bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON HOMOGENEOUS FIRST ORDER GAS REACTIONS: IX. THE DECOMPOSITION OF FURFURYLIDENE DIACETATE AND CROTONYLIDENE DIACETATE
Authors: Dacey J. R. , Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

The vapor phase decomposition of furfurylidene diacetate and crotonylidene diacetate to acetic anhydride and their respective aldehydes is homogeneous, first order, and complete. The activation energy is that characteristic of the series, viz., 33,000 cal. The specific reaction rates of the two esters are the same, and are about six times as great as that of ethylidene diacetate at any temperature. It is suggested that the increased velocity is due to the presence of the double bond. Velocity constants are given by the equation [Formula: see text].
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XV. DICENTRA CHRYSANTHA WALP. AND DICENTRA OCHROLEUCA ENGELM
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Bicuculline, protopine, and cryptopine have been isolated from both of the species mentioned in the title. In addition, Dicentra chrysantha was found to contain two new alkaloids, namely, −v, C19H17O6N, phenolic, and chrycentrine, C18H15O5N, non-phenolic. Neither alkaloid contains methoxyl groups. A very small quantity of a sixth alkaloid, as yet not characterized from D. chrysantha, proved to be identical with a base recently isolated from Corydalis ochotensis.
THE 3,4–DIPHENYLCHLOROCYCLOPENTENONES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Rudoff H.
Published: April 2011

The uncertainties as to structures in the 3, 4–diphenylchlorocyclopentenones have been cleared up by the synthesis of all four possible isomers and a study of their reactions. The investigation of the related indones has been continued, and an interpretation of new evidence is suggested.
MICROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE: II. MODIFICATION OF THE MICROMETHOXYL APPARATUS TO THE VIEBÖCK PROCEDURE
Authors: Lieff Morris , Marks Cyril , Wright George F.
Published: April 2011

A new absorbing chamber, which adapts the methoxyl analysis more conveniently to the Vieböck procedure, is described for the micromethoxyl apparatus. This receiver acts by hindering the gas flow so as to facilitate absorption of methyl iodide.
LABORATORY MALTING. II. PRECISION
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel , Meredith W. O. S.
Published: April 2011

The precision of the malting test made in equipment already described (Can. J. Research, C, 15: 204–216. 1937) was studied by making four batches of malt each of which contained duplicate malts made by eight treatments representing the combination of steeping for 48 or 60 hr., maintaining the germination chamber at 53° or 54.5° F., and kilning for 36 hr. at 100° to 175° F. or for 52 hr. at 90° to 165° F. The standard errors of duplicate tests made in the same and in different batches were found to be: extract, 0.08 and 0.09%; moisture, 0.04 and 0.05%; color, 0.04 and 0.05 units; diastatic power 1.0 and 2.8° L.; permanently soluble nitrogen as percentage of wort solids, 0.01 and 0.02%; malting loss 0.06 and 0.29%; and sprouts, 0.06 and 0.18%.On the average, increasing the time of steeping decreased extract by 0.08%; but increased diastatic power by 3.2° L., permanently soluble nitrogen by 0.05%, malting loss by 0.98% and sprouts by 0.44%. Increasing the temperature of the germination chamber increased diastatic power by 4.2° L., permanently soluble nitrogen by 0.04%, malting loss by 0.93%, and sprouts by 0.52%. Increasing the time and decreasing the temperature of kilning increased extract by 0.08% and diastatic power by 14.8° L. Statistical analyses show that the test is sufficiently precise to prove that these effects, though small, are significant.
CHEMICAL WEED KILLERS: I. RELATIVE TOXICITY OF VARIOUS CHEMICALS TO FOUR ANNUAL WEEDS
Authors: Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

Toxicity tests on four annual weeds, Thlaspi arvense L.; Brassica arvensis L. Ktze.; Chenopodium album L.; and Avena fatua L.; showed no definite evidence of a specific susceptibility of a given species to a given substance. The relative resistance of these four weeds to most substances, judging from the certainly lethal dose, was in the order 1:1:2:7. Of the 76 chemicals tested, the following most toxic compounds killed all four species at the dosages employed; selenic and chloric acids, sodium hydroxide, arsenic pentoxide, sodium arsenite, sodium and ammonium chlorate, ammonium thiocyanate, sodium cyanide, zinc chloride, sodium bichromate, sodium selenite, copper nitrate, sodium sulphide, formic acid, gasoline, phenol, creosote, tetralin, sodium benzoate, aniline, benzene and furfural. The residual toxic effect on the soil, three to four weeks after treatment, showed that of the 35 more toxic chemicals tested, only selenic acid and the five chlorates used had any appreciable effect at low and intermediate dosages, while eleven other substances depressed growth following the application of high dosages.
PEACH CANKER INVESTIGATIONS: III. FURTHER NOTES ON INCIDENCE, CONTRIBUTING FACTORS, AND RELATED PHENOMENA
Authors: Willison R. S.
Published: April 2011

The relative importance of the different sources of canker varies from year to year. Some, e.g., pruning wounds and injuries from verticilliosis, become less, while others, such as dead twigs and fruit pedicels, become more significant with time. Still others show no definite trends but fluctuate according to conditions.Leaf scars are vulnerable for a time after leaf fall, because of a temporary absence of wound periderm in the leaf base, but the development of cankers from leaf scar infection is determined by an infrequent coincidence of physiological and meteorological factors.Some insects such as the oriental fruit moth (Laspeyresia molesta Busck.), the shot-hole borer (Scolytus rugulosus Ratz.), and the peach borer (Synanthedon exitiosa Say.) can cause injuries which frequently become cankered afterwards. The lesser peach borer (Synanthedon pictipes G. & R.) is seldom a primary parasite but may stimulate necrotic processes through its destruction of callus in cankers. The peach is most susceptible to canker in the fall, and injuries such as pruning cuts made at that time are much more subject to infection than those made at any other time of the year. The incidence of peach canker and of winter injury can also be increased significantly by prolonging the period of open cultivation. At least three types of winter injury have been observed, all of which may give rise to serious cankers.From 75 to 85% of the open cankers of all ages overwintering on the tree remain active. There is also a tendency for cankers to become less active with increasing age. Surgical treatment of important cases is of considerable value.
FUSARIUM SPP. AS ROOT PARASITES OF ALFALFA AND SWEET CLOVER IN ALBERTA
Authors: Cormack M. W.
Published: April 2011

Five pathogenic species predominated among the numerous isolates of Fusarium obtained from diseased roots of alfalfa and sweet clover in Alberta. Of these, the closely related species F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and F. arthrosporioides Sherb. appear most important, because they occur commonly and can cause serious injury to the roots, both in the early spring and during the growing season. F. culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. is very virulent during the summer, but is apparently non-pathogenic in the early spring. At both times F. Poae (Peck) Wr. and F. Scirpi Lamb, et Fautr. var. acuminatum (Ell. et Ev.) Wr. usually behave as weak pathogens. With the exception of F. avenaceum on alfalfa and sweet clover, and F. Scirpi var. acuminatum on alfalfa, these species have not been previously reported as occurring on the host plants indicated.Cardinal temperatures for growth in pure culture were:— F. avenaceum and F. arthrosporioides: − 2°, 24°, and 34 °C.; F. culmorum: 3°, 24° to 27°, and 34° to 36 °C.; F. Poae: −2°, 20° to 24°, and 32 °C.; F. Scirpi var. acuminatum: 1°, 24°, and 34 °C. All five species grew well at hydrogen ion concentrations ranging from pH 4.0 to 9.5. Carbon dioxide concentrations up to 20% had very little effect on the growth of F. avenaceum, F. arthrosporioides, or F. Poae, but the higher concentrations retarded the growth of F. culmorum and F. Scirpi var. acuminatum. The retarding effect of carbon dioxide was greater at 5 °C. than at room temperature.F. avenaceum produced more infection at temperatures up to 24 °C. than at 27 °C. At 27 °C., infection was much lighter in dry soil than in moist soil. F. culmorum caused severe damage at 18° to 27 °C., but did not attack the roots at low temperatures. F. avenaceum usually attacked roots of sweet clover more severely than those of alfalfa. All varieties of both hosts tested proved susceptible. In the absence of wounds, F. avenaceum readily entered roots through the basal tissues of branch roots, or through lenticels. Variant forms of this pathogen, which occurred frequently in pure culture, proved decidedly less pathogenic than the original isolates.Alfalfa and sweet clover roots were attacked by an isolate of F. avenaceum obtained from diseased roots of Vicia Americana, F. avenaceum, F. arthrosporioides, and F. culmorum from alfalfa and sweet clover proved pathogenic to roots of Trifolium spp. and to seedlings of wheat, oats, and barley. Certain isolates from the cereals were pathogenic to roots of alfalfa and sweet clover, and thus certain limits to crop rotation in reducing the root-rot damage caused by these pathogens are indicated.
CHEMICAL WEED KILLERS: V. RELATIVE TOXICITY OF SELECTED CHEMICALS TO PLANTS GROWN IN CULTURE SOLUTION, AND THE USE OF RELATIVE GROWTH RATE AS A CRITERION OF TOXICITY
Authors: Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

Substances previously found to be highly toxic when applied to annuals as a spray were also found to be most toxic when added to culture solution. The results by the two methods, however, do not agree as far as the less poisonous chemicals are concerned, certain substances being comparatively more toxic in culture solution than as a spray, and vice versa. These discrepancies can be explained by the fact that the dosage in culture solution was varied by adjusting the concentration, whereas in the spraying test it was varied by altering the volume of spray.The time between treatment and death of the plant generally decreases as the dosage is increased over a limited dosage range, but varies with different chemicals, and appears to be independent of their inherent toxicity.The size of the plant is seriously reduced at dosages that produce no mortality. The final weight, however, was unsatisfactory as a criterion of toxicity since it was extremely variable. The interfering factors affecting the final weight were taken into account by computing the relative growth rate. The curve relating growth rate and dosage is slightly concave upwards when the dosage is plotted on an arithmetical scale and linear when plotted on a logarithmic scale. The position and slope of the line depends on the chemical. The standard error of duplicate tests increases as the growth rate decreases. On the average, complete mortality occurred at a growth rate of − 2.44% per day under the conditions of these experiments, but this is subject to variation due to differences between duplicates, chemicals, and series (plants grown at different times).Analyses of the culture solutions containing chlorates showed that the amount of chlorate taken up by the plant increased with the concentration present in the culture solution. Nevertheless, only a small, relatively constant proportion of the chlorate present was taken up by the plant at all concentrations.
PHYSIOLOGIC CURVE OF RESPONSE TO PHYTOHORMONES BY SEEDS, GROWING PLANTS, CUTTINGS, AND LOWER PLANT FORMS
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

In all plant species tested, increasing concentrations of phytohormones produced responses falling on a physiologic curve from minimum through optimum to maximum which, if exceeded, led to injury and death. Indolyl-acetic acid, its butyric and propionic homologues, naphthylacetic acid, their salts, and mixtures gave similar results. Treating seeds with hormones incorporated in adsorbent dust stimulated both root and top growth markedly, with less danger of overdosage than in solution treatment. Dosages equivalent to 50 to 250 mg. per acre applied as dilute solutions to soil growing young lettuce and tomato plants covered the optimum range of stimulation to growth. Dust treatment of cuttings proved very convenient and successful in inducing rooting, the plants again showing a wider range of tolerance to dusts than to solutions. Fermentation of sugar by yeast responded to hormone stimulation. Various practical applications are discussed.
THE INTERRELATION OF BLOOD LIPIDS
Authors: Boyd Eldon M.
Published: April 2011

The relation of the concentration of neutral fat, phospholipid, free cholesterol and cholesterol esters of blood plasma, the red blood cells and the white blood cells of man to increasing percentages of total lipid in each of these respectively was determined by oxidative micromethods in a series of more than 900 lipid extracts. A parallel increase in all four lipids was noted with increasing amount of total lipid in plasma until the total lipid exceeded the normal range. The earliest manifestation of a lipemia was a precipitous increase in plasma neutral fat and no increase or a decline in plasma cholesterol esters which later rose again as the lipemia developed. Increasing amounts of total lipid in the red blood cells was found due chiefly to phospholipid; although when the total lipid exceeded the normal range appreciable amounts of neutral fat appeared, the increase in cellular lipids bearing no direct relation to increases in plasma lipids. The same relation was established for the white blood cells as for the red blood cells but the leucocytes contained considerably more lipids than either plasma or the red blood cells.
STUDIES ON THE GENUS RHAGOLETIS (TRYPETIDAE) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (WALSH)
Authors: Pickett A. D.
Published: April 2011

This paper is a report on an investigation of the biological and morphological relations of a number of species of dipterous flies belonging to the genus Rhagoletis (Fam. Trypetidae). If the observations made and the conclusions drawn are valid, it would appear that the practice of separating species on the basis of very slight morphological differences, which may be due to host influences, is unsound.The forms which develop in apple, hawthorn and blueberry, were studied extensively from the standpoint of their relations to their hosts and the conclusions reached are that one species Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) is involved and that the female insects show a decided preference to oviposit in the host in which they developed as larvae.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE OVERWINTERING OF CERTAIN HELMINTH PARASITES OF SHEEP IN CANADA
Authors: Griffiths Henry J.
Published: April 2011

The helminths, Meniezia expansa, Ostertagia circumcincta, Nematodirus filicollis and Trichostrongylus colubriformis demonstrated the ability to survive a normal Canadian winter and to cause infection of sheep when ingested during the following spring. Temperatures during the four-month period ranged from −15° F. to 52.5° F. It is concluded that pastures cannot be considered free from these helminths after exposure to such temperatures.
THE MALE GENITALIA IN THE HYMENOPTERA (INSECTA), ESPECIALLY THE FAMILY ICHNEUMONIDAE: II. TAXONOMY OF THE ICHNEUMONID GENITALIA
Authors: Peck Oswald
Published: April 2011

not available
THE ALTITUDE EFFECT ON THE SPECIFIC IONIZING POWER AND ZENITH ANGLE DISTRIBUTION OF COSMIC RAYS
Authors: Froman Darol K. , Stearns J. C.
Published: April 2011

Measurements made with a quadruple-coincidence Geiger-Müller counting system at altitudes of 120 and 14,160 ft. give the intensity, J, of cosmic ray ionizing particles at various zenith angles, ψ. The distribution, J(ψ) = J0e−0.175ψ cos2ψ, does not differ significantly from any measured values, and agrees with all observations within 0.5 and 3.0% of the vertical intensities at the lower and higher altitudes respectively. The total number of rays incident per unit area per unit time was found, and the specific ionization was determined by comparison with ionization chamber measurements. The results are given below.[Formula: see text]† Ionization chamber data from Clay and Jongen (4).* Ionization chamber data from Millikan and Cameron (18).
APPLICATION OF QUARTZ CRYSTALS TO THE MODULATION OF LIGHT
Authors: McKinley D. W. R.
Published: April 2011

The resonating X-cut quartz crystal has been used as a self-compensator for white light modulation.The properties of the 49° cut quartz crystal are described. This crystal combines low power input and stable high frequency with a wide light aperture and improved light output. For many purposes a convergent beam of light may be used, without the need of a compensating device.
DENSITY DIFFERENCES AT THE CRITICAL POINT ACCORDING TO R. PLANK'S EQUATION OF STATE
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

If R. Plank's equation of state is assumed to apply, the densities measured at two levels, 1 cm. apart, in a column of gas kept at the critical temperature, may differ by more than 5%. A large correction is therefore required for densities determined at the critical point unless the entire contents of the tube is vigorously stirred. Van der Waal's equation shows that the difference in level corresponding to a relative difference in density, (ρ – ρc)/ρc, is proportional to the third power of the relative difference; according to Wohl's equation it is proportional to the fourth, and according to Plank, to the fifth, power of the relative difference in density.
NOTE ON "THE ALTITUDE EFFECT ON THE SPECIFIC IONIZING POWER AND ZENITH ANGLE DISTRIBUTION OF COSMIC RAYS", BY DAROL K. FROMAN AND J. C. STEARNS
Authors: Froman D. K.
Published: April 2011

not available
PRODUCTION AND FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT OF CURRENTS HAVING FREQUENCIES FROM 10 TO 100 CYCLES PER SECOND
Authors: Clark A. L. , Katz L.
Published: April 2011

A low frequency dynatron oscillator with a range of 10 to 100 cycles per sec. and a power output of 10 watts is described. The frequency is measured by taking photographs, at intervals of one second, of two pointers on a small synchronous motor powered by the current whose frequency is to be measured. The stability of the oscillations and the accuracy of the frequency measurements are such that frequencies may be maintained and measured to 1 part in 30,000, over a period of several hours.
THE SURFACE TENSION OF SOME DILUTE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Fisher W. C. , Mackay C. A.
Published: April 2011

Surface tension measurements have been made on lauric acid at temperatures above its melting point, on aqueous solutions of butyric and lauric acids, and on methyl acetate and sodium oleate. The results for the solutions are compared with those calculated by means of a recent theory.
VIBRATIONS ON POWER LINES IN A STEADY WIND: V. RESONANCE OF STRINGS WITH STRENGTHENED ENDS
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

The resonance frequencies, and in particular all the overtones of a string along which the linear density varies according to the law ρ(1 + λx/L)m, are slightly higher than the frequencies of a uniform string of the same total mass when the ratio between the mass of an element at the end and a corresponding element at the centre is varied between 1 and 25. In order to bring a string with strengthened ends into resonance it is necessary not only that the force acting on unit length of the string be of the same frequency as one of the resonance frequencies, and that its strength varies along the string in proportion to the amplitudes of the corresponding standing waves, but it must also be proportional to the mass of each element. It is therefore more difficult to produce true resonance in a string with strengthened ends than in a uniform string.
CONTRIBUTION À L'ÉTUDE D'ACER SACCHARUM : II. LA PRÉSENCE D'AMYLASES DANS LA SÈVE D'ÉRABLE ET LES PRODUITS D'HYDROLYSE
Authors: Bois Elphège , Nadeau Aristide
Published: April 2011

not available
THE STRUCTURE OF DEXTRAN SYNTHESIZED BY LEUCONOSTOC DEXTRANICUS
Authors: Fairhead E. C. , Hunter M. J. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

not available
THE ISOLATION OF GUAIACOL AND PYROGALLOL 1,3-DIMETHYL ETHER FROM HARDWOOD WASTE SULPHITE LIQUOR
Authors: Leger Frank , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

not available
THE KINETICS OF THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHLOROPICRIN AT LOW PRESSURES
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Smith W. McF.
Published: April 2011

The decomposition of gaseous chloropicrin has been investigated down to pressures of 0.3 cm. At lower pressures the rate falls off. The results fit the Kassel theory for a model with 15 oscillators, a molecular diameter of 8 × 10−8 cm., and a frequency of 779 cm.−1
MEASUREMENT OF THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF CELLULOSE
Authors: Luca H. A. De , Campbell W. Boyd , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A method has been devised for the measurement of the dielectric constant of a material that cannot be made to completely fill a condenser. The following is the procedure adopted: Two completely miscible liquids are so chosen that the dielectric constant of the material under examination lies between the two values for the liquids. The dielectric constants of solutions of A and B ranging from 100% A to 100% B are measured. A curve is drawn showing the relation between dielectric constant and percentage composition. The condenser used is then partly filled with the fibrous material. The solutions of A and B are introduced into the condenser and the net dielectric constants are determined. A second curve is drawn showing this relation. The point of intersection of the two curves gives the composition of that liquid that has the same dielectric constant as the fibrous material.This method has been applied to the measurement of the dielectric constant of cellulose, benzene and ethylene dichloride being used. A value of 6.1 has been obtained for this constant.
THE PREPARATION AND SOME FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTIC CASEIN
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Tapp James S.
Published: April 2011

The preparation of rennet casein has been studied on both a laboratory and plant scale, and the effect of the various factors in procedure on the quality of the casein produced is discussed. The details of preparation for a product of excellent quality are given. A simple heat resistance test showing the presence of impurities has been developed. The plasticity of a number of caseins has been measured by a direct method in a laboratory extruder, under pressure ranging up to 77,000 lb. per sq. in.; the maximum viscosity measured directly in this study was about one billion, seven hundred million poises. The flow-pressure curves obtained show no tendency towards a yield point, but show varying degrees of structural viscosity and may be fairly well represented by the relation F = kPn, where F is the flow, P is the pressure, n and k are constants. Decrease in pH of the casein, decrease in ash, and increase in lactose content all lower the viscosity of plastic casein. Small increases in water content decrease the viscosity greatly. Up to 80 °C. the temperature of drying has no appreciable effect on the viscosity. Moistening of casein plastic is discussed, as is also the distribution of water and vapor equilibria. Plastic casein is shown to exhibit streamline flow in extrusion, and plasticization is therefore more difficult to accomplish.
THE DETERMINATION OF TRYPTOPHANE BY A MODIFIED GLYOXYLIC ACID METHOD EMPLOYING PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETRY
Authors: Shaw J. L. D. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

An accurate and reliable method for the estimation of tryptophane is described. It is based on the glyoxylic acid reaction, and involves the use of the Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter. The technique makes it possible to ascertain readily whether the color being measured is due only to tryptophane.The method has been applied to casein, of which, if necessary, only 25 mg. is required. The tryptophane determination is readily accomplished on a solution obtained by dissolving the casein in 10 or 20% sodium hydroxide or 5% formic acid by heating for a few minutes. With respect to alkali hydrolysis of casein under pressure, tryptophane is unstable in the sodium hydroxide hydrolysis, but is very stable in the baryta hydrolysis. The age and source of the casein are shown to be factors causing variations in the tryptophane content of different samples of casein, a variability which has been observed by a few previous workers.
DICHLORINE HEXOXIDE
Authors: Kalina M. H. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

Some chemical and physical properties of dichlorine hexoxide are described and attention is drawn to its dangerous property of exploding violently on contact with organic substances.The extinction coefficient of solutions of dichlorine hexoxide in carbon tetrachloride solution for a wave-length of 5460 Å has been measured and found to be 2.4, which is very much less than that of liquid dichlorine hexoxide for the same wave-length. A colorimetric method is described for the quantitative estimation of dichlorine hexoxide in solutions. The molecular weight of dichlorine hexoxide in carbon tetrachloride solution has been redetermined, and it confirms the formula Cl2O6.Solutions of dichlorine hexoxide in carbon tetrachloride are decomposed photochemically by green light. Gaseous chlorine trioxide (ClO3) is decomposed photochemically by λ3650. Its decomposition is photosensitized by chlorine and bromine, the quantum yield in the chlorine sensitized reaction being about 1.
THE EFFECT OF POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS ON THE TIME OF SET OF ALKALINE SILICA GELS
Authors: Munro L. A. , Pearce J. A.
Published: April 2011

The behavior of glycerol in increasing the time of set of alkaline silica gels is not anomalous. There is a regular and further increase in time of set when the higher members of a series of polyhydric alcohols are added to the gels. The rate of change in the effect produced by increasing concentration of the addition agent varies with the concentration and pH. With the 2.23% gel, at pH 8.2, glycol showed a reversal of its effect on the time of set. The implications of this change are discussed.
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY: CORRELATION OF AIR TEMPERATURES IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN WITH LATITUDE, LONGITUDE AND ALTITUDE
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Linear partial regression coefficients of the 18-year average (1917–34) monthly mean air temperature recorded at 43 points in central and southern Alberta and Saskatchewan on latitude, longitude, and altitude were determined for each month of the year. The three series of coefficients each show an independent seasonal trend. The decrease in air temperature with altitude is greatest in summer and least in winter, whereas the gradient associated with longitude is most pronounced in winter and least in evidence in summer. The influence of latitude is likewise most pronounced in winter, but shows two minima, in spring and autumn respectively. The monthly regression equations account for most of the variance of the station averages, and hence provide a reasonably satisfactory graduation of the climatological temperature gradients characteristic of this area at different seasons of the year.These regression equations could not, however, be applied satisfactorily to the monthly averages for individual years, owing to greater local variation. Additional equations were therefore determined from the records for 1935 at 27 stations in the sub-area bounded by the 50th and 52nd parallels and the 104th and 108th meridians. The results suggest that further additions to the number of stations would still be desirable, and that if this was effected a fairly accurate graduation should be possible within this district, even in individual years.
THE ORIGIN OF ABNORMAL RUST CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH THE INBREEDING OF PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI
Authors: Johnson Thorvaldur , Newton Margaret
Published: April 2011

The inbreeding of physiologic races of Puccinia graminis Tritici by means of the selfing of certain selected strains for several successive generations has given rise to rust strains with various abnormal characteristics manifested not only in the uredial and telial stages but also in the pycnial and aecial stages. These abnormalities include: (i) Abnormal uredial color—grayish-brown, orange, white. (ii) A decrease in the vigor of sporulation, that is, a tendency to form uredia that fail to rupture the epidermis of the wheat plant. (iii) A decrease of pathogenic vigor in certain strains, as shown, for example, by a tendency towards an "x" type of infection in cultures descending from strains that appeared homozygous for the more vigorous "4" type of infection. Certain strains originating through selfing have also shown a greater sensitivity to high temperatures than strains collected in the field. Wheat varieties susceptible to such strains at ordinary greenhouse temperatures develop resistance towards them at temperatures above 80° F. whereas their reaction to cultures collected in the field remains almost unaffected. (iv) Loss of ability to produce aecia on the barberry. (v) The development of uredia and telia on the barberry by some strains that have, partially or entirely, lost the capacity to produce aecia.The development of abnormal strains of rust is not an inevitable consequence of inbreeding, as many inbred strains show no abnormal characteristics. It is suggested that the abnormal characteristics are, in most cases, the result of recessive mutations that have taken place in the past history of the rust, the part played by the selfing being that of segregating and recombining the mutant factors in a homozygous state under which condition their effects are manifested in various types of abnormalities.
YELLOW BLOTCH-CURL: A NEW VIRUS DISEASE OF THE RED RASPBERRY IN ONTARIO
Authors: Chamberlain G. C.
Published: April 2011

This paper reports the results of an investigation into a condition of the Cuthbert red raspberry which is quite distinct from any previously described disease. The disease, termed yellow blotch-curl, is characterized principally by a loose type of curling and pale chlorotic foliage which sometimes shows a yellow blotching and ring spot. The disease has been transmitted by patch-grafting, which indicates that it is of the virus type. It has been transmitted to Cuthbert, Viking, Latham, Herbert, Chief, and Lloyd George varieties, and different reactions have been noted and described.From these experiments it is concluded that "yellow blotch-curl" is distinct from mosaic and leaf curl.
MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF APPALACHIAN PODSOL SOILS: III. SYNCHRONOUS CHANGES OF BACTERIAL NUMBERS IN TWO FIELD SOILS
Authors: Gray P. H. H.
Published: April 2011

Determinations of the numbers of bacteria (and actinomyces) in two cultivated podsol soils, sampled on the same days at intervals of one month during the growing season of 1937, showed that numbers developing in plates of two agar mediums fluctuated extensively and in the same manner in both soils. The fluctuations were of greater amplitude in plots treated several months previously with limestone, with sodium carbonate, and with both amendments together, than in the control plots. Numbers in the late spring (June 14) were from two to four times the numbers found in the summer (August 11). In the spring the less selective medium (soil-extract–dextroseagar) gave higher numbers than the more selective medium (Thornton's mannitol-asparagine), but in the summer the numbers were the same in the two mediums.
STUDIES ON BLACKHEART, SOFT-ROT, AND TARNISHED PLANT BUG INJURY OF CELERY
Authors: Richardson J. K.
Published: April 2011

A study of blackheart, soft-rot and tarnished plant bug injury on celery was made to determine their interrelationship, in addition to their individual effects on the host. The incidence of blackheart could not be correlated with a saturated condition of the soil, or with the use of various fertilizers, but under artificial conditions the disease could be induced in susceptible plants by subjecting them to temperatures ranging from 85–95° F., in a humid atmosphere. Experimental data supplemented by observations in the field indicate (i) that the disease is physiological in nature, (ii) that early plantings are more severely affected, (iii) that most extensive injury occurs when plants are nearing maturity, (iv) that vigorous plants are more subject to attack, (v) that there is a difference in varietal susceptibility, and (vi) that the appearance of the disease in the field is generally preceded by a period of high humidity or of high temperature, or of both.In addition to the soft-rot caused solely by Erwinia carotovora (L. R. Jones) Holland, necrotic blackheart tissues under favorable conditions often become infected by this pathogen, which, as a secondary decay, destroys the plant.The tarnished plant bug Lygus pratensis L. is of economic importance as a vector of soft-rot. Considerable damage, differing in appearance from either blackheart or soft-rot, may also be caused by its feeding habits.
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY: CORRELATION OF MONTHLY PRECIPITATION IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN WITH LATITUDE, LONGITUDE AND ALTITUDE
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

The linear partial regression coefficients of the 19-ycar average (1917–1935) monthly precipitation recorded at 42 points in central and southern Alberta on latitude, longitude and altitude were determined for each month of the year. The correlation of precipitation with these co-ordinates, although statistically significant, was only moderate. Some improvement was effected by inclusion of the quadratic term in longitude, but even so, more than 50% of the inter-station variance of the 19-year precipitation averages for most months remained in the form of residual deviations. Observations for individual years were even less amenable to graduation. Consequently, a given number of meteorological stations would provide a much less complete specification of precipitation than of air temperature (the subject of a parallel previous study) within the area considered.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STUDY OF VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN THE MALTING QUALITY OF BARLEY. PART III
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel , Meredith W. O. S.
Published: April 2011

Samples of eight barley varieties grown at six widely separated points in Canada were malted in duplicate under standard conditions in laboratory equipment. After six days in the germinator, half of each sample was removed and kilned. The remaining halves were grown two days longer before kilning. The relative positions of the varieties with respect to extract, diastatic power, and permanently soluble nitrogen, were changed by the additional two days' growth, but the changes were generally small by comparison with the spreads between varieties and the greater changes in their relative positions when grown at different stations, ft is concluded that the differential effect of malting method is an appreciable source of error in the interpretation of the results of routine malting tests, but that the limiting factor in studies of the comparative malting qualities of varieties is the differential effect of environment on them.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERAL SOILS OF QUEBEC: PART II. VIRGIN SOILS
Authors: Rowles W.
Published: April 2011

Fifty-three samples from various horizons of virgin soil from different parts of the province have been analyzed for the following properties: organic carbon, loss on ignition, clay, silt, sand, moisture at the sticky point, moisture take up at 50% relative humidity, pore space, heat of wetting, volume expansion, maximum moisture taken up, index of texture, apparent and absolute specific gravity. Correlation coefficients and regression equations have been derived to trace the relations existing between these properties, and it is shown that the organic content of the soil is the most important factor in determining the physical behavior. A comparison of the pipette and hydrometer methods of mechanical analysis is described.
EFFECT OF PHYTOHORMONES ON SEEDS DAMAGED BY FORMALDEHYDE AND OTHER DISINFECTANTS
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Experiments with cereal seeds demonstrate that the reduction in germination and early growth resulting from formaldehyde treatment can be largely overcome by adding the phytohormones, 1-naphthylacetic acid or 3-indolylacetic acid, to the disinfecting solution. The optimum concentration of the hormone for individual varieties of cereals lies between 0.01 and 5 p.p.m. Similar effects were also obtained with hormones after copper sulphate and hot water treatments. The method appears to have practical possibilities, and may also be useful for comparing the physiological activities of different compounds.
STUDIES ON THE BIONOMICS AND CONTROL OF THE BURSATE NEMATODES OF HORSES AND SHEEP: V. COMPARISONS OF THE LETHAL EFFECTS OF SOME NON-NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS ON THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF SCLEROSTOMES
Authors: Parnell I. W.
Published: April 2011

The effect on the free-living stages of sclerostomes of some non-nitrogenous artificial fertilizers, containing potash, phosphoric acid or calcium, is discussed. Of these fertilizers kainit has most practical advantages. Under the conditions of the experiments, which are otherwise ideal for the survival of the larvae, one part of kainit to 23 parts of fresh horse feces is necessary to sterilize them. The proportions in which the other fertilizers must be mixed are:—Muriate of potash 1:17, (potassium chloride, one of the main constituents of the previous fertilizer, is rather more lethal); carbonate of potash 1:13; sulphate of potash 1:5. Superphosphate (20%) sterilized when mixed at 1:5, and 16% superphosphate required 2:5. Basic slag and raw rock phosphate (Florida) had no sterilizing value. Lime, in spite of its reputation as a sterilizing agent for many pests has, when mixed with fresh feces, little effect on the free-living stages of sclerostomes.
AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE DIPTERA (FLIES) OF ALBERTA
Authors: Strickland E. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
A METHOD OF DETERMINING THE MEAN SPEED OF MOVEMENT OF INSECTS IN A MASS OF FLOUR
Authors: Stanley John , Smallman B. N.
Published: April 2011

A method of determining the mean speed of movement of adults of the flour beetle Tribolium confusum Duv., moving through a mass of flour, is described. The method consists of allowing a beetle to wander for a suitable length of time through a mass of flour made up of alternate black and white layers of flour, each 1 mm. thick. The motion of the beetle's legs churns the two colours into one another as it tunnels through the flour. If the flour mass be compressed into a solid cake, and sectioned at right angles to the laminae, the course of the tunnel is marked by gray traces owing to this mixing. From a study of these traces in section, the trail may be reconstructed and the distance traversed in unit time computed.
THE NORTHERN FOWL MITE (LIPONYSSUS SYLVIARUM C. & F., 1877): INVESTIGATIONS AT MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE., WITH A SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS WORK
Authors: Cameron Donald
Published: April 2011

This paper gives a complete review of past work on the northern fowl mite. The generic name for the species is Liponyssus Kolenati, 1859. To show the geographical distribution of this mite, 20 bird and two mammalian hosts are given in systematic order. A seeming discrepancy in previous descriptions of the protonymph is figured and described. A description of the larva and of the males, resembling those of L. bursa, is given with figures. They were taken, with males of L. sylviarum, from fowls at Macdonald College, but all females taken from the birds are as described for L. sylviarum. Average duration of the egg stage is 30.4 hr. and of the larval stage 8.33 hr. at 100°–104° F. and 90–100% relative humidity. All attempts at artificial feeding failed. This mite does not aestivate and will not breed upon chicks. It multiplies rapidly, spreads readily from bird to bird, and survives long periods of starvation, but temperatures below 7° F. cause death in a short time, when away from the host. The high thermal death point lies between 104.2 and 108.5° F. The economic importance is uncertain but might be great. Control is cheaply and easily accomplished by the use of nicotine sulphate.
SOME TREMATODE PARASITES OF DUCKS AND GEESE IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Cannon D. G.
Published: April 2011

Eight species were found. One, Stephanoprora mergi, is described as new, and Echinoparyphium elegans and Psilochasmus longicirratus are here recorded for the first time in America. Several species are described from new hosts. The other specimens recorded are Echinostoma revolutum, Hypoderaeum conoideum, Zygocotyle lunata, Apatemon gracilis, and Notocotylus attenuatus.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MAGNETIC ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OF HIGH RESOLVING POWER
Authors: Prebus Albert , Hillier James
Published: April 2011

A brief historical review of the development of the electron supermicroscope is given. This is followed by a theoretical discussion of the resolving power attainable with the instrument and a summary of the important results which have been obtained by other workers. A description is given of the supermicroscope which has been recently constructed in Toronto. A number of photographs taken with the instrument demonstrate its high resolving power and its applicability as a tool in the sciences.
UNE ÉLECTRODE ARGENT–CARBONATE D'ARGENT OBTENUE PAR ÉLECTROLYSE
Authors: Demers Pierre
Published: April 2011

not available
THE VISCOSITY OF LIQUID HYDROGEN
Authors: Johns H. E.
Published: April 2011

The viscosity of liquid hydrogen has been measured by observing its flow through a variety of capillary tubes. The resulting viscosities are about 10% higher than those obtained by Keesom and Macwood using an oscillating disc.
THE ALKALOIDS OF SENECIO SPECIES: IV. ERECHTITES HIERACIFOLIA (L.) RAF.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

An examination of Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf., during which two alkaloids have been isolated, has emphasized the close chemical relation which the genus Erechtites bears to Senecio. The chief alkaloid, hieracifoline, C18H25O5N, on hydrolysis yields retronecine and hieracinecic acid. The alkaloid is therefore of the type generally elaborated by Senecio species.
THE OCCURRENCE OF l-NICOTINE IN ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA L.
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

The root of Asclepias syriaca L., contains an alkaloid which has been identified as l-nicotine. The base was characterized via its picrate and picrolonate.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XX. CORYDALIS MICRANTHA (ENGELM.) GRAY AND CORYDALIS CRYSTALLINA ENGELM.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Chemical examination of C. micrantha and of C. crystallina has shown that their relation is not as close to C. aurea as taxonomic classification would suggest. C. micrantha was found to contain protopine, l-tetrahydro-palmatine, capaurine, capauridine, scoulerine, and three unidentified phenolic alkaloids (F41, F42, and F43). C. crystallina yielded only a small amount of total bases from which protopine, bicuculline, and capnoidine were isolated.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXI. CORYDALIS LUTEA (L.) DC.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Corydalis lutea (L.) DC. has yielded a total of seven alkaloids, four of which, namely: protopine, l-tetrahydro-palmatine, l-isocorypalmine, and isocorydine, are well known from other sources. The occurrence of the last, unaccompanied by corydine, is unique thus far. The name stylopine is retained for one of the alkaloids. On racemization it yields dl-tetrahydro-coptisine. Ochrobirine (alkaloid F14), one of the constituents, contains an esterifiable non-phenolic hydroxyl group, and the suggestion is advanced that it may be 13-hydroxy-protopine. Finally, a new non-phenolic alkaloid for which the name luteanine (alkaloid F44) is proposed, was found. It is isomeric with cularine, C20H23O4N, and, like the latter, contains three methoxyl groups and an indifferent oxygen atom. It is pointed out that the nature of the chemical constituents, in this case alkaloids, offers a possible means of determining interrelations within a family. The close relation between C. lutea, C. claviculata, and C. ochroleuca, which has been proposed on morphological grounds, is not evidenced in the alkaloid constituents.
NOTE ON PERSISTENCE OF LIQUID STRUCTURE IN THE CRITICAL REGION
Authors: Dacey J. , McIntosh R. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

not available
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE BY PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETRY
Authors: Smith G. R. , Dyer W. J. , Wrenshall C. L. , Long W. A. De
Published: April 2011

A study of factors affecting the ceruleomolybdate reaction for phosphate is reported. The concentrations of stannous and stannic ions, the presence of extraneous salts, and temperature are important factors affecting the intensity and stability of the blue colour.The stannous chloride reagent should be preserved from oxidation by storing it under hydrogen.The interference by ferric iron is due largely to its reaction with the reducing agent, and may be avoided by diluting the sample to contain 0.1 p.p.m. of phosphorus and using two or three times the usual quantity of stannous chloride.
SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS AS AN ISOPIESTIC STANDARD
Authors: Janis A. A. , Ferguson J. B.
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the accurate determination of the vapour pressure of aqueous solutions of non-volatile salts. Solutions of two salts contained in a large silver dish are rocked in an evacuated desiccator until equilibrium is attained, then the vapour pressure of the one solution is determined from the known vapour pressure of the other. Results on the rate of attainment of equilibrium are given for various types of containers.Sodium chloride is chosen as the standard. Results are given for the system sodium-chloride–potassium-chloride at 25 °C., 30 °C., and 35 °C. Since there is a disagreement amongst the results for sodium chloride calculated from e.m.f. data and those determined from direct vapour pressure data, an arbitrarily selected vapour pressure curve is adopted. This curve is found to yield the activity coefficients of potassium chloride remarkably well. The method yields results whose accuracy is comparable with that of the best e.m.f. measurements.
THE CONVERSION OF ALPHA-BROMONAPHTHALENE INTO THE BETA ISOMER
Authors: Fisher Herbert E. , Clark R. H.
Published: April 2011

L. Roux found that α-bromonaphthalene was partly converted into β-bromonaphthalene by warming with aluminium chloride and carbon disulphide. Because of the interest in the β-derivatives for the preparation of naphthalene-2-acetic acid, one of the synthetic plant hormones, this investigation was undertaken to improve, if possible, upon the yield hitherto obtained. Several metals, notably antimony, molybdenum, nickel, and tungsten, in conjunction with aluminium chloride, gave increased yields.
THE ACTIVITY OF WATER IN SULPHURIC ACID SOLUTIONS AT 25 °C. BY THE ISOPIESTIC METHOD
Authors: Sheffer H. , Janis A. A. , Ferguson J. B.
Published: April 2011

The activities of water in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and of sulphuric acid have been compared by the isopiestic method at 25 °C. over a range of molalities extending up to that of the saturated salt solution. The apparatus, which was of the Sinclair type, proved to be as efficient as any yet devised. The results remove the uncertainties that previously existed in regard to the position of the m1/m2 curve and give a qualitative indication of the second dissociation of sulphuric acid. The calculated activities agree with the best available data. The isopiestic standard chosen by Janis and Ferguson has been confirmed over the whole molality range.
STUDIES OF CARBON BLACK: V. THE EFFECT OF GAS COMPOSITION ON THE PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF CARBON OBTAINED BY NON-IMPINGEMENT (LAMPBLACK) METHODS
Authors: Pidgeon L. M.
Published: April 2011

Lampblack has been produced from ethylene, propane, methane, and various mixtures of these gases. Carbon liberated from the flame of burning defines is similar to carbon black in its ability to reinforce rubber, while carbon from paraffins resembles lampblack and does not reinforce rubber. The production of a reinforcing pigment by non-impingement methods is associated with a gas having a negative heat of formation.