bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Waterflood Response in Tight Oil Formations: A Saskatchewan Case Study
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: September 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 171671, “Understanding Waterflood Response in Tight Oil Formations: A Case Study of the Lower Shaunavon,” by Adrian Thomas, SPE, Anjani Kumar, SPE, and Kenny Rodrigues, SPE, Computer Modelling Group, and Ryan Sinclair, SPE, Colin Lackie, Angela Galipeault, and Mike Blair, Crescent Point Energy, prepared for the 2014 SPE/CSUR Unconventional Resources Conference—Canada, Calgary, 30 September–2 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

An 18-well numerical-simulation model was built to represent an operator’s Lower Shaunavon waterfloodpilot area. Numerical simulation was used, and a history match on the pilot area was performed. By use of parameters obtained from the history match, a representative model was built and a sensitivity study was performed on hydraulic-fracture spacing and well spacing in both primary-depletion and waterflood scenarios.

Modeling-Work-Flow Description

The Shaunavon is partitioned into lower and upper members. The lower member is an authigenic carbonate shelf, while the upper member has a strong clastic influence from the west. Oil is trapped hydrodynamically; the oil fairway crosses both stratigraphic and structural trends. The Lower Shaunavon is divided into four intervals in the study area. The lowest interval is a calcareous cryptocrystalline mudstone. Sitting above this interval is the B Marker, which is a slightly more energetic environment. The A Marker marks a regressive lag as a result of a sea-level drop. It consists of wackestone to some packstone rock and is bounded above and below by mudstones. The uppermost interval represents a high-energy environment.

A geological model was developed for the lower Shaunavon pilot area on the basis of well logs, petrophysical data, and surface maps. The model was developed further into a dynamic simulation model by incorporating pressure/volume/temperature data, relative permeability, well trajectory, well completion, and historical well-production and -injection information for all wells located within the pilot area.

A history match was performed on a single-well submodel to obtain improved values of reservoir hydraulic-fracture properties in the surrounding region. These values were applied to the full pilot area, and the model was simulated in an attempt to achieve a history match. Once the pilot area was history matched, forecast runs of an additional 50 years were performed to gauge future production along with future drilling scenarios. By use of the properties obtained through history matching, a new generalized model was built and different forecast scenarios were run to determine well spacing under both primary depletion and waterflood. For a discussion of reservoir-parameter selection and simulation-model setup, please see the complete paper.
Data-Driven Production-Impact Assessment During Unplanned Facility-System Events
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: September 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 173993, “Data-Driven Analytics for Production-Impact Assessment During Unplanned Facility-System Events,” by Andrei S. Popa, Hugo Leon, Juan Medel, Tuan Nquyen, Steve Cassidy, and Dallas Tubbs, Chevron, prepared for the 2015 SPE Western Regional Meeting, Garden Grove, California, USA, 27–30 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

A data-driven approach to successfully analyze and evaluate production-fluid impact during facility system divert events is presented. The work flow effectively identifies opportunities for prompt event mitigation and system optimization. The methodology used includes data streaming, advanced computations on high-frequency data, visualization, data mining, and rules extraction. The paper demonstrates that applied data-driven analytics led to learnings and observations that had a positive effect on the management of facility systems during divert events.

Background

The subject field is a heavy-oil reservoir, using steam for enhanced oil recovery. The field architecture is set up so that the active wells separate the produced liquids and produced (casing) gas at the wellhead. The operating objective is to minimize the pressure in the casing gas-collection system to maximize the liquid production from the wells. The casing gas flows from each individual well through a check valve into a common network and then enters one of the two casing-gas stations in the field. The gas is cooled, which removes a large volume fraction of condensables (mostly water) from the gas stream. Next, the gas flows into the inlet of the gas-plant compressors. From the compressors, the gas will follow paths that depend on the operating conditions. During normal field operations, the gas flow goes into the plant. The plant removes hydrogen sulfide so that the gas can be incinerated in the steam generators.

When the plant or the steam generators are not available to run because of planned or unplanned events, the discharge of the compressors is redirected into the casing-gas-collection network. This mode of operation is called “divert.” Operating in divert mode results in an increase in the casing-gas-network pressure with respect to normal conditions. This high pressure on the casing of the well is known to reduce the production volume.

Data Availability

An extensive data-identification exercise was conducted for this study. The result consisted of both structured data (surface and subsurface) and unstructured data such as event notes, dates, and unique features.

Event Data. For a better understanding of this concept, we provide the following definition: An event is defined by an increase in the overall system pressure caused by a planned or unplanned system shutdown that increases the casing-gas pressure and imposes a back pressure on the formation, thus adversely affecting production rates and, as a result, the field output.
High-Angle Frac-Pack Completions in Shallow Sands: A Case Study
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: September 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 18220, “High-Angle Frac-Pack Completions in Shallow Sands: A Case Study on Program Learnings and Operational Improvements,” by Azhar Ibrahim, Edgar Romero, and Chiu Chee Yang, ExxonMobil, and Woon Geok Cheen, Halliburton, prepared for the 2014 International Petroleum Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur, 10–12 December. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

Telok is a gasfield development in the Malay basin offshore Terengganu, Malaysia. This paper discusses the program learnings and operational improvements captured while completing eight new wells in 2012 and 2013. The primary reservoirs targeted in the field require sand control, specifically frac-pack technology, because of high fines content.

Introduction

Telok field is a faulted, east/west-trending anticline in the Formation A reservoir. The major reservoir in Telok is Formation A sands, containing dry nonassociated gas (NAG). The Formation A reservoir is located at approximately 700- to 800-m true vertical depth subsea (TVDSS) and is laterally extensive across the Telok, Tabu, and Guntong fields. Minor NAG reservoirs are the Formation B group and Formation C group sandstones. Formation B and C reservoirs are located between 1100- and 1900-m TVDSS.

Sand control was performed for the Formation A and B-1 reservoirs on the basis of the offset well’s performance and sand-screening evaluation completed on the basis of data from a Telok exploration well.

Sieve analysis conducted on core material collected from the exploration wells, together with sand-strength-modeling work, confirmed that the Formation A sand is friable and would produce sand on initial completion with a high percentage of fines. Mechanical properties of the formation and fluid flow were evaluated and in-house sand-control experts were consulted before adopting the frac-pack option as the sand-control method.
Vapor-Phase Combustion in Accelerating Rate Calorimetry for Air-Injection Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Processes
Authors: Bhattacharya S.. , Mallory D. G. , Moore R. G. , Ursenbach M. G. , Mehta S. A.
Published: September 2016

The accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) is unique for its versatility of operation and application—reliability, validity, and accuracy of results—caused by very-high adiabaticity. Accelerating rate calorimetry is one of the screening tests used to determine the suitability of a reservoir for air-injection enhanced oil recovery. The ARC is well-suited for investigating the reaction mechanisms in the low-temperature range (LTR), negative-temperature-gradient region (NTGR), and high-temperature range (HTR). The ARC provides full time–temperature, time–pressure, and self-heat rate-inverse absolute-temperature profiles. An experimental and simulation study is carried out to expand knowledge and interpretation of the data derived from high-pressure closed ARC tests. Athabasca bitumen is used for the experimental study in a closed ARC at an initial pressure of 13.8 MPag (2,000 psig) to identify the nature of the oxidation reactions occurring over the different temperature ranges.

The simulation component of the study focused on the development of a numerical model that captured the elements of the ARC test. The model incorporated solubility of oxygen and diffusion to control the transfer of oxygen in the liquid-oil phase. Mass transfer is found to play an important role at low temperatures up to the temperature at which chemical interaction starts to control the distribution of oxygen within the liquid bitumen.

Likewise, vaporization of oil and generation of vapor by cracking reactions are also believed to play an important role in air-injection processes. Therefore, a vapor-phase combustion reaction is integrated into the traditional Belgrave kinetic model. This modified model predicted that the combustion of vaporized oil integrated with its flammable limits and the rate of diffusion of the vaporized component in the gas phase.

The results of this study indicate that, with the addition of mass transfer to the kinetic model, it is possible to predict the NTGR. The result showed that solubility and diffusion of oxygen played an important role up to a temperature of 125°C at which chemical reactions started to control the distribution of oxygen within the liquid bitumen. The results also showed that vapor-phase combustion creates a temperature gradient between the gas and bitumen phases when vaporized components became flammable (stoichiometry). This showed that the ARC could be an effective tool for understanding liquid and vapor-phase reaction and their relative importance in different temperature regimes.
Corn Response to Row Spacing and Seeding Rate Varies by Hybrid and Environment in Kentucky
Authors: Mackey Grant L. , Orlowski John M. , Baniszewski Julie , Lee Chad D.
Published: September 2016

There has been recent interest in growing corn in narrow rows (<30 inches wide) and at dense plant populations to increase grain yields. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three corn hybrids adapted to the midsouthern United States at multiple row spacings and seeding rates. Studies were established at Lexington and Hodgenville, KY during the 2011 and 2012 growing season. The corn hybrids were planted in 15‐inch rows, twin 8‐inch rows on 30‐inch centers, and 30‐inch rows at seeding rates of 30,000; 35,000; 40,000; and 45,000 seeds/acre. Plant stands, stalk diameter, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation, and grain yield were evaluated for all hybrid × row spacing × seeding rate combinations. Stalk diameter decreased with increasing seeding rates, but no lodging was observed. At Hodgenville in 2011, corn planted in twin rows yielded 6.7% more than corn in 30‐inch rows, but row spacing did not affect yield in the other site‐years. Under favorable growing conditions at Lexington in 2011, grain yield increased by 1.5 bu/acre per 1000 seed increase in seeding rate; however, under hot and dry conditions in 2012, grain yield decreased 0.87 bu/acre for every 1000 seed increase in seeding rate. At Hodgenville in 2012, a hybrid × seeding rate interaction was observed in which one hybrid responded positively, one responded negatively, and one was unresponsive to seeding rate. Corn producers considering decreasing row widths or increasing plant population density should ensure that they choose hybrids appropriate for their management systems and environmental conditions.
Effects of Spray Nozzle and Fungicide Mode of Action on Control of Microdochium Patch on an Annual Bluegrass Putting Green in Western Oregon
Authors: McDonald B.W. , Mattox C.M. , Kowalewski A.R. , Mosdell D.K.
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas

Nozzle‐type spray volume and topical activity on Microdochium patch were evaluated.

At equal spray volumes, TeeJet XR nozzles cover more spray area than 1/4TTJ nozzles.

Smaller droplets and higher coverage maximize Microdochium patch control.
Evaluation of Phosphorus Filter Media for an Inline Subsurface Drainage Treatment System
Authors: Sanford Joseph R. , Larson Rebecca A.
Published: September 2016

Subsurface drainage from agricultural land has been identified as a contributor of both N and P into surface waters, leading to water quality degradation and eutrophication. This study evaluates the ability of P sorption media (PSM; expanded shale, expanded clay, furnace slag, and natural soil) to sorb P in both batch and column tests. Batch sorption tests estimated sorption of 3.4, 1.2, and 0.5 g P kg−1 for expanded shale, expanded clay, and natural soil, respectively. Furnace slag sorption was evaluated for fine (FSFine), small (FSSM), and large (FSLG) particle sizes, with estimated sorption of 6.8, 5.1, and 3.8 g P kg−1, respectively. Phosphorus removal for the three furnace slag particle sizes and natural soil were tested in flow‐through columns operated at residence times of 50, 17, and 7 s. A decrease in residence time reduced P removal in all columns evaluated. Following all trials, the average P removal from influent was 50% for FSSM, followed by 27% for FSC (furnace slag‐coated pea gravel), 22% for FSLG, and 6% for sandy loam‐coated pea gravel. The data from this study provides crucial information for developing and sizing an inline tile drainage treatment system to remove P from tile drainage outlets before reaching surface waters.

Core Ideas

An inline tile treatment system targeting P removal has potential to improve tile drainage water quality.

Batch sorption study found furnace slag had the greatest maximum P sorption of the media evaluated.

Column study found furnace slag achieved P reductions during continuous flow.
Effectiveness of Livestock Exclusion in a Pasture of Central North Carolina
Authors: Line Daniel E. , Osmond Deanna L. , Childres Wesley
Published: September 2016

Reducing the export of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sediment from agricultural land in water‐supply watersheds is a continuing goal in central North Carolina. The objective of this project was to document the effectiveness of a combination of livestock exclusion fencing and nutrient management implemented on a beef cattle pasture located in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. The quantity and quality of discharge from two predominantly pasture watersheds were monitored simultaneously for 3.8 yr before and after implementation of the exclusion fencing and nutrient management in the treatment watershed; a control watershed remained unchanged. The excluded stream corridor was intentionally minimized by constructing the fence line about 3 m from the top of the streambank on either side and limiting it to the main stream channel only. Monitoring included collecting flow‐proportional samples during storm events and analyzing them for total Kjeldahl N (TKN), ammonia (NH3–N), and inorganic (NOx–N) N as well as total P (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS). Statistically significant reductions were observed in TKN (34%), NH3–N (54%), TP (47%), and TSS (60%) loads in the treatment relative to the control watershed after fencing, whereas storm discharge and NOx–N loads were not significantly different. These data show that even a relatively narrow exclusion corridor implemented on only the main stream channel can significantly reduce the export of N, P, and sediment from a beef cattle pasture.

Core Ideas

Document, through water quality monitoring, the effectiveness of livestock exclusion fencing

Livestock exclusion reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from a pasture.

Statistical analysis is required to assess trends in water quality monitoring data.
Edge‐Of‐Field Evaluation of the Ohio Phosphorus Risk Index
Authors: Williams Mark R. , King Kevin W. , LaBarge Gregory A. , Confesor Remegio B. , Fausey Norman R.
Published: September 2016

The Phosphorus Index (PI) has been the cornerstone for phosphorus (P)‐based management and planning over the past twenty years, yet field‐scale evaluation of many state PIs has been limited. In this study, P loads measured in surface runoff and tile discharge from 40 agricultural fields in Ohio with prevailing management practices were used to evaluate the Ohio PI. Annual P loads were highly variable among fields (dissolved reactive P: 0.03–4.51 kg ha−1, total P: 0.03–6.88 kg ha−1). Both measured annual dissolved reactive P (R2 = 0.36, p < 0.001) and total P (R2 = 0.25, p < 0.001) loads were significantly related to Ohio PI score. The relationship between measured load and PI score substantially improved when averaged annual field values were used (dissolved reactive P: R2 = 0.71, total P: R2 = 0.73), indicating that the Ohio PI should be utilized to evaluate average annual risk of P loss, rather than as an annual risk tool. Comparison between the Ohio PI and other established local and national metrics resulted in large differences in potential P management recommendations for the monitored fields. In the near term, revision of Ohio PI risk categories and management recommendations using local P loading thresholds is needed. To meet the minimum criteria for state PI tools, future research efforts should focus on using measured field data (i) to incorporate new input factors (i.e., P application timing and leaching potential) into the Ohio PI, and (ii) to calibrate and validate the Ohio PI to provide better P risk assessments and management recommendations.

Core Ideas

Measured P loads from 40 fields were used to evaluate the Ohio Phosphorus Index.

Risk of P loss was linearly related to both measured annual and averaged P loads.

Field P management recommendations varied among local, state, and national metrics.

Field datasets should be used to improve and calibrate the Ohio Phosphorus Index.
Óptima ubicación de un relleno sanitario para el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá empleando Sistemas de Información Geográfica
Authors: Gascón Sergio Maximiliano , Jiménez Lina Marcela , Pérez Helena
Published: September 2016

El crecimiento poblacional y la gran cantidad de residuos generados hace cada vez más difícil encontrar terrenos óptimos que cumplan con todos los requerimientos legales. Con el fin de encontrar una ubicación óptima para un relleno sanitario en el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá, se realizó la revisión del marco legal colombiano el cual por medio del decreto 838 de 2005 estableció criterios a tener en cuenta para la identificación y selección de áreas para la localización de rellenos sanitarios, teniendo en cuenta estos criterios por medio del programa ArcGis se realizó análisis espacial que dio como resultado dos terrenos en el municipio de Barbosa, Antioquia con áreas de 99,109 Ha y 116,99 Ha.
Impacto en la salud por el inadecuado manejo de los residuos peligrosos
Authors: Tovar Artunduaga Mireya , Losada Salazar Gloria M. , García Tatiana F.
Published: September 2016

Desde hace algunos años en Colombia se vienen implementando convenios y normas para el adecuado manejo y disposición final de los residuos o desechos peligrosos (RESPEL), que permitan reglamentar la conducción eficiente de residuos generados en gran cantidad por las empresas y población en general.  De acuerdo a investigaciones realizadas por el Ministerio de Salud, se puede evidenciar que el inadecuado manejo de estos residuos traen como consecuencia efectos negativos en la salud que van desde simples laringitis hasta enfermedades más complejas como el cáncer; debido a que la gran mayoría de procesos productivos y de consumo son arrojados al ambiente tales como: mercurio, plomo, plaguicidas, entre otros.  El cumplimiento estricto de las normas minimizaría el costo en materia de salud y medio ambiente.
Dataset de contenidos musicales de video, basado en emociones
Authors: Solarte Moncayo Luis Alejandro , Sánchez Barragán Mauricio , Chanchí Golondrino Gabriel Elías , Duran Dorado Diego Fabián , Arciniegas Herrera José Luis
Published: September 2016

Agilizar el acceso al contenido, disminuyendo los tiempos de navegación por los catálogos multimedia, es uno de los retos del servicio de video bajo demanda (VoD), el cual es consecuencia del incremento de la cantidad de contenidos en las redes actuales. En este artículo, se describe el proceso de conformación de un dataset de videos musicales. Este dataset fue usado para el diseño e implementación de un servicio de VoD, el cual busca mejorar el acceso al contenido, mediante la clasificación musical de emociones. Así, en este trabajo se presenta la adaptación de un modelo de clasificación de emociones a partir del modelo de arousal-valence. Además, se describe el desarrollo de una herramienta Java para la clasificación de contenidos, la cual fue usada en la conformación del dataset. Finalmente, con el propósito de evaluar el dataset construido, se muestra la estructura funcional del servicio de VoD desarrollado.
Procesos Editoriales de una Revista Científica
Authors: Gómez Gonzales Walter Edgar
Published: September 2016

El conocimiento es, sin duda, uno de los más eficaces instrumentos detransformación y progreso, las nuevas tendencias cada vez más globalizadasexigen del ser humano el desarrollo de una serie de capacidades, paracomprender y explicar la realidad en la que les toca vivir. Estas capacidades estánrelacionadas fundamentalmente a la tarea investigativa que deben desarrollar conla finalidad de conocer, comprender y transformar la realidad en la queinteractúan.
Maximization of Seed Size Tubers in Potato through Manipulation of Intra Row Spacing, Nitrogen Levels and Crop Duration under Irrigated Condition in Indo –Gangetic Plains of Bihar
Authors: SINGH S.K. , SINGH R. K.
Published: September 2016

A field experiment was conducted during winter season (Oct-Feb) of 2013-14 and 2014-15 with four replications and eight treatments to produce maximum yield of seed size tubers of potato cultivar, “Kufri Pukhraj” by interaction of two nitrogen levels (120 and 150 kg N/ha), two intra row spacing (15 and 20cm), and two crop duration(haulm cutting at 70 and 80 days after planting). The narrow intra row spacing i.e. 15 cm, produced significantly higher yield of seed size grade tubers while wide spacing i.e. 20 cm produced higher yield of large grade tubers. The total tuber yield and tuber number was significantly more in closer spacing. Percent production of seed size tubers to total tubers (both on weight as well as number basis) was higher at narrow spacing. Haulm cutting at 80 days after planting produced significantly higher yield of large grade tuber, while haulm cutting at 70 days after planting, produced significantly higher yield of seed size grades tubers. The total tuber number and tuber yield was significantly higher in haulm cutting at 80 days after planting. Lowest total tuber yield and number was observed in wider spacing with lower nitrogen level and shorter duration. Per cent production (both on weight as well as number basis) of seed size tubers to the total tuber was significantly higher at 60 x 15 cm with 120 kg N /ha and longer crop duration. Plant spacing of 60 x 15 cm with higher fertility levels and shorter crop duration (70 day) was found to be second best treatment in terms of production of seed size tuber.
Predictors of Initiation for Predialysis Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Al-Balas Alian , Lee Timmy , Young Carlton J. , Barker-Finkel Jill , Allon Michael
Published: September 2016

Background and objectives

The optimal timing of predialysis arteriovenous fistula surgery remains uncertain. We evaluated factors associated with hemodialysis initiation in patients undergoing predialysis arteriovenous fistula surgery and derived a model to predict future initiation of dialysis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Our study retrospectively identified 308 patients undergoing predialysis arteriovenous fistula creation at a large medical center in 2006–2012 to determine whether they initiated hemodialysis. Multiple variable logistic regression analyzed which demographic and clinical factors predicted initiation of dialysis within 2 years of arteriovenous fistula surgery. A receiver operating characteristic area under the curve was used to quantify the predictive value of preoperative factors on the likelihood of initiating hemodialysis within 2 years.

Results

Overall, hemodialysis was initiated within 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years in 119 (39%), 175 (57%), and 211 (68%) patients, respectively. Using multiple variable logistic regression, four factors were associated with hemodialysis initiation at 2 years: eGFR at access surgery (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.31 to 0.64 per 5 ml/min per 1.73 m2; P<0.001), diabetes (odds ratio, 2.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.22 to 5.15; P=0.003), GFR trajectory (odds ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 2.17 per 3 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year; P=0.01), and spot urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (odds ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 1.71 per 1 U; P<0.001). eGFR alone had a moderate predictive value for dialysis initiation (area under the curve =0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.63 to 0.76; P<0.001), whereas the full model had a higher predictive value (area under the curve =0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.77 to 0.88; P<0.001).

Conclusions

The likelihood of initiating hemodialysis within 2 years of predialysis arteriovenous fistula surgery is associated with eGFR at access surgery, diabetes, GFR trajectory, and magnitude of proteinuria. The combined use of all four variables improves the ability to predict future hemodialysis compared with the use of eGFR alone.
Defining Glomerular Disease in Mechanistic Terms: Implementing an Integrative Biology Approach in Nephrology
Authors: Mariani Laura H. , Pendergraft William F. , Kretzler Matthias
Published: September 2016

Advances in biomedical research allow for the capture of an unprecedented level of genetic, molecular, and clinical information from large patient cohorts, where the quest for precision medicine can be pursued. An overarching goal of precision medicine is to integrate the large–scale genetic and molecular data with deep phenotypic information to identify a new mechanistic disease classification. This classification can ideally be used to meet the clinical goal of the right medication for the right patient at the right time. Glomerular disease presents a formidable challenge for precision medicine. Patients present with similar signs and symptoms, which cross the current disease categories. The diseases are grouped by shared histopathologic features, but individual patients have dramatic variability in presentation, progression, and response to therapy, reflecting the underlying biologic heterogeneity within each glomerular disease category. Despite the clinical challenge, glomerular disease has several unique advantages to building multilayered datasets connecting genetic, molecular, and structural information needed to address the goals of precision medicine in this population. Kidney biopsy tissue, obtained during routine clinical care, provides a direct window into the molecular mechanisms active in the affected organ. In addition, urine is a biofluid ideally suited for repeated measurement from the diseased organ as a liquid biopsy with potential to reflect the dynamic state of renal tissue. In our review, current approaches for large–scale data generation and integration along the genotype-phenotype continuum in glomerular disease will be summarized. Several successful examples of this integrative biology approach within glomerular disease will be highlighted along with an outlook on how achieving a mechanistic disease classification could help to shape glomerular disease research and care in the future.
The performance of companies in terms of outsourcing
Authors: Dubrovskaya Tat’yana Nikolaevna
Published: September 2016

In the article the essence of outsourcing as a new form of employment relations is considered, its features are defined in comparison with traditional forms of employment, its advantages and disadvantages are given. The authors describe the reasons why companies resort to outsourcing, in particular, on the example of small business, illustrate the strategic importance of outsourcing. The practical application of outsourcing is becoming more widespread in the modern business. The scientific and actual role of outsourcing in the management of the enterprise has greatly increased, which is proved by the fact that today more than fifty per cent of current foreign companies apply data approach. Thus today in the Russian Federation outsourcing is at an early stage of formation and relates mainly to restructuring of business entities and development of the market of information technologies. The analysis allowed determining the provisional value of the outsourcers’ services. The basis of determining the cost of the services is the cost of maintenance of one unit of standard accounting service. The calculations show that for the investigated enterprise it is very advantageous to transfer a number of business process to outsourcing, and there is a need to carefully consider over the choice of an outsourcer in order to avoid the negative sides of the work under this type of agreements. When deciding about outsourcing, one needs to analyze the financial and organizational costs, while keeping the risks of associated with the work in terms of outsourcing in the analysis area.
STUDY OF THE KINETICS OF HYDRATION STRUCTURING AND THE PROPERTIES OF LIME-BELITIC BINDERS BASED OF MARL
Authors: Zhukov Aleksey Dmitrievich , Asamatdinov Marat Orynbaevich , Nurymbetov Bakhtiyar Chimbergenovich , Turemuratov Sharibay Nauryzbaevich
Published: September 2016

Lime-belite binder is obtained by low-temperature firing of natural marl, marling or sanding limestone and artificial lime-silica mixtures. The binder with calcium oxide also contains significant amounts of dicalcium silicate and some others materials, the composition and quantity of which depend on the chemical composition and firing temperature of the raw materials used. The authors investigated the kinetics of hydration structures and physicochemical properties of lime-based binders on the basis of belitic marl from Akburly and Porlytau. The formation of resistance is associated not only with the formation of the system of different types of structures - coagulation and crystallization, with the transition of the first to the second, but also with the different stages of formation of crystal structures. The possibility of using lime-belitic binders for the preparation of high-strength products of autoclave hardening is proved. The autoclaved binders used in the manufacture of sand-lime products are prepared with the use of mixtures consisting of 60...70 % lime-belite binder and 30...40 % ground quartz sand.
ESTIMATION OF CREEPING RESISTANCE OF AN ADHESIVE LAYER BASED ON DRY MORTAR
Authors: Loganina Valentina Ivanovna , Zhegera Kristina Vladimirovna
Published: September 2016

The development of construction materials with increased operational properties is a priority direction of Russian modern structural material science. Dry mortars are among such materials. Various modifiers are added to the formulae of such mixes in order to control their structure formation and increase the operational properties. Previous investigations proved the efficiency of adding synthetic zeolites to the composition of dry mortars. The authors of the article have developed a formula of a dry mortar to be used as a tile adhesive for facades’ and inner walls’ facing. The authors evaluated the operational properties of tile adhesive layer based on dry cement mortar. The authors calculated the value of adhesive layer creep based on the developed dry cement mortar formula, which was spread over a vertical surface. The experimental data is presented in the article. The calculations and the experimental data proved that the adhesive layer based on dry cement mortar possesses a high creeping resistance.
RESEARCH OF ADHESIVE STRENGTH OF NEW CONCRETE LAYER WITH A SURFACE OF OLD CONCRETE
Authors: Tang Van Lam , Bulgakov Boris Igorevich
Published: September 2016

Concrete is a material very commonly used in modern construction, each year over 4 billion m3 of concrete is used around the world. In the recent years high-quality fine grain and other types of concrete allow giving the modern creation city buildings new architectural expressivity, meeting the requirements of the XXI century. The trend of using of these new types of concrete is also applied in the construction of tunnel systems and the subway. The fine-grained high performance concrete obtained by using a mixture of organo-mineral additives and fiber reinforcement, compares fovourably with ordinary fine-grained concrete, namely its bending and tensile strength is higher, it has good resistance to shock impacts and fatigue, as well as crack resistance, water resistance and resistance to erosion. So this type of fine-grained high performance concrete is suitable for the construction of subway tunnels and other special objects. When evaluating the concrete performance in underground rock layers subjected to complex mechanical forces, it is important to take into account the stress of metro upon departure and stopping at the stations. The article presents a new experimental method of determining the adhesion strength of fine-grained high performance concrete layer freshly poured on the surface of old concrete in the process of construction and repair of underground. The result of this method application showed that fine-grained high performance concrete is capable of skid resistance higher than 55 % compared to regular fine-grained concrete without additives.
TO A QUESTION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC DIMENSIONS OF PEDESTRIANS OF VARIOUS GROUPS OF MOBILITY
Authors: Samoshin Dmitriy Aleksandrovich , Slyusarev Sergey Vyacheslavovich
Published: September 2016

The speed of the human flow depends on its density. The free space in this flow depends not only on the number of people, but also on the area occupied by each of the people. The important parameter required for calculation of evacuation probability is the projected area of a human. The authors took ellipse as a shape of horizontal projected area of a human. The necessity of the dimensions for fire practice was first formulated in 1951. However, this was static dimensions. For evacuation software modeling the dynamic dimensions might be more appropriate. The paper discusses the experiments aimed to obtain static and dynamic dimensions of the pedestrians of various mobility groups. The obtained data should be used to increase the accuracy of evacuation process modeling and to rationing the escape routes and the sizes of exits.
SCENARIO OF AN ACCIDENT OF SOIL DAMS IN CASE OF WATER SPILL OVER A DAM CREST BY USING FAULT TREE ANALYSIS
Authors: Kuznetsov Dmitriy Viktorovich
Published: September 2016

The scenario of a hydrodynamic accident of water flow over a crest of a soil dam is considered by the method of fault tree analysis, for which the basic reasons and controlled diagnostic indicators of an accident have been defined. Logical operators “AND”/”OR” were used for creation of a sequence of logically connected events, leading to an undesired event in the scenario of accident. The scenario of the accident was plotted in case of three basic reasons - an excessive settling of a dam crest, an excess flood, an inoperable spillway, taking into account the sequence of the events’ development and with observance of the necessary conditions leading to an accident. “Technical” reasons were observed in the present scenario, force majeure events were not considered. The provided scenario of the accident consists of two branches of events’ development: the left one that depends on an upstream level, and the right one that depends on settling of a dam crest. In each of the considered events an accident “the water spill over a crest of a soil dam” is possible only in case of execution of two different conditions at the same time, i.e. in case of an appropriate upstream level and the appropriate mark of a crest of a soil dam. The conditions of the accident are defined by diagnostic indices - the upstream level and settling of a dam crest, which at the same time are safety criteria of the hydraulic structure for soil dams. They allow defining the technical condition of the construction. Four possible technical conditions are suggested for the definition of technical statuses - normative, operable, limited operable, abnormal. Criteria of safety are the boundaries of the state: for loading and impact - it is the upstream level, for geometrical compliance of the construction - it is a dam crest mark.
Resposta de Panicum maximum cv. Massai à fertilização fosfatada
Authors: Costa Newton de Lucena , Townsend Claudio Ramalho , Magalhães João Avelar , Paulino Valdinei Tadeu , Rodrigues Antônio Neri Azevedo , Rodrigues Braz Henrique Nunes
Published: September 2016

The effect of phosphorus levels (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/dm3 of P) on dry matter (DM) yield and chemical composition of Panicum maximum var. Massai, was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. P fertilization significantly increased DM yields and nitrogen, and phosphorus contents, however did not affect (P>.05) calcium, magnesium and potassium contents. Maximum DM yield and crude protein, and phosphorus contents were obtained with the application of 197.2; 105.5 and 246.7 mg/dm3 of P, respectively. Internal phosphorus requirement for 80% maximum DM yield was estimated at 0.227%, corresponding to application of 175.5 mg/dm3 of P. The phosphorus efficiency utilization was inversely proportional to phosphorus levels
Leishmaniose visceral na cidade de Valença do Piauí: um problema de saúde pública
Authors: Alves Michel Muálem de Moraes , Nunes Filho José Martins , Batista Joilson Ferreira , Rocha Fernanda Samara Barbosa , Mendonça Ivete Lopes de
Published: September 2016

Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania chagasi in Brazil. It is a disease that is decimating the canine population in rural and urban areas and has great health public importance because it is a zoonosis that has major problems and consequences for man. The emergence of human cases of visceral leishmanias is in the city of Valencia Piauí led to this investigation of the incidence of the disease in dogs. We conducted clinical and serological by Immuno Fluorescence Assay (IFA) of 190 dogs. The total reactive serum of animals, 102 were in the New Horizon neighborhood and 65 in Valencinha. 50 animals were selected with the greatest number of clinical signs, with varying antibody titer1:40 to1: 320 and the negative animals. Confirmation of the presence of Leishmania in selected animals was through the puncture and bone marrow aspirate of popliteal lymph node. The collected material was seeded in NNN culture medium enriched with Schneider's. After seeding, it is proceeded three readings every five days, and observed the presence of Leishmania promastigotes in 16 samples. The findings confirmed the Leishmania infection in animals of the neighborhoods under study, which characterizes it, in this region, given the presence of foxes in the woods and peridomestics and fly vectors, closes the cycle of this wild and urban zoonosis. Hence the need to raise awareness about the risks of epidemics and alert the authorities about the emergency measures: such as periodic fumigation residences, animal sacrifice demonstrably infected, treatment of sick people and repetition of epidemiological surveys.
Potencial da rama de mandioca para uso na alimentação de ruminantes: Revisão
Authors: Talita Carvalho Pestana  , Castro Gustavo Henrique Frias
Published: September 2016

The feed is the major cost component in animal production. The search for alternative foods that present adequate nutritional value, good availability and cost compatible with the production system can be an important tool for the increase in animal production. In this context there is the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with of good nutritional value, hardiness, high yield and wide dissemination in the country. Traditionally grown in tropical countries, cassava has its roots employed in human and animal feeding. But the shoot (raw) characterized as cultural rest is lost during harvesting or trimming process, which allowed for incorporation into the soil. This residue can be availed as food protein in ruminants feeding in the form nature, made into hay or silage. This work was carried out to review the main aspects of cassava raw, their preparation and use in ruminant feeding.
Fronteira e integração territorial na escrita da história “didática” Oitocentista
Authors: Ribeiro Renilson Rosa , Mendes Luís César Castrillon
Published: September 2016

Durante o período regencial, em 1838, entravam em funcionamento duas instituições que objetivavam criar e legitimar escritas históricas para forjar uma nação para o recém-emancipado Estado brasileiro: o Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB) e o primeiro Colégio em que a História se tornaria disciplina escolar. Para atingir os objetivos de consolidação da nação, a integração territorial e a delimitação de suas fronteiras tornavam-se fundamentais. Objetiva-se, no presente texto, analisar o IHGB e o Colégio Pedro II, enquanto entidades ligadas ao Estado imperial, organizadoras de um projeto de construção nacional em que se fazia necessária a ratificação de suas fronteiras, buscando legitimações discursivas, fundamentadas nas explorações do território realizadas em séculos anteriores, nas quais o desenho do território, resultado histórico da política expansionista lusitana, constituiu-se em uma espécie de tradição.
Spatial Competition in Local Audit Markets and the Fallout on Deloitte from the 2007 PCAOB Censure
Authors: Boone Jeff P. , Khurana Inder K. , Raman K. K.
Published: September 2016

We examine whether Deloitte's spatial location in local audit markets affected the firm's adverse fallout—in terms of decreased ability to retain new clients and maintain audit fees—from the 2007 PCAOB censure. We motivate our inquiry by the notion that auditor-client alignment and auditor-closest-competitor distance can help differentiate the incumbent Big 4 auditor from other Big 4 auditors and thus provide market power, i.e., inhibit clients from shopping for another supplier because of the lack of a similar Big 4 provider in the local audit market. Consequently, it seems reasonable that the increase in switching risk and loss of fee growth suffered by Deloitte following the 2007 PCAOB censure will be lower in local markets where Deloitte was the market leader and its market share distance from its closest competitor was greater. Our findings suggest that the decline in Deloitte's audit fee growth rate following the 2007 PCAOB censure was concentrated in the pharmaceutical industry, although the client loss rate appears to have occurred more broadly (across all cities and industries). Collectively, our findings suggest that audit quality issues override auditor market power, i.e., differentiation does not provide Big 4 firms market power in the face of adverse regulatory action.

JEL Classifications: G18; L51; M42; M49.
Board Independence and Internal Control Weakness: Evidence from SOX 404 Disclosures
Authors: Chen Yangyang , Knechel W. Robert , Marisetty Vijaya Bhaskar , Truong Cameron , Veeraraghavan Madhu
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we investigate whether board independence has an impact on the likelihood that a company reports weaknesses in internal controls. Using a sample of 11,226 firm-year observations spanning the period 2004–2012, we establish several findings. First, we document a negative relation between board independence and the disclosure of internal control weaknesses. We also document that the negative relation is stronger for firms with unitary leadership (combined positions of CEO and chairman) than for firms with dual leadership. Next, we show that board independence is associated with both fewer account-specific and company-level weaknesses. Finally, we show that board independence is associated with timely remediation of internal control weaknesses and that the implementation of Auditing Standard No. 5 in 2007 weakens the effect of board independence on the disclosure of ICW.

JEL Classifications: G10; G18.
Increased Interleukin-32 Levels in Obesity Promote Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling: Effect of Weight Loss
Authors: Catalán Victoria , Gómez-Ambrosi Javier , Rodríguez Amaia , Ramírez Beatriz , Valentí Víctor , Moncada Rafael , Landecho Manuel F. , Silva Camilo , Salvador Javier , Frühbeck Gema
Published: September 2016

Interleukin (IL)-32 is a recently described cytokine involved in the regulation of inflammation. We aimed to explore whether IL-32 could function as an inflammatory and angiogenic factor in human obesity and obesity-associated type 2 diabetes. Samples obtained from 90 subjects were used in the study. Obese patients exhibited higher expression levels of IL-32 in visceral adipose tissue (AT) as well as in subcutaneous AT and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IL32 was mainly expressed by stromovascular fraction cells, and its expression was significantly enhanced by inflammatory stimuli and hypoxia, whereas no changes were found after the incubation with anti-inflammatory cytokines. The addition of exogenous IL-32 induced the expression of inflammation and extracellular matrix–related genes in human adipocyte cultures, and IL32-silenced adipocytes showed a downregulation of inflammatory genes. Furthermore, adipocyte-conditioned media obtained from obese patients increased IL32 gene expression in human monocyte cultures, whereas the adipocyte-conditioned media from lean volunteers had no effect on IL32 mRNA levels. These findings provide evidence, for the first time, about the inflammatory and remodeling properties of IL-32 in AT, implicating this cytokine in obesity-associated comorbidities.