bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of Correction Fluid Obliterations
Authors: Waggoner LR
Published: August 2015

The use of correction fluid, or white-out, is a common method of obliterating, altering, or covering up unwanted writing or typing. Removal of the correction fluid deposit using a solvent is a destructive method of examination. Photography with transmitted light is a nondestructive method which is not always successful. A third method that is both effective and nondestructive is the use of a product that renders the paper translucent. This liquid is applied to the paper under the opaque correction fluid deposit from the back. As the paper becomes translucent, the writing on the paper but under the correction fluid deposit is revealed. It is photographed, and the negative is printed in reverse so the writing will read right. The visualizing fluid is both volatile and inert, and in most cases will affect neither the paper nor ink.
Analysis of 2-Hydroxyimipramine in an Imipramine-Related Fatality
Authors: Fraser AD , Susnik E , Isner AF
Published: August 2015

A fatality following ingestion of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (Novopramine®), acetaminophen, and ethyl alcohol is described. Imipramine, desipramine, acetaminophen, and 2-hydroxyimipramine were quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography, and ethyl alcohol by gas liquid chromatography. Concentrations of imipramine, desipramine, 2-hydroxyimipramine, and acetaminophen were: in blood—9.0, 1.1, 3.9, and 11 mg/L; in urine—92, 14, and 42 mg/L (acetaminophen not quantitated in urine). Ethyl alcohol concentration in blood was <10 mg/dL and 105 mg/dL in the urine by headspace gas chromatography. These findings are compared to previous reports of imipramine-related fatalities. To our knowledge, this is the first fatality reported involving imipramine where analysis included quantitation of 2-hydroxyimipramine in blood and urine.
The Confined Space-Hypoxia Syndrome
Authors: Zugibe FT , Costello JT , Breithaupt MK , Zappi E , Allyn B
Published: August 2015

Two meter readers of a local water company were found dead in an underground water meter pit. Studies revealed a decrease in oxygen and an increase in carbon dioxide in the pit as a result of aerobic microorganisms present in the pit. Such an atmosphere may be rapidly fatal to the unwary worker who frequents such an environment. It is of paramount importance that this occupational hazard be recognized so that preventative measures may be established. We propose that the term “Confined Space-Hypoxia Syndrome” be adopted to all such confined space accidents occurring in water meter pits, tanks, holds of ships, mines, underground storage bins, and so forth, resulting from oxygen-deficient atmospheres. A series of recommended preventative procedures is included.
Glyoxalase I Typing and Phosphoglucomutase-1 Subtyping of a Single Hair
Authors: Gambel AM , Budowle B , Terrell L
Published: August 2015

A technique is described for the typing of glyoxalase I (GLO I) and the subtyping of phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM-1) from the root sheath cells of a single forcibly removed hair. This procedure does not require sample preparation and does not alter the morphological characteristics of the hair. The combined discrimination probability (DP) of the two markers taken together is 0.90 for whites and 0.89 for blacks. GLO I can be typed after four weeks, and PGM-1 can be typed after eight to fifteen weeks in hairs maintained at room temperature. Hairs mounted with Permount® showed loss of enzyme activity and loss of band sharpness.
Breathalyzer® Accuracy in Actual Law Enforcement Practice: A Comparison of Blood- and Breath-Alcohol Results in Wisconsin Drivers
Authors: Harding P , Field PH
Published: August 2015

Breathalyzer® and blood-alcohol results from drivers arrested for operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated and for related offenses were compared during a two-year period. Four hundred and four pairs of breath- and blood-alcohol results from specimens collected within 1 h of each other were studied. Blood-alcohol concentrations ranged from zero to 0.421% weight per volume (w/v). Breath-alcohol concentrations ranged from zero to 0.44 g/210 L. The mean Breathalyzer result was 0.16 g/210 L. The mean blood-alcohol result was 0.176% w/v. Compared to the blood-alcohol result, Breathalyzer results were lower by more than 0.01 g/210 L 61% of the time, within 0.01 g/210 L 33% of the time, and higher by more than 0.01 g/210 L 6% of the time.
Estimating Time Since Death Using Plant Roots and Stems
Authors: Willey P , Heilman A
Published: August 2015

A number of methods have been used successfully in estimating time since death of long dead individuals, including physical decomposition of the corpse and clothing and the succession of insects. Using these sources, however, it is usually impossible to estimate accurately time since death for bodies which have been exposed more than a year. Roots and stems of perennial plants may be used as complementary sources of information. Stems and woody roots of perennial plants have annual growth rings which may be used to establish the minimum number of growing seasons since death. To be used, these plant parts must grow through the clothing, other personal effects, or bone or be affected indirectly by soil disturbance or body decomposition. Procedures for collecting, preserving, and examining these specimens and the limitations of the approach are presented.
Distributions of Genetic Markers in United States Populations: II. Isoenzyme Systems
Authors: Gaensslen RE , Bell SC , Lee HC
Published: August 2015

All published and unpublished population frequency data that could be located for U.S. populations is tabulated and presented for the isoenzyme systems phosphoglucomutase, esterase D, adenylate kinase, acid phosphatase, glyoxalase 1, adenosine deaminase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, carbonic anhydrase II, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Results obtained by combining data for comparable racial/ethnic groups are also presented. The results obtained with combined data may give better information on frequencies for the U.S. population at large than is obtainable from studies conducted in restricted geographic areas.
Homicidal Behavior in Schizophrenics
Authors: Tanay E
Published: August 2015

This paper emphasizes that homicidal behavior may be part of the clinical manifestation of schizophrenia. The failure to hospitalize potentially violent schizophrenics contributes to the incidence of psychotic homicide. The tendency to diagnose homicidal schizophrenics as personality disorders combined with legal changes brought about a shift of this population from the mental health system to the criminal justice system.
Fatal Verapamil Poisoning
Authors: Koepke JF , McBay AJ
Published: August 2015

A case of fatal verapamil poisoning is reported. The pathologic and toxicologic findings are discussed.
A Unique Missile in a Homicide Victim: The Brenneke Shotgun Slug
Authors: Rao VJ , Rao GS
Published: August 2015

A young black male was shot to death by an unknown assailant who then fled the scene. The medical examiner who responded to the scene noted a freshly deformed metal screw in the immediate vicinity of the body. The autopsy findings of additional, very similar screws in the body, noted on X-ray and consistent with having caused the injuries sustained, revealed the missiles to be 12-gauge Brenneke shotgun slugs.
Fatal Intoxication by Tocainide
Authors: Sperry K , Wohlenberg N , Standefer JC
Published: August 2015

A 26-year-old woman committed suicide by ingestion of a large quantity of tocainide, a recently developed oral antiarrhythmic agent with chemical similarities to lidocaine. Blood and bodily fluid analysis by thin-layer chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, and mass spectroscopy confirmed the presence of tocainide, with a serum level of 68 mg/L, nearly 7 times the upper recommended therapeutic level for this drug. Tocainide was also detected at significant levels in vitreous fluid and bile. Although the mechanism of death from tocainide intoxication in animal studies is related to central nervous system toxicity, the presentation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias with coma in this patient suggests that tocainide at high levels may have primary myocardiotoxicity in humans.
A Double Homicide as a Result of Chloroform Poisoning
Authors: McGee MB , Jejurikar SG , VanBerkom LC
Published: August 2015

Homicidal poisoning using chloroform has been reported infrequently. Presented is a case of a double homicide involving a 29-year-old male and his 23-year-old fiance. Gas chromatographic methodology and tissue concentrations of chloroform are presented. Evidence strongly suggests forced inhalation using an impregnated cloth.
A Review of Electrophoresis, Theory, Techniques, and Biochemical and Clinical Applications
Authors: Monforte JR
Published: August 2015

Only three years since the appearance of the first edition, this text covers very comprehensively the several areas of electrophoresis available to scientists. As mentioned in the preface, electrophoresis is a dynamic field which has shown several significant advances in the last few years. Therefore, this second edition is thoroughly justified.
A Review of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology: Perspectives and Standards for Interdisciplinary Practice
Authors: Perr IN
Published: August 2015

Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology is an unusually good book covering a panorama of issues of interest to expert witnesses, current and potential, and to legal people. It is well edited; for example, the various chapters are cross-referenced so that the reader can pick up related data in other sections of the book.
A Review of Criminal Interrogations and Confessions (Third Edition)
Authors: Pitluck HM
Published: August 2015

Simply put, this is a good book. Basically divided into two parts, Part I “Interrogation Tactics and Techniques” takes the reader from preinterview preparation through written confession, and Part II “The Law on Criminal Interrogations and Confessions” covers case law, comparisons, observations, and suggestions from pre-Miranda to publication. There is also an appendix on “The Psychological Principles of Criminal Interrogation.”
A Review of The Murderer and His Victim
Authors: Drucker F
Published: August 2015

According to the dust jacket, this book is intended “for everyone professionally involved with these criminal offenders,” and indeed it is. The dust jacket also indicates the book “answers just about any question that may arise concerning murderers and their victims:” It doesn't tell whodunit! It does, however, include a somewhat rambling section by Dr. Boyd, “Homicide in Fiction.” Dr. Macdonald trained in New Zealand and Great Britain. He has practiced psychiatry in Colorado for more than 35 years. He has interviewed more than 400 murderers, and he offers may vignettes about the murderers he interviewed and others.
Detection of Lea Substance in Saliva Stains by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Using Anti-Gum Arabic Serum
Authors: Ogata M , Nakasono I , Iwasaki M , Kubo S , Fukae T , Suyama H , Narita K
Published: August 2015

It is known that rabbit anti-gum arabic (GA) serum has cross-reactivity with Lea antigen, and that, by using this cross-reactive anti-Lea antibody, the presence of Lea antigen in red blood cells and saliva can be demonstrated with accuracy. We have devised a rapid and highly sensitive method for detecting Lea substance in human saliva by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method using an anti-Lea antibody isolated from anti-GA serum by affinity chromatography on Synsorb Lea. The ELISA plate, coated with the specific anti-Lea antibody, adsorbed the Lea substance in saliva which was subsequently identified by adding enzyme labeled anti-Lea IgG in that order. The method could detect the Lea substance in Le(a+) saliva stains as small as 0.1 by 0.1 cm in size that had been stored at room temperature for three weeks and in Le(a+) saliva stains 0.7 by 0.7 cm in size that had been stored for ten years. This method seems to be useful for quantitative analyses of the Lea substance in various body fluids.
The Use of Separator Isoelectric Focusing in Micro-Ultrathin Polyacrylamide Gels in the Characterization of Some Polymorphic Proteins of Forensic Science Significance
Authors: Alonso A , Gascó P
Published: August 2015

The identification of phenotypes of erythyrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP), esterase D (EsD), group specific component (Gc), and alpha-1-antitrypsin (PI) by separator isoelectric focusing in micro-ultrathin polyacrylamide gels (interelectrode distance: 45 mm) is described. The protein patterns obtained are compared favorably with the patterns seen by isoelectric focusing in conventional polyacrylamide gel dimensions (interelectrode distance: 110 to 120 mm). The technique described allows greater stability of pH gradients and is a fast and economic method.
Observations of High Velocity Bloodspatter on Adjacent Objects
Authors: Pex JO , Vaughan CH
Published: August 2015

In a recent homicide investigation, high velocity backspatter was observed on the sleeve cuff of the accused. These minute droplets were discovered only after microscopic examination and were limited in number. A study was initiated to determine if these were truly backspatter droplets or transferred blood produced from light contact with a bloody item. It was observed that the backspattered blood was primarily limited to contact or near contact shots. An exception was a shot into an already bloody surface. It was found that backspattered blood would deposit on the shooter's shirt sleeve irrespective of the weave pattern. Transferred blood was observed only on the fiber tops. This information was found to be useful in reconstruction of events in suicides as well as possible homicides.
Automation of Gunshot Residue Detection and Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM/EDX)
Authors: White RS , Owens AD
Published: August 2015

The identification of gunshot residues (GSR) is generally accomplished by bulk analysis of complete residue samples (by atomic absorption spectroscopy or neutron activation analysis) or by residue particle analysis (by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis). The limitations and advantages of the two techniques are discussed. Two systems for the automation of GSR particle search have become commercially available recently. A detailed operational description and the results of 50 experimental search runs are reported for 1 of these systems. These results are also compared with results of 16 experimental search runs conducted with the second of the automation systems commercially available.
Suicidal Contact Gunshot Wounds to the Head with .38 Special Glaser Safety Slug Ammunition
Authors: Jones AM , Reyna M , Sperry K , Hock D
Published: August 2015

Glaser Safety Slug TM ammunition is a uniquely designed, essentially prefragmented ammunition. Tests performed by the U.S. Justice Department demonstrated that the ammunition possesses high kinetic energy, high relative incapacitation index (RII) and poses a very low risk to bystanders because of its total loss of kinetic energy in the target. Despite having been manufactured since 1974, no deaths from this ammunition have been previously reported. The authors herein describe the first three reported human deaths.
Identification of the Cadaver Remains of Josef Mengele
Authors: Helmer RP
Published: August 2015

In 1985 at the cemetery in Embu near Sao Paulo, Brazil, parts of a skeleton were exhumed, and now these parts have been examined to determine whether they are the remains of the corpse of Dr. Josef Mengele, the camp doctor of the Auschwitz concentration camp. The osteometrical and osteological findings ascertained correspond completely and consistently without contradiction with all the available personal data of Josef Mengele. Through a method of electronic visual mixing for the identification of the skull, it was determined that all the authentic pictures available used for comparison correspond definitely and consistently to the exhumed skull.
Age and Ossification of the Hyoid Bone: Forensic Implications
Authors: O'Halloran RL , Lundy JK
Published: August 2015

Hyoid bones from a medical examiner population were visually and radiographically examined to determine the presence or absence of bony fusion of the greater cornua to the central body. Fusion was found to increase in frequency with age. Hyoid bones fused more frequently in males than in females. Females showed an especially high frequency of unilateral nonfusion.
Lack of Observable Intoxication in Humans with High Plasma Alcohol Concentrations
Authors: Sullivan JB , Hauptman M , Bronstein AC
Published: August 2015

Judging the degree of human alcohol intoxication is an important clinical, social, and medicolegal matter. Assessing the degree of intoxication is not always easy by direct patient observation. Observational instruments have been used in forensic science, medical, and social situations in an endeavor to measure alcohol intoxication. The validity of these observational instruments must be questioned. In this study, twenty-one patients with alcohol related complaints presenting to major city emergency departments were studied using one such observational instrument, the Alcohol Symptom Checklist (ASC). Three independent emergency medicine physicians applied the criteria of ASC to the twenty-one patients and obtained a plasma alcohol concentration (PAC) for correlation purposes. Individual correlation coefficients (r = 0.182, r = 0.202, r = 0.200) and a composite correlation coefficient (r = 0.235) demonstrated lack of correlation between PAC and ASC. This lack of correlation is supported by clinical observations of experienced emergency department personnel.
Self- and Official Report of Name Variation Among Male Offenders
Authors: Harry B
Published: August 2015

The author studied one hundred incarcerated adult male felons referred consecutively for psychiatric evaluation, asking each if he had ever changed his name. He then compared each offender's self-report with official institutional records for the presence of recorded name variations. Fifteen men admitted to having changed their names, while twenty three had officially recorded name variations. These groups appeared to overlap to some extent and had no statistically significant differences among a range of descriptive variables. However, they had what seemed to have been a different pattern of changing their names. The author concludes that these different methods for identifying name changes among criminals may look at alias use from different perspectives and should be used to complement one another.
The Uses and Effects of Forensic Science in the Adjudication of Felony Cases
Authors: Peterson JL , Ryan JP , Houlden PJ , Mihajlovic S
Published: August 2015

This paper describes the uses and effects of forensic and other forms of evidence on the judicial processing of criminal cases. To achieve this goal, several data gathering approaches were used: surveys of laboratory scientists, interviews with prosecutors and defense attorneys, issuance of hypothetical case scenarios to prosecuting attorneys, exit surveys of citizens discharged from jury service, and a review of several thousand randomly chosen felony case filings in five prosecutors' offices. Aside from drug and alcohol related cases, firearms, bloodstains, fingerprints, hair, and semen are the leading categories of scientific evidence examined in felony prosecutions. Taking into account a variety of other sociodemographic and evidentiary factors, the authors find that scientific evidence makes little difference in prosecutors' decisions to charge defendants, or for that matter in the determination of guilt or innocence of charged defendants. Confessions emerge as the principal form of evidence influencing decisions to convict or acquit defendants. Forensic science reports and testimony have their greatest impact at the time of sentencing, when convicted defendants are more likely to go to prison and for longer periods of time where scientific evidence is presented.
A System for Handwriting Classification
Authors: Taylor LR , Chandler HB
Published: August 2015

In dealing with questioned document cases, examiners may encounter a questioned writing with no known suspect or a potential suspect with no writing available. The benefit and purpose of a classification system is to put at the fingertips of the examiner a means of filing and retrieving handwriting information on classified individuals who in many instances are repeat offenders and could be potential suspects. For clarification purposes, it should be stated that the classification of handwriting is not synonymous nor should be confused with the identification of handwriting. Classification simply allows the development of a mathematical formula based upon types of handwriting patterns for the purpose of retrieving information. Identification, on the other hand, is concerned not only with patterns that occur in handwriting, but individual characteristics as well as a host of other features. This paper discusses the development and implementation of a handwriting classification system used primarily to expedite the search for potential suspects where no suspects have been developed by the investigating agency, and as a source to project trends in certain handwriting characteristics as they relate to each other and to the sex and the race of known offenders.
Caffeine Toxicity: A Case of Child Abuse by Drug Ingestion
Authors: Morrow PL
Published: August 2015

The case of a 14-month-old child who died of caffeine toxicity is presented. The evidence for prolonged toxicity associated with inappropriate delay in the seeking of medical care and the presence of various recent and healing injuries are diagnostic of child abuse. Fatal caffeine toxicity and child abuse by drug/substance administration are uncommonly reported. Relevant medical literature is reviewed.
A Case with Bear Facts
Authors: Murad TA , Boddy MA
Published: August 2015

During the summer of 1985, human skeletal remains along with accompanying material culture and various debris were discovered beside a logging road in Northern California. An analysis of the human remains and debris, which ran the gamut from a badly damaged 1974 automobile to the feces of a large mammal, revealed that an adult male Caucasoid, who had at one time had skull surgery performed, was partially eaten by a large carnivore, probably a bear. Along with the unusual circumstances surrounding this case which make it interesting, the fact that the victim's identity was later established allowed an opportunity to gain insight into some of the techniques employed by forensic physical anthropologists to discern sex, race, age, stature, and individual features. A review of some techniques is offered.
A Review of Investigating Arson
Authors: Tontarski RE
Published: August 2015

Investigating Arson covers old ground in an interesting fashion. Unfortunately, some information is dated, not well documented, and perpetuates several myths about fire cause which have plagued the fire investigation community for years. There are contradictions and inconsistencies across several chapters.
Class Defects in Printwheel Typescript
Authors: Behrendt JE
Published: August 2015

Although the identification of printwheel typescript is predicated on the characteristics of the typing system, most of the identifying defects encountered are normally ascribed to the printwheel. Typescript samples from several new printwheels of different manufacture were examined to ascertain whether class defects are present in printwheel typescript. It was found that several different types of class defects commonly occur in typescript samples of new printwheels. These class defects often appear similar to individual identifying characteristics, when in fact, they are indicative of an entire group of printwheels.
Postmortem Diagnosis of Meningococcemia by Detection of Capsular Polysaccharides
Authors: Challener RC , Morrissey AM , Jacobs MR
Published: August 2015

Detection of specific meningococcal capsular polysaccharide (CPS) in postmortem blood permits rapid diagnosis of meningococcemia and differentiation from pneumococcemia and septicemia caused by Haemophilus influenzae Type b. We present studies validating application of latex agglutination assay for CPS on blood samples collected at autopsy, delineate the circumstances when CPS testing is indicated, and illustrate the usefulness of this procedure by several recent cases. Blood samples from victims dying of injury or disease other than infection were examined to determine whether the postmortem interval, bacterial contamination, anticoagulants, or delay in testing would result in false positive assays. Series 1 samples, collected so as to minimize bacterial contamination, were immediately submitted for assay. Series 2 evaluated the effect of adverse conditions of collection, anticoagulation, and prolonged sample storage. Despite extended postmortem intervals of up to 14 days, heavy bacterial contamination, prolonged storage at 4°C, deep hemolysis, and presence of anticoagulants, false positive assays were seldom observed.
Barefoot Impressions—A Preliminary Study of Identification Characteristics and Population Frequency of Their Morphological Features
Authors: Laskowski GE , Kyle VL
Published: August 2015

Footprint impressions of 107 male adults ranging in age from 19 to 67 years were recorded and examined. Included in this study were foot impressions from a pair of monozygotic twins as well. The impressions were recorded and converted into a set of indices which essentially are width-versus-length ratios of prominent features of the human foot. These indices were then correlated to yield probability values for use in this study and for comparison to data published by previous investigators Qamra, Abbott, Lovejoy, Cassidy, and Robbins. Friction ridge minutae were not considered in this study. Crease marks, well impressions, and toe step measurements were considered, but not incorporated in the probability values, because of the unique aspect of these features and the inability, at present, to convert these features to mathematical indices. These features do, however, introduce a subjective nature to the analysis scheme. This study uses the combined index probabilities of foot impressions so that the data generated can be used to assign a given probability that a particular foot impression, even without clear definable individual features, can be linked to the person who made the impression.
Evaluation of Sudden Death in Psychiatric Patients with Special Reference to Phenothiazine Therapy: Forensic Pathology
Authors: Laposata EA , Hale P , Poklis A
Published: August 2015

The investigation of sudden unexpected death in psychiatric patients and the ensuing litigation has brought to our attention many unusual features important in the evaluation of such deaths. Certain pathophysiologic mechanisms of death, rarely encountered in routine forensic science practice, may be important in determining the cause of death in psychiatric patients, especially in cases where the autopsy is unrevealing. Of particular concern is a tendency in the current literature to implicate phenothiazines as a cause of death when the death investigation and the autopsies are incomplete. Thus, based on our experience and on a review of the current literature, we have set forth factors that the forensic pathologist should consider when faced with a sudden psychiatric death. A case report illustrates these unique aspects of scene investigation and analysis of terminal events and autopsy findings.
Determination of Cause and Mode of Death Before and After Medicolegal Autopsy: A Comparative Study
Authors: Segerberg-Konttinen M
Published: August 2015

Two hundred and twenty-eight consecutive medicolegal autopsies were studied as to the cause of death established by a physician, the mode of death as suggested in the police report, and findings of medical interest often discovered following autopsy. Corrections had to be made even in some cases which seemed to be obvious. With a decrease of the number of autopsies, the records of various registration bureaus would be affected. Autopsies are still necessary for control and correction of clinical causes of death.
Pathological Spectrum of the Lung in Cases of Violent Death: Part I. Lesion Classification
Authors: Ferrer A , Castellano M , Bona M , Plaza L
Published: August 2015

The results are presented of the pathological study of the lungs in 66 cases of violent death observing the more frequent types of lesion and establishing 4 different groups of postlesioned pulmonary condition.

1. Inflammatory alveolar lesions without a diffused interstitial involvement (IAL) including contusions or direct aggressions, lobular pneumonias, or bronchopneumonias with a predominance of intra-alveolar inflammatory exudation.

2. Inflammatory alveolar lesions with a diffuse interstitial involvement (IALW) including generalized affectation of the parenchyma with lesions in the capillary structure of the wall.

3. Edemohemorrhagic lesions (EHL) presenting phenomena of capillary congestion with hematic extravasation and interstitial and intra-alveolar edema, without inflammatory involvement. This is the most numerous group and it can constitute the preliminary stage of any other.

4. Unspecific chronic lesions (UCL) not related to the cause of death, being chronically inflammatory and fibrotic alterations of limited interest in our study.

We emphasize the importance of the inflammatory involvement of the alveolar wall in the pathogenia of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and the aggravation of pulmonary lesions by capillary structure alteration, direct lesions of alveolar epithelium, presence of macrophages, and liberation of certain intracellular enzymes.
Alternative Methods for Processing Arson Samples in Polyester Bags
Authors: Stackhouse CC , Gray CI
Published: August 2015

Various heating methods for arson samples packaged in polyethylene lined polyester pouches are evaluated. A comparison of the efficiency of accelerant recovery from pouches versus glass jars is also noted. Spiked samples of soil and fire debris are used to simulate actual conditions encountered in arson cases. Advantages and disadvantages of the pouches are discussed.
ANS (8-Anilinonaphthalene-1-Sulfonate)—A New Reagent for Detection of Latent Fingerprints
Authors: Cheng S-G
Published: August 2015

ANS (8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate) has shown itself to be a valuable and sensitive reagent method for the detection of latent and greasy prints on porous surfaces. The working solution is sprayed onto the porous surface where latent or greasy prints are suspected and the prints show bright yellow fluorescence against dark background under ultraviolet (UV) lamp (long wavelength) illumination. The advantages of this method are its rapid reaction, no heat needed, high sensitivity, no unpleasant odor, simplicity, and convenience in processing.
A Fatality Involving U4Euh, A Cyclic Derivative of Phenylpropanolamine
Authors: Davis FT , Brewster ME
Published: August 2015

A fatality following ingestion of diazepam and 4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine, a cyclic derivative of phenylpropanolamine known as U4EuH or 4-methyl aminorex, is described. Solid dosage samples of U4EuH were analyzed using gas chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry. Physiological fluids were analyzed quantitatively by gas chromatography and qualitatively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Concentrations of 4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine were: in blood 21.3 mg/L; in urine 12.3 mg/L. Diazepam concentration in blood was 0.8 mg/L.
An Infant Fatality Involving Ajmaline
Authors: Ikeda N , Umetsu K , Suzuki T , Gonmori K , Takahashi K
Published: August 2015

An infant fatality following accidental ingestion of ajmaline is described. Ajmaline was determined by thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry, and quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography. The ajmaline concentration in blood was 5.5 µg/mL. The toxicological data relevant to the interpretation of case findings are presented.
1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): One Designer Drug and Serendipity
Authors: Weingarten HL
Published: August 2015

Through an unlikely series of coincidences and fortunate accidents, the development of Parkinson's disease in several illicit drug users was traced to their use of a meperidine analog contaminated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The discovery of a chemical capable of producing animal models of the disease has revitalized research efforts and resulted in important new information. The serendipitous finding also prompted consideration of what changes seem advisable if designer drugs are to be dealt with more efficaciously.
A Review of Comprehensive Index to the Journal of Forensic Sciences 1972–1986
Authors: Cravey RH
Published: August 2015

The title describes the cotents of this most valuable book. To provide rapid access to a listing of all information published in the Journal on a specific topic, the editor and ASTM staff undertook the task of indexing all the contents of the Journal for the past 15 years, 1972 through 1986. With the publication of this comprehensive index, forensic scientists now have available a single reference source that will enable them to review the available literature on a specific subject in a minimum amount of time.
A Review of Human Blood Groups
Authors: Taylor HL
Published: August 2015

Human Blood and Serum Groups, coauthored by Profs. Prokop and Uhlenbruek, was aremarkable collaboration of two German scientists, one from East Berlin and the other fromCologne, which became a benchmark text throughout Europe. The second German edition,translated and published in English in 1969 by Doctor Raven of Guy's Hospital, London,became a widely cited reference work in Western immunohematology. Although no furtherEnglish translations of other major publications or editions by Prokop and his associateshave appeared in 18 years, their work has continued to capture the attention and imagination of both expert and student in English speaking countries. Other more current publications are considered authoritative by workers in immunohematology and forensic laboratorysciences.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplification and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DQα Oligonucleotide Typing on Biological Evidence Samples: Casework Experience
Authors: Blake E , Mihalovich J , Higuchi R , Sean Walsh P , Erlich H
Published: August 2015

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method of specific gene amplification was used in casework to synthesize millions of copies of the polymorphic second exon of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQα (or DQA1) locus from a variety of evidence samples. The HLA-DQα allelic variants in the amplified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were determined in a rapid non-radioactive test by hybridization to sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes in both the dot-blot and reverse dot-blot formats. This genetic typing system has been subjected to blind proficiency testing; the performance of this test in the analysis of experimentally mixed samples was also evaluated. As of August 1990, over 250 cases have been tested and more than 2000 individual evidence (bloodstains, semen stains, individual hairs, bone fragments, and tissue sections) and reference samples have been analyzed. The first 198 of these cases are summarized in this paper; in 65% of the cases with conclusive results a suspect was included, and in 35%, all suspects were excluded. Individual cases as well as some of the general issues relating to forensic science analysis and this genetic typing system are discussed. The high rate of exclusion reported here combined with the ability of PCR to type old evidence samples suggests the relevance of this genetic test for postconviction review; two cases in which the convicted suspect was excluded are discussed.
Some Special Observations Regarding Visible Transmission Spectra of Inks and an Improved Method for Their Discrimination by Microspectrophotometry
Authors: Zeichner A , Glattstein B
Published: August 2015

Various blue and black inks are shown to change their transmission spectra by applying pressure and smearing them as deposits on glass slides. A similar phenomenon is observed with deposits of copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetra sodium salt. It is shown that transmission spectra of small samples of inked paper fibers smeared (crushed) on glass slides resemble spectra of smeared ink deposits and are more reproducible than spectra of inked fibers in a mounting medium. This advantage is especially significant in the case of examining ink traces on tinted paper.
Computer-Assisted Photographic Superimposition
Authors: Ubelaker DH , Bubniak E , O'Donnell G
Published: August 2015

A new computer-assisted system for photographic superimposition using electronic imaging has been successfully employed to compare an antemortem photograph with a recovered cranium and mandible. Credibility of the comparison is enhanced through study of similar crania from collections of human remains of the Smithsonian Institution. Using this system, the recovered remains appear to match the photograph, while the crania and mandibles of the four individuals in the Smithsonian Institution collection that were found to be most similar to the recovered remains show distinct differences when compared with the photograph.
Linear Models for the Prediction of Stature from Foot and Boot Dimensions
Authors: Gordon CC , Buikstra JE
Published: August 2015

Estimation of stature from the dimensions of foot or shoeprints has considerable forensic value in developing descriptions of suspects from evidence at the crime scene and in corroborating height estimates from witnesses. This study extends the findings of previous researchers by exploring linear models with and without gender and race indicators, and by validating the most promising models on a large, recently collected military database. Boot size and outsole dimensions are also examined as predictors of stature.

The results of this study indicate that models containing both foot length and foot breadth are significantly better than those containing only foot length. Models with race/gender indicators also perform significantly better than do models without race/gender indicators. However, the difference in performance is slight, and the availability of reliable gender and race information in most forensic situations is uncertain. Analogous results were obtained for models utilizing boot size/width and outsole length/width, and in this study these variables performed nearly as well as the foot dimensions themselves.

Although the adjusted R2 values for these models clearly reflect a strong relationship between foot/boot length and stature, individual 95% prediction limits for even the best models are ±86 mm (3.4 in.). This suggests that models estimating stature from foot/shoeprints may be useful in the development of subject descriptions early in a case but, because of their imprecision, may not always be helpful in excluding individual suspects from consideration.
Practical Approach to Investigative Ethics and Religious Objections to the Autopsy
Authors: Mittleman RE , Davis JH , Kasztl W , Graves WM
Published: August 2015

The application of investigative ethics to religious objections to the autopsy is essential for harmony in achieving the mission of medical legal death investigation. In Florida, an ethical advisory committee composed of religious, ethics, legal, and medical leaders established a unified statement for the practice of discretionary judgment and liaison with clergy. Our approach to religious objections to the autopsy as well as illustrative cases will be discussed.
Misidentification of Self and the Riel Phenomenon
Authors: Perr IN , Paul Fedoroff J
Published: August 2015

Misidentification syndromes or phenomena are found in a number of psychiatric situations that may become the subject of forensic science review. One of the most curious is misidentification of self in which the individual perceives himself or herself as another being while able to explain the loss of the original identity. Recognizing these phenomena may be helpful in accurate diagnosis, in considering such conditions as psychosis of whatever type, multiple personality disorder, and other amnesia and fugue states, and in understanding the person's psychopathology. Two cases are presented to illustrate a process that the authors have named the Riel Phenomenon, after the person who was a party to what is often recognized as the most famous case in Canadian history.
The Trial of Louis Riel: A Study in Canadian Psychiatry
Authors: Perr IN
Published: August 2015

The Riel case in 1885 is one of the most striking cases in the history of forensic psychiatry. On the one hand, Riel was the hero of the underprivileged, French Canadian-Indian halfbreeds whose futile revolt in the Canadian Northwest captured the imaginations of French Canadians in Quebec, for whom he became a hero and a martyr. Prior review in this journal has detailed the clinical data referable to his mental condition. This paper reviews the actual trial, the questionable management by the defense, and the inadequate preparations by the defense psychiatrists. Subsequent to the sentence of death, the Canadian prime minister, Macdonald, ordered a medical review, more or less dictating the result. For whatever reason, the medical reports when made public did not fully reflect the actuality of what occurred. The result was a questionable execution, the creation of a martyr, and a spark for the cultural conflict that continues to bedevil Canada.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Typing of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DQA1 from Single Hairs in Japanese
Authors: Uchihi R , Tamaki K , Kojima T , Yamamoto T , Katsumata Y
Published: August 2015

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQA1 from single hairs is described. HLA-DQA1 genotypes could be determined from single plucked hair roots. However, it was not easy to type HLA-DQA1 with hair shaft portions. Increase in the specimens of hair shaft portions (over 10 cm in length) to get sufficient DNA caused inhibition of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Synthetic melanin as well as the one extracted from hairs inhibited the PCR of the genomic DNA template when added to the PCR reaction at the concentrations over than 15 ng/100 µL. Therefore, typability of hair shaft portions seems to depend on the delicate balance of the concentrations of DNA and the contaminated melanin in the final DNA extracts.
Preliminary Observations of the Effect of Methamphetamine in Decomposing Tissues on the Development Rate of Parasarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Implications of this Effect on the Estimations of Postmortem Intervals
Authors: Lee Goff M , Brown WA , Omori AI
Published: August 2015

Larvae of Parasarcophaga ruficornis (Fabricius) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) were reared on tissues from rabbits administered different dosages of methamphetamine to study the effects of this drug on development of this species. The rabbits were given 37.5, 71.4, and 142.9 mg of methamphetamine via ear vein infusion. From Hours 30 to 60, larvae feeding on tissues from rabbits receiving 71.4 and 142.9 mg of methamphetamine developed more rapidly than larvae from the control colony and those feeding on tissues from the rabbit receiving 37.5 mg of methamphetamine. The time required for pupariation was significantly greater for colonies fed on tissues from methamphetamine-dosed rabbits than for the control. These differences were sufficient to alter postmortem interval estimates based on larval development by up to 18 h and estimates based on puparial development by up to 48 h. The presence of methamphetamine or amphetamine could not be detected in Diptera larvae in this experiment using radioimmunoassay techniques, as there was a nonspecific reaction, resulting in a false positive.
Acallosal Brain in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Authors: Patel F
Published: August 2015

A definitive explanation of “crib” or “cot” death remains unknown. An unusual incidental autopsy finding of agenesis of the corpus callosum in a case presenting as “near miss” sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is discussed. Hitherto, only a single case associated with SIDS has been reported in the literature. The condition may be easily missed outside the interest in neuropathology.
Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Section Awards: Research by Fellows in Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology: Introduction
Authors: Rosner R
Published: August 2015

The Psychiatry & Behavioral Science Section is supporting research in our field by the blishment of an award that may be granted annually to the best paper by a fellow in nsic psychiatry or forensic psychology.
Estimating the Prevalence of Organic Brain Dysfunction in Maximum-Security Forensic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Martell DA
Published: August 2015

This is a descriptive study of 50 randomly selected male patients retained in a maximum-security state hospital for mentally disordered offenders. Data regarding the prevalence of several indicators of potential organic brain dysfunction are presented, including: (1) a diagnosis of any organic brain disorder, (2) a history of severe head injury with loss of consciousness, (3) a history of seizure activity, (4) evidence of cognitive impairment, (5) abnormal neurological findings, and (6) other relevant neurodiagnostic or historical findings. Results show that multiple indicators of potential brain dysfunction were present in 64% of the cases. At least one indicator of potential brain dysfunction was present for 84% of the subjects. Subjects with a diagnosis or history suggesting brain dysfunction were significantly more likely to have been indicted for violent criminal charges (p = 0.01). Implications of these findings for clinical treatment and forensic science decision-making are discussed.
Biology, Violence, and Antisocial Personality
Authors: Kandel E
Published: August 2015

Previous reports have examined separately the role of perinatal biology in the etiology of violent criminal behavior and the etiology of antisocial personality disorder (ASP). This paper brings together those two studies to test the hypothesis that violent behavior and ASP may result from different etiological factors. The two studies are on Danish birth cohorts, examined both for perinatal health and for violent, aggressive, and antisocial behavior later in life. Results suggest that while perinatal factors may be important in the etiology of violent criminal behavior, they do not appear to be similarly influential in the formation of ASP. These two studies are examined and their results and findings discussed in light of the limited literature in this area.
Assessing Civil Competence in the Elderly
Authors: Schwartz JJ , Barone DF
Published: August 2015

This study was designed to establish reliability of the Community Competence Scale—Revised (CCS-R) and provide evidence for its validity in making discriminations relevant to civil competence in the elderly. The CCS-R is an individually administered structured interview of 17 subscales. Criterion groups were formed by drawing a sample of research participants from a retirement complex with various levels of care and with nurses having extensive knowledge of the residents' level of functioning. The study demonstrated high reliability and found converging evidence for the effectiveness of the CCS-R in making discriminations about competence in the elderly. The study has added to the growing evidence that it is possible to standardize the assessment of civil competence, thereby making the adjudication process a more accurate one.
Review of The Judgement of Experts: Essays and Documents about the Investigation of the Forging of the “Oath of a Freeman”
Authors: Wiersema SJ
Published: August 2015

This book, as the title implies, is a compilation of documents, correspondence, and thand accounts from the institutions and individuals that were involved in examining Hofmann's forgery of the “Oath of a Freeman.”