bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applying the Swept Rule for Solving Two-Dimensional Partial Differential Equations on Heterogeneous Architectures
Authors: Walker Anthony S. , Niemeyer Kyle E.
Published: July 2021

The partial differential equations describing compressible fluid flows can be notoriously difficult to resolve on a pragmatic scale and often require the use of high-performance computing systems and/or accelerators. However, these systems face scaling issues such as latency, the fixed cost of communicating information between devices in the system. The swept rule is a technique designed to minimize these costs by obtaining a solution to unsteady equations at as many possible spatial locations and times prior to communicating. In this study, we implemented and tested the swept rule for solving two-dimensional problems on heterogeneous computing systems across two distinct systems and three key parameters: problem size, GPU block size, and work distribution. Our solver showed a speedup range of 0.22–2.69 for the heat diffusion equation and 0.52–1.46 for the compressible Euler equations. We can conclude from this study that the swept rule offers both potential for speedups and slowdowns and that care should be taken when designing such a solver to maximize benefits. These results can help make decisions to maximize these benefits and inform designs.
The Role of Telemedicine in Extending and Enhancing Medical Management of the Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Donner Claudio F. , ZuWallack Richard , Nici Linda
Published: July 2021

Medical management of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient must incorporate a broadened and holistic approach to achieve optimal outcomes. This is best achieved with integrated care, which is based on the chronic care model of disease management, proactively addressing the patient’s unique medical, social, psychological, and cognitive needs along the trajectory of the disease. While conceptually appealing, integrated care requires not only a different approach to disease management, but considerably more health care resources. One potential way to reduce this burden of care is telemedicine: technology that allows for the bidirectional transfer of important clinical information between the patient and health care providers across distances. This not only makes medical services more accessible; it may also enhance the efficiency of delivery and quality of care. Telemedicine includes distinct, often overlapping interventions, including telecommunication (enhancing lines of communication), telemonitoring (symptom reporting or the transfer of physiological data to health care providers), physical activity monitoring and feedback to the patient and provider, remote decision support systems (identifying “red flags,” such as the onset of an exacerbation), tele-consultation (directing assessment and care from a distance), tele-education (through web-based educational or self-management platforms), tele-coaching, and tele-rehabilitation (providing educational material, exercise training, or even total pulmonary rehabilitation at a distance when standard, center-based rehabilitation is not feasible). While the above components of telemedicine are conceptually appealing, many have had inconsistent results in scientific trials. Interventions with more consistently favorable results include those potentially modifying physical activity, non-invasive ventilator management, and tele-rehabilitation. More inconsistent results in other telemedicine interventions do not necessarily mean they are ineffective; rather, more data on refining the techniques may be necessary. Until more outcome data are available clinicians should resist being caught up in novel technologies simply because they are new.
Microsurgical Clipping of Carotid-Ophthalmic Tandem Aneurysms: Case Report and Surgical Nuances
Authors: Costa Matias , Baldoncini Matías , Tataryn Zachary L. , Demichelis Mickaela Echavarria , Conde Agustin , Purves Cynthia , Giotta Lucifero Alice , Hernesniemi Juha , Luzzi Sabino
Published: July 2021

Tandem intracranial aneurysms (TandIAs) are rare but inherently complex, and special technical considerations are required for their surgical management. The present case highlights the key surgical aspects of two carotid-ophthalmic TandIAs incidentally found in a 60-year-old female. Both the aneurysms were superiorly projecting, regular in size, and involved the left ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA). The minimum distance between the necks was 3 mm. The patient underwent microsurgery because of the reported major complications rate of the endovascular treatment in the case of a very short minimum distance between the TandIAs. After cervical ICA exposure, both the aneurysms were excluded through a pterional approach. Intradural anterior clinoidectomy and unroofing of the optic canal allowed the mobilization of the left optic nerve. The more distal aneurysm was clipped before the opening of the distal dural ring of the ICA. The proximal aneurysm was clipped with two straight clips stacked perpendicular to the ICA. A small remnant was intentionally left to avoid the stenosis of the ophthalmic artery. Postoperative angiography showed the exclusion of both the aneurysms with a small dog-ear of the more proximal one. The patient was discharged neurologically intact and, after one year, the remnant remained stable. Microsurgical clipping is a definitive and durable treatment for carotid-ophthalmic TandIAs. In the case of a very short minimum distance between the aneurysms, the distal one should be clipped first to make the anterior clinoidectomy, opening of the distal dural ring of the ICA, and clipping of the more proximal aneurysm easier.
Safety and Tolerability of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Dialyzed Patients. COViNEPH Project
Authors: Polewska Karolina , Tylicki Piotr , Biedunkiewicz Bogdan , Rucińska Angelika , Szydłowska Aleksandra , Kubanek Alicja , Rosenberg Iwona , Rodak Sylwia , Ślizień Waldemar , Renke Marcin , Dębska-Ślizień Alicja , Tylicki Leszek
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives: The Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 mRNA vaccine has demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety in phase 3 trials. However, no dialyzed patients were included, and therefore safety data for this patient group is lacking. The aim of the study was to assess the safety and tolerances of vaccinations with BNT162b2 performed in chronically dialyzed patients. Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study including a group of 190 dialyzed patients (65% male) at median age 68.0 (55–74) years. 169 (89.0%) patients were treated with hemodialysis and 21 (11.0%) with peritoneal dialysis. The control group consisted of 160 people (61% male) without chronic kidney disease at median age 63 (range 53–77) years. Both groups were vaccinated with BNT162b2 with a 21-day interval between the first and the second dose. Solicited local and systemic reactogenicity, unsolicited adverse events and antipyretic and pain medication use were assessed with a standardized questionnaire. The toxicity grading scales were derived from the FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research guidelines. Results: 59.8% (dose 1), 61.4% (dose 2) and 15.9% (dose 1), 29.4% (dose 2) dialyzed patients reported at least one local and one systemic reaction respectively within seven days after the vaccination. Many local and systemic solicited reactions were observed less frequently in dialyzed patients than in the age and sex matched control group and much less frequently than reported in the pivotal study. They were mostly mild to moderate, short-lived, and more frequently reported in younger individuals and women. No related unsolicited adverse events were observed. Conclusions: We have shown here that BNT162b2, an mRNA vaccine from Pfizer-BioNTech against SARS-COV-2 is safe and well-tolerated by dialyzed patients. The results can be useful for the nephrological community to resolve patients’ doubts and reduce their vaccine hesitancy.
Clinical Significance of Gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase Combined with Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin for the Assessment of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in Patients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Authors: Shibamoto Akihiko , Namisaki Tadashi , Suzuki Junya , Kubo Takahiro , Iwai Satoshi , Tomooka Fumimasa , Takeda Soichi , Fujimoto Yuki , Enomoto Masahide , Murata Koji , Inoue Takashi , Ishida Koji , Ogawa Hiroyuki , Takagi Hirotetsu , Kaya Daisuke , Tsuji Yuki , Ozutsumi Takahiro , Fujinaga Yukihisa , Furukawa Masanori , Nishimura Norihisa , Sawada Yasuhiko , Kitagawa Koh , Sato Shinya , Takaya Hiroaki , Kaji Kosuke , Shimozato Naotaka , Kawaratani Hideto , Moriya Kei , Akahane Takemi , Mitoro Akira , Yoshiji Hitoshi
Published: July 2021

Background: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GTP) to assess the single and combined benefits of these biological markers for the detection of chronic excessive alcohol consumption in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Methods: Biological markers were determined in blood samples from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (drinking group, n = 35; nondrinking group, n = 81). The prediction accuracy of %CDT alone, γ-GTP alone, and their combination for the detection of excessive alcohol consumption was determined in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Results: Serum total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-GTP, and alkaline phosphatase levels and %CDT were significantly higher and serum albumin levels were significantly lower in the drinking group than in the nondrinking group. The combination of %CDT and γ-GTP compared with %CDT or γ-GTP alone showed a higher prediction accuracy. The combination of %CDT and γ-GTP exhibited a higher specificity than γ-GTP alone. However, in terms of sensitivity, no significant difference was found between single or combined markers. Conclusions: The combination of %CDT and γ-GTP is considered a useful biomarker of chronic excessive alcohol consumption in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.
Experimental and Analytical Study of Horizontally Curved I-Girders Subjected to Equal End Moments
Authors: Lim Jeonghyeon , Kang Young-Jong , Lee Jeonghwa , Kim Seungjun , Lee Keesei
Published: July 2021

If bending and torsional moments are applied to an I-shaped beam member, the coupling of those two forces could reduce the bending moment capacity of that member. Therefore, the interaction between bending and torsional moments is an important issue for horizontally curved members that are always simultaneously subjected to bending and torsion. In this study, the behavior of the horizontally curved steel I-beam was investigated through numerical analysis. The ultimate state of sharply curved members that showed large displacement was defined in accordance with the stiffness reduction ratio to consist of strength curves. Based on the analysis results, interaction curves were established, and a strength equation was derived. The uniform torsional moment capacity, curvature, and slenderness parameters were considered in the equation, which were the main factors that affected the ultimate strength of curved members. The curvature effect was considered individually, so that the strength of the straight or curved girder could be estimated with a unified equation. To verify the accuracy of the suggested equation, experimental studies were also conducted. Consequently, the suggested equation shows very good agreement with the test results, and is expected to provide useful information for the design of curved members.
Strengthening Mechanisms in Metallic Materials
Authors: Kostryzhev Andrii G.
Published: July 2021

The mechanical properties of contemporary engineering alloys are approaching their natural limits [...]
Real-Time Weld Gap Monitoring and Quality Control Algorithm during Weaving Flux-Cored Arc Welding Using Deep Learning
Authors: Jin Chengnan , Rhee Sehun
Published: July 2021

In the flux-cored arc welding process, which is most widely used in shipbuilding, a constantexternal weld bead shape is an important factor in determining proper weld quality; however, thesize of the weld gap is generally not constant, owing to errors generated during the shell formingprocess; moreover, a constant external bead shape for the welding joint is difficult to obtain whenthe weld gap changes. Therefore, this paper presents a method for monitoring the weld gap andcontrolling the weld deposition rate based on a deep neural network (DNN) for the automationof the hull block welding process. Welding experiments were performed with a welding robotsynchronized with the welding machine, and the welding quality was classified according to theexperimental results. Welding current and voltage signals, as the robot passed through the weldseam, were measured using a trigger device and analyzed in the time domain and frequency domain,respectively. From the analyzed data, 24 feature variables were extracted and used as input for theproposed DNN model. Consequently, the offline and online performance verification results for newexperimental data using the proposed DNN model were 93% and 85%, respectively
A Miniature Four-Channel Ion Trap Array Based on Non-silicon MEMS Technology
Authors: Zhang Qi , Lu Xichi , Chen Ting , Xiao Yu , Yao Rujiao , Yao Jinyuan
Published: July 2021

With the increasing application field, a higher requirement is put forward for the mass spectrometer. The reduction in size will inevitably cause a loss of precision; therefore, it is necessary to develop a high-performance miniature mass spectrometer. Based on the researches of rectangular ion trap, the relationship between mass resolution and structural parameters of the ion trap array was analyzed by further simulation. The results indicate that, considering the balance of mass resolution and extraction efficiency, the preferable values for the field radius of exit direction y0 and ion exit slot width s0 are 1.61 mm and 200 μm, respectively. Afterwards, a miniature four-channel ion trap array (MFITA) was fabricated, by using MEMS and laser etching technology, and mass spectrometry experiments were carried out to demonstrate its performance. The mass resolution of butyl diacetate with m/z = 230 can reach 324. In addition, the consistency of four channels is verified within the error tolerance, by analyzing air samples. Our work can prove the correctness of the structural design and the feasibility of MEMS preparation for MFITA, which will bring meaningful guidance for its future development and optimization.
Power Dissipation of an Inductively Coupled Plasma Torch under E Mode Dominated Regime
Authors: Yu Nan , Jourdain Renaud , Gourma Mustapha , Xu Fangda , Bennett Adam , Fang Fengzhou
Published: July 2021

This paper focuses on the power dissipation of a plasma torch used for an optical surface fabrication process. The process utilizes an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch that is equipped with a De-Laval nozzle for the delivery of a highly collimated plasma jet. The plasma torch makes use of a self-igniting coil and an intermediate co-axial tube made of alumina. The torch has a distinctive thermal and electrical response compared to regular ICP torches. In this study, the results of the power dissipation investigation reveal the true efficiency of the torch and discern its electrical response. By systematically measuring the coolant parameters (temperature change and flow rate), the power dissipation is extrapolated. The radio frequency power supply is set to 800 W, E mode, throughout the research presented in this study. The analytical results of power dissipation, derived from the experiments, show that 15.4% and 33.3% are dissipated by the nozzle and coil coolant channels, respectively. The experiments also enable the determination of the thermal time constant of the plasma torch for the entire range of RF power.
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) Analysis for the Identification of Pathogenic Microorganisms: A Review
Authors: Chen Xin-Fei , Hou Xin , Xiao Meng , Zhang Li , Cheng Jing-Wei , Zhou Meng-Lan , Huang Jing-Jing , Zhang Jing-Jia , Xu Ying-Chun , Hsueh Po-Ren
Published: July 2021

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been used in the field of clinical microbiology since 2010. Compared with the traditional technique of biochemical identification, MALDI-TOF MS has many advantages, including convenience, speed, accuracy, and low cost. The accuracy and speed of identification using MALDI-TOF MS have been increasing with the development of sample preparation, database enrichment, and algorithm optimization. MALDI-TOF MS has shown promising results in identifying cultured colonies and rapidly detecting samples. MALDI-TOF MS has critical research applications for the rapid detection of highly virulent and drug-resistant pathogens. Here we present a scientific review that evaluates the performance of MALDI-TOF MS in identifying clinical pathogenic microorganisms. MALDI-TOF MS is a promising tool in identifying clinical microorganisms, although some aspects still require improvement.
Diterpenoids Isolated from Podocarpus macrophyllus Inhibited the Inflammatory Mediators in LPS-Induced HT-29 and RAW 264.7 Cells
Authors: Kim ChoEen , Le DucDat , Lee Mina
Published: July 2021

Species of Podocarpus are used traditionally in their native areas for the treatment of fevers, asthma, coughs, cholera, chest pain, arthritis, rheumatism, and sexually transmitted diseases. To identify natural products having efficacy against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we identified a new, 16-hydroxy-4β-carboxy-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-19-nor-totarol (4) together with three known diterpenoids from P. macrophyllus. Furthermore, all the extracts, fractions, and isolates 1–4 were investigated for their anti-inflammatory effects by assessing the expression on nitric oxide (NO) production and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 and HT-29 cells. Among them, nagilactone B (2) exhibited a potent anti-inflammatory effect against NO production on RAW 264.7 cells; therefore, nagilactone B was further assessed for anti-inflammatory activity. Western blot analysis revealed that nagilactone B significantly decreased the expression of LPS-stimulated protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK)1/2. In addition, nagilactone B downregulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 levels in LPS-induced macrophages and colonic epithelial cells. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on the inhibitory effect of nagilactone B (pure state) and rakanmakilactone G against NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Thus, diterpenoids isolated from P. macrophyllus could be employed as potential therapeutic phytochemicals for IBD.
A Potassium Based Fluorine Containing Bioactive Glass for Use as a Desensitizing Toothpaste
Authors: Tiskaya Melissa , Gillam David , Shahid Saroash , Hill Robert
Published: July 2021

Potassium releasing bioactive glasses (BAGs) may offer improved relief for dentine hypersensitivity compared to conventional sodium containing BAGs by releasing K+ ions for nerve desensitization and occluding dentinal tubules to prevent fluid flow within dentinal tubules. Potassium oxide was substituted for sodium oxide on a molar basis in a fluoride containing BAG used in toothpastes for treating dentine hypersensitivity. The BAG powders were then immersed in an artificial saliva at pH 7 and tris buffer and the pH rise and ion release behavior were characterized by ICP-OES and ISE. The potassium and sodium containing BAGs were characterized by XRD, DSC, FTIR and NMR. Both BAGs presented amorphous diffraction patterns and the glass transition temperature of the potassium glass was higher than that of the sodium glass. The 31P MAS-NMR spectra indicated a peak at 2.7 ppm corresponding to apatite and a small peak at −103 ppm indicated crystallization to fluorapatite. Both BAGs dissolved and formed apatite at similar rates, although the dissolution of the potassium glass was slightly slower and it released less fluoride as a result of partial nanocrystallization to fluorapatite upon quenching. The potassium release from the potassium ions could potentially result in nerve deactivation when used in toothpastes.
Polyphenol-Enriched Blueberry Preparation Controls Breast Cancer Stem Cells by Targeting FOXO1 and miR-145
Authors: Mallet Jean-François , Shahbazi Roghayeh , Alsadi Nawal , Matar Chantal
Published: July 2021

Scientific evidence supports the early deregulation of epigenetic profiles during breast carcinogenesis. Research shows that cellular transformation, carcinogenesis, and stemness maintenance are regulated by epigenetic-specific changes that involve microRNAs (miRNAs). Dietary bioactive compounds such as blueberry polyphenols may modulate susceptibility to breast cancer by the modulation of CSC survival and self-renewal pathways through the epigenetic mechanism, including the regulation of miRNA expression. Therefore, the current study aimed to assay the effect of polyphenol enriched blueberry preparation (PEBP) or non-fermented blueberry juice (NBJ) on the modulation of miRNA signature and the target proteins associated with different clinical-pathological characteristics of breast cancer such as stemness, invasion, and chemoresistance using breast cancer cell lines. To this end, 4T1 and MB-MDM-231 cell lines were exposed to NBJ or PEBP for 24 h. miRNA profiling was performed in breast cancer cell cultures, and RT-qPCR was undertaken to assay the expression of target miRNA. The expression of target proteins was examined by Western blotting. Profiling of miRNA revealed that several miRNAs associated with different clinical-pathological characteristics were differentially expressed in cells treated with PEBP. The validation study showed significant downregulation of oncogenic miR-210 expression in both 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to PEBP. In addition, expression of tumor suppressor miR-145 was significantly increased in both cell lines treated with PEBP. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the relative expression of FOXO1 in 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to PEBP and in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to NBJ. Furthermore, a significant decrease was observed in the relative expression of N-RAS in 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to PEBP and in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to NBJ. Our data indicate a potential chemoprevention role of PEBP through the modulation of miRNA expression, particularly miR-210 and miR-145, and protection against breast cancer development and progression. Thus, PEBP may represent a source for novel chemopreventative agents against breast cancer.
Validated Simultaneous Gradient Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Quantification of Some Proton Pump Inhibitor Drug Residues in Saudi Pharmaceutical Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Abdel-Gawad Sherif A. , Arab Hany H. , Alabbas Alhumaidi B.
Published: July 2021

Monitoring and quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the environment constitute important and challenging tasks, as they are directly associated with human health. Three commonly used proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), namely, omeprazole sodium (OMP), pantoprazole sodium (PNT), and lansoprazole sodium (LNZ) are well separated and quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater. The separation of the studied drugs was performed on a stationary phase with a WatersTM column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm). The mobile phase was composed of methanol:0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 7.5 using NaOH) (50:50, v/v). The elution process was done in gradient mode by changing the relative proportions of the mobile phase components with time to get an optimum separation pattern. The flow rate of the developing system was adjusted to 0.8 mL/minute. Detection of the separated drugs was performed at 230 nm. The studied drugs were quantified in the concentration range of 10–200 ng/mL for all drugs. The cited method was fully validated according to the international conference on harmonization (ICH-Q2B) guidelines, then it was applied successfully for quantification of the studied PPIs in real wastewater samples after their solid phase extraction (SPE).
Aromatic Amines in Organic Synthesis. Part II. p-Aminocinnamaldehydes
Authors: Pietrzak Marek , Jędrzejewska Beata
Published: July 2021

Ten derivatives of p-aminocinnamic aldehydes were prepared from the reaction of either aromatic amines with dimethylaminoacrolein or benzaldehydes with acetaldehyde. Their chemical structure and purity were verified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopic methods. We found that the synthesis applying dimethylaminoacrolein as the reagent gets better yields than the one based on the reaction with acetaldehyde. The yields of the cinnamic aldehydes varied according to the type of the amino group and the number and position of the substituents. The basic spectroscopic properties of the p-aminocinnamic aldehydes are also described since the compounds may be a precursor for the synthesis of dyes for diverse applications, e.g., in medicine and optoelectronics.
Optimization of MAE for the Separation of Nicotine and Phenolics from Tobacco Waste by Using the Response Surface Methodology Approach
Authors: Banožić Marija , Banjari Ines , Flanjak Ivana , Paštar Mate , Vladić Jelena , Jokić Stela
Published: July 2021

This study intends to valorize by-products of the industrial processing of tobacco to obtain nicotine and phenolics as value-added compounds. Three influential parameters of the microwave-assisted extraction-MAE (temperature, treatment time, and solvent/solid ratio) were studied for the optimization of the extraction protocol for tobacco leaves and three types of waste—scrap, dust, and midrib, respectively. Nicotine was the dominant bioactive compound in all extracts, ranging from 1.512 to 5.480% in leaves, 1.886 to 3.709% in scrap, 2.628 to 4.840% dust, and 0.867 to 1.783% in midrib extracts. Five phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, predominated by chlorogenic acid and rutin. Additionally, total phenol content and antioxidant activity were determined using spectrophotometric assays. Optimization was performed in two aspects: to obtain a maximum extraction yield with minimum nicotine content and to obtain a maximum extraction yield with maximum nicotine content. These findings demonstrate that tobacco waste is a valuable source of bioactive compounds and MAE can be a promising alternative technique to obtain extracts rich in targeted bioactive compounds, especially nicotine.
A Multistep Workflow to Evaluate Newly Generated iPSCs and Their Ability to Generate Different Cell Types
Authors: Chen Carol X.-Q. , Abdian Narges , Maussion Gilles , Thomas Rhalena A. , Demirova Iveta , Cai Eddie , Tabatabaei Mahdieh , Beitel Lenore K. , Karamchandani Jason , Fon Edward A. , Durcan Thomas M.
Published: July 2021

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from human somatic cells have created new opportunities to generate disease-relevant cells. Thus, as the use of patient-derived stem cells has become more widespread, having a workflow to monitor each line is critical. This ensures iPSCs pass a suite of quality-control measures, promoting reproducibility across experiments and between labs. With this in mind, we established a multistep workflow to assess our newly generated iPSCs. Our workflow tests four benchmarks: cell growth, genomic stability, pluripotency, and the ability to form the three germline layers. We also outline a simple test for assessing cell growth and highlight the need to compare different growth media. Genomic integrity in the human iPSCs is analyzed by G-band karyotyping and a qPCR-based test for the detection of common karyotypic abnormalities. Finally, we confirm that the iPSC lines can differentiate into a given cell type, using a trilineage assay, and later confirm that each iPSC can be differentiated into one cell type of interest, with a focus on the generation of cortical neurons. Taken together, we present a multistep quality-control workflow to evaluate newly generated iPSCs and detail the findings on these lines as they are tested within the workflow.
Simultaneous Improvement of Yield Strength and Ductility at Cryogenic Temperature by Gradient Structure in 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Qin Shuang , Yang Muxin , Yuan Fuping , Wu Xiaolei
Published: July 2021

The tensile properties and the corresponding deformation mechanism of the graded 304 stainless steel (ss) at both room and cryogenic temperatures were investigated and compared with those of the coarse-grained (CGed) 304 ss. Gradient structures were found to have excellent synergy of strength and ductility at room temperature, and both the yield strength and the uniform elongation were found to be simultaneously improved at cryogenic temperature in the gradient structures, as compared to those for the CG sample. The hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) hardening was found to play a more important role in the gradient structures as compared to the CG sample and be more obvious at cryogenic temperature as compared to that at room temperature. The central layer in the gradient structures provides stronger strain hardening during tensile deformation at both temperatures, due to more volume fraction of martensitic transformation. The volume fraction of martensitic transformation in the gradient structures was found to be much higher at cryogenic temperature, resulting in a much stronger strain hardening at cryogenic temperature. The amount of martensitic transformation at the central layer of the gradient structures is observed to be even higher than that for the CG sample at cryogenic temperature, which is one of the origins for the simultaneous improvement of strength and ductility by the gradient structures at cryogenic temperature.
Periodontal and Dental Pulp Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Review of the Current Status
Authors: Hua Shu , Bartold Peter Mark , Gulati Karan , Moran Corey Stephen , Ivanovski Sašo , Han Pingping
Published: July 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound lipid particles that are secreted by all cell types and function as cell-to-cell communicators through their cargos of protein, nucleic acid, lipids, and metabolites, which are derived from their parent cells. There is limited information on the isolation and the emerging therapeutic role of periodontal and dental pulp cell-derived small EVs (sEVs, <200 nm, or exosome). In this review, we discuss the biogenesis of three EV subtypes (sEVs, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies) and the emerging role of sEVs from periodontal ligament (stem) cells, gingival fibroblasts (or gingival mesenchymal stem cells) and dental pulp cells, and their therapeutic potential in vitro and in vivo. A review of the relevant methodology found that precipitation-based kits and ultracentrifugation are the two most common methods to isolate periodontal (dental pulp) cell sEVs. Periodontal (and pulp) cell sEVs range in size, from 40 nm to 2 μm, due to a lack of standardized isolation protocols. Nevertheless, our review found that these EVs possess anti-inflammatory, osteo/odontogenic, angiogenic and immunomodulatory functions in vitro and in vivo, via reported EV cargos of EV–miRNAs, EV–circRNAs, EV–mRNAs and EV–lncRNAs. This review highlights the considerable therapeutic potential of periodontal and dental pulp cell-derived sEVs in various regenerative applications.
The Contribution of Foods and Beverages of Low Nutritional Value to the Diets of Swedish Adolescents, by Food Group, Time and Place. A Nationally Representative Study
Authors: Lindroos Anna Karin , Moraeus Lotta , Sipinen Jessica Petrelius , Lemming Eva Warensjö , Patterson Emma
Published: July 2021

Adolescence is a time in life when lifestyle behaviours are acquired. One indicator of poor diet quality is the intake of foods and beverages with a relatively low nutritional value. Using the Australian classification of such foods, termed “discretionary”, we classified the intakes of Swedish adolescents who participated in the Riksmaten Adolescent 2016–17 national dietary survey. From selected schools, 3099 adolescents in age groups 11–12, 14–15 and 17–18 years provided two 24-h recalls. Intakes and healthy dietary scores were calculated. Plasma ferritin, folate and 25(OH)D were available for a third. Almost 40% of total energy came from discretionary foods/beverages. Adolescents with higher intakes were more likely to be female, older, from a low socioeconomic position-household and born in Sweden. Most discretionary foods/beverages were consumed on weekend days and during in-between meals, outside of the home and at school. Percent energy from discretionary intake was associated with healthy dietary scores but not nutritional status. A substantial amount of energy was obtained from discretionary foods/beverages, and we found that consumption is pervasive across sociodemographic factors, time and place. Addressing this pattern will require a comprehensive approach to food environments and behaviours to reach all adolescents in an equitable manner.
The Emerging Role of Sfrp5 and Wnt5a in the Pathogenesis of Obesity: Implications for a Healthy Diet and Lifestyle
Authors: Koutaki Diamanto , Michos Athanasios , Bacopoulou Flora , Charmandari Evangelia
Published: July 2021

In recent decades, the prevalence of obesity has risen dramatically worldwide among all age groups. Obesity is characterized by excess fat accumulation and chronic low-grade inflammation. The adipose tissue functions as a metabolically active endocrine organ secreting adipokines. A novel duo of adipokines, the anti-inflammatory secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (Sfrp5) and the proinflammatory wingless type mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) integration site family member 5A (Wnt5a), signal via the non-canonical Wnt pathway. Recent evidence suggests that Sfpr5 and Wnt5a play a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity and its metabolic complications. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the novel regulatory system of anti-inflammatory Sfrp5 and pro-inflammatory Wnt5a, and their relation to obesity and obesity-related complications. Future studies are required to investigate the potential role of Sfrp5 and Wnt5a as biomarkers for monitoring the response to lifestyle interventions and for predicting the development of cardiometabolic risk factors. These adipokines may also serve as novel therapeutic targets for obesity-related disorders.
Effect of Low FODMAPs Diet on Irritable Bowel Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials
Authors: Hahn Jongsung , Choi Jeongwon , Chang Min Jung
Published: July 2021

We conducted a meta-analysis exploring the effect of a low fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols diet (LFD) on the overall symptoms, quality of life, and stool habits of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. The meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects method. The effect size was presented as weighted standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analyses were conducted to determine the potential effects of covariates on the outcome. Twenty-two papers were included. The LFD group showed a moderate reduction in symptom severity and a slight improvement in quality of life compared to the control group (SMD, −0.53 and 0.24; 95% CI, −0.68, −0.38 and 0.02, 0.47, respectively). IBS symptom improvement was consistent between subgroups stratified according to proportions of female patients, study durations, IBS subtypes, assessment methods, and control interventions. Three studies regarding stool habits change in IBS-D patients showed a significant decrease in stool frequency (mean differences [MD], −5.56/week; 95% CI, −7.40, −3.72) and a significant improvement in stool consistency (MD, −0.86; 95% CI, −1.52, −0.19) in the LFD group compared to the control group. This is the most updated meta-analysis including studies that adopted diverse control interventions such as dietary interventions, supplementation, habitual diets, and lifestyle changes.
Biochemical Profiles of In Vivo Oral Mucosa by Using a Portable Raman Spectroscopy System
Authors: Saito Nogueira Marcelo , Ribeiro Victoria , Pires Marianna , Peralta Felipe , Carvalho Luis Felipe das Chagas e Silva de
Published: July 2021

Most oral injuries are diagnosed by histopathological analysis of invasive and time-consuming biopsies. This analysis and conventional clinical observation cannot identify biochemically altered tissues predisposed to malignancy if no microstructural changes are detectable. With this in mind, detailed biochemical characterization of normal tissues and their differentiation features on healthy individuals is important in order to recognize biomolecular changes associated with early tissue predisposition to malignant transformation. Raman spectroscopy is a label-free method for characterization of tissue structure and specific composition. In this study, we used Raman spectroscopy to characterize the biochemistry of in vivo oral tissues of healthy individuals. We investigated this biochemistry based on the vibrational modes related to Raman spectra of four oral subsites (buccal, gingiva, lip and tongue) of ten volunteers as well as with principal component (PC) loadings for the difference between the four types of oral subsites. Therefore, we determined the biochemical characteristics of each type of healthy oral subsite and those corresponding to differentiation of the four types of subsites. In addition, we developed a spectral reference of oral healthy tissues of individuals in the Brazilian population for future diagnosis of early pathological conditions using real-time, noninvasive and label-free techniques such as Raman spectroscopy.
Synthesis and Human Carbonic Anhydrase I, II, IX, and XII Inhibition Studies of Sulphonamides Incorporating Mono-, Bi- and Tricyclic Imide Moieties
Authors: Sethi Kalyan , Mishra KM , Verma Saurabh , Vullo Daniela , Carta Fabrizio , Supuran Claudiu
Published: July 2021

New derivatives were synthesised by reaction of amino-containing aromatic sulphonamides with mono-, bi-, and tricyclic anhydrides. These sulphonamides were investigated as human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs, EC 4.2.1.1) I, II, IX, and XII inhibitors. hCA I was inhibited with inhibition constants (Kis) ranging from 49 to >10,000 nM. The physiologically dominant hCA II was significantly inhibited by most of the sulphonamide with the Kis ranging between 2.4 and 4515 nM. hCA IX and hCA XII were inhibited by these sulphonamides in the range of 9.7 to 7766 nM and 14 to 316 nM, respectively. The structure–activity relationships (SAR) are rationalised with the help of molecular docking studies.
Soluble Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Is Upregulated and Soluble Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) Is Downregulated in COVID-19-induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Authors: Vassiliou Alice G. , Zacharis Alexandros , Keskinidou Chrysi , Jahaj Edison , Pratikaki Maria , Gallos Parisis , Dimopoulou Ioanna , Kotanidou Anastasia , Orfanos Stylianos E.
Published: July 2021

A damaged endothelium is an underlying condition of the many complications of COVID-19 patients. The increased mortality risk associated with diseases that have underlying endothelial dysfunction, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), suggests that endothelial (e) nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-derived nitric oxide could be an important defense mechanism. Additionally, intravenous recombinant angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was recently reported as an effective therapy in severe COVID-19, by blocking viral entry, and thus reducing lung injury. Very few studies exist on the prognostic value of endothelium-related protective molecules in severe COVID-19 disease. To this end, serum levels of eNOS, inducible (i) NOS, adrenomedullin (ADM), soluble (s) ACE2 levels, and serum (s) ACE activity were measured on hospital admission in 89 COVID-19 patients, hospitalized either in a ward or ICU, of whom 68 had ARDS, while 21 did not. In our cohort, the COVID-19-ARDS patients had considerably lower eNOS levels compared to the COVID-19 non-ARDS patients. On the other hand, sACE2 was significantly higher in the ARDS patients. iNOS, ADM and sACE activity did not differ. Our results might support the notion of two distinct defense mechanisms in COVID-19-derived ARDS; eNOS-derived nitric oxide could be one of them, while the dramatic rise in sACE2 may also represent an endogenous mechanism involved in severe COVID-19 complications, such as ARDS. These results could provide insight to therapeutical applications in COVID-19.
Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Implemented by Computer-Generated Holograms for Generation of 3D Layered Images in Optical Near Field
Authors: Lee Chung-Fei , Hsu Wei-Feng , Yang Tzu-Hsuan , Chung Ren-Jei
Published: July 2021

Photocurable three-dimensional (3D) printing is a stepwise layer-by-layer fabrication process widely used in the manufacture of highly specialized objects. Current 3D printing techniques are easily implemented; however, the build rate is slow and the surface quality is less than ideal. Holographic 3D display (3DHD) technology makes it possible to reform planar wavefronts into a 3D intensity distribution, which appears as a 3D image in space. This paper examined the application of holographic imaging technology to 3D printing based on photocurable polymers. The proposed system uses a 3DHD diffractive optics system based on a liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator (LCoS-SLM), wherein a 3D layered image is created in the optical near field, based on a computer-generated hologram (CGH) optimized using the iterative angular spectrum algorithm (IASA) and a circular IASA. From a single CGH, multiple 2D sliced images are created in space to form a 3D optical image used to initiate the photopolymerization of photocurable resin to form 3D objects. In experiments, the proposed 3D printing system was used to create five polymer objects with a maximum axial length of 25 mm and minimum feature width of 149 μm. The phase-only CGH reformed the incident light into a distribution of optical intensity with high diffraction efficiency suitable for photocuring. Despite limitations pertaining to fabrication area and axial complexity in this initial study, the proposed method demonstrated high light efficiency, high resolution in the lateral direction, rapid fabrication, and good object continuity.
Types/Applications of Photoacoustic Contrast Agents: A Review
Authors: Jung Jaehun , Jang Yongho , Kim Mingyun , Kim Hyuncheol
Published: July 2021

Ultrasound imaging, one of the common diagnosis techniques, is frequently used since it is safe, cost-efficient technique and real-time imaging can be conducted. However, various organs and tissues reflect ultrasonic waves, which leads to difficulty in imaging small biomolecules and to a low spatial resolution for deep-tissue images. As such, there have been significant advances in photonics and optical molecular probes in recent years, and photoacoustic (PA) tomography (PAT) has emerged as a promising modality that can overcome the limitations of ultrasound. PAT relies on the photoacoustic effect, which is the conversion of absorbed optical energy into acoustic energy. Since fewer biomolecules exhibit the photoacoustic effect compared to the scattering or reflection of ultrasound, PAT can be employed to generate high-resolution images. PAT also has a number of other advantages when compared to conventional biomedical imaging modalities such as optical tomography, ultrasound imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This review provides a general overview of the contrast agents used for PAT, including organic, inorganic and hybrid contrast agents, and describes their application. This review also identifies limitations of current PAT contrast agents and suggests future research directions for their development.
Genetic Diversity and Structure of Rear Edge Populations of Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae) in the Hyrcanian Forest
Authors: Yousefzadeh Hamed , Raeisi Shahla , Esmailzadeh Omid , Jalali Gholamali , Nasiri Malek , Walas Łukasz , Kozlowski Gregor
Published: July 2021

Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae) is a small tree species widely distributed in Eurasia. The Hyrcanian forest is the southernmost distribution limit of this species. Severe habitat degradation and inadequate human interventions have endangered the long-term survival of this species in this region, and it is necessary to develop and apply appropriate management methods to prevent the loss of its genetic diversity. In this study, we used 10 SSR markers in order to evaluate the genetic diversity of this taxon. Leaf samples were collected from five known populations of S. aucuparia throughout its distribution area in the Hyrcanian forest. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.61 (ASH) to 0.73, and according to the M-ratio, all populations showed a significant reduction in effective population size, indicating a genetic bottleneck. Global FST was not statistically significant and attained the same values with and without excluding null alleles (ENA) correction (FST = 0.12). Bayesian analysis performed with STRUCTURE defined two genetic clusters among the five known populations, while the results of discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) identified three distinct groups. The average proportion of migrants was 22. In general, the gene flow was asymmetrical, with the biggest differences between immigration and emigration in Barzekoh and Asbehriseh. The Mantel test showed that there was no significant correlation between genetic distance (FST) and geographic distance in S. aucuparia. The best pathway for theoretical gene flow is located across the coast of the Caspian Sea and significant spatial autocorrelation was observed in only one population. In order to reduce the extinction risk of very small and scattered populations of S. aucuparia in the Hyrcanian forest, it is very important to establish and/or enhance the connectivity through habitat restoration or genetic exchange.
Plant Invasion Research in Russia: Basic Projects and Scientific Fields
Authors: Vinogradova Yulia K. , Tokhtar Valeriy K. , Notov Alexander A. , Mayorov Sergey R. , Danilova Elena S.
Published: July 2021

This paper represents a review of comprehensive research into invasion biology done by Russian scholars for four decades. Invasion biology is a relatively new field of research focused on the study of alien plants, their behavior in new habitats and risks they pose to indigenous species. It is shown that over 40 years, single finds of alien plant species have transformed into a check-list of invasive species in Russia. The most significant invasion pathways were identified, and the rate of microevolutional changes in plant species in their secondary distribution range was determined. Since the most active alien species disperse without regard to national borders, international cooperation is crucial in joint studies of invasive species.