bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychotic experiences and future school performance in childhood: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Steenkamp Lisa R. , Bolhuis Koen , Blanken Laura M. E. , Luijk Maartje P. C. M. , Hillegers Manon H. J. , Kushner Steven A. , Tiemeier Henning
Published: June 2020

Background

Psychotic experiences are common in childhood and an important risk indicator of adverse mental health outcomes. However, little is known about the association of psychotic experiences with functional outcomes in childhood, particularly regarding school performance. The aim of the present study was to examine whether psychotic experiences were prospectively related to school performance in childhood.

Methods

This study was embedded in the population‐based Generation R Study (N = 2,362). Psychotic experiences were assessed using self‐reports on hallucinations at age 10 years. School performance was assessed using a standardized national school performance test at age 12 years. We considered the total school performance score, as well as language and mathematics subscales. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, maternal nonverbal IQ, nonverbal IQ at age 6 years and co‐occurring psychopathology at age 10 years.

Results

Psychotic experiences were prospectively associated with poorer school performance scores (B = −0.61, 95% CI [−0.98;−0.25], p = .001), as well as poorer language (Bpercentile rank score = −2.00, 95% CI [−3.20;−0.79], p = .001) and mathematical ability (Bpercentile rank score = −1.75, 95% CI [−2.99;−0.51], p = .006). These associations remained after additional adjustment for nonverbal IQ at age 6 years (B = −0.51, 95% CI [−0.86;−0.16], p = .005), and co‐occurring internalizing (B = −0.40, 95% CI [−0.77;−0.03], p = .036) and externalizing problems (B = −0.40, 95% CI [−0.75;−0.04], p = .029), but not attention problems (B = −0.10, 95% CI [−0.47;0.26], p = .57).

Conclusions

Children with psychotic experiences had lower school performance scores than their nonaffected peers. The finding was independent of sociodemographic characteristics, intelligence and co‐occurring internalizing and externalizing problems, but not attention problems. This study suggests that psychotic experiences are associated with childhood functional impairments, although the relatively small effects and the role of attention problems warrant further exploration.
Predicting larval metamorphosis of Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus through measurements of length and mass
Authors: Whitesel Timothy A. , McGree Michelle , Silver Gregory S.
Published: June 2020

The utility of length and mass measurements to predict the larval metamorphosis of Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus was evaluated. During 2004–2008, larval E. tridentatus were collected from Cedar Creek (Washington, USA) in either the spring or autumn, measured for total length and total mass, reared in captivity and monitored for metamorphosis. The minimum total length, total mass and condition factor of larvae that were observed to go through metamorphosis were 102 mm, 2.0 g and 1.52, respectively. Logistic models indicated that total length and condition factor in both spring and autumn were the most significant variables for predicting metamorphosis of Pacific lamprey during the subsequent summer. Mass in the autumn also appeared important to predict whether metamorphosis occurred in the subsequent summer. Collectively, all models using specific minimums of total length, total mass or condition factor of larvae as criteria for them to metamorphose were sometimes (5 of 14 cases) able to predict the percentage of larvae that would metamorphose but rarely (1 of 12 cases) able to predict which individual larvae would metamorphose. Similar to other anadromous species of lampreys, the size and condition of larval E. tridentatus have utility for predicting metamorphic fate.
Cross‐protection of a live‐attenuated Flavobacterium psychrophilum immersion vaccine against novel Flavobacterium spp. and Chryseobacterium spp. strains
Authors: Bruce Timothy J. , Ma Jie , Knupp Christopher , Loch Thomas P. , Faisal Mohamed , Cain Kenneth D.
Published: June 2020

For salmonid producers, a common threat is Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Recent advancements in bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) management include the development of a live‐attenuated immersion vaccine that cross‐protects against an array of F. psychrophilum strains. Emerging family Flavobacteriaceae cases associated with clinical disease have been increasing, including pathogenic isolates of Flavobacterium spp. and Chryseobacterium spp. The cross‐protective ability of a live‐attenuated F. psychrophilum vaccine was determined against three virulent Flavobacteriaceae isolates. Juvenile rainbow trout were vaccinated, developed high F. psychrophilum‐specific antibody titres and were challenged with Chryseobacterium spp. isolates (S25 and T28), a Flavobacterium sp. (S21) isolate, a mixed combination of S21:S25:T28, and a standard virulent F. psychrophilum CSF259‐93 strain. Results demonstrated strong protection in the CSF259‐93 vaccinated group (relative per cent survival (RPS)=94.44%) when compared to the relevant CSF259‐93 controls (p < .001). Protection was also observed for vaccinated fish challenged with the S21:S25:T28 mix (RPS = 85.18%; p < .001). However, protection was not observed with the S21, S25 or T28 isolates alone. Analysis of whole‐cell lysates revealed differences in protein banding by SDS‐PAGE, but conserved antigenic regions by Western blot in S25 and T28. Results demonstrate that this live‐attenuated vaccine provided protection against mixed flavobacterial infection and suggest further benefits against flavobacteriosis.
Beyond the Pampas: Global capital and uneven development in Argentine soybean expansion
Authors: Neiman Melina , Blanco Mariela
Published: June 2020

The article analyses the social processes introduced by globalization into agrarian production systems. In particular, it explores how capital installs a new agriculture that generates an urban fringe in rural localities. We claim that the expansion of agricultural frontiers is also associated with the rise of new actors, residential changes and transformations in labour markets. The objective is to study the transformation that takes place in the agrarian social structure of a marginal agricultural area. It shows how this transformation leads to new residential behaviour that redefines the local relational system and to a transition from a “peasant” way of life to an urban‐type through the logic of the expulsion of the peasant population and the logic of agribusiness.
The Formation of the Cypriot Thalassaemia Prevention System: The ‘Slow’ Assembly and Construction of a Problem (1944‐1984)
Authors: Kyriakides Theodoros
Published: June 2020

Thalassaemia is one of the most widespread recessive blood disorders in the world. This article focuses the historical trajectory by which the Cypriot thalassaemia prevention system, one of the most successful of its kind, achieved full prevention rate. By tracing the history of decision‐making of medical practitioners central to the construction of the prevention system, my objective is to further elucidate underlying logics of policy‐making and health governance which can account for its success. As I suggest, the Cypriot thalassaemia prevention system achieved a full prevention rate because it operated according to a ‘slow’ modality of problematisation and decision‐making, which accounted for the cultural, social and ethical dimensions specific to the Cypriot public.
Comparison of the Accuracy of Image Registration Methods for Merging Optical Scan and Radiographic Data in Edentulous Jaws
Authors: Woo Hyun‐Wook , Mai Hang‐Nga , Lee Du‐Hyeong
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The image registration of optical scans to radiographic images is essential for performing computer‐guided implant surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different image matching conditions on the accuracy of image registration for computer‐guided implant surgery in completely edentulous jaws.

Materials and Methods

The optical scan image of a completely edentulous study model was registered to the respective cone‐beam computed tomography data using three different image matching conditions: small point (SP), large point (LP), and entire surface (ES). For the SP and LP groups, gutta‐percha markers (1.0 and 3.0 mm in diameter) were attached to a base template, and a radiopaque impression material was relined on the intaglio surface of template in the ES group. Image registration was performed by 20 operators in the images obtained from each group at an interval of 2 weeks (n = 20 in each group), and the registration accuracy was assessed by calculating the aligned position of the edentulous arch image. One‐way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc tests was used to compare the results among the groups (α = 0.05).

Results

The mean registration error was significantly larger in the SP group (0.52 ± 0.19 mm) than in the LP group (0.29 ± 0.08 mm) and ES group (0.27 ±0.06 mm) (F = 24.689, p < 0.001). No difference was found between the LP and ES groups. The image matching discrepancy was more homogeneously distributed on the arch in the ES group than in the other groups.

Conclusion

The accuracy of image registration is affected by the size of the congruent area shown in the optical scan and radiographic images. The entire surface‐based matching method is more accurate as compared to the small point‐based matching method in the image registration for implant planning in full edentulous jaws.
Degradation dynamics and processes associated with the accumulation of Laminaria hyperborea (Phaeophyceae) kelp fragments: an in situ experimental approach
Authors: de Bettignies Florian , Dauby Patrick , Thomas François , Gobet Angélique , Delage Ludovic , Bohner Olivier , Loisel Stéphane , Davoult Dominique
Published: June 2020

A high proportion of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea production is exported from kelp forests following seasonal storms or natural annual old blade loss. Transport of drifting kelp fragments can lead to temporary accumulations in benthic subtidal habitats. We investigated the degradation processes of L. hyperborea in a low subtidal sandy bottom ecosystem by setting up a 6‐month cage experiment to simulate accumulations of kelp fragments on the seafloor. We monitored temporal changes in biomass, nutritional quality (C:N ratio), respiration, quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), bacterial colonization, and chemical defense concentrations. Biomass decomposition started after 2 weeks and followed a classic negative exponential pattern, leading to 50% degradation after 8 weeks. The degradation process seemed to reach a critical step after 11 weeks, with an increase in respiration rate and phlorotannin concentration in the tissues. These results likely reflect an increase in bacterial activity and a weakening of the kelp cell wall. After 25 weeks of degradation, only 16% of the initial biomass persisted, but the remaining large fragments looked intact. Furthermore, photosystems were still responding to light stimuli, indicating that photosynthesis persisted over time. Reproductive tissues appeared on some fragments after 20 weeks of degradation, showing a capacity to maintain the reproductive function. Our results indicate that L. hyperborea fragments degrade slowly. As they maintain major physiological functions (photosynthesis, reproduction, etc.) and accumulate on adjacent ecosystems, they may play a long‐term ecological role in coastal ecosystem dynamics.
Update on epidemiology of hepatitis B in a low‐endemic European country: There is still much to do
Authors: Cuadrado Antonio , Perelló Christie , Cabezas Joaquin , Llerena Susana , Llop Elba , Escudero María Desamparados , Hernandez‐Conde Marta , Puchades Laura , Redondo Carlos , Fortea José Ignacio , Gil de Miguel Angel , Serra Miguel A. , Calleja José Luis , Crespo Javier
Published: June 2020

The latest epidemiological data in Spain were obtained a decade ago and revealed a prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) of 0.7%; hence, updated epidemiological data are necessary. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and to analyse associated factors and characterize chronic infection. A population‐based, cross‐sectional study was performed in Spain between July 2015 and April 2017. Participants from three regions were selected using two‐stage conglomerate sampling and stratified by age. Anthropometric and demographic data were collected, and blood samples were taken to detect serological markers of HBV infection and to quantify HBV‐DNA. The characterization of chronic HBV infection was based on ALT (alanine aminotransferase) values, HBV‐DNA levels, and results of transient elastography. The overall prevalence rates of HBsAg and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) among 12 246 participants aged 20‐74 years (58.4% females) were 0.6% (95% CI [0.4‐0.7]) and 8.2% (7.7‐8.7), respectively. The risk factors for HBV infection identified in the multivariate analysis were age, nosocomial risk, and non‐Spanish nationality. Moreover, most patients HBsAg positive (76.6%) presented as hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)–negative chronic infection (formerly ‘inactive carriers’) and only 6 (9.4%) HBsAg carriers fulfilled current criteria for treatment. The current HBV burden in Spain remains low but virtually unchanged over the past 15 years. Increased efforts are still needed to reach the goal set forth by the World Health Organization (WHO) for HBV elimination by 2030.
Early life famine exposure, adulthood obesity patterns and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Qi Hongyan , Hu Chunyan , Wang Shuangyuan , Zhang Yi , Du Rui , Zhang Jie , Lin Lin , Wang Tiange , Zhao Zhiyun , Li Mian , Xu Yu , Xu Min , Bi Yufang , Wang Weiqing , Chen Yuhong , Lu Jieli
Published: June 2020

Background

Early life exposure to famine and adulthood obesity increased the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adulthood. However, the joint effects on adulthood NAFLD risk are not clear.

Aim

This study aimed to explore the joint effects of famine exposure and adulthood obesity on NAFLD risk in later life.

Methods

We included 7632 subjects aged ≥40 years from a community‐dwelling population. Participants were divided into 4 famine exposure groups according to the birth year, including nonexposed (1963‐1974), fetal‐exposed (1959‐1962), childhood‐exposed (1949‐1958) and adolescent‐exposed (1941‐1948). General obesity was assessed by body mass index (BMI: overweight ≥24.0 kg/m2, obesity ≥28.0 kg/m2) and abdominal obesity assessed by waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR, men/women: moderate ≥0.90/0.85, high ≥0.95/0.90).

Results

Compared with nonexposed, fetal‐ and childhood‐exposed participants show an increased risk of NAFLD with multivariable‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.28 (1.02‐1.61) and 1.40 (1.04‐1.88) respectively. After further adjusting BMI and WHR, the increased risk was observed only in childhood‐exposed participants (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.04‐2.05). Significant interaction between famine exposure and general obesity on the risk of NAFLD was observed in women (P for interaction = .02). No significant interactions were detected between famine exposure and abdominal obesity (all P for interaction >.05). Compared with normal‐BMI and ‐WHR participants, those with both general and abdominal obesity in adulthood had 20.74 (95% CI: 12.00‐35.96), 14.45 (8.76‐23.86), 23.02 (16.28‐32.57) and 13.04 (8.30‐20.48)‐fold higher risk in nonexposed, fetal‐, childhood‐ and adolescent‐exposed groups respectively.

Conclusion

Coexistence of early life famine exposure and adulthood obesity was associated with a higher risk of NAFLD.
Julius Obsequens’s book, Liber Prodigiorum: A Roman era record of meteorite falls, fireballs, and other celestial phenomena
Authors: Franza Annarita , Pratesi Giovanni
Published: June 2020

Julius Obsequens was the pseudonym of a Roman historian presumably living in the 4th century ad, whose life is shrouded in mystery. All that is known about Obsequens’s biography is that he was the author of a book entitled Liber Prodigiorum (Book of Prodigies), a collection of prodigies deduced from Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Books from the Founding of the City). The Liber Prodigiorum covered the period from 190 to 11 bc and gathered a chronological list of portents of various kinds (e.g., births of monstrous animals or men, statues that shed blood, voices from beyond the grave, epidemics, earthquakes, unidentified flying objects). Among these extraordinary reports, chronicles of celestial phenomena were also included. The interdisciplinary approach adopted in this research has clarified the nature of the events described in the text and has enabled the identification of new Italian meteorite falls that are not included in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database.
Identification of Lysosome‐Associated Protein Transmembrane‐4 as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Osteosarcoma Treatment
Authors: Wang Zhe‐xiang , Guo Meng‐yang , Ren Jing , Li Gui‐shi , Sun Xu‐guo
Published: June 2020

Objective

The aim of the study is to evaluate the expression of lysosome‐associated protein transmembrane‐4 (LAPTM4B) in human osteosarcoma tissue samples collected in our hospital, and to explore the possible correlations between the clinical pathological features of osteosarcoma patients and LAPTM4B expression.

Methods

Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were performed to detect the expression levels of LAPTM4B in 62 tissue samples of osteosarcoma tissues and corresponding non‐tumor tissues. According to LAPTM4B staining intensity in tumor tissues, osteosarcoma patients were classified into LAPTM4B high expression and low expression groups. In addition, the potential correlations between LAPTM4B expression levels and clinical pathological features were evaluated. In addition, we detected the effects of LAPTM4B on the proliferation and invasion of esteosarcoma cells through colony formation assay and transwell assay, respectively. We further explored the potential effects of LAPTM4B on tumor growth and metastasis using in vivo animal model.

Results

We revealed that LAPTM4B was highly expressed in human osteosarcoma tissues. We determined the significance between LAPTM4B and clinical features, including the tumor size (P = 0.004*) and the clinical stage (P = 0.035*) of osteosarcoma patients. Our results further demonstrated that ablation of LAPTM4B obviously blocked the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and restrained tumor growth and metastasis in mice.

Conclusion

We investigated the potential involvement of LAPTM4B in osteosarcoma progression and confirmed LAPTM4B as a novel therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
Upregulation of cGMP‐dependent Protein Kinase (PRKG1) in the Development of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Hou Cang‐long , Li Bo , Cheng Ya‐jun , Li Ming , Yang Zong‐de
Published: June 2020

Objective

To explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying fibroblast differentiation and dysfunction in the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in an effort to identify candidate therapeutic targets for AIS.

Methods

The GSE110359 dataset, obtained from the bone marrow stromal cells of 12 AIS patients and five healthy controls, was retrieved from the GEO database. The data were preprocessed and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology (GO)‐Biological Process (BP) enrichment analyses were performed to identify the function of the DEGs. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) and a microRNA‐transcription factor (TF)‐target co‐regulatory network were constructed to identify hub genes in the development of AIS. In addition, hub DEGs were evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemical staining.

Results

A total of 188 DEGs including 100 up‐regulated and 88 down‐regulated genes were obtained. The up‐regulated DEGs were related to “p53 signaling pathway”, “FoxO signaling pathway”, and “cGMP‐PKG signaling pathway” terms, while the down‐regulated DEGs were significantly enriched in seven terms including “protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum”. The key up‐regulated genes, PRKG1, CCNG2, and KAT2B, and the key down‐regulated genes, MAP2K1 and DUSP6, were identified by the PPI and miRNA‐TF‐Target regulatory network analyses. mRNA expression patterns for PRKG1, DUSP6, and KAT2B were successfully verified by qPCR. In addition, PRKG1 protein levels were found to be elevated during the immunohistochemical analysis.

Conclusion

Increased expression of PRKG1 in AIS patients might be an attractive therapeutic target for AIS. However, further gain or loss‐of‐function studies should be conducted.
The “Mother of pediatric cardiac anesthesia”: An interview with Dr Dolly D. Hansen, a pioneering woman in medicine
Authors: Odegard Kirsten C. , Rockoff Mark A.
Published: June 2020

Dr Dolly D. Hansen (1935‐), Associate Professor in the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, devoted her life to improving the perioperative care of children with congenital heart disease. She applied her knowledge of cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology and the effects on anesthetic agents in children with and without heart disease into clinical practice and thereby greatly influenced the practice of pediatric anesthesia, cardiology, surgery, and critical care medicine. As an exceptional master clinician, leader, program builder, innovator, teacher, and academic role model, she shaped the careers of hundreds of fellows and young attendings, many of whom became leaders in the field.
Palaeohydrological characteristics and palaeogeographic reconstructions of incised‐valley‐fill systems: Insights from the Namurian successions of the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Wang Ru , Colombera Luca , Mountney Nigel P.
Published: June 2020

Namurian (Carboniferous) eustatic fluctuations drove the incision and backfill of shelf‐crossing valley systems located in humid subequatorial regions, which are now preserved in successions of the United Kingdom and Ireland. The infills of these valleys archive the record of palaeoriver systems whose environmental, hydrological and palaeogeographic characteristics remain unclear. A synthesis of sedimentological data from fluvial strata of 18 Namurian incised‐valley fills in the United Kingdom and Ireland is undertaken to elucidate the nature of their formative river systems and to refine regional palaeogeographic reconstructions. Quantitative analyses are performed of facies proportions, of geometries of incised‐valley fills and related architectural elements, and of the thickness of dune‐scale sets of cross‐strata. Reconstruction of the size of the drainage areas that fed these valleys is attempted based on two integrative approaches: flow‐depth estimations from dune‐scale cross‐set thickness statistics and scaling relationships of incised‐valley fill dimensions derived from late‐Quaternary examples. The facies organization of these incised‐valley fills suggests that their formative palaeorivers were perennial and experienced generally low discharge variability, consistent with their climatic context; however, observations of characteristically low variability in cross‐set thickness might reflect rapid flood recession, perhaps in relation to sub‐catchments experiencing seasonal rainfall. Variations in facies characteristics, including inferences of flow regime and cross‐set thickness distributions, might reflect the control of catchment size on river hydrology, importance of which is considered in light of data from modern rivers. Palaeohydrological reconstructions indicate that depth estimations from cross‐set thickness contrast with observations of barform and channel‐fill thickness, and projected thalweg depths exceed the depth of some valley fills. Limitations in data and interpretations and high bedform preservation are recognized as possible causes. With consideration of uncertainties in the inference of catchment size, the palaeogeography of the valley systems has been tentatively reconstructed by integrating existing provenance and sedimentological data. The approaches illustrated in this work can be replicated to the study of palaeohydrological characteristics and palaeogeographic reconstructions of incised‐valley fills globally and through geological time.
Gender and proposed Auto‐enrolment in the Republic of Ireland: Lessons from the UK
Authors: Foster Liam , Wijeratne Dinali , Mulligan Emer
Published: June 2020

The introduction of “soft” compulsion in the form of Auto‐enrolment into non‐state pensions has been seen as a key policy response to the challenges presented by an ageing population and concerns about under‐saving for retirement in the UK. Since its introduction in 2012, amongst eligible employees in the private sector, pension participation had risen by over 31 percentage points to 73% of eligible employees in 2016. Despite these trends, Auto‐enrolment in the UK has not been without criticism, particularly in terms of its exclusion of certain groups, including carers, amongst whom females are over‐represented. The Republic of Ireland (ROI) has recently announced its intention to implement an Auto‐enrolment pension scheme. As such, this article examines the UK's experience of rolling out Auto‐enrolment policy and considers lessons that could be learned by the ROI from the UK in its pursuit of Auto‐enrolment, with a particular focus on women's pensions. Initially it outlines the current Irish pension system, the gendered nature of pensions, and the proposed Auto‐enrolment system in ROI. Then it discusses the UK's experience of Auto‐enrolment, with a particular focus on gender, before examining the lessons the ROI can learn from the UK's Auto‐enrolment policy in relation to women and pensions. Finally, it concludes that Auto‐enrolment alone will not resolve the gendered nature of pensions in the ROI and calls for a gender‐based assessment of the proposed policy of Auto‐enrolment in the ROI.
Composite materials for controlled release of mineral nutrients and humic substances for agricultural application
Authors: Kratochvilova Romana , Sedlacek Petr , Porizka Jaromir , Klucakova Martina
Published: June 2020

Controlled‐release fertilizers based on superabsorbents containing lignohumate and conventional mineral fertilizer (NPK) were prepared. Their water absorption was supported by the presence of lignohumate (LH) and suppressed by the presence of NPK. The release of mineral nutrients was prolonged up to four weeks in the case of increased content of NPK. The addition of LH had negligible influence on the release of P and N. The release of LH was partially suppressed by the higher content of NPK. The release of nutrients from all used samples was connected with the strong increase in conductivity and weak increase in pH values. The application of superabsorbents supported growth of corn. The length of roots was probably more influenced by better water management, while the growth of above‐ground plant was more affected by release of nutrients.
Infectious Diseases as Socio‐Spatial Processes: The COVID‐19 Outbreak In Germany
Authors: Kuebart Andreas , Stabler Martin
Published: June 2020

This paper argues that outbreaks of infectious diseases should be understood as socio‐spatial processes with complex geographies. Considering the different dimensions of space through which an outbreak unfolds, facilitates analysing spatial diffusion of infectious disease in contemporary societies. We attempt to highlight four relevant dimensions of space by applying the TPSN framework to the case of the recent COVID‐19 outbreak in Germany. By identifying key processes of disease diffusion in space, we can explain the spatial patterns of the COVID‐19 outbreak in Germany, which did not feature the well‐known patterns of spatially contagious as in or hierarchical diffusion. In contrast, we find superspreading events and especially relocation diffusion based on existing networks, on which the pathogen travelled like a blind passenger, to be more relevant. For us, these findings prove the value of combining relational thinking with geographic analysis for understanding epidemic outbreaks in contemporary societies.
Responding to the COVID‐19 Crisis: Transformative Governance in Switzerland
Authors: Willi Yasmine , Nischik Gero , Braunschweiger Dominik , Pütz Marco
Published: June 2020

In the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) crisis, uncertain and experimental forms of governance have emerged. Administrative routines and established management techniques have dissolved amid emergency actions and management by the state of exception. We refer to these emerging governance forms as transformative governance. Discussing examples from Switzerland, we illustrate how policy responses to COVID‐19 reflect transformative governance. These examples raise four issues that characterize transformative governance research and practice: (i) the evidence base of policy‐making; (ii) the role of the state in transformative governance; (iii) the potential of experimental governance; and (iv) the paradigms driving policy change. Our study demonstrates that these issues imply different opportunities and risks of transformative governance, which we discuss in detail.
Bread wheat TaSPO11‐1 exhibits evolutionarily conserved function in meiotic recombination across distant plant species
Authors: Da Ines Olivier , Michard Robin , Fayos Ian , Bastianelli Giacomo , Nicolas Alain , Guiderdoni Emmanuel , White Charles , Sourdille Pierre
Published: June 2020

The manipulation of meiotic recombination in crops is essential to develop new plant varieties rapidly, helping to produce more cultivars in a sustainable manner. One option is to control the formation and repair of the meiosis‐specific DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate recombination between the homologous chromosomes and ultimately lead to crossovers. These DSBs are introduced by the evolutionarily conserved topoisomerase‐like protein SPO11 and associated proteins. Here, we characterized the homoeologous copies of the SPO11‐1 protein in hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). The genome contains three SPO11‐1 gene copies that exhibit 93–95% identity at the nucleotide level, and clearly the A and D copies originated from the diploid ancestors Triticum urartu and Aegilops tauschii, respectively. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of 105 plant genomes revealed a clear partitioning between monocots and dicots, with the seven main motifs being almost fully conserved, even between clades. The functional similarity of the proteins among monocots was confirmed through complementation analysis of the Oryza sativa (rice) spo11‐1 mutant by the wheat TaSPO11‐1‐5D coding sequence. Also, remarkably, although the wheat and Arabidopsis SPO11‐1 proteins share only 55% identity and the partner proteins also differ, the TaSPO11‐1‐5D cDNA significantly restored the fertility of the Arabidopsis spo11‐1 mutant, indicating a robust functional conservation of the SPO11‐1 protein activity across distant plants. These successful heterologous complementation assays, using both Arabidopsis and rice hosts, are good surrogates to validate the functionality of candidate genes and cDNA, as well as variant constructs, when the transformation and mutant production in wheat is much longer and more tedious.
Evaluation of a modified proportional margin approach for complete surgical excision of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours and its association with clinical outcome
Authors: Saunders Harvey , Thomson Maurine J. , O'Connell Kathleen , Bridges Janis P. , Chau Lincoln
Published: June 2020

Canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) represent a common neoplasm in veterinary practice. Several reported techniques are available to guide surgical excision. Our study examined one hundred cutaneous MCTs that were excised surgically using a modified proportional margin approach. A 2 cm lateral margin upper limit was applied for any tumour diameter that exceeded this size with a deep surgical margin of one fascial plane applied. A retrospective, cross‐sectional study with follow‐up was used to determine the clinical utility of this excision technique. Associations between explanatory variables of tumour size and grade were compared with outcomes of complete excision and size of histologic tumour‐free margins (HTFM) using the appropriate Pearson's χ2 and Fisher's exact tests. Follow‐up data evaluated tumour recurrence and patient survival. Ninety‐five percent of MCTs (95/100) were completely excised. No significant association in the achievement of complete excision between low‐ and high‐grade MCTs (P = .48) was noted. Tumour size was not associated with the rate of complete excision (P = .06). Tumour grade and size did not influence the size of the HTFM (P = .94 and P = .14, respectively). Overall, a recurrence rate of 3% (3/100 tumours) and de novo MCT development rate of 7.7% (5/65 dogs) was noted, with median follow‐up period of 593 days (range 180‐1460 days). Post‐operative metastases were seen in 4.6% of dogs (3/65). Therefore, a modified proportional margin approach with 2 cm lateral margin upper limit is a suitable technique to guide surgical excision of canine cutaneous MCTs.
Using Nonparticipant Observation as a Method to Understand Implementation Context in Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Eldh Ann Catrine , Rycroft‐Malone Jo , van der Zijpp Teatske , McMullan Christel , Hawkes Claire
Published: June 2020

Background

The uptake of evidence‐based knowledge in practice is influenced by context. Observations are suggested as a valuable but under‐used approach in implementation research for gaining a holistic understanding of contexts.

Aim

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how data from observations can provide insights about context and evidence use in implementation research.

Methods

Data were collected over 24 months in a randomised trial with an embedded realist evaluation in 24 nursing homes across four European countries; notes from 183 observations (representing 335 hours) were triangulated with interview transcripts and context survey data (from 357 staff interviews and 725 questionnaire responses, respectively).

Results

Although there were similarities in several elements of context within survey, interview and observation data, the observations provided additional features of the implementation context. In particular, observations demonstrated if and how the resources (staffing and supplies) and leadership (formal and informal, teamwork, and professional autonomy) affected knowledge use and implementation. Further, the observations illuminated the influence of standards and the physical nursing environment on evidence‐based practice, and the dynamic interaction between different aspects of context.

Linking Evidence to Action

Although qualitative observations are resource‐intensive, they add value when used with other data collection methods, further enlightening the understanding of the implementation context and how evidence use and sharing are influenced by context elements. Observations can enhance an understanding of the context, evidence use and knowledge‐sharing triad in implementation research.
El coronavirus (Covid-19) y el seguro de interrupción de negocios, discusiones actuales sobre los daños inmateriales
Authors: Tabares Cortés Felipe
Published: June 2020

El confinamiento ordenado por gobierno francés en el marco de las políticas de protección  de la Unión Europea, provocaron una debilitación del sistema económico y una afectación grave de la actividad comercial de las todas las empresas a las que les fue prohibido recibir al público, transportar sus bienes o cuya unidad productiva fue perturbada por la interrupción de la cadena de suministro. Teniendo en cuenta la densidad, el dinamismo y especialización del mercado asegurador francés, el cuarto en el mundo según el OCDE, es pertinente hacer un recuento sobre el impacto que tiene la pandemia de coronavirus en el mercado asegurador. El debate que actualmente se desarrolla en Francia sobre el seguro de interrupción de negocios en ausencia de daños materiales directos puede aportar elementos de discusión para otras economías tributarias del derecho continental europeo.
The role of reliable interaural time difference cues in ambiguous binaural signals for the intelligibility of multitalker speech
Authors: Schoenmaker Esther , van de Par Steven
Published: June 2020

When listening to speech in the presence of concurrent talkers, listeners can benefit from glimpses that occur as a result of spectro-temporal modulations in the speech signals. These glimpses are characterized by a high local signal-to-noise ratio and allow listeners to collect relatively undistorted and reliable information on target speech features. A series of experiments was designed to measure the spatial advantage for binaurally presented speech when useful interaural time difference (ITD) information was provided only in glimpses of speech signals with otherwise ambiguous ITDs. For interaurally coherent signals, ITD information provided by target glimpses contributed substantially to the spatial advantage, but consistent target ITDs overall appeared to be of minor importance to speech intelligibility. For interaurally incoherent signals, a similarly large contribution of coherent ITD information in glimpses to the spatial advantage was not observed. Rather, target speech intelligibility depended on the interaural coherence of the interfering speech signals. While the previous observation conforms with models of auditory object formation, and the latter is consistent with equalization-cancellation theory modeling the spatial advantage, the two seem to be at odds for the presented set of experiments. A conceptual framework employing different strategies to process the perceptual foreground and background may solve this issue.
The Physiotherapy in Preschools Program: Describing a Student-Led Assessment Service for Children With Possible Motor Skill Difficulties
Authors: Tsiros Margarita D. , Ward Emily J. , Lefmann Sophie , Hillier Susan
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study was to describe and undertake an initial evaluation of a student-led assessment service for children with possible motor-skill difficulties. A secondary analysis of cross-sectional descriptive clinical data collected from 2015 to 2016 was undertaken. Children (N = 102) were assessed in preschools by physiotherapy students (supervised by qualified physiotherapists). Key outcomes included the following: Children’s Activities Scale, Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2, and demographic/service-usage/onward referral statistics. The results highlighted that for every five children referred/assessed, two were at risk of motor-skill difficulties (∼43%). About 66% of children were subsequently referred on or monitored (40% requiring multidisciplinary follow-up). Conversely 34% of children did not require further services. In conclusion, a student-led assessment service may be a sustainable and feasible option to assist children at risk of motor-skill difficulties, enabling onward referral. Additional evaluation is required to garner stakeholder feedback.
A reversible oxygen redox reaction in bulk-type all-solid-state batteries
Authors: Nagao Kenji , Nagata Yuka , Sakuda Atsushi , Hayashi Akitoshi , Deguchi Minako , Hotehama Chie , Tsukasaki Hirofumi , Mori Shigeo , Orikasa Yuki , Yamamoto Kentaro , Uchimoto Yoshiharu , Tatsumisago Masahiro
Published: June 2020

A high-capacity positive electrode active material Li
2
RuO
3
-Li
2
SO
4
for all-solid-state batteries was developed.
The pore size of mesoporous silica nanoparticles regulates their antigen delivery efficiency
Authors: Hong Xiaoyu , Zhong Xiaofang , Du Guangsheng , Hou Yingying , Zhang Yunting , Zhang Zhirong , Gong Tao , Zhang Ling , Sun Xun
Published: June 2020

The strength of humoral and cellular immune responses is regulated by the properties of mesoporous silica.
Operando
detection of single nanoparticle activity dynamics inside a model pore catalyst material
Authors: Albinsson David , Bartling Stephan , Nilsson Sara , Ström Henrik , Fritzsche Joachim , Langhammer Christoph
Published: June 2020

Nanofluidic model pores are used to visualize single catalyst particle activity dynamics induced by local reactant conversion.
Allosteric pluripotency as revealed by protein kinase A
Authors: Byun J. A. , Akimoto M. , VanSchouwen B. , Lazarou T. S. , Taylor S. S. , Melacini G.
Published: June 2020

Subcellular environments control how signaling sensors respond to allosteric effectors by remodeling the free-energy landscape.
Rate of replenishment and microenvironment contribute to the sexually dimorphic phenotype and function of peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Bain C. C. , Gibson D. A. , Steers N. J. , Boufea K. , Louwe P. A. , Doherty C. , González-Huici V. , Gentek R. , Magalhaes-Pinto M. , Shaw T. , Bajénoff M. , Bénézech C. , Walmsley S. R. , Dockrell D. H. , Saunders P. T. K. , Batada N. N. , Jenkins S. J.
Published: June 2020

Peritoneal macrophages exhibit sexually dimorphic transcriptional profiles, functional capacity, and replenishment kinetics.
In Vitro
Pharmacodynamics of Fosfomycin against Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella aerogenes
Authors: Lim Tze-Peng , Teo Jocelyn Qi-Min , Goh Audrey Wei-Ling , Tan Si-Xuan , Koh Tse-Hsien , Lee Winnie Hui-Ling , Cai Yiying , Tan Thuan-Tong , Kwa Andrea Lay-Hoon
Published: June 2020

The increase of carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacterales
(CRE) and lack of therapeutic options due to the scarcity of new antibiotics has sparked interest toward the use of intravenous fosfomycin against systemic CRE infections. We aimed to investigate the
in vitro
pharmacodynamics of fosfomycin against carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacter cloacae
and
Klebsiella aerogenes
. Time-kill studies and population analysis profiles were performed with eight clinical CRE isolates, which were exposed to fosfomycin concentrations ranging from 0.
Characterization of Amikacin Drug Exposure and Nephrotoxicity in an Animal Model
Authors: Chan Katrina , Ledesma Kimberly R. , Wang Weiqun , Tam Vincent H.
Published: June 2020

Despite excellent
in vitro
activity, aminoglycosides are used conservatively to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections due to their associated nephrotoxicity. Aminoglycosides are known to accumulate in the kidneys, but the quantitative relationship between drug exposures and nephrotoxicity is not well established. To bridge the knowledge gap, the objective of this study was to develop an animal model with clinically relevant conditions to mimic human disease progression. Single-dose pharmacokinetics were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats dosed either with 100 or 500 mg/kg of body weight of amikacin subcutaneously.
Comparative Genomics and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of
Elizabethkingia
Isolates Reveal Nosocomial Transmission and
In Vitro
Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones, Tetracyclines, and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Authors: Burnard Delaney , Gore Letitia , Henderson Andrew , Ranasinghe Ama , Bergh Haakon , Cottrell Kyra , Sarovich Derek S. , Price Erin P. , Paterson David L. , Harris Patrick N. A.
Published: June 2020

The
Elizabethkingia
genus has gained global attention in recent years as containing sporadic, worldwide, nosocomial pathogens.
Elizabethkingia
spp. are intrinsically multidrug resistant, primarily infect immunocompromised individuals, and are associated with high mortality (∼20 to 40%). As yet, gaps remain in our understanding of transmission, global strain relatedness, antimicrobial resistance, and effective therapy. Over a 16-year period, 22 clinical and 6 hospital environmental isolates were collected from Queensland, Australia.
Evidence for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism discovered in the Appalachian orogen
Authors: Gonzalez Joseph P. , Baldwin Suzanne L. , Thomas Jay B. , Nachlas William O. , Fitzgerald Paul G.
Published: June 2020

The Appalachian orogen has long been enigmatic because, compared to other parts of the Paleozoic orogens that formed following the subduction of the Iapetus Ocean, direct evidence for ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism has never been found. We report the first discovery of coesite in the Appalachian orogen in a metapelite from the mid-Ordovician (Taconic orogeny) Tillotson Peak Complex in Vermont (USA). Relict coesite occurs within a bimineralic SiO2 inclusion in garnet. In situ elastic barometry and trace-element thermometry allow reconstruction of the garnet growth history during prograde metamorphism. The data are interpreted to indicate garnet nucleation and crystallization during blueschist- to eclogite-facies subduction zone metamorphism, followed by garnet rim growth at UHP conditions of > 28 kbar and > 530 ° C. Results provide the first direct evidence that rocks of the Appalachian orogen underwent UHP metamorphism to depths of > 75 km and warrant future studies that constrain the extent of UHP metamorphism.
Minimal net incision of the northern Sierra Nevada (California, USA) since the Eocene–early Oligocene
Authors: Gabet Emmanuel J. , Miggins Daniel P.
Published: June 2020

Significant late Cenozoic uplift (>1000 m) of the northern half of the Sierra Nevada (California, USA), a mountain range in the North American Cordillera, has been a dominant paradigm over the past century. This paradigm has been supported by evidence suggesting that in response to this recent uplift, the range’s deep canyons were incised in the past 3–4 m.y. However, paleochannel elevations compiled from a mining report and geological maps demonstrate that while some modern rivers have incised 560 m below their Eocene–early Oligocene riverbeds, incision by others has been <300 m. For example, Eocene–early Oligocene fluvial gravels can be found just 161 m above the modern channel deep within the canyon of the South Fork American River. We conclude that the initiation of late Cenozoic incision was due to a resumption of a period of downcutting that was interrupted in the Eocene when the rivers were buried by fluvial sediment and by later volcanic deposits. This interpretation challenges the hypothesis that recent uplift was responsible for deep canyon incision. Correctly identifying the causes of recent incision in the northern Sierra Nevada has important implications for understanding the geological history of the North American Cordillera because the range is hypothesized to have been the western ramp of the Nevadaplano.
Supplemental Material: Boulders as a lithologic control on river and landscape response to tectonic forcing at the Mendocino triple junction
Authors: Shobe Charles , al. et
Published: June 2020

Boulder mapping locations.