bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) viscera bioactive peptides as antiviral for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19)
Authors: Riyadi P H , Tanod W A , Wahyudi D , Susanto E , Fahmi A S , Aisiah S
Published: October 2020

Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is a severe problem in the world today. The SARS-CoV-2 virus contains protease and glycoprotein spike, which was used infection and development. The RBD (Receptor Binding Domain) of the glycoprotein Spike (RBD-S) can bind to the ACE2 receptor (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2) on the Domain protease (PD) (PD-ACE2) of the host cell causing virus infection. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of bioactive peptides from tilapia viscera hydrolysate as an antiviral peptide to attempt a simulated docking with four protein target virus COVID 19. The research was conducted by molecular docking using the PyRx software. Selected protein targets were SARS-CoV-2 protease (GDP ID: 6LU7), SPIKE COVID 19 (PDB ID: 6LVN), ACE2 (GDP ID: 6VW1), and deubiquitinase inhibitors block the SARS virus replication (PDB ID: 3E9S). The formed binding affinity was represented as a docking score. The results showed that both the Asp-Trp and Val-Tyr peptides were potential as SARS-CoV-2 antiviral, with an affinity strength equal to chloroquine and favipiravir. The Asp-Trp and Val-Tyr peptides could bind to all four receptor proteins target on the active side. Therefore, it potentially inhibits the virus sticking to proteins target that results in inhibition of virus replication. Generally, the Asp-Trp and Val-Tyr peptides of tilapia viscera hydrolysate are potential as an alternative antiviral peptide to medicate the infections and replication of COVID-19.
The exploitations status of the orange mud crub (Scylla olivacea Herbst, 1796) in Aru Islands and adjacent waters, Maluku, Indonesia
Authors: Pane A R P , Alnanda R , Herlisman  , Suman A
Published: October 2020

The increasing exploitation and fishing of the orange mud crab (Scylla olivacea) are threats against the sustainability of the crab resources. Therefore, it is critical to carry out a scientific study that can serve as the basis of the fisheries management. This study was carried out from March to November 2019 several crab landing sites in Aru Islands (Dobo). It employed survey and monthly data collection methods, assisted by an enumerator. The results revealed that the capace width orange mud crab was of 110–185 mm in size where 135 mm was the dominant size and 137.8 mm was the capace width at first capture (CWc). Its growth rate (K) was 0.59 per year and its asymptotic capace width was 191.5 mm. The recruitment of the species occurred all year long, peaking in February at 18.53%. Its fishing mortality (F) was 0.74 per year, while its natural mortality (M) was 0.77 per year. The exploitation rate (E) of the orange mud crab was 0.49% (moderate state). To ensure the sustainability of the crab resource in Aru Islands, people should be advised to maintain the sustainability of the crab habitats, i.e. the mangrove forests, and not to capture the orange mud crabs below 120 mm in size.
The power of biodegradation and bio-adsorption of bacteria symbiont sponges sea on waste contaminated of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals
Authors: Marzuki I , Daris L , Nisaa K , Emelda A
Published: October 2020

Sponge is often used as a bio indicator and bio monitoring in determining the level of heavy metal contamination in the sea. The purpose of this research is to analyze the destruction of PAHs and the reduction of heavy metal toxicity. Biodegradation and bio-adsorption occur with a 30-day interaction between bacterial symbiont sponge suspension against modified liquid waste containing a mixture of PAHs (naphthalene) contaminants, heavy metals Cr (VI) and Cd (II). The period of interaction of bacteria with heavy metals for 15 days, bio-adsorption power was determined using AAS, while the interaction with PAHs, the level of biodegradation was measured using GC-MS and Infrared Spectrophotometer. The results achieved bacteria BP and PS, have biodegradation and bio-adsorption activities against extreme waste contaminated with a mixture of naphthalene and heavy metal. The level of biodegradation of BP bacteria to naphthalene is weaker than PS bacteria. The bio-adsorption power of PS bacteria is higher for Cr (VI) and Cd (II) ions. The components of naphthalene in extreme waste inhibit the bio-adsorption performance of BP and PS bacterial, conversely there is an effect of inhibition of bacterial activity on the biodegradation process of naphthalene by the presence of heavy metals.
Circulation dynamics of the Banda Sea estimated from argo profiles
Authors: Ismail M F A , Taofiqurohman A , Purwandana A
Published: October 2020

The Banda Sea is a semi-enclosed marginal basin in the eastern tropical Indonesian waters. The circulation in the region displays strong seasonality in response to the seasonally reversing monsoon wind system. Yet, the basin is one of the least studied regions when it comes to the circulation dynamics – until now. Here, we present an analysis of an Array of real-time geostrophic oceanography (Argo) floats data during the period August 2017 to August 2019. The aim of the study is to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of circulation in the Banda Sea. Our study demonstrates the presence of cyclonic circulations, upwelling and downwelling with strong seasonal variability in the eastern part of Banda Sea off Maluku Island. It appears from the Argo temperature-salinity data that the subsurface cold and salty water shoals up during the southeast monsoon due to Ekman transport. Our study highlights the importance of Argo floats in elucidating the circulation in the Banda Sea.
Computational analysis of ethyl acetate extract of Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud. leaves as peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase inhibitor in Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Aisiah S , Olga  , Tanod W A , Salosso Y , Bambang  , Riyadi P H
Published: October 2020

Aeromonas hydrophila is a cause of Motile Aeromonad Septicemia (MAS) disease in freshwater fish, which is often endemic and causes significant losses in a freshwater fish farming business. Aeromonas hydrophila belongs to the group of gram-negative bacteria and has a complex cell wall consisting of three layers, namely the outer layer in the form of lipoprotein, the middle layer in the form lipopolysaccharide and the inner layer in the form of peptidoglycan. GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of Nauclea subdita leaves was assayed in silico. Seven compounds from GC-MS analysis have potential as glycosyltransferase peptidoglycan inhibitors with highest probability of being active. Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases play a role in the cell cycle, cell shape, and cell wall. In this study, we conducted a molecular docking of seven compounds for peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase. Binding Affinity Energy (Kcal/mol) of seven compounds was better than beta-lactam as a comparative control. The seven of fourteen compounds found also adhere to Lipinski’s rules on five criteria to indicate these compounds being safely used as oral drugs.
Novel design and implementation extraction 137Cs from seawater integrated with water quality checker
Authors: Yahya M N , Suseno H , Makmur M , Irawan D , Priasetyono Y , Prihatiningsih W R
Published: October 2020

The main source of 137Cs radioactive releases categorized as global fallout came from nuclear weapon experiments in the past as well as nuclear accidents of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear power plant that occurred in 1986 and 2011. Radioactive contamination in the atmosphere will be deposited on land and dispersed through the water. The existing operational nuclear facilities and government plan to construct an Experimental Power Reactor in the Serpong Puspitek area could potentially release radioactive 137Cs through the Cisadane river towards into Jakarta Bay. Environmental monitoring of fission products is required to control the level of radioactivity of the marine environment when the new nuclear facilities and existing facilities operate. On the other hand, the old unit has a weakness of adsorption efficiency and suspected not perfectly coated in filter cartridges. Compared with the old design, this unit easily mobilized and integrated with the measurement of seawater parameters refers to pH, conductivity, and temperature. This unit fulfilled IAEA analytical guidelines with the results of decision threshold and detection limit were 0,13 mBq/l and 0,29 mBq/l respectively, also the results of the relative bias and precision test are below the permissible limit.
Evaluation of land suitability of Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation in the dry and rainy season
Authors: Aris M , Labenua R
Published: October 2020

Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed is one of the important economically valuable commodities. Kappaphycus alvarezii is one of the macro algae species that has many benefits. Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed cultivation is the dominant mariculture activity on Panggang Island, DKI Jakarta. The condition of the quality of the aquatic environment greatly affects the production of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed. This study aims to analyze the suitability level of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed cultivation in the dry season and rainy season. This research was carried out in Panggang Island, DKI Jakarta during the dry and rainy seasons. The observed environmental quality parameters include the physical physics parameters, namely temperature, current speed, brightness, and depth observed in situ. Aquatic chemical parameters namely salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen observed in situ and nitrates and phosphate observed in ex-situ. In order to get a classification of the suitability level, the suitability of the marine matrix is made through scoring and weighting on the parameters limiting seaweed farming activities. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the suitability of the waters on Panggang Island, DKI Jakarta is very suitable (Sl) for Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation both during the planting period in the dry season or the rainy season.
Fishing season and participatory mapping of the fishing ground of target fish in Depapre Bay, Jayapura Regency, Papua Indonesia
Authors: Paulangan Y P , Rumbiak K , Barapadang B
Published: October 2020

Fisheries resources, especially small-scale fisheries in the Depapre Bay, Jayapura Regency, which is quite potential, have not been utilized optimally. However, the damage to supporting ecosystems has begun to occur. The aims of this study were to inventory the target fish resources, study the pattern of the fishing season, and determine the fishing ground area in the Depapre Bay in a participatory manner. The method approach used in this study is a semi-structured study to document and evaluate small-scale fisheries management systems in a participatory manner with several data collection techniques, namely with focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and recording and documentation. There are around 14 target fish families in the Depapre Bay that have been identified, which are grouped into pelagic fish and demersal fish. The pelagic fish group of the Scrombidae family has a fishing season of around May-November, namely in the east to the west season with the fishing ground outside the bay, while the demersal fish group generally has a fishing season of around May-February or occurs from the beginning to the end of the western season with the fishing ground in the bay and around Tanjung Tanah Merah, which is caused by the physiographical and oceanographical factors of the Depapre Bay. Considering the above conditions, it is necessary to pay attention to stakeholders, especially the local government. In addition to the community empowerment to improve technology, the limited reach of fishermen should also be taken into consideration. Conservation zoning should be based on the fishing ground areas by paying attention to the existing the Tiaitiki local wisdom system.
Physical characteristics of artificial nori made from Ptilophora pinnatifida and Moringa oleifera leaves
Authors: Andriani R , Wulansari A , Dewi E K , Husen A H
Published: October 2020

Artificial nori is a potential alternative to fulfil the need of nori (dried Porphyra) in Indonesia. Ptilophora pinnatifida naturally does not have green colour. Moringa oleifera leaves can give natural green colour to the artificial nori made from Ptilophora pinnatifida. The aim of this study was to produce an artificial nori which had a close physical characteristics as the commercial nori. This study was an experimental research using the concentrate of Moringa oleifera leaves as variable. The concentrate was consisted of 4%, 6%, and 8% (w/w) of Moringa oleifera leaves. The artificial nori made from mixture of Ptilophora pinnatifida and Moringa oleifera leaves were analized it’s colours (L, a, and b), thickness, tensile strength, and elongation. The result showed, the artificial nori with 8% addition of Moringa oleifera leaves had the closest physical characteristics as the commercial nori. It had 0.25 mm of thickness, 1.22 kg/cm2 of tensile strength, 7.67% elongation, colour L 28.05, colour a 2.90, and colour b 10.31. The concentrate of Moringa oleifera significantly affected the colours, tensile strength, and elongation of the artificial nori, while the tickness was not significantly affected by the concentration of Moringa oleifera.
Size distribution and population parameter of white-spotted wedgefish (Rhynchobatus Australiae Whitley, 1939) from the Eastern Indian Ocean, Indonesia
Authors: Faizah R , Chodrijah U
Published: October 2020

White Spotted Wedgefish (Rhynchobatus australiae, Whitley, 1939) is one of member Elasmobrachii family and it has economic value because of its fins valuable food source. The objective of the research is to determine population parameter and size distribution of White Spotted Wedgefish (Rhynchobatus australiae) from the Eastern Indian Ocean Fishing Region in Indonesia (WPP 573). A total of 407 samples were recorded from bottom longline fisheries at Tanjung Luar, Lombok from March 2014 to December 2016 by a trained enumerator. The size of sharks White Spotted Wedgefish varied from 95 mm to 323 m total length (TL), with average size was 222 mm. Size distributions and sex ratio between females and males were significantly different. Analysis on its population status showed that this species was very susceptible to overfishing. This condition should be responded by the government through management actions for its fishery.
Perspective on management strategic for sustainable development of coral reef fisheries at Ternate Island through ecosystem-based management approach
Authors: Rumagia F , Boer M , Kurnia R , Kamal M M
Published: October 2020

The coral reef fisheries activity at the coastal area of Ternate Island may impact the coral reefs’ resources and ecosystems in this region. Management and utilization of the coral reef fishery resources that are not accompanied by an understanding of the structure and function of each component of the ecosystem can increase disturbance to the ecosystem, and adversely affect the structural components of the coral reef ecosystem in the coastal area of Ternate Island. Management and utilization of the coral reef fishery resources that are not accompanied by an understanding of the structure and function of each component of the ecosystem can increase the amount of disturbance to the ecosystem, and adversely affect the structural components of the coral reef ecosystem in the coastal area of Ternate Island. The lack of information and understanding of the ecosystem structure and function makes harvest controls impractical in fisheries management. Spatial management, such as MPAs, community marine tenure, and comprehensive marine zoning, within restrictions on destructive and inefficient fishing gear, may lead to reversing the decline in coral reef fisheries and the associated ecosystem. The urgent need to reform coral reef management focuses on the interconnected system as linked social-ecological systems.
Effect of dietary probiotics SEAL on growth performance of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) nilasa strain
Authors: Aisyah I , Istiqomah I , Isnansetyo A
Published: October 2020

Aims of this study were to determine the effect of probiotic application on the growth performance and feed utilization of red tilapia nilasa strain juveniles. Yeast and bacterial strains of different origin (Saccharomyces sp., Enterobacter sp. JC10, Aeromonas sp. JC33, and Lactococcus sp. JAL12) were administered to fish in daily and three day intervals at dose of 5×104 CFU/gram feed. The control groups were only administered with fish pellet with saline buffer. The fish were stocked in 95 × 72 × 55 cm containers (50 each) and fed approximately 3 % of their body weight thrice a day for 62 days. Absolute, relative and specific growths of weight were examined at one and two months of probiotic application. Fish survival rate, total production, feed conversion ratio (FCR) were analyzed at the end of experiment. The results showed that probiotics application in fish affected absolute weight, relative weight, specific weight, and total production (P<0.05). No significant effects on fish feed utilization parameters were obtained. It is concluded that probiotics SEAL application is efficacious in the growth performance of tilapia nisala strain. The application with three-day interval improves the growth and total production of red tilapia similar to the daily probiotics application.
Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation production based on season in Indari waters, West Bacan Subdistrict, Regency of South Halmahera, Province of North Mollucas, Indonesia
Authors: Irfan M , Malan S , Muchdar F , Abdullah N , Juharni
Published: October 2020

Indari is one of the coastal areas in the West Bacan Subdistrict, Regency of South Halmahera, Province of North Mollucas. Fisheries business activities that are quite popular in this region are aquaculture with seaweed commodities. Indari waters is also one of the areas designated as seaweed cultivation development zones in Province of North Mollucas. One of the factors that determine the success of a seaweed cultivation business is production. This is because production is the final result obtained from a cultivation business. The purpose of this research was to determine the production of seaweedK.alvareziicultivation based on seasons. The method used in the survey is a method of interviewing using questionnaires to seaweed farmers as many as 30 people. Production data collected is wet and dry production data by season. Production data collected is wet and dry production data by season. The results showed that the highest seaweedK.alvareziiproduction was found in the dry season with wet production of 9.320 kg and dry production of 852.5 kg, whereas in the rainy season, wet production was 898.125 kg and dry production was 718.5 kg.
Obligations and responsibilities of flag states related to IUU fishing based on ITLOS case no. advisory opinion 21 and its impacts to Indonesia
Authors: Maskun  , Napang M , Assidiq H , Al Muqni Ali M Muksyid
Published: October 2020

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is still one of the biggest threats to the marine ecosystem. That is because IUU Fishing can damage a country’s national and regional efforts to manage fisheries in a sustainable manner and interface with efforts to conserve marine biodiversity. IUU Fishing has reached about 20 percent of the total world catch and up to 50 percent in some areas. IUU Fishing practices often use bonded labor, destructive fishing methods and deceptive actions to reap profits at the expense of the state’s local coastal fishing industry and the marine environment. Fisheries resources that should be available for fishermen are reduced due to IUU Fishing which can cause the collapse of local fisheries. Developing countries have proven to be very vulnerable because they have a large risk of being affected by illegal fishing, with the estimated total catch in West Africa reaching 40 percent higher than reported catches, such as exploitation rates severely almost sustainable management of marine ecosystems.
Potential, suitability, and carrying capacity of coral reef ecosystem in West Buleleng MPA
Authors: Windayati R , Marfai M A , Pangaribowo E H , Mardiatno D
Published: October 2020

Marine protected area (MPA) of West Buleleng, Pemuteran, Bali has the potential for the development of marine tourism activity through its coral reef ecosystem. Since 2011, the number of tourists visiting this area has been increasing every year and without proper management, it might harm the coral ecosystem. The purposes of this study are to analyze; the potential of coral reef resources based on the analysis of coral’s coverage area, the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI), and the carrying capacity to protect the coral reef ecosystem yet support the development of tourism activities in West Buleleng MPA. Data analysis methods consist of ecological analysis by measuring the potential and condition of coral reef ecosystems, the suitability index of tourism and the carrying capacity of the coral reef ecosystem. The results showed the potential of coral reef resources in West Buleleng MPA is fairly good with a percentage of coral cover about 57.08%. The suitability index of snorkeling and diving activities in the coral reef ecosystem was 76.9% with the carrying capacity of 36 tourists per day or 13.140 tourists per year for those tourism activities.
Performance of yellowfin tuna spawning (Thunnus albacares) in floating net cage
Authors: Tridjoko  , Setiadi A , Gunawan  , Hutapea J H , Setiadharma T , Selamet B
Published: October 2020

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is an important export commodity in Indonesia. This tuna has an important economic value, so it becomes one of the foreign exchange that can provide solutions to the national economy. Yellowfin tuna hatchery technology that was carried out at the Research Institute for Mariculture and Fisheries Extension, with the management of broodstock maintenance in floating net cages has successfully spawned. However, the quality and quantity of eggs produced are still not optimal. This research was conducted in floating net cage with a diameter of 48.8 m with a depth of 8 meters, filled with 30 fishes of yellowfin tuna with body weights ranging from 60-80 kg per fish. Feed given is: fresh fish, squid and added vitamin C and vitamin E. The parameters observed were : spawning frequency, number of eggs produced, hatching rate, egg diameter, diameter of oil globule and the survival activity index value of newly hatched larvae (SAI). As supporting data, water quality observations were carried out which included: temperature, salinity, and water brightness on the floating net cage. This research was conducted for 10 months, from January to October 2019. Data analysis was carried out in discriptively. The results showed that yellowfin tuna reared in floating net cage can spawn well. Spawning occurs every month. The highest spawning frequency in October is 20 times spawning. While the highest total number of eggs successfully harvested was 11,030,000 eggs in August. Hatching rate between 70.5-92.2%. The survival activity index of newly hatched larvae (SAI) is 2.4-3.7
A preliminary experiment on production of dsRNA by in-vivo and its application to tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon larvae for survival enhancement
Authors: Parenrengi A , Tenriulo A , Lante S , Nawang A , Sulaeman  , Masruri M H
Published: October 2020

RNA interference (RNAi) is one of the most recent tools against shrimp viral infection by gene constructs of dsRNA induction. This study aimed to produce dsRNA by in-vivo method and to analyse the effect of its application to tiger shrimp larvae. The dsRNA production was conducted by cloning of genes encoding VP15 and VP24 of WSSV into L4440 vector containing T7 promoter, then transformed to Escherichia coli and grew in LB media for mass production. The bacteria were in-activated using heat-killed bacteria method by immersion at 80°C for 5, 10, and 15 min. Before WSSV-challenge test, tiger shrimp PL-12 were vaccinated by immersion using in-activated bacteria in concentration of 1.3×108 cell/mL for 30 min as a treatment and without vaccination was as a control. The results showed the successful production of VP-dsRNA by in-vivo. In-activated bacteria was effective at 5 min, since dsRNA did not damage. Survival of larvae at 5 days post challenge (dpc) in VP15-dsRNA was relatively higher (28.3%) compared to control (24.4%), and application of VP24-dsRNA also showed higher survival (86.9%) compared to control (83.1%) at 10 dpc. The result implied that the application of dsRNA exhibited a sign of potential way to produce resistant larvae.
Dissemination of angling vessels in the eastern Indian Ocean: a remote sensing perspective
Authors: Syah A F , Inayah Z , Partadisastra M A , Yehezkiel R
Published: October 2020

Dissemination of angling vessels extracted from Vessels Monitoring System (VMS) platform and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) boat detection (VBD) data in the eastern Indian Ocean. The data of angling vessels derived VMS platform and VBD data was provided by Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Indonesia and Earth Observation Group, respectively. The results showed the number of angling vessels that operated during southeast monsoon was higher than others monsoon. The dissemination of angling vessels originating from the VMS platform with VIIRS-VBD has a similar pattern, especially from Bali – Nusa Tenggara. In the general, the dissemination variety of angling vessels from VMS showed that angling vessels mostly appeared in the waters of Bali – Nusa Tenggara while the angling vessels from VBD appeared from West Java - Nusa Tenggara. The VMS and VBD data opening up a variety of possible future applications for more calculable data analysis of fisheries.
Maritime archeology resources potential in Belitung waters
Authors: Novita A , Adhityatama S , Ramadhan A S , Manurung Y H M , Prasetya W H
Published: October 2020

In the national development agenda, the government is committed to building Indonesia to become the world’s maritime axis. The commitment aims to restore the identity of Indonesia as a maritime nation which includes the development of infrastructure, political, socio-cultural, legal, security, and economic aspects. Archaeological research conducted by Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Selatan shows the Belitung waters have potential cultural material resources related to past maritime trade. The issue in this paper is to discuss maritime archeological resources found in Belitung waters through library research from the results of archeological research. This paper aims to provide an overview of Belitung waters which caused shipwrecks that crossing these shipping lanes in the past.
The effect of tomato juice (Lycopersicon esculentum) as natural antioxidant to fertilization rate spermatozoa of kancra fish (Tor soro) 24 hours postcryopreservation
Authors: Muhiardi I , Abinawanto  , Subagja J , Arifin O Z , Anabella N A , Arief M Z
Published: October 2020

Kancra fish (Tor soro) is one of endemic freshwater fish which is originated from Sumatera island. Nowdays, the population of kancra fish is declining because of over fishing in the habitat. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve kancra fish by doing spermatozoa cryopreservation. The objective of present study is to evaluated the effect of tomato juice on fertilization rate 24 hour after spermatozoa cryopreservation. The study used a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications. Four treatments consisted of 0% tomato juice + 10% DMSO (0% SBt); 10% tomato juice + 10% DMSO (10% SBt); 20% tomato juice + 10% DMSO (20% SBt); and 30% tomato juice + 10% DMSO (SBt 30%). Data was analysed by One Way Analyses of Variance test followed by Tukey test. The results showed that there was the tomato juice effect (P<0.05) on the fertilization rate after spermatozoa was deep frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN) for 24 hours has significant difference (P <0.05) in the average value of the percentage of fertilization rate. The results showed that the 10% of tomato juice was optimum concentration that showed the highest fertilization rate (81.25 ± 6.07%).
Utilization of marine resources in prehistoric era at Pawon Cave West Java
Authors: Yondri L , Oscandar F , Malinda Y
Published: October 2020

Pawon Cave is one of the locations for prehistoric life discovery in West Java. Archaeological research at Pawon Cave was done since 2003 until now. Seven human skeletons from prehistoric era had been found there. Five sample for carbon dating analysis for cultural chronology show the time between 5600-11700 BP. Besides human skeletons, from archaeological excavation at Pawon Cave also found various artefactual made various of stone like chert, obsidian, and andesite, bone tools as deer antlers, and pig teeth. Bone tools are processed into single piercings, double piercings, and spatulas, jewelry from shark teeth, animal fangs, and mollusks. Food indication can know from bone fragments from various animals bone fragment, and mollusks from both freshwater and marine. Based on the results of the forensic odontology analysis, an understanding about types of materials consumed by Pawon Man is more diverse. hunting and collecting food of Pawon Man in the past, not only show by the excavation findings like animal bones remains, more specifically known from the analysis of calculus (plaque) attached to Pawon Man teeth. Based on archeological found in excavation and the result of calculus analysis can be show the Pawon Man in the prehistoric time also used as artifact and consume some source from marine.
Application of asexual reproduction techniques and grow ability of the sandfish Holothuria scabra
Authors: Pattinasarany M M , Pattiasina B J
Published: October 2020

Sea cucumber population in nature is reported to have experienced exploitation pressure in various places. Natural sea cucumber reproduction (sexual) takes a long time to produce a new adult individual. This is feared to be the cause of the extinction of sea cucumbers. Sandfish, Holothuria scabra, do not include sea cucumber species which are categorized as capable of asexual reproduction. However, several laboratory-scale studies state that sandfish can be induced for asexual reproduction. This study aims to determine the level of life graduation and the growth of sandfish produced by asexual reproduction. Individual sandfish is tied with rubber bands about 60% from the anterior to the posterior. The result showed that the sandfish were successfully induced to undergo asexual reproduction which is known as “fission”. The time needed for a sandfish to break itself into 2 new individuals takes less than 2 days. The first days after dividing the body seem to be a critical period. Only 13.64% of new individuals survive the critical phase. It concluded that the growth of asexual reproduction sandfish is slow because it takes time to regenerate the scattered internal organs during the process of division.
Modeling the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air emissions indicators of climate change originating from solid waste management in coastal settlements
Authors: Tassakka M I S , Musrianton M , Alsita I , Runtu K G A , Normayasari  , Ndahawali D H
Published: October 2020

COVID-19 was first reported in Indonesia on March 2, 2020. Several actions have been taken, such as limiting population mobility and prohibiting almost all activities that can be avoided. This policy has environmental consequences, especially the amount of solid waste generation. This study provides a view of the effect of COVID-19 on the amount of solid waste generation and composition in coastal settlements, the impact on air quality which has implications for climate change, and provides the most efficient solid waste management solution. Measurement of solid waste data using SNI 19-3964-1994 and air emissions analysis using the IWM2 software. On the basis of this quantitative analysis, we reached the following conclusions: (1)the reduction of solid waste generation is 15,47% with the composition during the pandemic namely organic 41,4%; wood 3,4%; fabric/textile 1,1%; rubber/leather 13,4%; plastic 21,3%, iron 5,5%; Glass 3,9%, paper 0,2% and residue 6,8%, (2) the resulting air emissions decreased by parameters CO2 of 32.33 tons/year (37.97%), CH4 of 14.37 tons/year (38.14%), and Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 334.01 tons/year (38.12%), (3) the most efficient management of solid waste for coastal settlements during the COVID-19 pandemic period is the process of recycling, biological processing, and bringing residues to landfill.
Potency of jellyfish alkaloid (Aeginura sp) on kidney histopathology and relative percent survival (RPS) of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) against Vibrio harveyi
Authors: Andayani S , Fadjar M , Rahayu A P , Rahman M F , Kurniati E
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this research were to determine the effect of alkaloid jellyfish compounds on kidney histopathology and to know the best doses to the Relative Percent Survival (RPS) of tiger grouper. The method of this research was descriptive and treatment with Completely randomized design. The treatment of active alkaloid compound on feed was given for 28 days. And then challenge-tested to 107 cells.ml−1 of Vibrio harveyi into the media for one day. Using alkaloids compound of Aeginura sp. on the feed with the doses of Control= 0 g alkaloid / kg feed; A = 0.5 g alkaloid / kg feed; B = 0.75 g alkaloid / kg feed; C = 1.0 g alkaloid / kg feed; Alkaloid D = 1.25 g / kg feed. The result of the scoring shows that the 4 treatment with given alkaloid dosage are able to decrease the damage level on the tissues of the fish’ kidneys. The average total damage of treatment C =1gr Alkaloid dosage is found to have the lowest value compared to another treatment with the percentage damages of 13,47% which is categorized low. Those results show better value than the infected fish without any medication with total damage of 42.27% within the medium category. The best RPS was found at a treatment of C with the value of 100%. For further study, it was suggested using a dose of 1 g alkaloid / kg feed for the best result. It was proved by an absent of the damage on kidney and the value of RPS reached 100%.
Updating of baseline radionuclides concentration in Jakarta Bay
Authors: Priasetyono Y , Makmur M , Yahya M N , Putra D I P , Prihatiningsih W R , Suseno H
Published: October 2020

Jakarta Bay receives a variety of pollutants including radioactive substances originating from industry and operating the Serpong nuclear area in South Tangerang. Radionuclide types that have the potential to enter Jakarta Bay are anthropogenic or primordial radionuclides originating from the Serpong nuclear area and factory. Whereas the input of natural radionuclides originating from the use of industrial raw materials and terrestrial run-off. Monitoring is carried out twice a year on the coast of the bay of Jakarta. Monitoring results showed primordial radionuclide concentrations were in normal condition and originated from global fallout. This is shown from the ratio of 226Ra concentration which is the character of the Pacific Ocean before the nuclear accident at Fukushima. On the other hand, artificial radionuclides are in normal conditions and do not exceed the threshold.
Functional Connectivity Network Disruption Underlies Domain-Specific Impairments in Attention for Children Born Very Preterm
Authors: Wheelock M D , Lean R E , Bora S , Melzer T R , Eggebrecht A T , Smyser C D , Woodward L J
Published: October 2020

Attention problems are common in school-age children born very preterm (VPT; < 32 weeks gestational age), but the contribution of aberrant functional brain connectivity to these problems is not known. As part of a prospective longitudinal study, brain functional connectivity (fc) was assessed alongside behavioral measures of selective, sustained, and executive attention in 58 VPT and 65 full-term (FT) born children at corrected-age 12 years. VPT children had poorer sustained, shifting, and divided attention than FT children. Within the VPT group, poorer attention scores were associated with between-network connectivity in ventral attention, visual, and subcortical networks, whereas between-network connectivity in the frontoparietal, cingulo-opercular, dorsal attention, salience and motor networks was associated with attention functioning in FT children. Network-level differences were also evident between VPT and FT children in specific attention domains. Findings contribute to our understanding of fc networks that potentially underlie typical attention development and suggest an alternative network architecture may help support attention in VPT children.
A Comparative Analysis of Statistical Methods to Estimate the Reproduction Number in Emerging Epidemics, With Implications for the Current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
Authors: O’Driscoll Megan , Harry Carole , Donnelly Christl A , Cori Anne , Dorigatti Ilaria
Published: October 2020

Background

As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic continues its rapid global spread, quantification of local transmission patterns has been, and will continue to be, critical for guiding the pandemic response. Understanding the accuracy and limitations of statistical methods to estimate the basic reproduction number, R0, in the context of emerging epidemics is therefore vital to ensure appropriate interpretation of results and the subsequent implications for control efforts.

Methods

Using simulated epidemic data, we assess the performance of 7 commonly used statistical methods to estimate R0 as they would be applied in a real-time outbreak analysis scenario: fitting to an increasing number of data points over time and with varying levels of random noise in the data. Method comparison was also conducted on empirical outbreak data, using Zika surveillance data from the 2015–2016 epidemic in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Results

We find that most methods considered here frequently overestimate R0 in the early stages of epidemic growth on simulated data, the magnitude of which decreases when fitted to an increasing number of time points. This trend of decreasing bias over time can easily lead to incorrect conclusions about the course of the epidemic or the need for control efforts.

Conclusions

We show that true changes in pathogen transmissibility can be difficult to disentangle from changes in methodological accuracy and precision in the early stages of epidemic growth, particularly for data with significant over-dispersion. As localized epidemics of SARS-CoV-2 take hold around the globe, awareness of this trend will be important for appropriately cautious interpretation of results and subsequent guidance for control efforts.
Effectiveness of Contact Precautions to Prevent Transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Khader Karim , Thomas Alun , Huskins W Charles , Stevens Vanessa , Keegan Lindsay T , Visnovsky Lindsay , Samore Matthew H
Published: October 2020

Background

Contact precautions for endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are under increasing scrutiny, in part due to limited clinical trial evidence.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed data from the Strategies to Reduce Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria in Intensive Care Units (STAR*ICU) trial to model the use of contact precautions in individual intensive care units (ICUs). Data included admission and discharge times and surveillance test results. We used a transmission model to estimate key epidemiological parameters, including the effect of contact precautions on transmission. Finally, we performed multivariate meta-regression to identify ICU-level factors associated with contact precaution effects.

Results

We found that 21% of admissions (n = 2194) were placed on contact precautions, with most for MRSA and VRE. We found little evidence that contact precautions reduced MRSA transmission. The estimated change in transmission attributed to contact precautions was –16% (95% credible interval, –38% to 15%). VRE transmission was higher than MRSA transmission due to contact precautions, but not significantly. In our meta-regression, we did not identify associations between ICU-level factors and estimated contact precaution effects. Importation and transmission were higher for VRE than for MRSA, but clearance rates were lower for VRE than for MRSA.

Conclusions

We found little evidence that contact precautions implemented during the STAR*ICU trial reduced transmission of MRSA or VRE. We did find important differences in the transmission dynamics between MRSA and VRE. Differences in organism and healthcare setting may impact the efficacy of contact precautions.
Commercial Serology Assays Predict Neutralization Activity against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Suhandynata Raymond T , Hoffman Melissa A , Huang Deli , Tran Jenny T , Kelner Michael J , Reed Sharon L , McLawhon Ronald W , Voss James E , Nemazee David , Fitzgerald Robert L
Published: October 2020

Background

It is unknown whether a positive serology result correlates with protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2. There are also concerns regarding the low positive predictive value of SARS-CoV-2 serology tests, especially when testing populations with low disease prevalence.

Methods

A neutralization assay was validated in a set of PCR-confirmed positive specimens and in a negative cohort. In addition, 9530 specimens were screened using the Diazyme SARS-CoV-2 IgG serology assay and all positive results (N = 164 individuals) were reanalyzed using the neutralization assay, the Roche total immunoglobin assay, and the Abbott IgG assay. The relationship between the magnitude of a positive SARS-CoV-2 serology result and neutralizing activity was determined. Neutralizing antibody titers (50% inhibitory dilution, ID50) were also longitudinally monitored in patients confirmed to have SARS-CoV-2 by PCR.

Results

The SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay had a positive percentage agreement (PPA) of 96.6% with a SARS-CoV-2 PCR test and a negative percentage agreement (NPA) of 98.0% across 100 negative control individuals. ID50 neutralization titers positively correlated with all 3 clinical serology platforms. Longitudinal monitoring of hospitalized PCR-confirmed patients with COVID-19 demonstrated they made high neutralization titers against SARS-CoV-2. PPA between the Diazyme IgG assay alone and the neutralization assay was 50.6%, while combining the Diazyme IgG assay with either the Roche or Abbott platforms increased the PPA to 79.2 and 78.4%, respectively.

Conclusions

These 3 clinical serology assays positively correlate with SARS-CoV-2 neutralization activity observed in patients with COVID-19. All patients confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive by PCR develop neutralizing antibodies.
A Reappraisal of Outcome of Elective Surgery After Successful Non-Operative Management of an Intra-Abdominal Abscess Complicating Ileocolonic Crohn’s Disease: A Subgroup Analysis of a Nationwide Prospective Cohort
Authors: Collard M K , Benoist S , Maggiori L , Zerbib P , Lefevre J H , Denost Q , Germain A , Cotte E , Beyer-Berjot L , Corté H , Desfourneaux V , Rahili A , Duffas J P , Pautrat K , Denet C , Bridoux V , Meurette G , Faucheron J L , Loriau J , Souche R , Vicaut E , Panis Y , Brouquet A
Published: October 2020

Background and Aims

Few prospective data exist on outcomes of surgery in Crohn’s disease [CD] complicated by an intra-abdominal abscess after resolution of this abscess by antibiotics optionally combined with drainage.

Methods

From 2013 to 2015, all patients undergoing elective surgery for CD after successful non-operative management of an intra-abdominal abscess [Abscess-CD group] were selected from a nationwide multicentre prospective cohort. Resolution of the abscess had to be computed tomography/magnetic resonance-proven prior to surgery. Abscess-CD group patients were 1:1 matched to uncomplicated CD [Non-Penetrating-CD group] using a propensity score. Postoperative results and long-term outcomes were compared between the two groups.

Results

Among 592 patients included in the registry, 63 [11%] fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The abscess measured 37 ± 20 mm and was primarily managed with antibiotics combined with drainage in 14 patients and nutritional support in 45 patients. At surgery, a residual fluid collection was found in 16 patients [25%]. Systemic steroids within 3 months before surgery [p = 0.013] and the absence of preoperative enteral support [p = 0.001] were identified as the two significant risk factors for the persistence of a fluid collection. After propensity score matching, there was no significant difference between the Abscess-CD and Non-Penetrating-CD groups in the rates of primary anastomosis [84% vs 90% respectively, p = 0.283], overall [28% vs 15% respectively, p = 0.077] and severe postoperative morbidity [7% vs 7% respectively, p = 1.000]. One-year recurrence rates for endoscopic recurrence were 41% in the Abscess-CD and 51% in the Non-Penetrating-CD group [p = 0.159].

Conclusions

Surgery after successful non-operative management of intra-abdominal abscess complicating CD provides good early and long-term outcomes.
Genetic interaction analysis in microbial pathogens: unravelling networks of pathogenesis, antimicrobial susceptibility and host interactions
Authors: Halder Viola , McDonnell Brianna , Uthayakumar Deeva , Usher Jane , Shapiro Rebecca S
Published: October 2020

Genetic interaction (GI) analysis is a powerful genetic strategy that analyzes the fitness and phenotypes of single- and double-gene mutant cells in order to dissect the epistatic interactions between genes, categorize genes into biological pathways, and characterize genes of unknown function. GI analysis has been extensively employed in model organisms for foundational, systems-level assessment of the epistatic interactions between genes. More recently, GI analysis has been applied to microbial pathogens and has been instrumental for the study of clinically important infectious organisms. Here, we review recent advances in systems-level GI analysis of diverse microbial pathogens, including bacterial and fungal species. We focus on important applications of GI analysis across pathogens, including GI analysis as a means to decipher complex genetic networks regulating microbial virulence, antimicrobial drug resistance and host–pathogen dynamics, and GI analysis as an approach to uncover novel targets for combination antimicrobial therapeutics. Together, this review bridges our understanding of GI analysis and complex genetic networks, with applications to diverse microbial pathogens, to further our understanding of virulence, the use of antimicrobial therapeutics and host−pathogen interactions.