bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Webs of Production and Practice
Authors: Motrescu-Mayes Annamaria , Nicholson Heather Norris
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 explores women’s strategic role as clubs grew up to support amateur activity. Unlike the early colonial cine club scene that was largely male dominated, Britain's cine club scene involved women from the outset and echoes other gendered patterns of associational and voluntary activity. Previously unavailable films, club records and interviews identify significant contributions by award-winning women practitioners, as mentors, adjudicators, writers, teachers and committee members that facilitate local to international events and bridge the transition from analogue into digital activity. Interviews reveal how healthier, personally wealthier and active retirees still sustain roles carved out by their pioneering predecessors. Background, education, marital status, paid employment and domestic roles contextualise how women maintained local groups during wartime, filmed club life and made films alone or with other members. Some became fundraisers, all became keen advocates and for some, film became part of their identity, whether working in non-fiction, fiction, experimental filmmaking or animation.
Reimagining Boundaries: Amateur Animations
Authors: Motrescu-Mayes Annamaria , Nicholson Heather Norris
Published: May 2019

Very few amateur women filmmakers chose to focus on animation and none have been identified in the colonial settings considered in this book. This chapter discusses varied approaches to animation and suggests that early stop motion experiments were entertaining acts of story-telling and capturing scenes of childhood. Some filmmakers added animated titling sequences to their films and used special visual effects, either working on their own, with a partner or as part of a larger group as seen in films by the Grasshopper Group and Leeds Animation Workshop. Working at home characterises many of this chapter's examples although some teachers have explored animation with children of different ages. IAC records and reminiscences trace over eighty years of women's involvement including still active practitioners and many invisible and under-acknowledged contributors to Britain's professional mid century animation industry
Charles Dickens and Metropolitan Improvements
Authors: Hofer-Robinson Joanna
Published: May 2019

For readers who are unfamiliar with the historical contexts underpinning London’s improvement in the mid-nineteenth century, Chapter 1 offers an account of the processes and problems of improvement during Dickens’s lifetime. Addressing the fragmentation of the built environment and the diverse actors and institutions who commented on and influenced metropolitan developments, it suggests that the haphazard nature of improvement in the mid-nineteenth century dovetailed generatively with Dickens’s style and popularity, and that this enabled his works to be used effectively to promote urban change. Far from suggesting that people credulously accepted Dickens’s descriptions as “realistic” accounts of contemporary London conditions, however, this chapter (and, indeed, the book as a whole) argues that mid-nineteenth-century users of Dickens treated his novels as a store of widely known imagery that could be superimposed on to the urban environment. Afterlives were self-consciously curated to enable discussion about large and complex social problems, to make users’ critiques more pointed and memorable, or to curate legible representations of the city.
Paperwork and Philanthropy: Dickens’s Involvement in Metropolitan Improvement
Authors: Hofer-Robinson Joanna
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyses Dickensian afterlives in nineteenth-century philanthropic works alongside an investigation of Dickens’s personal involvement in a scheme to improve London’s provision of housing stock for the East End poor. Dickens collaborated with a number of his social network on this project, including Angela Burdett Coutts and Dr Thomas Southwood Smith. His chief contributions were bureaucratic, and, contemporaneously with this work, he explored tensions between the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of paperwork in Bleak House. Thus, this chapter suggests that Dickens’s practical and administrative involvement in charity work informed his imaginative representation of the utility and futility of paperwork, and how he conceptualised the effectiveness of different forms of writing. Dickens famously contended for pet causes in his fiction, but the various ways in which Dickens’s works were appropriated by other people, and recontextualised to promote or to criticise philanthropic projects, reveal that his writing was not always useful in the sense that he imagined. Indeed, the instrumentality of Dickens’s fiction to effect charitable projects was often indirect. For example, philanthropists, including Mary Carpenter and Octavia Hill, curated literary afterlives to enhance the effectiveness of their arguments in published treatises, even though the novels are not always relevant to their causes.
Ceylan’s Equality
Authors: Harvey James
Published: May 2019

This chapter rehearses the thesis put forth by Rancière in The Emancipated Spectator (2009): politics does not arise from resituating an individual elsewhere on a hierarchy of meaning, but from the presupposition of an even playing field. That this should cease in the cinema is a point of contention – it is realised vividly in Climates. Ceylan initiates this through a traversing of roles, redistributing the hierarchy of meaning between film and spectator. Turning this redistribution into an aesthetic approach of fragmentation, the spectator is herself invited to traverse roles. It is not then a matter of ‘gaining knowledge’ rather than ‘the providing of knowledge’, as Colin MacCabe argued in his seminal essay on Brecht and cinema (1985: 54); rather, it regards the potentialising a freer form of association between the spectator and the film. Through analysis of Ceylan’s uses of burlesque comic registers and visual fragmentation, I shall argue the political agency of the spectator is potentialised in the cinema in ways denied by Rancière.
Mounting the (Century Guild) Hobby Horse
Authors: Claes Koenraad
Published: May 2019

This chapter is entirely dedicated to a pioneering little magazine that elaborated on the example of The Germ and the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine (see Chapter 1), the Century Guild
Hobby Horse (1884/86–92), which started as the periodical organ of the early Arts & Crafts organisation the Century Guild. To this magazine, the production and design of the material text was as much an opportunity for experiments as its actual contents, a notable aesthetic innovation that was motivated by a notion of artistic artisanship, and that made it a milestone in Victorian print culture. Each issue of the magazine—in which Victorian sages such as Matthew Arnold and John Ruskin made guest appearances— commands for the applied art workers producing it the respect usually reserved for authors and artists working within the category of ‘Fine Art’. So doing, the magazine helped to create a wider appreciation for Fine Printing. After the discontinuation of the Century Guild in 1893, this periodical was temporarily revived by the enterprising publishers at the Bodley Head to boost that firm’s Print-Revivalist credentials. The Hobby Horse is thereby also an early example of how supposedly avant-garde principles are sometimes difficult to distinguish from commercial strategies.
Little Excursions Outside the Avant-Garde: the Pageant, the Parade and the Dome
Authors: Claes Koenraad
Published: May 2019

Publicity for the British Fin-de-Siècle avant-garde peaked around the middle of the 1890s with the appearance of the Yellow Book and the Savoy (see Chapter 4), but even afterwards its integrated design aesthetic continued to exert an explicit influence. Significantly, it can be discerned in a number of periodicals that feature similar content and many of the same contributors as less compromising little magazines, but that had given up on the avant-garde position that these little magazines had so insistently claimed. Chapter 6 shows how the coterie responsible for the small-scale Dial (see Chapter 3) moved on to broadly marketed publications such as the Pageant (1896–97) and the children’s gift book Parade (1897) that both imported into the Aestheticist format aspects of the decidedly mainstream gift book genre, or the Dome (1897–1900) that presented itself as an insider’s alternative to the most commercially successful art magazines of its period. All three publications relativised the former vanguardist strategy of their producers through their contents as well as through their presentation, and even questioned the validity of the purist doctrines that only a few years before were deemed essential, including that of the Total Work of Art.
Poor Relief Beyond the Main Burghs, c. 1590–c. 1650
Authors: McCallum John
Published: May 2019

This chapter assesses the spread of relief provision beyond the large towns which led the way, considering both rural parishes and parishes containing smaller burghs. The chapter demonstrates that while the situation in rural parishes was far from rosy, especially in the early decades, most rural relief systems had developed strongly by the 1620s and 1630s, especially in international comparative terms. The kirk session was a uniquely effective institution in rural areas, providing personnel and regular administrative procedures in areas which would have otherwise lacked them. The scale of fundraising and range of poor assisted was often smaller than in urban parishes (unsurprisingly), but they did not operate closed or narrow systems of relief, or work in fundamentally different ways to urban parishes.
Poor Relief Under Stress
Authors: McCallum John
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the performance of relief systems during times of particular challenge or crisis. The book’s approach as a whole is critical of the tendency to judge relief systems primarily by their ability to cope with periods of dearth, but it is also essential to explore the responses of the system evaluated in chapters 2 and 3 to times of particular pressure. Kirk sessions sometimes struggled during the dearth of the early 1620s, although both then and during the conflicts of the 1640s there was also evidence of impressive responses under the circumstances, and sessions also tended to be very responsive to more localised or short-term emergencies. The chapter thus provides an important note of balance to the book’s thesis, while further confirming that the sessions’ relief work has been under-estimated by historians
Who Were the Poor? The Recipients of Relief
Authors: McCallum John
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyses the poor themselves. Although recent literature has made valuable attempts to study the poor in their own right rather than simply through the prism of relief (and therefore elites), welfare records remain the richest source of information on the poor, especially in an area such as Scotland where very little previous work has been undertaken. Therefore the chapter opens up the subject of who received relief and why, shedding light not just on the internal dynamics of this most neglected group within Scottish society, but also on the agenda and priorities of the relief system itself. The chapter draws attention to variations in the demographics of relief recipients, and argues that there was no fixed model or ‘type’ of recipient, and that kirk sessions were responding to local patterns of need. The chapter also emphasises the complexity and range of (overlapping) reasons why early modern Scots might find themselves in need of welfare.
Introduction
Authors: Hobbs Simon
Published: May 2019

This chapter outlines the approaches, definitions, and theories used throughout the book, before giving a structural overview of each chapter. Firstly, the chapter directly addresses the accusations of gimmickry that have been directed towards extreme art film, mapping the reception climate and evaluating the most popular and widespread responses. From this, it becomes clear that a lack of attention has been paid to the commercial identity of the film, and the way extremity informs its commercial persona. Thereafter, the chapter historicises extreme art cinema, positioning it as an outcome of taste slippage, and the blurring of boundaries between art cinema and exploitation cinema. By paying particular attention to representations of the body within both highbrow and lowbrow cinema, the chapter argues that convincing similarities exist between the cinematic traditions. Additionally, the chapter challenges the popular Francophile definition of extreme art cinema, broadening the geographic scope of the field by looking at films from Denmark, Sweden, Spain, Italy and Belgium. Finally, the chapter introduces paratextual theory, and details the way the preeminent ideas will be applied to the discussion of extreme art film paratexts.
Michael Haneke: Glaciation, Legitimacy and Transgression
Authors: Hobbs Simon
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the extreme cinema of Michael Haneke. Whilst increasingly well covered in scholarly accounts of extreme art cinema, Haneke’s work is most often approached from an aesthetic and thematic point of view, wherein the text becomes the focal point. While these studies are key to understanding Haneke’s films, and the metaphorical significance he places on scenes of brutalism and sex, it has left certain areas underexplored. This chapter addresses this by undertaking detailed paratextual analysis of Haneke’s key extreme films. Firstly, the chapter focuses upon Funny Games, the most critically disliked Haneke film. Looking first at Tartan Video’s release before discussing Artificial Eye’s remediation, the chapter highlights the important role time can play in defining the commercial validity of extremity. Showing how the growing status of Haneke’s auteur brand challenged the use extreme iconography, the chapter alludes to the ways highbrow commercial symbols compete with lowbrow traits. Thereafter, the chapter undertakes an assessment of Artificial Eye’s ‘Michael Haneke Trilogy’. This example – due the centralisation of a dead pig on the cover – exposes the way paratexts can oppose critical and cultural canonisation.
Epic Multitudes: Postcolonial Genre Politics in Shekhar Kapur’s The Four Feathers
Authors: Hollyfield Jerod Ra'Del
Published: May 2019

Despite its pedigree as a 2002 awards contender, Shekhar Kapur’s The Four Feathers became one of the biggest critical and box-office failures in Hollywood history. In choosing an adaptation of A. E. W. Mason’s 1902 novel to probe the legacy of colonialism, Kapur situates his political concerns within the tradition of the late-Victorian adventure fiction that was vital to maintaining the colonial project’s fundamental role in the British imagination. Yet, the novel’s six previous film adaptations also provide Kapur the opportunity to expose the pervasiveness of imperial ideologies in the wake of World War I through his critique of the Empire Cinema genre for which Zoltan Korda’s 1939 version of Mason’s novel serves as a touchstone. Kapur extends the imperial politics of Mason’s novel beyond its setting in the Sudan and into other postcolonial national contexts through subverting genre conventions and working on a Hollywood project with other diasporic artists, including Iranian screenwriter Hossein Amini, Beninian actor Djimon Hounsou, and Australian actor Heath Ledger. As a result, the adaptation interrogates the shared mechanisms of imperial discourse while comparing the totality of British rule to the global reach of Hollywood from a variety of national perspectives.
Indie Dickens: Oliver Twist as Global Orphan in Tim Greene’s Boy Called Twist
Authors: Hollyfield Jerod Ra'Del
Published: May 2019

These final chapters discuss how two vastly different reworkings of Dickens’s Oliver Twist serve as distinct examples of the problems of adaptation as a method of resistance. Viewing Oliver’s marginalized status within the context of postcolonial theory highlights parallels between domestic orphans and populations colonized by the British imperial project. Turning to Tim Greene’s independently financed, internationally distributed adaptation Boy Called Twist (2004), I highlight the director’s use of orphanhood to address both the poverty and AIDS epidemic that erupted in the wake of Britain’s imperial control of the region as well as the contemporary cooption of the “global orphan” by foreign governments and non-governmental aid organizations (NGOs) that frames transnational aid discourse. Applying Dickens’s social concerns to the orphans of post-Apartheid South Africa and appropriating Dickens’ racial depictions of characters such as Fagin to represent South Africa’s black and Muslim communities, Greene’s film exposes ties between Victorian England’s domestic and imperial policies, making parallels to the contemporary dynamic occurring between industrialized countries and developing nations.
Nature and the Nuclear Southwest: Peggy Pond Church and J. Robert Oppenheimer
Authors: Daw Sarah
Published: May 2019

Chapter Two takes as its subject the New Mexican poet Peggy Pond Church. Although Church is not a canonically recognised writer, this chapter reveals that her poetry and prose writings contain innovative depictions of an infinite, ecological Nature that is even capable of containing the new nuclear threat. Church’s biography places her at the centre of the story of the nuclear Southwest; her family was evicted from her father’s Ranch School when the US government repossessed their land to make way for the Manhattan Project in 1942. The main body of this chapter reads Church’s poetry alongside an exploration of her interest in Pueblo Native American thought, revealing the degree to which Church drew on the Pueblo worldview in forming the ecological vision of the human relationship to Nature that defines her writing. The final section of the chapter explores the relationship between Church’s writings and those of her neighbour and correspondent, the atomic physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, exposing the synergies between both writers’ contemporaneous depictions of ecology.
‘Hoist the Colours!’ Framing Feminism through Charismatic White Leadership in the Fantasy Blockbuster
Authors: Marston Kendra
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the manifestation of melancholic white femininity in fantasy films featuring proto-feminist heroines. The protagonists of The Pirates of the Caribbean franchise and Alice in Wonderland/Through the Looking Glass experience feelings of burden in relation to the expectations placed upon aristocratic, white women. They dream of alternate magical lands that will allow them their freedom and are rewarded through a series of events that allow them to enter these magical spaces, subsequently transgressing idealised standards of white, upper-class femininity. The protagonists form bonds with victims of oppression in these fantastical spaces, and ultimately come to realise that their freedom from gender norms will occur upon realising their long-dormant leadership potential and liberating the inhabitants of the magical zone. Feminism here is recognised as a type of social charisma with white hegemonic power structures not deposed but rather reframed through the coming-of-age journey and benevolent intentions of a melancholic, white heroine.
Aristocratic Whiteness, Body Trauma and the Market Logic of Melancholia in Black Swan
Authors: Marston Kendra
Published: May 2019

The fifth chapter explores Darren Aronofsky’s Black Swan as an example of a film in which Hollywood’s historical treatment of classical ballet is referenced to provide a self-reflexive and critical commentary on the role of the melancholic white woman in artistic representation. The film provides a horrific take on the ethereal and melancholic Russian ballet Swan Lake, deploying a variety of genre tropes associated with melodrama, horror and film noir in order to convey the protagonist’s increasing levels of paranoia as she loses control of her disciplined ballerina body. In doing so, Black Swan critiques the culture of competitive individualism and bodily discipline associated with neoliberal postfeminism and works to collapse the distinction between mental illness and the romanticised cultural discourse of melancholia. The film’s politics, however, are frustrated by the insistence on framing gendered pathologies in terms of white burden and by its strategic self-reflexivity in relation to Hollywood image construction.
Conclusion: Melancholic White Femininity, Cultural Resonance and the Shifting Politics of Representation
Authors: Marston Kendra
Published: May 2019

The conclusion discusses the recent changes that have occurred in Hollywood as a result of backlash over a lack of industry diversity, both onscreen and behind the camera. It points to the recent successes of films with predominantly African American casts at the Academy Awards, and hypothesises as to how the reception of such films by both industry professionals and audiences may have changed in the Trump era. In addition, the concluding chapter explores how the book’s arguments may resonate beyond the US context.
Stone into Money
Authors: Glazzard Andrew
Published: May 2019

The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, published in the bestselling Strand Magazine in 1891–2, shows Holmes investigating not just his clients’ problems, but the hidden wiring of Victorian Britain. The wires were the social and economic relationships that connected cab drivers to kings, pawnbrokers to bankers, and hotel attendants to countesses. In these stories Holmes detects not only the physical traces of those relationships, such as the bruises on a woman’s wrist or the shiny patch on a man’s cuff, but also the financial traces. Usually overlooked by readers and critics, Holmes’s skill as an economist is fundamental to his detective method, and fundamental to the social function of Conan Doyle’s detective fiction.
Singular Occurrence at a Wedding
Authors: Glazzard Andrew
Published: May 2019

The action of ‘The Noble Bachelor’ starts with Watson reading the day’s newspapers, and Holmes reading his correspondence. Both, coincidentally, find themselves reading about the same case. Holmes has a letter requesting his services from Lord St Simon, the noble bachelor of the story’s title. Watson, meanwhile, reads aloud a story headlined ‘Singular Occurrence at a Fashionable Wedding’. We learn that Lord St Simon is a bachelor no more, having just married the American heiress Hatty Doran; however, the bridal party had barely sat down for the wedding breakfast when Hatty, claiming indisposition, left the table, and disappeared, causing Holmes to comment, ‘They often vanish before the ceremony, and occasionally during the honeymoon; but I cannot call to mind anything quite so prompt as this’ (Adventures, 225). Foul play is suspected, leading to the arrest of Flora Miller, one of Lord St Simon’s former lovers who tried to force her way into the wedding breakfast, ‘alleging that she had some claim upon Lord St Simon’ (225).
The Worst Man in London
Authors: Glazzard Andrew
Published: May 2019

Charles Augustus Milverton, blackmailer of society women in the 1904 story that bears his name, is assumed by critics to be based on a real person – but which real person is open to doubt. The favourite is Charles Augustus Howell, a larger-than-life associate of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (whose members knew him as ‘Owl’), friend to James McNeill Whistler and Algernon Charles Swinburne, and one-time secretary to John Ruskin. However, it is by no means established that Howell was, in Lancelyn Green’s words, a ‘scoundrel and blackmailer’. He certainly seems to have fallen out with a lot of people, but the more outlandish stories about his life and death – Oscar Wilde may be the source for the claim that Howell was found dying outside a Chelsea public house ‘with his throat cut and a ten shilling piece between his clenched teeth’ – may be urban myths rather than actual facts: his death certificate, for instance, records that he died of pneumonia.
The East Wind
Authors: Glazzard Andrew
Published: May 2019

Holmes’s words to Watson at the end of ‘His Last Bow’ (1917) express an idea of warfare that sits uneasily with our contemporary perception of the First World War. Today we are accustomed to associate that war with the horrors of the Western Front: the battles of the Somme (1916) and Passchendaele (1917) loom large in our cultural memory as paradigms of unnecessary bloodshed and strategic incompetence. But this was not how Conan Doyle saw it – and he saw the Western Front at first hand, while both his brother, Brigadier-General Innes ‘Duff’ Doyle, and his son Kingsley were in the thick of the action. At the invitation of the War Office, Doyle toured the British, Italian and French Fronts in 1916, and the Australian Front in 1918, using his authority as Deputy Lieutenant of Surrey to don an improvised khaki uniform ‘which was something between that of a Colonel and Brigadier, with silver roses instead of stars or crowns upon the shoulder-states’.1
The Giant Rat of Sumatra
Authors: Glazzard Andrew
Published: May 2019

The late story ‘Thor Bridge’ opens with a celebrated passage in which Watson reveals the existence of ‘a travel-worn and battered tin dispatch-box with my name, John H. Watson, MD, Late Indian Army, painted upon the lid’ (Case-Book, 23) in the vaults of the Charing Cross branch of Cox and Co. bank. This was a real bank, founded in 1758 and which specialised as an army agency, responsible for army logistics and payments to officers and men: for its military customers it would have taken care not only of salaries but also of tax, insurance and bills, and it had branches across British India as well as the British Isles. For a former Indian Army doctor, therefore, it would have been a logical choice for placing an account, and its branch at 16–18 Charing Cross was, during the First World War, one of the busiest banks in the world, open all hours for men returning from the front.1 Its wartime expansion could not be sustained and it was taken over by Lloyd’s Bank in 1923, the year after ‘Thor Bridge’ was published in the Strand, although Lloyd’s later sold its Indian operations which eventually became Cox and Kings travel agent, and which flourishes to this day.
The Reformation, Capitalism and Ethics in England during the 1590s and early 1600s
Authors: Parvini Neema
Published: May 2019

This chapter complicates the outline of moral philosophy in Shakespeare’s period provided by the previous chapter by considering the impact of the Protestant Reformation and the challenge posed by John Calvin to the synthesised humanist moral systems that had been developing during the Renaissance. It also considers the impact of the rise of capitalism, which is broadly coincident with that of Protestantism. It considers the moral implications of Calvin’s three solas, as mediated in England by William Perkins’s A Golden Chain (1591) and Thomas Becon’s The Governance of Vertue (1556), while noting Shakespeare’s possible hostility to puritanism. In the second half, it reconsiders Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905) and the Calvinist notion of “the calling”, while tracing the changing attitude towards commerce in the work of Giovanni Botero, John Wheeler, and Walter Raleigh. It argues that Calvin’s thought lacks the individualist and entrepreneurial enterprise found in Machiavelli, and that any attempt to locate “the spirit of capitalism” must be found in the “unresolved tension” between Machiavelli and Calvin.
Care
Authors: Parvini Neema
Published: May 2019

This chapter assesses the extent to which harm is caused in Shakespeare’s plays when the moral order breaks down by focusing on plays in which the dramatis personae revert to the Hobbesian state of nature and unspeakable cruelty: Titus Andronicus, 3 Henry VI, Richard III, and King Lear. In such moments Shakespeare seems to invoke the image of the tiger, which he only uses fifteen times in all his works. In the constrained or tragic vison (Thomas Sowell), when there are no institutions with which to reinforce the morals that bind people together (authority, loyalty, fairness, sanctity), the worst aspects of humanity – as embodied in the tiger – are granted their fullest expression. However, in Shakespeare’s version of this vision, human nature provides the seeds of its own rebirth.
Tennyson’s ‘Sea Dreams’: Coastal and Fiscal Boundaries
Authors: Ebbatson Roger
Published: May 2019

Alfred Tennyson’s ‘Sea Dreams’ (1860) offers a lyrical and dramatic re-inflection of an ill-fated investment made by the poet in the early 1840s. In this chapter, Tennyson’s poem, which frames a marital colloquy about financial misdealings with a resonant evocation of coastal scenery, is contextualised by reference to the nineteenth-century literary figure of the ‘confidence man’. The sociological ‘philosophy of money’ propounded by Georg Simmel and the Benjaminian concept of ‘caesura’ inflect this reading, while attention is also paid to the poem’s evocation of place as resonating with Tennyson’s response to the local coastal features of the Isle of Wight. This neglected text, the author suggests, is marked by what Angela Leighton more generally characterises as those Tennysonian ‘drowning places, of cavern and stream, of rumours, moans and melodies’ – places which offer a potent counterpoint to the poem’s overall theme of fiscal impropriety and compassionate forgiveness.
Symons at the Seaside
Authors: Freeman Nick
Published: May 2019

The poet, critic and short story writer Arthur Symons (1865–1945) was an inveterate traveller who wrote frequently about the Channel and the North Cornish coasts in poetry and prose. During the 1890s and 1900s, he was at the forefront of the pre-modernist avant-garde, and was an important conduit for the dissemination of decadent and impressionist art in England. As a landscape writer, he blended the quasi-Impressionist methods of painters such as Whistler with the decadent’s concern with the privileged subjectivity of the artist. This chapter examines the implications of such practices for his treatment of Cornwall, Sussex and Dieppe – including in neglected later writings such as ‘Sea Magic’ (1920).
Epilogue: Unravelling
Authors: Hoare Philip
Published: May 2019

As we sailed down the River Itchen towards the sea on that grey, drizzly June afternoon, unaccountably cool and wet after a prolonged episode of intense heat, we passed boats moored in midstream, patched and appropriated from their former uses to create ad hoc homes, afloat, neither part of the land nor yet of the open water. They constituted an aquatic ...
The Sorrowful Muslim’s Guide
Authors: Amin Hussein Ahmad
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides an outline for the book. It addresses the various reasons why the contemporary Muslim is sorrowful, caught between their pride in their historical Islamic civilisation and religion, and the realisation that their core beliefs have been weighed and have been found wanting. The contemporary Muslim also seeks a role in modern history and wants to contribute to global civilisation, yet misses the spiritual element to do so, which leads to this sorrowful state.
Is Sufism Islamic?
Authors: Amin Hussein Ahmad
Published: May 2019

Amin explores the development of Sufism in this chapter. He ties it to popular religious practices and the traces of ancient pagan religions in various geographical locations of the Muslim Empire. He explores how theologians and jurists reacted to the development of Sufi concepts and rituals. He also questions several of these rituals, tying them to the historical, political and sectarian contexts at the time of their emergence.
Political and Social Roots of Islamic Sects
Authors: Amin Hussein Ahmad
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces several ideological groups and sects within Islam such as the Khawarij, Shi’ites, Qadaris, Mu’tazilites, Zaydis and Druz and discusses the reasons for their emergence and their relationship with core Islamic values and teachings.
Robert Browning’s Experiment: Composition and Communication in The Ring and the Book
Authors: Erchinger Philipp
Published: May 2019

This chapter concentrates on Robert Browning’s The Ring and the Book, a series of twelve dramatic monologues, which has repeatedly been described as an instance of “empiricism in literature” (Langbaum) and as one of “the most ambitious literary experiments in the period” (Slinn). Trying to substantiate and make good on such claims, the chapter argues that The Ring and the Book invites its readers to participate in the composition and evaluation of an experimental form that transfers the tradition of the epic into “a novel country” in order to create a mode of writing “in difficulties” and “encumbered with incongruities” (Walter Bagehot). As a result, The Ring and the Book refuses to be read as if it were an accomplished work. Rather, it has to be made to work. Presenting itself as an experimental arrangement, Browning’s multi-voiced and many-sided text demands its readers to follow the grain of a kaleidoscopic pattern in the making, the components of which lack an underlying ground or design to hold them in place. The chapter’s argument is developed by way of an engagement with the controversial Victorian reception of Browning’s long poem.
Clothing Matter: Thomas Carlyle’s Sartor Resartus
Authors: Erchinger Philipp
Published: May 2019

The book concludes with a reading of Thomas Carlyle’s Sartor Resartus. For this work can be characterised, the chapter suggests, as a performance of, and meditation on, what the foregoing sections were meant to examine: namely the bridge-building activities or ways of knowing through which personal experiences of the material world come to be dressed in recognisable social or ideal forms. The chapter ends with an attempt to situate the practice-based approach developed in Artful Experiments within a wider theoretical debate about the relationship between literary work and scientific knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Alison E.
Published: May 2019

Straddling comparative literary and cultural studies and the history of science, this chapter insists on the importance of translation to the scientific culture of early- to mid-nineteenth-century Britain. It emphasises the centrality of women to the translation of Humboldt’s work for a British readership and explores more generally the reception of his work by the British critical press.
‘Roses blooming under glass; lips cut with a knife’: Hermeneutics of the Modern Female Face in Woolf and Mansfield
Authors: Chumak Halyna
Published: May 2019

Inspired by the interdisciplinary studies undertaken by Michael North and Rochelle Rives, this article examines conspicuous representations of the modern female face in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway (1925) and Katherine Mansfield’s ‘Bliss’ (1918), ‘Pictures’ (1920), and ‘The Garden Party’ (1922). If writers and artists of the early twentieth century dispelled facile assumptions about a mimetic relationship between face and character, why are two modernist women writers so invested in highlighting the female face? I approach this query and the lexical visages Mansfield and Woolf craft by situating their work within a cultural-historical framework that constellates nineteenth-century physiognomy, a growing female presence in the public sphere, and the rise of modern visual technologies. Physiognomy had lost its cultural traction by the fin de siècle, but it left an indelible influence on cultural assumptions about women who crossed domestic thresholds. I demonstrate that Woolf and Mansfield convey a salient interest in the inscrutable female visage that resists being read as what Rives calls a ‘text for analysis and interpretation’. Both writers reveal concerns about the modern woman’s visual identification, but of the two, it is Mansfield who fashions corrective images and extricates the modern woman from her physiognomic past.
‘Which of my many […] hundreds of selves?’ Extending Mansfield’s Posthumous Literary Reception
Authors: Drewery Claire
Published: May 2019

Pierce Butler, A Child of the Sun (Mount Desert: Beech Hill, 2016), 184 pp., £11.50. ISBN 9780990820086

Sandra Jobson, ‘Introduction’, in D. H. Lawrence, The Lost Girl (Strawberry Hills, NSW: Svengali Press, 2016), 496 pp., £22.30. ISBN 9781925416473

Gerri Kimber, Katherine Mansfield: The Early Years...
West Drumoyne: Blue-Collarland
Authors: Damer Seán
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes how West Drumoyne became Glasgow’s first scheme to house the “general needs” of ordinary manual workers as a result of John Wheatley’s imaginative 1924 Housing Act. But there was acute conflict over what kind of houses should be built in the scheme, with the ILP wanting cottage-style houses as in Mosspark, and the ruling Moderates insisting on only tenement-style housing. Because of their majority on the Corporation, the Moderates – a Tory-Liberal coalition - won the argument. This was an example of sheer class prejudice, but nevertheless, the scheme was a happy and popular working-class community.
Introduction
Authors: Cordingley Anthony
Published: May 2019

This chapter sets out the history of the reception of Beckett’s How It Is and accounts for its relative neglect. The main lines of critical interpretation are identified and then challenged. The work’s particular hermeneutic problems are discussed in relation to different theoretical orientations (post-structuralist, psychoanalytic, historicist and materialist), before exploring the text’s own representation of the relationships between voice and writing, memory and archive.
A Poetics of Translation: Dante, Goethe and the Paideia
Authors: Cordingley Anthony
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores Beckett’s polyphonic, multilingual intertextuality. It begins by examining the role of Dante’s Divina
Commedia in the composition of Comment c’est and challenging the received idea that Dante’s work is the ur-text underwriting Beckett’s novel. It charts when Dantean images enter the work’s genesis and how they are volatilized when rendered in the French of Comment c’est and the English of How It Is. Beckett is shown to inscribe into his Dantean images and echoes, allusions to other texts in the French and English traditions. A new theory of Beckett’s multilingual authorship is offered, which draws on his use of Gœthe, the Bildungsroman and his acute attention to dynamics of pedagogical transfer and paideia.
Mystic Paths, Inward Turns
Authors: Cordingley Anthony
Published: May 2019

This chapter expands upon the Christian themes introduced in the previous chapter. It identifies intertextual discourse with the Psalms, Early Church Fathers, Gregory of Nyssa, Augustine and certain neo-Platonists. It explores the importance of desert mysticism and notions of ascesis within the novel, and links this with multiple allusions to the inward turn or practised indifference of seventeenth-century Rationalists, notably Malebranche and Geulincx, and Quietists such as Fénelon, or the philosophy of Spinoza. How It Is is then argued to be Beckett’s most sustained engagement with Geulingian ethics. When Beckett draws on mysticism, Rationalism, Occasionalism and the conceptualisation of freewill in each, he is shown to thematize artistic originality and the agency of narrative voice, its relationship to the authorial voice.
Building Early Modern Edinburgh
Authors: Allen Aaron
Published: May 2019

Masons, carpenters and glaziers were all needed to build a house, but in many cities such trades had separate companies. In Edinburgh, however, they banded together in a single incorporation to seek control of the labour market and defend their privileged position. Such issues were often contested by unfree competitors, municipal regulators and powerful customers. Therefore unity was needed to defend their position and privileges, but with ten unequal arts vying for control of the composite corporate body, how was such unity to be secured? The Edinburgh Incorporation of Mary’s Chapel looked to the models of the family and the household.
Conclusion
Authors: Allen Aaron
Published: May 2019

The conclusion explores the long context of decline and the abolition of corporate privileges. With the transition to more liberal ideas and economic thought, we see both continuity and change for the wider building trades. Technology, professionalization, the rise of liberalism and capitalism all had an impact on both the industry and the privileged body which sought to control building work, but these changes were not felt uniformly across either the industry or the Incorporation. This brings us back to the central question about unity. As deregulation allowed the rise of the unfree, the Incorporation managed to weather the loss of privileges without the loss of property, allowing their survival and adaptation in a very different industry context. Throughout, it is the concepts of family and household which give both structure and justification to the Incorporation, whether in shoring up contested privileges, or in stewarding their corporate inheritance.
Laparoscopic Concomitant Sleeve Gastrectomy and Repair of a Morgagni Larrey Hernia - Case Report
Authors: SLAVU IULIAN , Lucian Alecu , Adrian Tulin
Published: May 2019

Anterior diaphragmatic hernias are very rare surgical entities, scarce in symptoms, which occur through openings of the costal and sternal fascicules of the diaphragm. First described by Giovanni Battista Morgagni, in 1769, they are known under many names:  Morgagni, Morgagni-Larrey. These hernias can develop in the left hemidiaphragm, right hemidiaphragm or bilateral. The preferred treatment when available is the laparoscopic suture of the defect.                We present the case of a 52 years old female patient, with morbid obesity (BMI = 44.10 kg/m²) and Morgagni hernia. Other associated pathologies of the patient were high blood pressure, autoimmune thyroiditis, and sleep apneea. The initial diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia was made a year earlier at a CT investigation. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and suture of the diaphragmatic defect were achieved without incidents during one single surgical intervention. A drainage tube was placed in the remaining cavity of the hernia. The hernia sac was conserved and used to reinforce the defect.  The concurrent suture of the diaphragmatic hernia and sleeve gastrectomy do not increase the postoperative morbidity. The recovery was uneventful, thus the patient was spared a second surgical intervention . If present, these hernias are quickly identified due to the fact that laparoscopy allows a through exploration of the diaphragm. When diagnosed these defects should be repaired by suture due to the fact that they can cause life threating complications to the patient such as intestinal obstruction or gastro-intestinal bleeding if elements of the digestive tract are incarcerated in the defect.
Fans as the Researcher’s Unwitting Collaborators
Authors: Clément Thibaut
Published: May 2019

This article examines the notion of fan labor through Disney park fans’ work of “Disney scholarship” and “Disney history,” as well as the extent to which such data might be used by academic researchers. While it provides unavoidable entry points to academic investigations of Disney theme parks and their history, this body of knowledge reveals underlying motivations specific to fandom’s social and cultural economy. A brief history of Disney park fandom will show how fan-created works of “Disney scholarship” evidence popular expertise in often disregarded areas of culture, as well as processes of fan labor that complicate the traditional amateur/professional binary. For all their claims to professionalism, fans generally regard paid labor with suspicion and trade fan-collected data by rules typical of a gift economy. As self-styled Disney historians morph into Disney custodians, they reveal underlying motivations that help make sense of the data they produce: in their struggle to preserve Walt-era attractions and protect the park from the corporation’s commercialism, fans reveal a set of prescriptive attitudes on how to engage with the parks that inform their practices as park chroniclers. This is especially evident in controversies over proposed attraction updates, as fans set out to promote a historically and aesthetically discerning appreciation of Disney products, outside the imperatives of commercial culture.
Market-Based Governance in Farm Animal Welfare—A Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Policies in Germany and France
Authors: Vogeler Colette S.
Published: May 2019

The intensification of livestock production and the focus on economic gains of agricultural policy have resulted in animal welfare related challenges. In many countries the societal concern for the welfare of farmed animals is increasing. Whereas policymakers on the European Union’s level and in EU member states have passed specific farm animal protection laws, the existing policies do not always guarantee the welfare of farmed animals. At the same time, the engagement of market actors in the field is increasing. This article explores the development of public and private policies in two countries with very different levels of regulation. By conducting a comparative analysis of public and private policies in Germany and France, the findings illustrate that, although they have different starting points, retailers in both countries are getting increasingly involved in farm animal welfare. In addition, there is evidence that governmental policies are shifting from regulatory to voluntary approaches in cooperation with the private sector. Given that in both countries these dynamics are a very recent development, it remains to be seen whether governmental actors will (re-)assume the lead in the field, whether they will engage in cooperation with private actors, or whether they will leave the task of agricultural restructuring to the market.
Fault Classification of Rotary Machinery Based on Smooth Local Subspace Projection Method and Permutation Entropy
Authors: Xiao Lingjun , Lv Yong , Fu Guozi
Published: May 2019

Collected mechanical signals usually contain a number of noises, resulting in erroneous judgments of mechanical condition diagnosis. The mechanical signals, which are nonlinear or chaotic time series, have a high computational complexity and intrinsic broadband characteristic. This paper proposes a method of gear and bearing fault classification, based on the local subspace projection noise reduction and PE. A novel nonlinear projection noise reduction method, smooth orthogonal decomposition (SOD), is proposed to denoise the vibration signals of various operation conditions. SOD can decompose the reconstructed multiple strands to identify smooth local subspace. In the process of projection from a high dimension to a low dimension, a new weight matrix is put forward to achieve a better denoising effect. Afterwards, permutation entropy (PE) is applied in the detection of time sequence randomness and dynamic mutation behavior, which can effectively detect and amplify the variation of vibration signals. Hence PE can characterize the working conditions of gear and bearing under different conditions. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach. The theoretical derivations, numerical simulations and experimental studies, all confirm that the proposed approach based on the smooth local subspace projection method and PE, is promising in the field of the fault classification of rotary machinery.