bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morpho-ecological Characteristics of an Invasive Vine (Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.) to Varying Light Intensities in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Los Baňos, Philippines
Authors: Godilano-Sarmiento Banjie , Baguinon Nestor T. , Tiburan Jr. Cristino L. , Bantayan Nathaniel C.
Published: November 2016

Invasive species represent the second most remarkable cause of extinction worldwide after habitat destruction (IUCN, 2011). Skyflower (Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.) that is slowly invading Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR) was subjected to varying light intensities. Morpho-ecological characters were evaluated using Analysis of Variance for Randomized Complete Block Design. Bonferonni’s method at 5% level of significance was used for mean comparison.  Plant height, number of leaves and nodes were higher in 0% (open condition) and 50% (partial shade) compared to those grown in 70% (complete shade). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in stem thickness, biomass, and chlorophyll content in all treatments. Leaf area was smallest in plants grown in the open condition. There was significant difference between the two locations (greenhouse and field) for the number of nodes, number of leaves, and stem thickness (P<0.05). Skyflower has strong morphological plasticity in open and partially shaded areas but can also thrive in areas with low light intensity. It is capable of smothering canopies and continues to spread on the lower slopes of MMFR. An Aspect Map generated from a Digital Elevation Model in ArcGIS can be used to distinguish sites with minimum or maximum sun exposure and serve as a useful tool to identify priority areas for the extirpation of Skyflower in MMFR, Luzon, Philippines.
Variability of Soil Properties along Selected Transects in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines
Authors: Timbas Nicola Louise T. , Badayos Rodrigo B. , Sanchez Pearl B. , Sta. Cruz Pompe C.
Published: November 2016

A study was conducted to determine the variability of soil properties along selected transects in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Laguna, Philippines. Samples were taken from seven pedons at the northeastern slope, and six pedons at the southern slope. Morphological properties of soils were investigated in situ. Samples were analyzed for their chemical and physical properties. Four landscape positions were identified at the northeastern slope: interfluve, seepage slope, transportational midsope, and colluvial footslope. At the southern slope, three landscape positions were established: interfluve, transportational midslope and colluvial footslope. Soils at the interfluve in both transects had deep soil profiles with low bulk densities and high organic matter. Soils at the seepage slope have argillic horizons, higher soil pH, exchangeable bases, and base saturation. Lithologic discontinuities were observed at the transportational midslope. Soils at the colluvial footslope of the southern slope have higher soil pH, OM content, exchangeable bases, CEC, and base saturation compared to soils at the northeastern slope. Soils at the northeastern slope were classified as Andisols, Inceptisols, Entisols, Ultisols, and Alfisols. On the other hand, soils at the southern slope were classified as Andisols, Alfisols, and Inceptisols.
PROSPECÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA SOBRE TÉCNICAS DE ELETROFLOTAÇÃO E ELETROCOAGULAÇÃO APLICADAS NO TRATAMENTO DAS ÁGUAS RESIDUÁRIAS DAS INDÚSTRIAS DO RAMO DO LÁTEX
Authors: Mattos Julio Cesar Pinho , Almeida Viramy Marques , Granja Deracilde Santana , Nunes Gilvanda Silva , Vieira Lisandro Juno Soares
Published: November 2016

As técnicas de eletroflotação e eletrocoagulação vêm desempenhando papel importante entre as novas oportunidades que a biotecnologia tem criado através das técnicas não convencionais de tratamento de efluentes industriais em diversos setores industriais, incluindo as indústrias de beneficiamento de látex. E isso se deve à sua versatilidade, tanto no modo operacional quanto na eficiência de remoção de contaminantes. O objetivo desta prospecção foi buscar e analisar as patentes relacionadas com a utilização de técnicas de eletroflotação ou eletrocoagulação, bem como os novos equipamentos, voltados para a remoção de contaminantes das águas residuárias oriundas do beneficiamento do látex. A pesquisa foi feita a partir de palavras-chaves nas bases Espacenet (World Intellectual Property Organization) e INPI. Os resultados apontam a inexistência de patentes envolvendo essas novas oportunidades em biotecnologias para a gestão ambiental das indústrias do ramo do látex. Com esse estudo prospectivo, espera-se fomentar o estudo de novas patentes e inovações tecnológicas dentro da realidade brasileira e dos países asiáticos, expressivos mercados no beneficiamento do látex nativo e cultivado.
Apolipoprotein A‐I: the dual face of a protein
Authors: Arciello Angela , Piccoli Renata , Monti Daria Maria
Published: November 2016

Conformational plasticity and flexibility are key structural features of ApoAI in lipid metabolism. Amyloidogenic single point mutations, associated with incurable familial amyloidosis with fibril deposition in peripheral organs, may have a dramatic impact on the structural and functional features of ApoAI. Here, the consistent body of data on ApoAI variants has been reviewed, with the aim of highlighting the hallmarks of the pathology. In accordance with our observations, as well as that of others, we propose a model that accounts for the alteration of the delicate balance between lipid‐free/lipid‐bound dynamic states which is based on monomer‐to‐dimer interconversion via domain swapping.
Inosine‐specific ribonuclease activity of natural variants of human endonuclease V
Authors: Kim Jung In , Tohashi Kosuke , Iwai Shigenori , Kuraoka Isao
Published: November 2016

Adenine bases in DNA, RNA, and nucleotides are deaminated during normal metabolism via hydrolytic and nitrosative reactions. In RNA, the deaminated product inosine is resolved by human endonuclease V, and mice deficient in this enzyme are cancer‐prone. We have now produced, purified, and characterized naturally occurring variants of human endonuclease V (V29I, R112Q, K114R, H141Y, and D201N). We found that H141Y, but not other variants, is catalytically impaired, suggesting that individuals homozygous for H141Y may be predisposed to disease.
Observational test of empirical magnetopause location models using geosynchronous satellite data
Authors: Park Eunsu , Moon Y.‐J. , Lee Kangjin
Published: November 2016

In this study, we identify 123 geosynchronous magnetopause crossings using geosynchronous satellite observation data from 1996 to 2010 as well as make an observational test of magnetopause location models using the identified events. For this, we consider three models: Petrinec and Russell (1996), Shue et al. (1998), and Lin et al. (2010). To evaluate the models, we estimate a probability of detection (PoD) and a critical success index (CSI) as a function of year. To examine the effect of solar cycle phase, we consider three different time periods: (1) ascending phase (1996–1999), (2) maximum phase (2000–2002), and (3) descending phase (2003–2008). Major results from this study are as follows. First, the PoD values of all models range from 0.4 to 0.8 for the most of years. Second, the PoD values of Lin et al. (2010) are noticeably higher than those of the other models. Third, the CSI values of all models range from 0.1 to 0.3, and those of Shue et al. (1998) are slightly higher than those of the other models. Fourth, the predicted magnetopause radii based on Lin et al.(2010) well match the observed ones within 1 Earth radius, while those on Shue et al. (1998) overestimate the observed ones by about 2 Earth radii. Fifth, the PoD and critical success index (CSI) values of all the models are better for the solar maximum phase than those for the other phases, implying that the models are more optimized for the phase.
Prospects for narrowing bounds on Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity
Authors: Stevens Bjorn , Sherwood Steven C. , Bony Sandrine , Webb Mark J.
Published: November 2016

The concept of Earth's Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) is reviewed. A particular problem in quantifying plausible bounds for ECS has been how to account for all of the diverse lines of relevant scientific evidence. It is argued that developing and refuting physical storylines (hypotheses) for values outside any proposed range has the potential to better constrain these bounds and to help articulate the science needed to narrow the range further. A careful reassessment of all important lines of evidence supporting these storylines, their limitations, and the assumptions required to combine them is therefore required urgently.
Conductivity response to intraplate deformation: Evidence for metamorphic devolatilization and crustal‐scale fluid focusing
Authors: Thiel S. , Soeffky P. , Krieger L. , Regenauer‐Lieb K. , Peacock J. , Heinson G.
Published: November 2016

We present two‐dimensional electrical resistivity models of two 40 km magnetotelluric (MT) profiles across the Frome Embayment to the east of the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. The lower crust shows low resistivity of 10 Ω m at around 30 km depth. The middle crust is dominated by resistive (>1000 Ω m) basement rocks underlying the Flinders Ranges. Adjacent to the ranges, conductive lower crust is connected to vertical zones of higher conductivity extending to just below the brittle‐ductile transition at ∼10 km depth. The conductive zones narrow in the brittle upper crust and dip at roughly 45° beneath the surface. Zones of enhanced conductivity coincide with higher strain due to topographic loading and sparse seismicity. We propose that fluids are generated through neotectonic metamorphic devolatilization. Low‐resistivity zones display areas of fluid pathways along either preexisting faults or an effect of crustal compression leading to metamorphic fluid generation. The lower crustal conductors are responding to long‐wavelength flexure‐induced strain, while the upper crustal conductors are responding to short wavelength faulting in the brittle regime. MT is a useful tool for imaging crustal strain in response to far‐field stresses in an intraplate setting and provides important constraints for geodynamic modeling and crustal rheology.
Moment rate scaling for earthquakes 3.3 ≤ M ≤ 5.3 with implications for stress drop
Authors: Archuleta Ralph J. , Ji Chen
Published: November 2016

We have determined a scalable apparent moment rate function (aMRF) that correctly predicts the peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), local magnitude, and the ratio of PGA/PGV for earthquakes 3.3 ≤ M ≤ 5.3. Using the NGA‐West2 database for 3.0 ≤ M ≤ 7.7, we find a break in scaling of LogPGA and LogPGV versus M around M ~ 5.3 with nearly linear scaling for LogPGA and LogPGV for 3.3 ≤ M ≤ 5.3. Temporal parameters tp and td—related to rise time and total duration—control the aMRF. Both scale with seismic moment. The Fourier amplitude spectrum of the aMRF has two corners between which the spectrum decays ~ f− 1. Significant attenuation along the raypath results in a Brune‐like spectrum with one corner fC. Assuming that fC ≅ 1/td, the aMRF predicts non‐self‐similar scaling
and weak stress drop scaling
. This aMRF can explain why stress drop is different from the stress parameter used to predict high‐frequency ground motion.
Using stable isotopes of hydrogen to quantify biogenic and thermogenic atmospheric methane sources: A case study from the Colorado Front Range
Authors: Townsend‐Small Amy , Botner E. Claire , Jimenez Kristine L. , Schroeder Jason R. , Blake Nicola J. , Meinardi Simone , Blake Donald R. , Sive Barkley C. , Bon Daniel , Crawford James H. , Pfister Gabriele , Flocke Frank M.
Published: November 2016

Global atmospheric concentrations of methane (CH4), a powerful greenhouse gas, are increasing, but because there are many natural and anthropogenic sources of CH4, it is difficult to assess which sources may be increasing in magnitude. Here we present a data set of δ2H‐CH4 measurements of individual sources and air in the Colorado Front Range, USA. We show that δ2H‐CH4, but not δ13C, signatures are consistent in air sampled downwind of landfills, cattle feedlots, and oil and gas wells in the region. Applying these source signatures to air in ground and aircraft samples indicates that at least 50% of CH4 emitted in the region is biogenic, perhaps because regulatory restrictions on leaking oil and natural gas wells are helping to reduce this source of CH4. Source apportionment tracers such as δ2H may help close the gap between CH4 observations and inventories, which may underestimate biogenic as well as thermogenic sources.
Multiple ionospheric perturbations during the Saint Patrick's Day storm 2015 in the European‐African sector
Authors: Borries Claudia , Mahrous Ayman M. , Ellahouny Nada M. , Badeke Ronny
Published: November 2016

Strong ionospheric perturbations were generated by the intense geomagnetic storm on 17 March 2015. In this article, we are studying perturbations in the European‐African sector observed in the total electron content (TEC). Focal points are wavelike phenomena considered as large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs). In the European‐African sector, the storm produced three different types of LSTIDs: (1) a concurrent TEC perturbation at all latitudes simultaneously; (2) one LSTID propagating toward the equator, having very large wave parameters (wavelength: ≈3600 km, period: ≈120 min, and speed: ≈500 m/s); and (3) several LSTIDs propagating toward the equator with typical wave parameters (wavelength: ≈2100 km, period: ≈60 min, and speed ≈600 m/s). The third type of LSTIDs is considered to be exited as most LSTIDs either due to variations in the Joule heating or variations in the Lorentz force, whereas the first two perturbation types are rather unusual in their appearance. They occurred during the partial recovery phase when the geomagnetic perturbations were minor and the interplanetary magnetic field turned northward. A westward prompt penetration electric field is considered to excite the first perturbation signature, which indicates a sudden TEC depletion. For the second LSTID type, variations in the Lorentz force because of perturbed electric fields and a minor particle precipitation effect are extracted as possible excitation mechanisms.
Rotational modulation of Saturn's radio emissions after equinox
Authors: Ye S.‐Y. , Fischer G. , Kurth W. S. , Menietti J. D. , Gurnett D. A.
Published: November 2016

Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR), narrowband emission, and auroral hiss are periodically modulated due to Saturn's rotation, and the periods were found to vary with time. We analyze Cassini observations of Saturn's radio emissions with the main focus on the four years 2012–2015. It is shown that the rotation rates of SKR north and south were different since mid‐2012 with SKR north being faster until autumn 2013, followed by a 1 year interval of similar north and south rotation rates and phases, before the northern SKR component finally became slower than the southern SKR in late 2014. The dual rotation rates of 5 kHz narrowband emissions reappeared for slightly longer than 1 year after a long break since equinox. Auroral hiss provides an unambiguous way of tracking the rotation signals from each hemisphere because the whistler mode waves cannot cross the equator. Rotation rates of auroral hiss and narrowband emissions are consistent with each other and those of SKR when they are observed at high latitudes in early 2013. The phase difference between SKR and auroral hiss and the intensity of auroral hiss are local time dependent.
Rate and state frictional and healing behavior of carbonate fault gouge explained using microphysical model
Authors: Chen Jianye , Spiers Christopher J.
Published: November 2016

Classical rate‐and‐state friction (RSF) laws are widely applied in modeling earthquake dynamics but generally using empirically determined parameters with little or no knowledge of, or quantitative account for, the controlling physical mechanisms. Here a mechanism‐based microphysical model is developed for describing the frictional behavior of carbonate fault gouge, assuming that the frictional behavior seen in lab experiments is controlled by competing processes of rate‐strengthening intergranular sliding versus contact creep by pressure solution. By solving the controlling equations, derived from kinematic and energy/entropy balance considerations, and employing a microphysical model for rate‐strengthening grain boundary friction plus standard creep equations for pressure solution, we simulate typical lab‐frictional tests, namely, “velocity stepping” and “slide‐hold‐slide” test sequences, for velocity histories and environmental conditions employed in previous experiments. The modeling results capture all of the main features and trends seen in the experimental results, including both steady state and transient aspects of the observed behavior, with reasonable quantitative agreement. To our knowledge, ours is the first mechanism‐based model that can reproduce RSF‐like behavior in terms of microstructurally verifiable processes and state variables. Since it is microphysically based, we believe that our modeling approach can provide an improved framework for extrapolating friction data to natural conditions.
OH* imager response to turbulence‐induced temperature fluctuations
Authors: Gardner Chester S. , Vargas Fabio A.
Published: November 2016

The layer of the excited state hydroxyl radical (OH*) is formed in the mesopause region by the reaction of ozone (O3) and atomic hydrogen (H). We derive the theoretical expressions for the OH* brightness and rotational temperature (T*) responses to high‐frequency atmospheric temperature perturbations. The theory is used to calculate the 1‐D and 2‐D horizontal wave number spectra of the OH* and T* image fluctuations induced by atmospheric turbulence. By applying the theory to images of a breaking gravity wave packet, acquired by the Utah State University Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper, we show that existing infrared OH* imager technology can observe the evolution of gravity wave breakdown and characterize the resulting turbulent eddies in the source region and in the inertial subrange of the turbulence spectrum. For the example presented here, the RMS OH* brightness fluctuations induced by the gravity wave packet was 2.90% and by the associated turbulence was 1.07%. Unfortunately, the T* fluctuations induced by turbulence are usually too small to be observed in the OH* rotational temperature maps.
Using qflux to constrain modeled Congo Basin rainfall in the CMIP5 ensemble
Authors: Creese A. , Washington R.
Published: November 2016

Coupled models are the tools by which we diagnose and project future climate, yet in certain regions they are critically underevaluated. The Congo Basin is one such region which has received limited scientific attention, due to the severe scarcity of observational data. There is a large difference in the climatology of rainfall in global coupled climate models over the basin. This study attempts to address this research gap by evaluating modeled rainfall magnitude and distribution amongst global coupled models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) ensemble. Mean monthly rainfall between models varies by up to a factor of 5 in some months, and models disagree on the location of maximum rainfall. The ensemble mean, which is usually considered a “best estimate” of coupled model output, does not agree with any single model, and as such is unlikely to present a possible rainfall state. Moisture flux (qflux) convergence (which is assumed to be better constrained than parameterized rainfall) is found to have a strong relationship with rainfall; strongest correlations occur at 700 hPa in March–May (r = 0.70) and 850 hPa in June–August, September–November, and December–February (r = 0.66, r = 0.71, and r = 0.81). In the absence of observations, this relationship could be used to constrain the wide spectrum of modeled rainfall and give a better understanding of Congo rainfall climatology. Analysis of moisture transport pathways indicates that modeled rainfall is sensitive to the amount of moisture entering the basin. A targeted observation campaign at key Congo Basin boundaries could therefore help to constrain model rainfall.
Monitoring rock freezing and thawing by novel geoelectrical and acoustic techniques
Authors: Murton Julian B. , Kuras Oliver , Krautblatter Michael , Cane Tim , Tschofen Dominique , Uhlemann Sebastian , Schober Sandra , Watson Phil
Published: November 2016

Automated monitoring of freeze‐thaw cycles and fracture propagation in mountain rockwalls is needed to provide early warning about rockfall hazards. Conventional geoelectrical methods such as electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) are limited by large and variable ohmic contact resistances, requiring galvanic coupling with metal electrodes inserted into holes drilled into rock, and which can be loosened by rock weathering. We report a novel experimental methodology that combined capacitive resistivity imaging (CRI), ERT, and microseismic event recording to monitor freeze‐thaw of six blocks of hard and soft limestones under conditions simulating an active layer above permafrost and seasonally frozen rock in a nonpermafrost environment. Our results demonstrate that the CRI method is highly sensitive to freeze‐thaw processes; it yields property information equivalent to that obtained with conventional ERT and offers a viable route for nongalvanic long‐term geoelectrical monitoring, extending the benefits of the methodology to soft/hard rock environments. Contact impedances achieved with CRI are less affected by seasonal temperature changes, the aggregate state of the pore water (liquid or frozen), and the presence of low‐porosity rock with high matrix resistivities than those achieved with ERT. Microseismic monitoring has the advantage over acoustic emissions that events were recorded in relevant field distances of meters to decameters from cracking events. For the first time we recorded about 1000 microcracking events and clustered them in four groups according to frequency and waveform. Compared to previous studies, mainly on ice‐cracking in glaciers, the groups are attributed to single‐ or multiple‐stage cracking events such as crack coalescence.
Poorly ventilated deep ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from carbon isotopes: A data‐model comparison study
Authors: Menviel L. , Yu J. , Joos F. , Mouchet A. , Meissner K. J. , England M. H.
Published: November 2016

Atmospheric CO2 was ∼90 ppmv lower at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to the late Holocene, but the mechanisms responsible for this change remain elusive. Here we employ a carbon isotope‐enabled Earth System Model to investigate the role of ocean circulation in setting the LGM oceanic δ13C distribution, thereby improving our understanding of glacial/interglacial atmospheric CO2 variations. We find that the mean ocean δ13C change can be explained by a 378 ± 88 Gt C(2σ) smaller LGM terrestrial carbon reservoir compared to the Holocene. Critically, in this model, differences in the oceanic δ13C spatial pattern can only be reconciled with a LGM ocean circulation state characterized by a weak (10–15 Sv) and relatively shallow (2000–2500 m) North Atlantic Deep Water cell, reduced Antarctic Bottom Water transport (≤10 Sv globally integrated), and relatively weak (6–8 Sv) and shallow (1000–1500 m) North Pacific Intermediate Water formation. This oceanic circulation state is corroborated by results from the isotope‐enabled Bern3D ocean model and further confirmed by high LGM ventilation ages in the deep ocean, particularly in the deep South Atlantic and South Pacific. This suggests a poorly ventilated glacial deep ocean which would have facilitated the sequestration of carbon lost from the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere.
On the consistency of the SuperDARN radar velocity and E × B plasma drift
Authors: Koustov A. V. , Lavoie D. B. , Varney R. H.
Published: November 2016

Joint observations of the Rankin Inlet (RKN) and Inuvik Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radars and Resolute Bay incoherent scatter radar (RISR) are used to assess consistency in their plasma flow velocity measurements. The analysis covers more than 500 h of successful concurrent measurements. We demonstrate that, overall, the radars show close velocities, although there were minor differences including SuperDARN velocity underestimation, in line with previous publications, and the persistent occurrence of measurements with a SuperDARN velocity magnitude above the RISR velocity magnitude. We argue that, for one event, the velocity overestimation occurs owing to echo detection from a laterally refracted RKN beam while, generally, the effect should be fairly wide‐spread in SuperDARN data because of microstructures with enhanced electron density in the scattering volume that might have either weak irregularities or increased local electric fields. We estimate that the correction of RKN velocity data by considering the effect of the index of refraction improves RKN‐RISR velocity agreement but only for 63% of points. This implies that care should be exercised when attempting to correct raw SuperDARN velocity data by the index of refraction.
Coupled modeling of storm surge and coastal inundation: A case study in New York City during Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Yin Jie , Lin Ning , Yu Dapeng
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we describe a new method of modeling coastal inundation arising from storm surge by coupling a widely used storm surge model (ADCIRC) and an urban flood inundation model (FloodMap). This is the first time the coupling of such models is implemented and tested using real events. The method offers a flexible and efficient procedure for applying detailed ADCIRC storm surge modeling results along the coastal boundary (with typical resolution of ∼100 m) to FloodMap for fine resolution inundation modeling (<5 m). The coastal inundation during Hurricane Sandy was simulated at both the city (New York City) and subregional (lower Manhattan) scales with various resolutions. Results obtained from the ADCIRC and coupled ADCIRC‐FloodMap simulations were compared with the recorded (high water marks) and derived (inundation extent based on the planar method) data from FEMA. At the city scale, coupled ADCIRC‐FloodMap modeling demonstrates improved prediction over ADCIRC modeling alone for both the extent and depth of inundation. The advantage of the coupled model is further illustrated in the subregional modeling, using a mesh resolution of 3 m which is substantially finer than the inland mesh resolution used by ADCIRC (>70 m). In further testing, we explored the effects of mesh resolution and roughness specification. Results agree with previous studies that fine resolution is essential for capturing intricate flow paths and connectivity in urban topography. While the specification of roughness is more challenging for urban environments, it may be empirically optimized. The successful coupling of ADCIRC and FloodMap models for fine resolution coastal inundation modeling unlocks the potential for undertaking large numbers of probabilistically based synthetic surge events for street‐level risk analysis.
Dendritic Spines
Authors: Kirk Lyndsey M , Harris Kristen M
Published: November 2016

Dendritic spines are small protrusions from dendrites that host the majority of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. Structurally, excitatory synapses located on dendritic spines are asymmetric, with a presynaptic bouton that contains round clear vesicles apposed to a postsynaptic density where glutamate receptors are anchored. Spines form biochemical compartments that can isolate activated signalling pathways that occur at one synapse from those at other synapses, thereby providing a way to enhance the specificity of connections between neurons in the brain. Structural changes of dendritic spines in response to stimulation facilitate changes in synaptic strength, and these changes are likely to underlie important higher brain functions such as learning and memory. Dysregulation of spine morphology is seen in several neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and fragile X syndrome.

Key Concepts

Spines are the primary site of excitatory synapses.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum can form complex structures localized to large spines.

The cytoskeleton of spines is mostly composed of actin.

Trans‐synaptic adhesion molecules as well as proteins secreted from astroglia help stabilise synapses.

Spines can act as small biochemical compartments.

Spine structure is responsive to activity.
The Affects of Realism: Or the Estrangement of the Background
Authors: Young Michael
Published: November 2016

Affect is not just about mood and fantasy; at its best, it is an aesthetic provocation that can generate a profound questioning of the nature of reality. The 19th‐century Realist writers and artists understood this – and its political implications – well. After examining the theme with reference to the writings of an international array of cultural critics, architect Michael Young – cofounder with Kutan Ayata of the New York‐based studio Young & Ayata – presents a project by his firm that is subtly designed to trigger affective sensations of defamiliarisation.
Xenocells: In the Mood for the Unseen
Authors: Andrasek Alisa
Published: November 2016

Forces that were previously invisible to the human eye are now being materialised in new aesthetics made possible by algorithmic design. The aptly named Wonderlab studio at University College London's Bartlett School of Architecture is running an ongoing research programme on these awe‐inspiring possibilities. Its XenoCells project uses a cell division algorithm that can be applied in varying resolutions, to vastly different effect – achieving 3D‐printed forms that range from sharp crystalline structures to organic folds reminiscent of internal organs. Alisa Andrasek, director of Wonderlab, explains.
Biomaterials and Culture Technologies for Regenerative Therapy of Liver Tissue
Authors: Perez Roman A. , Jung Cho‐Rok , Kim Hae‐Won
Published: November 2016

Regenerative approach has emerged to substitute the current extracorporeal technologies for the treatment of diseased and damaged liver tissue. This is based on the use of biomaterials that modulate the responses of hepatic cells through the unique matrix properties tuned to recapitulate regenerative functions. Cells in liver preserve their phenotype or differentiate through the interactions with extracellular matrix molecules. Therefore, the intrinsic properties of the engineered biomaterials, such as stiffness and surface topography, need to be tailored to induce appropriate cellular functions. The matrix physical stimuli can be combined with biochemical cues, such as immobilized functional groups or the delivered actions of signaling molecules. Furthermore, the external modulation of cells, through cocultures with nonparenchymal cells (e.g., endothelial cells) that can signal bioactive molecules, is another promising avenue to regenerate liver tissue. This review disseminates the recent approaches of regenerating liver tissue, with a focus on the development of biomaterials and the related culture technologies.
Nanoparticle‐Based Targeting and Detection of Microcavities
Authors: Jones Nathan A. , Chang Sywe‐Ren , Troske William J. , Clarkson Brian H. , Lahann Joerg
Published: November 2016

Although dental caries is the most prevalent oral disease worldwide, currently, many dentists continue to use the traditional mirror and probe (dental explorer) method of caries diagnosis. This method of caries detection has the drawback that it is often difficult to distinguish between active and inactive carious lesions. In this work, novel bio‐based nanoparticles are developed to specifically detect active caries in vitro. The nanoparticles are made from a cationic fluorescein‐labeled food‐grade starch in order to fluoresce when illuminated by a standard dental curing light, and to degrade in the oral cavity into nontoxic compounds after detecting the active carious lesion. When exposed to extracted human teeth, cationic fluorescent (+5.8 ± 1.2 mV) nanoparticles (size 101 ± 56 nm) selectively illuminate active caries, but not the healthy tooth surface. Two‐photon microscopy confirms the selective binding and accumulation of cationic fluorescent nanoparticles into microscopic carious pores in enamel. These novel nanoparticles provide a unique method to assist in the early diagnosis of active carious lesions with the potential to directly impact dental treatment.
Design of Architectures and Materials in In‐Plane Micro‐supercapacitors: Current Status and Future Challenges
Authors: Qi Dianpeng , Liu Yan , Liu Zhiyuan , Zhang Li , Chen Xiaodong
Published: November 2016

The rapid development of integrated electronics and the boom in miniaturized and portable devices have increased the demand for miniaturized and on‐chip energy storage units. Currently thin‐film batteries or microsized batteries are commercially available for miniaturized devices. However, they still suffer from several limitations, such as short lifetime, low power density, and complex architecture, which limit their integration. Supercapacitors can surmount all these limitations. Particularly for micro‐supercapacitors with planar architectures, due to their unique design of the in‐plane electrode finger arrays, they possess the merits of easy fabrication and integration into on‐chip miniaturized electronics. Here, the focus is on the different strategies to design electrode finger arrays and the material engineering of in‐plane micro‐supercapacitors. It is expected that the advances in micro‐supercapacitors with in‐plane architectures will offer new opportunities for the miniaturization and integration of energy‐storage units for portable devices and on‐chip electronics.
Janus Microgels with Tunable Functionality, Polarity, and Optical Properties
Authors: Xu Wenwen , Wei Menglian , Serpe Michael J.
Published: November 2016

A facile self‐assembly method is presented to prepare poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based microgels modified anisotropically with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to yield Janus microgels. Transmission electron microscopy is used to confirm that microgels are selectively coated on one or both sides with Au NPs. This approach is able to generate microgels with the same (monopolar) or different (bipolar) charge on either side of the microgel surface. The optical properties of the Au NPs adsorbed to the microgel surface are also characterized as a function of temperature and pH. It is found that the plasmon absorption of the Au NPs depends on each, which can be explained by the microgel's solvation state dictating the distance between the Au NPs. The surface adsorption behavior of the monopolar and bipolar microgels is also investigated, and it is demonstrated that the bipolar microgels exhibit enhanced surface adsorption compared to the monopolar microgels. Finally, it is shown that the Janus microgel assembly can be controlled by modifying the Au NPs of at least two different sets of Janus microgels with complementary DNA sequences. The work here can find utility for generating surface adsorbed materials with controllable optical properties, sensors, and for studying fundamental behavior of self‐assembling materials.
Structural Color in Marine Algae
Authors: Chandler Chris J. , Wilts Bodo D. , Brodie Juliet , Vignolini Silvia
Published: November 2016

Structural coloration is widespread in the marine environment. Within the large variety of marine organisms, macroalgae represent a diverse group of more than 24 000 species. Some macroalgae have developed complex optical responses using different nanostructures and material compositions. In this review, we describe the mechanisms that are employed to produce structural color in algae and provide a discussion on the functional relevance by analyzing the geographical distribution and ecology in detail. In contrast to what is observed in the animal kingdom, we hypothesize that structural color in algae predominantly functions for a non‐communicative purpose, most likely protection from radiation damage, e.g., by harmful UV light. We suggest that the presence of structural color in algae is likely influenced by local factors such as radiation intensity and turbidity of the water.
Group additive modeling of substituent effects in monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radicals
Authors: Ince Alper , Carstensen Hans‐Heinrich , Sabbe Maarten , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Marin Guy B.
Published: November 2016

The thermodynamic properties of the unsubstituted and substituted phenyl, phenoxy, anisyl, benzoyl, styryl and benzyl radicals with six substituents (hydroxy, methoxy, formyl, vinyl, methyl, and ethyl) are calculated with the bond additivity corrected (BAC) post‐Hartree‐Fock G4 method. Bond dissociation energies of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are calculated and used to identify substituent interactions in these radicals. Benson's Group Additivity (GA) scheme is extended to aromatic radicals by defining 6 GAV and 29 NNI parameters through least squares regression to a database of thermodynamic properties of 369 radicals. Comparison between G4/BAC and GA calculated thermodynamic values shows that the standard enthalpies of formation generally agree within 4 kJ mol−1, whereas the entropies and the heat capacities deviate less than 4 J mol−1 K−1. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2089–2106, 2017
Cognitive control dysfunction in workers exposed to manganese‐containing welding fume
Authors: Al‐Lozi Amal , Nielsen Susan Searles , Hershey Tamara , Birke Angela , Checkoway Harvey , Criswell Susan R. , Racette Brad A.
Published: November 2016

Background

Chronic exposure to manganese (Mn) is a health concern in occupations such as welding because of well‐established motor effects due to basal ganglia dysfunction. We hypothesized that cognitive control (the ability to monitor, manipulate, and regulate ongoing cognitive demands) would also be affected by chronic Mn exposure.

Methods

We examined the relationship between Mn exposure and cognitive control performance in 95 workers with varying intensity and duration (median 15.5 years) of exposure to welding fume. We performed linear regression to assess the association between exposure to Mn‐containing welding fume and cognitive control tasks.

Results

Overall performance was inversely related to intensity of welding exposure (P = 0.009) and was driven by the Two‐Back and Letter Number Sequencing tests that assess working memory (both P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Occupational exposure to Mn‐containing welding fume may be associated with poorer working memory performance, and workers may benefit from practices that reduce exposure intensity. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:181–188, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variability in clinical and neuropsychological features of individuals with MAP2K1 mutations
Authors: Pierpont Elizabeth I. , Semrud‐Clikeman Margaret , Pierpont Mary Ella
Published: November 2016

Mutations in MAP2K1, a gene expressed within the RAS‐mitogen activated protein kinase (RAS/MAPK) pathway, are generally associated with the clinical phenotype of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. Here we describe two male patients (ages 16 and 20 years) with mutations in MAP2K1 and heterogeneous clinical presentations. Both young men had short stature, some facial features suggesting a RASopathy and minimal cardiac involvement. Detailed medical and neuropsychological findings are presented alongside a comprehensive review of features of patients with MAP2K1 mutations reported in the literature. Published studies have indicated that cognitive functioning of individuals with MAP2K1 mutations can range from severe intellectual disability to mildly below average. Neither of the individuals presented here had severe intellectual disability, and one had intellectual functioning within the average range. Neurodevelopmental concerns that were common among our two patients included fine motor difficulties, slow processing speed, reduced attention span, learning disabilities, and diminished energy/alertness. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that mutations in MAP2K1, which are frequently associated with neurological complications and intellectual disability, can be associated with a milder clinical and neurocognitive profile more typical of individuals with Noonan syndrome. Variability of expression may arise from a complex interplay between RAS/MAPK pathway genotype, epigenetics, medical and obstetric factors, and environmental influences. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical and molecular diagnosis of a cartilage‐hair hypoplasia with IGF‐1 deficiency
Authors: Castilla‐Cortázar Inma , Rodríguez De Ita Julieta , Martín‐Estal Irene , Castorena Fabiola , Aguirre Gabriel A. , García de la Garza Rocío , Elizondo Martha I.
Published: November 2016

Cartilage‐hair hypoplasia syndrome (CHH) is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by metaphyseal chondrodysplasia and characteristic hair, together with a myriad of other symptoms, being most common immunodeficiency and gastrointestinal complications. A 15‐year‐old Mexican male initially diagnosed with Hirschsprung disease and posterior immunodeficiency, presents to our department for genetic and complementary evaluation for suspected CHH. Physical, biochemical, and genetic studies confirmed CHH together with IGF‐1 deficiency. For this reason, we propose IGF‐1 replacement therapy for its well‐known actions on hematopoiesis, immune function and maturation, and metabolism. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surgical therapy vs continued medical therapy for medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Patel Zara M. , Thamboo Andrew , Rudmik Luke , Nayak Jayakar V. , Smith Timothy L. , Hwang Peter H.
Published: November 2016

Background

The currently accepted treatment paradigm of treating chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) first with appropriate medical therapy (AMT) and then with surgery if patients are refractory to AMT, has been criticized for lack of evidence. The objective of this study was to reassess the literature and establish the highest level of evidence possible regarding further management of CRS patients refractory to AMT.

Methods

This study was a systematic review (SR) with meta‐analysis (MA). Adult CRS patients who received AMT and then underwent either medical or surgical therapy in moderate to high level prospective studies were included. Outcomes assessed were disease‐specific quality of life (QOL), nasal endoscopy, health‐state utility, missed work days, change in cardinal symptoms of CRS, economic impact, and adverse events.

Results

A total of 970 manuscripts were identified; 6 studies were ultimately included in the SR with 5 included in the MA. Compared to continued medical therapy, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) significantly improved patient‐based QOL scores (p < 0.00001) and nasal endoscopy scores (p < 0.00001). Difference in missed work days depended heavily on patient choice of intervention. Unpooled analysis showed improvements in olfaction, health utility scores, and cost‐effectiveness.

Conclusion

On meta‐analysis, for CRS patients refractory to AMT, ESS significantly improves objective endoscopic scoring outcomes vs continued medical therapy alone. In patients with refractory CRS who have significant reductions in baseline QOL, ESS results in significant improvements. Continued medical therapy appears to maintain outcomes in patients with less severe baseline QOL. Unpooled analysis demonstrates improvement in health utility, olfaction, and cost‐effectiveness following ESS compared to continued medical therapy alone, in medically refractory CRS.
Endoscopic nasopharyngectomy in recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case series, literature review, and pooled analysis
Authors: Vlantis Alexander C. , Lee Dennis L.Y. , Wong Eddy W.Y. , Chow Samuel M.W. , Ng Siu K. , Chan Jason Y.K.
Published: November 2016

Background

To critically evaluate the use of endoscopic nasopharyngectomy in the treatment of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) through a case series, systematic literature review, and pooled analysis.

Methods

A case series of 18 patients combined with systematic literature review and pooled analysis of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus search, identifying 576 papers. After excluding 307 papers as search engine duplicates, only 16 of the remaining papers had adequate patient data to be included.

Results

Our case series of 18 patients had a 2‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of 90.0% and 100%, respectively. The pooled analysis of 300 patients that had an endoscopic resection of recurrent NPC showed recurrence‐free survival and overall survival were 85.8% and 82.9%, respectively. Most, 56.1%, were recurrent T1 lesions. Resection margins were negative in 90.2% of patients. Local recurrence occurred in 20.1% of patients. Major complications occurred in 13.6% of patients. The mean hospital stay was 5.8 days, the mean operating time was 228.3 minutes, and the mean operative blood loss was 163 mL.

Conclusion

Endoscopic resection of recurrent NPC occurs with low surgical morbidity. However, further long‐term evaluation with longer follow‐up data is needed to evaluate if the survival data is comparable or better than open approaches.
Industrielle Anwendungen von Goldkatalysatoren
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Falletta Ermelinda , Della Pina Cristina , Teles Joaquim Henrique , Pagliaro Mario
Published: November 2016

Erst kürzlich fanden Goldkatalysatoren den Weg in die ersten großtechnischen industriellen Anwendungen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz bietet eine kritische Analyse der Rahmenbedingungen und Hindernisse auf dem langen Weg von der Entdeckung der katalytischen Eigenschaften von Gold bis zur großtechnischen Anwendung von Goldkatalysatoren. Diese Einblicke sollen Forschern aus Hochschule und Industrie, die heute an der Entwicklung von Goldkatalysatoren arbeiten, helfen, die Probleme von morgen zu bewältigen.
Promoting Difficult Carbon–Carbon Couplings: Which Ligand Does Best?
Authors: Gioria Estefanía , del Pozo Juan , Martínez‐Ilarduya Jesús M. , Espinet Pablo
Published: November 2016

A Pd complex, cis‐[Pd(C6F5)2(THF)2] (1), is proposed as a useful touchstone for direct and simple experimental measurement of the relative ability of ancillary ligands to induce C−C coupling. Interestingly, 1 is also a good alternative to other precatalysts used to produce Pd0L. Complex 1 ranks the coupling ability of some popular ligands in the order PtBu3>o‐TolPEWO‐F≈tBuXPhos>P(C6F5)3≈PhPEWO‐F>P(o‐Tol)3≈THF≈tBuBrettPhos≫Xantphos≈PhPEWO‐H≫PPh3 according to their initial coupling rates, whereas their efficiency, depending on competitive hydrolysis, is ranked tBuXPhos≈PtBu3≈o‐TolPEWO‐F>PhPEWO‐F>P(C6F5)3≫tBuBrettPhos>THF≈P(o‐Tol)3>Xantphos>PhPEWO‐H≫PPh3. This “meter” also detects some other possible virtues or complications of ligands such as tBuXPhos or tBuBrettPhos.
Eintopfsynthese ungeschützter anomerer Glykosylthiole in Wasser für Glykan‐Ligationen mit hochfunktionalisierten Zuckern
Authors: Köhling Sebastian , Exner Matthias P. , Nojoumi Saba , Schiller Jürgen , Budisa Nediljko , Rademann Jörg
Published: November 2016

Die chemische Synthese von Oligosaccharid‐Konjugaten ist essenziell für ein tieferes Verständnis der Funktionen von Kohlenhydraten. Sie könnte durch effektive Methoden der anomeren Ligation von ungeschützten Zuckern in Wasser deutlich erleichtert werden. Hier stellen wir ein leistungsfähiges Protokoll zur Herstellung anomerer Glykosylthiole von komplexen Mono‐, Di‐, und Oligosacchariden vor. Unter Ausnutzung der Nachbargruppenbeteiligung von 2‐Acetamidozuckern erzeugte 1,2‐Oxazoline wurden durch Zugabe von 1‐Thiosäuren in die entsprechenden Gykosylthioester überführt. Die in situ erzeugten Glykosylthiolate wurden dann mit Michael‐Akzeptoren, aliphatischen Halogeniden und Aziridinen zu vielseitig einsetzbaren Glykokonjugaten umgesetzt. Durch Thiol‐En‐Reaktionen wurden auch Konjugate mit Aminosäuren und Proteinen erhalten. Somit wurde ein effizienter Zugang zu anomeren Glykosylthiolen und Thiolaten geschaffen, der eine anomere Funktionalisierung von komplexen ungeschützten Glykanen in Wasser ermöglicht.