bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Teachers’ Images towards the Administrative Accountability and the Degree of Principals’ Application for It in Tafila Governorate from the Teachers’ Perspectives
Authors: Krimein Hani Ahmad Al.
Published: February 2018

The Study aimed at investigating the Teachers’ Images towards the Administrative Accountability and the Degree of Principals’ Application for it in Tafila Governorate from the Teachers’ Perspectives. The researcher developed an instrument with four dimensions: Functional Commitment, Performance Effectiveness, Career Ethics, and Self-personal Behavior. The Sample Consisted of (210) teachers (male and female). The results indicated that the teachers images were high for administrative accountability dimension and mid for the principals application for its dimensions. There are no statistically significant differences in the degree of applying administrative accountability attributed to the variables of sex, experience, and specialization. The results also indicated that there are statistically significant differences attributed to the variables of sex and specialization interaction. 
Integration of National Complex and Sports Techniques: A View on the Historical Media of the Chinese Martial Arts from Unification of Martial Arts (1934-1935)
Authors: Fan Haichao
Published: February 2018

The Unification of Martial Arts was an important publication about martial arts during the period of the Republic of China. As a media for communication, it exerted a huge positive impact on spreading traditional Chinese martial arts in its ways and the contents. Therefore, this paper explores this journal through the method of literature and logic analysis. The study finds that, in terms of the content spreading, Unification of Martial Arts mainly has analyzed the martial arts from its unified concept, its ambitious thought of building China into a powerful nation, the basic knowledge of martial arts, its history and the legendary stories related to it. In terms of the ways, photographs have become an important carrier of martial arts techniques and a way of expressing national complex. The communication and investigation have presented the readers with a learning platform for interaction. Meanwhile, the dissemination of information about other sports has broken through the limitation in martial arts communication, demonstrating the inclusive spirit in the sporting world.
A VALIDATED LC-MS/MS METHOD FOR PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY OF BRIVARACETAM IN HEALTHY RABBITS
Authors: Vasanth D. Atul , Rajkamal B.
Published: February 2018

Objective: A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometric (LC–MS/MS) method was developed for quantification of brivaracetam in rabit plasma employing liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate.Methods: Developed method was validated for specificity, precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability characteristics. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Chromolith C18column (100 mmx4.6 mmx5 µm) with 0.1% formic acid, adjusted to pH 3.2 as an isocratic mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. the developed method was applied to assess pharmacokinetics parameters like Cmax, Tmax, t1/2 and AUC of brivaracetam in healthy rabbits.Results: The developed method was linear over the range of 0.16 to 8µg/ml. The regression equation for the analysis was Y=0.0053x+0.0018 with coefficient of correction (r2) = 0.998. The % mean recovery for brivaracetam was found to be between 95.7% to 106.5%. The mean intraday and inter-day precision of the method was found to be 0.77 to 3.72% for quality control standards. Brivaracetam showed Tmax of 1.025±0.061 and mean Cmax, AUC0®t andAUC0®a for Test formulation is 92.7±4.4, 496.21±26.4 and 504.20±30.68 respectively.Conclusion: A highly specific, rugged and rapid method with sufficiently low LLOQ was developed for analysis of routine samples of a single dose or multiple dose pharmacokinetic studies with any marketing formulation of brivaracetam.
EVALUATION OF DRUG THERAPY PROBLEMS IN ASTHMA PATIENTS RECEIVING CARE IN TWO HOSPITALS IN SOUTH-EASTERN NIGERIA
Authors: Amorha Kosisochi Chinwendu , Onu Anthony Chukwuma , Anene-okeke Chigozie Gloria , Ukwe Chinwe Victoria
Published: February 2018

Objective: To evaluate drug therapy problems in asthma patients visiting a secondary and tertiary hospital in South-Eastern Nigeria.Methods: This study was a retrospective, cross-sectional analyses of the medical records of adult asthmatic patients receiving care in two hospitals in Enugu State, within a 15-year period. The Pharmaceutical Network Care Europe (PCNE) tool version 6.2 was used to assess drug therapy problems. The IBM Statistical Product for Services Solution (SPSS) version 20.0 was used for analysis. For all results, P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Majority of the patients were below 60 y old (81.2%); female (68.8%) and were on more than two drugs (95.3%). Majority of the identified drug therapy problems (DTPs) were adverse reactions (65.7%). The inappropriate drug combination was the major cause of DTPs (65.6%). Only about 23.4% of the intervention outcomes were known. University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) had more interventions (35.9%) than Medical Centre (8.0%) (χ2 = 6.323; df = 1; **P = 0.012); and more of the outcomes of their interventions known (38.5%) compared to Medical Centre (0.0%) (χ2 = 12.559; df = 1; **P ˂ 0.001).Conclusion: Adverse reactions and inappropriate drug selection were the major identified DTPs and major cause of DTPs, respectively. Most DTPs had no interventions. The documented interventions included stopping of the drugs, change of drugs or dosage, change of instructions for use and starting of new drugs. Most interventions had unknown outcomes. UNTH had more interventions with known outcomes than the University of Nigeria Medical Centre.
EFFICACY OF WATTAKAKA VOLUBILIS AGAINST ALUMINIUM SULPHATE INDUCED IN LIVER TOXICITY
Authors: S. Usharani , R. Anuradha
Published: February 2018

Objective: The modulation of membrane-bound ATPases, carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and mitochondrial TCA cycle enzymes in Wattakaka volubilis on aluminium sulphate induced liver toxicity.Methods: Medicinal therapy requires careful assessment of effective treatment offering an acceptable safety over human health. Experimental animals were divided into five groups (Untreated, negative and positive control, hepatic group and the hepatic group fed on Wattakaka volubilis), Metabolising enzymes level, estimation of DNA, RNA and quantification of DNA fragmentation and gene expression were investigated. These altered enzyme levels were ameliorated significantly by administration of Wattakaka volubilis at the concentration of 200 mg/kg in drug-treated animals.Results: Results showed that treatment with methanol extract of Wattakaka volubilis normal level of enzymes which are compared with silymarin. This was evident from the significant increase in p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001 enzyme levels. Aluminium sulphate induced rats showed decreased the activities of metabolising enzymes and increased DNA fragmentation in the liver. This clearly explained the reason for the hepatoprotective activity of Wattakaka volubilis leaf extract.Conclusion: The methanolic leaf extract of W. volubilis showed high protective activity against aluminium sulphate-induced hepatotoxicity.
PRETREATMENT VARIATIONS IN HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF BREAST CANCER PATIENTS
Authors: Al-arifi Abdullatif Abdulaziz , Kumar Ashok , Chigurupati Sridevi , Jawed Muhammad , Pandurangan Thunga
Published: February 2018

Objective: The objective of the presented study was to analyze the haematological parameters in female breast cancer (BC) patients before the start of the treatment.Methods: The study was conducted among female BC patients, visited King Fahd Hospital (KFH), Al Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) from January 2013 to December 2016. A retrospective analytical study was conducted. We analyzed the relationship of haematological parameters with various stages of breast cancer before the start of any treatment. We used complete blood count (CBC) reports to analyze the haematological parameters. The mean age of the patients was 57 y (31-83 y). Most of the patients were postmenopausal (51-59 y old). We divided the patients into 4 groups according to the disease stage, i.e., stage 1 (S1) to stage 4 (S4).Results: Among altered blood parameters, decreased haemoglobin (Hb 4.5-11 g/dl) and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR 37–49 mm/first hour) in S1 to S4, increased neutrophil count in S3 and S4 (8.3-9.6 x103/mm3), and increased lymphocyte count (4-7.2 x103/mm3) in S1 and S2 patients were found.Conclusion: We found significant variations in haematological parameters at different stages of breast cancer. CBC is indeed an efficient and cost-effective investigation. By managing these parameters, treatment efficacy and survival rate of BC patients may be augmented.
Voluntary Reading and Narrative Speaking Instructional Strategies to Enhance Students' Speaking Ability
Authors: Dianawati Heffy
Published: February 2018

This research aimed at investigating classroom strategies to encourage students’ participation in speaking activity. Specifically, the study addressed three research questions: 1) what are the strategies to help students encounter difficulty in speaking English in classroom, 2) to what extent does voluntary reading prior speaking activity help students develop ideas and motivation to speaking English in the classroom, 3) does the application of narrative speaking strategy in speaking classroom affect students’ speaking achievement?  The participants of the research were students at Al Azhar 28 Islamic Junior Secondary School aged 13 to 14 who joined English extracurricular program. A mix method design combining two research strands, qualitative and quantitative, was adopted. The data were collected through multiple methods: speaking test, focus group interview, and observation. The study showed positive finding. Based on the qualitative data drawn, doing a voluntary reading could diminish students’ anxieties in speaking, decrease speaking block, increase students’ motivation to do good speaking task, and improve students’ social awareness. Meanwhile, the narrative speaking fostered students’ speaking fluencies, grammar accuracy, pronunciation, and knowledge measured through observations and speaking rubrics to achieve the data analysis. The result showed there was significant improvement on students’ speaking skill shown by significance or p-value <0.001 or less than α = 0.05 with standard deviation of the pretest was 3.70 and posttest was 3.96.

 Keywords: voluntary reading, speaking skill, teaching and learning speaking, conference publications
How to develop students’ approaches to learning: Experiences from a programme based on co-regulated learning
Authors: Stancic Milan , Bulatovic Marija
Published: February 2018

Starting from the insight that during their education students do not manage
to learn how to learn, we created the programme called Blooming with the
intention of enabling the students to reconsider their own approaches to
learning by developing collaborative activities and relations in the
classroom. The programme was realised in a secondary school class, and
research goals were to explore the contribution of the programme to the
change in students? approach to learning - regarding the learning motivation
and strategies - and to obtain an insight into students? perspective of the
benefits of the programme. The changes in learning strategies and students?
motivation were investigated using the MSLQ before and after programme
attendance. The data on the programme benefits were obtained via focus
groups with students and analysed by the thematic content analysis. It has
been established that the students achieved a significant improvement when
it comes to the mastering of the learning strategies that refer to
self-regulation, critical thinking, peer learning and help seeking. In
addition, the students pointed out as benefits a different method of work
and pleasant atmosphere, the feeling of autonomy in classes, as well as the
development of a different understanding of the nature of knowledge, the
learning process and instruction. The results indicate that the use of
Bloom?s taxonomy as the tool for co-regulated learning and self-evaluation
of students can contribute to the change in students? learning approaches.
This finding is relevant for further considering of the possibility for this
method to grow from a special programme into everyday teaching practice.
Tax Liability Issues Associated with United States Income Tax Filing Statuses for Married Taxpayers and Proposals for Enhanced Equity
Authors: Tassin Kerri L.
Published: February 2018

Throughout the history of the United States income tax code, Congress has struggled with equitable treatment of married taxpayers. In the early years, married taxpayers dealt with uncertainty regarding the liability they assumed depending upon whether they filed one single return together, or two separate returns. Congress ultimately concluded that married taxpayers who filed together should incur joint and several liability. In the meantime, married taxpayers who filed separately eventually found themselves losing out on several tax benefits simply by virtue of their filing status. Yet, many married taxpayers file separately for compelling non-tax reasons. The following legal analysis of tax liability issues faced by married taxpayers begins with a brief history of the evolution of the income tax laws as they applied to married taxpayers, with focus on congressional intent behind joint and several liability, and the preclusion of several tax benefits for married taxpayers who filed separately. The analysis will indicate areas in the tax law that should be refined in order to enhance equity in the law for married taxpayers. Finally, a review of state tax policies will reveal possibilities for proposals for enhanced equity, including suggestions for greater transparency regarding joint and several liability, and opportunities for extending valuable tax benefits to married taxpayers who file separately.
Maquiavelo, la guerra y el «soldado ciudadano»
Authors: Jiménez Jiménez Luis Felipe
Published: February 2018

Alrededor de la obra política de Maquiavelo, se puede reconstruir su tesis sobre la guerra como uno de los instrumentos fundamentales para el ascenso al poder del príncipe nuevo, la cual también considera indispensable para la consolidación del Estado moderno; pero, sobre todo, permite observar cómo consigue garantizar la conservación del orden político mediante la creación de un cierto tipo de sujeto –el soldado-ciudadano–, con quien asegura la eficacia del Estado a través de la disciplina y la obediencia, adquiridas en su paso por la vida militar. 

Recibido: 02/11/2016 • Aceptado: 31/08/2017
La libertad como condición de la justicia según Axel Honneth
Authors: Coronado Cecilia
Published: February 2018

En este trabajo se propone abordar la teoría institucional de la justicia de Axel Honneth como alternativa a las teorías de la justicia centradas en la libertad negativa o positiva. Para ello: 1. se analizará la narrativa y crítica de Honneth de la libertad negativa y la positiva. 2. se analizará su propuesta de la libertad social. 3. Se revisarán los alcances de dicha propuesta. Para concluir, se reparará en los límites que supone el que un modelo de libertad social sea el que oriente una teoría de la justicia.

Recibido: 29/04/2017 • Aceptado: 31/08/2017
Una introducción a la relación entre Jacques Maritain y algunos redactores nucleares de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos
Authors: Pallares Yabur Pedro De Jesús
Published: February 2018

En este artículo se ofrece una introducción a la relación entre Jacques Maritain y algunos redactores de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos de 1948. En primer lugar, se describen las breves participaciones y menciones formales del filósofo francés durante el proceso de composición del texto. Luego se exponen los encuentros de este profesor con los redactores más importantes de la Declaración. Con este trabajo pretende introducir al modo en que el francés pudo haber influido en el proceso de redacción y en el documento final.

 

Recibido: 02/03/2017 • Aceptado: 31/08/2017
La crisis de la organización urbana y la optimación humana
Authors: Vargas Alberto I.
Published: February 2018

Este trabajo constituye un comentario filosófico sobre la peculiaridad del gobierno de la ciudad en nuestra situación histórica que se caracteriza por una alta complejidad. La finalidad de este comentario es inspirar a futuro las investigaciones sobre la gobernanza de las ciudades desde un enfoque antropológico en orden a proseguir la investigación. 

Recibido: 25/06/2017 • Aceptado: 31/08/2017
Las orillas del λόγος en la Grecia arcaica: poesía y filosofía
Authors: López Noriega Mauricio
Published: February 2018

La palabra es amor. Como en otras culturas, en la Grecia antigua, la primera forma de expresión de este amor fue la poesía. Semejante a las etapas de la vida humana, la épica sería la niñez y la lírica arcaica, la juventud; la palabra poética alcanzará una madurez brillante con el teatro en la época clásica. Simultáneo a la lírica, nace el segundo amor, la filosofía, cuya plenitud suele asociarse con Platón y Aristóteles. Dos formas de la palabra que funda, poesía y filosofía, nacieron de un mismo cauce: son las dos orillas del río del λόγος en la Grecia arcaica.

Recibido: 21/03/2017 • Aceptado: 31/08/2017
Host Overloading Detection pada Dynamic VM Consolidation Menggunakan Fuzzy Mamdani
Authors: Umam Chaerul , Shidik Guruh Fajar
Published: February 2018

Perkembangan Cloud Computing telah mengakibatkan pembangunan data center skala besar di seluruh dunia yang berisi ribuan node. Data Center Cloud mengkonsumsi energi listrik yang besar yang tentunya mengakibatkan biaya operasi yang tinggi. Konsumsi energi di Data Center akan terus tumbuh pesat kecuali dengan mengembangkan dan menerapkan manajemen resource yang hemat energi. Dynamic VM consolidation bisa menjadi strategi efektif untuk mengatasi masalah pemborosan energi pada data center cloud. Strategi ini dapat diuraikan ke dalam empat tugas pengambilan keputusan, yaitu Host overloading detection (memutuskan kapan host harus dianggap sebagai kelebihan beban), Host underloading detection (memutuskan kapan host harus dianggap underloaded / kekurangan beban), VM selection (memutuskan VMs mana yang harus pindah dari host yang kelebihan beban), dan VM placement (memutuskan tentang host mana yang harus dipilih untuk menerima migrasi VM). Penelitian ini mengusulkan metode fuzzy logic dalam proses host overloading detection. Dataset untuk menguji metode menggunakan data workload dari PlanetLab. Hasil dari pengujian metode yang diusulkan menunjukkan hasil yang menjanjikan dengan peningkatan efisiensi energi 2,24%.
Nota sobre a correção de Mimnermo por Sólon (26 G. e P.)
Authors: Assunção Teodoro Rennó
Published: February 2018

Comentário à breve elegia (26 G. e P.) em que Sólon polidamente exorta Mimnermo a retirar seu verso que propõe que “o destino da morte atinja o que tem sessenta anos” (6W, 2) e o transforme no que propõe que “o destino da morte atinja o que tem oitenta anos.” O comentário - evitando as conjecturas de ordem biográfica - tenta primeiro interpretar o dístico de Mimnermo a partir da visão da velhice manifesta em sua própria obra, e, em seguida e semelhantemente, a correção de Sólon a partir da concepção sobre as fases e o termo da vida presente no conjunto de seus poemas.
Uma adaptação operística d’As Aves de Aristófanes na Alemanha de Weimar
Authors: Duarte Adriane da Silva
Published: February 2018

Este artigo propõe uma comparação entre a ópera Die Vógel de Walter Braunfels (1882-1954) e a comédia As Aves de Aristófanes (segunda metade do séc. V a.C.), que a inspirou. Se, por um lado, a retomada da comédia grega, num contexto histórico e cultural diverso, explicita sua recepção na modernidade, por outro, a escolha dessa obra específica e as adaptações a ela propostas são significativas para que se possa compreender o período que a suscitou.
Resenha de OVÍDIO. A arte de amar. Tradução de Dúnia Marinho da Silva. Porto Alegre: L&PM, 2001, 167p.
Authors: Vasconcellos Paulo
Published: February 2018

Resenha de OVÍDIO. A arte de amar. Tradução de Dúnia Marinho da Silva. Porto Alegre: L&PM, 2001, 167p.
O mito de Enéias e a Elegia de Propércio
Authors: Oliva Neto João Angelo
Published: February 2018

This essay intends to stablish the myth of Aeneas as the reason of some dificulty that the elegiacs found to touch their very theme-love, as seen in the work of Sextus Propertius. Considering that his leaving Dido behind signifies the overcoming of Love’s vulnerability in the Roman civilization, it’s shown that once for all the higher designs of Jupiter are preferable and more important even when Love may come from a goddess, from so near a person to Aeneas as his mother Venus. Then it's shown that there’s a necessary link between the elegiac mode and peace as a atheme and as a manner of opposing to the epic war-like subjects. Naive as it may be, Love belongs to the divine sphere in which everything alive is preserved; this divinity, that the Romans received from the Greeks. Is what is most cared to by the elegiacs, in the person and figure of Venus, mother of Julia race.
O lucreciano De rerum natura e o Hino a Vênus
Authors: Novak Maria da Glória
Published: February 2018

On se demande toujours pourquoi le matérialiste Lucrèce nous présente Vénus au début de son poème: une Vénus qu’il invoque et qu’il désire comme compagne de sa création littéraire, une Vénus à qui il ne demande pas moins que la paix. Qu’est-ce que cela peut bien signifier pour le Poète d’invoquer une déesse, si l'épicurisme ne suppose aucune sorte de protection divine? On a beau dire qu’il est incoherent, je ne le crois pas. Au contraire, le De rerum natura est tout à fait cohérent: et d’une cohérence interne et d’une cohérence d’avec l'épicurisme. Le poème nous le démontre à chaque instant dans ses exemples, dans ses développements, et surtout dans sa ligne maîtresse. La vie commence par le plaisir et se termine par la mort et de même fait le poème: Vénus, le plaisir, l’origine de la vie, au début du De rerum natura; la peste d’Athènes, la terreur, la mort à la fin du poème. Ce n’est donc pas la déesse qu’invoque le Poète, au début de son ouvrage: c’est le plaisir, c'est la force créatrice de la nature, c’est la vie.
ΡΥΣΜΟΣ na poesia de Arquíloco
Authors: Santos Sérgio Cunha dos
Published: February 2018

Le texte analyse le sens de ρυσμός (rhytme) dans le fragment 118 (Lasserre & Bernard) d'Archiloque et dans la vision grecque archaïque du monde. Comment les hommes réagissent ils aux joies et aux chagrins que leur envoie inopinément Zeus et comment les actions et les réactions, les dieux et les hommes font partie d'un tout qu'est le κόσμος.
FERREIRA, José Ribeiro; GUIMARÃES, Carlos. Filoctetes em Sófocles e em Heiner Müller. Coimbra: Faculdade de Letras, 1987. 77p.
Authors: Santos Fernando Brandão dos
Published: February 2018

FERREIRA, José Ribeiro; GUIMARÃES, Carlos. Filoctetes em Sófocles e em Heiner Müller. Coimbra: Faculdade de Letras, 1987. 77p.
WOLFF, F. Socrate. Paris: PUF, 1985. (Phibsophies). 128 p.
Authors: Novak Maria da Glória
Published: February 2018

WOLFF, F. Socrate. Paris: PUF, 1985. (Phibsophies). 128 p.
Three new species of Elaphoglossum Sm. (Dryopteridaceae) from the pacific of Costa Rica.
Authors: Rojas Alvarado Alexander Francisco , Baaijen-Harteveld Wouter
Published: February 2018

In this paper three new species of Elaphoglossum are described and illustrated, located on the pacific slope of Cordillera de Talamanca and Cerro Caraigres (Cerro Dragón), Costa Rica. The new species are: E. dragonense A. Rojas, E. flavosquamum A. Rojas and E. pacificum A. Rojas, all belong to the section Elaphoglossum subsection Pachyglossa Christ. The first species resembles E. gloeorrhizum Mickel but is separated by showing a scaly rhizome, phyllopodia with two sections, the basal one resinous as the rhizome and the second non-resinous, bigger stipe scales, and the abaxial blade is scaly. The second entity resembles E. delgadilloanum A. Rojas, but differs by having blonde to orange-yellowish rhizome scales with long lateral processes and the blade scales are mainly smaller, less dense and bicolorous with black central body and brown rays. The latter species is similar to E. cismense Rosenst., but is identified by its more slender rhizome, fronds at less distance between them, shorter phyllopodia, narrowly elliptic blade, bigger abaxial blade scales and a linear-elliptical and narrower fertile blade.
Valoración Económica de los Helechos Silvestres del Parque Nacional La Tigra, Honduras, C.A.
Authors: Hernández Ruth Karina
Published: February 2018

El parque nacional La Tigra (PNLT), se encuentra ubicado a 12 km al NE de Tegucigalpa, posee una extensión de 240,4 km2 de los cuales 164,5 km2 corresponden a la zona de amortiguamiento y 75,9 km2 corresponden a la zona núcleo, es un bosque nublado que se caracteriza por tener una gran diversidad de especies, muchas de las cuales se encuentran en peligro de extinción ya sea por el avance de la agricultura migratoria, incendios forestales, extracción ilícita entre otros.Considerando que el PNLT dispone de dos investigaciones sobre la diversidad de helechos existente en el sendero La Esperanza y La Cascada (los más visitados por los turistas) y que algunas de estas especies se encuentran en el apéndice II de CITES y que son extraídas ilegalmente para ser comercializadas en algunos viveros y mercados de la ciudad, se decidió realizar una investigación utilizando el Método de Valoración contingente (MVC), mediante el cual se realizó un cuestionario de 12 preguntas orientadas a conocer la Disposición a Pagar (DAP), por un helecho del medio silvestre. Se entrevistó un total de 68 individuos, el 91,5% vivían en la ciudad de Tegucigalpa, el 91% conocía los helechos y el 71,6% compraría un helecho del medio silvestre.
Funtional Ecology of fronds in Iberian saxicolous ferns
Authors: Seral Puyoles Andrea , Murciano Cespedosa Antonio , Molino de Miguel Sonia , De la Fuente Brun Pablo , Gabriel y Galán Jose María
Published: February 2018

Nowadays, functional traits are widely used to study autoecological aspects in plant species. The analysis of these traits among climatic gradients allows us to know the strategy that plants follow depending on resource availability. Referring to plants, the traits measured in the leaves have a special importance; among these traits we can find SLA (Specific Leaf Area), LDMC (Leaf Dry-Matter Content) and LT (Leaf Thickness). In this work, these traits are measured in four species of the genus Asplenium. As extremes of a climatic gradient, we have focused our study in both bioclimatic regions existing in the Iberian Peninsula. Taking into account the differences referring to the resource availability for the species in each region, the main goal of this work is analysing the variations of the three functional traits mentioned in the four species in both locations and associate these variations to macroclimatic variables. To this aim, fronds from the four species were collected in populations of each bioclimatic region to determine the fresh weight, dry weight and the foliar area. From these variables, we calculated the three functional traits. The results have shown that ferns adopt higher productive yields in the Mediterranean region (higher SLA values) and lower LDMC and LT values than in the Eurosiberian region. As to the climate variables effects, the average of the maximum temperatures in the warmest month (TMAX) is the variable that better explains the differences in the productive yield that the plants adopt in each region. On the other hand, annual precipitation seems not to play an important role on any of the functional traits in any of the species. Finally, we didn’t find a generalized tendency in the effects of the extern variables: frozen period, minimum temperatures in the coolest month and arid period.
Dos especies nuevas de Phlegmariurus Holub (Lycopodiaceae) para Costa Rica.
Authors: Rojas Alvarado Alexander Francisco , Calderón Fallas Rafael Rolando
Published: February 2018

Dos especies nuevas de Phlegmariurus, P. gracilis y P. nanus son descritas aquí. Ellas pertenecen al complejo P. reflexus. La primera se caracteriza por hojas en verticilos alternos de 4 o 5 y estas con el margen entero o dispersa y cortamente dentado. La segunda corresponde a un taxón con tallos bastante pequeños (6–11 cm de largo) y simples a 1–dicotomos, y las hojas con cilios largos y dispersos marginalmente.
Presidencies and Policy in Post-apartheid South Africa
Authors: Gumede Vusi
Published: February 2018

From a policy perspective, the question naturally arises as to whether there have been major changes in policy making and associated issues in South Africa since 1994. Arguably, the first five years or so focused on institutional reforms and legislative interventions. In the late 1990s the South African government established specific processes and institutions for policy development and coordination. Â In 2005-6, specific processes and institutions for long-term planning and monitoring and evaluation were formally established. The paper examines the evolution of policy making and coordination in South Africa since the late 1990s, it also reflects on monitoring and evaluation as well as long-term planning. The erstwhile Policy Coordination and Advisory Services (PCAS), which had been the main engine of policy (coordination and other aspects) in post-apartheid South Africa that was established towards the end of 1997 in the Office of Deputy President Thabo Mbeki (at the time) was disbanded in 2010. The PCAS, popularly known as the Policy Unit, coordinated all policies and reforms, and led in planning as well as monitoring and evaluation, among other responsibilities. From 2010, functions were institutionalised or strengthened (e.g. government departments have been established to deal with planning as well as monitoring and evaluation). There have not been major shifts and/or changes in policy coordination, planning as well as monitoring and evaluation since the late 1990s. However, there appears to be a shift in emphasis to focusing more on implementation. This might have been one of the biggest mistakes of the Jacob Zuma administration because capacity for policy thinking is critical. It would seem that the Thabo Mbeki administration focused specifically on policy. The Nelson Mandela administration, which was a Government of National Unity, was largely focused on various policy, legislative and institutional reforms with very limited capacity for policy making, coordination and monitoring and evaluation as well as long-term planning.Â
Semi-presidentialism and Subjugation of Parliament and Party in the Presidency of South Africaâ€™s Jacob Zuma
Authors: Booysen Susan
Published: February 2018

A certain type of presidentialism in the heart of South Africaâ€™s parliamentarist system characterised the period of President Jacob Zumaâ€™s rule, 2009 ongoing at the time of writing, 2017. The analysis concerns the South African case of how presidentialism and parliamentarism fuse to deliver a parliamentarist-presidentialist hybrid within a constitutional state. This hybrid is termed semi-presidentialism in this analysis. It differs from the presidentialisation within parliamentary systems where the president remains accountable to the legislature yet is elected directly. South Africaâ€™s hybrid is constituted, firstly, through the African National Congress (ANC) positioning itself as majoritarian power, obligated to uphold the will of the partyâ€™s electoral majority. The fusion of state and party amplifies party rule over parliament. Secondly, the ANC follows the dictum that the leader (president) of the ANC is an embodiment of the movement and hence entitled to loyalty. It pursues this line even if factional ANC rule prevails. Personalisation of presidential power and the reinforcement of presidentialism follow, undermining party rule in favour of the presidentâ€™s individual elevation. The article assesses the establishment and the subsequent tentative decline of this powerful hybrid of parliamentarism-presidentialism.
Editorial
Authors: Van Wyk Jo-Ansie
Published: February 2018

Editorial
An Assessment on Marxist Theories of Imperialism
Authors: SARIÖZ GÖKTEN Yeliz
Published: February 2018

Imperialism from the 19th century onwards has occupied the agenda of various Global Political Economy Schools, especially Marxism. Marxist imperialism theories has developed in three waves. In this study, firstly, the first wave theorists of imperialism (Hilferding, Lenin, Bukharin, Luxembourg) will be discussed. Then the second wave theorists Baran, Sweezy and Amin's theories of imperialism will be examined. Finally, within the framework of the third wave imperialism theories the views of Harvey, Foster and Magdoff will be addressed.
The Effects of Liberalization Policies on Economic Development in Developing Countries
Authors: Eser Eray , Tanrıöver Banu
Published: February 2018

Globalisation wave was started from developed countries, for this aim the releasing policies implemented by developing countries. The releasing economic policies are generally named as economic freedom and recommended to developing countries. The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of the releasing policies which are the recommended solutions to developing countries, on development. For this goal, the effects of fiscal freedom index, monetary freedom index and trade freedom index on human development index is analyzed with panel data method. Countries are chosen from South east Asian countries and Latin American countries. In the study 2002-2013 period was available to eliminate the effects of 1998 Asian crisis. The result of this study is, fiscal freedom, monetary freedom and government spending has no cointegtration with human development but trade freedom has a negative directional cointegtration with human development.
Jevons Paradox:An Econometric Analysis on Energy Efficiency and Rebound Effect
Authors: AKINCI Merter , SEVİNÇ Haktan , YILMAZ Ömer
Published: February 2018

In this study, the effects of energy efficiency, rebound effect, on energy production, consumption, saving, import as well as inflation and current account deficit are examined using time series analysis in the period of 1967-2015 in Turkish economy. Firstly, in order to determine the stationary level of the variables ADF and PP unit root tests are used and the results show that all of the variables considered within the model are stationary at the first difference level. Second, the finding of Johansen-Juselius cointegration analyze reveals the existence of long-run relationships among variables, and Granger causality analysis reflects at least the validity of one-way causal links among variables. The findings of the VEC analysis point out that the Jevons Paradox or rebound effect is valid in the Turkish economy, which means that energy consumption rises as energy efficiency and production increases. In addition, the findings show that depending on increasing energy consumption energy import level rises and therefore current account deficit and inflation begin to deteriorate, also.
Fiscal Rule Concept and Policy Framework
Authors: SEVGİ Nurhan Hande
Published: February 2018

In point of fact, the notions such as transparency and accountability have gained significance in recent years and have made fiscal discipline and fiscal rule more popular concept for achieving fiscal discipline. There observed an increase in the number of countries prefering to apply rules in fiscal policy between years 2000 and 2015.
The fiscal policies of governments can lead to an increase in budget deficits and therefore debt stocks. The new financial crises have been built on such issues. The fiscal rule, which can be regarded as a rule-based policy tool, is the instrument of fiscal policy that can be used to ensure fiscal discipline and to prevent such problems from occurring.
In this study, rule-based fiscal policies for ensuring fiscal discipline is explained specific to fiscal rule concept. This is a descriptive study that examines the terms fiscal discipline and fiscal rule and the relationship between them.
Incidence and seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisations in young children in Denmark, 2010 to 2015
Authors: Jepsen Martin T. , Trebbien Ramona , Emborg Hanne Dorthe , Krause Tyra G. , Schønning Kristian , Voldstedlund Marianne , Nielsen Jens , Fischer Thea K.
Published: February 2018

For future decisions on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-vaccination strategies and implementation into national immunisation-programmes, we used national registry data (hospitalisation, microbiology and vital statistics) to determine the age-specific incidence and direct medical costs of annual RSV-associated admissions in children < 5 years-old for the period of 2010–2015. We identified ca 2,500 RSV-associated hospitalisations annually amounting to total direct medical-costs of ca EUR 4.1 million per year. The incidence of RSV-associated hospitalisations peaked in infants 1–2 months of age followed by infants 2–3 months of age, and infants < 1 month of age, respectively. Infant boys were at higher risk of severe RSV infection as compared to infant girls: male-to-female ratio peaked with 1.4 at four months of age and gradually levelled out with increasing age to 1.0 at 4 years of age. Five RSV-associated deaths were identified. Our findings demonstrate that in a western country as Denmark, RSV constitutes a considerable burden on childhood health. Furthermore, the best approach to reduce the high incidence of RSV-associated hospitalisations in young infants < 3 months of age may be maternal vaccination due to general challenges in achieving sufficient and protective immune responses in young infants.
Finite Element Modeling of Post-Tensioned Two-Way Concrete Slabs under Flexural Loading
Authors: Mohammed Abbas Haraj , Abdul-Razzaq Khattab Saleem , Mohammedali Taha Khalid , Nassani K. Dia Eddin , Hussein Ali K.
Published: February 2018

Post-Tensioned (PT) method is a widely used technique to prevent cracking and to minimize the deflection which is resulted by loads. In this method, stress is applied after concrete placing and reach adequate hardening and strength. This paper investigates the structural behaviour of PT two-way concrete slabs. The main objective of this study involves a detailed flexural behavior analytical investigation of PT concrete two-way slab with the different bonded tendon layout. This will be achieved by non-linear Finite Element (FE) analysis programs method, to choose the most effective and optimum position of tendon layout with different number of tendons and applied load on the concrete two-way slab. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the effect of tendons layout on the overall behavior of post-tensioned two-way concrete slab. The result obtained from finite element analysis showed that the failure load in PT in both directions increased about 89 % as compared with slab PT in one direction.
Use of Fillers for Optimal Formulation of Self-Compacting Concretes
Authors: Noufid Abdelhamid , Belattar Sougrati
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study is to achieve an optimal formulation of self-compacting concrete using local materials from the country of Morocco, the use of this type of concrete remains very limited compared to a concrete vibrated in this country, due to lack mastery by companies. We will therefore try to study an optimal formulation that respects European standards and gives comparable results, even improved, to those of vibrated concrete, in order to be able to replace vibrated concrete with self-compacting concrete in construction sites. Thus, SCC mixtures containing amounts of fillers were examined, and with different Portland cement dosages: 350; 375 and 400 kg/m3. The method of formulation is made in accordance with French regulations. The results obtained were compared to these vibrated concrete counterparts containing the same cement dosages. Tests include compression, traction and flexion tests at 3, 7 and 28 days of age. Several studies have been carried out internationally, but at the national level, there is no study to this effect. The results obtained show that there is an improvement in the strength of concrete, in addition to the liquid appearance of concrete. It is this last aspect that characterizes the SCC, which allows it a flow in the areas inaccessible by the vibrator, thus saving time and performance of the structure to achieve.
Cyclic Behavior of Steel Beam-to-Column Moment Connections Using Different Sizes of Flange Plates and Reinforced by a Single Rib Plate
Authors: Haghollahi Abbas , Ahmadi Hassan
Published: February 2018

This paper presents a numerical study on the behavior of connection between steel I-beam and H-column when are affected by cyclic loading. The connection used the flange plates to connect the beam flanges to the column flange. They were welded to the top and bottom flange plates and created a welded flange plate (WFP) connection. Specimens were six models of WFP connections with different beam geometry and flange plate sizes which were modeled and their cyclic behavior were investigated using finite element analysis in ABAQUS program. Three of them were reinforced by a vertical triangular top and bottom rib plates, and others remained unreinforced. The results showed that reinforcement with a vertical triangular rib plate attached to the top and bottom flange plates can improve cyclic behavior of WFP connections.  By using a rib plate, the equivalent plastic strain was increased and showed better plastic hinge formation compared to those with no vertical rib plate. Those models with IPB beam sections had the best cyclic behavior compared to those with IPE beam sections and satisfied the acceptance criteria of AISC seismic provisions for intermediate and special moment frames. We concluded that those WFP connections which did not satisfy the criteria of AISC seismic provisions for special moment frames, can be upgraded by a vertical triangular rib plate in order to be used in special moment frames.
TINJAUAN LOVASTATIN DAN APLIKASINYA
Authors: Hardianto Dudi
Published: February 2018

Lovastatin is a drug belonging to statins group that is used to decrease the cholesterol levels in blood. The action mechanism of lovastatin is inhibition of the activity of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, hence reducing cholesterol production in the liver. Some filamentous fungi produce lovastatin, and Aspergillus terreus is known as the highest lovastatin-producing filamentous fungi, therefore it is generally used for production of lovastatin. Commercial production of lovastatin is based on submerged fermentation. But nowadays solid-state fermentation is becoming an alternative for production of lovastatin. Lovastatin is mainly used for antihypercholeterolemia. Other potential uses of lovastatin include therapy of Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, osteoporosis, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.Keywords: Statin, lovastatin, Aspergillus terreus, fermentation, antihypercholeterolemia ABSTRAK Lovastatin merupakan obat golongan statin yang digunakan untuk menurunkan kadar kolesterol dalam darah. Mekanisme kerja lovastatin adalah menghambat enzim HMG-CoA reduktase sehingga produksi kolesterol di dalam hati berkurang. Beberapa kapang berfilamen memproduksi lovastatin dan Aspergillus terreus merupakan kapang penghasil lovastatin tertinggi sehingga digunakan dalam produksi lovastatin. Produksi lovastatin secara komersial menggunakan fermentasi cair tetapi sekarang ini fermentasi padat menjadi alternatif lain untuk memproduksi lovastatin. Lovastatin digunakan terutama untuk antihiperkolesterolemia. Lovastatin juga potensial digunakan untuk pengobatan penyakit alzheimer, kanker, osteoporosis, parkinson, multiple sclerosis, dan rheumatoid arthritis.Kata kunci: Statin, lovastatin, Aspergillus terreus, fermentasi, antihypercholeterolemia
PENANGANAN ANAKAN MUDA PADA KULTUR EX VITRO UNTUK MENGHASILKAN BIBIT SAGU (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) SIAP TANAM
Authors: . Karyanti , Sigit Yusuf , Tajuddin Teuku , . Erwinda , . Minaldi , Haska Nadirman
Published: February 2018

To fulfill market demand and prevent its extinction, sago palm plantation need to be developed by planting elite varieties in other areas. For these reasons the large number of seedling is needed. In this study we developed the method for an ex vitro propagation technique combining with maintaining samples freshness for several days. Young suckers were treated using aquades, Na-hypochlorite or alcohol. After 3 days, suckers were sterilized, followed by dipping in vitamin solutions and IBA for an hour. The shoots were then planted in the mixture of soil and organic fertilizer. The results of our study showed that young sucker treated with alcohol 96% was the best treatment for maintaining the freshness of samples upto 3 days. During 20 weeks of culture, the optimum root induction was achieved after applying IBA 50 mg/L. Our result may serve as a base for mass propagation of sago palm.Keywords: Ex vitro, IBA, root induction, sample freshness, young suckers ABSTRAKUntuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar serta mencegah kepunahannya, perkebunan sagu perlu dikembangkan dengan menanam tanaman sagu berkualitas di daerah lain yang sesuai. Untuk mendukung program ini, bibit sagu dibutuhkan dalam jumlah yang sangat besar. Dalam studi ini kami mengembangkan perbanyakan bibit sagu dengan teknik ex vitro yang dikombinasikan dengan metode untuk menjaga kesegaran sampel selama beberapa hari. Anakan muda sagu diberi perlakuan dengan aquades, Na-hipoklorit atau alkohol. Setelah disimpan selama 3 hari, anakan yang terlihat tetap segar dilanjutkan ke tahap sterilisasi, dan selanjutnya direndam dalam larutan campuran vitamin dan IBA selama 1 jam. Akhirnya anakan muda ditanam dalam media campuran tanah dan pupuk kandang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan dengan alkohol 96% adalah yang terbaik untuk menjaga kondisi anakan tetap segar setelah disimpan hingga 3 hari. Selanjutnya setelah dikultur selama 20 minggu, induksi akar yang optimal dapat dicapai dari perlakuan IBA 50 mg/L. Hasil yang kami peroleh dapat menjadi acuan dalam perbanyakan bibit sagu secara masal.Kata kunci: Ex vitro, IBA, induksi akar, kesegaran sampel, anakan muda
Hegemonía y contrahegemonía en el fenómeno youtuber
Authors: Márquez Israel , Ardèvol Elisenda
Published: February 2018

En un corto periodo, los youtubers —jóvenes usuarios de internet que han alcanzado cierta fama por los videos que publican en YouTube— se han convertido en nuevos modelos a seguir para niños y jóvenes, el tipo de público que habitualmente ve, sigue y comenta sus videos. Durante los últimos años, el fenómeno de los youtubers —y YouTube en conjunto— ha sufrido un proceso de “colonización” o “apropiación” capitalista, impulsado por grandes corporaciones mediáticas, que parecen reproducir la situación de control y hegemonía cultural no muy diferente de la era de la comunicación masiva. Sin embargo, es propio de toda hegemonía ser desafiada y resistida. Los youtubers estudiados se rebelan contra este poder hegemónico o critican de manera abierta estas nuevas formas culturales en las que se ven inmersos con recursos contrahegemónicos, como el humor y la ironía.
Dones, falsos dones, bienes comunes y explotación en las redes digitales. Diversidad de la economía virtual
Authors: Reygadas Luis
Published: February 2018

En este texto se intenta comprender la diversidad de la producción, circulación, intercambio y consumo de bienes y servicios en formatos digitales. ¿Economía colaborativa o nuevas formas de explotación? ¿Bienes comunes del conocimiento o expropiación del intelecto colectivo? Desde una perspectiva antropológica, se exploran los procesos económicos que se configuran mediante el uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (tic). Para discernir esta heterogeneidad se propone distinguir diez tipos de interacción en las redes digitales: dones, contiendas por prestigio, creación de bienes comunes del conocimiento, comercio electrónico, falsos dones, explotación del trabajo cognitivo, rentismo, expropiación para compartir, expropiación para comerciar y expropiación para despojar.