bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economically Optimal Solar Power Generation
Authors: Badruddin Sana , Robertson-Gillis Cameron Ryan , Ashworth Janice , Wright David J.
Published: August 2021

The Ottawa Renewable Energy Cooperative is considering installing solar modules on the roofs of two buildings while they stay connected to the public electricity grid. Solar power produced over their own needs would be sent to the public electricity grid for a credit on their electricity bill. When they need more power than they are generating, these buildings would purchase electricity from the grid. In addition to paying for the electricity they purchase, they would be subject to a “demand charge” that applies each month to the hour during which their consumption is at a peak for that month. Any electricity consumed during that peak hour would be charged at a rate about 100 times the rate for other hours. The case addresses three questions: (1) Is it profitable for these organizations to install solar on their roofs? (2) Can profitability be increased by adding a battery? and (3) How sensitive is profitability to uncertainty in future electricity prices? The case shows how the answers to these questions depend on the profile of hourly electricity consumption during the day, which is very different from one building to the other.
A Platform for the Promotion of Energy Efficiency and Monitoring in Hotel Units
Authors: Nogin Sergey , Monteiro Jânio , Melgar Sergio Gómez , Peyroteo José , Mortal António , Santos Carlos Miguel A. , Livramento José , Cardoso Pedro J. S. , Semião Jorge
Published: August 2021

Tourists today are more likely to be concerned with the environment and greener lifestyle choices. In this context, a green flagship of some hotels can be an important selection criteria at the time of selecting one. In the near future, buildings should become nearly zero energy, consuming as low as possible and producing almost all the energy they need, using renewable energy sources. To achieve this goal, hotel buildings need to pass through a transformation process that will make them more efficient. In this process, a decision support platform would be important to help hoteliers monitor their energy consumption, identify which points are consuming more than expected, decide which investments are more cost effective and manage their equipment in an optimum way. This chapter describes the challenges involved in developing such a platform, covering several research and development fields, including Internet of Things networks, ICT, Smart Grids, Renewable Energy, Energy efficiency, as well as algorithms for machine learning and optimization.
Predictive Model of Solar Irradiance Using Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Soni Umang , Gupta Saksham , Singh Taranjeet , Vardhan Yash , Jain Vipul
Published: August 2021

Solar power in India is growing at a tremendous pace. India's solar power capacity is 20 GW and has grown 8-fold since 2014. Assessing the solar potential in India is thus the need of the hour. The objective of this study is to make an optimized prediction model of the monthly potential of solar irradiance of the Indian Subcontinent, by utilizing hour-wise unstructured voluminous (80 million line item) satellite-based data from 609 locations for 15 years. The variables chosen are temperature, pressure, relative humidity, month, year, latitude, longitude, altitude, DHI, DNI, and GHI. Combining predictive models using combinations of SVM, ANN, and RF for factors affecting solar irradiance. This model's performance has been evaluated by its accuracy. Accuracy for DHI, DNI, GHI values on testing data evaluated through the SVM model is 95.11%, 93.25%, and 96.88%, respectively, whereas accuracy evaluated through the ANN model is 94.18%, 91.60%, and 95.90%, respectively. The achieved high prediction accuracy makes the SVM, ANN, and RF model very robust. This model with a sustainable financial model can thus be used to identify major locations to set up solar farms in the present and future and the feasibility of its establishment, wherever local meteorological data measuring facilities are not available in India. Along with the air temperature, air pressure, and humidity predictive interrelation model created to aid the irradiance model this can be used for climate predictions in the Indian sub-continental region.
Newly-Developed Swarm Intelligence Algorithms Applied to Renewable Energy-Based Load Dispatch Real-World Problems
Authors: Hazra Sunanda , Roy Provas Kumar
Published: August 2021

Swarm intelligence is a promising field of biologically-inspired artificial intelligence, which is based on the behavioral models of social insects. This article covers Swarm Intelligence Algorithm, i.e., grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) which is based on the social communication nature of the grasshopper, applied to renewable energy based economic and emission dispatch problems. Based on Weibull probability density function (W-pdf), the stochastic wind speed including optimization problem is numerically solved for a 2 renewable wind energy incorporating 6 and 14 thermal units for 3 different loads. Moreover, to improve the solution superiority and convergence speed, quasi oppositional based learning (QOBL) is included with the main GOA algorithm. The performance of GOA and QOGOA is evaluated and the simulation results as well as statistical results obtained by these methods along with different other algorithms available in the literature are presented to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed GOA and QOGOA schemes for practical applications.
Interval Type 2 Fuzzy-Logic-Based Solar Power MPPT Algorithm Connected to AC Grid
Authors: Abbadi Amel , Hamidia Fethia , Morsli Abdelkader , Bellatrache Habiba , Boukhetala Djamel , Nazli Lazhari
Published: August 2021

In this article, an interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller (IT2FLC) is used as a Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) to supply a large scale interconnected grid. The IT2FLC has the advantage of being able to regulate the MPP in case of severe variations of the weather conditions. A photovoltaic array is connected to AC grid via a DC-DC boost converter and a three-phase three-level Voltage Source Converter (VSC). The duty cycle of the boost converter is switched by the IT2FLC. A three phase VSC converts the VDC link voltage to AC and keeps unity power factor. The VSC control system uses two control loops: an external control loop which regulates DC link voltage to alternative current and an internal control loop which regulates the active and the reactive grid currents. Vd and Vq voltage outputs of the current controller are converted to three modulating signals used by the PWM Generator.
Estimation of Minimum Energy Consumption Index in a Protected Farm Using Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Sarkar Amaresh
Published: August 2021

This article estimates the minimum energy consumption index in a single story protected farm which would suggest the condition of minimum energy consumption or loss condition. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP), weighted sum method (WSM) and weighted product method (WPM) are used for relative ranking of four energy consumption indicators viz., water pumping, light supplement, CO2 balancing and cooling-heating under three criteria viz., cropping area, daily crop water, and indoor environment. The minimum, maximum and average energy consumption index was predicted by the bacteria foraging optimization (BFO) algorithm and the group method of data handling (GMDH). The minimum energy consumption index (1.4174) predicted by the BFO algorithm gives higher prediction compared energy consumption index (1.114) predicted by the GMDH algorithm.
Optimal Site Selection for Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant in North Eastern State of India using Hybrid MCDM Tools
Authors: Deogam Nitish , Shabbiruddin
Published: August 2021

As society develops, the demand for energy also increases. Most of world's energy requirements are fulfilled using fossil fuels or other types of non-renewable resources, which are polluting the environment, but also depleting. For this reason, the Government of India and the Government of Sikkim (North Eastern State of India) are working on policies to promote investment in solar photovoltaic (PV) plants and has plans to use it to meet the growing energy demand without causing damage to the environment. To make the best use of solar PV cells on commercial scale, it is necessary to know how to optimize the output of the PV power plant, and the most important factor is the selection of the land or the area on which the PV power plant is to be set up. There are multiple factors one must take into consideration for better output. In this study, focus has been put on geographical and meteorological factors that affect the output of the PV cells. Multi criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques have been used for selection of best site for PV power plant.
An Innovative Solar Energy and Decision Support System Approach by Using IoT
Authors: Cebeci Ufuk , Düzgit Zehra , Çavdar Cansu
Published: August 2021

Global warming affects everyone, and the effects will be more dangerous all over the world in time. Therefore, it is very important to use our world's limited resources and to prefer the renewable resources such as solar energy and wind energy. In this study, the authors consider an elevator system, which includes a solar-powered and conventional one with some new Internet-of-Things (IoT) features. The elevator may be operated by both electric energy and solar energy. Solar energy, as being a renewable energy source, leads to various benefits. Internet-of-Things-enabled elevator has a global system for mobile communications (GSM) module to send messages to pre-specified receivers in case of a power failure. The target performance measures are defined, and the advantages of the solar-powered smart elevator are explained.
Seamless Control and Unified Dynamic Energy Management in a Renewable/Clean Energy Integrated Self-Reliant DC Microgrid
Authors: Kumar Vulisi Narendra , Panda Gayadhar , Naidu Bonu Ramesh
Published: August 2021

The growing demand for electrical energy calls for the assimilation of renewable energy sources to the main utility grid. Multiple renewable energy sources (RESs) like solar PV array, wind turbine, micro-hydro plant, etc. can be combined and controlled to form a microgrid. In spite of the availability of different microgrid topologies, DC microgrid largely facilitates the injection of DC power from various renewable energy sources into the stabilised DC power pool. The requirement for a minimal number of conversion stages, simple structure, economic operation, and numerous localised applications are driving factors for the DC microgrid technology. The mettle of the DC microgrid technology lies in choosing the appropriate microgrid participants for energy interchange and the suitable supervisory control to tap power from the microgrid partakers even after respecting their operating constraints. The use of high gain DC-DC converters is inevitable in DC microgrid due to the low terminal voltage levels of different RESs.
The Efficient Managemnet of Renewable Energy Resources for Vanet-Cloud Communication
Authors: Kapoor Nitika , Kumar Yogesh
Published: August 2021

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are networks that interconnect road and vehicles. The mobile nodes are used to connect themselves in self-organized manner. VANET is valuable that gives better performance and assures safe transportation system in prospect. Few of them are covered that helps in knowing the best protocol to be used in particular work. Initially, renewable energy is considered to be those sources that are derived either directly or indirectly from solar energy. Due to emission of harmful gases, in VANET, use of renewable resources come in existence. In another section of the chapter, various energy issues in VANET have been highlighted and added the concept of VANET-CLOUD. As cloud computing technologies have potential to improve the travelling experience and safety of roads by giving provision of various solutions like traffic lights synchronization, alternative routes, etc., VANET-CLOUD has been added at the end of the chapter.
Green Retrofit Energy Efficiency Potential on Existing Building Envelope for Residential and Non-Residential Building
Authors: Staiger Robert
Published: August 2021

The chapter deals with the green energetic consideration of today's building envelopes for residential and non-residential buildings. It investigates the energetic effects the envelopes have on energy efficiency, energy consumption, material use, sustainable use of resources, lifetime considerations, economic and ecological impact. Today's it is estimated that approximately 30% of the annual primary energy demand for residential and non-residential buildings is needed. Energy resources for heat, electricity, air conditioning and cooling purposes, fossil fuels in form of gas and liquid are predominantly used.
Improving Quality of Urban Life Through Enhanced Energy Policy in Africa
Authors: Benna Ibrahim Umar
Published: August 2021

Neither urban quality of life research nor effective urban energy policy research is new in Africa, but funding the future needs in these two areas requires exploring the new options, such as the emerging crowdfunding market. It is projected that by 2100 Africans will account for 40% of global population and majority urban residents, with huge workforce, a growing middle class, experiencing hyper-globalization, and increased innovation, all of which will enhance quality of urban life. For Africa to meet its large-scale energy-deficit and expected huge future demand triggered by rapid and massive urbanization, alternative renewable sources are considered in the supply policy options. Similarly, alternative visions of how energy can contribute to inclusive economic growth in Africa are examined and ways to fund them explored. To leap-frog Africa's development while the traditional funding mechanism helps, sustainable option lies in innovative alternative finance, especially crowdfunding markets in Africa and in diaspora.
Business Models in the Renewable Energy Industry
Authors: Tantau Adrian Dumitru , Frăţilă Laurenţiu Cătălin
Published: August 2021

Business models in the energy field are continuously developed in parallel with the transformation stages of the energy systems from the decentralized energy systems to centralized energy systems, to distributed energy systems and to smart energy systems. Concerning different specific approaches to business models we have selected a structure that helps the understanding of the main elements of a business model and also its specificity for renewable energy. The business models based on added value and the innovation as main added value represent the core of this chapter. The global trend to clean energy, to a low carbon economy and the related new technologies and new life standards represent opportunities that could be used by entrepreneurs in order to develop and implement new business ideas. The process of business ideas development is analyzed starting with creativity technics and it also includes also innovative measures to protect new business ideas. The main objective of this chapter is to understand the importance of business models and to know how to develop a business model with its specificity for the renewable energy field.
Influence of the EU Circular Economy Action Plan on Turkey's Energy Policy and Investments in Renewables
Authors: Okay Esin
Published: August 2021

The European Union Circular Economy Action Plan is a new enactment but rapidly growing to transform EU economies into more sustainable sources and surroundings adopting measures that include renewable energy investments and low carbon strategy. As the world still faces huge environmental changes and climate problems, energy remains the major issue for both economic and ecological sustainability. Low carbon energy strategy is the main target for EU circular economy enforcing renewable energy sources which are healthy, clean, and cheap. In this chapter, circular energy act and its development in Turkey are explored and questioned. The study emphasizes the great potential of renewables in Turkey and shows that there is still much to be done to transform the energy market in order to adopt circular economy in the future. Barriers of economic risks and lack of cultural awareness strongly challenge the progress of Turkey in energy solutions. And more than that, those problems trigger the financial concerns limiting the future energy projects.
Marketing Solar Energy in Ghana
Authors: Kuada John , Mensah Esther , Bujac Andreea I. , Bentzen Jeanne S.
Published: August 2021

This chapter reports the results of an exploratory qualitative investigation into buying behaviors and growth challenges within the solar energy industry in Ghana. It is premised on the understanding that African firms may experience “liabilities of localness” when marketing renewable energy products developed in the West. That is, customers doubt their capabilities to produce and install these products. Thus, market-driven growth of the solar energy sector in Ghana requires firm-level capability development through institutional support that promotes effective cross-border inter-firm collaborations as well as trust-building relationships with local customers. The results of the study confirm these observations. They show that Ghanaian consumers tend to evaluate the capabilities of foreign solar energy providers as superior to those of local firms. However, collaborations between local and foreign firms have enhanced their credibility. Firms rely mainly on word-of-mouth recommendations to attract new customers and see customer price consciousness as a major growth constraint.
The Role of Technological Development on Renewable Energy Usage
Authors: Yüksel Serhat , Dinçer Hasan , Uluer Gülsüm Sena
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between technological development and renewable energy use. Within this framework, G7 countries were included in the scope of the review. Data for the countries in question between 1990 and 2015 were used. In order to determine the relationship between these two variables, Pedroni panel cointegration analysis was utilized. As a result, it has been determined that technological development is very effective in the use of renewable energy. Therefore, countries need to improve themselves technologically in order to increase the use of renewable energy. It is very important to have technological infrastructure in renewable energy investments. Hence, technological investments should have the priority in order to increase the use of renewable energy. With the help of this issue, it can be more possible to be successful in this kind of investment.
On Solving the Multi-Objective Software Package Upgradability Problem
Authors: Aribi Noureddine , Lebbah Yahia
Published: August 2021

Free and open source software (FOSS) distributions are increasingly based on the abstraction of packages to manage and accommodate new features before and after the deployment stage. However, due to inter-package dependencies, package upgrade entails challenging shortcomings of deployment and management of complex software systems, inhibiting their ability to cope with frequent upgrade failures. Moreover, the upgrade process may be achieved according to some criteria (maximize the stability, minimize outdated packages, etc.). This problem is actually a multi-objective optimization problem. Throughout the article, the authors propose a Leximax approach based on mixed integer linear programming (MILP) to tackle the upgradability problem, while ensuring efficiency and fairness requirements between the objective functions. Experiments performed on real-world instances, from the MANCOOSI project, show that the authors' approach efficiently finds solutions of consistently high quality.
Open Source Software Virtual Learning Environment (OSS-VLEs) in Library Science Schools
Authors: Jan Rosy
Published: August 2021

A Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is a software system designed to facilitate teachers in the management of educational courses. The system can often track the learners' progress, which can be monitored by both teachers and learners. While often thought of as primarily tools for distance education, they are most often used to supplement the face-to-face classroom as well as blended learning. Plethora of research conducted on VLEs has reported positive impacts from various contexts. Keeping in view the benefits, the work has been initiated to review concept, features and issues of virtual learning environments. Some of the most used OSS VLEs are discussed. Further it determines the suitability of a VLE for higher education. The chapter also explore and identify the recent contributions to the concept by analyzing ongoing virtual learning initiatives and projects by different organizations and information centres to stimulate future Research and development trend in the field.
Enhancing Information Retrieval System Using Change-Prone Classes
Authors: Bura Deepa , Choudhary Amit
Published: August 2021

In today's competitive world, each company is required to change software to meet changing customer requirements. At the same time, an efficient information retrieval system is required as changes made to software in different versions can lead to complicated retrieval systems. This research aims to find the association between changes and object-oriented metrics using different versions of open source software. Earlier researchers have used various techniques such as statistical methods for the prediction of change-prone classes. This research uses execution time, frequency, run time information, popularity, and class dependency in prediction of change-prone classes. For evaluating the performance of the prediction model, sensitivity, specificity, and ROC curve are used. Higher values of AUC indicate the prediction model gives accurate results. Results are validated in two phases: Experimental Analysis I validates results using OpenClinic software and OpenHospital software and Experimental Analysis II validates result using Neuroph 2.9.2 and Neuroph 2.6.
Predicting the Severity of Open Source Bug Reports Using Unsupervised and Supervised Techniques
Authors: Pushpalatha M N  , Mrunalini M
Published: August 2021

The severity of the bug report helps for the bug triagers to prioritize the handling of bug reports for giving more importance to high critical bugs than less critical bugs, since the inexperienced developers and new users can make mistakes while assigning the severity. The manual labeling of severity is labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this article, both unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms are used to automate the prediction of bug report severity. Because the data was unlabeled, the Gaussian Mixture Model is used to group similar kinds of bug reports. The result is labeled data with the severity level given for each bug reports. Then, the training of classifiers is performed to predict the severity of new bug reports submitted by the user using Multinomial Naïve Bayes Classifier, Logistic Regression Classifier and Stochastic Gradient Descent Classifier. Using these methods, around 85% accuracy is obtained. More accurate predictions can be done using the authors approach.
ABC/XYZ Analysis for Kanban System Implementation in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
Authors: Gobachew Asrat Mekonnen , Kitaw Daniel , Berhan Eshetie , Haasis Hans-Dietrich
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study is to show how the implementation of the Kanban system based on ABC/XYZ analysis helps in improving the inventory management system in the supply chain where there is a lack of proper inventory management. Ethiopian pharmaceutical supply agency's distribution network is taken as a case to show the significance of the Kanban system. Monthly data for one year is collected and is accompanied by primary data obtained from direct observation and discussion with the company's management staff. ABC, XYZ, and ABC/XYZ matrix analyses were performed to determine items to be considered in Kanban implementation. By analysis, it is shown that the Kanban system can improve inventory-related costs by about 75%. While the Kanban system is rarely implemented in the pharmaceutical sector so far, it is understood in this study that it can bring improvements in the sector if properly implemented. Though it is shown by analyzing data on how the Kanban system can improve inventory-related costs, it is imperative to practically implement it for validation of its effectiveness.
Tipologia semântica de proposições tautológicas de identidade e seu valor argumentativo
Authors: Silva Leosmar Aparecido , Nogueira Márcia Teixeira
Published: August 2021

Este artigo tem o objetivo de descrever e analisar as propriedades gramaticais, semânticas e discursivo-argumentativas das proposições tautológicas de identidade, como em uma mulher é uma mulher. Com base em um corpus coletado da internet, as proposições foram analisadas, considerando-se a tipologia semântica dessas tautologias proposta por Wierzbicka (2003) e o tratamento dado a elas na Nova Retórica, de Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (1996). Os resultados apontam para uma ampla utilização desse tipo de tautologia no discurso coloquial, em gêneros publicitários, literários, artísticos (música e cinema), humorísticos, religiosos e políticos. Além disso, os significados dessas proposições, ao mesmo tempo em que expressam uma generalização sobre atitudes, eventos, pessoas e coisas, se constroem como verdades absolutas, imutáveis e compartilhadas culturalmente, contribuindo, inclusive, para a manutenção de estereótipos.
InspectTM Computed Tomography for NDT of Subsea Pipelines
Authors: Pettigrew Irene Grant , Barker Ashley , O'Brien Anthony , Cesan Alex
Published: August 2021

Using Computed Tomography (CT) for 3D spatial analysis is a well-established technique primarily used in the fields of medical imaging and precision defect analysis of materials such as aircraft CT technology is gradually evolving for asset integrity within the Oil and Gas sector for two main applications: in-line inspection (ILI) verification and non-intrusive inspection (NII) of coated subsea pipelines. The CT scanning philosophy for both types of inspection challenges varies significantly and in this paper is considered in terms of alignment of inspection deliverables with scan definition.

This paper explores the redesign of the traditional CT approach to optimize scanning for high-density target volumes by implementing a ground-up approach to all hardware and mathematics. The advanced algorithms used in the InspeCTTM technology enables a novel technique for image reconstruction; allowing for cleaner images than are possible using traditional CT whilst using less data and hence smaller radioactive sources. In addition, this paper demonstrates a selection of important findings from the InspeCTTM system qualification to API Standard 1163.

To maximize the effectiveness of the subsea campaign, use of automated analysis is demonstrated to provide consistency in interpretation and reduce the considerable time demands of high-volume data analysis enabling any remediation decisions or change to inspection strategy to be actioned at the time of inspection rather on a future campaign.
Troll Phase 3: The Next Step for a Groundbreaking Giant
Authors: Laastad Bjørn , Ellevog Knut , Oen Jensen Roger , Tveit Torstein , Torgrimsen Eirik , Jensen Ingmar
Published: August 2021

An important driver for maximizing value creation for the Troll Phase 3 gas project offshore Norway was to identify means to reduce the pressure drop in the value chain from the reservoir to the onshore terminal. Using a design-to-cost approach in the concept selection phase, this has affected design of the wells, subsea production system, pipeline and the new inlet separator on the Troll A platform; all of which have been designed to preserve the energy from the reservoir as much as possible. The final design has enabled a significant increase of the project value by accelerated gas deliveries, reduction of the energy consumption and thus lowering the CO2 emissions.

Calculations show that 1 bar pressure drop in the Troll Phase 3 value chain increases the project NPV (8%, pretax) with approx. 45 Million USD and reduces the power consumption by 11 GWh/year.

The well tubing size was increased to 9 5/8", reducing the required number of wells by ~40%. Factoring both wells and subsea facilities, this optimized well concept alone represents a total cost saving of nearly 300 million USD. The project has piloted a modification to the Vertical X-Mas Tree (VXT) design featuring an increase from 5 1/8" to a 7" production wing outlet to minimize the pressure drop across the subsea production system. This VXT design has become the new company standard for gas field developments. The big bore wells and subsea production system design also ensures acceptable gas velocities in the late production phase with low reservoir pressure.

The total reduced pressure drop obtained through these and other measures is estimated to 19 bar, realizing a project NPV improvement of approx. 850 million USD (8%, pretax).
Qualification of Mechanically Lined Pipe MLP with High Frequency Welded HFW Host Pipe for Subsea Applications with Reeling Installation
Authors: Macdonald Craig , Safari Javad , Anderson Stuart
Published: August 2021

Known as HFW-MLP, Mechanically Lined Pipe (MLP) with High Frequency Welded (HFW) host pipes are potentially the most cost-effective bi-metallic pipes for subsea pipelines when corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) are required. However, HFW-MLP has a very limited track record for subsea applications. This paper details a recent programme to qualify MLP with HFW host pipes.

The qualification programme has been performed in accordance with DNVGL-ST-F101 (2017) and internal supplementary requirements for reelability and weldability. It considers material testing of HFW-MLP at each manufacturing stage and product qualification including full-scale reeling simulation, anti-corrosion coating simulation and girth welding. Qualification is supplemented with a detailed evaluation of the manufacturing process

HFW-MLP is compared to traditional MLP which is supplied with seamless carbon steel as the host pipe or backing steel. This novel product lowers the supply cost, reducing the Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) for subsea pipeline projects. Detailed evaluation of mechanical test results and dimensional inspections using laser profiling assess the impact of the HFW host pipe longitudinal seam weld and conclude that there is no detrimental effect on the performance of the completed MLP. A comprehensive review of full-scale reeling simulations, coating simulations and welding trials is completed, with the conclusion that an HFW host pipe does not adversely affect the ability of the MLP product to be girth welded and to withstand the plastic deformation exerted upon the product during reel-lay installation. It is concluded that HFW-MLP is qualified for subsea pipeline static applications via the reel-lay, S-Lay or J-lay installation methods.

The qualification of HFW-MLP provides a more cost-effective solution for the development of corrosive subsea fields by reducing overall product supply and installation costs.
Standardization of Procurement Equipment Specifications: Establishing a Strong Foundation for Oil & Gas Capital Project Development and Delivery
Authors: Postema Adri
Published: August 2021

Operators need industry-wide standardization to manage the $3 trillion in CAPEX expenditure forecast for 2018-2025 (Global Data, 2018), while maintaining competitiveness and mitigating risks.

With the backing of the World Economic Forum, Joint Industry Program 33 (JIP 33) was initiated to drive industry-level standardization for procuring equipment items, moving the industry structurally – across the value chain - towards common engineering designs and solutions, established by means of cross-company and value-chain collaboration.

Over 40 standard specifications have been delivered to date. Their adoption by 12 major operators is being measured and is progressing well. This enables the program to capture and evaluate successes, challenges, key learnings and feedback. The program has also established a process for future maintenance of JIP33 specifications in order to achieve sustained benefits.

In the years to come the JIP33 program will continue to develop more new specifications, expand the scope of existing specifications and work with Standards Development Organizations to move valuable JIP33 content into the underlying parent standard.

This paper will present the current status of the JIP33 program and showcase some of its early successes, challenges and learnings.
Debris Capture Distribution in Deepwater Wells with Riser Filter Tool
Authors: Maher Peter Reid
Published: August 2021

In deepwater and ultra-deepwater wells, hydraulic debris removal, or the circulating of debris to surface, serves as the primary method of removing debris from the wellbore during the displacement of drilling fluid to completion fluid. In a standard cased hole completion, this operation typically takes place after the last liner has been set and before the completion is run. The likelihood of successful hydraulic debris removal is dependent on many factors such as debris particle size and density, flow rates and the resulting average annular velocity in the annulus, pipe movement, and the properties of the fluids circulated in the well. Mechanical debris extraction tools such as downhole filters and magnets are used to capture significant amounts of debris that are unable to be hydraulically removed from the wellbore. Versions of downhole filters and magnets that are run inside of casing and magnets run inside of the riser are common across the industry, however downhole filter tools run in the riser are less common and their use in these operations is not an industry standard. This paper examines a data set generated over two years containing more than 30 runs that include the use of a downhole filter tool run in the riser during wellbore clean out operations.
HPHT Subsea Connector Verification and Validation Using an API 17TR8 Methodology
Authors: Stewart Barry , Lee Sam Kwok Lun
Published: August 2021

Wellhead connectors form a critical part of subsea tree production systems. Their location in the riser load path means that they are subjected to high levels of bending and tension loading in addition to internal pressure and cyclic loading. As more fields continue to be discovered and developed that are defined as High Pressure and/or High Temperature (HPHT) these loading conditions become even more arduous. In order to ensure the integrity of HPHT components, industry requirements for components are setout in API 17TR8. This technical report provides a design verification methodology for HPHT products and some requirements for validation testing. The methodology provides detail on the assessment of static structural and cyclic capacities but less detail on how to assess the functional and serviceability criteria for wellhead connectors. Similarly, API 17TR8 does not include prescriptive validation requirements for wellhead connectors and refers back to historical methods. This paper describes a practical application of the API 17TR8 methodology to the development of a 20k HPHT connector and how it was implemented to verify and validate the connector design through full scale tests to failure.

A methodology was developed to meet the requirements of the relevant industry standards and applied to the connector to develop capacity charts for static combined loading. Verification was carried out on three dimensional 180° FEA models to ensure all non axi-symmetric loading is accurately captured. Connector capacities are defined based on API 17TR8 criteria with elastic plastic analysis (i.e. collapse load, local failure and ratcheting), functionality/serviceability criteria defined through a FMECA review and also including API STD 17G criteria including failure modes such as lock/unlock functionality, fracture based failure, mechanical disengagement, leakage and preload exceedance. These capacities are validated through full scale testing based on the requirements of API 17TR7 and API STD 17G with combined loading applied to the Normal, Extreme and Survival capacity curves (as defined by "as-built" FEA using actual material properties). Various test parameters such as strain gauge data, hub separation data, displacements, etc. were recorded and correlated to FEA prediction to prove the validity of the methodology. Further validation was carried out by applying a combined load up to the FEA predicted failure to confirm the design margins of the connector. Post-test review was carried out to review the suitability of the requirements set out in API 17TR8 and API STD 17G for the verification and validation of subsea connectors. The results build on previous test results to validate the effectiveness of the API 17TR8 code for verification and validation of connectors. The results show that real margins between failure of the connector and rated loads are higher than those defined in API 17TR8 and show that the methodology can be conservative.
Key Technology Qualification for Increasing Subsea Well Production via Drag Reducing Agents
Authors: Schroeder, Jr. Arthur J , Chitwood James E. , Gay Tom A. , Gillespie John , Lee Yung , Hughes Paul , Verdeil Julien
Published: August 2021

Drag reducing agents (DRAs) are a cost-effective method to reduce pipeline pressure losses and maximize flowrates of onshore and offshore pipelines with over 40 years of proven results. With recent developments, production can also be significantly increased by injecting DRA into flow restricted subsea flowlines. This paper will provide a summary of the development and testing of a full-scale prototype subsea DRA storage and injection unit built to achieve the industry goal of alleviating flow restricted subsea pipelines. While DRA applications are proven in thousands of offshore and onshore applications, it has never been successfully injected subsea. System integration testing (SIT) is currently under way on the prototype unit, after which it will be qualified for offshore use. The technology is covered by numerous patents issued and pending in the US and other countries.
TRACS JIP – TTR Life Extension Process
Authors: Deka Dhyanjyoti , Campbell Mike , Patil Vinayak , Ge Michael Long , Wong Steve , Frame Tim
Published: August 2021

The Tensioned Riser Assessment for Continued Service (TRACS) JIP develops a structured life extension process for TTR systems including single casing, dual casing, buoyancy can supported and tensioner supported TTRs. The JIP bridges regulatory and API frameworks and achieves industry consensus on analysis, inspections, and documentation.

The life extension process developed in this JIP consists of detailed roadmaps that guide the operator through the different assessment steps starting from initial data gathering through to the development of the forward-looking IMP. The JIP life extension process is based on a threat assessment philosophy which ensures identification and assessment of all possible threats to the integrity of the TTR in its extended life.

The JIP process is validated against three real life TTR systems that are nearing the end of their design lives. Potential threats to the integrity of these TTRs during the projected continued service beyond the design life are identified and specific inspection and analysis recommendations to safely manage or mitigate these threats are made.

The JIP also provides TTR life extension analysis guidance while considering the opportunities to reduce conservatism compared to new designs. Inspection of TTRs is challenging due to accessibility issues and the pipe in pipe construction. Several subsea NDE inspection tools are surveyed in this JIP and their applicability to TTRs is discussed.
Research on Robust and Efficient Approach for Extreme Mooring Tension Estimation for FLNG and FOWT
Authors: Ando Tsubasa , Simon Wright Christopher , Wada Ryota , Takagi Ken , Watanabe Masaharu , Usami Akio
Published: August 2021

Offshore floating production units such as FPSO, FLNG, etc. are stationed at operation sites for many years without stopping operation. The mooring systems are provided as permanent positioning system for the floaters and are designed based on conditions that normally assume way longer than their actual service life. The offshore industry, nevertheless, has experienced higher than expected failure rates of mooring systems in the past. [1] Therefore, more robust and pertinent design requirements are desired. On the other hand, while operators demand more reliable design procedures, mooring analysis needs to be performed for numerous load cases on actual projects, which require enormous cost and resources for simulation and analysis. This has resulted in the need by the industry for more efficient mooring analysis procedures while maintaining the required safety.
Integrated Underreamer Technology with Real-Time Communication Helped Eliminate Rathole in Exploratory Operation Offshore Nigeria
Authors: Ozioko Raphael Chidiogo , Osita Humphrey , Ohia Udochukwu
Published: August 2021

This paper describes the successful deployment of integrated underreamer technology with real-time communication through mud-pulse telemetry system, to drill and eliminate rathole in 17 1/2-in × 20-in successfully in one run and helped set casing as close as possible to the depth of suspected pressure ramp on an exploratory well offshore Nigeria. This technology uses the same communication system (actuator bypass) as Measurement While Drilling tools (MWD), Logging While Drilling tools (LWD) and Rotary Steerable System (RSS).

Integrated underreamers broadly used in the drilling operations support optimized casing and completion programs and helps reduce operational risks such as wellbore instability. The ball drop and hydraulically activated reamer technologies available today comes with limitations and HSE risks. The distinctive functionalities of the integrated underreamer technology described here, such as unlimited and fast activation and deactivation via downlinking and real time downhole feedback, reduce uncertainties and operational costs in the complex and challenging deep offshore drilling operations.

The real-time communication through mud-pulse telemetry system enabled the placement of integrated underreamer 6 meters from the bit thereby reducing rathole length to approximately 9 meters compared to 80 meters for conventional underreamer application. The integrated underreamer is compatible with existing RSS and provide unlimited activation cycles. The integrated underreamer offers flexibility in placement in the bottom hole assembly (BHA) and it can be used as a near bit reamer, or as main reamer or as both. In this case, the integrated near bit underreamer eliminated the need for a dedicated rathole removal run. It also offered a feedback confirmation of the cutter blades activation status and provided hole opening log thereby reducing the operational uncertainties for the under reaming, saving rig time up to 16 hours for shoulder test.

The underreamer was successfully deployed to drill and ream the challenging 14 ¾" × 17 ½" and ream 17 ½" × 20" section offshore Nigeria. Both sections were drilled and reamed to section Total Depth (TD) in one run with all directional reuirements and Measuring While Drilling (MWD)/Logging While Drilling (LWD) met saving client approximately 4 days of rig spread cost. The reamer appeared to provide an in-gauge borehole allowing for successful running and cementing of liners without any issues, demonstrating superior borehole quality. The new Technology proved to be a reliable and flexible hole enlargement while drilling solution that help to improve drilling performance, reduce operational risks and save cost.
Advancing Effective Response Technology to Manage Containment of High Pressure, High Temperature Well
Authors: Goldsmith Matthew James
Published: August 2021

Deepwater well containment capabilities were born out of necessity – over the last 10 years the industry has innovated and improved upon capabilities and is currently focused on developing the systems required for, new high pressure, high temperature (HPHT) wells scheduled to be drilled in the 2021 timeframe.

As industry plans for drilling at deeper depths and higher temperatures – an organization's ability to keep pace with ever-changing needs is critical. That means continuing to enhance capabilities and technology to ensure well containment resources for the deepwater U.S. Gulf of Mexico are available.

MWCC is the first in industry to add High Pressure (20k psi) and High Temperature (400°F) technology to its portfolio. The development of this advanced technology presented many challenges both technical and non-technical. A shift from ram-based capping stack designs for well pressures up to 15K psi and temperatures up to 350F to valve-based designs rated for up to 20K and 400°F was necessary but presented technical challenges.

An extended flowback response to a HPHT well may requires additional supportive equipment to assure successful containment of well fluids. MWCC delivered novel technology in 2020 designed to cool well temperatures in order to continue use of conventional subsea architecture and systems.

Regulatory approval for HPHT source control technology is different from conventional technology. The approval of standard containment technologies is straightforward and well understood in industry; HPHT technology requires additional verification and approval. MWCC will address the process of obtaining approval for the use of HPHT containment equipment in an incident response.
Qualification of Metal 3D Printed Parts for Production Use
Authors: Vasquez Mike
Published: August 2021

As more organizations incorporate additive manufacturing systems to produce production parts, it is becoming clear that successfully moving beyond prototyping requires a more advanced and thoughtful qualification strategy. To achieve the desired outcomes, organizations in the oil and gas sector now need to learn how to build a methodical and scalable system for measuring and characterizing materials, processes, and parts. This paper will discuss an approach to solving this problem within the context of 3D Printing using metal powder. For both new and experienced users of this technology there needs to be a recognition that the workflow prior to and after printing are just as critical in producing repeatable parts as the machine operation itself. Additionally, the relatively small sample size of machine to machine comparison in the oil and gas sector raises questions about the best strategy to use when builing a supply chain to support productionazition of 3D Printed components. This paper addresses this challenge by showcasing new software tools to manage the data generated within sensors on production scale 3D Printers that can then be connected directly to the materials and post processing workflows to provide users with actionable data to manage and troubleshoot their production process with efficiency.
Pazflor Subsea Separation, Ten Years After
Authors: Bibet Pierre-Jean , Santos Redding , Lucas Antoine , Vunza Daniel
Published: August 2021

On Saturday the 3rd of September 2011, at 22h30 Luanda time, the first Pazflor gas/liquid Subsea Separation Unit (SSU) is put into operation, and one hybrid pump starts in production. Few weeks later, all three SSU are fully operational.

In 2021, all three SSU will celebrate 10 years of successful operation.

The paper relates 10 years of operational feedback of the Pazflor Subsea Separation Units with a special focus on the pumping system.