bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Preplantation Phosphate on the Inner Morphology of Sugarcane Leaves
Authors: Lisboa Lucas Aparecido Manzani , Heinrichs Reges , Figueiredo Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de
Published: December 2019

Phosphorus is considered an essential element for sugarcane, assuming great importance in rooting, tillering and final stem yield. In order to evaluate the effects of pre-planting phosphating on the internal morphology of sugarcane leaves, an experiment with the RB867515 variety was carried out in a randomized block design with 4 replications, in a factorial scheme 2x4, being two sources of phosphorus (decanted phosphate and monoammonium phosphate) and four doses of phosphorus (0; 80; 120; 160 kg ha-1 P2O5). At 120, 240 and 362 days after planting the following characteristics were evaluated: Abaxial epidermis thickness, adaxial epidermis thickness, mesophyll thickness, phloem vessel diameter and phloem vessel diameter. Phosphorus doses influenced the development of sugarcane leaf-bearing vessels at harvest. Concentrations above 160 kg ha-1 the P2O5 presented lower mean phloem diameter values in sugarcane leaves. Concentrations with 80 kg ha-1 the P2O5 presented greater xylem diameter in sugarcane leaves.
Development and functional characterization of a lncRNA‐HIT conditional loss of function allele
Authors: Carlson Hanqian L. , Stadler H. Scott
Published: December 2019

Analysis of the human and murine transcriptomes has identified long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as major functional components in both species. Transcriptional profiling of the murine limb led to our discovery of lncRNA‐HIT, which our previous in vitro analyses suggested a potential role for this lncRNA in the development of limb, craniofacial, and genitourinary tissues (Carlson et al., 2015). To test this hypothesis, we developed a conditional lncRNA‐HIT loss of function allele which uses Cre recombinase to activate an shRNA specific for lncRNA‐HIT. Activation of the lncRNA‐HIT shRNA allele resulted in a robust knock‐down of lncRNA‐HIT as well as co‐activation of a mCherry reporter, confirming the efficacy of the shRNA allele to reduce endogenous lncRNA levels in a tissue‐ and cell‐type specific manner. Developmental analyses of embryos expressing the activated shRNA and mCherry co‐reporter revealed multiple malformations corresponding to the sites of shRNA activation, affecting craniofacial, limb, and genitourinary tissue development. These results confirm the efficacy of lncRNA‐HIT shRNA allele to knock‐down endogenous transcripts in tissue‐ and cell type specific manner and indicate a requirement for lncRNA‐HIT in the development of these tissues.
Comparing abundance distributions and range maps in spatial conservation planning for migratory species
Authors: Johnston A. , Auer T. , Fink D. , Strimas‐Mackey M. , Iliff M. , Rosenberg K. V. , Brown S. , Lanctot R. , Rodewald A. D. , Kelling S.
Published: December 2019

Most spatial conservation planning for wide‐ranging or migratory species is constrained by poor knowledge of species’ spatiotemporal dynamics and is only based on static species’ ranges. However, species have substantial variation in abundance across their range and migratory species have important spatiotemporal population dynamics. With growing ecological data and advancing analytics, both of these can be estimated and incorporated into spatial conservation planning. However, there is limited information on the degree to which including this information affects conservation planning. We compared the performance of systematic conservation prioritizations for different scenarios based on varying the input species’ distributions by ecological metric (abundance distributions versus range maps) and temporal sampling resolution (weekly, monthly, or quarterly). We used the example of a community of 41 species of migratory shorebirds that breed in North America, and we used eBird data to produce weekly estimates of species’ abundances and ranges. Abundance distributions at a monthly or weekly resolution led to prioritizations that most efficiently protected species throughout the full annual cycle. Conversely, spatial prioritizations based on species’ ranges required more sites and left most species insufficiently protected for at least part of their annual cycle. Prioritizations with only quarterly species ranges were very inefficient as they needed to target 40% of species’ ranges to include 10% of populations. We highlight the high value of abundance information for spatial conservation planning, which leads to more efficient and effective spatial prioritization for conservation. Overall, we provide evidence that spatial conservation planning for wide‐ranging migratory species is most robust and efficient when informed by species’ abundance information from the full annual cycle.
Editorial 2020 Part II: Data from nowhere?
Authors: Lane Stuart N.
Published: December 2019

This short editorial reflects upon and explains ESPL's policy with respect to data sharing. Whilst there are clearly a number of important reasons why data should be shared, notably to support transparency in science and to support the long‐term monitoring of geomorphological change, data sharing comes with some concerns. Data sharing cannot become an alternative to field data collection as it produces a scientific understanding of a very particular type. When shared data are combined in extensive analyses we run the serious risks of inter‐comparability, bias and incompleteness. Automated harnessing and analysis of any kind of geomorphological data runs the risk of combining data that are not comparable and producing conclusions skewed to the datasets available. Shared data allow for none of the serendipity that comes from being in the field and being confronted by what we see and experience; they might as well be data from nowhere. We must be particularly careful not to reduce the perceived value of field data collection in an academic system that places ever more emphasis on speed and efficiency in scientific knowledge production. It is for these reasons that ESPL's policy on data sharing is to support it and to encourage it, notably through requiring authors to provide a data statement, but we will not insist that data should be published as a condition of manuscript acceptance. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circular RNA Sequencing Identifies CircASAP1 as a Key Regulator in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis
Authors: Hu Zhi‐Qiang , Zhou Shao‐Lai , Li Jia , Zhou Zheng‐Jun , Wang Peng‐Cheng , Xin Hao‐Yang , Mao Li , Luo Chu‐Bin , Yu Song‐Yang , Huang Xiao‐Wu , Cao Ya , Fan Jia , Zhou Jian
Published: December 2019

Background and Aims

There is growing evidence that single‐stranded, circular RNA (circRNA) plays a key role in the development of certain cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is less clear, however, what role circRNA plays in HCC metastasis.

Approach and Results

In this study, through circRNA sequencing, we identified a circRNA: circASAP1 (a circRNA derived from exons 2 and 3 of the ASAP1 gene, hsa_circ_0085616), which is associated with pulmonary metastasis after curative resection in patients with HCC. CircASAP1 was overexpressed in HCC cell lines with high metastatic potential and in metastatic HCCs. In vitro, circASAP1 promoted cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion, and in vivo, it enhanced tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis. Mechanism studies showed that circASAP1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA for microRNA 326 (miR‐326) and microRNA 532‐5p (miR‐532‐5p), both of which are tumor suppressors in HCC. We found that mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) 1 and colony stimulating factor (CSF)‐1 were direct common targets for microRNA 326 (miR‐326) and microRNA 532‐5p (miR‐532‐5p), which were regulated by circASAP1. CircASAP1 promotes HCC cell proliferation and invasion by regulating miR‐326/miR‐532‐5p‐MAPK1 signaling and, furthermore, mediates tumor‐associated macrophage infiltration by regulating the miR‐326/miR‐532‐5p‐CSF‐1 pathway. Clinical HCC samples exhibited a positive correlation between circASAP1 expression and levels of CSF‐1, MAPK1, and CD68+ tumor‐associated macrophages, all of which were predictive of patient outcomes.

Conclusion

We identified circASAP1 as a key regulator of HCC metastasis that acts on miR‐326/miR‐532‐5p‐MAPK1/CSF‐1 signaling and serves as a prognostic predictor in patients with HCC.
Lipofundin Mediates the Major Inhibition of Intravenous Propofol in IL‐1β Secretion and Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus‐Infected Macrophages
Authors: Chen Ming‐Shan , Lu Peh‐Kuang , Lin Wen‐Chun , Shin Hsun‐Chang , Sie Shih‐Ren , Sheu Shew‐Meei
Published: December 2019

Lipofundin is the solvent for propofol in the intravenous injection of Propofol‐Lipuro® and is used in patients who need intravenous feeding to provide fatty acids and fat for energy. In addition to propofol, Lipofundin also affects the immune modulation of phagocytes. In a previous study, we reported that intravenous propofol effectively decreased Staphylococcus aureus‐stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, IL‐1β secretion, and phagocytosis in RAW264.7 macrophages. It is important to separately assess the effects of pure propofol, Lipofundin, and Propofol‐Lipuro. By using an S. aureus‐infected RAW264.7 macrophage model, the levels of secreted IL‐1β in cell supernatants were determined by ELISA. IL‐1β mRNA in cell pellets was further analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Western blotting was performed to detect pro‐IL‐1β synthesis. Total ROS levels were determined by a luminol chemiluminescence assay. Compared with pure propofol, treatment with clinically relevant concentrations of Propofol‐Lipuro and Lipofundin obviously reduced IL‐1β secretion (>85% inhibition), S. aureus‐stimulated ROS production (50% inhibition), and phagocytosis (>60% inhibition) to similar levels. Treatment with pure propofol alone significantly decreased IL‐1β mRNA levels and pro‐IL‐1β protein synthesis, and slightly inhibited phagocytosis. In contrast, treatment with Propofol‐Lipuro did not influence IL‐1β mRNA or pro‐IL‐1β protein expression, even though treatment with Lipofundin increased the levels of both IL‐1β mRNA and its precursor protein. In conclusion, IL‐1β secretion is regulated at the posttranslational level. Lipofundin mediated the major effect of Propofol‐Lipuro on the inhibition of IL‐1β secretion, ROS production, and phagocytosis in S. aureus‐infected RAW264.7 cells.
Implementing learning health systems in the UK NHS: Policy actions to improve collaboration and transparency and support innovation and better use of analytics
Authors: Scobie Sarah , Castle‐Clarke Sophie
Published: December 2019

Learning health systems (LHS) use digital health and care data to improve care, shorten the timeframe of improvement projects, and ensure these are based on real‐world data. In the United Kingdom, policymakers are depending on digital innovation, driven by better use of data about current health service performance, to enable service transformation and a more sustainable health system.

This paper examines what would be needed to develop LHS in the United Kingdom, considering national policy implications and actions, which local organisations and health systems could take.

The paper draws on a seminar attended by academics, policymakers, and practitioners, a brief literature review, and feedback from policy experts and National Health Service (NHS) stakeholders.

Although there are examples of some aspects of LHS in the UK NHS, it is hard to find examples where there is a continuous cycle of improvement driven by information and where analysis of data and implementing improvements is part of usual ways of working.

The seminar and literature identified a number of barriers. Incentives and capacity to develop LHS are limited, and requires a shift in analytic capacity from regulation and performance, to quality improvement and transformation. The balance in priority given to research compared with implementation also needs to change.

Policy initiatives are underway which address some barriers, including building analytical capacity, developing infrastructure, and data standards. The NHS and research partners are investing in infrastructure which could support LHS, although clinical buy in is needed to bring about improvement or address operational challenges.

We identify a number of opportunities for local NHS organisations and systems to make better use of health data, and for ways that national policy could promote the collaboration and greater use of analytics which underpin the LHS concept.
Outcomes of Acute Liver Injury in Adults Due to Wilson’s Disease: Is Survival Without Transplant Possible?
Authors: Camarata Michelle A. , Gottfried Michelle , Rule Jody A. , Ala Aftab , Lee William M. , Todd Stravitz R. , Schilsky Michael L.
Published: December 2019

Wilson’s disease (WD) is a rare cause of acute liver failure (ALF) that is thought to have a uniformly fatal outcome without liver transplantation (LT). Previous studies proposed diagnostic and prognostic criteria for WD‐ALF. It is not known whether these apply to WD patients presenting as severe acute liver injury (ALI) without encephalopathy. From 2008 to 2018, 822 patients with ALI in the US Acute Liver Failure Study Group (ALFSG) registry were enrolled and prospectively followed. The diagnosis of WD‐ALI was confirmed in 8 patients. Serum biochemical diagnostic ratios predicting WD‐ALF (alkaline phosphatase [ALP]:total bilirubin(TB) and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]:alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) were determined in these patients, and predictors of prognosis for WD‐ALI were evaluated. Of these 8 ALI‐WD patients, 5 received an LT. Ratios of both ALP:TB of <4 and AST:ALT of >2.2 on study admission were met in 4 LT patients. All LT patients were female. The Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease scores on admission were generally higher in LT patients. All transplanted patients had an initial revised WD score of >11 (>10 predicting poor outcome without LT in WD‐ALF), whereas in non‐LT patients, 2 had scores of 9, and 1 a score of 13. Also, 3 LT patients were started on chelation therapy, 2 were started on plasmapheresis, and 1 was started on Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System therapy. All non‐LT patients were treated with chelation. At 21 days, all patients were alive and discharged from the hospital. In conclusion, some patients with ALI due to WD may survive without LT. Revised Wilson index scores >10 predict poor outcome in most patients with WD‐ALI, as they do for WD‐ALF, and they correlate positively with the ALI model in this cohort. Biochemical ratios for WD diagnosis appear more applicable to ALF compared with WD‐ALI.
Four-top as probe of light top-philic New Physics
Authors: Álvarez Ezequiel , Juste Aurelio , Seoane Rosa María Sandá
Published: December 2019

Abstract

We study the four-top (t

$$ \overline{t} $$

t
¯

t

$$ \overline{t} $$

t
¯

) final state at the LHC as a probe for New Physics (NP) effects due to new particles that couple predominantly to the top quark and whose masses are below the top-quark-pair production threshold. We consider simple NP models containing a new particle with either spin 0, spin 1, or spin 2, and find benchmark points compatible with current experimental results. We find that interference effects between NP and QED amplitudes can be large, pointing out the necessity of NLO contributions to be explicitly computed and taken into account when NP is present. We examine kinematic differences between these models and the Standard Model (SM) at the parton level and the reconstructed level. In the latter case, we focus on events selected requiring two same-sign leptons and multiple jets. We investigate how the different Lorentz structure of the light NP affects the kinematic hardness, the polarization, the spin correlations, and the angular distributions of the parton-level and/or final-state particles. We find that spin-2 light NP would be identified by harder kinematics than the SM. We also show that the angular sepa- ration between the same-sign leptons is a sensitive observable for spin-0 NP. The spin-0 and spin-2 NP cases would also yield a signal in t

$$ \overline{t} $$

t
¯

γγ with the invariant mass of the photons in- dicating the mass of the new particle. The spin-1 NP would be identified through an excess in four-top signal and slight or not modification in other observables, as for instance the lack of signal in t

$$ \overline{t} $$

t
¯

γγ due to the Landau-Yang theorem. We comment on the opportunities that would open from the kinematic reconstruction of some of the top quarks in the t

$$ \overline{t} $$

t
¯

t

$$ \overline{t} $$

t
¯

state. Our results provide new handles to probe for light top-philic NP as part of the ongoing experimental program of searches for four-top production at the LHC Run 2 and beyond.
Narcissism between facets and domains. The relationships between two types of narcissism and aspects of the Big Five
Authors: Zajenkowski Marcin , Szymaniak Kinga
Published: December 2019

Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism have distinct personality profiles. Specifically, grandiose narcissism correlates positively with Extraversion and negatively with Neuroticism, whereas vulnerable narcissism showed a reverse associations with these traits. Additionally, both types of narcissism have common antagonistic core as they are negatively related to Agreeableness. Although correlations between narcissism and basic personality traits are well-documented, researchers focused mainly on broad, higher order factors which reflect a very wide spectrum of behavior. To better understand the nature of narcissism and its personality correlates, we examined the association of narcissisms with 10 aspects of the Big Five. Aspects are located between domains and facets in the personality hierarchy. The results of the current study (n = 437) indicated that grandiose narcissism was more differentiated within all of the Big Five traits. Specifically, grandiose narcissism correlated mainly positively with Assertiveness (from Extraversion), and Intellect (Openness/Intellect), and negatively with Politeness (Agreeableness), Industriousness (Conscientiousness) and Withdrawal (Neuroticism). Vulnerable narcissism showed less differentiated correlations within broad domains, except for Openness/Intellect. Surprisingly, individuals with high vulnerable narcissism exhibited a high level of Openness. The results of the current study contribute to our understanding of the two types of narcissism and their personality correlates.
Private Security Companies and Shared Responsibility: The Turn to Multistakeholder Standard-Setting and Monitoring through Self-Regulation-‘Plus’
Authors: MacLeod Sorcha
Published: December 2019

The rapid and increasing outsourcing of security services by states to Private Security Companies (PSCs) in recent years and associated human rights violations have served as one of the catalysts for long overdue regulation of the global PSC industry. As part of an ‘empirical stocktaking’, this article focuses on current multistakeholder self-regulatory developments in relation to PSCs, in particular the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Providers and the PSC1 certification standard, and considers their likely impact on the responsibility of states in this area. What is clear is that the traditional conception of international responsibility is ineffectual when applied to PSCs because of its focus on the ex post facto responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts. Furthermore, the fact that PSCs operate in high risk and complex environments and the fact that their clients are often non-state actors, means that an alternative prophylactic approach to responsibility for human rights violations by PSCs seems to be necessary. As it stands, however, the ‘self-regulation-plus’ approach adopted is not the definitive solution. While endeavouring to ensure that PSCs respect human rights, this approach may allow states to evade their own obligations to protect human rights.
Magnetic Reconnection in the Space Sciences: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Hesse M. , Cassak P. A.
Published: December 2019

Magnetic reconnection converts, often explosively, stored magnetic energy to particle energy in space and in the laboratory. Through processes operating on length scales that are tiny, it facilitates energy conversion over dimensions of, in some cases, hundreds of Earth radii. In addition, it is the mechanism behind large current disruptions in fusion machines, and it can explain eruptive behavior in astrophysics. We have known about the importance of magnetic reconnection for quite some time based on space observations. Theory and modeling employed magnetized fluids, a very simplistic description. While successful at modeling the large‐scale consequences of reconnection, it is ill suited to describe the engine itself. This is because, at its heart, magnetic reconnection in space is kinetic, that is, governed by the intricate interaction of charged particles with the electromagnetic fields they create. This complex interaction occurs in very localized regions and involves very short temporal variations. Researching reconnection requires the ability to measure these processes as well as to express them in models vastly more complex than fluid approaches. Until very recently, neither of these capabilities existed. With the advent of NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission and modern modeling advances, this has now changed, and we have now determined its small‐scale structure in exquisite detail. In this paper, we review recent research results to predict what will be achieved in the future. We discuss how reconnection contributes to the evolution of larger‐scale systems, and its societal impacts in the context of threatening space hazards, customarily referred to as “space weather.”
Ion Beams in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer: MMS Observations and Test Particle Simulations
Authors: Birn J. , Chandler M. , Nakamura R.
Published: December 2019

Using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations and combined MHD/test particle simulations, we further explore characteristic ion velocity distributions in the plasma sheet boundary layer. The observations are characterized by earthward beams, which at a slightly later time are accompanied by weaker but faster tailward beams. Two events are presented showing different histories. The first event happens at entry from the lobe into the plasma sheet. Energy‐time dispersion indicates a source region about 25 
tailward of the satellite. The second event follows the passage of a dipolarization front closer to Earth. In contrast to earlier MHD simulations, but in better qualitative agreement with the first observation, reconnection in the present simulation was initiated near
. Simulated distributions right at the boundary are characterized by a single crescent‐shaped earthward beam, as discussed earlier (Birn, Hesse, et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021573). Farther inside, or at a later time, the distributions now also show a simple reflected beam, evolving toward a more ring‐like distribution. The simulations provide insight into the acceleration sites: The innermost edges of the direct and reflected beams consist of ions accelerated in the vicinity of the reconnection site. This supports the validity of estimating the acceleration location based on a time‐of‐flight analysis (after Onsager et al., 1990, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i011p01837). However, this assumption becomes invalid at later times when the acceleration becomes dominated by the earthward propagating dipolarization electric field, such that earthward and tailward reflected beams are no longer accelerated at the same location and the same time.
Magnetic Holes Upstream of the Martian Bow Shock: MAVEN Observations
Authors: Madanian H. , Halekas J. S. , Mazelle C. X. , Omidi N. , Espley J. R. , Mitchell D. L. , McFadden J. P.
Published: December 2019

Magnetic holes (MHs) are pressure‐balanced structures characterized by distinct decreases in the interplanetary magnetic field strength in otherwise unperturbed solar wind. In this paper we present an analysis of MHs upstream of the Martian bow shock based on 3 months of observations by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. Plasma properties within and around these structures as well as their shape characteristics are examined. We find an occurrence rate of around 2.1 events per day. About 51% of all events are of linear type with magnetic field rotation across the hole less than 10°. We observe linear MHs both as isolated events and as part of a train of MHs. The proton temperature anisotropy inside MHs increases, while alpha particles remain mostly isotropic. The average electron temperature inside MHs modestly increases with increasing hole depth. The duration of linear holes at 1.5 AU shows an increase compared to durations at smaller heliocentric distances, but the structures remain asymmetrical and ellipsoid. A case study of MHs accompanied by a population of heavy pickup ions is also discussed.
Observations of Sounder Accelerated Electrons by Mars Express
Authors: Barabash S. , Voshchepynets A. , Holmstrom M. , Frahm R. A. , Nillsson H. , Andrews D. , Kopf A. , Winningham J. D.
Published: December 2019

The electron sensor of the Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms experiment detects accelerated electrons during pulses of radio emissions from the powerful topside sounder: the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) on board the Mars Express spacecraft. Accelerated electrons are observed at energies up to 400 eV at the times when MARSIS transmits at a frequency between the local plasma frequency and its harmonics (up to 4 times the plasma frequency). When the electron density and magnetic field strength are low (
 cm
,
10 nT), the accelerated electrons are almost monoenergetic electron beams. An increase in density and magnetic field (
 cm
,
50 nT) leads to substantial broadening of the energy spectrum of the accelerated electrons. It is concluded that in the latter case, electrons are accelerated by the variable spacecraft potential resulting from the imbalance of the electron and ion currents to the MARSIS antenna during transmission.
The Boltzmann Vibrational Temperature of N2 (B3Πg) Derived From ISUAL Imager Multiband Measurements of Transient Luminous Events
Authors: Kuo Cheng‐Ling , Chou Jung‐Kuang , Wu Yen‐Jung , Williams Earle , Chen Alfred B.‐C. , Su Han‐Tzong , Hsu Rue‐Ron , Lee Lou‐Chuang
Published: December 2019

One of the main challenges for the observation of a transient luminous event (TLE) is to observe TLEs in different emission bands. Here, we show TLEs recorded using the ISUAL 427.8 nm, 630 nm, N2 1P (623–750 nm) and 762‐nm‐filtered imager, and we analyze the 630‐nm‐filtered, N2 1P‐filtered, and 762‐nm‐filtered images of TLEs for estimating the N2 (B3Πg) Boltzmann vibrational temperature in comparison with the theoretical N2 1P spectrum. For ISUAL recorded sprites, the average brightness of N2 1P (I1p), 762 nm (I762), and 630 nm (I630) emission was 2.3, 0.6, and 0.02 MR. The N2 (B3Πg) vibrational temperatures (Tv) was estimated to be 2800 K, 3200 K, and 4300 K for multiband emission ratios of I630/I1p, I630/I762, and I762/I1p. For observed elves, the average brightness I1p, I762, and I630 were 170, 50, and 3 kR. The estimated Tv values were 3700 K, 3700 K, and 3800 K for ratios I630/I1p, I630/I762, and I762/I1p. For observed gigantic jets, the derived Tv values were 3000–5000 K for a ratio I762/I1p. Through N2 (B3Πg) Tv analyses from emission ratios of ISUAL multiband observation, we derived the N2 (B3Πg) vibrational temperature that ranges between 3000 and 5000 K or higher in TLEs. Accuracy and variations of derived N2 (B3Πg) Tv are also discussed while relative population of vibrational levels in the Boltzmann equilibrium are also compared with past spectra observation.
Dependence of the Equatorial Electrojet on Auroral Activity and In Situ Solar Insulation
Authors: Wang Hui , Lühr Hermann , Zheng Zhichao , Zhang Kedeng
Published: December 2019

By using 10 years of Challenging Minisatellite Payload satellite observations, we investigate the average conditions of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) prevailing during the westward counter equatorial electrojet (CEJ). Equally, we compared the average IMF conditions accompanying high‐latitude field‐aligned currents of the Region 1 (R1) and Region 2 (R2). It shows that both CEJ and high‐latitude field‐aligned currents events when R2 is greater than R1 tend to happen preferably during the northward turning of the IMF Bz and the substorm recovery phase. Sunlight has an important influence on the longitudinal distribution of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ), and the effect is opposite to the tidal electric field at
region. The anticorrelation between cos
(SZA) (solar zenith angle effect) average values during CEJ events and EEJ intensity is most prominent around June solstice. By using combined measurements from Challenging Minisatellite Payload and DMSP satellites, it is found that before the occurrence and in the initial phase of a subauroral polarization stream the EEJ gets enhanced, and after about 30 min it reduces in intensity. The CEJ occurrence rate more than doubles during subauroral polarization stream periods compared to normal conditions.
Electron Wing‐Like Structures Formed at a Negatively Charged Spacecraft Moving in a Magnetized Plasma
Authors: Miyake Y. , Miloch W. J. , Kjus S. H. , Pécseli H. L.
Published: December 2019

Spacecraft‐plasma interactions are studied with self‐consistent numerical simulations of magnetized plasmas, where electrons are strongly magnetized whereas ions are weakly magnetized. It is found that for a spacecraft in such a magnetized plasma corresponding to a low Earth orbit, electrons can be reflected from a negatively charged spacecraft and then guided by geomagnetic field lines. The reflected electrons can leave a sharp trail like wings if the spacecraft size is greater than an average electron gyroradius of the environment. Such an electron wing‐like structure is associated with propagating Langmuir waves. This results in nontrivial asymmetric electrostatic potentials close to the spacecraft and even farther than the Debye screening distance. The convective electric field also gives rise to a differential potential of the spacecraft with respect to the plasma, resulting in yet another asymmetry in the plasma dynamics and the potential distribution around the spacecraft. These asymmetries in the plasma dynamics can significantly influence in‐situ measurements of space plasma. The results show a good qualitative agreement with actual measurements by a satellite in the polar regions.
Combined Whistler Heat Flux and Anisotropy Instabilities in Solar Wind
Authors: Sarfraz M. , Yoon P. H.
Published: December 2019

Whistler heat flux and electron temperature anisotropy instabilities are spontaneously generated in the expanding solar wind. The present study investigates the interplay between the two unstable modes and how each contributes to the dynamical evolution of macroscopic quantities. Whistler heat flux instability is excited in the forward direction along the heat flow, whereas anisotropy instability propagates in both backward and forward directions. Velocity moment‐based quasi‐linear theory is employed in order to investigate the saturation behavior of these instabilities, and it is shown that under certain conditions, the forward propagating whistler heat flux instability dominates, while for other conditions, especially when the temperature anisotropies are sufficiently high, it is shown that the backward mode may also contribute to the dynamical process, and even dominate. These saturation behaviors cannot be predicted by linear growth rate alone and that they imply that in the global‐kinetic models of the solar wind, bidirectional nature of these instabilities must be carefully taken into account.
Reactions of the Middle Atmosphere Circulation and Stationary Planetary Waves on the Solar Activity Effects in the Thermosphere
Authors: Koval A.V. , Gavrilov N.M. , Pogoreltsev A.I. , Shevchuk N.O.
Published: December 2019

Using numerical simulations of the general atmospheric circulation during boreal winter, statistically confident evidences are obtained for the first time, demonstrating that changes in the solar activity (SA) in the thermosphere at heights above 100 km can influence propagation and reflection conditions for stationary planetary waves (SPWs) and can modify the middle atmosphere circulation below 100 km. A numerical mechanistic model simulating atmospheric circulation and SPWs at heights 0–300 km is used. To achieve sufficient statistical confidence, 80 pairs of 15‐day intervals were extracted from an ensemble of 16 pairs of model runs corresponding to low and high SA. Results averaged over these intervals show that impacts of SA above 100 km change the mean zonal wind and temperature up to 10% at altitudes below 100 km. The statistically confident changes in SPW amplitudes due to SA impacts above 100 km reach up to 50% in the thermosphere and 10–15% in the middle atmosphere depending on zonal wavenumber. Changes in wave amplitudes correspond to variations of the Eliassen‐Palm flux and may alter dynamical and thermal SPW impacts on the mean wind and temperature. Thus, variable conditions of SPW propagation and reflection at thermospheric altitudes may influence the middle atmosphere circulation, thermal structure, and planetary waves.
High‐density O+ in Earth's outer magnetosphere and its effect on dayside magnetopause magnetic reconnection
Authors: Fuselier S. A. , Mukherjee J. , Denton M. H. , Petrinec S. M. , Trattner K. J. , Toledo‐Redondo S. , André M. , Aunai N. , Chappell C. R. , Glocer A. , Haaland S. , Hesse M. , Kistler L. M. , Lavraud B. , Li W. Y. , Moore T. E. , Graham D. , Tenfjord P. , Dargent J. , Vines S. K. , Strangeway R. J. , Burch J. L.
Published: December 2019

The warm plasma cloak is a source of magnetospheric plasma that contain significant O+. When the O+ density in the magnetosphere near the magnetopause is >0.2 cm‐3 and the H+ density is <1.5 cm‐3, then O+ dominates the magnetospheric ion mass density by more than a factor of 2. A survey is conducted of such O+‐rich warm plasma cloak intervals and their effect on reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause. The survey uses data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) and the results are compared and combined with a previous survey of the warm plasma cloak. Overall, the warm plasma cloak and the O+‐rich warm plasma cloak reduce the magnetopause reconnection rate by >20% due to mass‐loading only about 2% to 4% of the time. However, during geomagnetic storms, O+ dominates the mass density of the warm plasma cloak and these mass densities are very high. Therefore, a separate study is conducted to determine the effect of the warm plasma cloak on magnetopause reconnection during geomagnetically disturbed times. This study shows that the warm plasma cloak reduces the reconnection rate significantly about 25% of the time during disturbed conditions.
Global Survey and Empirical Model of Fast Magnetosonic Waves Over Their Full Frequency Range in Earth's Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Ma Q. , Li W. , Bortnik J. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Wygant J. R.
Published: December 2019

We investigate the global distribution and provide empirical models of fast magnetosonic waves using the combined observations by the magnetometer and waveform receiver on board Van Allen Probes. The magnetometer measurements of magnetosonic waves indicate a significant wave power within the frequency range from the helium gyrofrequency to 20 Hz at L ≥ 4 in the afternoon sector, both inside and outside the plasmapause. The waveform receiver measurements indicate a significant wave power from 20 Hz to the lower hybrid resonance frequency at L ≤ 5.5 near the dayside outside the plasmapause or in the afternoon sector inside the plasmapause. The sum of the wave powers from the two instruments provides the wave power distribution over the complete frequency range. The most significant root‐mean‐square wave amplitude of magnetosonic waves is typically 100–200 pT inside or outside the plasmapause with a magnetic local time coverage of 30–50% during geomagnetically active times when AE* > 500 nT. The magnetosonic wave frequency increases with decreasing L shell following the trend of the proton gyrofrequency outside the plasmapause, indicating a close relation with the local wave generation. Inside the plasmapause, the dependence of wave frequency on L shell is weaker, and the wave frequency is more stable across L shells, indicating the wave propagation effects from the source located at higher L shells. We have performed polynomial fits of the global magnetosonic wave distribution and wave frequency spectra, which are useful in future radiation belt simulations.
Introduction to Special Issue on “Long‐Term Changes and Trends in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere”
Authors: Yue Jia , Li Tao , Qian Liying , Lastovicka Jan , Zhang Shunrong
Published: December 2019

This special issue reports the latest results on long‐term variations and trends in the middle and upper atmosphere, in particular, in the mesosphere and thermosphere. The issue is based on selected papers from the 10th IAGA/ICMA/SCOSTEP workshop on Long‐term changes and trends in the atmosphere, held in Hefei, China, 14–18 May 2018. This introduction highlights recent progress in key science areas of long‐term changes in the upper atmosphere.
Buoyancy Waves in Earth's Nightside Magnetosphere: Normal‐Mode Oscillations of Thin Filaments
Authors: Toffoletto F. R. , Wolf R. A. , Schutza A. M.
Published: December 2019

We derive a coupled pair of differential equations that describe linear oscillations of a thin magnetic filament that slides without friction through a stationary medium that is in equilibrium. Background field lines are assumed to be in the xz plane, and filament motion is confined to that plane. Sample eigenfunctions and eigenfrequencies are computed for a numerical equilibrium that approximately represents the average magnetosphere but departs from exact equilibrium due to finite grid spacing and other numerical inaccuracy. The most important result of the calculation is the value of the eigenfrequency of the lowest even mode for filaments that cross the equatorial plane at y = 0 and −18 < x < −2 RE. The characteristics of the lowest even mode depend on geocentric distances of the field line. For field lines that extend out in the plasma sheet, that mode is characterized as a buoyancy wave but, for the inner magnetosphere, it is best characterized as a long‐wavelength slow mode.
Long‐Term Trend of Topside Ionospheric Electron Density Derived From DMSP Data During 1995–2017
Authors: Cai Yihui , Yue Xinan , Wang Wenbin , Zhang Shunrong , Liu Libo , Liu Huixin , Wan Weixing
Published: December 2019

In recent decades, significant efforts have been made to characterize and understand the global pattern of ionospheric long‐term trend. However, little attention has been paid to the topside ionosphere trend. In this study, the unique in situ data measured by series Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites were utilized to derive the long‐term trend of the topside ionosphere for the first time. We checked carefully data quality, gap, and consistency between different satellites for both electron density and ion temperature, and compared the techniques of artificial neuron network (ANN) and multiple linear regression methods for deriving the trend. The electron density (Ne) trend in the middle and low latitudes at ~860 km around 18 MLT was derived using the ANN method from 1995–2017. The trend from DMSP observations has a mean magnitude ranging from ~ − 2% to ~2% per decade, with clear seasonal, latitude and longitude variations. The derived trend was evaluated by directly comparing with the simulated trend at 500 km from the NCAR‐TIEGCM driven by realistic changes of CO2 level and geomagnetic field. The observed and simulated trends have similar geographic distribution patterns at 18 MLT. The good agreement between the observed trend around 860 km and the simulated trend near 500 km implies that the physical processes controlling the Ne trends above the peak height might be identical. Further control simulations show that the geomagnetic field secular variation is the dominant factor of the electron density trend at around 500 km, rather than the CO2 long‐term enhancement.
Simultaneous imaging of mitochondrial viscosity and hydrogen peroxide in Alzheimer's disease by a single near-infrared fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift
Authors: Li Songjiao , Wang Peipei , Feng Wenqi , Xiang Yunhui , Dou Kun , Liu Zhihong
Published: December 2019

Simultaneous imaging of mitochondrial viscosity and hydrogen peroxide in Alzheimer's disease by a single near-infrared fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift.
A novel “on–off–on” fluorescence assay for the discriminative detection of Cu(ii) and l-cysteine based on red-emissive Si-CDs and cellular imaging applications
Authors: Zan Minghui , Li Cong , Zhu Daoming , Rao Lang , Meng Qian-Fang , Chen Bei , Xie Wei , Qie Xingwang , Li Li , Zeng Xiaojiao , Li Yirong , Dong Wen-fei , Liu Wei
Published: December 2019

Copper ions (Cu2+) and l-cysteine (l-Cys) in the human body always play critical roles in various physiological processes, while abnormal Cu2+ and l-Cys concentrations in the biological system lead to many diseases.
eMental health service use among Australian youth: a cross-sectional survey framed by Andersen's model
Authors: Leech Teghan , Dorstyn Diana S. , Li Wenjing
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveYoung adults aged 18–24 years often delay or avoid seeking help for their mental health concerns. eMental health, the use of the Internet to deliver mental health information, services and care, offers a low-cost, easy-access option. However the factors that influence online help-seeking among this cohort remain unclear.
MethodsAndersen’s healthcare utilisation model was adapted to examine correlates of eMental health use among Australian youth. In all, 161 young adults completed an online survey comprising sociodemographic questions, online feature preferences, the Actual and General Help-seeking Questionnaires, Berkman–Syme Social Network Index, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Service Obstacles Scale and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales.
ResultsAlmost 70% of young people reported having previously accessed some form of online support for their personal or emotional problems. This included informal information via social media and formalised counselling services. Notably, perception of service satisfaction was low. Hierarchical logistical regression identified two significant predisposing factors to subsequent online help-seeking: prior face-to-face service use and living or cohabitating with others.
ConclusionseMental health is accessed by young people in Australia, yet more needs to be done to better integrate this service model into the healthcare system. This includes training and education for consumers and professionals about existing, effective programs.
What is known about this topic?eMental health platforms can bridge the gap between technology and conventional mental health care. Despite its rapidly expanding evidence base, the implementation of eMental health into the Australian healthcare system remains slow. More work needs to be done to elucidate the factors underlying preferences for online help-seeking.
What does this paper add?Young adult perspectives on the delivery of mental health information, services and care via the Internet are examined in accordance with a major conceptual model, namely Andersen’s behavioural model of health services use. The majority of those surveyed reported having accessed some form of online support for an emotional issue, although dissatisfaction with the quality of this support was expressed. Andersen’s model can guide future research in this area and potentially help target eMental health initiatives to individual service users’ needs.
What are the implications for practitioners?eMental health interventions offer an alternative for young adults who have difficulty accessing traditional mental health care services, but are also an adjunct to those experiencing mild to moderate symptoms of mental illness. Practitioners can introduce young adults to eMental health by discussing the benefits and limitations and by providing information about available and secure online programs delivered by trusted service providers.
Insights into the Chemistry and Structural Features of the Copper(II) 2,2′-Bipyridyl–Thiosulfate System
Authors: Ainscough Eric W. , Woodhouse Sidney S. , Brodie Andrew M. , Freeman Graham H. , Plieger Paul G.
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we present our findings on a series of copper(ii) 2,2′-bipyridyl (bipy) complexes that inhibit the oxidation of thiosulfate, a current problem in the gold leaching process. The formation of six complexes, five of which have been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography, illustrate a thermally induced, controllable switching between oxidation states, which in turn inhibits the oxidation of thiosulfate. These findings give further insight and understanding into the rich chemistry of the coinage metals and the hydrolytic processes involved with gold leaching.
A descriptive analysis of young women's pornography use: a tale of exploration and harm
Authors: Davis Angela C. , Temple-Smith Meredith J. , Carrotte Elise , Hellard Margaret E. , Lim Megan S. C.
Published: December 2019

Background
Despite viewing less often than young men, young women view pornography. This study used an online survey to describe young women’s pornography use and their reflections on the influence of this use. Methods: Young Australian women (15–29 years) were recruited via Facebook to complete an online survey in 2016. Respondents who had ever viewed pornography (n = 491) were asked 10 closed-ended questions related to their exposure to pornography and an open-ended question: ‘How has pornography influenced your life?’. Quantitative responses were descriptively analysed. Qualitative responses were thematically analysed using a descriptive qualitative approach. Results: Most respondents (89%) watched pornography alone for sexual arousal and openly reflected on the influence of their own use. Two overarching themes were identified across qualitative data. The first, exploration, included positive sub-themes of safety, independence, normalisation of sexuality and diversity in body type. The second, harm, included negative sub-themes related to conditioning, comparison and dependency. Themes were identified separately among two discrete groups, but were also described concurrently among a third group of (mostly older) respondents who experienced pornography both as a place for exploration and as a potential source of harm. Conclusion: Young women watch pornography and have positive, negative and mixed experiences that they link to their own viewing. Future research must provide a safe space for young women to be honest regarding their pornography use to ensure that their perspectives are heard and understood.