bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Regulatory Effect of UL-16 Binding Protein-3 Expression on the Cytotoxicity of NK Cells in Cancer Patients
Authors: Mou Xiao , Zhou Yuepeng , Jiang Peng , Zhou Tong , Jiang Qian , Xu Chengcheng , Liu Hongli , Zheng Tingting , Yuan Guoyue , Zhang Yanyun , Chen Deyu , Mao Chaoming
Published: August 2014

The activating immunoreceptor NKG2D (natural killer group 2, member D) and its ligands play important roles in the innate and adaptive immune responses. UL16-binding protein 3 (ULBP3), an NKG2D ligand, is overexpressed on certain epithelial tumor cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of ULBP3 expression on the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. ULBP3 were measured by flow cytometry analysis, immunohistochemistry and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. The cytotoxicity of NK cells was determined with the lactate dehydrogenase release assay. We found that ULBP3 was overexpressed on tumor cell lines and tumor tissues. Serum from cancer patients, but not from healthy donors, contained elevated levels of soluble ULBP3 (sULBP3). Importantly, high expression of ULBP3 on the cell surface of tumor cells augmented NKG2D-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity. However, low levels of sULBP3 (<15 ng/ml) weakened the cytotoxicity of NK cells by decreasing NKG2D expression on NK cells. Further analysis showed that serum samples from most cancer patients (>70%) contained the low level of sULBP3. Our results demonstrate that tumor cells express surface and soluble ULBP3, which regulate NK cell activity. Thus, ULBP3 is a potential therapeutic target for improving the immune response against cancer.
Harnessing the Selective Catalytic Action of Supported Gold in Hydrogenation Applications
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Li Maoshuai , Keane Mark A.
Published: August 2014

Gold has untapped potential in terms of selectivity in the reduction of targeted chemical functions and substituents. In this chapter, the selective action of supported gold in the hydrogenation of R-NO2, R–CH=O and R–C≡CH is examined, with an analysis of the pertinent literature. Hydrogenation activity requires the formation of gold particles at the nanoscale where the support is critical in determining ultimate catalytic performance. The crucial catalyst structural and surface properties required to achieve enhanced hydrogenation are discussed. The chapter examines in turn the chemoselective hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, nitrobenzonitrile, nitrocyclohexane, benzaldehyde, nitrobenzaldehyde, phenylacetylene and furfural. Catalytic gold use in hydrogenolysis is also considered, focusing on hydrodechlorination as a progressive approach to the transformation and recycle of toxic chloro-compounds. The catalytic response is related to possible thermodynamic constraints with an examination of process variables, notably temperature, contact time and H2 partial pressure. Process sustainability is evaluated in terms of mode of operation/productivity, solvent usage, the application of bimetallic catalysts, hydrogen utilisation and the viability of dehydrogenation–hydrogenation coupling. The chapter ends with an assessment of the current state-of-the-art and a consideration of possible future research directions.
Infrared Spectroscopic Insights into the Role of the Support in Heterogeneous Gold Catalysis
Authors: Wu Zili , Overbury Steven H.
Published: August 2014

The catalyst support has been found to play an essential role in catalytic reactions on gold nanoparticles, a conclusion based largely on work related to reducible oxide supports. Relatively less is known about the role of non-reducible oxide and non-oxide supports in gold catalysis. The chapter review the authors’ recent work of the low-temperature CO oxidation reaction catalysed by gold nanoparticles supported on SiO2 (a non-reducible oxide), FePO4 (a reducible non-oxide) and LaPO4 (a non-reducible non-oxide). By utilizing primarily in situ infrared spectroscopy, it was possible to obtain insights into how these unconventional support materials impact gold catalysis by influencing the nature of gold active sites and the dynamics of gold sites during activation and reaction, participating in the reaction, and controlling the reaction pathways and mechanism.
Modification of microfluidic paper-based devices with silica nanoparticles
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Moreira Gabriel Ellen Flávia , Benavidez Tomás E. , Tomazelli Coltro Wendell Karlos , Garcia Carlos D.
Published: August 2014

The modification of μPADs with SiO2NPs provides enhanced color intensity and minimal color gradient.
Study of the interaction of water with the aqua-soluble dimeric complex [RuCp(PTA)2–μ-CN–1κC:2κ2N-RuCp(PTA)2](CF3SO3) (PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) by neutron and X-ray diffraction in solution
Authors: Serrano-Ruiz Manuel , Imberti Silvia , Bernasconi Leonardo , Jadagayeva Nazira , Scalambra Franco , Romerosa Antonio
Published: August 2014

A bis-ruthenium complex was studied by neutron and X-ray diffraction in water showing how water interacts with the organometallic compound.
Atomic under-coordination fascinated catalytic and magnetic behavior of Pt and Rh nanoclusters
Authors: Ahmadi Shideh , Zhang Xi , Gong Yinyan , Sun Chang Q.
Published: August 2014

Atomic under-coordination fascinated catalytic and magnetic properties of Pt and Rh nanoclusters have been studied by DFT calculations, and consistency with the calculation and experimental results confirmed predications based on BOLS correlation.
Heterogeneous biomimetic aerobic synthesis of 3-iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via CuOx/OMS-2-catalyzed tandem cyclization/iodination and their late-stage functionalization
Authors: Meng Xu , Yu Chaoying , Chen Gexin , Zhao Peiqing
Published: August 2014

Heterogeneous catalysis performs well in biomimetic oxidation to generate a low-energy pathway for the synthesis of 3-iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Effect of the alkali insertion ion on the electrochemical properties of nickel hexacyanoferrate electrodes
Authors: Lee Hyun-Wook , Pasta Mauro , Wang Richard Y. , Ruffo Riccardo , Cui Yi
Published: August 2014

Nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCFe) is an attractive cathode material in both aqueous and organic electrolytes due to a low-cost synthesis using earth-abundant precursors and also due to its open framework, Prussian blue-like crystal structure that enables ultra-long cycle life, high energy efficiency, and high power capability. Herein, we explored the effect of different alkali ions on the insertion electrochemistry of NiHCFe in aqueous and propylene carbonate-based electrolytes. The large channel diameter of the structure offers fast solid-state diffusion of Li+, Na+, and K+ ions in aqueous electrolytes. However, all alkali ions in organic electrolytes and Rb+ and Cs+ in aqueous electrolytes show a quasi-reversible electrochemical behavior that results in poor galvanostatic cycling performance. Kinetic regimes in aqueous electrolyte were also determined, highlighting the effect of the size of the alkali ion on the electrochemical properties.
Selective hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-bis-(hydroxymethyl)furan using Pt/MCM-41 in an aqueous medium: a simple approach
Authors: Chatterjee Maya , Ishizaka Takayuki , Kawanami Hajime
Published: August 2014

An effective method was developed to obtain a very high yield of BHMF (98%) via hydrogenation of HMF in water.
Reconstructing fungal natural product biosynthetic pathways
Authors: Lazarus C. M. , Williams K. , Bailey A. M.
Published: August 2014

Molecular biology plays a vital role in contemporary natural product research. Responding to developments in whole genome sequencing, heterologous expression systems are being refined to accommodate whole fungal biosynthetic pathways.
Surface plasmon enhancement of broadband photoluminescence emission from graphene oxide
Authors: Neogi A. , Karna S. , Shah R. , Phillipose U. , Perez J. , Shimada R. , Wang Z. M.
Published: August 2014

The photoluminescence (PL) emission studies of both graphene oxide (GO) and partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been investigated.
Synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepinones and 1,4-benzoxazepinones via palladium-catalyzed amino and oxyacetoxylation
Authors: Manick A. D. , Duret G. , Tran D. N. , Berhal F. , Prestat G.
Published: August 2014

Palladium-catalyzed amino and oxyacetoxylation have been developed to furnish 1,4-benzodiazepinones and 1,4-benzoxazepinones through the diheterofunctionalization of alkenes.
High electrocatalytic performance of platinum and manganese dioxide nanoparticle decorated reduced graphene oxide sheets for methanol electro-oxidation
Authors: Vilian A. T. Ezhil , Rajkumar Muniyandi , Chen Shen-Ming , Hu Chi-Chang , Boopathi Karunakara Moorthy , Chu Chih-Wei
Published: August 2014

Schematic representation of fabrication of Pt–MnO2–ERGO nanocomposite modified electrode.
A theoretical analysis of atomic charge fluxes in chlorofluoromethanes and relationship with bonding character descriptors
Authors: Teodoro Tiago Quevedo , Andrade Haiduke Roberto Luiz
Published: August 2014

Atomic substitutions in chlorofluoromethanes were analyzed through changes in the bond character descriptors and the related effect on electronic charge fluxes, given by the QTAIM model, which occur during atomic stretching displacements. Such interpretation of halogenation may provide new insights on reaction coordinate and halogen-bonding studies.
Prediction of magnetic anisotropy of 5d transition metal-doped g-C3N4
Authors: Zhang Yun , Wang Zhe , Cao Juexian
Published: August 2014

Based on density functional theory, we investigated the magnetic properties of 5d transition metal (TM) atoms at the porous sites of graphene-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4).
Effect of oxygen vacancy on the structural and electronic characteristics of crystalline Zn2SnO4
Authors: Lee Joohwi , Kang Youngho , Hwang Cheol Seong , Han Seungwu , Lee Seung-Cheol , Choi Jung-Hae
Published: August 2014

In Zn2SnO4, VO0 is stable in n-type region and Sn around VO plays a dominant role on electronic properties.
Dissolved gas analysis method based on novel feature prioritisation and support vector machine
Authors: Wei Chenghao , Tang Wenhu , Wu Qinghua
Published: August 2014

Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) has been widely used for the detection of incipient faults in oil‐filled transformers. This research presents a novel approach to DGA feature prioritisation and classification, which considers not only the relations between a fault type and specific gas ratios but also their statistical characteristics based on data derived from onsite inspections. Firstly, new gas features are acquired based on the analysis of current international gas interpretation standards. Combined with conventional gas ratios, all features are then prioritised by using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The rankings are obtained by using their values of maximum statistic distance. The first three features in ranking are employed as input vectors to a multi‐layer support vector machine, whose tuning parameters are acquired by particle swarm optimisation. In the experiment, a bootstrap technique is implemented to approximately equalise sample numbers of different fault cases. A common 10‐fold cross‐validation technique is employed for performance assessment. Typical artificial intelligence classifiers with gas features extracted from genetic programming are evaluated for comparison purposes.
Symmetries and the u-condition in Hom-Yetter-Drinfeld categories
Authors: Wang Shengxiang , Guo Shuangjian
Published: August 2014

Let (H, S, α) be a monoidal Hom-Hopf algebra and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^{H}_{H}\mathcal {HYD}$\end{document}HYDHH the Hom-Yetter-Drinfeld category over (H, α). Then in this paper, we first find sufficient and necessary conditions for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^{H}_{H}\mathcal {HYD}$\end{document}HYDHH to be symmetric and pseudosymmetric, respectively. Second, we study the u-condition in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^{H}_{H}\mathcal {HYD}$\end{document}HYDHH and show that the Hom-Yetter-Drinfeld module (H, adjoint, Δ, α) (resp., (H, m, coadjoint, α)) satisfies the u-condition if and only if S2 = id. Finally, we prove that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^{H}_{H}\mathcal {HYD}$\end{document}HYDHH over a triangular (resp., cotriangular) Hom-Hopf algebra contains a rich symmetric subcategory.
Development of a new module for the measurement of the magneto-electric direct and converse effects based on an alternating current susceptometer
Authors: Bueno-Baques D. , Hurtado-Lopez G. , Corral-Flores V. , Gomez S. , Diley N. R. , Glushchenko A.
Published: August 2014

A new module for the measurement of magneto-electric properties was developed as an add-on for a magnetic AC susceptibility option of a Physical Properties Measurement System (PPMS). The module is capable of recording direct dynamic and static converse magneto-electric effect, i.e., the change in electric polarization due to the application of a small AC magnetic field with a DC magnetic field bias, or the change in the magnetic moment induced by an applied electric field. The versatile module setup supports both measurements in a sequential order without the need of removing or repositioning the sample. Furthermore, AC and DC magnetic susceptibilities can be recorded while performing direct and inverse magneto-electric measurements, respectively, which adds outstanding capabilities to the existing instrument while saving time and resources. Measurements are fully automated and integrated in the PPMS Multivu software platform. Magneto-electric behavior of a BaTiO3/CoFe2O4 and BaTiO3/NiFe2O4 magneto-electric composites, and a Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 single phase compound were recorded as test measurements.
Hot roller embossing system equipped with a temperature margin-based controller
Authors: Kim Seyoung , Son Youngsu , Lee Sunghee , Ham Sangyong , Kim Byungin
Published: August 2014

A temperature control system was proposed for hot roller embossing. The roll surface was heated using induction coils and cooled with a circulating chilled water system. The temperature of the roll surface was precisely controlled by a temperature margin-based control algorithm that we developed. Implementation of the control system reduced deviations in the roll surface temperature to less than ±2 °C. The tight temperature control and the ability to rapidly increase and decrease the roll temperature will allow optimum operating parameters to be developed quickly. The temperature margin-based controller could also be used to optimize the time course of electrical power and shorten the cooling time by choosing an appropriate temperature margin, possibly for limited power consumption. The chiller-equipped heating roll with the proposed control algorithm is expected to decrease the time needed to determine the optimal embossing process.
Magnetic damping and spin polarization of highly ordered B2 Co2FeAl thin films
Authors: Cui Yishen , Lu Jiwei , Schäfer Sebastian , Khodadadi Behrouz , Mewes Tim , Osofsky Mike , Wolf Stuart A.
Published: August 2014

Epitaxial Co2FeAl films were synthesized using the Biased Target Ion Beam Deposition technique. Post annealing yielded Co2FeAl films with an improved B2 chemical ordering. Both the magnetization and the Gilbert damping parameter were reduced with increased B2 ordering. A low damping parameter, ∼0.002, was attained in B2 ordered Co2FeAl films without the presence of the L21 Heusler phase, which suggests that the B2 structure is sufficient for providing low damping in Co2FeAl. The spin polarization was ∼53% and was insensitive to the chemical ordering.
Charge and force on a conductive sphere between two parallel electrodes: A Stokesian dynamics approach
Authors: Drews Aaron M. , Kowalik Mikolaj , Bishop Kyle J. M.
Published: August 2014

We present an accurate and efficient method to compute the electrostatic charge and force on a conductive sphere between two parallel electrodes. The method relies on a Stokesian dynamics-like approach, in which the capacitance tensor is divided into two contributions: (1) a far field contribution that captures the long range, many body interactions between the sphere and the two electrodes and (2) a near field contribution that captures the pairwise interactions between nearly contacting surfaces. The accuracy of this approach is confirmed by comparison to “exact” numerical results obtained by finite element modeling. From the capacitance tensor, we derive the charge and dipole moment on the sphere, the electrostatic free energy of the system, and the electrostatic force on the sphere. These quantities are used to describe the dynamics of micron-scale particles oscillating within a viscous dielectric liquid between two parallel electrodes subject to constant voltage. Simulated particle trajectories agree quantitatively with those captured experimentally by high speed imaging.
The influence of molecular interface modification on the charge dynamics of polymeric semiconductor:ZnO heterostructure
Authors: Rezasoltani Elham , Wang Mingqing , Hill Ian G. , Silva Carlos
Published: August 2014

We demonstrate an enhancement of photocurrent in hybrid photovoltaic cells based on nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), through molecular interface modification with and without cis-bis(4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′bipyridine) ruthenium (II) (N3-dye) and α-Sexithiophen-2-yl-phosphonic Acid (6TP) as interface modifiers. We identify the formation of long-lived polarons at P3HT:ZnO interface by means of quasi-steady-state photoinduced absorption (PIA) spectroscopy. Furthermore, by probing the pump-modulation-frequency-dependent PIA signal, we find that P3HT:ZnO-N3 and P3HT:ZnO-6TP exhibit more sharply decaying density with increasing modulation frequency, which is indicative of a longer average lifetime, approximating 1 ms as opposed to ∼0.2 ms without ZnO surface modification. This highlights the importance of the molecular interface modification in the steady-state polaron dynamics in hybrid solar cells.
Fluoroethylenepropylene ferroelectret films with cross-tunnel structure for piezoelectric transducers and micro energy harvesters
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqing , Sessler Gerhard M. , Wang Yujie
Published: August 2014

Layered fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP) ferroelectret films with cross-tunnel structure were fabricated from sheets of FEP films by template-patterning followed by a fusion-bonding process and contact charging. The typical piezoelectric d33 coefficients, measured by a quasi-static method of samples not annealed, are in the range of 1000–3700 pC/N. The resonance behavior of the samples is analyzed by dielectric spectroscopy which also yields Young's modulus. Microphones built with such films exhibit a somewhat decreasing frequency response up to 1 kHz, an increase of the responses due to diffraction effects at higher frequencies, and eventually a peak probably due to a thickness resonance at about 40 kHz. Annealing at 125 °C indicates that the sensitivity stabilizes at about 40% of the original value. From this data, stable dynamic d33 coefficients of up to 300 pC/N can be calculated. A micro energy harvesting generator utilizing these films and based on the excitation of thickness vibrations is also described. With an active area of 4.3 cm2 and a seismic mass of 69.5 g, power up to 0.5 μW referred to an acceleration of 1 g can be generated at a frequency of 120 Hz.
Analysis of oscillation characteristics and optimal conditions for high power operation of Gyrotron FU CW GIII
Authors: Tatematsu Y. , Yamaguchi Y. , Kawase T. , Ichioka R. , Ogawa I. , Saito T. , Idehara T.
Published: August 2014

The oscillation characteristics of Gyrotron FU CW GIII and its wave frequency and output power dependences on the magnetic field strength, the gun coil current, and the anode voltage were investigated experimentally. The experimental results were analyzed theoretically using a self-consistent code that included the electron properties in the cavity, corresponding to the actual operating conditions in the experiments. As a result, it was found that the variation in frequency with the magnetic field strength was related to an axial profile change in the electromagnetic wave in the cavity. In addition, the optimal condition that gives the maximum output power was found to be determined by the pitch factor rather than by the electron beam radius under the given operating conditions.
Characterization of aluminum oxide tunnel barriers by combining transport measurements and transmission electron microscopy imaging
Authors: Aref T. , Averin A. , van Dijken S. , Ferring A. , Koberidze M. , Maisi V. F. , Nguyend H. Q. , Nieminen R. M. , Pekola J. P. , Yao L. D.
Published: August 2014

We present two approaches for studying the uniformity of a tunnel barrier. The first approach is based on measuring single-electron and two-electron tunneling in a hybrid single-electron transistor. Our measurements indicate that the effective area of a conduction channel is about one order of magnitude larger than predicted by theoretical calculations. With the second method, transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that variations in the barrier thickness are a plausible explanation for the larger effective area and an enhancement of higher order tunneling processes.
Influence of localized surface plasmons on Pauli blocking and optical limiting in graphene under femtosecond pumping
Authors: Bongu Sudhakara Reddy , Bisht Prem B. , Namboodiri Raman C. K. , Nayak Pranati , Ramaprabhu Sundara , Kelly Thomas J. , Fallon Colm , Costello John T.
Published: August 2014

The Pauli blocking limit and optical limiting threshold have been found to be modified following silver-nanoparticle decoration of functionalized hydrogen induced exfoliated graphene. Femtosecond Z-scan experiments have been used to measure the Pauli blocking range, optical limiting threshold, and the third order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) values. The observed results have been explained by modified band structure of graphene in the presence of silver nanoparticles and their localized surface plasmon resonances.
Tailoring the wrinkle pattern of a microstructured membrane
Authors: Yan Dong , Zhang Kai , Peng Fujun , Hu Gengkai
Published: August 2014

The realization of controllable wrinkle pattern on a thin membrane is of great importance to micro/nanoengineering and aerospace engineering. Here, we report a straightforward method that achieves this outcome by introducing simple microstructures such as holes into the membrane. For a two-end clamped stretched membrane, the presence of holes redistributes stress field in the membrane, therefore monitors the buckling mode and wrinkle pattern of the membrane. Experiment, numerical simulation, and analytical model are provided to quantify this idea, and several wrinkle patterns are demonstrated. The results can provide insightful ideas to understand wrinkling phenomenon of microstructured membranes and to tailor wrinkle patterns used in various disciplines such as membrane manufacturing, cell differentiation, and film antenna in aerospace engineering.
Complete magnetization reversal in a magnetostrictive nanomagnet with voltage-generated stress: A reliable energy-efficient non-volatile magneto-elastic memory
Authors: Biswas Ayan K. , Bandyopadhyay Supriyo , Atulasimha Jayasimha
Published: August 2014

Rotating the magnetization of a magnetostrictive nanomagnet with electrically generated strain dissipates far less energy than any other rotation method and would have been the perfect choice for writing bits in non-volatile magnetic memory, except strain cannot ordinarily rotate the magnetization of magnet in a memory cell by more than 90° and “flip” it. Here, we describe a scheme to achieve complete 180° rotation with strain alone without having to precisely time the strain cycle. At room temperature, this writing method results in: (1) energy dissipation <6200 kT per bit, (2) write error probability <10−6, (3) write time of ∼1 ns, and (4) low read error.
China's Landed Urbanization: Neoliberalizing Politics, Land Commodification, and Municipal Finance in the Growth of Metropolises
Authors: Lin George C S
Published: August 2014

Prevailing theories of uneven development see the growth of cities and regions as the spatial outcome of either the functioning of intrinsic agglomeration economies or the intrusion of global neoliberal market forces. Emphasis is placed on human resources and technology with land and capital usually taken for granted. This study of the growth of two leading Chinese metropolises—Beijing and Guangzhou—identifies a distinct strategy of urbanization financed by land commodification and actively pursued by Chinese municipal governments to contest with state power reshuffling in the era of neoliberalization. Contrary to popular notions, land commodification, rather than human capital or advanced technology, has played a role instrumental to the growth and transformation of China's metropolises. The popular practice of landed urbanization owes its political origins more to domestic state power reshuffling than to the intrusion of the global neoliberal agenda. State and market do not function as two diametrically opposing and self-contained entities but are characterized by their diverse and conflictual internal dynamics. Local states are found to have embraced and manipulated market forces for their political agenda. Theorization of global urbanism needs to go beyond the Euro-American comfort zone and to take seriously alternative practices and struggles found in the Global South.
The Green Economy: Functional Domains and Theoretical Directions of Enquiry
Authors: Bailey Ian , Caprotti Federico
Published: August 2014

The green economy is a highly complex construct in terms of its attempts to integrate economic, environmental, and social concerns, the wide range of actors involved, its material outcomes, and the forms of governance needed to regulate processes of economic greening. As such, it poses new empirical and theoretical challenges for social science research on socioenvironmental futures. This paper has two main aims. The first is to survey the emergent features and functional domains of the green economy. The second is to consider theoretical tools that might be used to analyse the drivers and processes shaping the green economy. Focusing on literature on sociotechnical transitions, ecological modernisation, the ‘green’ cultural economy, and postpolitical governance, we argue that understanding the functional and spatial heterogeneity of the green economy necessitates a multitheoretical approach. We then explore how combining branches of research on socioenvironmental governance can lead to theoretically and ontologically richer insights into the drivers, practices, and power relations within the green economy. In so doing, we respond to calls for socioeconomic research on environmental change which is neither just empirical nor bound to one theoretical outlook to the detriment of understanding the complexity of socioenvironmental governance and human–nature relations.
Confronting Momentum: Mapping the Social Appraisals of an ‘Inevitable’ Motorway Capacity Expansion
Authors: Rozema Jaap G , Pel Bonno
Published: August 2014

Motorway capacity expansion projects are prominent causes for contestation. From a large technical systems (LTS) perspective, the concept of ‘momentum’ can be deployed to investigate social appraisals associated with such projects. Momentum is the end stage in LTS development, designating stabilization in the coevolution of social and technical system elements. In large-scale road infrastructure planning, momentum becomes manifest in the assumed inevitability of capacity expansion. Yet, as it remains unclear how momentum is confronted by situated actors, particularly within the remit of deliberative planning, this paper investigates the manifestation of momentum in the social appraisals of civil society actors involved in deliberating a case of ‘inevitable’ large-scale infrastructure planning. By using an exemplary case of a project on motorway capacity expansion in the Netherlands, it was investigated how momentum was acknowledged by actors, but perhaps also resisted or sustained. The paper finds that actors were quite aware of momentum, but that they largely refrained from resisting it as a result of the focus on impact mitigation in the deliberation. Furthermore, this focus sustained the necessity claim and underlying rationale for the motorway capacity expansion. However, the choice of whether to resist or sustain momentum could have been strategically motivated. The paper recommends that further practice and methodological research should focus on the challenges of teasing out social appraisals on momentum in the deliberative planning context.
The Housing Pathways of Young People in the UK
Authors: Clapham David , Mackie Peter , Orford Scott , Thomas Ian , Buckley Kelly
Published: August 2014

The authors examine the housing pathways of young people in the UK in the years 1999 to 2008, and consider the changing nature of these pathways in the run up to 2020. They employ a highly innovative methodology, which begins with the identification and description of key drivers likely to affect young people's housing circumstances in the future. The empirical identification and analysis of housing pathways is then achieved using multiple-sequence analysis and cluster analysis of the British Household Panel Survey, contextualised by qualitative interviews with a large sample of young people. The authors describe how the interactions between the meanings, perceptions, and aspirations of young people, and the opportunities and constraints imposed by the drivers, are having a major impact on young people's housing pathways, resulting in considerable housing policy challenges, particularly in relation to the private rented sector.
Planning as a Principle of Vision and Division: A Bourdieusian View of Tel Aviv's Urban Development, 1920s—1950s
Authors: Marom Nathan
Published: August 2014

This paper draws on Pierre Bourdieu's notion of ‘principles of vision and division’ to conceptualize the role of urban planning in processes of sociospatial differentiation and distinction. Planning, through its classification schemes and specific methodologies (such as zoning), mediates the long-term processes by which the divisions and hierarchies of social space are inscribed and reproduced in urban space. The paper develops this conceptual framework within a historically specific urban setting, analyzing Tel Aviv's planning and development across several periods, from the 1920s to the 1950s. It examines Tel Aviv's constitutive plans in a wider political, social, and cultural context, including colonial development, modernism, the Jewish–Arab ethnonational conflict and consecutive migrations to Palestine and Israel. The analysis highlights how urban planning in each period applied and mediated different visions and divisions to shape the sociospatial distinction between Tel Aviv, Jaffa, and the city's ‘slums' and ‘periphery’. In conclusion, the paper suggests some general contours of planning as vision and division to inform planning theory and urban research more widely, in historical and contemporary contexts.
Seed storage behaviour of 101 woody species from the tropical rainforest of southern China: a test of the seed-coat ratio–seed mass (SCR–SM) model for determination of desiccation sensitivity
Authors: Lan Qin-ying , Xia Ke , Wang Xiao-feng , Liu Jun-wei , Zhao Jin , Tan Yun-hong
Published: August 2014

The Xishuangbanna tropical rainforest in Yunnan Province is the greatest biodiversity hotspot in China. However, the biodiversity of this region is under threat, making seed conservation through seed and/or germplasm banking particularly urgent and crucial. Seed desiccation sensitivity limits the possibility of seed banking of 47% of tropical rainforest species. Thus, knowing if a species has desiccation-sensitive seeds is an important first step in seed banking; however, often resources are limited, making it difficult to determine storage behaviour for all the species in a region. Prediction of seed sensitivity using the SCR–SM model based on seed-coat ratio (SCR) and seed dry mass (SM) might be an alternative for determining desiccation sensitivity of seeds of each species. Here, seed-desiccation sensitivity of 101 woody species from the Xishuangbanna tropical forest were analysed using this model, and physiological determinations were made for a total of 25 species. Seed storage behaviour for 59 species was used for model validation, and storage behaviour of 88% of these species was successfully predicted. Seed storage behaviour of 83% of the 59 species was successfully predicted using the 1000-seed weigth–moisture content (TSW–MC) criteria, which include seeds with 1000-seed weight >500 g and seed moisture content at shedding of 30 –70%. The two predictive methods were subsequently used to predict seed desiccation sensitivity for another 42 species from Xishuangbanna whose storage behaviour was uncertain. Our results indicated that ~50% of the species in Xishuangbanna are likely to have desiccation-sensitive seeds.
Plant-level fecundity and andromonoecy in three common (Melaleuca styphelioides, M. thymifolia, M. nodosa) and one rare (M. deanei) Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) species of the Sydney region
Authors: Hewitt Alison , Holford Paul , Renshaw Adrian , Haigh Anthony , Morris E. Charles
Published: August 2014

This paper reports plant-level measures of reproductive performance from large and small field populations of the vulnerable species Melaleuca deanei F.Meull. compared with three common species within the genus: Melaleuca nodosa (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm., Melaleuca thymifolia Sm. and Melaleuca styphelioides Sm. Measures reported include average seed numbers per capsule and per plant; average fruit loads per plant; the proportion of buds that become flowers and thence fruits (fruit set); the number of ovules per flower and seed : ovule ratios (seed set); and floral morphologies. Results indicate that when M. deanei flowers, bud to flower ratios and flower to fruit ratios are not reduced compared with the congeners or between large and small populations. Seed loads per plant held by fruiting plants were comparable between the species and between large and small populations of M. deanei. Seed to ovule ratios were in the order of 5–9% in M. nodosa; 5–7% in M. styphelioides; 7–10% in M. deanei; and 12–15% in M. thymifolia. Larval herbivory of ovules was recorded in M. nodosa and pre-dispersal seed predation noted in M. thymifolia. Andromonoecy was recorded in two of the species at rates of 0.9–3.1% (M. deanei) and 2.9–7% (M. thymifolia). Results suggest that seed production within smaller populations of M. deanei is poor because of a low frequency of flowering and a low proportion of flowering plants per population, rather than plant-level pollination, fruit- or seed-set barriers. Further study is needed to determine the triggers to flowering, the breeding systems, the extent of clonality and the germination and establishment requirements in these species.
Sustained impacts of a hiking trail on changing Windswept Feldmark vegetation in the Australian Alps
Authors: Ballantyne Mark , Pickering Catherine M. , McDougall Keith L. , Wright Genevieve T.
Published: August 2014

Damage to vegetation from tourism and recreation includes the impacts of hiking trails, which may favour trampling-tolerant plants over those that are more sensitive to this type of disturbance. To assess how continued use of a hiking trail coupled with changes in local climate affect a rare Australian alpine plant community, we compared plant composition at different distances from a trail in 2013 during wetter conditions with that 10 years prior during a drought in 2003. In both years, only a few trampling-tolerant graminoids and cushion plants were found on the trail surface, which runs along the ridgeline. Species richness and cover in both surveys generally increased with distance from the trail, but there were differences between the windward and leeward sides of the trail. This included increased abundance of some species but continued disruption of shrub succession on the leeward side of the trail. There was an overall increase in species richness between the two surveys, and changes in the abundance of many species independent of trampling effects, possibly reflecting the more favourable/wetter conditions for plant growth in 2013. These results suggest that changes in climatic conditions can affect community composition, but that this has not negated the impact of the hiking trail on this rare community. With average temperatures increasing, and snow cover declining in the Australian Alps, it is likely that there will be even more changes in the Windswept Feldmark, including the potential colonisation of these ridges by more competitive species, such as graminoids, at the expense of the dominant shrub and some herbs that are already adversely affected by trampling. Longer term monitoring of this rare community is imperative to better understand community processes in relation to the impacts of trail use and climate change. Management options to reduce these impacts are discussed.
Fluorovinyl Thioethers as Putative Steric and Electronic Thioester Enolate Mimetics: Chemoselective HF Addition to Acetylene Thioethers
Authors: Bello Davide , Cormanich Rodrigo A. , O'Hagan David
Published: August 2014

Fluorovinyl thioethers are presented as a putative biomimetic surrogate for the enol/ate of a thioester. A method is explored for the preparation of fluorovinyl thioethers by treatment of acetylene thioethers with pyridinium (poly)-hydrogen fluoride. Titration with pyridine is important for the selectivity of the reaction. Without titration the corresponding gem-difluoroethyl thioethers are generated. With titration the hydrofluorination reaction can be stopped at an intermediate stage to recover the fluorovinyl thioether, which is a relatively stable functionality to purification and manipulation. Preliminary density functional theory calculations indicate that the fluorovinyl thioether motif shares a comparable steric and electronic profile to a thioester enol. A fluorovinyl thioether representing the terminus of the pantothenoyl chain of acetyl-CoA is prepared as a relevant biomimetic example.
Variation in seminal plasma alters the ability of ram spermatozoa to survive cryopreservation
Authors: Rickard J. P. , Schmidt R. E. , Maddison J. W. , Bathgate R. , Lynch G. W. , Druart X. , de Graaf S. P.
Published: August 2014

Variation in the effect of seminal plasma on sperm function and fertility has been hypothesised to be due to differences between males and their seminal plasma composition. The freezing resilience of individual rams (n = 17) was investigated to characterise inter-male variation. This was determined by measuring the degree of change in motility induced by cryopreservation (Experiment 1). Experiment 2 examined the effect of pooled seminal plasma from rams identified as having high or low resilience to freezing on the cryosurvival of washed spermatozoa from either high (n = 3) or low (n = 3) sperm freezing resilience rams. Immediately after thawing and throughout the incubation period (0–4 h), spermatozoa from high-resilience rams frozen with high-resilience seminal plasma demonstrated superior motility to spermatozoa from high-resilience rams frozen with low-resilience seminal plasma (P < 0.001). Similarly, spermatozoa from low-resilience rams frozen with high-resilience seminal plasma exhibited higher motility than spermatozoa from low-resilience rams frozen with low-resilience seminal plasma immediately after thawing (0 h; P < 0.001). The present study shows that variation in freezing resilience of ram spermatozoa is related to the source and composition of the seminal plasma.
Epidemiology of gonorrhoea notifications in Australia, 2007–12
Authors: Roberts-Witteveen April , Pennington Kate , Higgins Nasra , Lang Carolyn , Lahra Monica , Waddell Russell , Kaldor John
Published: August 2014

Background An increase in the notification rate of gonorrhoea was observed in the national surveillance system. In Australia, gonorrhoea is relatively rare, apart from among some populations of Aboriginal people and men who have sex with men. Methods: Data about gonorrhoea cases reported between 2007 and 2012 from all Australian jurisdictions were extracted from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Analyses were undertaken of the time trends in counts and rates, according to jurisdiction, gender, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status, diagnosis method and sexual orientation. Results: The largest increase in notifications between 2007 and 2012 was observed in both men and women in New South Wales (2.9- and 3.7-fold greater in 2012 than 2007, respectively) and Victoria (2.4- and 2.7-fold greater in 2012 than 2007, respectively), men in the Australian Capital Territory and women in Queensland. The highest notification rates remained in Indigenous people in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and particularly in women, although rates may have decreased over the study period. Changes in age and sex distribution, antimicrobial resistance and patterns of exposure and acquisition were negligible. Conclusions: There is an ongoing gonorrhoea epidemic affecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia, but the increases in notifications have occurred primarily in non-Aboriginal populations in the larger jurisdictions. Interpretation of these surveillance data, especially in relation to changes in population subgroups, would be enhanced by laboratory testing data. Further efforts are needed to decrease infection rates in populations at highest risk.
Bioinformatic analysis reveals a pattern of STAT3-associated gene expression specific to basal-like breast cancers in human tumors
Authors: Tell Robert W. , Horvath Curt M.
Published: August 2014

Significance

This research, for the first time to our knowledge, elucidates patterns of mRNA, protein, and microRNA expression uniquely associated with STAT3 signaling in basal-like but not other subtypes of breast cancer, indicating STAT3 as a potential subtype-specific regulator of breast cancer malignancy.
Reconstruction and minimal gene requirements for the alternative iron-only nitrogenase in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Yang Jianguo , Xie Xiaqing , Wang Xia , Dixon Ray , Wang Yi-Ping
Published: August 2014

Significance

To date, three different nitrogenase systems [molybdenum (MoFe), vanadium (VFe), and iron-only (FeFe)] have been found in nature. The MoFe nitrogenase has been studied extensively, but the alternative vanadium-dependent (Vnf) and iron-only (Anf) systems are less well characterized, particularly with respect to components required for their biosynthesis and activity. We have engineered an artificial FeFe nitrogenase system in
Escherichia coli
that combines
anf
structural genes with accessory nitrogen fixation genes (
nif
) to provide a minimal 10-gene cluster that supports the biosynthesis and activity of the FeFe nitrogenase. Our findings underscore the potential for the future engineering of nitrogen fixation in eukaryotes because the Anf system can bypass limitations in molybdenum availability in plant organelles.
Roles of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) and PDE5 in the regulation of Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis
Authors: Patrucco Enrico , Domes Katrin , Sbroggió Mauro , Blaich Anne , Schlossmann Jens , Desch Matthias , Rybalkin Sergei D. , Beavo Joseph A. , Lukowski Robert , Hofmann Franz
Published: August 2014

Significance

It has been reported that elevation of cGMP and activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) by inhibition of PDE5 activity with sildenafil prevents cardiac hypertrophy. We studied the roles of cGKI and PDE5 inhibition on angiotensin (AII)-induced hypertrophy and fibrosis using control (Ctr) mice and mice expressing cGKI only in cells where the smooth muscle SM22α promotor is active (βRM). In Ctr mice, sildenafil did not reduce the AII-induced increase of cardiomyocyte (CM) size or myocyte hypertrophic markers but did reduce fibrosis. In βRM mice, sildenafil had little or no effect on markers of fibrosis. These results show that the sildenafil/cGMP/cGKI cascade can have an inhibitory effect on cardiac fibrosis but not on CM hypertrophy.
Addressee orientation in political speeches
Authors: Schröter Melani
Published: August 2014

This article suggests that the addressees as the dialogical ‘other’ loom large in monological political speeches. However, political speeches are produced under conditions of addressee heterogeneity, i.e. the speakers do not actually know who they will be talking to. It will be argued that the addressees are nevertheless a crucial element in speakers’ context models, that speakers orientate towards imagined addressees and that certain aspects – what possible addressees may do, think or believe and that they are a part of an imagined community – are particularly relevant from the speakers’ point of view. An analysis of addressee orientation in political speeches aims at reconstructing speakers’ conceptualisations of possible addressees. The analysis reveals patterns of addressee orientation which suggest that the addressees are framed in terms of epistemic proximity, i.e. presumed nearness (agreement) or distance (disagreement) to the speakers. Both presumed agreement and disagreement will be discussed in terms of how the speakers aim to impose their default perspectives on the addressees. The analysis is based on examples from a substantial corpus of German chancellors’ political speeches from 1951–2001.
Pepper: cytoscape app for protein complex expansion using protein–protein interaction networks
Authors: Winterhalter C. , Nicolle R. , Louis A. , To C. , Radvanyi F. , Elati M.
Published: August 2014

We introduce Pepper (Protein complex Expansion using Protein–Protein intERactions), a Cytoscape app designed to identify protein complexes as densely connected subnetworks from seed lists of proteins derived from proteomic studies. Pepper identifies connected subgraph by using multi-objective optimization involving two functions: (i) the coverage, a solution must contain as many proteins from the seed as possible, (ii) the density, the proteins of a solution must be as connected as possible, using only interactions from a proteome-wide interaction network. Comparisons based on gold standard yeast and human datasets showed Pepper’s integrative approach as superior to standard protein complex discovery methods. The visualization and interpretation of the results are facilitated by an automated post-processing pipeline based on topological analysis and data integration about the predicted complex proteins. Pepper is a user-friendly tool that can be used to analyse any list of proteins.

Availability: Pepper is available from the Cytoscape plug-in manager or online (http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/pepper) and released under GNU General Public License version 3.

Contact: mohamed.elati@issb.genopole.fr

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.