bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Light on the Color of ‘California Light Red Kidney’ Bean Seed during Storage1
Authors: Hughes P. A. , Sandsted R. F.
Published: September 2022

Seed of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. California Light Red Kidney was stored at 1, 12, and 24°C and 30 and 80% relative humidity for 1 year. The higher temperatures accelerated darkening of seed coat color. High relative humidity at 24° resulted in the darkest colored beans, a complete loss of germination, a 4-fold increase in fat acidity and a nearly 2-fold increase in the time required to cook until tender when compared with beans stored at 1° and 30% relative humidity. Beans stored at 1° and 30% relative humidity very nearly retained their original color, germination percentage, and fat acidity in addition to retainment of their cooking time requirements. Ultraviolet and cool-white light also darkened beans in storage, but in contrast to the darkening caused by high humidity and temperature, light promoted darkening was not associated with loss in quality factors.
‘Haggith’ Apricot: Rootstock Seed Source1
Authors: Layne R. E. C. , Harrison T. B.
Published: September 2022

‘Haggith’ (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a new apricot cultivar introduced in 1974 as a seed source for apricot rootstocks. Trees of ‘Haggith’ are cold hardy, consistently productive, self-fertile and disease tolerant. The seeds of ‘Haggith’ germinate readily as fall planted pits or as spring planted stratified seeds. ‘Haggith’ seedlings are quite uniform in the nursery row, attain buddable size by August and are compatible with a broad range of scion cultivars. Scions on ‘Haggith’ seedlings appear to be comparable in vigor, precocity and disease response with those on seedlings of ‘Alfred’ or ‘Morden 604’. However, there is a tendency for scions on ‘Haggith’ seedlings to have wider crotch angles, a more spreading growth habit, and slightly higher yield than on ‘Alfred’ seedlings. The ‘Haggith’ seedling rootstock is being introduced to meet the need for a reliable, cold hardy rootstock for apricot. ‘Haggith’ is not recommended as a scion variety.
‘Ventura’ Grape
Authors: Bradt O. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Ventura’ is a white wine grape (Fig. 1) which has received favorable performance reports from tests in Ohio, Michigan, New York and Ontario. It was released in February 1975.
‘Erie’ Viburnum1
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

Viburnum dilatatum Thunb., the linden viburnum, is the most widely cultivated red-fruited viburnum species. The plant is most frequently sold as a heterogeneous seedling population that often displays great variability in growth habit, flowering, fruiting, and autumn foliage coloration. By planting superior vegetatively propagated cultivars in close proximity to insure cross-pollination, the nurseryman and consumer are assured of superior landscape plants. The cultivars ‘Moraine’ (4), with compact growth and heavy berries, and ‘Improved’ (5), with abundant, large fruit have been introduced by nursermen. ‘Iroquois’, with abundant, large fruit in large inflorescences, and ‘Catskill’, with compact growth habit and abundant orange-red fruit, were introduced by the U.S. National Arboretum (1). V. dilatatum ‘Xanthocarpum’ Rehd., a form with yellow fruit, was described by A. Rehder (3). ‘Erie’ (National Arboretum No. 32226, Plant Introduction No. 347259), another noteworthy selection that extends the fruit color range to coral, is introduced by the U.S. National Arboretum, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (2).
New Vegetable Varieties List XX1, Compiled by the Garden Seed Research Committee American Seed Trade Association
Authors: Lower R. L.
Published: September 2022

Nineteen prior lists of new vegetable varieties introduced since 1936 were published in Vols. 63, 65, 67, 69, 70, 75, 77, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90 and 92 of Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, and Vols. 4(1), 5(3), 6(2) and 8(6) of HortScience. A compilation of list I through XV entitled Descriptive List of Vegetable Varieties was published jointly by the American Seed Trade Association, Inc. and the American Society for Horticultural Science in September 1972 and can be obtained from either organization.

The following abbreviations are used: exp. desig.-experimental designation; orig.-originated at or by; intr.-introduced by; par.-parentage or parents; char.-outstanding characteristics; res.-resistant to; tol.-tolerant to; sim.-similar to or resembles; sel.-selection or selected; adapt.-adapted to or adaptation.
Effect of Temperature on Growth, Flowering, and Fruiting in ‘Blue Troll’ Browallia1
Authors: Semeniuk Peter
Published: September 2022

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of 3 day/night temp regimes on vegetative growth, flower development, and fruit set of Browallia speciosa Hook. ‘Blue Troll’ (a semi-dwarf type) under growth chamber conditions.
An Evaluation of Plastic and Fibrous Materials as Mulches for Total Vegetation Control1
Authors: Creager R. A. , Katchur D.
Published: September 2022

Twenty-three plastic and fibrous materials were tested in the greenhouse to determine their growth suppression capacity on herbaceous and woody plants. Promising treatments were then applied under field conditions. Materials which controlled vegetation most effectively were rigid urethane foam (a new mulch material), fiberglass mat, fiberglass mat over black polyethylene film, and burlap impregnated with either tert-butylcarbamic acid ester with 3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (karbutilate), or 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil (bromacil).
Photoperiodism of Mung Bean and Four Related Species1
Authors: MacKenzie D. R. , Ho L. , Liu T. D. , Henry B. F. Wu , Oyer E. B.
Published: September 2022

The effect of 12 and 16 hours of light on flowering was studied in field plot experiments with 1602 accessions of mung bean (Vigna radiata var. radiata) and 4 related species. Mung bean, adzuki bean, (V angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi var. angularis) and moth bean (V. aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) appear to have a high incidence of day-neutral types when compared with the black gram (V. mungo (L.) Hepper) and rice bean (V. umbellata (Thumb.) Ohwi & Ohaski) germplasm collections of mung bean and related species show an increase of day-neutral types of latitudes distant from the equator.
Plant Damage in Southwestern Ontario
Authors: Linzon S. N.
Published: September 2022

With the passage of the Ontario Environmental Protection Act, 1971, the Ministry of the Environment assumed the responsibility of coordinating all government programs designed to protect the environment from pollution.
Impact of Intergenotypic Competition in Selecting among Bush Tomato Phenotypes1
Authors: Peirce L. C. , Lee J. W. , McHale N.
Published: September 2022

The fruit size of randomly mixed plantings of 10 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes, both inbred and hybrid, were compared with pure plantings in a standard spacing. Some intergenotypic competition was encountered as shown by reduced fruit size within the mixed stand, but it was not at a level that would affect selection. Comparing mixtures of hybrids and inbreds separately with respective pure stands showed the levels of intergenotypic competition to be quite similar.
Continued Differential Resistance among Citrus Genotypes to California Red Scale1
Authors: Cameron J. W. , Carman G. E. , Soost R. K. , Pappas J. L.
Published: September 2022

Resistance of a series of Citrus genotypes to natural infestation by California red scale [Aonidielia aurantii (Mask.)] was correlated in 1969 with their ancestry as follows: principally mandarin, greatest; mandarin-orange and mandarin-grapefruit, second; pummelo-orange and pummelo-grapefruit, third; and pure lemon, least (2). Patterns of resistance were in general agreement with limited earlier reports of Citrus host preferences (1, 3). Data were obtained in a replicated field planting which is still being maintained without artificial scale control. Persistence of differential resistance among the hybrid groups is the subject of this article.
Germination of Lowbush Blueberry Seeds Stored Dry and in Fruit at Different Temperatures1
Authors: Aalders Lewis E. , Hall Ivan V.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of the lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium augustifolium Ait) germinated well following storage in the berry at −23°C or when cleaned and stored dry in paper envelopes at −23°, −2° or 1°. When stored in the berry at —2° or at 1°, the berries became moldy with a species of Botrytis and germination was reduced considerably.
Inheritance of Fruit Anthocyanin Pigments in Red Raspberry1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. , Torre Louis C.
Published: September 2022

In red raspberry a major gene, R, is proposed which controls the formation of rhamnose-containing fruit pigments, cyanidin, 3-rutinoside (Cy 3-Ru) and cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside (Cy 3-GIRu). Genotypically ‘Willamette’, ‘Washington’ and ‘Matsqui’ are rr, ‘Canby’, ‘SHRI 6626/41’ and ‘SHRI 6531/42’ are Rr and ‘SHRI 6531/84’ is RR.
Chlorflurenol-induced Crown Division of Everbearing Strawberries1
Authors: Andrew L. A. , Ormrod D. P. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2022

Two everbearing strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) selections were sprayed with the morphactin chlorflurenol (methyl-2-chlor-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate) at concentrations of 5 to 80 ppm. From 1.8 to 2.8 times more crowns developed in treated plants of clone 25P29 than in controls and 1.9 to 4.3 times more in clone 12R70. Growth was temporarily retarded at all concentrations. Flower numbers were reduced by high chlorflurenol rates.
Cold Hardiness of ‘Montmorency’ Sour Cherry Flower Buds during Spring Development1
Authors: Dennis F. G. , Carpenter W. S. , MacLean W. J.
Published: September 2022

Laboratory and orchard studies were designed to determine the critical temperatures at which injury to flowers of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) occurred during spring development. In laboratory freezing tests, the temperature at which 50% of the flowers were killed (LT50) rose rapidly as the buds swelled, reaching −5°C just prior to separation of the bud scales and −3° at full bloom. Comparison of orchard minima with subsequent injury indicated greater sensitivity of unopened buds, but lower sensitivity of expanding flowers, in comparison with laboratory values. Limited comparisons indicated no consistent effect of previous temperatures upon bud hardiness. On the basis of these observations, growers with orchard heating equipment should not permit temperatures to fall below −2° once buds reach the “water bud” stage (40 to 50 mg fresh weight per bud).
G314, G323, G326, G328, and G364 High Solids Cabbage Inbreds1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Stamer J. R.
Published: September 2022

Cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata group), is about 92.5% water or 7.5% dry matter. This results in excess brine during sauerkraut production. However, savoy cabbage cultivars have 10.5% and kale [B. oleracea L. (Acephala group)], 16-18% dry matter. This has not changed much since it was first reported in 1924 by Lamprecht (3). The dry matter fluctuates from season to season. The hybrid ‘Roundup’, for example, has varied from 6.5% (1974) to 8.1% (1970), while ‘King Cole’ has varied from 5.2 to 7.6% dry matter. ‘King Cole’ is usually 0.4% lower in dry matter than ‘Roundup’. In years when dry matter is low, the excess of brine during sauerkraut manufacture can be as high as 30% (2). In years such as 1972 there is little excess brine. If dry matter could be increased, surplus brine would be reduced and packout increased.
New Approaches in Rose Breeding1
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: September 2022

Present garden roses lack winter hardiness and are more or less susceptible to Blackspot. Winterhardy and disease resistant cultivars and species of Rosa are available but these have generally a short flowering season and they do not have the flower quality of present garden cultivars. Breeding programs were devised with diploid and tetraploid cultivars and species to obtain winterhardy, remontant roses with resistance to blackspot, Diplocarpon rosae Wolf., and to powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca pannosa Wall. ex. Fr./Lev. For the program at the diploid level, cultivars of R. rugosa Thunb. were used as source for hardiness and disease resistance and cultivars of R. chinensis Jacq. as source for the everblooming habit and flower quality. For the program at the tetraploid level, unnamed seedlings of different hybrid origin were used as source for hardiness and disease resistance and garden rose cultivars as source for the everblooming habit and flower quality. The desired results have been partially obtained from both breeding programs but the program with tetraploid roses produced the first tangible results.
Control of Internal Browning of ‘Schmidt’ Sweet Cherries by Handling in Water1
Authors: Wade G. L. , Dewey D. H.
Published: September 2022

A browning disorder of the fleshy mesocarp of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L., cv. Schmidt) was related to damage caused by bruising, particularly of turgid fruit. Browning was reduced by immediate and continuous submergence of the bruised fruit in water at ambient temperatures (23–30°C). Vacuum treatment or the addition of ascorbic acid or calcium chloride did not improve the effectiveness of water in the retardation of browning. Cracking of fruit held in water for as long as 24 hours was minimized by adding sucrose or corn syrup at concentrations equivalent to the soluble solids content of the fruit. Canning of bruised cherries masked the browning discoloration and off-flavor present in fresh fruit.
Changes in Polyphenoloxidase Activity and Substrate Levels in Maturing ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple and Other Cultivars1
Authors: Zocca Andrea , Ryugo Kay
Published: September 2022

Analyses conducted on acetone powder and extracts prepared from ‘Golden Delicious’ apples collected from late July to early September revealed that the polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity increased during the maturation period while the substrate level decreased. Protein content decreased initially and then increased as the apple approached full maturity. Similar analyses on other cultivars revealed wide variations; ‘Tohoku #3’ had low PPO activity and substrate level which may make this cultivar a good candidate for mechanical harvesting provided it possesses other acceptable horticultural characteristics.
Ethylene-releasing Compounds to Loosen Olive Fruits for Mechanical Harvesting1
Authors: Vitagliano Claudio
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and 2-chloro-ethyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)silane (Alsol) at 1000 ppm applied 16 days before commercial harvest reduced the fruit removal force (FRF) of olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Frantoio) by 73% and 53%, respectively. Alsol markedly reduced FRF soon after treatment while ethephon action took longer. Both chemicals induced high levels of fruit drop and some defoliation, 7% for ethephon and 15% for Alsol. Ethylene evolution was much higher from fruits treated with Alsol than from those treated with ethephon during the first few days after spraying.
Tree Density Affects Large-root Distribution of ‘Washington’ Navel Orange Trees1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , McCarty C. D. , Lewis L. N.
Published: September 2022

Tree density (222-801 trees/ha) affected growth of roots in plantings of ‘Washington’ navel orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Root spread, circumference, and root size were greater on wide spaced trees than on closely planted trees which had overlapping root systems. Roots of closely spaced trees were shorter in length and smaller in size.
Effect of Ethylene on Chlorophyllase Activity and Chlorophyll Content in Calamondin Rind Tissue1
Authors: Barmore Charles R.
Published: September 2022

Chlorophyllase activity in rind tissue of calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) increased 195% following a 10 ppm ethylene treatment at 30°C for 24 hours with a concomitant decrease in chlorophyll. A 6 to 12 hour treatment with ethylene was required before detecting increased chlorophyllase activity. Cycloheximide applied immediately prior to the ethylene treatment reduced ethylene stimulated chlorophyllase activity by 60% and reduced chlorophyll degradation markedly, indicating that ethylene stimulated the synthesis or activation of chlorophyllase.
Comparative Wet-digestion and Dry-ashing of Orange and Schefflera Leaves for Nutrient Determinations1
Authors: Labanauskas C. K. , Handy M. F.
Published: September 2022

Using wet-digestion as a standard, leaf samples of orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia) and Schefflera actinophylla Harms were dry-ashed at 500° and 700°C to demonstrate analytical sensitivity of the Schefflera nutrient elements to ashing temperature. Citrus leaf samples dry-ashed at 500° showed only a significant analytical loss in Fe, but dry-ashing at 700° showed substantial losses in Zn, and K. Schefflera leaf samples dry-ashed at 500° showed substantial losses in Cu, Fe, and Mn. Samples dry-ashed at 700° showed high to very high losses in Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe. Use of an analytical method established for one plant species was clearly not applicable to others without verification.
Contaminants Present in Materials Commonly Used to Purify Plant Extracts for Hormone Analysis1
Authors: Martin George C. , Dennis Frank G. , Gaskin Paul , MacMillan Jake
Published: September 2022

Sensitive analytical techniques such as gas chromatography or combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, detect not only plant hormones, but chemical contaminants as well. Thorough cleaning of solvents and chromatographic materials used for extracting plants as well as identification of the contaminants present will assist in resolving the contaminants from hormones present in the same extract.
Acclimatization of Tropical Trees for Interior Use1
Authors: Conover C. A. , Poole R. T.
Published: September 2022

Appearance of container grown Fiscus benjamina Linn. (weeping fig) and Brassaia actinophylla Pov. (schefflera), as measured by plant grade, density and leaf retention after 10 weeks under an interior environment, was improved over plants grown in full sun when plants were previously acclimatized under 40 or 80% shade for 5 or more weeks. There was also an increase in leaf retention as interior light supplied 12 hours/day 7 days a week, increased from 270 to 810 to 1350 lumens/m2.
In vitro Propagation of Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth.1
Authors: Kunisaki J. T.
Published: September 2022

Rapid in vitro propagation of Cordyline terminalis was achieved through the induction and proliferation of shoots of stem explants using a modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 ppm of 6-benzylamino purine (BA). No growth regulators were required for rapid rooting of shoots. Plantlets were successfully transplanted to vermiculite under a light mist and reduced light intensity.
An Experimental Greenhouse Soil Temperature Control System1
Authors: Stephens L. C. , Widmer R. E. , Flikke A. M.
Published: September 2022

A system for greenhouse soil temperature control was designed which combines a moderately wide range of soil temperature above and below air temperature, whole-plot replication, and relatively high numbers of plants per treatment The apparatus was developed for studies involving Cyclamen persicum Mill., but also should be useful for studies of other crops or plant diseases.
Foam Sprays of Plant Growth Regulating Chemicals on Rose Shoot Development at Cutback1
Authors: Carpenter William J.
Published: September 2022

Expanded foam sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyran-yl)-9H-purine (PBA), and 6-benzylamino purine (BA) at 1000 and 2000 ppm applied at plant cutback increased the total number of flowering stems per plant and the number of stems from axillary buds within 30 cm of the bud union, compared with conventional sprays of the same chemicals and concentration. Sprays of plant growth regulators were most effective when applied at cutback, with less benefit from treatments 3 weeks before cutback or 1 or 3 weeks after cutback. No chemical or method of application effectively promoted shoot development from the bud union.
Pollination and the Timing of Fruit-set in Cucumbers1
Authors: Fuller G. L. , Leopold A. C.
Published: September 2022

Ovary stimulation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Crusader) is accomplished rapidly after pollination. Increases in fruit growth are measurable within 24 hours. Experiments where styles were severed from ovaries at intervals after pollination indicate that the signal for ovary growth is received 12-18 hours after pollination. Histological examinations showed that at 12 hours pollen tubes have just penetrated beyond the base of the style into the ovary. Pollen tubes penetrated ovular tissue to accomplish fertilization 30-36 hours after pollination. This timing indicates that cucumber fruit-set is regulated by interactions between pollen tubes and pistillate tissue prior to syngamy.
The New Guinea Impatiens
Authors: Arisumi Torn , Cathey H. M.
Published: September 2022

The group of exotic ornamentals known as the New Guinea impatiens is new to the U.S.A. and has created much interest among many gardeners and some plant breeders. This colorful and diverse assemblage comprises the original plant collections from the wild and hybrid cultivars developed by several research and commercial institutions. The plants were collected in the subtropical highlands of Australian New Guinea in 1970 by H. F. Winters and J. J. Higgins of the Agricultural Research Service who led an expedition for ornamental plant exploration in New Guinea. The expedition was cosponsored by the Agricultural Research Service, USDA, and the Longwood Foundation, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. In 1972 the Plant Introduction Station, USDA, distributed the plants to various research institutions, commercial growers, and amateur breeders throughout the country.
Catfacing of Tomato Fruits as Influenced by Pruning1
Authors: Sikes J. , Coffey D. L.
Published: September 2022

Catfacing on tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum mill. cv. Manapal) was affected more by time of pruning than amount of pruning. Results indicated that a 2 stem, delayed pruning system produced a lower percentage of catfaced fruit than either 1 or 2 stem early pruning system. Catfacing rates in an unpruned system were equal to that of the delayed pruning system, but early marketable yields were depressed with the unpruned plants. Differences noted in vegetative characteristics, treatment response, and the nature of the deformity suggest that growth regulator balance may influence the formation of catfaced fruit
People/Plant Interaction: Human Perspectives in Horticulture1
Authors: Lewis C. A.
Published: September 2022

Horticulture is a branch of agriculture and as such is primarily concerned with the production of a product, be it fruit, vegetable or ornamental. Horticultural research, applied to improvement of production methods and product, has resulted in sophisticated control of production and uniformity of product. People seldom enter the purview of horticultural research, except in studies of labor-efficient methods of production or the consumer market.
Floral Initiation, Development, and Gametogenesis in ‘Roseum elegans’ Rhododenron1
Authors: Arisumi Toru , Uhring Joseph , Pryor Robert L.
Published: September 2022

Rhododendron sp. cv. Roseum Elegans initiated floral buds from June 1–14 in Beltsville, Maryland. Perianth parts and stamens were initiated by June 14 and carpels by August 9. The ovary was formed by August 23, and ovules were initiated by September 6. Differentiation of stamens was complete by August 23; depending on the season, pollen mother cell (PMC) divisions began as early as August 24 or as late as September 24. Megasporogenesis leading to the formation of 8-nucleate embryo sacs occurred from April 25–May 2, about 1 or 2 weeks before full bloom.
Discoloration of Processed Peaches as Influenced by SADH and Ethephon1
Authors: Hair B. L. , Van Blaricom L. O. , Baumgardner R. A.
Published: September 2022

The color of the cheek and USDA color score of processed fruit of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv. Redskin) were significantly higher when succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl-hydrazide (SADH) was used alone or in combination with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon). Both compounds and the combination strikingly reduced pit cavity discoloration.
Hydrocooling Peaches after Waxing: Effects on Fungicide Residues, Decay Development and Moisture Loss1
Authors: Wells John M. , Revear Larry G.
Published: September 2022

Postharvest decay and weight loss of peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) coated with a nonemulsified, water-insoluble blend of mineral oil, petrolatum, and paraffin (wax) containing 5000 ppm Botran and 2500 ppm benomyl was unaffected by subsequent hydrocooling. Botran residues on peaches waxed and hydrocooled under experimental conditions averaged 2.8 ppm, significantly less than those on peaches that were waxed but not hydro-cooled (4.2 ppm). Under commercial conditions, however, Botran residues were slightly less (2.1 to 2.2 ppm) but not significantly different than those on unhydrocooled fruit (2.5 ppm). Therefore weight loss and decay of peaches can be controlled if a nonemulsified wax containing adequate fungicide is applied prior to hydrocooling.
Inhibition Effects of Localized Growth Regulator Sprays on Mature Lemon Trees1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Burns R. M. , Hield H. Z.
Published: September 2022

Sprays of a plant growth regulator ammonium ethyl carbamoylphosphonoate (Krenite), applied to top regrowth of mature Lisbon lemon trees [Citrus limon (L.) Burmann] resulted in significant inhibition of growth for over 1 year. At concentrations above 0.2% there was excessive foliar and small branch damage.
Handling of Postharvest Tropical Fruit Crops
Authors: Wilson L. George
Published: September 2022

People familiar with the tropics are aware of the wide variety of fruits grown in these regions. Some tropical fruits such as bananas, pineapples and papayas are available in temperate zone markets. However, such exotic tropical fruits as mangosteen, carambola, and star apple are rarely, if ever, seen in markets outside the tropics. Other fruits such as citrus, avocados and mangos, which are adaptable to the tropics as well as the sub-tropics, are commonly consumed in the temperate zone. Then there are those temperate fruits such as strawberries, pome fruits and cantelopes that may be adapted to production in certain areas of the tropics. Since bananas are the major tropical fruit exported to temperate zone markets, the handling practices involved with this crop will be described. Considerations for handling other major and minor tropical fruits will be discussed also.
Postharvest Handling of Tropical Vegetable Crops
Authors: Pantastico Er. B. , Bautista Ofelia K.
Published: September 2022

Although the total vegetable area in the developing countries of the world is larger than those with well-developed economies by about 6 times, the mean yield per hectare for all vegetables is only half (Table 1). Moreover, the export of vegetables in developing nations is rather low, because quality is demanded in the export market, and uniform quality control is difficult in the fragmented vegetable areas of the tropics. Individual farms average only a hectare or less. Former big landholdings have been fragmented by the system of land tenure and customs of inheritance. A few large commercial growers may cultivate as much as 10 to 50 hectares. The largest single area devoted to vegetables in a country is usually formed by processing companies cultivating as much as 200 hectares. Many farmers grow vegetables as cash crops after their main crops of rice, corn or tobacco.
Postharvest Handling of Tropical Ornamental Cut Crops in Hawaii
Authors: Akamine Ernest K.
Published: September 2022

Hawaii has probably the most highly developed tropical floral industry in terms of production and export values. The wholesale value of all ornamental crops (cut and lei flowers, foliages, and rooted and potted ornamentals) produced in the State amounted to $4,484,000 (1971), $5,101,000 (1972), $6,341,000 (1973), and $8,211,000 (1974) (7). The total value of all ornamental crops exported was $2,719,000 (1971), $3,074,000 (1972), $3,678,000 (1973), and $4,359,000 (1974). Therefore nearly 60% of the total production was exported, mostly to the U.S. mainland and some to foreign countries. The cut and lei flowers and foliages which are the subjects of this presentation accounted for 89.2% (1971), 90.3% (1972), 86.0%, (1973), 92.0% (1974) of the total value of ornamentals exported. Various rooted and potted ornamentals made up the balance of the export value.
Postharvest Handling of Rooted and Unrooted Cuttings of Tropical Ornamentals1
Authors: Conover Charles A.
Published: September 2022

Cuttings of tropical foliage plants for interior use compose the bulk of all ornamental cuttings moving in international commerce. Records of the USDA plant quarantine division in Miami, Florida for October 1974 show that of the 4.3 million cuttings imported through that entry point, 99.8% could be classified as tropical foliage plants. Major plant genera involved included Aglaonema, Aphelandra, Araucaria, Codiaeum, Cordyline, Dieffenbachia, Dracaena, Ficus, Peperomia, Philodendron, Scindapsus and Syngonium.
Effects of Ethephon on Yield and Quality of Winter Squash, Cucurbita maxima Duch.1
Authors: Baker E. C. , Bradley G. A.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied at 2- to 4-leaf stages on winter squash cultivars ‘Boston Marrow’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Hybrid 530’ resulted in pistillate flowers at most early nodes, but these generally aborted. Ethephon applications usually resulted in greater numbers of marketable squash which tended to be smaller in size. The only instance of a significant yield increase occurred on ‘Golden Delicious’ with 2 applications of 150 ppm ethephon. Earlier appearing nodes on ethephon treated plants produced marketable fruit and harvest, based on external color, could have been made up to a week earlier. Presently, ethephon seems to be of limited commercial promise for winter squash under Arkansas conditions.
Louisiana Horticulture
Authors: Newsom Donald W.
Published: September 2022

The pecan (cover photograph) is one of the major horticultural crops grown in Louisiana. Approximately 25 million pounds of nuts were harvested during the 1975 season. Other major stategrown horticultural crops include sweet potatoes, potatoes, tomatoes, peaches, strawberries, hot peppers, citrus and various florist and nursery crops. Participants in the 73rd Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science to be held at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, on August 11-14, 1976 will have an opportunity to visit areas where many of these crops are produced and to visit hot pepper and sweet potato processing plants.
ASHS Placement Service
Authors: Ballinger Walter E.
Published: September 2022

ASHS has operated a Placement Service for 9 years. This service can be extremely valuable to individuals seekjobs and to employers seeking applicants for positions. It is extremely important that employers have a large and complete list of prospective employees before they make a decision. Likewise, prospective employees should have an extensive list of positions available so that they can find a position which is best suited to their training and experience.
Endogenous Growth Substances of Citrus Tissues1
Authors: Goldschmidt Eliezer E.
Published: September 2022

Studies of growth and development in plants have been imbued with attempts to characterize and identify the endogenous growth substances of plant tissues and to relate changes in their quantities to processes in which they are assumed to participate. Studies of endogenous growth substances can be regarded from the horticultural point of view as complementary to those based upon exogenously supplied growth regulators, leading to better understanding of the developmental processes involved and, eventually, facilitating the practical control of horticultural production.
Opening of Immature Chrysanthemums with Sucrose and 8-Hydroxyquinoline Citrate1
Authors: Gladon Richard J. , Staby George L.
Published: September 2022

Once-over harvested bud-cut chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., were opened in solutions of 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) and/or sucrose. Flowers opened in solutions containing 2 or 4% sucrose and 200 ppm 8-HQC were comparable to or better than control flowers which matured in the greenhouse. Flower shape was influenced by the length of time in solution and solution constituents. Flowers harvested at a minimum of 50 mm diameter developed to 125 mm in 5 to 7 days while the greatest increase in inflorescence height took place between days 7 and 14. Flowers opened in solution did not have a longer vase life than control flowers allowed to develop in the greenhouse.
Effect of a Single Application of Napthaleneacetic Acid on Yield and Shoot Growth of Young Lemon Trees1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , McCarty C. D. , Ede L. L. , Chesson J. H.
Published: September 2022

Application of 1% ethyl ester of napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in an aqueous or latex formulation to trunk and scaffold branches of pruned lemon trees [C. limon (L.) Burm.] did not affect yield during the season of application or during the year following application. Regrowth of trunk and limb sprouts was controlled for approximately 1 year.
Response of Asparagus Crowns to Ethephon and Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Mahotiere S.
Published: September 2022

Dipping asparagus crowns (Asparagus officinalis L.) in 1000 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) solutions before planting significantly increased the number and fresh weight of both shoots and roots in pot studies. Ethephon treatment did not affect time of emergence, height, diameter of the shoots and root length. Of the concentrations tested (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm), the 1000 ppm was the most effective; 750 ppm was partially effective while 250 and 500 ppm were ineffective. Under field conditions, ethephon and/or the potassium salt of gibberellic acid (KGA3) at 1000 ppm, did not affect the time of emergence of shoots from crowns treated before planting. Ethephon was effective in increasing the number of shoots while KGA3 alone or in combination with ethephon was not. Both chemicals reduced stand. Increasing exposure from 15 to 60 minutes increased the effectiveness of ethephon at 1000 ppm on inducing shoot emergence.
Sex Expression of Single and 3-way Cross Cucumber Hybrids with Androecious Pollinators1
Authors: Scott J. W. , Baker L. R.
Published: September 2022

Hybrids from single and 3-way crosses involving gynoecious, hermaphroditic, monoecious, and androecious parent lines of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were grown for 2 summers near East Lansing, Michigan. Frequencies of gynoecious hybrid plants varied significantly between years for most crosses. The femaleness (% gynoecious plants) of most single cross hybrids from gynoecious × androecious crosses was greater than ‘Pioneer’ for 1973 but not as clear-cut in 1974. The same differences were observed for 3-way crosses derived from gynoecious-hermaphroditic F1 seed parents crossed with an androecious pollen parent The differences were more marked for 1973 than 1974. However, when the femaleness of 3-way hybrids derived from the same F1 seed parents crossed with either androecious or monoecious pollen parents were compared, the androecious crosses were consistently more female. Overall, hybrids derived from androecious pollen parents were as highly female, or more so, than hybrids derived from monoecious pollen parents including hybrid ‘Pioneer’.
Nutrient Element Status of Soils and Trees for Peach Orchards in Georgia and South Carolina1
Authors: Jones J. Benton , Isaac R. A. , Skelton B. J.
Published: September 2022

Soils, and leaf and fruit tissues were collected from 200 peach orchard sites during the 1970 growing season. Results obtained were not markedly different from those obtained in an earlier survey in 1962. Most of the soils were quite acid and the peach leaf N levels were below optimum. Most growers appeared to be overfertilizing with P but applying adequate K. Peach fruit were quite high in K, accounting for a sizeable removal of K from the soil.
Wilt-Pruf, an Antitranspirant, Increases Red Color Development in ‘McIntosh’ Apple1
Authors: Creasy L. L.
Published: September 2022

The antitranspirant di-l-p-menthene (Wilt-Pruf) increased red color development in ‘McIntosh’ apples when used alone or in combination with diuron or CaCO3.
Response of Apple Seedlings to Zinc Fertilization and Mycorrhizal Inoculation1
Authors: R. Benson N. , Covey R. P.
Published: September 2022

Zinc fertilization (5 ppm) of apple seedlings (Malus sp.) grown in chloropicrin-fumigated soil increased shoot weight slightly and Zn concentration significantly after 70 days. Inoculation of seedling with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, or G. fasciculatus (Thaxter) Gerd. & Trappe without Zn fertilization increased shoot weight but not plant Zn concentration. Zinc fertilization plus mycorrhizal inoculation increased shoot weight and Zn concentration. Total Zn uptake was increased 7 fold by combined Zn fertilization and G. fasciculatus inoculation. G. mosseae was slightly less effective than G. fasciculatus in promoting seedling growth.
Effect of Temperature on Pecan Seed Germination1
Authors: Staden J. van , Wolstenholme B. N. , Dimalla G. G.
Published: September 2022

Embryo growth of the pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch) is mechanically restricted by the shell. This effect can rapidly be overcome by germinating the seeds between 30 and 35°C.
Measurement of Avocado Cold Hardiness1
Authors: Scorza R. , Wiltbank W. J.
Published: September 2022

Leaf freezing point determinations failed to show a seasonal pattern of cold hardiness in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) plants or to correlate with the known range of cold tolerance of 7 cultivar groups. However, plant freezing point based on freeze-chamber testing estimated cold hardiness based on reported field performance.
Eurya japonica Thunb. ‘Winter Wine’1
Authors: March Sylvester G.
Published: September 2022

Eurya japonica Thunb. is one of more than 100 species in the genus Eurya and family Theaceae which is native to Japan, Ryukyus, South Korea, Taiwan, China, India, and Malaysia. Although this species can reach 7 m in height, it is most often seen as a small to medium-sized shrub. Its evergreen, glabrous, dark-green leaves are 3 to 8 cm long, oval to obovate and serrate, leathery, closely spaced on short petioles, which give the plant a compact appearance. The species is well-suited for landscaping, when a medium-textured, broad-leaved, evergreen is desired. Its area of adaptability coincides with that of Camellia japonica L. Presently, there are no known cultivars of E. japonica.
Flowering Plants as a Therapeutic/Environmental Agent in a Psychiatric Hospital1,2
Authors: Talbott John A. , Stern Daniel , Ross Joel , Gillen Cheryl
Published: September 2022

A pilot study, of eight weeks duration, investigated the effects of flowering plants upon the behavior of hospitalized psychiatric patients. The introduction of flowering plants in the dining room setting was followed by a significant increase in vocalization, time spent in the dining room, and amount of food consumed. A transient, though not statistically significant increase in the number of social gazes occured during the first week the flowers were present.
Response of ‘Sunturf Bermudagrass to Slow-release Nitrogen Sources under Greenhouse Conditions1
Authors: Boonduang A. , Kanehiro Y. , Murdoch C. L.
Published: September 2022

Slow-release N sources (sewage sludge, Agriform, Osmocote, sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU)) and a soluble N source (ammonium sulfate) were applied to soil at the rates of 224 and 448 kg N/ha before planting bermudagrass (Cynodon magenisii Hurcombe cv. Sunturf). Yield, % N, and N recovery at 3 cuttings at 30 day intervals were significantly higher at the 448 kg/ha rate than at the 224 kg/ha rate and were highest in the first of 3 cuttings and decreased significantly in the second and final cuttings. The slow-release N sources, except Agriform, generally gave higher yield, % N, and N recovery values than ammonium sulfate, especially at the third cutting and at the higher N rate. Osmocote, SCU and IBDU generally gave higher values than sewage sludge and Agriform.
Leaching and Water Quality on Service Life of Copper-treated Burlap1
Authors: Sydnor T. Davis , Crean David E. , Cobbs Marjorie J.
Published: September 2022

The influence of leaching and water quality on the service life of Cu-treated burlap was investigated. Copper ammonium carbonate (CAC) and copper naphthenate (Cu Nap) treated burlap were more resistant to leaching with distilled H2O than CuSO4-treated burlap. When evaluating water quality, burlap treated with CuSO4 was found to be susceptible to ionic exchange of the Cu by Fe, Ca, Mg, Na or K. Soil burial tests of burlap treated with Cl or SO4 salts of Cu, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na and K resulted in the replacement of Cu and burlap deterioated within 1 month which was similar to untreated burlap. Water quality of leachates from 12 organic holding media such as pine bark, contained Ca and Mg in concentrations high enough to replace Cu in CuSO4-treated burlap. An inert holding media such as river sand would be preferred to reduce ion replacement and thus extend the service life of Cu-treated burlap.
Root Hardiness of Woody Ornamentals1
Authors: Havis John R.
Published: September 2022

Root hardiness is reported for 38 container-grown woody ornamentals taken from commercial nursery storage in mid-winter. Lethal root temperature ranged from −5° to −23.3°C.
Surface Characteristics of American Elm Clones for Identification by Scanning Electron Microscopy1
Authors: Krause Charles R.
Published: September 2022

Two clones of American elm (Ulmus americana L.), which could not be distinguished by conventional identification techniques were differentiated on the basis of combined microtopographical characteristics using scanning electron microscopy. Intraclonal variation due to environmental influences was negligible.
Conjugation of Foliar Absorbed NAA by Selected Fruit Crops1
Authors: Bukovac M. J. , Flore J. A. , Goren R.
Published: September 2022

Conjugation of 14C-1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was followed in leaf discs of apple, apricot, grape, orange, peach and pear. NAA was metabolized by all crops studied. Free NAA and 2 metabolites that chromatographed with naphthylacety1-β-D-glucose (NAG) and naphthylacetylaspartic acid (NAAsp) constituted 90% of the radioactivity recovered, NAG was the major metabolite (45-90%) followed by NAAsp (5-30%) and NAA (2-22%). Conjugation was most complete in orange (98%), intermediate in apple, apricot, peach and pear and least in grape (68%).
Sprout Control of Apple Nursery Stock with NAA1
Authors: Dozier W. A. , Hollingsworth M. H.
Published: September 2022

Naphthaleneacetic acid ethyl ester (NAA-ethyl ester) sprays applied to the base of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) nursery stock for sprout control suppressed sprout development. Rates of 0.25, 0.50, and 1% resulted in significantly less sprout development than the 0.125% rate. Sprout length was suppressed only by the second applications of the 0.25, 0.50, and 1% rates. A second application of the 0.50 and 1% rates killed the existing sprouts at time of application. Trees treated with 1% NAA-ethyl ester were shorter and smaller in diameter. The 0.25 and 0.50% rates were equally as effective in sprout control as the 1% rate, without adversely affecting tree height and diameter.
Effect of Different Handling Methods on Cooling Rate and Moisture Loss of ‘d’Anjou’ Pears Stored in Bins1
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Mellenthin W. M.
Published: September 2022

High storage humidities, wax, and polyethylene film as bin-liners were compared for minimizing loss in storage life and preventing fruit shrivel during storage prior to packaging for market of pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. d’Anjou). Lining the sides and covering the top of bins with 1.25-mil polyethylene film was the most beneficial in preventing fruit shrivel without adversely delaying cooling. Enclosing pears in film bin bags also controlled moisture loss but was detrimental to rapid removal of field heat. Waxing the fruit or covering only the top of bins with film did not reduce the cooling rate but were ineffective in preventing excessive moisture loss. Introduction of water vapor to maintain high humidity markedly reduced moisture loss but caused ice formation on the fruit and storage room floor.
Photosynthesis and Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Zn-deficient Peaches Irradiated with Ultraviolet Light1
Authors: Basiouny Fouad M. , Biggs R. H.
Published: September 2022

Effects of UV-B radiation (280-310 nm) and Zn deficiency on photosynthesis and carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in peach seedlings (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were studied. Low Zn markedly reduced CA activity; however, the reduction was not proportional to the reduction in leaf Zn content. Zn-deficient leaves irradiated with UV-B had lower CA activity, chlorophyll content, spectral reflectance and rates of photosynthesis. The reduction was more pronounced when leaves were distinctly chlorotic. Higher CA activity was not necessary for maintaining high rates of photosynthesis. Target areas in the leaf for UV-B absorption are discussed.
Effect of Sub-freezing Temperatures on Bud Break of Pecan1
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Payne A. , Horton B. D.
Published: September 2022

Pecan trees [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] were subjected during dormancy to temperatures of either a check (average minimum ambient temperature of −1°C), or controlled temperatures of −4°, −7°, −10°, or −13°C for 1 night. Decreasing the temperature advanced bud break the following season.
Effect of Flower Age on Sucrose Content in Nectar of Citrus1
Authors: Loper G. M. , Waller Gordon D. , Berdel Richard L.
Published: September 2022

Sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations in the nectars of three species of Citrus were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The percentage of sucrose in these nectars decreased as the flowers matured, thus presenting a changing hexose:sucrose ratio to foraging honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Citrus macrophylla Wester, a species reported to be highly attractive to honey bees, secreted and maintained the highest sucrose content. Citrus depressa Hayata and ‘Fairchild’ tangerine, both relatively less attractive to honey bees, had less sucrose content in nectars from all ages of flowers tested.
Control of Corky (Silvery) Spots of Grapefruit by Growth Regulators1
Authors: Goren R. , Monselise S. P. , Moshe A. Ben
Published: September 2022

Corky (silvery) spots of ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) were substantially reduced by application of 16-22 ppm 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic isopropyl ester on developing fruitlets (May to July) or of 20 ppm gibberellin A3 in June. Success is probably due to enhanced growth potential of external fruit layers, preventing their splitting due to internal pressure.
Effects of Fertilizer and Moisture on Seed Yield of Onion1
Authors: Shasha'a N. S. , Campbell W. F. , Nye W. P.
Published: September 2022

Inbred onions, Allium cepa L., were grown with different levels of fertilizer and soil moisture to determine treatment influence on seed yield. Nitrogen (253 kg/ha) alone or in combination with P (162 kg/ha) reduced plant survival, umbels per plant, pollination index, and seed yield where soil moisture was low but the reduction was nil or not as severe where soil moisture was high.
Effects of Blending Gynoecious and Monoecious Cucumber Seeds on Yield Patterns1
Authors: Miller C. H.
Published: September 2022

Eight seed blends of gynoecious with monoecious cultivais of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) ranging from 87.5 to 0% gynoecious seed were evaluated in spring and fall multiple harvest trials. Yield advantages were associated with blends having a high proportion of gynoecious seed during the early part of the harvest season but advantages were less pronounced as the season progressed.