bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social identity influences stress appraisals and cardiovascular reactions to acute stress exposure
Authors: Gallagher Stephen , Meaney Sarah , Muldoon Orla T.
Published: June 2013

Objectives

This study tested a recent theoretical development in stress research to see whether group membership influenced cardiovascular reactions following exposure to acute stress.

Methods

Participants (N = 104) were exposed to a message in which a maths test was described as stressful or challenging by an ingroup member (a student) or outgroup member (a stress disorder sufferer). Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure(DBP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored throughout a standard reactivity study.

Results

As expected, a significant interaction was found; relative to those who were told that the task was challenging, ingroup members reported more stress and had higher DBP and HR reactivity when told by an ingroup member that the maths task was stressful; task information did not have the same effect for outgroup members.

Conclusion

These results indicate that informational support is not constant but varies as a function of group membership. Finally, this recent development in stress research may prove useful for those interested in investigating the interactions between social, psychological and physiological processes underlying health disparities.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Stress is a common risk factor for hypertension and coronary heart disease.

Social support has been found to reduce cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress.

The influence of social support on stress varies as a consequence of social identity.

What does this study add?

The social group that one belongs to influences how one appraises and responds to stress.

Social identity provides a useful framework for understanding how social processes are associated with health disparities.
Learning curves for urological procedures: a systematic review
Authors: Abboudi Hamid , Khan Mohammed Shamim , Guru Khurshid A. , Froghi Saied , de Win Gunter , Van Poppel Hendrik , Dasgupta Prokar , Ahmed Kamran
Published: June 2013

Objective

To determine the number of cases a urological surgeon must complete to achieve proficiency for various urological procedures.

Patient and Methods

The MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched for studies published up to December 2011.

Studies pertaining to learning curves of urological procedures were included.

Two reviewers independently identified potentially relevant articles.

Procedure name, statistical analysis, procedure setting, number of participants, outcomes and learning curves were analysed.

Results

Forty‐four studies described the learning curve for different urological procedures.

The learning curve for open radical prostatectomy ranged from 250 to 1000 cases and for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy from 200 to 750 cases.

The learning curve for robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) has been reported to be 40 procedures as a minimum number.

Robot‐assisted radical cystectomy has a documented learning curve of 16–30 cases, depending on which outcome variable is measured.

Irrespective of previous laparoscopic experience, there is a significant reduction in operating time (P = 0.008), estimated blood loss (P = 0.008) and complication rates (P = 0.042) after 100 RALPs.

Conclusions

The available literature can act as a guide to the learning curves of trainee urologists. Although the learning curve may vary among individual surgeons, a consensus should exist for the minimum number of cases to achieve proficiency.

The complexities associated with defining procedural competence are vast.

The majority of learning curve trials have focused on the latest surgical techniques and there is a paucity of data pertaining to basic urological procedures.
Margins, ischaemia and complications rate after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: impact of learning curve and tumour anatomical characteristics
Authors: Porpiglia Francesco , Bertolo Riccardo , Amparore Daniele , Fiori Cristian
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To present our laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) results according to the margin, ischaemia and complications (MIC) system recently proposed for the standardized reporting of partial nephrectomy (PN) outcomes.

To assess the role of learning curve and tumour anatomical characteristics on the outcomes by using MIC system.

Patients and Methods

Data were obtained from our prospectively maintained LPN database, including only patients who underwent LPN performed with vascular clamping.

According to the MIC system definition, the goal of LPN was reached (i.e. MIC was achieved) when surgical margins were negative, warm ischaemia time (WIT) was <20 min and no major complications occurred.

Patients were stratified by quartiles of distribution, named LPN eras 1–4, and MIC rates in different LPN eras were compared, evaluating the impact of learning curve and tumour anatomical characteristics (as assessed by Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for an Anatomical [PADUA] score on the outcomes.

Results

The study population consisted of 206 patients.

The overall MIC rate was 63.1%: it progressively increased along the learning curve, reaching 84.9% in LPN era 4 (P < 0.001).

PADUA‐score risk group categories were inversely correlated with MIC score (P = 0.001).

When simultaneously considering the effects of both LPN eras and PADUA‐score risk group categories, a trend towards a higher MIC rate was found in the latest series, regardless of tumour anatomical characteristics.

When MIC score components were separately analysed, WIT decreased significantly from LPN era 1 to LPN era 4 (P < 0.001) and from PADUA‐score risk group categories 3 to 1 (P = 0.001)

A trend towards a decrease in the complication rate along the learning curve was observed (P = 0.251), while LPN era and PADUA score together significantly influenced the complications rate (P < 0.001). The positive surgical margin rate was very low (2.9% overall) and stable throughout the case study.

Conclusion

The MIC rate increased with surgeon's experience and decreased when complex lesions were treated.

The MIC system was found to be an easy, useful and reproducible tool to report LPN data series.
The Problems of Mexico: An Analysis of a Sociological Discourse
Authors: DELLA FAILLE DIMITRI
Published: June 2013

Based on an empirical analysis of articles published between 1987 and 2006 in three major Mexican sociological journals, my research traces the continuities and discontinuities in the study of the alleged malfunctioning of Mexican society. The study of how sociologists represented Mexican society has revealed several discursive dynamics. The traditional economic and political perspectives blaming social problems on elites predominate. Studies of electoral system flaws, political contention, lacklustre democracy in unions, and union collusion with industrial capitalism abound. More recently, however, the introduction of the study of globalisation has transformed the examination of these issues.
House dust mite sensitization is the main risk factor for the increase in prevalence of wheeze in 13‐ to 14‐year‐old schoolchildren in Guangzhou city, China
Authors: Li J. , Wang H. , Chen Y. , Zheng J. , Wong G. W. K. , Zhong N.
Published: June 2013

Background

Little is known about time trend of prevalence of asthma and the association between the changing prevalence and allergen sensitization in Chinese children.

Objective

To determine the changes in prevalence of asthma and allergen sensitization in schoolchildren over a period of 15 years.

Methods

A total of 6928 schoolchildren aged 13–14 years in 2009 were recruited for the study using the Phase III Protocol of the International Study of Asthma and Allergic disease in Childhood (ISAAC) and 2531 of them underwent skin prick test for seven common aeroallergens. The results were compared with those obtained in the Phase I (1994/95) and III (2001/02) ISAAC studies.

Results

The prevalence of asthma ever and current wheeze increased from 3.9% and 3.4% in 1994, to 4.6% and 4.8% in 2001 (P<0.001), and to 6.9% and 6.1% in 2009 (P ≤ 0.008). The prevalence of higher degree of skin response to house dust mites (HDMs) and cat, and atopic index increased significantly in all children in 2010 when compared with those in 2002 (P<0.001). Prevalence of wheeze remained unchanged in subjects without sensitization to any tested allergen including HDMs (P > 0.05). Sensitization to HDMs, especially Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus was associated with increase in prevalence of wheeze.

Conclusion

The prevalence of wheeze and sensitization to common aeroallergens in secondary schoolchildren in Guangzhou China has increased significantly since 1994. Sensitization to HDMs is an important risk factor associated with the increase in prevalence of wheeze in this group of population in Guangzhou city.
Macrophages promote epithelial repair through hepatocyte growth factor secretion
Authors: D'Angelo F , Bernasconi E , Schäfer M , Moyat M , Michetti P , Maillard M H , Velin D
Published: June 2013

Macrophages play a critical role in intestinal wound repair. However, the mechanisms of macrophage-assisted wound repair remain poorly understood. We aimed to characterize more clearly the repair activities of murine and human macrophages. Murine macrophages were differentiated from bone marrow cells and human macrophages from monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors (HD) or Crohn's disease (CD) patients or isolated from the intestinal mucosa of HD. In-vitro models were used to study the repair activities of macrophages. We found that murine and human macrophages were both able to promote epithelial repair in vitro. This function was mainly cell contact-independent and relied upon the production of soluble factors such as the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Indeed, HGF-silenced macrophages were less capable of promoting epithelial repair than control macrophages. Remarkably, macrophages from CD patients produced less HGF than their HD counterparts (HGF level: 84 ± 27 pg/mg of protein and 45 ± 34 pg/mg of protein, respectively, for HD and CD macrophages, P < 0·009) and were deficient in promoting epithelial repair (repairing activity: 90·1 ± 4·6 and 75·8 ± 8·3, respectively, for HD and CD macrophages, P < 0·0005). In conclusion, we provide evidence that macrophages act on wounded epithelial cells to promote epithelial repair through the secretion of HGF. The deficiency of CD macrophages to secrete HGF and to promote epithelial repair might contribute to the impaired intestinal mucosal healing in CD patients.
Heparanase‐1 and components of the hedgehog signalling pathway are increased in untreated alveolar orbital rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Tang Wei‐Qiang , Hei Yan , Kang Li , Xiao Li‐Hua
Published: June 2013

Background

To assess the activities of heparanase‐1 and elements of the hedgehog signalling pathway in alveolar orbital rhabdomyosarcoma.

Methods

Specimens (n = 23) were divided into two groups, those from patients with preoperative chemoradiotherapy or untreated patients; six samples of normal extraocular muscle were used as a normal muscle group. The presence of heparanase‐1, patched, smoothened and glioma‐associated oncogene homologue‐1 protein expression was determined in 23 cases of archival paraffin‐embedded alveolar orbital rhabdomyosarcoma after immunohistochemistry. RNA was extracted from three groups of paraffin‐embedded specimens and messenger RNA expressions of heparanase‐1, smoothened and glioma‐associated oncogene homologue‐1 compared using nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and a limiting dilution analysis.

Results

The heparanase‐1, patched, smoothened and glioma‐associated oncogene homologue‐1 protein was expressed in 91.3%, 87.0%, 91.3% and 78.3%, respectively, of the alveolar orbital rhabdomyosarcoma specimens. Untreated rhabdomyosarcoma samples tended to stain intensely, but staining was relatively weak in tissue obtained from the chemoradiotherapy group. The expression levels of heparanase‐1, smoothened and glioma‐associated oncogene homologue‐1 messenger RNA in untreated and chemoradiotherapy groups paralleled that seen with immunology, and there were no significant differences in heparanase‐1, smoothened and glioma‐associated oncogene homologue‐1 messenger RNA levels between the chemoradiotherapy group and the normal muscle group (P > 0.05). However, the messenger RNA in the untreated group were all significantly higher than those in the chemoradiotherapy and normal muscle groups (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Both heparanase‐1 and hedgehog signalling pathway are involved in the pathogenesis of alveolar orbital rhabdomyosarcoma; however, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy appears to significantly inhibit their upregulation.
The effect of different surgical drilling procedures on full laser‐etched microgrooves surface‐treated implants: an experimental study in sheep
Authors: Jimbo Ryo , Tovar Nick , Yoo Daniel Y. , Janal Malvin N. , Anchieta Rodolfo B. , Coelho Paulo G.
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the influence of instrumentation technique on the early osseointegration histomorphometrics and biomechanical fixation of fully laser‐etched microgrooves implant surfaces in a sheep model.

Material and Methods

Six sheep were subjected to bilateral hip surgeries 3 and 6 weeks before euthanasia. A total of 48 implants (∅4.5 mm, 8 mm in length) were distributed among four sites (8 per animal) and placed in bone sites drilled to 4.6 mm (reamer), 4.1 mm (loose), 3.7 mm (medium) and 3.2 mm (tight) in diameter. After healing, the animals were euthanized and half of the implants were biomechanically tested, while the remainder was subjected to non‐decalcified histologic processing. The histomorphometric parameters assessed were bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) and bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO). Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed‐model analysis of variance with significance level set atP < 0.05.

Results

A general increasing trend is present from 3 to 6 weeks for most of the variables. The groups prepared to be press fit seemed to present higher values, which were maintained throughout the observation period. The reamer group presented the lowestBICprobably due to the drilling technique; however qualitatively, more new bone seemed to be in contact to the implant surface, at 3 weeks, whereas the implants placed in press‐fit situations were mainly supported by cortical bone.

Conclusion

The laser‐etched microgrooved implant presented osteoconductive and biocompatible properties for all surgical procedures tested. However, procedures providing increasingly higher press‐fit scenarios presented the strongest histomorphometric and biomechanical responses at 3 and 6 weeks.
Identification of methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid in serum of European horses with atypical myopathy
Authors: Votion D.‐M. , van Galen G. , Sweetman L. , Boemer F. , de Tullio P. , Dopagne C. , Lefère L. , Mouithys‐Mickalad A. , Patarin F. , Rouxhet S. , van Loon G. , Serteyn D. , Sponseller B. T. , Valberg S. J.
Published: June 2013

Reasons for performing study

It is hypothesised that European atypical myopathy (AM) has a similar basis as seasonal pasture myopathy in North America, which is now known to be caused by ingestion of hypoglycin A contained in seeds from the tree Acer negundo. Serum from horses with seasonal pasture myopathy contained the conjugated toxic metabolite of hypoglycin A, methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid (MCPA).

Study design

Retrospective study on archived samples.

Objectives

1) To determine whether MCPA‐carnitine was present in serum of European horses confirmed to have AM; 2) to determine whether Acer negundo or related Acer species were present on AM pastures in Europe.

Methods

Concentrations of MCPA‐carnitine were analysed in banked serum samples of 17 AM horses from Europe and 3 diseased controls (tetanus, neoplasia and exertional rhabdomyolysis) using tandem mass spectrometry. Atypical myopathy was diagnosed by characteristic serum acylcarnitine profiles. Pastures of 12 AM farms were visited by experienced botanists and plant species were documented.

Results

Methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid‐carnitine at high concentrations (20.39 ± 17.24 nmol/l; range 0.95–57.63 nmol/l; reference: <0.01 nmol/l) was identified in serum of AM but not disease controls (0.00 ± 0.00 nmol/l). Acer pseudoplatanus but not Acer negundo was present on all AM farms.

Conclusions

Atypical myopathy in Europe, like seasonal pasture myopathy in North America, is highly associated with the toxic metabolite of hypoglycin A, MCPA‐carnitine. This finding coupled with the presence of a tree of which seeds are known to also contain hypoglycin A indicates that ingestion of Acer pseudoplatanus is the probable cause of AM. This finding has major implications for the prevention of AM.
Crime and Punishment in Classical and Libertarian Utopias
Authors: Ruggiero Vincenzo
Published: June 2013

Classical utopian works have never exhausted the strength of their message, and have frequently been re‐elaborated by libertarian thinkers. This article discusses the differences between classical and contemporary libertarian utopias in relation to crime and punishment. Special attention is given to the abolitionist school of thought.
Brain injury due to anaphylactic shock: broadening manifestations of Kounis syndrome
Authors: Soufras G. D. , Kounis G. N. , Kounis N. G.
Published: June 2013

Anaphylactic shock is a real and life threatening medical emergency which is encountered in every field of medicine. The coronary arteries seem to be the primary target of anaphylaxis resulting in the development of Kounis syndrome. Kounis syndrome is a pan‐arterial anaphylaxis ‐associated syndrome affecting patients of any age, involving numerous and continuously increasing causes, with broadening clinical manifestations and covering a wide spectrum of mast cell activation disorders. Recently, Kounis‐like syndrome affecting the cerebral arteries was found to be associated with mast cell activation disorders. In anaphylactic shock, the decrease of cerebral blood flow is more than what would be expected from severe arterial hypotension. This is attributed to the early and direct action of anaphylactic mediators on cerebral vessels. While adrenaline is a life saving agent in the treatment of anaphylactic shock, it contains sodium betabisulfite as preservative and should be avoided in sulfite allergic patients. Potential allergens encountered in endodotic practice include formocresol, zinc compounds thiurams, sodium dimethyldithiocarbamade, and mercaptobenzothiazole that might have synergistic action. All these agents together with analgesics, antibiotics, antiseptics, formaldehyde, latex, local anaesthetics and metals used in dental practice, in general, can induce anaphylactic shock. Practitioners should be aware of these consequences. A careful history of previous atopy and reactions is of paramount importance for safe and effective management.
Patient safety culture in acute care: A web‐based survey of nurse managers' and registered nurses' views in four Finnish hospitals
Authors: Turunen Hannele , Partanen Pirjo , Kvist Tarja , Miettinen Merja , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri
Published: June 2013

Nurse managers (NMs) and registered nurses (RNs) have key roles in developing the patient safety culture, as the nursing staff is the largest professional group in health‐care services. We explored their views on the patient safety culture in four acute care hospitals in Finland. The data were collected from NMs (n = 109) and RNs (n = 723) by means of a Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture instrument and analyzed statistically. Both groups recognized patient safety problems and critically evaluated error‐prevention mechanisms in the hospitals. RNs, in particular, estimated the situation more critically. There is a need to develop the patient safety culture of hospitals by discussing openly about them and learning from mistakes and by developing practices and mechanisms to prevent them. NMs have central roles in developing the safety culture at the system level in hospitals in order to ensure that nurses caring for patients do it safely.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor counter‐regulates dexamethasone‐induced annexin 1 expression and influences the release of eicosanoids in murine macrophages
Authors: Sun Yu , Wang Yu , Li Jia‐Hui , Zhu Shi‐Hui , Tang Hong‐Tai , Xia Zhao‐Fan
Published: June 2013

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro‐inflammatory cytokine and glucocorticoid (GC) counter‐regulator, has emerged as an important modulator of inflammatory responses. However, the molecular mechanisms of MIF counter‐regulation of GC still remain incomplete. In the present study, we investigated whether MIF mediated the counter‐regulation of the anti‐inflammatory effect of GC by affecting annexin 1 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that stimulation of RAW 264.7 macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in down‐regulation of annexin 1, while GC dexamethasone (Dex) or Dex plus LPS led to significant up‐regulation of annexin 1 expression. RNA interference‐mediated knockdown of intracellular MIF increased annexin 1 expression with or without incubation of Dex, whereas Dex‐induced annexin 1 expression was counter‐regulated by the exogenous application of recombinant MIF. Moreover, recombinant MIF counter‐regulated, in a dose‐dependent manner, inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) activation and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) release by Dex in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS. Endogenous depletion of MIF enhanced the effects of Dex, reflected by further decease of cPLA2α expression and lower PGE2 and LTB4 release in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Based on these data, we suggest that MIF counter‐regulates Dex‐induced annexin 1 expression, further influencing the activation of cPLA2α and the release of eicosanoids. These findings will add new insights into the mechanisms of MIF counter‐regulation of GC.
“The Politics of the HealthCare Reform Debate: Public Support of Including Undocumented Immigrants and Their Children in Reform Efforts in the U.S.”
Authors: Sanchez Gabriel R. , Sanchez-Youngman Shannon
Published: June 2013

Although U.S. immigration and health care policies appear to be highly correlated, scholarship has yet to gauge the public's views toward providing undocumented immigrants with health coverage at the state level. We analyze support for including undocumented immigrants in health care reform in New Mexico. Utilizing an original public opinion survey of New Mexico adults, we find that individuals are more supportive of the state providing health care to the children of undocumented immigrant than to their parents. Multivariate logistic regression analyses suggest that factors such as liberal ideology and perceptions of commonalities with Latinos increase support levels. Despite a lack of support among a majority of respondents, the influence of perceived commonalities with immigrants suggests that reform advocates and political elites who mobilize along ethnic or human solidarity may be successful in creating conditions for the inclusion of undocumented immigrants in the public provision of health care at the state level.
Relocating Prejudice: A Transnational Approach to Understanding Immigrants’ Racial Attitudes
Authors: Roth Wendy D. , Kim Nadia Y.
Published: June 2013

Immigration is changing the racial composition of many societies. Yet leading theories of racial prejudice, even in a multiracial context, focus on dynamics in a single nation-state and fail to account for the experiences of the foreign-born. We adopt a transnational approach that incorporates processes creating prejudice from both inside and outside the receiving society and that shows how attitudes move across borders through immigration, transnationalism, and globalization. We draw upon two in-depth studies of immigrants and those who stay in the home countries, focusing on Koreans’ and Dominicans’ attitudes toward Black Americans. By situating existing theories of racial prejudice within a transnational framework, we illustrate how models of transnationalism are relevant not just within immigration scholarship, but to more general processes of social change.
New Zealand Vietnam Veterans’ Family Programme, Nga Whanau a Tu (Families of War): Development and Outcome
Authors: Deane Frank P. , MacDonald Carol , Chamberlain Kerry , Long Nigel , Davin Lorna
Published: June 2013

This article reviews recent research concerned with the association between combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and interpersonal functioning, before describing the development of a pilot program established to provide mental health services for Vietnam veteran family members. The results of a brief program evaluation are also presented. Sixty clients provided posttreatment and six‐month follow‐up data on a variety of outcome measures which were compared with independent ratings returned by 33 therapists. On average, clients reported that counselling had been beneficial and indicated satisfaction with services received. However, at posttest, therapists indicated that approximately 50% of clients were in need of continued treatment. There was a decrease in satisfaction with services over the posttest‐follow‐up period, but no change on most measures of psychotherapy outcome.
Life Review and Heroic Narrative: Embracing Pathology and Attention to Context
Authors: Kennedy Simon G.
Published: June 2013

Holding the Man (Conigrave, 1995), chronicles a fifteen‐year relationship between Timothy Conigrave and his partner, John, and the process of their coping with John's impending death from AIDS related illness. In this article I discuss the autobiography as a naturalistic example of the therapeutic method of life review. What result would have emerged if a narrative therapist had assisted in the writing of the book? Based on my friendship with the protagonists, I would have argued for a less negative picture of the author, but Tim's aim seems to have been to represent the relationship in a dramatic form, with the author embracing his own pathology, and the imbalances and unfairness in their relationship. I suggest that employing methods which externalise pathology to elicit ‘the heroic 2 narrative’ may have disregarded these goals. I highlight the need to recognise and understand individual pattern and context, and raise alternative, less interventionist positions as appropriate for clients involved in such reviews of their lives.
Complex Responses to Trauma: Challenges in Bearing Witness
Authors: Perlesz Amaryll
Published: June 2013

This paper explores variability in family and individual response to trauma. The discussion draws on results from a study that investigated family adaptation to traumatic brain injury (TBI) and also refers to literature on the Holocaust. Outcomes to trauma are complex and it is argued here that hope can coexist with despair (within families and within particular individuals). The challenge for therapists in bearing witness to testimony following significantly traumatic events is also explored.
Therapy in/and/of/by the World
Authors: Samuels Andrew
Published: June 2013

The author begins by owning the personal circumstances and history that inspired him to write. He moves on to discuss how certain changes in Western political processes and structures deserve the tag of ‘transformative politics’. A third section explores in a critical spirit whether or not therapists can have a collective impact in relation to current pressing social and political problems. The next section, entitled ‘the inner politician’, offers an experiential approach to the politics that irradiate people's inner worlds and personal stories. Finally, the author reflects on the links between therapy, politics and spirituality.
Individuals in Context and Contexts in Individuals
Authors: Speed Bebe
Published: June 2013

This presentation will explore some ideas about the impact of both external and internal contexts on what we, whether as clients or therapists, do. It will offer a way of thinking about the internal and external as sides of the same coin, and a justification for working directly with one or the other whilst holding both in mind. In reflecting on how the internal and external affect therapists, attention will be given to both the hidden influence of personal experience in our ideas and the influence of radical doubt.
Interview with Andrew Samuels
Authors: Stagoll Brian
Published: June 2013

Andrew Samuels is Professor of Analytical Psychology at the University of Essex, Visiting Professor of Psychoanalytic Studies at Goldsmith's College, University of London and a Jungian Analyst in London. We were lucky to have Andrew participate very generously in the Brisbane Family Therapy Conference in September, 1998. Andrew has written widely on psychological and psychotherapeutic themes, and has opened up new areas around the relations between therapy and politics. In his book The Political Psyche (1993) he poses the questions:

Is there a special psychology of and for politics and culture? If so, what does the clinical practice of analysis and therapy with individuals or small groups contribute to the forming of such a psychology? ... In what way is the personal political—and in what way is the political personal?

We interviewed Andrew in Brisbane just one week before the 1998 Federal Election, with talk of Howard, Beazley and Hanson pervading conference conversations. It was a great time to have Andrew around. But first we had to clear up a few matters about Jung.
If the Map is not the Territory, Then What is This?
Authors: Tuson Graham
Published: June 2013

This paper discusses the influence of figuration in the constitutive discourse of the family therapy movement. In particular it focuses closely on the figurative use of Russell's Theory of Logical Types. A deconstructive reading of the movement's theoretical grounding in this family of figuration is undertaken, based on Wittgenstein's response to the Theory of Types. The essay concludes with some implications for how practice is understood.
THE YEAR‐END EFFECT IN MONEY MARKET YIELDS: BEYOND ONE MONTH AND BEYOND THE CRISIS
Authors: Kotomin Vladimir
Published: June 2013

U.S. money market yields up to one month have shown changes consistent with year‐end liquidity preferences. I find that three‐ and six‐month negotiable certificate of deposit (CD), Eurodollar deposit (ED), and banker's acceptance (BA) yields are also affected by year‐end liquidity preferences. Two‐ and three‐month financial commercial paper (CP) yield changes are less pronounced. Banks—CD, ED, and BA issuers—have increased year‐end liquidity needs, unlike finance companies—predominant CP issuers. The year‐end effect disappears after the 2007–2008 crisis as depositories' cash holdings increase. CD, ED, and CP yields diverge postcrisis, suggesting that investors no longer consider them close substitutes.
How do disturbances and environmental heterogeneity affect the pace of forest distribution shifts under climate change?
Authors: Vanderwel Mark C. , Purves Drew W.
Published: June 2013

Although it is widely predicted that the geographic distributions of tree species and forest types will undergo substantial shifts in future, modelling approaches used to date are largely unable to project the pace at which forest distributions will respond to environmental change. The expansion and contraction of forest distributions act against considerable demographic inertia in the present composition and size‐structure of forest stands as climate‐induced changes in growth, mortality, and recruitment alter population dynamics through time. We aimed to better understand how shifts in forest distributions reflect long‐term changes in tree demographic rates and population dynamics, and how such shifts are influenced by 1) disturbance from forest harvesting and 2) local environmental heterogeneity. Using a simple, data‐constrained gap model, we simulated regional forest dynamics in the eastern United States over the next 500 yr. We then compared the geographic distributions of five different forest types through time under present and altered climatic conditions, in scenarios that variously included and excluded forest harvesting and environmental heterogeneity. Although we held climate fixed after 100 yr, it took another 160 yr after this for these forest types to collectively experience 90% of their eventual climate‐related distribution gains and losses. Competition strongly affected the nature of responses to climate change. Harvesting accelerated and amplified gains by an early‐successional forest type at the expense of a late‐successional one, but these gains did not occur faster than those for other forest types. Environmental heterogeneity had little effect on distribution gains or losses through time. These findings indicate that forest distributions should respond quite slowly to climate change, with the leading and trailing edges of different forest types shifting over a span of centuries. Disturbances can expedite some transitions, but are unlikely to lead to wholesale changes in forest types in the coming decades.
A practical guide to MaxEnt for modeling species' distributions: what it does, and why inputs and settings matter
Authors: Merow Cory , Smith Matthew J. , Silander John A.
Published: June 2013

The MaxEnt software package is one of the most popular tools for species distribution and environmental niche modeling, with over 1000 published applications since 2006. Its popularity is likely for two reasons: 1) MaxEnt typically outperforms other methods based on predictive accuracy and 2) the software is particularly easy to use. MaxEnt users must make a number of decisions about how they should select their input data and choose from a wide variety of settings in the software package to build models from these data. The underlying basis for making these decisions is unclear in many studies, and default settings are apparently chosen, even though alternative settings are often more appropriate. In this paper, we provide a detailed explanation of how MaxEnt works and a prospectus on modeling options to enable users to make informed decisions when preparing data, choosing settings and interpreting output. We explain how the choice of background samples reflects prior assumptions, how nonlinear functions of environmental variables (features) are created and selected, how to account for environmentally biased sampling, the interpretation of the various types of model output and the challenges for model evaluation. We demonstrate MaxEnt's calculations using both simplified simulated data and occurrence data from South Africa on species of the flowering plant family Proteaceae. Throughout, we show how MaxEnt's outputs vary in response to different settings to highlight the need for making biologically motivated modeling decisions.
Interactive effects of landscape and weather on dispersal
Authors: Delattre Thomas , Baguette Michel , Burel Françoise , Stevens Virgine M. , Quénol Hervé , Vernon Philippe
Published: June 2013

Over the last decades, many species have been forced to track their shifting climate envelopes, and at the same time man‐induced landscape fragmentation has led to the global decrease of natural habitat availability and connectivity. The interaction between these two co‐occurring global environmental changes might have very strong effects on biodiversity that are still understudied. Species‐specific responses to these environmental changes critically depend on individual dispersal, either to track suitable climatic conditions or to cope with landscape fragmentation. Here we study how dispersal in an ectotherm is affected by interactions between landscape fragmentation and weather conditions. We show that both the emigration rates out of suitable habitats and the topology of the trajectory of dispersing individuals were affected by temperature and landscape fragmentation. The emigration rate was temperature‐dependent in fragmented landscapes, with butterflies emigrating more at high temperatures. The emigration rate was temperature insensitive in more continuous landscapes. Move length was farther at low temperatures and less at high temperatures in fragmented landscapes. Move length was less at low temperatures and farther at high temperatures in more continuous landscapes. To our knowledge only two recent studies have documented patterns of interactions between climate and fragmentation, despite the fact that they are the two main drivers of biodiversity loss worldwide. Here, we go a step further by providing mechanistic explanations to such patterns.
Biotic interactions limit species richness in an alpine plant community, especially under experimental warming
Authors: Olsen Siri L. , Klanderud Kari
Published: June 2013

The determinants of local species richness in plant communities have been the subject of much debate. Is species richness the result of stochastic events such as dispersal processes, or do local environmental filters sort species into communities according to their ecological niches? Recent studies suggest that these two processes simultaneously limit species richness, although their relative importance may vary in space and time. Understanding the limiting factors for species richness is especially important in light of the ongoing global warming, as new species establish in resident plant communities as a result of climate‐driven migration. We examined the relative importance of dispersal and environmental filtering during seedling recruitment and plant establishment in an alpine plant community subjected to seed addition and long‐term experimental warming. Seed addition increased species richness during the seedling recruitment stage, but this initial increase was cancelled out by a corresponding decrease in species richness during plant establishment, suggesting that environmental filters limit local species richness in the long term. While initial recruitment success of the sown species was related to both abiotic and biotic factors, long‐term establishment was controlled mainly by biotic factors, indicating an increase in the relative importance of biotic interactions once plants have germinated in a microhabitat with favourable abiotic conditions. The relative importance of biotic interactions also seemed to increase with experimental warming, suggesting that increased competition within the resident vegetation may decrease community invasibility as the climate warms.
Floral size variation in Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae) along altitudinal gradients: patterns and possible selective mechanisms
Authors: Maad Johanne , Armbruster W. Scott , Fenster Charles B.
Published: June 2013

We investigated patterns of flower‐size variation along altitudinal gradients in the bee‐pollinated perennial Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae) by examining 22 Norwegian populations at altitudes between 240 and 1100 m a.s.l. We explored potential mechanisms for the underlying pattern by quantifying pollinator–faunal composition, pollinator‐visitation rates and pollen limitation of seed set in subsets of the study populations. Despite a decrease in plant size, several measures of flower size increased with elevation. Bumble bees were the main pollinators at both alpine and lowland sites in the study area. However, species composition of the pollinator fauna differed, and pollinators were larger in higher‐elevation than in lower‐elevation sites. Pollinator visitation rates were lower at higher‐elevations than at lower elevations. Pollen limitation of seed set did not vary significantly with altitude. Our results are consistent with differences in bumble‐bee size and visitation rates as causal mechanisms for the relatively larger flowers at higher elevations, in three non‐mutually exclusive ways: 1) Larger flowers reflect selection for increased attractiveness where pollinators are rare. 2) Larger and fewer flowers represent a risk avoidance strategy where the probability of pollination is low on any given day. 3) Flower size variation reflects selection to improve the fit of pollinators with fertile structures by matching flower size to pollinator size across sites.
Electrochemical Determination of Gibbs Energy of Formation of LaCrO3 Using a Composition‐Graded Bielectrolyte
Authors: Jacob Kallarackel Thomas , Gupta Sapna , Singh Prabhakar
Published: June 2013

Presented are new measurements of the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of rhombohedral LaCrO3 from component oxides La2O3 and Cr2O3 in the temperature range from 875 to 1175 K, using a bielectrolyte solid‐state cell incorporating single crystal CaF2 and composition‐graded solid electrolyte (LaF3)y·(CaF2)1−y (y = 0–0.32). The results can be represented analytically as (±2270)/J·mol−1 = −72329 + 4.932 (T/K). The measurements were undertaken to resolve serious discrepancies in the data reported in the literature. A critical analysis of previous electrochemical measurements indicates several deficiencies that have been rectified in this study. The enthalpy of formation obtained in this study is consistent with calorimetric data. The standard enthalpy of formation of orthorhombic LaCrO3 from elements at 298.15 K computed from the results of this study is /kJ·mol−1 = −1536.2 (±7). The standard entropy of orthorhombic LaCrO3 at 298.15 K is estimated as 99.0 (±4.5) J·(mol·K)−1.
Randomized controlled trial of a nurse‐led rheumatology clinic for monitoring biological therapy
Authors: Larsson Ingrid , Fridlund Bengt , Arvidsson Barbro , Teleman Annika , Bergman Stefan
Published: June 2013

Aim

To compare and evaluate the treatment outcomes of a nurse‐led rheumatology clinic and a rheumatologist‐led clinic in patients with low disease activity or in remission who are undergoing biological therapy.

Background

Patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis treated with biological therapy are usually monitored by rheumatologists. Nurse‐led rheumatology clinics have been proposed in patients with low disease activity or in remission.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Methods

A 12‐month follow‐up trial was conducted between October 2009 and August 2011, where 107 patients were randomized into two groups with a 6‐month follow‐up to a nurse‐led rheumatology clinic based on person‐centred care (intervention group; n = 53) or to a rheumatologist‐led clinic (control group; n = 54). The hypothesis was that the nurse‐led clinic outcomes would not be inferior to those obtained from a rheumatologist‐led clinic at the 12‐month follow‐up. The primary outcome was disease activity measured by Disease Activity Score 28.

Results

A total of 47 patients in the intervention group and 50 in the control group completed the 12‐month trial. The trial revealed no statistically significant differences between groups in mean change of Disease Activity Score 28, Visual Analogue Scales for pain, the Health Assessment Questionnaire, satisfaction with or confidence in obtaining rheumatology care.

Conclusion

Patients with stable chronic inflammatory arthritis undergoing biological therapy could be monitored by a nurse‐led rheumatology clinic without difference in outcome as measured by the Disease Activity Score 28.
Assisted Cycling Exercise Improves Fine Manual Dexterity in Persons with Down's syndrome
Authors: Chen C‐C (JJ) , Ringenbach S. D. R. , Albert A. R.
Published: June 2013

Background

This study was aimed at investigating the impact of assisted cycling therapy (ACT) on fine manual dexterity in adults with Down's syndrome (DS).

Methods

Nine persons with DS completed four different interventions: voluntary exercise (VE), voluntary with music (VEM), assisted exercise (AE) and no exercise (NE). Fine manual dexterity (e.g., Purdue Pegboard) was tested pre and post interventions.

Results

The results showed dominant and bimanual hands were improved after AE but no evident in either subtest after VE. The assembly subtest, processed by spatial‐temporal ability, was only improved after VEM and NE.

Conclusions

It is speculated that AE stimulated more peripheral sensory input to the motor cortex and neurotransmitters than the other interventions. In addition, the involvement of music may enhance spatial intelligence during VEM. Even though the exact mechanisms are still unknown, the implication of our results showed that AE and VEM can improve fine manual dexterity in persons with DS.
Intention to Seek Mental Health Treatment for Adolescent Girls: Comparison of Predictors in Mothers and Daughters
Authors: Logsdon M. Cynthia , Pinto Melissa D. , LaJoie A. Scott , Hertweck Paige , Lynch Tania , Flamini Laura
Published: June 2013

Problem

To examine predictors of intention to seek mental health treatment for adolescent girls in mothers and daughters.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, mothers and adolescent daughters (n = 71) completed measures of behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention to seek mental health treatment for the adolescent daughter.

Findings

Behavioral attitude and perceived behavioral control predicted intention to seek mental health treatment among mothers. Behavioral attitude predicted intention among daughters. There were no associations between mothers and daughters on study variables.

Conclusions

To promote shared decision making and engagement in mental health treatment, clinicians may target interventions to the mother's perceived behavioral control and behavioral attitudes of daughters and mothers. Based upon study results, clinicians should promote shared decision making and concordance between mothers and daughters on attitudes toward mental health treatment.
When too much ATP is a bad thing: a pivotal role for P2X7 receptors in motor neuron degeneration
Authors: Browne Susan E.
Published: June 2013

Read the full article ‘P2X7 ATP receptor‐induced death of motor neurons by a peroxynitrite/FAS‐dependent pathway’ on doi: 10.1111/jnc.12286
In vivo induction of P‐glycoprotein expression at the mouse blood–brain barrier: an intracerebral microdialysis study
Authors: Chan Gary N. Y. , Saldivia Victor , Yang Yingbo , Pang Henrianna , de Lannoy Inés , Bendayan Reina
Published: June 2013

Intracerebral microdialysis was utilized to investigate the effect of P‐glycoprotein (a drug efflux transporter) induction at the mouse blood–brain barrier (BBB) on brain extracellular fluid concentrations of quinidine, an established substrate of P‐glycoprotein. Induction was achieved by treating male CD‐1 mice for 3 days with 5 mg/kg/day dexamethasone (DEX), a ligand of the nuclear receptor, pregnane X receptor, and a P‐glycoprotein inducer. Tandem liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method was used to quantify analytes in dialysate, blood and plasma. P‐glycoprotein, pregnane X receptor and Cyp3a11 (metabolizing enzyme for quinidine) protein expression in capillaries and brain homogenates was measured by immunoblot analysis. Following quinidine i.v. administration, the average ratio of unbound quinidine concentrations in brain extracellular fluid (determined from dialysate samples) to plasma at steady state (375–495 min) or Kp, uu, ECF/Plasma in the DEX‐treated animals was 2.5‐fold lower compared with vehicle‐treated animals. In DEX‐treated animals, P‐glycoprotein expression in brain capillaries was 1.5‐fold higher compared with vehicle‐treated animals while Cyp3a11 expression in brain capillaries was not significantly different between the two groups. These data demonstrate that P‐gp induction mediated by DEX at the BBB can significantly reduce quinidine brain extracellular fluid concentrations by decreasing its brain permeability and further suggest that drug–drug interactions as a result of P‐gp induction at the BBB are possible.

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Applying microdialysis, distribution of quinidine, a P‐gp substrate, in mouse brain extracellular fluid (ECF) was investigated following ligand‐mediated P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) induction at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). We demonstrated that a PXR agonist (dexamethasone) significantly up‐regulated P‐gp in brain capillaries and reduced quinidine brain ECF concentrations. Our data suggest that drug–drug interactions as a result of P‐gp induction at the BBB are possible.