bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“The failed back surgery syndrome”: Definition and therapeutic algorithms — An update
Authors: Van Buyten Jean‐Pierre , Linderoth Bengt
Published: October 2010

Approximately 30% of patients experience persistent or recurrent low back and/or pain projecting into the legs following technically adequate lumbosacral surgery. Such pain conditions are often alluded to as the failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). FBSS represents a significant clinical and economic concern. The treatment of FBSS presents a challenge to physicians, as conservative therapies and spinal reoperations are often unsuccessful — if not a significant cause (besides fibrosis) of the persistent pain syndrome is found at the post‐operative examinations. Neuropathic pain radiating into the leg(s) is often the main component of this persistent and disabling syndrome. In this case, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to be a successful therapeutic option. Studies have demonstrated that up to 60% of implanted patients experience 50% or more pain relief following SCS. Moreover, SCS has been shown to improve both quality of life and functional status in a significant number of patients. In order to address the challenge of managing both chronic back and leg pain, a multidisciplinary group of physicians experienced in pain management and spinal surgery assembled to discuss and formulate a treatment strategy for FBSS, based on a systematic review of the literature that focused on the role of SCS. The outcome of these discussions however remained unpublished why an update, taking into account also the moderns technologies has been performed.

The development of new treatment algorithms should allow, easier, more rational and effective management of this common and clinically — as well as economically — important problem.
The rank product method with two samples
Authors: Koziol James A.
Published: October 2010

Breitling et al. (2004) [1] introduced a statistical technique, the rank product method, for detecting differentially regulated genes in replicated microarray experiments. The technique has achieved widespread acceptance and is now used more broadly, in such diverse fields as RNAi analysis, proteomics, and machine learning. In this note, we extend the rank product method to the two sample setting, provide distribution theory attending the rank product method in this setting, and give numerical details for implementing the method.
A conserved gene cluster as a putative functional unit in insect innate immunity
Authors: Somogyi Kálmán , Sipos Botond , Pénzes Zsolt , Andó István
Published: October 2010

The Nimrod gene superfamily is an important component of the innate immune response. The majority of its member genes are located in close proximity within the Drosophila melanogaster genome and they lie in a larger conserved cluster (“Nimrod cluster”), made up of non‐related groups (families, superfamilies) of genes. This cluster has been a part of the Arthropod genomes for about 300–350 million years. The available data suggest that the Nimrod cluster is a functional module of the insect innate immune response.
RETHINKING DISEASE IN OTTOMAN HISTORY
Authors: White Sam
Published: October 2010

Drawing on a range of recent studies and original sources, this article calls for a revision of the usual paradigm of disease in Ottoman history by applying a more interdisciplinary approach and new insights from environmental history. The historiography of disease in the Middle East developed from the late 1970s to the early 1990s envisioned a steady mortality from inevitable cycles of bubonic plague supposedly accepted with pious resignation by Ottoman Muslims. Focusing on the period from circa 1500 to 1800, the article advances three arguments. First, Ottoman Muslims sometimes did take action to escape or contain epidemics. Second, the region actually suffered from a variety of other infections that together had an equal or greater impact than bubonic plague. Third, shifting political, social, and environmental conditions—especially Little Ice Age climate fluctuations and population movements during the 17th century—played a major role in disease mortality and Ottoman demography.
Power, Knowledge, and Environmental History in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Davis Diana K.
Published: October 2010

To consider in what ways incorporating the emerging field of environmental history into studies of the Middle East challenges our views of the past and/or present, it is necessary first to take stock of our mainstream notions of the environment in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and how we think it has changed over the last several thousand years. The most common received wisdom about the environment in the MENA is that it is an arid, marginal environment, in many places a wasteland degraded by overgrazing and deforestation for hundreds if not thousands of years. The local populations, especially nomads and small farmers, are frequently blamed for the alleged environmental ruin. Born in large part of Western imperialism in the region, this environmental imaginary of the MENA has been uncritically adopted by the majority of postindependence ruling elites as well as development agencies.
RECENT THINKING ON SUFIS AND SAINTS IN THE LIVES OF MUSLIM SOCIETIES, PAST AND PRESENT
Authors: Le Gall Dina
Published: October 2010

These books demonstrate in various ways the momentous progress achieved in the study of Sufism over the past three decades while pointing to lacunae and problems that remain. Until the 1970s, Western scholarship on Sufism was shaped by a set of paradigms that originated among orientalists, travelers, colonial officials, and modernist Muslims in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Scholars privileged the mystical insights and poetry of great Sufi masters and championed personal and unmediated religious forms. Sufism's devotional and corporate aspects were unappreciated, as were the Sufi practitioners, especially ragged dervishes and worshippers at saints' tombs. It was common to separate such practitioners and practices from “genuine” mysticism through a schema of elite versus popular religion. A related paradigm of decline cast later Sufi practice as a corruption of the classical mystical tradition and a culprit in a wider decline of Muslim civilization, while yet another focused on the Sufi brotherhoods as networks of anticolonial Muslim activism and hence purveyors of “fanaticism.”
Rotating magnetic field effect on convection and its stability in a horizontal cylinder subjected to a longitudinal temperature gradient
Authors: LYUBIMOV D. V. , BURNYSHEVA A. V. , BENHADID H. , LYUBIMOVA T. P. , HENRY D.
Published: October 2010

A rotating magnetic field (RMF) is used in crystal growth applications during the solidification process in order to improve the crystal quality. Its influence on the convective flows in molten metals and on their stability is studied here in the case of a horizontal infinite cylindrical channel subjected to a longitudinal temperature gradient. The steady convective flows, which correspond to the usual longitudinal counterflow structure, with four vortices in the cross-section for non-zero Prandtl number, Pr, are modified by the RMF (parametrized by the magnetic Taylor number Tam). For zero Prandtl number, the flow in the cross-section corresponds to circular streamlines and the longitudinal flow structure is moved in the direction of the magnetic field rotation, with a decrease in its intensity and an asymptotic variation as 1/Tam. For non-zero Prandtl numbers, depending on the respective values of Tam on one side and Prandtl and Grashof numbers on the other side, different structures ranging from the circular streamlines with transport by rotation of the longitudinal velocity and the temperature field, to the more usual counterflow structure almost insensitive to the RMF with four cross-section vortices, can be obtained. The decrease in the flow intensity with increasing Tam is also delayed for non-zero Pr, but the same asymptotic limit is eventually reached. The stability analysis of these convective flows for Tam = 0 shows a steep increase of the thresholds around Pr = Prt,0 ≈ 3 × 10−4, corresponding to the transition between the usual counterflow shear mode and a new sidewall shear mode. This transition is still present with an RMF, but it occurs for smaller Pr values as Tam is increased. Strong stabilizing effects of the rotating magnetic field are found for Pr < Prt,0, particularly for Pr = 0 where an exponential increase of the threshold with Tam is found. For Pr > Prt,0 (i.e. in the domain where the sidewall instability is dominant), in contrast, the stabilization by the RMF is weak.
Inertia-gravity waves beyond the inertial latitude. Part 1. Inviscid singular focusing
Authors: SHRIRA VICTOR I. , TOWNSEND WILLIAM A.
Published: October 2010

The paper is concerned with analytical study of inertia-gravity waves in rotating density-stratified ideal fluid confined in a spherical shell. It primarily aims at clarifying the possible role of these motions in deep ocean mixing. Recently, it was found that on the ‘non-traditional’ β-plane inertia-gravity internal waves can propagate polewards beyond their inertial latitude, where the wave frequency equals the local Coriolis parameter, by turning into subinertial modes trapped in the narrowing waveguides around the local minima of buoyancy frequencyN. The behaviour of characteristics was established: wave horizontal and vertical scales decrease as the wave advances polewards and tend to zero at a latitude corresponding to an attractor of characteristics. However, the basic questions about wave evolution, its quantitative description and the possibility of its reflection from the critical latitude remain open. The present work addresses these issues by studying the linear inviscid evolution of finite bandwidth wavepackets on the ‘non-traditional’ β-plane past the inertial latitude for generic oceanic stratification. Beyond the inertial latitude, the wave field is confined in narrowing waveguides of three distinct generic types around different local minima of the buoyancy frequency. In the oceanic context, the widest is adjacent to the flat bottom, the thinnest is the upper mixed layer, and the middle one is located between the seasonal and main thermocline. We find explicit asymptotic solutions describing the wave field in the WKB approximation. As a byproduct, the conservation of wave action principle is explicitly formulated for all types of internal waves on the ‘non-traditional’ β-plane. The wave velocities and vertical shear tend to infinity and become singular at the attractor latitude or its vicinity for both monochromatic and finite bandwidth packets. We call this phenomenonsingular focusing. These WKB solutions are shown to remain valid up to singularity for the bottom and mid-ocean waveguides. The main conclusion is that even in the inviscid setting the wave evolution towards smaller and smaller horizontal and vertical scales is irreversible: there is no reflection. For situations typical of deep ocean, a simultaneous increase in wave amplitude and decrease of vertical scale causes a sharp increase of vertical shear, which may lead to wave breaking and increased mixing.
Establishing the generality of three phenomena using a boundary layer with free-stream passing wakes
Authors: WU XIAOHUA
Published: October 2010

Direct numerical simulation was performed on an incompressible, smooth flat-plate boundary layer at unit molecular Prandtl number and constant surface temperature under free-stream periodically passing turbulent planar wakes over the momentum thickness Reynolds number range of 80 ≤ Reθ ≤ 1850. This inhomogeneous free-stream wake perturbation source with mean deficit differs markedly from the isotropic turbulent patch used in the previous studies of Wu & Moin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 630, 2009, p. 5; Phys. Fluids, vol. 22, 2010, 085105). Preponderance of hairpin vortices is observed in both the transitional and turbulent regions of the boundary layer. In particular, the internal structure of merged turbulent spots is a hairpin forest; the internal structure of infant turbulent spots is a hairpin packet. Although more chaotic in the turbulent region, numerous hairpin vortices are readily detected in both the near-wall and outer regions of the boundary layer up to Reθ = 1850. This suggests that the hairpin vortices in the higher-Reynolds-number region are not simply the aged hairpin forests convected from the upstream transitional region. Temperature iso-surfaces in the companion thermal boundary layer are found to be a useful tracer in identifying boundary-layer hairpin vortex structures. Total shear stress overshoots wall shear stress in the transitional region and the excess relaxes gradually in the downstream turbulent region. This overshoot is shown to be associated with a localized streamwise acceleration of the streamwise velocity component. Breakdown of the wake-perturbed laminar boundary layer is closely related to the formation of hairpin packets out of quasi-streamwise vortices. Mean and second-order statistics are in good agreement with previous data on the standard turbulent boundary layer. Downstream of transition, normalized root-mean-square (r.m.s.) wall-shear-stress intensity shows almost no variation with Reθ, whereas normalized r.m.s. wall-pressure intensity increases slightly. Taken together with the previous results of Wu & Moin, the generality of the following three phenomena in quasi-standard boundary layers can be reasonably established, namely, preponderance of hairpin vortices in the transitional as well as in the turbulent regions up to Reθ = 1850, transitional total shear stress overshoot, and a laminar-layer breakdown process closely tied to the formation of hairpin packets.
Acquired immune heterogeneity and its sources in human helminth infection
Authors: BOURKE C. D. , MAIZELS R. M. , MUTAPI F.
Published: October 2010

Similarities in the immunobiology of different parasitic worm infections indicate that co-evolution of humans and helminths has shaped a common anti-helminth immune response. However, recentin vitroand immuno-epidemiological studies highlight fundamental differences and plasticity within host-helminth interactions. The ‘trade-off’ between immunity and immunopathology inherent in host immune responses occurs on a background of genetic polymorphism, variable exposure patterns and infection history. For the parasite, variation in life-cycle and antigen expression can influence the effector responses directed against them. This is particularly apparent when comparing gastrointestinal and tissue-dwelling helminths. Furthermore, insights into the impact of anti-helminthic treatment and co-infection on acquired immunity suggest that immune heterogeneity arises not from hosts and parasites in isolation, but also from the environment in which immune responses develop. Large-scale differences observed in the epidemiology of human helminthiases are a product of complex host-parasite-environment interactions which, given potential for exposure to parasite antigensin utero, can arise even before a parasite interacts with its human host. This review summarizes key differences identified in human acquired immune responses to nematode and trematode infections of public health importance and explores the factors contributing to these variations.
First description of monogenean parasites in Lake Tanganyika: the cichlidSimochromis diagramma(Teleostei, Cichlidae) harbours a high diversity ofGyrodactylusspecies (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea)
Authors: VANHOVE MAARTEN P. M. , SNOEKS JOS , VOLCKAERT FILIP A. M. , HUYSE TINE
Published: October 2010

Lake Tanganyika harbours the most diverse endemic cichlid fish assemblage of Africa, but its monogenean fish parasites have not been investigated. Here we report, for the first time, on theGyrodactylusparasites in this hotspot of fish biodiversity. Haptor morphometrics and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences revealed 3 new species on ZambianSimochromis diagramma: Gyrodactylus sturmbauerin. sp.,G. thysin. sp. andG. zimbaen. sp. Their distinct morphology and strong genetic differentiation suggest that they belong to distant lineages within the genusGyrodactylus, and phylogenetic reconstructions suggest affinities with other genera of gyrodactylids. Additional U-shaped haptoral plates inG. thysin. sp. and a second large spine-like structure in the male copulatory organ ofG. zimbaeseem to represent new features for the genus. Such large diversity on a single host species can probably be explained by host-switching events during the course of evolution, in agreement with the generally accepted concept that ecological transfer is an important aspect of gyrodactylid speciation. Additional parasitological surveys on other host species, covering a broader phylogenetic and geographical range, should clarify the evolutionary history of Gyrodactylidae on cichlids in the African Great Lake and other parts of Africa.
Phylogenetic position of Sphaerospora testicularis and Latyspora scomberomori n. gen. n. sp. (Myxozoa) within the marine urinary clade
Authors: BARTOŠOVÁ PAVLA , FREEMAN MARK A. , YOKOYAMA HIROSHI , CAFFARA MONICA , FIALA IVAN
Published: October 2010

An amendment of the family Sinuolineidae (Myxosporea) is proposed in order to include a newly described genus Latyspora n. gen. The type species Latyspora scomberomori n. gen. n. sp. is a coelozoic parasite in the kidney tubules of Scomberomorus guttatus. In addition to the morphological and molecular characterization of L. scomberomori n. gen. n. sp., we also present novel SSU rDNA data on Sphaerospora testicularis, a serious parasite of Dicentrarchus labrax. Performed phylogenetic analyses revealed that both species cluster within the marine urinary clade encompassing the representatives with a shared insertion within their V4 SSU rRNA region and grouping according to the shape of their spores’ sutural line and their similar tissue tropism in the host. Sphaerospora testicularis is the closest relative to Parvicapsula minibicornis within the Parvicapsula subclade and L. scomberomori n. gen. n. sp. is the basal species of the Zschokkella subclade. The phylogenetic position of S. testicularis, outwith the basal Sphaerospora sensu stricto clade, and its morphology suggest it being a non-typical Sphaerospora. The sequence data provided on S. testicularis can help in future revisions of the strongly polyphyletic genus Sphaerospora. We recommend re-sequencing of several sphaerosporids as an essential step before such taxonomic changes are accomplished.
Cytological and molecular description of Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis gen. et sp. nov., a microsporidian parasite of Daphnia magna, and establishment of Hamiltosporidium magnivora comb. nov.
Authors: HAAG KAREN LUISA , LARSSON J. I. RONNY , REFARDT DOMINIK , EBERT DIETER
Published: October 2010

We describe the new microsporidium Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis gen. et sp. nov. with an emphasis on its ultrastructural characteristics and phylogenetic position as inferred from the sequence data of SSU rDNA, alpha- and beta-tubulin. This parasite was previously identified as Octosporea bayeri Jírovec, 1936 and has become a model system to study the ecology, epidemiology, evolution and genomics of microsporidia - host interactions. Here, we present evidence that shows its differences from O. bayeri. Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis exclusively infects the adipose tissue, the ovaries and the hypodermis of Daphnia magna and is found only in host populations located in coastal rock pool populations in Finland and Sweden. Merogonial stages of H. tvaerminnensis have isolated nuclei; merozoites are formed by binary fission or by the cleaving of a plasmodium with a small number of nuclei. A sporogonial plasmodium with isolated nuclei yields 8 sporoblasts. Elongated spores are generated by the most finger-like plasmodia. The mature spores are polymorphic in shape and size. Most spores are pyriform (4·9–5·6×2·2–2·3 μm) and have their polar filament arranged in 12–13 coils. A second, elongated spore type (6·8–12·0×1·6–2·1 μm) is rod-shaped with blunt ends and measures 6·8–12·0×1·6–2·1 μm. The envelope of the sporophorous vesicle is thin and fragile, formed at the beginning of the sporogony. Cytological and molecular comparisons with Flabelliforma magnivora, a parasite infecting the same tissues in the same host species, reveal that these two species are very closely related, yet distinct. Moreover, both cytological and molecular data indicate that these species are quite distant from F. montana, the type species of the genus Flabelliforma. We therefore propose that F. magnivora also be placed in Hamiltosporidium gen. nov.
Variation within and among host species in engorgement of larval trombiculid mites
Authors: KUO C.-C. , WANG H.-C. , HUANG C.-L.
Published: October 2010

We recovered larval trombiculid mites (i.e. chiggers), vectors of scrub typhus, from small mammal hosts in Taiwan, and compared the relative degree of engorgement (RDE) of the dominant chigger (Leptotrombidium imphalum) from different hosts. Naturally occurring chiggers recovered fromRattus loseaandBandicota indicawere 1·4x and 1·3x as engorged as those fromApodemus agrarius. Within each host species, RDE was negatively related to chigger loads, but was mostly unrelated to gender or to body or reproductive condition of hosts. We documented significant variation in chigger engorgement both within and among host species; to the extent that RDE is a proxy for fitness, this contradicts predictions of the Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) that theper capitafitness of vectors should be similar among hosts. Failure to meet predictions of the IFD may reflect the limited mobility of chiggers, which consequently must be less selective in the hosts on which they feed. Further disease control efforts should consider vector feeding success in addition to vector abundance and may be able to capitalize on the unsuitability of certain hosts in supporting disease vectors.
NixOS: A purely functional Linux distribution
Authors: DOLSTRA EELCO , LÖH ANDRES , PIERRON NICOLAS
Published: October 2010

Existing package and system configuration management tools suffer from animperative model, where system administration actions such as package upgrades or changes to system configuration files are stateful: they destructively update the state of the system. This leads to many problems, such as the inability to roll back changes easily, to deploy multiple versions of a package side-by-side, to reproduce a configuration deterministically on another machine, or to reliably upgrade a system. In this paper we show that we can overcome these problems by moving to apurely functional system configuration model. This means that all static parts of a system (such as software packages, configuration files and system startup scripts) are built by pure functions and are immutable, stored in a way analogous to a heap in a purely functional language. We have implemented this model inNixOS, a non-trivial Linux distribution that uses theNix package managerto build the entire system configuration from a modular, purely functional specification.
Autonomic dysfunction in older people
Authors: Marigold J Richard G , Arias Monica , Vassallo Michael , Allen Stephen C. , Kwan Joseph SK
Published: October 2010

The autonomic nervous system comprises the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems and plays an integral role in homeostasis. This includes cardiovascular and temperature control, glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal and reproductive function and increasing evidence to support its involvement in the inflammatory response to infection and cancer. Ageing is associated with autonomic dysfunction, and many clinical syndromes associated with older adults are due to inadequate autonomic responses to physiological stressors. The aim of this review is to explore the relationship between autonomic dysfunction and ageing illustrated with examples of maladaptive autonomic responses in a variety of different clinical syndromes including an exploration of autonomic cellular changes. Appropriate investigation and management strategies are outlined, recognizing the fine balance needed to improve symptoms without creating further medical complications.
Confabulation in Alzheimer’s disease and amnesia: A qualitative account and a new taxonomy
Authors: LA CORTE VALENTINA , SERRA MARA , ATTALI EVE , BOISSÉ MARIE-FRANÇOISE , DALLA BARBA GIANFRANCO
Published: October 2010

Clinical and experimental observation have shown that patients who confabulate, especially but not exclusively when provoked by specific questions, retrieve personal habits, repeated events or over-learned information and mistake them for actually experienced, specific, unique events. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to characterize and quantify the relative contribution of this type of confabulation, which we refer to as Habits Confabulation (HC), to confabulations produced by 10 mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and 8 confabulating amnesics (CA) of various etiologies. On the Confabulation Battery (Dalla Barba, 1993a, Dalla Barba & Decaix, 2009), a set of questions involving the retrieval of various kinds of semantic and episodic information, patients produced a total of 424 confabulation. HC accounted for 42% and 62% of confabulations in AD patients and CA, respectively. This result indicates that, regardless the clinical diagnosis, the brain pathology or their lesion’s site, confabulation largely reflects the individuals’ tendency to consider habits, routines, and over-learned information as unique episodes. These results are discussed in the framework of the Memory Consciousness and Temporality Theory (Dalla Barba, 2002). (JINS, 2010, 16, 967–974.)
New Electrostatic Phase Plate for Phase-Contrast Transmission Electron Microscopy and Its Application for Wave-Function Reconstruction
Authors: Schultheiss Katrin , Zach Joachim , Gamm Bjoern , Dries Manuel , Frindt Nicole , Schröder Rasmus R. , Gerthsen Dagmar
Published: October 2010

A promising novel type of electrostatic phase plate for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is presented. The phase plate consists of a single microcoaxial cable-like rod with its electrode exposed to the undiffracted electrons. The emerging field is used to shift the phase of the undiffracted electrons with respect to diffracted electrons. The design overcomes the drawback of the spatial frequency-blocking ring electrode of the Boersch phase plate. First, experimental phase-contrast images are presented for PbSe and Pt nanoparticles with clearly varying phase contrast, which depends on the applied voltage and resulting phase shift of the unscattered electrons. With the new phase-plate design, we show for the first time the reconstruction of an object wave function based on a series of only three experimental phase-contrast TEM images obtained with an electrostatic phase plate.
Institutions and economic development: theory, policy and history
Authors: CHANG HA-JOON
Published: October 2010

The article tries to advance our understanding of institutional economics by critically examining the currently dominant discourse on institutions and economic development. First, I argue that the discourse suffers from a number of theoretical problems – its neglect of the causality running from development to institutions, its inability to see the impossibility of a free market, and its belief that the freest market and the strongest protection of private property rights are best for economic development. Second, I point out that the supposed evidence showing the superiority of ‘liberalized’ institutions relies too much on cross-section econometric studies, which suffer from defective concepts, flawed measurements and heterogeneous samples. Finally, I argue that the currently dominant discourse on institutions and development has a poor understanding of changes in institutions themselves, which often makes it take unduly optimistic or pessimistic positions about the feasibility of institutional reform.
Present‐day stress orientations and tectonic provinces of the NW Borneo collisional margin
Authors: King Rosalind C. , Tingay Mark R. P. , Hillis Richard R. , Morley Christopher K. , Clark James
Published: October 2010

Borehole failure observed on image and dipmeter logs from 55 petroleum wells across the NW Borneo collisional margin were used to determine maximum horizontal stress (σH) orientations; combined with seismic and outcrop data, they define seven tectonic provinces. The Baram Delta–Deepwater Fold‐Thrust Belt exhibits three tectonic provinces: its inner shelf inverted province (σH is NW‐SE, margin‐normal), its outer shelf extension province (σH is NE‐SW, margin‐parallel), and its slope to basin floor compression province (σH is NW‐SE, margin‐normal). In the inverted province, σH reflects inversion of deltaic normal faults. The σH orientations in the extension and compression provinces reflect deltaic gravitational tectonics. The shale and minibasin provinces have been recognized in offshore Sabah. In the shale province, σH is N010°E, which aligns around the boundary of a massif of mobile shale. Currently, no data are available to determine σH in the minibasin province. In the Balingian province, σH is ESE‐WNW, reflecting ESE absolute Sunda plate motions due to the absence of a thick detachment seen elsewhere in NW Borneo. The Central Luconia province demonstrates poorly constrained and variable σH orientations. These seven provinces result from the heterogeneous structural and stratigraphic development of the NW Borneo margin and formed due to complex collisional tectonics and the varied distribution and thicknesses of stratigraphic packages.
A wave‐driven jet over a rocky shoal
Authors: Mulligan Ryan P. , Hay Alex E. , Bowen Anthony J.
Published: October 2010

Field observations and model simulations are presented of flow generated by waves breaking over a shoal at the entrance to a shallow bay. The shoal is composed of a series of steep and narrow bedrock ridges with depths of 2–8 m at the ridge crests. Observations from instruments on the shoal indicated peak significant wave heights during a storm event were 2.4–4.0 m across the observation sites; this spatial variability is due to wave breaking over the ridges. The 2‐D depth‐averaged hydrodynamic model Delft3D, coupled to the wave model SWAN, was used to simulate the waves and wave‐driven flow over the shoal and throughout the entire bay with a nested fine grid (5 m resolution) to resolve the shoal bathymetry. The model predicts a well‐defined jet behind the shoal, with mean axial speeds of 0.4–0.7 m/s. The observations indicate maximum speeds behind the shoal of 0.3–0.4 m/s, exceeding the maximum tidal current speed by more than a factor of 4, that are consistent in timing and direction with the model predictions. The model overpredicts wave breaking over the steep slopes and as a result the current speeds are overestimated.
Economic evaluation of the new U.S. arsenic standard for drinking water: A disaggregate approach
Authors: Cho Yongsung , Easter K. William , Konishi Yoshifumi
Published: October 2010

We evaluate the welfare consequences of the new U.S. arsenic standard for drinking water, using contingent valuation survey and recent cost data for the small rural community water systems in Minnesota that have had arsenic levels above the new standard prior to its implementation. Using variation in actual arsenic levels and an elicitation method that recognizes the dependence of welfare values on both ambient arsenic concentrations and self‐protection levels, the welfare values of the new arsenic rule are estimated at $6–$23 per household per year for communities with less than 10 μg/L of arsenic currently in their water and $31–$78 for communities with more than 10 μg/L of arsenic. Given cost estimates of $230–$2,006 and the fact that a substantial portion of the cost needs to be internally financed, the new rule may have substantially negative welfare consequences for a number of small communities.
A nutrient increment method for reducing bias in global biogeochemical models
Authors: While J. , Haines K. , Smith G.
Published: October 2010

Assimilation of physical variables into coupled physical/biogeochemical models poses considerable difficulties. One problem is that data assimilation can break relationships between physical and biological variables. As a consequence, biological tracers, especially nutrients, are incorrectly displaced in the vertical, resulting in unrealistic biogeochemical fields. To prevent this, we present the idea of applying an increment to the nutrient field within a data assimilating model to ensure that nutrient‐potential density relationships are maintained within a water column during assimilation. After correcting the nutrients, it is assumed that other biological variables rapidly adjust to the corrected nutrient fields. We applied this method to a 17 year run of the 2° NEMO ocean‐ice model coupled to the PlankTOM5 ecosystem model. Results were compared with a control with no assimilation, and with a model with physical assimilation but no nutrient increment. In the nutrient incrementing experiment, phosphate distributions were improved both at high latitudes and at the equator. At midlatitudes, assimilation generated unrealistic advective upwelling of nutrients within the boundary currents, which spread into the subtropical gyres resulting in more biased nutrient fields. This result was largely unaffected by the nutrient increment and is probably due to boundary currents being poorly resolved in a 2° model. Changes to nutrient distributions fed through into other biological parameters altering primary production, air‐sea CO2flux, and chlorophyll distributions. These secondary changes were most pronounced in the subtropical gyres and at the equator, which are more nutrient limited than high latitudes.
Sediment transport and deposition on a river‐dominated tidal flat: An idealized model study
Authors: Chen Shih‐Nan , Geyer W. Rockwell , Sherwood Christopher R. , Ralston David K.
Published: October 2010

A 3‐D hydrodynamic model is used to investigate how different size classes of river‐derived sediment are transported, exported and trapped on an idealized, river‐dominated tidal flat. The model is composed of a river channel flanked by sloping tidal flats, a configuration motivated by the intertidal region of the Skagit River mouth in Washington State, United States. It is forced by mixed tides and a pulse of freshwater and sediment with various settling velocities. In this system, the river not only influences stratification but also contributes a significant cross‐shore transport. As a result, the bottom stress is strongly ebb‐dominated in the channel because of the seaward advance of strong river flow as the tidal flats drain during ebbs. Sediment deposition patterns and mass budgets are sensitive to settling velocity. The lateral sediment spreading scales with an advective distance (settling time multiplied by lateral flow speed), thereby confining the fast settling sediment classes in the channel. Residual sediment transport is landward on the flats, because of settling lag, but is strongly seaward in the channel. The seaward transport mainly occurs during big ebbs and is controlled by a length scale ratio Ld/XWL, where Ld is a cross‐shore advective distance (settling time multiplied by river outlet velocity), and XWL is the immersed cross‐shore length of the intertidal zone. Sediment trapping requires Ld/XWL < 1, leading to more trapping for the faster settling classes. Sensitivity studies show that including stratification and reducing tidal range both favor sediment trapping, whereas varying channel geometries and asymmetry of tides has relatively small impacts. Implications of the modeling results on the south Skagit intertidal region are discussed.
Hydrodynamic factors affecting the persistence of the Exxon Valdez oil in a shallow bedrock beach
Authors: Xia Yuqiang , Li Hailong , Boufadel Michel C. , Sharifi Youness
Published: October 2010

We report a field study and numerical modeling of multicomponent flow in a tidal gravel beach in Knight Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska, where oil from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill persisted. Field measurements of water table, salinity, and tracer (lithium) concentration were obtained for around a week during the summer of 2008. The numerical model MARUN was used to simulate the field observations. On the basis of field experiments and numerical simulations, the beach was identified to have a two‐layered hydraulic structure: a high‐permeability surface layer underlain by a low‐permeability lower layer. The hydraulic conductivity was found to be 5 × 10−2 m s−1 for the surface layer and 7 × 10−6 m s−1 for the lower layer. The simulations reproduced the observed water table, salinity, and lithium concentrations accurately. The small flow entering the beach from the land side resulted in a beach water table dropping below the interface of the two layers. This seems to be the major reason for the presence of oil in the lower layer. The exchange flow between the beach and the sea due to tidal influence was ∼2.12 m3 d−1 m−1. The patterns of inflow and outflow rates showed that the maximum seawater‐groundwater exchange occurred in the middle to high intertidal zone, which explains the persistence of oil in the lower intertidal zone. To explore bioremediation of the beach with nutrient amendment, a numerical simulation of nutrient application on the beach surface was conducted, where the applied nutrient concentration was 5,000 mg L−1. The results showed that the nutrient concentration remaining in oiled areas after a week was larger than 50 mg L−1, which is larger than that needed for maximum microbial growth (2–10 mg L−1). This implies that the bioremediation via nutrient application on the beach surface could be adopted if nutrients were the only limiting factor.
The first step in first psychotic episodes intervention: the current situation in Ourense's mental health area
Authors: Menéndez G. F.
Published: October 2010

The objective of this study is to initiate a debate about how to improve, in a General Mental Health Service, the detection and treatment of First Episodes of Psychosis. As a first step a study was conducted to look at the current situation of our intervention on First Episodes of Psychosis. As a result of this study an important delay in the ‘pathway to care’ was detected. It was seen that the most convenient way to approach this problem was to create a Liaison Programme between the General Practitioners and the Mental Health Service. This Programme will include training on First Episodes of Psychosis for the General Practitioners and a Referral and Diagnostic Team.
Pathways of care for early psychosis
Authors: Tee K. , Hanson L. , MacEwan G. W. , Grypma M. , Wowk L. , Ehmann T.
Published: October 2010

Pathways of care, a set of specific steps taken in the care of a particular disorder, are rarely employed in mental health. The Early Psychosis Intervention (EPI) Programme has taken up the challenge of developing care pathways for the treatment of early psychosis. The EPI Programme provides services to clients across several communities through a team of community‐based mental health clinicians and psychiatrists. The current pathway focuses on care provided by the clinicians. The goals for the pathway include: (a) providing a practical ‘best practices’ guide to care, (b) standardizing care, (c) providing a method for evaluating and improving quality of care and (d) improving client outcome. Prior to developing the pathway, clinical practice was assessed through random chart audits and interviews with the clinicians. A pathway was then developed incorporating both outcome measurement and a documentation system utilizing a series of checklists detailing currently recognized bestpractice in early psychosis, organized according to phase ofrecovery. The pathway was piloted and revised before fullimplementation. Extension of the pathway to early psychosis inpatient treatment and psychiatric care is currently underway.
Clinician attitudes towards early psychosis intervention: the first 4 years
Authors: Gorrell J. , Cornish A. , Miller V. , Nash L. , Tennant C. , Rosen A.
Published: October 2010

Objectives  A questionnaire was administered with an aim to assess the attitudes of mental health clinicians towards the adoption of an early intervention approach and to monitor attitudinal change during the introduction of this approach.

Method  The perceptions of Early Psychosis Intervention (PEPI) questionnaire was developed and then completed by clinicians at three time points over 4 years during the introduction of a best practice early intervention approach (n=143, 178, 102, respectively).

Results  Indicate that at all three time points clinicians generally agreed with the potential advantages of early intervention but were unsure about their own readiness to implement such intervention. Responses to an open‐ended question regarding concerns about the new approach indicated a positive shift up the developmental process of change, from initial concerns about personal skills, resources and workload, to a gradually more specific focus on particular aspects of clinical interventions and on the impact of the new approach.

Conclusions  Our services have introduced early psychosis intervention. Clinicians have moved up the developmental process of change. The questionnaire has provided a means for clinicians to influence the change process.
First STEPS: early psychosis support in an acute in‐patient setting
Authors: Howard A.
Published: October 2010

Aim  To provide in the absence of a fully comprehensive service a specific nurse‐led support service for in‐patients. St Ann's is a large psychiatric hospital providing in‐patient care and treatment for a large rural and urban population. The development and funding for an Early Psychosis service is planned for spring 2003. Meantime there is a need for an in‐patient early psychosis support service. This poster will outline the development, approach and integration of the St Ann's Early Psychosis Support service (STEPS) into the existing adult acute in‐patient service. STEPS has been developed within the existing nursing resource to provide specialist care along side standard in‐patient management. STEPS utilizes a team of nurses with specific training in psycho‐social interventions. Weaim to promote adjustment and psycho‐social recovery of individuals and their carers during the traumatic period of admission. STEPS nurses cowork patients and carers and provide specific advice on their management to other professionals. The service has been piloted for 6 months on 2 units and has now been expanded to cover all acute in‐patient areas.
Individual and group psychotherapy in vulnerable adolescents
Authors: Pitolli M. V. , Di Luzio G.
Published: October 2010

In order to give youngsters with severe psychological impairment a stronger psycological support in our public practice, we treated seven adolescents simultaneously with a psychoanalitic open group psychotherapy and an individual psychological treatment. All of them, five boys and two girls, were outpatients of our the Adolescent Unit of our public health institution. The youngest was 16, the oldest 21. They had presented important psychiatric symptoms ranging from brief psychotic reactions to important depressive states, one of them had experienced one of this symptoms after occasional marijuana assumption. Two other girls participated in the group psychotherapy without receiving regular individual support. Many of them received also pharmacological treatment and occasional familial support. We noticed that the contemporary experience of individual and group psychotherapy offered some advantages: the group allowed us to have a wider field ofobservation and understand earlier the structure of our patients' personality; the confrontation with two different settings seemed to stimulate a faster improvement in insight and reflection abilities and an easier recover.
‘Making a difference’: a national pilot study bringing together four agencies to develop a model which enables the identification, treatment and support of children/young people with mental health problems in secondary education
Authors: Macdonald K. , O'Connor P. , Patrick M. , Robinson M.
Published: October 2010

The project aims to create a process model for dealing with mental health issues within secondary education. This will be achieved by creating clearer and more efficient pathways into appropriate care and equipping staff with the knowledge and skills to enable fast referral or to support young people within the educational institution.

Initial components of the project include meeting with key individuals in schools, college and community to identify core issues in relation to the mental health of young people. Service mapping: youth services/projects within the city which may impact or be an added resource to the project through partnership working. Planning and delivery of training package (cascade model) to school/college staff. Development of a mental health promotion programme in partnership with NHS Mental Health Promotion Department. Development of referral procedures: mental health practitioner and educational psychologists attending in school resource meetings in consultancy capacity with referral onto appropriate agency if necessary. Piloting of referral and screening tools within educational establishments. Progress of the above as well as current and future developments will be discussed.
Early intervention in psychosis: comparison of individuals receiving a specialized first episode service with those receiving treatment as usual
Authors: Macdonald K. , Blackburn P. , Jarmen R.
Published: October 2010

This study was made possible due to the merger of two Trusts 2 years ago. The Early Intervention Project (EIP) was developed in East Yorkshire which is a largely rural setting with the exception of Bridlington which has many of the problems associated with urban areas. Individuals in the project were matched with young people in Hull who had been receiving treatment as usual. Participants were compared with information gathered from patient records and interviews with clients and relatives.

Preliminary results are encouraging. One of the most striking outcomes was employment (42% of EIP clients unemployed compared with 100% of the TAU group). TAU clients were more likely to have presented to services previously and been discharged (TAU 41.7%, EIP 15.8%). Readmission rates – EIP 15.8%, TAU 58.3%. Qualitative feedback revealed generally high praise for the EIP project with the exception of experiences of in‐patient units. This was reflected in both groups and represents an area which needs urgent attention. There were clear differences in the service each group received which was reflected both in outcome and satisfaction. The project is currently being extended across the integrated trust.
Youth access team
Authors: Howe E.
Published: October 2010

In November 1997 a new, world first model of service delivery to young people suffering from psychiatric disorders was implemented, the Youth Access Team (YAT). YAT is the only youth orientated crisis team that specifically targets first presentation psychosis as well as adolescents in psychiatric crisis, and also provides an after hours triage service for children under 12. YAT is a multidisciplinary mobile crisis, assessment and treatment team, operating 24 h a day, 7 days a week. YAT provides excellence in care to young people experiencing initial mental health problems. The principal goal of YAT is secondary prevention in first episode psychosis, with the dual aims of attenuating the period of untreated psychosis and reducing the secondary morbidity associated with becoming engaged with psychiatric services. Other important goals of YAT are early detection and engagement in treatment with a client‐centred focus.