bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of oral and sublingual ketamine in pain management: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Harris Stephanie Elizabeth , Szmerling Jeremy , Abbott Diarna , Liu Enwu , Oldroyd John
Published: January 2025

Aim

The aim of this study was to undertake a systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine the effectiveness of oral and sublingual ketamine in pain management.

Data Sources

A systematic search was conducted utilising four databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science.

Study Selection

The study included randomised controlled trials investigating the use of oral or sublingual ketamine in the management of pain in inpatient or outpatient settings compared to any alternative oral or sublingual comparator, including placebo.

Results

Twenty‐one studies were included for systematic review, all assessing oral ketamine, including one comparing oral to sublingual ketamine. Of these, 12 studies evaluated oral ketamine in procedural pain, with 10 studies finding oral ketamine significantly better than the comparator at reducing procedural pain. Two studies focused on oral ketamine in postoperative pain, both finding oral ketamine reduced the requirement for additional analgesia compared to placebo. Five studies investigated oral ketamine in chronic pain with heterogenous results. Of the remaining two studies, one compared various doses of oral ketamine and the other compared oral to sublingual ketamine.

Fifteen studies were included for meta‐analysis. Among them, seven studies compared oral ketamine to placebo and found oral ketamine was superior to placebo in reducing pain (p < 0.01). Eight studies compared oral ketamine to other oral medications such as methadone, codeine, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine and showed no significant benefit of oral ketamine in reducing pain (p = 0.18).

Conclusion

The results suggest oral ketamine is an effective analgesic in the procedural setting.
Evolution of the Contemporary Landscape: Relevance of Land Use Management Over Environmental Drivers of Soil Erosion
Authors: González‐Arqueros M. Lourdes , Muñiz‐Jauregui J. Arturo , Navarrete‐Segueda Armando , López‐Granados Erna Martha
Published: January 2025

Water erosion is the main soil degradation process in landscapes under human pressure. The assessment of soil losses according to biophysical factors is the key to understanding erosion processes. This study aimed to assess the biophysical and anthropological factors controlling the change in water soil erosion rates under different morphological units as an indicator of geological evolution, topographic variety, and land use. The revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model was employed to estimate the soil erosion rates and evaluate soil loss. The geographic information system was used to present the spatial distribution of soil erosion and its change induced by geological and morphological factors. Nonparametric multidimensional scaling ordinations were applied to evaluate similarities in soil erosion parameters between six geomorphological units. The analysis showed a clear clustering between morphological units, both in terms of absolute soil loss (stress value: 0.15, ANOSIM: R = 0.61, p = 0.001) and in the distribution pattern of erosion rates (stress value: 0.17, ANOSIM: R = 0.74, p = 0.001). Significant differences were observed in erosion rates, which range between 2.5 up to 65.9 t ha−1 yr−1, although 82% of the La Primavera present rates below 15 t ha−1 yr−1. The most eroded unit produces 351 thousand t yr−1, displaying a rate of 23.3 t ha−1 yr−1, while the least eroded unit produces 10 thousand t yr−1, displaying a rate of 2.5 t ha−1 yr−1. This study shows that integrating landscape evolution and morphology into soil erosion research enhances understanding of erosion processes, strengthening the LS Factor. Forest land use is often linked to preventing water erosion, but this study shows it depends on vegetation type; secondary vegetation can have higher erosion rates than conservation agriculture. Soil loss patterns show that each unit combines unique biophysical and human factors, requiring discrete units for systematic erosion analysis.
Integrating Spatial–Temporal Heterogeneity and Driving Mechanisms of Ecosystem Services Into Spatial Management Across Urban Hierarchies: A Case of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China
Authors: Luo Qiaoling , Zhou Junfang , Liu Mingxing , Huang Rongjun
Published: January 2025

Effective management of ecosystem services (ESs) is critical for sustainable regional development. Multi‐scale ESs assessments provide valuable insights for spatial management. However, limited attention has been given to the spatial–temporal heterogeneity and driving mechanisms of ESs across urban hierarchies and their integration into spatial management. Therefore, taking the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China as a case study, we assessed spatial–temporal heterogeneity and driving mechanisms of ecosystem service values (ESVs) across five urban hierarchies from 2000 to 2020. Results showed that the area ratios of variation in ESVs trends were typically S‐shaped from small cities to super cities. High‐value ESVs clusters decreased, and low‐value ESV clusters showed a linear increase as urban hierarchies intensified. Human activities predominantly impacted ESVs in a lower urban hierarchy, whereas terrain conditions significantly impacted ESVs in a higher urban hierarchy. Furthermore, a novel framework was proposed to integrate spatial–temporal heterogeneity and driving mechanisms of ESs into spatial management, emphasizing the multi‐scale management of ESs. This study proposed effective ESs management strategies to support region‐specific management and sustainable development.
Sophoricoside Inhibited Glioblastoma Cell Progression Through Activated AMP‐Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)
Authors: Wang Changquan , Xiong Xuehui , Li Chang , Lu Yuan , Zhang Yan , Tian Han , Xu Chunlin , Ma Tengfei , Wang Jinhua , Zhang Jianqing , Wang Lei
Published: January 2025

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, with a mean survival of less than 2 years. Unique brain structures and the microenvironment, including blood−brain barriers, put great challenges on clinical drug development. Sophoricoside (Sop), an isoflavone glycoside isolated from seeds of Sophora japonica L., is one of the active constituents of traditional Chinese medicine and found to inhibit the bioactivity of cytokines (e.g., interleukin‐5) and inflammatory responses, as well as to attenuate glucose and lipid metabolism in related diseases. However, the effects of Sop on cancer progression have not been systemically investigated. In this study, we performed a comprehensive investigation of Sop's function in GBM using colony formation and Transwell assays in vitro, along with subcutaneous xenograft tumor analysis in vivo. We employed RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis in conjunction with Western blotting (WB) and reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) to explore the underlying mechanism. Our results demonstrated that Sop suppressed U251 cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and inhibited the tumorigenic behavior of U251 cells in vivo. Further investigations revealed a positive correlation between the levels of activated AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Sop treatment; notably the application of the AMPK inhibitor, compound C (CC), abolished inhibitory effects of Sop on the malignant phenotype of U251 cells. These findings suggest the potential application of Sop in GBM treatment and highlight opportunities for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Late‐Onset Krabbe Disease: Case Report of Two Patients in a Chinese Family and Literature Review
Authors: Sun Yujun , Zheng Jiayuan , He Lei , Li Xiaojuan , Liu Wenzhou , Wu Jionglin , Li Jiajie , Zhou Taolue , Zeng Gang , Song Weidong , Chen Yanbo
Published: January 2025

Background

Krabbe disease (KD; globoid cell leucodystrophy) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that affects the white matter of the peripheral and central nervous. Late‐onset KD is less frequently diagnosed and often presents with milder symptoms, making accurate diagnosis challenging, especially when distinguishing it from peripheral neuropathy. In this report, we present two cases of late‐onset KD in a Chinese family. The first case involves a 25‐year‐old female who sought treatment due to long‐standing spastic gait and deformities in her lower limbs. A muscle biopsy revealed muscle atrophy, and electromyography indicated neurogenic damage. Her 27‐year‐old sister (Case 2) exhibited similar lower limb weakness, along with more severe central and peripheral neurological symptoms.

Methods

The patients' peripheral blood was retained for galactocerebrosidase (GALC) enzyme activity assaying and whole exome gene sequencing.

Results

GALC enzyme activity assaying showed decreased GALC activity and gene sequencing revealed homozygous mutation of p.L634S (c.1901T>C) in the two cases.

Conclusion

This study broadens the scope for considering of KD in the diagnosis of patients presenting with muscle weakness and deformities in the lower limbs.
Spatially Nonhomogeneous Hopf and Turing Bifurcations Driven by the Nonlocal Effect With the Spatial Average Kernel
Authors: Xue Shuyang , Song Yongli
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we first derive the algorithm of calculating the normal form of spatially nonhomogeneous Hopf bifurcation and Turing bifurcation for the general reaction–diffusion system with spatial average. Then we investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of nonlocal Lotka–Volterra competitive model and nonlocal Holling–Tanner predator–prey model. It has been shown that the spatial average is a new mechanism to induce the patterns. By calculating the normal form, the type of bifurcation and stability of spatiotemporal patterns bifurcating from the constant equilibrium are investigated. For the nonlocal Lotka–Volterra competitive model, the coexistence of two spatially nonhomogeneous spatial patterns is found. For the nonlocal Holling–Tanner predator–prey model, we found not only the coexistence of two spatially nonhomogeneous spatial patterns but also the stable spatially nonhomogeneous periodic patterns.
Extension of T2 Hyperintense Areas in Patients With a Glioma: A Comparison Between High‐Quality 7 T MRI and Clinical Scans
Authors: Schmitz‐Abecassis Bárbara , Cornelissen Ivo , Jacobs Robin , Kuhn‐Keller Jasmin A. , Dirven Linda , Taphoorn Martin , van Osch Matthias J. P. , Koekkoek Johan A. F. , de Bresser Jeroen ,   the 7T MRI Neuro‐Oncology consortium
Published: January 2025

Gliomas are highly heterogeneous and often include a nonenhancing component that is hyperintense on T2 weighted MRI. This can often not be distinguished from secondary gliosis and surrounding edema. We hypothesized that the extent of these T2 hyperintense areas can more accurately be determined on high‐quality 7 T MRI scans. We investigated the extension, volume, and complexity (shape) of T2 hyperintense areas in patients with glioma on high‐quality 7 T MRI scans compared to clinical MRI scans. T2 hyperintense areas of 28 patients were visually compared and manually segmented on 7 T MRI and corresponding clinical (1.5 T/3 T) MRI scans, and the volume and shape markers were calculated and subsequently compared between scans. We showed extension of the T2 hyperintense areas via the corpus callosum to the opposite hemisphere in four patients on the 7 T scans that was not visible on the clinical scan. Furthermore, we found a significantly larger volume of the T2 hyperintense areas on the 7 T scans compared with the clinical scans (7 T scans: 28 mL [12.5–59.1]; clinical scans: 11.9 mL [11.8–56.6]; p = 0.01). We also found a higher complexity of the T2 hyperintense areas on the 7 T scans compared with the clinical scans (convexity, solidity, concavity index and fractal dimension [p < 0.001]). Our study suggests that high‐quality 7 T MRI scans may show more detail on the exact extension, size, and complexity of the T2 hyperintense areas in patients with a glioma. This information could aid in more accurate planning of treatment, such as surgery and radiotherapy.
Characterization of Optokinetic Nystagmus in Healthy Participants With a Novel Oculography Device
Authors: Sakharkar Mitali , Jalihal Parth K. , Ramirez Kimberly , Karmali Faisal , Lewis Richard F. , Chari Divya A.
Published: January 2025

Objective

To develop a proof‐of‐concept smart‐phone‐based eye‐tracking algorithm to assess non‐pathologic optokinetic (OKN) nystagmus in healthy participants. Current videonystagmography (VNG) is typically restricted to in‐office use, and advances in portable vestibular diagnostics would yield immense public health benefits.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary academic medical center.

Methods

Healthy participants (n = 39) without dizziness or vertigo were recruited. A smart‐phone attached to a custom head stabilization device illuminated by a white LED circuit was used to record nystagmus induced with a 30 frames per second OKN stimulus over a 60‐second period. A centroid tracking algorithm was created to detect slow‐phase velocity (SPV) of horizontal nystagmus in a diverse subject cohort in a variety of lighting conditions. Nystagmus recordings were compared to those obtained with a standard VNG system.

Results

Non‐pathologic nystagmus from an OKN stimulus was measured across multiple lighting conditions, with high signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNR) and mean SPV 22.13 ± 5.26°/s. Nystagmus SPV was not significantly different between the device and standard VNG system (t = −0.5, P = .6). Lighting conditions produced SNRs of 57.30 (ideal), 50.59 (backlit), 51.33 (side‐lit), 49.28 (dark), 54.52 (outdoor lighting).

Conclusion

We demonstrate the feasibility of a novel portable oculography system in the detection of non‐pathologic nystagmus in healthy subjects. Future applications of this system include: (1) to obtain real‐time measurements of nystagmus during an acute vertigo attack; (2) to test patients unable or unwilling to present to a specialized vestibular laboratory; (3) to efficiently repeat testing overtime; (4) to improve accessibility of vestibular testing.
ZSM‐5 Zeolite Synthesis from Coal Fly Ash Synthesised Silica: Sole Silica & Alumina Source
Authors: Manyepedza Thapelo , Gaolefufa Emmanuel V. , Beas Isaac N. , Maubane‐Nkadimeng Manoko , Kabomo Moses T.
Published: January 2025

This study explores the synthesis of ZSM‐5 zeolite using high‐purity mesoporous silica exclusively derived from coal fly ash (CFA), eliminating the need for additional silica or alumina sources. Traditional ZSM‐5 synthesis relies on costly and environmentally harmful pure chemicals, whereas this approach utilizes CFA, an industrial byproduct, addressing both cost and sustainability concerns. The synthesized ZSM‐5 zeolite demonstrates exceptional purity, with a surface area of 455.24 m2/g, and exhibits unique structural properties, confirmed through XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, TGA, and BET analyses. This method highlights the potential of CFA‐derived silica as a sustainable feedstock for zeolite production, promoting both environmental sustainability and cost‐effective industrial applications in catalysis, adsorption, and separation processes.
Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles via Sternbergia candida: Enhancing Antioxidant Defense and Mitigating Salt Stress in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Plants
Authors: Kanber Senem , Yildiztekin Mahmut , Firat Baran Mehmet
Published: January 2025

Nanoparticles enhance agricultural applications with their bioactivity, bioavailability, and reactivity. Selenium mitigates the adverse effects of salinity on plant growth, boosting antioxidant defense, metabolism, and resilience to abiotic stress. Our study applied selenium nanoparticles to mitigate salinity‐induced damage and support plant growth. We characterized green‐synthesized nanoparticles and analyzed stress‐related metabolites, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS), phenolic content, and reducing powers (CUPRAC, FRAP). Nanoparticle applications reduced proline and MDA levels while boosting chlorophyll, carotenoids, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS), and total phenolic content. An increase was also observed in CUPRAC and FRAP reducing capacities. In terms of phenolic content, the highest value was determined in SA1 (4.58±0.40 mg GAE g−1) application; DPPH free radical scavenging activity IC50 value was determined in A3 (0.13±0.007 mg mL−1) application, which was closest to the positive control. The lowest proline level was found in A3 (15.00±0.64 nmol g−1 FW) and the lowest MDA level was found in SA3 (10.08±0.42 nmol g−1). Comparing the results, green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Sternbergia candida (SC‐SeNP) at different concentrations showed ameliorative effects on various parameters in plants, and it was determined that the effects of salt stress on pepper plants were reduced following SC‐SeNP applications.
Transition Metal‐Free Direct Electrochemical Carboxylation of Organic Halides Using a Sacrificial Magnesium Anode: Straightforward Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Lesko Iryna , Sengmany Stéphane , Beltran Raphaël , Le Gall Erwan , Léonel Eric
Published: January 2025

The direct electrochemical carboxylation of aryl, benzyl and alkyl halides by CO2 is described using a magnesium anode and a nickel foam cathode in an undivided cell. The process employs a sacrificial anode and does not require the additional use of a transition metal catalyst or demanding conditions, as the reactions are carried out under galvanostatic mode, at −10 °C and with commercial DMF. Under these operationally simple conditions, an important range of carboxylic acids are affordable. Mechanistic investigation account for the in situ generation of a carbanionic species that is not a simple organomagnesium halide.
On the Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxyethyl Furan‐5‐Carboxylic Acid (MHEF) and bis(2‐Hydroxyethyl) Furan‐2,5‐Dicarboxylate (BHEF)
Authors: Raboni Francesco , Oliveri Andrea , Rocca Valeria Marisa , Moni Lisa , Kumar Virender , Varrone Cristiano , Pellis Alessandro
Published: January 2025

To better understand how the biocatalyzed depolymerization of polyesters works, model molecules are needed to develop activity assays and determine enzymatic kinetic parameters. In this communication the chemical synthesis and characterization of 2‐hydroxyethyl furan‐5‐carboxylic acid and bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylates as potential model molecules to further study the enzymatic depolymerization of poly(ethylene furanoate) was investigated.
Optimizing Prostate Cancer Diagnostic Work‐Up Through Micro‐Ultrasound: Minimizing Unnecessary Procedures and Reducing Overdiagnoses
Authors: Beatrici Edoardo , De Carne Fabio , Frego Nicola , Moretto Stefano , Paciotti Marco , Fasulo Vittorio , Uleri Alessandro , Garofano Giuseppe , Avolio Pier Paolo , Chiarelli Giuseppe , Contieri Roberto , Arena Paola , Saitta Cesare , Sordelli Federica , Saita Alberto , Hurle Rodolfo , Casale Paolo , Buffi NicolòMaria , Lazzeri Massimo , Lughezzani Giovanni
Published: January 2025

Introduction

We aim to critically assess Microultrasound (mUS) clinical performance in an outpatient setting, focusing on its ability to reduce unnecessary diagnostic procedures, potentially reshape prostate cancer (PCa) diagnostic protocols, and increase the ability to rule out clinically significant (Gleason Score ≥ 3 + 4) PCa (csPCa).

Materials and Methods

Between November 2018 and April 2022, we conducted a prospective study involving men who underwent mUS examination due to clinical symptoms, PSA elevation, or opportunistic early detection of PCa. Experienced urologists performed mUS assessments in an outpatient setting using the prostate risk identification using micro‐ultrasound (PRI‐MUS) protocol to identify lesions suspicious of csPCa (PRI‐MUS score ≥ 3). Men with negative mUS results were followed through consistent phone follow‐up calls and visits until October 2023 to assess their diagnostic and therapeutic pathways. Using Cox regression models adjusted for PSA levels, DRE results, age, and previous biopsy history, we calculated the hazard ratio (HR) for biopsy‐free (BFS), defined as the time from mUS to biopsy or last follow‐up, cancer‐free survival (CFS), and clinically significant cancer‐free survival (csCFS) within the cohort based on mUS results.

Results

Overall, 425 men were enrolled. The median (IQR) age was 66 (59–72) years, PSA levels were 5.7 (4.0–7.9) ng/mL, prostate volume was 44 (31.5–62.1) mL, and the median follow‐up was 39 months (27–53). mUS identified lesions suggesting csPCa in 201/425 (47.3%) men. Overall, mUS resulted negative in 224/425 (52.7%) men, of whom 207/224 (92.4%) did not undergo subsequent mpMRI, while 22/224 (9.8%) proceeded with mpMRI according to the referring physician's decision. The latter detected suspicious lesions in 12/22 cases (54.5%), but only 2/12 (16.7%) were confirmed by biopsy as csPCa. Among those with negative mUS results, 192/224 (85.7%) men avoided additional biopsies during follow‐up. Men with negative mUS results exhibited superior BFS (aHR: 0.17; p < 0.001), CFS (aHR:0.12; p < 0.001), and csCFS (aHR:0.09; p < 0.001) survival rates compared to their mUS‐positive counterparts.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that mUS can potentially refine patient stratification and transform PCa screening and diagnostic protocols. Pending validation by other studies, a wider implementation of mUS could optimize resource allocation, minimize wastage, and reserve additional costly tests.
2,4‐D resistance due to a deletion in IAA2 in Sisymbrium orientale L. carries no apparent fitness penalty
Authors: Malone Jenna M , Dang Hue Thi , de Figueiredo Marcelo RA , Gill Gurjeet , Gaines Todd A , Preston Christopher
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

A deletion mutation in the degron tail of auxin coreceptor IAA2 was found to confer resistance to the herbicide 2,4‐D in Sisymbrium orientale. Given the importance of auxin signalling in plant development, this study was conducted to investigate whether this deletion mutation may affect plant fitness.

RESULTS

The F2 progeny of crosses with two resistant populations P2 (P2♂ × S♀) and P13 (P13♂ × S♀) were used in this study. The F2 plants were grown under competition with wheat in pot‐trials and evaluated for biomass and total seed production. Progeny of the F2 plants were phenotyped by application of 250 g a.e. ha−1 2,4‐D and genotyped for the 27 bp deletion in IAA2. In a separate experiment, F4 and F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) with resistant and susceptible phenotypes were grown in monoculture and phenotyped over time for biomass and seed production. Wheat competition reduced biomass and seed production for all genotypes in each population and in each year. A density of 400 plants m−2 of wheat reduced Sisymbrium orientale biomass by 76–78% in 2016 and by 59–63% in 2017 and total seed production by 80–83% and 60–64% by respective year. For the experiment involving resistant and susceptible RILs, biomass accumulation and seed production were the same between resistant and susceptible for both populations.

CONCLUSIONS

The 27 bp deletion in IAA2 in Sisymbrium orientale does not carry a measurable fitness penalty, as determined by biomass reduction or seed production, either in monoculture or in competition with wheat. As a result, this mutation is unlikely to decrease over time in weed populations if 2,4‐D selection pressure were removed. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Computer‐aided design of novel anthranilic diamides containing fluorinated alkoxy groups as potential ryanodine receptor insecticides
Authors: Chen Yue , Peng Jinmin , Xie Weibin , Zhang Hongyuan , Yuchi Zhiguang , Liu Jingbo , Li Yuxin
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Increasing the diversity of lead compounds has been shown to enhance the efficacy of diamide insecticides. Fifty novel compounds were precisely designed and synthesized utilizing fragment‐based assembly and virtual screening coupling.

RESULTS

The median lethal concentration (LC50) values of compounds X‐30 and X‐40 against Mythimna separata were 0.09 and 0.08 mg L−1, respectively, which are lower than that of chlorantraniliprole (CHL, 0.11 mg L−1). Notably, compounds X‐10, X‐18, X‐25, X‐32 and X‐43 had corresponding LC50 values of 2.0 × 10−4, 5.0 × 10−4, 6.0 × 10−4, 9.0 × 10−4 and 7.0 × 10−4 mg L−1 against Plutella xylostella, respectively. The best compound X‐10 exhibited five‐fold greater efficacy than CHL (1.0 × 10−3 mg L−1). The LC50 values of compounds X‐21, X‐29, and X‐40 against Spodoptera frugiperda were 0.27, 0.26 and 0.25 mg L−1, respectively, which are slightly lower than that of CHL (0.33 mg L−1). In the case of Ostrinia furnacalis, compound X‐43 showed good efficacy with LC50 values comparable to those of CHL (1.38 versus 1.57 mg L−1). Calcium imaging experiments demonstrated that X‐21 acted on S. frugiperda ryanodine receptors. Furthermore, this series of compounds showed safety toward nontarget mammals compared to CHL.

CONCLUSION

The introduction of fluorinated alkoxy groups at the 3‐position of the pyrazole ring leads to good insecticidal activity and improved insect selectivity. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Psychedelics and psychosis: Quantifying the risk
Authors: Price Lawrence H.
Published: January 2025

Just over a year ago, I somewhat reluctantly weighed in on the implications for psychiatry of the resurgent interest in psychedelic drugs (Price, 2024). In contrast to the “psychedelic era” of the 1960s and 1970s, this time public interest in these compounds has been accompanied by skillful politico‐legal advocacy and systematic research. Both of those endeavors require high levels of funding, and both private philanthropic and for‐profit pharmaceutical entities have, for better or worse, stepped in.
Status Quo, Minor or Major Policy Alterations? Explaining Policy Change After Crisis in the Adversarial Child Rights Protection Subsystem in Lithuania
Authors: Bortkevičiūtė Rasa
Published: January 2025

This paper examines the dynamics of policy change following crises within adversarial policy subsystems. Building on the Advocacy Coalitions Framework (ACF), the study empirically tests two mechanisms of policy change (or lack thereof), focusing on cases from the Lithuanian child rights protection domain (2016–2020). Analyzing three crises, ranging from no policy change to minor and major alterations, the research contributes to understanding crisis‐driven policy dynamics. This study highlights the importance of pre‐existing policy solutions, which can be advanced by coalitions following a crisis if the balance of resources shifts in their favor. It also suggests that negotiated agreements may arise between coalitions with similar resources. Finally, the research underscores the role of “strategic inaction” when no policy change occurs despite shifts in resources, due to the perceived costs of action outweighing the benefits. Additionally, the paper expands ACF application to the underrepresented Central and Eastern Europe region, shedding light on sustainability challenges in cases of major policy change after the crisis.
Cobalt‐Mediated Selective Synthesis of Iodine Functionalized Imidazo‐Fused Heterocycles Using 2‐Aminopyridine, Styrene or Acetophenone
Authors: Borah Priyanka , Kyndiah Lenida , Bora Rona moni , Chingangbam Sangeeta , Pal Amarta Kumar
Published: January 2025

In this study, a cobalt‐mediated approach toward the synthesis of iodinated imidazo‐fused heterocycles employing molecular iodine as an iodine source, and 1,2‐DCB as the sovent at 120 °C has been documented. An assortment of iodinated imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines were acquired in moderate to good yields (71%–84%) by using 2‐aminopyridines and substituted styrenes as initial materials. This fine‐tuned protocol has also been broadened with acetophenones in moderate to good yields (66%–90%). This protocol provides a straightforward pathway for the synthesis of iodoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines. Iodoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine was further derivatized to 2,3‐diphenylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine, an important biologically active molecule, with phenylboronic acid or simple benzene. Additionally, the gram scale reaction shows the high industrial applicability of the protocol.
Advancements in 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption: Mechanisms, Methods, Enhancements, and Applications
Authors: Wang Yang , Li Na , Huang Gui‐Wen , Liu Yu , Li Si‐Zhe , Cao Rui‐Xiao , Xiao Hong‐Mei
Published: January 2025

With the advent of the 5G era, there has been a marked increase in research interest concerning electromagnetic wave‐absorbing materials. A critical challenge remains in improving the wave‐absorbing properties of these materials while satisfying diverse application demands. MXenes, identified as prominent “emerging” 2D materials for wave absorption, offer unique advantages that are expected to drive advancements and innovations in this field. This review emphasizes the synthesis benefits provided by the unique structural characteristics of MXenes and the performance enhancements achieved through their combination with other absorbing materials. Material requirements, synthesis approaches, and conceptual frameworks are integrated to underscore these advantages. The study provides a thorough analysis of MXene‐absorbing composites, going beyond basic classification to address preparation and modification processes affecting the absorption properties of MXenes and their composites. Attention is directed to synthesis techniques, structural design principles, and their influence on composite performance. Additionally, the potential applications of MXenes in electromagnetic wave absorbing devices are summarized. The review concludes by addressing the challenges currently confronting MXene materials and outlining expected developmental trends, aiming to offer guidance for subsequent research in this domain.
Evaluating the performance of humanure as a potting mix for lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings
Authors: Allen Katie , Papargyropoulou Effie , Wade Ruth , Evans Barbara
Published: January 2025

Composting human feces (“humanure”) is a simple, affordable method for recycling waste, producing a material similar to commercial potting mixes. This novel approach contrasts with more common practices like biosolids application and wastewater irrigation, offering new opportunities for fecal reuse in horticulture and home gardening. This study evaluated the suitability of humanure as a potting mix for lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings in an emergence experiment. Four humanure blends from small‐scale composting systems were compared to two garden soils and a commercial potting mix as a control. Emergence speed and total emergence were combined into an emergence index (EI), and seedling size was measured after 25 days. Three of the four humanure blends performed comparably to the control, with EIs over 77.4 and leaf growth above 2.36 cm. The fourth blend, with a lower pH, had good emergence (EI = 53.4) but stunted growth (<0.84 cm). These results highlight the variability in homemade compost quality and the importance of proper management. Garden soils performed poorly in terms of emergence (EI = 12.2 and 7.6), with insufficient seedlings for statistical analysis on growth. This study demonstrates that small‐scale composting of human feces can produce high‐quality compost suitable for use as a potting mix. It also underscores the need for improved guidelines and regulations for the production and use of humanure beyond traditional sewage applications.
Intradermal Advanced Glycation End-products Relate to Reduced Sciatic Nerve Structural Integrity in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Mooshage Christoph M. , Tsilingiris Dimitrios , Schimpfle Lukas , Fleming Thomas , Herzig Stephan , Szendroedi Julia , Heiland Sabine , Bendszus Martin , Kopf Stefan , Kurz Felix , Jende Johann , Kender Zoltan
Published: January 2025

Background

Cardiovascular risk management is beneficial, but stringent glycemic control does not prevent the progression of distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN). Persistent hyperglycemia-induced alterations and cardiovascular factors may contribute to diabetes-associated nerve damage. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between skin auto-fluorescence (sAF), an indicator of dermal advanced glycation end-product (AGE) accumulations, cardiovascular risk, and changes in peripheral nerve integrity.

Methods

Sixty-two individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) (20 women and 42 men), including 29 diagnosed with DSPN (7 women and 22 men), and 10 healthy controls (HC) underwent diffusion tensor MR imaging of the sciatic nerve to assess fractional anisotropy (FA), an indicator of nerve structural integrity. sAF measurements were combined with clinical, serological, and electrophysiological evaluations. Arterial stiffness was assessed via pulse wave velocity (PWV).

Results

sAF (HC 2.1 ± 0.25 AU, nDSPN 2.3 ± 0.47, DSPN 2.6 ± 0.43; p = 0.005) was higher in individuals with DSPN compared to HC (p = 0.010) and individuals without DSPN (p = 0.035). Within the group of T2D FA correlated negatively with sAF (r = −0.49, p < 0.001), PWV (r = −0.40, p = 0.009) and high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTNT), a marker of microvascular damage (r = −0.39, p < 0.001). In DSPN, sAF correlated positively with hsTNT (r = 0.58, p = 0.005) and with PWV (r = 0.52, p = 0.007), the sciatic nerve’s FA correlated negatively with PWV (r = −0.47, p = 0.010).

Conclusions

This study is the first to show close correlations between reduced peripheral nerve integrity and both intradermal AGE deposition and arterial stiffness in individuals with T2D. These findings highlight a mechanistic link between glycation-related vascular injury and neuronal damage emphasizing the importance of cardiovascular risk management in preventing DSPN.
The mineralogical distribution of Ni in mantle rocks controls the fertility of magmatic Ni-sulfide systems
Authors: Blanks Daryl E. , Holwell David A. , Ezad Isra S. , Giuliani Andrea , L. Fiorentini Marco , Foley Stephen F.
Published: January 2025

Mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic melts are the primary host for magmatic Ni-Cu-Co-PGE deposits. One common assumption about this mineral system is that Ni-fertility is a product of high-degree melting of anhydrous mantle peridotites, including a substantial contribution from olivine. However, in metasomatised mantle rocks, which partially melt at lower temperatures than anhydrous peridotites, Ni is hosted by a range of minerals, including hydrous phases such as phlogopite and amphibole in addition to olivine and orthopyroxene. The lower melting point of these hydrous phases makes Ni in phlogopite a potentially significant contributor to the Ni enrichment of mantle melts from metasomatised assemblages. We analyse a suite of phlogopite-bearing mantle rocks which display variably metasomatised assemblages using SEM mapping to quantify mineral assemblages, and laser ablation ICP-MS to determine the Ni deportment in these rocks. Phlogopite in hydrous peridotites contains 859–1126 ppm Ni equating to ~ 12% of the bulk Ni content in an assemblage containing 25% phlogopite. Mica-Amphibole-Rutile-Ilmenite-Diopside rocks contain phlogopite with 428–715 ppm Ni, which can contribute up to 50% of the bulk Ni in an assemblage of 30% phlogopite. At temperatures below the dry peridotite solidus (< 1300 °C), phlogopite can become a significant contributor of Ni to mantle melts. Thus, partial melting of metasomatised hydrous assemblages can produce Ni-fertile mafic-ultramafic magmas without substantial temperature perturbations such as those associated with mantle plumes. This opens up a range of geodynamic settings for Ni sulfide fertility, away from large igneous provinces and their plumbing systems, into settings such as orogenic belts, arcs and intraplate rifts.
Researchers’ perceptions of automating scientific research
Authors: Douglas David M.
Published: January 2025

Science is being transformed by the increasing capabilities of automation technologies and artificial intelligence (AI). Integrating AI and machine learning (ML) into scientific practice requires changing established research methods while maintaining a scientific understanding of research findings. Researchers are at the forefront of this change, but there is currently little understanding of how they are experiencing these upheavals in scientific practice. In this paper, we examine how researchers working in several research fields (automation engineering, computational design, conservation decision-making, materials science, and synthetic biology) perceive AI/ML technologies used in their work, such as laboratory automation, automated design of experiments, computational design, and computer experiments. We find that researchers emphasised the need for AI/ML technologies to have practical benefits (such as efficiency and improved safety) to justify their use. Researchers were also hesitant to automate data analysis, and the importance of explainability differed between researchers working with laboratory automation and those using AI/ML directly in their research. This difference is due to the different role AI/ML plays in different research fields: laboratory automation performs processes already defined by the researcher and the actions are visible or recorded, while in AI/ML applications the decisions that produced the result may be obscure to the researcher. Understanding the role AI/ML plays in scientific practice is important for ensuring that scientific knowledge continues to grow.
Constructivity conditions on immune sets
Authors: Case John
Published: January 2025

Definitionally: strongly effectively immune sets are infinite and their c.e. subsets have maximums effectively bounded in their c.e. indices; whereas, for effectively immune sets, their c.e. subsets’ cardinalities are what’re effectively bounded. This definitional difference between these two kinds of sets is very nicely paralleled by the following difference between their complements. McLaughlin: strongly effectively immune sets cannot have immune complements; whereas, the main theorem herein: effectively immune sets cannot have hyperimmune complements. Ullian: effectively immune sets can have effectively immune complements. The main theorem improves Arslanov’s, effectively hyperimmune sets cannot have effectively hyperimmune complements: the improvement omits the second ‘effectively’. Two natural examples of strongly effectively immune sets are presented with new cases of the first proved herein. The first is the set of minimal-Blum-size programs for the partial computable functions; the second, the set of Kolmogorov-random strings. A proved, natural example is presented of an effectively dense simple, not strongly effectively simple set; its complement is a set of maximal run-times. Further motivations for this study are presented. Kleene recursion theorem proofs herein emphasize how to conceptualize them. Finally, is suggested, future, related work—illustrated by a first, natural, strongly effectively

$$\Sigma _2^0$$

Σ
2
0

-immune set—included: solution of an open problem from Rogers’ book.
Fluvoxamine may reverse the decrease in filtering capacity that occurs in acute kidney injury by increasing IL-10 and ACE expressions and preserving AQ-2, AQ-4, CL-5, and ZO-1 expressions
Authors: Karakuyu Nasif Fatih , Camlica Tugce , Asci Halil , Milletsever Adem , Ulusoy Arzu , Gonuler Fatih Mehmet , Altuntas Atila
Published: January 2025

The kidneys have a regulatory role in many diseases with their diuresis function and capacity to maintain electrolyte balance. In case of extensive damage, the kidney’s filtration capacity is impaired and cannot fulfill its functions. Fluvoxamine (FLV), an antidepressant agent, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of FLV against renal tissue damage in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced systemic inflammation model. Thirty-two Wistar Albino rats were divided into four equal groups: control, LPS, LPS + FLV, and FLV alone. Six hours after LPS administration, rats were sacrificed and kidney tissues were removed. Histopathological examination of kidney tissues, immunohistochemical expression of the ACE-1, Cas-9, and interleukin-10 (IL-10), as well as spectrophotometric assessment of total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), urea, creatinine levels, and zonulin-1 (ZO-1), claudin-5 (CL-5), aquaporins 2 and 4 (AQ-2, AQ-4) were evaluated. TOS, OSI, urea, creatinine levels, and Cas-9 expressions were significantly increased, and TAS levels, ACE-1, IL-10, AQ-2, AQ-4, ZO-1, and CL-5 expressions significantly decreased in the LPS group compared with the control group. In addition, marked hyperemia, slight-to-moderate hemorrhages, and degeneration of the tubule epithelial cells were observed in kidney sections in the LPS group, in addition to the inflammatory cell infiltrations. FLV treatment significantly improved all these findings. FLV treatment ameliorates renal tissues against inflammatory scenes and protects renal function by enhancing IL-10 and ACE-1 expressions and preserving AQ-2, AQ-4, CL-5, and ZO-1 expressions.

Graphical Abstract
Blended-red lighting partially mitigates the cost of light pollution for arthropods
Authors: Corsini Michela , Cole Hunter J. , Gomes Dylan G. E. , Fristrup Kurt M. , Barber Jesse R.
Published: January 2025

Light pollution disrupts the natural dark–light rhythmicity of the world and alters the spectral composition of the nocturnal sky, with far-reaching impacts on natural systems. While the costs of light pollution are now documented across scales and taxa, community-level mitigations for arthropods remain unclear. To test two light pollution mitigation strategies, we replaced all 32 streetlights in the largest visitor center in Grand Teton National Park (Wyoming, USA) to allow wireless control over each luminaries’ color and brightness. We captured fewer arthropods, across most Orders, in the blended-red light compared to white (3000 K). Interestingly, we found an effect of light brightness and color, suggesting that, overall, more arthropods were attracted by brighter, and white color hues compared to blended-red. Our findings provide valuable insights into the mitigation of artificial light at night, likely one of the primary drivers of global arthropod declines.
Social Acceptance of Mining Exploration Projects: Case Study from an Austrian Town
Authors: Eckl Magdalena , Mavroudi Maria , Tost Michael
Published: January 2025

Achieving social acceptance for new exploration projects in the EU has become significantly challenging in recent years. In 2020 a company started a new construction materials project in an Austrian municipality. However, after three years of development, the project failed due to substantial opposition from the local community. This contribution aims to investigate the main reasons for the project’s failure and to analyze the diverse perceptions that emerged during the discussion. To address these objectives, semi-structured interviews were conducted with citizens involved in the debate. The findings were then compared with those from related studies to identify similarities and differences. The analysis shows that transparency is the key success factor for mining projects, while dust, noise, and traffic are the most relevant disruptive factors. The interviewees acknowledged the critical role of mining in strengthening the EU’s independence and economy, while emphasizing the need to enhance public awareness regarding its significance.
Investigating Deformation and Failure Mechanisms of Discontinuous Anti-dip Bench Rock Slopes Through Shaking Table Tests and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Yang Fei , Xin Chunlei , Wang Zhao , Yu Xinyuan , Feng Wenkai , Hu Yunpeng
Published: January 2025

Large-scale shaking table tests and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the deformation and failure mechanisms of an anti-dip bench rock slope with discontinuities. The study introduces the Displacement Baseline Offset Ratio (DBOR) to characterize the instability and failure processes of slopes when they reach a plastic state under seismic excitations. It examines the peak ground displacement and earth pressure responses, as well as the cumulative damage processes of the slope model to provide insight into the deformation and failure mechanisms. The results show a significant displacement amplification effect at elevated points of the slope when subjected to seismic excitations. Furthermore, as the input frequency of the sine wave increases, the amplitude of the displacement response at the upper part of the slope accelerates. The widest bench divides the entire slope into smaller segments, hindering the deformation and failure across the benches and reducing stress transfer from the upper slope, thereby preventing stress concentration at the toe of the slope. The distribution of DBOR suggests that plastic deformation is more pronounced on the inner side of the bench than on the outer side, leading to earlier cracking on the inner side. A critical displacement threshold for seismic damage of each bench is established based on residual displacement responses and critical peak acceleration. These findings provide theoretical references for the risk assessment and seismic design of bench rock slopes.
An Inner-Element Edge-Based Smoothed Finite Element Method
Authors: Pei Zhigang , Xie Wei , Suo Tao , Xu Zhimin
Published: January 2025

A modified inner-element edge-based smoothed finite element method (IES-FEM) is developed and integrated with ABAQUS using a user-defined element (UEL) in this study. Initially, the smoothing domain discretization of IES-FEM is described and compared with ES-FEM. A practical modification of IES-FEM is then introduced that used the technique employed by ES-FEM for the nodal strain calculation. The differences in the strain computation among ES-FEM, IES-FEM, and FEM are then discussed. The modified IES-FEM exhibited superior performance in displacement and a slight advantage in stress compared to FEM using the same mesh according to the results obtained from both the regular and irregular elements. The robustness of the IES-FEM to severely deformed meshes was also verified.
A generalized approach for multi-criteria decision aid methods
Authors: Larbani Moussa , Aouni Belaid
Published: January 2025

Outranking methods were developed for solving Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) problems with a finite set of alternatives. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework that extends the application of outranking methods for solving MCDM problems with continuous sets of alternatives. This is achieved through the integration of multi-objective optimization methods and outranking methods. The derived Three-phases integration procedure is illustrated by the integration of the Weighted Sum method for continuous MCDM problems and the outranking Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE) method. Moreover, the proposed framework incorporates the use of the Principal Component Analysis (CPA) to address the problem of selecting a Pareto optimal solution when the phase of application of the outranking method generates a large set of ‘best’ Pareto optimal solutions. The application potential of the procedure is illustrated by a multi-dimensional financial portfolio selection problem.