bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features of operation of STA-5TM replaceable technological superstructure for application of solid mineral fertilizers based on Ural-432065 vehicle chassis
Authors: Shkel' A. S , Kozlovskaya M. A , Dzotsenidze T. D
Published: April 2022

The development of Ural-432065 specialized all-wheel vehicle chassis with STA-5TM replaceable technological superstructure for application of solid mineral fertilizers complies with the agrotechnical, safe operation and maintenance requirements. Safety requirements and warning descriptions are reflected in the service manual in both text and graphical forms. It is important to study this manual before starting. The relevant symbols are represented on the equipment in locations of working organs and servo units. The Ural-432065 chassis with STA-5TM replaceable technological superstructure is intended for agricultural and municipal works, such as application of dry granulated fertilizers and spreading of earth-moist lime, sand, broken stone, salt and mixtures. General view of the STA-5TM superstructure, its specification, composition, principle of operation, operator control, hydraulic circuit description, electrical schematic diagram, features of operation and service are presented. Amount of fertilizer is controlled by the principal slide gate. Under transportation mode, the slide gate should be occluded. Distribution of granular fertilizers is carried out by the spreading discs. Distributing width is 10-36 m. The adjustment is made on the basis of table of application rate or by means of passing of measuring distance, taking into account the grain size, volume weight, surface structure and moisture. Operation of the STA-5TM replaceable technological superstructure for application of solid mineral fertilizers based on Ural-432065 vehicle chassis is provided by the performance and technology standards, regulated by relevant documents, available and handy to the operator. Design capabilities and used constituent parts allow to increase the operating efficiency as a part of technological complexes with rise in labor productivity.
Substantiation of installation angle of inclined wall of charging hopper of a root chopper
Authors: Savinykh P. A , Aleshkin A. V , Bulatov S. Yu , Smirnov R. A
Published: April 2022

Tuberous roots obviously benefit in comparison with other feeds, due to the high level of specific volume energy, productivity and good digestibility. When they are mixed with other components, the palatability of finished mixtures for animals increases. The quantity of digestible nutrients in tuberous roots can reach up to 90%. To make the nutrients more fully digested by animals, the correct preparation for feeding is necessary, including chopping. One of the problems of roots cutting process is the increased exudation, which results in undue losses of vitamins. Therefore creation of choppers providing the required quality of finished product is a crucial task. The aim of the research is to determine the optimum angle of inclination of the wall of charging hopper depending on the size of tuberous roots and on the offset of horizontal knife of a chopper. Brief description of the developed chopper of tuberous roots is given, as well as the sources of information containing the detailed description of the installation and its operation principles. In the process of theoretical calculations, the scheme of all forces acting in the moment of tuber pinching between the wall of charging hopper and the horizontal knife is drawn; the chain of discourse and theoretical reasoning are shown in detail. As a result of calculations, the analytical dependences are obtained through which assigning the thickness of slices and sizes of chopped tubers, it is possible to calculate the desired inclination angle of wall of charging hopper. Under estimated values, the tuber does not roll over the cutting knife, and the deformation is minimal. Therefore the exudation decreases, and nutrients losses are minimal. On the basis of the derived dependence, the graphs and their analysis are given.
Influence of accidental load on the effective power of gas-turbine and diesel engines being a part of soil cultivating units
Authors: Shkrabak V. S , Dzhabborov N. I , Fed'kin D. S , Shkrabak R. V
Published: April 2022

The regularities of effective power change of gas-turbine engine (GTD-350T), constant power engine (D-260.4S2) and diesel engine (SMD-62), depending on external load and the coefficient of its variation are investigated. The comparative estimation of efficiency of these engines’ application on tractors in aggregate with soil cultivating machines is carried out; experimental data is received. The methods of mathematical modeling and probabilistic-statistical estimation of the operational parameters of soil cultivating units are applied. The dependencies of extreme values of effective power of abovementioned engines on the shaft torque and coefficient of load variation are obtained. The studies show that the piecewise-linear characteristic of constant power engines is more rational than the piecewise parabolic characteristic of diesel engines. The parabolic characteristic of gas-turbine engines is the most effective one and less sensitive to the fluctuations of external load. The application of gas-turbine engines on tractors meets the technical and technological requirements for agricultural machinery. The gas-turbine engines can improve the competitiveness of domestic tractors by 1.2-1.3 times, reduce the expenditure of labor by 15-20%, increase the productivity of labor on average by 18-22% compared with tractors equipped with diesel engines.
Analysis of possibilities for application of airless tires for motor-and-tractor vehicles and agricultural machinery
Authors: Mikheev A. V , Kostrova Z. A , Belyakov V. V , Zezyulin D. V , Makarov V. S
Published: April 2022

Ensuring of mobility and efficiency plays the key role in solution of problem of providing the stable, safe and efficient operation of mobile terrestrial motor-and-tractor vehicles, agricultural machinery, transport and technological complexes. At the present stage of development, for achievement of desired values of traction force and mobility, the application of airless tires becomes rational. This type of tires excludes the loss of mobility because of the loss of excessive internal gas pressure, and it is able to provide higher traction force in comparison with conventional pneumatic tires. As a result of analysis, it is found that the airless tires have characteristics similar to pneumatic ones, and they are fully capable to replace them. However, the airless tires cannot change stiffness properties during operation, in contrast to the pneumatic ones, in which the variation of value of excessive gas pressure inside the tire leads to stiffness change. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce in the design of airless tire an elastic element with characteristics that can vary during operation. Such elastic element could be represented by pneumatic muscles, electroactive polymer or special mechanical design of crosspieces-spokes. Introduction of elastic element with variable characteristics in the design of airless tire leads to the increasing of mobility and efficiency of tractors and agricultural machinery. It will make possible the automatic control of tires' parameters by means of electronic control units, without operator's assistance, thereby the human factor will be reduced to a minimum.
Seeds handling by means of separation and joining
Authors: Kudi A. N , Dolgunin V. N , Ryabova E. A
Published: April 2022

The results of research of technological characteristics of a device with rotating drum are analyzed; this device is used as a separator and mixer in the production of seeds of cereals and small-seeded vegetable crops. The seeds handling is organized by means of the separation effects (segregation and migration) of nonuniform particles during their interaction on a gravity chute. The processes of separation and mixing are performed due to the control of segregated flows in the operating volume of device. It is found that separation effects can be used to organize the cleaning of seeds containing hard-separable impurities, and their calibration on size and density at the same time. During cleaning and calibration of carrot seeds the result of their primary handling was the yield of 65% of cleaned seeds; their mass exceeded by 67% the mass of seeds in primary waste. It is also found that the use of particle interaction effects creates the conditions for seeds handling with their minimal damage. The germination of seeds calibrated in accordance with the proposed technique is higher by 5% than the germination of seeds obtained in traditional way. It is shown experimentally that there is a possibility to organize the process of continuous mixing of seeds with dosed supply of microcomponents, the period of which is much larger than the average retention time. The drum device saves the properties of heat and mass transfer equipment (dryer) in all the variants of its technological applications. The selective and goal-oriented control action on a part of material flow in device provides the technological effects without any significant increase of energy consumption.
Optimization of geometrical parameters of jet drive of cleaning centrifuges
Authors: Snezhko A. V , Snezhko V. A
Published: April 2022

Centrifuges with hydrojet drive were widely used in 1960-70 for oil cleaning in the engines. Nowadays some foreign companies apply them together with filters for oil cleaning in engines of vehicles and tractors. The most complex challenge in designing such centrifuges is the calculation of parameters of nozzle diaphragm. Its optimal solution depends on the specific technical requirements to separator under designing. Research objective is to substantiate the optimal geometrical parameters of hydrojet drive of cleaning centrifuges, and to develop its calculation method under different conditions of designing. Design parameters of hydrojet drive, such as nozzle diameter and its reactive arm, are calculated according to the condition of dynamic balance between the drive moment created by the liquid from nozzles, and the moment of resistance to rotation at the stable motion. Design, kinematic and power parameters of nozzle diaphragm that provide the driving kinetic moment of liquid are analyzed. The factors influencing on rotational resistance are determined. As a result, the equation of balance of specific energies is received: the energy spent for overcoming of rotational resistance, and the motive energy of fluid flow developed by hydrojet drive. The analysis of this equation allows to determine the optimal reactive arm and nozzle diameter. Formulas for calculation of minimal fluid consumption in hydrojet drive that provides the specific angular speed of rotor and the parameters of nozzle diaphragm corresponding to this consumption are received. With optimal design parameters of hydrojet drive, the coefficient of utilization of flow energy is maximal. The expression for calculation of the maximal efficiency coefficient of hydrojet drive is obtained. Results of theoretical researches are presented in graphic form. Design charts of optimal values of flow rate of liquid from nozzles, circumferential speed of nozzles, reactive arm, and also efficiency coefficient of hydrojet drive with its optimal parameters are given. A method and solution algorithm of two problems of hydrojet drive design are offered: the calculation of optimal design parameters of nozzle diaphragm for ensuring the maximal rotating speed of rotor, and also the calculation with the minimal power consumption of drive.
Determination of reactions of bearing surface on the wheels of tractor with frame stabilization
Authors: Mamiti G. I , L'yanov M. S , Pliev S. Kh , Zokoev A. O , Salbieva Z. S , Tedeev V. B
Published: April 2022

The aim of the paper is to establish the functional relationship between the parameters of a wheeled tractor with frame stabilization, suspended on front and rear axles, the characteristics of bearing surface and the normal reactions acting on the wheels of tractor driving axle. The novelty lies in the fact that the paper determines normal reactions on the wheels of a hillside tractor, taking into account the most significant parameters of the tractor and of bearing surface: stabilized tractor mass (frame); unstabilized tractor mass (axle); mass that is reduced to rear axle of frame; gauge and base of tractor; radius of wheels; coordinates of centers of stabilized and unstabilized mass of tractor; transverse slope angle of bearing surface; transverse and radial deformations of wheels; angle of inclination of axis of driving axle. The normal reactions acting on the wheels of tractor will depend on the mode of motion along the slope: linear one; curvilinear one on cone; curvilinear one on superelevation; linear one with turning down; linear one with turning up; curvilinear one on cone with turning down; curvilinear one on cone with turning up; curvilinear one on superelevation with turning down; curvilinear one on superelevation with turning up. The functional dependencies, obtained in the paper for the first three main modes of motion, can be used for the design of system algorithm for the stabilization of tractor frame suspended on front and rear axles. Direct measurement of the bearing reactions on tractor wheels is almost impossible, therefore the only possible solution of the problem of automatic stabilization, based on the normal reactions on wheels, is their analytical determination, which is sufficiently reliable.
Interrelation between the straw chopping length and the design of straw chopper
Authors: Sadretdinov D. R
Published: April 2022

The article deals with the process of straw chopping in straw chopper of a combine harvester. It shows the influence of straw chopper design on the straw chopping length; in particular the influence of spatial position of straw at the moment of its cutting, and of spacing of knives setting, on the chopping length. The possible variations of straw motion with chopping rotor knives after its chopping on the shearbar are described. The nature of motion of uncut straw with the chopping rotor, and the forces acting on the straw that slides over the rotor knives, are also described. The dead zone in the straw chopper is determined; it is an area between the body of chopper and the working surface of chopping rotor knives. Motion of straw in the dead zone does not lead to its chopping, because of the lack of possibility of its contact with rotor knives. The necessity of introducing of complementary units on the low wall of straw chopper body is substantiated; it leads to the intensification of straw chopping process by means of removing the straw flow from dead zone and increasing the probability of straw contact with rotor knives. The location of such units is determined. Reorientation of straw flow before and during its chopping not only reduces the straw chopping length, but also leads to the reduction of power consumed by straw chopper. This is due to both the reduction in cutting area, and the reduction in inertia of chopping rotor, because of decrease in number of knives.
Improvement of agricultural machines reliability by means of controlled tightening
Authors: Astakhov M. V , Nikishkina A. B
Published: April 2022

One of the reasons leading to accidents is the formation of cracks in machine parts. Therefore, when designing it is quite relevant to solve a problem related to the control of internal forces, in order to create adaptive machines which automatically change the stress cycle amplitude in dangerous sections, so that their maximum values don’t exceed the endurance limit. The research objective is to develop the additional groups of elements united in one kinematic chain and fastened on the designed machine; they will change its stress-deformed state in operating time in a way necessary for engineer. The system of additional elements (parts), creating the internal forces which reduce or completely compensate the internal forces from rated external load in the stressed (main) structure at the set time point, can be called the controlled tightening. The paper describes the possibility of use of a three-disk six-rod almost instantly changeable system for creation of high controlled force, with the aim of change of stress-deformed state of the machine framework with a slight controlling torsion torque. According to the results of computer analysis of the stress state of proposed system, the diagrams are built; they show the change of internal forces in rods. The combination of angles is found, that provides the maximum force in each rod, with constant torsion torque and tilt angle of the control rod. The sizes of disks and lengths of rods are matched for the purpose of achievement of maximum controlled force. The conclusion is drawn that it is more preferable to change the controlling torsion torque synchronously with changing of stress level in the most loaded sections of the main machine structure, by transferring of torsion torque on controlled tightening from any rotating shaft of machine by means of checkblocks, or from an element of the machine framework under torsion, by system of torsion bars.
Equipment and method for carrying out of accelerated comparative tests for wear resistance of steels operating in soil medium
Authors: Mikhal'chenkov A. M , Denisov V. A , Novikov A. A
Published: April 2022

The development of manufacturing, restoration and hardening technologies for parts operating in the soil medium, and above all for structural elements of tillage machines requires preliminary tests of materials in use for abrasive wear resistance. The above-mentioned extends to heat-treated steels. However, the existing methods and devices for carrying out such studies do not allow to cover the whole complex of problems. So, there are no methodologies allowing to carry out accelerated comparative tests of several heat-treated samples simultaneously with different parameters of mode, while maintaining the identity of tests at any time. As a result of considering a number of constructive schemes, a device with five experimental samples mounted on its cylindrical form framework is proposed. The tests are carried out by means of its vertical axis rotation in abrasive medium. The article presents the proposed device as an actual product. A method of experimentation has been worked out for the medium, which is a sandy loam soil with gravel inclusions. The developed method and equipment allow to carry out the wear tests for studying of abrasion resistance of at least five samples of different hardness, for conducting of the research under same conditions for all test materials at any time, for providing the accuracy and comparability of the results.
General technical and technological requirements to the system of innovative machine technologies and machinery
Authors: Beylis V. M
Published: April 2022

The technical and technological requirements to the system of machines are given now only for certain groups of technical means, which does not reflect the values and development of the entire system. The paper deals with the basic general requirements to the system, including aspects of technological and technical basis for sustainable food and raw materials supply for Russia's economic security and formation of technical policy. The system of basic technologies is defined; it should consist of a set of machine process modules that are necessary for the implementation of the entire set of operations of agricultural production. It is found that a promising range of machinery must contain technologically, technically and economically optimal set of standard series, including their constituent equipment with indication of modifications and models in production, united by common economic purpose and complete production technology. It is noted that the developed ranges of the technical means should comply with the progressive innovation trends of scientific and technical and technological progress. It is proposed to put into operation the systematized basic requirements for all main types of agricultural machinery. They should reflect the typical basic indicators for each type of machine. It is found that certain standard sizes of technical means require to cite only those indicators by which they differ from the basic model. The paper summarizes the requirements to the technical and economic efficiency of the system of technology and machinery with highlighting the innovations in the system.
Kinematic analysis of double-flow hydromechanical transmissions
Authors: Sharipov V. M , Shchetinin Yu. S , Dmitriev M. I
Published: April 2022

Double-flow hydromechanical transmissions become more and more widely used in designs of modern tractors and automobiles. Double-flow hydromechanical transmission includes a torque converter or a complex hydrodynamic transmission and a differential unit made in form of three-link differential device. The article discusses all of the 12 possible schemes of double-flow hydromechanical transmissions with a differential unit at the input and at the output with mixed type of gear engagement, and also presents the results of their kinematic analysis. For all of the 12 possible schemes, the expressions are given for determining the angular velocity of links of three-link differential device, depending on the gear ratio of double-flow hydromechanical transmission and the characteristics of planetary gear set. The calculation results with the use of these expressions are presented as curves. It is found that in 4 of the 12 schemes, it is very likely that the angular velocity of either sun gear or satellites will exceed the limits admissible for rolling bearings. There is no such problem for other 4 schemes. The other schemes are applicable to a limited range of characteristics of the planetary gear set. It is found that for 6 schemes there is a possibility that when transmission is functioning in the range of variation of gear ratio from infinity to 1, the torque converter can be operated in modes not typical for its normal operation (the turbine wheel rotates faster than the pump wheel; the turbine wheel rotates counter to the rotation of pump wheel; pump wheel rotates in the opposite direction in relation to the reactor). The triggering conditions of such modes are established and variation limits of gear ratio of torque converter are determined for them.
PHYSICAL MODELING OF GAS-DIESEL ENGINE OPERATIONAL PROCESS
Authors: Shatrov M. G , Khachiyan A. S , Sinyavskiy V. V , Shishlov I. G , Vakulenko A. V
Published: April 2022

Conversion of engines to natural gas feeding is actual due to the lower cost of gas fuel and improvement of environmental performance. Within the works on creation of high- and medium-speed transport engines powered by natural gas conducted at MADI, an electronic control system and a modular gas supply system for a gas-diesel were developed and manufactured. This approach allowed using of three modules for feeding of the medium-speed gas diesel 6ChN20/28 and one module for the high-speed gas diesel 6ChN10.7/12.4. For experimental testing of the systems, at MADI there was made the conversion of the 6ChN10.7/12.4 diesel into a gas-diesel with a minimized igniting portion the diesel fuel supplied by the Common Rail system. Calibration of gas-diesel systems was carried out using the results of experimental studies and the computational complex developed at MADI for modeling of working process of a gas-diesel engine. Bench tests of the high-speed gas diesel showed that the developed systems of gas supply and electronic control allow obtaining of a large portion of gas substitution of diesel fuel (from 5 % for full loads to 33 % for small ones), high effective indicators, and notable reduction of NOx and CO2 emissions. It was not possible to obtain the high level of torque as for the base diesel engine, at low speeds. Comparative calculations of the medium-speed gas diesel engine 6ChN20/28 and high-speed gas diesel engine 6ChN10.7/12.4 were carried out under similar conditions (the same average piston velocity, mean effective pressure and charge air pressure), which showed close indicator values, that allows to expect the efficiency of the medium-speed gas diesel systems of fuel supply and electronic controls designed for high-speed gas diesel engines after their respective adaptation.
A method for calculation of oil supply to the parts of units of agricultural machinery
Authors: Malomyzhev O. L , Fedotova N. E , Skutel'nik V. V
Published: April 2022

Force lubrication systems are widely used in engines and transmission units of agricultural machinery; the oil in them is supplied to consumers by the action of oil pumps, thus reducing the nonproductive friction losses and providing the necessary thermal conditions for parts. For calculation of lubrication systems when carrying out the design and further development works, mathematical models are used, representing the complex systems consisting of large number of nonlinear equations. Such systems require the development of special solution methods. A solution method of system of linear and nonlinear equations describing the oil movement through the channels of force lubrication systems should provide the simplicity, unambiguity and high accuracy of calculations. The analysis of mutual influence of the calculated quantities is performed. The three main dependencies are pointed out: the coefficient of friction losses for each of the supply line sections is a function of the volumetric flow rate of oil; the oil density is a function of the pressure in input-output section of the supply line; the pressure by the action of centrifugal forces is a function of the oil density at the input of rotating section. Based on the performed analysis, a solution method for mathematical model of force lubrication system satisfying the suggested requirements is developed. To validate the method, the system of planetary transmission lubrication is calculated; the total volumetric flow rate of oil in the process of its operation under various modes is measured. The obtained results show the good match of calculated and measured values of the volumetric flow rate of oil, which confirms the accuracy of the proposed solution method for system of equations and the possibility of its use for calculation of lubrication systems.
Research of operational process of a grain separator with cylindrical screens
Authors: Zholobov N. V , Yakimov A. V
Published: April 2022

Screen separators are widely used in grain-cleaning machines. The separation occurs in the process of movement of grain over the surface of screen. The relative movement of grain is provided by different devices with various modes of motion. The most common is a vibrating sieve pan (screener), in which the grain is moved over screen by inertia. Screener has a high efficiency, but the alternating dynamic loads cause the metal fatigue and reduce machine reliability. The grain-cleaning separators with cylindrical screens operate without dynamic loads and have a simple design. They are less sensitive to grain moisture and impurity. But the separation process uses only 1/4-1/6 of the cylindrical screen surface. This problem reduces the throughput and limits the scope of application of cylindrical screens. The proportion of useful surface area can be increased by simultaneous use of two cylindrical screens. They are located one inside the other and rotate in opposite directions. The grain enters on the inner surface of the inner screen and forms a movable layer that moves in the axial direction. During the movement process, the grain passes through perforations, while the large impurities fall down from the screen. The grain having passed through the perforations of the inner screen reaches the section of the outer screen that is clear of movable grain layer. The rational conditions of simultaneous operation of screens are determined, under them the separation process on the outer screen starts immediately after the grain had passed through the perforations of the inner screen. Due to that the separation area is increased by 34-57%.
Variable width tillage tool
Authors: Myalenko V. I
Published: April 2022

To ensure the operating efficiency of plowing unit it is required to comply with the specified speed regime of motion and optimal loading of tractor engine. Difference of tractive resistance of soil in different fields creates a situation where it is difficult to select the optimal loading of tractor engine providing constant speed. For example, for the fields with a specific resistance equal to 20 000 and 30 000 newton per square meter, tools with grasp width equal to 2.4 and 1.9 meters respectively are required. The aim of the paper is to find a design scheme of variable width tillage tool, which provides the necessary reliability and reduces the complexity of grasp width regulation. The main research method in achieving this goal is the rational use of condition of external force loading of working organs of tillage tool. The condition of external loading of working organs is investigated. The principal vector and principal moment are accepted as external load equivalents. The conditional center of external soil pressure on working organ is determined by finding the points of intersection of the axis of thrust-and-torque combination with the working surface of plow body. As a result of study, the design scheme of tillage tool that provides the necessary reliability and reduces the complexity of grasp width regulation is proposed. The value of external cutting forces in the obtained scheme is used as a sensor of specific resistance of soil in a specified field and provides the adjustment of grasp width of tool under optimal loading of tractor engine.
Changes in the standard of unified system of tolerances and fits
Authors: Bondareva G. I , Leonov O. A , Shkaruba N. Zh , Vergazova Yu. G
Published: April 2022

The unified system of tolerances and fits is a very important system that provides internationally the interchangeability of products, and is widely used in machine-building and instrument-making industries, in repair and maintenance of machinery and in other fields. The new standard 286-1:2010 of International Organization for Standardization provides an improved international system of tolerances on linear dimensions containing series of tolerances and deviations. It contains the clear indication that the system refers to the two types of dimensional features, namely a cylinder and two parallel planes. In the older version of the standard 286-1:88, to interpret the part feature dimension the rule of outer limits was applied a priori, however, in the international standard 14405-1:2010, the interpretation of dimension on the double-point measurement was established. It means that the accuracy of form deviation no longer depends on the dimension accuracy and the requirements to the form should be established separately. Now, in many cases, normalization only of the diameter tolerance is not enough to control the design and performance characteristics of the joint. Theoretically, as provided by geometrical product specifications, it is necessary to establish the requirements and determine the outer limit; as well as in some cases, it is necessary to normalize the requirements for tolerances of form, waviness and surface roughness. The article describes the changes in the terminology from the perspective of the theory of precision and interchangeability. It is concluded that all minor changes in the terms, concepts and regulations do not affect the overall construction of the unified system of tolerances and fits, but clarification of a number of old terms and introduction of new concepts take place. Most significant is the arising of new link between the standards on geometric characteristics of products based on the principle of the general construction of models of precision and common terminology. Of particular note is a bad translation of English version into Russian language. The scientists working in the theory of precision and interchangeability were not involved in the translation. Most of the newly introduced terms could be interpreted more technically-oriented and more understandable.
INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THRESHING IN AN AXIAL ROTARY COMBINE
Authors: Lipovskiy M. I
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the work is to justify the way to reduce the energy intensity of the technological process, improve the quality indicators by reducing the microtraction of grain, increase the capacity of the axial-rotary threshing-separating device by using a variety of tooth pests instead of corrugated ones. The shown results are received by carrying out of laboratory researches, and also tests of combines of the classical scheme equipped with threshing drums with the various tooth whips. The tests were carried out during the harvesting of all cereal grains, the moisture content of which was 11-37 %, the moisture content of the stems reached 52 %. To achieve this goal, it has been proposed, with the ability of the ear of cereals, to equip threshing elements with teeth of different heights. The results of laboratory studies showed that a significant improvement in technological performance is observed with a fraction of the length of threshing elements with low teeth in their total length close to 0,25. With a further increase in this ratio, there is no significant change in the quality of threshing, but energy costs increase by more than 20 %. The analysis showed that the use of tooth whips instead of grooved in the threshing area of the rotor can provide an increase in the degree of grain separation by 4-7 %, a decrease in the degree of nonsmoking and the specific power requirement by 0,7-1,6 % and 21-24 %, respectively, corresponds to or slightly higher than the values for the same threshing machine (4, 0,6 and 21 %). The noted allows expecting from the use of different tooth whips to improve the performance of axial rotary combines: reducing grain losses or increasing throughput while maintaining the level of losses, reducing the energy intensity and degree of microtraction of grain, and simplifying maintenance by eliminating the need to adjust the clearances between the deck and the rotor. Reducing the amount of exhaust gases emitted into the atmosphere, due to the lower energy consumption of the process, improves the ecological compatibility of the combine.
Fuel systems for feeding mixed fuels in high-speed diesel engines
Authors: Mal'chuk V. I , Dunin A. Yu , Alekseev I. V , Trofimenko Yu. V , Kalinina S. M
Published: April 2022

The article presents the results of the assembly and testing of the fuel system variants developed at the Moscow State Automobile and Road Technical University for the supply of mixed fuel with the possibility of changing their composition during the injection process. The nozzle housing for mixed fuel differs from the housing of the serial product by the presence of two channels for supplying to the atomizer, respectively, the main fuel and additive. The nozzle is equipped with a sprayer, which also has channels for supplying diesel and alternative fuels. The supply of diesel fuel through the axial channel in the nozzle of the nebulizer is also of fundamental importance, since it inevitably falls into the gap between the needle and the body and thereby facilitates the lubrication of this precision pair. Mixing of the components of the mixture is carried out in the cavity located at the base of the locking cone of the needle. This is another principal feature of the nozzle atomizer design, intended for mixed fuel. Motor fuel mixture research was carried out on a single-cylinder engine mounted on the universal crate of IT-9 (1 Ch 10.5 / 12). It is shown that an increase in the proportion of water in a mixture with diesel fuel leads to an improvement in the composition of combustion products in diesel. Thus, with a 50 % water content, carbon emissions are reduced by almost 10 times, nitrogen oxides by a factor of 2,6, and carbon oxide by a factor of 2,5. The working capacity of the development during its operation as a part of the diesel engine (2 Ch × 10.5 / 12) is shown and the possibility of improving its ecological characteristics with a reduction in the consumption of diesel fuel by partial replacement with ethanol is demonstrated.
The use of plastics in the construction of soil-working tools
Authors: Parkhomenko G. G , Bozhko I. V , Gromakov A. V , Pakhomov V. I
Published: April 2022

The well-known working bodies for layer-by-layer soil-free tillage are characterized by high metal content, which leads to an increase in the weight of the structure and an increase in energy costs. The aim of the study is to reduce energy costs for the implementation of the technological process of layer-by-layer soil-free tillage. Due to the use of new non-metallic materials based on plastics in the design, it is possible to significantly reduce the metal capacity of working bodies and energy consumption for the process of layer-by-layer soil-free tillage. The article proves the expediency of using plastic in the structures of working bodies for soil cultivation. The choice of plastic should be based on analysis of its properties and characteristics. Tolerant to the change in the properties of the medium are high-molecular compounds of plastic with the flexibility of the polymer chain, which limits its steric hindrance to rotation and the interaction of groups of atoms. Thermoplasts obtained on the basis of branched polymers can be re-processed. These include polytetrafluoroethylene and polyethylene as the most appropriate conditions for agricultural production. The design of the working body for layer-by-layer soil-free tillage, containing a rack with a chisel, removable plowshares, crushing machine, thrust plate and ripper for small processing has been developed. In the local wear zones and areas of increased friction of the working body ultra-high molecular low-density polyethylene was mounted. The technique for optimizing the parameters of the working element for layer-by-layer soil-free tillage with the use of ultrahigh-molecular low-density polyethylene is based on the planning of the experiment on the three-factor Box plan. The smallest traction resistance and the minimum energy consumption of the working element for layer-by-layer soil-free tillage with the use of ultrahigh-molecular low-density polyethylene at a unit speed of 2.8 to 3.0 m/s are established; the angle of entry of the bit to soil from 31,5 to 33,5°; the depth of tillage is 30-35 cm.
Field research of a roller-scraper bar machine for harvesting onions
Authors: Sibirev A. V , Aksenov A. G , Emel'yanov P. A , Pryamov S. B
Published: April 2022

The issue of improving the quality of mechanized harvesting of onion set, caused by the unsatisfactory process of separation of bulbs from strong soil lumps, is considered, because the slit working tools used for separation cannot allocate from the heap of onions commensurate in size strong soil lumps. In order to intensify the harvesting process of onion set during selection from rollers in order to exclude or reduce the capture by the receiving-digging part together with the bulbs of soil lumps and the supply of the onion-soil heap to the separating working organs, the roller-scraper bar in the machine is proposed for the first phase of onion harvesting. The constructive technological scheme and the general view of the machine for harvesting onions equipped with a roller-scraper bar, which intensifies the process of onion separation in the second phase of harvesting, are presented. The methods of carrying out field research of an experimental machine for harvesting onions are reflected, as well as qualitative indicators of machine operation in the field. Laboratory and field studies of an experimental machine for harvesting onions equipped with a roller-scraper bar were carried out on the fields of CJSC «Ozery» in the Moscow Region in 2015-2016 when harvesting onion of «Stuttgarter Riesen» variety. The results of research on the qualitative characteristics of onion set bulbs show that these indicators are higher in bulbs laid on a prepared bed and subsequently removed from the roll by a self-propelled combine harvester. It has been established that in the selection of bulbs for sowing from a roll laid on an unprepared surface of a field by a picker without a skating rink, the number of heavily damaged bulbs increases to 11,09 %, which is 5,56 % higher than the selection of bulbs from a roll with a prepared and profiled bed.
Selection of the methanol-rapeseed emulsion composition for its using as fuel for a diesel engine
Authors: Shemyakin A. V , Terent'ev V. V , Panov Yu. A , Ivanov A. A
Published: April 2022

The aim of the research is a preparation and a conducting of the theoretical research work of optimal quantitative and qualitative composition of the methanol-rapeseed emulsion for an application as an alternative fuel for the diesel engine, since the most effective way to improve the quality of these processes is an approximation of the biofuel’s qualities on the basis of vegetables oils to the standard diesel fuel properties. The methodology and results of the planning of a complete three-factor experiment on the determination of the qualitative and quantitative methanol-rapeseed emulsion composition are reported. The methodology provides a determination of emulsifier quantity, a content of methanol in the emulsion and a multiplicity of its homogenization for obtaining the maximum emulsion’s stability time. Within the framework of an experiment planning a plan of the experiment of selected variable indicators are conducted, coefficients of an equation of the mathematical model are determined, statistical estimation of the adequacy of the mathematical model is carried out, the contour diagrams with the possibility of identifying an extremum point. The experiment under review is defined as a complete three-factor experiment. Equations of the mathematical model with an account of all changing indicators and an account of a constant index - the multiplicity of homogenization have been obtained. Analysis of the results of the experiment planning shows a significance of obtained model by the Student's t-test and an adequacy of the model equation by the Fisher’s exact test, and as a consequence the applicability for solving production-prescription problems. The extremum of response function of the model equation corresponds to the values of factors: concentration of emulsifier - 5,376 %, content of methanol - 29,38 %, rate of homogenization - 3. The stability time of the emulsion at these values is 14,513 minutes. The results of conducted investigations support a possibility of the methanol-rapeseed emulsion application as motor fuel for the diesel engine D-242.
Calculation of the maximum energy saturation of an agri-cultural tractor
Authors: Samsonov V. A , Lachuga Yu. F
Published: April 2022

The efficiency -f the machine-tract-r unit increases with the increase -f the energy saturati-n -f the tract-r. There-f-re, it is -f interest t- determine the maximum energy saturati-n and the c-rresp-nding tracti-n characteristics -f the tract-r with an estimate -f its efficiency in terms -f pr-ductivity and fuel c-nsumpti-n when c-mpared with the anal-g. With increasing energy saturati-n, the w-rking speed -f the tract-r and the tracti-n resistance -f the w-rking element -f the unit increase, hence the fuel c-nsumpti-n is increased. This circumstance must be taken int- acc-unt in the calculati-n. Determinati-n -f the maximum energy saturati-n -f the tract-r, taking int- acc-unt speed limits and skidding, is an actual task -f the tract-r the-ry. The purp-se -f the study is t- devel-p a meth-d-l-gy and al-g-rithms f-r calculating the maximum energy saturati-n -f the tract-r and its c-rresp-nding tracti-n perf-rmance when the engine speed is changed. The -bject -f investigati-n is a general purp-se wheeled tract-r. S-urce material: engine and tract-r perf-rmance characteristics; c-efficients that characterize the tracti-n and c-upling pr-perties -f the tract-r; the tract-r p-wer balance equati-n; slipping functi-n; the functi-n -f fuel c-nsumpti-n -f the engine and its t-rque fr-m the speed -f the crankshaft. The meth-d -f investigati-n is the calculati-n by the basic f-rmulas -f the the-ry -f the tract-r when the r-tati-nal speed -f the crankshaft is changed by -ne turn-ver. Gear rati-s -f the transmissi-n, calculated taking int- acc-unt the set values -f the n-minal engine speed and the c-efficient -f its adaptability f-r t-rque, are used. Main c-nclusi-ns: a criteri-n f-r the -ptimality -f the den-minat-r -f a number -f gears is pr-p-sed, taking int- acc-unt the c-efficient -f adaptability -f the engine f-r the t-rque; in the tracti-n characteristics -f the tract-r intr-duced additi-nal indicat-rs: the c-efficients -f per-hectare fuel c-nsumpti-n, pr-ductivity and h--k c-nsumpti-n -f fuel per unit -f pr-ductivity; the criteri-n f-r calculating the maximum energy saturati-n is the maximum tracti-n efficiency at the maximum tractive p-wer and the efficiency fact-r in the c-rresp-nding gear with the the-retical speed assumed -n it.
Research of quality of motor fuels and oils in agricultural production of Kuban
Authors: Verbitskiy V. V
Published: April 2022

The quality of fuel and lubricants used in agricultural production was studied in order to assess the effect of their properties on the performance of the engine. The analysis of gasoline determined the following quality indicators: density, presence of mechanical impurities, water content, acid number, the presence of mineral acids and alkalis, fractional distillation of fuel (determination of the boiling and boiling point of 10 % of fuel, 50 % of fuel and 90 % of fuel). When analyzing the properties of diesel fuel, the following indicators of its quality were determined: density, presence of mechanical impurities, water content, flash point, viscosity at 20 °С, presence of mineral acids and alkalis. The evaluation of the quality of motor oils was carried out according to the following parameters: density, viscosity at 50 °C, viscosity at 100 °C, viscosity index, flash point, presence of mineral acids and alkalis, mechanical impurities and water, acid number. The most often deviating from the standard of quality indicators of gasoline is the density, starting properties, the propensity to form in the summer of steam plugs in the power system. Sometimes this is accompanied by incompleteness of combustion. Diesel fuels are characterized by the following violations of standard quality indicators: high content of actual resins, reduced viscosity and very high (above 100 °C) flash point. The most common indicators of the quality of motor oils, the deviation from which can lead to a malfunction of the engine, are: viscosity at 100 °C, viscosity index, acid reaction, water availability, low flash point. After assessing the quality of motor oils, the most common causes of motor malfunction were identified. Most violations of the quality of oils are associated with its improper storage or deliberate mixing with cheaper components.