bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards Sustainable Direct Recycling: Unraveling Structural Degradation Induced by Thermal Pretreatment of Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Liu Shuaiwei , Dolotko Oleksandr , Bergfeldt Thomas , Knapp Michael , Ehrenberg Helmut
Published: August 2024

As the demand for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) continues to increase, there is a growing focus on recycling these battery wastes. Among the existing recycling methods, direct recycling is considered a promising approach, because it allows waste to be returned directly to production. One crucial step in this process is the pretreatment, which involves separating the active materials from the current collector. Thermal treatment provides a feasible and effective approach for achieving this separation. Nonetheless, concerns persist regarding the potential impacts of this process on the structure. This study aims to examine the effects of thermal treatment on the separation efficiency and crystal structure of fresh and cycled NMC (LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2) cathodes and graphitic anodes, under various atmospheres and temperatures. The results reveal that an air/oxygen atmosphere facilitates complete separation of cathode materials from aluminum with minimal structural degradation and at lower temperatures compared to other atmospheres. For graphite, thermal treatment under argon, nitrogen and hydrogen demonstrates good structural stability. However, for cycled anodes, the desired separation is not achieved due to the possible interface adhesion that occurs during cycling and heating. Additionally, compared to fresh materials, cycled materials experience more pronounced structural degradation during thermal treatment.
Pulse Charge Suppressing Dendrite Growth at Low Temperature by Rapidly Replenishing Lithium Ion on Anode Surface
Authors: Ren Ke‐Feng , Liu He , Guo Jia‐Xin , Sun Xin , Guo Cong , Bao Weizhai , Yu Feng , Cheng Xin‐Bing , Li Jingfa
Published: August 2024

Dendrite growth of lithium (Li) metal anodes is considered as one of the most tough issues for Li metal batteries with a theoretically high energy density. This is attributed to the rapid exhaustion of Li ions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, which is even worse at low temperatures with poor diffusion kinetics of Li ions. Here, pulse charge with intermittent rest time during battery charging is proposed to handle the dendrite growth issue of Li metal anodes at low temperatures. The depleted Li ions near the interfaces can be rapidly replenished during the rest time, thus effectively suppressing the dendrites growth. Further investigation found that the large dendrites can be suppressed at the Li ion nucleation stage. The equivalent lifespan considering the rest time is proposed. At −10 °C, the lifespan of Li||Li batteries cycled under 3 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2 is increased from 24 h to equivalent 64 h. Li||LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 batteries with 80% capacity retention can be stably operated from 39 cycles to 56 cycles. This design presents an efficient and convenient strategy to regulate the deposition behaviors of Li metal anodes with a dendrite‐free morphology.
Multi‐omics integration reveals the oncogenic role of eccDNAs in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma through STING signalling
Authors: Wu Zijuan , Zhang Wei , Wang Luqiao , Leng Jiayan , Li Yongle , Fan Zhou , Zhan Mengtao , Cao Lei , Jiang Yongning , Jiang Yan , Sun Bing , Fu Jianxin , Li Jianyong , Shi Wenyu , Jin Hui
Published: August 2024

Background

Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs), a type of double‐stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) that facilitate the activation of the DNA sensing machinery, have been implicated in the progression and prognosis of various diseases. While the roles of eccDNAs remain contentious, their significance in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has not been reported.

Methods

Circular DNA sequencing (circle‐seq) was used to demonstrate the expression profile of eccDNAs in DLBCL, and atomic force microscopy to validate the presence of eccDNAs. CCK‐8 and scRNA‐seq techniques were employed to uncover the activation of eccDNA in the STING pathway, leading to enhanced cell proliferation. Chemotherapeutic drugs were used to test the hypothesis that DNA damage induces the production of eccDNA, thereby activating the STING pathway independent of cGAS. GEO databases were used for verification of the prognosis of the eccDNA‐related genes, and animal models were used to investigate the synergistic effects of DNA damage therapy in combination with STING inhibitors on anti‐tumour responses.

Results

EccDNAs were widely expressed in DLBCL and associated with the prognosis of patients. Elevated abundance of eccDNAs promoted the progression of DLBCL. Chemotherapeutic drugs‐induced DNA damage triggered the generation of eccDNAs, resulting in the activation of the STING signalling in a cGAS‐independent manner. Moreover, inhibition of STING exerted a synergistic anti‐tumour effect with cisplatin.

Conclusions

EccDNAs induced by DNA damage exert an oncogenic role in DLBCL via activating the STING signalling independently of cGAS. This finding offers a rational therapeutic strategy combining chemotherapy with targeting STING.

Highlights

EccDNAs induced by DNA damage exert an oncogenic role in DLBCL via activating the STING signalling independently of cGAS.

The combined treatment of chemotherapeutic drugs with STING inhibitor significantly delayed the tumor progression, providing new insights into the therapeutic strategy for patients with DLBCL, particularly the relapsed and/or refractory (R/R) ones.
An analytical solution of direction evolution of crack growth during progressive failure in brittle rocks
Authors: Li Xiaozhao , Li Lianjie , Yan Fayuan , Qi Chengzhi , Guzev Mikhail A. , Kozhevnikov Evgenii V. , Kunitskikh Artem A.
Published: August 2024

Microcrack growth during progressive compressive failure in brittle rocks strongly influences the safety of deep underground engineering. The external shear stress τxy on brittle rocks greatly affects microcrack growth and progressive failure. However, the theoretical mechanism of the growth direction evolution of the newly generated wing crack during progressive failure has rarely been studied. A novel analytical method is proposed to evaluate the shear stress effect on the progressive compressive failure and microcrack growth direction in brittle rocks. This model consists of the wing crack growth model under the principal compressive stresses, the direction correlation of the general stress, the principal stress and the initial microcrack inclination, and the relationship between the wing crack length and strain. The shear stress effect on the relationship between y‐direction stress and wing crack growth and the relationship between y‐direction stress and y‐direction strain are analyzed. The shear stress effect on the wing crack growth direction during the progressive compressive failure is determined. The initial crack angle effect on the y‐direction peak stress and the wing crack growth direction during the progressive compressive failure considering shear stress is also discussed. A crucial conclusion is that the direction of wing crack growth has a U‐shaped variation with the growth of the wing crack. The rationality of the analytical results is verified by an experiment and from numerical results. The study results provide theoretical support for the evaluation of the safety and stability of surrounding rocks in deep underground engineering.
Peripartum heart failure in Finland: A population‐based record linkage study
Authors: Puhakka Antti M. , Macharey Georg , Ziller Volker , Gissler Mika , Tekay Aydin , Keil Corinna , Hilfiker‐Kleiner Denise
Published: August 2024

Aims

Heart failure in late pregnancy and the postpartum period (HFPP) is a rare but potentially life‐threatening condition, with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) being the most common subtype. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the prevalence of HFPP in the Finnish population and identify the underlying risk factors associated with its occurrence.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis using data from the Finnish Medical Birth Register and the Finnish Care Register for Health Care, covering 1996 to 2021. The dataset comprised 1 387 457 deliveries. HFPP cases were identified based on specific ICD‐10 codes. To ensure the accuracy of our findings, we excluded cases with pre‐existing cardiomyopathies and other significant cardiac diseases diagnosed before pregnancy. We employed logistic regression models to evaluate the associations between maternal factors and the incidence of HFPP.

Results

We identified 159 cases of HFPP, resulting in an incidence rate of 11.5 per 100 000 deliveries. This incidence is comparable with rates reported in other Scandinavian countries and lower than those observed in Germany. Consistent with findings from European cohorts, our study confirmed that pregnancy‐associated hypertensive disorders, particularly preeclampsia, as well as complications such as preterm delivery, twin pregnancy and elective caesarean section, are substantial risk factors for HFPP. These results support previous research linking angiogenic imbalance to the pathogenesis of PPCM.

Significant risk factors for HFPP included maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index ≥35 [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–3.25, P = 0.003], history of maternal hypertensive disorder (aOR 2.44, 95% CI 1.22–4.88, P = 0.012), gestational hypertension without significant proteinuria (aOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.27–3.61, P = 0.004), preeclampsia (aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.39–4.23, P = 0.002), type 1 or type 2 diabetes (aOR 3.27, 95% CI 1.66–6.45, P < 0.001) and twin pregnancy (aOR 2.74, 95% CI 1.37–5.49, P = 0.005). Additionally, extensive prepartum [odds ratio (OR) 2.86, 95% CI 1.18–6.98, P = 0.018] and postpartum blood loss (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.44–5.02, P = 0.001) and maternal mental disorders (OR 7.39, 95% CI 4.10–13.31, P < 0.001) were significantly more common among HFPP patients.

Conclusions

The incidence of HFPP among women in Finland from 1996 to 2021 was low. HFPP exhibited a strong association with several risk factors, including preeclampsia, obesity, preterm delivery, twin pregnancy, elective caesarean section, multifoetal births, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, significant prepartum and postpartum blood loss and maternal mental health disorders. These findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions and careful monitoring in high‐risk groups to mitigate the impact of HFPP on maternal health.
Silver/Segphos‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrrolidine Spirooxindoles
Authors: Ma Yangmin , Dang Gege , Qi Simeng , Zhang Xuemei , Sun Zhaoyang , Miao Xia , Ma Siyue , Zhou Haojie
Published: August 2024

Enantioselective synthesis of chiral heterocyclic derivatives is an important and challenging topic in the field of synthetic chemistry. In this work, a silver‐catalyzed asymmetric 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of glycine iminoesters with 3‐isopropylidene‐2‐oxindoles was developed. The DTBM‐Segphos‐induced spirooxindole cycloaddition reaction was used to synthesize a range of stereodivergent alkyl‐substituted 3‐methylene‐2‐oxindoles, achieving excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee), good diastereoselectivities (up to 20 : 1 dr), and high yields under mild reaction conditions. Computational insights from DFT calculations indicate that the Michael addition step is crucial in determining the reaction rate and enantioselectivity.
Complexity organization of resting‐state functional‐MRI networks
Authors: Trevino Gabriel , Lee John J. , Shimony Joshua S. , Luckett Patrick H. , Leuthardt Eric C.
Published: August 2024

Entropy measures are increasingly being used to analyze the structure of neural activity observed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with resting‐state networks (RSNs) being of interest for their reproducible descriptions of the brain's functional architecture. Temporal correlations have shown a dichotomy among these networks: those that engage with the environment, known as extrinsic, which include the visual and sensorimotor networks; and those associated with executive control and self‐referencing, known as intrinsic, which include the default mode network and the frontoparietal control network. While these inter‐voxel temporal correlations enable the assessment of synchrony among the components of individual networks, entropic measures introduce an intra‐voxel assessment that quantifies signal features encoded within each blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) time series. As a result, this framework offers insights into comprehending the representation and processing of information within fMRI signals. Multiscale entropy (MSE) has been proposed as a useful measure for characterizing the entropy of neural activity across different temporal scales. This measure of temporal entropy in BOLD data is dependent on the length of the time series; thus, high‐quality data with fine‐grained temporal resolution and a sufficient number of time frames is needed to improve entropy precision. We apply MSE to the Midnight Scan Club, a highly sampled and well‐characterized publicly available dataset, to analyze the entropy distribution of RSNs and evaluate its ability to distinguish between different functional networks. Entropy profiles are compared across temporal scales and RSNs. Our results have shown that the spatial distribution of entropy at infra‐slow frequencies (0.005–0.1 Hz) reproduces known parcellations of RSNs. We found a complexity hierarchy between intrinsic and extrinsic RSNs, with intrinsic networks robustly exhibiting higher entropy than extrinsic networks. Finally, we found new evidence that the topography of entropy in the posterior cerebellum exhibits high levels of entropy comparable to that of intrinsic RSNs.
Attentional demands in the visual field modulate audiovisual interactions in the temporal domain
Authors: Yilmaz Seyma Koc , Kafaligonul Hulusi
Published: August 2024

Attention and crossmodal interactions are closely linked through a complex interplay at different stages of sensory processing. Within the context of motion perception, previous research revealed that attentional demands alter audiovisual interactions in the temporal domain. In the present study, we aimed to understand the neurophysiological correlates of these attentional modulations. We utilized an audiovisual motion paradigm that elicits auditory time interval effects on perceived visual speed. The audiovisual interactions in the temporal domain were quantified by changes in perceived visual speed across different auditory time intervals. We manipulated attentional demands in the visual field by having a secondary task on a stationary object (i.e., single‐ vs. dual‐task conditions). When the attentional demands were high (i.e., dual‐task condition), there was a significant decrease in the effects of auditory time interval on perceived visual speed, suggesting a reduction in audiovisual interactions. Moreover, we found significant differences in both early and late neural activities elicited by visual stimuli across task conditions (single vs. dual), reflecting an overall increase in attentional demands in the visual field. Consistent with the changes in perceived visual speed, the audiovisual interactions in neural signals declined in the late positive component range. Compared with the findings from previous studies using different paradigms, our findings support the view that attentional modulations of crossmodal interactions are not unitary and depend on task‐specific components. They also have important implications for motion processing and speed estimation in daily life situations where sensory relevance and attentional demands constantly change.
Bridging human resource development processes through generative Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Korzynski Pawel , Kim Sewon , Egan Toby
Published: August 2024

This editorial article examines how generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) can bridge various human resource development (HRD) processes. As GAI adoption increases in human resources practices, understanding its potential to integrate different HRD activities becomes more important. The article reviews recent literature on Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in HRD and explores GAI‐enabled links between key HRD processes. The linkages include data‐driven decision‐making, real‐time skill gap analysis, job crafting with GAI, GAI‐supported personalized development plans, GAI‐powered employee sentiment analysis, GAI chatbots, GAI‐enabled virtual reality simulations, and GAI‐supported social network analysis in talent and organization development contexts. By highlighting these GAI‐enabled interconnections, the article provides insights into a more integrated approach to HRD. It also discusses implications for HRD practitioners and researchers, analyzing specific applications of GAI in HRD and recommending future research.
Phyllodienbildende Zanthoxylum‐Sippen in Cuba I. Zanthoxylum phyllopterum und Z. rolandii (Fam. Rutaceae)
Authors: Beurton Christa
Published: August 2024

Im Rahmen der Bearbeitung der Gattung Zanthoxylum für die neue Flora von Cuba werden zunächet die phyllodienbildenden Arten untersucht. Im vorliegenden ersten Teil werden zwei edaphisch vikariante Arien vorgestellt: Z. phyllopterum (Griseb.) Wright in Sauv. und Z. rolandii Beurton sp. nov.

Morphologie, Verbreitung und edaphische Ansprüche von Z. phyllopterum werden präzisiert und aus dem Wrigut'schen Typusmaterial resultierende Probleme werden kommentiert.

Eine neue Zanthoxylum‐Art, Z. rolandii, als Endemit des Serpentingebietes von Cajálbana aus der Provinz. Pinar del Rio (West‐Cuba) wird beschrieben.
Fruktifikationsversuche mit Reinkulturen von Basidiomyceten aus Cuba als Hilfsmittel zu deren Bestimmung
Authors: Hübsch Peter
Published: August 2024

Es wird über die Kultivierung unbestimmter Reinkulturen von Basidiomyceten aus Cuba berichtet. Myzelien wurden in 500 und 5000 ml‐Gefäβen auf Holzsubstrat herangezogen, um Fruchtkörper zu ihrer Bestimmung zu erhalten. Folgende Arten fruktifi‐zierten und konnten bestimmt werden: Coprinus clastophyllus = Rhacophyllus lilacinus, Dictyopanus pusillus, Favolas brasiliensis, Heterobasidion annosum, Nidularia spec., Oudemansiella canarii, Panus crinitus, Pleurotus hirtus und Pycnoporus sanguineus. Coprinus clastophyllus ist Erstfund für Cuba.
Lectotypification of some Angiosperm genera endemic to West Africa
Authors: Nyananyo Bio L.
Published: August 2024

The lectotypification of seven Angiosperm genera endemic to West Africa: Globulostylis Wernham, Glossocalyx Bentham, Malacantha Pierre, Omphalocarpum Beauvois, Scyphocephaliurn Warburg, Smeathmannia (Solander) R. Brown, and Syntriandrum Engler is presented.
Habitat types and plant communities along a transect in the Nile Delta Region
Authors: Shaltout K. H. , El‐Din A. Sharaf
Published: August 2024

Seven habitat types and 19 plant communities have been recognized along 208 km NW‐SE transect traversing the Nile Delta region (Cairo–Alexandria agricultural road). The ecological amplitudes of the leading dominant species along gradient of the edaphic factors are discussed.
Evolution of the vascular system of the flower with inferior ovary of axial nature in Cactaceae
Authors: Volgin S. A.
Published: August 2024

The investigation of the vascular anatomy of the flower in 20 representatives of the tribe Rhipsalideae DC. emend. Volgin (Cactaceae — Ccreoideae) has led to the determination of the homologies of parts in the floral vascular system in higher and primitive Cactaceae. The main trends in the evolution of both the ascending and descending systems of receptacular bundles and of the subdivisions of the latter have been revealed. With the evolutionary trends common to all groups also the specific ones exist in the separate clades of Rhipsalideae confirming the correctness of the previously suggested system of the tribe (Volgin 1986). It has been shown that in the process of evolution the appearence of flowers with inferior ovary of axial nature is possible, the vascular system of which does not retain the vestiges of axial nature of the ovary wall.
Nadel‐ und Laubholzreste aus miozänen Hornsteinen von Lipniee, ČSSR
Authors: Březinová Drahomira , Süss Herbert
Published: August 2024

In den miozänen Hornsteinen von Lipnice (ČSSR) konnten Holzreste von Taxodioxylon gypsaceum, Pinuxylon sp., Sassafrasoxylon lipnicense, ein nicht näher bestimmbares Laubhholz mit Rinde und Palmoxylon sp. nachgewiesen werden. Das Alter der Fossilien und die wahrscheinlichen Umstände, die zur Sedimentation und Fossilisation der Pflanzenreste führten, werden diskutiert.
KLF4‐induced upregulation of SOCS1 ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating AC16 cardiomyocyte damage and enhancing M2 macrophage polarization
Authors: Zhou Jiming , Luo Wei , Xie Zhong , Xia Chunchen , Zhao Junbi
Published: August 2024

Reperfusion strategies, the standard therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), may result in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. Suppressor of cytokine signaling1 (SOCS1) exerts a cardioprotective function in myocardial I/R damage. Here, we investigated epigenetic modulators that deregulate SOCS1 in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) conditions. Human AC16 cardiomyocytes were exposed to H/R conditions to generate a cell model of myocardial I/R damage. Expression of mRNA and protein was detected by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Cell migratory and invasive abilities were evaluated by transwell assay. Cell apoptosis and M2 macrophage polarization were assessed by flow cytometry. TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 levels were examined by ELISA. The interaction of KLF4 with SOCS1 was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays. SOCS1 and transcription factor KLF4 protein levels were underexpressed by 75% and 57%, respectively, in H/R‐exposed AC16 cardiomyocytes versus control cells. Under H/R conditions, forced SOCS1 expression (2.7 times) induced cell migration (2.2 times) and invasion (1.9 times) and hindered cell apoptosis (by 45%) of AC16 cardiomyocytes as well as enhanced M2 macrophage polarization (4.6 times). Mechanistically, KLF4 upregulation promoted SOCS1 transcription (2.6 times) and expression (2.6 times) by binding to the SOCS1 promoter. Decrease of SOCS1 (by 51%) reversed the effects of KLF4 upregulation on cardiomyocyte migration, invasion and apoptosis, and M2 macrophage polarization under H/R conditions. Additionally, SOCS1 and KLF4 were underexpressed by 56% and 63%, respectively, in AMI serum. Our study indicates that KLF4‐induced upregulation of SOCS1 can attenuate H/R‐triggered apoptosis of AC16 cardiomyocytes and enhance M2 macrophage polarization.
Serum trypsin as an early predictor of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis
Authors: Tamura Takashi , Ashida Reiko , Emori Tomoya , Itonoga Masahiro , Yamashita Yasunobu , Hatamaru Keiichi , Kawaji Yuki , Koutani Hiromu , Maekita Takao , Kitano Masayuki
Published: August 2024

Background

Serum amylase (AMY) levels measured 2–6 h after ERCP are a predictor of post‐ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). Trypsin is one of the pancreatic enzymes elevated in the development of PEP. The study assessed whether serum trypsin (TRY) can predict early‐stage PEP.

Methods

This prospective study included patients who underwent ERCP from June 2022 to May 2023. TRY, AMY, serum pancreatic AMY (P‐AMY), and serum lipase (LIP) levels were measured immediately after ERCP and 2 h later. The primary outcome was the diagnostic abilities of TRY levels measured immediately (0 h‐TRY) and 2 h after (2 h‐TRY) ERCP to predict PEP (compared with the other serum pancreatic enzymes).

Results

Of 130 patients analyzed, 18 developed PEP. The sensitivity and specificity of 0 h‐TRY were 83.3% and 69.6%, respectively, and those of 2 h‐TRY were 88.9% and 72.3%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for 0 h‐TRY was significantly higher than that for 0 h‐AMY (p = .006) and 0 h‐P‐AMY (p = .012), whereas the AUCs for 0 h‐TRY and 0 h‐LIP did not differ significantly (p = .563). The AUC for 2 h‐TRY for predicting PEP was significantly higher than that for 2 h‐AMY (p = .025), whereas there was no significant differences between the AUCs for 2 h‐TRY and 2 h‐P‐AMY(p = .146), or between those for 2 h‐TRY and 2 h‐LIP (p = .792). The median increase ratio (expressed as a ratio relative to baseline) in TRY was highest among all of serum pancreatic enzymes tested immediately after ERCP (5.35, 1.72, 1.94, and 4.44 for TRY, AMY, P‐AMY, and LIP, respectively).

Conclusion

Measuring TRY immediately after ERCP is useful for the early prediction of PEP.
A comprehensive analysis of the impact of greenhouse gases, energy usage, institutional quality and globalization on health: A case study of selected developing nations
Authors: Guo Aijun , Ullah Obaid , Zeb Ali , Hussain Shujaat , Din Naeem Ud
Published: August 2024

This study inspects the health consequences of greenhouse gases, energy use, institutional quality and globalization for the 23 developing economies. Utilizing panel data from 2000 to 2022, various estimation techniques, including static models (pooled, fixed and random), the two‐step systemGeneralized Methods of Moments (GMM and Panel Auto Regressive Distributive Model (PARDL), are applied to investigate the short‐ and long‐term effects of greenhouse gases, energy use, institutional quality and globalization on health. Panel causality tests, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) are employed to ensure robustness and causal linkage among variables. The results confirmed a positive association between health and its lag value. Institutional quality negatively influences health expenditure, while greenhouse gases, energy use and globalization exhibit an increasing effect on health expenditure. Life expectancy, institutional quality, energy use and globalization have favourable effects, while greenhouse gases negatively affect health outcomes. In Model 1, energy usage and health expenditures have two‐way causality, and green house gases and energy use in Model 2 have a bi‐directional causal linkage. All variables exhibit unidirectional causality, except globalization and institutional quality, as shown by the Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test. The study complements the literature by stating that institutional quality is the key instrument for managing the negative consequences of the recent increase in globalization and energy use and their detrimental impact on health in developing economies.
Takayasu arteritis in an adolescent with untreated Crohn's disease: A case report
Authors: Solomon Viven , Fennell Jessica , Griffin Lindsay M. , Zeisler Bella
Published: August 2024

Extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) most frequently involve the joints, skin, and organs such as the liver and pancreas. Inflammation of the aorta is less commonly described in pediatrics, although it has been described in adults. We report a case of an adolescent female with Crohn's disease who presented with worsening diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss, found to have aortitis on imaging. We review the pathogenesis and clinical features of Takayasu arteritis, as well as some of its similarities to IBD to raise awareness, as early detection of this less‐known extraintestinal manifestation has been associated with better outcomes.
Monitoring Sustainable Development Goals: Stepwise Benchmarking Approach
Authors: Srejović Ana Krstić , Stamenković Mladen , Vuksanović Nemanja
Published: August 2024

We present a multiple criteria decision aiding approach to monitor countries' progress on Sustainable Development Goals indicators and obtain policy measures for improvement. We do it using stepwise benchmarking, a method that provides recommendations on a country level and potential direction for improvement by providing direct and ideal benchmarks, pointing out areas where improvements can be achieved. The results from stepwise benchmarking are based on the underlying outranking procedure. To show the effectiveness of the approach, we used ELECTRE III as the method to rank European countries on the progress on equality of educational opportunities and then applied stepwise benchmarking to provide policy recommendations. This approach has the potential to evaluate progress and propose improvements to all aspects of the Sustainable Development Agenda.
Response characterization of radiochromic OC‐1 films in photon, electron, and proton beams
Authors: Chen Qinghao , Zhao Xiandong , Setianegara Jufri , Hao Yao , Zhao Tianyu , Zhang Tiezhi , Darafsheh Arash
Published: August 2024

Background

Radiochromic film (RCF) dosimeters with their high spatial resolution and tissue equivalent properties are conveniently used for two‐dimensional and small‐field dosimetry. OC‐1 is a new model of RCF dosimeter that was commercially introduced recently. Due to its novelty there is a need to characterize its response in various radiation beam types.

Purpose

To study the response of OC‐1 RCFs to megavoltage clinical x‐ray, electron, and proton beams, as well as kilovoltage x‐ray beams used in a small animal research irradiator.

Materials and methods

OC‐1 RCFs were cut into ∼4 × 4 cm2 pieces. RCF samples were irradiated at various dose levels in the range 0.5–120 Gy using different modalities; a small animal radiation research platform (SARRP) (220 kVp), a medical linear accelerator (6 MV, 10 MV, 15 MV, 6 MV FFF, 10 MV FFF photon beams, as well as 6 and 20 MeV electron beams), and a gantry‐mounted proton therapy synchrocyclotron. In order to study any dependency on the fractionation scheme, same dose was delivered at several fractions to a set of films. Different dose rates in the range 200–600 MU/min were delivered to a set of films to investigate any dose rate dependency. The films were scanned pre‐irradiation and at 48 h post‐irradiation using a flatbed scanner. The net optical density (OD) was measured for red, green, and blue color channel for each film. The orientation dependency was studied by scanning the films at eight different orientations. In order to study the temporal evolution of the response of the films, film samples were irradiated at 10 and 50 Gy using 6 MV photon beams and were scanned upon irradiation at certain time intervals up to 3 months. The spectral response of the films were studied over the visible range using a spectrometer.

Results

For megavoltage photon, electron, and plateau region of the proton beams, we did not observe a significant dependency on the beam quality, dose rate, and fractionation scheme. At the kV beam, an unusual over‐response was observed in the films’ net OD. An orientation dependency in the response of the films with a sinusoidal trend was observed. The response of the films increased with time following a double or triple exponential trend. The spectral absorption peaks were blue‐shifted with dose.

Conclusion

OC‐1 RCFs were found to be reliable dosimeters with no significant energy dependency in MV range for photon and electron beams including the FFF beams. They over‐respond when irradiated by kV x‐ray beams compared to MV x‐ray beams. Caution must be exercised to maintain the orientation of the films when scanning. Due to the temporal growth in the net OD of the films, same post‐irradiation time interval must be used for scanning the calibration and test films.
Technical note: A software tool to extract complexity metrics from radiotherapy treatment plans
Authors: Cavinato Samuele , Scaggion Alessandro , Paiusco Marta
Published: August 2024

Background

Complexity metrics are mathematical quantities designed to quantify aspects of radiotherapy treatment plans that may affect both their deliverability and dosimetric accuracy. Despite numerous studies investigating their utility, there remains a notable absence of shared tools for their extraction.

Purpose

This study introduces UCoMX (Universal Complexity Metrics Extractor), a software package designed for the extraction of complexity metrics from the DICOM‐RT plan files of radiotherapy treatments.

Methods

UCoMX is developed around two extraction engines: VCoMX (VMAT Complexity Metrics Extractor) for VMAT/IMRT plans, and TCoMX (Tomotherapy Complexity Metrics Extractor) tailored for Helical Tomotherapy plans. The software, built using Matlab, is freely available in both Matlab‐based and stand‐alone versions. More than 90 complexity metrics, drawn from relevant literature, are implemented in the package: 43 for VMAT/IMRT and 51 for Helical Tomotherapy.

Results

The package is designed to read DICOM‐RT plan files generated by most commercially available Treatment Planning Systems (TPSs), across various treatment units. A reference dataset containing VMAT, IMRT, and Helical Tomotherapy plans is provided to serve as a reference for comparing UCoMX with other in‐house systems available at other centers.

Conclusion

UCoMX offers a straightforward solution for extracting complexity metrics from radiotherapy plans. Its versatility is enhanced through different versions, including Matlab‐based and stand‐alone, and its compatibility with a wide range of commercially available TPSs and treatment units. UCoMX presents a free, user‐friendly tool empowering researchers to compute the complexity of treatment plans efficiently.
Sensitivity analysis of models of gas exchange for lung hyperpolarised 129Xe MR
Authors: Taylor Yohn , Wilson Frederick J. , Kim Mina , Parker Geoff J. M.
Published: August 2024

Sensitivity analysis enables the identification of influential parameters and the optimisation of model composition. Such methods have not previously been applied systematically to models describing hyperpolarised 129Xe gas exchange in the lung. Here, we evaluate the current 129Xe gas exchange models to assess their precision for identifying alterations in pulmonary vascular function and lung microstructure. We assess sensitivity using established univariate methods and scatter plots for parameter interactions. We apply them to the model described by Patz et al and the Model of Xenon Exchange (MOXE), examining their ability to measure: i) importance (rank), ii) temporal dependence and iii) interaction effects of each parameter across healthy and diseased ranges. The univariate methods and scatter plot analyses demonstrate consistently similar results for the importance of parameters common to both models evaluated. Alveolar surface area to volume ratio is identified as the parameter to which model signals are most sensitive. The alveolar‐capillary barrier thickness is identified as a low‐sensitivity parameter for the MOXE model. An acquisition window of at least 200 ms effectively demonstrates model sensitivity to most parameters. Scatter plots reveal interaction effects in both models, impacting output variability and sensitivity. Our sensitivity analysis ranks the parameters within the model described by Patz et al and within the MOXE model. The MOXE model shows low sensitivity to alveolar‐capillary barrier thickness, highlighting the need for designing acquisition protocols optimised for the measurement of this parameter. The presence of parameter interaction effects highlights the requirement for care in interpreting model outputs.
Free‐breathing time‐resolved 4D MRI with improved T1‐weighting contrast
Authors: Chen Jingjia , Xia Ding , Huang Chenchan , Shanbhogue Krishna , Chandarana Hersh , Feng Li
Published: August 2024

This work proposes MP‐Grasp4D (magnetization‐prepared golden‐angle radial sparse parallel 4D) MRI, a free‐breathing, inversion recovery (IR)‐prepared, time‐resolved 4D MRI technique with improved T1‐weighted contrast. MP‐Grasp4D MRI acquisition incorporates IR preparation into a radial gradient echo sequence. MP‐Grasp4D employs a golden‐angle navi‐stack‐of‐stars sampling scheme, where imaging data of rotating radial stacks and navigator stacks (acquired at a consistent rotation angle) are alternately acquired. The navigator stacks are used to estimate a temporal basis for low‐rank subspace‐constrained reconstruction. This allows for the simultaneous capture of both IR‐induced contrast changes and respiratory motion. One temporal frame of the imaging volume in MP‐Grasp4D MRI is reconstructed from a single stack and an adjacent navigator stack on average, resulting in a nominal temporal resolution of 0.16 seconds per volume. Images corresponding to the optimal inversion time (TI) can be retrospectively selected for providing the best image contrast. Reader studies were conducted to assess the performance of MP‐Grasp4D MRI in liver imaging across 30 subjects in comparison with standard Grasp4D MRI without IR preparation. MP‐Grasp4D MRI received significantly higher scores (P < 0.05) than Grasp4D in all assessment categories. There was a moderate to almost perfect agreement (kappa coefficient from 0.42 to 0.9) between the two readers for image quality assessment. When the scan time is reduced, MP‐Grasp4D MRI preserves image contrast and quality, demonstrating additional acceleration capability. MP‐Grasp4D MRI improves T1‐weighted contrast for free‐breathing time‐resolved 4D MRI and eliminates the need for explicit motion compensation. This method is expected to be valuable in different MRI applications such as MR‐guided radiotherapy.
Experience replay based online adaptive robust tracking control for partially unknown nonlinear systems with asymmetric constrained‐input
Authors: Liu Chong , Li Yalun , Duan Zhongxing , Chu Zhousheng , Ma Zongfang
Published: August 2024

This article solves the robust tracking problem (RTP) for a type of partially unknown nonlinear systems with asymmetric constrained‐input by utilizing an improved adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) method based on experience replay (ER) technique and critic‐only neural network (NN). Initially, an identifier neural network (INN) is used to identify the unknown part of the system dynamics. Subsequently, the tracking error and the desired trajectory are used to construct an augmented system, so that the robust tracking problem (RTP) is transformed into a constrained optimal control problem (OCP). It is proved that the designed control policy of OCP can make the tracking error to be uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB). Then, using the framework of ADP and critic‐only NN to solve the derived Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation (HJBE). The NN weight regulation law is partially derived by using gradient descent algorithm (GDA) and then is improved by using the ER technique and the Lyapunov stability theory, which no longer need the conditions of persistence of excitation (PE) and the initial admissible control. Besides, the total system states and NN weights are proved to be closed‐loop stable by utilizing the Lyapunov technique. Finally, through two simulation examples, it is demonstrated that the proposed control scheme is effective.
Sustainable Wastewater Treatment with Bi2MoO6/Cellulose Acetate Photocatalytic Membranes
Authors: Sasikala Velusamy , Sarala Sakarapani , Karthik Palani , Natarajan Prakash , Mukkannan Azhagurajan
Published: August 2024

A major challenge for modern society is securing quality water for various uses. Membrane water treatment will be crucial for drinking water, desalination, and wastewater reuse. The development of bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6) nanoparticles has enabled the production of novel Bi2MoO6‐incorporated cellulose acetate (CA) membrane nanocomposite. The synthesized Bi2MoO6/CA nanocomposites are thoroughly examined for their structural, morphological, and photocatalytic characteristics using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The photocatalytic properties are determined by evaluating the degradation of Malachite Green (MG) and Rose Bengal (RB) by the nanocomposite membranes under the illumination of a UV light simulator. Notably, the Bi2MoO6/CA nanocomposite membrane displays exceptional and sustained photocatalytic efficiency (78%) and (84%) in MG and RB dye degradation, respectively. Moreover, the effective loading of the Bi2MoO6 onto the CA membrane enhances electron and hole adsorption while facilitating carrier movement. Furthermore, the stability exhibited by the Bi2MoO6/CA nanocomposite photocatalysts remains impressive even after multiple cycles, demonstrating their durability. This research introduces a cutting‐edge semiconductor‐based hybrid nanocomposite material that proves highly efficient in the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes, showcasing promising advancements in environmental remediation strategies.
Bismuth Ordering and Optical Anisotropy in GaAsBi Alloys
Authors: Tomei Ilaria , Paulauskas Tadas , Pačebutas Vaidas , Stanionyte Sandra , Pierucci Filippo , Bonanni Beatrice , Sgarlata Anna , Fanfoni Massimo , Goletti Claudio
Published: August 2024

Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) is applied to investigate GaAsBi samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (001)‐oriented GaAs substrates with GaAs or InGaAs buffer layers, resulting in nearly lattice‐matched or compressive strain conditions, with Bi concentration in the alloy in the range 2–5%. These new samples allow to bridge the gap in the Bi concentration values of previous RAS experiments (C. Goletti et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2022, 120, 031902), confirming the [110]‐polarized Bi‐related anisotropy in optical spectra below 3 eV and the linear dependence of its amplitude on Bi concentration. The characterization of the grown GaAsBi samples by X‐Ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy clearly demonstrates the presence of CuPt‐like ordering in the bulk. CuPt structure is the primary origin of the optical anisotropy measured by RAS and by polarized photoluminescence, due to the anisotropic strain produced in the bulk crystal lattice. The lineshape of the RAS spectra above 3 eV, with its overall and characteristic positive convexity, confirms this conclusion.
Better efficacy of sequential combination with balloon pulmonary angioplasty after long‐term riociguat for patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Jianfeng , Yang Suqiao , Kuang Tuguang , Li Yidan , Gong Juanni , Yang Yuanhua
Published: August 2024

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of long‐term riociguat sequentially combined with balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) for patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Eight inoperable CTEPH patients were enrolled in this study, who have been administrated riociguat 2.5 mg three times daily for about 8 years, then underwent several sessions of BPA procedures. Data are prospectively collected to evaluate clinical outcomes, hemodynamics, exercise capacity, and right heart size and function by echocardiography at baseline, 8 years after riociguat, and 3 months after the final BPA. Eight patients (mean age 54.9 ± 11.4 years) were treated with riociguat 2.5 mg three times daily for 95.0 ± 10.7 months. Cardiac index (CI) (1.5 ± 0.5 L/min/m2 to 2.4 ± 0.6 L/min/m2, p = 0.005), 6 min walking distance (6MWD) (329.6 ± 87.5 m to 418.1 ± 75.8 m, p = 0.016), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (1336.9 ± 320.2 dyn·s·cm−5 to 815.4 ± 195.6 dyn·s·cm−5, p = 0.008) were significant improvement after riociguat treatment. Mean 4.1 ± 1.6 additional combinational BPA sessions and mean 18.8 ± 8.1 balloon dilations were performed. Mean pulmonary artery pressure (54.1 ± 11.1 mmHg to 33.6 ± 7.7 mmHg, p = 0.002) and PVR (815.4 ± 195.6 dyn·s·cm−5 to 428.3 ± 151.2 dyn·s·cm−5, p＜0.001) were further decreased. CI (2.4 ± 0.6 L/min/m2 to 2.7 ± 0.7 L/min/m2, p = 0.028) and 6MWD (418.1 ± 75.8 m to 455.7 ± 100.0 m, p = 0.038) were increased significantly. After long‐term riociguat treatment, sequential combination with BPA delivered considerably incremental benefits on exercise capacity and pulmonary hemodynamics, as well as right heart size and function of technically inoperable CTEPH patients.
Timing is everything: Rethinking flexible hydropower operations for the economy and environment
Authors: Pfeifle Sarah , Kennedy Katie , Palmer Richard
Published: August 2024

Hydropower facilities can alter river flow regimes, leading to ecological degradation and conflicts between revenue generation and ecological objectives. This study develops a new and unique framework (FREE—Flexible Releases for Economics and the Environment) for hydropower management that uses operational flexibility to balance economic and ecological objectives that are, respectively, maximized through unrestricted hydropeaking and maintaining natural flows. FREE integrates flexibility by permitting reservoir releases to deviate from inflows when power generation is most economically valuable. Operational flexibility is characterized by the magnitude and frequency of deviations from an inflow‐equals‐outflow (IEO) regime and is applied seasonally to reflect varying economic and ecological needs throughout the year. FREE is implemented using an optimization model applied to three hydropeaking facilities on the mainstem Connecticut River that are currently in a relicensing process. Estimated impacts of operational flexibility are quantified on annual and seasonal scales, with economic goals measured by power and revenue, and ecological goals by a proxy measure: the Richard‐Baker flashiness (RBF) index. To explore operational flexibility, two inflow regimes are investigated: existing inflows, which are altered by upstream hydropower operations, and estimated unaltered inflows. FREE was presented to interested parties engaged in the Connecticut River relicensing process, where it was applied in collaborative negotiations designed to develop integrated, dynamic, economically viable, and ecologically supportive hydropower operations. Trade‐offs between estimated revenue generation and RBF, as applicable to these interested parties, were presented along a Pareto frontier.
Activating Redox Kinetics of Li2S via Cu+, I− Co‐Doping Toward High‐Performance All‐Solid‐State Lithium Sulfide‐Based Batteries
Authors: Gao Jing , Gao Yuan , Hao Jinghua , Sun Xiaolin , Zhao Fuhua , Zhang Yuan , Si Wenyan , Wu Jianfei
Published: August 2024

All‐solid‐state lithium sulfide‐based batteries (ASSLSBs) have drawn much attention due to their intrinsic safety and excellent performance in overcoming the polysulfide shuttle effect. However, the sluggish kinetics of Li2S cathode severely impede commercial utilization. Here, a Cu+, I− co‐doping strategy is employed to activate the kinetics of Li2S to construct high‐performance ASSLSBs. The electronic conductivity and Li‐ion diffusion coefficient of the co‐doped Li2S are increased by five and two orders of magnitude, respectively. Cu+ as a redox medium greatly improves the reaction kinetics, which is supported by ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculation (DFT) shows that Cu+, I− co‐doping reduces the Li‐ions diffusion energy barrier. The co‐doped Li2S exhibits a remarkable improvement in capacity (1165.23 mAh g−1 (6.65 times that of pristine Li2S) at 0.02 C and 592.75 mAh g−1 at 2 C), and excellent cycling stability (84.58% capacity retention after 6200 cycles at 2 C) at room temperature. Moreover, an ASSLSB, fabricated with a lithium‐free (Si─C) anode, obtains a high specific capacity of 1082.7 mAh g−1 at 0.05 C and 97% capacity retention after 400 cycles at 0.5 C. This work provides a broad prospect for the development of ASSLSBs with practical energy density exceeding that of traditional lithium‐ion batteries.