bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extensive spatio-temporal assessment of flood events by application of pair-copulas
Authors: Schulte M. , Schumann A. H.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Although the consequences of floods are strongly related to their peak discharges, a statistical classification of flood events that only depends on these peaks may not be sufficient for flood risk assessments. In many cases, the flood risk depends on a number of event characteristics. In case of an extreme flood, the whole river basin may be affected instead of a single watershed, and there will be superposition of peak discharges from adjoining catchments. These peaks differ in size and timing according to the spatial distribution of precipitation and watershed-specific processes of flood formation. Thus, the spatial characteristics of flood events should be considered as stochastic processes. Hence, there is a need for a multivariate statistical approach that represents the spatial interdependencies between floods from different watersheds and their coincidences. This paper addresses the question how these spatial interdependencies can be quantified. Each flood event is not only assessed with regard to its local conditions but also according to its spatio-temporal pattern within the river basin. In this paper we characterise the coincidence of floods by trivariate Joe-copula and pair-copulas. Their ability to link the marginal distributions of the variates while maintaining their dependence structure characterizes them as an adequate method. The results indicate that the trivariate copula model is able to represent the multivariate probabilities of the occurrence of simultaneous flood peaks well. It is suggested that the approach of this paper is very useful for the risk-based design of retention basins as it accounts for the complex spatio-temporal interactions of floods.
Opportunities for multivariate analysis of open spatial datasets to characterize urban flooding risks
Authors: Gaitan S. , ten Veldhuis J. A. E.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Cities worldwide are challenged by increasing urban flood risks. Precise and realistic measures are required to reduce flooding impacts. However, currently implemented sewer and topographic models do not provide realistic predictions of local flooding occurrence during heavy rain events. Assessing other factors such as spatially distributed rainfall, socioeconomic characteristics, and social sensing, may help to explain probability and impacts of urban flooding. Several spatial datasets have been recently made available in the Netherlands, including rainfall-related incident reports made by citizens, spatially distributed rain depths, semidistributed socioeconomic information, and buildings age. Inspecting the potential of this data to explain the occurrence of rainfall related incidents has not been done yet. Multivariate analysis tools for describing communities and environmental patterns have been previously developed and used in the field of study of ecology. The objective of this paper is to outline opportunities for these tools to explore urban flooding risks patterns in the mentioned datasets. To that end, a cluster analysis is performed. Results indicate that incidence of rainfall-related impacts is higher in areas characterized by older infrastructure and higher population density.
Development of a statistical tool for the estimation of riverbank erosion probability
Authors: Varouchakis E. A. , Giannakis G. V. , Lilli M. A. , Ioannidou E. , Nikolaidis N. P. , Karatzas G. P.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Riverbank erosion affects river morphology and local habitat and results in riparian land loss, property and infrastructure damage, and ultimately flood defence weakening. An important issue concerning riverbank erosion is the identification of the vulnerable areas in order to predict river changes and assist stream management/restoration. An approach to predict vulnerable to erosion areas is to quantify the erosion probability by identifying the underlying relations between riverbank erosion and geomorphological or hydrological variables that prevent or stimulate erosion. In the present work, a combined deterministic and statistical methodology is proposed to predict the probability of presence or absence of erosion in a river section. A physically based model determines the vulnerable to erosion locations by quantifying the potential eroded area. The derived results are used to determine validation locations for the statistical tool performance evaluation. The statistical tool is based on a series of independent local variables and employs the Logistic Regression methodology. It is developed in two forms, Logistic Regression and Locally Weighted Logistic Regression, which both deliver useful and accurate results. The second form though provides the most accurate results as it validates the presence or absence of erosion at all validation locations. The proposed methodology is easy to use, accurate and can be applied to any region and river.
Evaluation of the CMIP5 models in the aim of regional modelling of the Antarctic surface mass balance
Authors: Agosta C. , Fettweis X. , Datta R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) cannot be reliably deduced from global climate models (GCMs), both because their spatial resolution is insufficient and because their physics are not adapted for cold and snow-covered regions. By contrast, regional climate models (RCMs) adapted for polar regions can physically and dynamically downscale surface mass balance components over the ice-sheet using large scale forcing at their boundaries. Polar-oriented RCMs require appropriate GCM fields for forcing because the response of the cryosphere to a warming climate is dependent on its initial state and is not linear with respect to temperature increase. In this context, we evaluate current climate in 41 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) dataset over Antarctica by focusing on forcing fields which may have the greatest impact on SMB components simulated by RCMs. Our inter-comparison includes 5 reanalyses, among which ERA-Interim reanalysis is chosen as a reference over 1979–2014. Model efficiency is assessed taking into account the multi-decadal variability of the fields over the 1850–1980 period. We show that less than 10 CMIP5 models show reasonable biases compared to ERA-Interim, among which ACCESS1-3 seems to be the most pertinent choice for regional climate modeling over Antarctica, followed by CMCC-CM, MIROC-ESM/MIROC-ESM-CHEM and NorESM1-M. Finally, climate change over the Southern Ocean is much more dependent on the initial state of winter sea-ice extent and on the local feedback between air temperature increase and winter sea-ice extent decrease than on the global warming signal.
Religious ethics, Christianity, and war
Authors: Syse Henrik
Published: June 2015

This article discusses elements within Christian ethics and anthropology that have ramifications for the ethics and laws of war. The author argues that several distinctively Christian conceptions of morality and of human beings contribute importantly to the idea of just war, namely the Christian (and more specifically Augustinian) view of history, the Christian view of killing, and the Christian view of sin and grace. While other religious and philosophical traditions also offer significant contributions to a normative discussion about armed force, it remains a fact that Christian thought, historically speaking, has furnished much of the groundwork of what we today know as the ethics and laws of war, and that the experience of being a Christian in the world has important ramifications for thinking about war and the use of armed force.
En etisk diskussion af screening for kræftsygdomme
Authors: Sørensen Peter Laurs , Lindenskov Fía , Henriksen Lonny
Published: June 2015

I 2007 gennemførte forbundskansler Angela Merkel en sundhedsreform der blandt andet indebærer, at tyske borgere ikke frit kan afgøre, om de vil deltage i forebyggende programmer, da et fravalg kan medføre økonomiske konsekvenser. Hermed udvider den tyske stat sin ret til at gribe ind i borgernes liv, når det handler om sekundær forebyggelse, fx i form af screening for kræftsygdomme. Dette kan være problematisk da den bedst tilgængelige evidens viser at tre igangværende kræftscreeningsprogrammer ikke kun har gavnlige virkninger, men også betydelige skadelige virkninger. Formålet med denne undersøgelse var at undersøge, hvilke holdninger eksperter, politikere og sundhedsmyndigheder i Danmark har til tvang og/eller belønning i forbindelse med screening for kræftsygdomme, og om de ville støtte eller fraråde en tysk model i det danske sundhedsvæsen.Der blev foretaget enkeltinterviews med strategisk udvalgte eksperter. Interviewene blev transskriberet og analyseret med en fænomenologisk analysemetode, og derefter analyseret og diskuteret i forhold til utilitaristisk og deontologisk etik, samt evidensen vedrørende de tre eksisterende kræftscreeningsprogrammer i Danmark.Alle informanterne var kritiske over for det tyske forslag. Til gengæld blev forholdet mellem de gavnlige og skadelige virkninger af kræftscreening vurderet meget forskelligt. Manglen på enighed, uklare udtalelser og ikke-stringent terminologi bestyrkede vor konklusion; at det danske sundhedsvæsen for det første ikke bør følge den tyske kurs og, for det andet, at man bør være kritisk over for implementering af screeningsprogrammer for kræftsygdomme. Hvis forebyggende initiativer kan være mere til skade end gavn, bør de altid overvejes nøje i lyset af sundhedsvæsnets oprindelige intention om at hjælpe og beskytte det enkelte menneske.
Moral analysis of an economic collapse – an exercise in practical ethics
Authors: Árnason Vilhjálmur
Published: June 2015

In this paper, I discuss how a Working group on ethics dealt with the question whether the collapse of the Icelandic banks and related financial setbacks can to some extent be explained by morality and work practice. I describe how the Working group delineated its subject matter by evaluating practice in the financial sector, the administration, the political sector and the social or cultural sector. I demonstrate the approach used by the Working group by discussing some important examples which throw light on some aspects of its manifold analyses. The examples show how different aspects of morality are of importance in an analysis of the events that took place.
Looking for sustainable solutions in salmon aquaculture
Authors: Bailey Jennifer
Published: June 2015

Sustainable development poses highly complex issues for those who attempt to implement it. Using the Brundtland Commission’s definition of sustainable development as a vantage point, this article discusses the issues posed by the production of one kind of food, farmed Atlantic salmon, as a means of illustrating the complexity, interconnectedness and high-data requirements involved in assessing whether a given industry is sustainable. These issues are explored using the three commonly accepted aspects of sustainability – its environmental, social and economic aspects – and the dilemmas posed by the need to make the trade-offs necessary among these. It concludes by arguing that decisions of this complexity require complex and multiple decision-making structures and suggests four that are essential for the task.
Lärares yrkesetiska dilemman och den ökande juridifieringen i Sverige
Authors: Colnerud Gunnel
Published: June 2015

Följande artikel under temat “Etikbølgen i yrkesutdanning og praksis” beskriver och diskuterar etik och juridik i läraryrket med utgångspunkt i det dilemma som lärare själva anser vara ett av de svåraste enligt två svenska empiriska studier – att ingripa mot en kollega som handlar etiskt klandervärt mot elever. Artikeln diskuterar vidare den dygdetiska kritik mot regeletik som förekom vid tillkomsten av de etiska principerna. Vidare pekar den på de problem som följer av att lärarna är föremål för en tilltagande juridifiering. En våg, en bølge, kan beröra endast ytan som en krusning eller vara en djupgående och energirik rörelse. För att använda den aktuella metaforen på mitt studieobjekt skulle jag vilja påstå att diskussionen av lärares yrkesetik och medvetenheten om svenska lärares etiska riktlinjer utvecklades till en våg av endast blygsam storlek. I dagsläget (2014) har den ersatts av en juridisk våg med stor kraft.Nyckelord: etik i läraryrket, etiska dilemman, juridifiering av lärarpraktikenEnglish summary: Teachers’ ethical dilemmas and the juridification of the Swedish schoolIn this article, ethics and law in the teaching profession are described and discussed, starting with the ethical dilemma that teachers point to as the most difficult, according to referred empirical studies – intervention when a colleague acts in an ethically incorrect way towards students. Furthermore the author discusses the critique coming from virtue ethics in relation to ethical principles and shows that even Aristotle suggests ethical principles under certain circumstances. Swedish teachers’ ethical principles had very little time to be achieved before an increasing juridification of teaching took place. This phenomenon is discussed in terms of professional autonomy and professional judgement.
Factors Influencing the Career Choice of Undergraduate Students at a Historically Disadvantaged South African University
Authors: Abrahams Fatima , Jano Rukhsana , van Lill Burger
Published: June 2015

During the apartheid years in South Africa, career guidance amongst disadvantaged learners was largely absent and, for many, career choices were limited and governed by politics. Despite South Africa having celebrated 20 years of democracy, this situation has improved only slightly. Therefore, the aims of the study were to determine the factors that influenced students' career choice and to ascertain the possible barriers that impacted their decision. An adapted version of Myburgh's Career Choices Questionnaire (2005) was administered to 721 undergraduate students. The results showed that parents and loans or bursaries were the largest sources of financial support and that anticipated benefits influenced the students' career choice, with the potential for personal growth and development, for future high earnings and for promotion to the top of the organization the most important among these. Furthermore, participants rated visits from lecturers and brochures as the most prominent sources of influence.
SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS OF THE AHP METHOD IN TRANSPORT PROBLEMS
Authors: Podvezko Valentinas , Sivilevicius Henrikas , Podviezko Askoldas
Published: June 2015

In methodologies of solving different transport problems where the best decision has to be determined usually a number of chosen quantitative criteria are incorporated, which describe qualitative parameters of transport systems in quantitative terms. Often weights which reveal importance of such criteria must be evaluated. The realm of proprietary methods used in engineering sampling and experimental studies does not comprise methods of weight evaluation. Consequently, expert evaluation methods, which elicit weights of criteria from experienced, qualified and fair experts, are used. Among the most popular such methods is the method AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Scientists of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University used this method for investigation of interrelationship of elements of a transport system; for evaluation of influence of the interrelationship on road traffic safety; and for evaluation of quality of passenger railway transportation service.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND PARAMETERS CALCULATIONS IN MULTIMODAL FREIGHT TERMINAL NETWORKS
Authors: Palagin Yuri , Mochalov Alexander , Timonin Alexey
Published: June 2015

There are presented the mathematical models, routing algorithms and calculation algorithms for cargo flows in transport-terminal road-air-railways networks of multimodal transport operators
PASSENGER CARS AND HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES EXHAUST EMISSIONS UNDER REAL DRIVING CONDITIONS
Authors: Merkisz-Guranowska Agnieszka , Pielecha Jacek
Published: June 2015

In the assumptions regarding to the transport policy both at the level of country and Europe there is the concept of sustainable development of transport. Warsaw University of Technology in cooperation with Poznan University of Technology performs research work concerning the shaping of environmentally friendly transport system – Project EMITRANSYS. In this project, one of the conditions is to reduce exhaust emissions by means of transport. The paper presents the reasons for the testing of the exhaust emissions under Real Driving Emissions testing (RDE). Research potential of Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport at Poznan University of Technology in the area of road testing of passenger and heavy-duty vehicles has been presented in the paper. Example test results have been shown in the aspect of the emission-related classification of vehicles.
INDIRECT OBSERVATION OF REROUTING PHENOMENA IN TRAFFIC NETWORKS – CASE STUDY OF WARSAW BRIDGES
Authors: Kucharski Rafał Kucharski , Gentile Guido
Published: June 2015

In this paper we propose estimation procedure in which traffic flows resulting from rerouting model are matched with traffic flows observed during unexpected events. We show practical value of observing a entire cut-set of the transportation network and propose theoretical closed-form formulation of estimation problem for the rerouting model. We apply proposed framework on field-data from Warsaw bridges to observe rerouting phenomena. Most importantly we observed that: a) around 20% of affected traffic flow reroutes, b) rerouting flows are increasing in time, c) drivers show strategic capabilities, d) and maximize their utility while rerouting. All of the which were hypothesized in Information Comply Model (Kucharski et. al., 2014) and are now supported with field observations.
THE PARAMETERS OF PASSENGER CARS ENGINE IN TERMS OF REAL DRIVE EMISSION TEST
Authors: Merkisz Jerzy , Jacyna Marianna , Merkisz-Guranowska Agnieszka , Pielecha Jacek
Published: June 2015

This paper presents the preliminary concept research to develop the test used in the measurement of emissions in real traffic conditions for passenger vehicles. Work based on the lack of legal solutions for determining the environmental performance of light vehicles – as opposed to heavy-duty vehicles for which such regulations have specified. The elaboration is to compare the emission test used in clinical approval of passenger cars, while the synthesis of the results obtained under different conditions road tests. The intention is to develop a test for assessing the ecological vehicle in real traffic conditions, where restrictions will only drive type (gasoline engine, diesel engine, hybrid vehicle), which is consistent with the requirements of the certification tests. The result should be the foundation for the development of the test in terms of: the duration, to determine the operating conditions and vehicle and proposals for emission limit values.
OPTIMIZATION OF UNIT LOAD FORMATION TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE MASS OF PACKAGING UNITS
Authors: Popiela Kamil , Wasiak Mariusz
Published: June 2015

This article presents a mathematical formulation of the optimization problem of loading unit formation taking into account the mass of packaging units. Proposed model can be applied to optimize the arrangement of non-uniform cubical loading units in loading spaces. The model ensures possibility of defining various dimensions, masses, resistances of particular packaging units and their vertical axis rotation. Within the constraints of formulating optimization problem, taking into account masses and resistances ensures that all packaging units will rest on a pallet or on other packaging units, and the surface of contact between loading units guarantees stability of units arranged in subsequent layers. The mathematical model was verified. The paper provides an appropriate calculation example.
Object Selection in Map Generalization Using Geosocial Network Data: A Case Study in Wuhan, China
Authors: Luo Hao , Guo Mingqiang , Xie Zhong
Published: June 2015

In map generalization, determining which objects are to be selected is a challenging task in the selection operation. Decisions surrounding object selection depend on object semantics and spatial context. The advent of geosocial network services, such as Foursquare and Twitter, provides an evaluation system for physical space. These services have generated a wealth of geographic information that can reflect human mobility and urban dynamics. The purpose of this paper is to use the geographic information from geosocial networks as a reference for map generalization and subsequently transform the semantic-based selection operator into a simple statistical method. Analysing this geographic information quantitatively and acquiring the value of each object is the key of this research. The present study has organized an investigation using data from a geosocial network service, named Jiepang in Wuhan, China. The experiment was conducted by adopting spatial analysis and heavy-tailed distribution, which consisted of the following steps: first, semi-variance modelling was conducted for the distance threshold, to measure the magnitude of the effect of spatial dependence; a buffer analysis was then completed using a radius of this distance threshold and inverse distance weighting was applied to calculate the value of the geographic object; last, a head/tail division rule, a new principle based on heavy-tailed distribution, was used to select objects at different levels of detail. Though it is difficult to evaluate map generalization, the result demonstrates a different map. Furthermore, for a better understanding of the result, the method used in this study is compared to OpenStreetMap and essential differences between the two are discussed. This study successfully demonstrates that geosocial network data can be used as important criteria for object selection.
Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Antarctic lichen Usnea antarctica. II. Analysis of non-photochemical quenching mechanisms activated by low to medium light doses
Authors: Očenášová Petra , Barták Miloš , Hájek Josef
Published: June 2015

The paper focus sensitivity of an Antarctic lichen Usnea antarctica to photoinhibition studied under controlled laboratory conditions. Main emphasis was given to the analysis of quenching mechanisms, i.e. deexcitation pathways of absorbed light energy exploited in non-photochemical processes. Thalli of U. antarctica were collected at the James Ross Island, Antarctica (57°52´57´´ W, 63°48´02´´ S) and transferred in dry state to the Czech Republic. After rewetting in a laboratory, they were exposed to medium light intensities (300, 600 and 1000 mmol m-2 s-1 of photosynthetically active radiation) for 6 h. Before and during photoinhibitory treatments, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, photoinhibitory (qI), state 1-2 transition (qT), and energy-dependent quenching (qE) in particular were measured to evaluate dose- and time-dependent changes in these parameters. The results showed that among the components forming non-photochemical quenching (qN), qI contributes to the largest extent to qN, while qE and qT contribute less. This finding differs from our earlier studies made in a short term-, and high light-treated U. antarctica that found qE together with qI is the most important part of non-photochemical quenching. Possible explanation is that photoinhibition in PS II in U. ant-arctica, when induced by low to medium light, activates qE to only limited extend and for a relatively short time (tens of minutes). With prolonged high light treatment lasting several hours, qE tends to be reduced to the values close to zero and qI then forms a major part of qN.
The Intricacies Involved in the Analysis and Interpretation of Hammer Transfer Stain/s in a Crime Scene
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Samir Kumar , Basu Nabanita
Published: June 2015

Bloodstain Pattern analysis particularly deals with the reconstruction of dynamic bloodletting events from static bloodstain patterns. Bloodstain patterns often help to sequence events that might have occurred at a crime scene. It can also be used to draw inference about the position of the victim/s, perpetrator/s and bystander/s (if any) at the crime scene. This paper is aimed at intricate analysis/interpretation of transfer stains produced by blunt ended objects at a crime scene. By way of experiments performed within a laboratory setting this paper attempts at establishing that hammer transfer stain or possible weapon transfer stain at a crime scene does not indicate that that particular instrument has been used to murder the victim/s. Also when blood drips over hammer and when a hammer falls under gravity onto a blood pool, the stain patterns formed are particularly different. This particular information under certain circumstances could particularly contribute to sequencing of events at a crime scene. Again, different blunt ended objects were found to produce similar transfer stain patterns. Hence transfer stain patterns should be interpreted in coherence with other relevant circumstantial evidence at the crime scene.
Développement et validation d’une échelle de mesure de l’accompagnement des PME à l’exportation
Authors: Catanzaro Alexis , Messeghem Karim , Sammut Sylvie , Swalhi Abdelaziz
Published: June 2015

De nombreuses études empiriques s’intéressent à l’efficacité de l’accompagnement à l’exportation. Cependant, l’absence d’un instrument de mesure validé de l’accompagnement à l’exportation rend difficile la comparaison de leurs résultats. Les auteurs soulignent par conséquent la nécessité d’élaborer une échelle de mesure qui puisse être réemployée dans les futures études. Cet article s’inscrit dans cette perspective et vise à répondre à la problématique suivante : comment mesurer l’accompagnement à l’exportation dont a bénéficié l’entreprise ? Pour cela, nous nous appuyons sur le paradigme de Churchill (1979) afin de proposer une échelle de mesure qui tient compte à la fois de la nature et de l’intensité de l’accompagnement à l’exportation. Dans ce cadre, une étude empirique a été menée auprès de 288 PME françaises accompagnées. Les résultats confirment la multidimensionnalité de l’accompagnement à l’exportation au travers de quatre dimensions : la formation, la prospection, la mise en réseaux et le soutien financier. Chacune d’entre elles est appréciée par un ensemble d’items reflétant les services d’accompagnement à l’exportation accessibles aux entreprises. L’emploi de cet outil de mesure offre aux chercheurs comme aux pouvoirs publics la possibilité de mieux apprécier l’influence spécifique des différents types d’accompagnement à l’exportation.
Diels–Alder Reactions of 1,2‐Azaborines
Authors: Burford Richard J. , Li Bo , Vasiliu Monica , Dixon David A. , Liu Shih‐Yuan
Published: June 2015

Diels–Alder reactions employing 1,2‐azaborine heterocycles as 1,3‐dienes are reported. Carbocyclic compounds with high stereochemical and functional complexity are produced, as exemplified by the straightforward two‐step synthesis of an amino allyl boronic ester bearing four contiguous stereocenters as a single diastereomer. Whereas electron‐deficient dienophiles undergo irreversible Diels–Alder reactions, a reversible Diels–Alder reaction with the less electron‐deficient methyl acrylate is observed. Both the N and the B substituent of the 1,2‐azaborine exert significant influence on the [4+2] cycloaddition reactivity as well as the aromatic character of the heterocycle. The experimentally determined thermodynamic parameters of the reversible Diels–Alder reaction between 1,2‐azaborines and methyl acrylate correlate with aromaticity trends and place 1,2‐azaborines approximately between furan and thiophene on the aromaticity scale.
Hindcasting modelling for restoration and conservation planning: application to stream fish assemblages
Authors: Maire Anthony , Buisson Laëtitia , Canal Julie , Rigault Benoit , Boucault Julien , Laffaille Pascal
Published: June 2015

Although ecosystems are increasingly threatened worldwide, the resources available to set up management actions, such as conservation or restoration, remain severely limited. Methods designed to spatially allocate conservation and restoration actions while maximizing their ecological benefits are urgently needed. Whereas conservation planning methods have been extensively developed in past decades, improvements in restoration planning are still needed to build efficient management tools. This methodological gap may be explained by the difficulties encountered when estimating non‐disturbed ecological conditions (i.e. reference conditions) which are usually required to compare past and present ecosystem states.

Here, the species composition of stream fish assemblages in 607 river stretches of the Pas‐de‐Calais department in the north of France was predicted using species distribution models. Present occurrence was predicted according to four environmental variables, including two related to human‐induced disturbances (i.e. proportion of river stretch length affected by hydraulic works and local geomorphological alterations). The fish assemblages potentially present in the absence of such disturbances were then predicted using hindcasting modelling which involves artificially setting to zero the values of the disturbance variables in the models.

A framework based on a multi‐faceted approach of diversity was applied to the present‐day fish assemblages and those predicted under the two non‐disturbed scenarios (i.e. restoration scenarios) to assess their suitability for management.

While the theoretical restoration of the natural flow regimes was likely to result in few changes in fish assemblage composition and consequently in their multi‐faceted diversity, the restoration of natural geomorphological characteristics was predicted to reduce the taxonomic diversity but increase the functional diversity, the natural heritage importance and the socio‐economic value of the fish assemblages.

This study provides environmental decision‐makers with a tool to identify precisely and simultaneously the conservation and restoration actions that have to be undertaken as a priority, by comparing the present and non‐disturbed multi‐faceted diversity indices.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A green capillary zone electrophoresis method for the simultaneous determination of piperacillin, tazobactam and cefepime in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma
Authors: Al‐Attas Amirah , Nasr Jenny Jeehan , El‐Enany Nahed , Belal Fathalla
Published: June 2015

A green, novel, rapid, accurate and reliable capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of piperacillin, tazobactam and cefepime in pharmaceutical preparations. Separation was carried out using fused silica capillary (50 µm i.d. × 48.6 cm and 40.2 cm detection length) and applied potential of 20 kV (positive polarity) and a running buffer containing 15 m m sodium borate buffer adjusted to pH 9.3 with UV detection at 215 nm. Amoxicillin was used as an internal standard. The method was suitably validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The method showed good linearity in the ranges of 10–100, 20–400 and 10–400 µg/mL with limits of quantitation of 1.87, 3.17 and 6.97 µg/mL and limits of detection of 0.56, 0.95 and 2.09 µg/mL for tazobactam, piperacillin and cefepime, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of these drugs in their synthetic mixtures and co‐formulated injection vials. The method was extended to the in vitro determination of the two drugs in spiked human plasma. It is considered a ‘green’ method as it consumes no organic solvents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(E)‐2‐(4‐Arylbut‐1‐en‐3‐yn‐1‐yl)chromones as Synthons for the Synthesis of Xanthone‐1,2,3‐triazole Dyads
Authors: Albuquerque Hélio M. T. , Santos Clementina M. M. , Cavaleiro José A. S. , Silva Artur M. S.
Published: June 2015

Xanthone‐1,2,3‐triazole dyads have been synthesized by two different approaches, both starting from novel (E)‐2‐(4‐arylbut‐1‐en‐3‐yn‐1‐yl)chromones, prepared through a base‐catalyzed aldol reaction of 2‐methylchromone and arylpropargyl aldehydes. In the first method, the xanthone moiety is built by Diels–Alder reaction of the referred unsaturated chromones with N‐methylmaleimide under microwave irradiation, followed by oxidation of the obtained adducts with DDQ, whereas the 1,2,3‐triazole ring results from the cycloaddition reaction of the acetylene moiety with sodium azide. The second strategy first involves the cycloaddition reaction with sodium azide to provide the 1,2,3‐triazole ring, followed by methylation of the triazole NH group prior to Diels–Alder reaction with N‐methylmaleimide. The last step in this synthesis of novel xanthone‐1,2,3‐triazole dyads entails oxidation of the cycloadducts with DDQ.
Personality, Personal Values, and Consumer Participation in Self‐Production: The Case of Home Meal Preparation
Authors: Huynh Mai Thi Xuan , Olsen Svein Ottar
Published: June 2015

This study investigates the simultaneous influence of personality and personal values on attitude toward self‐production, and how self‐production attitude influences use of time and depth of self‐production behavior in home meal preparation. The results show that self‐control and agreeableness personality traits positively influence attitude toward self‐production, while the resultant self‐enhancement value dimension has a negative effect. Moreover, self‐control negatively moderates the influence of resultant self‐enhancement on self‐production attitude. Attitude toward self‐production has positive influences on both dimensions of self‐production behavior, with a stronger effect on the depth dimension than on the time use dimension. The results support the proposed hierarchical model that personality and personal values relate to more specific self‐production attitude and behavior in a food preparation context.
Can Hand Washing Influence Hedonic Food Consumption?
Authors: Martins Chrissy M. , Block Lauren G. , Dahl Darren W.
Published: June 2015

The act of hand washing has been a routine part of hygienic practices across time and society. Aside from its physiological effects, hand washing has also been shown to symbolically cleanse individuals of their transgressions. However, most research demonstrating the metaphorical effect of hand washing has mainly been focused within the domain of morality. The objective of the current research is to explore the role of hand washing on consumption behavior, and more specifically, hedonic food consumption. Across two studies, this article establishes the role of hand washing after hedonic food consumption as well as prior to a hedonic food choice. In Study 1, washing one's hands after consumption of hedonic food decreased perceived guilt. In Study 2, washing one's hands prior to choice led to an increased likelihood of choosing a more hedonic (compared to less hedonic) food item. Thus, by washing one's hands, individuals are provided with a license to indulge in hedonic foods without the guilt that is commonly associated with such a choice. Several implications for consumer behavior research and the effects of hand washing on food decision making are discussed.
On the well‐posedness of mathematical models for multicomponent biofilms
Authors: Sonner Stefanie , Efendiev Messoud A. , Eberl Hermann J.
Published: June 2015

Bacterial biofilms are microbial depositions on immersed surfaces. Their mathematical description leads to degenerate diffusion‐reaction equations with two non‐Fickian effects: (i) a porous medium equation like degeneracy where the biomass density vanishes and (ii) a super‐diffusion singularity if the biomass density reaches its threshold density. In the case of multispecies interactions, several such equations are coupled, both in the reaction terms and in the nonlinear diffusion operator. In this paper, we generalize previous work on existence and uniqueness of solutions of this type of models and give a general, relatively easy to apply criterion for well‐posedness. The use of the criterion is illustrated in several examples from the biofilm modeling literature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐Gaussian model for apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis of Wilms’ tumour subtype and response to chemotherapy
Authors: Hales Patrick W. , Olsen Øystein E. , Sebire Neil J. , Pritchard‐Jones Kathy , Clark Chris A.
Published: June 2015

Wilms’ tumours (WTs) are large heterogeneous tumours, which typically consist of a mixture of histological cell types, together with regions of chemotherapy‐induced regressive change and necrosis. The predominant cell type in a WT is assessed histologically following nephrectomy, and used to assess the tumour subtype and potential risk. The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model to identify subregions within WTs with distinct cellular environmentsin vivo, determined using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values from diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI). We recorded the WT subtype from the histopathology of 32 tumours resected in patients who received DWI prior to surgery after pre‐operative chemotherapy had been administered. In 23 of these tumours, DWI data were also available prior to chemotherapy. Histograms of ADC values were analysed using a multi‐Gaussian model fitting procedure, which identified ‘subpopulations’ with distinct cellular environments within the tumour volume. The mean and lower quartile ADC values of the predominant viable tissue subpopulation (ADC1MEAN, ADC1LQ), together with the same parameters from the entire tumour volume (ADC0MEAN, ADC0LQ), were tested as predictors of WT subtype. ADC1LQfrom the multi‐Gaussian model was the most effective parameter for the stratification of WT subtype, with significantly lower values observed in high‐risk blastemal‐type WTs compared with intermediate‐risk stromal, regressive and mixed‐type WTs (p < 0.05). No significant difference in ADC1LQwas found between blastemal‐type and intermediate‐risk epithelial‐type WTs. The predominant viable tissue subpopulation in every stromal‐type WT underwent a positive shift in ADC1MEANafter chemotherapy. Our results suggest that our multi‐Gaussian model is a useful tool for differentiating distinct cellular regions within WTs, which helps to identify the predominant histological cell type in the tumourin vivo. This shows potential for improving the risk‐based stratification of patients at an early stage, and for guiding biopsies to target the most malignant part of the tumour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of clinical trials with biologics using dose–time‐response models
Authors: Lange Markus R. , Schmidli Heinz
Published: June 2015

Biologics such as monoclonal antibodies are increasingly and successfully used for the treatment of many chronic diseases. Unlike conventional small drug molecules, which are commonly given as tablets once daily, biologics are typically injected at much longer time intervals, that is, weeks or months. Hence, both the dose and the time interval have to be optimized during the drug development process for biologics. To identify an adequate regimen for the investigated biologic, the dose–time‐response relationship must be well characterized, based on clinical trial data. The proposed approach uses semi‐mechanistic nonlinear regression models to describe and predict the time‐changing response for complex dosing regimens. Both likelihood‐based and Bayesian methods for inference and prediction are discussed. The methodology is illustrated with data from a clinical study in an auto‐immune disease. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Projections for Achieving the Lancet Commission Recommended Surgical Rate of 5000 Operations per 100,000 Population by Region‐Specific Surgical Rate Estimates
Authors: Uribe‐Leitz Tarsicio , Esquivel Micaela M. , Molina George , Lipsitz Stuart R. , Verguet Stéphane , Rose John , Bickler Stephen W. , Gawande Atul A. , Haynes Alex B. , Weiser Thomas G.
Published: June 2015

Background

We previously identified a range of 4344–5028 annual operations per 100,000 people to be related to desirable health outcomes. From this and other evidence, the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery recommends a minimum rate of 5000 operations per 100,000 people. We evaluate rates of growth and estimate the time it will take to reach this minimum surgical rate threshold.

Methods

We aggregated country‐level surgical rate estimates from 2004 to 2012 into the twenty‐one Global Burden of Disease (GBD) regions. We calculated mean rates of surgery proportional to population size for each year and assessed the rate of growth over time. We then extrapolated the time it will take each region to reach a surgical rate of 5000 operations per 100,000 population based on linear rates of change.

Results

All but two regions experienced growth in their surgical rates during the past 8 years. Fourteen regions did not meet the recommended threshold in 2012. If surgical capacity continues to grow at current rates, seven regions will not meet the threshold by 2035. Eastern Sub‐Saharan Africa will not reach the recommended threshold until 2124.

Conclusion

The rates of growth in surgical service delivery are exceedingly variable. At current rates of surgical and population growth, 6.2 billion people (73 % of the world’s population) will be living in countries below the minimum recommended rate of surgical care in 2035. A strategy for strengthening surgical capacity is essential if these targets are to be met in a timely fashion as part of the integrated health system development.
The “Spontaneous 40” of Lisbon: A Dance Experience for Mature Participants
Authors: Alegre Luisa , Moura Margarida , Alves Maria João
Published: June 2015

The present work in the form of a case study aims to identify the contribution of the dance performance “Spontaneous 40” through the personal perception of two ordinary male and five ordinary female citizens, part of a total group of 40, all over 40 years old, who, voluntarily and without any previous experience, participated in the laboratory of Madrid choreographer “La Ribot” at the “Teatro Camões” in Lisbon within the cycle of performance art called “Like You and Me.” This cycle was programmed by the art director of the theater, Mark Deputter, contradicting the idea that art has little to do with people's daily lives, and advocating the replacement of trained and disciplined bodies of classical ballet dancers on stage with the differentiated bodies of ordinary people: some small, big, fat, thin, young, or old. The Spontaneous 40 is a creative and interdisciplinary work in an artistic, cultural, and educational forum that explores the body, laughter, sounds, objects as background music, and poetic visual richness. Following a qualitative methodology, an open questionnaire was used for data collection. The data were subjected to content analysis to phenomenological grounds. The data were then subjected to a content analysis. The results of this study revealed that the unanimated adult becomes alive through dance, reconciling him- or herself with his body, with him- or herself and with others, and exploring his or her creative background and allowing him or her to build self-images of life with more energy, elegance, and creativity, away from the stereotype of aging in our present Portuguese society.
Movement in Sound/Sound in Movement: A Musician's Point of View
Authors: Masing Elo
Published: June 2015

The paper provides an account of an innovative collaborative work between composer/violinist Elo Masing, choreographer/dancer Jean Lee, and the Kreutzer String Quartet. The project challenges the conventions of music and dance collaboration by proposing a fundamentally new way of working across disciplines, establishing a profound interrelation between movement and sound production.

The work so far has mostly involved developing a new notation system for string instruments and dancer suitable for recording the sounds and movements the work in progress will primarily be based on. The paper will, at this stage, demonstrate only a fraction of the various possibilities of this new way of musician–dancer collaboration that is estimated to span over the next couple of years. The idea for the piece dates back to June 2010, when a structured improvisation was created in collaboration between Elo Masing and Jean Lee, commissioned for a conference at Roehampton University.

The innovative aspect of the project is manifested in the development of choreography and music together from the very beginning, using new sound and movement languages discovered in interdisciplinary improvisation sessions. In the center of the collaboration lies the definition of the roles of the musician and the dancer as equal, with equally complex compositional material and interchanging ideas. That means composing music and dance simultaneously and letting them influence each other.

The new notation system for string instruments focuses on the movements of string players, thus creating a possibility for relating music to dance in a more tangible and visual rather than conceptual and abstract way.
Embodying Musical Space
Authors: Schroedter Stephanie
Published: June 2015

The epoch-making dance reforms of the early twentieth century did not only lead to new dance techniques, styles, and movement concepts, but also to an intensive search for new dialogues between music/sound and dance/movement. These new interactions were notable for their reliance on pre-existing music that was usually not intended for dance. Analogous to the choreographers' search for new movements in new (sound) spaces, composers looked for a new physicality of sounds (musical gestures), as well as for new spaces inside and outside of these sounds. Following these mid-twentieth-century developments, choreographers have increasingly chosen “new music” for their creations—compositions beyond the classical repertoire. In my paper, I will explore the choreographic possibilities of “new (non-dance) music” by comparing two examples: Bill T. Jones' solo danced to Edgar Varèses' Ionisation and a solo created by Martin Schläpfer using György Ligeti's Ramification. These examples will serve as case studies to argue for my concept of “kinesthetic listening,” which can be applied to a more general approach to discussions of the embodiment of music. This concept includes not only the perspective of the choreographer and interpreter/dancer, but also the perception of the spectator/listener. As a precondition, music/sound is understood as movement: an audible but not visible, rather an imaginable/imaginary movement that can (but need not) interact with body movements. Body movements/dance, in turn, can interact with music according to different choreographic strategies. To analyze these choreomusical dialogues, a special combination of (and training in) listening to and watching movement is required—informed by models of analysis from musicology and dance studies as well as from phenomenology and cognitive sciences.