bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerosol size distribution and radiative forcing response to anthropogenically driven historical changes in biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation
Authors: D'Andrea S. D. , Acosta Navarro J. C. , Farina S. C. , Scott C. E. , Rap A. , Farmer D. K. , Spracklen D. V. , Riipinen I. , Pierce J. R.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) have changed in the past millennium due to changes in land use, temperature, and CO2 concentrations. Recent reconstructions of BVOC emissions have predicted that global isoprene emissions have decreased, while monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions have increased; however, all three show regional variability due to competition between the various influencing factors. In this work, we use two modeled estimates of BVOC emissions from the years 1000 to 2000 to test the effect of anthropogenic changes to BVOC emissions on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, global aerosol size distributions, and radiative effects using the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS (Goddard Earth Observing System; TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional) global aerosol microphysics model. With anthropogenic emissions (e.g., SO2, NOx, primary aerosols) turned off and BVOC emissions changed from year 1000 to year 2000 values, decreases in the number concentration of particles of size Dp > 80 nm (N80) of > 25% in year 2000 relative to year 1000 were predicted in regions with extensive land-use changes since year 1000 which led to regional increases in the combined aerosol radiative effect (direct and indirect) of > 0.5 W m−2 in these regions. We test the sensitivity of our results to BVOC emissions inventory, SOA yields, and the presence of anthropogenic emissions; however, the qualitative response of the model to historic BVOC changes remains the same in all cases. Accounting for these uncertainties, we estimate millennial changes in BVOC emissions cause a global mean direct effect of between +0.022 and +0.163 W m−2 and the global mean cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect of between −0.008 and −0.056 W m−2. This change in aerosols, and the associated radiative forcing, could be a largely overlooked and important anthropogenic aerosol effect on regional climates.
Accuracy of retrieving temperature and humidity profiles by ground-based microwave radiometry in truly complex terrain
Authors: Massaro G. , Stiperski I. , Pospichal B. , Rotach M. W.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Within the Innsbruck Box project, a ground-based microwave radiometer (RPG-HATPRO) was operated in the Inn Valley (Austria), in very complex terrain, between September 2012 and May 2013 to obtain temperature and humidity vertical profiles of the full troposphere with a specific focus on the valley boundary layer. The profiles obtained by the radiometer with different retrieval algorithms based on different climatologies, are compared to local radiosonde data. A retrieval that is improved with respect to the one provided by the manufacturer, based on better resolved data, shows a significantly smaller root mean square error (RMSE), both for the temperature and humidity profiles. The improvement is particularly substantial at the heights close to the mountaintop level and in the upper troposphere. Lower level inversions, common in an alpine valley, are resolved to a satisfactory degree. On the other hand, upper level inversions (above 1200 m) still pose a significant challenge for retrieval. For this purpose, specialized retrieval algorithms were developed by classifying the radiosonde climatologies into specialized categories according to different criteria (seasons, daytime, nighttime) and using additional regressors (e.g., measurements from mountain stations). The training and testing on the radiosonde data for these specialized categories suggests that a classification of profiles that reproduces meaningful physical characteristics can yield improved targeted specialized retrievals. A really new and very promising method of improving the profile retrieval in a mountain region is adding further information in the retrieval, such as the surface temperature at fixed levels along a topographic slope or from nearby mountain tops.
An automatic collector to monitor insoluble atmospheric deposition: an application for mineral dust deposition
Authors: Laurent B. , Losno R. , Chevaillier S. , Vincent J. , Roullet P. , Bon Nguyen E. , Ouboulmane N. , Triquet S. , Fornier M. , Raimbault P. , Bergametti G.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Deposition is one of the key processes controlling the mass budget of the atmospheric mineral dust concentration. However, dust deposition remains poorly constrained in transport models simulating the atmospheric dust cycle. This is mainly due to the limited number of relevant deposition measurements. This paper aims at presenting an automatic collector (CARAGA), specially developed to sample the total (dry and wet) atmospheric deposition of insoluble dust in remote areas. The autonomy of the CARAGA can range from 25 days to almost 1 year depending on the programed sampling time step (1 day and 2 weeks sampling time steps, respectively). This collector is used to sample atmospheric deposition on Frioul Island which is located in the Gulf of Lions in the Western Mediterranean Basin over which Saharan dust can be transported and deposited. To quantify the mineral dust mass in deposition samples, a weighing and ignition protocol is applied. Two years of continuous deposition measurements performed on a weekly time step sampling on Frioul Island are presented and discussed with in-situ measurements, air mass trajectories and satellite observations of dust.
A new instrument to measure plot-scale runoff
Authors: Stewart R. D. , Liu Z. , Rupp D. E. , Higgins C. W. , Selker J. S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Accurate measurement of the amount and timing of surface runoff at multiple scales is needed to understand fundamental hydrological processes. At the plot scale (i.e., length scales on the order of 1–10 m) current methods for direct measurement of runoff either store the water in a collection vessel, which is not conducive to long-term monitoring studies, or utilize expensive installations such as large-scale tipping buckets or flume/weir systems. We developed an alternative low-cost, robust and reliable instrument to measure runoff that we call the "Upwelling Bernoulli Tube" (UBeTube). The UBeTube instrument is a pipe with a slot machined in its side that is installed vertically at the base of a runoff collection system. The flow rate through the slot is inferred by measuring the water height within the pipe. The geometry of the slot can be modified to suit the range of flow rates expected for a given site; we demonstrate a slot geometry that is capable of measuring flow rates across more than 3 orders of magnitude (up to 300 L min−1) while requiring only 30 cm of hydraulic head. System accuracy is dependent on both the geometry of the slot and the accuracy of the water level measurements. Using a pressure sensor with ±7 mm accuracy, the mean theoretical error for the demonstrated slot geometry was ~17% (ranging from errors of more than 50% at low flow rates to less than 2% at high flow rates), while the observed error during validation was 1–25%. A simple correction factor reduced this mean error to 0–14%, and further reductions in error could be achieved through the use of taller, narrower slot dimensions (which requires greater head gradients to drive flow) or through more accurate water level measurements. The UBeTube device has been successfully employed in a long-term rainfall-runoff study, demonstrating the ability of the instrument to measure surface runoff across a range of flows and conditions.
Capacity Matching Based Model for Protected Left Turn Phases Design of Adjacent Signalized Intersections Along Arterial Roads
Authors: Wu Wei , Ma Wanjing , Long Kejun
Published: March 2015

A protected left turn phase is often used at intersections with heavy left turns. This may induce a capacity gap between adjacent intersections along the arterial road among which only parts of intersection are with protected left turn phase. A model for integrated optimization of protected left turn phases for adjacent intersections along the arterial road is developed to solve this problem. Two objectives are considered: capacity gap minimization and capacity maximization. The problems are formulated as Binary-Integer-Linear-Programs, which are solvable by standard branch-and-bound routine. A set of constraints have been set up to ensure the feasibility of the resulting optimal left turn phase type and signal settings. A field intersections group of the Wei-er Road of Ji’nan city is used to test the proposed model. The results show that the method can decrease the capacity gap between adjacent intersections, reduce the delay as well as increase the capacity in comparison with the field signal plan and signal plan optimized by Synchro. The sensitivity analysis has further demonstrated the potential of the proposed approach to be applied in coordinated design of left turn phases between adjacent intersections along the arterial road under different traffic demandpatterns.
The scent of a handshake
Authors: Semin Gün R , Farias Ana Rita
Published: March 2015

Sniffing our hand after a handshake may allow us to detect chemical signals produced by others.
Arrestin‐3‐Dependent Activation of c‐Jun N‐Terminal Kinases (JNKs)
Authors: Zhan Xuanzhi , Kook Seunghyi , Kaoud Tamer S. , Dalby Kevin N. , Gurevich Eugenia V. , Gurevich Vsevolod V.
Published: March 2015

Only one out of four mammalian arrestin subtypes, arrestin‐3, facilitates the activation of JNK family kinases. Here we describe two different protocols used for elucidating the mechanisms involved. One is based on reconstitution of signaling modules from purified proteins: arrestin‐3, MKK4, MKK7, JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3. The main advantage of this method is that it unambiguously establishes which effects are direct because only intended purified proteins are present in these assays. The key drawback is that the upstream‐most kinases of these cascades, ASK1 or other MAPKKKs, are not available in purified form, limiting reconstitution to incomplete two‐kinase modules. The other approach is used for analyzing the effects of arrestin‐3 on JNK activation in intact cells. In this case, signaling modules include ASK1 and/or other MAPKKKs. However, as every cell expresses thousands of different proteins their possible effects on the readout cannot be excluded. Nonetheless, the combination of in vitro reconstitution from purified proteins and cell‐based assays makes it possible to elucidate the mechanisms of arrestin‐3‐dependent activation of JNK family kinases. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Magnetopause inflation under radial IMF: Comparison of models
Authors: Suvorova A. V. , Dmitriev A. V.
Published: March 2015

The solar wind with the radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) flowing around the Earth's magnetosphere can result in significant decrease of a total pressure in the magnetosheath that was directly observed by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellites. Observations also showed that the dayside magnetosphere enlarged and the magnetopause inflated far away from the Earth that differs from the classical hydrodynamic case. Full understanding of the magnetosphere interaction with such “radial” flow, is far from completeness. One of the reasons is a quantitative uncertainty in description of this effect. We have performed a comparative analysis of 14 magnetopause models in order to estimate their prediction capabilities under various solar wind pressures and in particular under very low pressures during the time intervals of quasi‐radial IMF orientation. We have found that only 4 out of 14 models allow predicting the magnetopause under extremely low pressures and, hence, can be useful for quantitative estimation of the magnetopause expansion under quasi‐radial IMF orientation. Those models are characterized by relatively large power index α in the pressure balance; that is, α = 1/5.2 ≈ 0.192 for 3 out of 4 models.
Rare dynamic triggering of remote M ≥ 5.5 earthquakes from global catalog analysis
Authors: Johnson Christopher W. , Bürgmann Roland , Pollitz Fred F.
Published: March 2015

Probing the effects of a transient stress on the timing of an earthquake occurrence is necessary for understanding the remote interaction of large‐magnitude events. Global catalog data containing 35 years of M ≥ 5.5 earthquakes allow us to explore for periods of enhanced or suppressed seismic activity. We consider 113 M ≥ 7.5 main shocks between 1977 and 2012 and focus on seismic activity on time scales from seconds to days following these main shocks. We search for evidence of dynamic triggering of large‐magnitude events similar to the previously observed global increase during the first few days following the 2012 M8.6 Indian Ocean main shock. We restrict the analysis to regions of elevated strain during the passage of surface waves. Using a threshold of 0.1 microstrain (~3 kPa) and a temporal window of ±1 year, we stack daily seismicity rate curves using the exclusion‐zone declustered M ≥ 5.5 catalog events in order to resolve deviations from the background rate. Our results do not indicate a significant change in activity for at least 10 days when considering the collective set of 113 main shocks and subsets at M8.0 and M8.5 thresholds. The results also do not indicate immediate triggering of M ≥ 5.5 events. We do find two instances of increased seismicity in the elevated strain region within 10 days. These increases are subsequent to two main shocks, the 1977 M8.3 and 2012 M8.6, both located in the Indian Ocean. We conclude that a global change in M ≥ 5.5 earthquake rates following a transient stress from distant earthquakes is a rare occurrence.
The effects of leaf size and microroughness on the branch‐scale collection efficiency of ultrafine particles
Authors: Huang C. W. , Lin M. Y. , Khlystov A. , Katul G. G.
Published: March 2015

Wind tunnel experiments were performed to explore how leaf size and leaf microroughness impact the collection efficiency of ultrafine particles (UFP) at the branch scale. A porous media model previously used to characterize UFP deposition onto conifers (Pinus taeda and Juniperus chinensis) was employed to interpret these wind tunnel measurements for four different broadleaf species (Ilex cornuta, Quercus alba, Magnolia grandiflora, and Lonicera fragrantissima) and three wind speed (0.3–0.9 ms−1) conditions. Among the four broadleaf species considered, Ilex cornuta with its partially folded shape and sharp edges was the most efficient at collecting UFP followed by the other three flat‐shaped broadleaf species. The findings here suggest that a connection must exist between UFP collection and leaf dimension and roughness. This connection is shown to be primarily due to the thickness of a quasi‐laminar boundary layer pinned to the leaf surface assuming the flow over a leaf resembles that of a flat plate. A scaling analysis that utilizes a three‐sublayer depositional model for a flat plate of finite size and roughness embedded within the quasi‐laminar boundary layer illustrates these connections. The analysis shows that a longer leaf dimension allows for thicker quasi‐laminar boundary layers to develop. A thicker quasi‐laminar boundary layer depth in turn increases the overall resistance to UFP deposition due to an increase in the diffusional path length thereby reducing the leaf‐scale UFP collection efficiency. It is suggested that the effects of leaf microroughness are less relevant to the UFP collection efficiency than are the leaf dimensions for the four broadleaf species explored here.
Influence of surfactants on unsaturated water flow and solute transport
Authors: Karagunduz Ahmet , Young Michael H. , Pennell Kurt D.
Published: March 2015

Surfactants can reduce soil water retention by changing the surface tension of water and the contact angle between the liquid and solid phases. As a result, water flow and solute transport in unsaturated soil may be altered in the presence of surfactants. In this study, the effects of a representative nonionic surfactant, Triton X‐100, on coupled water flow and nonreactive solute transport during unsaturated flow conditions were evaluated. Batch reactor experiments were conducted to measure the surfactant sorption characteristics, while unsaturated transport experiments were performed in columns packed with 40–270 mesh Ottawa sand at five initial water contents. Following the introduction of surfactant solution, the rate of water percolation through the sand increased; however, this period of rapid water drainage was followed by decreased water percolation due to the reduction in soil water content and the corresponding decrease in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity behind the surfactant front. The observed changes in water percolation occurred sequentially, and resulted in faster nonreactive solute transport than was observed in the absence of surfactant. A one‐dimensional mathematical model accurately described coupled water flow, surfactant, and solute transport under most experimental conditions. Differences between model predictions and experimental data were observed in the column study performed at the lowest water content (0.115 cm3/cm3), which was attributed to surfactant adsorption at the air‐water interface. These findings demonstrate the potential influence of surfactants additives on unsaturated water flow and solute transport in soils, and demonstrate a methodology to couple these processes in a predictive modeling tool.
Near‐surface dust flux enrichment in small particles during erosion events
Authors: Dupont S. , Alfaro S. C. , Bergametti G. , Marticorena B.
Published: March 2015

Mineral dust in the atmosphere impacts Earth's radiative budget and biogeochemical cycles. Sorting of dust‐sized particles within the first few meters above the soil during wind erosion is still unknown. In particular, the sensitivity of the size distribution of dust flux to wind intensity has been questioned for years. This sensitivity is reanalyzed here using a novel erosion model developed in a turbulent airflow model. Starting from air free of dust, the suspension of small dust (1.5μm) needs several hours to reach a stationary state against about 20 min for coarser dust (> 5μm). During this nonstationary phase, a continuous enrichment of the near‐surface dust flux in small particles is simulated, enrichment enhanced with wind intensity. This is explained by the lower deposition velocity of small dust particles, a process usually ignored in interpretation of field data but that plays a crucial role in sorting dust particles.
Introduction to Digital Cinematography
Authors: Siegel Matthew J.
Published: March 2015

After a 100 years of film acquisition, distribution, and projection, the motion picture industry has taken a major turn. It has joined the realm of digital imaging. This massive transformation has radically changed the production pipeline. The advancements in digital image quality and the increased resolution of digital cinema cameras have played a major role in the industry's digital evolution. In production, the camera systems that dominate the market support the latest CMOS sensors, have resolution of 4K and beyond, obtain 120 frames per second of image capture, boast impressive dynamic range, and demonstrate an ever‐increasing color gamut. These sophisticated, high‐resolution camera systems have added new technical dimensions and unparalleled creative freedom through their state‐of‐the‐art hardware, software, firmware, and image sensors. Matt Siegel's Introduction to Digital Cinematography provides a comprehensive look at the what, the how, and the why of these powerful digital imaging tools. The chapter goes one step further to address the marriage of the technical and aesthetic in creating a digital motion picture. The chapter provides a survey of the industry standard production tools and delves into the “state of the craft” when creating visual stories through digital means. As the industry continues to evolve at an extremely rapid pace, Siegel's Introduction to Digital Cinematography takes time to address the importance of the traditional aspects of cinematography, while inviting exploration of what lies just ahead in the world of cinematography
The Probability Model for Color Tone Reproduction
Authors: Yang Li
Published: March 2015

The probability model was initially introduced in the 1970s to account for the effect of lateral light scattering or optical dot gain. It was gradually extended to account for other physical phenomena. This chapter discusses the model that includes all the major physical phenomena concerning color tone reproduction, substrate fluorescence, interfacial and multi‐internal reflections, and lateral light scattering. The model describes lateral light scattering inside the paper substrate by probabilities for any degree of light diffusion. After introducing the concept offluorescence‐induced transmittance, the probability approach can readily be extended to prints on fluorescent substrates. The contribution of interfacial and multiple internal reflections is accounted by series expansion of fast convergency. Previously developed models such as Neugebauer equation and Clapper‐Yule model are special cases of the present model.
Two‐Flux and Multiflux Matrix Models for Colored Surfaces
Authors: Hébert Mathieu , Emmel Patrick
Published: March 2015

This chapter presents various extensions of the so‐called two‐flux models for prediction of reflectance and transmittance of diffusing media, that is, the Kubelka–Munk model, introduced in Fundamentals of Optics and Radiometry for Color Reproduction, and the extension of Kubelka–Munk for stacks of diffusing layers. A first matrix formulation of the Kubelka–Munk differential equations leads to a matrix framework based on transfer matrices, which can be extended to stacks of diffusing layers, stacks of nonscattering films, and stacks of scattering and nonscattering films as a generalization of the Williams–Clapper model for prediction of the reflectance of paper photographs, each of these configurations being illustrated through various examples. This chapter also exposes the limits of the two‐flux approach and shows that the matrix formalism extends in a straightforward manner to multiflux models, where the size of the matrices is increased.
Digital Television
Authors: Mozar Stefan , Feng Pan , Yu Rongshan
Published: March 2015

This chapter provides a summary of a Digital TV (DTV), from a signal processing point of view. After an overview of DTV, video and audio compression are covered. This is followed by multiplexing of the video, audio and data signals to form a transportation stream. In order to be able to receive a digital signal, forward error correction is required. The next step in preparing a signal for transmission is to modulate it. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is used in DTV systems. The benefits of OFDM are discussed. The signal path in a receiver is briefly covered, as well as a summary of trends in television receiving platforms.
Experiences in Using Semantic Technologies for Providing Added‐Value Services in DigitalTV
Authors: Fernández‐Vilas Ana , Díaz‐Redondo Rebeca P. , Pazos‐Arias José J. , Blanco‐Fernández Yolanda , López‐Nores Martín
Published: March 2015

Interactive digitalTV(IDTV) has changed the traditional perception people used to have about audiovisual content consumption. The merely passive viewers are adopting active roles by interacting with the applications that are broadcast over theIDTVnetworks. Besides, the great amount of broadcast information (audiovisual and applications) opens new possibilities for the audience, who has a broader bouquet of content to explore. However, and overwhelmed by the filtering process, users need a service to help them to decide what to watch. At this point, we propose to apply semantic tecniques to improve the filtering tasks and so, the experiences described in this chapter have the semanticTVcontent recommender that we have developed,AVATAR, as base for offering new serviced to theTVaudience: advertising techniques, t‐learning, and adopting special solutions for theTVon the move.
Violent video games and delinquent behavior in adolescents: A risk factor perspective
Authors: Exelmans Liese , Custers Kathleen , Van den Bulck Jan
Published: March 2015

Over the years, criminological research has identified a number of risk factors that contribute to the development of aggressive and delinquent behavior. Although studies have identified media violence in general and violent video gaming in particular as significant predictors of aggressive behavior, exposure to violent video games has been largely omitted from the risk factor literature on delinquent behavior. This cross‐sectional study therefore investigates the relationship between violent video game play and adolescents' delinquent behavior using a risk factor approach. An online survey was completed by 3,372 Flemish adolescents, aged 12–18 years old. Data were analyzed by means of negative binomial regression modelling. Results indicated a significant contribution of violent video games in delinquent behavior over and beyond multiple known risk variables (peer delinquency, sensation seeking, prior victimization, and alienation). Moreover, the final model that incorporated the gaming genres proved to be significantly better than the model without the gaming genres. Results provided support for a cumulative and multiplicative risk model for delinquent behavior. Aggr. Behav. 41:267–279, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The clinical significance of negative flow cytometry immunophenotypic results in a morphologically scored positive bone marrow in patients following treatment for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Ouyang Juan , Goswami Maitrayee , Tang Guilin , Peng Jie , Ravandi Farhad , Daver Naval , Routbort Mark , Konoplev Sergej , Lin Pei , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Jorgensen Jeffrey L. , Wang Sa A.
Published: March 2015

In a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) following therapy, finding ≥5% bone marrow (BM) blasts is highly concerning for residual/relapsed disease. Over an 18‐month period, we performed multicolor flow cytometry immunophenotyping (MFC) for AML minimal residual disease on >4,000 BM samples, and identified 41 patients who had ≥5% myeloblasts by morphology but negative by MFC. At the time of a negative MFC study, an abnormal cytogenetic study converted to negative in 14 patients and remained positive at a low level (2.5–9.5%) by fluorescence in situ hybridization in 3 (14%), of the latter, abnormalities subsequently disappeared in the repeated BM in 2 patients. Positive pretreatment mutations, including FLT3, NPM1, IDH1, CEBPA, became negative in all 10 patients tested. Of the seven patients with favorable cytogenetics, PML/RARA, CBFB‐MYH11 or RUNX1‐RUNX1T1 fusion transcripts were detected at various levels in six patients but all patients remained in complete remission. With no additional chemotherapy given, 39 patients had BM repeated (median 2 weeks, range <1–21), and all cases showed <5% BM blasts and a continuously negative MFC. In the end of follow‐up (median 10 months, range 1–22), 13 patients experienced relapse, 12/13 showing clonal cytogenetic evolution/switch and 11 demonstrating major immunophenotypic shifts. We conclude that MFC is useful in identifying a regenerating BM sample with ≥5% BM blasts that would otherwise be scored as positive using standard morphologic examination. We believe this conclusion is supported by the changes in molecular cytogenetic status and the patient clinical follow‐up data. Am. J. Hematol. 90:504–510, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epidemiology of work‐related traumatic brain injury: A systematic review
Authors: Chang Vicky C. , Guerriero E. Niki , Colantonio Angela
Published: March 2015

Objective

This systematic review aimed to describe the burden and risk factors of work‐related traumatic brain injury (wrTBI) and evaluate methodological quality of existing literature on wrTBI.

Methods

A search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) was conducted to identify articles published between 1980 and 2013 using a combination of terms for work, TBI, and epidemiology, without geographical limitations.

Results

Ninety‐eight studies were included in this review, of which 24 specifically focused on wrTBI. In general, male workers, those in the youngest and oldest age groups, and those working in the primary (e.g., agriculture, forestry, mining) or construction industries were more likely to sustain wrTBI, with falls being the most common mechanism of injury.

Conclusions

This review identified workers at highest risk of wrTBI, with implications for prevention efforts. Future research of better methodological quality is needed to provide a more complete picture of the epidemiology of wrTBI. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:353–377, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Childhood trauma: Methods for the identification of physeal fractures in nonadult skeletal remains
Authors: Verlinden Petra , Lewis Mary E.
Published: March 2015

Objectives: Today, fractures at the growth plate (or physis) are common injuries in children, but provide challenges of identification in skeletonized remains. Clinical studies provide detailed information on the mechanisms, locations, age of occurrence, and complications associated with physeal fractures, enabling the development of new criteria for identifying this injury in nonadults. To test these criteria, skeletal remains from five rural and urban medieval cemeteries were examined. Methods: The sample consisted of 961 skeletons (0–17 years) with open epiphyses. Macroscopic observation looked for any irregularities of the metaphysis or epiphysis, which was consistent with the clinical appearance of physeal fractures or resulting complications. Radiographic examination was applied to identify fracture lines or early growth arrest. Results: This study revealed 12 cases of physeal trauma (1.2%). Physeal fractures occurred predominantly at the distal end (75%), and while they were identified in all age categories, they were most frequent in those aged 12–17 years (0.2% TPR). The humerus was the most commonly affected location (3/12 or 25%). Conclusions: This study highlights the potential for recognizing physeal fractures in children of all ages, enhancing our understanding of nonadult trauma, and enabling us to assign a more precise age of the injury to build up a picture of their activities in the past. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:411–420, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assembly and antibacterial activity of horizontally oriented silver nanoplates
Authors: Zhang Renjie , Kang Yongqing , Xie Beibei
Published: March 2015

This work describes a strategy of assembling horizontally oriented Ag nanoplates (AgNPTs) with PSS‐Ag as the precursor of silver by the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique on planar substrates. These AgNPTs have a lateral dimension of 20–80 nm and a thickness of 9–12 nm. A corresponding formation mechanism of these AgNPTs is discussed considering the orientation of the polyelectrolytes molecules, as well as their confinement effect on the diffusion of Ag nanoparticles. The exposed horizontal surfaces of the AgNPTs correspond to low free energy; they show an active antimicrobial activity. No Staphylococcus aureus colonies appear on the nutrient agar medium inoculated and incubated with S. aureus solutions treated by LbL films containing AgNPTs. The horizontally oriented AgNPTs by the described strategy in this work not only provides a novel method for controlled assembly of AgNPTs, but also provides insight in the antimicrobial behavior of nanoplate surfaces with low free energy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42070.
Hochfeste Bewehrung S 670 in biegebeanspruchten Stahlbetonbauteilen
Authors: Schoening Janna , Hude Florian , Hegger Josef
Published: March 2015

Hochfeste Bewehrung S 670 wird seit mehr als zehn Jahren sowohl in der Geotechnik als auch zur Bewehrung von Druckgliedern eingesetzt. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens wurde nun der Einsatz in Biegebauteilen untersucht. Dabei lag das Hauptaugenmerk auf dem Verbundverhalten und der Rissbreitenentwicklung von S 670 sowie dem Vergleich mit herkömmlicher Bewehrung B 500 B bzw. höherfester Bewehrung S 600, die wie S 670 eine hohe bezogene Rippenfläche aufweist.

Neben der Herleitung von Verbundkennwerten und einer Verbundspannungs‐Schlupf‐Beziehung wurden Rissbreitenmessungen an Bauteilen durchgeführt und eine mögliche Anpassung der Rissbreitenberechnung nach EN 1992‐1‐1 diskutiert. In diesem Beitrag werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse des Forschungsberichts zusammengefasst und ein Vergleich der rechnerischen, numerischen und experimentellen Rissbreiten in Biegebauteilen dargestellt.

High‐strength reinforcement in concrete members subjected to bending

High strength reinforcement has been used in geotechnical applications and for structural applications in columns and shear walls for more than 10 years. A recent research program dealt with the application for flexural members. The main topics were the bond behavior and the crack width prediction of S 670 as compared to common reinforcement B 500 B and higher strength reinforcement S 600 which has a similar relative rib area as S 670.

In the project the bond behavior was tested and a bond stress‐slip relationship was developed. Further, the crack calculation according to EN 1992‐1‐1 was adapted. This report gives a summary of the main results of the research report and shows a comparison of the calculated, numerical and experimental results of crack width for different specimen.
Bemessung von Stahlbetonstützen mittels Smartphone
Authors: Schöllhammer Daniel , Wimmer Heinz
Published: March 2015

Durch die zunehmende Verbreitung und Leistungssteigerung von Smartphones und Tablets werden diese vermehrt zu mobilen Hilfsmitteln in der täglichen Planungsarbeit. In einem unlängst publizierten Bericht [1] wurde eine Applikation für die Biege‐ und Schubbemessung einfacher Träger bzw. Querschnitte präsentiert. In der vorliegenden Publikation wird eine Anwendung zur Bemessung von Stahlbetonstützen am Ersatzstab mit Rechteck‐, Kreis‐ und Kreisringquerschnitten im Normalbetonbereich vorgestellt. Die Berechnung erfolgt iterativ nach Theorie 2. Ordnung mittels des Nennkrümmungsverfahrens. Für die Querschnittsbemessung wird ein NEWTON‐Verfahren implementiert, welches auf Basis von Grenzdehnungslagen die Gleichgewichtsaufgabe löst. Für die Betonspannungen wird die Parabel‐Rechteck‐Verteilung angesetzt. Die Applikation basiert auf dem derzeit gültigen Regelwerk EN 1992‐1‐1 mit nationalem Anhang (NAD).

Design of Reinforced Beam Columns for mobile applications

The increasing spread and performance of smartphones and tablets make them to mobile tools in everyday planning work. In a recently published report [1] a mobile application was presented which deals with the design of simple RC‐beams and ‐cross sections loaded by shear and bending moment. In our work we extend this for the design of reinforced beam columns, modelled as a fictitious member with rectangular or circular cross sections and normal strength concrete. The analysis is made iteratively considering second order theory and the method of nominal curvature. For the repeated design of the cross section Newton's method is implemented falling back on specific strain distributions which are able to satisfy equilibrium. The stress‐strain relation of concrete follows the parabola‐rectangular diagram. The application is founded on the currently valid code of practice EN 1992‐1‐1 and the national application document.
Gedankenexperimente in historiographischer Funktion: Max Weber über Eduard Meyer und die Frage der Kontrafaktizität
Authors: Ernst Florian
Published: March 2015

Thought Experiments in Historiographic Function: Max Weber on Eduard Meyer and the Question of Counterfactuality. Max Weber’s remarks on his colleague Eduard Meyer regarding counterfactual reasoning in history reflects a significant shift during the Methodenstreit around 1900. The question of attributing historical change strictly to either individual causes or abstract general laws has been tackled in a new way: By counterfactual reasoning a historian should be able to detect the most significant (and therefore meaningful) cause, event, or action for a certain historical outcome. Following Fritz Ringer, this paper argues that given the predominating methods of the natural sciences, scholars of the humanities conducted historical research by counterfactual thought experiments. This way, Weber pried open contemporary narratives (e.g. historicism), and by employing a unique historical causal analysis he made way for refined concepts to offer a model of interpretation that gave hope for a more feasible, practice‐oriented approach to historical research than the epistemological discussions had hitherto offered.
Faculty Members’ Perceptions of Rigor in Dual Enrollment, Accelerated Programs, and Standard Community College Courses
Authors: Ferguson Colin , Baker Pete , Burnett Dana
Published: March 2015

This chapter presents the results of a study that investigated faculty members’ views on the level of academic rigor in three settings at one community college: dual enrollment, accelerated programs, and standard community college courses.
Strengthening Concurrent Enrollment Through NACEP Accreditation
Authors: Scheffel Kent , McLemore Yvette , Lowe Adam
Published: March 2015

This chapter describes how implementing the National Alliance of Concurrent Enrollment Partnerships' 17 accreditation standards strengthens a concurrent enrollment program, enhances secondary–postsecondary relations, and benefits students, their families, and secondary and postsecondary institutions.
The evolution of plasticity of dauer larva developmental arrest in the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Diaz S. Anaid , Viney Mark
Published: March 2015

Organisms can end up in unfavourable conditions and to survive this they have evolved various strategies. Some organisms, including nematodes, survive unfavourable conditions by undergoing developmental arrest. The model nematodeCaenorhabditis eleganshas a developmental choice between two larval forms, and it chooses to develop into the arrested dauer larva form in unfavourable conditions (specifically, a lack of food and high population density, indicated by the concentration of a pheromone). WildC. elegansisolates vary extensively in their dauer larva arrest phenotypes, and this prompts the question of what selective pressures maintain such phenotypic diversity? To investigate this we grewC. elegansin four different environments, consisting of different combinations of cues that can induce dauer larva development: two combinations of food concentration (high and low) in the presence or absence of a dauer larva‐inducing pheromone. Five generations of artificial selection of dauer larvae resulted in an overall increase in dauer larva formation in most selection regimes. The presence of pheromone in the environment selected for twice the number of dauer larvae, compared with environments not containing pheromone. Further, only a high food concentration environment containing pheromone increased the plasticity of dauer larva formation. These evolutionary responses also affected the timing of the worms’ reproduction. Overall, these results give an insight into the environments that can select for different plasticities ofC. elegansdauer larva arrest phenotypes, suggesting that different combinations of environmental cues can select for the diversity of phenotypically plastic responses seen inC. elegans.
Theoretical Insight Into the Role of Triarylboron Substituents in Tetradentate Dianionic Bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene) Platinum(II) Chelates – Improving the Performance of Blue Light Emission
Authors: Tian Li , Luo Yafei , Zhang Luqiong , Li Ming , He Rongxing , Shen Wei
Published: March 2015

The electronic structures and photophysical properties of eleven PtII complexes divided into three series by their degree of π conjugation were studied through density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. To investigate the effect of triarylboron substituents and the changes caused by the extension of the π conjugation, the nonradiative and radiative decay efficiencies, the geometric relaxations, d orbital splitting, and spin–orbit couplings at the optimized S0 and T1 geometries were computed. The results show that complexes with triarylboron substituents may have higher phosphorescence efficiencies than those with cyano groups. Furthermore, complexes with larger π conjugation (anthracene groups) may weaken the effects caused by the introduction of triarylboron substituents and are less likely to possess enhanced phosphorescence efficiency. Predictions of the absorption spectra and emission colors indicated that complexes with triarylboron substituents would emit blue colors, whereas the emission colors of the complexes with larger π conjugation would be located in the near‐infrared region. This work highlights that the introduction of the triarylboron substituents and appropriate π conjugation (naphthalene groups) can result in highly efficient phosphorescence in complexes containing donor N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands.
Complete Freund's adjuvant‐induced reduction of exploratory activity in a novel environment as an objective nociceptive endpoint for sub‐acute inflammatory pain model in rats
Authors: Zhu C.Z. , Bannon A.W. , Joshi S.K.
Published: March 2015

Background

Hind paw injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) is a commonly used sub‐acute inflammatory pain model in rodents with typical subjective endpoint measurements of paw withdrawal to thermal or mechanical stimuli.

Methods

Here, we assessed CFA‐induced reduction of exploratory activity in a novel environment (CRANE) as an objective nociceptive endpoint in rats. CFA (50%) was subcutaneously injected into the plantar aspect of the hind paw either unilaterally or bilaterally (150 μL/paw). Exploratory activity was recorded using an automated locomotor activity system.

Results

Bilateral CFA injection reduced exploratory activity 4–48 h following injection, compared to sham controls. Unilateral CFA injection produced less reduction of exploratory activity, compared to bilateral injection. Effects of orally dosed standard analgesics on CRANE were examined 48 h following bilateral CFA injection. Diclofenac treatment produced dose‐related reversal of CRANE at 0.03–1.0 mg/kg with a plateau effect observed at higher doses (up to 30 mg/kg). Ibuprofen also produced dose‐related reversal CRANE at 0.3–3.0 mg/kg with a plateau effect at higher doses (up to 60 mg/kg). Similarly, celecoxib produced dose‐related reversal CRANE at 3–10 mg/kg, but not 30 mg/kg. Gabapentin (up to 100 mg/kg) and duloxetine (up to 30 mg/kg) produced no reversal of CRANE.

Conclusions

The results presented here demonstrate that CRANE provides an objective assessment of pain behaviours for sub‐acute inflammatory pain in rats. The pharmacological profile of standard analgesics supports that CRANE model may potentially be used to identify novel analgesic agents for the treatment of sub‐acute inflammatory pain.
Modellgröße und Randbedingungen bei der geohydraulischen Berechnung einer Restwasserhaltung mit der FEM
Authors: Perau Eugen , Meteling Nils
Published: March 2015

Bei der Erstellung von Baugruben im Grundwasser ist es sinnvoll, die Verbauwände in eine schwächer durchlässige Bodenschicht einzubinden und eine Restwasserhaltung zu betreiben. Mit der Finiten‐Elemente‐Methode (FEM) lassen sich dazu sowohl eindringende Wassermengen als auch Potenziale und Porenwasserdrücke bestimmen, die für verschiedene Nachweise der Standsicherheit benötigt werden.

Derartige numerische Berechnungen erfordern jedoch die Wahl eines Modellgebiets sowie den Ansatz von Randbedingungen, deren Einflüsse auf die Berechnungsergebnisse im vorliegenden Beitrag untersucht werden. Eine Optimierung der durchgeführten Parameterstudie für ebene und rotationssymmetrische Zustände mit isotropem und anisotropem Baugrund war möglich, indem das Strömungsproblem zunächst als parametrisiertes Randwertproblem definiert wurde. Eine Auswertung der mathematischen Eigenschaften des Randwertproblems sowie der Dimensionsanalyse ermöglichte die Reduzierung der Anzahl der Parameter. Abschließend werden auf Basis der Parameterstudie Schlussfolgerungen zu erforderlicher Modellgröße und Randbedingungen gezogen und dem Anwender Empfehlungen hierzu gegeben.

Model size and boundary conditions for geohydraulic calculation of a residual‐water drainage system using the FEM. It is rational, in excavations in the subsoil beneath the groundwater table, to embed the pit wall in a less permeable soil stratum and operate a residual‐water drainage system. The Finite Element Method (FEM) can be used to determine both the influx of groundwater and the potentials and pore‐water pressures relevant for various analyses of stability. Such numerical calculations require the selection of a model size and the assumption of certain boundary conditions, however. The influence of these on the results of the calculation are examined in this paper. A study has been performed for the cases of plane and axis‐symmetrical states with isotropic and anisotropic subsoil, and is firstly optimised by formulating the task as a parameterised boundary value problem. Evaluation of the mathematical characteristics of the boundary value problem and dimensional analysis are then used to reduce the number of parameters. Finally, conclusions concerning the necessary model size and boundary conditions are drawn on the basis of the parameter study, and recommendations then provided for the user.
Zur guten fachlichen Praxis des Düsenstrahlverfahrens
Authors: Krentz Martin
Published: March 2015

Etwa 35 Jahre nach der ersten Anwendung auf einer Baustelle in Deutschland ist das Düsenstrahlverfahren heute im Spezialtiefbau etabliert und gehört zum Portfolio vieler Unternehmen. Für dessen Anwendung gelten DIN EN 12716 als zentrales technisches Regelwerk sowie DIN 18321 für die Regelung technisch/vertraglicher Belange. Erfahrungen aus Streit‐ und Schadensfällen machen die Fortschreibung und Ergänzung der Regelwerke erforderlich. Der vorliegende Bericht zeigt anhand wesentlicher verfahrensbedingter Zusammenhänge in Beispielen, dass bei der Befolgung der vorliegenden und zukünftigen Regelwerke auch verfahrensspezifische handwerkliche Gesichtspunkte zu beachten sind.

On the skilled application of jet grouting. Some 35 years ago jet grouting was introduced on a construction site in Germany for the first time. Ever since then it has become an approved method in special ground engineering and is now being offered and applied by many companies. As to its application DIN EN 12716 refers to the central technical guidelines whereas DIN 18321 deals with the technical and/or contractual issues. Experiences with events of damage and disputes show that the regulations need further updates and supplements. This report explains in examples which process‐specific craft aspects have to be observed when applying present and future rules.