bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Proposed Amendment to the Definition of “Veldfire” as Articulated by The National Veld and Forest Fire Amendment Bill [B22–2016]
Authors: Glenwin Sefela
Published: March 2021

It goes without saying that fire is an important factor in the development of humankind. When humans first discovered fire, it instantly became their best friend. Fire enabled early humans to light up the dark, indulge in cooked meals and provide warmth for their bodies and homes. However, even before they figured out how to manually reproduce fire, it existed in nature. Fire, and specifically “veldfire”, exists naturally and does not need the agency of man.Today, severe drought, specific weather conditions (for example, high temperatures, high wind speed and low rainfall combine to induce favourable veldfire conditions) and an array of other factors (such as topography, land size, fuel type, population density (human influence) and climate change) all increase the possibility of a veldfire occurring. Owing to these contributing factors, fire has become both friend and, in some instances, deadly foe. For example, fire is used as a friendly management tool to prevent or lower the risk of veldfire, while an example of fire as foe are what are now commonly known as the “Knysna Fires” of 2017, which remain a vivid reminder of what uncontrolled fires can do. This type of fire not only damaged social, economic and environmental assets, it also quickly escalated into an emergency incident. An “incident” is defined in s 30(a) of the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 to mean “an unexpected sudden occurrence, including a major emission, fire or explosion leading to serious danger to the public or potentially serious pollution of or detriment to the environment, whether immediate or delayed.” The Knysna Fires are a classic example of why managing veldfires in an integrated way is important within a South African context and are one of the main reasons for the promulgation of the National Veld and Forest Fire Act (101 of 1998) (NV&FFA) (s 3).Regrettably, however, the NV&FFA defines neither “veld” nor “veldfire”. Instead, it defines “fire” to “include a veldfire” and goes on inadequately to explain that “veldfire” means “veld, forest and mountain fire”. Taking the above reasoning into consideration, arguably one of the main challenges of the NV&FFA is the strict interpretation and inadequacy of the term “veldfire”. In refreshing contrast, however, the National Veld and Forest Fire Amendment Bill (the Bill) aims to provide more meaning to the term “veldfire”.

The purpose of this note is therefore a critical analysis of the proposed amendment to the definition of veldfire by: providing legislative background to the term “veldfire”; investigating the way the courts of the past have interpreted the term legislative background and consequently “veldfire”; explaining why the proposal to amend the term “veldfire” is important; briefly looking at how other countries define their equivalent of South Africa’s “veldfire”; and, lastly, by providing remarks and suggestions.
Ciudad Bolívar y el cable aéreo: expresiones y trayectorias de la ciudad segregada
Authors: Albarracín Rodríguez Abraham , Castellanos Sepúlveda Luis Felipe , Mojíca Quijano John Greyson , Olaya Paipilla Cristhyan David , Padilla Angélica María , Pérez Muñoz Sergio Alberto , Santana Tovar Nicol Andrea
Published: March 2021

El presente artículo reflexiona sobre los impactos del proyecto de cable aéreo TransMiCable en la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar de Bogotá, Colombia. Se refleja una experiencia de trabajo de campo en el contexto de la formación docente que permite relacionar aspectos teóricos, desde la geografía urbana y la educación geográfica, a partir del estudio de la segregación urbana, la transformación urbana de los barrios, los elementos del paisaje urbano y el fenómeno incipiente de turistificación. Se presenta un proceso de observación, trabajo colaborativo y recorrido urbano que pretende relacionar los debates del escenario universitario con el estudio de la trayectoria de organización social de los barrios del sur de Bogotá.
Performance Level (PL) Part I - Basic Parameter of the Machine Safety Function (SF)
Authors:   Klub Paragraf 34 SBT, TRAJDOS Marek
Published: March 2021

The paper discusses the concept of the safety function for the machine control circuit, which is one of the basic concepts that allow to design machines in accordance with the safety requirements. The basics of the architecture of systems implementing safety functions in machines were also discussed. Using the example of the fundamental emergency stop circuit, the basics of the reliability parameters for electromechanical components are explained. The concept of forced contact guidance is also explained. The basic formulas are given and the basis for further clarification of the performance level (PL) is prepared.
Социально ориентированные НКО и социальные предприятия как драйверы разгосударствления социального обслуживания: барьеры и возможности
Authors: Григорьева Ирина Андреевна , Парфенова Оксана
Published: March 2021

«Золотой век» социального государства – в прошлом, оно дрейфует в сторону все более сложных и смешанных моделей, к плюрализации (welfare pluralism). Наряду с этим неолиберальный подход в социальной политике, который реализует в последние годы российское государство, привел к увеличению числа «смешанных» субъектов социальной политики. Речь идет о множестве малых или индивидуальных «предприятий», находящихся в широком спектре от прибыльного бизнеса до благотворительности. Социальные предприятия и социально ориентированные НКО (СО НКО) – поставщики социальных услуг, взаимодействующие в одном поле и конкурирующие за государственные субсидии или гранты. В статье на примере социального обслуживания пожилых людей в Санкт-Петербур­ге и Ленинградской области мы отвечаем на вопросы: как происходит разгосударствление социального обслуживания? Каковы барьеры и возможности этого процесса? В рамках теории текущие изменения требуют опоры на классический подход к анализу межсекторных взаимодействий в социальной политике. Использованные для анализа материалы включают в себя: актуальные нормативно-правовые акты; статистические данные; выступления чиновников; научные публикации; материалы с сайтов НКО. В статье показывается, что СО НКО и социальное предпринимательство играют важную роль в разгосударствлении социальных сервисов, которое ускорилось в 2015 г. после принятия Федерального закона о социальном обслуживании. На практике государственные службы зачастую создают организационные и финансовые барьеры для НКО, стремясь сохранить монополию в сфере социального обслуживания. Повысить устойчивость работы НКО могут эндаумент-фонды, но создать их удается редким (даже крупным) НКО. Среди других барьеров – низкая информированность о работе НКО и уровень доверия к ним со стороны населения, плохо отработанный механизм сбыта продукции и услуг. Разгосударствление посредством активного вовлечения СО НКО и социальных предприятий открывает возможности для того, чтобы они эффективно компенсировали несовершенство государственных сервисов, повышали самообеспечение и самозанятость населения. Негосударственные поставщики социальных услуг меняют поле решения социальных проблем, превращая пассивных «получателей услуг» в активных агентов.
Contextual Enablers and Hindrances of Girl Child Participation in STEM Education in a Kenyan County: A Case Study
Authors:   Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kibabii University, Kelonye Festus B. , Odeo Isaac Ipara ,   Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Kibabii University, Kenya, Selline Ooko ,   Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Samson Nashon ,   Department of Curriculum and Pedagogy, University of British Columbia, Canada, Juma Godfrey S. ,   Department of Mathematics, Kibabii University
Published: March 2021

In Kenya, student performance in sciences and Mathematics is still low compared to artoriented disciplines. The poor performance has affected not only the Girl child’s interest in these disciplines but also the number of girls that take STEM-oriented programs at tertiary levels. Several mitigating measures have been enacted although the situation has not changed much. This paper reports a study that explored contextual enablers and hindrances of Girl Child participation in STEM education in a Western Kenyan county. The study employed a case study approach by administering structured questionnaires, interview schedule and focused group discussion guide for data collection. The data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods and revealed that: 1) lesson development that connected science concepts to activities in the local context motivated and improved girl child’s participation and performance in contextualized learning activities and 2), familiarity with the materials and tools used in planning and implementing contextualized learning activities evoked the girl child’s enthusiasm and courage to exchange knowledge and ask more curiosity focused questions. Also revealed were hindrances including: 1) teachers’ initial training that did not prepare them for this way of teaching and it was not and has not been modeled for them during their preservice education or the ongoing professional development workshops; and 2) the exam driven nature of the curriculum serving as a hindrance to teacher innovation and creativity in instructional techniques. The study recommends a more creative and innovative teacher training system and focused research to monitor girl child participation and performance in STEM education. Keywords: Contextualized learning; Girl Child, STEM education; performance
The Problem of Russian Reading Training for Chinese Students: State and Prospects
Authors:   Moscow State Linguistic University, Budnik E. , Novoselova E. ,   Pushkin State Russian Language Institute
Published: March 2021

The article aims to discuss the main features of teaching reading in the lessons of RFL (Russian as a foreign language) in the Chinese audience. Foreign language reading is significant speech activity because it is the basis of developing other speech activities. The article analyses the phonetical and methodological barriers, which may meet Chinese students while improving their reading skills, and provide some methods of removing the difficulties in reading. When teaching Russian to Chinese students, especially outside the linguistic environment, teachers do not pay due attention to practicing various types of reading, and, consequently, automating verbal forecasting. In the methodological literature, to overcome oral speech problems, the need to focus on spontaneous oral speech is noted, directly related to reading as a resource for expanding vocabulary and grammatical structures. Using system analysis, comparison, typology, theoretical and methodological forecasting, the work compares the most popular types of reading in China and Russia when teaching international students, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of using these types of reading. Based on Chinese students’ most frequent difficulties, a developed balanced type text is proposed that considers the most problematic phonetic cases. Also, a system of various exercises is proposed, aimed at developing the skills of oral speech. The exercises and use of phonetically balanced texts might contribute to the further enrichment of RFL methodology. Keywords: reading technique, Chinese interference, Russian as a foreign language, words indentation
Virtual Reality Program for Enhancing Learning in a High School Human Biology Course
Authors:   Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela Nacional de Preparatoria, Mexico, Garza-Martínez José
Published: March 2021

The creation of virtual environments and their implementation have been a matter of greatest importance in the last decades, becoming a breaking point for progress in different fields like communication, entertainment, and education. Additionally, the learning and teaching of human biology have been more relevant through the increase of biology-related research and medical advances. However, learning human biology, especially anatomy, is perceived as difficult by students. The objective of this study is to improve the learning of human biology by implementing a Virtual Reality Program (VRP) in a high school human biology course, measuring academic performance in a final knowledge evaluation. The VRP used immersive Virtual Reality (VR) devices (Oculus-Go® and Oculus-Rift®) and consisted of three stages: exploration, virtual reality lab, and knowledge reinforcement. In the exploration, the students had a guided approach of the topics with a professor’s explanation; afterward, they had guided and independent collaborative experience in the Virtual Reality lab; and finally, their knowledge was reinforced in communication with the professor. A post-test only with a control group design was employed with 120 students. There were two experimental groups (63 students) and two control groups (57 students). After completing the stages of the VRP, all the groups had a final knowledge evaluation where the experimental groups obtained a mean of 77.24, while the control groups had 69.11. There was a significant statistical difference between the groups with a P<0.05 using a two-sample t-test. This proves that implementing a long-time and collaborative immersive VR approach in high school human biology courses is effective for enhancing learning and improving academic performance. Keywords: educational innovation, virtual reality, active learning, academic performance
The Usage of the Flipped Class Model when Teaching International Students Theoretical Disciplines at the Philological Faculty
Authors:   Pushkin State Russian Language Institute, Naumenko Yulia , Vokhmina Lilia ,   Pushkin State Russian Language Institute, Budnik Ekaterina ,   Moscow State Linguistic University
Published: March 2021

One of the teaching models which stimulates and motivates students' studying activities is the flipped class, which “turns over” the traditional order of the material (a lecture - homework) vice versa. The purpose of this work is to present the effectiveness of the usage of the flipped class model when teaching international students’ theoretical disciplines in Russian at the philological faculty at Pushkin State Russian Language Institute. The traditional way of giving the material of theoretical disciplines to the international students didn’t show the high results: the students couldn’t master the material in full, didn’t understand texts of the lectures due to an insufficiently formed lexical stock and couldn’t do practical tasks and tests. The students met significant difficulties during the performance of the certification work. It became clear that the special preparative work must be done with the students before they begin to listen to lectures. So, the teaching and academic staff of the department (Department of Methodology of Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language) at the philological faculty decided to change the traditional way of giving theoretical lecture material in Russian for the international students into the flipped class teaching model. In 2019-2020 academic year the international students got the new formatted material under study within the theoretical discipline “Aspect study of the Russian Language in an international audience”. LMS Canvas was used as an educational platform, where the students got different tasks with video lectures, articles, questions, practical exercises. At the end of the term the students completed the certification work. And the high points which the students got for the work indicated the correctness of the chosen teaching model. Keywords: teaching international students, traditional format of teaching, flipped class teaching model, Russian and international audience
Keterampilan Peribadi Pelajar Sebagai Satu Bentuk Kemahiran Komunikasi dan Kepentingannya dalam Pasaran Dunia Pekerjaan
Authors:   Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Ibrahim Noor Afzaliza Nazira , Mahbob Maizatul Haizan ,   Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Published: March 2021

Students' Personal Skills as a Form of Communication Skills and Their Importance in the Job Market ABSTRACT This article discusses students' personal skills as a form of communication skills and their importance in the world of job markets. Communication skills have been identified as an element that helps graduates in improving their personality qualities. Humans communicate because they want to influence the understanding of others, attitudes and even actions of others whether they agree or not on an issue. In addition, communication is also a two-way process in which both parties must respond to a piece of information presented. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze non-verbal communication skills as well as the level of personal skills of students at UPM and UMS. Data obtained through survey methods were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using descriptive mean analysis, correlation and regression. The findings show that students' awareness of non-verbal communication skills is at a high level. Similarly, the personal skills expressed by them, are also at a high level. While regression analysis found that non-verbal communication skills contributed variance on personal skills by 36.9 per cent. With good skills, students can improve their personal skills. The concept of self-skills covers three main elements, namely communication skills, leadership skills and also group work skills. Graduates who have these three elements will make it easier for them to build a good personality and help them bring themselves into the world of the job market. Keywords: Communication skills, personal skills, the concept of skills, importance of skills, core skills.
To What Extent Can the CJEU Contribute to Increasing the EU Legislative Process’ Transparency?
Authors: Bodson Benjamin
Published: March 2021

Alongside other actors such as the European Ombudsman, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) plays what looks like, at first sight, a key role in improving the transparency of EU legislative procedures. To take two relatively recent examples, the De Capitani v. European Parliament (2018) judgment was perceived as a victory by those in favor of increased transparency of EU legislative procedures at the stage of trilogues, as was the ClientEarth v. European Commission (2018) judgment regarding the pre-initiative stage. Both rulings emphasize the need for “allowing citizens to scrutinize all the information which has formed the basis of a legislative act…[as] a precondition for the effective exercise of their democratic rights” (ClientEarth v. European Commission, 2018, §84; De Capitani v. European Parliament, 2018, §80). Nevertheless, while the CJEU’s case law may indeed contribute to improving the legislative process’ transparency, its impact on the latter is inherently limited and even bears the potential of having a perverse effect. This article sheds light on the limits of the CJEU’s capacity to act in this field and the potential effects of its case law on the EU institutions’ attitudes or internal organization.
INSTITUTE OF EXCLUSION FROM EVIDENCE AT THE STAGE OF PRE-TRIAL INVESTIGATION: CURRENT PROBLEMS AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM
Authors: Prylutskyi S.
Published: March 2021

The study focuses on both theoretical and applied aspects of evidentiary law. The subject of this study is the legal institution of admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings, as well as the legal mechanism for declaring evidence inadmissible. The author relies on the constitutional postulate (Part 3 of Article 62 of the Constitution of Ukraine) according to which the accusation cannot be based on evidence obtained illegally, as well as on assumptions. Based on this constitutional imperative, it is stated that the prosecution has no right to form charges and go to court if the accusation is based on illegal evidence or subjective assumptions, and emphasizes that the subject who forms the prosecution must operate on legal evidence. Thus, a legal contradiction is revealed between the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine and Part 2 of Article 23 of the CPC of Ukraine regarding the legal nature of evidence in the pre-trial investigation. Given that according to the domestic legal structure, factual data must be recognized as evidence at the stage of pre-trial investigation, there is a legal need to guarantee the right of a person to a fair trial, the introduction of a clear mechanism for verifying factual data for admissibility at the stage of pre-trial investigation. The author argues that such a mechanism should provide effective tools for self-control and neutralization of illegal sources of factual data by both the prosecuting authorities and the court, during the implementation of judicial control over pre-trial investigation in making key decisions to restrict guaranteed rights and freedoms. Keywords: evidence, accusation, suspicion, admissibility of evidence, exclusion from evidence.
Pengaruh Substitusi Tepung Terigu dengan Tepung Umbi Dahlia dan Konsentrasi Baking Powder terhadap Karakteristik Fisik Cookies Kaya Serat
Authors: Mubarok Ahmad Zaki , Winata Ardelia
Published: March 2021

Cookies merupakan salah satu makanan ringan yang disukai disemua kalangan umur. Umumnya cookies terbuat dari tepung terigu, memiliki kandungan karbohidrat dan lemak yang tinggi namun mengandung kadar serat yang rendah. Pada penelitian ini tepung umbi dahlia digunakan sebagai substitusi tepung terigu untuk pembuatan cookies kaya serat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji penggunaan tepung umbi dahlia sebagai substitusi tepung terigu dan konsentrasi baking powder dalam formulasi pembuatan cookies. Rasio tepung umbi dahlia dan tepung terigu pada penelitian ini yaitu 15:85, 30:70, dan 45:55; dan konsentrasi baking powder yang digunakan yaitu 1–3% dari berat tepung. Metode Derringer’s Desirability Function digunakan untuk mendapatkan formula terbaik, dengan membandingkan kedekatan nilai karakteristik fisik cookies yang diberi perlakuan dengan karakteristik fisik cookies kontrol sebagai target. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan formula terbaik untuk pembuatan cookies kaya serat adalah penggunaan rasio tepung umbi dahlia dan tepung terigu sebesar 30:70 dan penggunaan baking powder konsentrasi 3% dengan nilai total desirability (D) sebesar 0,87. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah cookies kaya serat berhasil dapat diproduksi dengan menggunakan tepung umbi dahlia dan jumlah penambahannya yang terbaik, dapat ditentukan.Effect of Substitution of Wheat Flour with Dahlia Tuber Flour and Concentration of Baking Powder on Physical Properties of Fiber Rich CookiesAbstractCookies are one of the snacks favored by wide range of consumers’s age. Usually, cookies made from wheat flour, which have high content of carbohydrate and fat but low content of fiber. In the present study, dahlia tuber flour was used to substitute wheat flour to produce fiber rich cookies. The effect of dahlia tuber flour was analyzed in the a varied baking powder addition. Dahlia tuber flour and wheat flour at ratio of 15:85, 30:70, and 45:55 (w/w); and baking powder concentration of 1–3% from total weight of the flour was usedas formula. Optimum formulation was obtained by Derringer’s Desirability Function, which compares the relation value of the physical properties of cookies made with dahlia tuber flour and control cookies which was made of wheat flour. The result showed that optimum formula to produce fiber rich cookies was obtained on the ratio of 30:70 and baking powder at concentration of 3%, with total desirability (D) value of 0.87. As conslusion, high fiber content cookies was succsessfully produced and the best dahlia tuber flour addition was determined optimally.
Pengaruh Lama Pemaparan Ozon Terhadap Kualitas Mikrobiologi dan Kandungan Nutrisi Susu Kambing Peranakan Ettawa
Authors: Kusumaningrum Desy Galuh
Published: March 2021

Susu kambing mengandung komponen gizi yang tinggi dan dibutuhkan oleh manusia, namun mempunyai sifat mudah rusak akibat cemaran bakteri sehingga dikenal sebagai perishable food. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengaplikasikan ozon dalam susu dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis total bakteri dalam susu, serta pengaruhnya terhadap komponen protein, lemak dan laktosa. Ozon dengan kadar 3 ppm digunakan dalam penelitian ini dan diaplikasikan pada susu dengan lama pemaparan 0, 3, 6, dan 9 menit. Pengamatan dilakukan pada akhir penelitian dan dianalisis dalam hal total bakteri, protein, lemak dan laktosa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah bakteri dalam susu semakin menurun (p<0,01) seiring lamanya waktu pemaparan ozon. Penurunan bakteri mencapai 0,45; 0,95; dan 1,42 log CFU/ml masing-masing dengan lama ozonisasi 3, 6 dan 9 menit. Terdapat hubungan yang sangat kuat (r=0,92; R2= 0,99; p<0,0001) antara lama waktu pemaparan ozon dengan penurunan jumlah bakteri dalam susu yang mengikuti fungsi y= 7E+06e-0,364x. Tingkat lama pemaparan ozon tidak secara nyata mempengaruhi kadar protein susu, namun secara signifikan menyebabkan penurunan pada kadar lemak (p<0,01) dan laktosa susu (p<0,05) pada lama ozonisasi 6 menit. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa ozon dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas mikrobiologi susu segar dan menjaga kandungan nutrisi susu.The Effects of Ozone Exposure Time on Microbiological Quality and Nutrient Contents of Ettawa Crossbred Goat MilkAbstractGoat milk is known to have high nutritional components that plays an important role in human health. However, it has a short shelf-life and highly perishable. Milk is an excellent medium for the growth of microorganism, particularly bacterial pathogens that cause spoilage and disease in consumers. This research aims to apply ozone in milk, then to analyse bacterial count as well as their effects on protein, fat and lactose. Sample of raw milk were collected before and after ozone gas exposure at 3 ppm for 0, 3, 6 and 9 minutes. The assays were carried out using a randomized experimental design and the results were statistically evaluated by ANOVA. As results, bacterial counts in milk decreased (p<0.01) with the length of ozonation time. The decline in bacterial count reached 0.45; 0.95; and 1.42 log CFU/ml with 3, 6 and 9 minutes ozonation, respectively. There was a very strong relationship (r = 0.92; R2= 0.99; p<0.0001) between the length of time of ozone exposure and the decrease in the number of bacteria in milk with following equation y = 7E+06e-0,364x.The duration of ozone exposure did not affect much in milk protein, but significantly caused a decrease in milk fat (p<0.01) and lactose concentrations (p<0.05) at 6 minutes of ozonation. It can be concluded that, ozone could be used to improve the microbiological quality of fresh milk and maintain its nutrient content.
Profil Bakteri Asam Laktat dan Evaluasi Sensori dari Tempe Bungkus Daun Jati yang Disuplementasi dengan Daun Kelor
Authors: Magdalena Stella , Yogiara Yogiara , Yulandi Adi
Published: March 2021

Tempe bungkus daun jati merupakan produk pangan fermentasi tradisional Indonesia yang kaya protein, serat, dan vitamin yang sangat popular di Kabupaten Blora, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan daun kelor pada tahapan perendaman dan peragian dalam proses produksi tempe terhadap profil bakteri asam laktat (BAL) dan tingkat kesukaan. Daun kelor segar dan serbuk disuplementasikan dengan variasi konsentrasi pada proses produksi tempe kacang kedelai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daun kelor tidak menghambat aktivitas pertumbuhan dari kapang Rhizopus. Penambahan serbuk daun kelor sebanyak 1x dan 2x (b/b) dari total jumlah ragi pada proses peragian menghasilkan tekstur tempe yang kompak. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi air perasan daun kelor dalam proses perendaman, jumlah total bakteri asam laktat menurun hingga 103 CFU/g. Profil BAL dari tempe bungkus daun jati dengan ataupun tanpa suplementasi daun jati mengandung BAL dari genus Weissella. Tempe bungkus daun jati dengan suplementasi 1x (b/b) serbuk daun kelor sangat berpotensi untuk disosialisasikan sebagai pangan fungsional kepada masyarakat.Lactic Acid Bacteria Profile and Sensory Evaluation of Teak Leaf-Wrapped Tempeh Supplemented with Moringa LeavesAbstractTempeh wrapped in teak leaves is a traditional Indonesian fermented food product that is rich in protein, fiber, and vitamins which is very popular in Kabupaten Blora, Central Java. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Moringa leaves addition in the soaking and fermentation stages of tempeh production towards the profile of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and the level of respondent acceptance. Fresh and powdered leaf was supplemented in various doses to soybean tempeh production. As results, Moringa leaves did not inhibit the growth of Rhizopus. The addition of Moringa leaf powder as much as 1x and 2x (w/w) of the total amount of yeast in the fermentation process produced a compact tempeh texture. The higher the concentration of Moringa leaf juice in the soaking process reduced total number of lactic acid bacteria to 103 CFU/g. LAB profile of teak leaf-wrapped tempeh with or without teak leaf powder supplementation contained LAB that belongs to the genus Weissella. Teak leaf-wrapped tempeh supplemented by 1x (w/w) Moringa leaf powder has a potential value to be socialized as functional food to the community.
Social Frustration, Resilience and Psychological Security of Internal Affairs Officers
Authors: Akhmadeeva E.V. , Galyautdinova S.I.
Published: March 2021

The article shows the results of an empirical research of the social frustration, resilience and psychological security of internal affairs officers. We suppose that officers with low or high levels of social frustration differ in the values of psychological security of their personalities and their resilience. The study results showed differences in social frustration in groups of subjects with high and low levels of psychological security of personality. Correlation analysis revealed reliable negative relationship between the social frustration, resilience and fundamental convictions of the officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. On the whole, one can conclude that officers with high levels of psychological security of personality are notable for lowered social frustration and increased resilience. Therefore, an increased level of social frustration can lower the resilience and pose a threat to the psychological security of personality of internal affairs officers.
A First National Seismic Network for the Maltese Islands—The Malta Seismic Network
Authors: Galea Pauline , Agius Matthew R. , Bozionelos George , D’Amico Sebastiano , Farrugia Daniela
Published: March 2021

The Sicily Channel, situated on the leading edge of the African plate as it collides with Europe, presents a range of interesting and complex tectonic processes that have developed in response to various regional stress fields. The characterization and interpretation of the seismic activity, however, still presents a challenge. The Maltese islands, lying approximately 100 km to the south of Sicily, are known to have been affected by a number of earthquakes in the Channel, with some of these events estimated to be very close to the islands. Yet, in the absence of nearby seismic instruments, an accurate evaluation and mapping of small magnitude seismicity, and, hence, the identification of unmapped active faults in the region, remains a challenge. This situation is being partially addressed through the deployment of more seismic stations on the Maltese archipelago. The Malta Seismic Network (MSN; International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks code ML, see Data and Resources), managed by the Seismic Monitoring and Research Group, within the Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, currently comprises eight broadband, three-component stations covering an area of, approximately, 315  km2. Continuous seismic monitoring is possible following upgrades to real-time data transmission and automated epicenter location, coupled with a virtual seismic network established through SeisComP3, and focused mainly on the Mediterranean region. Such a dense national network, besides improving epicentral location in the Sicily Channel, will provide valuable information on microearthquake activity known to occur in close proximity to the islands, which has been very difficult to study in the past. It will also provide opportunities to study shallow crustal structure, site response on different geological substrates, microseismic noise propagation, and effects of anthropogenic activities. Here, we give a technical description of the MSN and an appraisal of its potential.
A Review of Timing Accuracy across the Global Seismographic Network
Authors: Ringler Adam T. , Anthony Robert E. , Wilson David C. , Auerbach Dan , Bargabus Scott , Davis Pete , Gunnels Michael , Hafner Katrin , Holland James F. , Kearns Aaron , Klimczak Erik
Published: March 2021

The accuracy of timing across a seismic network is important for locating earthquakes as well as studies that use phase-arrival information (e.g., tomography). The Global Seismographic Network (GSN) was designed with the goal of having reported timing be better than 10 ms. In this work, we provide a brief overview of how timing is kept across the GSN and discuss how clock-quality metrics are embedded in Standard for Exchange of Earthquake Data records. Specifically, blockette 1001 contains the timing-quality field, which can be used to identify time periods when poor clock quality could compromise timing accuracy. To verify the timing across the GSN, we compare cross-correlation lags between collocated sensors from 1 January 2000 to 1 January 2020. We find that the mean error is less than 10 ms, with much of the difference likely coming from the method or uncertainty in the phase response of the instruments. This indicates that timing across the GSN is potentially better than 10 ms. We conclude that unless clock quality is compromised (as indicated in blockette 1001), GSN data’s timing accuracy should be suitable for most current seismological applications that require 10 ms accuracy. To assist users, the GSN network operators have implemented a “gsn_timing” metric available via the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center that helps users identify data with substandard timing accuracy (the 10 ms design goal of the GSN).
Source Time Function Clustering Reveals Patterns in Earthquake Dynamics
Authors: Yin Jiuxun , Li Zefeng , Denolle Marine A.
Published: March 2021

We cluster a global database of 3529 Mw>5.5 earthquakes in 1995–2018 based on a dynamic time warping distance between earthquake source time functions (STFs). The clustering exhibits different degrees of complexity of the STF shapes and suggests an association between STF complexity and earthquake source parameters. Most of the thrust events have simple STF shapes across all depths. In contrast, earthquakes with complex STF shapes tend to be located at shallow depths in complicated tectonic regions, exhibit long source duration compared with others of similar magnitude, and tend to have strike-slip mechanisms. With 2D dynamic modeling of dynamic ruptures on heterogeneous fault properties, we find a systematic variation of the simulated STF complexity with frictional properties. Comparison between the observed and synthetic clustering distributions provides useful constraints on frictional properties. In particular, the characteristic slip-weakening distance could be constrained to be short (<0.1  m) and depth dependent if stress drop is in general constant.
Estilos de Aprendizagem e o Desenvolvimento do Estudante Adulto
Authors: Brisola Brito Prado Maria Elisabette , Dias Fátima Aparecida da Silva , Caldeira dos Santos Bernardo Tatiane , Alves Soares Elisabete
Published: March 2021

ResumoEste estudo tem como objetivo sistematizar aspectos relacionados à Teoria da Aprendizagem Experiencial de David Kolb no que tange aos Estilos de Aprendizagem, associando esta teoria com os estudos andragógicos. O estudante do Ensino Superior, numa primeira ou subsequente graduação, deve ser considerado um adulto aprendente que traz consigo uma bagagem cultural como estudante e/ou como profissional e, sobretudo, experiências, as quais podem servir de pontes entre o conhecimento prático vivido e o conhecimento técnico e teórico, resultando em aprendizagens significativas para o desenvolvimento de competências necessárias para lidar com os artefatos de uma sociedade tecnológica em contínua e rápida transformação.

Palavras-chave: Teoria Experimental. Autoaprendizagem. Ciclo de Aprendizagem.

AbstractThis study aims to systematize aspects related to David Kolb's Theory of Experiential Learning with respect to Learning Styles, associating this theory with andragogic studies. The student of Higher Education, in a first or subsequent graduation, must be considered an adult learner who brings with him a cultural background as a student and / or as a professional and, above all, experiences, which can serve as bridges between the practical knowledge lived and the technical and theoretical knowledge, resulting in significant learning for the development of skills necessary to deal with the artifacts of a technological society in continuous and rapid transformation.

Keywords: Experimental Theory. Self-learning. Learning Cycle.Keywords.
Diagnóstico do Funcionamento do Conselho de Classe no IFMT-Campus Cuiabá Cel. Octayde Jorge da Silva
Authors: Muxfeldt Elisandra Regina , Albuquerque Albéria Cavalcanti de
Published: March 2021

ResumoEste trabalho foi motivado pela expectativa de diagnosticar, a partir dos documentos vigentes, a atual forma de organização e de funcionamento do Conselho de Classe no IFMT- campus Cuiabá Cel. Octayde Jorge da Silva. Foi usada uma abordagem qualitativa com característica exploratória, por meio da Técnica da Documentação Indireta: pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental. Para tanto, buscou-se um embasamento teórico por meio de bibliografias referentes ao Conselho de Classe e em documentos legais como: a LDB/96; o Projeto Pedagógico Institucional do IFMT/2019 e a Organização Didática do IFMT/2014. Com base nos documentos legais se concluiu que o Conselho de Classe deve ser instituído nas escolas de forma participativa e colegiada, e que essa instância possui uma função importante no tocante ao acompanhamento do processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Todavia, não foram encontrados, no âmbito da Instituição, documentos com orientações para a prática da organização e do funcionamento do Conselho de Classe. Assim, identificou-se a necessidade de se construírem tais instrumentos, com vistas a ações mais efetivas para a execução, o acompanhamento e a avaliação do processo pedagógico nos cursos Técnicos Integrados ao Ensino Médio.

Palavras-chave: Projeto Pedagógico Institucional. Organização Didática. Ensino-Aprendizagem. Avaliação Escolar. Ensino Médio Integrado.

AbstractThis work was motivated by the expectation of diagnosing, based on the current documents, the current form of organization and functioning of the Class Council at the IFMT-campus Cuiabá Cel. Octayde Jorge da Silva. A qualitative approach with an exploratory characteristic was used, through the Indirect Documentation Technique: bibliographic research and documentary research. To this end, a theoretical basis was sought through bibliographies regarding the Class Council and in legal documents such as: LDB / 96; the Institutional Pedagogical Project of IFMT / 2019 and the Didactic Organization of IFMT / 2014. Based on the legal documents, it was concluded that the Class Council should be instituted in schools in a participatory and collegial way, and that this instance has an important role regarding the teaching-learning process monitoring. However, no documents were found, within the institution, with guidelines for the organization practice and the Class Council functioning. Thus, the need to build such instruments was identified, with a view to more effective actions for the execution, monitoring and evaluation of the pedagogical process in the Technical courses integrated to High School.

Keywords: Institutional Pedagogical Project. Didactic Organization. Teaching-Learning. School Evaluation. Integrated High School.
Green Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles from Aqueous Extracts of Leaves and Fruit of Casuarina equisetifolia against Candida albicans and other Clinical Isolates
Authors: Moustafa, Mahmoud
Published: March 2021

The prevalence of the infectious diseases caused by Candida species and other human pathogenic microbes has led to the discovery of some natural agents against multidrug resistant microbes. Therefore, this research was designated to determine the capability of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) from aqueous extract of leaves and fruits of Casuarina equisetifolia as anticandidal and antibacterial against some microbes. Silver NPs (AgNPs) were successfully gained from aqueous leaves and fruit extracts of C. equisetifolia which is defined on the basis of UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that leaves and fruits extracts of C. equisetifolia acts as an excellent capping agent. XRD based on the FWHM analysis showed that AgCl and Ag had an average NPs size of 90.97 nm and 71.28 nm, respectively for fruits and 15.33 nm and 14.01 nm, respectively for leaves. UV–visible spectroscopy showed a maximum absorbance at 442 nm for fruits and 433 nm for leaves. SEM showed that the size of NPs from leaves lied in between of (30 to180 nm) and for fruits (70 to 250 nm). Candida albicans was severely affected by NPs of leaves with inhibition zone (3.03± 1.61 cm) and NPs of fruits had (1.37± 0.15 cm) inhibition zone. Nanoparticles from leaves exhibited maximum activity against P. mirabilis (3.52± 0.13 cm) and low activities against M. luteus (1.50±0.18 cm) inhibition zones. In conclusion, these eco-friendly synthesized AgNPs from leaves and fruits of C. equisetifolia could be used as competitive alternative natural drugs than conventional synthetic chemicals. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Moderate Pulsed Electric Field Enhances Fermentation Capacity and Induces Stress Responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ying Nanjiao
Published: March 2021

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has always gained a huge amount of attention due to its extensive and enormous application value. Various methods are used to optimize the fermentation characteristics of S. cerevisiae. In this work, we investigated the fermentation capacity and stress responses on a physiological level of S. cerevisiae which affected by moderate pulsed electric field (PEF, 1 to 3 kV·cm-1). The fermentation capacity was illustrated by glucose consumption and metabolites yield (ethanol and glycerol). The expressions of ten glycolysis-associated genes were studied to elucidate the fermentative processes. The results showed that fermentation capacity of S. cerevisiae was promoted by moderate PEF treatments, with higher glucose consumption and ethanol yield. Yeast cells also gained a faster growth rate under constant PEF stimulation. Analysis of gene expression involved in glycolytic pathway showed that moderate PEF treatments induced a higher glycolytic flux, especially in terms of synthesis of ethanol. It would be a promising technique for PEF to enhance fermentation capacity and growth of S. cerevisiae. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Phyto-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles using Leaves Extracts of Morus alba and Aegle marmelos Inhibited Fusarium Wilt and Charcoal Rot in Tomato
Authors: Hassan Naseem
Published: March 2021

Antifungal metal structures, using silver at nanoscale, were synthesized using leaves extract of two indigenous trees i.e., Morus alba (white mulberry) and Aegle marmelos (bael fruit). The antifungal characteristics of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was verified against Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt and Macrophomina phaseolina, the pathogen of charcoal rot, taking tomato as a model plant. Synthesized nanoparticles were checked against selected fungi in concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL. Negative control received no nanoparticles but sterilized water, whereas positive control plants were treated with chemical fungicide (Nativo). Result of in vitro and greenhouse experiments confirmed the potential of synthesized nanoparticles to reduce fungal growth and disease incidence. However, the NPs synthesized using leaves extract of white mulberry were more effective. In green house trials, the plants treated with NPs in a concentration of 100 μg/mL showed parallel results as were recorded in plants receiving fungicide. Similarly, both selected fungi also depicted slight variation in their responses towards various treatments as percentage of growth inhibition as well as disease incidence was more in F. oxysporum than in M. phaseolina. UV-spectrophotometer ascertained the optimization conditions by adjusting concentrations of silver nitrate between 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mM, incubation period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and pH of biosynthesis system adjusted at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. FTIR confirmed the presence of different functional groups available both in plant extracts and nanoparticles while, SEM indicated spherical, polydisperse morphology of AgNPs with size ranges from 20–48 nm respectively. In pot experiment nanoparticles synthesized using white mulberry leaves reduced fusarium infection up to 97% and macrophomina rot up to 92%. Nanoparticles synthesized using bael leaves extract were comparatively less effective against selected fungi than those synthesized using white mulberry leaves extract. Hence these results provided basis for the use of green synthesized NPs using white mulberry leaves extract as an alternative to conventional fungicides to help reduce environmental pollution. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
A lingua do noso audiovisual
Authors: Veiga Raúl
Published: March 2021

Sabendo da relevancia do audiovisual para promocionar unha lingua mimorizada ou desprestixiada, este trabalho ansía a reflectir á volta de tres temáticas intimamente relacionadas. A primeira delas céntrase en como o galego vai conquistando novas esferas de utilización no audiovisual e rexistros expresivos. A segunda nortéase cara ás relacións entre normalidade de uso e o valor da verosimilitude, unha vez evidenciados contextos e situacións en que a lingua está hoxe en día practicamente ausente na vida real. A terceira, en último lugar, envereda os vínculos entre normativización e normalización aplicados ao audiovisual, tendo en conta, tamén, a calidade da lingua de traballadores da TVG e o labor de dobraxe, unha tarefa esta última que debe aspirar a que as personaxes, o discurso e o universo ficcional se tornen cribles.
Aproximación histórica ao galego nas escolas (1900-1936): un saber ausente e unha voz silenciada
Authors: Rivas Barrós Sabela
Published: March 2021

A lingua galega estivo secularmente ausente de todos os niveis escolares. Esta situación aínda se agudizou en finais do século XIX coa promulgación de leis que prescribían que o único idioma vehicular do ensino fose o castelán, como a “Ley Moyano” de 1857. Mais xa desde finais dese mesmo século, e sobre todo durante o primeiro terzo do seguinte, apareceron voces que reclamaban a inclusión do galego no ensino e que afirmaban a validade daquel para impartir a docencia nas salas escolares. Neste sentido, o obxectivo do presente traballo é desenvolver unha aproximación á situación da lingua nas escolas desde o ano 1900 até á chegada da II República, para o cal as palabras do título “saber ausente” e “voz silenciada” sintetizan acaidamente o contexto en que se achaba o idioma.
Recensión: Mário Vilela e Ingedore Villaça Koch, Gramática da Língua Portuguesa
Authors: Freixeiro Mato Xosé Ramón
Published: March 2021

Recensión: Mário Vilela e Ingedore Villaça Koch, Gramática da Língua Portuguesa, Livraria Almedina, Coimbra, 2001.
Recensión: Fernando Ramallo, Gabriel Rei Doval e Xoán Paulo Rodríguez Yáñez (eds.), Manual de Ciencias da Linguaxe
Authors: Cal Varela Mario
Published: March 2021

Recensión: Fernando Ramallo, Gabriel Rei Doval e Xoán Paulo Rodríguez Yáñez (eds.), Manual de Ciencias da Linguaxe. Vigo, Xerais, 802 pp.