bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Random polytopes: Central limit theorems for intrinsic volumes
Authors: Thäle Christoph , Turchi Nicola , Wespi Florian
Published: November 2017

Short and transparent proofs of central limit theorems for intrinsic volumes of random polytopes in smooth convex bodies are presented. They combine different tools such as estimates for floating bodies with Stein’s method from probability theory.
Regulation of ATP utilization during metastatic cell migration by collagen architecture
Authors: Zanotelli Matthew R. , Goldblatt Zachary E. , Miller Joseph P. , Bordeleau Francois , Li Jiahe , VanderBurgh Jacob A. , Lampi Marsha C. , King Michael R. , Reinhart-King Cynthia A.
Published: November 2017

Cell migration in a three-dimensional matrix requires that cells either remodel the surrounding matrix fibers and/or squeeze between the fibers to move. Matrix degradation, matrix remodeling, and changes in cell shape each require cells to expend energy. While significant research has been performed to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms guiding metastatic migration, less is known about cellular energy regulation and utilization during three-dimensional cancer cell migration. Here we introduce the use of the genetically encoded fluorescent biomarkers, PercevalHR and pHRed, to quantitatively assess ATP, ADP, and pH levels in MDA-MB-231 metastatic cancer cells as a function of the local collagen microenvironment. We find that the use of the probe is an effective tool for exploring the thermodynamics of cancer cell migration and invasion. Specifically, we find that the ATP:ADP ratio increases in cells in denser matrices, where migration is impaired, and it decreases in cells in aligned collagen matrices, where migration is facilitated. When migration is pharmacologically inhibited, the ATP:ADP ratio decreases. Together, our data indicate that matrix architecture alters cellular energetics and that intracellular ATP:ADP ratio is related to the ability of cancer cells to effectively migrate.
Full genome survey and dynamics of gene expression in the greater amberjack Seriola dumerili
Authors: Sarropoulou Elena , Sundaram Arvind Y M , Kaitetzidou Elisavet , Kotoulas Georgios , Gilfillan Gregor D , Papandroulakis Nikos , Mylonas Constantinos C , Magoulas Antonios
Published: November 2017

Background

Teleosts of the genus Seriola, commonly known as amberjacks, are of high commercial value in international markets due to their flesh quality and worldwide distribution. The Seriola species of interest to Mediterranean aquaculture is the greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili). This species holds great potential for the aquaculture industry, but in captivity, reproduction has proved to be challenging, and observed growth dysfunction hinders their domestication. Insights into molecular mechanisms may contribute to a better understanding of traits like growth and sex, but investigations to unravel the molecular background of amberjacks have begun only recently.

Findings

Illumina HiSeq sequencing generated a high-coverage greater amberjack genome sequence comprising 45 909 scaffolds. Comparative mapping to the Japanese yellowtail (Seriola quinqueriadiata) and to the model species medaka (Oryzias latipes) allowed the generation of in silico groups. Additional gonad transcriptome sequencing identified sex-biased transcripts, including known sex-determining and differentiation genes. Investigation of the muscle transcriptome of slow-growing individuals showed that transcripts involved in oxygen and gas transport were differentially expressed compared with fast/normal-growing individuals. On the other hand, transcripts involved in muscle functions were found to be enriched in fast/normal-growing individuals.

Conclusion

The present study provides the first insights into the molecular background of male and female amberjacks and of fast- and slow-growing fish. Therefore, valuable molecular resources have been generated in the form of a first draft genome and a reference transcriptome. Sex-biased genes, which may also have roles in sex determination or differentiation, and genes that may be responsible for slow growth are suggested.
Combined Infection with Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and Pythium Species Causes Extensive Collapse in Cucumber Plants
Authors: Philosoph Amit M. , Dombrovsky Aviv , Elad Yigal , Jaiswal Amit K. , Koren Amnon , Lachman Oded , Frenkel Omer
Published: November 2017

In the last decade, the phenomenon of late-wilting has increased in cucumber greenhouses during Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) epidemics. Because the wilting appears in defined patches accompanied by root rot, it was hypothesized that the phenomenon is caused by coinfection of soilborne pathogens and CGMMV. A field survey showed that 69% of the collapsed plants were infected with both Pythium spp. and CGMMV, whereas only 20 and 6.6% were singly infected with Pythium spp. or CGMMV, respectively. Artificial inoculations in controlled-environmental growth chambers and glasshouse experiments showed that coinfection with Pythium spinosum and CGMMV leads to a strong synergistic wilting effect and reduces growth parameters. The synergy values of the wilting effect were not influenced by the time interval between P. spinosum and CGMMV infection. However, dry mass synergy values were decreased with longer intervals between infections. The results obtained in this study support the complexity of the wilting phenomenon described in commercial cucumber grown in protected structures during infection of Pythium spp. on the background of a vast CGMMV epidemic. They encourage a wider perspective of the complexity of agricultural diseases to apply the most suitable disease management.
Building Reflection with Word Clouds for Online RN to BSN Students
Authors: Volkert Delene R.
Published: November 2017

Reflection allows students to integrate learning with their personal context, developing deeper knowledge and promoting critical thinking. Word clouds help students develop themes/concepts beyond traditional methods, introducing visual aspects to an online learning environment. Students created word clouds and captions, then responded to those created by peers for a weekly discussion assignment. Students indicated overwhelming support for the use of word clouds to develop deeper understanding of the subject matter. This reflection assignment could be utilized in asynchronous, online undergraduate nursing courses for creative methods of building reflection and developing knowledge for the undergraduate RN to BSN student.
Multi-Options: An Innovative Course Delivery Methodology
Authors: Elder Stacie J.
Published: November 2017

Multi-Options is a teaching methodology that allows students to choose the format in which they will attend class. Weekly, they have the choice of attending the face-to-face session, joining synchronously online, or viewing the class asynchronously online at their convenience. Each choice has its own requirements developed to keep the workload uniform for all students. Advantages include conservation of faculty, avoiding the cancellation of poorly populated classes, promoting student independence, and allowing for maximum student flexibility regarding learning style, scheduling needs, and lifestyle. Although technological support and changes to the faculty culture are challenges, initial trials have been successful.
Evaluation and Student Perceptions of an OB Boot Camp Simulation for Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Mixed-Method Approach
Authors: Crews Cynthia S. , Minor Lisa C.
Published: November 2017

Obstetrical nursing offers unique challenges as a specialty clinical area as the process of birth and the nature of the setting are unpredictable. Traditional undergraduate baccalaureate nursing students may not have experience with maternal/newborn care. An eight-hour OB Boot Camp was developed to prepare students for their first obstetrical clinical rotation. An explanatory sequential mixed-method research study was used to explore student perceptions and evaluate the experience. On the basis of the results of this research study, the OB Boot Camp was a valuable instructional method to prepare students for obstetrical clinical rotations and coursework.
An Outcome Analysis of Nurse Practitioners in Acute Care Trauma Services
Authors: Holliday Anna , Samanta Damayanti , Budinger Julie , Hardway Jessica , Bethea Audis
Published: November 2017

The department of trauma at a Level 1 trauma center sought to improve outcomes by enhancing the continuity of care for patients admitted to trauma services. Departmental leadership explored opportunities to improve this aspect of patient care through expansion of existing trauma nurse practitioner (NP) services. The restructured trauma NP service model was implemented in September 2013. A retrospective study was conducted with patients who presented at the trauma center between September 2012 and August 2015. Patients with at least a 24-hr hospital length of stay (LOS) were separated into 3 comparator groups by 12-month increments: 12 months pre-, 12 months during, and 12 months postimplementation. Data revealed improvement in hospital LOS, intensive care unit LOS, time to place rehabilitation consultation, and placement of discharge orders before noon. A significant decline in the rate of complications including pneumonia and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was also noted. Accordingly, expansion of the trauma NP model resulted in significant improvements in patient and process of care outcomes. This model for NP services may prove to be beneficial for acute care settings at other hospitals with high volume trauma services.
An Objective Method to Determine the Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Threshold During Cochlea Implantation
Authors: Weiss Bernhard G. , Söchting Friederike , Bertlich Mattis , Busch Martin , Blum Jenny , Ihler Friedrich , Canis Martin
Published: November 2017

Objective:

In cochlea implantation, assessment of the electrically evoked stapedius reflex threshold (eSRT) provides information for postoperative adjustment of the speech processor. This is used to prevent undesired overstimulation. To this day, the reflex is visually identified by the surgeon. However, this method may be prone to error due to ventilation-associated situs excursions, blinking, or other distractions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish an objective and automatized method to determine the eSRT.

Methods:

Video material documenting the intraoperative measurements was analyzed offline applying a tracking software to quantify stapes head movements. Moreover, a computer program (TrackerAnalyzer) was developed to detect reflex associated movements automatically.

Results:

Reflex responses seen visually by the surgeon compared with visual registration on the video material postoperatively and to results of the automatized method with TrackerAnalyzer showed a high inter-rater agreement (Cohen's kappa coefficient = 0.47–0.59). 82% of events in which the TrackerAnalyzer registered reflexes that were not seen by the surgeon had values close but lower to the intraoperatively determined eSRT (mean −1.02 current units).

Conclusion:

We demonstrated the feasibility of an objective and automatized method to determine electrically evoked stapedius reflex thresholds in cochlea implantation.
Efficacy of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for 12 weeks in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 3 and compensated liver disease
Authors: Moser Stephan , Kozbial Karin , Laferl Hermann , Schütz Angelika , Reiberger Thomas , Schwabl Philipp , Gutic Enisa , Schwanke Cornelia , Schubert Raphael , Luhn Julian , Lang Tobias , Schleicher Michael , Steindl-Munda Petra , Haltmayer Hans , Ferenci Peter , Gschwantler Michael
Published: November 2017

Introduction

In the era of direct-acting antivirals, hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) 3 remains as the most difficult-to-treat HCV-GT. Currently, data on the efficacy of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (SOF/LDV+RBV) in GT3-infected patients are limited. We investigated the efficacy of this regimen in a real-life cohort from Austria.

Patients and methods

A total of 55 patients with HCV-GT3 and compensated liver disease (20% treatment-experienced, 33% with cirrhosis, 7% with HIV coinfection) from four Austrian hepatitis centers received treatment with SOF/LDV+RBV for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response 12 weeks after end of therapy (SVR12).

Results

In the modified intention-to-treat analysis – excluding patients lost to follow-up – the overall SVR12 rate was 94% (95% confidence interval: 84–99%). In treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients, SVR12 rates were 95 and 89%, respectively. SVR12 rate was 91% in patients without cirrhosis and 100% in patients with cirrhosis. There were no serious adverse events. Viral sequencing did not show the presence of any resistance-associated substitutions in any of the three relapsed patients.

Conclusion

Despite a very weak antiviral activity of ledipasvir against HCV-GT3 in vitro, a 12-week course of SOF/LDV+RBV was highly effective, with a 94% SVR12 rate in our cohort of compensated HCV-GT3-infected patients. Thus, if pangenotypic NS5A inhibitors are not available or not reimbursed by insurances, SOF/LDV+RBV seems to be an effective alternative in patients with HCV-GT3 infection.
Investigating the effects of under-triage by existing major incident triage tools
Authors: Vassallo James M. , Smith Jason E. , Wallis Lee A.
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Triage is a key principle in the effective management of a major incident. Its effectiveness is a balance between identifying those in need of life-saving intervention, and those triaged incorrectly as either needing/not needing a life-saving intervention. The primary aim of this study was to report mortality in those under-triaged by existing major incident triage tools. Secondary aims were to report the ability of triage tools at identifying serious injury by body region (defined as an Abbreviated Injury Scale severity score≥3).

Patients and methods

Retrospective database analysis of the UK Trauma Audit Research Network for all adult patients (≥18 years) between 2006 and 2014. Patients were defined as priority one using a previously published list. Using the first recorded hospital physiology, patients were categorized by the Modified Physiological Triage Tool (MPTT), National Ambulance Resilience Unit (NARU) Sieve and the Major Incident Medical Management and Support (MIMMS) Triage Sieve. Categorical and continuous data were analyzed using a χ
2-test and Mann–Whitney U-test respectively.

Results

During the study period, 218 985 adult patients met the Trauma Audit Research Network inclusion criteria, with 24 791 (19.5%) priority one patients, of which 70% were male with a median age of 51 (33–71) years and injury severity score of 16 (9–25). The MPTT showed the lowest rate of under-triage (42.4%, P<0.001). Compared with existing methods, the MPTT under-triage population had significantly lower mortality (5.7%, P<0.001) with significantly fewer serious thorax and head injuries under-triaged than both the NARU Sieve and MIMMS Triage Sieve (P<0.001).

Conclusion

This study has defined the implications of under-triage in the context of a major trauma population. The MPTT misses fewer severely injured patients, with a significant reduction in mortality. We suggest the MPTT to be considered as an alternative to existing primary major incident triage tools.
Building a Community of Practice for Researchers
Authors: Cheng Adam , Auerbach Marc , Calhoun Aaron , Mackinnon Ralph , Chang Todd P. , Nadkarni Vinay , Hunt Elizabeth A. , Duval-Arnould Jordan , Peiris Nicola , Kessler David
Published: November 2017

Summary Statement

The scope and breadth of simulation-based research is growing rapidly; however, few mechanisms exist for conducting multicenter, collaborative research. Failure to foster collaborative research efforts is a critical gap that lies in the path of advancing healthcare simulation. The 2017 Research Summit hosted by the Society for Simulation in Healthcare highlighted how simulation-based research networks can produce studies that positively impact the delivery of healthcare. In 2011, the International Network for Simulation-based Pediatric Innovation, Research and Education (INSPIRE) was formed to facilitate multicenter, collaborative simulation-based research with the aim of developing a community of practice for simulation researchers. Since its formation, the network has successfully completed and published numerous collaborative research projects. In this article, we describe INSPIRE's history, structure, and internal processes with the goal of highlighting the community of practice model for other groups seeking to form a simulation-based research network.
A Successful Approach to Kidney Transplantation in Patients With Enteric (Secondary) Hyperoxaluria
Authors: Roodnat Joke I. , de Mik-van Egmond Anneke M. E. , Visser Wesley J. , Berger Stefan P. , van der Meijden Wilbert A. G. , Knauf Felix , van Agteren Madelon , Betjes Michiel G.H. , Hoorn Ewout J.
Published: November 2017

Background

Enteric hyperoxaluria due to malabsorption may cause chronic oxalate nephropathy and lead to end-stage renal disease. Kidney transplantation is challenging given the risk of recurrent calcium-oxalate deposition and nephrolithiasis.

Methods

We established a protocol to reduce plasma oxalic acid levels peritransplantation based on reduced intake and increased removal of oxalate. The outcomes of 10 kidney transplantation patients using this protocol are reported.

Results

Five patients received a living donor kidney and had immediate graft function. Five received a deceased donor kidney and had immediate (n = 1) or delayed graft function (n = 4). In patients with delayed graft function, the protocol was prolonged after transplantation. In 3 patients, our protocol was reinstituted because of late complications affecting graft function. One patient with high-output stoma and relatively low oxalate levels had lost her first kidney transplant because of recurrent oxalate depositions but now receives intravenous fluid at home on a routine basis 3 times per week to prevent dehydration. Patients are currently between 3 and 32 months after transplantation and all have a stable estimated glomerular filtration rate (mean, 51 ± 21 mL/min per 1.73 m2). In 4 of 8 patients who underwent for cause biopsies after transplantation oxalate depositions were found.

Conclusions

This is the first systematic description of kidney transplantation in a cohort of patients with enteric hyperoxaluria. Common complications after kidney transplantation impact long-term transplant function in these patients. With our protocol, kidney transplantation outcomes were favorable in this population with unfavorable transplantation prospects and even previous unsuccessful transplants.
Temporal shifts in intraguild predation pressure between beluga whales and Greenland halibut in a changing Arctic
Authors: Yurkowski David J. , Hussey Nigel E. , Fisk Aaron T. , Imrie Kendra L. , Tallman Ross F. , Ferguson Steven H.
Published: November 2017

Asymmetrical intraguild predation (AIGP), which combines both predation and competition between predator species, is pervasive in nature with relative strengths varying by prey availability. But with species redistributions associated with climate change, the response by endemic predators within an AIGP context to changing biotic–abiotic conditions over time (i.e. seasonal and decadal) has yet to be quantified. Furthermore, little is known on AIGP dynamics in ecosystems undergoing rapid directional change such as the Arctic. Here, we investigate the flexibility of AIGP among two predators in the same trophic guild: beluga (
Delphinapterus leucas
) and Greenland halibut (
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides
), by season and over 30 years in Cumberland Sound—a system where forage fish capelin (
Mallotus villosus
) have recently become more available. Using stable isotopes, we illustrate different predator responses to temporal shifts in forage fish availability. On a seasonal cycle, beluga consumed less Greenland halibut and increased consumption of forage fish during summer, contrasting a constant consumption rate of forage fish by Greenland halibut year-round leading to decreased AIGP pressure between predators. Over a decadal scale (1982–2012), annual consumption of forage fish by beluga increased with a concomitant decline in the consumption of Greenland halibut, thereby indicating decreased AIGP pressure between predators in concordance with increased forage fish availability. The long-term changes of AIGP pressure between endemic predators illustrated here highlights climate-driven environmental alterations to interspecific intraguild interactions in the Arctic.
The loneliness of the long-distance toad: invasion history and social attraction in cane toads (
Rhinella marina
)
Authors: Gruber Jodie , Whiting Martin J. , Brown Gregory , Shine Richard
Published: November 2017

Individuals at the leading edge of a biological invasion constantly encounter novel environments. These pioneers may benefit from increased social attraction, because low population densities reduce competition and risks of pathogen transfer, and increase benefits of information transfer. In standardized trials, cane toads (
Rhinella marina
) from invasion-front populations approached conspecifics more often, and spent more time close to them, than did conspecifics from high-density, long-colonized populations.
Differential cell-matrix mechanoadaptations and inflammation drive regional propensities to aortic fibrosis, aneurysm or dissection in hypertension
Authors: Bersi M. R. , Khosravi R. , Wujciak A. J. , Harrison D. G. , Humphrey J. D.
Published: November 2017

The embryonic lineage of intramural cells, microstructural organization of the extracellular matrix, local luminal and wall geometry, and haemodynamic loads vary along the length of the aorta. Yet, it remains unclear why certain diseases manifest differentially along the aorta. Toward this end, myriad animal models provide insight into diverse disease conditions—including fibrosis, aneurysm and dissection—but inherent differences across models impede general interpretations. We examined region-specific cellular, matrix, and biomechanical changes in a single experimental model of hypertension and atherosclerosis, which commonly coexist. Our findings suggest that (i) intramural cells within the ascending aorta are unable to maintain the intrinsic material stiffness of the wall, which ultimately drives aneurysmal dilatation, (ii) a mechanical stress-initiated, inflammation-driven remodelling within the descending aorta results in excessive fibrosis, and (iii) a transient loss of adventitial collagen within the suprarenal aorta contributes to dissection propensity. Smooth muscle contractility helps to control wall stress in the infrarenal aorta, which maintains mechanical properties near homeostatic levels despite elevated blood pressure. This early mechanoadaptation of the infrarenal aorta does not preclude subsequent acceleration of neointimal formation, however. Because region-specific conditions may be interdependent, as, for example, diffuse central arterial stiffening can increase cyclic haemodynamic loads on an aneurysm that is developing proximally, there is a clear need for more systematic assessments of aortic disease progression, not simply a singular focus on a particular region or condition.
The biology and mathematical modelling of glioma invasion: a review
Authors: Alfonso J. C. L. , Talkenberger K. , Seifert M. , Klink B. , Hawkins-Daarud A. , Swanson K. R. , Hatzikirou H. , Deutsch A.
Published: November 2017

Adult gliomas are aggressive brain tumours associated with low patient survival rates and limited life expectancy. The most important hallmark of this type of tumour is its invasive behaviour, characterized by a markedly phenotypic plasticity, infiltrative tumour morphologies and the ability of malignant progression from low- to high-grade tumour types. Indeed, the widespread infiltration of healthy brain tissue by glioma cells is largely responsible for poor prognosis and the difficulty of finding curative therapies. Meanwhile, mathematical models have been established to analyse potential mechanisms of glioma invasion. In this review, we start with a brief introduction to current biological knowledge about glioma invasion, and then critically review and highlight future challenges for mathematical models of glioma invasion.
Computational tools for clinical support: a multi-scale compliant model for haemodynamic simulations in an aortic dissection based on multi-modal imaging data
Authors: Bonfanti Mirko , Balabani Stavroula , Greenwood John P. , Puppala Sapna , Homer-Vanniasinkam Shervanthi , Díaz-Zuccarini Vanessa
Published: November 2017

Aortic dissection (AD) is a vascular condition with high morbidity and mortality rates. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can provide insight into the progression of AD and aid clinical decisions; however, oversimplified modelling assumptions and high computational cost compromise the accuracy of the information and impede clinical translation. To overcome these limitations, a patient-specific CFD multi-scale approach coupled to Windkessel boundary conditions and accounting for wall compliance was developed and used to study a patient with AD. A new moving boundary algorithm was implemented to capture wall displacement and a rich
in vivo
clinical dataset was used to tune model parameters and for validation. Comparisons between
in silico
and
in vivo
data showed that this approach successfully captures flow and pressure waves for the patient-specific AD and is able to predict the pressure in the false lumen (FL), a critical variable for the clinical management of the condition. Results showed regions of low and oscillatory wall shear stress which, together with higher diastolic pressures predicted in the FL, may indicate risk of expansion. This study, at the interface of engineering and medicine, demonstrates a relatively simple and computationally efficient approach to account for arterial deformation and wave propagation phenomena in a three-dimensional model of AD, representing a step forward in the use of CFD as a potential tool for AD management and clinical support.
Genetic architecture and regulatory impact on hepatic microRNA expression linked to immune and metabolic traits
Authors: Ponsuksili Siriluck , Trakooljul Nares , Hadlich Frieder , Haack Fiete , Murani Eduard , Wimmers Klaus
Published: November 2017

Regulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression contributes to a wide range of target gene expression and phenotypes. The miRNA expression in the liver, the central metabolic organ, was examined in 209 pigs, and integrated with haematological and clinical biomarkers of metabolic and overall health, mRNA-target expression levels and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. The expression levels of 426 miRNA species correlated with plasma haematological or biochemical traits (
r
² = |0.19–0.45|, false discovery rate < 5%). Pairs of these miRNAs and their predicted target mRNAs showing expressing levels associated with the identical traits were examined to understand how immune and metabolic traits are affected by miRNA-mediated regulatory networks derived by mapping miRNA abundance as an expression quantitative trait. In total, 221 miRNA-expression-QTL correspond to 164 SNPs and 108 miRNAs, including miR-34a, miR-30e, miR-148-3p, miR-204, miR-181-5p, miR-143-5p and let-7 g that also correlate with the biomarkers. Sixty-one SNPs were simultaneously associated with 29 miRNA and 41 mRNA species. The expression levels of 13 out of 29 miRNA were correlated with one of the biochemical or haematological traits. For example, the expression levels of miR-34a were correlated with serum phosphorus and cholesterin levels; miR-204, miR-15a and miR-16b were correlated with triglyceride. For haematological traits, the expression levels of miR-652 and miR-204 were correlated with the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, and the expression of miR-143 was correlated with plateletcrit. Pleiotropic association analyses revealed genetic links between mRNA and miRNA on SSC6 for miR-34a, SSC9 for miR-708 and SSC14 for miR-652. Our analysis of miRNA and mRNA transcript profiles, their correlation with clinically important plasma parameters of hepatic functions as well as information on their genetic regulation provide novel regulatory networks and potential new biomarkers for immune and metabolic traits.
Toy trains, loaded dice and the origin of life: dimerization on mineral surfaces under periodic drive with Gaussian inputs
Authors: Ball Rowena , Brindley John
Published: November 2017

In a major extension of previous work, we model the putative hydrothermal rock pore setting for the origin of life on Earth as a series of coupled continuous flow units (the
toy train
). Perfusing through this train are reactants that set up thermochemical and pH oscillations, and an activated nucleotide that produces monomer and dimer monophosphates. The dynamical equations that model this system are thermally self-consistent. In an innovative step that breaks some new ground, we build stochasticity of the inputs into the model. The computational results infer various constraints and conditions on, and insights into, chemical evolution and the origin of life and its physical setting: long, interconnected porous structures with longitudinal non-uniformity would have been favourable, and the ubiquitous pH dependences of biology may have been established in the prebiotic era. We demonstrate the important role of Gaussian fluctuations of the inputs in driving polymerization, evolution and diversification. In particular, we find that the probability distribution of the resulting output fluctuations is left-skewed and right-weighted (the
loaded dice
), which could favour chemical evolution towards a living RNA world. We tentatively name this distribution ‘Goldilocks’. These results also vindicate the general approach of constructing and running a simple model to learn important new information about a complex system.
A new rhynchocephalian (Reptilia: Lepidosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Solnhofen (Germany) and the origin of the marine Pleurosauridae
Authors: Bever Gabriel S. , Norell Mark A.
Published: November 2017

A new rhynchocephalian is described based on a recently discovered and well-preserved specimen from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) marine limestones of Solnhofen, Bavaria. Phylogenetic analysis recovers the new taxon as the sister group to Pleurosauridae, a small radiation of rhynchocephalians representing the oldest marine invasion of crown-clade Lepidosauria. The relatively strong evidence for this taxonomically exclusive lineage, within a generally volatile rhynchocephalian tree, places the new taxon in a position to inform the early history of the pleurosaur transition to the sea. The early steps in this transition are distributed throughout the skeleton and appear to increase hydrodynamic efficiency for both swimming and aquatic feeding. This early history may also have included a global truncation of plesiomorphic ontogenetic trajectories that left a number of skeletal features with reduced levels of ossification/fusion. The exact degree to whichVadasaurushad adopted an aquatic ecology remains unclear, but the insight it provides into the origin of the enigmatic pleurosaurs exemplifies the potential of Rhynchocephalia for generating and informing broad-based questions regarding the interplay of development, morphology, ecology and macroevolutionary patterns.
Phylogeny of Anophelinae using mitochondrial protein coding genes
Authors: Foster Peter G. , de Oliveira Tatiane Marques Porangaba , Bergo Eduardo S. , Conn Jan E. , Sant’Ana Denise Cristina , Nagaki Sandra Sayuri , Nihei Silvio , Lamas Carlos Einicker , González Christian , Moreira Caio Cesar , Sallum Maria Anice Mureb
Published: November 2017

Malaria is a vector-borne disease that is a great burden on the poorest and most marginalized communities of the tropical and subtropical world. Approximately 41 species of Anopheline mosquitoes can effectively spread species of
Plasmodium
parasites that cause human malaria. Proposing a natural classification for the subfamily Anophelinae has been a continuous effort, addressed using both morphology and DNA sequence data. The monophyly of the genus
Anopheles
, and phylogenetic placement of the genus
Bironella
, subgenera
Kerteszia
,
Lophopodomyia
and
Stethomyia
within the subfamily Anophelinae, remain in question. To understand the classification of Anophelinae, we inferred the phylogeny of all three genera (
Anopheles
,
Bironella
,
Chagasia
) and major subgenera by analysing the amino acid sequences of the 13 protein coding genes of 150 newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes of Anophelinae and 18 newly sequenced
Culex
species as outgroup taxa, supplemented with 23 mitogenomes from GenBank. Our analyses generally place genus
Bironella
within the genus
Anopheles
, which implies that the latter as it is currently defined is not monophyletic. With some inconsistencies,
Bironella
was placed within the major clade that includes
Anopheles
,
Cellia
,
Kerteszia
,
Lophopodomyia
,
Nyssorhynchus
and
Stethomyia
, which were found to be monophyletic groups within Anophelinae. Our findings provided robust evidence for elevating the monophyletic groupings
Kerteszia
,
Lophopodomyia
,
Nyssorhynchus
and
Stethomyia
to genus level; genus
Anopheles
to include subgenera
Anopheles
,
Baimaia
,
Cellia
and
Christya
;
Anopheles parvus
to be placed into a new genus;
Nyssorhynchus
to be elevated to genus level; the genus
Nyssorhynchus
to include subgenera
Myzorhynchella
and
Nyssorhynchus
;
Anopheles atacamensis
and
Anopheles pictipennis
to be transferred from subgenus
Nyssorhynchus
to subgenus
Myzorhynchella
; and subgenus
Nyssorhynchus
to encompass the remaining species of Argyritarsis and Albimanus Sections.
Structural, magnetic and electrical properties of a new double-perovskite LaNaMnMoO
6
material
Authors: Borchani Sameh Megdiche , Koubaa Wissem Cheikh-Rouhou , Megdiche Makrem
Published: November 2017

Structural, magnetic, magnetocaloric, electrical and magnetoresistance properties of an LaNaMnMoO
6
powder sample have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic and electrical measurements. Our sample has been synthesized using the ceramic method. Rietveld refinements of the XRD patterns show that our sample is single phase and it crystallizes in the orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group. Magnetization versus temperature in a magnetic applied field of 0.05 T shows that our sample exhibits a paramagnetic–ferromagnetic transition with decreasing temperature. The Curie temperature
T
C
is found to be 320 K. Arrott plots show that all our double-perovskite oxides exhibit a second-order magnetic phase transition. From the measured magnetization data of an LaNaMnMoO
6
sample as a function of the magnetic applied field, the associated magnetic entropy change |−ΔSM| and the relative cooling power (RCP) have been determined. In the vicinity of
T
C
, |−ΔSM| reached, in a magnetic applied field of 8 T, a maximum value of ∼4 J kg
−1
 K
−1
. Our sample undergoes a large magnetocaloric effect at near-room temperature. Resistivity measurements reveal the presence of an insulating-metal transition at Tρ = 180 K. A magnetoresistance of 30% has been observed at room temperature for 6 T, significantly larger than that reported for the A
2
FeMoO
6
(A = Sr, Ba) double-perovskite system.
Avoidance of biological contaminants through sight, smell and touch in chimpanzees
Authors: Sarabian Cecile , Ngoubangoye Barthelemy , MacIntosh Andrew J. J.
Published: November 2017

Avoiding biological contaminants is a well-known manifestation of the adaptive system of disgust. In theory, animals evolved with such a system to prevent pathogen and parasite infection. Bodily products are human-universal disgust elicitors, but whether they also elicit avoidance behaviour in non-human primates has yet to be tested. Here, we report experimental evidence that potential exposure to biological contaminants (faeces, blood, semen), as perceived via multiple sensory modalities (visual, olfactory, tactile), might influence feeding decisions in chimpanzees (
Pan troglodytes troglodytes
)—our closest phylogenetic relatives. Although somewhat mixed, our results do show increased latencies to feed, tendencies to maintain greater distances from contaminants and/or outright refusals to consume food in test versus control conditions. Overall, these findings are consistent with the parasite avoidance theory of disgust, although the presence of biological contaminants did not preclude feeding entirely. The avoidance behaviours observed hint at the origins of disgust in humans, and further comparative research is now needed.
Nanostructured carbon electrode modified with N-doped graphene quantum dots–chitosan nanocomposite: a sensitive electrochemical dopamine sensor
Authors: Ben Aoun Sami
Published: November 2017

A highly selective and sensitive dopamine electrochemical sensor based on nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots–chitosan nanocomposite-modified nanostructured screen printed carbon electrode is presented, for the first time. Graphene quantum dots were prepared via microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction of glucose, and nitrogen doping was realized by introducing ammonia in the reaction mixture. Chitosan incorporation played a significant role towards the selectivity of the prepared sensor by hindering the ascorbic acid interference and enlarging the peak potential separation between dopamine and uric acid. The proposed sensor's performance was shown to be superior to several recently reported investigations. The as-prepared CS/N,GQDs@SPCE exhibited a high sensitivity (i.e. ca. 418 µA mM cm−2), a wide linear range i.e. (1–100 µM) and (100–200 µM) with excellent correlations (i.e.R2 = 0.999 andR2 = 1.000, respectively) and very low limit of detection (LOD = 0.145 µM) and limit of quantification (LOQ = 0.482 µM) based onS/N = 3 and 10, respectively. The applicability of the prepared sensor for real sample analysis was tested by the determination of dopamine in human urine in pH 7.0 PBS showing an approximately 100% recovery with RSD < 2% inferring both the practicability and reliability of CS/N,GQDs@SPCE. The proposed sensor is endowed with high reproducibility (i.e. RSD = ca. 3.61%), excellent repeatability (i.e. ca. 0.91% current change) and a long-term stability (i.e. ca. 94.5% retained activity).
Long-term patterns of body mass and stature evolution within the hominin lineage
Authors: Will Manuel , Pablos Adrián , Stock Jay T.
Published: November 2017

Body size is a central determinant of a species' biology and adaptive strategy, but the number of reliable estimates of hominin body mass and stature have been insufficient to determine long-term patterns and subtle interactions in these size components within our lineage. Here, we analyse 254 body mass and 204 stature estimates from a total of 311 hominin specimens dating from 4.4 Ma to the Holocene using multi-level chronological and taxonomic analytical categories. The results demonstrate complex temporal patterns of body size variation with phases of relative stasis intermitted by periods of rapid increases. The observed trajectories could result from punctuated increases at speciation events, but also differential proliferation of large-bodied taxa or the extinction of small-bodied populations. Combined taxonomic and temporal analyses show that in relation to australopithecines, earlyHomois characterized by significantly larger average body mass and stature but retains considerable diversity, including small body sizes. Within laterHomo, stature and body mass evolution follow different trajectories: average modern stature is maintained fromca1.6 Ma, while consistently higher body masses are not established until the Middle Pleistocene atca0.5–0.4 Ma, likely caused by directional selection related to colonizing higher latitudes. Selection against small-bodied individuals (less than 40 kg; less than 140 cm) after 1.4 Ma is associated with a decrease in relative size variability in laterHomospecies compared with earlierHomoand australopithecines. The isolated small-bodied individuals ofHomo naledi(ca0.3 Ma) andHomo floresiensis(ca100–60 ka) constitute important exceptions to these general patterns, adding further layers of complexity to the evolution of body size within the genusHomo. At the end of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, body size inHomo sapiensdeclines on average, but also extends to lower limits not seen in comparable frequency since earlyHomo.
Humans as a model species for sexual selection research
Authors: Wilson Michael Lawrence , Miller Carrie M. , Crouse Kristin N.
Published: November 2017

Ever since Darwin, questions about humans have driven sexual selection research. While studies of other organisms are often justified as useful for improving understanding of humans, humans themselves can be useful models. Although humans present some drawbacks as model organisms (complicated societies, slow reproduction and strong ethical constraints on experimental options), humans nonetheless offer many advantages (being abundant, accessible and having detailed historical records for some populations). As an additional challenge, humans exhibit a rather puzzling combination of traits. Some traits (pair-bonding, biparental care and modest sexual dimorphism in body size) suggest selection for monogamous mating, while other traits (including sexual dimorphism in body composition and appearance) suggest selection for polygyny. Such puzzles have motivated research on other species, resulting in a rich set of comparative data that provides insights into humans and other species. Recent studies of visual trait dimorphism suggest that human appearance reflects adaptation for multi-level societies, rather than high levels of polygyny. In addition to biological traits, human cultural traits have undergone rapid evolution. Changes in subsistence strategies profoundly affect opportunities for sexual selection. The enormous variability of human behaviour and ecology provides abundant opportunities to test key hypotheses, and poses challenging puzzles for future research.
Helicobacter canis bacteraemia and cellulitis in a patient with end-stage renal disease
Authors: Shakir Salika M. , Powers-Fletcher Margaret V. , Slechta E. Susan , Fisher Mark A.
Published: November 2017

Introduction. Invasive infections by Helicobacter canis are uncommon and occur primarily in immunocompromised patients. Here, we describe a case of H. canis bacteraemia and cellulitis in a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Case presentation. A 49-year-old male with ESRD on haemodialysis presented to an emergency department with cellulitis overlying his left upper extremity arteriovenous fistula for 3 days without constitutional symptoms. Mild leucocytosis and thrombocytopenia was noted on initial laboratory work up. The patient received a dose of vancomycin initially, and then transitioned to oral doxycycline prior to discharge 3 days later. Blood cultures drawn on admission were positive with curved Gram-negative rods at day 5. Routine sub-cultures initially failed to isolate the organism; however, small, tan colonies were observed on sheep blood agar incubated under microaerobic conditions. H. canis was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Antimicrobial-susceptibility testing was not performed due to poor growth and lack of interpretive guidelines. The patient was ultimately treated successfully with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.

Conclusion. This case illustrates the importance of recognizing H. canis infections in immunocompromised patients, especially in those with recent pet exposure. In addition, this case highlights the need for improved laboratory diagnostics for H. canis as isolation and identification of this fastidious organism is challenging.
Sustainable goal setting: a large-scale case in management practice
Authors: Deschamps Carl , Mattijs Jan
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to give evidence of effective, large-scale, and time-sustained goal setting through the use of performance indicators (PIs) in managing a fairly large and decentralized social-security organization, despite indications that the motivational effects of goal setting are hard to sustain in the long term.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors analyze five years of monthly organizational performance data across 30 regional offices and five activities to identify the links between PIs and productivity.

Findings

The authors identify correlations that demonstrate a cycle where low performance scores on indicators increase productivity in the next period, but high performance decrease it, thus renewing the cycle.

Research limitations/implications

While long-term gains in the productivity are not the direct product of goal setting, the close relationship between goals and productivity illustrates the motivational potential of communicable targets and close feedback that led to a culture of performance within the organization.

Practical implications

The case studied demonstrates how a performance management system can be designed and managed so that long-term fatigue is avoided while maintaining a dynamic workforce that adapts in the face of environment change by increasing its efforts as needed.

Originality/value

This paper answers a call to connect management control studies with managerial work done in practical settings.
Hospital centre performance dimensions and internal stakeholder valuation: a case study
Authors: Simões Ana , Azevedo Américo , Gonçalves Suzete
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Hospital centres (HCs) are the result of a horizontal integration of two or more hospital units. The benefits of this integration have been presented in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to define the hospital performance dimensions most valued by HC internal stakeholders, and to evaluate if the importance given to each dimension is different when comparing professional groups.

Design/methodology/approach

An in-depth HC case study using a quantitative survey based on the Parsons’ social system action theory to achieve this goal was conducted which embraces the four major models of organizational performance. In the final version of the survey, 37 items were retained for analysis. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted for a final sample of 365 participants, through principal component analysis, with oblique rotation and the Kaiser criterion.

Findings

Four factors were retained: “Human resources development and Internal Processes”, “Attractiveness/Openness”, “Public service mission” and “Interpersonal relationships”. The means factor scores only reveal statistical differences between the attractiveness/openness factor and the remaining three factors. A shared view was found in this study among the three groups of internal stakeholders: physicians, caregivers and administrative staff.

Originality/value

The results of this study suggest that the HC performance concept should be expanded and performance measurement frameworks with a greater scope should be used. Interpersonal relationships, the human resources development and the public service are considered important dimensions for the performance measurement of the HC. Additionally, a consensual view regarding the most valued performance dimension could contribute to a beneficial and healthy working environment and improvements in HC performance.