bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenge-based Learning: How to Support the Development of an Entrepreneurial Mindset
Authors: Hölzner Heike Marita , Halberstadt Jantje
Published: December 2022

An entrepreneurial mindset is a special attitude or cognitive pattern enabling people to recognize opportunities in changes, and act in uncertain environments and without regard to the resources that are currently under their control. People with an entrepreneurial mindset actively shape their own future and our society. Fostering an entrepreneurial mindset is therefore not only relevant for the education of future founders; it is the key to harnessing the opportunities of technological development in such a way that we change our society for the better. This chapter discusses the significance, antecedents, and elements of an entrepreneurial mindset, and explores which didactic methods can be used to promote it in higher education. The authors describe their own experiences with the method of challenge-based learning, a further permutation of experiential learning that supports the development of an entrepreneurial mindset. The benefits of the approach will be discussed in the context of related educational theory and educational psychology to show that challenge-based learning can lead to innovative formats and can also be integrated into traditional settings, including courses that are not related to entrepreneurship at all.
Introducing an Innovative International Format for Experience-Based Sustainability Entrepreneurship Education: The YEEES Sustainability Camps
Authors: Alcorta de Bronstein Antonieta , Halberstadt Jantje , Bissett Shaun
Published: December 2022

The YEEES Sustainability Camps are an innovative format for sustainability-oriented entrepreneurship education that gives participants from different backgrounds the opportunity to obtain real-life experience by helping solve sustainability issues in an international context. Universities from Germany and the south of Africa worked together in the implementation of four different Camps. The societal problems the world currently faces require change agents from various fields willing to contribute solutions and think entrepreneurially. We believe the Sustainability Camp format is an effective tool for motivating its participants to generate awareness about the problems it is tackling, while also acquiring key competences necessary for developing entrepreneurial solutions. In this chapter, we introduce the Sustainability Camps’ formats and share experiences being made by implementing and further developing it.
Introduction
Authors: Kermarrec Gaël , Skytt Vibeke , Dokken Tor
Published: December 2022

With the development of high rate sensors based on LIDAR (light detection and ranging) and sonar technology, geospatial data representing terrain or seabed often contains millions of points. Performing a surface approximation of the point clouds is an elegant way to reduce noisy and unorganized data to a mathematical surface with just a few coefficients to estimate. Traditional spline surfaces are able to compactly represent smooth shapes, but lack the ability to adapt the representation locally to the point clouds. Locally Refined (LR) B-spline surfaces address that challenge as they have the nice property of being locally refinable. Their format can be made compatible with most Geographic Information System (GIS) software, and they facilitate various applications such as the drawing of contour lines or spatio-temporal deformation analysis. This introduction aims to explain the need for surface approximation, and present the state of the art in that domain. We compare the LR B-spline approach with different methods for surface approximation including raster, and triangular irregular networks.
Adaptive Surface Fitting with Local Refinement: LR B-Spline Surfaces
Authors: Kermarrec Gaël , Skytt Vibeke , Dokken Tor
Published: December 2022

A locally refined (LR) B-spline surface is a piecewise polynomial surface for which the distribution of the surface coefficients can be locally adapted. Such a mathematical representation is interesting for fitting scattered and noisy data, as the local behaviour of a real point cloud may require more degrees of freedom only locally. The number of redundant surface coefficients is minimized, which avoids the fitting of the point cloud’s noise. The surface approximation is performed iteratively either by solving a least squares system or by a local approximation method. This procedure allows for mesh refinement in domains where the distance between a current surface and the point cloud exceeds a prescribed tolerance. In this way, parts of the LR B-spline surface obtained at previous steps may be kept unchanged. This chapter aims at explaining the adaptive fitting using local refinement with LR B-splines. We present two examples with simulated point clouds to illustrate the methodology.
LR B-Spline Surfaces and Volumes for Deformation Analysis of Terrain Data
Authors: Kermarrec Gaël , Skytt Vibeke , Dokken Tor
Published: December 2022

Geospatial data acquisition of terrains with contact-free sensors such as Terrestrial or Airbone Laser Scanners generates scattered and noisy point clouds. Performing a surface approximation is an efficient way to reduce and structure the recorded point clouds. To that end, LR B-splines are attractive as they allow a local refinement, on the contrary to the tensor product B-spline and raster surfaces. By comparing the approximation error with a given tolerance, a local refinement is performed. We apply this adaptive refinement strategy to landslides data sets from Alpine terrain in Austria. We show how different epochs of the point clouds can be analyzed with LR B-spline volumes for spatio-temporal visualisation of deformation. We highlight the potential of a time-differenced LR B-splines volume for analysing geomorphological changes. A further application of this method is the drawing of contour lines.
Conclusion
Authors: Kermarrec Gaël , Skytt Vibeke , Dokken Tor
Published: December 2022

In this SpringerBrief, we went through the mathematical concepts of LR B-splines in all its facets, explaining in details how the spline space can be refined and the different strategies for adaptive approximation.
Low-scale leptogenesis with flavour and CP symmetries
Authors: Drewes M. , Georis Y. , Hagedorn C. , Klarić J.
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We consider a type-I seesaw framework endowed with a flavour symmetry, belonging to the series of non-abelian groups ∆(3 n2) and ∆(6 n2), and a CP symmetry. Breaking these symmetries in a non-trivial way results in the right-handed neutrinos being degenerate in mass up to possible (further symmetry-breaking) splittings κ and λ, while the neutrino Yukawa coupling matrix encodes the entire flavour structure in the neutrino sector. For a fixed combination of flavour and CP symmetry and residual groups, this matrix contains five real free parameters. Four of them are determined by the light neutrino mass spectrum and by accommodating experimental data on lepton mixing well, while the angle θR is related to right-handed neutrinos. We scrutinise for all four lepton mixing patterns, grouped into Case 1) through Case 3 b.1), the potential to generate the baryon asymmetry of the Universe through low-scale leptogenesis numerically and analytically. The main results are: a) the possible correlation of the baryon asymmetry and the Majorana phases, encoded in the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata mixing matrix, in certain instances; b) the possibility to generate the correct amount of baryon asymmetry for vanishing splittings κ and λ among the right-handed neutrinos as well as for large κ, depending on the case and the specific choice of group theory parameters; c) the chance to produce sufficient baryon asymmetry for large active-sterile mixing angles, enabling direct experimental tests at current and future facilities, if θR is close to a special value, potentially protected by an enhanced residual symmetry. We elucidate these results with representative examples of flavour and CP symmetries, which all lead to a good agreement with the measured values of the lepton mixing angles and, possibly, the current indication of the CP phase δ. We identify the CP-violating combinations relevant for low-scale leptogenesis, and show that the parametric dependence of the baryon asymmetry found in the numerical study can be understood well with their help.
Enhanced soft limits in de Sitter space
Authors: Armstrong C. , Lipstein A. , Mei J.
Published: December 2022

Abstract

In flat space, the scattering amplitudes of certain scalar effective field theories exhibit enhanced soft limits due to the presence of hidden symmetries. In this paper, we show that this phenomenon extends to wavefunction coefficients in de Sitter space. Using a representation in terms of boundary conformal generators acting on contact diagrams, we find that imposing enhanced soft limits fixes the masses and four-point couplings (including curvature corrections) in agreement with Lagrangians recently derived from hidden symmetries. Higher-point couplings can then be fixed using a bootstrap procedure which we illustrate at six points. We also discuss implications for the double copy in de Sitter space.
A closed clockwork theory: ℤ2 parity and more
Authors: Choudhury Debajyoti , Maharana Suvam
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We develop a new class of clockwork theories with an augmented structure of the near-neighbour interactions along a one-dimensional closed chain. Such a topology leads to new and attractive features in addition to generating light states with hierarchical couplings via the usual clockwork mechanism. For one, there emerges a ℤ2 symmetry under the exchange of fields resulting in a physical spectrum consisting of states, respectively even and odd under the exchange parity with a two-fold degeneracy at each level. The lightest odd particle, being absolutely stable, could be envisaged as a potential dark matter candidate. The theory can also be obtained as a deconstruction of a five-dimensional theory embedded in a geometry generated by a linear dilaton theory on a S1/ℤ2 orbifold with three equidistant 3-branes. Analogous to the discrete picture, the ℤ2 symmetry in the bulk theory necessitates the existence of a KK spectrum of even and odd states, with doubly degenerate modes at each KK level when subject to certain boundary conditions.
Rotational Differential-Linear Cryptanalysis Revisited
Authors: Liu Yunwen , Niu Zhongfeng , Sun Siwei , Li Chao , Hu Lei
Published: December 2022

The differential-linear attack, combining the power of the two most effective techniques for symmetric-key cryptanalysis, was proposed by Langford and Hellman at CRYPTO 1994. From the exact formula for evaluating the bias of a differential-linear distinguisher (JoC 2017), to the differential-linear connectivity table technique for dealing with the dependencies in the switch between the differential and linear parts (EUROCRYPT 2019), and to the improvements in the context of cryptanalysis of ARX primitives (CRYPTO 2020, EUROCRYPT 2021), we have seen significant development of the differential-linear attack during the last four years. In this work, we further extend this framework by replacing the differential part of the attack by rotational-XOR differentials. Along the way, we establish the theoretical link between the rotational-XOR differential and linear approximations and derive the closed formula for the bias of rotational differential-linear distinguishers, completely generalizing the results on ordinary differential-linear distinguishers due to Blondeau, Leander, and Nyberg (JoC 2017) to the case of rotational differential-linear cryptanalysis. We then revisit the rotational cryptanalysis from the perspective of differential-linear cryptanalysis and generalize Morawiecki et al.’s technique for analyzing , which leads to a practical method for estimating the bias of a (rotational) differential-linear distinguisher in the special case where the output linear mask is a unit vector. Finally, we apply the rotational differential-linear technique to the cryptographic permutations involved in , , , and . This gives significant improvements over existing cryptanalytic results, or offers explanations for previous experimental distinguishers without a theoretical foundation. To confirm the validity of our analysis, all distinguishers with practical complexities are verified experimentally. Moreover, we discuss the possibility of applying the rotational differential-linear technique to S-box-based designs or keyed primitives, and propose some open problems for future research.
Removal performance of pre- and post-dilution online hemodiafiltration using identical hemodiafilters in the same patients
Authors: Okada Kazuyoshi , Michiwaki Hiroyuki , Mori Hiroaki , Tashiro Manabu , Inoue Tomoko , Shima Hisato , Ohshima Koji , Minakuchi Jun , Kawashima Shu
Published: December 2022

Online hemodiafiltration (OHDF) for renal replacement therapy has two modes: pre- (pre-OHDF) and post-dilution OHDF (post-OHDF). To elucidate the precise differences between the two modes, a clinical study was performed using the same polysulfone hemodiafilters in the same patients. Eight patients were treated with ABH™-22PA for 6 weeks: 3 weeks of pre-OHDF (with substitution volumes of 24, 36, and 48 L) and 3 weeks of post-OHDF (6, 8, and 10 L). The reduction ratios of urea, uric acid (UA), creatinine (CRE), inorganic phosphorus (iP), beta-2-microglobulin (β2-MG), and alpha-1-microglobulin (α1-MG) were evaluated. The removal amounts of β2-MG, α1-MG, and albumin were also evaluated by analyzing the spent dialysis fluids. The types and numbers of adverse events (AEs) and device malfunctions were recorded. The reduction ratios of urea, UA, CRE, iP, and β2-MG were comparable among all conditions, while that of α1-MG tended to be slightly higher in post-OHDF than in pre-OHDF. The removal amounts of α1-MG and albumin in pre-OHDF and post-OHDF were significantly greater with the maximum substitution volume than with the minimum volume. However, the selective removal indices, which were obtained by dividing the amount of α1-MG removed by the albumin level, tended to be slightly higher in pre- than in post-OHDF. No device-related AEs or device malfunctions occurred in either mode. No significant differences in inflammatory responses, evaluated by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were observed. This study provides removal performance and safety data regarding the application of ABH-22PA for pre- and post-OHDF.
Comparing performance measures and clinical outcomes between mobile stroke units and usual care in underserved areas
Authors: Nilanont Yongchai , Chanyagorn Pornchai , Shukij Karuna , Pengtong Waitayaporn , Kongmuangpuk Mananchaya , Wongmayurachat Kanokkarn , Nittayaboon Kittiya , Wongsawat Yodchanan , Sirovetnukul Ronnachai , Chakorn Tipa , Riyapan Sattha , Kaveeta Chitapa , Chotik-anuchit Songkram , Tongdee Trongtum , Thabmontian Ploypailin , Saeheng Porntep , Nopmaneejumruslers Cherdchai , Vamvanij Visit
Published: December 2022

Background

The efficacy of mobile stroke units (MSUs) in improving acute ischemic stroke (AIS) care in developing countries is unknown. We compared performance measures and stroke outcomes in AIS patients between MSU and usual care: emergency medical services (EMS) and walk-in.

Methods

We enrolled patients > 18 years of age with an AIS within 4.5 h after onset. Demographic data, types, and time of reperfusion therapies and clinical outcomes were recorded. A favorable outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0–2 at 3 months.

Results

A total of 978 AIS patients (MSU = 243, EMS = 214, walk-in = 521) were enrolled between June 1, 2018, and April 30, 2021. The mean age (± SD) was 66 (± 14) years, and 510 (52.1%) were male. AIS time metrics were the shortest in the MSU with a mean (± SD) door to needle (DN) time of 20 (± 7), 29 (± 13), and 35 (± 16) min (p < 0.001) and door to puncture (DP) time of 73 ± 19, 86 ± 33, and 101 ± 42 min (p < 0.001) in MSU, EMS, and walk-in, respectively. Participants in the MSU (56.8%) received higher rate of reperfusion therapie(s) when compared to the EMS (51.4%) and walk-in (31.5%) (p < 0.001). After adjustment for any potential confounders and using the EMS as a reference, the MSU has the highest likelihood of achieving a favorable outcome (adjusted OR 2.15; 95% CI 1.39–3.32).

Conclusions

In underserved populations, MSUs significantly reduced DN time, increased the likelihood of receiving reperfusion treatment, and achieved independency at 3 months when compared to usual care.
Conceptual replication of an evidence-based peer learning programme to enhance career preparation — a cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT)
Authors: Nykänen Mikko , Törnroos Kaisa , Vuori Jukka
Published: December 2022

Previous randomized-controlled trials have shown that a peer learning group intervention for career preparation can have positive effects on adolescent career management and the transition to post-comprehensive education in secondary schools. However, this earlier evidence of efficacy has been found by intervention studies that have implemented the method intensively. Earlier studies suggest that tailoring implementation strategies to fit organizational processes may offer opportunities to improve the sustainability and scalability of evidence-based practices. In this study, the implementation of the career preparation intervention was integrated into the school curriculum as a part of regular career counselling, lengthening the delivery timeframe of the intervention programme and using the schools’ own guidance counsellors as intervention providers. We conducted a conceptual replication study to investigate how effectively the adapted intervention programme enhanced perceived career preparation skills by carrying out a new cluster randomized-controlled trial among 1068 pupils. Linear mixed models showed that the effect of peer learning sessions on career choice preparedness was positive in comparison to that in the control group. The result suggests that the adapted intervention programme preserved its identifiable positive effects, although dismissing intensive delivery features somewhat reduced the effect size. These study results have implications for school-based career counselling interventions as schools seek to identify evidence-based methods that are cost-efficient and may be integrated into regular school routines.
Soil bioengineering techniques for Mediterranean coastal dune restoration using autochthonous vegetation species
Authors: Romano G. , Ricci G. F. , Leronni V. , Venerito P. , Gentile F.
Published: December 2022

Coastal dunes are extremely fragile and threatened ecotones, which play a key environmental role in terms of functional connection between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. To counteract the hydrogeological vulnerability in coastal risk areas, reliance can be made on soil bioengineering techniques, consisting of planting native species in combination with natural inert materials. These interventions involve the use of typical Mediterranean plant species, which are fundamental for increasing soil surface protection as well as for their ecologic function in coastal dune consolidation. Monitoring studies on plant growth parameters are useful to assess the suitability of the different species to be used in soil bioengineering works. Hence, this study aimed to (i) identify some Mediterranean herbaceous and shrubby plant species to be used in coastal interventions, (ii) evaluate different plant propagation methods and short-term growth parameters, and (iii) provide useful insights into field management strategies before and after transplanting.Juniperus phoenicea L., Juniperus macrocarpa Sm., Pistacia lentiscus L., Tamarix africana Poir. and Tamarix gallica L. were the selected shrubs species while Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link, Sporobolus pungens (Schreb.) Kunth., Agropyron junceum (L.) P. Beauv., Eryngium maritimum L., Calystegia soldanella (L.) R. Br., and Pancratium maritimum L. were the selected herbaceous species. As to shrubs, seeds and cuttings proved the best propagation methods with an efficiency of up to 90%. Agamic propagation methods, on the other hand, were the most efficient (80–90%) for the herbaceous species. After transplantation, all the species showed an adaptation period to the new climatic and edaphic conditions. In particular, Pistacia lentiscus L. was found withered with the presence of some radical shoots.
Application of design of experiments to forging simulations to increase die life expectancy
Authors: Alessio Alessandro , Antonelli Dario , Doglione Roberto , Genta Gianfranco
Published: December 2022

Wear and fracture of steel dies employed in hot forging were evaluated through metallographic study with the aim of qualifying a Finite Element Simulation of the productive process. Apart from providing useful insights into the causes of die damaging, the simulation was exploited in a Design of Experiments to prevent fracture and to counter different mechanisms of wear. The objective is the optimization of die life acting only on process parameters that are directly adjustable in the actual industrial process. In the examination of stress distribution on the dies and the estimation of die wear, the complete forging cycle has been taken into consideration. Despite the considerable variability of the process, the study demonstrates that it is possible to prevent fracture insurgence and to increase the life expectancy of the die by a careful tuning of standard process parameters. Possible stakeholders of the study are not only process designers but also production managers, as most process parameters are modifiable during production.
Comparison of survival outcomes between axillary conservation and axillary lymph node dissections in N1 early breast cancer: a propensity-matched SEER analysis
Authors: Wu Nisha , Su Xiaohan , Tan Qiao , Luo Jing , Yuan Yewei , Hou Lingmi , Li Junyan
Published: December 2022

Background

Sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) is an alternative to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for breast cancer surgery. But the criteria of SLND only for patients with limited disease in the sentinel node is disputed.

Methods

From the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, 2000–2015, we identified 97,296 early breast cancer females with 1–3 axillary lymph nodes macro-metastasis. Of them, 1–5 (axillary conservation group), 6–9, and ≥ 10 (ALND group) axillary lymph nodes were dissected in 28,639, 16,838, and 51,819 patients, respectively. According to the criteria of the ACOSOG Z0011 trial, two historical cohort studies of patients who underwent lumpectomy or mastectomy were conducted and the survival outcomes between ALND and axillary conservation were compared.

Results

Overall, dissection of 6–9 regional lymph nodes resulted in the worst prognosis. After propensity-matched analysis, it was found that patients in the axillary conservation group had worse survival than the ALND group in overall survival. No significant difference in prognosis between the group undergoing lumpectomy was found both in OS and BCSS. Subgroup analysis revealed that Grade 3, T2, two lymph nodes positive, or Her2 positive were the main causes of worse survival in the axillary conservation group.

Conclusion

Not all patients with N1 early breast cancer suit axillary conservation. Axillary conservation was sufficient in patients who were treated with lumpectomy. ALND cannot be omitted in patients who were ineligible for the Z0011 and undergoing mastectomy with the following characteristics: T2, Grade 3, two positive lymph nodes, and Her2 positive, which may be better complemented to the Z0011 trial. Hence, under different surgical methods, the clinical precision treatment of ALND or axillary preservation is essential.
A synthesis of fauna, palaeoenvironments and stratigraphy of the Miocene Tagay locality (Olkhon Island, Lake Baikal, Eastern Siberia)
Authors: Daxner-Höck Gudrun , Mörs Thomas , Kazansky Alexey Y. , Matasova Galina G. , Ivanova Varvara V. , Shchetnikov Alexander A. , Filinov Ivan A. , Voyta Leonid , Erbajeva Margarita A.
Published: December 2022

We report about the Early Miocene Tagay fauna of Olkhon Island, the largest island of the Baikal Lake. The Tagay fauna is of high scientific importance because of the diversity of fishes, amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, manifold birds and mammals. The lithology, geochemistry and the fossil record along the Tagay-1 section allow reconstruction of various palaeoenvironments, i.e. open water, shallow lakes with adjacent wetlands, riverine woodlands, and also forested and dry habitats. The fossil record, lithology and geochemical sediment-analyses suggest a temperate palaeoclimate with short humid and dry periods. The small mammal record and the magnetic polarity pattern of the upper part of section Tagay-1 correlate with the subchrons C5Cn.2r – C5Cn.1r of Chron C5C and the late Burdigalian Stage of the Geologic Time Scale (GTS2000). The corresponding age range of the Tagay fauna is ~16.5 to ~16.3 Ma.
Are hologram-like pyramid projections of an educational value? Results of a project in primary school settings
Authors: Fokides Emmanuel , Bampoukli Ioanna-Asimina
Published: December 2022

Holograms are an emerging technology that can potentially be exploited in education. Moreover, hologram-like pyramid projections offer an attractive solution, as the cost of the device is insignificant. Yet, research on their educational uses is limited. In order to examine the impact of hologram-like pyramid projections on learning, compared to that of conventional videos, a project was implemented. The target group was one hundred and thirty-six students aged ten to twelve. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences between the two media in terms of knowledge acquisition. On the other hand, the students in the pseudo-holograms group had more fun, were more motivated to learn, and felt that their learning was facilitated. While the above suggests that hologram-like pyramid projections offer positive learning experiences, more studies are needed in order to find ways to fully exploit their educational potential.
Designing and Implementing TeleBehavioral Health Training to Support Rapid and Enduring Transition to Virtual Care in the COVID Era
Authors: Felker Bradford L. , Towle Cara B. , Wick Ingrid K. , McKee Melody
Published: December 2022

As telebehavioral health continues to advance and become part of routine care, there is a need to develop effective training methods. While a consensus on how to best train telebehavioral health has not yet been achieved, this commentary will describe how evidence-based implementation strategies were used to develop a framework to create and implement a telebehavioral health training program that is relevant and enduring for a given audience. Evidence-based implementation strategies included the PARiHS criteria which were used to organize the project. Re-AIM criteria was used to organize chosen outcome measures. Important partnerships were formed to help support infrastructure as well as regional and national reach. A series of Plan-Do-Study-Act loops were used to inform progressive training series. Since April 2020, the Behavioral Health Institute has developed and offered 6 unique telebehavioral health training series, employing both webinar and online formats, and addressing core components as well as more advanced concepts. These series have provided over 19,100 accredited continuing education hours of training through June 2022, to almost 3000 unique learners via webinar and nearly 6800 unique online learners, across 45 states. Evaluations rated these trainings as high quality, relevant, and that material would likely be implemented. Feedback from attendees was considered vital in series planning. This commentary discusses how evidence-based implementation strategies can be used to create a framework upon which to base a training program for health care providers. An example is given on how this framework was used to create successful, relevant, and enduring telebehavioral health training.
Without a Debate on Sufficiency, a Circular Plastics Economy will Remain an Illusion
Authors: Mederake Linda
Published: December 2022

To tackle the “plastic crisis”, the concept of circular economy has attracted considerable attention over the past years, both by practitioners and scholars alike. Against this background, this article reflects from a political scientist’s point of view on key issues currently under discussion regarding the implementation of a circular plastics economy. To do so, the article covers issues raised at the 2021 edition of the Tutzing Symposion, an annual event organized by DECHEMA, the German Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology. These issues include renewable feedstock, life cycle assessments, chemical recycling, appropriate regulatory frameworks, and the allocation of responsibilities to curb plastic pollution. In addition, the article draws on mainly social scientists’ research to point out limitations of the most common understanding of the circular economy concept which describes the circular economy as a holistic approach that enables eco-economic decoupling and thus prevents ecological collapse while still allowing for economic growth. As a result, the article calls for a paradigm shift that challenges this popular, technocratic vision of the circular economy and puts forward sufficiency, i.e., an absolute reduction in production and consumption, as a prerequisite for the realization of a truly circular plastics economy.
The disconnect between the goals of trustworthy AI for law enforcement and the EU research agenda
Authors: Sanz-Urquijo B. , Fosch-Villaronga E. , Lopez-Belloso M.
Published: December 2022

In this paper, we investigate whether AI deployment for law enforcement will enable or impede the exercise of citizens' fundamental rights by juxtaposing the promises and policy goals with the crude reality of practices, funded projects, and practicalities of law enforcement. To this end, we map the projects funded by H2020 in AI for law enforcement and juxtapose them to the goals and aims of the EU in terms of Trustworthy AI and fundamental rights. We then bring forward existing research stressing that AI implementation in sensitive domains such as defense and law enforcement does not come without drawbacks, especially regarding discrimination, surveillance, data protection, and human dignity. We thoroughly analyze and assess human-centric and socially-driven lens risks and threats of using AI factors from an ethical, legal, and societal perspective (ELSA), including organizational and gender worries.
Linear instability and nonlinear flow states in a horizontal pipe flow under bottom heating and transverse magnetic field
Authors: Hu Jun , Wu Haoyang , Song Baofang
Published: December 2022

Linear stabilities of the liquid metal mixed convection in a horizontal pipe under bottom heating and transverse magnetic field are studied through linear global stability analyses. Three branches of the linear stability boundary curves are determined by the eigenvalue computation of the most unstable modes. One branch is located in the region of large Hartmann number and determined by the linear unstable mode which was first revealed by the numerical simulations of Zikanov, Listratov & Sviridov (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 720, 2013, pp. 486–516). This branch curve shows that the global unstable mode exists above a threshold of Hartmann number, which agrees with the experiment of Genin et al. (Temperature fluctuations in a heated horizontal tube affected by transverse magnetic field. In Proc. 8th PAMIR Conf. Fund. Appl. MHD, Borgo, Corsica, France, pp. 37–41, 2011). The other two branch curves determined by two different long-wave unstable modes intersect with each other in the region of small Hartmann number. The critical Grashof number on these two curves increases exponentially with the increase of the Hartmann number. Through energy budget analyses at the critical thresholds of these unstable modes, it is found that, for the unstable mode at large Hartmann numbers, buoyancy is the dominant destabilizing term which demonstrates the hypothetical explanation of Zikanov et al. (2013) who regard natural convection as a destabilization mechanism. It is further revealed that, with respect to the unstable modes on the critical stability curves of small Hartmann numbers, the dominant destabilization comes from the streamwise shear of the basic flow. Finally, within the linear unstable region, fully developed nonlinear flow states of the mixed convection are investigated by direct numerical simulations (DNS) with several sets of selected dimensionless parameters. The spatio-temporal structures of these nonlinear flow states are discussed in detail with comparison with the linear unstable global modes.
Microemulsification from single laser-induced cavitation bubbles
Authors: Ashoke Raman K , Manuel Rosselló Juan , Reese Hendrik , Ohl Claus-Dieter
Published: December 2022

We study the interaction between a laser-induced cavitation bubble and a submillimetre-sized water droplet submerged in silicone oil. High-speed imaging reveals the pathways through which droplet fragmentation occurs and three distinct regimes of bubble–droplet interaction are identified: deformation, external emulsification and internal emulsification. We have observed that during the bubble collapse, the droplet elongates towards the bubble, which acts as a flow sink pulling on the droplet. For silicone oils with higher viscosity, the droplet jets into the cavitation bubble and forms a satellite water droplet in the continuous oil phase. In contrast, for lower-viscosity oils, the droplet encapsulates the collapsing bubble as it jets inside and undergoes multiple cycles of expansion and collapse. These internal bubble collapses create tiny oil droplets inside the parent water droplet. The kinematic viscosity of the silicone oil, maximum bubble diameter and centre-to-centre distance between the bubble and the droplet are varied. The regimes are separated in a parameter space set up by the non-dimensional distance and a cavitation Reynolds number.
Using thermal UAV imagery to model distributed debris thicknesses and sub-debris melt rates on debris-covered glaciers
Authors: Bisset Rosie R. , Nienow Peter W. , Goldberg Daniel N. , Wigmore Oliver , Loayza-Muro Raúl A. , Wadham Jemma L. , Macdonald Moya L. , Bingham Robert G.
Published: December 2022

Supraglacial debris cover regulates the melt rates of many glaciers in mountainous regions around the world, thereby modifying the availability and quality of downstream water resources. However, the influence of supraglacial debris is often poorly represented within glaciological models, due to the absence of a technique to provide high-precision, spatially continuous measurements of debris thickness. Here, we use high-resolution UAV-derived thermal imagery, in conjunction with local meteorological data, visible UAV imagery and vertically profiled debris temperature time series, to model the spatially distributed debris thickness across a portion of Llaca Glacier in the Cordillera Blanca of Peru. Based on our results, we simulate daily sub-debris melt rates over a 3-month period during 2019. We demonstrate that, by effectively calibrating the radiometric thermal imagery and accounting for temporal and spatial variations in meteorological variables during UAV surveys, thermal UAV data can be used to more precisely represent the highly heterogeneous patterns of debris thickness and sub-debris melt on debris-covered glaciers. Additionally, our results indicate a mean sub-debris melt rate nearly three times greater than the mean melt rate simulated from satellite-derived debris thicknesses, emphasising the importance of acquiring further high-precision debris thickness data for the purposes of investigating glacier-scale melt processes, calibrating regional melt models and improving the accuracy of runoff predictions.
Witness statements and the technologies of memory: A conversation between Heba Y. Amin, Anthony Downey, Helene Kazan, Naeem Mohaiemen, and Susan Schuppli
Authors: Amin Heba Y. , Downey Anthony , Kazan Helene , Mohaiemen Naeem , Schuppli Susan
Published: December 2022

Bringing together artistic and scientific modes of inquiry, Witness statements and the technologies of memory examines the impact that digital technologies have on the substance of truth and historical facts. Hosted as part of Heba Y. Amin and Anthony Downey's online symposium, which was held in conjunction with Amin's exhibition When I see the future, I close my eyes, Chapter I (curated by Downey for the Mosaic Rooms in 2020), the panel discussed the legacies of colonial power and command, regimes of memory, and the ex post facto constitution of evidence from online archives. Drawing upon the diverse backgrounds and experiences of the panellists, which included Helene Kazan (Oxford Brookes University), Naeem Mohaiemen (Columbia University), and Susan Schuppli (Goldsmiths, University of London), Heba Y. Amin (Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart), and Anthony Downey (Birmingham City University), Witness statements and the technologies of memory sought to more fully understand the impact of digital archives on historical records and evidence-gathering. Against the backdrop of indiscriminate expurgations of online material, we observe how the evidentiary potential of digital archives is compromised by the commercial imperatives of social media networks, censorship, and state surveillance. Among the many questions that arise here, the extent to which personal recollections are often presented as virtual artefacts of memory – a technology of recall or a mnemo-technics in its own right – remains central to the debate about the future of memory in our post-digital age.
On BMO and Hardy regularity estimates for a class of non-local elliptic equations
Authors: Ma Wenxian , Yang Sibei
Published: December 2022

Let $\sigma \in (0,\,2)$, $\chi ^{(\sigma )}(y):={\mathbf 1}_{\sigma \in (1,2)}+{\mathbf 1}_{\sigma =1} {\mathbf 1}_{y\in B(\mathbf {0},\,1)}$, where $\mathbf {0}$ denotes the origin of $\mathbb {R}^n$, and $a$ be a non-negative and bounded measurable function on $\mathbb {R}^n$. In this paper, we obtain the boundedness of the non-local elliptic operator
\[ Lu(x):=\int_{\mathbb{R}^n}\left[u(x+y)-u(x)-\chi^{(\sigma)}(y)y\cdot\nabla u(x)\right]a(y)\,\frac{{\rm d}y}{|y|^{n+\sigma}} \]from the Sobolev space based on $\mathrm {BMO}(\mathbb {R}^n)\cap (\bigcup _{p\in (1,\infty )}L^p(\mathbb {R}^n))$ to the space $\mathrm {BMO}(\mathbb {R}^n)$, and from the Sobolev space based on the Hardy space $H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)$ to $H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)$. Moreover, for any $\lambda \in (0,\,\infty )$, we also obtain the unique solvability of the non-local elliptic equation $Lu-\lambda u=f$ in $\mathbb {R}^n$, with $f\in \mathrm {BMO}(\mathbb {R}^n)\cap (\bigcup _{p\in (1,\infty )}L^p(\mathbb {R}^n))$ or $H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)$, in the Sobolev space based on $\mathrm {BMO}(\mathbb {R}^n)$ or $H^1(\mathbb {R}^n)$. The boundedness and unique solvability results given in this paper are further devolvement for the corresponding results in the scale of the Lebesgue space $L^p(\mathbb {R}^n)$ with $p\in (1,\,\infty )$, established by H. Dong and D. Kim [J. Funct. Anal. 262 (2012), 1166–1199], in the endpoint cases of $p=1$ and $p=\infty$.
Data-driven model discovery for plasma turbulence modelling
Authors: Abramovic I. , Alves E.P. , Greenwald M.
Published: December 2022

An important problem in nuclear fusion plasmas is the prediction and control of turbulence which drives the cross-field transport, thus leading to energy loss from the system and deteriorating confinement. Turbulence, being a highly nonlinear and multiscale process, is challenging to theoretically describe and computationally model. Most advanced computational models fall into one of the two categories: fluid or gyro-kinetic. They both come at a high computational cost and cannot be applied for routine simulation of plasma discharge evolution and control. Development of reduced models based on (physics informed) artificial neural networks could potentially fulfil the need for affordable simulations of plasma turbulence. However, the training requires an extensive data base and the obtained models lack extrapolation capability to scenarios not originally encountered during training. This leads to reduced models of limited validity which may not prove adequate for predicting scenarios in future machines. In contrast, we explore a data-driven model discovery approach based on sparse regression to infer governing nonlinear partial differential equations directly from the data. Our input data are generated by simulations of drift-wave turbulence according to the Hasegawa–Wakatani and modified Hasegawa–Wakatani models. Balancing model accuracy and complexity enables the reconstruction of the systems of partial differential equations accurately describing the dynamics simulated in the input data sets. Sparse regression is not data hungry and can be extrapolated to unexplored parameter ranges. We explore and demonstrate the potential of this approach for fusion plasma turbulence modelling. The findings show that the methodology is promising for the development of reduced and computationally efficient turbulence models as well as for existing model cross-validation.
IPBES as a transformative agent: opportunities and risks
Authors: Gustafsson Karin M , Hysing Erik
Published: December 2022

The Intergovernmental Science–Policy Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has played an important role in assessing knowledge and raising awareness of biodiversity loss, and it is now also mandated to assess and support processes of transformative change. This perspective paper argues that the transformative change assessment entails key elements of transformative agency, which, along with the performative role of IPBES, makes it relevant to re-conceptualize the organization as a transformative agent. This new role will change IPBES and brings attention to risks related to undermining the credibility, relevance and legitimacy of IPBES, but it also brings opportunities for innovations that may strengthen the organization, including furthering public reasoning, acknowledging ambiguities and disagreements, ensuring scientific autonomy and balancing governmental power in the organization. As IPBES takes on the fundamental challenge of transformative change, critical scrutiny and democratic debate regarding its function as a political actor are more important than ever.
Efficacy of Video Laryngoscopy versus Direct Laryngoscopy in the Prehospital Setting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pourmand Ali , Terrebonne Emily , Gerber Stephen , Shipley Jeffrey , Tran Quincy K.
Published: December 2022

Introduction:

Placing an endotracheal tube is a life-saving measure. Direct laryngoscopy (DL) is traditionally the default method. Video laryngoscopy (VL) has been shown to improve efficiency, but there is insufficient evidence comparing VL versus DL in the prehospital settings. This study, comprising a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis, assesses current literature for the efficacy of VL in prehospital settings.

Methods:

PubMed and Scopus databases were searched from their beginnings through March 1, 2022 for eligible studies. Outcomes were the ﬁrst successful intubation, overall success rate, and number of total DL versus VL attempts in real-life clinical situations. Cochrane’s Risk of Bias (RoB) tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) were applied to assess risk of bias and study quality; Q-statistics and I2 values were used to assess heterogeneity.

Results:

The search yielded seven studies involving 23,953 patients, 6,674 (28%) of whom underwent intubation via VL. Compared to DL, VL was associated with a statistically higher risk ratio for first-pass success (Risk Ratio [RR] = 1.116; 95% CI, 1.005-1.239; P = .041; I2 = 87%). The I2 value for the subgroup of prospective studies was 0% compared to 89% for retrospective studies. In addition, VL was associated with higher likelihood of overall success rate (RR = 1.097; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18; P = .021; I2 = 85%) and lower mean number of attempts (Mean Difference = -0.529; 95% CI, -0.922 to -0.137; P = .008).

Conclusion:

The meta-analysis suggested that VL was associated with higher likelihood of achieving first-pass success, greater overall success rate, and lower number of intubation attempts for adults in the prehospital settings. This study had high heterogeneity, likely presenced by the inclusion of retrospective observational studies. Further studies with more rigorous methodology are needed to confirm these results.
Longitudinal post-shunt outcomes in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus with and without comorbid Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Gold Dov , Wisialowski Caroline , Piryatinsky Irene , Malloy Paul , Correia Stephen , Salloway Stephen , Klinge Petra , Gaudet Charles E. , Niermeyer Madison , Lee Athene
Published: December 2022

Objective:

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is highly comorbid with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and may diminish the benefits of shunting; however, findings in this area are mixed. We examined postoperative outcomes, with emphases on cognition and utilization of novel scoring procedures to enhance sensitivity.

Methods:

Using participant data from an iNPH outcome study at Butler Hospital, a mixed effect model examined main and interaction effects of time since surgery (baseline, 3 months, 12 months, and 24–60 months) and AD comorbidity (20 iNPH and 11 iNPH+AD) on activities of daily living (ADLs) and iNPH symptoms. Regression modeling explored whether baseline variables predicted improvements 3 months postoperatively.

Results:

There were no group differences in gait, incontinence, and global cognition over time, and neither group showed changes in ADLs. Cognitive differences were observed postoperatively; iNPH patients showed stable improvements in working memory (p = 0.012) and response inhibition (p = 0.010), while iNPH + AD patients failed to maintain initial gains. Regarding predicting postoperative outcomes, baseline AD biomarkers did not predict shunt response at 3 months; however, older age at surgery predicted poorer cognitive outcomes (p = 0.04), and presurgical Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) (p = 0.035) and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores (p = 0.009) predicted improvements incontinence.

Conclusion:

iNPH + AD may be linked with greater declines in aspects of executive functioning postoperatively relative to iNPH alone. While baseline AD pathology may not prognosticate shunt response, younger age appears linked with postsurgical cognitive improvement, and utilizing both brief and comprehensive cognitive measures may help predict improved incontinence. These results illustrate the potential benefits of surgery and inform postoperative expectations for those with iNPH + AD.
Searching for Community in Community Science
Authors: Parrish Julia K.
Published: December 2022

Key Points

Public engagement in science is on the rise

Authentic community science is still rare, in published forms

Rebranding public engagement as community science may obscure true community‐level efforts
Geohazard Education Trainings Foster Resilience in Rural Alaska
Authors: Yanny Anna
Published: December 2022

National Science Foundation-funded teacher and community workshops boost disaster preparedness optimism among coastal Alaskan educators, whose communities face an array of natural hazards.