bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolite Profiling of Arabidopsis Inoculated with Alternaria brassicicola Reveals That Ascorbate Reduces Disease Severity
Authors: Botanga Christopher J. , Bethke Gerit , Chen Zhong , Gallie Daniel R. , Fiehn Oliver , Glazebrook Jane
Published: November 2012

The interaction between the pathogenic ascomycete Alternaria brassicicola and Arabidopsis was investigated by metabolite profiling. The effect of A. brassicicola challenge on metabolite levels was substantial, with nearly 50% of detected compounds undergoing significant changes. Mutations blocking ethylene, jasmonic acid, or ethylene signaling had little effect on metabolite levels. The effects of altering levels of some metabolites were tested by exogenous application during A. brassicicola inoculation. Gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) or xylitol promoted, while trehalose and ascorbate inhibited, disease severity. GABA promoted, and ascorbate strongly inhibited, fungal growth in culture. Arabidopsis vtc1 and vtc2 mutants, that have low levels of ascorbate, were more susceptible to A. brassicicola. Ascorbate levels declined following A. brassicicola inoculation while levels of dehydroascorbate increased, resulting in a shift of the redox balance between these compounds in the direction of oxidation. These results demonstrate that ascorbate is an important component of resistance to this pathogen.
First Report of the Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne inornata, on Common Bean in Paraná State, Brazil
Authors: Machado A. C. Z. , Dorigo O. F. , Mattei D.
Published: November 2012

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris F.) is one of the most important crops in Paraná State, which is responsible for almost 10% of the Brazilian production (4). Root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are common parasites of this crop worldwide, but damage caused by Meloidogyne inornata has not been reported. During a survey of nematode species present on common bean fields in Paraná State, Brazil, galled root samples of cultivars Tuiuiú and Eldorado were submitted, in June 2012, in the Nematology Laboratory from IAPAR, collected in the municipalities of Araucária (25°35′34″S, 49°24′36″W) and Santana do Itararé (23°45′18″S, 49°37′44″W). Plants did not exhibit any above-ground symptoms. The specimens were identified through perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes of 20 adult females extracted from dissected roots (2,3). The population densities observed in the samples were 140 and 700 J2 and eggs per gram of roots, respectively, for both samples. Characteristics were consistent with those described for M. inornata. For example, perineal patterns of M. inornata showed a high dorsal arch, with smooth to wavy striae, similar to those of M. incognita; but no punctate markings between anus and tail terminus were observed. However, from the esterase electrophoresis we obtained the I3 (Rm = 0.83, 1.15, and 1.32) phenotype, typical of M. inornata, a species-specific phenotype used to differentiate this species from M. incognita (1). Moreover, the excretory pore of adult females was located 32.1 (± 5.4) μm from the anterior end, consistent with the M. inornata description (25 to 53 μm) (1). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. inornata parasitizing common bean roots. This finding has great importance for Brazilian agriculture, since this nematode may damage common bean plants and become an additional problem for this crop. Additional work is necessary in order to elucidate the losses caused by M. inornata on common bean.

References: (1) R. M. D. G. Carneiro et al. Nematology 10:123, 2008. (2) P. R. Esbenshade and A. C. Triantaphyllou J. Nematol. 22:10, 1990. (3) K. M. Hartman and J. N. Sasser. Page 115 in: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne, Volume II Methodology. K. R. Barker et al., eds. Raleigh: North Carolina State University Graphics, 1985. (4) MAPA. Feijão, Ministério da Agricultura, Brasil. Retrieved from http://www.agricultura.gov.br/vegetal/culturas/feijao September 05, 2012.
Host Preference of Mating Type in Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the Downy Mildew Causal Agent of Cucurbits
Authors: Cohen Y. , Rubin A. E. , Galperin M.
Published: November 2012

The A2 mating type of Pseudoperonospora cubensis was first discovered in Israel in May 2010 on butternut gourd (Cucurbita moschata) (1). We monitored the occurrence of the A2 mating type of P. cubensis in isolates collected during May 2010 through September 2012 from downy mildew-infected cucurbit crops growing along the coastal plain of Israel. Mating type was determined by oospore production in melon leaf discs co-inoculated with sporangia of a test isolate mixed with sporangia of A1 or A2 tester isolates (2). The A1 and A2 tester isolates were maintained at 14°C (14 h light/day) by repeated inoculation of detached leaves of cucumber and pumpkin, respectively. The 29 isolates that were collected from cucumber (Cucumis sativum) were all A1. Of the 33 isolates collected from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), squash (C. pepo), or butternut gourd (C. moschata), 88% were A2 and 12% were A1. The host preference of mating type in P. cubensis was monitored at Bar-Ilan University farm during April to July 2012, among about 800 plants of eight cucurbit species (~100 plants per species) that were grown side-by-side in three adjacent net-houses (two 6 × 50 m and one 6 × 100 m) and exposed to natural infection. Downy mildew developed on cucumber, melon, pumpkin, squash, and butternut gourd, but not on watermelon, sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica), or Momordica balsamina. Three-hundred and three isolates of P. cubensis were collected and tested for mating type: 123 from cucumber, 53 from melon, 30 from pumpkin, 48 from butternut gourd, and 41 from squash. The cucumber isolates expressed A1, A2, and A1A2 at a ratio of 94.3%, 3.3%, and 2.4%, respectively; the melon isolates 58.5%, 26.4%, and 15.1%; the pumpkin isolates 0%, 96.7%, and 3.3%; the butternut isolate 7.3%, 87.3%, and 5.5%; and the squash isolates 2.4%, 97.6%, and 0%, respectively. A1A2 isolates produce oospores when crossed with either A1 or A2 tester isolates. This is the first evidence suggesting a preference of A1 isolates to Cucumis spp. and of A2 isolates to Cucurbita spp. similar preference was recently observed among Chinese isolates of this pathogen (unpublished data). The mechanism(s) controlling this preference is not known. Classical genetics is currently employed to P. cubensis in order to understand if it derives from true linkage. The practical implication for downy mildew management is that growing cucumber/melon in close proximity to pumpkin/squash/butternut gourd should be avoided as it may enhance oospore production in nature. Oospores in soil were recently shown to serve as a primary source of downy mildew infection in cucumber (3).

References: (1) Y. Cohen, A. E. Rubin, and M.Galperin. Plant Dis. 95:874, 2011; (2) Y. Cohen and A. E. Rubin. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 132:577, 2012; (3) Y. J. Zhang et al. J. Phytopathol. 160:469, 2012.
Genetic Analyses of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae Strains Reveal Distinct Phylogenetic Groups
Authors: Donahoo R. S. , Jones J. B. , Lacy G. H. , Stromberg V. K. , Norman D. J.
Published: November 2012

A comprehensive analysis of 175 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae strains isolated from 10 Araceae hosts was done to identify pathogen variation. The strains were subjected to repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence polymerase chain reaction and four major phylogenetic clusters were generated. A subset of 40 strains isolated from Anthurium, Dieffenbachia, and Syngonium was further defined by amplified fragment length polymorphism and fatty acid methyl ester analysis and the same four phylogenetic clusters were observed. Comparison of representative strains in the first three clusters using DNA-DNA hybridization and multilocus sequence analysis supports the previous reclassification of strains in cluster I, including the X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae pathovar reference strain (LMG695), to X. citri. Our research findings indicate that strains in cluster I, isolated primarily from anthurium, probably represent an undescribed pathovar. Other phylogenetic subclusters consisting primarily of strains isolated from xanthosoma and philodendron in clusters III and IV, respectively, may yet represent other undescribed species or pathovars of Xanthomonas.
Resource partitioning among top predators in a Miocene food web
Authors: Domingo M. Soledad , Domingo Laura , Badgley Catherine , Sanisidro Oscar , Morales Jorge
Published: November 2012

The exceptional fossil sites of Cerro de los Batallones (Madrid Basin, Spain) contain abundant remains of Late Miocene mammals. From these fossil assemblages, we have inferred diet, resource partitioning and habitat of three sympatric carnivorous mammals based on stable isotopes. The carnivorans include three apex predators: two sabre-toothed cats (Felidae) and a bear dog (Amphicyonidae). Herbivore and carnivore carbon isotope (
δ
13
C) values from tooth enamel imply the presence of a woodland ecosystem dominated by C
3
plants.
δ
13
C values and mixing-model analyses suggest that the two sabre-toothed cats, one the size of a leopard and the other the size of a tiger, consumed herbivores with similar
δ
13
C values from a more wooded portion of the ecosystem. The two sabre-toothed cats probably hunted prey of different body sizes, and the smaller species could have used tree cover to avoid encounters with the larger felid. For the bear dog,
δ
13
C values are higher and differ significantly from those of the sabre-toothed cats, suggesting a diet that includes prey from more open woodland. Coexistence of the sabre-toothed cats and the bear dog was likely facilitated by prey capture in different portions of the habitat. This study demonstrates the utility of stable isotope analysis for investigating the behaviour and ecology of members of past carnivoran guilds.
Regulation of hard α-keratin mechanics via control of intermediate filament hydration: matrix squeeze revisited
Authors: Greenberg Daniel A. , Fudge Douglas S.
Published: November 2012

Mammalian hard α-keratins are fibre-reinforced biomaterials that consist of 10 nm intermediate filaments (IFs) embedded in an elastomeric protein matrix. Recent work suggests that the mechanical properties of IFs are highly sensitive to hydration, whereas hard α-keratins such as wool, hair and nail are relatively hydration insensitive. This raises the question of how mammalian keratins remain stiff in water. The matrix squeeze hypothesis states that the IFs in hard α-keratins are stiffened during an air-drying step during keratinization, and subsequently locked into a dehydrated state via the oxidation and cross-linking of the keratin matrix around them. The result is that even when hard α-keratins are immersed in water, their constituent IFs remain essentially ‘dry’ and therefore stiff. This hypothesis makes several predictions about the effects of matrix abundance and function on hard α-keratin mechanics and swelling behaviour. Specifically, it predicts that high matrix keratins in water will swell less, and have a higher tensile modulus, a higher yield stress and a lower dry-to-wet modulus ratio. It also predicts that disruption of the keratin matrix in water should lead to additional swelling, and a drop in modulus and yield stress. Our results are consistent with these predictions and suggest that the keratin matrix plays a critical role in governing the mechanical properties of mammalian keratins via control of IF hydration.
Functional genomic analysis of chromosomal aberrations in a compendium of 8000 cancer genomes
Authors: Kim Tae-Min , Xi Ruibin , Luquette Lovelace J. , Park Richard W. , Johnson Mark D. , Park Peter J.
Published: November 2012

A large database of copy number profiles from cancer genomes can facilitate the identification of recurrent chromosomal alterations that often contain key cancer-related genes. It can also be used to explore low-prevalence genomic events such as chromothripsis. In this study, we report an analysis of 8227 human cancer copy number profiles obtained from 107 array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies. Our analysis reveals similarity of chromosomal arm-level alterations among developmentally related tumor types as well as a number of co-occurring pairs of arm-level alterations. Recurrent (“pan-lineage”) focal alterations identified across diverse tumor types show an enrichment of known cancer-related genes and genes with relevant functions in cancer-associated phenotypes (e.g., kinase and cell cycle). Tumor type-specific (“lineage-restricted”) alterations and their enriched functional categories were also identified. Furthermore, we developed an algorithm for detecting regions in which the copy number oscillates rapidly between fixed levels, indicative of chromothripsis. We observed these massive genomic rearrangements in 1%–2% of the samples with variable tumor type-specific incidence rates. Taken together, our comprehensive view of copy number alterations provides a framework for understanding the functional significance of various genomic alterations in cancer genomes.
Characteristics and Significance of Intergenic Polyadenylated RNA Transcription in Arabidopsis
Authors: Moghe Gaurav D. , Lehti-Shiu Melissa D. , Seddon Alex E. , Yin Shan , Chen Yani , Juntawong Piyada , Brandizzi Federica , Bailey-Serres Julia , Shiu Shin-Han
Published: November 2012

The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome is the most well-annotated plant genome. However, transcriptome sequencing in Arabidopsis continues to suggest the presence of polyadenylated (polyA) transcripts originating from presumed intergenic regions. It is not clear whether these transcripts represent novel noncoding or protein-coding genes. To understand the nature of intergenic polyA transcription, we first assessed its abundance using multiple messenger RNA sequencing data sets. We found 6,545 intergenic transcribed fragments (ITFs) occupying 3.6% of Arabidopsis intergenic space. In contrast to transcribed fragments that map to protein-coding and RNA genes, most ITFs are significantly shorter, are expressed at significantly lower levels, and tend to be more data set specific. A surprisingly large number of ITFs (32.1%) may be protein coding based on evidence of translation. However, our results indicate that these “translated” ITFs tend to be close to and are likely associated with known genes. To investigate if ITFs are under selection and are functional, we assessed ITF conservation through cross-species as well as within-species comparisons. Our analysis reveals that 237 ITFs, including 49 with translation evidence, are under strong selective constraint and relatively distant from annotated features. These ITFs are likely parts of novel genes. However, the selective pressure imposed on most ITFs is similar to that of randomly selected, untranscribed intergenic sequences. Our findings indicate that despite the prevalence of ITFs, apart from the possibility of genomic contamination, many may be background or noisy transcripts derived from “junk” DNA, whose production may be inherent to the process of transcription and which, on rare occasions, may act as catalysts for the creation of novel genes.
RRP41L, a Putative Core Subunit of the Exosome, Plays an Important Role in Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yang Min , Zhang Bangyue , Jia Jianheng , Yan Chunxia , Habaike Ayijiang , Han Yuzhen
Published: November 2012

In prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the 3′-5′-exonucleolytic decay and processing of RNAs are essential for RNA metabolism. However, the understanding of the mechanism of 3′-5′-exonucleolytic decay in plants is very limited. Here, we report the characterization of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transfer DNA insertional mutant that shows severe growth defects in early seedling growth, including delayed germination and cotyledon expansion, thinner yellow/pale-green leaves, and a slower growth rate. High-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the insertional locus was in the sixth exon of AT4G27490, encoding a predicted 3′-5′-exonuclease, that contained a conserved RNase phosphorolytic domain with high similarity to RRP41, designated RRP41L. Interestingly, we detected highly accumulated messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode seed storage protein and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling pathway-related protein during the early growth stage in rrp41l mutants. The mRNA decay kinetics analysis for seed storage proteins, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases, and ABA INSENSITIVEs revealed that RRP41L catalyzed the decay of these mRNAs in the cytoplasm. Consistent with these results, the rrp41l mutant was more sensitive to ABA in germination and root growth than wild-type plants, whereas overexpression lines of RRP41L were more resistant to ABA in germination and root growth than wild-type plants. RRP41L was localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and RRP41L was preferentially expressed in seedlings. Altogether, our results showed that RRP41L plays an important role in seed germination and early seedling growth by mediating specific cytoplasmic mRNA decay in Arabidopsis.
High-energy ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering instrument at the Advanced Photon Source
Authors: Ilavsky Jan , Allen Andrew J. , Levine Lyle E. , Zhang Fan , Jemian Pete R. , Long Gabrielle G.
Published: November 2012

This paper reports recent tests performed on the Bonse–Hart-type ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) instrument at the Advanced Photon Source with higher-order reflection optics – Si(440) instead of Si(220) – and with X-ray energies greater than 20 keV. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of high-energy operation with narrower crystal reflectivity curves, which provides access to a scatteringqrange from ∼2 × 10−5to 1.8 Å−1and up to 12 decades in the associated sample-dependent scattering intensity range. The corresponding size range of the scattering features spans about five decades – from less than 10 Å to ∼15 µm. These tests have indicated that mechanical upgrades are required to ensure the alignment capability and operational stability of this instrument for general user operations because of the tighter angular-resolution constraints of the higher-order crystal optics.
The Bemisia tabaci species complex: Additions from different parts of the world
Authors: Firdaus Syarifin , Vosman Ben , Hidayati Nurul , Jaya Supena Ence Darmo , G.F. Visser Richard , van Heusden Adriaan Willem
Published: November 2012

Bemisia tabaci is one of the most threatening pests in many crops. We sequenced part of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene from fifty whitefly populations collected in Indonesia, Thailand, India and China. Nineteen unique sequences (haplotypes) of the cytochrome oxidase I were identified in these populations. They were combined with sequences available in databases, resulting in a total of 407 haplotypes and analyzed together with nine outgroup accessions. A phylogenetic tree was calculated using the maximum likelihood method. The tree showed that all groups that were found in previous studies were also present in our study. Additionally, seven new groups were identified based on the new haplotypes. Most B. tabaci haplotypes grouped based on their geographical origin. Two groups were found to have a worldwide distribution. Our results indicate that our knowledge on the species complex around B. tabaci is still far from complete.
Protection from Procedural Myocardial Injury by Omega‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs): Is Related with Lower Levels of Creatine Kinase‐MB (CK‐MB) and Troponin I?
Authors: Foroughinia Farzaneh , Salamzadeh Jamshid , Namazi Mohammad H.
Published: November 2012

Objective

This study sought to investigate the effect of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on cardiac biomarkers, CK‐MB, and troponin I in patients undergoing PCI.

Background

Restenosis remains as a major long‐term complication following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It appears that there is strong relationship between post‐PCI creatine kinase‐MB (CK‐MB) and troponin I elevation and cardiovascular events after PCI.

Methods

In this randomized clinical trial, a total of 90 patients planned to undergo PCI were randomly assigned into two groups: Group A–receiving omega‐3 PUFAs (3 g, 12 h before PCI) plus standard treatment (n = 43) and Group B–control group, receiving only standard therapy (n = 47). Standard treatment included aspirin 325 mg and clopidogrel 600 mg loading dose. The plasma CK‐MB level was measured before the procedure (baseline), at 8 and 24 h after PCI. The plasma troponin I was measured at baseline and 24 h after PCI.

Results

In comparison with control, omega‐3 PUFAs could significantly reduce the level of CK‐MB in 8 (P = 0.001) and 24 h (P = 0.012) after its prescription in the omega‐3 PUFAs group. Omega‐3 PUFAs could not significantly decrease troponin I.

Conclusion

Our results revealed that omega‐3 PUFAs can be considered as a safe adjunctive medication to the standard regimen before PCI for the aim of decreasing cardiovascular event after PCI.
Archie Brain: celebrating 30 years of development in laryngeal mask airways
Authors: van Zundert T. C. R. V. , Brimacombe J. R. , Ferson D. Z. , Bacon D. R. , Wilkinson D. J.
Published: November 2012

The practice of anaesthesia was revolutionised by the ideas of Archie Brain. The routine use of a facemask to manage the airway was not a hands‐free technique, despite the development of various harnesses, and made adequate record‐keeping difficult. The tracheal tube was associated with some morbidity, which some felt was unsuitable for day surgery. Brain developed an airway management device that was less stressful to the patient than tracheal intubation, and was, however, as safe as using a facemask and airway. Brain also hoped his device would function for cases where mask ventilation was particularly difficult and thus give anaesthetists a safer alternative to a complex intubation, especially in emergency scenarios.
Comparative ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of the Majoidea (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) with new data on six species in five genera
Authors: Tudge Christopher C. , Scheltinga  David M. , Jamieson  Barrie G. M. , Guinot  Danièle , Richer de Forges Bertrand
Published: November 2012

Comparative ultrastructure of majoid spermatozoa belonging to 23 species, in 19 genera and five families, is considered, with new data on Schizophrys aspera; S. rufescens (Majidae, Majinae); Camposcia retusa (Inachidae); Pyromaia tuberculata (Inachoididae); and Huenia heraldica and Menaethius monoceros (Epialtidae, Epialtinae). The oregoniid Chionoecetes opilio, and inachids Cyrtomaia furici, Platymaia rebierei, Macropodia longirostris and Inachus phalangium, possibly with Camposcia retusa, but not Podochela riisei, appear to form a group. Within the inachids, Macropodia and Inachus are especially close. A domed central acrosome zone, seen in most inachid sperm, in majines (both Schizophrys species), in pisines (Oxypleurodon orbiculatus and O. stuckiae) and epialtines (Huenia heraldica and Menaethius monoceros), appears to be an autapomorphy of these majoids. A peripheral acrosome zone is seen in the inachid Grypacheus hyalinus, two inachoidids (P. tuberculata and Stenorhynchus seticornis) and the majid Maja squinado. Pyromaia tuberculata differs from other inachoidids in having a slightly dome‐shaped operculum. The mithracine Macrocoeloma trispinosum (Majidae) sperm more closely resembles Inachoididae, than Inachidae. Spermatologically, the family Majidae and the subfamily Majinae are not homogeneous. Spermatozoal ultrastructure does not support a majoid–hymenosomatid relationship and is equivocal with regard to the placement of Cryptochiridae in either the Thoracotremata or Heterotremata, the prominent operculum strongly differentiates cryptochirids from Majoidea.
3D numerical modelling of graben interaction and linkage: a case study of the Canyonlands grabens, Utah
Authors: Allken Vaneeda , Huismans Ritske S. , Fossen Haakon , Thieulot Cedric
Published: November 2012

Graben systems in extensional settings tend to be segmented with evidence of segment interaction. To gain a better understanding of the evolution of structures formed during graben growth and interaction, we here study the Grabens area of Canyonlands National Park, Utah, where a wide range of such structures is well exposed. With the aid of 3D numerical models, we attempt to reproduce structures observed in that region and to understand controls on the structural style of graben interaction by varying the spacing between pre‐existing structures. The sensitivity of the system to the thickness of the salt layer is also tested. Four distinct types of structures are observed when the spacing between inherited weak zones is varied: (1) grabens connecting in a relay zone divided by a narrow central horst; (2) graben segments interacting via a secondary stepover graben; (3) grabens propagating alongside each other with limited segment interaction; and (4) an abandoned graben segment in a system of multiple competing grabens. The presence of a basal salt layer (Paradox Member) promotes efficient graben propagation. A comparison between the observed structures and the numerical model results indicates that the detachment salt layer is relatively thin in the study area.
Benefits of progestin contraception in non‐allergic angioedema
Authors: Saule C. , Boccon‐Gibod I. , Fain O. , Kanny G. , Plu‐Bureau G. , Martin L. , Launay D. , Bouillet L. , Gompel A.
Published: November 2012

Background

Hereditary angioedema attacks can be induced or worsened by oral contraceptive containing oestrogens.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of progestin contraceptives on angioedema attacks.

Methods

We conducted a French retrospective, multi‐centre study of progestin contraception in women with non‐allergic angioedema, including hereditary angioedema type I, II and III and idiopathic angioedema. Patients were classified into four groups according to frequency of attacks. We evaluated the effects of progestin on the mean number of attacks and compared the number of patients in each group before and under progestin contraception. The influence of hormonal factors on the course of angioedema was also assessed.

Results

Fifty‐five women were included: mean age was 32.1 years (16–52) and mean follow‐up 32.4 months (SD:29). Fourteen women were classified as type I (25.4%), two as type II (3.6%) and 19 as type III (34%) and 20 were idiopathic (36%). Seventeen patients were taking a low dose progestin‐only pill (POP), 24 antigonadotropic progestins (AGP) and 14 both successively. Total or partial improvement was observed in 81.8% (45/55) of the patients and more frequently in those on an AGP agent (34 patients, 89.5%) than on POP (19 patients, 61.3%) (P = 0.013).

Conclusions & Clinical Relevance

This is the first study evaluating the interest of antigonadotropic progestin contraception in a series of women with non‐allergic angioedema. Progestins, especially antigonadotropic progestins, appear to convey a marked benefit in most cases. Antigonadotropic progestins could thus be recommended as adjuvant treatment in childbearing women with non‐allergic angioedema.
Bifid mandibular canals and the factors associated with their presence: a medical computed tomography evaluation in a Taiwanese population
Authors: Fu Earl , Peng Michelle , Chiang Cheng‐Yang , Tu Hsiao‐Pei , Lin Yaoh‐Shiang , Shen E‐Chin
Published: November 2012

Objectives

To examine distribution of bifid mandibular canals in a Taiwanese population and to evaluate factors contributing to the phenomenon.

Material and methods

Computed tomographic images from 173 subjects (97 females and 76 males) were obtained using a 64‐slice multidetector computerized tomography system, and the presence of bifid mandibular canals, as well as their widths and lengths, was examined. Association of length of bifid canals with possible contributing factors, including gender, age, and side of presentation, as well as size of cross‐sectional bony area of mandible along the long axis of mandibular canal, was evaluated.

Results

Bifid mandibular canals, with mean values of 10.1 and 0.9 mm in length and width, were found in 53 (30.6%) of 173 patients and 64 (18.5%) of 346 hemi‐mandibles. Bifid canals appeared more frequently and tend to penetrate mandible with greater lengths in males if compared with those in females. When males were compared with females and when mandibles with bifid canals were compared with ones without, the former tend to present with larger bony area at corresponding levels of cross‐sectional plane than the later, respectively. By regression analysis, significant association was found between length of bifid canals and gender, side of hemi‐mandible, and bony area at mid‐zone of mandibular canal.

Conclusions

Bifid canals were observed in 30.6% of subjects and 18.5% of hemi‐mandibles. Significant association between length of bifid canals and gender, side of hemi‐mandible, and cross‐sectional bony area of mandible was observed.
Superficial paramucosal clear cell sarcoma of the soft parts resembling melanoma in a 13‐year‐old boy
Authors: Sidiropoulos Michael , Busam Klaus , Guitart Joan , Laskin William B. , Wagner Annette M. , Gerami Pedram
Published: November 2012

Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) of tendons and aponeuroses, also known as melanoma of soft parts, represents an aggressive rare malignancy that is characterized by a nested or fascicular pattern of spindled cells and a pathognomonic reciprocal translocation, t(12;22)(q13;q12), that results in the fusion of EWSR1 and ATF1 genes. Numerous recent studies have recognized the importance of a cutaneous CCS variant that can mimic a broad spectrum of entities, including spindle cell melanoma, spindle cell squamous carcinoma, cutaneous leiomyosarcoma and atypical fibroxanthoma. We report a case of a 13‐year‐old boy with cutaneous CCS who presented with a few months history of an asymptomatic papule on the lower lip that was suggestive of a mucocele. Biopsy of the lesion showed a wedge shaped neoplasm arranged in nests and fascicles of epithelioid‐ to oval‐shaped cells with pale cytoplasm, open chromatin and prominent nucleolus. The superficial component was closely opposed to the basal epithelium resembling the junctional nests of a melanocytic neoplasm. The process extended into and involved the striated muscle of the lip. The cells expressed S‐100, CD99 and synaptophysin by immunohistochemistry, and there was focal HMB‐45 and microphthalmia transcription factor (MiTF) positivity as well. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of the t(12;22) (ESWR1‐ATF1) translocation.
Early extensive viremia, but not rs8099917 genotype, is the only predictor for cholestatic hepatitis C after living‐donor liver transplantation
Authors: Ikegami Toru , Shirabe Ken , Fukuhara Takasuke , Furusyo Norihiro , Kotoh Kazuhiro , Kato Masaki , Shimoda Shinji , Aishima Shinichi , Soejima Yuji , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: November 2012

Aim

Cholestatic hepatitis C is one of the most serious but still unaddressed disorders after liver transplantation.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed 49 patients who underwent living‐donor liver transplantation (LDLT) to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Results

Five patients developed cholestatic hepatitis C, with total bilirubin of 15.2 ± 3.1 mg/dL at diagnosis 6.2 ± 1.0 weeks after LDLT. Univariate analysis showed that larger graft to standard liver volume ratio, higher HCV RNA titer at 2 weeks, earlier peak HCV RNA titer and cytomegalovirus infection were the significant risk factors. The development of cholestatic hepatitis C was not significantly associated with interleukin‐28B genotype (rs8099917); four out of five affected patients had the T/T genotype. Multivariate analysis showed that higher HCV RNA titer at 2 weeks was the only significant factor (P = 0.026) for the development of cholestatic hepatitis C. Receiver–operator curve analysis showed that that HCV RNA titer of more than 7.2 log10IU/mL was the optimal cut‐off for characterizing cholestatic hepatitis C. All of the patients were serum HCV RNA negative after treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin and all the patients are alive.

Conclusion

Early extensive viremia, but not the rs8099917 genotype, was the only predictor for cholestatic hepatitis C after LDLT.
Expression of c‐Jun and Sox‐2 in human schwannomas and traumatic neuromas
Authors: Shivane Aditya , Parkinson David B , Ammoun Sylwia , Hanemann Clemens O
Published: November 2012

Aims

Schwann cells myelinate axons of the peripheral nervous system. This process of myelination is regulated by various transcription factors. c‐Jun and Sox‐2 are negative regulators of myelination and control Schwann cell differentiation and plasticity. Schwannoma cells within tumours no longer express myelin markers, and show increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis. We have shown previously that several signalling pathways are activated in schwannoma cells in situ, in particular the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Both in vitro and in vivo we have demonstrated that c‐Jun and Sox‐2 are co‐regulated in Schwann cells and evidence shows that both these proteins regulate myelination negatively. In this study, we aimed to characterize the expression of c‐Jun and Sox‐2 in schwannoma and traumatic neuroma.

Methods and results

Immunohistochemistry using antibodies to c‐Jun and Sox‐2 was applied to six schwannomas, and the results were compared with those seen in traumatic neuroma and normal nerve. Increased expression of c‐Jun and Sox‐2 was seen in schwannoma.

Conclusions

We have demonstrated increased expression of c‐Jun and Sox‐2 in schwannoma compared to traumatic neuroma. There was no expression of c‐Jun and Sox‐2 in a histologically normal peripheral nerve.
Primary genome scan for complex body shape‐related traits in the common carp Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Zhang Y. , Wang S. , Li J. , Zhang X. , Jiang L. , Xu P. , Lu C. , Wan Y. , Sun X.
Published: November 2012

To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affect body shape in common carp Cyprinus carpio, a linkage map, 2159·23 cM long, was constructed with a total of 307 markers covering 51 linkage groups (LG). The map included 167 new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from expressed sequence tags (EST) together with 140 microsatellite markers reported earlier. A primary genome scan was conducted for QTL for standard length (LS), head length (LH), body height (HB), body width (WB) and tail length (LTAIL) in an F1 line containing 92 offspring. A total of 15 suggestive QTL on six LGs were found to associate with LS, LH, HB, WB and LTAIL which explained 10·7–17·4% of the variance. Five significant QTL were detected for body‐shape related traits and located for LGs (lg1, 12 and 20). These QTL included: one associated with LS (21·1% variance explained), three for HB (almost 20% variance explained) and one for WB (20·7% variance explained).
Suitability of 10 Hz vertical geophones for seismic noise array measurements based on frequency‐wavenumber and extended spatial autocorrelation analyses
Authors: Rosa‐Cintas S. , Galiana‐Merino J.J. , Rosa‐Herranz J. , Molina S. , Giner‐Caturla J.
Published: November 2012

Microzonation studies using ambient noise measurements constitute a promising way for seismic hazard evaluation in urban areas. Among the existing techniques, seismic noise array measurements have become a valuable tool for estimating Vs profiles and thus, the characteristics of a soil structure. Although methods based on analysis of seismic noise are simpler, cheaper and faster than borehole drilling and down‐hole or cross‐hole logs to derive shear‐wave velocity profiles, array deployment requires the use of several stations (broadband or short‐period sensors) that are not always available. In this paper, we have compared the results obtained by 10 Hz‐vertical‐geophone arrays with the results provided by 1 Hz‐sensor arrays. Two sites in the Bajo Segura Basin (SE Spain), with different soil characteristics, were chosen for array deployment. The comparison is carried out in terms of dispersion curves by using frequency‐wavenumber (f‐k) and extended spatial autocorrelation (ESAC) techniques. Both analyses show a good agreement using either 1 Hz sensors or 10 Hz geophones; moreover, they demonstrate that it is possible to extend the analysis in a frequency range much below the natural frequency of the geophones. The results of our study confirm the suitability of standard seismic refraction/reflection equipment also for ambient noise array measurements, which constitutes a cheaper and faster way for investigating soil characteristics.
Absorption related velocity dispersion below a possible gas hydrate geobody
Authors: Jones Ian F.
Published: November 2012

Velocity dispersion is not usually a problem in surface seismic data processing, as the seismic bandwidth is relatively narrow and thus for most Q values, dispersive effects are not noticeable. However, for highly absorptive bodies, such as the overpressured free gas accumulations associated with some gas hydrates or high‐porosity normally pressured gas sands, dispersive effects may be seen. In this work I analyse one such data set from the offshore north‐east coast of India. I demonstrate that the effect is measurable and that compensating for it in either data processing or migration can improve the wavelet character, as well as delivering an estimate of the effective Q values in the associated geobody. I also raise the question as to whether velocities derived using low‐frequency waveform inversion over such dispersive geobodies are wholly appropriate for migration of full seismic‐bandwidth data.
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) inactivation of foodborne pathogens in low‐acid juices
Authors: Pilavtepe‐Çelik Mutlu
Published: November 2012

Consumption of unpasteurised fruit/vegetable juices has increased in recent years due to their freshness, low calorie contribution and good nutritional quality. However, unpasteurised fresh juices with low acidity (pH > 4.6) and high water activity (aw > 0.85) can support the growth of pathogens. Hence, pasteurisation is a necessary process in the production of low‐acid juices. Consumer demand has required minimally processed high‐quality foods that are free from additives, that are fresh tasting and microbiologically safe, and with an extended shelf life. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment is considered to be an alternative to thermal pasteurisation for fruit and vegetable juices. HHP treatment could preserve nutritional value and the sensory properties of fruits and vegetables due to its limited effect on the covalent bonds of low‐molecular‐mass compounds such as colour, flavour compounds and vitamins. However, inactivation of important foodborne pathogens in low‐acid foods by HHP is most urgent and critical. More research should be performed in order to satisfy consumer demands for fresh‐tasting products while retaining safety.
Functional properties of soy sauce and metabolism genes of strains for fermentation
Authors: Zhao Guozhong , Yao Yunping , Wang Xiaohua , Hou Lihua , Wang Chunling , Cao Xiaohong
Published: November 2012

Soy sauce is considered the most important food condiment in China for its distinct fragrance and salty taste. Highly valued for its unique tastes and flavours, soy sauce exhibits many beneficial functions, such as 4‐hydroxy‐2(or 5)‐ethyl‐5(or 2)‐methyl‐3(2H)‐furanone and 4‐ethylguaiacol. Soy sauce has been widely used in Asian countries for cooking. With the rapidly growing popularity of these unique tastes and flavours, it is important to have a comprehensive reference of its functional benefits. Meanwhile, the genes encoding the major enzymes of metabolism exhibit specialised roles. This review provides a valuable source for the abundant metabolism genes of strains and current knowledge on antioxidant activity, antihypertensive effect, anticarcinogenic activity, fortification and their relationships with soy sauce tastes and flavours.
Odour‐active compounds in pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merril cv. Red Spanish)
Authors: Pino Jorge A.
Published: November 2012

Application of solid‐phase microextraction, simultaneous distillation–extraction and liquid–liquid extraction combined with GC‐FID, GC‐MS, aroma extract dilution analysis, and odour activity value was used to analyse volatile compounds from pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merril cv. Red Spanish) and to estimate the most odour‐active compounds. The analyses led to the identification of ninety‐four compounds, seventy‐two of them were positively identified. Twenty odorants were considered as odour‐active compounds, from which ethyl 2‐methylbutanoate, 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐3(2H)‐furanone, 1‐(E,Z,Z)‐3,5,8‐undecatetraene, ethyl 3‐(methylthio)propanoate, 1‐(E,Z)‐3,5‐undecatriene, ethyl hexanoate and methyl hexanoate were the most odour contributors and contribute to the typical pineapple aroma, while the others are responsible for fruity and sweet odour notes.
Gene therapy for lower urinary tract dysfunction
Authors: Yoshimura Naoki , Miyazato Minoru , Sasaki Katsumi , Yokoyama Hitoshi , Oguchi Tomohiko , Chancellor Michael B , Funahashi Yasuhito
Published: November 2012

Lower urinary tract dysfunction is caused by functional and pathophysiological alterations of the peripheral organs, including the urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle, as well as peripheral and central nervous systems. Recent research in this field has increased our understanding of the mechanisms of lower urinary tract dysfunction, and new drugs have been developed, leading to increased treatment options and changing medical care for lower urinary tract symptoms. Nevertheless, clinicians still often experience refractory and treatment‐resistant cases against conventional therapeutic modalities. For such cases, gene therapy targeting for the lower urinary tract and its afferent pathway is anticipated to offer a new therapeutic approach. Therefore, in this article, we review the possibility and current status of gene therapy for lower urinary tract dysfunction.
Novel management to enhance spider biodiversity in existing grass buffer strips
Authors: Blake Robin J. , Woodcock Ben A. , Westbury Duncan B. , Sutton Peter , Potts Simon G.
Published: November 2012

Grass buffer strips have been widely sown to mitigate against intensive agricultural management practices that have negatively impacted on invertebrate and plant biodiversity in arable farming systems. Typically, such strips are floristically species poor and are dominated by grasses. In the present study, we developed management practices to enhance the floristic and structural diversity of these existing strips for the benefit of spiders, a key provider of natural pest control in crops.

Across three UK arable farms, we investigated the benefits of: (i) scarification to create germination niches into which wildflower seeds were sown and (ii) the effect of graminicide applications to suppress grass dominance. Spiders were sampled twice per year (July and September) during 2008 and 2009.

The combination of scarification with wildflower seeds, as well as graminicide, resulted in the greatest wildflower cover and lowest grass cover, with a general trend of increased abundance of adult and juvenile spiders. The abundance of Pachygnatha degeeri, Bathyphantes gracilis and juvenile wolf spiders of the genus Pardosa was positively correlated with wildflower cover, probably reflecting increased prey availability. Sward structure was negatively correlated with Erigone atra, Oedothorax fuscus and juvenile Pardosa abundance.

Management that utilizes existing commonly adopted agri‐environment options, such as grass buffer strips, represents a potentially important conservation tool for increasing the quantity and quality of invertebrate habitats. This can maximize opportunities for the provision of multiple ecosystem services, including pest regulation by predators such as spiders. These management practices have the potential to be incorporated into existing U.K. and European agri‐environment schemes.
Elective segmental ureterectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter: long‐term follow‐up in a series of 73 patients
Authors: Simonato Alchiede , Varca V. , Gregori A. , Benelli A. , Ennas M. , Lissiani A. , Gacci M. , De Stefani S. , Rosso M. , Benvenuto S. , Siena G. , Belgrano E. , Gaboardi F. , Carini M. , Bianchi G. , Carmignani G.
Published: November 2012

Study Type – Therapy (outcome)

Level of Evidence 2b

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Upper Urinary Tract (UUT) Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) is an uncommon disease and represents approximately 5% of all urothelial carcinomas. We report our series on 73 patients treated with Kidney Sparing Surgery for UUT TCC. Good results have been achieved in terms of oncological outcome comparing this conservative approach to the radical nephrourectomy.

OBJECTIVES

To report the long‐term oncological outcome in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter electively treated with kidney‐sparing surgery.

To compare our data with the few series reported in the literature.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We considered 73 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the distal ureter treated in five Italian Departments of Urology.

The following surgeries were carried out: 38 reimplantations on psoas hitch bladder (52%), 21 end‐to‐end anastomoses (28.8%), 11 direct ureterocystoneostomies (15.1%) and three reimplantations on Boari flap bladder (4.1%).

The median follow‐up was 87 months.

RESULTS

Tumours were pTa in 42.5% of patients, pT1 in 31.5%, pT2 in 17.8% and pT3 in 8.2%.

Recurrence of bladder urothelial carcinoma was found in 10 patients (13.7%) after a median time of 28 months.

The bladder recurrence‐free survival at 5 years was 82.2%.

The overall survival at 5 years was 85.3% and the cancer‐specific survival rate at 5 years was 94.1%.

CONCLUSION

Our data show that segmental ureterectomy procedures do not result in worse cancer control compared with data in the literature regarding nephroureterectomy.