bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical stimulation releases nucleotides that activate P2Y1 receptors to trigger neural reflex chloride secretion in guinea pig distal colon
Authors: Cooke Helen J. , Xue Jianjing , Yu Jun Ge , Wunderlich Jacqueline , Wang Y.‐Z. , Guzman Jorge , Javed Najma , Christofi Fievos L.
Published: December 2003

Stroking the mucosal lining of the guinea pig colon with a brush elicits an intestinal neural reflex, and an increase in short‐circuit current (Isc) indicative of chloride secretion. We tested whether endogenous and exogenous nucleotides are physiologic regulators of mucosal reflexes that modulate chloride secretion. The basal Isc was augmented by 6‐N,N‐diethyl‐β,γ‐dibromomethylene‐D‐adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ARL67156) inhibition of nucleotide breakdown or adenosine A1 receptor blockade and reduced by apyrase inactivation of nucleotidases, P2 receptor antagonists, tetrodotoxin (TTX), or piroxicam. ARL67156 augmented, and apyrase inhibited, stroking‐evoked Isc responses. TTX and atropine inhibited nucleotide‐evoked Isc responses. The agonist potency profile for Isc, 2‐methylthioadenosine‐diphosphate (2MeSADP) = 2‐methioadenosine‐triphosphate ≫ 5′adenosine‐triphosphate (ATP) ≥ 5′adenosine‐diphosphate > 5′uridine‐triphosphate ≥ 5′uridine‐diphosphate, supports a P2Y1 receptor (R). The P2 receptor antagonists suramin and pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′4′‐disulfonic acid, reduced stroking responses (36%) and their effects were additive. The selective P2Y1 R antagonist, 2′deoxy‐N6‐methyl adenosine 3′,5′‐diphosphate diammonium salt, reduced stroking (54%) and 2MeSADP (70%) responses at P2Y1 Rs. The P2X1/3 R agonist, α,βMeATP, increased Isc. A desensitizing dose of α,βMeATP reduced stroking Isc responses but did not prevent the 2MeSADP‐evoked Isc response. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed mRNAs for P2Y1 R, P2Y2 R, P2Y4 R, P2Y6 R, and P2Y12 R in submucosa. The expression of P2Y R immunoreactivity (ir) in cell bodies of submucous neurons followed the order of P2Y1 = P2Y2 ≫ P2Y4 R ir; P2Y1 Rs and P2Y2 R ir were abundant (21–50% of neurons). P2Y1 R ir was abundant in cholinergic secretomotor neurons and fewer than 2% of neuropeptide Y (NPY)/choline acetyltransferase secretomotor neurons, and P2Y2 R ir was expressed in virtually all NPY secretomotor neurons and approximately 30% of calbindin/intrinsic primary afferent neurons. P2Y4 R ir was present in NPY‐positive neurons. P2Y ir was rare or absent in varicose nerve fibers. The functional data support the hypothesis that mechanical stimulation with a brush releases nucleotides that act predominantly at P2Y1 Rs and to a lesser extent on P2X1/3 Rs to mediate reflex chloride secretion. A separate P2Y2 R neural circuit pathway exists that is not activated by mechanical forces. Other receptors including P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y12, or P4 Rs cannot be excluded. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:1–15, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for a glutamatergic projection from the zona incerta to the basal ganglia of rats
Authors: Heise Claire E. , Mitrofanis John
Published: December 2003

This study explores the organisation and neurochemical nature of the projections from the zona incerta (ZI) to the basal ganglia. Sprague‐Dawley rats were anaesthetised with ketamine (100 mg/kg) and Rompun (10 mg/kg), and injections of cholera toxin subunit B were made into each of the following nuclei: the ZI, the substantia nigra (SN), the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PpT), and the entopeduncular nucleus (Ep). Brains were aldehyde fixed, sectioned, and processed using standard methods. Tracer‐labelled sections were then doubly labelled with antibodies to glutamate (Glu), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), parvalbumin (Pv), or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; the latter two are markers for GABAergic cells); these neurochemicals characterise most types of ZI cells. After ZI injections, labelling was nonuniform across the different basal ganglia nuclei. The bulk of labelling, both anterograde and retrograde, was seen in the SN and PpT and, to a lesser extent, within the other nuclei of the basal ganglia (e.g., caudate‐putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamus, Ep). In the SN, labelling was found in both major parts of the nucleus, the pars compacta and pars reticulata. Within the PpT, however, the bulk of labelling was limited to only one of the two sectors of the nucleus, namely, the pars dissipata (PpTd). The pars compacta of the PpT (PpTc) remained largely free of labelled profiles. After CTb injections into three basal ganglia nuclei (SN, PpT, Ep), most labelled cells in the ZI were glutamate+ and very few were NOS+ or γ‐aminobutyric acidergic. Overall, the results indicate that the ZI is in a position to influence preferentially the activity of the SN and PpTd of the basal ganglia via an excitatory, glutamatergic input. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:482–495, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of anesthetics on hypoglossal nerve discharge and c‐fos expression in brainstem hypoglossal premotor neurons
Authors: Roda Fabrice , Pio Juliette , Bianchi Armand‐Louis , Gestreau Christian
Published: December 2003

This study examined the effects of anesthesia on the hypoglossal nerve and diaphragm activities and on c‐Fos expression in brainstem hypoglossal premotor neurons (pmXII). Experiments were performed in 71 rats by using halothane inhalation, pentobarbital sodium, or mixtures of α‐chloralose and urethane or ketamine and xylazine. First, various cardiorespiratory parameters were measured in the rats (n = 31) during both awake and anesthetized conditions. The volatile anesthetic halothane, but not the other anesthetics, was always associated with a strong phasic inspiratory activity in the hypoglossal nerve. Second, a double‐immunohistochemical study was performed in awake and anesthetized rats (n = 40) to gauge the level of activity of pmXII neurons. Brainstem pmXII neurons were identified after microiontophoresis of the retrograde tracer Fluoro‐Gold in the right hypoglossal motor nucleus. Patterns of c‐Fos expression at different brainstem levels were compared in five groups of rats (i.e., awake or anesthetized with halothane, pentobarbital, chloralose‐urethane, and ketamine‐xylazine). Sections were processed for double detection of c‐Fos protein and Fluoro‐Gold by using the standard ABC method and a two‐color peroxidase technique. Anesthesia with halothane induced the strongest c‐Fos expression in a restricted pool of pmXII located in the pons at the level of the Kölliker‐Fuse nucleus and the intertrigeminal region. The results demonstrated a major effect of halothane in inducing changes in hypoglossal activity and revealed a differential expression of c‐Fos protein in pmXII neurons among groups of anesthetized rats. We suggest that halothane mediates changes in respiratory hypoglossal nerve discharge by altering activity of premotor neurons in the Kölliker‐Fuse and intertrigeminal region. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:571–586, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circling behavior in the Ecl mouse is caused by lateral semicircular canal defects
Authors: Cryns Kim , Van Alphen Arjan M. , Van Spaendonck Michiel P. , Van De Heyning Paul H. , Timmermans Jean‐Pierre , De Zeeuw Chris I. , Van Camp Guy
Published: December 2003

The epistatic circler mouse (Ecl mouse) is a preexisting mutant, which displays a circling phenotype and hyperactivity. It has been shown that the circling phenotype in this mutant results from a complex inheritance pattern, but the vestibular pathology has not been analyzed. The present study deals with the morphological and functional basis responsible for the circling behavior in the Ecl mouse. Morphological examination of the inner ears revealed a bilateral malformation of the horizontal (lateral) semicircular canal and duct. No cochlear abnormalities were detected, and auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements indicated that the auditory system is not affected. Investigation of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) in Ecl mice showed that their horizontal VOR on stimulation is virtually absent, which correlates with the morphological findings. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:587–595, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prefrontal cortical projections to the rat dorsal raphe nucleus: Ultrastructural features and associations with serotonin and γ‐aminobutyric acid neurons
Authors: Jankowski Michael P. , Sesack Susan R.
Published: December 2003

Studies of human brain indicate that both the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) may be dysfunctional in major depressive illness, making it important to understand the functional interactions between these brain regions. Anatomical studies have shown that the PFC projects to the DRN, although the synaptic targets of this excitatory pathway have not yet been identified. Electrophysiological investigations in the rat DRN report that most serotonin neurons are inhibited by electrical stimulation of the PFC, suggesting that this pathway is more likely to synapse onto neighboring γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons than onto serotonin cells. We tested this hypothesis by electron microscopic examination of DRN sections dually labeled for biotin dextran amine anterogradely transported from the PFC and immunogold‐silver labeling for tryptophan hydroxylase (TrH) or for GABA. In the DRN, the majority of PFC axons either synapsed onto unlabeled dendrites or failed to form detectable synapses in single sections. Other PFC axons synapsed onto either TrH‐ or GABA‐immunolabeled processes. Considerably more tissue sampling was necessary to detect PFC synapses onto TrH‐ than onto GABA‐labeled dendrites, suggesting that the latter connections are more common. In other cases, PFC terminals and TrH‐ or GABA‐immunoreactive dendrites either were closely apposed, without forming detectable synapses, or were separated by glial processes. These results provide potential anatomical substrates whereby the PFC can both directly and indirectly regulate the activity of serotonin neurons in the DRN and possibly contribute to the pathophysiology of depression. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:518–529, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoarchitecture and cortical connections of the posterior cingulate and adjacent somatosensory fields in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Morecraft R.J. , Cipolloni P.B. , Stilwell‐Morecraft K.S. , Gedney M.T. , Pandya D.N.
Published: December 2003

The cytoarchitecture and connections of the caudal cingulate and medial somatosensory areas were investigated in the rhesus monkey. There is a stepwise laminar differentiation starting from retrosplenial area 30 towards the isocortical regions of the medial parietal cortex. This includes a gradational emphasis on supragranular laminar organization and general reduction of the infragranular neurons as one proceeds from area 30 toward the medial parietal regions, including areas 3, 1, 2, 5, 31, and the supplementary sensory area (SSA). This trend includes a progressive increase in layer IV neurons. Area 23c in the lower bank and transitional somatosensory area (TSA) in the upper bank of the cingulate sulcus appear as nodal points. From area 23c and TSA the architectonic progression can be traced in three directions: one culminates in areas 3a and 3b (core line), the second in areas 1, 2, and 5 (belt line), and the third in areas 31 and SSA (root line). These architectonic gradients are reflected in the connections of these regions. Thus, cingulate areas (30, 23a, and 23b) are connected with area 23c and TSA on the one hand and have widespread connections with parieto‐temporal, frontal, and parahippocampal (limbic) regions on the other. Area 23c has connections with areas 30, 23a and b, and TSA as well as with medial somatosensory areas 3, 1, 2, 5, and SSA. Area 23c also has connections with parietotemporal, frontal, and limbic areas similar to areas 30, 23a, and 23b. Area TSA, like area 23c, has connections with areas 3, 1, 2, 5, and SSA. However, it has only limited connections with the parietotemporal and frontal regions and none with the parahippocampal gyrus. Medial area 3 is mainly connected to medial and dorsal sensory areas 3, 1, 2, 5, and SSA and to areas 4 and 6 as well as to supplementary (M2 or area 6m), rostral cingulate (M3 or areas 24c and d), and caudal cingulate (M4 or areas 23c and d) motor cortices. Thus, in parallel with the architectonic gradient of laminar differentiation, there is also a progressive shift in the pattern of corticocortical connections. Cingulate areas have widespread connections with limbic, parietotemporal, and frontal association areas, whereas parietal area 3 has more restricted connections with adjacent somatosensory and motor cortices. TSA is primarily related to the somatosensory‐motor areas and has limited connections with the parietotemporal and frontal association cortices. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:37–69, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of transcripts encoding AMPA receptor subunits and associated postsynaptic proteins in the macaque brain
Authors: Beneyto Monica , Meador‐Woodruff James H.
Published: December 2003

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, regulating numerous cellular signaling pathways and controlling the excitability of central synapses both pre‐ and postsynaptically. Localization, cell surface expression, and activity‐dependent regulation of glutamate receptors in both neurons and glia are performed and maintained by a complex network of protein–protein interactions associated with targeting, anchoring, and spatially organizing synaptic proteins at the cell membrane. Using in situ hybridization, we examined the expression of transcripts encoding the AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1–GluR4) and a family of AMPA‐related intracellular proteins. We focused on PDZ‐proteins that are involved in the regulated pool and anchoring AMPA subunits to the cell membrane (PICK1, syntenin), and those maintaining the constitutive pool of AMPA receptors at the glutamatergic synapse (NSF, stargazin). In addition, we studied a fifth protein, KIAA1719, with high homology to the rat PDZ protein ABP, associated with the clustering of AMPA receptors at the glutamate synapse. The AMPA subunits showed significant differences in regional expression, especially in the neocortex, thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum. The expression of other proteins, even those related to a specific AMPA subunit (such as ABP and PICK1 to GluR2 and GluR3), often had different distributions, whereas others (like NSF) are ubiquitously distributed in the brain. These results suggest that AMPA subunits and related intracellular proteins are differentially distributed in the macaque brain, and in numerous structures there are significant mismatches, suggesting additional functional properties of the associated intracellular proteins. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:530–554, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic expression patterns of Robo (Robo1 and Robo2) in the developing murine central nervous system
Authors: Sundaresan Vasi , Mambetisaeva Elvira , Andrews William , Annan Adelaide , Knöll Bernd , Tear Guy , Bannister Lawrence
Published: December 2003

The Robo family of molecules is important for axon guidance across the midline during central nervous system (CNS) development in invertebrates and vertebrates. Here we describe the patterns of Robo protein expression in the developing mouse CNS from embryonic day (E) 9.5 to postnatal day (P) 4, as determined by immunohistochemical labeling with an antibody (S3) raised against a common epitope present in the Robo ectodomain of Robos 1 and 2. In the spinal cord, midline‐crossing axons are initially (at E11) S3‐positive. At later times, midline Robo expression disappears, but is strongly upregulated in longitudinally running postcrossing axons. It is also strongly expressed in noncrossing longitudinal axons. Differential expression of Robo along axons was also found in axons cultured from E14 spinal cord. These findings resemble those from the Drosophila ventral nerve cord and indicate that in vertebrates a low level of Robo expression occurs in the initial crossing of the midline, while a high level of expression in the postcrossing fibers prevents recrossing. Likewise, Robo‐positive ipsilateral axons are prevented from crossing at all. However, in the brain different rules appear to apply. Most commissural axons including those of the corpus callosum are strongly S3‐positive along their whole length from their time of formation to postnatal life, but some have more complex age‐dependent expression patterns. S3 labeling of the optic pathway is also complex, being initially strong in the retinal ganglion cells, optic tract, and chiasma but thereafter being lost except in a proportion of postchiasmal axons. The corticospinal tract is strongly positive throughout its course at all stages examined, including its decussation, formed at about P2 in the central part of the medulla oblongata. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:467–481, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of axonin‐1 in developing amacrine cells in the chick retina
Authors: Drenhaus U. , Morino P. , Rager G.
Published: December 2003

This study focused on the temporal and spatial pattern of expression of the cell adhesion molecule axonin‐1 in amacrine cells and the identification of these cells in the developing chick retina. We analyzed 5–20‐day‐old chick embryos. The antigen was localized and visualized by the indirect immunogold and the immunofluorescence technique. Colocalization studies with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin served to characterize these cells further and to explore whether they have other properties in common. Axonin‐1 was expressed in amacrine cells from E8 onward in the inner nuclear, in the inner plexiform, and in the ganglion cell layer. Their maturation showed a gradient similar to that found for amacrinogenesis. Expression was closely correlated with the period when the cells develop and shape their processes. The interneurons were classified with reference to Cajal, and most of the morphological types described by him were found. In addition, some cells were considered as axon‐bearing amacrine cells. However, the total number of labeled cells was rather small. At least two morphologically different types terminated in each of the inner plexiform sublayers. Narrow‐ and wide‐field arbors indicated the existence of a diversified network. The colocalization studies revealed that the neurotransmitters and neuropeptides overlapped partially with axonin‐1 expression. This indicated that axonin‐1‐immunoreactive amacrine cells were also functionally diverse. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:496–508, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testosterone manipulation protects motoneurons from dendritic atrophy after contralateral motoneuron depletion
Authors: Fargo Keith Nolan , Sengelaub Dale Robert
Published: December 2003

Dendritic morphology is reactive to many kinds of injuries, including axotomy and deafferentation. In this study, we examined the response of motoneurons in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), an androgen‐dependent population of motoneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat, to partial motoneuron depletion. We depleted SNB motoneurons on one side only of the spinal cord by unilateral intramuscular injection of a retrogradely transported form of saporin, and examined the morphology of contralateral SNB motoneurons. Motoneuron morphology was assessed in normal control males, gonadally intact saporin‐treated males, and saporin‐treated males who had been castrated 6 weeks previously and given testosterone replacement beginning at the time of saporin injection. Untreated castrated males served as an additional control group. Four weeks after saporin treatment, SNB motoneurons contralateral to the saporin injection were retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase conjugated to the cholera toxin B subunit and reconstructed in three dimensions. In gonadally intact males, unilateral motoneuron depletion caused regressive changes in contralateral SNB motoneurons: Soma size and dendritic length were both decreased. However, testosterone manipulation (i.e., castration followed by testosterone replacement) completely prevented the dendritic retraction. These data suggest a therapeutic role for testosterone in preventing, or accelerating recovery from, dendritic atrophy induced by motoneuron injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:96–106, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase‐like immunoreactivity in the metamorphosing brain of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta
Authors: Schachtner Joachim , Huetteroth Wolf , Nighorn Alan , Honegger Hans‐Willi
Published: December 2003

Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) is part of the defense mechanism that protects cells from being damaged by reactive oxygen species. During metamorphosis of the nervous system, neurons undergo various fates, which are all coupled to high metabolic activities, such as proliferation, differentiation, pathfinding, and synaptogenesis. We describe the pattern of SOD immunoreactivity of identified neurons and neuron groups in the brain of Manduca sexta from the late larva through metamorphosis into adult. We focused on neurons of the developing antennal lobes, the optic lobes, and the central brain. Our results indicate the transient expression of SOD during phases in which the neurons develop their final adult identities. Our data also suggest that the SOD immunoreactivity may be used as an indicator for the period in which developing neurons form their synapses. We also observed SOD immunoreactivity within nitric oxide‐sensitive cells as characterized by immunolabeling against 3′5′‐cyclic guanosine monophosphate and soluble guanylyl cyclase, a novel finding in insects. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:141–152, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preservation of hippocampal neuron numbers and hippocampal subfield volumes in behaviorally characterized aged tree shrews
Authors: Keuker Jeanine I.H. , de Biurrun Gabriel , Luiten Paul G.M. , Fuchs Eberhard
Published: December 2003

Aging is associated with a decreased ability to store and retrieve information. The hippocampal formation plays a critical role in such memory processes, and its integrity is affected during normal aging. We used tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) as an animal model of aging, because in many characteristics, tree shrews are closer to primates than they are to rodents. Young and aged male tree shrews performed a holeboard spatial memory task, which permits assessment of reference and working memory. Upon completion of the behavioral measurements, we carried out modified stereological analyses of neuronal numbers in various subdivisions of the hippocampus and used the Cavalieri method to calculate the volumes of these subfields. Results showed that the working memory of aged tree shrews was significantly impaired compared with that of young animals, whereas the hippocampus‐dependent reference memory remained unchanged by aging. Estimation of the number of neurons revealed preserved neuron numbers in the subiculum, in the subregions CA1, CA2, CA3, and in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Volume measurements showed no aging‐related changes in the volume of any of these hippocampal subregions, or in the molecular and granule cell layers of the dentate gyrus of tree shrews. We conclude that the observed changes in memory performance in aging tree shrews are not accompanied by observable reductions of hippocampal neuron numbers or hippocampal volume, rather, the changes in memory performance are more likely the result of modified subcellular mechanisms that are affected by the aging process. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:509–517, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal types expressing μ‐ and δ‐opioid receptor mRNA in the rat hippocampal formation
Authors: Stumm Ralf K. , Zhou Chun , Schulz Stefan , Höllt Volker
Published: December 2003

Opioids are thought to control the excitability of hippocampal principal neurons indirectly by inhibiting GABAergic interneurons. However, direct inhibition of hippocampal principal neurons by opioids has also been reported. To understand better the neuromodulatory role of opioids in rat hippocampal circuits, we analyzed types of μ‐ and δ‐opioid receptor (MOR, DOR)‐expressing hippocampal neurons. Most MOR‐immunoreactive neurons in the granular and pyramidal cell layers exhibited multipolar morphologies characteristic of GABAergic neurons. Virtually all neurons in the hippocampal formation expressing high MOR mRNA levels cocontained the mRNA for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Most parvalbumin‐, several calretinin‐, and several pre‐proenkephalin‐containing neurons expressed the MOR gene in the hippocampal formation. Expression of high DOR mRNA levels was restricted to GAD‐positive neurons in the principal cell layers, oriens layer and hilus. More than 90% of the parvalbumin‐positive neurons in the hippocampal formation strongly expressed the DOR gene. Granule cells expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) mRNA contained very low MOR and DOR transcript levels. In VGLUT1‐positive pyramidal cells, weak DOR but no MOR gene expression was detected. Whereas most somatostatinergic hilar neurons were negative for MOR and DOR mRNA, somatostatinergic oriens layer neurons frequently expressed these receptors. Taken together, weak expression of MOR and DOR genes in hippocampal principal cells is in concordance with direct opioid‐mediated inhibition of principal cells. However, strong expression of the MOR and DOR genes in the hippocampus is restricted to γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, with DORs being selectively expressed in the parvalbumin‐ and somatostatin‐containing subpopulations. Activation of MOR and/or DOR in parvalbumin‐ and somatostatin‐containing neurons, which provide GABAergic inhibition to the perisomatic and distal dendritic regions of principal cells, respectively, is likely to facilitate principal cell excitation. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:107–118, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parasympathetic nerve fibers invade the upper dermis following sensory denervation of the rat lower lip skin
Authors: Ramien Michele , Ruocco Isabella , Cuello A. Claudio , St‐Louis Manon , Ribeiro‐Da‐Silva Alfredo
Published: December 2003

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is known to play a role in the genesis of neuropathic pain. In the skin of the rat lower lip (hairy skin), sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers normally innervate the same blood vessels in the lower dermis but do not occur in the upper dermis. However, we have shown that sympathetic fiber migration into the upper dermis occurs following mental nerve lesions (Ruocco et al. [2000] J. Comp. Neurol. 422:287–296). As sensory denervation has a dramatic effect on sympathetic fiber innervation patterns in the rat lower lip skin, we decided to investigate the possible changes in the other autonomic fiber type in the skin—the parasympathetic fiber. Sensory denervation of the rat lower lip was achieved by bilateral transection of the mental nerve, and animals were allowed to recover for 1–8 weeks. Lower lip tissue was processed for double‐labeling light microscopic immunocytochemistry (ICC), using antibodies against substance P (SP), which labels a subpopulation of peptidergic sensory fibers, and against the vesicular acetycholine transporter (VAChT), as a marker for parasympathetic fibers. In sham‐operated rats, SP‐immunoreactive (IR) sensory fibers were found in the epidermis and upper and lower dermal regions, whereas VAChT‐IR fibers were confined to the lower dermis. Mental nerve lesions induced the gradual disappearance of SP‐IR fibers from all skin layers accompanied by the progressive migration of VAChT‐IR fibers into the upper dermis. Cholinergic fiber migration was evident by the second week post surgery, and the ectopic innervation of the upper dermis by these fibers persisted even at the last time point studied (8 weeks) when SP‐IR fibers have completely regrown. VAChT‐IR fibers were observed in the upper dermis, well above the opening of the sebaceous glands into the hair follicles. These results show that considerable changes occur in the innervation patterns of parasympathetic fibers following mental nerve lesions. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:83–95, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compartmentation of the mouse cerebellar cortex by sphingosine kinase
Authors: Terada Nobuo , Banno Yoshiko , Ohno Nobuhiko , Fujii Yasuhisa , Murate Takashi , Sarna Justyna R. , Hawkes Richard , Zea Zagreb , Baba Takeshi , Ohno Shinichi
Published: December 2003

Classic cerebellar anatomy is based on the characteristic array of lobes and lobules. However, there is substantial evidence to suggest that more fundamental architecture is built around arrays of parasagittal stripes, which encompass both the inputs and outputs of the Purkinje cells (PCs). Sphingosine kinase (SPHK) is an enzyme that converts sphingosine (Sph) into sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P). Recent reports have indicated that ceramide, Sph, and S1P play a role in cell survival, growth, and differentiation in several cell types, including neurons. In this study, we examined the localization of SPHK in the mouse cerebellum by using immunohistochemistry. Anti‐SPHK immunoreactivity appeared in the cerebellar molecular layer and the PC membranes. The staining pattern is striped. In the molecular layer, the staining pattern probably reflects dendritic spines and dendrites. By electron microscopy, peroxidase reaction product was deposited within dendrites especially along the plasma membranes near spines. Seen at higher magnification, the staining was in and near the postsynaptic complexes. By double immunostaining, the striped pattern of SPHK expression was shown to be identical to that revealed by anti‐zebrin II, although the subcellular distribution within PC's is not. This is the first demonstration of the cerebellar compartmentation of an enzyme related to lipid metabolism, and as such, it provides an insight into the roles of SPHK and formation of S1P. The selective expression of SPHK in the zebrin II‐immunoreactive PCs may explain their resistance to cell death when ceramide metabolism is disrupted, as in the acid sphingomyelinase knockout model of Niemann‐Pick type A/B disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:119–127, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unique expression patterns of 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT2C receptors in the rat brain during postnatal development: Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses
Authors: Li Qing‐Hua , Nakadate Kazuhiko , Tanaka‐Nakadate Sawako , Nakatsuka Daisaku , Cui Yilong , Watanabe Yasuyoshi
Published: December 2003

Serotonin (5‐HT) is recognized as a potential regulatory factor in neuronal development. Two subtypes of receptors for it, 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT2C, are distributed broadly in the rat brain, suggesting their role in a variety of brain functions. Here, we investigated the expression patterns of these 5‐HT2 receptors in the rat brain during postnatal development by using Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. By Western blot analysis, the expression of the 5‐HT2A receptor was at a low level at postnatal day 3 (P3) and increased greatly during the first 3 postnatal weeks; whereas the 5‐HT2C receptor was already expressed at a high level at P3, and its expression increased only slightly during postnatal development. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the different expression patterns of 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT2C receptor subtypes during postnatal development: the transient expression of the 5‐HT2C receptor was observed in layer IV of the somatosensory, visual, and auditory cortices from P10 to P28, and in the thalamus, mainly in the ventral posterolateral and ventral posteromedial nuclei, from P7 to P21; however, the immunoreactivity of the 5‐HT2A receptor was detectable slightly at P3, but thereafter the intensity of immunolabeling increased with postnatal development and at P21 reached the adult level and pattern. These results suggest that 5‐HT2 receptors have potential significance in brain development, with a functional difference between 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT2C receptor subtypes. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:128–140, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence of long memory in short‐term interest rates
Authors: Meade Nigel , Maier Margaret R.
Published: December 2003

The issues of non‐stationarity and long memory of real interest rates are examined here. Autoregressive models allowing short‐term mean reversion are compared with fractional integration models in terms of their ability to explain the behaviour of the data and to forecast out‐of‐sample. The data used are weekly observations of 3‐month Eurodeposit rates for 10 countries, adjusted for inflation, for 14 years. Following Brenner, Harjes and Kroner, the volatility of these rates is shown to both exhibit GARCH effects and depend on the level of interest rates. Although relatively little support is found for the hypothesis of mean reversion, evidence of long memory in interest rate changes is found for seven countries. The out‐of‐sample forecasting performance for a year ahead of the fractional integrated models was significantly better than a no change. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tentative business confidence indicators for the Italian economy
Authors: Carnazza Paolo , Parigi Giuseppe
Published: December 2003

This paper concerns the cyclical evolution of the Italian economy and, in particular, the role of confidence indicators. In the first part of the paper various confidence indicators, computed according to the European Commission (EC) methodology, are investigated. In particular, the analysis concentrates on the dynamics of some business climate indicators referred to the supply side of the economy (i.e. manufacturing, retail and construction industries).

In the second part of the analysis, new confidence indicators exploring the wide informative set characterizing the ISAE business surveys are computed. The ability of these indicators in predicting the short‐term evolution of GDP, here considered as a reference series, is compared with that of the previous EC confidence indicators. Finally, in the third part, some estimates of the relationship between the chosen business confidence indicator and some driving variables are presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting with leading indicators revisited
Authors: Tsay Ruey S. , Wu Chung‐Shu
Published: December 2003

Transfer function or distributed lag models are commonly used in forecasting. The stability of a constant‐coefficient transfer function model, however, may become an issue for many economic variables due in part to the recent advance in technology and improvement in efficiency in data collection and processing. In this paper, we propose a simple functional‐coefficient transfer function model that can accommodate the changing environment. A likelihood ratio statistic is used to test the stability of a traditional transfer function model. We investigate the performance of the test statistic in the finite sample case via simulation. Using some well‐known examples, we demonstrate clearly that the proposed functional‐coefficient model can substantially improve the accuracy of out‐of‐sample forecasts. In particular, our simple modification results in a 25% reduction in the mean squared errors of out‐of‐sample one‐step‐ahead forecasts for the gas‐furnace data of Box and Jenkins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photonic dating of prehistoric irrigation canals at Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A.*
Authors: Berger Glenn W. , Henderson T. Kathleen , Banerjee D. , Nials Fred L.
Published: December 2003

A number of archeological features, including in‐filled irrigation canals of uncertain prehistoric age, occur within the Holocene floodplain of the Salt River at Phoenix, Arizona. In the first attempt to date irrigation‐canal sediments using luminescence methods, we obtained age estimates of 1640 ± 190 yr B.P. (1σ) (multi‐aliquot or MA) and 1621 ± 95 yr B.P. (post‐IR single‐aliquot‐regenerative‐dose or SAR) for a single sample from the base of the oldest canal‐infilling deposits (all IR‐PSL ages reported in this article are in calendar years before A.D. 2001). For the remaining canal samples, weighted mean luminescence ages of 819 ± 45 yr (MA) and 826 ± 32 yr (post‐IR SAR) were obtained. Thus from photonic dating we can resolve the first and last phases of canal use at this Phoenix site: initiation at ca. 1600 years ago and final use at ca. 800 years ago. These results demonstrate the power of SAR luminescence sediment dating to enhance our understanding of prehistoric irrigation‐canal development and usage here and elsewhere in the world. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Late prehistoric soil fertility, irrigation management, and agricultural production in northwest coastal Peru
Authors: Nordt Lee , Hayashida Frances , Hallmark Tom , Crawford Corey
Published: December 2003

The Pampa de Chaparrí (Pampa) in hyperarid northwest coastal Peru is an ideal area to study late prehispanic agricultural technology and production because irrigation canals and furrowed fields have been preserved since abandonment approximately 500 years ago. We collected 55 samples for soil characterization, fertility, and micromorphic analyses and compared these results to a noncultivated control soil previously sampled in an adjacent valley. Natural soil fertility levels for maize, cotton, and bean production were generally high during late prehispanic cultivation in the Pampa. Maintaining adequate nitrogren levels for production, however, would have required external inputs from livestock manure, guano, or leguminous plants. The management of low soil salinity levels was possible because of rapidly permeable soils and irrigation waters low in salt. Based on available water capacity and climate conditions, the Blaney‐Criddle Equation yields evapotranspiration rates indicating that irrigation frequency was necessary in a range of every 10–16 days during the growing season. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geochemistry and petrography of basalt grindstones from the Karak Plateau, central Jordan
Authors: Watts Brandon G. , Bennett Marvin E. , Kopp Otto C. , Mattingly Gerald L.
Published: December 2003

Seventeen basalt grindstone fragments from central Jordan's Karak Plateau were studied. Most of these artifacts are vesicular or amygdaloidal with calcite as the dominant mineral filling the voids. The major minerals are olivine (with iddingsite rims), plagioclase, clinopyroxene, magnetite, and apatite. Glass is present in some samples. One basalt fragment is quite different in appearance and composition and may have come from flows closer to the Dead Sea. Grindstone fragment compositions plot in the tephrite‐basanite and basalt fields. A plot of the concentrations of niobium, zirconium, and yttrium reveal that the sample compositions plot in the “within‐plate alkali basalt” and “within‐plate tholeiite” fields. The acquisition of basalts for preparing such implements appears to have been random. Some may have been introduced through trade and migration. Archaeological and environmental studies on the Karak Plateau are urgently needed because Jordan's population growth and economic development are destroying many sites and their environmental contexts. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Pachuca obsidian source, Hidalgo, Mexico: A geoarchaeological perspective
Authors: Ponomarenko Alyson Lighthart
Published: December 2003

Sierra Las Navajas, known to archaeologists as “the Pachuca obsidian source,” has been a major source of obsidian to Mesoamerican societies for more than 3000 years, producing a fine green obsidian unique in Middle America. It was the primary source of the obsidian that formed the economic backbone of the major sociopolitical centers of Classic period Teotihuacán, epi‐Classic Toltec Tula, and Aztec Tenochtitlán. In this paper, the obsidian of Sierra Las Navajas is discussed in the following contexts: (1) geologically, because the extraordinary quality of the Pachuca obsidian, its ease of extraction, and its distinctive color and chemistry are a direct result of its geologic emplacement; (2) locally, as the different mining localities within Sierra Las Navajas reflect the varying needs of the cultures working them; and (3) globally, as the obsidians of Las Navajas were used in concert with obsidians from other sources, and were traded great distances across Mesoamerica. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
fMRI differences in encoding and retrieval of pictures due to encoding strategy in the elderly
Authors: Mandzia Jennifer L. , Black Sandra E. , McAndrews Mary Pat , Grady Cheryl , Graham Simon
Published: December 2003

Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to examine the neural correlates of depth of processing during encoding and retrieval of photographs in older normal volunteers (n = 12). Separate scans were run during deep (natural vs. man‐made decision) and shallow (color vs. black‐and‐white decision) encoding and during old/new recognition of pictures initially presented in one of the two encoding conditions. A baseline condition consisting of a scrambled, color photograph was used as a contrast in each scan. Recognition accuracy was greater for the pictures on which semantic decisions were made at encoding, consistent with the expected levels of processing effect. A mixed‐effects model was used to compare fMRI differences between conditions (deep‐baseline vs. shallow‐baseline) in both encoding and retrieval. For encoding, this contrast revealed greater activation associated with deep encoding in several areas, including the left parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), left middle temporal gyrus, and left anterior thalamus. Increased left hippocampal, right dorsolateral, and inferior frontal activations were found for recognition of items that had been presented in the deep relative to the shallow encoding condition. We speculate that the modulation of activity in these regions by the depth of processing manipulation shows that these regions support effective encoding and successful retrieval. A direct comparison between encoding and retrieval revealed greater activation during retrieval in the medial temporal (right hippocampus and bilateral PHG), anterior cingulate, and bilateral prefrontal (inferior and dorsolateral). Most notably, greater right posterior PHG was found during encoding compared to recognition. Focusing on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) region, our results suggest a greater involvement of both anterior MTL and prefrontal regions in retrieval compared to encoding. Hum. Brain Mapping 21:1–14, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol intoxication effects on visual perception: An fMRI study
Authors: Calhoun Vince D. , Altschul David , McGinty Vince , Shih Regina , Scott David , Sears Edie , Pearlson Godfrey D.
Published: December 2003

We examined the effects of two doses of alcohol (EtOH) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation during a visual perception task. The Motor‐Free Visual Perception Test–Revised (MVPT‐R) provides measures of overall visual perceptual processing ability. It incorporates different cognitive elements including visual discrimination, spatial relationships, and mental rotation. We used the MVPT‐R to study brain activation patterns in healthy controls (1) sober, and (2) at two doses of alcohol intoxication with event‐related fMRI. The fMRI data were analyzed using a general linear model approach based upon a model of the time course and a hemodynamic response estimate. Additionally, a correlation analysis was performed to examine dose‐dependent amplitude changes. With regard to alcohol‐free task‐related brain activation, we replicate our previous finding in which SPM group analysis revealed robust activation in visual and visual association areas, frontal eye field (FEF)/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and the supplemental motor area (SMA). Consistent with a previous study of EtOH and visual stimulation, EtOH resulted in a dose‐dependent decrease in activation amplitude over much of the visual perception network and in a decrease in the maximum contrast‐to‐noise ratio (in the lingual gyrus). Despite only modest behavior changes (in the expected direction), significant dose‐dependent activation increases were observed in insula, DLPFC, and precentral regions, whereas dose‐dependent activation decreases were observed in anterior and posterior cingulate, precuneus, and middle frontal areas. Some areas (FEF/DLPFC/SMA) became more diffusely activated (i.e., increased in spatial extent) at the higher dose. Alcohol, thus, appears to have both global and local effects upon the neural correlates of the MVPT‐R task, some of which are dose dependent. Hum. Brain Mapping 21:15–26, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Left parietal lobe activation to auditory mismatch?
Authors: Rosburg Timm
Published: December 2003

The original article to which this Commentary refers was published in the November, 2002 issue of Human Brain Mapping (Park H‐J, Kwon JS, Youn T, Pae JS, Kim J‐J, Kim M‐S, Ha K‐S. Statistical Parametric Mapping of LORETA Using High‐Density EEG and Individual MRI: Application to Mismatch Negativities in Schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2002;17:168–178). Hum. Brain Mapp. 21:44–45, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response to Rosburg: A voxel‐based statistical parametric mapping of MMN current densities
Authors: Youn Tak , Park Hae‐Jeong , Kwon Jun Soo
Published: December 2003

The original article to which this Commentary refers was published in the November, 2002 issue of Human Brain Mapping (Park H‐J, Kwon JS, Youn T, Pae JS, Kim J‐J, Kim M‐S, Ha K‐S. Statistical Parametric Mapping of LORETA Using High‐Density EEG and Individual MRI: Application to Mismatch Negativities in Schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2002;17:168–178). A Commentary appears in the January, 2004 issue (Rossburg T: Left Parietal Lobe Activation to Auditory Mismatch? Hum. Brain Mapp. 2004;21:46–48). © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating requirements for spatial resolution of fMRI for neurosurgical planning
Authors: Yoo Seung‐Schik , Talos Ion‐Florin , Golby Alexandra J. , Black Peter McL. , Panych Lawrence P.
Published: December 2003

The unambiguous localization of eloquent functional areas is necessary to decrease the neurological morbidity of neurosurgical procedures. We explored the minimum spatial resolution requirements for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquisition when brain mapping is used in neurosurgical planning and navigation. Using a 1.5 Tesla clinical MRI scanner, eight patients with brain tumors underwent fMRI scans using spatial resolution of approximately 4 × 4 × 4 mm3 to map the eloquent motor and language areas during the performance of cognitive/sensorimotor tasks. The fMRI results were then used intra‐operatively in an open MRI system to delineate eloquent areas. Retrospectively, activation patterns were visually inspected by a neurosurgeon to determine qualitatively whether ambiguity with respect to the activation boundaries, due to low spatial resolution, could be of potential significance for surgical guidance. A significant degree of ambiguity in both the extent and shape of activation was judged to be present in data from six of the eight patients. Analysis of fMRI data at multiple resolutionsom sixl aia frogfica ger showed that at 3 mm isotropic resolution, eloquent areas were better localized within the gray matter although there was still some potential for ambiguity caused by activations appearing to cross a sulcus. The data acquired with 2‐mm isotropic voxels significantly enhanced the spatial localization of activation to within the gray matter. Thus, isotropic spatial resolution on the order of 2 × 2 × 2 mm3, which is much higher than the resolutionsoused in typical fMRI examinations, may be needed for the unambiguous identification of cortical activation with respect to tumors and important anatomical landmarks. Hum. Brain Mapp. 21:34–43, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.