bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacto de la productividad y eficiencia técnica de los granos básicos en Nicaragua, 1961 – 2013
Authors: López-González Alvaro Santiago , Zúniga-González Carlos Alberto , Rangel-Cura Raúl Alberto , Dios-Palamares Rafaela , Colón-García Adelfa Patricia , Quirós-Madrigal Olman José
Published: May 2018

El presente estudio se centró en medir el impacto de las tecnologías implementadas en los granos básicos de Nicaragua para mejorar la productividad total de los factores  (PTF), considerando la variabilidad del clima. Se utilizó la base de datos de la FAO  para los rubros: Arroz, maíz y frijol. Se aplicó la metodología de los índices de Malmquist, que mide la productividad total de los factores  y  explica las causas de estas en bases a la Tecnología y la Eficiencia Técnica. Esta a su vez es explicada por la Eficiencia a escala y la Eficiencia pura.   Los resultados evidencian un comportamiento no uniforme del indicador PTF para cada uno de los rubros estudiados (arroz, frijol y maíz) durante el período 1961 – 2013. Además se observa que la evolución de los indicadores obtenidos se explica a partir de los indicadores de cambio tecnológico con poca  incidencia del indicador de eficiencia técnica en tal comportamiento. El cultivo del frijol es el rubro que presenta una mayor evolución en su indicador PTF con un 12%, seguido del cultivo del arroz con un 11% y el cultivo del maíz con un 5%.
Mujeres y participación política en Nicaragua, 1980 -2015
Authors: Rios-Molina Leyjanis Masciel , Rivas-Garcia Julio Antonio
Published: May 2018

El estudio se centró  en valorar las causas de la no participación de las mujeres  en el municipio de Villanueva.   La participación política es uno de los problemas fundamentales que necesitan ser atendidos en el área de todo el país, porque es una  complicación que afecta especialmente a la mujer y se está proporcionando una inequidad con respecto a la asignación de recursos. Este trabajo se realizó revisando las publicaciones de los especialistas en la materia.  Los resultados evidencian que este problema no está perjudicando solamente a Nicaragua sino a toda América Latina, se utilizó los registros que han realizado especialistas en dicho país. En el estudio se encontró que los sectores más vulnerables que sufren en la no participación política son las mujeres, jóvenes y comunidades indígenas.
El trabajo infantil en la zona rural con edades de escolaridad
Authors: Avendaño Juan de Dios
Published: May 2018

El estudio se centró en discutir el tema del trabajo infantil desde una perspectiva orientada en el sujeto; un tema altamente controvertido y marcado por las diversas emociones. El punto central  son los propios niños trabajadores. Se analiza su trabajo primordialmente bajo el aspecto de los significados que tiene para ellos mismos. De hecho a pesar de muchos trabajos que aborda sobre los derechos del niño es frecuente ver en la televisión y en la prensa imágenes y artículos de niños trabajadores de países en desarrollo, mal alimentados y pobremente vestidos. En los albores del nuevo milenio, el trabajo que realizan estos desafortunados niños es un rasgo inaceptable de la vida de muchísimos países.  La secuelas que más se ven son las edades de nuestra niñez quecorresponden  para estar en los primeros grados de los centro escolares rurales y que muchas veces vemos que algunos padres le pone menor importancia a esa etapa ya que es muy fácil de manejar. A fin de que ellos logren terminar sus estudios y cuando lo termina lo hace con poca destreza y asimilación de contenidos básicos.  Simultáneamente, algunos docente  quiere ser parte de la solución a este flagelo; aunque la evaluación no son aplicada profesionalmente y esto incluyen que los niños prefieren trabajar que estudiar por lo que resulta una formación a largo plazo y con una dedicación muy esmerada por los actores que conforma la educación: padres, alumnos y docentes; sin poner fuera de contexto la ayuda de los gobierno.
Cultivo de Trigo harinero Triticum aestivum, una alternativa para la soberanía nutricional y adaptación ante el cambio climático, en el departamento de Jinotega
Authors: Estrada Santana David Concepción , Zúniga-González Carlos Alberto , Hernández-Rueda Mauricio José , Marinero-Orates Edgar Antonio
Published: May 2018

El presente ensayo,  se centró en dar a conocer la importancia agronómica y económica del rubro del trigo harinero Triticum aestivum, como estrategia de Soberanía, Seguridad nutricional local y de Desarrollo Rural en tres zonas climáticamente diferentes del departamento de Jinotega, debido a su alto valor nutricional de proteínas 10.1%, carbohidratos 76.7% y fibras 47.55%, que aporta este rubro a las familias productoras del mundo. Así incluirlo en los programas de gobierno locales para contra restar la pobreza extrema de Nicaragua; y disminuir las importaciones económica de 36.1 millones de dólares que invierte Nicaragua  anualmente.   Por otro lado, incorporar el trigo harinero en los proyectos de sistemas de producción agrícolas diversificado con enfoque agroecológico para lograr la adaptabilidad ante los impactos del cambio climático.
Evaluación de la Comprensión Lectora
Authors: Midence-Laynes Mildred Esperanza
Published: May 2018

El presente ensayo se centró en la revisión de la literatura sobre la importancia de las ideas básicas de la teoría cognitiva de la comprensión lectora, puesto que es tan importante leer con exactitud como aportar conocimiento para comprender. En un estudio de la OCDE, España aparecía en los últimos puestos en la comprensión del lenguaje oral y escrito, entre otras disciplinas. Situación que pone de manifiesto la importancia de conocer de qué factores personales (psicológicos) e instrucciones (pedagógicos) depende dicha comprensión. Para contribuir a dar respuesta a este problema, en este trabajo se describen e ilustran tanto las características del proceso de comprensión lectora y los factores motivacionales y cognitivos responsables de las diferencias individuales en la comprensión, como ¿qué formas de entrenar la comprensión lectora pueden contribuir a motivar a los estudiantes para leer tratando de comprender y a mejorar la comprensión lectora de textos? Un problema fundamental a la hora de evaluar la lectura es la ausencia de una definición clara y precisa del concepto de lectura. Se acepta el hecho de que es una capacidad compleja, y diferentes autores señalan que existen cinco niveles o procesos de comprensión que hay que tener en cuenta en dicha evaluación. Se describen las distintas medidas de producto que pueden utilizarse para ello y los problemas más comunes que plantean. Otro aspecto relevante en la evaluación de la comprensión es el tipo de texto, dadas las diferentes características que presentan.
Cambio Climático y Vulnerabilidad Socioeconómica en el Puerto de Alvarado
Authors: Tovar Cabañas Rodrigo , Vázquez Palacios Felipe Roboam , Vázquez Espinosa Shany Arely
Published: May 2018

La importancia de este trabajo radica en que cada vez más, la incertidumbre del cambio climático, aunada al incremento de desastres, repercute en el desarrollo endógeno de las localidades costeras de México y América Latina. Por lo que este ensayo, tiene como objetivo: disertar los impactos económicos, sociales y culturales que puede sufrir el puerto de  Alvarado, Veracruz, en caso de que el nivel del mar incremente súbitamente en 5 metros su nivel. Nuestro objetivo principal es geografizar los grupos vulnerables que se encuentran actualmente dentro de la zona de peligro. Es de advertir que en el tratamiento metodológico cuantitativo se recurrió al manejo de micro-datos, mientras que, con las técnicas cualitativas, aplicadas durante el trabajo de campo, se buscó darle una representación equilibrada a nuestro enfoque interdisciplinario. Dentro de los resultados más apremiantes tenemos que, si el municipio de Alvarado sufriera una inundación de cinco metros sobre el nivel del mar, 240 km2 quedarían anegados, los cuales representan un valor superior a 75 millones de dólares.
Efecto del cambio climático en la distribución potencial de HLB en sudamérica
Authors: Heit Guillermo , Sione Walter , Della Penna Angela
Published: May 2018

El Huanglongbing (HLB), es la enfermedad de los cítricos más destructiva a nivel mundial, que en Sudamérica presenta una distribución restringida a algunos estados de Brasil. El objetivo del trabajo fue estimar los efectos del cambio climático en la distribución geográfica potencial de HLB en Sudamérica, mediante una técnica basada en el Análisis de Componentes Principales, que predice la aptitud ambiental de una especie a partir de la distancia euclidiana desde cualquier punto geográfico de Sudamérica hacia los sitios dónde HLB se ha establecido en  Sudamérica. Para estimar los cambios en la distribución potencial de HLB ante un escenario de cambio climático, se consideró la Vía de Concentración Representativa 2,6, propuesta por el Quinto Informe de Evaluación del Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, generada por el modelo HadGEM2-ES, para las décadas de 2050 y 2070. A posteriori, se calculó el estadístico kappa de las capas resultantes contra una matriz de sitios con presencia de HLB en Brasil. Se utilizaron los softwares QGIS 2.12, IDRISI Selva e Infostat. El modelo estimó que los sitios con un elevado riesgo de establecimiento se distribuirían en el sur de Brasil, sudeste de Paraguay, región Noreste y zona oriental de la región Noroeste de Argentina y el centro-sur de Bolivia. Según las estimaciones del IPCC5, los efectos del cambio climático determinarían que a futuro, las áreas de elevado riesgo climático para el establecimiento de HLB, se desplazarían hacia el sudoeste de las áreas consideradas de mayor riesgo climático en la actualidad.
Fenómenos meteorológicos y su semántica en el trópico mexicano
Authors: Casanova-Pérez Lorena , Martinez J.P , López S. , López G. , Landeros-Sánchez C.
Published: May 2018

La comunicación de los fenómenos meteorológicos en los medios de comunicación masiva expresa principalmente una semántica distinta a la usada por los agricultores del trópico subhúmedo mexicano. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue comprender cómo los productores agropecuarios del trópico subhúmedo mexicano conceptúan ciertos fenómenos meteorológAutor icos, así como, las ideas que tienen sobre su duración, intensidad e impactos. El estudio se realizó en Paso de Ovejas, Veracruz; el diseño metodológico involucró una encuesta, entrevistas a profundidad y una revisión documental. La información fue analizada con técnicas estadísticas descriptivas y análisis de contenido. Los resultados indican que la conceptuación de nortes, suradas, vendavales, secas, temporales y lloviznas, así como, las ideas sobre su duración, intensidad e impactos derivan de una construcción semántica particular en el nivel local cuyo conocimiento debe ser utilizado como referencia en las estrategias de comunicación encaminadas a la adaptación de la actividad agropecuaria ante el cambio climático.
La intervención en el territorio como una herramienta para la resiliencia ante el cambio climático
Authors: Marinero-Orantes Edgar Antonio , Vargas-Cañas José Isidro , Molina Membreño Laureana Adalila , Zúniga-González Carlos Alberto , Sol-Sanchez Ángel
Published: May 2018

El presente documento describe la implementación de acciones en cooperación con Universidades Centroamericanas en relación con la Universidad de Alcalá, España, específicamente con lo relacionado con las actividades implementadas en el marco del PROGRAMA UNIVERSITARIO DE DESARROLLO LOCAL con la finalidad de establecer la vinculación con el territorio. Además se presenta esta metodología como un aporte de la academia ante los impactos del cambio climático, pues es de vital importancia el aporte de las escuelas de educación superior en cuanto a la innovación para promover la resiliencia como estrategia para disminuir el impacto del cambio climático. Se plantea algunas conclusiones y los pasos seguidos para impactar los territorios.
Metodologías para investigar la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria
Authors: Gómez-Trujillo Elvin Ariel , Martinez-Andrades Erick , Rivas-García Julio Antonio , Villalobos-Madrigal Edixia María
Published: May 2018

El presente escrito se centró primeramente en la revisión de la literatura para conocer la metodología que utilizaron diferentes autores para investigar este tema. Luego se define la metodología a utilizar por el autor en la realización de la investigación.

Al revisar la literatura se concluye que todos los autores utilizaron metodologías similares, ya que todos encuestaron para recolectar la información, hacen uso de investigación cualitativa pero también utilizan investigación cuantitativa que fue tabulada para presentar resultados cualitativos.

En mi investigación también haré uso de investigación cualitativa apoyada con datos cuantitativos recolectados por medio de encuesta.
El mercado del maíz en México: desde el enfoque de la economía industrial y los costos de transacción
Authors: Parra-Vargas María de los Angeles , Vargas-Hernández José G.
Published: May 2018

El objetivo de la presente investigación es mostrar el papel que juegan las instituciones en mercados estratégicos para los países, en este caso el mercado del maíz en México. Comienza con una revisión de los antecedentes, esencialmente después de la entrada del TLCAN en México. Posteriormente el tema es abordado desde las grandes teorías que engloban a las instituciones para poder explicar factores que han hecho el mercado del maíz continúe operando en México. Explicando la manera actual de operar del mercado estudiando ante los costos de transacción, y por lo tanto las fallas del mercado. Concluyendo con la revisión del impulso que ha tenido la producción las instituciones rurales a través de algunos mecanismos como puede ser la producción por contrato en el medio rural.
Una experiencia de planificación participativa y organización para la resiliencia comunitaria ante los riesgos volcánicos
Authors: Marinero-Orantes Edgar Antonio
Published: May 2018

La presente nota de investigación es parte del avance del proyecto de investigación PRIDCA C108, el propósito fue sistematizar la experiencia de planificación participativa y organización para la resiliencia comunitaria ante los riesgos volcánicos. La metodología empleada fue observación, diálogos, planificación, capacitación y organización. Algunos resultado son: 1) Se encontraron varios esfuerzos realizados por otras instituciones externas, que no soportaron el proceso histórico y no lograron la consolidación como organizaciones para el desarrollo del territorio, 2) Se evidencia en las iniciativas de organizaciones que se encuentran en el territorio de intervención, que no fueron preparadas con las bases necesarias para lograr la sostenibilidad y evolución como organismos locales de desarrollo y 3) El proceso de participación se sustentó en promover un espacio de intercambio de opiniones y posiciones, que alimentaron la propuesta a desarrollar y la identificación de la gente con los objetivos del proyecto.
The Goldilocks Placebo Effect: Placebo Effects Are Stronger When People Select a Treatment from an Optimal Number of Choices
Authors: Hafner Rebecca J. , White Mathew P. , Handley Simon J.
Published: May 2018

People are often more satisfied with a choice (e.g., chocolates, pens) when the number of options in the choice set is “just right” (e.g., 10–12), neither too few (e.g., 2–4) nor too many (e.g., 30–40). We investigated this “Goldilocks effect” in the context of a placebo treatment. Participants reporting nonspecific complaints (e.g., headaches) chose one of Bach’s 38 Flower Essences from a choice set of 2 (low choice), 12 (optimal choice), or 38 (full choice) options to use for a 2-week period. Replicating earlier findings in the novel context of a health-related choice, participants were initially more satisfied with the essence they selected when presented with 12 versus either 2 or 38 options. More importantly, self-reported symptoms were significantly lower 2 weeks later in the optimal (12) versus nonoptimal choice conditions (2 and 38). Because there is no known active ingredient in Bach’s Flower Essences, we refer to this as the Goldilocks placebo effect. Supporting a counterfactual thinking account of the Goldilocks effect, and despite significantly fewer symptoms after 2 weeks, those in the optimal choice set condition were no longer significantly more satisfied with their choice at the end of testing. Implications for medical practice, especially patient choice, are discussed.
“Forstod hun hvor frustrerede og ulykkelige de var?”: Demanding Happiness in Nikolaj Zeuthen’s Verdensmestre: En historie fra oo’erne
Authors: Simonsen Peter
Published: May 2018

The Danes, in general, seem extremely averse to innovation, and if happiness only consist in opinion, they are the happiest people in the world; for I never saw any so well satisfied with their own situation. Yet the climate appears to be very disagreeable, the weather being dry and sultry, or moist and cold; the atmosphere never having that sharp, bracing purity, which in Norway prepares you to brave its rigours.
Mądrość jako cel wychowania. Wybrane teorie, implikacje praktyczne, podstawowe problemy
Authors: Leś Tomasz
Published: May 2018

Wisdom might be, and quite often is, one of the most important purposes of education. At the same time, there is no clarity about the its meaning and relations to education. The goal of the article is to analyse the issue of wisdom as an educational goal, based on the classical meaning of the term ‘wisdom’ (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle), which still constitutes a paradigm in philosophical and educational considerations. The article is divided into three parts. Firstly, the theoretical and semantic aspects of wisdom are indicated. Secondly, practical possibilities of application of the idea of wisdom as an aim of education are discussed. At the end, the author points out the philosophical and semantic problems which make this idea hard to apply.
CREDO – model edukacji osób dorosłych
Authors: Słomczyński Maciej
Published: May 2018

The paper outlines the development of a higher education model meeting the needs of the generation growing up in liquid modernity. The initial hypothesis is that today’s trends in education, very often not having any coherent and reliable theoretical basis, are a proof of the difficulties that have to be faced today by every ambitious educator. A detailed analysis of the seven trends allowed for the identification of dominating problems of modern education, determination of the threats arising out of apparently attractive didactic solutions and discovery of their creative transformation into fully-developed methodological concepts. During the construction of the strategy for educating adults, the author refers to psychological research and develops the foundations of a coherent model of educating adults which uses blended learning. The solution is named CREDO, which is an acronym of: Credence, Requirements, Engagement, Design, Open.
The level of stress and stress factors in the work of the kindergarten teacher
Authors: Korczyński Stanisław
Published: May 2018

The profession of a kindergarten teacher is particularly stressful due to the complex tasks within the didactic, educational and caring functions. To recognise the problem of stress of this professional group, the research was done to answer the following questions: What is the level of stress of teachers depending on the seniority of teaching and what factors are the cause of stress. The research using the diagnostic survey method covered 440 respondents with different seniority. Studies have shown that 35% of teachers experience above-average stress levels. The amount of stress is individually diversified, and the way it is experienced depends on many factors that are perceived as particularly burdensome and difficult to overcome. They are connected with time pressure, physical nuisance, a feeling of insufficiency of prizes, fulfilling didactic and educational functions. Teachers are stressed by the large amount of work outside the hours spent with children, by underestimating the profession, lack of time to support the development of children requiring special care and compensating for their shortages as well as staying in constant noise.
Taxonomic revision of Brasiloniscus (Oniscidea, Pudeoniscidae) with description of a new species
Authors: Cardoso Giovanna Monticelli , Campos-Filho Ivanklin Soares , Araujo Paula Beatriz
Published: May 2018

The Neotropical genus Brasiloniscus, erected by Lemos de Castro (1973), is revised and validated herein. The genus was originally described including two species, B. maculatus and B. verrucosus, but no type species was designated. According to § 13 of ICZN (1999) the name of the genus is therefore unavailable. Both species are redescribed, and B. maculatus is designated as the type species of the genus. The genus name will thus be available for the systematics of Oniscidea. In addition, a new species, B. littoralis gen. et sp. nov., is described based on material from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest from the state of Rio de Janeiro.
INDICADORES DE SAÚDE EM ESCOLARES: UMA ANÁLISE DO ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E APTIDÃO FÍSICA RELACIONADA À SAÚDE
Authors: Reis Monalisa Da Silva , Amud Girlana Oliveira Tavares , Soares Samuel de Souza , Silva Charles Darwin Costa da , Corrêa Lionela da Silva
Published: May 2018

A aptidão física vem sendo estudada, nas ultimas décadas, por dois essenciais aspectos: aptidão relacionada à saúde (ApFRS) e a aptidão relacionada ao desempenho motor (ApFDM), a aptidão física pode der definida como a capacidade de executar com energia e vigor atividade física sem excesso de fadiga. Descrever e comparar os indicadores de saúde em escolares: estado nutricional e aptidão física relacionada à saúde por sexo. Participaram do estudo 100 adolescentes com idade entre 11 a 14 anos. O istrumento utilizado foi a bateria de teste e medida proesp-br contendo 4 itens: Flexibilidade; Resistencia muscular; Aptidão cardiorrespiratoria e indice de massa corporal (massa/altura2). Os dados foram tabulados e analisados no SPSS versão 20.0 for Windows, verificando a normalidade por meior do teste kolmogorov-Smirnov, foi realizado estatistica descritiva com média e desvio-padrão e teste t de student para amostra independete para comparação entre sexo. Ao comparar a aptidão entre sexos houve diferença significativa no teste de flexibilidade (p=0,10) e resistência muscular (p=0,16),  ao verificar os resultados de acordo com os criterios estabelecidos pelo proesp-br tanto meninos quanto meninas apresentaram niveis insatisfátorio nos teste de resistência muscular (94,4% meninos e 86,2% meninas) e aptidão cardiorrespirátoria (40,8% meninos e 58,6% meninas). Conclui-se que aptidão física em grande parte, encontra-se abaixo dos niveis esperados. Tornando cada vez mais importante a implementação de intervenções buscando melhorar a qualidade de vida e prevenir possiveis doenças crônico-degenerativas. Palavra-chaves: Aptidão Física; Saúde; Escolares; Indicador de saúde.
EDUCAÇÃO EM SAÚDE PARA A HANSENÍASE: EXPERIÊNCIA DA ENFERMAGEM
Authors: Monteiro Bruna Rodrigues , Ataíde Cáthia Alessandra Varela , Silva Carlos Jordão De Assis , Neres Jéssica Naiara Silva , Medeiros Eliabe Rodrigues de , Simpson Clélia Albino
Published: May 2018

A Hanseníase é uma doença infecto-contagiosa, com diagnóstico tardio e que evolui para lesões cutâneas reduzindo a sensibilidade térmica, dolorosa e tátil, nesse sentido o Ministério da Saúde, retrata a importância das atividades educativas na área da saúde como um ponto estratégico para seu controle. Tem-se como objetivo relatar a experiência de discentes do curso de graduação e pós-graduação em enfermagem no desenvolvimento de atividades de educação em saúde sobre a hanseníase. Estudo descritivo do tipo relato de experiência sobre educação em saúde em hanseníase, desenvolvido por pós-graduandos e graduandos em enfermagem em um evento científico. Os dados foram organizados nas seguintes categorias: Conceito geral da hanseníase e seu aspecto histórico; Sinais e Sintomas; Diagnóstico e Tratamento; Dinâmica Interativa. É perceptível a interação dos discentes de enfermagem no desenvolvimento contínuo da educação em saúde, conciliando o conhecimento cientifico junto ao conhecimento empírico, contribuindo assim na eliminação da Hanseníase.
AVALIAÇÃO DA EFETIVIDADE DE BOAS PRÁTICAS EM SERVIÇOS DE ALIMENTAÇÃO COLETIVA EM UMA CAPITAL BRASILEIRA
Authors: Boff Jaqueline Menti , Strasburg Virgílio José
Published: May 2018

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o grau de adequação referente aos registros para a garantia higiênico sanitária dos alimentos em Serviços de Alimentação Coletiva (SAC). Metodologia: Foi adaptado um check-list a partir da Portaria SES/RS nº 78/2009 com 34 itens, em oito grupos, que dizem respeito à comprovação dos procedimentos desenvolvidos em três modalidades de SAC: Institucionais Públicos, Privados de Buffet e/ou a quilo e Lanchonetes. As visitas aos SAC ocorreram entre janeiro e março de 2015 na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. Os dados obtidos foram organizados e calculadas no software da Microsoft Office Excel®, sendo classificados conforme a RDC 275/2002. Resultados: Foram visitados e inspecionados 15 estabelecimentos distribuídos igualitariamente em cada modalidade. Foi observado que os restaurantes públicos e privados conseguiram atingir um nível de adequação regular. O percentual de adequação no total dos locais ficou em 60,5%. Na avaliação por grupos, o manejo de resíduos apresentou adequação de 93,3% nos locais, enquanto o de edificação e instalações físicas teve o menor percentual (55,5%). Conclusão: A correta utilização de registros e o monitoramento desses podem auxiliar na prevenção de inconformidades e, consequentemente, de enfermidades relacionadas com os processos na manipulação dos alimentos.
East Baltics: Economic Dilemmas of Security
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State University, Mezhevich N. M. ,   Institute of Regional Economic Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Zverev Yu. M. ,   Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University
Published: May 2018

This article considers military security in the Eastern Baltic. The research focuses on the economic sustainability of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the context of military spending. The authors maintain that an increase in military spending can either strengthen or weaken national economic and technological potential. In Germany or Sweden, military spending accounts for a smaller proportion of the GDP or budget revenues, but it is integrated into the general model of innovative and technological development. In the case of the Baltics, it is advisable to estimate military spending as a proportion of budget revenues rather than that of GDP — this recommendation applies to all smaller states. The authors stress that the central component of any national military and economic development is a focus on general national objectives rather than solely military ones. Economically advanced countries integrate defence spending into their investment and innovation strategies and industrial policies. Smaller countries — and the Baltics are no exception — do not apply this principle. Their military spending does not contribute to the technological and economic agenda. The article shows that the military spending of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia undermines their investment potential and serves as a critical factor in their national and governmental development. The authors suggest estimating military spending as a proportion of budget revenues rather than that of GDP.
Arte/Arquivo: Conexões possíveis entre Hubert Duprat, Alfredo Jaar e Rosângela Rennó
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Garcez Luciane Ruschel Nascimento , Rangel Valeska Bernardo ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina
Published: May 2018

Este artigo faz uma análise da obra do artista francês Hubert Duprat (1957-),“Tri-choptère: la dernière bibliothèque”, prefi-gurando uma biblioteca, onde o assunto abordado pela coleção são as larvas Tri-cópteras, e o material disponibilizado é composto, na sua grande maioria, pela coleção do artista. Problematizando questões como o arquivo que se torna obra de arte, Duprat propõe um trabalho onde memória e coleção são transpassados pela arte, e o espectador é convidado a interagir com o acervo e com seus conceitos, em uma movimentação onde Duprat reinventa sua própria coleção, sua forma de se apresentar ao público como artista, colocando em questão os conceitos de exposição, coleção e arquivo. Para estabelecermos um diálogo com esta obra, trazemos o artista chileno Alfredo Jaar (1956-), cuja poética igualmente permeia a noção de arte enquanto arquivo, bem como uma instalação de Rosângela Rennó (1962-) onde percebemos relações e conexões com os trabalhos apresentados, nos quais percebemos a inserção do artista por um movimento de colecionismo, onde as obras têm sua corporalidade repensada e o artista nos faz refletir sobre o que são estas plataformas constitutivas da arte.
A Pointwise Approach to Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Aggregated Data
Authors: Crippa Alessio , Thomas Ilias , Orsini Nicola
Published: May 2018

In a two-stage dose-response meta-analysis a common functional relationship is applied to each study and an overall curve is obtained by combining study-specific dose-response coefficients. Possible limitations are: 1) a common dose-response model may have a poor fit in some of the studies; 2) combining dose-response coefficients discard information about study-specific exposure range. A pointwise approach for meta-analysis may overcome those limitations by combining predicted relative risks for a fine grid of exposure values based on potentially different dose-response models.We described how to flexibly model the dose-response association in a single study using fractional polynomials and spline, and how to present the combined results from study-specific analyses.The strategy is illustrated using aggregated data derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, with results compared to the corresponding analysis based on individual data.Another example on milk consumption and all-cause mortality is used to show the advantages of the pointwise approach regarding flexibility in the dose-response analyses, limitations of extrapolations, and informativeness in presenting pooled results.Application of the proposed strategy may improve dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies in case of particularly heterogeneous exposure distributions.
A New Method of Odds Ratio and Hazard Analysis of Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Agravat Manoj B.
Published: May 2018

The main topic of this paper is to focus on a new method for calculating odds ratios and hazard ratios through probabilities and effect modification. This probability is derived through an odds ratio proof for the common conditional odds ratio of Cochran Mantel Hansel showing theta equals one. Subsequently, the probability formula is obtained and the hazard ratio expression derived. However, the new relation of this proof is to show that logits equals itself through probability. From this derivation, an expression of risk is obtained which is an odds ratio. Parameters are obtained through a novel method of Survreg and its proportional hazard assumption. The odds ratio obtained is given as per strata as well as hazard ratio method demonstrated which is curvilinear to probability in comparison for the interaction model to represent percent change. The odds ratios from PROC GLIMMIX for interaction model has odds ratio of 1.76 vs 1.73 and 1.83 vs 1.76 for white and black males of a logit expression another expression of a logit. A parametric analysis shows correlation to the odds ratios for strata and probability Pr(z) that can work from a new derivation for an odds ratio with for the exposure shown to have power with the RANTBL function of about 83 % with effect modification included at 100% power. The comparison of effect modification P values to hazard ratio is then made for differences across strata.
Bayesian Analysis of Markov Based Logistic Model
Authors: Biswas Soma Chowdhury , Mahanta Janardan , Roy Manindra Kumar
Published: May 2018

In analyzing longitudinal data the correlations between responses obtained from same individual need to be taken into account. Various models can be used to handle such correlations. This article focuses on the application of transition modeling using Bayesian approach for analyzing longitudinal binary data. For Bayesian estimation asymmetric loss functions, such as, linear exponential (LINEX) and modified linear exponential (MLINEX) loss function and Tierney and Kadnae (T.K.) approximation has been used. Comparison is made using Bayes factor and Bayesian approach under LINEX loss function can be suggested to estimate the parameters of transition model.
Recognizing IC-Planar and NIC-Planar Graphs
Authors: Brandenburg Franz
Published: May 2018

We prove that triangulated IC-planar graphs and triangulated $K_5$-free or $X4W$-free NIC-planar graphs can be recognized in cubic time. A graph is 1-planar if it can be drawn in the plane with at most one crossing per edge. A drawing is IC-planar if, in addition, each vertex is incident to at most one crossing edge and NIC-planar if two pairs of crossing edges share at most one vertex. In a triangulated drawing each face is a triangle. A graph is $K_5$-free ($X4W$-free) if it does not contain simple $K_5$ with a separating 3-cycle (extended 4-wheel graphs). In consequence, planar-maximal and maximal IC-planar graphs can be recognized in $O(n^5)$ time and maximum and optimal ones in $O(n^3)$ time.
On Nonlinear Relationship between Inflation and Economic Growth: A Study of ASEAN-5 Countries Period 2000–2016
Authors: Galih Ambar , Safuan Sugiharso
Published: May 2018

Money (inflation) has played a vital role in economic growth. However, the nexus between them has always drawn mesmerizing debates. From the thoughts of Classical and Keynes which argued the existence of money neutrality, to the level of empirical studies which find either positive or negative correlation between inflation and economic growth. Recent studies concerning the debatable relationship have evolved it into a hypothesis whether the relation is nonlinear with a threshold or a point where the link switches. This study aims to re-examine the causality between inflation and economic growth in ASEAN-5 countries period 2000Q1–2016Q4. The results based on Threshold Vector Autoregression model indicate the presence of a nonlinear relationship between the two variables.
Economic Impact of Imposing Excise Tax on Plastic Bottles of Drinks
Authors: Mardanugraha Eugenia
Published: May 2018

This research simulates the effect of imposing excise tax on plastic container of drinks towards economic performance of beverage industry in Indonesia and governmentâ˘A ´Zs tax revenue. The results showed that by imposing excise tax on plastic cups and plastic bottles the government would lose tax revenue from value added tax (PPN) and corporate income tax (PPh badan) more than they gain additional revenue from excise tax. Hence, imposing excise tax on drink containers should serve a clear purpose and an undeniable reason. This paper recommends the government to develop proper excise infrastructure to extend the goods or services to be taxed. This paper also recommends the required stages for extending the excise tax.
Mapping Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) in Indonesia Labor Market
Authors: Halimatussadiah Alin , Nuryakin Chaikal , Muchtar Pyan A. , Bella Adriana , Rizal Husnul
Published: May 2018

The empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (PWD) has recently attracted the attention of the Indonesian government. Several initiatives have been made to empower their life, especially the establishment of Act No. 8/2016 which enhances their right to inclusive economic activities. This study aims to map PWD in Indonesian labor market. Specifically, it analyzes the characteristics of employed and unemployed PWD. It explored Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), which began to concern on disability issue in 2016. The results show that PWD prevalence varies highly among provinces led by West Sumatera, East Nusa Tenggara, and South Sulawesi and that PWD has lower labor participation rate than that of PWOD. It may indicate the significant presence of discouraged workers among PWD.
Types and Severities of Export Barriers: Evidence from Indonesian SMEs
Authors: Revindo Mohamad Dian
Published: May 2018

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are more constrained to export than their large counterparts and SMEs' limited participation in export market is more prevalent in developing than in developed countries. Extant literature suggests that SMEs encounter a set of export inhibiting factors distinct to those faced by large firms and therefore accurate identification of export barriers is crucial in fostering SMEs export. This study investigates the export barriers faced by Indonesian SMEs. The evidences were collected from 271 exporting SMEs and 226 non-exporting SMEs in seven provinces in Jawa, Madura and Bali regions. The results show that the types and severities of export barriers perceived or encountered by SMEs vary across export stages and across products/industries. Further, export barriers can be distinguished by their general or specific nature. The policy and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.
Determinants of Port Performance - Case Study of 4 Main Ports in Indonesia (2005-2015)
Authors: Aqmarina Atika , Achjar Nuzul
Published: May 2018

Port plays significant role in supporting economic growth of a country. This study aims to analyze the determinant of port performance in Indonesia. In this research, the ports selected are four main ports in Indonesia which are Port of Belawan, Port of Tanjung Priok, Port of Tanjung Perak, and Makassar. These ports are designed as the hub ports in the national sea transport system of the country. The study used pooled OLS as the methodology to analyze the determinant. The result of this studies shows that total traffic is not influenced by operating surplus per ton, whereas the rest of variables such as turnaround time, idle time, berth of occupancy rate, rate of return, number of employee and cargo equipment have significant results and significantly influenced the total traffic.
The causal role of the somatosensory cortex in prosocial behaviour
Authors: Gallo Selene , Paracampo Riccardo , Müller-Pinzler Laura , Severo Mario Carlo , Blömer Laila , Fernandes-Henriques Carolina , Henschel Anna , Lammes Balint Kalista , Maskaljunas Tatjana , Suttrup Judith , Avenanti Alessio , Keysers Christian , Gazzola Valeria
Published: May 2018

Witnessing another person’s suffering elicits vicarious brain activity in areas that are active when we ourselves are in pain. Whether this activity influences prosocial behavior remains the subject of debate. Here participants witnessed a confederate express pain through a reaction of the swatted hand or through a facial expression, and could decide to reduce that pain by donating money. Participants donate more money on trials in which the confederate expressed more pain. Electroencephalography shows that activity of the somatosensory cortex I (SI) hand region explains variance in donation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) shows that altering this activity interferes with the pain–donation coupling only when pain is expressed by the hand. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) shows that altering SI activity also interferes with pain perception. These experiments show that vicarious somatosensory activations contribute to prosocial decision-making and suggest that they do so by helping to transform observed reactions of affected body-parts into accurate perceptions of pain that are necessary for decision-making.
Nature-derived lignan compound VB-1 exerts hair growth-promoting effects by augmenting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human dermal papilla cells
Authors: Luo Jieshu , Chen Mengting , Liu Yingzi , Xie Hongfu , Yuan Jian , Zhou Yingjun , Ding Jinsong , Deng Zhili , Li Ji
Published: May 2018

Background

Vitexin is a kind of lignan compound which has been shown to possess a variety of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-cancer activities. However the effect of vitexin on hair regeneration has not been elaborated.

Methods

The proliferation of human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) was examined by cell counting and continuous cell culture after vitexin compound 1 (VB-1) was treated. The expression of lef1, wnt5a, bmp2, bmp4, alpl and vcan was examined by RT-PCR. The expression of dkk1, tgf-β1, active-β-Catenin, and AXIN2 was examined by RT-PCR or immunoblotting. Hair shaft growth was measured in the absence or presence of VB-1.

Results

We demonstrated that VB-1 significantly promotes the proliferation of hDPCs in a concentration-dependent manner within a certain concentration range. Among the hair growth-related genes investigated, dkk1 was clearly down-regulated in hDPCs treated with VB-1. The increased active β-Catenin and decreased AXIN2 protein levels suggest that VB-1 facilitates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hDPCs in vitro. The expression of DP signature genes was also upregulated after VB-1 treatment. Our study further indicated that VB-1 promotes human hair follicle (HF) growth by HF organ culture assay.

Discussion

VB-1 may exert hair growth-promoting effects via augmenting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hDPCs.
Transcriptomic studies reveal a key metabolic pathway contributing to a well-maintained photosynthetic system under drought stress in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)
Authors: Shi Weiping , Cheng Jingye , Wen Xiaojie , Wang Jixiang , Shi Guanyan , Yao Jiayan , Hou Liyuan , Sun Qian , Xiang Peng , Yuan Xiangyang , Dong Shuqi , Guo Pingyi , Guo Jie
Published: May 2018

Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic factors limiting crop productivity. A better understanding of the effects of drought on millet (Setaria italica L.) production, a model crop for studying drought tolerance, and the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for drought stress responses is vital to improvement of agricultural production. In this study, we exposed the drought resistant F1 hybrid, M79, and its parental lines E1 and H1 to drought stress. Subsequent physiological analysis demonstrated that M79 showed higher photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency and drought tolerance than its parents. A transcriptomic study using leaves collected six days after drought treatment, when the soil water content was about ∼20%, identified 3066, 1895, and 2148 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in M79, E1 and H1 compared to the respective untreated controls, respectively. Further analysis revealed 17 Gene Ontology (GO) enrichments and 14 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways in M79, including photosystem II (PSII) oxygen-evolving complex, peroxidase (POD) activity, plant hormone signal transduction, and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Co-regulation analysis suggested that these DEGs in M79 contributed to the formation of a regulatory network involving multiple biological processes and pathways including photosynthesis, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, redox regulation, hormonal signaling, and osmotic regulation. RNA-seq analysis also showed that some photosynthesis-related DEGs were highly expressed in M79 compared to its parental lines under drought stress. These results indicate that various molecular pathways, including photosynthesis, respond to drought stress in M79, and provide abundant molecular information for further analysis of the underlying mechanism responding to this stress.
Importance of Early Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Stomach: Our 5-Year, Single-Center Experience
Authors: Akyüz Cebrail , Abuoglu Hasan , Gunay Emre , Uzunoğlu Hakan , Tilki Metin , Okuyan Gülten Çiçek
Published: May 2018

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate clinicopathologic characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients who underwent surgery with a diagnosis of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of the stomach.

Methods:

In this single center study, the data of a total of 42 patients diagnosed with a GIST of the stomach in our center between 2010 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The mean age was 60.6 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.47/1. Patients presented with various complaints (21 patients had stomach pain,14 patients were asymptomatic, 3 patients had hemorrhage, 2 patients had heartburn and acidity,1 patient had intumescence,1 patient had nausea and vomiting), and all patients underwent surgery. The initial diagnosis was made with endoscopy in 19 patients, with computed tomography in 21 patients, and with magnetic resonance imaging in 2 patients. Local excision or wedge resection was performed in 27 patients, whereas subtotal gastrectomy was performed in 15 patients.

Results:

The mean tumor diameter was 5.66 cm. Pathologically, 25 patients had very low, 5 patients had low, 6 patients had moderate, and 6 patients had high-grade malignancy. The patients with moderate- to high-grade malignancy received imatinib. Liver metastasis occurred in 2 patients. The mean follow-up was 33 months. The mean disease-free survival time was 31.72 months, and the mean disease-specific (n = 2) survival time was 31.25 months. All patients including metastatic ones were still alive.

Conclusions:

Our study results show that frequent use of imaging studies and increased use of endoscopic scans for various reasons may increase the rate of incidentally detected gastric stromal tumors. High rates of disease-free survival can be achieved in GIST patients who are in the low-risk group due to the early diagnosis.
Liver regeneration accelerates hepatitis B virus‐related tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Teng Chiao‐Fang , Chang Hong‐Yi , Tsai Hung‐Wen , Hsieh Wen‐Chuan , Kuo Yu‐Hao , Su Ih‐Jen , Lin Yih‐Jyh
Published: May 2018

Although partial hepatectomy (PH) to remove tumors provides a potential cure of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), long‐term survival of hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related HCC patients after PH remains a big challenge. Early recurrence within 2 years post‐PH is associated with the dissemination of primary HCC. However, late recurrence after 2 years post‐PH is supposed due to the de novo or a secondary tumor. Since PH initiates liver regeneration (LR), we hypothesize that LR may accelerate tumorigenesis through activation of pre‐existing precancerous lesions in the remaining liver. In this study, we explored the potential role of several LR‐related factors in the de novo recurrence in a HBV X protein (HBx) transgenic mouse model receiving PH to mimic human HCC development. Following PH, we observed that tumor development was significantly accelerated from 16.9 to 10.4 months in HBx transgenic mice. The expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family proteins was remarkably suppressed in livers of HBx transgenic relative to non‐transgenic mice from early to late stages after PH as compared with non‐PH mice. The expression of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)/Smad pathway, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), Myc, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and β‐Catenin also showed a significant difference between livers of HBx transgenic and non‐transgenic mice at variable time points after PH in comparison with non‐PH mice. Taken together, our results provide an explanation for the high de novo recurrence of HBV‐related HCC after PH, probably through induction of the sequential changes of LR‐related SOCS family proteins, growth factors, and transcription factors, which may promote growth on the precancerous remnant liver.