bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microclimates of l'Aven d'Orgnac and other French limestone caves (Chauvet, Esparros, Marsoulas)
Authors: Bourges F. , Genthon P. , Mangin A. , D'Hulst D.
Published: July 2006

We assess the aerodynamics of the atmosphere in some limestone caves using a 5‐year monitoring of the Aven d'Orgnac system, shorter thermal vertical profiling experiments, and comparison with the time series from other French caves. In the first rooms, located under the Aven opening, our records indicate, for each year, a succession of a summer regime characterized by stable parameters (except for the perturbations introduced by tourist visits) and a winter regime, in which the inner air temperature drops and is highly correlated with that outside. Atmospheric composition suggests that during the winter regime the cave is ventilated by the outside air. We show that the onset of the winter regime is governed by a thermo‐convective instability involving the inflow of the outside cold and dense air. Atmospheric temperature and composition allow us to follow the stepwise progression of the winter regime toward the adjacent rooms.

In the Salle Plane (SP), a far room of the Orgnac‐Issirac karstic system, in which the winter regime has never been observed, the air temperature is extremely homogeneous and steady, and is characterized by a half‐daily signal of amplitude less than 0.03 °C, which is correlated with the derivative of pressure versus time. This correlation, which is also observed in various other confined caves, may be explained by pressure‐induced temperature changes relaxed in less than 1 h by thermal exchanges with a large volume of rock whose temperature is assumed to be constant.

The various microclimates of karstic cave systems should be taken into account for the conservation of the caves open to tourists and for the interpretation of growth laminae of speleothems. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Biochemical characteristics of wheat and their relation with apparent metabolisable energy value in broilers with or without non‐starch polysaccharide enzyme
Authors: Maisonnier‐Grenier Séverine , Clavurier Karine , Saulnier Luc , Bonnin Estelle , Geraert Pierre‐André
Published: July 2006

Exogenous non‐starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes do not always exhibit the same improvement in AMEn (apparent metabolisable energy corrected for nitrogen balance) in wheat‐fed broiler chickens. In order to understand the factors that determine this variation, the in vitro mode of action of an NSP enzyme preparation (Rovabio™ Excel) was investigated in several wheats and wheat extracts. In vivo experiments were also performed in broilers fed seven different wheat cultivars. In vitro studies showed an important solubilisation of insoluble arabinoxylan (AX) in wheat flours, ranging from 65 to 85% depending on the wheat cultivar. The negative correlation observed between arabinose/xylose ratio and AX solubilisation (r2 = 0.45, P = 0.001) suggests that the variation in solubilisation can be partly explained by the AX structure. NSP enzymes are also able to hydrolyse wheat bran AX by 30–50% depending on the enzyme dosage. Whereas rapid solubilisation of insoluble AX was confirmed in pig digestive physiological conditions (TIM‐1), only a minor proportion of AX was hydrolysed as <8 kDa oligomers and then absorbed. In vivo studies on wheat‐based diets showed an average AMEn improvement of 108 kcal kg−1 dry matter (DM) (P < 0.001), but a large variation in enzyme efficacy (up to 200 kcal kg−1 DM) was observed. Among the wheat characteristics measured, only a significant negative correlation between AMEn improvement and wheat moisture content was found (r2 = 0.71, P = 0.035). A tendency of positive correlation between AMEn improvement with Rovabio™ Excel and the arabinose/xylose ratio of water‐soluble AXs of wheat (r2 = 0.42, P = 0.068) and between the arabinose/xylose ratio of water‐soluble AXs and the moisture content of wheat (r2 = 0.52, P = 0.064) was also observed. It can be deduced from the results that the AX structure might influence the efficiency of enzyme supplementation. In feed, Rovabio™ Excel quickly solubilises the different AXs of various wheat cultivars as a result of its broad enzyme activity profile. However, relationships between wheat characteristics and the response of wheat batches to enzyme addition are not yet fully understood. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of pesticide residues by online reversed‐phase liquid chromatography–gas chromatography in the oil from olives grown in an experimental plot. Part II
Authors: Sánchez Raquel , Cortes Jose Manuel , Vazquez Ana , Villén‐Altamirano José , Villén Jesús
Published: July 2006

The effect of the pesticide dose used to control pests in olive trees and the date of treatment on the residues present in the oil were studied for four organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon, malathion, trichlorphon and chlorfenvinphos) and one organochlorine (endosulfan). Pesticide residue analysis was performed using online reversed‐phase liquid chromatography–gas chromatography, using an automated through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface and selective detectors, such as nitrogen–phosphorus detector and electronic capture detector. A simple filtration step was necessary before the chromatographic analysis of samples. The obtained data were statistically analyzed and conclusions about olive pesticide treatments are presented. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of cross‐linking on some properties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) starches
Authors: Kaur Lovedeep , Singh Jaspreet , Singh Narpinder
Published: July 2006

Starches separated from different potato cultivars were modified using two different cross‐linking agents: epichlorohydrin (EPI) and phosphoryl chloride (POCl3) at different concentrations (1.0 and 2.0 g kg−1 POCl3; 2.5, 5.0 and 10 g kg−1 EPI). Differential scanning calorimetry, rheological and retrogradation measurements were performed to characterise the influence of cross‐linking on the properties of potato starches. Cross‐linking considerably reduced swelling power, solubility, water‐binding capacity and paste clarity. The decrease became greater as the reagent concentration increased. The starches treated with 1.0 g kg−1 POCl3 exhibited exceptionally higher swelling power than their counterpart native starches. Neither cross‐linking agent caused any change in morphology of the starch granules. Studies on the phase transitions associated with the gelatinisation showed significantly higher values for the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), conclusion temperature (Tc) and enthalpy of gelatinisation (ΔHgel) for the cross‐linked starches than the native starches. Starches treated with both the reagents showed lower peak storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) than their native counterparts. The tendency of the starch pastes towards retrogradation increased considerably with increases in storage duration. However, the starches treated with 1 g kg−1 POCl3 exhibited much lower syneresis than the other cross‐linked starches. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of different ozone treatments on aflatoxin degradation and physicochemical properties of pistachios
Authors: Akbas Meltem Yesilcimen , Ozdemir Murat
Published: July 2006

This study evaluated the efficiency of ozone for the degradation of aflatoxins in pistachio kernels and ground pistachios. Pistachios were contaminated with known concentrations of aflatoxin (AF) B1, B2, G1 and G2. Pistachio samples were exposed to gaseous ozone in a chamber at 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 mg L−1 ozone concentrations for 140 and 420 min at 20 °C and 70% RH. Aflatoxin degradation was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The efficiency of ozone for aflatoxin degradation in pistachios increased with increasing exposure time and ozone concentration. The results indicated that AFB1 and total aflatoxins could be reduced by 23 and 24%, respectively, when pistachio kernels were ozonated at 9.0 mg L−1 ozone concentration for 420 min. Only a 5% reduction in AFB1 and total aflatoxin levels could be achieved for ground pistachios under the same conditions. No significant changes occurred in pH, color, moisture content and free fatty acid values of pistachio kernels and ground pistachios. Fatty acid compositions of pistachios did not change significantly after the ozonation treatments. No significant changes were found between sweetness, rancidity, flavor, appearance and overall palatability of ozonated and non‐ozonated pistachio kernels. Significant changes were observed in the organoleptic properties of ground pistachios, except rancidity, after 5.0 mg L−1 ozone treatment for 140 min. Ozonation was found to be more effective for degrading aflatoxins in pistachio kernels than ground pistachios. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of nitrogen on the biological aging of sherry wine
Authors: Berlanga Teresa M , Millán Carmen , Mauricio Juan C , Ortega José M
Published: July 2006

Nitrogen compounds are essential to the growth and metabolism of yeasts. The uptake and metabolism of nitrogen compounds by Saccharomyces cerevisiae depend not only on the strain and its physiological condition, but also on the chemical and physical properties of its environment. The effect of the addition of different amino acids (L‐proline, L‐threonine, L‐arginine, L‐glutamic acid, L‐leucine and L‐valine) to nitrogen‐depleted natural or nitrogen‐free synthetic wine on the cell growth, flor velum formation and sherry wine compound production was investigated under controlled biological aging by S. cerevisiae var. capensis strain G1 a typical flor yeast. The formation of flor velum was dependent on particular amino acid, oxygen availability and the composition of wine. Consumption of glycerol was related with the cell growth; in contrast, acetaldehyde tended to be released. Amino acid supplementation resulted in the release to wine of amino acids, esters and higher alcohols. The amino acid which was released in nearly all cases was L‐leucine. Addition of L‐glutamic acid resulted in the release mainly of ethyl acetate, in the case of L‐leucine isoamyl alcohols were released, and for L‐valine isobutanol. In the three cases, 1,1‐diethoxyethane was released in large quantities. The findings might indicate that the regulation of metabolism succeeds in the most efficient balancing of the redox potential. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of Semicrystalline Morphology on the Glass Transition of Poly(L‐lactic acid)
Authors: Wang Yaming , Funari Sérgio S. , Mano João F.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Semicrystalline specimens of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) were prepared by isothermal cold‐ or melt‐crystallization over a wide temperature range. The morphologies at different length scales were characterized using polarized optical microscopy, WAXS and SAXS. The glass transition temperature (Tg), determined calorimetrically, exhibited a general decrease with an increase in crystallization temperature (Tc) for either cold‐ or melt‐crystallized specimens. The measurements of the heat capacity increment at Tg indicated that a significant amount of the rigid amorphous fraction coexisted with the crystalline and mobile amorphous phases in semicrystalline PLLA. A three‐phase model (crystalline phase, mobile amorphous phase and rigid amorphous phase) is, therefore, appropriate for the interpretation of the structure of semicrystalline PLLA. According to a one‐dimensional layer stack model, the layer thicknesses of the three phases were further evaluated approximately. The increasing of Tg was found to be correlated to significant decreasing thickness of the crystalline layer, gradual decreasing thickness of the rigid amorphous layer, and a slight increasing trend in the thickness of the mobile amorphous layer. We suggest that the rigid amorphous layer of semicrystalline PLLA may possibly play a role in loosening the constraints imposed by the crystalline layer on the amorphous chain motions inherent to the glass transition.

The optical microscopy photograph shows the spherulitic morphologies developed after melt crystallization at 140 °C.

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The optical microscopy photograph shows the spherulitic morphologies developed after melt crystallization at 140 °C.
Novel High Temperature Polypyrrolones with Asymmetric Biphenyl Moieties in the Main Chain: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Liu Jin‐Gang , Zhao Xiao‐Juan , Yang Hai‐Xia , Li Hong‐Shen , Fan Lin , Yang Shi‐Yong
Published: July 2006

Summary: Two novel polypyrrolones (PPys) with asymmetric biphenyl moieties in the main chains have been synthesized from 2,3,3′,4′‐biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (a‐BPDA) and two aromatic tetra‐amines: 3,3′,4,4′‐tetra‐amino biphenyl (TABP) and 3,3′,4,4′‐tetra‐amino diphenyl ether (TADPE) respectively, via soluble poly(amide amino acid) (PAAA) precursors, followed by thermal cyclization at elevated temperatures. The polymerization and curing conditions were studied and confirmed. Asymmetric biphenyl structures endowed the polymers with good combined properties. For example, flexible and tough PPy films with acceptable mechanical properties were obtained. Tensile strengths of higher than 70 MPa and elongations at break of higher than 6% were achieved. The PPy films with a final curing temperature of 350 °C exhibited good thermal stability and the 10% weight loss temperatures were 610.3 °C for PPy‐I, and 607.8 °C for PPy‐II. The residual weight ratios at 700 °C were higher than 80%. In addition, the PPy films showed good dielectric properties with dielectric breakdown strengths of higher than 100 V · µm−1 and dielectric constants of 3.64 for PPy‐I and 3.53 for PPy‐II.

Chemical structures of polypyrrolones with asymmetric biphenyl moieties.

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Chemical structures of polypyrrolones with asymmetric biphenyl moieties.
Novel Electrochromic Displays Using Monodisperse Viologen‐Modified Porous Polymeric Microspheres
Authors: Ryu Jee‐Hyun , Lee Jung‐Hun , Han Seung‐Jin , Suh Kyung‐Do
Published: July 2006

Summary: In order to achieve a reasonable response time in an electrochromic display, viologen‐modified porous polymeric microspheres of various porosities have been used as substrates. Porous microspheres are prepared using seeded polymerization in the presence of a porogen. Based on ionic conductivity and the chronocoulometry measurements, it is confirmed that the electrolyte content increases, and the resistance of the polymer particles in the device decreases as the specific surface area of the porous particles increases. This results in a rapid response time of 270 ms.

Schematic representation of the viologen‐modified porous polymeric microspheres in the manufactured ECD device (A). Images of the device (B) in the OFF state (left) and in the ON state (right).

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Schematic representation of the viologen‐modified porous polymeric microspheres in the manufactured ECD device (A). Images of the device (B) in the OFF state (left) and in the ON state (right).
Synthesis, Photophysics, and Electroluminescence of Poly(dibenzofluorene)s
Authors: Wang Wei‐Zhi , Zhu Rui , Fan Qu‐Li , Xu Hui , Hou Lin‐Tao , Cao Yong , Huang Wei
Published: July 2006

Summary: A series of soluble poly(dibenzofluorene) derivatives that contain dibenzo[a,g]fluorene, dibenzo[a,i]fluorene, and dibenzo[c,g]fluorene repeat units in the main chain have been synthesized, characterized, and explored as emissive materials in polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs). These polymers possess higher glass transition temperatures (108–133 °C) than that of poly(2,7‐(9,9‐dialkyl)fluorene) (PFO). The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these polymers are affected by the steric hindrance effect. These polymers emit blue light in dilute solution (378–400 nm) and in the solid state (426–447 nm). As emissive materials in PLEDs, blue electroluminescence with a brightness of up to 3 130 cd · m−2 is obtained from single‐layer diodes of P2 with aluminum/barium in air.

The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these polymers are affected by the size effect.

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The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these polymers are affected by the size effect.
Monomers for Adhesive Polymers, 6
Authors: Moszner Norbert , Pavlinec Juraj , Lamparth Iris , Zeuner Frank , Angermann Jörg
Published: July 2006

Summary: 1,3‐Bis(methacrylamido)propane‐2‐yl dihydrogen phosphate (1) was synthesised by phosphorylation of 1,3‐bis(methacrylamido)‐2‐hydroxypropane (2) with phosphorus oxychloride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of triethylamine (TEA). The structure of the new monomer 1 was characterised by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 31P NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. The monomer dissolves well in water, ethanol or aqueous THF and shows an improved hydrolytic stability compared to the corresponding methacrylate‐based dihydrogen phosphates. 1 was homopolymerised in ethanol with 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator at 55–75 °C under the formation of an insoluble, cross‐linked product. Aqueous solutions of 1 are strongly acidic and enable to etch enamel and dentin. Nevertheless, 1 did not show any cytotoxic effect. Furthermore, the adhesive properties of 1 were measured.

1,3‐Bis(methacrylamido)propane‐2‐yl dihydrogen phosphate.

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1,3‐Bis(methacrylamido)propane‐2‐yl dihydrogen phosphate.
Temperature‐Responsive Glycopolymer Brushes Synthesized via RAFT Polymerization Using the Z‐group Approach
Authors: Stenzel Martina H. , Zhang Ling , Huck Wilhelm T. S.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Stimuli‐responsive glycopolymer brushes composed of N‐acryloyl glucosamine (AGA) and N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) were prepared using RAFT polymerization. The RAFT agent was immobilized on the surface of a treated silicon waver via covalent attachment using the Z‐group. PAGA and PNIPAAm brushes showed a linear increase in brush thickness with the consumption of monomer in solution. The polymers generated in solution confirm the living behavior with the molecular weight increasing linearly with monomer conversion while the molecular weight distribution remains narrow. Additionally, the ability of PAGA brushes to grow further in the presence of NIPAAm reveals the presence of an active RAFT end group indicative of a living system. PAGA and PNIPAAm homopolymer brushes up to 30 nm were grown using this technique. PAGA brushes were utilized for further chain extension to generate stimuli‐responsive brushes with block structures of PAGA and PNIPAAm. The PAGA‐block‐PNIPAAm brushes were found to grow in size with the consumption of NIPAAm. Contact angle measurements confirm the suggested mechanism showing that the second monomer is incorporated between the first layer and the silicon surface as expected using the Z‐group approach.

Structure of the stimuli‐responsive glycopolymer brushes.

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Structure of the stimuli‐responsive glycopolymer brushes.
CuBr2/N,N,N′,N′‐Tetra[(2‐pyridal)methyl]ethylenediamine/Tertiary Amine as a Highly Active and Versatile Catalyst for Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization via Activator Generated by Electron Transfer
Authors: Tang Huadong , Radosz Maciej , Shen Youqing
Published: July 2006

Summary: A highly active and versatile CuBr2/N,N,N′,N′‐tetra[(2‐pyridal)methyl]ethylenediamine (CuBr2/TPEN)‐tertiary amine catalyst system has been developed for atom transfer radical polymerization via activator‐generated‐by‐electron‐transfer (AGET ATRP). The catalyst mediates good control of the AGET ATRPs of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and styrene at 1 mol‐% catalyst relative to initiator. A mechanism study shows that tertiary amines such as triethylamine reduces the CuBr2/TPEN complex to CuBr/TPEN.

The GPC traces of PSt, PMA, and PMMA prepared by AGET ATRP at 1 mol‐% of catalyst relative to initiator are monomodal and have low polydispersities.

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The GPC traces of PSt, PMA, and PMMA prepared by AGET ATRP at 1 mol‐% of catalyst relative to initiator are monomodal and have low polydispersities.
Perceived risk and interest in screening for lung cancer among current and former smokers
Authors: Hahn Ellen J. , Rayens Mary Kay , Hopenhayn Claudia , Christian W. Jay
Published: July 2006

Factors associated with perceived risk, interest in screening information, and interest in being screened for lung cancer were examined among current and recent former smokers. Cross‐sectional data were analyzed from 585 current and former smokers who participated in 12‐month follow‐up telephone interviews as part of a population‐based cessation intervention trial. Current smokers who were thinking about or preparing to quit were more likely to perceive risk of lung cancer and be interested in lung cancer screening information than those who were not motivated to quit or who were in the process of actively quitting or maintaining abstinence. Smokers who participate in lung cancer screening may be motivated to participate in a broad range of tobacco dependence treatment options. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 359–370, 2006
Identifying predictors of breastfeeding self‐efficacy in the immediate postpartum period
Authors: Dennis Cindy‐Lee E.
Published: July 2006

Researchers have found evidence that breastfeeding self‐efficacy is an important variable that significantly influences initiation and duration rates. The purpose of this study was to develop a multi‐factorial predictive model of breastfeeding self‐efficacy in the first week postpartum. As part of a longitudinal study, a population‐based sample of 522 breastfeeding mothers in a health region near Vancouver, British Columbia completed mailed questionnaires at 1‐week postpartum. Bivariate correlations were used to select variables for the multiple regression analysis. The best‐fit regression model revealed eight variables that explained 54% of the variance in Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Scale (BSES) scores at 1‐week postpartum: maternal education, support from other women with children, type of delivery, satisfaction with labor pain relief, satisfaction with postpartum care, perceptions of breastfeeding progress, infant feeding method as planned, and maternal anxiety. The BSES may be used to identify risk factors, enabling health professionals to improve quality of care for new breastfeeding mothers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 256–268, 2006
Effects of antenatal magnesium sulfate and corticosteroid therapy on sleep states of preterm infants
Authors: Black Beth , Holditch‐Davis Diane , Schwartz Todd , Scher Mark S.
Published: July 2006

This exploratory longitudinal study was designed to compare the neonatal illness severity, sleep–wake, and respiratory sleep behaviors of preterm infants whose mothers received prenatal corticosteroids and/or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) with those of infants whose mothers did not receive these medications. The 134 infants were divided into four groups: those whose mothers received MgSO4 only, those who received steroids only, those who received both MgSO4 and steroids, and those who received neither. The groups did not differ on infant characteristics or illness severity. Infants exposed to MgSO4 had more active sleep without rapid eye movement, indicating poorly organized active sleep. The MgSO4‐only group had higher quiet sleep regularity scores and fewer state changes. These findings suggest that fetal exposure to MgSO4 may subtly affect the central nervous system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 269–280, 2006
Three months in the symptom life of a teenage girl undergoing treatment for cancer
Authors: Docherty Sharron L. , Sandelowski Margarete , Preisser John S.
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this case study was to examine the daily symptom experience of a teenage girl, Abby, undergoing treatment for cancer. Quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis techniques were used to ascertain patterns in daily experiences of pain, nausea, vomiting, retching, stress, sleep alterations, and anxiety. A time‐series analysis focused on change and variability in patterns of symptom data. A key finding was that the predictability evident in Abby's symptom patterns were in direct contrast to her perception that there was no predictability or pattern to her symptoms. Her perceived lack of control over her symptoms generated worry, anxiety, and depression and led Abby to question whether she could continue with the treatment. Abby represented a case of “fighting the treatment,” as opposed to “fighting the cancer,” and it is the difference between these responses that may explain children's overall ability to tolerate intensive chemotherapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 294–310, 2006
Knowledge of stroke symptoms and risk factors among Korean immigrants in the United States
Authors: Hwang Seon Y. , Zerwic Julie J.
Published: July 2006

Korean immigrant's knowledge of stroke symptoms and risk factors was assessed in a convenience sample (n = 119) in a Midwestern metropolitan area. Knowledge ranged from very low to moderate. Cluster analysis showed that there were two groups. One cluster had higher knowledge of stroke symptoms and risk factors, but lower knowledge of symptoms and risk factors not associated with stroke. Participants who were older, were not married, and had a history of hypertension had significantly lower knowledge of stroke symptoms and stroke risk factors. Lower knowledge among older adults and/or those who had hypertension is a particular concern because such individuals are at highest risk for stroke. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 337–344, 2006
Organizational correlates of the risk‐adjusted pressure ulcer prevalence and subsequent survey deficiency citation in California nursing homes
Authors: Dellefield Mary Ellen
Published: July 2006

Organizational correlates of the risk‐adjusted pressure ulcer prevalence and subsequent deficiency citation in nursing homes are not known. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between these two outcomes and selected organizational variables, including total nurse staffing levels, specialization, centralization, nursing wages, and facility ownership. Secondary data analysis was conducted on a sample of 897 California nursing homes included in the 1996 On‐line Survey Certification and Reporting system and the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development financial disclosure reports of individual California nursing homes. Organizational variables explained a small amount of the variation (adjusted R2 = .04, p < .01). A higher PU prevalence was associated with lower licensed nurse centralization and facilities participating exclusively in the Medicaid program. Receipt of a deficiency was less likely in facilities having a higher total nurse staffing level (OR = .49, p < .001). It was more likely in facilities having a higher risk‐adjusted PU prevalence (OR = 1.05, p < .001), more licensed nurses (OR = 2.74, p < .05), a size of 160 beds or more (OR = 1.93, p < .01), and survey teams from specific counties (OR ranging from 2.3 to 6.8, p < .05). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 345–358, 2006
Ethnic and generational influences on emotional distress and risk behaviors among Chinese and Filipino American adolescents
Authors: Willgerodt Mayumi Anne , Thompson Elaine Adams
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this study was to explore ethnic and generational influences among Chinese, Filipino, and Euro American adolescents on emotional distress and risk behaviors. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted with 216 Chinese, 387 Filipino, and 400 Euro American adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health to investigate the influence of ethnicity on depression, somatic symptoms, delinquency, and substance use; and to examine the influence of generation on the outcome variables among Chinese and Filipino American adolescents. Ethnicity predicted depression and delinquency scores, while generation within ethnic groups predicted somatic symptoms and substance use. The findings diverge from theories using acculturation as an explanatory mechanism for distress and risk behaviors and underscore the importance of examining sub‐groups and generations of Asian American youth. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29: 311–324, 2006
Dental trauma and antemortem tooth loss in prehistoric Canary Islanders: prevalence and contributing factors
Authors: Lukacs J. R.
Published: July 2006

Differential diagnosis of the aetiology of antemortem tooth loss (AMTL) may yield important insights regarding patterns of behaviour in prehistoric peoples. Variation in the consistency of food due to its toughness and to food preparation methods is a primary factor in AMTL, with dental wear or caries a significant precipitating factor. Nutritional deficiency diseases, dental ablation for aesthetic or ritual reasons, and traumatic injury may also contribute to the frequency of AMTL. Systematic observations of dental pathology were conducted on crania and mandibles at the Museo Arqueologico de Tenerife. Observations of AMTL revealed elevated frequencies and remarkable aspects of tooth crown evulsion. This report documents a 9.0% overall rate of AMTL among the ancient inhabitants of the island of Tenerife in the Canary Archipelago. Sex‐specific tooth count rates of AMTL are 9.8% for males and 8.1% for females, and maxillary AMTL rates (10.2%) are higher than mandibular tooth loss rates (7.8%) Dental trauma makes a small but noticeable contribution to tooth loss among the Guanches, especially among males. In several cases of tooth crown evulsion, the dental root was retained in the alveolus, without periapical infection, and alveolar bone was in the initial stages of sequestering the dental root. In Tenerife, antemortem loss of maxillary anterior teeth is consistent with two potential causal factors: (a) accidental falls while traversing volcanic terrain; and (b) interpersonal combat, including traditional wrestling, stick‐fighting and ritual combat. Steep‐walled valleys (barrancos) and lava fields (malpaís) required agile locomotion and occasional vaulting with the aid of a wooden staff. Accidental falls involving facial injury may have contributed to AMTL. Traditional conflict resolution involved competitive wrestling (lucha canaria), stick‐fighting (juego del palo), and ritualised contests involving manual combat. These activities made a small but recognisable impact on anterior dental trauma and tooth loss. Inter‐personal behaviours of such intensity leave their mark on skeletal and dental remains, thereby providing insight into the lives and cultural traditions of the ancient Guanches. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retinoblastoma in children older than 5 years of age
Authors: Aguirre Neto Joaquim Caetano de , Antoneli Célia Beatriz Gianotti , Ribeiro Karina Braga , Castilho Marcus Simões , Novaes Paulo Eduardo R. S. , Chojniak Martha M. M. , Arias Victor
Published: July 2006

Background

Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the embryonic neural retina. About 80% of cases are diagnosed before age 4, with a median age at diagnosis of 2 years.

Objective

To determine characteristics and prognosis of retinoblastoma in children older than 5 years.

Procedures

From 1986 to 2002, medical records of 16 patients out of 453 cases referred to Hospital do Câncer AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Results

Median age at diagnosis was 73.7 months (range 65–144) and there was an equal gender distribution. Fifteen patients presented with unilateral disease. The mean time between first symptoms and diagnosis was 9.6 months (range 0–48). Most cases were diagnosed in advanced stages and 15 eyes were enucleated. Eleven patients presented with intraocular tumor (1 Reese II and 10 Reese V) and five presented with extraocular disease (one CCG II and four CCG III). Twelve patients are still alive with a median follow‐up of 92 months (range 65–199).

Conclusions

Because of its low incidence at this age, diagnosis of retinoblastoma is usually delayed due to low level of suspicion. Therefore, it is important that physicians are aware of this disease in order to perform an earlier diagnosis, and decrease treatment‐related morbidity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:292–295. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Full‐dose ifosfamide can be safely administered to outpatients
Authors: Meazza Cristina , Bisogno Gianni , Casanova Michela , Zanetti Ilaria , Carli Modesto , Ferrari Andrea
Published: July 2006

This report compares a traditional full‐dose ifosfamide administration modality (24‐hr hyperhydration and mesna infusion) with a simplified 9‐hr hyperhydration and mesna infusion for use in outpatients. Acute ifosfamide toxicity was the same, suggesting that ifosfamide could be safely administered to outpatients, reducing the currently‐recommended prolonged hyperhydration and mesna uroprotection, thus resulting in shorter hospital stays and consequently lower costs. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:375–378. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification, characterization and clinical implications of two markers detected at prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Leite Rosário Pinto , Souto Marta , Carvalho Berta , Martins Márcia , Chaves Raquel , Morais Ângela , Guedes‐Pinto Henrique , Wienberg Johannes , Ribeiro Eufémia
Published: July 2006

Objectives

Marker chromosomes are relatively rare in the general population as its identification at prenatal diagnosis.

In this article, we identified and characterized two de novo supernumerary marker chromosomes in a mosaic form at prenatal diagnosis.

Methods

The two cases presented were detected during prenatal diagnosis at 17 and 15 weeks of gestation. The analyses were performed due to the advanced maternal age. In both cases, parent's karyotypes were normal. The identification of the marker chromosomes was possible by FISH techniques.

Results

One marker chromosome was derived from chromosome 5 and the other from chromosome 6. Both children are well at the moment.

Conclusion

The two cases described in the present paper, join to the ones already described in the literature. However these results are the first ones without any phenotypical anomalies, at least until the present. Every new characterization of marker chromosomes at prenatal diagnosis should be reported for determining a genotype‐phenotype correlation, and thus be used for genetic counselling and risk evaluation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal care: the patient's perspective. A qualitative study
Authors: Leithner Katharina , Assem‐Hilger Eva , Fischer‐Kern Melitta , Löffler‐Stastka Henriette , Thien Ralf , Ponocny‐Seliger Elisabeth
Published: July 2006

Objectives

To investigate the subjective experiences and perceptions of the prenatal care system for women following a prenatal diagnosis and to assess the factors related to dissatisfaction with medical treatment.

Methods

Data derived from a follow‐up investigation in fifty women following a prenatal diagnosis is presented. Women were asked to give written comments concerning their feelings and experiences during their time at the prenatal care unit. A qualitative content analysis was performed in order to examine the patients' perceptions and expectations of the prenatal care management and to seek potential associations of certain attitudes with socio‐demographic, clinical, or psychological characteristics. Womens' comments were coded within established categories including ‘satisfaction’, ‘dissatisfaction’ and ‘communicated emotionality’.

Results

A high proportion of women were found to be dissatisfied with the physicians' attitudes (42%), the amount of information provided (46%), and medical staffs' attitudes (30%). One criticism, in particular, concerned a lack of communication skills in doctors and medical staff members. Forty‐eight percent of our study population mentioned that they had benefited from psychological support. ‘Nullipara’ was the only variable associated with dissatisfaction with the received prenatal care.

Conclusions

The results of the study suggest that the high degree of discontent found in prenatal care patients could at least in some part be alleviated by implementation of communication training and supervision services for prenatal care workers. Moreover, nullipara may constitute a particular vulnerable subgroup that may need special attention and support. However, given the qualitative nature of our study, our results warrant replication in further empirically based research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monte Carlo simulations of properties of side‐chain liquid‐crystal polymers
Authors: Han Xiangen , Chai Lanqin , Shanks Robert , Pavel Dumitru
Published: July 2006

This paper presents a computational conformational study of side‐chain liquid‐crystal polymers to predict the optical and liquid‐crystalline properties of a series of polyepicholorohrdrin, polyacrylate, poly(methyl acrylate), and polystyrene‐based side‐chain polymers using a Monte Carlo simulation method. Some of the simulated side‐chain polymers were synthesised by chemical modification or polymerisation. The predictive capability of the orientational order parameter has been utilised to predict the liquid‐crystalline isotropic transition temperature of the investigated polymers, which was used to infer the type of distribution in the synthesised polymers. The predictive possibilities of this criterion are explored in the estimation of the nematic–isotropic transition temperatures of the simulated polymers. Evidence is presented to suggest that for side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymer molecules the nematic to isotropic transition occurs when the order parameter reaches a value of 0.43 according to Maier–Saupe mean‐field theory. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Partition of dissociable compounds in two‐phase liquid systems: a theoretical and experimental study
Authors: Pradines Vincent , Despoux Sabrina , Claparols Catherine , Martins Nathalie , Micheau Jean‐Claude , Lavabre Dominique , Pimienta Véronique
Published: July 2006

The partition at equilibrium, in a two‐phase liquid system, of a compound dissociated in one phase, or both, is expressed in terms of general equations and analyzed. Dissociation in the second phase, even weak, has a non‐negligible influence. The distribution ratio depends strongly on the concentration and can even be reversed in certain cases. All the partition and dissociation constants in each phase can be obtained from the concentrations at equilibrium measured under some given conditions. In less favorable cases, an apparent partition constant can still be estimated. This is illustrated by an experimental study, in the water/dichloromethane system, involving the partition of picric acid and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) followed by UV‐Visible spectroscopy, and of a series of tetraalkylammonium bromides (ethyl, propyl, and butyl) assayed by mass spectroscopy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H chemical shifts in NMR. Part 24—proton chemical shifts in some gem‐difunctional compounds: 3‐endo‐ and 3‐exo‐substituted norbornanones
Authors: Gauze Gisele F. , Basso Ernani A. , Campos Mateus G. , Rittner Roberto , Abraham Raymond J.
Published: July 2006

The complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts, from 2D techniques and spectra recorded at 500 MHz, for 3‐substituted norbornanones with Cl, Br, I, SMe and SeMe substituents at endo and exo positions and 3‐exo‐hydroxynorbornanone is reported. The observed 1H chemical shifts are compared with the corresponding calculated values using the semi‐empirical CHARGE method and ab initio calculations at the B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) theory level. The molecular geometries were obtained through Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. Good agreement between the experimental and both sets of calculated values is observed with the CHARGE calculations being more accurate for this series. This illustrates the utility of the CHARGE program for chemical shift assignments and also as a tool for the elucidation of chemical structures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of the polythiourethanes obtained by the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic thiourethanes
Authors: Nagai Daisuke , Sato Masato , Ochiai Bungo , Endo Takeshi
Published: July 2006

The cationic ring‐opening polymerization of a five‐membered thiourethane [3‐benzyl‐1,3‐oxazolidine‐2‐thione (BOT)] with boron trifluoride etherate afforded the corresponding polythiourethane with a narrow molecular weight distribution in an excellent yield. The molecular weight of the polymers could be controlled by the feed ratio of the monomer to the initiator. A kinetic study of the polymerization revealed that the polymerization rate of BOT (1.3 × 10−2 L mol−1 min−1) was two times larger than that of the six‐membered thiourethane [3‐benzyltetrahydro‐1,3‐oxazolidine‐2‐thione (BTOT); 6.8 × 10−3 L mol−1 min−1], and the monomer conversion obeyed the first‐order kinetic equation. These observations, along with the successful results in the two‐stage polymerization, supported the idea that this polymerization proceeded in a controlled manner. Block copolymerizations of BOT with BTOT were also carried out to afford the corresponding di‐ and triblock copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. The order of the 5% weight loss temperatures was as follows: poly(3‐benzyltetrahydro‐1,3‐oxazolidine‐2‐thione) [poly(BTOT)] > poly(BTOT54‐b‐BOT46) > poly(3‐benzyl‐1,3‐oxazolidine‐2‐thione) [poly(BOT)]. This indicated that an increase in the BTOT unit content raised the decomposition temperature. The order of the refractive indices was poly(BOT) > poly(BTOT54‐b‐BOT46) > poly(BTOT54‐b‐BOT46‐b‐BTOT50) > poly(BTOT); this was in accord with the order of the sulfur content in the polymer chain. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4795–4803, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of alt‐copoly [oligosiloxane/1,4‐bis(ethylenediphenylsilyl)benzene]s
Authors: Gädda Thomas M. , Weber William P.
Published: July 2006

1,4‐Bis(vinyldiphenylsilyl)benzene (I) has been prepared and copolymerized by Pt‐catalyzed hydrosilylation with 1,9‐dihydridodecamethylpentasiloxane (II), 3,5,7‐tris(3′,3′,3′‐trifluoropropyl)‐1,1,3,5,7,9,9‐heptamethylpentasiloxane (III) and two different α,ω‐bis(hydrido)polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS). The monomers and polymers were fully characterized by IR, UV, 1H, 13C, 19F, and 29Si‐NMR spectroscopy. The starting PDMS polymers and the product copolymers were further characterized by GPC, DSC, and TGA. The polymers showed thermal transitions characteristic to thermoplastic elastomers. The 1,4‐bis(ethyldiphenylsilyl)benzene moieties displayed melting transitions above room temperature while copolymer glass transition temperatures were below room temperature. Fluorescence spectra and quantum efficiencies of I and copolymers have been determined. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4825–4831, 2006
End‐functionalization of polystyrene by malto‐oligosaccharide generating aggregation‐tunable polymeric reverse micelle
Authors: Narumi Atsushi , Miura Yutaka , Otsuka Issei , Yamane Shin , Kitajyo Yoshikazu , Satoh Toshifumi , Hirao Akira , Kaneko Noriaki , Kaga Harumi , Kakuchi Toyoji
Published: July 2006

This article describes that glucose, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, and maltohexaose (a, b, c, d, e, and f, respectively) were introduced into the initiating chain‐end of polystyrene (PSt) through the 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO)‐mediated radical polymerization. A series of glycoconjuaged TEMPO‐adducts, 1a–f, was synthesized and used as the initiators for the polymerization of styrene (St) for 6 h at 120 °C to afford the end‐functionalized PSt's with the acetyl saccharides, 2a–f, in the yields of 37–43%. For 2a–f obtained by the polymerizations using the [St]/[1] of 125, 250, and 500, the number‐average molecular weights determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), Mn,SEC's, were 4800–6300, 8800–10,600, and 18,400–25,200, respectively, which fairly agreed with the predicted values. The end‐functionalized PSt's with saccharides, 3a–f, which were obtained from the deacetylation of 2a–f using sodium methoxide in dry THF, formed the polymeric reverse micelles consisting of a saccharide‐core and a PSt‐shell in chloroform and toluene. The static laser light scattering (SLS) measurements provided the average molar mass of the aggregates in toluene, Mw,SLS's, which ranged from 7.50 × 104 to 1.77 × 105 for 3a, from 1.90 × 105 to 4.93 × 105 for 3b, from 4.41 × 105 to 7.21 × 105 for 3c, from 5.85 × 105 to 8.51 × 105 for 3d, from 7.55 × 105 to 8.53 × 105 for 3e, and from 8.54 × 105 to 9.26 × 105 for 3f. The aggregation numbers, Nagg's, which were calculated from the Mw,SLS's, were from 7 to 24 for 3a, from 20 to 37 for 3b, from 34 to 89 for 3c, from 39 to 116 for 3d, from 41 to 145 for 3e, and from 31 to 146 for 3f. It was confirmed that the aggregation property, such as the Mw,SLS or Nagg values, was strongly related to the polymerization degrees of St (DP's) or the number of the glucose residues (n's) for 3a–f. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4864–4879, 2006
Living anionic polymerization of N‐methoxymethyl‐N‐isopropylacrylamide: Synthesis of well‐defined poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) having various stereoregularity
Authors: Ito Mana , Ishizone Takashi
Published: July 2006

Anionic polymerization of N‐methoxymethyl‐N‐isopropylacrylamide (1) was carried out with 1,1‐diphenyl‐3‐methylpentyllithium and diphenylmethyllithium, ‐potassium, and ‐cesium in THF at −78 °C for 2 h in the presence of Et2Zn. The poly(1)s were quantitatively obtained and possessed the predicted molecular weights based on the feed molar ratios between monomer to initiators and narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 1.1). The living character of propagating carbanion of poly(1) either at 0 or −78 °C was confirmed by the quantitative efficiency of the sequential block copolymerization using N,N‐diethylacrylamide as a second monomer. The methoxymethyl group of the resulting poly(1) was completely removed to give a well‐defined poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), poly(NIPAM), via the acidic hydrolysis. The racemo diad contents in the poly(NIPAM)s could be widely changed from 15 to 83% by choosing the initiator systems for 1. The poly(NIPAM)s obtained with Li+/Et2Zn initiator system possessed syndiotactic‐rich configurations (r = 75–83%), while either atactic (r = 50%) or isotactic poly(NIPAM) (r = 15–22%) was generated with K+/Et2Zn or Li+/LiCl initiator system, respectively. Atactic and syndiotactic poly(NIPAM)s (42 < r < 83%) were water‐soluble, whereas isotactic‐rich one (r < 31%) was insoluble in water. The cloud points of the aqueous solution of poly(NIPAM)s increased from 32 to 37 °C with the r‐contents. These indicated the significant effect of stereoregularity of the poly(NIPAM) on the water‐solubility and the cloud point in water © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4832–4845, 2006