bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of deslorelin acetate on gonadotropin secretion and ovarian follicle development in cycling mares
Authors: Farquhar Valerie J. , McCue Patrick M. , Nett Terry M. , Squires Edward L.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate gonadotropin secretion and ovarian function after administration of deslorelin acetate to induce ovulation in mares.

Design—Randomized controlled trial.

Animals—16 healthy mares with normal estrous cycles.

Procedure—8 control mares were allowed to ovulate spontaneously, whereas 8 study mares received deslorelin to induce ovulation when an ovarian follicle > 35 mm in diameter was detected. Follicle development and serum concentrations of gonadotropins were monitored daily during 1 estrous cycle. Pituitary responsiveness to administration of gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) was evaluated 10 days after initial ovulation.

Results—Interovulatory intervals of mares treated with deslorelin (mean ± SD, 25.6 ± 2.6 days) were longer than those of control mares (22.9 ± 1.8 days). Diameter of the largest follicle was significantly smaller during 2 days of the diestrous period after ovulation in deslorelin-treated mares than in control mares. Concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were lower in deslorelin-treated mares on days 5 through 14 than in control mares. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone were not different between groups during most of the cycle. Gonadotropin release in response to administration of GnRH was lower in mares treated with deslorelin acetate than in control mares.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of deslorelin was associated with reduction in circulating concentrations of FSH and gonadotropin response to administration of GnRH during the estrous cycle. Low concentration of FSH in treated mares may lead to delayed follicular development and an increased interovulatory interval. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:749–752)
Sensitivity and specificity of serum copper determination for detection of copper deficiency in feeder calves
Authors: Tessman Ronald K. , Lakritz Jeff , Tyler Jeff W. , Casteel Stan W. , Williams James E. , Dew Randy K.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the relationship between serum and liver copper concentrations and evaluate serum copper determination for diagnosis of copper deficiency in juvenile beef calves.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—105 juvenile beef calves.

Procedure—Copper concentrations were measured in paired liver and serum samples from 6- to 9-monthold beef calves. Regression models that predicted liver copper concentration as a function of serum copper concentration were developed. Sensitivity and specificity of serum copper concentration for detection of low liver copper concentration were determined, using a range of serum copper concentrations as test endpoints. Positive and negative predictive values were calculated.

Results—The association between serum and liver copper concentrations was significant; however, regression models accounted for only a small portion of the variation in liver copper concentrations. For a serum copper concentration endpoint of 0.45 µg/g, sensitivity and specificity for detection of low liver copper concentration were 0.53 and 0.89, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values of serum copper concentration for detection of low liver copper concentration ranged from 0.37 to 0.85 and 0.63 to 0.94, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Regression models are inappropriate for predicting copper status as a function of serum copper concentration. Serum copper concentration is fairly specific for detection of low liver copper concentration but only marginally sensitive when serum copper concentration of 0.45 µg/g is used as a test endpoint. The value of serum copper concentration as a diagnostic indicator depends on prevalence of copper deficiency. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:756–760)
Repair of diaphyseal femoral fractures in cats using interlocking intramedullary nails: 12 cases (1996–2000)
Authors: Larin Alvaro , Eich Christopher S. , Parker Robert B. , Stubbs W. Preston
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the outcome of femoral fractures repaired with 4.0- and 4.7-mm interlocking intramedullary nails in cats.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—12 cats with diaphyseal femoral fractures.

Procedure—Records of all cats in which the 4.0- and 4.7-mm interlocking nail system was used for repair of diaphyseal femoral fractures at the Animal Medical Center and Florida Veterinary Specialists between 1996 and 2000 were reviewed. Information included signalment, type of fracture, size of the implant, details of the surgery, intra- and postoperative complications, fracture healing, and clinical outcome.

Results—Femoral fractures in 12 cats were repaired. Eleven of the fractures were comminuted, with 2 of these being open. Clinical outcome was excellent in 7 cats, good in 3, and fair in 1. One resulted in a nonunion. Complications included screw breakage (1 cat) and fracture distal to the nail (1). Fracture distal to the nail occurred from a second trauma.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Use of the interlocking nail has been limited in cats because of the small diameter of the medullary canal. Use of the 4.0-mm nail will allow for greater application of this implant in small patients. Results of this study indicate that the 4.0- and 4.7-mm interlocking nails can be used to repair simple or comminuted diaphyseal femoral fractures in cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:1098–1104)
Inflammatory mammary carcinoma in dogs: 33 cases (1995–1999)
Authors: Alenza Mª Dolores Pérez , Tabanera Enrique , Peña Laura
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine epidemiologic, clinical, and
pathologic characteristics of inflammatory mammary
carcinoma (IC) in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—33 dogs with IC and 153 dogs with malignant
mammary tumors other than IC.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed, and
signalment, history, physical examination findings,
and results of thoracic radiography and necropsy
were obtained.

Results—33 of 436 (7.6%) dogs examined at a veterinary
teaching hospital because of dysplasia or tumors
of the mammary glands and 33 of 186 (17.7%) dogs
with at least 1 malignant tumor had IC. Thirty-two of
the 33 dogs were sexually intact. Dogs with IC were
significantly older than were dogs with other malignant
mammary tumors, and in dogs with IC, the
tumor was initially noticed a mean of 52 days after the
beginning of the last observed estrus, whereas in
dogs with other mammary tumors, the tumor was initially
noticed a mean of 137 days after the beginning
of the last observed estrus. Dogs with IC were more
likely to be anorectic and to have generalized weakness,
weight loss, and thoracic metastases. Dogs
with IC survived a mean of 25 days with palliative
treatment. Histologically, involvement of dermal lymphatic
vessels was identified in 14 of 19 (74%) dogs
with IC. Two clinical forms of IC (primary and secondary)
were identified. Dogs with primary IC had a
worse clinical condition.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that IC is an uncommon but distinct entity in
dogs. A histologic finding of dermal lymphatic involvement
should be considered a hallmark for the pathologic
diagnosis of IC in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2001;219:1110–1114)
Treatment of chronic pleural effusion with pleuroperitoneal shunts in dogs: 14 cases (1985–1999)
Authors: Smeak Daniel D. , Birchard Stephen J. , McLoughlin Mary A. , Lindsey Michelle M. , Holt David E. , Caywood Dennis D. , Downs Myron O.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To describe complications and outcome associated with chronic nonseptic pleural effusion treated with pleuroperitoneal shunts in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—14 dogs.

Procedure—Medical records at 4 veterinary schools were examined to identify dogs with chronic nonseptic pleural effusion that were treated by use of a pleuroperitoneal shunt between 1985 and 1999. Signalment, history, physical examination and laboratory findings, cause and type of pleural effusion, medical and surgical treatments, complications, and outcome were reviewed.

Results—10 of 14 dogs had idiopathic chylothorax, and 4 had an identified disease. All but 1 dog with idiopathic chylothorax and 1 dog with chylothorax from a heart base tumor had unsuccessful thoracic duct ligation prior to pump placement. No intraoperative complications developed during shunt placement. Short-term complications developed in 7 of 13 dogs, necessitating shunt removal in 2 dogs and euthanasia in 1. Eight of 11 dogs with long-term follow- up developed complications; the overall mean survival time and the interval in which dogs remained free of clinical signs of pleural effusion were 27 months (range, 1 to 108 months) and 20 months (range, 0.5 to 108 months), respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pleuroperitoneal shunts can effectively palliate clinical signs associated with intractable pleural effusion in dogs. Numerous short- and long-term complications related to the shunt should be expected. Most complications can be successfully managed, but even when shunts are functional some treatments fail because of severe abdominal distension or massive pleural fluid production that overwhelms the functional capacity of the shunt. (JAm Vet Med Assoc2001;219:1590–1597)
Efficacy of an amitraz-impregnated collar in preventing transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi by adult Ixodes scapularis to dogs
Authors: Elfassy Olivier J. , Goodman Forrest W. , Levy Steven A. , Carter Lori L.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether an amitraz-impregnated collar could prevent transmission ofBorrelia burgdorferibyIxodes scapularisto dogs.

Design—Laboratory trial.

Animals—8 specific-pathogen-free Beagles.

Procedure—On days –15 and –1, all dogs had negative ELISA results for serum antibodies againstB burgdorferi. On day 0, 4 dogs were each fitted with an amitraz-impregnated (9%) collar, and 4 dogs served as untreated controls. On day 7, all dogs were infested with 100I scapularis(approx 50 females and 50 males) with a knownB burgdorferiinfectivity rate of 39.4%. On days 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, 70, and 84, each dog was tested for serum antibodies againstB burgdorferivia ELISA and a western blot technique. Additional ELISA were also performed for serum antibodies against antigenically similar organisms.

Results—By day 70, all control dogs had developed serum ELISA responses ranging from 328 to 510 kinetics-ELISA units (equivalent to end-point titers of approx 43,500 to 60,000), whereas treated dogs remained seronegative throughout the study. Western blot assays performed on all serum samples confirmed that antibodies detected in control dogs reflected responses to specific antigens ofB burgdorferi, whereas treated dogs had no such antibodies. Additional serologic analyses confirmed that antibody responses observed in control dogs were not attributable to antigenically similar organisms.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Amitrazimpregnated collars prevented transmission ofB burgdorferiin 4 of 4 treated dogs and may be a useful management tool for prevention of borreliosis in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:185–189)
Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic characteristics of intestinal lymphangiectasia in dogs: 17 cases (1996–1998)
Authors: Kull Patricia A. , Hess Rebecka S. , Craig Linden E. , Saunders H. Mark , Washabau Robert J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To characterize the clinical, clinicopathologic, and imaging findings in dogs with intestinal lymphangiectasia and to compare the histologic grade of lymphangiectasia with clinicopathologic and imaging abnormalities.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—17 dogs with a histologic diagnosis of intestinal lymphangiectasia.

Procedure—Medical records of dogs with a histologic diagnosis of intestinal lymphangiectasia were reviewed for signalment, history, clinical signs, results of exploratory laparotomy, and clinicopathologic, radiographic, ultrasonographic, and histologic findings.

Results—Mean age of dogs was 8.3 years; the most common clinical signs were diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, and weight loss. Abnormal physical examination findings included dehydration, ascites, and signs of pain on palpation of the abdomen. The most notable clinicopathologic findings were low serum ionized calcium concentration and hypoalbuminemia. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in 12 dogs and revealed intestinal abnormalities in 8 dogs and peritoneal effusion in 7 dogs. Exploratory laparotomy revealed abnormalities in 9 of 16 dogs including thickened small intestine, dilated lacteals, lymphadenopathy, and adhesions. On histologic examination of the small intestine, concurrent inflammation was observed in 15 of 17 dogs, crypt ectasia in 5 of 17, and lipogranulomas in 2 of 17.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intestinal lymphangiectasia in dogs appears to be a heterogeneous disorder characterized by various degrees of panhypoproteinemia, hypocholesterolemia, lymphocytopenia, and imaging abnormalities. In most dogs, the severity of hypoalbuminemia appears to offer the best correlation with severity of histologic lesions of lymphangiectasia. Imaging abnormalities are common in dogs with intestinal lymphangiectasia but are not specific enough to differentiate this disorder from other gastrointestinal disorders, nor are they predictive of histologic severity. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:197–202)
Serum immunoglobulin G concentrations in calves fed fresh and frozen colostrum
Authors: Holloway Nicole M. , Tyler Jeff W. , Lakritz Jeff , Carlson Steven L. , Holle Julie
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether serum IgG concentrations in neonatal calves are adversely affected by short-term frozen storage of colostrum.

Design—Prospective study.

Sample Population—Experiment 1 consisted of 10 pairs of Holstein calves (n = 20) fed matched aliquots of either fresh (n = 10) or frozen and thawed (10) colostrum. In experiment 2, 26 Holstein calves were fed either fresh (n = 13) or frozen and thawed (n = 13) colostrum.

Procedure—Experiment 1 consisted of calves resulting from observed parturitions; calves were randomly assigned to treatment groups (fresh or frozen and thawed colostrum) in pairs. Calves were fed 4 L aliquots of colostrum via oroesophageal intubation at 3 hours of age. Serum IgG concentrations at 2 days of age were compared between the 2 groups by use of a pairedt-test. Experiment 2 consisted of calves resulting from observed parturitions; calves were randomly assigned to treatment groups (fresh or frozen and thawed colostrum). Calves were fed 4 L aliquots of colostrum via oroesophageal intubation at 3 hours of age. Regression analysis was used to determine whether calf serum IgG concentration was a function of colostral IgG concentration and colostrum storage group.

Results—Significant differences were not observed between the 2 groups in experiment 1. No significant relationship was observed between colostrum storage group and serum IgG concentration in experiment 2. The model that best predicted serum IgG concentrations accounted for 20% of the variability in serum IgG concentration.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Frozen colostrum is an adequate source of IgG for calves. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:357–359)
Risk factors and behaviors associated with separation anxiety in dogs
Authors: Flannigan Gerrard , Dodman Nicholas H.
Published: January 2006

Objectives—To determine potential risk factors and behaviors associated with separation anxiety and develop a practical index to help in the diagnosis of separation anxiety in dogs.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—200 dogs with separation anxiety and 200 control dogs with other behavior problems.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for signalment, history of behavior problems, home environment, management, potentially associated behaviors, and concurrent problems.

Results—Dogs from a home with a single adult human were approximately 2.5 times as likely to have separation anxiety as dogs from multiple owner homes, and sexually intact dogs were a third as likely to have separation anxiety as neutered dogs. Several factors associated with hyperattachment to the owner were significantly associated with separation anxiety. Spoiling activities, sex of the dog, and the presence of other pets in the home were not associated with separation anxiety.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results do not support the theory that early separation from the dam leads to future development of separation anxiety. Hyperattachment to the owner was significantly associated with separation anxiety; extreme following of the owner, departure cue anxiety, and excessive greeting may help clinicians distinguish between canine separation anxiety and other separation-related problems. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219: 460–466)
Plasma ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations in horses after endurance rides
Authors: Aguilera-Tejero Escolástico , Estepa José C. , López Ignacio , Bas Sonia , Garfia Bartolomé , Rodríguez Mariano
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate changes in plasma ionized calcium (Ca2+) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in horses competing in endurance rides.

Design—Longitudinal clinical study.

Animals—28 horses.

Procedure—Venous blood samples were obtained from horses before and after racing 80 km. Plasma pH and concentrations of Ca2+, PTH, inorganic phosphorus, albumin, lactate, and magnesium were measured.

Results—Overall, a significant decrease in mean (± SD) plasma Ca2+concentration (from 6.44 ± 0.42 to 5.64 ± 0.42 mg/dl) and a significant increase in plasma PTH concentration (from 49.9 ± 30.1 to 148.1 ± 183.0 pg/ml) were found after exercise. Exercise also resulted in significant increases in plasma inorganic phosphorus, albumin, and lactate concentrations. No changes in plasma magnesium concentration or pH were detected after exercise. Plasma PTH concentration was not increased after exercise in 8 horses; in these horses, plasma PTH concentration decreased from 58.2 ± 26.3 to 27.4 ± 22.4 pg/ml, although plasma Ca2+concentration was also decreased.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma Ca2+concentration was decreased after racing for 80 km, compared with values obtained before racing. In most horses, an increase in plasma PTH concentration that was commensurate with the decrease in plasma Ca2+was detected; however, some horses had decreased plasma PTH concentrations. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:488–490)
Vertebral scale system to measure heart size in growing puppies
Authors: Sleeper Margaret M. , Buchanan James W.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine relative heart size in clinically normal puppies and assess whether relative heart size changes with growth.

Design—Prospective radiographic study.

Animals—11 puppies without evidence of disease.

Procedure—Standardized measurements of the long and short axes of the heart, midthoracic vertebrae, and other structures were made at 3, 6, 12, and 36 months of age. Measurements were recorded in millimeters and number of thoracic vertebral lengths spanned by each dimension, measured caudally from T4 on lateral radiographic views. The long and short axis measurements of the heart, expressed in vertebral lengths, were added to yield vertebral heart size.

Results—Mean ± SD vertebral heart sizes on lateral radiographic views at 3, 6, 12, and 36 months of age were 10.0 ± 0.5, 9.8 ± 0.4, 9.9 ± 0.6, and 10.3 ± 0.6 vertebrae, respectively. Significant differences were not detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vertebral heart size measurements in puppies are within the reference range for adult dogs (9.7 ± 0.5 vertebrae) and do not change significantly with growth to 3 years of age. Standards for determining cardiac enlargement are similar in puppies and adult dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:57–59)
Solving return-to-sensibility problems after electrical stunning in commercial pork slaughter plants
Authors: Grandin Temple
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine causes and solutions for return-to-sensibility problems after electrical stunning in pigs.

Design—Case studies.

Sample Population—6 federally inspected pork slaughter plants.

Procedure—100 to 200 pigs were scored in each plant for stunner positioning, squealing when stunner was applied, and signs of insensibility. All pigs were held in a V-shaped restrainer conveyor and stunned with a manually applied head-to-body electrical stunner.

Results—Percentage of pigs that had blinking after stunning ranged from 0.5 to 7. None of the pigs had a righting reflex or kicked in response to stimuli. All signs of possible return to sensibility disappeared before bleeding pigs reached the scalding tub. Spontaneous eye blinking was eliminated by improving bleeding practices to increase blood flow, ergonomically redesigning the stunner operator's work station to make correct placement of the stunner easier, redesigning the head electrode to facilitate correct placement, reducing line speed from 1,200 to 1,080 head/h, correcting problems with poor initial contact of the stunner, and increasing amperage of a stunner that was set too low for sows. In 1 plant, a fatigued operator was the cause of stunner placement mistakes that resulted in signs of returning to sensibility.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Problems with electrical stunning can be easily corrected, but effective stunning requires monitoring of correct electrode placement, amperage, and bleeding procedures. Observation of spontaneous natural eye blinking without touching the eye is recommended for use under field conditions, because it is less prone to misinterpretation than are other methods. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:608–611)
Risk factors associated with development of postoperative ileus in horses
Authors: Roussel Allen J. , Cohen Noah D. , Hooper R. Neil , Rakestraw Peter C.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine risk factors associated with development of postoperative ileus in horses undergoing surgery for colic.

Design—Case-control study

Animals—69 horses that developed ileus after surgery for colic and 307 horses that did not develop postoperative ileus.

Procedure—Signalment, history, clinicopathologic data, treatment, lesions, and outcome were obtained from medical records.

Results—Variables associated with increased risk of postoperative ileus included age > 10 years, Arabian breed, PCV ≥ 45%, high serum concentrations of protein and albumin, anesthesia > 2.5 hours' duration, surgery > 2 hours' duration, resection and anastomosis, and lesions in the small intestine. Enterotomy reduced the risk of postoperative ileus. After multivariate logistic regression, the final model included the variables Arabian breed, PCV ≥ 45%, lesion type, duration of surgery (> 2 hours vs ≤ 2 hours), and pelvic flexure enterotomy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that by evaluating certain factors, horses at increased risk of postoperative ileus may be recognized before the condition develops. Preventative treatment and early intervention may be instituted in these horses. Shortening surgery time and performing an enterotomy may decrease the probability of horses developing postoperative ileus. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:72–78)
Cyclosporine and ketoconazole for the treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs
Authors: Patricelli Alison J. , Hardie Robert J. , McAnulty Jonathan F.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate efficacy and cost of using cyclosporine and ketoconazole for the treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—12 dogs with perianal fistulas.

Procedure—Dogs received cyclosporine and ketoconazole orally (target whole blood trough cyclosporine concentrations of 400 to 600 ng/ml). Study endpoints were resolution of clinical signs, remission, and recurrence of disease. Adverse effects and cost of medications were reported. Results were compared with those from previous studies in humans and in dogs in which single agent cyclosporine treatment for perianal fistulas was used.

Results—All dogs had resolution of clinical signs. Eight dogs went into remission; however, 5 of those 8 had recurrence of fistulas. Adverse effects of treatment were minimal and well tolerated. Cost of treatment was comparable to traditional surgical options and less than single agent cyclosporine treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of cyclosporine with ketoconazole is an effective and cost-comparable treatment for perianal fistulas in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1009–1016)
Sensitivity of test strategies used in the Voluntary Johne's Disease Herd Status Program for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in dairy cattle herds
Authors: Wells Scott J. , Whitlock Robert H. , Wagner Bruce A. , Collins James , Garry Franklyn , Hirst Heather , Lawrence John , Saville William J. A. , Naugle Alecia L. Larew
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate sensitivities at the herd level of test strategies used in the Voluntary Johne's Disease Herd Status Program (VJDHSP) and alternative test strategies for detecting dairy cattle herds infected withMycobacterium paratuberculosis.

Design—Nonrandom cross-sectional study.

Sample Population—64 dairy herds from Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Colorado, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Fifty-six herds had at least 1 cow sheddingM paratuberculosisin feces; the other 8 herds were free from paratuberculosis.

Procedure—For all adult cows in each herd, serum samples were tested for antibodies toM paratuberculosiswith an ELISA, and fecal samples were submitted for bacterial culture forM paratuberculosis. Sensitivities at the herd level (probability of detecting infected herd) of various testing strategies were then evaluated.

Results—Sensitivity at the herd level of the testing strategy used in level 1 of the VJDHSP (use of the ELISA to test samples from 30 cows followed by confirmatory bacterial culture of feces from cows with positive ELISA result) ranged from 33 to 84% for infected herds, depending on percentage of cows in the herd with positive bacterial culture results. If follow- up bacterial culture was not used to confirm positive ELISA results, sensitivity ranged from 70 to 93%, but probability of identifying uninfected herds as infected was 89%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the testing strategy used in the VJDHSP will fail to identify as infected most dairy herds with a low prevalence of paratuberculosis. A higher percentage of infected herds was detected if follow-up bacterial culture was not used, but this test strategy was associated with a high probability of misclassifying uninfected herds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220: 1053–1057)
Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs
Authors: Kealy Richard D. , Lawler Dennis F. , Ballam Joan M. , Mantz Sandra L. , Biery Darryl N. , Greeley Elizabeth H. , Lust George , Segre Mariangela , Smith Gail K. , Stowe Howard D.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effects of 25% diet restriction on life span of dogs and on markers of aging.

Design—Paired feeding study.

Animals—48 Labrador Retrievers.

Procedures—Dogs were paired, and 1 dog in each pair was fed 25% less food than its pair-mate from 8 weeks of age until death. Serum biochemical analyses were performed, body condition was scored, and body composition was measured annually until 12 years of age. Age at onset of chronic disease and median (age when 50% of the dogs were deceased) and maximum (age when 90% of the dogs were deceased) life spans were evaluated.

Results—Compared with control dogs, food-restricted dogs weighed less and had lower body fat content and lower serum triglycerides, triiodothyronine, insulin, and glucose concentrations. Median life span was significantly longer for dogs in which food was restricted. The onset of clinical signs of chronic disease generally was delayed for food-restricted dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that 25% restriction in food intake increased median life span and delayed the onset of signs of chronic disease in these dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1315–1320)
Bacterial colonization of intravenous catheters in young dogs suspected to have parvoviral enteritis
Authors: Lobetti Remo G. , Joubert Kenneth E. , Picard Jackie , Carstens Johan , Pretorius Elize
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the prevalence of bacterial
colonization of IV catheters among young dogs suspected
to have parvoviral enteritis, to identify the
organisms responsible for catheter colonization, and
to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms
that were obtained.

Design—Case series.

Animals—100 dogs.

Procedure—Catheters were aseptically removed
when fluid therapy was discontinued, the catheter
was replaced, or the dog died. The distal tip of the
catheter was cut off, split open, and vortexed with
sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. The saline solution
was plated on culture plates, which were then incubated
and examined for bacterial growth every 24
hours for 72 hours. All bacteria cultured were identified,
and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined.

Results—Bacteria were isolated from 22 catheters.
Most bacteria that were isolated were of gastrointestinal
tract or environmental origin (Serratia odorifera, S
liquefaciens, S marcescens, Acinobacter anitratus,
Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K oxytoca,
Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp). Only 2 gram-positive
organisms were isolated (Staphylococcus intermedius
and Streptococcus spp). High percentages of
organisms were resistant to penicillin, lincomycin,
cloxacillin, erythromycin, and cephalexin. Percentages
of organisms resistant to amikacin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol,
potentiated sulfonamides, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were low.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that IV catheters may be colonized with bacteria
in 22% of young dogs suspected to have parvovirus
infection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1321–1324).
Survey of complications and antimicrobial use in equine patients at veterinary teaching hospitals that underwent surgery because of colic
Authors: Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , George Jennifer L. , Dargatz David A. , Morley Paul S. , Southwood Louise L. , Tillotson Kirsten
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine current practices regarding use of antimicrobials in equine patients undergoing surgery because of colic at veterinary teaching hospitals.

Design—Survey.

Sample Population—Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons performing equine surgery at veterinary teaching hospitals in the United States.

Procedure—A Web-based questionnaire was developed, and 85 surgeons were asked to participate. The first part of the survey requested demographic information and information about total number of colic surgeries performed at the hospital, number of colic surgeries performed by the respondent, and whether the hospital had written guidelines for antimicrobial drug use. The second part pertained to nosocomial infections. The third part provided several case scenarios and asked respondents whether they would use antimicrobial drugs in these instances.

Results—Thirty-four (40%) surgeons responded to the questionnaire. Respondents indicated that most equine patients undergoing surgery because of colic at veterinary teaching hospitals in the United States received antimicrobial drugs. Drugs that were used were similar for the various hospitals that were represented, and for the most part, the drugs that were used were fairly uniform irrespective of the type of colic, whereas the duration of treatment varied with the type of colic and the surgical findings. The combination of potassium penicillin and gentamicin was the most commonly used treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study document the implementation of recommendations by several authors in veterinary texts that antimicrobial drugs be administered perioperatively in equine patients with colic that are undergoing surgery. However, the need for long-term antimicrobial drug treatment in equine patients with colic is unknown. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1359–1365)
World Wide Web-based survey of vaccination practices, postvaccinal reactions, and vaccine site-associated sarcomas in cats
Authors: Gobar Glenna M. , Kass Philip H.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To quantify incidence of vaccination practices, postvaccinal reactions, and vaccine site-associated sarcomas in cats.

Design—Epidemiologic survey.

Animals—31,671 cats vaccinated in the United States and Canada by veterinarians with World Wide Web access.

Procedure—Veterinarians used secure Web-based survey forms to report data regarding administered vaccines, postvaccinal inflammatory reactions, vaccine site-associated sarcomas, and detailed information and history on each sarcoma. Data were collected from Jan 1, 1998 to Dec 31, 2000, allowing a 1- to 3-year follow-up of vaccinated cats.

Results—Participants reported administering 61,747 doses of vaccine to 31,671 cats; postvaccinal inflammatory reactions developed in 73 cats (11.8 reactions/ 10,000 vaccine doses), and qualifying vaccine site-associated sarcomas developed in 2 cats (0.63 sarcomas/10,000 cats; 0.32 sarcomas/10,000 doses of all vaccines).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These findings indicate that the incidence of vaccine site-associated sarcomas is low and is not increasing. Thoughtful consideration of the relative risks and benefits of specific vaccines remains the best means of reducing the incidence of sarcomas. It is not necessary to remove postvaccinal granulomas unless malignant behavior is apparent or they persist > 4 months. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1477–1482)
Risk factors associated with development of seizures after use of iohexol for myelography in dogs: 182 cases (1998)
Authors: Barone Georgina , Ziemer Lisa S. , Shofer Frances S. , Steinberg Sheldon A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine prevalence of seizures after use of iohexol for myelography and identify associated risk factors in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—182 dogs that received iohexol for myelography in 1998.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for age, breed, sex, weight, dose and total volume of iohexol, injection site, number of injections, lesion type and location, total duration of anesthesia, duration from time of iohexol injection to recovery, presence and number of seizures, and whether surgery followed the myelogram.

Results—39 (21.4%) dogs had at least 1 generalized seizure during or after myelography. Injection site was strongly associated with prevalence of seizures, and risk of seizure was significantly higher after cerebellomedullary injections, compared with lumbar injections. Mean total volume of iohexol administered to dogs that had seizures was significantly higher, compared with that administered to dogs that did not have seizures, although dosage did not differ between groups. Weight was significantly correlated with risk of seizure, and dogs that weighed > 20 kg (44 lb) had higher prevalence of seizures than dogs that weighed < 20 kg.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—It is preferential to administer iohexol via the L5-6 intervertebral space to minimize the risk of seizures. Higher prevalence of seizures in large dogs, compared with smaller dogs, may be caused by administration of larger total volumes of contrast agent per volume of CSF. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1499–1502)
Cardiopulmonary effects of a medetomidine-ketamine combination administered intravenously in gopher tortoises
Authors: Dennis Patricia M. , Heard Darryl J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether IV administration of a combination of medetomidine and ketamine depresses cardiopulmonary function in healthy adult gopher tortoises.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—3 adult male and 3 adult female nonreleasable gopher tortoises.

Procedure—Prior to the study, carotid and jugular catheters were surgically placed in each tortoise for blood collection, direct arterial blood pressure monitoring, and drug administration. Heart rate, direct carotid arterial blood pressure, and body temperature were measured before and every 5 minutes for 45 minutes after IV injection of medetomidine (100 µg/kg [45.5 µg/lb]) and ketamine (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb]). Carotid arterial blood samples were collected before and 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes after medetomidineketamine administration to determine pH, PO2, and PCO2. Atipamezole (500 mg/kg [227 µg/lb], IV) was administered 30 minutes after administration of medetomidine-ketamine.

Results—The medetomidine-ketamine combination caused a moderate increase in arterial blood pressure, and moderate hypercapnia and hypoxemia. There were no significant changes in heart rate or body temperature. Intravenous administration of atipamezole rapidly induced severe hypotension.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The combination of medetomidine and ketamine administered IV resulted in effective short-term immobilization adequate for minor diagnostic procedures in gopher tortoises. This combination also caused moderate hypoventilation, and it is recommended that a supplemental source of oxygen or assisted ventilation be provided. Atipamezole administration hastens recovery from chemical immobilization but induces severe hypotension. It is recommended that atipamezole not be administered IV for reversal of medetomidine in tortoises and turtles. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220: 1516–1519)
Use of cabergoline to treat primary and secondary anestrus in dogs
Authors: Gobello Cristina , Castex Gervasio , Corrada Yanina
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether cabergoline would
be safe and effective for induction of estrus in dogs
with primary or secondary anestrus.

Design—Prospective case series.

Animals—6 privately owned otherwise healthy purebred
dogs with primary or secondary anestrus.

Procedure—Dogs were treated with cabergoline (5
µg/kg [2.3 µg/lb], PO, q 24 h) until 2 days after the
onset of proestrus. Follicular development was
assessed by means of cytologic examination of vaginal
smears; ovulation was assessed by measuring
serum progesterone concentration 3 weeks after the
onset of estrus. Five bitches were mated during
behavioral estrus.

Results—All dogs had normal estrus periods, and all
5 dogs that were mated whelped normal litters. Mean
duration of cabergoline treatment was 16 days. None
of the dogs had any adverse effects associated with
cabergoline administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that administration of cabergoline is safe and
effective for treatment for primary and secondary
anestrus in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:
1653–1654)
Assessment of test results when using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in repeated samples collected from adult dairy cattle
Authors: Hirst Heather L. , Garry Franklyn B. , Salman M. D.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the proportion of adult cattle that change test status when an ELISA for antibodies againstMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosis(MAP) is used to assay samples collected twice at variable intervals and to determine whether cows with an initial strong positive result were more likely to maintain positive status, compared with all cows with an initial positive result.

Design—Cross-sectional observational study.

Animals—3,757 adult dairy cattle.

Procedure—Serum samples were obtained twice from cattle at intervals ranging from 77 to 600 days between collections. Samples were tested with an ELISA for detection of antibodies to MAP.

Results—Of 157 cattle with initial positive results (value for the sample divided by the value for positivecontrol serum [S/P] ≥ 0.25), 62 (39.5%) had negative results for the second sample. Of 71 cattle with an initial S/P value ≥ 0.40, 13 (18.3%) had a negative result (S/P < 0.25) for the second sample. Of 33 cattle with an initial S/P ≥ 0.70, 3 (9.1%) had a negative result (S/P value < 0.25) for the second sample. Interval between collection of samples did not affect results.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Many cows changed ELISA status between samples collected at variable intervals. Cows with an initial high S/P value (≥ 0.70) were more likely to maintain positive status than cows classified as positive on the basis of cutoff values of ≥ 0.25 or ≥ 0.40. Veterinarians should expect variability in ELISA results when repeated testing of cattle is used as part of an MAP control program. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1685–1689)
Prevalence of systolic hypertension in cats with chronic renal failure at initial evaluation
Authors: Syme Harriet M. , Barber Penney J. , Markwell Peter J. , Elliott Jonathan
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine prevalence of systolic hypertension and associated risk factors in cats with chronic renal failure evaluated in first-opinion practice.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—103 cats with chronic renal failure.

Procedure—Systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP) was measured with a noninvasive Doppler technique, and cats that had SABP > 175 mm Hg on 2 occasions or that had SABP > 175 mm Hg and compatible ocular lesions were classified as hypertensive. Information from the history (previous treatment for hyperthyroidism, age), physical examination (sex, body weight), routine plasma biochemical analyses (creatinine, cholesterol, potassium, sodium, chloride, and calcium concentrations), and thyroid status were evaluated as potential risk factors for systolic hypertension. Variables associated with systolic hypertension were evaluated by use of logistic regression.

Results—20 (19.4%; 95% confidence interval, 13 to 28%) cats had systolic hypertension. Plasma potassium concentration was significantly and inversely associated with systolic hypertension.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prevalence of systolic hypertension, although clinically important, was lower than that reported previously. The cause of the inverse association between systolic hypertension and plasma potassium concentration is not yet known. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1799–1804)
Effects of preoperative administration of ketoprofen on whole blood platelet aggregation, buccal mucosal bleeding time, and hematologic indices in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Lemke Kip A. , Runyon Caroline L. , Horney Barbara S.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine effects of preoperative administration of ketoprofen on whole blood platelet aggregation, buccal mucosal bleeding time, and hematologic indices in dogs after elective ovariohysterectomy.

Design—Randomized, masked clinical trial.

Animals—22 healthy dogs.

Procedure—60 minutes before induction of anesthesia, 11 dogs were given 0.9% NaCl solution (control), and 11 dogs were given ketoprofen (2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/lb], IM). Thirty minutes before induction of anesthesia, glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg [0.005 mg/lb]), acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg [0.02 mg/lb]), and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg [0.09 mg/lb]) were given IM to all dogs. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental (5 to 10 mg/kg [2.3 to 4.5 mg/lb], IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1 to 3%). Ovariohysterectomy was performed and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg [0.05 mg/lb], IV) was given 15 minutes before completion of surgery. Blood samples for measurement of variables were collected at intervals before and after surgery.

Results—In dogs given ketoprofen, platelet aggregation was decreased 95 ± 10% and 80 ± 35% (mean ± SD) immediately after surgery and 24 hours after surgery, respectively, compared with preoperative values. At both times, mean values in dogs given ketoprofen differed significantly from those in control dogs. Significant differences between groups were not observed for mucosal bleeding time or hematologic indices.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Preoperative administration of ketoprofen inhibited platelet aggregation but did not alter bleeding time. Ketoprofen can be given before surgery to healthy dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy, provided that dogs are screened for potential bleeding problems before surgery and monitored closely after surgery. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:1818–1822)
Evaluation of early fetal losses on four equine farms in central Kentucky: 73 cases (2001)
Authors: Morehead James P. , Blanchard Terry L. , Thompson James A. , Brinsko Steven P.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine features of an early fetal
loss (EFL) syndrome and evaluate potential risk factors
for EFL in Thoroughbred broodmares on 4 farms
in central Kentucky.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—288 pregnant broodmares.

Procedure—Year-2001 breeding records for 288
Thoroughbred broodmares were examined. Early
fetal loss was defined as loss of a fetus that was
viable at ≥ 40 days of gestation but was subsequently
lost by 5 months of gestation.

Results—Overall 2001 EFL rate was 25% (73/288),
median gestational age at time of fetal loss was 77
days, and median date of loss was May 7. Mares on
1 farm had significantly fewer fetal losses (5%) than
mares on the other 3 farms (26 to 35%). Fetal losses
were higher for maiden (42%) and barren (42%)
mares than for foaling mares (18%). Fetal losses
were greater in young than in older mares. Effects of
broodmare farm, mare age, and reproductive status
were all significant. Fetal losses were not associated
with sire used for mating or stud farm.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Greatest risk
for EFL occurred during the period from late April to
May (ie, in mares bred during February through
March). Higher incidence of EFL in maiden and barren
mares and lower incidence of EFL on 1 farm suggest
management or environmental influences may have
affected outcome. Risk factors that should be investigated
include environmental differences among
farms and differences in management procedures
used for lactating versus nonlactating mares. (J Am
Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1828–1830)
Clinical and hematologic effects of experimental infection of dogs with recently identified Babesia gibsoni-like isolates from Oklahoma
Authors: Meinkoth James H. , Kocan A. Alan , Loud Stephanie D. , Lorenz Michael D.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To characterize clinical and hematologic responses in dogs following experimental inoculation withBabesia gibsoni-like isolates from infected dogs in Oklahoma.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—6 mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure—2 dogs were inoculated with organisms from a naturally infected dog, and 3 were inoculated with organisms from a second naturally infected dog (1 of these 3 dogs was splenectomized 1 week prior to inoculation). One dog was not inoculated. Complete blood counts were performed weekly.

Results—In the 5 dogs inoculated with organisms, parasites were initially detected 1 to 5 weeks after inoculation, and severity of parasitemia peaked with 1.9 to 6.0% of RBC infected by 4 to 6 weeks after inoculation. Parasitemia was easily detectable (> 0.1% of RBC infected) for 3 to 4 weeks. Clinical abnormalities included lethargy, fever, and pale mucous membranes but were mild to nearly inapparent in 2 dogs. All dogs developed regenerative anemia and marked thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia developed before and lasted longer than the parasitemia. Profound but transient neutropenia was detected in some dogs. The splenectomized dog developed more severe parasitemia and anemia and more pronounced clinical abnormalities. Three dogs with intact spleens recovered without treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that 2 or more genotypically distinct, but morphologically identical, smallBabesiaparasites can infect dogs in the United States. Compared with infection with small Babesiaparasitesfrom California, infection with these isolates resulted in less severe parasitemia and clinical abnormalities. Parasitemia was transient, indicating that identification of organisms in blood smears may be difficult in some dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:185–189)