bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is Genealogy?
Authors: Bevir Mark
Published: July 2010

This paper offers a theory of genealogy, explaining its rise in the nineteenth century, its epistemic commitments, its nature as critique, and its place in the work of Nietzsche and Foucault. The crux of the theory is recognition of genealogy as an expression of a radical historicism, rejecting both appeals to transcendental truths and principles of unity or progress in history, and embracing nominalism, contingency, and contestability. In this view, genealogies are committed to the truth of radical historicism and, perhaps more provisionally, the truth of their own empirical content. Similarly, genealogies operate as denaturalizing critiques of ideas and practices that hide the contingency of human life behind formal ahistorical or developmental perspectives.
Collingwood on Historical Authority and Historical Imagination
Authors: Jacquette Dale
Published: July 2010

R. G. Collingwood's philosophy of history is explained and critically evaluated. Collingwood advances an objective idealist historiography, according to which it is necessary for the historian to enter vicariously into the thoughts of historically interesting decision makers, literally re-thinking them in order to understand their reasoning in historical context. A detailed exposition of Collingwood's theory is presented, identifying its central features as they developed from the early to later periods of his philosophy. Collingwood's remarkable inversion of the positivist unity of sciences model is particularly emphasized, with its reduction of all the natural sciences and traditional subdivisions of philosophy to history, along with the aesthetics of historical narrative in selecting, explaining, and retelling the thoughts of historically interesting decision makers. Collingwood's philosophy of history is defended against a charge of vicious circularity, but, in light of other theoretical difficulties, a modified revisionary quasi-Collingwoodian or Collingwood-inspired historiography is finally proposed.
Intentionalism, Intentional Realism, and Empathy
Authors: Stueber Karsten
Published: July 2010

Contemporary philosophers of history and interpretation theorists very often deny the thesis of intentional realism, because they reject intentionalism or the thesis that an agent's or author's intentions are relevant for the interpretive practice of the human sciences. I will defend intentional realism by showing why it is wrong to whole-heartedly reject intentionalism and by clarifying the logical relation between intentionalism and intentional realism. I will do so by discussing the two central arguments against intentionalism; the argument from the perspective of narrative anti-realism and the epistemic argument focusing on the fact that an agent's or author's intentions are not epistemically accessible in a direct manner. In particular, I will show that the fact that historians write narratives does add a level of complexity as far as the giving of explanations of individual actions are concerned. Yet it does not follow that the explanatory power of a full fledged historical narrative can be understood as being completely independent of our folk psychological account of individual agency. Accordingly, we should also be prepared to accept a methodological distinction between the human and the natural sciences as long as the human sciences use the folk psychological framework for explanatory purposes, since it is only in the former that empathy plays an epistemically central role. I however do not claim that empathy is the only method of the human sciences nor do I claim that all interpretive disputes can be settled merely in light of our empathic capacities.
“ ’What’s Gone and What’s Past Help...’: Oakeshott and Strauss on Historical Explanation”
Authors: McIntyre Kenneth B.
Published: July 2010

Because of the public identification of both Michael Oakeshott and Leo Strauss as conservative political philosophers, there have been numerous comparisons of their political thought. Whatever similarities or differences that do exist between them, it is certainly true that they shared a keen interest in the history of political thought. However, they understood the character of history in widely divergent ways. In the following paper, I examine the way in which each writer understood the logic of historical explanation, and there are two primary reasons for wanting to do so. First, there have been few examinations of either writer’s arguments concerning historical understanding, despite the stature of both as historians of political theory. Second, the differences between Oakeshott and Strauss on history are central to two fundamentally opposed ways of understanding the past, each of which has manifested itself in the contemporary practice of the history of political thought. I will argue that Strauss’s approach to the past is primarily a practical one and yields a concern with a legendary or mythical past constructed primarily to address contemporary political problems, and that his specific methodological propositions are either irrelevant to a specifically historical understanding of the past or inadequately argued and unconvincing. Conversely, I will suggest that Oakeshott offers a coherent and compelling account of the logic of historical understanding, which involves both a defense of the autonomy of historical explanation and an elaboration of the character of historical contextualism.
Interreligious Transfers in the Middle Ages: The Case of Astrology
Authors: von Stuckrad Kocku
Published: July 2010

This article describes the discipline of astrology as an example of manifold interreligious contacts and transfers in the Middle Ages. Over against an image of the Middle Ages as being predominantly Christian and striving to violently suppress science, philosophy, and astrology, it is shown that in fact Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities shared common interests and participated in an ongoing communication, even if in polemical differentiation. The case of astrology also illuminates the intellectual ties between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, which are much stronger than traditional historiography would like to portray them as.
The Changing Dynamics of Religion and National Identity: Greece and the Republic of Ireland in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Halikiopoulou Daphne
Published: July 2010

Whereas most of Western Europe experienced a separation between the political and religious spheres in the past decades, in Greece and the Republic of Ireland the process of secularisation has been inhibited due to close association between religion and national identity. This paper examines these countries in a comparative perspective and argues that the process of secularisation in Ireland has been explicitly linked to a shift in national identity, a development which has not taken place in Greece. The relationship between religion and national identity is contingent on two factors: internally, the degree in which a church obstructs the modernisation process and, externally, the level of threat perceptions.
Charting the Boundaries of the Religious Field: Legal Conflicts over Religion as Struggles over Blurring Borders
Authors: Reuter Astrid
Published: July 2010

The religious-cultural climate of our days is determined by legal conflicts over religion, which often trigger major public controversies. With a methodological reference to Pierre Bourdieu these conflicts and controversies are described as struggles over the borders of the religious field. It is hypothesized that the driving force behind these struggles is a hidden dilemma that is intrinsically connected with the fundamental right of religious freedom.
Research Report: Studying the Religious Socialization of Sikh and 'Mixed-Faith' Youth in Britain: Contexts and Issues
Authors: Nesbitt Eleanor
Published: July 2010

Against a backdrop of phases of Sikh settlement in the UK, this article provides an overview of scholarship on UK Sikh communities. Attention turns to four ethnographic studies conducted by the author, two of which focused on unambiguously Sikh communities, and two of which challenge presuppositions of the boundedness of faith communities. Of these one was a study of two historically stigmatised caste-specific Punjabi communities; the other is currently examining the religious identity formation of young people in families in which only one parent is Sikh. Pointers and questions are identified that arise from these UK studies for researchers in mainland Europe. These include methodological considerations and encouragement to contribute to debates in the sociology of religion and to take account of Sikhs' increasing appearance in creative literature.
Plurality at Close Quarters: Mixed-Faith Families in the UK
Authors: Arweck Elisabeth , Nesbitt Eleanor
Published: July 2010

'Mixed-faith' families (where parents are from different religious backgrounds) experience plurality first-hand and represent an under-researched and underrepresented aspect of religious and cultural plurality. On the basis of a three-year study at the University of Warwick, this article examines how children in such families form their own religious and social identities, in conjunction with influences from school and the wider community. We show that mixed-faith families both reflect and add to the plurality and diversity of contemporary Britain and that they do not conform to commonly held stereotypes. Although mixed faith parents' ambitions and hopes are similar to those of parents, their lives have an added dimension. Equally, young people's perceptions suggest they see nothing unusual in their upbringing, but they value the opportunities which their parents' backgrounds potentially open up for them.
The Nature and Effects of Mission Today A Case Study from Kenya
Authors: Gifford Paul
Published: July 2010

This article takes mission in a broad sense; the involvement of overseas Christianity in and its influence on local Christianity. Moreover this article is not a contribution to any particular contemporary missiological debate; it is an empirical study of significant novel realities in Kenyan Christianity, and arose from a year's field research in that country, October 2005 to September 2006. Given its pre-eminent position on the continent, Nairobi is home to numerous mission organisations. More groups seem continually moving in. Their presence is increasingly obvious. It is the nature of this presence and its effects that we examine here.
Creating the Aboriginal Pauper: Missionary Ideas in Early 19th Century Australia
Authors: O'Brien Anne
Published: July 2010

This article examines the relationship between nineteenth century English poor law discourse and missionary work in colonial Australia. The text analyses key sites of Christian missionary philanthropy in New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria in the period 1813-1849. It looks at changes in the ethos of one benevolent institution set up for poor whites, the Benevolent Society of New South Wales. Activated by Christian paternalism at its foundation in 1813 the ethos of this institution became dominated by the language of moral reform by the 1830s. The article also examines the first institution established for Indigenous people, the Native Institution at Parramatta, NSW, founded in 1814. Its aims and character will be compared and contrasted with those of the Female and Male Orphan schools for white children. The text considers also how Christian philanthropic visions for the improvement of Indigenous people were affected by factors such as accelerating pastoral expansion, loss of Indigenous food sources and retaliatory violence. Cet article examine la relation entre le discours relatif aux lois sur les pauvres au 19e siècle en Angleterre et le travail missionnaire en Australie coloniale, en se penchant sur les sites clés de la philanthropie chrétienne dans le New South Wales et Victoria durant les années 1813 à 1849. Ainsi, le texte analyse les transformations de l'éthos d'une institution bénévole créée pour s'occuper des pauvres blancs, la Société Bénévole de New South Wales. Alors qu'il était un produit du paternalisme chrétien à sa fondation en 1813, l'ethos de l'institution fut marqué par le langage de la réforme morale vers les années 1830. Le regard se porte également sur la première institution pour les peuples indigènes, la Native Institution at Parramatta, fondée en 1814. Ses buts et son caractère sont comparés et contrastés avec ceux des orphelinats pour filles et garçons blancs. Le texte considère enfin comment les vues philanthropiques chrétiennes pour l'amélioration des peuples indigènes ont été affectées par des facteurs tels que l'expansion pastorale croissante, la perte de nourriture indigène et la violence de représailles.
A Roman Catholic Missionary Attempt in the Chaco Boreal (1925–1940): Father Walter Vervoort as an Ethnographer
Authors: Siffredi Alejandra
Published: July 2010

This essay seeks to throw light on the missionary efforts undertaken by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI), a Roman Catholic congregation, among the Nivaclé in today's Paraguayan Chaco (Chaco Boreal), between 1925 and 1940. Based on current anthropological knowledge, it assesses a series of ethnographic observations made by Father Walter Vervoort, OMI, a paradigmatic missionary of the time. Besides, it considers various ambiguities, paradoxes, and mediations in the relationship between Indians, missionaries, and the military in a socio-political context dominated by the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia (1932-35). Finally, the analysis problematises the issue of cultural codes and of intercultural contact in a missionary context, while encouraging a reflection on both the wanted and unwanted outcomes of an equivocal missionary and civilizing endeavour that created some misunderstandings and, to a lesser extent, led to a certain degree of compatibility in the relationship between the missionaries and the Indians. Cet article porte sur l'action missionnaire que les Oblates de Marie Immaculée (OMI), une congrégation catholique romaine, entreprirent entre 1925 et 1940 parmi les Nivaclé dans ce qui est aujourd'hui la région du Chaco au Paraguay. Se basant sur les derniers développements en anthropologie, le texte évalue une série d'observations ethnographiques faites par le Père Walter Vervoort, OMI, un missionnaire paradigmatique de son temps. Il explore en outre les ambigüités, les paradoxes et les médiations dont était faite la relation entre Indiens, missionnaires et militaires dans un contexte sociopolitique dominé par la guerre du Chaco entre le Paraguay et la Bolivie (1932-35). Enfin, l'analyse problématise la question des codes culturels et du contact interculturel dans un contexte missionnaire tout en encourageant une réflexion sur les conséquences volontaires et involontaires d'une entreprise missionnaire équivoque qui créa des malentendus et, dans une moindre mesure, entraina un certain degré de compatibilité dans la relation entre missionnaires et indiens.
Het grafmonument van Jan van Scorel
Authors: Dirkse P. , Defoer H.I.M.
Published: July 2010

Jan van Scorel was the only one of the painters of note of the I6th ard I7th centuries to whom an imposing monument was erected. He owed this not to his fame as a painter, but to his capacity as Canon of the Chapter of St. Mary's, Utrecht, an office conferred on him by Pope Adriaen vl in I628. The monument was already lost during the first stage of the demolition of the church in I712 and was known only from descriptions by Arnold Buchelius, notably that in his Monumenta of I592 (Note I), while the inscriptions on it are also mentioned by Van Mander (Note 2). The description in Buchelius' Monumenta is accompanied by a rough sketch (Fig. I), in the centre of which appears an empty tondo, where there is said once to have been a portrait of Scorel by Antonie Mor, the surround of which was in Bentheim stone. One of the texts is said to have been carved on the wall, the others on the floor. Carel van Mander also speaks of a portrait of Scorel painted by Mor in I560, two years before his death, and records the inscription on it. It is generally agreed that the portrait is that by Mor now in the Society of Antiquaries in London (Fig.2, Note 5). This still bears part of the text cited by Van Mander, while examination by infrared reflectography in 1977 revealed a further part ofit, the remainder presumably appearing on the frame (Note 6) . This examination also reavealed the date 1559. In I984 three fragments of Namur stone were unearthed from the garden of the Old Catholic Almoner's House on Mariahoek (Fig.3) . The fragmentary inscriptions on these proved them to be part of Scorel's tombstone, namely two pieces from the left side and one from the top right corner (Fig. 4). This find also proved that the interpretations of Buchelius' description as a wall monument in the Italian style with a sarcophagus under the portrait (Notes 7, 8), were incorrect and that it actually comprised a combination of a wall monument in Bentheim stone and a tombstone in Namur stone. Carved on the latter in low relief is a sarcophagus with vases at the corners and pilaster legs, which has an inscription between garlands at the top and gadrooning below. The sarcophagus rests on a base with a long inscription between two pilasters decorated with grotesques and on either side a putto with an inverted torch. The find proves that Buchelius' drawing is only a rough sketch and certainly not correct in every detail and the same must be true oj the surround of the tondo.
Over kwaliteitsvoorschriften in het St. Lucasgilde; over 'doodverf'
Authors: Miedema Hessel
Published: July 2010

Quality control is usually mentioned in the literature as one of the tasks of the craft guilds (Note I) and this is certainly true in respect of the standard of various raw materials, such as gold, silver, pewter or cloth, the regulations giving the impression that a constant battle needed to be fought against adulteration. In the charters of the guilds of St. Luke prescriptions relating to quality control are found in the articles governing apprenticeship, mastership tests and the use of materials. Most charters stipulate two to three years as the minimum period of an apprenticeship (Note 3), but as nothing is said about the content of training, this seems to be more a test of seriousness than a guarantee of skills acquired. Mastership tests are regularly mentioned, but only for glass painters, although there are sporadic
De aan Hendrik Voogd (1768-1839) toegeschreven tekeningen in de Gallerie dell'Accademia te Venetië Hun herkomst en hun ware auteur: Francesco Londonio
Authors: Kuyvenhoven Fransje
Published: July 2010

In 1956 Ilaria Toesca published an article in Bolletino d'Arte on a group of 19th-century drawings of North European origin cntitled : 'Alcuni disegni delle gallerie di Venezia. The drawings in question were by the Englishman William Young Ottley and the Dutchmen David Pierre Giottin Humbert de Superville and Hcndrik Voogd. I confine my remarks to the latter, who lived in Rome from 1788 until his death in 1839. The drawings come from the bequest of the Milan art-lover Giuseppe Bossi, with whom Voogd had a good business relationship. Discussing a signed drawing by Voogd, Toesca attributed 21 other drawings to him. The signature on the Venetian sheet is not the only proof of Voogd's authorship. Further evidence is provided by the circumstance that it is a preliminary study for a worked-up wash drawing in Hamburg (Kunsthalle) and also that it was preceded by a sketch in the Amsterdam Historical Museum. The topographical particulars of these three drawings arc discussed here. The attribution of the other 21 drawings is made 'dubitativamente' by Toesca. In my opinion her doubts are justified. Neither stylistically nor technically do they bear a resemblance to the rest of Voogd's oeuvre. The fact that the motifs (landscapes, cattle, studies of trees and plants) do occur in Voogd's work probably led to the attribution. The back of one of the drawings is inscribed 'Londonio'. The sale catalogue of Bossi's bequest (1818) lists both the Voogd drawing and work by Londonio. Francesco Londonio (1723-1783) was a Milan engraver and draughtsman who is chiefly known for his prints. Various print rooms in Europe possess work by him. It appears that the drawings attributed to Voogd are really preliminary studies by Londonio which he used for his oeuvre of prints. Indeed, some of the motifs in a series of etchings in the Rijksprentenkabinet in Amsterdam derive from the Venetian drawings. I therefore conclude that the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice own only one (signed) drawing by Hendrik Voogd, purchased by Bossi personally from the artist during his second visit to Rome (1810), and that the name of the true artist - Francesco Londonio - was lost when the sheets were removed from the original collector's albums.
Lastman kijkt naar Caravaggio en inspireert Rembrandt en Van Loo
Authors: Blankert Albert
Published: July 2010

The fact that Pieter Lastman was Rembrandt's teacher was published way back in 1641. However, general similarities between the master's and pupil's work were not observed until 1854 by Kolloff. In 1895 Hofstcdc de Groot was the first to note a direct borrowing from a Lastman in a particular Rembrandt. Since then more than 70 of such direct borrowings have been noted. The present author adds that the figure of Delilah in Rembrandt's Blinding of Samson of 1636 (fig. 4) was inspired by the fleeing girl on the left at the top of Lastman's Ulysses and Nausicaä of 1619 (fig. 3) (In an earlier version of this theme by Lastman - fig. 1 - the very similar fleeing lady was inspired by the running boy on the right in Caravaggio's Martyrdom of Matthew - fig. 2 and thus represented the first instance of Carravagio's influence on Dutch art). The same figure from Lastman's second Ulysses and Nausicaä (fig. 3) was similarly used as the top of a pyramid of action by the 'classicist' Jacob van Loo in his Bacchanal of 1653 (fig.6). Both Rembrandt and Van Loo interpreted Lastman's 'Caravaggesque' figure in a new way, serving their own subject and purpose. Additionally, the author supports C. Lenz's idea that the composition of Rubens's oilsketch fig.5 also influenced Rembrandt's Blinding of Samson.
Een nieuwe kijk op Franchoys Elaut (I589-I635)
Authors: Meijer Fred G.
Published: July 2010

In this article a newly researched biography and a fresh look at the small oeuvre of the Haarlem painter Franchoys Elaut - hitherto called 'Elout' in art-historical literature - are presented. Franchoys Elaut was born in August Ι589 into a family that had moved from Ghent to Haarlem, probably some five years earlier. Biographical research is complicated by the fact that between Ι585 and Ι698 ten or eleven persons of the same name, all members of the same family, were registered in Haarlem. Nothing is known about the painter's training and early activity. He may not have started out as a painter; his earliest known work dates from Ι627 (fig. 2), and was therefore painted when he was about thirty-eight. The following year, however, Samuel Ampzing praised Elaut's still lifes in his book about Haarlem. Also in Ι627 a Francois Elaut - probably the painter - was registered as a musketeer in a company of the civic guard and was a witness at the baptism of Frans Hals' son Reinier. In Ι628 Franchoys Elaut married Anneke Jans; daughters were baptised in Ι629 and Ι632. Our painter probably fell victim to the plague that afflicted Haarlem in Ι635: his burial is registered as having taken place on September 22 of that year and in the books of the Haarlem guild for Ι637 he is noted as 'dead'. Art-historical literature has always presented Elaut as a painter of still lifes only, but he produced works in other genres as well. In The Hague a 'tronie', a head of an old man, signed with his monogram and dated Ι632, has surfaced on two occasions (fig. 5). Two such works by Elaut appear to have been offered for sale in Haarlem as early as Ι63Ι, together with five still lifes by the artist. Additionally, two genre paintings in the manner of Dirck Hals, one of which is now in Munich, can be attributed to Franchoys Elaut (fig. 7). Both paintings are in keeping with Haarlem traditions of the time. Of the still lifes hitherto ascribed to Elaut, only two signed examples can be established securely as his work (figs. Ι and 2). These can be supplemented by two more still lifes, one of which- monogrammed and dated Ι630, but unfortunately in poor condition - surfaced quite recently (fig. 3). The other was on the market several times this century as a work by Pieter Claesz. (fig. 4). Both in his still lifes and genre pieces Franchoys Elaut showed himself to be an eager and able follower of the latest stylistic developments and an artist whose works, according to Ampzing's testimony, must have commanded a certain amount of respect in seventeenth-century Haarlem.
On Factors Influencing the Gas-Exchange in Fish
Authors: Punt A. , Jongbloed J.
Published: July 2010

I. Using a new method in which fishes were kept in their natural circumstances the metabolic rate of these was established by means of the diaferometer-technique. 2. The relation between the size of fish and the rate of gas-exchange per unit of body weight could be affirmed. The surface-area-law is discussed. 3. The influence of temperature is studied; the Q, 10 has probably a maximum value at optimum temperature. 4. The influence of CO2- and O2-pressure is discussed. Most fishes did not react at i oo % O2; at lower pressures a higher metabolic rate may be found, due to increased fidget of the animals. 5. Salt concentration probably is more important than pH of the water as to metabolic rate of fishes. 6. No results were obtained as to the influence of thyroxin and progesteron, added to the water, on the metabolism of Rhodeus amarus L.
On the Innervation of the Muscles in the Leg of the Lobster, Homarus Vulgaris Milne Edwards
Authors: Wiersma C.A.G.
Published: July 2010

The innervation as described for the crayfishes has been confirmed in the lobster and it has been possible to extend the innervation scheme to more muscles. (Fig. 1). The innervation of the main and accessory flexors are described here for the first time in an Astacuran. As expected the main flexor is innervated by 4 motor fibers and 1 inhibitory one, the accessory flexor by 1 motor and 1 inhibitory fiber. The latter was shown to be a branch of the inhibitor which supplies the extensor and the bender. It has not been possible to show that the inhibitory fiber of the main flexor is likewise a branch from one of the other inhibitors. Though this was the case in all other species thus far fully investigated. The question arises therefore, whether a 4th inhibitor is present in the Astacura, or whether one of the inhibitors branches in the proximal part of the leg, before the ischiopodite. It is not possible to decide this question. It seems unlikely that the stretcher inhibitor would branch so early, as this fiber runs in the small bundle with the main flexor axons. Again, the branch to the accessory flexor of the "third" inhibitor may be taken as an indication that the latter is not involved. There remains the opener inhibitor, which in Panulirus does inhibit the main flexor, but which there does not cross to the thicker bundle. In order to decide whether 3 or 4 separate inhibitors are present it would be necessary to use the whole leg, a procedure which would kill the animal, and would even then, because of the inclusion of the place of autotomy, be difficult to perform. Because of the scarcity of the material this type of experiment was not tried.
Humanitas as Discriminating Factor in the Educational Writings of Erasmus and Luther
Authors: Faber Riemer A.
Published: July 2010

Between 1520 and 1530 Desiderius Erasmus published several treatises on education in which he provides practical advice about subjects worthy of study and the ideological assumptions which support it. Drawing special attention to his understanding of the natural capabilities of humanity, this article seeks to illustrate the relation between one of Erasmus's theological premises and his promotion of classical culture. During the same period Martin Luther wrote three influential educational tracts and also engaged Erasmus in a debate over the freedom of the will, which forced both the Christian humanist and the Wittenberg reformer to express clearly their understandings of humanity in its natural state. A comparison of their divergent theological positions reveals a fundamental difference in their views of education and its value. Whereas Erasmus justifies the study of ancient secular authors by means of his positive notion of humanitas, Luther subordinates education to the theological rediscoveries of the Wittenberg reformation. The article concludes that further comparative studies of various theological presuppositions and the educational programs they support will advance the understanding of the connections between the ideals and the realities of schooling in sixteenth-century Europe.
The Reformed Church and Education During the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic
Authors: Groenendijk Leendert F.
Published: July 2010

From the very first, the Dutch Reformed Church addressed the issue of education. If the people were to be confessionalized in a Reformed direction, then the place to start was with the young. Its greatest concern was to ensure elementary education for boys and girls in the vernacular. The Reformed primary schools were expected to impart reading and writing skills, and, above all, to instill the Reformed faith by means of school catechization. The Reformed Church continually urged the government to banish all "papist" schools and to appoint only Reformed teachers. This essay discusses two major opportunities (namely, the Synod of Dort and the Treaty of Munster) to strengthen the positions of the Reformed schools and of the Reformed Church in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. For several reasons the Reformed "public" Church never became the church of all. School catechization was in all probability not the hoped-for popularizer of the Reformed faith.
Grenzenlos Reformiert: Theologie Am Bremer Gymnasium Illustre (1528-1812)1
Authors: Janse Wim
Published: July 2010

Education played a crucial role in the intellectual, socio-political, and religious developments that were part of the confessionalization processes in northwestern Germany. Particularly Bremen with its Gymnasium Illustre (1528-1812) developed into an educational stronghold, notably in theology and law. After Bremen's adoption of the Reformed confession in 1562 and more so under its prolific rectors Matthias Martinius, Ludwig Crocius, and Gerhard Meier in the seventeenth century, the Academy supplied hundreds of theologians and clergymen to Reformed churches and institutions throughout Europe. Molded by reform humanists of the Strasbourg and Zurich stamp, the Reformed character of the Gymnasium never lost its moderate, irenic bias. With this northern German flavor of the Reformed confession, the polychromy of Protestantism as well as of confessionalism in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe was enriched with yet another nuance.
Luther, Bucer, and Calvin On Psalms 8 and 16: Confessional Formation and the Question of Jewish Exegesis
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: July 2010

This essay sets forth a case study of the use of the biblical commentary for confessional formation through an examination of the significant differences between Lutheran and Reformed exegeses of Psalms 8 and 16 by looking at the commentaries of Luther, Bucer, and Calvin. Furthermore, it investigates the variations within the Reformed tradition itself through a comparison and contrast of Calvin and Bucer's interpretations of Psalms 8 and 16. Three main questions become prominent in the comparison and contrast of these three exegetes: the questions of a Christological-prophetic reading versus a historical reading, the use of Jewish exegesis, and the teachings found in these psalms — whether these are teachings concerning Trinity and the two natures of Christ (Luther) or teachings for the society of the saints (Bucer) or teachings on God's providence (Calvin). The varying answers to these three questions demonstrate some of the distinctive elements of Lutheran and Reformed confessional identities.
Trickle Down Spirituality? Dilemmas of the Elizabethan Jesuit Mission
Authors: Scully Robert E.
Published: July 2010

In the face of many difficulties, especially mounting opposition from the Elizabethan government, Jesuits on the mission in England and Wales had to make some hard decisions about how to allocate their limited human and financial resources. In particular, with regard to the social landscape, the missioners came to realize that the gentry were, as a whole, more open to Catholic evangelization than many other groups. Moreover, they had the prestige and material resources to lend the missioners a sizable measure of protection and outreach. Due to the hierarchical nature of early modern society, winning over the gentry usually opened many doors. This increased the possibility of confirming in their faith or converting not only the Catholic gentry's families and friends, but also their servants, tenants, and others. Overall, although this focus on the world of the gentry inevitably limited the potential scope of the mission, it probably also helped to insure its survival and at least some measure of success.
Identification of Vertical Profiles of Reflectivity for Correction of Volumetric Radar Data Using Rainfall Classification
Authors: Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel , Andrieu Hervé , Delrieu Guy , Boudevillain Brice
Published: July 2010

Nonuniform beam filling associated with the vertical variation of atmospheric reflectivity is an important source of error in the estimation of rainfall rates by radar. It is, however, possible to correct for this error if the vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) is known. This paper presents a method for identifying VPRs from volumetric radar data. The method aims at improving an existing algorithm based on the analysis of ratios of radar measurements at multiple elevation angles. By adding a rainfall classification procedure defining more homogeneous precipitation patterns, the issue of VPR homogeneity is specifically addressed. The method is assessed using the dataset from a volume-scanning strategy for radar quantitative precipitation estimation designed in 2002 for the Bollène radar (France). The identified VPR is more representative of the rain field than are other estimated VPRs. It has also a positive impact on radar data processing for precipitation estimation: while scatter remains unchanged, an overall bias reduction at all time steps is noticed (up to 6% for all events) whereas performance varies with type of events considered (mesoscale convective systems, cold fronts, or shallow convection) according to the radar-observation conditions. This is attributed to the better processing of spatial variations of the vertical profile of reflectivity for the stratiform regions. However, adaptation of the VPR identification in the difficult radar measurement context in mountainous areas and to the rainfall classification procedure proved challenging because of data fluctuations.
Formation Mechanism of Huge Coastal Polynyas and Its Application to Okhotsk Northwestern Polynya
Authors: Kawaguchi Yusuke , Nihashi Sohey , Mitsudera Humio , Ohshima Kay I.
Published: July 2010

This paper investigates the formation mechanism of broad coastal polynyas beyond 100 km in offshore width. It is known that two regimes for wind-driven polynya opening exist: one is a convergent regime at the polynya edge in which inner frazil ice catches up with outer consolidated ice, whereas the other is a divergent regime in which the consolidated ice drifts offshore faster than the frazil ice at the edge. In this study, the authors focus on the latter, divergent polynya-edge regime. Because in the divergent regime the polynya possibly evolves without bound, they consider a thermal growth for inner frazil ice to find a finite solution of offshore width. Then, the authors investigate responses of the polynya opening for various wind angles ϕ from the offshore direction from the viewpoint of the polynya-edge regimes. At first, the authors estimate the deviation angle and wind factor for the frazil and consolidated ice based on each momentum balance, because sea ice motion driven by wind varies depending on the ice thickness due to relative effect of the Coriolis force. It was found that, when the surface wind deviates leftward about 10° or greater from offshore, the divergent regime at the polynya edge generates a great polynya evolution. Otherwise, the convergent regime takes place yielding small offshore extent. These theoretical results were verified for the Okhotsk northwestern polynya using thin-ice-thickness data derived from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25) surface wind. The data show that the polynya development distinctively changes at ϕ ∼ 0°, and the largest width is shown in the leftward wind angle of ϕ = 0°–30°. This clear relationship between the surface wind angle and the offshore extent of polynya nicely supports the theory.
Rapid Mixed Layer Deepening by the Combination of Langmuir and Shear Instabilities: A Case Study
Authors: Kukulka Tobias , Plueddemann Albert J. , Trowbridge John H. , Sullivan Peter P.
Published: July 2010

Langmuir circulation (LC) is a turbulent upper-ocean process driven by wind and surface waves that contributes significantly to the transport of momentum, heat, and mass in the oceanic surface layer. The authors have previously performed a direct comparison of large-eddy simulations and observations of the upper-ocean response to a wind event with rapid mixed layer deepening. The evolution of simulated crosswind velocity variance and spatial scales, as well as mixed layer deepening, was only consistent with observations if LC effects are included in the model. Based on an analysis of these validated simulations, in this study the fundamental differences in mixing between purely shear-driven turbulence and turbulence with LC are identified. In the former case, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production due to shear instabilities is largest near the surface, gradually decreasing to zero near the base of the mixed layer. This stands in contrast to the LC case in which at middepth range TKE production can be dominated by Stokes drift shear. Furthermore, the Eulerian mean vertical shear peaks near the base of the mixed layer so that TKE production by mean shear flow is elevated there. LC transports horizontal momentum efficiently downward leading to an along-wind velocity jet below LC downwelling regions at the base of the mixed layer. Locally enhanced vertical shear instabilities as a result of this jet efficiently erode the thermocline. In turn, enhanced breaking internal waves inject cold deep water into the mixed layer, where LC currents transport temperature perturbation advectively. Thus, LC and locally generated shear instabilities work intimately together to facilitate strongly the mixed layer deepening process.
Labour Markets and Wages in Australia in 2009
Authors: Jefferson Therese , Preston Alison
Published: July 2010

The global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 made it clear that traditional indicators of labour market activity such as headline unemployment, labour force participation and earnings in full-time employment can only partially explain the health of the labour market. In this article we argue the need for a nuanced approach that takes into fuller consideration issues related to hours of work and part-time earnings. Selected industry sectors show stark differences in labour market outcomes when these issues are examined.
Paradox and Collaboration in Network Management
Authors: Ospina Sonia M. , Saz-Carranza Angel
Published: July 2010

Qualitative evidence from action networks is used to answer the research question, How do leaders of successful networks manage collaboration challenges to make things happen? This study of two urban immigration coalitions in the United States found that their leaders developed practices as a response to two paradoxical requirements of network collaboration: managing unity and diversity when doing inward work and confrontation and dialogue when doing outward work. By illuminating how leaders responded to these complex demands inherent in action networks, the authors open up the black box of managing whole networks of organizations and underscore the role of leadership in interorganizational collaboration.
A Prospective Outcomes Study of Meniscal Allograft Transplantation
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Wills Nicholas J. , Spiridonov Stanislav I. , Perkinson Scott
Published: July 2010

Background: Symptomatic early-onset chondromalacia often develops after a meniscectomy in the affected knee compartment. The role of meniscal transplantation in reducing pain and improving function in patients with prior ipsilateral meniscectomy is still being defined.

Hypothesis: Patients with symptomatic early-onset chondromalacia of the knee after ipsilateral meniscectomy will have improved clinical outcomes after meniscal transplantation.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: All patients who underwent meniscal allograft transplantation between July 2003 and December 2006 were prospectively followed. The indications for surgery were unicompartmental knee pain and postactivity effusions after total or near-total meniscectomy in patients with closed physes. High-field magnetic resonance imaging (1.5-T or 3-T magnets) was used to assess the articular cartilage of the affected compartment. The meniscal transplantations were performed with an arthroscopically assisted technique. Modified Cincinnati knee and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective and IKDC objective outcome scores were obtained on all patients preoperatively and postoperatively to evaluate patients’ outcomes.

Results: Forty patients with an average age of 25 years and a body mass index of 25.4 were included. After an average final follow-up of 2.5 years, IKDC subjective scores increased significantly from 54.5 to 72.0 ( P < .001). Modified Cincinnati knee scores increased from 55.2 to 75.3 ( P < .001). The preoperative IKDC objective scores measuring effusion improved significantly from 6 A (normal), 29 B (nearly normal), and 5 C (abnormal), when compared with the postoperative scores of 33 A (normal) and 1 B (nearly normal) ( P < .01). Five patients sustained tears of their meniscal transplants and underwent partial meniscectomies of the transplant graft.

Conclusion: The results confirm that meniscal transplantation significantly reduces pain, decreases activity-related effusions, and improves function in patients with prior meniscectomy; however, the long-term chondroprotective effects remain unknown.
Inflammation is Present in Early Human Tendinopathy
Authors: Millar Neal L. , Hueber Axel J. , Reilly James H. , Xu Yinghua , Fazzi Umberto G. , Murrell George A. C. , McInnes Iain B.
Published: July 2010

Background

The cellular mechanisms of tendinopathy remain unclear particularly with respect to the role of inflammation in early disease. The authors previously identified increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in an early human model of tendinopathy and sought to extend these studies to the cellular analysis of tissue.

Purpose

To characterize inflammatory cell subtypes in early human tendinopathy, the authors explored the phenotype and quantification of inflammatory cells in torn and control tendon samples.

Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Torn supraspinatus tendon and matched intact subscapularis tendon samples were collected from 20 patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Control samples of subscapularis tendon were collected from 10 patients undergoing arthroscopic stabilization surgery. Tendon biopsy samples were evaluated immunohistochemically by quantifying the presence of macrophages (CD68 and CD206), T cells (CD3), mast cells (mast cell tryptase), and vascular endothelium (CD34).

Results

Subscapularis tendon samples obtained from patients with a torn supraspinatus tendon exhibited significantly greater macrophage, mast cell, and T-cell expression compared with either torn supraspinatus samples or control subscapularis-derived tissue (P < .01). Inflammatory cell infiltrate correlated inversely (r = .5; P < .01) with rotator cuff tear size, with larger tears correlating with a marked reduction in all cell lineages. There was a modest but significant correlation between mast cells and CD34 expression (r = .4; P < .01) in matched subscapularis tendons from shoulders with supraspinatus ruptures.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence for an inflammatory cell infiltrate in early mild/moderate human tendinopathy. In particular, the authors demonstrate significant infiltration of mast cells and macrophages, suggesting a role for innate immune pathways in the events that mediate early tendinopathy.

Clinical Relevance

Further mechanistic studies to evaluate the net contribution and hence therapeutic utility of these cellular lineages and their downstream processes may reveal novel therapeutic approaches to the management of early tendinopathy.
Arthroscopic Bankart Suture-Anchor Repair
Authors: Castagna Alessandro , Markopoulos Nikolaos , Conti Marco , Delle Rose Giacomo , Papadakou Eugenia , Garofalo Raffaele
Published: July 2010

Background

There are not many reports in the literature about the long-term outcomes in terms of recurrence and degenerative changes after arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction for anterior shoulder instability.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term follow-up (minimum 10 years) of arthroscopic suture-anchor repair for traumatic unidirectional anterior instability, with special emphasis on the radiological evidence of arthritis and clinical outcome.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Forty-two patients (43 shoulders) treated at our institute from 1995 to 1997 were included in the study. Thirty patients (31 shoulders) were available for clinical and radiological examination (71%). The mean follow-up was 10.9 years (range, 9.8-14.3 years). Patients were evaluated preoperatively and after surgery using the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Simple Shoulder Test (SST), and Rowe score. Patient satisfaction was determined by asking the patients if they would do this operation again. Radiological outcome was used to evaluate the incidence and grade of arthritis according to the Samilson-Prieto classification.

Results

At the final follow-up examination, 5 patients (16%) reported an atraumatic recurrent instability, while 2 recurrences (7%) occurred after a major injury. Three of the 7 recurrences occurred 6 years after surgery. All of the patients in the recurrence group except 1 were contact or overhead athletes. Twenty-six patients were satisfied (84%) with the outcome. The SST showed an improvement of shoulder function in 23 cases, the UCLA score improved from 21.8 to 32.1, and the Rowe score showed excellent or good results in 77.3% of cases. Twenty-two patients (71%) were able to return to their preoperative sports level. Radiographic findings showed 9 cases with mild arthritis (29%) and 3 cases with moderate arthritis (10%).

Conclusion

The recurrence rate deteriorated with time. Involvement in contact sports and overhead activities appears to be a risk factor for recurrence of instability, although this could not be proved statistically with the numbers available, whereas age, gender, and number of preoperative dislocations did not reveal any correlation with recurrence. Degenerative changes of the glenohumeral joint were noted but had no significant effect on the clinical outcomes.