bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Death Education and Communication Apprehension regarding Dying Persons
Authors: Servaty Heather L. , Hayslip Bert
Published: May 2005

Death-related attitudinal changes in students enrolled in a Psychology of Death and Dying course were compared to those of students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology and Introductory Communication. Results indicated that communication apprehension regarding dying persons (CA-Dying) was more highly correlated with many death-related variables than was generalized communication apprehension (CA). In addition, those in the Death and Dying class were more death accepting, and more likely to covertly express fears about death and dying than those in the remaining classes. While death acceptance and unconscious fears of Pain/Injury/Disease increased among those in the Death and Dying class, such scores decreased over a three month period of time in the Introduction to Psychology and Introduction to Communication classes. These findings suggest that CA and CA-Dying are independent, and indicate that individuals' likelihood of interacting with dying persons is a factor in the reduction of death fears via death education. While didactic death education may not reduce death fears and/or associated anxieties, it may make the discussion of such concerns more permissible.
Breast Cancer and Sexual Functioning: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Future Research
Authors: Bransfield Diana D.
Published: May 2005

A review of the literature from 1953–1981 about breast cancer and sexual functioning is presented with an emphasis on the reported research in this field. Based on the literature there is evidence to suggest that women with breast cancer are at risk for developing sexual difficulties as a result of their illness and its subsequent treatment. The existing research indicates that the study of breast cancer and sexual functioning is in its infancy. Most of the research is found to be lacking in an appreciation for the complexity of variables which may contribute to sexual difficulties in this population. An outline of such variables, which are drawn from patient, partner and health provider sources, is presented. Particular attention is given to the effect of treatment upon the patient's ability to maintain her previous level of sexual functioning. Implications for future research are given throughout the discussions of those variables and throughout critiques of the previous studies.
Ancient Memory Arts and Modern Graphics
Authors: McNair John R.
Published: May 2005

The characteristics of the classical art of memory and the history of its use suggest theoretical and practical applications for modern graphics which are illustrated in this article.
Perceptions of the Ideal Cover Letter and Ideal Resume
Authors: McDowell Earl E.
Published: May 2005

This study surveyed recruiter, teacher, and student groups to determine the following: attitudes about cover letters and resumes, reasons to reject cover letters and resumes, the contents of the ideal cover letter and where specific information should occur in it, and the importance of various categories of the resume and contents of the ideal resume. The results indicate that 1) limited time is spent in processing cover letters and resumes; 2) the length of a cover letter and resume should be one page; 3) spelling errors, poor grammar, and poor organization are key problems in cover letters and resumes; 4) specific jobs wanted, career goals, and personal information are the most important factors of a cover letter; 5) job objectives/career goals, employment history, and educational history are the most important parts of the resume. Specific differences in attitudes among recruiters, teachers, and students are discussed in this article.
Student Nurses' Personality Changes in a Mediated Curriculum
Authors: Manning Diane , Valentine Nancy
Published: May 2005

Current trends in nursing education suggest that future instructional programs probably will include more media and high technology. A pilot study was undertaken to examine the effect of such programs on the development of personality traits of student nurses. Results substantiated informal faculty observations that first-year nursing students made significant growth on a number of variables identified by previous researchers as desirable in student nurses, including conscientiousness, self-assurance, control, leadership, sobriety, and reduced anxiety. Suggestions are offered for further research.
The 24-Hour LH Test in the Diagnosis and Assessment of Response to Treatment of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Gold Mark S. , Pottash A. Carter , Martin David , Extein Irl , Howard Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

Studies of patterns of lutenizing hormone (LH) secretion in anorexia nervosa are reviewed. Restoration of ideal weight is not always associated with return to adult circadian LH secretion patterns. Abnormalities in LH secretion (immature patterns) may represent a biological “marker” of active anorexia nervosa.
Traumatization in Survivors of Multiple Aids-Related Loss
Authors: Nord David
Published: May 2005

This article intends to demonstrate that surviving multiple AIDS-related loss can be traumatizing. Certain characteristics of AIDS as a disease combine with the cumulative impact of multiple loss to heighten traumatic stress in a combined environment of helpless uncertainty and ongoing distress. The focused, community wide impact of AIDS, especially in the gay community, fosters both collective and individual traumatization. Classic symptoms of traumatization arise in survivors of multiple AIDS loss including emotional and social withdrawal and disturbing intrusive recollections. Lifton's conceptualization of the “death imprint” and Seligman's theories of learned helplessness are applied. Implications for treatment and recovery are explored.
Avoiding Desktop Disasters: Why Technical Communication Students should Learn about Mechanical Paste up Techniques
Authors: Flammia Madelyn
Published: May 2005

Today many students learn how to use desktop programs such as PageMaker and Ventura in technical communication courses; however, few of those students are also learning the principles of graphic design underlying the production of mechanicals. The ability to use a desktop publishing program does not necessarily guarantee the ability to produce well-designed and effective documents. In fact, the growing use of desktop publishing software has led to a proliferation of documents that violate all the rules of good design. This article describes a technical publications course in which students gain a better understanding of the principles of design and layout by using mechanical paste up techniques. When required to use mechanical paste up in addition to desktop publishing software, students acquired a more thorough understanding of grids and white space as well as a greater confidence in their abilities to do page design.
Teaching Epidemiologic Concepts as the Scientific Basis for Understanding Problems of Organizing and Evaluating Health Services
Authors: White K. L.
Published: May 2005

Applications of epidemiologic concepts and methods to health services problems constitute extensions of other successful applications to health and disease problems in populations. Because population medicine is as important as individual medicine for improving and maintaining the health of communities, epidemiology should be regarded as a fundamental science of medicine. Clinical medicine, laboratory medicine, environmental medicine, and population or social medicine should be seen as complementary, not competitive, fields. For administrative medicine and management of health care systems, competence in epidemiology should be regarded as a necessary but not sufficient component of education for this essential branch of medical practice.
Update on Factitious Disorders
Authors: Taylor Stuart , Hyler Steven E.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Since factitious disorders entered the official psychiatric nomenclature in DSM-III and DSM-III-R, there has been a proliferation of reports and commentary about this unusual disorder. We present an update of the recent literature.

Method:

The psychiatric and medical literature was searched. Clinical reports and critical/theoretical papers were reviewed; eighty-five are summarized here.

Results:

Available data is descriptive and anecdotal. Reports focus on the following four topics, which are discussed here: 1) diagnostic issues, 2) the newly proposed DSM-IV category of factitious disorder by proxy, 3) epidemiology and course, 4) new developments in treatment and management.

Conclusions:

Factitious disorders are uncommon but serious illnesses that present diagnostic and management dilemmas. Deriving systematic information about these illnesses is a major challenge.
The Role of Burke's Four Master Tropes in Scientific Expression
Authors: Tietge David J.
Published: May 2005

The role of literary and rhetorical tropes in scientific discourse is frequently overlooked, largely because “rhetoric” and “science” seem to be incompatible modes of expression. However, if we look closely at scientific explanations—especially those designed to inform a general public—we find that they are as reliant on, if not more so, than more “subjective” forms of public discourse. In A Grammar of Motive, Kenneth Burke posits that all forms of discourse rely heavily on the “four master tropes” of metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony to express ideas, and science is not an exception. This article outlines the processes behind the four master tropes and demonstrates instances where these tropes occur in the expression of scientific concepts found in such fields as biology, physics, and even mathematics. The purpose is to show that, contrary to what many members of the scientific (and lay) community suppose, rhetorical and literary tropes are necessary components to a linguistic understanding of complex scientific concepts; that such tropes do not hinder our understanding, but are in fact necessary to it.
Planning Computer Assisted Instruction for Spanish-Speaking Migrant Students
Authors: Saracho Olivia N.
Published: May 2005

Most of the Spanish-speaking migrant children have encountered difficulty with the academic basic skills. Therefore, an increasing attention must be given to developing a program with instructional, supportive, and aspirational aspects. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) is one of the growing number of instructional techniques which assists teachers with instruction. CAI has been used in many school districts in the country and has been found to be effective in teaching subject areas such as reading, language arts and reading. CAI can become a meaningful instructional technique. The proper use of CAI may lead to changes in the classroom teaching as the possible applications of the computer technology are more completely realized. CAI can be effective only if it is used with a clear purpose in mind.
A Regional Study of Six Archaic Sites in the Mahoning Valley of Northeastern Ohio
Authors: Kingsley Ronald F.
Published: May 2005

This study deals with a group of six Archaic sites located along the East Branch of the Mahoning River, Trumbull County, Ohio, in the southwestern area of the county which is part of the greater Upper Ohio Valley. Artifacts and debitage were gathered by surface collecting. The data were analyzed to determine the nature of chronological divisions within the Archaic, the presumed settlement types, and the distribution of flint varieties. The findings from these six sites seem to be consistent with results reported in a recent regional study of the Ohio Archaic conducted by Prufer and Long (1986).
La Rédaction Professionnelle En Français Au Canada: Résultats D'une Enquête
Authors: Bossé-Andrieu Jacqueline , Cajolet-Laganière Hélène , Russell Pamela
Published: May 2005

La rédaction professionnelle en français au Canada n'ayant encore fait l'objet d'aucune étude approfondie, nous avons mené une enquête auprès de divers employeurs et rédacteurs indépendants du Canada pour savoir dans quelles conditions s'exerce cette profession. Nous présentons ici les résultats de cette enquête qui révèle certaines différences qu'explique le contexte géo-politique de la profession. Nous avons relevé, selon les employeurs et les secteurs (public et privé), des divergences significatives en ce qui a trait au profil du rédacteur, aux tâches qui lui sont assignées, à la documentation qui lui est fournie ainsi qu'aux compétences exigées au moment de son recrutement. Notre article fait enfin le lien entre les données fournies par l'enquête et la formation donnée actuellement au Canada francophone dans les établissements qui offrent des cours ou des programmes de rédaction.
Creative Artists and Intrapsychic Structure
Authors: Ambers Scott J. , Burke Walter F.
Published: May 2005

The recent psychoanalytic literature on creative artists is characterized by a paucity of empirical research. This study reviews some of the main analytic hypotheses, derived from object relations and self-psychology theory, about the intrapsychic structure characterizing artists and empirically tests those suppositions. The Rorschach test was administered to two groups of graduate students: twenty enrolled in Masters of Fine Arts programs and a control group of twenty students enrolled in Masters programs in non-art fields. Test results were analyzed via scoring systems designed to assess pertinent psychoanalytic constructs. Compared to the control subjects, the art students exhibited: more frequent generation of transitional objects; greater fluidity of self/other boundaries; more extensive preoccupation with early separation/individuation issues; more vulnerability to self-fragmentation anxiety; and greater manufacturing of idealized objects.
The 1977 U.S. Budget: A Time for Choice?
Authors: Lewis Irving J.
Published: May 2005

This paper continues to spin the thread of previous analyses of the bleakness of the budgetary outlook in the United States and the difficulty of change. The budget remains mortgaged by actions in previous years, and the economic outlook is uncertain. “The politics of frugality” has come to dominate the American political scene, but the President's choices to reduce spending on human resource programs by $18 billion are more apparent than real. The new Congressional review procedures, a reaction to the Watergate years, interrelate budget with health policy and highlight the necessity for action to control medical care prices if any new federal initiatives, e.g. national health insurance, are to be budgetarily feasible.
HiMAP
Authors: Garfunkel Sol
Published: May 2005

This paper is intended as an introduction and progress report on the HiMAP project-a five-year mathematics materials program for secondary school teachers and students.
A Comparative Study of Terminally Ill Hospice and Hospital Patients
Authors: Labus Janet G. , Dambrot Faye H.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated differences between twenty-eight hospice and twenty-eight hospital patients who died within a specified time period in one county of Northeastern Ohio. The comparison found that hospice patients were younger, had more people living in the home, and had a shorter disease history. Age, the number of people living in the home, and primary cancer site significantly discriminated between the hospice and hospital patients and predicted group membership with a 76.8 percent overall accuracy rate.
Daydreaming, Current Concerns and Personality
Authors: Gold Steven R. , Reilly John P.
Published: May 2005

The study evaluated the impact of personality traits and current concerns as determinants of the content of daydreams. Subjects completed thirteen scales of the Personality Research Form, a current concern list, and kept a log of their daydreams for two weeks. Each daydream was rated on a semantic differential type scale. The relationship between daydreaming and personality was evaluated with canonical correlations and none were significant. The themes of the daydream were, however, related to the current concerns. A total of 65.4 percent of the daydreams reflected subject's current concerns. More than half of the daydreams focused on the five current concerns. In this study, current concerns were found to be consistent with the themes represented in subject's daydreams while personality traits were independent of the meaning attributed to the day dreams.
Factors Predisposing, Enabling and Reinforcing Routine Screening of Patients for Preventing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Survey of New Jersey Physicians
Authors: Donovan Carole L.
Published: May 2005

A survey of New Jersey physicians showed that they do not routinely ask their pregnant patients about alcohol consumption for a wide variety of reasons including physician bias due to their own abuse, lack of training for the task, poor awareness of the problem and its effects, denial that FAS occurs in private practice, time limitations, disinterest, fear of offending the patient and belief that patients will not tell the truth about their alcohol use. Findings suggest that physicians need to deal with conflicting attitudes about their own drinking behavior as well as that of their patients. Organized physician support is needed to develop skills for detection and referral of alcohol abusing patients at risk of negative fetal outcomes.
Jack the Ripper and Doctor-Identification
Authors: Shuster Seymour
Published: May 2005

It is possible that Jack the Ripper can be understood in terms of doctor-identification borne of one or more terrifying experiences he may have had with doctors during his childhood. The fantasies acted out by this primitive murderer are similar to the fantasies experienced by people who have been surgically traumatized as children. The evidence suggests that the activities of Jack the Ripper resemble the acting-out of a horror story in which he, as the main character, played to the population of London as an actor plays to his audience, through the need to discharge anxiety and regain some kind of emotional balance. When his depredations failed to achieve the desired results for him, the Ripper probably committed suicide.
On the Validity of an Augmented Structured Interview for Measuring Subcomponents of the Type a Behavior Pattern
Authors: Wright Logan
Published: May 2005

This study was designed to provide validity data for the Augmented Structured Interview (ASI), which has been developed to measure subcomponents (as opposed to the global) Type A behavior pattern (TABP). Eighty subjects from a large private southwestern medical center were administered a self-report measure of the TABP (the Jenkins Activity Survey—JAS) and the ASI. Forty of the subjects were being treated for post-infarction coronary heart disease (CHD). The remaining forty subjects did not possess documented CHD. The obtained ratings for all the six ASI-measured Type A subcomponents were significantly higher for the CHD than for the non-CHD group. A discriminant functions analysis revealed that the ASI was superior to the JAS in correctly classifying CHD and non-CHD subjects. These outcomes are interpreted as providing initial support for the validity of the ASI.
Imagery and Emotions
Authors: Iachini Santa , Giusberti Fiorella , Cicogna Piercarla
Published: May 2005

Many contemporary emotion theorists have recognized the importance of the imagery as conscious cognitive component of emotional experience. The aim of this work was to analyze some formal characteristics and contents of the figural representation of six basic emotional categories: fear, sadness, anger, cheerfulness, surprise, happiness. Thirty subjects were asked to visualize images associated with emotions. They had also to: 1) evaluate images movement and vividness; 2) answer a questionnaire regarding: color vs. black and white, two- vs. three-dimensional, insertion in a context vs. non insertion in a context; 3) provide the verbal report of images produced. The results revealed the existence of formal regularities in the imaginative representation of emotional categories. Finally, various thematic contents characterize different emotions.
The Effects of an Integrated Learning System (ILS) Using Incremental Time Allotments on Ninth Grade Algebra Achievement
Authors: West Robert Charles , Marcotte Donald R.
Published: May 2005

Integrated Learning Systems (ILS) have become increasingly popular since 1980, and research has indicated a positive influence on student success. This study considered the degree of linear relationship between time in minutes spent on the ILS and outcome achievement among ( n = 117) ninth grade, first semester algebra students. Regression analysis was employed regressing algebra achievement on the following variables: previous mathematics and verbal achievement, sex, and time on ILS. Evidence of a rectilinear relationship was indicated for time on ILS when time was included for nonalgebra subjects. Sex did not significantly contribute to the equation. The results imply that increased time on ILS results in proportional increases in algebra achievement even when ILS is used for as much as 40 percent of allotted class time.
Sex Differences in Suicide among Chemists
Authors: Seiden Richard H. , Gleiser Molly
Published: May 2005

Suicides among twenty-eight female chemists and among sixty-three male chemists were investigated for age, marital status, educational qualifications, type of employment, minority status, chemical specialties, and method of suicide. Although work played a significant part in suicides by both males and females, there were marked sex differences. Isolation, the leading work-related factor, occurred more frequently and with greater intensity among women. Similarly, while the majority of women suffered some form of sex discrimination, none of the men did. The leading nonwork-related causes were interpersonal problems and mental illness, the latter also more common among women. Low self-esteem coupled with high achievement orientation was a dangerous combination of personality characteristics found twice as frequently in suicides by female as by male chemists. In conclusion, suicide prevention guidelines are proposed.
Overpopulation as Crisis: Redirecting Health Care Services in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Feldman Shelley
Published: May 2005

This article examines the consequences of a “population-as-crisis” theme on the institutional configuration and resource endowments of health care services in an integrated Ministry of Health and Population Control in Bangladesh. The Ministry's focus on women as child bearers and its emphasis on sterilization supported by incentives has contradictory consequences as women become vulnerable to a limited health service and incentives encourage a focus on meeting sterilization targets. Both undermine people's access to and use of primary health care services. Findings from three studies, undertaken between 1978 and 1983, support the argument that despite international concern with preventive and promotive primary health care, simultaneous support for and emphasis on population control inhibits meeting the goals of a broad-based rural primary health care service.
Film Aesthetics and New Methods of Film Analysis
Authors: Faulstich Werner
Published: May 2005

Almost every piece of scientific or critical work which is concerned with the film expresses at the same time opinions both about the nature of film and about the methods of film analysis, in most cases only implicitly. In contrast to such implicit statements, I will try here to make these theoretical and methodological positions explicit and demonstrate them with examples. First of all, I should like to refresh our memory about the basic theoretical premises of what I call “film aesthetics” (a concept which was presented in 1982 at great length). Then we have to name the rather more practical prerequisites essential to any serious film analysis. Third, we should concentrate on new methods of film analysis paying special attention to quantitative analysis. It would hardly be possible to give a full picture of all the various methods which in the past have been applied to various feature films with various results-many of them are presented and discussed in several introductory books on the analysis of film [1]. The new methods will be described here as suitable for analyzing that part which one could call the narrative structure of a film, i.e., its formal construction and the conceptional ordering of the action (this is more than just story and plot).
A Second Opinion: Rethinking the Public-Private Dichotomy for Health Insurance
Authors: Gran Brian
Published: May 2005

Does the public-private dichotomy effectively describe health insurance systems in the advanced industrialized democracies? Is the boundary separating the public and private sectors accurate for studies of social policy formation and cutback? This article has three goals. The first is to discuss reasons for reconsidering the public-private dichotomy, as it applies to health insurance systems. The second is to offer a reconceptualization of the public-private demarcation useful for analyses of health insurance systems; the author presents four sectors that may illuminate patterns of health insurance for different OECD countries: the social, individual, public, and market sectors. The third goal is to present results using a new methodological approach useful for studying complex social phenomena: the fuzzy-set approach, which allows researchers to treat social phenomena as partially belonging to more than one category. This approach is employed to demonstrate that health insurance provision rarely is solely public or private, but is formed by a combination of sectors. Underlying these three goals is the contention that comparative and historical sociological researchers can offer innovative approaches to the study of health insurance and the interests served by public and nonpublic health insurance programs through reconceiving the public-private dichotomy.
Self-Care is Not a Solipsistic Trap: A Reply to Critics
Authors: Katz Alfred H. , Levin Lowell S.
Published: May 2005

This paper is an answer to criticism of the self-care, self-help movement in health recently advanced by Robert Crawford and other writers. The authors review the multiple and varied origins, motivations, and ideologies associated with self-care developments. It is maintained that the self-care movement embodies a broad, popular social resistance to the ills, inequities, and iatrogenic elements in highly technological health care systems. Empirical examination of specific programs and formulations of this movement reveals that it cannot be fitted into a simplistic “victim-blaming” ideology, but instead operates to decrease dependency and heighten individual and political/social awareness of hazards to health.
A Self-Administering Assessment of Personal Meanings of Death: Report on the Revised Twenty Statements Test
Authors: Durlak Joseph A. , Horn Wade , Kass Richard A.
Published: May 2005

This article reports on a scale revision of the Twenty Statements Test (R-TST)1; a measure designed to uncover multidimensional, personal reactions to death. Data were collected from six samples to develop the final scale revision and investigate some of its psychometric properties. The revised instrument is a self-administering, open-ended questionnaire eliciting twenty responses to the probe question; “What does your death mean to you?” Seven mutually exclusive, content categories and three summary-affective categories were developed through content-analysis procedures to assess favorable and unfavorable religious, personal, and social reactions to death. Interjudge agreement and two-week test-retest reliabilities were satisfactory for all scoring categories. Data indicate that the R-TST is a useful instrument to measure the multidimensionality of death attitudes and yields information on several death-related dimensions that are not assessed by other self-report measures.
Old People Talk about Suicide: A Discussion about Suicide in a Long-Term Care Facility for Frail and Elderly People
Authors: Saul Sidney R. , Saul Shura
Published: May 2005

In the institution, talk of suicide, like talk of death, is often suppressed. This article presents some sociohistorical concepts about suicide as a framework for considering contemporary attitudes among elderly people in the United States. In this illuminating verbatim report of a group therapy session in a long-term care institution, the residents openly discuss their feelings about the suicide of a fellow resident. Their range of feelings, positive and negative, is revealed. Also illustrated is the importance of providing an emotional outlet such as this group discussion for the intense feelings generated by suicide. Implications for training and practice are suggested, as well as some unresolved human dilemmas.
Teaching Psychiatry to Medical Students: A Lesson for the Teacher
Authors: Lazerson Alan M.
Published: May 2005

As in the clinical practice of medicine, crises are common events in the lives of those who teach. When these are viewed as episodes in the development and continuation of a teaching-learning situation, they serve to focus attention on the entire learning process. The refusal by a section of second year medical students to sign their psychiatry quiz papers is taken as such an event and is scrutinized to help define the task of a teacher of psychiatry in an era of confrontation.

With a conceptual focus on the dyad of teacher and student, and a consideration of the collaborative definition of goals, content, methods and evaluation procedures, the author describes his delayed recognition of the full impact of the milieu on the students. Their perception of the evaluation process and the necessity to involve them in it is described. Such elements as work overload, a minimization of the relative importance of psychiatric learning, an understandable fear and mistrust of authority are considered, as are the students' wishes to be good physicians and to receive feedback.

A solution to this problem which resolved the crisis and prevented its recurrence is outlined. Such post facto learning by the teacher fosters the activity of the intuitive and cognitive processes in him, and permits him to form new perceptions of the teaching process.
An Analysis of the Freudian Slip and Errors in Speech Communication
Authors: Ruch Richard S.
Published: May 2005

The Freudian slip is a common, yet little understood, phenomenon of speech communication. Though we can usually identify a slip easily, most of us are unfamiliar with how, why, and where the slip occurs. In all of his writings Freud never addressed himself to the Freduian slip per se. It is the Freudian account of id drive, however, that allows us to establish a working definition of the Freudian slip and investigate the differences between the slip and errors in speech. The central purpose of this article is to attempt to formulate a theory of the Freudian slip and speech errors in the context of the information theory model.
A Comparison of the Use of Tricyclic Antidepressants by Psychiatrists and Non-Psychiatric Physicians
Authors: Reifler Burton V. , Ward Nicholas G.
Published: May 2005

In a chart review comparing use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) by psychiatrists and non-psychiatrists, the psychiatrists performed significantly better in documenting a diagnosis of depression, and in documenting length of treatment and continued need for patients already on a TCA. In other areas including route and frequency of administration, and use of multiple psychoactive drugs, there was no difference between the two groups. The authors conclude that performance by psychiatrists is better than for non-psychiatrists but below what might be set as reasonable standards, particularly in the area of documenting specific signs and symptoms of depression in patients receiving a TCA.
The Vocabulary-Management Profile: Two Stories by William Faulkner
Authors: Youmans Gilbert
Published: May 2005

The Vocabulary-Management Profile (VMP) is a graph of the moving average of the number of new vocabulary words introduced over successive intervals of text. Peaks and valleys on the VMP correlate closely with narrative structure: new episodes, new settings, new characters are signaled by an increase in new vocabulary, and hence by upturns on the curve. Conversely, downturns in the VMP normally signal a continuation of the episode, description, or characterization. Higher-level boundaries in discourse (such as those between paragraphs and narrative episodes) normally correspond with deeper valleys on VMPs than do lower-level boundaries (such as those between clauses and sentences). Hence, VMPs provide surprisingly accurate graphical representations of the hierarchical structure of discourse. In general, the VMPs for “A Rose for Emily” and “Dry September” confirm this close correspondence between VMPs and narrative structure. However, VMPs are formally equivalent to unlabeled tree diagrams, and like such diagrams, they can provide only partial, not complete analogues for the structure of discourse.
Lessons from the United Kingdom: Fightback on Workplace Hazards, 1979–1992
Authors: Dalton A. J. P.
Published: May 2005

For the past 13 years there has been an aggressive anti-union government in the United Kingdom. Yet despite this fact, very real advances have been made in the area of working-class activity over the issue of workplace hazards. Trade unions, because of membership concern and activity, have been forced to keep this topic on their agenda. The European Community has been a big factor in these advances. This article describes some of the issues and elements of the fightback. In the 1990s, with the rediscovery of environmental issues, the hazards movement of the United Kingdom, and elsewhere, is here to stay and set to expand.
A Pilot Program of High School Computer-Assisted Instruction Mathematics Courses
Authors: Hall Keith A. , Mitzel Harold E.
Published: May 2005

Two individually-adaptive mathematics courses for urban high school youth were developed by a Commonwealth CAI Consortium to help satisfy the ninth grade requirement for general mathematics and algebra in Pennsylvania. A description of the courses and of the computer system, and an analysis of the effectiveness of the CAI-mediated mathematics courses are the subjects of this paper.
Reflections on Death by Spiritually Mature Elders
Authors: Thomas L. Eugene
Published: May 2005

Beliefs and feelings about death are excerpted from interviews conducted with elderly English men and women, who were viewed as spiritually mature by those in their community. Respondents reported a wide range of beliefs about death, reflecting their personal experience, but none reported fear of death. Subtle sex differences were noted: men tended to picture death in spatial terms, of moving into a new dimension, while women tended to describe death in terms of relationships. Overall the respondents indicated that they placed a positive value on death, viewing it as a continuation of, and source of meaning for their present life.
Predicting Dissociative Experiences: Imagination, Hypnotizability, Psychopathology, and Alcohol Use
Authors: Segal David , Lynn Steven Jay
Published: May 2005

College students ( N = 85) were teted in order to examine the ability of imagination, psychopathology, hypnotizability, and alcohol use measures to predict dissociative experiences. Together, these measures predicted 45 percent (Bliss Scale [1]) and 43 percent (Dissociative Experiences Scale, DES [2]) of variance on dissociation scales. We confirmed the hypothesis that imagination and dissociative experiences are related: dissociation and positive constructive daydreaming and poor attentional control (SIPI) measures were moderately associated [3]. These two imagination measures emerged as influential predictors of Bliss (19% of variance) and DES (16% of variance) scores. Psychopathology measures (i.e., state anger, depression, anxiety) were more reliably associated with DES than Bliss scores, although alcohol use predicted Bliss scores. Hypnotizability (HGSHS:A, [4]) and dissociation were not associated, and hypnotizability only accounted for 3 percent of DES variance. Only state curiosity (STPI, [5]) was associated with hypnotizability.
Paideia to Pedantry: The Dissolving Relationship of the Humanities and Society
Authors: Lyon Arabella
Published: May 2005

The changing relationship of humanist education and society may be traced through historical changes in the relationship of formal education to technical writing. Technical writing with its intrinsic social purposes provides a powerful metaphor for the needs of society, and the resistance of the modern English department to applied writing provides evidence of the growing separation of society and the humanities. From classical philosophies of education through the humanist movement of the Renaissance, education was committed to the development of ideal leadership. Both classical and Renaissance humanists were epistolographers and public orators, meeting the needs of their societies. Modern humanists focus on the individual and the text. While Western culture from ancient Greece to the Renaissance educated citizens to specific service in society, the modern humanities are failing to combine utility with the preservation and creation of knowledge. Teachers should emulate the humanities of the past and teach writing as a social force in technology, politics, and business.
Appraising and Funding Participatory Research in Health Promotion
Authors: George M. Anne , Daniel Mark , Green Lawrence W.
Published: May 2005

Participatory action research combines research, education and social action. Each of these elements reflects health education research and practice. Indeed, health education, health promotion and participatory research have converged in these respects. Participatory research is well suited to the philosophies and theories underpinning community-based health education and health promotion. The nature of participatory research is such that funding agencies, especially those awarding research funds, tend to be challenged in their attempts to assess proposals. This is true at least for those agencies operating under traditional criteria for reviewing standards, which may not be appropriate for participatory research. As well, it may reflect a broader lack of common understanding about the processes and expectations, the apparent untidiness of projects (comparing with traditional research) which by their nature offer no standard methods, deadlines, procedures or predetermined outcome measures. The Study of Participatory Research in Health Promotion [1], commissioned by the Royal Society of Canada, attempted to clarify the topic by providing a working definition and a set of guidelines for use by funding agencies when appraising projects purporting to be participatory research. The guidelines emphasize how the normal ways of conducting health research in populations need to adapt to meet the educational and policy expectations of participatory research. The study also examined current practical examples of participatory research in the field of health promotion in Canada. This summary of the results of the project provides detailed guidelines flowing from a review of experience in the field and consultation with groups engaged in participatory research.
Health Services and Decentralized Government: The Case of Primary Health Services in Norway
Authors: Elstad Jon Ivar
Published: May 2005

Decentralized forms of government are becoming more common in Western European countries. The effects of decentralization of public health services are explored in this article. In 1984 the Norwegian Municipal Health Act allocated the responsibility for primary health care to the municipalities. Based on data from a sample of 70 municipalities, the author shows that the number of primary health service personnel has expanded considerably during 1984–88, but the distribution of services has not become more equitable. Though the formal role of local politicians in the decision-making process has increased, the health sector officers and the Municipal Executives have in practice controlled the evolution of the municipal health services. The author concludes that decentralization does not necessarily lead to more democracy, and that an equitable distribution of public health services becomes more difficult to attain.
Cognitive Complexity and Creativity
Authors: Charlton Steve , Bakan Paul
Published: May 2005

A number of similar characteristics between creative and cognitively complex people suggests a positive relationship between these variables. However, past empirical research, using purported measures of creativity and cognitive complexity, has reported equivocal findings. The present study hypothesized a positive relationship between high creativity (How Do You Think Test) and cognitive complexity. The subjects were fifty-six female and fifty-six male university students. As predicted, cognitive complexity was significantly related to creativity. In addition, females were significantly more cognitively complex.
Who Participates in Bereavement Research? A Review and Empirical Study
Authors: Stroebe Margaret S. , Stroebe Wolfgang
Published: May 2005

Despite high attrition rates in bereavement research, the issue of selection biases on health measures has been neglected. This raises doubt about many of the generalizations concerning health characteristics and recovery patterns among bereaved people. If it is the least distressed individuals who participate in bereavement research, such research would underestimate the impact of bereavement on health. If, on the other hand, it is the most distressed who agree to participate (e.g., because they want to talk about their loss), the health consequences of bereavement would be exaggerated. The first part of this article reviews attrition rates in bereavement research and demonstrates both the prevalence of low acceptance rates and the lack of knowledge about the bias due to such self-selection. In the second part, an empirical study is reported which provides evidence on the two conflicting hypotheses described above. The findings of our study show that depression does indeed affect willingness to participate but operates differently for males and females: Whereas widowers who were less depressed agreed to participate in an interview, the opposite was the case for widows: Those who were more depressed did so. This sex difference is explained in terms of sex roles in coping styles and norms for exhibiting emotions. Empirical studies of bereavement reactions need to take such selection biases in sampling into account.
An Examination of Objective and Subjective Measures of Experience Associated to Odors, Music, and Paintings
Authors: Herz Rachel S.
Published: May 2005

Odors have been shown to elicit highly emotional memories, as well as alter emotions and induce moods. A critical challenge for the uniqueness of olfactory emotional potency is a stimulus with perceived inherent emotional quality. Music and paintings are such stimuli. Notably, olfactory experiences are distinguished from auditory and visual experience by limited verbal representation. It was therefore speculated that weak linguistic representation might be responsible for the emotional potency of odors; and therefore if verbal fluency were controlled for, odor-evoked associations would lose their emotional distinctiveness. To test this hypothesis and assess the emotionality and quality of experiences and associations evoked by odors, music and paintings, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1 subjects assessed moderately familiar odors and music, and in Experiment 2 subjects assessed highly abstract (unfamiliar/unnamable) odors, music, and paintings. Rating scale and questionnaire (subjective) and numbers of labels, memories, and heart-rate changes (objective) measures were obtained. Results revealed that, in both experiments, heart rate was consistently higher in response to odors than to music and paintings. It was also found that verbal fluency did not affect the emotionality of experiences to odors. Additionally, subjective and objective measures of emotional arousal were not related for any stimulus type, and despite objectively measured evidence to the contrary, subjects believed that music was able to affect their emotions and moods more than were odors and paintings. The present results show that 1) odors are more emotionally arousing than other aesthetic sensory stimuli, 2) language does not mediate this effect, and 3) objective and subjective aspects of aesthetic perception are not necessarily correlated.
Surrendering to Diabetes: An Embodied Response to Perceptions of Diabetes and Death in the Gila River Indian Community
Authors: Kozak David L.
Published: May 2005

The Pima Indians of southern Arizona have the highest reported incidence and prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in the world. Age-adjusted mortality rates are 40 to 50 percent higher in diabetic than in non-diabetic members of the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC). This study examines the health attitudes and perceptions of NIDDM among forty-four non-diabetic members of the GRIC. It was found that many of these Pima view NIDDM as an inevitable, uncontrollable, inherited, and fatal disease. It is argued that this disease's impact has fostered an embodied-physiological-emotional-cultural response that I call “surrender.” The consequences and health implications of this response are discussed.
Abstract of the Medical Paper
Authors: Applewhite Lottie
Published: May 2005

The ideal technique for abstracting medical papers is contained in the “PMRC” formula which calls for the purpose (P), methods (M), results (R), and conclusions (C) of the research or clinical observations to be stated in 200 words or less. This formula is a useful framework to help writers prepare more substantive abstracts. By selecting keywords and the significant findings, and by stating in concrete terms, succinctly and accurately, the four parts of the formula, one builds the abstract directly from the paper. A reader, author, professional abstractor may use the formula, although the techniques and application may vary in steps for completeness and refinement. Notes taken by the reader serve as an instrument to facilitate recall. The formula provides a framework for comprehensive, well constructed abstracts for writers. The PMRC formula is an effective pattern for writing abstracts which are more informative, concise, and valuable than abstracts without these four parts distinctly present, are not interchangeable with summaries, and can stand alone without the entire article. One argument against an abstract—it is not the whole original paper.
The Interaction of Motivational Orientation and Knowledge-Seeking Inquiry in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning
Authors: Hakkarainen K. , Lipponen L. , Järvelä S. , Niemivirta M.
Published: May 2005

The relations and possible interaction of students' motivational orientation and the quality of their inquiry in computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) were examined. The study was performed among ten-year-old students ( N = 26) in a Finnish elementary school. At the beginning of the learning project, the students were administered similar self-report questionnaires to identify their motivational tendencies. In order to compare the students' general motivational tendencies with their actual engagement, the lessons were videotaped for collecting data on the students' learning and social interaction processes during CSILE (Computer-Supported Intentional Learning Environment) work. Furthermore, CSILE students' written work was analyzed to examine their practices of knowledge production and the epistemological nature of their inquiry. The study indicates that CSCL may facilitate the active participation of students who have a lot of difficulties in traditional school learning. In addition, regardless of their motivational orientation or school achievements, students tended to produce the same kind of descriptive, empirical, and factual knowledge. It seems that classroom culture and the nature of learning tasks significantly constrain each student's practices of inquiry. Longitudinal process-data is needed in order to analyze possible changes in students' motivational tendencies and knowledge- seeking inquiry.