bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reasoning about Right and Wrong
Authors: Bailey James Wood
Published: November 2023

A central task of political philosophy is to provide a coherent explanation of how individuals are related through moral duties to political institutions. This task cannot be avoided by any political theory, although in the case of utilitarianism it is particularly pressing. It is not pressing because the classical founders of utilitarianism—Bentham and the Mills—were themselves deeply interested in institutional questions in a way other moralists may not have been. My purpose should surely be greater than simply honoring past practices. Nor is it pressing just because it has often been claimed, by Brian Barry, for example, 1 that utilitarianism is somehow better suited for making decisions about affairs of state than it is about one’s personal life. After all, decisions about affairs of state will ultimately affect one’s personal life, often in intimate and painful ways. Rather, my claim in this book is that if we think seriously and carefully about the kinds of institutions that real-world utilitarians will create, that utilitarianism becomes a much more palatable theory than it has hitherto been represented as being.
Dynamic Aspects of Presynaptic Function 1n the Developing Mammalian Spinal Cord
Authors: Lev-Tov Aharon
Published: November 2023

Synaptic transmission in the central nervous system is modulated by numerous pre-and postsynaptic factors. These modulatory factors play a major role in determination of the input-to-output ratio of the activated synaptic projections (for review see Burke, 1987). Generally speaking, the term presynaptic modulation covers several processes that affect the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic nerve endings. These include the rate of synaptic activation (frequency modulation, for review see Mendell, 1984), presynaptic inhibition by axoaxonic synapses (for review see Burke and Rudomin, 1977), and activation of autoreceptors residing on presynaptic elements (for review see Monaghan et al., 1989).
Presynaptic Inhibition Can Act as a Filter of Input from Tendon Organs During Muscle Contraction
Authors: Zytnicki Daniel , Jami Lena
Published: November 2023

The function of presynaptic inhibition in central processing of sensory messages has not received much attention so far. This chapter will briefly review recent evidence showing that, in cats, presynaptic inhibition of lb terminals can be elicited by inputs from muscle receptors during tetanic contraction of ankle extensors. The consequence of this contraction-induced presynap tic inhibition is that messages from contraction-activated tendon organs are filtered in spinal networks so that only some dynamic features of the on going contraction are signaled to targets of these messages such as motoneurons and cells of origin of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract.
PAD and Modulation of Group II Evoked Flexion Reflexes During MLR Evoked Fictive Locomotion
Authors: McCrea David A , Perreault Marie-Claude
Published: November 2023

In cat hindlimb muscle nerves, most of the afferent fibers with conduction velocities in the group II range (24-72 m/s) are spindle secondary afferents arising from the “flower spray” endings contacting nuclear chain and bag type 2 fibers in the muscle spindle (for review see Jack, 1978; Hunt, 1990). The firing of spindle secondaries is well correlated with maintained stretch of the spindle (Matthews, 1981; Hunt, 1990), and in many situations firing can be predicted rather well from the overall length of the muscle in which it is situated (Prochazka et al., 1989).
Modulation of Nociceptive Information at the Presynaptic Terminals of Primary Afferent Fibers
Authors: Schmidt Robert F , Schaible Hans-Georg
Published: November 2023

The very first opportunity to modify nociceptive information entering the brainstem or the spinal cord via fine afferent fibers (nociceptive group III and IV primary afferents) is at the central presynaptic terminals of the fine afferents themselves before they transmit their messages to the second-order neurons. At these terminals the amount of transmitter being released upon activation of the presynaptic endings may be increased or decreased. Such modulation would lead to an amplification or, respectively, a reduction of the impact the nociceptive information has on the second-order neurons.
Geometrical Constructions. The Algebra Of Number Fields
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert
Published: November 2023

Construction problems have always been a favorite subject in geometry. With ruler and compass alone a great variety of constructions may be performed, as the reader will remember from school: a line segment or an angle may be bisected, a line may be drawn from a point perpendicular to a given line, a regular hexagon may be inscribed in a circle, etc. In all these problems the ruler is used merely as a straight-edge, an instrument for drawing a straight line but not for measuring or marking off distances. The traditional restriction to ruler and compass alone goes back to antiquity, although the Greeks themselves did not hesitate to use other instruments.
Topology
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert
Published: November 2023

In the middle of the nineteenth century there began a completely new development in geometry that was soon to become one of the great forces in modern mathematics. The new subject, called analysis situs or topology, has as its object the study of the properties of geometrical figures that persist even when the figures are subjected to deformations so drastic that all their metric and projective properties are lost.
Functions And Limits
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert
Published: November 2023

The number of primes less than n is a function 1r(n) of the integer n. When a value of n is given, the value 1r(n) is determined, even though no algebraic expression for computing it is known. The area of a triangle is a function of the lengths of its three sides; it varies as the lengths of the sides vary and is determined when these lengths are given definite values. If a plane is subjected to a projective or a topological transformation, then the coordinates of a point after the transformation depend on, i.e. are functions of, the original coordinates of the point. The concept of function enters whenever quantities are connected by a definite physical relationship. The volume of a gas enclosed in a cylinder is a function of the temperature and of the pressure on the piston. The atmospheric pressure as observed in a balloon is a function of the altitude above sea level. The whole domain of periodic phenomena-the motion of the tides, the vibratiuns of a plucked string, the emission of light waves from an incandescent filament-is governed by the simple trigonometric functions sin x and cos x.
Recent Developments
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert
Published: November 2023

Many different polynomials that produce primes are now known. They add little to our knowledge of prime numbers; instead, they demonstrate that polynomials can have very strange properties. In his celebrated address to the 1900 International Congress of Mathematicians, David Hilbert posed 23 problems whose solution he felt would be of the highest importance to the advancement of mathematics. Hilbert’s tenth problem is to find out whether there exists a general method-what we would now call an algorithm-for testing whether a Diophantine equation has a solution. In 1970, following earlier work by Martin Davis, Hilary Putnam, and Julia Robinson, the Russian mathematician Yuri Matijasevic proved that no such “decision algorithm” exists. Because the method effectively uses polynomials as a rather cumbersome “programming language” in which to simulate computer algorithms, the polynomials produced are absolutely enormous. James Jones discovered an explicit system of polynomial equations for which no decision algorithm exists: it comprises 18 equations in 33 variables with maximum degree 560.
Our Multiple Stories of Love
Authors: Sternberg Robert J
Published: November 2023

Typically, each of us has multiple stories about love, not just one. These stories underscore the fact that not only is love not quite the same thing for different people, but it is not even one simple thing for us individually. Consider the case of Aaron and Lucy.
Asymmetrical Stories
Authors: Sternberg Robert J
Published: November 2023

Asymmetrical stories, as mentioned mlie,, are based on the notion that an asymmetry between partners should be a funda­mental basis of a close relationship. Six kinds of asymmetrical stories are: the teacher-student story, the sacrifice story, the government story, the police story, the pornography story, and the horror story.
What Is Love?
Authors: Sternberg Robert J
Published: November 2023

There is no magic bullet to making love better—that should be clear by now. Books about the seven steps to a better relationship, or whatever they are called, are likely only to work for those people who view their relationship as a cookbook story and thus want to and really can follow a recipe, or for those who genuinely want to try a recipe from someone else. For the most part, though, there cannot be a magic bullet that works for everyone, because people have such diverse stories of love.
Columnar Basalt and the Neptunists
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur
Published: November 2023

Some rocks, which were later found to be of volcanic origin, were thought by medieval philosophers to have originated by precipitation from water. Thus, the Swiss philosopher Konrad Gesner was convinced that the perfectly symmetrical and hexagonal basalt columns of many lava flows had precipitated as giant crystals from a primordial ocean (Figure 9.1). The oldest known pictorial representation of such a formation is found in his book on rocks, De Rerum Fossilium (1565). The basalt columns he illustrated were derived from a drawing by Kentmann, who was so struck with the strong resemblance of them to quartz crystals that he decorated them with the pyramidal terminations typical of that crystal.
The First Field Volcanologists
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur
Published: November 2023

New perspectives toward Nature in the mid-eighteenth century led to increased familiarity with the Earth, and as travelers ranged more widely, interest in volcanoes and volcanic activity grew rapidly. Attention often focused on Vesuvius-with its frequent eruptions in the latter part of the century, it provided major displays of volcanic action, much to the delight of the cosmopolitan north European travelers on the Grand Tour. Other volcanic phenomena also became popular, requiring stops on travelers’ tours, including volcanoes in the Auvergne region in France, Mount Etna in Sicily, and the columnar formations of the Giant’s Causeway in Ireland and on the Scottish island of Staffa. Some travelers, among the rich and cultured of the Enlightenment, perhaps viewed themselves as the new philosophers of the world-admiring Nature for its grandeur and emphasizing its permanence, activity and creativity-but often had contempt for the narrow views of Christian religion.
Melting by Decrease in Pressure
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur
Published: November 2023

The discovery that the Earth beneath the crust was essentially solid completely eliminated an “undercrust fire-sea” that Dana and others had proposed as a source of the magmas that feed the Earth’s volcanoes. Scholars, now faced with the formidable task of showing how hot magma could be derived from within a solid Earth, found in the science of thermodynamics a partial solution to the problem. Thermodynamics is the science of the power of heat to do work and of the dissipation of that power. The conversion of motion to heat had been known ever since humans rubbed sticks together to light a fire.
Radioactive Heat and Convection
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur
Published: November 2023

In concluding his analysis of the Sun’s heat and the secular cooling of the Earth, Lord Kelvin made the following cautionary statement in 1862: “As for the future, we may say, with equal certainty, that inhabitants of the earth cannot continue to enjoy the light and heat essential to their life, for many million years longer, unless sources now unknown to us are prepared in the great storehouse of creation.” He added, however, “I do not say there may not be laws we have not discovered.” Only thirty-four years later a new source of heat, radioactivity, was discovered-one that would revise Kelvin’s findings drastically, supplying a virtually inexhaustible heat source for the Earth’s interior.
Who Offers Help and Does It Make a Difference?
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N
Published: November 2023

For the second time this year, Mrs. R, who is thirty-four, has lost her job. For the past eighteen months she has been trying to pull her life together after her husband took their four children and left with another woman. She drinks too much; she has no money, no hope, no friends. She sees her choices as either suicide or one last effort to get help. Where does she go? Whom does she see? If she goes to the typical Yellow Pages, she may find a list of approximately 135 names under “Marriage and Family Counselors”; 87 under “Social Workers”; another 97 under “Psychologists”; and 48 others under “Psychiatrists.” There are also lists of “Alcohol Counselors” and a cross-reference to “Licensed Practical Nurses.” Some names are on more than one list.
How Treatment is Kept Accountable
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N
Published: November 2023

Rex was suffering from panic attacks. They began suddenly one day while he was driving home from work. Work had been stressful, but Rex didn’t think that this was much of a problem. His work was often stressful. He sought advice from his family physician who prescribed the tranquilizer Xanax and then referred him to a new psychologist who had just opened an office in the same building. Rex’s doctor had recently met the psychologist and was impressed with him. Rex began seeing Dr. J in August. But by January, he still was not feeling any better and his panic attacks were becoming more frequent. He was now afraid of driving, afraid of having a panic attack and not being able to get home, or having an accident. He began to miss work and was developing a sleeping problem. It took him a very long time to fall asleep and he frequently awoke during the night, unable to return to sleep. Some nights he didn’t sleep at all.
How Helpful is Diagnosis?
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N
Published: November 2023

A New Yorker cartoon shows a cocktail party obviously in a posh, upper-class apartment. Each guest is wearing a sign-”schizophrenic,” “manic-depressive,” “depressed,” “paranoid”-you get the picture. Harold, who is attaching the signs, is confronted by a woman who demands, “Harold, why must you always label everyone?” Sometimes, jumping to a diagnosis in the field of mental health can have tragic results. In 1935, the great American composer George Gershwin went to seek help for severe headaches. He ended up at the office of a psychoanalyst, who assumed he had a “neurotic” disorder and put Gershwin into deep therapy. The therapy lasted for two years. On July 11, 1937, Gershwin died of a brain tumor.
What Works with What Problems?
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N
Published: November 2023

We now turn our attention to the actual procedures you will encounter in the therapist’s office once treatment begins. Here, we outline some of the major treatments, particularly psychotherapies, found to be helpful for the treatment of different problems-depression, anxiety, various phobias, and so forth. Obviously, neither our lists of problems nor treatments are exhaustive, but we have picked and described those treatments that have been adopted as guidelines by consensus panels and scientific summaries for meeting at least the minimal criteria of having generated a body of supportive scientific research. We repeat: The absence of a particular approach in our listing should not be of concern if you think your treatment is progressing satisfactorily. But, if your treatment is not proceeding well, the treatments described here might enable you to initiate a conversation with your therapist about changing the nature of your treatment.
How Genes work
Authors: Orme Nigel
Published: November 2023

A little boy races across a soccer field, intercepts the ball, and kicks with all his might. Minutes later he is writhing on the ground in tears, his legs burning with pain. He does not know it, but he could die from what is happening inside the cells of his legs. His exertion has triggered chemical and physical reactions that with deadly swiftness are turning his normally life-giving red blood cells into killers. The usually disc-shaped, round-edged, and pliable oxygen¬ carriers are being wrenched and twisted into the shapes of crescents, or sickles. Like nails trying to flow through a garden hose, they jam. In the narrow capillaries, only wide enough to admit red blood cells single file, the sickled cells stop flowing altogether, blocking the delivery of oxygen to tissues. The cells of the child’s leg muscle, because they have just run up an oxygen deficit by working so hard, are the first to succumb. Because the blood cannot flow fast enough, the muscle cells are not getting enough oxygen. They are suffocating and they begin to die.
One Life Becomes Two
Authors: Orme Nigel
Published: November 2023

Item: You accidentally bite your lip or cut yourself shaving. Or, let’s say, a child skins a knee. In a matter of days, the wound heals and the tissue is as good as ever. Even major injuries, given enough time, commonly heal. Item: A cancer arises somewhere in the body. It starts indetectably small, a single cell gone awry, but the cell multiplies. When the mass of proliferating cells is big enough, surgeons may remove the tumor and hope to cure the patient, but all too often, it already will have seeded new tumors throughout the body, hopelessly beyond the surgeon’s knife. Item: From a single cell, a fertilized human egg, an embryo develops. Within months it becomes a baby weighing several pounds and made up of several trillion cells. Underlying all these commonplace events is one of the most extraordinary natural phenomena known to science—the ability of one living cell to transform itself into two living cells.
Population Distributions
Authors: Salzmann David
Published: November 2023

The rapid ionization-recombination processes in the plasma determine the relative abundance of the various charge states. For example, in plasma in which the rate of the ionization is larger than the rate of the recombinations, more and more electrons are stripped off the ions so that the ions’ charge is increasing continually. Such a plasma is called an ionizing plasma. On the other hand, in a plasma in which the rate of the recombinations is larger than the rate of the ionizations, the ions are filling up with electrons, and the plasma is called a recombining plasma.
Rhetorical Inclinations
Authors: Savage-Rumbaugh Sue , Shanker Stuart G , Taylor Talbot J
Published: November 2023

For example, when he heard “Would you put some grapes in the swimming pool?” he got out of the swimming pool, walked over to where a number of foods were placed on a towel, and picked up the grapes and tossed them in the water. When he knew we were playing a game of hiding surprises, and he heard a clue such as “1 hid the surprise by my foot” or “Rose hid the surprise under her shirt,” he immediately raced to the correct location and retrieved his surprise. When asked on a walk in the woods, “Would you please give Panbanisha an onion?” Kanzi looked around for a patch of onions and, when he found one, pulled out a bunch and took it back to Panbanisha. When he had a new ball that he wanted to take into the colony room with him when he went to visit Matata, he was told “Your ball stays here”; he placed it by the door while visiting Matata but of course retrieved it immediately after he left.
Trial by Fire
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

Between bouts of sleep we gazed at mudcolored canvas-our new tent. Mosquitoes bounced against the netted windows like lions anticipating a Christian feast. Other team members used cots strategically placed below finely meshed nets dangling from branches. This African approach hadn’t occurred to us.
Rhino Illusion
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

Sack in Namibia, bursts of rain punctuated summer’s humid days. Mosquitoes still plagued everyone; while tourists used prophylactic drugs, most Namibians didn’t, and many became sick and lethargic. The Etosha Pan no longer shimmered. Its surface was bone dry and muddy by turns. Flamingoes, which breed successfully once every four years on average, renewed mating attempts. The veld water was widely dispersed, remaining in a few humanmade dams and natural depressions. Waist-high grasses concealed rutted, two-track roads, some with holes half a meter deep, sites where elephants walked and sank. To reach our second study site within Etosha, an area we called Calcrete Basin, would be nearly impossible even though it was only 100 kilometers from Okaukuejo. Our time would best be spent on other activities.
NamibEdge Carol Cunningham Joel Berger
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

the rhinos, save the whites,” read the circular sticker. “Do people really use these?” I had asked at a store soon after our arrival in Windhoek in 1991. “No, not really. One shouldn’t take it too seriously,” replied the white attendant in perfect English.He was wrong-something we wouldn’t learn for another year.
Lions and Hyenas
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania: 1966: At 10:30 three sub-adult male lions were seen watching a rhinoceros with her calf. One lion got up and approached them. As he neared the animals broke into a run. The calf snuggled against its mother, who moved toward the approaching lion. The calf retreated and the lion pursued it, separating it from the female. The mother followed the pursuing lion at a steady trot, and the calf doubled back to the female. The adult immediately engaged the lion, who diverted his attention to her. The female whirled around with incredible speed and gored him twice in the centre of the ribs, using the anterior horn with quick stabbing thrusts. The lion rolled over, completely winded. The rhinoceros then gored the lion once in the centre of the neck, followed by another thrust through the base of the mandible, killing him instantly. The two lions had not moved during the entire proceedings. hat was John Goddard’s only observation of a fatal interaction. Now, 30 years later,Ngorongoro has lost most of its rhinos. The cause: poaching, not predation.
The Dead and the Brave
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

black rhino lies bleeding, its body riddled with bullets. Minutes later the “whock, whock” of a panga breaks the morning silence. The distal end of the rhino’s face opens exposing tissue and nasal bones. The horns are hacked away, along with a swath of meat from its back. The hungry poachers enjoy a meal. Yet the rhino still breathes. Flies swarm where blood flows. The female rhino musters enough energy to walk to the nearest water and collapses there. Her death is slow.
Of Moths and Maggots
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

Woke to yellow and blue, early morning through colored nylon. Our cocoon of warm air deflated as I lifted the sheet and crawled away from Carol and out of the tent. Thirsty, I remembered there was Naartje juice in the Land Rover. Already tasting the tangerine flavor, I swung open the back door. A flurry of dusty black bodies and flashing yellow eye spots dashed toward me as moths exploded from the car. Hundred of wings beat wildly into my face. My eyes squeezed shut, and I flailed at them with my hands. Quiet Archie grinned as he sat by the fire.
Maternal Effects And The Maintenance Of Environmental Sex Determination
Authors: Niewiarowski Willem M Roosenburg & Peter
Published: November 2023

One of the more perplexing issues in evolutionary biology has been the adaptive significance of environmental sex determination (ESD). Two forms of ESD can be identified based on the nature of the environmental factor that influences sex determination. The first, biotic ESD, influences sexual development by either the density of conspecifics or the quality of hosts. The apparent adaptive advantage of biotic ESD is intuitive; however, the maternal effect of female choice may play an important role determining the sex of the offspring. Far less obvious is the adaptive significance of abiotic ESD; in this form the factors influencing the sex of offspring include temperature, pH, and photoperiod. Temperature is most frequently cited as the environmental factor influencing sex in vertebrates with ESD. Despite considerable efforts to understand why ESD is widespread among reptiles and apparently has persisted for long periods of evolutionary time in certain lineages, empirical data supporting an adaptive basis for this type of sex determination is sparse. A common theme arising from long-term studies of ESD is that conditions during incubation influence both growth and sex. Thus, maternal effects on growth that are gender specific may interact with female nest-site choice as a mechanism to enhance the fitness benefit of ESD.
Density-Mediated Maternal Effects On Seed Size In Wild Radish: Genetic Variation And Its Evolutionary Implications
Authors: Wolfe Susan J Mazer & Lorne M
Published: November 2023

The quality of the environment in which plants develop can have an immediate and sometimes a persistent effect on their appearance, on their reproductive success, and on the quality and performance of their offspring. This fact has been observed by many ecologists, evolutionists, and breeders, although the perspective from which it has been examined depends strongly on the characters and processes of interest. For example, population ecological studies often aim to determine or to measure direct environmental effects on individual growth and reproduction, which can have immediate effects on the demography and distribution of the next generation, and on the outcome of competitive interactions in natural popualtions (Van Andel and Vera 1977; Marshall et al. 1986; Stratton 1989; Miao et al. 1991a,b). Ecologists have also examined environmental effects on progeny quality because of their importance in determining life history attributes of the subsequent generation (Gutterman and Evenari 1972; Gutterman 1980, 1992; Cresswell and Grime 1981; Parrish and Bazzaz 1985; Fenner 1986; Garbutt and Bazzaz 1987; Miao et al. 1991b; Wulff and Bazzaz 1992; Hume 1994). From these studies, we know that the quality of a maternal plant’s environment often has a strong effect on the nutrient content of its seeds, the probability that they will germinate, and the growth rate and competitive ability of the seedlings derived from them.
C
Authors: Sacks David
Published: November 2023

Cadmus In Greek MYTH, Cadmus (Greek: Kadmos) was a prince of the Phoenician city of Tyre and founder of the Greek city of THEBES. Young Cadmus’ sister at Tyre was EUROPA, whom the god ZEUS abducted in the shape of a bull. Cadmus was assigned by his father, King Agenor, to find the vanished Europa. Leading a band of men to central Greece, he consulted the god APOLLO through the oracle at DELPHI. Apollo advised Cadmus to abandon the search and instead follow a cow that he would find outside the temple; he should establish a city wherever the cow lay down to rest. Accordingly, the cow led Cadmus to the future site of Thebes, about 50 miles away. There Cadmus built the Cadmea, which became the citadel of the later city.
J
Authors: Sacks David
Published: November 2023

Jason (1) In MYTH, a Thessalian hero who led the Argonauts (sailors of the ship Argo) to the distant land of Colchis, to acquire the fabulous Golden Fleece. The tale of the Argonauts is mentioned in HOMER’S Odyssey (written down circa 750 B.c.) andelaborated in PINDAR’S fourth Pythian ode (462 B.c.), but the main source is APOLLONIUS’ clever Alexandrian epic, the Argonautica (circa 245 B.c.).
Introduction
Authors: Noble Charles
Published: November 2023

Careful observers of social policy have known for some time that the conservative complaint against America’s welfare state-that it is too big and takes too much care of an increasingly dependent population-is, in international perspective, wrong. The U.S. welfare state is striking precisely because it is so limited in scope and ambition. Compared with governments in most other rich capitalist democracies in the West, from Sweden to Canada, U.S. public policy does less to change how markets, whether global capital markets or local labor markets allocate income and employment opportunities: the American welfare state is exceptional because it is so market conforming. After a hundred years of welfare-state building, Americans remain more vulnerable to the free play of market forces than do the people of nearly every other rich capitalist society.
The Problem
Authors: Noble Charles
Published: November 2023

In capitalist societies, welfare states exist to protect the public from the impact of unregulated market forces. That is their rationale and, to a significant extent, their principal effect. The poor receive cash and in-kind assistance, the elderly receive tax-subsidized pensions, and the jobless receive unemployment benefits because society has decided that individuals, families, and communities should not be asked to bear the brunt of economic change alone. But societies also vary in the degree to which they use government to counteract free market forces, and these differences matter enormously in people’s lives.
Finding Help
Authors: Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

As I have discussed, frequently problems that may be related to Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are often first recognized in the school by teachers, guidance counsellors, or psychologists who call the parents’ attention to these problems. In some instances-particularly in these days when knowledge of ADHD has spread widely-parents themselves begin to suspect their child has behavioural problems beyond the normal range. I wish to emphasize again that, in either case, in order to determine the probable cause of the child’s difficulties, parents must consult a physician who is knowledgeable about the entire range of children’s physical and emotional problems, including ADHD. A thorough diagnostic evaluation is essential before beginning any treatment plan. The following kinds of physicians are most likely to be acquainted with the problems of ADHD: child psychiatrists, paediatricians, and paediatric neurologists.
The Components of Integrative Leadership: Motivation, Behavior, and Style
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon
Published: November 2023

Katz was not always perceived as a consensus builder. Early in her career, she earned a reputation as the aggressive chair of the Ways and Means Committee who eschewed a “give-and-take style” in favor of a “take-it-or-take-it” approach to issues she cared about. Her detractors saw a legislator with little patience for those who disagreed with her; supporters, however, saw a caring, perceptive person who could “tune into precisely that thing that rings someone else’s bell.”2 During her Ways and Means Committee tenure, Katz began a metamorphosis from Kennedy liberal to a more centrist, fiscal pragmatist. While shedding the sharp ideological edges, she also began to hone the skills of integrative leadership.
Oklahoma: Leadership in No-Woman’s Land
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon
Published: November 2023

Created from tracts of Indian land and the panhandle strip once known as “No-Man’s Land,” Oklahoma has been described as a “state of competing images” that reflect contradictory but defining trends of traditionalism and transition.1 In gender politics, the conflict between traditionalism and transition also seems apt: Women are more prominent today in state politics than in days past, yet the state’s long heritage of social conservatism remains an impediment. In contemporary politics, leadership in the Oklahoma Legislature is “no-woman’s land.” In the 1990s, women have run successfully as statewide candidates, but at the state legislative level, progress has been slow. Oklahoma ranks forty-eighth among the states in terms of percentage of women lawmakers. Legislating has been traditionally and historically men’s work.
Introduction
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

During winter break in 1994, my family and I took a short and much-needed vacation in Santa Barbara, California. By then I had been at work on this book for five years, and I thought I knew a lot about it, emotionally as well as intellectually. In fact, I had started investigating child kidnapping precisely because I am what many would no doubt describe as an overanxious mother, fearful to let my children out of my sight in public places. The thought that someone might be lurking to take my child was one of the horrors with which I had early become acquainted as a mother. By December 1994, however, I thought I had gotten many of my fears under control, as my studies had suggested that child kidnappings, while a serious and revealing part of our society and its history, were uncommon, and I had come to believe that my worries were not good for my children and terrible for me. I now had an “intellectual handle” on the problem, I thought.
“The Most Amazing Crime in the History of Chicago-and of the United States” Leopold and Loeb
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

Richard Loeb and Na than Leopold plotted every detail of their planned abduction (a plot deeply informed by their knowledge of actual cases and detective fiction)—everything except the identity of the victim. This they left to chance and opportunity. Even the ransom notes, which were painstakingly cast in advance, left the name of the victim’s family deliberately blank, to be filled in only after the crime had been committed. On the day of the kidnapping, Leopold and Loeb had considered several children (all boys) who caught their attention in the school yard of the elite Harvard School in Chicago where they went in search of a victim. But only Robert (Bobby) Franks, a neighbor of Loeb’s and a distant cousin, presented just the combination of accessibility and opportunity that would pay off. It was therefore fourteen-year-old Bobby who, in the late afternoon of May 21, 1924, was lured into the Willys-Knight automobile that Leopold rented especially for the occasion.
Order and Reorder
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

In the workplace, the demanding boss scolds the slacker who claims that his task is impossible and tells him to try harder. However, in mathematics there are insoluble problems for which trying harder is inappropriate. The ancient problems of trisecting the angle, doubling the cube,and squaring the circlecontinue to attract would-be solvers despite mathematical proofs that these problems are insoluble.1 We will see a mathematical proof of the insolubility of another problem whose solution became a worldwide obsession in the 1870s; but first we look at a puzzle discussed 100 years earlier that began a branch of mathematics known as graph theory. The Seven Bridges of Konigsberg The great Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707-83) discussed and generalized the following problem.
Outcast
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

There is a very old method for checking arithmetic calculations called casting out nines.In this chapter we begin by describing this technique. Many find the procedure mysterious and ask the question, “Why does it work?” The answer is the centerpiece of this chapter. It leads to an important extension of ordinary arithmetic called modular arithmetic,a concept that underlies cyclic patterns of ordinary life such as the hours of the day and the days of the week. As a tool of calculation, casting out nines has the shortcoming that it is unable to detect one of the most common arithmetic errors-transposition of digits. However, it is a charming curiosity and, more important, its inner workings lay bare some significant mathematics.
Set and Match
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

Zeno’s archery paradox initiated speculation and argument concerning the meaning of infinity, a recurrent riddle through the centuries for mathematicians, philosophers, and theologians-including the mathematician/philosopher/theologian, Blaise Pascal. In Chapter 2, we found that Zeno’s speculations on the infinite fail under critical analysis, but it would be incorrect to suppose that infinity is beyond all scientific inquiry. The first rigorous mathematical theory of the infinite was discovered in the period 1871-84 by the German mathematician Georg Cantor, who devised a theory of not just one but infinitely many infinite numbers. The brilliant insight that made Cantor’s theory possible is his beautiful diagonalization method.We will see applications of this method in this chapter.
Prime News
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

We define a class of integers called prime numbers.The properties of these numbers have engrossed mathematicians for thousands of years. The study of prime numbers is a major part of the branch of mathematics called the theory of numbersthat deals with the properties of integers. Prime numbers are defined to be the natural numbers greater than 1 that are divisible only by themselves and . A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is said to be composite. We begin our discussion of prime numbers by stating a few definitions because we need to be very clear about the meanings of several words.
Studying Perceptual Development in Preverbal Infants
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D
Published: November 2023

Babies cannot be questioned about what they see, hear, taste, smell, or feel, nor can they be asked whether they have only meaningless sensations. Perhaps for this reason, it was long assumed by many people that the world perceived by an infant is a chaotic patchwork of sensations, or even that are deaf or partially blind. William James, in an oft quoted statement, commented that a baby’s world was a “blooming, buzzing confusion” (James, 1890). Now we know that James’s opinion was mistaken; even newborns are capable of actively seek ing information about the environment surrounding them.

We could not have made such a statement with assurance 30 years ago. Enormous advances in our knowledge have been made since that time, owing to new methods introduced and very effectively put to work by a number of researchers. What inspired this remarkable change? One reason was that developmental psychologists were spurred by ethologists who demonstrated the importance of an animal’s ability to fit into and function in its normal habitat, so a promising way to ask the right questions might be to make use of infants’ own spontaneous activity and the ways they naturally attend to the world surrounding them.
Theories of Tone: A Survey
Authors: Bao Zhiming
Published: November 2023

In Chinese philological and linguistic literature tones are classified into the yin and yang registers. Historically the yin tones occur on syllables with voiceless initial obstruents, and the yang tones occur on syllables with voiced initial obstruents. The voiced obstruents of Middle Chinese (ca. 600 A.D.) are lost in many modern dialects, mostly of the Mandarin variety. But many dialects, particularly those spoken in the southern coastal regions, still maintain voicing as a distinctive feature among obstruents. From the perspective of phonetics, it is well known that voiceless consonants induce higher pitch in the following vowel, and voiced consonants induce lower pitch (see, for example, Haudricourt 1954; Halle and Stevens 1971; Maddieson 1974, 1978; and Hombert et al. 1979). The correlation between yin and yang on the one hand, and the pitch of tone on the other, does not present a clear pattern over modern Chinese dialects. In some dialects with voiced obstruents, notably those in the Wu dialect family, the yin tones are higher in pitch than their yang counterparts. But in other dialects, such as those in the Southern Min dialect family, the situation is reversed: in the dialect of Chaoyang, and in many other Southern Min dialects spoken in southern Fujian Province and northern Guangdong Province, high-pitched tones are found in syllables with voiced initials, and low-pitched tones on syllables with voiceless initials (W. S.-Y. Wang 1967, Yue-Hashimoto 1986). In tone languages, tones are not necessarily correlated with consonant voicing.
The Autosegmental Nature of Tone
Authors: Bao Zhiming
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3 I proposed the geometrical structure of tone repeated below. I showed how the tonal geometry accounts for various tone sandhi effects observed in tone languages. In presenting arguments, I made the assumption that tones are autosegmental. This is necessary because, as we have seen, tonal melodies undergo phonological processes independently of the segments on which they are realized. Since I claim, following many other researchers, that the geometry of tone is a substructure of the geometry of laryngeal features of the nuclear vowels, the very fact of tonal assimilation is testimony for the autosegmental treatment of tone. This can be illustrated by the register assimilation structure in (2).
PCR Technology
Authors: Harris Eva
Published: November 2023

Description of the Technique Historical Overview Just as the discovery of restriction enzymes and the ability to clone fragments of DNA had profound impacts on the biological sciences in the 1970s (Cohen et al., 1973), so too the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revolutionized molecular biology in the late 1980s. Kary Mullis first conceptualized the process of PCR in 1985 (Saiki et al., 1985a). In that year, the first clinical application of PCR, in a case of sickle cell anemia, was published (Saiki et al., 1985b). In 1986, the description of the use of PCR for analysis of allelic sequence variation in the HLA locus set the stage for PCR-based forensic analysis (Saiki et al., 1986). During this time, “first-generation” PCR technology began to disseminate in laboratories in the developed world. The next advance was the advent of the thermostable polymerase Taq, isolated from the thermophilic bacteria Thermus aquaticus, which greatly facilitated the procedure. Prior to the introduction of Taq polymerase, fresh polymerase had to be added to the reaction after each cycle, because the incubation temperature (94°C) necessary for denaturation of the DNA template also destroyed the thermolabile polymerases available at the time. In 1988-89, recombinant Taq polymerase became available (Lawyer et al., 1989). Recently, there has been an explosion in the number of different thermostable enzymes on the market, the so-called “designer enzymes,” each of which is optimized for a slightly different PCR application. Going back to the time line, by 1989, over 1000 PCR-related papers had been published, according to the Medline database. By 1992, the number of PCR-related papers had risen to over 15,000 and has continued to skyrocket ever since. By 1990, “second-generation” thermocyclers and enzymes had become available, and the use of PCR began in developing countries (Harris et al., 1993). PCR has become an essential tool in research laboratories worldwide and the basis for many clinical and forensic tests.
Rapid Cloning of PCR Products
Authors: Harris Eva
Published: November 2023

PCR products can be visualized directly or cloned by ligating the amplified product into the vector of choice. Cloning of PCR products is useful for many purposes; for instance, the cloned fragment can then be sequenced, modified, expressed, labeled, or used as a DNA probe. While PCR methods have been described to perform many of these functions without cloning, it is often useful to have a cloned stock of PCR product (modified or unmodified) as a permanent source of the material. PCR products can be notoriously difficult to clone, and numerous PCR cloning strategies have been developed and are commercially available. One simple and effective in-house approach, which will be described in this chapter, is the introduction of restriction endonuclease sites into the PCR product, followed by classical cloning procedures.
Negative Polarity Expressions In Navajo
Authors: Hale Ken , Platero Paul
Published: November 2023

The overt expression of negative polarity is achieved in Navajo by means of two constructions.
The Semantics Of The Navajo Verb Base
Authors: Smith Carlota S
Published: November 2023

The Navajo verb poses problems for semantic analysis that do not arise with simpler verb forms. The verb base of Navajo contains several types of morpheme: there are verb roots expressed in different stems sets, classifiers, the matic prefixes, and derivational prefixes. It is difficult to identify the roles played by each morpheme, because there are many interacting factors. Semantic analyses of the Navajo verb have tended to treat morphemes of the same morphological and positional classes as similar; but they are not necessarily the same semantically.
The Function and Signification of Certain Navaho Particles
Authors: Young Robert W , Morgan William
Published: November 2023

Although Article 6 of the Navajo Treaty of 1868 committed the federal ernment to provide educational facilities for “every thirty children between ages of six and sixteen) who could be induced or compelled to attend sd interest on the part of tribal members was understandably low at the time funds were lacking. As a result, nearly a century passed before school oppo1 ties became universally available to the tribe.
Psychosocial Change at Puberty and Beyond: Understanding Adolescent Sexuality and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Graber Julia A , Archibald Andrea Bastiani
Published: November 2023

Development of a sexual identity, or formation of an identity that includes seeing oneself as a sexual being, is the process of engaging in sexual behaviors, forming attitudes about sexual experiences and sexuality, and navigating the social, emotional, and physical challenges of sexual behavior (Graber, Brooks-Gunn, & Galen, 1998). For most youths, much of this developmental work occurs over the course of the adolescent decade. Hence, the study of adolescent sexuality has typically been embedded in the context of the biological and psychosocial changes accompanying the transition to and through adolescence (Brooks-Gunn & Furstenberg, 1989; Brooks-Gunn & Paikoff, 1997; Paikoff & Brooks-Gunn, 1994). These investigations of adolescent sexuality have generally focused on the development and experiences of heterosexual youths. Lacking in this literature is thorough consideration of the emerging sexuality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths (see D’ Augelli, 1998; Graber & Brooks-Gunn, 1995; Savin-Williams 1995; for some exceptions). In order to better understand the developing sexuality of these youths, it is important also to contemplate their sexual development within the larger context of the transition to adolescence. In this way, researchers and practitioners alike will begin to acknowledge those processes that are similar for all adolescents regardless of eventual sexual orientation. As well, identification of the potentially unique experiences and/ or challenges for lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents will aid in the creation of developmentally appropriate intervention services for these youths and their families.