bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structure of Domains 3 and 4 of Rat CD4: Relation to the NH
2
-Terminal Domains
Authors: Brady R. L. , Dodson E. J. , Dodson G. G. , Lange G. , Davis S. J. , Williams A. F. , Barclay A. N.
Published: October 2006

The CD4 antigen is a membrane glycoprotein of T lymphocytes that interacts with major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and is also a receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus. The extracellular portion of CD4 is predicted to fold into four immunoglobulin-like domains. The crystal structure of the third and fourth domains of rat CD4 was solved at 2.8 angstrom resolution and shows that both domains have immunoglobulin folds. Domain 3, however, lacks the disulfide between the beta sheets; this results in an expansion of the domain. There is a difference of 30 degrees in the orientation between domains 3 and 4 when compared with domains 1 and 2. The two CD4 fragment structures provide a basis from which models of the overall receptor can be proposed. These models suggest an extended structure comprising two rigid portions joined by a short and possibly flexible linker region.
Predisposition to Neoplastic Transformation Caused by Gene Replacement of H-
ras
1
Authors: Finney Robert E. , Bishop J. Michael
Published: October 2006

Homologous recombination was used to introduce a nominally transforming mutation into an endogenous H-
ras
1 gene in Rat1 fibroblasts. Although both the mutant and the remaining normal allele were expressed equally, the heterozygous cells were not neoplastically transformed. Instead, spontaneously transformed cells arose from the heterozygotes at a low frequency, and the majority of these cells had amplified the mutant allele. Thus, the activated H-
ras
1 allele was not by itself dominant over the normal allele but predisposed cells to transformation by independent events, such as amplification of the mutant allele.
Steroid Contraceptive Use and Cervical Dysplasia: Increased Risk of Progression
Authors: Stern Elizabeth , Forsythe Alan B. , Youkeles Lee , Coffelt Carl F.
Published: October 2006

In a prospective study of women with dysplasia of the cervix, there was an increase in severity of dysplasia and of conversion to cancer in situ in users of the contraceptive pill compared with users of other contraceptive methods. There was a delay in this adverse response. Nonreversal of dysplasia within the first 6 months of pill use is predictive of progression after prolonged exposure.
Hepatic Binding Protein: The Protective Role of Its Sialic Acid Residues
Authors: Stockert Richard J. , Morell Anatol G. , Scheinberg I. Herbert
Published: October 2006

Removal of sialic acid from a specific hepatic binding protein virtually abolishes its capacity to bind certain asialoglycoproteins. The loss of this capacity is the result of competition for the binding sites by galactosyl residues, of hepatic binding protein, that become terminal after desialylation.
Augmenting Mental Chronometry: The P300 as a Measure of Stimulus Evaluation Time
Authors: Kutas Marta , McCarthy Gregory , Donchin Emanuel
Published: October 2006

A technique for measuring the latency of the P300 component of event-related brain potentials on individual trials is described. Choice reaction times and the latency of the P300 were compared under speed-maximizing and under accuracy-maximizing instructions. The choice stimuli required different levels of semantic categorization. The data support the proposition that the latency of P300 corresponds to stimulus evaluation time and is independent of response selection.
Phase Separation of a Protein-Water Mixture in Cold Cataract in the Young Rat Lens
Authors: Tanaka Toyoichi , Ishimoto Coe , Chylack Leo T.
Published: October 2006

A remarkable resemblance between the appearance of opacity in lysozyme-salt water mixtures and the development of opacity in cold cataract in the young rat lens is strong evidence that cold cataract is fundamentally a phase separation of the "protein-water binary mixture" in the lens.
Diet and Uptake of Aldomet by the Brain: Competition with Natural Large Neutral Amino Acids
Authors: Markovitz Diane C. , Fernstrom John D.
Published: October 2006

The rise in levels of aldomet in the brains of rats after an injection of the α-methylated amino acid was depressed when large neutral amino acids, but not acidic amino acids, were coadministered with the drug. This result suggests that aldomet is transported into brain by the carrier for natural large neutral amino acids. The prior ingestion of a carbohydrate meal, which lowers levels of neural amino acids in the serum, enhanced the uptake of aldomet into brain; the consumption of a protein-containing meal inhibited the subsequent uptake of aldomet into the brain. Antecedent diet can thus affect the availability of aldomet to the central nervous system; the mechanism of this effect probably involves the blood-brain barrier uptake system for large neutral amino acids.
Glucocorticoid in Inflammatory Proliferative Skin Disease Reduces Arachidonic and Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids
Authors: Hammarstrom Sven , Hamberg Mats , Duell Elizabeth A. , Stawiski Marek A. , Anderson Thomas F. , Voorhees John J.
Published: October 2006

Psoriasis is a prototype of several common, glucocorticoid responsive, inflammatory proliferative skin diseases. Within 28 hours, glucocorticoid reduced the increased concentration of free arachidonic acid in diseased tissue. This reduction was observed prior to visible improvement of disease and may be an important molecular mechanism for the therapeutic efficacy of glucocorticoids in psoriasis and similar inflammatory diseases.
Genetic Structure of the Replication Origin of Bacteriophage Lambda
Authors: Furth M. E. , Blattner F. R. , McLeester C. , Dove W. F.
Published: October 2006

A fragment of bacteriophage lambda DNA produced by the restriction endonuclease Eco RI and extending from the immunity region to a point inside gene
O
is found to have a fully functional origin of replication. Seven
ori
-
mutations of lambda cluster in a small region just to the left of the Eco RI cleavage site which defines the right end of this fragment. These mutations lie within gene
O
.
Fibrous Apatite Grown on Modified Collagen
Authors: Banks E. , Nakajima S. , Shapiro L. C. , Tilevitz O. , Alonzo J. R. , Chianelli R. R.
Published: October 2006

Fibrous apatite has been grown by the enzymatic hydrolysis of calcium β-glycerophosphate on reconstituted calfskin collagen tapes which had been modified by the addition of a phosphoprotein, phosvitin, in the presence of a cross-linking agent, dimethylsuberimidate. The deposits were identified as a carbonate-bearing hydroxyapatite by x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron micrographs confirmed their fibrous character.
Thermal Polyamino Acids: Synthesis at Less Than 100°C
Authors: Rohlfing Duane L.
Published: October 2006

Thermally prepared polyamino acids, regarded as models for prebiotic protein, typically have been synthesized at 120° to 200°C. In this study, three different sets of amino acid mixtures were found to yield material of relatively high molecular weight (molecular sieving and diffusion techniques) when heated for up to 81 days at 85°, 75°, and 65°C. These temperatures, which today are generated by radiation from the sun in some terrestrial locales, probably were more common on the prebiotic earth than those above the boiling point of water. The results thus suggest that prebiotic polyamino acids may have been relatively common and widespread.
Screwworm Eradication: Inadvertent Selection for Noncompetitive Ecotypes During Mass Rearing
Authors: Bush Guy L. , Neck Raymond W. , Kitto G. Barrie
Published: October 2006

The rapid fixation of a rare allelic form of α-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase is related to a loss of competitive ability in nature of factory-reared screwworm flies. The increase in frequency results from selection for survival under conditions of domestication and rapid development at high constant temperatures in the factory.
Radioimmunoassay for Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes
Authors: Roberts Robert , Sobel Burton E. , Parker Charles W.
Published: October 2006

Creatine kinase has three isoenzymes designated MM, MB, and BB, with BB being the brain form and MM the muscle form. Antibodies to BB creatine kinase were obtained by immunization of rabbits with human BB creatine kinase. The antibodies demonstrated specificity for BB and MB creatine kinase (myocardial isoenzyme), but no cross-reactivity with MM creatine kinase. With the use of this antibody, a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay capable of measuring picomolar amounts of MB creatine kinase has been developed. Clinical application of this method should provide a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
Primate Infant's Effects on Mother's Future Reproduction
Authors: Altmann Jeanne , Altmann Stuart A. , Hausfater Glenn
Published: October 2006

Female savanna baboons (
Papio cynocephalus
) had a longer postpartum amenorrhea and thereafter cycled longer before conceiving if their previous infant survived than if that infant died. Among mothers of surviving infants, differences in maternal care produced differences in age of weaning and age of independence but did not result in differences in interbirth intervals.
Interference Between St. Louis Encephalitis Virus and Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus (Western Type) in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Duffy Carl E.
Published: October 2006

Interference between two unrelated viruses is reported. Equine encephalomyelitis virus grows only to a limited degree, if at all, when injected into chick embryos in which St. Louis encephalitis virus is being propagated.
MAJORITY-VOTE ON DIRECTED BARABÁSI–ALBERT NETWORKS
Authors: LIMA F. W. S.
Published: October 2006

On directed Barabási–Albert networks with two and seven neighbours selected by each added site, the Ising model was seen not to show a spontaneous magnetisation. Instead, the decay time for flipping of the magnetisation followed an Arrhenius law for Metropolis and Glauber algorithms, but for Wolff cluster flipping the magnetisation decayed exponentially with time. On these networks the Majority-vote model with noise is now studied through Monte Carlo simulations. However, in this model, the order-disorder phase transition of the order parameter is well defined in this system. We calculate the value of the critical noise parameter qc for several values of connectivity z of the directed Barabási–Albert network. The critical exponentes β/ν, γ/ν and 1/ν were calculated for several values of z.
The mitochondrial energy transduction system and the aging process
Authors: Navarro Ana , Boveris Alberto
Published: October 2006

Aged mammalian tissues show a decreased capacity to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation due to dysfunctional mitochondria. The mitochondrial content of rat brain and liver is not reduced in aging and the impairment of mitochondrial function is due to decreased rates of electron transfer by the selectively diminished activities of complexes I and IV. Inner membrane H+ impermeability and F1-ATP synthase activity are only slightly affected by aging. Dysfunctional mitochondria in aged rodents are characterized, besides decreased electron transfer and O2 uptake, by an increased content of oxidation products of phospholipids, proteins and DNA, a decreased membrane potential, and increased size and fragility. Free radical-mediated oxidations are determining factors of mitochondrial dysfunction and turnover, cell apoptosis, tissue function, and lifespan. Inner membrane enzyme activities, such as those of complexes I and IV and mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase, decrease upon aging and afford aging markers. The activities of these three enzymes in mice brain are linearly correlated with neurological performance, as determined by the tightrope and the T-maze tests. The same enzymatic activities correlated positively with mice survival and negatively with the mitochondrial content of lipid and protein oxidation products. Conditions that increase survival, as vitamin E dietary supplementation, caloric restriction, high spontaneous neurological activity, and moderate physical exercise, ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction in aged brain and liver. The pleiotropic signaling of mitochondrial H2O2 and nitric oxide diffusion to the cytosol seems modified in aged animals and to contribute to the decreased mitochondrial biogenesis in old animals.
Responses of Neurons in the Medial Superior Temporal Visual Area to Apparent Motion Stimuli in Macaque Monkeys
Authors: Churchland Anne K. , Huang Xin , Lisberger Stephen G.
Published: October 2006

Monkeys fixated a stationary spot during presentation of dot textures that moved in apparent motion defined by the spatial and temporal separations, Δx and Δt, between successive flashes of each dot. For each neuron, we assessed the speed tuning for smooth motion (Δt = 2 or 4 ms) at speeds ≤128°/s and the effect of varying the value of Δt at speeds of 16 and 32°/s. Many medial superior temporal (MST) neurons, like middle temporal (MT) neurons, were tuned for the speed of smooth motion and showed decreases in firing rate as the value of Δt increased at a constant speed. A subset of MST neurons, however, showed monotonically increasing firing rates as a function of smooth stimulus speed and responses to apparent motion that paralleled a previously discovered illusion where estimates of target speed increase with the value of Δt. Opponent firing rate, defined as the difference between responses for motion in the preferred and opposite directions, peaked at values of Δt that were consistent with the behavioral illusion. Comparison with a new sample of MT neurons recorded with the same stimuli failed to reveal comparable effects. Attempts to map the population responses in MT and MST onto the behavioral illusion of increased speed succeeded by averaging the opponent response across MST neurons, but only by applying vector averaging to determine the preferred speed of the most active MT neurons. We suggest that a vector-averaging computation transforms MT's place code for target speed into the rate code of some MST neurons.
Limited proteolysis of human histone deacetylase 1
Authors: Kamath Nayana , Karwowska-Desaulniers Paulina , Pflum Mary Kay H
Published: October 2006

Background

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins are associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cancer. Specifically, HDAC1 is linked with cell growth, a hallmark of cancer formation. HDAC1 is a phosphoprotein and phosphorylation at S421 and S423 promotes HDAC1 enzymatic activity and protein association. While single and double point mutants of HDAC1 at S421 and S423 appear functionally similar, the evidence suggests that HDAC1 is phosphorylated simultaneously at both S421 and S423 in vivo. Additional experiments are necessary to probe the role of double phosphorylation of HDAC1 at S421 and S423.

Results

To characterize HDAC1 phosphorylation at S421 and S423, limited proteolysis of HDAC1 was performed for the first time. HDAC1 degraded without production of discrete fragments. By performing concentration-dependent proteolysis, HDAC1 double point mutants with disrupted phosphorylation at S421 and S423 displayed different trypsin sensitivities compared to wild type HDAC1. Unexpectedly, HDAC1 single point mutants with disrupted phosphorylation at either S421 or S423 demonstrated protease sensitivity similar to the wild type HDAC1.

Conclusion

Concentration-dependent proteolysis experiments provide evidence that phosphorylation of S421 and S423 individually contribute to HDAC1 function. In addition, the limited proteolysis experiments support a model where associated proteins promote HDAC1 enzymatic activity, reinforcing the importance of protein interactions in HDAC1 structure and function. Finally, because HDAC1 does not display distinct regions of protease sensitivity, the proteolysis studies suggest that HDAC1 comprises inter-related structural regions.
Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the external ear, middle ear, and mastoid
Authors: Khan Ahsan Saeed
Published: October 2006

A case of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia involving the external, middle ear, and mastoid air cells and labyrinth resulting from long standing irrigations with alcohol is described for the first time.
The acoustic reflex latency test: Clinical application
Authors: Clemis Jack D. , Sarno Cynthia N.
Published: October 2006

Acoustic reflex latency is the time interval between onset of an intense auditory stimulus and onset of middle‐ear muscle contraction. The hypothesis was proposed that a retrocochlear lesion involving the afferent (VIIIth nerve) portion of the reflex are should result in a prolongation of the reflex latency. A clinical procedure, the Acoustic Reflex Latency Test (ARLT), its protocol, methods and equipment were developed in order to test this hypothesis clinically. Absolute latency values and interaural latency differences (ILD) were established on 4 populations which included normals, cochlear lesions due to Ménière's disease, cochlear lesions of variable etiology, and 11 cases of surgically confirmed acoustic tumor.

Results reveal a dramatic prolongation of latency in the presence of retrocochlear lesions (all tumors). The test was found to be most effective when 1. both ipsilateral and contralateral measurements were made, 2. stimulus frequencies of 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz were employed and 3. both Absolute Latency and ILD were considered.

The ARLT, while utilizing an indirect method of measurement, is a valid, cost‐effective, and simple clinical procedure, yielding relative latency values and requiring only minor modifications of standard impedance equipment. The ARLT appears to have a higher efficiency rate than BERA, while providing comparable diagnostic information at a considerable saving of time, cost and personnel.
Vertigo and dizziness of functional origin
Authors: Afzelius Lars‐Erik , Henriksson Nils G. , Wahlgren Louise
Published: October 2006

In patients consulting otologists for vertigo a functional source can be expected in 50% of the patients and more frequently among young females than among older male subjects. Functional vertigo is frequently perceived as a turning sensation inside the head, functional dizziness frequently as a rocking sensation of the whole body, while patients with vertigo of somatic origin frequently seem to complain of a spinning sensation outside the head.

The duration pattern of functional vertigo is frequently of a fluctuating or continuous type, while in the nonfunctional subjects it is of 2‐5 hr. duration. In patients with vertigo of functional origin eye‐closure tends to release rather than inhibit nystagmus.
Book Review
Authors: Last John , Leyland Elizabeth , Watanabe Toshio
Published: October 2006

A Handbook for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: Enhancing Academic Practice Edited by Heather Fry, Steve Ketteridge and Stephanie Marshall

Improving the Quality of Argument in Higher Education; Final Report (A project funded by the Leverhulme Trust) by Sally Mitchell and
Mike Riddle

Conference Report The Integration of Practice, Theory and Education in Art: The 9th Symposium of the Tohoku Art and Culture Society 8 September 2001 Hotel Metropolitan, Sendai, Japan
Waldensian Immigration to Algeria
Authors: Pichot Michel
Published: October 2006

This article presents some aspects of the life of an emigrant Protestant Pied-Noir family in Algeria. Jacques Pichot and Eulalie Depussey were deported to Algeria following their participation in the June 1848 Paris riots because of the National Workshops closure by the Second
Republic. In 1886, their son Alphonse married Henriette Orciere, a Waldensian from the Freissinieres valley in the French Alps who was part of the 1881 convoy to Algeria. After obtaining a free land grant in 1890 from the French government, the Pichot family settled in the village of Guiard
90 kilometres south-west of Oran. Their life provides fresh insight into the social history of the Pieds-Noirs within the broader political context of the Third Republic in colonial Algeria.
La Bayadère: la femme représentée et la femme représentante de l'Inde coloniale au XIXe siècle
Authors: Underwood Dhana
Published: October 2006

Nineteenth-century French artists frequently figure the Indian female dancer, or bayadère, in opera-libretti, travel narratives and adventure and love stories. She occupies a central part in the imaginary vision of the mystic and colonized East and personifies the feminine
and the exotic Other. The intention is to analyse how the mainly non-verbal performative structure of Indian dance and the context of European spectators who cannot interpret the language of the dance, lead to the caricatured portrayals of these women against the background of the influence
of French colonialism in India.
An Aesthetic of Industrial Ruins in Bilbao: Daniel Calparsoro's Leap into the Void (Salto al vaco) and Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
Authors: Crumbaugh Justin
Published: October 2006

The 1997 inauguration of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao heralded the definitive reconversion of Bilbao's depressed, post-industrial landscape into a European cultural center and tourist hotspot. In the midst of Bilbao's civic beautification project, director Daniel Calparsoro released
his first feature film, Leap into the Void (Salto al vaco), shot in the city's most impoverished community. The film's raw, gritty camera-work, coloured filters, and careful manipulation of waste and wreckage in the cinematic image render its story of urban decay tragically beautiful.
Likewise, Frank Gehry's design for the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao now hailed as a marvel of postmodern architecture won the museum commission's approval precisely because it integrated and re-created the city's industrial ruins in a more gratifying spectacle of assymetrical metallic curves.
This aesthetic of industrial ruins promoted by Bilbao's civic committee sheds light on the meaning and context of Leap into the Void. Conversely, a careful review of the film will come to question the ideological implications of Gehry's chic repackaging of the past.
Is Gibraltar a Nation?
Authors: Gold Peter
Published: October 2006

Taking the work Citizenship, Nationality and Ethnicity by the sociologist T. K. Oommen as a base text, the article considers various definitions of nation and nationhood, plus the distinction between nation and state, in an attempt to redefine the status of Gibraltar and thereby
enable the discussions between Britain and Spain over the future of the territory to move forward. The main body of the article consists of an analysis of the results of a survey of Gibraltarians to see how they perceive their own identity. On the basis of this analysis, and taking Oommen's
fundamental definition involving territory and language that a nation is a community in communication in its homeland', the conclusion is reached that it is possible to define Gibraltar as a nation. It is argued that if such a status does nothing more, it should at least give Gibraltarians
the right to determine their own destiny.
Lusophone-African Insertions in Portugal's Dual Labour Market
Authors: Eaton Martin
Published: October 2006

The phenomenon of immigration into Portugal, particularly from ex-colonial possessions in Africa, is examined in relation to the migrant's differential insertions in both the formal and informal labour markets. The article focuses upon the differences within, and between, the Cape Verdean,
Guinea-Bissauan, and Mozambican communities. Investigation shows that, in general, Lusophone-African immigrants occupy the lower echelons of the occupational pyramid working mainly in the manual labouring sectors of the host economy. However, growing numbers have now established niche roles
in more skilled and professional arenas, and this has allowed some members of particular national groupings to become more upwardly mobile. As a result, the formal/informal (or dual) nature of the Portuguese immigrant labour market is shown to be an important feature of the national economy,
and one that is unlikely to change given the escalation of legal foreign residence and the inherent difficulties of accessing reliable data on illegal immigration.
Is the auteur dead? The case of Juanma Bajo Ulloa
Authors: Allinson Mark
Published: October 2006

The context for much of the study of Spanish cinema has been the auteurist tradition which saw film almost as a natural annex of authorial literary studies. The eccentricities of its personalities from Buuel to Almodvar have combined with an insistence on Spanish cinema's idiosyncrasies
to fix difference and marginality as its trademarks. Younger directors - among them Juanma Bajo Ulloa - have ventured further into genres hitherto untouched by Spanish film, in many cases making increasingly commercial films, the reception of which is none the less still informed by the critical
lens of auteurism. After briefly reviewing the debates surrounding auteurism and film genres, this article investigates the recent trend towards more genre-based films in Spain, through a textual analysis of Juanma Bajo Ulloa's three films.
Institutional Learning in Technical Projects: Horticulture Technology R&D Systems in India
Authors: Hall Andrew , Clark Norman , Taylor Sarah , Sulaiman V Rasheed
Published: October 2006

This paper demonstrates the way in which institutional learning has been adopted by a post-harvest technology research project in India to cope with the institutional constraints associated with various public agencies, as well as to help formulate broader lessons for institutional
reform in horticultural R&D systems. The case study presents an institutional history of public and private efforts to assist farmers from the Vijaya Association of Fruit and Vegetable Growers' Cooperative Societies of Andhra Pradesh to produce and sell export quality mangoes. Problems
in the relationships between stakeholders reveal the need to see technology development projects in a much more holistic light than is conventionally understood.
Development Initiatives and Challenges for Sustainable Resource Management and Livelihood in the Lake Tana Region of Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Teshale Berhanu , Lee Ralph , Zawdie Girma
Published: October 2006

Poverty reduction programmes often falter when development initiatives are not conceived and implemented in the framework of sustainability. Using the case of the Lake Tana region in north-western Ethiopia, this paper discusses the environmental, social and economic consequences of
urbanisation and development activities in the region. The paper notes the threat to sustainable development posed by the growth of social and economic activities in the region. At issue is the current practice of discharging untreated industrial, municipal and domestic waste into the Lake
and the adverse effects of this on the sustainability of the use value of the Lake; on prospects for urban development in the region; and on the livelihood of traditional communities around the Lake. The paper sets in context the issue of environmental management and development in the region,
and points out the need for more research to inform policy, so that interventions in the form of development initiatives can be directed in ways that enhance sustainability of the aquatic and agro-ecosystems of the region.
Application of the innovation systems framework in North-South research
Authors: Hall Andy , Sulaiman Rasheed V
Published: October 2006

This paper discusses the evolution of a development assistance research programme in South Asia. The programme supports North-South collaboration in the area of crop post-harvest issues. A novelty of the programme is the way it commissioned policy research on institutional issues impinging
on the success of the research projects it commissioned. Through this and other learning activities, the programme has evolved the underlying principles of its approach, recently giving much more emphasis to the role of partnerships and institutional contexts in the planning and execution
of its work. Underpinning this has been an exploration and application of the innovation systems framework. Lessons include the need to see North-South research collaboration in terms of its capacity development effects on national systems of partners and processes concerned with the development
and use of innovations. Development assistance agencies should pay attention to the importance of engaging in their own institutional learning if they want to make more effective contributions to sustainable development through North-South research partnerships.
Designing Digital Tools in Fisheries: What Fisherfolks Want in Malawi
Authors: Chimseu Patrick Kawaye , Katengeza Samson Pilanazo , Kaunda Emmanuel , Dzanja Joseph , Bennett Abigail
Published: February 2025

Use of digital tools is rapidly transforming the world, and Information and Communications Technology (ICT) integration in fisheries presents great opportunities for enhancing fishing‐dependent livelihoods. This article employed latent class analysis and a multinomial logistic regression to explore preferred digital tools for fish traders to address the problem of lack of access to market information. Results from a sample of 548 participants show heterogeneous preferences among fish traders who can be classified into three subgroups: digital‐wise (70%), phone‐wise (24%) and digital‐local (6%) across different platforms and prefer the use of all platforms (USSD, calls, apps, radio and television [TV] programmes). On the basis of platform ranking, traders prefer calls more, followed by app, USSD, radio and TV, respectively. Results further show that social demographic characteristics, including marital status, gender, age and trust among players, influence class membership in different subgroups. To address the diverse needs of traders, there is a need for a free, cross‐platform digital system, call centre/USSD service for convenience, data quality checks, endorsements, the provision of digital credit and stakeholder collaboration to exploit digital fish trade opportunities for Malawi to benefit from the African Continental Free Trade Agreement and not to be left behind in the fourth industrial revolution.
Care Leavers Into Parenthood: Support Needs and Effective Practice Approaches Through Transitions From Care
Authors: Purtell Jade , Morris Sarah
Published: February 2025

There is significant local and international evidence to show that young people transitioning from care have children by age 21 at far higher rates than the general youth population. Intergenerational child protection involvement is also far higher for this group. Conducting research with care leaver parents is challenging because of parental fears of child protection involvement and removal of their own children. Without participatory and engaging research approaches, the evidence base overall can omit the valuable perspectives of hardly reached groups. This paper presents findings from a novel approach to participatory research with ‘hard to reach’ or ‘hardly reached’ groups and is co‐authored by one of two ‘Lived Experience Consultants’ contributing to the study. Taking an ‘extrospective’ approach to inquiry, the lead author designed a data collection process that sought to increase the opportunity for Lived Experience Consultants to contribute to the project as subject matter experts, rather than research ‘subjects’. Care experienced parents' perspectives as Lived Experience Consultants in this research complemented findings from service providers reported elsewhere and illuminated critical practice‐based issues, creating barriers to pregnancy prevention and parenting support in Australia.
Study of fluoroquinolones resistance in rifampicin‐resistant tuberculosis patients in Beijing: Characteristics, trends, and treatment outcomes
Authors: Nenhan Wang , Lili Tian , Yanfeng Zhao , Shuangshuang Chen , LiYing Tao , Qiao Li , Chuanyou Li , Xiaowei Dai
Published: February 2025

Background

China is a high‐burden country for multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis/rifampin‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR‐TB). Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are key drugs for the treatment of patients with MDR/RR‐TB. However, research on the resistance of FQs in Beijing is limited.

Methods

We collected clinical isolates from all patients with pulmonary TB in Beijing from January 2016 to December 2021, conducted drug‐sensitivity tests and sequencing for levofloxacin (LFX) and moxifloxacin (MFX), and collected the treatment plans and outcomes of the patients.

Results

A total of 8512 clinical isolates were collected from patients with pulmonary TB, and 261 RR‐TB strains were screened. The proportions of drug‐sensitive and drug‐resistant strains significantly differed by age group and treatment history. The rates of LFX and MFX resistance were 27.6% (72/261) and 36.4% (95/261), respectively. The detection rates of MDR‐TB and pre‐extensively drug‐resistant TB (pre‐XDR‐TB) were 73.2% (191/261) and 36.4% (95/261), respectively, and the trends were significant (χ2 trend = 9.995, p = 0.002; χ2 trend = 12.744, p = 0.026). Among the 261 RR‐TB strains, 14.9% (24/261) were sensitive to LFX but resistant to MFX. Among the four patients with LFX‐resistant TB who received LFX treatment failed in three patients(Fisher's exact test, p = 0.009). The common mutation sites were 94 and 90 in gyrA. A novel mutation Ala90Ser was discovered.

Conclusions

FQs resistance trends in RR‐TB patients in Beijing are striking. Strains showed incomplete cross‐resistance to LFX and MFX. Testing for FQs resistance and developing a reasonable treatment plan are recommended. Attention should be given to the changing trends in MDR‐TB and pre‐XDR‐TB.
Glucuronidase‐Instructed Glycopeptide Self‐Assembly for Selective Killing of Cancer Cells through Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization
Authors: Xu Zhongxin , He Changdong , Li Xinyu , Huang Lu , Cheng Bo , Dong Suwei
Published: February 2025

Current cancer treatments face significant challenges, including limited tumor specificity and drug resistance. Enzyme‐instructed supramolecular peptide assembly targeting lysosomes offers a promising strategy to address these issues; however, self‐assembling units that withstand lysosomal conditions are still scarce. Herein, we present a versatile glycopeptide incorporating glucuronic acid and glucose that undergoes glucuronidase‐triggered self‐assembly to form nanofibers, leading to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in cancer cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that in glucuronidase‐overexpressing HepG2 cells, glycopeptide assembly induces cytoskeletal disruption and apoptosis. The involvement of carbohydrate‐binding receptor in enhancing the cellular entry of glycopeptides and improving proteolytic stability highlights the importance of glycan modification. Notably, combining this glycopeptide with cisplatin or Adriamycin results in synergistic cytotoxicity, including in drug‐resistant cancer cell lines. These findings establish a novel, LMP‐inducing glycopeptide scaffold for developing targeted approaches for cancer treatment.
Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Epoxidation of Aldehydes with α‐Trifluoromethyl Diazosilanes
Authors: Zhang Weilu , Chen Suo , Zhang Yunxiao , Liu Shanshan , Shen Xiao
Published: February 2025

Catalytic epoxidation of readily available aldehydes with diazo compounds is an atom economical strategy to synthesize epoxides. However, the asymmetric epoxidation reaction of aldehydes and fluorinated diazo compounds is challenging, because of the severe racemic background reaction. Herein, we report the first Cu(I)‐catalyzed enantioselective epoxidation reaction between aldehydes and α‐trifluoromethyl diazosilanes for the synthesis of chiral trifluoromethyl epoxides. This reaction features mild conditions, broad substrate scope, excellent diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity. The observed positive nonlinear effect supports the ligand acceleration and the achievement of high enantioselectivity with a chiral ligand possessing lower enantiopurity. The gram scale reaction and down‐stream transformation based on the removable silyl group demonstrated the synthetic potential of the reaction.
Enhanced Azo Dye Removal through Sequential Ultrasound‐Assisted‐Treatment and Photocatalysis Using CdZnS
Authors: Li Wenchao , Cheng Chi , Zhao Jiaqi , Song Yongxiu , Xue Chuang
Published: February 2025

The treatment of high‐concentration azo dyes remains challenging due to the inherent limitations of conventional single‐mode approaches. Here, we propose an integrated strategy that sequentially combines ultrasound‐assisted adsorption with photocatalysis using CdZnS solid solutions to efficiently and rapidly remove high‐concentration azo dyes. CdZnS exhibits high adsorption capacity and exceptional photocatalytic activity, enabling initial dye capture and enrichment, followed by significantly enhanced photocatalytic degradation. The adsorption of Congo Red (CR) on CdZnS solid solutions follows the Freundlich and pseudo‐second‐order models, demonstrating a multilayer adsorption behavior involving physical and chemical interactions. Ultrasound assistance during the first stage not only significantly reduces equilibrium time, but also results in enhanced negative charges in CdZnS that extend to the subsequent photocatalysis stage. This charge enhancement substantially improves CR photodegradation performance, establishing synergistic interactions between ultrasonic treatment and photodegradation. The system demonstrates excellent performance in treating both concentrated single dyes and complex dye mixtures, maintaining high efficiency over multiple treatment cycles. This integrated approach provides new insights for developing more effective technologies for dye degradation and practical wastewater treatment applications.
Hydrogenation of Organic Molecules via Direct Mechanocatalysis
Authors: Mayer Maike , Wohlgemuth Maximilian , Salomé Straub Anastasia , Grätz Sven , Borchardt Lars
Published: February 2025

Mechanochemical hydrogenation of unsaturated C−C and C−O, as well as N−O and C−X bonds is successfully achieved without the use of solvents, ligands, or catalyst powders via ball milling. A variety of catalysts are electroplated onto the walls of the milling vessel, allowing for simple recycling and reuse of the catalytic material. Hydrogen gas is directly introduced into the milling vessel, eliminating the need for hydrogen donor compounds which contribute to waste production and suboptimal atom economy. This approach enables the quantitative hydrogenation of unsaturated carbon‐carbon bonds, achieving near‐complete conversion within just 20 minutes at ambient temperature and pressures as low as 1.5 bar. Carbonyls, nitro groups, and organohalides were converted within reaction times of up to 12 hours. Mechanistic investigations suggest the reaction to be following established mechanisms for hydrogenation. Finally, chemoselective hydrogenation of various reducible functional groups was explored, demonstrating the versatility and efficiency of this solvent‐free mechanochemical approach with simple catalyst recycling for hydrogenation reactions.
Multifunctional Novel Lanthanide Complexes Based on Chromone Moiety for Corrosion Inhibition, Molecular Docking, and Anticancer and Antimicrobial Applications
Authors: Abdelshafi N. S. , Farag Ahmed A. , Ali Amira A. M. , Saleh Akila A. , Zaher Ahmed A. , Fouad R.
Published: February 2025

Two novel multifunctional complexes [M(CCAM)2(NO3)](NO3)2·C2H5OH (M = Dy (III)/Er (III); CCAM = 2‐cyano‐N′‐((4‐oxo‐4H‐chromen‐3‐yl)methylene)acetohydrazide) were synthesized and characterized via elemental and thermal analyses, molar conductivity, UV–vis., and FT‐IR spectroscopy, revealing a 1:2 metal‐to‐ligand stoichiometry. The CCAM ligand coordinated with Dy(III) or Er(III) ions through nitrogen of azomethine and oxygen of the carbonyl and γ‐pyran groups. Corrosion inhibition studies for Dy(CCAM), Er(CCAM), and CCAM on carbon steel (C‐steel) in 1‐M HCl showed Dy(CCAM) and Er(CCAM) as highly efficient, with Er(CCAM) offering the best protection. In a 1‐M HCl solution, Fe2+ at the C‐steel surface interacts with the CCAM, Dy(CCAM), and Er(CCAM) compounds, as demonstrated by UV–vis spectroscopy. At a concentration of 10−3 M, the Dy(CCAM) and Er(CCAM) compounds showed greater performance efficiency in the weight loss test in 1‐M HCl solution, reaching 93.34% and 95.67%, respectively. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm pronounced the mixed adsorption mechanisms. The surface characteristics SEM, EDX, AFM, and contact angle measurements confirmed surface shielding. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of the prepared compounds against organisms, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis as bacteria, and Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus as fungi is carried out. Er(CCAM) inhibitor exhibits the greatest action against different tested antimicrobials. Additionally, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the produced complexes as growth inhibitory effects against Erlish Acities Carcinoma was ascertained. Er(CCAM) and Dy(CCAM) were found to have cytotoxic levels with (IC50 of 64 and 65 μM), respectively. As a result, Er(CCAM) inhibitor is a more effective therapeutic approach for the creation of novel antimicrobial and antitumor agents. For Er(CCAM) superior corrosion protection, the theoretical studies of molecular docking and DFT and MD simulations validated the experimental results.
Drivers of the Distributions of Stream‐Dwelling Crayfishes in the New River Catchment, United States
Authors: Mouser Joshua B. , Loughman Zachary J. , Brown Bryan L. , Creed Robert P. , Frimpong Emmanuel A.
Published: February 2025

Crayfish are keystone species and ecosystem engineers in aquatic ecosystems, and many species require conservation to support their continued persistence. Unfortunately, managers often lack basic data needed to make effective conservation decisions. This lack of data is especially true within the New River catchment, United States, where there are 12 known crayfish species, but it is unclear which of those species are native to the catchment, and there is scant ecological and life history data available for many species. Therefore, our objective was to investigate coarse‐scale occurrence drivers of crayfishes in the New River catchment. We used generalized linear mixed effects models to predict occurrence of eight taxa based on instream and landscape‐scale environmental data and biotic interactions. We found that increasing anthropogenic disturbance led to declines in Faxonius spp. (either Faxonius obscurus or Faxonius sanbornii but could not be identified to species) and Cambarus smilax. In contrast, disturbance had a positive relationship only with Faxonius cristavarius. The presence of F. cristavarius was negatively associated with most species. Embeddedness, substrate, per cent riffle, stream size and lithology were additional variables that were related to crayfish occurrence. Our results reveal that increasing human‐mediated changes and invasive crayfish species threaten the persistence of native crayfishes in the New River catchment.
Reducing Cetacean Interactions With Bottom Set‐Nets and Purse Seining Using Acoustic Deterrent Devices in Southern Iberia
Authors: Marçalo Ana , Carvalho Flávia , Frade Magda , Bentes Luís , Monteiro Pedro , Pontes João , Alexandre Sofia , Oliveira Frederico , Kingston Allen , Erzini Karim , Gonçalves Jorge M. S.
Published: February 2025

In southern Iberia (NE Atlantic), cetacean bycatch is reported in several fisheries, whereas depredation by bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is commonly observed in bottom set‐net fisheries. This study tested the effectiveness of acoustic deterrent devices in discouraging small cetaceans from approaching bottom set‐nets and purse seine to reduce interactions. The acoustic deterrent devices used in the study were dolphin deterrent devices and dolphin interactive devices for the bottom set‐net fishery to reduce dolphin bycatch and depredation and dolphin deterrent devices in the purse seine fishery to reduce common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) bycatch. Data collection was carried out by at‐sea observers and trained fishing vessel crew observers. Hauls with and without acoustic deterrent devices were compared and analysed to investigate differences in catch per unit effort, factors affecting the interaction, probability of interaction and habituation (in bottom set‐nets only). In bottom set‐nets, the depredation rate was significantly lower and reduced by about 50% in hauls using acoustic deterrent devices. Habituation of the bottlenose dolphins to the devices was observed but was gradual. In the purse seine fishery, common dolphin bycatch was reduced by 100% when using the acoustic deterrent devices. Overall, the results are promising, but the different interaction reduction efficiencies observed between gear types indicate that the potential application of acoustic deterrent devices should be considered on a métier‐by‐métier basis. Other mitigation measures should be developed, especially for static gears, in collaboration with the fishing sector in an inclusive management approach to reduce direct interactions between fisheries and cetaceans.
Dipicolylaminofluorene Derivatives for Fluorescent Sensing of Copper(II) Ion and Glyphosate
Authors: Silpcharu Komthep , Nguyen Nhu Pham Quynh , Sukwattanasinitt Mongkol , Rashatasakhon Paitoon
Published: February 2025

The contamination of water by toxic herbicides poses a significant environmental challenge, necessitating the development of reliable detection tools. In this study, novel dipicolylamino derivatives of fluorene and fluorenone were synthesized via Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions with high yields. These compounds demonstrated exceptional selectivity for fluorescence turn‐off by Cu(II) ions, with detection limits of 0.99 μM and 1.11 μM in a DMSO‐HEPES buffer system. Investigations using Job's plot, fluorescence recovery with EDTA, and mass spectrometry revealed that the sensing mechanism involves complexation between the compounds and Cu(II) ions. Notably, the Cu(II)‐fluorene complex exhibited a selective fluorescence turn‐on response to glyphosate, achieving a detection limit of 0.93 μM. Quantitative analysis in real water samples demonstrated good recovery rates, underscoring the practical utility of these fluorene and fluorenone derivatives in environmental monitoring.
Detection of Eclipses in the Cataclysmic Variable LAMOST J035913.61 + 405035.0
Authors: Kozhevnikov V. P.
Published: February 2025

I conducted photometric observations of the cataclysmic variable LAMOST J035913.61 + 405035.0 and detected eclipses. During these observations, I recorded 14 eclipses over two groups of nights separated by 13 months. I accurately determined the orbital period of the system to be days. For the eclipses, I derived an ephemeris which is valid for a long time and suitable for studying changes in the orbital period. The out‐of‐eclipse magnitude of the star varied between 15.32 ± 0.02 and 17.25 ± 0.08 mag. As the brightness decreased, the eclipses became deeper and narrower. The average depth of eclipses was 1.35 ± 0.10 mag, and the average width at half‐depth was 16.9 ± 0.7 min. I estimated the range of possible orbital inclinations to be between 72.8° and 76.0°, and the range of average absolute V‐band magnitudes of the disc to be between 5.16 ± 0.15 and 5.44 ± 0.15 mag. Although based on the light curve from the ZTF survey, LAMOST J035913.61 + 405035.0 showed only small outbursts with amplitudes below 1.5 mag, it should be classified as a dwarf nova because the average disc brightness and mass transfer rate were below the limit of thermal instability.