bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATE ON JOB CREATION IN NIGERIA
Authors: Jude Onyinye Okonkwo  , Thaddeus Oforegbunam Ebiringa  , Baldwin Chukwunanu Asiegbu  , Jisike Jude Okonkwo  , Okechukwu Nma Okoronji  , Nonso John Okoye
Published: February 2023

Job Creation has been the source of social and human engineering towards economic development. Creation of Jobs remains crucial in eradicating social menace, thereby bringing strong connection between macro and micro economic space. The study used annual observation time frame of 2000 to 2018, to reveal effects of exchange rates on job creation. A developing country (Nigeria) was selected as a case study due to its high level of jobless growth, inspite of currency depreciation of Naira against Dollar. The study employed the unit root test, co-integration test, error correction model and the granger causality test. The study found out that exchange rate has positive influence on job creation, though insignificant in the short run, but with 80% error correction model, the variables have the capacity of being significant at the long run. It was further seen that a unidirectional causality exists among exchange rate and job creation.  In light of the findings, the study recommended for concerted efforts by stakeholders as regards policies and programmes that provide enabling environment for stable exchange rate and sustainable foreign investment inflow into Nigeria that will lead to increased trend of Job Creation.

Keywords: Exchange Rate, Job Creation, Employment, Foreign Direct Investment and    Foreign Portfolio Investment.
Gambaran Perilaku Sedentari Pada Siswa Sma X Kota Bekasi
Authors: Nurul Aini Suci , Lastriyanti Lastriyanti
Published: February 2023

Sedentary behavior is a daily activity outside of bedtime both night sleep and naps that do not require a lot of energy expenditure or low calorie expenditure. The purpose of this study was to see a description of sedentary behavior in SMA X Bekasi City. This research is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Primary data collection is obtained by direct retrieval through filling out the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) questionnaire directly. Data processing using a computer system and data analysis using SPSS with Descriptive Statistics test. The results showed that there were students of SMA X Kota Bekasi who behaved sedentarily with a total of 56 students from a total of 77 students. The conclusion of this research is that many students of SMA X Kota Bekasi have sedentary behavior.
Prevention Behavior Of Diabetic Ulcuses In Patients With Diabetes Mellitus In The Working Area Of Puskesmas Kota Binjai
Authors: Faswita Wirda , Dewita Nasution Johani , Elfira Eqlima
Published: February 2023

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a very dangerous disease, because it can cause many complications. One of the complications that often occurs in DM sufferers is the occurrence of Diabetic Ulcers. In the work area of ​​the Binjai City Health Center in 2021, data on visits for DM sufferers were recorded, namely 1,662 people. Diabetic ulcers can be prevented if the risk level is detected early. this is to find out how the behavior of Diabetes mellitus in the prevention of diabetic ulcers in the Binjai City Public Health Center area. This research is a type of quantitative research with a descriptive study design. The sample in this study were 23 DM sufferers in the Binjai City Health Center area, using a total sampling technique. The results showed that most DM sufferers in the Binjai Kota Health Center area were at a moderate level, while some others were at low and high risk for the occurrence of Diabetic Ulcers. These results are known that the majority of respondents based on negative behavior of 21 respondents (91.3%) and positive behavior of 2 respondents (50%). Efforts must be made to avoid the occurrence of Diabetic Ulcers such as health education about foot care which also needs to be increased, so that the prevention of Diabetic Ulcers is more optimal
Hubungan Tingkat Stres Dan Tingkat Spiritualitas Dengan Kualitas Hidup Pada Penderita DM Tipe 2 Di Puskesmas Cilacap Utara
Authors: Engkartini Engkartini , Rahayu Ningtiyas Anisa , Irawansah Opi
Published: February 2023

Diabetes Melitus adalah penyakit gangguan metabolik menahun yang lebih dikenal sebagai pembunuh manusia secara diam-diam atau Silent Killer. Pasien DM memerlukan dukungan dari semua aspek termasuk domain spiritual. Spiritualitas mempengaruhi perilaku perawatan diri dan dalam mengontrol kadar gula darah yang pada akhirnya dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Hubungan Tingkat Stres dan Tingkat Spiritualitas dengan Kualitas Hidup pada penderita DM tipe 2 di Puskesmas Cilacap Utara 1. Metode : Jenis penelitian ini rancangan cross sectional terhadap 70 pasien DM tipe 2 di Puskesmas Cilacap Utara 1 yang diambil dengan menggunakan purposive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan Rank Spearman. Hasil : menunjukkan bahwa penderita DM tipe 2 di Puskesmas Cilacap Utara 1 sebagian besar mengalami tingkat stres normal (38,6%), yang mengalami tingkat spiritualitas sedang (97,1%), yang mengalami kualitas hidup sedang sebanyak 65 pasien (92,9%). Terdapat hubungan antara tingkat stres dengan kualitas hidup ( p value = 0,039 dan nilai r = -0,247 ). Ada hubungan antara tingkat spiritualitas dengan kualitas hidup ( p value = 0,017 dan nilai r = 0,285 ).

Kata Kunci : Tingkat stres, tingkat spiritualitas, kualitas hidup, penderita DM tipe 2
USING MACHINE LEARNING CLASSIFIERS AND REGRESSION MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE STAND AGES OF FALCATA PLANTATIONS FROM SENTINEL DATA
Authors: Escasio J. C. L. , Santillan J. R. , Makinano-Santillan M.
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Falcata is a widely planted Industrial Tree Plantation (ITP) species in the Caraga Region, Mindanao, Philippines, significantly contributing to more than 80% of the country's Falcata log production in recent years. Currently, Falcata plantations face several challenges, especially regarding plantation monitoring and management. The information on stand age is essential for the efficient monitoring and sustainable management of ITPs. With advances in technology and freely available satellite data, primarily from the Sentinel satellites, remote sensing has provided an alternative approach to determining stand age information. In this context, this study used multivariate regression models and machine learning classifiers, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) to estimate Falcata stand ages from single-date and multitemporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images and vegetation indices (VIs). The eleven multivariate regression models have R2 values ranging from 0.23 and 0.81 and with estimation errors of 1.72 to 3.58 years. The best multivariate regression model developed is an exponential model that relates Falcata stand age with the year 2021 Sentinel-2 surface reflectance bands and year 2021 Sentinel-1 VV and VH polarization bands. The model has training and validation data R2 of 0.61 and 0.55, which are the most consistent among the 11 regression models developed. When used for stand age estimation, this model may underestimate, or overestimate stand age by 1.72 years. When a machine learning approach is to be employed, the RF classifier performed better than SVM, particularly when estimating stand ages using multitemporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data and VIs. The classifier has an overall accuracy of 84.69%, the highest among the eight classification results generated by the study.
On the ocean's response to enhanced Greenland runoff in model experiments: relevance of mesoscale dynamics and atmospheric coupling
Authors: Martin Torge , Biastoch Arne
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Increasing Greenland Ice Sheet melting is anticipated to impact water mass transformation in the subpolar North Atlantic and ultimately the meridional overturning circulation. Complex ocean and climate models are widely applied to estimate magnitude and timing of related impacts under global warming.
We discuss the role of the ocean mean state, subpolar water mass transformation, mesoscale eddies, and atmospheric coupling in shaping the response of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean to enhanced Greenland runoff.
In a suite of eight dedicated 60- to 100-year-long model experiments with and without atmospheric coupling, with eddy processes parameterized and explicitly simulated and with regular and significantly enlarged Greenland runoff, we find
(1) a major impact by the interactive atmosphere in enabling a compensating temperature feedback,
(2) a non-negligible influence by the ocean mean state biased towards greater stability in the coupled simulations,
both of which make the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation less susceptible to the freshwater perturbation applied, and
(3) a more even spreading and deeper mixing of the runoff tracer in the subpolar North Atlantic and enhanced inter-gyre exchange with the subtropics in the strongly eddying simulations.
Overall, our experiments demonstrate the important role of mesoscale ocean dynamics and atmosphere feedback in projections of the climate system response to enhanced Greenland Ice Sheet melting and hence underline the necessity to advance scale-aware eddy parameterizations for next-generation climate models.
Progress in the validation of rotor aerodynamic codes using field data
Authors: Boorsma Koen , Schepers Gerard , Aagard Madsen Helge , Pirrung Georg , Sørensen Niels , Bangga Galih , Imiela Manfred , Grinderslev Christian , Meyer Forsting Alexander , Shen Wen Zhong , Croce Alessandro , Cacciola Stefano , Schaffarczyk Alois Peter , Lobo Brandon , Blondel Frederic , Gilbert Philippe , Boisard Ronan , Höning Leo , Greco Luca , Testa Claudio , Branlard Emmanuel , Jonkman Jason , Vijayakumar Ganesh
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Within the framework of the fourth phase of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind Task 29, a large comparison exercise between measurements and aeroelastic simulations has been carried out featuring three simulation cases in axial, sheared and yawed inflow conditions. Results were obtained from more than 19 simulation tools originating from 12 institutes, ranging in fidelity from blade element momentum (BEM) to computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) and compared to state-of-the-art field measurements from the 2 MW DanAero turbine. More than 15 different variable types ranging from lifting-line variables to blade surface pressures, loads and velocities have been compared for the different conditions, resulting in over 250 comparison plots. The result is a unique insight into the current status and accuracy of rotor aerodynamic modeling. For axial flow conditions, a good agreement was found between the various code types, where a dedicated grid sensitivity study was necessary for the CFD simulations. However, compared to wind tunnel experiments on rotors
featuring controlled conditions, it remains a challenge to achieve good agreement of absolute levels between simulations and measurements in the field. For sheared inflow conditions, uncertainties due to rotational and unsteady effects on airfoil data result in the CFD predictions standing out above the codes that need input of sectional airfoil data. However, it was demonstrated that using CFD-synthesized airfoil data is an effective means to bypass this shortcoming. For yawed flow conditions, it was observed that modeling of the skewed wake effect is still problematic for BEM codes where CFD and free vortex wake codes inherently model the underlying physics correctly. The next step is a comparison in turbulent inflow conditions, which is featured in IEA Wind Task 47. Doing this analysis in cooperation under the auspices of the IEA Wind Technology Collaboration Program (TCP) has led to many mutual benefits for the participants. The large size of the consortium brought ample manpower for the analysis where the learning process by combining several complementary experiences and modeling techniques gave valuable insights that could not be found when the analysis is carried out individually.
Healthful Practices Among Blood Donors in a Low-Income Setting
Authors: Amo-Tachie Samuel , Dei-Adomokoh Yvonne
Published: February 2023

Background: Blood donation is sustained by the availability of healthy donors. It does not only require recruiting new healthy donors, but also maintaining existing ones in optimal health. As recruitment of new donors is not guaranteed, it is essential that existing donors are always in good shape. The study therefore assesses the lifestyles and healthy habits of a sample of recurrent blood donors, their demographic characteristics, and motivations for donation. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 127 blood donors between the ages of 17 and 60 years in Korle-bu, Ghana. Participants were sampled by the snowball method and administered pre-tested electronic questionnaires. The data was summarised using the Numbers software by Apple Inc. and then analysed. Results: All were non-smokers and engaged conscientiously in at least one healthy habit of a sort, with 60.3% actively following fitness schedules. There were no lifestyle-related health conditions or substance addictions. Up to 94% of the respondents had attained university education. Motivations for donations revolved mostly around altruism and almost half (46.5%) of the respondents conceded that being blood donors had made them live healthier. Conclusion: Voluntary blood donors in the selected low-income setting were mostly health conscious, and the donor status significantly affected this way of life, only more indirectly than directly. More indirectly because the healthy habits practised were predominantly personal well-being oriented but reinforced by the desire to donate blood in many situations.
Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery: Cadaver Case Report
Authors: Kopp Jason , Irshaid Ahmad , Baker Justin , Fitzsimmons John , Lin Judith C.
Published: February 2023

While examining the anatomy of a cadaver in a medical school gross anatomy course, an aortic arch anomaly was discovered. This variant is consistent with an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA). In this variant the right subclavian artery branches from the most distal part of the aortic arch and runs both retrotracheal and retroesophageal as it courses to the right shoulder. This variant is a result of aberrant development of the aortic arch and may include presenting symptoms such as dysphagia and shortness of breath, if any at all. Additional to the ARSA exists a common bicarotid trunk and a direct branching of the left vertebral artery from the aortic arch, both of which are rare anomalies. The cadaver’s medical history includes dysphagia and stretched esophagus, although the severity is unknown. This case report draws attention to these rare anatomical anomalies and includes a discussion of the most common clinical presentation, and surgical implications of an aberrant right subclavian artery anomaly.
Reddit Users' Questions and Concerns about Anesthesia
Authors: El-Jack Khalid , Henderson Korey , Andy Anietie U. , Southwick Lauren
Published: February 2023

Background: Patients utilize social media in search of support networks. Reddit is one of the most popular social media sites and allows users to anonymously connect. Anesthesia patients are actively using Reddit to discuss their treatment options and experiences within the medical system.
Methods: Posts published on an active Reddit forum on Anesthesia (i.e., /r/Anesthesia) were used. Big Query was used to collect posts from /r/Anesthesia. We collected 3,288 posts published between December 2015 and August 2019. We collected a control group of 3,288 posts from a Reddit forum not related to Anesthesia. Using latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) we extracted 20 topics from our data set. The LDA topic themes most associated with posts in /r/Anesthesia compared to the control group were determined.
Results: LDA analysis of posts in /r/Anesthesia relative to a control group produced 6 distinct categories of posts (Table 1). The posts most associated with /r/Anesthesia when compared to a control group were posts belonging to the “Physician-Patient Experience” category (Cohen’s d= 0.389) while the posts least associated with /r/Anesthesia were from the “Uncertainties” category of posts (Cohen’s d= 0.147). Example experiences from members of the /r/Anesthesia forum highlight subjective experiences of patients undergoing anesthesia.
Conclusions: The language used on social media can provide insights into an individual's experience with anesthesia and inform physicians about patient concerns. Anesthesiologists are poised to address these concerns and prevent anonymous misinformation by providing verified physician insights on the forum /r/Anesthesia.
Unilateral Lower Limb Amputations from Traumatic Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Htet Phyu , Mohammed Lubna , Patel Khushbu K.
Published: February 2023

Background

Limb amputations are one of the most devastating injuries for young people in traumatic settings. People with lower extremity loss face challenges in performing daily activities and managing life-long complications; thus, rehabilitation and prostheses are critical in improving the quality of life. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the outcomes of people who had unilateral transtibial and transfemoral amputations in terms of mobility, physical activity, prosthesis usage, and associated pain.

Methods

An in-depth search was conducted on the electronic databases of PubMed and Science Direct databases in September 2022 to find studies that investigated the health outcomes of traumatic unilateral leg amputees. Observational studies, clinical studies, comparative studies, and randomized controlled trials in the English language and within the last 10 years (2012-2022)  were thoroughly screened according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The quality of search results was checked by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The current meta-analysis included four observational studies which comprised 563 patients, 352 transtibial, and 211 transfemoral amputations. RevMan 5.4 software was used to calculate risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to conduct this meta-analysis.

Results

The pooled effect estimate showed no statistically significant difference between transtibial and transfemoral amputees(RR = 1.15, 95% CI [0.93, 1.43], P = 0.21) in terms of physical activity. People who had transfemoral amputations used prostheses more frequently than those who had transtibial amputations(RR = 1.21,95% CI [1.09, 1.35], P = 0.0004). There was no statistical difference between the two groups who reported pain during prosthesis wearing (RR = 1.03, 95% CI [0.62, 1.73], P = 0.91).

Conclusion

People who used leg prostheses more frequently were associated with more independent mobility and adequate physical activity. Leg prostheses with better accommodation and mobility benefit people with traumatic unilateral transfemoral amputations.
Health-Care Seeking Pathways Of Psychiatry Patients In North Karnataka of India - A Hospital-Based: Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Khan Alinawaz , Mutalik Narayan R , Kulkarni Harish , R Manjula
Published: February 2023

INTRODUCTION: Neuropsychiatric disorders contribute for 13% of the total morbidities globally. In 2017, a study revealed that 14% of the Indian Population suffered from psychiatric health problems. The WHO estimates 2443 DALYs (Disability adjusted life years) per 100000 population in India due to psychiatric problems.  The non-availability of mental health services, stigma, and superstitions associated with mental disorders, along with the unwillingness or inability of families to care for their mentally ill relatives, appear to be major cause behind delay in approaching a psychiatrist. These factors act as major barriers in the pathways of care for these patients, thereby increasing the unmet need. An understanding of the way people seek care for mental disorders is important for implementing mental health services, and developing effective referral mechanisms. Hence this study was taken up with the objectives.
OBJECTIVEs: To determine health-care seeking pathways of psychiatry patients using WHO pathways of care proforma and to explore the social and cultural determinants of health-care seeking behaviour in them.
METHODOLOGY: This exploratory cross-sectional study includes newly diagnosed psychiatry patients (ICD-10), visiting psychiatry OPD  in a private medical college in Bagalkot, North Karnataka,  India. Sample size for proportion was calculated to be 340 ~350, taking 33% as P (Pilot study) and at 5% absolute precision at 95% confidence level.  Written Informed consent were obtained from the study participants or from the patient attenders, in case of inability to give informed consent.  Predesigned and pretested proforma were used for obtaining socio-demographic details of subjects. Patients were examined and diagnosed by the Psychiatrist (Principal Investigator). World Health Organisation (WHO) pathways to care proforma were used to obtain the health-care seeking behaviour of these study subjects. Statistical analysis will be done using SPSS software version19 and appropriate statistical tests will be applied.
RESULTS: In the pilot study, we observed that about 32% of patients firstly approached medical practitioners, followed by psychiatrists and faith healers. An average delay of 24 months was found in reaching psychiatric services.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a substantial delay in health-care seeking of psychiatry patients to psychiatrist, as per the pilot study. Further completion of this study is required to understand the extent of the problem, and socio-cultural factors leading to such delay. Generating awareness among the general public to address cultural myths and stigma related to psychiatric illnesses is required
Immigrant and Refugee COVID-19 Vaccination Attitudes in South Philadelphia
Authors: Posego Lauren , Anshel Kenkare  , Makala Wang  , Omar El Fadel  , Morgan Hutchinson
Published: February 2023

Immigrants and refugees have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic; therefore, it is important to determine the specific factors that are promoting vaccination in the immigrant and refugee populations to develop equitable health services. This study surveys the attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination and vaccine mandates in the Southeast Asian and Hispanic immigrant and refugee populations in South Philadelphia. A questionnaire was administered to all patients receiving the COVID-19 vaccine during six clinic days from November 15th-31st 2021. Investigators asked participants about their intention behind vaccination, barriers to access, work requirements regarding COVID-19 vaccination, and attitudes toward vaccine mandates. For people receiving their booster vaccine, the most cited reasons for getting vaccinated were protecting their health (75.4%) and travel (11.0%), whereas most people receiving their first or second vaccine were most motivated by vaccine mandates at work (34.6%) and health (30.8%). Staying healthy or “health” was the most common reason for getting vaccinated among people receiving their booster vaccine (74.8%) which was significantly higher than the proportion of people getting their first or second vaccine (30.7%) (p<0.05). As people continue to get vaccinated, determining motivating factors can help promote appropriate messaging. The results of the study suggest that, in a clinical setting geared towards Southeast Asian and Hispanic immigrants and refugees, those getting their first and second dose were motivated by work mandates more than health at the time of the study, whereas those adults receiving their booster are most motivated by health and safely traveling. As we continue to aim for mass vaccination, vaccine mandates appear to be an effective method of motivating people to get their first and second dose.
Harlequin Color Change in a Neonate Positive to COVID-19: Case Report
Authors: Pinel-Guzmán Esther , Martínez-Fernandez Julián , Pinel-Dubón Rafael , Gradis-Santos Olman , Santamaría-Vasquez Mario
Published: February 2023

Background: Harlequin color change is a benign, idiopathic, self-limiting disorder characterized by an appearance of skin divided into two distinctly colored areas. Its etiology is unknown but thought to be caused by immaturity of hypothalamic regulation of peripheral vascular tone. COVID-19 infection in neonates is infrequent and rarely symptomatic, with only a few cases described in the literature. In isolation, both conditions have low incidence. This is the first case reported in the world literature of harlequin color change in a newborn who tested positive for COVID-19. There isn’t a single publication that links harlequin color change to COVID-19, yet. The Case: Newborn of a 34-year old mother. Who at 3 hours of life presented progressive respiratory distress with whimpering and cyanosis. At 20 hours presented a sudden color change in the right hemibody with unilateral hyperemia and contralateral pallor, simultaneous with a demarcated line separating the left and right sides of the body, involving the trunk, extremities and face, this remained for 10 minutes and then began to fade on its own until it disappeared completely. There were no changes in vital parameters associated with this phenomenon. Only one episode was reported. The transient character and the strict unilateral distribution of the manifestations did not confirm any etiology other than Harlequin phenomenon. Subsequently the patient evolved to respiratory deterioration, multiorgan failure (SOFA: 21), died at 22 days of life due to respiratory arrest.

Conclusion: This is the first ever documented case in worldwide literature of harlequin color change in a neonate positive to COVID-19. Given the low incidence of both entities in isolation and the fact that they were discovered in the same patient, we suggest a strong possibility of SARS-CoV-2 to be the source of the harlequin phenomena in this case and should be considered as an indicator of severe COVID in newborns, but further studies that expand the selection of patients with this condition are needed. There is no literature linking the harlequin phenomenon with COVID-19.
A Socio-pragmatic Study of Impolite Expressions in American Action Movie "Home of the Brave 2006"
Authors: Mohammed Hussein Ali  , Muslih Shwaysh Ahmed
Published: February 2023

This study investigates impoliteness theory from a sociopragmatic perspective in two American Action movies, namely “Home of the Brave (2006)” and “The Kill Team (2019)”. It is conducted for filling a gap that the impoliteness strategies have not yet been explored from a sociopragmatic perspective in American action movies. The study aims at; investigating the most frequent use of impoliteness strategies in American action movies, finding out how characters’ use of impoliteness is affected by social power and solidarity and investigating the functions of impoliteness strategies used by the characters in these movies. To achieve these objectives the researcher adopted Culpeper’s (1996, 2011) models in identifying the types of impoliteness strategies and their functions, whereas Brown and Gilman’s (1960) theoretical framework of power and solidarity was used to investigate the extent to which power and solidarity influence characters’ use of impoliteness strategies.The researcher implemented a qualitative content analysis in analyzing every impolite situation extracted from the data of the two movies. The data were utterances employed by the characters of each movie. The findings of this study are clarified as follows. First, four of the impoliteness strategies proposed by Culpeper (1996) were used by the characters of each movie. They were bald on record impoliteness strategy, positive impoliteness strategy, negative impoliteness strategy and sarcasm or mock politeness strategy. Positive impoliteness strategy was the most frequent strategy used by the characters. Meanwhile, withhold politeness was not used by any character of the movie.Regarding the social variables ‘power and solidarity’ the results of the analysis revealed that impoliteness is increased among equal power interlocutors, as (10) times which formed a percentage of (66.7%) of the impoliteness strategies were used by the characters who were equal in power to their addressees. And that (4) occurrences of the impoliteness strategies were used by powerful characters which formed (26.7 %) percent. Finally, the analysis showed that only (1) strategy, i.e. (6.6%) percent of the total strategies, used by the characters who were less powerful than the addressees. In terms of solidarity, (11) times which comprised (73.3%) of the impoliteness strategies were used by solidary interlocutors, and (4) times of the impoliteness strategies which formed a percentage of (26.7%), were used by non-solidary interlocutors.Finally, regarding the function of impoliteness, all the functions were used by the characters. The 'affective function' was the most frequently used function among the others with (8) occurrences which formed a percentage of (53.4%). Followed by the 'entertainment function' which was used (4) times or (26.7 %) percent. Finally, the 'coercive function' took the last position with only (3) occurrences with a percentage of (20%) of the total number of the impolite strategies used in the data analyzed.
Segmental Phonology in Arabic Dialect Spoken in Kubeisa Town with Reference to Standard English
Authors: Rawaa Saadon Fahad  , Muslih Shwaysh Ahmed
Published: February 2023

This research investigates an Iraqi dialect used in the western Iraqi town of Kubeisa. It performs a phonological analysis for single phonemes. This study sought to determine whether Kubeisa Iraqi Arabic (KIA) belongs to the "qiltu - dialects" or "gilt - dialects" spoken in Iraq in addition to looking at segmental phonemes in KIA with relation to SE. The phonological analysis of the segmental phonemes of KIA with reference to SE was the focus of the current study's explanatory qualitative design, which involved gathering and analyzing qualitative data. The analysis of taped content, comprising sentences and words said by KIA speakers using a tape-recording equipment, is the focus of the current work. The model adopted for this study was Roach (2009). Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) was also referred. In terms of the data analysis the findings arrived at, relevant conclusions were drawn. There are certain features that characterize KIA and distinguish it from SE.  This thesis concluded that speakers of KIA use CCs in medial position of words more than initial or final positions. Vowel sounds in KIA are less in number than in SE, regressive assimilation is used more than progressive assimilation, KIA intrusion is widely used by the native speakers of this dialect. KIA is rich in the use of? Imala (deflexion) process in addition to these conclusions, this study showed that this dialect is considered one of the "qiltu dialect" since KIA pronounced the sounds /q/ and /k/ rather than the phonemes /g/ and /t∫/ in all the data analyzed.
Firms’ Performance in Pakistan: The Impact of Government Policies, Capital Structure, and Board Diversity
Authors: Khan Bilal , Rasheed Muhammad Haroon , Uddin Dr. Sami
Published: February 2023

The present study has three main objectives. First, to investigate the effect of capital structure on firms' performance. The second is to investigate the effect of board member diversity on firms' performance. Third, given government interest in the thriving business sector, the study aims to access the impact of government support policies on the performance of firms, particularly in the construction and automobile sectors. For this, we selected 40 firms from these sectors from the period 2010 to 2021. The generalized method of movement (GMM) is used to test the relationships. The results of the present study show that capital structure has a significant and positive effect on firms' performance. The diversity of  board members, which is divided into two sub-categories i.e. demographic diversity and cognitive diversity has significant negative and positive effects on firms' performance. Lastly, there is a negative relationship between government support policies and firms’ performance. These findings provide unique insight to the government, policymakers, researchers, and managers in the context of Pakistan. The thriving business sector is key for the economic survival of a country and these finding can enable managers and policymakers to utilize capital structure and board composition for ensuring optimal performance and effective policy making.
The Role of Dual Nationality, Financial System Sophistication and Cryptocurrency in Money Laundering
Authors: Hussain Sadia Nazar , Abdul Raheman  , Muhammad Anwar ul Haq
Published: February 2023

Water always finds its way" so do the money launderers, who are always successful in finding new ways of committing the crime. This study primarily aims to identify opportunities that launderers are exploiting to whitewash their black money.  Dual nationality (DN), financial system sophistication (FSS), and cryptocurrency legal status (CCLS) are the advanced opportunities being used by launders to clean their funds. Some studies highlight the link between cryptocurrency and money laundering, but the role of dual nationality and financial system sophistication in money laundering is still a less addressed phenomenon (Ebeke, 2011) and (T. P. and J. Walker, 2011). The objective of this study is to explore the role of these three variables in money laundering by making improvements to the original version of the Walker model. The study's theoretical model was developed by borrowing justifications from Rational Choice Theory (RCT). For quantitative analysis, FGLS was employed over strongly balanced panel datasets. The final dataset of the study was prepared by gathering secondary data from 177 countries for 11 years (2009-2019). The study has found that overall, financial system sophistication is an important factor in choosing a laundering centre around the globe. However, Pakistani launderers do not perceive FSS as an attractive element for laundering their black money. In contrast, dual nationality was identified as a significant element in money laundering from Pakistan to other countries. However, the aspect of cryptocurrency legal status was found to be a significant attractive element for both national and international launders. The findings of the study guide policymakers and practitioners in strengthening the anti-money laundering strategy.
Impact Impact of High-Performance Management Practices on Affective Commitment: A Mediating Mechanism of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Ahmad Samir  , Ahmed Ullah Shah  , Yousaf Maleeha
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between high performance management practices (HPMP) and affective commitment (AC) through mediating mechanism of job satisfaction (JS). Questionnaires were distributed among 260 employees of five banks (Habib Bank Limited, Faysal Bank, Bank Alfalah limited, Summit Bank and Standard Chartered Bank) using non probability convenient sampling technique. Kenny (2012) contemporary approach for mediation was used to find out relationship between the variables. Results showed that HPMP have significant and positive relationship with AC. Similarly, the results also showed that there is positive relationship between HPMP and JS. From the results it is concluded that JS partially mediates the relationship between HPMP and AC.
Smartphone Addiction and Self-reported Productivity among Hospital Health Professionals in Beirut
Authors: Mezher Georges , Chahine Chantal , Khalaf Clara
Published: February 2023

Background: Excessive use of smartphones in the workplace can lead to addiction, which has a negative impact in terms of lowering productivity. The purpose of this research was to assess the addiction to smartphones and its relation to negative productivity among health professionals of six hospitals in Beirut, Lebanon.
Methodology: This is an observational cross-sectional study. Data was collected from 395 participants via a stratified random sampling method using a questionnaire providing a scale to rate smartphone addiction and work productivity assessment. Descriptive statistics and correlation/regression analysis were used to assess the significance of the results.
Results: 71.4% of the approved respondents (N=388) were found addicted to smartphone in age category under 19: (37.09±9.07, p=0.013), in single participants: (33.01±10.52, p=0.034), and in android operating system users: (31.32 ± 10.04, p=0.013). Results showed also, the percentage of addicted respondents using smartphones more than 3 hours per day: (35.03±8.52, p<0.001), internet: (32.94±9.42, p=0.004), and social media: (32.37±9.67, p=0.007). In addition, the Short Smartphone Addiction Scale (SSAS) showed a significant correlation with self-reported negative productivity (r=0.209, p<0.01), and the number of times of the smartphone usage per working day (r=0.264, p<0.01). A significant predictive relation between work productivity and the number of times of smartphones usage per working day was also shown.
Conclusion: Future research, on a national level could help identify a stronger association between addiction to smartphone and negative productivity among health professionals. Such results may provide policy guidance for the usage of smartphone among hospital professionals during working hours.

Key words: Smartphone addiction, productivity, efficiency, health professionals, hospitals, Beirut.
Evaluation of Prevalence and Knowledge about Anaemia and Their Determinants Among Adolescent Girls
Authors: D. E Ragini , Waghray Kavita , Sriswan Raja
Published: February 2023

Purpose: Adolescence is the crucial period of growth and development between the ages of 10–19 years. This is a vulnerable period for the development of nutritional anaemia. Lack of knowledge concerning nutrition is one of the most significant reasons for nutritional problems and inappropriate nutritional practices can lead to numerous complications.
Methods: A school based cross sectional study was carried out in two social welfare residential schools situated in Hyderabad & Secunderabad. Total of 862 adolescent girls were screened from both the schools. Demographics, menstrual history, clinical history, KAP, anthropometry and haemoglobin were assessed.
Results: A total of 862 girls were screened of which 746 (86.5%) were anaemic and 116 (13.5%) were non-Anaemic. %). Mild anemia was seen in 22% (95% CI range: 20-25%), moderate anemia was seen in 55% (95% CI range: 51%-58%), severe anemia was seen in 10% (95% CI range: 7.9%-12%). Only 13% had no anemia (95% CI range: 11-16%). The prevalence of stunting & thinness was 21.2% & 10.1% among the girls. Age, nutritional status, knowledge and clinical history were important predictors of anaemia.
Conclusion: Anaemia was highly prevalent amongst the adolescent girls. There was poor knowledge about anaemia and its prevention. Personal Hygiene practice was found good among the girls. Focus should be on counselling adolescents to promote healthy eating habits and promotion of iron‑rich foods.

Key words: Anaemia, adolescent, prevalence, nutrition, Knowledge, Attitude, Personal hygiene. Morbidity, Stunting, thinness, Menarchal Status.
Effect of Computer Assisted Designing / Manufacturing (CAD-CAM) Insoles in Leprosy Affected Patients
Authors: Sahoo Subhasmita , Satheeshwari D.
Published: February 2023

Background: Elevated plantar pressures during walking are a causative factor in the development of plantar ulcers. Plantar pressure can be redistributed but not eradicated and reducing stress at one location may simply displace the risk of ulceration to a different area of the foot. To achieve such redistribution, computer-assisted designing/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology was used to fabricate the insole with improved customization for patients with anesthetic feet due to leprosy.
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the CAD-CAM insoles in leprosy patients, using a close-ended questionnaire.
Methodology: A qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the impact of CAD-CAM insole on footwear. Random sampling was done to recruit leprosy-affected patients coming to the institute. With a 3 month of period, the data were collected through the feedback from the patients.
Result: 40 patients’ feedback was taken there was both positive and negative feedback from the patients. The ulcer healing has significantly increased among 60 % of the patients. 90 % of patients were comfortable with the weight of the CAD-CAM footwear when compared to previous footwear (MCR) which they were using.
Conclusion: Significant improvement was found among the patients.

Key words: Leprosy, CAD-CAM insole, plantar ulcers, Peak pressure distribution.
Quality of Life with Transtibial Prosthesis: Survey Based on Gender Difference
Authors: Kuriakose Nelson , Sahoo Subhasmita
Published: February 2023

Back ground: The Quality of Life (QoL) of individuals with lower limb amputation with gender basics have been investigated and reported in literature, also some studies described the QoL of patients with over all lower limb prostheses in different level of amputation. But there is lack of information regarding the quality of life after transtibial amputation with prosthesis fitment in gender basics, which will provide a better information regarding the day to activity of patient and associated risk factor after using the transtibial prosthesis.
Aim and objective: The present study was designed to compare the difference in quality of life of transtibial prosthesis user on the basis of gender.
Methodology: The Study was conducted with 50 transtibial amputee with prosthesis (male= 25 and female= 25). Convenient Sampling technique was used to collect the sample. All the four domains: physical, psychological, social relationships, and environment was measured by using (QoL) WHO quality of life brief scale among all male and female transtibial prosthesis user.
Results: There is no significant effect between male and female found in the domains except social relationship. Overall quality of life between male and female was almost same. But we found that even after prosthetic fitment male population was psychologically weak then female population.
Conclusion: The result of this study shows that, when we compared the quality of life after transtibial lower limb amputation with prosthesis with a gender basis, found that there are no significant differences between male and female.

Key words: Transtibial prosthesis, gender difference, quality of life, WHO QOL brief Scale.
The Effect of Work Capability, Superior-Subordinate Relationships and Work Situation on Job Performance in Bank Syariah Indonesia, Medan Raya Area with Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable
Authors: Rurysun Novri , F. Dalimunthe Ritha , Rahim Matandang A.
Published: February 2023

This study aims to investigate the effects of work ability, relationship between superiors and subordinates, and work situation on job satisfaction and performance at Bank Syariah Indonesia, Medan Raya Area. This type of study is quantitative in nature and has an associative focus. This study used a saturated sample; the whole population was sampled, including as many as 42 employees of Bank Syariah Indonesia, Medan Raya Area, who held officer or supervisory level positions. The findings of this study indicate that all ten hypotheses about seven direct and three indirect relationships were shown to have a significant effect. The conclusions and suggestions are presented at the end of this paper.

Keywords: Work Capability, Superior-Subordinate Relationships, Job Satisfaction, Job Performance.
Hurdles Faced by Stroke Survivors and Their Caregivers in India: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Kumar CK Senthil , Mohammad Waris Syed
Published: February 2023

Background: Stroke is a seriously disabling disease that can affect both the patients and their caregivers in different ways but in equal proportion. This study aimed to explore the experiences of stroke survivors and along with their caregivers after one year of stroke in India.
Methods: Twenty stroke survivors and their caregivers were selected for our qualitative, study. Participants who attended two rehabilitation centers were selected using a random sampling method. A previously standardized questionnaire was used to collect information during the interview process.
Results: Post-stroke occupational demands were less met and poor awareness of stroke led to various systems of medicines (Indigenous medicine) being tried even after the neuroplasticity had weaned out.
Conclusions: The study highlights the need for stroke education for setting up post-stroke recovery expectations from the patient as well as the caregivers. The physiotherapy sessions should commence at the earliest for better results and there should be an emphasis on return to occupation or occupational modification.

Keywords: Stroke, stroke survivors, caregivers, physiotherapy.
Results of Analysis of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Measurements Using Breath Analyzer on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Confirmed Patients with Healthy People
Authors: Djajalaksana Susanthy , Ensang Timuda Caesar , Rosihaningsih Sugiri Jani Jane
Published: February 2023

Background/aim: The analysis of VOCs through respiration has been used for biomarker analysis for the detection of novel coronaviruses and has found mainly six VOCs by breath analysis by GC-IMS are ethanol, octane, acetone, cluster mixture of acetone/butanone and methanol. Previous research found exhaled methanol concentrations were lower in COVID-19 patients. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in VOC concentration in Covid-19 patients with healthy people.
Methods: This Case Control study used 93 confirmed case samples of Covid-19 and 42 healthy people. Demographic and clinical data taken from anamnesis and/or medical records. VOC’s data of respiratory track are taken through the exhalation air in a bag and analyzed with breath analyzer. Statistical analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney test.
Results: VOC compound measured include CO2, C7H8, CH2O, NH4, TVOC, NO2, PM1.0, CO, NH3, and Acetone. Analysis between Covid-19 patients and healthy people showed significant differences in all VOC components CO2 (p=0,000), C7H8 (p=0,000), CH2O (p=0,000), NH4 (p=0,001), TVOC (p=0,000), NO2 (p=0,000), PM1.0 (p=0,000), CO (p=0,000), NH3 (P=0,000), Acetone (p=001). Logistic regression analysis was obtained no meaningful influence on each component of the VOC with covid/healthy people conditions of patients with components CO2 (p=1,000), C7H8 (p=1,000), CH2O (p=0,999), NH4 (p=1,000), TVOC (p=1,000), NO2 (p=1,000), PM1.0 (p=0,999), CO (p=0,999), NH3 (P=0,999), Acetone (p=1,000).
Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the VOC results of confirmed COVID 19 patients and healthy people

Keywords: breath analyzer, coronaviruses, COVID-19, healthy people, volatile organic component