bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency-Dependent Fatigue Damage Accumulation in Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Kharrazi Mohammad R. , Sarkani Shahram
Published: July 2004

The damage reversibility phenomenon in Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP), its interrelationship with frequency dependence, and its significance in fatigue life prediction are investigated through several series of static, constant-amplitude, and intermittent fatigue tests on specimens made from thick cross-ply and angle-ply woven roving Glass-Fabric-Reinforced Vinyl-ester (GFRV). It is shown that the viscothermoelastic behavior of this material causes it to undergo a severe, but reversible, thermal degradation during fatigue cycling. In order to fully comprehend various features of this type of degradation and its reversibility, the evolution of temperature and the material’s hysteretic and stiffness properties are carefully studied through a series of continuous and intermittent fatigue tests. The pace of thermal degradation is found to increase with increasing frequency for two reasons: (1) dissipated energy per cycle increases, and (2) trapped heat inside the material increases. The trend of S-N data is found to be strongly controlled by the loading frequency. This is especially true for the matrix-dominated lay-up, where not only does the lifetime of the specimen change with frequency by two or three orders of magnitude for certain stress levels, but also an endurance limit is introduced when the loading frequency is lowered. The presence of an endurance limit at lower frequencies is attributed to the change of the damage accumulation mode from mostly thermal to mechanical. Careful monitoring of dynamic compliance, dissipated energy per cycle, and temperature indicates that the evolution of these parameters during the fatigue life is both stress-dependent and frequency-dependent; thus the latter two parameters must be implemented in a realistic damage-accumulation model. The role of damage reversibility in fatigue life is shown to be automatically accounted for when loading frequency is implemented in the predictive model.
Permeability Estimation with the Method of Cells
Authors: Gokce Ali , Advani Suresh
Published: July 2004

The Method of Cells (MC) is used to predict the permeability of preforms regardless of their architecture, and to study the effect of disturbances during preform manufacturing on the permeability of the preform. Preforms are made up of bundles of fibers called fiber tows. Different types of preforms can be produced from the same fiber tow. In the MC, a repetitive unit cell is subdivided into subcells in such a way that there is only fiber tow or air in a subcell. The pressure field in each subcell is modeled as a second order polynomial of local coordinates. The coefficients of the polynomial are estimated using a set of equations that include governing equations, boundary conditions, continuity conditions and constitutive equations. Subsequently, the flow field in the subcell is determined. The pressure is averaged at the faces of the unit cell and the pressure gradient is calculated assuming a linear pressure profile across the unit cell in all three dimensions. The velocity is averaged over the unit cell volume. Finally, overall permeability values are estimated using Darcy’s Law. The geometry of the preform varies to some extent due to several effects during production or processing; or there might be some imperfections in the preform, such as improper stitches. The permeability is influenced by both of these disturbances. By varying the properties of the subcells in the model, the effect of these disturbances on the permeability can be evaluated.
Finite Element Analysis of Non-Laminated Composite Pin-Loaded Straps for Civil Engineering
Authors: Winistörfer A. , Mottram J. T.
Published: July 2004

Presented is a finite element analysis for carbon fiber reinforced plastic pin-loaded straps of non-laminated form. TheMARCK6.2 code was used. The goal was the determination of tensile strength from a knowledge of the peak stresses in the region where a (multi-layer) strap makes contact with the two steel circular pins. The paper illustrates difficulties other researchers and analysts may encounter if they are to analyze similar composite material problems. Numerical problems were found because of computing resource limitations, the highly orthotropic elastic constants, the geometric non-linearity, the geometric and material discontinuities, and the presence of friction and sliding contact. Their influence on stresses is illustrated by way of a simplified model for a single-layer strap. Peak stresses are shown to change significantly on varying a finite element model parameter that is not physical. Acceptable finite element stresses, away from the region with the peak stresses, are found on comparing them with a classical stress solution and experimental measurement.
Estimation of Three-Dimensional Fibre-Orientation Distribution in Short-Fibre Composites by a Two-Section Method
Authors: Zak G. , Park C. B. , Benhabib B.
Published: July 2004

The overall fibre orientation in a composite can be statistically characterized by a fibre-orientation distribution. Fibre-orientation studies have concentrated on two major areas: those dealing with continuous fibres and those dealing with short fibres. This paper presents a novel two-section based method for statistical characterization of the fibre- orientation distribution within short-fibre composites. This method produces unbiased distribution data for the near-zero misalignment angles and simultaneously resolves the orientation-duality problem. The method’s novelty lies in its ability to determine accurately (within 1 µ m) the relative positions of two sections. While taking advantage of the extra information provided by the two sections, the proposed method also makes use of the single-section method’s main principles, namely: (1) intersection of a plane and a cylindrical fibre is an ellipse and (2) the ellipse’s shape is a function of fibre’s orientation relative to the intersecting plane. Therefore, by sectioning a specimen, acquiring images of the cross-sectional surfaces, and collecting the fibre-ellipse data from these images, the orientation of every fibre intersecting the sectioning plane can be determined. The probability distribution for fibre orientations within the sectioning plane is then related to that within the specimen volume.
Forms of Beauty
Authors: White Rob
Published: July 2004

This article approaches Claire Denis’s filmBeau Travail by way, first, of a passage in Alan Hollinghurst’s novelThe Folding Star ; then, more extensively, of the theoretical and art-critical writings of Leo Bersani and Ulysse Dutoit - especially their critique of narrative and desire as aggressive and appropriative strategies.Beau Travail is argued to give support to the contention that there are other, nonappropriative modes of existence and intersubjectivity: thoughBeau Travail is concerned with repression (especially the repression of homosexuality) it also may be said to depict a mode of being which is not crippled by jealousy, repression and coercive desire.
Learning to Deliberate
Authors: Nieuwenburg Paul
Published: July 2004

One argument for deliberative democracy is that public deliberation enhances a sincere concern for the common good. Most of the theories of deliberative democracy fail to give a satisfying account of this process. One of the causes for this state of affairs is a preoccupation with autonomy, which tends to obscure that public deliberation is deliberation with others who are actually present. On such an interpretation of publicity, shame, or a concern for reputation, plays a crucial motivational role. Aristotle, by acknowledging this role, is capable of constructing an account of the formation of deliberative character that is far more realistic than the standard answer of deliberative democrats. In particular, it is shown that public deliberation cannot discharge its edifying or civilizing function all by itself. To have the desired effect, the development of the deliberative capacity requires the acquisition of the virtues of character, especially that of truthfulness.
Decision Aids for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Applicability across Race and Education
Authors: Rovner David R. , Wills Celia E. , Bonham Vence , Williams Gilbert , Lillie Janet , Kelly-Blake Karen , Williams Mark V. , Holmes-Rovner Margaret
Published: July 2004

Background/Method. Decision aids have not been widely tested in diverse audiences. The authors conducted interviews in a 2 2 race by education design with participants who were 50 years old (n = 188). The decision aid was a benign prostatic hyperplasia videotape. Results. There was an increase in knowledge equal in all groups, with baseline knowledge higher in whites. The decision stage increased in all groups and was equivalent in the marginal-illiterate subgroup (n = 0.15). Conclusion. Contrary to expectations, results show no difference by race or college education in knowledge gain or increase in reported readiness to decide. The video appeared to produce change across race and education. The end decision stage was high, especially in less educated men. Results suggest that decision aids may be effective without tailoring, as suggested previously to enhance health communication in diverse audiences. Research should test findings in representative samples and in clinical encounters and identify types of knowledge absorbed from decision aids and whether the shift to decision reflects data/ knowledge or shared decision-making message.
Mathematical Modeling of Three-Dimensional Die Flows of Viscoplastic Fluids with Wall Slip
Authors: Lawal Adeniyi , Railkar Sudhir , Kalyon Dilhan M.
Published: July 2004

The mathematical modeling of the continuous processing of filled polymers, and concentrated suspensions in screw extruders and dies of complex shapes is undertaken. The simulation of the flow of such filled systems in complex geometries is rendered complicated by the occurrence of wall slip at fluid/solid boundaries. The incorporation of wall slip in the analysis of three-dimensional flows including flows through dies, single/twin-screw extruders and other processing geometries is currently lacking. Here we present an analysis of three-dimensional flows with wall slip, and demonstrate the procedure using the flow of a Herschel-Bulkley fluid in a tapered die.
The Effect of Fuel Components and Standard Test Fuels on the Mechanical Properties and Glass Transition Temperatures of Polymers used in Multi-Layer Fuel Line Tubing
Authors: Mccourt M. P. , Mcnally G. M. , Murphy W. R. , Mcnally T.
Published: July 2004

With the advent of more stringent legislation for fuel and fuel vapor emissions from vehicles, it has been necessary to introduce a barrier polymer into the fuel line as a means of reducing emissions. This paper investigates the changes in mechanical properties, such as tensile modulus, of a range of plasticized nylons, tie layer polymer systems and fluoropolymers which were immersed in various mixtures of fuel components and standard fuels at a temperature of 250C. The percentage mass uptake and extent of swelling were also determined in addition to changes in glass transition temperature up to a period of 31 weeks.
Properties and Applications of Sandwich Panels Based on PET Foams
Authors: Xanthos M. , Dhavalikar R. , Tan V. , Dey S. K. , Yilmazer U.
Published: July 2004

PET foams of variable densities (1 g/cc to 0.2 g/cc), based on virgin and recycled material were produced by extrusion with physical or chemical blowing agents and evaluated as low density core in sandwich panels having M/F impregnated paper or flame retardant mineral reinforced PET as skin faces. Flexural and shear stiffness of the laminates were determined by variable span three point bending. Panels were also tested for thermal and moisture stability and compared with competitive sandwich constructions based on PVC foam, flake board, particleboard and plywood. Potential applications of the PET based laminates in building and construction are presented.
Mechanical Behavior for 3-D Orthogonal Woven E-Glass/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Tan Ping , Tong Liyong , Steven Grant P.
Published: July 2004

A testing program is conducted to investigate the mechanical properties and failure mechanism for 3-D orthogonal woven E-glass/epoxy composite materials, which were manufactured using E-glass for fiber and Ciba-Geigy GY260 epoxy for matrix. For the mechanical property, the testing results indicate that at the loading range of 0 to 4 KN, the inplane Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio obtained using the strains recorded on the matrix surfaces are close to those recorded on the filler yarn surfaces. However, for the in-plane shear modulus, the difference between data from these two surfaces is obvious. The average elastic constants from the tests compare favorably with the predicted results using the laminate block model developed previously [1]. For the tensile failure strength, there is a reasonably good agreement between the measured and predicted results using the rule of mixture. Observation of the specimen fracture surfaces reveals that for a specimen cut along the x or y direction, its fracture surface is generally perpendicular to the applied loading direction. However, for a specimen cut along the 45° with respect to the stuffer yarn direction, the fracture surface is generally parallel to the stuffer yarn. The larger pullout lengths for the failure yarns are obviously observed from the specimen fracture surfaces, but yarn pullouts were not observed for the 3-D orthogonal woven CFRP composites [2].
Inhibitory Interneurons in the Olfactory Bulb: From Development to Function
Authors: Lledo Pierre-Marie , Saghatelyan Armen , Lemasson Morgane
Published: July 2004

Identifying and defining the characteristic features of the inhibitory neurons in the nervous system has become essential for achieving a cellular understanding of complex brain activities. For this, the olfactory bulb is ideally suited because it is readily accessible, it is a laminated structure where local interneurons can be easily distinguished from projecting neurons, and, more important, GABAergic interneurons are continuously replaced. How the newly generated neurons integrate into a preexisting neural network and how basic network functions are maintained when a large percentage of neurons are subjected to continuous renewal are important questions that have recently received new insights. Here, it is seen that the production of bulbar interneurons is specifically adapted to experience-dependent regulation of adult neural networks. In particular, the authors report the degree of sensitivity of the bulbar neurogenesis to the activity level of sensory inputs and, in turn, how the adult neurogenesis adjusts the neural network functioning to optimize information processing. By maintaining a constitutive neurogenesis sensitive to environmental cues, this neuronal recruitment leads to improving sensory abilities. This review brings together recently described properties and emerging principles of interneuron functions that may convey, into bulbar neuronal networks, a degree of circuit adaptation unmatched by synaptic plasticity alone.
Gallbladder Hydrops
Authors: Khothsymuong Rod R. , Kaminski Joseph
Published: July 2004

The gallbladder is typically located in the right upper quadrant but may appear in unusual locations. This report presents a case of gallbladder hydrops with the gallbladder located in the pelvis of a patient.
Direct quantification of the modulation of interaction between cell- or surface-bound LFA-1 and ICAM-1
Authors: Vitte Joana , Pierres Anne , Benoliel Anne-Marie , Bongrand Pierre
Published: July 2004

The functional activity of leukocyte integrins is highly regulated by several mechanisms related to intrinsic molecular properties and receptor interaction with the cell membrane. Here, we present a microkinetic study of the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1-mediated interaction between flowing Jurkat cells and surface- or cell-bound intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). We conclude that adhesion is initiated by the formation of a single bond with ∼0.3 s–1 dissociation rate, and attachment is subsequently strengthened by the formation of additional bonds during the next 10 s; exposing cells to Mg2+ or Mn2+ resulted in up to a 16-fold increase of the binding frequency, in line with reported measurements performed on isolated molecules with surface plasmon resonance methodology; cell-bound ICAM-1 molecules were more efficient in mediating adhesion than Fc-ICAM-1, properly oriented and bound by surface-adsorbed protein A; and quantitative analysis of binding frequency suggested that adhesion efficiency was ten- to 100-fold lower than the maximum value allowed by previously determined association rates of soluble molecules. It is concluded that the presented methodology provides a simple and unique way of dissecting the initial step of cell adhesion and discriminating between affinity and avidity modulation of adhesion receptors.
On-line anion exchange of rutherfordium in HF/HNO3 and HF solutions
Authors: Kronenberg A. , Eberhardt K. , Kratz Jens Volker , Mohapatra P. K. , Nähler A. , Thörle P. , Brüchle W. , Schädel M. , Türler A.
Published: July 2004

The fluoride complexation of the group-4 elements Zr, Hf, and Rf, and of the pseudo-homolog Th, was previously investigated in mixed HNO3/HF solutions by studying K
d values on both cation-exchange resins (CIX) and anion-exchange resins (AIX) using the automated rapid chemistry apparatus ARCA. On the CIX, the fluoride complexation of Rf was found to be weaker than that of Zr and Hf but stronger than that of Th. On the AIX, the competition for the binding sites by the counter ion NO3
- was found to be stronger for the fluoride complexes of Rf than for those of Zr and Hf. The aim of the present work is to add independent evidence to the latter result by measuring K
d values for Rf on the AIX in 0.1 M HNO3/0.5 M HF and in 0.01 M HF without any HNO3. The results are obtained via an activity ratio of the long-lived α-decay descendant of 261mRf, 20-d 253Es, using the multi-column technique (MCT). These experiments corroborate the seemingly much more pronounced competition of NO3
- for the exchanging sites of the AIX with respect to [RfF
x
](

x

-4)- than with [ZrF
x
](

x

-4)- and [HfF
x
](

x

-4)-.
TRLIFS study of Eu(III) spectroscopic properties to obtain structural and thermodynamic informations on lanthanide-malonamide complexes in the Eu(III)/NaNO3/TetraEthylMalonAmide system
Authors: Couston Laurent , Charbonnel M. C. , Flandin J. L. , Moulin Christophe , Rancier F.
Published: July 2004

Improvement of the nuclear fuel reprocessing involves separating the minor actinides (Am(III) and Cm(III)) from the fission products. In the French strategy, the first step consists in the separation of the trivalent actinides and lanthanides from high-level liquid waste, for which malonamides RR´NCO(CHR´´)CONRR´ are promising ligands. These molecules have been optimized for reprocessing but still require basic chemical studies to describe the complexation mechanisms at a molecular scale. This paper discusses a thermodynamic and structural study of a Ln(III)-malonamide complex formed with the hydrosoluble tetraethylmalonamide ligand (TEMA=(C2H5)2NCOCH2CON(C2H5)2) dissolved in a nitrate medium. Despite the simplified chemical system obtained with TEMA, its weak chemical affinity and its physical properties pushed the analytical techniques to their limits. The sensitivity of Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLIFS) combined with the major luminescent spectroscopic properties of Eu(III) (hypersensitive band and fluorescence lifetime) were successfully used to determine the equilibrium constant and hydration number in the Eu(III), TEMA, and NO3-system. Fluorescence lifetimes, connected with the first coordination sphere of the solvated metal, clearly show the inner-sphere location of nitrate in the Eu(NO3)2+complex, the outer-sphere location of TEMA in the Eu(TEMA)3+complex, and the outer-sphere location of both ligands in the Eu(NO3)(TEMA)2+complex.
Inclusion Complexation of Methyl Orange with β-Cyclodextrin in a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid
Authors: Sueishi Yoshimi , Ide Tatsuhiro
Published: July 2004

The inclusion complexation of Methyl Orange (MO) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was studied spectrophotometrically in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) which is a typical room-temperature ionic liquid. It was found that MO forms a 1:2 inclusion complex with β-CD in [bmim]BF4. A large association constant was obtained, suggesting a high degree of stability of the inclusion complex between MO and β-CD in [bmim]BF4. Based on the results, the inclusion behavior of β-CD in the ionic liquid was discussed.
Extraction of Sodium Picrate from Water into Nitrobenzene in the Presence of Dibenzo-21-Crown-7
Authors: Makrlík E.
Published: July 2004

From extraction experiments with 22Na as a tracer, the extraction constant corresponding to the equilibrium Na+(aq) + A−(aq) + L(nb) ⇔ NaL+(nb) + A−(nb) taking place in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system (A− = picrate, L = dibenzo-21-crown-7; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) was evaluated as logK
ex(NaL+,A−) = 1.9±0.1. Further, the stability constant of the dibenzo-21-crown-7-sodium complex in nitrobenzene saturated with water was calculated for a temperature of 25 °C log β
nb(NaL+) = 7.1±0.1.
Mild developmental delay in terminal chromosome 6p deletion
Authors: Chen Kelly M. , Cherry Athena M. , Hahn Jin S. , Enns Gregory M.
Published: July 2004

Deletions involving the short arm of chromosome 6 are relatively rare. Although features of this condition are variable, common findings include developmental delay, ocular abnormalities, hearing loss, and cardiac defects. In an effort to define further the clinical variability of this condition, we report a 6‐year‐old female with a de novo terminal deletion of chromosome 6 at band 6p24, with mild gross motor delays and normal cognition. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radial Particle Profiles in a Liquid‐Solid CFB with Varying Viscosity
Authors: Zheng Y.
Published: July 2004

Flow structure was characterized in a 76 mm diameter by 2.0 m high liquid‐solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB) with different viscous liquids ranging from 1.0 mPa·s to 4.8 mPa·s. Measurements of mean and local solids holdup were carried out in the axial and the radial direction, respectively. The results showed that a uniform axial and a nonuniform radial distribution of the time‐averaged solids holdup appeared in the LSCFB. The viscosity of the liquid phase reduces the nonuniform distribution of solid particles in the radial direction. By examining the instantaneous data signals, flow behavior in a viscous system was found to be more uniform and less vigorous. To further understand the hydrodynamics in a LSCFB, Hurst's rescaled range (R/S) analysis was also adopted to analyze its stochastic characteristics and the local flow properties.
Study of Binary‐Solid Liquid Fluidized Beds
Authors: Asif M.
Published: July 2004

A proper characterization of the hydrodynamics of binary‐solid liquid fluidized beds is an important first step in its effective utilization. Of particular importance in this connection is to be able to predict the unique hydrodynamic phenomenon of the layer‐inversion, which is associated with the change of the stratification pattern of the two solid species in the fluidized bed brought about due to a change either in the liquid velocity or the bed composition. Past few years have witnessed the development of several models for the prediction of the layer‐inversion phenomenon. It is, therefore, important to analyze their predictions in the light of the growing wealth of the literature data. Such an exercise is important to examine the underlying assumptions and propose modifications to improve their predictive capability. Predictions of well‐known layer‐inversion models are compared with the experimental data reported in the literature including our own which comprises of solid species of widely different size, and therefore, provide an important test of predictive capability of models.
Chemical Recycling and Kinetics of Aqueous Alkaline Depolymerization of Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Waste
Authors: Goje A.S. , Chauhan Y.P. , Mishra S.
Published: July 2004

Depolymerization reactions of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) waste in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution were carried out in a batch reactor at 80–140 °C at atmospheric pressure by varying PBT particle size in the range of 50–512.5 μm. Reaction time was also varied from 10–110 min to understand the influence of PBT particle size and reaction time on the batch reactor performance. Agitator speed, particle size of PBT and reaction time required were optimized. Disodium terephthalate (salt) and 1,4‐butanediol (BD) remain in the liquid phase. BD was recovered by the salting‐out method. Disodium terephthalate was separated by acidification to obtain solid terephthalic acid (TPA). The produced monomeric products (TPA and BD) and PBT were analyzed. The yields of TPA and BD were in agreement with PBT conversion. The depolymerization reaction rate was first order to PBT concentration as well as first order to sodium hydroxide concentration. The acid value of TPA changes with the reaction time as well as particle size of PBT. This indicates that PBT molecules get fragmented and hydrolyze simultaneously with aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce BD and disodium terephthalate. Activation energy, Arrhenius constant, equilibrium constant, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy were determined. The dependence of the hydrolysis rate constant on reaction temperature was correlated by the Arrhenius plot, which shows an activation energy of 25 kJ/mol and an Arrhenius constant of 438 L/min/cm2.
Photo‐Fenton Remediation of Wastewaters Containing Silicones: Experimental Study and Neural Network Modeling
Authors: Teixeira A.C.S.C. , Guardani R. , Nascimento C.A.O.
Published: July 2004

The present work is aimed at the investigation of the photo‐Fenton technology with regard to the remediation of diluted aqueous emulsions containing an aminosilicone polymer, in a bench‐scale photochemical reactor. The experimental results show a strong interaction between temperature, light, Fe(II) and H2O2 concentrations on the degradation process, which generates substances that might be readily biodegradable and/or a solid phase that is easily separated by simple mechanical operations. The neural network technique is an effective, simple approach to successfully modeling the photo‐Fenton degradation system, in which thermal and photochemical reactions and related phenomena (such as solid precipitation) take place. The model might therefore be useful in process optimization, as well as in the design and scaleup of photochemical reactors for industrial application.
Development of a Characterization Method for the Combustion Behavior of Solid Recovered Fuels
Authors: Kock O.
Published: July 2004

Apart from coal, fuels like solid biogenic or recovered fuels will gain increasing importance in power generation plants because of their potential to lower CO2 emissions. In order to produce a constant fuel quality and to guarantee a safe power plant operation, it is rather important to know the combustion behavior of the different fuel types. A characterization method is proposed by which the combustion behavior of solid fuels can be analyzed with low‐cost equipment and reliable results.
Infrared Spectroscopic Evidence for Protonated Water Clusters Forming Nanoscale Cages.
Authors: Miyazaki Mitsuhiko , Fujii Asuka , Ebata Takayuki , Mikami Naohiko
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Structure of the First Coordination Shell in Liquid Water.
Authors: Nilsson A. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Compound La5Br4Al4 and the Topological Relation with the Ln3ClGa4 Structure Type.
Authors: Mattausch Hansjuergen , Oeckler Oliver , Zheng Chong , Simon Arndt
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetism of CaRuO3 Crystal.
Authors: Koriyama A. , Ishizaki M. , Ozawa T. C. , Taniguchi T. , Nagata Y. , Samata H. , Kobayashi Y. , Noro Y.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phase Transfer Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation of Chalcones Using Chiral Crown Ethers Derived from D‐Glucose and D‐Mannose.
Authors: Bako Peter , Bako Tibor , Meszaros Attila , Keglevich Gyoergy , Szoellosy Aron , Bodor Sandor , Mako Attila , Toke Laszlo
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Mercaptopurine and Thioguanine Analogues: The Reaction of Dimethyl N‐Cyanodithioiminocarbonate with Oxo‐ and Amino‐diazoles.
Authors: Alqaradawi Siham Y. , Elgemeie Galal H.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fast Tin‐Free Hydrodehalogenation and Reductive Radical Cyclization Reactions: A New Reduction Process.
Authors: Vaillard Santiago E. , Postigo Al , Rossi Roberto A.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of N‐Arylated Sultams: Palladium‐ and Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Halides with 1,4‐Butane and 1,3‐Propanesultams.
Authors: Steinhuebel Dietrich , Palucki Michael , Askin David , Dolling Ulf
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Zirconium(IV) Chloride as a New, Highly Efficient, and Reusable Catalyst for Acetylation of Phenols, Thiols, Amines, and Alcohols under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Chakraborti Asit K. , Gulhane Rajesh
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Zinc Metal Promoted Selective α‐Haloacylation and gem‐Bisacylation of Alkyl Aldehydes in the Presence of Chlorotrimethylsilane.
Authors: Ishino Yoshio , Mihara Masatoshi , Takeuchi Takeshi , Takemoto Masanobu
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Ethyl α‐Cyanocinnamates Catalyzed by K2O—Al2O3 Using Grinding Method.
Authors: Wang Shu‐Xiang , Li Ji‐Tai , Yang Wen‐Zhi , Yin Ya‐Hui , Xie Zi‐Hui
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sulfur‐Directed Synthesis of Enantiopure Hydroxy 2‐Sulfinyl Butadienes.
Authors: Fernandez de la Pradilla Roberto , Buergo Maria Victoria , Martinez Maria Victoria , Montero Carlos , Tortosa Mariola , Viso Alma
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Carbocupration of Fluoroalkylated Internal Alkynes: A Short Total Synthesis of the Antiestrogenic Drug Panomifene.
Authors: Konno Tsutomu , Daitoh Takeshi , Noiri Atsushi , Chae Jungha , Ishihara Takashi , Yamanaka Hiroki
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design of Acyclic Triaryl Olefins: A New Class of Potent and Selective Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) Inhibitors.
Authors: Uddin Md. Jashim , Rao P. N. Praveen , Knaus Edward E.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Formal [3 + 2] Alkene Addition to Benzhydrol Cations. A Practical and Mild Methodology for the Synthesis of Substituted 1‐Arylindanes and Related Compounds.
Authors: Lantano Beatriz , Aguirre Jose M. , Finkielsztein Liliana , Alesso Elba N. , Brunet Ernesto , Moltrasio Graciela Y.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phosphine‐Mediated Reductive Condensation of γ‐Acyloxy Butynoates: A Diversity Oriented Strategy for the Construction of Substituted Furans.
Authors: Jung Cheol‐Kyu , Wang Jian‐Cheng , Krische Michael J.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2,2′‐Bipyrroles and 2,2′‐Thienylpyrroles from Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes and 2‐Cyanoheteroles.
Authors: Yu Ming , Pantos G. Dan , Sessler Jonathan L. , Pagenkopf Brian L.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Azomethine Ylides from Tin‐Substituted Cyclic Carbinol Amides: A New Route to Highly Substituted Pyrrolizidines.
Authors: Pearson William H. , Dietz Amber , Stoy Patrick
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 3‐Iodoindoles by Electrophilic Cyclization of N,N‐Dialkyl‐2‐(1‐alkynyl)anilines.
Authors: Yue Dawei , Larock Richard C.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Carbazoles via an Intramolecular Cyclization of 2‐(6‐Substituted 3(Z)‐Hexen‐1,5‐diynyl)anilines and Their Related Molecules.
Authors: Lee Chia‐Ying , Lin Chi‐Fong , Lee Jeng‐Lin , Chiu Ching‐Chen , Lu Wen‐Der , Wu Ming‐Jung
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A General and Efficient Synthesis of Sulfonylbenzotriazoles from N‐Chlorobenzotriazole and Sulfinic Acid Salts.
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Rodriguez‐Garcia Valerie , Nair Satheesh K.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crucial Role of the Peroxyketal Function for Antimalarial Activity in the G‐Factor Series.
Authors: Najjar Fadia , Gorrichon Liliane , Baltas Michel , Vial Henri , Tzedakis Theodore , Andre‐Barres Christiane
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The First Catalytic Inverse‐Electron Demand hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction of Nitroso Alkenes Using Pyrrolidine as an Organocatalyst.
Authors: Wabnitz Tobias C. , Saaby Steen , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Triterpenoid Saponins from the Roots of Sinocrassula asclepiadea.
Authors: Zhao Jing , Nakamura Norio , Hattori Masao , Yang Xiu‐Wei , Komatsu Katsuko , Qiu Ming‐Hua
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Steroidal Saponins from Dioscorea panthaica and Their Cytotoxic Activity.
Authors: Dong M. , Feng X. Z. , Wang B. X. , Ikejima T. , Wu L. J.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus NS3×4A Protease. Part 3. P2 Proline Variants
Authors: Perni Robert B. , Farmer Luc J. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of ′Brahol′ and the Structural Revision.
Authors: Sureshan Kana M. , Miyasou Tomomi , Watanabe Yutaka
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Revised Structure for the Alkaloid, Tribulusterine, from Tribulus terrestris L.
Authors: Bremner John B. , Sengpracha Waya , Southwell Ian , Bourke Chris , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel Synthetic Phosphocholine Lipid‐AZT Conjugate that Double‐Targets Wild‐Type and Drug Resistant Variants of HIV.
Authors: Kucera Louis S. , Morris‐Natschke Susan L. , Ishaq Khalid S. , Hes Jan , Lyer Nathan , Furman Phillip A. , Fleming Ronald A.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Immunosuppressive Auronol Glycosides from Artocarpus tonkinensis.
Authors: Thuy T. T. , Kamperdick C. , Ninh P. T. , Lien T. P. , Thao T. T. P. , Sung T. V.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Lasonolide A Analogues.
Authors: Joo Jung Min , Kwak Hyo Shin , Park Jin Hyun , Song Ho Young , Lee Eun
Published: July 2004

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CCR5 Antagonists as anti‐HIV‐1 Agents. Part 1. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5‐Oxopyrrolidine‐3‐carboxamide Derivatives.
Authors: Imamura Shinichi , Ishihara Yuji , Hattori Taeko , Kurasawa Osamu , Matsushita Yoshihiro , Sugihara Yoshihiro , Kanzaki Naoyuki , Iizawa Yuji , Baba Masanori , Hashiguchi Shohei
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Selective Azasugar‐Based TACE Inhibitors.
Authors: Tsukida Takahiro , Moriyama Hideki , Inoue Yoshimasa , Kondo Hirosato , Yoshino Kohichiro , Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diazapyrenes
Authors: Borovlev I. V. , Demidov O. P.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Pathways to Salsolidine
Authors: Kaufman Teodoro S.
Published: July 2004

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Recent Developments in the Coordination Chemistry of Stable Free Radicals
Authors: Lemaire Martin T.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Natural Antimycobacterial Metabolites: Current Status
Authors: Okunade Adewole L. , Elvin‐Lewis Memory P. F. , Lewis Walter H.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Catalytic Advances in the Chemistry of Substituted Furans from Carbohydrates and in the Ensuing Polymers
Authors: Moreau Claude , Belgacem Mohamed Naceur , Gandini Alessandro
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Application of the Asymmetric Hetero Diels—Alder Reaction for Synthesising Carbohydrate Derivatives and Glycosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Osborn H. M. I. , Coisson D.
Published: July 2004

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Studies Aimed at the Total Synthesis of Azadirachtin as an Insect Antifeedant
Authors: Murai Akio
Published: July 2004

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Metal‐Catalyzed Cyclocarbonylation Reactions for the Synthesis of Lactones and Lactams
Authors: Vasapollo Giuseppe , Mele Giuseppe
Published: July 2004

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Competitive 1,3‐Cycloaddition of Benzonitrile Oxides to Carbon—Carbon and Carbon—Nitrogen Multiple Bonds
Authors: Beltrame Paolo , Cadoni Enzo , Gelli Gioanna
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis of Oxygen‐ and Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles by Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Deiters Alexander , Martin Stephen F.
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis of Phosphorus and Sulfur Heterocycles via Ring‐Closing Olefin Metathesis
Authors: McReynolds Matthew D. , Dougherty Joseph M. , Hanson Paul R.
Published: July 2004

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Glycopeptides and Glycoproteins: Synthetic Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Seitz Oliver
Published: July 2004

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Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Neoglycopeptides Using endo‐β‐N‐Acetylglucosaminidase from Mucor hiemalis
Authors: Haneda Katsuji , Inazu Toshiyuki , Mizuno Mamoru , Yamamoto Kenji
Published: July 2004

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Complex Carbohydrate Synthesis
Authors: Kiso Makoto , Ishida Hideharu , Ando Hiromune
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis of Heterocycles from Alkyl 3‐(Dimethylamino)propenoates and Related Enaminones
Authors: Stanovnik Branko , Svete Jurij
Published: July 2004

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Immobilization of Ionic Liquids on Solid Supports
Authors: Valkenberg M. H. , de Castro C. , Hoelderich W. F.
Published: July 2004

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Role of glial amino acid transporters in synaptic transmission and brain energetics
Authors: Marcaggi Païkan , Attwell David
Published: July 2004

This article reviews how the uptake of neurotransmitter by glial amino acid transporters limits the spatial spread of transmitter to preserve the independent operation of nearby synapses, temporally shapes postsynaptic currents, and regulates the effects of tonic transmitter release. We demonstrate the importance of amino acid uptake and recycling mechanisms for preventing the loss of energetically costly neurotransmitter from the brain, and also examine the suggestion that glutamate uptake into glia plays a key role in regulating the energy production of the brain. Finally, we assess the role of glial amino acid transporters in transmitter recycling pathways. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocyte responses to neuronal activity
Authors: Schipke Carola G. , Kettenmann Helmut
Published: July 2004

During the past few years, it has been established that astrocytes sense neuronal activity and are involved in signal transmission. Neuronal stimulation triggered electrophysiological and/or Ca2+ responses in astrocyte cultures and in acute brain slices. Present even within one given brain region, different pathways of neuron‐to‐astrocyte communication involving different receptor systems have been described. These mechanisms include glutamatergic and NO‐mediated signaling. Neuron‐to‐astrocyte signaling can be confined to subcellular compartments, the microdomains, or it can activate the entire cell. It can even trigger a multicellular response in astrocytes, a Ca2+ wave. This form of astrocyte long‐range signal propagation can occur independently, in pure astrocyte cultures, but it can also be triggered by neuronal activity. Astrocytes also exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ activity. Neuronal activity in acute brain slices can organize this activity into complex synchronous networks. One of the functional consequences of neuron‐to‐astrocyte signaling might be the neuronal control of microcirculation using astrocytes as a mediator. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial modulation of synaptic transmission in the retina
Authors: Newman Eric A.
Published: July 2004

Glial modulation of synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the mammalian retina is mediated by several mechanisms. Stimulation of glial cells evokes Ca2+ waves, which propagate through the network of retinal astrocytes and Müller cells and result in the modulation of the activity of neighboring ganglion cells. Light‐evoked spiking is enhanced in some ganglion cells and depressed in others. A facilitation or depression of light‐evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents is also seen in ganglion cells following glial stimulation. In addition, stimulation of glial cells evokes a sustained hyperpolarizing current in ganglion cells which is mediated by ATP release from Müller cells and activation of neuronal A1 adenosine receptors. Recent studies reveal that light‐evoked activity in retinal neurons results in an increase in the frequency of Ca2+ transients in Müller cells. Thus, there is two‐way communication between neurons and glial cells, suggesting that glia contribute to information processing in the retina. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic signaling between neurons and glia
Authors: Lin Shih‐Chun , Bergles Dwight E.
Published: July 2004

Rapid signaling between vertebrate neurons occurs primarily at synapses, intercellular junctions where quantal release of neurotransmitter triggers rapid changes in membrane conductance through activation of ionotropic receptors. Glial cells express many of these same ionotropic receptors, yet little is known about how receptors in glial cells become activated in situ. Because synapses were thought to be the sole provenance of neurons, it has been assumed that these receptors must be activated following diffusion of transmitter out of the synaptic cleft, or through nonsynaptic mechanisms such as transporter reversal. Two recent reports show that a ubiquitous class of progenitors that express the proteoglycan NG2 (NG2 cells) engage in rapid signaling with glutamatergic and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons through direct neuron‐glia synapses. Quantal release of transmitter from neurons at these sites triggers rapid activation of aminomethylisoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) or GABAA receptors in NG2 cells. These currents exhibit properties consistent with direct rather than spillover‐mediated transmission, and electron micrographic analyses indicate that nerve terminals containing clusters of synaptic vesicles form discrete junctions with NG2 cell processes. Although activation of AMPA or GABAA receptors depolarize NG2 cells, these receptors are more likely to serve as routes for ion flux rather than as current sources for depolarization, because the amplitudes of the synaptic transients are small and the resting membrane potential of NG2 cells is highly negative. The ability of both glutamate and GABA to influence the morphology, physiology, and development of NG2 cells in vitro suggests that this rapid form of signaling may play important roles in adapting the behavior of these cells to the needs of surrounding neurons in vivo. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dementia, pain, depression, behavioral disturbances, and ADLs: toward a comprehensive conceptualization of quality of life in long‐term care
Authors: Cipher Daisha J. , Clifford P. Andrew
Published: July 2004

Objectives

Quality of life in long‐term care settings is a multidimensional construct that includes functional, cognitive, behavioral, and psychological variables. Quality of life variables have been found to be related to one another, but directional influences have not been tested.

Methods

The purpose of this study was to develop and compare two competing path models composed of quality of life variables, including dementia, pain, behavioral disturbances, and ADLs.

Results

Path analytic results revealed that cognitive, emotional, and behavioral variables interact with one another to predict patients' activities of daily living. Pain levels did not influence activities of daily living directly, but rather influenced behavioral disturbances and depression, which in turn influenced activities of daily living.

Conclusions

These preliminary findings suggest that in order to assist long‐term care residents in improving their activities of daily living, decreasing pain is likely to yield the greatest overall improvements. Future research on the relationships between quality of life variables is recommended to further develop multidimensional treatment models for healthcare providers in long‐term care. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smell identification test as an indicator for cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Suzuki Y. , Yamamoto S. , Umegaki H. , Onishi J. , Mogi N. , Fujishiro H. , Iguchi A.
Published: July 2004

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to assess olfactory dysfunction in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to compare utility of the olfactory tests as possible clinical markers.

Methods

Two olfactory identification tests (The Cross‐Cultural Smell Identification Test [CC‐SIT] and the Picture‐based Smell Identification Test [P‐SIT]) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) were administered to patients with AD and age‐matched controls. Apolipoprotein E (Apo E) genotypes of patients with AD were identified.

Results

Patients with AD had significantly lower olfactory identification scores than age‐matched non‐demented elderly subjects in both olfactory assessments. In the AD group, the coefficient of correlation between the MMSE scores and the P‐SIT scores was higher than that between the MMSE scores and the CC‐SIT scores. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses for both tests indicated that the P‐SIT discriminated AD patients from controls more reliably than did the CC‐SIT. Within AD patients, those who were carrying one or two ApoE ε4 alleles had a higher coefficient of correlation between the MMSE scores and the P‐SIT scores than patients without the ApoE ε4 allele.

Conclusions

The results suggest that a short and simple non‐lexical olfactory identification test can be useful as a clinical marker of AD appropriate for Japanese elderly population. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.