bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisiting strategies for reducing the seedbank of Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.
Authors: RUBIALES D , FERNÁNDEZ‐APARICIO M , WEGMANN K , JOEL D M
Published: October 2009

Weedy Orobanche and Phelipanche species are important in Southern and Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, and have recently been reported in the USA, Australia and some countries in South America. Rather than being controlled, the Orobanche and Phelipanche problem is increasing, both in intensity and in acreage. Large areas of new territory are at risk of invasion, if care is not immediately taken to limit the introduction of parasitic seeds and to educate farmers and others to be alert for new infestations. There is an urgent need to re‐evaluate novel integrated Orobanche and Phelipanche management programmes that will allow a better control of the parasite species and limit their distribution. The main obstacle in the long‐term management of Orobanche and Phelipanche infested fields is the durable seedbank, which may remain viable for decades in the field. Large quantities of long‐lived seeds give the parasite genetic adaptability to changes in host resistance and cultural practices. As long as the seedbank is not controlled, the need to control the parasite will persist whenever a susceptible host is grown in the infested field. We discuss strategies for seedbank reduction, paying particular attention to cultural practices, whereas chemical and biological control methods are covered by other reviews in this issue.
Web‐based image transmission: a novel approach to aid communication in split liver transplantation
Authors: Bhati Chandra S. , Wigmore Stephen J. , Reddy Sriniwas , Mayer David A. , Buckels John A.C. , Derek Manas , Mirza Darius F.
Published: October 2009

Bhati CS, Wigmore SJ, Reddy S, Mayer DA, Buckels JAC, Derek M, Mirza DF. Web‐based image transmission: a novel approach to aid communication in split liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 98–103. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  Split liver transplantation (SLT) is technically demanding and requires good communication between transplant centers. The recipient surgeon receiving a shipped split liver needs detailed information on allocation of inflow and outflow vessels. We describe the first use of an image transmission system to facilitate SLT.

Methods:  Twenty cadaver livers undergoing ex situ splitting were studied. Fifteen were shared between the geographically separate Birmingham adult and pediatric centers and five were shared with other UK centers.

Results:  A total of six to eight images of each split graft were taken with a camera at standardized settings using the National Organ Retrieval Imaging System (NORIS), showing details of appearance, size, and anatomy of allocated inflow and outflow vessels. These were uploaded using a personal digital assistant to a secure website (http://www.noris.org.uk). The remote recipient surgeon then viewed these images by logging onto the password‐protected website. Minimum time interval between division of the hilar vessels and completion of the split procedure was two h, allowing remote surgeon to view their allocated “shipped” graft in advance of commencing surgery.

Conclusion:  This advanced yet simple image transmission system has the potential for routine application in transplant surgery, not only for splitting but also for reporting injuries and graft steatosis.
Infusions of albumin increase free fraction of naproxen in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study
Authors: REINE P. A. , KONGSGAARD U. E. , ANDERSEN A. , THØGERSEN A.‐K. , OLSEN H.
Published: October 2009

Background:In vitroandin vivostudies have indicated that stabilizers present in pharmaceutical‐grade albumin influence the albumin‐binding capacity for highly protein‐bound drugs. However, the half‐life of the stabilizers and the quantitative effect have been difficult to determine.

Method:A randomized crossover study including six healthy volunteers was performed. The study subjects received 750 mg of oral naproxen 2 h before the study. They were randomized to receive either 100 ml of 20% albumin or 100 ml of Ringer's acetate solution intravenously. Frequent blood samples were obtained. The experiment was repeated 4 weeks later with the alternate solution. The serum samples were analysed to determine the concentrations of albumin,N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan, caprylate, and naproxen.

Results:The free fraction of naproxen increased significantly after the infusion of albumin (P<0.05). The increase was concurrent with the appearance ofN‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan and caprylate in serum. The free fraction of naproxen declined rapidly after the albumin infusion was completed.N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan had a half‐life of approximately 30 min. The half‐life of caprylate was <15 min.

Conclusion:A transfusion of albumin results in an increase in the free fraction of naproxen. The transient increase in free‐fraction naproxen decreased together with the detectable levels of the stabilizersN‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan and caprylate.N‐acetyl‐dl‐tryptophan and caprylate have a short half‐life in serum.
Infusion of hypertonic saline/starch during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces fluid overload and may impact cardiac function
Authors: KVALHEIM V. L. , FARSTAD M. , STEIEN E. , MONGSTAD A. , BORGE B. A. , KVITTING P. M. , HUSBY P.
Published: October 2009

Objective: Peri‐operative fluid accumulation resulting in myocardial and pulmonary tissue edema is one possible mechanism behind post‐operative cardiopulmonary dysfunction. This study aimed to confirm an improvement of cardiopulmonary function by reducing fluid loading during an open‐heart surgery.

Materials and methods: Forty‐nine elective CABG patients were randomized to an intraoperative infusion of hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch (HSH group) or Ringer's solution (CT group). Both groups received 1 ml/kg/h of the study solution for 4 h after baseline values were obtained (PICCO® transpulmonary thermodilution technique). Net fluid balance (NFB), hemodynamic and laboratory parameters were measured.

Results: NFB was four times higher in the CT group compared with the HSH group during the first 6 h post‐operatively. The total fluid gain until the next morning was lower in the HSH group, 2993.9 (938.6) ml, compared with the CT group, 4298.7 (1059.3) ml (P<0.001). Normalized values (i.e., %‐changes from the baseline) of the cardiac index and the global end diastolic volume index increased post‐operatively in both groups. Both parameters were significantly higher at 6 h in the HSH group compared with CT group (P=0.002 and 0.005, respectively). Normalized values of the intrathoracic blood volume index were lower in the HSH group at 6 h post‐operatively when compared with the CT group. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio decreased similarly in both groups early post‐operatively, but recovery tended to be more rapid in the HSH group. Although serum‐sodium and serum‐chloride levels were significantly higher in the HSH group, the acid–base parameters remained similar and within the normal range.

Conclusions: An intraoperative infusion of HSH during cardiac surgery contributes to reduced fluid loading and an improvement in the post‐operative cardiac performance. No adverse effects of the HSH infusion were observed.
Selection on life‐history traits and genetic population divergence in rotifers
Authors: CAMPILLO S. , GARCÍA‐ROGER E. M. , CARMONA M. J. , GÓMEZ A. , SERRA M.
Published: October 2009

A combination of founder effects and local adaptation – the Monopolization hypothesis – has been proposed to reconcile the strong population differentiation of zooplankton dwelling in ponds and lakes and their high dispersal abilities. The role genetic drift plays in genetic differentiation of zooplankton is well documented, but the impact of natural selection has received less attention. Here, we compare differentiation in neutral genetic markers (FST) and in quantitative traits (QST) in six natural populations of the rotiferBrachionus plicatilisto assess the importance of natural selection in explaining genetic differentiation of life‐history traits. Five life‐history traits were measured in four temperature × salinity combinations in common‐garden experiments. Population differentiation for neutral genetic markers – 11 microsatellite loci – was very high (FST = 0.482). Differentiation in life‐history traits was higher in traits related to sexual reproduction than in those related to asexual reproduction.QSTvalues for diapausing egg production (a trait related to sexual reproduction) were higher than their correspondingFSTin some pairs of populations. Our results indicate the importance of divergent natural selection in these populations and suggest local adaptation to the unpredictability ofB. plicatilishabitats.
Effect of human peripheral monocyte subsets on coronary flow reserve in infarct‐related artery in patients with primary anterior acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Ikejima Hideyuki , Imanishi Toshio , Tsujioka Hiroto , Kuroi Akio , Tanimoto Takashi , Kitabata Hironori , Hirata Kumiko , Akasaka Takashi
Published: October 2009

1. In the present study, we investigated the relationships between relative levels of specific peripheral monocyte subsets and coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) during the subacute phase in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

2. The study was performed on 29 patients with primary anterior AMI who had been successfully treated using primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Two monocyte subsets (CD14+CD16− and CD14+CD16+) were measured by flow cytometry. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was used to measure CFVR on Days 4 and 7 after the onset of AMI onset. We defined ΔCFVR as the difference in CFVR values between Days 4 and 7. The extent of myocardial salvage on Day 7 after AMI was evaluated by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging as the difference between the area of myocardium at risk and the area of necrotic myocardium.

3. There was a significant negative correlation between ΔCFVR and peak CD14+CD16− monocyte counts in AMI patients, whereas no significant association was found between CD14+CD16+ monocyte counts and ΔCFVR. There was a significant positive correlation between ΔCFVR and the extent of myocardial salvage.

4. In conclusion, peak levels of CD14+CD16− monocytes following primary anterior AMI were closely related to the extent of microvascular injury.
A canine portal hypertension model induced by intra‐portal administration of Sephadex microsphere
Authors: Jin Wangxun , Deng Liming , Zhang Qiyu , Lin Dexin , Zhu Jiying , Chen Yunzhi , Chen Bicheng , Li Jianmin
Published: October 2009

Background and Aim:  Big animal models of portal hypertension are important for the research into this disease. The aim of this study was to establish a canine portal hypertension model by intra‐portal administration of microspheres.

Methods:  Sixteen mongrel dogs were assigned to control group and experimental group randomly. The catheterization of portal vein was performed by laparotomy and the outer end of the catheter was fixed subcutaneously in the abdominal wall. The dogs of the experimental group were given intra‐portal injections of microspheres at a five‐day interval, six times in total. Portal hemodynamics, blood cell counting, liver and renal function test, portography, gastroscopy, liver, spleen and lung histological examination were taken to evaluate the model.

Results:  1, 2, 3 and 4 months after initial injection of microspheres, portal venous pressure rose from baseline 8.7 ± 0.7 mmHg to 24.3 ± 1.6, 20.6 ± 2.1, 19.0 ± 1.8 and 17.7 ± 2.0 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.01). The diameter of portal vein increased from 7.6 ± 0.3 to 8.6 ± 0.3 mm, calculated portal resistance increased from 0.46 ± 0.06 to 1.06 ± 0.20 (mmHg/mL/min/kg body weight); velocity of portal blood flow decreased from 35.1 ± 1.7 to 26.1 ± 2.4 cm/s (P < 0.01, respectively). The animals of experimental group developed marked splenomegaly and profuse portosystemic collateral circulations with normal liver and renal function.

Conclusion:  Repeated intra‐portal administration of microspheres can induce stable and reproducible chronic portal hypertension in dogs with normal liver and renal functions. This model can meet multiple demands of both basic and clinical research of portal hypertension.
Centralization of rectal cancer surgery improves long‐term survival
Authors: Hosseinali Khani M. , Smedh K.
Published: October 2009

Aim  In 1996, rectal cancer surgery in the Swedish county of Västmanland was centralized to a single colorectal unit. At the same time, total mesorectal excision and multidisciplinary team meetings were introduced. The aim of this audit was to determine the long‐term results before and after centralization.

Method  All consecutive rectal cancer patients who underwent curative or palliative surgery at one of the county’s four hospitals between 1993 and 1996 (n = 133, group 1) were compared with patients operated at the new centralized colorectal unit between 1996 and 1999 (n = 144, group 2).

Results  Preoperative radiotherapy was common in both groups, but in group 2, it was planned using MRI. Local recurrences were detected in 8% of all patients operated in group 1 vs 3.5% in group 2 (P = 0.043). The overall 5‐year survival for all patients in group 1 was 38 vs 62% in group 2 (P = 0.003). According to multivariate analysis, the new colorectal unit was an independent predictor for improved long‐term survival.

Conclusion  This population‐based audit shows reduced local recurrence rate and prolonged overall survival for rectal cancer patients after centralization to a single colorectal unit with multidisciplinary management and increased subspecialization.
The role of competition in word learning via referent selection
Authors: Horst Jessica S. , Scott Emilly J. , Pollard Jessica A.
Published: October 2009

Previous research suggests that competition among the objects present during referent selection influences young children’s ability to learn words in fast mapping tasks. The present study systematically explored this issue with 30‐month‐old children. Children first received referent selection trials with a target object and either two, three or four competitor objects. Then, after a short delay, children were tested on their ability to retain the newly fast‐mapped names. Overall, the number of competitors did not affect children’s ability to form the initial name–object mappings. However, only children who encountered few competitors during referent selection demonstrated significant levels of retention. Results and implications are discussed in terms of the role of competition in studies of children’s fast mapping. The relationship between referent selection and full word learning is also discussed.
Understanding bilateral FDI flows in developing Asia
Authors: Hattari Rabin , Rajan Ramkishen S.
Published: October 2009

Unlike trade flows, there has been little to no detailed examination of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows between Asian economies. This paper uses bilateral FDI flows data to investigate trends in intra‐Asian FDI flows over the period 1990–2005. It employs an augmented gravity model to identify the main determinants of intra‐Asian FDI flows. Possible drivers of FDI flows, including transactional and informational distance (proxied by distance), real sector variables, financial variables and quality of institutions are examined.
THE EUROMARKETS AND THE NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT IN THE 1960S
Authors: Singleton John
Published: October 2009

The rapid development of the Euromarkets and the more gradual opening of the West German and other capital markets to external borrowers were significant events in the reglobalisation of financial markets beginning in the 1960s. Finding it increasingly difficult to borrow in the domestic British and US capital markets, the New Zealand government sought to take advantage of the Euromarkets. As well as providing an antipodean perspective on the early Euromarkets, this paper comments on developments in the City of London in the 1960s, and outlines the process by which a relatively inexperienced borrower set about building a communicating infrastructure that enabled relationships to be forged with overseas financial institutions.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING REGULATION, EDUCATION, AND LITERATURE IN AUSTRALIA, 1788–2005
Authors: Carnegie Garry D.
Published: October 2009

Accounting involves the recording of events, the preparation and reporting of results and is a key medium in discharging accountability. It pervades organisations and institutions in every country and is a key element of the business fabric and economic development of any nation. This study examines the development of accounting regulation, education, and literature in Australia across five key phases of European settlement from 1788 to 2005 and presents an overview of the major historical trends in each of these periods. The development of accounting and the profession is intimately linked with significant economic development in Australia over 200 years.
THE WEB‐SPINNING PROCESS AND WEB‐STRUCTURE OF LATRODECTUS TREDECIMGUTTATUS, L. PALLIDUS AND L. REVIVENSIS
Authors: Szlep R.
Published: October 2009

The web structure and the web spinning process of Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Rossi, Latrodectus pallidus Cambridge and Latrodectus revivensis Shulov have been investigated, particular attention being given to the structure of their catching webs.

The webs of Latrodectus represent a further development of the web‐type of Archaeranea tepidariorum. The specific characters of the investigated webs concern the middle layer of their three‐layer webs, where more or less regular structures appear.

In the middle layer of L. tredecimguttatus web paths of hexagonal meshes appear.

In the web of L. pallidus and L. revivensis more or less regular radially arranged catching platforms appear, connected with the distant retreat by a long bridge‐web.

The lower layer of vertical threads, with viscid droplets on their far ends is spread‐out in L. tredecimguttatus and consists of short threads as distinct from the concentrated bundle of high threads in the two other species.

Since L. pallidus and L. revivensis appear usually among vegetation, their restricted catching webs seem to be adaptive adjustment to the biotope.

The concentration of the catching webs brings about improvement as regards prey detection.

The differences in the web structure of L. tredecimguttatus and L. revivensis indicate that their behavioural characters are more distinct than the morphological ones. The different behavioural characters support the view that L. revivensis represents a species different from L. mactans tredecimguttatus.
THE OCCURENCE OF SMALL MAMMALS IN DISCARDED BOTTLES
Authors: Morris P. A. , Harper J. F.
Published: October 2009

It has been found that discarded bottles often contain the remains of small mammals. The phenomenon is of widespread occurrence in the British Isles and involves at least ten species.

Mammals appear to be trapped in bottles because of their differential abilities to enter and exit through the neck. Entry is probably in response to feeding or exploratory drives, exit is prevented by a number of different factors. While shrews tend to occur in all bottle sizes, rodents are found more often in those bottles with the wider necks.

The practice of examining discarded bottles is indicated as an important tool in the collection of mammal distribution records.
A DESCRIPTION OF THE CORAL STRUCTURE OF TUTIA REEF (PANGANYIKA TERRITORY, EAST AFRICA), AND ITS FISH FUNA
Authors: Talbot F. H.
Published: October 2009

The origin and structure of Tutia Reef, a coral reef off the Tanganyika coast, is described. It is concluded that the reef is formed in part from the cutting back flat of the older reef 14 ft above the level of the present reef, and in part from seaward growth of the reef.

Based on lines of quadrats down three sides of the reef an assessment of the cover of living coral on the reef is made, and the distribution of the dominant corals of the reef described. It is suggested that, contrary to the views of Crossland (1902, 1903), many East African coral reefs are undergoing seaward growth.

The distribution of the fishes on the reef is described, and a correlation is shown with the distribution of living coral on the reef. Many species of fishes have restricted distribution on the reef.

The feeding relationships of the fishes are discussed, and the total fish biomass divided into separate feeding categories. Tutia Reef has a low biomass of herbivorous fishes compared with the results from Eniwetok Atoll obtained by Odum & Odum (1955). This is considered to be due to the fact that Tutia Reef exhibits characteristics of an outer reef, deriving much of its energy from plankton, not those of an enclosed and almost autotrophic logoon.
STUDIES ON SOME ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF MESOCOELIUM MONDODI, A TREMATODE PARASITE OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIA
Authors: Thomas J. D.
Published: October 2009

Some aspects of the autecology of Mesocoelium monodi Dollfus, 1929, a parasite of lizards and Amphibia in Africa have been studied because of the dearth of knowledge in this field of ecology. It was found that although the larvae were confined to one species of molluscan host, the adults occurred in a wide variety of taxonomically diverso hosts including reptiles and amphibia. The possible reasons for this this low order of host specificity are discussed. Although the parasite occurred in all parts of the alimentary canal of Agama with the exception of the rectum, its preferred microhabitat was the duodenum where it feeds on food detritus and mucus. M. monodi does not appear to produce any tissue reactions and the lizards do not acquire a durable immunity or premunition to it. There is no evidence of intra‐ specific and interspecific competition taking place within this microhabitat as most of theavailable gut space was not utilizedand Mesocoelium and Physaloptera, the other helminth occurring in the duodenum, did not appear to be mutually exclusive. The frequency distribution of the parasite in the lizards is not random and it is suggested that the main reason for this is that there are foci of infestation. The incidence and intensity of infestation which are controlled by the rate of ingestion of intermediate hosts containing metacorcariae vary seasonally and arc greater in females than in males. Tho most important climatic factor influencing the seasonal changc is rainfall, probably because it controls the activity of both the molluscan intermediate host and the infective larvae. The adult parasite has a short life span and the mortality rate was about 1.5 to 2.5 per cent per day.
TRACTION EPIPHYSES IN TEH MAMMALIAN SKULL
Authors: Cave A. J. E.
Published: October 2009

Traction epiphyses in the mammalian skull are described for the first time, an account being given of the mastoid epiphysis of the otariid pinnipedes and of the lacrimal (antorbital) epiphysis in tapirs, elephants and rhinoceroses.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE COPEPOD EUTERPINA ACUTIFRONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DIMORPHISM IN THE MALE
Authors: HAQ S. M.
Published: October 2009

The development of Euterpina acutifrons is described from observations of individuals reared in the laboratory. The characteristics which enable the various stages to be identified have been listed and the feeding mechanism of the larvae described. Differences from the usual developmental pattern of the Harpacticoida are noted and it is suggested that these are related to the pelagic habit of Euterpina. Dimorphism in the male is described and the course of development of the dimorphs is shown to differ from schemes previously suggested for other copepods. Dimorphism, which is manifested at the moult of the third copepodid, is shown to be independent of temperature.
REPRODUCTION AND BREEDING FLUCTUATIONS IN HYDROCENA MONTEROSATIANA A MALAYAN LIMESTONE ARCHAEOGASTROPOD
Authors: BERRY A. J.
Published: October 2009

The reproductive system of Hydrocena monterosatiana Godwin Austen & Nevill, is described and is simpler in construction than those of other Neritacea. Evidence of fluctuating reproductive condition is given although breeding appears to persist throughout the year. Breeding fluctuations are related to changes in rainfall and their nature is compared with taht in other gastropods from the same locality.
A NOTE ON THE MANDIBULAR INTRA‐ARTICULAR DISC IN THE JOINTS OF MARSUPIALIA AND MONOTREMATA
Authors: SPRINZ R.
Published: October 2009

The mandibular joint in ten marsupials and monotremes is described.

No dise was found in Dasyurus. In Tuchyglossus, Ornithorhynchus and Sarcophilus fine fibrous strands were observed which are assessed to be remnants of discs. Larger segments of discs were observed in both joints of Macropus. Didelphys and Metachirus presented complete discs which were attached to the joint surfaces. All other joints presented complete discs, free from the articular surfaces.

In joints without discs or opposite gaps in discs, the articular, membranes were thick. Comparison is made to similar appearances in rabbits following surgical removal or damage to the disc.

The significance of the variations in the morphology of the discs and articular membrances is discussed.
HETEROCHRONOUS CHANGES AMONG AUSTRALIAN LEPTODACTYLID FROGS
Authors: STEPHENSON N. G.
Published: October 2009

This investigation has been carried out in order to estimate the extent to which osteological differences normally used as a basis for generic distinction among certain anurans may be explained on the basis of heterochronous changes in bone formation. Representative species of fourteen Australian genera of the family Leptodactylidae were compared, and an osteological survey was carried out on alizarin transparencies of sexually mature and juvenile specimens. As a basis for description, a little known and somewhat neotenic Western Australian anuran, Glauertia russelli Loveridge, was selected.

Bone, as a tissue, is a useful index of heterochronous change. It gives a clear indication of the extent to which the developmental processes leading to its formation have proceeded. It often provides a reliable guide to the degree of general development attained by the time an animal reaches sexual maturity.

The study of heterochrony indicates the evolutionary importance of this phenomenon in the establishment of certain species and genera. Skeletal distinctions among the Australian Leptodactylidae are readily explained, even at the generic level, in terms of such time‐axis or heterochronous changes. These, through shortening or lengthening the time of development of particular bones, or by altering the speed of their ossification, lead to differences of phylogenetic significance. The fact that not only individual variations but also specific and generic distinctions may arise in this way in certain groups of animals has an important bearing on problems of their distribution.
SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE COPEPOD LERN AEOCERA CENTROPRISTI
Authors: KABATA Z.
Published: October 2009

The larvae of the lernaeocerid copepods are as yet very imperfectly known. To extend the knowledge of their morphology, the larvae of Lernaeocera centropristi Pearse, 1947, were re‐examined. The larvae had been discovered on the gills of Centropristus striatus (L.) in Beaufort, North Carolina. Their adult stage is still unknown. The examination has shown that the larvae are almost identical with the known larvae of Lernaeocera, but also that they are equipped with additional armament at the base of the mouth‐cone. Since the presence of this armament appears to be the main distinguishing feature between the larvae of the genera Lernaeocera and Lernaeenicus, and in view of other small distinctions, it is proposed that Lernaeocera centropristi Pearse, 1947, should be transferred to the genus Lernaeenicus, as L. centropristi (Pearse, 1947).
ZOOPLANKTON OF LAKES MUTANDA, BUNYONYI AND MULEHE
Authors: GREEN J.
Published: October 2009

Quantitative samples of zooplankton from three lakes in the Kigezi District of Uganda have been studied. The systematics of the zooplankton are considered, and some of the identifications given by Worthington & Ricardo (1936) in a previous study of one of these lakes are revised.

Lake Mulehe is the shallowest of the three lakes and contains the largost standing crop of zooplankton. This is in agreement with chemical data which indicato that the supply of nutrient salts in Lake Mulehe is higher than in the other two lakes.

In October 1962 the zooplankton of Lake Mutanda was characterized by the relative abundance of three species of Daphnia which were not found in the samples from the other lakes, although two of these species were present in Lake Bunyonyi in 1931. Rotifers were sparse in Lako Mutands, but here dominant by Tetramastix opoliensis. Lake Bunyonyi was richer in rotifers, but here the dominant species was Keratella tropica, whilo in Lake Mulehe the dominant rotifer was Synchaeta pectinata.

The zooplankton of Lake Mutanda in October 1962 was similar in composition to that of Lake Bunyonyi in 1931, but in 1962 the zooplankton of Lake Bunyonyi was more like that of Lake Mulehe. The possible causos of this change are discussed.
AN INTERPRETATION OF GULAR SIZE IN SOME ADULT COLEOPTERA
Authors: EVANS M. E. G.
Published: October 2009

An interpretation of the gular width of some adult beetles has been attempted in terms of absolute head size and the functioning of the mounth‐parts. In many groups of beetles (e.g Aphodiinae) the gular width to head width ratio remains approximately constant in species of incresing size, whereas in the Staphylininae it declines because the absolute width of the gula remains nearly constant. Thus in very large Staphylininae the gular sulci meet in the midline. It is suggested that this is due to a relative increase in the size of the mandibular adductors which is necessary to maintain the relstive biting force in larger species, this being required for the penetration of tough prey. It is postulated that this need arises because if the head width were doubled, the volume (and weight) of the head would increase about eight times, whilst the cross‐sectional area of the mandibular adductors would only quadruple. A variety of species have been examined in relation to this hypothesis. It is suggested that many Carabidae do not conform because of the presence of stipital retractor muscles between the gular fidges. It also appears that because of these muscles some species have developed a mid‐gular apodeme to bear the origins of the labial muscles.
THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND STOMATOGASTRIC NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE ADULT TSETSE FLY GLOSSINA MORSITANS
Authors: LANGLEY P. A.
Published: October 2009

The brain of Glossina morsitans Westwood contains four groups of neurosecretory cells which are stainable with chrome haematozylin and phloxin. The axons of these cells form a pair of nervi corporis cardiaci which pass posteriorly from the brain and innervate the corpora cardiaca and corpus allatum before uniting with a small ganglion posterior to the corpora cardiaca. This ganglion is considered to represent the fusion of the fusion of the hypocerebral and ventricular ganglia which remain separate in other insects.

There is no frontal ganglion in the adult Glossina and the recurrent nerve fuses with one of the nervi corporis cardiaci immediately behind the brain. The oesophageal nerves arising from the fused hypocerebral and ventricular ganglia innervate the oesophagus in the anterior part of the thorax, the proventriculus and the posterior extension of the oesophagus close to the crop. These nerves possess both sensory and motor nerve endings. The differences which exist between Glossina and other cyclorrhaphous Diptera with respect to their neuroendocrine/stomatogastric system are noted and considered in terms of the control of neuroendocrine function.
SUCCINEA PUTRIS: A TERRESTRIAL OPISTHOBRANCH MOLLUSC
Authors: RIGBY JOYCE E.
Published: October 2009

An account of the histology and functional morphology of the alimentary system (excluding the musculature of the buccal mass) and of the reproductive system is pressented. The path of the sperm prior to, and after, copulation is traced. Comparison is made with other gasteropods and it is concluded that the Succineidae should be placed among the tectibranch opisthobranchs.
Human skin wounds: A major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy
Authors: Sen Chandan K. , Gordillo Gayle M. , Roy Sashwati , Kirsner Robert , Lambert Lynn , Hunt Thomas K. , Gottrup Finn , Gurtner Geoffrey C. , Longaker Michael T.
Published: October 2009

In the United States, chronic wounds affect 6.5 million patients. An estimated excess of US$25 billion is spent annually on treatment of chronic wounds and the burden is rapidly growing due to increasing health care costs, an aging population and a sharp rise in the incidence of diabetes and obesity worldwide. The annual wound care products market is projected to reach $15.3 billion by 2010. Chronic wounds are rarely seen in individuals who are otherwise healthy. In fact, chronic wound patients frequently suffer from "highly branded" diseases such as diabetes and obesity. This seems to have overshadowed the significance of wounds per se as a major health problem. For example, NIH's Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool (RePORT; http://report.nih.gov/), directed at providing access to estimates of funding for various disease conditions does list several rare diseases but does not list wounds. Forty million inpatient surgical procedures were performed in the United States in 2000, followed closely by 31.5 million outpatient surgeries. The need for post‐surgical wound care is sharply on the rise. Emergency wound care in an acute setting has major significance not only in a war setting but also in homeland preparedness against natural disasters as well as against terrorism attacks. An additional burden of wound healing is the problem of skin scarring, a $12 billion annual market. The immense economic and social impact of wounds in our society calls for allocation of a higher level of attention and resources to understand biological mechanisms underlying cutaneous wound complications.
Iron Nanoparticle‐Containing Silicon Carbide Fibers Prepared by Pyrolysis of Fe(CO)5‐Doped Polycarbosilane Fibers
Authors: Chen Xiaojun , Su Zhiming , Zhang Li , Tang Ming , Yu Yuxi , Zhang Litong , Chen Lifu
Published: October 2009

Silicon carbide (SiC) fibers are prepared using an iron‐containing polycarbosilane (Fe‐PCS) as the precursor. Iron pentacarbonyl [Fe(CO)5] is first reacted with low‐molecular‐weight liquid PCS to form an iron‐containing colloid. The colloid is then added into high‐molecular‐weight solid PCS to form Fe‐PCS. Formation of the iron‐containing colloid as well as the SiC fiber processing has been studied. It is found that during the preparation of the colloid, the iron pentacarbonyl first decomposes under heat into nanosized carbonyl derivatives and CO. CO then reacts with liquid PCS at the interface, rendering liquid PCS cross‐linked and hence the particles encapsulated. At a higher temperature, the derivatives further decompose into nanosized iron particles. The iron exists as nanosized α‐Fe domains (∼5 nm) and is highly uniformly distributed inside the ceramic fibers. Ceramic fibers containing 3.64 wt% iron have a good combination of tensile strength (2.37 GPa), electrical resistivity (0.46 Ω·m) and magnetic properties (a saturation magnetization of 1.48 A·m2/kg and a coercivity of 5094 A/m).
Microstructure–Dielectric Properties Relationship in Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3–Mg2SiO4–Al2O3 Composite Ceramics
Authors: Chen Ying , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Dong Xian‐Lin , Wang Gen‐Shui , Cao Fei
Published: October 2009

0.60Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3(BST)–(0.40−x)Mg2SiO4(MS)–xAl2O3 (x=0, 0.5, 3, 5wt%) composite ceramics exhibit excellent characteristics suitable for tunable device applications. With increasing amount of Al, the dielectric peak can be quantitatively broadened and suppressed; the “phase transition temperature”Tc or (Tm) shifts to a lower temperature. Meanwhile, the tunability is still high in a wider temperature range. Far from Tc, pyroelectric effects are observed by using the Byer and Roundy technology and Slim polarization hysteresis loops are observed under high ac dielectric field at 10Hz. These proved the existence of spontaneous polarization in certain possible orientations in a broad temperature range above Tc in the paraelectric medium and reveal why 0.60BST–(0.40−x)MS–xAl2O3 have such remarkable dielectric nonlinearity.
Centrifugal Gel Casting: A Combined Process for the Consolidation of Homogenous and Reliable Ceramics
Authors: Maleksaeedi Saeed , Paydar Mohammad Hossein , Ma Jan
Published: October 2009

In this work, a combined process, called centrifugal gel casting (CGC), was proposed for the fabrication of homogenous and reliable monolithic and composite ceramics starting from submicrometer‐sized powders. This method exploits the advantages of both conventional gel casting (GC) and centrifugal slip casting (CSC), while overcoming the limitations associated with the two methods. Via this process, a relatively low centrifugal force is applied to form a highly concentrated slurry in the mold cavity, which is then followed by in situ polymerization of slurry during gelation. In this work, concentrated alumina slurries with different solid contents from 45 to 65 vol% were consolidated by the three forming methods mentioned above. Various properties of green and fired products were measured and compared. Shorter processing time, lower centrifugal force, higher green strength, and minimal segregation are observed to be the characteristics of CGC in comparison with CSC. In situ elimination of bubbles with no need for degassing and the ability to remove heterogeneities, on top of high reliability and the potential to process higher viscosity slurries, are the main advantages of this method over the conventional GC.
Amygdala reduction in patients with ADHD compared with major depression and healthy volunteers
Authors: Frodl T. , Stauber J. , Schaaff N. , Koutsouleris N. , Scheuerecker J. , Ewers M. , Omerovic M. , Opgen‐Rhein M. , Hampel H. , Reiser M. , Möller H.‐J. , Meisenzahl E.
Published: October 2009

Frodl T, Stauber J, Schaaff N, Koutsouleris N, Scheuerecker J, Ewers M, Omerovic M, Opgen‐Rhein M, Hampel H, Reiser M, Möller H.‐J, Meisenzahl E. Amygdala reduction in patients with ADHD compared with major depression and healthy volunteers.

Objective:  Results in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on structural brain changes and the clinical relevance are contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate whether in adult patients with ADHD hippocampal or amygdala volumes differs from that in healthy controls and patients with major depression (MD).

Method:  Twenty patients with ADHD, 20 matched patients with MD and 20 healthy controls were studied with high resolution magnetic resonance imaging.

Results:  Amygdala volumes in patients with ADHD were bilaterally smaller than in patients with MD and healthy controls. In ADHD, more hyperactivity and less inattention were associated with smaller right amygdala volumes, and more symptoms of depression with larger amygdala volumes.

Conclusion:  This study supports findings that the amygdala plays an important role in the systemic brain pathophysiology of ADHD. Whether patients with ADHD and larger amygdala volumes are more vulnerable to affective disorders needs further investigation.
The Stockholm non‐affective psychoses study (snaps): the importance of including out‐patient data in incidence studies
Authors: Jörgensen L. , Ahlbom A. , Allebeck P. , Dalman C.
Published: October 2009

Jörgensen L, Ahlbom A, Allebeck P, Dalman C. The Stockholm non‐affective psychoses study (snaps): the importance of including out‐patient data in incidence studies.

Objective:  To estimate the incidence rate of schizophrenia and non‐affective psychoses from registers, to highlight the importance of including data from out‐patient care, and to assess the proportion of persons treated in out‐patient care only.

Method:  Data from out‐patient and in‐patient psychiatric care in Stockholm and information from several national registers constitute ‘The Stockholm Non‐Affective Psychoses Study’ (SNAPS). Incidence rates based on SNAPS data were calculated and compared to in‐patient care incidence rates.

Results:  The incidence rate was 72/100 000 for non‐affective psychoses (age group 18–44) and 28/100 000 for schizophrenia (age group 18–34) in the SNAPS. This was higher compared to in‐patient based incidence rates (42 and 13/100 000 respectively). The proportion of individuals with psychosis treated in out‐patient care only was 25%.

Conclusion:  There are substantial differences in the incidence rates of non‐affective psychoses and schizophrenia depending on the availability of data. Not including out‐patient care will underestimate the incidence rates.
Shoe contact dermatitis from dimethyl fumarate: clinical manifestations, patch test results, chemical analysis, and source of exposure
Authors: Giménez‐Arnau Ana , Silvestre Juan Francisco , Mercader Pedro , De la Cuadra Jesus , Ballester Isabel , Gallardo Fernando , Pujol Ramón M. , Zimerson Erik , Bruze Magnus
Published: October 2009

Background: The methyl ester form of fumaric acid named dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an effective mould‐growth inhibitor. Its irritating and sensitizing properties were demonstrated in animal models. Recently, DMF has been identified as responsible for furniture contact dermatitis in Europe.

Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations, patch test results, shoe chemical analysis, and source of exposure to DMF‐induced shoe contact dermatitis.

Patients, Materials, and Methods: Patients with suspected shoe contact dermatitis were studied in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patch test results obtained with their own shoe and the European baseline series, acrylates and fumaric acid esters (FAE), were recorded according to international guidelines. The content of DMF in shoes was analysed with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Results: Acute, immediate irritant contact dermatitis and non‐immunological contact urticaria were observed in eight adults and two children, respectively. All the adult patients studied developed a delayed sensitization demonstrated by a positive patch testing to DMF ≤ 0.1% in pet. Cross‐reactivity with other FAEs and acrylates was observed. At least 12 different shoe brands were investigated. The chemical analysis from the available shoes showed the presence of DMF.

Conclusion: DMF in shoes was responsible for severe contact dermatitis. Global preventive measures for avoiding contact with DMF are necessary.
Death‐associated protein kinase (DAPK) and signal transduction: blebbing in programmed cell death
Authors: Bovellan Miia , Fritzsche Marco , Stevens Craig , Charras Guillaume
Published: October 2009

Death‐associated protein kinase (DAPK) regulates many distinct signalling events, including apoptosis, autophagy and membrane blebbing. The role of DAPK in the blebbing process is only beginning to be understood and, in this review, we will first summarize what is known about the cytoskeletal proteins and signalling cascades that participate in bleb growth and retraction and then highlight how DAPK integrates with these processes. Membrane blebs are quasispherical cellular protrusions that have a lifetime of approximately 2 min. During expansion, blebs are initially devoid of actin, although actomyosin contractions provide the motive force for growth. Once growth slows, an actin cortex reforms and actin‐bundling and contractile proteins are recruited. Finally, myosin contraction powers bleb retraction into the cell body. Blebbing occurs in a variety of cell types, from cancerous cells to embryonic cells, and can be seen in cellular phenomena as diverse as cell spreading, movement, cytokinesis and cell death. Although the machinery that executes this is still undefined in detail, the conservation of blebbing phenomenon suggests a fundamental role in metazoans and DAPK offers a door to further dissect this fascinating process.
Death‐associated protein kinase (DAPK) and signal transduction: fine‐tuning of autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans homeostasis
Authors: Kang Chanhee , Avery Leon
Published: October 2009

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal pathway used to degrade and recycle long‐lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. This homeostatic ability makes autophagy an important pro‐survival mechanism in response to several stresses, such as nutrient starvation, hypoxia, damaged mitochondria, protein aggregation and pathogens. However, several recent studies have highlighted that autophagy also acts as a pro‐death mechanism. What on the surface seem like conflicting roles of autophagy may be explained by the fact that the decision between pro‐survival and pro‐death is determined by the level of activation. A better understanding of autophagy signaling pathways will be helpful to elucidate how the level of autophagy is precisely regulated under different conditions and eventually how the final outcome is decided. In this review, we briefly discuss the pro‐survival and pro‐death roles of autophagy, and then discuss the mechanism by which autophagy is regulated, mainly focusing on death‐associated protein kinase in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Continuing Medical Education: Sexual Functioning in Transsexuals Following Hormone Therapy and Genital Surgery: A Review (CME)
Authors: Klein Carolin , Gorzalka Boris B.
Published: October 2009

Introduction

Sexual function following genital sexual reassignment surgery (SRS) is an important outcome for many transsexuals, affecting the choice of surgical technique, satisfaction with surgery, and quality of life. However, compared to other outcome measures, little clinical and research attention has been given to sexual functioning following SRS.

Aim

To discuss the potential impact of cross-sex hormone therapy and SRS on sexual function and to summarize the published empirical research on postsurgical sexual functioning in male-to-female (MtF) and female-to-male (FtM) transsexuals.

Methods

Cross-sex hormone therapy and SRS techniques are outlined, the potential roles of cross-sex hormone therapy and SRS on sexual function are discussed, and peer-reviewed literature published in English on postoperative sexual functioning in MtF and FtM transsexuals is reviewed.

Main Outcome Measures

Sexual desire, sexual arousal, and ability to achieve orgasm following SRS.

Results

Contrary to early views, transsexualism does not appear to be associated with a hyposexual condition. In MtF transsexuals, rates of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) are similar to those found in the general female population. In FtM transsexuals, sexual desire appears unequivocally to increase following SRS. Studies with MtF transsexuals have revealed not only vasocongestion, but also the secretion of fluid during sexual arousal. Research on sexual arousal in FtM transsexuals is sorely lacking, but at least one study indicates increased arousal following SRS. The most substantial literature on sexual functioning in postoperative transsexuals pertains to orgasm, with most reports indicating moderate to high rates of orgasmic functioning in both MtF and FtM transsexuals.

Conclusions

Based on the available literature, transsexuals appear to have adequate sexual functioning and/or high rates of sexual satisfaction following SRS. Further research is required to understand fully the effects of varying types and dosages of cross-sex hormone therapies and particular SRS techniques on sexual functioning.