bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing Carbonaceous Salts for Facile Fabrication of Monolayer Graphene
Authors: Wu Yujun , Yuan Yifei , Shuang Wei , Wang Liguang , Yang Lin , Bai Zhengyu , Lu Jun
Published: January 2023

Novel methods and mechanisms for graphene fabrication are of great importance in the development of materials science. Herein, a facile method to directly convert carbonaceous salts into high‐quality freestanding graphene via a simple one‐step redox reaction, is reported. The redox couple can be a combination of sodium borohydride (reductant) and sodium carbonate (oxidant), which can readily react with each other when evenly mixed/calcined and yield gram‐scale, high‐quality, contamination‐free, micron‐sized, freestanding graphene. More importantly, this method is applicable to a variety of input reductants and oxidants that are low cost and easily accessible. An in‐depth investigation reveals that the carbonaceous oxidants can not only provide reduced carbon mass for graphene formation but also act as a self‐template to guide the polymerization of carbon atoms following the pattern of the monolayer, six‐carbon rings. In addition, the direct formation of graphene exhibits theoretically lower energy barriers than that of other allotropes such as fullerene and carbon nanotube. This facile, low‐cost, scalable, and applicable method for mass production of high‐quality graphene is expected to revolutionize graphene fabrication technology and boost its practical application to the industry level.
Closure of the Laplace-Beltrami Operator on 2D Almost-Riemannian Manifolds and Semi-Fredholm Properties of Differential Operators on Lie Manifolds
Authors: Beschastnyi Ivan
Published: January 2023

The problem of determining the domain of the closure of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on a 2D almost-Riemannian manifold is considered. Using tools from theory of Lie groupoids natural domains of perturbations of the Laplace-Beltrami operator are found. The main novelty is that the presented method allows us to treat geometries with tangency points. This kind of singularity is difficult to treat since those points do not have a tubular neighbourhood compatible with the almost-Riemannian metric.
A Geometric Look at Momentum Flux and Stress in Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Gilbert Andrew D. , Vanneste Jacques
Published: January 2023

We develop a geometric formulation of fluid dynamics, valid on arbitrary Riemannian manifolds, that regards the momentum-flux and stress tensors as 1-form-valued 2-forms, and their divergence as a covariant exterior derivative. We review the necessary tools of differential geometry and obtain the corresponding coordinate-free form of the equations of motion for a variety of inviscid fluid models—compressible and incompressible Euler equations, Lagrangian-averaged Euler-$$\alpha $$αequations, magnetohydrodynamics and shallow-water models—using a variational derivation which automatically yields a symmetric momentum flux. We also consider dissipative effects and discuss the geometric form of the Navier–Stokes equations for viscous fluids and of the Oldroyd-B model for visco-elastic fluids.
What Do We Mean by ‘That’s a Fallacious Narrative’?
Authors: Olmos Paula
Published: January 2023

This paper tries to offer a descriptive account of the normative workings of evaluative fallacy charges directed to narratives. In order to do that, I first defend the continuity and mutual dependence, as based on a dynamical conception of argument, between the ‘belief conception’ and the ‘argumentative conception’ of fallacy. Then, I construe a catalogue of ‘fallacy charges’ based on both such a continuity and the variety of counterarguments explored by the theoretical framework of Argument Dialectics. And finally, I apply these ideas and distinctions in the analysis of four examples of published texts in which the charge of ‘fallacious narrative’ is issued by a discursive agent against other discursive agents’ either full-fledged narratives or narrative assumptions. The analyses confirm some of the characteristics mentioned in the catalogue as well as the argumentative nature of fallacy charges, even when the censored discourse does not exactly or explicitly contain an argument. The analyses also help understand the distinction between a rather concrete ‘linguistic’ use of the term narrative and a more abstract and elusive ‘discursive’ one, in which the difficulties of both identifying the object of censorship and the exact meaning of the fallacy charge multiply.
Reservoirs facilitate colonization of river catchments by a native invasive fish through provision of pelagic larval rearing habitat
Authors: Bylak Aneta , Kukuła Krzysztof , Easton Ryan , Reid Malcolm , Closs Gerard P.
Published: January 2023

Dams on rivers are known to facilitate the colonisation and spread of aquatic alien and native invasive species, but the actual mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Since the construction of the Solina Dam on the upper San River system in Poland, European perch (Perca fluviatilis) have expanded their distribution into the headwaters of this river system, becoming a native invader. In this study, we assessed the spread of perch in detail over time upstream of the Solina Reservoir, and used otolith trace element microchemistry to determine the spawning and larval rearing locations of perch in the catchment upstream of the dam. Extensive sampling over several years across the catchment upstream of the Solina Reservoir confirmed the widespread occurrence of perch into the headwaters of the tributary river systems, with smaller size classes dominating locations closer to the Solina Reservoir. Despite perch being widely distributed upstream of the Solina Reservoir, otolith microchemical analysis indicated the populations from various reservoir tributaries mostly shared the same spawning and larval rearing habitat, most likely the Solina Reservoir. Our results suggest that reservoirs can facilitate the colonisation of river systems by providing a critical habitat element that would be otherwise missing from riverine landscapes, i.e., an extensive and productive pelagic larval rearing environment. This research shows that the impacts of large dams can extend many kilometers upstream from the river reaches directly affected by the resulting impoundment.
PortAqua: a low-cost, compact water quality meter for science communication
Authors: Pérez-López Carlos A. , Pantoja Wendy , Pérez-Taborda Jaime A. , Ávila Alba
Published: January 2023

Water quality monitoring allows communities to achieve sustainable management of water resources, which is crucial for life-supporting processes. Water quality is determined by measuring chemical, physical, and biological parameters, requiring sophisticated meters and trained specialists to perform the measurement. However, in low-income communities, water quality is determined by using human senses—smell, color, and taste—since meter acquisition is limited by costs and most people do not know how to monitor water quality. Therefore, accessible technology is necessary to empower communities to have a sustainable lifestyle. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of PortAqua, a 2-parameter water quality meter (WQM), to promote training on water quality measurement. Using basic electronic components, PortAqua is capable of measuring pH with an error of 0.4, and conductivity with an error of 33% at 85 µS cm-1, and 8.7% at 1413 µS cm-1. To demonstrate its preliminary effectiveness as a WQM and its science communication capabilities, the meter has been used in a hands-on workshop with undergraduate and graduate students. During the workshop, attendees participated in a short lecture about water quality measurement techniques and local regulations. Then, they collected water samples from a local source, measured the samples using PortAqua, and discussed the results based on the concepts and regulations. The workshop’s effectiveness was evaluated through pre- and post-assessments which revealed increased knowledge of water quality regulations, measurement, and parameters at the end of the activity.
Copper nitride/silver nanostructures synthesized via wet chemical reduction method for the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Ścigała Aleksandra , Szczęsny Robert , Kamedulski Piotr , Trzcinski Marek , Szłyk Edward
Published: January 2023

This work presents attempts to synthesize silver-doped copper nitride nanostructures using chemical solution methods. Copper(II) nitrate and silver(I) nitrate were used as precursors and the oleylamine as a reducing and capping agent. Homogeneous Cu3N/Ag nanostructures with a diameter of ~ 20 nm were obtained in a one-pot synthesis by the addition of the copper(II) salt precursor to the already-synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). Synthesis in a two-pot procedure performed by adding Ag NPs to the reaction medium of the Cu3N synthesis resulted in the formation of a Cu3N@Ag nanocomposite, in which Ag NPs are uniformly distributed in the Cu3N matrix. The morphology, structure, and chemical composition of the obtained specimens were studied by TEM, XRD, XPS, and FT-IR methods, while optical properties using UV–Vis spectroscopy and spectrofluorimetry. The band gap energy decreased for Cu3N/Ag (Eg = 2.1 eV), in relation to pure Cu3N (Eg = 2.4. eV), suggesting the insertion of Ag atoms into the Cu3N crystal lattice. Additionally, Cu3N and Cu3N/Ag nanostructures were loaded on graphene (GNP) and tested as a catalyst in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The Cu3N/Ag-modified GNP hybrid material revealed catalytic activity superior to that of Cu3N-based GNP hybrid material and pure GNP, comparable to that of a commercial Pt/C electrode.

Graphical Abstract
Sampling Twitter users for social science research: evidence from a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Vicente Paula
Published: January 2023

All social media platforms can be used to conduct social science research, but Twitter is the most popular as it provides its data via several Application Programming Interfaces, which allows qualitative and quantitative research to be conducted with its members. As Twitter is a huge universe, both in number of users and amount of data, sampling is generally required when using it for research purposes. Researchers only recently began to question whether tweet-level sampling—in which the tweet is the sampling unit—should be replaced by user-level sampling—in which the user is the sampling unit. The major rationale for this shift is that tweet-level sampling does not consider the fact that some core discussants on Twitter are much more active tweeters than other less active users, thus causing a sample biased towards the more active users. The knowledge on how to select representative samples of users in the Twitterverse is still insufficient despite its relevance for reliable and valid research outcomes. This paper contributes to this topic by presenting a systematic quantitative literature review of sampling plans designed and executed in the context of social science research in Twitter, including: (1) the definition of the target populations, (2) the sampling frames used to support sample selection, (3) the sampling methods used to obtain samples of Twitter users, (4) how data is collected from Twitter users, (5) the size of the samples, and (6) how research validity is addressed. This review can be a methodological guide for professionals and academics who want to conduct social science research involving Twitter users and the Twitterverse.
Aptness and means-end coherence: a dominance argument for causal decision theory
Authors: Williams J. Robert G.
Published: January 2023

Why should we be means-end rational? Why care whether someone’s mental states exhibit certain formal patterns, like the ones formalized in causal decision theory? This paper establishes a dominance argument for these constraints in a finite setting. If you violate the norms of causal decision theory, then your desires will be aptness dominated. That is, there will be some alternative set of desires that you could have had, which would be more apt (closer to the actual values fixed by your sensibility/ what you intrinsically care about) no matter which world is actual. If we care about having apt desires, then, we should never let ourselves violate these norms of means-end rationality. This argument shares a form with now-standard accuracy arguments for probabilism, opening up a new terrain for that discussion. I show that the foundational assumptions about the shape of accuracy and of aptness required to run the arguments for means-end rationality and for probabilism run closely parallel. I show the argument is robust under different theories of subjective actual value, including nonclassical treatments of indeterminacy in actual value; I show the argument may (but need not!) be generalized to objective theories of value. The upshot is that aptness-domination arguments for decision theories should be added to the philosophical playbook.
Ignorance in organisations – a systematic literature review
Authors: Jalonen Harri
Published: January 2023

This study is linked to previous research that approaches organisations as systems of shared meaning where ignorance is created and sustained, either unintentionally or deliberately, through various social interactions,symbolic processes, and organisational structures. While previous studies have touched upon organisational ignorance, there is a lack of systematically conducted research on its many forms and its many sources. This study analyses the causes, characteristics, and consequences of organisational ignorance. By reporting a systematic review of the literature, the paper contributes to the theory of organizational ignorance by developing a framework of organisational ignorance comprising the manageability (intentional or unintentional) and dynamics (bounded or expanding) of ignorance. Instead of framing ignorance as something that should be avoided, the study adopts anuanced approach to the organisation of ignorance.
Gene regulation in activated microglia by adenosine A3 receptor agonists: a transcriptomics study
Authors: Lillo Alejandro , Serrano-Marín Joan , Lillo Jaume , Raïch Iu , Navarro Gemma , Franco Rafael
Published: January 2023

Most neurodegenerative disorders, including the two most common, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (AD), course with activation of microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system. A3 adenosine receptor (A3R) agonists have been proposed to be neuroprotective by regulating the phenotype of activated microglia. RNAseq was performed using samples isolated from lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ activated microglia treated with 2-Cl-IB-MECA, a selective A3R agonist. The results showed that the number of negatively regulated genes in the presence of 2-Cl-IB-MECA was greater than the number of positively regulated genes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed regulation of genes participating in several cell processes, including those involved in immune-related events. Analysis of known and predicted protein-protein interactions showed that Smad3 and Sp1 are transcription factors whose genes are regulated by A3R activation. Under the conditions of cell activation and agonist treatment regimen, 2-Cl-IB-MECA did not lead to any tendency to favor the expression of genes related to neuroprotective microglia (M2).
Combining nanoscale zero-valent iron and anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria to degrade chlorinated methanes and 1,2-dichloroethane
Authors: Salom Dani , Fernández-Verdejo David , Moral-Vico Javier , Font Xavier , Marco-Urrea Ernest
Published: January 2023

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has the potential to degrade a diversity of chlorinated compounds, and it is widely used for remediation of contaminated groundwaters. However, some frequently detected contaminants such as dichloromethane (DCM) and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) have shown nearly no reactivity with nZVI. Here, we tested the feasibility of combining anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria, Dehalobacterium and Dehalogenimonas, and nZVI as a treatment train to detoxify chlorinated methanes (i.e., chloroform-CF- and DCM), and 1,2-DCA. First, we showed that CF (500 μM) was fully degraded by 1 g/L nZVI to DCM as a major by-product, which was susceptible to fermentation by Dehalobacterium to innocuous products. Our results indicate that soluble compounds released by nZVI might cause an inhibitory impact on Dehalobacterium activity, avoiding DCM depletion. The DCM dechlorination activity was recovered when transferred to a fresh medium without nZVI. The increase in H2 production and pH was discarded as potential inhibitors. Similarly, a Dehalogenimonas-containing culture was unable to dichloroeliminate 1,2-DCA when exposed to 1 g/L nZVI, but dechlorinating activity was also recovered when transferred to nZVI-free media. The recovery of the dechlorinating activity of Dehalobacterium and Dehalogenimonas suggests that combination of nZVI and bioremediation techniques can be feasible under field conditions where dilution processes can alleviate the impact of the potential inhibitory soluble compounds.
Hong Kong Adolescents’ Participation in Political Activities: Correlates of Violent Political Participation
Authors: Yu Lu , Gu Mingyue , Chan Ko Ling
Published: January 2023

The present study aimed to examine Hong Kong junior secondary school students’ participation in different types of political activities, to identify profiles of adolescents based on their political participation, and to examine potential protective and risk factors associated with adolescents’ violent political participation during the social unrest in Hong Kong from a positive youth development perspective. A total of 2,016 students (age = 13.92 ± 1.10 years) recruited from 24 secondary schools in Hong Kong participated in an online survey six months after the social unrest subsided. The findings provide a comprehensive descriptive profile of Hong Kong adolescents’ political participation. Four clusters of adolescents with homogeneous patterns of political participation were identified: (1) “Politically Inactive” (42.6%); (2) “Legal Participant” (27.5%); (3) “Radical/Violent Activist” (13.0%); and (4) “Peaceful Activist” (17.0%). Logistic regression analysis showed that being female, born in Hong Kong, having a weak local identity and a strong national identity, a high level of bonding, prosocial involvement and prosocial norms, a low level of parental psychological control and family conflict, and a good parent–child relationship were associated with a low risk of adolescents’ violent political participation. The findings point to the needs to further promote social cohesion in Hong Kong society, to help adolescents avoid the potentially essentialized dichotomy in their identity construction, and to develop programs targeting the identified risk and protective factors to prevent adolescents from engaging in political violence and to promote their civic participation.
Ag3Sn Morphology Transitions During Eutectic Growth in Sn–Ag Alloys
Authors: Hou N. , Xian J. W. , Sugiyama A. , Yasuda H. , Gourlay C. M.
Published: January 2023

Eutectic Ag3Sn can grow with a variety of morphologies depending on the solidification conditions and plays an important role in the performance of Pb-free solders. Here, we study morphology transitions in theβ-Sn + Ag3Sn eutectic at increasing growth velocity using a combination of real-time X-ray imaging and analytical electron microscopy. Orthorhombic Ag3Sn grew as faceted plates or rods with [010] growth direction and (001) as the largest facet in all three eutectic growth morphologies: Irregular plate, broken-lamellar, and rod. Reproducibleβ-Sn + Ag3Sn orientation relationships formed for the latter two morphologies. The mechanisms of spacing adjustment and the reversible transition from plate to rod growth are studied for transient solidification after velocity changes. The transition from fully eutectic growth toβ-Sn dendrites plus eutectic is reasonably reproduced using a competitive growth criterion. At the highest velocities, Ag3Sn rods developed perturbations whose break down into particles is discussed in terms of unsteady growth and pinch-off mechanisms.
Long-term Outcomes of Transoral Outlet Reduction (TORe) for Dumping Syndrome and Weight Regain After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Authors: Pontecorvi Valerio , Matteo Maria Valeria , Bove Vincenzo , De Siena Martina , Giannetti Giulia , Carlino Giorgio , Polidori Giulia , Vinti Laila , Angelini Giulia , Iaconelli Amerigo , Familiari Pietro , Raffaelli Marco , Costamagna Guido , Boškoski Ivo
Published: January 2023

Background

Both weight regain and dumping syndrome (DS) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) have been related to the dilation of gastro-jejunal anastomosis. The aim of this study is to assess the safety and long-term efficacy of endoscopic transoral outlet reduction (TORe) for DS and/or weight regain after RYBG.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on a prospective database. Sigstad’s score, early and late Arts Dumping Score (ADS) questionnaires, absolute weight loss (AWL), percentage of total body weight loss (%TBWL), and percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) were assessed at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months after TORe.

Results

Eighty-seven patients (median age 46 years, 79% female) underwent TORe. The median baseline BMI was 36.2 kg/m2. Out of 87 patients, 58 were classified as “dumpers” due to Sigstad’s score ≥ 7. The resolution rate of DS (Sigstad’s score < 7) was 68.9%, 66.7%, and 57.2% at 6, 12, and 24 months after TORe, respectively. A significant decrease in Sigstad’s score as well as in early and late ADS questionnaires was observed (p< 0.001). The median Sigstad’s score dropped from 15 (11–8.5) pre-operatively to 2 (0–12) at 24 months. The %TBWL was 10.5%, 9.9%, and 8.1% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Further, “dumpers” with resolution of DS showed better weight loss results compared with those with persistent DS (p< 0.001). The only adverse event observed was a perigastric fluid collection successfully managed conservatively.

Conclusion

TORe is a minimally invasive treatment for DS and/or weight regain after RYGB, with evidence of long-term efficacy.

Graphical Abstract
Writing proficiency in English as L2 in Spanish children with dyslexia
Authors: Álvarez-Cañizo Marta , Afonso Olivia , Suárez-Coalla Paz
Published: January 2023

Different studies have demonstrated that people with dyslexia have difficulties in acquiring fluent reading and writing. These problems are also evident when they learn a second language. The aim of our study was to investigate if there is a linguistic transfer effect for writing in children with dyslexia when they face tasks in English (L2), as well as the possible influence of other linguistic skills (spelling, vocabulary and reading) in English (L2) and in Spanish (L1). Participants completed a series of tasks both in Spanish and English: a picture naming task, a word reading task, a word spelling task, and a written composition of which we analysed its quality through different variables provided by the Coh-metrix software. Our results revealed that children with dyslexia show similar or parallel performance in written composition in both languages, which could imply a language transfer effect from L1 and L2. Besides, basic language skills are related to the characteristics of written composition to a greater extent in English than in Spanish, suggesting the impact of these on the quality of written composition.
Significant difference in cardiac ventricular dimensions when measured using two different standard methods
Authors: Garland Jack , Thompson Melissa , Thompson Isabella , Olumbe Alex , Tse Rexson
Published: January 2023

Cardiac ventricular dimensions measured at postmortem examination are used to assess whether there is hypertrophy of the heart chambers. However, there is no clear consensus on where these measurements should be taken. Some have proposed this should be measured at the mid-ventricular level, but others advocate it should be measured at a set distance (e.g. 20 mm) from the base of the heart. Twenty consecutive adult hearts were examined and showed the ventricular dimensions were significantly higher (mean: 5–15 mm, p < 0.01) when measured at a level 20 mm from the base of the heart compared to the mid-ventricular level. Of clinical significance is that in slightly less than half the cases, normal ventricular dimensions at mid ventricle level fell within the criteria considered pathological (> 40 mm) when measured at 20 mm from the base of the heart. In terms of actual ventricular dimensions, only the left ventricle diameter measured at 20 mm from the base of the heart correlated significantly (albeit moderately) with heart weight, suggesting it can be a predictor for cardiac hypertrophy.
Toward Error-Tolerant Robot Navigation: Sequential Inducement Based on Intent Conveyance from Robot to Human and Its Achievement
Authors: Kamezaki Mitsuhiro , Kono Ryosuke , Kobayashi Ayano , Yanagawa Hayato , Onishi Tomoya , Tsuburaya Yusuke , Shrestha Moondeep , Sugano Shigeki
Published: January 2023

Human symbiotic mobile robots are required to smoothly reach destinations while avoiding humans. Human-intent information, e.g., a moving direction, must be carefully estimated since its lack leads to the hesitation and repetitious avoidance. Conventional studies address human intent estimation and conveyance but do not consider cases of failing communication as a systematic framework, even though the intent is essentially difficult for humans to estimate due to its interiority. In response to this problem, we propose a framework of error-tolerant navigation (ETN) with a process to actively estimate the human intent by iterative interaction from the robot. As a preliminary study, we focus on ‘the intent conveyance from robot to human’ and ‘its achievement’ as core information. The ETN estimates interference possibility to determine the need for inducement, human awareness (HA) to select an inducement method, and inducement achievement (IA) to judge the need for action again. If the ETN estimates the interference, the robot provides inducements according to HA, e.g., route indication when HA is high or voice/physical interaction when HA is low. Each inducement corresponds to an expected behavior change in the human. IA is calculated from the difference between the expected and actual changes. If the robot observes no change within a specified time after the inducement, it executes inducements with a stronger intent conveyance. When IA is none after the strongest action, it selects another route. This error-collection loop in the ETN could prevent a fatal mistake by recognizing a small mistake and recovering it. The static and dynamic experimental results indicated that the ETN could achieve smoother human movement and reduce psychological burden by correcting the robot behaviors, compared with a conventional navigation system, which can contribute to constructing a practical ETN framework.
An interface to view collections of visual art
Authors: Pflüger Hermann , Viehhauser Gabriel , Tumanov Rostislav
Published: January 2023

Art experts prefer being able to look at the individual images they are working on in the course of their research. However, if one were to look at digitally accessible images in the field of visual art, one would be dealing with billions of images; no one can handle visually examining such huge numbers of images one at a time. Therefore, art experts need special tools to examine and describe artworks in the context of other artworks. We used our experience from previous projects and interviews with members of the target group (art historians, curators, art dealers, and artists) to identify the central issues these experts encounter when working with large image collections and to determine the functionality and properties a system must offer to support their work. The results led to the customized interface LadeCA.View, which is now used in several projects. LadeCA.View enables experts to describe an exhibition or a collection of visual art in such a way that a user can obtain an overview of the intention, content, and structures of the exhibition or collection within a short period of time without looking at each image individually. LadeCA.View can also be used as an interface to probe more deeply into a collection or exhibition. In this paper we show the functions and visualizations of the interface and explain the design decisions. Furthermore, we outline LadeCA.View’s scope of applicability using three case studies
The Montreal Protocol and the fate of environmental plastic debris
Authors: Jansen M. A. K. , Barnes P. W. , Bornman J. F. , Rose K. C. , Madronich S. , White C. C. , Zepp R. G. , Andrady A. L.
Published: January 2023

Microplastics (MPs) are an emerging class of pollutants in air, soil and especially in all aquatic environments. Secondary MPs are generated in the environment during fragmentation of especially photo-oxidised plastic litter. Photo-oxidation is mediated primarily by solar UV radiation. The implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments, which have resulted in controlling the tropospheric UV-B (280–315 nm) radiation load, is therefore pertinent to the fate of environmental plastic debris. Due to the Montreal Protocol high amounts of solar UV-B radiation at the Earth’s surface have been avoided, retarding the oxidative fragmentation of plastic debris, leading to a slower generation and accumulation of MPs in the environment. Quantifying the impact of the Montreal Protocol in reducing the abundance of MPs in the environment, however, is complicated as the role of potential mechanical fragmentation of plastics under environmental mechanical stresses is poorly understood.
External or Intrinsic Purpose—What comes first? On Hegel's Treatment of Teleology
Authors: Spahn Christian
Published: January 2023

Hegel's philosophy of biology is one of the strongest chapters of Hegel'sPhilosophy of Nature. It can be argued that Hegel's understanding of organicity underscores the explanatory power of ‘dialectical thinking’, as Hegel himself claims. Hegel's interpretation of organicity is based upon the logical development of categories in his chapter on Objectivity of his Logic. If we compare Hegel's treatment of teleology in the Logic with his interpretation of organicity in his Philosophy of Nature, a mismatch can be found. In the Logic, Hegel introduces the notion of life (Leben) after the chapter on Objectivity, i.e. after elaborating on external teleology. In his Philosophy of Nature, the notion of the inner purposiveness of organicity belongs to the externality of nature. This article compares Hegel's treatment of teleology in his Logic and his Philosophy of Nature, reconstructs possible explanations for mismatches and offers a possible solution to the question whether the notion of life should be regarded as the last part of the chapter on teleology or the first part of the chapter on the Idea.
Open science, closed doors: The perils and potential of open science for research in practice
Authors: Guzzo Richard A. , Schneider Benjamin , Nalbantian Haig R.
Published: January 2023

This paper advocates for the value of open science in many areas of research. However, after briefly reviewing the fundamental principles underlying open science practices and their use and justification, the paper identifies four incompatibilities between those principles and scientific progress through applied research. The incompatibilities concern barriers to sharing and disclosure, limitations and deficiencies of overidentifying with hypothetico-deductive methods of inference, the paradox of replication efforts resulting in less robust findings, and changes to the professional research and publication culture such that it will narrow in favor of a specific style of research. Seven recommendations are presented to maximize the value of open science while minimizing its adverse effects on the advancement of science in practice.
Reckoning with racialized police violence: The role of I-O psychology
Authors: Dhanani Lindsay Y. , Wiese Christopher W. , Brooks LeVonte’ , Beckles Kyana
Published: January 2023

The country has been gripped by the events that have unfolded in the wake of the police killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor. In response to these new examples of long-standing police violence, there have been calls to substantially reimage policing to reduce the number of violent incidents that occur between officers and the public and to combat officers’ disproportionate use of force with Black Americans. In this article, we call on industrial-organizational (I-O) psychologists to leverage their expertise to help actuate meaningful change within law enforcement. To help guide our collective efforts as a field, we provide a review of the current state of affairs as they relate to recruitment, selection, training, performance management, occupational stress, and organizational culture in law enforcement and then offer recommendations for ways to change current practices to encourage more equitable and responsible policing. We also highlight areas in which further investigation is needed and urge I-O psychologists to invest in building the knowledge necessary to inform future practices. We hope this article can facilitate a discussion about how our field can contribute to achieving evidence-based and lasting change that benefits officers and the members of the communities they serve.
The Cultural Landscapes of Maya Roads: The Material Evidence and a GIS Study from the Maya Lowlands of Chiapas and Tabasco, Mexico
Authors: Silva de la Mora Flavio G.
Published: January 2023

This article reports the material evidence of roads in the northwestern Maya Lowlands that were in use from the Middle Preclassic (800–300 BC) through the Late Classic (AD 700–900) period in Chiapas and Tabasco, Mexico. The study includes archaeological evidence recovered from field research in an area covering approximately 670 km2 and 618 recorded archaeological sites. It presents the physical characteristics of a series of piedmont paths that connected the region from the Usumacinta River to the Tulijá River, including large population centers such as Palenque and Chinikihá. The study uses a geographic information system (GIS) least cost path (LCP) analysis to identify the location of roads and how they relate to regional settlement patterns. It also tests the use of modern computational models to advance regional studies in the Maya area. Study results show how the Classic Maya adapted and appropriated the region's topography to facilitate movement, long-term settlement, and the building of landesque capital.
The Right to Life, the Right to Nature, and the Impact of Irish Land on Political Thought in the 1880s
Authors: Phemister Andrew
Published: January 2023

The Irish Land War was a pivotal conflict in the history of liberal political thought. With significant impacts on both sides of the Atlantic, events in Ireland were about more than Irish self-determination. Heavily reliant on a discourse of natural right, and asserting a relationship between land ownership and democratic-republican citizenship, the Land War provided a vehicle for popular radical opposition to an increasingly positivist liberalism. This article examines the rationales and political assumptions underlying the demand for land, and how such arguments catalysed an intellectual response among liberal political thinkers. Particular moral and metaphysical ideas about the distinctiveness of land allowed agrarian and labour radicals to reassert individualized but non-possessive rights to natural resources. Rooted in a materialist politics of the human body, this purposive conception of land posed a significant threat to claims for private property, social order, and the ameliorative authority of the state, pressing both liberal and conservative thinkers away from unstable notions of individual rights. The crisis over Irish land helped to shift the terrain of political argument away from questions of participation and popular power, and toward amelioration and public welfare.
Private Power in Public Programs: Medicare, Medicaid, and the Structural Power of Private Insurance
Authors: Kelly Andrew S.
Published: January 2023

In 2019, nearly 70 percent of Medicaid beneficiaries received their health insurance coverage through a private, managed care organization (MCO). Twenty-five years earlier, 9.5 percent of Medicaid beneficiaries were enrolled in MCOs. This dramatic growth in Medicaid managed care enrollment represents the delegation of significant power by federal and state governments over a critical social program to private actors and market forces. Medicare, too, experienced a similar pattern of transformation. Together, Medicaid and Medicare, two critical pillars of American social policy, paid more than half a trillion dollars to private insurance companies in 2019 to provide public health insurance to 75 million people. This manuscript examines the policy consequences of building private firms directly into the structure of American social policies. In contrast to existing work on “submerged” or “delegated” policies, this manuscript highlights the structural power that such policies bestow on the government's private partners and develops a new theory of structural power in which firms are able to constrain health policy reform through their threats to disrupt the delivery of public policies and social benefits to millions of people across the United States.
Engagements in and beyond Rome in the 5th c. BCE: architectural remains as evidence for action across geo-temporal boundaries
Authors: Hopkins John North
Published: January 2023

In the 5th c. BCE, Rome is understood to have experienced a moment of transition. Scholars highlight evidence for warfare absent widespread triumph, social conflict within Rome, and regional disruption in established power dynamics, trade networks, and material cultures. Despite a revised understanding of the period, wherein narratives of decline were superseded by those of transformation, the long century after the purported fall of monarchy, especially in its middle and later portions, remains segregated in scholarship from the Archaic period and Middle Republic. This article seeks to reframe the moment as integral to events both before and after it. By way of an examination of material remains of architectural projects, I argue that disciplinary preferences for periodization, a Rome-centered historical telos, and hierarchical material taxonomies have manufactured an absence of remains and activity, and I suggest that the field categorically moves away from these practices.
Equivocal Challenges: Tactical Ambiguity and Deferral of Claim-Making in the 1948 Bogotazo
Authors: de Castelbajac Matthieu
Published: January 2023

This article rethinks the dynamics of collective contention by emphasizing the role of tactical ambiguity. In the face of high political uncertainty, contentious mobilizations work best when they avoid explicit claim-making and engage instead in what I call equivocal challenges—i.e. provocative actions whose meaning will be defined by the response they elicit from specific targets. I provide detailed illustrative support for this argument through a study of the 1948 Bogotazo, by analyzing network data and repertoires of action extracted from archival sources. I conclude that rushed claim-making in contexts of political uncertainty may very well be a losing tactic and that conversely collective equivocation has significant political payoffs.
Kunst in der Pflegeausbildung
Authors: Sandberg Berit
Published: January 2023

Zusammenfassung. Was hat ein Plattencover im Modul „Grundlagen professionellen Pflegehandelns“ zu suchen? Wird man empathischer, wenn man Gedichte schreibt? Lehren und Lernen mit Kunst – was soll das denn? Ein Beitrag über den Wert ästhetischer Erfahrungen, konstruktive Irritation und das gepflegte Überleben unter Unsicherheit.
Pflege Dual Studieren (Teil I)
Authors: Flaiz Bettina , Ebinger Margrit , Simon Anke , Nöst Stefan , Holoch Elisabeth
Published: January 2023

Zusammenfassung. Die hochschulische Qualifikation von Pflegenden schreitet voran. An der Dualen Hochschule Baden-Württemberg ist das zehnjährige Jubiläum des erfolgreichen Pflegestudiengangs Anlass, dessen Entwicklung vorzustellen. Trotz dieses Erfolgs besteht das Erfordernis einer beschleunigten Umsetzung des Qualifikationsmix, der insbesondere Bestandteil des zweiten Beitrags ist.
„Pflege ist … übersetzen!“
Authors: Fringer André , Gleiser Cla
Published: January 2023

Zusammenfassung. Das Angebot im Internet ist grenzenlos. Immer neuere Ideen ergänzen die klassischen Lehrmittel. Dozierende nehmen diesbezüglich eine Lotsenfunktion ein. Neben der didaktischen braucht es auch eine mediale Reduktion von Inhalten. Zudem fordert „Open Education“ die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Akademien zunehmend heraus. Erfahrungen und Möglichkeiten grafischer Inhaltsvermittlung werden thematisiert.
Das Praxissemester im Pflegepädagogik-Studium
Authors: Dienhart Marie-Therese , Kerres Andrea
Published: January 2023

Zusammenfassung. Die Pflegepädagogik-Studierenden der KSH München bestreiten im Laufe des Bachelorstudiums ein Praxissemester. Im Rahmen einer Bachelorarbeit wurden die Erwartungen und Erfahrungen von Lehrenden an Pflegeschulen und Studierenden zu jenem erhoben. Hierbei verdeutlichte sich, dass der Großteil der Beteiligten die Praxisnähe als äußerst lohnend ansieht, es aber auch Verbesserungspotential gibt.
Evaluation of a Mesoscale Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Configuration for Tropical Cyclone Forecasting in the South West Indian Ocean Basin
Authors: Corale Laëtitia , Malardel Sylvie , Bielli Soline , Bouin Marie‐Noëlle
Published: January 2023

The performance in term of tropical cyclone track and intensity prediction of the new coupled ocean‐atmosphere system based on the operational atmospheric model AROME‐Indian Ocean and the ocean model NEMO is assessed against that of the current operational configuration in the case of seven recent tropical cyclones. Five different configurations of the forecast system are evaluated: two with the coupled system, two with an ocean mixed layer parameterization and one with a constant sea surface temperature. For each ocean‐atmosphere coupling option, one is initialized directly with the MERCATOR‐Ocean PSY4 product as in the current operational configuration and the other with the ocean state that is cycled in the AROME‐NEMO coupled suite since a few days before the cyclone intensification. The results show that the coupling with NEMO generally improves the intensity of cyclones in AROME‐IO, reducing the mean intensity bias of the 72 hr forecast of about 10 hPa. However, the impact is especially significant when the TCs encounter a slow propagation phase. For short‐term forecasts (less than 36 hr), the presence of a cooling in the initial state that has been triggered by the AROME high‐resolution cyclonic winds in a previous coupled forecast already improves the tropical cyclone intensity bias of 2–3 hPa for both coupled or uncoupled configurations.
Afterslip of the Mw 8.3 2015 Illapel Earthquake Imaged Through a Time‐Dependent Inversion of Continuous and Survey GNSS Data
Authors: Tissandier R. , Nocquet J.‐M. , Klein E. , Vigny C. , Ojeda J. , Ruiz S.
Published: January 2023

We use continuous and survey GNSS data to image the spatial and temporal evolution of afterslip during the 2 months following the Mw 8.3 2015 Illapel earthquake. Our approach solves for the incremental daily slip at the subduction interface using nonnegative least squares with spatial and temporal Laplacian regularization constraints. We find that afterslip developed at three specific areas at the megathrust, surrounding the coseismic rupture. In addition, well resolved afterslip also occurs within the coseismic rupture area that experienced ∼4 m of seismic slip. Our afterslip model shows striking correlations with the spatial distribution of aftershocks and repeating earthquakes. We capture the local afterslip triggered by a Mw 6.8 and two 6.9 aftershocks that ruptured downdip and north of the coseismic rupture, respectively. The latter ones were possibly triggered by the afterslip that developed north of the rupture. We also find a pulse of enhanced aseismic slip lasting a few days south of the rupture that spatially and temporally correlates with a seismicity burst. We finally find that areas of enhanced afterslip spatially correlates with areas having experienced regular seismic swarms observed during the years prior to the Illapel earthquake. This correlation supports the view of localized fluid high pore pressure areas behaving aseismically and surrounding a highly locked asperity, preventing the seismic rupture to propagate into them.
Using Corrected and Imputed Polarity Measurements to Improve Focal Mechanisms in a Regional Earthquake Catalog Near the Mt. Lewis Fault Zone, California
Authors: Skoumal Robert J. , Hardebeck Jeanne L. , Shelly David R.
Published: January 2023

We utilized relative polarity measurements and machine learning techniques to better resolve focal mechanisms and stress orientations considering a catalog of ∼29,000 relocated earthquakes that occurred during 1984–2021 in the southeastern San Francisco Bay Area. Earthquake focal mechanisms are commonly produced using P wave first motion polarities, which traditionally requires events to be well‐recorded across a seismic network with good focal sphere coverage. We adapted recently developed approaches that are less dependent on high signal‐to‐noise records and exploit similar waveforms to produce relative polarity and amplitude measurements between earthquake pairs. These techniques were previously only applied on localized earthquake sequences, and we further developed these approaches so that they can be utilized for regional catalogs. We validated or corrected manually identified polarities by performing polarity consensuses using earthquake pairs. Missing and unreliable polarity measurements were imputed using iterative random forests, an unsupervised ensemble machine learning method. Relative P and S wave amplitude measurements were made between earthquakes, constraining S/P ratios for low signal‐to‐noise waveforms. Using these techniques, we were able to reduce focal mechanism uncertainties by an average of ∼13° and produced well‐constrained focal mechanisms for ∼6 times as many earthquakes than those produced using only the traditionally derived polarities. We performed stress inversions using the focal mechanisms by grouping the focal mechanism results into a quadtree structure. Our stress results are consistent with previous work, albeit at a higher spatial resolution, and demonstrate these techniques can aid our understanding of fault structures and kinematics in more detail than was previously possible.