bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Valladares Licia do Prado
Published: May 2020

The epilogue emphasizes the time this book was written (1990s-2000s) and the 30 years of research needed to complete the book. It also discusses the favelas’ expansion throughout the last century or so. Other items of note include NGOs and their involvement with favelas, as well as public policies that aim to get rid of favelas instead of aiding them. Violence is also mentioned along with the UPP (Pacifying Police Unit) and its inconsistent presence to eliminate violence in the favelas. The book concludes that while the stigmatization of favelas is still present, there is being work done to better the favelas’ reputation.
Jefferson, Madison, and the Making of the Constitution
Authors: Broadwater Jeff
Published: May 2020

Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, and James Madison, “Father of the Constitution,” were two of the most important Founders of the United States as well as the closest of political allies. Yet historians have often seen a tension between the idealistic rhetoric of the Declaration and the more pedestrian language of the Constitution. Moreover, to some, the adoption of the Constitution represented a repudiation of the democractic values of the Revolution.
In this book, Jeff Broadwater explores the evolution of the constitutional thought of these two seminal American figures, from the beginning of the American Revolution through the adoption of the Bill of Rights. In explaining how the two political compatriots could have produced such seemingly dissimilar documents but then come to a common constitutional ground, Broadwater reveals how their collaboration ---and their disagreements---influenced the full range of constitutional questions during this early period of the American republic.
Haw River
Authors: Christensen Rob
Published: May 2020

Kerr Scott’s roots were in a dairy farm in the middle of the state. Scott was influenced by the passage of a referendum to finance the first school in the area – a measure that passed by one vote cast by an ex slave. His father, Farmer Bob, was heavily influenced by politics, especially the Farmer’s Alliance movement that began in Texas.
Low-Voltage Sutton
Authors: Christensen Rob
Published: May 2020

Kerr Scott also leaned on the power companies to extend electric and telephones to the countryside to help bring farmers into the 20th century. He was also more moderate on racial issues than most other Southern governors.
Passing the Torch
Authors: Christensen Rob
Published: May 2020

Robert Scott picks up his father’s mantle in politics. He becomes head of the state Grange, and is elected lieutenant governor in 1964 after considering a run for governor. But he is a smoother, more moderate figure than his father. With controversy rising over civil rights and riots, Bob Scott becomes a supporter of law and order.
Busing
Authors: Christensen Rob
Published: May 2020

Although the U.S. Supreme Court had outlawed school segregation in 1954, it was not until 1969-70 that full school integration occurred in North Carolina. Scott presided over a troubled period marked by violence, distrust, and a strong parent backlash. Charlotte v. Mecklenburg also became the landmark school busing case.
End of an Era
Authors: Christensen Rob
Published: May 2020

Returning to the farm, Bob Scott was unsure about what to do. His attempted comeback in 1980 resulted in a humiliation. But he served as president of the state community college system. His daughter, Meg Scott Phipps, was elected agriculture commissioner in 2000, but her career crashed and burned when she was convicted and went to jail for taking illegal campaign contributions. It did not help the Scott name that her father, Bob Scott, was one of her chief advisors.
Conclusion
Authors: Christensen Rob
Published: May 2020

The Scott’s rural progressivism helped set North Carolina on a more moderate course than most of the South. But the sixties and seventies blunted that progressivism. The reasons included a white backlash to school integration, social unrest, the rise of the middle class, the decline of farming, and the difficulty in holding together black/white coalitions.
Hugh Williamson
Authors: Davis-Doyle Jennifer
Published: May 2020

A politician, scientist, and medical doctor, the versatile Williamson has been called “North Carolina’s Benjamin Franklin.” Born in Philadelphia, Williamson studied medicine in The Netherlands. After the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, Britain’s blockade of the American coast complicated his efforts to return home and apparently led him to Edenton, North Carolina. An outspoken critic of Britain’s colonial policies, he enthusiastically embraced the American cause, but Williamson is best known as the de facto leader of the North Carolina delegation to the federal Constitutional Convention of 1787. Among the most vocal of the delegates, he was a strong nationalist, but also a force for compromise and moderation, and he was a leader in Federalist efforts to secure ratification of the Constitution in North Carolina. Williamson retired to New York in 1793, another case of a prominent revolutionary figure fading perhaps prematurely from North Carolina's political scene.
James Iredell
Authors: Whichard Willis P.
Published: May 2020

This essay examines the public career of James Iredell, who was probably Revolutionary-era North Carolina’s most influential propagandist. His first published essay, which appeared in September 1773, defended the jurisdiction of colonial courts in the foreign attachment controversy, and he was one of the first Whig writers to reject the sovereignty of Parliament in America. During the Revolution, Iredell continued to write on behalf of the American cause, but financial woes limited his political activities. During the debate over the ratification of the Constitution, however, Iredell emerged as one of North Carolina’s most energetic Federalists, and George Washington rewarded him with an appointment to the United States Supreme Court. Like many southern Federalists, Iredell supported the new government, but was wary of pushing federal power too far, and in his best known opinion, a dissent in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), he argued that a state could not be sued in federal court without its consent.
Samuel Spencer, Anti-Federalist
Authors: Stroud Jason
Published: May 2020

This essay is a sympathetic treatment of the often maligned Anson County judge Samuel Spencer. He is usually remembered, if at all, for the seemingly absurdist circumstances surrounding his death: according to legend, he was mortally wounded by a turkey. Yet Spencer was arguably the most thoughtful and eloquent critic of the Constitution at the Hillsborough convention of 1788. A Princeton alumnus, a wealthy landowner, and an early opponent of Great Britain’s colonial policies, Spencer joined the North Carolina superior court in 1777 and concurred in the court’s Bayard v. Singleton decision, a critical precedent in the development of judicial review. Well within the mainstream of Anti-Federalist thought, Spencer was not unalterably opposed to a stronger central government, but he recognized federal power could be abused, and he hoped his opposition to the Constitution would create pressure for amendments, including a bill of rights.
William R. Davie
Authors: King-Owen Scott
Published: May 2020

This profile of the lawyer and planter William R. Davie illustrates the relative decline of North Carolina’s conservative, political elite in the post-Revolutionary era. Educated at Princeton, Davie served as a cavalry commander and as state commissary general during the Revolution. As a member of the North Carolina assembly in the 1780s, he favored modernization of the state court system and the lenient treatment of Loyalists while opposing paper money. As a delegate to the federal Constitutional Convention,Davie supported the Connecticut Compromise, which resolved the issue of congressional representation, and was an outspoken advocate of the Three-Fifths Compromise regarding the counting of slaves. He played a more influential role in championing the ratification of the Constitution in North Carolina. Davie also sponsored legislation creating the University of North Carolina, served as a university trustee and briefly as governor, and helped negotiate a settlement of the Quasi-War with France. But public opinion soon turned against Davie’s aristocratic leadership style, and after losing a race for Congress in 1803, he left North Carolina in disgust.
Afterword
Authors: Broadwater Jeff , Kickler Troy L.
Published: May 2020

This brief epilogue concludes that state-level leaders, or what one contributor described as “ordinary founders,” were essential to mobilizing a largely parochial population to fight a long war for independence and later to support a new national government. In closing, the editors make three final observations. First, by the late 1780s, North Carolina’s Revolutionary founders began to pass from the scene, and the state entered a new political era. Second, although the individuals profiled in this book were a diverse group, probably none of them could be characterized as extreme nationalists. Third, many other figures and topics from this period in North Carolina history remain to be explored.
Lyric Effects
Authors: Ehlers Sarah
Published: May 2020

This chapter historicizes and theorizes an alternative record of lyric practice that emerged in the Depression but has been obscured. Specifically, the writings of communist poets Genevieve Taggard and Edwin Rolfe allow for an exploration of alternate conceptions of the poetic lyric, where lyric becomes a means to reinvent structural aspects of self in relation to the dialectics of historical change. After demonstrating how Rolfe’s engagements with the romantic lyric reasserted traditional terms of lyrical agency on the historical ground of capitalist crisis, the chapter mobilizes Taggard’s notion of a “lyric effect” to provide a different understanding of the contours of the lyric subject as well as the links between experiments with lyric and forms of collective action. Subsequent sections take up important aspects of Depression poetic discourses: the reception of Rolfe’s poetry in the left press; Taggard’s and Rolfe’s engagements with Romanticism, especially Walt Whitman’s legacy; and Taggard’s interest in music and radio technology. Across these topics, the chapter demonstrates how abstracted versions of the romantic lyric, choral music, and oral recitation become “lyric.” The final section turns to the contemporary reception of Rolfe’s poetry to forward a methodological polemic about the relationship of lyric reading to historical practice.
Lyric Internationalism
Authors: Ehlers Sarah
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers Haitian communist poet Jacques Roumain and his reception in the United States. Analyzing the production, circulation, and reception of Roumain’s writings and his authorial persona, the chapter explores several connected variants of a communist internationalism that is imagined through the idea of “lyric,” or “lyricism,” and it demonstrates how such international imaginaries are tied to different conceptions of history. The chapter begins by sketching the import of Roumain as a figure for U.S. radicals. It then turns to Roumain’s friendship with Langston Hughes, showing how the exchange of poems between the two allows critics to move beyond straightforward historical accounts that show how radical African American artists and intellectuals referred to Haiti’s revolutionary past in their protests against Jim Crow policies, colonial occupations, and the rise of fascism in Europe. I argue that Roumain and Hughes harness and experiment with the unique temporality of the poetic lyric in order to present black radicalism as a formation unbounded by spatial and temporal borders. The final sections turn to the prose and poetry Roumain composed during his exile in the United States, using it to rearticulate ideas about the relationship of the poetic lyric to historical praxis.
Indians on the Move
Authors: Miller Douglas K.
Published: May 2020

In 1972, the Bureau of Indian Affairs terminated its twenty-year-old Voluntary Relocation Program, which encouraged the mass migration of roughly 100,000 Native American people from rural to urban areas. At the time the program ended, many groups--from government leaders to Red Power activists--had already classified it as a failure, and scholars have subsequently positioned the program as evidence of America’s enduring settler-colonial project. But Douglas K. Miller here argues that a richer story should be told--one that recognizes Indigenous mobility in terms of its benefits and not merely its costs. In their collective refusal to accept marginality and destitution on reservations, Native Americans used the urban relocation program to take greater control of their socioeconomic circumstances. Indigenous migrants also used the financial, educational, and cultural resources they found in cities to feed new expressions of Indigenous sovereignty both off and on the reservation. The dynamic histories of everyday people at the heart of this book shed new light on the adaptability of mobile Native American communities. In the end, this is a story of shared experience across tribal lines, through which Indigenous people incorporated urban life into their ideas for Indigenous futures.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Douglas K.
Published: May 2020

Beginning with the socially, economically, and physically confining late-nineteenth-century reservation system, and throughout the twentieth century, Native American peoples practiced mobility and experienced urbanity on their own terms and with their own futures and survival strategies in mind. They did so in pursuit of new social, education, and work opportunities. This is a story that greatly transcends the history of the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ 1950s-60s urban relocation program, which scholars have long cited as the reason why roughly 75 per cent of all Native American people live in urban areas today. More Native people urbanized outside of the program, to more places, and for more reasons than historians have previously emphasized.
Relocation Has Degraded Indian People
Authors: Miller Douglas K.
Published: May 2020

While thousands of Native American people actively sought opportunities to improve their and their families’ lives through urban relocation, many could not have anticipated the failures of an underfunded federal program and urban opportunities foreclosed by racism, discrimination, paternalism, poverty, and a dramatically shifting national economy that saw the best jobs and housing relocate from cities to suburbs and the Sunbelt. For many involved, relocation became yet another failed promise on the part of the federal government.
They Always Come Back
Authors: Miller Douglas K.
Published: May 2020

The story of Native American urbanization and the urban relocation program typically concludes with a generation of Native people either stuck on “skid row” or fighting for a way out through the “Red Power” movement. There was a different but equally important outcome, however, in that many Native people made successful transitions to urban life on their own terms, while many others returned to reservation or rural Native communities and saw new opportunities there while drawing upon urban experiences to make contributions to tribal economic and political initiatives. Virtually an entire generation of new Native American tribal leaders drew upon years of experience living in major urban areas where they gained a more intimate understanding of how settler economies, politics, and power networks functioned.
Passing into Economic Darkness
Authors: Pérez Jr. Louis A.
Published: May 2020

Spanning the years of the early republic into the post-World War I period, the chapter examines the slow process of economic recovery and resumption of agricultural production favoring export production.
To Overcome Sugar
Authors: Pérez Jr. Louis A.
Published: May 2020

The chapter deals with efforts of the government of Fulgencio Batista to expand domestic rice production as a strategy of import substitution. The success of expanded Cuban production acted to displace US rice imports from the Cuban market.
To Return to What Was Before—Plus ça change …
Authors: Pérez Jr. Louis A.
Published: May 2020

A survey account of the production and consumption of rice in Cuba between the 1960s and the 2010s.
The Hajj and Politics in China
Authors: Bianchi Robert R.
Published: May 2020

The author tries to provide a comprehensive report of the Hajj in China in terms of human participation, management, and implications of hajj to the politics of this country. He refers to the regional and ethnic variations in Hajj activity and explains the “China’s Hajj Belts." By referring to the issues such as female pilgrims, urban-rural gaps, ethnicity, gender, and the problem of hajj as a collective action, he provides a thorough report of hajj done in China currently.
Pilgrimages of the Dream
Authors: Kasmani Omar
Published: May 2020

In this article, the author explains the experiences and sensations of Pakistani pilgrims toward a local pilgrimage saint and tries to locate it within the broader context of the visionary aspects of Muslim religious experience. Focusing on the intersections of dreams and shrines, he expands the discussion of the social sphere to include the broader scope of pilgrimage. To understand the local pilgrimage tradition in Pakistan, the author incorporates scholarship on songs, dreams, and architecture and provides an in-depth analysis of the pilgrimage in this country.
Shrines and Pilgrimage in Southern Kazakhstan
Authors: Malikov Azim
Published: May 2020

Based on the critical role that pilgrimage plays in Islamic ritual cultures of Central Asia, the chapter starts with introducing Kazakhstan and the saints and shrines of the southern part of this country. Then the chapter discusses the manifestations and features of the Muslims saints and discussed the connection of the shrines and religious policy in post-Soviet Kazakhstan. The article concludes by considering the grave of Khuja Ahmad Yassevi Shrine and some other essential shrines as examples of pilgrimage tradition of this country.
Jamkaran
Authors: Rahimi Babak
Published: May 2020

The author of this article discusses the experiences of Iranian Shiite pilgrims to a mosque where a special connection to Mahdi is expected. In this article, he focuses mostly on the representations of this pilgrimage in the Iranian social media. He shows how social media, in the case of Jamkaran mosque, contributed to the networking of pilgrimage and how this digitized pilgrimage is embodied in different digital scopes. Therefore, a strong relationship between digital technology and pilgrimage appears as a set of individual and social experiences.
There Ain’t Nothing in Deanwood
Authors: Reese Ashanté M.
Published: May 2020

Focusing on the nearest supermarket, a Safeway, this chapter explores how residents made decisions about where and when to shop. The chapter examines the many considerations at the heart of grocery shopping: time, money, stores’ reputation, and transportation. Secondly, the chapter examines how these considerations are connected to socioeconomic status and class, demonstrating the heterogeneity present in the neighborhood and the challenges this presents for food justice efforts in the neighborhood.
He’s Had That Store for Years
Authors: Reese Ashanté M.
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, Community Market emerges as a hopeful symbol of racial progress and self-reliance. Placed within the historical and contemporary contexts outlined in the previous two chapters, this chapter examines the paradox of residents exhibiting pride in the store while at the same time not shopping there on a regular basis. It also explores the role the second generation owner, Mr. Jones, plays in the community at large, making the argument that the position of authority that many residents claim he has is in part due to the longevity of the store, even in the face of impending gentrification.
Bermuda and the Beginnings of Black Anglo-America
Authors: Jarvis Michael J.
Published: May 2020

Although 1619 stands out as a landmark year in early American history, Virginia was not the first English colony to import African laborers; that dubious distinction belongs to its Atlantic sister colony, Bermuda. The first arrived in 1616, and, by the time Jamestown's "twenty and odd negroes" landed, Bermuda had a hundred or more black residents. This essay examines why and how Bermuda's English colonizers deliberately imported African experts from the Spanish Caribbean to solve the problem of properly curing island-grown tobacco and argues that their contributions were critical to the colony's success. Integrated into the island's fledgling society as farmers, neighbors, knowledgeable consultants, and fellow Christians, black islanders were highly visible participants in Bermuda's full settlement. As Virginians wrestled with the novelty of incorporating Africans into their colony, they needed only to look to the east to see Bermuda's nascent slave system emerging.
Brase’s Case
Authors: Halliday Paul D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter reconsiders the foundations of slave law in Virginia in the years immediately following 1619. In contrast to prevailing trends in English law, the colonial experience in Virginia granted justices extensive discretion in the application of English legal traditions, and they used this discretion to craft a customary law of slavery long before the articulation of formal statutes regulating the treatment of enslaved people. This chapter offers a detailed case study of how this process worked by examining the case of Brase, an African man captured from a Spanish ship and brought to Virginia in 1625. It recovers the legal innovations that the justices developed to ensure that Brase would be held in bondage despite the lack of a formal law of slavery in Virginia.
You’re Murdering Us
Authors: Thomson Jennifer
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the activism of residents of Love Canal, New York, in response to the 1976 discovery of 21,000 tons of buried toxic waste in their community. It concentrates especially on the work of the Love Canal Homeowners Association. Love Canal residents understood the health of the human body through an assemblage of epidemiology, toxicology, and personal experience. They perceived the individual as the marker of community health, environmental reality, scientific legitimacy, and government responsibility, in the process coming to see the entire world as environmentally vulnerable. Their conflicting interpretations of citizenship rights illustrated how they were torn between the conviction that everyone had the right to environmental health, and the belief that the needs of national citizens should be prioritized.
Planetary Health in the Age of Climate Change
Authors: Thomson Jennifer
Published: May 2020

This chapter details physicist James Lovelock's lifelong work on the Gaia hypothesis. Gaia postulated that the Earth was a single living entity whose health was threatened by human-induced changes in atmospheric composition and planetary biodiversity. Arguing that humans had overstepped their ecological niche, Lovelock developed a planetary medicine by which humans would treat the planet as a doctor would a sick patient. Gaia, as well as Lovelock's diagnosis of the Earth as having a fever, found renewed life in the 1990s, as activist Bill McKibben called for drastic checks on the greenhouse-gas emissions threatening the health of the planet.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomson Jennifer
Published: May 2020

The concluding chapter assesses why many environmentalisms premised upon health failed to achieve the results they sought. It reflects upon the continued usefulness and relevance of health for environmental politics, and places health in the context of climate change, climate justice, and the Anthropocene.
The Second Voter Education Project, 1965–1969
Authors: Faulkenbury Evan
Published: May 2020

This chapter chronicles the VEP’s impact on black southerners and politics after the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Under the leadership of Vernon Jordan, the VEP went beyond voter registration and started programs to educate African Americans about the political process. The VEP also started hosting conferences designed to swell the number of black candidates running for various political offices across the South. During this period, not only did the VEP increase the number of black southern voters, it also grew black political power in a variety of ways at local and state levels across the American South.
The Tax Reform Act of 1969 and the Undermining of the Voter Education Project
Authors: Faulkenbury Evan
Published: May 2020

This chapter cuts through all the dry, complex legal language of the 1969 tax reform bill to demonstrate how conservatives leveraged this law to undercut the VEP. Conservatives realized the VEP strengthened black voters, and they input language into the bill that would make the VEP’s fundraising and programming much more difficult. Ultimately, the Tax Reform Act of 1969 decimated the VEP, but the VEP continued during the 1970s under the leadership of John Lewis. After Lewis left in 1976, the VEP withered until it closed for good in 1992.
Epilogue
Authors: Faulkenbury Evan
Published: May 2020

This brief conclusion echoes the argument of the book, that the VEP served as the civil rights movement’s behind-the-scenes engine, and conservatives sabotaged the movement through the Tax Reform Act of 1969. Conservatives continue to fight black voting power, and the roots of these efforts go back to the VEP. Vernon Jordan concludes this book by suggesting the fight for political power will continue.
Balancing Our Identities as Medical Students and Global Citizens in the Wake of COVID-19.
Authors: Ali Ramesha
Published: May 2020

As medical students, we felt the burden of COVID-19 in two distinct waves. The first wave brought with it a loss of opportunity and the immense sadness that came with the understanding that we would move forth without ever compensating for such experiences. As clerkships and licensing exams were slowly canceled, we struggled to find ways to fill our days and continue to remain strong postgraduate candidates. It was not long before our personal losses became insignificant in the face of the global trajectory COVID-19 took and the burden of the pandemic impinged on our vulnerabilities. Suddenly, we were facing a significant loss of life and the fear of ill-health was ever-present. This challenged our identity as medical students and forced us to identify as global citizens who were also susceptible to the threat of the pandemic. It also forced us to uphold our health and well-being just as we had pledged to hold the health and well-being of others and to include ourselves in our commitment to a lifetime of service.
NEOLIBERALISMO Y DEMOCRACIA, UN MATRIMONIO CONDENADO AL DIVORCIO CON UN HIJO BASTARDO LLAMADO EDUCACIÓN
Authors: Torres Roberto Donoso
Published: May 2020

Utilizando el mito como criterio de análisis se examina la teoría y práctica del neoliberalismo en sus relaciones con el desarrollo democrático y la educación. Se develan incongruencias y fantasías del neoliberalismo en su aplicación con especial referencia a su incidencia en la economía. En ese contexto la educación es considerada con criterios mercantiles, desdibujando su perfil humanístico y su condición de servicio público para hacer de ella un recurso más para la obtención de beneficios económicos. Estas relaciones entre neoliberalismo, democracia y educación permiten afirmar sus incompatibilidades para inferir que el neoliberalismo no es un escenario para el desarrollo democrático ni menos para la educación pública.
The Relationship between Democracy and Economic Growth in Tunisia: An Application of Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model
Authors: Arfaoui Lamia , Ziadi Azza , Manai Sonia
Published: May 2020

This paper aims to identify the nature of the relationship between democracy and economic growth. We will answer the question: Does democracy improve economic growth? We study the case of Tunisia during the period from 1980 until 2014; this country has experienced a democratic transition after the revolution of 14 th January 2011. Our study is divided into two parts. The first part is a literature review of overview on the causality between democracy and economic growth. The second part as an application uses the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). The choice of the technical SARL aimed the study of the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between two variables in level, a procedure co-integration has been proposed by Pesaran et al (2001). The results of different empirical studies were inconclusive. Some generated a negative impact of democracy on growth while others showed the opposite. The empirical results of our work have shown that in a nascent democracy such is the case of Tunisia; democracy has no effect on economic growth in the short term.  It is to add an observation rate of GDP during the period post -revolution generated a sawtooth trend which demonstrates the unstable economic situation in the country.
Modernization, Dependency and Structural Adjustment Development Theories and Africa: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Nhema Alfred G , Zinyama Tawanda
Published: May 2020

This article seeks to review the early development theories that have dominated the development path in Africa over a number of decades. First, the paper reviews the modernisation theory which dominated the literature on development theory in the 1950s/60s as the former colonies attained their independence. Second, the paper examines the dependency theory which was a critical response to the modernisation paradigm. Third, the paper assesses the nature and form of neo liberal prescriptions that came to be known as Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) offered by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) from the 1980s to the 1990s. Finally, the paper explores the relevance and impact of the identified development theories to the development of Africa.
Parental Competence Beliefs and Attributions for Achievement in Kindergarten: Effects on Parent Expectations
Authors: Stephanou Georgia , Doulkeridou Maria
Published: May 2020

The aim of this study was to examine (a) parental attributions for children’s performance in language, mathematics and globally school in kindergarten, (b) whether parents’ perceptions concerning their children’s academic ability predict the children’s school performance in kindergarten, the subsequent parental attributions, and the impact of school performance and parental attributions on parental expectations concerning their children’s later school performance in the first primary school year, and (c) the role of the three sets of concepts (perceived academic ability, performance in kindergarten, and subsequent parent attributions) in the formulation of parent expectations. The participants were parents of 150 kindergarten children (80 girls, 70 boys), who were randomly recruited from 45 state kindergartens of various towns of Greece. The results revealed: (a) parents attributed their children’s good performance to stable and, mainly, internal and personal controllable to the children’s factors, (b) the higher parents estimated their children’s ability, the better the children performed in the respective school subject, and the higher the parental attributions to internal, stable, personal controllable and external uncontrollable to the children’s factors were, (c) variability in the effect of parents’ perceptions of their children’s ability on attributions and performance between and within school subjects, in favoring language, and least favoring general school performance and (d) although parental perceived children’s academic ability was the most powerful predictor of parents’ expectations regarding their children’s performance in grade one, both the children’s past performance and the subsequent parental attributions accounted for a positive significant portion of the variance of it.
Essential oil of Ocimum basilicum and Eugenol as Sedatives for Nile Tilapia
Authors: Ventura Arlene Sobrinho , Filho Ruy Alberto Caetano Corrêa , Teodoro Gabrielly Cristina , Laice Laice Menes , Barbosa Phillipe Thiago Leite , Stringhetta Giovanna Rodrigues , Povh Jayme Aparecido
Published: May 2020

This study evaluated the modulation of the ventilatory frequency of Nile tilapia sedated with essential oil of Ocimum basilicum and eugenol. The fish were exposed to the following treatments: control (water only); ethanol 200 µl L-1 (concentration used to dilute the anesthetic); eugenol 10 µl L-1 and 20 µl L-1; essential oil of O. basilicum at the concentration of 10 µl L-1 and 20 µl L-1. After 90 minutes of exposure to the treatments, water quality, mortality and respiratory rate were determined. The concentration of 20 µl L-1 of the essential oil of O. basilicum and eugenol showed a sedative effect and reduced the excretion of metabolic ammonia in Nile tilapia. There was no mortality in fish exposed to the treatments. The respiratory rate did not differ between the different treatments. It is concluded that the concentration of 20 µl L-1 of the essential oil of O. basilicum and eugenol shows the best result in the inducing sedative effect for Nile tilapia, and that the essential oil of O. basilicum and eugenol in the concentrations of 10 µl L-1 and 20 µl L-1 in an exposure period up to 90 minutes do not alter the ventilatory frequency of Nile tilapia.
The Impact of Livestock Extension on the Livelihood of Mbororo Fulani Women in the North West Region of Cameroon
Authors: Forbang Loveline Enjoh , Lengha Tohnian Nobert , Amungwa Fonteh Athanasius
Published: May 2020

Mbororo Fulani women are experiencing transformation in their livelihood through livestock farming. This paper investigates the contributions of livestock farming to the wellbeing of the Mbororo Fulani women of the North West region of Cameroon. Mbororo women in the North West region play different roles to contribute to the growth of the livestock sector in Cameroon but lack technological knowledge and extension services to improve on their livestock activities. The study used primary data gotten through structured questionnaires and secondary data from journals, books and work from other researchers. The simple random sampling was used to select 400 Mbororo women for the study and SPSS was used for data analysis. The study reveals that 61% of Mbororo women are engage in livestock farming. 20.4% of the women keep different categories of livestock extension (sheep, goat, poultry etc). 89% of the women do livestock farming for income generation and as a means to increase proteins needs for their families. Therefore, livestock is an important source of revenue to Mbororo Fulani women in the North West region of Cameroon thus Cameroon government should put more efforts to assist these Mbororo women in livestock farming by providing them with modern innovations through extension services and resources needed to expand on livestock farming.
The Drowning of a Fish
Authors: Cassin Barbara
Published: May 2020

The epilogue, bookending what Cassin has termed a “philosophical novella,” is a moving confessional narrative about her first paid job while still a doctoral student, as a tutor teaching Greek topsychotic adolescents in the Etienne Marcel day hospital in Paris. This narrative, while set apart, is also woven into the fabric of the rest of the text, bringing together Lacanian motifs, Greek myths, and a playful attention to the Greek language, as well as her own experiences of helping her profoundly troubled young charges to gain access to their “mother tongue.”It narrates a tragic episode with a particularly troubled young man during a camping trip in the woods.
Collectivistic Christianities and Pluralism: An Inquiry into Agency and Responsibility
Authors: Jakelić Slavica
Published: May 2020

This essay addresses the relationship between religious traditions, secularisms, and fundamentalisms by looking at collectivistic Catholicisms in the communist and post-communist Croatia and Poland. In response to both theorists of modernity and critics of secularism—who present modernity as a process of secularization and religion as modernity’s other—Jakelić advances the idea of ‘collectivistic religion,’ to refer to religions that are public in manifestation, historically embedded, constitutive of specific group identities—next to linguistic, territorial, cultural, or national identities—and defined in part by the presence of religious (or non-religious) others. On the one hand, she considers the collectivistic Catholicisms that reject the cultural and moral pluralism of modernity but, in the process, end up espousing one of modernity’s aspects—its homogenizing impulse. On the other hand, she traces two instances in which collectivistic Catholicisms in Croatia and Poland affirm the links between Catholicism and national identities but remain open to their Muslim and secular others respectively.
Saeculum–Ecclesia–Caliphate: An Eternal Golden Braid
Authors: Griffiths Paul J.
Published: May 2020

The secular state, the church, and the caliphate are associations that each hold universal aspirations, at least implicitly. While the universal aspirations of the church and caliphate may be obvious enough, every state seeks dominion over the whole world. (“Secular” describes states that limit their vision to this world, as opposed to the transcendence to which both the church and caliphate appeal.) As an essay in Catholic speculative theology, Griffiths asks two questions: Whether Catholic theology supports or discourages the variety of political orders, and whether these orders could be ranked in terms of goodness from a Catholic perspective? In response to these questions, Griffiths appeals to two aspects of St. Augustine’s political thought: Political rivalries serve the common good; and the principal indicator of the degree to which a state serves the common good is its explicit service to the god of Abraham. The United States (a secular state) is compared with ISIS (an attempted caliphate).
Confession and the Sacrament of Penance after Communism
Authors: Kizenko Nadieszda
Published: May 2020

As regards the sacrament of penance in Russia there are both quasi-fundamentalist tendencies and those offering the potential to move away from fundamentalism. On the one hand, one sees strict literalism, an emphasis on purity, and the desire to return to a previous ideal from which advocates believe members have strayed (e.g., confession before communion, confession to a spiritual elder). On the other hand, it is important to note that the post-communist Russian attempts to return to or to revive authentic confession were mediated by the very context in which the “recovery” occurred. Russian “fundamentalism” as regards confession and communion was the reconfiguration of the original meaning of the Russian practice of confession. Additionally, diversity of opinion has not been altogether rejected, and other confessional practices, in particular written confession, signal that new forms altogether might arise. In short, although the Russian Orthodox Church after the fall of communism approached confession in a way that might seem to be fundamentalist, the presence of diverse opinions and practices suggests that the potential for moving away from fundamentalism is there as well.
Introduction
Authors: Diagne Souleymane Bachir
Published: May 2020

Postcolonial Bergsonstudies the way Bergson’s “action at a distance” occurs in the encounter between the work of the French philosopher and the work of two thinkers from the colonial world: Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), from India, and Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906–2001), from Senegal. Diagne lays out the outline for the four different chapters covered in Postcolonial Bergson.
Sensoriality
Authors: Gschwandtner Christina M.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 discusses the role of the senses in liturgy, arguing that they function in the form of a dialogic call and response. It also suggests that excess is not always the best way to talk about liturgical experience. The final section of the chapter considers liturgical “things” such as the Eucharist.
Preliminary Directions
Authors: Hénaff Marcel
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how philosophers have understood the concept and practice of the gift. For philosophers, the only true gift is the unreciprocated gift. According to them, to expect that Others return a gift, to call on reciprocity, amounts to pulling back the movement of giving toward oneself, thus canceling the disinterested intent that alone gives meaning to the gesture of offering. This view, however, is not shared by all philosophers; neither does it inform all of their actions. Stated in those terms, this very demanding requirement of generosity might remain out of the reach of the very thinkers who express it. This radical claim, however, is not pure bravado. Its primary purpose is to activate critical awareness. By denying the donor any expectation of a return, it aims to proclaim that the gift as a gesture can never be identified with a commercial transaction. This requirement thus amounts to resisting giving in to self-interested considerations and to reject the domination of an economy directed almost exclusively toward maximum profit and return on investment—in other words, everything philosophers tend to call exchange, without realizing that this word also carries a wealth of noneconomic meanings. The chapter then shows how philosophers tend to understand reciprocity exclusively as self-interested exchange, as opposed to the requirement of unconditional giving that entails—at least implicitly—a rejection of self-interest.
Propositions I: The Ceremonial Gift—Alliance and Recognition
Authors: Hénaff Marcel
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the fundamental features of the ceremonial gift as well as its purpose. Marcel Mauss deserves credit for constituting the epistemological problem of the ritual gift based on the ethnographic documents available at the beginning of the twentieth century, and connecting them to the testimonies of ancient Indian, Roman, Celtic, Scandinavian, and Germanic literatures. While he was not the first to consider this phenomenon, he was the first to systematically gather the relevant data and propose a model according to which gift exchanges appear as a major social fact. He even called it a “total social fact.” Among the mass of data he collected through his readings, three sets emerge, each characterized by a term used by a population involved. These include the great cycles of gift exchanges (kula) in the Trobriand Islands, a Melanesian archipelago; potlach, the agonistic exchange among the native populations of the northwest coast of America; and the hau, which comes from an inquiry conducted among the Maori of New Zealand. What is at stake in the facts discussed by Mauss is an intense bond between parties, public prestige granted and gained, and the conclusion of an alliance. The alliance established or renewed in ritual exchanges involves the public life of the group; as such, it is a political alliance. The ceremonial gift is thus meant to be reciprocated, since an alliance is necessarily reciprocal.
Ricoeur: Reciprocity and Mutuality—From the Golden Rule to Agapē
Authors: Hénaff Marcel
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses Paul Ricoeur's Oneself as Another (1992), in which he presents his most profound problematization of reciprocity through a questioning of the concepts of solicitude, promise, otherness, and attestation, among others. Ricoeur appears to distance himself from the concept of reciprocity, and instead he promotes the concept of mutuality. He views the former as leading to conflict, and the latter to benevolence. Ritual exchanges of “mutual” gifts should then be understood as exceptional moments that lead to “states of peace,” furthermore leading to the relationship of agapē. However, it is questionable whether one can accept Ricoeur's interpretation, which underestimates the element of struggle and differentiation that is a foundational factor in the ceremonial gift and underlies every bond of reciprocity, including the bond stated by the Golden Rule.
Dialects of Morality
Authors: Hillewaert Sarah
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at how language and linguistic varieties get imbued with social, political, and moral value. It examines how these language ideologies inform young Lamu residents’ everyday linguistic practices and their attempts to negotiate newly emerging subject positions.
Introduction: Mrs. A. and Dev Satya Nand
Authors: Pinto Sarah
Published: May 2020

In the middle of World War II and at the end of colonial rule, a young woman in Punjab met with family friend Dev Satya Nand as a willing participant in his new method of dream analysis. This chapter introduces Mrs. A., Satya Nand, and the outlines of the case, which began with a discussion of bringing “Hindu Socialism” to Indian peasants and turned into an exploration of love, sexuality, ambition, and life after marriage. The case appeared early in the career of Satya Nand, a prolific but little remembered figure in twentieth-century Indian psychiatry, who theorized complex connections between the mind and the social world, casting the psyche as an organic vehicle for ethical imagination. This introduction also introduces Draupadi, Shakuntala, and Ahalya, central mythic figures who entered Mrs. A.’s musings and Satya Nand’s science. It asks what it means to begin a conversation about ethics from elsewhere than the usual sources in European myth and philosophy, and wonders at how we might consider this narrative in and beyond its place and time, Punjab on the eve of Partition, considering what it demands of us as readers of and alongside Mrs. A., an anonymous yet intimate voice.
Body and Soul
Authors: Young Frances
Published: May 2020

This chapter demonstrates how arguments about creation and resurrection in the second century ensured that by the fourth century even those Christian thinkers with the most leanings toward Neoplatonism would espouse the view that the union of soul with body was constitutive of human being as a creature among creatures, and so a necessary aspect of the reconstitution of the human person at the resurrection. Soul-body dualism is often treated as the default anthropological position in antiquity, but the fourth-century anthropological treatise of Nemesius of Emesa shows that, despite huge debts to the legacies of philosophy, creation and resurrection, though barely mentioned, in fact shape his conclusion that the body-soul union is fundamental to what a human being is; the same is true, for example, of the Cappadocian Gregories and Augustine.