bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative comparative analysis of amyloid PET images using three radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Jeong Young Jin , Yoon Hyun Jin , Kang Do-Young , Park Kyung Won
Published: February 2023

Objective

Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) with F-18 florbetaben (FBB), F-18 flutemetamol (FMM), and F-18 florapronol (FPN) is being used clinically for the evaluation of dementia. These radiopharmaceuticals are commonly used to evaluate the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain, but there are structural differences between them. We investigated whether there are any differences in the imaging characteristics.

Methods

A total of 605 subjects were enrolled retrospectively in this study, including healthy subjects (HS) and patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease. Participants underwent amyloid PET imaging using one of the three radiopharmaceuticals. The PET images were analyzed visually and semi-quantitatively using a standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR). In addition, we calculated and compared the cut-off SUVR of the representative regions for each radiopharmaceutical that can distinguish between positive and negative scans.

Results

In the negative images of the HS group, the contrast between the white matter and the gray matter was high in the FMM PET images, while striatal uptake was relatively higher in the FPN PET images. The SUVR showed significant differences across the radiopharmaceuticals in all areas except the temporal lobe, but the range of differences was relatively small. Accuracy levels for the global cut-off SUVR to discriminate between positive and negative images were highest in FMM PET, with a value of 0.989. FBB PET also showed a high value of 0.978, while FPN PET showed a relatively low value of 0.901.

Conclusions

Negative amyloid PET images using the three radiopharmaceuticals showed visually and quantitatively similar imaging characteristics except in the striatum. Binary classification using the cut-off of the global cortex showed high accuracy overall, although there were some differences between the three PET images.
Experimental Investigations of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites and Their Constituents to Determine Their Elastic Material Properties and Complementary Inhomogeneous Experiments with Local Strain Considerations
Authors: Penner Eduard , Caylak Ismail , Mahnken Rolf
Published: February 2023

Composite materials, such as fiber reinforced polymers, become increasingly important due to their excellent mechanical and lightweight properties. In this respect, this paper reports the characterization of a unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite material. Particularly, the mechanical behavior of the overall composite and of the individual constituents of the composite is investigated. To this end, tensile and shear tests are performed for the composite. As a result, statistics for five transversely isotropic material parameters can be established for the composite. For the description of the mechanical properties of the constituents, tensile tests for the carbon fiber as well as for the polymer matrix are carried out. In addition, the volume fraction of fibers in the matrix is determined experimentally using an ashing technique and Archimedes’ principle. For the Young’s modulus of the fiber, the Young’s modulus and transverse contraction of the matrix, as well as the volume fraction of the constituents, statistics can be concluded. The resulting mechanical properties on both scales are useful for the application and validation of different material models and homogenization methods. Finally, in order to validate the obtained properties in the future, inhomogeneous tests were performed, once a flat plate with a hole and a flat plate with semicircular notches.
Effects of increasing the width of collar on reduction of scouring surrounding the rectangular piers in a 180-degree bend
Authors: Dehghan Danesh , Vaghefi Mohammad , Ghodsian Masoud
Published: February 2023

Employment of protective structures is vital for reducing the effect of the local scour created surrounding the bridge piers. One of the most effective protective structures used for controlling and reducing scour surrounding the bridge piers is the collars. Hence, research on the mechanism of scouring surrounding the combination of pier and collar as well as the effect of collar on reduction of scouring surrounding the pier is of great significance. In this study, the effect of various collar width-to-pier width ratios on reduction of scouring parameters surrounding the rectangular piers has been investigated experimentally in various 180-degree sharp bend positions. The experiments were conducted under clear water and threshold of sediment motion in the upstream straight path. Results indicated that collars with collar width-to-pier width ratios equal to 3 to 4 perform the best at reducing the maximum depth of scouring in front of the nose of piers. Increasing the width of collar surrounding the piers reduces the maximum depth of scouring. Increasing the length of pier reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of the collar in delaying the scour process at the pier nose as well as the amount of the maximum scour reduction. The highest amount of scour depth reduction occurred in the vicinity of the pier and the collar at the 90-degree section with the collar installed with a ratio of collar width to pier width equal to 4 surrounding the piers with a ratio of length to width equal to 2 and 3 by approximately 75 and 70%, respectively.
Thermal uncertainty analysis of a single particle model for a Lithium-Ion cell
Authors: Capistrán Marcos A. , Infante Juan-Antonio , Ramos Ángel M.
Published: February 2023

In recent years, the sustained increase in the worldwide demand for lithium batteries goes side by side with the need for reliable methods to assess battery performance. Of particular importance is assessing Lithium-Ion cell’s thermal behavior given its role on hazard and aging of batteries. An essential task towards developing battery management systems is the estimation of physical parameters and their uncertainties in terms of both models and observations. Consequently, this paper analyzes the uncertainty in a thermal single particle model for a lithium-ion cell. In the first part of the manuscript, we explore the model adequacy by analyzing the forward and backward uncertainty propagation in the model in terms of diffusion coefficients, reaction rate constants, and observations of cell voltage. In the second part of the manuscript, we infer the cell’s reversible heat given the energy balance equation and the cell’s temperature observations. We argue that the methods proposed here may be extended to analyze other more general lithium-ion models.
Contemporary Approaches for Monitoring Food Marketing to Children to Progress Policy Actions
Authors: Kelly Bridget , Backholer Kathryn , Boyland Emma , Kent Monique Potvin , Bragg Marie A. , Karupaiah Tilakavati , Ng SeeHoe
Published: February 2023

Purpose of Review

Protecting children from unhealthful food marketing is a global priority policy for improving population diets. Monitoring the nature and extent of children’s exposure to this marketing is critical in policy development and implementation. This review summarises contemporary approaches to monitor the nature and extent of food marketing to support policy reform.

Recent Findings

Monitoring approaches vary depending on the stage of progress of related policy implementation, with resource implications and opportunity costs. Considerations include priority media/settings. marketing techniques assessed, approach to classifying foods, study design and if exposure assessments are based on media content analyses or are estimated or observed based on children’s media use.

Current evidence is largely limited to high-income countries and focuses on content analyses of TV advertising. Ongoing efforts are needed to support monitoring in low-resource settings and to progress monitoring to better capture children’s actual exposures across media and settings.
A generalization of Lappan’s five point theorem
Authors: Singh Virender , Lal Banarsi
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we prove the following result: Let $$\mathcal {F}$$
F
be a family of meromorphic functions on a domain D and let $$S=\left\{ \varphi _i:1\le i \le 5\right\} $$

S
=

φ
i

:
1
≤
i
≤
5

be a set of five distinct meromorphic functions on D. If for each $$f \in \mathcal {F}$$

f
∈
F

and $$z_0 \in D$$

z
0

∈
D

, there is a constant $$M>0$$

M
>
0

such that $$f^{\#}(z_0) \le M$$

f
#

(

z
0

)

≤
M

whenever $$f(z_0)= \varphi (z_0)$$

f

(

z
0

)

=
φ

(

z
0

)

for some $$\varphi \in S$$

φ
∈
S

and if $$f(z_0) \ne \varphi (z_0)$$

f

(

z
0

)

≠
φ

(

z
0

)

for all $$\varphi \in S$$

φ
∈
S

whenever $$\varphi _i(z_0) = \varphi _j(z_0) $$

φ
i

(

z
0

)

=

φ
j

(

z
0

)

for some $$i,j \in \left\{ 1,2,3,4,5\right\} $$

i
,
j
∈

1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

with $$i \ne j$$

i
≠
j

, then $$\mathcal {F}$$
F
is normal on D. Further we extend this result to the case where the set S contains fewer functions. In particular, our result generalizes the most significant theorem of Lappan (i.e. Lappan’s five point theorem).
Lost in Taxation
Authors: Massiani Jérôme
Published: February 2023

Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) was developed to assess the net socioeconomic benefits of a wide variety of projects in many fields. In this context, it is relevant to investigate how this method is actually used for project evaluation, and whether its merits and limitations are properly understood by a wider community of economists. In this study, we showcase a debate that took place in Italy in 2019 about an important high-speed rail project, following the publication of a CBA that received much criticism. To learn from this episode, we find it useful to set up a meta-model of CBA that allows the formalisation of a large number of CBA calculations (including potentially ill-founded calculations) and to verify their validity. With this meta model, we review the criticisms formulated during the 2019 CBA debate focusing on two salient topics; whether CBA should include taxation and whether the Rule-of-Half measure of users’ surplus is valid. Our analysis suggests: (1) That the proposed meta-equation can help in structuring the scientific debate regarding CBA and the relevant economic discussion about a given project; (2) with few exceptions, the criticisms formulated regarding the 2019 CBA on these topics were incorrect, mostly incoherent, also from an axiomatic point of view. This indicates that ill-founded methods are at risk of becoming well-accepted in the larger community of economists, with the risk of lowering the general quality of policy recommendations they can formulate. This underlines the need for economists to revise the misguided views of CBA.
The Perils of Riding Motocross: A Summary of this Extensive, Prospective Study
Authors: Hay Bruce , Singh Rohit , Hay Stuart
Published: February 2023

Background

Motocross is a high-risk form of motorbiking where serious injuries occur regularly, although little data have been collected to illustrate this relationship. Over 5 years, teams from RJAH Oswestry and RSH sought to demonstrate the impact of Motocross on orthopaedic presentation and workload.

Method

Data were collected prospectively over 5 years including 615 orthopaedic injuries associated with both recreational and competitive motocross.

Results

An increase in injury and operation frequency was observed, young males were identified as the highest risk participant. This was evident over winter and weekends, during the competitive racing season. A variety of injuries have been implicated, some with life threatening or disabling consequences.

Conclusion

Motocross has seen exponential growth in popularity with increases in injuries and operations. This implicates major impacts on finances and healthcare, especially at times of seasonal vulnerability. The authors encourage event organisers to explore the avenues of rider safety in this increasingly popular sport.
Refractance window drying of walnut kernel (Juglans regia L.)
Authors: Taj Fazia , Khan Shafat Ahmad , Dar Aamir Hussain , Manzoor Neelofar , Kumar Navneet , Dwivedi Madhuresh , Singh Anurag , Kumar Manibhushan
Published: February 2023

The present study aimed to determine the effect of refractance window (RW) drying and compare it with sun drying for various physicochemical properties of walnut kernels. Physical properties such as moisture content, texture, color analysis, and water activity were analyzed and results were found to be better than sun drying. The ΔE value of kernels was found lowest (4.36) at 70 °C and texture profile results were found better than those of walnut kernels obtained by sun drying. The total phenolic content, and the antioxidant activity of the RW-dried product were found significantly higher than the sun-dried sample. The TPC value of the RW dried sample obtained at 90 °C was found maximum to be 2710 ± 2.75 mg GAE/100 g. The IC50 value of RW dried walnut kernel was found lowest (4.12 ± 0.45 µg/mL) at 50 °C. The LOX activity of all samples was significantly lower in the case of RW drying. The lowest value was obtained (0.065 ± 0.015 µkat) at 50 °C. The CHNO(S) test depicted lower lipid oxidation in the case of RW-dried samples.
Modeling of wintertime regional formation of secondary organic aerosols around Beijing: sensitivity analysis and anthropogenic contributions
Authors: Zhang Yuepeng , Huang Huiying , Qin Weihua , Yu Qing , Sun Yuewei , Cheng Siming , Ahmad Mushtaq , Ouyang Wei , Soyol-Erdene Tseren-Ochir , Chen Jing
Published: February 2023

Modeling of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has remained a big challenge due to the various precursors and complex processes involved. In this study, the WRF-CAMx model was used to predict the ambient SOA concentrations in urban Beijing as well as the North China Plain (NCP) during a polluted period in winter. To identify the major uncertainties and improve the model performance, a series of model tests were performed to assess the sensitivity of model prediction to the key factors. Then the sources of SOA in Beijing were identified using the optimized model. Both the volatility basis set (VBS) approach and the two-product approach were used for SOA simulation. Although the modeled SOA was underpredicted compared with the SOA estimated through filter-based measurements, the VBS scheme produced higher SOA than the traditional two-product scheme. According to the sensitivity tests with the VBS scheme, the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOC) as well as the oxidant levels were the key factors that affected SOA prediction. Based on the optimized simulation scenario, the potential contributions from different anthropogenic sources and source areas were identified, with over 80% of SOA in urban Beijing from regional transport of SOA or its precursors from the surrounding areas during the polluted period. Residential emission in the North China Plain appeared as the dominant source of SOA in urban Beijing from the perspective of regional contribution.

Graphical Abstract
Identifying strategies to advance equitable implementation of co-occurring mental health and substance use disorder treatment in drug treatment courts: A study protocol
Authors: Gaba Ayorkor , LoVette Ashleigh , Pridgen Bailey , Taylor Marquita , Woodward Eva , Rosal Milagros C. , Anderson Melissa , Smelson David
Published: February 2023

Introduction:

Behavioral health treatment disparities by race and ethnicity are well documented across the criminal legal system. Despite criminal legal settings such as drug treatment courts (DTCs) increasingly adopting evidence-based programs (EBPs) to improve care, there is a dearth of research identifying strategies to advance equitable implementation of EBPs and reduce racial/ethnic treatment disparities. This paper describes an innovative approach to identify community- and provider-generated strategies to support equitable implementation of an evidence-based co-occurring mental health and substance use disorder intervention, called Maintaining Independence and Sobriety through Systems Integration, Outreach and Networking-Criminal Justice (MISSION-CJ), in DTCs.

Methods/design:

Guided by the Health Equity Implementation Framework, qualitative interviews and surveys will assess factors facilitating and hindering equitable implementation of MISSION-CJ in DTCs among 30 Black/African American and/or Hispanic/Latino persons served and providers. Concept mapping with sixty Black/African American and/or Hispanic/Latino persons served and providers will gather community- and provider-generated strategies to address identified barriers. Finally, an advisory board will offer iterative feedback on the data to guide toolkit development and inform equitable implementation of MISSION-CJ within DTCs.

Conclusions:

The paper illustrates a protocol of a study based in community-engaged research and implementation science to understand multilevel drivers of racial/ethnic disparities in co-occurring disorder treatment and identify opportunities for intervention and improvements within criminal legal settings.
Chinese Studies in Poland: History and Current Perspectives
Authors: Sarek Katarzyna
Published: February 2023

The earliest pieces of knowledge and research on China in Poland reflected development of Sinological studies in Western Europe. Being located on the sidelines of trade routes through which Eastern ideas and goods reached Western Europe, Poles used to get their information about China mostly from intermediaries: medieval travelers, merchants, and envoys, and since the sixteenth century, letters, writings, and books by Jesuit missionaries. The Poles contributed the very first comprehensive description of Chinese flora, and were important in spreading mathematical knowledge among Chinese scientists. A Pole established Monumenta Serica, still published today, and another Pole applied formal logic to the research of Chinese classical texts for the very first time. Despite all that, regular Sinological research in Poland did not take off until the twentieth century, and even then it was interrupted by political upheaval in Poland and by researchers’ fight either for freedom or with ideology.
Women Grab Back: Exclusion, Policy Threat, and Women’s Political Ambition
Authors: CLAYTON AMANDA , O’BRIEN DIANA Z. , PISCOPO JENNIFER M.
Published: February 2023

Previous work suggests that observing women officeholders increases women’s political ambition. Yet, jumps in women’s representation in the United States’ “Years of the Woman”—following the Anita Hill testimonies and the election of Donald Trump—are linked to women’s exclusion from political decision-making. Drawing on focus groups with prospective women candidates, we theorize that exclusion when combined with a gendered policy threat increases women’s political ambition. Using survey experiments replicated across different samples, we show that women who read about an all-male city council poised to legislate on women’s rights report increased ambition compared with their pretreatment ambition levels and to women in other treatment groups. Women’s increased sense of political efficacy drives these results. When women’s rights are not under discussion, men’s overrepresentation does not move (or even depresses) women’s ambition. Seeing the policy consequences of their exclusion causes some women to seek a seat at the table.
A comparative, randomised MRI study of the physiological and appetitive responses to gelling (alginate) and non-gelling nasogastric tube feeds in healthy men
Authors: Aliyu Abdulsalam I. , Nixon Aline , Hoad Caroline L. , Marciani Luca , Corsetti Maura , Aithal Guruprasad P. , Cordon Sally M. , Macdonald Ian A. , Alhussain Maha H. , Inoue Hiroaki , Yamada Masahiko , Taylor Moira A.
Published: February 2023

Inclusion in nasogastric tube feeds (NGTF) of acid-sensitive, seaweed-derived alginate, expected to form a reversible gel in the stomach, may create a more normal intragastric state and modified gastrointestinal responses. This may ameliorate NGTF-associated risk of diarrhoea, upper gastrointestinal symptoms and appetite suppression. In a randomised, crossover, comparison study, undertaken in twelve healthy males, an alginate-containing feed (F + ALG) or one that was alginate-free (F-ALG) (300 ml) was given over 1 h with a 7–14-d washout period between treatments. Baseline and for 4-h post-feed initiation, MRI measurements were made to establish small bowel water content (SBWC), gastric contents volume (GCV) and appearance, and superior mesenteric artery blood flux. Blood glucose and gut peptides were measured. Subjective appetite and upper gastrointestinal symptoms scores were obtained. Ad libitum pasta consumption 3-h post-feeding was measured. F + ALG exhibited a gastric appearance consistent with gelling surrounded by a freely mobile water halo. Significant main effects of feed were seen for SBWC (P = 0·03) and peptide YY (PYY) (P = 0·004) which were attributed to generally higher values for SBWC with F + ALG (max difference between adjusted means 72 ml at 210 min) and generally lower values for PYY with F + ALG. GCV showed a faster reduction with F + ALG, less between-participant variation and a feed-by-time interaction (P = 0·04). Feed-by-time interactions were also seen with glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) (P = 0·02) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (P = 0·002), both showing a blunted response with F + ALG. Apparent intragastric gelling with F + ALG and subsequent differences in gastrointestinal and endocrine responses have been demonstrated between an alginate-containing and alginate-free feed.
AL-RĀZĪ ON THE THEOLOGIANS’ MATERIALISM
Authors: Awad Amal A.
Published: February 2023

Late in his intellectual life, Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī espoused a dualistic position on the nature of the soul, denying that the soul is in any sense a material body. This view, which in broad terms concurs with Avicenna’s, sets al-Rāzī in opposition to the theologians’ materialistic stance. To make his position clear, in his last work Almaṭālib al-Rāzī sets out a comprehensive case for the theologians’ materialism, before critiquing that position. This paper offers a reconstruction of al-Rāzī’s arguments for the theologians’ materialism, providing an insight into arguments in the philosophy of mind during the Islamic Middle Ages.
Chełm's Unraveling: The Holocaust and Interethnic Violence in Nazi-Occupied Poland
Authors: Tingler Jason
Published: February 2023

This article explores the myriad ways that Polish and Ukrainian residents engaged in violent and cruel behavior during World War II through a case study of the Chełm region. Under Nazi occupation, this formerly peaceful community exploded into a horrific scene of nationalist and popular violence. Jews were widely assaulted by their Polish and Ukrainian countrymen; Poles and Ukrainians engaged in mutual killings and ethnic cleansing; rural villagers were subjected to countless raids from area partisans; and escaped Soviet POWs were often denounced or otherwise attacked by area residents. Treating this outbreak as a whole, I argue that anti-Jewish violence was embedded in a vicious social transformation that engendered an array of crimes against multiple groups. By interweaving the fates of different ethnicities into a single study, my paper contextualizes Polish complicity during the Holocaust and highlights the sordid interactions between the German invaders, Jewish citizens, and local Christian society.
Cannabis-Legalisierung in Deutschland
Authors: Fischer Benedikt
Published: February 2023

Zusammenfassung: Zielsetzung: Die deutsche Bundesregierung hat beschlossen, den nicht-medizinischen Cannabis-Gebrauch und -Vertrieb zu legalisieren, und Kernpunkte des vorgesehenen Regelwerks vorgelegt. Einige dieser Kernpunkte werden aus der Sicht internationaler Erfahrungen und wissenschaftlicher Evidenz zur Legalisierung – insbesondere mit Blick auf Massnahmen und Ziele öffentlicher Gesundheit – eingeschätzt und kommentiert. Methodik: Selektive Zusammenfassung und policy-analytische Anwendung wissenschaftlicher Evidenz. Ergebnisse: Ein erheblicher Anteil von Cannabis-bezogenen Gesundheitsproblemen hängt mit dem Konsum von Hochpotenz- (THC) Produkten zusammen; allerdings würden kategorische THC-Grenzwerte für legal verfügbares Cannabis diese im Gesamten wahrscheinlich nicht reduzieren sondern primär Hochrisiko-Konsumenten weiter in der Illegalität belassen. Die Mindestalter-Grenze von 18 Jahren für legales Cannabis macht primär politischen Sinn und repräsentiert nicht unbedingt optimalen Gesundheits- oder sozialen Schutz für junge Konsumenten; allerdings wird der Cannabis-Konsum bei Minderjährigen wahrscheinlich weiter hoch blieben. Eine substanz-übergreifende, gesundheits-orientierte Angleichung mit den Gesetzesregelungen für andere Substanzen (z. B. Alkohol) wäre sinnvoll. Das Fahren unter Cannabis-Einfluss ist relativ häufig, und kann zu Verletzungs- und Todesfällen, und damit erheblicher Gesundheitsbelastung führen; seine Kontrolle braucht gezielte Aufklärungs- und Abschreckungs-Maßnahmen. Cannabis-Legalisierung ist mit einschlägigen internationalen (z. B. UN) Konventionen generell schwierig zu vereinbaren, sollte aber dazu genutzt werden, diese grundsätzlich auf der Basis von Prinzipien des Gesundheitsschutzes zu erneuern. Schlussfolgerungen: Für die Cannabis-Legalisierung in Deutschland gibt es kein perfektes Regelwerk; einige Kern-Ziele werden nur über Kompromiss-Ansätze zu erreichen sein, die im Zweifelsfall angepasst werden müssen. Wenn implementiert, wird Deutschland wichtige Daten zur Cannabis-Legalisierung als Politik-Option bieten können, wozu ein systematisches und umfassendes Prozess- und Ergebnis-Monitoring durchgeführt werden muss.
On the Vitality, or Lack Thereof, in Heliospheric and Coronal Physics
Authors: Fisk Len A.
Published: February 2023

Heliospheric physics is the study of all phenomena in the solar wind, which carves out the heliosphere from the local interstellar medium. Coronal physics is the study of all phenomena in the solar corona, which creates the supersonic wind and all disturbances and variations contained therein. The vitality of heliospheric and coronal physics is measured in two different ways: First, is there conventional vitality, are important observations being made, comprehensive and insightful data analyses occurring, and are the data being successfully explained using numerical models that are based upon known physical processes? Second, is there what I refer to as enhanced vitality, is there new important knowledge being discovered, are paradigm shifts occurring, is the discipline still in search of more complete understandings and not satisfied that all important governing physical processes have been identified and simply need to be applied? By any reasonable standard both heliospheric and coronal physics have achieved conventional vitality. The subject of this article is whether heliospheric and coronal physics have also achieved enhanced vitality. I have been a participant in heliospheric and coronal physics since 1967, which is only 5 years after what can be considered the founding of heliospheric and coronal physics, the confirmation that the solar wind is a supersonic outflow. The assessment of whether heliospheric and coronal physics have achieved enhanced vitality will be based upon the experiences I have had during my 55‐year career.
Joint Inversion of Receiver Functions and Apparent Incidence Angles to Determine the Crustal Structure of Mars
Authors: Joshi Rakshit , Knapmeyer‐Endrun Brigitte , Mosegaard Klaus , Wieczorek M. A. , Igel Heiner , Christensen Ulrich R. , Lognonné Philippe
Published: February 2023

Recent estimates of the crustal thickness of Mars show a bimodal result of either ∼20 or ∼40 km beneath the InSight lander. We propose an approach based on random matrix theory applied to receiver functions (RFs) to further constrain the subsurface structure. Assuming a spiked covariance model for our data, we first use the phase transition properties of the singular value spectrum of random matrices to detect coherent arrivals in the waveforms. Examples from terrestrial data show how the method works in different scenarios. We identify three previously undetected converted arrivals in the InSight data, including the first multiple from a deeper third interface. We then use this information to jointly invert RFs with the absolute S‐wave velocity information in the polarization of body waves. Results show a crustal thickness of 43 ± 5 km beneath the lander with two mid‐crustal interfaces at depths of 8 ± 1 and 21 ± 3 km.
Inter‐Calibration of Geostationary Imager Infrared Bands Using a Hyperspectral Sounder on the Same Platform
Authors: Di Di , Liu Yue , Li Jun , Zhou Ronglian , Li Zhenglong , Gong Xinya
Published: February 2023

Geostationary (GEO) imager Infrared (IR) bands are often intercalibrated with hyperspectral IR sounders onboard low earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Due to viewing geometry and time differences between GEO and LEO, the inter‐calibration is limited to certain viewing angles and times. When a GEO hyperspectral IR sounder and GEO imager are on the same platform, the inter‐calibration can be conducted from all angles and at all times. In this study, the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) is used to inter‐calibrate the Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI), both onboard FengYun‐4A. Radiance inter‐comparisons between GIIRS and AGRI under homogeneous scenes, including both clear and cloudy situations, indicate that the differences are within 1 K. The differences have obvious dependence on scene radiance, less dependence on the cloudy situation, and the local zenith angle when it is less than 70°. However, they exhibit significant diurnal characteristics.
Ice Volume and Insolation Forcing of Abrupt Strengthening of East Asian Winter Monsoon During Glacial Inceptions
Authors: Li Tao , Li Gaojun , Chen Tianyu , Sun Youbin , Yin Qiuzhen , Wu Zhipeng , Robinson Laura F. , Li Le , Zhang Zeke , Meng Xianqiang , Zhao Liang , Ji Junfeng , Chen Jun
Published: February 2023

It is generally accepted that the glacial‐interglacial variations of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) are controlled by the volume of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (NHIS), but the fact that they exhibit different evolution patterns during glacial inceptions is often overlooked. By generating an independent chronology framework and integrating multi‐proxy records from the loess sections on the central Chinese Loess Plateau, here we show that the rapid intensifying of the EAWM during glacial inceptions reflects millennial perturbations in the large‐scale atmospheric circulation in East Asia in response to insolation‐triggered abrupt North Atlantic cooling. This climate teleconnection between North Atlantic and East Asia is found to be particularly effective only when the NHIS reaches a critical large size. Our integrated multi‐proxy records thus highlight the key role of ice volume in modulating the response of the EAWM to insolation‐triggered North Atlantic cooling during the interglacial‐glacial transitions.
Fault Weakening During Short Seismic Slip Pulse Experiments: The Role of Pressurized Water and Implications for Induced Earthquakes in the Groningen Gas Field
Authors: Chen Jianye , Hunfeld Luuk B. , Niemeijer André R. , Spiers Christopher J.
Published: February 2023

High‐velocity friction experiments on simulated fault gouges sheared at high normal stress and to low displacement are particularly relevant to induced seismicity, which is becoming an important topic in fault mechanics. Using a new, improved set‐up, which allows simulation of fault stress and fluid pressure () conditions approaching in‐situ reservoir values, we performed ring‐shear experiments on simulated fault gouges prepared from the source‐, reservoir‐, and caprock‐formations of the Groningen gas field. Pre‐sheared gouges were subjected to a rotational slip pulse reaching ∼1.0 m/s peak velocity and 13–16 cm total displacement at effective normal stresses () of 5–31 MPa and up to 5 MPa, using water or dry nitrogen as pore fluid. All water‐saturated gouges show strong dynamic weakening within a few cm of slip, with the lowest dynamic friction (0.2–0.4) measured at the highest . By contrast, the weakening was subtle in experiments using nitrogen. Our analyses focus on the high‐ experiments, which are more realistic and show a distinct dependence of constitutive parameters (e.g., slip‐weakening rate) on , in the form of empirical linear, power‐law or exponential relations. The results provide much‐needed constraints for numerical modeling of induced rupture propagation in the Groningen field. Based on temperature‐ and ‐measurements made in near‐direct contact with the active shear band, and using “post‐mortem” microstructures, we exclude previously‐proposed dynamic weakening mechanisms (e.g., flash heating or thermal pressurization) and suggest that water pressurization at heated asperity or grain contacts explains the weakening seen in our high‐ experiments.
Graphene/MoS2−xOx/graphene photomemristor with tunable non-volatile responsivities for neuromorphic vision processing
Authors: Fu Xiao , Li Tangxin , Cai Bin , Miao Jinshui , Panin Gennady N. , Ma Xinyu , Wang Jinjin , Jiang Xiaoyong , Li Qing , Dong Yi , Hao Chunhui , Sun Juyi , Xu Hangyu , Zhao Qixiao , Xia Mengjia , Song Bo , Chen Fansheng , Chen Xiaoshuang , Lu Wei , Hu Weida
Published: February 2023

Conventional artificial intelligence (AI) machine vision technology, based on the von Neumann architecture, uses separate sensing, computing, and storage units to process huge amounts of vision data generated in sensory terminals. The frequent movement of redundant data between sensors, processors and memory, however, results in high-power consumption and latency. A more efficient approach is to offload some of the memory and computational tasks to sensor elements that can perceive and process the optical signal simultaneously. Here, we proposed a non-volatile photomemristor, in which the reconfigurable responsivity can be modulated by the charge and/or photon flux through it and further stored in the device. The non-volatile photomemristor has a simple two-terminal architecture, in which photoexcited carriers and oxygen-related ions are coupled, leading to a displaced and pinched hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristics. For the first time, non-volatile photomemristors implement computationally complete logic with photoresponse-stateful operations, for which the same photomemristor serves as both a logic gate and memory, using photoresponse as a physical state variable instead of light, voltage and memresistance. The polarity reversal of photomemristors shows great potential for in-memory sensing and computing with feature extraction and image recognition for neuromorphic vision.
A sex-specific genome-wide association study of depression phenotypes in UK Biobank
Authors: Silveira Patrícia Pelufo , Pokhvisneva Irina , Howard David M. , Meaney Michael J.
Published: February 2023

There are marked sex differences in the prevalence, phenotypic presentation and treatment response for major depression. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) adjust for sex differences, to date, no studies seek to identify sex-specific markers and pathways. In this study, we performed a sex-stratified genome-wide association analysis for broad depression with the UK Biobank total participants (N = 274,141), including only non-related participants, as well as with males (N = 127,867) and females (N = 146,274) separately. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to characterize common and sex-specific markers and associated processes/pathways. We identified 11 loci passing genome-level significance (P < 5 × 10−8) in females and one in males. In both males and females, genetic correlations were significant between the broad depression GWA and other psychopathologies; however, correlations with educational attainment and metabolic features including body fat, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and triglycerides were significant only in females. Gene-based analysis showed 147 genes significantly associated with broad depression in the total sample, 64 in the females and 53 in the males. Gene-based analysis revealed “Regulation of Gene Expression” as a common biological process, but suggested sex-specific molecular mechanisms. Finally, sex-specific polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for broad depression outperformed total and the opposite sex PRSs in the prediction of broad major depressive disorder. These findings provide evidence for sex-dependent genetic pathways for clinical depression as well as for health conditions comorbid with depression.
Cerebro-cerebellar functional neuroplasticity mediates the effect of electric field on electroconvulsive therapy outcomes
Authors: Fu Zening , Abbott Christopher C. , Miller Jeremy , Deng Zhi-De , McClintock Shawn M. , Sendi Mohammad S. E. , Sui Jing , Calhoun Vince D.
Published: February 2023

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for severe depression and works by applying an electric current through the brain. The applied current generates an electric field (E-field) and seizure activity, changing the brain’s functional organization. The E-field, which is determined by electrode placement (right unilateral or bitemporal) and pulse amplitude (600, 700, or 800 milliamperes), is associated with the ECT response. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the relationship between E-field, functional brain changes, and clinical outcomes of ECT are not well understood. Here, we investigated the relationships between whole-brain E-field (Ebrain, the 90th percentile of E-field magnitude in the brain), cerebro-cerebellar functional network connectivity (FNC), and clinical outcomes (cognitive performance and depression severity). A fully automated independent component analysis framework determined the FNC between the cerebro-cerebellar networks. We found a linear relationship between Ebrain and cognitive outcomes. The mediation analysis showed that the cerebellum to middle occipital gyrus (MOG)/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) FNC mediated the effects of Ebrain on cognitive performance. In addition, there is a mediation effect through the cerebellum to parietal lobule FNC between Ebrain and antidepressant outcomes. The pair-wise t-tests further demonstrated that a larger Ebrain was associated with increased FNC between cerebellum and MOG and decreased FNC between cerebellum and PCC, which were linked with decreased cognitive performance. This study implies that an optimal E-field balancing the antidepressant and cognitive outcomes should be considered in relation to cerebro-cerebellar functional neuroplasticity.
Common and rare variant associations with latent traits underlying depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia
Authors: Dattani Saloni , Sham Pak C. , Jermy Bradley S. , Coleman Jonathan R. I. , Howard David M. , Lewis Cathryn M.
Published: February 2023

Genetic studies in psychiatry have primarily focused on the effects of common genetic variants, but few have investigated the role of rare genetic variants, particularly for major depression. In order to explore the role of rare variants in the gap between estimates of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability and twin study heritability, we examined the contribution of common and rare genetic variants to latent traits underlying psychiatric disorders using high-quality imputed genotype data from the UK Biobank. Using a pre-registered analysis, we used items from the UK Biobank Mental Health Questionnaire relevant to three psychiatric disorders: major depression (N = 134,463), bipolar disorder (N = 117,376) and schizophrenia (N = 130,013) and identified a general hierarchical factor for each that described participants’ responses. We calculated participants’ scores on these latent traits and conducted single-variant genetic association testing (MAF > 0.05%), gene-based burden testing and pathway association testing associations with these latent traits. We tested for enrichment of rare variants (MAF 0.05–1%) in genes that had been previously identified by common variant genome-wide association studies, and genes previously associated with Mendelian disorders having relevant symptoms. We found moderate genetic correlations between the latent traits in our study and case–control phenotypes in previous genome-wide association studies, and identified one common genetic variant (rs72657988, minor allele frequency = 8.23%,p = 1.01 × 10−9) associated with the general factor of schizophrenia, but no other single variants, genes or pathways passed significance thresholds in this analysis, and we did not find enrichment in previously identified genes.
Adenosine-independent regulation of the sleep–wake cycle by astrocyte activity
Authors: Peng Wanling , Liu Xiaotong , Ma Guofen , Wu Zhaofa , Wang Ziyue , Fei Xiang , Qin Meiling , Wang Lizhao , Li Yulong , Zhang Siyu , Xu Min
Published: February 2023

Astrocytes play a crucial role in regulating sleep–wake behavior, and adenosine signaling is generally thought to be involved. Here we show multiple lines of evidence supporting that modulation of the sleep–wake behavior by astrocyte Ca2+ activity could occur without adenosine signaling. In the basal forebrain and the brainstem, two brain regions that are known to be essential for sleep–wake regulation, chemogenetically-induced astrocyte Ca2+ elevation significantly modulated the sleep–wake cycle. Although astrocyte Ca2+ level positively correlated with the amount of extracellular adenosine, as revealed by a genetically encoded adenosine sensor, we found no detectable change in adenosine level after suppressing astrocyte Ca2+ elevation, and transgenic mice lacking one of the major extracellular ATP-adenosine conversion enzymes showed similar extracellular adenosine level and astrocyte Ca2+-induced sleep modulation. Furthermore, astrocyte Ca2+ is dependent primarily on local neuronal activity, causing brain region-specific regulation of the sleep–wake cycle. Thus, neural activity-dependent astrocyte activity could regulate the sleep–wake behavior independent of adenosine signaling.
Self-organized hetero-nanodomains actuating super Li+ conduction in glass ceramics
Authors: Wang Yantao , Qu Hongtao , Liu Bowen , Li Xiaoju , Ju Jiangwei , Li Jiedong , Zhang Shu , Ma Jun , Li Chao , Hu Zhiwei , Chang Chung-Kai , Sheu Hwo-Shuenn , Cui Longfei , Jiang Feng , van Eck Ernst R. H. , Kentgens Arno P. M. , Cui Guanglei , Chen Liquan
Published: February 2023

Easy-to-manufacture Li2S-P2S5 glass ceramics are the key to large-scale all-solid-state lithium batteries from an industrial point of view, while their commercialization is greatly hampered by the low room temperature Li+ conductivity, especially due to the lack of solutions. Herein, we propose a nanocrystallization strategy to fabricate super Li+-conductive glass ceramics. Through regulating the nucleation energy, the crystallites within glass ceramics can self-organize into hetero-nanodomains during the solid-state reaction. Cryogenic transmission electron microscope and electron holography directly demonstrate the numerous closely spaced grain boundaries with enriched charge carriers, which actuate superior Li+-conduction as confirmed by variable-temperature solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Glass ceramics with a record Li+ conductivity of 13.2 mS cm−1 are prepared. The high Li+ conductivity ensures stable operation of a 220 μm thick LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 composite cathode (8 mAh cm−2), with which the all-solid-state lithium battery reaches a high energy density of 420 Wh kg−1 by cell mass and 834 Wh L−1 by cell volume at room temperature. These findings bring about powerful new degrees of freedom for engineering super ionic conductors.
New insights in polydopamine formation via surface adsorption
Authors: Hemmatpour Hamoon , De Luca Oreste , Crestani Dominic , Stuart Marc C. A. , Lasorsa Alessia , van der Wel Patrick C. A. , Loos Katja , Giousis Theodosis , Haddadi-Asl Vahid , Rudolf Petra
Published: February 2023

Polydopamine is a biomimetic self-adherent polymer, which can be easily deposited on a wide variety of materials. Despite the rapidly increasing interest in polydopamine-based coatings, the polymerization mechanism and the key intermediate species formed during the deposition process are still controversial. Herein, we report a systematic investigation of polydopamine formation on halloysite nanotubes; the negative charge and high surface area of halloysite nanotubes favour the capture of intermediates that are involved in polydopamine formation and decelerate the kinetics of the process, to unravel the various polymerization steps. Data from X-ray photoelectron and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies demonstrate that in the initial stage of polydopamine deposition, oxidative coupling reaction of the dopaminechrome molecules is the main reaction pathway that leads to formation of polycatecholamine oligomers as an intermediate and the post cyclization of the linear oligomers occurs subsequently. Furthermore, TRIS molecules are incorporated into the initially formed oligomers.
Multi-ancestry and multi-trait genome-wide association meta-analyses inform clinical risk prediction for systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Khunsriraksakul Chachrit , Li Qinmengge , Markus Havell , Patrick Matthew T. , Sauteraud Renan , McGuire Daniel , Wang Xingyan , Wang Chen , Wang Lida , Chen Siyuan , Shenoy Ganesh , Li Bingshan , Zhong Xue , Olsen Nancy J. , Carrel Laura , Tsoi Lam C. , Jiang Bibo , Liu Dajiang J.
Published: February 2023

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a heritable autoimmune disease that predominantly affects young women. To improve our understanding of genetic etiology, we conduct multi-ancestry and multi-trait meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies, encompassing 12 systemic lupus erythematosus cohorts from 3 different ancestries and 10 genetically correlated autoimmune diseases, and identify 16 novel loci. We also perform transcriptome-wide association studies, computational drug repurposing analysis, and cell type enrichment analysis. We discover putative drug classes, including a histone deacetylase inhibitor that could be repurposed to treat lupus. We also identify multiple cell types enriched with putative target genes, such as non-classical monocytes and B cells, which may be targeted for future therapeutics. Using this newly assembled result, we further construct polygenic risk score models and demonstrate that integrating polygenic risk score with clinical lab biomarkers improves the diagnostic accuracy of systemic lupus erythematosus using the Vanderbilt BioVU and Michigan Genomics Initiative biobanks.