bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of Trait Attributions Associated with Eyeglasses, Men's Facial Hair, and Women's Hair Length1
Authors: Terry Roger L. , Krantz John H.
Published: August 2006

This research investigated the effects of men's eyeglasses and facial hair and women's eyeglasses and hair length on the traits associated with facial schemata. One hundred and thirty‐five introductory psychology students rated Photo‐IdentTM composites of stimulus persons on 20 adjectival continua. A factor analysis of the scores extracted three factors: Social Value, Social Forcefulness, and Mental Competence. Eyeglasses on both the men and women were associated with attributions of diminished forcefulness and heightened competence. Men's beards were associated with lessened competence. Women's long hair was associated with decreased forcefulness. The results were interpreted in terms of the effects of the independent variables on apparent facial maturity.
The Influence of Goal Orientation on Task Performance: A Substantively Meaningful Suppressor Variable1
Authors: Hofmann David A.
Published: August 2006

The present study investigated the relationship between performance goal orientation and performance on a complex task. It was hypothesized that cognitive interference would mediate this relationship. In addition, it was hypothesized that cognitive ability would moderate the relationship between cognitive interference and task performance. A three‐variable suppressor relationship indicated that, although the direct effect of performance goal orientation on performance was one that produced better performance, the indirect effect of performance goal orientation indicated that performance orientations were associated with increases in cognitive interference, and these increases in cognitive interference were associated with poorer performance. Thus, the beneficial aspect of performance goal orientation (i. e., the direct effect) was counterbalanced by the dysfunctional aspects of performance goal orientation (i. e., the associated increase in cognitive interference). Support was also found for the proposed moderation of ability on the cognitive interference‐task performance relationship for final, but not initial performance. The results are interpreted in light of recent discussions regarding the influence of goal orientation on task performance and cognitive interference.
The Dimensions of Stress Scale: Psychometric Properties1
Authors: Vitaliano Peter P. , Russo Joan , Weber Lisa , Celum Connie
Published: August 2006

Although cognitive appraisal, situational properties, and attributions are important parts of the stress process, few multidimensional measures are available to examine these constructs simultaneously. This paper investigates the properties of the Dimensions of Stress Scale (DSS). The DSS is a brief self‐report questionnaire designed to assess appraisals of personal relevance (salience) and control; stressor properties (novelty, duration, and predictability); and self‐attributions (causality). The items were derived theoretically, using the cognitive‐phenomenological model of stress and the stress literature. Empirical support for the six dimensions (scales) was generated first on a sample of elderly individuals (n= 269) and then replicated on an independent sample of younger individuals (n= 162). In both investigations, the factor structure of five of the scales was shown to approximate a simple structure. Evidence of internal consistency and content validity was also provided. The scales’ construct validity was supported by their relationships with stressor type (e. g., physical health problems, relationships, work, finances, individuals with indeterminate Western Blots, and caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease), coping, and depressed mood. The DSS should be useful in examining stressful experiences.
Factors Influencing Gay Men's Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Intentions With Respect to Performing Sexual Behaviors1
Authors: Fishbein Martin , Chan Darius K‐S. , O'Reilly Kevin , Schnell Dan , Wood Robert , Beeker Carolyn , Cohn David
Published: August 2006

In a recent paper (Fishbein et al., 1992) gay men's attitudes and subjective norms were found to be accurate predictors of their intentions to perform a variety of sexual behaviors. In addition, the relative importance of norms as determinants of intention was found to be greater in Seattle (a city with a well organized gay community) than in Albany (a city in which the gay community is not well organized). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the extent to which the men's attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions were influenced by a number of situational and individual difference variables. Three hundred and fourteen self‐identified gay or bisexual men from Seattle (134), Denver (78), and Albany (102) completed a questionnaire specifically designed for this study. As expected, type of partner and type of sexual activity significantly influenced attitudes, perceived norms, and intentions. In addition, these dependent variables were also influenced, in part, by city of residence, age, and perceived risk of HIV infection. The findings provide additional justification for developing different interventions for gay men in different cities, age, and perceived risk groups.
Computer Monitoring of Work Performance: Extending the Social Facilitation Framework to Electronic Presence1
Authors: Aiello John R. , Svec Carol M.
Published: August 2006

This study demonstrated the utility of employing a social facilitation framework to the study of computer monitoring of work performance. The physical presence of an observer watching a subject work on a complex task (as a supervisor might “look over an employee's shoulder“) was contrasted with four conditions involving the electronic presence of computer‐based work monitoring (as a supervisor might monitor an employee's work remotely via computer) and a control condition of subjects working alone without any monitoring of their work. Task performance was severely impaired for participants who were monitored electronically as well as for those who were monitored “in person.” Two interventions, providing participants with a sense of control over their work conditions and monitoring participants as a group rather than as individuals, each reduced the negative impact of monitoring on task performance by almost 40%. Results also indicated that individuals with an external locus of control (who believe reinforcements received are primarily determined by factors outside of themselves, e. g., other people) experience greater anxiety than those with an internal locus of control under monitoring conditions. Implications of these findings for social facilitation and the rapidly expanding use of computer‐based work monitoring are discussed.
Monitoring and Performance: A Comparison of Computer and Supervisor Monitoring1
Authors: Griffith Terri L.
Published: August 2006

This research addresses how computer monitoring affects the way individual workers perform on their jobs. The study tests the effects of a supervisor's physical versus electronic presence on individual worker performance. Forty‐two women were hired to perform a simple data entry task. The women worked in one of three conditions: (a) alone, (b) in the physical presence of the supervisor who monitored their work, or (c) computer‐monitored (electronic presence) by the data entry system without the physical presence of the supervisor. It was hypothesized that social facilitation effects would result from either the physical or electronic presence conditions. Electronic presence does seem to result in social facilitation, though the mean differences are not statistically significant. The results for physical presence are mixed. Profile analysis indicates that there are significant differences in the patterns of performance. When subjects work alone or with electronic presence, performance follows a steady pattern. When subjects work with physical presence, performance is somewhat lower than in the alone condition, except when the supervisor is actively monitoring, then individual performance is significantly increased. There are no satisfaction differences between the three conditions. The results of this research suggest that “Big Brother” is not lurking inside every computer‐monitoring system.
Automobile Driving as Seen by the Actor, the Active Observer, and the Passive Observer1
Authors: Herzog Thaddeus A.
Published: August 2006

This research utilizes the actor‐observers paradigm (Jones & Nisbett, 1971) to study driving interactions from the actor, active observer, and passive observer perspectives. Videos of interactions in three driving situations were used to elicit personal and situational causal attributions from subjects. For each interaction, three videos were made, corresponding with each of the three perspectives. Results for two of the interactions were in accordance with the Jones and Nisbett hypothesis, while those of the third were not. Of note was that passive observers gave consistently lower attributional ratings, both personal and situational, compared to actors and active observers. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to driving behavior and education.
Effects of Severity of Accident, Intent, and “Alcoholism is a Disease” Excuse on Judgments of a Drunk Driver1
Authors: Baldwin Michael R. , Kleike Chris L.
Published: August 2006

One hundred fifty‐five women and 122 men read scenarios of an accident caused by a male drunk driver. The severity of the accident was either high (death) or low (monetary damage). In addition, the driver either expressed or denied intent (he admitted or denied knowing he was drunk before deciding to drive) and the driver either accepted responsibility for the accident or used the excuse that alcoholism is a disease beyond his control. On trait ratings, the driver was evaluated as being more reckless and as feeling greater emotion when the accident was severe. The driver who used the “alcoholism is a disease” excuse was evaluated as being less sincere and more reckless than the driver who accepted responsibility for the accident. On attributional ratings, the driver was rated as deserving greater punishment when the accident was severe. On sanctions, only severity of the accident influenced recommended fines and prison sentences for the driver. This study was consistent with previous research showing that recommended punishment for a drunk driver who caused an accident is primarily a function of accident severity.
Jurors' Decisions in Trials of Battered Women Who Kill: The Role of Prior Beliefs and Expert Testimony1
Authors: Schuller Regina A. , Smith Vicki L. , Olson James M.
Published: August 2006

The present research explored the influence of four factors on mock jurors' decisions in a homicide trial involving a battered woman who killed her abusive husband: (a) jurors' preexisting beliefs about wife abuse, (b) the presence of expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome, (c) jurors' beliefs in a just world, and (d) gender. Mock jurors listened to a trial involving a woman who had killed her abuser, which either contained expert testimony or did not, and then rendered various judgments about the case. Results indicated that those individuals who were more informed about the dynamics of abuse and those exposed to the expert testimony, compared to their respective counterparts, were more believing of the battered woman's account of what occurred. In general, weak believers in a just world were more lenient in their judgments, with verdicts of not guilty being associated with weaker beliefs in a just world than guilty verdicts. Weak believers in a just world also felt that the expert testimony applied more to the defendant than did strong believers. Finally, women who were weak believers in a just world were less likely to hold the defendant responsible for the events and to be more informed about the dynamics of abuse following the experiment.
Escalation of Commitment and the Framing Effect: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Schoorman F. David , Mayer Roger C. , Douglas Christina A. , Hetrick Christopher T.
Published: August 2006

Research and theory are reviewed which consider two decision biases: escalation of commitment and decision framing. Some authors (Bazerman, 1986; Whyte, 1986) have suggested that escalation of commitment may be explained by the decision framing used in the research paradigms. A study was conducted which simultaneously manipulated both responsibility for a prior decision and decision frame. Results show a main effect on resource allocation for responsibility and no effect for decision frame. A follow‐up study found that amount of information provided systematically affected the framing bias, and that when responsibility was added to a large amount of contextual information, the framing effect became nonsignificant. These results suggest a need to further examine the boundary conditions of framing.
Matching Messages to Motives in Persuasion: A Functional Approach to Promoting Volunteerism1
Authors: Clary E. Gil , Snyder Mark , Ridge Robert D. , Miene Peter K. , Haugen Julie A.
Published: August 2006

This study examined a functional strategy for investigating audience responses to motivationally‐based persuasive appeals. It was predicted that people exposed to advertisements informing them how they could satisfy personally relevant motivations through volunteering (i.e., functionally matched messages) would judge these ads to be more persuasive, more emotionally positive, and would report being more likely to volunteer than people exposed to advertisements unrelated to their personally relevant motivations (i.e., functionally mismatched messages). These predictions were confirmed in an experiment wherein participants whose attitudes toward volunteerism served a Social Adjustive, Value Expressive, Utilitarian, Knowledge, or Ego Defensive function viewed advertisements promoting volunteerism that either matched or mismatched their personally relevant motivations. Results confirmed predictions as participants responded more favorably to the functionally matched than mismatched messages. The implications of this research for understanding the mechanisms by which functionally matched messages exert persuasive influence and the ramifications of the research for the practice of volunteerism are discussed.
Intimacy‐Anger and Insecure Attachment as Precursors of Abuse in Intimate Relationships1
Authors: Dutton Donald G. , Saunders Keith , Starzomski Andrew , Bartholomew Kim
Published: August 2006

One hundred and twenty men referred for treatment for wife assault and forty demographic controls completed self‐report questionnaires assessing attachment patterns, anger, jealousy, Borderline Personality Organization, and trauma symptoms. This constellation, with the exception of attachment, has been found to represent a profile related significantly to the frequency of both verbal and physical abuse. In the present study, attachment was found to correlate significantly with these other measures. A measure of secure attachment correlated significantly, but negatively, with the constellation measures. A measure of fearful attachment correlated significantly and positively. A preoccupied attachment pattern correlated with the other measures less strongly than did the fearful measure. A dismissing measure was not correlated with any constellation measures. The role of attachment anger is discussed; it is suggested that fearful attachment could also be described as angry attachment. The concept of intimacy anger is introduced from early studies in attachment and applied to the explanation of assaultiveness in adult relationships.
Belief in a Just World and Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Foreign Workers: A Cultural Comparison Between Hawaii and Germany
Authors: Dalbert Claudia , Yamauchi Lois A.
Published: August 2006

University students in Hawaii (N= 171) and in Germany (N= 61) completed the 6‐item Belief in a Just World Scale (BJWS; Dalbert, Montada, & Schmitt, 1987), an instrument developed in Germany to measure general just world belief. Results indicated that the BJWS is equally well suited to measure just world belief in an American sample. Subjects also completed a short instrument to assess justice judgments about the situation of a disadvantaged group (in Hawaii: Pacific Island immigrants; in Germany: foreign workers). For both samples, the disadvantaged group's situation was judged as more just by subjects with a greater belief in a just world and by those who were more socially similar to the disadvantaged group. Compared to students in Germany, those from Hawaii held stronger beliefs in a just world. Results were discussed in terms of generality and cultural specifity of the just world belief.
Ethnocentrism and Authoritarianism in the Police: Challenging Stereotypes and Reconceptualizing Ingroup Identification1
Authors: Perrott Stephen B. , Taylor Donald M.
Published: August 2006

Reports of community alienation and high ingroup identification in the police suggest that they are a particularly ethnocentric group. To empirically test this hypothesis, a sample of urban police officers was surveyed to ascertain their social identity pattern. Results indicated a high level of peer solidarity, community alienation differentiated on the basis of race and social class, and the perception that the source of alienation lies more with the community than with the officers themselves. A central finding was that those officers who identified most strongly with peers also tended to report lower levels of alienation from the community groups. This finding, in conjunction with unremarkable levels of authoritarianism and perceived stress in the sample, challenges the stereotype of the ethnocentric, authoritarian, and stressed out police officer. Results are placed within a novel framework for understanding the police solidarity phenomenon, and implications for police‐community relations are discussed.
Burnout, Uncertainty, and the Desire for Social Comparison Among Nurses
Authors: Buunk Bram P. , Schaufeli Wilmar B. , Ybema Jan F.
Published: August 2006

A study was conducted among 295 nurses to examine the interest in social comparison information, that is, the desire to learn more about the feelings and responses of others facing a similar situation. Occupational burnout, in particular emotional exhaustion, reduced personal accomplishment and uncertainty, had independent relationships with the interest in social comparison information. Comparison preferences were strongly upward; there was in general a stronger preference for information about others who were better off than for affiliation with such others. There was also a stronger preference for comparison with more experienced than with more competent others. However, better‐off others were avoided relatively more by those high in burnout, especially by those high in reduced personal accomplishment. The results are discussed in the context of social comparison as a way of coping with stress, and self‐improvement and self‐protection as motives for social comparison.
Is Defendant Status a Liability or a Shield? Crime Severity and Professional Relatedness
Authors: Skolnick Paul , Shaw Jerry I.
Published: August 2006

An investigation was conducted to determine the conditions under which an offender's status is a harmful liability or a protective shield. One model (Rosoff, 1989) suggests that these status effects are moderated by crime magnitude, with status acting as a liability for major crimes and as a shield for minor crimes. An alternative model suggests that the status effects are moderated by the professional relatedness of a crime, with status functioning as a liability for crimes related to the offender's profession and as a shield for crimes unrelated to the offender's profession. One hundred and ninety‐five introductory psychology students were asked to recommend sanctions after reading transcripts of a case describing a high or low status person who was found guilty of committing a major or a minor crime that was or was not related to his profession. High status offenders were judged more harshly than low status offenders when the crime was professionally related, but low status offenders were judged more harshly than high status offenders when the crime was not professionally related (p <.02). Although sanctions were more extreme for the major crime than for the minor crime (p <.001), high and low status offenders were not sanctioned differentially as a function of crime severity. The results suggest that status liability and shield effects are moderated by professional relatedness rather than by crime magnitude.
Practice and Persuasive Frame: Effects on Beliefs, Intention, and Performance of a Cancer Self‐Examination1
Authors: Steffen Valerie J. , Sternberg Louis , Teegarden Lisa A. , Shepherd Kristen
Published: August 2006

Many behaviors are performed less frequently than intended because they require knowledge and skill to overcome behavioral barriers. This experiment tested effects of two factors, direct experience and message frame, that were hypothesized to affect men's intention to perform the testicle self‐exam for cancer (TSE) and their actual exam performance, in part by affecting their knowledge and beliefs about overcoming TSE performance barriers. Men's experience performing the TSE on a life‐like model and the frame (negative, positive, or neutral) of the recommendation promoting the exam were manipulated factorially. Consistent with prediction, men who practiced (vs. did not practice) the self‐exam: (a) endorsed stronger beliefs about behavior‐specific knowledge (e.g., ability to imagine a lump), (b) held more positive intention, and (c) translated that intention more consistently into self‐reported action, in part because their behavior‐specific knowledge increased their tendency to act on their intention. Consistent with action phase theory (Gollwitzer, 1990), intention related more strongly to behavior‐specific beliefs than to general, long‐term beliefs, and more strongly than attitude related to behavior‐specific beliefs. These findings have practical and theoretical implications for promoting healthful and other intended behaviors.
What Do People Think About the Risks of Driving? Implications for Traffic Safety Interventions1
Authors: Guerin Bernard
Published: August 2006

Two studies found that people generally think of themselves as better than average drivers. Both older and younger people rated themselves slightly better than peers, with the younger people rating their peers as the worst drivers but rating themselves as if they did not belong to this group. University students rated their peers as being more similar to themselves than did nonuniversity younger people. A factor analysis found five dimensions along which people thought about driving risks: environmental and road conditions, unexpected events, driver problems, necessary or unavoidable driving risks, and voluntary driving risks. Speeding was thought of in two ways, as both an unavoidable driving risk and as a voluntary risk. Differences were found between general and specific questions, and a theoretical framework for exploring these in future research was proposed predicts differences between a situational or dispositional focus. The implications of the results for traffic safety interventions were drawn out, and specific recommendations, made for targeting such interventions.
Gender‐Related Jokes in the Workplace: Sexual Humor or Sexual Harassment?1
Authors: Hemmasi Masoud , Lee Graf A. , Russ Gail S.
Published: August 2006

When does a joke become sexual harassment? In a partial test of an integrative model of gender‐related humor in the workplace, the role of personal and situational variables in perceptions of sexual harassment was examined. Other implications of sexual humor in the office were also studied.
Predicting Intentions to Use a Condom From Perceptions of Normative Pressure and Confidence in Those Perceptions1
Authors: Trafimow David
Published: August 2006

Two experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that confidence in the correctness of one's perceptions of normative pressure to use a condom influences the correspondence between those perceptions and intentions to actually perform the behavior. In Study 1, confidence in perceptions of normative influence was manipulated in an experimental paradigm using hypothetical scenarios. In Study 2, confidence in subjects' a]ctual perceptions was measured. Results from both experiments indicate that the correspondence between perceptions of normative influence and intentions was greatest when subjects were confident that their perceptions of normative influence were correct.
Social Interactions and Feelings of Inferiority
Authors: Peeters Maria C. W. , Buunk Bram P. , Schaufeli Wilmar B.
Published: August 2006

A daily event‐recording method, referred to as the Daily Interaction Record in Organizations (DIRO) was employed for assessing the influence of three types of social interaction on negative affect at work. For this purpose, 38 correctional officers (COs) completed forms, for a l‐week period, that described their social interactions and stressful events at work. Moreover, the forms measured the negative feelings of COs both at the beginning and at the end of the workday. The results showed that each type of social interaction had a different effect on negative affect at the end of the day. Instrumental support showed an adverse effect on negative affect because this type of support appeared to induce feelings of inferiority, which in turn led to negative affect. Rewarding companionship appeared to have a positive effect, whereas intimate support showed no effect at all on negative affect. It is concluded that a micro‐analytic approach offers interesting possibilities for fine‐grained analyses of daily occurring social interactions and psychological mechanisms involved in social support as related to negative affect.
Attitudes Toward Different Methods of Affirmative Action1
Authors: Summers Russel J.
Published: August 2006

It was found that the men's and women's attitudes toward affirmative action (AA) in general were related to differences in self‐interest. In addition, consistent with predictions drawn from notions of organizational justice and attribution principles, it was found that people held different attitudes toward different methods of affirmative action. People were most favorable toward AA involving special training programs and least favorable toward AA that employed differential selection criteria for target group members. Attitudes toward quota‐based systems were intermediate.
Car Versus Public Transportation? The Role of Social Value Orientations in a Real‐Life Social Dilemma1
Authors: Van Vugt Mark , Meertens Ree M. , Van Lange Paul A. M.
Published: August 2006

This research evaluates the role of social value orientations (i.e., preferences for distribution of outcomes for the self and others) in decisions as how to commute. It was proposed that the commuting situation could be viewed either as an environmental issue, reflecting the decision structure of an N‐person Prisoner's Dilemma, or as an accessibility problem, reflecting the decision structure of an N‐person Chicken Dilemma. On the basis of interdependence theory (Kelley & Thibaut, 1978) it was predicted that people who are primarily concerned with the collective welfare—prosocial individuals—would prefer commuting by public transportation when other commuters were expected to go by public transportation. On the other hand, it was hypothesized that people who are primarily concerned with their own well‐being—proself individuals—would prefer commuting by public transportation when others were expected to go by car. The obtained findings were consistent with these expectations. Practical and theoretical implications regarding the link between social value orientations and environmentally relevant behavior will be discussed.
The Looks‐Personality Relationship: Global Self‐Orientations as Shared Precursors of Subjective Physical Attractiveness and Self‐Ascribed Traits1
Authors: Longo Laura C. , Ashmore Richard D.
Published: August 2006

A global self‐orientations model of the relationship between subjective physical attractiveness and personality is described and tested. This model, which proposes that self‐esteem and two types of social desirability (self‐presentation and self‐deception) are causal antecedents in the self‐rated looks‐personality link, was supported in two studies. In Studies 1 (n= 243 females) and 2 (n= 160 males), self‐esteem and social desirability independently had an impact on self‐judgments of both physical attractiveness and personality, and statistically controlling for the impact of the global self‐orientations substantially reduced the covariation between subjective attractiveness and personality scores. In addition, consistent with previous research, self‐rated attractiveness was found to be significantly correlated with a wider range of personality attributes than was objective attractiveness.
The Prediction of Household Recycling of Newspapers: The Role of Attitudes, Intentions, and Situational Factors1
Authors: Boldero Jennifer
Published: August 2006

The present study was designed to examine differences between respondents who recycled during a 2‐week observation period and those who did not. Of interest was the ability of factors drawn from Ajzen and Madden's (1986) theory of planned behavior and situational factors such as perceptions of borough councils' recycling programs to predict who would recycle. It was found that, although attitudes and intentions to recycle household newspapers were significant predictors of recycling behavior, factors associated with the inconvenience of recycling and the programs provided by borough councils, as well as respondents' past recycling behavior, were also significant predictors.
Salience of Anti‐Abortion Beliefs and Commitment to an Attitudinal Position: On the Strength, Structure, and Predictive Validity of Anti‐Abortion Attitudes1
Authors: Petkova Kristina G. , Ajzen Icek , Driver B. L.
Published: August 2006

The role of beliefs in attitude formation and the impact of commitment to an attitude on its predictive validity were studied in the context of anti‐abortion attitudes. Undergraduates (N= 152), identified as pro‐choice or pro‐life, expressed their beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and restriction preferences with respect to making abortion illegal. In addition, they indicated their commitment to their positions and their willingness to distribute a pro‐ or anti‐abortion petition. Salient beliefs—identified in a pilot study—were found to predict attitudes, intentions, restriction preferences, and petition choice significantly better than nonsalient beliefs. Salient beliefs also discriminated significantly between pro‐choice and pro‐life respondents, providing useful information about the cognitive underpinnings of anti‐abortion attitudes. In addition, accuracy of predictions increased significantly with commitment, even when attitude extremity was statistically controlled. These findings support the summation theory of attitude (Fishbein, 1963) and demonstrate the importance of attitude strength in determining the structure and predictive validity of attitudes.
Task Performance and Satisfaction: Evidence for a Task‐ By Ego‐Orientation Interaction1
Authors: Hofmann David A. , Strickland Oriel J.
Published: August 2006

A significant body of research has documented two achievement goal orientations that individuals can adopt prior to performing a particular task. These orientations have typically been referred to as “task‐oriented” or “ego‐oriented,” each of which has different implications for task performance and related perceptions. The majority of this research has considered individuals either task‐ or ego‐oriented. There is initial evidence, however, that the two goal orientations may be independent and, therefore, that they may interact to predict various outcomes. The central finding of this study was that task‐ and ego‐orientations did interact to influence task satisfaction and performance. Specifically, high task satisfaction was reported by individuals who had at least a moderately high degree of task orientation irrespective of the level of ego orientation. Alternatively, the most effective performance was observed for individuals who had a dominant achievement goal orientation, regardless of whether it was a task‐ or ego‐orientation. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Determinants of Condom Use Among High‐Risk Heterosexual Adults: A Test of the Theory of Reasoned Action1
Authors: Morrison Diane M. , Gillmore Mary Rogers , Baker Sharon A.
Published: August 2006

The research presents tests of traditional and augmented versions of Fishbein and Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), applied to condom use among adult clients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic. In a longitudinal survey, predictor variables suggested by Ajzen and Fishbein (1980), plus gender and condom use self‐efficacy, were measured at Time 1. Condom use at Time 2, 3 months later, was regressed onto these variables. The traditional TRA worked well to predict condom use intentions and behavior. Support was also found for inclusion of gender and self‐efficacy in the prediction of intention to use condoms, but not behavior. Implications for interventions to increase condom use among those at high risk for AIDS and other STDs are discussed.
Marital Adjustment of Army Spouses One Year After Operation Desert Storm1
Authors: Rosen Leora N. , Durand Doris , Westhuis David J. , Teitelbaum Joel M.
Published: August 2006

One year after Operation Desert Storm, marital adjustment was studied among 773 Army spouses married to soldiers who had been deployed. Interviews with some spouses and soldiers, conducted during site visits to a sample of installations, led to the identification of 19 marital adjustment events. Questions regarding these events were included in a mailed questionnaire that was sent to a sample of Army spouses. A factor analysis of the 19 events produced five factors: (a) Distance, (b) Closeness, (c) Role sharing, (d) Independent Spouse, (e) Dependent Spouse/Withdrawn Soldier. Predictors of factor scores were examined through multiple regression analysis. Predictors of factor scores included stress, prior marital problems, social support, and emotional well‐being. Most spouses adjusted well to the deployment. Adjustment patterns are discussed in light of previous literature on war separation and attachment theory.
Inferring the Meaning of Work From the Effects of Unemployment
Authors: Brief Arthur P. , Konovsky Mary A. , Goodwin Rik , Link Karen
Published: August 2006

Questionnaire data from 148 unemployed individuals were analyzed to investigate the meaning for work. Both economic and experiential functions of work were examined. The data revealed that, as predicted, increasing length of unemployment was associated with increasing economic and experiential deprivation. Economic deprivation, in turn, was associated with both more experiential deprivation and lower subjective well‐being. Unexpectedly, experiential deprivation was not related to subjective well‐being. The results indicate the importance of the economic functions of work in people's lives.
Effect of Server's “Thank You” and Personalization on Restaurant Tipping1
Authors: Rind Bruce , Bordia Prashant
Published: August 2006

Servers in restaurants frequently use the tactic of writing “thank you” on the backs of checks before delivering them to dining parties. Servers also frequently personalize their interaction with dining parties by signing their first name below the gratitude message. The effectiveness of these tactics in increasing tips was examined. In a field experiment conducted in an upscale restaurant in a large Northeastern city, a server wrote on the backs of the checks either nothing, “thank you,” or “thank you” plus her first name. The addition of “thank you” increased tip percentages, although personalization by adding her first name had no effect. It was concluded that the commonly employed low‐cost tactic of expressing gratitude to customers by writing “thank you” on the check can produce a worthwhile return.
Leader Positive Mood and Group Performance: The Case of Customer Service
Authors: George Jennifer M.
Published: August 2006

It was hypothesized that leader positive mood would be positively associated with group performance in a service setting. Additionally, it was expected that while leader positive mood would be positively associated with both the leader's level of job satisfaction and job involvement, leader positive mood would be positively associated with group performance, controlling for both leader job satisfaction and job involvement. Leader positive mood also was expected to be positively associated with group performance controlling for group positive affective tone. Two potential antecedents of leader positive mood, the leader's level of positive affectivity and the extent to which the leader's own manager engaged in contingent reward behavior, were hypothesized to be positively associated with leader positive mood at work. These hypotheses were tested among a sample of 53 sales managers who led groups ranging in size from 4 to 9 members. All of the hypotheses were supported. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
“Getting Along” and “Getting Ahead” as Motives for Self‐Presentation: Their Impact on Advertising Effectiveness
Authors: Celuch Kevin , Slama Mark
Published: August 2006

This research takes a multidimensional approach to the study of self‐presentation by employing scales which measure protective and acquisitive motives for self‐presentation termed getting‐along and getting‐ahead respectively (Lennox & Wolfe, 1984). The getting‐along and getting‐ahead motives for self‐presentation are found to be positively related to the effectiveness of different types of image ads, supporting the hypothesis that consistency between the appeal type and the underlying motivation for self‐presentation is positively associated with ad effectiveness.
A Paradigm for Studying the Accuracy of Self‐Reports of Risk Behavior Relevant to AIDS: Empirical Perspectives on Stability, Recall Bias, and Transitory Influences
Authors: Jaccard James , Wan Choi K.
Published: August 2006

Despite the importance of the issue for AIDS‐related research, there is a paucity of studies that have addressed the issue of the validity of self‐reports of patterns of risk behavior over time. This article frames issues of measurement in the context of cognitive psychology and presents a research paradigm that investigators can use to explore issues of accuracy, bias, and stability in self‐reports. The paradigm also permits the analysis of transitory influences on risk behavior, influences which have been minimized in current AIDS research. Preliminary data are presented that support the feasibility of the method and which are suggestive of important considerations in the development of valid measures in national surveys.
Perpetrator Personality and Judgments of Acquaintance Rape
Authors: Alicke Mark D. , Yurak Tricia J.
Published: August 2006

Laboratory research on rape has examined how the context of the offense and characteristics of the victim influence responsibility ascriptions. The present research examined the influence of the perpetrator's personality on such attributions. This study distinguished between evaluative (general likability) and descriptive (aggressiveness) components of the perpetrator's personality and assessed the effect of each on subjects' confidence of the perpetrator's guilt or innocence for an alleged acquaintance rape. Results showed that subjects were more confident in the defendant's guilt when he was described by cohorts as generally dislikable versus likable, and as aggressive versus unaggressive. Assessments of academic punishment and legal responsibility generally paralleled these findings. Females were more confident in the defendant's guilt, and this was particularly true when the defendant was described as aggressive.
Assimilation to Anchors for Damage Awards in a Mock Civil Trial1
Authors: Hinsz Verlin B. , Indahl Kristin E.
Published: August 2006

Some judicial reforms propose that limits on damage awards in civil trials will lower the amounts awarded while still maintaining perceptions of justice. This article describes research that examines the impact of damage award limits on mock juror judgments. Existing theory suggests that limits will serve as anchors for the mock jurors' j]udgments. Predictions that damage awards would move toward the anchor introduced by a limit were supported. This research suggests that depending on the location of the anchor on the response scale, limits may not have the intended effects. Instead, limits may actually increase damage awards, and may also reduce jurors' p]erceptions of fairness of the damage award judgments.
Opposition to Affirmative Action: Racial Affect and Traditional Value Predictors Across Four Programs1
Authors: Nosworthy Glenn J. , LEA James A. , Lindsay R. C. L.
Published: August 2006

Research on white opinions of such compensatory policies as busing and affirmative action has suggested that prejudice is the primary determinant of policy attitudes (Jacobson, 1985; McConahay, 1982). Often, however, racism is measured in a manner that confounds prejudice with values and concerns about justice. A study was conducted in which undergraduates (N= 185) were told that one of four affirmative‐action programs for black students would be implemented at their university either in the following year or in 5 years. We found that: (a) support varied considerably across programs and was greater when implementation was imminent; (b) separate operationalizations of race prejudice and dispositional justice beliefs accounted for equal, and at times greater, variance in affirmative action opinions relative to a measure of symbolic racism; and (c) correlates of policy endorsement, including dispositional justice beliefs but not racial affect, varied from program to program. It is suggested that future research should explicitly distinguish race prejudice from values as predictors. It is also suggested that justice concerns, particularly regarding policy specifics, are important predictors of affirmative action attitudes that to date have largely been overlooked.
Facial Stereotypes of Battered Women and Battered Women Who Kill1
Authors: Yarmey A. Daniel , Kruschenske Sharron
Published: August 2006

This study tested the hypothesis that female faces can trigger consensual stereotypical responses about battered women in observers. In Part 1, participants rated the physical attractiveness, likeability, and distinctiveness of 60 facial photographs of white adult women. In Part 2, a separate group of subjects either rated personality traits or gave free form descriptions of 16 women that were selected from Part 1. Half of the participants in Part 2 were then asked to choose two photographs of women who most likely fitted the stereotype of a battered woman and two women who least likely fitted the stereotype of a battered woman. The remaining participants were asked to choose two photographs of battered women who were least likely to kill their abuser and two women who were most likely to kill their abuser. Chi‐square analysis of subjects' c]hoices indicated that selections were significantly nonrandom. Women categorized, as most likely to be battered and most likely to kill their abuser were judged less physically attractive and less likeable. Perceived traits of battered women considered least likely to kill their abuser most consistently reflected a layperson's stereotypes of battered women. Free form descriptions of facial stimuli failed to reveal any significant differences among the four battered women categories. The results were discussed in terms of the probability that facial stereotyping of battered women is a factor in social and legal decision making.
Are All Hostility Scales Alike? Factor Structure and Covariation Among Measures of Hostility1
Authors: Miller Todd Q. , Jenkins C. David , Kaplan George A. , Salonen Jukka T.
Published: August 2006

Few studies have examined the correlational and structural relationships between measures of hostility that may predict coronary heart disease. Using data from a population‐based study (N= 2,682), we examined the factor structure among the five subscales from Siegel's (1986) Multi‐dimensional Anger Inventory, the three subscales from Spielberger et al.'s (1985) anger expression scales, a Cook‐Medley (Cook & Madley, 1954) hostility subscale that measures cynicism, and items measuring hostility from four scales that assess Type A behavior. Eight separate factors were identified: hostile anger expression, perceived control over the expression of one's anger, frequency of anger, ease of anger provocation, brooding, hostile outlook, cynicism, and sullenness. These results suggest that the structure of hostility measures is more complex than previous factor analyses have suggested. Our findings point to the dangers in assuming that a factor structure can be generalized beyond the data on which it is based to provide theoretical statements about psychological structure. The new scales appear to be valid because they correlate with demographic variables and indicators of social support in the expected directions.
Negative Threat Appeals and Earthquake Preparedness: A Person‐Relative‐to‐Event (PrE) Model of Coping With Threat1
Authors: Mulilis John‐Paul , Duval T. Shelley
Published: August 2006

Individual preparation, or the lack thereof, for the occurrences of external events that threaten the well‐being of individuals is an issue of worldwide concern. The present studies were designed to investigate the impact of a particular type of persuasive communication (i.e., fear‐arousing or negative threat appeals) on preparedness behavior regarding the possible occurrence of a damaging earthquake. A general model of coping, the person‐relative‐to‐event (PrE) model, emphasizing the relationship between level of appraised threat and person resources, was applied to this issue. It was predicted that negative threat appeals using combinations of levels of factors that cause a person to appraise their resources as sufficient in quantity and quality to obviate or minimize the negative consequences of a threatening earthquake would increase levels of earthquake preparedness to a greater extent than would communications that do not. Results of Study I were partially supportive of these predictions. In Study 2, patterns of changes in preparedness behavior fit predictions generated by the PrE model to a greater extent when felt responsibility for preparing for the occurrence of an earthquake was high than when it was low. Implications of the research and theory underlying this investigation are discussed.
Reactions to Feedback in Goal Choice and Goal Change Processes1
Authors: Waung Marie , Macneil Maurya , Vance Robert J.
Published: August 2006

Two laboratory studies were conducted to test the effects of reactions to feedback on propensity to change an initial self‐selected performance goal. In Study 1, the performance of 228 subjects on a word search task was manipulated by varying puzzle difficulty. In Study 2, two‐dimensional goals (i.e., time and quantity) were first assigned and then chosen by 75 subjects. In Study 1, satisfaction with performance and self‐efficacy predicted goal change beyond the effects of past performance. Subjects lower in both satisfaction and self‐efficacy tended to lower initial goals, whereas those higher in either or both variables tended to raise them. In a post‐hoc analysis, goal‐performance discrepancies and motivational force interacted to explain satisfaction with performance for subjects experiencing negative feedback. This result was replicated in Study 2 for self‐selected quantity goals. In Study 2, satisfaction with performance explained goal choice beyond the effects of past performance for initial time goals and final quantity goals. Trade‐offs in the selection of dual goals occurred, with subjects selecting a difficult goal on one dimension and an easy goal on the other. Suggestions for future research and practice on self‐regulation of goals and performance are provided.