bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training-Induced Neural Plasticity in Golf Novices
Authors: Bezzola Ladina , Mérillat Susan , Gaser Christian , Jäncke Lutz
Published: September 2011

Previous neuroimaging studies in the field of motor learning have shown that learning a new skill induces specific changes of neural gray and white matter in human brain areas necessary to control the practiced task. Former longitudinal studies investigating motor skill learning have used strict training protocols with little ecological validity rather than physical leisure activities, although there are several retrospective and cross-sectional studies suggesting neuroprotective effects of physical leisure activities. In the present longitudinal MRI study, we used voxel-based morphometry to investigate training-induced gray matter changes in golf novices between the age of 40 and 60 years, an age period when an active life style is assumed to counteract cognitive decline. As a main result, we demonstrate that 40 h of golf practice, performed as a leisure activity with highly individual training protocols, are associated with gray matter increases in a task-relevant cortical network encompassing sensorimotor regions and areas belonging to the dorsal stream. A new and striking result is the relationship between training intensity (time needed to complete the 40 training hours) and structural changes observed in the parieto-occipital junction. Thus, we demonstrate that a physical leisure activity induces training-dependent changes in gray matter and assume that a strict and controlled training protocol is not mandatory for training-induced adaptations of gray matter.
Enhanced Sucrose and Cocaine Self-Administration and Cue-Induced Drug Seeking after Loss of VGLUT2 in Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Mice
Authors: Alsiö Johan , Nordenankar Karin , Arvidsson Emma , Birgner Carolina , Mahmoudi Souha , Halbout Briac , Smith Casey , Fortin Guillaume M. , Olson Lars , Descarries Laurent , Trudeau Louis-Éric , Kullander Klas , Lévesque Daniel , Wallén-Mackenzie Åsa
Published: September 2011

The mesostriatal dopamine (DA) system contributes to several aspects of responses to rewarding substances and is implicated in conditions such as drug addiction and eating disorders. A subset of DA neurons has been shown to express the type 2Vesicular glutamate transporter(Vglut2) and may therefore corelease glutamate. In the present study, we analyzed mice with a conditional deletion ofVglut2in DA neurons (Vglut2f/f;DAT-Cre) to address the functional significance of the glutamate–DA cophenotype for responses to cocaine and food reinforcement. Biochemical parameters of striatal DA function were also examined by using DA receptor autoradiography, immediate-early gene quantitativein situhybridization after cocaine challenge, and DA-selectivein vivochronoamperometry. Mice in whichVglut2expression had been abrogated in DA neurons displayed enhanced operant self-administration of both high-sucrose food and intravenous cocaine. Furthermore, cocaine seeking maintained by drug-paired cues was increased by 76%, showing that reward-dependent plasticity is perturbed in these mice. In addition, several lines of evidence suggest that adaptive changes occurred in both the ventral and dorsal striatum in the absence of VGLUT2: DA receptor binding was increased, and basal mRNA levels of the DA-induced early genesNur77and c-foswere elevated as after cocaine induction. Furthermore,in vivochallenge of the DA system by potassium-evoked depolarization revealed less DA release in both striatal areas. This study demonstrates that absence of VGLUT2 in DA neurons leads to perturbations of reward consumption as well as reward-associated memory, features of particular relevance for addictive-like behavior.
Neuronal Production of Transthyretin in Human and Murine Alzheimer's Disease: Is It Protective?
Authors: Li Xinyi , Masliah Eliezer , Reixach Natàlia , Buxbaum Joel N.
Published: September 2011

Transthyretin (TTR), a systemic amyloid precursor in the human TTR amyloidoses, interacts with β-amyloid (Aβ)in vitro, inhibits Aβ fibril formation, and suppresses the Alzheimer's disease (AD) phenotype in APP23 mice bearing a human APP gene containing the Swedish autosomal dominant AD mutation. In the present study, we show that TTR is a neuronal product upregulated in AD. Immunohistochemical analysis reveals that, in contrast to brains from non-demented age-matched individuals and control mice, the majority of hippocampal neurons from human AD and all those from the APP23 mouse brains contain TTR. Quantitative PCR for TTR mRNA and Western blot analysis show that primary neurons from APP23 mice transcribe TTR mRNA, and the cells synthesize and secrete TTR protein. TTR mRNA abundance is greatly increased in cultured cortical and hippocampal embryonic neurons and cortical lysates from adult APP23 mice. Antibodies specific for TTR and Aβ pulled down TTR/Aβ complexes from cerebral cortical extracts of APP23 mice and some human AD patients but not from control brains. In complementary tissue culture experiments, recombinant human TTR suppressed the cytotoxicity of soluble Aβ aggregates added to mouse neurons and differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The findings that production of Aβ, its precursor, or its related peptides induces neuronal TTR transcription and synthesis and the presence of Aβ/TTR complexesin vivosuggest that increased TTR production coupled with interaction between TTR and Aβ and/or its related peptides may play a role in natural resistance to human AD.
The Atypical Guanine-Nucleotide Exchange Factor, Dock7, Negatively Regulates Schwann Cell Differentiation and Myelination
Authors: Yamauchi Junji , Miyamoto Yuki , Hamasaki Hajime , Sanbe Atsushi , Kusakawa Shinji , Nakamura Akane , Tsumura Hideki , Maeda Masahiro , Nemoto Noriko , Kawahara Katsumasa , Torii Tomohiro , Tanoue Akito
Published: September 2011

In development of the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells proliferate, migrate, and ultimately differentiate to form myelin sheath. In all of the myelination stages, Schwann cells continuously undergo morphological changes; however, little is known about their underlying molecular mechanisms. We previously cloned thedock7gene encoding the atypical Rho family guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and reported the positive role of Dock7, the target Rho GTPases Rac/Cdc42, and the downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase in Schwann cell migration (Yamauchi et al., 2008). We investigated the role of Dock7 in Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. Knockdown of Dock7 by the specific small interfering (si)RNA in primary Schwann cells promotes dibutyryl cAMP-induced morphological differentiation, indicating the negative role of Dock7 in Schwann cell differentiation. It also results in a shorter duration of activation of Rac/Cdc42 and JNK, which is the negative regulator of myelination, and the earlier activation of Rho and Rho-kinase, which is the positive regulator of myelination. To obtain thein vivoevidence, we generated Dock7 short hairpin (sh)RNA transgenic mice. They exhibited a decreased expression of Dock7 in the sciatic nerves and enhanced myelin thickness, consistent within vitroobservation. The effects of thein vivoknockdown on the signals to Rho GTPases are similar to those of thein vitroknockdown. Collectively, the signaling through Dock7 negatively regulates Schwann cell differentiation and the onset of myelination, demonstrating the unexpected role of Dock7 in the interplay between Schwann cell migration and myelination.
Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury is Dependent on the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines IL-1β and TNF: Implications for Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Nadeau Sylvain , Filali Mohammed , Zhang Ji , Kerr Bradley J. , Rivest Serge , Soulet Denis , Iwakura Yoichiro , de Rivero Vaccari Juan Pablo , Keane Robert W. , Lacroix Steve
Published: September 2011

IL-1β and TNF are potential targets in the management of neuropathic pain after injury. However, the importance of the IL-1 and TNF systems for peripheral nerve regeneration and the mechanisms by which these cytokines mediate effects are to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β and TNF are rapidly upregulated in the injured mouse sciatic nerve. Mice lacking both IL-1β and TNF, or both IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1) and TNF type 1 receptor (TNFR1), showed reduced nociceptive sensitivity (mechanical allodynia) compared with wild-type littermates after injury. Microinjecting recombinant IL-1β or TNF at the site of sciatic nerve injury in IL-1β- and TNF-knock-out mice restored mechanical pain thresholds back to levels observed in injured wild-type mice. Importantly, recovery of sciatic nerve function was impaired in IL-1β-, TNF-, and IL-1β/TNF-knock-out mice. Notably, the infiltration of neutrophils was almost completely prevented in the sciatic nerve distal stump of mice lacking both IL-1R1 and TNFR1. Systemic treatment of mice with an anti-Ly6G antibody to deplete neutrophils, cells that play an essential role in the genesis of neuropathic pain, did not affect recovery of neurological function and peripheral axon regeneration. Together, these results suggest that targeting specific IL-1β/TNF-dependent responses, such as neutrophil infiltration, is a better therapeutic strategy for treatment of neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury than complete blockage of cytokine production.
Spektrale Bandselektion für das Filterdesign optischer Inspektionssysteme
Authors: Michelsburg Matthias , Gruna Robin , Vieth Kai-Uwe , Puente León Fernando
Published: September 2011

Die automatische Inspektion mit Methoden der Bildverarbeitung wird in vielen Bereichen — beispielsweise in der Nahrungsmittelindustrie — eingesetzt, um die gewünschte Qualität eines Produkts zu gewährleisten. Für besonders anspruchsvolle Inspektionsaufgaben reicht das Signal einer einzelnen Graustufen- oder RGB-Farbkamera nicht aus, um ein zufriedenstellendes Ergebnis zu erreichen. Durch Hinzunahme von Spektralbereichen außerhalb des sichtbaren Wellenlängenbereichs kann eine Klassifikation verbessert werden. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt hierbei der Nahinfrarotbereich, welcher in der Spektroskopie seit vielen Jahren zur Qualitätskontrolle und Analytik genutzt wird. Hyperspektrale Bildaufnahmen liefern zu jedem Bildpunkt ein hoch aufgelöstes Spektrum, finden jedoch in industriellen Inspektionsanlagen aufgrund der hohen Kosten, der aufwändigen Signalverarbeitung und der begrenzten Geschwindigkeit weniger Anwendung. Durch Reduktion der Messung auf diejenigen spektralen Bereiche, mit welchen eine gute Klassifikation möglich ist, kann ein einfacheres und schnelleres Inspektionssystem entworfen werden. An einem Beispiel aus dem Bereich der Schüttgutsortierung wird ein Ansatz zur Auswahl von optischen Filtern mithilfe hyperspektraler Bildaufnahmen vorgestellt und bewertet.
Crystal structures of thiazine-indigo pigments, determined from single-crystal and powder diffraction data
Authors: Buchsbaum Christian , Paulus Erich F. , Schmidt Martin U.
Published: September 2011

The crystal structures of two polymorphs of thiazine-indigo, C16H10N2O2S2 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. 7,7′-dimethyl-thiazine-indigo, 7,7′-dimethoxy-thiazine-indigo and 7-monochloro-thiazine-indigo are isostructural to β-thiazine-indigo and 7,7′-dichloro-thiazine-indigo; their structures are refined by Rietveld methods. 7-monochloro-thiazine-indigo shows a head-to-tail-disorder. 6,6′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-thiazine-indigo is not isotypic to any other thiazine-indigo compound. Polymorph screenings were performed; three of the six compounds are polymorphic. In all determined structures the molecules are essentially planar; all molecules are connected by double hydrogen bonds to form parallel chains, but there are three different arrangement of chains. The structures are compared with the chain-structures of other organic pigments like indigo, quinacridone and diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives.
Evolution of the vertebrate pth2 (tip39) gene family and the regulation of PTH type 2 receptor (pth2r) and its endogenous ligand pth2 by hedgehog signaling in zebrafish development
Authors: Bhattacharya Poulomi , Yan Yi Lin , Postlethwait John , Rubin David A
Published: September 2011

In mammals, parathyroid hormone (PTH), secreted by parathyroid glands, increases calcium levels in the blood from reservoirs in bone. While mammals have two PTH receptor genes,PTH1RandPTH2R, zebrafish has three receptors,pth1r,pth2r, andpth3r. PTH can activate all three zebrafish Pthrs while PTH2 (aliastuberoinfundibular peptide 39, TIP39) preferentially activates zebrafish and mammalian PTH2Rs. We know little about the roles of the PTH2/PTH2R system in the development of any animal. To determine the roles of PTH2 and PTH2R during vertebrate development, we evaluated their expression patterns in developing zebrafish, observed their phylogenetic and conserved synteny relationships with humans, and described the genomic organization ofpth2,pth2r, andpth2rsplice variants. Expression studies showed thatpth2is expressed in cells adjacent to the ventral part of the posterior tuberculum in the diencephalon, whereaspth2ris robustly expressed throughout the central nervous system. Otic vesicles express bothpth2andpth2r, but heart expresses onlypth2. Analysis of mutants showed that hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates the expression ofpth2transcripts more than that of nearbygnrh2-expressing cells. Genomic analysis showed that a lizard, chicken, and zebra finch lack aPTH2gene, which is associated with an inversion breakpoint. Likewise, chickens lack PTH2R, while humans lack PTH3R, a case of reciprocally missing ohnologs (paralogs derived from a genome duplication). The considerable evolutionary conservation in genomic structure, synteny relationships, and expression of zebrafishpth2andpth2rprovides a foundation for exploring the endocrine roles of this system in developing vertebrate embryos.
Perinatal Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Disease
Authors: Joss-Moore Lisa A. , Lane Robert H.
Published: September 2011

Nutrition and growth during the perinatal period have long-term implications for neonates. The Developmental Origins of Disease Hypothesis states that molecular and cellular events initiated during this period have the potential to impart lifelong phenotypic changes to infants. Undernutrition resulting in intra- or extrauterine growth restriction is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment and lung disease as well as adult-onset diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. A proposed molecular mechanism by which early events alter later health is epigenetic modifications to chromatin. One well-studied epigenetic modifier is nutrition. Much of the current evidence associating early nutritional status to epigenetic adaptations stems from animal models. This review summarizes known associations between perinatal nutrition and epigenetic alterations to chromatin. Much work remains in the field to identify how associated histone and DNA modifications contribute to changes in gene expression. It also is important to determine why a particular gene is targeted in the first place. Detailed understanding of these aspects of perinatal nutrition and epigenetics should allow development of specific, targeted interventions.
Moth Diversity and Identification of Indicator Species in Temperate Forests of Southern South Korea
Authors: Choi Sei-Woong
Published: September 2011

The abundance and species richness of moths were evaluated at 16 sites in southern South Korea to assess moth diversity and to identify indicator species for different forest types in this area. In total, 975 moth species were identified in the seven 6-mo collection periods (May–October) between 2001 and 2007. A matrix of 536 species and 36 sampling units was adopted for clustering sampling sites, and indicator species were determined after removing species with fewer than five individuals (370 species), and species that were found at fewer than three sites (36 species). Five different forest groups were identified based on clustering analysis: 1) seashore secondary forest, 2) evergreen deciduous forest, 3) inland young secondary forest, 4) inland mixed deciduous forest, and 5) inland high elevation conifer and deciduous forest. Patterns of moth abundance and species richness within four of the five groups were similar, but the abundance and species richness in the high elevation sites were significantly lower than in the other four groups. Sixty-three species were recognized in the five different forests based on indicator species analysis and the adoption of 63 indicator species in nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination corroborated the grouping of sites into five groups. Many indicator species were woody plant feeders. In the current study, we determined the general pattern of moth diversity in different forest types in southern South Korea and identified indicator moth species that can be used to track future changes in forest structure as the forests age.
Parasitism of Autumnal Morphs of the Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) byBinodoxys communis(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Buckthorn
Authors: Asplen Mark K , Wyckhuys Kris A G , Heimpel George E
Published: September 2011

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is both heteroecious and holocyclic, seasonally alternating between buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.), (the primary, overwintering host) and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (the secondary host). Recently, a classical biological control program for this invasive pest has been implemented in North America using the Asian aphidiine braconid wasp Binodoxys communis Gahan. Two critical, related questions regarding the overwintering biology of B. communis are 1) does the parasitoid maintain fidelity to A. glycines throughout the aphid life cycle and follow it to its primary host; and, if it does, 2) is parasitoid migration facilitated by phoretic movement within buckthorn-specific winged aphids? In the laboratory, we compared B. communis parasitism on several different autumnal morphs of A. glycines: winged gynoparae (fall migrants) and their oviparous offspring on buckthorn, fourth-instar alatoid nymphs that would form either gynoparae or summer migrants on soybean, and third-instar gynoparous alatoid nymphs on soybean. We also introduced gynoparae and B. communis onto caged buckthorn plants in southeastern Minnesota to examine autumnal parasitism under natural conditions. In both the laboratory and field, parasitism rates of oviparae were much higher than those of gynoparae. In addition, B. communis rarely completed development on fourth-instar alatoid nymphs. Although wasps successfully developed on third-instar gynoparous nymphs, these hosts mummified before forming wings. These results suggest that although at least one buckthorn-specific morph of A. glycines seems suitable for B. communis parasitism, it is unlikely that alate-mediated dispersal of immature parasitoids is an adaptive strategy to locate Rhamnus in this species.
Description of Eggs ofAnastrephaspp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in theSpatulataGroup using Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Dutra Vivian Siqueira , Ronchi-Teles Beatriz , Steck Gary J , Silva Janisete Gomes
Published: September 2011

We provide detailed scanning electron microscopy observations of eggs of three Anastrepha species in the spatulata group: Anastrepha manihoti Lima, Anastrepha montei Lima, and Anastrepha pickeli Lima, for the first time. Eggs were dissected from females captured in McPhail traps and examined using both scanning electron and optical microscopes. The eggs are tapered at both ends, have a papilla at the anterior pole, and the micropyle is located on the dorsal side near the anterior pole. Diagnostic characters for differentiating among these three species include the location of aeropyles, presence of a respiratory horn in A. manihoti and A. pickeli, and a pronounced rim of the chorion with a smooth surface surrounding the micropyle. Eggs of A. montei have a narrow patch of seemingly porous surface on the ventral side of the anterior pole. Such a character has not been reported previously for eggs of Tephritidae.
Harvesting creates ecological traps: consequences of invisible mortality risks in predator–prey metacommunities
Authors: Abrams Peter A. , Ruokolainen Lasse , Shuter Brian J. , McCann Kevin S.
Published: September 2011

Models of two‐patch predator–prey metacommunities are used to explore how the global predator population changes in response to additional mortality in one of the patches. This could describe the dynamics of a predator in an environment that includes a refuge area where that predator is protected and a spatially distinct (“risky”) area where it is harvested. The predator's movement is based on its perceived fitness in the two patches, but the risk from the additional mortality is potentially undetectable; this often occurs when the mortality is from human harvesting or from a novel type of top predator. Increases in undetected mortality in the risky area can produce an abrupt collapse of either the refuge population or of the entire predator population when the mortality rate exceeds a threshold level. This is due to the attraction of the risky patch, which has abundant prey due to its high predator mortality. Extinction of the refuge predator population does not occur when the refuge patch has a higher maximum per capita predator growth rate than the exploited patch because the refuge is then more attractive when the predator is rare. The possibility of abrupt extinction of one or both patches from high densities in response to a small increase in harvest is often associated with alternative states. In such cases, large reductions in mortality may be needed to avoid extinction in a collapsing predator population, or to reestablish an extinct population. Our analysis provides a potential explanation for sudden collapses of harvested populations, and it argues for more consideration of adaptive movement in designing protected areas.
Community occupancy responses of small mammals to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine forests, northern Arizona, USA
Authors: Kalies E. L. , Dickson B. G. , Chambers C. L. , Covington W. W.
Published: September 2011

In western North American conifer forests, wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity due to heavy fuel loads that have accumulated after a century of fire suppression. Forest restoration treatments (e.g., thinning and/or burning) are being designed and implemented at large spatial and temporal scales in an effort to reduce fire risk and restore forest structure and function. In ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests, predominantly open forest structure and a frequent, low‐severity fire regime constituted the evolutionary environment for wildlife that persisted for thousands of years. Small mammals are important in forest ecosystems as prey and in affecting primary production and decomposition. During 2006–2009, we trapped eight species of small mammals at 294 sites in northern Arizona and used occupancy modeling to determine community responses to thinning and habitat features. The most important covariates in predicting small mammal occupancy were understory vegetation cover, large snags, and treatment. Our analysis identified two generalist species found at relatively high occupancy rates across all sites, four open‐forest species that responded positively to treatment, and two dense‐forest species that responded negatively to treatment unless specific habitat features were retained. Our results indicate that all eight small mammal species can benefit from restoration treatments, particularly if aspects of their evolutionary environment (e.g., large trees, snags, woody debris) are restored. The occupancy modeling approach we used resulted in precise species‐level estimates of occupancy in response to habitat attributes for a greater number of small mammal species than in other comparable studies. We recommend our approach for other studies faced with high variability and broad spatial and temporal scales in assessing impacts of treatments or habitat alteration on wildlife species. Moreover, since forest planning efforts are increasingly focusing on progressively larger treatment implementation, better and more efficiently obtained ecological information is needed to inform these efforts.
Environmental filtering and land‐use history drive patterns in biomass accumulation in a mediterranean‐type landscape
Authors: Dahlin Kyla M. , Asner Gregory P. , Field Christopher B.
Published: September 2011

Aboveground biomass (AGB) reflects multiple and often undetermined ecological and land‐use processes, yet detailed landscape‐level studies of AGB are uncommon due to the difficulty in making consistent measurements at ecologically relevant scales. Working in a protected mediterranean‐type landscape (Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, California, USA), we combined field measurements with remotely sensed data from the Carnegie Airborne Observatory's light detection and ranging (lidar) system to create a detailed AGB map. We then developed a predictive model using a maximum of 56 explanatory variables derived from geologic and historic‐ownership maps, a digital elevation model, and geographic coordinates to evaluate possible controls over currently observed AGB patterns. We tested both ordinary least‐squares regression (OLS) and autoregressive approaches. OLS explained 44% of the variation in AGB, and simultaneous autoregression with a 100‐m neighborhood improved the fit to anr2= 0.72, while reducing the number of significant predictor variables from 27 variables in the OLS model to 11 variables in the autoregressive model. We also compared the results from these approaches to a more typical field‐derived data set; we randomly sampled 5% of the data 1000 times and used the same OLS approach each time. Environmental filters including incident solar radiation, substrate type, and topographic position were significant predictors of AGB in all models. Past ownership was a minor but significant predictor, despite the long history of conservation at the site. The weak predictive power of these environmental variables, and the significant improvement when spatial autocorrelation was incorporated, highlight the importance of land‐use history, disturbance regime, and population dynamics as controllers of AGB.
TEMPORAL DISCOUNTING PREDICTS STUDENT RESPONSIVENESS TO EXCHANGE DELAYS IN A CLASSROOM TOKEN SYSTEM
Authors: Reed Derek D. , Martens Brian K.
Published: September 2011

Typical assessments of temporal discounting involve presenting choices between hypothetical monetary outcomes. Participants choose between smaller immediate rewards and larger delayed rewards to determine how the passage of time affects the subjective value of reinforcement. Few studies, however, have compared such discounting to actual manipulations of reward delay. The present study examined the predictive validity of a temporal discounting procedure developed for use with children. Forty‐six sixth‐grade students completed a brief discounting assessment and were then exposed to a classwide intervention that involved both immediate and delayed reinforcement in a multiple baseline design across classrooms. The parameters derived from two hyperbolic models of discounting correlated significantly with actual on‐task behavior under conditions of immediate and delayed exchange. Implications of temporal discounting assessments for behavioral assessment and treatment are discussed.
ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF FOOT—SHOE FETISH DISPLAYED BY A MAN WITH AUTISM
Authors: Dozier Claudia L. , Iwata Brian A. , Worsdell April S.
Published: September 2011

Results of a functional analysis indicated that a man diagnosed with autism engaged in bizarre sexual behavior in the presence of women wearing sandals. Several treatments proved to be ineffective or impractical. By contrast, a response‐interruption/time‐out procedure quickly eliminated the problem behavior in multiple settings.
GENERALIZATION OF POSTURE TRAINING TO COMPUTER WORKSTATIONS IN AN APPLIED SETTING
Authors: Sigurdsson Sigurdur O. , Ring Brandon M. , Needham Mick , Boscoe James H. , Silverman Kenneth
Published: September 2011

Improving employees' posture may decrease the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The current paper is a systematic replication and extension of Sigurdsson and Austin (2008), who found that an intervention consisting of information, real‐time feedback, and self‐monitoring improved participant posture at mock workstations. In the current study, participants worked in an applied setting, and posture data were collected at participants' own workstations and a mock workstation. Intervention in the mock setting was associated with consistent improvement in safe posture at the mock workstation, but generalization to the actual workstation was limited.
INCREASING COMPLIANCE WITH MEDICAL EXAMINATION REQUESTS DIRECTED TO CHILDREN WITH AUTISM: EFFECTS OF A HIGH‐PROBABILITY REQUEST PROCEDURE
Authors: Riviere Vinca , Becquet Melissa , Peltret Emilie , Facon Bruno , Darcheville Jean‐Claude
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a high‐probability (high‐p) request sequence as a means of increasing compliance with medical examination tasks. Participants were children who had been diagnosed with autism and who exhibited noncompliance during general medical examinations. The inclusion of the high‐p request sequence effectively increased compliance with medical examination tasks. In addition, the procedure was efficient, could be implemented by parents and medical professionals, and did not involve aversive procedures.
USING ACCELERATOR PEDAL FORCE TO INCREASE SEAT BELT USE OF SERVICE VEHICLE DRIVERS
Authors: Van Houten Ron , Hilton Bryan , Schulman Richard , Reagan Ian
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated a device that applied a sustained increase in accelerator pedal back force whenever drivers exceeded a preset speed criterion without buckling their seat belts. This force was removed once the belt was fastened. Participants were 6 commercial drivers who operated carpet‐cleaning vans. During baseline, no contingency was in place for unbuckled trips. The pedal resistance was introduced via a multiple baseline design across groups. On the first day of treatment, the device was explained and demonstrated for all drivers of the vehicle. The treatment was associated with an immediate sustained increase in seat belt compliance to 100%. Occasionally, drivers initially did not buckle during a trip and encountered the force. In all instances, they buckled within less than 25 s. These results suggest that the increased force was sufficient to set up an establishing operation to reinforce seat belt buckling negatively. Drivers indicated that they were impressed with the device and would not drive very long unbelted with the pedal force in place.
Accounting Fraud at CIT Computer Leasing Group, Inc.
Authors: Michelman Jeffrey E. , Gorman Victoria , Trompeter Gregory M.
Published: September 2011

The case chronicles a newly promoted manager's search to uncover an inventory fraud that had been perpetrated by her supervisor at CIT, a publicly held company. During the ensuing investigation, CIT and the Florida Department of Law Enforcement identified 36 different transactions involving the diversion of nearly 2,500 computers, with a conservative estimated total loss to the company of $637,000. Students are also exposed to the importance of internal controls, red flags, the fraud triangle, and forensic accounting techniques. The case also lets the reader see what occurs when, due to management override of internal control, a subordinate no longer trusts a supervisor's communicated information. This can be used at the undergraduate or graduate level in an Accounting Information Systems, Internal Auditing, or Auditing or Fraud/Forensic Accounting class. The Teaching Notes also have an accompanying video, in which the investigators and prosecutor discuss issues related to the case, including the specifics of the case, whistleblowers, and the fraud triangle, and the roles of law enforcement and the judiciary. Included in the video are interviews with the Florida Department of Law Enforcement investigators and the prosecuting attorney that were involved in the CIT case.
Breach of Data at TJX: An Instructional Case Used to Study COSO and COBIT, with a Focus on Computer Controls, Data Security, and Privacy Legislation
Authors: Cereola Sandra J. , Cereola Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

Internal control frameworks (ICF) provide a basis for understanding controls in an organization and for making judgments about the effectiveness of controls. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) requires companies to report, on an ongoing basis, the effectiveness of their internal controls in their annual filings. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recommends companies use ICF to help achieve compliance with SOX. ICF provide a useful tool for management and auditors evaluating and addressing the adequacy of controls in their organization. As there is no such thing as a “risk-free” enterprise, developing an understanding of ICF is important for students entering the accounting profession. This instructional case provides students the opportunity to assess internal control risks within an organization's information system using a “real-world” problem following COSO (SEC-recommended ICF) and/or COBIT as a guide. Students then evaluate the organization's overall level of internal control risks and formulate recommendations for mitigating such risks.
Enforcing Financial Reporting Standards: The Case of White Pharmaceuticals AG
Authors: Zülch Henning , Detzen Dominic
Published: September 2011

This instructional resource is based on an actual case of financial reporting enforcement and invites students to reflect on two main themes: the treatment of research and development costs and the enforcement of financial reporting standards. First, students are to analyze a cooperation agreement under which German company White Pharmaceuticals AG receives access to the research and development results of their U.S.-based partner. While applying managerial judgment in interpreting the transaction, students review the treatment of internally generated and separately acquired intangible assets under IFRS and U.S. GAAP. In addition, they are asked to discuss the convergence of the two major accounting regimes. Second, the case study fosters students' understanding of how financial reporting standards are enforced when the German Financial Reporting Enforcement Panel (FREP) starts an investigation into how White Pharmaceuticals AG accounted for payments that the company conducted in the course of the cooperation. Students become aware of the consequences such an investigation may have as the FREP finally adjudges that White Pharmaceuticals AG should restate their financial statements.
Wiki Art Gallery, Inc.: A Case for Critical Thinking
Authors: Phillips Fred , Mackintosh Brandy
Published: September 2011

This instructional case requires students to provide advice to a client who is currently a co-owner of a for-profit art gallery. The client is planning to purchase his co-owner's shares at a price to be determined based on their company's recent financial performance. The company's financial statements, prepared by the client's co-owner, contain accounting choices and judgments that students should identify and evaluate using critical thinking skills. This case is suitable for use in introductory and intermediate financial accounting, and in introductory auditing and assurance courses. Accompanying the case is a set of teaching notes and assessment rubrics for use by instructors.
Anatomic, histologic, and two-dimensional–echocardiographic evaluation of mitral valve anatomy in dogs
Authors: Borgarelli Michele , Tursi Massimiliano , Rosa Giuseppe La , Savarino Paolo , Galloni Marco
Published: September 2011

Objective—To compare echocardiographic variables of dogs with postmortem anatomic measurements and histologic characteristics of the mitral valve (MV).

Animals—21 cardiologically normal dogs.

Procedures—The MV was measured echocardiographically by use of the right parasternal 5-chamber long-axis view. Dogs were euthanized, and anatomic measurements of the MV annulus (MVa) were performed at the level of the left circumflex coronary artery. Mitral valve leaflets (MVLs) and chordae tendineae were measured. Structure of the MVLs was histologically evaluated in 3 segments (proximal, middle, and distal).

Results—Echocardiographic measurements of MVL length did not differ significantly from anatomic measurements. A positive correlation was detected between body weight and MVa area. There was a negative correlation between MVa area and the percentage by which the MVL area exceeded the MVa area. Anterior MVLs had a significantly higher number of chordae tendineae than did posterior MVLs. Histologically, layering of MVLs was less preserved in the distal segment, whereas the muscular component and adipose tissue were significantly more diffuse in the proximal and middle segments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The MV in cardiologically normal dogs had wide anatomic variability. Anatomic measurements of MVL length were correlated with echocardiographic measurements.
Influence of electrode position on cardioversion energy requirements during transvenous electrical cardioversion in horses
Authors: Preiss Erin E. , Kenney Daniel G. , McGurrin M. Kimberly J. , Physick-Sheard Peter W.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To evaluate influence of electrode position on cardioversion energy (CE; energy delivered in the shock at which cardioversion was achieved) during transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) in horses with atrial fibrillation.

Animals—37 horses with atrial fibrillation (41 cardioversion events).

Procedures—Records were reviewed to identify horses that underwent TVEC for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Signalment and CE were recorded. Electrode positions in the right atrium and pulmonary artery were identified on intraoperative radiographs. An orthogonal coordinate space was created, and electrode y- and z-axis coordinates and shadow lengths were determined. Trigonometric modeling was used to estimate x-axis electrode positions that resulted in observed shadows. Postmortem casts of catheterized horses were used to assess electrode paths and anatomic relationships. Model assumptions were tested by use of these and a theoretical data set. Relationships between signalment, electrode position, and CE were assessed via multivariate analysis.

Results—Sex and y-axis differences between electrode positions were significant predictors of CE. Population stratification based on examination of residuals improved model strength; populations differed in z-axis variables and in CE. Decreasing distance between electrodes and pulmonary artery electrode positions ventral to the right atrium were associated with increased CE. Agreement between estimated and actual x-axis coordinates was poor.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Optimal electrode positioning can reduce the energy requirement for successful TVEC and may eventually support application of TVEC under short-term IV anesthesia and potentially increase chances of treatment response. Further investigation into these relationships is warranted.
Effect of hematocrit on accuracy of two point-of-care glucometers for use in dogs
Authors: Paul Amanda E. H. , Shiel Robert E. , Juvet Florence , Mooney Carmel T. , Mansfield Caroline S.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To determine the effect of Hct on blood glucose readings of dogs obtained by use of 2 point-of-care (POC) blood glucometers and a laboratory analyzer.

Animals—184 dogs, including 139 Greyhounds.

Procedures—Venous blood samples collected from 184 dogs with a range of Hcts (measured in EDTA-anticoagulated blood) were immediately analyzed with a handheld glucometer specifically developed for veterinary use and a glucometer developed for use in humans. The remainder of each blood sample was placed in fluoride oxalate tubes, and plasma glucose concentration was measured with a laboratory analyzer. Agreement between results for the POC glucometers and laboratory analyzer and effect of Hct on glucometer accuracy was assessed via regression analysis.

Results—Significant differences were detected between results of the glucometers and the reference laboratory analyzer. The Hct affected the correlation between results for the glucometers and the laboratory analyzer. Deviations of the glucometers from the reference interval varied with Hct. The glucometer for veterinary use more closely correlated with the glucose concentration when Hct was within or above its reference interval. The glucometer for use in humans more closely approximated laboratory reference glucose concentrations in anemic dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hct had a relevant impact on the correlation between whole blood and plasma glucose concentrations in dogs. Significant variations between results obtained with the 2 glucometers could be critical when interpreting blood glucose measurements or selecting a POC glucometer for an intensive care setting and precise glycemic control in critically ill dogs.
Comparison of cross-sectional anatomy and computed tomography of the tarsus in horses
Authors: Raes Els V. , Bergman Eric H. J. , van der Veen Henk , Vanderperren Katrien , Van der Vekens Elke , Saunders Jimmy H.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To compare computed tomography (CT) images of equine tarsi with cross-sectional anatomic slices and evaluate the potential of CT for imaging pathological tarsal changes in horses.

Sample—6 anatomically normal equine cadaveric hind limbs and 4 tarsi with pathological changes.

Procedures—Precontrast CT was performed on 3 equine tarsi; sagittal and dorsal reconstructions were made. In all limbs, postcontrast CT was performed after intra-articular contrast medium injection of the tarsocrural, centrodistal, and tarsometatarsal joints. Images were matched with corresponding anatomic slices. Four tarsi with pathological changes underwent CT examination.

Results—The tibia, talus, calcaneus, and central, fused first and second, third, and fourth tarsal bones were clearly visualized as well as the long digital extensor, superficial digital flexor, lateral digital flexor (with tarsal flexor retinaculum), gastrocnemius, peroneus tertius, and tibialis cranialis tendons and the long plantar ligament. The lateral digital extensor, medial digital flexor, split peroneus tertius, and tibialis cranialis tendons and collateral ligaments could be located but not always clearly identified. Some small tarsal ligaments were identifiable, including plantar, medial, interosseus, and lateral talocalcaneal ligaments; interosseus talocentral, centrodistal, and tarsometatarsal ligaments; proximal and distal plantar ligaments; and talometatarsal ligament. Parts of the articular cartilage could be assessed on postcontrast images. Lesions were detected in the 4 tarsi with pathological changes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CT of the tarsus is recommended when radiography and ultrasonography are inconclusive and during preoperative planning for treatment of complex fractures. Images from this study can serve as a CT reference, and CT of pathological changes was useful.
Pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam after oral and intravenous administration of a single dose to clinically normal cats
Authors: Carnes Michelle Brogan , Axlund Todd W. , Boothe Dawn M.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To determine whether therapeutic concentrations of levetiracetam can be achieved in cats and to establish reasonable IV and oral dosing intervals that would not be associated with adverse effects in cats.

Animals—10 healthy purpose-bred cats.

Procedures—In a randomized crossover study, levetiracetam (20 mg/kg) was administered orally and IV to each cat. Blood samples were collected 0, 10, 20, and 40 minutes and 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours after administration. Plasma levetiracetam concentrations were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results—Mean ± SD peak concentration was 25.54 ± 7.97 μg/mL. The mean y-intercept for IV administration was 37.52 ± 6.79 μg/mL. Half-life (harmonic mean ± pseudo-SD) was 2.95 ± 0.95 hours and 2.86 ± 0.65 hours for oral and IV administration, respectively. Mean volume of distribution at steady state was 0.52 ± 0.09 L/kg, and mean clearance was 2.0 ± 0.60 mL/kg/min. Mean oral bioavailability was 102 ± 39%. Plasma drug concentrations were maintained in the therapeutic range reported for humans (5 to 45 μg/mL) for at least 9 hours after administration in 7 of 10 cats. Only mild, transient hypersalivation was evident in some cats after oral administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Levetiracetam (20 mg/kg) administered orally or IV to cats every 8 hours should achieve and maintain concentrations within the therapeutic range for humans. Levetiracetam administration has favorable pharmacokinetics for clinical use, was apparently tolerated well, and may be a reasonable alternative antiepileptic drug in cats.
Survey of colleges and schools of veterinary medicine regarding education in complementary and alternative veterinary medicine
Authors: Memon Mushtaq A. , Sprunger Leslie K.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To obtain information on educational programs offered in complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) among AVMA Council on Education (COE)-accredited colleges and schools of veterinary medicine.

Design—Survey.

Sample—41 COE-accredited colleges and schools of veterinary medicine.

Procedure—A questionnaire was e-mailed to academic deans at all COE-accredited colleges and schools of veterinary medicine.

Results—Responses were received from 34 of 41 schools: 26 in the United States, 2 in Canada, 3 in Australia and New Zealand, and 3 in Europe. Sixteen schools indicated that they offered a CAVM course. Nutritional therapy, acupuncture, and rehabilitation or physical therapy were topics most commonly included in the curriculum. One school required a course in CAVM; all other courses were elective, most of which were 1 to 2 credit hours. Courses were usually a combination of lecture and laboratory; 2 were lecture only, and 1 was laboratory only. Of the 18 schools that reported no courses in CAVM, many addressed some CAVM topics in other courses and 4 indicated plans to offer some type of CAVM course within the next 5 years.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The consensus among survey respondents was that CAVM is an important topic that should be addressed in veterinary medical education, but opinions varied as to the appropriate framework. The most common comment reflected strong opinions that inclusion of CAVM in veterinary medical curricula must be evidence-based. Respondents indicated that students should be aware of CAVM modalities because of strong public interest in CAVM and because practitioners should be able to address client questions from a position of knowledge.