bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transparency, Protest, and Autocratic Instability
Authors: HOLLYER JAMES R. , ROSENDORFF B. PETER , VREELAND JAMES RAYMOND
Published: December 2015

The collapse of autocratic regimes is often brought about through large-scale mobilization and collective action by elements of the populace. The willingness of any given member of the public to participate in actions such as strikes and protests is contingent upon her beliefs about others’ willingness to similarly mobilize. In this article, we examine the effect of a specific form of transparency—the disclosure of economic data by the government—on citizen belief formation, and consequently on collective mobilization. We present a theoretical model in which, under autocratic rule, transparency increases the frequency of protests, and increases the extent to which protest is correlated with incumbent performance. We find empirical support for these claims. Transparency destabilizes autocracies via mass protest.
The effect of rearing temperature on development, body size, energetics and fecundity of the diamondback moth
Authors: Garrad R. , Booth D.T. , Furlong M.J.
Published: December 2015

Temperature is arguably the most important abiotic factor influencing the life history of ectotherms. It limits survival and affects all physiological and metabolic processes, including energy and nutrient procurement and processing, development and growth rates, locomotion ability and ultimately reproductive success. However, the influence of temperature on the energetic cost of development has not been thoroughly investigated. We show that in the diamondback moth [Plutella xylostellaL. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)] rearing temperature (range10–30°C) affected growth and development rates, the energetic cost of development and fecundity. Rearing at lower temperatures increased development times and slowed growth rate, but resulted in larger adult mass. Fecundity was lowest at 10°C, highest at 15°C and intermediate at temperatures of 20°C and above. At a given rearing temperature fecundity was correlated with pupal mass and most eggs were laid on the first day of oviposition, there was no correlation between total eggs laid and adult longevity. The highest production cost was incurred at 10°C; this decreased with increasing temperature, was minimized in the range 20–25°C, and then increased again at 30°C. These minimized production costs occurred at temperatures close to the intrinsic optimum temperature for this species and may reflect the rearing temperature for optimal fitness. Thus at sub-optimal temperatures greater food resources are required during the development period. Predicted increased temperatures at the margins of the current core distribution ofP. xylostellacould ameliorate current seasonal effects on fecundity, thereby increasing the probability of winter survival leading to more resilient range expansion and an increased probability of pest outbreaks.
Use of lablab (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) for bio-control by native arthropods and its effect on yield of pumpkins
Authors: Qureshi S.A. , Angove M. , Wilkens S. , Midmore D.J.
Published: December 2015

Silverleaf whitefly (SLW, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1) and aphids are sap-sucking insects, which pose a serious threat to Australian cucurbit crops and the horticulture industry. Traditional chemical control for these insect pests is becoming less effective, and there is a need to search for alternative or supplementary methods. This study aimed to manipulate the habitat of pumpkin crops in a tropical setting (Queensland, Australia), by growing pumpkins (var. Japanese pumpkin) alone and between lablab (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet). It was hypothesized that the presence of lablab will increase the populations of natural enemies, and through their control of insect pests such as SLW and aphids, will affect pumpkin yield. The population of arthropods (natural enemies and pests of pumpkin), with a focus on SLW and aphids, were sampled weekly on both lablab and pumpkin crop for a total of 21 weeks. Results showed that lablab hosted more enemies of SLW per plant than pumpkin in either treatment. In addition, adult SLW numbers were significantly higher in the pumpkin-only crop compared with the pumpkin grown between lablab, while pumpkin in the mixed plantings had significantly more ladybirds and lacewing larvae (P < 0.05). While there was no significant difference in the average fruit weight between treatments, the total weight (kg) and number of marketable pumpkins per hectare was greater (P < 0.05) for the pumpkin/lablab treatment than the pumpkin-only treatment. This study shows that growing lablab alongside a pumpkin crop may enhance natural enemies of SLW and could significantly increase the yield.
Does Increased Competition Affect Credit Ratings? A Reexamination of the Effect of Fitch’s Market Share on Credit Ratings in the Corporate Bond Market
Authors: Bae Kee-Hong , Kang Jun-Koo , Wang Jin
Published: December 2015

We examine two competing views regarding the impact of competition among credit rating agencies on rating quality: the view that rating agencies do not sacrifice their reputation by inflating firm ratings, and the view that competition among rating agencies arising from the conflict of interest inherent in an “issuer pay” model creates pressure to inflate ratings. Using Fitch’s market share as a measure of competition among rating agencies and controlling for the endogeneity problem caused by unobservable industry effects, we find no relation between Fitch’s market share and ratings, suggesting that competition does not lead to rating inflation.
Late desaturation due to giant azygous vein 16 years after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis
Authors: Bagul Pritish K. , Singh Arvind S. , Kerkar Prafulla G.
Published: December 2015

We present a rare late manifestation of systemic venous collaterals in a 17-year-old female, 16 years after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis, resulting in clinically unacceptable desaturation with progressive effort intolerance and cyanosis.
Local spatial clustering of stunting and wasting among children under the age of 5 years: implications for intervention strategies
Authors: Gebreyesus Seifu Hagos , Mariam Damen H. , Woldehanna Tasew , Lindtjørn Bernt
Published: December 2015

Objective

The present study aimed to evaluate the clustering of undernutrition indicators of children under the age of 5 years in relation to different scales.

Design

A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed. We collected anthropometric data, geographic locations/elevations of households and other data from visited households. We used a retrospective purely spatial Poisson probability model to identify and locate clusters (high rates) of stunting and wasting using the software SaTScan™ version 9·1·1. We ran a logistic regression model to help evaluate the causes of clustering.

Settings

Six villages in the Meskane Mareko District (38·45763°E, 8·042144°N) of southern Ethiopia.

Subjects

We surveyed 2371 children aged <5 years, who were found in 1744 households.

Results

We found a micro-level variation in the risk of stunting and wasting within the studied district. We found the most likely significant clusters for wasting and severe wasting in two of the six villages. For stunting, a single large cluster size of 390 cases (304·19 expected) in 756 households was identified (relative risk=1·48, P<0·01). For severe stunting, a single cluster size of 106 cases (69·39 expected) in 364 households was identified (relative risk=1·69, P=0·035).

Conclusions

We conclude that the distribution of wasting and stunting was partly spatially structured. We identified distinct areas within and between villages that have a higher risk than the underlying at-risk population. Our analysis identified the spatial locations of high-risk areas for stunting that could be an input for geographically targeting and optimizing nutritional interventions.
Sex and Age Differences in the Endorsement of Sex Stereotypes Associated with Driving
Authors: Pravossoudovitch Karyn , Martha Cécile , Cury François , Granié Marie-Axelle
Published: December 2015

Sex and age differences are particularly pronounced in car accidents. Current psychological research is exploring the relationship between risky driving and compliance with sex stereotypes, notably conformity with social expectations concerning masculinity. Some studies have already shown that sex stereotypes associated with driving (SSAD) may influence driving behaviors. The aim of this research was to explore the participants’ sex and age differences in SSAD endorsement. A questionnaire was developed and validated on four dimensions of SSAD: male’s driving skills and female’s compliance with traffic rules, courtesy behind the wheel, and risk avoidance in driving. SSAD endorsement was measured for 291 licensed drivers from 18 to 64 years of age. Results revealed that females endorsed the female’s risk avoidance stereotype more (p < .05), whereas males endorsed the male drivers (driving skills) stereotype more (p < .05). Results also revealed that the endorsement of male's driving skills decreases with age (p < .01) and the endorsement of female's courtesy increases with age among all participants (p = .01), while the endorsement of female's compliance with traffic rules increases with age only among female participants (p < .05). The results are discussed in terms of in-group/out-group relations and sex and age differences.
The Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Internet Use and Associations With Psychopathology: A Twin Study
Authors: Long Elizabeth C. , Verhulst Brad , Neale Michael C. , Lind Penelope A. , Hickie Ian B. , Martin Nicholas G. , Gillespie Nathan A.
Published: December 2015

Excessive internet use has been linked to psychopathology. Therefore, understanding the genetic and environmental risks underpinning internet use and their relation to psychopathology is important. This study aims to explore the genetic and environmental etiology of internet use measures and their associations with internalizing disorders and substance use disorders. The sample included 2,059 monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) young adult twins from the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study (BLTS). Younger participants reported more frequent internet use, while women were more likely to use the internet for interpersonal communication. Familial aggregation in ‘frequency of internet use’ was entirely explained by additive genetic factors accounting for 41% of the variance. Familial aggregation in ‘frequency of use after 11 pm’, ‘using the internet to contact peers’, and ‘using the internet primarily to access social networking sites’ was attributable to varying combinations of additive genetic and shared environmental factors. In terms of psychopathology, there were no significant associations between internet use measures and major depression (MD), but there were positive significant associations between ‘frequency of internet use’ and ‘frequency of use after 11 pm’ with social phobia (SP). ‘Using the internet to contact peers’ was positively associated with alcohol abuse, whereas ‘using the internet to contact peers’ and ‘using the internet primarily to access social networking sites’ were negatively associated with cannabis use disorders and nicotine symptoms. Individual differences in internet use can be attributable to varying degrees of genetic and environmental risks. Despite some significant associations of small effect, variation in internet use appears mostly unrelated to psychopathology.
Perceptions of Suicide Stigma
Authors: Frey Laura M. , Hans Jason D. , Cerel Julie
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Background: Previous research has failed to examine perceptions of stigma experienced by individuals with a history of suicidal behavior, and few studies have examined how stigma is experienced based on whether it was perceived from treatment providers or social network members. Aims: This study examined stigma experienced by individuals with previous suicidal behavior from both treatment providers and individuals in one’s social and family networks. Method: Individuals (n = 156) with a lifetime history of suicidal behavior were recruited through the American Association of Suicidology listserv. Results: Respondents reported the highest rates of perceived stigma with a close family member (57.1%) and emergency department personnel (56.6%). Results indicated that individuals with previous suicidal behavior were more likely to experience stigma from non-mental health providers and social network members than from mental health providers. A hierarchical regression model including both source and type of stigma accounted for more variance (R2= .14) in depression symptomology than a model (R2= .06) with only type of stigma. Prevalence of stigma perceived from social network members was the best predictor of depression symptom severity. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for future research on how social network members react to suicide disclosure and potential interventions for improving interactions following disclosure.
The Impact of a Suicide Prevention Strategy on Reducing the Economic Cost of Suicide in the New South Wales Construction Industry
Authors: Doran Christopher M. , Ling Rod , Gullestrup Jorgen , Swannell Sarah , Milner Allison
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Background: Little research has been conducted into the cost and prevention of self-harm in the workplace. Aims: To quantify the economic cost of self-harm and suicide among New South Wales (NSW) construction industry (CI) workers and to examine the potential economic impact of implementing Mates in Construction (MIC). Method: Direct and indirect costs were estimated. Effectiveness was measured using the relative risk ratio (RRR). In Queensland (QLD), relative suicide risks were estimated for 5-year periods before and after the commencement of MIC. For NSW, the difference between the expected (i.e., using NSW pre-MIC [2008–2012] suicide risk) and counterfactual suicide cases (i.e., applying QLD RRR) provided an estimate of potential suicide cases averted in the post-MIC period (2013–2017). Results were adjusted using the average uptake (i.e., 9.4%) of MIC activities in QLD. Economic savings from averted cases were compared with the cost of implementing MIC. Results: The cost of self-harm and suicide in the NSW CI was AU $527 million in 2010. MIC could potentially avert 0.4 suicides, 1.01 full incapacity cases, and 4.92 short absences, generating annual savings of AU $3.66 million. For every AU $1 invested, the economic return is approximately AU $4.6. Conclusion: MIC represents a positive economic investment in workplace safety.
Status of Tools and Data for Planetary Research
Authors: Gaddis Lisa , Hare Trent
Published: December 2015

2nd Planetary Data Workshop; Flagstaff, Arizona, 8–11 June 2015
Newly Passed Spending Bill Boosts Science Funding
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: December 2015

The new spending bill that Congress passed today provides an increase in funding for NASA, USGS, NOAA, and more.
Hydrogenated CeO2−xSx mesoporous hollow spheres for enhanced solar driven water oxidation
Authors: Xiao Yuting , Chen Yajie , Xie Ying , Tian Guohui , Guo Shien , Han Taoran , Fu Honggang
Published: December 2015

Hydrogenated CeO2−xSx mesoporous hollow spheres were prepared and exhibited much higher rates of O2 evolution than CeO2 and CeO2−xSx due to the synergistic effect of high sulfur doping level, narrow band gap, moderate oxygen vacancies and higher carrier concentration.
Synthesis and evaluations of an acid-cleavable, fluorescently labeled nucleotide as a reversible terminator for DNA sequencing
Authors: Tan Lianjiang , Liu Yazhi , Li Xiaowei , Wu Xin-Yan , Gong Bing , Shen Yu-Mei , Shao Zhifeng
Published: December 2015

A 3′-OH unblocked nucleotide analogue labeled with TAMRA via acid-cleavable linkage was synthesized as an efficient reversible terminator for DNA sequencing.
Poly(1,2,3-triazolium)s: a new class of functional polymer electrolytes
Authors: Obadia Mona M. , Drockenmuller Eric
Published: December 2015

Poly(1,2,3-triazolium)s are tunable and highly functional ion conducting materials that stretch out the actual boundaries of PILs macromolecular design.
Pd/Al2O3-catalysed redox isomerisation of allyl alcohol: application in aldol condensation and oxidative heterocyclization reactions
Authors: Zsolnai Dániel , Mayer Péter , Szőri Kornél , London Gábor
Published: December 2015

The application of the Pd/Al2O3 catalyst in allyl alcohol isomerization and subsequent aldol-condensation and heterocyclization reactions is described.
Highly selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes by Pt catalysts supported on Fe-based layered double hydroxides and derived mixed metal oxides
Authors: Tian Zhengbin , Li Qingyang , Hou Juying , Li Yan , Ai Shiyun
Published: December 2015

The selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde and citral was investigated over platinum catalysts supported on Fe-based layered double hydroxides and derived mixed metal oxides.
Hierarchical shape-controlled mixed-valence calcium manganites for catalytic ozonation of aqueous phenolic compounds
Authors: Wang Yuxian , Xie Yongbing , Sun Hongqi , Xiao Jiadong , Cao Hongbin , Wang Shaobin
Published: December 2015

Catalytic ozonation has attracted intensive attention due to its efficient degradation of various organic pollutants in water.
Defects in metal–organic frameworks: a compromise between adsorption and stability?
Authors: Thornton A. W. , Babarao R. , Jain A. , Trousselet F. , Coudert F.-X.
Published: December 2015

Defect engineering has arisen as a promising approach to tune and optimise the adsorptive performance of metal–organic frameworks.
GTA: a game theoretic approach to identifying cancer subnetwork markers
Authors: Farahmand S. , Goliaei S. , Ansari-Pour N. , Razaghi-Moghadam Z.
Published: December 2015

The identification of genetic markers (e.g. genes, pathways and subnetworks) for cancer has been one of the most challenging research areas in recent years.
Ultrasound-accelerated organogel: application for visual discrimination of Hg2+ from Ag+
Authors: Wang Yanqiu , Wang Zengyao , Xu Zhice , Yu Xudong , Zhao Kun , Li Yajuan , Pang Xuelei
Published: December 2015

The organogelator TN was able to selectively sense Hg2+ and Ag+via fluorogenic and chromogenic signal outputs; the gel of TN could be further developed to discriminate Hg2+ from Ag+via visual changes.
Iron-catalyzed direct α-arylation of α-amino carbonyl compounds with indoles
Authors: Zhang Yan , Ni Minjie , Feng Bainian
Published: December 2015

Fe(ClO4)3 catalyzed α-arylations of α-amino carbonyls with indoles are described with high functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope.
Sampling of dissolved inorganic SbIII by mercapto-functionalized silica-based diffusive gradients in thin-film technique
Authors: Fan Hong-Tao , Liu Ai-Juan , Jiang Bing , Wang Qing-Jie , Li Tong , Huang Cong-Cong
Published: December 2015

The mercapto-functionalized silica (MPS) diffusive gradients in thin-film (DGT) devices, for the first time, were characterized by the determination of dissolved inorganic SbIII.
Regrowth of Ge with different degrees of damage under thermal and athermal treatment
Authors: Hooda Sonu , Satpati B. , Kumar Tanuj , Ojha Sunil , Kanjilal D. , Kabiraj D.
Published: December 2015

In this report, the recrystallization of pre-damaged Ge samples is extensively investigated under steady-state thermal annealing and ultrafast thermal spike-assisted annealing generated by high-energy ions.
Facile synthesis of well-shaped spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4nanoparticles as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Cai Yi , Huang Shao-Zhuan , She Fa-Shuang , Liu Jing , Zhang Run-Lin , Huang Zhen-Hong , Wang Feng-Yun , Wang Hong-En
Published: December 2015

High voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4nanoparticles with polyhedral shapes were synthesized by a solid state reaction using α-MnO2nanowires as precursors.
Size evolution and ligand effects on the structures and stability of (AuL)n (L = Cl, SH, SCH3, PH2, P(CH3)2, n = 1–13) clusters
Authors: Liu Yao , Tian Zhimei , Cheng Longjiu
Published: December 2015

Size evolution on the global minimum structures of (AuCl)n clusters at n = 1–13.
Non-stoichiometric formation of formic and levulinic acids from the hydrolysis of biomass derived hexose carbohydrates
Authors: Flannelly T. , Lopes M. , Kupiainen L. , Dooley S. , Leahy J. J.
Published: December 2015

We demonstrate that formic and levulinic acids are not formed stoichiometrically from the acid catalysed transformations of hexose carbohydrates.
Magnetic polydopamine decorated with Mg–Al LDH nanoflakes as a novel bio-based adsorbent for simultaneous removal of potentially toxic metals and anionic dyes
Authors: Li Jie , Fan Qiaohui , Wu Yijin , Wang Xiangxue , Chen Changlun , Tang Zhiyong , Wang Xiangke
Published: December 2015

A novel MPL bifunctional material fabricated by an easy and green approach was applied for the simultaneous removal of potentially toxic metals and anionic dyes.
Photostability in dioxyheterocycle electrochromic polymers
Authors: Bulloch R. H. , Reynolds J. R.
Published: December 2015

An examination of photo- and photo-oxidative stability in conjugated dioxyheterocycle polymers.
Carrier confinement effect-driven channel design and achievement of robust electrical/photostability and high mobility in oxide thin-film transistors
Authors: Ahn Cheol Hyoun , Cho Hyung Koun , Kim Hyoungsub
Published: December 2015

Carrier confinement effect-driven channel structures promoted stability under photo-bias stress condition, which was attributed increased recombinations events between photo-ionized oxygen vacancies and charged electrons due to the effective carrier confinement.
Correction: Controlled size and morphology, and phase transition of YF3:Yb3+,Er3+ and YOF:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals for fine color tuning
Authors: Zhu Yongsheng , Xu Wen , Cui Shaobo , Liu Mao , Lu Cheng , Song Hongwei , Kim Dong-Hwan
Published: December 2015

Correction for ‘Controlled size and morphology, and phase transition of YF3:Yb3+,Er3+ and YOF:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals for fine color tuning’ by Yongsheng Zhu et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c5tc03473f.
Communication: Modeling of concentration dependent water diffusivity in ionic solutions: Role of intermolecular charge transfer
Authors: Yao Yi , Berkowitz Max L. , Kanai Yosuke
Published: December 2015

The translational diffusivity of water in solutions of alkali halide salts depends on the identity of ions, exhibiting dramatically different behavior even in solutions of similar salts of NaCl and KCl. The water diffusion coefficient decreases as the salt concentration increases in NaCl. Yet, in KCl solution, it slightly increases and remains above bulk value as salt concentration increases. Previous classical molecular dynamics simulations have failed to describe this important behavior even when polarizable models were used. Here, we show that inclusion of dynamical charge transfer among water molecules produces results in a quantitative agreement with experiments. Our results indicate that the concentration-dependent diffusivity reflects the importance of many-body effects among the water molecules in aqueous ionic solutions. Comparison with quantum mechanical calculations shows that a heterogeneous and extended distribution of charges on water molecules around the ions due to ion-water and also water-water charge transfer plays a very important role in controlling water diffusivity. Explicit inclusion of the charge transfer allows us to model accurately the difference in the concentration-dependent water diffusivity between Na+ and K+ ions in simulations, and it is likely to impact modeling of a wide range of systems for medical and technological applications.
Dopant activation in Sn-doped Ga2O3 investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Siah S. C. , Brandt R. E. , Lim K. , Schelhas L. T. , Jaramillo R. , Heinemann M. D. , Chua D. , Wright J. , Perkins J. D. , Segre C. U. , Gordon R. G. , Toney M. F. , Buonassisi T.
Published: December 2015

Doping activity in both beta-phase (β-) and amorphous (a-) Sn-doped gallium oxide (Ga2O3:Sn) is investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). A single crystal of β-Ga2O3:Sn grown using edge-defined film-fed growth at 1725 °C is compared with amorphous Ga2O3:Sn films deposited at low temperature (<300 °C). Our XAS analyses indicate that activated Sn dopant atoms in conductive single crystal β-Ga2O3:Sn are present as Sn4+, preferentially substituting for Ga at the octahedral site, as predicted by theoretical calculations. In contrast, inactive Sn atoms in resistive a-Ga2O3:Sn are present in either +2 or +4 charge states depending on growth conditions. These observations suggest the importance of growing Ga2O3:Sn at high temperature to obtain a crystalline phase and controlling the oxidation state of Sn during growth to achieve dopant activation.
Fatigue crack detection using structural nonlinearity reflected on linear ultrasonic features
Authors: Lim Hyung Jin , Sohn Hoon
Published: December 2015

This paper theoretically and experimentally demonstrates that (1) a localized nonlinear mechanism such as a fatigue crack not only generates nonlinear modulations or harmonics, but also reduces the amplitudes of the linear responses at the excitation frequencies, (2) the energy in the linear responses is partially transmitted to the nonlinear components in the presence of structural nonlinearity, and (3) the amplitude reduction of the linear responses is larger than the amplitude increase of the nonlinear components. In addition, a baseline-free fatigue crack detection technique is proposed considering the additional amplitude reduction of the linear components due to nonlinear ultrasonic modulation.
Communication: Evidence for non-ergodicity in quiescent states of periodically sheared suspensions
Authors: Schrenk K. Julian , Frenkel Daan
Published: December 2015

We present simulations of an equilibrium statistical-mechanics model that uniformly samples the space of quiescent states of a periodically sheared suspension. In our simulations, we compute the structural properties of this model as a function of density. We compare the results of our simulations with the structural data obtained in the corresponding non-equilibrium model of Corté et al. [Nat. Phys. 4, 420 (2008)]. We find that the structural properties of the non-equilibrium model are very different from those of the equilibrium model, even though the two models have exactly the same set of accessible states. This observation shows that the dynamical protocol does not sample all quiescent states with equal probability. In particular, we find that, whilst quiescent states prepared in a non-equilibrium protocol can be hyperuniform [see D. Hexner and D. Levine, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 110602 (2015); E. Tjhung and L. Berthier, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 148301 (2015); and J. H. Weijs et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 108301 (2015)], ergodic sampling never leads to hyperuniformity. In addition, we observe ordering phase transitions and a percolation transition in the equilibrium model that do not show up in the non-equilibrium model. Conversely, the quiescent-to-diffusive transition in the dynamical model does not correspond to a phase transition, nor a percolation transition, in the equilibrium model.
Characterization of the kinetics of NF3-fluorination of NpO2
Authors: Casella Andrew M. , Scheele Randall D. , McNamara Bruce K.
Published: December 2015

Solid NpO2 has been contacted by gaseous NF3 under isothermal conditions at 450°C, 475°C, and 500°C; and the resulting reactions have been monitored using thermogravimetric analysis. In each case, at least two sequential reactions are clearly observed. The first reaction is fluorination of NpO2 to NpF4 and the second is oxidation and fluorination of NpF4 to NpF6. Careful observation of the experimental reaction curves reveals evidence of several physical and chemical mechanisms occurring sequentially and at times simultaneously. As such, a mathematical modeling approach utilizing a combination of sequential and parallel fundamental gas-solid reaction mechanisms (chemical reaction, diffusion, and phase boundary) is, in general, found to provide representative reaction curves that are in good agreement with experimental reaction curves. The correspondence of fundamental reaction mechanisms with distinctive characteristics of the experimental reaction curves (maximums and inflection points) provides insight into the physical and chemical nature of each reaction being monitored.
Variation in physiological profiles may explain breed differences in neonatal lamb thermoregulation
Authors: Plush K. J. , Hebart M. L. , Brien F. D. , Hynd P. I.
Published: December 2015

Ability to adapt rapidly from the uterine environment to self-thermoregulation following birth is a vital requirement for neonatal lamb survival. This investigation reports factors that could explain differences in thermoregulation among breeds that differ in lamb survival. Breeds such as the Merino and Border Leicester have previously been shown to be divergent for birthweight, cold resistance and lamb survival. Cross-bred (Poll Dorset Border Leicester (PDBL, n = 9) and Poll Dorset Merino (PDM, n = 25)) and pure-bred (Border Leicester (BL, n = 35) and Merino (M, n = 46)) lambs were recorded for the thermogenic measures rectal temperature at birth, cold resistance (time for rectal temperature to fall to 35°C while in a cooled water bath) and cold recovery (time to restore rectal temperature after cold exposure) at 1 day of age. In pure-bred lambs, 1 kg increase in weight resulted in a 0.25°C increase in rectal temperature at birth (P < 0.001) and 4.2 min increase in cold resistance (P < 0.001). In contrast, cross-bred lambs did not exhibit any relationship between birthweight and rectal temperature at birth, although they displayed a 3.2 min greater cold resistance for every 1 kg increase in birthweight (P < 0.001). BL-derived lambs were more cold resistant than M lambs (cross-bred: PDBL, 67.1 ± 2.5 min; PDM, 56.4 ± 1.6 min; P < 0.01; and pure-bred: BL, 58.1 ± 1.5 min; M, 53.2 ± 1.3 min; P < 0.01). The quadratic relationship of glucose concentration over time during cold exposure differed with lamb breed. PDBL exhibited higher peak glucose concentrations than did PDM (11.0 mmol/L and 8.9 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0.01). BL took longer to reach peak glucose concentration (50 min) than did M (40 min) and this peak value was higher (BL, 9.4 mmol/L; M, 7.7 mmol/L; P < 0.001). In conclusion, variations in birthweight and glucose metabolism are associated with breed differences in thermogenesis of neonatal lambs.
Neonatal lamb mortality: factors associated with the death of Australian lambs
Authors: Refshauge G. , Brien F. D. , Hinch G. N. , van de Ven R.
Published: December 2015

The objective of the present study was to examine the factors associated with the death of neonatal lambs. Postmortem autopsy data were collected from 3198 newborn lambs in the Sheep CRCs Information Nucleus Flock situated in various environments throughout southern Australia. The proportion dying by category from highest to lowest was starvation–mismothering (25%), stillbirth (21%), birth injury (18%), dystocia (9%), death in utero–prematurity (10%), predation (7%), cold exposure (5%), undiagnosed (4%), infection (1%) or misadventure (1%). Factors best explaining the probability of lambs falling into a death category included both birth type and birthweight for dystocia, stillbirth, starvation–mismothering and death in utero–prematurity. The probability of a lamb falling into any category was predicted at the mean birthweight, within birth type. Single-born lambs were more likely to die from dystocia and stillbirth, while twin lambs were more likely to die from birth injury, starvation–mismothering or from undiagnosed causes. Triplet lambs were more likely to die from starvation–mismothering or death in utero–prematurity. Sire type (Merino, maternal or terminal) did not affect the proportions of lambs within any category. The proportions lost to each cause of death were largely consistent among locations, despite the rate of death varying. Dystocia, stillbirth and birth injury, as evidenced by the presence of oedema around the head and neck or by lesions of the central nervous system, accounted for 48% of autopsied lambs. We conclude that for improvements to occur in the rates of lamb survival, the Australian sheep industry must focus on minimising losses due to dystocia, stillbirth, birth injury and starvation.
Genome-Guided Discovery of Natural Products and Biosynthetic Pathways from Australia’s Untapped Microbial Megadiversity
Authors: Kalaitzis John A. , Ingrey Shane D. , Chau Rocky , Simon Yvette , Neilan Brett A.
Published: December 2015

Historically microbial natural product biosynthesis pathways were elucidated mainly by isotope labelled precursor directed feeding studies. Now the genetics underpinning the assembly of microbial natural products biosynthesis is so well understood that some pathways and their products can be predicted from DNA sequences alone. The association between microbial natural products and their biosynthesis gene clusters is now driving the field of ‘genetics guided natural product discovery’. This account overviews our research into cyanotoxin biosynthesis before the genome sequencing era through to some recent discoveries resulting from the mining of Australian biota for natural product biosynthesis pathways.
Beyond Chapter 4.7
Authors: Bandler Lilon Gretl
Published: December 2015

Chapter 4.7 of the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research refers specifically to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. It lays out the points at which researchers working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders must consider their approach, and the engagement with individuals, communities or groups who are involved in or affected by their research. History, of Australia and of research involving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, has informed this approach. The response to that history has been a rational, institutionalised, systematic demand for a different perception of what should direct research and research processes to ensure engagement with and service to the community with whom the researchers wish to do the work. This paper considers whether these principles could inform the approach to other research work.
Peace Territories in Colombia: Comparing Civil Resistance in Two War-Torn Communities
Authors: Idler Annette , Belén Garrido María , Mouly Cécile
Published: December 2015

This article explores the outcomes of the peace initiatives of two Colombian borderland communities: Samaniego and Las Mercedes. Both attempted to persuade armed actors to abide by certain rules in their territories, yet the community of Samaniego was more effective than that of Las Mercedes. We use data from fieldwork, including interviews, observation and documents, and secondary literature, to compare the two initiatives. We argue that, despite similar regional circumstances, including the presence of multiple armed actors and the strategic importance of both territories for drug cultivation and trafficking, the outcomes differed for three reasons: first, the distinct characteristics of the civil resistance movements, including the levels of participation, cohesion and the type of leadership; second, the differing nature of the relationship of each community with armed actors; third, the role of external actors. Further, we found that national peace processes can catalyse local peace efforts.
Beyond Youth ‘Inclusion’: Intergenerational Politics in Post-Conflict Bali
Authors: Dwyer Leslie
Published: December 2015

Increased attention to the predicaments and potential of youth in conflict has moved the conflict resolution field in important new directions. However, our understandings of and approaches to youth in conflict have been limited by an emphasis on the inclusion of youth in peacebuilding projects without a correspondingly thorough analysis of the often-contested social categories of youth in conflicts. Drawing on in-depth ethnographic work with youth in post-conflict Bali, Indonesia, where attempts to promote a local project to memorialise victims of mass violence exposed deep-seated intergenerational tensions around the meaning and relevance of ‘youth’, this article offers both an analytic reframing of youth in conflict and suggestions for more effective and reflective conflict resolution practice.
Building a Fragmented State: Land Governance and Conflict in South Sudan
Authors: De Simone Sara
Published: December 2015

Land governance reforms are part of donor-sponsored liberal peacebuilding projects which have state-building as one of their core elements. After the end of the civil war with Sudan (1983–2005), South Sudan undertook a process of institution-building and policy-making supported by international donors to create a decentralised system based on local ‘communities’ and their ‘traditional authorities’. Communal customary rights to land have been legalised to reduce rural people's economic vulnerability and satisfy one of the major grievances that led to war. In fact, the land reform encouraged the overlapping between the spheres of local state administration and the ethnic community ruled by traditional authorities. To date this has appeared to strengthen ethnic affiliation as a means to access resources and enrich government officers’ repertoires for claiming control over the territory on behalf of the ‘community’, thereby increasing competition in a context marked by the militarisation of ethnic identity.
Quiet eye training aids the long‐term learning of throwing and catching in children: Preliminary evidence for a predictive control strategy
Authors: Miles C. A. L. , Wood G. , Vine S. J. , Vickers J. N. , Wilson M. R.
Published: December 2015

Quiet eye training (QET) may be a more effective method for teaching children to catch than traditional training (TT) methods, but it is unclear if the benefits accrued persist in the long term. Thirty children were randomly allocated into a QET or TT group and, while wearing a mobile eye tracker, underwent baseline testing, training and two retention tests over a period of eight weeks, using a validated throw and catch task. During training, movement‐related information was provided to both groups, while the QET group received additional instruction to increase the duration of their targeting fixation (QE1) on the wall prior to the throw, and pursuit tracking (QE2) period on the ball prior to catching. In both immediate (R1) and delayed (R2, six weeks later) retention tests, the QET group had a significantly longer QE1 duration and an earlier and longer QE2 duration, compared to the TT group, who revealed no improvements. A performance advantage was also found for the QET compared to the TT group at both R1 and R2, revealing the relatively robust nature of the visuomotor alterations. Regression analyses suggested that only the duration of QE1 predicted variance in catch success post‐training, pointing to the importance of a pre‐programming visuomotor strategy for successful throw and catch performance.
Low Concentrations of a Silver-Based Nanocomposite to Manage Bacterial Spot of Tomato in the Greenhouse
Authors: Strayer A. , Ocsoy I. , Tan W. , Jones J. B. , Paret M. L.
Published: December 2015

Bacterial spot, caused by four Xanthomonas spp., is one of the most damaging diseases of tomato worldwide. Due to limited disease management options, growers rely heavily on copper-based bactericides, which are often ineffective due to the presence of copper-resistant Xanthomonas strains. This study was undertaken to characterize the antibacterial activity of a silver-based nanocomposite, Ag-dsDNA-GO, and its potential as an alternative to copper. Ag-dsDNA-GO at rates as low as 10 μg/ml killed all bacterial cells of copper-tolerant and -sensitive Xanthomonas perforans strains in suspensions containing approximately 103CFU/ml within 15 min of exposure in vitro, whereas equivalent rates of copper (10, 25, and 50 μg/ml) were unable to significantly reduce populations compared with the untreated control after 24 h of exposure (P = 0.05). All copper concentrations killed the copper-sensitive X. perforans strain but required exposure for ≥1 h. Ag-dsDNA-GO also exhibited antibacterial activity against copper-tolerant X. vesicatoria, X. euvesicatoria, and X. gardneri strains. In greenhouse studies, tomato plants treated with Ag-dsDNA-GO at either 75 or 100 μg/ml prior to artificial inoculation significantly reduced disease severity when compared with copper-mancozeb and negative controls (P = 0.05). This study highlights the potential of Ag-dsDNA-GO as an alternative to copper in tomato transplant production.
A Quantitative PCR System for Measuring Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Canola (Brassica napus)
Authors: Ziesman B. R. , Turkington T. K. , Basu U. , Strelkov S. E.
Published: December 2015

Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is an economically important disease of canola (Brassica napus) commonly managed by routine application of fungicides. Petal infestation has been demonstrated to be an important stage of the disease cycle in canola and has been the focus of previously developed Sclerotinia stem rot risk assessment methods. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis can provide a more rapid and accurate assessment of petal infestation levels. Primers and a hydrolysis probe were designed to amplify a 70-bp region of an S. sclerotiorum-specific gene, SS1G_00263. A hydrolysis probe-based qPCR assay was developed that had a detection limit of 8.0 × 10−4 ng of S. sclerotiorum DNA and only amplified S. sclerotiorum DNA. Evaluation of petals collected at five sampling points in each of 10 commercial canola fields on each of two sampling dates (corresponding to 20 to 30% bloom and 40 to 50% bloom) revealed S. sclerotiorum DNA infestation levels of 0 to 3.3 × 10−1 ng/petal. This qPCR assay can be used to reliably quantify petal infestation and, with further research, has the potential to serve as the basis for a Sclerotinia stem rot risk assessment tool or as a means to study Sclerotinia stem rot epidemiology.
Distribution and Characteristics of Colletotrichum spp. Associated with Anthracnose of Strawberry in Hubei, China
Authors: Han Y. C. , Zeng X. G. , Xiang F. Y. , Ren L. , Chen F. Y. , Gu Y. C.
Published: December 2015

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is a serious disease of strawberry. The etiology of anthracnose of strawberry is complex, and several Colletotrichum spp. have been regarded as causal agents. In the present study, multilocus (actin, β-tubulin, calmodulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and chitin synthase) phylogenetic analysis revealed that 100 isolates of Colletotrichum associated with anthracnose of strawberry in central China belong to five species. In total, 97 isolates were identified belonging to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex, with C. murrayae, C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, and C. aenigma accounting for 81, 8, 4, and 4% of the total isolates, respectively. Three isolates belonging to the C. acutatum complex were identified as C. nymphaeae. On inoculated strawberry plants, isolates of C. fructicola and C. murrayae species showed strong pathogenicity to both leaves and petioles of strawberry, with plant mortality 30 days after inoculation of 77.8 and 55.6%, respectively. C. gloeosporioides, C. aenigma, and C. nymphaeae showed strong pathogenicity to leaves but weak pathogenicity to petioles, with plant mortality 30 days after inoculation of 5.6, 16.7, and 11.1%, respectively. The five species were divided into four classes based on their maximum growth temperatures. Isolates of C. murrayae and C. gloeosporioides were more tolerant to high temperature (>34°C) than isolates of other species, followed by C. fructicola and C. aenigma. Isolates of C. nymphaeae, which are only distributed in areas of higher altitude (1,100 m), were highly sensitive to higher temperature. These results indicate that pathogenicity and adaptation to temperature are important factors in the distribution of Colletotrichum spp. on strawberry plants. This research may increase our understanding of how Colletotrichum spp. emerge and spread to geographical regions with different latitudes or elevations.
Overwintering of Puccinia striiformis f. tritici on Winter Wheat at Varying Altitudes in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces
Authors: Ma Lijie , Kong Xinyu , Qiao Jiaxing , An Fei , Hu Xiaoping , Xu Xiangming
Published: December 2015

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. tritici, is an important wheat disease in China. P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwintering and nonoverwintering regions based on the temperature were described elsewhere ( Shi et al. 2005 ). The temperature limit for P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwintering is derived from field observations. However, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici has recently been observed to overwinter at sites where overwintering is predicted to be unlikely. We studied P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwintering across several sites in regions close to or further away from the current P. striiformis f. sp. tritici “overwintering boundary” in China. Plants with P. striiformis f. sp. tritici symptoms and uredinia were tagged in late autumn and moved to the laboratory in early spring the following year for quantification of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici biomass via a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction method and for assessment of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici symptoms and sporulation after incubation in a greenhouse. The molecular method detected P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in leaves and sheath in most samples, much greater than the observed incidence of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici symptoms and sporulation after incubation. Thus, further refinement may been necessary to calibrate this molecular method in order to avoid overestimating P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwintering potential. Active sporulation (hence, successful overwintering) was observed for all sites except one. Increasing altitude led to decreasing incidence of visible P. striiformis f. sp. tritici symptoms and sporulation; in addition to lower temperatures in high altitudes, wind chill may also explain this negative relationship between P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwinter potential and altitude. P. striiformis f. sp. tritici sporulation on plants subjected to different treatments (control, two oldest leaves, or all leaves removed) indicated that P. striiformis f. sp. tritici overwinters in young green leaves as latent infection established in late autumn. The present study suggests that using only temperature to predict overwintering potential of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici at a given site is insufficient for mountainous regions.