bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Withering corolla remains on the calyx tube enhance reproductive success in Oxalis stricta L.
Authors: Imamura Akio , Hariu Kota
Published: May 2020

Several flower traits can affect plant reproductive fitness via pollinator attraction, herbivory defense, and thermal regulation of the pistil. In this study, we focus on thermal regulation of the pistil after flowering. We experimentally investigated the functional significance of the withering corollas that remain attached to the calyx tubes of Oxalis stricta L. We studied thermal regulation of the pistil by removing corollas and comparing the plants with and without corollas, under regulated dark and light periods, with an ambient temperature during the dark period lower than that during the light period. In plants lacking corollas, the pistil temperature was significantly lower than in control plants (with intact corollas) by approximately 2°C. Although fruit set in the corolla‐removed plants was not significantly different from that in control plants, the temperature threshold for 50% fruition in the corolla‐removed plants was significantly higher than that in the controls. Furthermore, the seed number, total seed weight, and single‐grain weight were significantly lower in the corolla‐removed plants than in control plants. The estimated annual number of reproductive cycles (from June to October), total seed number, and total seed weights were also lower in corolla‐removed plants. These findings indicate that the withering corolla remains play a role in thermoregulation of the pistil, and thereby enhance reproductive success. Our study is the first to validate one of the assumed ecological roles of the withering remains of plant corollas.
RNAi of AGAMOUS genes in sweetgum alters reproductive organ identity and decreases fruit persistence
Authors: Klocko Amy L. , Brunner Amy M. , Ma Cathleen , Etherington Elizabeth , Rosenstiel Kori , Magnuson Anna , Taylor Barbara J. , Cappellazzi Jed , Lockwood Thomas , Covarrubias Nichole , Bao Manzhu , Morrell Jeffrey J. , Strauss Steven H. , Bao Manzhu , Covarrubias Nichole
Published: May 2020

Sweetgums (Liquidambar), members of the family Altingiaceae (Altingiales), have inflorescences and floral organs that are distinctive in structure compared with other angiosperms in which the roles of floral homeotic genes have been studied. To begin to understand the role of AGAMOUS (AG)—a floral homeotic gene that has a major role in stamen and carpel development—in development of the monosexual flowers of sweetgum, we used RNAi to reduce the expression of two members of the AG subfamily. Because AG suppression should induce floral sterility, RNAi might also provide a tool to mitigate the risks of invasiveness—and to reduce the production of its nuisance fruits or allergenic pollen—when sweetgum is used as an exotic shade or forest tree. We tested 33 independent transgenic events and non‐transgenic controls during 10 years in the field. The RNAi‐AG sweetgum trees maintained normal growth, phenology, and vivid fall coloration during the 10 years of study, but 8 insertion events had highly modified inflorescence and floral morphology. The modified flowers had anthers and carpels that were converted to flat leaf‐like structures lacking pollen grains and ovules, respectively. The female inflorescences developed into dry papery structures that failed to produce seeds. These infructescences were smaller than control infructescences, and lost a greater percentage of biomass in a controlled decay assay. RNAi against AG genes was highly effective at impairing fertility and modifying reproductive development without significant vegetative effects in sweetgum and gave phenotypes distinct from, but similar to, that of AG loss of function in other angiosperms.
The PINCER initiative: reducing medication errors in primary care
Authors: Ogden Joy
Published: May 2020

PINCER is a pharmacist‐led IT‐based intervention developed by researchers at the University of Nottingham to reduce clinically important medication errors in primary care. This article discusses how and why PINCER was developed and what the initiative has achieved so far.
Summary of NICE guidance on thyroid disease
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: May 2020

In November, NICE published its first guideline on the assessment and management of thyroid disease, including hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis and thyroid enlargement. This article provides a summary of the main recommendations.
COVID‐19: a brief history and treatments in development
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) is now dominating the lives of everyone, and its history is constantly being rewritten. This article gives a brief account of the story so far: where SARS‐CoV‐2 might have originated, how it compares with other viruses that cause major respiratory disease, and some of the treatments and vaccines currently being investigated to combat it.
Comparisons of stable isotope composition among tissues of green turtles
Authors: Vanderklift Mathew A. , Pillans Richard D. , Robson Natalie A. , Skrzypek Grzegorz , Stubbs Jessica L. , Tucker Anton D.
Published: May 2020

Rationale

Ecologists often need to make choices about what body parts (tissues or organs) of an animal to sample. The decision is typically guided by the need to treat animals as humanely as possible, as well as the information that different body parts can provide. When using stable isotopes, decisions are also influenced by whether specimens would require preservation, and whether they have properties (such as high lipid concentrations) that would influence measurements. Sometimes we cannot use a preferred tissue (for example, because of ethical or logistical constraints), and in such cases an ability to reliably predict stable isotope composition for one tissue from data yielded by another would be useful.

Methods

In this study we analysed multiple tissues (skin, whole blood, red blood cells, plasma and nail) from green turtles (Chelonia mydas) to evaluate variation in C:N ratios, and test hypotheses about the intercept and slope of regressions of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions among tissues.

Results

Regression models revealed that linear relationships were present for most comparisons, except those involving the δ13C of skin, and the slopes (β1) of most regressions were different from unity. The C:N ratios of skin were significantly higher and more variable than those of other tissues. The δ13C and δ15N of nail were highly correlated with those of the whole blood, red blood cells and plasma. Nail and red blood cells showed low variation in C:N.

Conclusions

The patterns in slopes of regressions indicate that comparisons of measurements yielded by different tissues of wild animals are complicated by the fact that the tissues are unlikely to be in isotopic equilibrium with their diet. Of the tissues used in this study, nail is simple to collect, requires minimal disturbance to the animal and no special preservation; these traits should make it attractive to turtle ecologists, but more information is needed on aspects such as growth rates.
Internal corporate governance strength as a mechanism for achieving sustainable development goals
Authors: Martínez‐Ferrero Jennifer , García‐Meca Emma
Published: May 2020

This paper explores the strength of internal corporate governance as a determining factor in a firm's addressing the sustainable development goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations. Using a European sample of analysis from 2016 to 2017, the paper examines CEO independence, board composition and board attendance as internal corporate governance factors that affect a firm's commitment to sustainable development. By employing several regression analyses, the evidence supports the assertion that greater corporate governance strength, from an internal perspective, increases the propensity to report SDGs in firms' sustainability reports. In addition, results confirm that CEO non‐duality and board independence act individually as determinants of a firm's contribution to the 2030 Agenda.
Surface analysis of stearic acid modification for improving thermal resistant of calcium phosphate coated iron oxide yellow pigments
Authors: Xu Minhong , Pan Guoxiang , Cao Yongyong , Guo Yuhua , Chen Haifeng , Wang Yongya , Wu Yunfeng
Published: May 2020

In order to widen the application of iron oxide yellow pigments (α‐FeOOH) in high temperature industry, α‐FeOOH coated with calcium phosphate (α‐FeOOH/Ca) were modified with stearic acid (Sa) through dry process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetry (TG) were employed to characterize the effect of surface modification. The effects of Sa dosage on the thermal resistance of α‐FeOOH/Ca after modification were also discussed. The crystal structure of α‐FeOOH/Ca does not change after modification with Sa, but the ratio of length to diameter about α‐FeOOH/Ca is smaller. Sa can react with α‐FeOOH/Ca in the form of –COOCa and HPO42− based on FT‐IR and XPS analyses. TG‐DTG results suggest that calcium phosphate and Sa improve the thermal stability of α‐FeOOH. The value of color difference of modified α‐FeOOH/Ca first decrease and then increase with increasing of Sa dosage, which is studied by CIE ΔL, Δa, and Δb colorimetric analyses. The amount of Sa affects the thermal resistance and dispersion performance of α‐FeOOH/Ca simultaneously; also the relationship between thermal resistance and dispersion is inversely proportional. Experimental characterizations reveal that introduction of the phosphates and Sa not only prevents the loss of water on the surface of α‐FeOOH but improve its activation index and dispersibility in organic solvents.
Al‐Li Alloy Chemical Milling Waste Solution Synthesis of γ‐AlOOH Bundles for Cr(VI) Rapid Adsorption
Authors: Qi Yuwen , Wei Lihong , Shi Dongni , Cai Wei , Guo Licun
Published: May 2020

Al‐Li alloy chemical milling waste solution (AlCM) was utilized for the first time to prepare γ‐AlOOH(boehmite) as highly efficient adsorbent for Cr(VI). The NaAlO2 in AlCM reacted with H2O2 at room temperature for 0.25 h to prepare porous γ‐AlOOH bundles with the specific surface area of 232.2 m2 g‐1. The possible growth mechanism of γ‐AlOOH under CTAB and time was proposed. The kinetics and adsorption properties of Cr(VI) adsorbed by γ‐AlOOH were also investigated. The porous γ‐AlOOH bundles can quickly adsorb Cr(VI) within 20 minutes and show stable recyclability. This study shows that it is a cost‐effective way to treat and recycle AlCM that the γ‐AlOOH is synthesized from AlCM as an adsorbent to remove Cr (VI) heavy metals in wastewater.
Comparative evaluation of 4 commercial modified‐live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines against heterologous dual Korean PRRSV‐1 and PRRSV‐2 challenge
Authors: Oh Taehwan , Park Su‐Jin , Cho Hyejean , Yang Siyeon , Ham Hee Jin , Chae Chanhee
Published: May 2020

Background

Four commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified‐live vaccines (MLV) was compared to protect growing pigs against dual challenge of PRRSV‐1 and PRRSV‐2.

Methods

Two of the vaccines were based on PRRSV‐1, and two on PRRSV‐2. A total of 72 PRRSV‐naïve pigs were divided into six groups (12 pigs/group).

Results

Two PRRSV‐1 MLV‐vaccinated and two PRRSV‐2 MLV‐vaccinated groups reduced significantly (p < .05) genomic copies of PRRSV‐1 in their sera compared to the unvaccinated challenged group. Two PRRSV‐2 MLV‐vaccinated groups reduced significantly (p < .05) fewer genomic copies of PRRSV‐2 in their sera whereas two PRRSV‐1 MLV‐vaccinated groups were unable to reduce genomic copies of PRRSV‐2 compared to unvaccinated challenged groups. Two PRRSV‐1 MLV‐vaccinated groups induced a stronger PRRSV‐1 specific IFN‐γ‐SC response, while two PRRSV‐2 MLV‐vaccinated groups induced a stronger PRRSV‐2 specific IFN‐γ‐SC response. Two PRRSV‐2 MLV‐vaccinated groups showed significantly (p < .05) lower mean macroscopic and microscopic lung lesion scores compared to two PRRSV‐1 MLV‐vaccinated groups.

Conclusions

These data demonstrated that two PRRSV‐2 vaccines were efficacious and exhibited similar protection while, two PRRSV‐1 vaccines were largely ineffective against the dual challenge.
Integrating levels of bone growth control: From stem cells to body proportions
Authors: Kagan Brett J. , Rosello‐Diez Alberto
Published: May 2020

The study of the mechanisms controlling organ size during development and regeneration is critical to understanding how complex life arises from cooperating single cells. Long bones are powerful models in this regard, as their size depends on a scaffold made from another tissue (cartilage, composed of chondrocytes), and both tissues interact during the growth period. Investigating long bone growth offers a valuable window into the processes that integrate internal and external cues to yield finely controlled size of organs. Within the cellular and molecular pathways that control bone growth, the regulation of stem‐cell renewal, along with amplification and differentiation of their progeny, are key to understanding normal and perturbed long‐bone development. The phenomenon of “catch‐up” growth–where cellular hyperproliferation occurs following injury to restore a normal growth trajectory–reveals key aspects of this regulation, such as the fact that bone growth is target‐seeking. The control mechanisms that lead to this behavior are either bottom‐up or top‐down, and the interaction between these modes is likely critical to achieve a highly nuanced, yet flexible, degree of control. The role of cartilage‐intrinsic mechanisms has been well studied, establishing a very solid groundwork for this field. However, addressing the unanswered questions of bone growth arguably requires new hypotheses and approaches. Future research could for example address to what extent extrinsic signals and cells, as well as communication with other tissues, modulate intra‐limb and inter‐organ growth coordination.

This article is categorized under:

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing

Vertebrate Organogenesis > Musculoskeletal and Vascular
Thermodynamics of rotating NUTty dyons
Authors: Bordo Alvaro Ballon , Gray Finnian , Kubizňák David
Published: May 2020

Abstract

We extend the work on thermodynamics of Lorentzian NUTty solutions, by including simultaneously the effect of rotation and electromagnetic charges. Due to the fact that Misner strings carry electric charge, and similar to the non-rotating case, we observe an interesting interplay between the horizon and asymptotic charges. Namely, upon employing the Euclidean action calculation we derive two alternative full cohomogeneity first laws, one that includes the variations of the horizon electric charge and the asymptotic magnetic charge and another that involves the horizon magnetic charge and the asymptotic electric charge. When one of the horizon charges vanishes, we obtain the corresponding ‘electric’ and ‘magnetic’ first laws that are connected by the electromagnetic duality. We also briefly study the free energy of the corresponding system.
Characterizing Microbial Signatures on Sculptures and Paintings of Similar Provenance
Authors: Torralba Manolito G. , Kuelbs Claire , Moncera Kelvin Jens , Roby Rhonda , Nelson Karen E.
Published: May 2020

The preservation of artwork challenges museums, collectors, and art enthusiasts. Currently, reducing moisture, adjusting the type of lighting, and preventing the formation of mold are primary methods to preserving and preventing deterioration. Other methods such as ones based in detailed knowledge of molecular biology such as microbial community characterization using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing have yet to be explored. Such molecular biology approaches are essential to explore as some environmental bacteria are capable of oxidizing nonpolar chemical substances rich in hydrocarbons such as oil-based paints. Using 16S rDNA Illumina Sequencing, we demonstrate a novel finding that there are differing bacterial communities for artwork from roughly the same era when comparing paintings on wood, paintings on canvases, and sculptures made of stone and marble. We also demonstrate that there are specific genera such as Aeromonas known for having oxidase positive strains, present on paintings on wood and paintings on canvas that could potentially be responsible for deterioration and fading as such organisms produce water or hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct of cytochrome c oxidase activity. The advantages of these genomics-based approaches to characterizing the microbial population on deteriorating artwork provides immense potential by identifying potentially damaging species that may not be detected using conventional methods in addition to addressing challenges to identification, restoration, and preservation efforts.
The changes in ENSO-induced tropical Pacific precipitation variability in the past warm and cold climates from the EC-Earth simulations
Authors: Han Zixuan , Zhang Qiong , Wen Qin , Lu Zhengyao , Feng Guolin , Su Tao , Li Qiang , Zhang Qiang
Published: May 2020

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most significant climate variability signals. Studying the changes in ENSO-induced precipitation variability (ENSO precipitation) in the past climate offers a possibility to a better understanding of how they may change under future climate conditions. This study uses simulations performed with the European community Earth-System Model (EC-Earth) to investigate the relative contributions of dynamic effect (the circulation anomalies together with the climatological specific humidity) and thermodynamic effect (the specific humidity anomalies together with the climatological circulation) on the changes in ENSO precipitation in the past warm and cold climates, represented by the Pliocene and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), respectively. The results show that the changes in ENSO precipitation are intensified (weakened) over the tropical western Pacific but weakened (intensified) over the tropical central Pacific in Pliocene (LGM) compared with the pre-industrial (PI) simulation. Based on the decomposed moisture budget equation, these changes in ENSO precipitation patterns are highly related to the dynamic effect. The mechanism can be understood as follows: the zonal gradient of the mean sea surface temperature (SST) over the tropical Indo-Pacific is increased (reduced) during the Pliocene (LGM), leading to the strengthening (weakening) of Pacific Walker Circulation as well as a westward (eastward) shift. In the Pliocene, the westward shift of Walker Circulation results in an increased (decreased) ENSO-induced low-level vertical velocity variability in the tropical western Pacific (central Pacific), and, in turn, favoring convergent (divergent) moisture transport through a dynamic process, and then causing intensified (weakened) ENSO precipitation there. The opposite mechanism exists in LGM. These results suggest that changes in the zonal SST gradient over tropical Indo-Pacific under different climate conditions determine the changes in ENSO precipitation through a dynamic process.
Non-uniform torsion of functionally graded anisotropic bar of an elliptical cross section
Authors: Ecsedi István
Published: May 2020

An analytical solution is given to the problem of non-uniform torsion of an elliptical cylinder made of functionally graded anisotropic linear elastic material. The material moduli of the considered anisotropic non-homogeneous elastic bar are smooth functions of the axial coordinate. The contour of the elliptical cross section depends on the elastic constants. This dependence provides the zero warping property of the considered elliptical cross section. The obtained stress field is independent of the axial coordinate as in the case of Saint-Venant’s torsion problem, but the rate of twist depends on the axial coordinate.
Accuracy of CAD/CAM-fabricated bite splints: milling vs 3D printing
Authors: Marcel Reymus , Reinhard Hickel , Andreas Keßler
Published: May 2020

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of CAD/CAM-fabricated bite splints in dependence of fabrication method (milling vs 3D printing), positioning (horizontal vs vertical), selection of material, and method of deviation measurement.

Materials and methods

Bite splints were 3D-printed in either horizontal or vertical position (n = 10) using four different resins (Dental LT, Ortho Clear, Freeprint Splint, V-Splint). As control, ten bite splints were fabricated by CNC milling (ProArt CAD Splint). The splints were scanned and deviations between the CAD-file (trueness) and between each other within one group (precision) were measured by two different software applications and methods (cloud-to-cloud vs cloud-to-mesh). Data were analyzed using univariate analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests.

Results

The highest impact on accuracy was exerted by the selection of the material (trueness: ηP2 = 0.871, P < 0.001; precision: ηP2 = 0.715, P < 0.001). Milled splints showed the highest trueness (P < 0.01) but not the highest precision at the same time. Horizontally positioned 3D-printed bite splints showed the least deviations in terms of trueness while vertical positioning resulted in the highest precision. The cloud-to-cloud method showed higher measured deviations than the other methods (P < 0.001–P = 0.002).

Conclusion

Milled splints show higher trueness than 3D-printed ones, while the latter reveal higher reproducibility. The calculated deviations vary according to the measurement method used.

Clinical relevance

In terms of accuracy, milled and 3D-printed bite splints seem to be of equal quality.
A phenomenological constitutive model for the viscoelastic deformation of elastomers
Authors: Annarasa Vinotharan , Popov Atanas A. , De Focatiis Davide S. A.
Published: May 2020

This study proposes a one-dimensional constitutive model for elastomeric materials based on recent observations regarding the separation of elastic and viscous contributions in uniaxial cyclic tensile experiments on EPDM rubber. The focus is on capturing the changes in constitutive behavior and energy dissipation associated with the Mullins effect. In the model, this is achieved through the evolution of both permanent set and hyperelastic parameters of an Edwards-Vilgis function to account for the Mullins effect, and with a viscosity associated with the effective stretch rate of the network to describe the non-linear flow stress. The simulations are able to reproduce the observed constitutive response and its change with increasing levels of pre-deformation. The model is less able to accurately reproduce the virgin loading response, which is achieved via extrapolation to zero pre-strain. However, for practical purposes, where scragging of elastomeric products is the norm, the model is able to predict the cyclic response and the dissipated energy, and their change with different scragging levels in good agreement with experimental data.
Minimizing minor embedding energy: an application in quantum annealing
Authors: Fang Yan-Long , Warburton P. A.
Published: May 2020

A significant challenge in quantum annealing is to map a real-world problem onto a hardware graph of limited connectivity. When the problem graph is not a subgraph of the hardware graph, one might employ minor embedding in which each logical qubit is mapped to a tree of physical qubits. Pairwise interactions between physical qubits in the tree are set to be ferromagnetic with some coupling strength$$F<0$$F<0. Here we address the theoretical question of what the best valueFshould be in order to achieve unbroken trees in the pre-quantum-processing. The sum of |F| for each logical qubit is defined as minor embedding energy, and the best valueFis obtained when the minor embedding energy is minimized. We also show that our new analytical lower bound on |F| is a tighter bound than that previously derived by Choi (Quantum Inf Process 7:193–209, 2008). In contrast to Choi’s work, our new method depends more delicately on minor embedding parameters, which leads to a higher computational cost.
Leaching of metal(loid)s from ashes of spent sorbent and stabilisation effect of calcium-rich additives
Authors: Kasiuliene Alfreda , Carabante Ivan , Sefidari Hamid , Öhman Marcus , Bhattacharya Prosun , Kumpiene Jurate
Published: May 2020

Contaminated water with multiple contaminants, including As, Cr, Cu and Zn, was treated with a sorbent prepared by coating peat with Fe oxides. Because As has a relatively little explored market, the regeneration of the spent sorbent was not feasible. Meanwhile, the disposal of As wastes in landfills can cause landfill leachate treatment problems. Under the reducing conditions prevailing at landfills, As(V) is reduced to As(III), which is a toxic and more mobile form. In this study, incineration was explored as a management option to treat the spent sorbent that was loaded with As, Cr, Cu and Zn. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the leaching of these metal(loid)s from the ashes and compare it with the leaching from the spent sorbents before incineration. The second objective was to evaluate the leaching behaviour when the spent sorbent was co-incinerated with a Ca-rich additive (lime). To achieve these objectives, the obtained ashes were subjected to leaching tests, sequential extraction, and X-ray diffraction analyses. After the incineration, the ash content ranged from 9 to 19% of the initial mass of the spent sorbents. The leaching of As, Cu and Zn decreased compared with that from the spent sorbents before the thermal treatment because of the high incineration temperatures and/or co-incineration with lime. However, the leaching of Cr increased, which would hinder the disposal of the obtained ashes in a landfill because the limit value for disposal at a landfill for hazardous wastes was exceeded by 50 times. However, co-incineration with 10 wt% lime significantly decreased the leaching of Cr as a result of the formation of water-insoluble Ca-Cr compounds.
Problematic Mukbang Watching and Its Relationship to Disordered Eating and Internet Addiction: A Pilot Study Among Emerging Adult Mukbang Watchers
Authors: Kircaburun Kagan , Yurdagül Cemil , Kuss Daria , Emirtekin Emrah , Griffiths Mark D.
Published: May 2020

Internet technology has facilitated the use of a wide variety of different activities and applications in online contexts. One such activity is watching mukbang (i.e., watching videos of “eating broadcasts” where someone eats a large amount of food while interacting with viewers). In the present study, the relationship of problematic mukbang watching with disordered eating and internet addiction was examined. Participants were 140 emerging adults who watched mukbang at least once in the past 30 days (66% female;Mage = 21.66,SD = 1.88, range = 19–29 years). Structural equation modeling indicated that problematic mukbang watching was positively associated with both disordered eating and internet addiction. The present study is the first to explore the predictive role of problematic mukbang watching on adverse consequences, and suggests that mukbang watching may be problematic for a minority of emerging adults and that problematic mukbang watching warrants further examination of its impact on mental health and wellbeing.
Emendations to tissue typology in discomycetes
Authors: Hengstmengel Jan
Published: May 2020

The term “textura oblita”, referring to a tissue type in ascomycetes with apothecial ascomata, has caused much confusion to ascomycologists. Originally it was defined as a long-celled tissue type consisting of thick-walled hyphae with intercellular substance. However, this definition appeared not well, or not at all, applicable to the originally given examples like Phialea starbaeckii. This has resulted in two other definitions which are more or less the opposite of each other, viz. as a thick-walled tissue with gelatinized walls and as a thin-walled tissue embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The main issue is the location of the gelatinous substance in the relevant tissue: in the cell wall, extracellular, or both. Unfortunately all of the three tissues are called “gelatinous tissue”, although the term “gelatinous tissue” according to its definition concerns only tissue with extrahyphal gel. This implies that essential information about the location of the gel is ignored. In effect, all three conceptions of textura oblita are reducible to versions of textura porrecta that differ in the location of the gel. Similarly other tissue types can occur in different versions.

The author discusses the postulated mechanisms of gel formation in fungal tissues. These concern disintegration of the outer layer(s) of hyphal walls, disintegration of hyphae, and secretion, here linked to exocytosis. There is supposed to be a correlation between the way of gel formation on the one hand, and the structure of the sporocarp and the cell wall in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes on the other hand.

To conclude, an emended tissue typology is provided in which the distinguished versions of the six basic tissue types are arranged according to the shape of their cells, the arrangement of their hyphae, the occurrence of thickened cell walls, and the occurrence of extracellular gel.

The species name Cyathicula starbaeckii, comb. nov., is validly published here.
The bright and shaded side of duneland life: the photosynthetic response of lichens to seasonal changes is species-specific
Authors: Veres Katalin , Farkas Edit , Csintalan Zsolt
Published: May 2020

Terricolous lichens are relevant associates of biological soil crusts in arid and semiarid environments. Dunes are ecosystems of high conservation interest, because of their unique, vulnerable and threatened features. The function of lichens is affected by the changing seasons and different microhabitat conditions. At the same time, inland dunes are less investigated areas from the terricolous lichens point of view. We explored the effect of seasonal variation and different micro-environmental conditions (aspect) on the metabolic activity of five terricolous lichen species, representing various growth forms, in temperate semiarid grasslands. Populations of Cladonia foliacea, C. furcata, C. pyxidata group, Diploschistes muscorum and Thalloidima physaroides were investigated. Thalli sampled from the south-west and north-east facing microhabitats were studied by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis for 2 years. The present study aims to understand how changing climate (during the year) and aspect affect photosynthetic activity and photoprotection. Microclimatic data were also continuously recorded to reveal the background of the difference between microhabitat types. As a result, the air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, soil temperature and vapour pressure deficit were significantly higher on south-west than on north-east facing microsites, where relative humidity and water content of soil proved to be considerably higher. Higher photosynthetic activity, as well as a higher level of photoprotection, was detected in lichens from north-east-oriented microsites compared with south-west populations. In addition, the difference between sun and shade populations varied seasonally. Since a species-specific response to both aspect and season was detected, we propose to investigate more than one species of different growth forms, to reveal the response of lichens to the changing environment in space and time.
“Women and “Ideal” Women”: The Representation of Women in the Construction Industry
Authors: Norberg Cathrine , Johansson Maria
Published: May 2020

Increased female participation has been highlighted as necessary to fill a labor shortage in the construction industry, but also to promote equality and efficiency. Despite initiatives to recruit women, the industry remains one of the most gender-segregated industries in the world. Increased knowledge about gender has been identified as needed to change the status quo. The aim of this study is to contribute with new insights into gender in construction by exploring how women in the industry are discursively represented, and how they talk about their workplace. It is based on analyses of texts from the web. The search engine WebCorpLive was used to retrieve and sort the material to enable linguistic analysis. The study shows that although the overarching message in the material is that there are many opportunities for women in the industry, closer analysis of it shows that women entering the industry are met with gender-biased attitudes, discrimination and unrealistic demands.
Acrolein Aggravates Secondary Brain Injury After Intracerebral Hemorrhage Through Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage in Mice
Authors: Wu Xun , Cui Wenxing , Guo Wei , Liu Haixiao , Luo Jianing , Zhao Lei , Guo Hao , Zheng Longlong , Bai Hao , Feng Dayun , Qu Yan
Published: May 2020

Clinical advances in the treatment of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) are restricted by the incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to secondary brain injury. Acrolein is a highly active unsaturated aldehyde which has been implicated in many nervous system diseases. Our results indicated a significant increase in the level of acrolein after ICH in mouse brain. In primary neurons, acrolein induced an increase in mitochondrial fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of reactive oxidative species, and release of mitochondrial cytochrome c. Mechanistically, acrolein facilitated the translocation of dynamin-related protein1 (Drp1) from the cytoplasm onto the mitochondrial membrane and led to excessive mitochondrial fission. Further studies found that treatment with hydralazine (an acrolein scavenger) significantly reversed Drp1 translocation and the morphological damage of mitochondria after ICH. In parallel, the neural apoptosis, brain edema, and neurological functional deficits induced by ICH were also remarkably alleviated. In conclusion, our results identify acrolein as an important contributor to the secondary brain injury following ICH. Meanwhile, we uncovered a novel mechanism by which Drp1-mediated mitochondrial oxidative damage is involved in acrolein-induced brain injury.
Mechanical properties of hot-pressed high-entropy diboride-based ceramics
Authors: Liu Ji-Xuan , Shen Xiao-Qin , Wu Yue , Li Fei , Liang Yongcheng , Zhang Guo-Jun
Published: May 2020

High-entropy ceramics attract more and more attention in recent years. However, mechanical properties especially strength and fracture toughness for high-entropy ceramics and their composites have not been comprehensively reported. In this work, high-entropy (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta 0.2)B2 (HEB) monolithic and its composite containing 20 vol% SiC (HEB–20SiC) are prepared by hot pressing. The addition of SiC not only accelerates the densification process but also refines the microstructure of HEB, resulting in improved mechanical properties. The obtained dense HEB and HEB–20SiC ceramics hot pressed at 1800 ℃ exhibit four-point flexural strength of 339±17 MPa and 447±45 MPa, and fracture toughness of 3.81±0.40 MPa·m1/2 and 4.85±0.33 MPa·m1/2 measured by single-edge notched beam (SENB) technique. Crack deflection and branching by SiC particles is considered to be the main toughening mechanisms for the HEB–20SiC composite. The hardness Hv0.2 of the sintered HEB and HEB–20SiC ceramics is 23.7±0.7 GPa and 24.8±1.2 GPa, respectively. With the increase of indentation load, the hardness of the sintered ceramics decreases rapidly until the load reaches about 49 N, due to the indentation size effect. Based on the current experimental investigation it can be seen that the room temperature bending strength and fracture toughness of the high-entropy diboride ceramics are within ranges commonly observed in structure ceramics.
Mechanoregulation in Hematopoiesis and Hematologic Disorders
Authors: Horton Paulina D. , Dumbali Sandeep , Wenzel Pamela L.
Published: May 2020

Purpose of Review

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are reliant on intrinsic and extrinsic factors for tight control of self-renewal, quiescence, differentiation, and homing. Given the intimate relationship between HSCs and their niche, increasing numbers of studies are examining how biophysical cues in the hematopoietic microenvironment impact HSC functions.

Recent Findings

Numerous mechanosensors are present on hematopoietic cells, including integrins, mechanosensitive ion channels, and primary cilia. Integrin-ligand adhesion, in particular, has been found to be critical for homing and anchoring of HSCs and progenitors in the bone marrow. Integrin-mediated interactions with ligands present on extracellular matrix and endothelial cells are key to establishing long-term engraftment and quiescence of HSCs. Importantly, disruption in the architecture and cellular composition of the bone marrow associated with conditioning regimens and primary myelofibrosis exposes HSCs to a profoundly distinct mechanical environment, with potential implications for progression of hematologic dysfunction and pathologies.

Study of the mechanobiological signals that govern hematopoiesis represents an important future step toward understanding HSC biology in homeostasis, aging, and cancer.
The Relationship Between Gender Role Orientation and Sexual Health Care in Taiwanese Nurses: A Structural Equation Model
Authors: Huang Cheng-Yi , Liou Chiou-Fang , Lee Shu-Hsin , Tsai Li-Ya
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Patients’ sexual concerns are private, sensitive issues, and providing sexual health care (SHC) is a legitimate area of concern for the nursing practice.

Aims

This study tests a structural equation model for factors that affect SHC among Taiwanese nurses.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was performed between August 2014 and July 2015. A total of 471 registered nurses from a medical center in Taiwan were enrolled in this study. All nurses participated anonymously and completed 3 questionnaires: Nursing Attitude in Sexual Health Care scale, Nursing Intervention in Sexual Health scale, and Gender Role Orientation scale. The Permission-Limited Information-Specific Suggestions-Intensive Therapy model based on scale was application, and theory of planned behavior was used to examine the relationship of these 3 scales in nurses.

Main Outcome Measures

SHC surveys were developed for nurses. These valid and reliable instruments included Nursing Attitude in Sexual Health Care, Nursing Intervention in Sexual Health, and Gender Role Orientation.

Results

The fitted structural equation model was valid. The construct reliability of latent variables ranged from 0.730 to 0.942, which met the requirement of 0.70. The attitude about SHC (β = 0.182, P < .001), subjective norms on SHC (β = 0.146, P < .001), and confidence about SHC (β = 0.583, P < .001) had significant effects on the behavioral intention to provide SHC. Subsequently, the behavioral intention to provide SHC had a significant, direct effect on the behavioral frequency of providing SHC (β = 0.356, P < .001). However, gender role orientation was not significantly associated with behavioral intention and behavioral frequency to provide SHC.

Conclusions

The good fit for the structural equation model suggests that the predictors of behavioral intention and behaviors of providing SHC include attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control. The stronger behavioral intention of providing SHC resulted in a higher frequency of providing SHC. However, the relationship between gender role orientation and SHC had no significant effect.

Huang C-Y, Liou C-F, Lee S-H, et al. The Relationship Between Gender Role Orientation and Sexual Health Care in Taiwanese Nurses: A Structural Equation Model. Sex Med 2020;8:565–573.
Automated detection and characterization of Antarctic basal units using radar sounding data: demonstration in Institute Ice Stream, West Antarctica
Authors: Goldberg Madison L. , Schroeder Dustin M. , Castelletti Davide , Mantelli Elisa , Ross Neil , Siegert Martin J.
Published: May 2020

Basal units – visibly distinct englacial structures near the ice-bed interface – warrant investigation for a number of reasons. Many are of unknown composition and origin, characteristics that could provide substantial insight into subglacial processes and ice-sheet history. Their significance, moreover, is not limited to near-bed depths; these units appear to dramatically influence the flow of surrounding ice. In order to enable improved characterization of these features, we develop and apply an algorithm that allows for the automatic detection of basal units. We use a tunable layer-optimized SAR processor to distinguish these structures from the bed, isochronous englacial layers and the ice-sheet surface, presenting a conceptual framework for the use of radio-echo character in the identification of ice-sheet features. We also outline a method by which our processor could be used to place observational constraints on basal units’ configuration, composition and provenance.
Stimulated Raman scattering in a non-eigenmode regime
Authors: Zhao Yao , Weng Suming , Sheng Zhengming , Zhu Jianqiang
Published: May 2020

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in plasma in a non-eigenmode regime is studied theoretically and numerically. Different from normal SRS with the eigen electrostatic mode excited, the non-eigenmode SRS is developed at plasma density

$n_{e}>0.25n_{c}$

when the laser amplitude is larger than a certain threshold. To satisfy the phase-matching conditions of frequency and wavenumber, the excited electrostatic mode has a constant frequency around half of the incident light frequency

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{0}/2$

, which is no longer the eigenmode of electron plasma wave

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{pe}$

. Both the scattered light and the electrostatic wave are trapped in plasma with their group velocities being zero. Super-hot electrons are produced by the non-eigen electrostatic wave. Our theoretical model is validated by particle-in-cell simulations. The SRS driven in this non-eigenmode regime is an important laser energy loss mechanism in the laser plasma interactions as long as the laser intensity is higher than

$10^{15}~\text{W}/\text{cm}^{2}$

.
Turkey’s response to COVID-19 in terms of mental health
Authors: Öğütlü Hakan
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus disease (also known as COVID-19) continues to spread throughout the world. In Turkey, which has a strong health system, most hospitals have been turned into pandemic hospitals, elective procedures have been postponed, and doctors have been reassigned to treat COVID-19. Efforts to limit spread of COVID-19 have been effective in reducing the spread of COVID-19. Behind this success was not only the intrinsic strength of the health system but also the strict changes in everyday life wrought by the crisis. It is an inescapable fact that these new measures, such as the imposition of curfew and lockdown, have had a significant effect on the mental health of the general population. Anxiety caused by COVID-19 has spread to the mental state of everyone. Although coronavirus-related diseases will end soon, it is predicted that serious psychiatric disorders will be a lasting consequence of the pandemic. Despite the many negatives brought by COVID-19, it has led to a positive unity between the public and healthcare professionals, and in spite of significant risks to their own health, healthcare workers have risen to the challenge of COVID-19.
Mindfulness moments for clinicians in the midst of a pandemic
Authors: Hedderman E. , O’Doherty V. , O’Connor S.
Published: May 2020

Clinicians are routinely subjected to intense and stressful working environments, and the current COVID-19 crisis increases their risk of psychological distress. Mindfulness has been shown to improve life satisfaction, resilience to stress, self-compassion, compassion and general well-being in healthcare workers. Based on their clinical experience, the authors present mindfulness moments for clinicians (MMFC), a selection of short, simple and accessible mindfulness practices to promote resilience and compassion among clinicians working in this pandemic. The practices can be used on the job and are accessible to both novice and experienced meditators. Most of these practices are extracted from evidence-based mindfulness programmes. Further research is indicated to assess the effectiveness of using MMFC to support clinicians in their work and to promote resilience.
Assessment and management of anorexia nervosa during COVID-19
Authors: Walsh O. , McNicholas F.
Published: May 2020

Management of the high rates of medical and psychiatric complications, including self-harm and suicide, associated with anorexia nervosa requires regular clinical review. However, during the current pandemic, face-to-face clinical assessments carry the risk of infection and transmission in this vulnerable cohort already compromised by low weight and lowered immunity. This paper describes how one service has had to adapt usual care during the COVID-19 pandemic without contributing excessively to carer burden or compromising patient safety.
FREEDOM IN HANDCUFFS: RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN THE CONSTITUTION OF CHINA
Authors: Li Songfeng
Published: May 2020

Article 36 of the Chinese Constitution tells only part of the story about religious freedom in China. The Chinese constitution establishes five restrictions on the religious freedom described in Article 36. First, the Chinese Constitution establishes state atheism as an official ideology. All Chinese citizens, whether religious believers or not, are required to be educated in Marxist ideology and under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. Second, religious freedom, along with other rights in the Chinese Constitution, are merely legal rights, rather than fundamental rights. The National People's Congress can therefore pass legislation limiting individuals’ religious freedom. Third, the Chinese Constitution enumerates basic obligations of citizens that limit religious freedom. Fourth, Article 36 protects only the inner freedom of religious belief, not freedom for religious practice. Finally, the second half of Article 36 places limitations on religious practices. Religious freedom in the Chinese Constitution is thus a highly limited freedom. To improve religious freedom protections in China it is necessary to amend the Constitution rather than simply promote full implementation in its current form.
Reading with the colonial in the life of Shaykh Musa Kamara, a Muslim scholar-saint
Authors: Marsh Wendell
Published: May 2020

The colonial-era Senegalese Muslim intellectual Shaykh Musa Kamara is best known for his over 1,700-page Arabic-language text about the history and social organization of the greater Western Sahel,Zuhūr al-basātīn fī tārīkh al-Sawādīn(Flowers in the Gardens in the History of the Blacks). Long celebrated by nationalist historiography as proof of an autochthonous historical consciousness and a spirit of tolerance, his status as a point of reference has been renewed in the contemporary context of Islamist political violence in the region. However, these receptions do not account for Kamara's own intellectual project, nor do they exhaust the possible readings of him in the present. In addition to thinking about Senegal in terms that cohere with the modern, Kamara also offers a way of thinking about the Muslim-majority West African country, and the greater Western Sahel more generally, in terms that have emerged from the historical specificity of the region. These include saintly subjectivity, notions of power irreducible to either the religious or the political, and a method of genealogical criticism. Importantly, he developed these ideas at the moment when a consensus about the place of Islam in colonial governance was being elaborated. Revisiting his body of work permits us to consider an analytical language about an African society with deep histories of Islam and an intellectual elaboration that was expressed within and sought to intervene in a colonial context.