bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As políticas comerciais do Brasil entre 1994 e 2014 e seus efeitos sobre a produtividade da indústria automobilística
Authors: Dörner Stefan Hubertus , Braun Mirian Beatriz Schneider
Published: July 2015

O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar aspectos protecionistas adotados pela política comercial brasileira entre 1994 e a atualidade e possíveis impactos sobre a produtividade da indústria nacional e bem-estar coletivo. Para limitar o escopo deste trabalho, escolheu-se a indústria automobilística pela destacada importância econômica e pela contribuição significativa para o desenvolvimento do país. Seguem exposições sobre as principais medidas protecionistas existentes no mundo, aspectos da produtividade em geral e um breve resumo sobre a indústria automobilística no Brasil. Em seguida, são analisadas as principais medidas protecionistas adotadas pelo Brasil, em especial, a política cambial, tarifária e não tarifária e seus possíveis impactos sobre a produtividade da indústria automobilística e o bem-estar no país.
Determinantes do Investimento Agregado no Brasil no período 1995-2013
Authors: Silva Renato  José , Rodrigues Rossana Lott , Ferreira Carlos Roberto
Published: July 2015

O objetivo deste estudo é  identificar os determinantes do investimento agregado (FBKF) do Brasil, no período 1995-2013. Inicialmente é realizado um panorama da evolução recente do investimento privado no país e sua importância para o desenvolvimento econômico. O artigo apresenta as principais teorias sobre o investimento, bem como um breve survey empírico dos principais estudos já desenvolvidos sobre o tema. A partir dos resultados empíricos e das teorias Keynesianas e neoclássicas do investimento, formulou-se o modelo econométrico Autorregressivo com Defasagens Distribuídas (ARDL). Os resultados demonstraram que o PIB, a carga tributária, a taxa de juros, operações de crédito e os investimentos passados determinaram o investimento agregado no Brasil no período em estudo, obtendo sinais dos coeficientes estimados condizentes com a teoria econômica. Os resultados indicam que diminuir a carga tributária brasileira, sem obter déficits primários e com melhor alocação de recursos, em conjunto com a redução da taxa de juros que não gere pressão inflacionária, e compromisso com políticas e programas de desenvolvimento econômico permanente são caminhos para fomentar o investimento brasileiro.
Análise espacial do nível de desenvolvimento dos municípiosdo estado do Paraná
Authors: Marconato Marcio , Brambilla Marcos Aurélio , Nascimento Sidnei Pereira do
Published: July 2015

O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar os indicadores de desenvolvimento para os municípios do estado do Paraná nos anos de 2000 e de 2010, e verificar a relação entre desenvolvimento e educação. Foram utilizados três indicadores, o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), o índice FIRJAN de desenvolvimento municipal (IFDM) e o Índice IPARDES de desenvolvimento dos municípios (IPDM). Utilizou-se a metodologia de Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais. Os resultados indicam relação espacial positiva entre os indicadores analisados, assim, os municípios com elevado índice de desenvolvimento eram cercados por municípios na mesma situação. O regime espacial Alto-Alto aparece predominantemente nas mesorregiões Norte e Oeste, já o agrupamento espacial Baixo-Baixo foi observado nas mesorregiões Centro Sul, Oriental e Metropolitana de Curitiba. Com a análise multivariada foi possível constatar relação positiva entre desenvolvimento e educação, as associações espaciais Alto-Alto foram observadas na mesorregião Norte e Oeste, o regime espacial Baixo-Baixo aparece concentrado na mesorregião Centro Sul, Oriental e Metropolitana de Curitiba.   O estudo conclui que durante o período analisado os agrupamentos espaciais com alto e baixo desenvolvimento estão concentrados nas mesmas localidades, os municípios com elevado índice de desenvolvimento estão cercados por vizinhos na mesma situação e essas localidades apresentam melhores índices de educação
GraSP: distributed streaming graph partitioning
Authors: Battaglino Casey , Pienta Pienta , Vuduc Richard
Published: July 2015

This paper presents a distributed, streaming graph parti-

tioner, Graph Streaming Partitioner (GraSP), which makes

partition decisions as each vertex is read from memory, sim-

ulating an online algorithm that must process nodes as they

arrive. GraSP is a lightweight high-performance comput-

ing (HPC) library implemented in MPI, designed to be easily

substituted for existing HPC partitioners such as ParMETIS.

It is the rst MPI implementation for streaming partition-

ing of which we are aware, and is empirically orders-of-

magnitude faster than existing partitioners while providing

comparable partitioning quality. We demonstrate the scala-

bility of GraSP on up to 1024 compute nodes of NERSC's

Edison supercomputer. Given a minute of run-time, GraSP

can partition a graph three orders of magnitude larger than

ParMETIS can.
Extending the ‘Five Domains’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states
Authors: Mellor DJ , Beausoleil NJ
Published: July 2015

Contemporary animal welfare thinking is increasingly emphasising the promotion of positive states. There is a need for existing assessment frameworks to accommodate this shift in emphasis. This paper describes extensions to the Five Domains model, originally devised to assess welfare compromise, that facilitate consideration of positive experiences that may enhance welfare. As originally configured, the model provided a systematic method for identifying compromise in four physical/functional domains (nutrition, environment, health, behaviour) and in one mental domain that reflects the animal's overall welfare state understood in terms of its affective experiences. The specific modifications described here now facilitate additional identification in each domain of experiences animals have which may be accompanied by positive affects that would enhance welfare. It is explained why the grading scale and indices for evaluating welfare compromise necessarily differ from those for assessing welfare enhancement. Also, it is shown that the compromise and enhancement grades can be combined to provide a single informative symbol, the scaled use of which covers the range from severe welfare compromise and no enhancement to no compromise and high-level enhancement. Adapted thus, the Five Domains model facilitates systematic and structured assessment of positive as well as negative welfare-related affects, the circumstances that give rise to them and potential interactions between both types of affect, all of which extend the utility of the model. Moreover, clarification of the extended conceptual framework of the model itself contributes to the growing contextual shift in animal welfare science towards the promotion of positive states whilst continuing to minimise negative states.
Positive reinforcement training: a tool for care and management of captive vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops)
Authors: Spiezio C , Piva F , Regaiolli B , Vaglio S
Published: July 2015

In modern zoos, training should be an integral component of the animal care and management. The benefits of training include the opportunity for positive interactions with caretakers. This study was carried out with a group of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) housed at the Garda Zoological Park, Italy. Using focal animal sampling, we observed the behaviour performed by all group members from December 2007 to August 2008. The group took part in a training programme to be isolated in a familiar area before the subjects were included in a cognitive study. We collected behavioural data during a pre-training period to assess the social behaviour of the colony and during the training period to investigate the effects of the training programme on the behaviour of individuals. Additionally, a second phase of the study was conducted and training sessions with individual monkeys were video-recorded to determine the behaviour of animals during each training session and to thus confirm that they were suitable for participating in the procedure. Our results suggest that the training programme enriched the daily routine of these captive primates by increasing affiliative behaviours while decreasing agonistic behaviours. Furthermore, there was behavioural response variability among the individuals under the training procedure. However, all the individuals were trained to calmly enter a familiar area and be isolated from other members of the group. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of using positive reinforcement training to reduce the tension directly associated with potentially stressful procedures by allowing primates to participate voluntarily in these procedures. In addition, the training was found to be an enrichment tool for vervet monkeys.
Assessment of temperament traits of white-lipped (Tayassu pecari) and collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) during handling in a farmed environment
Authors: Nogueira SSC , Macêdo JF , Sant’Anna AC , Nogueira-Filho SLG , Paranhos da Costa MJR
Published: July 2015

White-lipped (Tayassu pecari) and collared (Pecari tajacu) peccaries can be farmed as an alternative to subsistence hunting in Neotropical countries. The animals often show high reactivity to handling, usually involving capture with a net, which is a cause for concern because it poses risks to both animals’ and keepers’ welfare. We aimed to assess the temperament of both peccary species, evaluating animals’ reactions during handling, providing an emotional indicator and a new animal selection criterion for peccary farms. Three indicators were used to assess the temperament of 17 white-lipped and 19 collared peccaries: qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA, by using 12 behavioural adjectives); time to drive each animal through a corridor into a chute (TD, s); and flight speed (FS, m s−1). A Principal Components Analysis was performed for the QBA data to define a temperament index (TI). White-lipped peccaries showed TI scores associated with worse temperament traits than collared peccaries. White-lipped peccaries showed higher TD and FS means than collared peccaries. We found a correlation between TD and FS, but not between TD and TI, nor between FS and TI. The lack of correlation between all temperament indicators occurred, probably, because they measure different aspects of peccaries’ reactions toward humans and the farm environment during handling. A wide phenotypic variability was found among individuals within both species’ populations. The results provide an opportunity to address the role of temperament assessment, improving handling procedures and exploring the possibility of including temperament as a selection criterion in captive breeding programmes.
miR-965 controls cell proliferation and migration during tissue morphogenesis in the Drosophila abdomen
Authors: Verma Pushpa , Cohen Stephen M
Published: July 2015

Formation of the Drosophila adult abdomen involves a process of tissue replacement in which larval epidermal cells are replaced by adult cells. The progenitors of the adult epidermis are specified during embryogenesis and, unlike the imaginal discs that make up the thoracic and head segments, they remain quiescent during larval development. During pupal development, the abdominal histoblast cells proliferate and migrate to replace the larval epidermis. Here, we provide evidence that the microRNA, miR-965, acts via string and wingless to control histoblast proliferation and migration. Ecdysone signaling downregulates miR-965 at the onset of pupariation, linking activation of the histoblast nests to the hormonal control of metamorphosis. Replacement of the larval epidermis by adult epidermal progenitors involves regulation of both cell-intrinsic events and cell communication. By regulating both cell proliferation and cell migration, miR-965 contributes to the robustness of this morphogenetic system.
”Jeg skriver for tænkende Mænd, der selv maae kunne prøve Aanderne”: Nikolai Lorenz Fallesens tidsskrift for religionslærere (1793–1808)
Authors: Roos Merethe
Published: July 2015

“I am writing for intellectuals who are able to judge the spirits”: N. F. Fallesen’s Periodical for Teachers in Religion 1793–1808

This article thematises the first periodical for members of the clergy in Denmark-Norway, Nikolai Lorenz Fallesen’s Magazin for Religionslærere, med hensyn til vore Tider (Copenhagen, 1793–1802) (cont. as Theologisk Maanedsskrivt for Fædrelandets Religionslærere [Copenhagen, 1803–1808]), and sheds light on how Fallesen uses this periodical to present ideas typical for late eighteenth-century theology and the philosophy of religion for a new target group of readers. These readers were rural clergymen and pastors who did not normally participate in academic and intellectual discussions. Among what Fallesen enlightened was the idea that moral behaviour could be seen as the true content of Christianity and the consequence of Christian revelation. This, in turn, leads to a religious universalism in which other institutional religions might also be included as legitimate and ”right”. By presenting different institutional religions and emphasising openness as typical for biblical texts, Fallesens periodical addressed the autonome citizen characteristic of the turn of the nineteenth century. This citizen, here: the rural pastor, was expected to use his own intellectual abilities to judge whether or not the religion under consideration could be regarded as good. This judgement was based upon practical matters rather than norms and dogmas.
Doses de paraquat e volumes de calda na dessecação de Brachiaria ruziziensis antes do cultivo do milho safrinha
Authors: Costa Neumárcio Vilanova , Sontag Daniel Adriano , Scariot Cesar Augusto , Pereira Gabriel Rohrer , Vasconcelos Edmar Soares
Published: July 2015

A Brachiaria ruziziensis pode contribuir na consolidação do sistema de plantio devido à alta produção de biomassa vegetal que pode ser empregada no manejo integrado das plantas daninhas. Contudo, existe escassez de informações referentes à dessecação desta forrageira, principalmente com o uso de herbicidas de ação de contato. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes métodos de manejo da dessecação da forrageira B. ruziziensis, e o efeito na cultura do milho safrinha e na supressão das plantas daninhas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos num esquema fatorial 4 x 6 + 1, correspondente a avaliação de quatro doses do paraquat (100, 200, 400 e 800 g ha-1) em seis volumes de aplicação (69, 138, 204, 273, 342 e 411 L ha-1), além de uma testemunha sem aplicação. Para o estudo da dinâmica da população das plantas daninhas também foi utilizada uma testemunha em condição de pousio e outra somente com a cultura sem a presença de palha (capinada). Foram utilizadas pontas de pulverização modelo Turbo Teejet de jato plano simples com angulação de 90º. O paraquat foi eficiente na dessecação da B. ruziziensis até aos 14 dias após a aplicação. Após este período a rebrota da forrageira interferiu negativamente na produtividade do milho safrinha. A infestação das plantas daninhas foi reduzida nas áreas com B. ruziziensis em consorcio com o milho safrinha em relação à área em pousio.
Efficiency and quality of glyphosate + carfentrazone application in controlling Commelina diffusa depending on the spray nozzles and Triunfo FlexTM adjuvant
Authors: Maciel Cleber Daniel de Goes , Oliveira Neto Antonio Mendes de , Silva André Augusto Pazinato da , Karpinski Ricardo André Kloster , Barbosa André Prechelack , Silva André Felipe Moreira , Mendes Matheus Akiyama , Helvig Enelise Osco
Published: July 2015

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência e a qualidade da tecnologia de aplicação da mistura em tanque de glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl no controle de Commelina diffusa. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa plástica e as unidades experimentais representadas por vasos com quatro plantas de C. diffusa. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com nove tratamentos em fatorial (4x2)+1, sendo quatro pontas de pulverização (XR11002; DG11002; TT11002 e AI11002), duas caldas de pulverização de glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl a 480 + 8 g ha-1 (com e sem o adjuvante Triunfo FlexTM a 0,05% v v-1) e uma testemunha sem aplicação. Nas caldas de pulverização foi adicionado o corante FD&C-1 (1500 ppm), e aplicadas sobre alvos naturais (15 repetições de quatro folhas de C. diffusa) e artificiais (4 repetições de duas lâminas de plástico sobre o solo). A quantificação do traçante nos alvos foi realizada por espectrofotometria, além de avaliado o pH, tensão superficial estática e condutividade das soluções e o controle da C. diffusa aos 5, 10 e 15 dias após aplicação. O adjuvante Triunfo FlexTM reduziu a tensão superficial e o pH da mistura glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl. Houve interação significativa entre pontas e calda de glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl com o adjuvante para o depósito nas folhas de C. diffusa. Com exceção do modelo TT11002, as demais pontas promoveram incremento significativo da deposição sobre a C. diffusa quando associadas ao adjuvante. Para deposição das soluções nas lâminas de plástico caracterizou-se como as melhores performances a ponta DG11002 com e sem adjuvante, e AI11002 com adjuvante. O controle inicial de C. diffusa com glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl foi favorecido quando associado ao adjuvante, principalmente para as pontas AI11002 e TT11002.
Decadal hindcasts initialized using observed surface wind stress: Evaluation and prediction out to 2024
Authors: Thoma Malte , Greatbatch Richard J. , Kadow Christopher , Gerdes Ruediger
Published: July 2015

We use surface air temperature to evaluate the decadal forecast skill of the fully coupled Max Planck Institut Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM) initialized using only surface wind stress applied to the ocean component of the model (Modini: Model initialization by partially coupled spin‐up). Our analysis shows that the greenhouse gas forcing alone results in a significant forecast skill on the 2–5 and 6–9 year range even for uninitialized hindcasts. For the first forecast year, the forecast skill of Modini is generally comparable with previous initialization procedures applied to MPI‐ESM. But only Modini is able to generate a significant skill (correlation) in the tropical Pacific for a 2–5 year (and to a lesser extent for a 6–9 year) hindcast. Modini is also better able to capture the observed hiatus in global warming in hindcast mode than the other methods. Finally, we present forecasts for 2015 and the average of years 2016–2019 and 2020–2024, predicting an end to the hiatus.
Anatomy of an extinct magmatic system along a divergent plate boundary: Alftafjordur, Iceland
Authors: Urbani S. , Trippanera D. , Porreca M. , Kissel C. , Acocella V.
Published: July 2015

Recent rifting episodes highlight the role of magmatic systems with propagating dikes on crustal spreading. However, our knowledge of magmatic systems is usually limited to surface observations and geophysical data. Eastern Iceland allows direct access to extinct and eroded deeper magmatic systems. Here we collected field structural and AMS (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility) data on 187 and 19 dikes, respectively, in the 10–12 Ma old Alftafjordur magmatic system. At a paleodepth of ~1.5 km, the extension due to diking is at least 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than that induced by regional tectonics, confirming magmatism as the key mechanism for crustal spreading. This magma‐induced extension, inferred from the aspect ratio of the magmatic system, was of ~8 mm/yr, lower than the present one. AMS data suggest that most of dikes have geometrically normal fabric, at least at the margins, consistent with prevalent subvertical magma flow and propagation.
Down‐tail mass loss by plasmoids in Jupiter's and Saturn's magnetospheres
Authors: Cowley S. W. H. , Nichols J. D. , Jackman C. M.
Published: July 2015

Recent estimates of the plasma mass‐loss rates by the formation and down‐tail propagation of plasmoids observed in the plasma sheet in Jupiter's and Saturn's magnetosphere fall short of inner moon source rates by at least an order of magnitude. Here we argue that on the time scale between large‐scale disconnection events, ~15 h at Jupiter and ~45 h at Saturn, mass‐loaded closed flux tubes will typically have stretched out a few hundred planetary radii down tail at speeds ~100–200 km s−1. Consequently, the “plasmoids” of order ~10 planetary radii in length observed at closer planetary distances represent only a small planetward portion of the overall structure that is disconnected and lost down tail. Plasmoid mass‐loss estimates are then revised upward by around an order of magnitude, becoming comparable to the moon source values. Additional “hidden,” e.g., small‐scale, mass‐loss processes of comparable strength may not then be required. The essentially continuous azimuthally flowing source plasma in the dusk sector is shown to correspond to a plasma sheet layer adjacent to the magnetopause of width typically ~10% of the distance to the magnetopause in that local time sector. This physical picture also provides a simple explanation for the asymmetry in the plasmoid bipolar field signature observed at both Jupiter and Saturn and predicts that the apparent plasmoid length will increase with distance down tail to a limit beyond a few hundred planetary radii where the full ~100–200 planetary radii structures will be observed.
An investigation of mineral dynamics in frozen seawater brines by direct measurement with synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction
Authors: Butler Benjamin Miles , Kennedy Hilary
Published: July 2015

Frozen seawater is a composite material with a sponge‐like structure. The framework of the structure is composed of pure ice, and within the pores exists a concentrated seawater brine. When the temperature is reduced, the volume of this residual brine decreases, while its salinity increases. As a result of the paired changes to temperature and salinity, the brine eventually becomes supersaturated with respect to a mineral, resulting in the precipitation of microscopic crystals throughout the ice structure. Due to experimental constraints, the current understanding about the formation of these minerals relies on the analysis of the residual brine, rather than the mineral phase. Here synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction was used to assess the dynamics that occur between ice, brine, and mineral phases within frozen seawater brines that were subjected to cooling and warming at subzero temperatures. The method was able to detect crystalline phases of ice, mirabilite (Na2SO4·10H2O), and hydrohalite (NaCl·2H2O). Results illustrate a highly dynamic geochemical environment where ice‐brine‐mineral interactions tend toward an equilibrium crystallization process, which supports the process of seawater freezing that is described by the Gitterman Pathway and FREZCHEM model. This study highlights the power of synchrotron techniques in observing the mineralogical dynamics of inaccessible environmental systems.
Chesapeake Bay nitrogen fluxes derived from a land‐estuarine ocean biogeochemical modeling system: Model description, evaluation, and nitrogen budgets
Authors: Feng Yang , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Wilkin John , Tian Hanqin , Yang Qichun , Hofmann Eileen E. , Wiggert Jerry D. , Hood Raleigh R.
Published: July 2015

The Chesapeake Bay plays an important role in transforming riverine nutrients before they are exported to the adjacent continental shelf. Although the mean nitrogen budget of the Chesapeake Bay has been previously estimated from observations, uncertainties associated with interannually varying hydrological conditions remain. In this study, a land‐estuarine‐ocean biogeochemical modeling system is developed to quantify Chesapeake riverine nitrogen inputs, within‐estuary nitrogen transformation processes and the ultimate export of nitrogen to the coastal ocean. Model skill was evaluated using extensive in situ and satellite‐derived data, and a simulation using environmental conditions for 2001–2005 was conducted to quantify the Chesapeake Bay nitrogen budget. The 5 year simulation was characterized by large riverine inputs of nitrogen (154 × 109 g N yr−1) split roughly 60:40 between inorganic:organic components. Much of this was denitrified (34 × 109 g N yr−1) and buried (46 × 109 g N yr−1) within the estuarine system. A positive net annual ecosystem production for the bay further contributed to a large advective export of organic nitrogen to the shelf (91 × 109 g N yr−1) and negligible inorganic nitrogen export. Interannual variability was strong, particularly for the riverine nitrogen fluxes. In years with higher than average riverine nitrogen inputs, most of this excess nitrogen (50–60%) was exported from the bay as organic nitrogen, with the remaining split between burial, denitrification, and inorganic export to the coastal ocean. In comparison to previous simulations using generic shelf biogeochemical model formulations inside the estuary, the estuarine biogeochemical model described here produced more realistic and significantly greater exports of organic nitrogen and lower exports of inorganic nitrogen to the shelf.
Partial Verbal Redundancy in Multimedia Presentations for Writing Strategy Instruction
Authors: Roscoe Rod D. , Jacovina Matthew E. , Harry Danielle , Russell Devin G. , McNamara Danielle S.
Published: July 2015

Multimedia instructional materials require learners to select, organize, and integrate information across multiple modalities. To facilitate these comprehension processes, a variety of multimedia design principles have been proposed. This study further explores the redundancy principle by manipulating the degree of partial redundancy between written and narrated content. Ninety high school students learned about cohesion via animated lesson videos from the Writing Pal intelligent tutoring system. Videos were crafted such that narrated and onscreen written content overlapped by 10%, 26%, or 50%. Across conditions, students gained significantly in their knowledge of cohesion‐building strategies and the effects of cohesion on writing quality. However, degree of redundancy did not influence learning gains. Additionally, although more‐skilled readers outperformed less‐skilled readers, reading skill did not interact with the degree of redundancy. These results provide evidence that a broad range of partially redundant multimedia materials may be viable instructional tools that benefit diverse learners. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Hybrid Silica Nanoreactor Framework for Encapsulation of Hollow Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles of Superior T1 Magnetic Resonance Relaxivity
Authors: Hsu Benedict You Wei , Ng Michael , Zhang Yu , Wong Siew Yee , Bhakoo Kishore , Li Xu , Wang John
Published: July 2015

A new hybrid nanoreactor framework with poly(ethylene oxide)‐perforated silica walls is designed to encapsulate hollow manganese oxide nanoparticles (MONs) of high distinctness and homogeneity. Achieved by an interfacial templating scheme, the nanoreactor ensures that acidic etching of MONs by an acetate buffer solution is highly controlled for precise control of the hollow interior. As such, hollow MONs with different nanostructures are developed successfully through a facile acetate buffer solution etching. The resultant hollow MONs are integrated within the hybrid nanoreactor and demonstrate superior r1 relativity of up to 2.58 mm−1 s−1 for T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By modifying the nanoreactor architecture, it is also demonstrated that the efficacy of MONs as T1 MRI contrast agents can be significantly improved if an optimal cluster of hollow MONs is encapsulated into the hybrid silica framework. The evolution of core morphology with time is studied to elucidate the etching mechanism. It is revealed that the hollow formation arises due to the surface stabilization of MONs by acetate ions and the subsequent acidic etching of the interior core in a sporadic manner. This is different from the commonly reported nanoscale Kirkendall effect or the selective etching of the core–shell MnO/Mn3O4 structure.
Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Pyrrolidine‐Fused Spirooxindoles via Organocatalytic [3+2] 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with Maleimides
Authors: Zhao Hong‐Wu , Yang Zhao , Meng Wei , Tian Ting , Li Bo , Song Xiu‐Qing , Chen Xiao‐Qin , Pang Hai‐Liang
Published: July 2015

In the presence of a Cinchona alkaloid‐based squaramide organocatalyst, the [3+2] cycloaddition of isatin‐derived azomethine ylides with maleimides proceeded readily, thus delivering the desired pyrrolidine‐fused spirooxindoles in 61–89% yields with >20:1 dr and 12 to >99 % ee. The absolute configuration of 5‐chloro‐1,5′‐dimethyl‐3′‐phenyl‐3′,3a′‐dihydro‐2′H‐spiro[indoline‐3,1′‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole]‐2,4′,6′(5′H,6a′H)‐trione was unambiguously determined by means of X‐ray single crystal structure analysis. The reaction mechanism was hypothesized to account for the enantioselective formation of 5‐chloro‐1,5′‐dimethyl‐3′‐phenyl‐3′,3a′‐dihydro‐2′H‐spiro[indoline‐3,1′‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole]‐2,4′,6′(5′H,6a′H)‐trione.

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Construction of Multifunctionalized Azopyrazoles by Silver‐ Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of Diazo Compounds
Authors: Pandit Rameshwar Prasad , Lee Yong Rok
Published: July 2015

A variety of multisubstituted azopyrazoles were synthesized in good yield from an efficient one‐pot silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (AgOTf)‐catalyzed cascade reaction of α‐diazo‐β‐keto esters with two arylhydrazines or two arylhydrazine hydrochlorides. This cascade reaction included pyrazolone formation, NH insertion, and oxidation. For the synthesis of more diverse azopyrazoles bearing two different aromatic rings, the silver(I)‐catalyzed cascade reaction of 4‐diazopyrazol‐3‐one with arylhydrazine hydrochlorides was also developed. The advantages of these methodologies are easy handling, mild reaction conditions, and an effective and non‐toxic catalyst usage.

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Weather Effects on Household Demand for Coffee and Tea in Japan
Authors: Yohannes Michael Fesseha , Matsuda Toshinobu
Published: July 2015

This paper estimates the weather effects on household demand for coffee and tea in Japan using the linear approximate quadratic almost ideal demand system model (LA/QUAIDS). Five expenditure shares and prices demand equations for coffee and tea group: green tea, black tea, tea beverage, coffee, and coffee beverage are estimated for two or more households in 49 cities, for the period January 2000 through March 2012. Empirical results show that demand for green tea, black tea, and tea beverage are own‐price elastic while coffee and coffee beverage are own‐price inelastic. The expenditure elasticity estimates that green tea and black tea are luxuries, while tea beverage, coffee and coffee beverage are necessities in the Japanese household. In addition, temperature has a positive effect on demand for tea beverage and coffee beverage and has a negative effect on green tea, black tea and coffee throughout the year. [EconLit citations: D12, Q11].
Long‐term follow‐up of imatinib plus combination chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Lim Sung‐Nam , Joo Young‐Don , Lee Kyoo‐Hyung , Kim Dae‐Young , Lee Je‐Hwan , Lee Jung‐Hee , Chi Hyun‐Sook , Yun Sung‐Cheol , Lee Won Sik , Lee Sang Min , Park Seonyang , Kim Inho , Sohn Sang Kyun , Moon Joon Ho , Ryoo Hun‐Mo , Bae Sung Hwa , Hyun Myung Soo , Kim Min Kyoung , Kim Hyeoung Joon , Yang Deok‐Hwan , Eom1 Hyeon‐Seok , Lee Gyeong‐Won , Jung Chul Won , Won Jong‐Ho , Kim Hawk , Lee Jae‐Hoon , Shin Ho‐Jin , Jang Dae‐Young
Published: July 2015

The effects of imatinib plus chemotherapy were assessed in 87 patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome‐positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Imatinib was administered continuously, starting from the eighth day of remission induction chemotherapy, then through five courses of consolidation or until allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Patients who were not transplanted were maintained on imatinib for 2 years. Eighty‐two patients (94.3%) achieved complete remission (CR). Among these 82 CR patients, 40 experienced recurrence of leukemia. The 5‐year relapse free survival (RFS) rate and overall survival (OS) rates were 39.0% and 33.4%, respectively. In total, 56 patients underwent allogeneic HCT in first CR. The 5‐year cumulative incidence of relapse and OS rate of them were 59.1% and 52.6%, respectively. Six of seven patients who were maintained on imatinib after completion of consolidation relapsed and the median time of RFS was 40.7 months. In total patient, cumulative molecular CR rate was 88.5% and median time of molecular CR duration was 13 months. Initial imatinib dose intensity was significantly associated with median CR duration (P < 0.0001), and overall survival (P = 0.002). During the initial phase of treatment of patients with Ph+ ALL, it is important to maintain imatinib dose intensity. Am. J. Hematol. 90:1013–1020, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Traumatic brain injury and bipolar psychosis in the Genomic Psychiatry Cohort
Authors: Cieslak Kristina , Pato Michelle , Buckley Peter , Pato Carlos , Sobell Janet L. , Medeiros Helena , Zhao Yuan , Ahn Hongshik ,   Genomic Psychiatry Cohort Consortium, Malaspina Dolores
Published: July 2015

Approximately three million individuals in the United States sustain traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year, with documented impact on a range of neurological and psychiatric disturbances including mania, depression, and psychosis. Identification of subsets of individuals that may demonstrate increased propensity for posttraumatic symptoms and who may share genetic vulnerabilities for gene‐environment interactions can enhance efforts to understand, predict, and prevent these phenomena. A sample of 11,489 cases from the Genomic Psychiatry Cohort (GPC), a NIMH‐managed data repository for the investigation of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, was used for this study. Cases were excluded if TBI was deemed causal to their mental illness. A k‐means clustering algorithm was used to probe differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associated with variables including onset age, hallucinations, delusions, head injury, and TBI. Cases were separated into an optimum number of seven clusters, with two clusters including all cases with brain injury. Bipolar disorder with psychosis and TBI were significantly correlated in one cluster in which 72% of cases were male and 99.2% sustained head injury. This cluster also carried the longest average period of unconsciousness. This study demonstrates an association of TBI with psychosis in a subset of bipolar cases, suggesting that traumatic stressors may have the ability to impact gene expression in a vulnerable population, and/or there is a heightened occurrence of TBI in individuals with underlying psychosis. Further studies should more closely examine the interplay between genetic variation in bipolar disorder and susceptibility to psychosis following TBI. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the influence of underdamped vibrations on coherence and energy transfer times in light‐harvesting complexes
Authors: Mujica‐Martinez C. A. , Nalbach P.
Published: July 2015

We study the quantum exciton dynamics in light‐harvesting complexes under the influence of underdamped vibrational molecular modes. We observe prolonged coherent population oscillations between different pigments due to an underdamped mode connected to the originally excited pigment. At the same time, an underdamped vibration at the exit site of the complex provides additional channels for the excitation energy transfer towards the reaction center which shortens the transfer times.

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Direct Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids to Alcohols
Authors: Cui Xinjiang , Li Yuehui , Topf Christoph , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2015

The “green” reduction of carboxylic acids to alcohols is a challenging task in organic chemistry. Herein, we describe a general protocol for generation of alcohols by catalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acids. Key to success is the use of a combination of Ru(acac)3, triphos and Lewis acids. The novel method showed broad substrate tolerance and a variety of aliphatic carboxylic acids including biomass‐derived compounds can be smoothly reduced.
An Activity‐Based Probe for Studying Crosslinking in Live Bacteria
Authors: Gautam Samir , Kim Taehan , Shoda Takuji , Sen Sounok , Deep Deeksha , Luthra Ragini , Ferreira Maria Teresa , Pinho Mariana G. , Spiegel David A.
Published: July 2015

Penicillin‐binding proteins (PBPs) catalyze the crosslinking of peptidoglycan (PG), an essential process for bacterial growth and survival, and a common antibiotic target. Yet, despite its importance, little is known about the spatiotemporal aspects of crosslinking—largely because of a lack of experimental tools for studying the reaction in live bacteria. Here we introduce such a tool: an activity‐based probe that enables visualization and relative quantitation of crosslinking in vivo. In Staphylococcus aureus, we show that fluorescent mimics of the natural substrate of PBPs (PG stem peptide) are covalently incorporated into the cell wall, installing fluorophores in place of natural crosslinks. These fluorescent stem peptide mimics (FSPMs) are selectively recognized by a single PBP in S. aureus: PBP4. Thus, we were able to use FSPM pulse‐labeling to localize PBP4 activity in live cells, showing that it is recruited to the septum in a manner dependent on wall teichoic acid.
A Thiol–Ene Coupling Approach to Native Peptide Stapling and Macrocyclization
Authors: Wang Yuanxiang , Chou Danny Hung‐Chieh
Published: July 2015

We report the discovery of a peptide stapling and macrocyclization method using thiol–ene reactions between two cysteine residues and an α,ω‐diene in high yields. This new approach enabled us to selectively modify cysteine residues in native, unprotected peptides with a variety of stapling modifications for helix stabilization or general macrocyclization. We synthesized stapled Axin mimetic analogues and demonstrated increased alpha helicity upon peptide stapling. We then synthesized stapled p53 mimetic analogues using pure hydrocarbon linkers and demonstrated their abilities to block the p53‐MDM2 interaction and selectively kill p53 wild‐type colorectal carcinoma HCT‐116 cells but not p53 null cells. In summary, we demonstrated a robust and versatile peptide stapling method that could be potentially applied to both synthetic and expressed peptides.
RhIII‐katalysierte C‐H‐Aktivierung mit Pyridotriazolen: direkter Zugang zu Fluorophoren zur Metallerkennung
Authors: Kim Ju Hyun , Gensch Tobias , Zhao Dongbing , Stegemann Linda , Strassert Cristian A. , Glorius Frank
Published: July 2015

Die erste C‐H‐Aktivierung mit Pyridotriazolen als Kupplungspartner wurde mit einem RhIII‐Katalysator verwirklicht. Die Pyridotriazole können dabei als neue Carbenvorstufen in der C‐H‐Aktivierung genutzt werden, um gezielt neue fluoreszierende Strukturen zu synthetisieren. Diese Fluorophore mit wählbaren Eigenschaften können zur Detektion von Metallionen genutzt werden.
Biomimetic Total Synthesis of (−)‐Penibruguieramine A Using Memory of Chirality and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Kim Jae Hyun , Lee Seokwoo , Kim Sanghee
Published: July 2015

The fully stereocontrolled total synthesis of (−)‐penibruguieramine A, a naturally occurring marine pyrrolizidine alkaloid, is described in this study for the first time. The key synthetic sequence is the biomimetic aldol reaction of the proline pentaketide amide. The principles of “memory of chirality” (MOC) and “dynamic kinetic resolution” (DKR) are applied to this reaction for the asymmetric synthesis using proline as the only chiral source. A mechanistic rationale is discussed for the excellent stereochemical outcome in a protic solvent environment.
Controllable Chemoselectivity in Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis: Four Diverse Aerobic Radical Cascade Reactions
Authors: Liu Xinfei , Ye Xinyi , Bureš Filip , Liu Hongjun , Jiang Zhiyong
Published: July 2015

Reported is the controllable selectivity syntheses of four distinct products from the same starting materials by visible‐light photoredox catalysis. By employing a dicyanopyrazine‐derived chromophore (DPZ) as photoredox catalyst, an aerobic radical mechanism has been developed, and allows the reactions of N‐tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) with N‐itaconimides to through four different pathways, including addition‐cyclization, addition‐elimination, addition‐coupling, and addition‐protonation, with satisfactory chemoselectivity. The current strategy provide straightforward access to four different but valuable N‐heterocyclic adducts in moderate to excellent yields.
Design von Decorin‐basierten Peptiden, die an Kollagen I binden, und ihr Potenzial als Adhäsionssequenzen in Biomaterialien
Authors: Federico Stefania , Pierce Benjamin F. , Piluso Susanna , Wischke Christian , Lendlein Andreas , Neffe Axel T.
Published: July 2015

Das Nachbilden der Bindungsepitope von Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen mithilfe kleiner Peptide ist wichtig bei der Entwicklung modularer biomimetischer Systeme. Hier beschreiben wir eine Strategie zum Design solcher bioaktiver Peptide, ohne dass Strukturdaten des Proteinkomplexes benötigt werden, und weisen den Effekt der Inkorporierung solcher Adhäsionssequenzen in komplexen Biomaterialsystemen nach. Dazu wurde die hochrepetitive Struktur von Decorin analysiert. Für dessen innere sowie äußere Oberfläche wurden repräsentative Peptide identifiziert und synthetisiert. Nur Peptide auf Basis der inneren Oberfläche binden an Kollagen. Das Peptid mit der höchsten Bindungsaffinität für Kollagen I führte zu einer geringeren Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit eines gekuppelten Farbstoffs in einem Kollagengel. Dimere des Peptids ermöglichten eine physikalische Vernetzung von Kollagen, wodurch der Speichermodul eines Gels stark erhöht werden konnte. Dies belegt das Potenzial der Peptide für das Design von Biomaterialien für die regenerative Medizin.
Catalytic Degradation of Sulfur Hexafluoride by Rhodium Complexes
Authors: Zámostná Lada , Braun Thomas
Published: July 2015

The development of a safe and efficient method for the degradation of SF6 is of current environmental interest, because SF6 is one of the most potent greenhouse gases. SF6 is thermally and chemically extremely inert, and therefore, it has been used in various industrial applications. However, this inertness results in a major challenge for its depletion. We report on a process for a catalytic degradation of SF6 in the homogeneous phase by using rhodium complexes as precatalysts. The SF6 activation reactions feature mild reaction conditions, low catalyst loadings, and a high selectivity. The employment of phosphines and hydrosilanes for scavenging the sulfur and fluorine atoms of the SF6 molecule allows the selective transformation of SF6 into nongaseous and nontoxic compounds.
Experimental Detection of the Intrinsic Difference in Raman Optical Activity of a Photoreceptor Protein under Preresonance and Resonance Conditions
Authors: Haraguchi Shojiro , Hara Miwa , Shingae Takahito , Kumauchi Masato , Hoff Wouter D. , Unno Masashi
Published: July 2015

Raman optical activity (ROA) is an advanced technique capable of detecting structural deformations of light‐absorbing molecules embedded in chromophoric proteins. Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy is widely used to enhance the band intensities. However, theoretical work has predicted that under resonance conditions the ROA spectrum resembles the shape of the RR spectrum. Herein, we use photoactive yellow protein (PYP) to measure the first experimental data on the effect of changing the excitation wavelength on the ROA spectra of a protein. We observe a close similarity between the shape of the RR spectrum and the resonance ROA spectrum of PYP. Furthermore, we experimentally verify the theoretical prediction concerning the ratio of the amplitudes of the ROA and Raman spectra. Our data demonstrate that selecting an appropriate excitation wavelength is a key factor for extracting structural information on a protein active site using ROA spectroscopy.
Head‐to‐Tail Zig‐Zag Packing of Dipolar Merocyanine Dyes Affords High‐Performance Organic Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Lv Aifeng , Stolte Matthias , Würthner Frank
Published: July 2015

Attachment of bulky substituents at both thiophene donor (D) and thiazole acceptor (A) heterocycles of a dipolar (μg=10.4 D) D‐π‐A merocyanine dye affords a more than 1 Å expansion of the common antiparallel supramolecular dimer motif in the solid state, enabling very close π‐contacts (3.36 Å) to two other neighbor molecules on each of the two remaining π‐faces. This unusual packing motif leads to three‐dimensional percolation pathways for hole transport and affords thin‐film transistors with mobility up to 0.64 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Assessment of the antidiabetic and antilipidemic properties of bacillus subtilis spb1 biosurfactant in alloxan‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Zouari Raida , Ben Abdallah‐Kolsi Rihab , Hamden Khaled , Feki Abdelfattah El , Chaabouni Khansa , Makni‐Ayadi Fatma , Sallemi Fahima , Ellouze‐Chaabouni Semia , Ghribi‐Aydi Dhouha
Published: July 2015

The present study aimed to scrutinize the potential of Bacillus subtilis SPB1biosurfactant, orally administered, for preventing diabetic complications in rats. The findings revealed that, Bacillus subtilis biosurfactant was an effective reducer of α‐amylase activity in the plasma. Moreover, this supplement helped protect the β‐cells from death and damage. Both the inhibitory action of SPB1 biosurfactant on α‐amylase and the protection of the pancreas’ β‐cells lead to a decrease of the blood glucose levels, consequently antihyperglycemic effect. Interestingly, this lipopeptide biosurfactant modulated key enzyme related to hyperlipidemia as lipase; which leads to the regulation of the lipid profile in serum by the delay in the absorption of LDL‐cholesterol and triglycerides, and a significant increase in HDL‐cholesterol. Histological analyses also showed that it exerted a protective action on the pancreases and efficiently preserved the liver–kidney functions of diabetic rats, evidenced by significant decreases in aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, gamma‐glytamyl transpeptidase and lactate deshydrogenase activities in the plasma, as well as in the creatinine and urea contents. Overall, the present study demonstrated that the hypoglycemic and antilipidemic activities exhibited by Bacillus subtilis biosurfactant were effective enough to alleviate induced diabetes in experimental rats. Therefore, SPB1biosurfactant could be considered as a potential strong candidate for the treatment and prevention of diabetes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 764–774, 2015.
Isolation and NMR Analysis of Antifungal Fengycin A and B from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum BC32‐1
Authors: Nam Jiyoung , Yun Hyosuk , Kim Jueun , Kim Pyoung Il , Kim Si Wouk , Lee Hyang Burm , Kim Jae Il , Lee Chul Won
Published: July 2015

Natural antibiotics produced by microorganisms have generated considerable interest in various industries. Here we report the potential of antifungal lipopeptides produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum BC32‐1 isolated from ultisols. The BC32‐1 strain strongly inhibited mycelial growth of plant pathogenic fungi. Several lipopeptides were purified by organic solvent extraction and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). The purified lipopeptides contained iturin, fengycin, and surfactin‐type lipopeptides, as confirmed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) analyses. Since fengycin‐type lipopeptides showed strong antifungal activity, we characterized the chemical structures of fengycin A and B using LC‐MS/MS and 2D NMR spectroscopy. This study will provide the structural basis for the development of new antifungal agents for the control of pathogenic fungal diseases.