bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of a Suture Anchor and a Toggle Rod for Use in Toggle Pin Fixation of Coxofemoral Luxations
Authors: Spranklin David , Elder Steven , Boyle Carolyn , McLaughlin Ron
Published: September 2014

The mechanical characteristics of toggle rods and Bone Biter™ anchors inserted through the medial acetabular wall for toggle pin repair of coxofemoral luxations were compared in 16 canine cadaver pelves. No differences were detected in maximum load to failure, displacement at failure, or energy to failure between the two constructs. Toggle rod constructs failed primarily by breakage of the suture at the rod eyelet. All of the BoneBiter™ anchor constructs failed when the anchors pulled through the medial acetabular wall.
Laparoscopic Portosystemic Shunt Attenuation in Two Dogs
Authors: Miller Jonathan M. , Fowler J. David
Published: September 2014

Laparoscopic portosystemic shunt attenuation was successfully performed in two dogs. Aberrant vessels were noted on visual examination of the abdominal vasculature. Cellophane bands were placed around the vessel laparoscopically for attenuation. The dogs had minimal postoperative morbidity, and there was biochemical evidence of adequate shunt ligation at follow-up examination.
Pemphigus Foliaceus in 91 Dogs
Authors: Mueller Ralf S. , Krebs Ingar , Power Helen T. , Fieseler Kathryn V.
Published: September 2014

A retrospective study of 91 dogs with pemphigus foliaceus was performed. Clinical signs of the disease included crusts (n=79), pustules (n=36), and alopecia (n=33). Lesions were most common on the trunk (n=53), inner pinnae (n=46), face (n=37), and foot pads (n=32). Cytological evaluation revealed acantholytic keratinocytes in 37 of 48 dogs. Results of combination treatment with prednisolone and azathioprine were comparable to results with prednisolone therapy alone. More than half of the dogs achieved remission with appropriate therapy, and another 25% significantly improved.
Complications and Outcomes of One-Step Low-Profile Gastrostomy Devices for Long-Term Enteral Feeding in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Campbell Scott J. , Marks Stanley L. , Yoshimoto Sean K. , Riel Darlene L. , Fascetti Andrea J.
Published: September 2014

Sixteen dogs and cats with a variety of primary diseases were retrospectively evaluated following endoscopic placement of a one-step low-profile gastrostomy device. Overall, the devices were well tolerated, with most complications being minor in nature. Complications included bloody or purulent peristomal discharge, peristomal swelling, peristomal inflammation, discomfort associated with the device, leaking through the device, chewing at the device, premature removal of the device, peritonitis, and aspiration pneumonia. Dogs survived for up to 2241 days, and cats survived for up to 593 days after initial device placement. The median survival time after device insertion for dogs was 89 days, and for cats it was 87 days.
Effects of the Application of Neck Pressure by a Collar or Harness on Intraocular Pressure in Dogs
Authors: Pauli Amy M. , Bentley Ellison , Diehl Kathryn A. , Miller Paul E.
Published: September 2014

The effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) from dogs pulling against a collar or a harness was evaluated in 51 eyes of 26 dogs. The force each dog generated while pulling against a collar or a harness was measured. Intraocular pressure measurements were obtained during application of corresponding pressures via collars or harnesses. Intraocular pressure increased significantly from baseline when pressure was applied via a collar but not via a harness. Based on the results of the study, dogs with weak or thin corneas, glaucoma, or conditions for which an increase in IOP could be harmful should wear a harness instead of a collar, especially during exercise or activity.
Disposition of Deracoxib in Cats After Oral Administration
Authors: Gassel Adam D. , Tobias Karen M. , Cox Sherry K.
Published: September 2014

The pharmacokinetics of deracoxib in seven healthy cats were determined following a single oral (1 mg/kg) dose. Minimal variability among cats was found for all estimated pharmacokinetic variables. Terminal half-life (t1/2) was 7.9 hours. The mean maximum concentration (Cmax) was 0.28 μg/mL and was measured 3.64 hours after drug administration. Deracoxib was not detectable in the plasma after 60 hours. The compounded liquid formula was accepted readily, and no adverse effects were observed. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of deracoxib after acute and chronic use in the cat.
Survival of a Suspected Case of Central Nervous System Cuterebrosis in a Dog: Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings
Authors: Tieber Lisa M. , Axlund Todd W. , Simpson Stephen T. , Hathcock John T.
Published: September 2014

A 3-year-old, spayed female rat terrier was evaluated for acute onset of stupor, disorientation, and tetraparesis. Clinical signs progressed over 3 weeks to eventual right-sided hemiparesis and circling to the left. A Cuterebra spp. larva was discovered in the vomitus of the dog 2 weeks after the onset of clinical signs. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed chronic inflammation, and magnetic resonance imaging supported a diagnosis of a parasitic tract through the left cerebral hemisphere. Medical management included a tapering anti-inflammatory dose of prednisone. Clinical signs improved slowly over time. This is the first description of a presumptive antemortem diagnosis of canine cuterebrosis in the central nervous system.
What Acupuncture Can and Cannot Treat
Authors: Xie Huisheng , Ortiz-Umpierre Carolina
Published: September 2014

Acupuncture has been used for over 2000 years to treat a variety of diseases. It is safe and effective, especially for conditions such as pain, geriatric diseases, and exercise-related diseases. There are 361 acupuncture points located throughout the body on meridians. Meridians are the energetic channels that connect all the points to each other. These points are stimulated by various means to produce a physiological effect in the body. All points have various functions throughout the body that can be used to treat different diseases. Certain precautions must be taken when treating weak, debilitated, or pregnant animals.
Aseptic Suppurative Meningitis in Juvenile Boxer Dogs: Retrospective Study of 12 Cases
Authors: Behr Sebastien , Cauzinille Laurent
Published: September 2014

Immune-mediated central nervous system inflammation is described in a series of 12 juvenile boxer dogs. A diagnosis of steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis was made based on the clinical presentation and on diagnostic findings. The boxer breed was at a higher risk for this inflammatory condition than other breeds. Long-term follow-up (>2 years) confirmed a better prognosis in this breed than in the beagle and the Bernese mountain dog. Complete resolution of clinical signs without significant deficits or recurrences was obtained in all cases. Early clinical recognition and immunosuppressive treatment resulted in a better response and complete resolution of the disorder.
Acute Hepatopathy Associated With Mitotane Administration in a Dog
Authors: Webb Craig B. , Twedt David C.
Published: September 2014

An adult dog with a persistent elevation in alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was started on mitotane for suspected hyperadrenocorticism. One month later, the dog was presented for intermittent anorexia and acute icterus. The dog’s liver enzyme activities and total bilirubin were markedly elevated, prothrombin time was prolonged, and blood urea nitrogen and glucose were low. Histopathology revealed marked, centrilobular, hepatocellular loss. After discontinuation of the mitotane, the dog recovered with supportive care and was normal 3 months later, which was consistent with mitotane-associated hepatic failure.
Use of Posaconazole in the Management of Invasive Orbital Aspergillosis in a Cat
Authors: McLellan Gillian J. , Aquino Susette M. , Mason David R. , Kinyon Joann M. , Myers Ronald K.
Published: September 2014

Orbital infection with Aspergillus fumigatus was diagnosed in a Persian cat that was presented with chronic third eyelid protrusion and exophthalmos. Evidence of nasal, sinus, or disseminated aspergillosis was not detected in this cat. Complete surgical excision of diseased tissues was not possible during orbital exenteration, and infection subsequently extended into the tissues of the oral cavity. Oral therapy with itraconazole and parenteral therapy with amphotericin B were ineffective in resolving the infection. Oral therapy with a novel triazole, posaconazole, was curative.
Molecular Biology for the Clinician: Understanding Current Methods
Authors: Chandler Heather L. , Colitz Carmen M.H.
Published: September 2014

The basics of molecular biology involve the replication of deoxyribonucleic acid and its transcription and translation into proteins. Biochemical assays such as the Southern blot analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Northern blot analysis, reverse-transcriptase PCR, microarray technology, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry utilize various aspects of molecular biology. To understand these assays requires some basic understanding of the principles of molecular biology. This paper provides basic information on the methodology and techniques used in these assays.
The Effects of Clomipramine Hydrochloride in Cats With Psychogenic Alopecia: A Prospective Study
Authors: Mertens Petra A. , Torres Sheila , Jessen Carl
Published: September 2014

A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of clomipramine hydrochloride in cats with psychogenic alopecia. Twenty-five cats were randomly assigned to receive clomipramine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg orally q 24 hours) or placebo for 56 days. Eleven cats in each group completed the trial. The results of this study showed that clomipramine hydrochloride failed to demonstrate significant changes in the number of grooming bouts, hair regrowth, and the area of alopecia in cats with psychogenic alopecia when compared to a placebo. It was uncertain whether these results reflected a lack of drug efficacy, insufficient treatment duration, or an insufficient number of cases enrolled.
Therapeutic Options for Cognitive Decline in Senior Pets
Authors: Landsberg Gary
Published: September 2014

Many treatment options are now available for pets with age-related cognitive dysfunction, including drugs, nutritional supplements, and diets. This article describes the theory, evidence of efficacy, and potential neuroprotective effects of products used to treat cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive dysfunction is a diagnosis of exclusion, because many painful conditions and health problems may present with similar signs. Practitioners must, therefore, actively question owners of senior pets in order to diagnose cognitive dysfunction and to assess the pet’s general health and well-being.
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Fecal Shedding of Giardia spp. in Domestic Cats
Authors: Vasilopulos Robert J. , Mackin Andrew J. , Rickard Lora G. , Pharr G. Todd , Huston Carla L.
Published: September 2014

The prevalence of cats shedding Giardia cysts (13.6%) in the present study was found to be higher than previously reported (1% to 11%) and may reflect a higher sensitivity for the diagnostic test used. The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, coccidial oocysts, and a clinical history of chronic (>2 weeks) gastrointestinal signs were significantly associated with the presence of Giardia spp. cysts in the feces. There were no associations between the presence of Giardia spp. cysts and type of housing, acute gastrointestinal signs, vomiting, gender, source of cat (i.e., animal shelter versus private breeder), or gastrointestinal parasites other than Cryptosporidium spp. and intestinal coccidial agents.
Medial Canthoplasty for Epiphora in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 23 Cases
Authors: Yi Na Young , Park Shin Ae , Jeong Man Bok , Kim Min Su , Lim Ji Hey , Nam Tchi Chou , Seo Kangmoon
Published: September 2014

The medical records of 23 dogs that underwent medial canthoplasty for treatment of epiphora were reviewed. The most prevalent breed encountered was the shih tzu. Other affected breeds included the Pekingese, Maltese, toy poodle, and pug. All dogs had epiphora associated with medial canthal trichiasis and/or entropion. Other ocular abnormalities included conjunctivitis, keratitis, pigmentary keratitis, corneal ulceration, globe prolapse, and nasal fold trichiasis. After medial canthoplasty, the epiphora resolved in all dogs.
The Clinical Usefulness of the Ventrodorsal Versus Dorsoventral Thoracic Radiograph in Dogs
Authors: Brinkman Erin Lynn , Biller David , Armbrust Laura
Published: September 2014

Differences exist in the ventrodorsal (VD) and dorsoventral (DV) radiographic views of the canine thorax. One view may be preferred over another because of how it portrays different areas of interest or different disease conditions. The VD view is indicated for evaluation of the cranial and caudal mediastinum, the caudal vena cava, and the accessory lung lobe, and in cases of pleural effusion. Indications for the DV view include assessment of a consistent cardiac silhouette, evaluation of the pulmonary lobar vessels, and evaluation of the structures of the dorsal thorax, such as hilar lymph nodes, the caudal dorsal lungs, trachea, mainstem bronchi, and left atrium.
Results of Transthoracic Esophagotomy Retrieval of Esophageal Foreign Body Obstructions in Dogs: 14 Cases (2000–2004)
Authors: Sale Charles S.H. , Williams John M.
Published: September 2014

The records of 14 consecutive cases of esophageal foreign body obstruction in dogs that had undergone transthoracic esophagotomy for foreign body retrieval were reviewed. Clinical results were considered successful in 13 of 14 dogs. One dog was euthanized at surgery because of the severity of associated thoracic lesions. Clinical signs resolved in the remaining 13 dogs. Two dogs had postoperative complications. One dog developed a pyothorax, and one dog developed a subcutaneous seroma. The overall recovery rate was 93%.
Double Ureters With Ureteral Ectopia in a Domestic Shorthair Cat
Authors: Ghantous Seth N. , Crawford Jason
Published: September 2014

A 5-month-old domestic shorthair cat was presented for evaluation of urinary incontinence since birth. Excretory urography revealed dilated double ectopic ureters draining a hydronephrotic right kidney. Urine culture yielded a pure culture of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The cat was treated initially with bactericidal antibiotics, followed by right-sided nephroureterectomy. The surgery and antibiotic therapy led to complete resolution of urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection. Ureteral duplication is an unusual congenital anomaly that has not been previously reported in the cat.
Intranasal Malignant Melanoma in a Dog
Authors: Hicks Daniel G. , Fidel Janean L.
Published: September 2014

A 10-year-old, female Newfoundland-cross dog was presented for evaluation of chronic intermittent unilateral epistaxis, nasal stertor, and sneezing. Nasal magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3 × 5-cm mass in the left nasal cavity. Histopathological evaluation of nasal biopsies determined that the mass was a malignant melanoma. The mass was surgically resected and treated with bilateral opposed photon-beam radiation. This is the first report to describe the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of an intranasal malignant melanoma in a dog.
Evaluation of Azathioprine on Lesion Severity and Lymphocyte Blastogenesis in Dogs With Perianal Fistulas
Authors: Harkin Kenneth R. , Phillips Dianne , Wilkerson Melinda
Published: September 2014

Fourteen dogs with perianal fistulas were entered into a prospective clinical study to investigate the effects of long-term azathioprine on clinical outcome and to determine if the clinical results correlated with lymphocyte blastogenesis tests. Complete remission of perianal fistulas was seen in eight (57%) of 14 dogs; partial remission occurred in one (7%) dog; and no response was detected in five (36%) dogs. The results of lymphocyte blastogenesis assays did not correlate with therapeutic response.
Long-Term Outcomes in Dogs With Sinonasal Aspergillosis Treated With Intranasal Infusions of Enilconazole
Authors: Schuller Simone , Clercx Cecile
Published: September 2014

Long-term outcomes (mean 38±17 months) were evaluated in 27 dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis after successful medical treatment using intranasal infusions of 1% or 2% enilconazole (1%, n=15; 2%, n=12). Long-term outcomes with both treatment protocols were good, with half of the dogs being asymptomatic throughout the follow-up period. The remaining dogs showed mild clinical signs compatible with chronic rhinitis/sinusitis. These clinical signs were interpreted as chronic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis/sinusitis and episodes of bacterial rather than fungal infection. Three dogs had confirmed reinfection or relapse 2 to 36 months after clinical resolution.
Retrospective Evaluation of Three Treatment Methods for Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Dogs
Authors: Rasor Liberty , Pollard Rachel , Feldman Edward C.
Published: September 2014

The medical records of 110 dogs treated for primary hyperparathyroidism were reviewed. Dogs were treated via parathyroidectomy (n=47), percutaneous ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation (n=15), or percutaneous ultrasound-guided heat ablation (n=48). Forty-five of 48 (94%) parathyroidectomies resulted in control of hypercalcemia for a median of 561 days. Thirteen of 18 (72%) ethanol ablation procedures resulted in control of hypercalcemia for a median of 540 days. Forty-four of 49 (90%) heat-ablation treatments resulted in control of hypercalcemia for a median of 581 days.
Computed Tomographic Diagnosis of Nongastrointestinal Foreign Bodies in Dogs
Authors: Jones Jeryl C. , Ober Christopher P.
Published: September 2014

Clinical data and computed tomography (CT) studies were reviewed for 13 dogs with confirmed nongastrointestinal foreign bodies. Locations of foreign bodies were the nasal cavity, thoracic wall, retropharyngeal region, and cerebellum. Types of foreign bodies included small plant components, blades of grass, wooden sticks, cloth fibers, and a needle. Foreign bodies in five dogs were not identified on CT, and secondary reactions resembled neoplastic or fungal disease. In eight dogs, foreign bodies were recognized by their shape and/or internal architecture. In two dogs, three-dimensional reformatting helped demonstrate foreign bodies in relation to palpable bony landmarks.
Two Cases of Planned Relaparotomy for Severe Peritonitis Secondary to Gastrointestinal Pathology
Authors: Lawson Anna Kirsten , Seshadri Ravi
Published: September 2014

Planned relaparotomy is a technique in which two or more surgeries are planned before or during the initial surgery. Two dogs underwent planned relaparotomy for severe peritonitis secondary to gastric ulceration and linear foreign body. Both dogs had good outcomes, and unnecessary procedures that would likely have led to increased morbidity were avoided. This technique may be useful in avoiding unnecessary procedures as well as providing for better stabilization of the animal.
Epidural Spinal Myelolipoma in a Dog
Authors: Ueno Hiroshi , Miyake Tsuyoshi , Kobayashi Yoshiyasu , Yamada Kazutaka , Uzuka Yuji
Published: September 2014

Epidural spinal myelolipoma was diagnosed in a 13-year-old, male Siberian husky that was referred for evaluation of progressive pelvic limb paresis and urinary incontinence. An epidural mass was detected by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. The mass was removed and identified histopathologically as an epidural myelolipoma. Pelvic limb paresis improved after surgery, but urinary retention associated with neurological bladder dysfunction persisted.
Use of Polypropylene Mesh in Addition to Internal Obturator Transposition: A Review of 59 Cases (2000–2004)
Authors: Szabo Stephanie , Wilkens Brent , Radasch Robert M.
Published: September 2014

Fifty-nine dogs with a total of 69 perineal hernias that were repaired by internal obturator transposition and polypropylene mesh reinforcement were reviewed. Thirty-six dogs were available for follow-up at a mean of 29.4 months postoperatively. Six dogs had complications within the first 60 days of surgery, such as perineal swelling, persistent tenesmus, and incisional infections. Twenty-two dogs had excellent outcomes; seven dogs needed continued medical treatment after surgery; and seven dogs had poor outcomes. Hernias recurred in five dogs. The incisional infection rate was 5.6%; the recurrence rate was 12.5%; and the overall success rate was 80.5% for the 36 dogs with long-term follow-up.
Marked Pleural Effusion Causing Right Atrial Collapse Simulating Cardiac Tamponade in a Dog
Authors: Little Amy A. , Steffey Michele , Kraus Marc S.
Published: September 2014

A 16-month-old, female German shepherd dog was presented with severe bicavitary effusions. A diaphragmatic hernia was diagnosed by thoracic radiography. An echocardiogram performed prior to surgical repair of the hernia revealed signs of cardiac tamponade, with right atrial collapse, in the absence of pericardial effusion. Right atrial collapse was presumed to be secondary to severe pleural effusion. At surgery, no pericardial disease was identified. Surgical correction of the diaphragmatic hernia resulted in resolution of the pleural and peritoneal effusions. Follow-up echocardiography demonstrated resolution of the signs of cardiac tamponade.
Diagnosis and Treatment of a Chronic Atlanto-Occipital Subluxation in a Dog
Authors: Rylander Helena , Robles Juan Carlos
Published: September 2014

A 6-year-old Labrador retriever-cross was evaluated for an abnormal gait and head carriage 6 weeks after suffering trauma. The dog was presented with an ambulatory tetraparesis and was reluctant to move his head. Myelography and computed tomography demonstrated a subluxation of the atlanto-occipital joint with compression of the spinomedullary junction and the brain stem by the occipital bone. Removal of the compressive part of the occipital bone resulted in improvement of the clinical signs within 6 weeks, and resolution of clinical signs occurred 8 months after surgery.
The Clinical Utility of the Right Lateral Intercostal Ultrasound Scan Technique in Dogs
Authors: Brinkman Erin L. , Biller David S. , Armbrust Laura J. , O’Brien Robert T.
Published: September 2014

When performing abdominal ultrasonography in dogs, the right aspect of the liver, porta hepatis, right kidney, right adrenal gland, pancreas, and duodenum are often not fully visible from a ventral, or subcostal, approach. The right lateral intercostal plane is an alternative approach that allows evaluation of these structures. This report provides multiple case examples that demonstrate the sonographic anatomy via the right intercostal approach. Other cases are included to demonstrate indications for this approach. Animals in which the right intercostal approach may prove most useful include large- and giant-breed dogs; deep-chested dogs; dogs with gas distention of the stomach, duodenum, and colon; dogs with microhepatia; and those with abdominal effusion and pain.
Evaluation of Serum L-phenylalanine Concentration as Indicator of Liver Disease in Dogs: A Pilot Study
Authors: Neumann Stephan , Welling Heike , Thuere Sibylle
Published: September 2014

Because essential amino acids are metabolized in the liver, liver diseases may impair their catabolism. In this study, serum L-phenylalanine concentrations in 28 dogs with liver diseases were compared with those of 28 healthy dogs and 13 dogs with nonhepatic diseases. Dogs with liver diseases had significantly increased L-phenylalanine serum concentrations compared to healthy dogs (P<0.001) and to those with nonhepatic diseases (P<0.01). There were no significant differences among the L-phenylalanine serum concentrations of dogs with different degrees of liver diseases. The sensitivity and specificity of L-phenylalanine to fasting bile acids were comparable.
Dystrophin-Deficient Muscular Dystrophy in a Weimaraner
Authors: Baltzer Wendy Irene , Calise David V. , Levine Jonathan M. , Shelton G.D. , Edwards John F. , Steiner Joerg M.
Published: September 2014

A 2-year-old, male Weimaraner with muscular dystrophy was presented with generalized muscle atrophy of the limbs; hypertrophy of the neck, infraspinatus, and lingual muscles; dysphagia; and regurgitation. Unilateral cryptorchidism, unilateral renal agenesis, and hiatal hernia were also detected. Spontaneous muscle activity was identified on myography. Serum creatine kinase was markedly elevated. Immunohistochemical staining for dystrophin was restricted to suspected revertant (characteristics of immaturity) fibers. Histologically, skeletal myofiber degeneration, endomysial fibrosis, and mineralization were present. Following euthanasia, necropsy revealed hypertrophy of the diaphragm and cardiac muscle fibrosis. This case of muscular dystrophy represents a slowly progressive form with organ agenesis.
“Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum” Infections in 21 Client-Owned Cats
Authors: Reynolds Caryn Alice , Lappin Michael R.
Published: September 2014

Medical records were reviewed for 21 clinically ill cats testing positive for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum” in their blood. Fever, anorexia, lethargy, and anemia were among the most common abnormalities recorded. Thirteen cats were anemic; seven had evidence of other diseases that could have been the primary cause of anemia or activated hemoplasmosis. For six cats, “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum” was the only recognizable cause of the anemia. Of these cats, anemia resolved in one cat without treatment and in three cats that were treated with doxycycline, with or without prednisone. Results of the study suggest that this hemoplasma species can be a primary pathogen in cats.
Canine Bacterial Endocarditis: A Review
Authors: Peddle Gordon , Sleeper Meg M.
Published: September 2014

Bacterial endocarditis is a disease of primarily middle-aged to older, large-breed dogs that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It presents many challenges with respect to diagnosis and effective treatment. This paper reviews the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, progression, methods of diagnosis, and treatment of bacterial endocarditis in dogs. Methods for proper diagnosis, including echocardiographic findings and blood culture techniques, and recommendations for effective antimicrobial therapy are also provided.
Lactate in Veterinary Critical Care: Pathophysiology and Management
Authors: Pang Daniel S. , Boysen Søren
Published: September 2014

The measurement of blood lactate in people has proven to be a useful tool in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of a wide range of clinical syndromes. Its use in small animals is increasing, and several studies have been completed that demonstrate its potential role in critical care. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the physiology and pathophysiology of lactate production and lactic acidosis; current indications and the utility of measurement in a critical care setting are described; novel applications in the evaluation of cavitary effusions are highlighted; and a guide to the therapy of lactic acidosis is presented.
Rectal Strictures in 19 Dogs: 1997–2005
Authors: Webb Craig B. , McCord Kelly W. , Twedt David C.
Published: September 2014

The etiologies for nonneoplastic rectal strictures in dogs included foreign bodies, postoperative formation, inflammatory disease, and congenital malformation. Sixteen of 19 dogs underwent balloon dilatation therapy, and 14 of these 16 dogs received intralesional triamcinolone injections. Following dilatation, clinical signs persisted in one dog, improved with continued medical therapy in five dogs, and resolved in nine dogs for the duration of their follow-up period (mean 18 months; median 12 months); one dog was lost to follow-up. Balloon dilatation and triamcinolone were parts of a treatment regimen that improved clinical signs in the majority of dogs diagnosed with nonneoplastic rectal strictures.
Resection of Inflammatory Polyps in Dogs Using Laparoscopic-Assisted Cystoscopy
Authors: Rawlings Clarence Alvin
Published: September 2014

Inflammatory polyps in the urinary bladder of two dogs were removed via laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy. In addition, one dog had a calculus removed and liver biopsies taken using the same two trocar sites. The laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopic technique provided clear surgical margins and permitted a thorough examination of the inside of the bladder and urethra. The technique was minimally invasive, produced little abdominal injury, and limited urine contamination of the abdomen.
Cystic Nasal Adenocarcinoma in a Cat Treated With Piroxicam and Chemoembolization
Authors: Marioni-Henry Katia , Schwarz Tobias , Weisse Chick , Muravnick Kathleen B.
Published: September 2014

A 13-year-old, castrated male Siamese cat was presented with a 4-month history of recurrent seizures and bilateral conjunctivitis and rhinitis. Computed tomography of the brain and nose revealed a cystic lesion in the cranial cavity that compressed the brain and invaded the nose. Nasal biopsy revealed a nasal adenocarcinoma. The cat was treated with intermittent antibiotics, phenobarbital, piroxicam, and chemoembolization; it survived for 2 years after diagnosis.
Retrospective Study of 28 Cases of Cholecystoduodenostomy Performed Using Endoscopic Gastrointestinal Anastomosis Stapling Equipment
Authors: Morrison Sean , Prostredny Joseph , Roa Daren
Published: September 2014

Medical records were reviewed of 24 dogs and four cats that underwent cholecystoduodenostomy to relieve extrahepatic biliary obstruction. These procedures had been performed using a 30-mm endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis stapler. At presentation, most animals had clinical signs of vomiting and anorexia, and total bilirubin was elevated in both dogs (n=21) and cats (n=4). Pancreatitis (n=13), cholangiohepatitis (n=7), and neoplasia (n=6) were the most common underlying conditions. Sixteen dogs and two cats survived to their 2-week reevaluation. The most common cause of death was euthanasia (n=9) secondary to neoplasia (n=4), peritonitis (n=3), or respiratory arrest (n=2).
Pneumatosis Coli in a Dog
Authors: Russell Nicholas J. , Tyrrell Dayle , Irwin Peter J. , Beck Catherine
Published: September 2014

A 17-year-old, castrated male Maltese was presented with chronic polyphagia and a 2-week history of tenesmus, diarrhea, hematochezia, weight loss, and ribbon-like feces. Pneumatosis coli was diagnosed by abdominal radiography. Concurrent hyperadrenocorticism was suspected. The clinical signs of colorectal disease resolved within 2 days of initiating a lowresidue diet and oral metronidazole. Pneumatosis coli should be considered as a differential diagnosis for colorectal disease in dogs.
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of the Diaphragm in a Dog
Authors: Patterson Coretta C. , Perry Ruby L. , Steficek Barbara
Published: September 2014

An 11-year-old, castrated male greyhound was referred to the Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for surgical removal of a thoracic mass. Thoracic radiographs revealed a smoothly marginated mass obscuring the diaphragm in the left caudal thorax. Ultrasonographic and computed tomographic imaging modalities demonstrated a mass originating from the left hemidiaphragm. The mass was surgically removed and submitted for histopathological evaluation. Histopathology and immunohistochemical staining confirmed a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
Comparison of a New Blood Sampling Device With the Vacuum Tube System for Plasma and Hematological Analyses in Healthy Dogs
Authors: Reynolds Brice S. , Boudet Karine G. , Faucher Mathieu R. , Geffre Anne , Germain Claude , Lefebvre Hervé P.
Published: September 2014

Pediatric devices based on a capillary system may provide an alternative to vacuum tubes for canine blood sampling. The potential advantages are absence of vein collapse, limited blood volume sampled, and improved safety. The aim of this study was to compare routine plasma and hematological variables in seven healthy dogs using both techniques. Five biochemical analytes were measured, and a complete hematological examination and plasma exogenous creatinine clearance test were performed. No clinically relevant difference between the two techniques was observed for any variable or functional test assessed.
Incisional Block With Bupivacaine for Analgesia After Celiotomy in Dogs
Authors: Savvas Ioannis , Papazoglou Lysimachos G. , Kazakos George , Anagnostou Tilemahos , Tsioli Vassiliki , Raptopoulos Dimitris
Published: September 2014

A blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed to evaluate the postoperative analgesic effect of preoperative infiltration of the incision site with bupivacaine in dogs undergoing celiotomy. Sixty dogs were randomly allocated into four groups: preoperative bupivacaine, postoperative bupivacaine, preoperative saline, and postoperative saline. All dogs were premedicated with acepromazine and meperidine; then they were anesthetized with thiopentone and isoflurane. Each group received either bupivacaine or normal saline before midline incision or just before skin closure. After surgery, pain scores were assigned using a numerical rating scale. Preoperative bupivacaine was associated with significantly lower pain scores and a significantly lower need for opioid administration. The authors conclude that a preoperative incisional block with bupivacaine seems to be a useful adjunct for controlling pain after celiotomy in dogs.
Persistent Vulvar Hemorrhage Secondary to Vaginal Hemangioma in Dogs
Authors: Miller Jonathan M. , Lambrechts Nicolaas E. , Martin Robert A. , Sponenberg D. P. , Subasic Molly
Published: September 2014

Two young female dogs were presented with a chronic history of persistent vulvar hemorrhage. Vaginoscopy was ultimately used to locate bleeding vaginal masses near the urethral papilla. In both cases, episiotomy was performed to resect the mass, and hemangioma was diagnosed histologically. These tumors caused persistent vaginal bleeding; they were difficult to diagnose without vaginoscopy and lavage; and surgical excision was curative in at least one case.
Four-Fraction Radiation Therapy for Macroscopic Soft Tissue Sarcomas in 16 Dogs
Authors: Lawrence Jessica , Forrest Lisa , Adams William , Vail David , Thamm Douglas
Published: September 2014

A retrospective study of 16 dogs with macroscopic soft tissue sarcomas was performed to evaluate response to a four-fraction radiotherapy protocol (prescribed dose of 32 Gy). Radiation was well tolerated with minimal side effects. The overall response rate was 50%, with seven partial responses and one complete response. The median time to progression was 155 days, and the median survival time was 309 days. Coarsely fractionated radiation therapy may be a reasonable palliative option for dogs with unresectable soft tissue sarcomas, although the response is relatively short-lived.
Feline Chondrosarcoma: A Retrospective Study of 67 Cats (1987–2005)
Authors: Durham Amy C. , Popovitch Catherine A. , Goldschmidt Michael H.
Published: September 2014

The histories of 67 cats diagnosed with chondrosarcoma (CSA) from 1987 to 2005 were reviewed. The mean age was 9.6 years, and males were 1.9 times more likely to be affected than females. Chondrosarcomas were diagnosed in the following sites: appendicular and axial skeleton, nasal cavity, facial bones, and extraskeletal sites. Of the 46 (70%) CSA associated with bone, 63% arose in long bones and 37% arose in flat bones. The remaining (30%) CSA arose in the subcutis. In cases available for follow-up (n=24), no definitive evidence of metastases was found. Cats that underwent radical surgical therapies were more likely to achieve long-term control or cure.
Primary Osseous Melanoma in the Tibia of a Dog
Authors: Stefanello Damiano , Romussi Stefano , Signorelli Paola , Caniatti Mario , DiGiancamillo Mauro , Roccabianca Paola , Avallone Giancarlo
Published: September 2014

An 18-month-old, female Cane Corso dog was presented with a suspected primary tumor of the tibia. Plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) of the tibia were highly suggestive of a primary bone neoplasm. A diagnosis of malignant melanoma was made by cytology. Total body survey radiographs, CT scan of the thorax, and abdominal ultrasound excluded the presence of neoplastic lesions other than in the tibia. Limb amputation was performed. Histology and immunohistochemical analysis of the tibial neoplasm confirmed the diagnosis of a melanoma with secondary metastasis to the popliteal lymph node. The dog was alive and in good physical condition 43 months after surgery.
Sézary Syndrome in a Cat
Authors: Wood Casey , Almes Kelli , Bagladi-Swanson Mary , Debey Brad , Andrews Gordon , Nietfeld Jerome , Wilkerson Melinda
Published: September 2014

Sézary syndrome is an uncommon leukemic variant of cutaneous lymphoma in cats. This cat had recurrent dermatitis with erythematous, pruritic plaques. Multiple skin imprints and biopsy samples were obtained over a 6-month period, and histopathological findings were consistent initially with eosinophilic miliary dermatitis and later with erythema multiforme. One week before death, Sézary cells were identified in the peripheral blood that expressed cluster of differentiation (CD)3 and CD8 antigens. Massive infiltration of CD3+ lymphocytes was noted in the skin and multiple internal tissues by histopathological examination. This case demonstrates the difficulty in diagnosing cutaneous lymphoma early in the disease course.
A Review of Lameness Attributable to the Shoulder in the Dog: Part One
Authors: Kunkel Kevin A. , Rochat Mark C.
Published: September 2014

The scapulohumeral joint is a common site of forelimb lameness in the dog. Establishing a definitive diagnosis may be difficult because of the limitations of orthopedic examination and radiographs and the inherent elusiveness of the associated conditions.

The intent of this review is to present, in a single reference, the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of reported causes of lameness intrinsically associated with the shoulder. Part One of this series discusses conditions associated with cartilage and bone maturation disorders and joint instability, while Part Two reviews tendon diseases, muscle disorders, synovial diseases, and soft-tissue mineralization disorders.
Transrectal Stapling for Colonic Resection and Anastomosis (10 Cases)
Authors: Banz William J. , Jackson DVM Joshua , Richter Keith , Launer Dana P.
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the feasibility of using the end-to-end anastomosis (EEA) stapling device transrectally for managing distal colonic disease in clinical veterinary cases. Ten animals met the criteria of having distal colonic or rectal resection and anastomosis with the EEA stapling device. The only complications seen after discharge from the hospital were colonic stricture at the anastomosis site in two animals and transient colitis in two animals. The stapled anastomosis has good success when properly applied, and the incidences of stricture formation, leakage, and other potential complications can be kept to a minimum.
A Case of Canine Streptococcal Meningoencephalitis Diagnosed Using Universal Bacterial Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay
Authors: Messer Jeannette S. , Wagner Susan O. , Baumwart Ryan D. , Colitz Carmen M.
Published: September 2014

A 3-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog was evaluated for acute, progressive neurological disease. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed neutrophilic pleocytosis. The dog later developed liver disease, thrombocytopenia, and anemia that were presumably secondary to ceftriaxone administration. Bacterial cultures of blood, urine, and CSF were negative. However, a universal bacterial polymerase chain reaction assay of CSF identified deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptococcus spp. The dog recovered with therapy for streptococcal encephalitis.
Long-Term Evaluation of Canine Perianal Fistula Disease Treated With Exclusive Fish and Potato Diet and Surgical Excision
Authors: Lombardi Rosemary L. , Marino Dominic J.
Published: September 2014

The records of 33 dogs that had perianal fistula disease treated with en bloc surgical excision and bilateral anal saculectomy, and that were perioperatively administered an exclusive white fish and potato diet, were reviewed to determine outcome. By 1 year after surgery, 87.9% of the dogs had complete or near-complete resolution of visible fistula disease, while only 20.7% continued to have mild intermittent clinical signs. Fecal incontinence was not reported in any dog. Overall, complications were considerably less in both severity and frequency when compared with previous reports.
Retrospective Evaluation of Lingual Tumors in 42 Dogs: 1999–2005
Authors: Syrcle Jason A. , Bonczynski Jennifer J. , Monette Sebastien , Bergman Philip J.
Published: September 2014

In this retrospective study of 42 cases of lingual tumors in dogs, 27 (64%) were malignant, and 15 (36%) were benign. Median survival time for dogs with benign tumors was >1607 days, compared to 286 days for malignant tumors. Prognostic factors significantly associated with increased survival included complete histological margins (P=0.036), smaller tumor size (P=0.003), and benign tumor type (P=0.011). Smaller tumors were more likely to be completely resected (P=0.008) and were less likely to recur (P=0.001). Partial or subtotal glossectomies were performed in 13 cases. Short-term morbidity associated with glossectomy included ptyalism and dehiscence. Long-term morbidity included minor changes in eating and drinking habits.
Clinical Application of Tobramycin-Impregnated Calcium Sulfate Beads in Six Dogs (2002–2004)
Authors: Ham Kathleen , Griffon Dominique , Seddighi Mohammad , Johnson Ann L.
Published: September 2014

Medical records for six dogs treated with tobramycin-impregnated calcium sulfate beads were reviewed for indications, duration of disease, number of beads implanted, complications, radiographic appearance of the beads, and outcomes. Beads were no longer visible on radiographs made 5 weeks after implantation. Osteomyelitis resolved in five of five dogs with follow-up. The lack of complications and the resolution of clinical signs associated with tobramycin calcium sulfate bead implantation support their clinical application in treating osteomyelitis.
Hiatal Hernia in the Dog: A Clinical Report of Four Chinese Shar Peis
Authors: Guiot Laurent P. , Lansdowne Jennifer L. , Rouppert Pierre , Stanley Bryden J.
Published: September 2014

Four Chinese shar pei littermate puppies were presented for vomiting, regurgitation, hypersalivation, and poor growth. Diagnosis of hiatal hernia was made for each of the four dogs based on survey radiographs and barium esophagram studies. All dogs initially underwent medical therapy, to which only one dog responded. All dogs underwent surgical treatment, which included manual hernia reduction followed by phrenoplasty, esophagopexy, and left incisional gastropexy, 5 to 40 days following initiation of medical therapy. The three surgical techniques described eliminated the need to enter the pleural cavity and offered excellent long-term results with no recurrence of clinical signs following surgery.
Adjuvant CCNU (Lomustine) and Prednisone Chemotherapy for Dogs With Incompletely Excised Grade 2 Mast Cell Tumors
Authors: Hosoya Kenji , Kisseberth William C. , Alvarez Francisco J. , Lara-Garcia Ana , Beamer Gillian , Stromberg Paul C. , Couto C. Guillermo
Published: September 2014

The use of adjuvant 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU; lomustine) to treat incompletely excised canine mast cell tumors (MCTs) has not been evaluated. Medical records of 12 dogs with grade 2 MCT treated with incomplete surgical excision and adjuvant CCNU and prednisone chemotherapy were reviewed. Local recurrence rate, metastasis rate, and survival time were evaluated. None of the dogs developed local recurrence or regional/ distant metastases. Two dogs developed fatal liver failure. The 1- and 2-year progression-free rates of surviving dogs were 100% and 77%, respectively. Postoperative adjuvant CCNU appears to be a useful alternative to radiation therapy for incompletely excised canine cutaneous MCTs.
Head and Neck Swelling Due to a Circumferential Cicatricial Scar in a Dog
Authors: Westermeyer Hans D. , Tobias Karen M. , Reel Danielle R.
Published: September 2014

A 4-year-old, castrated male, mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of progressive head swelling, exercise intolerance, and increasing respiratory effort of 1 month’s duration. Physical examination and radiographs revealed severe edema of the head and face that was cranial to a circumferential, midcervical constriction caused by scarring related to previous removal of a foreign body. Surgical en bloc resection of the cicatricial tissue was performed, and clinical signs resolved completely after 2 months. Histopathology showed ongoing inflammation and hairs within a fibrous band. This case emphasizes that incomplete wound debridement may lead to excessive fibrous tissue proliferation and that thorough wound examination and debridement should be performed after removing circumferential cervical foreign bodies to ensure complete healing.
Prognosis for Acute Nontraumatic Hemoperitoneum in the Dog: A Retrospective Analysis of 60 Cases (2003–2006)
Authors: Aronsohn Michael G. , Dubiel Beata , Roberts Brian , Powers Barbara E.
Published: September 2014

The complete medical records of 60 dogs with hemoabdomen were reviewed. All dogs underwent exploratory laparotomy and had a diagnosis established by a veterinary pathologist. Final diagnoses were hemangiosarcoma in 38 (63.3%) dogs, splenic hematoma in 16 (26.6%) dogs, splenic torsion in three (5%) dogs, hepatocellular carcinoma in two (3.3%) dogs, and carcinomatosis in one (1.6%) dog. Twenty-four (63.1%) dogs with hemangiosarcoma, 14 (87.5%) dogs with splenic hematoma, three (100%) dogs with splenic torsion, and two (100%) dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma were discharged from the hospital. Dogs with hemangiosarcoma were given a poor prognosis, while dogs with splenic hematoma, splenic torsion, and hepatocellular carcinoma were given a fair to good prognosis.
Vestibular Syndrome Due to a Choroid Plexus Papilloma in a Ferret
Authors: van Zeeland Yvonne , Schoemaker Nico , Passon-Vastenburg Maartje , Kik Marja
Published: September 2014

A 6-year-old, castrated male ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented with progressive neurological signs consisting of a right-sided head tilt and ataxia. Neurological examination revealed hemiparesis and absence of proprioception on the right side, consistent with central vestibular syndrome. Measurement of blood glucose excluded hypoglycemia due to insulinoma. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed the presence of an intracranial mass, consistent with either granuloma or neoplasia. Palliative treatment with prednisolone yielded no improvement. At postmortem examination, a final diagnosis of a choroid plexus papilloma originating from the fourth ventricle was made. This is the first report of such a tumor in a ferret.
Chylothorax Associated With a Congenital Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia in a Dog
Authors: Schmiedt Chad Weber , Washabaugh Kate F. , Rao Deepa B. , Stepien Rebecca L.
Published: September 2014

A 2-year-old dog was presented with a 3-month history of increasing respiratory effort and rate, inappetence, and lethargy. Chest radiographs demonstrated significant pleural effusion, which was consistent with chyle on biochemical and cytological evaluations. Further diagnostic evaluation, including a thoracic computed tomographic scan, revealed a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH) resulting in a large, fat-attenuating mass within the pericardium. The dog was taken to surgery for repair of the PPDH, pericardectomy, and cisterna chyli ablation. Rapid and permanent resolution of the chylothorax occurred postoperatively. This is the first reported case of chylothorax secondary to PPDH.