bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cucurbit[7]uril‐Based Vesicles Formed by Self‐assembly of Supramolecular Amphiphiles
Authors: Li Jiaxi , Zhou Lipeng , Luo Quan , Wang Yongguo , Zhang Chunqiu , Lu Wei , Xu Jiayun , Liu Junqiu
Published: September 2012

Cucurbituril (CB), a well‐known macrocyclic cavitand, has been used extensively to construct supramolecular aggregates. Based on host‐guest intertactions, an adamantanyl derivative guest molecule was designed and synthesized to prepare a supramolecular amphiphile with cucurbit[7]uril. In aqueous solution, the cucurbit[7]uril based supramolecular amphiphiles self‐assemble into well‐defined vesicles, and their disassembly can be achieved by addition of excess competitive agent 1‐adamantanamine hydrochloride. This vesicle functions as a new nanocapsule to encapsulate molecules within its hollow cavity. Through competitive disassembly of supramolecular amphiphiles, the vesicles behave as a novel drug delivery carrier.
Synthesis, Structure of Zinc Complexes Containing Sulfonylated Binaphtholate Ligands and Their Catalytic Activities towards Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactide and ε‐Caprolactone
Authors: Zhou Shuangliu , Jiang Yongyao , Xie Tao , Wu Zhanshuan , Zhou Linmin , Xu Wenjing , Zhang Lijun , Wang Shaowu
Published: September 2012

Reaction of sulfonylated binaphthol [2‐hydroxy‐2′‐tosyloxy‐1,1‐binaphthyl (1a, Ts‐Binol) or 2‐hydroxy‐2′‐(phenylsulfonyloxy)‐1,1‐binaphthyl (1b, Ps‐Binol)] with 1 equiv. of ZnEt2 afforded zinc complexes [(Ts‐Binol)ZnEt]2 (2a) and [(Ps‐Binol)ZnEt]2 (2b). Further reaction of zinc complexes 2a and 2b with benzyl alcohol (BnOH) gave the zinc benzyloxide [(Ts‐Binol)2Zn2(OBn)2]2 (3a) and [(Ps‐Binol)2Zn2(OBn)2]2 (3b). Alternatively, the zinc benzyloxides 3a and 3b could also be obtained by reaction of compound 1a or 1b with Zn(OBn)2 (in situ reaction of ZnEt2 and BnOH). The complexes were fully characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic analyses, and complexes 2a, 2b and 3a were further characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analyses. The catalytic activities of these zinc complexes towards ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone and D,L‐lactide were studied.
Effect of SnO2‐Sb2O5 Interlayer on Electrochemical Performances of a Ti‐Substrate Lead Dioxide Electrode
Authors: Kong Haishen , Huang Weimin , Lin Haibo , Lu Haiyan , Zhang Wenli
Published: September 2012

The Ti/SnO2‐Sb2O5/PbO2 electrode was prepared by electrodeposition method onto Ti substrate with SnO2‐Sb2O5 interlayer. Microstructure information of SnO2‐Sb2O5 interlayer and PbO2 coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our study shows that the titanium substrate is completely covered by the SnO2‐Sb2O5 solid solution interlayer and the interlayer combines the Ti substrate closely with the PbO2 coating. The electrochemical performance of the Ti/SnO2‐Sb2O5/PbO2 electrode was studied by cyclic voltammogram (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and accelerated life test. The results show the electrochemical activity, electrical conductivity and stability of Ti‐substrate lead dioxide electrode are increased. The deactivation process of the Ti/SnO2‐Sb2O5/PbO2 electrode was also studied by the EIS. The SnO2‐Sb2O5 interlayer can effectively prevent the growth of a TiO2 insulating layer between the substrate and the PbO2 coating during the lifetime tests, thus maintain high activity of Ti/SnO2‐Sb2O5/PbO2 electrode for 10 times longer than Ti/PbO2 electrode without interlayer.
Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study on Aggregation of MPEG‐PAE‐PLA Block Polymer Micelles Loading Doxorubicine
Authors: Yang Chufen , Sun Yao , Zhang Lijuan
Published: September 2012

To guide the molecular design of the pH‐sensitive triblock amphiphilic polymer MPEG‐PAE‐PLA and the formula design of its doxorubicine (DOX)‐loaded micelles, dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations are employed to investigate the aggregation behaviors of the DOX‐loaded micelles. The simulation results showed that the aggregate morphologies of micelles and DOX distribution are influenced by degree of polymerization of blocks, and the proposed structure of polymer is MPEG44‐PAE3‐PLA4. With different contents of polymer or DOX, different aggregate morphologies of the micelles, like microsphere, spindle/column, reticulation or lamella are observed. To prepare the micro‐spherical DOX‐loaded micelles, the polymer content is proposed as 10%–15%, and the DOX content less than 10%.
Effect of Molecular Weight and Processing Additive on the Performance of Low Bandgap Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Xiaoli , Tang Haowei , Yang Dalei , Li Hui , Xu Wentao , Yin Li , Yang Xiaoniu
Published: September 2012

In this work, we synthesized a low bandgap polymer polysilole(‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐5‐octylthieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione) (PDTSTPD) with different molecular weights (Mn). The devices based on PDTSTPD/PC71BM composite are prepared and the dependence of power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices on the Mn of conjugated polymers is addressed. We found the hole mobility of PDTSTPD is dependent on the Mn of the polymer, which should be the main reason contributing to the drastic difference of device performance, i.e. the PCE of the device using 10 kDa polymer is only 0.52%, in contrast to 2.3% for 24 kDa polymer device. This PCE data is then further improved to 5.0% via using 1,8‐diiodoctane as processing additive to achieve an optimized morphology for the photoactive layer with an appropriate length‐scale of phase separation for both exciton dissociation and charge transportation.
Electrodeposition of Prussian Blue Nanoparticles on Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide and Synergistically Electrocatalytic Activity toward Guanine
Authors: Yang Tao , Guan Qian , Ma Suyan , Li Qianhe , Jiao Kui
Published: September 2012

In this paper, a simple and reliable fabrication method about electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGNO)‐prussian blue (PB) nanocomposite was proposed for determination of guanine. Due to its unique structural, physical and chemical properties, ERGNO, which was fabricated on the carbon paste electrode (CPE) beforehand through electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide, was selected as a compatible precursor for next‐step PB electrodeposition. Electrochemical behaviors of the resulted PB/ERGNO/CPE were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The electrochemical results showed that PB/ERGNO/CPE exhibited good electrochemical performances. The electrocatalytic results of guanine further illustrated that graphene prompted the electrocatalytic ability of PB via the redox shift between PB and prussian yellow (PY) in the potential range from 0.5 to 1.2 V, which has not been widely adopted in the PB based electrochemical sensors. The detection limit of guanine could be calculated to be 1.0×10−8 mol/L. It means this PB/ERGNO/CPE platform is quite sensitive and can be readily applied in biosensor field.
Synthesis of Osmapyridiniums by [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction between Osmium Alkenylcarbyne and Nitriles
Authors: Liu Bin , Zhao Qianyi , Wang Huijuan , Chen Jinxiang , Cao Xiaoyu , Cao Zexing , Xia Haiping
Published: September 2012

A novel [4+2] cycloaddition reaction between osmium alkenylcarbyne complex [OsHCl2{CC(PPh3)CHPh}(PPh3)2]+BF4− (1) and nitriles (acetonitrile and benzonitrile) provided metallapyridiniums [OsCl2{CHC(PPh3)CPhCRNH}(PPh3)2]+BF4− (R=CH3 (2), Ph (3)) and OsCl3{CHC(PPh3)CPhCPhNH}(PPh3) (4). A possible mechanism was proposed. Treatment of 2 with n‐BuLi and NEt3 afforded osmapyridines OsCl2{CHC(PPh3)CPhCCH3N}(PPh3)2 (5) and [OsCl{CHC(PPh3)CPhCCH3N}(C6H5N)(PPh3)2]+BF4− (6). The ligands of osmapyridiniums 2 and 4 were changed, thus providing a series of osmapyridiniums [OsCl(SCN){CHC(PPh3)CPhC(CH3)NH}(PPh3)2]+Cl− (7), OsCl(SCN)2{CHC(PPh3)CPhC(CH3)NH}(PPh3) (8), Os(SCN)3{CHC(PPh3)CPhC(CH3)NH}(PPh3) (9), [OsCl{CHC(PPh3)CPhC(CH3)NH}(CH3CN)(PPh3)2]+(BF4−)2 (10), [OsCl{CHC(PPh3)CPhC(CH3)NH}‐(η2‐1,10‐phenanthroline)(PPh3)]+(BF4−)Cl− (11), [OsCl{CHC(PPh3)CPhC(CH3)NH}(η2‐8‐hydroxyquinoline) (PPh3)]+BF4− (12), and [Os{CHC(PPh3)CPhCPhNH}(CH3CN)3(PPh3)]+(BF4−)3 (13). Most of these products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and single crystal X‐ray diffraction.
A Near‐infrared Fluorescent Probe for Selective Simultaneous Detection of Fe2+ and Cl− in Living Cells
Authors: Li Ping , Xiao Haibin , Tang Bo
Published: September 2012

A naked‐eyed chromo‐near infrared fluorescent probe for simultaneous detection of Fe2+ and Cl− has been developed, based on photoinduced electron transfer mechanism (PET). The fluorophore is cyanine (Cy‐SO3−) and the Fe2+ receptor is 4′‐(aminomethylphenyl)‐2,2′,6′,2′′‐terpyridine (Tpy). The probe responds linearly and rapidly to [Fe2+] and [Cl−] variations under physiological conditions and exhibits high sensitivity, good photostability, and excellent cell membrane permeability. The real‐time imaging of cellular Fe2+ was achieved successfully in living HL‐7702, HepG2, and RAW264.7 cell lines.
Scaling the SIESTA magnetohydrodynamics equilibrium code
Authors: Seal Sudip K. , Perumalla Kalyan S. , Hirshman Steven P.
Published: September 2012

We report the results of a scaling effort that increases both the speed and resolution of the SIESTA magnetohydrodynamics equilibrium code. SIESTA is capable of computing three‐dimensional plasma equilibria with magnetic islands at high spatial resolutions for toroidally confined plasmas. Starting with a small‐scale parallel implementation, we identified scale‐dependent bottlenecks of the code and developed scalable alternatives for each performance‐significant functionality, cumulatively improving both its runtime speed (on the same number of processors) and its scalability (across larger number of processors) by an order of magnitude. The net outcome is an improvement in speed by over 10‐fold, utilizing a few thousand processors, enabling SIESTA to simulate high spatial‐resolution scenarios in under an hour for the first time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled Synthesis of Anatase TiO2 Single Crystals with Dominant {001} Facets from TiO2 Powders
Authors: Li Hongmei , Zeng Yangsu , Huang Tongcheng , Piao Lingyu , Liu Min
Published: September 2012

Anatase TiO2 single crystals with dominant {001} facets were fabricated in a controlled manner from TiO2 powders through a facile route for the first time. The obtained TiO2 single crystals have a size of approximately 1.5 μm and a remarkable, roughly 65 % fraction of {001} facets. The influence of the reaction temperature, the amount of precursor, and the reaction time on the morphology and the exposed facets was studied systematically. The percentage of {001} facets increased with the temperature and the amount of precursor, as a result of the surface energy reduction effect of F− ions. Further increasing the temperature and the amount of precursor led to serious corrosion of the products because of the enhanced corrosive effect of HF. Owing to the high percentage of exposed {001} facets, the TiO2 single crystals exhibit a much enhanced photocatalytic efficiency (almost fivefold) compared to that of P25 TiO2 as a benchmark material, thus opening a new avenue to prepare highly active TiO2 single crystals with dominant {001} facets from low‐cost TiO2 powders.
Methyl Ricinoleate as Platform Chemical for Simultaneous Production of Fine Chemicals and Polymer Precursors
Authors: Dupé Antoine , Achard Mathieu , Fischmeister Cédric , Bruneau Christian
Published: September 2012

The modification of methyl ricinoleate by etherification of the hydroxyl group was accomplished by using a nonclassical ruthenium‐catalyzed allylation reaction and also by esterification. Methyl ricinoleate derivatives were engaged in ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reactions leading to biosourced 3,6‐dihydropyran and α,β‐unsaturated lactone derivatives with concomitant production of polymer precursors. Sequential RCM/hydrogenation and RCM/cross‐metathesis were also implemented as a straightforward method for the synthesis of tetrahydropyran and lactone derivatives as well as valuable monomers (i.e., polyamide precursors).
Floating Potential of an Electron Emitting Collector that Terminates a Bounded Plasma System
Authors: Gyergyek T. , Kovačič J.
Published: September 2012

Potential formation in one‐dimensional bounded plasma system terminated by a floating, electron emitting collector is studied by a fully kinetic one‐dimensional model and particle‐in‐cell (PIC) computer simulation. As the electron emission from the collector is gradually increased, the floating potential of the collector and the electric field at the collector both increase quite strongly. When the critical emission is reached, the electric field becomes zero. If the emission is increased further, the electric field changes sign and becomes positive and a virtual cathode is formed in front of the collector. The floating potential of the collector also increases, but much more slowly, than below the critical emission level. If the ratio between the temperatures of the emitted and of the bulk electrons is high enough, the floating potential of the collector may even exceed the zero potential of the source, but in this case the simulation becomes unstable, when the positive ions start to flow back from the collector towards the source. Simulation results obtained below the critical emission level are in very good agreement with the model, provided that the particle densities obtained from the simulation are normalized correctly. In this case the potential and electric field profiles found from the PIC simulation match almost perfectly to the profiles obtained from the numerical solution of the Poisson equation (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
DC Townsend Discharge in Nitrogen: Temperature‐Dependent Phenomena
Authors: Lodygin A. N. , Portsel L. M. , Astrov Yu. A.
Published: September 2012

Low‐current Townsend discharge in nitrogen has been studied in the temperature range of T = 100–300 K in a semiconductor‐gas‐discharge structure. It was found that the sustaining voltage US increases with time when a current is passed through the structure at low T. This effect was not observed at room temperature. A hypothesis is put forward that a film of a neutral phase of nitrogen is formed on the electrodes under cryogenic discharge conditions. The presence of the condensed thin‐film phase leads to a decrease in the secondary electron emission from the electrode and to a corresponding increase in US. A possible mechanism of the phenomenon is associated with the formation of large neutral aggregates in the form of [N+2(N2)n]– in the gas discharge volume. The condensation of these aggregates seems to yield a phase that is comparatively stable at cryogenic temperatures (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intersymbol interference cancellation in CDMA 1xEVDO network
Authors: Bayat Oguz
Published: September 2012

This paper presents the BER performance of the physical layer of the code division multiple access 1x Evolution Data Only (EVDO) standard for different data transmission formats, and shows the improvement on the BER performance of the EVDO system over intersymbol interference channel by adapting the low complexity turbo equalization scheme at the receiver. The radio frequency, channel condition, and mobile user data speeds were extracted from a mobile user with a drive experiment on a live wireless EVDO network. Then, the real data were utilized to simulate the actual mobile user's data speeds in our simulations to show the overall BER performance of the EVDO system application. The simulation results are shown over Gaussian and Proakis A channels and the results indicate that significant intersymbol interference cancellation is obtained with an adapted code division multiple access system and the advantages of turbo equalization on the EVDO system are discussed in this research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De novo CD5‐positive primary cardiac diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma diagnosed by pleural fluid cytology
Authors: Cioc Adina M. , Jessurun José , Vercellotti Gregory M. , Pambuccian Stefan E.
Published: September 2012

Primary cardiac lymphomas are exceedingly rare. The presence and extent of the intracardiac mass is determined by echocardiography, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, the diagnosis is established by endomyocardial biopsy or by pericardial or pleural effusion cytology. We describe the pleural effusion cytologic features of a primary cardiac lymphoma in a 55‐year‐old woman who presented with progressive shortness of breath, fatigue, mild dizziness, dull chest ache, and lower extremity edema. Transthoracic echocardiography, CT, and MRI showed a large mass centered in the right atrium and extending into the right ventricle, associated with pericardial effusion and bilateral pleural effusions. Cytologic examination of the pleural fluid showed very large pleomorphic malignant cell, some of which were binucleated and multinucleated and had anaplastic features. Flow cytometry showed a kappa monotypic population of large cells coexpressing CD5, CD19, and CD20; and immunoperoxidase stains performed on the cell block sections showed that the large neoplastic cells were positive for CD20, PAX5, CD5, and MUM1 and showed a very high proliferation rate (over 90%) by Ki67 staining. The cytologic, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry findings established the diagnosis of de novo CD5‐positive primary cardiac diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), anaplastic variant, which was confirmed by the subsequent endomyocardial biopsy. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of de novo CD5‐positive primary cardiac diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, and the first report of the anaplastic variant of DLBCL diagnosed by effusion cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:259–267. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of factors predictive of malignancy in patients with atypical biliary brushing results obtained via ERCP
Authors: Witt Benjamin L. , Kristen Hilden R. N. , Scaife Courtney , Chadwick Barbara , Layfield Lester , Cory Johnston W. , Safaee Maryam , Siddiqui Ali , Adler Douglas G.
Published: September 2012

Biliary brushings obtained during ERCP can have one of three cellular interpretations: benign, malignant, or “atypical.” Atypical interpretations usually result in further testing, and may cause controversy over management and increases in cost. We evaluated a large cohort of patients with atypical biliary brushings for analysis and risk stratification.

All biliary brushing specimens collected between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2010 that had an atypical result were included. Hospital electronic records were reviewed for these patients to include: demographics, indication for ERCP, endoscopist/pathologist impressions, serologic testing, stricture site, and information relating to the final clinical diagnosis.

Eighty‐six patients were included. Totally, 60/86 patients (70%) had malignancies while 26/86 (30%) had no evidence of malignancy during long term follow up. Univariate analysis showed that the risk of malignant outcomes was significantly associated with older age, suspicious/malignant endoscopic impression, pancreatic mass, indications including jaundice and/or dilated bile ducts, stricture location within the common bile duct, PSC, and CA 19‐9 levels >300 U/mL. We created a novel scoring system for prediction of malignancy based on clinical and endoscopic factors.

We identified parameters that are typically available to the clinician to categorize patients with an “atypical” bile duct brushing results into “high risk” and “lower risk” classifications. Our proposed scoring system would allow such risk stratification to take place. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:682–688. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology of bronchial low‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma: Rapid on‐site evaluation of cytopathologic findings
Authors: Dyhdalo Kathryn S. , Chen Longwen
Published: September 2012

Bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is rare, comprising about 0.2% of primary lung tumors. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is an integral tool in the diagnosis and staging of malignant lung tumors. Rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) has been proven useful as a guide for assessing the adequacy and accuracy of the FNA samples. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of diagnostic cytomorphologic findings of MEC is critical for ROSE.

We reported a 46‐year‐old woman with 6 weeks of cough productive of yellow sputum that did not improve on antibiotics. A chest CT demonstrated a well‐circumscribed nodule in the right lower lobe bronchus that extended into the lung parenchyma. EBUS‐guided FNA was performed to obtain diagnostic materials. The ROSE of cytology specimen revealed numerous tight clusters of cells with well‐defined, but scant cytoplasm. These cells were relatively small and bland with high N/C ratio, resembling benign ductal cells. Neither cilia nor intranuclear inclusions were noted. Focal extracellular metachromatic mucinous materials were also noted. A preliminary diagnosis of “low‐grade epithelial neoplasm, favor low grade MEC” was rendered. The definitive diagnosis was confirmed by both cytology and core biopsy.

EBUS‐guided FNA cytology can be a reliable method for the diagnosis of bronchial low grade MEC. The cyto‐morphology of ROSE can indicate the diagnosis of low grade MEC and direct the appropriate follow‐up triage of the specimen.Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:1096–1099. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) improves glycaemic control in oral hypoglycaemic agent (OHA)‐treated type 2 diabetes (SMBG‐OHA study)
Authors: Harashima Shin‐ichi , Fukushima Toru , Sasaki Mayumi , Nishi Yuichi , Fujimoto Shimpei , Ogura Masahito , Yamane Shunsuke , Tanaka Daisuke , Harada Norio , Hamasaki Akihiro , Nagashima Kazuaki , Nakahigashi Yuko , Seino Yutaka , Inagaki Nobuya
Published: September 2012

Background

We conducted a clinical research study to determine the effect of self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on glycaemic control and the value of a putatively less painful blood sampling technique on SMBG in oral hypoglycaemic agent‐treated type 2 diabetes patients; SMBG has not been broadly applied in non‐insulin‐treated patients in Japan.

Methods

One hundred thirty‐seven subjects were recruited for the 24‐week, prospective, comparison study and randomized into three groups: 46, no SMBG group; 46, fingertip group; and 45, palm group. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c. The secondary endpoints were SMBG compliance, dropout rate, treatment changes, and patient's and physician's satisfaction.

Results

Six subjects in the fingertip group (13.2%) and one subject in the palm group (2.2%) were dropped because of pain. A1C level of all subjects at 24‐week was decreased more in the fingertip (−0.23%) and palm (−0.16%) groups than that in the no SMBG group (+0.31%) (p < 0.05). SMBG compliance was higher in the fingertip group (2.17 times/day) than that in the palm group (1.65 times/day) (p < 0.05). A1C level of treatment‐unchanged subjects was decreased more in the fingertip (−0.25%) and palm (−0.21%) groups than that in the no SMBG group (+0.30%) (p < 0.05). SMBG compliance was higher in the fingertip group (2.24 times/day) than that in the palm group (1.65 times/day) (p < 0.05). Patient's questionnaire showed that 84.1% of the fingertip group and 90.2% of the palm group were satisfied with SMBG. Physician's satisfaction was higher in the palm group (94.0%) than that in the fingertip group (80.0%) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

SMBG is beneficial for glycaemic control, and palm blood sampling is a useful procedure for oral hypoglycaemic agent‐treated type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of ephrin‐A expression in compressed retinocollicular maps
Authors: Tadesse Tizeta , Cheng Qi , Xu Mei , Baro Deborah J. , Young Larry J. , Pallas Sarah L.
Published: September 2012

Retinotopic maps can undergo compression and expansion in response to changes in target size, but the mechanism underlying this compensatory process has remained a mystery. The discovery of ephrins as molecular mediators of Sperry's chemoaffinity process allows a mechanistic approach to this important issue. In Syrian hamsters, neonatal, partial (PT) ablation of posterior superior colliculus (SC) leads to compression of the retinotopic map, independent of neural activity. Graded, repulsive EphA receptor/ephrin‐A ligand interactions direct the formation of the retinocollicular map, but whether ephrins might also be involved in map compression is unknown. To examine whether map compression might be directed by changes in the ephrin expression pattern, we compared ephrin‐A2 and ephrin‐A5 mRNA expression between normal SC and PT SC using in situ hybridization and quantitative real‐time PCR. We found that ephrin‐A ligand expression in the compressed maps was low anteriorly and high posteriorly, as in normal animals. Consistent with our hypothesis, the steepness of the ephrin gradient increased in the lesioned colliculi. Interestingly, overall levels of ephrin‐A2 and ‐A5 expression declined immediately after neonatal target damage, perhaps promoting axon outgrowth. These data establish a correlation between changes in ephrin‐A gradients and map compression, and suggest that ephrin‐A expression gradients may be regulated by target size. This in turn could lead to compression of the retinocollicular map onto the reduced target. These findings have important implications for mechanisms of recovery from traumatic brain injury. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2013
Electrochemically Directed Synthesis of Co2+ and Ni2+ Complexes with TCNQF42– (TCNQF4 = 2,3,5,6‐Tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane)
Authors: Le Thanh Hai , Nafady Ayman , Bond Alan M. , Martin Lisandra L.
Published: September 2012

The electrocrystallization of transition metal coordination polymers MTCNQF4 containing TCNQF42– dianions and M2+ cations (TCNQF4 = 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane, M = Co or Ni) has been achieved in acetonitrile (0.1 M Bu4NPF6) at glassy carbon and indium tin oxide electrodes and the reaction pathway monitored by cyclic voltammetry and surface plasmon resonance. TCNQF4 is sequentially reduced to TCNQF4·– and then TCNQF42–. In the presence of M2+, the TCNQF42– formation is accompanied by the electrocrystallization of the sparingly soluble MTCNQF4 on the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammetry studies reveal that two phases of MTCNQF4 are formed. One is kinetically favoured and rapidly converts to a second thermodynamically stable phase. The formation of MTCNQF4 is possible because of the relatively high solubility of M(TCNQF4)2 derivatives. The solubilities of CoTCNQF4 and NiTCNQF4 are 8.6 × 10–6 and 9.2 × 10–6 M, respectively, in neat acetonitrile and 2.2 × 10–5 and 2.4 × 10–5 M, respectively, in an acetonitrile solution containing Bu4NPF6 (0.1 M). The presence of TCNQF42– dianions rather than TCNQF4·– monoanions in the coordination polymers was confirmed by UV/Vis, IR and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy images show that the morphology of the electrocrystallized MTCNQF4 depends on the applied potential for CoTCNQF4, but not for the NiTCNQF4 complex.
Functionalized Phosphonated Half‐Cage Molecules as Ligands for Metal Complexes
Authors: Villemin Elise , Herent Marie‐France , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline
Published: September 2012

Phosphonated molecules, featuring a half‐cage structure and a N‐lateral chain with additional metal coordinating groups were designed as ligands of metal cations. These compounds were synthesized by a Diels–Alder (DA) strategy, using 1‐diethoxyphosphoryl‐1,3‐butadiene and a series of N‐substituted maleimides as dienophiles. Two cycloadducts, bearing a terminal primary alcohol and a terminal iodide, respectively, were used as key intermediates for further functionalizations. Metal coordination properties of the ligands equipped with functionalized N‐lateral chains were proven by an ESI‐HRMS study. The stoichiometry of one selected EuIII complex with a diphosphonated ligand was determined by photoluminescence spectroscopy in emission mode.
Rock damage and regolith transport by frost: an example of climate modulation of the geomorphology of the critical zone
Authors: Anderson Robert S. , Anderson Suzanne P. , Tucker Gregory E.
Published: September 2012

In this article we craft process‐specific algorithms that capture climate control of hillslope evolution in order to elucidate the legacy of past climate on present critical zone architecture and topography. Models of hillslope evolution traditionally comprise rock detachment into the mobile layer, mobile regolith transport, and a channel incision or aggradation boundary condition. We extend this system into the deep critical zone by considering a weathering damage zone below the mobile regolith in which rock strength is diminished; the degree of damage conditions the rate of mobile regolith production. We first discuss generic damage profiles in which appropriate length and damage scales govern profile shapes, and examine their dependence upon exhumation rate. We then introduce climate control through the example of rock damage by frost‐generated crack growth. We augment existing frost cracking models by incorporating damage rate limitations for long transport distances for water to the freezing front. Finally we link the frost cracking damage model, a mobile regolith production rule in which rock entrainment is conditioned by the damage state of the rock, and a frost creep transport model, to examine the evolution of an interfluve under oscillating climate. Aspect‐related differences in mean annual surface temperatures result in differences in bedrock damage rate and mobile regolith transport efficiency, which in turn lead to asymmetries in critical zone architecture and hillslope form (divide migration). In a quasi‐steady state hillslope, the lowering rate is uniform, and the damage profile is better developed on north‐facing slopes where the frost damage process is most intense. Because the residence times of mobile regolith and weathered bedrock in such landscapes are on the order of 10 to 100 ka, climate cycles over similar timescales result in modulation of transport and damage efficiencies. These lead to temporal variation in mobile regolith thickness, and to corresponding changes in sediment delivery to bounding streams. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Kinect: a low‐cost, high‐resolution, short‐range 3D camera
Authors: Mankoff Kenneth David , Russo Tess Alethea
Published: September 2012

We present a novel application of the Kinect™, an input device designed for the Microsoft® Xbox 360® video game system. The device can be used by Earth scientists as a low‐cost, high‐resolution, short‐range 3D/4D camera imaging system producing data similar to a terrestrial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor. The Kinect contains a structured light emitter, an infrared camera (the combination of these two produce a distance image), a visual wavelength camera, a three‐axis accelerometer, and four microphones. The cost is ~ US $100, frame rate is 30 Hz, spatial and depth resolutions are mm to cm depending on range, and the optimal operating range is 0.5 to ~5 m. The resolution of the distance measurements decreases with distance and is ≤1 mm at 0.5 m and ~75 mm at 5 m. We illustrate data collection and basic data analysis routines in three experiments designed to demonstrate the breadth and utility of this new sensor in domains of glaciology, stream bathymetry, and geomorphology, although the device is applicable to a number of other Earth science fields. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of helical flow in one‐dimensional modelling of sediment distribution at river bifurcations
Authors: van der Mark Caroline F. , Mosselman Erik
Published: September 2012

Complex flow processes at river bifurcations and the influence of the layout of a bifurcation make it difficult to predict sediment distribution over the downstream branches in case bedload transport dominates. In one‐dimensional models we need a nodal point relationship that prescribes the distribution of sediment over the downstream branches. We have identified which factors need to be included in such a relationship for the division of bedload transport at bifurcations. Next, irrotational flow theory for idealized geometries has been used to derive a simple physics‐based nodal point relationship that accounts for the effects of helical flow in the situation that a channel takes off under an angle from a straight main channel. This first step towards a complete nodal point relationship is applicable to bedload transport situations if the flow is clearly curved and if there is no pronounced bed topography. The relationship has been tested against data from a unique set of laboratory measurements, numerical data and data from a scale model of the Rhine bifurcation at Pannerden in the Netherlands. We find that the derived model yields a reasonable prediction of the sediment division over the downstream branches, and yields better predictions than the Wang et al. model for the situation considered. Considering the relative complexity and limited accuracy of the nodal point relationship for the effect of helical flow alone, however, we conclude thatderiving a practical physics‐based 1‐D relationship including all relevant processes is not feasible. We therefore recommend 2‐D or 3‐D modelling for all cases in general where morphological evolution depends on the division of bedload transport at bifurcations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of genomic aberrations suggest that Burkitt lymphomas with complex karyotype are distinct from other aggressive B‐cell lymphomas with MYC rearrangement
Authors: Havelange Violaine , Ameye Geneviève , Théate Ivan , Callet‐Bauchu Evelyne , Mugneret Francine , Michaux Lucienne , Dastugue Nicole , Penther Dominique , Barin Carole , Collonge‐Rame Marie‐Agnès , Baranger Laurence , Terré Christine , Nadal Nathalie , Lippert Eric , Laï Jean‐Luc , Cabrol Christine , Tigaud Isabelle , Herens Christian , Hagemeijer Anne , Raphael Martine , Libouton Jeanne‐Marie , Poirel Hélène A. ,   On behalf of the GFCH (Groupe Francophone de Cytogénétique Hématologique)
Published: September 2012

We previously showed that complex karyotypes (CK) and chromosome 13q abnormalities have an adverse prognostic impact in childhood Burkitt lymphomas/leukemias (BL) and diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLBCL). The aim of our study was to identify recurrent alterations associated with MYC rearrangements in aggressive B‐cell lymphomas with CK. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M‐FISH) was performed in 84 patient samples (59 adults and 25 children), including 37 BL (13 lymphomas and 24 acute leukemias), 12 DLBCL, 28 B‐cell lymphomas with intermediate features (DLBCL/BL), 4 B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemias (BCP‐ALL), and 3 unclassifiable B‐cell lymphomas. New (cytogenetically undetected) abnormalities were identified in 80% of patients. We also refined one‐third of the chromosomal aberrations detected by karyotyping. M‐FISH proved to be more useful in identifying chromosomal partners involved in unbalanced translocations and in revealing greater complexity of 13q rearrangements. Most of the newly identified or refined recurrent alterations involved 1q, 13q and 3q (gains/losses), 7q and 18q (gains), or 6q (losses), suggesting that these secondary aberrations may play a role in lymphomagenesis. Several patterns of genomic aberrations were identified: 1q gains in BL, trisomies 7 in DLBCL, and 18q‐translocations in adult non‐BL. BCP‐ALL usually displayed an 18q21 rearrangement. BL karyotypes were less complex and aneuploid than those of other MYC‐rearranged lymphomas. BCP‐ALL and DLBCL/BL were associated with a higher rate of early death than BL and DLBCL. These findings support the categorization of DLBCL/BL as a distinct entity and suggest that BL with CK are indeed different from other aggressive MYC‐rearranged lymphomas, which usually show greater genetic complexity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High frequency of MYC gene amplification is a common feature of radiation‐induced sarcomas. Further results from EORTC STBSG TL 01/01
Authors: Käcker Christoph , Marx Alexander , Mössinger Katharina , Svehla Frederike , Schneider Ulrike , Hogendoorn Pancras Cornelis Wilhelmus , Nielsen Ole Steen , Küffer Stefan , Sauer Christian , Fisher Cyril , Hallermann Christian , Hartmann Jörg Thomas , Blay Jean‐Yves , Mechtersheimer Gunhild , Hohenberger Peter , Ströbel Philipp
Published: September 2012

Irradiation is a major causative factor among the small subgroup of sarcomas with a known etiology. The prognosis of radiation‐induced sarcomas (RIS) is significantly worse than that of their spontaneous counterparts. The most frequent histological subtypes include undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas, angiosarcomas, and leiomyosarcomas. A high frequency of MYC amplifications in radiation‐induced angiosarcomas, but not in primary angiosarcomas, has recently been described. To investigate whether MYC amplifications are also frequent in RIS other than angiosarcomas, we analyzed the MYC amplification status of 83 RIS and 192 sporadic sarcomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization. We found significantly higher numbers of MYC amplifications in RIS than in sporadic sarcomas (P < 0.0001), especially in angiosarcomas, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas, and leiomyosarcomas. Angiosarcomas were special in that MYC amplifications were particularly frequent and always high level, while other RIS showed low‐level amplifications. We conclude that MYC amplifications are a frequent feature of RIS as a group and may contribute to the biology of these tumors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The histone methyltransferase Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1‐like 1 (WHSC1L1) is involved in human carcinogenesis
Authors: Kang Daechun , Cho Hyun‐Soo , Toyokawa Gouji , Kogure Masaharu , Yamane Yuka , Iwai Yukiko , Hayami Shinya , Tsunoda Tatsuhiko , Field Helen I. , Matsuda Koichi , Neal David E. , Ponder Bruce A. J. , Maehara Yoshihiko , Nakamura Yusuke , Hamamoto Ryuji
Published: September 2012

Histone lysine methylation plays a fundamental role in chromatin organization. Although a set of histone methyltransferases have been identified and biochemically characterized, the pathological roles of their dysfunction in human cancers are still not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate important roles of WHSC1L1 in human carcinogenesis. Expression levels of WHSC1L1 transcript were significantly elevated in various human cancers including bladder carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of bladder, lung, and liver cancers confirmed overexpression of WHSC1L1. WHSC1L1‐specific small interfering RNAs significantly knocked down its expression and resulted in suppression of proliferation of bladder and lung cancer cell lines. WHSC1L1 knockdown induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase followed by multinucleation of cancer cells. Expression profile analysis using Affymetrix GeneChip® showed that WHSC1L1 affected the expression of a number of genes including CCNG1 and NEK7, which are known to play crucial roles in the cell cycle progression at mitosis. As WHSC1L1 expression is significantly low in various normal tissues including vital organs, WHSC1L1 could be a good candidate molecule for development of novel treatment for various types of cancer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global cognition and 8‐year survival among Japanese community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Iwasa Hajime , Kai Ichiro , Yoshida Yuko , Suzuki Takao , Kim Hunkyung , Yoshida Hideyo
Published: September 2012

Objective

We sought to examine the longitudinal relationship between cognitive function and all‐cause mortality among Japanese community‐dwelling older adults, using an 8‐year prospective cohort study design with mortality surveillance.

Methods

A total of 454 men and 386 women, aged 70 years and older, participated in the study. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administered to assess global cognition. The total MMSE score and subscale scores were used as independent variables, and age, gender, education level, chronic disease, sensory deficit, depressive symptoms, and instrumental activities of daily living were used as covariates.

Results

During the follow‐up period, 191 subjects (139 men and 52 women) died, and 64 subjects (31 men and 33 women) moved to a different region of Japan and were lost to follow‐up. Use of the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted for potential confounders, showed that global cognition was significantly and independently associated with mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14–2.23 and HR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.77–4.36 for the middle [24–27 points] and lowest [0–23 points] categories, respectively). Among the MMSE subscales, place orientation (HR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.09–2.25), calculation (HR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.18–2.35), and delayed recall (HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.03–1.96), were also significantly and independently associated with mortality.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that among older individuals, those with lower levels of cognitive function are more likely to have a shorter lifespan compared with those with higher cognitive functioning. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wet surface resistance of forest canopy in monsoon Asia: Implications for eddy‐covariance measurement of evapotranspiration
Authors: Hong J. , Takagi K. , Ohta T. , Kodama Y.
Published: September 2012

During the Asian monsoon period, intense precipitation commonly occurs for an extended period in accompaniment with a reduction in solar radiation. This suggests that wet surface evapotranspiration is an important contributor to the total evapotranspiration. Therefore, investigating evapotranspiration over a wet canopy surface is critical to achieve a better understanding of water and energy cycles in Asia. In this study, we estimated surface resistances under wet conditions in a mixed forest influenced by the East Asian monsoon system. We showed that the surface resistance had a non‐negligible magnitude of about 30 sm−1 even under wet conditions. We also found that the ratio between the actual and potential evapotranspiration depended on the friction velocity regardless of the time of day. Our analyses suggest that this dependency is tightly related to the underestimation of turbulent fluxes by the eddy‐covariance system under wet surface conditions. Together, our findings suggest that the wet surface resistance, although small, should be considered in simulating evapotranspiration because the forest ecosystem is strongly coupled to the overlying atmosphere. This could significantly improve the shortcomings of evapotranspiration measurement and modeling in Asian forest canopies influenced by the monsoon system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for central sensitization in chronic whiplash: A systematic literature review
Authors: Van Oosterwijck J. , Nijs J. , Meeus M. , Paul L.
Published: September 2012

Background and objectives

It has been suggested that sensitization of the central nervous system plays an important role in the development and maintenance of chronic (pain) complaints experienced by whiplash patients. According to thePRISMAguidelines, a systematic review was performed to screen and evaluate the existing clinical evidence for the presence of central sensitization in chronic whiplash.

Databases and data treatment

Predefined keywords regarding central sensitization and chronic whiplash were combined in electronic search enginesPubMed andWeb ofScience. Full text clinical reports addressing studies of central sensitization in human adults with chronic complaints due to a whiplash trauma were included and reviewed on methodological quality by two independent reviewers.

Results

From the 99 articles that were identified, 24 met the inclusion criteria, and 22 articles achieved sufficient scores on methodological quality and were discussed. These studies evaluated the sensitivity to different types of stimuli (mechanical, thermal, electrical). Findings suggest that although different central mechanisms seem to be involved in sustaining the pain complaints in whiplash patients, hypersensitivity of the central nervous system plays a significant role. Persistent pain complaints, local and widespread hyperalgesia, referred pain and (thoracic) allodynia, decreased spinal reflex thresholds, inefficient diffuse noxious inhibitory controls activation and enhanced temporal summation of pain were established in chronic whiplash patients.

Conclusions

Although the majority of the literature provides evidence for the presence of central sensitization in chronic whiplash, underlying mechanisms are still unclear and future studies with good methodological quality are necessary. In addition, international guidelines for the definition, clinical recognition, assessment and treatment of central sensitization are warranted.
Microcystin‐LR induces cytotoxicity and affects carp immune cells by impairment of their phagocytosis and the organization of the cytoskeleton
Authors: Rymuszka Anna
Published: September 2012

Microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR) is the main isoform of hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, which occur worldwide in the aquatic environment. The present study investigated the in vitro toxic MC‐LR effects on immune cells isolated from the blood of carp. Cells were exposed to different MC‐LR concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 µg ml–1 for 2, 6 and 24 h. In addition, the effect of the toxin on the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and on actin and tubulin re‐organization in phagocytic cells was studied. We observed that MC‐LR induces apoptosis in lymphocytes 2 h after incubation, whereas high toxin concentrations induced necrosis in lymphocytes in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. Incubation of the cells for 2 h with 0.1 and 1 µg ml–1 MC‐LR inhibited phagocytosis without affecting apoptosis or glutathione (GSH) levels. Moreover, at this time point and with these concentrations, the toxin also induced a significant re‐organization of the actin cytoskeleton in phagocytes, which subsequently collapsed around the nucleus leading to cell shrinkage and the disappearance of filopodia. These results suggest that both phagocytes and lymphocytes are targets for MC‐LR and the disturbances of phagocytosis may impair the balance of the immune system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rotamer decomposition and protein dynamics: Efficiently analyzing dihedral populations from molecular dynamics
Authors: Watanabe Hiroshi , Elstner Marcus , Steinbrecher Thomas
Published: September 2012

Molecular mechanics methods have matured into powerful methods to understand the dynamics and flexibility of macromolecules and especially proteins. As multinanosecond to microsecond length molecular dynamics (MD) simulations become commonplace, advanced analysis tools are required to generate scientifically useful information from large amounts of data. Some of the key degrees of freedom to understand protein flexibility and dynamics are the amino acid residue side chain dihedral angles. In this work, we present an easily automated way to summarize and understand the relevant dihedral populations. A tremendous reduction in complexity is achieved by describing dihedral timeseries in terms of histograms decomposed into Gaussians. Using the familiar and widely studied protein lysozyme, it is demonstrated that our approach captures essential properties of protein structure and dynamics. A simple classification scheme is proposed that indicates the rotational state population for each dihedral angle of interest and allows a decision if a given side chain or peptide backbone fragment remains rigid during the course of an MD simulation, adopts a converged distribution between conformational substates or has not reached convergence yet. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.