bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rat Mast Cell Degranulation Triggered by Murine Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies
Authors: Nakagawa Takemasa , Blaser Kurt , de Weck Alain L.
Published: July 2009

Triggering of rat mast cell degranulation by murine anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id) was investigated, using rat passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reactions as the method of evaluation. It was shown that the interaction between isologous murine anti-Id directed against anti-benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) antibodies and BPO-specific IgE molecules on the cell surface can induce PCA reactions on rats. The mechanism of cell activation by anti-Id was briefly discussed.
Strain Differences in the Proliferative Response of Murine Spleen Cells to Mitogen
Authors: Malavé Inés
Published: July 2009

Responses to the T cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) of mouse spleen cells were studied. C57BL/6 (B6) mice were low, Balb/c (C), C3H, CBA, DBA/1,129 and AKR were high and DBA/2 and C57BR were intermediate responders. Responses of cells from BIO and its congenic resistant strain mice were similar to those of B6 cells. Differences in 3H-thymidine uptake of cells from low and high responders were larger at high than at optimal mitogen doses. Cells from low responders were very sensitive to the inhibitory effect of high doses of mitogen. Thus, doses of Con A and PHA which caused inhibition of DNA synthesis and the shut-off of the dose-response curve of B6 cells stimulated high proliferative activity of cells from high responders. Similar variations in the optimal response and the shape of the dose response curve were observed at different culture times. Depletion of adherent cells (AC) depressed the response to suboptimal doses of mitogen of either low responder B6 or high responder C spleen cells, but determined marked enhancement of the response to high mitogen doses of B6 spleen cells. However, the response to high mitogen doses of C spleen cultures was not significantly modified by similar treatment. It is suggested that strain variations in the optimal response to PHA and Con A and in the sensitivity to inhibition of DNA .synthesis by high doses of mitogen depend on differences in the regulatory capacity of AC, or on the susceptibility of the responsive cell population to the inhibitory effect of AC.
Mediators of Immune-Complex-Induced Aggregation of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils
Authors: Camussi G. , Tetta C. , Bussolino F. , Cappio Caligaris , Coda R. , Masera C. , Segoloni G.
Published: July 2009

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is released in vitro during human and rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) aggregation induced by C5a anaphylatoxin, neutrophil cationic proteins (CP) and their carboxypeptidase-B-derived fragments, C5a des Arg and CP des Arg, as well as phagocytosis of opsonized baker’s yeast particles and immune complexes (IC). Purified PAF itself is able to cause in vitro PMN aggregation. By using selective inhibitors, we show that PMN aggregation, induced either by PAF or by other soluble stimuli such as C5a, CP and their des Arg products, follows a similar metabolic pathway, which is both adenosine-diphosphate-(ADP)- and arachidonic acid (AA)- independent. The in vivo injection of purified PAF into rabbits leads both to formation of intravascular PMN aggregates and to development of acute neutropenia, which has the same features as those observed after challenge with IC, C5a and CP. In this respect, electron-microscopic studies of intravascular PMN aggregates in the pulmonary capillary network and glomeruli show identical ultrastructural patterns. Moreover, the intravascular release of PAF is demonstrated after the intravenous injection of IC and temporally correlated with the development of neutropenia. We suggest that PAF is probably the final, common, effector substance of IC-, C5a-, C5a-des-Arg-, CP-, CP-des-Arg-mediated PMN aggregation.
Neutrophil-Derived Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor Production Induced by Immune Complexes
Authors: Czarnetzki Beate M. , Schulz Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

Immune complexes have previously been shown to be chemotactic for eosinophils in vivo. In this investigation, the in vitro chemotactic activity of human or guinea pig eosinophils was tested towards several types of immune complexes. Neither the immune complexes nor their individual components induced eosinophil migration. On incubation with purified human neutrophils, the immune complexes caused the release of a highly selective, low molecular weight (<500 daltons) eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF). Size and type of immune complexes influenced the amount of ECF released from the cells. The findings suggest that in vivo accumulation of eosinophils is not due to the immune complexes, but to the production of factors induced by them.
Identification and Functional Characterization of Monocytes in Rheumatoid Synovial Fluid
Authors: Thorsteinsson L. , Abrahamsen T.G. , Frøland S.S. , Kåss O.E.
Published: July 2009

Mononuclear cell suspension from synovial fluids of 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 5 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis contained an average of 1.5 and 1.3% cytotoxic plaque-forming cells, respectively, when tested against a monolayer of antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes. The plaque-forming ability was completely abolished after removal of cells which had phagocytosed carbonyl iron. The highest proportion of plaque-forming cells was found in the cell suspensions that contained the highest percentage of peroxidase-positive mononuclear cells. The plaque-forming activity was almost completely inhibited by human IgG. Cell suspensions from patients treated with corticosteroids contained the highest proportions of plaque-forming cells and peroxidase-positive mononuclear cells compared with patients not receiving such treatment. Our findings indicate that the plaque-forming leukocytes in rheumatoid synovial fluid are monocytes.
Immunoelectrophoretic Pattern of Klebsiella O and K Antigens
Authors: Kaijser B. , Nimmich W.
Published: July 2009

Klebsiella capsular antigens K1-K72 and·antigens O1–O9 were isolated and rabbits immunized with corresponding bacteria. The immunoelectrophoretic patterns of the·and K antigens were studied. All K antigens analyzed were highly electrophoretically mobile, giving a marked precipitate of different lengths towards the anode. All the·antigens analyzed with the exception of O4 were nonmobile and gave a precipitate next to the start basin. The O4 precipitated towards the anode. These data indicate a possibility for using counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of Klebsiella antigen in body fluids or for capsular typing of the bacteria using the same technique.
Immunogenetics of the D1 Serum Antigen of Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Capparelli Rosanna , Iannelli Domenico
Published: July 2009

The paper describes a rhesus monkey serum antigen (D1) which is controlled by a dominant gene (D1), independent from those controlling A1, B1 and C1, which are three low-density lipoprotein markers.
Hypergammaglobulnaemia E in Hodgkin’s Disease and Its Relationship to Atopy or a Familial Predisposition to Atopy
Authors: Amlot P.L. , Slaney J.
Published: July 2009

We have found a normal incidence of atopy among patients with Hodgkin’s disease (HD). Atopic HD patients had serum IgE levels and allergen specificities similar to those observed in an atopic but otherwise normal population. An atopic family background increased the number of weakly positive allergen responses in otherwise non-atopic HD patients. This effect of atopic background is known to be true for normal healthy subjects. Serum IgE was raised in a third of the non-atopic HD patients but they showed neither an increase in allergen specificity nor a more frequent atopic family background than patients with normal IgE. IgE was the most frequently raised immunoglobulin class and was due to its increased synthesis. We concluded that the hyper-IgE which occurs in non-atopic HD patients is distinct from the increase in allergen-specific IgE which occurs in atopy.
Measurement of ‘Blocking Antibodies’ to Pollen Antigens by Radiolabelled Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Puttonen E. , Maasch H.J.
Published: July 2009

Radiolabelled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (125I-SpA) was utilized to measure the relative concentrations of the so-called ‘blocking antibodies’ (BA) in sera from patients subjected to two different forms of desensitization therapy. In addition, sera from rabbits immunized actively with pollen antigens were assayed. Antigens coupled to CNBr-activated paper discs were used as solid phase, and BA bound to the solid-phase antigens were detected by 125I-SpA. The results obtained with this technique correlated excellently with those of a double-antibody technique for IgG, indicating the 125I-SpA assay to be suitable for the measurement of the antigen-specific IgG. The BA concentration in sera from patients subjected to conventional injection therapy increased significantly during the treatment period, whereas no increase could be detected in sera from patients subjected to sublingual treatment. The increases in BA concentrations of rabbit antisera to pollen antigens could be readily traced by this technique.
Cellular Cooperation in Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Chemotaxis: Augmentation by Neutrophil Cytoplasm
Authors: Takeuchi Akiteru , Persellin Robert H.
Published: July 2009

The number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) responding to a chemotactic stimulus is influenced by the cell density. Evidence is presented that the cytoplasmic fraction of PMN augments the response of neutrophils to endotoxin-activated serum but the activator of chemotaxis (CACh) in cytosol is not chemotactic itself. This cytoplasmic neutrophil cytosol is not present in nuclear, microsomal or large granular fractions. Preliminary characterization studies suggest that CACh is nondialyzable, has a molecular weight of less than that of albumin, is heat stable (56°C for 30 min) but is destroyed by trypsin. Studies on intracellular concentrations of cAMP and cGMP following incubation of PMN with various subcellular fractions suggest that CACh causes the loss of intracellular cAMP, a finding which could account for its chemokinetic action. As expected, the lysosomal fraction of PMN was chemotactic and reduced the net negative surface charge of neutrophils. CACh, however, was neither chemotactic nor did it alter the charge density on PMN surfaces. These studies provide evidence for cellular cooperation in the initial phases of the chemotactic response. The clustering of PMN along endothelial surfaces could provide the necessary local cell density for this augmented response to take place.
Evaluation of Circulating Immune Complex-Like Material for Development of Skin Reactions in Connection with Penicillin Therapy
Authors: Ahlstedt S. , Bjursten L.M. , Hanson L.Å. , Lidin-Janson G. , Mobacken H. , Belin L.
Published: July 2009

The levels of immune complex-like material in serum from 18 patients in connection with skin eruptions appearing during penicillin therapy were determined with a modified ELISA. Immune complex-like material could only be shown in the serum of 3 out of the 17 patients. However, according to ELISA results, the complexes appeared without the simultaneous presence of penicilloyl-specific antibodies. Neither could penicilloyl-specific antibodies be recorded in 9 patient treated with parenteral penicillin without adverse reactions. 3 of these patients had immune complex-like material in their serum. It was concluded that immune complex-like material with penicilloyl specificity is not likely to contribute to the development of skin eruptions often seen in connection with penicillin treatment.
Induction of Immunological Tolerance to the Penicilloyl Antigenic Determinant
Authors: Nakagawa Takemasa , Otz Ursula , de Weck Alain L. , Schneider Conrad H.
Published: July 2009

The suppressive effect of cleavable penicilloylated dextran (BPO-DEX), whose directly bound penicilloyl groups undergo hydrolytic cleavage within 3 days under physiological conditions, on murine IgE antibody formation against the benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) determinant was investigated in BALB/c and C3H mice. Intraperitoneal administration of BPO-DEX during either primary or secondary IgE responses to BPO ascaris produced a reversible suppression of BPO-specific IgE, while not affecting carrier-specific IgE antibody formation. Suppression of longer duration, at least 10 weeks, was achieved, however, by repeated administrations of BPO-DEX. BPO-DEX itself did not generate detectable BPO-specific IgE antibodies. These results suggest that BPO-DEX might be one of the promising tolerogens in the prevention of penicillin allergy.
Measurement of Human Serum IgE and IgA by Reverse Passive Antiglobulin Haemagglutination
Authors: Scott M.L. , Thornley Margaret J. , Coombs R.R.A. , Bradwell A.R.
Published: July 2009

Serum IgE levels can be measured by reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination (RPAH) of trypsin-treated human or sheep red cells coupled to sheep IgG anti-human IgE by chromic chloride. The results show a high correlation with those obtained by the radioactive single radial immunodiffusion method. Interfering anti-sheep IgG factors can be easily removed by absorption with small amounts of whole sheep or bovine serum cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Standardisation with the British standard for IgE shows that the detection limit of the RPAH method is 0.5 IU/ml (1.2 ng/ml). The system is therefore comparable in sensitivity to the paper radio-immunosorbent test, and has the advantages of being simple, rapid and cheap. The RPAH method can be used to measure any class of immunoglobulin. For IgA the detection limit is found to be 10––4 IU/ml (1.4ng/ml).
Comparison of Red-Cell Linked Anti-IgE and 125I-Labelled Anti-IgE in a Solid-Phase System for the Measurement of IgE Specific for Castor Bean Allergen
Authors: Scott M.L. , Thornley Margaret J. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

The report describes the development of a mixed reverse (solid-phase) passive antiglobulin haemadsorption (MrsPAH) test for specific IgE antibody to castor bean allergen. The allergen is immobilised by formalin fixation in the wells of polyvinyl chloride microtitre plates. After allowing allergen-specific antibodies in the test serum to bind to the allergen, plates are washed thoroughly, and red cells coupled by chromic chloride to sheep IgG anti-human IgE are used to detect specifically bound IgE. This system was compared with a solid-phase radioimmunoassay in which 125I-labelled anti-IgE was substituted for the antiglobulin-linked red cells of the MrsPAH test; the earlier stages of both tests being the same. 12 sera, 10 from patients with allergic asthma to castor bean allergen and two from non-allergic controls, were tested for castor-bean-specific serum IgE by both methods and the results showed high correlation. The MrsPAH test for allergen-specific serum IgE provides a useful alternative to the RAST system, being free of the disadvantages inherent in the use of radio-labelled materials.
Antigen-Induced Bronchial Anaphylaxis in Actively Sensitized Guinea Pigs. The Effect of Booster Injection and Cyclophosphamide Treatment
Authors: Andersson Per
Published: July 2009

This investigation examines the effect of a booster dose and cyclophosphamide treatment in guinea pigs sensitized according to different sensitization regimens. The results show that guinea pigs sensitized with a high dose of ovalbumin (10 μg) develop a transient bronchial reactivity. The administration of a booster dose to guinea pigs sensitized according to this regimen does not result in any secondary response. Cyclophosphamide 30 mg/kg given 2 days before the booster injection or the primary sensitization results in a marked increase in bronchial reactivity when challenged with ovalbumin. This increased bronchial reactivity is reflected in the IgE-like antibody titre examined by PCA. Guinea pigs primarily sensitized with a low dose of ovalbumin (0.5 μg) show no bronchial reactivity when challenged with antigen. However, guinea pigs sensitized according to this regimen and given a booster dose show a marked secondary response when challenged 7 days after the booster injection. An examination of the antibody classes by PCA show that the booster injection causes an increase in the IgG1 – and also in the IgE-like antibody production.
Effects of N-(2-Mercaptopropionyl) Glycine on Neutrophil Locomotion
Authors: Patrone Franco , Dallegri Franco , Lanzi Gianfranco , Sacchetti Carlo
Published: July 2009

The effects of the sulphydryl group donor N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine on neutrophil locomotion were evaluated in vitro. The drug, when used at a concentration of 10––3M was found to stimulate the random migration and chemotaxis of normal neutrophils as a result of an enhanced rate of locomotion. The true chemotactic response was unaffected. N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine appeared to exert its effect on the whole moving cell population.
A Method for Eliciting Indurated DTH Reactions to Soluble Protein Antigens in the Flank Skin of Mice: Correlation of Visual Measurements with 125I-UdR Uptake Indices
Authors: Brummer Elmer , Bhardwaj Nina , Lawrence Sherwood
Published: July 2009

A new technique for eliciting specific indurated delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to soluble protein antigens in the flank skin of mice is reported here. We show that immunization with soluble antigens emulsified in complete Freund’s adjuvant emulsion allows elicitation of indurated reactions upon intracutaneous test of sensitized mice with antigen on alum precipitates. With this method it is possible to measure simultaneously the gross induration of the cutaneous DTH reactions and correlate it with the degree of mononuclear cell infiltration as quantitated by the cPM of 125I-UdR uptake in mononuclear cells at biopsied reaction sites and confirmed by histological examination.
Isolation of a Low Molecular Weight Constituent from Kentucky Blue Grass Pollen Possessing Carrier Activity of High Molecular Weight Constituent(s)
Authors: Ekramoddoullah A.K.M. , Kisil F.T. , Sehon A.H.
Published: July 2009

An immunologically active fraction, designated as C-I-3 was isolated from the dialysate of the aqueous extract of defatted Kentucky Blue Grass pollen by differential dialysis and gel filtration. This fraction was shown to consist of a glycoprotein with a molecular size corresponding to 4,800 daltons and with a pi value of 3.6, and to contain all amino acids except cysteine. The intraperitoneal administration of C-I-3 in saline into mice or rats prior to their immunization with the nondialyzable constituents of the aqueous extract of Kentucky Blue Grass (i.e., the retentate, R) in presence of Al(OH)3 resulted in the enhanced production of anti-R IgE antibodies. The enhancement of the anti-R murine IgE response was shown in adoptive cell transfer experiments to be due to the generation of R-specific T helper cells. Hence, it is suggested that the structural elucidation of C-I-3 may prove useful in establishing the nature of carrier determinant(s) of the major allergenic components of Kentucky Blue Grass pollen.
Early Rheumatoid-Like Joint Lesions in Rabbits Drinking Cows’ Milk
Authors: Coombs R.R.A. , Oldham G.
Published: July 2009

In a small experiment of 6 animals/group it was again shown that infiltrative synovial lesions could be induced in rabbits by the simple expedient of having the rabbits drink cows’ milk over a 12-week period. Drinking ½––¾ pint/day probably affords a small, but repeated, antigenic stimulation from intestinal absorption.
Adherent Suppressor Cells in Atopic Disease
Authors: Strannegård Inga-Lisa
Published: July 2009

The function of adherent mononuclear cells in atopic children was studied using two different suppressor cell systems. Results obtained with an adherent cell suppressor system suggested a disturbed function of adherent cells in atopy. Thus, in 12 out of 54 atopic children but in none of 23 controls, the suppressor test was negative. However, in patients who had detectable suppressor activity the magnitude of suppression was about equal to that of the controls. A prostaglandin-related suppressor system failed to detect any differences between atopic and nonatopic individuals. After partial removal of adherent cells, the cellular responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin was generally increased, whereas the responsiveness to PMA was decreased. Using the PMA test a measure of the enhancing effect of adherent cells on mitogen responsiveness could thus be obtained. This enhancing effect was found to be significantly lower in atopic than in nonatopic children. Valued together the results suggest a defective function of adherent cells, presumably monocytes/macrophages, in some patients with atopic disease. Irrespective of whether this defect is primary or secondary to a T cell deficiency or to manifestations of disease it may have implications for the function of cell-mediated immunity in atopy.
Nature of the Thymus Dependency of Mucosal Mast Cells
Authors: Mayrhofer G. , Bazin H.
Published: July 2009

Mucosal mast cells have been examined in the small intestinal mucosae of nude mice and nude rats, B rats and a child with the Di George syndrome. In all three species, mast cells were present in normal numbers despite the athymic status of the nude mice and nude rats, the vestigial nature of the thymus in the child, and the functionally T lymphocyte-deprived status of the B rats. Connective tissue mast cells were also plentiful in skins and tongues of the nude mice and the child with thymic aplasia. It is concluded that normally neither population of mast cells has a obligatory dependence on the thymus or T lymphocytes for its differentiation, but that mucosal mast cells, under certain conditions of rapid hyperplasia, require an inductive influence provided by T lymphocytes.
Chronic Pruritic Dermatitis in Asthmatic Monkeys: A Subhuman Primate Analogue of Atopic Dermatitis?
Authors: Patterson Roy , Harris Kathleen
Published: July 2009

In a group of adult normal rhesus monkeys and monkeys with IgE-mediated asthma observed over a period of 15 years, 2 of the latter group were found to have chronic, generalized pruritus and dermatitis. The skin lesions were recurrent and located on the flexural surfaces of the forearms leading to the thickened, scaling, lichenified dermatitis in that area in the skin of 1 monkey. The pruritus and skin lesions subsided following therapy with depot methylprednisolone but recurred after this therapy was discontinued. Both animals had recurrent severe cutaneous infections in excoriated lesions following scratching without infections in other organs. The cutaneous infections responded to penicillin therapy but recurred with scratching. No deficiencies in immunoglobulin levels, or lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin were found in these 2 monkeys. The 2 animals differed from normal animals by their high liters of immediate skin reactivity to ascaris antigen, persisent and severe asthmatic responses to ascaris antigen, high IgG antibody levels to ascaris antigen but all of the latter findings were also present in asthmatic monkeys without dermatitis. Cutaneous biopsies of lesions were nonspecific but provided no evidence for other explanations for the dermatitis which appears to be an analogue of human atopic dermatitis.
Influence of Bestatin, a New Immunomodulator, on Ig Secretion by Human Lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Blomgren Henric , Forsgren Marianne , Norberg Renée , von Stedingk Lars-Victor , Wasserman Jerzy
Published: July 2009

Bestatin, a chemically well-defined immunomodulator, was tested for its capacity to interfere with PWM-induced Ig synthesis of peripheral lymphocytes from healthy donors. It was observed that secretion of IgA, IgG and IgM was impaired when Bestatin was present in the cultures. Serum Ig concentrations and antibody activities of IgG class to cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex and morbilli virus were examined in cancer patients who were treated with 30 mg of Bestatin daily for 1–21 weeks. These values remained constant during Bestatin treatment indicating that antibody secretion in vivo was not affected.
Suppressor Cell Function in Respiratory Allergy
Authors: Rola-Pleszczynski Marek , Blanchard Roger
Published: July 2009

The status of suppressor cells in patients with allergic rhinitis or asthma was studied. This latter group showed absent concanavalin A (ConA)-inducible suppressor cell function as measured by proliferative responses to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and decreased function as measured by responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or ConA. Patients with rhinitis showed values intermediate between normals and asthmatics. Similarly, preincubation in medium enhanced proliferative responses in normal and rhinitis patients but not in asthmatics, suggesting an absence of a short-lived suppressor cell population in the latter group. Suppressor cell function correlated negatively with log10 of serum IgE concentrations. Theophylline-sensitive suppressor cell numbers were slightly decreased in rhinitis patients and significantly so in asthmatics (p <0.01). In vitro preincubation of normal lymphocytes with aminophylline or isoproterenol (10 μg/ml) enhanced subsequent proliferative responses to PWM. Little enhancement was observed with cells from rhinitis patients, and actual depression was seen with cells from asthmatics, suggesting abnormal immunomodulatory effects of cyclic-AMP active drugs in this group of patients.
Nonspecific Esterase in Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Müller J. , Keller H.U. , Dürig P. , Hagmann J. , Cornioley D.M. , Reinhard J. , Ruchti C. , Hess M.W. , Cottier H.
Published: July 2009

A substantial proportion of human peripheral lymphocytes exhibits esterase activity as demonstrated by cytochemical techniques using hexazotized pararosanilin as coupling agent and different alpha-naphthyl compounds, in particular α-naphthyl-acetate, as substrates. Esterase-positive lymphocytes showed one or several dots of the reaction product. Plasma cells and macrophages also exhibited marked esterase activity but with diffuse distribution of the reaction product throughout the cytoplasm. The substrate specificity, the time course and the pH optimum of the cytochemical reaction were determined. The results indicate that these lymphocyte esterases are identical with acid lipases. The number of esterase-positive cells reaches a plateau well below 100% (85% for blood lymphocytes) even with optimal staining procedures. The relation between esterase activity and other so-called lymphocyte markers such as slg and the capacity to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells was investigated in peripheral human blood lymphocytes. A fair correlation between rosette formation and esterase activity was found and most of the esterase-positive cells were sIg-negative. However, the fit was never complete. The results suggest that esterase activity is largely characteristic for small peripheral T cells. Almost all blast cells formed following stimulation with Con A or PHA were esterase-positive. Histochemical studies showed that the large majority of the thymocytes in the cortex lacked esterase activity. In lymph nodes, a low proportion of esterase-positive cells was found in the germinal centers, whereas most lymphocytes in the paracortical area were esterase-positive.
Occupational Asthma Due to Inhalation of Chloramine-T
Authors: Dijkman Joop H. , Vooren Piet H. , Kramps Johannes A.
Published: July 2009

Respiratory symptoms developed in 5 patients who were exposed to chloramine-T, a potent disinfectant used in cleaning butcheries, kitchens, and operating theaters. Skin tests, performed in 4 patients, showed an immediate type of wheal and flare reaction followed by a late-type infiltrative reaction. In 3 patients, inhalation tests with chloramine-T were done. 1 patient showed asthmatic bronchial obstruction, immediately after inhalation, followed by a late-type asthmatic reaction after some hours. 2 patients only exhibited late-type reactions, 4–8 h after challenge. The late bronchial response lasted for several hours or even days and was accompanied by leukocytosis in all 3 patients and a slight fever in 1 patient. No evidence of alveolar involvement appeared. Pre-challenge inhalation of cromoglycate in 1 patient ameliorated the late response considerably.
Detection of HLA-DRw Specificities by Mixed Agglutination
Authors: Kaweski Susan , Kano Kyoichi , Milgrom Felix
Published: July 2009

By means of mixed agglutination test with staphylococcal protein A indicator system, DRw antigens were studied on lymphocytes obtained from tonsils, peripheral blood and thymuses. Monospecific antisera to DRw 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 which were preadsorbed with pooled platelets gave mixed agglutination titers of 300 or more against B cells of human tonsilar lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The DR phenotypes of human tonsilar lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes determined by mixed agglutination tests corresponded to those established by lymphocytotoxicity tests. Upon stimulation of thymocytes or T cells of peripheral blood lymphocytes by Con-A, DRw antigens became detectable by mixed agglutination tests. Simultaneous experiments on the stimulated T cells of peripheral blood lymphocytes by membrane fluorescence tests showed that 21–45% of the stimulated T cells possessed DRw antigens at a detectable level, while less than 2% of unstimulated cells were positive. These results indicated that DRw antigens are present in the subpopulation of T cells which may expand in the response to Con-A stimulation.
Immunologic Histamine Release in vitro from the Heart and Lung of the Cynomolgus Monkey
Authors: Weichman Barry M. , Hostelley Linda S. , Bostick Sheila P. , Levi Roberto , Chakrin Lawrence W.
Published: July 2009

Immunologic histamine release was evoked from the sensitized fragmented cardiac and pulmonary tissue of the cynomolgus monkey by a reverse anaphylactic reaction. Ventricular and pulmonary tissue released a similar fraction (approximately 6%) of the total tissue histamine when challenged with antihuman IgE, presumably reflecting the ‘active’ sensitization of the monkey in vivo. Passive sensitization of these tissues in vitro resulted in significantly greater immunologic histamine release in 6 of the 14 ventricles and in the lungs. The antiallergic compounds, disodium cromoglycate and SK&F 64398, inhibited immunologic histamine release from passively sensitized monkey ventricular tissue. These results demonstrate that ventricular histamine may be immunologically released and that this release process can be pharmacologically inhibited in a manner similar to that of pulmonary tissue.
Inhibition by Sugars of Opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus in Fetal Calf Serum
Authors: Umeda Takashi , Niijima Tadao , Egawa Kohji
Published: July 2009

Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by human peripheral polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes in vitro in the presence of fetal calf serum was inhibited by D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and asialofetuin but not by fetuin. Absorption of opsonin in the serum with the bacteria, inhibition of the absorption by sugars and the effect of glycosidase treatment of the bacteria on phagocytosis showed that terminal structures of polysaccharides on the surface of bacteria play an important role in binding of opsonin to the target.
In vitro Cyclic Nucleotide Responsiveness of Leukocytes and Platelets in Patients Suffering from Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Ring Johannes , Mathison David A. , O’Connor Richard
Published: July 2009

Peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with severe atopic dermatitis (serum IgE levels between 1,560 and 28,000 U/ml) showed a significantly weaker increase in intracellular cAMP after stimulation with epinephrine (10––5–10––3M) than leukocytes from normals. At the same time stimulation with methylcholine (10––10–10––4M) induced a significantly higher increase in intracellular levels of cGMP in the atopic group compared to normals. The immunomodulating agent levamisole induced a slight increase in cAMP and cGMP response both in leukocytes from atopic patients and in normals. Platelet cAMP concentrations were lowered by epinephrine stimulation both in atopies and controls. There was no effect of methylcholine upon platelet cyclic nucleotide levels in the dose range examined. The data support the concept that abnormal cyclic nucleotide responsiveness – not only as β-adrenergic blockade but also as cholinergic hyperreactivity – may play a role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.
Induction of Adjuvant-Independent IgE Responses in Inbred Mice: Primary, Secondary, and Persistent IgE Responses to Ovalbumin and Ovomucoid
Authors: Holt Patrick G. , Rose Alison H. , Batty Janet E. , Turner Keven J.
Published: July 2009

Immunization of a number of inbred mouse strains inraperitoneally with low levels (1–100 µg) of ovalbumin (OA) or ovomucoid (OM) in the absence of adjuvant, revealed marked strain differences in IgE responsiveness. High-OA-responder strains such as Balb/c exhibited PCA titres up to 256 in the primary response, and up to 1,280 in the secondary, while non-responders such as SJL and NZB remained PCA negative; similar variations were found in the response of the strains to OM. Repeated immunization of high-OA-responder mice with low doses of antigen without adjuvant elicited anamnestic secondary responses, but were not further boosted by tertiary stimulation. Instead, a 'persistent' high IgE response of the type previously associated with the use of specialized adjuvants, developed in these mice. Fractionation of the OA antigen by gel filtration yielded molecular species (dimers pentamers) of considerably greater IgE-immunogenicity than either monomeric OA or very highly aggregated forms. Immunization of high-OA-responder mice with the former permitted lowering of the threshold for induction of adjuvant-independent primary OA-IgE responses to a single 1.0 µg dose, and the threshold for priming to 0.1 µg.
Immediate Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig Conjunctiva
Authors: Dwyer R.St.C. , Darougar S. , Jones B.R. , Turk J.L.
Published: July 2009

The ocular immediate hypersensitivity reaction in guinea pigs to topically applied normal rabbit serum can be evoked as long as 4 years after sensitization. The reaction was as severe and tended to persist for longer than that evoked 6 months after sensitization. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests showed that very high titres of homocytotropic antibodies were present and that both IgE- and IgG1-like antibodies were involved. Sensitization with one set of injections instead of two was not consistently successful and the response on challenge was mild to moderate. Pretreatment of eyes with Isoptocarpine before antigenic challenge had no effect on the response. The addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to the first set of sensitizing injections produced hypersensitivity in animals which were otherwise refractory to sensitization.
Appearance of Dextrans and Antidextran Antibodies in Human Sera
Authors: Palosuo Timo , Milgrom Felix
Published: July 2009

The serologically active moiety of an antigen detected occasionally in pathologic sera by double-diffusion gel precipitation tests, referred to in earlier studies as ubiquitous tissue antigen, was identified as a dextran composed predominantly, if not exclusively, of α(1→6)-linked glucopyranoses. By means of an enzyme immunoassay, dextran or dextran-like material, which inhibited the binding of antidextran serum to dextran, was detected in sera of several patients with various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, especially GI ulcers (7/10), and also often in sera of aged people (9/21). However, 2 of 50 normal blood donor sera and a few sera from almost every disease group studied contained low quantities of dextran-like material. The levels of antidextran antibodies of the IgG class were also often elevated among patients with GI diseases and aged people as demonstrated by enzyme immunoassay with dextran T-500 as the solid phase antigen. OD values exceeding the mean plus 2.5 SD of 106 normal blood donor sera were recorded in 69% of patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers, 40% with ulcerative colitis, 29% with Crohn’s disease, 20% with colorectal carcinomas, and in 21% with rheumatoid arthritis. None of 23 children, but 9 of 23 aged people (35%) had elevated antibody levels. It is suggested that absorption of dextrans from food or their production by intestinal bacteria may be facilitated in various GI diseases.
Human IgE Antibody-Forming Cells
Authors: Okudaira Hirokazu , Ohta Ken , Ogita Tadaatsu , Miyamoto Terumasa
Published: July 2009

In vitro IgE and antimite IgE antibody (IgE Ab) synthesis was investigated. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from atopic patients depleted of E-rosetting T cells developed IgE and IgE Ab in the absence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and it was not significantly affected by addition of T cells or of PWM. 1,000 R irradiation decreased more than 50% of the IgE and IgE Ab-producing capacity in 2 of 8 cases, but the remainder were not significantly affected. Increase of the γ-ray dose from 1,000 to 12,000 R did not result in more suppression. Radio-resistant as well as radio-sensitive subpopulations may exist in the PBL of atopic patients, The radio-sensitive component of IgE and IgE Ab formation was suppressed by PWM, while the radio-resistant component was not affected.
The Cellular Infiltrate in Experimental Allergic and Toxic Contact Dermatitis. Effect of Systemically Administered Corticosteroids
Authors: Skoog Marja-Leena , Groth Ove
Published: July 2009

The effect of systemically administered corticosteroids on allergic and toxic contact dermatitis in the guinea pig was studied. Dermatitis was provoked with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The influence of corticosteroids on the sensitization phase was also investigated. The epicutaneous test reactions were assessed with the naked eye, low-power microscopy, and a method based on the counting of infiltrating cells in the upper corium. Prednisolone injected in a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight daily for 4 days starting on the 1st day of sensitization or the 1st day of testing tended to shorten the duration of the contact allergic skin reaction as seen with the naked eye. Microscopically, a decrease in the number of infiltrating basophil granulocytes was found. Prednisolone had no convincing influence on the toxic contact eczematous reaction macroscopically or microscopically. Responses to weakly toxic doses of DNCB tended to fade earlier and to show small displacements of the proportion of granulocytes in the differential count of infiltrating cells compared to controls. The results suggest that prednisolone given systemically influences only slightly the inflammatory cell infiltration in contact dermatitis in the guinea pig.
Regulation of Contact Sensitivity to Oxazolone by Lipopolysaccharide-Induced B Lymphocytes
Authors: Colizzi Vittorio
Published: July 2009

The activation of B lymphocytes, which regulate contact sensitivity to oxazolone, was studied in mice injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 24 h before sensitization. These regulatory cells bear Ig receptors, are sensitive to mitomycin C treatment in vitro, and have precursors sensitive to cyclophosphamide. Their early induction needed the mitogenic signal of LPS, in that LPS deprived of lipid A did not induce B-cell-mediated suppression, and required little or no T-cell help, as they were produced in B mice. Possible mechanisms by which LPS-induced regulatory cells act and their relevance to other suppressor systems are discussed.
Effect of Herpes simplex Virus Type 2 and Friend Erythroleukemia Virus Infection of IgE Antibody Responses to Ascaris Antigen in Mice
Authors: Yoo T.J. , Bennett Michael
Published: July 2009

The IgE response to Ascaris antigen, as measured by passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions, was suppressed in mice infected with either herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) or Friend leukemia virus (FV). FV was not suppressive unless infection preceded immunization whereas HSV-2 infection was immunosuppressive before or after immunization. However, the suppression by HSV-2 was relatively short-lived.
Mast Cell Restoration
Authors: Krüger Per Göran , Lagunoff David
Published: July 2009

The recovery of mast cells in adult rats after depletion induced by polymyxin-B has been studied. At days 17–18 after depletion the number of identifiable mast cells in the peritoneal fluid reached 3 × 106 cells/rat. Mast cell granule constituents sue! as histamine, heparin, mast cell protease and β-glucuronidase increased steadily during the observation period, whereas the amount of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase decreasei during the first 2 weeks and was thereafter constant. At 2 weeks after depletion th peritoneal mast cells were biochemically restored. From 14 to 34 days (end of experimental period) cell growth occurred with a simultaneous accumulation of the various mast cell granule constituents.
Studies on Paul-Bunnell (P-B) Antigen-Antibody System
Authors: Masaki Morio , Kano Kyoichi , Merrick Joseph M. , Milgrom Felix
Published: July 2009

The multiple nature of heterophile, Paul-Bunnell (P-B) antigen has been suggested by our previous studies as well as those of others. In the present study, two distinct antigens of P-B specificity were defined by means of hemagglutination and immunodiffusion tests in agarose gel; one antigen (BS) was shared by bovine (BRBC) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and another antigen (B) was limited to BRBC. Both anti-BS and anti-B antibodies were shown to be present in sera of 106 patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) whereas they were virtually absent from the sera of the vast majority of patients with diseases other than IM and normal sera. Absorption and agglutination inhibition tests demonstrated the presence of BS and B antigens on horse erythrocytes. Goat erythrocytes were also shown to possess BS antigen, however, B antigen was found on erythrocytes of some but not all individual goats. By means of the previously established procedure, BS antigen was extracted from stromata of BRBC, SRBC and erythrocytes of horse and goat, and B antigen from BRBC and erythrocytes of some goats. BS and B antigens were also extracted from bovine lymphocytes and murine thymus and spleen tissues but not murine erythrocytes.
A Morphometrical Study of Chicken Spleen with Special Reference to the Bursa Dependence of the White Pulp
Authors: Romppanen Timo , Sorvari Tapani E.
Published: July 2009

Histoquantitative methods were applied to the study of the bursa dependence of the white pulp structures of normal chickens and chickens bursectomized neonatally by surgical means or chemically by the anal application of colchicine solution. The morphometrical analysis of the spleens from 6- and 12-week-old bursectomized chickens showed that the amount of the white pulp tissue and its compartments, periellipsoidal lymphoid tissue (PELT), periarteriolar lymphoid tissue (PALT) as well as the number of the germinal centers (GC), were decreased, when compared to the controls. The perivenous lymphoid tissue (PVLT) seemed not to be affected by the bursectomies. The results indicate that the PELT, PALT and GCs are bursa-dependent structures of the chicken spleen, whereas the PVLT seems to be bursa-independent.
Isolation of Allergenically Active Cytochrome c from Kentucky Blue Grass Pollen
Authors: Ekramoddoullah A.K.M. , Kisil F.T. , Sehon A.H.
Published: July 2009

An allergen, designated as Kentucky blue grass KBG-cytochrome c, was isolated from the nondialysable constituents (R) of the aqueous extract of KBG pollen by a combination of gel filtration and preparative isoelectrofocussing techniques. The allergen had an absorption spectrum characteristic of heme protein and had a molecular weight corresponding to 12,000 daltons. It was a basic protein with a pI value of 9.9 and contained all the common amino acids. KBG-cytochrome c elicited immediate hypersensitivity cutaneous reactions in individuals allergic to KBG pollen.
Supernatant Factors from Short-Term Cultures of Thymocytes: Effect on DNA Synthesis
Authors: Nordlind Klas
Published: July 2009

Supematants from cultures of unstimulated guinea pig thymocytes were investigated on allogenous thymocytes as regards conditioning effect. DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Supematants taken after different incubation times up to 24 h were used. When used without concentration all supematants showed stimulating activity. After concentration and fractionation, a stimulating factor was found in supematants taken after a culture time of 24 h. This factor had a molecular weight above or equal to 70,000 daltons as indicated by gel chromatography. In the same supematants also an inhibiting factor was indicated.
Levamisole-Induced Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis: Association with HLA B27 Leukocyte Agglutinating and Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies
Authors: Hodinka L. , Géher P. , Merétey Katalin , Gyódi Éva K. , Petrányi G.Gy. , Bozsóky S.
Published: July 2009

Among 37 patients treated with levamisole for rheumatoid arthritis (n = 19), for Reiter’s disease (n = 4) and for chronic articular brucellosis (n = 14) followed up during 6–12 months, 3 developed agranulocytosis and 3 severe neutropenia. Serum samples drawn before and during treatment were tested for leukocyte agglutinating and lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Leukocyte agglutinating antibodies were induced in 8 patients, in 5 of them in association with agranulocytosis or neutropenia. In 1 patient with agranulocytosis and in another one with neutropenia lymphocytotoxic antibodies were also induced. Two agranulocytotic and one neutropenic patient possessed HLA B27 antigen. In altogether 11 HLA B27 carriers the numbers of circulating neutrophils were significantly reduced during levamisole treatment when compared with those of patients lacking HLA B27 antigen.
Allergenic Relationships of Two Different Antigens of Kentucky Bluegrass Pollen
Authors: Chakrabarty S. , Ekramoddoullah A.K.M. , Kisil F.T. , Sehon A.H.
Published: July 2009

Two purified allergens, allergen C and KBG-1, isolated from Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) pollen, were found to be antigenically distinct with respect to rabbit precipitating antisera produced separately to each allergen. On the other hand, allergen C and KBG-1 appeared to be allergenically identical in terms of the specificities evaluated with murine reaginic antisera produced to each of these allergens; whereas they appeared to be only partially identical when evaluated with respect to the IgE antibodies present in a pool of human sera from individuals allergic to KBG pollen. Therefore, not all of the allergenic determinants recognized by the human IgE antibodies were detected by the murine reaginic antisera. This study serves to emphasize that for a meaningful evaluation of allergenic specificities any antisera prepared in animals and intended for the standardization of allergens must recognize allergenic specificities which are similar or identical to those to which the human IgE antibodies are directed.
RE Migration: An in vitro Phenomenon of Certain Lymphoid Cells Induced by Heterologous Serum
Authors: Sandberg G.
Published: July 2009

RE (rapid, early) migration designates the greatly increased migration of guinea pig thymus cells in glass capillaries upon addition of a high concentration of normal human serum. Such migration exceeded random locomotion sevenfold and was terminated within 60 min. Serum activity was abolished by treatment at 56 °C for 30 min and was inhibited by addition of homologous serum. Neither spleen nor lymph node cells were induced to migrate in this manner by serum. The presence of inhibitory cells in these organs, and their presence in variable but lower amounts also in the thymus, is suggested. Normal human serum was highly cytotoxic for thymus cells and somewhat less toxic for lymph node cells. However, the results indicate that RE migration is either independent of the cytotoxic effect of heterologous serum or else requires that a very high percentage of the cells are killed. The killing of thymocytes by several other means did not induce RE migration. In addition to demonstrating and quantitating this thymocyte-reactive factor in various sera, RE migration may be used for characterization of subpopulations of lymphocytes.