bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-band analysis of temperature-dependent transport coefficients (conductivity, Hall, Seebeck, and Nernst) of Ni-doped CoSb3
Authors: Kajikawa Y.
Published: February 2016

The experimental data on the temperature dependence of the four transport coefficients, i.e., the electrical conductivity (σ), Hall coefficient (RH), Seebeck coefficient (S), and Nernst coefficient (Q), of n-type Co0.999Ni0.001Sb3 reported by Sun et al. [Nat. Commun. 6, 7475 (2015)] have been analyzed in a multi-band model, especially focusing on the low temperature data. The multi-band model includes not only the lowest valley of the conduction band at the Γ point but also satellite valleys at the second minima together with an impurity band. The lowest valley at the Γ point is assumed to split into the c1 band and the spin-orbit split-off (so) band. For the analysis, the general expression of the Nernst coefficient in the multi-band model is derived. At such low temperatures that the other bands than the c1 and the impurity band can be neglected, this expression is shown to be approximated as the sum of three terms: the intrinsic terms due to the Nernst coefficients in the two bands themselves and a cross term proportional to the difference of Seebeck coefficients between the two bands. As a result of the analysis, it is proved that the anomalous positive peak of S(T) observed around T = 20 K as well as the sharp rise of the Hall mobility observed from 15 K to 40 K are due to the transition from hopping conduction in the impurity band to conduction in the c1 band. On the other hand, the pronounced peak of Q(T) observed slightly below 40 K is proved to be due to the cross term between the impurity band and the c1 band. In addition, a shoulder of Q(T) appeared around T = 80 K lends clear evidence of the existence of the so band, while the increase in both of σ(T) and |S(T)| above 150 K suggests the existence of the satellite valleys.
An analysis of peristaltic motion of compressible convected Maxwell fluid
Authors: Abbasi A. , Ahmad I. , Ali N. , Hayat T.
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a theoretical study for peristaltic flow of a non-Newtonian compressible Maxwell fluid through a tube of small radius. Constitutive equation of upper convected Maxwell model is used for the non-Newtonian rheology. The governing equations are modeled for axisymmetric flow. A regular perturbation method is used for the radial and axial velocity components up to second order in dimensionless amplitude. Exact expressions for the first-order radial and axial velocity components are readily obtained while second-order mean axial velocity component is obtained numerically due to presence of complicated non-homogenous term in the corresponding equation. Based on the mean axial velocity component, the net flow rate is calculated through numerical integration. Effects of various emerging parameters on the net flow rate are discussed through graphical illustrations. It is observed that the net flow rate is positive for larger values of dimensionless relaxation time λ1. This result is contrary to that of reported by [D. Tsiklauri and I. Beresnev, “Non-Newtonian effects in the peristaltic flow of a Maxwell fluid,” Phys. Rev. E. 64 (2001) 036303].” i.e. in the extreme non-Newtonian regime, there is a possibility of reverse flow.
Modeling thermionic emission from laser-heated nanoparticles
Authors: Mitrani J. M. , Shneider M. N. , Stratton B. C. , Raitses Y.
Published: February 2016

An adjusted form of thermionic emission is applied to calculate emitted current from laser-heated nanoparticles and to interpret time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TR-LII) signals. This adjusted form of thermionic emission predicts significantly lower values of emitted current compared to the commonly used Richardson-Dushman equation, since the buildup of positive charge in a laser-heated nanoparticle increases the energy barrier for further emission of electrons. Thermionic emission influences the particle's energy balance  equation, which can influence TR-LII signals. Additionally, reports suggest that thermionic emission can induce disintegration of nanoparticle aggregates when the electrostatic Coulomb repulsion energy between two positively charged primary particles is greater than the van der Waals bond energy. Since the presence and size of aggregates strongly influences the particle's energy balance  equation, using an appropriate form of thermionic emission to calculate emitted current may improve interpretation of TR-LII signals.
Tensile behavior and flow stress anisotropy of accumulative roll bonded Cu-Nb nanolaminates
Authors: Nizolek Thomas , Beyerlein Irene J. , Mara Nathan A. , Avallone Jaclyn T. , Pollock Tresa M.
Published: February 2016

The flow stress, ductility, and in-plane anisotropy are evaluated for bulk accumulative roll bonded copper-niobium nanolaminates with layer thicknesses ranging from 1.8 μm to 15 nm. Uniaxial tensile tests conducted parallel to the rolling direction and transverse direction demonstrate that ductility generally decreases with decreasing layer thickness; however, at 30 nm, both high strengths (1200 MPa) and significant ductility (8%) are achieved. The yield strength increases monotonically with decreasing layer thickness, consistent with the Hall-Petch relationship, and significant in-plane flow stress anisotropy is observed. Taylor polycrystal modeling is used to demonstrate that crystallographic texture is responsible for the in-plane anisotropy and that the effects of texture dominate even at nanoscale layer thicknesses.
Champions’ perspectives on implementing the National Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Ageing and Aged Care Strategy in Queensland
Authors: McPhail Ruth , Fulop Liz
Published: February 2016

Objective
The National Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (LGBTI) Ageing and Aged Care Strategy was introduced by the Commonwealth Government in 2012. The present study explored perceptions of the first Aged Care Champions (trained employees) of the opportunities, challenges and barriers to implementing the Strategy in Queensland.

Methods
The present study was an exploratory study of Champions who were nominated by their providers to build capacity around the Strategy for introduction into their organisations. The Champions (n = 62) were surveyed before commencing their training programs. Quantitative and qualitative material was collected on how the Champions perceived the introduction of the six standards within their organisation.

Results
Champions perceived that there were opportunities to improve inclusivity, leverage organisational support and increase training and support to staff. Key challenges identified were internal attitudes and values, a lack of resources and a need for training and networking. Significant barriers included a lack of management support, resistant staff and pre-existing prejudicial values.

Conclusions
Providers and practitioners can leverage the opportunity to increase organisational levels of inclusivity, demonstrate organisational support to improve outcomes for clients and stakeholders and, importantly, provide staff training and development critical to the successful implementation of the Strategy.

What is known about the topic?
Many LGBTI elders have faced a lived history of oppression and discrimination and have special health care needs. As they age, their needs for greater levels of care increase, but for many so to do their concerns about receiving equitable treatment.

What does this paper add?
The National LGBTI Ageing and Aged Care Strategy was introduced to address the concerns and needs of LGBTI elders and ensure inclusive and supportive care. This study explores the opportunities, challenges and barriers as perceived by employees trained to introduce the Strategy into their services in Queensland. The present study is the first to explore the introduction of the Strategy from employees’ perspectives.

What are the implications for practitioners?
In the present study, the opportunity for increasing inclusivity, levels of support and training and development were explored from an employee perspective, giving voice to this group of practitioners. Challenges, including current attitudes and values of staff and management, as well as a lack of resources and making connections and networks, are identified. Finally, barriers to the implementation of the Strategy are outlined, including levels of support, staff resistance, values and past negative histories of many LGBTI elders.
Dynamic responses of photosynthesis and the antioxidant system during a drought and rehydration cycle in peanut plants
Authors: Furlan Ana , Bianucci Eliana , del Carmen Tordable María , Kleinert Aleysia , Valentine Alexander , Castro Stella
Published: February 2016

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental factors that adversely affect the productivity and quality of crops. Most studies focus on elucidating plant responses to this stress but the reversibility of these effects is less known. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether drought-stressed peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants were capable of recovering their metabolism upon rehydration, with a focus on their antioxidant system. Peanut plants in the flowering phase (30 days after sowing) were exposed to drought stress by withholding irrigation during 14 days and subsequent rehydration during 3 days. Under these conditions, physiological status indicators, reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant system activity were evaluated. Under drought stress, the stomatal conductance, photosynthetic quantum yield and 13C : 12C ratio of the peanut plants were negatively affected, and also they accumulated reactive oxygen species. The antioxidant system of peanut plants showed increases in superoxide dismutase-, ascorbate peroxidase- and glutathione reductase-specific activities, as well as the total ascorbate content. All of these responses were reversed upon rehydration at 3 days. The efficient and dynamic regulation of variables related to photosynthesis and the antioxidant system during a drought and rehydration cycle in peanut plants was demonstrated. It is suggested that the activation of the antioxidant system could mediate the signalling of drought stress responses that enable the plant to survive and recover completely within 3 days of rehydration.
Differences in LEA-like 11-24 gene expression in desiccation tolerant and sensitive species of Linderniaceae are due to variations in gene promoter sequences
Authors: Ataei Saeedeh , Braun Verena , Challabathula Dinakar , Bartels Dorothea
Published: February 2016

Many desiccation induced late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) protein encoding genes have been identified from Craterostigma plantagineum Hochst. In the desiccation tolerant plants C. plantagineum (Cp) and Lindernia brevidens Skan (Lb) transcripts encoding LEA-like 11-24 protein are abundantly expressed during desiccation whereas in Lindernia subracemosa De Wild. (Ls), a desiccation sensitive plant, the LEA-like 11-24 transcripts are expressed at a low level. Since promoters determine gene expression, a comparative promoter analysis was carried out to decipher the underlying mechanisms of differential gene expression. Two transient transformation methods (particle bombardment and optimised Agrobacterium co-cultivation) were used to analyse the promoter activities of the Cp, Lb and Ls LEA-like 11-24 gene in homologous and heterologous systems. Minimal promoters were isolated from all three species and their promoter activities were assessed in response to mannitol or ABA. Particle bombardment or Agrobacterium co-cultivation yielded similar results. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify which cis-acting elements in the LEA-like 11-24 promoter fragments are crucial during mannitol and ABA treatments. The presence of these promoter cis-elements explains the differences in transcript abundance in the desiccation tolerant and desiccation sensitive species. Results indicated the importance of the drought responsive elements (DRE) element for promoter activity.
Global fire size distribution: from power law to log-normal
Authors: Hantson Stijn , Pueyo Salvador , Chuvieco Emilio
Published: February 2016

Wildland fires are one of the main alleged examples of Self-Organised Criticality (SOC), with simple SOC models resulting in the expectation of a power-law fire size frequency distribution. Here, we test whether fire size distributions systematically follow a power law and analyse their spatial variation for eight distinct areas over the globe. For each of the areas, we examine the fire size frequency distribution using two types of plots, maximum likelihood estimation and chi-square tests. Log-normal emerges as a suitable option to fit the fire size distribution in this variety of environments. In only two of eight areas was the power law (which is a particular case of the log-normal) not rejected. Notably, the two parameters of log-normal are related to each other, displaying a general linear relation, which extends to the sites that can be described with a power law. These results do not necessarily refute the SOC hypothesis, but reveal the presence of other processes that are, at least, modulating the outcome of SOC in some areas.
Phonologically-mediated meaning activation in monolinguals and bilinguals
Authors: Friesen Deanna C. , Oh Jiyoon , Bialystok Ellen
Published: February 2016

The current study investigated how language experience impacts phonologically-mediated meaning activation. Monolinguals and bilinguals made living/non-living judgments on English homophones (e.g., beech, beach) while Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Context was manipulated by making the preceding trial either unrelated (e.g., servant → beech) or semantically-related, creating priming. The related context either strengthened (e.g., oak → beech) or diminished (e.g., oak → beach) a homophone’s meaning. In the unrelated context, both groups utilized phonology similarly to access meaning, as evidenced by a later N400 and a larger late positive component (LPC) for homophones than for non-homophonic words. However, when the context primed the incorrect meaning (e.g., oak → beach), only monolinguals exhibited N400 attenuation and delayed LPCs, indicating that they were mistakenly using phonology and context to access meaning and were then required to reanalyze their interpretation. These results provide insight into how oral language experience impacts phonological activation of meaning.
Retention Rates of Plastic-Infusion-Process Passive Integrated Transponder Tags and External Tags in the White-streaked Grouper Epinephelus ongus
Authors: Sato Taku , Nanami Atsushi , Takebe Takayuki , Kobayashi Masato , Iwasaki Takashi , Shinoda Rihito , Koiso Masahiko
Published: February 2016

Fish are often externally tagged to determine the abundance, exploitation rates, and other key aspects of their ecology. Tag retention rates, however, may vary by tag type. The main objective of this study was to determine the retention rates of three external tags (Atkins, dart, and opercular tags) implanted onto White-streaked Groupers Epinephelus ongus in their natural habitat. White-streaked Groupers were tagged with different external tags, along with a plastic-infusion-process PIT (PIP PIT) tag, and retention rates were evaluated in experimental tanks for 54 weeks and in their natural habitat for 374 d. None of the fish kept in experimental tanks shed their abdominally implanted PIP PIT tags over 54 weeks. The mean retention rates of the external Atkins, dart, and opercular tags were considerably lower under natural conditions (16.7 ± 2.8%, 37.5 ± 3.3%, and 28.6 ± 3.4%, respectively) than in the laboratory (80%, 70%, and 70%, respectively). Loss of tags under natural conditions may have resulted from snagging on complex structures in their habitats and on interspecies interactions.

Received February 23, 2015; accepted October 27, 2015
Retention Probability Varies with Cull Ring Size in Traps Fished for Blue Crab
Authors: Rudershausen P. J. , Hightower Joseph E.
Published: February 2016

The blue crab Callinectes sapidus is a commercially important crustacean species fished along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines. Cull rings on traps are required to allow for egress of sublegal blue crabs in commercial and recreational fisheries in this region. We undertook a study to estimate contact selectivity (retention probability) of traps with different cull-ring sizes fished for male crabs. We estimated retention probability using logistic models and catch data from 38.1-mm square mesh traps, each affixed with one size of cull rings (58.7, 60.3, or 61.9 mm internal diameter), and fished along with control traps (no cull rings). Each experimental trap type displayed relatively steep retention around its l50, the carapace width at which 50% of individuals are selected. The l50 for traps with 58.7-mm cull rings was less than the minimum legal crab size in North Carolina (127 mm carapace width) while the l50 for traps with 60.3-mm or 61.9-mm cull rings was greater than the minimum legal size. Mean catch rates of legal male crabs were not statistically different among the three experimental trap types; however, catch rates of sublegal males were significantly lower in traps with the two larger cull ring sizes. We conclude that traps with 61.9-mm cull rings are most appropriate for the North Carolina trap fishery because they maintain catch rates of legal males but show the greatest reduction in catch rates of sublegal males. The use of larger cull-ring sizes would reduce rates of fishing mortality resulting from excessive trap confinement, injury during commercial culling, or intentional harvest by fishers who do not cull their catch.

Received April 29, 2015; accepted October 22, 2015
A Simple Prioritization Tool to Diagnose Impairment of Stream Temperature for Coldwater Fishes in the Great Basin
Authors: Falke Jeffrey A. , Dunham Jason B. , Hockman-Wert David , Pahl Randy
Published: February 2016

We provide a simple framework for diagnosing the impairment of stream water temperature for coldwater fishes across broad spatial extents based on a weight-of-evidence approach that integrates biological criteria, species distribution models, and geostatistical models of stream temperature. As a test case, we applied our approach to identify stream reaches most likely to be thermally impaired for Lahontan Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi in the upper Reese River, located in the northern Great Basin, Nevada. We first evaluated the capability of stream thermal regime descriptors to explain variation across 170 sites, and we found that the 7-d moving average of daily maximum stream temperatures (7DADM) provided minimal among-descriptor redundancy and, based on an upper threshold of 20°C, was also a good indicator of acute and chronic thermal stress. Next, we quantified the range of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout within our study area using a geographic distribution model. Finally, we used a geostatistical model to assess spatial variation in 7DADM and predict potential thermal impairment at the stream reach scale. We found that whereas 38% of reaches in our study area exceeded a 7DADM of 20°C and 35% were significantly warmer than predicted, only 17% both exceeded the biological criterion and were significantly warmer than predicted. This filtering allowed us to identify locations where physical and biological impairment were most likely within the network and that would represent the highest management priorities. Although our approach lacks the precision of more comprehensive approaches, it provides a broader context for diagnosing impairment and is a useful means of identifying priorities for more detailed evaluations across broad and heterogeneous stream networks.

Received July 8, 2014; accepted October 22, 2015
No Evidence of Increased Survival or Decreased Straying from Acclimating Subyearling Fall Chinook Salmon to Release Locations in the Umatilla River of Oregon
Authors: Clarke Lance R. , Cameron William A. , Carmichael Richard W.
Published: February 2016

Smolt-to-adult survival (SAS) and straying of subyearling fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that were acclimated in waters of their release site before river release was compared with those of fish that were transported to the river and released directly into the river. Results showed that there were no differences in average SAS, which was 0.08% for both acclimated and direct-release groups, or straying, which averaged 33.8% and 35.3% for direct and acclimated release groups, respectively. We conclude that an acclimation period may not improve these metrics in subyearling-released salmon.

Received June 19, 2015; accepted October 31, 2015
Identification of novel extracellular protein for PCB/biphenyl metabolism in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1
Authors: Atago Yuki , Shimodaira Jun , Araki Naoto , Bin Othman Nor’azizi , Zakaria Zuriati , Fukuda Masao , Futami Junichiro , Hara Hirofumi
Published: February 2016

Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 (RHA1) degrades polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) via co-metabolism with biphenyl. To identify the novel open reading frames (ORFs) that contribute to PCB/biphenyl metabolism in RHA1, we compared chromatin immunoprecipitation chip and transcriptomic data. Six novel ORFs involved in PCB/biphenyl metabolism were identified. Gene deletion mutants of these 6 ORFs were made and were tested for their ability to grow on biphenyl. Interestingly, only the ro10225 deletion mutant showed deficient growth on biphenyl. Analysis of Ro10225 protein function showed that growth of the ro10225 deletion mutant on biphenyl was recovered when exogenous recombinant Ro10225 protein was added to the culture medium. Although Ro10225 protein has no putative secretion signal sequence, partially degraded Ro10225 protein was detected in conditioned medium from wild-type RHA1 grown on biphenyl. This Ro10225 fragment appeared to form a complex with another PCB/biphenyl oxidation enzyme. These results indicated that Ro10225 protein is essential for the formation of the PCB/biphenyl dioxygenase complex in RHA1.
Vicenistatin induces early endosome-derived vacuole formation in mammalian cells
Authors: Nishiyama Yuko , Ohmichi Tomohiro , Kazami Sayaka , Iwasaki Hiroki , Mano Kousuke , Nagumo Yoko , Kudo Fumitaka , Ichikawa Sosaku , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu , Kanoh Naoki , Eguchi Tadashi , Osada Hiroyuki , Usui Takeo
Published: February 2016

Homotypic fusion of early endosomes is important for efficient protein trafficking and sorting. The key controller of this process is Rab5 which regulates several effectors and PtdInsPs levels, but whose mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we report that vicenistatin, a natural product, enhanced homotypic fusion of early endosomes and induced the formation of large vacuole-like structures in mammalian cells. Unlike YM201636, another early endosome vacuolating compound, vicenistatin did not inhibit PIKfyve activity in vitro but activated Rab5-PAS pathway in cells. Furthermore, vicenistatin increased the membrane surface fluidity of cholesterol-containing liposomes in vitro, and cholesterol deprivation from the plasma membrane stimulated vicenistatin-induced vacuolation in cells. These results suggest that vicenistatin is a novel compound that induces the formation of vacuole-like structures by activating Rab5-PAS pathway and increasing membrane fluidity.
Image stacking analysis of SDSS galaxies with AKARI Far-Infrared Surveyor maps at 65 μm, 90 μm, and 140 μm
Authors: Okabe Taizo , Kashiwagi Toshiya , Suto Yasushi , Matsuura Shuji , Doi Yasuo , Takita Satoshi , Ootsubo Takafumi
Published: February 2016

We perform image stacking analysis of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) photometric galaxies over the AKARI Far-Infrared Surveyor maps at 65 μm, 90 μm, and 140 μm. The resulting image profiles are decomposed into the central galaxy component (single term) and the nearby galaxy component (clustering term), as a function of the r-band magnitude, mr, of the central galaxy. We find that the mean far-infrared (FIR) flux of a galaxy with magnitude mr is well fitted with $f^s_{90\mu {\rm m}}=13\times 10^{0.306(18-m_{\,r})}$ [mJy]. The FIR amplitude of the clustering term is consistent with that expected from the angular-correlation function of the SDSS galaxies, but galaxy morphology dependence needs to be taken into account for a more quantitative conclusion. We also fit the spectral energy distribution of stacked galaxies at 65 μm, 90 μm, and 140 μm, and derive a mean dust temperature of ∼30 K. This is consistent with the typical dust temperature of galaxies that are FIR luminous and individually detected.
Mucor Rot—An Emerging Postharvest Disease of Mandarin Fruit Caused by Mucor piriformis and other Mucor spp. in California
Authors: Saito S. , Michailides T. J. , Xiao C. L.
Published: February 2016

In recent years, an emerging, undescribed postharvest disease was observed on mandarin fruit after extended storage in California. We collected decayed mandarin fruit from three citrus packinghouses in the Central Valley of California in 2015 and identified this disease as Mucor rot caused by Mucor spp. Mucor rot occurred in 11 of the 15 grower lots sampled, and the percentage of Mucor rot in the total decayed fruit varied among affected grower lots, ranging from 3.3 to 93.1% with an average of 49.2%. In total, 197 isolates of Mucor spp. were obtained from decayed mandarin fruit and identified based on internal transcribed spacer sequence and morphological characteristics. Of the 197 isolates, 182 (92.4%) were identified as Mucor piriformis, 7 (3.6%) were M. circinelloides (6 M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus and 1 M. circinelloides f. circinelloides), 4 (2%) were M. racemosus f. racemosus, 3 (1.5%) were M. hiemalis, and 1 (0.5%) was M. mucedo. All species grew at 0 and 5°C, except M. circinelloides, which did not grow at 0°C. Mycelial growth was arrested at 27°C for M. piriformis; 35°C for M. racemosus f. racemosus, M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus, M. hiemalis and M. mucedo; and 37°C for M. circinelloides f. circinelloides. Optimal mycelial growth occurred at 20°C for M. piriformis and M. mucedo, 25°C for M. racemosus f. racemosus and M. hiemalis, 27°C for M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus, and 30°C for M. circinelloides f. circinelloides. M. piriformis grew significantly faster than the other four species at 5 and 20°C, and M. mucedo was the slowest in growth among the five species. Sporangiospores of M. piriformis, M. racemosus f. racemosus, and M. hiemalis germinated at both 5 and 20°C. M. circinelloides germinated at 20°C but did not germinate at 5°C after incubation for 48 h. All five Mucor spp. caused decay on mandarin fruit inoculated with the fungi, and the lesion size caused by M. piriformis was significantly larger than that caused by other species at both 5 and 20°C. Our results indicated that Mucor rot in mandarin fruit in California is caused by Mucor spp. consisting of M. piriformis, M. circinelloides, M. racemosus f. racemosus, M. hiemalis, and M. mucedo, with M. piriformis being the dominant and most virulent species. Previously, M. racemosus was reported on citrus. This is the first report of Mucor rot in citrus caused by M. piriformis, M. circinelloides, M. hiemalis, and M. mucedo.
Physiologic Specialization of Puccinia triticina on Wheat in the United States in 2014
Authors: Kolmer J. A. , Hughes M. E.
Published: February 2016

Collections of Puccinia triticina obtained from wheat fields and breeding plots in the Great Plains, Ohio River Valley, and southeastern states, were tested for virulence in 2014 in order to determine the virulence of the wheat leaf rust pathogen population in the United States. Single uredinial isolates (380 total) were derived from the collections and tested for virulence phenotype on 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance genes. In 2014, 55 virulence phenotypes were described in the United States. Virulence phenotypes MBTNB, TBBGS, and TCRKG were the three most common phenotypes. Phenotypes MBTNB and TCRKG are both virulent to Lr11, and TCRKG is also virulent to Lr18 and Lr26. MBTNB and TCRKG were most common in the soft red winter wheat region of the southeastern states and the Ohio Valley. Phenotype TBBGS is virulent to Lr39, which is present in the hard red winter wheat cultivars, and Lr21, which is present in the hard red spring wheat cultivars. Isolates with virulence to Lr11, Lr18, and Lr26 were most common in the southeastern states and Ohio Valley region. Isolates with virulence to Lr21 and Lr39 were most common in the hard red wheat region of the southern and northern Great Plains.
Shade Effects on the Dispersal of Airborne Hemileia vastatrix Uredospores
Authors: Boudrot Audrey , Pico Jimmy , Merle Isabelle , Granados Eduardo , Vílchez Sergio , Tixier Philippe , Filho Elías de Melo Virginio , Casanoves Fernando , Tapia Ana , Allinne Clémentine , Rice Robert A. , Avelino Jacques
Published: February 2016

Hemileia vastatrix caused a severe epidemic in Central America in 2012−13. The gradual development of that epidemic on nearly a continental scale suggests that dispersal at different scales played a significant role. Shade has been proposed as a way of reducing uredospore dispersal. The effect of shade (two strata: Erythrina poeppigiana below and Chloroleucon eurycyclum above) and full sun on H. vastatrix dispersal was studied with Burkard traps in relation to meteorological records. Annual and daily patterns of dispersal were observed, with peaks of uredospore capture obtained during wet seasons and in the early afternoon. A maximum of 464 uredospores in 1 day (in 14.4 m3 of air) was recorded in October 2014. Interactions between shade/full sun and meteorological conditions were found. Rainfall, possibly intercepted by tree cover and redistributed by raindrops of higher kinetic energy, was the main driver of uredospore dispersal under shade. Wind gusts reversed this effect, probably by inhibiting water accumulation on leaves. Wind gusts also promoted dispersal under dry conditions in full sun, whereas they had no effect under shaded conditions, probably because the canopy blocked the wind. Our results indicate the importance of managing shade cover differentially in rainy versus dry periods to control the dispersal of airborne H. vastatrix uredospores.
Hybrid asexuality as a primary reproductive barrier: on the interconnection between asexuality and speciation
Authors: Janko Karel , Pačes Jan , Wilkinson-Herbots Hilde , Costa Rui J , Roslein Jan , Drozd Pavel , Iakovenko Nataliia , Rídl Jakub , Kočí Jan , Reifová Radka , Šlechtová Věra , Choleva Lukáš
Published: February 2016

Speciation usually proceeds in a continuum from intensively hybridizing populations until the formation of irreversibly isolated species. Restriction of interspecific gene flow may often be achieved by gradual accumulation of intrinsic postzygotic incompatibilities with hybrid infertility typically evolving more rapidly than inviability. A reconstructed history of speciation in European loaches(Cobitis)reveals that accumulation of postzygotic reproductive incompatibilities may take an alternative, in the literature largely neglected, pathway through initiation of hybrids’ asexuality rather than through a decrease in hybrids’ fitness. Combined evidence shows that contemporaryCobitisspecies readily hybridize in hybrid zones, but their gene pools are isolated as hybridization produces infertile males and fertile but clonally reproducing females that cannot mediate introgressions. Nevertheless, coalescent analyses indicated intensive historical gene flow during earlier stages ofCobitisdiversification, suggesting that non-clonal hybrids must have existed in the past. The revealed patterns imply that during the initial stages of speciation, hybridization between little diverged species produced recombinant hybrids mediating gene flow, but growing divergence among species caused disrupted meiosis in hybrids resulting in their clonality, which acts as a barrier to gene flow. Comparative analysis of published data on other fish hybrids corroborated the generality of our findings; the species pairs producing asexual hybrids were more genetically diverged than those pairs producing fertile sexual hybrids but less diverged than species pairs producing infertile hybrids. Hybrid asexuality therefore appears to evolve at lower divergence than other types of postzygotic barriers and might thus represent a primary reproductive barrier in many taxa.
MLL1 is essential for the senescence-associated secretory phenotype
Authors: Capell Brian C. , Drake Adam M. , Zhu Jiajun , Shah Parisha P. , Dou Zhixun , Dorsey Jean , Simola Daniel F. , Donahue Greg , Sammons Morgan , Rai Taranjit Singh , Natale Christopher , Ridky Todd W. , Adams Peter D. , Berger Shelley L.
Published: February 2016

Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) and therapy-induced senescence (TIS), while tumor-suppressive, also promote procarcinogenic effects by activating the DNA damage response (DDR), which in turn induces inflammation. This inflammatory response prominently includes an array of cytokines known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Previous observations link the transcription-associated methyltransferase and oncoprotein MLL1 to the DDR, leading us to investigate the role of MLL1 in SASP expression. Our findings reveal direct MLL1 epigenetic control over proproliferative cell cycle genes: MLL1 inhibition represses expression of proproliferative cell cycle regulators required for DNA replication and DDR activation, thus disabling SASP expression. Strikingly, however, these effects of MLL1 inhibition on SASP gene expression do not impair OIS and, furthermore, abolish the ability of the SASP to enhance cancer cell proliferation. More broadly, MLL1 inhibition also reduces “SASP-like” inflammatory gene expression from cancer cells in vitro and in vivo independently of senescence. Taken together, these data demonstrate that MLL1 inhibition may be a powerful and effective strategy for inducing cancerous growth arrest through the direct epigenetic regulation of proliferation-promoting genes and the avoidance of deleterious OIS- or TIS-related tumor secretomes, which can promote both drug resistance and tumor progression.
Nucleotide levels regulate germline proliferation through modulating GLP-1/Notch signaling inC. elegans
Authors: Chi Congwu , Ronai Diana , Than Minh T. , Walker Cierra J. , Sewell Aileen K. , Han Min
Published: February 2016

Animals alter their reproductive programs to accommodate changes in nutrient availability, yet the connections between known nutrient-sensing systems and reproductive programs are underexplored, and whether there is a mechanism that senses nucleotide levels to coordinate germline proliferation is unknown. We established a model system in which nucleotide metabolism is perturbed in both the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans(cytidine deaminases) and its food (Escherichia coli); when fed food with a low uridine/thymidine (U/T) level, germline proliferation is arrested. We provide evidence that this impact of U/T level on the germline is critically mediated by GLP-1/Notch and MPK-1/MAPK, known to regulate germline mitotic proliferation. This germline defect is suppressed by hyperactivation ofglp-1or disruption of genes downstream fromglp-1to promote meiosis but not by activation of the IIS or TORC1 pathways. Moreover, GLP-1 expression is post-transcriptionally modulated by U/T levels. Our results reveal a previously unknown nucleotide-sensing mechanism for controlling reproductivity.
Feeding the germline
Authors: Shi Cheng , Murphy Coleen T.
Published: February 2016

Nucleotides are required in order to replicate DNA in the developing germline. Here, Chi and colleagues (pp. 307–320) have usedCaernohabditis elegansto identify a GLP-1-dependent checkpoint that senses food (bacterially)-supplied nucleotide levels, arresting reproductive development in the absence of sufficient nucleotide supplies.
Tissue Dissociation for Metastasis Studies
Authors: Kabeer Farhia , Podsypanina Katrina
Published: February 2016

The main requirement for most metastasis-related applications is the conversion of solid tissue into a single-cell suspension. In theory, this suspension represents the diversity of cells present in the tissue, whether malignant or benign. We have found that cell viability, as measured by trypan blue staining or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), is critical for evaluating the success of the tissue-dissociation procedure. The recommended goal is at least 70% cell viability.
Murine Stem Cell–Based Retrovirus Production for Marking Primary Mouse Mammary Cells for Metastasis Studies
Authors: Beverly Levi J. , Podsypanina Katrina
Published: February 2016

Since the introduction of retroviral vector technology, permanent genetic marking of cells has considerably contributed to the understanding of different physiological and disease processes in vivo. Recent marking strategies aim to elucidate the contribution of cells on the clonal level, and the advent of fluorescent proteins has opened new avenues for the in vivo analysis of gene-marked cells. Gene-modified cells are easily identifiable (e.g., via the introduced fluorescent protein) within whole organ structures, allowing one to measure the contribution of transduced cells to malignant outgrowth. In our laboratory, we use the tetracycline-inducible system to study oncogene cooperation in metastatic progression. We use bicistronic retroviruses expressing the tetracycline transactivator (tTA) and the candidate gene (MIT-gene) or the tTA alone (MIT-Rx) to infect primary mammary cells from mice harboring tetracycline-inducible transgenes. This allows for constitutive expression of the candidate gene and tTA-dependent expression of the inducible oncogene. We also use MIG-based vectors, which allow for constitutive expression of the candidate gene and a green fluorescent protein. Here we describe how to produce retroviral particles carrying both MIT- and MIG-based vectors. Because of the fragility of the retroviral envelope, we do not attempt to concentrate the virus, and we directly use packaging cell media to infect primary epithelial cells (either normal or tumor). Infected cells can be transplanted into recipient mice to investigate metastatic colonization.
Analysis of Replicating Yeast Chromosomes by DNA Combing
Authors: Gallo David , Wang Gang , Yip Christopher M. , Brown Grant W.
Published: February 2016

Molecular combing of DNA fibers is a powerful technique to monitor origin usage and DNA replication fork progression in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast to traditional flow cytometry, microarray, or sequencing techniques, which provide population-level data, DNA combing provides DNA replication profiles of individual molecules. DNA combing uses yeast strains that express human thymidine kinase, which facilitates the incorporation of thymidine analogs into nascent DNA. First, DNA is isolated and stretched uniformly onto silanized glass coverslips. Following immunodetection with antibodies that recognize the thymidine analog and the DNA, the DNA fibers are imaged using a fluorescence microscope. Finally, the lengths of newly replicated DNA tracks are measured and converted to base pairs, allowing calculations of the speed of the replication fork and of interorigin distances. DNA combing can be applied to monitor replication defects caused by gene mutations or by chemical agents that induce replication stress. Here, we present a methodology for studying replicating yeast chromosomes by molecular DNA combing. We begin with procedures for the preparation of silanized coverslips and for assembly of a DNA combing machine (DCM) and conclude by presenting a detailed protocol for molecular DNA combing in yeast.
Detection of Autophagy inCaenorhabditis elegansby Western Blotting Analysis of LGG-1
Authors: Palmisano Nicholas J. , Meléndez Alicia
Published: February 2016

A common way to measure the induction of autophagy in yeast and mammalian cells is to compare the amount of Atg8/LC3-I with that of Atg8-PE/LC3-II by using western blot analysis. This is because changes in the amount of LC3-II correlate closely with changes in the number of autophagosomes present in cells. Atg8/LC3 is initially synthesized as an unprocessed form, which is proteolytically processed to form Atg8/LC3-I, and then this is modified into the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-conjugated Atg8-PE/LC3-II form. Atg8/LC3-II is membrane bound, whereas Atg8-PE/LC3-I is cytosolic. By associating with both the inner and outer membranes of the autophagosome, Atg8-PE/LC3-II is the only autophagy reporter that is reliably associated with completed autophagosomes. In the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, the ortholog of Atg8/LC3 is LGG-1. Here, we discuss how changes in the levels of LGG-1-II (and the paralog LGG-2) protein can, with appropriate controls, be used to monitor autophagy activity in nematodes and present a protocol for monitoring changes in the protein levels of different forms of LGG-1 by western blotting.
Calling Card Analysis in Budding Yeast
Authors: Mayhew David , Mitra Robi D.
Published: February 2016

Calling card analysis is a high-throughput method for identifying the genomic binding sites of multiple transcription factors in a single experiment in budding yeast. By tagging a DNA-binding protein with a targeting domain that directs the insertion of the Ty5 retrotransposon, the genomic binding sites for that transcription factor are marked. The transposition locations are then identified en masse by Illumina sequencing. The calling card protocol allows for simultaneous analysis of multiple transcription factors. By cloning barcodes into the Ty5 transposon, it is possible to pair a unique barcode with every transcription factor in the experiment. The method presented here uses expression of transcription factors from their native loci; however, it can also be altered to measure binding sites of transcription factors overexpressed from a plasmid.
Transposon Calling Cards
Authors: Mayhew David , Mitra Robi D.
Published: February 2016

Identifying the genomic targets of transcription factors is an important step in understanding the regulatory networks of gene transcription in yeast. We have developed a method that utilizes what we refer to as transposon “calling cards,” in which a transcription factor directs the Ty5 retrotransposase to insert transposons into the genome adjacent to where the transcription factor binds. This method is designed to be multiplexed with many barcoded transcription factors and has the potential to decrease the labor required for the study of large numbers of transcription factors.
Single-Molecule Analysis of Replicating Yeast Chromosomes
Authors: Gallo David , Wang Gang , Yip Christopher M. , Brown Grant W.
Published: February 2016

The faithful replication of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA occurs during S phase once per cell cycle. Replication is highly regulated and is initiated at special structures, termed origins, from which replication forks move out bidirectionally. A wide variety of techniques have been developed to study the features and kinetics of replication. Many of these, such as those based on flow cytometry and two-dimensional and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, give a population-level view of replication. However, an alternative approach, DNA fiber analysis, which was originally developed more than 50 years ago, has the advantage of revealing features of replication at the level of individual DNA fibers. Initially based on autoradiography, this technique has been superseded by immunofluorescence-based detection of incorporated halogenated thymidine analogs. Furthermore, derivations of this technique have been developed to distribute and stretch the labeled DNA fibers uniformly on optically clear surfaces. As described here, one such technique—DNA combing, in which DNA is combed onto silanized coverslips—has been used successfully to monitor replication fork progression and origin usage in budding yeast.
The stopped-drop method: a novel setup for containment-free and time-resolved measurements
Authors: Schiener Andreas , Seifert Soenke , Magerl Andreas
Published: February 2016

A novel setup for containment-free time-resolved experiments at a free-hanging drop is reported. Within a dead-time of 100 ms a drop of mixed reactant solutions is formed and the time evolution of a reaction can be followed from thereon by various techniques. As an example, a small-angle X-ray scattering study on the formation mechanism of EDTA-stabilized CdS both at a synchrotron and a laboratory X-ray source is presented here. While the evolution can be followed with one drop only at a synchrotron source, a stroboscopic mode with many drops is preferable for the laboratory source.
3D-printed photo-spectroelectrochemical devices forin situandin operandoX-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation
Authors: Achilli Elisabetta , Minguzzi Alessandro , Visibile Alberto , Locatelli Cristina , Vertova Alberto , Naldoni Alberto , Rondinini Sandra , Auricchio Ferdinando , Marconi Stefania , Fracchia Martina , Ghigna Paolo
Published: February 2016

Three-dimensional printed multi-purpose electrochemical devices for X-ray absorption spectroscopy are presented in this paper. The aim of this work is to show how three-dimensional printing can be a strategy for the creation of electrochemical cells forin situandin operandoexperiments by means of synchrotron radiation. As a case study, the description of two cells which have been employed in experiments on photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting are presented. The main advantages of these electrochemical devices are associated with their compactness and with the precision of the three-dimensional printing systems which allows details to be obtained that would otherwise be difficult. Thanks to these systems it was possible to combine synchrotron-based methods with complementary techniques in order to study the mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic process.
Immigration and neoliberalism: three cases and counter accounts
Authors: Lehman Cheryl , Annisette Marcia , Agyemang Gloria
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– This paper advocates for critical accounting’s contribution to immigration deliberations as part of its agenda for advancing social justice. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate accounting as implicated in immigration policies of three advanced economies.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors suggest that neoliberal immigration policies are operationalized through the responsibilization of individuals, corporations and universities. By examining three immigration policies from the USA, Canada and the UK, the paper clarifies how accounting technologies facilitate responsibilization techniques, making immigration governable. Additionally, by employing immigrant narratives as counter accounts, the impacts of immigrant lived experiences can be witnessed.

Findings

– Accounting upholds neoliberal principles of life by expanding market mentalities and governance, through technologies of measurement, reports, audits and surveillance. A neoliberal strategy of responsibilization contributes to divesting authority for immigration policy in an attempt to erase the social and moral agency of immigrants, with accounting integral to this process. However the social cannot be eradicated as the work illustrates in the narratives and counter accounts that immigrants create.

Research limitations/implications

– The work reveals the illusion of accounting as neutral. As no single story captures the nuances and complexities of immigration practices, further exploration is encouraged.

Originality/value

– The work is a unique contribution to the underdeveloped study of immigration in critical accounting. By unmasking accounting’s role and revealing techniques underpinning immigration discourses, enhanced ways of researching immigration are possible.