bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene Additive‐Free Inks for 3D Printing Customizable Monolithic Integrated Micro‐Supercapacitors on a Large Scale
Authors: Zhang Longlong , Qin Jieqiong , Das Pratteek , Wang Sen , Bai Tiesheng , Zhou Feng , Wu Mingbo , Wu Zhong‐Shuai
Published: February 2024

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology with enhanced fidelity can achieve multiple functionalities and boost electrochemical performance of customizable planar micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs), however, precise structural control of additive‐free graphene‐based macro‐assembly electrode for monolithic integrated MSCs (MIMSCs) remains challenging. Here, the large‐scale 3D printing fabrication of customizable planar MIMSCs is reported utilizing additive‐free, high‐quality electrochemically exfoliated graphene inks, which is not required the conventional cryogenic assistance during the printing process and any post‐processing reduction. The resulting MSCs reveal an extremely small engineering footprint of 0.025 cm2, exceptionally high areal capacitance of 4900 mF cm−2, volumetric capacitance of 195.6 F cm−3, areal energy density of 2.1 mWh cm−2, and unprecedented volumetric energy density of 23 mWh cm−3 for a single cell, surpassing most previously reported 3D printed MSCs. The 3D printed MIMSC pack is further demonstrated, with the maximum areal cell count density of 16 cell cm−2, the highest output voltage of 192.5 V and the largest output voltage per unit area of 56 V cm−2 up to date are achieved. This work presents an innovative solution for processing high‐performance additive‐free graphene ink and realizing the large‐scale production of 3D printed MIMSCs for planar energy storage.
The Intelligent Design of Silicon Photonic Devices
Authors: Li Zean , Zhou Zhipeng , Qiu Cheng , Chen Yongyi , Liang Bohan , Wang Yubing , Liang Lei , Lei Yuxin , Song Yue , Jia Peng , Zeng Yugang , Qin Li , Ning Yongqiang , Wang Lijun
Published: February 2024

Photonic devices based on silicon waveguides are essential to versatile high‐performance and low‐cost photonic integrated systems. Extremely complex silicon photonic devices with hundreds or even thousands of degrees of freedom (DOF) are successfully designed and manufactured based on recent advances in data science and nanofabrication technology. At this level, conventional forward‐reasoning may no longer be suitable for designing high‐performance silicon photonic devices with novel functionalities since the light‐matter interaction is complex and non‐intuitive. Therefore, the timely development of sub‐wavelength silicon photonic devices that can precisely mold the flow of light is a critical and urgent issue requiring joint engineering and scientific efforts. In this paper, an inverse design strategy based on heuristic and gradient descendant algorithms, enabling the realization of large‐scale integrated devices is first introduced. Subsequently, the burgeoning deep learning technology, which offers a promising direction for the automation design of silicon photonics with a data‐driven approach, is discussed. Finally, the obstacles and prospects in this emerging research direction are revealed. Detail discussions from multiple perspectives are provided. This review aims to provide general guidance and a comprehensive reference for scientists developing photonic integrated systems.
Spatially‐Coded Fourier Ptychography: Flexible and Detachable Coded Thin Films for Quantitative Phase Imaging with Uniform Phase Transfer Characteristics
Authors: Wang Ruihai , Yang Liming , Lee Yujin , Sun Kevin , Shen Kuangyu , Zhao Qianhao , Wang Tianbo , Zhang Xincheng , Liu Jiayi , Song Pengming , Zheng Guoan
Published: February 2024

Fourier ptychography (FP) is an enabling imaging technique that produces high‐resolution complex‐valued images with extended field coverages. However, when FP images a phase object with any specific spatial frequency, the captured images contain only constant values, rendering the recovery of the corresponding linear phase ramp impossible. This challenge is not unique to FP but also affects other common microscopy techniques — a rather counterintuitive outcome given their widespread use in phase imaging. The underlying issue originates from the non‐uniform phase transfer characteristic inherent in microscope systems, which impedes the conversion of object wavefields into discernible intensity variations. To address this challenge, spatially‐coded Fourier ptychography (scFP) is presented for true quantitative phase imaging. In scFP, a flexible and detachable coded thin film is attached atop the image sensor in a regular FP setup. The spatial modulation of this thin film ensures a uniform phase response across the entire synthetic bandwidth. It improves reconstruction quality, corrects refractive index underestimation issues prevalent in conventional FP, and adds a new dimension of measurement diversity in spatial domain. The development of scFP is expected to catalyze new research directions and applications for phase imaging, emphasizing the need for true quantitative accuracy with uniform frequency response.
Synthesis of 2‐Quinolones based on Visible Light‐Catalyzed Annulation of Diazo compounds
Authors: Bae Jaehee , Chae Jiyoung , Park Cheol‐Min
Published: February 2024

Herein, we report a photocatalytic method for the synthesis of 2‐quinolones under mild conditions by employing α‐diazo acetamide as substrates. The use of Eosin Y as a photocatalyst allows an economical and environmentally benign synthetic method. The process involves the generation of radicals from diazo compounds promoted by a visible‐light‐induced proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism. The method demonstrates a broad substrate scope to provide various aryl‐ and alkyl‐substituted 2‐quinolones. To support the proposed mechanism, a series of mechanistic experiments were conducted.
The Reaction of Aryl Thiols or Thioureas with o‐Diiodoarenes/NaH to Access o‐Iodoaryl Thioethers
Authors: Hu Min , Liu Dianfan , Liu Yuan , Luo Fan , Chen Xiaobei , Yin Yuejia , Zhang Shilei , Hu Yanwei
Published: February 2024

Herein we report a method for the synthesis of thioethers by forging C(aryl)‐S bond via an aryne mechanism. The active aryne species can be generated from o‐diiodoarenes and NaH in THF at room temperature, then lead to the arylations of a wide range of aryl thiols and thioureas. Different from transition metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions, no disubstituted byproduct is formed in our protocol. The o‐iodoaryl thioether products are intermediates that could be transformed into pharmaceutically interesting molecules.
Transcriptomic Signature of 3D Hierarchical Porous Chip Enriched Exosomes for Early Detection and Progression Monitoring of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Yi Kezhen , Wang Yike , Rong Yuan , Bao Yiru , Liang Yingxue , Chen Yiyi , Liu Fusheng , Zhang Shikun , He Yuan , Liu Weihuang , Zhu Chengliang , Wu Long , Peng Jin , Chen Hao , Huang Weihua , Yuan Yufeng , Xie Min , Wang Fubing
Published: February 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal malignant tumor, and the current non‐invasive diagnosis method based on serum markers, such as α‐fetoprotein (AFP), and des‐γ‐carboxy‐prothrombin (DCP), has limited efficacy in detecting it. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop novel biomarkers for HCC. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of exosomes as biomarkers. To enhance exosome enrichment, a silicon dioxide (SiO2) microsphere‐coated three‐dimensional (3D) hierarchical porous chip, named a SiO2‐chip is designed. The features of the chip, including its continuous porous 3D scaffold, large surface area, and nanopores between the SiO2 microspheres, synergistically improved the exosome capture efficiency. Exosomes from both non‐HCC and HCC subjects are enriched using an SiO2‐chip and performed RNA sequencing to identify HCC‐related long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the exosomes. This study analysis reveales that LUCAT‐1 and EGFR‐AS‐1 are two HCC‐related lncRNAs. To further detect dual lncRNAs in exosomes, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) is employed. The integration of dual lncRNAs with AFP and DCP significantly improves the diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, the integration of dual lncRNAs with DCP effectively monitors the prognosis of patients with HCC and detects disease progression. In this study, a liquid biopsy‐based approach for noninvasive and reliable HCC detection is developed.
Rna Buffering Fluorogenic Probe for Nucleolar Morphology Stable Imaging And Nucleolar Stress‐Generating Agents Screening
Authors: Jiang Wenchao , Qiao Qinglong , Chen Jie , Bao Pengjun , Tao Yi , Zhang Yinchan , Xu Zhaochao
Published: February 2024

In the realm of cell research, membraneless organelles have become a subject of increasing interest. However, their ever‐changing and amorphous morphological characteristics have long presented a formidable challenge when it comes to studying their structure and function. In this paper, a fluorescent probe Nu‐AN is reported, which exhibits the remarkable capability to selectively bind to and visualize the nucleolus morphology, the largest membraneless organelle within the nucleus. Nu‐AN demonstrates a significant enhancement in fluorescence upon its selective binding to nucleolar RNA, due to the inhibited twisted intramolecular charge–transfer (TICT) and reduced hydrogen bonding with water. What sets Nu‐AN apart is its neutral charge and weak interaction with nucleolus RNA, enabling it to label the nucleolus selectively and reversibly. This not only reduces interference but also permits the replacement of photobleached probes with fresh ones outside the nucleolus, thereby preserving imaging photostability. By closely monitoring morphology‐specific changes in the nucleolus with this buffering fluorogenic probe, screenings for agents are conducted that induce nucleolar stress within living cells.
Mexican consumers' attitudes toward irradiated and imported apples
Authors: Murray André D. , Gallardo Rosa K. , Prakash Anuradha
Published: February 2024

This study centers on analyzing Mexican consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for imported US fresh apples subjected to irradiation, contrasting it with the more prevalent postharvest chemical treatments. We collect data using a survey tool in Qualtrics designed to explore the impact of information dissemination through two distinct narrative styles: scientific and layman. The study uses a between‐subjects approach and apply the propensity score matching to address potential confounding factors across respondents' samples. We apply the generalized multinomial logit models in WTP space, taking into consideration respondent's certainty when answering to the choice experiment questions. Our findings reveal that respondents are willing to pay less for apples treated with irradiation compared to untreated ones but more than apples treated with chemicals. The WTP for irradiation increases when respondents receive information about this technology from both the scientific and layperson narrative styles. Similar to findings in previous studies, WTP for irradiated food is affected by gender, age, income, family size, and level of education. This study contributes to the literature by identifying the key factors that strongly influence consumers' decisions to opt for irradiation‐treated fresh fruits. These influential factors encompass information provision, social and demographic aspects, as well as the presence of country‐of‐origin labels. EconLit citations: C250, D820, Q160, Q180.
In‐situ controllable synthesis of carbon dots for patterned fluorescent wood films rapid fabrication strategy
Authors: Chen Xueqi , Zhang Jie , Zhang Lei , Tang Qiheng , Chen Yongping , Guo Wenjing , Chang Liang
Published: February 2024

Fluorescent‐patterned materials are widely used in information storage and encryption. However, preparing a patterned fluorescent display on a matrix currently requires a time‐consuming (hours or even days) and complex multi‐step process. Herein, a rapid and mild technique developed for the in‐situ controllable synthesis of fluorescent nitrogen‐doped carbon dots (NCDs) on eco‐friendly transparent wood films (TEMPO‐oxidized carboxyl wood film [TOWF]) within a few minutes was developed. A wood skeleton was employed as the carbon precursor for NCD synthesis as well as the matrix for the uniform and controlled distribution of NCDs. Moreover, the in‐situ synthesis mechanism for preparing NCDs in TOWF was proposed. The resulting fluorescent wood films have excellent tensile strength (310.00 ± 15.57 MPa), high transmittance (76.2%), high haze (95.0%), UV‐blocking properties in the full ultraviolet (UV) range, and fluorescent performance that can be modified by changing the heating parameters. Fluorescent patterning was simply achieved by regulating the in‐situ NCD synthesis regions, and the fluorescent patterns were formed within 10 s. These fluorescent‐patterned wood films can effectively store and encrypt information, and they can interact with external information through a transparent matrix. This work provides a green and efficient strategy for fabricating fluorescent information storage and encryption materials.
Exploring the needs of girls of color in the juvenile legal system: A latent class analysis
Authors: May Natalie , Javdani Shabnam , Godfrey Erin , Cappella Elise
Published: February 2024

Girls of color are overrepresented in the juvenile legal system and experience high levels of unmet needs. Assessing and meeting girls' needs may prevent system contact or deeper involvement by providing for these needs in community‐based settings, rather than through juvenile legal systems. This study used a structured interview‐based assessment adapted from an advocacy intervention to examine girls' self‐identified needs and perceived effectiveness and difficulty of accessing resources for these needs. Descriptive analyses found that girls reported needing resources beyond those typically assessed and supported in existing programming, such as technology, extracurriculars, and employment. Latent class analysis revealed four subgroups of girls with distinct but overlapping areas of needs: (1) High Employment, Current School, and Logistical Needs, (2) Low Overall Needs, (3) High Employment Needs, and (4) High Employment, Current School, and Social/Emotional Needs. Girls also reported wide variation in their ability and difficulty accessing needed resources, with employment being most difficult to access and school and social/emotional resources being the easiest to access. These findings suggest that more comprehensive and individualized approaches to programming and community services for system‐impacted girls of color are essential.
Analytical and clinical validation of Alzheimer's disease blood biomarkers with a focus on plasma p‐tau217
Authors: Gonzalez‐Ortiz Fernando , Karikari Thomas K. , Blennow Kaj
Published: February 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a growing global health challenge, necessitating accurate and reliable diagnostic methodologies for timely intervention and management. Immunoassays, specifically designed to detect biomarkers associated with AD pathology, have emerged as pivotal tools in diagnostic development. Understanding of the established protocols ensures assay sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, thereby enhancing the clinical utility of these diagnostic tools. Here, we explore the considerations in immunoassay development, focusing on phosphorylated tau217 assays.

Ultimately, a clear understanding of immunoassay development is paramount in advancing the precision and reliability of AD diagnostics, contributing to early detection, improved patient outcomes, and advancements in therapeutic interventions.
Alkene Thianthrenation Unlocks Diverse Cation Synthons: Recent Progress and New Opportunities
Authors: Kim Min Ji , Targos Karina , Holst Dylan E. , Wang Diana J. , Wickens Zachary K.
Published: February 2024

Oxidative alkene functionalization reactions are a fundamental class of complexity‐building organic transformations. However, the majority of established approaches rely on electrophilic reagents that limit the diversity of groups that can be installed. Recent advances have established a new approach that instead relies on the transformation of alkenes into thianthrene‐derived cationic electrophiles. These linchpin intermediates can be generated selectively and undergo a diverse array of mechanistically distinct reactions with abundant nucleophiles. Taken together, this unlocks a suite of net oxidative alkene transformations that have been elusive using conventional strategies. This Minireview describes these advances and is organized around the three distinct synthons formally accessible from alkenes via thianthrenation: 1) alkenyl cations; 2) vicinal dications; 3) allyl cations. Throughout the Minireview, we illustrate how thianthrenium salts address key limitations endemic to classic alkene‐derived electrophiles and highlight the mechanistic origins of these distinctions wherever possible.
Reductive Retrocyclization of a Mangana(II)cyclopentasilane to Form Manganese(0) Bis(η2‐disilene) Complexes
Authors: Kawabuchi Yosuke , Suzuki Takuma , Wada Yoshimasa , Sunada Yusuke
Published: February 2024

Ligand‐exchange reactions on a mangana(II)cyclopentasilane complex that contains two THF ligands with aryl isocyanides led to the formation of manganese(0) bis(η2‐disilene) complexes via a retrocyclization. In stark contrast, ligand‐exchange reactions with CNtBu, an N‐heterocyclic carbene, or pyridine‐based ligands furnished manganese(II) complexes wherein the manganacyclopentasilane framework remained intact. The thermolysis of the obtained bis(η2‐disilene) complex in the presence of mesityl isocyanide led to the formation of a cyclotetrasilane via the formal dimerization of the two η2‐disilene moieties. The insertion of a mesityl isocyanide into the Mn−Siβ bond results in the formation of a manganese(II) complex supported by a [SiCSi]‐type tridentate ligand scaffold.
A Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst [Co2O2] Metallacycle Enables Regioselective Allene C(sp2)‐H Functionalization
Authors: Liang Yating , Feng Jiayi , Li Huilong , Wang Xiaoli , Zhang Ying , Fan Weigang , Zhang Sheng , Li Man‐Bo
Published: February 2024

Selective functionalization of allenic C(sp2)‐H is an ideal approach to upgrading simple allenes to synthetically useful allenes, albeit suffering from challenges associated with inert reactivity and inferior selectivity. Inspired by energy chemistry, a catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) strategy was leveraged to selectively activate weakly acidic allene C(sp2)‐H bonds in a reductive mode. An array of [Co2O2] metallacycle complexes were readily devised starting from amino acids, and they were demonstrated as robust HER catalysts, which would selectively break allenic C(sp2)‐H bonds to release hydrogen. With the newly developed HER catalyst, regioselective electrochemical functionalization of allenic C(sp2)‐H with alcoholic α C(sp3)‐H was unprecedentedly achieved. This strategy features excellent regioselectivity, unconventional chemoselectivity, good functional‐group tolerance (62 examples), and mild conditions. Mechanism experiments revealed a reactive hydroxy‐coordinated cobalt(II) species in the reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also conducted to rationalize the regioselectivity observed in the reaction.
Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of clays from Durban (South Africa) for applications in cosmetics
Authors: Nkosi S'busiso M , Thembane Nokukhanya
Published: February 2024

Clay soils are rock‐decomposed materials comprised of both clay‐ and non‐clay‐like minerals. Clays' physiochemical and mineralogical composition determines their applicability use in cosmetics. Because of their high bioburden, they must be effectively characterized before being incorporated into cosmetics. The scope of the current study was to characterize two different samples of red and white clays for their physical, chemical and biological properties; mined from Durban, South Africa. Characterization was performed using techniques like X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, hydrogen potential, soil colour, oil absorption, swelling capacity, texture, bulk density, plastic and apparent viscosity, sun protection factor and microbiological analysis.
Green synthesis of bovine serum albumin–tailored silver nanoparticles from Aspergillus fumigatus: Statistical optimization, characterization, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity evaluation on colon cancer cells
Authors: Ahmed Syed Suhaib , Sriramcharan Pitta , Arivuselam Rajaguru , Raman Rajeshkumar , Venkatachalam Senthil , Natarajan Jawahar
Published: February 2024

Nanobiotechnology has evolved as a promising technology in developing therapeutically active materials. This study involved the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from extracellular filtrate from the fungal species Aspergillus fumigatus to assess their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity under in‐vitro conditions. This method has become more reliable than physical and chemical approaches, attributed to its use of ecologically clean and non‐toxic methods. These synthesized nanoparticles are then characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Design optimization was done to optimize the selected variables to choose the best‐fit ratios for the experiment. UV spectroscopy showed the absorption peaks for AgNPs and bovine serum albumin (BSA) AgNPs at 300 and 315 nm. FTIR spectroscopy showed amide, carboxyl, and ester groups in BSA AgNPs, indicating their role in stabilizing nanoparticles. The particle size and zeta potential for AgNPs and BSA AgNPs were found to be 124.81 and 152.92 nm; zeta potentials for AgNPS and BSA AgNPs were found to be −13.3 and −15.6 mV. Various antioxidant studies like 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) (ABTS), ion chelating assay, lipid peroxide assay, and malondialdehyde were carried out, indicating good antioxidant activity for synthesized nanoparticles. SEM images advocated good spherical images and are well dispersed. The cytotoxic assay performed on HT‐29 colon cancer cells exhibited good inhibition activity for AgNPs and BSA AgNPs, with an IC50 value of 120 and 100 μg/ml. These study results revealed that the synthesized AgNPs, on optimization through Box‐Behnken design, exhibited good antioxidant and cytotoxic activity.
Compatibilization of poly(methyl methacrylate) and cellulose nanocrystals through co‐continuous phase to enhance the thermomechanical properties
Authors: Zergane Hichem , Abdi Saïd , Wang Qingbo , Wang Luyao , Uppstu Peter , Sundberg Anna , Xu Chunlin , Wang Xiaoju
Published: February 2024

The present study focuses on enhancing the thermomechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a transparent and biocompatible polymer known for its high strength but limited toughness. The approach involves the development of PMMA/cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) composites. To improve the interfacial compatibility between PMMA and CNCs, a two‐step process is employed. Initially, the CNCs undergo oxidation using sodium periodate, followed by the introduction of amino groups through reductive amination. The aminated CNCs are then covalently bonded to PMMA via an amidation reaction using the “grafting onto” approach. Subsequently, the grafted CNCs are incorporated into the PMMA matrix using the solvent casting method. The resulting composites are extruded into filaments. Elemental composition analysis confirms CNC modification, revealing the presence of 1.6% nitrogen. The modified CNCs exhibit a higher degradation temperature than unmodified CNCs, showing a 50°C increase. The composites' dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) reveals a 20% improvement in storage modulus (E′) upon incorporating 1.5% of the grafted CNCs into the PMMA matrix. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of co‐continuous phases in the composite structure.
Nanoliposome‐loaded phenolics from Salvia leriifolia Benth and its anticancer effects against induced colorectal cancer in mice
Authors: Nasrabadi Niusha Shojaee , Vedad Arezoo , Asadi Kimia , Poorbagher Mahsa Rastegar Moghaddam , Tabrizi Nadia Abdollahian , Dorooki Kiyana , Sabouni Roghayeh Sabouhi , moghadam Mahla barati , Shafaei Negin , Karimi Ehsan , Oskoueian Ehsan
Published: February 2024

Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of death among various types of cancer. Despite the significant progress made in cancer treatment, chemotherapy resistance and various side effects are still prevalent. The objective of this study is to assess the therapeutic potential of phenolic‐rich fraction encapsulated nanoliposome (PRF‐NLs) of Salvia leriifolia Benth in the treatment of colon cancer in mice. Initially, the phenolic‐rich fraction (PRF) was extracted and then encapsulated into nanoliposomes. The physicochemical properties of the nanoliposomes were evaluated using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, 24 mice with HT‐29 colon cancer cells were divided into three groups, and the anticancer effects of PRF‐NLs were measured. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of S. leriifolia was the highest PRF containing 14.27 ± 2.39 mg (gallic acid) GA/g DW (dry weight), and the PRF successfully loaded into the nanoliposome structure resulted in the synthesis of nanoliposomes with a nanometer size and spherical shape and homogenous dispersion. Some of the abundant bioactive phenolic compounds in the nanoliposome‐loaded PRF are salicylic acid and naringin. The average daily weight gain and food intake, and changes in the expression of caspase 3, Bax (Bcl‐2 associated X‐protein), and Bcl2 (B‐cell lymphoma 2), inducible nitric oxide synthase genes, were observed in the mice group induced colorectal cancer cells. At a dose of 100 mg TPC (total phenolic content)/kg BW/day, the nonencapsulated PRF dietary addition improved these parameters; however, the potential shown by nanoliposome‐encapsulated PRF than the nonencapsulated PRF in enhancing health parameters in mice was higher. The developed intestinal absorption and bioavailability of nanoliposome‐encapsulated PRF contribute to its increased health‐promoting activity. Thereby, the synthesized nanoliposome may be a potential natural anticancer drug to prevent colorectal cancer.
Carbon neutrality in the Finnish energy sector: prospects for a fossil‐fuel phase out
Authors: Proskurina Svetlana
Published: February 2024

The Finnish government has set a target of reaching carbon neutrality by 2035 and renewable energy is playing an increasingly important role in the Finnish energy sector. Bioenergy from forest biomass is currently the most utilized renewable energy resource. European Union regulations are imposing limitations on the use of forest biomass for environmental reasons, however, and the energy sector is having to look for alternative renewable energy options to reach carbon neutrality. This paper reviews the latest changes in the energy industry in Finland and evaluates prospective renewable energy development and fossil fuel replacement in the future Finnish energy system. The study shows that only a combination of all available renewable energy forms can enable the carbon neutrality target to be achieved by 2035. There is a good possibility that Finland can replace fossil fuels fully in the energy sector; wind energy will increase its share of electricity production, and biomass will continue to play a crucial role in the heating sector. Industry and the transport sector, however, face greater challenges and should be studied in more detail.
Engineering a “muco‐trapping” ACE2‐immunoglobulin hybrid with picomolar affinity as an inhaled, pan‐variant immunotherapy for COVID‐19
Authors: Tiruthani Karthik , Cruz‐Teran Carlos , Chan Jasper F. W. , Ma Alice , McSweeney Morgan , Wolf Whitney , Yuan Shoufeng , Poon Vincent K. M. , Chan Chris C. S. , Botta Lakshmi , Farrer Brian , Stewart Ian , Schaefer Alison , Edelstein Jasmine , Kumar Priya , Arora Harendra , Hutchins Jeff T. , Hickey Anthony J. , Yuen Kwok‐Yung , Lai Samuel K.
Published: February 2024

Soluble angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) can act as a decoy molecule that neutralizes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) by blocking spike (S) proteins on virions from binding ACE2 on host cells. Based on structural insights of ACE2 and S proteins, we designed a “muco‐trapping” ACE2‐Fc conjugate, termed ACE2‐(G4S)6‐Fc, comprised of the extracellular segment of ACE2 (lacking the C‐terminal collectrin domain) that is linked to mucin‐binding IgG1‐Fc via an extended glycine‐serine flexible linker. ACE2‐(G4S)6‐Fc exhibits substantially greater binding affinity and neutralization potency than conventional full length ACE2‐Fc decoys or similar truncated ACE2‐Fc decoys without flexible linkers, possessing picomolar binding affinity and strong neutralization potency against pseudovirus and live virus. ACE2‐(G4S)6‐Fc effectively trapped fluorescent SARS‐CoV‐2 virus like particles in fresh human airway mucus and was stably nebulized using a commercial vibrating mesh nebulizer. Intranasal dosing of ACE2‐(G4S)6‐Fc in hamsters as late as 2 days postinfection provided a 10‐fold reduction in viral load in the nasal turbinate tissues by Day 4. These results strongly support further development of ACE2‐(G4S)6‐Fc as an inhaled immunotherapy for COVID‐19, as well as other emerging viruses that bind ACE2 for cellular entry.
Exploring the Chemical Constituents and Nutritive Potential of Bee Drone (Apilarnil): Emphasis on Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Abd El‐Wahed Aida A. , Khalifa Shaden A. M. , Aldahmash Badr , Zhang Hongcheng , Du Ming , Zhao Chao , Tahir Haroon Elrasheid , Saeed Aamer , Hussain Hidayat , Guo Zhiming , El‐Seedi Hesham R.
Published: February 2024

A lesser‐known bee product called drone brood homogenate (DBH, apilarnil) has recently attracted scientific interest for its chemical and biological properties. It contains pharmacologically active compounds that may have neuroprotective, antioxidant, fertility‐enhancing, and antiviral effects. Unlike other bee products, the chemical composition of bee drone larva is poorly studied. This study analyzed the chemical compostion of apilarnil using several methods. These included liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) and a combination of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with solid phase micro‐extraction (SPME/GC‐MS). Additionally, antioxidant activity of the apilarnil was assessed using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. A chemical assessment of apilarnil showed that it has 6.3±0.00, 74.67±0.10 %, 3.65±0.32 %, 8.80±1.01 %, 13.16±0.94 %, and 8.79±0.49 % of pH, moisture, total lipids, proteins, flavonoids, and carbohydrates, respectively. LC‐MS/MS analysis and molecular networking (GNPS) of apilarnil exhibited 44 compounds, including fatty acids, flavonoids, glycerophospholipids, alcohols, sugars, amino acids, and steroids. GC‐MS detected 30 volatile compounds in apilarnil, mainly esters (24 %), ketones (23.84 %), ethers (15.05 %), alcohols (11.41 %), fatty acids (10.06), aldehydes (6.73 %), amines (5.46), and alkene (5.53 %). The antioxidant activity of apilarnil was measured using DPPH with an IC50 of 179.93±2.46 μg/ml.
PTPN2 inhibits the proliferation of psoriatic keratinocytes by dephosphorylation of STAT3
Authors: Liu Shougang , Liu Fanghua , Zhang Zeqiao , Zhuang Zhe , Chen Yongfeng
Published: February 2024

Psoriasis is a recurrent and protracted disease that severely impacts the patient's physical and mental health. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore its pathogenesis to identify therapeutic targets. The expression level of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry techniques in psoriatic tissues and imiquimod‐induced psoriatic mouse models. PTPN2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were overexpressed or silenced in human keratinocytes or an interleukin (IL)‐6‐induced psoriasis HaCaT cell model using overexpression plasmid transfection or small interfering RNA technology in vitro, and the effects of PTPN2 on STAT3, HaCaT cell function, and autophagy levels were investigated using reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, Cell Counting Kit 8, 5‐ethynyl‐20‐deoxyuridine, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy. PTPN2 expression was found to be significantly downregulated in psoriatic tissues. Then, the in vitro antipsoriatic properties of PTPN2 were investigated in an IL‐6‐induced psoriasis‐like cell model, and the results demonstrated that inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation by PTPN2 may be associated with elevated STAT3 dephosphorylation and autophagy levels. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of autophagy in psoriatic keratinocytes and may be essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to improve inflammatory homeostasis in psoriatic patients.
The role of long noncoding RNA DGCR5 in cancers: Focus on molecular targets
Authors: Al‐Hawary Sulieman I. S. , Rodrigues Paul , Bangali Harun , Hassan Zahraa F. , Elawady Ahmed
Published: February 2024

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are major components of cellular transcripts that are emerging as important players in various biological pathways. Due to their specific expression and functional diversity in a variety of cancers, lncRNAs have promising applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Studies have shown that lncRNA DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 5 (DGCR5) with high specificity and accuracy has the potential to become biomarkers in cancers. LncRNA DGCR5 can be noninvasively extracted from body fluids, tissues, and cells, and can be used as independent or auxiliary biomarkers to improve the accuracy of diagnosis or prognosis. Now, the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs such as DGCR5 were explored as therapeutic targets, which have been investigated in clinical trials of several cancers. The DGCR5 lacks an appropriate animal model, which is necessary to gain greater knowledge of their functions. While some studies on the uses of DGCR5 have been carried out, the small sample size makes them unreliable. In this review, we presented a compilation of recent publications addressing the potential of lncRNA DGCR5 that could be considered as biomarkers or therapeutic targets, with the hopes of providing promised implications for future cancer therapy.
The noncanonical nucleotide binding site 1 of the bile salt export pump is optimized for proper function of the transporter
Authors: Sohail Imran , Hassan Mahmood Ul , Schmid Diethart , Chiba Peter
Published: February 2024

The bile salt export pump (ABCB11/BSEP) is a hepatocyte plasma membrane‐resident protein translocating bile salts into bile canaliculi. The sequence alignment of the four full‐length transporters of the ABCB subfamily (ABCB1, ABCB4, ABCB5 and ABCB11) indicates that the NBD‐NBD contact interface of ABCB11 differs from that of other members in only four residues. Notably, these are all located in the noncanonical nucleotide binding site 1 (NBS1). Substitution of all four deviant residues with canonical ones (quadruple mutant) significantly decreased the transport activity of the protein. In this study, we mutated two deviant residues in the signature sequence to generate a double mutant (R1221G/E1223Q). Furthermore, a triple mutant (E502S/R1221G/E1223Q) was generated, in which the deviant residues of the signature sequence and Q‐loop were mutated concurrently to canonical residues. The double and triple mutants showed 80% and 60%, respectively, of the activity of wild‐type BSEP. As expected, an increasing number of mutations gradually impair transport as an intricate network of interactions within the ABC proteins ensures proper functioning.
Geographic variation in aortic stenosis treatment and outcomes among Medicare beneficiaries in the United States
Authors: van Bakel Pieter A. J. , Ahmed Yunus , Hou Hechuan , Sukul Devraj , Likosky Donald S. , van Herwaarden Joost A. , Patel Himanshu J. , Thompson Michael P.
Published: February 2024

Background

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has changed the landscape of aortic stenosis (AS) management.

Aim

To describe and evaluate geographic variation in AS treatment and outcomes among a sample of Medicare beneficiaries.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of administrative claims data was conducted on a 20% sample of Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries aged 65 and older with a diagnosis of AS (2015−2018). Estimates of demographic, comorbidity, and healthcare resources were obtained from Medicare claims and the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care at the hospital referral region (HRR), which represents regional tertiary medical care markets. Linear regression was used to explain HRR‐level variation in rates of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and TAVR, and 1‐year mortality and readmission rates.

Results

A total of 740,899 beneficiaries with AS were identified with a median prevalence of AS of 39.9 per 1000 Medicare beneficiary years. The average HRR‐level rate of SAVR was 26.3 procedures per 1000 beneficiary years and the rate of TAVR was 20.3 procedures per 1000 beneficiary years. HRR‐level comorbidities and number of TAVR centers were associated with a lower SAVR rate. Demographics and comorbidities explained most of the variation in HRR‐level 1‐year mortality (15.2% and 18.8%) and hospitalization rates (20.5% and 16.9%), but over half of the variation remained unexplained.

Conclusion

Wide regional variation in the treatment and outcomes of AS was observed but were largely unexplained by patient factors and healthcare utilization. Understanding the determinants of AS treatment and outcomes can inform population health efforts for these patients.
Performance of the minimalistic hybrid approach algorithm versus other conventional algorithms in the percutaneous treatment of chronic total occlusions
Authors: Poletti Enrico , Zivelonghi Carlo , Dens Joseph , Bennett Johan , Ungureanu Claudiu , Coussement Patrick , Cottens Daan , Lesizza Pierluigi , Jossart Adrien , De Cock Emmanuel , Scott Benjamin , Agostoni Pierfrancesco
Published: February 2024

Background

The “Minimalistic Hybrid Approach” (MHA) has been proposed to reduce the invasiveness of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Aims

This study aims to assess whether MHA may also reduce the utilization of PCI resources (devices, radiations, and contrast) by comparing it with other conventional algorithms.

Methods

We aimed to assess the impact of MHA on device, radiation, and contrast usage during CTO‐PCI analyzing data from the Belgian Working Group on CTO (BWG‐CTO) registry. Patients were divided, depending on the algorithm used, into two groups: Conventional versus Minimalistic. Primary objectives were procedure performance measures such as device usage (microcatheters and guidewires), radiological parameters, and contrast use. At 1‐year follow‐up, patients were evaluated for target vessel failure (TVF), defined as a composite of cardiac death, new myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization.

Results

Overall, we analyzed 821 CTO‐PCIs (Conventional n = 650, Minimalistic n = 171). The Minimalistic group demonstrated higher complexity of CTO lesions. After adjusting for propensity score, the Minimalistic group had a significantly lower number of microcatheters used (1.49 ± 0.85 vs. 1.24 ± 0.64, p = 0.026), while the number of guidewires was comparable (4.80 ± 3.29 vs. 4.35 ± 2.94, p = 0.30). Both groups had similar rates of success and procedural complications, as well as comparable procedural and fluoroscopic times and contrast volume used. At the 1‐year follow‐up, both groups showed comparable rates of TVF (hazard ratio: 0.57; 95% confidence interval: 0.24–1.34, p = 0.195).

Conclusion

The MHA may slightly reduce the number of dedicated devices used during CTO‐PCI, without adversely affecting the procedural success or long‐term outcome.
Diagnostic challenge in a 2‐year‐old boy poisoned with carbon monoxide: A case report
Authors: Alizadeh Anahita , Pourbadakhshan Nafiseh , Moazzen Nasrin
Published: February 2024

Key Clinical Message

Carbon monoxide poisoning diagnosis is sometimes very difficult and should be considered in the differential diagnosis list of children's consciousness disorders even in summer.

Carbon monoxide poisoning is very dangerous, and sometimes, it is difficult to diagnose. Especially, this poisoning may have non‐specific manifestations in children and can be confused with other diseases. Here we present a 2‐year‐old child who suffered a disturbance of consciousness during the summer season. He and his family were travelers who had come to Mashhad from Kerman and were staying in a hotel room, after various investigations. It has been found that he was poisoned with carbon monoxide gas due to the leakage of carbon monoxide gas from the chimney pipe of the engine room related to the hotel's water heating into the room. After receiving oxygen and supportive treatments, he recovered and was discharged with good health. Poisoning with carbon monoxide gas is very dangerous, and the awareness of health and medical personnel in this field is essential.
Nickel and Iron‐Doped Biocarbon Catalysts for Reverse Water‐Gas Shift Reaction
Authors: Graul Théodore , González Martínez María , Nzihou Ange
Published: February 2024

Biocarbon catalysts for reverse water‐gas shift reaction (RWGS) were produced from pyrolyzed fern and willow impregnated with iron and nickel nitrates. This reaction can partake during Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis (FTS) by consuming CO2 and lowering both the H2/CO ratio and the efficiency in the production of fuels. RWGS has attracted much attention to widespread utilization of CO2 through the production of syngas. The catalysts were therefore tested in a fixed‐bed reactor at 400 °C as it is the maximal temperature for FTS and high RWGS. They showed high selectivity towards CO (>84 %) and fair conversion (<17 %) compared to rust (81 %, 30 %, respectively) and Fe‐impregnated alumina (100 %, 8 %). No loss in selectivity and conversion was observed for a longer residence time (288 h). Biomass inherent metals could provide reactive gas adsorption sites that improve conversion by dispersing electrons which reduces adsorption and dissociation energy barriers. K, Mg and Ca in fern biocarbon catalysts may be related to the higher CO2 uptake compared to willow catalysts. Electron deficient sites produced by reduction of biocarbon oxygen functional groups may facilitate CO2 uptake and activation. Ni‐impregnated fern‐based biocarbon showed the highest activity, due to the synergetic effect of the inherent metals, O vacancies and strong metal‐carbon interactions.
A Perspective on the Requirements of Ni‐rich Cathode Surface Modifications for Application in Lithium‐ion Batteries and All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Choi Jae Hong , Embleton Tom James , Ko Kyungmok , Jang Haeseong , Son Yoonkook , Park Joohyuk , Lee Songyi , Oh Pilgun
Published: February 2024

The increasing adoption of Ni‐rich cathode active materials in commercial liquid electrolyte Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is testament to the improvements in the cathode stability through various surface modification strategies. The development of a deeper understanding of the cathode/electrolyte interface in LIBs has resulted in coatings capable of mitigating both surface and bulk cathode degradation mechanisms. However, due to increasing demands for safe and high energy density cells, a large portion of the research has now shifted towards applying Ni‐rich cathode active materials in inherently safer all‐solid‐state Lithium‐ion batteries (ASSLBs), with the resulting cathode surface modification strategies evolving differently. In this regard, a review outlining the surface modification strategies of Ni‐rich cathode materials applied in both LIB and ASSLB systems is provided. Within, a review of the traditional, advanced and specialized surface modification strategies of each system is discussed, along with a final perspective on the likely future direction of research regarding the design of system‐specific Ni‐rich cathode‐based surface modification strategies.
Highly efficient vanadium redox flow batteries enabled by a trilayer polybenzimidazole membrane assembly
Authors: Bui Trung Tuyen , Shin Mingyu , Rahimi Mohammad , Bentien Anders , Kwon Yongchai , Henkensmeier Dirk
Published: February 2024

A novel polybenzimidazole (PBI)‐based trilayer membrane assembly is developed for application in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The membrane comprises a 1 µm thin cross‐linked poly[2,2′‐(p‐oxydiphenylene)−5,5′‐bibenzimidazole] (OPBI) sandwiched between two 20 µm thick porous OPBI membranes (p‐OPBI) without further lamination steps. The trilayer membrane demonstrates exceptional properties, such as high conductivity and low area‐specific resistance (ASR) of 51 mS cm−1 and 81 mΩ cm2, respectively. Contact with vanadium electrolyte increases the ASR of trilayer membrane only to 158 mΩ cm2, while that of Nafion is 193 mΩ cm2. VO2+ permeability is 2.73 × 10−9 cm2 min−1, about 150 times lower than that of Nafion NR212. In addition, the membrane has high mechanical strength and high chemical stability against VO2+. In VRFB, the combination of low resistance and low vanadium permeability results in excellent performance, revealing high Coulombic efficiency (>99%), high energy efficiency (EE; 90.8% at current density of 80 mA cm−2), and long‐term durability. The EE is one of the best reported to date.
Construction of high‐throughput magnetic circular dichroism measurement system and its application to research on magnetic and optical properties of phthalocyanine complexes
Authors: Suzuki Satoko , Kaneta Akio , Santria Anas , Yoshida Kengo , Oyama Taiji , Imai Yoshitane , Akao Ken‐ichi , Ishikawa Naoto
Published: February 2024

Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy is a powerful method for evaluating the electronic structure and magnetic and optical properties of molecules. In particular, MCD measurements have been performed on phthalocyanines and porphyrins with various central metal ions, axial ligands, and substituents to elucidate their properties. It is essential to develop a robust high‐throughput technique to perform these measurements comprehensively and efficiently. However, MCD spectroscopy requires very high optical quality for each component of the instrument, and even slight cell distortions can impair the baseline flatness. Consequently, when versatility and data quality are important, an optical system designed for a microplate reader is not suitable for the MCD spectrometer. Therefore, in this study, we develop a new magnetic flow‐through cell and combine it with an existing CD spectrometer and autosampler to construct a high‐throughput system. The effectiveness and performance of this new system are then evaluated. In addition, based on the MCD and absorption spectra of various phthalocyanine complexes, the effects of substituents and solvents on their magnetic and optical properties and the causes of these effects are discussed. The results demonstrate that this system is effective for the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of various phthalocyanine complexes.