bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A General Framework for Dimensionality-Reducing Data Visualization Mapping
Authors: Bunte Kerstin , Biehl Michael , Hammer Barbara
Published: December 2011

In recent years, a wealth of dimension-reduction techniques for data visualization and preprocessing has been established. Nonparametric methods require additional effort for out-of-sample extensions, because they provide only a mapping of a given finite set of points. In this letter, we propose a general view on nonparametric dimension reduction based on the concept of cost functions and properties of the data. Based on this general principle, we transfer nonparametric dimension reduction to explicit mappings of the data manifold such that direct out-of-sample extensions become possible. Furthermore, this concept offers the possibility of investigating the generalization ability of data visualization to new data points. We demonstrate the approach based on a simple global linear mapping, as well as prototype-based local linear mappings. In addition, we can bias the functional form according to given auxiliary information. This leads to explicit supervised visualization mappings with discriminative properties comparable to state-of-the-art approaches.
Metacognitive Learning in a Fully Complex-Valued Radial Basis Function Neural Network
Authors: Savitha R. , Suresh S. , Sundararajan N.
Published: December 2011

Recent studies on human learning reveal that self-regulated learning in a metacognitive framework is the best strategy for efficient learning. As the machine learning algorithms are inspired by the principles of human learning, one needs to incorporate the concept of metacognition to develop efficient machine learning algorithms. In this letter we present a metacognitive learning framework that controls the learning process of a fully complex-valued radial basis function network and is referred to as a metacognitive fully complex-valued radial basis function (Mc-FCRBF) network. Mc-FCRBF has two components: a cognitive component containing the FC-RBF network and a metacognitive component, which regulates the learning process of FC-RBF. In every epoch, when a sample is presented to Mc-FCRBF, the metacognitive component decides what to learn, when to learn, and how to learn based on the knowledge acquired by the FC-RBF network and the new information contained in the sample. The Mc-FCRBF learning algorithm is described in detail, and both its approximation and classification abilities are evaluated using a set of benchmark and practical problems. Performance results indicate the superior approximation and classification performance of Mc-FCRBF compared to existing methods in the literature.
Accelerated Multiplicative Updates and Hierarchical ALS Algorithms for Nonnegative Matrix Factorization
Authors: Gillis Nicolas , Glineur François
Published: December 2011

Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is a data analysis technique used in a great variety of applications such as text mining, image processing, hyperspectral data analysis, computational biology, and clustering. In this letter, we consider two well-known algorithms designed to solve NMF problems: the multiplicative updates of Lee and Seung and the hierarchical alternating least squares of Cichocki et al. We propose a simple way to significantly accelerate these schemes, based on a careful analysis of the computational cost needed at each iteration, while preserving their convergence properties. This acceleration technique can also be applied to other algorithms, which we illustrate on the projected gradient method of Lin. The efficiency of the accelerated algorithms is empirically demonstrated on image and text data sets and compares favorably with a state-of-the-art alternating nonnegative least squares algorithm.
Optimal Sequential Detection of Stimuli from Multiunit Recordings Taken in Densely Populated Brain Regions
Authors: Nossenson Nir , Messer Hagit
Published: December 2011

We address the problem of detecting the presence of a recurring stimulus by monitoring the voltage on a multiunit electrode located in a brain region densely populated by stimulus reactive neurons. Published experimental results suggest that under these conditions, when a stimulus is present, the measurements are gaussian with typical second-order statistics. In this letter we systematically derive a generic, optimal detector for the presence of a stimulus in these conditions and describe its implementation. The optimality of the proposed detector is in the sense that it maximizes the life span (or time to injury) of the subject. In addition, we construct a model for the acquired multiunit signal drawing on basic assumptions regarding the nature of a single neuron, which explains the second-order statistics of the raw electrode voltage measurements that are high-pass-filtered above 300 Hz. The operation of the optimal detector and that of a simpler suboptimal detection scheme is demonstrated by simulations and on real electrophysiological data.
A study of acculturation in psychotic and non-psychotic immigrants living in Athens
Authors: Gonidakis F. , Lembesi E. , Kontaxakis V. P. , Havaki-Kontaxaki B. J. , Ploumpidis D. , Madianos M. , Papadimitriou G. N.
Published: December 2011

Background:

Acculturation is the phenomenon that results when a group with one culture comes into continuous contact with a host culture.

Aims:

To investigate the correlation between acculturation and psychotic symptomatology in a group of immigrants suffering from psychosis and to explore differences in demographic factors related with the acculturation process between individuals with and without psychosis.

Methods:

Sixty-five patients and 317 non-psychotic immigrants were interviewed using the Immigrant Acculturation Scale (IAS) and a structured questionnaire for demographic data. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) were also administered to all immigrants suffering from psychosis.

Results:

Total IAS scores, as well as IAS everyday life scores, were positively correlated with GAF scores. IAS everyday life score in the patient group related with religion, marital status, gender and years in Greece, while in the non-psychosis group it was related with gender and years in Greece. IAS wishful orientation/ nostos (the strong desire for one’s homeland) related with religion in both groups. The IAS identity in the psychosis group did not show any significant relation with any of the variables, while in the non-patient group, it was related with marital status, gender and years in Greece. Age, duration of residence in Greece and higher adoption of Greek ethnic identity were the variables that differentiated the two groups of immigrants.

Conclusion:

Acculturation in immigrants suffering from psychosis could be seen as a process that does not correlate strongly with the severity of the symptomatology but is probably influenced by different set of factors.
Metaphorical Competence in ESL Student Writing
Authors: Kathpalia Sujata S. , Carmel Heah Lee Hah
Published: December 2011

In language teaching, emphasis is usually placed on grammatical competence rather than metaphorical competence to improve a learner’s proficiency in the target language. Research has shown that figurative language poses a problem for second language learners whether it is in their ability to interpret, process, or produce metaphors. This affects communication as metaphors are not only restricted to formal texts but are a common feature of everyday language through which individual’s conceptualize and describe the world. To gauge students’ metaphorical competence, this paper aims to analyze student writing to identify the type of problems second language writers have with collocations and to convince teachers of the importance of promoting the development of metaphoric language among language learners. The findings revealed that although students attempt to use a range of metaphors such as grammatical, textual, illocutionary, and sociolinguistic in their writing, these tend to be unidiomatic and need to be developed further for fluency in the target language.
Identifying Problematic Segmental Features to Acquire Comprehensible Pronunciation in EFL Settings: The Case of Japanese Learners of English
Authors: Saito Kazuya
Published: December 2011

The present study examines how to identify problematic pronunciation features for particular EFL learners, namely native Japanese speakers (NJs) learning English, to acquire comprehensible pronunciation, and tests the appropriateness of the selection. The study comprises two phases. In the identification phase, eight English-specific segmentals, /æ, f, v, θ, ð, w, l, ɹ/, were selected as the most problematic for NJs by drawing on various cross-linguistic analyses (i.e. a remedial approach) as well as a survey in which the advice of 48 experienced NJ English teachers was examined (i.e. an expert judgment approach). In the experimental phase, the relative influence of these sounds on comprehensibility and accentedness was analyzed. Twenty NJ participants read two types of sentences: sentences containing eight English-specific segmentals and sentences without them. Four native English speakers (NEs) subsequently rated all speech stimuli on a rubric of accentedness and comprehensibility. Significant differences were found between NEs’ ratings of the two types of sentences both in the domain of comprehensibility and accentedness. The results indicate that the eight segmentals determine NEs’ speech perception to a great degree, which in turn provides some support for the validity of the identification procedure (i.e. the combination of the remedial and expert judgment approaches).
Investigating University Students’ Beliefs about Language Learning
Authors: Mohebi Sanaz Ghobadi , Khodadady Ebrahim
Published: December 2011

The aim of the study is to investigate beliefs students usually held about language learning, based on the Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) questionnaire (Horwitz, 1988). For this purpose, 423 University learners of English in Iran were selected. Running descriptive statistics and the scree plot test, five factors were extracted: Formal Learning and Motivation for English Learning, Learner’s Confidence in Learning English, Strategy and Attitude in Learning English, Aptitude and Strategy in Learning English, and the Importance of English and Formal Learning. The findings of the current study suggest that teachers should be aware of learners’ beliefs of language learning as well as their own in order to assist less successful language learners to become successful.
Disposition of Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin, and Simvastatin in Oatp1b2‐/‐ Mice and Intraindividual Variability in Human Subjects
Authors: DeGorter M. K. , Urquhart B. L. , Gradhand U. , Tirona R. G. , Kim R. B.
Published: December 2011

Response to statin therapy is often unpredictable because of variability in metabolism and transport. In the recently created organic anion transporting‐polypeptide 1b2 (Oatp1b2/ Slco1b2)‐null mice, the investigators found significantly lower liver‐to‐plasma ratios compared with controls for atorvastatin (16.0 ± 5.1 vs 43.5 ± 13.7, P = .002) and rosuvastatin (15.2 ± 3.3 vs 28.4 ± 9.3, P = .03), but not simvastatin (5.2 ± 1.1 vs 6.3 ± 2.9, P = .49), following tail vein injection of 1 mg/ kg of each drug. In addition, the investigators examined intraindividual variation in atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin pharmacokinetics in healthy human subjects in a crossover study design. Areas under the plasma concentration—time curve of atorvastatin and simvastatin acid were significantly related (Spearman r = 0.68; P = .035), whereas rosuvastatin profile was not related to atorvastatin or simvastatin exposure. Together, these results in mice and humans demonstrate that predictability of exposure to one statin based on another is dependent on the specific statin pairs and the context in which they are compared.
Facial Nerve Decompression Surgery Using bFGF‐Impregnated Biodegradable Gelatin Hydrogel in Patients with Bell Palsy
Authors: Hato Naohito , Nota Jumpei , Komobuchi Hayato , Teraoka Masato , Yamada Hiroyuki , Gyo Kiyofumi , Yanagihara Naoaki , Tabata Yasuhiko
Published: December 2011

Objective

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) promotes the regeneration of denervated nerves. The aim of this study was to evaluate the regeneration‐facilitating effects of novel facial nerve decompression surgery using bFGF in a gelatin hydrogel in patients with severe Bell palsy.

Study Design

Prospective clinical study.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

Twenty patients with Bell palsy after more than 2 weeks following the onset of severe paralysis were treated with the new procedure. The facial nerve was decompressed between tympanic and mastoid segments via the mastoid. A bFGF‐impregnated biodegradable gelatin hydrogel was placed around the exposed nerve. Regeneration of the facial nerve was evaluated by the House‐Brackmann (H‐B) grading system. The outcomes were compared with the authors’ previous study, which reported outcomes of the patients who underwent conventional decompression surgery (n = 58) or conservative treatment (n = 43).

Results

The complete recovery (H‐B grade 1) rate of the novel surgery (75.0%) was significantly better than the rate of conventional surgery (44.8%) and conservative treatment (23.3%). Every patient in the novel decompression surgery group improved to H‐B grade 2 or better even when undergone between 31 and 99 days after onset.

Conclusion

Advantages of this decompression surgery are low risk of complications and long effective period after onset of the paralysis. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first clinical report of the efficacy of bFGF using a new drug delivery system in patients with severe Bell palsy.
Indigenous geographies I
Authors: Coombes Brad , Johnson Jay T. , Howitt Richard
Published: December 2011

Indigenous peoples live in challenging environments and engage in complex negotiations to access their rights. Yet research on their social mobilization often stereotypes them as victims of environmental management. We review three debates through which human geographers are beginning to engage more meaningfully with Indigenous environmentalism: the political ecology of neoliberalism; deliberation within claims settlement; and propertization of socio-ecological relations. A movement away from conflating Indigenous with local is evident in those debates, producing recognition of diversity in Indigenous motivations but also a range of challenges to geographical practice.
Functional case modelling for knowledge-driven conceptual design
Authors: Gu C-C , Hu J , Peng Y-H
Published: December 2011

Traditional case modelling is focused on design configuration within product family for entire product reuse, while functional modelling provides a cross-domain function basis, which is much needed in concept generation. In this paper, we propose a combined approach; that is, functional case modelling for design concept alternatives. Functionality, structural information, and case attributes are integrated into functional case modelling. In particular, functional case attributes are derived from behavioural and environmental performances, which are different from traditional case modelling. Conceptual design aid is performed with two procedures in this framework. First, functional reasoning (FR) is employed for case clustering based on functionality. A case family is generated, the members of which are cross-product or even cross-domain families, and have similar functions with a required function. Second, constrained similarity measurement (CSM) is used for case selection from the case family, which is generated by FR. The CSM takes design constraints into consideration for design problem solving, which makes the case selection more reasonable. A prototype system named a functional case design support system is developed based on this framework, and a case study is presented to demonstrate this approach.
Micro-stereolithography tools for small-batch manufacture of polymer micro-parts
Authors: Griffiths C A , Dimov S S , Fischer S , Spitzbart M , Lacan F
Published: December 2011

Rapid tooling solutions can be used to manufacture prototypes and small batches of parts that are critical to part and tool design verification and thus to minimize the production cost and lead time in developing new products. Layer-based manufacture of prototypes is a proven technology for an early assessment of the designs of products and, with the introduction to the market of new micro-stereography technologies, rapid tooling becomes an important option for low-volume production of polymer micro-components. Thus, to broaden the use of these technologies, it is necessary to understand the behaviour of rapid tooling inserts under cyclic thermodynamic loads. The paper investigates a rapid tooling solution for fabricating ‘soft’ inserts that are validated by injection moulding small batches of polymer parts. The mouldings produced using such soft tools are analysed and conclusions are made about the tool-making capability of the micro-stereography process. In particular, it was found that the soft inserts were fabricated with sufficient accuracy by employing this rapid tooling process. Also, it was experimentally validated that they could be applied successfully to produce small batches of functional parts, and in particular to a lens micro-device. The most important factors affecting their injection-moulding capabilities were the build orientation of the inserts and the process settings to account for the build-up of thermal energy during the replication cycles.
Leadership in an Academic Setting
Authors: Wright Thomas A. , Wefald Andrew J.
Published: December 2011

The role of a university president is becoming ever more complex, challenging, and demanding. Successful presidents have to wear multiple hats, be adept at a number of different job skills, and be willing to work very long hours. Providing insights and up-close experiences from his 23-year tenure as Kansas State University President, Jon Wefald provides an interesting and provocative Meet the Person discussion for the Journal of Management Inquiry readership.
A Survey of Advisory Board ABCs … Advice, Balance, and Charge
Authors: Henderson Julie K.
Published: December 2011

This study identified several characteristics of effective journalism advisory boards. Its results suggest that board membership should be balanced and that faculty support and participation is preferable. What's more, board members need not be compensated, but a token of recognition for their participation is necessary. Also, boards should not be involved in departmental personnel issues. Successful boards recommended that members be knowledgeable and active in their profession. Finally, board role expectations must be clear, and boards must have sufficient information about the program to make sound decisions.
Experiencing International Communication: An Internship Program in Ghana, West Africa
Authors: Steeves H. Leslie
Published: December 2011

A University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication summer program in Ghana addresses students' desire for internships and short-term study abroad, as well as ongoing efforts to diversify and internationalize the undergraduate curriculum. The educational value of the internships is interpreted via the experiential learning theories of John Dewey and Paolo Freire. Student reactions are highlighted in three areas: problem posing, identifying solutions and taking action, and critical reflection and growth.
Identifying the Goals of Weather Instruction: Toward a Model Approach for Broadcast Meteorology
Authors: Davie William R. , Auter Phillip J. , Dinu Lucian F.
Published: December 2011

For more than forty years, researchers have understood the importance of broadcast meteorology to audiences. Viewers typically list weather among their top reasons for watching the news on television. Despite weather's significance, there is little empirical evidence regarding how college journalism and mass communication programs approach the subject. This study compares how media professionals regard its importance in college education with the views of journalism and mass communication faculty. Broadcasters believe more than faculty do that additional emphasis should be given to weather principles and presentation. An integrated model combining atmospheric science with mass communication courses is recommended.
A “Fool Satisfied”? Journalists and Mill's Principle of Utility
Authors: Peck Lee Anne
Published: December 2011

Although J.S. Mill is most often identified in the same breath with utilitarianism in journalism textbooks, a thorough examination of his beliefs about morality is often lacking. Professional journalists and journalism students alike may incorrectly believe that using lies, coercion, and manipulation is appropriate behavior in the gathering of information if the consequences will lead to more benefits than harms; they might also believe that breaking the law is allowed. But when is it appropriate to use these tactics when gathering the news? Mill would stress that they look at the quality of their decisions
From the Classroom to the Newsroom: Professional Development in Broadcast Journalism
Authors: Cleary Johanna
Published: December 2011

Journalism educators expend vast intellectual, financial, and time resources preparing students to enter the field. But what happens to the professional educational process of these students once they become full-time journalists? Despite studies showing that newsroom employees cite opportunities for professional training and development as a key factor contributing to their job satisfaction,1 most news organizations spend only a fraction of their budgets—if that—on professional development.2 Could this widespread inattention to the professional development of the industry's “knowledge workers” be contributing to a burnout of some of journalism's best and brightest? This study contrasts the perceptions of broadcast management, represented by a sample of news directors, with broadcast news employees, represented by the producers, and finds significant differences in the two groups' beliefs as to the availability and importance of company-sponsored professional development.
Becoming Media Literate? Media Education in Slovenia after Ten Years
Authors: Volcic Zala , Erjavec Karmen
Published: December 2011

Slovenia introduced media education to its educational curricula ten years ago. On the basis of interviews with media education teachers, we critically assess media education integration into the Slovenian educational system. Our analysis finds that the prescribed media education's objectives are not realized in the daily pedagogical praxis, since the Ministry of Education and Sport has not continuously supported the educational, financial, technological, and motivational structure for media education teachers. The realization of media education's objectives, then, mostly depends on a personal and an activist commitment of teachers themselves.
2005 Enrollment Report: Enrollment Growth Continues, but at Reduced Rate
Authors: Becker Lee B. , Vlad Tudor , Tucker Maria , Pelton Benée
Published: December 2011

Journalism and mass communication enrollments increased in the fall of 2005, but the 2005–2006 academic year was the second in a row in which rate of growth was modest. Growth in the size of the freshman class and the expectation of growth in enrollments generally suggest that enrollments in the field will continue to increase in coming years. The data also suggest that the field of journalism and mass communication is not keeping up with general trends in growth in graduate enrollments. An examination of faculty retirement projections suggests little disruption in the next ten years, but more may lie beyond that period. Journalism and mass communication draws on two separate suppliers of faculty—the communication occupations and doctoral programs. Evidence is that this pattern will continue in the future.
The Characteristics of Introductory Research Methods Courses in Mass Communication Doctoral Programs
Authors: Lu Amy Shirong
Published: December 2011

This study assesses the content of introductory research methods courses in mass communication doctoral programs in the United States. Directors of thirty-two graduate programs were surveyed about their doctoral programs' requirements for research methods. Syllabi for forty-three required introductory research methods courses were collected. An extensive list of variables for each was analyzed and compared. Requirements in research methods training have become fairly common across doctoral programs. Although quantitative methods instruction, emphasizing design and analysis skills, is still most prevalent, non-quantitative methods courses, focusing on qualitative methods and philosophical and historical theories, are offered and often required in many doctoral programs.
Graduate Education at AEJMC Schools: A Benchmark Study
Authors: Christ William G. , Broyles Sheri J.
Published: December 2011

The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) Board of Directors charged the Standing Committee on Teaching to devise a set of metrics for assessing doctoral programs in journalism and mass communication. This directive was made with the strict proviso that the goal would be to offer suggestions for improvement—that is, how we can better prepare future faculty who may one day teach in journalism or mass communication programs. Exploring what schools are currently doing was a first step. The survey reported here covered the three primary areas important for tenure-track faculty—research, teaching, and service. It builds on the Task Force on the Status and Future of Doctoral Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.1 The article includes suggestions for metrics and student-learning outcomes.
Print vs. Computer Screen: Effects of Medium on Proofreading Accuracy
Authors: Wharton-Michael Patty
Published: December 2011

This study was designed to examine whether the medium by which information is presented would influence participants' proofreading accuracy. A general linear model ANCOVA was conducted to examine participants' ability to detect proofreading errors presented in printed text compared to errors detected in text presented on computer screens. The results suggest that the medium by which information is presented could influence participants' proofreading accuracy, and that the participants' familiarity with the topic of the text may hinder their ability to concentrate on the proofreading task.
The Use of Design Technology in U.S. Journalism Programs
Authors: Adams Jennifer Wood , Voynich Melissa L.
Published: December 2011

This nationwide study examines the use of newspaper design technology in undergraduate journalism courses. In a survey of journalism educators who teach newspaper design (52.7% response rate), almost two-thirds report using Adobe InDesign. The study reports the perceptions of journalism educators toward implementing the software into their classrooms and if they think or observe a newspaper industry preference for their majors to know particular software. Differences between ACEJMC-accredited programs and non-accredited programs are compared.
Perceptions of Utility and Importance of International Public Relations Education among Educators and Practitioners
Authors: Hatzios Ada , Lariscy Ruthann W.
Published: December 2011

The world increasingly has a global economy. The demand for public relations practitioners who understand and can communicate effectively in this global economy is also rapidly increasing. This qualitative study examines the perceptions of educators and practitioners who self-identify themselves with “international public relations.” It explores the perceptions of utility and importance of various components of education and training among these educators and practitioners through in-depth interviews. Specialists perceive an international PR curriculum to be highly important for students; they maintain that international training lends great credence and utility on the job. Unfortunately, due to low faculty numbers, accreditation policies, and other identified constraints, international public relations courses are not prevalent in most U.S. public relations programs.
Student Public Relations Agencies: A Qualitative Study of the Pedagogical Benefits, Risks, and a Framework for Success
Authors: Bush Lee
Published: December 2011

Student-managed public relations agencies, existing in some universities, can be an effective means of applying classroom learning to real client situations. Yet, little, if any, published academic research exists on student agencies. This qualitative study looks at student agencies in relation to the profession's pedagogical needs, and identifies where student agencies might supplement or fill a void in the public relations curriculum. Student agencies fulfill two critical student-learning needs: process-oriented experiential learning and acquisition of professional skills. Based on these benefits, the study offers a “best practice” model for minimizing risk and maximizing pedagogical outcomes
PRSSA Faculty and Professional Advisors' Perceptions of Public Relations Curriculum, Assessment of Students' Learning, and Faculty Performance
Authors: Todd Vicki
Published: December 2011

Although previous studies have indicated that public relations educators and professionals agreed that PR education was on target, this e-mail survey shows no substantial evidence of agreement. PRSSA professional advisors are not convinced that faculty are teaching the skills students need in industry. Professional advisors value more than do faculty advisors a curriculum that emphasizes practical experience in new media, internships, preparing students for their first job, and “hands-on experience.” Professional advisors are more inclined to suggest that professionals should be involved with assessing student work, including student portfolios and final projects in capstone campaign courses.
A Comparison of Student Interns and Supervisors Regarding Internship Performance Ratings
Authors: McDonough Kimberly , Rodriguez Lulu , Prior-Miller Marcia R.
Published: December 2011

Student media internships require three-way communication among education institutions, student interns, and workplace supervisors. This study assesses the extent to which interns and supervisors agree in ratings of intern performance. Self-administered questionnaires measured four skill sets that incorporated ACEJMC competencies and related communication abilities. Respondents differed in their respective mid- and final evaluations, becoming more congruent as internships progressed. Statistically significant differences were observed as students tended to rate their performances more highly than did their supervisors.
Pedagogic Cacophony: The Teaching of Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues in Advertising Education
Authors: Stuhlfaut Mark W. , Farrell Mike
Published: December 2011

The teaching of societal, legal, and ethical issues is critical to an advertising education because the subjects increase students' understanding of the field, raise their awareness of broader effects beyond the promotion of products and services, and inform students of their responsibilities as professionals. This study examined how these subjects were taught at ninety-one universities and colleges in the United States. It found complex and cacophonous structures with high level of variation by which the courses were organized. An analysis of seventy-five syllabi found diverse sets of goals, extraneous content to advertising, little agreement on textbooks, and inconsistent standards to measure student performance.
2009 Assessment of the Status of Diversity Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Programs
Authors: Biswas Masudul , Izard Ralph
Published: December 2011

This article assesses the status of diversity education in 2008–2009 in both accredited and non-accredited journalism and mass communication programs in U.S. colleges and universities. Using survey responses from 105 academic programs, findings support earlier studies that found the number of special courses on media diversity is increasing steadily. Findings also identify a preference for integrating diversity content across the curriculum. Among factors pushing these improvements are accreditation standards and an increasing multicultural environment.
What Job Advertisements Tell Us about Demand for Multiplatform Reporters at Legacy News Outlets
Authors: Massey Brian L.
Published: December 2011

Competing propositions about labor-market demand for multiplatform reporters were tested in a content analysis of job advertisements from newspapers and TV news stations. Findings suggest a modest market demand for some multiplatform skills, most apparent among newspapers that sought reporters cross-skilled at news videography. Demand also was strong for reporters as specialists in print or broadcast. Implications for journalism curricula and contemporary conceptions of “multiplatform” newswork are discussed.
The Effects of the Ideological Congruency/Distance between Journalism and Mass Communication Students and Their Professors on the Students' Learning Experience
Authors: Oyedeji Tayo , Onyebadi Uche , Palomaki Jenni , Hou Jiran
Published: December 2011

This study, based on the coorientation model, explores the effects of the ideological congruency/distance between journalism and mass communication students and their professors on the learning experience of the students. It finds that ideological distance/congruency did not affect students' perceptions of their overall learning experience and their class grades but had a statistically significant effect on the extent to which they participate in class discussions.
Establishing a “Renown-Gown” Relationship: The Role of Advisory Boards in Communication Programs
Authors: Benigni Vince , Ferguson Douglas , McGee Brian
Published: December 2011

With declining budgets and increased pressure to deliver a prepared and hirable workforce, universities must look externally for resources to assist with recruiting and retaining top students. This nationwide survey of journalism and mass communication programs shows that while some programs have reached out to external professionals for advice and support, many units seem reluctant to take advantage of industry experts. While administrators and faculty at programs with advisory boards are aware of and motivated by advice of board members, students generally have limited interactions with board members. Best practices are known and can be implemented.
Simple Formula Proves Helpful to Interviewers
Authors: Gilleland LaRue W.
Published: December 2011

Teaching Tips is a new department of this magazine. The editor tries his hand at sharing an idea in this issue with hope that it will encourage other educators to submit tips that are better than his in the future.
Rekindling the Creative Fires of Reporting Students
Authors: Harrison William C.
Published: December 2011

Mind-stretching lab exercises can loosen imaginative powers gone creaky. And news students love them.
The Role of the J-School in Mid-Career Education
Authors: De Mott John
Published: December 2011

With prospects of smaller undergraduate enrollments in the years ahead and with the urgency to create new challenges for schools and departments of journalism, continuing education programs can become a major activity for imaginative and progressive journalism educators and administrators.
The Microscope and the Moving Target: The Challenge of Applying Content Analysis to the World Wide Web
Authors: McMillan Sally J.
Published: December 2011

Analysis of nineteen studies that apply content analysis techniques to the World Wide Web found that this stable research technique can be applied to a dynamic environment. However, the rapid growth and change of Web-based content present some unique challenges. Nevertheless, researchers are now using content analysis to examine themes such as diversity, commercialization, and utilization of technology on the World Wide Web. Suggestions are offered for how researchers can apply content analysis to the Web with primary focus on formulating research questions/hypotheses, sampling, data collection and coding, training/reliability of coders, and analyzing/interpreting data.
Portrayal of Men and Women in U.S. Spanish-Language Television Commercials
Authors: Fullerton Jami A. , Kendrick Alice
Published: December 2011

While numerous studies have analyzed women's portrayals in U.S. general market television as well as depiction of both sexes in several foreign countries, no data have been published regarding gender depictions targeted to the growing U.S. Hispanic market via Spanish-language television. A content analysis of 162 prime-time commercials from a Spanish-language television affiliate in a major U.S. market revealed depiction of women is most likely to be in traditional sex-stereotypical roles. In only a few cases was a male character cast as a parent or performer of household chores, and never as a homemaker. Some of the commercials appeared to be “re-treads” of general market creative edited for the Hispanic market.
They Liked Ike: Pro-Eisenhower Publishers and His Decision to Run for President
Authors: Daniel Douglass K.
Published: December 2011

Historians have portrayed Dwight D. Eisenhower as a reluctant candidate for president, one requiring persuasion from friends and advisers before undertaking a campaign for the Republican nomination in 1952. Lending their voices to the effort were several newspaper publishers and a few reporters. Drawing from correspondence in the Eisenhower Library, this study analyzes how the information they provided, from early poll results to analyses of opponents, may have helped persuade the general to seek the nomination. It also explores the nature of press partisanship of the era.
The Spiral of Silence and Public Opinion on Affirmative Action
Authors: Moy Patricia , Domke David , Stamm Keith
Published: December 2011

This study sought to more fully explicate the key variables involved in Noelle-Neumann's spiral of silence theory, which states that fear of isolation keeps individuals from expressing opinions perceived to be in the minority. We tested the theory in the context of public discussion about affirmative action policies, a domain seemingly ideal due to its moral and value-laden characteristics. Data from 217 randomly selected adults in October 1998 indicate that fear of isolation indeed prevents one from publicly voicing perceived minority opinions. Willingness to speak out on a controversial ballot initiative was predicted also by demographics, media use, and importance of the issue. However, it was perceived consonance of one's opinion with family and friends—rather than society at large—that predicted willingness to speak out.
When the News Doesn't Fit: The New York Times and Hitler's First Two Months in Office, February/March 1933
Authors: Klein Gary
Published: December 2011

This study examines the New York Times' news and editorial coverage of Hitler's first two months as German chancellor. While news stories and editorials are analyzed with respect to scope and bias, particular attention is also paid to the decision-making processes within the newspaper itself. An archival-driven methodology is used in conjunction with the more conventional product-driven one. Memoranda and cables between publishers, editors, and foreign correspondents are examined in addition to back issues of the newspaper itself.
Individual and Routine Forces in Gatekeeping
Authors: Shoemaker Pamela J. , Eichholz Martin , Kim Eunyi , Wrigley Brenda
Published: December 2011

Lewin's concept of “force” is explored in this study, which shows support for the proposition that newspaper gatekeeping is influenced more by forces on the routine level of analysis than by individual staff writers' characteristics. Newspaper stories about fifty Congressional bills were content analyzed, and two surveys were conducted of the stories' writers and of editors at their newspapers. No individual-level force was related to the quantity of coverage the bills received, whereas editors' aggregated assessment of bills' newsworthiness was positively related to quantity of bills' newspaper coverage.
Does the Cheerleading Ever Stop? Major League Baseball and Sports Journalism
Authors: Anderson William B.
Published: December 2011

Some commentators argue that sports journalists cater to Major League Baseball (MLB) officials; others contend that, although sports reporting at one time included such compliance, times have changed. This article suggests both sides offer too simplistic an explanation for how sports journalists cover the baseball beat. A comparative analysis of newspaper coverage of Major League Baseball labor situations in 1890 and 1975–1976 demonstrates that regardless of the time period some sportswriters supported MLB owner points while others more closely scrutinized management missives.
The Status of Internet-Based Research in Five Leading Communication Journals, 1994–1999
Authors: Tomasello Tami K.
Published: December 2011

In light of recent calls to action regarding Internet research, this study examines the content, frequency, and pattern of published Internet-based research articles in five leading communication journals for the primary purpose of assessing how these journals have kept pace with the Internet's influence on the communication process. A content analysis of 961 articles reveals that less than 4 percent focused on the Internet during the examined six-year timeframe. However, the total number of Internet-related articles published per year appeared to increase over time. Several challenges faced by communication researchers and journals in positioning the Internet within the discipline are discussed.
Predicting Pluralistic Ignorance: The Hostile Media Perception and its Consequences
Authors: Gunther Albert C. , Chia Stella Chih-Yun
Published: December 2011

This study focused on media coverage of a controversial issue—the use of primates in laboratory research—to examine pluralistic ignorance, the potential for public misjudgment of public opinion. We hypothesized that people on both sides of the issue would find news coverage relatively disagreeable to their own point of view (the relative hostile media perception). We also expected to find that perceived public opinion would be influenced by personal opinions (the projection bias) and by perceived news slant (the persuasive press inference) and that, because of the hostile media perception, these latter two factors would push perceived public opinion in contrary directions. Data from a national probability sample (N=402) indicated support for all three hypotheses. In addition, along with an aggregate perception of unfavorable news coverage we found that people substantially overestimated public opposition to the use of primates in research. The results suggest that perceptions of the slant of press coverage can predict collective misjudgments of public opinion.
The Impact of Technological Skill on Job-Finding Success in the Mass Communication Labor Market
Authors: Lowrey Wilson , Becker Lee B.
Published: December 2011

Technologies used for media presentation are becoming more integrated with overall work processes in media organizations. This study seeks to determine how important skill with presentation technology is as a predictor of job-finding success for graduates of journalism and mass communication. Findings show that level of technological skill is a significant predictor when controlling for traditional determinants such as grade point average, internship experience, college media activity, and curriculum sequence. Skill with presentation software for the Web is the strongest predictor of success for graduates seeking work in online publishing, which suggests that the more specific the technology skill, the better it predicts success.
Searching for the Organization-Public Relationship: A Valid and Reliable Instrument
Authors: Kim Yungwook
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study is to devise a valid and reliable instrument to measure the organization-public relationship. This study has three research steps. At first, the study tests extensive items collected from the literature review using exploratory factor analysis, and then the items are tested again with confirmatory factor analysis. Lastly, the study verifies the instrument through two surveys. Through these three steps, this study finalizes a valid and reliable four-dimension scale with sixteen items for measuring the organization-public relationship. The results demonstrate that the scale is valid for other kinds of samples.
The Making and Unmaking of Civic Journalists: Influences of Professional Socialization
Authors: McDevitt Michael , Gassaway Bob M. , Pérez Frank G.
Published: December 2011

This study explores the origins of civic journalism values as a function of professional socialization. Findings from a survey of college students and professional journalists reveal a progression of socialization that begins with students supporting civic journalism. However, the transition from the classroom to the newsroom is accompanied by the adoption of a professional identity in which autonomy tends to preclude purposeful attempts at community engagement. Results highlight the need for college instruction to encourage a broader conception of autonomy.
National News Cultures: A Comparison of Dutch, German, British, Australian, and U.S. Journalists
Authors: Deuze Mark
Published: December 2011

This paper compares the main data findings of a survey among Dutch journalists with results from recent projects in more or less similar countries: Germany, Great Britain, Australia, and the United States. The paper critically discusses existing published cross-national research. The cross-national comparison is used as a means to describe and interpret a national news culture of journalists using The Netherlands as a case study.
Silenced Students: The Uncertain but Extensive Power of School Officials to Control Student Expression
Authors: Ross Susan Dente
Published: December 2011

This study scrutinizes two years of federal court of appeals school speech rulings in light of two recent Supreme Court decisions applying public forum analysis to determine the limits of government authority over student speech. The author found appeals courts have not uniformly applied public forum analysis nor have they consistently applied alternative tests. Instead, the courts have viewed school expression from widely discrepant contrast spaces that yield widely divergent outcomes. This area of the law will become more coherent when the courts consistently view schools as laboratories of democracy and evaluate school expression from the perspective of student liberty.
The Myth of ”The Local in American Journalism
Authors: Pauly John J. , Eckert Melissa
Published: December 2011

The myth of “the local” powerfully informs American journalism's talk about itself. The term local has received less scrutiny than other keywords of the profession, such as objectivity, public, and independence. Yet references to local news figure prominently in many contemporary discussions of newspaper readership, coverage, management, and mission. Different groups interpret the meaning of the local for their own purposes. Ultimately, however, their discourse masks the collapse of the social worlds that the term local purports to describe. The myth of the local persists because it dramatizes and articulates the dilemmas of a commercial press in a democratic society.