bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of Value Adding Services Related to Financing and Ownership: A Business Model Perspective
Authors: Tauqeer Muhammad , Bang Knut Erik
Published: July 2019

It is an agreed fact among scholars that services are more sustainable compared to the products. By offering services, traditional companies can lock their customers into a long-term and sustainable revenue generation settlement. Available academic literature is abundant with methodologies related to service development. However, this study investigates various value adding service options related to financing and ownership of a product that can be offered on top of the existing products. It is important to understand these options from the consumer as well as supplier perspective. The most well established options available for financing/ownership are compiled, and sorted with respect to intangibility, ownership, financing and value addition scale. The study argues that the identified options incrementally add value to the existing offering by increasing the purchasing power and reducing the ownership obstacles for the customers. However, for the supplier, the decision depends on the trade-off between value addition for the customers and the business model changes required.
Adding Implicit Measurement Methods to Interactive Optimizations in Industrial Design - A Concept, First Tests, and Comparison Using Two Simple Case Studies
Authors: Wiesner Martin , Petrow Andreas , Vajna Sándor
Published: July 2019

In this article, a new approach to interactive optimization in industrial design is presented in which, for the first time, implicit preference acquisition methods are integrated. Suitable methods for preference acquisition will be selected, adapted and combined with an own PSO-inspired algorithm. The application of implicit preferences as well as the combined application of implicit and explicit preferences in an interactive optimization represents the main novelty of this contribution since this has not yet been carried out according to the current state of knowledge.Two case studies will be used to test this new approach with regard to convergence and acceptance, and a comparison will be made between the three different kind of optimization (implicit, explicit as well as a combination of both) in terms of their results.
Three-Dimensional Approach for Assessing Uncommonness of Ideas
Authors: Fiorineschi Lorenzo , Frillici Francesco Saverio , Rotini Federico
Published: July 2019

A posteriori novelty metrics are often used in design research, in order to extract important information about creativity. However, different assessment approaches can be found in the literature, each of them with related pros and cons. In particular, weighted uncommonness, overall uncommonness and uncommonness across groups are the three main families of a-posteriori novelty metrics identified in this paper. Each of the considered literature metrics can provide specific types of information about the uncommonness of ideas, but in certain experimental circumstances, it could be difficult to rapidly identify the best-suited approach. This paper proposes an integrated procedure where the advantages offered by the three families of metrics can be applied concurrently. A generic case study is used for a first application of the proposal, and the obtained results show that a more comprehensive set of information about a-posteriori novelty can be extracted. In particular, novelty data from the three families of metrics are extracted in a single assessment process.
Towards an Approach Integrating Various Levels of Data Analytics to Exploit Product-Usage Information in Product Development
Authors: Klein Patrick , van der Vegte Wilhelm Frederik , Hribernik Karl , Klaus-Dieter Thoben
Published: July 2019

By applying data analytics to product usage information (PUI) from combinations of different channels, companies can get a more complete picture of their products’ and services’ Mid-Of-Life. All data, which is gathered within the usage phase of a product and which relates to a more comprehensive understanding of the usability of the product itself, can become valuable input. Nevertheless, an efficient use of such knowledge requires to setup related analysis capabilities enabling users not only to visualize relevant data, but providing development related knowledge e.g. to predict product behaviours not yet reflected by initial requirements.

The paper elaborates on explorations to support product development with analytics to improve anticipation of future usage of products and related services. The discussed descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytics in given research context share the idea and overarching process of getting knowledge out of PUI data. By implementation of corresponding features into an open software platform, the application of advanced analytics for white goods product development has been explored as a reference scenario for PUI exploitation.
Using a Design Ontology to Identify the Terms that Represent the Design Results Across Research Communities
Authors: Rosa Maiara , Rozenfeld Henrique
Published: July 2019

This paper is contextualized in a research project that aims to create a new paradigm to support the design process, substituting the sequential nature of design process models by a flexible structure. To implement this paradigm, we must identify the final and intermediate results of the design process, such as documents, models, artefacts, among others. However, design research is wide and multidisciplinary, resulting in non-uniformity of the terminology across research communities, what hinders the results identification by means of a literature review. This paper aims to identify the terms employed by different research communities to refer to the intermediate and final results of the design process, structuring synonym terms across research communities and establishing how those terms interrelate in the design ontology. Using literature review, the following terms were analysed: design objects, elements, deliverables, entities, information, components, data, and artefacts. The results provide a holistic view of how the terms are employed throughout research communities, supporting the creation of search strings and pointing out opportunities for improving the design ontology.
Agile Lightweight Design - The Extended Target Weighing Approach in ASD - Agile Systems Design Using Functional Modelling with the C&C2-Approach
Authors: Albers Albert , Matthiesen Sven , Revfi Sven , Schönhoff Christopher , Grauberger Patric , Heimicke Jonas
Published: July 2019

The context of product development can be understood as transformation of needs into technical solutions under the continuous handling of uncertainties. These result particularly in early development phases from a lack of technical knowledge. In order to counter the uncertainties, companies are increasingly implementing agile approaches, which mostly originate in the area of software development. Although these are suitable for flexible handling of project management activities and lead to an increased reactivity of the development team, they do not address the early and continuous integration of technical knowledge into the process. With the aim of optimizing mechatronic systems with regard to their lightweight design potentials, in this article a method is developed that supports agile development with the goal of lightweight design. Therefore, it combines a method for functional modelling with a function-based lightweight design method. The targeted integration of technical knowledge has shown that lightweight design potentials can be optimized iteratively in agile approaches. As an initial validation, the applicability of the method was demonstrated in a development project.
Design of Hybrid Components Joining Zone through Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Siqueira Renan , Shugar Sean , Mozgova Iryna , Lachmayer Roland
Published: July 2019

Multi-material structures are a trending topic for the industry. With a high application potential, such as lightweight or extended life cycle, different manufacturing technologies are further developed for this intent. One of these technologies is Tailored Forming, a process-chain capable of joining different metals and creating massive hybrid components. In parallel to this development, new challenges rise for design, which has the responsibility of finding an optimal use of this technology and produce higher- performance products. However, this task cannot be solved by conventional engineering approach, since strong manufacturing constraints are involved and a lack of understanding about the joining zone formed between the materials still exists. To fill this gap, the objective of this study is to analyse the influence of the joining zone design over the structure behaviour and establish a suitable design method. For that, a computer-aided environment was constructed and a parametric sensitivity analysis was executed, taking a hybrid shaft as example. At the end, the simulation's results allowed a multi-objective optimisation and were able to generate first design guidelines.
Function-Based Material Selection for Cross-Component Lightweight Design Within the Extended Target Weighing Approach
Authors: Revfi Sven , Kaspar Jerome , Vielhaber Michael , Albers Albert
Published: July 2019

Shortening product development cycles while improving cost efficiency and quality epitomize a key challenge in today's competitive market environment. Integrated approaches simultaneously taking into account a conceptual design, material and processing definition methodologically facilitate the progress of promising product solutions most effectively. However, assorted approaches in the field of lightweight design as well as material selection mostly trying to cover alternative solutions on a component-specific level exclusively, yet.

Thus, this contribution outlines a cross-component material selection for function-based lightweight design within the Extended Target Weighing Approach covering the identification and evaluation of lightweight design potentials. The developed method is based on Ashby's material selection additionally taking into account project objectives for mass, costs and CO2 emissions in individual functional design spaces. Resulting in material combinations fitting to clearly stated project targets, the product engineer is already supported in an early phase of product development when initially assessing feasible materials for the overall system development.
A Text Mining Based Map of Engineering Design: Topics and their Trajectories Over Time
Authors: Chiarello Filippo , Melluso Nicola , Bonaccorsi Andrea , Fantoni Gualtiero
Published: July 2019

The Engineering Design field is growing fast and so is growing the number of sub-fields that are bringing value to researchers that are working in this context. From psychology to neurosciences, from mathematics to machine learning, everyday scholars and practitioners produce new knowledge of potential interest for designers.

This leads to complications in the researchers’ aims who want to quickly and easily find literature on a specific topic among a large number of scientific publications or want to effectively position a new research.

In the present paper, we address this problem by using state of the art text mining techniques on a large corpus of Engineering Design related documents. In particular, a topic modelling technique is applied to all the papers published in the ICED proceedings from 2003 to 2017 (3,129 documents) in order to find the main subtopics of Engineering Design. Finally, we analyzed the trends of these topics over time, to give a bird-eye view of how the Engineering Design field is evolving.

The results offer a clear and bottom-up picture of what Engineering design is and how the interest of researchers in different topics has changed over time.
A Matrix-Based Approach to Investigate the Geometrical Dependencies between Non-Driving-Related Tasks and Future Vehicle Concepts
Authors: Seebach Niko , Rück Marcel , Arlt Frank , Bender Beate
Published: July 2019

Caused by the technology of automated driving the user is temporarily released from driving and can perform non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs), such as sleeping or working. The aim of this paper is to describe the geometrical interdependencies between NDRTs and different vehicle types, to be able to integrate them in the geometric package of the early phase of the vehicle conception. To address the objective a literature based study of existing approaches for vehicle conception and NDRT-studies was carried out. Additionally interviews with n=15 experts from the automotive conception department and a databased analysis of n=259 vehicles was conducted. Based on these investigations 91 geometrical characteristics for NDRTs and vehicle types werde determined and combined through a matrix-based approach. By analysing the approach highly connected characteristics such as the torso angle were identified and equations were set up to describe the relations. The approach can be used for different NDRTs such as relaxing and working and different vehicle types such as sporty cars or SUVs in order to integrate them into the package.
Towards Holistic Energy-Efficient Vehicle Product System Design: The Case for a Penalized Continuous End-of-Life Model in the Life Cycle Energy Optimisation Methodology
Authors: Bouchouireb Hamza , O'Reilly Ciarán J. , Göransson Peter , Schöggl Josef-Peter , Baumgartner Rupert J. , Potting José
Published: July 2019

The Life Cycle Energy Optimisation (LCEO) methodology aims at finding a design solution that uses a minimum amount of cumulative energy demand over the different phases of the vehicle's life cycle, while complying with a set of functional constraints. This effectively balances trade-offs, and therewith avoids sub-optimal shifting between the energy demand for the cradle-to-production of materials, operation of the vehicle, and end-of-life phases. The present work describes the extension of the LCEO methodology to perform holistic product system optimisation. The constrained design of an automotive component and the design of a subset of the processes which are applied to it during its life cycle are simultaneously optimised to achieve a minimal product system life cycle energy. A subset of the processes of the end-of-life phase of a vehicle's roof are modeled through a continuous formulation. The roof is modeled as a sandwich structure with its design variables being the material compositions and the thicknesses of the different layers. The results show the applicability of the LCEO methodology to product system design and the use of penalization to ensure solution feasibility.
Development of a Configure-to-Order-Based Process for the Implementation of Modular Product Architectures: A Case Study
Authors: Seiler Florian Michael , Greve Erik , Krause Dieter
Published: July 2019

As todays’ global market trends lead to an increasing demand for individualised products, manufacturers need to cope with a high degree of internal and external variety, which has a severe impact on complexity and therefore -costs. When implementing modular product architectures, it becomes obvious, that the actual Engineer-to-Order (ETO) processes cannot cope with the requirements of such a product architecture. It is crucial to develop a complying Configure-to-Order (CTO) process in order to make full use of its suppled benefits. As there is no existing approach about how to methodically change an existing ETO process into an adequate CTO process, we intend to fill this gap with this paper by showing an approach for the development of a CTO process for modular product architectures. Furthermore, we show the application and evaluation of this approach in a case study with a special equipment manufacturer (SME), that is already implementing modular architectures.
Towards an Uncertainty Framework for Product Service Systems of Systems
Authors: Fakhfakh Sarra , Hein Andreas Makoto , Jankovic Marija , Chazal Yann
Published: July 2019

Product Service Systems (PSS) are increasingly complex and collaborative. For instance, manufacturing companies, service providers, and other companies collaborate and jointly develop and operate a PSS (ex: smart grid), where its constituent elements are managed and operated independently. Managerial independence and operational independence are commonly considered key characteristics of a System of Systems (SoS). Hence, a collaborative PSS exhibits System of Systems (SoSs) characteristics. These systems have previously been introduced as Product Service Systems of Systems (PSSoSs). In this paper, we propose to identify relevant uncertainties in the PSSoS design process. For this purpose, we go beyond the PSSoS concept definition and propose a comprehensive framework for PSS and PSSoS characterization. Moreover, based on both a literature review and an industrial diagnosis, we identify PSSoSs-specific design uncertainties.
Bio-Inspired Design for Additive Manufacturing - Case Study: Microtiter Plate
Authors: Hashemi Farzaneh Helena , Angele Ferdinand , Zimmermann Markus
Published: July 2019

Bio-inspired design is an innovative methodology for transferring biological solutions into technical solutions, for example for the design of weight- and load-optimized components. Bio-inspired design therefore offers great potential for meeting the challenges of designing additively manufactured components, such as avoiding warpage, supporting structures and material minimisation. Nevertheless, apart from bio-inspired topology optimization tools, bio-inspired design is rarely used in industrial practice because for many companies the practical applicability up to the prototype is not obvious. The aim of this work is therefore a practical approach to the search for biological systems, analysis, abstraction and transfer of analogies. We apply bio-inspired design on the design of a microtiter plate manufactured by stereolithography, whose dimensional accuracy is impaired by warpage. Here, the venus’ flower basket, a deep-sea sponge, can serve as a model. It has a hierarchical structure of silicate needles whose elements are abstracted for bio-inspired transfer. We show and evaluate the transfer of different analogies using a prototype.
Bio-Brick - Development of Sustainable and Cost Effective Building Material
Authors: Rautray Priyabrata , Roy Avik , Mathew Deepak John , Eisenbart Boris
Published: July 2019

Building construction is one of the fastest growing industries in India and it puts a huge burden on its limited natural resources. Fired clay bricks are one of the major constituent materials for the construction industry and it produces a huge amount of greenhouse gases. This research tries to highlight the use of alternative materials and how they can be modulated to suit the Indian construction industry. Bio-brick or agro-waste based brick is one such material that has the potential to be a sustainable and cost-effective solution. It acts as good heat and sound insulator and at the same time has overall negative carbon footprint. Additionally, it also acts as a deterrent to stubble burning, prevalent in northern India which causes severe air pollution. Due to its low density, it reduces dead load in high rise structures, thereby making RCC construction more economical. The study also highlights the use of Bio-brick in various areas of a structure. Another important objective of this research is to inspire and motivate architects, designers, researchers and builders to encourage and support the development of such sustainable and eco-sensitive material in construction industry.
Creative Space: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Thoring Katja , Desmet Pieter , Badke-Schaub Petra
Published: July 2019

This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art research about creative work and learning environments. We conducted a systematic literature search within the Scopus database and identified a total of 70 relevant sources discussing creative spaces within academic, practice, or other innovation environments. Among the included sources are 48 academic publications and 22 sources from company research and illustrative coffee-table books that are discussed separately. We analyse the academic sources regarding their theoretical contribution, as well as regarding their scope. Finally, the included sources are categorized according to three areas of interest: (1) the addressed space types for different creative activities, (2) abstracted requirements for creative spaces, and (3) concrete characteristics and configurations of a creative space. The results provide an in-depth insight into the current state of research on the topic of creative spaces. Practitioners, educators, and researchers can use the presented overview to investigate the possible impact of creative workspace design and to identify research gaps for conducting further research in the field.
Engineers’ and Biologists’ Roles during Biomimetic Design Processes, Towards a Methodological Symbiosis
Authors: Graeff Eliot , Maranzana Nicolas , Aoussat Améziane
Published: July 2019

The strength of biomimetics comes from its ability to draw from life mechanisms and strategies to design innovative solutions. In spite of recent methodological progresses, more specifically on tools and processes, biomimetics' implementation still faces strong difficulties. Among other things, design teams have a hard time finding and selecting relevant biological strategies. Facing these challenges, we consider an alternative, yet well recognized, approach: the integration of profiles having a training in natural science within biomimetic design teams. As biologists aren't used to work in design teams, there is a need for a process actually guiding their practice in biomimetics and determining the way they will interact with the “traditional” design team. After studying the literature and asking for experts' opinion on the matter, we introduced a biomimetic design process considering this new profile as an integral part of biomimetic design teams. With the final goal of making biomimetics implementable, this proposed theoretical process is currently tested in both a student and an industrial project in order to optimize our methodological contribution with practical feedbacks.
Transparency in Responsible Design: Avoiding Engineering Overconfidence and Supporting Societal Acceptance
Authors: Vermaas Pieter
Published: July 2019

In this contribution it is argued that in responsible design engineers should be transparent towards stakeholders about the goals they intend to realise with their designs. The emergence of responsible design in, e.g., value-sensitive design, design for values, social design, nudging and positive design, is to be welcomed. It has however the weakness of overconfidence which may lead engineers to suspend earlier commitments to society as given in engineering codes of conduct and ethics, and practices of seeking informed consent and taking blame. It is argued that these earlier commitments lead to the requirement that engineers should be transparent about the goals in responsible designs. Providing this transparency support moreover the societal acceptance of responsible design since it positions engineers doing responsible design as subscribing to values such as respect, honesty and trust. I illustrate the argument with a case of social design and a case of nudging.
An Overview and Classification of Tolerance Compensation Methods
Authors: Aschenbrenner Alexander , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro
Published: July 2019

Technological advances as well as novel manufacturing and design paradigms, such as industry 4.0 and digitalization, offer new opportunities for innovative products. However, they also increase the product complexity and cause new challenges in the production process. Therefore, agile production approaches are crucial. Tolerance compensation provides more flexibility in the production process, as demands on dimensional accuracy of the components are reduced. As a result, tolerance compensation also offers the possibility of reducing production costs without compromising product quality. Nevertheless, tolerance compensation is often considered a reactive intervention to reduce the number of out-of-spec parts a posteriori instead of including it in the early stages of Geometrical Variations Management. The contribution tackles this issue by characterizing and categorizing different methods of tolerance compensation as well as providing design guidelines for the application of tolerance compensation methods. This enables design engineers to select a suitable tolerance compensation method for different applications.
Analysis of Approaches of Tolerance Allocation regarding to Economic Efficiency
Authors: Gust Peter , Sersch Alina , Steger Tobias , Schluer Christoph
Published: July 2019

The aim of this paper is to examine the current state of research on tolerance-induced costs in Germany. Through a literature research already existing approaches for the determination of costs related to tolerances during the specification of technical components are pointed out and possible approaches for the reduction of these costs are presented. In addition, the actuality of these approaches will be considered. One question that is supposed to be answered here is to what state of standard for the specification of components these approaches can be assigned to. On the other hand, it should be clarified whether the existing approaches are applicable to the currently valid standard system of the Geometrical Product Specification (GPS).

Can the economic efficiency of the specifications selected for tolerancing be determined in a technical drawing during the product development process in accordance with GPS on the basis of the current state of research?
New Approach on the Allocation of Wear Allowances - A Case Study
Authors: Schubert Dominik , Rohrmoser Andreas , Hertle Sebastian , Wartzack Sandro , Hagenah Hinnerk , Merklein Marion , Drummer Dietmar
Published: July 2019

To maintain functional tolerances of gear sets over their lifetime, especially in polymer-seel gear sets, the wear behaviour must be considered. The state of the art in wear modelling does not take the run-in behaviour of polymer-metal contacts into account. This results in oversizing of wear allowances in the stationary wear phase and undersizing in the run-in phase. Therefore, a modified wear model is presented in this paper. With this method the issues of over- and undersizing can be eliminated.

The method is then applied in a case study to show two things. Firstly, using the presented method the calculated necessary wear allowances were reduced by 30%. Secondly, the effect of surface structures on the wear behaviour was investigated. It is shown that the run-in process is not dependent on roughness in sliding direction, but on overall contact area. Thus, the state of the art, i.e. tolerating only the roughness in sliding direction, is insufficient. Considering the process-induced surface topology during design of gear sets can decrease run-in wear. Together with the optimised wear model, this allows wider manufacturing tolerances and thus lower costs during production.
Robustness Evaluation of Product Concepts based on Function Structures
Authors: Goetz Stefan , Hartung Jonas , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro
Published: July 2019

Due to the varying environment conditions as well as the manufacturing induced deviations, the properties of products vary. In order to still meet the increasingly tightening of functional requirements, tolerancing as well as Robust Design practices became integral parts of the product development. However, despite the fact that the robustness of a product is mainly determined by its conceptual design in early design stages, these activities are usually carried out at the end of the design process. In order to overcome this shortcoming, this contribution shows a method that supports the selection of robust principal solutions and thus contributes to the design of product concepts, which are less sensitive to variations. The novelty lies in the adaption and combination of robust design criteria for the quantitative robustness evaluation in the conceptual design stage. First the product characteristics, which are relevant for the product robustness are determined on the basis of the function structure. By using an adopted VMEA and a newly developed evaluation matrix, this allows a thorough robustness evaluation of product concepts. The method is exemplary shown for a lifting table.
Exploring the Role of Linguistic Abstraction in Idea-Generation Sessions
Authors: Antoniou Rafaella , Dekoninck Elies , Bonvoisin Jérémy
Published: July 2019

For many years, both academia and industry have been interested in increasing the efficiency of idea- generation meetings. Alex Osborne's (1953) rules for brainstorming are an early attempt to do so, and have extensively been used in engineering design, however their effectiveness has been questioned with recent research, and a need for fundamental research to establish which practices are useful arises. This study is an attempt in investigating linguistic abstraction in idea-generation meetings, in order to establish whether any best practices can be distilled from the language used. Engineering design group meetings were recorded and transcribed, and was analysed using a coding framework which was developed for analysing linguistic categories as well as the ideas that were generated during those meetings. More particularly, the study investigates the average abstractness/concreteness of speech throughout the duration of the meetings, as well as the switching between abstract and concrete language and vice versa while comparing idea-related discourse and non-idea related discourse switching. The coding framework proposed is considered robust enough to carry out further work.
Use Design Performance Based on Use Requirements
Authors: Mahdjoub Morad , Bluntzer Jean-Bernard , Bertin Aymeric
Published: July 2019

Industrial companies today must operate in an increasingly competitive world and need to rethink their organization accordingly. First, industrial strategies concerning technical management need to change and develop. If we consider the specific management of the product design process, managers use indicators during the lifecycle of the product concerning quality, cost and lead-times. For example, some new indicators concerning performance metrics related to cooperation issues among the design team are set up. Secondly, managers increasingly need to integrate the user in the early phases of the design process. The main benefit of this approach is that it allows designers to innovate more rapidly and robustly. The aim of this paper is to introduce a new approach making it possible to calculate a performance indicator concerning use design. The new indicator will help management drive the design process through the integration of use in the product, helping to enhance the usability of the future product, and consequently improve innovation.
User Stories Method and Assistive Technology Product Development: A New Approach to Requirements Elicitation
Authors: Zacharias Isabela Cristina Simões , Campese Carina , dos Santos Thiago Bertolini , da Cunha Lorena Pereira , Costa Janaina Mascarenhas Hornos
Published: July 2019

Requirements elicitation for assistive technology (AT) product development must be collaborative and systemic. This process must ensure that the needs of all different users are identified. For this, UCD methods introduce different tools that seek user involvement and their needs identification. One method commonly used in software development is User Stories. The aim of this paper is to analyse the use of User Stories for requirements elicitation in an AT product development project. This method was applied with three types of users: patients, companions and occupational therapists. For the involvement of these users, the method was customized and two main adaptations were adopted: the stories were written by the development team and all user needs were identified through observations of interactions between patients and prototype. As a result, the development team was able to identify numerous product requirements to be used in later development phases. These requirements were generated by the user needs identified with User Stories. Thus, the method with necessary adaptations, was efficient for requirements elicitation in the AT product development process.
AIM: An Interactive Ashtray to Support Behavior Change through Gamification
Authors: Huang Siyuan , Scurati Giulia Wally , Elzeney Mostafa , Li Yujie , Lin Xiaofeng , Ferrise Francesco , Bordegoni Monica
Published: July 2019

Littering is a highly diffused anti-environmental and anti-social behavior, especially among young people. Furthermore, cigarette butts are one of the most littered items and are responsible for both severe environmental damages and high clean up expenses. The aim of this project is to design an interactive ashtray for the campus environment to limit the cigarette butts littering behavior in an engaging and effective way. Qualitative and quantitative data are collected. Coded observations were implemented through the research process, including the 2 pre (without the prototype) and 2 pros (with the prototype) sessions. Also, user experience test and one to one interview were conducted for deepening the understanding of the littering phenomenon and the reasons behind in the behavior among young people. The prototype indeed reduced the number of cigarette butts littering among observed behaviors of 156 students, especially in male sample. Final results indicate the behavior change of disposers is moderated by other factors, as the environmental cleanliness. Future development is also discussed.
Exploring the Influence of the Level of Technology and Expected Functions in Product Semantic
Authors: Kim SoJeong , Yoon JungKyoon , Kim Chajoong
Published: July 2019

This study attempted to explore how pragmatic and hedonic values are influenced by the level of technology and what particular functions have to be considered in the context of smart technology- driven design in terms of Pragmatic Value (PV) and Hedonic Value (HV). An on-line questionnaire survey was developed to answer the research questions. A total of 104 respondents participated in the survey. As target product for the study, analog watch and smart watch were selected as representative of low and high technology respectively. Semantic Differentials on PV and HV were used and expected functions were investigated via an open question. The results indicate that there are some differences between analog and smart watches in terms of PV and HV. Regarding expected functions, significant differences were identified in the study. The findings from the study could provide a better understanding of the relationship between PV and HV in terms of level of technology. If it is considered in product development process, it may contribute to an increase of user satisfaction with smart- technology based product and service.
The Experience of Autonomy with Durable Products
Authors: Ortiz Nicolas Juan Carlos , Schoormans Jan
Published: July 2019

A study to understand the experience of autonomy with durable products was undertaken based on qualitative research. The study involved thirteen participants, who selected a durable product that enhanced autonomy. Using in-depth interviews, the map of experience and interaction properties the experience was studied. Our findings indicate that there are three structures involved in the experience of autonomy: orchestration, control and product integration. The three structures are described in detail. It was also identified that the experience of autonomy enhances positive experiences and stimulates wellbeing. Designers can apply the three structures of autonomy to underscore design decisions.
Tackling Reframing: The Development and Evaluation of a Problem Reframing Canvas
Authors: Mensch Sabine Liana , Gonçalves Milene
Published: July 2019

The problems of today are increasingly complex in nature. Yet, most support provided by design agencies and innovation consultancies is based on unstructured approaches, guided by the facilitators own intuition. This article presents the Teckel canvas, an approach to guide problem reframing in facilitation to both tackle solution and problem understanding. After synthesising the main insights from prominent reframing methods and models, a meta-process of reframing was created, which was translated into a practical canvas. Two Dutch case studies are examined in which the proposed reframing canvas is tested. When this canvas was used in facilitation, we found out that the medium and message can be reframed separately or together and that the canvas can be used as a tool for overview on the subject. Our findings indicate that an explicit and tangible use of reframing can improve solving complex problems to be more clear, visual and reflective.
A “Lattice” Approach to Design Education: Bringing Real and Integrated Design Experience to the Classroom through Engineering Design Days
Authors: Hurst Ada , Rennick Chris , Bedi Sanjeev
Published: July 2019

While design is fundamental to engineering practice, modern training in engineering design has almost exclusively moved to the classroom, providing students little exposure to holistic, real-world design experiences that are well-integrated with the rest of the academic curriculum. In this paper, we perform a short review of how the model of engineering education in Canada has evolved over the last two centuries, identify the current deficiencies in teaching design in engineering curricula, and review how Chairs in Design Engineering at various Canadian engineering schools have tackled this identified need. We then describe in detail how this problem is being addressed at the University of Waterloo through Engineering Design Days. This approach is presented as a design “lattice” around which other curriculum threads (math, natural sciences, engineering science, design etc.) can grow in an integrated way. Different Design Days examples from various engineering programs are described to illustrate the general structure. We conclude by assessing the program's impact and identifying opportunities for future development and assessment of the program's effectiveness.
Iterative Course Design in MOOCs: Evaluating a ProtoMOOC
Authors: von Schmieden Karen , Mayer Lena , Taheri Mana , Meinel Christoph
Published: July 2019

This paper describes an iterative approach to course design in an effort to improve the learner-centered conceptualization of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). The research team built a (design research) MOOC prototype and used three measurement tools to gather user feedback. The authors categorized this feedback and translated it into 57 improvement tasks, which they implemented in the public version of the MOOC. They discuss the protoMOOC iteration approach, underline its applicability, and suggest it as a method for fellow MOOC designers.
When Design Never Ends - A Future Scenario for Product Developement
Authors: Pradel Patrick , Campbell Robert Ian , Bibb Richard
Published: July 2019

One of the foundations of product design is the division between production and design. This division manifests as designers aspiring to create fixed iconic archetypes and production replicates endlessly in thousands or millions. Today innovation and technological change are challenging this idea of product design and manufacturing. The evolution of Rapid Prototyping into Additive Manufacturing (AM), is challenging the notion of mass manufacture and consumer value. As AM advances in capability and capacity, the ability to economically manufacture products in low numbers with high degrees of personalisation poses questions of the accepted product development process. Removing the need for dedicated expensive tooling also eliminates the cyclical timescales and commitment to fixed designs that investment in tooling demands. The ability to alter designs arbitrarily, frequently and responsively means that the traditional design process need not be applied and because of this, design processes and practice might be radically different in the future. In this paper, we explore this possible evolution by drawing parallels with principles and development models found in software development.
Design Interventions for Promoting the Mental Health of Young Academics
Authors: Ma Sanghyun , Ruensuk Mintra , Kim Chajoong
Published: July 2019

It is essential to graduate students to contribute researching in their academic field. Although it leads to the success of academic career path, the students are more at high risk of mental health problems. Thus, this study attempted to reveal underlying causes of the problems, figure out coping techniques and explore design interventions that can improve of graduate students’ mental health quality. We conducted interviews with one health professional expert and twenty-five graduate students. Design Sheet was created to elicit design solution ideas and distributed to ten professional designers. From the research, we have found out that graduate students are suffering from multiple reasons however there are unmet mental health needs among graduate students. By the end of the paper, we propose five design guidelines for designers to make products or services to promote mental health of graduate students.
Flow dynamics and heat transfer in partially porous microchannel heat sinks
Authors: Zargartalebi Mohammad , Azaiez Jalel
Published: July 2019

In this study, the flow dynamics and heat transfer in partially filled pin-based microchannel heat sinks (MCHS) are examined. The lattice Boltzmann method is used to analyse the physics of these systems and examine the effects of the flow, pin configuration, size and porous medium height. The results of the study reveal that, unlike the fully filled pin-based MCHS, there is no unique behaviour for the pin configuration effects and the performance of partially filled pin-based MCHS depends on the porous medium size and structure as well as the inertial forces in the flow. In particular, it is found that there are hydrodynamic and thermal-based critical porous medium heights at which the best performance in terms of heat removal switches from the inline to the staggered configuration. The dependence of these critical heights on the Reynolds number and the porous medium properties are analysed and the effects of the flow dynamics are further unravelled through a particle tracing technique. Furthermore, a simple flow model is developed, and is shown to capture well the main trends obtained from the simulations and to bring to light more of the system physics that help explain the interplay between the different parameters.
Small-scale two-dimensional turbulence shaped by bulk viscosity
Authors: Touber Emile
Published: July 2019

Bulk-to-shear viscosity ratios of three orders of magnitude are often reported in carbon dioxide but are always neglected when predicting aerothermal loads in external (Mars exploration) or internal (turbomachinery, heat exchanger) turbulent flows. The recent (and first) numerical investigations of that matter suggest that the solenoidal turbulence kinetic energy is in fact well predicted despite this seemingly arbitrary simplification. The present work argues that such a conclusion may reflect limitations from the choice of configuration rather than provide a definite statement on the robustness of kinetic-energy transfers to the use of Stokes’ hypothesis. Two distinct asymptotic regimes (Euler–Landau and Stokes–Newton) in the eigenmodes of the Navier–Stokes equations are identified. In the Euler–Landau regime, the one captured by earlier studies, acoustic and entropy waves are damped by transport coefficients and the dilatational kinetic energy is dissipated, even more rapidly for high bulk-viscosity fluids and/or forcing frequencies. If the kinetic energy is initially or constantly injected through solenoidal motions, effects on the turbulence kinetic energy remain minor. However, in the Stokes–Newton regime, diffused bulk compressions and advected isothermal compressions are found to prevail and promote small-scale enstrophy via vorticity–dilatation correlations. In the absence of bulk viscosity, the transition to the Stokes–Newton regime occurs within the dissipative scales and is not observed in practice. In contrast, at high bulk viscosities, the Stokes–Newton regime can be made to overlap with the inertial range and disrupt the enstrophy at small scales, which is then dissipated by friction. Thus, flows with substantial inertial ranges and large bulk-to-shear viscosity ratios should experience enhanced transfers to small-scale solenoidal kinetic energy, and therefore faster dissipation rates leading to modifications of the heat-transfer properties. Observing numerically such transfers is still prohibitively expensive, and the present simulations are restricted to two-dimensional turbulence. However, the theory laid here offers useful guidelines to design experimental studies to track the Stokes–Newton regime and associated modifications of the turbulence kinetic energy, which are expected to persist in three-dimensional turbulence.
Transnistrian Nation-Building: A Case of Effective Diversity Policies?
Authors: Osipov Alexander , Vasilevich Hanna
Published: July 2019

This article addresses the reasons why ethnic diversity has never posed a challenge to the stability of Transnistria (also called the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic), an unrecognized state that broke away from Moldova during the collapse of the Soviet Union. We analyze the major societal and political patterns relevant to ethnic relations in the region and focus on the structure, content, and effectiveness of Transnistrian legislation concerning ethnic and linguistic diversity along with the practices of its implementation. In our view, formal and informal ethnic divisions do not hinder the political stability of Transnistria. We conclude that the stability of ethnic relations in Transnistria in part results from a deliberate policy aimed at managing diversity. This policy provides for the dependence of the populace on the state apparatus achieved through a dense plethora of government-orchestrated activities as well as the reproduction of nonconflictual, eclectic, and thus socially acceptable national narratives inherited from the Soviet past.
Effects of maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation on milk composition and offspring development
Authors: Bautista C. J. , Bautista R. J. , Montaño S. , Reyes-Castro L. A. , Rodriguez-Peña O. N. , Ibáñez C. A. , Nathanielsz P.W. , Zambrano E.
Published: July 2019

Before weaning, breast milk is the physiological form of neonatal nutrition, providing pups with all nutrient requirements. Maternal low-protein diet (LPD) during pregnancy and lactation induces adverse changes in key maternal organs, which have negative effects on pup development. We studied the effects of maternal LPD on liver weight, mammary gland (MG) cell differentiation, milk composition and production and pup development throughout lactation. We fed rats with control (C) or LPD (R) during pregnancy and lactation. At 7 d early, 14 d mid and 21 d late lactation stages, maternal biochemical parameters, body, liver and MG weights were analysed. MG cell differentiation was analysed by haematoxylin and eosin staining; milk nutrient composition and production were studied; pup body, liver and brain weights, hippocampal arachidonic acid (AA) and DHA were quantified. Results showed lower body and liver weights, minor MG cell differentiation and lower serum insulin and TAG in R compared with C. R milk contained less protein and higher AA at early and mid stages compared with C. R pup milk and fat intake were lower at all stages. R protein intake at early and mid stages and DHA intake at mid and late stages were lower compared with C. In R pups, lower body, liver and brain weights were associated with decreased hippocampal AA and DHA. We conclude that maternal LPD impairs liver and MG function and induces significant changes in maternal milk composition, pup milk intake and organ development.