bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leverhulme Inter-Universities Conference on the Teaching of Physics in Africa
Authors: Osborne Denis G.
Published: November 2008

The hum of giant transformers and the roar of turbines at the underground power station beside the dam at Kariba, visited by conference members, offered an appropriate illustration to a paper by Dr. J. M. A. Lenihan on ‘Humanity and technology, or: Why teach physics?’; he had stressed that science and technology provide an indispensable stimulus to each other.
Hansberry College Inaugural Seminar on the Emergence of African Political Thought
Authors: Ansprenger Franz
Published: November 2008

The University of Nigeria, founded on the initiative of Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe, President of the Republic, is now three years old, and has inaugurated a new College of African Studies, at the beginning of the academic year, 1963–4. The University has already declared that ‘Foreign educational systems provide a reservoir of ideas and experience, yet final answers will be found only by adapting these ideas to the new setting of our time and country.’
Cambridge Conference on Some Aspects of Development
Authors: Rivkin Arnold
Published: November 2008

This conference, organised jointly by the Overseas Studies Committee of Cambridge University and the United Kingdom Department of Technical Co-operation, was primarily concerned with economic planning in Commonwealth Africa. The largest delegation, made up of Ministers and civil servants, came from the Federal Government and the three regions of the Federation of Nigeria. Other delegations came from Sierra Leone, Gambia, Ghana, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, Basutoland, and Swaziland, the last four territories being represented primarily by British administrative officers. There were staff members of eight African universities, from Accra, Kumasi, Dar es Salaam, Makerere, Salisbury, Ibadan, Zaria, and Ife. From outside Africa there were delegates from the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Canada, India, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Several participants, including the chairman of the conference, Dr R. E. Robinson, came from Cambridge University.
The E.C.A. Library, Addis Ababa
Authors: Singh Surjit
Published: November 2008

Soon after the first session of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa in Addis Ababa in January 1959, a Library was established to serve the needs of the Commission's secretariat. A comprehensive list of all the publications concerning Africa available at the U.N. Headquarters Library in New York was prepared as a basis for the acquisition of material. Lists were also drawn up of the government publications required from each individual country, dating back to 1950 (1958 for annuals and periodicals), and these were obtained from the governments concerned. Constant contact is maintained with them, to keep the collection up to date. Non-government publications were purchased through the Headquarters Library during the first four years. Since 1963, the Library has placed orders through booksellers in each country in Africa, and a few others elsewhere. A full list of booksellers in Africa is now being compiled, and will be published as soon as possible.
Morocco's International Boundaries: A Factual Background
Authors: Reyner Anthony S.
Published: November 2008

The chain reaction set off in Paris by the Franco-Moroccan Declaration of 2 March 1956 still reverberates in the politics of north-west Africa. On that day, France ended 44 years of its protectorate over Morocco, restored to Mohamed V full sovereignty over 162, 120 square miles of land and some seven million people, and pledged ‘to respect, and see to it that others respect, the integrity of Moroccan territory, as guaranteed by international treaties’.1
Swaziland Political Development
Authors: Stevens R. P.
Published: November 2008

In January 1963 the London talks on Swaziland's proposed constitution ended, as expected, in a deadlock. It had long been evident that the demand for equal (50–50) white and Swazi representation as advocated by the Swazi National Council (S.N.C.) and the European Advisory Council (E.A.C.) could not be accepted by the representatives of Swaziland's emerging political parties. This formula, which would give the country's 9,000 whites an equal voice with the nominees of the S.N.C., who were supposed to speak for the 270,000 Swazi, was vigorously denounced by all progressive elements in the country.
Unemployment Among African School Leavers
Authors: Callaway Archibald
Published: November 2008

Throughout West, East, and Central Africa today—at a time when all these countries want to quicken the pace of development—masses of young people drift from rural areas to the cities in search of work. Mainly primary school leavers with an aversion to traditional farming, they set out hopefully to become first-generation wage-earners. But neither the jobs nor the vocational training exists that could meet their demands. And, as each year passes, the numbers of unemployed in the cities swell.
Sources for a Study of the Congo since Independence
Authors: Hoskyns Catherine
Published: November 2008

Before 1960 there was little general interest in the Belgian Congo, and the published material available on any aspect of its development was extremely limited. The accession of the Congo to independence in July 1960 and the prolonged crisis which followed has, however, completely altered this situation, and in the last three years more books and articles have been published on the Congo than on any other country in Africa. The purpose of this article is to list and evaluate at least some of this material and to suggest the main sources which exist for a study of the various aspects of the Congo crisis.
The Beginnings of African Studies in Japan
Authors: Nishino Terutaro
Published: November 2008

Historically, Japan has had neither political nor cultural contacts with Africa. During the latter half of the nineteenth century, however, Japanese scholars took some interest in the European ‘scramble for Africa’, and some works by explorers and administrators in Africa were translated; the emphasis was placed upon colonial policy, rather than upon Africans themselves. The first Japanese report of a visit to Africa was Afurika isshu by Naokichi Nakamura and Shunro Oshikawa, published in 1910. Soon afterwards, economic development in Japan stimulated the search for new markets, and many fact-finding missions, both official and unofficial, were sent to South and East Africa. A Japanese consulate was opened in Cape Town in 1917; a shipping service to East Africa was inaugurated in 1926, and others to West and North Africa in 1933. During the 1930's further translations were made of European works on African arts, sociology, anthropology, and geography. By this time, there was a professional chair of colonial policy in most Japanese universities.
American Committee on Africa
Authors: Houser George M.
Published: November 2008

This Committee was incorporated as a non-profit organisation under the laws of New York State in September 1953, and began to appoint some full-time staff two years later. It was founded by a small group of individuals who felt the need for an American organisation which could give expression to the liberal American tradition in support of the African peoples struggling for freedom, equality, and independence. At the same time the Committee aimed to interpret the meaning of African events to the American people, and to introduce African leaders to the public.
Bureaucracy and Rural Socialism in Zambia
Authors: Quick Stephen A.
Published: November 2008

It has become increasingly apparent over the last decade that rural development is one of the most significant, complex, and intractable problems facing the newly-independent states of Africa. Colonialism left a legacy of unbalanced and vulnerable economies in which the impoverishment of the rural areas made rational planning for growth and self-sufficiency difficult if not impossible. Rural poverty also exacerbated the problems of urban migration and political hostility between the privileged towns and the deprived rural areas. Many African leaders recognised the seriousness of these problems, and most governments announced a commitment to rural development soon after achieving independence.
Relations of Neighbourliness – Malawi and Portugal, 1964–74
Authors: Henderson Robert D'a
Published: November 2008

In 1967, the Portuguese Foreign Minister spoke of relations with Malawi as ‘that kind of mutual respect which ensures good neighbourliness, cordial relations and constructive cooperation’1. Yet, throughout the ten-year period from July 1964 to September 1974, the dominant political issue in Southern Africa had been the armed struggle for political rights between African liberation movements and the white-minority régimes. Within this context, the boundary between Malawi and Portuguese East Africa became part of the dividing line where the independent black African states met the white-dominated régimes. This article seeks to explore the pressures for both conflict and cooperation which were continuously being felt by Malawi and Portugal. Despite their substantial ideological differences over where political power should reside, both countries were drawn together because of their geography, Malawi being dependent upon the transportation facilities in Mozambique for an outlet to the Indian Ocean.
Some Recent Literature on Development
Authors: Ewing Arthur , Koch Gloria-Veronica
Published: November 2008

It was possible in this Journal more than a decade ago to attempt a fairly comprehensive assessment of contemporary development literature.1 That review article referred to a number of emerging themes, associated with such major figures as Prebisch, Myrdal, Hirschmann, Nurske, Singer, Perroux, de Bernis, and others, including relations between the centre and the periphery, ‘backwash’ effects, regional cooperation, growth points, balanced and unbalanced growth, linkage effects, and the strategy for industrialisation. These themes continue to be discussed during the 1970s, and if there seem to be fewer new ‘concepts’ there has been a significant shift in emphasis. The sheer number of works written, more and more by those with first-hand knowledge of the developing world, now demands a highly selective approach. But equally important it is appropriate to concentrate mainly on those recent publications which dwell upon the major topics being debated by Third-World leaders and economists. Accordingly the present article reviews a selection of the literature which has appeared during the last five or six years concerned with two important interrelated areas: (i) growth, equality, and employment, including rural development, and (ii) the transfer and development of technology.
The Impact of Nationalisation
Authors: Rood Leslie L.
Published: November 2008

One of the most important developments in the last decade has been the movement by Africans to recover control of their own economy. A recent article in this Journal, XVI, 3, September 1976, gave a factual account of the extent to which foreign-owned industry in black Africa has been nationalised and indigenised, and discussed the inability of international law to provide guidelines for the settlement of this ongoing struggle between alien owners and host countries. Predictably, it was written by a lawyer because this field has been captured by lawyers almost to the exclusion of all others. But there is much that economists, sociologists, and political scientists could contribute concerning nationalisation, particularly in analysing its causes and effects, although up to now they have had little to say.1 This note makes a start on the question of the impact of nationalisation upon Africa and Africans, in the hope that the tentative conclusions reached here will lead to treatment of the subject by those with the tools for a deeper appraisal.
Structural Transformation in Zimbabwe: Comparative Notes from the Neo-Colonisation of Kenya
Authors: Bratton Michael
Published: November 2008

When the details of the ‘Kissinger proposals for the transition to majority rule in Zimbabwe were made public in October 1976, containing generous proposals for the compensation of white Rhodesian settlers, a chord was struck among observers of African politics that the history of decolonisation in Kenya was about to repeat itself. There the British Government and international monetary agencies lent funds to the new African Government to compensate white settlers for the expropriation of their farms in the highland regions. The similarity between the Kenyan and Rhodesian colonial situations goes far deeper than the willingness of the western powers to bail out white settlers in a time of adversity. External financial assistance in Kenya ensured a smooth transition to a neo-colonial economy in which international capital was permitted expanded access to the resources and markets of Kenya and the East African region. Similarly the sudden concern of the western bloc for majority rule in Rhodesia and for the establishment of a ‘Zimbabwe Development Fund’ has been motivated by the prospect of the removal from the western sphere of economic control of the rich resources and markets of Southern Africa.
A Gambian Chieftaincy Election
Authors: Kingsland James
Published: November 2008

The Setting

The rumble of military jeeps throughout the continent has obscured the fact that there are still a few places where lively elections are held from time to time. Before the rash of coups, and even in several countries with a dominant party, there were local opportunities for intensive competition. Where electoral politics still exist today, groups which might not carry much national weight have the chance to win a slice of the political system at the local level. Such a case was the 1975 election of the chief or seyfo for the Lower Saloum District which is part of the McCarthy Island Division on the north bank of the Gambia River. The three largest ethnic groups here are the Olof, the Mandinka, and the Fula.
A Geographic Evaluation of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Conflict
Authors: Morgan Edward
Published: November 2008

Although the political significance of geographic factors has always been acknowledged within the context of political philosophy, the locational aspects of most political problems have historically been perceived as of less than primary importance. There are several areas, however, in which a locational analysis would not only be beneficial in arriving at a full comprehension of the political situation involved, but indeed should serve as the major focus of the study. Ethiopia, and the civil strife it has undergone in connection with the Eritrean secessionist movement, provides an appropriate illustration of two of the most important of these areas.
Fidélité au Guide: the J.M.P.R. in Zaïrian Schools
Authors: Schatzberg Michael G.
Published: November 2008

Mon travail c'est pour former et encadrer la jeunesse dans le bon chemin et dans la fidélité au Guide; à l'attachement inconditionnel au PrésidentFondateur. Pour leur apprendre à être responsable, être productif. Pour leur préparer à leur vie future comme l'élite du pays. – a J.M.P.R. leader1
Social and Organisational Structures in East Africa: a Case for Participation
Authors: Blunt Peter
Published: November 2008

For some time, the general enthusiasm for viewing organisations as ‘open systems’ subject to a wide number of influences has had something of a hollow ring. This is shown by the way in which many scholars continue to concentrate their attention on certain selected parts of an organisation and its environment, and to ignore others.1In 1970 this tendency was described as follows:
Conflict and Conflict Alliances in the Kgatleng District of Botswana
Authors: Wiseman John A.
Published: November 2008

Following the useful distinction made by Marc J. Swartz this is a study in ‘local-level’ rather than ‘local’ politics, because of the fundamental fact that ‘actors and groups outside the range of the local multiplex relationships are vitally and directly involved in the political processes of the local group’.1 The political process is therefore not discrete. My focus is on the interrelationships existing between political forces within and outside the Kgatleng District of Botswana, and my analysis deals with the situation as it existed during the early 1970s; changes in certain key variables – most crucially the attitude of the Chief to the Government – could radically alter the configuration of alliances, as may be seen from my postscript.
The Continued Impact of Black Consciousness in South Africa
Authors: Moodley Kogila
Published: November 2008

The idea of Black Consciousness heralded an era of alternative political awareness in the late 1960s. A self-empowering, vibrant, reconstructionist world-view emphasised the potential rôle of black initiatives and responsibility in articulating the power of the powerless. Between 1968–76, the Black Consciousness Movement (B.C.M.), as it became known, was one of the most important developments in South Africa, not only as the result of the self-confident protest and rebellion that it unleashed, but also ‘because of the questions it posed about the nature of oppositional politics in South Africa and its relation to the nature of South African society’.1
South Africa's National Security Management System, 1972–90
Authors: Seegers Annette
Published: November 2008

Analyses of the South African state during the 1970s and 1980s all tried to come to grips with the rôle of the Security forces.1Research justifiably ran in different directions, but the National Security Management System soon became an essential part of recent work,2albeit remaining very much of a mystery.3Since we need to know how it originated, developed, and operated in practice, as well as its legacy, this article attempts to describe the N.S.M.S. and offers avenues of interpretation.
Internal Capacity and Overload in Guinea and Niger
Authors: Graybeal N. Lynn , Picard Louis A.
Published: November 2008

Many African states have been operating under tight structural-adjustment restrictions for close to ten years. The policies of the International Monetary Fund make heavy demands on public-sector capability and political leadership, particularly as regards pricing and trade practices, banking and finance, economic monitoring and data analysis, macro and sectoral planning, as well as policy formulation, initiation, and implementation. The aim is to create a very strong private sector operating under market conditions, and an effective, though not necessarily large, public sector committed to rational, strategic economic growth. For many African régimes there also will be increasing motivation towards both decentralisation and pluralism. In short, the post-structural adjustment state, rather than withering away, needs to be selectively strengthened and to have an increasingly sophisticated capacity to manage development activities at both the national and local levels.1
Open Letter to an African Chief
Authors: Mitchison Naomi
Published: November 2008

Tribe is a dirty word nowadays. Not to me of course, but particularly, as you know, to a great many African intellectuals and politicians. No wonder they don't like it when one thinks of the terrifying things that have happened in Kenya and the Congo, with elections in Nigeria going along tribal lines, and in the Republic the Bantustans encouraging the worst kinds of tribalism. There is a positive and a negative kind of tribalism, as Tom Mboya very sensibly says in his book Freedom and After; however, most people concentrate on the negative side. But you and I together might have a look at this word-this concept-and see whether there may not be another and better future for it. You know quite well that part of my feeling about our own tribe comes from my being partly Highland and knowing in myself the warm feeling that we in the Highland area have towards our own and our related clans, however much we may laugh at it and pretend it is all part of a bad past. This warm feeling clears the first hurdle towards mutual understanding, perception, and some kind of loyalty-basic human needs.
Liberia's Open-Door Policy
Authors: Marinelli Lawrence A.
Published: November 2008

Although Liberia is the oldest African republic, its economy is still young and growing. The road of independence has been uphill, lonely, and difficult. During Liberia's early decades of independence, the British and French were antagonistic towards what they considered a threat to their colonial ambitions as well as a refutation of the assumption that the black African was incapable of self-government. Across the Atlantic, Liberia's unofficial mother country, the United States, was still in the isolationist period of its history; its gestures of friendship were few and cautious. Nor did Liberia have easy-term foreign aid programmes to provide quick remedies for financial crises. Pleas for aid fell upon the cars of unsympathetic bankers. For the first 80 years or more, each of Liberia's several loans was used to repay the last. The battle was for survival, leaving little opportunity for development.
Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Lusaka
Authors: Heron Alastair
Published: November 2008

Many readers of this Journal will be familiar with the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, either through personal contact or through its publications. Situated a few miles outside Lusaka, the capital of Northern Rhodesia, the Institute has during the 25 years of its existence become one of the foremost centres of anthropological and sociological research, and by its publications has made Northern Rhodesia one of the best-documented areas in the continent of Africa.
Annual Meeting of the (American) African Studies Association
Authors: Hance William A.
Published: November 2008

The sixth annual meeting of the African Studies Association, the leading American academic society of specialists on Africa, was the first to be held on the west coast. Although attendance could not be expected to match that at meetings in the east, a registration of over 250 testifies to the increasing strength of African studies in America. Quite a few of the founders of the Association were present, but the participation of many newcomers suggested that a second generation of American Africanists was bringing new vigour and insights to the field. Several visiting African scholars made notable contributions to the meeting.
A Note on Research into the Diffusion of Development
Authors: Gould Peter
Published: November 2008

Political, social, and economic development take place in space as well as time, but all too often they are written about and studied as though they existed at a point, which, it will be recalled, has position and no magnitude. In a sense, all social scientists are historians, and use the temporal dimension as a framework within which to examine the political, social, and economic behaviour of men. But few feel comfortable trying on the geographer's spatial shoes, and, beyond an occasional location map, hesitate to examine the developments in the dimension that is his particular concern. Part of the trouble, of course, is that the map imposes a stricter discipline upon us than we care to admit: to map anything beyond the merely trivial we have to measure it, while fuzzy but intuitively valid ideas such as economic development, political power, and social integration make us coy, or evoke surprisingly emotional responses that such things are incapable of being measured in any meaningful fashion. But, whether we like it or not, developments of all kinds do take place in space; what, then, can the geographer, with his spatial perspective, contribute to our knowledge of these things?
The Somali-Ken yan Controversy: Implications for the Future
Authors: Castagno A. A.
Published: November 2008

Since 1960, the Northern Frontier District of Kenya (N.F.D.) has become the centre of controversy between two African nations—the Somali Republic and Kenya. The area, about 102,000 square miles, includes the dominantly Somali-inhabited Mandera, Wajir, and Garissa Districts and the non-Somali (mainly Galla) districts of Marsabit, Isiolo, and Moyale.1 It consists of a vast, low plateau sloping rather uniformly from 2,000 feet east of Lake Rudolph towards Lamu on the Indian Ocean. Except for the Marsabit mountain region, it is semi-desert, covered by thornbush and useful only for grazing camels, cattle, goats, and sheep. The climate is hot, and the average annual rainfall is less than 12 inches. No commercially exploitable minerals have been found, and the flatness of the land often causes flash floods during and after the two rainy seasons.
Biography and the Debate about Imperialism
Authors: Hargreaves John D.
Published: November 2008

Historians sometimes claim to be making their own modest contribution to the African revolution by re-establishing the identity of Africa's pre-colonial past. But it should not be thought that the relevance of their work to modern Africa can end there, nor even that this is the most difficult of the adjustments of perspective which they will need to make. Now that the colonial flags are coming down, European and African historians will need to look back—so far as is humanly possible, without anger—and try to answer the question of how the Europeans came to be there as rulers. (An even more difficult task, still not seriously begun, will be to appraise the lasting historical importance of their rule.)
The Africa Bureau, London
Authors: Calvocoressi Peter
Published: November 2008

It is not easy to describe the objects, still less the activities, of the Africa Bureau in a few words. It is one of those organisations whose ambitions and influence are much greater than its physical size.

If you look at the dominating purpose behind the activities of the past 12 years, you will find it in the Bureau's sympathy with and determination to promote African independence. It was established in 1952 to provide accurate information particularly on the aims and hopes of African nationalism, to oppose unfair discrimination, and to encourage development in Africa. The need for such an organisation in Britain had been recognised primarily by Rev. Michael Scott, who on returning from South Africa sought help from people in Britain for the African people of South West Africa. An informal group advising on the intricate political and constitutional issues involved in bringing South West Africa's plight before the United Nations provided the nucleus from which the Africa Bureau grew, and since 1948, Michael Scott, honorary director of the Bureau, has attended the U.N. and given evidence as personal representative of Chief Hosea Kutako of the Hereros.
Conference on Co-operation and Planning in Africa
Authors: Ikelle-Matiba Jean
Published: November 2008

This conference was held on the initiative of the Afrika Verein and the Deutsche Stif tung für Entwicklungsländer. Its aim was to examine the theory and practice of regional planning and external co-operation within the framework of African development.

The Afrika Verein is a German organisation which took over from the Syndikats für Westafrika, which was founded in 1884, and is now one of the most important economic organisations concerned with Africa in the Federal German Republic. It advises merchants, businessmen, and sometimes even the government, and examines market possibilities and business conditions, from the political (i.e. psychological) as well as the legal point of view. The Deutsche Stiftung für Entwicklungsländer is more widely known. It specialises in development problems and its activities cover all the so-called ‘underdeveloped’ countries. Being a government body it originally dealt mainly with Asia and Latin America, but for the past two years, with the emergence of the new African states, it has been enlarging its African department.
Sixth Session of the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa
Authors: Mubiru Joseph M.
Published: November 2008

This session was attended by the largest number to date of independent member states, and was much more representative of the African continent than the first, in January 1959, which was attended by only nine independent African states. Now there were delegates from 30 member states and 10 delegations from associate member states. Besides these, there were many observers from other governments, from specialised agencies, from intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations. The newest member states were Kenya and Zanzibar, which had become independent towards the end of last year; and as a result of the break-up of the Central African Federation, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, and Southern Rhodesia separately had become associate members.
L'Institut de Recherches Scientifiques au Congo, Brazzaville
Authors: Paulian Renaud
Published: November 2008

After the last war the Office of Scientific and Technical Research Overseas (O.R.S.T.O.M.), an official French organisation in Paris, set up a network of polyvalent institutes and research centres in French-speaking Africa, in Madagascar, New Caledonia, Tahiti, and Guiana. At the same time it organised a number of centres for specialised training in tropical research to supply its overseas institutes with staff, and asked the university and the French technical services to pay their salaries. This was how the Institut d'études centrafricaines (I.E.C.) came to be set up in 1946, under the direction of Professor L. J. Trochain, its aim being to cover the whole of the former French Equatorial Africa.
African Studies Centre, I.F.O. Institute for Economic Research, Munich
Authors: Güsten R.
Published: November 2008

Until a few years ago, applied economic research in Germany was mainly concerned with the industrial countries and their economic growth. Then the problems of the developing countries in Africa, Asia, and South America moved into the forefront of economic research programmes conducted both in the universities and by independent institutes. In 1961, the I.F.O. Institut für Writschaftsforschung (Institute for Economic Research) in Munich, the largest institute of its kind in Germany, which has more than 80 scientifically trained collaborators, set up the Afrika-Studienstelle to investigate the problems of economic development in tropical Africa.
First World Congress of Rural Sociology
Authors: Shaw D. J.
Published: November 2008

The main theme of this Congress, held in the cité universitaire in Dijon, was the impact of agricultural changes on society in developed and developing countries. The modernisation of agriculture (industrialisation, commercialisation, decrease of manpower, increase of production per capita) is accompanied by a set of changes which affects not only the rural population itself; but also human society as a whole. Technological and economic changes have an influence on cultural and social structure. The Congress aimed to study this influence with emphasis on the effects on society as a whole, and to compare the experiences of developed and developing countries.
An International Conference of Overseas Volunteers
Authors: Fiennes Joslin
Published: November 2008

Closer international co-operation at the national level—this was the basic idea behind the resolutions passed by this conference, where overseas volunteers from seven different organisations operating in the United Republic met government officials to discuss the possibilities of more detailed collaboration. The seven were: Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke, the British United Nations Association, Voluntary Service Overseas, Harvard—Project Tanzania, the American Friends Service Committee, Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst, and the United States Peace Corps, which alone has 180 volunteers at work.
International Aid: The Next Steps
Authors: Seers Dudley
Published: November 2008

The correct starting point in the analysis of any economic unit is to pose the following three questions: What are the needs of the people? What resources are available? How adequately are these resources being mobilised for these needs ?1

These questions are applicable to a continent or a country (or for that matter a county, a city, or a village); they can also be applied to the world as a whole. If they are, a picture emerges which, if it does not appal us, because it is so familiar and so easily taken for granted, would certainly astonish a visitor from another planet. The basic human needs for nourishment and for protection from the weather are not great, and the resources known to be available could, with current levels of technique, easily permit a comfortable living standard for everyone. Yet these resources are very largely unexploited or wasted, and miserable poverty is the typical human condition.
The African Institute for Economic Development and Planning, Dakar
Authors: Boserup Mogens
Published: November 2008

The basic aims of this Institute are the same as those of its sister Institutes in Santiago and Bangkok. Indeed the reasons for their establishment in Latin America and Asia are valid a fortiori in the African setting. A great number of newly emergent states are faced with the inescapable claim for accelerated economic growth, and this in its turn depends upon a considerable extension of public investment and upon the introduction of national economic planning, of a more or less comprehensive kind according to conditions in any particular country.
East African Studies Program, Syracuse University
Authors: Burke Fred G.
Published: November 2008

Rapid social, economic, and political developments on the continent of Africa since 1950 made it almost impossible for general African Studies Programs in the United States to keep up with new knowledge and events. In order to fill the growing need for more sharply defined Programs, Syracuse University, through the Maxwell Graduate School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, established in September 1962 the East African Studies Program with Dr Fred G. Burke as director.
The Comoro Islands: Problems of a Microcosm
Authors: Bourde André
Published: November 2008

Far out in the Indian Ocean, stretched like a string of pearls between the Grand Ile of Madagascar and the coast of East Africa, lies one of the world's most beautiful groups of islands, one of its most intriguing civilisations, and one of its most puzzling territories: the Comoro Islands. The archipelago is altogether one-quarter the size of Corsica. The four main islands—Mayotte, Anjouan, Mohéli, and Grande Comore, surrounded by numerous smaller isles and coral reefs—between them cover an area of only 852 square miles (2,336 sq. km.). The total population at the time of the most recent census in 1958 amounted to 183,133, with 90,790 on Grande Comore, 61,815 on Anjouan, 23,364 on Mayotte, and 7,164 on Moheli. The latest estimate, for 1963, gives a total of about 200,000. Tiny as they are, apparently unaffected by the wind of change, and isolated from the main tide of the world events, the islands still present a microcosm of the problems encountered by the developing countries on the mainland. They too are undergoing the difficult transition from a colonial system to independence, and have to reckon with the strong traditional structures of a civilisation left largely untouched by French administration, which still influences the lives of the mass of the population.
Chemchemi Creative Centre, Nairobi
Authors: Mphahlele Ezekiel
Published: November 2008

Bang in the middle of a dialogue now going on about African culture—its roots, its contemporary values and relevance, and its future—Chemchemi Creative Centre has been born. This has come into our midst as a sister to the three Mbari writers' and artists' clubs in Nigeria; it will be inspired by the same aims, although the methods of achieving them will obviously be guided by local national conditions.
Conference of the East Africana Institute of Social Research
Authors: Chambers Robert
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this annual conference was to give an opportunity for social scientists doing research in East Africa to meet, report to professional colleagues on the results of their studies, and participate in criticism and discussion. The 100-odd participants were drawn mainly from the three University Colleges, but also from other institutions, both inside and outside East Africa. A somewhat arbitrary classification of the papers presented gives 14 in economics, 6 in sociology and anthropology, 5 in agriculture, 10 in political science, and 5 in manpower planning and education. The papers were almost all on East African topics, frequently showing an interdisciplinary approach, and many were concerned directly or indirectly with problems of development. This short note cannot summarise or even mention all the papers; it gives only a selective and superficial sketch of what was presented and discussed at the conference.
Africa's External Debt Situation
Authors: Curry Robert L.
Published: November 2008

What, if anything, should be done about the rapidly mounting external debt of African and other Third-World countries? This question, prominent within the agenda of U.N.C.T.A.D. 5, is inseparable from the broader problem of what to do about the structure and performance of the global economy which, based on an international division of labour, puts numerous African countries in a situation where they experience acute and chronic deficits and unfavourable terms of trade. The accumulation of outstanding debt, and the concurrent obligation to meet growing service payments, is the result of that structure and process.
Revolution, Rhetoric, and Reality in the Sudan
Authors: Wai Dunstan M.
Published: November 2008

Theshrinking political arena in Africa,1caused by the authoritarian practices of presidential monarchs, has more often than not undermined the process of legitimation, as those who have not ‘fallen into things’ resort to unconstitutional means to gain access to political and economic kingdoms. Hitherto, political competition has become a raw power struggle, partly as a result of the absence of stable institutions for channelling and ordering politics,2and partly because political leadership is so divided that it has failed to give form to statecraft. The failure of the first generation of African politicians has consequently encouraged the military to intervene and to sack them. But the African army has also experienced divisions and factions. Its record has not been impressive. Thus, in most African countries, the political situation has deteriorated progressively to praetorianism.3
Stress, Crisis, and Behaviour — a South African Case
Authors: Toit Brian M. du
Published: November 2008

It is March 1970 and a quiet warm Sunday afternoon in the town of Yungay. Most of the children are attending a performance by the visiting circus in the stadium, while their parents are relaxing in anticipation of the busy week ahead. The market is crowded with peasants who are selling and tourists who are buying. This picturesque town of 4,500 inhabitants is festive, and from many a house the radio can be heard broadcasting the World Cup soccer match from Mexico City.
The Disappearance of Strikes in Tanzania: Incomes Policy and Industrial Democracy
Authors: Jackson Dudley
Published: November 2008

During the last few inflation-ridden years many countries have experienced a severe crisis of industrial relations as workers tried, through collective action, to preserve their living standards against the pressure of rising prices. But Tanzania stands as a conspicuous example of one country where, during the 1970s, strikes seem virtually to have disappeared, as may be seen from Table I.1 It is true that the Tanzanian definition of a strike excludes disputes lasting less than one day; and it is also true that there have been occasions since 1972 when workers have ‘downed tools’ for brief protest periods. But the lack of reported strikes in Tanzania is not a statistical illusion. The Labour Officers of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare keep a close watch on the state of industrial relations, and these occurrences are known to and are reported by them, as is shown by their recording of three strikes in 1977. This last fact also demonstrates that strikes can still occur in Tanzania.
Soviet Involvement in Africa
Authors: Brayton Abbott A.
Published: November 2008

Fortwo decades African countries have experienced rising Soviet interest and involvement in their internal affairs. Recent events in Angola, Uganda, and Ethiopia have particularly alarmed many observers. Today the debate continues in the news media and in academic circles as to the nature of Soviet behaviour. Regrettably, as much misinformation as fact seems to confound the issue.
Aspects of Social Organisation in a Nigerian Petrol Queue
Authors: Wiseman John A.
Published: November 2008

This short article is based on the rather unusual research methodology of enforced participant observation. The participatory element was not simply a device to facilitate observation, but was enforced by the need to get petrol.1 The analysis presented here of Nigerian petrol queues has obvious parallels with earlier works by such writers as Max Gluckman and J. Clyde Mitchell.2 There are, however, some important differences, in terms of both the type of ‘situation’ analysed and the scope of the projections thereafter.3
The Far Right in Current South African Politics
Authors: Toit Brian M. Du
Published: November 2008

Afrikaner consciousness and identification have a tradition of very clear ethnic roots. Derived from a common ancestral stock that gives biological, historical, and linguistic characteristics to their identity, Afrikaners also share a Protestant religion tradition, with a major theme of Calvinistic predestination and being in South Africa due to divine providence. While opposing parties may vie for their support, the sentiment of favouring Afrikaners and whites – in that order – is shared by all.
The Revolution Betrayed: Ethiopia, 1974—9
Authors: Chege Michael
Published: November 2008

Itis now close to five years since a revolution spearheaded by the Ethiopian working class, students, and an assortment of petty-bourgeois elements, overthrew the monarchy of Emperor Haile Selassie I, Elect of God, King of Kings, and the Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah. With the Emperor has gone the archaic feudal land system which dominated nearly all aspects of the entire Ethiopian society. Gone too is the feudal aristocracy and the nascent national bourgeoisie which clung tenaciously to the imperial coat-tails with unusual political myopia to the very end.
Ivoirien Student Perceptions of U.S. Africa Policy
Authors: Skurnik W. A. E.
Published: November 2008

Thisstudy has two main objectives: to draw a map of the perceptions of Ivoirien students about aspects of U.S. policy towards Africa, and to discover response deviations which coincide with, and hence may be attributable to, (1) school and class attended, (2) sex, age, religion, and ethnic group, and (3) sources of information about world events.

Data were gathered during 1976 through a questionnaire administered to 327 Ivoirien students, 245 of whom were at theUniversité d'Abidjanand 82 at theÉcole nationale d'administration.1They were given a random list of 22 questions and asked to indicate their approval, opposition, or lack of familiarity. Later 18 questions were grouped into four categories:
How Many Nigerians? An Analysis of Nigeria's Census Problems, 1901–63
Authors: Aluko S. A.
Published: November 2008

In 1962 the Nigerian Federal Minister of Economic Development said,

It is our duty as a nation to see to it that we produce population census results which have been thoroughly conducted, verified and appraised, and therefore acceptable, without any shadow of doubt, to all governments of the world and to all international bodies such as the United Nations and its agencies, the World Bank, etc… The impressions of the manner in which a country conducts its affairs are one of the factors which earn for it the respect or disrespect of the rest of the world.1
One-Partyism in Mauritania
Authors: Moore Clement H.
Published: November 2008

TheIslamic Republic of Mauritania, independent since 28 November 1960, is the most recent convert to the revolutionary model of single- party government practised in a number of new African states.1As such, it is a political curiosity, for the model presupposes a militant mass party that ‘won’ independence, whereas the Mauritanian People's Party, founded after independence, in December 1961, is a heterogeneous association of politicians and traditional tribal leaders. Until 1964, President Mokhtar Ould Daddah, Mauritania's first university graduate, carefully balanced the regional, tribal, and personal demands of the notables while moderating those of the young modernisers within his administration. Since the extraordinary congress held at Kaedi in January 1964, however, he has attempted to transform a politics of equilibrium based upon tribal personalities to a politics of nation- building based upon a modern party.
African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin
Authors: Young M. Crawford
Published: November 2008

The African Studies Program at the University of Wisconsin was established in September 1961, thus formalising the co-operation which had been developing over several years between faculty members in various disciplines and departments with research and teaching interests in Africa. The Program provides a centre for the co-ordination of such teaching and research. A certificate in African studies may be obtained in association with an M.A. degree in one of the university departments; at the Ph.D. level, African studies may be offered as a minor field.
Seminar on the Teaching of African Literature
Authors: Bown Lalage
Published: November 2008

This seminar was held under the auspices of the Department of Adult Education and Extra-Mural Studies, at the University of Ibadan. For a number of years, the Department has attempted to encourage African writing and the study of African literature, largely under the leadership of Chief Ulli Beier, originator and editor of the magazine Black Orpheus; and now that African works in English are included in the list of set books for the West African School Certificate, it seemed necessary to discuss systematically the teaching problems involved.
Consultation on Christian Communications in Africa
Authors: Robertson E. H.
Published: November 2008

Broadcasting, especially of a religious nature, has a varied pattern in Africa today. The reasons are not far to seek, in the variety of European colonial powers who left their mark on Africa, followed by the interest and influence of non-colonial powers such as the U.S.A. Nigeria owes most to the patterns of the B.B.C.; the former French territories show strong marks of resemblance to C.R.T.F.; Liberia looks like an American child, and Ethiopia has her own peculiar pattern, having learned much from Sweden, the U.S.A., and Germany. The variety is increased in the field of religious broadcasting by the activities of the various missionary societies. Some of these have totally ignored the opportunities of the mass media or concentrated on literature; others, notably the Lutherans and Baptists, have pioneered in radio and are ready to do the same for television. There are Christian studios in Africa producing programmes for the missionary stations like R.V.O.G. in Addis Ababa, or for commercial stations broadcasting to African countries.
Seminar for Teachers of Economics in African Universities
Authors: Svendsen Knud Erik
Published: November 2008

This was the second annual Seminar for university teachers of economics held by the African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (I.D.E.P.). There were 22 anglophone—and unfortunately only 10 francophone— participants, from 28 teaching and research institutions in 16 African countries. The following papers were presented: ‘The Necessity and Limitations of Planning as a Tool for Economic Development’, by Professor Diran Bodenhorn, University of Ibadan; ‘The Use of Critical Path Analysis as an Aid to Planning in African Countries’, by J. R. Jurcan, University of Glasgow; ‘Planning as a Tool for Economic Integration in Africa’, by Professor H. C. Bos, Netherlands School of Economics; and ‘Planning in Agriculture: techniques and problems’, by J. Dalton, Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa.