bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable process development for the recovery of biobased levulinic acid through reactive extraction
Authors: Kumar Anuj , Shende Diwakar Z. , Wasewar Kailas L.
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND

Levulinic acid is one of the top ten bio‐derived platform chemicals essential for producing many products that are used daily. The recovery of biobased chemicals from industrial streams and fermentation broths is critical due to environmental issues. A few studies have used chemical solvents for the recovery of levulinic acid, but these solvents are toxic for microorganisms. Therefore, green and cheap solvents for the separation of levulinic acid are needed. This study used sunflower oil as a green solvent with trioctylamine and tri‐n‐butyl phosphate for the separation of levulinic acid. The experimental study was presented in the form of important parameters, viz., distribution constant, loading ratio, extraction equilibrium constant, diffusion coefficient, and extraction efficiency. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to understand the acid and extractant interactions and 1:1 complex formation was confirmed in organic phase.

RESULTS

The experimental results include the distribution coefficients (0.14–0.81 and 0.23–2.15), loading ratios (0.013–0.709 and 0.023–0.53), extraction efficiencies (12.43–44.68% and 19–68.30%), and extraction equilibrium constants (0.47–1.63) with trioctylamine and tri‐n‐butyl phosphate, respectively. Since a single‐stage does not provide sufficient extraction efficiency, multi‐stage extraction was performed. The multistage design shows that trioctylamine and tri‐n‐butyl phosphate must be used in three and five stages, respectively, to get 94.8% and 97% recovery of levulinic acid.

CONCLUSION

This study describes the recovery of levulinic acid from the aqueous phase using trioctylamine and tri‐n‐butyl phosphate with sunflower oil as a sustainable green solvent. The multistage design setup provided approximately 100% recovery of levulinic acid.
Extracellular vesicles derived from the choroid plexus trigger the differentiation of neural stem cells
Authors: Ditte Zuzana , Silbern Ivan , Ditte Peter , Urlaub Henning , Eichele Gregor
Published: November 2022

The choroid plexus secrets cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composed of electrolytes, cytokines, growth factors, metabolites and extracellular vesicles (EVs) that flow through the interconnected brain ventricles. On their course, CSF components can act as signals that affect, for example, neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in niches of the ventricular wall. We studied EV‐born CSF signals in an in vitro culture system. We purified EVs from the secretome of a choroid plexus cell line (Z310 cells), and from primary choroid plexus cultures and co‐cultured those EVs with NSCs isolated from the niche of the lateral and the third ventricle. EVsZ310 and EVsCHP were purified by differential centrifugation. This yielded fractions of EVs of 50–150‐nm diameter that induced a complex multicellular network formation and NSC differentiation. Both types of EV converted the round NSCs to cells that extended long processes that contacted nearby, alike‐shaped cells. Mass spectrometry showed that the differentiation‐inducing EVZ310 were enriched for membrane and membrane‐associated proteins involved in cell differentiation, membrane trafficking, and membrane organization. We hypothesize that this type of EV Z310 cargo causes changes of stem cell morphology that leads to multicellular networks in the niches. This cell‐shape transition may represent an initial step in NSC differentiation.
Chinese and Indian economic relations and development assistance to Zimbabwe: Rationale, controversies and significance
Authors: Tinarwo Joseph , Babu Suresh Chandra
Published: November 2022

Recent economic relations including foreign assistance scenario in Africa show expansion of China and India as emerging bilateral partners, competing with traditional countries in Europe and North America. The results of this paper found that the relationship of China and India with Zimbabwe has resulted in several challenges including increasing resource‐backed debt burden, exploitation of the natural resources, and flouting of constitutional, environmental, and labor provisions. The paper recommends that the Zimbabwean government must demand loans and investments that are contracted under clear terms and conditions, with parliamentary oversight and public scrutiny to avoid abuse by the elites.
The association between low skeletal muscle mass and low skeletal muscle radiodensity with functional impairment, systemic inflammation, and reduced survival in patients with incurable cancer
Authors: Calixto‐Lima Larissa , Wiegert Emanuelly Varea Maria , Oliveira Livia Costa de , Chaves Gabriela Villaça , Bezerra Flavia Fioruci , Avesani Carla Maria
Published: November 2022

Background and Aims

Factors associated with the concomitant occurrence of low muscle mass and low muscle radiodensity are unclear. This study investigated whether different skeletal muscle phenotypes are associated with functional impairment, serum inflammatory markers, and survival in patients with incurable cancer.

Methods

Three hundred and twenty‐six patients (median age, 60 years; 67.5% female) who had abdominal or pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans up to 30 days before the initial assessment were enrolled in the study. CT images were used for the assessment of skeletal muscle index (SMI) and skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD). Optimal stratification analysis was used to derive cohort‐specific cutoff points to define SMI and SMD groups with a higher risk for mortality (SMI, males <45.0 cm2/m2 and females <44.0 cm2/m2; SMD, males <34 Hounsfield units [HU] and females <30 HU). Based on these cutoffs, participants were classified into four phenotypes: low‐risk SMI + low‐risk SMD, high‐risk SMI + low‐risk SMD, low‐risk SMI + high‐risk SMD, and high‐risk SMI + high‐risk SMD.

Results

Phenotypes with high‐risk SMI or high‐risk SMD, especially when combined, were associated with low handgrip strength, poor performance status, higher C‐reactive protein, and lower serum albumin levels. The phenotypes with high‐risk SMD, regardless of low‐risk SMI (hazard ratio [HR], 1.74; 95% CI, 1.05–2.88) or high‐risk SMI (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.29–3.05) were associated with higher 90 days' mortality risk.

Conclusion

In patients with incurable cancer, phenotype groups with high‐risk SMI and high‐risk SMD, particularly when combined, were associated with worse functional impairment and inflammation. Moreover, high‐risk SMD was associated with increased mortality risk.
Racial and ethnic disparities in periodontal health among adults seeking dental care in rural North Carolina communities: A retrospective study
Authors: Gillone Alex , Martinez Luna Acela A. , Wu Qiang , Camargo Gerard , Moss Mark E. , Murata Ramiro Mendonca , Pardi Vanessa , Paquette David W.
Published: November 2022

Background

Population studies consistently demonstrate a greater prevalence of chronic diseases, including oral diseases, among underrepresented minorities. This retrospective study aimed to measure and describe the prevalence and extent of periodontitis among adults seeking dental care within an academic practice‐based network in rural North Carolina.

Methods

This study used de‐identified electronic health record (EHR) data from 2011 to 2017 of adult dentate patients (aged ≥30 years) seeking dental care who received a comprehensive periodontal examination at one of nine networked clinical centers. Periodontitis prevalence was calculated using CDC/AAP case definitions, along with extent (%) scores for periodontal parameters. Comparisons focused on age, sex, race, ethnicity, tobacco use, diabetes status, payer or insurance status, plaque scores, and the number of teeth.

Results

EHR data for 10,544 adult patients (60.5% female) indicated 79.8% had some form of periodontitis. This patient population was diverse: 22.6% Black, 4.4% American Indian, and 53.8% White, with 4.8% self‐identified as Hispanic. Patients 50 years and older showed greater mean extent scores for clinical attachment levels relative to patients 30 to 49 years. Males exhibited greater periodontitis than females (p = 0.001). Blacks showed significantly (p < 0.001) greater periodontitis prevalence relative to Whites. Hispanics also showed a greater prevalence of periodontitis (p < 0.001) relative to non‐Hispanics. Significantly greater periodontitis was also noted for tobacco users (p < 0.001) but not for diabetes or payer status. A multiple logistic regression analysis of periodontitis prevalence confirmed significant associations for periodontitis for age, sex, race, ethnicity, tobacco use, high plaque scores, and the number of teeth (p < 0.001), but not diabetes or payer status.

Conclusions

The data document that racial and ethnic inequalities in periodontal health occur within the population of adults residing in rural communities in North Carolina and seeking dental care.
High‐fat diet in mice led to increased severity of spermatogenesis impairment by lead exposure: perspective from gut microbiota and the efficacy of probiotics
Authors: Hu Liehai , Zhao Yu , Liu Shanji , Zhang Jinfeng , Yuan Hongbin , Xu Hengyi
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND

The mechanism of multifactorial spermatogenesis impairment is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the reproductive toxicity of lead (Pb) in mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) and to delineate the important role of gut microbiota.

RESULTS

Results showed that, compared with mice fed a normal diet (ND), Pb exposure caused more severe spermatogenesis impairment in HFD‐fed mice, including decreased sperm count and motility, seminiferous tubule injury, serum and intratesticular testosterone decline, and downregulated expression level of spermatogenesis‐related genes. Besides, 16S sequencing indicated that HFD‐fed mice had increased severity of gut microbiota dysbiosis by Pb exposure compared to ND‐fed mice. With fecal microbiota transplantation, the same trend of spermatogenesis impairment occurred in recipient mice, which confirmed the important role of gut microbiota. Moreover, probiotics supplementation restored the gut microbial ecosystem, and thus improved spermatogenic function.

CONCLUSION

Our work suggested that a population with HFD might face more reproductive health risks upon Pb exposure, and revealed an intimate linkage between microbiota dysbiosis and spermatogenesis impairment, accompanied by the potential usefulness of probiotics as prophylactic and therapeutic. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
On non‐parametric fatigue optimization
Authors: Sartorti Roman , Möcker Torsten , Kriegesmann Benedikt , Pedersen Claus B.W.
Published: November 2022

The present work presents a novel approach for semi‐analytic adjoint sensitivity‐based design optimization for nonproportional fatigue damage. In order to apply fatigue damage in sensitivity‐based design optimizations, an essential part is to calculate correct sensitivities. However, this is not straight forward since fatigue damage calculation typically include rainflow counting and critical plane search algorithms. Therefore, no derivatives are directly available for the fatigue damage calculation, only functional values given by numerical computation. In existing literature the considered fatigue damage calculation is simplified until a closed‐form differentiability is satisfied. However, these simplifications are not applicable for industrial examples where accurate fatigue life estimates are required. In the present work numerical differentiation of the fatigue damage values with respect to the stress tensor is applied to calculate semi‐analytical adjoint sensitivities at material points for multiple load cases. The proposed method is verified and demonstrated using different damage parameter types including critical plane analysis. Additionally, different academic and industrial numerical examples are compared to stress and stiffness optimized designs. The fatigue damage optimized designs show improved fatigue damage results for both the specific damage parameter types and when comparing to stress and stiffness optimized designs. Furthermore, it is successfully applied for different design variables (sizing, non‐parametric shape and bead) as well as different optimization formulations using fatigue damage either as objective or constraint.
A generalized discrete fiber angle optimization method for composite structures: Bipartite interpolation optimization
Authors: Zhang Lanting , Guo Laifu , Sun Pengwen , Yan Jinshun , Long Kai
Published: November 2022

This paper proposes a novel fiber angle optimization method for composite, termed bipartite interpolation optimization (BIO), to address high‐dimensional design variables and inefficient fiber orientation optimization. The weighting functions of BIO are constructed with the help of multiphase material topology optimization approach. Various permutations and combinations of n design variables are utilized to represent 2n discrete candidate angles. Since the weighting functions of the way automatically satisfy the sum constraint, it is unnecessary to address the sum constraints during the optimization process. Compared with the traditional discrete material optimization strategy and solid isotropic material with penalization scheme, the BIO method reduces the dimension of the mathematical model for optimizing fiber angles. Compared to the shape functions with penalization scheme, the BIO method can be extended to the optimization problem of 2n candidates. Numerical examples of different types demonstrate that the proposed method has higher solution efficiency in the optimization problem of fiber orientation selection and is suitable for three‐dimensional shell optimization problems. It provides a new technical means for the structural optimization design of composite laminates.
Fabrication and mechanical behavior of an all‐composite interlocked triangular honeycomb sandwich structure: Experimental investigation and numerical analysis
Authors: Song Shijun , Xiong Chao , Yin Junhui , Kang Xiaoyong
Published: November 2022

The interlocked composite honeycomb structures have high specific strength and specific stiffness, convenient processing, and low cost with great application potential in aerospace, marine, construction, and civil fields. In this study, an effective method is proposed for manufacturing an all‐composite interlocked triangular honeycomb (CITH), and the quasi‐static mechanical properties of the honeycomb and the corresponding sandwich structure (CITHSS) are examined. Through experimental tests, the basic mechanical properties of CITH and CITHSS are analyzed. Further, the effective strength and stiffness coefficient of the slotted carbon sheets constituting CITH are measured through tensile experiments. The in‐plane stiffness model of CITH is derived based on the continuous equivalent method. The failure strength models of CITHSS are also established. At the same time, the failure modes under three‐point bending and edge compression loads are predicted. The experimental results reveal that compared with the interlocked Kagome and square honeycomb, the specific strength of CITH is increased by 27.8% and 24.4%, respectively. Further, the specific stiffness is increased by 148.4% and 8.3%, respectively. Compared with aluminum honeycomb sandwich, the compressive and bending specific strengths of CITHSS are increased by more than 46.5% and 15.2%, respectively. The debonding failure and edge effect are found to be the main weakness of CITHSS. Overall, CTIH and CITHSS exhibit excellent mechanical properties and create feasible options for processing complex multifunctional composite honeycombs by interlocking technology.
Prenatal isolated clubfoot increases the risk for clinically significant exome sequencing results
Authors: Yu Qiu‐Xia , Li Yan‐Lin , Zhang Yong‐Ling , Lin Xiao‐Mei , Zhen Li , Li Dong‐Zhi
Published: November 2022

Objective

To examine the diagnostic yield of exome sequencing (ES) in singleton pregnancies with isolated fetal clubfoot.

Methods

Clinical data from singleton pregnancies with a sonographic diagnosis of isolated clubfoot and ES results between 2018 and 2021 were retrospectively obtained from a single referral medical center. The recorded data include maternal age, gestational age at sonographic diagnosis, the indication for genetic testing, ES results, and pregnancy outcomes.

Results

During the study period, 38 fetuses were prenatally diagnosed with isolated clubfoot by ultrasound and underwent ES after the copy number variant analysis was non‐diagnostic. Through the trio‐ES analysis, pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were detected in 4 of 38 (10.5%) with the following genes: BRPF1, ANKRD17, FLNA, and KIF1A. All are de novo with three of autosomal dominant inheritance and one of X‐linked recessive inheritance.

Conclusion

Sonographic diagnosis of clubfoot, even isolated, increases the risk for monogenic syndromes. Exome sequencing should be an option for genetic investigation for such pregnancies.
Chamber‐based system for measuring whole‐plant transpiration dynamics
Authors: Pieters Alejandro , Giese Marcus , Schmierer Marc , Johnson Kristian , Asch Folkard
Published: November 2022

Most of our insights on whole‐plant transpiration (E) are based on leaf‐chamber measurements using water vapor porometers, IRGAs, or flux measurements. Gravimetric methods are integrative, accurate, and a clear differentiation between evaporation and E can be made. Water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is the driving force for E but assessing its impact has been evasive, due to confounding effects of other climate drivers. We developed a chamber‐based gravimetric method, in which whole plant response of E to VPD could be assessed, while keeping other environmental parameters at predetermined values. Stable VPD values (0.5–3.7 kPa) were attained within 5 min after changing flow settings and maintained for at least 45 min. Species differing in life form and photosynthetic metabolism were used. Typical runs covering the range of VPDs lasted up to 4 h, preventing acclimation responses or soilborne water deficit. Species‐specific responses of E to VPD could be identified, as well as differences in leaf conductance. The combined gravimetric‐chamber‐based system presented overcomes several limitations of previous gravimetric set ups in terms of replicability, time, and elucidation of the impact of specific environmental drivers on E, filling a methodological gap and widening our phenotyping capabilities.
Behavior of Al Impurity in ZnO Films: Influence of Al‐Level Doping on Structure, X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Transport Properties
Authors: Ievtushenko Arsenii , Baibara Oleksii , Dranchuk Mykola , Khyzhun Oleg , Karpyna Vitalii , Bykov Oleksandr , Lytvyn Oksana , Tkach Vasyl , Baturin Volodymyr , Karpenko Oleksandr
Published: November 2022

Transparent and conductive ZnO:Al thin films have been deposited by a reactive magnetron sputtering using the layer‐by‐layer growth method. The grown Al‐doped ZnO films of about 100 nm thickness on Si and glass substrates have been investigated with respect to the crystalline phase by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), surface morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM), chemical bonding, and the electronic structure by measuring the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) core‐level and valence‐band spectra of the ZnO:Al films. The influence of Al content in ZnO films on structure, optical, and XPS spectra, transport parameters n, μ, ρ have been studied. The weak temperature dependence of conductivity in the temperature range 77–300 K suggests that Al3+ is a fully ionized impurity that provides the values of electron concentration in the range 7 × 1019–2.44 × 1020 cm−3. Al electroactivity (EA) in ZnO films is diminishing with Al content increases. A strong decrease in Al EA from 60% to 30% is observed for ZnO:Al films within 0.93–1.22 at% of Al that indicates on the enhancement of concentration of acceptor native and/or neutral complex defects in ZnO.
Starch Modifications via Physical Treatments and the Potential in Improving Resistant Starch Content
Authors: Zailani Mohd Alhafiizh , Kamilah Hanisah , Husaini Ahmad , Awang Seruji Awang Zulfikar Rizal , Sarbini Shahrul Razid
Published: November 2022

Native starches from various plant origins have limitations in their physicochemical properties. These properties influence the qualities of formulated food products, especially in appearance, texture, structure, and taste. Therefore, modification is required to improve the properties and functionalities of starch. Additionally, starch modification is able to enhance functional food properties. Functional food refers to natural or processed foods that contain bioactive compounds, which are clinically proven to promote consumer's health. These bioactive compounds have targeting mechanisms that can manage, prevent, or treat diseases. Modified starches display improvement in resistant starch (RS) content that exhibit functional food properties such as having a low glycemic index and promotes thegrowth of probiotics; Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. This review discusses the modification of starch, specifically heat moisture and microwave heat treatments, in improving the RS content. Furthermore, the relationship between RS and prebiotic properties of starch is also elaborated. Factors influencing the RS content include the amylose–amylopectin ratio and retrogradation period. Meanwhile, the influence of RS content on the prebiotic properties of modified starches is linked to its resistance to digestion. However, further investigation regarding the extent to which RS can contribute prebiotic properties is also an area of interest for future/subsequent exploration.
Promoting Language and Literacy Skills through Music in Early Childhood Classrooms
Authors: Rowe Meredith L. , Kirby Anna L. , Dahbi Mariam , Luk Gigi
Published: November 2022

Music experience during early childhood can promote language and literacy skills, particularly phonological awareness, vocabulary, and turntaking and self‐regulation skills useful for communication more broadly. Incorporating music activities into the early childhood classroom can be particularly useful for Dual Language Learners' (DLLs) language development. Here, we review research on links between music experience and language and literacy development, discuss how early childhood teachers use music in their classrooms and the challenges they face in doing so, and provide some tips and specific resources and activities for teachers to help incorporate music into their classrooms.
Peristaltic heat transport analysis of carbon nanotubes in a flexible duct due to metachronal waves of cilia
Authors: Abrar Muhammad Nasir , Uddin Salah , Shah Shahreyar , Razzaq Raheela
Published: November 2022

This study investigates the natural convection peristaltic transport of creeping viscous nanofluid flow in an axisymmetric flexible circular duct within the cilia walls. Moreover, the impact of radially varying magnetic field, internal heating and thermal radiation impact is also taken into consideration. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed into suitable form by introducing the nondimensional variables. Closed form exact solution is obtained for the momentum, energy, and pressure gradient profiles. Graphical illustrations are produced, which reflect the importance of multiple parameters of concern. With an increase in the heat source parameter and solid volume fraction of nanoparticles, the fluid temperature increases effectively. Trapping phenomena with the help of streamlines are also developed for variation in the flow rate and Grashof number. Streamlines shows that an enhancement in the Grashof number inflates the size of bolus. It is perceived that Copper has less heat transfer ability as compared to CNTs. Temperature profile decreases dramatically with enhancement in the radiation parameter for all types of solid nanoparticles considered.
Taming the landscape of effective theories
Authors: Grimm Thomas W.
Published: November 2022

Abstract

We introduce a generalized notion of finiteness that provides a structural principle for the set of effective theories that can be consistently coupled to quantum gravity. More concretely, we propose a Tameness Conjecture that states that all valid effective theories are labelled by a definable parameter space and must have scalar field spaces and coupling functions that are definable using the tame geometry built from an o-minimal structure. We give a brief introduction to tame geometry and describe how it restricts sets, manifolds, and functions. We then collect evidence for the Tameness Conjecture by studying various effective theories arising from string theory compactifications by using some recent advances in tame geometry. In particular, we will exploit the fact that coset spaces and period mappings are definable in an o-minimal structure and argue for non-trivial tameness results in higher-supersymmetric theories and in Calabi-Yau compactifications. As strongest evidence for the Tameness Conjecture over a discrete parameter space, we then discuss a recent theorem stating that the locus of self-dual flux vacua of F-theory admits a tame geometry even if one allows for any flux choice satisfying the tadpole constraint. This result implies the finiteness of self-dual flux vacua in F-theory.
A nationwide cross-sectional analysis of biopsy-proven Fabry nephropathy: the Japan Renal Biopsy Registry
Authors: Nasu Makoto , Nakagawa Naoki , Hara Shigeo , Yano Junko , Kurokawa Yuka , Nakamura Nao , Yokoyama Hitoshi , Shimizu Akira , Sugiyama Hitoshi , Sato Hiroshi , Fukami Kei
Published: November 2022

Background

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked inherited disease where renal complications are associated with a poor prognosis. However, little is known about the prevalence of Fabry nephropathy (FN) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We extracted FN data from the Japan Renal Biopsy Registry, analyzed the prevalence of FN, and examined the correlation between clinical characteristics and renal involvement according to sex differences and hemi- and heterozygosity in patients with FD.

Methods

A total of 38,351 participants who underwent renal biopsy were retrospectively enrolled, and FN was determined. The clinical characteristics of FD patients were examined based on sex differences.

Results

Twenty-nine patients (0.076%) (19 males and 10 females, mean age: 43.7 ± 15.5 years old) were diagnosed with FN. Median estimated urinary protein (UP) and mean eGFR levels were 0.9 [interquartile range (IQR) [0.7–1.6] g/gCr and 67.1 ± 36.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 126.4 ± 17.1 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure was 76.1 ± 12.6 mmHg. An inverse correlation between eGFR and logarithm UP levels was observed (r2 = 0.23, p = 0.02), SBP was positively associated with logarithm UP (r2 = 0.34, p = 0.004) overall and inversely associated with eGFR (r2 = 0.25, p = 0.007) regardless of sex, and SBP was an independent determinant of proteinuria (p = 0.004) and eGFR (p = 0.007).

Conclusions

The prevalence of biopsy-proven FN was 0.076%. Since SBP is associated with eGFR regardless of zygosity, strict SBP control might be necessary to prevent progression to end-stage kidney disease in both male and female patients with FN.
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus following cardiac arrest—are we missing the beginning?
Authors: De Stefano Pia , Quintard Hervé , Seeck Margitta , Sutter Raoul
Published: November 2022

Background

Status epilepticus (SE) is a common complication in patients surviving a cardiac arrest, but little is known about the frequency of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE).

Objectives

To compile the first the evidence from the literature of the overall frequency of NCSE in adults with persistent coma following cardiac arrest. Secondarily, to assess the emergence of NCSE in comatose resuscitated patients within the first hours of the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and before inducing target temperature management.

Material and methods

The medical search engine PubMed was screened to identify prospective and retrospective studies in English reporting on the frequency of NCSE in comatose post-resuscitated patients. Study design, time of EEG performance, detection of SE and NCSE, outcomes, and targeted temperature management were assessed.

Results

Only three cohort studies (one prospective and two retrospective) reported on the EEG evaluation describing NCSE during ongoing sedation and target temperature management. Overall, we identified 213 patients with SE in 18–38% and NCSE in 5–12%. Our review found no study reporting NCSE in resuscitated adult patients remaining in coma within the first hours of ROSC and prior to targeted temperature management and sedation.

Conclusion

Studies of NCSE after ROSC in adults are rare and mostly nonsystematic. This and the low proportion of patients reported having NCSE following ROSC suggest that NCSE before target temperature management and sedation is often overlooked. The limited quality of the data does not allow firm conclusions to be drawn regarding the effects of NCSE on outcome calling for further investigations. Clinicians should suspect NCSE in patients with persistent coma before starting sedation and targeted temperature management.
Circulating tumour cells are associated with histopathological growth patterns of colorectal cancer liver metastases
Authors: Meyer Y. M. , Wilting S. M. , Kraan J. , Olthof P. , Vermeulen P. , Martens J. , Grünhagen D. J. , Sleijfer S. , Verhoef C.
Published: November 2022

Histopathological Growth Patterns (HGPs) have prognostic and predictive value in patients with Colorectal Liver Metastases (CRLM). This study examined whether preoperative measurement of Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) is associated with HGP. CTCs were prospectively enumerated in 7.5 ml of blood using the FDA-approved CellSearch system in patients who underwent local treatment of CRLM with curative intent between 2008 and 2021. All CTC samples were collected on the day of local treatment. Patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for CRLM or with extrahepatic disease at the time of CTC sampling were excluded. HGP was scored retrospectively following the current consensus guidelines. The association between CTCs and HGP was investigated through multivariable logistic regression. Data were available for 177 patients, desmoplastic HGP (dHGP) was observed in 34 patients (19%). There were no statistically significant differences in patient and tumour characteristics between dHGP and non-dHGP at baseline. Patients with dHGP had longer overall – and disease-free survival (logrank p = 0.003 and 0.003, respectively) compared to patients with non-dHGP. CTCs were not detected in 25(74%) of dHGP patients and in 68(48%) of non-dHGP patients (chi-squared p = 0.006). Preoperative absence of CTCs was the only significant predictor for dHGP in multivariable logistic regression (Odds Ratio 2.7, 95%CI 1.1–6.8, p = 0.028), Table 3. Preoperative absence of CTCs is associated with dHGP in chemo naive CRLM patients without extrahepatic disease. Based on our results, CTC count alone is not sufficient to preoperatively identify HGPs, but integration of CTC count in multivariable prediction models may aid the preoperative identification of HGPs of CRLM.
Manufactured exports, disaggregated imports and economic growth: the case of Kuwait
Authors: Kalaitzi Athanasia Stylianou , Chamberlain Trevor W.
Published: November 2022

This study investigates whether manufactured exports contribute to economic growth and whether imports can augment the role of exports in fostering export diversification. In the case of the latter, the study also examines which categories of imports are most likely to facilitate economic growth in the long run. In particular, the study focuses on the case of Kuwait over the period 1970–2019 and utilizes a Cobb–Douglas production function augmented with manufactured exports and primary and manufactured imports. The long-run relationships between the model variables are explored using two cointegration tests, namely the Johansen test and the dynamic ordinary least squares. The short-run causality is investigated utilizing the multivariate Granger approach in a vector autoregressive model, the parameters of which are assessed for stability using the CUSUM of squares test and recursive residuals plots. To examine the causal relationships in the long run, the Toda and Yamamoto test is applied. The cointegration tests show that the variables are cointegrated, while the Granger causality test shows that manufactured exports and disaggregated imports, together with the inputs of production, cause economic growth in the short run, which, in turn, leads to import growth. In the long run, the expansion of both primary and manufactured imports drives export diversification, whereas manufactured exports do not contribute to economic growth. These findings are very important for Kuwait’s policymakers to consider in their plans to implement Kuwait Vision 2035 as overseas demand for oil wanes.
Characterising contaminants distribution in marine-coastal sediments through multivariate and nonparametric statistical analyses: a complementary strategy supporting environmental monitoring and control
Authors: Ferraro Alberto , Parisi Alessandro , Barbone Enrico , Race Marco , Mali Matilda , Spasiano Danilo , Fratino Umberto
Published: November 2022

This work investigates a statistical approach analysing data from monitoring activities on marine-coastal areas for environmental quality determination and surveillance. Analyses were performed on a database of the Environmental Protection and Prevention Agency of the Puglia Region. As, Cr, Ni, and Pb concentration values in marine sediments and biota from 2013 to 2015 and 2017 were processed to investigate different contaminant characteristics. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified three contaminant distribution classes with (1) highest Cr, Ni, and Pb concentrations, (2) highest As concentration, and (3) lowest contaminants concentration. The Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests showed that contaminant distributions were statistically different when considering the monitoring years and classes. However, statistical similarities resulted during the 2013–2017 and 2014–2015 periods. Spearman’s coefficients displayed positive correlations among the pollutants in each matrix and mainly negative correlations for matrices comparison. This methodology aims to provide a practical support for monitoring to identify potential environmental deterioration over time and correlations with specific contamination sources.
Comparison of quantitative and semi-quantitative sampling methodologies for biomonitoring of Mediterranean streams using benthic macroinvertebrates: a case study from Greece
Authors: Kazila Eleana , Ntislidou Chrysoula , Voreadou Catherina
Published: November 2022

In Greece, the implementation of the Water Framework Directive for rivers is based mainly on benthic macroinvertebrates and uses a semi-quantitative method with a D-frame net, which is certified by the International Organization for Standardization. Before the official adoption of this method, a quantitative shovel sampler (“Cretan shovel”) was used in southern Greece (Crete), which has been implemented for almost three decades due to the specific river habitats found in Crete (e.g., seasonal flow, narrow riverbeds, and coarse substrates). In this study, we compared community metrics, diversity indices, feeding groups, locomotion types, and ecological quality derived from data collected using timed semi-quantitative kick samples and quantitative shovel samples collected from the same sites simultaneously. In total, 20 samples from the north and south of Greece were collected. The majority of community metrics, diversity indices, and traits were comparable between samplers. However, there were statistically significant differences in the relative abundance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, passive filterers’ and the (semi) sessil groups, and Pielou’s index. Most differences in the ecological quality between the kick and shovel samples were observed in 50% of the sites in northern Greece because the shovel is less effective at capturing motile zoobenthos. The ecological quality assessment in Crete by the Cretan shovel is comparable with the D-frame net in 75% of the samples. Thus, the Cretan shovel could efficiently sample the Cretan streams, which are characterized by coarse, narrow, turbulent, and hydrologically fluctuating river habitats. Such comparisons could improve sampling effectiveness and make additional data available to assess ecological quality.
Is it possible to optimise the labour and time intensity of diatom analyses for determination of the Polish Diatom Indices (IO, IOJ)?
Authors: Kryk Adrian , Bąk Małgorzata , Kaniak Aleksandra , Adamczyk Marzena
Published: November 2022

Diatom-based indices are a recommended approach in the assessment of the ecological status of lakes and rivers, required by the EU Water Framework Directive. To optimise the time-consuming microscopic analyses, we determined the lowest number of diatom valves needed to be identified (‘counted’) in a sample to arrive at a reliable ecological status assessment based on the Polish multimetric diatom indices (diatom index, IO for rivers, and diatom index for lakes, IOJ). We compared the indices calculated with different valve counts. The dataset consisted of diatom counts in 55 samples collected in the rivers Ina and Drawa (Western Pomerania, NW, Poland) and their lakes. Following the method used by the Polish Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (ChIEP), periphyton samples were collected from macrophytes growing in the rivers and lakes, and diatom slides were prepared. Originally, the ecological status was determined based on identifying 400 valves per slide. In the subsequent simulation, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 valves per slide were randomly drawn 20 times for each sample and each simulation, and the indices were calculated again. In 87% of our simulations, the ecological status turned out to be identical, regardless of the number of valves identified. However, the standard deviation of the index values was at its highest (> 0.05) with 50 valves, and decreased systematically (below 0.05) for 100 and more valves. Simulated datasets showed logarithmic trend of changes where the compilation and standard deviation was stable above 200 valves identified. Therefore, we recommend simplified methodology for Polish multimetric diatom indices. Reduction of identified valve quantity in a sample to 200 valves would result in over 95% of compliance with classification obtained when 400 valves were identified.
From here to Utopia: Theories of Change in Nonideal Animal Ethics
Authors: Müller Nico Dario
Published: November 2022

Animal ethics has often been criticized for an overreliance on “ideal” or even “utopian” theorizing. In this article, I recognize this problem, but argue that the “nonideal theory” which critics have offered in response is still insufficient to make animal ethics action-guiding. I argue that in order for animal ethics to be action-guiding, it must consider agent-centered theories of change detailing how an ideally just human-animal coexistence can and should be brought about. I lay out desiderata that such a theory of change should suffice so as to be helpful in guiding action. Specifically, a theory of change should determine (1) who needs to do what in order for ideal justice to be achieved in the long run, (2) who should be expected to refuse compliance and how they should be moved to comply, and (3) why specific intermediate steps are necessary. I show how previous “nonideal” contributions, though helpful in other ways, are insufficiently determinate on these points and I sketch a (still somewhat utopian) theory of change for one specific context. This brings animal ethics a crucial step closer to being action-guiding in the real world.
Chemiresistor gas sensors based on conductive copolymer and ZnO blend – prototype fabrication, experimental testing, and response prediction by artificial neural networks
Authors: Kałużyński Piotr , Mucha Waldemar , Capizzi Giacomo , Lo Sciuto Grazia
Published: November 2022

Nitric oxide(NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and their derivatives generally known as nitrogen oxides (NOx) are primary pollutants in the atmosphere originated from natural and anthropogenic sources. The paper presents investigation of electric performance of novel chemiresistor NOx gas sensors. A novel material was utilized for active sensing layer-conductive copolymer and zinc oxide blend. The main advantage of the presented solution is low-cost and environment-friendly production. A series of this type of sensors was manufactured and tested experimentally. During the tests, the gas flow was controlled and signals of sensor responses, temperature, and humidity were computer-acquired using LabVIEW program. Sensor behavior for different thicknesses of the active layer has been investigated and interpreted. The research revealed that the electrical resistance of the sensors has changed in predictable manner depending on the gas concentrations. A recurrent artificial neural network architecture is proposed as a mathematical model to classify sensor responses to gas concentrations variation in a time-dependent regime. In this research, an enhanced method for gas concentration prediction is proposed using non-linear autoregression model with exogenous input (NARX). The performed simulations show good agreement between simulated and experimental data useful for predictions of sensor gas response.
Biodegradation of Composites of Polylactic Acid and Microfibrillated Lignocellulose
Authors: Yetiş Ferhat , Liu Xuqing , Sampson William W. , Gong R. Hugh
Published: November 2022

We present a study of the controlled biodegradation of polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with high lignin containing microfibrillated cellulose (MFLC) isolated from chemi-thermomechanical pulp. The surface of MFLC was modified using an acetylation method to decrease its polarity. Biocomposites with different MFLC and acetylated MFLC (Ac-MFLC) contents were fabricated via a solvent casting method. The biodegradation of biocomposites was performed by burying in soil and holding at 45 °C for 30 days. After soil burial, MFLC/biocomposites exhibited higher weight loss (5.4 %) compared to neat PLA (4.2 %) and Ac-MFLC/biocomposites (4.6 %). Morphological analysis results showed surface erosion of the PLA to change with the addition MFLC and Ac-MFLC, resulting in porous formations on the surface of biocomposites. These formations led to the loosening of microfibril-PLA interface in the internal structure, resulting in a significant decrease in the storage modulus of biocomposites. The biocomposites exhibited no antimicrobial properties, confirming their biotic degradability.

Graphical Abstract
Neoglacial lake-ecosystem changes above and below the subarctic Fennoscandian treeline inferred from changes in diatom functional groups
Authors: Rantala Marttiina V. , Kivilä E. Henriikka , Meyer-Jacob Carsten , Atti Sanna , Luoto Tomi P. , Smol John P. , Nevalainen Liisa
Published: November 2022

Algal communities act as sensitive indicators of past and present climate effects on northern lakes, but their responses can vary considerably between ecosystems. Functional trait-based approaches may help us better understand the nature of the diverse biotic responses and their underlying ecosystem changes. We explored patterns in diatom (Bacillariophyceae) growth forms and species composition during the Neoglacial in two shallow lakes typical of subarctic regions, including a dark-colored woodland lake and a clear tundra lake. Sediment carbon and nitrogen elemental and isotope biogeochemistry and spectral indices were used to track broadscale changes in lake productivity, the inflow of organic carbon from land, and benthic substratum over the past three millennia. The biogeochemical indices tracked declines in land-lake connectivity as well as lake-water and sediment organic enrichment above and below the subarctic treeline driven by Neoglacial cooling. This broadscale environmental transition was intercepted by periods of elevated primary production associated with transient Neoglacial warm anomalies and, in particular, the twentieth century warming. Although the Neoglacial development of the lakes showed conspicuous similarities, diatom functional and taxonomic responses were not uniform between the lakes pointing to intrinsic differences in the development of benthic habitats and underwater-light regimes. Many of the observed biotic shifts aligned with expectations based on earlier research linking diatom functional traits to changing light and organic levels but the results also point to further research needs, particularly to better differentiate the individual and interactive effects of substratum and light. Despite distinct anthropogenic imprints in the biogeochemical record, the scale of human impact on the lakes’ biota has not, as yet, been profound, but the changes are nonetheless clear when compared to the previous three millennia of natural lake development.
Combining staged laparoscopic colectomy with robotic completion proctectomy and ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) in ulcerative colitis for improved clinical and cosmetic outcomes: a single-center feasibility study and technical description
Authors: Birrer Dominique Lisa , Frehner Maurus , Kitow Janina , Zoetzl Kim-Marie , Rickenbacher Andreas , Biedermann Luc , Turina Matthias
Published: November 2022

Robotic proctectomy has been shown to lead to better functional outcomes compared to laparoscopic surgery in rectal cancer. However, in ulcerative colitis (UC), the potential value of robotic proctectomy has not yet been investigated, and in this indication, the operation needs to be adjusted to the total colectomy typically performed in the preceding 6 months. In this study, we describe the technique and analyze outcomes of a staged laparoscopic and robotic three-stage restorative proctocolectomy and compare the clinical outcome with the classical laparoscopic procedure. Between December 2016 and May 2021, 17 patients underwent robotic completion proctectomy (CP) with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) for UC. These patients were compared to 10 patients who underwent laparoscopic CP and IPAA, following laparoscopic total colectomy with end ileostomy 6 months prior by the same surgical team at our tertiary referral center. 27 patients underwent a 3-stage procedure for refractory UC (10 in the lap. group vs. 17 in the robot group). Return to normal bowel function and morbidity were comparable between the two groups. Median length of hospital stay was the same for the robotic proctectomy/IPAA group with 7 days [median; IQR (6–10)], compared to the laparoscopic stage II with 7.5 days [median; IQR (6.25–8)]. Median time to soft diet was 2 days [IQR (1–3)] vs. 3 days in the lap group [IQR 3 (3–4)]. Two patients suffered from a major complication (Clavien–Dindo ≥ 3a) in the first 90 postoperative days in the robotic group vs. one in the laparoscopic group. Perception of cosmetic results were favorable with 100% of patients reporting to be highly satisfied or satisfied in the robotic group. This report demonstrates the feasibility of a combined laparoscopic and robotic staged restorative proctocolectomy for UC, when compared with the traditional approach. Robotic pelvic dissection and a revised trocar placement in staged proctocolectomy with synergistic use of both surgical techniques with their individual advantages will likely improve overall long-term functional results, including an improved cosmetic outcome.