bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diverse Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Sensor Responses from Two Functionalized Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Diimides and Copper Phthalocyanine Semiconductors Distinguishable Over a Wide Analyte Range
Authors: Huang Weiguo , Sinha Jasmine , Yeh Ming‐Ling , Hardigree Josué F. Martínez , LeCover Rachel , Besar Kalpana , Rule Ana María , Breysse Patrick N. , Katz Howard E.
Published: March 2013

Naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide derivatives (octyl “8” NTCDI, dimethylaminopropyl “DMP” NTCDI) and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) are used to form a diverse organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) sensor array. CuPc and 8‐NTCDI are p‐channel and n‐channel semiconductors, respectively, showing expected and opposing responses to analytes. DMP‐NTCDI, on the other hand, because of its ionizable side chain, shows response directions and magnitudes that are not correlated to those of the other two. The result is a distinct response pattern and unambiguous recognition ability for individual analytes. The differences are even more dramatic if the time evolution of the responses is considered. The three‐response patterns obtained from representative polar, nonpolar, acidic, and basic vapors are all different, showing the potential for this approach in rapid, low‐cost electronic detection of volatile compounds.
The role of single‐cell analyses in understanding cell lineage commitment
Authors: Gibson Tyler M. , Gersbach Charles A.
Published: March 2013

The study of cell lineage commitment is critical for improving our understanding of tissue development and regeneration, and for realizing stem cell‐based therapies and engineered tissue replacements. Recently, the discovery of an unanticipated degree of variability in fundamental biological processes, including divergent responses of genetically identical cells to various stimuli, has provided mechanistic insight into cellular decision making and the collective behavior of cell populations. Therefore, the study of lineage commitment with single‐cell resolution could provide greater knowledge of cellular differentiation mechanisms and the influence of noise on cellular processes. This will require the adoption of new technologies for single‐cell analysis as traditional methods typically measure average values of bulk population behavior. This review discusses the recent developments in methods for analyzing the behavior of individual cells, and how these approaches are leading to a deeper understanding and better control of cellular decision making.
Multi‐scale modeling for sustainable chemical production
Authors: Zhuang Kai , Bakshi Bhavik R. , Herrgård Markus J.
Published: March 2013

With recent advances in metabolic engineering, it is now technically possible to produce a wide portfolio of existing petrochemical products from biomass feedstock. In recent years, a number of modeling approaches have been developed to support the engineering and decision‐making processes associated with the development and implementation of a sustainable biochemical industry. The temporal and spatial scales of modeling approaches for sustainable chemical production vary greatly, ranging from metabolic models that aid the design of fermentative microbial strains to material and monetary flow models that explore the ecological impacts of all economic activities. Research efforts that attempt to connect the models at different scales have been limited. Here, we review a number of existing modeling approaches and their applications at the scales of metabolism, bioreactor, overall process, chemical industry, economy, and ecosystem. In addition, we propose a multi‐scale approach for integrating the existing models into a cohesive framework. The major benefit of this proposed framework is that the design and decision‐making at each scale can be informed, guided, and constrained by simulations and predictions at every other scale. In addition, the development of this multi‐scale framework would promote cohesive collaborations across multiple traditionally disconnected modeling disciplines to achieve sustainable chemical production.
‘It's a fix!’ The mediative influence of the X Factor tribe on narrative transportation as persuasive process
Authors: Richardson Brendan
Published: March 2013

This paper explores the mediative effect of consumer tribalism on the concept of narrative transportation as an alternative form of persuasion process. It provisionally identifies instances where persuasion seems to take place via immersion in a reality TV show narrative, rather than via critical engagement with messages. It identifies several mediative effects of consumer tribalism on such a persuasive process and points to the possibility that such mediative effects include not only initial reinforcement of the persuasiveness of the narrative but also reinforcement of an emergent cynicism when trust in the narrative begins to break down. In finding some initial evidence to suggest that this breakdown in trust may be brought about by a failure on the marketer's part to support tribal linking value, the paper also proposes the concept of spurious tribalism as a means to more fully dimensionalise the possible mediative effects of tribal activity on a narrative's capacity to engage its intended audience. Implications for further work are proposed, and limitations of the current work are identified. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uptake of Heavy Metals by Native Herbaceous Plants in an Antimony Mine (Hunan, China)
Authors: Xue Liang , Liu Jianfeng , Shi Shengqing , Wei Yuan , Chang Ermei , Gao Ming , Chen Lanzhen , Jiang Zeping
Published: March 2013

A field survey of native herbaceous plants and associated soil in an antimony mining area of Xikuangshan, Hunan Province, China was conducted to identify species that accumulate heavy metals in their tissues. The results indicate that the soils in the mining area were contaminated mainly by As and Sb, at concentrations of 423.77–526.57 and 228.37–445.20 mg/kg, respectively. Of the herbaceous plants, Miscanthus sinensis and Imperata cylindrica exhibited Hg and Cd phytoextraction, with bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and translocation factors (TFs) greater than 1. Moreover, Phytolacca americana could be used for the phytostabilization of Pb and Cd (BCF = 1.06 and 7.66, respectively), and Cynodon dactylon had considerable potential for As and Sb stabilization (BCF = 2.02 and 6.62, respectively). Boehmeria was capable of accumulating Sb and As in its shoots (TF = 3.12 and 4.86, respectively). Additionally, the concentration of Sb in the roots of C. dactylon reached 2209.3 mg/kg, which is the highest Sb concentration reported in a plant species to date. Our data suggest that native herbaceous plants growing in metal‐contaminated sites have phytoremediation potential.
Dendritic cell homeostasis is maintained by nonhematopoietic and T‐cell‐produced Flt3‐ligand in steady state and during immune responses
Authors: Saito Yasuyuki , Boddupalli Chandra Sekhar , Borsotti Chiara , Manz Markus G.
Published: March 2013

Lymphoid‐tissue dendritic cells (DCs) are short‐lived and need to be continuously replenished from bone marrow‐derived DC progenitor cells. Fms‐related tyrosine kinase 3 is expressed during cellular development from hematopoietic progenitors to lymphoid‐tissue DCs. Fms‐related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) is an essential, nonredundant cytokine for DC progenitor to lymphoid tissue DC differentiation and maintenance. However, which cells contribute to Flt3L production and how Flt3L cytokine levels are regulated in steady state and during immune reactions remains to be determined. Here we demonstrate that besides nonhematopoietic cells, WT T cells produce Flt3L and contribute to the generation of both classical DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs in Flt3L−/− mice. Upon stimulation in vitro, CD4+ T cells produce more Flt3L than CD8+ T cells. Moreover, in vivo stimulation of naïve OT‐II CD4+ T cells with OVA leads to increase of pre‐cDCs and cDCs in draining lymph nodes of Flt3L−/− mice in a partially Flt3L‐dependent manner. Thus, Flt3L‐mediated lymphoid tissue DC homeostasis is regulated by steady‐state T cells as well as by proliferative T cells, fostering local development of lymphoid organ resident DCs.
A crucial role for retinoic acid in the development of Notch‐dependent murine splenic CD8−CD4− and CD4+ dendritic cells
Authors: Beijer Marieke R. , Molenaar Rosalie , Goverse Gera , Mebius Reina E. , Kraal Georg , den Haan Joke M. M.
Published: March 2013

The vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid is important for the function of the adaptive immune system, but the mechanism is not completely understood. Here we show that vitamin A is essential for the generation of Notch‐dependent CD8− dendritic cells (DCs) in the spleen. We observed that CD8−CD4− (double negative (DN)) and CD4+ DCs, but not CD8+ DCs, express vitamin A regulated genes. To determine whether vitamin A levels influence splenic DC development, we generated mice that were fed a vitamin A‐deficient diet. We detected a specific reduction of CD4+ and DN DCs in the spleens of mice fed a vitamin A‐deficient diet, while pre‐DC numbers in both spleen and bone marrow were not affected. Vitamin A was specifically necessary for the development of RelBhigh, Notch‐dependent CD4+, and DN DCs. In addition, DN DCs showed reduced proliferation during vitamin A deficiency. In contrast, mice that had received a diet with increased amounts of retinoic acid showed a significant expansion of Notch‐dependent DN DCs. These data demonstrate that vitamin A stimulates the development of Notch‐dependent splenic DCs and indicate that inefficient generation of DCs may contribute to the immune deficits observed during vitamin A deficiency.
Random mutagenesis of atfA and screening for Acinetobacter baylyi mutants with an altered lipid accumulation
Authors: Röttig Annika , Steinbüchel Alexander
Published: March 2013

Acinetobacter baylyi synthesizes significant amounts of wax esters (WE) and triacylglycerols (TAG) catalyzed by wax ester synthase/acyl‐CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT or AtfA), representing the key enzyme for bacterial lipid accumulation. However, the structure and exact biochemical mechanism of AtfA could not be elucidated, yet. Therefore, a combination of random mutagenesis, screening and sequencing of atfA gene variants was conducted to gain further insights into the relationship between sequence and function of the enzyme. Several mutations could be detected which seriously diminished lipid accumulation in A. baylyi as well as AtfA activity in recombinant E. coli strains, such as Glu15Lys, Trp67Gly, Ala126Asp, Ser374Pro, or Gly378Ser/Asp. The affected residues are more or less conserved among a wide range of AtfA homologs. Especially the highly conserved pattern SNVPGP seems to be crucial, as mutations inside this pattern drastically impair enzyme activity. Furthermore, it became obvious that the C‐terminal part of AtfA is indispensable for activity, although the catalytic core is located in the N‐terminal half of the enzyme. In silico studies suggest that the C‐terminus might form a coiled‐coil fold which could putatively represent the dimerization domain.

Practical applications: WE, composed of a long‐chain acyl moiety and a fatty alcohol residue, are valuable ingredients of many commercial products like cosmetics, medical products or lubricants. However, natural sources for high‐quality WE are currently mainly restricted to the expensive oil of the jojoba plant or to carnauba wax. As A. baylyi naturally accumulates WE with a similar composition to jojoba‐oil, this organisms and the responsible acyltransferase AtfA, are of great interest regarding a sustainable biotechnological WE production. However, a lack of structural knowledge about this enzyme family currently constricts promising enzyme optimization approaches. The insights gained by random mutagenesis of AtfA can build a basis for further site‐directed mutagenesis approaches in order to optimize its activity, stability, and/or substrate range.
Batch and continuous lipase‐catalyzed interesterification of blends containing olive oil for trans‐free margarines
Authors: De Martini Soares Fabiana Andreia Schafer , Osório Natália M. , da Silva Roberta Claro , Gioielli Luiz Antonio , Ferreira‐Dias Suzana
Published: March 2013

The interesterification of natural fats can improve certain physical and nutraceutical properties by modification of their acylglycerol profile. The aim of this study was the production of structured lipids by lipase‐catalyzed interesterification of blends of palm stearin (PS), palm kernel oil (PK), and olive oil (OO), to be incorporated in margarines. Interesterification activity was evaluated by the decrease of the solid fat content at 35°C (SFC35°C) of the blends. The best interesterification conditions, found by response surface methodology (RSM), catalyzed by “Lipozyme® TL IM” or “Lipozyme® RM IM,” were 65°C and a blend of 45% w/w of PS, 30% w/w of PK, and 25% w/w of OO. Under these conditions, after 2 h of batch interesterification, the product had a SFC35°C of 3.0%. The reaction was implemented in a continuous packed‐bed bioreactor, under optimized conditions, for 226 h (“Lipozyme® TL IM”) or 188 h (“Lipozyme® RM IM”), at a residence time of 7 min. The inactivation profile of both biocatalysts followed the first‐order deactivation model: half‐lives of 88 h (“Lipozyme® TL IM”) and 60 h (“Lipozyme® RM IM”) were estimated, respectively. Free fatty acid content of continuous interesterified blends (c.a. 1% w/w) was lower than that of batch‐interesterified blends (c.a. 4–5% w/w).

Practical applications: The obtained structured lipids, with low SFC35°C, are adequate for the production of trans‐free table margarines. Using sn‐1,3 specific lipases as catalysts, the original fatty acids at sn‐2 position will be maintained with nutritional benefits. PS and PK are fats used as trans‐free sources of solid fat, for the margarine industry, which are not very sensitive to oxidation. PK, a lauric fat, imparts a fast crystallization rate and confers plasticity to the final products. The incorporation of OO will enrich the blends with natural antioxidants and oleic acid at sn‐2 position in acylglycerols. The development of response surface models, describing both final SFC values of interesterified blends and SFC decrease, will allow predicting results for novel proportions of fats and oils and/or a novel combination composition‐temperature. The implementation of the interesterification in continuous reactors promotes a faster reaction and lower acidity of interesterified blends, with benefits in terms of product separation and purification.
Genotoxicity of nanomaterials: Refining strategies and tests for hazard identification
Authors: Pfuhler Stefan , Elespuru Rosalie , Aardema Marilyn J. , Doak Shareen H. , Maria Donner E. , Honma Masamitsu , Kirsch‐Volders Micheline , Landsiedel Robert , Manjanatha Mugimane , Singer Tim , Kim James H.
Published: March 2013

A workshop addressing strategies for the genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials (NMs) was held on October 23, 2010 in Fort Worth Texas, USA. The workshop was organized by the Environmental Mutagen Society and the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute. The workshop was attended by more than 80 participants from academia, regulatory agencies, and industry from North America, Europe and Japan. A plenary session featured summaries of the current status and issues related to the testing of NMs for genotoxic properties, as well as an update on international activities and regulatory approaches. This was followed by breakout sessions and a plenary session devoted to independent discussions of in vitro assays, in vivo assays, and the need for new assays or new approaches to develop a testing strategy for NMs. Each of the standard assays was critiqued as a resource for evaluation of NMs, and it became apparent that none was appropriate without special considerations or modifications. The need for nanospecific positive controls was questioned, as was the utility of bacterial assays. The latter was thought to increase the importance of including mammalian cell gene mutation assays into the test battery. For in‐vivo testing, to inform the selection of appropriate tests or protocols, it was suggested to run repeated dose studies first to learn about disposition, potential accumulation, and possible tissue damage. It was acknowledged that mechanisms may be at play that a standard genotoxicity battery may not be able to capture. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:229–239, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ASSESSING WHETHER THERE IS A CANCER PREMIUM FOR THE VALUE OF A STATISTICAL LIFE
Authors: Viscusi W. Kip , Huber Joel , Bell Jason
Published: March 2013

This article estimates whether there is a cancer risk premium for the value of a statistical life using stated preference valuations of cancer risks for a large, nationally representative US sample. The present value of an expected cancer case that occurs after a one decade latency period is $10.85m, consistent with a cancer premium that is 21% greater than the median value of a statistical life estimates for acute fatalities. This cancer premium is smaller than the premium proposed for policy analyses in the UK and the USA. There is also a greater premium for policies that reduce cancer risks to zero and for risk reductions affecting those who perceive themselves to have a greater than average probability of having cancer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic cell patterning of photoresponsive hyaluronic acid hydrogels
Authors: Goubko Catherine A. , Basak Ajoy , Majumdar Swapan , Cao Xudong
Published: March 2013

Techniques to pattern cells on biocompatible hydrogels allow for the creation of highly controlled cell microenvironments within materials that mimic the physicochemical properties of native tissues. Such technology has the potential to further enhance our knowledge of cell biology and to play a role in the development of novel tissue engineering devices. Light is an ideal stimulus to catalyze pattern formation since it can be controlled spatially as well as temporally. Herein, we have developed and enhanced a hydrogel cell patterning strategy. It is based on photoactive caged RGDS peptides incorporated into a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel, which can be subsequently activated with near‐UV light to create cell‐adhesive regions within an otherwise non‐adhesive hydrogel. With this strategy, we have been able to pattern multiple cell populations—either in contact with one another or held apart—on an underlying chemically patterned HA hydrogel. Furthermore, the hydrogel cell pattern could be altered with time, even 2 weeks after initial seeding, to create additional adhesive regions to regulate the direction of cell growth and migration. These dynamic hydrogel cell patterns, created with a standard fluorescence microscope, were shown to be robust and lasted at least 3 weeks in vitro. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 381–391, 2014.
Quantifying cellular alignment on anisotropic biomaterial platforms
Authors: Nectow Alexander R. , Kilmer Misha E. , Kaplan David L.
Published: March 2013

How do we quantify cellular alignment? Cellular alignment is an important technique used to study and promote tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, regenerative outcomes are often strongly correlated with the efficacy of alignment, making quantitative, automated assessment an important goal for the field of tissue engineering. There currently exist various classes of algorithms, which effectively address the problem of quantifying individual cellular alignments using Fourier methods, kernel methods, and elliptical approximation; however, these algorithms often yield population distributions and are limited by their inability to yield a scalar metric quantifying the efficacy of alignment. The current work builds on these classes of algorithms by adapting the signal processing methods previously used by our group to study the alignment of cellular processes. We use an automated, ellipse‐fitting algorithm to approximate cell body alignment with respect to a silk biomaterial scaffold, followed by the application of the normalized cumulative periodogram criterion to produce a scalar value quantifying alignment. The proposed work offers a generalized method for assessing cellular alignment in complex, two‐dimensional environments. This method may also offer a novel alternative for assessing the alignment of cell types with polarity, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, as well as nuclei. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 420–428, 2014.
Surface modification of implanted cardiovascular metal stents: From antithrombosis and antirestenosis to endothelialization
Authors: Zhang Kun , Liu Tao , Li Jing‐An , Chen Jun‐Ying , Wang Jian , Huang Nan
Published: March 2013

Driven by the complications occurring with bare metal stents and drug‐eluting stents, concerns have been raised over strategies for long‐term safety, with respect to preventing or inhibiting stent thrombosis, restenosis, and in‐stent restenosis in particularly. Surface modification is very important in constructing a buffer layer at the interface of the organic and inorganic materials and in ultimately obtaining long‐term biocompatibility. In this review, we summarize the developments in surface modification of implanted cardiovascular metal stents. This review focuses on the modification of metal stents via coating drugs or biomolecules to enhance antithrombosis, antirestenosis, and/or endothelialization. In addition, we indicate the probable future work involving the modification of the metallic blood‐contacting surfaces of stents and other cardiovascular devices that are under development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 588–609, 2014.
Bio‐inspired dicalcium phosphate anhydrate/poly(lactic acid) nanocomposite fibrous scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration: In situ synthesis and electrospinning
Authors: Chae Taesik , Yang Heejae , Ko Frank , Troczynski Tom
Published: March 2013

The fundamental building blocks of hierarchically structured bone tissue are mineralized collagen fibrils with calcium phosphate nanocrystals that are biologically “engineered” through biomineralization. In this study, we demonstrate an original invention of dicalcium phosphate anhydrate (DCPA)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite nanofibers, which mimics the mineralized collagen fibrils via biomimetic in situ synthesis and electrospinning for hard tissue regenerative medicines. The interaction of the Ca2+ ions and the carbonyl groups in the PLA provides nucleation sites for DCPA during the in situ synthesis process. This resulted in the improved dispersion of DCPA nanocrystallites in the intrananoporous PLA nanofibers through electrospinning, compared to the severely agglomerated clusters of DCPA nanoparticles fabricated by conventional mechanical blending/electrospinning methods. The addition of poly(ethylene glycol), as a copolymer source, generated more stable and efficient electrospun jets and aided in the electrospinability of the PLA nanofibers incorporating the nanocrystallites. It is expected that the uniformly distributed DCPA nanocrystallites and its unique nanocomposite fibrous topography will enhance the biological performance and the structural stability of the scaffolds used for hard tissue reconstruction and regeneration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 514–522, 2014.
A 2‐D Grid Coordination Polymer with an In‐plane and Out‐of‐plane Structure Bridged by Pyrazine Spacers
Authors: Wang Wen‐Zhen , Duan Yan‐Shan , Wang Jian‐Min , Li Li‐Cun , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Ismayilov Rayyat Huseyn , Wen Yuh‐Sheng , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Peng Shie‐Ming , Zhu Yu‐Qin
Published: March 2013

A 2‐D grid copper(II) complex [Cu(μ3‐H2dpzpda)(N3)]n(ClO4)n (2) has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The copper atom in the complex is six‐coordinated in an octahedral geometry. The azide anions coordinated with copper in a 1‐end form, and the perchlorate anions are not coordinated to copper centers. The structure shows an orthogonal overlap of orbitals through the bridging pyrazine. Extensive hydrogen bonds were observed in 2D networks. Magnetic studies indicate the presence of very weak antiferromagneic coupling between copper(II) ions.
Antennal morphology of the endogean carabid genus typhlocharis (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Anillini): Description of sensilla and taxonomic implications
Authors: Pérez‐González Sergio , Zaballos Juan P.
Published: March 2013

The antennal morphology and chaetotaxy were studied in 52 species of the endogean carabid genus Typhlocharis, using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The antennae are composed of 11 antennomeres (scape, pedicel, and nine flagellomeres). We found considerable variation between species in the third antennomere, with short‐stem and long‐stem forms, and flagellomere morphology, distinguishing two morphs: rounded (subovoid, subspheric and subquadrate, morph 1) and reniform shapes (morph 2). Antennal sensilla are grouped in six types of sensilla trichodea, three types of sensilla
basiconica, one type of sensilla
coeloconica, and one type of sensilla campaniformia. The distribution of sensilla along the antennomeres is described. The “rings” of trichoid sensilla in the antennomere body are affected by its shape and there is interspecific variation in the pattern of sensilla coeloconica in antennomere 11°, a novelty for the genus. The types of sensilla found in Typhlocharis are compared to those described in other Carabidae and the potential functionality and taxonomic interest of those variable antennal features are discussed. A correlation between the flagellomere morphology and the presence/absence of a stridulatory organ is suggested. The study also allowed comparing the observation of antennal features by SEM and light microscopy. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The pullback of a theta divisor to \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}${\overline{\mathcal {M}}_{g,n}}$\end{document}
Authors: Müller Fabian
Published: March 2013

We compute the class of a divisor on \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\overline{\mathcal {M}}_{g,n}$\end{document} given as the closure of the locus of smooth pointed curves [C; x1, …, xn] for which ∑djxj has an effective representative, where the dj's are integers summing up to g − 1, not all positive. The techniques used are a vector bundle computation, a pushdown argument reducing the number of marked points, and the method of test curves.
Why do we need drugs to treat the patient with obesity?
Authors: Bray George A.
Published: March 2013

Objective:

Obesity is a public health problem, which increases the risk of chronic diseases and mortality. Weight loss can reduce mortality and improve most of the detrimental health consequences of obesity.

Design and Methods:

This paper was developed from two presentations to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which has responsibility for reviewing and approving drugs to treat obesity.

Results:

A weight loss of 5% or more is sufficient to significantly reduce health risks in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Slightly more weight loss (16% on average, achieved by surgery) reduces mortality. The goal of medicating for obesity is to help more patients achieve more weight loss. A barrier to drug approval has been the concern that weight loss medications might be used by individuals with little or no health risks, thus mandating a low side effect profile for approval of any drug. This limits the options for patients who have obesity‐related health problems that could improve with weight loss. Recently the FDA signaled interest in identifying health benefits in higher risk patients that might justify medications with higher risk; however, the potential impact on a large segment of the population has led the FDA to consider requiring a cardiovascular outcome trial for all obesity medications, either prior to or after approval.

Conclusion:

This review argues that drugs are needed for obesity because they enhance behaviorally induced weight loss and that new medications for obesity are needed in the approval process.
Alcohol consumption and alcohol problems after bariatric surgery in the swedish obese subjects study
Authors: Svensson Per‐Arne , Anveden Åsa , Romeo Stefano , Peltonen Markku , Ahlin Sofie , Burza Maria Antonella , Carlsson Björn , Jacobson Peter , Lindroos Anna‐Karin , Lönroth Hans , Maglio Cristina , Näslund Ingmar , Sjöholm Kajsa , Wedel Hans , Söderpalm Bo , Sjöström Lars , Carlsson Lena M.S.
Published: March 2013

Objective

Increased sensitivity to alcohol after gastric bypass has been described. The aim of this study was to investigate whether bariatric surgery is associated with alcohol problems.

Design and Methods

The prospective, controlled Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study enrolled 2,010 obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery (68% vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG), 19% banding, and 13% gastric bypass) and 2,037 matched controls. Patients were recruited between 1987 and 2001. Data on alcohol abuse diagnoses, self‐reported alcohol consumption, and alcohol problems were obtained from the National Patient Register and questionnaires. Follow‐up time was 8‐22 years.

Results

During follow‐up, 93.1% of the surgery patients and 96.0% of the controls reported alcohol consumption classified as low risk by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, compared to controls, the gastric bypass group had increased risk of alcohol abuse diagnoses (adjusted hazard ratio [adjHR] = 4.97), alcohol consumption at least at the WHO medium risk level (adjHR = 2.69), and alcohol problems (adjHR = 5.91). VBG increased the risk of these conditions with adjHRs of 2.23, 1.52, and 2.30, respectively, while banding was not different from controls.

Conclusions

Alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, and alcohol abuse are increased after gastric bypass and VBG.
Carbohydrate nutrition and development of adiposity during adolescence
Authors: Gopinath Bamini , Flood Victoria M. , Rochtchina Elena , Baur Louise A. , Louie Jimmy Chun Yu , Smith Wayne , Mitchell Paul
Published: March 2013

Objective

To examine the prospective association between glycemic index, glycemic load (GL) of diets and intakes of carbohydrates, sugars, fiber, and the main carbohydrate containing food groups (e.g., soft drinks) with changes in percent body fat, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference among adolescents.

Design and Methods

Students aged 12 at baseline (n = 856) were examined both in 2004‐2005 and 2009‐2011. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered. Anthropometric parameters were measured and defined using standardized protocols.

Results

After multivariable adjustment, in girls, each 1‐SD increase in dietary GL was associated with concurrent 0.77 kg/m2 and 1.45 cm increase in BMI and waist circumference, respectively (both P = 0.01). Conversely, each 1‐SD increase in dietary fiber intake was associated with a concurrent 0.44 kg/m2 decrease in mean BMI in girls (P = 0.02) and 1.45 cm decrease in waist circumference in boys (P = 0.002). Girls who consumed soft drinks once or more per day versus those who never/rarely consumed soft drinks, had a 4.45% increase in percent body fat after 5 years (Ptrend = 0.01).

Conclusions

High‐GL foods might adversely influence development of body composition, particularly in girls, whereas fiber‐rich diets could limit excess weight during adolescence.
Adiponectin and visceral fat associate with cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Matsushita Yumi , Nakagawa Toru , Yamamoto Shuichiro , Kato Takanori , Ouchi Takanori , Kikuchi Nobuko , Takahashi Yoshihiko , Yokoyama Tetsuji , Mizoue Tetsuya , Noda Mitsuhiko
Published: March 2013

Objective: To examine the combined effect of CT‐measured visceral fat area (VFA) and adiponectin level against the clustering of metabolic risk factors.

Design and Methods: The subjects were 6,996 Japanese. The subjects were divided according to the combinations of VFA and adiponectin level quartiles and the odds ratio for multiple risk factors of metabolic syndrome were calculated (adjusted for age and lifestyle factors using logistic regression analyses). Group with the lowest VFA and the highest adiponectin level was used as a reference. The correlation between adiponectin level and each metabolic risk factor was evaluated.

Results: The strongest correlation was observed between adiponectin level and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (r = 0.369 and 0.439 for men and women). Both VFA and adiponectin level were independently associated with the clustering of metabolic risk factors (interaction P = 0.58 and 0.11 for men and women). The odds ratio for the clustering of metabolic risk factors in the group with the highest VFA and the lowest adiponectin level, compared with the group with the lowest VFA and the highest adiponectin level, was 12.7 (9.7‐16.6) for men and 13.5 (6.0‐30.2) for women.

Conclusion: The ability to detect metabolic syndrome could be improved by examining adiponectin level in conjunction with VFA.
Antagonism byGanoderma lucidumPolysaccharides Against the Suppression by Culture Supernatants of B16F10 Melanoma Cells on Macrophage
Authors: Lu Jie , Sun Li‐Xin , Lin Zhi‐Bin , Duan Xin‐Suo , Ge Zhi‐Hua , Xing En‐Hong , Lan Tian‐Fei , Yang Ning , Li Xue‐Jun , Li Min , Li Wei‐Dong
Published: March 2013

It is well‐documented that macrophages have the functions to regulate antitumor immune response. Antitumor response can be launched by a series of events, starting with inflammation mediated by monocyte/macrophages, which stimulates natural killer and dendritic cells and finally activates the cytotoxic lymphoid system. Monocytes/macrophages may be the first line of defense in tumors. However, specific and nonspecific immunotherapy for human cancer has shown no success or limited success in clinical trials. Part of the reasons attribute to tumor‐derived soluble factors that suppress functions of immune cells or induce apoptosis of these cells, including macrophages. Therefore, antagonism of the suppression on the macrophages is an important goal for tumor immunotherapy. To achieve this purpose,Ganoderma lucidumpolysaccharides (Gl‐PS) with multiple bioactivities were used on mouse peritoneal macrophages incubating with culture supernatants of B16F10 melanoma cells (B16F10‐CS). It was shown that the viability, phagocytic activity, NO production, TNF‐α production and activity in peritoneal macrophages after activation by lipopolysaccharide were suppressed by B16F10‐CS, while the suppressions were fully or partially antagonized byGl‐PS. In conclusion, B16F10‐CS is suppressive to the viability, phagocytic activity, NO production, TNF‐α production and activity in peritoneal macrophages whileGl‐PS had the antagonistic effects against this suppression, suggesting this potential ofGl‐PS to facilitate cancer immunotherapy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic reflectometry as in‐operando method for thickness determination of anodic oxide films on titanium
Authors: Schneider M. , Langklotz U. , Michaelis A.
Published: March 2013

The present work focuses on the development of an in‐operando technique based on the visible spectroscopic reflectometry (VSR) for simultaneous determination of the oxide film formation during anodizing. The establishment of the VSR as in‐operando technique requires an extensive validation by comparative in‐situ but non‐operando thickness measurements under aqueous conditions. The investigations were carried out on anodic oxide films on pure titanium. The authors demonstrate the VSR as a simple and robust method for measurement under electrolyte covering. Additionally, an empirical correction algorithm extends the limitation of the visible reflectometry in thin film thickness. Reliable film thickness values can be measured down to ≥5 nm. The in‐operando mode yields additional information about the film growth time resolved. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Polymeric Nanoprobes with Improved Lifetime Dynamic Range and Stability for Intracellular Oxygen Sensing
Authors: Liu Heng , Yang Hui , Hao Xian , Xu Haijiao , Lv Yi , Xiao Debao , Wang Hongda , Tian Zhiyuan
Published: March 2013

A class of core‐shell nanoparticles possessing a layer of biocompatible shell and hydrophobic core with embedded oxygen‐sensitive platinum‐porphyrin (PtTFPP) dyes is developed via a radical‐initiated microemulsion co‐polymerization strategy. The influences of host matrices and the PtTFPP incorporation manner on the photophysical properties and the oxygen‐sensing performance of the nanoparticles are investigated. Self‐loading capability with cells and intracellular‐oxygen‐sensing ability of the as‐prepared nanoparticle probes in the range 0%–20% oxygen concentration are confirmed. Polymeric nanoparticles with optimized formats are characterized by their relatively small diameter (<50 nm), core‐shell structures with biocompatible shells, covalent‐attachment‐imparted leak‐free construction, improved lifetime dynamic range (up to 44 μs), excellent storage stability and photostability, and facile cell uptake. The nanoparticles’ small sensor diameter and core‐shell structure with biocompatible shell make them suitable for intracellular detection applications. For intracellular detection applications, the leak‐free feature of the as‐prepared nanoparticle sensor effectively minimizes potential chemical interferences and cytotoxicity. As a salient feature, improved lifetime dynamic range of the sensor is expected to enable precise oxygen detection and control in specific practical applications in stem‐cell biology and medical research. Such a feature‐packed nanoparticle oxygen sensor may find applications in precise oxygen‐level mapping of living cells and tissue.
A Review of Carbon Nanotube‐ and Graphene‐Based Flexible Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Sun Dong‐Ming , Liu Chang , Ren Wen‐Cai , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: March 2013

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene have attracted great attention for numerous applications for future flexible electronics, owing to their supreme properties including exceptionally high electronic conductivity and mechanical strength. Here, the progress of CNT‐ and graphene‐based flexible thin‐film transistors from material preparation, device fabrication techniques to transistor performance control is reviewed. State‐of‐the‐art fabrication techniques of thin‐film transistors are divided into three categories: solid‐phase, liquid‐phase, and gas‐phase techniques, and possible scale‐up approaches to achieve realistic production of flexible nanocarbon‐based transistors are discussed. In particular, the recent progress in flexible all‐carbon nanomaterial transistor research is highlighted, and this all‐carbon strategy opens up a perspective to realize extremely flexible, stretchable, and transparent electronics with a relatively low‐cost and fast fabrication technique, compared to traditional rigid silicon, metal and metal oxide electronics.
Determination of the Al content in aluminum‐modified SiO2 stationary phases using X‐ray scattering spectroscopy
Authors: Goraieb Karen , Chiaradia Mariza C. , Collins Kenneth E. , Collins Carol H. , Bueno Maria Izabel M. S.
Published: March 2013

This paper describes the determination of aluminum in the presence of silica using a method based on X‐ray scattering spectrometry coupled with chemometric tools (principal component analysis and partial least squares) that treat samples according to their Al concentrations.

Samples were prepared by mixing Al and Si oxides. X‐ray spectra of all samples, including pure oxides of aluminum and silicon, were submitted to the chemometric tools. Principal component analysis results show that it is possible to classify three subgroups of Al (low, medium and high Al content), whereas partial least squares 1 was used to construct calibration and cross‐validation models for Al in the presence of Si.

The method is simple, fast, does not require sample dissolution prior to analysis, is of low cost and can be applied as a routine procedure. The method was used to quantify Al in some chromatographic stationary phases covered with a layer of Al2O3. Good correlations with low errors were obtained. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heavy-quarkonium suppression in p-A collisions from parton energy loss in cold QCD matter
Authors: Arleo François , Peigné Stéphane
Published: March 2013

Abstract

The effects of parton energy loss in cold nuclear matter on heavy-quarkonium suppression in p-A collisions are studied. It is shown from first principles that at large quarkonium energy E and small production angle in the nucleus rest frame, the medium-induced energy loss scales as E. Using this result, a phenomenological model depending on a single free parameter is able to reproduce J/ψ and Υ suppression data in a broad x

F
-range and at various center-of-mass energies. These results strongly support energy loss as the dominant effect in heavy-quarkonium suppression in p-A collisions. Predictions for J/ψ and Υ suppression in p-Pb collisions at the LHC are made. It is argued that parton energy loss scaling as E should generally apply to hadron production in p-A collisions, such as light hadron or open charm production.
Search and Analysis of Identical Reverse Octapeptides in Unrelated Proteins
Authors: Saravanan Konda Mani , Selvaraj Samuel
Published: March 2013

For the past few decades, intensive studies have been carried out in an attempt to understand how the amino acid sequences of proteins encode their three dimensional structures to perform their specific functions. In order to understand the sequence-structure relationship of proteins, several sub-sequence search studies in non-redundant sequence-structure databases have been undertaken which have given some fruitful clues. In our earlier work, we analyzed a set of 3124 non-redundant protein sequences from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and retrieved 30 identical octapeptides having different secondary structures. These octapeptides were characterized by using different computational procedures. This prompted us to explore the presence of octapeptides with reverse sequences and to analyze whether these octapeptides would adopt similar structures as that of their parent octapeptides. Our identical reverse octapeptide search resulted in the finding of eight octapeptide pairs (octapeptide and reverse octapeptide) with similar secondary structure and 23 octapeptide pairs with different secondary structures. In the present work, the geometrical and biophysical characteristics of identical reverse octapeptides were explored and compared with unrelated octapeptide pairs by using various computational tools. We thus conclude that proteins containing identical reverse octapeptides are not very abundant and residues in the octapeptide pairs do not contribute to the stability of the protein. Furthermore, compared to unrelated octapeptides, identical reverse octapeptides do not show certain biophysical and geometrical properties.
Are two better than one? A novel double‐mutant KIT in GIST that responds to Imatinib
Authors: Conca Elena , Miranda Claudia , Col Valentina Dal , Fumagalli Elena , Pelosi Giuseppe , Mazzoni Mara , Fermeglia Maurizio , Laurini Erik , Pierotti Marco A. , Pilotti Silvana , Greco Angela , Pricl Sabrina , Tamborini Elena
Published: March 2013

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors carry in about 85% of the cases activating mutations in KIT gene. Generally only one KIT mutation is found in primary tumors and the majority of mutations affecting KIT exon 11 is sensitive to Imatinib.

We report upon a GIST case harboring a double‐mutant KIT gene at exon 11, which expresses a receptor bearing the known activating W557G mutation and a newly discovered missense Y578C alteration. The relative affinities for ATP and Imatinib of each single (W557G, Y578C) and double (W557G/Y578C) mutant KITs were predicted by in silico studies (computer‐based molecular simulations), and compared with those obtained for known Imatinib sensitive and resistant KIT mutants. In parallel, biochemical analysis of the single and double KIT mutants expressed in mammalian cells was performed. Both the in‐silico/in‐vitro investigations showed constitutive activation and sensitivity to Imatinib of the yet mentioned Y578C mutation as well as of the double mutant, providing evidence that the concomitant presence of the W557G and Y578C mutations does not affect Imatinib response compare to the single mutations, in line with what observed in Imatinib treated patient.
Electrodiagnosis of Plexopathy
Authors: Strakowski Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2013

Electrodiagnostic evaluation of the brachial and lumbosacral plexus can be challenging even to an experienced practitioner. Detailed attention to anatomy and correlation with the history and physical examination results are needed to have a comprehensive differential diagnosis and to develop reliable conclusions. Electrophysiologic techniques, when applied appropriately, provide invaluable functional information after a plexus injury. Electrodiagnostic evaluation of a plexus injury should be systematic and comprehensive to provide the maximum precision for localization, extent of involvement, and severity of injury.
Less Common Upper Limb Mononeuropathies
Authors: Williams Faren H. , Kumiga Bryan
Published: March 2013

This article will focus on the less commonly injured nerves of the upper extremity. These nerves may be involved when trauma results in fractures, dislocations, or swelling with resultant nerve compression. Tumors and ganglions can also compress nerves, causing pain and, over time, demyelination or axon degeneration with weakness. Other mechanisms for upper limb nerve injury include participation in high‐level sports, that is, those that generate torque about the arm and shoulder, abnormal stresses about the joints and muscles, or muscle hypertrophy, which may result in nerve injury. The goals of this review are to discuss the clinical presentation and possible causes of upper extremity nerve entrapments and to formulate an electrodiagnostic plan for evaluation. Descriptions of the appropriate nerve conduction studies or needle electromyographic protocols are included for specific nerves. The purpose of the electrodiagnostic examination is to evaluate the degree of nerve injury, axon loss over time, and later, evidence for reinnervation to assist with prognostication. The latter has implications for management of the neuropathy, including the type of exercises and therapy that may be indicated to help maintain the stability and motion of the involved joint(s) and promote strengthening over time as the nerve regenerates.
The efficacy of the probiotic feed additive Calsporin® (Bacillus subtilis C-3102) in broilers: combined analysis of four different studies
Authors: Marubashi T. , Gracia M. I. , Esteve-Garcia E. , Piskoríková M.
Published: March 2013

The efficacy of the probiotic feed additive, Calsporin® (CAL; Bacillus subtilis C-3102), included in broiler diets at 50 mg/kg was evaluated using statistical meta-analysis of data from four different studies conducted using broilers from day-old to market weight at 42 days of age. The body weight, average daily gain, feed intake, feed to gain ratio, mortality and European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) data from each experiment were tested for homogeneity between trials before being pooled and analysed in combination to determine whether benefits were consistent independent of trial site and conditions. CAL supplementation significantly improved weight gain (P = 0.0037) between 1 and 21 days of age (3.3%) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.0492) between 22 and 42 days of age (3.0%). Over the entire experimental period (day 1 to day 42 of age), broilers fed the CAL diets had significantly better (P = 0.0142) feed conversion (2.6%) and higher (P = 0.0062) EPEF (4.6%) compared to the controls. Birds fed diets supplemented with CAL were 1.6% heavier than controls at 42 days of age, a near-significant trend (P = 0.0558). The results demonstrated that CAL in broiler diets, added at an inclusion rate of 50 mg/kg, can be beneficial in terms of broiler performance.