trees located along an elevation gradient and ii) determine the variability of tree-ring traits before and after LSF occurrence. The study sites, located in the Italian Apennines and Spanish Pyrenees, were hit by severe LSF in recent years. We investigated how tree growth and vessel traits varied in relation to indicators of spring frost occurrence, i.e., mean minimum temperatures, accumulated degree days and temperatures anomalies. Then, we checked vessel traits in rings formed right after the frost events and compared them to those measured in non-affected trees. Radial growth reductions ranged from 36 % to 84 % and this negative effect of LSF on radial growth was only detected during the same LSF year. Growth fully recovered within 1–2 years after the LSF. We found a decrease of vessels diameter and surface area, and higher vessel density with increasing elevations. Vessel traits did not provide added values for detecting spring frost sensitivity. In fact, LSF caused the formation of very narrow rings but no-significant differences in vessels traits. Our results indicate a good recovery capacity of European beech and no legacy effects caused by LSFs. However, other xylem proxies (e.g., fiber cell wall) could better detect LSF impacts on wood formation.
An efficient and parameter-free algorithm to delineate slope units for landslide susceptibility
Authors: Woodard Jacob , Mirus Benjamin , Leshchinsky Benjamin , Crawford Matthew
Published: February 2023

Slope units are terrain partitions bounded by drainage and divide lines, which have been shown to overcome many of the weaknesses of the traditional grid mapping units in landslide susceptibility models. Namely, they better capture the geometry of the terrain, mitigate the need to use multiple raster resolutions when the size and shape of landslides in the region are highly variable, provide a solution for incorporating landslide data in different formats (i.e., point and vector), and are more amenable to landslide repositories with less accurate landslide locations. However, the use of slope units in landslide susceptibility studies remains limited due, in part, to challenges with current delineation methods, including prohibitive computational costs, time-intensive manual processing, or indeterminate parameterizations. We introduce a computationally efficient algorithm for the parameter-free delineation of slope units. Our method determines the scaling of the watersheds at the threshold between fluvial and hillslope processes. It then subdivides these watersheds according to their longest flow paths. Our algorithm can run in parallel, effectively delineate slope units orders of magnitude faster than other parameter-free methods, and requires no significant pre- or post-processing to use. Here we explore the implementation of our algorithm and demonstrate some of the advantages of slope units over the grid-cell mapping unit for evaluating landslide susceptibility.
Thermo-hydric assessment of Nature-based adaptation Solutions in urban environments
Authors: Versini Pierre-Antoine
Published: February 2023

Nature-based adaptation Solutions (NbaS) have become central elements for action on climate. With a wide range of forms across different ecosystems, NBaS are now recognized to mitigate the intensity and frequency of climate-related events, to buffer heat stress and to regulate altered hydrological cycles for instance.The LIFE ARTISAN project (Achieving Resiliency by Triggering Implementation of nature-based Solutions for climate Adaptation at a National scale) aims to promote the implementation of NbaS throughout the French territory (www.life-artisan.fr) in the framework of the National Plan for Climate Change Adaptation. For this purpose, many actions are carried out to facilitate the design, use, assessment and maintenance of NbaS: development of tools, trainings, grid of indicators, taking benefit from 10 pilot sites.This communication is particularly focused on the way in which the naturation of the urban environment can attenuate heat islands. It presents the thermo-hydric coupling carried out between the Multi-Hydro and Solène-Microclimate models. This new platform is able to simulate both water balance and energy budget to assess the performance of NbaS in stormwater management and microclimate mitigation at the urban project scale. This coupling, based on the evapotranspiration process, was validated by using observed data collected during the ANR EVNATURB project (https://hmco.enpc.fr/portfolio-archive/evnaturb/).Perspectives are proposed concerning schoolyards. These locations, often highly impervious, appear very relevant for setting up NbaS in order to create cooling islands, while having an educational aim.
Spectral Variation on the Trojan Asteroid 4709 Ennomos
Authors: Emery Joshua
Published: February 2023

The Trojan asteroids are hypothesized to have been emplaced from the Kuiper Belt into Jupiter’s stable Lagrange regions early in Solar System history.  They therefore contain information about the materials present in the outer Solar System during planet formation and how those materials are affected by inward migration.  A bimodal distribution of visible to near-infrared (VNIR; 0.4 to 2.5 μm) spectral slopes suggest two distinct composition groups, but the actual compositions of those groups remain elusive due to a lack of absorption features at these wavelengths.  Evolutionary models of Trojans generally predict the sublimation loss of volatiles from surface layers, creating a refractory mantle.  Irradiation of surface layers may induce physical and/or chemical changes that further alter the surface relative to the interior.  Impacts could break through surface layers and reveal subsurface materials.  The absence of spectral variations on Trojans reported in the literature have suggested either that no exposures of sub-surface materials have been detected or that the sub-surface is spectrally identical to the surface layers.  An early report of a possible high albedo of the Trojan asteroid 4709 Ennomos was attributed to possible exposure of ice.  Follow-up spectra revealed no signatures of ice, but the asymmetric lightcurve is consistent with a bright spot on the surface.  In order to further investigate possible exposure of sub-surface materials on Ennomos, we have measured multiple NIR (0.7 to 2.5 μm) spectra at the NASA IRTF, including two sets that continuously cover half a rotation each.  The spectral slopes vary with rotation, from spectra consistent with the less-red Trojan spectral group (analogous to P-type asteroids) to slightly blue-sloped spectra (analogous to C- or B-type asteroids).  Nevertheless, all spectra remain featureless, including no indication of the presence of water ice.  Analyses of these spectra along with other published data of Ennomos place constraints on compositions responsible for the varying spectra.  We will discuss these results in the context of the Trojan population, including predictions for surface variability that the Lucy mission may see on the Trojans it visits.
Compound flood forecasting and climate adaptation Destination Earth digital twin
Authors: Weerts Albrecht , Yan Kun , Sperna Weiland Frederiek
Published: February 2023

Coastal deltas are extremely susceptible to flooding from sea, rivers, heavy rain and even more severe combinations thereof. Many coastal deltas are densely populated, and flood risk forms a serious threat that will likely increase in the future. There are two main mechanisms to reduce the devastating impacts of these floods; (1) adaptation to the increasing climate risks and (2) improved early warning and emergency response. We will present the Destination Earth digital twin on coastal compound flood inundation forecasting and climate adaptation.This digital replica of the delta will connect DE data to impact models and will generate user oriented actionable output. High-resolution meteorological forecasts and regular updated climate scenarios form the input for regional coastal and inland models that provide boundary conditions for local models. Local models are used for simulation of small-scale hydrological processes, high-resolution 2D compound flood inundation and impact on population and buildings.  A flexible data post-processing routine, to be co-designed with the end-users, will be implemented to translates model results into actionable context-specific information. It will, for example, produce flood inundation and risk maps as well as other user-requested indicators. For the climate adaptation component, the system will allow users to run WhatIf scenarios to explore adaptation measures. The data products will be disseminated to the users via Web-API, WEB-mapping service or through (S)FTP, depending on the users’ preferences.We will outline and demonstrate our digital twin that serves both flood impact reduction mechanisms, i.e. climate adaptation and forecasting extremes.  We will highlight end users’ needs and requirement that are involved through co-creation/design of the service. 
Titania’s Messina Chasmata
Authors: Leonard Erin , Beddingfield Chloe , Elder Catherine , Nordheim Tom
Published: February 2023

Titania is the fourth major moon from Uranus and is the largest moon in the Uranian system. It has a diameter of ~1580 km, a density of ~1.7 g/cm3, and was imaged by Voyager 2 at a resolution of 2.9 km/pixel. Even with the low-resolution images, it is apparent that Titania has undergone significant tectonic deformation (Smith et al., 1986) and potentially recent heating events (e.g., Moore et al., 2004). Although there is a significant number craters on Titania, its surfaces exhibit evidence for resurfacing in the chasmata, large (>5 km wide, >1 km deep) canyons that extend for 10s of kilometers, located near the equator. In this work, we will reprocess the Voyager 2 images of Titania and perform new geologic mapping of Titania’s Messina Chasmata region. Using these images and a digital elevation model, we will investigate flexure reflected by Messina to estimate Titania’s heat fluxes in this region.
Unlocking the secrets of the Archean cratonic mantle through garnet Lu-Hf geochronology
Authors: Musiyachenko Kira , Smit Matthijs , Kopylova Maya , Korsakov Andrey
Published: February 2023

The sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) of Archean cratons represents the depleted and buoyant residue left behind after crust extraction. The history of the SCLM is notably complex in all cratons, often recording multiple episodes of melting and metasomatism. Garnet is a prime target for studying this history, as it provides thermobarometric constraints and hosts incompatible trace elements that can help identify melting and refertilization. Placing the rich geological record of mantle garnet in time is crucial for resolving cratonic evolution. Robust age constraints from garnet have nevertheless been difficult to obtain. Isolating enough analyte material for Lu-Hf or Sm-Nd chronometry is challenging for small xenoliths of highly depleted mantle rock. Age estimates are typically based on external or two-point isochrons with limited statistical robustness and geological interpretability. Moreover, chronometer systematics are principally not well constrained for the conditions and processes of the mantle. The question of which assemblages and chemical features of the Archean SCLM are actually of the Archean age is often left unanswered. To address this, we used ultralow-blank Lu-Hf chronometry, in concert with trace element analysis, on a targeted analysis of texturally and compositionally different mantle xenoliths from three Archean cratons (Slave, Kaapvaal, and Siberian Cratons).The samples analyzed in this study represent a variety of garnet-bearing lithologies: clinopyroxene-rich fertile lherzolite, harzburgite (both granular and sheared), and orthopyroxenite with pyrope in exsolution lamellae. These samples were chosen, as they capture various stages of mantle evolution, from initial melting and subsolidus equilibration to shearing and metasomatic re-equilibration. We were able to obtain multi-point internal Lu-Hf isochrons for all lithologies, including those with extremely depleted compositions. The Lu-Hf ages span the history of the SCLM, from the Mesoarchean to the ages of kimberlite eruption. The oldest ages were obtained from lithologies depleted in Ca and clinopyroxene, i.e., exsolved orthopyroxenites and harzburgites from the Kaapvaal and Siberian Cratons. Lherzolites provided younger ages corresponding to metasomatic events, some of which could be linked to synchronous magmatic episodes in the overlying crust.The data show that compositional and geochronological signatures in garnet can be retained on billion-year time scales. Static and dynamic recrystallization, and metasomatism – rather than temperature alone – control these signatures in garnet. The exsolution of pyrope in Ca-depleted Kaapvaal and Siberian orthopyroxenites is now confirmed to have occurred in the Archean. The geochemistry and petrology of these particular samples thus can constrain the P-T evolution that led to the development of the early continents.
An objective estimate of water stress - going beyond PDSI
Authors: Zhao Wenli , Winkler Alexander J. , Reichstein Markus , Orth Rene , Gentine Pierre
Published: February 2023

Drought detection is crucial for water resources management and global food security. Drought is typically detected using empirical indices, such as the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). However, those indices lack objectivity and are therefore suboptimal. Machine learning has been proven to be a powerful tool to define objective and optimal regressions, especially in hydrology. Here, we developed a machine learning (ML) model using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), which include memory effects, to predict the Evaporative Fraction (EF), an indicator of water stress at the surface, based on FLUXNET2015 Tier 1 eddy-covariance dataset. Compared to the widely used PDSI, EF is a more direct drought index to indicate water stress conditions. The results show that, firstly, with some routinely available variables, e.g., precipitation, net radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and other static variables like, Plant Functional Type (PFT) and soil property, the model can capture the EF dynamics, especially during the dry season. Secondly, we found there were different LSTM memory lengths across different Plant Functional Types. This indicates different rooting depth and different plant water use strategies that regulate the time scales of droughts. Our results have important implications for future water stress estimation, e.g., drought detection, in order to obtain a more direct and more accurate estimate of water stress.
tTEM: experiences in the Netherlands of this novel Electro Magnetic data acquisition technique
Authors: Gunnink Jan , Meekes Sjef
Published: February 2023

A novel way of collecting electromagnetic measurements makes use of an All Terrain Vehicle (ATV) that pulls a transmitter and receiver. This so-called towed Transient Electro Magnetics system (tTEM, described in detail by Auken et al, 2019)  provide a fast way to obtain 3-dimensional images of the electrical resistivity of the subsurface. The unprecedented and speedy spatial coverage that can be obtained by the technique is a clear advantage over other land-based EM techniques. The technique acquires data with a speed of 10-15km/h, resulting in large coverages per day in open terrain (meadows, agricultural fields). The depth of investigation varies from 60 – 100m, depending on the characteristics of the subsurface (resistive or conductive). We present results here that are taken from various projects in the Netherlands, ranging from mapping buried glacial valleys, continuity of clay layers for groundwater protection, trying to detect faults and to investigate the lateral extent of Holocene clay deposits for dike reinforcements studies. We find the application of the tTEM technique for characterizing typical Dutch subsurface very useful, providing excellent insight in the 3D distribution of clay layers.Auken, Esben, Nikolaj Foged, Jakob Juul Larsen, Knud Valdemar Trøllund Lassen, Pradip Kumar Maurya, Søren Møller Dath, and Tore Tolstrup Eiskjær, (2019), "tTEM — A towed transient electromagnetic system for detailed 3D imaging of the top 70 m oaf the subsurface," GEOPHYSICS 84: E13-E22. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0355.1.
Long-term management actions of fire-prone Mediterranean ecosystems under climate change using fuel reduction and post-fire restoration
Authors: Baudena Mara , Vallejo V Ramon , Baeza Jaime , Moghli Aymen , Valdecantos Alejandro , Santana Victor M
Published: February 2023

Forest fires and extreme droughts will continue to be main disturbances in Mediterranean ecosystems, given the ongoing and projected climatic changes. In fact, an exacerbation of some aspects of their regime is expected. In this perspective, it is fundamental to design adaptive management strategies that can reduce the impact of disturbances and increase ecosystem resilience. To achieve this, it is necessary to develop an integrated management, able to select the best combination of restoration actions for different scenarios. Here, we address the effectiveness of the combination of several actions related to fuel reduction and restoration after fire in the long term, to increase the presence of resprouting species and mitigate fire occurrence, for different future climate change scenarios. Fuel reduction treatments include the application of shrub clearing at different intensities and frequencies. Restoration actions comprise the plantation of resprouting species, aiming to increase ecosystem resilience. We used a simple, ecological, published model, specifically developed for Mediterranean ecosystems and including species competition and post-fire responses, which we calibrated using the recorded vegetation response to treatments. Our results point out that, if we look for more resilient ecosystems in the next decades, we will need an intensification of fuel reduction treatments. Noticeably, including resprouting species has an important effect in the ecosystem. However, the success of these actions will be variable depending on the climate scenario.
Kilometer-resolution climate models: prospects and challenges
Authors: Schär Christoph
Published: February 2023

Currently major efforts are underway toward refining the horizontal grid spacing of climate models to about 1 km, using both global and regional models. Such resolutions have been used for about a decade in limited-area numerical weather prediction applications and have demonstrated significant improvements in the representation of convective precipitation events (thunderstorms and rain showers). There is the well-founded hope that these benefits carry over to climate models, as the approach enables replacing the parameterizations of moist convection and gravity-wave drag by explicit treatments.In this presentation, we will review three areas of km-resolution climate modeling. First, consideration will be given to an ensemble of km-resolution simulations from the CORDEX-FPS program on convection-permitting climate modelling, with a computational domain covering the greater Alpine region. This addresses the occurrence of short-term heavy precipitation events including their impacts such as flash floods, hail, and lightning. Results demonstrate the benefits of high computational resolution, in particular for the representation of short-term heavy events of severe weather. Second, we will present recent results from the projects trCLIM / CONSTRAIN carried out over the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, with the goal to assess the potential of the methodology to constrain estimates of the equilibrium climate sensitivity. It will be argued that km-resolution is a highly promising approach for constraining uncertainties in global climate change projections, due to improvements in the representation of tropical and subtropical clouds that goes along with an improved representation of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ).Third, technical aspects of developing km-resolution global models will be addressed. Developing this approach requires a concerted effort between climate and computer sciences. Key challenges are the exploitation of the next generation hardware architectures using accelerators (e.g. graphics processing units, GPUs), the development of suitable approaches to overcome the output avalanche, and the consistent maintenance of the rapidly-developing model source codes on a number of different compute architectures. Despite these challenges, it will be argued that km-resolution GCMs with a capacity to run at 1 SYPD (simulated year per day), might be much closer than commonly believed. However, as the computational load of CMIP-style simulations is tremendous, alternative ways to exploit these models will be needed.
The representation of large lakes in high-resolution regional climate models
Authors: Mahdinia Mani , Erler Andre , Huo Yiling , Peltier W. Richard
Published: February 2023

It has been found that large lakes, a common component of the North American (NA) landscape, can affect the water cycle and modulate temperatures in the surrounding regions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate different lake representations in regional climate model simulations. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, a widely-used regional climate model, forced by the ERA5 reanalysis product. The study is performed for a 40 year historic period (1979-2019) at a resolution of 12 km. The lakes of concern include the Laurentian Great Lakes, which straddle the US-Canada border; the Great Slave and Great Bear Lakes of the Northwest Territories; and the Lakes Winnipeg and Winnipegosis. Alongside the default lake model, two new column lake models are employed: FLake, a more widely used model, and GL25, a recent, physics-based model. These models have been somewhat successful at alleviating inadequacies of the default model by introducing additional process representations, such as a more realistic surface albedo formulation and a better parameterization for vertical overturning. Additionally, we consider the effect of vertical eddy diffusivity and lake stratification on the model performance. While no column lake model is expected to perform perfectly, our goal here is to identify when (seasonally) and where (geographically) a model produces reliable results, including ice cover distribution and near-surface temperature. The effect of the lake representation on the surrounding regions (e.g., lake-effect precipitation) is also evaluated. We find that the two new lake models perform reasonably well, but there are significant differences in seasonal biases with GL25 performing better in summer and FLake performing better in winter; in fact, FLake reproduces the ice cover of the Great Lakes very well. Furthermore, the biases do not seem to be affected by surface wind induced circulation, and hence 3D modelling may not be a requirement for lake modelling. This study can help with the selection of lake models for regional climate modelling in the NA region and inform the interpretation of the predictions.
In-situ remediation enlightens a down-to-earth pathway for managing the pyrite ash dumps in Italy: challenges in potentially toxic elements retention and CO2 mitigation
Authors: Liu Yikai , Molinari Simone , Dalconi Maria Chiara , Valentini Luca , Bellotto Maurizio Pietro , Ferrari Giorgio , Rilievo Graziano , Salviulo Gabriella , Artioli Gilberto
Published: February 2023

With the unprecedented urbanization in the last decades, massive solid wastes containing potentially toxic elements (PTEs) have been generated and dumped, which can be detrimental to soil health and affect flora and fauna. To minimize the exposure risks, delivering in-situ or ex-situ sustainable management of solid wastes continues to be one of the biggest public health challenges worldwide. Concurrently, in-situ high-performance solidification/stabilization© (S/S) has been proposed as a remediation strategy to prevent the release of pollutants in the stockpile sites, with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) being conventionally used as a cost-effective binder. However, growing concerns related to the substantial greenhouse gas emissions associated with the OPC production process and the limited PTEs retention capacity of OPC make the application of OPC under scrutiny. In this work, we examined the feasibility of minimizing the use of OPC in the S/S process of pyrite ash, a typical Pb and sulfate-rich solid waste generated in the sulfuric acid production industry. Four alternative binders (CEM/IIIB, calcium aluminate cement, white-steel-slag and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag mixture, and alkaline-activated ground-granulated blast-furnace slag) were tailored as solutions alternative to conventional OPC, with the aim of mitigating the anthropogenic CO2 emissions and promoting the PTEs retention. The experimental characterization and geochemical modeling of the stabilized products revealed the different interactions between the applied binder scenarios and pyrite ash, which clarifies the roles of hydration products and the binding systems’ microstructures on the Pb and sulfate leachability. Further, we evaluated the cradle-to-gate carbon footprint and cost analysis associated with each binder-pyrite ash system. Overall findings underscore that applying these alternative binders could be pivotal in the envisaged carbon-neutral scenario and offer technical benefits in future field trials if the growth of the cement-free roadmap continues.
Development of a Master course module dedicated to Nature-based adaptation Solutions
Authors: Versini Pierre-Antoine , Al-Sayah Mario , Schertzer Daniel
Published: February 2023

While the importance of Nature-based Solutions for climate change adaptation (NbaS) is being increasingly acknowledged, this concept should be introduced in higher education. It looks particularly important for master's programs, because they usually lead to management jobs. Future graduates will therefore be required to make decisions in land use planning, urban planning, risk and resource management for example.Based on a survey questionnaire, several interviews and a text mining analysis of the Master’s contents, a first analysis was conducted to identify, localise and analyse the French Masters that presented links with NbaS related concepts. This analysis revealed that the notion of NbaS is far from being mastered. This might be caused by a conceptual misunderstanding of definitions.A combined analysis of the findings derived from this study and the results acquired within the framework of the European ARTISAN project (Achieving Resiliency by Triggering Implementation of nature-based Solutions for climate Adaptation at a National scale, www.life-artisan.fr), a training module dedicated to NbaS has been designed. Covering a wide spectrum of topics, it is composed of 8 courses of 3 hours: (i) Introduction to climate change, (ii)  NbS and NbaS: from terminology to reality, (iii) Ecological engineering and multidisciplinary approach, (iv) NbaS and geosciences, (v) Actors: mobilization, consultation and acceptance, (vi) Regulatory and normative framework, (vii) Methods and tools, (viii) Implementation of a NbaS.Each course contains a general part gathering basic knowledge, and a second more specific part called in-depth.The latter makes it possible to adapt to the environment highlighted by the training in which the module is provided (urban, agricultural, humid, maritime and coastal, mountainous, natural, forest, or all environments).This structuring allows the module to be flexible and adaptable to the level and field of application of the targeted training.
Results From The Juno Microwave Radiometer At Jupiter
Authors: Levin Steve ,   The Juno Microwave Radiometer Team
Published: February 2023

Juno is a spinning spacecraft in a highly eccentric polar orbit about Jupiter, with perijoves at about 5000 km above the cloud tops, and has completed 50 orbits as of April 2023.  From Juno’s unique vantage point, the Juno Microwave Radiometer (MWR) has measured the radio emission in 6 channels, at wavelengths ranging from 1.4 to 50 cm, with 100 mS sampling throughout each spin of the spacecraft, since the first science pass in August of 2016.  This data set covers the Jovian atmosphere over a wide range of latitudes, longitudes and emission angles, as well as observations of the inner radiation belts and of Ganymede and Europa.  MWR has yielded a number of results, as well as prompting new questions, related to Jupiter’s atmospheric composition and dynamics at depths as deep as 300 km, distribution of lightning, microwave reflection over the auroral region, Jovian synchrotron emission, and the ice shells of Ganymede and Europa. We will present an overview of MWR results to date. 
Low-Frequency Aftershocks in The Pichilemu crustal fault system during the post-seismic period of the 2010 Mw8.8 Maule Earthquake
Authors: Azúa Kellen , Pasten-Araya Francisco , Ruiz Sergio
Published: February 2023

In recent years, attempts have been made to establish the relationship or connection between aseismic and seismic slip in space and time, especially in the afterslip of large megathrust earthquakes. It is known that afterslip is a product of ordinary earthquakes (aftershocks) and aseismic slip. However, it has not been possible to clarify what type of signal (seismic or aseismic) predominates over time, what mechanisms generate them, and why they are separated spatially. For this reason, we study the post-seismic behavior of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake, specifically in the area near Pichilemu Fault System (PFS), in order to characterize the seismic behavior of this area after this mega-earthquake. Using two dense networks of temporal stations, IMAD and Chile RAMP, which were active several months after the mainshock, we built a robust catalog of events using the envelope and cross-correlation techniques. Then, we relocated them manually to identify potential low-frequency aftershocks (LFAs) and ordinary earthquakes locations around the PFS area.  Analyzing the frequency content of the earthquakes, preliminary results show differences in the behavior of these two kinds of events. For earthquakes of similar duration, magnitude and location, we observed different frequency behaviors, some controlled by high frequencies as usual in ordinary earthquakes and others dominated by low frequencies (possible LFAs). These first results suggest that the afterslip of the Maule earthquake could be concentrated in the interface as well as in the PFS. Furthermore, this could indicate a heterogeneous seismogenic behavior of the PFS, indicating possible mechanical, frictional, or rheological variations in the fault during the afterslip of the Maule earthquake.
ESA’s GENESIS mission: Advancing terrestrial reference systems by co-location of geodetic techniques in space.
Authors: Karatekin Özgür ,   GENESIS Team
Published: February 2023

Improving and homogenizing time and space reference systems on Earth and, more specifically, realizing the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) with an accuracy of 1 mm and a long-term stability of 0.1 mm/year are crucial  to many scientific and societal endeavors. This is the purpose of the GENESIS mission, proposed as a component of the FutureNAV program of the European Space Agency (ESA) [1].  The knowledge of the TRF is fundamental for Earth and navigation sciences. For instance, quantifying sea level change strongly depends on an accurate determination of the geocenter motion but also of the positions of continental and island reference stations, such as those located at tide gauges, as well as the ground stations of tracking networks. In addition, numerous applications in geophysics require absolute millimeter precision from the reference frame, as, for example, monitoring tectonic motion or crustal deformation, contributing to a better understanding of natural hazards. The target TRF accuracy  is based on the scientific needs of various disciplines in Earth Sciences and is reflected in the consensus of various authorities, including the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). Moreover, the United Nations Resolution 69/266 states that the full societal benefits in developing satellite missions for positioning and Remote Sensing of the Earth are realized only if they are referenced to a common global geodetic reference frame at the national, regional and global levels. Yet, when combining all these techniques for the TRF generation, the process is today affected by the accuracy on which we may determine the differential coordinates between the reference point of each technique and several unmodelled systematic errors. The GENESIS platform will be a dynamic space geodetic observatory carrying all the geodetic instruments referenced to one another through carefully calibrated space ties. GENESIS will support the production of a more accurate TRF and enable the generation of an updated global model of Earth rotation, as well as a better-determined geocenter. The GENESIS mission would deliver exemplary science and societal benefits across a multidisciplinary range of Navigation and Earth sciences applications, constituting a global infrastructure that is internationally agreed to be strongly desirable. GENESIS got the green light at the  ESA Ministerials  held in Paris on November 2022. Here we will present the latest updates on the overall mission.[1] Delva et al., 2023, GENESIS: co‐location of geodetic techniques in space, accepted in Earth, Planets and Space
Assessing Global Disturbance Regimes based on High-resolution biomass observations
Authors: Wang Siyuan , Yang Hui , Koirala Sujan , Forkel Matthias , Reichstein Markus , Carvalhais Nuno
Published: February 2023

Different disturbance events lead to varied response patterns in terrestrial biomass, while regulating the terrestrial ecosystems' short- and long-term carbon cycle dynamics. Quantifying the disturbance regimes is essential for understanding and reducing the uncertainty of climate factors affecting vegetation mortality and its responses on the carbon cycle. Based on model-based exercise, we built a machine learning model to predict three disturbance regime parameters, μ (probability scale), α (clustering degree), β (intensity slope) using the spatial pattern of emergent biomass. Here, relying on the model relationships, we utilize Earth observation data of high-resolution biomass, the GlobBiomass with a spatial resolution of 25m, to infer regional disturbance regime statistics.We first conduct a series of comparison exercises to test whether the current framework is robust for retrieving realistic disturbance regimes, including varying factors controlling: (i) the impacts of disturbance shape setting; (ii) the recovery pattern after perturbation; and (iii) the downsampling process for the biomass simulation. It was found that different model settings mainly lead to the inconsistency of texture features, and the disturbance regime prediction accuracy was maintained with different shape settings,  or even higher after downsampling with a mean of 0.98 for Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE).Given the robustness in the framework for retrieving disturbance regimes statistics from modelled biomass results we contrasted these spatial patterns with local GlobBiomass patterns across the world. The comparison between model and observations show data aggregation needs that provide information on aspects of scale and spatial resolution required for simulations. Finally, we provide a sparse, but globally distributed, characterization of disturbance regimes based on remote sensing observations and discuss potential climate links, and mechanisms behind, the spatially continuous distribution of disturbance regime.Given the novelty of the assessment of disturbance regimes with high-resolution biomass data, our study provides opportunities to evaluate and improve the representation of disturbance dynamics in dynamic vegetation and Earth System models.
Observations of ice optical and microphysical properties in Arctic low-level mixed-phase clouds during ACLOUD
Authors: Järvinen Emma , Nehlert Franziska , Xu Guanglang , Waitz Fritz , Mioche Guillaume , Dupuy Regis , Jourdan Olivier , Schnaiter Martin
Published: February 2023

Observations of late spring and summer time stratiform clouds over pack ice, marginal sea ice zone and open water during the ACLOUD campaign have shown that relatively high ice particle number concentrations up to 35 L-1 are observed in cases where cloud top temperatures are between -3.8 and -8.7°C. This elevation in ice crystal number can likely be linked with secondary ice production. Simultaneous measurements of ice optical properties showed that a relative low asymmetry parameter between 0.69 and 0.76 can be associated with the mixed-phase cloud ice crystals. The condensed water path is dominated by the liquid phase at the cloud top in most of the studied cases except in one case study of a system with embedded convection where ice extinction exceeded the liquid extinction. Radiative transfer simulations have shown that the ice phase in low-level mixed-phase clouds, otherwise dominated by liquid phase, can also be radiatively important in cases where ice phase contributes to the cloud top extinction. This highlights the importance of an accurate vertical information of ice extinction within Arctic low-level clouds. The results of this study provide an important basis for testing and improving cloud microphysical parameterizations in models in order to accurately predict Arctic warming.
The EUPPBench postprocessing benchmark
Authors: Bhend Jonas , Demaeyer Jonathan , Lerch Sebastian , Primo Cristina , Van Schaeybroeck Bert , Atencia Aitor , Ben Bouallègue Zied , Chen Jieyu , Dabernig Markus , Evans Gavin , Faganeli Pucer Jana , Hooper Ben , Horat Nina , Jobst David , Merše Janko , Mlakar Peter , Möller Annette , Mestre Olivier , Taillardat Maxime , Vannitsem Stéphane
Published: February 2023

Statistical postprocessing of forecasts from numerical weather prediction systems is an important component of modern weather forecasting systems. A growing variety of postprocessing methods has been proposed, but a comprehensive, community-driven comparison of their relative performance is yet to be established. Important reasons for this lack include the absence of a fair intercomparison protocol, and, the difficulty of constructing a common comprehensive dataset that can be used to perform such intercomparison. Here we introduce the first version of the EUPPBench, a dataset of time-aligned medium-range forecasts and observations over Central Europe, with the aim to facilitate and standardize the intercomparison of postprocessing methods. This dataset is publicly available [1], includes station and gridded data, ensemble forecasts for training (20 years) and validation (2 years) based on the ECMWF system. The initial dataset is the basis of an ongoing activity to establish a benchmarking platform for postprocessing of medium-range weather forecasts. We showcase a first benchmark of several methods for the adjustment of near-surface temperature forecasts and outline the future plans for the benchmark activity. 
 
[1] https://github.com/EUPP-benchmark/climetlab-eumetnet-postprocessing-benchmark
Glacier darkening quantified from airborne imaging spectroscopy, Place Glacier, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Donahue Christopher , Menounos Brian , Viner Nick , Beffort Steven , Gonzalez Arriola Santiago , White Rob , Heathfield Derek
Published: February 2023

Seasonal to long-term changes in albedo, or glacier darkening, is a critical parameter for energy and mass balance models. Yet many of these models employ simple parameterization schemes that darken snow and ice surfaces non-linearly through time. This simplification is not representative of the complex controls on albedo that vary spatially and temporally, driven by atmospheric processes, surface-atmosphere interaction, topography, and timing of glacier ice exposure. Albedo also spectrally varies, controlled by concentrations of light absorbing constituents (LACs) in the visible wavelengths and grain size in the near infrared wavelengths. Radiative forcing by LACs can enhance grain growth, leading to more rapid glacier darkening over the full solar spectrum. This process can accelerate as snow and ice melts because LACs tend to accumulate at the surface which can lead to increased radiative forcing over time for some glaciers. As temperatures warm, and aerosols increase due to land use change, drought, fire, and urbanization, it is likely that glacier darkening will intensify. To better quantify seasonal rates of darkening, and understand controls on intra- and interannual variability, we collected and analyzed a rich dataset obtained from imaging spectroscopy and lidar collected over Place Glacier in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. Over the years 2021-2022, we acquired monthly data during the period of snow and glacier melt (March to October for 2021 and July to October 2022) using an aircraft with dedicated lidar (Riegl-780) and hyperspectral (Specim-Fenix; 451 bands) sensors. We processed these monthly acquisitions into 1-m, analysis-ready products. We describe our workflow for these products including development of snow and ice surface property retrievals in complex mountainous terrain. Our workflow yields retrievals that include broadband albedo, radiative forcing by LACs, and grain size. Radiative forcing from LACs can originate from abiotic and biotic sources, and we use the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) to interpret our retrievals with respect to contributions from dust and black carbon. We also highlight how these data can be used to understand seasonal glacier darkening events that occurred during a heat dome, snow algae blooms, and a late start to accumulation season. All these events are expected to increase in frequency or intensity due to climate change and hence, a better understanding of these physical processes will lead to improved physical models for future glacier evolution.