bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AMERICAN POLICY FOR HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION
Authors: Fainstein Susan S.
Published: September 2005

The United States and the major northern European countries all have developed a variety of strategies for governmental intervention in housing and urban development. These include rent supplements, subsidized mortgages, incentives to homeownership, land clearance, and construction and management of housing by public authorities. Despite similarities in the types of programs offered, the countries vary markedly in levels of public expenditure, consistency of policy, and institutional structure of the housing market.

Differences in housing policies and institutions produce different outcomes. Settlement patterns, housing costs, level of home‐ownership, and availability of housing for different income groups can be traced to these varying contexts for housing investment. Explanation of national differences lies in the differing organization of economic interests through the respective political systems.
TRENDS AND CYCLES IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE FEDERAL BUDGET, 1947–48
Authors: Teigen Ronald L.
Published: September 2005

In this study, systematic movements in the composition of the Federal budget are studied, using a simple statistical structure which distinguishes trend, cyclical, and price‐indexing phenomena. Using NIA data on budget expenditures and receipts, it is found that share movements on both sides of the budget are dominated by trends. Among expenditure categories, the shares of transfer programs show strong upward trends while the defense purchases share has beentrending strongly downward. On the revenue side, the shares represented by social insurance contributions and personal income taxes have been trending upward at the expense of corporateincome taxes and indirect taxes. Significant cyclical and price‐indexing responsiveness is shown by several expenditure and revenue categories. A noteworthy finding is that the estimates show little evidence of structural change over 1947‐1978, suggesting that the trend and otherforces found to be significant are not of recent origin but have been at work over the whole period.
INFLATION, PROGRESSIVITY, AND STATE INCOME TAX REVENUES
Authors: Formuzis Peter , Puri Anil
Published: September 2005

The combination of progressive income tax structures and inflation has led to significant increases in state income tax revenues. While the federal government has de facto indexed the federal personal income tax, states have generated large relative and absolute increases in their income tax revenues. This paper shows that the ratio of income tax revenues to personal income has grown significantly more in states with progressive income tax structures than those with proportional tax structures. Almost half of such increases may be attributed to inflation. The increase in the relative share of income tax as a source of state revenues has recently run into resistance in some states which have installed income tax indexation measures. This may suggest that the marginal cost of raising revenue through inflation, relative to other means (taxes), is reaching its limits.
STATE REVENUE ELASTICITY AND EXPENDITURE GROWTH
Authors: Hansen Susan B. , Cooper Patrick
Published: September 2005

Recent analyses and theories of public choice suggest faster public sector expansion in states with highly elastic revenue structures. This paper estimates the contribution of elasticity of tax revenues to the growth of expenditures in the 50 American states since 1960, based on elasticity measures for state revenue sources compiled by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, an index of state tax structural change, and controls for federal aid to states, population increase, and per capita growth in real income.

Results for 1960‐1970 show a small positive relationship between revenue elasticity and expenditure growth, but this becomes weak and negative for 1970‐1976. Spending has increased most in states with the least elastic revenue sources; these states have made considerable changes in tax laws, while states with elastic revenue sources have been more likely to cut taxes than to increase spending. Federal aid, rather than tax elasticity, is the best predictor of state expenditure growth, while legislative changes in tax structure have enabled states to keep pace with rising demand for revenue due to growth in population and real income.
A NOTE ON THE POLITICAL EXPENDITURE CYCLE IN LATIN AMERICA*
Authors: Ames Barry
Published: September 2005

In an earlier paper I established that Latin American executives both civilian and military, manipulate aggregate public expenditures so as to maximize their chances of retaining office. This paper carries the analysis further by elaborating five probable strategies, each consequent to the socio‐political conditions executives face, and links strategies to tradeoffs in various programs' shares of the budget at crucial periods. The results suggest that in fact executives do respond to their survival problems by manipulating expenditure shares.
THE NORMATIVE BASES OF TAX REFORM: A CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Goetz Michael L.
Published: September 2005

This paper examines the explicit and implicit ideological content of tax reform embodied in three views of taxation. By adopting a constitutional perspective, we are led to examine tax reform as a mechanism by which those rules which define the tax constitution are to be modified as circumstances change. Not only is tax reform demonstrated to be a continuous rather than a dichotomous process, but our proffered framework has the advantage of highlighting the normative underpinnings of the three instant views of tax reform.
CAPITAL GAINS TAXES AND REALIZATIONS: CAN A TAX CUT PAY FOR ITSELF?*
Authors: Auten Gerald E.
Published: September 2005

This paper is concerned with the effects of capital gains taxes on realizations of accrued capital gains. Previous empirical studies are summarized and exploratory new research using pooled cross‐section and time‐series tax data is presented. Capital gains realizations are found to be responsive to capital gains tax rates. The magnitude of the response, however, is not sufficient to support the conclusion that a capital gains tax cut would pay for itself.
FINANCING THE GOVERNMENT DEFICIT
Authors: Rasche Robert H.
Published: September 2005

This study examines the relationship between the U.S. government deficit on a unified budget basis and the various available sources of financing. It identifies those sources of financing other than private domestic capital markets that are available, and develops measures of the financing responses of both domestic and foreign monetary authorities to the continuing U.S. budget deficits of the past fifteen years.
PARTISANSHIP AND IDEOLOGY IN THE REVENUE ACT OF 1978
Authors: Kenski Henry C.
Published: September 2005

The Revenue Act of 1978 was basically a tax policy written in Congress and supported by a broad coalition of moderate and conservative Democrats uniting with Republicans. This coalition was precipitated by ideological differences within the Democratic Party and between the President and Congress over the tax cut's size and primary beneficiaries. Ideological divisions in Congress are such that building a majority coalition for liberally‐oriented tax‐cut and tax‐reform legislation is difficult. Party and ideology were both salient in the Kemp‐Roth vote in each chamber and also in the Gorman amendment vote in the House. In the Senate, the relationship between party and tax cut benefits was unimpressive, although a modest relationship emerged between ideology and the latter.
ASSESSING CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET REFORM: THE IMPACT ON APPROPRIATIONS
Authors: Huddleston Mark W.
Published: September 2005

The 1974 Congressional Budget Reform was designed, at least in part, to enhance Congressional autonomy in the appropriations process and weaken the incrementalist rituals that have traditionally forestalled “rational” budget choices. This article assesses changes in patterns of spending decisions since 1974, and concludes that the legislation has, to date, had little discernible impact in these areas.
STATE TAX PREFERENCE ORDERINGS AND PARTISAN CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT
Authors: Portney Kent E.
Published: September 2005

Using scattered analyses linking partisan control of political institutions to taxation decisions as the point of departure, this paper examines patterns of tax preferences in American States. Focusing on the order in which states enacted personal income taxes, general sales taxes, and corporation income taxes, several important patterns emerge. First, states with both the governorship and state legislature traditionally controlled by members of the same political party showed a strong tendency to prefer a corporation income tax and a personal income tax together as a first preference, followed by a general sales tax. Second, partisan competition and divided institutional control seemed to constitute a modest impediment to taxation of personal incomes as a high priority. And third, the nature of the partisan culture did not seem to facilitate or impede high preference for either general sales taxes or corporation income taxes to the extent found for personal income taxation. The implication is that where there is traditionally a high degree of partisan competitiveness and fragmentation, personal income taxation is likely to be accorded rather low preferences relative to other taxes.
INTERREGIONAL BENEFITS FROM FEDERAL SPENDING: A NEW LOOK AT AN OLD ISSUE
Authors: Reid J. Norman , Fox William F.
Published: September 2005

Though the distribution of Federal expenditures among the regions of the country is an issue that has been much studied, comparison of overall spending totals obscures several important differences among the programs that make up those totals. These differences can be expected to relate to the economic effects of Federal outlays on local areas. This paper distinguishes among programs according to their expected community income multipliers and also according to the type of program (e.g., direct outlay, loan, etc.); it finds that there are important differences among the nation's regions which can indicate differential economic effects.
POSTMATERIAL VALUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY CHANGE
Authors: Watts Nicholas , Wandesforde‐Smith Geoffrey
Published: September 2005

This paper advances the proposition that environmental policy may be particularly suited as a vehicle for the articulation of post‐material values in advanced industrial societies, and that recognition of this is likely to prove enormously helpful in future comparative and cross‐national research into the origins of environmentalism and the causes of environmental policy change. The paper notes the salient characteristics of postmaterialism and the overlap of these with the leading indicators of environmentalism. Possible structural causes for this overlap are noted and opposed to the prevailing socialization explanation for the adoption of postmaterial and environmental values. To help understand the impact of environmentalism on policy an idealized development of the movement is sketched. This leads to the description of a set of general factors likely to be related to the way environmentalism finds political expression in various countries. In the final section, the focus is on what we might want to know about the policy process in order to be able to gauge environmentalist influence on policy outputs.
VALUES ANALYSIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Authors: Andrews Richard N.L.
Published: September 2005

The consideration of values in environmental policy decisions requires attention not only to substantive matters of environmental quality, but also to balancing such broader social values as science, democracy and authority. Current methods for values analysis can be grouped according to their relative emphasis among these values in order to better illuminate the implications of adopting such methods.
CONCEPTS OF RISK AND SAFETY IN TOXIC SUBSTANCES REGULATION: A COMPARISON OF FRANCE AND THE U.S.
Authors: Brickman Ronald , Jasonoff Sheila
Published: September 2005

The notions of risk and safety which play a conspicuous role in the regulation of toxic substances have shown a markedly different evolution in France and the United States. American law has moved toward the development of statutory criteria of risk assessment, balancing both the costs and benefits of regulation, while the French legislator has consistently avoided a substantive elaboration of safety concepts through legal texts. This contrast is documented and its implications for the discretionary authority of regulating agencies discussed. Divergent national patterns are explained with reference to four factors distinguishing the legal and political systems of the two countries.
THE POLITICS OF LOCAL GROWTH CONTROL
Authors: Johnston Robert A.
Published: September 2005

Local growth controls are categorized as controlling class composition, growth location, or growth rate. Literature concerning the motives for adopting these types of growth controls is examined. Four case studies are presented, two involving growth rate controls and two concerned with growth phasing (locational) controls. Our findings agree with earlier ones that tax minimization and quality of services are the chief motives for rate and location controls, followed by “environmental protection,” often meaning view protection or preventing traffic increases. Agricultural protection was a major factor in two of the cases. We found no desires for economic exclusion or property value enhancement in the adoption of the controls. Questions remain, however, concerning the exclusionary effect of perpetuating rate controls.
CRITICAL THEORY AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Dallmayr Fred R.
Published: September 2005

In the confines of the study of politics, public policy analysis involves a shift from pure to applied research, a shift which intensifies the problem of the fact‐value split inherited from positivist behavioralism. While early public policy literature concentrated on empirical policy‐making processes bypassing moral criteria, some recent writings have elaborated on policymaking and policy evaluation as a type of normative inquiry; significant steps in this direction have been undertaken by Duncan MacRae and especially by Jurgen Habermas in the context of “critical theory.” According to Habermas, policy evaluation requires a critically reflective “practical discourse” open not only to experts or policy analysts but to the public at large. The paper argues that such discourse is a valuable remedy against the technical‐instrumental bent of applied science, but that recovery of a fully non‐instrumental “practical” judgement presupposes an evaluation not only of concrete policies but of the status of “policy” itself.
FACTS, VALUES AND RATIONAL DECISION MAKING
Authors: Michalos Alex C.
Published: September 2005

This paper introduces some distinctions related to facts and values, indicates some of the uses and misuses of these distinctions, and draws conclusions for the problem of rational decision making. A major claim is that everyone but metaphysicians should forget about the fact‐value distinction and get on with the pursuit of truth and the performance of good deeds.
THE ASSUMPTIONS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: Vickers Geoffrey
Published: September 2005

The preconditions of policy making are a concern in a human mind about some situation, actual or hypothetical, which is perceived as important and the conceived possibility that human action could make it better. Perceptions of the situation and of its origins and of the scope if any for acting on it and the actions conceived as available vary immensely with the culture of the society involved; and they change with time. This theme is illustrated by a brief summary of British political and cultural responses to poverty and to unemployment in the last hundred years.
RESPONSIBLE ACTION AND THE PROBLEM OF REIFICATION
Authors: Harmon Michael M.
Published: September 2005

This paper elaborates a “personal,” as opposed to an institutional, view of administrative responsibility. The idea of personal responsibility is better suited for appreciating the cognitive, conceptual, and interpersonal dynamics of policy processes than is the institutional view of responsibility as accountability. From the perspective of personal responsibility, the primary impediment to responsible action by policy makers, policy analysts, and administrators is not that they may act in ways that are ethically or morally wrong. Rather, the problem is that such actors may either not perceive that important choices are available to them or, when choices are perceived, their moral, as opposed to their instrumental, content may not be appreciated. Responsible action should thus be seen as a conceptual or cognitive issue, not simply one of adherence to or departure from institutionally objectivated standards of correctness. Inability to appreciate the moral nature of action may be explained by the cognitive tendency to reify policy making and administrative institutions, roles, rules, and situations.
THE MEANS MAY BE A COAL*
Authors: Nagel Stuart S.
Published: September 2005

Policy analysts, especially those with an economics orientation, tend to talk in terms of goals that deal with (1) effectiveness in achieving benefits, (2) efficiency in achieving them at low costs, and (3) equity or equality of benefits and costs across various groups. Lay people and also policy analysts with a political science background often supplement those substantive goals with procedural ones that emphasize (1) public participation, (2) predictability of decisions, and (3) procedural fairness that facilitates proving one is deserving of benefits or innocent of wrongdoing. Those procedural goals are often sought even at the expense of the substantive goals, not just as means to scoring higher on the substantive goals. Examples can be given for each procedural goal. The notion of procedures as goals‐in‐themselves should be distinguished from controversies over transcendentalism‐pragmatism, incrementalism‐ rationalism, and other social value controversies.
POLICY ANALYSIS AS ARGUMENT
Authors: Mason Richard O. , Mitroff Ian I.
Published: September 2005

Numerous authors have attested to the incompleteness of most policy arguments. Until now, however, the machinery has not been available for dealing with complex and open‐ended policy arguments. This paper synthesizes and extends recent developments in the logic of argumentation and symbolic logic to create a methodology for treating complex arguments.
VALUES DUALISM AND SOCIAL POLICY AFFECTING THE ELDERLY*
Authors: Tropman John E. , McClure Jane K.
Published: September 2005

The impact of American values on social policy for and affecting older people is a little explored and complex area. A conceptual framework is developed which reveals the dual and often contradictory nature of the American value system. This framework sets forth the interrelationships of fundamental value‐laden issues such as adequacy/equity, work/leisure and religious/secular.
A VALUE BASIS FOR CONSERVATION POLICY
Authors: Leiss William
Published: September 2005

This paper is a case study in attempting to apply a particular value (caring) to the domain of social policy, specifically resource conservation policy. The argument is that our consumer society erodes the social basis for the development by individuals of a sense of well‐being and personal identity, and that a conservation ethic based on the concept of caring could provide a foundation in practical morality and public policy for a viable sense of well‐being.
FROM THE FIRM GROUND OF RESULT AND FACT TO THE TOSSING SEA OF CAUSE AND THEORY: THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT*
Authors: Doig Jameson W. , Danielson Michael N.
Published: September 2005

Are government policies of any real significance in shaping the pattern of development in metropolitan regions? This essay summarizes the widely‐held view that ‘economic forces’ determine the distribution of jobs and residences in urban areas, and argues that this conclusion involves serious conceptual difficulties. The essay then shows how the theory of political influence and related concepts can be used to clarify the issue of causation in urban development, and summarizes the authors' own substantive conclusions—that under certain specifiable conditions government activities do have a highly significant role in shaping metropolitan growth.
CARTER AND HUMAN RIGHTS: ADMINISTRATIVE IMPACT OF A SYMBOLIC POLICY
Authors: Molineu Harold
Published: September 2005

Analyses of foreign policy impact seldom take into account the domestic and symbolic consequences of implementation. This study begins with the assumption that since President Carter's human rights policy is largely an exercise in symbolic politics, the criteria for understanding its impact have more to do with the impression than with substantive improvement in human rights. Implementation to date has been felt primarily in administrative adjustments and revisions, not on concrete achievements in human rights around the world. While in terms of substantive criteria the impact of the policy has been minimal, in terms of increased bureaucratic visibility and other symbolic responses, the policy's implementation can be considered successful.
THE NEW FEDERALISM PARADOX*
Authors: Hudson William E.
Published: September 2005

One of the aims of Nixon's “New Federalism” reforms was to promote political decentralization in the federal system. An examination of the impact of revenue‐sharing and block grant programs in El Paso, Texas, reveals that the New Federalism seems to have had the opposite effect in that city. El Paso is now more dependent, politically and economically, on federal grants than it was prior to the New Federalism and local autonomy is significantly reduced. The reasons for this paradoxical impact in El Paso and the applicability of these findings to other cities are discussed.
BLOCK GRANTS AND URBAN POLICIES: IMPLETATION AND IMPACT
Authors: Jones E. Terrence
Published: September 2005

In the 1970's, the federal government has made greater use of block grants to encourage subnational units to pursue national goals. Using two jurisdictions—St. Louis City and St. Louis County—and two block grant programs—Community Development and Comprehensive Employment and Training—as case studies, this essay describes how differences in local polities affects policy implementation and policy impact. The tentative conclusion is that maintaining local autonomy and achieving national goals are far from mutually compatible.
INCORPORATIVE THE VIEWS OF THE UNINTERESTED BUT IMPACTED PUBLIC IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Authors: Milbrath Lester W.
Published: September 2005

Due to a variety of factors, the great proportion of the public is excluded from participation in environmental planning. A well designed sample survey is one viable method for incorporating the views of the uninterested but impacted public in environmental decision making. Such a study was carried out on the Niagara Frontier, Experience with that study is instructive for delineating the conditions needed for maximum utilization of the information such a study can generate.
ANALYZING POLICY IMPACT: SELECTION OF A LINEAR TREND MODEL
Authors: Newcomer Kathryn E. , Hardy Richard J.
Published: September 2005

Policy analysts, as well as politicians, have shown great interest in assessing both short‐term and long‐term consequences of public policies in recent years. Recent time‐trend studies have attempted to depict the time dimension of policy consequences through extensions of regression techniques. This study examines three linear trend models which have been used to depict policy impact through time‐series analyses, and identifies the relative advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of each model. The three models are applied in a quasi‐experimental time‐series design to time‐series of per capita state expenditures for large cities, in eight states, over a twenty‐year period. Differences in degrees of multicollinearity and autocorrelation inherent in the three models are discussed, and the model providing the most conservative coefficient estimates is identified.
FAMILY IMPACT ANALYSIS: CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGIES*
Authors: Ory Marcia C.
Published: September 2005

A brief introduction to the background, current concerns, and methodologies of Family Impact Analysis is presented. The concept of Family Impact Analysis will be delineated by a discussion of the background of Family Impact Analysis, its particular timeliness now, the relationship of Family Impact Analysis to other policy or program analyses, the nature of potential policy impacts on families, and different research strategies appropriate for Family Impact Analysis. The basic elements of a step‐by‐step methodology for engaging in family impact analysis is briefly outlined. These steps include: 1) identification of the policy for analysis; 2) identification of family impacts of concern; 3) specification of the relationship between policy components and hypothesized family impacts; 4) design and implementation of the research; 5) analysis of findings; and 6) evaluation of and presentation of findings. The current state of the art regarding family impact analysis as a methodology will be reviewed, and recommendations for further development and utilization of this methodology will be offered.
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL POLICY: ROLES OF THE APPLIED RESEARCHER*
Authors: Ballard Steven C. , Brosz Allyn R. , Parker Larry B.
Published: September 2005

Research on policy impact has increasingly focused on the practical application of social science research. This paper outlines four roles—substantive expert, information processor, change agent, and scholar—which have helped to increase the potential usefulness of our research while maintaining linkages to the academic community. This paper suggests the general nature of these roles and suggests specific implementation strategies, which need to be pursued as an early and continuing aspect of the research enterprise. Balancing these multiple roles presents several analytical and ethical difficulties, but helps to establish credibility in both the scientific and policymaking communities.
AN ADVOCATE ROLE MODEL FOR POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: Foster John L.
Published: September 2005

The most common role descriptions for professional policy analysts may be described as “problem solving” models, these models assume that most policy issues are essentially technical problems which can be solved through professional expertise. This paper outlines an alternate advocacy analysis model which assumes that many policy problems are matters of competing self interests and that analysts will often be sought to provide the strongest possible case for a client's preference. It also reviews questions of feasibility, credibility, appropriate training, and ethics for an advocacy analysis profession.
MEASURING THE INEQUITY OF URBAN PUBLIC SERVICES METHODOLOGICAL DISCUSSION WITH APPLICATIONS*
Authors: Coulter Philip B.
Published: September 2005

This article attempts to extend the analysis of urban service delivery beyond equality of units of service input to measurement of the equity of both inputs and outputs (impact). The author develops an original technique for measuring and indexing service equity. It is applied to police services in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The findings are generally consistent with other recent research around the nation in that only modest inequities in service inputs and outputs are found and little evidence of systematic discrimination toward the poor and racial minorities is found.
PRESSURE POLITICS REVISITED: THE ANTI‐ABORTION CAMPAIGN*
Authors: Margolis Michael , Neary Kevin
Published: September 2005

This article focuses on the anti‐abortion campaign as an extreme example of pressure group operations. After a review of the history of the abortion controversy, the recent activities of anti‐abortion groups are assessed in the state of Pennsylvania. A comparison to the Anti‐Saloon League is examined, and the article concludes with speculations about the probable consequences and future of such closely defined single interest groups.
JURY DECISION MAKING MODELS AND THE SUPREME COURT: THE JURY CASES FROM WILLIAMS v. FLORIDA TO BALLEW v. GEORGIA*
Authors: Grofman Bernard
Published: September 2005

This article analyzes recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions in cases relating to the size and unanimity of juries as an example of the use (and abuse) of social science by the Court in the realm of policy analysis. The four cases reviewed “cast an unflattering light on the U.S. Supreme Court's ability to integrate social science findings into public law.”
POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE
Authors: Rushefsky Mark E.
Published: September 2005

This paper suggests that there has been a small shift in American agricultural practices, and more importantly in policy making in this area, toward what can be called organic or alternative agriculture. These policy changes are partially due to triggering devices, exogenous forces that have led to changes in the policy agenda. Two major exogenous factors are reviewed–the energy “crisis” and environmental factors. Both sets of forces have resulted in farmers beginning to turn to alternative agricultural techniques, in government officials changing their attitudes about alternative agriculture, and new research activities in this direction being undertaken by various government bodies.
MILITARY STRATEGIC DOCTRINE
Authors: Beard Edmund
Published: September 2005

Douglas S. Blaufarb, The Counter‐Insurgency Era: U.S. Doctrine and Performance 1950 to the Present

Berry M. Blechman and Stephan S. Kaplan, Force without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a Political Instrument
PARADIGMS IN THE STUDY OF HEALTH POLICY
Authors: Riska Elianne
Published: September 2005

This essay identifies and analyzes four different paradigms in the study of problems in the American health system. The paradigms, which are labelled the individual–deficiency, the economic, the organizational, and the Marxist perspective, are examined as “diagnostic paradigms” according to the way in which problems are conceptualized and the way in which remedial strategies are chosen. The essay shows the differences and similarities between characteristic diagnoses and policy solutions within the four perspectives. It is argued that such paradigms can easily be identified in recent health reform proposals.
PLANNING: LESSONS FROM THE U.S.S.R.
Authors: Deber Raisa B.
Published: September 2005

Evaluation of the success of a plan requires the collection of statistics and indicators for monitoring purposes. In the health care field, outcomes are notoriously difficult to measure.

To the extent that a successful program of prevention should result in providing less of a service, a conflict exists between planning and prevention: in the absence of outcome measures, success will be indistinguishable from failure, as in both cases, planned targets would not be met. To avoid this dilemma, an indicator‐oriented planning system would be predicted to operationalize prevention in countable terms requiring increased inputs, or increased numbers of processes, regardless of the payoffs in health benefits. Screening, check‐ups, and one‐on‐one contacts with health professionals would be emphasized at the expense of group‐oriented activities or societal changes. Planning can thus have counter‐productive policy implications.

This theory is illustrated by reference to the current health care system in the U.S.S.R., including their anti‐smoking and anti‐alcoholism programmes.
THE HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY RESEARCH AGENDA
Authors: Gove Samuel K. , Stauffer Thomas M.
Published: September 2005

Substantial opportunities exist for social scientists, humanists practitioners, and other scholars to contribute to research on higher education policy. Not only is the university or college an interesting study objective itself but also with higher education in the United States and worldwide so immersed in public policy considerations, the relations between academe and government raise many political, economic and other Questions. Some issues currently on the research agenda are listed here. The consequences of higher education policy research are also considered.
THE CAPITAL AND THE CAMPUS—EACH IN ITS PROPER PLACE
Authors: Marcus Laurence R. , Hollander T. Edward
Published: September 2005

A tension exists between government and the academy. State and federal agencies demand that colleges and universities demonstrate their accountability for public funds and to public policy initiatives. The campuses hold that such requirements have come to represent an inappropriate intrusion into institutional affairs and that they present a serious challenge to academic freedom. While a reduction and redirection of regulation may serve the colleges veil, a review of history indicates that the important developments in higher education have occurred during periods of government involvement. Perhaps, then, the real fear that should be felt on campus is the‐ recent trend of government disinterest in higher education.
STATE‐LEVEL COORDINATION AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Greers Darryl G.
Published: September 2005

General propositions about the policy resources of a state higher education coordinating board, some determinants of state–level coordination of institutions of higher education, the function of conflict in coordination, the role of a coordinating board in policy making., and conditions under which coordination of institutions and policy implementation may be successful are presented. The conclusion is that a coordinating board, plays an important system–maintenance function and that it is an active rather than passive policy actor, that there are several conditions under which coordination and policy implementation may occur, and that a coordinating board's ability to implement policy in especially dependent upon the political support that it receives and its ability to mobilize resources outside the higher education system.
HIGHER EDUCATION LEADERSHIP IN STATE LEGISLATURES
Authors: Rosenthal Alan , Fuhrman Susan
Published: September 2005

The distribution of higher education leadership in state legislatures is examined. It is based on questionnaire and interview information from 285 legislators who exercise influence on education policy in the fifty states, and one‐third of whom give special attention to issues of higher education. These higher education leaders differ from education leaders generally in terms of their experience, their location within the legislature, and their effort and relationships. What explains higher education leadership as much as anything else, however, is the nature of the environment in which legislators find themselves. In focusing on eleven states, where higher education is of considerable salience, it is possible to discern how environment combines with other factors to produce such leadership.
BRINGING THE INDEPENDENT SECTOR INTO STATEWIDE HIGHER EDUCATION PLANNING
Authors: Odell Morgan , Thelin John
Published: September 2005

The ideal of a comprehensive higher education planning agency was only partially fulfilled in the 1970's. It was especially limited in its ability to bring independent colleges and universities into statewide planning. The unfulfilled comprehensive statewide planning model makes an attractive case for decentralised decision–making. State planning, usually characterized by the so–called “bureaucratic model,” might be balanced by increased use of an “incentive model.” The work of the state agency would be to encourage and reward fair market competition among the institutions and segments of higher education. Such an approach is based on the conviction that “…intelligent planning can diminish the role of government in the academic and administrative affairs of all sectors, while improving accountability to the public and to the diverse constituencies our institutions serve.”
LONG‐TERM EXPECTATIONS FOR FINANCING HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Chambers M. M.
Published: September 2005

It is an error to base higher education enrollment projections solely on birth statistics of twenty years earlier. Nationwide enrollment may show substantial increases during the present decade, and ultimately very great gains are probable. Federal support will. in the long run come to exceed the contribution of the states. The view of higher education as a private purchase of a consumers1 good, for private gratification and aggrandizement, is slowly changing to the salutary view that higher education is a public service whose benefits accrue chiefly to the whole society. An interlude of emphasis of federal tax‐cuting need not necessarily mean that the fifty states will abandon themselves to fiscal austerity for higher education.
FORCES FOR CHANGE IN THE GOVERNANCE OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES
Authors: Gardner David P.
Published: September 2005

Government control of colleges and universities has been increasing in recent years. The challenge for higher education is how to make institutions properly accountable but less controlled by government. The experience in this regard in the United Kingdom and the United States is compared. The danger in both nations is that left unchecked, control will leave universities resembling regulated public utilities. American and British academics can learn from each other on how to avoid such a fate.
POLITICIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN BRITAIN AND FRANCE
Authors: Ambler John S.
Published: September 2005

The more highly politicized nature of French, as compared to British universities can be explained only partially in terms of such cultural and Political differences as the greater strength of the revolutionary tradition in France and the more conservative tenor of French governments in the l960's and 1970's. Political tensions in French higher education are also in Dart the result of policy choices, notably the greater speed of expansion of enrollments in France as compared to Britain and the form of French university elections, which strengthened politicized unions.
MANDATING AS A POLICY ISSUE – THE DEFINITIONAL PROBLEM*
Authors: Neiman Max , Lovell Catherine
Published: September 2005

Mandating of state policies by agencies of the federal government and of local government policies by both state and federal agencies has emerged in recent years as an important policy issue. This conceptualization of mandating behavior offers a typology based upon (1) substantive aspects of the mandate; (2) the method by which a mandate is imposed; and (3) the mode of application. Problems associated with different types of mandates suggest multidimensional effects of intergovernmental relations on state and local policy formulation and Implementation.
SCHOOL DISTRICT BUDGETARY ELECTIONS: A COST REDISTRIBUTE PROCEDURE?
Authors: Ertur Omer S.
Published: September 2005

This article examines, theoretically and empirically, school district budgetary election voting behavior. In the study it is argued that the change from fiscally independent to state‐funds dependent school district operations may have altered the traditional cost/quantity‐based school budgetary voting behavior. With the assumption of state aid schemes to school districts, the school district budgetary election processes may have become political procedures by which the cost of school district operations has been distributed to broader tax bases.
RESEARCH STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING THE ADOPTION POTENTIAL OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES*
Authors: Berry Linda , Bronfman Lois Martin
Published: September 2005

The completely novel nature of some energy technology innovations sometimes makes prospective economic analysis of adoption potential neither desirable nor feasible. Three noneconomic models evaluating adoption potential are examined for technological innovations whose diffusion potential is not yet known. Applications of the general models are suggested with specific references to development of solar total energy systems.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF NO‐GROWTH
Authors: Sederberg Peter C. , Taylor Marcia Whicker
Published: September 2005

Problems of scarcity generate critical political issues as advanced industrial societies shift away from growth‐oriented economies. This analysis recommends substituting more abundant political resources for scarce economic ones. Appropriate scenario resulting from these substitution patterns are subjected to speculative analysis.
PUBLIC POLICIES FOR COMMUNITIES IN ECONOMIC CRISIS
Authors: Redburn F. Stevens , Buss Terry F.
Published: September 2005

The 1980's very likely will see a major restructuring of the nation's and the world economy. In the process industries and communities that were the growth centers of previous decades will experience economic crisis. This restructuring—presaged in this country by the decaying productivity of certain basic manufacturing industries—will mean that a number of places can no longer provide sufficient income or Jobs for their people nor maintain the quality of existing public amenities. As this process of disinvestment goes forward, these communities face the challenge of finding new economic and social roles, reducing the impacts of job losses, and maintaining the quality of life within severe fiscal limits.
U.S. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICY – THE URBAN‐RURAL DIMENSION
Authors: Barsh Russel L. , Gale Jeffrey
Published: September 2005

Economic development in the U.S. context from the federal level is reviewed with emphasis on the urban‐rural dimension. “Economic development” is theoretically discussed and defined. Appropriate intervention into free market processes is examined as to justifications and unit of analysis. U.S. economic development policy history is reviewed in its broader form of subsidy and risk reallocation under several conceptual schemes to show constituencies, complexity, urban‐rural emphasis, and biases toward industrialization. A series of sociopolitical scenarios are introduced to explain these patterns. The relationship between economic policy and federalism is explored. A conception of “rural development” is developed and reconceptualization of development along a systemic perspective is urged.
THE DECLINE OF CALIFORNIA'S NORTH COAST REDWOOD REGION
Authors: Burton Dudley J. , Alpert Irvine
Published: September 2005

The Redwood Timber Region of Northern California has experienced a gradual decline in its natural resource base combined with intensified struggles over preservation and conservation. This region is used as a case study for examining the historic pattern of resource decline, the ambiguous roles of environmentalist pressure, the failure of public regulation, and a range of regional responses to economic decline. In this case, more intense forest management techniques (herbicides, fertilizer, thinning), more public investment in timber regeneration programs, and the emergence of an underground economy in marijuana growing are core elements of the response to resource decline. Theoretical, political, and environmental problems with these approaches are examined.
THE INCIDENCE AND REGULATION OF PLANT SHUTDOWNS*
Authors: Harrison Bennett , Bluestone Barry
Published: September 2005

This paper analyzes the proposed plant closing legislation, together with other complementary approaches to the orderly regulation of private capital disinvestment, especially as it occurs in the form of large‐scale plant or store shutdowns. The authors also provide a review of the recent data on the incidence and employment impact of shutdowns during the 1970's, in particular industries, by region and by form of ownership.
WORKER OWNERSHIP AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Blasi Joseph R. , Whyte William Foote
Published: September 2005

This article examines the development of expanding support for worker ownership in the United States. The authors provide a brief review of the various types of legislation, both at the state and federal levels, drafted on worker ownership. They also provide a discussion of the problems in establishing and maintaining a worker‐owned firm such as worker access to the idea of worker ownership, time to evaluate, discuss, and learn about the proposal, and judge if it is applicable to their situation. Other problems include training workers for new skills, such as management, and improving productivity. Finally, the authors present various requirements for implementation of wide‐scale workers ownership. The requirements include consulting groups which can help workers design, establish, and evolve participation in worker‐owned firms, the development of worker ownership programs in all unions to identify ownership opportunities, and the development of federations of worker‐owned firms to identify common problems, work to loosen credit sources and even evolve their own banks for capital.
THE BEHAVIORAL COSTS OF ECONOMIC INSTABILITY*
Authors: Catalano Ralph , Dooley David
Published: September 2005

This paper reviews the literature reporting a connection between economic change and behavioral disorder. The literature is separated into individual and aggregate based research and the methodological issues raised by each approach are described. The implications of the research findings for illness prevention, remedial services and economic policy making are discussed. The authors argue that the social costs of mobile capital should be accounted and internalized because social justice as well as Economic and Psychological theory assume that an individual should bear the costs of his or her behavior.
RESTRUCTURING LOCAL ECONOMIES THROUGH NEGOTIATED INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Authors: Kunde James E. , Berry Daniel E.
Published: September 2005

This article examines an experimental process called the Negotiated Investment Strategy (NIS). The NIS, a method for coordinating federal, state, and local (public and private) expenditures at the community level, has been tested in three midwestern communities: St. Paul, Minnesota; Columbus, Ohio; and Gary, Indiana. The article describes the assumptions which underlie the concept, results of the three‐city experiments, and speculates on the potential of the NIS for restructuring local economies. Particular attention is given to evaluating the SIS as a process intervention which could assist communities undergoing traumatic economic change.
ASSESSING THE PRODUCTS OF GOVERNMENT: WHAT GETS DISTRIBUTED?*
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: September 2005

The literature on the provision and distribution of urban public services has recently stressed the study of impacts rather than outputs. Impacts are conventionally conceived as the final stage of an orderly production process. Benefits are produced only after impacts are achieved. This paper argues, to the contrary, that costs and benefits stem from each stage of the public service production process. Consequently, a focus on the impact stage alone can be grossly misleading.
SUBJECTIVE INDICATORS AND DISTRIBUTIONAL RESEARCH ON PUBLIC SERVICES
Authors: Shin Doh C.
Published: September 2005

This article uses data from 15 U.S. cities to explore the ways in which the use of subjective measures of service satisfaction can redirect distributional research from the question of who gets how much to the more policy‐relevant question of who gets how much of what is needed. It suggests a useful approach to the use of subjective indicators to provide more valid and meaningful measures in distributional research.
THE USE OF SURVEYS OF SATISFACTION FOR EVALUATIONS
Authors: Rosentraub Mark S.
Published: September 2005

The use of surveys by cities for planning or evaluation requires attention to several problems identified by users. An assessment of the impact of these issues was made using three surveys by the city of Dallas. It was determined that surveys may be particularly valuable in evaluating service delivery patterns for services which offer delivery agents a high level of discretion. For these services, non‐whites reported higher levels of dissatisfaction than whites, a pattern not evident when low discretion services are evaluated. The study also allowed development of specific suggestions regarding the structure of survey questions and the evaluation of services by non‐users.