bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vengerovo-2—a Krotovo Culture Site in the Baraba Forest-Steppe: An Archaeozoological Study
Authors:   German Archaeological Institute, Benecke N. , Vasiliev S. K. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Molodin V. I. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Mylnikova L. N. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nesterova M. S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Reinhold S. ,   German Archaeological Institute
Published: July 2021

В статье приведена характеристика остеологической выборки поселения Венгерово-2, принципов ее формирования, особенностей планиграфического распределения материалов в жилом пространстве, видового, возрастного и скелетного состава костей животных. Изученная коллекция состоит из костей высокой степени фрагментации, которые представляют собой отходы, появившиеся в результате обработки туш животных и использовавшиеся при приготовлении пищи, а также в производственной и ритуальной деятельности. На основе частотного статистического анализа выявлено преобладание домашних видов (62 %) над дикими. Отмечены различия анатомического набора костных остатков в хозяйственных ямах (тазовые кости, ребра, кости ног животных) и на производственных участках (челюсти, черепа, целые скелеты животных). Вероятно, в ямах хранились продукты питания, а на площадках — атрибуты ритуальной практики, сопровождавшей производственную деятельность. Реконструированная система скотоводства указывает на его придомовой характер с ориентацией на разведение мелкого рогатого скота, с небольшой долей лошадей и коров. Отмечена значительная роль охоты на крупных млекопитающих (лось, косуля), а также на пушного зверя (лисица, куница) и водоплавающую птицу. Сделан вывод о том, что заготовка пушнины, шкур и кож являлась одним из основных хозяйственных занятий населения. Для изготовления костяных орудий использовались в основном кости лося. Корреляционный анализ показал, что по составу анализируемый остеологический спектр в целом идентичен таковому синхронных памятников кротовской и елунинской культур.
The Study of Non-Ferrous Metal Artifacts of the Early Iron Age and Medieval Cultures in the Western Amur Basin
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nesterov S. P. , Kolmogorov Y. P. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,   Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: July 2021

В статье дана морфологическая и количественная характеристика, приведен элементный состав 23 предметов из бронзы, семи из серебра и одного из золота, относящихся к периоду от конца XI—X в. до н.э. до XIII—XV вв. Эти изделия (украшения и отдельные бытовые вещи) относятся курильской, талаканской культурам раннего железного века, михайловской, мохэской и центральноазиатским культурам раннего Средневековья, позднесредневековой культуре дючеров. Элементный анализ бронзовых предметов в Сибирском центре синхротронного и терагерцового излучения на станции локального и сканирующего рентгенофлуоресцентного элементного анализа Института ядерной физики СО РАН показал, что на протяжении примерно 2,5 тыс. лет для их изготовления использовалась в основном оловянно-свинцовая или свинцово-оловянная бронза. Наилучшая сходимость концентраций химических элементов для предметов талаканской и михайловской культур дополнительно свидетельствует о происхождении михайловской культуры от талаканской в результате эволюционного развития последней. Элементный состав серебряных и золотых изделий мохэ из Приамурья выполнен впервые. Он показал высокую пробу серебра и золота, используемых для изготовления ювелирных украшений в раннем Средневековье.
Changes in Wooden Defensive Structures at Fort Umrevinsky (Based on Archaeological and Written Sources)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borodovsky A. P.
Published: July 2021

Статья посвящена характеристике южной линии деревянных оборонительных сооружений (тына, помоста и двух башен) Умревинского острога первой трети XVIII в. по результатам археологических исследований. На основании полученных данных удалось проследить последовательное развитие этого пограничного пункта на протяжении 30 лет. Первоначально, в петровское время Умревинский острог представлял регулярное подпрямоугольное укрепление, огражденное тыновой стеной. Такая фортификационная конструкция имеет определенное сходство с полевым редутом. Спустя несколько десятилетий на углах тыновых стен южной стороны были возведены две угловые башни на свайно-столбчатом фундаменте (одна в плане подквадратная, другая подпрямоугольная), в результате чего Умревинский острог приобрел вид фортификации бастионного типа. Особое укрепление южной стороны было обусловлено наличием ворот в тыновой стене между башнями, близостью к транспортным магистралям (сухопутным, водным) и соответствием ориентации этих укреплений расположению пограничной линии. Фортификационные изменения в 30-х гг. XVIII в. были вызваны целым рядом факторов. Среди них особенности распространения европейских принципов фортификации в Сибири, связь реконструкции деревянных оборонительных сооружений Умревинского острога с внешнеполитической ситуацией на юге Западной Сибири и началом масштабных военно-инженерных работ в этом регионе. Не меньшее значение южная линия деревянных укреплений Умревинского острога имеет в дискуссии о количестве башен на этом оборонительном пункте.
O PAPEL DA PROPAGANDA NA ESTIGMATIZAÇÃO DE PESSOAS COM DEFICIÊNCIA
Authors: Santiago Florencio Cecília Helena , Dias de Faria Marina
Published: July 2021

Compreender a dinâmica entre cultura e sociedade é essencial para o entendimento de costumes culturais, relações sociais e construção de estigmas decorrentes dessa dinamicidade. Dentro de tal perspectiva é relevante realizar estudos que utilizem textos culturais, visto que os mesmos possuem alta disseminação e exercem influência na sociedade. Assim, estudos de textos culturais, como publicidades e propagandas, são imprescindíveis para compreender como representações, principalmente de grupos que sofrem opressão, interferem na sociedade, inclusive no ato de consumo. Pessoas com deficiência, que são foco da presente pesquisa, se enquadram como um grupo oprimido que possui representações estigmatizadas. Definiu-se como objetivo de o estudo discutir as representações e os estereótipos das pessoas com deficiência em publicidade e propaganda brasileiras entre os anos de 2009 e 2019. Para atingir o objetivo foram analisadas por meio de análise de conteúdo vinte e duas peças publicitárias brasileiras que possuíam pessoas com deficiência representadas. Os resultados do estudo demonstram que a representação das pessoas com deficiência ainda é insatisfatória. Quando existe a representação carrega estereótipos negativos que acabam por criar estigmas como, por exemplo, a da passividade. Mesmo propagandas que trazem pessoas com deficiência não as representam como indivíduos independentes no que diz respeito a escolhas de consumo.
A EVOLUÇÃO DAS RELAÇÕES COMERCIAIS INTRA-BRICS DE 2001 A 2017
Authors: Carvalho Luciane Cristina , Fernandes Heitor Lunardi
Published: July 2021

Este estudo refere-se as potencialidades que uma aproximação dos países do BRICS pode gerar, com a ideia inicial de uma aproximação com fins políticos para aumentar a representatividade dos países em desenvolvimento no cenário internacional, o grupo tem a cada cúpula sua abrangência ampliada. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar se essa aproximação política e diplomática ocasionou um aumento de comércio no período de 2001 a 2017. Para atender o objetivo deste trabalho foram feitas analises baseada nos Índices de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada de Balassa e de Lafay, esses índices buscam identificar se o país apresenta vantagem comparativa no comércio. Conforme o estudo, percebeu-se que os países do bloco tiveram melhorarias no comércio com seus pares por meio da ampliação de suas exportações e importações. Tem-se, a partir da análise, que o Brasil apresenta forte especialização em commodities, a China teve melhor desempenho nos setores que envolvem indústrias, Rússia e África do Sul foram melhores no setor de minério e metais, mostrando que os países têm condições de transformar a matéria-prima em produto final, por fim a Índia se destacou na atividade de minérios, metais e na indústria têxtil. Pode-se dizer que, houve um aumento no comércio entre os países e que os países se beneficiaram dessa aproximação.
FORMAS DE FOMENTO E TIPOS DE INCENTIVO AO INTERCÂMBIO INTERNACIONAL
Authors: Ignácio Santos Leal Noiriel , Meller da Silva Fabrízio
Published: July 2021

RESUMO: Este trabalho buscou identificar tipos de incentivo ao intercâmbio internacional e as formas de fomento à internacionalização. Duas realidades são destacadas: a) dos intercâmbios acadêmicos, que no início eram majoritariamente de docentes e pesquisadores e depois se estendeu para discentes; b) do viés profissional, que pode proporcionar crescimento na empresa ou mesmo uma mudança de país. Sendo assim, foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico sobre órgãos e instituições que incentivam o intercâmbio, e as formas de fomento implementadas. O resultado encontrado foi um aumento significativo de intercâmbios acadêmicos, após iniciativas do governo, como o Ciência sem Fronteiras e Programas específicos da CAPES, e, também, do investimento de instituições financeiras e independentes no envio de docentes e discentes ao exterior. Vale ressaltar, que também no âmbito profissional, as iniciativas estratégicas para ampliar e fortalecer o mercado, aumentaram os intercâmbios empresariais.
Spectral characteristics ofPwaves from nuclear explosions and yield estimation
Authors: Der Zoltan , McElfresh Thomas , Wagner Robert , Burnetti James
Published: July 2021

Spectra of teleseismic, short-period P waves from nuclear explosions show clear, path-related differences in their high-frequency falloff rates. P waves from Kazakh explosions commonly show significant seismic energy above the frequency of 5 Hz when recorded in shield regions. Peaceful nuclear explosions in the tectonically stable areas of the USSR have similar properties, together with the Amchitka explosions and SALMON. Nuclear explosions in the Western United States, Algeria, and French Polynesia show much less high frequency energy in their P-wave spectra, and signal energy above 5 Hz is usually not seen. We attribute these variations to lateral changes in the anelastic attenuation properties of the upper mantle. For the events in the contiguous United States, this interpretation is confirmed by the results of reciprocal measurements of Q. About 500 P-wave spectra, not including those utilized in the reciprocal measurements, were used to estimate the contribution to tp⋆ of the upper mantle Q structures under a number of nuclear test sites and observatories.
The spatial variation of the phasing of seismic strong ground motion
Authors: Abrahamson Norman A. , Bolt Bruce A.
Published: July 2021

The amount and significance of observed spatial variations of the phasing of seismic strong ground motion are explored using synchronized accelerograms from a surface array of digital strong motion accelerometers. A dynamic response ratio is defined for a discrete linear structural system in order to measure the effect of spatial variations of the ground motion on the response of large structures with multiple seismic wave inputs. The response with differential phasing may differ significantly to that with traditional rigid base inputs. Measurements show that phase shifts in the ground motion recorded across the SMART 1 array in Taiwan can produce up to a 25 per cent reduction in the inphase response spectrum at 5 Hz for a structure spanning a distance of 200 m. The out-of-phase dynamic response ratio is 0.20 to 0.40 for a flexible structure with a period of 1 sec and a support spacing of 200 m.

In order to analyze more fully the effect of multi-support input motions, the concept of a seismic phase response spectrum is developed to complement the usual Housner (amplitude) response spectrum. An efficient estimation algorithm is outlined using complex demodulation. Seismological phase response spectra would seem to have wide application for engineering design.
Characteristics of the aftershock sequence of the Borah Peak, Idaho, earthquake determined from digital recordings of the events
Authors: Boatwright John
Published: July 2021

The U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, deployed and maintained a network of twelve digital instruments over the 2 weeks following the 28 October 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho, earthquake. The network recorded 45 events with M ≧ 3.0, and 6 events with M ≦ 4.0. The epicenters are located in a narrow band which parallels the trace of the surface fauiting up to the Willow Creek summit; the depths of the events range from 5 to 16 km. In the south, the distribution of hypocenters delineate a plane which dips to the southwest at 50°; to the north, the hypocenters dip steeply to the east. Composite focal mechanisms for three groups of events show normal faulting mechanisms; the mechanism of the aftershocks in the north appear rotated in both strike and dip from the aftershocks in the south. The seismic moments of the aftershocks increase with increasing hypocentral depth below 12 km. The dynamic stress drops of the events do not show any systematic variation with depth, however. Most of the events with large stress drops are clustered in the northwest limb of the aftershock distribution; the average stress drop of the southern events is 31 ± 16 bars, while the average stress drop of the events in the northwest limb is 77 ± 52 bars. This clustering of events with large stress drops marks an apparent stress concentration, possibly associated with the arrest of the main shock rupture propagation by a fracture barrier at depth.
The southern Italy earthquake of 23 November 1980: An unusual pattern of faulting
Authors: Crosson R. S. , Martini M. , Scarpa R. , Key S. C.
Published: July 2021

abstract

A complex rupture history for the 23 November 1980 magnitude 6.9 Italian earthquake resulted in an unusual pattern of two high-angle, subperpendicular normal faults forming the corner of a down-dropped crustal block. Evidence for this interpretation is from aftershocks, the pattern of strong ground motion, focal mechanism of the mainshock, and two critically placed leveling profiles. Quantitative modeling of leveling profiles using smoothly varying dislocation segments provides confirmation of the fault pattern and specific verification of the existence of a secondary fault which is suborthogonal to the primary fault. Rupture began on the NW-trending main fault with downward motion of the northeast block. About 40 sec after initial motion began, rupture initiated on an orthogonal NE-trending subsidiary fault, propagating away from the main fault. This fault pattern is consistent with tectonic extension in a northeasterly direction.
Microseism propagation between two sites on the deep seafloor
Authors: Webb Spahr C. , Constable Steven C.
Published: July 2021

Pressure and electric field fluctuations detected at two sites separated by a distance of 32 km on the deep seafloor are found to be partially coherent at frequencies between 0.05 and 0.6 Hz. The phase relationships observed between the two sites suggest coherent wave trains from three source regions produce the observed coherence. Plausible estimates for the azimuths to the sources can be obtained if Rayleigh wave phase velocities are assumed. Each source region is associated with a different peak in the power spectra of the pressure and electric field fluctuations. One source region is along the California coastline where microseisms between 0.05 and 0.1 Hz are generated by the steepening and breaking of swell along that coast. The two other source regions are in deep water where microseisms are produced by nonlinear interaction of surface gravity waves. These microseisms have frequencies which are double the frequency of principal surface gravity wave components. A region to the southeast of the two sites is associated with microseisms near 0.16 Hz, and a region to the northwest is associated with microseisms near 0.25 Hz.
A seismic telemetry system of large dynamic range
Authors: Teng Ta-Liang , Hsu Min
Published: July 2021

An optimum telemetry system (OTS) has been developed that can be plugged directly into the front-end electronics of a field seismic station to enable large dynamic range (120 dB) data transmission, 60 dB resolution, and three-component seismic recording. This new system is designed to be accommodated within a conventional single ±125-Hz transmission channel. With CMOS microprocessors and a minimum of 64 kB memory, the OTS buffer stores 3.5 min of data for one channel or 1 min of data for three channels at 128 sps. The buffer storage can easily be expanded by an order of magnitude without significant increase in cost, but the present buffer size is sufficient for regional seismic networks of coverage less than 500 km in size; i.e., enough preevent memory is allowed for event trigger and gain-ranging operations. There is no sacrifice on timing accuracy, and to apply corrections to the travel-time delays is simple as the delays are exactly known. To guarantee the 60 dB resolution in a ±125-Hz FM transmission band, a new digital voltage-controlled oscillator has been designed for the OTS which keys the FM center frequency accurate to 0.1 per cent and practically eliminates the drift of the voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency. The OTS offers a practical solution to the severe signal-clipping problem that has plagued many high-performance telemetered seismic networks.
Observation of 1- to 5-second microtremors and their application to earthquake engineering. Part III. A two-dimensional study of site effects in the San Fernando Valley
Authors: Kagami Hiroshi , Okada Shigeyuki , Shiono Keishi , Oner Mete , Dravinski Marijan , Mal Ajit K.
Published: July 2021

A two-dimensional study of the influence of deep sediment on seismic ground motions was conducted by recording and analyzing long-period microtremors in the San Fernando Valley, California. The recordings were made at 50 regularly distributed sites in the valley. Three reference sites were employed at the baserock outcrop around the valley so as to observe the time-dependent characteristics of the microtremors.

Amplitudes in a period range of several seconds correlate with the thicknesses of the sedimentary layers. A site amplification effect, which was evaluated in terms of sediment-to-rock spectral ratios, is qualitatively consistent with available geological and strong motion data. The practical field observation procedure designed for this study, the two-dimensional approach, can be easily used in other surveys for estimating the spatial characteristics of earthquake ground motions in the period range of several seconds.
Microearthquakes near the Sleepy Hollow oil field, southwestern Nebraska
Authors: Evans David G. , Steeples Don W.
Published: July 2021

Between April 1982 and June 1984, 311 earthquakes were detected, and 176 earthquakes were located in the vicinity of the Sleepy Hollow oil field, southwestern Nebraska. The oil field is being injected with water to enhance oil production, and the earthquakes may be related to production. There is geologic evidence, however, to suggest that the earthquakes are tectonic in origin and are related to uplift along the axis of the Cambridge Arch, on which the field is located. First motion data from these events do not yield a well-constrained fault plane solution. Furthermore, first motion detections are inconsistent for earthquakes with nearly coincident hypocenters, indicating that more than one faulting mechanism is active in the oil field. Injection pressures do not correlate well with earthquake occurrence.
A microseismicity survey of Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Jacobson R. S. , Bibee L. D. , Embley R. W. , Hammond S. R.
Published: July 2021

An array of ocean bottom seismometers and hydrophones were deployed within the caldera of Axial Seamount, located at the intersection of the Cobb-Eickelberg Seamount Chain and the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Recent manned submersible dives have discovered the presence of two distinct hydrothermal vent fields. The objective of the microseismicity survey was to determine baseline information necessary for designing an optimal experiment to monitor seismicity associated with submarine volcanic and hydrothermal systems. With an instrument deployment period of eight days, over 1500 events were recorded and examined. Most events occurred within three periods of swarm activity. The location of the swarm events is believed to be within the low temperature vent field in the northwest portion of Axial's caldera. These impulsive, high-frequency events are interpreted to be tectonic in origin. No harmonic tremor-like events were observed on any of the instruments, indicating a lack of magmatic movement. Only nine local events were recorded on more than one instrument, and none of these could be located unambiguously. Monochromatic 20-Hz signals were also recorded and are interpreted to originate from whales observed in the immediate vicinity.
Regional variation of the short-period (1 to 10 second) source spectrum
Authors: Zhuo Yuru , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: July 2021

We determined m^b, the body-wave magnitude calculated from the maximum amplitude of short-period P waves, of 38 large earthquakes in various tectonic provinces. The data are divided into three groups: group 1 (subduction-zone thrust events); group 2 (nonsubduction-zone dip-slip and oblique-slip events); and group 3 (strike-slip events). Groups 2 and 3 include intraplate earthquakes. Comparison of m^b values for these three groups of events suggests that the source spectral amplitudes of intraplate events at a period of about 1.4 sec is 2 to 5 times larger than those of subduction-zone events with the same Mw. We also determined the source spectra of 28 large earthquakes (Mw = 6.5 to 7.7) directly from Global Digital Seismographic Network (GDSN) data, over a period range from 1 to 10 sec. At periods from 1 to 2 sec, the source spectral amplitudes of intraplate earthquakes are 2 to 4 times larger than those of subduction-zone events with the same Mw. The difference decreases as the period increases to 10 sec.
Seismic event detection and source location using single-station (three-component) data
Authors: Magotra N. , Ahmed N. , Chael E.
Published: July 2021

The seismic event detection and source location scheme presented in this paper uses single-station seismic data to analyze seismic events. To detect events, “the detection scheme” combines the signals on the horizontal components in a manner analogous to beam steering. Once an event is detected, “the location scheme” estimates the location of the source with respect to the receiver by estimating the polarization direction of the Pn phase. The range estimate is then obtained from the relative timing of different phases.
Quasi-periodic occurrence of earthquakes in the 1978-1986 Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence, eastern California
Authors: Savage J. C. , Cockerham Robert S.
Published: July 2021

In December 1984, Ryall and Hill noted that the five principal events in the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes earthquake sequence occurred at intervals of about 1.5 yr with a standard deviation for an individual event of 0.25 yr. Some data selection was involved in identifying the principal events, although the choices seemed reasonable. The recent Chalfant Valley earthquake (ML = 6.4; 21 July 1986) followed the last prior principal event in the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence by 1.65 yr, and no important activity intervened except one aftershock from the prior event. Thus, the Chalfant Valley earthquake could have been forecast from the observed periodicity. However, the precision of the forecast (±0.8 yr for the 95 per cent confidence interval) is not sufficient to furnish convincing evidence that the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence is quasi-periodic. Extrapolation of the trend established by the six previous events suggests that the next event in the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence would be expected in December 1987 ± 0.7 yr (95 per cent confidence interval). The regularity of the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence is comparable to that of the Parkfield, California, sequence (average interevent interval 20.8 yr with a standard deviation for an individual interval of 6.2 yr). Both sequences consist of six events. There is a plausible physical explanation for the periodicity observed at Parkfield; such an explanation for the Bishop-Mammoth Lakes sequence is lacking.
The Meckering earthquake of 14 October 1968: A possible downward propagating rupture
Authors: Vogfjörd Kristín S. , Langston Charles A.
Published: July 2021

Average source parameters of the 1968 Meckering, Australia earthquake are obtained by the inversion of body waves. The objectives of the inversion are the elements of the moment tensor and the source-time history. An optimum source depth of 3 km is determined, but because of source complexity the point source assumption fails and the moment tensor obtained at that depth has a large nondouble-couple term, compensated linear vector dipole = 34 per cent. The source parameters of the major double-couple are: strike = 341°; dip = 37°; rake = 61°; and seismic moment = 8.2 ×1025 dyne-cm. The source-time function is of approximately 4 sec duration, with a long rise time and a sharp fall-off. The fault length is constrained on the surface by the observed surface break, and results from vertical displacement modeling suggest a width of approximately 10 km in the middle, assuming a dip of 37°. That restricts the entire faulted area to lie above 6 km depth. Two finite fault models for the earthquake are presented, with rupture initiating at a point (1) near the top of the fault and (2) at the bottom of the fault. Both models produce similar long-period synthetics, but based on the short-period waveforms, model 1 is favored. It is argued that such a rupture process is the most reasonable in this cold shield region.
Aftershocks and surface faulting associated with the intraplate Guinea, West Africa, earthquake of 22 December 1983
Authors: Langer C. J. , Bonilla M. G. , Bollinger G. A.
Published: July 2021

This study reports on the results of geological and seismological field studies conducted following the rare occurrence of a moderate-sized West African earthquake (mb = 6.4) with associated ground breakage. The epicentral area of the northwestern Guinea earthquake of 22 December 1983 is a coastal margin, intraplate locale with a very low level of historical seismicity. The principal results include the observation that seismic faulting occurred on a preexisting fault system and that there is good agreement among the surface faulting, the spatial distribution of the aftershock hypocenters, and the composite focal mechanism solutions. We are not able, however, to shed any light on the reason(s) for the unexpected occurrence of this intraplate earthquake. Thus, the significance of this study is its contribution to the observational datum for such earthquakes and for the seismicity of West Africa.

The main shock was associated with at least 9 km of surface fault-rupture. Trending east-southeast to east-west, measured fault displacements up to ∼13 cm were predominantly right-lateral strike slip and were accompanied by an additional component (5 to 7 cm) of vertical movement, southwest side down. The surface faulting occurred on a preexisting fault whose field characteristics suggest a low slip rate with very infrequent earthquakes. There were extensive rockfalls and minor liquefaction effects at distances less than 10 km from the surface faulting and main shock epicenter. Main shock focal mechanism solutions derived from teleseismic data by other workers show a strong component of normal faulting motion that was not observed in the ground ruptures.

A 15-day period of aftershock monitoring, commencing 22 days after the main shock, was conducted. Eleven portable, analog short-period vertical seismographs were deployed in a network with an aperture of 25 km and an average station spacing of 7 km. Ninety-five aftershocks were located from the more than 200 recorded events with duration magnitudes of about 1.5 or greater. Analysis of a selected subset (91) of those events define a tabular aftershock volume (26 km long by 14 km wide by 4 km thick) trending east-southeast and dipping steeply (∼60°) to the south-southwest. Composite focal mechanisms for groups of events, distributed throughout the aftershock volume, exhibit right-lateral, strike-slip motion on subvertical planes that strike almost due east. Although the general agreement between the field geologic and seismologic results is good, our preferred interpretation is for three en-echelon faults striking almost due east-west.
Response of an oceanic wave guide to an explosive point source using leaking modes
Authors: Haddon R. A. W.
Published: July 2021

A new method for computing transient wave fields in a stack of liquid layers overlying a solid elastic layered half-space is presented. By taking the frequency, ω, and wavenumber, k, simultaneously as complex variables and choosing appropriate paths of integration in the ω-plane, the integration with respect to k in the well-known integrals representing the exact solution is performed exactly using Cauchy residue theory. The remaining integration (with respect to ω) is then performed approximately by use of the Fast Fourier transform and by other numerical integration methods. The theoretical results derived show that the complete wave field, including all possible body waves, can be represented simply as a superposition of modes. The method is easy to apply and computationally efficient, and is valid for both near- and far-field solutions. The same method is also applicable to axisymmetric borehole problems. The application of the method is illustrated in detail with a numerical example.
P-wave deflection or off-azimuth arrivals in the Charlevoix Seismic Zone
Authors: Buchbinder Goetz G. R.
Published: July 2021

During the months of August 1984 and October 1985, experiments were undertaken in the Charlevoix Seismic Zone to record high-frequency body waves from earthquakes. The seismograms were recorded by digital three-component seismographs. The experiments were conducted on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River only and covered nine sites. All but the two most northeasterly recording sites exhibited P-wave arrivals that arrived from azimuths that differed from the theoretical azimuth based on the computed hypocenter-station relationship. These differences amounted to several tens of degrees. Neither the errors in hypocenter location nor in the orientation of the horizontal seismometers are believed to be the cause of this difference.

Theoretical computations based on a two-dimensional model with strong lateral velocity gradients or a discontinuity in velocity produce deviations of the direction of arrival of the P wave in a horizontal plane normal to the anomaly that can amount to several tens of degrees. Both the lateral gradient and discontinuity models satisfy the observed deviation of azimuth versus azimuth deflection. However, only the discontinuity satisfies the deflection versus hypocentral distance distribution, at least for distances to 20 km.

Comparing the observed data with the theoretical values suggests that the anomaly in velocity occurs in a near-vertical plane striking parallel to the St. Lawrence River. This is also the direction of ancient extension faults in the region. Other structures were introduced 350 m.y. ago when the Charlevoix impact structure was formed. A number of anorthosite bodies with very high seismic velocities also outcrop in the region. Because of the high frequencies involved, the scale of the anomaly may well be only a few hundred meters, and the anomaly may most likely be located very close to, even directly beneath, the station.
Radiation characteristics of elastodynamic line sources buried in layered media with periodic interfaces. II.P- andSV-wave analysis
Authors: Varadan Vijay K. , Lakhtakia Akhlesh , Varadan Vasundara V. , Langston Charles A.
Published: July 2021

A method for determining for determining the elastodynamic (P and SV waves) radiation characteristics of finite-size sources buried in horizontally layered media, having periodically corrugated interfaces, is described. In particular, the example problem chosen to illustrate the procedure is as follows: a solid plate lies on top of a solid half-space; the solid-solid interface has been taken to be planar, but traction-free conditions prevail on the other boundary of the elastic plate, which surface is also periodically corrugated; and the source has been taken to be an isotropic, P-wave line source located inside the elastic plate. The technique presented utilizes the plane wave spectral decomposition of the relevant fields within the framework of the extended boundary condition method or the T matrix method. Since the T-matrix method is a matrix approach, it is very attractive computationally and is certainly more tractable than a method based on the direct solution of the integral equations involved in the scattering problem. Numerical results are given to delineate the various features of the field diffracted into the elastic half-space, as well as the displacement field induced on the traction-free boundary of the elastic plate. The specific example examined is directly related to regional wave propagation in a continental crustal wave guide.
,,It overtook my body and soul“: The experience of individuals receiving health-promoting service, of psychological trauma and health-related problems
Authors:   University of Akureyri, Primary Health Care of the Capital Area of Iceland, Gestsdóttir Rósíka , Tómasdóttir Margrét Ólafía ,   Primary Health Care of the Capital Area of Iceland, Department of Family Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, Centre of Development in Iceland, Primary Health Care of the Capital Area, Reykjavik, Iceland, Sigurðardóttir Sigrún ,   University of Akureyri
Published: July 2021

INTRODUCTION: Accumulating evidence shows that those having experienced psychological trauma have increased risk of complex health problems. In primary health care health-promoting services are offered to individuals with complex health problems, based on an individualized approach. Trauma focused approach in healthcare help individuals increase quality of life after psychological trauma. Trauma focused services are important to help improve quality of life after psychological trauma. To examine the experience of psychological trauma and health-related problems in individuals receiving health-promoting services. METHOD: Qualitative research based on the Vancouver School of phenomenology. Participants were ten, five male and five female, selected through health-promoting services. Two interviews were taken with each participant. The ACE questionnaire was used, as a screening tool for childhood psychological trauma, combined with interview-frame with open questions. RESULTS: The results were divided into six main themes: Experience of trauma; Repeated trauma; Childhood neglect; Health-related problems in child- and adulthood; Psychiatric problems in child- and adulthood; Processing and trauma-focused approach. Participants had experienced conciderable trauma as well as complex health problems in child- and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: It is of importance that healthcare professionals pay attention to psychological traumas in relation to complex health problems to provide support for recovery. Primary health care is the first place of contact within the health care system and therefore it is important that patients‘ experience of trauma is taken into account. It is key to identify the signs of lifetime trauma in relation to health problems and focus the care according to the individual needs of the patient.
Analysis of the Competition Between China and the US in the 21st Century from the Perspective of the Concept of Hybrid Cold War
Authors: KORKMAZ Hüseyin , TURAN İdris
Published: July 2021

In the 21st century, there has been complex competition among states for global power. In this regard, states are often observed to confront each other. Globalization in the post-Cold War era led to technological transformation, which brought along radical changes in the competition for global hegemony. In the context of competition for power, the relations between the US and China as two world powers have remarkable characteristics. From this perspective, this study is designed to understand the recent competition between the US and China in comparison with the classical competition during the Cold War. In this vein, the study introduces the concept of Hybrid Cold War and focuses on conventional and non-conventional factors that stand out in the US-China competition. The qualitative research method is adopted in the study and document analysis is used as a data collection technique. In addition, content analysis is benefited as a data analysis technique. In addition to propounding the concept of Hybrid Cold War, the study endeavors to define the ambiguous features of the new era in a conceptual framework. In consequence, this research argues that the US-China competition has entered a new era where conventional and non-conventional methods are used together, increasing the probability of conflict.
Özel Tüketim Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Bir Uygulama
Authors: SARI Sacit , YILDIRIM Kemal
Published: July 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye ekonomisinde özel tüketim harcamalarının belirleyicilerini 2000:3 ile 2020:2 arası çeyrek dönemlik verilerle incelemektir. Çalışma kapsamında öncelikle özel tüketim harcamalarının yıllar içindeki seyri ve ekonomik büyümeye katkısı verilmiştir. Modelde yer alan değişkenlerin durağanlıkları geleneksel birim kök testleri ve Fourier birim kök testleriyle sınanmıştır. Birim kök test sonuçlarına göre düzeyde durağan çıkmayan seriler arasındaki uzun dönem ilişkiler Fourier-Shin eşbütünleşme testi ve ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımıyla incelenmiştir. Eşbütünleşme testi sonucunda serilerin uzun dönemde birlikte hareket ettikleri tespit edilmiştir. ARDL sınır testine göre GSYH değişkeni ve varlıklardaki net değişimi yansıtan seriler beklenildiği gibi özel tüketim harcamalarını pozitif yönde etkilemiştir. GSYH’de meydana gelen %1’lik artış özel tüketim harcamalarını %0.61 oranında artırmaktadır. Faiz oranlarında meydana gelen artış ise teoride beklenildiği üzere özel tüketim harcamalarını azaltmaktadır. Etkinin büyüklüğü ise görece küçük çıkmıştır. Ekonomide belirsizliği temsilen seçilen enflasyon değişkeni özel tüketim harcamalarını negatif yönde etkilemektedir. Enflasyon oranlarındaki %1lik artış özel tüketim harcamalarında %0.59 oranında azalmaya neden olmaktadır. Kamu harcamaları özel tüketim harcamalarını negatif yönde etkilemektedir. Kamu harcamalarındaki %1lik artış özel tüketim harcamalarını % 0.34 azaltmaktadır. Bu sonuç Türkiye ekonomisinde kısmi Ricardocu denkliğin geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir.
Şirketlerde Halka Açıklık Oranı ile Hayatta Kalma İlişkisi
Authors: YAKA Rıdvan
Published: July 2021

Şirketlerin finansman ihtiyacını karşılamak, kurumsallaşmak ve yurtiçi ve yurtdışında yaygın tanıtım sağlamak gibi amaçlarla gerçekleştirdikleri halka arzların farklı oranlarda olduğu, hatta ikincil halka arzlarla bu oranların %100’lere dahi ulaştığı görülmektedir. Halka açıklık oranları ile şirketlerin sürdürülebilirlikleri arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı hususunun değerlendirildiği bu çalışma ile Borsa pay piyasasında 1986 yılından 2019 yılı sonuna kadar toplam 34 yılda yapılan tüm halka arz işlemleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında Borsa İstanbul A.Ş., Merkezi Kayıt Kuruluşu, Kamu Aydınlatma Platformu, gibi kurumların kamuya açık verileri kullanılarak oluşturulan veri seti üzerinden yapılan analizlerle şirketlerin halka açıklık oranı ile ömürleri arasındaki ilişkinin varlığı ve yönü aranmıştır. Çalışma sonunda elde edilen bulgular göstermektedir ki şirketlerin uzun ömür beklentilerine ulaşmalarında hisselerini halka açmaları önemli bir avantaj sağlarken, halka açıklık oranının belirli bir oranın üstünde olmasının uzun ömür üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir.
İklim Değişikliği Farkındalığı ve Toplum Bilinci: İstanbul Örneği
Authors: AĞIRALAN Erkan , SADİOĞLU Uğur
Published: July 2021

Bu çalışmada, öncelikle İstanbul’da ikamet eden vatandaşların iklim değişikliği farkındalığının medeni durum, yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim seviyesi ve refah düzeyine göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği araştırılmıştır. Aynı zamanda bu çalışma ile İstanbul’da iklim değişikliği konusundaki kamu bilincinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Veri elde etmek için anket tekniği kullanılan bu çalışmada öncelikle altı sorudan oluşan bir iklim değişikliği farkındalığı ölçeği geliştirilmiştir. Yapılan analizlerle iklim değişikliği farkındalığının cinsiyet açısından istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir farklılık gösterirken; yaş, medeni durum, eğitim seviyesi ve gelir durumuna göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermediği ortaya çıkmıştır. İstanbul’daki kadınların erkeklere göre iklim değişikliği farkındalıklarının daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca iklim değişikliği kavramı, nedenleri, sonuçları, uluslararası ve yerel doküman ve belgelerin bilinirliği, farkındalık kazanım kaynakları ile iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede esas sorumluluğun kime ait olması gerektiği hususlarındaki toplumsal bilinç ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmanın iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede farkındalık durumunun ve toplumsal bilincin ortaya konmasında diğer illere örnek teşkil etmesi beklenmektedir. Ayrıca bu çalışmanın iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede yerel anlamda farkındalık geliştirilecek politika ve stratejilerin belirlenmesinde karar mercilerine yol göstermesi beklenmektedir.
Application of logistics model in analysing relationship marketing in travel agencies
Authors: Borisavljević Katarina , Radosavljević Gordana
Published: July 2021

A concept of relationship marketing in tourism implies creating quality relations among all participants in the tourist supply chain. Analyzing the assumptions of the development of relations and their impact on the overall performance of companies in tourism is especially important. In this regard, the subject matter of this research is the application of relationship marketing in travel agencies in Serbia and the identification of key factors of loyalty of users of tourist services. This paper aims to investigate the influence of relationship marketing assumptions (such as trust, customer complaint management, investment in internal marketing, implementation of information technology in agencies, business image and tradition of agencies, as well as socio-demographic characteristics of clients) on the choice of travel agency through which clients will travel. The contribution of the paper is in the application of the logistics model in the research of relationship marketing in agencies. The results of this research have confirmed that investing in relational determinants in tourism leads both to the development of a long-term relationship with customers and to business performance improvement. Also, the results showed that customer profiles are important in the implementation of relationship marketing to increase the number of loyal customers in tourism. The importance of the paper is in proposing an efficient model for the application of relationship marketing in order to increase the level of customer loyalty in travel agencies operating on the Serbian market.
A Spatio-Temporal Investigation of the Growth Rate of COVID-19 Incidents in Ohio, USA, Early in the Pandemic
Authors: Selvitella Alessandro M. , Carolan Liam , Smethers Justin , Hernandez Christopher , Foster Kathleen L.
Published: July 2021

Understanding the initial growth rate of an epidemic is important for epidemiologists and policy makers as it can impact their mitigation strategies such as school closures, quarantines, or social distancing. Because the transmission rate depends on the contact rate of the susceptible population with infected individuals, similar growth rates might be experienced in nearby geographical areas. This research determined the growth rate of cases and deaths associated with COVID-19 in the early period of the 2020 pandemic in Ohio, United States. The evolution of cases and deaths was modeled through a Besag-York-Molliè model with linear- and power-type deterministic time dependence. The analysis showed that the growth rate of the time component of the model was subexponential in both cases and deaths once the time-lag across counties of the appearance of the first COVID-19 case was considered. Moreover, deaths in the northeast counties in Ohio were strongly related to the deaths in nearby counties.
Research on Development Codes in Brisbane
Authors:   South China University of Technology, China, Zeng Dongmei , Qi Dongjin
Published: July 2021

Now, we are facing an important reforming period of national territory plan. If we still use the traditional development control means to solve the problem, we will not be able to face the rapidly developing world. Brisbane is the third largest city in Australia. The development codes of Brisbane originated from the development rules of the United Kingdom, but combined with the integrated development assessment system of Australia. It has formed an institutional system with performance development as the purpose, development codes as the means and multi-type permission as the result. In the form, all codes, laws, regulations and planning documents related to development are integrated into one folder. In the implementation of planning objectives, hierarchical management is adopted, and objectives are decomposed level by level to form detail control elements, so that planning objectives are closely combined with practice. In the management after approval, the "special channel" was adopted to improve the administrative efficiency. In this paper, we hope that through the analysis of its background, composition and control mechanism, we can get some enlightenment on the problems we are facing.
Radiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients and correlation of chest CT severity index with different clinical forms of disease in SKIMS medical college and hospital Kashmir, India
Authors: Bashir Shazia , Mir Mohammad Farooq , Salroo Imran , Naik Muzaffar Ahmad
Published: July 2021

Background: The objective of this paper was to study the radiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients and to establish a possible correlation of chest CT severity index (CTSI) with different clinical forms of disease.Methods: All the patients who routinely underwent non contrast CT chest and tested positive for COVID-19 by RT-PCR of respiratory secretion obtained by broncho alveolar lavage and nasopharyngeal swab test had been included in the given study. The collected data was analyzed to find a possible correlation of chest CTSI with different clinical forms of disease.Results: COVID-19 patients reflected some interesting radiological features like ground glass opacity (GGO) in (90.1%) followed by consolidation in (70.4%) patients. However, (67.6%) patients reflected both GGO and consolidation features. Peripheral distribution was most common in patients accounting for (90.1%) versus (60.6%) with central distribution but (60.6%) had both peripheral and central distribution. We observed that there is significant correlation (p value <0.001) between severity of disease as per oxygen saturation level and severity of disease on the basis of CTSI.Conclusions: We concluded that COVID-19 pneumonia patients significantly exhibit some radiological features that include GGO and consolidation with peripheral and central distribution. Therefore in addition to other clinical parameters CT severity score can be treated as a reliable diagnostic tool to determine the severity status of disease.