bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The future of dementia care in rural areas of the world
Authors: Farmer Jane , Grant Sharon
Published: January 2021

This chapter specifically features the challenges for people living with dementia and their carers in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It highlights the vital role of the community and primary health care workers and the need to raise awareness and skill development. The chapter considers how supra-national organisations and responses might specifically affect dementia care and development of policy in LMICs, including the role of the World Health Organisation which has produced planning and strategy guidance plus a range of useful tools for under-resourced settings. Other sectors significant to dementia care improvement, are civil society and the research community – of which key organisations are discussed. In LMIC settings dementia can be a poorly understood and culturally contested issue, and the care of people in resource-depleted rural areas of developing countries still requires significant work and advocacy. While WHO strategies can influence the worldwide burden of dementia substantially in the next 10 years, the chapter highlights that particular attention should be given to development and studies of rural areas of LMICs.
Norwegian remote and rural dementia care
Authors: Kirkevold Oyvind , Kristiansen Kari Midtbo
Published: January 2021

A fifth of Norwegians (one million people) live rurally and approximately 80,000 rural people currently live with dementia. Diagnosis and follow-up support for people with dementia takes place in municipalities (local government areas). Most municipalities have a memory team that assists general medical practitioners in assessing dementia. In-home care is from district nurses and home helpers employed directly, or through contracts, by the municipalities. An early adopter of national dementia planning, Norway has instituted and adapted several innovative approaches that help to contextualise care to rural places, including service collaborations, joint upskilling and developing local workers that focus on people with dementia. While rural Norwegians with dementia experience many challenges shared internationally, such as long distances to access specialists, rural people tend to benefit from ‘everybody knows everybody’ communities and a relatively stable rural workforce.
Living with dementia in rural Ireland
Authors: Rochford-Brennan Helen
Published: January 2021

This chapter sets out a series of recommendations for anyone who does not have dementia to consider based on the experience of living with dementia in rural Ireland. The author highlights how she has adapted to living with dementia and how her community has supported her as she strives to continue to live as well as she can with dementia and continue to remain socially connected. She provides an uplifting account of her success in living with dementia but sets out clearly the challenges that accompany being able to do so.
Introduction Marketisation and privatisation in criminal justice: an overview
Authors: Albertson Kevin , Corcoran Mary , Phillips Jake
Published: January 2021

This chapter outlines the process of political innovation through which governments have coordinated other agencies and sectors to achieve often complex goals, for example, through the transfer of political and/or financial risk, and through attempts to include and motivate non-state organisations in a range of ways. It is this pursuit of innovation which underpins both the reasoning behind privatisation and marketisation, and the continued efforts to manage its consequences, both expected and unforeseen. The essays in this volume consider the scale and impact of marketisation and privatisation in the area of criminal justice. concepts of marketisation are reflections of an increasingly monopolistic neo-liberal hegemony which promises citizens a utopian political project for ensuring individual freedom (subject only to market forces), and private and social enterprise opportunities to bid as the state transforms from provider to auctioneer of public goods and services. This chapter summarises the analyses offered in this edited collection and contextualises these perspectives to develop our knowledge and understanding of the process of privatisation and marketisation, the impact of it and the extent to which newly marketised and privatised services result in ‘justice’.
Police outsourcing and labour force vulnerability
Authors: Dehaghani Roxanna , White Adam
Published: January 2021

The post-financial crisis politics of austerity have required police forces to make unprecedented savings at a rapid pace. In response, some forces have turned to the market, outsourcing back office and frontline functions to commercial enterprises which promise to deliver the same service (or more) for less. This trend has unsurprisingly captured the attention of policing scholars who have begun to explore issues of policy, politics, accountability and service delivery in outsourced areas. This chapter adds another variable into the equation: labour force vulnerability. Specifically, it compares vulnerability in outsourced and non-outsourced frontline roles in police custody suites. It argues that in addition to traditional police labour force vulnerabilities such as the inherent complexity of police work, limited resources, lack of training and feeling over-scrutinised, those working in austerity-era outsourced roles may also suffer from identity crises, unwanted media attention and a particular kind of prejudice from detainees. In so doing, it makes a new contribution to the emergent literature on police outsourcing.
Conclusion
Authors: Albertson Kevin , Corcoran Mary , Phillips Jake
Published: January 2021

The chapters in the book demonstrate the sheer scale of marketisation and privatisation that has occurred in criminal justice in the UK. There is evidence similar marketisation has occurred in other states around the world. As this book demonstrates, there are a whole array of other means by which the market has been used to shape the delivery of experiences of criminal justice. The chapters in this book expose a range of modes of governance and accountability that are at play and demonstrate the ways in which marketisation has impacted on criminal justice at macro-, meso- and micro-levels. Importantly, they have shown what the impact of this has been on the broader field, the individuals working within those fields and the service users that are subjected to systems of power delivered in newly formed markets. In this concluding chapter we attempt to draw some of the themes that run across the earlier chapters together and consider what the future might hold for criminal justice and marketisation.
Contemporary preventative services, coalitions and the Conservatives
Authors: Body Alison
Published: January 2021

In chapter 2 we explore contemporary children’s services, and how the persuasive logic of prevention has been adopted in more modern service delivery and the role of the voluntary sector in providing these services. Focusing specifically on the early 2010s, we map the shift from the Conservative flagship project of the Big Society, to the renewed localism project of the Civil Society Strategy. We draw out the links between the societal hardening in focus, shifting from universal to targeting of preventative services, and discuss the role of the voluntary sector in delivery of these services.
Introduction: Self-building as a right to the city
Authors: Salet Willem , D’Ottaviano Camila , Majoor Stan , Bossuyt Daniël
Published: January 2021

The chapter sets up the analytical framework for the comparison of cases of self-building by low income groups in city-regions of the Global North and South. Considering the enormous local differences, a choice of paradigm is needed to enable comparison. By designing a framework of contested urban governance, the analysis focuses on the struggle of social and economic forces that are underlying the local experiences: it consists of the economic powers that capitalize on material growth of cities on the one hand and the social and cultural powers of the urban population, claiming their right to the city, on the other. Crucial is the commissioning role of the residents in the attempts to control their housing situation in relation to other relevant players on urban housing markets. These attempts are not only made in the micro-level performance of self-building but also in the political and social struggle on the conditions that rest on these practices.
From neighbourhood self-organisation to city building: the case of Bathore, Kamëz (Albania)
Authors: Allkja Ledio
Published: January 2021

This chapter delves in the evolution of the city of Kamëz from a small town in the suburbs of Tirana, the capital of Albania, to a city of over 90,000 inhabitants. Practices of self-built are analysed in three main timeframes reflecting the different socio-political conditions of Albania. Initially, experiences of self-built are analysed in the pre-1990s in Kamëz during the dictatorial regime. Afterwards, the analysis is focused on the dynamic evolution of the area of Bathore, a neighbourhood in Kamëz, in a complete absence urban management by the state and where citizens through informal development populated the whole area. In the end, the chapter is focused on a project for the improvement of the neighbourhood which afterwards became a common practice for the evolution of the city through self-built practices. The main focus of the analysis is on the role of state, non-state and citizens in the process of self-built experiences in Albania.
Schools reform and early intervention
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

This chapter and the next consider the development of children’s services policy since 2010, including key changes introduced by the Conservative Secretary of State Michael Gove. From the outset it was clear that schools reform would be the overriding priority for the renamed ‘Department for Education’. Moreover, under Gove’s Academies and Free Schools programme the broad emphasis on child well-being and the integration of children’s services, under Labour’s ECM framework, was largely abandoned as schools were afforded greater autonomy from local authority children’s services. Furthermore, the prioritisation of schools’ reform meant that services such as children’s centres and youth services bore the brunt of spending cuts, notwithstanding the Prime Minister David Cameron’s proclaimed commitment to the refocusing of early intervention services. In this context, the DfE distanced itself from the restructuring and hollowing-out of early intervention services at the local level, and NGOs campaigning in this area were largely ignored.
The historical development of the concept of rights
Authors: Herrmann Peter , Ó hAdhmaill Féilim
Published: January 2021

Chapter 1 provides a critical perspective on the historical development of concepts of human rights. It interrogates the concept of universal human rights, the processes that led to their development and the factors which influence both the development and implementation of international human rights mechanisms. It recognises the contribution of philosophical ideas about humanity, equality, democracy, social justice, etc., as well as the impact of human ‘agency’. It argues that such developments do not take place in a vacuum. Social, economic, ideological, cultural, geo-political considerations and the power to do something about them, all ensure that universal human rights are a contested site both at macro-level in their conceptualisation and the development international human rights oversight mechanisms, but also at micro-level when it comes to the enforceability and realisability of rights on the ground.
Gender and human rights
Authors: Schippers Birgit
Published: January 2021

Chapter 12 addresses international human rights provisions in relation to gender. It critically assesses some of the major debates about rights for women in a culturally diverse world, such as universality versus cultural relativism, how gender has been approached within different international human rights mechanisms, such as the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and how this has influenced the development of social policy and rights for women. It challenges the notion that gender rights should be limited to a two-sex dichotomy arguing that gender diversity as reflected in LGBT populations should be reflected in human rights provisions by the development of inclusive sexual and gender identity (SOGI) rights approaches to human rights and an engagement with the needs and entitlements of sexual and gender minorities.
Human rights-based approaches to social policy development
Authors: Buckley Margaret , Dukelow Fiona
Published: January 2021

Chapter 13 provides an introduction to Section Three of the book which links international human rights mechanisms to social policy development. It argues that the formulation of specific rights often involves struggle and campaigning and is thus a contested site. It further argues that the presentation of a right does not ensure that it can be realised and often attention must be given to wider social and economic policy developments as well as the promotion and facilitation of community empowerment, development, advocacy and campaigning to ensure rights are realisable and extended in line with changing contexts and circumstances. Finally, it discusses contemporary attempts by NGOs and other campaigning organisations, using right-based approaches, to promote the recognition and realisation of universal socio-economic rights globally.
A strong motivation to tick the boxes: non-binary perceptions and experiences of gender identity clinics
Authors: Vincent Ben
Published: January 2021

Chapter six looks into gender affirming medical interventions, the vast majority of which occurred in the context of the NHS GICs (although some private practice and non-UK examples are also present). There exists a wide body of literature addressing access to medical services for gender transition. Whilst much of this literature was reviewed across chapters one and two, there is a significant lack of empirical sociological consideration of non-binary experiences of GICs, which this chapter addresses through attention to participant perceptions.
Renegotiating family life: caregiving in the aftermath of the mother’s imprisonment
Authors: Booth Natalie
Published: January 2021

This chapter reveals how caregivers responded to the mother's imprisonment both in the short and long term. The focus is directed more towards the primary kin caregivers as the ones assuming the bulk of the childcare responsibilities. The literature provides some insights into the disruption that looking after the children can have for caregivers, but the chapter takes a chronological examination to help better understand the process of assuming care. While doing so, it is important to remember that in 14 families, an added layer of uncertainty and confusion occurred because it was their first time navigating maternal imprisonment. The chapter studies renegotiations at three stages: caregivers' reactions to the news of the imprisonment and especially how the mother's sentence was unexpected; the initial response to the mother's imprisonment; and the longer-term renegotiations, focusing on the diverse and complex adjustments made to their roles, identities, practices, work commitments, and finances in order to provide care to the children on a more permanent basis.
Reflections on the research process
Authors: Booth Natalie
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides some brief reflections on the realities of conducting research with the caregiving kin. While this openness enhances the ‘credibility’ of the qualitative research, it can also help future researchers learn about the complexities and messiness of fieldwork. The chapter then discusses the practical challenges of recruiting participants, the ethical issues of managing implicit withdrawal, and a more personal reflection about how the researcher considers their own identity to have shaped the data collected. Ultimately, what is most important is that the fieldwork produced original, rich, in-depth data that are grounded in the lives and experiences of the family members, and informed by their accounts of maternal imprisonment. It is one of very few studies that has engaged directly with relatives looking after children whose mothers are serving a custodial sentence in England, producing insights that detail the ‘family sentence’ that they serve from a ‘disenfranchised’ social position.
Contrasting policy approaches to human trafficking in Eurasia
Authors: Dean Laura A.
Published: January 2021

Although all the countries in Eurasia have adopted some sort of policy approach to human trafficking, there is significant variation regarding the scope of these laws across the region. Chapter One, traces this variation through development of human trafficking policies in all 15 countries of Eurasia. Gendered regulatory and redistributive policies embodied in human trafficking laws and policies in Eurasia can be typologized into five different approaches: criminal codes, national action plans, national laws, decree, regulation, or decision, and miscellanies policies. The chapter discusses the rapid diffusion and development of these laws throughout the region from 1998 when the first law adopted until 2015 including the leaders and laggards in Eurasia. The results show that authoritarian leaders utilize trafficking policies, masked in the language of international human rights norms, to increase their power and control their citizens. Additionally, stereotypes perpetuated in the trafficking policies of Eurasia, have produced their own regional type of ideal victim: ‘Natashas’ seemingly similar victims of sex trafficking with Slavic features (Hughes, 2000).
Uneven implementation of human trafficking policies
Authors: Dean Laura A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses how anti-trafficking institutions and networks combine to diffuse policy implementation from the top-down and bottom-up. It shows that when no one in the government is held accountable for the implementation of the policies uneven policy implementation occurs as some countries (i.e. Latvia) are more effective at implementing policy than others (i.e. Ukraine and Russia). The results demonstrate that top-down implementation (from the national government) was apparent in all three countries as the government entities attempted to guide implementation. Only Latvia was able to balance this top-down approach with a grass roots bottom-up implementation processes facilitated by their working group and the strength of the interest groups in that country. This could also demonstrate that country size and/or decentralization reforms from the federal level help facilitate human trafficking policy implementation. The influence of internal factors including law enforcement measures to combat trafficking and interest group strength are the most significant facilitators of policy implementation. While state capacity and commitment, bureaucracy, and corruption were the biggest impediments to successful policy implementation. Interest groups also provide feedback loops, policy evaluations, and guide implementation when the government fell short.
Estimating the cost of raising a child in Catalonia through the reference budgets approach
Authors: Cussó-Parcerisas Irene , Álvarez Elena Carrillo , Romaní Jordi Riera
Published: January 2021

This chapter takes Barcelona as the reference city in order to discuss the estimate on the costs of being a child, at ages 10 and 14 years, in Catalonia. It analyzes the overall context of the “Improving Poverty Reduction in Europe” (ImPRovE) project, which aims to develop reference budgets using a common theoretical and methodological framework for six European cities. It also clarifies that the reference budgets are drawn up according to expert guidelines, scientific literature, and knowledge with national adaptation for the institutional, cultural and social contexts. The chapter explains how focus groups, which included both children and adults, are used to help establish the acceptability of the reference budgets. It emphasizes how the costs of being a child increases with age across most areas of expenditure.
The Swedish Consumer Agency’s calculations of reference values for some of the most common household expense categories
Authors: Skogar Malin Lindquist , Eriksson Ingrid
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews the work of the Swedish Consumer Agency in producing “reasonable living expenses.” It provides an example of an expert-led reference budget standard that is grounded in social statistics and behavioural data, and supported by work with social surveys and focus groups. It also explains the Swedish Consumer Agency's work of calculating the costs of the goods and services that households usually need in order to achieve a “reasonable standard of living.” The chapter demonstrates the calculations that cover both individual and common household costs, focusing on the basic needs required to live decently in Sweden. It points out that the reference budget standards and values are ascertained from official statistics and information produced by research institutes, agencies, and expert organisations.
The Slovenian experience with three methods for defining the minimum income
Authors: Stropnik Nada
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the Slovenian experience with three methods for defining minimum income standards. It suggests that all three approaches were expert-led, normative, and were intended to cover “basic needs.” It also talks about the approach on developing basic needs for reference budgets from the late 1970s and early 1980s, which was based on expert deliberations and analysis of family expenditure surveys that indicate consumptions patterns. The chapter explains how the food basket was determined by nutrition experts while a normative approach was adopted for heating and lighting, clothing and footwear, home appliances and furniture, and leisure. It discusses the “food-share” method, which is based on the cost calculations for a minimal diet with a proportion added for other non-food necessities.
The normalisation of homelessness
Authors: Hearne Rory
Published: January 2021

The Irish government has argued that Irish homelessness levels are normal in comparison with other countries. This chapter compares homelessness in Ireland with other countries. It challenges the normalisation of homelessness and the housing crisis as the narrative of normalisation places the blame and responsibility for the crisis on to the victims and how this exacerbates feelings of stigma and shame among homeless people and those threatened with homelessness. It outlines new measures for monitoring homelessness and housing exclusion including the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Housing three-dimensional approach anchored in human rights and the European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion (ETHOS) framework. An adequate understanding and measurement of the true scale of homelessness and housing exclusion is required. It shows the health and wellbeing of children is affected not just by homelessness but also by overcrowded or poor housing, and by frequent moves and ‘may cause adverse childhood experiences with resultant mental health effects that may be lifelong’. It provides an estimation of Ireland’s actual level of homelessness and housing exclusion.
A Green New Deal for Housing: affordable sustainable homes and communities for all
Authors: Hearne Rory
Published: January 2021

This chapter sets out why the connection between housing and the environment urgently needs to be moved centre stage in both the housing and climate debates. It links climate change and housing together conceptually through the centrality of home to the human existence. It sets out a new housing plan: a Green New Deal for Housing in Ireland which details the key solutions for transforming our housing systems to provide affordable, sustainable homes for all. This includes a new housing plan, A Green New Deal for Housing in Ireland: Affordable Sustainable Homes and Communities for All, including mixed income public housing for all, a dedicated Affordable Sustainable Homes Building Agency, reimagining public housing, transforming social housing from being treated as a stigmatized form of accommodation restricted to very low-income households to becoming a model of desirable housing available and attractive to a much broader range of low- and middle-income households, using public land for public and not-for-profit affordable sustainable homes, how the new housing model can be financed, and why a new housing model should be underpinned by the right to housing as foundation of housing policy and law. It develops indicators for assessing housing models: and compares the market (dualist) model and public, affordable, sustainable, human rights (unitary) model.
Postcolonial dilemmas of children’s rights
Authors: Liebel Manfred
Published: January 2021

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child has strongly influenced the worldwide debates about what is suitable for children and what children are to be entitled to. In these debates, the Convention is not unanimously welcomed. In addition to those who question children's rights in general, because children are (supposedly) not capable of rational thinking, even children's rights advocates stand for at least two opposing positions. While some consider the Convention as a milestone on the way to a better childhood and only complain about the lack of implementation, others see it as an imperial Eurocentric project that globalizes the Western notions of childhood despite cultural diversity and imposes it on the ‘rest of the world’. This chapter goes beyond these controversial positions leading to a more differentiated assessment. Since children's rights are understood as human rights, the most pressing question is how the universal claim of these rights can be assessed. The chapter explores the main dilemmas in the realization of children’s rights in their postcolonial contexts. It challenges them with reference to concrete cases from some Asian countries (Vietnam, India and Indonesia) and one Latin American country (Bolivia) and discusses possible ways out.
Regulation and inspection of social work: costly distraction or stimulus to improve?
Authors: Jones David N.
Published: January 2021

Has social work practice changed so much in the last fifty years that it is no longer recognisable as social work? This question is discussed and illustrated by accounts of personal experience. There has been a retrograde move from theory-based to policy-based practice, with accompanying proceduralisation, and a concentration in child and family social work on child protection, with a similar narrowing-down of work with adults to assessment. Foregrounding of safety considerations in descriptions of what social workers do has accompanied increasing numbers of care orders and formal admissions to psychiatric hospitals. On the other hand, more, although by no means enough, attention is now paid to the experiential knowledge of service users. There have been various positive developments in social work method, perhaps as reactions to the perception that previous methods were too much influenced by psychoanalytic theory. These include task-centred practice, which both requires and engenders a collaborative user-worker relationship. In the C21st there has been a shift from a deficit-based to a strengths-based approach. What has remained constant is the commitment of so many social workers to practise in accordance with the values of their profession. Whether or not collective activity and campaigning can form part of practice itself, they are greatly needed.
Social work education: learning from the past?
Authors: Tompsett Hilary
Published: January 2021

The history of the regulation of the personal social services from 1970 onwards is described, contextualised and analysed. The various purposes and styles of inspection within regulatory systems are identified and discussed. The effects and contributions of competitive tendering of services, the Performance Assessment Framework, Joint Reviews, Best Value and Special Measures are noted. Adverse criticisms in the late 1980s of the Social Services Inspectorate, established in 1985, are contrasted with the high regard in which the Inspectorate was held by the late 1990s. The chapter then sets out the subsequent rapid changes to the regulatory structure in the years 2004-2010.The campaign for the registration of social workers, leading to the establishment in 2001 of the General Social Care Council, and its subsequent replacement first by the Health and Care Professions Council and then by Social Work England, is also discussed.The chapter compares unfavourably the experience in England, with its chronic institutional instability, with those of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, which have been characterised by more constructive partnerships.
Social work with offenders
Authors: Bamford Terry
Published: January 2021

It is often assumed that child care legislation is a response to scandals and inquiries from the 1948 Children Act to the Children Act 2004. This chapter looks in detail at the preparatory work preceding legislation and demonstrates that the impact of scandals has been greater on securing parliamentary time than it has in shaping legislation. The impact has been greatest on social work practice. Attention and activity have been skewed away from direct work to provide assistance and help towards risk assessment and risk management. There has been a consequent emphasis on the monitoring and surveillance of families and individuals. This shift is true in mental health as well as child care. It is timely to consider whether this shift in practice has made children and families safer.
The Road to Brexit
Authors: Ryder Andrew
Published: January 2021

The chapter follows the course of events and debate during the referendum and initial negotiations and legislative attempts in Westminster to enable Brexit. The chapter gives an overview of the speech acts and associated stratagems to facilitate or to frustrate Brexit. It includes a number of vignettes presenting some key or insightful moments in the referendum campaign. A key focus of the chapter is analysis of the Leave and Remain campaigns (Vote Leave, Leave.EU and Stronger In) and what became known respectively as ‘projects hate and fear’. The chapter concludes with an inquest into the state of British democracy and how fundamental weaknesses in the body politic enabled Brexit, among which is the emergence of ’post-truth’ politics and the influence of the tabloid media.
Controlling the Line: Exploitation and Sanctions
Authors: Harding Simon
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates how county line managers employ strategic and tactical actions to control their lines to keep them active and thriving: first, through exploitation and; second, via the County Line Control Repertoire, which provides multiple tactical sanctions for county line operatives to control the line. Exploitation by street gangs and organised crime networks is UK-wide. Within county lines, exploitation of both adults and young people is fundamental to all county line business models and is essential to achieving the profit margins making county line models a profitable enterprise. Child criminal exploitation within county lines can include grooming and selection, recruitment, running drug lines, interlay carrying drugs, hiding or carrying weapons, and money laundering. The chapter then considers the role of gender, with detailed insight into the exploitation, intimidation, and violence now ever-present in county lines via issues such as debt bondage.
Conclusion
Authors: Harding Simon
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter reflects on the unique contributions offered by the study while drawing out the key learning. As the study illustrates, it is clear that in the United Kingdom, the social fields of the urban street gang and of drug distribution markets, and the actors involved in each, are rapidly evolving and changing. It is now important to consider, through wider research, how the relational boundaries of these social fields are interacting with the social field of organised crime. This study, and others, report a blurring of these lines and morphing of criminal activity that was once more clearly defined. New interpretive models are needed to explore these relational social field boundaries which are shifting, dynamic, temporal, and situational. Only once one fully understands this new landscape can one begin to comprehend its new challenges and then address its morbid symptoms.
The Appeal of the Boxing Gym
Authors: Jump Deborah
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the themes that emerged from the research, particularly those that relate to boxing’s enduring appeal, and those that demonstrate how the sport can be a fundamental source of masculine accomplishment and status. This chapter discusses how boxing is a response to personal and structural vulnerability and illustrates how the appeal of boxing has changed over men’s amateur and professional careers. It further explores the tension between the straightforward ‘surface’ reward-statements of men (money, status, fame, health, discipline, etc.) and what are interpreted as ‘deeper’ motivations that suggest the gym is a physical, social, but also a psychological space for accomplishing masculinity, and for creating and sustaining self-worth in the face of chronic autobiographical and structural limitations
Wildlife and Interpersonal Violence
Authors: Nurse Angus , Wyatt Tanya
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the links between non-human animal abuse and interpersonal violence with a specific focus on the extent to which harm caused to wildlife may be an indicator of violent tendencies and a predictor of future violence. Experts estimate that from 48 percent to 71 percent of battered women have pets who also have been abused or killed and the link between domestic animal abuse and human violence is widely recognised by scholars and law enforcement professionals. This chapter focuses on the violence inherent in hunting and poaching. The chapter speculates as to the link concerning violence towards wildlife and the extent to which wild animal abuse can indicate a propensity or inclination towards other forms of violence.
Measures of Segregation and Diversity Across Local Authorities
Authors: Harris Richard , Johnston Ron
Published: January 2021

Data about the school age population in Local Education Authorities provide contextual information about what is happening in terms of patterns of ethnic segregation at a broad geographic scale. In regard to the number of each ethnic group per local authority, the White British now have greater potential to be ‘exposed’ to other groups than they did in the past (to reside and be schooled alongside them) because the numbers of those other groups have grown. The reverse is not true, however, because the potential exposure of ‘minority’ groups to the White British has declined with their reduced number or lower growth rate compared to most other groups. All but ten authorities have a more diverse school age population overall.
How Concentrated Are Ethnic Groups in Schools?
Authors: Harris Richard , Johnston Ron
Published: January 2021

The Casey Review cites a study by the think-tank Demos that shows the majority of ethnic minority students attend schools where ‘minority’ groups are in the majority. That statistic is correct but too easily misinterpreted. Only White British students typically are in a school where their own ethnic group forms a majority; for most ethnic minority pupils the largest group they will encounter at school is also the White British. The exceptions to this are the Bangladeshi and Pakistani groups, and more so in primary than in secondary schools. Nevertheless, the overwhelming trend is that schools are becoming more ethnically diverse with an increased potential for pupils to be educated alongside pupils of other ethnic groups.
Corbynism: Brexit and Globalization
Authors: Batrouni Dimitri
Published: January 2021

The sixth chapter builds upon the conclusions of the fifth chapter around Labour’s renewal, but with a particular focus on Brexit. It chronicles the leadership’s deliberations on Brexit and what it means for Corbynism and the party’s policy programme. It covers the areas of Brexit, state aid, globalisation, the concept of socialism ‘in one country’.
The Contentious Politics of Higher Education
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Cini Lorenzo , Guzmán-Concha César
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the analysis of transformation in higher education (HE) policies and student politics, linking them to research on the policy outcomes of social movements. HE policies have been shaped by various waves of student mobilization. Students have often been important actors in contentious politics, mobilizing on all main cleavages in society and often stimulating spin-off movements, as well as affecting institutional politics at large. Student protests are therefore affected by public policies at least as much as they affect them. This book focuses on these complex interactions, aiming at understanding the development of student protests within neoliberal universities. It explores four episodes of student contestation over HE reforms, which have recently taken place in Chile, Quebec, England, and Italy.
The Outcomes of Student Protest
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Cini Lorenzo , Guzmán-Concha César
Published: January 2021

This chapter evaluates the impact of student protests in the four regions on higher education policies. The four cases differ in the degree to which students were able to achieve concessions close to their demands. In both Chile and Quebec, as student demands were supported by significant social constituencies and the government proved unable to appease the protests, the opposition parties presented themselves as allies. These parties committed themselves to delivering reforms that would (partially) meet student demands, while students attempted to gain influence in decision-making bodies by joining political parties and/or participating in elections. By contrast, in England and Italy, students did not obtain concessions from the government, while their campaigns had a minor effect on public opinion, which remained relatively indifferent to their demands. More notably, student protesters failed to build solid alliances with other social and political actors opposing similar neoliberal measures in other fields of policy, such as trade unions, radical left parties, and social movements.
Conclusions
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Cini Lorenzo , Guzmán-Concha César
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter summarizes the empirical results presented in the previous chapters from a comparative perspective by locating them within previous research on social movement outcomes. In light of the findings, it reflects on the impacts of neoliberal policies in contentious politics and point at the relevance of coalitions for a sustained impact of mobilization campaigns. But beyond the policy outcomes, the discussion also points toward the student movements' effects in terms of empowerment, the triggering of spill-over movements, and transformations in electoral and party politics. After summarizing the main contributions of the book, the chapter looks at the potential lines of inquiry that can be further pursued by scholars. Given the limited attention that social movement studies have given to contentious politics in universities, it is believed that this book might help stimulate further research on student protests.
The Populist Challenge to Constitutional Citizenship: The Closing of Discursive Space
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the relationship between constitutional citizenship and the rise of populism within political discourse and political practices in many countries. Is this leading to the erosion of modern citizenship as an ideal of equality and self-rule, or can we see an effective triangulation of the tensions between the rule of law and the rule of people, which in fact contributes to the ideals and effectiveness of both citizenship and democracy? The discussion focuses on how populist politics close down the discursive space within which constitutional citizenship can function, leading to outcomes which tend to be exclusionary towards outsiders. The chapter notes that many populist politicians make extensive use of constitutional amendment processes to reinforce their sense of identity with the people.
Realist Constructivism: An Introduction
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the general relationship between realism and constructivism in international relations theory. It introduces both approaches, and argues that the distinctions often drawn between them, such as those between materialism and idealism and between logics of consequences and appropriateness, do not in fact make them incompatible. It suggests that areas of fruitful overlap between realism and constructivism are to be found in the study of the institution of the state and of individual agency in foreign policy. The chapter also lays out the plan of the book, and briefly introduces the other chapters.
Causation in Realist Constructivism: Interactionality, Emergence and the Need for Interpretation
Authors: Prieto Germán C.
Published: January 2021

Realist constructivism has the potential to offer a stronger account of causation than either classical realism or constructivism on their own. It can combine classical realism’s account of interactionality and rationalism in power politics, in which agency acquires a significant causal role, and constructivism’s account of causal emergence, where social context is analyzed in depth and the causal role of normative structures is highlighted. This account of causality, embedded in a critical realist philosophy of social science, shows that realist constructivist causal argument needs to incorporate interpretivism in order to give better accounts of causation that accounts for the roles of both agency and structure.
Coercive Engagement: Lessons from US Policy towards China
Authors: Wei Chi-hung
Published: January 2021

In 1996 the U.S. convinced China to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), even though this treaty materially disadvantaged China’s nuclear weapons program. Why did U.S. engagement initiatives—without invoking coercive material measures and offering side payments—succeeded in prodding Beijing to do something that caused damage to its relative power position? This chapter argues that the normative mechanism through which engagement influences Beijing is not socialization. Rather, it argues that engagement works through a realist-constructivist mechanism that several scholars call “rhetorical coercion” or “rhetorical entrapment.” By appealing to the commitments to which Beijing has agreed in public, America and its allies locked Chinese leaders in their own words, leaving them unable to continue with policies contrary to the “peaceful rise” or “peaceful development” discourses they have proposed before international audiences. The case illustrates a realist-constructivism by showing what may be called coercive engagement.
Taking Co-constitution Seriously: Explaining an Ambiguous US Approach to Latin America
Authors: Delacour Justin O.
Published: January 2021

The external behaviors of the preeminent Western power are much more ambiguous than mainstream IR theories predict because none of the mainstream camps have an accurate conception of the relations between Western states and their cultures. On the one hand, neorealists fail to explain how the culture of a Western power will tend to discourage the state from behaving in ways that are openly dissonant with the core symbols of its professed liberalism. On the other hand, it is fairly commonplace for Western media to facilitate their states’ casual deviations from a liberal foreign policy course by obfuscating the existence of such deviations. To solve the puzzle of a Western power’s ambiguous foreign policies, we must explore the practical implications of co-constitution, according to which state interests and cultural identities mutually shape each other and can never be fully autonomous from each other. This study conducts such an exploration in the context of U.S. policy to Latin America, particularly around the failed coup in Venezuela in 2002.
Introduction
Authors: Akhtar Rajnaara C. , Nash Patrick , Probert Rebecca
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter focusses on the status of cohabitants and those in religious only marriages, the similarities in how they are treated by the law and the potential solutions that could be adopted. It shows that law reform is needed in the light of new and evolving relationship norms and the poor outcomes on relationship breakdown for all cohabiting couples, including those in religious-only marriages. It considers legal solutions which fall broadly within two categories: (1) amend wedding laws to facilitate simpler procedures for legal recognition thereby encouraging more couples to legally marry; and (2) extend family law rights available to all legally recognised couples to include those in cohabiting relationships.
Religious-Only Marriages and Cohabitation: Deciphering Differences
Authors: Akhtar Rajnaara C.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the similar legal outcomes faced by cohabitants and those in religious-only marriages. It argues that law reform recommendations which focus solely on religious-only marriages while ignoring the often-identical outcome for cohabitees are erroneous, and that law reform providing legal rights for cohabitees will protect both types of families.
Nikah Ceremonies in the UK: a Tool for Empowerment?
Authors: Naqvi Zainab
Published: January 2021

This chapter engages with the issue of polygyny and religious-only marriages. It focusses on women who voluntarily opt for non-legally recognised marriages and proposes solutions which respect women’s autonomy in relationship decision making, while offering legal protections to those who are vulnerable. It proposes legal recognition of religious ceremonies of marriage with a mutual ‘opt-out’ provision allowing couples to choose to place themselves outside of family law provisions.
Exceptional points enhance sum sideband generation in a mechanical PT-symmetric system
Authors: Lu Xiao-Hu , Si Liu-Gang , Wang Xiao-Yun , Wu Ying
Published: January 2021

Systems exhibiting parity-time (

P
T

) symmetry are, in general, non-Hermitian systems, in which exceptional points (EPs) emerge when the system transits from the

P
T

-symmetric phase to the broken-

P
T

-symmetric phase. Based on the abnormal exponential amplification effect in EPs, it is often used to generate, control and transmit light in non-Hermitian systems. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the generation of the frequency components at the sum sideband by considering the nonlinear terms of the optomechanical dynamics in a double-probe-field-driven mechanical

P
T

-symmetric system. Using experimentally achievable parameters, we demonstrate that the efficiency of sum sideband generation (SSG) can be significantly enhanced in EPs, even that the efficiency of SSG can be raised by three orders of magnitude compared to the general optomechanical system by adjusting the appropriate system parameters. These results are beneficial to explore the transmission and conversion of light in chip-scale optical communications.