bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-fidelity fluid–structure interaction simulations of perforated elastic vortex generators
Authors: Kakroo Karan , Sadat Hamid
Published: November 2024

This study conducts a high-fidelity two-way coupled fluid–structure interaction simulations, focusing on a novel perforated elastic vortex generator that is wall-mounted in an open channel with an incoming flow. The response of a perforated elastic vortex generator is investigated across a wide range of dimensionless parameters including dimensionless rigidity, mass ratios, Reynolds numbers, and porosity levels. Additional simulations for non-perforated elastic vortex generator are conducted for comparison and validation against available data. The findings demonstrate that a perforated elastic vortex generator can exhibit static configurations, lodging configurations, and vortex-induced vibration modes, depending on the dimensionless parameters. These configurations are similar to those observed for non-perforated elastic vortex generators, though the response values differ due to changes in the mechanical properties of the elastic vortex generator and the fluid loads acting on it as a result of perforation. An analysis of the perforated elastic vortex generator's natural frequencies shows that vortex-induced vibrations are triggered by the lock-in phenomenon associated with the second natural frequency of the vortex generator. Additionally, local flow dynamics are also studied by investigating vortical structures and velocity fields.
The effect of p-doping in mid- and long-wavelength InAs/InAsSb superlattice complementary barrier infrared detectors
Authors: Ting David Z. , Soibel Alexander , Khoshakhlagh Arezou , Keo Sam A. , Fisher Anita M. , Pepper Brian J. , Rafol Sir B. , Hill Cory J. , Gunapala Sarath D.
Published: November 2024

We compare mid-wavelength InAs/InAsSb superlattice complementary barrier infrared detectors (CBIRDs) with n-type and p-type absorbers and also report results on a series of five long-wavelength CBIRD samples that have the same structure but with a systematic variation in the absorber doping profile. Our studies show that devices containing p-type absorber layers can take advantage of the longer electron diffusion length for enhanced quantum efficiency (QE) compared to those that use only n-type absorbers, while the dark current performance is better for devices that use only n-type absorbers. Under typical operating conditions, the use of p-type absorbers manifests in higher bulk and surface generation-recombination (G-R) dark current in mid-wavelength detectors and in higher trap-assisted tunneling dark current in long-wavelength detectors. The QE/dark current trade-off is observed in both mid- and long-wavelength detectors, but it is less pronounced in the mid-wavelength devices.
Tail cavity pressure pulsation characteristics under varying ventilation pressure and duration
Authors: Zhao Bin , Yao Xiong-Liang , Zhao Yuan-Yang , Ma Gui-Hui , Fang Ming , Zhang Miao , Shi Qin-Bo , Ji Jia-Ning
Published: November 2024

The development of the tail cavity is a key factor influencing motion stability and structural reliability during water exit, making the study of dynamic pressure evolution crucial. In a high-pressure gas launch experiment, the dynamic pressure evolution of the tail cavity was investigated under varying ventilation pressures and durations, revealing three typical pulsating flow patterns: first order, second order, and third order. Additionally, the impact of pulsation frequency, relative cavitation number, and relative Froude number on the tail cavity's evolution was examined, with underlying mechanisms explained. The results show that the internal and external pressure differences, coiling suction effect, and differences in medium inertial suppression forces are the primary contributors to wake surges. Notably, changes in pulsation order result in abrupt shifts in the principal frequency of pressure pulsation. The pulsation frequency is positively correlated with ventilation pressure and negatively correlated with ventilation duration. Based on the relative Froude number, the tail cavity's dynamic evolution was classified into three states under constant ventilation pressure: the average state, the gas leakage and shedding state, and the post-shedding growth state. Tail cavity shedding was further classified as stable or unstable, depending on the aeration parameters. The relative cavitation number of the tail cavity in the third-order pulsation ranged from 0.2 to 1.4. As the pulsation order decreases, the relative cavitation number at the initial and water-exit moments increases.
Viscoelastic liquid flow dynamics in small porous-medium channels under pressure and velocity forces
Authors: Batjom Gilbert Batjom , Nsoga Valjacques Nyemb , Hona Jacques , Azese Martin Ndi
Published: November 2024

Motivated by flow applications in medicine, biology, and pharmaceuticals, such as intravenous (IV) and gastrointestinal (G) tubes, this study presents a detailed analysis of viscoelastic fluids infiltrating narrow channels, specifically those with cylindrical or rectangular cross sections. The creeping flow is driven by an unsteady decaying pressure gradient and a v-dependent body force accommodating porous channels and media. By employing the Navier–Stokes equation alongside the linear viscoelastic constitutive model, we derive and dimensionalize the governing equations, bringing attention to key parameters which include the Weissenberg number (Wi). The nature of these equations necessitates using the separation of variables technique, where the Sturm–Liouville theorem is applied to achieve a spectral decomposition of the coupled dependent variables. This approach allows us to identify a geometric parameter resulting in temporal Volterra Integro-Differential equations, thus moving beyond the traditional Hagen–Poiseuille profile to accurately capture the unsteady velocity profile. Using a robust and efficient fourth-order Runge–Kutta numerical scheme, we generate, plot, and compare the kinematic characteristics of rectangular and cylindrical ducts, highlighting the similarities and differences between viscoelastic and purely viscous fluids. Additionally, we perform three perturbation analyses: first, treating the Weissenberg number as a small parameter (Wi≪1) to explore the cumulative effects of viscoelasticity on the base purely viscous case; second, examining the long-term approximation by stretching the timescale; and finally, investigating the short-term approximation by compressing the timescale. The plots demonstrate that the short- and long-term approximations offer accurate predictions of the corresponding short- and long-term dynamics of the system. Additionally, the plots reveal that, when comparing a square channel to a circular channel with an identical area-to-perimeter ratio, the kinematics of the square channel generally dominate throughout most of the time evolution, although strong viscoelastic effects intermittently disrupt this trend. These analyses offer a comprehensive insight into the flow's long- and short-term characteristics. Consequently, the interaction between momentum transport, viscous dissipation, fluid porosity, fluid memory effects (Wi), and conduit geometry is emphasized—supported by kinematic plots.
Fluid–structure interaction analysis of a helico-axial multiphase pump under fluctuating incoming flow conditions
Authors: Tan Zheng , Zhang Jinya , Zhang Yongxue , Zhou Wenbo
Published: November 2024

The production of an offshore oil and gas production system has the extreme flow pattern of slug flow. Its gas volume fraction (GVF) still has strong fluctuation after buffering by a homogenizer. The abnormal vibration of the multiphase pump is caused by the fluctuating incoming flow, which challenges the stable operation and life of the pump. In this paper, the transient fluid–structure interaction method is used to study the force and deformation of a three-stage multiphase pump under fluctuating flow. The results show that the circumferential force is unbalanced and fluctuates greatly under the influence of fluctuating incoming flow. Its main frequency characteristics change from blade frequency to GVF fluctuation frequency, and there is still a lot of noise frequency after the radial force is stabilized. Under the influence of flow pattern change, the static pressure and load distribution of the blades of the second- and third-stage impellers are obviously separated. The maximum load position of the blade is transferred from the rear half to 0.4 times the relative position. The maximum deformation occurs at the tip of the blade, and the influence of the fluctuating flow on it decreases step by step.
The bioenergetic cost of building a metazoan
Authors: Lynch Michael
Published: November 2024

All life forms depend on the conversion of energy into biomass used in growth and reproduction. For unicellular heterotrophs, the energetic cost associated with building a cell scales slightly sublinearly with cell weight. However, observations on multiple
Daphnia
species and numerous other metazoans suggest that although a similar size-specific scaling is retained in multicellular heterotrophs, there is a quantum leap in the energy required to build a replacement soma, presumably owing to the added investment in nonproductive features such as cell adhesion, support tissue, and intercellular communication and transport. Thus, any context-dependent ecological advantages that accompany the evolution of multicellularity come at a high baseline bioenergetic cost. At the phylogenetic level, for both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, the energetic expense per unit biomass produced declines with increasing adult size of a species, but there is a countergradient scaling within the developmental trajectories of individual metazoan species, with the cost of biomass production increasing with size. Translation of the results into the universal currency of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolyses provides insight into the demands on the electron-transport/ATP-synthase machinery per organism and on the minimum doubling times for biomass production imposed by the costs of duplicating the energy-producing infrastructure.
A globally optimized fault diagnosis model based on generative flow model for imbalanced data
Authors: Li Junxiong , Jiao Wenhua , Xiong Yudou , Cai Xiaoyi , Guo Changfang
Published: November 2024

In the actual scenario of fault diagnosis based on deep learning, the diagnosis accuracy is often affected by the lack of fault state data, so the processing of imbalanced data is always a significant challenge. generative adversarial networks (GAN) and denoising diffusion probability models (DDPM) are widely used for data augmentation. However, GAN often shows sensitivity and instability in the training process, and the sample generation speed of DDPM is slow due to the steps requiring multiple iterations–both of which are limiting factors. To solve these problems, we introduce the generative flow network with invertible 1 × 1 convolutions (GLOW) into fault diagnosis. The GLOW model is optimized by maximum likelihood estimation and does not require multiple iterations to generate samples, avoiding the problems faced by GAN and DDPM. In order to generate balanced data explicitly, we propose a condition GLOW (CGLOW) to provide class-balanced samples in real time throughout the framework. On the other hand, using the reversibility of CGLOW, we design an end-to-end fault diagnosis framework that is globally optimized to mitigate the decline in diagnostic accuracy caused by the separation of generation and diagnosis and simplify the steps of fault diagnosis. In addition, to accommodate the non-stationary characteristics of fault signals, we propose a new data transformation method to improve the feature mining ability of the model and the diagnostic accuracy. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to validate the superiority of the proposed approach. The experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms existing ones.
Local minimizers of the mass constrained problem for the mass-supercritical bi-harmonic Schrödinger equation
Authors: Han Fangyu , Gao Yuetian , Han Zeye
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we study the mass constrained problem for the mass-supercritical bi-harmonic Schrödinger equation with power nonlinearities in

R

N

(

N
⩾
1

), where the coefficients of Laplacian and bi-Laplacian have the same sign. First, we construct an unbounded open set

O

in H
2 that satisfies that

O

∪
{
0
}

is a star-shaped domain. Second, we prove the existence of minimizers on

O

∩
{
‖
u

‖
2
2

=
λ

for some fixed

λ
>
0
}

when the mass does not exceed a certain threshold and the coefficient of the Laplacian is suitably small, meanwhile, the explicit bounds of the Lagrange multiplier are also obtained. Finally, we prove the orbital stability of the local minimizer. This answers the open problem listed in Luo and Yang (2023 Sci. China Math.
66 1237–62). Combined with the existing literature, a systematic answer is given for the mass constrained problem of the arbitrary dimensional bi-harmonic Schrödinger equation with (critical, subcritical and supercritical) power nonlinearities, where the coefficients of Laplacian and bi-Laplacian can have the same or different sign.
Ex vivo validation of non-invasive phase correction for transspine focused ultrasound: model performance and target feasibility
Authors: Martin David , Xu Rui , Dressler Max , O’Reilly Meaghan A
Published: November 2024

Objective. To evaluate the feasibility of transspine focused ultrasound using simulation-based phase corrections from a CT-derived ray acoustics model. Approach. Bilateral transspine focusing was performed in ex vivo human vertebrae with a spine-specific ultrasound array. Ray acoustics-derived phase correction was compared to geometric focusing and a hydrophone-corrected gold standard. Planar hydrophone scans were recorded in the spinal canal and three metrics were calculated: target pressure, coronal and sagittal focal shift, and coronal and sagittal Sørensen–Dice similarity to the free-field. Post hoc analysis was performed in silico to assess the impact of windows between vertebrae on focal shift. Main results. Hydrophone correction reduced mean sagittal plane shift from 1.74 ± 0.82 mm to 1.40 ± 0.82 mm and mean coronal plane shift from 1.07 ± 0.63 mm to 0.54 ± 0.49 mm. Ray acoustics correction reduced mean sagittal plane and coronal plane shift to 1.63 ± 0.83 mm and 0.83 ± 0.60 mm, respectively. Hydrophone correction increased mean sagittal similarity from 0.48 ± 0.22 to 0.68 ± 0.19 and mean coronal similarity from 0.48 ± 0.23 to 0.70 ± 0.19. Ray acoustics correction increased mean sagittal and coronal similarity to 0.53 ± 0.25 and 0.55 ± 0.26, respectively. Target pressure was relatively unchanged across beamforming methods. In silico analysis found that, for some targets, unoccluded paths may have increased focal shift. Significance. Gold standard phase correction significantly reduced coronal shift and significantly increased sagittal and coronal Sørensen–Dice similarity (p < 0.05). Ray acoustics-derived phase correction reduced sagittal and coronal shift and increased sagittal and coronal similarity but did not achieve statistical significance. Across beamforming methods, mean focal shift was comparable to MRI resolution, suggesting that transspine focusing is possible with minimal correction in favourable targets. Future work will explore the mitigation of acoustic windows with anti-focus control points.
Nonlinear evolution of hydrodynamic instabilities seeded by the isolated internal defect in HDC capsules
Authors: Lei Zhu , Li Jun , Wang Lifeng , Chen Zhu , Li Jiwei , Zou Shiyang , Wu Junfeng , Liu Yunxing , Yan Zheng , Yang Guowei , He Xiantu
Published: November 2024

Achieving fusion ignition and higher gain requires substantial heating and compression of thermonuclear fuel. However, internal defects in the capsule can disrupt this process by seeding nonlinear hydrodynamic instabilities during implosion. We systematically analyze the evolution of isolated internal defects at various locations within a planar high-density carbon (HDC) capsule driven by x-ray radiation. Our results show that defect evolution varies significantly based on location due to the differing speeds of the shockwave and ablation front. Front-located defects are influenced by both the shockwave and the ablation front, leading to lateral disturbances and vortex traces as the shockwave passes through. This interaction causes an inverted density distribution, resulting in defects on the central axis evolving into spike-like structures. Mid-located defects encounter the shockwave before the ablation front, resulting in vorticity deposition and vortex pair formation, which interact with the ablation front in a positive feedback loop, enhancing nonlinear growth. Rear-located defects are reached by a rarefaction wave before the ablation front, causing the defects to accelerate ahead while the ablation front maintains a stable structure. Additionally, defects with varying initial disturbance amplitudes at the same position exhibited a certain degree of self-similarity in their evolution. These results provide crucial theoretical insights and numerical simulations for understanding the complex mechanisms by which shockwaves and ablation fronts influence defect evolution within HDC capsules.
Millimetre wave super pulses mediated by multidimensional structured surfaces
Authors: MacLachlan A J , Phelps A D R , Robertson C W , MacInnes P , Whyte C G , Ronald K
Published: November 2024

The need to bridge the THz gap is stimulated by a growing number of important applications including biochemical spectroscopy, plasma turbulence diagnostics and drive sources for tokamaks. Cherenkov sources based on two-dimensional (2D) corrugated surface lattice interaction structures, in which the diameter is several times greater than the radiation wavelength, hold strong promise to bridge the THz gap. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to drive these sources, typically intended for steady-state operation, into the highly non-linear superradiant regime. We demonstrate, for the first time, the ability to generate superradiant pulses, for which the peak power scales as the number of electrons in the bunch squared, by exploiting slippage of an electron beam through subluminal surface waves close to the metallic 2D corrugation. The surface waves are scattered into low order, forward propagating TM0,N
modes which form the emitted ‘super pulse’. To drive superradiance, the nanosecond electron bunch must have a fast rising edge with a suitably high (kiloamperes) electron current. Superradiant pulses have been simulated for cases where the relative difference between the group speed of the electromagnetic wave and the drift speed of the electron beam is in the correct range. We show that, for this transient process, the diameter-to-wavelength ratio of the interaction cavities can be scaled from 6 to 9, with a corresponding uplift in peak power from 450 MW to 750 MW, demonstrating the potential for exceptionally powerful THz pulses. The presented results have been obtained for a Cherenkov maser operating in the 83–94 GHz range. However, numerical dispersion analysis, validated by full-wave simulations, shows the potential to radically modify the wave dispersion by varying the 2D lattice geometry for highly controllable, powerful signals at any frequency from 1 GHz to 1 THz. Based on these results, the capability to eventually generate gigawatt-level pulses in the THz range can be projected.
Determination of mass attenuation coefficient for common prosthetic materials utilizing Monte Carlo simulation, theoretical analysis, and XCOM software
Authors: Salehi Elham , Makiabadi Nahid , Keshavarz Sajad , Ghanavati Sara , Khateri Maziar , Malidarreh Roya Boudaghi
Published: November 2024

The accurate calculation of radiation doses in radiotherapy necessitates precise knowledge of the mass attenuation coefficients (

μ

m

) of prosthetic materials. Thus, this study aims to determine the

μ

m

of widely used prosthetic materials through theoretical methods, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, and the XCOM photon cross-section database for the first time. Calculations were performed for the following medical sources: Pd-103, I-125, Cs -131, Tc-99m, Ba-133, Ir-192, Au-198, Cs-137, Ra-226 and Co-60 with a range of energies between 10 keV and 2 MeV. Outcomes reveal that in all three datasets increasing the energy reduces the

μ

m

values for all provided materials. For instance, this value for MMA and PEG and MCNPX simulations, theoretical calculation, XCOM evaluation varies from 0.41911 to 0.09006 cm2.g−1, 0.39194 to 0.08583 cm2.g−1, 0.39790 to 0.08715 cm2.g−1, and 0.45099 to 0.09029 cm2.g−1, 0.42214 to 0.09050 cm2.g−1, 0.40040 to 0.08090 cm2.g-,1 respectively. Furthermore, for high density prosthetic materials like Steel, Titania, and Zinc oxide,

μ

m

is higher specifically at low energy regions compared to low density prosthetic materials, while increasing the energy from 0.021 to 1.25 MeV, a different scenario is recorded. Moreover, MCNPX results exhibit higher deviations specifically in high energy regions compared to other approaches. However, this approach remains as accurate for prosthetic attenuation evaluation. The results of this study present a detailed classification of a wide range of prosthetic materials in terms of their applications and energy levels, serving as a significant reference for future research.
Assessment of physio-mechanical characteristics of ABS/PETG blended parts fabricated by material extrusion 3D printing
Authors: Mishra Vishal , Bharat Nikhil , Kumar Vijay , Veeman Dhinakaran , Vellaisamy Murugan
Published: November 2024

This study examines the effect of blending acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) in various weight percentage ratios (ABS/PETG: 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60) on the physio-mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts. The result showed that the 3D-printed PETG sample exhibited the highest density of 1.12 ± 0.05 g cm−3 along with the 40ABS60PETG blend displaying similar density value. However, the 40ABS60PETG sample also demonstrated the highest shrinkage, attributed to differences in thermal expansion and cooling rates between ABS and PETG. Moreover, the surface roughness value of the blended samples varied between 8.04 μm–and 9.78 μm, with the 40ABS60PETG sample having a minimal surface roughness of 8.04 ± 0.60 μm. Regarding mechanical performance, the 40ABS60PETG blend showed a notable improvement in flexural modulus, with increases of 6.45% and 60% compared to neat ABS and PETG, respectively. Compression testing revealed that ABS-dominant blends possess higher compression modulus and maximum compressive stress, indicating superior resistance to deformation and enhanced load-bearing capacity. This study highlights the importance of blend ratios to optimize performance, especially for applications requiring a balance between stiffness and flexibility. The results suggest that controlling the ABS/PETG ratio and carefully managing printing parameters can optimize the mechanical and dimensional stability of 3D-printed parts.
A light-temperature neuron and its adaptive regulation
Authors: Song Xinlin , Yang Feifei
Published: November 2024

The appropriate firing modes for a neuron can be excited under the external stimulus. From the viewpoint of physical, the intrinsic biophysical effects, functional encoding, and the mechanism for the transcription of external signals play an extremely important role in building reliable neuron models. In this paper, a light-temperature neuron model is proposed by connecting a phototube and a thermistor into a nonlinear circuit for investigating the information encoding and responses of neurons under the external optical signals and temperature signals. In this neuron model, a phototube is used to encode external light signals, similar to artificial eyes, and a thermistor can encode temperature intensity. Furthermore, the Hamilton energy (HE) function of neurons is calculated based on the Helmholtz’s theorem, and a self-regulation method is designed by applying the ratio of electric field energy to magnetic field energy to estimate the self-regulation of neurons. The results show that the proposed neuron can reproduce the main characteristics of biological neurons by adjusting the external stimulus. The double coherence resonance is induced under noise temperature. These results could be helpful for researching the collective behaviors in functional neural networks.
Comparative of light propagation in Born-Infeld, Euler-Heisenberg and ModMax nonlinear electrodynamics
Authors: Guzman-Herrera Elda , Montiel Ariadna , Breton Nora
Published: November 2024

We compare light propagation through an intense electromagnetic background as described by three different nonlinear electrodynamics: Born-Infeld (BI), Euler-Heisenberg (EH), and Modified Maxwell (MM). We use the concept of effective metric to determine the phase velocities of a propagating wave from the BI and EH nonlinear electrodynamics and use them to set constraints on the MM nonlinear parameter. In a second part of the paper, we consider the black hole solutions of the nonlinear electrodynamics coupled with General Relativity and determine the shadows cast by the static black holes. Confronting the observations of the shadows of M87* and Sagittarius A* with our theoretical results allows us to set restrictions on the nonlinear parameters.
3 μm mid-infrared compact intracavity optical parametric oscillator based on KTA and MgO:PPLN
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Yang Feng , Bo Yong , Gao Hongwei , Peng Qinjun
Published: November 2024

Mid-infrared (MIR) laser of 3 μm are extremely valuable in many applications. A miniaturized compact intracavity optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on a well-established 1 μm pump laser has achieved MIR radiation of 3.47 μm and 3 μm, respectively. The 3.47 μm idler laser with a maximum power of 3.65 W and the 3 μm with a maximum power of 3 W was generated using KTA-OPO and MgO:PPLN-OPO, respectively. The compactness and stability of the device were verified, which can be further used to realize the parametric down-conversion of novel nonlinear crystals, which is expected to realize the effective expansion of long-wave MIR generation.
Comparison of different longitudinal injection scenarios for achieving optimal performance in SAPS
Authors: Liu Weihang , Zhao Yu , Chen Jianliang , Han Wenjie , Huang Liangsheng , Liu Xingguang , Qi Xin , Jiao Yi , Li Xiao , Wang Sheng
Published: November 2024

The Southern Advanced Photon Source (SAPS) is a proposed
fourth-generation diffraction-limited storage ring (DLSR) designed
with a modified hybrid multibend achromat lattice, achieving a
natural emittance as low as 33 pm. Given its limited dynamic
aperture, the SAPS is not well suited to off-axis injection, with
on-axis injection schemes proving a more favourable option. This
paper highlights the advantages of longitudinal injection for SAPS,
which employs a fast pulse kicker and multi-frequency RF systems. A
systematic comparison is presented of the longitudinal injection
schemes for double-frequency and triple-frequency RF systems. The
effects of these schemes on circulating beam stretching, the time
structure of the fast pulse kicker, RF parameter stability
requirements, storage ring acceptance, and injection efficiency are
considered. Based on these results, reasonable hardware
specifications for the fast stripline kicker and RF system, as well
as injector parameter requirements, are provided. These findings are
crucial for SAPS to achieve longitudinal injection and can also
serve as a reference for similar light sources.
First mechanical realization of a tunable dielectric haloscope for the MADMAX axion search experiment
Authors: Ary Dos Santos Garcia B. , Bergermann D. , Caldwell A. , Dabhi V. , Diaconu C. , Diehl J. , Dvali G. , Egge J. , Ekmedzic M. , Gallo F. , Garutti E. , Heyminck S. , Hubaut F. , Ivanov A. , Jochum J. , Karst P. , Kramer M. , Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo D. , Krieger C. , Leppla-Weber D. , Lindner A. , Maldonado J. , Majorovits B. , Martens S. , Martini A. , Öz E. , Pralavorio P. , Raffelt G. , Redondo J. , Ringwald A. , Roset S. , Schaffran J. , Schmidt A. , Steffen F. , Strandhagen C. , Usherov I. , Wang H. , Wieching G. ,   The MADMAX collaboration
Published: November 2024

MADMAX, a future experiment to search for axion dark matter,
is based on a novel detection concept called the dielectric
haloscope. It consists of a booster composed of several dielectric
disks positioned with μm precision. A prototype composed of
one movable disk was built to demonstrate the mechanical feasibility
of such a booster in the challenging environment of the experiment:
high magnetic field to convert the axions into photons and cryogenic
temperature to reduce the thermal noise. It was tested both inside a
strong magnetic field up to 1.6 T and at cryogenic temperatures
down to 35 K. The measurements of the velocity and positioning
accuracy of the disk are shown and are found to match the MADMAX
requirements.
Simulated inter-filament fusion in embedded 3D printing
Authors: Friedrich Leanne M , Gunther Ross T
Published: November 2024

In embedded 3D printing (EMB3D), a nozzle extrudes continuous filaments inside of a viscoelastic support bath. Compared to other extrusion processes, EMB3D enables softer structures and print paths that conform better to the shape of the part, allowing for complex structures such as tissues and organs. However, strategies for high-quality dimensional accuracy and mechanical properties remain undocumented in EMB3D. This work uses computational fluid dynamics simulations in OpenFOAM to probe the underlying physics behind two processes: deformation of the printed part due to nearby nozzle motion and fusion between neighboring filaments during printing. Through simulations, we disentangle yielding from viscous dissipation, and we isolate interfacial tension effects from rheology effects, which are difficult to separate in experiments. Critically, these simulations find that disturbance and fusion are controlled by the flow of support fluid around the nozzle. To avoid part deformation, the nozzle must remain far from existing parts during non-printing moves, moreso when traveling next to the part than above the part and especially when the interfacial tension between the ink and support is non-zero. Additionally, because support can become trapped between filaments at zero interfacial tension, the spacing between filaments must be tight enough to produce over-printing, or printing too much material for the designed space. In non-Newtonian fluids, spacings for vertical walls must be even tighter than spacings for horizontal planes. At these spacings, printing a new filament sometimes creates and sometimes mitigates shape defects in the old filament. While non-zero ink-support interfacial tensions produce better inter-filament fusion than zero interfacial tension, interfacial tension also produces shape defects. Slicing algorithms that consider these unique EMB3D defects are needed to improve mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy of bioprinted constructs.
Justice, Rights, and Injury
Authors: Olsthoorn Johan
Published: November 2024

Hobbes’s vindication of the sovereign from all taints of injustice is premised upon a most unusual conception of injury (‘wrong’)—misunderstood by contemporary and modern critics alike. For Hobbes, to be wronged/injured does not mean that your rights are violated. Rather, it means that another acts towards you without right. The implicated rights are always those of the wrongdoer—never the victim’s. This counter-intuitive view allowed him to equate injury with both injustice and breaking covenants. Humans, having by nature right to absolutely everything, can act without right only after contractually divesting right to another party (wronged by subsequent breaches of faith). Hobbes’s struggle to explain the diverging directionalities of ‘injury’ and ‘injustice’ underlie Leviathan’s overlooked redefinition of justice. All obligations owed to other humans are contractually created. To preclude the existence of natural obligations governed by justice, he had to introduce an extremely thin conception of attributed consent.
No Peace, No Justice
Authors: Olsthoorn Johan
Published: November 2024

Despite the signpost prominence of Hobbesian positions in theories of international relations and global justice, the meaning and grounds of Hobbes’s signature doctrine that justice and injustice are non-existent outside the state are poorly understood. This chapter provides a comprehensive explanation of this thesis (‘Statism about Justice’). Hobbes advanced two distinct supporting arguments: the Revised Covenant Argument and the Propriety Argument. Each argument is premised upon a different conception of justice and stresses different implications of the natural right to everything. On the Revised Covenant Argument, the state—with its coercive power to punish pact breakers—needs to exist for norms of justice to become effective. On the more radical Propriety Argument, the state is needed for norms of justice to arise. Distributive civil laws first create the content matter of justice (‘what is due to each’). On the Propriety Argument, humans cannot possess the virtue of justice outside the state.
Rebels, Traitors, Enemies, and Fools
Authors: Olsthoorn Johan
Published: November 2024

Rebels and traitors, Hobbes insists, should not be prosecuted legally as citizens. As self-proclaimed enemies of the state, they are instead dealt with by the right of war. This position is puzzling. Do rebels forfeit their citizenship by their act of rebellion? If so, can citizens unilaterally (if unjustly) renounce their subjection to the sovereign, annulling their political obligation? Rebels and traitors, this chapter argues, indeed lose their citizenship: their injustice expels them from the legal order. Yet the obligation, incurred in the original covenant, to simply obey the sovereign is not thereby voided. That obligation is not part of the legal order; rather, it upholds it. For Hobbes, political obligation is not possessed as a citizen. Rather, affirmation of one’s political obligation is what makes one a citizen. My analysis of Hobbes’s account of treason and its place within his constitutional theory clarifies his much-discussed ‘Reply to the Foole’.
Perivascular space dysfunction in cerebral small vessel disease is related to neuroinflammation
Authors: Hong Hui , Tozer Daniel J , Chen Yutong , Brown Robin B , Low Audrey , Markus Hugh S
Published: November 2024

Enlarged perivascular spaces are a feature of cerebral small vessel disease, and it has been hypothesized that they might reflect impaired glymphatic drainage. The mechanisms underlying enlargement of perivascular spaces are not fully understood, but both increased inflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability have been hypothesized to play a role. We investigated the relationship between perivascular spaces and both CNS and peripheral inflammation, in addition to BBB permeability, in cerebral small vessel disease.

Fifty-four symptomatic sporadic cerebral small vessel disease patients were studied. Perivascular spaces were quantified both using a visual rating scale and by measurement of the volume of perivascular spaces in the white matter and the basal ganglia. PET-MRI was used to measure microglial activation using the radioligand 11C-PK11195, and simultaneously, BBB permeability was acquired using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. We determined 11C-PK11195 binding and BBB permeability in the local vicinity of individual perivascular spaces in concentric shells surrounding the perivascular spaces. In addition, both mean 11C-PK11195 binding and BBB permeability in both the white matter and the basal ganglia were determined. To assess systemic inflammation, a panel of 93 blood biomarkers relating to cardiovascular disease, inflammation and endothelial activation were measured.

Within the white matter, tissue in closest proximity to perivascular spaces displayed greater 11C-PK11195 binding (P < 0.001) in the vicinity of perivascular spaces. Higher white matter perivascular spaces burden on the visual rating scale was associated with higher white matter 11C-PK11195 binding (ρ = 0.469, false discovery rate-corrected P = 0.009); values for the volume of perivascular spaces showed a similar trend. In contrast, there were no associations between the burden of basal ganglia perivascular spaces and 11C-PK11195 binding. No marker of perivascular spaces was correlated with blood–brain barrier permeability. There was no association between markers of perivascular spaces and blood biomarkers of systemic inflammation.

Our findings demonstrate that white matter perivascular spaces are associated with increased 11C-PK11195 binding, consistent with neuroinflammation playing a role in enlargement of white matter perivascular spaces. Further longitudinal and intervention studies are required to determine whether the relationship between neuroinflammation and enlarged perivascular spaces is causal.
Ecological roles of nano-picoplankton in stratified waters of an embayment in the southern Benguela
Authors: Dames Nicole R , Rocke Emma , Pitcher Grant , Rybicki Edward , Pfaff Maya , Moloney Coleen L
Published: November 2024

Nano-picoplankton are the dominant primary producers during the postupwelling period in St Helena Bay, South Africa. Their dynamics on short timescales are not well-understood and neither are the community composition, structure, and potential functionality of the surrounding microbiome. Samples were collected over five consecutive days in March 2018 from three depths (1, 25, and 50 m) at a single sampling station in St Helena Bay. There was clear depth-differentiation between the surface and depth in both diversity and function throughout the sampling period for the archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Daily difference in eukaryote diversity, was more pronounced at 1 and 25 m with increased abundances of Syndiniales and Bacillariophyta. Surface waters were dominated by photosynthetic and photoheterotrophic microorganisms, while samples at depth were linked to nitrogen cycling processes, with high abundances of nitrifiers and denitrifiers. Strong depth gradients found in the nutrient transporters for ammonia were good indicators of measured uptake rates. This study showed that nano-picoplankton dynamics were driven by light availability, nutrient concentrations, carbon biomass, and oxygenation. The nano-picoplankton help sustain ecosystem functioning in St Helena Bay through their ecological roles, which emphasizes the need to monitor this size fraction of the plankton.
Genome Assembly of the Nematode Rhabditoides Inermis From a Complex Microbial Community
Authors: Rödelsperger Christian , Röseler Waltraud , Athanasouli Marina , Wighard Sara , Herrmann Matthias , Sommer Ralf J
Published: November 2024

Free-living nematodes such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus are powerful model systems for linking specific traits to their underlying genetic basis. To trace the evolutionary history of specific traits or genes, a robust phylogenomic framework is indispensable. In the context of the nematode family Diplogastridae to which P. pacificus belongs, the identity of a sister group has long been debated. In this work, we generated a pseudochromosome level genome assembly of the nematode Rhabditoides inermis, which has previously been proposed as the sister taxon. The genome was assembled from a complex microbial community that is stably associated with R. inermis isolates and that consists of multiple bacteria and a fungus, which we identified as a strain of Vanrija albida. The R. inermis genome spans 173.5Mb that are largely assembled into five pseudochromosomes. This chromosomal configuration likely arose from two recent fusions of different Nigon elements. Phylogenomic analysis did not support a sister group relationship between R. inermis and diplogastrids, but rather supports a sister group relationship between the monophyletic Diplogastridae and a group of genera of Rhabditidae including C. elegans and R. inermis. Thus, our work addresses for the first time the long lasting question about the sister group to diplogastrids at the phylogenomic level and provides with the genomes of R. inermis and the associated fungus V. albida valuable resources for future genomic comparisons.
Characterization of Single-Cell Cis-regulatory Elements Informs Implications for Cell Differentiation
Authors: Ren Ying-Ying , Liu Zhen
Published: November 2024

Cis-regulatory elements govern the specific patterns and dynamics of gene expression in cells during development, which are the fundamental mechanisms behind cell differentiation. However, the genomic characteristics of single-cell cis-regulatory elements closely linked to cell differentiation during development remain unclear. To explore this, we systematically analyzed ∼250,000 putative single-cell cis-regulatory elements obtained from snATAC-seq analysis of the developing mouse cerebellum. We found that over 80% of these single-cell cis-regulatory elements show pleiotropic effects, being active in 2 or more cell types. The pleiotropic degrees of proximal and distal single-cell cis-regulatory elements are positively correlated with the density and diversity of transcription factor binding motifs and GC content. There is a negative correlation between the pleiotropic degrees of single-cell cis-regulatory elements and their distances to the nearest transcription start sites, and proximal single-cell cis-regulatory elements display higher relevance strengths than distal ones. Furthermore, both proximal and distal single-cell cis-regulatory elements related to cell differentiation exhibit enhanced sequence-level evolutionary conservation, increased density and diversity of transcription factor binding motifs, elevated GC content, and greater distances from their nearest genes. Together, our findings reveal the general genomic characteristics of putative single-cell cis-regulatory elements and provide insights into the genomic and evolutionary mechanisms by which single-cell cis-regulatory elements regulate cell differentiation during development.
Effect of protease supplementation on amino acid digestibility of soybean meal fed to growing-finishing pigs in two different ages
Authors: Galli Gabriela M , Levesque Crystal L , Cantarelli Vinicius S , Chaves Rhuan F , Silva Claudia C , Fascina Vitor B , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y
Published: November 2024

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of protease inclusion level in two different ages on the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AAs) in soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing-finishing pigs. Ten cannulated pigs (21 ± 2 kg) were assigned to experimental diets in a duplicate 5 × 5 Latin square design. In phase I (23 to 30 kg-pigs, 90 ± 17 d of age), ileal digesta was collected in five periods of 7 d (5 d adaptation and 2 d ileal digesta collection). In phase II, (50 to 65 kg-pigs, 140 ± 17 d of age), ileal digesta was collected in 5 more periods of 7 d. For both phases, a corn starch–based diet was formulated with SBM as the sole source of CP and AA and containing titanium as an indigestible marker. Protease was supplemented at 0, 15,000, 30,000, and 45,000 NFP/kg of feed (0, 25, 50, and 75 g/ton of ProAct 360). A nitrogen-free diet was used to estimate basal ileal endogenous AA losses. Pigs were fed at 4% of their body weight, which was adjusted at the end of each period. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of dietary protease supplementation in each phase. In phase I, increasing levels of protease resulted in a linear increase (P < 0.10) in SID for the 7/11 indispensable AA (Except Arg, His, Met + Cys, and Trp) and the average of all dispensable AA. In phase II, the SID of Ile, Leu, Met, Met + Cys, Val, the average of all indispensable AA, and 4/7 dispensable AA were quadratically increased (P < 0.10). In most cases, supplementation with 30,000 NFP/kg of feed (50 g/ton) resulted in the greatest increase in AA digestibility. However, the linear response in phase I for some AA suggests that diets for younger pigs could be supplemented with a greater level (45,000 NFP/kg or 75 g/ton of feed). Interestingly, younger pigs had consistently increased (P < 0.10) SID of CP and 15/18 AA (Except Arg, Cys, and Ser), being ~5.6% greater for indispensable AA when compared to older pigs. In conclusion, dietary protease supplementation can increase the SID of AA in SBM in both growing and finishing periods. Pig age can potentially influence AA digestibility, possibly related to a greater ileal endogenous AA flow in younger pigs. However, this fact warrants further investigation.
Increasing Discharges Prior to 11:00 am in Patients with Burn Injuries
Authors: Leonard Clint , Sigel Matthew , Wagner Anne , Graham Richelle , Hargis Denise , Troche Maria , Slater Elizabeth Dale
Published: November 2024

This study describes a quality improvement project to increase the number of discharges prior to 11am in a high-volume Burn Center. A limited supply of staffed inpatient beds creates capacity constraints and can adversely affect patient flow.1 Discharging patients earlier may help promote throughput, improve length of stay (LOS) as well as patient satisfaction, and decrease costs.2 Burn injured patients face unique barriers to discharge prior to 11am compared to other inpatient groups. We used the Four Disciplines of Execution (4DX) quality improvement framework, which focuses on identifying key drivers to achieve a specific, time-delimited goal. Our primary target was increasing discharges prior to 11am to 30% over the span of 6 months. Four additional months were measured to assess for process drift. Interventions included (a) designation of “priority discharge” patients, (b) discharge order entry prior to 0930, and (c) decreasing time between discharge order entry and actual patient discharge. Baseline data was gathered from July 1st until Nov 30th 2022 and compared to the intervention period December 1st, 2022 through Sept 30th, 2023. Discharges prior to 11am increased from 10.0% to 27.1% over the course of the project. Median discharge time improved by 72 minutes. Discharge order entry time improved by 83 minutes. Potential special-cause variation was identified in December 2022. Despite not meeting our initial target, discharges prior to 11am were significantly increased after implementing a multidisciplinary approach between nursing, providers, case management and social work.