bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manipulated Stress and Dispositional Reinvestment in a Wall-Volley Task: An Investigation into Controlled Processing
Authors: Chell Ben J. , Graydon Janet K. , Crowley Paul L. , Child Michael
Published: August 2011

This field-based study examined the action of reinvesting in controlled processing on 14 univerity soccer players to assess skill breakdown under pressure. Based on scores on the Reinvestment Scale of Masters, Polman, and Hammond, two experimental groups of participants were inferred to be dispositionally High or Low in Reinvestment. They performed a wall-volley soccer task, which involved kicking a ball repeatedly against a wall target zone for 90 sec. as defined by McMorris, Gibbs, Palmer, Payne, and Torpey in a High and Low Stress environment Prior to each condition performers were required to complete the Anxiety Rating Scale. A series of two-way (reinvestment × stress) analyses of variance with repeated measures on stress were conducted on the Anxiety and soccer scores. Players scoring High on the Reinvestment Scale reported significantly greater Intensity for Somatic Anxiety and lower Self-confidence than players who scored Low in the High Stress condition. Anxiety Direction scores indicated players scoring High on the Reinvestment Scale reported their increase in Somatic Anxiety and reduction in Self-confidence in the High Stress condition to be significantly more debilitating of performance than players who scored Low on the Reinvestment Scale. Soccer scores indicated players scoring High on the Reinvestment Scale were more prone to reinvesting in controlled processing and essentially experiencing greater decreases in performance under pressure than those Low in Reinvestment. Therefore, these findings support the predictive power of the Reinvestment Scale.
Research Note: American Children's Time Use in After-School Activities
Authors: Newman Joan , Chang Yiping , Matsopoulos Anastassios , Kao Chin-Cheng
Published: August 2011

90 Grade 4 children from upstate New York completed a “what I usually do” questionnaire, reporting on their after-school activities. Contrary to the concerns of some psychologists, there was no evidence that the children were being “hurried” out of childhood or “hot-housed” to develop academic or other excellence. The children's time was largely spent in enjoyable, self-chosen, and nonacademic activities, most often play or television viewing.
Sex and Personality Traits Influence the Difference between Time Taken to Tell the Truth or Lie
Authors: Farrow Tom F. D. , Reilly Rebecca , Rahman Towhida A. , Herford Amy E. , Woodruff Peter W. R. , Spence Sean A.
Published: August 2011

A necessary component of lying is the withholding of a truthful response. Hence, lying may be conceptualised as involving the inhibition of an initial, automatic response (the truth) while an alternative response (the lie) is generated. We investigated response times to visually and auditorially presented questions probing recent episodic memory, when subjects answered questions truthfully or with lies. We also investigated whether the absolute response times or difference between time taken to tell the truth or lie was affected by participants' sex or correlated with personality scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Short Scale. 61 subjects answered the same 36 questions five times. The first time involved answering all questions truthfully, which allowed post hoc analysis of whether subjects had been consistent in their lying and truth-telling on the following four occasions. These latter four occasions involved answering all questions (one each with ‘truth' or ‘lie') for both types of presentation. Regardless of type of presentation or subjects' sex, subjects took approximately 200 msec. longer to lie than to tell the truth in response to each question ( p<.001). There were significant correlations between truthful response times to auditorially presented questions and Eysenck ‘Neuroticism' scores. There was also a significant correlation for women between mean individual lie-minus-truth time to auditorially presented questions and Eysenck ‘Lie' scores. These preliminary data suggest that response time is systematically longer when telling a lie and that personality variables may play a part in this process.
Worksite Intervention Model for Facilitating Changes in Physical Activity Fitness, and Psychological Parameters
Authors: White Jennifer Lynne , Ransdell Lynda B.
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to examine the effectiveness of a physical activity intervention which combined behavior-change strategies with a variety of physical activities for 30 sedentary adults in a 12-wk. intervention that included behavior-change strategy sessions and supervised physical activity. Before and after the intervention, psychological and physiological variables were measured. Statistically significant changes right after the intervention included (1) an increase in physical activity participation, (2) an increase in muscular endurance, flexibility, and predicted VO2 max, and (3) a decrease in the number of barriers to physical activity. Changes in physical self-perception, a psychological variable often linked to increased physical activity, were not statistically significant, but effect sizes were large. The use of behavior-change strategies in conjunction with a variety of physical activities may be useful in improving physical and psychological well-being in previously sedentary adults. Stability of change requires study.
Constructing Local Age Norms Based on Ability for the Bender-Gestalt Test
Authors: Bolen Larry M.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine developmental patterns in visuomotor functioning across age and ability groups. A second purpose was to develop local norms to allow practicing psychologists to examine relative differences within age and IQ groups in visuomotor performance. Thus, an age-by-mental ability normative data set ( N = 4,014) was constructed from archival records from 10 public school systems and analyzed to identify both qualitative and quantitative differences in visuomotor functioning for children between 6 and 18.11 yr. of age across 9 IQ levels ranging from 40 to 129.
Judgments of Grammaticality of Sentences Violating the Principle of Full Interpretation: A Further Exploration
Authors: Nagata Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

54 Japanese speakers judged isolated simple bitransitive sentences involving an unnecessary extra argument in addition to three legitimate arguments. Two variables were manipulated, with one variable concerning the role the extra argument assumed in a sentence, subjective, dative, or objective and the other concerning the relation it bore with the legitimate argument. The sentences with the extra arguments were judged to be an average grammaticality of about 3 on a 7-point scale. This score, although still lower than that obtained for sentences involving only the legitimate arguments, suggests that speakers' judgments are not fully consistent with the judgments expected if they might possess and demonstrate the knowledge of the principle of Full Interpretation.
Predictable Postural Perturbation in Premotor and Motor Components of Reaction Time
Authors: Pouchelle Marie , Olivier Isabelle , Cuisinier Rémy
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present experiment was to study the central control of posture and movement coordination. Subjects' task was voluntarily to raise their arms in response to a visual signal, this movement generating an unloading in which the weight of the load (0 gm, 1500 gm, 3000 gm, or 4500 gm) was known in advance. Thus, subjects could predict the postural perturbation generated by the unloading. Analysis showed an effect of the unloading conditions: in the 0-gm and 1500-gm conditions, reaction time (RT) was longer than in the 3000-gm and 4500-gm conditions. This decrease in RT was exclusively due to a reduction of the premotor time, confirming the posturokinetic coordination in the programming processes. The implications of the decrease in premotor time with the increase of the perturbation for the posture/movement coordination strategies are also discussed.
Human Factors in Air Traffic Control: Problems at the Interfaces
Authors: Shouksmith George
Published: August 2011

The triangular ISIS model for describing the operation of human factors in complex sociotechnical organisations or systems is applied in this research to a large international air traffic control system. A large sample of senior Air Traffic Controllers were randomly assigned to small focus discussion groups, whose task was to identify problems occurring at the interfaces of the three major human factor components: individual, system impacts, and social. From these discussions, a number of significant interface problems, which could adversely affect the functioning of the Air Traffic Control System, emerged. The majority of these occurred at the Individual-System Impact and Individual-Social interfaces and involved a perceived need for further interface centered training.
Effects of Dentalization and Devoicing of the /Z/ Phoneme on Listeners' Judgment of a Speaker's Sexual Orientation
Authors: Huff Elisa , Phillips Susan Davis , Dancer Jess , Davis Priscilla
Published: August 2011

25 undergraduate listeners judged that a male speaker with normal speech, who dentalized (lisped) or devoiced the /z/ phoneme in the context of a sentence, sounded significantly more “gay” in terms of judged sexual orientation than did the same speaker producing /z/ without phonological processes. Speech-language pathologists should be aware of possible social consequences of speech production disorders.
Identification of Sounds from Traffic
Authors: Berglund Birgitta , Nilsson Mats E.
Published: August 2011

Listeners' ability to identify road-traffic, aircraft, or train sounds in environmental sound recordings was studied in a psychoacoustical experiment involving 16 participants. In free-labeling identification, excerpt traffic sounds were described in terms of “object” (sound-producing source) rather than in terms of perceptual attribute. The main sounds identified were traffic sounds, but a few references were also made to machine-related or water-related sources. Sounds from aircraft were easier to identify than the sounds from trains, which in turn were easier to identify than the sounds from road-traffic. This identification order was confirmed in multiple-choice and dominant-source identification tasks. Compared to free-labeling, multiple-choice identifications produced considerably more false alarms, i.e., identification of a sound source not present. For multiple-choice, several sound sources were particularly identified in the excerpt of road-traffic and train sounds although the (recorded) sound was typically clearly discerned in the joint dominant-source identification task. A comparison of the acoustic properties of the traffic sounds suggested that spectral rather than temporal cues were used in sound-source identification.
Changes in Self-Reported Incidence of Nocturnal Bruxism in College Students: 1966–2002
Authors: Granada Stacy , Hicks Robert A.
Published: August 2011

The frequencies of self-reported nocturnal bruxism in four large samples of college students were compared to assess change in the incidence of this disorder since 1966. Analysis showed incidence of nocturnal bruxism increased from 5.1% to 22.5% over this period. However, the increase from our 1989 sample was not statistically significant.
Relationship between Psychological Type and Sensitivity to Anxiety
Authors: Kameda Dina M. , Nyland Jean L.
Published: August 2011

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index were administered to 143 undergraduate students. Although there was no significant difference between Extraverts and Introverts in Anxiety Sensitivity scores, those classified as Sensing and Thinking types exhibited higher mean scores on Anxiety Sensitivity than those classified as Intuitive and Feeling types. These findings suggest that knowledge of psychological type may be helpful in predicting sensitivity to anxiety
Sign Language and Chinese Characters on Visual-Spatial Memory: A Literature Review
Authors: Flaherty Mary
Published: August 2011

Long-term use of a sign language may enhance visual abilities. Deaf signers consistently outscore their hearing nonsigning counterparts on visual memory tests. In a similar vein, the long-term use of a logographic script, Chinese characters appears to boost visual memory. Both learning a sign language and mastering Chinese characters involve a relatively complex task of visual recognition and memory. This review of the literature suggests that daily use of either a sign language, one not based on sound, or Chinese characters, a script which maps language at the word level rather than at the phonemic level, may facilitate recall of visual forms.
Self-Perceived and Actual Indicators of Motor Abilities in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Jürimäe Toivo , Saar Meeli
Published: August 2011

The aim of the study was to estimate the correlations between self-perceived and actual indicators of fitness in children and adolescents of different age and sex. A total of 525 boys and girls, ages 10 to 17 years (divided into the four age groups) were studied. Self-perceived fitness (fitness, endurance, strength, flexibility, and body composition) was assessed using a slightly modified version of a questionnaire by Delignieres, Marcellini, Brisswalter, and Legros, which was described by Lamb and Haworth. The following EUROFIT tests were used: 20-m endurance shuttle-run, hand-grip dynamometry, and sit-and-reach. Nine skinfolds were summarized as a body-composition parameter. The subjects significantly perceived their endurance, flexibility (except 10- to 11-yr.-olds), and body composition (except 10- to 11-yr.-old boys). Correlations between handgrip dynamometry and perceived strength were not significant.
Upper and Lower Body Strength in Relation to Ball Speed during a Serve by Male Collegiate Tennis Players
Authors: Pugh Steven F. , Kovaleski John E. , Heitman Robert J. , Gilley William F.
Published: August 2011

The relation of leg, shoulder, and grip strength to ball speed in the tennis serve was investigated. For 15 collegiate male tennis players, leg and shoulder strength were measured using a Lido Active isokinetic dynamometer, grip strength with a handgrip dynamometer, and ball speed with a radar gun. Regression analysis showed no significant ( p<.05) relationship among the strength variables and ball speed. Results were explained in terms of strength not being the only factor involved in producing ball speed during the tennis serve.
A Study of Field Independence versus Field Dependence of School Teachers and University Students in Mathematics
Authors: Chao Li , Huang Jianyi , Li Angie
Published: August 2011

The Group Embedded Figures Test was administered to 72 secondary school teachers and 54 university students in mathematics to measure their cognitive styles of field independence–dependence. A mean difference was found between the teachers and students as teachers scored more field-independent than the students. There was also a group-by-sex interaction, which indicated that the female teachers scored more field-independent than the male teachers, whereas the male students scored as more field-independent than the female students. Implications of the findings are reflected in the discussion.
Effect of Teaching with Mirrors on Ballet Dance Performance
Authors: Radell Sally A. , Adame Daniel D. , Cole Stephen P.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the effect of mirrors on the dance performance of beginning college ballet students in the classroom setting, using an evaluation methodology developed for this study. 13 women enrolled in one ballet class were taught using mirrors, 14 women in a second beginning ballet class were taught without mirrors. Both classes were taught by the same instructor. All students were videotaped performing the same adagio and grand allegro phrase during Weeks 5 and 14 of the 14-wk. term. At the end of the semester two ballet teachers viewed the videotapes for both classes. One evaluator was the instructor, and the other was a blind reviewer who had no knowledge of which was the mirror and nonmirror class during the evaluation process. They were instructed to choose a score for each dancer with anchors of 1: low skill and 5: high skill for both the adagio and allegro phrases. High interrater reliability was noted for both the adagio and allegro phrase data. In the nonmirror class, there was a significant increase in adagio scores, but no significant increases in adagio and allegro scores for the mirror class. These results suggest that the use of the mirror in a ballet classroom may negatively affect skill acquisition of the dancer.
The Psycarticles Database: Attributes and Limitations
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Perdue Bob
Published: August 2011

This paper presents an overview on the main features of the new APA database, PsycARTICLES, with a focus on the citation searching option. Both positive aspects and limitations of the file are noted.
Motivation, Stress, and Cortisol Responses in Skydiving
Authors: Thatcher Joanne , Reeves Sue , Dorling Debbie , Palmer Anna
Published: August 2011

This study examined metamotivational dominance, metamotivational states, and cortisol responses in skydiving participants. Data were obtained from 23 experienced skydivers 15 min. prior to and following a skydive. Respondents were mainly paratelic-conformist dominant and most occupied the conformist and arousal-seeking states prior to skydiving, assessed respectively, with Apter, et al.'s Motivational Style Profile and Cook, et al.'s measure of metamotivational states. Paratelic-conformist dominance indicates a predisposition towards conformity and a desire to be spontaneous, and the conformist and arousal seeking states reported prior to completing the skydive represent a desire to conform to expected norms but also ro seek arousal. There was no significant change in scores for metamotivational state or stress following skydiving. Contrary to expectations, cortisol level prior to skydiving was negatively associated with external stress. These results support the paratelic, but not the negativistic, dominance found in previous samples of risk sport participants (no skydivers). The conformist dominance and pre-dive conformist metamotivational state scores of this sample may be fundamental for adhering to safety regulations imposed on skydivers. To obtain better understanding of this phenomenon, researchers should attempt to measure these variables during, rather than prior to and after, participation in risk sports.
Survey Return Rate and Size of School District
Authors: Gillig Scott , Zimmer John W.
Published: August 2011

Returned surveys by superintendents ranged from 33 to 44% (over-all, 37% for 42 of 111). Size of district was noninfluential, unlike the effect of size of businesses.
Elderly Persons' Perceptions and Knowledge of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Price Joy Ann , Shanahan Patricia Mayer , Price James H. , Desmond Sharon M.
Published: August 2011

The intent of this study was to obtain data on elderly persons' beliefs and knowledge of Alzheimer's disease. Participants were 148 elderly subjects (At age of 70.9 yr.) who responded to an Alzheimer's disease survey consisting of 20 knowledge questions, two belief questions, and one question on sources of Alzheimer's information. Chi-squared analysis of perceived susceptibility to Alzheimer's and belief about developing Alzheimer's, when compared to education and having a friend or relative with the disease, indicated no significant differences. Analysis of variance of education and having a friend or relative with Alzheimer's by the respondents' knowledge of Alzheimer's did yield significant differences. Only 8 of the 20 knowledge questions were correctly answered by 50% or more of the respondents. Finally, the four most commonly identified sources of information on Alzheimer's were television, articles, friends, and talks. Over-all, the respondents (70%) did not believe they were susceptible to Alzheimer's although the majority (84%) were, either concerned, worried, frightened, or scared stiff about developing the disease. The respondents' knowledge of Alzheimer's disease was poor.
Patterns of Symptom Report on the Brief Symptom Inventory
Authors: Wood William D.
Published: August 2011

Three global indices of symptomatology summarize results of the Brief Symptom Inventory. This study attended to the relationship between global indices of symptom enumeration and symptom severity. Among profiles of 850 adult outpatients, a strong relationship existed between style of reporting symptoms, emphasizing number or intensity, and prominence of certain symptom dimensions. Patients reporting numerous low-grade symptoms were high on Somatization and Phobic Anxiety. Those with more intense focal symptoms were high on Depression and Anxiety. An explanation of results is offered by referring to features likely common among associated symptom dimensions.
Type a Behavior, Cognitive Defense, and Stress
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B. , Renert Diane
Published: August 2011

This study considered the possible moderator effects of three cognitive variables—repression, awareness of defense, and breadth of scanning—upon the relationship between Type A behavior and stress. Type A college subjects of both sexes did not report significantly more stress than Type B students. However, (1) repression, (2) lack of awareness, and (3) narrow scanning served moderator roles for Type A subjects; each, considered singly or in combination, contributed to higher stress levels. These evasive cognitive qualities were not associated with higher stress in Type B subjects. The results, in combination with those from several previous studies, were interpreted within the context of a model relating coping strategies to management of stress in which evasive defensiveness that impedes direct action upon sources of stress is maladaptive.
A Factor Analytic Study of Religious Motivation
Authors: Wittmann Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2011

An extended pool of religious motives was developed by asking a heterogeneous group of 302 volunteers to report three motives for their religious activity. Each of the 905 motives, compared to prior motivational lists, gave a list of 103 non-overlapping religious motives. Then homogeneous motivational dimensions through a factor analysis of the 103 motives were identified by asking 220 individuals to rate the importance of each motive in their own religious activity. Eleven primary factors were extracted.
One-Trial Latent Learning Followed by Frustration and “Forgetting”
Authors: Loewen James W.
Published: August 2011

Repeating a famous old experiment shows rats do learn the location of food when thirsty, even in a T-maze design which provides reward with water in the opposite arm. Moreover, they learn it on the first trial. They then “forget” it when given more training trials. The experiment argues against the practice of habituation and shows that anticipatory-goal responses cannot explain maze results.
Reliability and Readability of Questionnaire: Peak Performance and Peak Experience
Authors: Privette Gayle , Sherry David
Published: August 2011

The Questionnaire: Peak Performance and Peak Experience is based on both research and theoretical content found through a comparative analysis of literature germane to peak performance, peak experience, and flow. The Dale-Chall Readability Formula indicated that readability of the questionnaire is at the upper limits of the 9th and 10th grades. A Pearson product-moment correlation, based on 33 paired trials, was used to estimate over-all reliability (.70) and reliability of 42 individual test items. Scores were from 21 women and 12 men, aged 20 to 49 yr.
Psychiatric Inpatients' Attitudes toward Mental Disorder and the Tendency to Adopt a Sick-Role
Authors: Augoustinos Martha
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the behavioural and attitudinal implications of subscribing to a medical conceptualization of psychiatric disorder. As expected, psychiatric inpatients who tended to perceive psychiatric disorder as an illness' were significantly more inclined to adopt a sick-role than patients who defined such problems in nonmedical (psychosocial) terms.
Levels of Organization in Formal and Informal Events
Authors: Teske John A.
Published: August 2011

Subjects found similarities among seven levels of organization within two formal and two informal collections of human events. Levels of organization included body-parts, movement, behavior, anion, disposition, relationship, and grouping. Similarity-difference judgments were made within sets of three event-descriptions combining adjacent levels of organization. With comparisons involving higher levels, subjects were less likely to select the higher of two intended similarities. Subjects also showed a preference for similarities based on action. Female, better educated, and nonathletic subjects were relatively more likely to select the higher of adjacent-level similarities. Decreases in the likelihood of finding the higher similarities across higher and higher-level comparisons were monotonic for informal events but nonmonotonic for formal events; on the average, subjects were less likely to find the higher-level similarities in comparisons drawn from formal events. Results are discussed in terms of changes in ability to differentiate levels of organization across different, but multi-leveled kinds of events.
A Multifacetted Behavioral Group Treatment for Test Anxiety
Authors: Van Der Ploeg Henk M. , Van Der Ploeg-Stapert Jeanne D.
Published: August 2011

A report is given of a behavioral group training of secondary school pupils to reduce test anxiety. After a brief description of trends in the treatment of test anxiety, the selection of the pupils, the methods of evaluation, and the treatment program are described. Training takes eight sessions plus homework assignments. Administration of (test) anxiety inventories was repeated. After treatment scores on test anxiety decreased significantly. Comparison of the test scores in the waiting-list control group with those of the trained group after training shows improvement at retest. At follow-up after 12 wk. decrease in anxiety in the trained group is even greater.
Development of a Litigaphobia Scale: Measurement of Excessive Fear of Litigation
Authors: Breslin Frances A. , Taylor Kathryn R. , Brodsky Stanley L.
Published: August 2011

The present investigation was directed toward the development of a psychometrically sound instrument that would permit measurement and understanding of the phenomenon of litigaphobia. An initial item pool of 143 items was subjected to a Thurstone analysis. 47 items survived this screening for low ambiguity and uniform spread of tearfulness. These 47 items were administered to 123 physicians and psychologists in a six-point Likert format. The Kuder-Richardson-20 split-half analysis was .90. Next a series of factor analyses were performed. A main factor was identified as generalized litigaphobia and a second factor was labelled invulnerability to litigation. A Guttman scaling procedure for Factor I yielded a four-item scale with a reproducibility coefficient of .92.
Development of Parallel Forms of a Generalized Scale of Attitudes toward Full-Service Restaurants
Authors: Blumenfeld Warren S. , Young Mark C. , Kent William E.
Published: August 2011

Parallel forms of a generalized scale of attitudes toward full-service restaurants were developed using the Thurstone technique. Reliability was demonstrated. Content validity was implicit. Meaningful attitude measures may be generated inexpensively, reliably, and rapidly.
Self-Reported Type A Behavior and Marital Status
Authors: De Leo D. , Caracciolo S. , Marchetti M. A. Baserga , Molinari S.
Published: August 2011

The Jenkins Activity Survey Form C. was administered to a stratified sample of workers (1000 men and 465 women) to study the distribution of the Type A Behavior Pattern among Italians. General Type A scores were higher in married vs unmarried men and Job Involvement scores were higher for single persons than for married ones. Results suggest a stronger link between job involvement and marital status than between job involvement and Type A behavior.
Rimon's Brief Depression Scale, a Rapid Method for Screening Depression
Authors: Keltikangas-Järvinen Liisa , Rimon Ranan
Published: August 2011

A brief scale for evaluating depression, called Rimon's Brief Depression Scale, was developed using responses of 103 patients with primary or secondary depression. The validity of the scale was evaluated by comparing scores with those on Beck's Depression Scale. The results showed high reliability and concurrent validity and encourage the adoption of Rimon's scale in general psychological and medical practice.
Punishment-Induced Aggression: A Possible Mechanism of Child Abuse?
Authors: Thyer Bruce A.
Published: August 2011

Instances of physical child abuse following parental exposure to an aversive stimulus may be viewed as an instance of punishment-induced aggression. This behavior-analytic perspective is more parsimonious than alternative hypotheses about the existence of parental cognitive, trait or dispositional mediators of child abuse, and suggests alternative methods of intervention.
Learning vs Grade Orientation: Academic Achievement, Self-Reported Orientation, and Personality Variables
Authors: Kauffmann Duane R. , Chupp Brenda , Hershberger Kent , Martin Lisa , Eastman Ken
Published: August 2011

This research explored relationships between Eison's LOGO instrument and several personality and academic measures in a credit/no credit psychology course ( N = 44). Learning orientation (LO) was correlated with dogmatism and marginally (.07) with multiple-choice test performance, but not with Machiavellianism, Locus of Control, or performance on course written assignments. Grade orientation was related to Machiavellianism and marginally (.07) to test scores. Self-rating of orientation was correlated with both written and test performance, but not LO or GO.
Content Similarities and Differences in Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, Eight State Questionnaire, and Motivation Analysis Test
Authors: Boyle Gregory J.
Published: August 2011

The multivariate psychometric measurement of normal personality traits, transitory emotional states, and dynamic motivational factors has been made possible through the factor analytically validated instruments devised by Cattell and his associates. Previous research by Boyle, et al. has demonstrated that in accord with theory, all three instruments are measuring essentially separate psychological domains. While this quantitative evidence suggested that the multivariate instruments exhibit little measurement overlap with each other, nevertheless, it was not possible to ascertain the content similarities and differences from the canonical-redundancy analyses reported. Hence, the present study examines these qualitative characteristics in terms of the subscale data across each pair of instruments in turn. Results suggest that the slight measurement redundancy across instruments is due predominantly to the influence of a few subscales only.
Multidimensional Health Locus of Control of Pregnant Women Who Smoke
Authors: Desmond Sharon M. , Price James H. , Losh David P.
Published: August 2011

The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale along with 12 belief statements on factors that affect pregnancy was distributed to 209 pregnant women, 74 smokers, 46 smokers who quit prior to or during their pregnancy, and 87 nonsmokers. Analysis of variance and post hoc Scheffé tests on each subscale showed a significant difference among the three groups of pregnant smokers and nonsmokers on the Chance subscale, however, the differences appeared to be of no practical significance. Only two of the belief statements were significantly different between the groups.
Job Satisfaction and Machiavellian Orientation among Department Store Executives
Authors: Gable Myron , Topol Martin T.
Published: August 2011

The Mach IV scale and the Index of Job Satisfaction were administered to 218 department store executives. Female executives scored significantly high on the Mach IV scale and significantly lower on the Index of Job Satisfaction than male executives. A significant negative correlation was observed between Machiavellianism and Job Satisfaction for the entire sample, for men and for women.
Which Coke is It? Social Influence in the Marketplace
Authors: Pierce W. David
Published: August 2011

This study concerns the effects of media-based advertising on consumers' opinion. The experiment evaluates the recent advertising campaign for New Coke as an instance of communication and persuasion. The design separated the effects of the type of product (New Coke or Coke) from the description of the product (New Coke or Coke). There was a significant effect of product description that depended on the initial attitude of the consumer. Consumers who did not usually drink Coke had a low opinion of the standard-brand name (i.e., Coke) but were more favourable to the New Coke label. In contrast, consumers who regularly drank Coke were positive to colas with the standard-brand name but derrogated the product when it was called New Coke. The results suggest an attitude change for consumers with a neutral or negative attitude to Coke. Consumers with initial positive attitudes to Coke show a “boomerang effect.” Both outcomes are consistent with a cognitive-response approach to attitude change.
Empathy Scores of Nurses, Psychiatrists and Hospital Administrators on the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Brown Nina W. , Hunter Ann
Published: August 2011

12 medical-surgical nurses, 12 psychiatric nurses, 10 intensive care nurses, 10 hospital administrators, and 10 psychiatrists were administered the California Psychological Inventory. Protocols were scored for 18 scales plus Hogan's Empathy Scale. Significant differences were found between groups and the medical-surgical nurses scored lowest on all scales. The scores for all groups were combined and correlations between the Empathy Scale and other CPI scales were computed. Factor 2 scales, Interpersonal Adequacy, scores had the highest correlations with the Empathy Scale.
Clinical Psychology in a New Context
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

Applied psychology began by melding 19th Century psychology (that is, the laboratory study of sensation and perception) and the needs of the community for assistance in the assessment of children. Thus, general psychology within a developmental context constituted the ground out of which clinical work was developed. Participation by psychologists in two world wars rendering service to military personnel pulled applied psychologists into work with adults but also into a psychiatric (as opposed to a developmental) frame of reference. The 1949 Boulder Conference on training in clinical psychology was held not only to actualize the proposal that there be a separate doctoral program for clinical training but, also, that that clinical training should be grounded in and on psychology. That intent has not been satisfactorily actualized. The reasons for such an outcome and ways of rectifying this situation are discussed. The recommendation is made to return to a psychological (as opposed to the current psychiatric) frame of reference, one which emphasizes focus on social and cognitive development.
Private Self-Consciousness as a Moderator Variable?
Authors: Osborne John W. , Maguire T. O. , Angus N.
Published: August 2011

Previous studies suggested that private self-consciousness may function as a moderator of the predictive validity of self-report measures of personality. This paper critically examined the construct validity of the Self-consciousness Scale used to measure private self-consciousness. The conceptual and methodological difficulties involved in measuring private self-consciousness are discussed with particular reference to the ubiquity of self-consciousness theory and the problem of method variance associated with the exclusive use of self-report in validating the Self-consciousness Scale. A phenomenologically derived profile of test experience is offered as a way of checking the validity of self-reported measures.
Israeli College Students' Drinking Problems: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Isralowitz Richard E.
Published: August 2011

The drinking problems of 156 Israeli college students were examined in 1986. The data suggest alcohol is used and negative behavior is exhibited with its use. Compared to research on United States college students' drinking problems, lower drinking activity appears to exist in Israel. This exploratory study is viewed as an initial step towards a systematic assessment of college students' alcohol use throughout Israel.
Factor Structure and Factorial Replication of a New Measure of the Type a Behavior Pattern
Authors: Leak Gary , Flotte Karen
Published: August 2011

The present study presents the first known use of the A-B Rating Scale, a measure of Type A behavior, with 276 female college students. The purpose of this research was to explore the factor structure of the A-B scale and especially to attempt a replication of the factor structure across samples. Analysis gave a three-factor solution (Drivenness, Hypomania, and Leadership). Congruence coefficients indicated that the scale possesses significant factor matching across some of the factors. Research aimed at assessing the criterion validity of the three factors is called for.
An Investigation of Cognitive Level and Performance of Total Teaching Duties of Public School Teachers
Authors: Taylor Beverly Weidler
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to assess differences in cognitive functioning of teachers ranked in the upper 25% on performance of total teaching duties as evaluated by building administrators and those ranked in the lower 25%. No statistically significant differences were noted.
Factor Analysis of Personality Preferences and Vocational Interests
Authors: Kassera Wayne , Russo Thomas
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to assess common factors between personality preferences and vocational interests. A factor analysis yielded five factors which suggested an objective overlap of personality preferences and vocational interests. Implications for vocational psychologists and other users of such measures are stated.
Relations between Family Interaction Patterns and Career Indecision
Authors: Eigen Carole A. , Hartman Bruce W. , Hartman Paul T.
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether functional or dysfunctional family interaction patterns affected individuals' resolution of the life-adjustment task of making a career decision.
Nonstandard Standard Scores on the New Vineland: A Rejoinder to Cicchetti and Sparrow
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: August 2011

In their response to the charge of nonstandard standard scores on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Cicchetti and Sparrow have misconstrued my statistical analysis, and their own is seriously flawed. Additional evidence is given that fluctuations in the standardization data cannot be attributed to “sampling variability.”
Influence of Verbal Embellishment of Paragraphs of a Text on Free Recall and Recognition of Their Gist
Authors: Van Dam Gerrit , Brinkerink-Carlier Michèle , Kok Ineke
Published: August 2011

Verbal embellishment of half of the paragraphs of an expository text was shown to facilitate free recall of the gist of the embellished ones ( n = 12). However, no significant influence was observed on recognition of statements referring to the gist of the embellished paragraphs ( n = 26). This suggests that embellishment may facilitate access to paragraphs during free recall although the level of processing during learning is not necessarily affected.
Development of Memory-Monitoring and Self-Efficacy in Children
Authors: Wang Alvin Y. , Charde R. Stephen Ri
Published: August 2011

To test the hypothesis that strategic learning and self-efficacy in children develop according to their memory-monitoring skills 30 children each in Grades 2 and 4 were trained to monitor their performance. Second graders receiving such generalized training were more likely to approach a paired-associate learning task using a successful strategy of elaboration than control subjects not so instructed. In contrast, virtually all fourth graders elaborated paired-associates on the “choice” trial with or without memory-monitoring training. Task-specific tests of self-efficacy given before and after paired-associate learning showed pretest to posttest gains for both grades. However, only increases in self-efficacy for fourth graders generalized in a systematic fashion to cognitive tasks similar in nature to paired-associate learning (e.g., vocabulary learning). These results were discussed within a developmental model of learning incorporating memory-monitoring as a mediating variable for both strategic learning and self-efficacy.
A Case of Mild School Refusal: Rest-Activity Cycle and Filial Violence
Authors: Fukuda Kazuhiko , Hozumi Noboru
Published: August 2011

In Japan, adolescent school refusers often commit violence against their parents, particularly against their mothers. The authors investigated the relationship between the test-activity (sleep and wakefulness) cycle and the filial violence of one adolescent school refuser. His mother voluntarily recorded his daily life over a period of about 11 mo. This record included the rest-activity cycle, filial violence, school attendance, and other kinds of behavior. This school refuser was more likely to commit violence during the epoch of disturbed test-activity cycle. We believe that the direct manipulation of the circadian system is worth investigating as a new approach to developing a treatment of school refusal.
Speed as a Variable in the Performance of Partially Hearing Children on Tests of Cognitive Ability
Authors: Brand Handré J. , Badenhorst Frans H.
Published: August 2011

The performance of 81 partially hearing children of both sexes between the ages of 5 and 17 yr. on several cognitive tests was investigated for effective use of time. Various age groups gained significantly fewer time bonuses for Arithmetical Reasoning, a verbal test demanding abstraction of a high order than for other nonverbal tests making use of more concrete stimuli. Also the proportion of responses which were awarded time bonuses on all tests increased with age.
Attitudes toward Love in the Caribbean
Authors: Payne Monica , Vandewiele Michel
Published: August 2011

The Munro-Adams Love Attitude Scale was administered to 369 subjects aged 15 to 35 yr. in the Caribbean islands of Barbados and St. Lucia. Unlike North American and African samples surveyed with this instrument, West Indians endorsed Romantic Idealism more strongly than Conjugal Love. Data are interpreted in terms of Caribbean household structures and patterns of males' and females' relationships.
The Companion Animal Bonding Scale: Internal Reliability and Construct Validity
Authors: Poresky Robert H. , Hendrix Charles , Mosier Jacob E. , Samuelson Marvin L.
Published: August 2011

The literature on the relationship of companion animals and children shows only a weak effect of human-animal bonding on child development. The use of “pet ownership” or cohabitation rather than the relationship or interaction between the child and the animal as a measure of bonding appears to be a serious and limiting deficiency, which impaired the empirical evidence concerning the development and effects of human-animal bonding. The Companion Animal Bonding Scale is an 8-item behavioral scale describing the extent of child-animal activities. The scale was administered by questionnaire with a childhood focus and a contemporary focus to 121 high school and college students. The Cronbach alpha estimates of internal reliability were 0.82 and 0.77, respectively. Construct validity was indicated by significant correlations between scores on the Pet Attitude Scale and the childhood and contemporary bonding scale of .39 and .40, respectively.
MAC Andrew Alcoholism Scale and Repression: Detection of False Negatives, a Failure to Replicate
Authors: Kennedy Bruce P. , McPeake John D.
Published: August 2011

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) data from 400 male inpatients who met DSM III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980) criteria for substance abuse and dependence and 20 male nonsubstance abusive psychiatric inpatients were evaluated in light of earlier findings by Cernovsky (1985). Cernovsky found that for the MMPI MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC) false negatives are characterized by higher Repression scale scores than true positives and nonsubstance abusing psychiatric patients and suggests that the low MAC/high R sign may be useful in detecting false negatives. This study did not replicate some of Cernovsky's findings but identified stable personality correlates that differentiate false negatives from true positives. The latter suggests a homogeneous subgroup within the substance-dependent population.
Height and Occupational Success: A Review and Critique
Authors: Hensley Wayne E. , Cooper Robin
Published: August 2011

The relationship between height and occupational success is reviewed. Examining the focal areas of academia, police work, and sales, the review concludes that height is an important attribute in securing a position but that it has little effect on job performance. These findings are limited to men at the present time. Suggestions ate offered for further research.
Effects of Instructions for Visual Imagery on Thematic Apperception Test Responses
Authors: Yanovski Alexander , Fogel Max L.
Published: August 2011

Previous clinical investigations identified two types of patients, those who produce either high (Reactors) or low (Nonreactors) levels of affective and conflictual material in response to imagery instructions within a therapeutic context. This classification held up when Reactors and Nonreactors were administered a Rorschach-based procedure under Conventional and Imagery (reporting imagery sequences following exposure to Rorschach cards) conditions. Reactors produced significantly more affect/conflict and other clinically relevant material. The present study addresses the generalizability of these findings, using the TAT. Consecutive patients in therapy (20 Reactors and 20 Nonreactors) were administered TAT cards under the two conditions. While the results were less dramatic than with the Rorschach, the TAT showed trends congruent with previous findings. This was especially evident in the major category, Affect/Conflict. Nonreactors showed a decrease in this category under Imagery.
Toward Understanding the Contributions of Sex and Situation to Behavior in a College Setting
Authors: Lipsitt Nancy , Olver Rose R.
Published: August 2011

The relative contribution of sex and situation has become a contested issue in the understanding of sex differences in behavior. In the present study, 20 male and 20 female undergraduates were asked to describe their behavior and thoughts in six everyday college situations. Three of the situations were constructed to be typically male and three typically female in content. The results indicate that men and women demonstrate sex-specific characteristics in their responses regardless of the type of situation presented. Men exhibited concern with separateness from others, while women exhibited concern with sustaining connection to others, even when faced with situations described to present demand properties that might be expected specifically to elicit the concern characteristic of the other sex. However, for these students the situation also made a difference: female-defined situations elicited the most masculine responses for both male and female subjects.