bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The New National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland
Authors: Sobczak Jacek
Published: October 2021

The approval of the new security strategy of the Republic of Poland in May 2020 required paying attention to the terminological aspects of the concepts used in this document, as well as to legal issues, which were mainly connected with the problem of whether this act should be formally countersigned or not. An equally important issue was to draw attention to the fact that, in practice, two strategies were being developed in Poland’s legal system—one approved by the President of the Republic of Poland in his decision of May 12, 2020, and the other, which was in the form of a resolution of the Council of Ministers, applicable from 9 April 2013. The current strategy was preceded by earlier strategies and the White Paper on National Security of the Republic of Poland. The strategy of May 12, 2020 is a comprehensive document that sheds light on all elements of national security. Its content addresses such phenomena as hybridity, operation in cyberspace, the need for new technologies, and artificial intelligence.
Interpreting the Flexibilities Under the TRIPS Agreement
Authors: Correa Carlos M.
Published: October 2021

While the TRIPS Agreement provides for minimum standards of protection of intellectual property, it leaves certain degree of policy space for WTO members, whether developed or developing countries, to implement the Agreement’s provisions in different manners, to legislate in areas not subject to the minimum standards under the Agreement, and to develop legal interpretations of such provisions to determine the scope and content of the applicable obligations. This paper focuses on some aspects of how panels and the Appellate Body of the WTO have interpreted said provisions. The paper also draws general conclusions for the implementation of TRIPS flexibilities, which are of crucial importance for the design of a pro-competitive intellectual property system and, in particular, for achieving public health objectives, as specifically recognized by the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health.
Bolar Exception
Authors: Munoz Tellez Viviana
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses the exemption from liability of patent infringement for activities related to regulatory approval for medicines, also known as the “regulatory review” or “Bolar” exception. The Bolar exception supports the market entry of generics by allowing the use of a patented invention by a third party without the consent of the patent holder for the sole purpose of obtaining regulatory approval. This constitutes an important defense for generic manufacturers when undertaking activities such as studies and trials to provide the information required by regulatory agencies. In this regard, the Bolar exception can respond to a public policy objective of facilitating market entry of generics to support competition and exerting downward pressure on prices for medicines. The Bolar exception is included in many country patent laws and is compatible with international legal instruments regarding patent law.
Protection of Clinical Test Data and Public Health: A Proposal to End the Stronghold of Data Exclusivity
Authors: Hoen Ellen ‘t
Published: October 2021

Test data demonstrating the efficacy, safety and quality of a medicine is required by drug regulatory agencies before a new treatment obtains marketing approval and can be made available to patients. Because test data can be costly and time-consuming to produce, certain countries have ‘data exclusivity’ regimes that restrict use of test data to the originator company for a period of time. Generic and biosimilar companies rely on originator test data to obtain marketing approval for generic products, so data exclusivity periods can delay entry of lower-cost treatments to the market. While data exclusivity is not required by the World Trade Organization, countries such as the United States and the European Union often push their stronger data exclusivity provisions on other countries through free trade agreements (FTAs). While a small number of countries have waivers to data exclusivity for cases of emergency or other public health need, most do not. This can hamper the timely and affordable availability of needed medicines. Waivers to data exclusivity should be included in legislation to protect public health, and other ways to protect test data against unfair commercial use should be explored.
Onlife Learning Spaces. Handlungsperspektiven hybrider Lernumgebungen an Hochschulen
Authors: Ninnemann Katja
Published: October 2021

Im Kontext der Digitalisierung von Lehr- und Lernprozessen wird mit dem Beitrag das Konzept von Onlife Learning Spaces mit (a) der Veränderung von bestehenden physischen Orten und (b) der Aktivierung von neuen physischen Orten eingeführt. Anhand von Erkenntnissen in einem aktuellen Forschungsprojekt wird aufgezeigt, dass ein ganzheitliches Verständnis des Lernraums Hochschule weit über Fragen zur (Neu-)Gestaltung des Lernraums Campus hinausgeht. Mit dem Aspekt der Lernraumorganisation über Routen und Routinen werden die Notwendigkeit der Konzeption von querliegenden Lernarchitekturen und die damit einhergehenden Herausforderungen und Chancen für lebenslanges Lernen mit zeit- und ortsunabhängigen sowie organisationsübergreifenden Lernraumangeboten dargelegt.
Gaming the System: Neue Perspektiven auf das Lernen
Authors: Bröker Thomas , Voit Thomas , Zinger Benjamin
Published: October 2021

Die Digitalisierung des Lehrens und Lernens wird häufig zu einseitig von den technischen Möglichkeiten angetrieben. Das Potenzial der Digitalisierung bleibt dadurch unerschlossen. Statt sich neue Möglichkeitsräume zu erschließen, verbleiben Hochschulen bei einer digitalen Kopie ihrer selbst. Wir beschreiben in diesem Beitrag ein systematisches Vorgehen, um sich von festgefahrenen Denkweisen zu lösen und stattdessen eine spielerische Haltung einzunehmen. Denn eine digitale Transformation, die sich Spiele zum Vorbild nimmt, könnte das Studieren nicht nur zeit- und ortsunabhängig machen, sondern auch Motor für die Gestaltung motivierender Lern- und Arbeitsgemeinschaften sein.
Anwendbarkeit von QUIKS bei stationär konservativ behandelten Tumorpatienten
Authors: Roch Carmen , Kress Theresa , Erlenwein Joachim , Meissner Winfried , Brede Elmar Marc , van Oorschot Birgitt
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

„Qualitätsverbesserung im konservativen Schmerzmanagement“ (QUIKS), das Modul für nichtoperative Patienten welches an das „QUIPS“-Projekt angelehnt ist, wurde an einer Kohorte Tumorpatienten auf Anwendbarkeit getestet.

Material und Methoden

Prospektiv wurden stationär konservativ behandelte Patienten am Universitätsklinikum Würzburg (UKW) anhand des Ergebnisfragebogens QUIKS zur Qualität der Schmerztherapie befragt (AZ 129/17, Ethikkommission am UKW). Informationen zur Therapie und Demografie wurden dem klinikinternen Dokumentationssystem entnommen.

Ergebnisse

Im Erfassungszeitraum konnten 100 Tumorpatienten aus verschiedenen Kliniken eingeschlossen werden. 74 % der Patienten benötigten Unterstützung bei der Beantwortung des Fragebogens. Funktionelle Einschränkungen oder schmerztherapiebedingte Nebenwirkungen lagen bei 77 % der Patienten vor, im Durchschnitt lagen Schmerzen von 6 auf der numerischen Rating-Skala vor. Die am häufigsten benannten Schmerzentitäten waren Rücken- und Kopfschmerzen. 18 % der Patienten erhielten eine Schmerztherapie mit Opioiden, 26 % mit Nichtopioiden, eine Anpassung der Schmerztherapie erfolgte in 5 % mit Opioiden und in 44 % mit Nichtopioiden, ein Einbezug schmerzmedizinischer Spezialisten erfolgte in 9 %.

Fazit

Die Anwendung des Fragebogens wurde von den Patienten gut akzeptiert, war jedoch mit einem großen Maß an Unterstützung beim Ausfüllen verbunden. Es zeigte sich ein hohes Schmerzniveau während des Krankenhausaufenthalts. Eine Anpassung der Schmerztherapie oder ein Einbezug schmerzmedizinischer Spezialisten erfolgte selten. Die Interpretation bzgl. Aussagen zur Qualität des Schmerzmanagements könnte eingeschränkt sein, da andere (vorbestehende) Schmerzentitäten, wie nichttumorassoziierter Schmerz oder chronischer Tumorschmerz, nicht eindeutig abgrenzbar sind.
Coupling effects between elastic and electromagnetic fields from the perspective of conservation of energy
Authors: Zhou Peng
Published: October 2021

Coupling effects among different physical fields reflect the conversion of energies from one field into another substantially. For simple physical processes, their governing or constitutive equations all satisfy the law of conservation of energy (LCE). Then, an analysis is extended to the coupling effects. First, for the linear direct and converse piezoelectric and piezomagnetic effects, their constitutive equations guarantee that the total energy is conserved during the process of energy conversion between the elastic and electromagnetic fields. However, the energies are converted via the work terms, (βijkEi),kvj and (γijkHi),kvj, rather than via the energy terms, βijkEiejk and γijkHiejk. Second, for the generalized Villari effects, the electromagnetic energy can be treated as an extra contribution to the generalized elastic energy. Third, for electrostriction and magnetostriction, both effects are induced by the Maxwell stress. Moreover, their energies are purely electromagnetic and thus both have no converse effects. During these processes, the energies can be converted in three different ways, i.e., via the non-potential forces, via the cross-dependence of the energy terms, and directly via the electromagnetic interactions of ions and electrons. In the end, the general coupling processes which involve elastic, electromagnetic fields and diffusion are also analyzed. The advantages of using this energy formulation are that it facilitates discussion of the conversion of energies and provides better physical insights into the mechanisms of these coupling effects.
Problematic Online Buying-Shopping: Is it Time to Considering the Concept of an Online Subtype of Compulsive Buying-Shopping Disorder or a Specific Internet-Use Disorder?
Authors: Müller Astrid , Laskowski Nora M. , Wegmann Elisa , Steins-Loeber Sabine , Brand Matthias
Published: October 2021

Purpose of Review

Problematic online buying-shopping became a recent research topic, and the question arises as to whether it would be useful to differentiate between a “predominantly online” and a “predominantly offline” compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD) subtype by analogy with gaming disorder and gambling disorder in the ICD-11. This narrative review aims at reflecting the discussions on overlaps of problematic online buying-shopping with both offline CBSD and specific internet-use disorders.

Recent Findings

Preliminary data suggest that problematic online buying-shopping shares many commonalities with both offline CBSD and potential specific internet-use disorders (e.g., gaming disorder, pornography-use disorder, or social-network–use disorder). However, there is a lack of research addressing the etiology, underlying affective and cognitive mechanisms, psychosocial correlates, comorbidity profiles, and treatment of problematic online buying-shopping.

The question of whether online CBSD can develop independently from offline CBSD or only as medial transformation of offline CBSD still remains unanswered due to limited research on problematic online buying-shopping. Both perspectives are conceivable: that online CBSD represents a standalone specific internet-use disorder or the online subtype of CBSD. Future studies should examine which approach has clinical utility and indicates specific treatment options and better outcomes.
Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition
Authors: Wehrli Samuel , Hertweck Corinna , Amirian Mohammadreza , Glüge Stefan , Stadelmann Thilo
Published: October 2021

Face Recognition (FR) is increasingly influencing our lives: we use it to unlock our phones; police uses it to identify suspects. Two main concerns are associated with this increase in facial recognition: (1) the fact that these systems are typically less accurate for marginalized groups, which can be described as “bias”, and (2) the increased surveillance through these systems. Our paper is concerned with the first issue. Specifically, we explore an intuitive technique for reducing this bias, namely “blinding” models to sensitive features, such as gender or race, and show why this cannot be equated with reducing bias. Even when not designed for this task, facial recognition models can deduce sensitive features, such as gender or race, from pictures of faces—simply because they are trained to determine the “similarity” of pictures. This means that people with similar skin tones, similar hair length, etc. will be seen as similar by facial recognition models. When confronted with biased decision-making by humans, one approach taken in job application screening is to “blind” the human decision-makers to sensitive attributes such as gender and race by not showing pictures of the applicants. Based on a similar idea, one might think that if facial recognition models were less aware of these sensitive features, the difference in accuracy between groups would decrease. We evaluate this assumption—which has already penetrated into the scientific literature as a valid de-biasing method—by measuring how “aware” models are of sensitive features and correlating this with differences in accuracy. In particular, we blind pre-trained models to make them less aware of sensitive attributes. We find that awareness and accuracy do not positively correlate, i.e., that bias$$\ne$$
≠
awareness. In fact, blinding barely affects accuracy in our experiments. The seemingly simple solution of decreasing bias in facial recognition rates by reducing awareness of sensitive features does thus not work in practice: trying to ignore sensitive attributes is not a viable concept for less biased FR.
Trainee–trainer outcomes in mastoid surgery: a comparative study
Authors: Flynn MF , Sheldon A , Bannister M
Published: October 2021

Background

Mastoid exploration remains an advanced, mainstay operation within ENT, in which the surgical trainees’ role has been debated. This audit compares mastoid exploration outcomes between trainees and consultants.

Methods

Cortical mastoidectomy, atticotomy, atticoantrostomy, modified radical mastoidectomy, combined-approach tympanoplasty and revision mastoidectomy operations performed between 2009 and 2020 were reviewed. Complications assessed were: facial palsy, labyrinth injury, dead ear, disease recurrence and time to recurrence. The chi-square test was used to determine significant associations.

Results

A total of 118 operations were surveyed. Thirty-five per cent of procedures (n = 41) were performed by trainees under supervision, and 65 per cent (n = 77) were carried out solely by consultants. Patients from 5 per cent of trainees’ operations (n = 2) developed recurrence, compared with 7.8 per cent of consultants’ (n = 6) (p = 0.55). No other complications developed in either group.

Conclusion

The results corroborate those of other studies, indicating no significant increase in complication rate from consultants to trainees. Trainees likely completed less complicated cases. The stepwise incorporation of trainees did not compromise patient safety.
Endosalpingiose – ein irrelevanter laparoskopischer Zufallsbefund?
Authors: Burla Laurin , Kalaitzopoulos Dimitrios Rafail , Eberhard Markus , Samartzis Nicolas
Published: October 2021

Zusammenfassung. Bei der Endosalpingiose handelt es sich um ektopes Auftreten von Tubenepithel. Lange fand dieser Zufallsbefund wenig Beachtung, obwohl die Endosalpingiose nach der Endometriose die zweithäufigste benigne peritoneale Pathologie der Frau darstellt. Im Gegensatz zur Endometriose zeigt die Endosalpingiose einen Prävalenzanstieg mit dem Alter über die Menopause hinaus. Des Weiteren erscheint sie nicht chronisch-entzündlich und versursacht gemäss bisherigen Erkenntnissen keine chronischen Schmerzen oder Infertilität. Neuere epidemiologische sowie molekularpathologische Untersuchungen zeigen ein signifikant häufigeres Auftreten von Ovarial- und Endometriumtumoren bei Frauen mit Endosalpingiose. Diese Zusammenhänge sind nicht abschliessend geklärt. Allgemein anerkannte klinische Empfehlungen bei Nachweis einer Endosalpingiose existieren bisher nicht. Um den Krankheitswert der Endosalpingiose und ihre onkologischen Zusammenhänge besser zu verstehen, sollte diese Entität ins Bewusstsein der operativen Gynäkologie und involvierten Pathologie rücken.
Association of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Burkitt Lymphoma: A Rare Condition to Be Considered
Authors: Degabriel Dea , Cerutti Alberto , Caramanica Laura , Viganò Alessandro , Fusi-Schmidhauser and Tanja
Published: October 2021

Abstract. We present the case of a 72-year-old woman who was diagnosed with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and who developed a low-grade fever, fatigue, and weight loss that prompted to perform a thyroid biopsy to rule out an underlying primary thyroid lymphoma. This case report offers the opportunity to review the association between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and primary thyroid lymphoma. Furthermore, it underlines the importance of considering the diagnosis of lymphoma when a thyroid mass is found in patients with an underlying Hashimoto’s disease, as the timely management is essential for survival with this rare thyroid condition.
Unexpected River Water Quality Deterioration Due to Stormwater Management in an Urbanizing Watershed
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyue , Chen Lei , Liu Guowangchen , Yu Yu , Ma Yukun , Shen Zhenyao
Published: October 2021

Sustainable stormwater management (SSM) has gained global interests to solve both on‐site and off‐site downstream water problems. However, current structural SSM practices are often limited to small scales and their impacts on river water quality have not been fully understood. In this study, we have quantified watershed responses to SSM via multiyear monitoring and integrated modeling in an urbanizing watershed in China, while five scenarios (baseline, current SSM, improved SSM, future traditional urban development, and future improved SSM scenarios) were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that water quality of ammonia nitrogen (NH3‐N), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solid (SS) would deteriorate by both traditional urban development and current SSM design. Compared to other pollutants, NH3‐N and TP showed greatest deterioration by current SSM due to disproportionate management of on‐site runoff quantity‐related and quality‐related problems. Comparatively, the improved SSM design, which incorporated watershed responses into consideration, would reduce current concentrations of NH3‐N, TP, COD, and SS by 0–53.85%, 8.16–38.84%, 23.07–61.03%, and 68.82–77.82%, respectively; and improve water quality by 60–80% in future SMM scenario. Priority management and stricter objectives should be given to those urbanizing regions at the watershed scale. The results of this study should be used as references for future SSM design as well as water resource protection.
Quality control methods in musculoskeletal tissue engineering: from imaging to biosensors
Authors: Zuncheddu Daniele , Della Bella Elena , Schwab Andrea , Petta Dalila , Rocchitta Gaia , Generelli Silvia , Kurth Felix , Parrilli Annapaola , Verrier Sophie , Rau Julietta V. , Fosca Marco , Maioli Margherita , Serra Pier Andrea , Alini Mauro , Redl Heinz , Grad Sibylle , Basoli Valentina
Published: October 2021

Tissue engineering is rapidly progressing toward clinical application. In the musculoskeletal field, there has been an increasing necessity for bone and cartilage replacement. Despite the promising translational potential of tissue engineering approaches, careful attention should be given to the quality of developed constructs to increase the real applicability to patients. After a general introduction to musculoskeletal tissue engineering, this narrative review aims to offer an overview of methods, starting from classical techniques, such as gene expression analysis and histology, to less common methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, microcomputed tomography, and biosensors, that can be employed to assess the quality of constructs in terms of viability, morphology, or matrix deposition. A particular emphasis is given to standards and good practices (GXP), which can be applicable in different sectors. Moreover, a classification of the methods into destructive, noninvasive, or conservative based on the possible further development of a preimplant quality monitoring system is proposed. Biosensors in musculoskeletal tissue engineering have not yet been used but have been proposed as a novel technology that can be exploited with numerous advantages, including minimal invasiveness, making them suitable for the development of preimplant quality control systems.
Some socially poor but also some socially rich adolescents feel closer to their friends after using social media
Authors: Pouwels J. Loes , Valkenburg Patti M. , Beyens Ine , van Driel Irene I. , Keijsers Loes
Published: October 2021

Who benefits most from using social media is an important societal question that is centered around two opposing hypotheses: the rich-get-richer versus the poor-get-richer hypothesis. This study investigated the assumption that both hypotheses may be true, but only for some socially rich and some socially poor adolescents and across different time intervals. We employed a state-of-the-art measurement burst design, consisting of a three-week experience sampling study and seven biweekly follow-up surveys. Person-specific analyses of more than 70,000 observations from 383 adolescents revealed that 12% of the socially rich adolescents (high in friendship support or low in loneliness) felt closer to their friends after using social media, as opposed to about 25% of the socially poor adolescents (low in friendship support or high in loneliness). However, only 1 to 6% of all adolescents (socially rich and poor) felt closer both in the short- and longer-term. These results indicate that the rich-get-richer and the poor-get-richer hypotheses can hold both, but for different adolescents.
TGF-β regulation of the uPA/uPAR axis modulates mesothelial-mesenchymal transition (MesoMT)
Authors: Logan Ranisha , Jeffers Ann , Qin Wenyi , Owens Shuzi , Chauhan Prashant , Komatsu Satoshi , Ikebe Mitsuo , Idell Steven , Tucker Torry A.
Published: October 2021

Pleural fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease which affects approximately 30,000 people per year in the United States. Injury and sustained inflammation of the pleural space can result in PF, restricting lung expansion and impairing oxygen exchange. During the progression of pleural injury, normal pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) undergo a transition, termed mesothelial mesenchymal transition (MesoMT). While multiple components of the fibrinolytic pathway have been investigated in pleural remodeling and PF, the role of the urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is unknown. We found that uPAR is robustly expressed by pleural mesothelial cells in PF. Downregulation of uPAR by siRNA blocked TGF-β mediated MesoMT. TGF-β was also found to significantly induce uPA expression in PMCs undergoing MesoMT. Like uPAR, uPA downregulation blocked TGF-β mediated MesoMT. Further, uPAR is critical for uPA mediated MesoMT. LRP1 downregulation likewise blunted TGF-β mediated MesoMT. These findings are consistent with in vivo analyses, which showed that uPAR knockout mice were protected from S. pneumoniae-mediated decrements in lung function and restriction. Histological assessments of pleural fibrosis including pleural thickening and α-SMA expression were likewise reduced in uPAR knockout mice compared to WT mice. These studies strongly support the concept that uPAR targeting strategies could be beneficial for the treatment of PF.
West African monsoon precipitation impacted by the South Eastern Atlantic biomass burning aerosol outflow
Authors: Solmon F. , Elguindi N. , Mallet M. , Flamant C. , Formenti P.
Published: October 2021

The West African Monsoon (WAM) is a complex system depending on global climate influences and multiple regional environmental factors. Central and Southern African biomass-burning (SABB) aerosols have been shown to perturb WAM during episodic northward inter-hemispheric transport events, but a possible dynamical connection between the core of the SABB aerosol outflow and the WAM system remains unexplored. Through regional climate modeling experiments, we show that SABB aerosols can indeed impact WAM dynamics via two competitive regional scale and inter-hemispheric dynamical feedbacks originating from (i) enhanced diabatic heating occurring in the Southeastern Atlantic low-cloud deck region, and (ii) aerosol and cloud-induced sea surface temperature cooling. These mechanisms, related to aerosol direct, semi-direct, and indirect effects, are shown to have different seasonal timings, resulting in a reduction of June to September WAM precipitation, while possibly enhancing late-season rainfall in WAM coastal areas.
Oleic acid induced tailored morphological features and structural defects in CuO for multifunctional applications
Authors: Kulkarni Amit , Satbhai Mrudul , Li Wei , Bornare Deepak , Syed Kaleemuddin , Joshi Shravanti
Published: October 2021

Hexagonal CuO thin sheets synthesized via a facile biphasic solvent based co-precipitation route employing oleic acid as a surfactant for multiuse as a CO2 sensor, and a natural sunlight active nanocatalyst for dye degradation and methanol generation.
Two-dimensional magnetic atomic crystals
Authors: Zhang Shanfei , Wu Hao , Yang Li , Zhang Gaojie , Xie Yuanmiao , Zhang Liang , Zhang Wenfeng , Chang Haixin
Published: October 2021

2D magnetic atomic crystals show many fascinating physical properties and have potential device applications in many fields. In this paper, the preparation, physical properties and device applications of 2D magnetic atomic crystals are reviewed.
Two reaction modes of 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and pyridinium 1,4-zwitterionic thiolates: catalyst-free synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives and 1,4-thiazine derivatives
Authors: Duan Shengguo , Chen Cong , Chen Yidian , Jie Yuchen , Luo Huan , Xu Ze-Feng , Cheng Bin , Li Chuan-Ying
Published: October 2021

Efficient catalyst-free synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine and 1,4-thiazine derivatives from triazole and pyridinium 1,4-zwitterionic thiolate was realized.
Uncovering the missing piece of unsaturated two-dimensional phosphorus: a theoretical approach
Authors: Zhou Long , Li Fengcai , Chen Guobo , Xia Shuwei , Qiu Meng , Yu Liangmin
Published: October 2021

Hyperconjugation-stabilized phosphorus counterparts of graphyne, phosphoryne, with both sp2 (red) and sp3 (blue) P atoms, could be applied as potential photoelectronic nanodevice building blocks and high efficiency photo- and electro-catalysts.
Considerations for Addressing the Needs of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Speech-Language Pathology Praxis Test Takers
Authors: Medina Angela M. , Alfano Alliete R. , Moore Stefanie
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

The primary purpose of this article is to explore the speech-language pathology (SLP) Praxis test, a barrier to culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) individuals entering the profession, by investigating first-time pass rates and mean scores by test taker race/ethnicity. Other potential barriers to licensure and certification, as well as solutions for mitigating these barriers, will also be addressed.

Method:

SLP Praxis test data from two windows of time, 2008–2011 and 2014–2020, were compared for the following: (a) proportions of test taker race/ethnicity relative to U.S. demographic estimates of racial/ethnic group proportions overall, (b) proportions of racial/ethnic groups, and (c) trends in test-taker mean scores by race/ethnicity. First-attempt pass rates by racial/ethnic groups were also calculated for the 2014–2020 testing window.

Results:

The percentage of some CLD SLP Praxis test-taker groups increased since the 2008–2011 testing window but is still not representative of U.S. racial/ethnic demographics. The first-attempt pass rates and overall mean scores of CLD test-taker groups remained substantially lower than White non–Hispanic/Latinx test takers.

Conclusions:

Despite the encouraging trends in SLP Praxis test-taker racial/ethnic diversity, disparities persist between the racial/ethnic makeup of SLP Praxis test takers and the demographic makeup of the United States. Consequently, these disparities have implications for the continued lack of cultural representativeness seen in our workforce.
Characterizing Anarthria to Facilitate Neurological Diagnosis: A Case Illustration
Authors: Chandregowda Adithya , Clark Heather M.
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

The purpose of this clinical focus article is to illustrate how speech-language pathologist (SLP) characterization of anarthria can contribute to neurological diagnosis and to highlight the challenges associated with such an endeavor.

Method:

Used in this study are a retrospective chart review and clinicians' experience-based reflections.

Results:

A 65-year-old man, who, in the context of a neurodegenerative disease, presented with near-complete-loss of speech, was referred by neurologists to SLPs for further characterization of his speech difficulty. Assessment of his limited speech output revealed anarthria with mixed features (spastic and hypokinetic) with superimposed apraxia of speech.

Conclusions:

SLP characterization of anarthria to facilitate neurological diagnosis is challenging but possible. Clinical lessons learned from this unusual scenario are discussed.
Executive Function, Metacognition, and Language: Promoting Student Success With Explicit Strategy Instruction
Authors: Meltzer Lynn , Greschler Michael Aaron , Davis Kim , Vanderberg Caitlin
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

The purpose of this clinical focus article was to discuss the important relationship between executive function and language skills and to provide speech-language pathologists (SLPs) with strategies for promoting student success.

Background and Method:

The impact of executive function processes on language and literacy begins in the preschool years and becomes increasingly important from third grade onward. These executive function processes play a more dominant role when tasks require students to integrate and synthesize multiple linguistic and other subskills in order to read and comprehend, write, complete projects, and study for quizzes and tests. In this clinical focus article, we provide a brief overview of research-based executive function strategies that are beneficial for all learners and are essential for students with language weaknesses as well as learning and attention difficulties. We focus on the key executive function processes that are the foundation of academic performance, namely, goal setting, organizing and prioritizing, thinking and problem-solving flexibly, accessing information in working memory, and self-monitoring. We discuss a theoretical framework for understanding and promoting metacognition and executive function as part of assessment and treatment plans for SLPs. Finally, we address the importance of executive function strategies for improving students' effort, academic performance, and resilience.

Conclusion:

SLPs can promote student success by offering structured and systematic approaches to teaching executive function strategies.
Assessment and Management of Misophonia in a Female Adolescent: A Case Study
Authors: Grayless Brittany
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

Misophonia is a condition in which individuals experience negative reactions, including anger and disgust, to specific sounds in their environment. Individuals with misophonia often report feelings of anxiety and a reduced quality of life. While there is no cure for misophonia, there are management protocols supported by case studies in the literature, including tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) and Misophonia Management Protocol (MMP), along with coping strategies. The purpose of this case study is to contribute to the field of clinical research on patients with misophonia.

Method:

Case studies involving misophonia are limited, and further research in this area is needed to provide evidence-based treatment. This case details misophonia questionnaires and assessment, case formulation, and management of misophonia in an 11-year-old girl, using a variation of both the TRT and MMP, including ear-level sound generators and coping strategies.

Conclusions:

This case serves as a contribution to the evidence base for the use of sound therapy and coping strategies in the treatment and management of misophonia, as well as tools that are available in diagnosing misophonia. Clinical implications reveal sound therapy and coping strategies as a means to manage misophonia symptoms. Further research is needed for large-scale data to be available.
Correlation and regression modeling of the grain production cost
Authors: Alexandrova Natalia , Klimushkina Natalia , Leshina Elena , Surkova Maria
Published: October 2021

The study of the efficiency of the grain economy has shown that its level is determined by production costs. Correlation and regression analysis of the factors of the production cost of 100 kg of grain has revealed that its value is determined, first of all, by the level of intensification of the industry and the yield capacity of grain and leguminous crops. According to the obtained result, in order to lower level the production cost of 100 kg of grain, the value of production costs per hectare of area under crops should not exceed 10.5 thousand rubles (the level of intensification) and the yield of grain and leguminous crops should not be less than 17.5 dt/ha. Otherwise, the production cost of 100 kg of grain will be too high, which will lead to a decrease in the profitability of the grain economy.
Comparative analysis of biological activity of probiotic preparations based on Enzymesporine
Authors: Gorobets Alexander , Trubnikov Denis
Published: October 2021

In the article the influence of using the microencapsulated probiotic preparation Enzymesporine with an enzyme in comparison with analogues that do not have an enzyme (microencapsulated and non-encapsulated) in pigs of Genesus selection is considered. The activity on intestinal digestion, growth and weight gain, and on hematological and biochemical parameters is studied. The period of life of pigs during the experiment was 48-98-148 days. In the course of the performed experiment on pigs of Genesus selection, after the usage of reliable results. The increase in the life weight and daily weight gain in the period from the 48th to the 148th day of life has been confirmed. That indicates the advantages of the microencapsulated probiotic preparation Enzymesporine with an enzyme over microencapsulated and non-encapsulated analogues without an enzyme. The general analysis of blood showed that the animals that received microencapsulated Enzymesporine with an enzyme. Along with that the content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin reached the upper physiological limit, which is significantly higher than that in the control groups. During the determination of biochemical parameters of blood a significant increase of the amount of total protein and albumins in experimental animals was detected up to 148 days of animals’ life. A significantly high level of immunoglobulins was observed throughout the experiment in the tested animals. When comparing with the control group, that indicates a high resistance to diseases and a high immune status of pigs.
An evaluation of the use of sideral precursors and biologics in the cultivation of long-legged flax
Authors: Efremova Galina
Published: October 2021

The paper presents data on the study of the effectiveness of new biological drugs-the biofungicides Trichozan and Vitariz and biological insecticide against the background of the action and aftereffect of the sideral precursors of long-legged flax. The research was conducted in the Scientific Research Center of the Ivanovo State Agricultural Academy in 2018-2020. The positive effect of the action and aftereffect of the sideral precursors on the productivity of plants and the yield of flax was established. The greatest increases in the yield of straw and seeds were obtained in 2019-2020 when flax was placed after the sideral precursors and the complex use of the biological products Trichozan, Vitariz, and Bioinsecticide. The quality of flax straw improved by 0.5-0,25 sortonomer with the interaction of the complex of biological products and the action of siderates and by 0.25 sortonomer-with the use of biological products for the treatment of seeds and plants against the background of the aftereffect of siderates. The level of profitability for the years increased by 41.9-11.7%, respectively.
Determination of the timing of slaughter of sheep after the use of the drug MONIZEN® forte
Authors: Engasheva Ekaterina S. , Dorozhkin Vasiliy I.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the results of determining the residual amounts of active ingredients of the medicinal product for veterinary use - MONISEN® forte - in the organs and tissues of sheep. MONISEN® forte is a solution for oral and parenteral use, the active ingredients include praziquantel and ivermectin. MONIZEN® forte is used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes in small ruminants with cestodoses, nematodes of the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, trematodoses, estrosis, psoroptosis, chorioptosis, sarcoptosis, ixodidosis, sifunculatosis, and also melicophagoses, arachinoses, and biliary tract. Carrying out this study is mandatory for the introduction of the drug into wide industrial practice. As a result of the studies, the terms of slaughter of small ruminants after the use of the drug Monizen® forte were established. It is advisable to slaughter sheep for meat 35 days after the last use of the drug.
Methods of diagnosis of hip dysplasia in dogs
Authors: Lyubchenko Elena , Bondarenko Irina , Timofeeva Tatyana
Published: October 2021

To diagnose hip dysplasia, you can use a test system, the essence of which is to create a subhabitation in the hip joint of the dog, laid on the side, while there is a click in the joint, which means that the test is positive, while the pressure on the knee joint of the hip joint does not happen. The most common method of diagnosing dysplasia worldwide is X-ray, in which the age of the dogs studied should be more than a year, and large and giant breeds are studied in the range of one to one and a half years, with the animal laid on the back so that the X-ray image shows the pelvis with the wings of the iliac bone and femurs, including the knee joints, therefore, it is also necessary to use sedation, which allows you to comply with all the requirements for styling. The resulting X-rays are assessed according to the main Xray characteristics of the hip joint, taking measurements on six parameters presented in the text of this article, and determining the type of dysplasia. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can reveal the instability of the pathology in the hip joint and improve understanding of the disease process.
On the problems and ways of solving the problem of renewing the agricultural machinery park in the agricultural sector
Authors: Pigorev Igor , Zyukin Danil
Published: October 2021

The problem of updating the fleet of agricultural machinery and introducing technologies into agricultural production is acute. In the current foreign policy and economic conditions, the issue of ensuring food security has become extremely important, in connection with which there is an urgent need to increase the efficiency of agricultural production in a short time. In such a situation, the most effective way is to intensify production, and in this process, machinery and equipment play a primary role. The study found that in the Russian Federation in the period 2015-2020. There was a reduction in the fleet of agricultural machinery, which caused an increase in the load on the existing fleet of tractors and combine harvesters. The rates of renewal of agricultural machinery concerning tractors and combine harvesters have decreased, which, together with other conditions, negatively characterizes the situation with the renewal of the fleet of machinery in agricultural production. In the context of ensuring the implementation of the policy of import substitution and ensuring food security, the state should provide greater support to agricultural producers when updating the fleet of equipment, since in the context of the weakening of the ruble, the deterioration of the national economic system, the falling purchasing power of the population and other factors, agricultural producers will not be able to independently master additional the financial burden, and the renewal of the material and technical base, especially when it comes to the supply of imported equipment, is an expensive issue.
Antibiotic resistance is a common problem in medicine and veterinary
Authors: Naumov Michael , Reznichenko Ludmila , Masalykina Yana , Styazhkin Ivan
Published: October 2021

This scientific article deals with the problem of antibiotic resistance. It is very difficult to give a complete picture of the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, because this topic is very diverse and is being actively investigated. Accordingly, information about more and more cases of antibiotic resistance appears very quickly. Less than a century has passed since the beginning of large-scale use of antibiotics. In this short historical period of time, the threat of antibiotic resistance has reached a global level, and it would be wrong to deny that it is humanity that has created such an enemy through its own efforts. Antibiotic resistance is a property of a microorganism that is associated with a decrease in the quality of the effect of an antibiotic on a given culture. The driving force behind this phenomenon is evolution. With the help of random mutations, an individual appears that is not susceptible to the effects of a previously used drug. The emergence of superbugs-cultures that do not respond to the use of currently existing antibiotics will lead to a decrease in the quality of life of people. Diseases that no longer caused concern in modern society will once again become deadly.
Effect of cooking in whey on the biological value of beans
Authors: Shamkova Natalia , Abdulhamid Asmaa , Bugaets Natalia
Published: October 2021

Beans are an essential food and the primary protein source for many people worldwide, and there is a need to develop affordable and nutritious bean-based food products, particularly for individuals who are unable to consume animal protein due to financial or health constraints. This study aimed to investigate how cooking beans in whey can affect the biological value and the activity of protease inhibitors (TIA) of the bean puree obtained. Bean seeds were soaked in water for (5–6) hours, then cooked in the whey after discarding water. Boiled beans were then coarsely ground and followed by fine grinding after removing cooking liquid; the obtained bean puree was cooled to 20 °C. Following the same method, the control sample was prepared using water as a cooking liquid. Bean puree obtained from whey-cooking (BPCW) was compared to control (bean puree obtained from water-cooking (BPW)) in terms of trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) and the relative biological value (RBV%) using the test organism (Tetrahymena Pyriformis). TIA in BPCW decreased by (6,7 %; 3,8 % – for water soluble and salt soluble TIA respectively). RBV % showed a significant increase (25 %) after treating samples with whey compared to control, demonstrating the efficacy of incorporating bean puree obtained by this method to develop highly nutritious bean-based foodstuffs for specialized and functional purposes.
The dormant period of the apple tree and its change under the influence of destabilization of weather conditions
Authors: Tsukanova Elena , Tkachev Evgeny
Published: October 2021

The article presents an analysis of the features of weather conditions in 2020 in the Central Black Earth Region. It determines main deviations from the average long-term values of air temperature and humidity, as well as the distribution of precipitation. It shows the influence of climate change in recent decades, the main of which is the destabilization of the water-temperature regime, on the passage of phenophases in the development of fruit plants, including the dormant period. The article studies various methods of determining the dynamic reaction of the photo-system of apple-tree plants of the varieties Lobo, Zhigulevskoe, Melba, Antonovka, Hani Crisp, Ligol on the stock 62-396 deep rest by non-invasive methods based on the analysis of photosynthetic activity and the intensity of photosynthesis of chlorophyll-containing tissues. It shows the prospects of non-invasive registration of photosynthetic activity of tissues of annual branches for monitoring the period of deep dormancy. It was found that the registration of real parameters of changes in the index of photosynthetic activity during the transition to deep dormancy is possible only in the field. Cut branches of plants, placed in favorable laboratory conditions, show smoothed parameters of fluctuations in the level of fluorescence of chlorophyll-a in assimilation tissues, depending on changes in the functional state of the plant organism.
Influence of Sapropel, Diatomite, Brown Coal and Vermicompost in Normal and Ultrafine Forms on Productivity and Quality of Spring Barley
Authors: Gazizov Rasim , Sukhanova Irina , Prishchepenko Elena , Sidorov Valentin
Published: October 2021

The article presents the findings on the use of foliar treatment with suspensions of sapropel, vermicompost, diatomite of conventional grinding and in ultrafine form. Fertilizers, ground to the smallest particles in deionized water under the action of ultrasound, have a high stimulating effect on the crop and have shown better results compared to conventional milled fertilizers. The yield of spring barley of the Prairia variety non-foliar treatment with these fertilizers contributed to an increase in the grain yield of spring barley of the Prairia variety up to 22.1 %. Analysis of the structure of the yield and the chemical composition of grain has showed that diatomite, sapropel and especially vermicompost both in the usual form and especially in the ultradispersed form affect the change in indicators in comparison with the fertilized background.
An innovative modification of the nutrient medium formulation for the isolation and differentiation of enterobacteria
Authors: Ermakov Vladimir , Titov Nikolay
Published: October 2021

In laboratory conditions, the modified nutrient differential diagnostic medium Drigalski agar with lactose is recommended to be used for cultivation (isolation) and differentiation of enterobacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The differentiation of enterobacteria on a modified medium is carried out according to their ability to ferment lactose, mannitol, glucose, sucrose, gelatin and form hydrogen sulfide. The environment can also be used for conducting sanitary and microbiological studies of environmental objects. The environment can be used to perform the ONPG test. In the course of preparing the modified Drigalski agar for operation in laboratory conditions, we recommend using the medium according to one of the options: when one of the carbohydrates is added, the medium is poured into single-section reusable or disposable petri dishes; when two carbohydrates are added, the medium is poured into two-section reusable or disposable petri dishes; when a complex of carbohydrates lactose + mannitol and glucose + sucrose is added, the medium is poured into two-section reusable or disposable petri dishes; when using all four drives separately, the medium is dispensed into single-compartment reusable or disposable petri dishes. We recommend preparing modified Drigalski agar at a plant for the production of ready-made culture media with filling the medium in two-section petri dishes (complex of carbohydrates lactose + mannitol in one section, glucose + sucrose in another section), or with filling the medium in four-section petri dishes (with each carbohydrate in separate section).