bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: IBX: A Novel and Versatile Oxidant for Electrophilic Thiocyanation of Indoles, Pyrrole and Arylamines.
Authors: Yadav Jhillu S. , Reddy Basi V. Subba , Krishna B. Bala Murali
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simplified Approach to the Regiospecific Synthesis of Trichloromethylpyrazolines Using Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Martins Marcos A. P. , Muraro Paulo , Beck Paulo , Machada Pablo , Frizzo Clarissa P. , Zanatta Nilo , Bonacorso Helio G.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]benzothiazoles and 9H‐Imidazo[1,2‐a][1,3]benzimidazoles under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Sheibani Esmail , Zhu Long‐Guan , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 5‐Benzoyloxazolines by Regio‐ and Stereo‐Controlled Reaction of N‐Substituted 2‐Benzoylaziridines under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Samimi Heshmat A. , Mamaghani Manouchehr , Tabatabaeian Khalil
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Aminosubstituted Isothiazole S‐Oxides and Their 5‐Sulfanylsubstituted Derivatives.
Authors: Casoni Alessandro , Clerici Francesca , Contini Alessandro , Pellegrino Sara , Sala Alessandro
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Iminoisothiochroman Derivatives Based on Reactions of 2‐Lithio‐β‐methoxystyrene Derivatives with Isothiocyanates Followed by Acid‐Mediated Cyclization.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Nakai Daisuke , Hayashi Kazutaka , Konishi Hisatoshi
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Synthesis and Evaluation of Enantiomers of 7‐Methyl‐2‐exo‐(3′‐iodo‐5′‐pyridinyl)‐7‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane as Stereoselective Ligands for PET Imaging of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors.
Authors: Gao Yongjun , Horti Andrew G. , Kuwabara Hiroto , Ravert Hayden T. , Holt Daniel P. , Kumar Anil , Alexander Mohab , Wong Dean F. , Dannals Robert F.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis of Aza‐phthalimidine Hydroxylactams.
Authors: Fan Bolin , Liu Zenglu , Tang Mei , Xu Yun , Tang Xiaowei , Mao Zhenmin
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Imino Diels—Alder Reactions: Efficient Synthesis of Pyrano and Furanoquinolines Catalyzed by Antimony (III) Sulfate.
Authors: Goudar Mahesh A. , Jayadevappa Honnali , Sudhakara Aralihalli , Mahadevan Kittappa M.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Click Reaction: Highly Efficient Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Shaabani Ahmad , Maleki Ali , Mofakham Hamid
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gallium(III) Triflate Catalyzed Synthesis of Quinoxaline Derivatives.
Authors: Cai Jing‐Jing , Zou Jian‐Ping , Pan Xiang‐Qiang , Zhang Wei
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl (5‐Oxo‐2‐thioxo[1,3,4]thiadiazinan‐6‐ylidene)acetates by the Reaction of N‐Aminorhodanine, Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates, and Triphenylphosphine.
Authors: Anary‐Abbasinejad Mohammad , Mosslemin Mohammad H. , Hassanabadi Alireza , Tabatabaee Masoumeh
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐1‐alkenylboronates via Phosphine Stabilized Borylzirconacyclopropenes.
Authors: Al Quntar Abed Al Aziz , Botvinik Alina , Rubinstein Abraham , Srebnik Morris
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐State Synthesis of 1,3‐Selenazoles Employing CuPy2Cl2 as a Lewis Acid Catalyst.
Authors: Madhav J. Venu , Kuarm B. Suresh , Rajitha B.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Furanoeremophilanes and Other Constituents of Pittocaulon bombycophole
Authors: Maldonado R. Jhon Ironzi , Arciniegas Amira , Perez‐Castorena Ana‐L. , Villasenor Jose Luis , de Vivar Alfonso Romo
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Formation of an Oxetane Cycle by Oxidation of Diacetonide of 20‐Hydroxyecdysone with Oxygen in an Alkaline Medium.
Authors: Odinokov Victor N. , Galyautdinov Ilgiz V. , Ibragimova Aliya Sh. , Veskina Natalya A. , Khalilov Leonard M. , Dolgushin Fedor M. , Starikova Zoya A.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Steroidal Mimics of Estrogens Using Wittig and McMurry Reactions.
Authors: Gupta Atul , Ray Suprabhat
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy‐α‐amino Acids with a Reengineered Alanine Racemase.
Authors: Fesko Kateryna , Giger Lars , Hilvert Donald
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Ureido‐Linked Glycosylated Amino Acids from Nα‐Fmoc‐Asp/Glu‐5‐oxazolidinones and Their Application to Neoglycopeptide Synthesis.
Authors: Sureshbabu Vommina V. , Venkataramanarao Rao , Naik Shankar A. , Narendra N.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Target‐Selective Photo‐Degradation of HIV‐1 Protease by a Fullerene‐Sugar Hybrid.
Authors: Tanimoto Shuho , Sakai Satoshi , Matsumura Shuichi , Takahashi Daisuke , Toshima Kazunobu
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Arabino Glycosyl Triazoles as Potential Inhibitors of Mycobacterial Cell Wall Biosynthesis.
Authors: Wilkinson Brendan L. , Long Hilary , Sim Edith , Fairbanks Antony J.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Cyclization Route to the Skeletons of Lennoxamine and Chilenine.
Authors: Kim Guncheol , Lee Ki Youn , Yoo Chul‐Hwan
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chaetoglobins A and B, Two Unusual Alkaloids from Endophytic Chaetomium Globosum Culture.
Authors: Ge Hui Ming , Zhang Wei Yun , Ding Gang , Saparpakorn Patchareenart , Song Yong Chun , Hannongbua Supa , Tan Ren Xiang
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Deoxocuscohygrine (Ia) and (‐)‐Dihydrocuscohygrine (Ib).
Authors: Yamauchi Takayasu , Hagiwara Sachi , Higashiyama Kimio
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies of the Egyptian Traditional Folk Medicines. Part 4. New Isoflavonoid Isolated from Egyptian Licorice
Authors: Baba Masaki , Sumi Sakiko , Iwasaki Noriaki , Kai Hisahiro , Sakano Masami , Okada Yoshihito , Okuyama Toru
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Flexible Total Synthesis of Biphenomycin B.
Authors: Waldmann Herbert , He Yu‐Peng , Tan Hao , Arve Lars , Arndt Hans‐Dieter
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Palladium‐Mediated Cascade Cyclization Approach to the CDE Cores of Rubriflordilactone A and Lancifodilactone G.
Authors: Cordonnier Marie‐Caroline A. , Kan S. B. Jennifer , Anderson Edward A.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Modular and Organocatalytic Approach to γ‐Butyrolactone Autoregulators from Streptomycetes.
Authors: Elsner Petteri , Jiang Hao , Nielsen Johanne B. , Pasi Filippo , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cathepsin B Inhibitory Activities of Three New Phthalate Derivatives Isolated from Seahorse, Hippocampus Kuda Bleeler,
Authors: Li Yong , Qian Zhong‐Ji , Kim Se‐Kwon
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Langmuir—Blodgettry of Nanocrystals and Nanowires
Authors: Tao Andrea R. , Huang Jiaxing , Yang Peidong
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Aspects of Carrier Multiplication in Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Authors: McGuire John A. , Joo Jin , Pietryga Jeffrey M. , Schaller Richard D. , Klimov Victor I.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fullerenes as a New Type of Ligands for Transition Metals
Authors: Sokolov V. I.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: DTBS Effect: The Unique Sterically Driven Director for α‐Galactosylation
Authors: Imamura Akihiro , Ando Hiromune , Ishida Hideharu , Kiso Makoto
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Lewis Base‐Catalyzed, Stereoselective, Tandem Aldol β‐ and γ‐Lactonizations
Authors: Purohit Vikram C. , Matla Andrea S. , Romo Daniel
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Mediated Strategies Toward Lignans and Related Natural Compounds
Authors: Bouyssi D. , Monteiro N. , Balme G.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Connecting Heterocycles via a Catalyzed Lithiation
Authors: Foubelo Francisco , Garcia Daniel , Moreno Benjamin , Yus Miguel
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: ATP‐Noncompetitive Inhibitors of CDK—Cyclin Complexes
Authors: Orzaez Mar , Gortat Anna , Mondragon Laura , Bachs Oriol , Perez‐Paya Enrique
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclodextrins as Drug Carrier Molecule: A Review
Authors: Arun Rasheed , Ashok Kumar C. K. , Sravanthi V. V. N. S. S.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Exceptional Selectivity in Cyclopropanation Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Cobalt(II)—Porphyrin Catalysts
Authors: Doyle Michael P.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Monosaccharides and Analogues. Part 3. Monosaccharides from Simple Achiral Unsaturated Compounds
Authors: Robina Inmaculada , Vogel Pierre
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycosyl Oxygen Compounds (Di‐ and Oligosaccharides)
Authors: Demchenko A. V. , De Meo C.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: MicroRNAs Repress Mainly Through mRNA Decay
Authors: Esslinger Stephanie , Foerstemann Klaus
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Biochemistry of Drug Metabolism — An Introduction. Part 6. Inter‐Individual Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism
Authors: Kraemer Stefanie D. , Testa Bernard
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanomedicine—Challenge and Perspectives
Authors: Riehemann Kristina , Schneider Stefan W. , Luger Thomas A. , Godin Biana , Ferrari Mauro , Fuchs Harald
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fine Tuning the N‐Terminal Residue Excision with Methionine Analogues
Authors: Wiltschi Birgit , Merkel Lars , Budisa Nediljko
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Nuclear Polarization: New Experimental and Methodology Approaches and Applications in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Medicine
Authors: Prisner Thomas , Kockenberger Walter
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Kinesin‐5 in Drosophila embryo mitosis: Sliding filament or spindle matrix mechanism?
Authors: Scholey Jonathan M.
Published: March 2009

The Drosophila syncytial embryo uses multiple astral mitotic spindles that are specialized for rapid mitosis. The homotetrameric kinesin‐5, KLP61F contributes to various aspects of mitosis in this system, all of which are consistent with it exerting outward forces on spindle poles. In principle, kinesin‐5 could accomplish this by (i) sliding microtubules (MTs), minus end leading, relative to a static spindle matrix or (ii) crosslinking and sliding apart adjacent pairs of antiparallel interpolar (ip) MTs. Here, I critically review data on the biochemistry of purified KLP61F, its localization and dynamic properties within spindles, and quantitative modeling of KLP61F function. While a matrix‐based mechanism may operate in some systems, the work tends to support the latter “sliding filament” mechanism for KLP61F action in Drosophila embryo spindles. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Modelling, and Antimitotic Properties of Tricyclic Systems Characterised by a 2‐(5‐Phenyl‐1H‐pyrrol‐3‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole Moiety
Authors: Pinna Gérard A. , Murineddu Gabriele , Murruzzu Caterina , Zuco Valentina , Zunino Franco , Cappelletti Graziella , Artali Roberto , Cignarella Giorgio , Solano Lucrezia , Villa Stefania
Published: March 2009

Antitumour activity was observed in a series of tricyclic compounds characterised by a 2‐(1H‐pyrrol‐3‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole moiety with various substitutions. Their synthesis and antiproliferative activity toward a panel of human tumour cell lines is described. The most interesting compounds 1 c and 4 c were selected for further evaluation to elucidate their possible mechanism of action.

magnified image

Interesting antitumour activity was observed in a series of tricyclic compounds characterised by the presence of a 2‐(1H‐pyrrol‐3‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole moiety that is variously substituted. Their synthesis and antiproliferative activity toward a panel of human tumour cell lines is described. The two most interesting compounds were selected for further evaluation to elucidate their possible mechanism of action. Analysis of cell cycle, tubulin polymerisation, modulation of mitotic markers of the M phase, and apoptosis showed that antimitotic activity is the primary mechanism of the cytotoxic effects of these compounds. Experiments performed on isolated tubulin confirmed that the compounds act by inducing tubulin polymerisation, like taxanes. The binding model against tubulin was also examined by molecular modelling and docking. The results support the proposed binding model, which is able to explain the activity of the oxadiazole derivatives on the basis of their docking energy.
Copolymerization of Divinylsilyl‐11‐silicotungstic Acid with Butyl Acrylate and Hexanediol Diacrylate: Synthesis of a Highly Proton‐Conductive Membrane for Fuel‐Cell Applications
Authors: Horan James L. , Genupur Anitha , Ren Hui , Sikora Benjamin J. , Kuo Mei‐Chen , Meng Fanqin , Dec Steven F. , Haugen Gregory M. , Yandrasits Michael A. , Hamrock Steven J. , Frey Matthew H. , Herring Andrew M.
Published: March 2009

Highly conducive to high conductivity: Polyoxometalates were incorporated in the backbone of a hydrocarbon polymer to produce proton‐conducting films. These first‐generation materials contain large, dispersed clusters of polyoxometalates. Although the morphology of these films is not yet optimal, they already demonstrate practical proton conductivities and proton diffusion within the clusters appears to be very high.

magnified image
Kinetics of CHO AL mutant expression after treatment with γ radiation, EMS, and asbestos
Authors: Keysar Stephen B. , Fox Michael H.
Published: March 2009

The flow cytometry mutation assay (FCMA) uses hybrid CHO AL cells to measure mutations of the cd59 gene located on human chromosome 11 by the absence of fluorochrome‐conjugated antibody binding to the CD59 surface antigen. Mutant expression peaks between 6 and 12 days, then decreases to a stable plateau, instead of a constant mutant fraction obtained by clonogenic assays. To evaluate this variable mutant expression time, cells were treated with radiation, EMS or asbestos and cell proliferation and survival were measured at times leading up to peak mutant expression. Potential doubling time (Tpot) values increased by at least 75% for each agent by 3 h after treatment but returned to control levels after only 3 days. Survival returned to 90% of control within a week, close to the peak expression day for all three agents. The survival of CD59− cells sorted on the peak day of expression was roughly half that of CD59+ cells. Cloned EMS‐treated CD59− cells had a doubling time of 16.7 vs. 14.1 h for CD59+ cells. Triple mutants (CD59−/CD44−/CD90−) were preferentially lost from the population over time, while the proportion of CD59−/CD90− mutants increased. In conclusion, the peak day of mutant expression occurs only when cells recover from the toxic effects of the mutagen. A fraction of cells originally quantified as mutants are lost over time due to lethal deletions and slower growth. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Human self‐protein CD8+ T‐cell epitopes are both positively and negatively selected
Authors: Almani Michal , Raffaeli Shai , Vider‐Shalit Tal , Tsaban Lea , Fishbain Vered , Louzoun Yoram
Published: March 2009

The cellular immune system recognizes self‐epitopes in the context of MHC‐I molecules. The immunological general view presumes that these self‐epitopes are just a background, both positively and negatively selecting T cells. We here estimate the number of epitopes in each human protein for many frequent HLA alleles, and a score representing over or under presentation of epitopes on these proteins. We further show that there is a clear selection for the presentation of specific self‐protein types. Proteins presenting many epitopes include, for example, autoimmune regulator (AIRE) upregulated tissue‐specific antigens, immune system receptors and proteins with a high expression level. On the other hand, proteins that may be considered less “useful” for the immune system, such as low expression level proteins, are under‐presented. We combine our epitope estimate with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) measures to show that this selection can be directly observed through the fraction of non‐synonymous SNP (replacement fraction), which is significantly higher inside epitopes than outside.
Negative feedback regulation of IL‐32 production by iNOS activation in response to dsRNA or influenza virus infection
Authors: Li Wei , Yang Fang , Liu Yan , Gong Rui , Liu Li , Feng Yong , Hu Pan , Sun Wei , Hao Qian , Kang Lei , Wu Jianguo , Zhu Ying
Published: March 2009

iNOS plays an important role in mediating inflammation. In this study, we found that iNOS‐derived NO was increased 2.4‐fold in the serum samples of 101 patients infected with influenza A virus in comparison with samples of 105 healthy individuals. In A549 human lung epithelial cells, infection with influenza A virus or stimulation with poly(I:C)+IFN‐γ resulted in increased mRNA and protein levels of both IL‐32 and iNOS, with subsequent release of NO. Over‐expression of IL‐32 resulted in upregulated iNOS expression with subsequent NO production. Knock down of IL‐32 by IL‐32‐specific siRNA resulted in the inhibition of dsRNA‐induced expression of iNOS and NO release, indicating that IL‐32 is an upstream regulatory factor of dsRNA‐triggered iNOS production. Surprisingly, over‐expression of iNOS resulted in the reduction of IL‐32 expression, and suppression of iNOS by the selective iNOS inhibitor S‐methylisothiourea sulfate stimulated IL‐32 expression, indicating that a negative feedback mechanism operates between the iNOS/NO and IL‐32 systems. These findings suggest that influenza A virus infection activates IL‐32 and iNOS expression by a heretofore unrecognized complex mechanism, in which the two pro‐inflammatory factors regulate each other, involving positive and negative feedback regulatory loops.
Synergy‐inducing chemokines enhance CCR2 ligand activities on monocytes
Authors: Kuscher Katrin , Danelon Gabriela , Paoletti Samantha , Stefano Luisa , Schiraldi Milena , Petkovic Vibor , Locati Massimo , Gerber Basil O. , Uguccioni Mariagrazia
Published: March 2009

The migration of monocytes to sites of inflammation is largely determined by their response to chemokines. Although the chemokine specificities and expression patterns of chemokine receptors are well defined, it is still a matter of debate how cells integrate the messages provided by different chemokines that are concomitantly produced in physiological or pathological situations in vivo. We present evidence for one regulatory mechanism of human monocyte trafficking. Monocytes can integrate stimuli provided by inflammatory chemokines in the presence of homeostatic chemokines. In particular, migration and cell responses could occur at much lower concentrations of the CCR2 agonists, in the presence of chemokines (CCL19 and CCL21) that per se do not act on monocytes. Binding studies on CCR2+ cells showed that CCL19 and CCL21 do not compete with the CCR2 agonist CCL2. Furthermore, the presence of CCL19 or CCL21 could influence the degradation of CCL2 and CCL7 on cells expressing the decoy receptor D6. These findings disclose a new scenario to further comprehend the complexity of chemokine‐based monocyte trafficking in a vast variety of human inflammatory disorders.
Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of Planar‐Chiral Bisferrocenes
Authors: Enders Dieter , Jonas Eric Alexander , Klumpen Thomas
Published: March 2009

SAMP auxiliary‐derived monosubstituted diferrocenyl ketones have been subjected to ortho‐metalation/functionalization reactions to prepare chiral disubstituted bisferrocenes. The reactions proceeded in low to moderate yields (20–54 %) and excellent stereoselectivities (97 – ≥ 99 % ee, ≥ 96 % de), however low regio‐selectivities were obtained in several cases. Monosubstituted bisferrocenes, containing only a planar‐chiral element, were excellent substrates in the same ortho‐metalation/functionalization reaction affording disubstituted bisferrocenes in moderate to excellent yields (39–99 %) and generally excellent levels of asymmetric induction (≥96 % de) with complete regiocontrol. The synthesis of related methylene‐bridged mono‐ and di‐substituted diferrocenyl ligands containing N‐, O‐, P‐ and/or S‐donor atoms is also described.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Sensitivity of runoff and soil erosion to climate change in two Mediterranean watersheds. Part I: model parameterization and evaluation
Authors: Nunes J. P. , Seixas J. , Keizer J. J. , Ferreira A. J. D.
Published: March 2009

Climate change is expected to effect storm runoff and erosion processes in Mediterranean watersheds at multiple spatial scales. Models are typically applied to estimate these impacts; however, the scarcity of spatially distributed data for parameterization, calibration and validation often prevents application of these models, particularly for larger catchments. This report, the first part of a two‐part article, presents an application and evaluation of the MEFIDIS model for two Mediterranean meso‐scale watersheds (115 and 290 km2) in a data‐scarce environment. A multi‐scale assessment method was used that combines quantitative validation and qualitative evaluation, consisting of three steps: (1) calibration at the small (field) scale using results from rainfall simulation experiments; (2) calibration and validation for catchment‐scale results while changing catchment‐scale parameters only (channel roughness and a parameter controlling the distribution of saturated areas); and (3) qualitative evaluation of within‐watershed erosion processes using empirical estimates of sediment delivery ratio and gully location. The results indicate that calibrating MEFIDIS at the field scale can provide reasonable results for catchment runoff and sediment export and for within‐watershed erosion processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metallation and reaction of 4,5‐dicyanoimidazoles with alkyllithium reagents
Authors: Apen Paul G. , Rasmussen Paul G.
Published: March 2009

The conditions required for selective lithiation at the 2‐position of 4,5‐dicyanoimidazoles are described in detail. The course of the reaction of alkyllithium reagents with 4,5‐dicyanoimidazoles depends on the temperature, the number of equivalents of alkyllithium and whether the 1‐nitrogen is protected. Under certain circumstances, the alkyllithium reagent adds to one of the cyano groups giving cyanoimidazole ketones.
Studies on pyridonecarboxylic acids . 2. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 8‐substituted‐7‐fluoro‐5‐oxo‐5H‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]quinoline‐4‐carboxylic acids
Authors: Segawa Jun , Kitano Masahiko , Kazuno Kenji , Tsuda Masami , Shirahase Ichiro , Ozaki Masakuni , Matsuda Masato , Kise Masahiro
Published: March 2009

A series of 8‐substituted‐7‐fluoro‐5‐oxo‐5H‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]quinoline‐4‐carboxylic acids was prepared and evaluated for antibacterial activity. These compounds were synthesized from ethyl 2‐mercaptoquinoline‐3‐carboxylates 17 which were obtained from anilines 11 by a route involving an intramolecular cyclization reaction.
Synthesis and γ‐radiolysis of 2′‐deoxy‐5‐fluorouridine and 5‐fluorouridine derivatives
Authors: Kuroda Tokuyuki , Hisamura Koji , Matsukuma Ikuo , Nishikawa Hiroshi , Morimoto Makoto , Ashizawa Tadashi , Nakamizo Nobuhiro , Otsuji Yoshio
Published: March 2009

Seventeen compounds having a variety of substituents at the 3‐ and 5′‐positions of 2′‐deoxy‐5‐fluorouridine (5‐FUdR) and 5‐fluorouridine (5‐FUR) were synthesized, and their γ‐radiolysis in aqueous solutions were studied. The compounds having thioureido (RNHCSNH, R  H, PhCH2, acyl) and thiocarbonylamino (XCSNH, X  PhCH2S, PhO) groups at the 3‐position of 5‐FUdR were efficiently cleaved to give 5‐FUdR with high G values upon γ‐irradiation of their aqueous solutions. The active species for these cleavage reactions were hydrated electron (e− aq), H• and HO•. However, the compounds having a dimethylsulfoxyimino group at 3‐position of 5‐FUdR and 5‐FUR afforded 5‐FUdR and 5‐FUR only under the radiolysis conditions where e− aq becomes a principal active species. The compound having a 2‐benzoylthiazoylthiocarbonylamino group at the 3‐position of 5‐FUdR showed the highest reactivity toward HO.. The mechanisms of these γ‐radiolysis reactions are discussed. The examination of anticellular activities of γ‐irradiated compounds having a thiocarbonylamino group at the 3‐position of 5‐FUdR toward murine Sarcoma 180 cells revealed that these compounds may be utilized as a candidate for a radiation‐induced drug (RID).
Studies on quinones. Part 23. Synthesis of azepinones fused to quinone systems
Authors: Valderrama J. A. , Pessoa‐Mahana H. , Tapia R.
Published: March 2009

The Diels‐Alder reactions of 3,4‐dihydro‐5H‐1‐benzazepine‐2,6,9‐trione 1 with butadiene, cyclopentadiene, 1‐(E)‐trimethylsiloxybutadiene 4, and methacrolein dimethylhydrazone are described. Cycloaddition with the unsymmetrical dienes 4 and 18 occurs regiospecifically affording 5 and 19 respectively. The structure of 5 was established through naphthazepine 13 by comparison of its 1H nmr with model compounds. The probable course of cycloaddition with 1‐azadiene 18 is analyzed considering the polarization of azadiene 18 and the behavior of quinone 1 in the reaction with 4. Michael addition of quinone 1 with isobutenylmorpholine 23 which afforded exclusively the cyclic O,N‐acetal 24 or 25 and its convertion to benzepinquinone 26 or 27 is also reported.
Functionalisation of 1,2,3‐triazole via lithiation of 1‐[2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole
Authors: Holzer Wolfgang , Ruso Karina
Published: March 2009

The preparation of a number of 5‐substituted 1‐[2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazoles via reaction of 1‐[2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole with n‐butyllithium followed by addition of various electrophiles is reported. Removal of the protecting group by action of diluted aqueous hydrochloric acid or by tetrabutylammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran leads to the appropriate 4‐substituted 1H‐1,2,3‐triazoles.
Reactions of 4‐aminocycloheptimidazoles with alkyl iodides, acyl chlorides, and α‐haloketones
Authors: Ishida Noritoshi , Imafuku Kimiaki , Kurihara Teruo
Published: March 2009

The reactions of 4‐amino‐2‐phenylcycloheptimidazole with alkyl iodides and α‐bromoketones gave respectively 1‐alkyl‐ and 1‐acetonyl‐ (or 1‐phenacyl)‐substituted cycloheptimidazol‐4(1H)‐ones, while the reactions with acyl chlorides gave 4‐arylamino‐2‐phenylcycloheptimidazoles. On the other hand, 2,4‐diaminocycloheptimidazole were benzoylated with benzoyl chloride on the amino group at the 2‐ and/or 4‐position and reacted with α‐haloketones to give tricyclic 2‐substituted 9‐aminocyclohept[d]imidazo[1,2‐a]imidazoles.
Synthesis and crystal structure of piperidinium 2‐aryl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridinides and their neutralization to 2‐aryl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines
Authors: Hadi Alí , Martín Nazario , Seoane Carlos , Soto José L. , Albert Armando , Cano Félix
Published: March 2009

A one step synthesis of novel piperidinium 2‐aryl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridinides 6 from 2′‐benzoyl‐2‐cyanoacetohydrazide (2) and α‐substituted cinnamonitriles 3 is described. The reaction takes place by 6‐exodig cyclization followed by an 5‐exo‐trig process to afford salts 6. The X‐ray diffraction of compound 6a reveal that the cation is strongly linked to the anion by hydrogen bonds and a characteristic partial stacking motive. 2‐Aryl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines were obtained from salts 6 by treatment with hydrochloric acid.
Isoindole derivatives from 2‐isonicotinoyl‐acetophenone with ammonia and its derivatives
Authors: Nan'Ya Seiko , Kitahara Takeo , Kuroda Taro , Butsugan Yasuo
Published: March 2009

2‐Isonicotinoylacetophenone (1) reacts with aqueous ammonia in the presence of acid to produce the deep blue 3‐(4‐pyridyl)‐1‐[3‐(4‐pyridyl)‐1H ‐1‐isoindolylidenemethyl]‐2H‐isoindole which changed to the deep bluish green adduct showing the wavelength maximum at 744 nm by treating with methyl iodide. From the reaction of 1 and glycine or its methyl ester the red 3,3′‐di‐(4‐pyridyl)‐1,1′‐vinylenebis(2H‐2‐isoindoleacetic acid) or its derivative were obtained respectively.
A new approach to the synthesis of pyridazino[4,5‐c]pyridazinones
Authors: Yamasaki Tetsuo , Yoshihara Yuji , Okamoto Yoshinari , Okawara Tadashi , Furukawa Mitsuru
Published: March 2009

The reaction of 5‐hydrazinopyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones 1 with α‐keto diester 2 in acetic acid afforded the corresponding 4,6‐dihydropyridazino[4,5‐c]pyridazin‐5(1H)‐ones 3 and pyrrolo[2,3‐d)pyridazin‐4(5H)‐ones 4. Compounds 3 were also obtained from 4‐bromo‐5‐hydrazinopyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones 8 and 2 under milder conditions. 5‐Bromo‐4‐hydrazinopyridazin‐3(2H)‐one 9, the regioisomer of 8b, also reacted readily with 2a to give 4,7‐dihydropyridazino[4,5‐c]pyridazin‐8(1H)‐one 10b, the regioisomer of 3b.
2‐Trifluoroacetyl‐1‐methoxycycloalkenes: A convenient precursor for the synthesis of geminated polymethylene trifluoromethyl substituted heterocycles
Authors: Bonacorso Helio Gauze , Costa Michelle Budke , Cechinel Cleber André , Sehnem Ronan Carlo , Martins Marcos Antonio Pinto , Zanatta Nilo
Published: March 2009

magnified image

This article describes the methodology that allows the simultaneous introduction of a trifluoromethyl group and a 7‐, 8‐, and 10‐membered cycloalkane ring fused to heterocyclic derivatives. A series of 10 geminated polymethylene trifluoromethyl substituted isoxazolines, pyrazoles, pyrimidinones, and a pyrazolyl‐quinoline were obtained in moderate to good yields from the reaction of three 2‐trifluoroacetyl‐1‐methoxycycloalkenes derived from cycloheptanone, cyclooctanone, and cyclododecanone with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, hydrazine hydrochloride, urea, and 7‐chloro‐4‐hydrazinoquinoline. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Analysis of local wind systems in the Caen region (Lower Normandy, France)
Authors: Dudouit Fichet A. , Quénol H. , Planchon O. , Douvinet J.
Published: March 2009

The Caen region is regularly subjected to land‐ and sea‐breeze circulations in the summer period due to its coastal location. In order to comprehend this phenomenon, we referred to the weather data of the national network stations (Météo‐France) as well as field campaigns adapted to fine scales. This article suggests a new assessment of spatiotemporal variability of sea breeze and other local flows in relation to topography and land use in the Caen region. In collaboration with the Association for air quality monitoring and information in Normandy (Air C.o.m.), the aim of this local climatology assessment is to better understand the impact of local winds on spatiotemporal variability of pollution. The results will eventually contribute to improving the air quality monitoring plan currently developed on the Norman coastline in the summer period. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The intramolecular charge transfer in a donor–π–acceptor dianion probed by resonance Raman spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Ando Rômulo A. , Borin Antonio C. , Santos Paulo S.
Published: March 2009

The dideprotonation of 4‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)resorcinol generates an anionic species with substantial electronic π delocalization. As compared to the parent neutral species, the anionic first excited electronic transition, characterized as an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) from the CO− groups to the NO2 moiety, shows a drastic red shift of ca. 200 nm in the λmax in the UV‐vis spectrum, leading to one of the lowest ICT energies observed (λmax = 630 nm in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) in this class of push‐pull molecular systems. Concomitantly, a threefold increase in the molar absorptivity (εmax) in comparison to the neutral species is observed. The resonance Raman enhancement profiles reveal that in the neutral species the chromophore involves several modes, as ν(CN), ν(NN), ν(CC) and νs(NO2), whereas in the dianion, there is a selective enhancement of the NO2 vibrational modes. The quantum chemical calculations of the electronic transitions and vibrational wavenumbers led to a consistent analysis of the enhancement patterns observed in the resonance Raman spectra. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of ginger proteases and their potential as a rennin replacement
Authors: Su Hou‐Pin , Huang Mei‐Ju , Wang Han‐Tsung
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) contains ginger proteases and has proteolytic activity. Ginger proteases have been used for tenderizing meat but rarely for milk clotting. The purpose of this study was to purify ginger proteases and to research their biochemical characteristics.

RESULTS: The milk clotting activity (MCA) and proteolytic activity (PA) of the proteases was stable after storage at 4 °C for 24 h. The MCA and PA of fresh ginger juice with 0.2% L‐ascorbic acid remained stable for 6 days at 4 °C. When under storage at −80 °C for 2 months, the MCA and PA of the fresh ginger juice and acetone precipitate were still high. Two peaks with protease activity were purified from a DEAE FF ion‐exchange column; the specific activity (units mg−1 protein) of the MCA (MCSA) and PA (PSA) for the first peak was significantly higher than the second peak (P < 0.05). The protease activity of the ginger proteases was significantly inhibited by E‐64, leupeptin, and iodoacetic acid. Zymography results showed that two protease fractions purified from ginger juice with 62 and 82 kDa had a higher PA against α‐ and β‐casein than against κ‐casein.

CONCLUSION: The ascorbic acid addition significantly stabilized the MCA and PA of ginger proteases. The protease inhibition test suggested that ginger proteases belonged to the cysteine type. The biochemical characteristics of ginger protease described in this paper can provide useful information for making new milk curd products. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry