bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved mechanical properties of positive‐pressure filtered CNT buckypaper reinforced epoxy composites via modified preparation process
Authors: Liu Ling , Yang Qiaoxin , Zhou Yiwen
Published: June 2016

In the present study, a positive‐pressure filtration method was proposed to prepare carbon nanotube buckypapers (CNT BPs) with desirable porosity and mechanical properties. The obtained BPs were then infiltrated with epoxy via vacuum‐aided resin transfer molding (VARTM) process without the use of a solvent. Some of the impregnated composites were directly cured under a vacuum pressure. The others were put into a hot‐press to cure under a higher pressure of 0.7 MPa. Results have shown that the tensile strength and modulus of the vacuum cured composites were obtained as 215 MPa and 13.3 GPa, whereas these two values could reach 319 MPa and 20.3 GPa, respectively, for the hot‐press cured composites. The glass transition temperature of the hot‐press cured composites was also improved by 7% compared with that of the vacuum cured composites. Furthermore, SEM observation revealed that the BPs were infiltrated well with epoxy and good interfacial bonding between CNTs and epoxy was obtained. This study has demonstrated that the random aligned CNT BPs reinforced epoxy composites possessing desirable mechanical properties can be fabricated by using conventional processes when the microstructure of the BPs is improved. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1647–1654, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Selection of brake friction materials using hybrid analytical hierarchy process and vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje approach
Authors: Singh Tej , Patnaik Amar , Chauhan Ranchan , Chauhan Pankit
Published: June 2016

Selection of proper formulation is one of the most challenging tasks in the design and development of brake friction materials. Improper selection often leads to premature component or product failure during working. This article develops an evaluation approach based on VIKOR (Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje) strengthened with AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to choose an optimal friction material formulation according to several performance defining criteria, which are probably conflicting. Friction materials based on the variation of Kevlar–lapinus and lapinus–wollastonite fibers are fabricated and characterized for their physical, chemical, mechanical, and tribological performance. The tribological performance was evaluated on a Krauss type friction tester following R‐90 norms as per ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) regulations. Experimental results in‐terms of friction performance, fade performance, wear performance, friction stability, recovery performance, friction variability, friction fluctuations, and disc‐temperature rise were considered as criterions for performance optimization. The weight of importance for each criterion was determined by AHP, while VIKOR is employed to rank the alternatives. The results show that the formulation with 27.5/2.5 wt% of lapinus/Kevlar fiber combination exhibit optimal properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1655–1662, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Genetics, cross‐resistance and synergism of indoxacarb resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Bird Lisa J
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is a global pest of field and horticultural crops and has developed resistance to insecticides from many chemical classes. Indoxacarb is an important option for selective control of H. armigera in a range of crops that play host to this species. A strain of H. armigera resistant to indoxacarb (designated GY7‐39) was detected from the field by F2 screening and characterised by comparison with a near‐isogenic indoxacarb‐susceptible laboratory strain to determine inheritance, cross‐resistance profile and synergism of indoxacarb resistance.

RESULTS

The level of indoxacarb resistance in the GY7‐39 strain was 139–198‐fold compared with the susceptible strain. Genetic analysis showed that resistance was autosomal, incompletely dominant and conferred by one or a few closely linked loci. Indoxacarb resistance in the GY7‐39 strain did not confer cross‐resistance to chlorantraniliprole. The GY7‐39 strain was more susceptible to emamectin benzoate, fenvalerate, Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab compared with the susceptible strain. Indoxacarb resistance was synergised by the metabolic inhibitor PBO.

CONCLUSIONS

Rapid selection of indoxacarb resistance in the GY7‐39 strain indicates the potential risk of resistance development to indoxacarb in field populations of H. armigera. Lack of cross‐resistance indicates that resistance could be managed effectively by the use of rotational strategies that incorporate transgenic technologies. Synergism studies indicate the potential involvement of metabolic detoxification enzymes as the mechanism of resistance to indoxacarb. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of marmoset and human FSH using synthetic peptides of the β‐subunit L2 loop region and anti‐peptide antibodies
Authors: Kutteyil Susha S. , Kulkarni Bhalchandra J. , Mojidra Rahul , Joseph Shaini , Pathak Bhakti R. , Mahale Smita D.
Published: June 2016

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone required for female and male gametogenesis in vertebrates. Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World primate monkey, used as animal model in biomedical research. Observations like, requirement of extremely high dose of human FSH in marmosets for superovulation compared to other primates and generation of antibodies in marmoset against human FSH after repeated superovulation cycles, point towards the possibility that FSH–FSH receptor (FSHR) interaction in marmosets might be different than in the humans. In this study we attempted to understand some of these structural differences using FSH peptides and anti‐peptide antibody approach. Based on sequence alignment, in silico modeling and docking studies, L2 loop of FSH β‐subunit (L2β) was found to be different between marmoset and human. Hence, peptides corresponding to region 32–50 of marmoset and human L2β loop were synthesized, purified and characterized. The peptides displayed dissimilarity in terms of molecular mass, predicted isoelectric point, predicted charge and in the ability to inhibit hormone–receptor interaction. Polyclonal antibodies generated against both the peptides were found to exhibit specific binding for the corresponding peptide and parent FSH in ELISA and Western blotting respectively and exhibited negligible reactivity to cross‐species peptide and FSH in ELISA. The anti‐peptide antibody against marmoset FSH was also able to detect native FSH in marmoset plasma samples and pituitary sections. In summary, the L2β loop of marmoset and human FSH has distinct receptor interaction ability and immunoreactivity indicating possibility of subtle conformational and biochemical differences between the two regions which may affect the FSH–FSHR interaction in these two primates. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Video see‐through augmented reality for oral and maxillofacial surgery
Authors: Wang Junchen , Suenaga Hideyuki , Yang Liangjing , Kobayashi Etsuko , Sakuma Ichiro
Published: June 2016

Background

Oral and maxillofacial surgery has not been benefitting from image guidance techniques owing to the limitations in image registration.

Methods

A real‐time markerless image registration method is proposed by integrating a shape matching method into a 2D tracking framework. The image registration is performed by matching the patient's teeth model with intraoperative video to obtain its pose. The resulting pose is used to overlay relevant models from the same CT space on the camera video for augmented reality.

Results

The proposed system was evaluated on mandible/maxilla phantoms, a volunteer and clinical data. Experimental results show that the target overlay error is about 1 mm, and the frame rate of registration update yields 3–5 frames per second with a 4 K camera.

Conclusions

The significance of this work lies in its simplicity in clinical setting and the seamless integration into the current medical procedure with satisfactory response time and overlay accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variants of extended Kalman filtering approaches for Bayesian tracking
Authors: Lim Jaechan , Shin Myoungin , Hwang Woonjae
Published: June 2016

We provide a tutorial for a number of variants of the extended Kalman filter (EKF). In these methods, so called, sigma points are employed to tackle the nonlinearity of problems. The sigma points exactly represent the mean and the variance of the state distribution function in a dynamic state equation. The initially developed EKF variant, that is, unscented Kalman filter (UKF) (also called sigma point Kalman filter) shows enhanced performance compared with that of conventional EKF in the literature. Another variant, which is not well known, is central difference Kalman filter (CDKF) whose way to approximate the nonlinearity is based on the Sterling's polynomial interpolation formula instead of the Taylor series. Endeavor to reduce the computational load resulted in the development of square root versions of both UKF and CDKF, that is, square root unscented Kalman filter and square root central difference Kalman filter (SR‐CDKF). These SR‐versions are supposed to be numerically more stable than their original versions because the state covariance is guaranteed to be positive definite by avoiding the step of matrix decomposition. In this paper, we provide the step‐by‐step algorithms of above‐mentioned EKF variants with their pros and cons. We apply these filtering methods to a number of problems in various disciplines for performance assessment in terms of both mean squared error (MSE) and processing speed. Furthermore, we show how to optimize the filters in terms of MSE performance depending on diverse scenarios. According to simulation results, CDKF and SR‐CDKF show the best MSE performance in most scenarios; particularly, SR‐CDKF shows faster processing speed than that of CDKF. Therefore, we justify that SR‐CDKF is the most efficient and the best approach among the Kalman variants including the EKF for various nonlinear problems. The motivation of this paper targets at the contribution to the disseminative usage of the Kalman variants approaches, particularly, SR‐CDKF taking advantage of its estimating performance and high processing speed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphitized carbon and graphene modified Fe2O3/Li4Ti5O12 as anode material for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Wang Qiufen , Lu Mengwei , Miao Juan , Yang Shuai , Wen Tao , Sun Jiufang
Published: June 2016

Graphitized carbon (GC) and graphene (GE) modified Fe2O3/Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) composites have been synthesized via a solid‐state reaction, respectively. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the materials have also been characterized with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) system, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrochemical measurements. The discharge capacities of Fe2O3/LTO, GC/Fe2O3/LTO and GE/Fe2O3/LTO are 100.2 mAh g−1, 207.5 mAh g−1 and 238.9 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at the current density of 176 mA g−1. The cyclic stability and rate capability are in the order of GE/Fe2O3/LTO > GC/Fe2O3/LTO > Fe2O3/LTO because of the synergistic effect between GC (GE) and Fe2O3/LTO. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catenary action effects on the structural robustness assessment of RC slab strips subjected to shear and tensile forces
Authors: Belletti Beatrice , Damoni Cecilia , Cervenka Vladimir , Hendriks Max A.N.
Published: June 2016

In this paper, the behaviour of RC slab strips subjected to transverse loads and axial tensile forces is investigated by means of analytical and numerical simulations. The results obtained are compared to the experimental results from tests performed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH). The prediction of the structural response was part of an international benchmark study [1]. The aim of the paper is to investigate the capability of the adopted models and their main influencing parameters, especially from the perspective of a reliable structural robustness assessment. It is known that in some cases axial tensile forces have a beneficial effect on the bearing capacity of slab strips, thanks to the development of catenary actions. Such hidden strength resources are usually not taken into account in the current design process. For this reason, validation of suitable numerical tools, able to properly predict the structural response, is useful for a reliable structural robustness assessment. The paper underlines the importance of benchmark development, especially for specimens, in which both mechanical and geometrical nonlinearities play an important role.
Development of a self‐contained carbon dioxide euthanasia trailer for large‐scale euthanasia of feral swine
Authors: Kinsey John C. , Foster Justin A. , Reitz Ryan L.
Published: June 2016

Range expansion of feral swine (Sus scrofa) continues to be pervasive in the United States. Lethal control of feral swine is an accepted management practice throughout the nation. Indirect lethal control measures (e.g., trapping) often require euthanasia and methods used must be humane, safe, and economical. Though cranial gunshot is a widely accepted method of euthanasia, in some cases it is not safe, legal for use, or practical. Alternate means for euthanasia of wildlife research subjects are needed at the Feral Swine Research Facility on the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (KWMA), Hunt, Texas, USA. The American Veterinary Medical Association approves a gradual fill method of carbon dioxide (CO2) euthanasia for some laboratory animals and livestock species, including domestic swine. We manufactured a self‐contained CO2 euthanasia chamber on a 4.27‐m (14‐foot) dump trailer for the euthanasia of feral swine. We conducted 3 euthanasia trials of 5 feral swine during December 2014–February 2015 at the KWMA. Carbon dioxide administration began immediately postloading and commenced for 5 min at an average of approximately 18% chamber volume/minute. Recorded mortality rates were 100%. Results of this study and scalability of our system may have widespread impacts on wildlife euthanasia protocols for wildlife researchers and state game agencies across the nation. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
ALG6‐CDG: a recognizable phenotype with epilepsy, proximal muscle weakness, ataxia and behavioral and limb anomalies
Authors: Morava Eva , Tiemes Vera , Thiel Christian , Seta Nathalie , de Lonlay Pascale , de Klerk Hans , Mulder Margot , Rubio‐Gozalbo Estela , Visser Gepke , van Hasselt Peter , Horovitz Dafne D. G. , de Souza Carolina Fischinger Moura , Schwartz Ida V. D. , Green Andrew , Al‐Owain Mohammed , Uziel Graciella , Sigaudy Sabine , Chabrol Brigitte , van Spronsen Franc‐Jan , Steinert Martin , Komini Eleni , Wurm Donald , Bevot Andrea , Ayadi Addelkarim , Huijben Karin , Dercksen Marli , Witters Peter , Jaeken Jaak , Matthijs Gert , Lefeber Dirk J. , Wevers Ron A.
Published: June 2016

Introduction

Alpha‐1,3‐glucosyltransferase congenital disorder of glycosylation (ALG6‐CDG) is a congenital disorder of glycosylation. The original patients were described with hypotonia, developmental disability, epilepsy, and increased bleeding tendency.

Methods

Based on Euroglycan database registration, we approached referring clinicians and collected comprehensive data on 41 patients.

Results

We found hypotonia and developmental delay in all ALG6‐CDG patients and epilepsy, ataxia, proximal muscle weakness, and, in the majority of cases, failure to thrive. Nine patients developed intractable seizures. Coagulation anomalies were present in <50 % of cases, without spontaneous bleedings. Facial dysmorphism was rare, but seven patients showed missing phalanges and brachydactyly. Cyclic behavioral change, with autistic features and depressive episodes, was one of the most significant complaints. Eleven children died before the age of 4 years due to protein losing enteropathy (PLE), sepsis, or seizures. The oldest patient was a 40 year‐old Dutch woman. The most common pathogenic protein alterations were p.A333V and p.I299Del, without any clear genotype–phenotype correlation.

Discussion

ALG6‐CDG has been now described in 89 patients, making it the second most common type of CDG. It has a recognizable phenotype and a primary neurologic presentation.
Purposeful Activity in Psychiatric Rehabilitation: Is Neurogenesis a Key Player?
Authors: Cheung Joyce Siu-Chong , Chan Jackie Ngai-Man , Lau Benson Wui-Man , Ngai Shirley Pui-Ching
Published: June 2016

Adult neurogenesis, defined as the generation of new neurons in adulthood, has been a fascinating discovery in neuroscience, as the continuously replenishing neuronal population provides a new perspective to understand neuroplasticity. Besides maintaining normal physiological function, neurogenesis also plays a key role in pathophysiology and symptomatology for psychiatric conditions. In the past decades, extensive effort has been spent on the understanding of the functional significance of neurogenesis in psychiatric conditions, mechanisms of pharmacological treatment, and discovery of novel drug candidates for different conditions. In a clinical situation, however, long-term rehabilitation treatment, in which occupational therapy is the key discipline, is a valuable, economical, and commonly used treatment alternative to psychotropic medications. Surprisingly, comparatively few studies have investigated the biological and neurogenic effects of different psychiatric rehabilitative treatments. To address the possible linkage between psychiatric rehabilitation and neurogenesis, this review discusses the role of neurogenesis in schizophrenia, major depression, and anxiety disorders. The review also discusses the potential neurogenic effect of currently used psychiatric rehabilitation treatments. With a better understanding of the biological effect of psychiatric rehabilitation methods and future translational studies, it is hoped that the therapeutic effect of psychiatric rehabilitation methods could be explained with a novel perspective. Furthermore, this knowledge will benefit future formulation of treatment methods, especially purposeful activities in occupational therapy, for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Modified pancreatoduodenectomy for bile duct carcinoma to prevent bile leakage into surgical site
Authors: Iida Hiroya , Aihara Tsukasa , Ikuta Shinichi , Yamanaka Naoki
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Conventional pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) for bile duct and papilla carcinoma is associated with a risk of surgical site infection and peritoneal tumor seeding because of the timing of bile duct removal. In our modified PD procedure, transection of the ligament of Treitz was performed, followed by resection of the jejunum and duodenum. Pancreatic tunneling was performed from the caudal side. Finally, the tumor was removed by cutting the bile duct. To prevent bile exposure, all anastomoses other than choledochojejunostomy were performed before bile duct removal. We retrospectively compared the effectiveness of our modified PD technique by comparing data from seven patients who underwent modified PD with 19 patients who underwent conventional PD. The rate of surgical site infection was 28.6% in the modified PD group and 73.6% in the conventional PD group (P = 0.04). The cumulative and recurrence-free survival rates were not significantly different between the two groups. Thus, modified PD may reduce the risk of surgical site infection. We conclude that modified PD may reduce the risk of surgical site infection.

Highlights
Continuous affine processes: transformations, Markov chains and life insurance
Authors: Buchardt Kristian
Published: June 2016

Affine processes possess the property that expectations of exponential affine transformations are given by a set of Riccati differential equations, which is the main feature of this popular class of processes. In this paper we generalise these results for expectations of more general transformations. This is of interest in, e.g. doubly stochastic Markov models, in particular in life insurance. When using affine processes for modelling the transition rates and interest rate, the results presented allow for easy calculation of transition probabilities and expected present values.
Keynesian Eugenics and the Goodness of the World
Authors: Singerman David Roth
Published: June 2016

This article shows how John Maynard Keynes's lifelong commitment to eugenics was deeply embedded in his political, economic, and philosophical work. At the turn of the century, eugenics seemed poised to grant industrial nations unprecedented control over their own future, but that potential depended on contested understandings of the biological mechanisms of inheritance. Early in his career, Keynes helped William Bateson, Britain's chief proponent of Mendelian genetics, analyze problems in human heredity. Simultaneously, Keynes publicly opposed the efforts by Francis Galton and Karl Pearson to study inheritance through statistical biometry. For Keynes, this conflict was morally laden: Mendelism incorporated the only ethical theory of uncertainty, while biometry rested on false and dangerous concepts. This early study of heredity shaped Keynes's visions of industrial democracy after 1918. Liberals looked for a system of societal and economic management to engineer an escape from the postwar Malthusian trap. Britain's economic plight, Keynes argued, was rooted in the hereditary weaknesses of its leadership. Successful technocratic liberalism would depend on control over the quality as well as quantity of human beings. Ultimately, in his essay “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” Keynes predicted that effective eugenic management would bring about capitalism's end.
EMBEDDING IN A FINITE 2-GENERATOR SEMIGROUP
Authors: HIGGINS PETER M.
Published: June 2016

We augment the body of existing results on embedding finite semigroups of a certain type into 2-generator finite semigroups of the same type. The approach adopted applies to finite semigroups the idempotents of which form a band and also to finite orthodox semigroups.
ON CONJUGACY CLASSES OF THE KLEIN SIMPLE GROUP IN CREMONA GROUP
Authors: AHMADINEZHAD HAMID
Published: June 2016

We consider countably many three-dimensional PSL2($\mathbb{F}$7)-del Pezzo surface fibrations over ℙ1. Conjecturally, they are all irrational except two families, one of which is the product of a del Pezzo surface with ℙ1. We show that the other model is PSL2($\mathbb{F}$7)-equivariantly birational to ℙ2×ℙ1. Based on a result of Prokhorov, we show that they are non-conjugate as subgroups of the Cremona group Cr3(ℂ).
Inside Debt and Bank Risk
Authors: van Bekkum Sjoerd
Published: June 2016

Inside debt compensation held by top officers of U.S. banks is negatively related to risk and risk taking. The evidence reveals a robust and strongly negative relation between end-of-2006 inside debt and 2007–2009 bank-specific risk exposures in terms of lost stock market value, volatility, tail risk, and the probability of financial distress. Banks with managers having large inside debt holdings are also characterized by better-quality assets, more conservative balance sheet management, and a stronger tendency toward traditional banking activities. The results suggest that debt-based compensation limits bank risk and risk taking by encouraging more conservative decision making.
A snakes and ladders representation of stock prices and returns
Authors: Gager Philip C. , Shackleton Mark B.
Published: June 2016

Snakes and ladders is an ancient Indian game of chance that offers amusement as well as a metaphor for life's many ups and downs. Games offer useful and fun ways of conveying ideas as well as solution techniques and this game has considerable mathematical tractability.

This note shows how snakes and ladders can be used to represent the ups and downs of share ownership and determine fair values of a multistage project that pays fixed dividends at uncertain completion times and has random returns
Limit-free derivatives
Authors: Sangwin Christopher J.
Published: June 2016

Algebraic double roots are used by [1] to motivate the following limit-free definition ofderivative:

‘A functionf(x)has a derivativematx = aif

for some valuec.’

As we shall see later, ‘function’ in this definition will actually be restricted to real polynomials and [1] concludes

‘We have shown how an elementary algebraic principle — double roots — can lead to a complete calculus of polynomials and related functions, without the need for a limit concept.
Pell's equation and Fermat
Authors: Dolan Stan
Published: June 2016

Given that it took until the 19th century for the case n = 5 of Fermat's last theorem to be settled, it is not surprising that Fermat's claim of having a proof for all exponents greater than 2 is nowadays treated with considerable scepticism. However, perhaps the most important aspect of his claim has been the impetus it has given to the development of mathematical techniques over the three and a half centuries leading up to the proof by Wiles and Taylor [1, 2]. Not least amongst these techniques has been Fermat's own idea of proof by descente infinie [3,4].
Get rich slowly, almost surely
Authors: Benko David
Published: June 2016

You see a Martian walking on the street. What do you do?

(i) seek shelter

(ii) take some pictures

(iii) introduce yourself and offer him/her/it a ride

(iv) go online to buy lots of stocks.

In this article we analyse the long term behaviour of stock investments.The above unusual question will be answered too. In the discussion the notion of ‘almost surely’ will be often used. An event happens almost surely if it happens with probability 1. Note that it is still possible that an almost certain eventAdoes not happen, but the probability of that (i.e. the probability of the complement of A) is zero.
Conics twinned with two special circles
Authors: Bradley Christopher
Published: June 2016

Throughout the article we use areal (or barycentric) coordinates. The side lengths of BC, CA, AB are denoted as usual by a, b, c and for brevity and ease of reading we write a2 = p, b2 = q, c2 = r. The symmedian point K then has coordinates (a2, b2, c2) replaced by (p, q, r), it being the isogonal conjugate of the centroid, and the circumcentre O then has coordinates (a2(b2 + c2 − a2), b2(c2 + a2 − b2), c2(a2 + b2 − c2)) replaced by (p(q + r − p), q(r + p − q), r(p + q − r)). The construction of the triplicate ratio circle (also known as the Lemoine circle) and the Brocard circle is replicated but starting with the circumcentre O rather than the symmedian point K. It is found that the triplicate ratio circle is then replaced by a conic cutting internally each side of ABC twice and having centre X the midpoint of OK. The Brocard circle is replaced by a conic passing through O and K and also having centre X the midpoint of OK. These we define as the twin conics.
Phill Niblock's ‘Winter Solstice’ at Roulette, Brooklyn, New York
Authors: Dougherty William
Published: June 2016

The winter solstice has long held deep significance for cultures dating back to as far as the Neolithic period. Some of civilisation's oldest monuments, from Stonehenge to Newgrange, are carefully aligned on sight lines pointing toward the winter solstice sunrise and sunset. And it's no surprise for the day marked the middle of winter, giving early man a crucial indicator – a signpost that guided food consumption for the remaining winter months – but on an even deeper level, the winter solstice signified for ancient pagan peoples the beginning of a rebirth, marking the resurrection of a beloved sun god and the gradual reawakening of nature.
HELMUT LACHENMANN'S SALUT FÜR CAUDWELL: AN ANALYSIS
Authors: Dyer Mark
Published: June 2016

This analysis of Helmut Lachenmann's Salut für Caudwell (1977) for guitar duet is intended to add to the small amount of English literature that directly examines Lachenmann's music. A description of Salut's construction is offered, decrypting the extended techniques employed and outlining the work's formal design. The concept of ‘musical ruins’, namely degenerative yet familiar material, is deployed as a means to discuss specific moments of the music, and it will be demonstrated that moments of ‘musical ruin’ are inherently linked to aspects of instrumental technique as well as the musical form, making them critical to the reception of Salut. Other analyses of Lachenmann's work are used as methodological models and comparisons, providing a framework within which to examine unfamiliar musical territory, and placing Salut within the repertory of Lachenmann's more thoroughly documented music.
Ecosystem services and food security: assessing inequality at community, household and individual scales
Authors: GOLDEN CHRISTOPHER D. , GUPTA A. CLARE , VAITLA BAPU , MYERS SAMUEL S.
Published: June 2016

Wildlife populations provide harvestable meat to people and contribute to local food security. Throughout the year, and particularly at times of agricultural food shortages, wildlife and other wild foods play a critical role in supporting food security and enhancing local human nutrition. We explored the distribution of food security benefits of agricultural food production and a particular ecosystem provisioning service – wildlife harvest in the Makira Natural Park (MNP) of Madagascar – at community, household and individual levels. We found strong variation in wildlife consumption both among communities and among households and less variation among individuals within households. Mean household wildlife consumption in the target community was 10 kg per year ranging by approximately two orders of magnitude, with poorer and more food insecure households more reliant on wildlife for food. Meats (including wildlife) appeared to be evenly distributed within households, unaffected by age, sex, birth order and body weight, while other foods (including stew, rice and other staples) appeared to be allocated based on body mass. Reductions in wildlife consumption cause increased risk of food insecurity and specific nutritional deficiencies. The findings from our multilevel study suggest that disaggregated analysis that merges ecosystem services theory and the microeconomics of resource allocation allows for a more accurate valuation approach.
Supplemental plan offerings and retirement saving choices: an analysis of North Carolina school districts
Authors: CLARK ROBERT L. , HANSON EMMA , MORRILL MELINDA SANDLER , PATHAK ADITI
Published: June 2016

Unlike private sector employers, public school districts generally offer more than one type of supplemental retirement savings plan and allow multiple vendors to offer products. Using individual-level payroll data from over half of the public school districts in North Carolina coupled with data from an employer survey, this study examines how inter-district differences in supplemental plan administration are related to participation in these savings vehicles. We find wide variation in total participation rates and in 403(b) plan participation rates in particular, even among this population of public-sector workers with the same defined benefit pension plan, health plan, and retiree health coverage. Individual and district characteristics explain some, but not all, of the variation observed.
Cross Cultural Indicators of Independent Learning in Young Children: A Jordanian Case
Authors: Almeqdad Qais , Al-Hamouri Firas , Zghoul Rafe’a A. , Al-Rousan Ayoub , Whitebread David
Published: June 2016

This study attempts to explore the level of Independent Learning (IL) amongst a sample of Jordanian preschoolers. Behaviors of sixty preschool children aged 5–6 years old were observed and rated by their teachers against an Arabic version of the Children’s Independent Learning Development (CHILD 3–5) observational instrument to explore the independent learning among young children according to their gender, engagement level, parental education and the size of their families. The results illustrated that preschoolers may show some aspects of behaviors particularly those related to pro-social and cognitive areas. It also indicated that children from high educated environments demonstrated IL behaviors more than those coming from low educated environments. Finally, children coming from larger family size showed less IL behaviors than those coming from smaller ones. Results and implications are discussed.
Differences in Brain Hemodynamics in Response to Achromatic and	Chromatic Cards of the Rorschach
Authors: Ishibashi Masahiro , Uchiumi Chigusa , Jung Minyoung , Aizawa Naoki , Makita Kiyoshi , Nakamura Yugo , Saito Daisuke N.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. In order to investigate the effects of color stimuli of the Rorschach inkblot method (RIM), the cerebral activity of 40 participants with no history of neurological or psychiatric illness was scanned while they engaged in the Rorschach task. A scanned image of the ten RIM inkblots was projected onto a screen in the MRI scanner. Cerebral activation in response to five achromatic color cards and five chromatic cards were compared. As a result, a significant increase in brain activity was observed in bilateral visual areas V2 and V3, parietooccipital junctions, pulvinars, right superior temporal gyrus, and left premotor cortex for achromatic color cards (p < .001). For the cards with chromatic color, significant increase in brain activity was observed in left visual area V4 and left orbitofrontal cortex (p < .001). Furthermore, a conjoint analysis revealed various regions were activated in responding to the RIM. The neuropsychological underpinnings of the response process, as described by Acklin and Wu-Holt (1996) , were largely confirmed.
Efficient hydrogen evolution in transition metal dichalcogenides via a simple one-step hydrazine reaction
Authors: Cummins Dustin R. , Martinez Ulises , Sherehiy Andriy , Kappera Rajesh , Martinez-Garcia Alejandro , Schulze Roland K. , Jasinski Jacek , Zhang Jing , Gupta Ram K. , Lou Jun , Chhowalla Manish , Sumanasekera Gamini , Mohite Aditya D. , Sunkara Mahendra K. , Gupta Gautam
Published: June 2016

Hydrogen evolution reaction is catalysed efficiently with precious metals, such as platinum; however, transition metal dichalcogenides have recently emerged as a promising class of materials for electrocatalysis, but these materials still have low activity and durability when compared with precious metals. Here we report a simple one-step scalable approach, where MoOx/MoS2 core-shell nanowires and molybdenum disulfide sheets are exposed to dilute aqueous hydrazine at room temperature, which results in marked improvement in electrocatalytic performance. The nanowires exhibit ∼100 mV improvement in overpotential following exposure to dilute hydrazine, while also showing a 10-fold increase in current density and a significant change in Tafel slope. In situ electrical, gate-dependent measurements and spectroscopic investigations reveal that hydrazine acts as an electron dopant in molybdenum disulfide, increasing its conductivity, while also reducing the MoOx core in the core-shell nanowires, which leads to improved electrocatalytic performance.
Integrated catalysis opens new arylation pathways via regiodivergent enzymatic C–H activation
Authors: Latham Jonathan , Henry Jean-Marc , Sharif Humera H. , Menon Binuraj R. K. , Shepherd Sarah A. , Greaney Michael F. , Micklefield Jason
Published: June 2016

Despite major recent advances in C–H activation, discrimination between two similar, unactivated C–H positions is beyond the scope of current chemocatalytic methods. Here we demonstrate that integration of regioselective halogenase enzymes with Pd-catalysed cross-coupling chemistry, in one-pot reactions, successfully addresses this problem for the indole heterocycle. The resultant ‘chemobio-transformation’ delivers a range of functionally diverse arylated products that are impossible to access using separate enzymatic or chemocatalytic C–H activation, under mild, aqueous conditions. This use of different biocatalysts to select different C–H positions contrasts with the prevailing substrate-control approach to the area, and presents opportunities for new pathways in C–H activation chemistry. The issues of enzyme and transition metal compatibility are overcome through membrane compartmentalization, with the optimized process requiring no intermediate work-up or purification steps.
The availability of novelty sweets within high school localities
Authors: Aljawad A. , Morgan M. Z. , Rees J. S. , Fairchild R.
Published: June 2016

BackgroundReducing sugar consumption is a primary focus of current global public health policy. Achieving 5% of total energy from free sugars will be difficult acknowledging the concentration of free sugars in sugar sweetened beverages, confectionery and as hidden sugars in many savoury items. The expansion of the novelty sweet market in the UK has significant implications for children and young adults as they contribute to dental caries, dental erosion and obesity.

ObjectiveTo identify the most available types of novelty sweets within the high school fringe in Cardiff, UK and to assess their price range and where and how they were displayed in shops.

Subjects and methodsShops within a ten minute walking distance around five purposively selected high schools in the Cardiff aea representing different levels of deprivation were visited. Shops in Cardiff city centre and three supermarkets were also visited to identify the most commonly available novelty sweets.

ResultsThe ten most popular novelty sweets identified in these scoping visits were (in descending order): Brain Licker, Push Pop, Juicy Drop, Lickedy Lips, Big Baby Pop, Vimto candy spray, Toxic Waste, Tango candy spray, Brain Blasterz Bitz and Mega Mouth candy spray. Novelty sweets were located on low shelves which were accessible to all age-groups in 73% (14 out of 19) of the shops. Novelty sweets were displayed in the checkout area in 37% (seven out of 19) shops. The price of the top ten novelty sweets ranged from 39p to £1.

ConclusionA wide range of acidic and sugary novelty sweets were easily accessible and priced within pocket money range. Those personnel involved in delivering dental and wider health education or health promotion need to be aware of recent developments in children's confectionery. The potential effects of these novelty sweets on both general and dental health require further investigation.
Erratum: Closed-form solutions and scaling laws for Kerr frequency combs
Authors: Renninger William H. , Rakich Peter T.
Published: June 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 24742; published online: 25 April 2016; updated: 10 June 2016. This Article contains errors. The title of Figure 3, “Solution dependence the normalized drive strength.” should read: “Solution dependence on the normalized drive strength.” In the legend of Figure 4,
Correction: Corrigendum: Hyperactive mTOR signals in the proopiomelanocortin-expressing hippocampal neurons cause age-dependent epilepsy and premature death in mice
Authors: Matsushita Yuki , Sakai Yasunari , Shimmura Mitsunori , Shigeto Hiroshi , Nishio Miki , Akamine Satoshi , Sanefuji Masafumi , Ishizaki Yoshito , Torisu Hiroyuki , Nakabeppu Yusaku , Suzuki Akira , Takada Hidetoshi , Hara Toshiro
Published: June 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 22991; published online: 10 March 2016; updated: 10 June 2016. In Figure 2b and 2c, the electroencephalogram scale ‘500 μV’ is incorrectly given as ‘500 mV’. The correct Figure 2 appears below as Figure 1.
Correction: Corrigendum: Triggering mitophagy with far-red fluorescent photosensitizers
Authors: Hsieh Cheng-Wei , Chu Chih-Hang , Lee Hsien-Ming , Yang Wei Yuan
Published: June 2016

Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 10376; published online: 29 May 2015; updated: 10 June 2016 In the original version of this Article, an additional affiliation for Cheng-Wei Hsieh was omitted. The correct affiliation is listed below: Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
Nearby grandmother enhances calf survival and reproduction in Asian elephants
Authors: Lahdenperä Mirkka , Mar Khyne U. , Lummaa Virpi
Published: June 2016

Usually animals reproduce into old age, but a few species such as humans and killer whales can live decades after their last reproduction. The grandmother hypothesis proposes that such life-history evolved through older females switching to invest in their existing (grand)offspring, thereby increasing their inclusive fitness and selection for post-reproductive lifespan. However, positive grandmother effects are also found in non-menopausal taxa, but evidence of their associated fitness effects is rare and only a few tests of the hypothesis in such species exist. Here we investigate the grandmother effects in Asian elephants. Using a multigenerational demographic dataset on semi-captive elephants in Myanmar, we found that grandcalves from young mothers (<20 years) had 8 times lower mortality risk if the grandmother resided with her grandcalf compared to grandmothers residing elsewhere. Resident grandmothers also decreased their daughters’ inter-birth intervals by one year. In contrast to the hypothesis predictions, the grandmother’s own reproductive status did not modify such grandmother benefits. That elephant grandmothers increased their inclusive fitness by enhancing their daughter’s reproductive rate and success irrespective of their own reproductive status suggests that fitness-enhancing grandmaternal effects are widespread and challenge the view that grandmother effects alone select for menopause coupled with long post-reproductive lifespan.
Correction: Corrigendum: Facile Discovery of a Diverse Panel of Anti-Ebola Virus Antibodies by Immune Repertoire Mining
Authors: Wang Bo , Kluwe Christien A. , Lungu Oana I. , DeKosky Brandon J. , Kerr Scott A. , Johnson Erik L. , Tanno Hidetaka , Lee Chang-Han , Jung Jiwon , Rezigh Alec B. , Carroll Sean M. , Reyes Ann N. , Bentz Janelle R. , Villanueva Itamar , Altman Amy L. , Davey Robert A. , Ellington Andrew D. , Georgiou George
Published: June 2016

Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 13926; published online: 10 September 2015; updated: 10 June 2016 Hidetaka Tanno and Chang-Han Lee were omitted from the author list in the original version of this Article. This has been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article. The Author Contributions section now reads:
Erratum: Phosphoprotein network analysis of white adipose tissues unveils deregulated pathways in response to high-fat diet
Authors: Alli Shaik Asfa , Qiu Beiying , Wee Sheena , Choi Hyungwon , Gunaratne Jayantha , Tergaonkar Vinay
Published: June 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 25844; published online: 16 May 2016; updated: 10 June 2016. The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Asfa Alli Shaik which was incorrectly given as Alli Shaik Asfa. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Erratum: Spatial organization of heterologous metabolic system in vivo based on TALE
Authors: Zhu Lv-yun , Qiu Xin-yuan , Zhu Ling-yun , Wu Xiao-min , Zhang Yuan , Zhu Qian-hui , Fan Dong-yu , Zhu Chu-shu , Zhang Dong-yi
Published: June 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 26065; published online: 17 May 2016; updated: 10 June 2016. The original HTML version of this Article contained typographical errors in the spelling of the author Lv-yun Zhu which was incorrectly given as Ling-yun Zhu. In addition, Lv-yun Zhu was incorrectly listed as a corresponding author, rather than Ling-yun Zhu.
Correction: Corrigendum: IL-13 mediates collagen deposition via STAT6 and microRNA-135b: a role for epigenetics
Authors: O’Reilly Steven , Ciechomska Marzena , Fullard Nicola , Przyborski Stefan , van Laar Jacob M.
Published: June 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 25066; published online: 26 April 2016; updated: 10 June 2016 This Article contains errors. Marzena Ciechomska is incorrectly affiliated with ‘Institute of Cellular Medicine Faculty of Medical Sciences, MRG 4th Floor Cookson Building Framlington Place, NewcastleUpon Tyne, NE2 4HH’ and ‘Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Wroclaw, Poland’.
Down-regulated and Commonly mutated ALPK1 in Lung and Colorectal Cancers
Authors: Liao Hsien-Feng , Lee Hsien-Hsiung , Chang Ya-Sian , Lin Chia-Li , Liu Ting-Yuan , Chen Yu-Chia , Yen Ju-Chen , Lee Ya-Ting , Lin Chien-Yu , Wu Shih-Hsiung , Ko Ying-Chin , Chang Jan-Gowth
Published: June 2016

The ALPK1 gene located in the 4q25 region encodes a newly explored protein kinase which could phosphorylate the amino acid of a domain full of α-helices. Recently, several studies have indicated that the expression of ALPK1 is related to inflammation and various diseases; therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the expression of ALPK1 has an influence on tumorigenesis and to further scrutinize its gene polymorphism in order to better understand its clinical importance. In lung and colorectal cancer tissues, the ALPK1 RNA level of the normal part was higher than that of the tumor part using the RT-qPCR analysis. Moreover, differences in HRM melting curves could effectively separate the known mutation sites and be used to identify the two novel variants that might cause the bio-dysfunctions of ALPK1 found in silico predictions. Additionally, in both Lovo colorectal and A549 lung cancer cells with enhanced and depleted expression of ALPK1, the encoded ALPK1 could exert its activity on cell migration without interfering with cell viability. Taken together, these findings suggested that ALPK1 might play a vital role in cancer development and that the newly explored SNPs are found in a Taiwanese cohort.
Barrier inhomogeneities limited current and 1/f noise transport in GaN based nanoscale Schottky barrier diodes
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Heilmann M. , Latzel Michael , Kapoor Raman , Sharma Intu , Göbelt M. , Christiansen Silke H. , Kumar Vikram , Singh Rajendra
Published: June 2016

The electrical behaviour of Schottky barrier diodes realized on vertically standing individual GaN nanorods and array of nanorods is investigated. The Schottky diodes on individual nanorod show highest barrier height in comparison with large area diodes on nanorods array and epitaxial film which is in contrast with previously published work. The discrepancy between the electrical behaviour of nanoscale Schottky diodes and large area diodes is explained using cathodoluminescence measurements, surface potential analysis using Kelvin probe force microscopy and 1ow frequency noise measurements. The noise measurements on large area diodes on nanorods array and epitaxial film suggest the presence of barrier inhomogeneities at the metal/semiconductor interface which deviate the noise spectra from Lorentzian to 1/f type. These barrier inhomogeneities in large area diodes resulted in reduced barrier height whereas due to the limited role of barrier inhomogeneities in individual nanorod based Schottky diode, a higher barrier height is obtained.