bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Moral Eugenics’: The Working-Class Fiction of V. Sackville-West
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Sackville-West’s political and class allegiances have always been a stumbling block for her feminist admirers. This chapter will argue that she was already profoundly, and publicly, reactionary, by the time Woolf met her. In 1942 Sackville-West was enraged by the Beveridge Report, as we shall see; but her hostility to the working class is obvious already in her earliest published fiction. The woman with whom Woolf fell in love was, among other things, an unashamed eugenicist, and her extensive knowledge of the subject shapes the narrative of, and the assumptions behind, two of her earliest popular novels, Heritage (1919) and The Dragon in Shallow Waters (1921).
‘Maternal Explanation’: Autobiography and Gender
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Both Woolf and Sackville-West, imaginative and introspective, were constantly concerned with explanation. As we have seen, Vita Sackville-West relied in her early novels on eugenic theory to ‘explain* class difference. But in her and Woolf’s autobiographical writing, explanation of the self and of others required the forging of new narratives, rather than the adaptation of old ones. Sackville-West’s interest in the intersection of public policy and theories of heredity was also an anxiety about who she was herself.
Modern Times
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

The twentieth century brought all sorts of modern inventions to make life more fun. Every parlor held at least one mechanical amusement. The family could wind up the Victrola and listen to Caruso records, or pop a self-playing music roll into the player piano for a little ragtime. Those who were not musical might spend an evening viewing beautiful three-dimensional landscapes through the stereoscope, or browsing through the pictures in the newspaper’s rotogravure section. Or maybe they’d just curl up on the davenport with the latest dime novel. The adventures of schoolboy Frank Merriwell kept readers entertained for hours.
Swinging Cats in Hooverville
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

The party that was the twenties crashed along with the stock market in 1929. Coolidge prosperity turned into the Hoover Depression. The newly unemployed stood in breadlines and slept on park benches under Hoover blankets made of newspaper. Hoovervilles, wretched shantytowns where people lived when they weren’t on the tramp looking for work, sprang up around the country. Even those who still had homes were throwing rent parties to avoid eviction.
Rosie the Riveter and G.I. Joe
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

The year 1940 found Americans waiting for war. The Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan had been on the move since the mid-1930s. Adolph Hitler’s Nazis invaded the Rhineland in 1936, then annexed Austria. Fellow fascists in Italy under Benito Mussolini had already taken over Ethiopia. On the other side of the world, Japan waged war against China. After a 1938 meeting with Hitler, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain predicted peace for our time, but most people expected conflict. Barely a year later, it came. When Germany invaded Poland, Poland’s Allies, France and Britain, declared war.
Hipsters in Squaresville
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

The country took it easy during the Eisenhower years, at least as much as it could in the shadow of the A-bomb and the H-bomb. Americans liked Ike. Former G.I. Joes traded their uniforms for gray flannel suits, while former Rosies changed from their overalls into can-can petticoats. Together they moved to suburban Levittowns and started families. Babies were really booming in the fifties.
Pet Rocks and Plumbers
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

American life took a turn for the frivolous in the seventies. During the Me Decade, people concentrated on encountering themselves rather than confronting the outside world. Primal screams echoed through the land, as the newly self-realized shed any inhibitions left over from the sixties. Those in search of quieter pursuits could stay at home and listen to their eight-tracks on the tape player. Or if they wanted a challenge, they could always spend time trying to solve their Rubik’s cubes. Trekfans (or trekfen) were settled in front of the tube, catching syndicated reruns of their favorite show. If you weren’t afraid of future shock, Star Trek could beam you up to a whole new universe.
The Anglo-Dutch Alliance in Dekker’s Early Works
Authors: Gasper Julia
Published: November 2023

Dekker’s militant Protestant convictions are discernible in his earliest surviving work, The Shoemakers’ Holiday, or Holy-Day, as the second Quarto, of 1610, entitled it. It was written and performed in 1599. The Shoemakers’ Holiday is an intensely topical play. David Novarr has shown that it not only dramatizes elements of a story about a contemporary Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Spencer, but also refers to the military activities in London the previous year. In Act I soldiers are being pressed in London for a war in France. Lacey and his cousin Askew are officers, and the shoemaker, Rafe, is a conscript. In Act III Rafe’s wife Jane is persuaded from a list of casualties to believe that Rafe is dead.
The Whore of Babylon
Authors: Gasper Julia
Published: November 2023

Dekker’s Whore of Babylon (1605) can be regarded as the definitive militant Protestant play. Although it was written shortly after the Gunpowder Plot, it would be a mistake to see it and its view of events in too narrow a context. While portraying recent events in England, it depicts the struggle between the True Church and her enemy, Rome, in inter national and apocalyptic terms. Like Sir Thomas Wyatt, it has a connection with the Essex rebellion.
The Virgin Martyr and the War in Germany
Authors: Gasper Julia
Published: November 2023

The Virgin Martyr, a collaboration between Dekker and the young Massinger, has attracted quite a lot of critical attention, but for the last twenty years the accepted view of it has been that it is a Roman Catholic tragedia sacra, something which would be totally inconsistent with the works of Dekker and furthermore a unique anomaly on the Elizabethan or Jacobean stage. While The Virgin Martyr is a remarkable play, it is not such a total anomaly, and it is best understood in its proper place in the Dekker canon.
What is ‘Restoration’ Drama?
Authors: Hume Robert D
Published: November 2023

What do we mean by the term ‘Restoration’ drama? The question may seem to smack of triviality. or love of quibbling, yet its implications, fully pursued, take us into very significant problems. What period do we mean? Twenty years, forty years, seventy-seven years? Is there a case for recognizing a number of periods and sub-periods? I am going to argue against a broad application of the designation ‘Restoration’; instead, I favour viewing the development of English drama between 1660 and 1710 as a single long movement comprising some fairly distinct phases. With the period defined, we will want to know what playwrights are included. Do we mean to discuss five plays or five hundred? Several books supposedly on Restoration drama deal with three writers and their eleven plays; others cover six or eight writers. To explain who is covered and why seems only fair: the critic owes his readers a clear explanation of what defines the period or group he is analysing, how its parts cohere or relate to each other, and, more generally, just what sort of subject he thinks he is dealing with and why.
Theories of Serious Drama
Authors: Hume Robert D
Published: November 2023

‘Restoration theory of tragedy’—the title I am obviously avoiding here—is a vexed subject indeed. Most of the modern critics who have investigated the matter have arrived at fairly derogatory assessments of the so-called ‘neoclassic’ concept of tragedy, concluding that writers in this period fail to comprehend the very basis of genuine tragedy. And given the heavy emphasis seventeenth-century writers place on poetic justice, one must grant the evident—that they were not thinking of ‘tragedy’ as we now understand it. Given further that the plays these writers produced are now very much a cultivated taste at best, any exploration of the subject properly begins with the reopening of some very basic questions. How did the late seventeenth-century writers conceive of tragedy? What did they think it should do? We need an inventory of the subjects, methods of imitation, and types of effect considered proper to whatever set of modes of non-comic drama we may find championed. That the plays themselves have little appeal for modern taste is all the more reason for trying to comprehend what the writers thought they wanted to produce.
The Emergence of Augustan Drama 1697–1710
Authors: Hume Robert D
Published: November 2023

The double tradition of the 1690s keeps the Carolean play types alive, and for a time obscures the decisive swing toward new kinds of drama. By the late nineties, however, Carolean drama is definitely a thing of the past: the new era dawns early in the decade, and by the time of the theatrical union of 1708 the transition is complete. In this chapter we will see the final breakdown of the old types and the establishment of a new synthesis. Defining it, however, poses considerable problems. Within the 1660–1800 period in drama there seem to me to be four overlapping and connected but essentially distinct centre-points: Carolean drama (fl. 1665–85), Augustan drama (dominant in the first quarter of the eighteenth century), the experimental drama of the 1730s, and Georgian drama (fl. 1760–80). The designation ‘Augustan drama’ will certainly annoy at least one group of contemporary scholars, but faute de mieux it will serve. Whatever the name applied to the new agglomeration, I hope that its essentially different character will be granted. The new Augustan drama is of course no more homogeneous than the old Carolean drama. Just as the basically Tory Carolean drama encompasses some Whig zealots, so the ‘Whig drama’ of Cibber, Centlivre, Steele, and Addison has its Tory stalwarts. The factors contributing to the shift, including political, religious, and social matters, defy tidy definition. In the broadest sense, the change is ideological.
Introduction
Authors: Blamires Alcuin , Pratt Karen , Marx C W
Published: November 2023

A preliminary insight into the phenomenon of medieval antifeminism can be gained from a book called ‘The Love of Books’ (Philobiblon) written by Richard de Bury, who was an avid reader as well as a powerful figure in Church and State in early fourteenthcentury England. He imagines books uttering a protest against clerics, who, instead of being their allies, now neglect them and allow them to be thrown out of their homes:

This passage introduces us to three of the four areas of discussion to be explored below. First-all in a spirit of fun, of course-it indicts women on traditional counts. She is ‘animal’ (bestia), ‘snake’, or other venomous creature; she is inveterately jealous of rivals; she nags in abrasive language (virulentis sermonibus); she presumes to offer her ‘counsel’, but her counsel is one long shopping list of consumables, notably for her wardrobe, which she would substitute for un-utilitarian writings; and the Word is beyond the scope of her limited understanding in any case. Second, Richard picks unerringly on a trio of texts central to misogyny: Jerome’s ‘Theophrastus’, Walter Map’s ‘Valerius’, and the gloomiest of the wisdom books of the medieval Bible.
The Church Fathers
Authors: Blamires Alcuin , Pratt Karen , Marx C W
Published: November 2023

Tertullian was a pagan of Carthage converted to Christianity before AD 19 7, but details of his career--even whether he became a priest or remained a layperson-are scanty. His elaborately rhetorical and passionately ascetic writings were avidly absorbed by Jerome two hundred years later. Through Jerome, some of Tertullian’s thinking was to enter the mainstream of Christian polemic, and of medieval misogyny too. Of course Tertullian himself was following in the footsteps of earlier ascetics, but it has justly been suggested that he made ‘the first consequential statement’ in the Christian Latin world ‘of the belief that abstinence from sex was the most effective technique with which to achieve clarity of soul’. He wrote of women as creatures of dangerous sexual allure, whose urgent duty it was to suppress their attractiveness in order to minimize the spiritual damage it wrought in men. His most strident assertions are made in On the Appearance of Women, De cultu feminarum, a composite text consisting of an unfinished first book, plus a second book more comprehensively (but slightly less harshly) treating the same material. Even making allowance for rhetorical exaggeration, Tertullian exemplifies the unlovely virulence of ascetic antifeminism, so it may be worth mentioning that he can be quite funny too: wondering whether, if he gets to clamber from the ground at the day of the resurrection of the body, he will find angels ferrying aloft women in full make-up and their finest hats (see 10).
The Wife of Bath
Authors: Blamires Alcuin , Pratt Karen , Marx C W
Published: November 2023

Chaucer was a subtle purveyor of the old wine of received classics, including texts given earlier in this volume, into new bottles. While he easily emulated Walter Map’s urbanity in the standard mode of ‘dissuasion from matrimony’ (Envoy to Bukton), he also reinvigorated the antifeminist favourites by situating them in strange new contexts, as when Ecclesiasticus T 29 becomes a bone of contention for Pluto and Proserpina while they are presiding over the faJlia[i denouement of The Merchant’s Tale. Many of his poems also challenge consideration as narratives in defence of women. However, the Wife of Bath’s speech partly fulfils that function even in the process of submerging the reader in a welter of misogynistic quotations. It therefore functions in this anthology as a kind of interface between readings from antifeminism and responses to antifeminism.
Responses to Antifeminism
Authors: Blamires Alcuin , Pratt Karen , Marx C W
Published: November 2023

There are four factors which need to be borne in mind by readers of Chapters 8 and 9 of this anthology.

One or two important early ‘responses’ have been omitted-most notably Plato’s Republic--on the basis that they were practically unknown to the Middle Ages.
A Woman Defends Women
Authors: Blamires Alcuin , Pratt Karen , Marx C W
Published: November 2023

Christine de Pizan was born in Italy but brought up in cultured circles at the court of Charles V of France, where her father was appointed as astrologer. He was a well-read man, and according to Christine he took an unusually positive view (for its time) of her own wish to develop her intellectual gifts; her mother on the other hand sought in vain to mould her more convention with spinning and silly girlishness’ . Married at fifteen, Christine was fortunate that her husband further encouraged her literary talents, for these were to stand her in good stead when she lost both him and her father and had to support her three children after 1389. Her literary output covered some forty years. It was immense and wide-ranging, and it was rather remarkable for the extent to which some of it took issue with the disparagement of women. People have argued that she cannot properly be regarded as a forbear of modern feminism, because she was too committed to conservative, quiescent ideals of womanly decorum.’
Representing Historical Character
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: November 2023

In the autumn of 1691 a thief entered the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and successfully made away with several objects, including two paintings that belonged to the peripatetic John Aubrey. Aubrey had begun to deposit his most valuable belongings in the museum three years earlier, worried that his manuscripts would be plagiarized or that their more scandalous contents might leave him open to costly law suits. He believed that the Ashmolean, founded over a decade earlier, would prove to be a safe depository, that here, at least, his work would not be ‘cast away as Rubbish’ or torn to pieces and used to stop guns by the young relatives of his collaborators. But Aubrey was to be somewhat disappointed even in this belief, for on 22 October he wrote to his friend, the naturalist John Ray, that among the missing items were ‘my picture in miniature by Mr S. Cowper, (which at an auction yields 20 guineas,) and Archbishop Bancroft’s, by Hillyard, the famous illuminer in Queen Elizabeth’s time’. Aubrey had met Samuel Cooper in the 1650s or early 1660s; by 1661 he had sat to him for his portrait. They became good friends, and it was in Cooper’s studio that Aubrey was able to reintroduce another friend, Thomas Hobbes, to the newly restored Charles II.
Iconic Biography: Izaak Walton and John Evelyn
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: November 2023

yet are there many worthy personages that deserve better than dispersed report or barren elogies.’ Writing almost ninety years later, in 1694, Edward Phillips was eager to revise Bacon’s estimate of the popularity of biographical writing, which had greatly burgeoned with the passage of time: ‘Of all the several parts of History, that which sets forth the Lives, and Commemorates the most remarkable Actions, Sayings, or Writings of Famous and Illustrious Persons ... as it is not the least useful in it self, so it is in highest Vogue and Esteem among the Studious and Reading part of Mankind.’And of the eight biographers Phillips chose to single out for praise, fully half-Fulke Greville, Thomas Stanley, Izaak Walton, and ‘the Great Gassendus of France’-were men whose works had been written following Bacon’s assessment in 1605 . Phillips could indeed look back with pride at modern biography, one of whose most significant achievements in the preceding century had been its gradual evolution into an eclectic literary form that could no longer be easily classified under the broad headings of historical writing. Had Phillips also been aware of the unusually large number of memoirs and lives that still remained in manuscript, he could have borne even stronger witness to an age of biography in which great richness was often the product of extraordinary variety.
Iconic Pictures: Van Dyck and Stuart Portraiture
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: November 2023

When John Evelyn described the portrait Matthew Dixon painted of Margaret Blagge in the summer of 1673 (Plate rn), he insisted, as we have seen, that his friend’s ‘Lugubrous Posture’ and melancholy surroundings had been dictated by the sitter herself. Margaret’s pose and the general atmosphere of mourning were not ‘at all my Famy’, he wrote, and yet Dixon’s portrait suited Evelyn perfectly well as a personal icon in front of which he could himself meditate and pray. Given Margaret’s extraordinarily pious character (as Evelyn saw it) and the devotional nature of the biographical narrative he erected as a memorial to her, Dixon’s portrait of the future Lady Godolphin must have struck Evelyn as an appropriate emblem of the lovely woman he knew. But to those who knew Margaret Blagge in far different circumstances-as a maid-of-honour in the Restoration court-Dixon’s mournful portrait proved to be unsatisfactory.
Double Agents: Jonathan Richardson and Roger North
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: November 2023

Any study of biography and portrait-painting as sister arts must pay particular attention to those figures who combined both forms of portraiture in their own work or who turned to either artistic medium with comparable skill. But figures such as these are understandably rare, not simply because writing is more widely learned and practised than painting, but because, as we have seen, the impulses that lie behind biography and portrait-painting are often quite different. The painter may create portraits of a highly personal nature-and the miniature is an interesting example of this kind of work- butforthemost part the artist toils within a firmly established profession, producing images of others for others, and often executing them according to contemporary taste. Biographies may also be made to order, and presumably Walton satisfied the tastes of his ecclesiastical patrons; but his lives, no less than Evelyn’s biography of Margaret Blagge, are distinctly his own, with a moral and aesthetic vision that others found palatable (and edifying) as well.
Biography at Mid-century: Acts of Complicated Virtue
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: November 2023

Late on the night of 20 November 1727, a young and impoverished writer, having spent the evening carousing with his friends, entered Robinson’s Coffee-house, near Charing Cross, where one of his companions demanded a room for the night. Within a few minutes lightning seems to have struck Richard Savage for the second time in his life, and his world was once again turned upside-down: a brief scuffle with a company of men and women about to leave the adjoining room left one of them, James Sinclair, dead, and a maid in the house wounded. Savage and his friends were soon brought to trial and found guilty of murder; only the intercession of the Countess of Hertford with the Queen led to Savage’s pardon and reprieve, and even the Countess faced considerable difficulties, for she was petitioning on behalf of someone who had already made a controversial reputation for himself by claiming that he was an ‘injured nobleman’, the illegitimate son of the Countess of Macclesfield and the Earl Rivers. Sometime later, after he had obtained his liberty, Savage accidentally met the ‘Woman of the Town’ who had testified so severely against him at his trial.
States and Estates: Burke “s Georgie Arts of Political Husbandry
Authors: Bruyn Frans De
Published: November 2023

‘You will observe, ‘ writes Burke in Reflections on the Revolution in France, ‘that from Magna Charta to the Declaration of Right, it has been the uniform policy of our constitution to claim and assert our liberties, as an entailed inheritance derived to us from our forefathers, and to be transmitted to our posterity; as an estate specially belonging to the people of this kingdom ‘ (viii. 83).
The Prophetic Burke
Authors: Bruyn Frans De
Published: November 2023

A study that seeks to demonstrate a writer ‘s assimilation of an inherited literary discourse risks overemphasizing the debt the writer owes his or her forebears without paying due heed to the transformative power of historical change and the new uses succeeding generations make of their cultural legacy. Thus, Burke ‘s recourse, in Pocock ‘s phrase, to the ‘vocabulary of Queen Anne Toryism ‘ in his attacks on the French Revolution (a political language in which Scriblerian discourse is deeply implicated) by no means entitles us to view him as a Whig in Tory clothing. The terms, uses, and relations of this language are subtly (and sometimes radically) altered by the new contexts into which he marshalls them. Indeed, no one is more aware than Burke of the alterations that existing words and concepts can undergo: he himself observed that the terms ‘Whig ‘ and ‘Tory ‘, as they were understood at the beginning of the eighteenth century, had by his time become almost meaningless. ‘Is it to the Whigs ‘, he asks, ‘we are to recommend the aggrandisement of France, and the subversion of the balance of power? Is it to the Tories we are to recommend our eagerness to cement ourselves with the enemies of Royalty and Religion? ‘ (ix. 326). The pressure of changing historical circumstances exposes the superficiality of the divisions between the old Whigs and Tories and reveals their shared underlying values, which distinguish them sharply from new political groupings that ‘have their roots in the present circumstances of the times ‘ (ix. 326).
The Public Ledger 1760–9
Authors: Fleeman J D
Published: November 2023

January-December 1760 The following items have been attributed to SJ: January 12. Preliminary Address, ‘To the PUBLIC.’ References: E.L. McAdam, RES xviii (1942), 197–207. The Public Ledger was noticed by Payne’s Universal Chronicle (58.4Id/1, above), no. 96, and repeated in 97, 98, for Jan. 26-Feb. 2, 1760, p. 40, from which it appears that the proprietor was William Faden. This opening address ‘To the Public’ is reprinted there.
Publications initiated 1790–1816
Authors: Fleeman J D
Published: November 2023

Notes: See notes on Letter to Chesterfield above (88.3L/3), which was, like this, published 12 May 1791 (NCBEL ii. 1214), but advertised in Public Advertiser, 30 Apr. 1791, with the Letter to Cheste,fteld. ]B’s note in his Tour (1785), 134, and his letter to Malone of 17 Nov. 1788 show his early determi nation of a separate publication.1 This item was worked off as the corresponding pages of Life (1791), i. 291-6, were going through the press, but the opening lines of each paragraph were modified for the new piece. Again a slightly superior paper seems to have been used, but the stock is not different from that of Life (1791). Baldwin’s account for the printing is CtY:
Introduction
Authors: Goldie David
Published: November 2023

The story is a familiar one and has been told many times. The brilliant young man, born towards the end of the r88os, his philosophical and literary gifts honed by the best education his country can provide, makes his first trip to Europe at the end of 1910. A pre text is attendance at Henri Bergson’s celebrated lectures at the College de France, the consequence an immersion in Fauvist Paris that will prove pivotal in the development of his literary career. He does not serve with his contemporaries in the First World War, and his twenties are passed, in the time spared by work and marriage, in breaking into a literary world from which his background excludes him: mixing with literary smart society at Garsington, writing poetry, dabbling in verse drama, and gaining a growing reputation as a critic through contributions to small magazines and, eventually, the Athenaeumand Times Literary Supplement.His development is marred by crises of marital and nervous breakdown in his thirty fourth year. Yet, out of this breakdown comes a new artistic and critical strength, witnessed, in particular, in the editorship of a magazine within which a distinctive critical practice arises and, slightly later, in an exploration of religious solutions to private and public senses of a contemporary crisis.
Orthodoxy and Modernism The Claims of Religion, 1926–1928
Authors: Goldie David
Published: November 2023

The first phase of the explicit disagreement between Eliot and Murry, framed largely as a contention between classicism and romanticism, had effectively ended by mid-1924. Murry’s last contribution to the debate, ‘Romanticism and the Tradition’, which had been published in April’s Criterion,elicited only an indirect response from Eliot in the form of an editorial ‘Commentary’ in the following July. ‘Romanticism and the Tradition’ had returned Murry to a favourite argument: that ‘the tradition of Romanticism is just as lofty and august as the tradition of classicism’ .1 In making this argument Murry had directly confronted those, like Eliot, who criticized his blurring of religious and aesthetic boundaries and who insisted on an absolute separation between the two areas of activity. For Murry, arguments of this kind, relying ultimately for their authority on dogma rather than experience, showed the paucity of both religious and literary traditionalism.
The Comedy of Errors
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

2022 Anderson, Doug. | — | MS [ 1 984 ]. Incidental music [for 6 musicians]. First performed Champlain Shakespeare Festival, Royall Tyler Theatre, University of Vermont, Burlington, 1 1 July I lJ84 (Steve Lovett, Antipholus of Ephesus; Kelly C. Morgan, antipholus of Syracuse; Tom Watson, Dromio of Ephesus; John Morgan, Dromio of Syracuse; composer, goldsmith; Bill Camp, Paul-Andrew Cooley, Peter Bouchard, john McConnell, Lisa Krongelb, and composer, musicians; Judith W. B. Williams, director I.
(2) Henry VI
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

4886 Barkworth, John. | — | [1899, whereabouts unknown]. Incidental music. First performed Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, 21 April 1899 (H. R. Hignett, Henry VI; Constance Benson, Margaret; composer, music director; Francis Robert Benson, Cardinal Beaufort and director).
3 Henry VI
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

4930 Carpi, Fiorenzo. Il gioco dei potenti. MS 1965 (Piccolo Teatro di Milano). Incidental music: male solo voice, [accompanied by keyboard]; pie, 2 hn, 3 tpt, trbn, b tuba, timp, perc. First performed Teatro Lirico, Milan, 18 and 19 January 1965 (Piccolo Teatro di Milano: Renato De Carmine, Henry VI; Valentina Cortese, Margaret; Giorgio Strehler, director), in Strehler’s adaptation of Cesare Vico Lodovici’s translation. Combines all three parts of Henry VI. Musically unrelated to the following work. See also I Henry VI 4845, 2 Henry VI 4887.
Introduction
Authors: Parry Graham
Published: November 2023

So sang an obscure Kentish physician, enraptured at the publication of William Somner ‘s Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum in 1659.1 There is a note of high enthusiasm here, a sense of antiquarian enquiry as an exciting venture that was opening up the remote past in a way comparable to the discovery of geographical space in the previous century. The lines might serve to remind us that antiquarianism in the seventeenth century had a heroic quality to it, and its achievements aroused powerful emotions. When Dugdale ‘s Antiquities of Warwickshire appeared, the Oxford scholar Anthony Wood wrote, ‘My pen cannot enough describe how [my] tender affections and insatiable desire of knowledge were ravished and melted down by reading of that book. ‘2 As a result of reading the same work, a Norfolk gentleman, Thomas Pecke, wrote to Dugdale promising, ‘I will erect a Statue of gilded Brasse in the Market-place at Norwich to your memorie, and for the encouragement of ingenious posteritie. ‘3 The books of the antiquaries themselves resound with mutual praise as they salute each other ‘s accomplishments and urge their colleagues on to new victories. Yet these volumes, which contributed so much to the intellectual vitality of the seventeenth century, now lie, for the most part, dusty and neglected on library shelves.
William Camden
Authors: Parry Graham
Published: November 2023

Antiquarians, like poets, are born not made. There can be no rational explanation why some people are irresistibly fascinated by the remains of the past, impelled to make long journeys to view mounds of rubble, or moved to spend dim hours in libraries over half-legible manuscripts. It is an instinct, a passion. William Camden experienced it as a lifelong emotion. ‘Even when he was a schoolboy, he could neither hear nor see anything of an antique appearance, without more than ordinary attention and notice. ‘1 At Oxford in the 1560s ‘it was not in his power to keep within doors: the bent of his own Genius was always pulling him out, not to impertinent visits and idle diversions, but to entertainments he relished above all these; stately Camps and ruinous Castles, those venerable Monuments of our Fore-fathers ‘.2 He was fortunate to find illustrious and sympathetic sponsors, among whom Philip Sidney and Fulke Greville were persuaded that this passion for antiquities might be made to serve a patriotic cause by illustrating English history, so that Englishmen might better understand the nature and merit of their own country.
John Selden
Authors: Parry Graham
Published: November 2023

‘Mr Selden, the learnedest man on earth ‘ as an admirer described him,1 might with justice have claimed that title of honour, although his native modesty would have restrained him. His prodigious range of learning was certainly unequalled in Britain, where only Archbishop Ussher could come close to him. Selden ‘s command of the law and legal history, his familiarity with every kind of ecclesiastical document, and his incomparable understanding of the historical development of the European states from classical times, all sustained by a formidable knowledge of western and oriental languages, made him a Renaissance university in himself. He became such by his indefatigable studies, but he owed much to his scholarly friends, notably Robert Cotton, William Camden, and James Ussher. Ben Jonson too had an honoured place as one of his friends. The erudition of men such as these was the product not of university training but of that passion for antiquity that marked the humanist in all the lands of Europe.
Louis MacNeice’s Early Poetry (1924-1930)
Authors: Mcdonald Peter
Published: November 2023

If some poets prefer their earliest work to be given a quiet burial, there are others who find youthful productions, and mistakes, serviceable in their mature careers. Louis MacNeice belongs to this second category. The poetry of his early years, though for the most part dropped from the collected editions of his work, has distinct relevance for his writings from the 1930s until his death in 1963. Indeed, MacNeice gave public burials to his early work with some regularity in his critical essays. The reasons for this have largely failed to interest his critics, but the juvenilia have enough inherent value to be of interest outside the small circle of MacNeice scholars. This largely forgotten body of work casts a revealing light on the poetic experience of the ‘thirties generation’, the first poets in England whose encounter with Modernism was, in the phrase T. S. Eliot used for his generation’s reading of Shelley, ‘an affair of adolescence’. This article will survey MacNeice’s creative writing from 1924, when he was a pupil at Marlborough School, until 1930, when he left Oxford with a First Class Honours degree in ‘Greats’ (specializing in philosophy and classical literature) to take up an appointment as a lecturer in Greek at Birmingham University.
Basil of Caesarea: The Classic Model
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

In the autumn of the year 355 a young man of 25 or 26 returned from his studies in Athens to Caesarea in Cappadocia. Following in his late father’ s footsteps, he intended to turn his extraordinary talents to a career as a rhetor. However, the initial attraction to the glamours of that profession was short-lived. His years as a student had already been marked by what he calls the search for ‘ a more perfect life’ (filov teXsqjtepod). Within the year, in 356, he was baptized by the local bishop, Dianios of Caesarea. Dianios, well aware of the young man’s potential, immediately began to draw him more and more into the affairs of the Church.
Homoiousian Asceticism
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

In the year 340 or 341 thirteen bishops under the leadership of one Eusebius decided to meet in Gangra, the metropolis of the province of Paphlagonia, ‘on account of certain necessities of the Church, and for the investigation of the affair of Eustathius; and having found that many improprieties had been committed by the Eustathians, [they] therefore sought to remove the evils occasioned by him, Eustathius. ‘ These improprieties were of such a magnitude that they raised concerns far beyond the boundaries of Paphlagonia itself. The bishop presiding at Gangra, Eusebius, was at the time bishop of Constantinople,2 and the assembled Fathers not only issued twenty canons, but also sent a warning letter to their colleagues in the neighbouring province of Armenia.
In the Desert and in the Countryside, in Towns or Villages’: the Historia Lausiaca and the Historia Monachorum
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

When compared to Asia Minor the variety of ascetic practices in Egypt was even more bewildering and more individualistic, ranging from various ways of ascetic life within the village, via the solitary life in lesser or greater depths of the desert, to forms of semi-desert communities as represented by Pachomius and Shenoute. Even the communities, however strictly organized they were, performed experiments with individual ascetic practices, and these were often initiated by their very leaders. All experiments included women. Indeed, the variety of female ascetic practice seems if anything to have exceeded that of the men, but certain tendencies are evident.
Ithyphallic Males Behaving Badly; or, Satyr Drama as Gendered Tragic Ending
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: November 2023

While historians of European culture are familiar with ancient Greek tragedy and comedy, they are unlikely to be well acquainted with the third ancient theatrical genre, satyr drama. Hundreds of satyr plays were produced, yet only Euripides’ Cyclops survives in its entirety, together with a substantial part of Sophocles’ Trackers (Ichneutae ).One of the few certainties about this enigmatic genre is that its gender orientation was more profoundly male than that of tragedy and comedy. Like them it was produced by male poets and performed by male actors, in front of an almost exclusively male audience. Yet unlike the choruses of tragedy and comedy, which could represent either females or males, the chorus of satyr drama by convention consisted of male satyrs with conspicuous phalluses.
Discovering the Body in Roman Oratory
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: November 2023

In order to appreciate the stakes in the game of the deployment of the male body in public oratorical performance at Rome, we first have to take seriously the idea that the orator is a good man, a vir bonus. In the Roman tradition, Cato lays down the definition that the orator is a good man skilled at speaking, and the social morality of his definition persists throughout Latin literature. The public speaker will be called upon to prosecute and to defend in the courthouse, to explain and to propose resolutions to the people, and to debate with peers in a legislative body. Yet when the orator is defined by way of his essence rather than his function, the space for an elaborate technology of presence opens up at the site of rhetorical performance: rhetoric in this case can never be ‘mere rhetoric’ as we say today.
The Rhythms and Intonation of Reading Aloud
Authors: Mitchell T F
Published: November 2023

In earlier chapters, with the main exception of Chapter 6, concern has been with words. In this chapter, emphasis is on the phrase and similar stretches as well as sentences and longer elements. Illustrations are provided from passages in Writing Arabic which are reproduced in Appendix A. Proceeding slowly at first helps the learner to avoid infelicitous stops and starts, hesitations, hummings and hawings, and to inculcate in himself the confidence necessary to speak out at all times positively and vigorously in the Arab manner. Words and phrases should first be practised before they are run together into breath- and sense-groups. It is quite un-Arabic to pause on and unwantedly lengthen a vowel which is omissible pre-pausally. Such vowels are better dropped altogether than brought into undesirable prominence. Again, if pause is advertently made before hamzatu lw@SI (6.2), for example in the case of the article, it has to be remembered to include the glottal stop before proceeding, but, better still, pause in such places should be avoided. It is important, therefore, to decide beforehand where pauses will be made.
Andrei Bitov (b. 1937)
Authors: Laird Sally
Published: November 2023

Andrei Bitov was born in Leningrad in 1937 and, except for a brief period during the war, spent his childhood and formative years in that beautiful, haunted, neverquite-Russian city. Several generations of Bitovs had lived there before him, and the survivors in his day—grandmother, parents, aunts, uncles, and grandchildren—all lived together in one big apartment. Members of the old St Petersburg intelli-gentsia, their tastes and values harked back to pre-revolutionary times and formed a partial bulwark against the contemporary Soviet world outside. Bitov later wrote of his home that it formed ‘a whole world and comprised my whole life, and it strengthened a certain isolationism in me . . . providing an abundance of the best, the finest, people, painlessly dividing my life into two indisputable, a priori cat-egories, my own personal world and the external one ‘.
Yevgeny Popov (b. 1946)
Authors: Laird Sally
Published: November 2023

Yevgeny Popov, best known as a short-story writer and master of parody, was born in 1946 in the Siberian town of Krasnoyarsk, immortalized in his work as ‘the town of K. on the banks of the river E. ‘. In the 1960s he studied geology in Moscow, and in 1968, having unsuccessfully applied to the Gorky Institute of Literature and the Institute of Cinematography, he returned to Siberia to work as a geologist. In 1975, he abandoned this first career, moved back to Moscow for good, and thenceforth devoted himself to literature, earning his living with a series of hack jobs.
Female Desire
Authors: Evans Peter William
Published: November 2023

Victor J. Seidler’s reminder (1991) that ever since the En lightenment masculinity has been associated with rationality, femininity with irrationality, seems especially appropriate for the framework of a discussion on Buñuel’s representation of women. For the international Surrealist struggling to free himself from the primacy of reason, submission through amour Jou to a female order of unreason seems only natural. But for the Aragonese provincial, partly moulded by a predominantly Catholic culture, an embrace of the feminine risked opening up a Pandora’s box of dreaded, ultimately equivocal pleasures. This inner conflict reflects itself in a duality of approach noticeable throughout the films. Characters like Lope, Pierre, Mateo, and Alejandro, among others, hurl themselves at women, sacrifice their independence, lavish care, attention, and material rewards on the Tristanas, Séverines, Conchitas, or Catalinas in their lives, only to be spurned, humiliated, or even destroyed by these irresistible sirens.
The Glosses of Roland Barthes: The Encyclopedic and the Novelistic
Authors: De Obaldia Claire
Published: November 2023

Although Barthes has produced several volumes of self-declared ‘critical essays’, critics tend to hesitate to refer to him as an essayist and prefer labels such as ‘critic’, ‘mythologist’, and perhaps above all ‘semiologist’ —as well, less flatteringly (but typically when categorizing essayists), as ‘dandy’ or ‘minor writer’.’ In practice, his texts are mostly referred to as ‘essays’ when their unclassifiability is emphasized. And this unclassifiability has to do both with form and with content, given the wide range of Barthes’s concerns which include food, wrestling, toys, advertising, fashion, paintings, foreign countries, etc., as well as books. If these concerns have anything to do with essayism, however, this is above all in so far as they provide the various myths of mass culture for Barthes’s counter-ideological pursuit. In this respect, the project of Mythologies is probably most representative of Barthes’s enterprise as a whole, since in it Barthes purports to ‘account in detail for the mystification which transforms petit-bourgeois culture into a universal nature’, a transformation which he refers to as a ‘mythic inversion’.
The Art of Ambivalence: Der Tod in Venedig
Authors: Reed T J
Published: November 2023

In Der Tod in Venedig, Thomas Mann returns from excursions into allegory and once more writes directly about a literary artist. But the directness is not that of Tonio Kroger. There he was expressing lyrically his immediate experience, formulating and coming to terms with what he had gone through. In the figure of Gustav von Aschenbach, by contrast, he experiments2 with a possible future, with ‘how it would be if ... Author and character have of course a great deal in common—racially mixed ancestry, disciplined bourgeois background, slow and tortured compositional method, concentration on a certain type of character, residence in Munich, Upper Bavarian country house, and many other details: without such initial similarities, the fictional experiment would not have been relevant to Thomas Mann. But the most important indication of how the character is related to his author is their difference in age. Aschenbach in the story is over fifty (fifty-three according to one of Mann’s working notes). Thomas Mann when he wrote the story was thirty-six.
Identities
Authors: Reed T J
Published: November 2023

‘Suddenly this happened: Hans Hansen and Ingeborg Holm went through the room.’ With a shock the italics hint at, the mature Tonio Krӧger sees again the two young people he loved in childhood. It is of course not really Hans Hansen or Ingeborg Holm. The girl is only ‘a little more grown up than before’, the boy is ‘exactly as he was’; perhaps they are brother and sister (viii. 327, 333). The text is as plain as literary delicacy allows. Then why that dramatic statement of identity? Because literal statement is the most striking metaphor to convey the point: that there are patterns of recurrence into which personal experience fits. Identity is real, not at the personal, but at this typical level: ‘... Hans und Ingeborg. Sie waren es nicht so sehr vermoge einzelner Merkmale und der Ǟhnlichkeit der Kleidung, als kraft der Gleichheit der Rasse und des Typus.’ (Hans and Ingeborg.
Reckoning
Authors: Reed T J
Published: November 2023

Doktor Faustus attempts the impossible: to encompass and explain the German catastrophe. What happened to Germany and what was done by Germans under Hitler was horrible on such a scale that it defies the resources of artistic imagination to formulate it and perhaps even casts doubt on the possibility of an adequate tragic art in modern times. But to defy means to challenge. How could Thomas Mann have refused the challenge? He had spent a lifetime evolving means for just such a task, learning to say the general-by allegory, symbol, myth-through the particular. In Der :(,auberberg he had embodied complex truths about an earlier phase of German history and society in the fate of a single individual. Besides, he was at root an Erlebnisdichter. He had put too much of his substance into the fight against Hitler, brooded too much over what made Hitler possible, suffered too much from the distortion of his country and its culture to be able to leave the account artistically unsettled.
Apollo and Dionysus
Authors: Reed T J
Published: November 2023

What came after was a coda. Where Doktor Faustus is the grand and painful synthesis of a lifetime’s themes, Der Erwäklte is a mechanical restatement. It uses an extreme montage technique2 no longer to master a compelling subject but to create the old illusion of substance. Kӧnigliche Hoheit, though distant in time, is its essential neighbour. True, Mann’s last work Felix Krull has given much delight. But its best scenes had been written long before; Mann considered its themes superseded and surpassed by Joseph before he returned to it.3 Completing it struck him as somehow unworthy, a mere pastime after his real task, Doktor Faustus. That novel is the terminal peak from which to look back over the whole range of his work and try to make out its basic pattern and meaning.
Introduction: The ‘Indigenous Public Sphere’
Authors: Hartley John , McKee Alan
Published: November 2023

A ‘locked cupboard of history’ can only be kept locked anew each day, in a continuously unfolding present. If there is a ‘new awareness’, that too must be disseminated on a daily basis. If there is a ‘central problem for the integrity and authenticity of Australian culture today’, then that problem must be pondered and wrestled with ‘today’. Responsibility for letting the skeleton out of the cupboard, for creating awareness, and for thinking through the central problems of a nation, is taken not only by the writers and artists to whom Bernard Smith referred in the passage quoted above, but also by the media of disclosure, the journalism of popular enlightenment, the reporting of governmental decision making. The locked cupboard itself, awareness of its contents, and the subsequent condition of Australian integrity and authenticity, are all, in short, questions of media.