bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of mixing technique and filler content on physical properties of bovine bone‐based CHA/PLA composites
Authors: Rakmae Suriyan , Ruksakulpiwat Yupaporn , Sutapun Wimonlak , Suppakarn Nitinat
Published: June 2011

This study presented influence of mixing technique as well as filler content on physical and thermal properties of bovine bone‐based carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites. CHA/PLA composites at various contents of CHA were prepared by either melt‐mixing or solution‐mixing techniques. Thermal properties, morphologies, and mechanical properties of the CHA/PLA composites including molecular weight deterioration of PLA matrices were investigated. Average molecular weights of PLA in the composites prepared by both techniques decreased with increasing CHA content, whereas their molecular weight distributions (MWDs) increased. Nonetheless, average molecular weights of PLA in melt‐mixed composites were lower than those of solution‐mixed composites. With increasing CHA content, elongation at break, tensile strength, and impact strength of the composites were decreased, whereas the tensile moduli of the composites were increased. In comparison between two mixing techniques, the melt‐mixing distributed and dispersed CHA into PLA matrix more effectively than the solution‐mixing did. Therefore, tensile moduli, tensile strength, and impact strength of the melt mixed composites were higher than those of the solution‐mixed composites of the corresponding CHA content. Moreover, decomposition temperatures and % crystallinity of the melt‐mixed composites were higher than those of the solution‐mixed composites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
In Vivo Imaging of Near‐Membrane Calcium Ions with Two‐Photon Probes
Authors: Lim Chang Su , Kang Min Young , Han Ji Hee , Danish Isravel Antony , Cho Bong Rae
Published: June 2011

We report a two‐photon (TP) probe (ACaLN) for near‐membrane Ca2+ that shows a 13‐fold TP excited fluorescence (TPEF) enhancement in response to Ca2+, dissociation constants (KdTP) of (1.9±0.2) μM, pH‐insensitivity at the biologically relevant pH, and can detect near‐membrane Ca2+ in live cells for more than 1500 s and in living tissues at 120 μm depth without interference from other metal ions. Comparison with existing probes provides a useful strategy for the design of efficient TP probes for the near‐membrane metal ions.
Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules
Authors: Kröger Björn , Vinther Jakob , Fuchs Dirk
Published: June 2011

Cephalopods are extraordinary molluscs equipped with vertebrate‐like intelligence and a unique buoyancy system for locomotion. A growing body of evidence from the fossil record, embryology and Bayesian molecular divergence estimations provides a comprehensive picture of their origins and evolution. Cephalopods evolved during the Cambrian (∼530 Ma) from a monoplacophoran‐like mollusc in which the conical, external shell was modified into a chambered buoyancy apparatus. During the mid‐Palaeozoic (∼416 Ma) cephalopods diverged into nautiloids and the presently dominant coleoids. Coleoids (i.e. squids, cuttlefish and octopods) internalised their shells and, in the late Palaeozoic (∼276 Ma), diverged into Vampyropoda and the Decabrachia. This shell internalisation appears to be a unique evolutionary event. In contrast, the loss of a mineralised shell has occurred several times in distinct coleoid lineages. The general tendency of shell reduction reflects a trend towards active modes of life and much more complex behaviour.
Presidents page
Authors: Smith Linda C.
Published: June 2011

Editor's Summary

ASIS&T has reinforced its founding purpose by joining with other organizations to create a master schedule of worldwide conferences on information science, the International Calendar of Information Science Conferences. Since 1963 ASIS&T's own annual meeting has been a primary venue for sharing research in information science and technology. The 2011 meeting will focus on the use of information and communication to “bridge the gulf” between society, technology and work. In 2000 ASIS&T expanded its educational offerings with a focus on information architecture, initiating the popular IA Summit. The new RDAP Summit convened for the second year in 2011 to promote interoperability among institutional repositories. Through its Annual Meetings and Summits and by facilitating the international calendar of global conferences, ASIS&T continues to be a leader in promoting professional information exchange.
RDAP2: First impressions
Authors: Hourclé Joseph A.
Published: June 2011

Editor's Summary

The second Research Data Access and Preservation (RDAP) Summit, held in March 2011 in Denver, brought together a mix of attendees from the science, library and archival communities. The interaction revealed the need to join forces to better manage data generated by research projects. Scientists presented lessons they learned from creating data management strategies from scratch, using technologies and dealing with administrative politics, while librarians related methods and issues faced in managing digital data repositories, curating and preserving critical research data. Conversations were surprising and enlightening, as scientists were largely unaware of librarians' role in data management, and the groups discovered differences in their terminology and connotations. Attendees appreciated the opportunity for interaction and agreed on the need to collaborate on identifying others working on data access and preservation, finding existing solutions to repurpose and combining efforts with other organizations.
Counterpoint: RDAP2: Need for IA and LIS expertise a noticeable theme
Authors: Weaver Melissa
Published: June 2011

Editor's Summary

A theme that ran through much of ASIS&T's second Research Data Access and Preservation (RDAP) Summit is the need to involve those oriented toward information management and architecture in research data management projects. Though the RDAP Summit's focus was narrow superficially, its concerns are common among organizations challenged by ineffective web content management. The concept of management applies broadly to data, infrastructure and entire information systems, highlighting the need for collaboration among those in library science, information architecture and content management. Topics of discussion ranged from the lifecycle and longevity of data to getting content contributors to tag their data, with recurring observations on the importance of involving those with specialized skills in information management early in research projects.
Opinion: Whose role is it anyway? : A library practitioner's appraisal of the digital data deluge
Authors: Ramírez Marisa L.
Published: June 2011

Editor's Summary

As the volume of digital data multiplies exponentially and the use of digital repositories to capture academic research expands, the demands on academic librarians are also increasing. Librarians are expected to serve as liaisons between data authors, managers, scientists and end users, while providing a full range of curation services. Little has been offered from the perspective of archival and records management, despite archivists' traditional role as keepers and stewards of scholars' data. Archival science focuses on appraising, selecting and describing data, managing data retention and attending to source, authenticity and preservation. Professional archivists have considerable expertise in handling volumes of research data, and archival methods can add efficiency to digital data management. Greater collaboration between academic library liaisons and archivists is urged, recognizing and integrating the skills of each profession to best advantage for the most effective approach to comprehensive data curation and management of digital repositories.
Has the revolution in scholarly communication lived up to its promise?
Authors: Hahn Trudi Bellardo , Burright Mariann , Duggan Heidi Nickisch
Published: June 2011

Editor's Summary

In the late 1990s the need for an overhaul in the approach to scholarly publishing was recognized. A drastic change would revise the economic model on which publishing was based, give authors rights to their own works in open access repositories and enable consumers across the world to access scholarly materials, building a flow of valuable information for the common good. The revolution has yet to materialize, though small but welcome achievements have been made. The open access business model has gained a foothold with the Public Library of Science (PLoS), and scientists receiving grants through the National Institutes of Health must submit manuscripts to the PubMed Central digital archive. Several universities mandate that faculty members deposit their scholarly articles in institutional repositories, and the Compact for Open Access Publishing Equity promotes open publishing by supporting authors. Librarians are both part of the problem and part of the solution. Instead of worrying about paying rising subscription fees, they could use their position to influence authors to take advantage of open access channels despite publish‐or‐perish pressures. Recent legislative and presidential initiatives, geared to disseminating publicly funded research, may be effective in moving open access closer to transforming the traditional system of scholarly communication.
Data, information, knowledge: The emerging field of health informatics
Authors: Dalrymple Prudence W.
Published: June 2011

Editor's Summary

The area of health informatics applies information science methods to analyze and understand health care information, to progress from raw data to knowledge, for improved problem solving, decision‐making and care delivery. With the field still relatively young and subspecialties already branching off, the terminology and scope continue to evolve. The fundamental model is shifting from treatment of an illness to wellness and disease prevention and viewing an individual's daily life in the broad context of factors that influence health. As the field takes shape, professional education is typically originating in health education for the informatician or in information science and technology for the health informaticist, with complementary coursework to expand understanding of and competency in the interdisciplinary field. The rapid growth and high demand for health informatics is stimulating an expansion of educational opportunities with degrees at all levels both in the United States and at international institutions. Conferences, professional publications and online resources on the topic multiply, serving those interested in making health informatics a career.
Information science as knowledge translation
Authors: Garnett Alex
Published: June 2011

Editor's Summary

In the medical field, knowledge translation is the process of putting research findings into action for patient education, practitioners' use and further research. It is a method of codifying what has been learned through research to improve communication within the professional community. The same view of knowledge sharing may be applied to library and information science (LIS). But the LIS community has been slow to adopt and implement our own research, to gain practical value by translating theory to knowledge. Greater attention should be paid to communication within the professional community to ensure the effective spread and use of knowledge gleaned from information science research. Just as medical informatics serves knowledge transfer in the field of medicine, exploring community informatics could shed light on how other disciplines, including LIS, translate knowledge to action through communication processes within professional communities.
Creating reusable and interoperable learning objects for developing an e‐learning system that supports remediation learning strategy
Authors: Lim Yeng Chai , Chiew Thiam Kian
Published: June 2011

e‐Learning is getting more important in education to provide new or enhanced services. Learning objects created according to e‐learning standards such as Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) play a major role in order to produce quality contents for e‐learning. A virtual learning environment (VLE) is normally used to support e‐learning by providing online courses and other learning activities. Moodle is one of the most widely used VLEs. However, Moodle still does not support the SCORM 2004 Sequencing and Navigation. This article proposes a new technique to create an e‐tutorial module, one of the main services in e‐learning that supports a certain level of SCORM 2004 Sequencing and Navigation on Moodle version 1.9.2+. This helps to provide learning with more control on the learning sequences and hence supports remediation learning strategy. Besides, study shows that courses built with learning objects complying with the SCORM 2004 standards are interoperable. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22:329–339, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.20558
Instructing an on‐line VR‐based written test system design and construction in multimedia practice course
Authors: Liang Janus S.
Published: June 2011

Instructing multimedia practice is a fundamental issue in a computer science high‐level course. However, for an effective instruction of this subject an experience with real case study can be considered as fundamental. To achieve this goal, in this research a project for the practical learning of multimedia application and development is presented. This consists of an on‐line VR‐based written test system for automotive driving license. This research breaks down an on‐line VR‐based written test system into several portions that are suited for teamwork. Building this system it is possible to understand the performance and limitations of different tools, for example, multimedia, database, programming, etc., and to create a collaborative learning environment. We conclude with a rough timeline for modeling an on‐line written test system for automotive driving license during the course of a semester. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22:349–363, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.20560
Pyrazolate‐Based Cobalt(II)‐Containing Metal–Organic Frameworks in Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation Reactions: Elucidating the Role of Entatic States for Biomimetic Oxidation Processes
Authors: Tonigold Markus , Lu Ying , Mavrandonakis Andreas , Puls Angela , Staudt Reiner , Möllmer Jens , Sauer Joachim , Volkmer Dirk
Published: June 2011

Crystal structures of two metal–organic frameworks (MFU‐1 and MFU‐2) are presented, both of which contain redox‐active CoII centres coordinated by linear 1,4‐bis[(3,5‐dimethyl)pyrazol‐4‐yl] ligands. In contrast to many MOFs reported previously, these compounds show excellent stability against hydrolytic decomposition. Catalytic turnover is achieved in oxidation reactions by employing tert‐butyl hydroperoxide and the solid catalysts are easily recovered from the reaction mixture. Whereas heterogeneous catalysis is unambiguously demonstrated for MFU‐1, MFU‐2 shows catalytic activity due to slow metal leaching, emphasising the need for a deeper understanding of structure–reactivity relationships in the future design of redox‐active metal–organic frameworks. Mechanistic details for oxidation reactions employing tert‐butyl hydroperoxide are studied by UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy and XRPD measurements. The catalytic process accompanying changes of redox states and structural changes were investigated by means of cobalt K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. To probe the putative binding modes of molecular oxygen, the isosteric heats of adsorption of O2 were determined and compared with models from DFT calculations. The stabilities of the frameworks in an oxygen atmosphere as a reactive gas were examined by temperature‐programmed oxidation (TPO). Solution impregnation of MFU‐1 with a co‐catalyst (N‐hydroxyphthalimide) led to NHPI@MFU‐1, which oxidised a range of organic substrates under ambient conditions by employing molecular oxygen from air. The catalytic reaction involved a biomimetic reaction cascade based on free radicals. The concept of an entatic state of the cobalt centres is proposed and its relevance for sustained catalytic activity is briefly discussed.
Site‐Specific Recognition of Guanosine by Manganese(III) Corroles in DNA Non‐Duplex Regions through Active Oxygen Transfer
Authors: Zhai Qianqian , Xu Liang , Ge Yushu , Tian Tian , Wu Wendi , Yan Shengyong , Zhou Yangyang , Deng Minggang , Liu Yi , Zhou Xiang
Published: June 2011

DNA damage plays an important role in cellular processes. Besides natural protein nucleases, different types of efficient agents for DNA damage have been developed over recent decades in the search for new anticancer and antiviral drugs. In addition to the double‐stranded configuration, DNA structures also include some non‐duplex regions, which are considered to be from spontaneous errors in DNA replication, thus playing an important role for cells. Herein, we focused on these non‐duplex regions of DNA and generated manganese(III) corroles, which exhibit a highly selective cleavage ability for guanosine units located at non‐duplex portions, such as loops and bulges. The cleavage mechanism was demonstrated to be a manganese‐induced oxidation process. The results given herein show a molecular approach that could specifically probe the guanosine units in DNA non‐duplex structures, thus representing a promising step in the construction of tools to target non‐duplex structures in chromosomes.
Synthesis and C2‐symmetric structure of a cyclotetrapeptide composed of anthranilic acid and leucine
Authors: Akazome Motohiro , Enzu Masashi , Takagi Koji , Matsumoto Shoji
Published: June 2011

A chiral cyclotetrapeptide (1) was synthesized from 2‐nitrobenzoic acid and leucine. A single‐crystal X‐ray of the compound revealed a C2‐symmetric bowl‐shaped structure. The cyclic compound had a unique hydrogen‐bonding network composed of three‐centered hydrogen bonds and bifurcated hydrogen bonds between NH and CO of anthranilic residue. The NMR spectra and molecular modeling of 1 also suggested the chiral bowl structure. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rethinking Authority and Legitimacy in Strategy: A Perspective from an Emerging Economy
Authors: Faria Alex , Wensley Robin
Published: June 2011

The field of strategic management (SM) has presumed that the relationship between the state and market is unproblematic and that the role of the state should be seen solely within the context of regulation. Hence, the authority of CEOs within multinational corporations depends on the construction of its legitimate and sole validity and also on the delegitimation of other types of strategists—namely, government strategists. This paper emphasizes the territorial‐international dimension of authority and legitimacy to argue that the SM literature delegitimates the authority of government strategists. The paper suggests that SM in Brazil can be reorientated to help restore the legitimate authority of government strategists and challenge the sole privileging of strategists within big corporations. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Miniemulsions using static mixers: Part 2. Co‐emulsification and composite materials using SMX static mixers
Authors: Farzi G. A. , Bourgeat‐Lami E. , McKenna T. F. L.
Published: June 2011

A 50:50 mixture of methylmethacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate was emulsified, then polymerised using different static mixers. It was shown that the emulsification behaviour was very different from that observed for MMA alone under similar conditions. It was shown that the hydrophobicity of the monomers had a strong influence on the droplet size and stability. It was also shown that the amount of work done on the emulsion is important for obtaining polymerisable droplets, and that monomer systems that are difficult to miniemulsify with a low energy system can in fact be made to form stable emulsions simply by changing the emulsification conditions. Finally, it was shown that when the miniemulsification conditions are correctly chosen, it is possible to generate miniemulsion dispersions containing silica that can be successfully polymerised to produce silica/polyacrylic nanocomposites.
Power and flow characteristics of three rotor‐stator heads
Authors: Özcan‐Taşkın Gül , Kubicki Dominik , Padron Gustavo
Published: June 2011

In‐line rotor‐stators are used in a wide range of industrial applications—primarily for dispersion processes such as emulsification, deagglomeration. Three rotor‐stator heads have been used to investigate their performance in breaking up of nanoparticle clusters within a large project. This article reports the findings of a part of this study aimed at investigating the flow and power characteristics in single phase to highlight the differences of three different mixer heads. Power characteristics are determined using the calorimetry allowing the characteristic power numbers for these devices to be obtained. These are also compared with CFD calculations. Flow characteristics are studied through numerical simulations.
Removal of ammonium cations from aqueous solution using arene‐sulphonic acid functionalised SBA‐15 as adsorbent
Authors: Rat‐Valdambrini Micha , Belkacemi Khaled , Hamoudi Safia
Published: June 2011

Removal of ammonium cations from aqueous solution was investigated using an arene‐sulphonic acid functionalised mesostructured SBA‐15 material as adsorbent. Arene‐sulphonic acid‐SBA‐15 (AS‐SBA‐15) was prepared via a co‐condensation strategy using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and 2‐(4‐chlorosulphonylphenyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane (CSPTMS) as framework precursors under acidic conditions. The material exhibited high surface area (680 m2/g) and total pore volume (0.84 mL/g). The effects of adsorbent loading, initial ammonium concentration, temperature, pH and the presence of competitive ions on the adsorption performances were investigated. The ammonium removal increased with the increase of the adsorbent loading and the decrease of the initial concentration. The adsorption capacity decreased with increasing the temperature. Maximum adsorption capacity obtained at 5°C was ca. 19 mg NH/g adsorbent. The isotherms data were studied using different adsorption models and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. Competitive ions such K+ and Na+ slightly affected the ammonium adsorption. After six adsorption–desorption cycles, the adsorbent retained its adsorption capacity.
Vapour–liquid equilibrium of CO2 in aqueous solutions of N‐methyl‐2‐ethanolamine
Authors: Kumar G. , Kundu M.
Published: June 2011

The equilibrium solubility of CO2 into aqueous solution of sterically hindered N‐methyl‐2‐ethanolamine or methyl amino ethanol (MAE) was investigated in the temperature range of 303.1–323.1 K and total CO2 pressure in the range of 1–350 kPa. The N‐methyl‐2‐ethanolamine aqueous solutions studied were 0.968, 1.574, 2.240 and 3.125 mol kg−1 of solvent. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction: Clinical Implications and Treatment
Authors: Minicucci Marcos F. , Azevedo Paula S. , Polegato Bertha F. , Paiva Sergio A.R. , Zornoff Leonardo A. M.
Published: June 2011

Heart failure is a frequent complication of myocardial infarction. Several factors, such as recurrent myocardial ischemia, infarct size, ventricular remodeling, stunned myocardium, mechanical complications, and hibernating myocardium influence the appearance of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Importantly, its presence increases the risk of death by at least 3‐ to 4‐fold. The knowledge of the mechanisms and clinical features are essential for the diagnosis and treatment of left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure after myocardial infarction. Therefore, this review will focus on the clinical implications and treatment of heart failure after myocardial infarction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
An Amphiphilic Conjugate Approach toward the Design and Synthesis of Betulinic Acid–Polyphenol Conjugates as Inhibitors of the HIV‐1 gp41 Fusion Core Formation
Authors: Liu Yan , Ke Zhuofeng , Wu Kwok Yiu , Liu Shuwen , Chen Wen‐Hua , Jiang Shibo , Jiang Zhi‐Hong
Published: June 2011

Exploration of potent inhibitors of the HIV‐1 gp41 fusion core formation is a promising strategy to discover small‐molecule HIV‐1 entry inhibitors for the treatment of HIV‐1 infection. In this paper, a series of novel betulinic acid–polyphenol conjugates was designed, guided by molecular modeling of the binding of betulinic acid (BA) and phenolic galloyl/caffeoyl groups in the groove on the gp41 N‐terminal heptad repeat (NHR) trimeric coiled coil. These conjugates were synthesized via conjugation of galloyl and caffeoyl groups with BA at the C‐28 position. Their inhibitory activities of HIV gp41 six‐helix bundle (6‐HB) formation between the NHR peptide N36 and the C‐terminal heptad repeat (CHR) peptide C34 were evaluated with size‐exclusion HPLC. Conjugates bearing a galloyl group were found to exhibit four to sixfold higher inhibitory activities than that of parent compound BA, suggesting that they may be exploitable as HIV‐1 fusion/entry inhibitors targeting gp41. The docking study on BA and its derivatives suggests that hydrophobic and hydrogen‐bonding pockets exist in the groove of the gp41 NHR trimeric coiled coil and that a potent inhibitor should have amphiphilic structures to cooperatively interact with both pockets. This possibility was explored by incorporating both lipophilic and hydrophilic groups into the conjugates in a well‐defined orientation to bind with both pockets in the gp41 NHR‐trimer.
Neurodevelopmental MRI brain templates for children from 2 weeks to 4 years of age
Authors: Sanchez Carmen E. , Richards John E. , Almli C. Robert
Published: June 2011

Spatial normalization and segmentation of pediatric brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) data with adult templates may impose biases and limitations in pediatric neuroimaging work. To remedy this issue, we created a single database made up of a series of pediatric, age‐specific MRI average brain templates. These average, age‐specific templates were constructed from brain scans of individual children obtained from two sources: (1) the NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development and (2) MRIs from University of South Carolina's McCausland Brain Imaging Center. Participants included young children enrolled at ages ranging from 8 days through 4.3 years of age. A total of 13 age group cohorts spanning the developmental progression from birth through 4.3 years of age were used to construct age‐specific MRI brain templates (2 weeks, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5, 9, 12, 15, 18 months, 2, 2.5, 3, 4 years). Widely used processing programs (FSL, SPM, and ANTS) extracted the brain and constructed average templates separately for 1.5T and 3T MRI volumes. The resulting age‐specific, average templates showed clear changes in head and brain size across ages and between males and females, as well as changes in regional brain structural characteristics (e.g., myelin development). This average brain template database is available via our website (http://jerlab.psych.sc.edu/neurodevelopmentalmridatabase) for use by other researchers. Use of these age‐specific, average pediatric brain templates by the research community will enhance our ability to gain a clearer understanding of the early postnatal development of the human brain in health and in disease. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:77–91, 2012.
Presynaptic modulation of early olfactory processing in Drosophila
Authors: Wang Jing W.
Published: June 2011

Most animals are endowed with an olfactory system that is essential for finding foods, avoiding predators, and locating mating partners. The olfactory system must encode the identity and intensity of behaviorally relevant stimuli in a dynamic environmental landscape. How is olfactory information represented? How is a large dynamic range of odor concentrations represented in the olfactory system? How is this representation modulated to meet the demands of different internal physiological states? Recent studies have found that sensory terminals are important targets for neuromodulation. The emerging evidence suggests that presynaptic inhibition scales with sensory input and thus provides a mechanism to increase dynamic range of odor representation. In addition, presynaptic facilitation could be a mechanism to alter behavioral responses in hungry animals. This review will focus on the GABAB (gamma‐aminobutyric acid) receptor‐mediated presynaptic inhibition, and neuropeptide‐mediated presynaptic modulation in Drosophila © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72:87–99, 2012
Aberrant expression of genes necessary for neuronal development and notch signaling in an epilepticmind bombzebrafish
Authors: Hortopan Gabriela A. , Baraban Scott C.
Published: June 2011

Mutation within an ubiquitin E3 ligase gene can lead to a failure in Notch signaling, excessive neurons, and depletion of neural progenitor cells inmind bombmutants. Usingmibhi904zebrafish, we reported seizures and a down‐regulation of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling pathway genes. A transcriptome analysis also identified differential expression pattern of genes related to Notch signaling and neurodevelopment. Here, we selected nine of these genes (her4.2,hes5,bhlhb5,hoxa5a,hoxb5b,dmbx1a,dbx1a,nxph1, andplxnd1) and performed a more thorough analysis of expression using conventional polymerase chain reaction, real‐time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Transgenic reporter fish (Gfap:GFP and Dlx5a‐6a:GFP) were used to assess early brain morphology in vivo. Down‐regulation of many of these genes was prominent throughout key structures of the developingmibhi904zebrafish brain including, but not limited to, the pallium, ventral thalamus, and optic tectum. Brain expression of Dlx5a‐6a and Gfap was also reduced. In conclusion, these expression studies indicate a general down‐regulation of Notch signaling genes necessary for proper brain development and suggest that these mutant fish could provide valuable insights into neurological conditions, such as Angelman syndrome, associated with ubiquitin E3 ligase mutation. Developmental Dynamics 240:1964–1976, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parameter design of switched assist controller for man–machine cooperative system with human behavior model based on hybrid system
Authors: Okuda Hiroyuki , Hayakawa Soichiro , Suzuki Tatsuya , Tsuchida Nuio
Published: June 2011

Recently, the demand for man–machine cooperative systems has been growing in many industrial fields, particularly in cell production and in flexible manufacturing systems. In the design of man–machine cooperative systems, the characteristics of human behavior must be considered. This paper presents a new design strategy for a switched assist controller for a man–machine cooperative positioning task that takes into consideration a human behavior model based on a continuous/discrete hybrid dynamical system. First, the human behavior model is identified as a piecewise ARX model using k‐means clustering and a support vector machine. Second, the switched assist system is designed as a switched impedance controller based on the identified hybrid human behavior model with optimization. The optimization was solved by performing a forward calculation of the closed loop response of the human behavior model and controller with a criterion reflecting the task time and the force effort. The results show that one can find the optimal parameters for a switched impedance controller. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(1): 55–64, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20932
Introducing computational fluid dynamics simulation into olfactory display
Authors: Ishida Hiroshi , Yoshida Hiroshi , Nakamoto Takamichi
Published: June 2011

An olfactory display is a device that delivers various odors to the user's nose. It can be used to add special effects to movies and games by releasing odors relevant to the scenes shown on the screen. In order to provide high‐presence olfactory stimuli to the users, the display must be able to generate realistic odors with appropriate concentrations in a timely manner together with visual and audio playback. In this paper, we propose to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations in conjunction with an olfactory display. Odor molecules released from their source are transported mainly by turbulent flow, and their behavior can be extremely complicated even in a simple indoor environment. In the proposed system, a CFD solver is employed to calculate the airflow field and the odor dispersal in the given environment. An odor blender is used to generate the odor with the concentration determined from the calculated odor distribution. Experimental results on presenting odor stimuli synchronously with movie clips show the effectiveness of the proposed system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(1): 65–72, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21087
A 6.6‐kV transformerless battery energy storage system based on a cascade multilevel PWM converter: Experimental verification by a 200‐V, 10‐kW, 3.6‐kWh laboratory model
Authors: Inoue Shigenori , Maharjan Laxman , Asakura Jun , Akagi Hirofumi
Published: June 2011

Renewable energy sources such as wind turbine generators and photovoltaics are intermittent in nature, thus resulting in fluctuating electric power. Leveling of their electric power is indispensable to realize large‐scale renewable energy sources and to avoid severe power quality problems when they are interconnected into the grid. A battery energy storage system (BESS), combining batteries with a power converter and digital control, should be installed in the vicinity of an intermittent energy source. The fluctuating power is compensated by appropriately controlling active power stored in, or released from, the battery. This paper describes a 6.6‐kV transformerless battery energy storage system based on a cascade multilevel PWM (pulse‐width‐modulation) converter, with focus on a control method for active power and SOC (state‐of‐charge) balancing. A down‐scaled 200‐V, 10‐kW, 3.6‐kWh (13‐MJ) laboratory model using nine NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) battery packs was designed, constructed, and tested to verify the viability and effectiveness of the 6.6‐kV system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(1): 43–54, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21127
Application of microchip electrophoresis for clinical tests
Authors: Yatsushiro Shouki , Kataoka Masatoshi
Published: June 2011

Microchip electrophoresis has recently attracted much attention in the field of nuclear acid analysis due to its high efficiency, ease of operation, low consumption of samples and reagents, and relatively low costs. In addition, the analysis has expanded to analytical fields, including the analysis not only of DNA but also of RNA, proteins, sugar chains, cellular functions, etc. In this paper we describe the creation of high‐performance monitoring systems for human blood glucose levels and α‐amylase activity in human plasma using microchip electrophoresis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(1): 19–25, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21158
Salinity effects on the bioavailability of aqueous metals for the estuarine killifish Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Dutton Jessica , Fisher Nicholas S
Published: June 2011

Estuarine organisms experience varying salinity conditions on a daily and seasonal basis, and these fluctuations could influence the amount of metal accumulated from the aqueous phase. The present study experimentally assessed the role of salinity (0, 2, 6, 12, and 25 ppt) on the uptake of As, Cd, Cr, inorganic Hg [Hg(II)], and methylmercury (MeHg) into the euryhaline killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from the aqueous phase using gamma-emitting radioisotopes. Patterns of metal uptake as a function of salinity varied by metal. Chromium showed no relationship with salinity; Cd, which was most affected by salinity, showed an inverse relationship; and As, Hg(II), and MeHg uptake increased as salinity increased from 0 ppt to 25 ppt. Arsenic (salinities ≤ 6 ppt) and Cr were regulated by the fish, whereas Cd, Hg(II), and MeHg were not. Cadmium, Hg(II), and MeHg are chloro-complexed, increasing bioavailability for Hg(II) and MeHg, and reducing bioavailability for Cd. Concentration factors (CFs) were >1 at all salinities for Cd, Hg(II), and MeHg, indicating that the fish were more enriched in the metal than the surrounding water, whereas As and Cr CFs were <1 at all salinities. Uptake rate constants (k  us) were highest for MeHg (0.79–2.29 L g−1 d−1), followed by Hg(II), Cd, Cr, and lowest for As (0.0004–0.0008 L g−1 d−1). Tissue distribution of each metal was determined by dissections. Data for Cd showed that as salinity increased, the concentration of this metal increased in the viscera, whereas it decreased in the head and gills, suggesting that drinking to osmoregulate may account for a portion of Cd uptake from the aqueous phase in marine fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2107–2114. © 2011 SETAC
Operational Inhomogeneities in La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3–δ Electrolytes and La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.82Ru0.18O3–δ–Ce0.9Gd0.1O2–δ Composite Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Liao Y. , Bierschenk D. M. , Barnett S. A. , Marks L. D.
Published: June 2011

The electrolyte/anode interface in solid oxide fuel cells with La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3–δ electrolytes and composite anodes containing La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.82Ru0.18O3–δ and Ce0.9Gd0.1O2–δ (GDC) was studied using transmission electron microscope Z‐contrast imaging and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The anode/electrolyte interface of an operated cell had numerous defective regions in the electrolyte, immediately adjacent to anode GDC particles. These areas had a different chemical composition than other electrolyte regions and were crystallographically inhomogeneous. These regions were not observed in a cell reduced in hydrogen that was not operated, suggesting that they were the result of combined electrical and chemical potential gradients present during cell operation. Ru nanoparticles were observed on the chromite surfaces of the operated.
Proton Conducting Sulphonated Fluorinated Poly(Styrene) Crosslinked Electrolyte Membranes
Authors: Soulès A. , Améduri B. , Boutevin B. , David G. , Perrin R. , Gebel G.
Published: June 2011

Potential membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell based on crosslinked sulphonated fluorinated polystyrenes (PS) were synthesised in two steps. First, azide‐telechelic polystyrene was obtained by iodine transfer polymerisation of styrene in the presence of 1,6‐diiodoperfluorohexane followed by azido chain‐end functionalisation. Then azide‐telechelic polystyrene was efficiently crosslinked with 1,10‐diazido‐1H,1H,2H,2H,9H,9H,10H,10H‐perfluorodecane under UV irradiation. After 45 min only, almost completion of azide crosslinking could be achieved, resulting in crosslinked membranes with insoluble fractions higher than 95%. The sulphonation of the crosslinked membranes afforded ionic exchange capacities (IECs) ranging from 2.2 to 3.2 meq g–1. The hydration number was shown to be very high (from 30 to 75), depending on both the content of perfluorodecane and of sulphonic acid groups. The morphology of the membranes, assessed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering, was found to be a lamellar‐type structure with two types of ionic domains. For the membrane that exhibited an IEC value of 2.2 meq·g–1, proton conductivity was in the same range as that of Nafion® (120–135 mS·cm–1), whereas the membrane IEC value of 3.2 meq·g–1 showed a proton conductivity higher than that of Nafion® in liquid water from 25 to 80 °C, though a high water uptake.
Sentinel node navigation surgery versus observation as a management strategy for early tongue carcinoma
Authors: Yamauchi Kohichi , Fujioka Yasunori , Kohno Naoyuki
Published: June 2011

Background

The status of lymph nodes in the neck is the most important prognostic factor for the outcomes of patients with oral tongue cancer. However, surgical prophylaxis of the neck is controversial.

Methods

We reviewed 22 patients with clinically T1/T2, N0 Union Internationale Contre le Cancer oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Patients were assigned to groups according to the management strategy selected for the neck. One group underwent a “watchful waiting” policy and the other underwent sentinel node navigation surgery (SNNS).

Results

Three of 11 patients (27%) in the watchful waiting group developed regional recurrence and underwent neck dissection. Only 1 of 11 patients (9.1%) in the SNNS group developed regional recurrence. Although the groups did not significantly differ, the SNNS group tended to have less regional recurrence.

Conclusion

SNNS should be the third strategy formanaging early oral tongue carcinoma. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Efficacy of neck dissection for locoregional failures versus isolated nodal failures in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Tsang Raymond King Yin , Chung Joseph Chun Kit , Ng Yiu Wing , To Victor Shing Howe , Ho Ambrose Chung Wai , Chan Jimmy Yu Wai , Ho Wai Kuen , Wei William Ignace
Published: June 2011

Background

Neck dissection has been shown to be effective in controlling nodal failures in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Its efficacy in controlling the disease in patients with synchronous locoregional failure is, however, not documented.

Method

A retrospective review of all patients who underwent neck dissection for nodal failures with or without treated local failure within 6 months was conducted for this study. The survivals of these 2 groups of patients were analyzed.

Results

The 5‐year overall survival of the whole cohort was 58%. There was no difference in 5‐year disease specific survival (68% vs 40%; p = .121) and 5‐year progression free survival (44% vs 36%; p = .334) when comparing patients with isolated nodal failures and synchronous locoregional failures. Multivariate analysis showed that only the initial N classification affects survival.

Conclusion

Neck dissection is efficacious in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with nodal failure, with or without synchronous local failures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Effects of KRAS mutation and polymorphism on the risk and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Wen‐Yi , Chien Yi‐Chih , Wong Yong‐Kie , Lin Yan‐Liang , Lin Jin‐Ching
Published: June 2011

Background

Mutations or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of relevant genes may affect the risk and prognosis of malignancies. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether the KRAS polymorphisms and mutations can be useful prognostic or risk markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods

DNA was extracted from tumor tissues of 47 patients with OSCC and blood cells of 84 normal controls and subjected to sequencing for the KRAS.

Results

No mutation in the KRAS was found in 47 OSCC samples. However, 2 polymorphisms (rs1137282 and rs712) were detected. Individuals with KRAS SNP rs712 genotypes of G/T or T/T have a reduced risk for OSCC than those with genotype G/G (hazard ratio [HR], 0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10–0.60; p = .004). The overall survival between different SNPs were not statistically significant (p = .147 for rs1137282 and p = .202 for rs712).

Conclusion

These data demonstrate a role for rs712 polymorphism of the KRAS in susceptibility of OSCC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Genome-wide copy number analyses identified novel cancer genes in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jia Deshui , Wei Lin , Guo Weijie , Zha Ruopeng , Bao Meiyan , Chen Zhiao , Zhao Yingjun , Ge Chao , Zhao Fangyu , Chen Taoyang , Yao Ming , Li Jinjun , Wang Hongyang , Gu Jianren , He Xianghuo
Published: June 2011

A powerful way to identify driver genes with causal roles in carcinogenesis is to detect genomic regions that undergo frequent alterations in cancers. Here we identified 1,241 regions of somatic copy number alterations in 58 paired hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors and adjacent nontumor tissues using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 6.0 arrays. Subsequently, by integrating copy number profiles with gene expression signatures derived from the same HCC patients, we identified 362 differentially expressed genes within the aberrant regions. Among these, 20 candidate genes were chosen for further functional assessments. One novel tumor suppressor (tripartite motif-containing 35 [TRIM35]) and two putative oncogenes (hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif 1 [HEY1] and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide E [SNRPE]) were discovered by various

in vitro

and

in vivo

tumorigenicity experiments. Importantly, it was demonstrated that decreases of TRIM35 expression are a frequent event in HCC and the expression level of TRIM35 was negatively correlated with tumor size, histological grade, and serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration.

Conclusion:

These results showed that integration of genomic and transcriptional data offers powerful potential for identifying novel cancer genes in HCC pathogenesis. (Hepatology 2011;) © 147.
Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable microcapsules for the controlled delivery of calcium hydroxide
Authors: Han Bing , Wang Xiaoyan , Gao Xuejun , Liu Jiguang , Liang Fuxin , Qu Xiaozhong , Yang Zhenzhong
Published: June 2011

This study aimed to synthesize and characterize biodegradable microcapsules based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and ethylcellulose (EC) for a controlled delivery of calcium hydroxide. Phase separation technique was adopted to synthesize calcium hydroxide‐loaded PLA/EC microcapsules. Four PLA/EC blends (4/1, 1/1, 1/4, pure EC) were used as shell materials and the input ratio of calcium hydroxide to shell polymer was 4:1 for all microcapsules. The morphology and composition were studied using SEM‐EDS and TEM. Particle size distribution, glass‐transition temperature, drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency were characterized. In vitro release of the microcapsules was evaluated using a pH microelectrode and an auto‐biochemistry analyzer. SEM images of microcapsules showed uniform spherical structures with smooth surfaces. Core‐shell, hetero‐structures were confirmed using TEM. The presence of calcium in the microcapsules was verified with EDS. Pure calcium hydroxide was 160 nm in diameter and the particle size of the microcapsules ranged between 500 nm and 4 μm. With an increase of PLA in PLA/EC blend, the size of microcapsules increased accordingly. Encapsulation efficiency of these microcapsules was higher than 57% and drug loading was higher than 80%, which were not significantly different among four microcapsules. Pure calcium hydroxide powder was used as a control and 90% was released within 48 h, while release of calcium hydroxide from microcapsules took between 168 and 456 h, depending on the PLA/EC ratio. Compared with calcium hydroxide powder, the calcium hydroxide‐loaded microcapsules showed a sustained and prolonged release, which could be controlled via the regulation of the PLA/EC ratio. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.