bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poesia, ritual i cant per a la festa: l’univers creatiu i festiu dels poemes de vesticions i professions al convent de carmelites descalces de Barcelona (segle XVII)
Authors: Zaragoza Gómez Verònica
Published: July 2016

Resum: En aquest treball analitzem les composicions escrites per a les cerimònies de presa d’hàbit i vel i la professió solemne al convent de la Immaculada Concepció de Barcelona. Aquests poemes amb què les religioses deixaven enrere la seva vida seglar i inauguraven un nou camí com a esposa de Jesucrist, amb una nova identitat construïda en la clausura, formen part d’un dels “subgèneres” poètics més importants i amb una presència més arrelada en la tradició poètica carmelitana femenina. Per a estudiar-los, en primer lloc, oferim una caracterització general necessària dels usos i funcions de la poesia i el cant al Carmel Descalç femení, aspecte que rarament havia estat tractat des d’una perspectiva catalana. En segon lloc, presentem i emmarquem un corpus tancat de vint-i-cinc composicions inèdites sobre vesticions i professions, que foren escrites per les monges mateixes i copiades posteriorment en el manuscrit de les carmelites descalces de Barcelona, recentment exhumat. N’analitzem les formes d’expressió poètica i els temes presents, per tractar d’extreure’n una identitat femenina carmelitana en el marc d’una tradició hispànica més àmplia.   Paraules clau: Teresa d’Àvila, poesia carmelitana, manuscrits, àmbit català   Abstract: In this essay we address one of the most important poetic subgenres in the tradition of Carmelite women: the works composed for ceremonies of vestition and solemn profession in which the nuns left behind his mundane life and opened a new life as the wife of Jesus. First of all, we provide a general overview of the customs and functions of the poetry in the Discalced Carmelites, which has been already analysed in the context of the Hispanic literature, but rarely from the perspective of the Catalan area. Secondly, we present and contextualize a corpus of twenty-five unpublished compositions on vestitions and professions, copied in the manuscript of the Discalced Carmelites of Barcelona.Keywords: Teresa d’Àvila, Carmelite Poetry, Manuscripts, Catalan area
Finite-difference time-domain analysis of light propagation in cholesteric liquid crystalline droplet array
Authors: Yamamoto Kaho , Iwai Yosuke , Uchida Yoshiaki , Nishiyama Norikazu
Published: July 2016

We numerically analyzed the light propagation in cholesteric liquid crystalline (CLC) droplet array by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The FDTD method successfully reproduced the experimental light path observed in the complicated photonic structure of the CLC droplet array more accurately than the analysis of CLC droplets by geometric optics with Bragg condition, and this method help us understand the polarization of the propagating light waves. The FDTD method holds great promise for the design of various photonic devices composed of curved photonic materials like CLC droplets and microcapsules.
Fabrication and demonstration of 1 × 8 silicon–silica multi-chip switch based on optical phased array
Authors: Katayose Satomi , Hashizume Yasuaki , Itoh Mikitaka
Published: July 2016

We experimentally demonstrated a 1 × 8 silicon–silica hybrid thermo-optic switch based on an optical phased array using a multi-chip integration technique. The switch consists of a silicon chip with optical phase shifters and two silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) chips composed of optical couplers and fiber connections. We adopted a rib waveguide as the silicon waveguide to reduce the coupling loss and increase the alignment tolerance for coupling between silicon and silica waveguides. As a result, we achieved a fast switching response of 81 µs, a high extinction ratio of over 18 dB and a low insertion loss of 4.9–8.1 dB including a silicon–silica coupling loss of 0.5 ± 0.3 dB at a wavelength of 1.55 µm.
Evaluation of the structure function method to compute turbulent dissipation within boundary layers using numerical simulations
Authors: Jabbari Aidin , Rouhi Amirreza , Boegman Leon
Published: July 2016

Well‐resolved numerical simulations of turbulent open channel flows are analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of the 2nd order structure function method (SFM) in estimating the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy within boundary layers. The objective is to assess the variation in the 2/3 Kolmogorov constants due to flow anisotropy with distance from the wall. Comparison of the dissipation calculated directly from the numerical data, with that from the SFM shows that usage of the canonical constants, based on the assumption of local isotropy, can result in considerable error (>50%) in the prediction of dissipation when using the vertical or spanwise velocity components. From the numerically calculated dissipation, optimal Kolmogorov 2/3 constants were obtained and empirical relations, which account for near‐wall effects, were proposed. Usage of the optimal constants will improve estimation of the dissipation rate when the SFM is applied to compute dissipation in geophysical boundary‐layer flows.
Structural asperity focusing locking and earthquake slip along the Nicoya megathrust, Costa Rica
Authors: Kyriakopoulos C. , Newman A. V.
Published: July 2016

On 5 September 2012, a moment magnitude 7.6 earthquake occurred along the locked megathrust interface directly beneath the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica. The event was anticipated given the history of frequent large earthquakes and recent GPS results. Strain accumulation observed before and coseismic slip observed during the earthquake create a novel and important data set, offering a unique look at the strain and locking behavior around a large megathrust environment. Given this geodetic data, and a newly developed regional 3‐D subduction interface, we develop a regionally appropriate finite element model to evaluate the role of interface topography in generating interseismic locking and ultimately coseismic slip following the 2012 earthquake. We find that the interface is most strongly coupled in a patch immediately beneath the central portion of Nicoya in an area where a topographic high in the downgoing Cocos Plate is resisting further subduction. This zone is the dominant slip environment in the 2012 earthquake. Reevaluation of the interseismic locking over 62 years before the most recent event finds that the total accumulated moment potential (M0 = 3.48 × 1020 N m) well matches the total moment release in the 2012 rupture found here (M0 = 3.73 × 1020 N m, Mw 7.68), with rupture extending to the SE outside of the strongly locked region, possibly as early afterslip. In contrast to a prior study, little locking is required immediately offshore Nicoya—a conclusion important for understanding the rupture area of the 2012 event, regional tsunami potential, and relation with regionally observed shallow slow‐slip events.
A process study of the Adriatic‐Ionian System baroclinic dynamics
Authors: Reale M. , Crise A. , Farneti R. , Mosetti R.
Published: July 2016

The driving mechanisms behind the decadal reversal of the Ionian Sea upper layer circulation recently sparked a considerable discussion in the Mediterranean scientific community. It has been suggested that the reversal can be driven by variations in wind stress curl over the basin, baroclinic dynamics acting within the Adriatic‐Ionian System (AISys) or baroclinic dynamics driven by thermohaline properties at the AISys eastern boundary. Here we perform numerical simulations in order to assess the relative importance of remote forcings (wind stress, thermohaline fluxes, thermohaline open boundary conditions) on the vorticity and energy budget of the Ionian Sea. A mechanistic understanding of the AISys dynamics is achieved with an approach based on an increasing complexity in the model forcings and domain. Our experiments suggest that wind stress does not play a leading role in the vorticity and energy budgets of the Ionian Sea. Wind stress can reinforce or weaken the circulation but it is not able to reverse its sign. Its role becomes dominant only in the absence of inflows through the Antikythira Strait and Cretan Passage. Instead, reversals in the upper layer circulation of the Ionian Sea take place only in the presence of an active boundary on the Aegean Sea/Levantine Basin side and appear to be correlated with substantial exchanges of Availalble Potential Energy between the two basins (as observed at the end of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient). From an energetic point of view, AISys can be explained therefore only if the role of the Aegean Sea is explicitly considered.
Controls on Cenozoic exhumation of the Tethyan Himalaya from fission‐track thermochronology and detrital zircon U‐Pb geochronology in the Gyirong basin area, southern Tibet
Authors: Shen Tianyi , Wang Guocan , Leloup Philippe Hervé , van der Beek Peter , Bernet Matthias , Cao Kai , Wang An , Liu Chao , Zhang Kexin
Published: July 2016

The Gyirong basin, southern Tibet, contains the record of Miocene‐Pliocene exhumation, drainage development, and sedimentation along the northern flank of the Himalaya. The tectonic controls on basin formation and their potential link to the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS) are not well understood. We use detrital zircon (ZFT) and apatite (AFT) fission‐track analysis, together with detrital zircon U‐Pb dating to decipher the provenance of Gyirong basin sediments and the exhumation history of the source areas. Results are presented for nine detrital samples of Gyirong basin sediments (AFT, ZFT, and U‐Pb), two modern river‐sediment samples (ZFT and AFT), and six bedrock samples (ZFT) from transect across the Gyirong fault bounding the basin to the east. The combination of detrital zircon U‐Pb and fission‐track data demonstrates that the Gyirong basin sediments were sourced locally from the Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence. This provenance pattern indicates that deposition was controlled by the Gyirong fault, active since ~10 Ma, whose vertical throw was probably < ~5000 m, rather than being controlled by normal faults associated with the STDS. The detrital thermochronology data contain two prominent age groups at ~37–41 and 15–18 Ma, suggesting rapid exhumation at these times. A 15–18 Ma phase of rapid exhumation has been recorded widely in both southern Tibet and the Himalaya. A possible interpretation for such a major regional exhumation event might be detachment of the subducting Indian plate slab during the middle Miocene, inducing dynamic uplift of the Indian plate overriding its own slab.
Geophysical‐petrological model of the crust and upper mantle in the India‐Eurasia collision zone
Authors: Tunini Lavinia , Jiménez‐Munt Ivone , Fernandez Manel , Vergés Jaume , Villaseñor Antonio , Melchiorre Massimiliano , Afonso Juan Carlos
Published: July 2016

We present a new crust and upper mantle cross section of the western India‐Eurasia collision zone by combining geological, geophysical, and petrological information within a self‐consistent thermodynamic framework. We characterize the upper mantle structure down to 410 km depth from the thermal, compositional, and seismological viewpoints along a profile crossing western Himalayan orogen and Tibetan Plateau, Tarim Basin, Tian Shan, and Junggar Basin, ending in the Chinese Altai Range. Our results show that the Moho deepens from the Himalayan foreland basin (~40 km depth) to the Kunlun Shan (~90 km depth), and it shallows to less than 50 km beneath the Tarim Basin. Crustal thickness between the Tian Shan and Altai mountains varies from ~66 km to ~62 km. The depth of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) increases from 230 km below the Himalayan foreland basin to 295 km below the Kunlun Shan. To NE the LAB shallows to ~230 km below the Tarim Basin and increases again to ~260 km below Tian Shan and Junggar region and to ~280 km below the Altai Range. Lateral variations of the seismic anomalies are compatible with variations in the lithospheric mantle composition retrieved from global petrological data. We also model a preexisting profile in the eastern India‐Eurasia collision zone and discuss the along‐strike variations of the lithospheric structure. We confirm the presence of a noticeable lithospheric mantle thinning below the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, with the LAB located at 140 km depth, and of mantle compositional differences between the Tibetan Plateau and the northern domains of Qilian Shan, Qaidam Basin, and North China.
Carboniferous and Permian evolutionary records for the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean constrained by newly discovered Xiangtaohu ophiolites from central Qiangtang, central Tibet
Authors: Zhang Xiu‐Zheng , Dong Yong‐Sheng , Wang Qiang , Dan Wei , Zhang Chunfu , Deng Ming‐Rong , Xu Wang , Xia Xiao‐Ping , Zeng Ji‐Peng , Liang He
Published: July 2016

Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean remains at the center of debates over the linkage between Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion. Identifying the remnants of oceanic lithosphere (ophiolites) has very important implications for identifying suture zones, unveiling the evolutionary history of fossil oceans, and reconstructing the amalgamation history between different blocks. Here we report newly documented ophiolite suites from the Longmu Co‐Shuanghu Suture zone (LSSZ) in the Xiangtaohu area, central Qiangtang block, Tibet. Detailed geological investigations and zircon U‐Pb dating reveal that the Xiangtaohu ophiolites are composed of a suite of Permian (281–275 Ma) ophiolites with a nearly complete Penrose sequence and a suite of Early Carboniferous (circa 350 Ma) ophiolite remnants containing only part of the lower oceanic crust. Geochemical and Sr‐Nd‐O isotopic data show that the Permian and Carboniferous ophiolites in this study were derived from an N‐mid‐ocean ridge basalts‐like mantle source with varied suprasubduction‐zone (SSZ) signatures and were characterized by crystallization sequences from wet magmas, suggesting typical SSZ‐affinity ophiolites. Permian and Carboniferous SSZ ophiolites in the central Qiangtang provide robust evidence for the existence and evolution of an ancient ocean basin. Combining with previous studies on high‐pressure metamorphic rocks and pelagic radiolarian cherts, and with tectonostratigraphic and paleontological data, we support the LSSZ as representing the main suture of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean which probably existed and evolved from Devonian to Triassic. The opening and demise of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean dominated the formation of the major framework for the East and/or Southeast Asia.
Morphological Tuning of the Energetics in Singlet Fission Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Lin YunHui L. , Fusella Michael A. , Kozlov Oleg V. , Lin Xin , Kahn Antoine , Pshenichnikov Maxim S. , Rand Barry P.
Published: July 2016

Effective singlet fission solar cells require both fast and efficient singlet fission as well as favorable energetics for harvesting the resulting triplet excitons. Notable progress has been made to engineer materials with rapid and efficient singlet fission, but the ability to control the energetics of these solar cells remains a challenge. Here, it is demonstrated that the interfacial charge transfer state energy of a rubrene/C60 solar cell can be modified dramatically by the morphology of its constituent films. The effect is so pronounced that a crystalline system is able to dissociate and collect triplets generated through singlet fission whereas an as‐deposited amorphous system is not. Furthermore, a novel technique for studying the behavior of this class of devices using external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements in the presence of a background light is described. When this method is applied to rubrene/C60 solar cells, it is shown that triplet–triplet annihilation makes significant contributions to photocurrent in the amorphous device—enhancing EQE by over 12% at relatively low intensities of background light (4 mW cm−2)—while detracting from photocurrent in the crystalline device. Finally, the conclusions on how the material system is affected by its morphology are strengthened by time‐resolved photoluminescence experiments.
High‐Strength and High‐Toughness Double‐Cross‐Linked Cellulose Hydrogels: A New Strategy Using Sequential Chemical and Physical Cross‐Linking
Authors: Zhao Dan , Huang Junchao , Zhong Yi , Li Kai , Zhang Lina , Cai Jie
Published: July 2016

Polysaccharide‐based hydrogels have multiple advantages because of their inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non‐toxicic properties. The feasibility of using polysaccharide‐based hydrogels could be improved if they could simultaneously fulfill the mechanical property and cell compatibility requirements for practical applications. Herein, the construction of double‐cross‐linked (DC) cellulose hydrogels is described using sequential chemical and physical cross‐linking, resulting in DC cellulose hydrogels that are mechanically superior to single‐cross‐linked cellulose hydrogels. The formation and spatial distribution of chemically cross‐linked domains and physically cross‐linked domains within the DC cellulose hydrogels are demonstrated. The molar ratio of epichlorohydrin to anhydroglucose units of cellulose and the concentration of the aqueous ethanol solution are two critical parameters for obtaining mechanically strong and tough DC cellulose hydrogels. The mechanical properties of the DC cellulose hydrogels under loading‐unloading cycles are described using compression and tension models. The possible toughening mechanism of double‐cross‐linking is discussed.
A Scaled‐Up Lithium (Ion)‐Sulfur Battery: Newly Faced Problems and Solutions
Authors: Kang Hyo‐Seok , Park Eunjun , Hwang Jang‐Yeon , Kim Hansu , Aurbach Doron , Rosenman Ariel , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: July 2016

Lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries are extensively explored due to their substantially higher theoretical energy density compared to any commercially available rechargeable batteries. Highly innovative efforts are invested to demonstrate promising Li‐S cells at laboratory scales. In order to promote this battery technology further, it is important to develop and test sulfur cathodes with practically high loading per unit area. The work described herein is devoted to long‐term testing of Li‐S and Si‐Li‐S cells comprising electrodes with high loading of the active mass, in pouch cells. This study investigates composite cathodes in which sulfur is embedded in matrices of multiwall carbon nanotubes and composite anodes based on prelithiated Si/SiOx nano‐spheres. These full‐cells exhibit stable cycling performance for more than 400 cycles, substantially more than equivalent cells utilizing metallic lithium anodes, which suffer from dendritic Li growth. The use of pouch cells, high cathodes' loading, and relatively high charge exchange per unit area during each cycle, emphasize the limitation of Li metal anodes in rechargeable batteries and promote development of Si‐Li‐S batteries for prolonged cycle life.
Multienterprise supply chain: Simulation and optimization
Authors: Sahay Nihar , Ierapetritou Marianthi
Published: July 2016

The advancements in connectivity among the entities belonging to industrial supply chain have given rise to more complex, global supply chain networks. These networks are often constituted of entities that belong to multiple such networks. Interactions among the entities in such networks are also influenced by whether they belong to the same enterprise or different ones. This work takes into consideration the effect of such interactions. The entities belonging to different enterprises are assumed to interact through auctions. An agent based simulation model that incorporates such auctions is used to represent multienterprise supply chain networks. The dynamics of the supply chain affected by the auction mechanism are investigated. Also a derivative free optimization methodology is proposed to find the optimal warehouse capacities for the minimization of total cost. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3392–3403, 2016
A compartmental CFD‐PBM model of high shear wet granulation
Authors: Yu Xi , Hounslow Michael J. , Reynolds Gavin K. , Rasmuson Anders , Niklasson Björn Ingela , Abrahamsson Per J.
Published: July 2016

The conventional, geometrically lumped description of the physical processes inside a high shear granulator is not reliable for process design and scale‐up. In this study, a compartmental Population Balance Model (PBM) with spatial dependence is developed and validated in two lab‐scale high shear granulation processes using a 1.9L MiPro granulator and 4L DIOSNA granulator. The compartmental structure is built using a heuristic approach based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, which includes the overall flow pattern, velocity and solids concentration. The constant volume Monte Carlo approach is implemented to solve the multi‐compartment population balance equations. Different spatial dependent mechanisms are included in the compartmental PBM to describe granule growth. It is concluded that for both cases (low and high liquid content), the adjustment of parameters (e.g. layering, coalescence and breakage rate) can provide a quantitative prediction of the granulation process. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 438–458, 2017
Fluid inhomogeneity within nanoslits and deviation from Hagen–Poiseuille flow
Authors: Wang Yuying , Xu Junbo , Yang Chao
Published: July 2016

Recently, the deviation of nano‐confined flows from classical hydrodynamic theories has been frequently reported. In this work, such a flow is theoretically investigated by means of dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation. The simulation results show that the density and viscosity inhomogeneities near solid/fluid interfaces depends on the slit wettability only. Flow enhancement relative to the Hagen–Poiseuille (H‐P) flow occurs together with the flow inhomogeneity. Combining of flow inhomogeneity and the Stokes equation, a theoretical model for flux calculation is established. As the slit being widened, the model can be simplified by gradually eliminating the higher order traces, and be simplified into the model with Navier's slip condition and the well‐known H‐P relation at last. The theoretical results of flux are in good agreement with the simulations by DPD. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 834–842, 2017
Transient risk factors for acute occupational hand injuries among metal manufacturing workers: A case‐crossover study in southern China
Authors: Liu Xin‐Xia , Huang Guo‐Xian , Huang Hui‐Qiang , Wang Shu‐Yu , Zong Ying , Chen Wei‐Qing
Published: July 2016

Background

Acute occupational hand injuries are a common occurrence in China's metal manufacturing industries. This study aimed to explore the transient risk factors for acute occupational hand injuries among metal manufacturing workers.

Methods

A case‐crossover study was conducted from October 2013 through December 2013 in Zhongshan city, southern China. Face‐to‐face interviews were used to collect information on the occurrence of 12 transient risk factors during the “hazard” period (a 60‐min period prior to occupational hand injury) and a “control” period (the week before the injury).

Results

One hundred ninety‐four qualified acute occupational hand injury cases (139 male, 55 female) were enrolled in this study, with a mean age of 35.5 (standard deviation [SD] 10.4) years. The most common (64.9%) type of work was punching, and the most common injures were crushes and fractures (28.8 and 23.7%, respectively). Of these cases, 62.9% were regarded as severe or major. Among the 12 transient risk factors, 11 ones were significantly associated with acute occupational hand injuries occurring during the hazard period: “replacing sharp knives” (IRR = 14.38, 95%CI 11.43–18.08), “using malfunctioning machinery” (IRR = 30.59, 95%CI 17.84–52.48), “using different tools” (IRR = 10.96, 95%CI 4.77–25.17), “using different machines” (IRR = 5.20, 95%CI 2.25–12.00), “performing unusual work tasks” (IRR = 24.38, 95%CI 14.11–42.15), “working overtime” (IRR = 13.40, 95%CI 7.70–23.29), “performing a task with a different method” (IRR = 56.41, 95%CI 23.61–134.81), “being in a bad mood” (IRR = 108.11, 95%CI 55.10–211.11), “feeling ill” (RR = 12.27, 95%CI 4.95–30.43), “rushing” (IRR = 5.16, 95%CI 2.49–10.70), and “not wearing gloves” (IRR = 1.63, 95%CI 1.23–2.15).

Conclusions

Our study suggested that multiple transient risk factors were responsible for the acute occupational hand injuries in China's metal manufacturing industries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:832–840, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Absolute humidity and the human nose: A reanalysis of climate zones and their influence on nasal form and function
Authors: Maddux Scott D. , Yokley Todd R. , Svoma Bohumil M. , Franciscus Robert G.
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Investigations into the selective role of climate on human nasal variation commonly divide climates into four broad adaptive zones (hot‐dry, hot‐wet, cold‐dry, and cold‐wet) based on temperature and relative humidity. Yet, absolute humidity—not relative humidity—is physiologically more important during respiration. Here, we investigate the global distribution of absolute humidity to better clarify ecogeographic demands on nasal physiology.

Methods

We use monthly observations from the Climatic Research Unit Timeseries 3 (CRU TS3) database to construct global maps of average annual temperature, relative humidity and absolute humidity. Further, using data collected by Thomson and Buxton (1923) for over 15,000 globally‐distributed individuals, we calculate the actual amount of heat and water that must be transferred to inspired air in different climatic regimes to maintain homeostasis, and investigate the influence of these factors on the nasal index.

Results

Our results show that absolute humidity, like temperature, generally decreases with latitude. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that environments typically characterized as “cold‐wet” actually exhibit low absolute humidities, with values virtually identical to cold‐dry environments and significantly lower than hot‐wet and even hot‐dry environments. Our results also indicate that strong associations between the nasal index and absolute humidity are, potentially erroneously, predicated on individuals from hot‐dry environments possessing intermediate (mesorrhine) nasal indices.

Discussion

We suggest that differentially allocating populations to cold‐dry or cold‐wet climates is unlikely to reflect different selective pressures on respiratory physiology and nasal morphology—it is cold‐dry, and to a lesser degree hot‐dry environments, that stress respiratory function. Our study also supports assertions that demands for inspiratory modification are reduced in hot‐wet environments, and that expiratory heat elimination for thermoregulation is a greater selective pressure in such environments.
A Single Methylene Group in Oligoalkylamine‐Based Cationic Polymers and Lipids Promotes Enhanced mRNA Delivery
Authors: Jarzębińska Anita , Pasewald Tamara , Lambrecht Jana , Mykhaylyk Olga , Kümmerling Linda , Beck Philipp , Hasenpusch Günther , Rudolph Carsten , Plank Christian , Dohmen Christian
Published: July 2016

The development of chemically modified mRNA holds great promise as a new class of biologic therapeutics. However, the intracellular delivery and endosomal escape of mRNA encapsulated in nanoparticles has not been systematically investigated. Here, we synthesized a diverse set of cationic polymers and lipids from a series of oligoalkylamines and subsequently characterized their mRNA delivery capability. Notably, a structure with an alternating alkyl chain length between amines showed the highest transfection efficiency, which was linked to a high buffering capacity in a narrow range of pH 6.2 to 6.5. Variation in only one methylene group resulted in enhanced mRNA delivery to both the murine liver as well as porcine lungs after systemic or aerosol administration, respectively. These findings reveal a novel fundamental structure–activity relationship for the delivery of mRNA that is independent of the class of mRNA carrier and define a promising new path of exploration in the field of mRNA therapeutics.
Facile fabrication of polyester filament fabric with highly and durable hydrophilic surface by microwave‐assisted glycolysis
Authors: Zhou Weitao , Huang Haitao , Du Shan , Wang Qing , He Jianxin , Cui Shizhong
Published: July 2016

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric with highly and durable hydrophilic surface was fabricated using microwave‐assisted glycolysis. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a catalyst was proven to be suitable for PET glycolysis under assistance of microwave. The modified PET fabric (0.5% NaOH, irradiation 120 s) showed high surface hydrophilicity with a contact angle of 17.4 ° and a wicking length of 19.36 mm. The exposure of the carboxyl‐ and hydroxyl‐end groups on the surface of PET and the introduction of etches were confirmed by Methylene Blue staining and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), receptively. Although the strength of PET fabric decreased after modification, it was still high enough for textile applications. The thermal properties of the modified PET fabrics were well maintained. The high hydrophilicity and its original properties of PET could be controlled by changing the irradiation time from 60 s to 120 s and adjusting the content of sodium hydroxide from 0.2% to 0.5%. These results suggest microwave‐assisted glycolysis with sodium hydroxide is an effective method for PET hydrophilic finishing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44069.
Near‐infrared light‐sensitive liposomes for enhanced plasmid DNA transfection
Authors: Wiraja Christian , Mathiyazhakan Malathi , Movahedi Fatemeh , Upputuri Paul Kumar , Cheng Yingying , Pramanik Manojit , Yang Liang , Becker David Laurence , Xu Chenjie
Published: July 2016

Near‐infrared (NIR) light‐responsive liposomes are attractive carriers for targeted and controlled drug delivery to the superficial organ or tissue (e.g., skin). This work describes the development of NIR‐responsive liposomes by incorporating gold nanostars within liposomes composed of Phospholipon 90 g and cholesterol. Following cellular delivery, photothermal effect around the gold nanostar upon NIR stimulation induces microcavitation and liposome phase transition which consequently triggers the release of encapsulated molecules. Taking GFP plasmid as an example, we demonstrate enhanced gene transfection into fibroblasts following NIR treatment.
Mechanoreceptors of the ligaments and tendons around the knee
Authors: Çabuk Haluk , Kuşku Çabuk Fatmagül
Published: July 2016

Proprioceptive inputs from the joints and limbs arise from mechanoreceptors in the muscles, ligaments and tendons. The knee joint has a wide range of movements, and proper neuroanatomical organization is critical for knee stability. Four ligaments (the anterior (ACL) and posterior (PCL) cruciate ligaments and the medial (MCL) and lateral (LCL) collateral ligaments) and four tendons (the semitendinosus (STT), gracilis (GT), popliteal (PoT), and patellar (PaT) tendons) from eight fresh frozen cadavers were harvested. Each harvested tissue was divided into its bone insertion side and its tendinous part for immunohistochemical examination using S100 staining. Freeman–Wyke's classification was used to identify the mechanoreceptors. The mechanoreceptors were usually located close to the bone insertion. Free nerve endings followed by Ruffini endings were the most common mechanoreceptors overall. No Pacini corpuscles were observed; free nerve endings and Golgi‐like endings were most frequent in the PCL (PCL‐PaT: P = 0.0.1, PCL‐STT: P = 0.00), and Ruffini endings in the popliteal tendon (PoT‐PaT: P = 0.00, Pot‐STT: P = 0.00, PoT‐LCL: P = 0.00, PoT‐GT: P = 0.00, PoT‐ACL: P = 0.09). The cruciate ligaments had more mechanoreceptors than the medial structures (MS) or the patellar tendon (CR‐Pat: P = 0.000, CR‐MS: P = 0.01). The differences in mechanoreceptor distributions between the ligaments and tendons could reflect the different roles of these structures in the dynamic coordination of knee motion. Clin. Anat. 29:789–795, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iron Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling, Addition, and Functionalization
Authors: Yang Xu‐Heng , Song Ren‐Jie , Xie Ye‐Xiang , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: July 2016

We cover the achievements and thought process that have emerged as a result of the recent use of iron salts as catalysts for the oxidative coupling, addition, and functionalization on constructing C−C bonds, C−N bonds, C−O bonds, C−S bonds, and C−P bonds. These transformations concomitantly require a stoichiometric oxidant to activate the catalyst: The low‐cost and ubiquity of peroxides is often used as a result of their high oxidative reactivity, resulting in the widespread utilizations of iron catalysis through the initiation of radical processes. Here, we summarize the formation of diverse chemical bonds by using iron oxidative catalysis strategies, including 1) the oxidative coupling strategy and 2) the oxidative addition and functionalization strategy. The oxidative coupling strategy focuses on the formation of one chemical bond in a single reaction, whereas the oxidative addition and functionalization strategy includes the transformations that construct at least two chemical bonds.
A Multifunctional MnII Phosphonate for Rapid Separation of Methyl Orange and Electron‐Transfer Photochromism
Authors: Gao Chao‐Ying , Yang Yang , Ai Jing , Tian Hong‐Rui , Li Lei‐Jiao , Yang Weiting , Dang Song , Sun Zhong‐Ming
Published: July 2016

A MnII phosphonate of the general formula [Mn(H2L)2(H2O)2(H2bibp)] adopts a layered motif with protonated H2bibp2+ cations embedded in the channels (H4L=thiophene‐2‐phosphonic acid; bibp=4,4′‐bis(1‐imidazolyl)biphenyl). The title compound exhibits excellent adsorptive removal of methyl orange (MO) dye from aqueous solution. Its advantageous features include fast adsorption, high uptake capacity, selective removal, and reusability, which are of great significance for practical application in wastewater treatment. Meanwhile, the compound displays rapid photochromism upon irradiation with visible light at room temperature. Extensive research has demonstrated that such behavior is based on a ligand‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (LLCT) mechanism. The irradiated sample possesses an ultra‐long‐lived charge‐separated state. Moreover, not only is the compound the first Mn‐based photochromic MOF, but it is also one of the very few examples showing LLCT with non‐photochromic components.
Last‐Step Enzymatic [18F]‐Fluorination of Cysteine‐Tethered RGD Peptides Using Modified Barbas Linkers
Authors: Zhang Qingzhi , Dall'Angelo Sergio , Fleming Ian N. , Schweiger Lutz F. , Zanda Matteo , O'Hagan David
Published: July 2016

We report a last‐step fluorinase‐catalyzed [18F]‐fluorination of a cysteine‐containing RGD peptide. The peptide was attached through sulfur to a modified and more hydrophilic variant of the recently disclosed Barbas linker which was itself linked to a chloroadenosine moiety via a PEGylated chain. The fluorinase was able to use this construct as a substrate for a transhalogenation reaction to generate [18F]‐radiolabeled RGD peptides, which retained high affinity to cancer‐cell relevant αvβ3 integrins.
Decision criteria for replacement of fillings: a retrospective study
Authors: Kirsch J. , Tchorz J. , Hellwig E. , Tauböck T.T. , Attin T. , Hannig C.
Published: July 2016

The exchange of restorations goes along with the loss of healthy tooth structure. Therefore, it is important to investigate helpful decision criteria for the replacement of fillings. Five hundred forty‐four filling replacements were evaluated retrospectively. Thereby, different clinical parameters were correlated with the clinical finding of caries directly after removal of the existing filling. The parameters checked for correlations were amalgam and composite, age, and size of the filling, morphology, condition of the filling, type of caries, oral hygiene, anamnesis of the respective tooth, and the decisive factor to replace the restoration. Statistical evaluation was performed by chi‐squared‐test (P < 0,05) and by regression analysis (Power: 80%). A percentage of 69.8% of all cavities showed softened dentin if exploring with the probe after the removal of the restoration, 7.6% were stainable with caries detector, and 22.6% of the cavities were caries free. Significant indicators for a carious lesion were high age of restoration, imperfections at the margin of the filling, a positive pain sensation in correlation with composite fillings, and multi‐surface amalgam fillings. On suspicion of caries, the following decision criteria should encourage the dentist to remove a filling: High age of the filling, imperfections at the margin of the filling, especially fillings with marginal cracks, visible secondary caries, a positive pain sensation in composite filled teeth, and multi‐surface amalgam fillings. Filling removals only performed due to the patient's desire for removal should be critically regarded, as most of these fillings are caries free.
Detailed Analysis of Plasma Resistivity in Detached Recombining Plasmas
Authors: Nishikata H. , Hayashi Y. , Ohno N. , Kajita S. , Kuwabara T.
Published: July 2016

We have investigated plasma resistivity in a detached recombining plasma (DRP) by using a modified double probe theory, in which the influence of the plasma resistivity on the current‐voltage characteristics of the double probe, is taken into account. The plasma resistivity in DRP, obtained by comparing between the modified double probe theory and experimental results in the linear plasma device NAGDIS‐II, is much larger than both Spitzer resistivity and plasma resistivity caused by electron‐neutral collision including Rydberg atom's effect. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interplay between Plasma Turbulence and Particle Injection in 3D Global Simulations
Authors: Tamain P. , Bufferand H. , Carbajal L. , Marandet Y. , Baudoin C. , Ciraolo G. , Colin C. , Futtersack R. , Galassi D. , Ghendrih P. , Nace N. , Schwander F. , Serre E.
Published: July 2016

The impact of a 3D localized particle source on the edge plasma in 3D global turbulence simulations is investigated using the TOKAM3X fluid code. Results apply to advanced fueling methods such as Supersonic Molecular Beam Injection (SMBI) or pellets injection. The fueling source is imposed as a volumetric particle source in the simulations so that the physics leading to the ionization of particles and its localization are not taken into account. As already observed in experiments, the localized particle source strongly perturbs both turbulence and the large scale organization of the edge plasma. The localized increase of the pressure generated by the source drives sonic parallel flows in the plasma, leading to a poloidal redistribution of the particles on the time scale of the source duration. However, the particle deposition also drives localized transverse pressure gradients which impacts the stability of the plasma with respect to interchange processes. The resulting radial transport occurs on a sufficiently fast time scale to compete with the parallel redistribution of particles, leading to immediate radial losses of a significant proportion of the injected particles. Low Field Side (LFS) and High Field Side (HFS) injections exhibit different dynamics due to their interaction with curvature. In particular, HFS particle deposition drives an inward flux leading to differences in the particle deposition efficiency (higher for HFS than LFS). These results demonstrate the importance of taking into account plasma transport in a self‐consistent manner when investigating fueling methods. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phylogeographic insights into the invasion history and secondary spread of the signal crayfish in Japan
Authors: Usio Nisikawa , Azuma Noriko , Larson Eric R. , Abbott Cathryn L. , Olden Julian D. , Akanuma Hiromi , Takamura Kenzi , Takamura Noriko
Published: July 2016

Successful invasion by nonindigenous species is often attributed to high propagule pressure, yet some foreign species become widespread despite showing reduced genetic variation due to founder effects. The signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is one such example, where rapid spread across Japan in recent decades is believed to be the result of only three founding populations. To infer the history and explore the success of this remarkable crayfish invasion, we combined detailed phylogeographical and morphological analyses conducted in both the introduced and native ranges. We sequenced 16S mitochondrial DNA of signal crayfish from across the introduced range in Japan (537 samples, 20 sites) and the native range in western North America (700 samples, 50 sites). Because chela size is often related to aggressive behavior in crayfish, and hence, their invasion success, we also measured chela size of a subset of specimens in both introduced and native ranges. Genetic diversity of introduced signal crayfish populations was as high as that of the dominant phylogeographic group in the native range, suggesting high propagule pressure during invasion. More recently established crayfish populations in Japan that originated through secondary spread from one of the founding populations exhibit reduced genetic diversity relative to older populations, probably as a result of founder effects. However, these newer populations also show larger chela size, consistent with expectations of rapid adaptations or phenotypic responses during the invasion process. Introduced signal crayfish populations in Japan originate from multiple source populations from a wide geographic range in the native range of western North America. A combination of high genetic diversity, especially for older populations in the invasive range, and rapid adaptation to colonization, manifested as larger chela in recent invasions, likely contribute to invasion success of signal crayfish in Japan.
Varying effects of recommended treatments for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials in the ESC and ACCF/AHA guidelines
Authors: Thomsen Marius Mark , Lewinter Christian , Køber Lars
Published: July 2016

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the treatment effects of recommended drugs and devices on key clinical outcomes for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) listed in the 2012 HF guideline from the European Society of Cardiology as well as the 2013 HF guideline from the American College of Cardiology Foundation and American Heart Association were evaluated for use in the meta‐analysis. RCTs written in English evaluating recommended drugs and devices for the treatment of patients with HFREF were included. Meta‐analyses, based on the outcomes of all‐cause mortality and hospitalization because of HF, were performed with relative risk ratio as the effect size. In the identified 47 RCTs, patients were on average 63 years old and 22% were female. Drugs targeting the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system, beta‐blockers, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), and intracardiac defibrillator devices (ICDs) significantly reduced the risk of death with reductions of 14–19, 23, 20, and 20%, respectively. Drugs targeting the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system, beta‐blockers, digoxin, and CRT significantly reduced the risk of HF hospitalization with reductions of 24–37, 22, 60, and 36%, respectively, while ICDs significantly increased the risk with 34%. Ivabradine showed no significant effects on either outcome. As such, the majority of recommended HFREF treatments offered significant treatment benefits. However, many of the included studies were from the 1990s or earlier, and one must therefore be cautious when extrapolating these results to contemporary patients with HF.
Controlling the Growth of Metal‐Organic Frameworks Using Different Gravitational Forces
Authors: Richardson Joseph J. , Liang Kang , Lisi Fabio , Björnmalm Mattias , Faria Matthew , Guo Junling , Falcaro Paolo
Published: July 2016

Control over Metal‐organic framework (MOF) size and morphology is interesting for both fundamental and applied science. Gravitational force (g) is generally acknowledged as an interesting parameter for controlling crystal size; however, a dedicated study on the effect of g on MOF synthesis is missing. Here, we investigate the effect of varied g (< 1, 1, 20, 50, and 100) during the crystallization of different MOFs [ZIF‐8, Tb2(BDC)3 and HKUST‐1] in solution. The obtained MOFs were investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS), X‐ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS), and scanning electron and optical microscopy (SEM and OM, respectively). When compared with standard g (g = 1), high g (g = 20) gave rise to the formation of smaller MOF crystals, while low g (g < 1) led to larger crystals likely due to facet‐oriented crystal fusion. This demonstrates that gravity and g‐force can be used to rationally control the size of different MOFs by increasing or decreasing convection (mass transfer) and sedimentation.
Octanuclear Silver Sulfide Cluster [Ag8(µ8‐S)(µ‐mimt)12](NO3)6 Containing the First Thione‐Stabilized Ag8 Cube Caging a Sulfide Anion
Authors: Shen Yali , Liu Shuzhen , Sun Peipei , Tang Chunying , Jia Dingxian
Published: July 2016

The first thione‐protected cluster [Ag8(µ8‐S)(mimt)12](NO3)6 (1) (mimt = 4‐methyl‐1,3‐imidazolidine‐2‐thione) was synthesized by gradual S2– release from Na2S2O3 in solution and was structurally characterized. The cluster contains a novel octanuclear Ag8 cube that cages an S2– ion at the center, and the shell is stabilized by 12 µ2‐mimt ligands. Each thione ligand bridges two Ag atoms to form the cubic edges. Cluster 1 exhibits luminescent emission in the solid state at 298 K with a maximum peak at 512 nm.
Comparison between enzymatic and chemical interesterification of high oleic sunflower oil and fully hydrogenated soybean oil
Authors: Morselli Ribeiro Marilene D. M. , Ming Chiu Chih , Silvestre Isabela M. , Grimaldi Renato , Ap. G. Gonçalves Lireny
Published: July 2016

Structured lipids (SL) were prepared by enzymatic interesterification (EI) and chemical interesterification (CI) of high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSO) in a weight ratio of 50:50 w/w. The EI was catalyzed by the immobilized lipase Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomyces lanuginosus) free of organic solvents at a concentration of 7% w/w, 70°C for 9 h, and samples were collected for analysis at 3, 6, and 9 h. The original blend and the reaction products were evaluated for fatty acid (FA) composition, triacylglycerols (TAG), solid fat content (SFC), thermal analysis, and regiospecific distribution of FA. The EI provided considerable rearrangement of triglycerides classes, with lower levels of trisatured and tri‐unsaturated TAG, and higher levels of monoun‐ and diunsaturated TAG. The SL obtained by EI reduced SFC with a linear and wide melting range by thermal analysis, lowering the melting point. Lower acyl migration was observed in EI within 3 h of reaction, with similar results between both techniques at the maximum reaction time. The SL obtained by EI may have wide applications in specialty fats for confectionery and bakery products.

Practical Applications: SL via enzymatic catalysis have been the focus of considerable attention in food industry. We report in this study, the comparison between enzymatic and chemical interesterification of a fully hydrogenated vegetable oil, and high oleic vegetable oil. The results show that the enzymatic process with 3 h of reaction time present more selectivity, lower acyl migration of sn‐2 position of the unsaturated fatty acid, and better nutritional value, when compared with the chemical process. These SL were projected to have broad applications in foods, as bakery/confectionery fats, and as a crystallization additive for lipids.

The enzymatic process with 3 h of reaction time showed the advantage of selectivity for production of new TAG and lower acyl migration sn‐2 position of the unsaturated fatty acid when compared with the other reaction times, evidenced by NMR 13C. These SL were projected to have broad applications in foods, as bakery/confectionery fats and as a crystallization additive for lipids.