bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the power of the Cochran–Armitage test for trend in the presence of misclassification
Authors: Buonaccorsi John P , Laake Petter , Veierød Marit B
Published: August 2011

The Cochran–Armitage (CA) test is commonly used in both epidemiology and genetics to test for linear trend in two-way tables with a binary outcome. There has been increasing interest in the power and size of the test and in determination of sample size, especially when there is potential misclassification in the ‘exposure’ category. This article provides a unified approach to determination of the power function over different sampling strategies (fixed overall sample size or fixed marginal sample sizes) and allowing for misclassification in one or both variables. The misclassification may be either differential or non-differential. In addition to the standard CA test, results are also given which provide some insight into the performance of the modified CA test, which utilizes a standard error obtained without invoking the null hypothesis. Even without misclassification, some new expressions are also obtained for determining power with a fixed overall sample size. Numerical illustrations are presented with an emphasis on the more commonly occurring problem of misclassification in the exposure category.
Semi-active vibration control of connected buildings using magnetorheological dampers
Authors: Motra Gokarna Bahadur , Mallik Wrik , Chandiramani Naresh K.
Published: August 2011

Response attenuation of seismically excited adjacent buildings connected by a MR damper is studied using semi-active LQR controller design. The modified Bouc–Wen model relating damper force to input voltage/states is considered. Thus, obtaining the input voltage to realize a desired control force is a non-trivial task. The desired control force is obtained using LQR control, and desired voltage predicted based on either a RNN model or a CVL. Results for the 5-storey and 3-storey interconnected buildings (B5–B3) are obtained in terms of peak and RMS responses. These are compared with passive-on control for which a constant saturation voltage is applied to the damper. Percentage reduction in maximum peak[RMS] response, when using LQR–CVL instead of passive on control, is 24[20] for interstorey drift, 18[23] for displacement, and 17[26] for accelerations. Corresponding further percentage reductions of 6[5], 5[5], and −5[4], and reductions in base shear, occur when considering LQR–RNN vis-á-vis LQR–CVL control. Peak accelerations for B5[B3] attenuate[increase] significantly, resulting in a re-distribution and reduction of base shear, when comparing semi-active versus passive-on control. Results show that connection of adjacent buildings using MR damper driven by a LQR–RNN controller provides a promising means of response attenuation.
Electromechanical impedance response of a cracked functionally graded beam with imperfectly bonded piezoelectric wafers
Authors: Yan Wei , Wang J , Chen WQ , Li WC
Published: August 2011

An analytical model of a cracked functionally graded beam with attached Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) actuator/sensors is proposed in the paper for structural health monitoring. In this model, the dynamic behavior of the piezoelectric patches is considered and a viscoelastic law is adopted to describe the bonding imperfection between the piezoelectric patches and the beam. A piecewisely homogeneous beam model is then employed to approximate the original inhomogeneous beam based on the Timoshenko beam theory. The crack in the beam is treated as a massless rotational spring. In order to develop the recursive formulations to reduce the dimension of the final equations in the method of reverberation-ray matrix (MRRM), new local scattering relations are established for this smart beam using a matrix reduction technique. An analytical expression of the electromechanical impedance (EMI) is derived based on the improved MRRM via the recursive formulations. Comparison with existent experimental results and those predicted by other methods, such as the conventional MRRM, the transfer matrix method (TMM), and the finite element method (FEM), is made to validate the proposed analysis. Furthermore, the effects of various parameters including the crack depth on the EMI signatures are highlighted.
Knowledge and Practice of Jordanian Emergency Nurses Caring for Patients With Drug-Seeking Behaviors
Authors: Hamdan-Mansour Ayman Mohammed , Mahmoud Khadejah F. , Asqalan Shaymaa’ M. , Alhasanat Majd Y. , Alshibi Ahmad N.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the meaning and knowledge level and practices of emergency nurses in Jordan in relation to drug-seeking behaviors in the emergency units in Jordan. A descriptive correlation design was used. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires from 305 emergency nurses, employed in different emergency departments (EDs) in Jordan. The results of this study revealed that the ED nurses had a moderate level of ability to describe patients with drug-seeking behaviors, had moderate agreement on the behaviors that may suggest drug seeking, and a moderate level of knowledge related to drug-seeking behaviors. The analyses also showed that the ED nurses had negative attitudes toward drug-seeking behaviors, and lacked the ability to manage drug-seeking behaviors, when identified. Nurses in the EDs who completed the questionnaires identified a need for more drug seeking-behavior knowledge and skills to assess and manage this condition more effectively.
Brain lesion location and clinical status 20 years after a diagnosis of clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Dalton CM , Bodini B , Samson RS , Battaglini M , Fisniku LK , Thompson AJ , Ciccarelli O , Miller DH , Chard DT
Published: August 2011

Background/Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate associations between the spatial distribution of brain lesions and clinical outcomes in a cohort of people followed up 20 years after presentation with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods: Brain lesion probability maps (LPMs) of T1 and T2 lesions were generated from 74 people who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical assessment a mean of 19.9 years following a CIS. One-tailed t-test statistics were used to compare LPMs between the following groups: clinically definite (CD) MS and those who remained with CIS, with an abnormal MRI; people with MS and an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤3 and >3; people with relapsing–remitting (RR) and secondary progressive (SP) MS. The probability of each voxel being lesional was analysed adjusting for age and gender using a multiple linear regression model.

Results: People with CDMS were significantly more likely than those with CIS and abnormal scan 20 years after onset to have T1 and T2 lesions in the corona radiata, optic radiation, and splenium of the corpus callosum (periventricularly) and T2 lesions in the right fronto-occipital fasciculus. People with MS EDSS >3, compared with those with EDSS ≤3, were more likely to have optic radiation and left internal capsule T2 lesions. No significant difference in lesion distribution was noted between RRMS and SPMS.

Conclusion: This work demonstrates that lesion location characteristics are associated with CDMS and disability after long-term follow-up following a CIS. The lack of lesion spatial distribution differences between RRMS and SPMS suggests focal pathology affects similar regions in both subgroups.
Preschool children’s perceptions of overweight peers
Authors: Su Wei , Aurelia Di Santo
Published: August 2011

The aim of the study was to determine if preschool children perceive overweight children to have more negative characteristics than non-overweight children. Children from 32 to 70 months old ( N = 42) listened to four stories about an interaction between two children, in which one child demonstrated socially unacceptable behaviour and one child demonstrated pro-social behaviour. Stories were presented along with two target figures (overweight, non-overweight). Results showed that children perceived overweight target figures as ‘mean’ more often than ‘nice’. By understanding children’s negative perceptions towards overweight peers, the findings can inform the development of programs to prevent or decrease body stigmatization in order to create inclusive learning and social environments where all children are accepted, included, and gain a sense of belonging regardless of their body shape or size.
Bayesian approaches for comparative effectiveness research
Authors: Berry Donald A
Published: August 2011

Background A hallmark of comparative effectiveness research is the analysis of all the available evidence from different studies addressing a given question of medical risk versus benefit. The Bayesian statistical approach is ideally suited for such investigations because it is inherently synthetic and because it is philosophically uninhibited regarding the ability to analyze all the available evidence.

Purpose To consider a variety of comparative effectiveness research settings and show how the Bayesian approach applies.

Methods The Bayesian approach is described as it has been applied to the comparative analysis of implantable cardioverter defibrillators and mammographic screening, in the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network, in comparisons of patient outcomes data from different sources, and in designing adaptive clinical trials to support the development of ‘personalized medicine.’

Results Bayesian methods allow for continued learning as data accrue and for cumulating meta-analyses and the comparison of heterogeneous studies. Bayesian methods enable predictive probability distributions of the results of future studies.

Limitations Bayesian posterior distributions are subject to potential bias – in the selection of ‘available’ evidence and in the choice of a likelihood model. Sensitivity analyses help to control this bias.

Conclusions The Bayesian approach has much to offer comparative effectiveness research. It provides a mechanism for synthesizing various sources of information and for updating knowledge in an online fashion as evidence accumulates.
Challenges to accrual predictions to phase III cancer clinical trials: a survey of study chairs and lead statisticians of 248 NCI-sponsored trials
Authors: Schroen Anneke T , Petroni Gina R , Wang Hongkun , Thielen Monika J , Sargent Daniel , Benedetti Jacqueline K , Cronin Walter M , Wickerham Donald L , Wang Xiaofei F , Gray Robert , Cohn Wendy F , Slingluff Craig L , Djulbegovic Benjamin
Published: August 2011

Background Research on barriers to accrual has typically emphasized factors influencing participation after trial activation.

Purpose We sought to identify factors influencing trial design and accrual predictions prior to trial activation associated with sufficient accrual.

Methods A 30-question web-based survey was sent to the study chair and lead statistician for all 248 phase III trials open in 1993–2002 by five Clinical Trials Cooperative Groups. Questions addressed prior trial experience, trial design elements, accrual predictions, and perceived accrual influences. Accrual sufficiency categorization was derived from Clinical Trials Cooperative Group records: sufficient accrual included trials closed with complete accrual or at interim analysis, insufficient accrual included trials closed with inadequate accrual. Responses were analyzed by respondent role (study chair/lead statistician) and accrual sufficiency.

Results Three hundred and nine eligible responses were included (response rate, 63%; lead statisticians, 81%; and study chairs, 45%), representing trials with sufficient (63%) and insufficient accruals (37%). Study chair seniority or lead statistician experience was not linked to accrual sufficiency. Literature review, study chair's personal experience, and expert opinion within Clinical Trials Cooperative Group most commonly influenced control arm selection. Clinical Trials Cooperative Group experience most influenced accrual predictions. These influences were not associated with accrual sufficiency. Among respondents citing accrual difficulties (41%), factors negatively influencing accrual were not consistently identified. Respondents credited three factors with positively influencing accrual: clinical relevance of study, lack of competing trials, and protocol paralleling normal practice.

Limitations Perceptions of lead statisticians and study chairs may not accurately reflect accrual barriers encountered by participating physicians or patients. Survey responses may be subject to recall bias.

Conclusion Consistent factors explaining poor accrual were not identified, suggesting reasons for poor accrual are not well understood and warrant further study. Alternate strategies for accrual prediction are needed since Clinical Trials Cooperative Group experience is linked to successful and unsuccessful accrual.
Risk factors associated with increased nonrelapse mortality and with poor overall survival in children with chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Jacobsohn David A. , Arora Mukta , Klein John P. , Hassebroek Anna , Flowers Mary E. , Cutler Corey S. , Urbano-Ispizua Alvaro , Bolwell Brian J. , Antin Joseph H. , Boyiadzis Michael , Cahn Jean-Yves , Cairo Mitchell S. , Herzig Roger H. , Isola Luis M. , Klumpp Thomas R. , Lee Stephanie J. , Petersdorf Effie W. , Santarone Stella , Gale Robert P. , Schouten Harry C. , Spellman Stephen R. , Weisdorf Daniel J. , Wingard John R. , Horowitz Mary M. , Pavletic Steven Z.
Published: August 2011

There is a paucity of information regarding the factors that affect nonrelapse mortality (NRM) and overall survival among children that develop chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). We performed multivariate analyses using data from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research to identify risk factors for NRM and survival in 1117 pediatric subjects with leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome, transplanted from related donors, unrelated donors (URD), or unrelated cord blood between 1995 and 2004. We identified 4 variables associated with higher NRM: HLA partially matched or mismatched URD, peripheral blood cell graft, Karnofsky/Lansky score < 80 at cGVHD diagnosis, and platelets < 100 × 109/L at cGVHD diagnosis. Factors associated with significantly worse survival were: age > 10 years, transplantation from HLA partially matched or mismatched URD, advanced disease at transplantation, Karnofsky/Lansky < 80; and platelets < 100 × 109/L. Cumulative incidence of discontinuation of systemic immune suppression at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis of cGVHD were 22% (20%-25%), 34% (31%-37%), and 37% (34%-40%), respectively. This is the largest study elucidating variables affecting outcome after diagnosis of cGVHD in pediatric allograft recipients. These variables may be useful for risk stratification, development of future clinical trials, and family counseling in children with cGVHD.
Subtle differences in CTL cytotoxicity determine susceptibility to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in mice and humans with Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Authors: Jessen Birthe , Maul-Pavicic Andrea , Ufheil Heike , Vraetz Thomas , Enders Anselm , Lehmberg Kai , Längler Alfred , Gross-Wieltsch Ute , Bay Ali , Kaya Zuhre , Bryceson Yenan T. , Koscielniak Ewa , Badawy Sherif , Davies Graham , Hufnagel Markus , Schmitt-Graeff Annette , Aichele Peter , zur Stadt Udo , Schwarz Klaus , Ehl Stephan
Published: August 2011

Perforin-mediated cytotoxicity is important for controlling viral infections, but also for limiting immune reactions. Failure of this cytotoxic pathway leads to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a life-threatening disorder of uncontrolled T-cell and macrophage activation. We studied susceptibility to HLH in 2 mouse strains (souris and beigeJ) and a cohort of patients with partial defects in perforin secretion resulting from different mutations in the LYST gene. Although both strains lacked NK-cell cytotoxicity, only souris mice developed all clinical and histopathologic signs of HLH after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. The 2 strains showed subtle differences in CTL cytotoxicity in vitro that had a large impact on virus control in vivo. Whereas beigeJ CTLs eliminated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, souris CTLs failed to control the virus, which was associated with the development of HLH. In LYST-mutant patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome, CTL cytotoxicity was reduced in patients with early-onset HLH, whereas it was retained in patients who later or never developed HLH. Thus, the risk of HLH development is set by a threshold that is determined by subtle differences in CTL cytotoxicity. Differences in the cytotoxic capacity of CTLs may be predictive for the risk of Chediak-Higashi syndrome patients to develop HLH.
Differential Regulation of Gonadotropin Receptors (fshr and lhcgr) by Estradiol in the Zebrafish Ovary Involves Nuclear Estrogen Receptors That Are Likely Located on the Plasma Membrane
Authors: Liu Ka-Cheuk , Lin Sze-Wah , Ge Wei
Published: August 2011

FSH and LH are gonadotropins (GTH) that control all major events of gonadal function. FSH and LH signal through their cognate receptors, FSH receptor and LH/choriogonadotropin receptor, respectively, across vertebrates. Compared with the information in mammals, very little is known about these receptors in fish, especially the regulation of their expression. In female zebrafish, fshr and lhcgr exhibit significant temporal difference in expression, with fshr increasing first when the follicles are activated to enter the vitellogenic growth phase and lhcgr lagging behind. This raises an interesting question on the differential regulation of these two GTH receptors (GTHR) during folliculogenesis. Using a primary follicle cell culture, the present study demonstrated that 17β-estradiol (E2), but not testosterone, was a potent endocrine hormone that differentially regulated the expression of fshr and lhcgr. Although E2 stimulated both receptors, its effect on the steady-state level of lhcgr mRNA was much higher (>8-fold up-regulation) than that of fshr (∼0.5-fold increase). E2 likely acted at the transcription level via its nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), because ICI 182,780 could abolish its effects. However, our evidence suggested that these receptors might be localized on the plasma membrane, because β-estradiol 6-(O-carboxy methyl)oxime:BSA could fully mimic the effects of E2. Demonstrating that E2 is likely one of the differentiating factors for the distinct expression of the two GTHR in the zebrafish ovary, this study sheds important light on the functions of the two GTH and their receptors in fish as well as the conservation and diverse aspects of GTHR regulation across vertebrates.
Developmental and Cell-Specific Expression of Thyroid Hormone Transporters in the Mouse Cochlea
Authors: Sharlin David S. , Visser Theo J. , Forrest Douglas
Published: August 2011

Thyroid hormone is essential for the development of the cochlea and auditory function. Cochlear response tissues, which express thyroid hormone receptor β (encoded by Thrb), include the greater epithelial ridge and sensory epithelium residing inside the bony labyrinth. However, these response tissues lack direct blood flow, implying that mechanisms exist to shuttle hormone from the circulation to target tissues. Therefore, we investigated expression of candidate thyroid hormone transporters L-type amino acid transporter 1 (Lat1), monocarboxylate transporter (Mct)8, Mct10, and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1 (Oatp1c1) in mouse cochlear development by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence analysis. L-type amino acid transporter 1 localized to cochlear blood vessels and transiently to sensory hair cells. Mct8 localized to the greater epithelial ridge, tympanic border cells underlying the sensory epithelium, spiral ligament fibrocytes, and spiral ganglion neurons, partly overlapping with the Thrb expression pattern. Mct10 was detected in a highly restricted pattern in the outer sulcus epithelium and weakly in tympanic border cells and hair cells. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1 localized primarily to fibrocytes in vascularized tissues of the spiral limbus and spiral ligament and to tympanic border cells. Investigation of hypothyroid Tshr−/− mice showed that transporter expression was delayed consistent with retardation of cochlear tissue maturation but not with compensatory responses to hypothyroidism. The results demonstrate specific expression of thyroid hormone transporters in the cochlea and suggest that a network of thyroid hormone transport underlies cochlear development.
The Map of Medicine and Student Nurses' Information-Seeking Behaviour
Authors: Paget Tony , Dundon Joanna
Published: August 2011

The Map of Medicine provides access to around 400 care pathways for clinicians. Its primary function is to support clinical decision-making and increase clinical effectiveness. It also has the potential to act as an educational tool. This paper seeks to explore that function and to evaluate how student nurses take advantage of this facility. Two student nursing cohorts at a single college in Wales were asked to complete two questionnaires; one at the point where the Map of Medicine was first introduced to them, and subsequently six months later. The results show that the expressed initial enthusiasm for the Map waned over the six months, but that most students recognized the benefits of the online resource compared with paper-based alternatives. Traditional resources remain important and there were indications that access to other resources or forgetting about using it alongside the lack of IT access in a clinical setting may have presented a barrier.
Active Control of Sound Radiated by a Submarine Hull in Bending Vibration Using Inertial Actuators
Authors: Caresta Mauro
Published: August 2011

Submarines are efficient sources of low frequency radiated noise due to the vibrations induced by the rotation of the propeller in a non uniform wake. In this work the possibility of using inertial actuators to reduce the far field sound pressure is investigated. The submerged vessel is modelled as a cylindrical shell with two conical end caps. Complicating effects such as ring stiffeners, bulkheads and the fluid loading are taken into account. A harmonic radial force is transmitted from the propeller to the hull through the stern end cone and it is tonal at the blade passing frequency (rotational speed of the shaft multiplied by the number of blades). The actuators are attached at the inside of the prow end cone to form a circumferential array. Both Active Vibration Control (AVC) and Active Structural Acoustic Control (ASAC) are analysed and it is shown that the inertial actuators can significantly reduce the far field sound pressure.
Behaviour and Design of Stainless Steel Bolted Connections
Authors: Nethercot D. A. , Salih E. L. , Gardner L.
Published: August 2011

Using previously developed and validated finite element (FE) models, an investigation into the behaviour of stainless steel bolted connections has been carried out. Both net section rupture and bearing failure were studied. The main parameters affecting net section rupture were found to be edge distance e2 and bolt configuration. It was shown that the ductility of stainless steel is sufficient to ensure a failure at the full fracture load (net area multiplied by ultimate tensile strength) for both thick and thin material and hence no reduction factor is required in the design equation. This was confirmed by reliability analysis and a suitable partial safety factor has been derived. The investigation into bearing behaviour showed that the deformation response of stainless steel connections is different from that of carbon steel connections, with stainless steel exhibiting pronounced strain hardening. The locations of fracture initiation obtained from the numerical models match those observed during experimental studies of carbon steel and stainless steel connections. The results of the parametric study were utilised as the basis for the development of design provisions for bearing failure in stainless steel bolted connections, covering both cases in which deformation controls and those for which ultimate strength is the only criterion.
Biological Investigation of Wing Motion of the Manduca Sexta
Authors: Tubbs Travis B. , Palazotto Anthony N. , Willis Mark A
Published: August 2011

An investigation was conducted assessing the feasibility of reproducing the biological flapping motion of the wings of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta (M.sexta) by artificially stimulating the flight muscles for Micro Air Vehicle research. Electromyographical signals were collected using bipolar intramuscular fine wire electrodes inserted into the primary flight muscles, the dorsal longitudinal and dorsal ventral muscles, of the adult M.sexta. These signals were recorded and associated with wing movement using high speed video. The signals were reapplied into the corresponding muscle groups with the intention of reproducing similar flapping motion. A series of impulse signals were also directed into the primary flight muscles as a means of observing muscle response through measured forewing angles. This study pioneered electromyographic research on M.sexta at the Air Force Institute of Technology with tests conducted with fine wire electrodes. Through this process, the research showed the deformational structural changes that take place when a wing is removed from an insect and proved that muscular stimulation is a viable method for generating wing movement. This study also assisted in developing an understanding related to the role that a thorax-like fuselage could play in future micro aircraft designs. This study has shown that partial neuromuscular control of the primary flight muscles of M.sexta is possible with electrical stimulants which could be used to directly control insect flight.
Development of a Kinematical Model to Study the Aerodynamics of Flapping-Wings
Authors: Roccia Bruno A. , Preidikman Sergio , Massa Julio C. , Mook Dean T.
Published: August 2011

The kinematics that characterizes the “natural flight” of insects is quite complex. It involves simultaneous rotations, oscillations and significant changes in the angle of attack. All this permits the wings to follow an extremely complex trajectory producing different flight mechanisms that are efficient at low to moderate Reynolds numbers. Some of these mechanisms, such as the delayed stall, the additional circulation generated by the rotation of the wing, and the wake capture amongst others, offer unique advantages with respect to the well-known fixed-wing aerial vehicles. Such advantages are better lift and thrust generation without the need to increase weight. This paper presents a general kinematical model that permits studying the movements of the wings of a scale robot of a house fly, the ‘RoboFly’, built at UC Berkeley, USA. Additionally, this general kinematical model allows studying the kinematics of the wings of a flying insect considering both the body orientation and the stroke plane orientation of the creature in the 3D space. This work provides a nexus between the descriptive language used by biologists and the predictive language used by engineers. This connection between scientific disciplines allows one to study and characterize the principal kinematic parameters that intervene in a stroke cycle, as well as to determine how these variables modify the trajectories of the material points on the wings.
Collapse Mechanisms of Composite Slab Panels in Fire
Authors: Abu Anthony , Ramanitrarivo Verotiana , Burgess Ian
Published: August 2011

A simple folding mechanism, which considers the contributions of internal unprotected beams and protected edge beams, has been proposed for isolated slab panels in fire conditions. The current study extends the mechanism to include the reinforcement in the slab as well as continuity across the protected edge beams. Structural failure of the panel depends on the applied loads, the relative beam sizes, their locations within the building, their arrangement in the slab panel, the panel's location and the severity of fire exposure. These factors are considered in the development of a number of collapse mechanisms for verification so they may eventually serve as an additional check within the Bailey-BRE design method, to make it more robust for routine design of composite floors in fire. Comparisons are made with the finite element software Vulcan and other design acceptance criteria.
The End of Modernism?
Authors: Allen Peter
Published: August 2011

The making of People's Park in Berkeley, California, in 1969 was accompanied by some of the most violent student protests of its era. While these events can be seen as an episode in the movement of student radicalism that focused on the Vietnam War, Peter Allen suggests that conflicting visions of architecture and urban space stood at the center of the People's Park violence. The End of Modernism? People's Park, Urban Renewal, and Community Design argues that the movement to create the park was a reaction to a university program of campus expansion, which had razed existing older housing to build modernist high-rise residential towers, and the urban renewal scheme jointly supported by the city and the university. The events drew on new paradigms in planning and architecture, as People's Park attracted the support of many design professors and students. For them, it was a test case for theories of community-based development in architecture and planning, and their story provides a glimpse into profound divisions in the design professions in the late 1960s.
MA-SNP -- A New Genotype Calling Method for Oligonucleotide SNP Arrays Modeling the Batch Effect with a Normal Mixture Model
Authors: Wen Yalu , Li Ming , Fu Wenjiang J
Published: August 2011

Genome-wide association studies hold great promise in identifying disease-susceptibility variants and understanding the genetic etiology of complex diseases. Microarray technology enables the genotyping of millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Many factors in microarray studies, such as probe selection, sample quality, and experimental process and batch, have substantial effect on the genotype calling accuracy, which is crucial for downstream analyses. Failure to account for the variability of these sources may lead to inaccurate genotype calls and false positive and false negative findings. In this study, we develop a SNP-specific genotype calling algorithm based on the probe intensity composite representation (PICR) model, while using a normal mixture model to account for the variability of batch effect on the genotype calls. We demonstrate our method with SNP array data in a few studies, including the HapMap project, the coronary heart disease and the UK Blood Service Control studies by the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium, and a methylation profiling study. Our single array based approach outperforms PICR and is comparable to the best multi-array genotype calling methods.
Fertility Preservation in Women with Cancer: Importance of a Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Treves Rachel , Grynberg Michaël , Hesters Laetitia , Frydman Rene
Published: August 2011

For all patients affected by a disease that could impair fertility before or during the reproductive lifespan, strategies to preserve their fertility and the ability to bear their own children is likely to be of utmost importance. While fertility preservation is a promising option, most of the technologies currently used are far from being well-established or are still experimental. Patients should be aware that no method guarantees success. Psychological and ethical impacts of fertility preservation are major concerns and should be included in the multidisciplinary approach to the patients.
Nutritional Status of Iranian Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Assessment of Dietary Intake and Disease Activity
Authors: Hejazi Jalal , Mohtadinia Javad , Kolahi Soasan , Bakhtiyari Mahmood , Delpisheh Ali
Published: August 2011

Background: Long-standing chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are known to be associated with impairment of nutritional status to some degree. The present study aimed to assess nutritional status of women with rheumatoid arthritis and compare their ingestion of certain micronutrients with dietary reference intakes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 90 eligible women were recruited. After examination, all patients were evaluated on the basis of disease activity score, calculated using the number of tender and swollen joints, patient global assessment of pain and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP). A three-day 24 h recall was completed and a 10 ml fasting blood sample was obtained to assess the plasma levels of malondialdehyde, total antioxidant and CRP. Results: Despite normal BMI, intake of energy and micronutrients including calcium, folic acid, zinc, magnesium and vitamin B6 were considerably lower compared with the dietary reference intakes. There was no significant relationship between intake of different nutrients or food groups and disease activity score and the biochemical markers including malondialdehyde, CRP and total antioxidant. Conclusions: Intake of energy and some micronutrients were significantly lower than the recommended values. However, no relationship was found between intake of different food groups or nutrients with disease activity or serum antioxidant capacity.
Hypovitaminosis D3 in Menopausal Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi
Authors: Agarwal Shekhar , Agarwal Nirmala , Arya Subhash C
Published: August 2011

Blood samples from 126 menopausal women, seeking treatment for different ailments at a tertiary care, multidisciplinary hospital in Delhi, India, were examined for their vitamin D3, quantified by 25-hydroxvitamin D (25-OH-D) level. Using a direct ELISA kit, the 25-OH-D levels were measured and were found to be sufficient in 30 (23.8%) cases, adequate in 10 cases (7.9%) and deficient in 86 cases (68.2%). Severe hypo-vitaminosis in menopausal women in the Indian subcontinent ought to be treated with oral or parenteral supplementation. Point-of-care assay formats are needed for quantification of 25-OH-D levels at healthcare centers.
Managing Low Sexual Desire in Women
Authors: Maclaran Kate , Panay Nick
Published: August 2011

Low sexual desire is a prevalent symptom, but not one frequently volunteered by women. When accompanied by distress, loss of libido is known as hypoactive sexual desire disorder, which can have a significant impact on a woman's wellbeing. The etiology of hypoactive sexual desire disorder is multifactorial and its management requires a combination of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions. This article outlines the assessment of patients presenting with the symptom of low sexual desire and discusses the evidence for pharmacological management.
Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Women with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: An Open-Label Extension Study
Authors: Lukes Andrea S , Freeman Ellen W , Van Drie Douglas , Baker Jeffrey , Adomako Tammie L
Published: August 2011

Aims: An open-label, extension clinical study was conducted to assess the safety of a novel, oral formulation of tranexamic acid (TA) in women with cyclic heavy menstrual bleeding. Patients & methods: Eligible patients who completed either a three- or six-cycle double-blinded clinical trial of TA were offered enrollment into a study of nine cycles with TA (1.3 g orally three times/day for a maximum of 5 days per cycle). Safety was assessed by the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events, ophthalmologic examinations and ECGs, among other evaluations. Results: The most commonly reported treatment-emergent adverse events were menstrual discomfort (46.2%), headache (43.9%) and back pain (23.1%). A small proportion of participants (3.8%) reported ocular adverse events, but there was no evidence of ocular toxicity. No prothrombotic effects were observed. Conclusion: During nine menstrual cycles of treatment, this novel formulation of TA was well tolerated and exhibited a favorable safety profile supporting its use as a therapy for cyclic heavy menstrual bleeding.
Pre-Eclampsia, Severe Pre-Eclampsia and Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes and Low Platelets Syndrome: What is New?
Authors: Ciantar Etienne , Walker James J
Published: August 2011

Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia have been known to us for centuries. Significant improvements have been made in our knowledge of the disease, however, delivery remains the only effective form of treatment. There is widespread variation of practice in the management of hypertensive disease in pregnancy, which may lead to substandard care. The use of aspirin in preventing pre-eclampsia, the lack of correlation between urinary protein and adverse outcome, and the ineffectiveness of corticosteroids in the management of hemolysis and elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome are a few of the developments that will alter the way this condition is managed. This article aims to provide a general overview of pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and hemolysis, hemolysis and elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome supported by the latest evidence, which will help the care provider adopt a focused approach and use the latest knowledge to understand and manage this old condition.
Fertility, Infertility and Thrombophilia
Authors: Kuperman Amir , Di Micco Pierpaolo , Brenner Benjamin
Published: August 2011

Hypercoagulation has been reported in some studies to be associated with reproductive failures, such as unexplained infertility, IVF implantation failure and recurrent fetal losses. Many pregnancy-related disorders have been interpreted as consequences of impaired microvascular function and might be viewed as a mild form of venous thromboembolic disease. In the absence of clinical guidelines, there is a need for an evidence base regarding thrombophilic screening and antithrombotic therapy in cases of reproductive failure. This article will focus on the controversial effect of congenital and acquired thrombophilia on human fertility, and will review the English literature for relevant studies identified by searching PubMed® results between January 1966–November 2010 using the key words: ‘thrombophilia‘, ‘fertility’ and ‘infertility‘.
Separation and lipophilicity of some new steroid derivatives in normal- and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Acanski Marijana , Vujuc Djura , Jovanovic-Santa Suzana
Published: August 2011

The separation ability and retention of normal and reversed phase HPLC with,
respectively, three non-polar and two polar mobile phases, have been studied
by measuring the retention constants of a series of newly synthesized
estrone derivatives. The separation ability and retention are discussed in
terms of the nature of the solute, eluent and stationary phase. Good
correlation was found between the retention constants log k0 of newly
synthesized estrone derivatives obtained on C-18 column and log P calculated
by different methods.
Vigilance Ratios Implicate Biological Rhythms
Authors: Richardson Norman
Published: August 2011

Vigilance research has been focused on differences, yet ratios might have intrinsic, numerical significance. Reanalysis of data from Watkins' 1963 psychophysical experiment and 49 vigilance reports showed that individual and group ratios, including errors or misses:detections, were related to roots (particularly of base 1/12 and multiples), powers, e-base ratios (EBR), and fractions. Examples are given from well-known experiments of remarkably exact relationships between conditions, time periods, etc. It is suggested that these phenomena are the product of biological rhythms. Theoretical implications are briefly discussed and the advantages of ratio analysis noted, as when this method proved that criterion β changes, given as nonsignificant, formed part of an ordered set. In a real-world application, the frequency of lane-drifts in O'Hanlon and Kelley's 1977 report is shown to follow a mathematical pattern.
An Adaptive (Tracking) Procedure for Measuring Visual Search
Authors: Matin Ethel , Boff Kenneth R.
Published: August 2011

PEST, an adaptive (tracking) procedure originally developed for sensory research, was modified for cognitive studies with the multiple sequential frames paradigm and a letter-search task. The program which controlled stimulus presentation was designed to track the frame duration required for successful search on 75% of trials (the duration threshold). For each of the three subjects used, the threshold increased as a linear function of the number of sequentially presented frames, which varied between 1 and 10. Each tracking run was immediately followed by 40 trials with frame-exposure time fixed at the computer-selected threshold. Performance on these fixed level trials was close to the expected 75% correct. The Discussion addresses issues related to the use of the threshold measure in basic and applied cognitive research, explores the present findings about performance on fixed level trials at the computer-selected threshold, and examines the increase in duration threshold with the number of sequentially presented frames.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LX. Lonquimay and Alhué, Chile: Tension from Volcanic and Earthquake Hazard
Authors: Larraín Patricio , Simpson-Housley Paul
Published: August 2011

This study assesses the effect of trait anxiety scores on subjects' responses to volcanic eruption hazard and earthquake hazard in Lonquimay and Aihué, respectively. Lonquimay is located in the southern Chilean Andes and Alhué is located in central Chile in the Coastal Range. The former was afflicted by a volcanic eruption which commenced on Christmas Day 1988 and the latter by an earthquake on March 3, 1985. Expectations of high damage and fear from a radio hazard prediction were associated with high trait-anxiety scores in the Alhué sample while positive adjustments to extenuate the hazard effect reached significance for the Lonquimay sample.
Relationship between Two Different Measurements of Field-Dependence and Athletic Performance of Adolescents
Authors: Raviv Shulamit , Nabel Noa
Published: August 2011

Two different measures were used to test field dependence-independence, Group Hidden Figures Test and Portable Rod and Frame Test. The purpose of the study was to compare the advantages of these two measures in differentiating among adolescents who are active in individual and team sports and those who are not. 94 adolescent boys and girls were divided into three groups, as follows: 33 in individual sports, 31 in team sports, and 30 nonathletes. No correlation was found between the two measures. The Portable Rod and Frame Test was the better instrument for distinguishing among the groups. This test requires use of visual vs proprioceptive information to perceive the body's spatial orientation. The Group Hidden Figures Test requires more analytical intelligence. Since there are relationships among awareness of the body, spatial orientation, and physical activity of athletes, the Portable Rod and Frame Test seems to be more applicable to the task of distinguishing between and among athletes and nonathletes.
Learning Styles in Assessment of Students
Authors: Green Donald W. , Snell Joel C. , Parimanath Antony R.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the viability of including the Learning Styles Inventory and an aptitude and interest test in assessment, to predict group learning style. Analysis gave a 40 4% ht rate, 15.4% above the base rate of 25%. Academic major, accommodating interest, science interest, and numerical aptitude significantly contributed to classification. The sample included 147 community college students enrolled in social science courses. Inferences drawn from the data suggest that including a learning styles inventory as part of a preassessment package for entering students can provide valuable information for students in making choices of academic goals and careers.
Use of the Just World Scale with Prison Inmates: A Methodological Note
Authors: O'Quin Karen , Vogler Conrad C.
Published: August 2011

The 20-item Just World Scale was administered to 52 inmates of a maximum security prison who were taking college courses and 106 sociology students from a four-year college in the same geographical area. Reliability analyses showed an acceptable coefficient alpha (.70) for the student sample but not for the inmates (.38). Factor analyses yielded five factors which were not the same for the two samples; in general, the just and unjust items loaded on different factors. These results suggest caution in applying the scale to samples of inmates and the necessity of ascertaining the scale's reliability for that sample.
Behavior Engineering Proposals: 2. A Tie-Breaking Point (Tbp) for Football
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: August 2011

A tie-breaking point (TBP) for football is proposed. When a game becomes tied, the team whose score produced the tie then attempts a TBP, what is normally a two-point conversion, but scored differently: if this play succeeds the offensive team scores one point; if this play fails the defensive team scores one point. Thus the tie is broken. Examples are given. The special case of a scoreless tie is treated. Why the success rate for a two-point conversion or a TBP should be 50% is discussed. Results of the reactions from an informal survey of university football coaches to the suggested TBP are appended.
Dream Images as a Technique for the Study of Creative Processes
Authors: Gaines Rosslyn , Price-Williams Douglass
Published: August 2011

For a group of 12 established artists who participated in 12 discussions it appears that quantitative and qualitative analyses of dream images constitute a useful method. Artists' creative processes can be explored through their dream images.
Anomalies in the Judgment of Statistical Association: Fallacies Based on Unidirectional Independence, Shifting Dependence, and Conjunction
Authors: Nahinsky Irwin D.
Published: August 2011

An experiment was performed in which subjects, trained in basic probability, were asked to judge the likelihood of one trait (A), e.g., intelligence, given another (B), e.g., submissiveness, relative to p(A) or p(A|B) They also ranked p(A), p(B), and p(A∩B) for relative size. A substantial proportion of judgments violated the laws of probability by endorsing relationships that implied independence was a function of the direction of association, i.e., p(A|B) = p(A) [or p(A|B̄)], but p(B|A)≠p(B) [or p(B|A)]. Further, many subjects endorsed relationships that implied independence in one direction changed to dependence with change in statistical comparison, i.e., p(A|B) = p(A) [or p(A|B̄)], but p(A|B)≠p(A|B̄) [or p(A)]. These violations of the laws of probability were correlated with each other. A tendency to perceive a positive relationship between two traits correlated with a tendency to commit the fallacy of conjunction. It was concluded that individuals made probabilistic judgments which did not incorporate understanding of probabilistic relationships between events. Also the departures from correct probabilistic reasoning could not be accounted for very well by confusion of causal explanations with diagnosticity of the traits.
Perceived Cardiac Risks and Beliefs about Health and Running in Elite Older Runners
Authors: Sperry Len
Published: August 2011

Beliefs about the perceived health benefits of exercise of 24 elite runners were compared on an objective measure of risk for coronary heart disease. Results showed a 4- to 6-fold increase in estimates of perceived risk as compared to the objective estimate of risk, suggesting that these runners held somewhat exaggerated beliefs about the health benefits of running. In addition, these beliefs remained stable over time.