bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex Trauma Exposure and Symptoms in Urban Traumatized Children: A Preliminary Test of Proposed Criteria for Developmental Trauma Disorder
Authors: Stolbach Bradley C. , Minshew Reese , Rompala Vikki , Dominguez Renee Z. , Gazibara Tanja , Finke Robert
Published: July 2013

Recently, a new diagnostic construct, developmental trauma disorder (DTD), was proposed to describe the effects of chronic exposure to violence in combination with disruptions in caregiving systems. This study uses archival data to field test the consensus proposed diagnostic criteria for DTD in a sample of urban children (N = 214). Children with complex trauma histories as defined in the proposed DTD Criterion A were much more likely to meet the proposed DTD symptom criteria than children who did not meet the exposure criterion. This field trial of the proposed DTD criteria suggests that the proposed construct of DTD is useful for describing the symptoms induced by ongoing traumatic stressors and disrupted caregiving and that the proposed symptom criteria can differentiate children with histories of exposure to developmental trauma from other trauma‐exposed children.
Structure of Metallo‐Supramolecular Micellar Gels
Authors: Mugemana Clément , Joset Arnaud , Guillet Pierre , Appavou Marie‐Sousai , De Souza Nicolas , Fustin Charles‐André , Leyh Bernard , Gohy Jean‐François
Published: July 2013

A small‐angle neutron scattering investigation of metallo‐supramolecular micellar gels built from polystyrene‐block‐poly(tert‐butylacrylate) PS‐b‐PtBA‐tpy (‐tpy: terpyridine) block copolymers and transition metal ions is presented. The influence of the copolymer concentration on the structure and spatial organization of the micelles, as well as the impact of the subsequent addition of metal ions (Fe(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)) on these characteristics is extensively studied. The experimental scattering cross‐sections are fitted with an analytical formula based on the Percus–Yevick hard‐sphere model and on the Pedersen–Gerstenberg model for the structure and the form factor, respectively. The resulting structural information is correlated with previously performed light scattering and rheology experiments.

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Facile Synthesis of Hydroxy‐Functionalized Cycloolefin Copolymer Using ω‐Alkenylaluminium as a Comonomer
Authors: Shiono Takeshi , Sugimoto Mitsunori , Hasan Tariqul , Cai Zhengguol
Published: July 2013

Copolymerization of norbornene and 7‐octenyldiisobutylaluminium is conducted by the catalytic system of ansa‐dimethylsilylene(fluorenyl)(amido)dimethyltitanium, Me2Si(NtBu)(fluorenyl)TiMe2 (1), activated with Ph3CB(C6F5)4 to produce copolymers with pendant alkylaluminium groups. The termination of the copolymers with methanol gives poly(norbornene‐co‐oct‐1‐ene). Termination with oxygen gas gives poly(norbornene‐co‐oct‐1‐ene‐co‐oct‐7‐en‐1‐ol) because the oxidation of the pendant alkylaluminium groups with oxygen is not quantitative. Terpolymerization of norbornene, oct‐1‐ene, and 7‐octenyldiisobutylaluminium are also conducted, where the content of the hydroxy groups and the glass transition temperature are independently controlled by the molar ratio of each comonomer in feed.

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Bulk Synthesis and Modeling of Living ROMP of 1,5‐Cyclooctadiene for Narrowly Distributed Low Molecular Weight Linear Polyethylenes
Authors: So Lai Chi , Faucher Santiago , Zhu Shiping
Published: July 2013

The bulk ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of 1,5‐cyclooctadiene is carried out with a commercially available Grubbs' catalyst, bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylidine ruthenium(IV) dichloride, with and without triphenylphosphine. Bulk ROMP exhibits living polymerization features and yields polyethylene mimics with comparable or improved molecular weight distribution control and similar conversions as solution ROMP. The reaction kinetics and polymer molecular weight development are well‐described by a mathematical model developed using the method of moments. The success of bulk ROMP and the development of the kinetic model show that bulk ROMP can be a viable polymerization pathway for the synthesis of low molecular weight linear polymers with well‐controlled structures.
A method to validate the accuracy of a centralised district diabetes register
Authors: Gillani SMR , Nayak AU , Thiruvenkatasamy K , Baskar V , Singh BM , Viswanath A
Published: July 2013

An accurate and valid district diabetes register is needed to identify people with diabetes. Quality assurance of such a register is vital to deliver high‐standard patient care. We report the findings of a methodical process of validation of the Wolverhampton District Diabetes Register (WDDR) post extraction of information from general practitioner (GP) databases, and propose an algorithm for resolving any disparity between the two data registers.

Historic diabetes register data were matched with GP databases; discrepancies were checked with GP practices and updated on the WDDR. Unidentifiable people were subject to demographic checks with the Demographic Batch Service (DBS). DBS information was used to identify patients by contacting them directly or by contacting their GP practices. Diagnostic discrepancies were corrected by biochemical checks or identifying coding errors in the GP database.

Of 2565 people unmatched with GP databases, 2380 had an identifiable GP. After checking with GP practices, 1244 (48.5%) were identified to have coding errors, 61 (2.4%) deceased and 333 (13%) with diagnostic inaccuracy of diabetes. A total of 927 (36%) patients with no identifiable GP were subject to demographic checks. Of these, 237 (9.2%) were found to be in the area and registered with another GP, 220 (8.6%) had no identifiable GP, 422 (16.4%) patients were not in the area, and 48 (1.9%) were deceased.

To maintain a valid district diabetes register (WDDR), a rolling mechanism of demographic cross checks is required at regular intervals to reduce the number of discrepancies and increase the accuracy of such a register. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.
Peer support: time to tap the (largely) untapped
Authors: Simmons David
Published: July 2013

There is growing evidence that the physical and mental health of people with, or at risk of, diabetes can benefit from support from a person with diabetes: known as diabetes peer support. Peer support involves the social and emotional help that supplements the assistance provided by health professionals and others in the life of the person with diabetes. By sharing, discussing, finding and facilitating the ways that can improve diabetes and overcome barriers to care and self‐care, metabolic control and wellbeing can improve. Linking peer support to clinical care is thought to strengthen its effectiveness. Peer support complements diabetes education and facilitates implementation of the knowledge gained.

There are a range of different ways in which peer support can be provided. Peer support might arise from a casual discussion with another person with diabetes or within a more structured programme. The degree of training can vary from life with diabetes in the casual encounter, to group leadership, to paraprofessional training including motivational interviewing and a range of educational and management skills. The media for delivery vary from face‐to‐face, telephone and online approaches.

At a time of a growing diabetes epidemic, peer support could well be a key strategy in supporting those with and at risk of diabetes, reducing downstream demands on health services while improving quality of life. If this turns out to be the case, every neighbourhood, village and clinic should have one or more peer coaches to support diabetes prevention and diabetes management. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.

This paper was presented as the 2013 Janet Kinson Lecture at the 2013 Diabetes UK Annual Professional Conference held in Manchester
Stability and electronic structure of covalently functionalized graphene layers
Authors: Milowska Karolina Z. , Majewski Jacek A.
Published: July 2013

We present exemplary results of extensive studies of mechanical, electronic, and transport properties of covalent functionalization of graphene monolayers (GML) with –NH2. We report new results of ab initio studies of covalent functionalization of GML with –NH2 groups up to 12.5% concentration. Our studies are performed in the framework of the density functional theory (DFT) and non‐equilibrium Green's function (NEGF). We discuss the stability (adsorption energy), elastic moduli, electronic structure, band gaps, and effective electron masses as a function of the density of the adsorbed molecules. We also show the conductance and I(V) characteristic of these systems. Generally, the stability of the functionalized graphene layers decreases with the growing concentration of attachments and we determine the critical density of the molecules that can be chemisorbed on the surface of GLs. Because of local deformations of GLs and sp3 rehybridization of the bonds induced by fragments, elastic moduli decrease with increasing number of groups. Simultaneously, we observe that the functionalizing molecules stretch the graphene's lattice, the effect being more pronounced for higher concentration of adsorbed molecules. We find out that the GLs functionalization leads in many cases to the opening of the graphene band gap (up to 0.5302 eV for 12.5% concentration) and can be therefore utilized in graphene devices. The new HOMO and LUMO originate mostly from the impurity bands induced by the functionalization and they exhibit parabolic dispersion with electron effective masses comparable to ones in silicon or gallium nitride.
First‐principles study of the structural, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of Sc1 — x Alx As alloys
Authors: López‐Pérez William , Simon‐Olivera Nicolás , González‐Hernández Rafael , Rodríguez Jairo Arbey
Published: July 2013

Structural, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of Sc1−x Alx As alloys were studied using first‐principles approaches. The calculations are based on full‐potential linearized‐augmented plane wave (FP‐LAPW) method, within density functional theory (DFT). The exchange‐correlation effect is treated by both local‐density approximation (LDA) and generalized‐gradient approximation (GGA). In the latter approach, both Perdew‐Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) and Engel–Vosko (EV) functionals of the exchange‐correlation energy were used. Given that the binary precursor compounds ScAs and AlAs crystallize in rock‐salt and zinc‐blende, respectively, we made calculations for the ternary alloys in these two phases. The effect of composition x on structural parameters, band‐gap energies, mixing enthalpies, and phase diagrams was analyzed for 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1. The effect of atomic composition on lattice constant, bulk modulus, and band‐gap energy shows nonlinear dependence on composition x. Deviations of the lattice constant from Vegard's law and deviations of the bulk modulus and gap‐energy from linear concentration dependence (LCD) were found. We have found a metallic character for rock‐salt Sc1−x Alx As alloys, while the zinc‐blende Sc1−x Alx As alloys are semiconductors. Our results show that the band‐gap undergoes a direct ()’to‐indirect () transition at a given aluminium composition. The physical origin of the band‐gap bowing in zinc‐blende Sc1−x Alx As alloys was investigated. To study the thermodynamic stability of Sc1−x Alx As alloys, a regular‐solution model was used. The calculated excess mixing enthalpy is positive over the entire aluminum composition range. \end Newabstract
The developmental control of size in insects
Authors: Nijhout H. Frederik , Riddiford Lynn M. , Mirth Christen , Shingleton Alexander W. , Suzuki Yuichiro , Callier Viviane
Published: July 2013

The mechanisms that control the sizes of a body and its many parts remain among the great puzzles in developmental biology. Why do animals grow to a species‐specific body size, and how is the relative growth of their body parts controlled to so they grow to the right size, and in the correct proportion with body size, giving an animal its species‐characteristic shape? Control of size must involve mechanisms that somehow assess some aspect of size and are upstream of mechanisms that regulate growth. These mechanisms are now beginning to be understood in the insects, in particular in Manduca sexta and Drosophila melanogaster. The control of size requires control of the rate of growth and control of the cessation of growth. Growth is controlled by genetic and environmental factors. Insulin and ecdysone, their receptors, and intracellular signaling pathways are the principal genetic regulators of growth. The secretion of these growth hormones, in turn, is controlled by complex interactions of other endocrine and molecular mechanisms, by environmental factors such as nutrition, and by the physiological mechanisms that sense body size. Although the general mechanisms of growth regulation appear to be widely shared, the mechanisms that regulate final size can be quite diverse. WIREs Dev Biol 2014, 3:113–134. doi: 10.1002/wdev.124

This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Mismatch Repair Deficiency Screening via Immunohistochemical Staining in Young Asians with Colorectal Cancers
Authors: Chew Min‐Hoe , Koh Poh‐Koon , Tan Melinda , Lim Kiat‐Hon , Carol Loi , Tang Choong‐Leong
Published: July 2013

Background

The incidence of mismatch repair deficiency in colorectal cancer (CRC) in young people remains unknown in Asians. The present study assessed the clinicopathological features and efficacy of immunohistochemistry screening for Lynch syndrome in young Asian CRC patients.

Material and methods

This was a retrospective review conducted in Singapore General Hospital between January 2006 and December 2010 of 240 unrelated patients under the age of 50. All patients had immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for mismatch repair proteins in resected CRC specimen data retrieved from a prospective computerized database.

Results

A total of 21 % (n = 51) of the patients had abnormal IHC staining. Loss of staining for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 proteins was observed in 10, 4, 6, and 13 % of tumors, respectively. Of the 22 patients who had abnormal staining of MLH1, 13 had concomitant abnormal staining for PMS2. One tumor specimen had abnormal staining in all four proteins. If the Amsterdam criteria alone were to be used, 86 % (n = 44) of the cohort would have not been detected for mismatch repair gene defects.

Conclusions

The overall burden of germline mismatch repair deficiency in the Singapore population may be as high as 21 %. The Amsterdam criteria alone are inadequate to detect Lynch syndrome patients. The use of IHC staining of at least four mismatch repair proteins is a useful screening strategy for Lynch syndrome diagnosis. Routine screening of mismatch repair deficiency may be recommended for all young Asian CRC patients.
Impact of Obesity on Postoperative and Long‐term Outcomes in a General Surgery Population: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Valentijn Tabita M. , Galal Wael , Hoeks Sanne E. , van Gestel Yvette R. , Verhagen Hence J. , Stolker Robert J.
Published: July 2013

Background

The obesity paradox has been demonstrated postoperatively in several surgical populations, but only a few studies have reported long‐term survival. This study evaluates the presence of the obesity paradox in a general surgery population, reporting both postoperative and long‐term survival.

Methods

This retrospective study included 10,427 patients scheduled for elective, noncardiac surgery. Patients were classified as underweight (body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2); normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2); overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2); obesity class I (BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2); obesity class II (BMI 35.0–39.9 kg/m2); and obesity class III (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2). Study endpoints were 30‐day postoperative and long‐term mortality, including cause‐specific mortality. Multivariable analyses were used to evaluate mortality risks for each BMI category.

Results

Within 30 days after surgery, 353 (3.4 %) patients died. Overweight was the only category associated with postoperative mortality, showing improved survival [odds ratio 0.7; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.6–0.9]. During the long‐term follow‐up 4,884 (47 %) patients died. Underweight patients had the highest mortality risk [hazard ratio (HR) 1.4; 95 % CI 1.2–1.6), particularly due to high cancer‐related deaths. In contrast, overweight and obese patients demonstrated improved survival (overweight: HR 0.8, 95 % CI 0.8–0.9; obesity class I: HR 0.7, 95 % CI 0.7–0.8; obesity class II: HR 0.7, 95 % CI 0.6–0.9; obesity class III: HR 0.7, 95 % CI 0.5–1.0), mainly because of a strongly reduced risk of cancer‐related death.

Conclusions

In this surgical population the obesity paradox was validated at the long term, mainly because of decreased cancer‐related deaths among obese patients.
Adverse childhood experiences and premature all-cause mortality
Authors: Kelly-Irving Michelle , Lepage Benoit , Dedieu Dominique , Bartley Mel , Blane David , Grosclaude Pascale , Lang Thierry , Delpierre Cyrille
Published: July 2013

Events causing stress responses during sensitive periods of rapid neurological development in childhood may be early determinants of all-cause premature mortality. Using a British birth cohort study of individuals born in 1958, the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and mortality ≤50 year was examined for men (n = 7,816) and women (n = 7,405) separately. ACE were measured using prospectively collected reports from parents and the school: no adversities (70 %); one adversity (22 %), two or more adversities (8 %). A Cox regression model was carried out controlling for early life variables and for characteristics at 23 years. In men the risk of death was 57 % higher among those who had experienced 2+ ACE compared to those with none (HR 1.57, 95 % CI 1.13, 2.18, p = 0.007). In women, a graded relationship was observed between ACE and mortality, the risk increasing as ACE accumulated. Women with one ACE had a 66 % increased risk of death (HR 1.66, 95 % CI 1.19, 2.33, p = 0.003) and those with ≥2 ACE had an 80 % increased risk (HR 1.80, 95 % CI 1.10, 2.95, p = 0.020) versus those with no ACE. Given the small impact of adult life style factors on the association between ACE and premature mortality, biological embedding during sensitive periods in early development is a plausible explanatory mechanism.
Computerized Virtual Surgery Demonstrates Where Acetabular Rim Osteophytes Most Reduce Range of Motion following Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Rodriguez-Elizalde Sebastian , Yeager Alyssa M. , Ravi Bheeshma , Lipman Joseph D. , Salvati Eduardo A. , Westrich Geoffrey H.
Published: July 2013

Background

Acetabular osteophytes are common findings during total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Purpose

This study was designed to determine the extent to which osteophytes may limit range of motion (ROM) and in which locations impingement is likely to occur if osteophytes are not removed during surgery.

Methods

Computer-aided design was used to compare ROM of a modern hip implant in four cadaver models with and without 10-mm acetabular rim osteophytes added. A clock face, with 12 o'clock at the superior pole of the right acetabulum, was used to map impingement.

Results

The osteophyte model limited ROM in flexion (101° v. 113°, p = 0.03), 90° of flexion with internal rotation (16.7° v. 31.6°, p = 0.01), and external rotation (30.4° v. 49.5°, p = 0.01). Impingement occurred between 7 and 8 o'clock in external rotation and 1 and 2 o'clock in the other two motions.

Conclusions

Osteophytes in these positions have the greatest impact on ROM and should be removed during THA.
Combined Fish Oil and High Oleic Sunflower Oil Supplements Neutralize their Individual Effects on the Lipid Profile of Healthy Men
Authors: Hlais Sani , El‐Bistami Dunia , El Rahi Berna , Mattar Mélanie A. , Obeid Omar A.
Published: July 2013

Both n‐3 and n‐9 fatty acids share a common metabolic pathway and can potentially and individually improve cardiovascular disease risk factors. Dietary n‐6 is known to weaken the efficacy of n‐3 fatty acids due to competition for the same enzymes. Still unclear is whether a similar competition exists between n‐3 and n‐9 fatty acids. Thus, a 12‐week intervention study was conducted to investigate the effect of different combinations of fish oil and high‐oleic sunflower oil (OSO) on healthy subjects. Included were five groups (98 subjects): three groups received a fixed amount of n‐9 (8 g/day) with varying amounts of n‐3 (1, 2 or 4 g/day), one group was given n‐3 fatty acids only (2 g/day) and another was given n‐9 only (8 g/day). We found that fish oil supplement (2 g/day) was able to decrease TAG by about 13 %, this effect was diminished with the co‐ingestion of n‐9 (OSO). Intake of OSO (8 g/day) reduced both total and LDL cholesterol by about 10 %, this effect was reduced by the addition of fish oil. Both fish oil and OSO failed to have any significant effect on both glycemic and blood pressure parameters. In conclusion; the impact of oleic acid (n‐9) on total and LDL cholesterol was altered by the addition fish oil (n‐3). These effects may have been the result of enzymatic competition between the two types of fatty acids.
Googling the WTO: What Search-Engine Data Tell Us About the Political Economy of Institutions
Authors: Pelc Krzysztof J.
Published: July 2013

How does international law affect state behavior? Existing models addressing this issue rest on individual preferences and voter behavior, yet these assumptions are rarely questioned. Do citizens truly react to their governments being taken to court over purported violations? I propose a novel approach to test the premise behind models of international treaty-making, using web-search data. Such data are widely used in epidemiology; in this article I claim that they are also well suited to applications in political economy. Web searches provide a unique proxy for a fundamental political activity that we otherwise have little sense of: information seeking. Information seeking by constituents can be usefully examined as an instance of political mobilization. Applying web-search data to international trade disputes, I provide evidence for the belief that US citizens are concerned about their country being branded a violator of international law, even when they have no direct material stake in the case at hand. This article constitutes a first attempt at utilizing web-search data to test the building blocks of political economy theory.
Brain games: Toward a neuroecology of social behavior
Authors: Gariépy Jean-François , Chang Steve W. C. , Platt Michael L.
Published: July 2013

In the target article, Schilbach et al. defend a “second-person neuroscience” perspective that focuses on the neural basis of social cognition during live, ongoing interactions between individuals. We argue that a second-person neuroscience would benefit from formal approaches borrowed from economics and behavioral ecology and that it should be extended to social interactions in nonhuman animals.
Merging second-person and first-person neuroscience
Authors: Longo Matthew R. , Tsakiris Manos
Published: July 2013

Schilbach et al. contrast second-person and third-person approaches to social neuroscience. We discuss relations between second-person and first-person approaches, arguing that they cannot be studied in isolation. Contingency is central for converging first- and second-person approaches. Studies of embodiment show how contingencies scaffold first-person perspective and how the transition from a third- to a second-person perspective fundamentally involves first-person contributions.
The use of non-interactive scenarios in social neuroscience
Authors: Moore Leonardo , Iacoboni Marco
Published: July 2013

Although we fundamentally agree with Schilbach et al., we argue here that there is still some residual utility for non-interactive scenarios in social neuroscience. They may be useful to quantify individual differences in prosocial inclination that are not influenced by concerns about reputation or social pressure.
What we can learn from second animal neuroscience
Authors: Nephew Benjamin C.
Published: July 2013

There are several facets of second-person neuroscience which can benefit from comparisons with animal behavioral neuroscience studies. This commentary addresses the challenges involved in obtaining quantitative data from second-person techniques, the role of stress in inducing robust responses, the use of interactive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and the value of applying interactive methods to studies of aggression and depression.
Toward a neuroscience of interactive parent–infant dyad empathy
Authors: Swain James E. , Konrath Sara , Dayton Carolyn J. , Finegood Eric D. , Ho S. Shaun
Published: July 2013

In accord with social neuroscience's progression to include interactive experimental paradigms, parents' brains have been activated by emotionally charged infant stimuli – especially of their own infant – including baby cry and picture. More recent research includes the use of brief video clips and opportunities for maternal response. Among brain systems important to parenting are those involved in empathy. This research may inform recent studies of decreased societal empathy, offer mechanisms and solutions.
From the bottom up: The roots of social neuroscience at risk of running dry?
Authors: Hamon-Hill Cindy , Gadbois Simon
Published: July 2013

A second-person neuroscience, as an emerging area of neuroscience and the behavioral sciences, cannot afford to avoid a bottom-up, subcortical, and conative-affective perspective. An example with canid social play and a modern motivational behavioral neursocience will illustrate our point.
Introduction: Communicating Science: National Approaches in Twentieth-Century Europe
Authors: Schirrmacher Arne
Published: July 2013

In a recent book onThe Publics of Science; Experts and Laymen Through History, Agustí Nieto-Galan introduced his subject of a (mostly Western) history of public science, covering the times from the Scientific Revolution to the twenty-first century, with reference to Sigmund Freud. In one of his essays of cultural critique, Freud had, so to speak, put culture itself on his couch, and this session also featured talk about science and technological application.Civilization and Its Discontentsidentified a factor of disillusionment in the progress of science and technology, which gave rise to “The Uneasiness in Culture” (the literal translation of the title of Freud's German essayDas Unbehagen in der Kultur), and this uneasiness tainted a great deal of the happiness science and technology were intended to cultivate (Nieto-Galán 2011; Freud 1930). New technology and inventions like telephones, ocean liners, or drugs, Freud argued, were mostly remedies for negative developments technology had just created; for instance, without modern transportation people would stay close to each other and not need any telephone. (However, he did not address the issue of whether scientific knowledge itself may have provided some satisfaction.) The modern individual, as analyzed by Freud, was therefore constantly ill at ease with modern scientific and technological culture.
Popular Science Magazines in Interwar Britain: Authors and Readerships
Authors: Bowler Peter J.
Published: July 2013

Argument

This article is based on a detailed survey of three British popular science magazines published during the interwar years. It focuses on the authors who wrote for the magazines, using the information to analyze the ways in which scientists and popular writers contributed to the dissemination of information about science and technology. It shows how the different readerships toward which the magazines were directed (serious or more popular) determined the proportion of trained scientists who provided material for publication. The most serious magazine,Discovery, featured almost exclusively material written by professional scientists, while the most popular,Armchair Science, favored writers who were not professional scientists, but who probably had some technical knowledge. Another magazine,Conquest, tried to provide a balance between authoritative and popular articles; however, it survived for only a few years.
Consumers’ and Providers’ Perceptions of Utilizing a Computer-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Childhood Anxiety
Authors: Salloum Alison , Crawford Erika A. , Lewin Adam B. , Storch Eric A.
Published: July 2013

Background: Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT) programs for childhood anxiety are being developed, although research about factors that contribute to implementation of CCBT in community mental health centers (CMHC) is limited. Aim: The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to explore consumers’ and providers’ perceptions of utilizing a CCBT for childhood anxiety in CMHC in an effort to identify factors that may impact implementation of CCBT in CMHC. Method: Focus groups and interviews occurred with 7 parents, 6 children, 3 therapists, 3 project coordinators and 3 administrators who had participated in CCBT for childhood anxiety. Surveys of treatment satisfaction and treatment barriers were administered to consumers. Results: Results suggest that both consumers and providers were highly receptive to participation in and implementation of CCBT in CMHC. Implementation themes included positive receptiveness, factors related to therapists, treatment components, applicability of treatment, treatment content, initial implementation challenges, resources, dedicated staff, support, outreach, opportunities with the CMHC, payment, and treatment availability. Conclusion: As studies continue to demonstrate the effectiveness of CCBT for childhood anxiety, research needs to continue to examine factors that contribute to the successful implementation of such treatments in CMHC.
Child benefit Packages in the United Kingdom and Japan
Authors: Bradshaw Jonathan , Tokoro Michihiko
Published: July 2013

Japan recently introduced a universal child benefit, but its life has been short lived mainly because of the Tsunami and financial problems as well as political conflict over the principles. Meanwhile the Coalition government in the UK, as part of its deficit reduction strategy, has frozen child benefit for three years and taken it back from higher rate tax payers. All other working age family benefits are being cut in real terms. In both countries, state support for families with children is in disarray. This article explores the evolution of the child benefit packages in both countries since 1992. It is based on model family analysis which enables comparison of policies to be made on a consistent basis. It reviews the consequences of these and other changes in the policy package for lone parent and couple families.
Formula for Centrifugal Force.–
Authors: Anderson W.
Published: July 2013

The object of this note is to suggest finding the formula for centrifugal force as an exercise on space-rate of change of energy.
The composition of cigarette smoke determines inflammatory cell recruitment to the lung in COPD mouse models
Authors: John Gerrit , Kohse Katrin , Orasche Jürgen , Reda Ahmed , Schnelle-Kreis Jürgen , Zimmermann Ralf , Schmid Otmar , Eickelberg Oliver , Yildirim Ali Önder
Published: July 2013

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is caused by exposure to toxic gases and particles, most often CS (cigarette smoke), leading to emphysema, chronic bronchitis, mucus production and a subsequent decline in lung function. The disease pathogenesis is related to an abnormal CS-induced inflammatory response of the lungs. Similar to active (mainstream) smoking, second hand (sidestream) smoke exposure severely affects respiratory health. These processes can be studied in vivo in models of CS exposure of mice. We compared the acute inflammatory response of female C57BL/6 mice exposed to two concentrations [250 and 500 mg/m3 TPM (total particulate matter)] of sidestream and mainstream CS for 3 days and interpreted the biological effects based on physico-chemical differences in the gas and particulate phase composition of CS. BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) was obtained to perform differential cell counts and to measure cytokine release. Lung tissue was used to determine mRNA and protein expression of proinflammatory genes and to assess tissue inflammation. A strong acute inflammatory response characterized by neutrophilic influx, increased cytokine secretion [KC (keratinocyte chemoattractant), TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor α), MIP-2 (macrophage inflammatory protein 2), MIP-1α and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1)], pro-inflammatory gene expression [KC, MIP-2 and MMP12 (matrix metalloproteinase 12)] and up-regulated GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) production was observed in the mainstream model. After sidestream exposure there was a dampened inflammatory reaction consisting only of macrophages and diminished GM-CSF levels, most likely caused by elevated CO concentrations. These results demonstrate that the composition of CS determines the dynamics of inflammatory cell recruitment in COPD mouse models. Different initial inflammatory processes might contribute to COPD pathogenesis in significantly varying ways, thereby determining the outcome of the studies.
Global ab initio ground-state potential energy surface of N4
Authors: Paukku Yuliya , Yang Ke R. , Varga Zoltan , Truhlar Donald G.
Published: July 2013

We present a global ground-state potential energy surface for N4 suitable for treating high-energy vibrational-rotational energy transfer and collision-induced dissociation in N2–N2 collisions. To obtain the surface, complete active space second-order perturbation theory calculations were performed for the ground singlet state with an active space of 12 electrons in 12 orbitals and the maug-cc-pVTZ triple zeta basis set. About 17 000 ab initio data points have been calculated for the N4 system, distributed along nine series of N2 + N2 geometries and three series of N3 + N geometries. The six-dimensional ground-state potential energy surface is fitted using least-squares fits to the many-body component of the electronic energies based on permutationally invariant polynomials in bond order variables.
Kinetics of particle wrapping by a vesicle
Authors: Mirigian Stephen , Muthukumar Murugappan
Published: July 2013

We present theoretical results on kinetics for the passive wrapping of a single, rigid particle by a flexible membrane. Using a simple geometric ansatz for the shape of the membrane/particle complex we first compute free energy profiles as a function of the particle size, attraction strength between the particle and vesicle, and material properties of the vesicle—bending stiffness and stretching modulus. The free energy profiles thus computed are taken as input to a stochastic model of the wrapping process, described by a Fokker-Planck equation. We compute average uptake rates of the particle into the vesicle. We find that the rate of particle uptake falls to zero outside of a thermodynamically allowed range of particle sizes. Within the thermodynamically allowed range of particle size, the rate of uptake is variable and we compute the optimal particle size and maximal uptake rate as a function of the attraction strength, the vesicle size, and vesicle material properties.
Simulation of non-resonant internal kink mode with toroidal rotation in the National Spherical Torus Experiment
Authors: Wang Feng , Fu G. Y. , Breslau J. A. , Tritz Kevin , Liu J. Y.
Published: July 2013

Plasmas in spherical and conventional tokamaks, with weakly reversed shear q profile and minimum q above but close to unity, are susceptible to an non-resonant (m,n) = (1,1) internal kink mode. This mode can saturate and persist and can induce a (2,1) seed island for Neoclassical Tearing Mode. [Breslau et al. Nucl. Fusion 51, 063027 (2011)]. The mode can also lead to large energetic particle transport and significant broadening of beam-driven current. Motivated by these important effects, we have carried out extensive nonlinear simulations of the mode with finite toroidal rotation using parameters and profiles of an NTSX plasma with a weakly reversed shear profile. The numerical results show that, at the experimental level, plasma rotation has little effect on either equilibrium or linear stability. However, rotation can significantly influence the nonlinear dynamics of the (1,1) mode and the induced (2,1) magnetic island. The simulation results show that a rotating helical equilibrium is formed and maintained in the nonlinear phase at finite plasma rotation. In contrast, for non-rotating cases, the nonlinear evolution exhibits dynamic oscillations between a quasi-2D state and a helical state. Furthermore, the effects of rotation are found to greatly suppress the (2,1) magnetic island even at a low level.
Accurate quantification of magnetic particle properties by intra-pair magnetophoresis for nanobiotechnology
Authors: van Reenen Alexander , Gao Yang , Bos Arjen H. , de Jong Arthur M. , Hulsen Martien A. , den Toonder Jaap M. J. , Prins Menno W. J.
Published: July 2013

The application of magnetic particles in biomedical research and in-vitro diagnostics requires accurate characterization of their magnetic properties, with single-particle resolution and good statistics. Here, we report intra-pair magnetophoresis as a method to accurately quantify the field-dependent magnetic moments of magnetic particles and to rapidly generate histograms of the magnetic moments with good statistics. We demonstrate our method with particles of different sizes and from different sources, with a measurement precision of a few percent. We expect that intra-pair magnetophoresis will be a powerful tool for the characterization and improvement of particles for the upcoming field of particle-based nanobiotechnology.
Growth, disorder, and physical properties of ZnSnN2
Authors: Feldberg N. , Aldous J. D. , Linhart W. M. , Phillips L. J. , Durose K. , Stampe P. A. , Kennedy R. J. , Scanlon D. O. , Vardar G. , Field R. L. , Jen T. Y. , Goldman R. S. , Veal T. D. , Durbin S. M.
Published: July 2013

We examine ZnSnN2, a member of the class of materials contemporarily termed “earth-abundant element semiconductors,” with an emphasis on evaluating its suitability for photovoltaic applications. It is predicted to crystallize in an orthorhombic lattice with an energy gap of 2 eV. Instead, using molecular beam epitaxy to deposit high-purity, single crystal as well as highly textured polycrystalline thin films, only a monoclinic structure is observed experimentally. Far from being detrimental, we demonstrate that the cation sublattice disorder which inhibits the orthorhombic lattice has a profound effect on the energy gap, obviating the need for alloying to match the solar spectrum.
Observation and simulation of microdroplet shapes on surface-energy-patterned substrates: Contact line engineering for printed electronics
Authors: Noda Yuki , Matsui Hiroyuki , Minemawari Hiromi , Yamada Toshikazu , Hasegawa Tatsuo
Published: July 2013

Equilibrium microdroplet shapes on hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterned surfaces were investigated both by experimental observation using an inkjet printing technique and by computer simulation. We demonstrated that the hybrid energy minimization simulation can accurately reproduce the equilibrium shapes of observed microdroplets, including the droplet contact line in the vicinity of a sharp corner in the hydrophilic region. We found that the relative ratio of nonwetting areas by the droplets around a rectangular corner can be used as a useful index to check the reliability of the simulation as well as to estimate the surface-energy distribution within the hydrophilic region. Based on the estimation of the additional local force acting on the contact lines, we discuss the design rules for printed electronics circuits, such as the shapes of the integrated electrode to realize the ideal spreading.
Tuning the magnetization reversal process of FeCoCu nanowire arrays by thermal annealing
Authors: Bran C. , Ivanov Yu. P. , García J. , del Real R. P. , Prida V. M. , Chubykalo-Fesenko O. , Vazquez M.
Published: July 2013

Arrays of hexagonally ordered Fe28Co67Cu5 nanowires with tailored diameter from 18 to 27 nm were prepared by electroplating into anodic alumina templates and annealed in the temperature range of 300–600 °C, preserving but refining their bcc crystal structure. Despite the partial reduction of saturation magnetization and corresponding shape anisotropy after annealing at 500 °C, larger coercivity, 0.36 T, and squareness ratio, Mr/Ms = 0.98, were obtained. This unexpected behavior is interpreted through micromagnetic simulations where the magnetic hardening is associated with the transition from vortex to transverse domain-wall reversal modes connected with the reduction of saturation magnetization. Simulations also predict a significant coercivity increase with decreasing nanowires diameter which agrees with experimental data in the overlapping diameter range.
Interesting properties of ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 nanotube array embedded in matrix medium
Authors: Adhikari Rajendra , Fu Huaxiang
Published: July 2013

Finite-temperature first-principles based simulations are used to determine the structural and polarization properties of ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 (PZT) nanotube array embedded in matrix medium of different ferroelectric strengths. Various interesting properties are found, including (i) that the system can behave either 3D-like, or 2D-like, or 1D-like; and (ii) the existence of an unusual structural phase in which 180° stripe domain coexists with vortex. Furthermore, we show in PZT tube array that a vortex phase can spontaneously transform into a ferroelectric phase of polarization by temperature alone, without applying external electric fields. Microscopic insights for understanding these properties are provided.
Geometrical scaling law for laser shock processing
Authors: Wu Xianqian , Tan Qingming , Huang Chenguang
Published: July 2013

Scaling approach to laser shock processing is studied by dimensional analysis and numerical simulation. The essential dimensionless parameters controlling the shock effect are studied, and a geometrical scaling law correlating the input laser parameters and the output strengthening effect parameters is presented. The numerical results show that there is a competition controlling mechanism between thickness of confined overlay and laser duration for the surface residual stress; the plastically affected depth increases linearly with increasing laser duration, increases quadratically with increasing laser power density, and is almost independent with the thickness of confined overlay. Based on the results, a window of the optimal working parameters is presented.
Parametric coupling of lower hybrid wave with gyrating ion beam driven ion cyclotron instability in a plasma
Authors: Singh Rohtash , Tripathi V. K.
Published: July 2013

A lower hybrid wave, launched into a tokamak for supplementary heating in the presence of neutral beam turned gyrating ion beam, is seen to excite some prominent channels of parametric decay. The beam driven deuterium cyclotron mode is further destabilized by the lower hybrid pump through the nonlinear 4-wave coupling, involving higher and lower frequency lower hybrid sidebands, when ω0/k0zv0z=(1−ωLH2/ω02) , where ωLH is the lower hybrid frequency, ω0 and k0z are the frequency and parallel wave number of the pump wave, and v0z is the velocity of ion beam parallel to the magnetic field. The growth rate increases with parallel wave number of the ion-cyclotron mode. The pump is also susceptible to parametric upconversion into an upper sideband shifted by the frequency of the negative energy deuterium cyclotron mode. For typical parameters, the growth rate of this channel is around one fiftieth of deuterium cyclotron frequency and falls off with the transverse wave number of the mode.
Photon quenching in InGaN quantum well light emitting devices
Authors: Sarkissian Raymond , Roberts Sean T. , Yeh Ting-Wei , Das Saptaparna , Bradforth Stephen E. , O'Brien John , Daniel Dapkus P.
Published: July 2013

This work provides experimental evidence for photon quenching in InGaN and discusses its relevance to efficiency droop problem in InGaN-based light emitters. An equilibrium rate equation model demonstrates that radiative efficiency for this loss mechanism not only has a similar dependence on carrier density as Auger recombination process, but it also possesses the right magnitude making it difficult to distinguish between the two and possibly leading to errors in interpretation. The impact of photon quenching processes on device performance is emphasized by demonstrating loss of efficiency for spectral regions where there is experimental evidence for photon quenching.
Acoustic spectroscopy for studies of vitreous silica up to 740 GHz
Authors: Lin Kung-Hsuan , Tsai Dzung-Han , Wang Kuan-Jen , Chen Sheng-Hui , Chi Kai-Lun , Shi Jin-Wei , Chen Po-Cheng , Sheu Jinn-Kong
Published: July 2013

Due to the high attenuation in vitreous silica, acoustic attenuations in the THz regime are typically measured by incoherent techniques such as Raman, neutron, and X-ray scattering. Here, we utilized multiple-quantum-well structures to demonstrate acoustic spectroscopy of vitreous silica up to ∼740 THz. The acoustic properties of silica thin films prepared by physical and chemical deposition methods were characterized in the sub-THz regime. This technique can be useful in resolving debated issues relating to Boson peak around 1 THz.
Enhanced external radiative efficiency for 20.8% efficient single-junction GaInP solar cells
Authors: Geisz J. F. , Steiner M. A. , García I. , Kurtz S. R. , Friedman D. J.
Published: July 2013

We demonstrate 1.81 eV GaInP solar cells approaching the Shockley-Queisser limit with 20.8% solar conversion efficiency, 8% external radiative efficiency, and 80–90% internal radiative efficiency at one-sun AM1.5 global conditions. Optically enhanced voltage through photon recycling that improves light extraction was achieved using a back metal reflector. This optical enhancement was realized at one-sun currents when the non-radiative Sah-Noyce-Shockley junction recombination current was reduced by placing the junction at the back of the cell in a higher band gap AlGaInP layer. Electroluminescence and dark current-voltage measurements show the separate effects of optical management and non-radiative dark current reduction.
Seed dormancy and germination of the subalpine geophyte Crocus alatavicus (Iridaceae)
Authors: Fu Ziyan , Tan Dunyan , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C.
Published: July 2013

Crocus alatavicus Regel et Sem. is a cormous perennial primarily distributed in central Asia that may have potential in horticulture; however, relatively little is known about seed dormancy in the genus Crocus. The primary aim of the present study was to identify the dormancy breaking and germination requirements of seeds of C. alatvicus and to assign them to a dormancy category. In its natural habitat, the underdeveloped embryo in C. alatavicus seeds grows in early summer, and radicles emerge in early autumn. However, cotyledon emergence is delayed until the following spring. Radicle emergence was promoted by warm stratification and cotyledon emergence by cold stratification. GA3 was ineffective in promoting either radicle or epicotyl emergence. We conclude that seeds of C. alatavicus have deep simple epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy of the type C1bB(root) – C3(shoot). To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study on the ecophysiology of seed dormancy and germination in the genus Crocus.