bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Nutrients and Lipid Peroxide Levels in Thai Preeclamptic Pregnant Women
Authors: Panburana Panyu , Phuapradit Winit , Puchaiwatananon Orawan
Published: May 2010

Objective: To compare the antioxidant nutrients and lipid peroxide levels in preeclampsia and normal pregnant women.

Methods: Antioxidant nutrients (vitamin A and E) were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography, vitamin C was measured by the dinitrophenyl hydrazine method, lipid peroxides were measured by the malondialdehyde method in 20 severe preeclampsia, 30 mild preeclampsia and 60 normal pregnant women as controls.

Results: Vitamin C levels in severe and mild preeclampsia were significantly less than those in control group. The corrected vitamin E and vitamin A levels were significantly decreased only in severe preeclampsia. While the lipid peroxide levels in both mild and severe preeclampsia were significantly increased when compared with the nomal pregnancy.

Conclusions: Preeclampsia is associated with the imbalance between lipid peroxides and antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C and E). The imbalances favour lipid peroxides with the increasing severity of preeclampsia.
A Case of a Primary Ovarian Leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Inoue Jun , Gomibuchi Hideto , Minoura Shigeki
Published: May 2010

A primary ovarian leiomyosarcoma is extremely rare. Moreover, there is no established treatment modality other than surgery, and the prognosis is extremely poor. We report a case of a primary ovarian leiomyosarcoma.

The patient was a gravida 4, para 2, 73‐year‐old female. She first presented with chief complaints of constipation and a pelvic mass. A physical examination revealed a solid tumor in the pelvic cavity. Which was about the size of an infant's head and had an irregular shape. The patient was suspected of having a subserosal myoma of the uterus or an ovarian tumor, and she was subjected to a laparotomy. A solid tumor about the size of an infant's head was found in the left uterine adnexa, and an intraoperative rapid pathological diagnosis of an ovarian leiomyosarcoma was made. A total abdominal hysterectomy, a bilateral salpingo‐oophorec‐tomy, a pelvic lymphadenectomy, and an omentectomy were then performed. The final pathological diagnosis confirmed a left primary ovarian leiomyosarcoma. After a series of discussions with the patient's family about her therapeutic plan, we decided to let the patient be followed‐up without adjuvant therapy.

Forty‐two months after the surgery, the patient accumulated massive amounts of pleural effusion and ascites, with extensive organ metastasis. She received terminal care and soon died.
Misoprostol in Labor Induction
Authors: Ozan Hakan , Uncu Gürkan , Yildirim Volkan , Omak Melike , Kara Havva Filiz , Tüfekci Mehpare
Published: May 2010

The efficacy of a new dosing regimen of misoprostol, a recently introduced labor‐inducing agent, was studied.

Fifty‐eight patients received 50 μg of misoprostol intravaginally and the dose was repeated every 3 hours until uterine contractions begin. Those who had an adequate contraction pattern, defined as three contractions in 10 minutes, were not given the repeat dose. Oxytocin augmentation, but not further misoprostol doses, was used in patients with an inadequate contraction pattern. The maximum total daily dose was 200 μg.

The patients had the mean age of 28.9 + 5.4, the mean gestational age of 211.8 + 46.6 days, the mean gravidity of 2.5 + 1.2, the mean parity of 0.9 + 0.9 and the mean initial Bishop score of 1.6 + 1.8. The mean required dose of misoprostol was 120.5 + 54.7 μg and 10 of 58 patients required oxytocin augmentation. The mean induction of labor to delivery time was 701.5 + 404.0 minutes. When 3 cases who gave birth with caesarean section were excluded, the interval was 708.4 + 407.2 minutes. The mean 5th minute Apgar score of the newborns was 8.2 + 2.5.

Two patients developed tachysystole after the second dose of misoprostol and were managed with vaginal irrigation and O2 supplementation successfully. Slight nausea and vomiting in 2 patients were the other adverse reactions.

Our findings revealed that, 50 μg intravaginal misoprostol, combined with oxytocin augmentation when necessary, appears to be an effective and safe method of labor induction.
Intracranial Venous Thrombosis Associated with Severe Antithrombin‐III Deficiency in Pregnancy
Authors: Özsener Serdar , Terek Mustafa Cosan , Saydam Güray , Celebisoy Nese , Öztekin Kemal , Özkinay Erdinc
Published: May 2010

We report a patient with intracranial venous thrombosis in the third trimester of pregnancy associated with severe antithrombin‐III deficiency. The evaluation of protein C, protein S and antithrombin‐III levels in patients with thrombotic events during pregnancy may reveal the specific cause of the thrombotic event and thereby influence patient management
Second Trimester Pregnancy Termination: A Comparison of 600 and 800 Micrograms of Intravaginal Misoprostol
Authors: Herabutya Yongyoth , Chanrachakul Boonsri , Punyavachira Piyaporn
Published: May 2010

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of 600 and 800 μg of misoprostol administered intravaginally every 12 hours for termination of second trimester pregnancies.

Methods: One hundred and forty‐three pregnant women at 14–26 weeks' gestation were randomized in 2 groups to receive either 600 μg (N = 67), or 800 μg (N = 76) of intravaginal misoprostol every 12 hours until abortion was induced.

Results: The incidences of abortion within 24 hours after initial drug administration were 82.1% (n = 55) and 78.9% (n = 60), within 48 hours 92.5% (n = 62) and 92.1% (n = 70), the mean abortion intervals were 15.2 (10.5, 20.8) hours and 15.3 (10.2, 21.8) hours, the complete abortion rates 77.6% (n = 52) and 72.4% (n = 55), and body temperature of more than 38°C were 26.9% (n = 18) and 71.1% (n = 54, p = < 0.001) in the 600 and 800 μg group, respectively. All other side‐effects were similar between the 2 groups.

Conclusion: In consideration of effectiveness and febrile complication, we suggest that 600 μg applied every 12 hours is the most appropriate dose to use for second trimester termination
Indomethacin Therapy in the Treatment of Polyhydramnios Due to Placental Chorioangioma
Authors: Kriplani Alka , Abbi Monica , Banerjee Neelam , Roy Kallol K. , Takkar D.
Published: May 2010

A 26‐year‐old primigravida presented with acute polyhydramnios at 30 weeks gestation. Ultrasonography revealed a large placental chorioangioma with severe hydramnios. No anomalies were detected in the fetus. Preterm labor started with respiratory distress and indomethacin, 25 mg was given every 6 hours. The patient showed a good response with improvement of the hydramnios and respiratory symptoms. A normal infant with no neonatal complications was delivered 3 weeks later.
Sonographic Fetal Weight Estimation in a South‐East Asian Population
Authors: Venkat Annapoorna , Chinnaiya Anandakumar , Gopal Malarvishy , Mongelli Joe Max
Published: May 2010

Objectives: To determine the optimal sonographic fetal weight estimation formula for a mixed south‐east Asian population near term.

Methods: Seventy‐eight uncomplicated pregnancies were monitored between January 1996 and January 1997. Biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length were measured and the following formulae were tested: Campbell, Shepherds and Hadlock. The estimated fetal weight was calculated by 12 different methods. The weight estimate was then projected forward to the time of delivery using the gestation‐adjusted forward projection method. The weight estimation error was derived from the difference between the projected fetal weight and birth weight, and expressed as a percentage of birth weight.

Results: The mean time interval from the time of ultrasound fetal weight estimation to delivery was 4.4 days. The birth weight ranged between 2,330 to 4,215 g. The best performing formula was Hadlock's formula using the head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur, with the perimeters calculated using the ellipse function. The standard deviation of error for this formula was 8.66%.

Conclusion: Even though the Hadlock formula was originally derived from an American population, it was equally useful in south‐east Asian population.
A New Hysteroscopic Tubal Embryo Transfer Catheter: Development and Clinical Application
Authors: Kitamura Seiji , Sugiyama Takeshi , Iida Etsurou , Miyazaki Toyohiko , Yoshimura Yasunori
Published: May 2010

Objective: Development and clinical application of a new hysteroscopic tubal embryo transfer catheter.

Method: Catheterization was performed in 60 patients at hysteroscopic insemination into tube, using 3 French catheters, in which the distal 3,4, and 5 cm tapered to 2 French. Hysteroscopic tubal embryo transfer and conventional IVE‐ET were performed in 30 patients with normal tubes, who failed to achieve pregnancy after 2 IVF‐ET trials.

Result: The success rate of complete insertion with the catheter tapering at the distal 3 cm was significantly higher than that at the distal 5 cm. Since we obtained the highest success rate of insertion with the catheter tapering at the distal 3 cm, we selected this catheter for the h‐TEST. The rate of pregnancy in h‐TEST was significantly higher than that in conventional ET.

Conclusion: The h‐TEST using our catheter was useful for establishing pregnancy in assisted reproduction.
Lymphatic Filariasis of the Ovary and Mesosalpinx
Authors: Sethi Seema , Misra Kiran , Singh Usha Rani , Kumar Dilip
Published: May 2010

We report 2 cases of filariasis, one in the ovary and the other in the mesosalpinx. In the first case, the patient underwent panhystrectomy and in the second case, right ovarian cystectomy with right salpingectomy were performed under general anaesthesia. Histopathology showed adult filarial worms in the dilated lymphatics of the right ovary, in the first case and in the mesosalpinx, in the second case. Both patients presented with complaints related to gynecological problems and not filariasis. Reports of filariasis in the literature and possible treatments and prevention strategies are also discussed.
Acute Coronary Syndrome Associated with Oral Administration of Ritodrine Hydrochloride during Pregnancy: A Case Report
Authors: Kagabu Masahiro , Murai Shinya , Ogasawara Toshihiro
Published: May 2010

We report a case of acute coronary syndrome associated with the oral administration of ritodrine hydrochloride. Ten days following the administration of ritodrine hydrochloride, the patient complained of chest pain, and an electrocardiogram showed ST elevation and ST depression. Intensive care was initiated. She recovered without chest pain.
A Comparison of Continuous Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy, HMG‐CoA Reductase Inhibitor and Combined Treatment for the Management of Hypercholesterolemia in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Ozsener Serdar , Sendag Fatih , Koc Tayfun , Terek Mustafa Cosan , Oztekin Kemal , Bilgin Onur
Published: May 2010

Objectives: To compare the lipid‐altering effects of hormone replacement therapy alone and in combination with HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor in postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia.

Methods: This was a prospective randomized controlled trial with 3 parallel groups. The patients (n = 35) were randomly assigned to receive pravastatin 20 mg/day (n = 12); continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (0.625 mg conjugated estrogen/day combined with medroxyprogesterone 5 mg/day) (n = 12); continuous combined hormone replacement therapy plus pravastatin (n = 11) for 16 weeks.

Results: Among patients treated with continuous combined hormone replacement therapy levels of total cholesterol (10.7%) and LDL cholesterol (12.6%) decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (5%) and triglycerides (6.2%) increased insignificantly (p > 0.05). Patients in the pravastatin group achieved significant reductions of 18.8 and 21.4% in total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, respectively (p < 0.05). Among patients treated with a combination of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy plus pravastatin, levels of total cholesterol (20.5%) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (23.8%) decreased the most, while levels of triglycerides (2.1%) decreased lower than the pravastatin‐only group. The mean percentage of the differences between the baseline and treatment levels of the lipids and lipoproteins were not significant between the 3 study groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: No significant difference between hormone replacement therapy alone and in combination with HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor in the treatment of postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia was noted in this study. The combination of hormone replacement therapy not only does not adversely affect the lipid‐lowering effect of pravastatin alone, but hormone replacement therapy also offers additional benefits in the treatment of hypoestrogenic hypercholesterolemia in postmenopausal women.
GABA receptors and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in mice and rats
Authors: Yeomans John S. , Bosch Daniel , Alves Nyresa , Daros Alexander , Ure Robert J. , Schmid Susanne
Published: May 2010

The acoustic startle reflex is strongly inhibited by a moderate‐intensity acoustic stimulus that precedes the startling stimulus by roughly 10–1000 ms (prepulse inhibition, PPI). At long interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 100–1000 ms, PPI in rats is reduced by the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine. Here, we studied the role of GABA receptors in PPI at full ISI ranges in both mice and rats. In B6 mice, PPI begins and ends at shorter ISIs (4 and 1000 ms, respectively) than in Wistar rats (8 and 5000 ms). The GABAAantagonist bicuculline (1 mg/kg i.p.) reduced PPI at ISIs near the peak of PPI in both rats and mice. The GABABantagonist phaclofen (10 or 30 mg/kg i.p. in rats or mice, respectively) reduced PPI only at long ISIs, similar to the effects of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine (1 mg/kg i.p.). The effects of phaclofen and scopolamine were additive in rats, suggesting independent effects of GABABand muscarinic receptors. Patch‐clamp recordings of startle‐mediating PnC (nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis) giant neurons in rat slices show that EPSCs evoked by either trigeminal or auditory fiber stimulation were inhibited by the GABAA/Cagonist muscimol or the GABABagonist baclofen via postsynaptic mechanisms. Hyperpolarization of PnC neurons by muscimol was reversed with bicuculline, indicating that postsynaptic GABAAreceptors strongly inhibit PnC giant neurons needed for startle. Therefore, GABA receptors on PnC giant neurons mediate a substantial part of PPI, with GABAAreceptors contributing at the peak of PPI, and GABABreceptors adding to muscarinic effects on PPI at long ISIs.
A new era in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: chronic phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition
Authors: Fusco Ferdinando , Razzoli Elisa , Imbimbo Ciro , Rossi Andrea , Verze Paolo , Mirone Vincenzo
Published: May 2010

Historically, oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5‐i) have been prescribed with an ‘as‐necessary’ regimen for treating erectile dysfunction (ED), thus addressing primarily symptom relief. However, ≈ 30% of patients are unresponsive to on‐demand PDE5‐i regimens due to both psychogenic and organic factors and, although it is difficult to estimate the proportion, discontinuation rates remain high. In recent years, a 2.5–5 mg daily dose of tadalafil has been proposed and was recently approved for treating ED. Chronic PDE‐5 inhibition has the advantage of potentially ‘curing’ ED, on a daily basis, by interfering with pathophysiological factors of both psychogenic (anxiety related to planning sexual activity) and organic (endothelial dysfunction, penile structural homeostasis) origin, although further research is needed to better address these hypotheses. Clinical studies showed that chronic PDE5‐i regimens are a safe and effective alternative to the classical on‐demand dosage, and might improve the outcomes in a selected group of patients.
Associations between leptin and the leptin / adiponectin ratio and incident Type 2 diabetes in middle‐aged men and women: results from the MONICA / KORA Augsburg Study 1984–2002
Authors: Thorand B. , Zierer A. , Baumert J. , Meisinger C. , Herder C. , Koenig W.
Published: May 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1004–1011 (2010)

Aims  Adipocyte‐derived hormones seem to be involved in the development of Type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we assessed the association between the proinflammatory adipokine leptin and incident Type 2 diabetes, taking into account interactions between leptin and the anti‐inflammatory adipokine adiponectin.

Methods  Using a case–cohort design, serum levels of adipokines were measured in 460 cases with incident Type 2 diabetes and 1474 non‐cases selected from a source population of 7936 middle‐aged subjects participating in the population‐based Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA)/Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) Augsburg cohort study between 1984 and 1995 and followed up until 2002 (mean follow‐up 10.9±4.7 years).

Results  High leptin and low adiponectin levels were associated with an increased Type 2 diabetes risk. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing tertile extremes were 1.71 (1.12–2.63) for leptin (top vs. bottom tertile) and 2.65 (1.88–3.76) for adiponectin (bottom vs. top tertile), respectively. There was a significant interaction between leptin and adiponectin, with highest diabetes risk being observed in individuals with high leptin and low adiponectin levels (P = 0.029 for interaction).While the addition of adiponectin to a basic risk factor model improved model prediction (Δ area under the curve 0.011), the change in model prediction was only marginal after the addition of leptin (Δ area under the curve 0.002).

Conclusions  Our findings indicate that the two adipokines leptin and adiponectin interact in modulating Type 2 diabetes risk, but adiponectin is more strongly associated with Type 2 diabetes risk than leptin.
COSTLY BUYER SEARCH IN LABORATORY MARKETS WITH SELLER ADVERTISING*
Authors: CASON TIMOTHY N. , MAGO SHAKUN D.
Published: May 2010

In this experiment, sellers simultaneously choose prices and advertising strategies. Buyers either purchase at an advertised price or search sequentially for other prices. In the unique symmetric equilibrium, sellers charge a high unadvertised price or advertise a price chosen from a lower interval. Increases in search or advertising costs raise equilibrium prices and affect equilibrium advertising intensity. Empirical results are consistent with most comparative static predictions. Sellers, however, price much lower and advertise more intensely than predicted. Consequently, market outcomes more closely resemble a perfect information, Bertrand‐like equilibrium than the imperfect information, mixed strategy equilibrium with significant seller market power.
Infrastructure policy in Asian developing countries
Authors: McCawley Peter
Published: May 2010

The urgent need for very large increases in investment in infrastructure in most developing countries in Asia is very clear. This paper surveys the challenges facing policymakers in the region. Nearly all of the main concerns for policymakers in Asia in addressing the global infrastructure imbalance are on the supply side. In particular, there are seven related supply‐side issues that are of high priority for policymakers: selection and preparation of appropriate projects, finance, pricing, access, governance and management, policy and regulatory policies, and climate change. Governments and utilities need to improve their policies and performance to build confidence among stakeholders. Access to infrastructure services needs to be improved so that consumers will support realistic pricing policies, and investors will be encouraged to provide finance for infrastructure sectors.
Economic liberalisation strategies and poverty reduction across Indian states
Authors: Kalirajan Kaliappa , Singh Kanhaiya
Published: May 2010

The focus of the study is the pace of poverty reduction across Indian states and its determinants. In particular, the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) and industrialisation in reducing poverty is examined. Empirical evidence shows that poverty reduction did occur during the 1990s following the implementation of India's economic liberalisation program, which included mainly industrial and FDI policy reform. The empirical analysis shows that, thus far, FDI has not contributed significantly to poverty reduction, but it did influence structural changes in the economy, particularly with respect to industry, which is an important driver of poverty reduction. The analysis clearly shows that states with dominant industrial sectors have been able to reduce poverty faster than states dominated by agriculture. It is argued that targeting of FDI in India has been misplaced. Had it been in the more labour‐intensive manufacturing, it would have more effectively contributed to the reduction of poverty.
Resisting Homosexual Law Reform in Britain in the 1950s: the Passions of Earl Winterton*
Authors: Gleeson Kate
Published: May 2010

The Sixth Earl Winterton was an eccentric who is too easily dismissed as a homophobe and bigoted critic of the reforms proposed in the Wolfenden Report. But his outbursts in the Parliament against homosexuality point to his personal concerns for British masculinity and to an alternative understanding of masculinity that has received scant attention in the assessment of gay law reforms initiated by Wolfenden. Sociologists insist that the main function of homophobia is the maintenance of heterosexuality and patriarchal homo‐society. In this article I examine Winterton's arguments in their historical context, not to understand “homosexualism” which affronted him, but for what they say between the lines about British manliness, identity, intimacy and friendship. Winterton's is one version of a masculine self that experienced being cut adrift and betrayed by the cultural and political shifts which the Wolfenden Report both signified and embodied.

I think now, after studying the history of sex, we should try to understand the history of friendship, or friendships. That history is very, very important (Michel Foucault, 1982).1
Robert Manne's Wilfred Burchett: The Uses and Abuses of Biography
Authors: Heenan Tom
Published: May 2010

Robert Manne numbers amongst Australia's most influential public intellectuals. Though his politics have moved leftwards, Manne remains critical of the left's so‐called neo‐Stalinist interpretation of Cold War history. Of particular concern is the left's defence of the radical Australian journalist, Wilfred Burchett, who was widely regarded as a communist propagandist and traitor. Manne's 1985 Quadrant essay, “The Fortunes of Wilfred Burchett: A New Assessment”, lent considerable academic weight to this view. Though Manne has since acknowledged some errors, he still maintains that Burchett was a communist “hack” and traitor. But Manne's argument remains selectively based and erroneous. It uncritically accepts security‐based intelligence, while sidestepping the abuse of Burchett's civil liberties by Liberal governments. Manne uses and abuses Burchett's life to push his ideological agenda about Stalinism's evils.
The Australian Experience of Electoral Bribery: Dealing in Electoral Support
Authors: Orr Graeme
Published: May 2010

This article explores state and federal Australian cases from the past thirty years — legal judgments, inquiries and political scandals — which implicate the law and concept of electoral bribery. Specifically it examines deals involving preferences and arrangements made between politicians and “third parties” such as lobby groups and the media. It shows that, defying assumptions that it died out a century ago, electoral bribery remains a thorny ethical and legal concept, particularly given evolving norms and electioneering practices. If bribery is to be a workable ethical or legal concept for judging contemporary electoral conduct then it needs to deal with horizontal relations between political actors rather than, as it traditionally has, to focus upon vertical relations between politicians and electors characterised by the former's efforts to buy the latter's votes.
A Key‐Pose Caching System for Rendering an Animated Crowd in Real‐Time
Authors: Lister W. , Laycock R.G. , Day A.M.
Published: May 2010

We present a method to accelerate the visualization of large crowds of animated characters. Linear‐blend skinning remains the dominant approach for animating a crowd but its efficiency can be improved by utilizing the temporal and intra‐crowd coherencies that are inherent within a populated scene. Our work adopts a caching system that enables a skinned key‐pose to be re‐used by multi‐pass rendering, between multiple agents and across multiple frames. We investigate two different methods; an intermittent caching scheme (whereby each member of a crowd is animated using only its nearest key‐pose) and an interpolative approach that enables key‐pose blending to be supported. For the latter case, we show that finding the optimal set of key‐poses to store is an NP‐hard problem and present a greedy algorithm suitable for real‐time applications. Both variants deliver a worthwhile performance improvement in comparison to using linear‐blend skinning alone.
Malaysian English: an instrumental analysis of vowel contrasts
Authors: PILLAI STEFANIE , MOHD. DON ZURAIDAH , KNOWLES GERALD , TANG JENNIFER
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT:  This paper makes an instrumental analysis of English vowel monophthongs produced by 47 female Malaysian speakers. The focus is on the distribution of Malaysian English vowels in the vowel space, and the extent to which there is phonetic contrast between traditionally paired vowels. The results indicate that, like neighbouring varieties of English, Malaysian English vowels occupy a smaller vowel space than those of British English. The lack of contrast in vowel quality between vowel pairs was more apparent for /i/ ‐ //, /e/ ‐ /æ/ and // ‐ //. However, there was a considerable difference in duration in the vowel pairs except for // ‐ // which contrasted in terms of vowel quality.
Right in Singapore English
Authors: TAN ANGELA
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT:  Singapore English has been, and still is, an enigma for many scholars and researchers. In recent years, much attention has been given to the analysis of its particles. However, rather than focusing on the analysis of one particle or several particles and how they operate at the level of the sentence, this paper looks at a particular phenomenon in Singapore English at a discursive level. Specifically, it examines right and its use as a discourse marker in Singapore English interactions. In doing so, this paper demonstrates how it contributes to the alignment of two kinds of stances between speakers, namely, the epistemic stance and the interpersonal stance. This is done with supporting data from naturally occurring Singaporean conversations. Furthermore, this paper also briefly suggests that the familiar particles in Singapore English can be analysed not only as particles, but also as discourse markers at an interactional level.
Linguistically privileged and cursed? American university students and the global hegemony of English
Authors: DEMONT‐HEINRICH CHRISTOF
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes written discourse generated in response to an open‐ended questionnaire administered to 136 students at two different universities in the southwestern United States and to 15 non‐American students at a large Danish university. The questionnaire aimed to inspire reflection about the impact of the global rise of English on American mother‐tongue speakers of English as well as on those who do not have English as a mother tongue, especially with respect to the question of mono vs. multilingual practice. Most American and non‐American respondents represented the learning of a foreign language as something American mother‐tongue speakers should do but as something which is not necessary. There was widespread, though not unanimous, agreement that English is necessary for non‐mother‐tongue speakers. Responses are also grouped, discussed, and analyzed in terms of the instrumental, multicultural, or mix of multicultural and instrumental logic used. The author is especially concerned with the intersections between the global hegemony of English and the learning of foreign languages. The study and analysis conducted here offer insight into these intersections. Given that so much is at stake in terms of the relationship between the global expansion of English and foreign language learning, the author concludes that further research into this relationship is needed.
The Aetiology of Vampires and Revenants: Theological Debate and Popular Belief
Authors: KEYWORTH DAVID
Published: May 2010

In this paper, I discuss the supposed aetiology of undead corpses (by which I mean corpses that refused to stay dead), and the theological explanations for their existence, as outlined in the historical documents at the time, and the various arguments that ensued. I examine the medieval notion that the Devil might reanimate a corpse and pretend to be the deceased, for example, the post‐mortem effects of excommunication, and the incorruptibility of deceased saints and martyrs. In particular, I focus upon the vampires of eighteenth‐century Europe and the aetiological explanations proffered by the theologians, philosophers and medical fraternity at the time, such as vestigium vitae and premature burial, compared to folk belief at the village level. Furthermore, I argue that despite the largely successful campaign by the socio‐religious elite to eradicate such notions, muted belief in the existence of vampires continued to emerge thereafter because folk belief was fuelled by an entrenched early modern belief‐system that had itself promoted the existence of undead corpses.
‘Active chronic visceral leishmaniasis’ in HIV‐1‐infected patients demonstrated by biological and clinical long‐term follow‐up of 10 patients
Authors: Bourgeois N , Bastien P , Reynes J , Makinson A , Rouanet I , Lachaud L
Published: May 2010

Objectives

The aim of the study was to describe a new evolutionary form of visceral leishmaniasis observed in immunocompromised patients.

Methods

We carried out long‐term clinical and biological follow‐up of 10 HIV‐1/Leishmania‐coinfected patients presenting numerous secondary visceral leishmaniasis episodes despite treatment, with the follow‐up time ranging from 0.5 to 10 years.

Results

Analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and blood culture results demonstrated continuous multiplication and circulation of parasites despite treatment, both during asymptomatic periods and during secondary visceral leishmaniasis episodes. This condition may be termed ‘chronic’ because of the presence of relapses over a period of several years and ‘active’ because of the continuous blood circulation of the parasite.

Conclusion

We wish to define ‘active chronic visceral leishmaniasis’ as a novel nosological entity observed in HIV‐1/Leishmania‐coinfected patients.
Isolated Cleft Mitral Valve with Posterior and Anterior Clefts: a Rare Cause of Congenital Valve Regurgitation
Authors: Müller Hajo , Kalangos Afksendyios , Fassa Amir‐Ali , Lerch René
Published: May 2010

We report a case of isolated cleft mitral valve with two clefts in the posterior and one in the anterior leaflet. Our case adds to the few reports of posterior and multiple mitral valve clefts and to our knowledge is the first using real‐time transoesophageal three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) for assessment of isolated cleft mitral valve. (Echocardiography 2010;27:E50‐E52)
Enregistering Diversity: Adequation in Indonesian Poetry Performance
Authors: Cole Debbie
Published: May 2010

This article demonstrates how “diversity” is enregistered in performances of contemporary poetry inbahasa Indonesia(Indonesian) through voicing contrasts indexing membership in a linguistically and culturally heterogeneous Indonesian nation. Data from print media, instructional practices relating to the reading of poetry, and actual poetry‐reading performances are used to trace interdiscursive links between public discourse about national diversity and performances ofadequation– the social pursuit of linguistic sameness. These examples contribute to our understanding of how adequative language ideologies contribute to denaturalizing identities and suggest alternatives to language practices typically associated with ideologies of differentiation. [adequation, enregisterment, diversity, Indonesian poetry, national identity]
Collaborative Conflicts: Teens Performing Aggression and Intimacy in a FrenchCité
Authors: Tetreault Chantal
Published: May 2010

This article shows that emergent meanings of impoliteness and insult in interaction are central to communicative exchanges among French adolescents of Algerian descent living in acité, or low‐income housing project. In the speech event “parental name calling” nonpolite interactions are routinely interpreted as politic or appropriate by adolescents. Yet these performances of conflict are not without risk. The potential slippage between ritual and personal insult is always present in parental name calling, an ambiguity that allows adolescents to achieve two seemingly contradictory but highly valued interactional goals: the vindication of a parent's “respect” and illicit, disrespectful play. [conflict, collaboration, names, adolescence, immigration, North Africa, France]
Debating a Debate That is No Debate? Censure, Publication, and the Contexts of a Moral Order in Slovakia's Velvet Revolution
Authors: Larson Jonathan L.
Published: May 2010

During the “Velvet Revolution” of late 1989 into the early 1990s, members of a Slovak lettered class fought over political influence by contrasting their own alleged moral rectitude vis‐à‐vis the socialist past and postsocialist present with that of their political rivals. Through published acts of denunciation and attempted censure that drew authority from the particular print venues in which they appeared, these intellectuals sought to control the moral terms of a postsocialist future. This article explores the politics of public censure and accusations of “unfair debate” to argue that in a context such as intellectual debates that rely on the print media of cultural periodicals, the truth contexts that these journals represent create, or perhaps even encourage, conditions for the contestation of political claims. [truth, disputes, public sphere, print media, Europe]
Nerve growth factor, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and their high‐affinity receptors are overexpressed in extramammary Paget's disease
Authors: Qian Yue , Takeuchi Satoshi , Chen Shan‐Juan , Dugu Long , Tsuji Gaku , Xie Lining , Nakahara Takeshi , Moroi Yoichi , Tu Ya‐Ting , Furue Masutaka
Published: May 2010

Background: Neurotrophin (NT) systems appear to play important roles in the pathogenesis of several tumors, but their expression in extramammary Paget's disease (EPD) has not been investigated.

Methods: Thirty‐four paraffin‐embedded EPD specimens (32 primary EPD and 2 metastatic to lymph nodes) were subject to immunohistochemical staining for nerve growth factor (NGF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT3, NT4, their high‐affinity receptors (TrkA, TrkB and TrkC) and the common low‐affinity receptor, p75 NT receptor (p75).

Results: All 34 EPD specimens, including 2 metastatic to lymph nodes, showed cytoplasmic overexpression of NGF, BDNF, TrkA and TrkB. The expression (% positive cells) of NGF, BDNF, NT3, NT4, TrkA and TrkB (81.6 ± 14.9, 86.0 ± 10.4, 89.6 ± 14.9, 87.8 ± 17.9, 83 ± 14.4 and 86.2 ± 11.7%) in EPD was significantly higher than in normal skin (21.6 ± 6.5, 27.6 ± 4.5, 19.7 ± 10.1, 8.2 ± 10.0, 25.0 ± 5.3 and 25.4 ± 6.4%), and the expression of these factors in invasive EPD was significantly higher than in noninvasive EPD. Interestingly, Paget cells were negative for p75 and TrkC in all the 34 EPD specimens.

Conclusions: These results suggest that overexpression of NGF, BDNF and their high‐affinity receptors (TrkA and TrkB) might play a role in the pathogenesis of EPD.

Qian Y, Takeuchi S, Chen S‐J, Dugu L, Tsuji G, Xie L, Nakahara T, Moroi Y, Tu Y‐T, Furue M. Nerve growth factor, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and their high‐affinity receptors are overexpressed in extramammary Paget's disease.
Femoral component failure in canine cemented total hip replacement: a report of two cases
Authors: Yates GD , Wasik SM , Edwards GA
Published: May 2010

Femoral stem fracture is reported as an uncommon late complication of cemented total hip replacement in two dogs. In each case surgical salvage was achieved by extirpation of the proximal unstable component of the femoral stem, resulting in acceptable limb function. To the authors' knowledge, intramedullary femoral stem failure has not been previously reported after cemented total hip replacement in the dog. Factors believed to have contributed to implant failure in these dogs are discussed and compared with the same complication in humans.
Hepatic myelolipoma incarcerated in a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a cat
Authors: Wouda RM , Chalkley MD , Fraser AR , Moses PAE
Published: May 2010

Hepatic myelolipoma incarcerated in a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia was diagnosed in an 11‐year‐old, desexed female Persian cat. The cat was initially referred for investigation of tachypnoea and dyspnoea. Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia is a common incidental finding in cats and is usually asymptomatic. Myelolipoma is an extremely rare benign tumour, composed of extramedullary haematopoietic cells and adipose tissue. Myelolipomas are hypothesised to result from metaplastic alteration, rather than a neoplastic process, although this theory cannot be substantiated. The present case is only the fourth report of such an unusual occurrence in cats and displays significant differences to previous reports. Hepatic entrapment and burgeoning of the mass within the pericardial sac resulted in cardiac tamponade and overt signs of right‐sided cardiac failure. Surgical intervention was successful and despite concerns regarding the cat's clinical presentation and the gross appearance of the lesion(s), a good long‐term outcome is anticipated.
Vaccine development against Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Vogel Ulrich , Claus Heike
Published: May 2010

Meningococcal disease is communicable by close contact or droplet aerosols. Striking features are high case fatality rates and peak incidences of invasive disease in infants, toddlers and adolescents. Vaccine development is hampered by bacterial immune evasion strategies including molecular mimicry. As for Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, no vaccine has therefore been developed that targets all serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis. Polysaccharide vaccines available both in protein conjugated and non‐conjugated form, have been introduced against capsular serogroups A, C, W‐135 and Y, but are ineffective against serogroup B meningococci, which cause a significant burden of disease in many parts of the world. Detoxified outer membrane vesicles are used since decades to elicit protection against epidemic serogroup B disease. Genome mining and biochemical approaches have provided astounding progress recently in the identification of immunogenic, yet reasonably conserved outer membrane proteins. As subcapsular proteins nevertheless are unlikely to immunize against all serogroup B variants, thorough investigation by surrogate assays and molecular epidemiology approaches are needed prior to introduction and post‐licensure of protein vaccines. Research currently addresses the analysis of life vaccines, meningococcus B polysaccharide modifications and mimotopes, as well as the use of N. lactamica outer membrane vesicles.
Higher Education and the Largest Impoverished and Marginalized Group of the Indian Population: Reviewing Enrolment and Access to Higher Education among Tribals in India
Authors: Joshi Kishor
Published: May 2010

Higher education has been found to have a significant relationship with the Human Development Index and also the Gender Development Index. Its significance is especially apparent in the largest impoverished and marginalized group of the Indian population, Tribals. Tribals constitute the second largest social group in India and account for approximately 8% (equivalent to 85 million people) of the total population. Access to higher education in the Tribal population as reflected by the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) is an issue of concern as it falls behind the rest of the population even when compared with other deprived groups. Additionally, the GER of female Tribals falls behind that of their male counterparts. These factors reflect the inequality persisting among Tribals within Indian society. The present paper provides and analyses the current GER of Tribals in India and across states as well as taking a more detailed look at the enrolment of Tribals across various faculties in higher education.
The Impact of Spiritual Intelligence on the Health of the Elderly in Malaysia
Authors: Saad Zarina Mat , Hatta Zulkarnain A. , Mohamad Noriah
Published: May 2010

In an attempt to study the impact of spiritual intelligence on the health of the elderly, research has been carried out on 378 elderly people in Perlis, Malaysia. The primary objectives of the study were: (i) to identify the levels of spiritual intelligence and general health of the elderly; (ii) to examine the relationships between spiritual intelligence and health of elderly; (iii) to examine the differences in the level of spiritual intelligence and health based on selected demographic factors; and (iv) to predict the most dominant dimension of spiritual intelligence that affects health. Sets of questionnaires were distributed to gather data. The findings showed that the majority of respondents were in good health, and had excellent spiritual intelligence. It also suggested that spiritual intelligence was positively associated with general health. Those who had higher levels of spiritual intelligence tended to have higher levels of health. The ability to conduct daily life with sanctification based on one’s spiritual belief was the most dominant factor of good health. The study suggested that spirituality is related to health and has a positive effect on participants’ overall health. Based on our findings, we recommend that health practitioners introduce the biopsychosocial‐spiritual model when assessing the health of the elderly.
A non‐profit accountability framework
Authors: Candler George , Dumont Georgette
Published: May 2010

Abstract: A non‐profit accountability framework is developed from the broader academic literature, both within non‐profit studies and beyond. The framework includes a comprehensive set of stakeholders that non‐profits need to be accountable to, as well as resources to be accountable for. These stakeholders and resources are then contrasted on a matrix.

Sommaire : Un cadre d'imputabilité pour le secteur à but non lucratif est élaboréà partir de la documentation. Le cadre inclut un ensemble exhaustif de parties prenantes auxquelles le secteur à but non lucratif doit rendre des comptes, ainsi que des ressources pour lesquelles il est imputable. Ces parties prenantes et les ressources sont alors mises en contraste sur un tableau.
Establishing genomic tools and resources for Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.—the development of a library of expressed sequence tags, microsatellite loci, and the sequencing of its chloroplast genome
Authors: DEMPEWOLF HANNES , KANE NOLAN C. , OSTEVIK KATHERINE L. , GELETA MULATU , BARKER MICHAEL S. , LAI ZHAO , STEWART MEGAN L. , BEKELE ENDASHAW , ENGELS JOHANNES M. M. , CRONK QUENTIN C. B. , RIESEBERG LOREN H.
Published: May 2010

We present an EST library, chloroplast genome sequence, and nuclear microsatellite markers that were developed for the semi‐domesticated oilseed crop noug (Guizotia abyssinica) from Ethiopia. The EST library consists of 25 711 Sanger reads, assembled into 17 538 contigs and singletons, of which 4781 were functionally annotated using the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR). The age distribution of duplicated genes in the EST library shows evidence of two paleopolyploidizations—a pattern that noug shares with several other species in the Heliantheae tribe (Compositae family). From the EST library, we selected 43 microsatellites and then designed and tested primers for their amplification. The number of microsatellite alleles varied between 2 and 10 (average 4.67), and the average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.49 and 0.54, respectively. The chloroplast genome was sequenced de novo using Illumina’s sequencing technology and completed with traditional Sanger sequencing. No large re‐arrangements were found between the noug and sunflower chloroplast genomes, but 1.4% of sites have indels and 1.8% show sequence divergence between the two species. We identified 34 tRNAs, 4 rRNA sequences, and 80 coding sequences, including one region (trnH‐psbA) with 15% sequence divergence between noug and sunflower that may be particularly useful for phylogeographic studies in noug and its wild relatives.
Personal stigma and coping strategies in families of patients with schizophrenia: Comparison between Japan and Korea
Authors: Hanzawa Setsuko , Bae Jeong‐Kyu , Tanaka Hideki , Tanaka Goro , Bae Yong Jun , Goto Masahiro , Inadomi Hiroyuki , Nakane Hideyuki , Ohta Yasuyuki , Nakane Yoshibumi
Published: May 2010

Introduction: It has been extensively documented that caregivers of persons who have serious and persistent mental disorders must successfully cope with many challenging problems in order to provide good care. However, little is known about the relationship between family stigma and strategies for coping with patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, the present study compared the personal stigma and coping strategies of families of patients with schizophrenia by examining the socio‐cultural factors that affect the care experience of families in Northeast Asian countries.

Methods: Two self‐rating scales were used to compare personal stigma and coping strategies regarding family members of patients with schizophrenia in 47 Japanese and 92 Korean families. Respondents reported their personal attitudes (personal stigma) with respect to a case vignette that described a person with chronic schizophrenia.

Results: Analysis revealed the following: 1) although no differences in coping strategies were observed between the countries, the personal stigma of families was significantly higher in Korea than in Japan; 2) coping strategies, such as positive communication, coercion, and avoidance, were significantly associated with personal stigma in Korean families; however, in Japanese families, resignation was significantly associated with personal stigma.

Discussion: The present findings suggest that personal family stigma was higher in Korea than Japan, and the features associated with coping strategies differ between countries. It is important to determine the features of personal stigma that are associated with schizophrenia. Furthermore, education and support programs for families with schizophrenia based on trans‐cultural considerations must be emphasized in both countries.