bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Predictive Role of Gender and Race on Student Retention
Authors: Savas Gokhan
Published: October 2017

Student retention is an important issue in American higher education, and has major impacts on students' access to employment and earning potential. Furthermore, it significantly influences the finances of colleges and universities. This chapter looks at the predictive role of gender and race on students' college retention, and analyzes the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS, 2002) that follows a nationally representative cohort of students from 2002, when they were high school sophomores, through their postsecondary education. The analytic sample of this research includes high school graduates who remained in the study from 2002-2012, and reported “any known degree attained as of June 2013.” Findings indicate that male students are more likely to drop out of college compared to female students, and this gender effect does not change even after controlling for several other variables. Similar to gender, race is also found to be a significant predictor of student retention.
Minimizing the Danger of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Lee Steven P.
Published: October 2017

Many of those concerned about global peace advocate a policy of nuclear disarmament in order to eliminate the danger posed by these weapons. The logic is that eliminating the weapons would eliminate the danger they pose. But I argue that these are separate goals, that eliminating the weapons would not eliminate the danger, and in fact might make it worse. After the cold war, many thought that it was finally possible to rid the world of nuclear weapons, but since 1991, the world has not moved substantially towards this goal. The reason is that nuclear weapons create a security dilemma in which efforts to use them to make societies safer, through the practice of nuclear deterrence, end up making them less safe. This is because efforts (through minimum deterrence) to use them to avoid a deliberate nuclear attack create risk of nuclear war by escalation, and efforts (through counterforce deterrence) to minimize the risk of nuclear war by escalation, create the risk of deliberate nuclear attack. The way out of this dilemma is through delegitimization of nuclear weapons.
The Responsibility of Educators in Peacekeeping
Authors: Brinjak Carol McPeak
Published: October 2017

In the 21st Century, the specter of catastrophic war is more threatening than ever, and yet the prospect of reducing animosity is closer to being within our reach. The causes of strife are based mostly on fear and ignorance, and education is the key to erasing these two maladies. As modern technology brings the human community closer together, it is now possible to educate all people across the globe. The focus of educators' attention must be: a) to see each member of humanity as a spiritual being; b) to recognize and emulate the purveyors of virtue; and c) to face head-on the dangerous people who stand in the way of a more God-centered universe. This chapter will explore each of these three areas from an individual perspective, as well as on a national level, and finally onto the world stage.
Understanding Our Potential for Love and Peace
Authors: Becker Harold W.
Published: October 2017

In this presentation, we explore a view of our human potential as an intuitive and evolving understanding on a personal level. Using a phenomenological approach, rather than a traditional analytical social science approach, we can discover the vital qualitative aspects that are not normally considered in a traditional quantitative analysis. The nature of universal love and peace are more experiential and subjective at a primary level, involving a deeper inquiry from the individual's perspective, interpretation and experience. Consciousness and self-awareness are central themes that are essential to a sustainable humanity and planet in this unparalleled epoch of quantum change. Technology, and the more recently emerging real-time worldwide social interactions, are accelerating this new paradigm where typical survival instincts are transforming into creative and collaborative, holistic actions on a global scale. Love and peace are the core attributes leading this shift of the ages and it is all beginning from within.
Blockchains
Authors: Easton John M.
Published: October 2017

In recent years, the UK railway industry has struggled with the effects of poor integration of data across ICT systems, particularly when that data is being used across organizational boundaries. Technical progress is being made by the industry towards enabling data sharing, but an open issue remains around how the costs of gathering and maintaining pooled information can be fairly attributed across the stakeholders who draw on that shared resource. This issue is particularly significant in areas such as Remote Condition Monitoring, where the ability to analyse the network at a whole-systems level is being blocked by the business cases around the purchase of systems as silos. Blockchains are an emerging technology that have the potential to revolutionize the management of transactions in a number of industrial sectors. This chapter will address the outstanding issues around the fair attribution of costs and benefits of data sharing in the rail industry by proposing blockchains as a forth enabler of the rail data revolution, alongside ESB, ontology, and open data.
Crowd Shaping
Authors: Gupta Vishwas , Bose Indranil
Published: October 2017

Welcome in today's business where change is the only constant. The companies continue to invent new products and technologies. The innovative and improved technologies transform the industries and companies and change lives. But it involves so many challenges and difficulties. Still they are pursuing for better products to cater the future needs of customers. At IBM Smarter Cities Technology Center, a. team of engineers was working on restructuring the city road system by using the mobile phone data. Almost 2.5 billion call records from five million mobile users in Ivory Coast were used to give a final touch to this operation. The data was used to improve the public transport service in the city. Once the suggestions are executed, the Ivory Coast would be only city to witness the world's first ‘Crowd shaped' road system. A road system wisely and beautifully re - engineered with the help of information collected through the data of its commuters. In the chapter we will try to know what is crowd shaping and how is it affecting the life of a retail shopper in this technical savvy world?
Researching Information Seeking in Digital Libraries Through Information-Seeking Models
Authors: Zaremohzzabieh Zeinab , Ahrari Seyedali , Abu Samah Bahaman , Bolong Jusang
Published: October 2017

There has been an increasing amount of research focus on the development of digital libraries, particularly on information seeking. A variety of information-seeking models used by library and information science (LIS) academics investigate the manner in which information is sought and transformed into knowledge, which should be taken into account during the design of digital libraries. However, in part this reflects the lack of knowledge about how these models explain user information seeking behaviors in a digital library environment. This chapter aims to address this lack of knowledge. It presents a set of information-seeking models that can be used by LIS scholars or experts to comprehend the dynamics of information seeking by users of digital libraries. The major role of this chapter is to provide a review of the existing “models” to date, and also to present a comparative analysis of the notable models that may contribute to ways of understanding the research on information seeking in digital libraries.
Engineering the Services of the Library Through Mobile Technology
Authors: Mtshali Eunice
Published: October 2017

Many universities are struggling to response the needs of its users. This is attributed to the rapid change in technological innovations. The growing interest on mobile technology in organisations is at a fast pace, particularly in institutions of higher learning. Mobile technology could be used in academic libraries to provide a better service to their clients or improve the service that they currently provide. Case study research was conducted at Capital University to understand the factors that could influence and impact the adoption of mobile technology in academic library services.
The 21st Century Library and Information Services for the Enhancement of Teacher Education
Authors: Idiegbeyan-ose Jerome , Ilo Promise , Isiakpona Chidi
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses 21st century Library and Information Services for the enhancement of teacher education. The work starts by highlighting the place of teachers in every society. Teachers transform lives. They inculcate worthwhile attitude in the leaders of tomorrow. It is therefore important to ensure that they receive qualitative education on the platform of 21st century libraries. The chapter further discusses the services provided by 21st century libraries among which are Online Reference Services, Selective Dissemination of Information, Current Awareness Services and Online Public Access Catalogue. The opportunities provided by 21st century libraries are highlighted. These include multi-user access to resources, improvement of internal operations, round- the-clock access, etc. This chapter recommends adequate provision of funds, intensification of user education, as well as back-up power supplies for better performance of these libraries. It concludes that 21st century libraries are sine qua non to the enhancement of teacher education and should therefore not be trivialized in any way.
Better Together
Authors: Desilets Michelle R. , DeJonghe Jennifer , Filkins Michelle
Published: October 2017

The Library and Learning Center at Metropolitan State University is a shared space between the Metropolitan State University Library and a branch of the Saint Paul Public Library system. This chapter reviews the literature on joint use libraries and provides a history of the planning and development of the Library and Learning Center. In detailing the history of both organizations and the current state of collaboration ten years after the building opened, this chapter will describe how the experience at Metropolitan State aligns with that of similar joint use libraries. Furthermore, by highlighting collaborative services and programming, the chapter will be instructive for libraries that wish to form collaborative relationships outside of a joint use model. It will also describe the strengths of the joint use model in meeting the shared goals of community engagement and lifelong learning, while remaining cognizant of the challenges that are inherent in any joint use library initiative.
Cybrarians at Last?
Authors: Hicks Deborah
Published: October 2017

This examines the three main themes throughout the book: us versus them, technology as tool, and library as place. Us versus them highlights the relationships that librarians have with their various user communities and even with other librarians. Librarians use technology to position themselves as technology experts, which places users in a subordinate position. Amongst themselves, librarians use technology to distinguish between those who are concerned with patrons' needs and open-minded about the best way to address them and those who are closed-minded and anti-technology. Additionally, librarians use technology to distinguish themselves from LIS faculty members by claiming that faculty members are too distanced from the actual uses of technology in the profession. Technology as tool is perhaps the most dominant theme throughout the book. By understanding technology as just a tool, librarians end up defining themselves by how they use technology, thus limiting not only their use of it, but also placing inadvertent limits on how it can be used within the library itself to provide services. Lastly, technology has changed how librarians understand the library as place. The library, in the face of technological change, has become a place that needs protecting. Librarians, as a result, have become the protectors of the library as place. They use technology in a controlled way to manage this.
It Is Everywhere
Authors: Marks Alexis Braun , Owen Eric
Published: October 2017

In early 2012, mold was found on materials stored in the high-density automated storage and retrieval system (ASRS) at Eastern Michigan University, with remediation beginning in late 2013. This chapter will outline the timeline of discovery and eventual remediation of the mold infestation. The authors will discuss the stakeholders within the library and other offices on campus involved with the response planning for closure, cleanup, and reopening of the ASRS, as well as the development of processes for collection intake to mitigate a future outbreak. The chapter will conclude with lessons learned, takeaways for other institutions, and how Eastern Michigan University is moving forward to protect the investment made in the collection.
Digital Libraries in the Western Region of China
Authors: Sha Yongzhong , Hu Wenjing , Guo Wei
Published: October 2017

The rapid technological development of the 21st century brought with it the rise of the digital library, which has become a global trend in university libraries. This chapter examines the construction and development of university digital libraries in western China. By investigating the current samples, consisting of 100 universities in the region, we try to reveal problems which arise during the construction process and discuss the future directions of university digital libraries in western China.
The Complexity Surrounding Market Rationale in Public Decision Making in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Elmedni Bakry
Published: October 2017

Applying market rationale to public decision making has been in the center of the debates in both political and academic circles. Theoretically, these debates center on the role of government in society and how that role should be played. This chapters shows that applying market rationality to public decision making is problematic for three reasons. First, in reality, neither market nor individuals can be rational as envisioned in neoclassic economics. Second, public organizations pursue broad social goals that are often not measurable by market indicators. Third, the context within which public decisions are made is governed by legal and constitutional mandates that do not always suit market rationale, i.e. utility maximizations. Notwithstanding this, public choice theory can provide public organizations with alternative methods for maximizing social benefits. In doing so, public organizations have been adopting market-based standards as a method to promote performance and manage for results.
Public Choice and Financing Local Government Fiscal Reform in Albania
Authors: Beckett-Camarata Jane
Published: October 2017

The Albanian government has been decentralizing decision making. Central to decentralization is a system of intergovernmental revenue transfers, especially unconditional transfers. This study examines in what ways market conditions and policy options affect the central government and local government relationship. It analyzes unconditional intergovernmental revenue transfers between the central government and local governments to better understand Albanian fiscal decentralization. While the unconditional intergovernmental transfers during the time of this study were found to be stable, the fragmentation of local government units and the evolving role of the regions, could complicate decentralization. The lack of a clear path to local government debt and borrowing, coupled with the system of intergovernmental transfers, has resulted in few viable policy options for balancing local government budgets. A more diversified local revenue structure, coupled with the ability to borrow on the open market, could allow larger and better growth-enhancing public investments without additional budgetary pressures.
Unequal Opportunities and Inequitable Outcomes
Authors: LaPlante Josephine M.
Published: October 2017

This chapter reviews social, economic, and political forces that cause and exacerbate educational disparities across and within states and considers how federal and state education finance policies are contributing to the persistence and growth of differences that deprive some children of needed learning opportunities. Many school finance experts and policy makers believe that providing the same number of dollars for each pupil will purchase similar educational opportunities. However, an expectation that different conditions require schools to spend different per pupil amounts has been guiding analysis in school finance challenges. The efficacy of equalizing per pupil dollars as a strategy for ensuring equal educational opportunity is tested empirically by comparing learning resources across Maine school districts. The results reveal educational resources available in schools where there are larger proportions of needy children are notably lower than those in schools with smaller percentages of needy children.
Knowledge Management as a Key Factor for Value Addition in IT Services
Authors: Olalla-Caballero Beatriz
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents a background about Knowledge Management, and the importance it has in the Information Technologies Services market. Knowledge Management may have several advantages and benefits for an IT company. But sometimes, IT companies are not aware of all the importance knowledge deserves. In fact, Knowledge Management could help an IT enterprise to save costs, increase the quality of Service or increase the market share. That is because the design of a suitable Knowledge Management Model may be very important for an IT company, together with all the critical factors that may contribute to a successful Knowledge Management process implementation.
Lung-Infiltrating Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Are Quantitatively and Qualitatively Different during Eosinophilic and Neutrophilic Allergic Airway Inflammation but Essential To Control the Inflammation
Authors: Jang Eunjung , Nguyen Quang Tam , Kim Sohee , Kim Dongkyun , Le Thi Hong Nga , Keslar Karen , Dvorina Nina , Aronica Mark A. , Min Booki
Published: November 2017

Understanding functions of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) during allergic airway inflammation remains incomplete. In this study, we report that, during cockroach Ag–induced allergic airway inflammation, Foxp3+ Tregs are rapidly mobilized into the inflamed lung tissues. However, the level of Treg accumulation in the lung was different depending on the type of inflammation. During eosinophilic airway inflammation, ∼30% of lung-infiltrating CD4 T cells express Foxp3, indicative of Tregs. On the contrary, only ∼10% of infiltrating CD4 T cells express Foxp3 during neutrophilic airway inflammation. Despite the different accumulation, the lung inflammation and inflammatory T cell responses were aggravated following Treg depletion, regardless of the type of inflammation, suggesting regulatory roles for Tregs. Interestingly, however, the extent to which inflammatory responses are aggravated by Treg depletion was significantly greater during eosinophilic airway inflammation. Indeed, lung-infiltrating Tregs exhibit phenotypic and functional features associated with potent suppression. Our results demonstrate that Tregs are essential regulators of inflammation, regardless of the type of inflammation, although the mechanisms used by Tregs to control inflammation may be shaped by environmental cues available to them.
Virtual Sorting Has a Distinctive Advantage in Identification of Anticorrelated Genes and Further Negative Regulators of Immune Cell Subpopulations
Authors: Wang Pingzhang , Han Wenling , Ma Dalong
Published: November 2017

Immune cells are highly plastic in both gene expression and cell phenotype. We have established a method of gene expressional plasticity and virtual sorting to evaluate immune cell subpopulations and their characteristic genes in human CD4+ T cells. In this study, we continued to investigate the informatics mechanism on the effectiveness of virtual sorting. We found that virtual sorting had an overall positive correlation to the Pearson correlation in the identification of positively correlated genes. However, owing to nonlinear biological anticorrelation, virtual sorting showed a distinctive advantage for anticorrelated genes, suggesting an important role in the identification of negative regulators. In addition, based on virtual sorting results, we identified two basic gene sets among highly plastic genes, i.e., highly plastic cell cycle–associated molecules and highly plastic immune and defense response–associated molecules. Genes within each set tended to be positively connected, but genes between two sets were often anticorrelated. Further analysis revealed preferential transcription factor binding motifs existed between highly plastic cell cycle–associated molecules and highly plastic immune and defense response–associated molecules. Our results strongly suggested predetermined regulation, which was called an immune cell internal phenotype, should exist and could be mined by virtual sorting analysis. This provided efficient functional clues to study immune cell phenotypes and their regulation. Moreover, the current substantial virtual sorting results in both CD4+ T cells and B cells provide a useful resource for big-data–driven experimental studies and knowledge discoveries.
Irregular Weight One Points with Image
Authors: Lee Hao
Published: November 2017

Darmon, Lauder, and Rotger conjectured that the relative tangent space of an eigencurve at a classical, ordinary, irregular weight one point is of dimension two. This space can be identified with the space of normalized overconvergent generalized eigenforms, whose Fourier coefficients can be conjecturally described explicitly in terms of $p$-adic logarithms of algebraic numbers. This article presents the proof of this conjecture in the case where the weight one point is the intersection of two Hida families of Hecke theta series.
Revisitant les facteurs affectant l’utilisation des Tics sur l’information relative aux intrants agricoles par les paysans dans les pays en voie de développement
Authors: KANTE Macire , Chepken Christopher , Oboko Robert
Published: November 2017

Malgré une exposition des paysans aux Tics sur l’information de production agricole, la contribution de ceux-ci dans ce domaine n’est encore satisfaisante. Par conséquent, une etude a été menée pour informer notre audience sur les facteurs affectant l’utilisation de ces Tics par une révision des Tics et les articles publiés sur ces Tics en utilisant la Théorie Ancrée. Les facteurs avantage relatif, compatibilité, simplicité, l’influence sociale, observabilité, alphabétisation, savoir-faire Tics et qualité de l’information affectent positivement l’utilisation de ces Tics tandis que et le cout excessif des Tics affectent négativement leurs utilisations.
Privatización en la Justicia de Menores. ¿Acierto o desacierto en la mecantilización de los centros de régimen cerrado de menores a la luz del artículo 45.3 de la Ley 5/2000?
Authors: Rezzani Agustina
Published: October 2017

En este trabajo se analiza como a partir del artículo 45.3 de la Ley Orgánica 5/2000 de 12 de enero, reguladora de la responsabilidad penal de menores, se dio vía libre a la privatización de las instituciones de menores, quedando el valor social de la seguridad en manos de empresarios y políticos de turno. Por otra parte se destaca que la supervisión que ejerce el Estado hacia las corporaciones es nula, dejándose un gran margen de discrecionalidad para la comisión de abusos y corrupción por parte de las empresas. Asimismo, se acentúa que los menores no son objetos de consumo sino sujetos de derecho en constante desarrollo. Por último, se considera que es necesario replantear el problema desde las políticas criminales y a partir de la transversalidad lograr un cambio de paradigma.
Até que ponto o tratamento da Nação mais favorecida pode minar a estratégia política dos ACFIs?
Authors: Ratton Sanchez Badin Michelle , Tavela Luis Daniel , De Oliveira Mario Alfredo
Published: November 2017

O presente artigo se propõe a fazer uma breve análise das possíveis consequências da inserção da cláusula de tratamento de nação mais favorecida (NMF) nos Acordos de Cooperação e Facilitação de Investimentos (ACFIs), considerando tanto o escopo de aplicação dos acordos, como as disposições de tratamento específico do investimento. Para tanto, o artigo terá como amostra os ACFIs assinados pelo Brasil, entre março de 2015 e abril de 2017, o que resulta em um total de oito ACFIs. Em suma, o artigo se propõe a compreender o papel da cláusula de nação mais favorecida nos ACFIs e na sua relação, em especial, com outros acordos internacionais de investimento. O artigo busca realizar alguns apontamentos sobre as características e riscos que a inserção das cláusulas da nação mais favorecida nos ACFIs pode trazer para o modelo brasileiro de ACFI, considerando sua gênese de contestação do tradicional sistema de proteção internacional do investimento estrangeiro. As provocações levantadas no fim do texto procuram favorecer melhores negociações e desenhos de cláusulas NFM nos ACFIs, por parte do Poder Executivo quando da negociação de novos acordos, bem como que sirvam de subsídio ao Poder Legislativo, quando do processo de ratificação dos ACFIs já assinados.
De Volta à Beviláqua: análise econômica da aplicação do Art. 9º da LINDB às obrigações civis contratuais
Authors: Lanius Danielle Cristina , Gico Jr. Ivo Teixeira
Published: November 2017

Desde 1942, o art. 9º da LINDB impõe às partes de contratos internacionais que o direito aplicável a sua relação deverá ser o do local da celebração do contrato. O presente artigo pretende demonstrar que, na linha das legislações mais modernas e do ponto de vista juseconômico, a lex loci celebrationis não deve ser imposta, mas sim utilizada como norma supletiva, em caso de silencio das partes, preservando a autonomia da vontade. A imposição da lex loci celebrationis limita a capacidade de os agentes se organizarem e dificulta a inserção no Brasil no comércio internacional, portanto, a regra deve ser alterada.
La légalité de l’investissement devant l’arbitre international : à la recherche d’un point d’équilibre
Authors: Ascensio Hervé
Published: November 2017

The idea that the protection offered to foreign investors under international law is conditioned upon the respect of legality has emerged in the practice of investment arbitration, on the basis of some treaty provisions and on the basis of general principles of international law. The effect of such legality condition is however intricate, because an argument on illegality is raised sometimes as a jurisdictional objection, sometimes as an admissibility issue, and sometimes on the merits. This article argues that arbitral decisions have become more consistent over time, and that different legal characterizations are understandable, taking into account the different legal basis for a legality condition, the timing of proceedings, and the multifaceted aspects of legality. A balanced approach of the legality condition would be to ground it in international as well as national law, and to focus on the moment of the making of the investment; conversely, an expansive approach would create conceptual and practical difficulties.
Crônicas do Direito Internacional Público
Authors: Dayanna Lacerda Martins Lima Sarah
Published: November 2017

Crônicas do Direito Internacional Público
Edição Completa / Complete Issue
Authors: Varella Marcelo Dias , Monebhurrun (Editores/Editors) Nitish , Titi Catharine , Ascensio Hervé , Monebhurrun (Editores Convidados / Invited Editors) Nitish
Published: November 2017

Edição Completa / Complete Issue
A comparison of the momentum budget in reanalysis datasets during sudden stratospheric warming events
Authors: Martineau Patrick , Son Seok-Woo , Taguchi Masakazu , Butler Amy H.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The agreement between reanalysis datasets, in terms of the zonal-mean momentum budget, is evaluated during sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. It is revealed that there is a good agreement among datasets in the lower stratosphere and troposphere concerning zonal-mean zonal wind, but less so in the upper stratosphere. Forcing terms of the momentum equation are also relatively similar in the lower atmosphere, but their uncertainties are typically larger than uncertainties of the zonal wind tendency. Similar to zonal wind tendency, the agreement among forcing terms is degraded in the upper stratosphere. Discrepancies among reanalyses increase during the onset of SSW events, a period characterized by unusually large fluxes of planetary-scale waves from the troposphere to the stratosphere, and decrease substantially after the onset. While the largest uncertainties in the momentum budget originate from the Coriolis torque, momentum flux convergence also presents a non-negligible spread among the reanalyses. Such a spread is reduced in the latest reanalysis products, decreasing the uncertainty of the momentum budget. It is also found that the uncertainties of the momentum budget depend on the strength of SSW events: the strongest SSWs being subject to larger discrepancies among reanalyses. These uncertainties in stratospheric circulation, however, are not communicated to the troposphere.
Vertically-resolved Characteristics of Air Pollution during Two Severe Winter Haze Episodes in Urban Beijing, China
Authors: Wang Qingqing , Sun Yele , Xu Weiqi , Du Wei , Zhou Libo , Tang Guiqian , Chen Chen , Cheng Xueling , Zhao Xiujuan , Ji Dongsheng , Han Tingting , Wang Zhe , Li Jie , Wang Zifa
Published: November 2017

Abstract. We conducted the first real-time continuous vertical measurements of particle extinction (bext), gaseous NO2, and black carbon (BC) from ground level to 260 m during two severe winter haze episodes at an urban site in Beijing, China. Our results illustrated four distinct types of vertical profiles: 1) uniform vertical distributions (37 % of the time) with vertical differences less than 5 %; 2) higher values at lower altitudes (29 %); 3) higher values at higher altitudes (16 %), and 4) significant decreases at the heights of ~ 100–150 m (14 %). Further analysis demonstrated that vertical convection as indicated by mixing layer height, temperature inversion, and local emissions are three major factors affecting the changes in vertical profiles. Particularly, the formation of Type 4 was strongly associated with the stratified layer that was formed due to the interactions of different air masses and temperature inversions. Aerosol composition was substantially different below and above the transition heights with ~ 20–30 % higher contributions of local sources (e.g., biomass burning and cooking) at lower altitudes. A more detailed evolution of vertical profiles and their relationship with the changes in source emissions, mixing layer height, and aerosol chemistry was illustrated by a case study. BC showed overall similar vertical profiles as those of bext (R2 = 0.92 and 0.69 in November and January, respectively). While NO2 was correlated with bext for most of the time, the vertical profiles of bext/NO2 varied differently for different profiles, indicating the impact of chemical transformation on vertical profiles. Our results also showed that more comprehensive vertical measurements (e.g., more aerosol and gaseous species) at higher altitudes in the megacities are needed for a better understanding of the formation mechanisms and evolution of severe haze episodes in China.
Quantification of sulfur deposition changes under sulfate geoengineering conditions
Authors: Visioni Daniele , Pitari Giovanni , Tuccella Paolo , Curci Gabriele
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Sustained injection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the tropical lower stratosphere has been proposed as a climate engineering technique with the purpose of temporarily mitigating the surface warming predicted for the coming decades. Among several possible environmental side effects, the increase of sulfur deposition at the ground surface still needs to be thoroughly investigated. In this study we present results from a composition-climate coupled model (ULAQ-CCM) and a chemistry-transport model (GEOS-Chem), assuming a sustained lower stratospheric equatorial injection of 8 Tg-SO2/yr. Total S-deposition is found to globally increase by 5.2 % when sulfate geoengineering is deployed, with a clear interhemispheric asymmetry (3.8 % and 10.3 % in NH and SH, respectively). The latter is mostly due to the combination of a quasi-homogeneous tropospheric influx of sulfate from the stratosphere, and the highly inhomogeneous amount of anthropogenic sulfur emissions in the boundary layer (mostly located in the Northern Hemisphere). The two models show good consistency in their sulfur species behavior under background and geoengineering conditions, not only for global and hemispheric budgets but also for regional S-deposition values (except over Arctic and Africa). The consistency between models is not limited to time averaged values, but it extends to monthly and inter-annual deposition changes. The latter is driven essentially by the variability of stratospheric large-scale transport associated to the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). According to model-mean values, geoengineering S-deposition percent changes on polar regions range between 7.7 ± 0.7 % over Antarctica and 8.5 ± 1.3 % over the Arctic, where the uncertainty reflects the model-averaged interannual variability. Similar S-deposition changes are found over quasi-clean continental regions of the Southern Hemisphere, and smaller values are calculated over polluted continental regions of the Northern Hemisphere (2 ÷ 4 %). The largest difference between the two models is found over Africa and the Arctic (11 % and 2 %, respectively, for GEOS-Chem, against 2 % and 15 %, respectively, for ULAQ-CCM).
Global Spectroscopic Survey of Cloud Thermodynamic Phase at High Spatial Resolution, 2005–2015
Authors: Thompson David R. , Kahn Brian H. , Green Robert O. , Chien Steve A. , Middleton Elizabeth M. , Tran Daniel Q.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The distribution of ice, liquid, and mixed phase clouds is important for Earth's planetary radiation budget, impacting cloud optical properties, evolution, and solar reflectivity. Most remote orbital thermodynamic phase measurements observe kilometer scales and are insensitive to mixed phases. This under-constrains important processes having outsize radiative forcing impact, such as spatial partitioning in mixed phase clouds. To date, the fine spatial structure of cloud phase has not been measured at global scales. Imaging spectroscopy of reflected solar energy from 1.4–1.8 microns can address this gap: it directly measures ice and water absorption, a robust indicator of cloud top thermodynamic phase, with spatial resolution of tens to hundreds of meters. We report the first such global high spatial resolution survey based on data from 2005–2015 acquired by the Hyperion imaging spectrometer onboard NASA's Earth Observer 1 (EO-1) spacecraft. Seasonal and latitudinal trends corroborate observations by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). For extra tropical cloud systems, just 25 % of variance observed at GCM grid scales of 100 km was related to irreducible measurement error, while 75 % was explained by spatial correlations possible at finer resolutions.
A review of the available cropland and land cover maps for South Asia
Authors: Patil Prashant
Published: November 2017

Abstract. A lack of accuracy, uniqueness, and systematic classification of cropland categories, together with long-pending updates of cropland mapping, are the primary challenges that need to be addressed in developing high-resolution cropland maps for south Asia. In this review, we identify the major concerns, particularly the paucity of knowledge regarding the spatial distribution of major crop types within south Asia, which hinder policy and strategic investment and delay efforts to improve food security for a rapidly growing human population at a time of constant market instability and changing global climate. We specifically focus on the various available land cover and cropland maps at national and regional scales in south Asia and at the global scale, and describe the classification methods and approaches used for satellite images of different spatial resolution at different scales. The overall focus of this paper is to review the need for timely updated high-resolution cropland maps of south Asia.
It’s Up to the Librarians: Establishing A Statewide OER Initiative
Authors: Bell Steven J , Salem, Jr. Joseph A
Published: October 2017

Academic librarians increasingly adopt roles as campus leaders to promote the adoption of Open Educational Resources (OER) and other strategies to encourage making textbook affordability for students an institutional priority. When it comes to a statewide strategy to support academic library efforts for textbook affordability, Pennsylvania is lagging more progressive states such as Oregon, Georgia, Ohio, Virginia and Louisiana. This article makes a case for and lays out a strategy by which Pennsylvania’s academic librarians can develop a statewide initiative to tackle the challenge of textbook affordability together in order to achieve substantial progress.
No Choice without Care: Palliative Care as a Relational Matter, the Case of Ireland
Authors: Lolich Luciana , Lynch Kathleen
Published: November 2017

In recent years, choice and autonomy have been prioritized as key quality indicators in palliative care services. This article examines current palliative care discourses with respect to patient choice. While recognizing the importance of personal autonomy, using evidence from Ireland, this article explores how a discourse on choice can contribute to inequalities in palliative care because it fails to take account of pre-existing structural inequalities, human relationality, and bodily decline. This article proposes a relational approach to care that takes account not only of the relational lives in those in need of care but also of their careers.
2 + 2 = 3: Number contrasts in Blackfoot
Authors: Kim Kyumin , Ritter Elizabeth , Wiltschko Martina , Rullmann Hotze
Published: November 2017

Blackfoot nominals are singular, plural or general in number. The existence of languages with either a singular-plural opposition or a plural-general opposition is well-attested in the literature. Following Bliss (2013), we argue that Blackfoot has both systems, albeit in different contexts. We propose that the co-existence of these two systems in Blackfoot is due to the exceptional nature of plural specification in this language – it is alternatively realized as a head or modifying feature in the syntactic representation (in the sense of Wiltschko 2008). We show that regardless of whether plural is syntactically a head or a modifying feature, the semantic interpretation is the same. This is consistent with Rullmann & You’s (2006) finding that plural marking has the same denotation no matter whether it contrasts with singular or with general number.
A Corpus-based Study on the Use of Three-word Lexical Bundles in the Academic Writing by Native English and Turkish Non-native Writers
Authors: Ucar Serpil
Published: November 2017

The utilization of English recurrent word combinations –lexical bundles- play a fundamental role in academic prose (Karabacak & Qin, 2013). There has been highly limited research about comparing Turkish non-native and native English writers’ use of lexical bundles in academic prose in terms of frequency, structure and functions of lexical bundles (Bal, 2010; Karabacak & Qin, 2013, Öztürk, 2014). Therefore, this current research was conducted in order to investigate the most frequently used lexical bundles in the academically published articles of Turkish non-native and native speakers of English and to investigate whether there was a significant difference between native and non-native scholars with respect to the frequency, structures and functions of English language lexical bundles. The data were collected from two corpora; 15 scientific articles of native speakers and 15 scientific articles of Turkish advanced writers. The investigation included a quantitative analysis of the use of three-word lexical bundles and a qualitative analysis of the functions and structures they serve. To be more conservative, three-word lexical bundles which occur 40 times per million words and appear in 5 different texts were described a lexical bundle in this current research. The findings revealed that Turkish non-native writers showed underuse and less variation in the use of lexical bundles in their academic prose compared to native speakers.
Identifying New Jersey Teachers’ Assessment Literacy as Precondition for Implementing Student Growth Objectives
Authors: Prizovskaya Victoria
Published: November 2017

The Student Growth Objectives are assessments created locally or by commercial educational organizations. The students’ scores from the Student Growth Objectives are included in teacher summative evaluation as one of the measures of teacher’s effectiveness. The high amplitude of the requirements in teacher evaluation raised a concern of whether New Jersey public school teachers were competent in assessment theory to effectively utilize the state mandated tests. The purpose of this quantitative study was to identify New Jersey teachers’ competence in student educational assessments. The researcher measured teachers’ assessment literacy level between different groups based on subject taught, years of experience, school assignment and educational degree attained. The data collection occurred via e-mail. Seven hundred ninety eight teachers received an Assessment Literacy Inventory survey developed by Mertler and Campbell. Eighty-two teachers fully completed the survey (N=82). The inferential analysis included an independent-sample t test, One-Way Analyses of Variances test, a post hoc, Tukey test and Welch and Brown-Forsythe tests. The results of this study indicated teachers’ overall scores of 51% on entire instrument. The highest overall score of 61% was for Standard 1, Choosing Appropriate Assessment Methods. The lowest overall score of 39% was for Standard 2, Developing Appropriate Assessment Methods. The conclusion of this study was that New Jersey teachers demonstrated a low level of competence in student educational assessments. In general, the teacher assessment literacy did not improve during the last two decades.
Cielesność dywergencyjna – komponent integralnej edukacji wychylonej w przyszłość
Authors: Krasoń Katarzyna
Published: October 2017

A child is endowed with a natural inclination to manifest its feelings, to control things and ideas in the form of behaviour which could be an expression of various fine arts. Each element of art (music, dancing as a system of signs may change its code, as the same symbols may be conveyed in another semiotic code, for example: a system of sounds in kinetic-spatial exemplification. Listening to music (acoustic signs) is in this play transcoded into kinetic-bodily signs. Experiencing oneself by means of movement, creating an individual story about oneself through gesture activates the subconscious, facilitates visualizing past experiences, feeling them again, and analyzing. The present study focuses on the connection between the classes devoted to kinesthetic visualization and the motoric behaviour presented by a child displaying the level of its creativity. The text presents individualizing experimental tests carried out in a group of five-year-old children.
Od idei poznania dziecka do pedologii jako nauki o dziecku
Authors: Jakubiak Krzysztof
Published: November 2017

The child and childhood as socio-pedagogical categories are studied and described in the relatively recent pedagogical literature. Indeed systematic scientific reflection on childhood began in the mid nineteenth century and was connected with the contemporary development of child psychology and later pedology as the theory of the child. The article intends to develop the thesis that pedology had its origins in the European tradition of modern era pedagogy and, what is more important, that it was referring to the mid-eighteenth century postulates which proclaimed the need to know the child. Therefore, the main aim of this theory, which has been developing in Europe and the United States of America since the late nineteenth century as an interdisciplinary, experiential study, was to investigate the nature of the child.
Dziecięce filozofowanie na tle romantycznej wizji szlachetnego dzikusa J.J. Rousseau
Authors: Szczepska-Pustkowska Maria
Published: November 2017

The 18th century brought a sequence of outlook changes to Europe. Although contemporary transformations occurred slowly, their scale exceeded the previously circumscribed frame. Interpenetration of various ideas and cultural achievements, as well as “transnational exchange”, supported information for the coming into existence of the first theories of childhood. One of such theories was born thanks to Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), thanks to which the Enlightenment and the Romanticism discovered the noble savage child immersed in nature. Reflection on the phenomenon of childlike philosophizing conducted exactly from the perspective of this romantic vision of the child is the purpose of this paper.
Socjalizacja poznawcza jako (d)efekt kształcenia szkolnego (na tle rozważań nad kulturowym kontekstem konstruowania struktur poznawczych człowieka)
Authors: Męczkowska-Christiansen Astrid
Published: November 2017

Issues taken in the presented article refer to the relationship bet ween culture, the development of human cognitive structures, and school education. Starting from the theses presented within the discourse of contemporary cultural psychology I analyse the role of culture in the development of human cognitive abilities, where further references to the concept of cognitive socialization are made. Finally I make an attempt to point out the principles of effective cognitive socialization in the area of formal education which provides the basis for a sketchy evaluation of the impact of contemporary education on the effects of the cognitive socialization process.
Zmiany modelu poznawczego uczniów w kontekście prac nad e-podręcznikiem
Authors: Dyrda Jolanta
Published: November 2017

We are witnessing today a phenomenon that might be metaphorically called an explosion of digital technology. The computer and multi-function mobile telephones accompany young people incessantly. A lot of them hardly remember the world free of this kind of implements. G. Small, and G. Vorgan [2011] call today’s generation of teenagers “Digital Natives” who acquire knowledge on the Internet, and read no paper-printed information which is seen by them as too antiquated. According to these authors, “Digital immigrants” are newcomers to the digital world. It is adults who have entered the world of new technologies, and who seem mistrustful and sometimes overcome by a sort of “techno-phobia”. The diffi culty of successful communication today between adults and children, teachers and pupils, has been made even more serious by the arrival of new technologies. MEN / The Polish Ministry of National Education / have – in their attempt to meet pupils’ expectations, and thus make the school a more attractive and modern institution – started work on an e-textbook. My interests in that area have been particularly aroused by the situation of those pupils who have been diagnosed with dyslectic problems. Will the proposed didactic solutions allow for alleviating such problems or, possibly, will they aggravate the situation? In the context of an animated discussion about the project of an e-textbook, I intend to concentrate upon the situation of pupils who experience considerable diffi culties in the process of learning at school.