bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Easy method to establish the dispersion relation of capillary waves on water jets
Authors: Goesaert Wout M. , Logman Paul S. W. M.
Published: January 2024

A simple, intuitive, and low-cost setup for generating and measuring capillary waves is presented enabling a precise determination of the dispersion relation for a cylindrical water jet. By setting the phase velocity and measuring the wavelength of capillary waves directly, this method provides an intuitive way for students to understand the dispersion relation of a cylindrical water jet. The setup produced measurements of wavelength versus phase velocity over a broader range of values than earlier work. The resulting data are generally consistent with earlier results but show an error of up to 15% at both the higher and lower end of the measured range of wavelengths compared to the theoretical dispersion relation of cylindrical water jets. For the shorter wavelengths, the deviation is in the opposite direction from that of earlier work.
A simple state-of-the-art spectrometer for student labs: Cost-efficient, instructive, and widely applicable
Authors: Eggenberger Andreas , Smolenski Tomasz , Kroner Martin
Published: January 2024

We present a simple, cost-effective, yet instructive spectrometer for use in undergraduate instructional laboratory courses. Deliberate design choices are made to enhance the learning experience provided by the setup, where every component is accessible to students, allowing them to fully understand the function of each individual item. The result is a state-of-the-art spectrometer, built from commercially available components, which balances pedagogical simplicity with the potential for a wide range of applications. Our setup prepares students for future spectroscopy work in research labs. Furthermore, data-taking by means of a CCD camera and the subsequent analysis teach students fundamental computational skills. Within one image, the spectrometer can cover a spectral range of 40 nm and its spectral resolution is about 0.1 nm, limited by the imaging optics. Systematic uncertainties arising from mechanical play of the grating's rotation stage limit the reproducibility of the setup to 0.65 nm. While these parameters can be improved, we decided to maintain the pedagogical and straightforward nature of the presented setup, as any increase in cost or complexity would undermine its educational benefits. Using the spectrometer in an undergraduate instructional laboratory makes possible a variety of valuable experiments, such as calibration measurements, investigation of different types of uncertainties and measurements errors, and historically important measurements (e.g., the Balmer series or solar spectrum). We are convinced that the presented spectrometer will greatly benefit the learning experience of students for many years to come.
Mass-spring model for acoustic metamaterials consisting of a compact linear periodic array of dead-end resonators
Authors: Lopez Maël , Dupont Thomas , Panneton Raymond
Published: January 2024

This paper presents a mass-spring model to predict the normal incidence acoustic response of a metamaterial composed of a compact linear periodic array of dead-end resonators. The dead-end resonators considered are ring-shaped Helmholtz resonators. The model is based on a mass-spring analogy and considers the thermoviscous losses in the metamaterial following an effective fluid approach. A matrix equation of acoustic motion is derived for the finite case of N-periodic arrays. Under external excitation, its direct solution predicts the sound absorption coefficient and transmission loss. Under the homogeneous case, the solution of its associated eigenvalue problem predicts the acoustic eigenfrequencies and mode shapes. The dispersion relation is also solved to predict the beginning of the first stopband, and a low frequency approximation allows development of a formula to estimate the first eigenfrequency. The results show that the system with N degrees of freedom has three stopbands over the frequency range studied, with zero sound absorption and transmission. The model also helps to understand how the acoustic dissipation, at a given resonant frequency, is affected by the position of the acoustic velocity nodes (eigenmodes) in the geometry of the metamaterial. Prototypes are designed, manufactured, and tested in an impedance tube to validate the model.
Acoustic metasurfaces with Frieze symmetries
Authors: Moore D. B. , Starkey T. A. , Chaplain G. J.
Published: January 2024

Frieze patterns follow a set of tiling instructions including reflection, rotation, and translation, and tile the infinite strip. Many metamaterials function due to the underlying symmetry, and its strategic breaking, of their constituent sub-structures that allow tailoring of the dispersion of modes supported by the structure. We design, simulate, and experimentally characterize seven one-dimensional acoustic metasurfaces whose unit cells each belong to one of the distinct Frieze groups.
Sound power determination by intensity—Are field indicators and criteria in ISO 9614 meaningful?
Authors: Wittstock Volker , Brezas Spyros , Heisterkamp Fabian
Published: January 2024

The three parts of ISO 9614 describe methods for the determination of the sound power level of noise sources. According to these standards, measured sound power levels must be qualified by comparing several sound field indicators to given criteria. This procedure is investigated by analytical calculations with monopole and dipole sources. Their sound fields are superposed with extraneous free and diffuse sound fields. When the ISO 9614 method is applied to these cases, it turns out that the signed pressure intensity indicator is well suited to qualify the measured sound power level. In contrast to this, the unsigned pressure intensity indicator and the field non-uniformity indicator fail to describe the quality of the determined sound power level. This theoretical finding is verified by a large measurement program.
Media Framing of Athletic Department Major Infractions: A 5-Year Review of Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Authors: Williams Tyler A. , Cianfrone Beth A.
Published: January 2024

Media coverage of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) often focuses excessively on challenges and deficits, influencing public perceptions, but there is little research on media portrayals of HBCU infractions. This study delves into the portrayal of Division I HBCU infractions from 2016 to 2020 through a textual analysis of 60 article headlines from local, regional, and national newspapers. The research examines general framing strategies, temporal changes, specific frames, prominent themes, and attribution of responsibility. Results indicate that the media often frames these infractions episodically rather than thematically over the 5-year span, with limited case details. The headlines emphasized specific issues of reprimand and redemption, often holding the organization accountable. Newspapers contribute to public opinion on athletic infractions by presenting these incidents in an engaging narrative. This study highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of how media shapes perceptions of HBCUs, especially in the context of athletic infractions.
Genetic complexity alters drug susceptibility of asexual and gametocyte stages of
Plasmodium falciparum
to antimalarial candidates
Authors: Greyling Nicola , van der Watt Mariëtte , Gwarinda Hazel , van Heerden Ashleigh , Greenhouse Bryan , Leroy Didier , Niemand Jandeli , Birkholtz Lyn-Marié
Published: January 2024

Malaria elimination requires interventions able to target both the asexual blood stage (ABS) parasites and transmissible gametocyte stages of
Plasmodium falciparum
. Lead antimalarial candidates are evaluated against clinical isolates to address key concerns regarding efficacy and to confirm that the current, circulating parasites from endemic regions lack resistance against these candidates. While this has largely been performed on ABS parasites, limited data are available on the transmission-blocking efficacy of compounds with multistage activity. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of lead antimalarial candidates against both ABS parasites and late-stage gametocytes side-by-side, against clinical
P. falciparum
isolates from southern Africa. We additionally correlated drug efficacy to the genetic diversity of the clinical isolates as determined with a panel of well-characterized, genome-spanning microsatellite markers. Our data indicate varying sensitivities of the isolates to key antimalarial candidates, both for ABS parasites and gametocyte stages. While ABS parasites were efficiently killed, irrespective of genetic complexity, antimalarial candidates lost some gametocytocidal efficacy when the gametocytes originated from genetically complex, multiple-clone infections. This suggests a fitness benefit to multiclone isolates to sustain transmission and reduce drug susceptibility. In conclusion, this is the first study to investigate the efficacy of antimalarial candidates on both ABS parasites and gametocytes from
P. falciparum
clinical isolates where the influence of parasite genetic complexity is highlighted, ultimately aiding the malaria elimination agenda.
Metabolism of novel potential syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria in thermophilic methanogenic chemostats
Authors: Zeng Yan , Zheng Dan , Li Lan-Peng , Wang Miaoxiao , Gou Min , Kamagata Yoichi , Chen Ya-Ting , Nobu Masaru Konishi , Tang Yue-Qin
Published: January 2024

Acetate is a major intermediate in the anaerobic digestion of organic waste to produce CH
4
. In methanogenic systems, acetate degradation is carried out by either acetoclastic methanogenesis or syntrophic degradation by acetate oxidizers and hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Due to challenges in the isolation of syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria (SAOB), the diversity and metabolism of SAOB and the mechanisms of their interactions with methanogenic partners are not fully characterized. In this study, the
in situ
activity and metabolic characteristics of potential SAOB and their interactions with methanogens were elucidated through metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. In addition to the reported SAOB classified in the genera
Tepidanaerobacter
,
Desulfotomaculum
, and
Thermodesulfovibrio
, we identified a number of potential SAOB that are affiliated with
Clostridia
, Thermoanaerobacteraceae, Anaerolineae, and Gemmatimonadetes. The potential SAOB possessing the glycine-mediated acetate oxidation pathway dominates SAOB communities. Moreover, formate appeared to be the main product of the acetate degradation by the most active potential SAOB. We identified the methanogen partner of these potential SAOB in the acetate-fed chemostat as
Methanosarcina thermophila
. The dominated potential SAOB in each chemostat had similar metabolic characteristics, even though they were in different fatty-acid-fed chemostats. These novel syntrophic lineages are prevalent and may play critical roles in thermophilic methanogenic reactors. This study expands our understanding of the phylogenetic diversity and
in situ
biological functions of uncultured syntrophic acetate degraders and presents novel insights into how they interact with methanogens.

IMPORTANCE

Combining reactor operation with omics provides insights into novel uncultured syntrophic acetate degraders and how they perform in thermophilic anaerobic digesters. This improves our understanding of syntrophic acetate degradation and contributes to the background knowledge necessary to better control and optimize anaerobic digestion processes.
Identification and characterization of methoxy- and dimethoxyhydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase from
Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Authors: Kato Hiroyuki , Takahashi Yasushi , Suzuki Hiromitsu , Ohashi Keisuke , Kawashima Ryunosuke , Nakamura Koki , Sakai Kiyota , Hori Chiaki , Takasuka Taichi E. , Kato Masashi , Shimizu Motoyuki
Published: January 2024

White-rot fungi, such as
Phanerochaete chrysosporium
, are the most efficient degraders of lignin, a major component of plant biomass. Enzymes produced by these fungi, such as lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases, break down lignin polymers into various aromatic compounds based on guaiacyl, syringyl, and hydroxyphenyl units. These intermediates are further degraded, and the aromatic ring is cleaved by 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene dioxygenases. This study aimed to characterize homogentisate dioxygenase (HGD)-like proteins from
P. chrysosporium
that are strongly induced by the G-unit fragment of vanillin. We overexpressed two homologous recombinant HGDs, PcHGD1 and PcHGD2, in
Escherichia coli
. Both PcHGD1 and PcHGD2 catalyzed the ring cleavage in methoxyhydroquinone (MHQ) and dimethoxyhydroquinone (DMHQ). The two enzymes had the highest catalytic efficiency (
k
cat
/
K

m

) for MHQ, and therefore, we named PcHGD1 and PcHGD2 as MHQ dioxygenases 1 and 2 (PcMHQD1 and PcMHQD2), respectively, from
P. chrysosporium
. This is the first study to identify and characterize MHQ and DMHQ dioxygenase activities in members of the HGD superfamily. These findings highlight the unique and broad substrate spectra of PcHGDs, rendering them attractive candidates for biotechnological applications.

IMPORTANCE

This study aimed to elucidate the properties of enzymes responsible for degrading lignin, a dominant natural polymer in terrestrial lignocellulosic biomass. We focused on two homogentisate dioxygenase (HGD) homologs from the white-rot fungus,
P. chrysosporium
, and investigated their roles in the degradation of lignin-derived aromatic compounds. In the
P. chrysosporium
genome database, PcMHQD1 and PcMHQD2 were annotated as HGDs that could cleave the aromatic rings of methoxyhydroquinone (MHQ) and dimethoxyhydroquinone (DMHQ) with a preference for MHQ. These findings suggest that MHQD1 and/or MHQD2 play important roles in the degradation of lignin-derived aromatic compounds by
P. chrysosporium
. The preference of PcMHQDs for MHQ and DMHQ not only highlights their potential for biotechnological applications but also underscores their critical role in understanding lignin degradation by a representative of white-rot fungus,
P. chrysosporium
.
Citrate cross-feeding by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
supports
lasR
mutant fitness
Authors: Mould Dallas L. , Finger Carson E. , Conaway Amy , Botelho Nico , Stuut Stacie E. , Hogan Deborah A.
Published: January 2024

Cross-feeding of metabolites can change community composition, structure, and function. Here, we unravel a cross-feeding mechanism between frequently co-observed isolate genotypes in chronic
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
lung infections. We illustrate an example of how clonally derived diversity in a microbial communication system enables intra- and inter-species cross-feeding. Citrate, a metabolite released by many cells including
P. aeruginosa
and
Staphylococcus aureus
, was differentially consumed between genotypes. Since these two pathogens frequently co-occur in the most severe cystic fibrosis lung infections, the cross-feeding-induced virulence factor expression and fitness described here between diverse genotypes exemplify how co-occurrence can facilitate the development of worse disease outcomes.
A CO
2
sensing module modulates β-1,3-glucan exposure in
Candida albicans
Authors: Avelar Gabriela M. , Pradhan Arnab , Ma Qinxi , Hickey Emer , Leaves Ian , Liddle Corin , Rodriguez Rondon Alejandra V. , Kaune Ann-Kristin , Shaw Sophie , Maufrais Corinne , Sertour Natacha , Bain Judith M. , Larcombe Daniel E. , de Assis Leandro J. , Netea Mihai G. , Munro Carol A. , Childers Delma S. , Erwig Lars P. , Brown Gordon D. , Gow Neil A. R. , Bougnoux Marie-Elisabeth , d'Enfert Christophe , Brown Alistair J. P.
Published: January 2024

Our innate immune defenses have evolved to protect us against microbial infection in part via receptor-mediated detection of “pathogen-associated molecular patterns” (PAMPs) expressed by invading microbes, which then triggers their immune clearance. Despite this surveillance, many microbial species are able to colonize healthy, immune-competent individuals, without causing infection. To do so, these microbes must evade immunity. The commensal fungus
Candida albicans
exploits a variety of strategies to evade immunity, one of which involves reducing the exposure of a proinflammatory PAMP (β-1,3-glucan) at its cell surface. Most of the β-1,3-glucan is located in the inner layer of the
C. albicans
cell wall, hidden by an outer layer of mannan fibrils. Nevertheless, some β-1,3-glucan can become exposed at the fungal cell surface. However, in response to certain specific host signals, such as lactate or hypoxia,
C. albican
s activates an anticipatory protective response that decreases β-1,3-glucan exposure, thereby reducing the susceptibility of the fungus to impending innate immune attack. Here, we exploited the natural phenotypic variability of
C. albicans
clinical isolates to identify strains that do not display the response to β-1,3-glucan masking signals observed for the reference isolate, SC5314. Then, using genome-wide transcriptional profiling, we compared these non-responsive isolates with responsive controls to identify genes potentially involved in β-1,3-glucan masking. Mutational analysis of these genes revealed that a sensing module that was previously associated with CO
2
sensing also modulates β-1,3-glucan exposure in response to hypoxia and lactate in this major fungal pathogen of humans.
Disturbance–diversity relationships of microbial communities change based on growth substrate
Authors: Hoang Don Q. , Wilson Lindsay R. , Scheftgen Andrew J. , Suen Garret , Currie Cameron R.
Published: January 2024

A generalizable diversity–disturbance relationship (DDR) of microbial communities remains a contentious topic. Various microbial systems have different DDRs. Rather than finding support or refuting specific DDRs, we investigated the underlying factors that lead to different DDRs. In this study, we measured a cellulose-enriched microbial community’s response to a range of disturbance frequencies from high to low, across two different substrates: cellulose and glucose. We demonstrate that the community displays a unimodal DDR when grown on cellulose and a monotonically increasing DDR when grown on glucose. Our findings suggest that the same community can display different DDRs. These results suggest that the range of DDRs we observe across different microbial systems may be due to the nutritional resources microbial communities can access and the interactions between bacteria and their environment.
Supplemental Material: Paleozoic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane of the North American Cordillera, NW British Columbia
Authors: La Roche R. Soucy , al. et
Published: January 2024

Table S1: Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb geochronology results. Table S2: Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb geochronology results. Table S3: Geochemistry results. Figure S1: Backscattered electron and cathodoluminescence images of zircon. Figure S2: Concordia diagrams. Figure S3: Supplemental geochemical diagrams. Text S1: Detailed geochronological methods.
Trends in inequalities in childhood overweight and obesity prevalence: a repeat cross-sectional analysis of the Health Survey for England
Authors: Broadbent Philip , Shen Yue , Pearce Anna , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal
Published: January 2024

Objective

To examine trends in socio-economic and ethnic inequalities in childhood overweight and obesity in the England between 1995 and 2019 in survey data and to compare these to administrative data.

Design

Observational repeated cross-sectional study using the Health Survey for England (HSE) and National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP).

Outcome

Age and sex standardised overweight, obesity and overweight including obesity.

Analysis

Inequalities assessed by parental education, family structure, ethnicity (binary non-white vs white) and area-level Index of Multiple Deprivation. Estimates stratified by age and sex. Trends compared against NCMP data (age 4–5 and 10–11 years).

Results

Prevalence of childhood overweight including obesity increased from 26.0% in 1995 to 31.7% in 2019, with the highest and fastest growing levels in those aged 11–15 years, rising from 29.7% to 38.0%. Despite a plateau in overall childhood obesity since 2004, differences between groups demonstrated widening inequalities over time. Inequalities widened by area-level deprivation, household educational attainment, household structure and ethnicity driven primarily by increased prevalence among socioeconomically disadvantaged children. For example, the gap between children from households with no qualifications versus degree-level qualifications increased from −1.1% to 13.2%, and the gap between single-parent households and couple households increased from 0.5% to 5.3%. HSE trends in prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity by deprivation quintile were consistent with those in NCMP.

Conclusion

Overall levels of child overweight and obesity increased between 1995 and 2004. Since then, increases in prevalence among less advantaged groups have driven widening of inequalities.
Epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid gland with high-grade transformation
Authors: Rani Shubham , Banerjee Niladri , Aggarwal Divya , Elhence Poonam Abhay
Published: January 2024

A woman presented with a painless swelling in front of her right auricle, which, on examination, seemed to be a hard, immobile mass arising from the right parotid gland. CT scan showed a heterogeneously enhancing mass lesion in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland with partial extension into the deep lobe. Fine needle aspiration cytology suggested a high-grade transformation (HGT) with the presence of bizarre tumour cells. She underwent a right-sided total parotidectomy with transient facial neuropraxia in the postoperative period. The final pathological diagnosis of the specimen came out to be epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma with HGT, which is a relatively rare entity, with no defined guidelines for management. Our patient was managed by surgical resection alone without any postoperative radiation therapy, and short-term follow-up results seem to suggest no recurrence.
Characteristics and outcomes of patients enrolled in the Connect 360 benralizumab patient support programme in the UK: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Morris Tamsin , Wood Robert , Silvey Mark , Diomatari Christina , Lipworth Joe , Menon Shruti
Published: January 2024

Background

Patient support programmes (PSPs) allow patients with chronic diseases to receive treatment and support at home. This study describes the Connect 360 PSP delivery and impact on patient-reported outcomes, satisfaction and adherence/persistence among benralizumab-treated patients with severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA).

Methods

A non-interventional retrospective cohort study using data collected during routine care in the Connect 360 PSP. All consenting enrollees (≥18 years) were included in the study.

Results

746 patients formed the study cohort. Mean (SD) age was 53.7 (14.5) years on PSP entry; 38.3% were female (38.7% unknown). 79.6% of patients were experienced biological therapy users. Oral corticosteroid (OCS) use was reported in 48.4% of patients at baseline and 34.8% at 48 weeks. 8.2% of patients reported asthma hospitalisation in the previous 6 months at 24 weeks vs 3.0% at 48 weeks. Mean (SD) 6-item Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-6) scores were 2.7 (1.5) at baseline vs 1.6 (1.3) at 48 weeks. Mean (SD) patient satisfaction scores remained high (4.5 of 5 (1.0) at baseline; 4.7 of 5 (0.6) at 48 weeks). 28.3% of patients were considered adherent at 24 weeks, increasing to 98.3% when supplemented with sales/delivery data (sensitivity analysis). Discontinuation from PSP/benralizumab was low at 24 (3.4%/3.0%) and 48 (12.6%/5.8%) weeks.

Conclusions

Connect 360 PSP achieved high levels of satisfaction and persistence, with indications of positive outcomes including OCS use, hospitalisation and ACQ-6. The study was conducted during COVID-19, so it provides reassurance that patients with SEA receiving benralizumab may be supported safely and effectively at home.
A mucus production programme promotes classical pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tonelli Claudia , Yordanov Georgi N , Hao Yuan , Deschênes Astrid , Hinds Juliene , Belleau Pascal , Klingbeil Olaf , Brosnan Erin , Doshi Abhishek , Park Youngkyu , Hruban Ralph H , Vakoc Christopher R , Dobin Alexander , Preall Jonathan , Tuveson David A
Published: January 2024

Objective

The optimal therapeutic response in cancer patients is highly dependent upon the differentiation state of their tumours. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a lethal cancer that harbours distinct phenotypic subtypes with preferential sensitivities to standard therapies. This study aimed to investigate intratumour heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer cell states in PDA in order to reveal cell state-specific regulators.

Design

We analysed single-cell expression profiling of mouse PDAs, revealing intratumour heterogeneity and cell plasticity and identified pathways activated in the different cell states. We performed comparative analysis of murine and human expression states and confirmed their phenotypic diversity in specimens by immunolabeling. We assessed the function of phenotypic regulators using mouse models of PDA, organoids, cell lines and orthotopically grafted tumour models.

Results

Our expression analysis and immunolabeling analysis show that a mucus production programme regulated by the transcription factor SPDEF is highly active in precancerous lesions and the classical subtype of PDA — the most common differentiation state. SPDEF maintains the classical differentiation and supports PDA transformationin vivo. The SPDEF tumour-promoting function is mediated by its target genes AGR2 andERN2/IRE1β that regulate mucus production, and inactivation of the SPDEF programme impairs tumour growth and facilitates subtype interconversion from classical towards basal-like differentiation.

Conclusions

Our findings expand our understanding of the transcriptional programmes active in precancerous lesions and PDAs of classical differentiation, determine the regulators of mucus production as specific vulnerabilities in these cell states and reveal phenotype switching as a response mechanism to inactivation of differentiation states determinants.
Danger, Danger, Gaston Labat! Does zero-shot artificial intelligence correlate with anticoagulation guidelines recommendations for neuraxial anesthesia?
Authors: Hurley Nathan C , Gupta Rajnish K , Schroeder Kristopher M , Hess Aaron S
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Artificial intelligence and large language models (LLMs) have emerged as potentially disruptive technologies in healthcare. In this study GPT-3.5, an accessible LLM, was assessed for its accuracy and reliability in performing guideline-based evaluation of neuraxial bleeding risk in hypothetical patients on anticoagulation medication. The study also explored the impact of structured prompt guidance on the LLM’s performance.

Methods

A dataset of 10 hypothetical patient stems and 26 anticoagulation profiles (260 unique combinations) was developed based on American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine guidelines. Five prompts were created for the LLM, ranging from minimal guidance to explicit instructions. The model’s responses were compared with a “truth table” based on the guidelines. Performance metrics, including accuracy and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), were used.

Results

Baseline performance of GPT-3.5 was slightly above chance. With detailed prompts and explicit guidelines, performance improved significantly (AUC 0.70, 95% CI (0.64 to 0.77)). Performance varied among medication classes.

Discussion

LLMs show potential for assisting in clinical decision making but rely on accurate and relevant prompts. Integration of LLMs should consider safety and privacy concerns. Further research is needed to optimize LLM performance and address complex scenarios. The tested LLM demonstrates potential in assessing neuraxial bleeding risk but relies on precise prompts. LLM integration should be approached cautiously, considering limitations. Future research should focus on optimization and understanding LLM capabilities and limitations in healthcare.
Effects of combined dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine as adjuncts to peripheral nerve blocks: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis
Authors: Maagaard Mathias , Andersen Jakob Hessel , Jaeger Pia , Mathiesen Ole
Published: January 2024

Background/importance

The effects of combining dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine on block duration are unclear.

Objective

To investigate the effects of combining dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine on block duration.

Evidence review

Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, the Web of Science, and BIOSIS until June 8, 2023. RCTs with adults undergoing surgery with a peripheral nerve block randomized to combined dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine versus placebo or other adjuncts were eligible. Primary outcome was duration of analgesia. We performed meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis, risk of bias-2, and Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation assessment.

Findings

We included 9 RCTs with 14 eligible comparisons. The combination of dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine was compared with placebo in three RCTs (173 participants), dexamethasone in seven (569 participants), and dexmedetomidine in four (281 participants). The duration of analgesia was likely increased with the combination versus placebo (mean difference 460 min, 95% CI 249 to 671) and versus dexmedetomidine (mean difference 388 min, 95% CI 211 to 565). The duration was likely similar with the combination versus dexamethasone (mean difference 50 min, 95% CI −140 to 239). The certainty of the evidence was moderate because most trials were at high risk of bias.

Conclusions

Combined dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine likely increased the duration of analgesia when compared with placebo and dexmedetomidine. The combination likely provided a similar duration of analgesia as dexamethasone. Based on this systematic review, it seems reasonable to use dexamethasone as the sole adjunct if the goal is to increase the duration of analgesia.
Experimental study on the drag force on bridge abutments
Authors: Azarmidokht Hamidreza , Zarrati Amir Reza
Published: January 2024

The drag force exerted on a bridge abutment, representative of wall-attached structures, is studied with different geometries in various flow conditions. The drag force was quantified by two methods here: (1) direct method by using strain gauges and (2) employing the conservation of momentum equation that takes advantage of the flow characteristics. The momentum equation results differed considerably from the direct method, mainly related to even the smallest inaccuracy in depth measurements. We suggest a modified momentum equation to enhance accuracy because of its independence on downstream flow depth measurement. The experimental results also revealed that the constriction ratio at the bridge abutment section and the abutments geometric shape are the most influential parameters on the drag coefficient. On the other hand, the effect of flow characteristics is negligible. Finally, we proposed an empirical relationship to estimate the drag coefficient.
Effects of temperature and pre-bending on the flexural properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Hwang Dong Wook , Kim Yun-Hae
Published: January 2024

This study investigates the combined influence of temperature and pre-bending (PB) on the flexural properties of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy (CF/Epoxy) composites. The study demonstrated the influence of temperature on CF/Epoxy’s flexural characteristics, noting a marginal reduction in stiffness at higher temperatures ([Formula: see text]C) compared to room temperature ([Formula: see text]C). Notably, even under HT, the composite exhibited a commendable load-bearing capacity, with a 29% reduction in strength. Additionally, the investigation focused on the impact of PB on CF/Epoxy’s flexural properties. The PB resulted in very small reductions in flexural strength (10%). It was observed that when subjected to both PB and HT, the material exhibited a collective response, with temperature exerting a more dominant influence than PB. Significantly reduced the flexural properties, resulting in a substantial 35% decrease in strength, surpassing the individual effects of temperature or PB. The findings emphasize the significant impact of the combined influence of temperature and PB on CF/Epoxy, shedding light on the material’s behavior under varying environmental conditions.
Lap shear properties of CF/PEKK composites through nanoparticle-enhanced adhesive joints
Authors: Li Xiaoqi , Kumar Sanjay , Kim Yun-Hae
Published: January 2024

This study investigates the effects of incorporating halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) into polyetherimide (PEI) adhesive for carbon fiber/polyetherketoneketone (CF/PEKK) composite joints. The CF/PEKK substrate is fabricated through an oven consolidation process, while PEI adhesive films with varying HNTs loadings (0.5, 1 and 3[Formula: see text]wt.%) are prepared using solvent casting with [Formula: see text]-butyrolactone. Homogeneous dispersion of HNTs in PEI is achieved through magnetic stirring and IR heating. The resulting film is hot pressed to form a 100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m thick film, and adhesive lap shear joint specimens are manufactured through oven consolidation. Morphology and dispersion of HNTs in PEI are analyzed using SEM and EDS, revealing favorable dispersion at 0.5[Formula: see text]wt.% HNTs and aggregation at higher loadings. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is employed to study the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PEI, showing decreased Tg for solvent-cast PEI and increased Tg with HNTs incorporation. This increase is attributed to the constrained mobility of polymer chains due to HNTs’ influence. Lap shear strength (LSS) is evaluated, demonstrating enhancement with HNTs incorporation: 0.5[Formula: see text]wt.% HNTs (+12.5%) > 1[Formula: see text]wt.% HNTs (+8.33%) > Pure PEI > 3[Formula: see text]wt.% HNTs (−12.5%). The study attributes this enhancement to HNTs’ reinforcement and chemical interactions with PEKK. Aggregation tendencies at 3[Formula: see text]wt.% HNTs lead to decreased LSS. SEM-EDS analysis of fractured specimens indicates a multifaceted bonding joint interface involving PEKK, PEI and HNTs. CF/PEKK composites show adhesive, cohesive and adherend failure modes, with adherend failure being dominant. Notably, fabric-like textures and plastic deformations in PEI with 0.5[Formula: see text]wt.% HNTs contribute to enhanced LSS, while higher HNTs content leads to cohesive failure due to aggregation. This study provides insights into optimizing composite adhesive systems by harnessing nanotube reinforcement and controlling dispersion, thereby influencing interfacial strength.
Active and passive controls of magnetized Buongiorno Reiner–Phillipoff nanofluid
Authors: Duraihem Faisal Z. , Upadhya S. M. , Selvi P. D. , Babu K. R. , Raju C. S. K.
Published: January 2024

This attempt demonstrates the nature of mass and heat transportation in non-Newtonian Reiner–Philippoff liquid flow over moving surface by considering zero and nonzero normal mass flux conditions and transverse magnetic field. Thermophoresis and Brownian movement is accounted due to the Buongiorno model of nanofluid. The expressions of flow are reframed through appropriate variables into pairs of self-similar expressions. Further, these self-similar expressions are executed numerically through the Shooting procedure (Runge–Kutta 4th order). Numerical benchmarks and graphical illustrations are prepared to visualize the role of influential constraints on interesting quantities. It is observed that Lorentz force is beneficial in obtaining effective velocity and heat transfer. Improvement in thermophoresis factor enriches temperature field in case of active control while reverse nature is observed in passive control situation.
Gamma radiation detector using Cantor quasi-periodic photonic crystal based on porous silicon doped with polymer
Authors: Zaky Zaky A. , Al-Dossari M. , Hendy Ahmed S. , Zayed Mohamed , Aly Arafa H.
Published: January 2024

The measurement of patients’ dosages of radiation caused by medical diagnostics continues to be challenging. A Cantor sequence photonic crystal structure using porous silicon doped with a polymer of polyvinyl alcohol, carbol fuchsin and crystal violet (DPV) is proposed. The influence rules of geometrical and optical parameters such as the radiation doses, number of periods, porosity of porous layers, incident angle and thickness of layers are investigated using MATLAB based on the transfer matrix method. The transmittance of the Cantor sequence of a defective photonic crystal sensor under different conditions is investigated to select the optimum conditions. The proposed system recorded the accepted sensitivity of 0.265[Formula: see text]nm/Gy, FoM of 6.5[Formula: see text]Gy[Formula: see text], Q of 12,701, RS of [Formula: see text] and LoD of [Formula: see text] for gamma radiation. The suggested detector has simple design, accurate monitoring efficiency and immense potential for gamma radiation sensing.
Nonclassicality in a dispersive atom–cavity field interaction in the presence of an external driving field
Authors: Kumar Naveen , Chatterjee Arpita
Published: January 2024

We investigate nonclassical properties of a state generated by the interaction of a three-level atom with a quantized cavity field and an external classical driving field. In this study, the fields being degenerate in frequency are highly detuned from the atom. The atom interacts with the quantized field in a dispersive manner. The experimental setup involves a three-level atom passing through a cavity and interacting dispersively with the cavity field mode. Simultaneously, the atom interacts with an external classical field that is in resonance with the cavity field. The three-level atom can enter the cavity in one of the bare states [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] or in a superposition of two of these states. In this paper, we consider superposition of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. In our analysis, we focus on the statistical properties of the cavity field after interacting with the atom. The state vector [Formula: see text] describes the entire atom–field system but we analyze the properties of the cavity field independently neglecting the atomic component of the system. For this the atom part is traced out from [Formula: see text] to acquire the cavity field state only, denoted by [Formula: see text]. We evaluate different nonclassical measures including photon number distribution, Mandel’s [Formula: see text] parameter, squeezing properties [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], Wigner distribution, [Formula: see text] function, second-order correlation function [Formula: see text], etc. for the obtained cavity field state.
Stagnation point flow for the dynamics of thermal enhancement in nanofluid by a convective extending surface with suction/injection and heat source
Authors: Sunder Ram M. , Shamshuddin MD. , Satyanarayana Ch. , Salawu S. O.
Published: January 2024

We intend to analyze the influences of heat dissipation and heat generation on steady nanofluid stagnated flow along an extending surface along with thermal boundary layers. Water-based Cu and Al2O3 nanoparticles are considered. Moreover, the mechanism of injection/suction has been analyzed for such flows. Fundamental governing equations for the flow of an isotropic in-compressible thermally radiative single-phase nanofluid are defined by the set of nonlinear Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) which are transmuted to Ordinary Differential Equation (ODEs) and dealt with numerically by using Runge–Kutta (RK) fourth-order adopting shooting technique that gives approximate simulations. The numerical findings are illustrated as graphical and tabular representations after a careful parametric examination of determined parameters is carried out. The current outcomes specify that the velocity profiles decrease under the influence of magnetic strength while heat distribution positively changes under the effect of magnetic strength, heat source, radiative term and Biot number quantity. The temperature profiles behave negatively with the thermal Grashof number and Prandtl number. Moreover, the comparative simulations of the ongoing study with existing the literature for ensuing the obtained simulations have been worked out.
Terahertz radiation generation from amplitude-modulated laser filament interaction with a magnetized plasma
Authors: Gopal Krishna , Gupta Devki Nandan , Singh Sukhmander , Vijay Anuj
Published: January 2024

The availability of high-power lasers open new frontiers of Terahertz (THz) optics. In this paper, we present a mechanism for the enhanced THz field generation from the laser wakefield excitation during the interaction of an amplitude-modulated laser filament with a magnetized plasma. The derivation of electric and magnetic wakefields in axially magnetized plasma is obtained using the perturbative approach. Amplitude-modulated laser filament generates a significantly stronger transverse current due to laser intensity redistribution by the amplitude modulation. The modulation index of the amplitude modulated laser pulse is used to control the transverse current at THz frequency. Fourfold enhancement takes place in THz field strength for higher values of the modulation index (0–0.4). Also, the conversion efficiency of this mechanism is estimated as [Formula: see text] that can be enhanced for higher modulation index. Scaling laws are provided for controlling and optimization of generated THz field. This work may be crucial in exploring THz optical phenomena such as THz field-induced Kerr effects and many other nonlinear effects.
ON THE SEMI-DOMAIN SOLITON SOLUTIONS FOR THE FRACTAL (3+1)-DIMENSIONAL GENERALIZED KADOMTSEV–PETVIASHVILI– BOUSSINESQ EQUATION
Authors: WANG KANG-JIA , LIU JING-HUA , SHI FENG
Published: January 2024

The aim of this study is to explore some semi-domain soliton solutions for the fractal (3+1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili–Boussinesq equation (GKPBe) within He’s fractal derivative. First, the fractal soliton molecules are plumbed by combining the Hirota equation and fractal two-scale transform. Second, the Bernoulli sub-equation function approach together with the fractal two-scale transform is employed to investigate the other soliton solutions, which include the kink soliton and the rough wave soliton solutions. The impact of the different fractal orders on the physical behaviors of the semi-domain soliton solutions is also discussed graphically. The methods mentioned in this research are expected to provide some new viewpoints on the behaviors of the fractal PDEs.
Pleistocene deformation of the Malargüe fold–thrust belt from structural modelling and geochronology of syntectonic sedimentation
Authors: Lopasso Ailin M. , Tapia Felipe , Feal Román , Ondrak Robert , Sláma Jiří , Hlebszevitsch Julio , Giambiagi Laura , Ghiglione Matías C.
Published: January 2024

We report uplift and shortening rates from a late Neogene–Pleistocene deformation stage of the frontal fold–thrust belt and adjacent wedge-top in the Principal Cordillera of the southern Central Andes (latitude 33–39°S). A structural model is presented based on integration of surface field data and subsurface 2D seismic sections. Shortening, uplift and sedimentation rates were calculated from different steps of kinematic modelling. Our structural interpretations and modelling are integrated with new detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology to define a previously overlooked Pleistocene period of orogenic shortening and syntectonic sedimentation in the Malargüe basin. This task was possible as a result of the dating of three samples yielding ages between ∼12 and 1 Ma obtained from a 900 m deep well located in the foreland. From stratigraphic correlations, our data record an active Plio-Pleistocene wedge-top depozone coeval with retreat of the volcanism, and the emplacement of retroarc basalts. Structural modelling, together with detrital zircon U–Pb provenance data, registers shortening producing a foredeep to wedge-top Plio-Pleistocene transition, adjusting and completing the knowledge of the frontal fold–thrust belt and foreland basin in the southern Central Andes.

Supplementary material:
Supplementary tables are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7033425
Along-strike break-up variations of the continent–ocean transition zone in the northern South China Sea
Authors: Peng Xi , Li Chun-Feng
Published: January 2024

We analyse how the potential field and deep structures of the continent–ocean transition (COT) zone in the northern South China Sea vary along-strike with the aim of understanding the break-up styles and synrift magmatism in this region. The high free-air gravity anomaly and the accompanying basement structures are evidence of significant mantle upwelling and serpentinization in the northeastern COT zone. The top-basement of the COT is uplifted and rough, but gradually retrogrades into a relatively flat and low relief towards the mid-northern margin, where the reduced gravity anomaly reflects subdued mantle upwelling, but perhaps stronger synrift magmatism. On the northwestern margin, the low gravity anomaly suggests fairly limited mantle upwelling, but more synrift magmatic intrusions in the crust; the top-basement of the COT zone is smooth and slightly deepened. The width of the COT zone is mostly <30 km and the oldest legible magnetic anomaly (C11r) within the zone is related to the final continental break-up. The seaward limit of the COT should be relocated further south beyond anomaly C11r, pointing to a very narrow zone of true oceanic lithosphere in the NW Sub-basin. The coexistence of mantle upwelling/serpentinization, magmatic underplating and volcanism on top of the COT during continental break-up characterizes a typical intermediate rifted margin, although there are significant along-strike variations.

Thematic collection:
This article is part of the Emerging knowledge on the tectonics of the South China Sea collection available at:
https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/south-china-sea
Gaining Benefit from Artificial Intelligence and Data Science: A Three-Part Framework
Authors: Spector Alfred Z.
Published: January 2024

Why ethics is not enough.
Undergraduate Computer Science Curricula
Authors: Simha Rahul , Kumar Amruth N. , Raj Rajendra K.
Published: January 2024

First-job readiness versus long-term career preparation.