bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Des Versions au riddim. Comment la reprise est devenue le principe de création musicale en Jamaïque (1967-1985)
Authors: Vendryes Thomas
Published: July 2012

En 1967, Ruddy Redwood, selector du sound system jamaïcain Supreme Ruler of Sound, passe, sans le savoir, le morceau On the Beach des Paragons amputé de la piste vocale : la première version, instrumentale, est née. Moins de vingt ans plus tard, en 1985, Prince Jammy reçoit le titre de King pour le morceau Under Me Sleng Teng, chanté par Wayne Smith, un des plus grands succès de l’histoire de la musique jamaïcaine. En moins d’un an, Jammy sortira plus de trente morceaux sur le même riddim, Sleng Teng, tandis que ses producteurs concurrents le reprennent plus d’une soixantaine de fois. En 2008, le riddim Sleng Teng dépasse les deux cents reprises. En une génération, de 1967 à 1985, la reprise – apparue sous la forme d’une version instrumentale involontaire –, se retrouve au cœur même de la création musicale en Jamaïque, à travers la distinction entre riddim et tunes, le premier engendrant une multiplicité des secondes. Cette situation est le résultat d’une double évolution – multiplication des versions et émergence du rythme comme fondement de la création musicale –, qui répond à l’usage essentiel de la musique jamaïcaine, la danse ; mais qui apparaît aussi comme le résultat des structures de production de l’industrie musicale jamaïcaine, orientée vers la sortie de singles, par des collaborations musicales sans cesse renouvelées, et, surtout, prenant place dans un contexte de très grande contrainte économique.
Bluegrass Covers of Bob Dylan Songs in the Sixties
Authors: Boye Gary R.
Published: July 2012

Peu d’auteurs-compositeurs ont été autant repris que Bob Dylan. Bien que de nos jours, on l’associe spontanément aux traditions folk et rock/folk, son succès précoce le fit connaître au monde de la musique country et bluegrass, et il n’est pas si étonnant que certaines de ses premières chansons aient fait l’objet dans les années 1960 de reprises dans le style bluegrass, par des musiciens tels que les Dillars, les Country Gentlemen et Flatt and Scruggs. Certaines de ces premières reprises semblent avoir circulé dans les circuits secondaires de l’industrie du disque, et avoir été proposées aux interprètes sans aucun égard pour la cohérence avec le style ou le groupe en question. Certaines eurent du succès ; d’autres frisent la parodie musicale. Elles transformèrent l’œuvre originale de Dylan et changèrent, de nombreuses façons, les directions que le style bluegrass allait prendre par la suite.
Quel modèle économique pour les scènes de musiques actuelles ?
Authors: Sagot-Duvauroux Dominique
Published: July 2012

Les scènes de musiques actuelles sont des entreprises de spectacle vivant insérées dans une filière industrielle. Souvent d’initiative militante, elles poursuivent des objectifs non strictement commerciaux. Ces spécificités induisent une économie plurielle qui dessine une grande variété de modèles organisationnels que cet article a pour objectif d’analyser.
De l’écoute révoltée du hardcore à la posture du mélomane expert
Authors: Raffin Fabrice
Published: July 2012

Cet article, tiré de plusieurs recherches réalisées dans le cadre de l’appel d’offres interministériel « Cultures, Villes et Dynamiques Sociales », propose une analyse de différentes dimensions de l’écoute des musiques Hardcore. Afin d’appréhender la complexité du phénomène d’écoute l’auteur pose d’abord la nécessité de tenir compte simultanément d’enjeux esthétiques et des trajectoires individuelles des auditeurs. Concernant le Hardcore, il s’agit de montrer comment, liée aux enjeux esthétiques, une posture critique sur le monde construite à l’adolescence définit une part importante de l’écoute de ces musiques. Prenant en compte une dimension longitudinale, l’auteur montre néanmoins comment des recentrages d’intérêt sur des questions strictement esthétiques et l’apprentissage du monde musical Hardcore conduisent certains auditeurs à la compétence de mélomane expert.
A Hard Day’s Night, de Richard Lester : une lecture sociologique
Authors: Bart Christian Le
Published: July 2012

De quoi nous parlent les films des Beatles ? Christian Le Bart a re-visionné A Hard day’s night et s’intéresse à la notion de groupe. Qu’en est-il de cette structure si particulière aux rock, où s’effectue l’apprentissage commun et où se jouent toute une série de liens et de conflits internes et externes. L’analyse croise ici la méthode sociologique avec la lecture du film.
Kinok et rock. Rock et Cinéma Expérimental
Authors: Eizykman Claudine
Published: July 2012

Il existe des personnes et des structures qui contribuent à rapprocher des mondes, à les rendre visibles l’un pour l’autre, ce que Michel Callon appelle des porte-parole. C’est exactement ce que fait l’association Cinédoc qui présente au public des programmes de films expérimentaux avec rock. Le présent article montre comment cette musique a fécondé le cinéma underground. Et donné naissance à des formes originales.
Mutations techniques et division du travail : le cas des monteurs sons
Authors: Le Guern Philippe
Published: July 2012

L’apport du rock au cinéma concerne aussi les techniques. Lui-même ancien musicien professionnel, Philippe le Guern fait apparaître comment « la culture du son » a peu à peu pénétré l’audio-visuel. Il montre que l’installation durable des monteurs-son dans la chaine de fabrication d’un film correspond à l’apparition de nouveaux outils, souvent expérimentés d’abord dans la sphère musicale et les homes-studios. En s’appuyant sur son enquête, l’amour du rock est en partie à l’origine de nombre de carrières de monteurs-son.
Zappa et le cinéma
Authors: Siclier Sylvain
Published: July 2012

La figure de Zappa reste une référence pour de nombreux amateurs et artistes. Sylvain Siclier examine les liens du compositeur/guitariste avec le cinéma, les usages et les détournements qu’il en a fait. La conclusion est évidente : le dialogue n’a jamais cessé.
« First & Last & Always » : les valeurs de l’éphémère dans la presse musicale alternative
Authors: Étienne Samuel
Published: July 2012

À côté des magazines professionnels, les fanzines constituent une source alternative d’informations et de promotion du champ musical. Ce média se distingue fondamentalement de la presse dominante par trois caractéristiques essentielles : un manque de capital économique, une absence de professionnalisation et des réseaux de distribution non institutionnels. Toutefois, ces valeurs stigmates des fanzines se trouvent bousculées dès lors que l’aventure éphémère originelle se trouve concurrencée par d’éventuels soucis de pérennité : entreprise para-journalistique ou projet sincèrement désintéressé, la face cachée du fanzine se dévoile toujours à l’épreuve du temps. Un corpus de 300 fanzines (150 titres différents environ) a été analysé, ceux-ci étant principalement des fanzines français des années 1987-2003.
« Honnie soit la Oi ! » Naissance, émergence et déliquescence d’une forme de protestation sociale et musicale
Authors: Lescop Gildas
Published: July 2012

Gildas Lescop est doctorant en sociologie à l’Université de Nantes. mailNée de l’effervescence provoquée par la vague punk qui entendait contester l’embourgeoisement du rock, issue directement du street-punk qui prétendra dénoncer la dérive mercantile du punk, la oi ! se voudra une musique sincère et énergique incarnant à la fois le son de la rue et la voix des prolétaires. Cependant, après un essor prometteur, la oi !, devenue l’autre musique des skinheads, finira, de violences en déviances, par se marginaliser totalement.
Légitimation et normalisation des « musiques amplifiées » en région
Authors: Brandl Emmanuel
Published: July 2012

Les procès de légitimation culturelle des musiques « amplifiées » imposent d’accumuler certaines normes qui participent d’une profonde transformation des pratiques dans le sens d’une adéquation institutionnelle. On voit alors que l’acculturation est un fait social caché qui concerne les groupes d’une même société.
Le funk sur les radios d’Ile-de-France (1981-2001)
Authors: Sermet Vincent
Published: July 2012

Issue des ghettos noirs américains, la musique funk connaît, historiquement, son heure de gloire entre 1970 et 1984. En France, le funk va voir sa diffusion facilitée grâce à l’officialisation de la bande FM en 1981. En vingt ans, les radios et émissions consacrées au funk ont évolué au rythme de l’évolution du media radio. Les radios des années 1980 laissent une part importante au funk qui est en fait une musique « actuelle » à cette époque. Puis, les radios ont progressivement perdu leur autonomie vis-à-vis des maisons de disques. Depuis le milieu des années 1990, les émissions de funk se marginalisent et sont diffusées sur de petites radios. Ainsi, la médiatisation du funk semble devoir passer par les « web-radios », encore synonymes de relative liberté.
Tout n’est pas si noir dans cet Atlantique… noir !Du Bandit au Rebelle : transformations de la masculinité dans la musique reggae Dancehall
Authors: Zips Werner
Published: July 2012

À contre-courant des discours essentialistes et des explications racialistes sur la responsabilité envers les victimes et/ou des auteurs de violences, ma contribution analysera les formations textuelles et performatives de la violence dans la musique reggae dancehall. Dans cette perspective, je m’intéresserai aux influences tant extérieures que locales, qui contribuent à la construction d’une figure complexe qu’est celle du « Rude Boy ». J’analyserai cette identité sous l’angle des théories de la pratique, notamment à travers le concept bourdieusien d’habitus. La figure du « Rude Boy », analysée sous le prisme de ces « outils analytiques », devrait permettre de questionner certaines des hypothèses paradigmatiques autour du concept d’hybridité développé par Paul Gilroy dans son ouvrage majeur L’Atlantique Noir – Modernité et Double conscience, et qu’il oppose à la revendication de l’« authenticité » d’une pensée essentialiste et nationaliste.
Le hip hop : une expression mineure
Authors: Béthune Christian
Published: July 2012

Saisissant l’occasion ouverte par Deleuze et Guattari à propos du concept de « littérature mineure », l’article questionne le hip hop à l’aune de la perspective Guattaro-deleuzienne : déterritorialisation linguistique, immédiat politique, énonciation collective, tous les ingrédients d’une expression mineure semblent effectivement à l’œuvre dans la culture hip hop. Ce qui ne veut bien sûr pas dire qu’il s’agit d’une expression de second ordre, bien au contraire, mais d’une expression radicalement hors des normes établies, qui vient questionner les arts majeurs de façon « révolutionnaire ».
Sociologie de la presse musicale alternative
Authors: Atton Chris
Published: July 2012

Les recherches sur les médias alternatifs se sont souvent arrêtées au fanzine punk pour l’ériger en modèle indépassable. Cet article entend revenir sur ce constat et explorer un large panel de fanzines et de magazines remettant en cause l’équation habituelle entre professionnalisme et standardisation. Les valeurs de contestation mises en avant par le fanzinat ne se retrouvent pas toujours dans le même type de média, et l’engagement critique de certaines publications ne relevant a priori pas du genre fanzine mérite d’être pris en considération en vue d’une redéfinition des catégories de la presse alternative.
Cold Press: Early Punk Fanzines in Canada’s Capital
Authors: Pine Julia
Published: July 2012

This paper combines a personal memoir with an historical and critical approach to punk fanzines produced in Ottawa, Canada between 1978 and 1985. Chronicles growth and offshoots of the “scene” in terms of “outside” influences and musical developments, as well as in response to growing interest in social and political activism. The author speculates as to the cultural positionality of zines in general, and suggests a reading of the specificities of early Ottawa zines in terms of issues of national identity.
The Personal, Political, and a Little Bit of Everything Else: Girls, Grrrls and Perzines
Authors: Sklar Annelise
Published: July 2012

Using her own zine story as a vehicle, the author relates the history of the riot grrrl subculture, describes the girl zine genre and its history, and examines zinester subculture and networking. She also explores zinesters’ motivation and discusses the purpose girl zines fill in female zinesters’ lives.
Le critique rock, le fanzine et le magazine : « Ça s’en va et ça revient »
Authors: Hein Fabien
Published: July 2012

Les fanzines et les magazines sont des médias d’importance au sein de la presse rock. Ils renvoient tous deux à la figure du critique rock qui travaille tantôt pour l’un, tantôt pour l’autre, voire pour les deux à la fois. Cet article entend montrer comment s’effectue cette circulation en prêtant attention aux trajectoires de plusieurs critiques de la presse rock française. Ce qui permettra de mettre en évidence certaines réalités concrètes de la presse musicale.
A fast method for the retrieval of integrated longwave and shortwave top-of-atmosphere irradiances from MSG/SEVIRI (RRUMS)
Authors: Vázquez-Navarro M. , Mayer B. , Mannstein H.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. A new Rapid Retrieval of upwelling fluxes from MSG/SEVIRI (RRUMS) is presented. It has been developed to observe the top-of-atmosphere irradiances of small scale and rapidly changing features that are not sufficiently resolved by specific Earth radiation budget sensors. Our retrieval takes advantage of the spatial and temporal resolution of MSG/SEVIRI and provides outgoing longwave and reflected shortwave radiation only by means of a combination of SEVIRI channels. The longwave retrieval is based on a simple linear combination of brightness temperatures from the SEVIRI infrared channels. Two shortwave retrievals are presented and discussed: the first one based on a multilinear parameterisation and the second one based on a neural network. The neural network method is shown to be slightly more accurate and simpler to apply for the desired purpose. Both LW and SW algorithms have been validated by comparing their results with CERES and GERB irradiance observations. While being less accurate than their dedicated counterparts, the SEVIRI-based methods have two major advantages compared to CERES and GERB: their higher spatial resolution and the better temporal resolution. With our retrievals it is possible to observe the radiative effect of small-scale features such as cumulus clouds, cirrus clouds, or aircraft contrails. The spatial resolution of SEVIRI is 3 km × 3 km in the sub-satellite point, remarkably better than that of CERES (20 km) or GERB (45 km). The temporal resolution is 15 min (5 min in the rapid-scan mode), the same as GERB, but significantly better than that of CERES which, being on board of a polar orbiting satellite, has a temporal resolution as low as 2 overpasses per day.
River monitoring from satellite radar altimetry in the Zambezi River basin
Authors: Michailovsky C. I. , McEnnis S. , Berry P. A. M. , Smith R. , Bauer-Gottwein P.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Satellite radar altimetry can be used to monitor surface water levels from space. While current and past altimetry missions were designed to study oceans, retracking the waveforms returned over land allows data to be retrieved for smaller water bodies or narrow rivers. The objective of this study is the assessment of the potential for river monitoring from radar altimetry in terms of water level and discharge in the Zambezi River basin. Retracked Envisat altimetry data were extracted over the Zambezi River basin using a detailed river mask based on Landsat imagery. This allowed for stage measurements to be obtained for rivers down to 80 m wide with an RMSE relative to in situ levels of 0.32 to 0.72 m at different locations. The altimetric levels were then converted to discharge using three different methods adapted to different data-availability scenarios: first with an in situ rating curve available, secondly with one simultaneous field measurement of cross-section and discharge, and finally with only historical discharge data available. For the two locations at which all three methods could be applied, the accuracies of the different methods were found to be comparable, with RMSE values ranging from 4.1 to 6.5% of the mean annual in situ gauged amplitude for the first method and from 6.9 to 13.8% for the second and third methods. The precision obtained with the different methods was analyzed by running Monte Carlo simulations and also showed comparable values for the three approaches with standard deviations found between 5.7 and 7.2% of the mean annual in situ gauged amplitude for the first method and from 8.7 to 13.0% for the second and third methods.
Using the UKCP09 probabilistic scenarios to model the amplified impact of climate change on river basin sediment yield
Authors: Coulthard T. J. , Ramirez J. , Fowler H. J. , Glenis V.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Precipitation intensities and the frequency of extreme events are projected to increase under climate change. These rainfall changes will lead to increases in the magnitude and frequency of flood events that will, in turn, affect patterns of erosion and deposition within river basins. These geomorphic changes to river systems may affect flood conveyance, infrastructure resilience, channel pattern, and habitat status, as well as sediment, nutrient and carbon fluxes. Previous research modelling climatic influences on geomorphic changes has been limited by how climate variability and change are represented by downscaling from Global or Regional Climate Models. Furthermore, the non-linearity of the climatic, hydrological and geomorphic systems involved generate large uncertainties at each stage of the modelling process creating an uncertainty "cascade". This study integrates state-of-the-art approaches from the climate change and geomorphic communities to address these issues in a probabilistic modelling study of the Swale catchment, UK. The UKCP09 weather generator is used to simulate hourly rainfall for the baseline and climate change scenarios up to 2099, and used to drive the CAESAR landscape evolution model to simulate geomorphic change. Results show that winter rainfall is projected to increase, with larger increases at the extremes. The impact of the increasing rainfall is amplified through the translation into catchment runoff and in turn sediment yield with a 100% increase in catchment mean sediment yield predicted between the baseline and the 2070–2099 High emissions scenario. Significant increases are shown between all climate change scenarios and baseline values. Analysis of extreme events also shows the amplification effect from rainfall to sediment delivery with even greater amplification associated with higher return period events. Furthermore, for the 2070–2099 High emissions scenario, sediment discharges from 50 yr return period events are predicted to be 5 times larger than baseline values.
Jane Austen and her Readers, 1786–1945
Authors: Halsey Katie
Published: July 2012

Jane Austen and her Readers, 17861945 is a study of the history of reading Jane Austens novels. It discusses Austens own ideas about books and readers, the uses she makes of her reading, and the aspects of her style that are related to the ways in which she has been read. The volume considers the role of editions and criticism in directing readers responses, and presents and analyses a variety of source material related to the ordinary readers who read Austens works between 1786 and 1945.
L’édition critique / les éditions critiques : le protocole immuable de réalisations chaque fois incomparables
Authors: Laflèche Guy
Published: July 2012

Au moment de prendre sa retraite (le 1er juin 2011), Guy Laflèche propose une autobiographie critique de son travail d’éditeur, depuis l’établissement de la Relation de 1634 de Paul Lejeune (parue en 1973) jusqu’à son édition critique en cours sur Internet des Chants de Maldoror de Lautréamont [Isidore Ducasse] (http://singulier.info). Il ne s’agit pas d’un parcours exemplaire : au contraire, car les éditions critiques de Guy Laflèche sont de plus en plus développées sur des textes toujours plus courts (exception faite des Chants de Maldoror). Mais cela n’empêche pas d’en dégager une définition de l’édition critique qui soit à la fois critique (comme sa désignation l’implique) et polémique : foin des fameux « protocoles d’édition » qui ont aseptisé depuis des décennies l’édition scientifique, savante, définitive et, bien entendu, subventionnée. Tout au contraire, l’édition critique obéit, certes, à un protocole immuable (étude bibliographique, établissement du texte, étude des sources, genèse et réception), mais produit chaque fois, par définition, une réalisation incomparable, à nulle autre pareille.
Passeur de textes : l’éditeur critique de textes anciens dans tous ses états!
Authors: Émont Bernard
Published: July 2012

Le défi auquel est confronté l’éditeur critique de textes anciens est multiple : d’une part, il doit rendre lisible par un lecteur moderne des écrits qui sont tout, sauf transparents : ce qui suppose de lui une plongée dans le passé, tant du point de vue linguistique : langue profondément différente, voire devenue étrangère, sous l’aspect parfois familier des mots; référents matériels, et conceptions insolites. D’autre part, il doit les rapprocher au maximum de l’époque moderne, afin de mettre en relief ce qui, sous l’apparent changement, conserve un intérêt pour le lecteur moderne, et par là justifie son entreprise éditoriale elle-même. Cela, sans fausser outrageusement les choses. Orienter le lecteur, sans dénaturer le paysage…
Amino ResinsAdapted from
Amino Resins
, First Edition.
Authors: Dreyfuss Patricia
Published: July 2012

Amino resins are a broad class of materials made by controlled reaction of an aldehyde with a compound containing an amino group. The two most important amino resins are obtained by interaction of formaldehyde with either urea or melamine, and they are used in different composite applications. Some of the possible uses of these resins are in bonding of glass or mineral fiber mats, binders for foundry cores and coated abrasive papers, and orthopedic casts and bandages. Composition, some typical properties, and processes for the urea–formaldehyde and melamine–formaldehyde resins are presented in this article. Moreover, a discussion on the economic aspect is presented. Because of formaldehyde toxicity, in conclusion to the article, health and safety factors are discussed.
P
rocessing: Autoclave Modeling
Authors: Davé Raju S. , Henne Markus , Louis Bryan , Ermanni Paolo
Published: July 2012

Phenomena occurring during the autoclave fabrication process involves heat, mass, and momentum transfer with simultaneous chemical reaction in a multiphase system with time‐dependent material properties and boundary conditions. The processing science of epoxy resin composites based on fundamental principles has developed in the past decades. It is the result of extensive theoretical modeling and experimental work [1–15]. In this article, we review earlier studies on developing science‐based cure models for composite processing and present our models.
Biodegradable Composites
Authors: Di Maio Ernesto , Iannace Salvatore
Published: July 2012

Biodegradable composites based on biodegradable polymeric matrices and natural reinforcements are reported in this article. Biodegradable polymers can be classified as biosynthetic, semibiosynthetic (produced from biomass or by microorganisms), or chemosynthetic depending on their manner of preparation. At present, the most important biosynthetic polymers from an overall market perspective are the polylactic acids (PLAs), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), starch and starch blends, and cellulose derivatives. Synthetically derived biodegradable polymers include polyesters [e.g., polycaprolactone (PCL)] and other copolyesters.

Combination of natural fibers such as kenaf, industrial hemp, flax, jute, henequen, pineapple leaf fiber, sisal, wood, and various grasses with the biodegradable polymer matrices mentioned above allows the preparation of biodegradable composites with a wide range of costs and performances. Biodegradable composites have already gained some market shares because of their properties and also to legislation that is forcing industries to use bio‐based materials such as in automotive and packaging.

In the context of the process design, it is important to consider the peculiarities of this class of materials: the high moist content, the heat sensitivity of the matrices and fibers, and the fibrillar nature of the fibers. As a consequence, biodegradable composite processing requires a compromise among available techniques from textile and plastic processing and hybrid, innovative technologies that are still under development.
Bonding and Restorative Composite Materials in Dentistry
Authors: Usumez Serdar , Usumez Aslihan
Published: July 2012

The use of resin composite as a material for restoring teeth has increased greatly in recent years. Patients are attracted to a restoration that matches the color of natural teeth. Resin composite meets this demand and has become the most frequently used esthetic restorative material in dentistry. Besides the other advantages, resin composites are thermally nonconductive and bond to tooth structure with the use of adhesives. The intent of this article is to review the compositions, classifications, bonding mechanisms to tooth surface, and applications of dental composite materials.
Composite Materials in Launch Vehicles
Authors: Mazzola Massimo , Biagioni Marco , Mazzola Luca
Published: July 2012

The Space Launcher is a very special vehicle in which the performances required for the system and for building materials are extreme. High strength or stiffness/weight ratios and high vibration damping properties as high temperature resistance are required. At the same time, the prospect of the Space Launcher for commercial satellites in the world market is in great demand, and there is a strong competition in terms of price and reliability. The use of different composite materials for this application is a way to reach ever better performance while reducing production costs. With extreme performances required and with competitive cost production, materials, production technologies, design criteria, and quality control standards are in continuous evolution. This chapter offers a survey of state of the art and development trends on different aspect of the use of composite materials on the Space Launcher.
Composite Materials for Plasma‐Facing Applications in Nuclear Fusion
Authors: De Temmerman Gregory
Published: July 2012

On the road to the development of nuclear fusion, the interaction of the hot plasma with the surrounding solid walls in a fusion reactor presents stringent requirements to be successfully met by the plasma‐facing materials. Indeed, the plasma‐facing materials are continuously submitted to extreme heat and particle fluxes, and their bombardment by energetic particles such as ions and neutrons greatly affects the materials properties. As fusion devices gets bigger and move toward long‐pulse operations, the severity of the problem quickly increases.

While the first fusion devices were operating with glass or stainless steel wall, high performance solutions are now developed based on different principles such as composite materials and structures. This article gives a brief review of the basic structures of plasma‐facing materials and composites and discusses their response to the fusion environment.
Composite Micromechanics
Authors: Jancar Josef
Published: July 2012

Composite micromechanics deals with the relationships between macroscopic properties of heterogeneous polymer matrix materials such as lamina or particulate composite and its microstructural parameters. In composite mechanics, this is the largest length scale at which structural details are considered. The primary objective of this article is to ascertain the state of the art regarding the understanding and prediction of the properties of polymer composites reinforced with microsized fibrous or particulate inclusions as affected by the inclusion content, shape, size, properties, orientation, and quality of the interface/interphase phenomena.
Damage Coupled Viscoplastic Modeling of Particulate Composites With Imperfect Interphase
Authors: Basaran Cemal , Nie Shihua , Gunel Eray M.
Published: July 2012

A micromechanical damage model is proposed to predict the overall viscoplastic behavior and damage evolution in particulate polymer composites with imperfect interfacial bonds. The constituents are treated as three distinct phases, consisting of agglomerate of particles, bulk matrix, and interfacial transition zone around the agglomerate. The influence of the interfacial transition zone on the overall mechanical behavior of composites is studied analytically and experimentally. Test data on particle‐filled acrylic composites with three different interfacial properties are presented. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the matrix and the filler particles is also introduced into the model. A damage evolution function based on irreversible thermodynamics is also introduced into the constitutive model to describe the degradation of the composite. The efficient general return‐mapping algorithm is exploited to implement the proposed unified damage‐coupled viscoplastic model into finite element formulation. Furthermore, the model predictions for uniaxial loading conditions are compared with the experimental data. Both the experimental results and analytical prediction show that interfacial conditions have great influence on the elastic properties of particle‐filled acrylic composites.
Damage Tolerance Analysis for Advanced Composites
Authors: Newaz Golam
Published: July 2012

In this article, the concept of damage tolerance as it relates to aerospace grade carbon fiber polymeric composites is introduced. The goal of a damage tolerance approach is to ensure safety of a structural part even in the presence of an acceptable flaw or damage. Typical damage of concern is impact‐induced delamination, particularly, barely visible impact damage (BVID) wherein internal unseen delamination can be present and grow with service loading. Damage assessment using non destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques is critical. Compression after impact (CAI) has become an industry standard to evaluate residual strength, which is a good measure of effect of impact damage on laminate compressive design property. The overall damage tolerance approach is empirical and relies heavily on test data. More sophisticated combined analytical/computational/experimental methods are under development.
Damping Characterization of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Authors: Chaturvedi Shive K.
Published: July 2012

This article aims primarily at providing basic understanding about the vibrational damping characteristics of polymer composite materials. The materials being looked at are continuous and discontinuous‐fiber‐reinforced, two‐phase as well as three‐phase; randomly oriented short‐fiber reinforced; laminated fiber reinforced; and carbon nanotube composites. Some basic theoretical considerations and experimental methods are discussed. The primary energy dissipating mechanisms to achieve enhanced material damping in these types of composites are identified as viscoelastic energy dissipation between the fibers and the surrounding matrix material, inherent material damping in fibers, matrices and interphases, and stick‐slip energy dissipation between the carbon nanotubes and the surrounding matrix material. Some important conclusions are drawn, and the cited literature can be used for further understanding and usage.
Diacetylene Composites and FiberAdapted fromDiacetylene Composites and Fibers, First Edition.
Authors: Young Robert J.
Published: July 2012

Composites produced by incorporating high modulus fibers in brittle matrices such as epoxy resins can have outstanding mechanical properties. In particular, polydiacetylene single‐crystal fibers, which have properties such as high stiffness, high strength, low creep, good thermal stability, and low density, are presented. The solid‐state reactions relevant to the preparation of polymer single‐crystal fibers and their structure and mechanical properties are discussed. In particular, structure is investigated by transmission electron microscopy, while mechanical properties such as elastic and plastic deformation and fracture behavior are investigated using conventional mechanical testing methods. The study of these polymer single‐crystal fibers not only enables the development of a new type of reinforcing fiber but could also lead to significant advances of our understanding of the structure‐property relationships in polymers.
Electrical and Electronic Composites
Authors: Valentino Massimo
Published: July 2012

This article highlights the scientific research and industrial use of composite materials in nanoscale and large structure applications in the fields of electronics and aerospace with emphasis on the main recent developments.
Fillers
Authors: Dong Yu
Published: July 2012

Fillers have played an important role in plastic and composite industries in aspects of traditional material reinforcements with higher modulus and strength, enhancements of multifunctional properties in thermal and/or electrical conductivities, heat distortion temperature, wear resistance and dimensional stability, and so on. Fillers synergistically act as essential constituent in composite materials to achieve many difficult‐to‐attain properties, which are the stringent requirements and specifications when employed for a wide range of end‐user applications. The different types of fillers in terms of two major classifications of organic and inorganic fillers are elaborated in this article with special focuses on naturally extracted fillers for “green composites” and nanofillers for “polymer nanocomposites.” The filler processing methods are also explicitly reviewed, which are based on the conventional plastic molding techniques such as extrusion, injection molding, compression molding, thermoforming, blow molding, and rotational molding. Finally, the commonly used characterization techniques to deal with filler‐reinforced composite materials are summarized in order to understand the processing‐structure‐property relationship due to the contribution of fillers in polymer matrices.
Fillers, Microspheres, and Microcapsules
Authors: Ambrogi Veronica , Pannico Marianna , Carfagna Cosimo
Published: July 2012

This article provides information on the typology, the preparation methods, and the potential applications of microspheres and microcapsules in the field of composites. A wide range of reported protocols for fabrication of these microstructured materials have been presented. The effect of these fillers on the properties of composites has also been discussed.
Fractography of Composite Materials
Authors: Franco Leandro A.L.
Published: July 2012

The advent of composite materials and the knowledge acquired in the recent years in this area has increased the performance of the aeronautical industries' products. As the structural applications for fiber‐reinforced polymeric composites continue to increase, so too does the need for a thorough understanding of the fundamental failure processes in the different materials systems. To understand the mechanisms governing the behavior and failure processes of fiber‐reinforced plastics composites, it is necessary to know the origin and subsequent development of specific fracture features. With this knowledge, the mode of fracture, the overall direction of crack propagation, and ultimately the origin and sequence of structural failure may be ascertained. The study of fracture surfaces or fractography as it is more commonly known has been applied to continuous fiber‐reinforced plastics (CFRP), for over 20 years, and much work has been done during this time. But more is needed if a fundamental understanding and a database of the mechanisms and characteristics of fracture for different composite systems are to be established. In this article, the fracture behavior of carbon fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites was evaluated as a result of fracture under different environmental conditioning and mechanical tests. Fatigue, longitudinal and transversal tension, compression, and “short beam shear test” were carried out. Tests were conducted at different temperatures (from—55 to 80°C) under various percentages of moisture‐absorbed contents (totally dry to saturated condition). A fractographic analysis was made to help in the understanding of the failure mode and reveals by the analysis of the fracture surface, the dominant mode of failure in every temperature‐moisture content pair for each mechanical test. The main issue of this work is the use of fractography to understand the relation between the environmental conditioning, the mechanical test, the degradation of the composite (interface, matrix degradation), and the fracture surface.
Graphene–Polymer Composites
Authors: Carotenuto Gianfranco , Nicolais Luigi
Published: July 2012

Graphene is a novel nanostructured material that can be conveniently used as filler for thermoplastic polymers or thermosetting resins, and the resulting nanocomposite material has unique mechanical and chemical/physical properties. Industrial production of graphene/polymer materials requires the availability of a chemical route to produce massive amounts of graphene. Natural graphite flakes can be the best starting material for bulk production of graphene to be used in polymeric nanocomposite preparation.
High Performance Corrosion‐Resistant Materials
Authors: Farmer Joseph C.
Published: July 2012

The outstanding corrosion that may be possible with amorphous metal alloys was recognized several years ago. Compositions of several iron‐based amorphous metals were published, including several with very good corrosion resistance. Examples include thermally sprayed coatings of Fe‐10Cr‐10‐Mo‐(C,B), bulk Fe‐Cr‐Mo‐C‐B, and Fe‐Cr‐Mo‐C‐B‐P. The corrosion resistance of an iron‐based amorphous alloy with yttrium (Y), Fe48Mo14Cr15Y2C15B6, was also been established. Yttrium was added to this alloy to lower the critical cooling rate. Several nickel‐based amorphous metals have been developed that exhibit exceptional corrosion performance in acids but have not been included in this study, which is restricted to Fe‐based materials. Very good thermal spray coatings of nickel‐based crystalline coatings were deposited with thermal spray but appear to have less corrosion resistance than nickel‐based amorphous metals. Two iron‐based amorphous metal alloys presented here as examples are SAM2X5 (Fe49.7Cr17.7Mn1.9Mo7.4W1.6B15.2C3.8Si2.4) and SAM1651 (Fe48Mo14Cr15Y2C15B6). These materials have been developed in the form of thin coatings, as well as thick layers forming composite surfaces, to provide exceptional corrosion resistance in environments including, but not limited to, 5MCaCl2at 105–120°C and natural seawater at 30–90°C.
Interfacial Analysis in Fiber Composite Materials
Authors: Jones Frank R.
Published: July 2012

The article describes the experimental methods for quantifying the interface between polymeric matrix and fiber reinforcement. The theoretical basis and advantages and disadvantages of each technique are reviewed.
Manufacturing Automation, Polymer Composites
Authors: Yenilmez‐Gurkok Aylin , Tansel Ibrahim N.
Published: July 2012

Automation of polymer composite manufacturing would allow better control of part quality and consistency, reduce cost, and improve quality of work environment. In this article, automation of the different stages of the manufacturing process, fully automated procedures, and machining of the composites is discussed. The cost and manufacturing capability limitations are the two main obstacles, which limit use of composite parts in consumer products. Expansion of automated composite manufacturing facilities would eliminate these obstacles, allowing large‐scale production of high quality products.
Molding: Polymer Injection
Authors: Ehrig Frank
Published: July 2012

Injection molding is one of the fundamental manufacturing processes for producing components in plastic materials. Constant development in machine and tooling technology makes it possible to produce components with improved functionality, which, however, also makes them increasingly complex. Producing such components economically and with adequate quality requires applying appropriate know‐how along the entire value‐added chain, from the choice of material through component design for ease of manufacturing to tooling and process technology, and finally to quality assurance.
Molding: Liquid Composite Molding (
LCM
)
Authors: Ermanni Paolo , Di Fratta Claudio , Trochu François
Published: July 2012

Since many years, liquid composite molding (LCM) processes represent a well‐established class of manufacturing techniques for the fabrication of semistructural and structural fiber‐reinforced composite parts. All LCM variants share the same basic principle: arbitrary fiber reinforcement is placed in a mold. After closing, a liquid resin is injected. The part is then cured and demolded. LCM technology is mainly used to manufacture thermoset composites, but it can also be applied to thermoplastic composites. This article describes the main features of LCM technologies. Process variants are introduced, and main processing steps are illustrated using the example of the resin transfer molding (RTM) process. Particular attention is devoted to the mathematical description of the resin flow through fibrous preforms. Further technological aspects such as material selection criteria, mold design, and processing equipment are also considered.
Nanofillers: Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles in Viscous Polymer
Authors: Stepanov Andrey L.
Published: July 2012

New methods are proposed for synthesizing metal nanoparticles in a polymer matrix. In a first method, these nanoparticles are synthesized by thermal vacuum evaporation of silver onto the surface of a viscous‐fluid epoxy resin (at a viscosity of 20–120 Pa s) at room temperature, which is well below the glass‐transition temperature of the polymer. As a result, epoxy resin layers contain silver nanoparticles in their volume form. Various types of disperse structures formed by metallic nanoparticles in the polymer are detected. The morphology of the composite material is found to be controlled by the polymer viscosity and the metal deposition time. A second method is described for the ion synthesis of silver nanoparticles in epoxy resin that is in a viscous‐fluid state (viscosity 30 Pa s) during irradiation. The viscous‐fluid or glassy polymer is implanted by 30‐keV silver ions. The epoxy layers thus synthesized contain silver nanoparticles. The use of the viscous‐fluid state increases the diffusion coefficient of the implanted impurity, which stimulates the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles at low implantation doses and allows a high factor of filling of the polymer with the metal to be achieved.
Optical Properties of Polymer CompositesAdapted fromOptical Properties of Polymer Composites, First Edition.
Authors: Calvert Paul
Published: July 2012

Some composites are mainly used for their particular properties such as electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. This article covers the current and prospective applications of polymer composites as optical materials. In particular, the first section of this article discusses optical properties of polymers in comparison with glasses. In this first part, a greater attention is given to scattering phenomena because the main limitation regarding optical uses of any composite structure is the high degree of scattering that is expected when ever materials of different refractive indices are mixed. As is shown in this article, this scattering can be controlled in various ways.

The second section deals with particular examples of optical properties of polymers, including optical methods of damage detection in composite materials and composites where “active” fillers embedded in polymers confer particular properties for switching or otherwise modifying light transmission.
Phthalonitrile Matrix Resins and Composites
Authors: Zeng Ke , Yang Gang
Published: July 2012

Phthalonitrile resins are a type of high temperature/performance polymers having a wide range of potential applications such as composite matrices, adhesives, electrical conductors and carbon precursors. Polymerization of these resins occurs through cyano groups on phthalonitrile units by an addition cure mechanism, affording the resins unique processing character and properties. In this article, the cure behavior and mechanism, properties, modification, processing character and applications in composites will be comprehensively discussed and described. The future research orientation of the phthalonitrile resins was suggested at the end of this article.
Polybenzimidazole Matrix Resins and CompositesAdapted from
Polybenzimidazole Matrix Resins and Composites
, First Edition.
Authors: Delano Chadwick
Published: July 2012

Polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) have been investigated extensively for a number of applications such as films, fibers, blown and syntactic foams, moldings, and so on.

PBI composites provide useful engineering strengths to higher temperature composites than other high temperature composites such as the polyimides. In this article, particular attention is given to one member of this family of polymers that is the poly[2′,2‐(m‐phenylene) ‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole].

In particular, some properties of PBI composites and some processes to obtain high temperature composites such as autoclave processing are presented. To word the conclusion of the article, some examples of applications such as PBI–carbon fiber missile fin or optical coating for use in the space are presented.
Polyetheretherketone (
PEEK
) Composites: An Update on Processing‐Morphology‐Property Relationships
Authors: Pratte James
Published: July 2012

The article is an update to the original review on this subject written by Lustiger (Lustiger 1992) in the first edition of the Encyclopedia of Composites that was published in 1992. The fundamentals of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) crystallization behavior are discussed and how the resulting morphology is influenced by the fiber reinforcement in the matrix. Relationships between processing conditions, morphology, and performance properties such as impact behavior are investigated. Updates to the original article are provided on interfacial characterization and impact behavior over a wide range of cooling rates that result in morphology differences in the interphase region of the fiber.