bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Analysis of Hybrid Power Systems with Variable Inertia Flywheel
Authors: Su Hung-Kuo , Liu Tyng
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze and to design for the hybrid power systems with variable inertia flywheel while the hybrid power system consists of 1 power plant, 1 variable inertia flywheel which is used as the energy storage device, a planetary gear set, and a set of actuators. First, the kinematic and kinetic equations of the hybrid power system are developed in order to establish the relationships of the speed and torque of all elements, and the specific speed and torque of the output needed for the vehicle can be found by using the software “ADVISOR” in various operation modes. Then, with the prescribed mechanical brake energy recovery system model and a control model, a comprehensive analysis can be achieved. Finally, various driving modes, such as ECE, ECE+EUDC and New York Bus driving mode are investigated in order to demonstrate the characteristics of the hybrid power system. The numerical results show and conclude the effectiveness of the variable inertia flywheel, and the improvement on the efficiency of hybrid power systems. Copyright Form of EVS25.
Design of Forced Air-cooling Structure for Elevated Temperature PEMFC
Authors: Zheng Xiaoliang , Yang Daijun , Tao Kan , Zhang Hao , Ma Jianxin
Published: May 2018

Proper operating temperature range and homogenous temperature distribution are important to proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). For the elevated temperature PEMFC water is not suitable to be used as coolant due to high operating temperature. Instead, air can be chosen as coolant because of the relative large temperature difference between fuel cell itself and the ambient air. In this paper, four types of forced air-cooling modes for elevated temperature PEMFC were discussed, and influences of other factors such as cooling air inlet velocity and thermal conductivity of bipolar plate material and fins on heat dissipation and temperature distribution were investigated. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was employed to investigate fluid flow and heat transfer in the elevated temperature PEMFC on a 250 cm2 single cell level. The temperature distribution fields on the active area of MEA were obtained and compared. One optimized mode, with suitable cooling air inlet velocity and bipolar plate material, was determined for future experimental study.
Assessing Range and Performance of Electric Vehicles in Nordic Driving Conditions – Project ”RekkEVidde”
Authors: Laurikko Juhani , Granström Robert , Haakana Arto
Published: May 2018

Until battery technology makes a leap, shortage of range is by far the greatest flaw in electric vehicle technology that is otherwise very effective and promising. However, energy use is also highly dependent on duty cycles, driving conditions and traffic situation. Furthermore, cabin heating in an EV will not be supported by energy losses as in an ICE-car. Therefore, actual range can differ substantially in real-life situations, and can be much shorter than the official figures given by the manufacturers. Project RekkEVidde is aiming at drafting a testing scheme to address EV driving in Nordic conditions, and produce realistic range estimates for the consumers to help them understand and make better use of this raising technology. Initial laboratory testing was imposed on a Citroën C-Zero EV using multiple different driving cycles and testing also at -20 °C, not just the normal ambient. First review of the results in this paper shows that the energy consumption was raised on average some 30 % at low ambient, resulting to a 15 to 30 % shorter range. This was due to only increasing the air drag component according to increase in air density, but further on-road testing will also give us more information on increase of rolling resistance because of snow and ice packed on road surface. Furthermore, use of cabin heating was not included in these numbers. Should it be turned on, the range will be further shortened as much as 50 % in slow-speed urban driving.
Designing the Human Machine Interface to Address Range Anxiety
Authors: Khan Tawhid , Williams Mark , Wellings Tom , Robertson Duncan , Binersley Jackie
Published: May 2018

It is essential that the interfaces of low carbon vehicles particularly fully Electric Vehicle (EV) support new users while they adjust to a different type of driving experience. Use of EV is not yet widespread and little is known about the user requirements for Human Machine Interfaces. One of the common concerns is driver anxiety about his/her vehicle’s ability to cover the distance required. However the problem is one of perception and driver experience in the context of new technologies, EV’s limited range and an immature charging infrastructure. Nevertheless eliminating range anxiety for the EV owner is one of a major design challenges for future Low Carbon Vehicle manufacturers. The current study found that drivers who had some experience of driving an EV have less anxiety than those who had never driven an EV. Experienced drivers develop strategies to ensure that they only undertake those journeys that they are confident about having enough range to complete and aware of the factors that could potentially impact on the range. It is clear from users’ feedback that estimated range of the vehicle is one of the most critical pieces of information for a driver. Combining this with battery state of charge information can provide the driver with a better understanding of the current range of their EV. However accuracy is a key factor to gain trust in range information. EV drivers need dynamic information on factors that influence available range. There is also a requirement for information that will enable drivers to drive economically. While designing the EV driver information system, designers must overcome the information complexity issue. Concerns were raised that complex information in current EVs could potentially lead to driver distraction and may increase anxiety further. In conclusion providing reliable, relevant and prioritise information can help to minimise range anxiety.
Lightweight Body in White Design Using Topology-, Shapeand Size Optimisation
Authors: Bastien Christophe , Christensen Jesper , Blundell Mike , Kurakins Jakovs
Published: May 2018

As focus on the world climate rises, so does the demand for ever more environmentally friendly technologies. The response from the automotive industry includes vehicles whose primary propulsion systems are not based upon fossil fuels. On this basis a Low Carbon Vehicle Technology Project (LCVTP), partly funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), has been completed. The project included designing a lightweight Body In White (BIW), specifically tailored to suit the drive train and general packaging requirements associated with a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). The future opportunities for optimising the new lightweight vehicle architecture have been investigated using a technique entitled topology optimisation, which extracts the idealised load paths for a given set of load cases, followed by a shape- and size optimisation in order to provide local areas of the vehicle with more definition. An appropriate shape- and size optimisation process for frontal crashworthiness scenarios has been developed by comparing and combining different point selection methods and applying various metamodelling techniques.
An Investigation on the Effect of Driver Style and Driving Events on Energy Demand of a PHEV
Authors: Rajan Brahmadevan , McGordon Andrew , Jennings Paul
Published: May 2018

Environmental concerns, security of fuel supply and CO2 regulations are driving innovation in the automotive industry towards electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The fuel economy and emission performance of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) strongly depends on the energy management system (EMS). Prior knowledge of driving information could be used to enhance the performance of a HEV. However, how the necessary information can be obtained to use in EMS optimisation still remains a challenge. In this paper the effect of driver style and driving events like city and highway driving on plug in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) energy demand is studied. Using real world driving data from three drivers of very different driver style, a simulation has been exercised for a given route having city and highway driving. Driver style and driving events both affect vehicle energy demand. In both driving events considered, vehicle energy demand is different due to driver styles. The major part of city driving is reactive driving influenced by external factors and driver leading to variation in vehicle speed and hence energy demand. In free highway driving, the driver choice of cruise speed is the only factor affecting vehicle energy demand.
Ford Escape PHEV On-Road Results from US DOE’s Technology Acceleration and Deployment Activity
Authors: Carlson Richard , D’Annunzio Julie , Fortin Christopher , Shirk Matthew
Published: May 2018

The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) conducts fleet data collection and analysis activities for advanced technology vehicles, including Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), as part of the US DOE’s Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity (AVTA). In 2009, data collection began for the Technology Acceleration and Deployment Activity (TADA) for which INL is conducting the data analysis and reporting. The Technology Acceleration and Deployment Activity includes twenty-one Ford Escape PHEVs operated by various fleets throughout the world. Data is collected from all twenty-one vehicles during driving and charging in order to understand the operation of the vehicle as well as the vehicle operator behavior. This paper discusses the overall results from a three year period of data collection from the twenty-one E85 capable Ford Escape PHEVs, which amounts to over 500,000 miles of operation. Multiple factors that impact the fuel economy and electrical energy consumption are presented including charging behavior, ambient temperature, driving style, accessory usage, and route type.
A Plug-in Hybrid Diesel-Electric Vehicle
Authors: Marinescu Danut , Tabacu Ion , Serban Florin , Tabacu Stefan , Nicolae Viorel , Vieru Ionel
Published: May 2018

The paper presents the GRAND HAMSTER ELECTRICWAY 4WD hybrid concept car, developed within the Automotive Engineering Research Centre of the University of Pitesti during 2011, in order to create a green version of Dacia 4WD. The car was built on the mechanical platform of the DACIA DUSTER crossover car, 4x2 versions, by implementing an electric propulsion system in the rear axle. The EcoMatic Hybrid System (Energy conversion with autoMatic Hybrid System) is a diesel-electric version, parallel with two shafts, and plug-in type, organized in a motorized solution E-4WD (Electricway-4WD). The name of the vehicle designates the hybridization obtained with the diesel engine 1.5 litre dCi FAP, 79 kW (107 bhp), placed in the front of the vehicle and the asynchronous electric motor offering a maximum power output of 31kW/42 bhp located at the rear of the vehicle. The traction battery, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) technology, 205V, 12 kWh is rechargeable by the on board single faze charger. The recharging 12V auxiliary battery is realised by a DC/DC converter 205V/12V and is completed by an assembly of the photovoltaic panel placed on the car’s roof .
Final Results from U.S. FCEV Learning Demonstration
Authors: Wipke Keith , Sprik Sam , Kurtz Jennifer , Ramsden Todd , Ainscough Chris , Saur Genevieve
Published: May 2018

The “Controlled Hydrogen Fleet and Infrastructure Demonstration and Validation Project,” also known as the National Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Learning Demonstration, is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) project started in 2004 and concluded in late 2011. The purpose of this project was to conduct an integrated field validation that simultaneously examined the performance of fuel cell vehicles and the supporting hydrogen fueling infrastructure. The DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) received and analyzed all of the raw technical data collected by the industry partners through their participation in the project over its seven-year duration. This paper reviews highlights from the project and draws conclusions about the demonstrated status of the fuel cell vehicle and hydrogen fueling infrastructure technology. Through September 2011, 183 fuel cell electric vehicles were deployed, 25 project fueling stations were placed in use, and no fundamental safety issues were identified. We have analyzed data from more than 500,000 individual vehicle trips covering 3.5 million miles traveled and more than 150,000 kg hydrogen produced or dispensed. Public analytical results from this project are in the form of composite data products (CDPs), which aggregate individual performance to protect the intellectual property and the identity of each company while still publishing overall status and progress. Ninety-nine of these CDPs have been generated for public use and posted on NREL’s technology validation website. The results indicate that fuel cell vehicle technology continues to make rapid progress toward commercial readiness and that the fueling infrastructure technology is ready to provide a consumer-friendly fast fill and long range experience consistent with expectations of gasoline vehicle customers.
Experimental Assessment of an Energy Management Strategy on a Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle
Authors: Veenhuizen P.A. , Tazelaar E.
Published: May 2018

Fuel cell hybrid power trains comprise an energy storage to supply peaks in the power demand and to facilitate regenerative braking. In terms of control systems, the presence of storage provides additional freedom to minimize the vehicle’s fuel consumption. In a previous paper [1] an analytical solution to the energy management problem for fuel cell hybrid propulsion systems was derived and compared with existing strategies like the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) [1–4]. An experimental study has been carried out on a Fiat Doblo, which was converted from a regular gasoline powered vehicle into a fuel cell hybrid vehicle. The fuel cell drive train comprises a 10kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack connected by means of a DC/DC converter to a Li-ion battery. The aforementioned analytical energy management strategy was used during the experiments. The experiments were carried out on a roller test bench and on the road. The experiments were conducted not only to validate the energy management strategy and the underlying models but also to establish its practical value. The paper shortly reviews the energy management problem and solution. Next the vehicle and its fuel cell hybrid drive train are presented as well as the experimental setup. The paper finishes by stating the experimental results and the conclusions.
10 Minute Lto Ultrafast Charge Public Transit Ev Bus Fleet Operational Data - Analysis of 240,000 km, 6 Bus Fleet Shows Viable Solution
Authors: Tong Thomas , Groesbeck Chris
Published: May 2018

Long battery charge times and low battery charge-discharge cycle life are the two major limitations holding back the commercialization of electric vehicles. In order to resolve these problems, a robust battery system was developed by Microvast Inc. The batteries can be charged in less than 10 minutes and rapidly charged and discharged up to 20,000 times, while still maintaining more than 80% of the original capacity. 6 City Buses utilizing the Microvast battery systems have been tested in commercial operation in Chong Qing, China for more than one year. The batteries are still in good condition. The improved Li4Ti5O12 negative electrode material gives the Microvast battery system its excellent properties.
Development of a Thermal Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Omar N. , Al Sakka M. , Daowd M. , Coosemans O. , Van den Bossche P. , Van Mierlo J.
Published: May 2018

This paper describes a novel thermal model for lithium-ion battery technology. The model has been developed in Matlab/Simulink, which is based mainly on the electrical parameters such as thermal resistance, thermal capacitance, and thermal convection. In this study, a new methodology is presented for extraction of the model parameters based on the Matlab/Simulink parameter optimization tool. The results exhibit that the error percentage between the simulated and experimental results is less than 5%. According to this model, the battery cell temperature can be kept in a safe operating region by coupling the surface temperature of the battery with the heating and cooling systems. This will allows to enhance the battery performances on one hand and to avoid thermal runway effect on the other hand. The proposed battery model is not only useful for pouch battery cells but can be employed for any battery design concept.
Analysis of Adverse Effects on Vehicle Performance Due to Hybrid Vehicle Battery Deterioration
Authors: Huang Fuliang , Sumida Yusuke , Nomura Akihiro , Matsumura Hiroki , Kamiya Yushi , Daisho Yasuhiro , Morita Kenji
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the results of analysis into the adverse effects on vehicle performance caused by the deterioration in capacity and increase in resistance of lithium-ion batteries installed in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Detailed evaluations were conducted based on simulations to determine the adverse effects on HEV performance. It was concluded that the battery resistance at which the CO2 emissions rate and the Fuel Consumption reaches 120% of the level of a new vehicle is approximately 350% of the initial battery resistance value.
Case Study of Dual ESS for a Full-electric Bus Combining a Li-Ion Battery with an Environmentally-friendly DLCAPTM
Authors: Furukawa Toshihiko , Li Liu , Sakuma Kazuhiro
Published: May 2018

Green Houses Gas (GHG) emission reduction and fossil fuel economy are becoming important global issues. In Chinese cities, new commercial vehicles using diesel engines are not allow--new buses must be zero-emission electric vehicles (E-bus). A fully-loaded E-bus with a mass of 15 to 19 tons requires batteries offering both high energy for long driving range and high-power for acceptable vehicle acceleration. Advantages may be gained by using a dual energy storage system, part comprised of batteries with high energy to provide long range and part comprised of electrochemical capacitors with high power to provide acceleration and efficient regenerative energy capture. This paper examines performance advantages possible with such dual energy storage systems in pure electric E-bus vehicles. Two different control strategies were investigated. Results show that a 44% range increase is possible over an all-battery system.
Aging Effect of Temperature Gradients in Li-ion Cells Experimental and Simulative Investigations and the Consequences on Thermal Battery Management
Authors: Fleckenstein Matthias , Bohlen Oliver , Bäker Bernard
Published: May 2018

The occurrence and simulative reconstruction of local aging inhomogeneities in Li-ion cells caused by temperature gradients are described, which typically result from active battery cooling in automotive applications. The interactions of thermal, electrical and degradation behaviour are investigated on a prismatic Li-ion cell of 60Ah capacity comprising a graphite / NCM/LMO-blend system. Therefore a transient 3D thermal FVM model combined with a 3D impedance based FNM-model is implemented in order to consider thermal-electrical inhomogeneities. The model is validated by thermal measurements on operated Li-ion cells that are prepared with 8 internal thermocouples inside the jelly roll of the battery. For degradation investigations a weighted charge throughput cycle life model is discretized analogue to the thermal-electrical model. Temperature, current rate and SoC swing are each considered by an aging stress pre-factor. The aging model is exemplary parameterized by five isothermal cycle-life tests. The simulative results show the inhomogeneous capacity loss and impedance rise inside the battery cells with thermal gradient for two aging scenarios. As a result, also temperature and current density distributions inside the cell changes over lifetime. According to both aging indicators, a Li-ion battery cell with temperature gradient comprises an aging relevant temperature that equates the volumetric averaged jelly roll temperature plus 10% of the maximum temperature difference in the jelly roll.
HV Traction Battery: From Layout to Realization
Authors: Rothgang S. , Lunz B. , Laresgoiti I. , Geulen G. , Homann J. , Töpler F. , Gehrmann S. , Eckstein L. , Sauer D.
Published: May 2018

From system layout to the vehicle integration a lot of design steps have to be taken into account regarding high-voltage (HV) batteries for electric vehicles. Electrical performance has to be traded off against mechanical and thermal issues several times during development. Besides the physical setup also the management of the battery system has to be considered and adapted to the chosen system layout, which leads among others to an optimized amount of sensors that are needed to ensure the safety of the system. As especially public transport is a promising sector for electric mobility, technical questions such as the thermal management and cell contacting shall be considered and shown by the example of a battery for a full-electric bus in the pilot-project “Smart Wheels”, supported by the German Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi). Within the project the battery system as well as a fast charge concept for the whole day operation of the vehicle were developed and taken into operation. This work aims to give an overview of the full development cycle in the design of a new traction battery including test results of the prototype and solutions for technical questions such as the thermal management.
A123 Grid Battery System Single Rack Evaluation
Authors: Coleman Daryl , Araiza Jorge , Gaillac Loïc
Published: May 2018

Southern California Edison (SCE) is performing accelerated life cycle testing on a subsystem of A123’s Grid Battery System (GBS). SCE’s laboratory testing is being performed on one rack containing 6 modules that provided 100 kW and 23 kWh. The full GBS is a 2MW 500kWh system composed of 18 racks with 8 modules in each. A test profile composed of 1C and 2C 100% depth of discharge (DOD) cycles was produced to apply 9 cycles per day. Assuming the full system will be used once per day, four months of testing corresponds to the cycles that would be applied over three years of operation. To help track battery performance throughout the testing, Reference Performance Tests (RPTs) are performed every 300 cycles (which corresponds to just over one month). The rack is contained in an environmentally controlled chamber at 20°C during all cycling to simulate the thermal conditions in the GBS container. Over 3000 test cycles have been completed on the GBS system. Approximately 10% decay in capacity has been observed for all power levels. At 80% DOD the available power has decreased only 3%. After approximately the 1200th cycle, a four month pause in testing occurred. Upon restarting the cycling, a significant decrease in capacity was observed. However, the capacity did not decay as quickly. After about the 2000th cycle, the capacity trend resumed the initial rate of decay. This pause in testing has produced interesting conclusions relating to the relationship of calendar life and accelerated cycling which could have significant impacts on electric vehicle or utility application of lithium-ion batteries. This report focuses entirely on the laboratory testing of the GBS single rack. Future analysis will combine these results with those of other SCE tests to produce conclusions regarding the application of the GBS on SCE’s grid.
Hybrid and Electric Systems R&D at DOE: Fiscal Year 2011-2012 Status
Authors: Howell David
Published: May 2018

This paper presents an overview of the recent highlights and accomplishments, for fiscal years (FYs) 2011- 2012, by the hybrid and electric systems (HES) R&D Team at the Vehicle Technologies Program (VTP) Office of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Office. There is significant U.S. commitment to HES R&D and additional responsibilities were assigned under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009, an economic stimulus package from the 111th United States Congress. DOE has supported the development of HES technologies, including advanced automotive energy storage technologies, power electronics and electric machines, and simulation and testing tools, over the long term. This support has involved leveraging resources and expertise from automobile manufacturers, battery, motor, and electronics developers, small businesses, national laboratories, and universities to address the technical barriers which prevent the market introduction of vehicles which would use those advanced technologies. The HES R&D Team has had many significant accomplishments and continues to advance the state of the art for many technologies. This paper provides a discussion of the most recent highlights and a description of R&D coordination efforts with other government agencies in associated areas.
Capacitor Based Battery Balancing System
Authors: Daowd Mohamed , Omar Noshin , Bossche Peter , Van Mierlo Joeri
Published: May 2018

Battery systems as a vital part of the electrical vehicles are facing major difficulties, the most important matter is the cells unbalancing. The cells unbalancing leads to individual cell voltages differ over time, decreasing the battery pack capacity that consequently will fail of the total battery system in the long run. In addition, cell equalization acts an important role on the battery life preserving. Several cell balancing topologies have been proposed for battery pack equalization such as; switched shunt resistors, inductor/transformer base, shuttling capacitor and energy converters. Quite a few researches focused the capacitor base cell balancing. This paper is presents a review, comparisons and develop the capacitor based topologies for balancing battery string. With the aid of MATLAB/Simulink® modeling, the switched capacitor topologies have been proposed including circuits, cells balancing simulation, implementations, balancing speed, complexity and system efficiency, as well as, propose a new control strategy for the single switched capacitor.
A Behavioral Algorithm for State of Charge Estimation
Authors: Balkan Ayca , Gao Min , Tabuada Paulo , He Lei
Published: May 2018

In Hybrid Electricle Vehicles (HEV), performing online energy management is an important task to be achieved to reduce emissions, fuel consumption and increase vehicle performance. For this task, estimating the State of Charge (SOC) is needed since it serves as a measure of energy that is left inside an electrochemical battery. A variety of methods to solve this estimation problem have been proposed in the literature. However, most of these methods either assume equivalent circuit models for the battery and thus lose their validity under some discharge conditions or depend heavily on the choice of parameters in the algorithm. In this paper, we use behavioral framework to avoid postulation of a specific model for a battery and develop a new and simple SOC estimation algorithm. Once the problem is formulated as the computation of a specific free response of the battery, algorithm computes this response using only terminal current and terminal voltage measurements. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm with different discharge profiles using both simulated and real data.
Technology Maturity of Fuel Cell System installed in Mercedes B-Class during the World Drive
Authors: Venturi M.
Published: May 2018

Fuel cell technology is gaining more public, political and industrial awareness after the success of the Mercedes-Benz World Drive. The B-Class F-Cell is equipped with the Nucellsys fuel cell system and accomplished more than 30,000 km in real world condition over 4 Continents without failures. Operating temperature from -15°C up to 35°C, altitude of more than 2000m, desert heavy rain, highway and heavy traffic jam were challenging the fuel cell system. The technology maturity has been publically demonstrated and important customer and real use information’s has been collected which will further improve the next generation system. This paper gives an up-date of the fuel cell system technology maturity and the outlook of next generation challenges.
Electrical Propulsion System for Aviation – Experimental Validation of Efficiency Improvements
Authors: Bernatt Jakub , Król Emil , Pistelok Paweł
Published: May 2018

This paper deals with electrical propulsion system for light airplane or paraglider. The electrical drive consists of electrical motor, frequency converter and the batterypack. Electrical motor used in a light paraglider was designed as a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in the Research and Development Centre of Electrical Machines KOMEL, Poland. Parameters of the motor, frequency converter and battery pack were shown. In this article, an influence of different propellers (1 fixed, 2 adjustable) and results of laboratory test was described. For increasing the efficiency of the electric propulsion, influence of switching frequency of the converter were tested and presented. The results of laboratory test were discussed.
Electric Wheel Hub Motor with High Recuperative Brake Performance in Automotive Design
Authors: Freitag Gunter , Schramm Marco
Published: May 2018

The entire drive integration in the wheels of electric cars enables completely new vehicle drive train concepts and liberties with the interior design. Central motor, external gearing, differentials, axels and drive-shafts are no longer required, which leads to an enormous gaining of free space for the passenger compartment or other car components. Fully new car concepts and designs will become feasible. As well it can help to reduce weight and costs and increases the efficiency of the whole drive system. In addition wearout and maintenance expenditure are reduced to a minimum. Decentralized electric drives also enable new functionalities mainly concerning vehicle dynamics. This aspect counts especially for wheel hub motors because of the direct access to the wheels without any component in between. Another significant advantage is that direct drives in general are not prone to oscillations during load changes comparing to central drives with transmission gear, coupling and drive-shaft. In this article a review on the development of a wheel hub motor is given that is designed to substitute the friction brake on the rear axle. This demand special thought towards a system that accelerates and decelerates. High torque and power densities are achieved. Furthermore it is designed to be use in typical automotive conditions and vicinities. Indisputable a wheel hub motor adds more weight to the rim. Hence the impact of the increase of the unsprung masses is discussed in this article.
Efficiency Improvements of Electric Machines for Automotive Application
Authors: Dajaku Gurakuq , Gerling Dieter
Published: May 2018

Different costs effective and high efficiency methods for improving the main performances of tooth concentrated windings are presented. Using these simple techniques, the sub- and high winding space harmonics clearly can be reduced. Different PM machines for steering and also for hybrid electric vehicle and battery electric vehicle applications are designed and analysed. The investigated PM machines show good performances.
Torsional Resonance Noise Reduction by Motor Torque Phase Adjustment
Authors: Arata Masanori , Takahashi Norio , Mochizuki Motoyasu , Araki Takashi , Hanai Takashi
Published: May 2018

A Hybrid Vehicle (HEV) and an Electric Vehicle (EV) are some of solutions to improve efficiency of a cruse and to reduce CO2 gas by regenerative breaking and operating the engine in optimum condition. It is requested to decrease the motor size and to increase the maximum torque for minimizing the driving units. For these purposes permanent magnet applied motors have been commonly used recently. The motor driving systems of HEV or EV must operate at variable speed ranges of up to 1:5. For this large range, Silent and smooth operations are desirable and important. Skew method is often adopted to ensure smooth start and stop and silent operation by reducing the torque ripple. But it possibly causes noise and vibration of the motor. This paper describes the mechanism of torsional resonance noise and vibrations arising from the skew method and the countermeasure to decrease them.
Condition Monitoring Sensor for Electric Vehicle Motor and Generator Insulation Systems
Authors: Watkins Ken
Published: May 2018

Electric vehicle (EV) motors are subject to extreme and variable loads, resulting in degradation of winding insulation due to high temperatures. This paper describes research on a new conductive composite sensor, which uses insulation resin as a matrix of the sensor element. The sensor, embedded in the windings of EV motors, will provide data on remaining design life of the insulation based on actual vehicle operational and environmental conditions. Improved condition monitoring of the insulation systems of high-performance EV motors can reduce in-use failures by identifying prematurely degraded insulation systems, and providing data for quality improvement programs.
Why the Induction Motor Could be the Better Choice for Your Electric Vehicle Program
Authors: Zechmair Derrick , Steidl Kurt
Published: May 2018

Low weight and high power density is a main focus in electro mobility. The most common traction motors for vehicle applications are synchronous motors or induction motors whereas synchronous motors are preferred because of their advantage regarding power density and weight. But each of the motor concepts has its advantages and disadvantages. In this paper it is shown that Siemens has managed to increase the power density of induction motors and simultaneously reduced the main disadvantage of the induction motor by optimizing some parts of the motor. With this adaption it is possible to reduce the weight and as a result of this defining parameter the induction motor has in summary more advantages compared with the synchronous motor. Therefore it can be the better choice for electro mobility.
Experimental Investigations on Voltage Stability in Multilevel Power Nets
Authors: Kohler Tom , Wank Andreas , Thanheiser Andreas , Froeschl Joachim , Herzog Hans-Georg
Published: May 2018

In recent years, more and more components in vehicles have been electrified in order to improve the safety and comfort of the passengers as well as the driving performance. Owing to these developments, it has become increasingly difficult to guarantee the voltage stability within the 12V as well as the high voltage power bus. However, a new degree of freedom arises, as the two power nets are connected in order to exchange energy. As a consequence, they are able to stabilize their voltage reciprocally. This paper deals with the analysis of how two voltage levels can be coupled actively in order to stabilize their voltages in power demanding situations. A power net test bench consisting of a 12V power net and a high voltage power net is built. In the 12V power net, original chassis and wiring harness are used in order to achieve the most realistic behavior. Furthermore, there are two control modes presented. In the power control mode, the power flow is increased preventively when the prediction model detects a critical situation that is likely to occur in the near future. In the voltage control mode, the voltage controller of the DC chopper converter is used to stabilize the power net voltage in real time. Both control methods can easily be implemented into a universal power distribution management system. The voltage control mode is experimentally investigated at the power net test bench and it is shown that the minimum voltage in very power-consuming driving situations is increased by about 1.5V per 1000W of applied power supplied by the DC chopper converter.
The FlexRay Implementation of By-Wire System for Electric Vehicle
Authors: Liaw Der-Cherng , Liu I-Chang , Chang Kuo-Liang
Published: May 2018

In the recent years, advanced technologies of electronic devices for the communication and computer engineering have been considered to be widely implemented in the vehicle systems. Among those possible applications, the automotive network which is so-called “X-by-Wire” scheme has been developed for steering control and braking control of the vehicles. It is known that the weight reduction of vehicle systems can decrease the power consumption in the design of electric driven vehicle by replacing the mechanical components with electronic devices. Therefore, X-by-wire system combined with fault-tolerant applications will be a trend in the automotive industry. Under the automotive circumstance, the timetrigged protocol improves the network capacity and guarantees the transmission of all safety related message. In order to ensure the safety of electronic devices, an advanced networking protocol FlexRay has been recently proposed to the design of X-by-wire system. In this paper, such an X-by-wire mechanism is developed for electric vehicle. The proposed design covers the development of a hub wheel motor driven electric vehicle and the design of both electronic control braking module and communication network. For facilitating the application usage, a FlexRay communication node is developed by using microprocessor chip Freescale MC9S12XF512. An electric vehicle is also designed by using four hub wheel type AC motors with DC motor driven braking mechanism for system testing and performance evaluation. A timescheduling scheme is proposed and configured for each of nine FlexRay nodes to fulfil the tasks of driveby- wire and brake-by-wire operations. Experimental results demonstrate the success of the proposed design.
Grid integration of electric vehicles considering the mobility needs
Authors: Litzlbauer Markus
Published: May 2018

Battery electric vehicles combined with renewable energies have a huge potential to reduce CO2- emissions, especially in the field of motorized individual transport. However, a future change from combustion engines to electric drives leads to new problems and challenges. From the perspective of energy engineering, among others, the following questions arise:• Where should be charging infrastructure for electric vehicles created? • Which connection power should be provided? • How big is the additional grid load? • What must be done to prevent overloading? These questions are dealt with in the Austrian research projects “Smart Electric Mobility” and “V2G - Strategies” with national partners from academia and industry (funded by the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund, programme “New Energy 2020”). The methods and selected results are presented in this paper.
Assessing the potential impact of workplace charging for a group of commuters
Authors: Davies Jamie
Published: May 2018

A PHEV demonstration project gave 80 consumers within the Northern California counties of Sacramento, Yolo and San Joaquin the opportunity to drive a PHEV-conversion for at least one month each in lieu of one of their existing vehicles. Households decided for themselves when, where, and how much to charge the PHEV, if at all. Out of the 80 households, 25 were characterized as plausible future PHEV owners who also commuted to a workplace. Each of the PHEV-conversions was equipped with loggers which recorded all travel and charging data. To estimate the potential implications of added workplace charging infrastructure across a group of commuting households, each household’s vehicle usage is simulated with six hypothetical PHEVs, the design characteristics of which are outlined in Table 2 of this paper. Combining each household’s usage data with the hypothetical designs allows their PHEV-conversion experience to be generalized beyond the specific PHEV-conversion to plausible future PHEV designs. Since most households did not have access to charging infrastructure at work, charging events are simulated for each household every time they arrive at their workplace. Comparison between the recorded behavior and the simulated workplace charging case allows for an exploration of the potential impacts of workplace charging on the individual and fleet utility factor, workplace charging infrastructure requirements, and grid load. Workplace charging increases the total fleet average utility factor, however, the benefit varies considerably by household and vehicle charge depleting range. Based on simulation results, up to 75% of commuters would be able to use 1.44 kW charging without experiencing a decrease in electric miles driven, and workplace charging creates a new peak vehicle charging load on the grid in the morning, in the range of 0.8 to 1.4 kW per PHEV.
An Analysis of Car and SUV Daytime Parking for Potential Opportunity Charging of Plug-in Electric Powertrains
Authors: Santini Danilo , Zhou Yan , Vyas Anant
Published: May 2018

Using the 2009 National Household Transportation Survey (NHTS), an analysis of opportunity charging potential during daytime, for the time interval when a car or SUV is parked for the longest duration, is presented here. We focus on charging at 3.3 kW or less, either using the charger at the dwelling unit a second time per day (a one charger solution), or using a second charge point at work. Our earlier research with the 2009 NHTS indicates that nearly 60% of vehicles within this sample were driven to work, or returned to home between 6:00 AM and 6:00 PM. In this analysis we consider the potential for daytime charging before summertime afternoon utility load peaks, anticipating that Public Utility Commissions (PUCs) supporting smart grid pricing strategies may impose much higher electricity costs at these times. We consider kW ratings of typical opportunity chargers versus overnight chargers. We consider the plug-in hybrid with 28 km of urban electric range (PHEV28), the extended range electric vehicle with 56 km of universal all-electric operation capability (EREV56) and the battery electric vehicle with 117 km of electric range (BEV117). Electricity demand and gasoline fueled miles reduction is examined for the average circumstance in two daily distance brackets (48-80 km, 80-160 km) and for two charging behaviors – (1) overnight and (2) both overnight and during the longest duration parking event of daytime hours, from 6 am to 6 pm.
Routing EV Users Towards an Optimal Charging Plan
Authors: Bessler Sandford , Grønbæk Jesper
Published: May 2018

In this work we address the efficient operation of public charging stations. Matching energy supply and demand requires an interdisciplinary understanding of both the mobility of electric vehicle (EV) users and the load balancing mechanisms. As a result of existing mobility studies, we propose in this work a routing service for searching and reserving public charging spots in the neighborhood of a given destination. When comparing the search results for direct drive with those for a multimodal route (using driving, walking and public transport) in an urban environment, we obtain for the latter significantly more charging options in particular at low e-mobility penetration levels, at a cost of slightly longer trip duration. Further contributions address the schedule optimization, that, due to the proposed distributed architecture, can be performed independently at each public charging station. We formulate an integer program for the controlled charging and compare results obtained both with the exact and with a greedy heuristic method.
Electric Vehicles and the Smart Grid: Spatial Modelling of Impacts and Opportunities
Authors: Paevere Phillip , Higgins Andrew , Grozev George , Ren Zhengen , Horn Mark
Published: May 2018

In this paper we present a novel composite methodology for obtaining spatial projections of the impacts and opportunities arising from the integration of plug-in electric vehicles with future smart electricity grids. We link models of future plug-in electric vehicle uptake, travel by household members, household electricity demand, and recharge of electric vehicles. The analysis is disaggregated in each case to a mesh block or local government area level; vehicle usage and household energy demand fluctuate on a hourly, daily and seasonal basis, subject also to the longer-term trends projected for uptake of the new technology. A similarly fine grain is applied with respect to socio-economic variables. The uptake model combines features of choice modelling, multi-criteria analysis and technology diffusion theory; in this case it was applied to four competing technologies (BEV, PHEV, HEV, ICE), and calibration revealed seven major determinants of uptake: performance, annual costs, purchase cost, household income, driving distance, demographic suitability, and risk or inconvenience. The travel model projects likely patterns of vehicle usage and travel duration based on existing patterns of private vehicle usage. The household demand model includes detailed representation of housing type and usage of electrical appliances. The charge-discharge model embodies plausible algorithms for managing household electricity usage in conjunction with electric vehicle batteries. In the paper we describe the various models and report projected impacts of electric vehicles on peak electrical grid loads for the Australian state of Victoria. The impacts are presented on a spatial basis, to the level of individual mesh blocks and network feeders, under a range of energy management scenarios.
Managing the impact on the electric distribution network of rapid of electric vehicle adoption
Authors: Roy Chuck
Published: May 2018

Many electric utilities have begun piloting Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations with a number of manufacturers, including Siemens. As a result of working with these EV charging station manufacturers, utilities have developed a good understanding of prevailing technology. While utilities consider options like selling or recommending preferred EV charging stations to new EV owners in their service territory, a trend has emerged where new EV owners purchase charging station technology without notifying the utility based on recommendations from their EV dealers. It is important for the utilities to be aware of customers in their service territories that are installing EV charging stations in their homes and businesses in order to plan for the required distribution network upgrades to serve these stations. Siemens has worked with a number of utilities to discuss their business requirements for a software solution envisioned to manage the installation and use of EV charging stations in their networks. This paper reviews both the problem these utilities are trying to solve together with their functional and integration requirements for a comprehensive EV charging station management system which can support utility programs including critical peak pricing programs, demand response, outage management, etc.