bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suizidbeihilfe bei chronischer, therapierefraktärer Depression im Pflegeheim?
Authors: Wettstein
Published: May 2010

Ein 75-jähriger Witwer litt trotz jahrzehntelanger Lithium- und Antidepressivatherapie unter einer lang anhaltenden Depression mit rezidivierenden Episoden von schweren Depressionen. Daneben zeigte er eine mittelschwere chronische sensomotorische Neuropathie und einen Diabetes mellitus. Anlässlich einer Hospitalisation konnten Angstsymptome, nicht aber die anhaltende schwere Depression verbessert werden, und der Patient wurde in ein Pflegezentrum verlegt. Seit längerem hatte der Patient wiederholt den Wunsch nach Suizidbegleitung geäusserte und bereits eine Sterbehilfeorganisation kontaktiert. Zwei Psychiater bestätigen unabhängig voneinander die Urteilsfähigkeit bezüglich des Suizidentscheides, ein dritter Psychiater verneinte diese und beurteilte den Suizidwunsch als Teil der schweren Depression. Entsprechend der lokalen Jurisdiktion musste der Patient zum begleiteten Suizid aus dem Pflegezentrum austreten. Eine Zwangshospitalisation zur Verhinderung des Suizides wurde aus Respekt auf den dokumentiert anhaltenden Sterbewunsch und wegen der schlechten Prognose bezüglich der Depression abgelehnt. Ethische und rechtliche Fragen im Zusammenhang mit dem geschilderten Fall werden diskutiert.
Zonal differences in phosphorus pools, turnover and deficiency across the tropical North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Sohm Jill A. , Capone Douglas G.
Published: May 2010

The oceanic phosphorus (P) cycle is often overlooked in biogeochemical studies because it is dominated by geological processes. However, recent reports indicate that some oceanic regimes are P limited; thus an evaluation of the P pools and the biological cycling of P is warranted in these locations. The subtropical and tropical North Atlantic is one area proposed to be P deficient. A cruise across a wide swath of the tropical North Atlantic (∼25–60°W and 0–15°N) allowed us to investigate spatial differences in these parameters, including in waters influenced by the Amazon River plume. The majority of the total P pool was present as dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP, ∼80%), with soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and particulate organic phosphorus (POP) comprising much smaller fractions. Concentrations of both SRP and POP were elevated in areas influenced by the Amazon River, while DOP was not. The turnover time of the PO43− pool was more rapid on the western side of the basin (<10 h) and slower to the east (>100 h). Fast turnover times are indicative of P deficiency, and the observed trend suggests an east to west increase in P deficiency in the tropical North Atlantic. The maximal PO43− uptake rate (Vmax) of Trichodesmium spp., a well‐studied nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterium, also indicates higher P deficiency in the western compared to eastern basin. These data support the hypothesis that P could be an important nutrient limiting certain biological processes in the North Atlantic, although it may be spatially (as well as temporally) variable in this basin.
Global river nutrient export: A scenario analysis of past and future trends
Authors: Seitzinger S. P. , Mayorga E. , Bouwman A. F. , Kroeze C. , Beusen A. H. W. , Billen G. , Van Drecht G. , Dumont E. , Fekete B. M. , Garnier J. , Harrison J. A.
Published: May 2010

An integrated modeling approach was used to connect socioeconomic factors and nutrient management to river export of nitrogen, phosphorus, silica and carbon based on an updated Global NEWS model. Past trends (1970–2000) and four future scenarios were analyzed. Differences among the scenarios for nutrient management in agriculture were a key factor affecting the magnitude and direction of change of future DIN river export. In contrast, connectivity and level of sewage treatment and P detergent use were more important for differences in DIP river export. Global particulate nutrient export was calculated to decrease for all scenarios, in part due to increases in dams for hydropower. Small changes in dissolved silica and dissolved organics were calculated for all scenarios at the global scale. Population changes were an important underlying factor for river export of all nutrients in all scenarios. Substantial regional differences were calculated for all nutrient elements and forms. South Asia alone accounted for over half of the global increase in DIN and DIP river export between 1970 and 2000 and in the subsequent 30 years under the Global Orchestration scenario (globally connected with reactive approach to environmental problems); DIN river export decreased in the Adapting Mosaic (globally connected with proactive approach) scenario by 2030, although DIP continued to increase. Risks for coastal eutrophication will likely continue to increase in many world regions for the foreseeable future due to both increases in magnitude and changes in nutrient ratios in river export.
A diurnal‐cycle resolving sea surface temperature product for the tropical Atlantic
Authors: Marullo S. , Santoleri R. , Banzon V. , Evans R. H. , Guarracino M.
Published: May 2010

This paper focuses on the problem of generating sea surface temperature (SST) fields that resolve the diurnal cycle for modeling applications, using the tropical Atlantic Ocean as a test site. Our approach was to take advantage of geostationary satellite observations as the diurnal signal source to produce gap‐free optimally interpolated (OI) SST fields. The OI schema merges microwave data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) and infrared data from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) to produce diurnal optimally interpolated SST (DOISST) maps every 3 h on a 25 km grid combining the capability of AMSR to provide nearly bias‐free daily SST estimates with the opportunity offered by SEVIRI to monitor the evolution of the SST over the day. Comparison of the SEVIRI data (distributed by the Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (SAF)) with in situ buoy measurements (Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic) revealed a SAF spatial bias that was greater north of the equator than to the south. This was further confirmed using the Coriolis data set that showed a wide band of SAF high bias values (>0.6 K) which extended diagonally (NW → SE) across the tropical Atlantic. In contrast, the AMSR bias pattern was essentially flat (<0.2 K), justifying its use as a reference field to compute the SAF adjustment and to further investigate the spatial‐temporal variability of the SAF bias. Analysis of the SAF‐AMSR difference revealed strong similarities to ITCZ‐related patterns observed in aerosol, columnar water vapor, and wind fields. Due to the bias dependence on atmospheric factors that have pronounced spatial variability and short time scales, the adjustment needs to be performed daily.
Assessing the potential of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) surface temperature and specific humidity in turbulent heat flux estimates in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Dong Shenfu , Gille Sarah T. , Sprintall Janet , Fetzer Eric J.
Published: May 2010

Surface air temperature (TA), sea surface temperature (TO), and surface specific humidity (qa) satellite retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) are compared with shipboard measurements across Drake Passage for the period from September 2002 to June 2007. The objective is to evaluate whether AIRS retrievals, in conjunction with microwave sea surface temperatures from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSRE), can provide sufficiently accurate parameters to estimate sensible and latent heat fluxes in the data‐limited Southern Ocean. The collocated data show that both AIRS TA and TO are colder than those from shipboard measurements, with a time mean bias of −2.03°C for TA and −0.22°C for TO. Results show that air‐sea temperature difference (TA − TO), qa, and relative humidity (RH) are the major factors contributing to the differences between satellite and shipboard temperature measurements. Differences in AIRS and shipboard TA (ΔTA) decrease with increasing TA − TO, and ΔTA increases with increasing RH, whereas differences in AIRS and shipboard TO (ΔTO) increase with both increasing TA − TO and increasing qa. The time mean qa from AIRS is lower than the shipboard qa by 0.69 g/kg. Statistical analyses suggest that TA − TO, cloud, and qa are the major contributors to the qa difference (Δqa). Δqa becomes more negative with increasing TA − TO and increasing cloud fraction. Δqa also becomes more negative as qa increases. Compared with TA, TO, and TA − TO, from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis (NCEP), AIRS‐derived and AMSRE‐derived variables show more small‐scale spatial structure, as is also typical of the ship observations. Although AIRS qa gives a better representation of the full range of values of shipboard qa, its deviation from shipboard qa is relatively large compared to NCEP qa. Compared with several existing gridded flux products, turbulent fluxes estimated from AIRS and AMSRE data using bulk algorithms are better able to represent the full range of flux values estimated from shipboard parameters.
Seismic heterogeneity and small‐scale convection in the southern California upper mantle
Authors: Schmandt Brandon , Humphreys Eugene
Published: May 2010

We invert traveltime residuals of teleseismic P and S phases for 3‐D perturbations in VP, VS, and VP/VS structures in the southern California upper mantle. The tomographic inversion uses frequency‐dependent 3‐D sensitivity kernels to interpret traveltime residuals measured in multiple frequency bands and recent advances in regional crustal thickness and velocity models to better isolate the mantle component of traveltime residuals. In addition to separate VP and VS tomography, we jointly invert the P and S data sets for VP/VS perturbations by imposing a smoothness constraint on the δlnVS/δlnVP field. The regional upper mantle is very heterogeneous with the greatest amplitude of velocity and VP/VS perturbations in the upper 200 km and mantle structures that correlate spatially with the major physiographic provinces of southern California. Our imaging improves the resolution of the geometry and amplitude of these features. In addition to the major structures imaged and discussed in previous papers, we find a large high‐velocity anomaly at depths between ∼340 and 500 km beneath the Borderland, Transverse Ranges, and northern Peninsular Ranges. This anomaly is separate from the well‐known uppermost mantle Transverse Ranges anomaly, which extends no deeper than ∼175–200 km. The strongest low‐velocity, high VP/VS anomaly is found beneath and west of the Salton Trough and is attributed to relatively high partial melt in the asthenosphere as a result of lithospheric thinning. The magnitudes of VP, VS, and VP/VS perturbations and knowledge of regional 1‐D velocity and attenuation lead us to conclude that the asthenosphere contains up to ∼1% partial melt extending to depths as great as 150–200 km.
Survival of majoritic garnet in diamond by direct kimberlite ascent from deep mantle
Authors: Nishi Masayuki , Kubo Tomoaki , Kato Takumi , Tominaga Aiko , Shimojuku Akira , Doi Naoko , Funakoshi Ken‐ichi , Higo Yuji
Published: May 2010

Majoritic garnets discovered as diamond inclusion in several localities originated from the deep upper mantle or the mantle transition zone. Some of them show evidence of partial transformation to low‐pressure phases of pyropic garnet and clinopyroxene during transportation to the Earth's surface. The degree of partial transformation can be used potentially as a unique speedometer on the average ascent rate of diamond through the entire upper mantle. Here we present experimental results on the back transformation kinetics of majoritic garnet into pyropic garnet and clinopyroxene by time‐resolved in‐situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction measurements. We observed that back transformation occurs by grain‐boundary nucleation and diffusion‐controlled growth at 6.5–7.5 GPa and 1020–1300°C. The transformation mechanisms are similar to those observed in natural diamond. The temperature dependence of diffusion‐controlled growth rates were determined from the kinetic data obtained, which was used to constrain the survival time of majoritic garnet in diamond. We found that the ascending velocity in the normal mantle convection is far too slow to satisfy the time limitation for the survival of majoritic garnet, indicating that such diamonds have been transported directly from the deep mantle by the rapid kimberlite magma within a few days.
Viscosity in transition zone and lower mantle: Implications for slab penetration
Authors: Quinteros J. , Sobolev S. V. , Popov A. A.
Published: May 2010

The evolution of a subducting slab is strongly influenced by the viscosity of the mantle which it overlies. However, there is still no consensus about the viscosity in the transition zone and shallower lower mantle. We use a numerical self‐consistent subduction model and run a set of experiments in order to find critical patterns of viscosity that would allow the evolution of the different subduction styles that can actually be found in nature. Our results show that a jump in viscosity of ∼5 times from transition zone to lower mantle gives the most reasonable results. Optimal values of viscosity in the transition zone are in the range of 3 * 1020–1021 Pa s. Higher values would produce piling up of the slab and later sinking or even slab flattening. Lower viscosities result in velocities (>30 cm/yr) that are too high, while the new slab subducts through the upper mantle and transition zone, a phenomenon that is rarely seen in nature. Reduction of the Clapeyron slope, related to the spinel‐perovskite transition, variations in oceanic crustal thickness and in the age of the slab do not influence much the style of subduction. When overriding velocity is applied to the upper plate, the previously penetrating slab tends to lay at the 660 km boundary but does not substantially change the subduction velocity.
The EuropaBio approach to general surveillance for cultivation of GM crops
Authors: Wandelt Christine , Alcalde Esteban , Hayter Katrina , Legris Gaston , Patterson Beth , Tinland Bruno , Windels Pieter
Published: May 2010

The objective of general surveillance is to identify the occurrence of unanticipated adverse effects of GM crops on human health or the environment that were not covered in the environmental risk assessment. EuropaBio is harmonizing an approach to non-hypothesis driven post-market environmental monitoring relating to the cultivation of different GM crops, comprising a farmer questionnaire, existing surveillance systems as well as other data sources. As an unanticipated adverse effect is most likely to occur where the level of environmental exposure is highest, general surveillance focuses on the agricultural environment and those agronomic zones that are representative of commercial GM crop cultivation. The farmer questionnaire is one element of the general surveillance approach, and is largely based on routine observations by farmers cultivating GM crops. It aims at recording data and observations capturing the interaction of one GM event with the agricultural environment. Due to its modular structure, the farmer questionnaire can be used for different GM crops and traits as well as combinations of traits. Existing surveillance systems, which are not GM crop focused, are another element of the harmonized approach to general surveillance and provide information based on e.g. plant health and soil surveys, ecological and environmental observations. The aforementioned elements, in association with the assessment of results from research projects published in peer reviewed publications relating to the environmental safety of GM crops, individual company stewardship activities and issue alerts complete the EuropaBio approach which should allow for the identification of any potential adverse effects arising from the presence of GM crops.
Local environment and valence state of iron in microinclusions in fibrous diamonds: X-ray Absorption and Mössbauer data
Authors: Shiryaev Andrei
Published: May 2010

Iron valence state and local environment in a set of fibrous diamonds from Brazilian and Zairean placers were investigated using X-ray Absorption and Mössbauer spectroscopies. It is shown that the diamonds could be divided into two main groups, differing in the type of dominant Fe-bearing inclusions. In the first group Fe is mostly trivalent and is present in octahedral coordination; diamonds from the second group contain a mixture of Fe^2+^ and Fe^3+^, most likely with Fe^2+^ in dodecahedral coordination. A few other diamonds contain iron in a more reduced state: the presence of metallic Fe and Fe~3~O~4~ is inferred from XAS measurements. Spatially resolved XANES and Mössbauer measurements on polished diamond plates show that in some cases the Fe valence state may change considerably between the core and rim, whereas in other cases Fe speciation and valence remain constant. It is shown that Fe valence does not correlate with water and/or carbonate content or ratio, suggesting that iron is a minor element in the growth medium of fibrous diamonds and plays a passive role. This study suggests that, when present, evolution of the C isotopic composition with diamond growth is largely due to changes in chemistry of the growth medium and not due to variations of fO~2~.
Electron holography study of the local magnetic switching process in magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Javon E. , Gatel C. , Masseboeuf A. , Snoeck E.
Published: May 2010

We present an electron holography experiment enabling the local and quantitative study of magnetic properties in magnetic tunnel junction. The junction was fully characterized during the switching process and each possible magnetic configuration was highlighted with magnetic induction maps. No magnetic coupling was found between the two layers. We plot a local hysteresis loop that was compared with magnetometry measurement at the macroscopic scale confirming the validity of the local method.
Direct measurement of the spin polarization of Co2FeAl in combination with MgO tunnel barriers
Authors: Schebaum Oliver , Ebke Daniel , Niemeyer Andrea , Reiss Günter , Moodera Jagadeesh S. , Thomas Andy
Published: May 2010

It is a truth universally acknowledged that a Heusler compound in possession of a good order must be in want of a high spin polarization. In the present work, we investigated the spin polarization of the Heusler compound Co2FeAl by spin polarized tunneling through a MgO barrier into a superconducting Al–Si electrode. The measured spin polarization of P=55% is in good agreement with the previously obtained tunnel magnetoresistance values and compared to the data by other groups.
Phase formation, phonon behavior, and magnetic properties of novel ferromagnetic La3BAlMnO9 (B=Co or Ni) triple perovskites
Authors: Singh M. P. , Truong K. D. , Jandl S. , Fournier P.
Published: May 2010

In the quest for novel magnetoelectric materials, we have stabilized La3BAlMnO9 (B=Co or Mn) in thin film form. We studied the influence of the growth parameters that promote B/Al/Mn ordering in the pseudocubic unit cell and their impact on the functional and coupled properties. Compared to La2BMnO6, it is observed that the insertion of AlO6 octahedra between BO6 and MnO6 suppresses significantly strength of the superexchange interaction and coupled properties.
Circular dichroism in the electron microscope: Progress and applications (invited)
Authors: Schattschneider P. , Ennen I. , Löffler S. , Stöger-Pollach M. , Verbeeck J.
Published: May 2010

According to theory, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism in a synchrotron is equivalent to energy loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD) in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). After a synopsis of the development of EMCD, the theoretical background is reviewed and recent results are presented, focusing on the study of magnetic nanoparticles for ferrofluids and Heusler alloys for spintronic devices. Simulated maps of the dichroic strength as a function of atom position in the crystal allow evaluating the influence of specimen thickness and sample tilt on the experimental EMCD signal. Finally, the possibility of direct observation of chiral electronic transitions with atomic resolution in a TEM is discussed.
Nanoscale chemical state analysis of resistance random access memory device reacting with Ti
Authors: Shima Hisashi , Nakano Takashi , Akinaga Hiro
Published: May 2010

The thermal stability of the resistance random access memory material in the reducing atmosphere at the elevated temperature was improved by the addition of Ti. The unipolar resistance switching before and after the postdeposition annealing (PDA) process at 400 °C was confirmed in Pt/CoO/Ti(5 nm)/Pt device, while the severe degradation of the initial resistance occurs in the Pt/CoO/Pt and Pt/CoO/Ti(50 nm)/Pt devices. By investigating the chemical bonding states of Co, O, and Ti using electron energy loss spectroscopy combined with transmission electron microscopy, it was revealed that excess Ti induces the formation of metallic Co, while the thermal stability was improved by trace Ti. Moreover, it was indicated that the filamentary conduction path can be thermally induced after PDA in the oxide layer by analyzing electrical properties of the degraded devices. The adjustment of the reducing elements is quite essential in order to participate in their profits.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the ice temperature dependence of water ice photodesorption
Authors: Arasa C. , Andersson S. , Cuppen H. M. , van Dishoeck E. F. , Kroes G.-J.
Published: May 2010

The ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation of amorphous water ice at different ice temperatures is investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and analytical potentials. Previous MD calculations of UV photodissociation of amorphous and crystalline water ice at 10 K [S. Andersson et al., J. Chem. Phys. 124, 064715 (2006)] revealed—for both types of ice—that H atom, OH, and H2O desorption are the most important processes after photoexcitation in the uppermost layers of the ice. Water desorption takes place either by direct desorption of recombined water, or when, after dissociation, an H atom transfers part of its kinetic energy to one of the surrounding water molecules which is thereby kicked out from the ice. We present results of MD simulations of UV photodissociation of amorphous ice at 10, 20, 30, and 90 K in order to analyze the effect of ice temperature on UV photodissociation processes. Desorption and trapping probabilities are calculated for photoexcitation of H2O in the top four monolayers and the main conclusions are in agreement with the 10 K results: desorption dominates in the top layers, while trapping occurs deeper in the ice. The hydrogen atom photodesorption probability does not depend on ice temperature, but OH and H2O photodesorption probabilities tend to increase slightly (∼30%) with ice temperature. We have compared the total photodesorption probability (OH+H2O) with the experimental total photodesorption yield, and in both cases the probabilities rise smoothly with ice temperature. The experimental yield is on average 3.8 times larger than our theoretical results, which can be explained by the different time scales studied and the approximations in our model.
A micromachined pressure sensor based on an array of microswitches
Authors: Park Chang-Sin , Lee Dong-Weon
Published: May 2010

A micromachined pressure sensor based on an array of microswitches is presented. The pressure sensor consists of a silicon substrate that has a thin metal-deposited diaphragm and indium tin oxide (ITO)-based switch arrays patterned on a Pyrex glass. When pressure is applied to the thin diaphragm through a small tube, the diaphragm starts to deform and contact the array of switches at a certain pressure level. The increase in the contact area due to the diaphragm deformation causes the change in electrical resistance between two terminals of the ITO resistor. The change in resistance that corresponds to electrical output in the pressure sensor is measured by the use of a simple circuit. We also describe the results of numerical simulations that are carried out to find a suitable range of the pressure. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Structural and magnetic properties of X12Y (X, Y=Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, and Pt) nanoalloys
Authors: Aguilera-Granja F. , Longo R. C. , Gallego L. J. , Vega A.
Published: May 2010

We perform extensive ab initio density-functional calculations to investigate the structures and magnetic moments of the binary clusters X12Y (X, Y=Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, and Pt). Although all the binary clusters Fe12Y, Co12Y, Ru12Y, and Rh12Y, plus Ni12Y (Y=Rh, Pd, and Pt) and Pt12Y (Y=Ru, Rh, and Pd), retain, with more or less distortions, the structures of the corresponding pure X13 clusters, the remaining binary clusters (i.e., a significant number of 12 of all the 42 cases) adopt geometries different from those of the corresponding pure clusters. Independent of the peculiarities of each family of binary clusters, the binding energies of all the binary clusters X12Ru are bigger than those of the pure X13 clusters, while the binding energies of all the binary clusters X12Pd are smaller. The clusters investigated exhibit a variety of magnetic behaviors. In the case of Ni12Rh, we predict a remarkable magnetic cooperative phenomenon that can be attributed to electronic effects associated to the chemical environment through Ni–Rh hybridization.
Neutron scattering measurements of magnetic excitations in Gd/Y superlattices
Authors: Grünwald A. T. D. , Wildes A. R. , Schmidt W. , Tartakovskaya E. V. , Nowak G. , Theis-Bröhl K. , Schreyer A.
Published: May 2010

Neutron inelastic scattering has been used to measure the magnetic excitations as a function of applied magnetic field in an antiferromagnetically coupled Gd/Y superlattice. The excitations were measured along the c-axis, which is parallel to the normal of the interfaces and the sample growth direction. Dispersive spin waves were unambiguously detected on the application of a magnetic field. The spin waves are shown to renormalize with field following a basic model drawn from standard spin wave theory. The model required no free parameters aside from an initial amplitude.
Ultraviolet optical near-fields of microspheres imprinted in phase change films
Authors: Siegel J. , Puerto D. , Solis J. , García de Abajo F. J. , Afonso C. N. , Longo M. , Wiemer C. , Fanciulli M. , Kühler P. , Mosbacher M. , Leiderer P.
Published: May 2010

We report an experimental method for directly imaging optical near-fields of dielectric microspheres upon illumination with ultraviolet nanosecond laser pulses. The intensity distribution is imprinted in chalcogenide films leaving behind a characteristic fingerprint with features below 200 nm in size, which we read out with high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results are well matched by a rigorous solution of Maxwell’s equations. Compared to previous works using infrared femtosecond laser pulses, the use of ultraviolet nanosecond pulses is identified to be superior in terms of minimum recordable features size and surface roughness of the imprint.
Limitations on the strong field coherent control of degenerate states
Authors: Shapiro Moshe , Brumer Paul
Published: May 2010

We derive an extension of our “Emperor’s New Clothes” result, a theorem which states that laser control over degenerate final states in an isolated quantum system is impossible in weak field one-photon absorption, by showing that in the absence of intermediate resonances this lack of control also holds in the case of nonlinear N-photon transitions. The relevance for control of branching ratios in molecular continuum processes is noted.
Genetic and environmental factors influencing milk, protein and fat yields of pasture-based dairy cows in Tasmania
Authors: Adediran S. A. , Nish P. , Donaghy D. J. , Ratkowsky D. A. , Malau-Aduli A. E. O.
Published: May 2010

The objective of this study was to provide an update on milk production performance, heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations among production traits that are valuable for management, breeding and selection decisions in pasture-based dairy systems. The study utilised a total of 106 990 lactation records of Holstein–Friesian (FF), Jersey (JJ) and their crossbreds (HF) from 428 Tasmanian dairy herds collected between 2000 and 2005. The data were analysed using the least-squares approach with a general linear model and restricted maximum likelihood approach with a linear animal model. Results indicated highly significant (P < 0.01) effects of breed, herd size, cow’s parity, season and year of calving on milk, protein and fat yields. Average milk and protein yields per cow per lactation were highest in the FF breed (5212 L and 171 kg, respectively) and lowest in the JJ breed (3713 L and 143 kg, respectively). FF cows also produced 13.5 kg more milk fat than JJ and HF cows. Furthermore, milk, fat and protein yields were highest for cows calving during spring and lowest for autumn-calving cows. It was also evident that cows in very large herds (>1110 cows/herd) out-produced those in smaller herds. Heritability was highest for milk yield and lowest for somatic cell count ranging from 0.28 to 0.41. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between milk, fat and protein yields ranged from 0.41 to 0.85, and 0.66 to 0.92, respectively. However, genetic and phenotypic correlations between the log of somatic cell count and the production traits ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 and –0.03 to –0.05. We conclude that breed, herd size, parity, season and year of calving were among the main factors correlated with the productivity of dairy cows in Tasmania and adjustments for these factors would be mandatory for any unbiased comparison of lactation performance within and between pasture-based dairy production systems. The practical application of this information would be valuable to dairy farmers for decisions related to breeding, selection and management of their herds.
A genome-wide association study of tick burden and milk composition in cattle
Authors: Turner Lex B. , Harrison Blair E. , Bunch Rowan J. , Neto Laercio R. Porto , Li Yutao , Barendse William
Published: May 2010

To study the genetic basis of tick burden and milk production and their interrelationship, we collected a sample of 1961 cattle with multiple tick counts from northern Australia of which 973 had dairy production data in the Australian Dairy Herd Information Service database. We calculated heritabilities, genetic and phenotypic correlations for these traits and showed a negative relationship between tick counts and milk and milk component yield. Tests of polymorphisms of four genes associated with milk yield, ABCG2, DGAT1, GHR and PRLR, showed no statistically significant effect on tick burden but highly significant associations to milk component yield in these data and we confirmed separate effects for GHR and PRLR on bovine chromosome 20. To begin to identify some of the molecular genetic bases for these traits, we genotyped a sample of 189 of these cattle for 7397 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a genome-wide association study. Although the allele effects for adjusted milk fat and protein yield were highly correlated (r = 0.66), the correlations of allele effects of these milk component yields and tick burden were small (|r| ≤ 0.10). These results agree in general with the phenotypic correlations between tick counts and milk component yield and suggest that selection on markers for tick burden or milk component yield may have no undesirable effect on the other trait.
Salt-induced modulation in some key gas exchange characteristics and ionic relations in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and their use as selection criteria
Authors: Noreen Zahra , Ashraf Muhammad , Akram Nudrat Aisha
Published: May 2010

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to assess the influence of salt stress on some key physiological attributes of nine genetically diverse cultivars of a potential vegetable crop, pea (Pisum sativum L.). The nine pea cultivars (2001-20, 2001-35, 2001-40, 2001-55, 9800-5, 9800-10, 9200, Tere-2 and Climax) were exposed to four levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 mm) of NaCl in sand culture. Salt stress reduced the shoot and root dry weights, chlorophyll concentration, gas exchange and water relation parameters, leaf and root K, Ca and K : Na ratio, while it enhanced concentrations of proline, leaf and root Na and Cl contents. Of all cultivars, 9800-10, 2001-20, 2001-55 and 2001-35 were higher in plant dry biomass, chlorophyll concentrations as well as in photosynthetic rate than the other cultivars at the highest salt regime whereas cvv. 2001-40, 9800-5 and 9200 were the lowest in these attributes. Overall, the genetically diverse cultivars of pea showed varying degree of salt tolerance. As the expression of different biochemical and physiological attributes differed in different cultivars under saline conditions, most of the attributes could be used as selection criteria for salt tolerance of pea. Thus, chlorophyll a, b and photosynthetic rate have great practical importance as effective physiological selection criteria for the selection of salt-tolerant pea cultivars.
Pre-cropping with canola decreased Pratylenchus thornei populations, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and yield of wheat
Authors: Owen K. J. , Clewett T. G. , Thompson J. P.
Published: May 2010

Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) significantly reduces wheat yields in the northern Australian grain region. Canola is thought to have a ‘biofumigation’ potential to control nematodes; therefore, a field experiment was designed to compare canola with other winter crops or clean-fallow for reducing P. thornei population densities and improving growth of P. thornei-intolerant wheat (cv. Batavia) in the following year. Immediately after harvest of the first-year crops, populations of P. thornei were lowest following various canola cultivars or clean-fallow (1957–5200 P. thornei/kg dry soil) and were highest following susceptible wheat cultivars (31 033–41 294/kg dry soil). Unexpectedly, at planting of the second-year wheat crop, nematode populations were at more uniform lower levels (<5000/kg dry soil), irrespective of the previous season’s treatment, and remained that way during the growing season, which was quite dry. Growth and grain yield of the second-year wheat crop were poorest on plots previously planted with canola or left fallow due to poor colonisation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, with the exception of canola cv. Karoo, which had high AM fungal colonisation and low wheat yields. There were significant regressions between growth and yield parameters of the second-year wheat and levels of AMF following the pre-crop treatments. Thus, canola appears to be a good crop for reducing P. thornei populations, but AM fungal-dependence of subsequent crops should be considered, particularly in the northern Australian grain region.
Forest fire occurrence and climate change in Canada
Authors: Wotton B. M. , Nock C. A. , Flannigan M. D.
Published: May 2010

The structure and function of the boreal forest are significantly influenced by forest fires. The ignition and growth of fires depend quite strongly on weather; thus, climate change can be expected to have a considerable impact on forest fire activity and hence the structure of the boreal forest. Forest fire occurrence is an extremely important element of fire activity as it defines the load on suppression resources a fire management agency will face. We used two general circulation models (GCMs) to develop projections of future fire occurrence across Canada. While fire numbers are projected to increase across all forested regions studied, the relative increase in number of fires varies regionally. Overall across Canada, our results from the Canadian Climate Centre GCM scenarios suggest an increase in fire occurrence of 25% by 2030 and 75% by the end of the 21st century. Results projected from fire climate scenarios derived from the Hadley Centre GCM suggest fire occurrence will increase by 140% by the end of this century. These general increases in fire occurrence across Canada agree with other regional and national studies of the impacts of climate change on fire activity. Thus, in the absence of large changes to current climatic trends, significant fire regime induced changes in the boreal forest ecosystem are likely.
Theoretical ingredients of a Casimir analog computer
Authors: Rodriguez Alejandro W. , McCauley Alexander P. , Joannopoulos John D. , Johnson Steven G.
Published: May 2010

We derive a correspondence between the contour integration of the Casimir stress tensor in the complex-frequency plane and the electromagnetic response of a physical dissipative medium in a finite real-frequency bandwidth. The consequences of this correspondence are at least threefold: First, the correspondence makes it easier to understand Casimir systems from the perspective of conventional classical electromagnetism, based on real-frequency responses, in contrast to the standard imaginary-frequency point of view based on Wick rotations. Second, it forms the starting point of finite-difference time-domain numerical techniques for calculation of Casimir forces in arbitrary geometries. Finally, this correspondence is also key to a technique for computing quantum Casimir forces at micrometer scales using antenna measurements at tabletop (e.g., centimeter) scales, forming a type of analog computer for the Casimir force. Superficially, relationships between the Casimir force and the classical electromagnetic Green’s function are well known, so one might expect that any experimental measurement of the Green’s function would suffice to calculate the Casimir force. However, we show that the standard forms of this relationship lead to infeasible experiments involving infinite bandwidth or exponentially growing fields, and a fundamentally different formulation is therefore required.
Hedgehog pathway-regulated gene networks in cerebellum development and tumorigenesis
Authors: Lee Eunice Y. , Ji Hongkai , Ouyang Zhengqing , Zhou Baiyu , Ma Wenxiu , Vokes Steven A. , McMahon Andrew P. , Wong Wing H. , Scott Matthew P.
Published: May 2010

Many genes initially identified for their roles in cell fate determination or signaling during development can have a significant impact on tumorigenesis. In the developing cerebellum, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) stimulates the proliferation of granule neuron precursor cells (GNPs) by activating the Gli transcription factors. Inappropriate activation of Shh target genes results in unrestrained cell division and eventually medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric brain malignancy. We find dramatic differences in the gene networks that are directly driven by the Gli1 transcription factor in GNPs and medulloblastoma. Gli1 binding location analysis revealed hundreds of genomic loci bound by Gli1 in normal and cancer cells. Only one third of the genes bound by Gli1 in GNPs were also bound in tumor cells. Correlation with gene expression levels indicated that 116 genes were preferentially transcribed in tumors, whereas 132 genes were target genes in both GNPs and medulloblastoma. Quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization for some putative target genes support their direct regulation by Gli. The results indicate that transformation of normal GNPs into deadly tumor cells is accompanied by a distinct set of Gli-regulated genes and may provide candidates for targeted therapies.
Introduction: At the Intersection of Truth and Falsity
Authors: Beall JC
Published: May 2010

This introductory chapter presents basic conceptual and logical tools involved in the debate over non-contradiction. Some elementary definitions and distinctions are provided, and a basic paraconsistent logic is presented (with the presentation presupposing little background beyond an acquaintance with classical propositional logic). All of this serves as background to the main chapters of the book.
What's So Bad About Contradictions?
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2010

This chapter sets up the debate for the rest of the book. It discusses and rejects five objections to accepting (some) contradictions: (i) that contradictions entail everything (Explosion); (ii) that contradictions cannot be true (Law of Non-Contradiction); (iii) that contradictions cannot be believed rationally; (iv) that if contradictions can be accepted, beliefs cannot be revised rationally; and (v) that if it is possible to accept contradictions, nothing can be denied.
Laws of Non-Contradiction, Laws of the Excluded Middle, and Logics
Authors: Restall Greg
Published: May 2010

There is widespread acknowledgement that the law of non-contradiction (LNC) is an important logical principle. However, there is less-than-universal agreement on exactly what the law amounts to. This lack of clarity is brought to light by the emergence of paraconsistent logics in which contradictions are tolerated: from the point of view of proofs, not everything need follow from a contradiction. From the point of view of models, there are ‘worlds’ in which contradictions are true. In this sense, the LNC is violated in these logics. However, in many paraconsistent logics, statement <(A & <A) (it is not the case that A and not-A) is still provable. In this sense, the LNC is upheld. This chapter attempts to clarify the different readings of the LNC, in particular taking cues from the tradition of relevant logics. A further guiding principle will be the natural duality between the LNC and rejection on the one hand and the law of the excluded middle and acceptance on the other.
Option Negation and Dialetheias
Authors: Sainsbury R. M.
Published: May 2010

This chapter introduces a hitherto unnoticed conception of negation, based on the de-selection of options facing an agent: option negation. This conception has a role to play in understanding some of the things we say (e.g., ‘It's not a car, it's a Volkswagen’), and is arguably not reducible to the classical conception of negation. There are three consequences for dialetheism. One is that using a framework containing option negation in place of classical negation enables a dialetheist to present her thesis in a determinate way. If we think of ‘true-and-false’ as a semantic verdict competing with ‘true’, ‘false’, and ‘neither’, and these verdicts as potential inputs to option negation, the verdict ‘true’ precludes any subsequent addition like ‘and also (by the way) not true’. A second consequence is that there could be dialetheias without there being true contradictions. A third consequence is that utterances that seem to commit to dialetheism (like Plotinus's ‘The One is all things, and no one of them’) may alternatively be understood as fully consistent applications of option negation.
Conjunction and Contradiction
Authors: Varzi Achille C.
Published: May 2010

There are two ways of understanding the notion of a contradiction: as a conjunction of a statement and its negation, or as a pair of statements, one of which is the negation of the other. Correspondingly, there are two ways of understanding the Law of Non-Contradiction (LNC), i.e. the law that says that no contradictions can be true. This chapter offers some arguments to the effect that, on the first (collective) reading, LNC is non-negotiable, but on the second (distributive) reading, it is perfectly plausible to suppose that LNC may, in some rather special and perhaps undesirable circumstances, fail to hold.
Diagnosing Dialetheism
Authors: Armour-Garb Bradley
Published: May 2010

According to dialetheists, the ‘liar paradox’ constitutes a sound argument to a true contradiction. But in the standard view, a paradox is an apparently unacceptable conclusion derived from apparently acceptable premises by apparently acceptable reasoning. So, in what sense can the dialetheist take the liar paradox to be just that: a paradox? This chapter raises and replies to a putative problem for dialetheism: the problem of diagnosing the liar paradox. It shows that dialetheism offers a way of rethinking the nature of paradox and, with it, a rethinking of the rules that govern it.
Letters to Beall and Priest
Authors: Lewis David
Published: May 2010

This chapter contains two brief letters to the editors. The first states that it is impossible to engage with dialetheism, since there is not sufficient common ground. The second says that, nonetheless, it is possible to reason non-trivially about inconsistent situations in certain cases.
Revising Logic
Authors: Resnik Michael D.
Published: May 2010

This chapter separates questions about revising our inferential practice (revising our logic) from those about revising LOGIC (theories of inference). It focuses on revising (lower case) logic. By tradition, logic is a branch of methodology. Worries about revising logic are a special case of the worries about revising some methodological norms while working within the very system of norms to which they belong. The chapter denies that revising norms comes about through acquiring normative knowledge. However, revising can arise through normative argument, which can lead us to change our values, goals, and priorities. But sometimes we change these in an unreflective response to changes in our circumstances. Inference-making is a social enterprise. Just as we carry out this practice largely without thinking, we also revise it without thinking. Like changes in a language, certain inferential practices may slowly and quietly become obsolete and new ones may unceremoniously evolve.
Realism and Dialetheism
Authors: Kroon Frederick
Published: May 2010

Dialetheists think that their rejection of ex falso quodlibet means that they cannot be saddled with the claim that anything whatsoever is true. But what precisely is wrong with trivialism, as Priest calls the position that everything is indeed true (and also false)? Might not the actual world be trivial, even if we are constrained (as Priest argues) to think that it is not? But such a dialetheist realism is one that most philosophers would find intolerable, and this paper argues that, to the extent that arguments for dialetheism prove hard to resist, they therefore provide a reason for being anti-realist about discourse capable of expressing dialetheia. In particular, they provide a reason for adopting a fictionalist version of dialetheism in which it is only fictional that a word like ‘true’ stands for a genuine property.
Ramsey's Dialetheism
Authors: McGee Vann
Published: May 2010

For accommodating defective utterances within compositional semantics, truth-value gaps (Kleene's 3-valued logic) and gluts (Priest's LP) are equally efficient, but in terms of classical logic gaps yield harmless incompleteness, whereas gluts precipitate collapse; ex contradictione quodlibet. The discrepancy is less deep than first appears, however. A dialetheist dual to van Fraassen's supervaluationism, implicit in Ramsey's ‘Theories,’ counts sentences true if they are true in at least one acceptable model. Divergent illucutionary norms compensate for differing semantics. Subvaluationists (so-called by Varzi) replace the supervaluationist maxim, ‘Do not assert what is untrue,’ by ‘Do not assert what is false.’ Both predict the same verbal behavior.
The Barber, Russell's Paradox, Catch-22, God and More: A Defence of a Wittgensteinian Conception of Contradiction
Authors: Goldstein Laurence
Published: May 2010

Although he toyed with the idea that contradictions in mathematics are harmless, Wittgenstein did not subscribe to the claim that they are true. He took the highly distinctive line that contradictions are neither true nor false, a view he defended early and late. He argued that contradictions are not statements and hence are not in the true/false game; this appears to be Aristotle's view too. This chapter considers a variety of paradoxes, including the Barber, Russell's paradox, Catch-22, the lawyer paradox involving Protagoras and Euathlus, the paradox of the stone, the Liar and Yablo's paradox. What the examination of these paradoxes reveals is that a satisfyingly unified treatment of them can be had if we have in place a principled denial of the assumption that contradictions and biconditionals of the form p, if and only if not-p are necessarily false. It is the latter that Wittgenstein supplies.