bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract B28: Tumor-associated macrophages and angiogenesis in prostate cancer
Authors: Patil Pallavi , Carver Paula , Smith Karen Streator , Lin Jeffrey , Magi-Galluzzi Cristina
Published: December 2015

Introduction: Role of tumor associated macrophages (TAM) and angiogenesis is being extensively evaluated. Macrophages are subdivided in two phenotypes: M1 (classically activated: promote inflammation, act against cancer growth) and M2 (alternatively activated: promote healing, angiogenesis; could support tumor growth). Our preliminary study was intended to study number of macrophages (CD68 positive), M2 macrophages (CD163 positive) and microvessels (ERG positive) between non-neoplastic and neoplastic prostate tissue.

Methods: We evaluated 10 radical prostatectomy specimens (RP) with prostate cancer (PCA) (cases) and 10 cystoprostatectomy specimens (CP) negative for PCA (controls). Representative paraffin blocks were selected for analysis and stained by immunohistochemistry for CD68 PGM1, CD163 and ERG. For RP specimens, two distinct blocks were selected: one with tumor (RP-T) and one away from tumor (RP-NT). Macrophages count was done using two methods. Method 1: average manual count in 12 fields at 400X magnification in areas uninvolved by chronic inflammation (CI), away from hotspots. Method 2: average count in three hotspots (associated with CI) at 400X magnification with manual assistance on Aperio Image Spectrum Software. Vessels count was done using a Chalkley point counting technique at 100X magnification. Statistical analysis was done using t test and Pearson correlation.

Results: Different degree of CI was found in most CP and RP samples, ranging from focal mild to multifocal severe (hotspots). Mean age of CP and RP patients was 58 and 60 years, respectively. RP Gleason score ranged from 6 to 9. No significant difference in CD68, CD163 and ERG positive cells existed between the three groups by t-test. The CD68 count in RP-T was 104 by method 1 and 114 by method 2. The CD163 count in RP-T was 51 by method 1 and 54 by method 2. ERG count in RP-T was 6.9. A positive correlation of M2 macrophages (method 2) with microvessels in RP-T (p=0.046) was found. None of the counts correlated with Gleason score.

Conclusions: Our preliminary study found no significant difference in TAM between non-neoplastic and neoplastic prostate tissue, independently from the association with CI. The vessel count in prostate tumor positively correlated with M2 macrophages, suggesting a possible crosstalk between M2 macrophages and tumor cells promoting angiogenesis. These findings require further validation in additional studies including a larger sample size.

Citation Format: Pallavi Patil, Paula Carver, Karen Streator Smith, Jeffrey Lin, Cristina Magi-Galluzzi. Tumor-associated macrophages and angiogenesis in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Angiogenesis and Vascular Normalization: Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers; Mar 5-8, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B28.
Abstract IA08: Biomarkers of response and resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy
Authors: Duda Dan G.
Published: December 2015

Despite the significant progress made in the development of molecularly targeted therapies for cancer vasculature, no validated biological markers (or biomarkers) currently exist for appropriately selecting patients with cancer for antiangiogenic therapy. Nor are there biomarkers identifying escape pathways that should be targeted after tumors develop resistance to a given antiangiogenic agent. A number of potential systemic, circulating, tissue and imaging biomarkers have emerged from recent clinical studies. Some of these are measured at baseline, others are measured during treatment, and all are mechanistically based. Some of these biomarkers might be pharmacodynamic while others have potential for predicting clinical benefit or identifying the escape pathways. All biomarkers need to be validated prospectively. I will discuss the current challenges in establishing biomarkers of antiangiogenic therapy, and comment on the future opportunities for validating biomarkers for individualized antiangiogenic therapy. I will offer specific examples of potential biomarkers of antiangiogenic therapy in GI cancers, lung cancers and brain tumors.

Citation Format: Dan G. Duda. Biomarkers of response and resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Angiogenesis and Vascular Normalization: Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers; Mar 5-8, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA08.
Abstract IA16: Combinatorial targeting of angiogenic growth factor pathways
Authors: Alitalo Kari K.
Published: December 2015

Solid tumors require blood vessels for growth and dissemination, and use lymphatic vessels as additional conduits for metastatic spread. Most of the current anti-angiogenic therapies are targeted against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2. However, in many cases resistance to the therapy occurs, and thus far the clinical therapeutic benefit has been limited to only modest improvements in overall survival. Therefore, novel treatment modalities are required. The major angiogenic pathways include a family of five VEGFs and their three receptors. I will discuss the other members of the VEGF-VEGFR family, as well as two of the three angiopoietin growth factors and their receptors Tie1 and Tie2 as targets for the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Biochemical, cell biological and genetic experiments have revealed the crosstalk between the pathways, their activation mechanisms and their essential functions in tissues. These studies have shown that even the Tie1 receptor, which does directly not bind angiopoietins, but is part of the angiopoietin-receptor complex, is crucial for tumor angiogenesis and growth. Some of the angiopoietin signals also regulate vessel stability and the delivery of therapeutics to the tumor. Furthermore, recent results have indicated that integrin-mediated angiopoietin-2 signals can induce vessel destabilization. Combinatorial blocking of multiple angiogenic growth factor pathways shows promise in improving the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy without significantly increasing its side-effects.

Citation Format: Kari K. Alitalo. Combinatorial targeting of angiogenic growth factor pathways. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Angiogenesis and Vascular Normalization: Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers; Mar 5-8, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA16.
Abstract IA23: Angiogenesis revisited: Principles and strategies
Authors: Carmeliet Peter
Published: December 2015

Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, plays a crucial role in numerous diseases, including cancer. Anti-angiogenesis therapies have been developed to starve cancer cells from nutrients. Clinically approved anti-angiogenic drugs prolong the survival of cancer patients, but their success is limited by intrinsic refractoriness and acquired resistance. New strategies are thus needed to block tumor angiogenesis via alternative mechanisms. We recently reported that PFKFB3-driven glycolysis regulates the endothelial tip cell function during vessel sprouting, even capable of overruling the potent pro-stalk activity of Notch, and that its loss in endothelial cells causes vascular hypobranching defects. Moreover, partial and transient reduction of glycolysis by blocking PFKFB3 reduced pathological angiogenesis in several disease models. Ongoing studies explore the role of lipid and amino acid metabolism in vessel sprouting, and assess the therapeutic potential of targeting these metabolic pathways for anti-angiogenic therapy.

Citation Format: Peter Carmeliet. Angiogenesis revisited: Principles and strategies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Angiogenesis and Vascular Normalization: Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers; Mar 5-8, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA23.
Allophony of /ʝ/ in Peninsular Spanish
Authors: Scarpace Daniel , Beery David , Hualde José Ignacio
Published: December 2015

The p honeme /ʝ/ in Spanish is known to have a wide range of phonetic realizations, even within a single dialect. Whereas the influence of different contextual factors in conditioning the allophony of /b d ɡ/ has been the object of much recent acoustic investigation, somewhat surprisingly there are no comparable studies of the voiced palatal obstruent. We report on an acoustic investigation of this consonant in Peninsular Spanish. Both preceding context and stress appear to be relevant factors. We also find an effect of style, with more constriction in more formal styles. The presence of a word boundary also affects the degree of constriction, although to a lesser extent. Although we have identified several conditioning factors in the degree of constriction of this consonant, compared to /b d ɡ/, there appears to be greater variability in a given context, including very constricted, stop-like realizations of /ʝ/ in conversational styles even within the intervocalic context. Whereas our results largely confirm previous nonquantified description, they offer a more nuanced view of the continuum of the degree of constriction in the realization of this consonant and the factors that affect it, going beyond earlier views that postulated distinct allophones.
ucFabV Requires Functional Reductase Activity to Confer Reduced Triclosan Susceptibility in Escherichia coli
Authors: Fischer Taylor L. , White Robert J. , Mares Katherine F.K. , Molnau Devin E. , Donato Justin J.
Published: December 2015

Background/Aims: We previously identified the Triclo1 fosmid in a functional metagenomic selection for clones that increased triclosan tolerance in Escherichia coli. The active enzyme encoded by Triclo1 is ucFabV. Although ucFabV is homologous to FabV from other organisms, ucFabV contains substitutions at key positions that would predict differences in substrate binding. Therefore, a detailed characterization of ucFabV was conducted to link its biochemical activity to its ability to confer reduced triclosan sensitivity. Methods: ucFabV and a catalytic mutant were purified and used to reduce crotonoyl-CoA in vitro. The mutant and wild-type enzymes were introduced into E. coli, and their ability to confer triclosan tolerance as well as suppress a temperature-sensitive mutant of FabI were measured. Results: Purified ucFabV, but not the mutant, reduced crotonoyl-CoA in vitro. The wild-type enzyme confers increased triclosan tolerance when introduced into E. coli, whereas the mutant remained susceptible to triclosan. Additionally, wild-type ucFabV, but not the mutant, functionally replaced FabI within living cells. Conclusion: ucFabV confers increased tolerance through its function as an enoyl-ACP reductase. Furthermore, ucFabV is capable of restoring viability in the presence of compromised FabI, suggesting ucFabV is likely facilitating an alternate step within fatty acid synthesis, bypassing FabI inhibition.
Prevalence, Awareness and Control of Hypertension in Patients with Transient Ischemic Attacks in China
Authors: Pan Yuesong , Zhao Xingquan , Jiang Yong , Li Hao , Wang Limin , Liu Liping , Wang Chunxue , Jing Jing , Xu Jie , Meng Xia , Zhang Mei , Li Yichong , Zhou Yong , Zhao Wenhua , Wang Yilong , Wang Yongjun
Published: December 2015

Background: Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke recurrence in patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates of hypertension in Chinese adults with TIA. Methods: We analyzed data derived from the 2010 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance survey, a population-based study including a nationally representative sample of 2,780 Chinese adults with TIA. The national prevalence, awareness and control rates of hypertension in adults with TIA were estimated with weighted coefficients based on the 2010 China population census. Results: Among the 2,780 TIA patients, a total of 1,919 patients were identified as having hypertension. The estimated national prevalence of hypertension in TIA patients was 67.5% (95% CI 64.0-71.0). Among the hypertensive patients, 54.1% were aware of having hypertension and 8.3% was under control. Conclusions: Hypertension is severely under-diagnosed and under-controlled in patients with TIA in China. Appropriate strategies are urgently needed to improve the identification and control of hypertension in these patients.
O Cinema Musical na América Latina: uma cartografia.
Authors: Maia Guilherme , Ravazzano Lucas
Published: December 2015

O presente trabalho visa fazer um breve mapeamento cinema musical de ficção na América Latina, de modo a compreender como as diferentes cinematografias latinas se apropriaram do formato do musical e como este dialogou com as tradições culturais locais, em especial do cinema e da música popular, para se desenvolver. Buscaremos, pois, tratar de como o musical de ficção está ligado à história do cinema latino americano e das questões de identidade nacional e cultural que constantemente emergem das obras.
Documentário e o Brasil na Segunda Guerra Mundial: o antimilitarismo e o anticomunismo como matrizes sensíveis
Authors: Almeida Claudio Aguiar
Published: December 2015

O texto resenha o livro Documentário e o Brasil na Segunda Guerra Mundial de Cássio dos Santos Tomain, debatendo as estratégias de representação mobi- lizadas pelos filmes Rádio Auriverde (Sylvio Back, 1991), Senta a pua! (Erick de Castro, 1999), A cobra fumou (Viní- cius Reis, 2002) e O Lapa Azul (Durval Jr, 2007).
Risk Factor Stratification for Intracranial Stenosis in Taiwanese Patients With Cervicocerebral Stenosis
Authors: Sung Yueh‐Feng , Lee Jiunn‐Tay , Tsai Chia‐Lin , Lin Chun‐Chieh , Hsu Yaw‐Don , Lin Jiann‐Chyun , Chu Chi‐Ming , Peng Giia‐Sheun
Published: December 2015

Background

Intracranial stenosis (ICS) is a major determinant of ischemic stroke in Asians. We determined the clinical significance of different risk factors and the role of ICS in Taiwanese patients with varied distributions of cervicocerebral stenosis.

Methods and Results

Presence of extracranial carotid stenosis (ECS, ≥70%) and ICS (>50%) was examined in 13 539 patients using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance angiography, respectively. Seven hundred thirty‐three patients with non‐ECS/ICS (n=372), isolated ICS (n=112), isolated ECS (n=121), or combined ECS/ICS (CEIS, n=128) were selected. Prevalence of ischemic stroke in each group was compared, and risk factors for stenosis were determined. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for each risk factor was calculated. Prevalence of ischemic stroke was highest in patients with CEIS (odds ratio 15.86;
P
<0.001), followed in decreasing order by those with isolated ICS (odds ratio 7.16;
P
<0.001), isolated ECS (odds ratio 1.77;
P
=0.011), and non‐ECS/ICS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that hypertension, coronary artery disease, and smoking were risk factors for isolated ECS; hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and smoking were risk factors for isolated ICS; and diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and smoking were risk factors for CEIS. Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease were the greatest contributors to CEIS, isolated ICS, and isolated ECS, respectively.

Conclusions

CEIS was associated with higher odds of ischemic stroke compared with isolated ICS and isolated ECS. Smoking and diabetes mellitus, major determinants of CEIS and isolated ICS, should be targeted in therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke.
The Distribution of Carried Items in Urban Environments
Authors: Wolf Elissa , Badler Norman I.
Published: December 2015

Virtual heritage architectural and cultural reconstructions may be enhanced by populating the environment with simulated people. There are a number of important human modeling issues to address, such as situationally appropriate clothing, occupations, and behaviors. Our interest here is focused on how people interact with portable items in their environment: namely, whether they are carrying items and what those items are. With an end goal of enabling lifelike, data-driven, agent-based populace simulations, we conducted an informal but systematic ethnographic observational study of the items carried by more than 3,000 people in two different urban community environments: an indoor market and an outdoor city plaza. We recorded the number and types of items carried by each person, along with their gender, estimated age category, and whether they were alone or in a group. We performed a basic statistical analysis of the results. There were two highly significant findings: (1) a strong and similar majority of all people carry at least one item (76.63% in the indoor setting and 79.79% in the outdoor setting); and (2) the types and amounts of items carried were highly consistent across the two different environments, implying that the data may be applicable in a wide range of scenarios.
Foetal Injury in Clinical Trials and Accountability to the Child Once Born
Authors: Sheppard Maria K.
Published: December 2015

Sponsors of clinical trials have excluded pregnant women from trial participation mainly because of the fear of legal liability for foetal injury. Yet, to prevent untested treatments exposing foetuses generally to unwarranted risks, it is necessary that pregnant women are included in clinical trials. Despite sponsors’ fears there are, however, major stumbling blocks for the child once born claiming compensation under English law. Neither the new eu Regulation 536/2014 on clinical trials nor tort law or statutory regulations have achieved a clear and fair avenue for the compensation of children injured in utero. There are also inadequacies with the voluntary pharmaceutical industry guidelines regarding such compensation. Greater clarity and fairness regarding tort and civil liability might encourage sponsors to conduct more trials in pregnant women and more pregnant women to volunteer taking part in research in the knowledge that their children will be compensated if they sustain injuries in utero.
Secularisation and Theologisation
Authors: Srikantan Geetanjali
Published: December 2015

The formation of Hindu law has been chronicled by historians and others as a complex process involving the negation of customary law and the upholding of sacred texts, upon which codes of law were formulated. This paper seeks to interrogate the truth behind this narrative by examining the category of Hindu law and the processes that allowed it to emerge within the British colonial legal imagination. It argues that the making of Hindu law was a process of theologisation within an outer framework of secularisation i.e. the Christian theological framework embedded in the secular framework of Western legal epistemology was the background by which “Hindu law” emerged in the eyes of the colonisers. It examines Western legal notions of divine law, natural law, and human law and the role of historical jurisprudence in this process. It finally concludes by examining the implications of the argument for the formation of secular legal systems.
Thirteen new Amazonian Myrtaceae
Authors: Sobral Marcos , Duarte de Souza Maria Analia
Published: December 2015

We here describe, illustrate and compare with related species Calyptranthes corticosa, Myrcia breviflora, M. cantana, M. castanea, M. divisoria, M. integra, M. laxa, M. longiramea, M. manausensis, M. maraana, M. symmetrica, M. uaioai and Plinia humaitana. Calyptranthes corticosa, from the Brazilian state of Acre, is related to C. paniculata, but is distinguished by its strongly angulate twigs and pauciflorous inflorescences; Myrcia breviflora, from the Brazilian state of Amazonas, is related to M. tafelbergica, but has shorter inflorescences with pentamerous flowers; M. cantana, from the Brazilian state of Roraima, is close to M. saxatilis, but has narrower blades and tetramerous flowers; M. castanea, from Amazonas, is related to M. magnoliifolia, but has persistently pilose, bullate leaves and densely pilose inflorescences and flowers; M. divisoria, from Acre, is related to M. calycampa, but has pilose twigs, larger blades and longer inflorescences with persisting bracts; M. integra, from the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Roraima and the Peruvian department of Loreto, is related to Marlierea umbraticola, but is distinguished by the blades with adaxially raised midvein and tetramerous flowers; M. laxa, from Amazonas, is related to M. aequatoriensis, but has smaller petioles, blades not bullate and pilose flowers; M. longiramea, from Amazonas, is related to M. clusiifolia, but has narrower blades crowded at the top of long branches and tetramerous flowers; M. manausensis, from Amazonas, is related to M. splendens but has blades with larger glandular dots and flowers with ovary longitudinally ridged; M. maraana, from Amazonas, is related to M. obumbrans, but has narrower, discolorous blades and tetramerous flowers; M. symmetrica, from the states of Amazonas and Pará, is close to M. plusiantha, but differs by its mostly acuminate blades, shorter inflorescences and tetramerous flowers; M. uaioai, from Roraima, is related to Myrcia gentryi, being distinguished through its elliptic blades with adaxially raised midvein and consistently solitary flowers, and Plinia humaitana, from Amazonas, is related to P. pinnata, but has shorter, wider blades and seed without hypocotyl. Additionally, conservation status is proposed for all species; nevertheless, considering the fact that several species are known only from one collection a/or by mostly ancient collections, their status attribution is necessarily tentative.
Taxonomic notes on desmids from the Netherlands
Authors: Van Westen Marien
Published: December 2015

From the Netherlands, four desmid species are described as new to science: Cosmarium pseudodifficile, Cosmarium pseudoformosulum, Cosmarium pseudoreniforme, and Cosmarium turpiniiforme. Cosmarium jelskii was rediscovered after approximately a hundred years, Euastrum ansatum var. dideltiforme f. elongatum is raised to Euastrum ruzickae and Tetmemorus flensburgii is separated from Tetmemorus brebissonii. Differences with similar-looking species are discussed. In addition, zygospores of Staurastrum pileolatum are depicted for the first time.
Deep-water octocorals (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) from Brazil: Family Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883
Authors: CORDEIRO RALF T. S. , CASTRO CLOVIS B. , PÉREZ CARLOS D.
Published: December 2015

Current knowledge about the Brazilian deep-water octocoral fauna remains scarce, fragmented, and mostly based on unpublished, regional scale surveys. The present work provides the first comprehensive study of the family Chrysogorgidae Verrill, 1883 in Brazil, based on morphological analysis of specimens collected in the last decade and those currently placed in museums. Members of this family are common mainly at great depths and remarkable for the iridescent aspect of their colonies. In Brazil, to the present, only four species were reported: Chrysogorgia elegans (Verrill, 1883), Chrysogorgia multiflora Deichmann, 1936, Stephanogorgia rattoi Castro, Medeiros & Loiola, 2010 and Trichogorgia brasiliensis Castro, Medeiros & Loiola, 2010—the last two are shallow-water species. In this study, three new deep-water species are described, Chrysogorgia tuberculata, Chrysogorgia upsilonia and Radicipes kopelatos, and a new record to Brazil is reported, Chrysogorgia fewkesii Verrill, 1883, as well as latitudinal expansions in distributions of Chrysogorgia elegans and Chrysogorgia multiflora are presented.
A new genus and species of Rhopalidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, China
Authors: CHEN XIAOTONG , YAO YUNZHI , REN DONG
Published: December 2015

A new fossil Vescisalignus indecorus gen. et sp. nov. (Rhopalidae) is described and illustrated from the Early Cretaceous. All the specimens described here were collected from the Yixian Formantion of Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, northeastern China. This is the first report of rhopalid from Yixian Formation in Liaoning Province, China.
Two new crayfishes of the genus Cambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from Northern Alabama and South Central Tennessee, U.S.A.
Authors: JONES DANNY R. , EVERSOLE ARNOLD G.
Published: December 2015

Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses of morphometric data and examination of morphological characters of the crayfish species Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) longirostris revealed the existence of two undescribed species from populations previously considered to be C. longirostris in tributaries of the Tennessee River in north Alabama and central south Tennessee. Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) andersoni and Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) diupalma differed from C. longirostris and from each other in aspects of chela morphometrics and in the presence or absence of qualitative characters. Cambarus andersoni has a corneous spine on the base of the ventral surface of the rostrum that is absent in the other two species; C. diupalma abdominal pleura are acute whereas they are subtruncate in C. andersoni and in C. longirostris. The known range of both of the new species is restricted to northern tributaries of the Tennessee River in south Tennessee and north Alabama. Cambarus diupalma is considered Endangered and C. andersoni is considered Vulnerable using American Fisheries Society conservation categorization.
First North American record of the Palaearctic rhinophorid Stevenia deceptoria (Loew) (Diptera: Rhinophoridae)
Authors: O’HARA JAMES E. , CERRETTI PIERFILIPPO , DAHLEM GREGORY A.
Published: December 2015

The Rhinophoridae (Diptera) have a cosmopolitan distribution and a known fauna of about 150 species (Cerretti & Pape 2007). So far as known, all species are parasitoids of terrestrial woodlice (sow bugs) of the order Isopoda (Oniscoidea) (Pape 2010). Female rhinophorids lay eggs in the vicinity of potential hosts and the planidial first instars parasitize sow bugs as they pass by (Pape 1998).
An Ensemble Approach to Investigate Tropical Cyclone Intensification in Sheared Environments. Part II: Ophelia (2011)
Authors: Rios-Berrios Rosimar , Torn Ryan D. , Davis Christopher A.
Published: December 2015

The mechanisms leading to tropical cyclone (TC) intensification amid moderate vertical wind shear can vary from case to case, depending on the vortex structure and the large-scale conditions. To search for similarities between cases, this second part investigates the rapid intensification of Hurricane Ophelia (2011) in an environment characterized by 200–850-hPa westerly shear exceeding 8 m s−1. Similar to Part I, a 96-member ensemble was employed to compare a subset of members that predicted Ophelia would intensify with another subset that predicted Ophelia would weaken. This comparison revealed that the intensification of Ophelia was aided by enhanced convection and midtropospheric moisture in the downshear and left-of-shear quadrants. Enhanced left-of-shear convection was key to the establishment of an anticyclonic divergent outflow that forced a nearby upper-tropospheric trough to wrap around Ophelia. A vorticity budget showed that deep convection also contributed to the enhancement of vorticity within the inner core of Ophelia via vortex stretching and tilting of horizontal vorticity enhanced by the upper-tropospheric trough. These results suggest that TC intensity changes in sheared environments and in the presence of upper-tropospheric troughs highly depend on the interaction between convective-scale processes and the large-scale flow. Given the similarities between Part I and this part, the results suggest that observations from the three-dimensional moisture and wind fields could improve both forecasting and understanding of TC intensification in moderately sheared environments.
A Point Cloud Method for Retrieval of High-Resolution 3D Gridded Reflectivity from Weather Radar Networks for Air Traffic Management
Authors: Scovell Robert , al-Sakka Hassan
Published: December 2015

A prototype high-resolution (1 km, 5 min) multiradar 3D gridded reflectivity product, including a suite of derived 2D vertical column products, has been developed for the Single European Skies Air Traffic Management Research program. As part of this, a new method for mapping radar data to grid points is being used, based on the concept of a binary space partitioning (BSP) tree that treats radar data as a set of points in a 3D point cloud. This allows the resulting analysis to be based on a complete picture of the nearby data from overlapping radars and can easily adapt to irregular grid configurations. This method is used with a Barnes successive corrections technique to retrieve finescale features while avoiding problems of undersmoothing in data-sparse regions. This has been tested using 3D domains enclosing the terminal maneuvering areas surrounding Paris, France, and London, United Kingdom, and using reflectivity plan position indicator scan data from the French and U.K. operational networks, encoded using the standard European Operational Programme for the Exchange of Weather Radar Information (OPERA) Data Information Model format. Quantitative intercomparisons between the new method, in various configurations; a high-resolution version of an existing method, in operational use at Météo-France; and a method that was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for use with the Weather Surveillance Radar-1998 Doppler radar network, have been done using simulated radar scans derived from 3D synthetic radar reflectivity fields in stratiform and convective regimes.
AHI Outcomes Are Superior after Upper Airway Reconstructive Surgery in Adult CPAP Failure Patients
Authors: Stewart Samuel , Huang June , Mohorikar Alok , Jones Andrew , Holmes SueEllen , MacKay Stuart G.
Published: December 2015

Objective

This study aims to evaluate Apnea‐Hypopnea Index (AHI) outcomes of upper airway adult obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) reconstructive surgery, as compared with outcomes of suboptimal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, in response to reviews claiming unreliable surgical AHI reduction.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Single‐surgeon series at medical centers within Wollongong, Australia.

Subjects and Methods

Adult patients with OSA who were partial device users or who refused CPAP were considered candidates for upper airway surgery (N = 48). Subjects underwent physical examination and polysomnography before and after surgery. Three groups were delineated on the nature of their suboptimal CPAP therapy: group 1, partially using CPAP or refusing long‐term CPAP despite adherence (with available download data); group 2, unable or refusing to use CPAP with 2 sleep studies over time; group 3, unable or refusing to use CPAP with 1 sleep study over time. Collected data included demographics and AHI outcomes.

Results

Average AHI across all 3 groups with suboptimal CPAP therapy before surgery was 30.24 ± 17.17 events per hour sleep, as compared with the average postoperative AHI of 7.65 ± 6.59 events per hour sleep. This decrease was shown to be statistically significant with Wilcoxon signed‐rank test (P <. 0001).

Conclusions

AHI outcomes are superior with surgery in untreated or suboptimally treated adult OSA patients prescribed CPAP.
Multi-scale prediction of the geometrical deviations of the surface finished by five-axis ball-end milling
Authors: Li Bo , Cao Yanlong , Ye Xuefeng , Guan Jiayan , Yang Jiangxin
Published: December 2015

Surface quality and accuracy are the main factors which affect the performance and life cycle of the products. Due to the complexity of the machining process, it is difficult to evaluate the machined surface real time. Simulation of the machining process became the main method to predict and control the quality of the machined surface. This article developed a multi-scale simulation system to predict the overall geometrical features of the milled surface. The effects of locating errors, geometrical errors of the machine tool and tool deflections on the quality of the machined surface are included in the proposed model. Also, different strategies are employed to evaluate the macro-scale and micro-scale geometrical deviations of the machined surface to balance the time cost and accuracy. In comparison with the traditional method, both the form deviations and roughness feature of the machined surface can be predicted. Since the static and dynamic properties of the machining system were considered, both the stable and unstable cutting conditions can be analyzed by using the proposed method. At the end of this article, case studies are carried out to validate the proposed method. The effects of the locating errors, geometrical errors of the machine tool and cutting parameters on the quality of the machined surface are analyzed. The significance of their influences on the quality of the machined surface was investigated.
Strategies for Coping with Career Indecision
Authors: Lipshits-Braziler Yuliya , Gati Itamar , Tatar Moshe
Published: December 2015

The goal of the present research was to test the convergent and divergent validity of the Strategies for Coping with Career Indecision (SCCI) model and questionnaire, which comprises three main coping styles— Productive coping, Support-seeking, and Nonproductive coping—using three samples of young adults deliberating about their career choice. Study 1 tested the association between the SCCI and career decision-making profiles, using a sample of 390 young adults. Study 2 tested the relations between the SCCI and emotional and personality-related career decision-making difficulties, using a sample of 454 young adults. Finally, Study 3 tested the associations between the SCCI and career decision self-efficacy as well as the five dimensions of the Big Five Inventory, using a sample of 451 young adults. All three studies also tested the SCCI’s incremental validity by assessing its ability to predict individuals’ stages in the career decision-making process over and above the other measures. The results supported the convergent and divergent validity and partially supported the incremental validity of the SCCI. The theoretical and counseling implications are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented.
Validity and Representative Data of the MRCI With Legally Involved Juveniles
Authors: Rogers Richard , Sharf Allyson J. , Carter Rachel M. , Henry Sarah L. , Williams Margot M. , Robinson Emily V.
Published: December 2015

Recognized for nearly four decades, most juvenile suspects waive their Miranda rights and almost immediately provide self-incriminating evidence. Miranda-specific measures were eventually developed to understand their capacities and limitations. With extensive revisions, the Miranda Rights Comprehension Instruments (MRCI) were normed and validated. Beyond reliability, the current study addresses the convergent and discriminant validity of the MRCI. In response to Frumkin and Sellbom’s criticism of the MRCI’s norms, the current research provides representative data on 245 legally involved juveniles with percentiles to facilitate the interpretation of MRCI data. The current investigation is also the first MRCI study to link directly Miranda comprehension (i.e., the knowing prong) to Miranda reasoning (i.e., the intelligent prong) of waiver decisions.
Evidence for a role of the histone deacetylase SIRT6 in DNA damage response of multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Cea Michele , Cagnetta Antonia , Adamia Sophia , Acharya Chirag , Tai Yu-Tzu , Fulciniti Mariateresa , Ohguchi Hiroto , Munshi Aditya , Acharya Prakrati , Bhasin Manoj K. , Zhong Lei , Carrasco Ruben , Monacelli Fiammetta , Ballestrero Alberto , Richardson Paul , Gobbi Marco , Lemoli Roberto M. , Munshi Nikhil , Hideshima Teru , Nencioni Alessio , Chauhan Dharminder , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: December 2015

Key Points

SIRT6 is highly expressed in multiple myeloma cells and blocks expression of ERK-regulated genes. Targeting SIRT6 enzymatic activity sensitizes multiple myeloma cells to DNA-damaging agents.
Tissues from equine cadaver ligaments up to 72 hours of post-mortem: a promising reservoir of stem cells
Authors: Shikh Alsook Mohamad Khir , Gabriel Annick , Piret Joëlle , Waroux Olivier , Tonus Céline , Connan Delphine , Baise Etienne , Antoine Nadine
Published: December 2015

Background

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) harvested from cadaveric tissues represent a promising approach for regenerative medicine. To date, no study has investigated whether viable MSCs could survive in cadaveric tissues from tendon or ligament up to 72 hours of post-mortem. The purpose of the present work was to find out if viable MSCs could survive in cadaveric tissues from adult equine ligaments up to 72 hours of post-mortem, and to assess their ability (i) to remain in an undifferentiated state and (ii) to divide and proliferate in the absence of any specific stimulus.

Methods

MSCs were isolated from equine cadaver (EC) suspensory ligaments within 48–72 hours of post-mortem. They were evaluated for viability, proliferation, capacity for tri-lineage differentiation, expression of cell surface markers (CD90, CD105, CD73, CD45), pluripotent transcription factor (OCT-4), stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (TUJ-1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). As well, they were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Results

EC-MSCs were successfully isolated and maintained for 20 passages with high cell viability and proliferation. Phase contrast microscopy revealed that cells with fibroblast-like appearance were predominant in the culture. Differentiation assays proved that EC-MSCs are able to differentiate towards mesodermal lineages (osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic). Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that EC-MSCs expressed CD90, CD105, and CD73, while being negative for the leukocyte common antigen CD45. Immunofluorescence analysis showed a high percentage of positive cells for OCT-4 and SSEA-1. Surprisingly, in absence of any stimuli, some adherent cells closely resembling neuronal and glial morphology were also observed. Interestingly, our results revealed that approximately 15 % of the cell populations were TUJ-1 positive, whereas GFAP expression was detected in only a few cells. Furthermore, TEM analysis confirmed the stemness of EC-MSCs and identified some cells with a typical neuronal morphology.

Conclusions

Our findings raise the prospect that the tissues harvested from equine ligaments up to 72 hours of post-mortem represent an available reservoir of specific stem cells. EC-MSCs could be a promising alternative source for tissue engineering and stem cell therapy in equine medicine.
Selection and dynamics of embryonic stem cell integration into early mouse embryos
Authors: Alexandrova Stoyana , Kalkan Tuzer , Humphreys Peter , Riddell Andrew , Scognamiglio Roberta , Trumpp Andreas , Nichols Jennifer
Published: December 2015

The process by which pluripotent cells incorporate into host embryos is of interest to investigate cell potency and cell fate decisions. Previous studies suggest that only a minority of the embryonic stem cell (ESC) inoculum contributes to the adult chimaera. How incoming cells are chosen for integration or elimination remains unclear. By comparing a heterogeneous mix of undifferentiated and differentiating ESCs (Serum/LIF) with more homogeneous undifferentiated culture (2i/LIF) we examine the role of cellular heterogeneity in this process. Time-lapse ex vivo imaging revealed a drastic elimination of Serum/LIF ESCs during early development in comparison with 2i/LIF ESCs. Using a fluorescent reporter for naïve pluripotency (Rex1GFP), we established that the acutely eliminated Serum/LIF ESCs had begun to differentiate. The rejected cells were apparently killed by apoptosis. We conclude that a selection process exists by which unwanted differentiating cells are eliminated from the embryo. However, occasional Rex1-negative cells were able to integrate. Up-regulation of Rex1 occurred in a proportion of these, reflecting the potential of the embryonic environment to expedite diversion from differentiation priming to enhance the developing embryonic epiblast.
The Cambridge History of “Capitalism”
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: December 2015

This review essay of the two-volume Cambridge History of Capitalism (2014), edited by Larry Neal and Jeffrey G. Williamson, is divided into three parts. First, I describe three chapters from the second volume that I recommend for all economists to add depth to their understanding of the world economy today. Robert C. Allen analyzes the world distribution of income; Randall Morck and Bernard Yeung discuss the history of business groups; and Peter Lindert surveys private and public programs to help the poor. In each case, they analyze historical backgrounds that illuminate current issues. Second, I criticize the definition of capitalism used in these volumes as too expansive to be useful. I argue that this definition mars the essays in first volume by stimulating a fruitless search for capitalism in the millennium before the Industrial Revolution. Third, I describe the essays in this reference work starting from the most recent and ending with those about antiquity. (JEL N00, P10)
Performance Evaluation of a PV Module under Climatic Conditions of Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bahaidarah Haitham , Rehman Shafiqur , Subhan Abdul , Gandhidasan P. , Baig Hasan
Published: December 2015

In this paper, the performance characteristics of a photovoltaic (PV) module are modeled numerically and validated experimentally for the typical climatic conditions of Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The electrical model is developed using EES software including all the important parameters like cell temperature, maximum power point current, maximum power point voltage, electrical power, and maximum power point efficiency. The model results were compared with the experimental values obtained by exposing the PV panel to the local environmental conditions of Dhahran. The variation of cell temperature, maximum power point current, voltage, maximum power and efficiency of PV module was recorded for a typical day and the effect of climatic conditions including solar irradiance, ambient temperature and wind speed was quantified. Finally, the modeled results were found to be in close agreement with the experimental values with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.98 and root mean square error of e = 5.2% for the overall efficiency and power output.
Space and demonstratives: an experiment with Estonian exophoric demonstratives
Authors: Reile Maria
Published: December 2015

In recent years, the study of exophoric demonstratives has increased in Indo- European languages, but has received fairly little research attention in Estonian. The aim of the study is to verify by the means of a production experiment whether distance has an effect on the choice of Estonian exophoric demonstratives. Binomial mixed effects logistic regression analysis suggests that distance is the best predictor for the choice between demonstrative adverbs, but it has no effect on the choice between the demonstrative pronoun see ‘this’ and other referential devices, which can be explained by the lack of usage of the demonstrative pronoun too ‘that’. However, there also occurs unexpected usage of demonstrative adverbs that is best explained by other attributes of the referent and reference situation rather than simple spatial opposition. Thus, although the best predictor in demonstrative adverb choice proves to be distance, other attributes may play a fairly important role.
Law Enforcement and Its Impact on the Development of Legislation
Authors: Abramova Aleksandra
Published: December 2015

The article deals with the law enforcement practices, the impact of such practices on contemporary law making and perfection of laws. Special attention is given to the analysis of possible forms of interaction between various subjects of law enforcement, institutions of civil society and law-making institutions. Subject to analysis is the role of executive, judicial powers in the law formation processes, in the process of implementation of such legal norms, development of a legal system and dynamic functioning. The author make the conclusion to the effect that realization of law and law enforcement are both conducive to perfecting legislation. Modern trends should correspond to the realities in a given sphere of law and to reflect the situation in a state and society. This pursues the objective of adoption of the Law in compliance with the required standards of formal certainty and conducive to positive changes in the life of a society. The article reveals the role of a legal monitoring process to ensure feedback which makes the combination of a law making process and enforcement natural and smooth. Further development of legislation is viewed as expedient and efficient on the basis of the data collected through the monitoring process and dynamics forecasted.
Maximizing Stochastic Monotone Submodular Functions
Authors: Asadpour Arash , Nazerzadeh Hamid
Published: December 2015

We study the problem of maximizing a stochastic monotone submodular function with respect to a matroid constraint. Because of the presence of diminishing marginal values in real-world problems, our model can capture the effect of stochasticity in a wide range of applications. We show that the adaptivity gap—the ratio between the values of optimal adaptive and optimal nonadaptive policies—is bounded and is equal to e/(e − 1). We propose a polynomial-time nonadaptive policy that achieves this bound. We also present an adaptive myopic policy that obtains at least half of the optimal value. Furthermore, when the matroid is uniform, the myopic policy achieves the optimal approximation ratio of 1 − 1/e.

This paper was accepted by Dimitris Bertsimas and Yinyu Ye, optimization.
The effect of migration on the attitudes of circumcised women to female genital mutilation
Authors: Love Jane , Norton Diane
Published: December 2015

Global migration has led to female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) being seen in many parts of the world, including the UK. The aim of this article is to provide insight into perceptions of FGM/C in migrant communities to inform culturally relevant approaches by specialist community public health nurses working with FGM/C practising families. A review of 10 pieces of primary research found that many women migrating to a European country and coming into contact with health services had a major shift in their attitudes towards FGM/C, from acceptance to rejection of the practice and wanting to protect their daughters. This article will discuss circumcised women's attitudes to FGM/C when living in their home country; their experiences of health care in a European host country and any change in attitudes to FGM/C after migration.
Parkinson's disease and dysphagia: optimising care
Authors: Patel Krupa
Published: December 2015

An increasingly ageing population means long-term conditions such as Parkinson's disease are becoming more common. There are several non-motor symptoms associated with the condition, including dysphagia. Krupa Patel advises a multiprofessional approach
Malnutrition: a serious, yet common problem in care
Authors: Spiro Ayela
Published: December 2015

While there is much focus on obesity as a major health issue, malnutrition remains under-treated and under-recognised. With the majority of malnourished people being aged over 75, Ayela Spiro offers some advice on the treatment and management of this condition
Common eye conditions in older people
Authors: Perry Margaret
Published: December 2015

As we age, our body systems can deteriorate. Margaret Perry considers vision problems in older people and looks at some of the eye conditions that they can experience, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and cataracts