bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational Modeling of Bilingual Language Learning: Current Models and Future Directions
Authors: Li Ping , Xu Qihui
Published: October 2022

The last two decades have seen a significant amount of interest in bilingual language learning and processing. A number of computational models have also been developed to account for bilingualism, with varying degrees of success. In this article, we first briefly introduce the significance of computational approaches to bilingual language learning, along with a discussion of the major contributions of current models, their implications, and their limitations. We show that the current models have contributed to progress in understanding the bilingual mind, but significant gaps exist. We advocate a new research agenda integrating progress across different disciplines, such as computational neuroscience, natural language processing, and first language acquisition, to construct a pluralist computational account that combines high‐level cognitive theories and neurobiological foundations for bilingual language learning. We outline the contributions and promises of this interdisciplinary approach in which we view bilingual language learning as a dynamic, interactive, and developmental process.
Reinforcement‐concrete bond in discrete modeling of structural concrete
Authors: Gu Dawei , Mustafa Shozab , Pan Jinlong , Luković Mladena
Published: October 2022

The bond between concrete and reinforcement is one of the critical parameters influencing the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC). This research proposes a mathematical methodology to scale the reinforcement‐concrete bond‐slip relationship in a beam lattice modeling framework. A simplified, generalized approach based on stochastic analysis is proposed to model the interaction between the reinforcing bar and surrounding concrete at the macroscale. The approach considers the randomness of the lattice mesh and the mesh size and adopts an analytical model for the interface assuming the pull‐out failure of reinforcement as input, thereby including also the mesoscale geometric effect of ribs. By using the geometric configuration of Delaunay triangulation in the random lattice mesh, the interface elements can reproduce the basic conical stress transfer mechanism in concrete. Consequently, depending on boundary conditions, and without changing the interface properties, a splitting failure and bond‐slip relation for splitting failure can be predicted. The model is systematically validated in different types of pull‐out tests, through flexural and finally shear tests. With limited input (properties of the concrete and analytical equation for pull‐out failure), having a (strong) physical background, the model was shown to capture the fundamental fracture mechanisms in RC under different loading and confinement conditions.
From Chicago classification v3.0 to v4.0: Diagnostic changes and clinical implications
Authors: Sallette Morgane , Lenz Jamila , Mion François , Roman Sabine
Published: October 2022

Background

The Chicago Classification (CC) used to define esophageal motility disorders in high‐resolution manometry (HRM) has evolved over time. Our aim was to compare the frequency of motility disorders diagnosed with the last two versions (CCv3.0 and CCv4.0) and to evaluate symptoms severity according to the diagnoses.

Methods

From June to December 2020, patients who underwent esophageal HRM with swallows in supine and sitting positions were included. HRM studies were retrospectively analyzed using CCv3.0 and CCv4.0. Symptoms severity and quality of life were assessed with validated standardized questionnaires.

Key Results

Among the 130 patients included (73 women, mean age 52 years), motility disorder diagnoses remained unchanged in 102 patients (78%) with both CC. The 3 patients with esophago‐gastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) with CCv3.0 were EGJOO, ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) and normal with CCv4.0. Twenty‐four out of 63 IEM diagnosed with the CCv3.0 (38%) turned into normal motility with the CCv4.0. Whatever the CC used, brief esophageal dysphagia questionnaire score was significantly higher in patients with EGJ relaxation disorders compared to those with IEM (25 (0–34) vs 0 (0–19),p = 0.01). Gastro‐Esophageal Reflux disease questionnaire (GERD‐Q) score was higher in patients with IEM with both CC compared to those who turned to normal with CCv4.0.

Conclusions and Inferences

While motility disorders diagnoses remained mainly unchanged with both CC, IEM was less frequent with CCv4.0 compared to CCv3.0. The higher GERD‐Q score in IEM patients with CCv4.0 suggests that CCv4.0 might identify IEM more likely associated with GERD.
Compassion‐based interventions in Asian communities: A meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Kariyawasam Lasara , Ononaiye Margarita , Irons Chris , Kirby Sarah E.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

Practising compassion increases well‐being and reduces depression, anxiety, and psychological distress among clinical and non‐clinical populations. There is a rapid increase in compassion‐based interventions within the past two decades. However, the reviews are limited to predominantly Western cultures. Therefore, this meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the literature attempting to promote and increase compassion in Asian communities.

Method

Eight randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted between 2016 to 2021 were included in the meta‐analysis with data from 1012 participants across Thailand, Japan, China and Hong Kong. Effect sizes were calculated to test the efficacy of the compassion‐based interventions on the self‐compassion outcome. Intervention efficacy was tested by comparing the intervention groups against control groups (wait‐list control and active control groups) at pre‐ and post‐interventions.

Results

Significant between‐group differences in change scores were found on self‐report measures of self‐compassion with large effect sizes in interventions with wait‐list control groups (d = .86) and small effect sizes in interventions with active‐control groups (d = .19).

Conclusions

Although compassion‐based interventions are heterogeneous in nature and limited in scope, there is promising evidence of improving self‐compassion in Asian communities. This supports for the cross‐cultural applicability of compassion‐based interventions. However, research within the Asian context is limited and at an infancy stage, signifying the importance of conducting further compassion‐based interventions in clinical and non‐clinical groups living in the Asian communities.
Sensation seeking predicts risky driving behavior: The mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation
Authors: Li Jun , Zhou Ying , Ge Yan , Qu Weina
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this study was to explore the mediating effect of difficulties in emotion regulation on the relationship between sensation seeking and driving behavior based on the dual‐process model of aberrant driving behavior. A sample of 299 drivers in China completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Driver Behavior Questionnaire, and the Sensation Seeking Scale V (SSS). The relationships among sensation seeking, difficulties in emotion regulation, and driving behavior were investigated using pathway analysis. The results showed that (1) disinhibition and boredom susceptibility are positively and significantly related to difficulties in emotion regulation and risky driving behaviors; (2) difficulties in emotion regulation are positively and significantly associated with risky driving behaviors; (3) difficulties in emotion regulation mediate the effect of sensation seeking on driving behaviors, supporting the dual‐process model of driving behavior; and (4) professional drivers score higher in terms of difficulties in emotion regulation and risky driving behaviors than nonprofessional drivers. The findings of this study could provide valuable insights into the selection of suitable drivers and the development of certain programs that benefit road safety.
Strategies for managing dental care for refugee patients
Authors: Nadella Srighana , Asi Abdalla , Sheridan Olivia , Wolff Mark , Panchal Neeraj
Published: October 2022

Aims

To outline key factors that contribute to oral health issues of refugees and asylum seekers and provide management strategies for dental providers to teach desensitization and fear reduction for this special population.

Methods and Results

We researched published literature in the PubMed database and incorporated lessons gained from treating refugee and asylee patients at a Vulnerable Populations Clinic (VPC) at an urban academic dental school. Refugees and asylees are at high risk for oral conditions due to a tendency to not seek routine dental treatment, psychological stressors, and various systemic factors. Oral health providers can teach patients desensitization and fear reduction by working to gain patients’ trust by having effective communication and prioritizing comfort in the dental operatory. Providers should also utilize translation, psychological, and/or multicultural support services during their management of care.

Conclusion

By having a stronger understanding of the key causes of oral health issues among refugees and asylees in the United States, dental providers can better approach managing care for this vulnerable patient population. The concepts of teaching desensitization and fear reduction utilized for this special population can be applied to managing care for the wider special needs patient community.
Children's perceptions of interactive virtual‐reality interventions implemented before and after intravenous cannulation
Authors: Whu Yew‐Wha , Hsu Mei‐Feng , Lin I‐Chen , Chou Cheng‐Chen , Lin Hsiu‐Wen , Chen Chi‐Wen
Published: October 2022

Background

Although some studies have reported evidence of the effectiveness of virtual‐reality interventions implemented for children undergoing intravenous (IV) cannulation, children's perceptions of virtual‐reality interventions implemented during IV cannulation warrant further exploration.

Aims

To explore the school‐aged children's perceptions of interactive virtual‐reality interventions implemented before and after IV cannulation.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive study was adopted. Sixty‐nine children aged 6–12 years from two medical centers were recruited and interviewed from June to September 2020. After the completion of the immersive virtual‐reality scene of IV cannulation before undergoing actual IV cannulation and the emotionally cathartic virtual‐reality play after the placement process, individual interviews were conducted with the children in the paediatric wards. Inductive content analysis was performed to analyse children's perceptions. The study complied with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research.

Results

Three categories related to children's perception of interactive virtual‐reality interventions implemented before and after IV cannulation were identified: (1) feelings towards and coping strategies employed during IV cannulation; (2) mental preparation through immersion in the virtual‐reality scene; and (3) healing effects of immersive cathartic play.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that interactive virtual‐reality interventions can help hospitalised children mentally prepare for medical procedures, obtain knowledge regarding such procedures, and overcome their fear of needles. The children's reported perceptions of the virtual‐reality interventions indicated that the interventions were age‐appropriate, safe and fun. The results of this study highlight the need to more thoroughly understand the perceptions of hospitalised children and may serve as a reference for designing child‐friendly care interventions for nursing practice.
Genotype‐dependent changes of cell wall composition influence physiological traits of a long and a non‐long shelf‐life tomato genotypes under distinct water regimes
Authors: Roig‐Oliver Margalida , Fullana‐Pericàs Mateu , Bota Josefina , Flexas Jaume
Published: October 2022

Water shortage strongly affects plants' physiological performance. Since tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) non‐long shelf‐life (nLSL) and long shelf‐life (LSL) genotypes differently face water deprivation, we subjected a nLSL and a LSL genotype to four treatments: control (well watering), short‐term water deficit stress at 40% field capacity (FC) (ST 40% FC), short‐term water deficit stress at 30% FC (ST 30% FC), and short‐term water deficit stress at 30% FC followed by recovery (ST 30% FC‐Rec). Treatments promoted genotype‐dependent elastic adjustments accompanied by distinct photosynthetic responses. While the nLSL genotype largely modified mesophyll conductance (gm) across treatments, it was kept within a narrow range in the LSL genotype. However, similar gm values were achieved under ST 30% FC conditions. Particularly, modifications in the relative abundance of cell wall components and in sub‐cellular anatomic parameters such as the chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular air space per leaf area (Sc/S) and the cell wall thickness (Tcw) regulated gm in the LSL genotype. Instead, only changes in foliar structure at the supra‐cellular level influenced gm in the nLSL genotype. Even though further experiments testing a larger range of genotypes and treatments would be valuable to support our conclusions, we show that even genotypes of the same species can present different elastic, anatomical, and cell wall composition‐mediated mechanisms to regulate gm when subjected to distinct water regimes.
Beyond fear: A longitudinal investigation of emotions and risk of a vasovagal reaction in first‐time whole‐blood donors
Authors: Thijsen Amanda , Masser Barbara , Davison Tanya E. , van Dongen Anne , Williams Lisa A.
Published: October 2022

Background

Fear is a recognized predictor of vasovagal reactions (VVRs) in blood donors. However, less is known about the role of other emotions, including positive emotions, that donors might experience. The aim of this study was to identify the emotions experienced in center that predict onsite VVRs, and to determine at what point during the donation appointment, the experience of these emotions is most influential.

Study design and methods

A sample of 442 first‐time whole‐blood donors (57.7% female; mean ± SD age 30.7 ± 11.7 years) completed a survey in the waiting area and before venepuncture in the donation chair to assess their current emotional experience. The survey data were matched with routinely‐collected demographic, donation, and donor adverse event information. A generalized estimating equations model was used to identify emotions associated with the occurrence of a VVR.

Results

A total of 56 (12.7%) participants experienced a VVR. The occurrence of a VVR was significantly associated with lower love/closeness/trust (OR: 0.53, 95%CI: 0.34–0.82) and higher scared/fearful/afraid (OR: 1.96, 95%CI: 1.18–3.25) states. Significant interaction effects suggested that the effect of scared/fearful/afraid decreased while stressed/nervous/overwhelmed increased from the waiting area to before venepuncture on the likelihood of a VVR.

Discussion

To effectively reduce donor VVR risk, blood collection agencies need to address a broader range of emotions at different points during the donation process.
How do I provide rare red cells to patients?
Authors: Laureano Marissa , Clarke Gwen , Yan Matthew T. S.
Published: October 2022

Background

The demand for rare blood is expected to increase in Canada as its population continues to expand through immigration from diverse regions of the world.

Material and methods

This paper outlines a national approach to providing rare red cells for patients through the Rare Blood Program of Canadian Blood Services (CBS). Data detailing the rare red cell requests and inventory managed by CBS' Rare Blood Program is provided.

Results

The provision of rare red cells involves multiple considerations such as multidisciplinary communication, serologic/molecular confirmation, donor recruitment, inventory optimization and logistical factors.

Conclusion

The description of CBS' Rare Blood Program will inform others that seek to create, optimize, or expand programs that facilitate the provision of rare blood. New technologies such as next‐generation sequencing may also affect how rare donors are identified and recruited in the future.
Thermal Performance and Water Production in a Solar Still With an Energy Storage Material Under Different Concentrations of Salt
Authors: Moreno S. , Hinojosa J. F. , Maytorena V. M. , Navarro J. M. A. , Vazquez-Ruiz A.
Published: October 2022

The current work reports a numerical investigation of the water produced and thermal performance of a solar still (SS). Using a SS for desalination is a proposal for low-income remote communities needing potable water. The study deals with the SS under five different concentrations of salt (0, 5, 10, 20, and 35 g/kg). Previous experimental results reported in the literature indicate that the increase in salinity leads to a decrease in productivity, so phase change material (PCM) was added under the water basin to counter the reduction. The mathematical model and numerical methodology were validated by comparing them with experimental results reported in the literature. The relative difference between temperatures was less than 2%, and for water production, it was less than 3.5%. The present mathematical model has the novelty of utilizing the water properties as a function of temperature and salt concentration, contrary to other models that use pure water properties. The results show that daily productivity decreases when the salinity increases from 0 to 35 g/kg. For each case, the time evolution of hourly and cumulate productivity is presented, as well as water temperature and the temperature difference between water and glass. Also, the behavior of heat flux between water and PCM is analyzed. The overall efficiency is calculated for all the cases.
Convolutional Neural Network Denoising Auto-Encoders for Intelligent Aircraft Engine Gas Path Health Signal Noise Filtering
Authors: Zhao Junjie , Li Yi-Guang , Sampath Suresh
Published: October 2022

Removing noise from health signals is critical in gas path diagnostics of aircraft engines. An efficient noise filtering/denoising method should remove noise without using future data points, preserve important changes, and promote accurate diagnostics without time delay. Machine learning (ML)-based methods are promising for high fidelity, accuracy, and computational efficiency under the motivation of Intelligent Engines. However, previous ML-based denoising methods are rarely applied in actual engineering practice because they cannot accommodate time series and cannot effectively capture important changes or are limited by the time delay problem. This paper proposes a convolutional neural network denoising auto-encoder (CNN-DAE) method to build a denoising auto-encoder structure. In this structure, a convolutional operation is used to accommodate time series, and causal convolution is introduced to solve the problem of using future data points. The proposed denoising method is evaluated against NASA's propulsion diagnostic method evaluation strategy (prodimes) software. It has been proved that the proposed method can accommodate time series, remove noise for improved denoising accuracy, and preserve the important changes for enhanced diagnostic information. NASA's blind test case results show that kappa coefficient of a common diagnostic method using the processed data is 0.731 and is at least 0.046 higher than the other diagnostic methods in the open literature. Processing health signals using the proposed method would significantly promote accurate diagnostics without time delay. The proposed method could support intelligent condition monitoring systems by exploiting historical information for improved denoising and diagnostic performance.
Thermalized Abrikosov lattices from decaying turbulence in rotating BECs
Authors: Amette Estrada Julian , Brachet Marc E. , Mininni Pablo D.
Published: October 2022

We study the long-time decay of rotating turbulence in Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs). We consider the Gross–Pitaevskii equation in a rotating frame of reference and review different formulations for the Hamiltonian of a rotating BEC. We discuss how the energy can be decomposed and present a method to generate out-of-equilibrium initial conditions. We also present a method to generate finite-temperature states of rotating BECs compatible with the Canonical or the Grand canonical ensembles. Finally, we integrate numerically rotating BECs in cigar-shaped traps. A transition is found in the system dynamics as the rotation rate is increased, with a final state of the decay of the turbulent flow compatible with an Abrikosov lattice in a finite-temperature thermalized state.
Spectro-ellipsometric probing of wetting, nucleation, and dot/island formation during photo-excited chemical vapor deposition of Ge on SiO2 substrate
Authors: Akazawa Housei
Published: October 2022

The morphological evolution of Ge layers growing on the SiO2/Si(100) substrate by photo-excited chemical vapor deposition was traced through an analysis of pseudodielectric functions measured by real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry. Simulation and fitting were carried out on multiple samples with various Ge film thicknesses as well as on sequential optical spectra from a sample with an incremental buildup of Ge atoms on one substrate. Single- and two-layer models involving crystalline Ge (c-Ge), amorphous Ge (a-Ge), and void components were employed under the Bruggeman effective medium approximation to represent wetting of the SiO2 surface, nucleation of Ge seeds for the subsequent dot/island formation, and steady-state dot/island growth. A combination of c-Ge and a-Ge represents intermediate crystallinity, and void represents vacant space between dots/islands. A single-layer model with a mixture of c-Ge, a-Ge, and void components was used for crude estimation of the composition from which the time evolution of the volume fraction of the components was derived. However, fitting in the early growth stage resulted in an unrealistic structure, indicating that the dielectric function of the thin hydrogenated Ge network layer was very different from those of c-Ge and a-Ge. The optical spectra of dots/islands at the intermediate growth stage could be reproduced by a two-layer model consisting of a (a-Ge + void) layer overlaid on a (c-Ge + void) base layer. The real-time Ψ–Δ trajectories of ellipsometric angles monitored at a photon energy of 3.4 eV consisted of three branches. They could be reproduced by assuming the growth of an outer layer with an appropriate composition. After wetting on SiO2 (branch 1), the Ge seed layer nucleates while the volume fraction of Ge rapidly decreases from 70% to 25% with proceeding growth (branch 2). Then, the volume fraction of Ge continuously increases up to 65%, eventually reaching steady-state dots/island growth (branch 3)
Persistent iodine contamination resulting from thermal evaporation of inorganic perovskites
Authors: Burlingame Quinn C. , Kaplan Alan B. , Liu Tianran , Loo Yueh-Lin
Published: October 2022

Thermal evaporation is a promising technique for the fabrication of uniform perovskite films over large areas that forgo the use of hazardous solvents. However, evaporation equipment, particularly at the laboratory scale, is often shared between different materials systems and it is, thus, important to understand the potential impact that halide perovskite evaporation can have on other films and devices processed in the same chamber. Here, we observe that evaporation of perovskite precursors such as PbI2 and CsI results in significant iodine contamination that is not efficiently removed by conventional decontamination procedures such as solvent cleaning, chamber bakeout, and foil replacement. X-ray photoelectron spectra show that this iodine contamination can incorporate itself into organic and metal films grown in the same chamber, which degrades the performance of thermally evaporated organic photovoltaic cells by ∼90%. To remove the contamination and restore the performance of other optoelectronic devices grown in the same chamber, a total resurfacing/replacement of all interior evaporator surfaces was required.
Way too many demos with the constant velocity car
Authors: Lincoln James
Published: October 2022

I have lately been inspired by all the fun activities that can be done with the constant velocity cars. Some of these have come out of our new physics teacher workshops and others from letting students invent their own experiments with the charming “buggies.” Below, I share a few discoveries and workshop favorites. Many of these have become my preferred demonstrations and labs.
Preparing Precollege Students for the Second Quantum Revolution with Core Concepts in Quantum Information Science
Authors: Singh Chandralekha , Levy Akash , Levy Jeremy
Published: October 2022

After the passage of the U.S. National Quantum Initiative Act in December 2018, the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) recently assembled an interagency working group and conducted a workshop titled “Key Concepts for Future Quantum Information Science Learners” that focused on identifying core concepts for future curricular and educator activities to help precollege students engage with quantum information science (QIS). Helping precollege students learn these key concepts in QIS is an effective approach to introducing them to the second quantum revolution and inspiring them to become future contributors in the growing field of quantum information science and technology as leaders in areas related to quantum computing, communication, and sensing. This paper is a call to precollege educators to contemplate including QIS concepts into their existing courses at appropriate levels and get involved in the development of curricular materials suitable for their students. Also, research shows that compare-and-contrast activities can provide an effective approach to helping students learn. Therefore, we illustrate a pedagogical approach that contrasts the classical and quantum concepts so that educators can adapt them for their students in their lesson plans to help them learn the differences between key concepts in quantum and classical contexts.
Investigating Satellites
Authors: Nalence Eugene Edward
Published: October 2022

There are hundreds of satellites in orbit around Earth. Readily available data about them can be a treasure trove for investigations by students at all levels. Orbital parameters and energy changes can be explored. Many of these satellites transmit signals that can be detected by an inexpensive radio receiver—a scanner—designed to receive FM transmissions from local emergency networks, airports, and various public service broadcasts. The investigations described below were carried out with a scanner purchased for $15 at a flea market. No modifications were necessary because the standard antenna is capable of receiving signals from satellites with a ground track passing by within 1000 km. Table I lists just a few satellites that transmit easily detected signals. Other satellites and frequencies used can be found at various information pages on the internet.
An Angular Method to Calculate the Electric Field of a Long Cylindrical Shell
Authors: Zuo Fulin
Published: October 2022

The electric field inside a uniformly charged long cylindrical shell is a standard example discussed in introductory university physics. The field is zero inside the cylinder; outside of the cylinder, the field behaves like a long wire at the center carrying the same amount of charge per unit length, analogous to that of a uniformly charged spherical shell, typically referred to as Newton’s shell theorem. It is usually proven with the use of Gauss’s law and cylindrical symmetry of the electric field. A more direct proof by integration is lacking at this level. In fact, students often have difficulties visualizing intuitively why the field at off-center points is cancelled out completely and behaves like a line charge at the center on the outside.
Chains, Conveyor Belts, and Rockets
Authors: Lagos Miguel , Elgueta Milton , Molina Mario I.
Published: October 2022

In this work, we study several closely related problems involving chains, conveyor belts, and rockets, which are described and solved without the application of infinitesimal calculus, or even the concept of mathematical limit. On one hand, the novelty lies not in the problems themselves, but in the method used for their solution, which brings them down from more advanced courses of engineering studies to the ambit of early-stage students. On the other hand, they shed new light on old questions and give teachers the chance to discuss subtle matters on energy conservation that have led to some controversy in the recent past.
Course Modifications to Promote Student Mental Health and Move toward Universal Design for Learning
Authors: Eblen-Zayas Melissa , Burson Kristen M. , McDermott Danielle
Published: October 2022

In response to widespread concerns about student mental health, a growing movement in higher education is focused on fostering student well-being as an important element of student success. Thriving college students experience a level of psychological well-being that contributes to their persistence toward graduation and allows them to gain maximum benefit from their time in college. Student well-being is also important for its own sake. In the fall of 2019, 41.1% of undergraduates reported experiencing moderate or severe psychological distress and 76.5% reported experiencing moderate or severe stress in the past 12 months. Some students experiencing psychological distress receive a formal diagnosis of anxiety, depression, or other mental health conditions that may require accommodations to ensure equitable access to courses. Although disability resource centers work with instructors to develop accommodations, instructors can also proactively take steps to design their courses in a manner that promotes student well-being and is inclusive of students with mental health conditions. The universal design for learning (UDL) framework, an approach based on educational research in the learning sciences, can guide the development of flexible learning environments that are supportive of and accessible to all learners. Here we outline three course modifications that can promote student mental health and provide initial steps toward UDL in physics courses.
Magnetic Force between a Multilayered Solenoid and a Magnet
Authors: Ha Hyejin , Jang Taehun , Sohn Sang Ho , Kim Junghwa
Published: October 2022

A solenoid is a coil wound many times on a cylinder of length greater than its diameter. Solenoids are mainly used as electromagnets, because a magnetic field is formed when current flows through a solenoid. The solenoid described in secondary school and university textbooks is a single-layered solenoid. Further, textbooks and papers focusing on education primarily describe the magnetic fields caused by infinite solenoids. However, most solenoids used in laboratory or daily life are finite solenoids with multiple layers to achieve a strong magnetic field. Examples include solenoid valves, Faraday rotators, and modulators.
Multicultural History of Snell’s Law Laboratory Experiment in Introductory Physics
Authors: Billingsley Brianna R. , Christenson Cory W.
Published: October 2022

A popular introductory physics laboratory experiment is one focusing on Snell’s law. This is straightforward to complete with lasers and prisms, but here we present an alternative version that guides the students through some of the major historical developments, recreating and analyzing significant experiments. The discovery of Snell’s law has a fascinating, winding, global history, and the sine relationship eluded some of the greatest minds in optics for more than a thousand years.
An Experimental Analogy for Teaching the Law of Radioactive Decays in Secondary School Classrooms
Authors: Vidal Xabier Cid , Manzano Ramon Cid , Lema Isaac Valiña
Published: October 2022

In this work, we present an experimental approximation to the study of the phenomenon of radioactivity in secondary schools, taking as an analogy the process of release of carbon dioxide in a carbonated beverage. In this way, we intend to facilitate the approach to the mathematical formalism and to the graphical description of this phenomenon, as well as to the understanding of its most important magnitudes: activity or decay rate, decay constant, half-life time, and mean lifetime.
Can Clockwise Exist without Clocks?
Authors: González-Espada Wilson J. , Gallenstein Kathryn , Collins Katelyn
Published: October 2022

The use of analogies is a well-known teaching strategy to bridge unfamiliar and familiar concepts. However, analogies may become ineffective if the familiar concept is not familiar anymore. For example, this may occur when we describe rotational sense as clockwise and counterclockwise, assuming students know how to read a clock with hour and minute hands. To what extent is this assumption correct?
The Laws of Planetary Motion (A Teaching Method Inspired by the History of Physics)
Authors: Rodrigues Rojans Coqueiro , Dias Penha Maria Cardozo
Published: October 2022

In high school, and also in introductory physics courses in higher levels of schooling, the law of universal gravitation of planets is introduced by postulating Johannes Kepler’s three laws, and later Isaac Newton’s law of the inverse of the square of the distance to the Sun. The justification of the laws is only achieved in advanced courses in mechanics. We present material to teach the law of areas and the law of attraction, which is inspired by Newton’s analysis of motions under central forces, as done in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. The method is geometric, so that the dynamics behind the laws can be discussed with a ruler, triangles, and compass, or some software, without appeal to equations, and can be used on levels of instruction that dispense with analytic treatment.
A New Type of Interactive Video for Physics Education
Authors: Jiang Rundong , Ding Xiaotong , Sung Shannon H. , Bulseco Dylan , Xie Charles , Li Chenglu
Published: October 2022

Video analysis tools such as Tracker are used to study mechanical motion captured by photography. One can also imagine a similar tool for tracking thermal motion captured by thermography. Since its introduction to physics education, thermal imaging has been used to visualize phenomena that are invisible to the naked eye and teach a variety of physics concepts across different educational settings. But thermal cameras are still scarce in schools. Hence, videos recorded using thermal cameras such as those featured in “YouTube Physics” are suggested as alternatives. The downside is that students do not have interaction opportunities beyond playing those videos.
Not quite like the movies: Teaching the realities of space exploration
Authors: Willoughby Shannon D. , Samie Bahereh A. , Bailey Janelle M. , Vieyra Rebecca E. , Lopez Ramon E.
Published: October 2022

Space exploration captures the human imagination, as evidenced by the public’s fascination with films such as The Martian and Interstellar. These cultural touchstones are often the primary way that the public imagines space exploration. Thus, it is not surprising that people tend to have unrealistic ideas about the feasibility of space travel, and the extent to which human space travel has occurred. To help address this issue, we developed and tested two activities about space travel. The Migration to Mars and Solar Sails activities are Lecture Tutorial-style activities developed for introductory astronomy courses, and can be adapted for use in algebra-based physics classrooms or labs. In the remainder of this column, we describe each of these activities, and we discuss the outcomes from our use of the activities in the classroom.
Impacts of infauna, worm tubes, and shell hash on sediment acoustic variability and deviation from the viscous grain shearing model
Authors: Lee Kevin M. , Venegas Gabriel R. , Ballard Megan S. , Dorgan Kelly M. , Kiskaddon Erin , McNeese Andrew R. , Wilson Preston S.
Published: October 2022

Infauna influence geoacoustic parameters in surficial marine sediments. To investigate these effects, an experiment was conducted in natural sand-silt sediment in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In situ acoustic measurements of sediment sound speed, attenuation, and shear speed were performed, and sediment cores were collected from the upper 20 cm of the seabed. Laboratory measurements of sound speed and attenuation in the cores were conducted, after which the core contents were analyzed for biological and physical properties. Since no model currently accounts for the effects of infauna, a deviation from model predictions is expected. To assess the extent of this, acoustic measurements were compared with the viscous grain shearing model from Buckingham [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, 1486 (2007); J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 148, 962 (2020)], for which depth-dependent profiles of sediment porosity and mean grain size measured from the cores were used as input parameters. Comparison of acoustic results with distributions of infauna, worm tubes, and shell hash suggests biogenic impacts on acoustic variability and model accuracy are important in surficial marine sediments. The presence of infauna and worm tubes were correlated with higher variability in both sound speed and attenuation and greater deviation from the model near the sediment-water interface.
Perfluorocarbon nanodroplet size, acoustic vaporization, and inertial cavitation affected by lipid shell composition in vitro
Authors: Welch Phoebe J. , Li David S. , Forest Craig R. , Pozzo Lilo D. , Shi Chengzhi
Published: October 2022

Perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) are ultrasound contrast agents that phase-transition from liquid nanodroplets to gas microbubbles when activated by laser irradiation or insonated with an ultrasound pulse. The dynamics of PFCnDs can vary drastically depending on the nanodroplet composition, including the lipid shell properties. In this paper, we investigate the effect of varying the ratio of PEGylated to non-PEGylated phospholipids in the outer shell of PFCnDs on the acoustic nanodroplet vaporization (liquid to gas phase transition) and inertial cavitation (rapid collapse of the vaporized nanodroplets) dynamics in vitro when insonated with focused ultrasound. Nanodroplets with a high concentration of PEGylated lipids had larger diameters and exhibited greater variance in size distribution compared to nanodroplets with lower proportions of PEGylated lipids in the lipid shell. PFCnDs with a lipid shell composed of 50:50 PEGylated to non-PEGylated lipids yielded the highest B-mode image intensity and duration, as well as the greatest pressure difference between acoustic droplet vaporization onset and inertial cavitation onset. We demonstrate that slight changes in lipid shell composition of PFCnDs can significantly impact droplet phase transitioning and inertial cavitation dynamics. These findings can help guide researchers to fabricate PFCnDs with optimized compositions for their specific applications.
A Novel Undergraduate Seminar Course Celebrating Scientific Contributions by Scientists from Historically Marginalized Communities
Authors: Romo Jesús A. , Rokop Megan E.
Published: October 2022

Scientific contributions by members from historically marginalized communities (HMCs) have been largely ignored, uncredited, and in some cases erased from history. This has contributed to science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) curricula lacking diversity.
WTAP Targets the METTL3 m
6
A-Methyltransferase Complex to Cytoplasmic Hepatitis C Virus RNA to Regulate Infection
Authors: Sacco Matthew T. , Bland Katherine M. , Horner Stacy M.
Published: October 2022

Positive-strand RNA viruses such as HCV represent a significant global health burden. Previous work has described that HCV RNA contains the RNA modification m
6
A and how this modification regulates viral infection.
IRF2 Cooperates with Phosphoprotein of Spring Viremia of Carp Virus to Suppress Antiviral Response in Zebrafish
Authors: Huang Wenji , Zhao Xin , Ji Ning , Guo Jiahong , Feng Jianhua , Chen Kangyong , Wu Yaxin , Wang Junya , Feng Hao , Zou Jun
Published: October 2022

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are central in the regulation of interferon-mediated antiviral immunity. Here, we reported that IRF2a suppressed interferon response and promoted virus replication in zebrafish.
Long-Lasting Protection Induced by a Polyanhydride Nanovaccine against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in an Outbred Mouse Model
Authors: Stephens Laura M. , Ross Kathleen A. , McLellan Jason S. , Narasimhan Balaji , Varga Steven M.
Published: October 2022

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes thousands of infections and deaths in children and elderly adults each year. Research in this field is of great importance as there remains no licensed vaccine to prevent RSV infections.
Malic Enzyme, not Malate Dehydrogenase, Mainly Oxidizes Malate That Originates from the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Cyanobacteria
Authors: Katayama Noriaki , Iwazumi Kaori , Suzuki Hiromi , Osanai Takashi , Ito Shoki
Published: October 2022

Oxygenic photoautotrophic bacteria, namely, cyanobacteria, have the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Recently, metabolite production using the cyanobacterial TCA cycle has been well studied.
The Paxillin MoPax1 Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Signaling Pathways and Autophagy through MAP Kinase Activator MoMka1 during Appressorium-Mediated Plant Infection by the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Lv Wuyun , Xiao Yu , Xu Zhe , Jiang Hong , Tong Qi , Wang Zhengyi
Published: October 2022

Paxillin, as an adaptor recruiting diverse cytoskeleton and signaling molecules into a complex, plays a crucial role in several signaling pathways in mammal cells. However, paxillin-mediated signal pathways are largely unknown in phytopathogenic fungi.
ABHD16A Negatively Regulates the Palmitoylation and Antiviral Function of IFITM Proteins
Authors: Shi Xuemeng , Li Xiaoling , Xu Zhao , Shen Lingyi , Ding Yunyun , Chen Shuaiwu , Mao Lin , Liu Wei , Xu Jun
Published: October 2022

IFITM protein is the cells first line of antiviral defense that blocks early stages of viral replication; the underlying mechanism might be associated with the proper distribution in cells. The palmitoylation/depalmitoylation cycle can dynamically regulate protein localization, stability, and function.
Infant Antibody Repertoires during the First Two Years of Influenza Vaccination
Authors: Kuraoka Masayuki , Curtis Nicholas C. , Watanabe Akiko , Tanno Hidetaka , Shin Seungmin , Ye Kevin , Macdonald Elizabeth , Lavidor Olivia , Kong Susan , Von Holle Tarra , Windsor Ian , Ippolito Gregory C. , Georgiou George , Walter Emmanuel B. , Kelsoe Garnett , Harrison Stephen C. , Moody M. Anthony , Bajic Goran , Lee Jiwon
Published: October 2022

Influenza virus is a moving target for the immune system. Variants emerge that escape protection from antibodies elicited by a previously circulating variant (“antigenic drift”).
HCV Infection Increases the Expression of ACE2 Receptor, Leading to Enhanced Entry of Both HCV and SARS-CoV-2 into Hepatocytes and a Coinfection State
Authors: Domovitz Tom , Ayoub Samer , Werbner Michal , Alter Joel , Izhaki Tavor Lee , Yahalom-Ronen Yfat , Tikhonov Evgeny , Meirson Tomer , Maman Yaakov , Paran Nir , Israely Tomer , Dessau Moshe , Gal-Tanamy Meital
Published: October 2022

Here, we provide the first experimental evidence for the coexistence of SARS-CoV-2 infection with HCV, and the interplay between them. The study revealed a complex relationship of enhancement between the two viruses, where HCV infection increased the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2, thus facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry, and potentially, also HCV entry.
Serum Proteomic Analysis for New Types of Long-Term Persistent COVID-19 Patients in Wuhan
Authors: Li Cuidan , Yue Liya , Ju Yingjiao , Wang Jie , Chen Mengfan , Lu Hao , Liu Sitong , Liu Tao , Wang Jing , Hu Xin , Tuohetaerbaike Bahetibieke , Wen Hao , Zhang Wenbao , Xu Sihong , Jiang Chunlai , Chen Fei
Published: October 2022

This study reported a new type of COVID-19 patients and explored the underlying molecular mechanism by quantitative proteomic analyses. DEPs were significantly enriched in “coagulation” and “immune response”.
Impact of Sex and Age on mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Side Effects in Japan
Authors: Mori Masahiko , Yokoyama Aiko , Shichida Ayami , Sasuga Kimiko , Maekawa Takafumi , Moriyama Tadayoshi
Published: October 2022

We demonstrate sex- and age-related impact on mRNA COVID-19 vaccine-related side effects, with a higher number and frequency of side effects and prolonged time to recovery in females compared to males and negative correlation between age and vaccine-related side effects. Identification of unique age- and sex-specific adverse symptoms will provide the opportunity to better understand the nature of sex- and age-associated immunological differences and develop safer and more efficacious vaccines.
Characterization of
Sphingobacterium
sp. Ab3 Lipase and Its Coexpression with LEA Peptides
Authors: Ng You Kiat , Ikeno Shinya , Kadhim Almansoori Ammar Khazaal , Muhammad Ibrahim , Abdul Rahim Rashidah
Published: October 2022

The mechanism of action of LEA proteins has remained unknown to many; in this study we reveal their presence and improved protein expression due to the molecular shielding effect reported by others. This paper should be regarded as a useful example of using such proteins to influence an existing expression system to produce difficult-to-express proteins.
Comparative Genomics of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Ruminant Listeriosis Cases in the Midwest United States
Authors: Cardenas-Alvarez Maria X. , Zeng Hui , Webb Brett T. , Mani Rinosh , Muñoz Marina , Bergholz Teresa M.
Published: October 2022

Listeria monocytogenes
affects humans and animals, causing encephalitis, septicemia, and abortions, among other clinical outcomes. Ruminants such as cattle, goats, and sheep are the main carriers contributing to the maintenance and dispersal of this pathogen in the farm environment.
Quantitative Assessment of Microbial Pathogens and Indicators of Wastewater Treatment Performance for Safe and Sustainable Water Reuse in India
Authors: Chowdhari Shruti , Rana Shubham , Rana Samridhi , Morrison Christina M. , Abney Sarah Elizabeth , Singh Rajveer , Gurian Patrick L. , Kumar Amit , Kumar Arun , Betancourt Walter Q. , Vivekanandan Perumal
Published: October 2022

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have rapidly increased in India during the last decade. Nonetheless, there are only a few labs in India that can perform culture-based screening for microbial quality.
Development and Validation of a Protein Array for Detection of Antibodies against the Tick-Borne Pathogen Borrelia miyamotoi
Authors: Hoornstra Dieuwertje , Stukolova Olga A. , Karan Ludmila S. , Sarksyan Denis S. , Kolyasnikova Nadezhda M. , Markelov Mikhail L. , Cherkashina Anna S. , Dolgova Anna S. , Sudina Anna E. , Sokolova Marina I. , Platonov Alexander E. , Hovius Joppe W.
Published: October 2022

This paper describes the protein array as a novel serological test for the diagnosis ofBorrelia miyamotoidisease (BMD), by reporting the methodology, the development of a diagnostic algorithm, and its extensive validation. With rising numbers of ticks and tick bites, tick-borne diseases, such as BMD, urgently deserve further societal and medical attention.B. miyamotoiis prevalent inIxodesticks across the northern hemisphere.
The Evolution and Global Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Senecavirus A
Authors: Wu Huiguang , Li Chen , Ji Yongchen , Mou Chunxiao , Chen Zhenhai , Zhao Jingwen
Published: October 2022

Recurrent outbreaks and global epidemics of senecavirus A-associated vesicular disease have caused heavy economic losses and have threatened the development of the pig industry. However, the question of where the virus comes from has been one of the biggest puzzles due to the stealthy nature of the virus.