bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lemierre’s syndrome, necrotizing pneumonia and staphylococcal septic shock treated with extracorporeal life support
Authors: Mattke Adrian C , Prabhu Sudesh , Clark Julia , Labrom Robert , Burns Hanna , Schlapbach Luregn J
Published: August 2017

Objectives:

Lemierre’s syndrome cause by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus is rare, but can lead to necrotizing pneumonia and septicaemia. When treating such patient with extracorporeal life support source control can be both challenging and controversial.

Methods:

In this report we present a 12 year old male who presented with Lemierre’s syndrome from which he developed septic shock and severe necrotizing pneumonia. He also showed multiple pulmonary embolisms from the internal jugular vein thrombi, resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Results:

The patient was treated with extracorporeal life support. Subsequent computed tomography revealed multiple abscesses throughout his lungs and around vertebral bodies C1 and C2, for which source control with drainage of the cervical abscesses was achieved while on extracorporeal life support. The necrotizing pneumonia gradually improved, and partial pneumectomy was avoided. He was successfully separated from extracorporeal life support and respiratory support and recovered from his illness. Follow-up imaging showed almost complete resolution of the pulmonary abscesses. Osteomyelitis of C1/C2 and severe muscle wasting required a prolonged hospital stay.

Conclusion:

This case highlights the challenges of supporting patients suffering from disseminated staphylococcal sepsis with extracorporeal life support and the key role of source control and demonstrates the value of using extracorporeal life support in necrotizing pneumonia.
The impact of foreign fighters on civil conflict outcomes
Authors: Chu Tiffany S. , Braithwaite Alex
Published: August 2017

There has been a great deal of discussion about the large volumes of foreign fighters involved in civil conflicts in Syria and Iraq over recent years. Yet, there remains little systematic evidence about the effect, if any, that foreign fighters have upon the conflicts they join. Existing literature distinguishes between the resources fighters bring to rebel groups and the liability they represent in regards to campaign cohesion. We seek to establish preliminary evidence as to whether or not foreign fighters contribute to the success of the campaigns they join. Our multinomial logistic and competing risks regression analyses of civil conflicts between 1946 and 2013 suggest that foreign fighters are associated with a decreased likelihood of government victory. Furthermore, we offer partial evidence to suggest that foreign fighters from non-contiguous countries are more likely to help rebels achieve a negotiated settlement or to continue their struggle against the government, but not to directly help them achieve victory.
Surgical sympathectomy for Buerger’s disease
Authors: Cacione Daniel G , Moreno Daniel H , Nakano Luis CU , Baptista-Silva José CC
Published: August 2017

Buerger's disease is characterized by recurring progressive inflammation and occlusions in small and medium arteries and veins of the limbs. Its cause is unknown, but it is most common in young men with a history of tobacco use. It is responsible for ischemic ulcers and extreme pain in the hands and feet. In many cases, notably in patients with the most severe presentations, there is no possibility of improving the condition with surgery (limb revascularisation), and therefore, alternative therapies (e.g. sympathectomy) is used. This review assessed the effectiveness of surgical sympathectomy compared with any other therapy in patients with Buerger's disease. As a result, only one randomised controlled study (162 participants) compared sympathectomy with prostacyclin analogue (iloprost) was incorporated to the review. Such comparison shown that iloprost is more effective than sympathectomy to complete healing ulcers at four weeks (risk ratio 0.65; 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.95; P = 0.02; very low quality evidence) and at twenty four weeks (risk ratio 0.62; 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 0.82; P < 0.01; very low quality evidence) after the start of treatment and to relief rest pain at four weeks (risk ratio 1.90; 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 3.10; P = 0.01; very low quality evidence) but not more effective at twenty four weeks (risk ratio 1.68; 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 2.84; P = .10; very low quality evidence) after the start of treatment.

We concluded, with very low quality of evidence, that intravenous iloprost is more effective than lumbar sympathectomyin the healing of ischemic ulcers and pain at rest in patients with Buerger's disease. Therefore, until now, the preference of the usage of intravenous iloprost over the lumbar sympathectomy (and vice versa) does not find robust evidence for its routine use.
Factors associated with antibiotic prescriptions for the viral origin diseases in office-based practices, 2006–2012
Authors: Imanpour Sara , Nwaiwu Obioma , McMaughan Darcy K , DeSalvo Bethany , Bashir Adnan
Published: August 2017

Objective

To test the potential association between time spent with a doctor and antibiotic overprescriptions in case of the common cold, runny nose, bronchitis, chest colds, flu, sore throats, and fluid in the middle ear.

Design

Cross-sectional study

Setting

Office-based physicians in the US.

Participants

A total of 261,623 patient visits recorded to office-based physicians in the US.

Main outcome measures

The interest outcome was unnecessary antibiotic prescription.

Results

The analysis revealed five significant predictors of antibiotic prescriptions for suspected viral infections: length of doctor–patient encounter time, patient gender, spending time with a family medicine doctor, type of insurance, and the rate of antibiotic prescriptions per physician. For every additional minute a patient spent with a physician during a visit, the mean predicted probability of receiving unnecessary antibiotics decreased by 2.4%.

Conclusions

This study provided evidence that physicians continue to prescribe antibiotics in avoidable cases. Policies that would monitor antibiotic prescription in office-based settings should be considered in order to control spreading of antibiotic resistance and eventually improve population health.
Anthropometric and Skeletal Parameters Predict 2-Strand Semitendinosus Tendon Size in Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Chiba Daisuke , Tsuda Eiichi , Sasaki Shizuka , Liu Xizhe , Ishibashi Yasuyuki
Published: August 2017

Background:

Few studies have examined whether skeletal parameters predict hamstring graft size during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to examine whether preoperative anthropometric and radiographic skeletal parameters could predict hamstring graft size during ACLR. We hypothesized that both anthropometric and skeletal parameters can be used to predict graft size in our double-bundle procedure and that the use of skeletal parameters will improve the accuracy of graft size prediction.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 200 patients were recruited and underwent double-bundle ACLR using a semitendinosus (ST) graft. The harvested tendon was measured to determine graft length (GL) and then split at its midpoint. The graft diameters of the anteromedial (GDAM) and posterolateral bundles (GDPL) were measured at the femoral aspect of the 2-stranded graft. The mean diameters of both bundles were included in the analysis. On the coronal radiograph, femorotibial angle (FTA), femoral interepicondylar distance (IED), and tibial plateau width (coronal tibial width [CTW]) were measured. Blumensaat line length (BLL) and the lateral tibial width (LTW) were measured on the lateral radiograph. A linear regression analysis was conducted using graft size as the dependent variable and age, sex, height, weight, Tegner activity score, and skeletal parameters as the independent variables.

Results:

Mean GL was 258.9 ± 21.9 mm, GDAM was 5.9 ± 0.5 mm, and GDPL was 5.7 ± 0.6 mm. Single regression analysis showed that GL was significantly predicted by sex, height, weight, Tegner activity score, IED, CTW, BLL, and LTW ( R2 range, 0.033-0.342). GD was predicted by sex, height, weight, IED, CTW, BLL, and LTW ( R2 range, 0.094-0.207). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis significantly confirmed sex, height, and age as the variables to comprehensively predict GL ( R2 = 0.384). With regard to GD, stepwise multiple regression confirmed height and IED as significant variables ( R2 = 0.224).

Conclusion:

Both preoperative anthropometric and radiographic parameters on plain radiographs were able to predict harvested GL and 2-strand GD. Multivariate regression slightly improved the prediction of graft dimensions compared with univariate regression.
Shared decision-making in medication management: Development of a training intervention
Authors: Stead Ute , Morant Nicola , Ramon Shulamit
Published: August 2017

Shared decision-making is a collaborative process in which clinicians and patients make treatment decisions together. Although it is considered essential to patient-centred care, the adoption of shared decision-making into routine clinical practice has been slow, and there is a need to increase implementation. This paper describes the development and delivery of a training intervention to promote shared decision-making in medication management in mental health as part of the Shared Involvement in Medication Management Education (ShIMME) project. Three stakeholder groups (service users, care coordinators and psychiatrists) received training in shared decision-making, and their feedback was evaluated. The programme was mostly well received, with all groups rating interaction with peers as the best aspect of the training. This small-scale pilot shows that it is feasible to deliver training in shared decision-making to several key stakeholders. Larger studies will be required to assess the effectiveness of such training.
Flexible assertive community treatment (FACT) model in specialist psychosis teams: An evaluation
Authors: Sood Loopinder , Owen Andy , Onyon Richard , Sharma Aarohi , Nigriello Jessica , Markham Dominic , Seabrook Hannah
Published: August 2017

Aims and method

The impact of flexible assertive community treatment (FACT) has been observed in people previously supported by assertive community treatment (ACT) teams, but its effect on those previously with a community mental health team (CMHT) has not been studied in the UK. An observational study was conducted of 380 people from 3 CMHTs and 95 people from an ACT team, all with a history of psychosis, following service reconfiguration to 3 FACT teams.

Results

People previously with a CMHT required less time in hospital when the FACT model was introduced. A smaller reduction was observed in people coming from the ACT team. Both groups required less crisis resolution home treatment (CRHT) team input.

Clinical implications

FACT may be a better model than standard CMHT care for people with a history of psychosis, as a result of reduced need for acute (CRHT and inpatient) services.
Falls in Scottish homicide: Lessons for homicide reduction in mental health patients
Authors: Crichton John H. M.
Published: August 2017

The sustained fall in Scottish homicide rates follows crime reduction measures informed by the epidemiology of suicide. The violence reduction unit targeted young men carrying knives in public. The restriction of weapons immediately to hand appears to have caused an absolute fall in homicide just as suicide reduction was observed following changes to domestic gas supply. Further homicide reduction may be accomplished in the domestic setting with targeted changes in kitchen knife design in home safety planning for high-risk households. Most commonly homicides involving those in recent contact with mental health services in the UK have domestic characteristics and similar safety planning may be targeted at those with mental disorder and a history of violence.
Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Are Associated With Decreased Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 by Sitagliptin
Authors: Wilson Jessica R , Shuey Megan M , Brown Nancy J , Devin Jessica K
Published: August 2017

Context

Patients with diabetes often have comorbidities such as hypertension. It is not known how individual characteristics influence response to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors.

Objective

We tested the hypothesis that individual characteristics, sitagliptin dose, and genetic variability in DPP4 influence DPP4 activity during sitagliptin.

Design and Setting

Post hoc analysis of clinical and laboratory data from individuals randomized to sitagliptin versus placebo in crossover studies.

Patients and Interventions

Sixty-five subjects [27 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension, 38 healthy controls] were randomized to 100 mg/d sitagliptin or 200 mg sitagliptin and matching placebo in double-blind, crossover fashion. Fasting blood was obtained at baseline and 60 to 180 minutes after sitagliptin or placebo.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

DPP4 activity and antigen during placebo and sitagliptin and DPP4 inhibition during sitagliptin.

Results

Sitagliptin 100 mg/d was less effective at inhibiting DPP4 activity in individuals with T2DM and hypertension than in healthy controls (P = 0.001, percent inhibition). In healthy controls, 100 mg/d sitagliptin was not as effective as single-dose 200 mg sitagliptin (P = 0.001, percent inhibition). DPP4 genotypes rs2909451 TT (P = 0.02) and rs759717 CC (P = 0.02) were associated with DPP4 activity during sitagliptin. In multivariable analyses, T2DM with hypertension, sitagliptin dose, age, systolic blood pressure, DPP4 activity during placebo, and rs2909451 genotype were significantly associated with DPP4 activity during sitagliptin.

Conclusions

Sitagliptin is less effective in inhibiting DPP4 in individuals with T2DM and hypertension than in healthy controls. Higher doses of DPP4 inhibitors may be required in patients with the metabolic syndrome.
Regulatory Considerations for Physiological Closed-Loop Controlled Medical Devices Used for Automated Critical Care: Food and Drug Administration Workshop Discussion Topics
Authors: Parvinian Bahram , Scully Christopher , Wiyor Hanniebey , Kumar Allison , Weininger Sandy
Published: August 2017

Part of the mission of the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) at the US Food and Drug Administration is to facilitate medical device innovation. Therefore, CDRH plays an important role in helping its stakeholders such as manufacturers, health care professionals, patients, patient advocates, academia, and other government agencies navigate the regulatory landscape for medical devices. This is particularly important for innovative physiological closed-loop controlled (PCLC) devices used in critical care environments, such as intensive care units, emergency settings, and battlefield environments. CDRH’s current working definition of a PCLC medical device is a medical device that incorporates physiological sensor(s) for automatic manipulation of a physiological variable through actuation of therapy that is conventionally made by a clinician. These emerging devices enable automatic therapy delivery and may have the potential to revolutionize the standard of care by ensuring adequate and timely therapy delivery with improved performance in high workload and high-stress environments. For emergency response and military applications, automatic PCLC devices may play an important role in reducing cognitive overload, minimizing human error, and enhancing medical care during surge scenarios (ie, events that exceed the capability of the normal medical infrastructure). CDRH held an open public workshop on October 13 and 14, 2015 with the aim of fostering an open discussion on design, implementation, and evaluation considerations associated with PCLC devices used in critical care environments. CDRH is currently developing regulatory recommendations and guidelines that will facilitate innovation for PCLC devices. This article highlights the contents of the white paper that was central to the workshop and focuses on the ensuing discussions regarding the engineering, clinical, and human factors considerations.
Randomized Controlled Trial of the Clinical Efficacy of Multiport Versus Uniport Wire-Reinforced Flexible Catheters for Labor Epidural Analgesia
Authors: Philip John , Sharma Shiv K. , Sparks Timothy J. , Reisch Joan S.
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND:

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, controlled trial was to determine whether multiple ports improve the analgesic efficacy of wire-reinforced flexible catheters used for labor epidural analgesia (LEA).

METHODS:

Six hundred fifty laboring patients were randomized to receive epidural analgesia using either a multiport or uniport wire-reinforced flexible catheter. The primary outcome was analgesic success, defined as the incidence of adequate analgesia following the initial bolus given to initiate LEA. Secondary outcomes included the number of patients requiring clinician interventions during maintenance of LEA; anesthetic success, defined as the incidence of adequate anesthesia following the initial bolus given to establish surgical anesthesia for cesarean delivery; and maternal satisfaction with the overall quality of LEA.

RESULTS:

There was no significant difference in analgesic success at initiation of LEA between the uniport and the multiport wire-reinforced flexible catheter (93.6% vs 89.5%, respectively; difference of 4.1% [95% confidence interval, −0.4% to 8.5%]; P = .077). There was also no difference in the number of patients requiring clinician interventions during maintenance of LEA and in anesthetic success at the establishment of surgical anesthesia for cesarean delivery between the 2 catheter types.

CONCLUSIONS:

Multiple ports do not appear to improve the analgesic efficacy of wire-reinforced flexible catheters used for LEA.
The extracellular metalloprotease AdamTS-A anchors neural lineages in place within and preserves the architecture of the central nervous system
Authors: Skeath James B. , Wilson Beth A. , Romero Selena E. , Snee Mark J. , Zhu Yi , Lacin Haluk
Published: August 2017

The extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates cell migration and sculpts organ shape. AdamTS proteins are extracellular metalloproteases known to modify ECM proteins and promote cell migration, but demonstrated roles for AdamTS proteins in regulating CNS structure and ensuring cell lineages remain fixed in place have not been uncovered. Using forward genetic approaches in Drosophila, we find that reduction of AdamTS-A function induces both the mass exodus of neural lineages out of the CNS and drastic perturbations to CNS structure. Expressed and active in surface glia, AdamTS-A acts in parallel to perlecan and in opposition to viking/collagen IV and βPS-integrin to keep CNS lineages rooted in place and to preserve the structural integrity of the CNS. viking/collagen IV and βPS-integrin are known to promote tissue stiffness and oppose the function of perlecan, which reduces tissue stiffness. Our work supports a model in which AdamTS-A anchors cells in place and preserves CNS architecture by reducing tissue stiffness.
Sall1-NuRD interaction regulates multipotent nephron progenitors and is required for loop of Henle formation
Authors: Basta Jeannine M. , Robbins Lynn , Denner Darcy R. , Kolar Grant R. , Rauchman Michael
Published: August 2017

The formation of the proper number of nephrons requires a tightly regulated balance between renal progenitor cell self-renewal and differentiation. The molecular pathways that regulate the transition from renal progenitor to renal vesicle are not well understood. Here we show that Sall1interacts with the Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase Complex (NuRD) to inhibit premature differentiation of nephron progenitor cells. Disruption of Sall1-NuRD in vivo in knock-in mice (ΔSRM) resulted in accelerated differentiation of nephron progenitors and bilateral renal hypoplasia. Transcriptional profiling of mutant kidneys revealed a striking pattern in which genes of the glomerular and proximal tubule lineages were either unchanged or upregulated, and those in the loop of Henle and distal tubule lineages were downregulated. These global changes in gene expression were accompanied by a significant decrease in THP, NKCC2, AQP-1 positive loop of Henle nephron segments in mutant ΔSRM kidneys. These findings highlight an important function of Sall1-NuRD interaction in the regulation of Six2 positive multipotent renal progenitor cells and formation of the loop of Henle.
Endothelial cells respond to the direction of mechanical stimuli through SMAD signaling to regulate coronary artery size
Authors: Poduri Aruna , Chang Andrew H. , Raftrey Brian , Rhee Siyeon , Van Mike , Red-Horse Kristy
Published: August 2017

How mechanotransduction intersects with chemical and transcriptional factors to shape organogenesis is an important question in developmental biology. This is particularly relevant to the cardiovascular system, which uses mechanical signals from flowing blood to stimulate cytoskeletal and transcriptional responses that form a highly efficient vascular network. Using this system, artery size and structure are tightly regulated, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of Smad4 increased the diameter of coronary arteries during mouse embryonic development, a phenotype that followed the initiation of blood flow. At the same time, the BMP signal transducers SMAD1/5/8 were activated in developing coronary arteries. In a culture model of blood flow-induced shear stress, human coronary artery endothelial cells failed to align when either BMPs were inhibited or SMAD4 was depleted. In contrast to control cells, SMAD4-deficient cells did not migrate against the direction of shear stress and increased proliferation rates specifically under flow. Similar alterations were seen in coronary arteries in vivo. Thus, endothelial cells perceive the direction of blood flow and respond through SMAD signaling to regulate artery size.
The Zahn drawings: new illustrations of Xenopus embryo and tadpole stages for studies of craniofacial development
Authors: Zahn Natalya , Levin Michael , Adams Dany Spencer
Published: August 2017

The embryos and tadpoles of the frog Xenopus are increasingly important subjects for studies of the development of the head and face – studies that are providing novel and crucial insight into the causes and prevention of a suite of devastating birth defects, as well as basic evolutionary and developmental biology. However, many studies are conducted on a range of embryonic stages that are not fully represented in the beloved Xenopus resource, Nieuwkoop and Faber's classic Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). The lack of standardized images at these stages acts as a barrier to the efficient and accurate representation and communication of experimental methodology and expression data. To fill this gap, we have created 27 new high-quality illustrations. Like their oft-used predecessors from Nieuwkoop and Faber, these drawings can be freely downloaded and used, and will, we hope, serve as an essential resource for this important model system.
Distinct roles of NFATc1 and NFATc4 in human primary myoblast differentiation and in the maintenance of reserve cells
Authors: Perroud Julie , Bernheim Laurent , Frieden Maud , Koenig Stephane
Published: August 2017

Ca2+ signaling plays a key role during human myoblast differentiation. Among Ca2+-sensitive pathways, calcineurin is essential for myoblast differentiation and muscle regeneration. Nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) transcription factors are the major calcineurin targets. We investigated the expression and the role of each NFAT gene during human primary myoblast differentiation. We found that three NFAT isoforms are present, NFATc1, NFATc3 and NFATc4. Importantly, while their mRNA expression increases during differentiation, NFATc1 is more highly expressed in myotubes, whilst NFATc4 is specifically maintained in reserve cells. NFATc3 is present in both cell types, although no specific role during myoblast differentiation was observed. Knockdown of either NFATc1 or NFATc4 affects the differentiation process similarly, by decreasing the expression of late differentiation markers, but impairs myotube formation differently. Whereas NFATc1 knockdown strongly reduced the number and the surface area of myotubes, NFATc4 knockdown increased the surface area of myotubes and reduced the pool of reserve cells. We conclude that NFAT genes have specific roles in myotube formation and in the maintenance of the reserve cell pool during human postnatal myogenesis.
Multiple cis-acting signals, some weak by necessity, collectively direct robust transport of oskar mRNA to the oocyte
Authors: Ryu Young Hee , Kenny Andrew , Gim Youme , Snee Mark , Macdonald Paul M.
Published: August 2017

Localization of mRNAs can involve multiple steps, each with its own cis-acting localization signals and transport factors. How is the transition between different steps orchestrated? We show that the initial step in localization of Drosophila oskar mRNA − transport from nurse cells to the oocyte − relies on multiple cis-acting signals. Some of these are binding sites for the translational control factor Bruno, suggesting that Bruno plays an additional role in mRNA transport. Although transport of oskar mRNA is essential and robust, the localization activity of individual transport signals is weak. Notably, increasing the strength of individual transport signals, or adding a strong transport signal, disrupts the later stages of oskar mRNA localization. We propose that the oskar transport signals are weak by necessity; their weakness facilitates transfer of the oskar mRNA from the oocyte transport machinery to the machinery for posterior localization.
The cholesterol ester cycle regulates signalling complexes and synapse damage caused by amyloid-β
Authors: West Ewan , Osborne Craig , Bate Clive
Published: August 2017

Cholesterol is required for the formation and function of some signalling platforms. In synaptosomes, amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers, the causative agent in Alzheimer's disease, bind to cellular prion proteins (PrPC) resulting in increased cholesterol concentrations, translocation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, also known as PLA2G4A) to lipid rafts, and activation of cPLA2. The formation of Aβ-PrPC complexes is controlled by the cholesterol ester cycle. In this study, Aβ activated cholesterol ester hydrolases, which released cholesterol from stores of cholesterol esters and stabilised Aβ-PrPC complexes, resulting in activated cPLA2. Conversely, cholesterol esterification reduced cholesterol concentrations causing the dispersal of Aβ-PrPC complexes. In cultured neurons, the cholesterol ester cycle regulated Aβ-induced synapse damage; cholesterol ester hydrolase inhibitors protected neurons, while inhibition of cholesterol esterification significantly increased Aβ-induced synapse damage. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the dispersal of signalling complexes is important as failure to deactivate signalling pathways can lead to pathology. This study demonstrates that esterification of cholesterol is a key factor in the dispersal of Aβ-induced signalling platforms involved in the activation of cPLA2 and synapse degeneration.
Avian thermoregulation in the heat: evaporative cooling capacity of arid-zone caprimulgiforms from two continents
Authors: Talbot William A. , McWhorter Todd J. , Gerson Alexander R. , McKechnie Andrew E. , Wolf Blair O.
Published: August 2017

Birds in the order Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and allies) have a remarkable capacity for thermoregulation over a wide range of environmental temperatures, exhibiting pronounced heterothermy in cool conditions and extreme heat tolerance at high environmental temperatures. We measured thermoregulatory responses to acute heat stress in three species of caprimulgiforms that nest in areas of extreme heat and aridity, the common poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii: Caprimulgidae) and lesser nighthawk (Chordeiles acutipennis: Caprimulgidae) in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, and the Australian owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles cristatus: Aegothelidae) in the mallee woodlands of South Australia. We exposed wild-caught birds to progressively increasing air temperatures (Ta) and measured resting metabolic rates (RMR), evaporative water loss (EWL), body temperature (Tb) and heat tolerance limits (HTL; the maximum Ta reached). Comparatively low RMR values were observed in all species (0.35 W, 0.36 W and 0.40 W for the poorwill, nighthawk and owlet-nightjar, respectively), with Tb approximating Ta at 40°C and mild hyperthermia occurring as Ta reached the HTL. Nighthawks and poorwills reached HTLs of 60 and 62°C, respectively, whereas the owlet-nightjar had an HTL of 52°C. RMR increased gradually above minima at Tas of 42, 42 and 35°C, and reached 1.7, 1.9, and 2.0 X minimum resting values at HTLs in the poorwill, nighthawk, and owlet-nightjar, respectively. EWL increased rapidly and linearly as Ta exceeded Tb and resulted in maximum rates of evaporative heat dissipation equivalent to 237-424% of metabolic heat production. Bouts of gular flutter resulted in large transient increases in evaporative heat loss (50-123 %) accompanied by only small increments in RMR (<5%). The cavity-nesting/roosting owlet-nightjar had lower HTL and less efficient evaporative cooling compared to the species that nest and/or roost on open desert surfaces. The high efficiency of gular flutter for evaporative cooling, combined with mild hyperthermia, provide the physiological basis for defending Tb well below Ta in extreme heat and is comparable to the efficient cooling observed in arid-zone columbids in which cutaneous EWL is the predominant cooling pathway.
Professional and Personal Competences of the Teacher and the System of Teacher Growth in the Conditions of Updating the Practice of Training and Upbringing
Authors: Тюляева  , Tyulyaeva T.
Published: August 2017

The article presents a vision of the relationship, the interdependence of the competence paradigm of education and the solution of the problem of professional and personal growth of the teacher, the coordination of diff erent models, stages and forms of teacher training as a result of accumulated and meaningful innovation experience. The necessity of revision of teaching technologies and directions of development of the educational space of the educational organization is underlined. The professionally signifi cant personal qualities of the teacher are revealed. Attention is drawn to the educational aspect and the psychological and pedagogical grounds for the formation of various competencies, to the problems and risks of this approach in modern pedagogical conditions. In this regard, an attempt is made to show the direction of the development of the student’s personality, including through individualization and an individual approach.
HENRI LÉVY-BRUHL’S DOCTRINE ON LAW AND ON THE FORMATION OF LEGAL SCIENCE OF A NEW TYPE
Authors: Пужаев Владимир , Puzhaev Vladimir
Published: August 2017

The article is devoted to the investigation of legal ideas of Henri Lévy-Bruhl, a French lawyer and sociologist of the XX century, who is considered to be one of the founders of contemporary sociology of law, legal ethnography and legal anthropology. The author of the article analyzes the late articles of Henri Lévy-Bruhl.
The author of the article examines the notion “juristique”, introduced by the French professor, and investigates its methodological and substantial peculiarities. As a scientific discipline, “juristique” was supposed to be shaped through the integration of sociology of law, history of law and comparative law into a body.
The author also pays special attention to H. Lévy-Bruhl’s theoretical views on the question of law and mechanisms of its formation, on subjects of law-making and sources of law. In particular, the author considers Lévy-Bruhl’s views of collective opinion as the only true source of law, customs’ priority over legislation among all forms of law, judicial practice as the modality of a custom. The key role of Durkheim’s sociology in the shaping of Henri Lévy-Bruhl’s legal views is also highlighted. Henri Lévy-Bruhl’s particular ideas are compared with the doctrine of historical school of law.
The final part of the article is devoted to formulating a series of theses which reflect the peculiarities of Henri Lévy-Bruhl’s legal views and his role in contemporary legal doctrine.
LEGAL REGULATION OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ON THE MEDICAL SECRECY IN THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK AND IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: A SELECTIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Павлов Александр , Pavlov Aleksandr
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this study is to conduct a selective analysis of the legislation of the Kingdom of Denmark that regulates public relations regarding medical secrecy in comparison with the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating similar relations. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to study the specific features of the legal regulation of the social relations selected, as well as the possibility of extracting positive experience of legal regulation of the legal forms chosen – legal relations, legal forms, etc.
The object of the study is the public relations that arise over the medical secrecy in the Kingdom of Denmark and in the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is the comparison of a legal institution of medical secrecy and a similar institution in the Russian Federation.
The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific methods of research – analysis and synthesis, systemstructural, formal-logical and analogies, as well as special methods – historical, comparative analysis, descriptive and other methods.
The legal regulation of public relations regarding the medical secrecy of a citizen in the Kingdom of Denmark – in comparison with a similar category in the Russian Federation – has significant differences, which can be explained by the specific features of legal systems of both states belonging to different legal families.
Despite the fact that in Denmark the legal regulation of relations regarding medical secrecy refers to the powers of bodies other than the legislature and the executive (competence of the Ministry of Health of the Kingdom of Denmark). It is characterized by perfect legal techniques and a wide and comprehensive coverage of regulated relations that are relevant and worthy to pay attention for the purpose of research and discussion. At the international level the Kingdom of Denmark, in fact, is not a party to international legal acts regulating social relations arising from medical secrecy (with the exception of several international legal acts). To a large extent, these issues are in the competence of national legislation.
INTERNATIONAL LAW ASPECTS OF GERMAN COPYRIGHT LAW (GCL)
Authors: Юмашев Юрий , Yumashev Yuriy , Постникова Елена , Postnikova Elena
Published: August 2017

The article deals with international law aspects of the GCL. To this aim firstly the international conventions on copyright law are analyzed, in particular: the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in the wording of the Paris Act of 1971, the Convention on the Establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization of 1967, the Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations of 1961 and Aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) 1994. There is also an analysis of the EU copyright law in terms of its correlation with the law of the EU member-states and an assessment of its evolution. It is emphasized that the core fact of origin of authorship is determined on the basis of the national legislation of the Member-States. Special attention is paid to the scope of the “principle of exhausted rights”. The article also touches upon the aspect of private international law. Particular attention is paid to the legal regulation of the Internet, including Internet providers, and its impact on the formation of the GCL. The problem of combating Internet piracy is also raised, as copyright infringement often occurs in relation to works published online. In addition, the article revealed what changes were made to the GCL to comply with EU law (including secondary law acts and the practice of the EU Court).
The result of the study is, among other things, the conclusion that special legal mechanisms should be developed to regulate new forms of selling works that have emerged as a result of technological progress and in the near future the Internet will undoubtedly form ways for the further development of the GCL. However, this process can negatively affect the leading role of the author as a creative person.
THE LEGAL NATURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES (ICSID)
Authors: Цирина Мадина , Tsirina Madina
Published: August 2017

The article discusses the criteria of the definition of «investment» and protecting the rights of foreign investors (diplomatic protection, judicial protection). Special attention is paid to questions of investment dispute settlement in the framework of the International center for settlement of investment disputes (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, ICSID) under the Convention on the settlement of investment disputes between States and natural and legal persons of other States 1965 (Washington Convention 1965), the competence of which is the resolution of legal disputes arising from relations connected with foreign investments, that is, relations between a foreign person (investor) and the state.
The author provides a detailed analysis of the Washington Convention of 1965, concluded that its provisions cover how to operate an international legal institution (ICSID), as well as regulate the procedure of the settlement of investment disputes. It is noted that, despite the fact that the arbitration and conciliation used in the resolution of investment disputes, based on the norms of international public law, established under the Washington Convention of 1965 on settlement of investment disputes (ICSID), is an international body and the rules of dispute resolution are contained in the text of the international agreements – the Washington Convention of 1965, which is intended to apply precisely to private law disputes.
MORALITY AS A PRIMARY REGULATOR OF CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF A NORMATIVE THEORY OF PROMISES IN A LEGAL DISCOURSE OF THE COMMON LAW COUNTRIES
Authors: Макарова Радмила , Makarova Radmila
Published: August 2017

This article describes the main provisions of the normative theory of promises in the Anglo-American legal discourse. Under this theory, which going back to the origins of natural law concepts, the nature of a civil contract expresses in the volitional act, and the reasons of the obligation of promises are the principles of morality.
The author has made a critical evaluation of the position of the normative theory of promises which puts the morality as the primary regulator of the Institute of the contract. As a result the author shows that only morality in a legal dimension, namely the dimension of justice, may act as regulators of the private law. The concept of justice evolves, and today in a civilized society is expressed in two maxima: equality and freedom. And if the first dimension is known back to Roman law and its details was developed by Aristotle, but the humanity has realized the individual freedom as the manifestation of justice not so long ago.
The question on relationship of morality and law is as relevant as ever for Russian legal reality, which has been subject of expansion of the good faith principle. Violation of the good faith principle in law enforcement often means the moral condemnation of the behavior of the civil turnover participant. Thus, the morality often goes beyond the justice, and, therefore, outside the scope of legal regulation.
In present article the author proves the inadmissibility of such approach. The assumption of morality in the regulation of private legal relations enhances the feeling of legal uncertainty, and becomes a reason of a number of practical problems, in particular, the problem of the source of attitudes, which were conventionally recognized as a moral attitudes, and the problem of the court decision in case of presence of antagonistic moral attitudes, which are equally recognized by the law enforcement authority.
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR HOMEOWNERS’ ASSOCIATION FRAUD IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Authors: Романовская Марина , Romanovskaya Marina
Published: August 2017

Relatively new type of business activity on apartment house management, which carry out the managing organizations, is on the hard way of development in present time. Numerous violations and crimes in this sphere are becoming more intellectual in nature. In some foreign countries the Association of homeowners (condominiums) is an analogue of our homeowners associations and the Institute of management of apartment houses has a long history. The author carried out the analysis of the main types of fraud in the apartment house management in the United States of America. Such acts include embezzlement (theft) of funds, violation of business law, falsification of the elections to the Board of the Association of owners of property, kickbacks in contracting, fictitious contracts. The main attention was focused on the specifics of the criminal-legal regulation of liability for fraudulent acts in the management of condominiums on the example of the criminal law of the State of California and certain judicial decisions.
In particular, the influence of Anglo-Saxon legal system has found the expression in the fact that the criteria for recognition of the person guilty of embezzlement (embezzlement) of funds of owners of property determined by case law, not criminal law.
The author has studied the positive experience of the counteraction of irregularities in the activities of the apartment house management by establishing the criminal prohibitions of the concealment or distortion of information on the financial status of the managing organization or condominium.
Study of the foreign experience of the classification of crime, counteraction of financial violations in the sphere of apartment building management and reparations for victims of financial crimes will be useful for the scientific understanding of the problem of combating crimes in the sphere of apartment house management in our country.
Digital Cameras and Orthodontics: An Overview
Authors: Hutchinson I. , Ireland A.J. , Stephens C.D.
Published: August 2017

The need to record clinical images, for use in documenting treatments, patient education, patient contracting, referral letters and sharing information with colleagues, is increasing. This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of 35 mm and digital photography.
Rapid Cystic Involvement of a Lower Third Molar
Authors: Waller J H. , Malden N.
Published: August 2017

Cystic change can occur in association with partially and unerupted lower third molars. This case report describes an inflammatory paradental cyst which developed over a relatively short period of time and presented with acute symptoms.
Root Resorption of First Permanent Molar by a Supernumerary Premolar
Authors: Sian J.S.
Published: August 2017

A case is presented of root resorption of the lower right first permanent molar caused by a supernumerary premolar tooth. The first permanent molar was subsequently extracted.
Treatment of Dental Fears: Pharmacology or Psychology?
Authors: Naini F.B. , Mellor A.C. , Getz T.
Published: August 2017

Fear of dental treatment constitutes one of the major obstacles to receiving dental treatment, in both the UK and the USA. Treatment for such fear can be pharmacological or psychological, or a combination of both. In this article the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of dental fear will be described and the treatment methods compared.
Management of the Submerged Deciduous Tooth: 1. Aetiology, Diagnosis and Potential Consequences
Authors: Teague Annabel M. , Barton Philip , Parry William J.
Published: August 2017

The management of submerged deciduous teeth can present a dilemma for general practitioner and specialist alike. These teeth are often extracted to avoid potential problems. The recent literature, mainly publications in specialist journals of paediatric dentistry and orthodontics, suggests that a conservative approach is often preferable, particularly when the permanent successor is present. The purpose of this article is to review the aetiology, diagnosis and potential consequences of submerging deciduous molars; a second paper will discuss the treatment options available.
Public Knowledge of Dental Registration and Management of Common Dental Problems
Authors: Spedding R.L. , McKinney L.A. , Boyd R.C. , El-Attar A. , McGaffin J.H.
Published: August 2017

The government has recently changed its policy on dental registration. There is now a requirement to attend a dentist within 15 months of the previous appointment or dental registration will lapse. The authors of this article undertook a survey of the patients attending for dental treatment at the accident and emergency department of their hospital to ascertain whether inappropriate attendance was due to ignorance about general dental services. Of the 501 respondents 14% had not seen their general dental practitioner within the last 15 months and were therefore no longer registered—only 21% realized that they had to keep regular appointments or dental registration would lapse. A proportion (30%) had tried to contact the dentist outside normal working hours; 27% of these were unhappy with the outcome. Telephone calls were unanswered in 38% of those expressing dissatisfaction and 45% subsequently attended hospital for treatment.
Do You Really Learn From Your Mistakes?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

The Endodontic Autopsy: A Valid Learning Tool. J. C. Mills. Journal of Endodontics 1999; 25: 451-452.
You Pay Your Money and You Take Your Choice!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Third Molar Management: A Case for Routine Removal in Adolescent and Young Adult Orthodontic Patients. C. S. Beeman. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1999; 57: 824-830.

Third Molar Management: A Case Against Routine Removal in Adolescent and Young Adult Orthodontic Patients. E. P. Hicks. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1999; 57: 831-836.
Propofol Sedation in General Dental Practice: The First 100 Patients
Authors: Ruiz K. , Coldwell S.A. , Hitchin N. , Dresner-Black E.
Published: August 2017

Experience is presented of the treatment of 100 patients for routine dentistry in general dental practice under propofol (Diprivan) sedation, delivered by continuous infusion. The infusion rates were set manually according to patients' responses. There were no differences in dental treatment or propofol requirements according to gender. Propofol requirements in some cases exceeded the upper limit of the recommended dose ranges and reasons why this may have occurred are discussed. A most useful feature of propofol sedation was the associated rapid recovery, with no patients needing to remain in the surgery for the purposes of recovery. The technique met with patients' approval, as all responses returned indicated a willingness to undergo the same type of sedation in future. Propofol sedation is not appropriate for the single operator/sedationist.