bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISCHE SYNTH. VON MATRIX‐ISOLIERTEM PLEIADEN
Authors: KOLC J. , MICHL J.
Published: February 2016

Durch Addition von Benzyn (I) an Acenaphthylen (II) wurde die Verbin‐dung (III) (Ausbeute 8‐10%) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOLYSE DER OXIRAN‐C‐C‐BINDUNG
Authors: STOGRYN E. L. , GIANNI M. H.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Bestrahlung von Mischungen aus Methanthiol (I) und den Oxiranen (II) bzw. (IV) bzw. (VI) mit UV‐Licht erfolgt Addition des intermediär gebildeten Methylthiyl‐Radikals an die Vinylbindung unter gleichzeitiger ‐vermutlich stereospezifischer ‐ Spaltung der C‐C‐Bindung und Bildung der offenkettigen Verbindungen (III) bzw. (V) bzw. (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOSENSIBILISIERTE SPALTUNGSRK. ZUR HERST. VON HETEROCYCLEN
Authors: ARNOLD D. R. , ABRAITYS V. Y.
Published: February 2016

Bei Bestrahlung von cyclischen Carbonaten (I), 2‐Oxazolidinonen (XI), Diglykolsäureanhydrid (XIV) und 6‐Hydroxytetrahydropyran‐2‐carbonsäurelacton (XVI) mit einer Quecksilber‐Niederdrucklampe in der Gasphase entstehen unter Abspaltung von CO und/oder CO2 eine Reihe definierter Produkte.
ChemInform Abstract: OPTISCH AKTIVE TERTIAERE ALKOHOLE AUS ALPHA‐(+)‐2‐METHYLVALERIANSAEUREAETHYLESTER
Authors: MISTRY N. N. , THAKER K. A.
Published: February 2016

Die Synthese des α‐(+)‐2‐Methylvaleriansäureäthylesters (I) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON SCHWEFEL MIT AMINEN UND FORMALDEHYD, NEUE METHODE ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON THIOFORMAMIDEN UND ITHIOCARBAMATEN
Authors: MAIER LUDWIG
Published: February 2016

Durch Erhitzen der prim. Amine (Ia) bzw. der sek. Amine (Ib)‐(Id) mitFormaldehyd (II) und Schwefel in Alkohol/Wasser am Rückfluß werden ineinem Einstufenprozeß im Falle der prim. Amine nur die Thioformamide(IIIa) bzw. im Falle der sek. Amine die Thioformamide (IIIb)‐(IIId) unddie Dithiocarbaminsäureammoniumsalze (IVb)‐(IVd) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. CYCLISCHER UND ACYCLISCHER VINYLTRIFLUORMETHYLSULFONATE
Authors: DUEBER THOMAS E. , STANG PETER J. , PFEIFER WOLF D. , SUMMERVILLE RICHARD H. , IMHOFF MICHAEL A. , RAGUE SCHLEYER PAUL VON , HUMMEL KLAUS , BOCHER SIEGFRIED , HARDING CHARLES E. , HANACK MICHAEL
Published: February 2016

Aus den Cycloalkanonen (I) bzw. dem Isopropylmethylketon (IV) entstehen mit äquimolaren Mengen des Anhydrids (II) bei 15 bis 0° (2‐14 Tage) die Methansulfonate (III) (40‐50% Ausbeute) bzw. (V) (18%).
ChemInform Abstract: ANTI‐1,6.8,13‐BISMETHANO‐(14)ANNULEN
Authors: VOGEL EMANUEL , HABERLAND ULRICH , GUENTHER HARALD
Published: February 2016

Durch Umsetzung des Dihydroannulens (I) mit 2 Mol N‐Brom‐succinimid und anschließende Reaktion des Dibromids (II) (vermutlich ein cis‐,trans‐Isomerengemisch) mit NaJ in Aceton unter N2 wird das Annulen (III) [58%Ausbeute bezogen auf (I)] erhalten, das unter N2 monatelang haltbar ist.
ChemInform Abstract: RINGSCHLUSSRK. IM ANSCHLUSS AN DIE ALLENUMLAGERUNG VON 1‐METHOXY‐1,1,5,5‐TETRAARYL‐PENTIN‐(2)‐ONEN‐(4) MIT ANORGANISCHEN SAEURECHLORIDEN
Authors: RIED WALTER , NEIDHARDT ROLF
Published: February 2016

Die aus den entsprechenden Propinolen mit Dimethylsulfat erhältlichen Methoxypropine (I) werden mit Äthyl‐MgBr in die Grignardverbindungen übergeführt, die sofort mit Diphenylacetaldehyd zu den Pentinolen (II) weiterreagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIDEPRESSIVA UND NEUROLEPTISCHE TRICYCLEN 2. MITT. SYNTH. PARTIELL GESAETTIGTER ANALOGA VON AMITRIPTYLIN AUS O‐TOLUNITRILEN
Authors: DOSTERT P. , KYBURZ E.
Published: February 2016

Die Nitrile (I) reagieren mit dem Bromid (II) zu den Nitrilen (III) (56‐70%Ausbeute), die beim Kochen mit KOH in Äthylenglykol Gemische aus denSäuren (IV) (70%) und den Amiden (V) liefern, wobei die Menge der Amidemit der Verseifungszeit variiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ZWEIFACHE FRAGMENTIERUNG VON THIACHROMANONEN‐(4) BEI DER BEHANDLUNG MIT SCHWEFEL‐YLIDEN, BLDG. VON THIANAPHTHENEN
Authors: SPECKAMP W. N. , DIJKINK J. , MAASSEN J. A. , HUISMAN H. O.
Published: February 2016

Die Thiochromanone (II) liefern mit Dimethylsulfonium‐methylid (I) Gemische aus den Thianaphthenen (III) und den Cyclopropylketonen (IV), die sich durch alkalische Extraktion leicht trennen lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: IDENTITAET DER ABBAUPRODUKTE DES PHENYLBUTAZONS
Authors: SCHMID R. W.
Published: February 2016

In Ampullenpräparaten von Phenylbutazon (I) befinden sich infolge von Oxidations‐ und Hydrolyse‐Vorgängen dünnschichtchromatographisch nachweisbare Abbauprodukte, die als (II), (III) und (IV) identifiziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 10‐METHOXY‐1,2‐METHYLEN‐DIOXY‐7‐OXO‐DIBENZO(DE, G)CHINOLIN UND 9‐METHOXY‐1,2‐METHYLENDIOXY‐7‐OXO‐DIBENZO(DE, G)CHINOLIN (LANUGINOSIN)
Authors: GOVINDACHARI T. R. , VISWANATHAN N. , NARAYANASWAMI S. , PAI B. R.
Published: February 2016

Durch Kondensation von Hydrastiniumjodid (I) mit den Toluolen (II) in Gegenwart von Na‐äthoxid erhält man die Tetrahydroisochinoline (III), die katalytisch zu den Aminen (IV) reduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 2‐ UND 4‐AMINO‐1,5‐NAPHTHYRIDINEN
Authors: BROWN E. V. , PLASZ A. C.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Umsetzung von 1,5‐Naphthyridin (I) mit Kaliumamid in flüssigem Ammoniak wurde 4‐Amino‐1,5‐naphthyridin (II) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMISCHE RK. VON TROPONAETHYLENKETAL
Authors: FUKUNAGA T.
Published: February 2016

Wird Troponäthylenketal (I) ohne Lösungsmittel oder mit Lösungsmitteln wie Acetonitril oder Cyclohexan im geschlossenen Rohr auf 110‐150° erhitzt, so entstehen in glatter Reaktion Benzol (II), Kohlendioxid (III), Äthylen (IV) und 3,4‐Dioxyäthylen‐cycloheptatrien (V).
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLIERUNG VON ′MALONYL‐ALPHA‐AMINO‐PYRIDINEN′
Authors: URBAN RENE , GROSJEAN MIREILLE , ARNOLD WOLF
Published: February 2016

Durch Kondensation von Aminopyridinen, wie z.B. (I), mit substituiertenMalonestern, wie z.B. (II), entstehen die Titelverbindungen (III) (68‐73%Ausbeute), die in Gegenwart von Na/Methanol mit den Halogeniden (IV) zueinem Gemisch aus den Betainen (V) (26‐56%), den Äthem (VI) (1 1‐‐28%)und den Amiden (VII) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. OXIDIERTER CAROTINOIDE
Authors: SURMATIS J. D. , WALSER A. , GIBAS J. , SCHWIETER U. , THOMMEN R.
Published: February 2016

Die Ketone (I) werden nacheinander mit Phosphonoessigsäuretriäthylester, Li‐Al‐hydrid und Mn‐dioxid behandelt unter Bildung der Aldehyde (II), die nach Reaktion mit dem Phosphoniumbromid (III) und anschließender Hydrolyse ein Gemisch der Carotinoide (IV)‐(VI) in unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung liefern.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON HETEROCYCLISCHEN VERBINDUNGEN 349. MITT. TOTALSYNTH. VON (+‐)‐OBABERIN
Authors: KAMITANI T. , WAKISAKA K. , KIGASAWA K.
Published: February 2016

Durch Bischler‐Napieralski‐Cyclisierung von (I) wurde ein Gemisch von (II) und (III) erhalten, das mit Natriumborhydrid in Methanol/Chloroform zu (IV) und (V) reduziert und anschließend mit Formaldehyd und Ameisensäure zu einem Gemisch von (VI) und (VII) methyliert wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: HEPATOTOXISCHE WIRKUNGEN VON PYRROLIZIDIN‐ALKALOIDEN UND ROLLE VON EPOXIDEN IN DER CARCINOGENESE
Authors: SCHOENTAL R.
Published: February 2016

Senkirkin (I) und Hydroxysenkirkin (II), die zu den Pyrrolizidin‐Alkaloiden gehören, rufen bereits nach einmaliger Gabe bei Ratten Leberkrebs hervor.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. DER 2‐THIO‐D‐GLUCOSE UND EINIGER 3‐THIO‐D‐ALTROSE‐DERIVATE
Authors: HARDEGGER E. , SCHUEEP W.
Published: February 2016

Die aus Lävoglucosan in bekannter Weise erhältliche Dianhydromannose (I)wird durch Behandlung mit Na‐benzylmercaptid in die Glucose (IIa) (22% Ausbeute) und die Altrose (IIIa) (52%) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. DES SELENANALOGONS DES NATUERLICH VORKOMMENDEN NUCLEOSIDS GUANOSIN, 6‐SELENOGUANOSIN
Authors: TOWNSEND L. B. , MILNE G. H.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Behandlung von (I) mit einer methanolischen Lösung von Natriumhydrogenselenid unter Rückfluß entsteht das Selenoguanosin (II) in einerAusbeute von 50%.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 5‐FORMYL‐2′‐DESOXYURIDIN UND DEM ALPHA‐ANOMEREN
Authors: MERTES M. P. , SHIPCHANDLER M. T.
Published: February 2016

5‐Formyluracil (I) wurde silyliert und mit (II) in trockenem Aceton zu (III) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 9‐(3‐AMINO‐3‐DESOXY‐BETA‐D‐ARABINOFURANOSYL)‐ UND 9‐(2‐AMINO‐2‐DESOXY‐BETA‐D‐XYLOFURANOSYL)‐ADENIN
Authors: MARTINEZ A. P. , CALKINS D. F. , REIST E. J. , LEE W. W. , GOODMAN L.
Published: February 2016

Die Verbindung (I) wurde in wäßrigem 2‐Methylglykol in Gegenwart von Ammoniumchlorid mit Natriumazid zu einem 15:1‐Gemisch der Azide (Ila)und (IIb) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: DITERPENOIDE 24. MITT. EINE PRUEFUNG DER AGATHIS‐SPECIES VON NORTH QUEENSLAND, ZWEI NEUE HARZSAEUREN
Authors: CARMAN R. M. , MARTY R. A.
Published: February 2016

Die nichtpolymeren Säurefraktionen der Harze verschiedener Bäume werden methyliert und die erhaltenen Estergemische gaschromatographisch analysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNG DER NITRIERUNG VON 6‐METHOXY(HYDROXY)‐2‐PHENYL‐3‐HYDROXYPYRIDIN
Authors: SMIRNOV L. D. , AVEZOV M. R. , LEZINA V. P. , ALIEVA R. O. , DYUMAEV K. M.
Published: February 2016

6‐Methoxy‐2‐phenyl‐3‐hydroxy‐pyridin (Ia) und 2‐Phenyl‐3,6‐dihydroxy‐pyridin (Ib) lassen sich in konz. Schwefelsäure bei 0°C mit 57%iger Salpetersäure im Benzolring zur 4‐Nitrophenyl‐Verbindung (II) nitrieren (Ausbeute 83‐85%).
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOSIDE 11. MITT. SYNTH. EINES BIOLOGISCH AKTIVEN GOUGEROTIN‐ANALOGONS
Authors: LICHTENTHALER FRIEDER W. , TRUMMLITZ GUENTER , BAMBACH GERD , RYCHLIK IVAN
Published: February 2016

Das Glucopyranosid (I) geht bei Behandlung mit 40%igem HBr/Eisessig und anschließender Umsetzung mit 2,4‐Diäthoxy‐pyrimidin in das Nucleosidtetraacetat (II) über (36% Ausbeute).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLISIERUNG UND FRAGMENTIERUNG VON N‐CHLOR‐LACTAMEN, TRANSANNULARE SYNTH. BICYCLISCHER LACTAME MIT BRUECKENKOPF‐STICKSTOFF
Authors: EDWARDS O. E. , PATON J. M. , BENN M. H. , MITCHELL R. E. , WATANATADA CHURAI , VOHRA K. N.
Published: February 2016

Das N‐Chlor‐lactam (I) geht beim Erhitzen in Gegenwart von Benzoylperoxid in Dioxan‐Wasser auf 80‐85°C in ein Gemisch der Azabicyclononanone (II) (Ausbeute 32%) und (III) (63%) über.
A History of Rome
Authors: Cary M. , Scullard H. H.
Published: February 2016

Traces the history of Roman civilization from the Stone Age to the fourth century a.d., covering social, intellectual, religious, political, and military developments and illuminating recent scholastic and archaeological research.
Reversible client/server interactions
Authors: Barbanera Franco , Dezani-Ciancaglini Mariangiola , de’Liguoro Ugo
Published: February 2016

In the setting of
session behaviours
, we study an extension of the concept of compliance when a disciplined form of backtracking and of output skipping is present. After adding checkpoints to the syntax of session behaviours, we formalise the operational semantics via an LTS, and define natural notions of
checkpoint compliance
and
sub-behaviour
, which we prove to be both decidable. Then we extend the operational semantics with
skips
and we show the decidability of the obtained compliance.
Endothelial actions of atrial natriuretic peptide prevent pulmonary hypertension in mice
Authors: Werner Franziska , Kojonazarov Baktybek , Gaßner Birgit , Abeßer Marco , Schuh Kai , Völker Katharina , Baba Hideo A. , Dahal Bhola K. , Schermuly Ralph T. , Kuhn Michaela
Published: February 2016

The cardiac hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) regulates systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressure by activation of its cyclic GMP-producing guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) receptor. In the lung, these hypotensive effects were mainly attributed to smooth muscle-mediated vasodilatation. It is unknown whether pulmonary endothelial cells participate in the homeostatic actions of ANP. Therefore, we analyzed GC-A/cGMP signalling in lung endothelial cells and the cause and functional impact of lung endothelial GC-A dysfunction. Western blot and cGMP determinations showed that cultured human and murine pulmonary endothelial cells exhibit prominent GC-A expression and activity which were markedly blunted by hypoxia, a condition known to trigger pulmonary hypertension (PH). To elucidate the consequences of impaired endothelial ANP signalling, we studied mice with genetic endothelial cell-restricted ablation of the GC-A receptor (EC GC-A KO). Notably, EC GC-A KO mice exhibit PH already under resting, normoxic conditions, with enhanced muscularization of small arteries and perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells. These alterations were aggravated on exposure of mice to chronic hypoxia. Lung endothelial GC-A dysfunction was associated with enhanced expression of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and increased pulmonary levels of Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II/AT1-blockade with losartan reversed pulmonary vascular remodelling and perivascular inflammation of EC GC-A KO mice, and prevented their increment by chronic hypoxia. This experimental study indicates that endothelial effects of ANP are critical to prevent pulmonary vascular remodelling and PH. Chronic endothelial ANP/GC-A dysfunction, e.g. provoked by hypoxia, is associated with activation of the ACE–angiotensin pathway in the lung and PH.
Altered mTOR signalling in nephropathic cystinosis
Authors: Ivanova Ekaterina A. , den van Heuvel Lambertus P. , Elmonem Mohamed A. , De Smedt Humbert , Missiaen Ludwig , Pastore Anna , Mekahli Djalila , Bultynck Greet , Levtchenko Elena N.
Published: February 2016

Lysosomes play a central role in regulating autophagy via activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). We examined mTORC1 signalling in the lysosomal storage disease nephropathic cystinosis (MIM 219800), in which accumulation of autophagy markers has been previously demonstrated. Cystinosis is caused by mutations in the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin and initially affects kidney proximal tubules causing renal Fanconi syndrome, followed by a gradual development of end‐stage renal disease and extrarenal complications. Using proximal tubular kidney cells obtained from healthy donors and from cystinotic patients, we demonstrate that cystinosin deficiency is associated with a perturbed mTORC1 signalling, delayed reactivation of mTORC1 after starvation and abnormal lysosomal retention of mTOR during starvation. These effects could not be reversed by treatment with cystine‐depleting drug cysteamine. Altered mTORC1 signalling can contribute to the development of proximal tubular dysfunction in cystinosis and points to new possibilities in therapeutic intervention through modulation of mTORC‐dependent signalling cascades.
Species and clone‐dependent effects of tilapia fish (Cichlidae) on the morphology and life‐history of temperate and tropicalDaphnia
Authors: Tolardo Monique , da Silva Ferrão‐Filho Aloysio , Santangelo Jayme Magalhães
Published: February 2016

In aquatic systems, tilapia introductions may result in marked changes in the structure of prey communities. In this study, we experimentally examined the effects of tilapia‐mediated water at the individual and population levels of prey by exposing threeDaphniaspecies to predation cues. We hypothesized that tilapia‐mediated water determines reduced age and size at primipara, greater and faster reproduction, enhanced intrinsic rates of population increase (r), and longer tail spines inDaphnia; but that the magnitude of these changes would be species and clone‐dependent. When three tropicalD. laevisand one temperateD. similisclones were exposed to predation cues, adaptive changes were observed in some of the aforementioned parameters for each clone. The threeD. laevisclones exhibited changes in all life‐history and morphological measures. TemperateDaphnia spinulatadisplayed no changes but decreasedrvalues in the presence of predators. The observed changes in the species and clones tested here suggest that, overall, both temperate and tropicalDaphniacan detect and adaptively react to the risk of tilapia predation. However, only a fraction of the possible defenses may be displayed by individual clones. In contrast,D. spinulataseems more vulnerable to tilapia predation, given its long body length and absence of adaptive changes. Our study indicates thatDaphniacan respond to tilapia‐mediated water, and that interspecific and clonal variation exists between temperate and tropical species.
Considerations for the assessment of suicidal ideation and behavior in older adults with cognitive decline and dementia
Authors: Alphs Larry , Brashear H. Robert , Chappell Phillip , Conwell Yeates , Dubrava Sarah , Khin Ni A. , Kozauer Nicholas , Hartley Dean M. , Miller David S. , Schindler Rachel J. , Siemers Eric R. , Stewart Michelle , Yaffe Kristine
Published: February 2016

Introduction

Better understanding of suicide risk and its management in older adults with cognitive impairment and/or dementia remain significant unmet public health needs. Urgency to address them derives from concern that CNS treatments for dementia may impact suicide risk. Regulatory guidances requiring assessment of emergent suicidal ideation and behavior (SI/SB) at every clinical trial visit emphasize the need for understanding their prevalence.

Methods

The literature regarding SI/SB in older persons with cognitive impairment or dementia was reviewed by an Alzheimer's Association Taskforce with emphasis on epidemiology, classification, assessment, and regulatory requirements.

Results

Gaps in our knowledge were identified, challenges discussed and recommendations for future work provided.

Discussion

Currently available SI/SB data from geriatric persons with dementia do not provide adequate understanding of its epidemiology, identification, assessment, or management. The growing public health burden of this population requires greater attention from clinicians and researchers on tactics and assessment tools to meet these needs.
Mandibular coronoid process fractures: Prevalence and characteristic multidetector CT findings
Authors: Ogura Ichiro , Hara Yoshinobu , Tokunaga Satoshi , Kaneda Takashi
Published: February 2016

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristic multidetector computed tomography (CT) (MDCT) findings of mandibular coronoid process fractures.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 376 patients with maxillofacial fractures who underwent 64‐MDCT. For patients with mandibular coronoid process fractures, age, gender, cause of injury, coronoid process fracture location, and other maxillofacial fracture location were analyzed.

Results: Of all patients with maxillofacial fractures, 1.6% had mandibular coronoid process fractures. All patients with mandibular coronoid process fractures sustained other maxillofacial fractures as well. Furthermore, five (83.3%) of six patients with mandibular coronoid process fractures also had posterior maxillary sinus fractures.

Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate the prevalence and characteristic MDCT findings of mandibular coronoid process fractures. Patients with mandibular coronoid process fractures may sustain other maxillofacial fractures, especially posterior maxillary sinus fractures.
Management of Bronchiolitis in Community Hospitals in Ontario: a Multicentre Cohort Study
Authors: Plint Amy C. , Taljaard Monica , McGahern Candice , Scott Shannon D. , Grimshaw Jeremy M. , Klassen Terry P. , Johnson David W.
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospital admission for infants, but few studies have examined management of this condition in community hospital settings. We reviewed the management of children with bronchiolitis presenting to community hospitals in Ontario.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive cohort of infants less than 12 months old with bronchiolitis who presented to 28 Ontario community hospitals over a two-year period. Bronchiolitis was defined as first episode of wheezing associated with signs of an upper respiratory tract infection during respiratory syncytial virus season.

Results

Of 543 eligible children, 161 (29.7%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 22.3 to 37.0%) were admitted to hospital. Hospital admission rates varied widely (Interquartile Range 0%-40.3%). Bronchodilator use was widespread in the emergency department (ED) (79.7% of patients, 95% CI 75.0 to 84.5%) and on the inpatient wards (94.4% of patients, 95% CI 90.2 to 98.6%). Salbutamol was the most commonly used bronchodilator. At ED discharge 44.7% (95% CI 37.5 to 51.9%) of patients were prescribed a bronchodilator medication. Approximately one-third of ED patients (30.8%, 95% CI 22.7 to 38.8%), 50.3% (95% CI 37.7 to 63.0%) of inpatients, and 23.5% (95% CI 14.4 to 32.7) of patients discharged from the ED were treated with corticosteroids. The most common investigation obtained was a chest x-ray (60.2% of all children; 95% CI 51.9 to 68.5%).

Conclusions

Infants with bronchiolitis receive medications and investigations for which there is little evidence of benefit. This suggests a need for knowledge translation strategies directed to community hospitals.
Characteristics of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs at Veterans Affairs Hospitals: Results of a Nationwide Survey
Authors: Chou Ann F. , Graber Christopher J. , Jones Makoto , Zhang Yue , Goetz Matthew Bidwell , Madaras-Kelly Karl , Samore Matthew , Kelly Allison , Glassman Peter A.
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND

Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are variably implemented.

OBJECTIVE

To characterize variations of antimicrobial stewardship structure and practices across all inpatient Veterans Affairs facilities in 2012 and correlate key characteristics with antimicrobial usage.

DESIGN

A web-based survey regarding stewardship activities was administered to each facility’s designated contact. Bivariate associations between facility characteristics and inpatient antimicrobial use during 2012 were determined.

SETTING

Total of 130 Veterans Affairs facilities with inpatient services.

RESULTS

Of 130 responding facilities, 29 (22%) had a formal policy establishing an ASP, and 12 (9%) had an approved ASP business plan. Antimicrobial stewardship teams were present in 49 facilities (38%); 34 teams included a clinical pharmacist with formal infectious diseases (ID) training. Stewardship activities varied across facilities, including development of yearly antibiograms (122 [94%]), formulary restrictions (120 [92%]), stop orders for antimicrobial duration (98 [75%]), and written clinical pathways for specific conditions (96 [74%]). Decreased antimicrobial usage was associated with having at least 1 full-time ID physician (P=.03), an ID fellowship program (P=.003), and a clinical pharmacist with formal ID training (P=.006) as well as frequency of systematic patient-level reviews of antimicrobial use (P=.01) and having a policy to address antimicrobial use in the context of Clostridium difficile infection (P=.01). Stop orders for antimicrobial duration were associated with increased use (P=.03).

CONCLUSIONS

ASP-related activities varied considerably. Decreased antibiotic use appeared related to ID presence and certain select practices. Further statistical assessments may help optimize antimicrobial practices.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:647–654
Effect of wall suction on rotating disk absolute instability
Authors: Ho Joanna , Corke Thomas C. , Matlis Eric
Published: February 2016

This research investigates the effect of uniform suction on the absolute instability of Type I cross-flow modes in the boundary layer on a rotating disk. Specifically, it is designed to investigate whether wall suction would transform the absolute instability into a global mode, as first postulated in the numerical simulations of Davies & Carpenter (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 486, 2003, pp. 287–329). The disk is designed so that with a suction parameter of $0.2$, the radial location of the absolute instability critical Reynolds number, $Re_{c_{A}}=650$, occurs on the disk. Wall suction is applied from $Re=317$ to 696.5. The design for wall suction follows that of Gregory & Walker (J. Fluid Mech., 1960, pp. 225–234) where an array of holes through the disk communicate between the measurement side of the disk and the underside of the disk which is inside of an enclosure that is maintained at a slight vacuum. The enclosure pressure is adjustable so that a range of suction or blowing parameters can be investigated. The holes in the measurement surface are covered by a compressed wire porous mesh to aid in uniformizing the suction on the measurement surface of the disk. The mesh is covered by a thin porous high-density polyethylene sheet featuring a $20~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$ pore size which provides a smooth finely porous surface. A companion numerical simulation is performed to investigate the effect that the size and vacuum pressure of the underside enclosure have on the uniformity of the measurement surface suction. Temporal disturbances are introduced using the method of Othman & Corke (J. Fluid Mech., 2006, pp. 63–94). The results document the evolution of disturbance wavepackets in space and time. These show a temporal growth of the wavepackets as the location of the absolute instability is approached which is in strong contrast to the temporal evolution without suction observed by Othman and Corke. The results appear to support the effect of wall suction on the absolute instability postulated by Thomas (PhD thesis, 2007, Cardiff University, UK) and Thomas & Davies (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 663, 2010, pp. 401–433).
Stable equilibrium configurations of an oblate capsule in simple shear flow
Authors: Dupont C. , Delahaye F. , Barthès-Biesel D. , Salsac A.-V.
Published: February 2016

The objective of the paper is to determine the stable mechanical equilibrium states of an oblate capsule subjected to a simple shear flow, by positioning its revolution axis initially off the shear plane. We consider an oblate capsule with a strain-hardening membrane and investigate the influence of the initial orientation, capsule aspect ratio$a/b$, viscosity ratio${\it\lambda}$between the internal and external fluids and the capillary number$Ca$which compares the viscous to the elastic forces. A numerical model coupling the finite element and boundary integral methods is used to solve the three-dimensional fluid–structure interaction problem. For any initial orientation, the capsule converges towards the same mechanical equilibrium state, which is only a function of the capillary number and viscosity ratio. For$a/b=0.5$, only four regimes are stable when${\it\lambda}=1$: tumbling and swinging in the low and medium$Ca$range ($Ca\lesssim 1$), regimes for which the capsule revolution axis is contained within the shear plane; then wobbling during which the capsule experiences precession around the vorticity axis; and finally rolling along the vorticity axis at high capillary numbers. When${\it\lambda}$is increased, the tumbling-to-swinging transition occurs for higher$Ca$; the wobbling regime takes place at lower$Ca$values and within a narrower$Ca$range. For${\it\lambda}\gtrsim 3$, the swinging regime completely disappears, which indicates that the stable equilibrium states are mainly the tumbling and rolling regimes at higher viscosity ratios. We finally show that the$Ca$–${\it\lambda}$phase diagram is qualitatively similar for higher aspect ratio. Only the$Ca$-range over which wobbling is stable increases with$a/b$, restricting the stability ranges of in- and out-of-plane motions, although this phenomenon is mainly visible for viscosity ratios larger than 1.
Acoustic scattering by a finite rigid plate with a poroelastic extension
Authors: Ayton Lorna J.
Published: February 2016

The scattering of sound by a finite rigid plate with a finite poroelastic extension interacting with an unsteady acoustic source is investigated to determine the effects of porosity, elasticity and the length of the extension when compared to a purely rigid plate. The problem is solved using the Wiener–Hopf technique, and an approximate Wiener–Hopf factorisation process is implemented to yield reliable far-field results quickly. Importantly, finite chord-length effects are taken into account, principally the interaction of a rigid leading-edge acoustic field with a poroelastic trailing-edge acoustic field. The model presented discusses how the poroelastic trailing-edge property of owls’ wings could inspire quieter aeroacoustic designs in bladed systems such as wind turbines, and provides a framework for analysing the potential noise reduction of these designs.
Flux expulsion with dynamics
Authors: Gilbert Andrew D. , Mason Joanne , Tobias Steven M.
Published: February 2016

In the process of flux expulsion, a magnetic field is expelled from a region of closed streamlines on a $TR_{m}^{1/3}$ time scale, for magnetic Reynolds number $R_{m}\gg 1$ ($T$ being the turnover time of the flow). This classic result applies in the kinematic regime where the flow field is specified independently of the magnetic field. A weak magnetic ‘core’ is left at the centre of a closed region of streamlines, and this decays exponentially on the $TR_{m}^{1/2}$ time scale. The present paper extends these results to the dynamical regime, where there is competition between the process of flux expulsion and the Lorentz force, which suppresses the differential rotation. This competition is studied using a quasi-linear model in which the flow is constrained to be axisymmetric. The magnetic Prandtl number $R_{m}/R_{e}$ is taken to be small, with $R_{m}$ large, and a range of initial field strengths $b_{0}$ is considered. Two scaling laws are proposed and confirmed numerically. For initial magnetic fields below the threshold $b_{core}=O(UR_{m}^{-1/3})$, flux expulsion operates despite the Lorentz force, cutting through field lines to result in the formation of a central core of magnetic field. Here $U$ is a velocity scale of the flow and magnetic fields are measured in Alfvén units. For larger initial fields the Lorentz force is dominant and the flow creates Alfvén waves that propagate away. The second threshold is $b_{dynam}=O(UR_{m}^{-3/4})$, below which the field follows the kinematic evolution and decays rapidly. Between these two thresholds the magnetic field is strong enough to suppress differential rotation, leaving a magnetically controlled core spinning in solid body motion, which then decays slowly on a time scale of order $TR_{m}$.
The effect of a salinity gradient on the dissolution of a vertical ice face
Authors: McConnochie Craig D. , Kerr Ross C.
Published: February 2016

We investigate experimentally the effect of stratification on a vertical ice face dissolving into cold salty water. We measure the interface temperature, ablation velocity and turbulent plume velocity over a range of salinity gradients and compare our measurements with results of similar experiments without a salinity gradient (Kerr & McConnochie, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 765, 2015, pp. 211–228; McConnochie & Kerr, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 787, 2016, pp. 237–253). We observe that stratification acts to reduce the ablation velocity, interface temperature, plume velocity and plume acceleration. We define a stratification parameter, $S=N^{2}Q/{\it\Phi}_{o}$, that describes where stratification will be important, where $N$ is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, $Q$ is the height-dependent plume volume flux and ${\it\Phi}_{o}$ is the buoyancy flux per unit area without stratification. The relevance of this stratification parameter is supported by our experiments, which deviate from the homogeneous theory at approximately $S=1$. Finally, we calculate values for the stratification parameter at a number of ice shelves and conclude that ocean stratification will have a significant effect on the dissolution of both the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.
Consumption of dairy foods in relation to impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Maastricht Study
Authors: Eussen Simone J. P. M. , van Dongen Martien C. J. M. , Wijckmans Nicole , den Biggelaar Louise , Oude Elferink Stefanie J. W. H. , Singh-Povel Cécile M. , Schram Miranda T. , Sep Simone J. S. , van der Kallen Carla J. , Koster Annemarie , Schaper Nicolaas , Henry Ronald M. A. , Stehouwer Coen D. A. , Dagnelie Pieter C.
Published: February 2016

Observational studies suggest an inverse association between total dairy product intake and diabetes risk. However, there is a lack of information on the relationship of specific dairy products with impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Individuals aged 40–75 years were recruited for the Maastricht Study. All the participants filled out a 253-food item FFQ, covering fifty specific dairy items that captured differences between full-fat, semi-skimmed and skimmed products, as well as fermented and non-fermented products. Glucose metabolism status was assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test, and participants were informed on their glucose metabolism status after returning the FFQ. Data of 2391 individuals were available to estimate OR (95 % CI) for IGM (n 470) and newly diagnosed (ND) T2DM (n 125), with adjustment for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, education, energy intake and intakes of vegetables, fruits, meat and fish. For IGM, fully adjusted analyses revealed inverse associations, with OR comparing the highest with the lowest tertile of intake of 0·73 (95 % CI 0·55, 0·96) for skimmed products and 0·74 (95 % CI 0·54, 0·99) for fermented products. These dairy products were not associated with ND T2DM. In contrast, full-fat products were positively associated with ND T2DM (OR 2·01; 95 % CI 1·16, 3·47), whereas total dairy product intake was inversely associated with ND T2DM (OR 0·50; 95 % CI 0·26, 0·93). In conclusion, individuals with a high consumption of skimmed and fermented products had lower odds of having IGM, and individuals with a high consumption of total dairy products had lower odds of having ND T2DM. High intake of full-fat products was not related to IGM but was positively related to ND T2DM.
Is Momentum an Echo?
Authors: Goyal Amit , Wahal Sunil
Published: February 2016

In the United States, momentum portfolios formed from 12 to 7 months prior to the current month deliver higher future returns than momentum portfolios formed from 6 to 2 months prior, suggesting an “echo” in returns. In 37 countries excluding the United States, there is no robust evidence of such an echo. In portfolios that combine securities in developed and emerging markets, or across three major geographic regions (Americas excluding United States, Asia, and Europe), there is also no evidence of an echo. Any echo in the United States appears to be driven largely by a carryover of short-term reversals from month − 2.
New perspectives on dairy and cardiovascular health
Authors: Lovegrove Julie A. , Hobbs Ditte A.
Published: February 2016

CVD are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. One of the key dietary recommendations for CVD prevention is reduction of saturated fat intake. Yet, despite milk and dairy foods contributing on average 27 % of saturated fat intake in the UK diet, evidence from prospective cohort studies does not support a detrimental effect of milk and dairy foods on risk of CVD. The present paper provides a brief overview of the role of milk and dairy products in the diets of UK adults, and will summarise the evidence in relation to the effects of milk and dairy consumption on CVD risk factors and mortality. The majority of prospective studies and meta-analyses examining the relationship between milk and dairy product consumption and risk of CVD show that milk and dairy products, excluding butter, are not associated with detrimental effects on CVD mortality or risk biomarkers that include serum LDL-cholesterol. In addition, there is increasing evidence that milk and dairy products are associated with lower blood pressure and arterial stiffness. These apparent benefits of milk and dairy foods have been attributed to their unique nutritional composition, and suggest that the elimination of milk and dairy may not be the optimum strategy for CVD risk reduction.
Edible insects are the future?
Authors: van Huis Arnold
Published: February 2016

The global increase in demand for meat and the limited land area available prompt the search for alternative protein sources. Also the sustainability of meat production has been questioned. Edible insects as an alternative protein source for human food and animal feed are interesting in terms of low greenhouse gas emissions, high feed conversion efficiency, low land use, and their ability to transform low value organic side streams into high value protein products. More than 2000 insect species are eaten mainly in tropical regions. The role of edible insects in the livelihoods and nutrition of people in tropical countries is discussed, but this food source is threatened. In the Western world, there is an increasing interest in edible insects, and examples are given. Insects as feed, in particular as aquafeed, have a large potential. Edible insects have about the same protein content as conventional meat and more PUFA. They may also have some beneficial health effects. Edible insects need to be processed and turned into palatable dishes. Food safety may be affected by toxicity of insects, contamination with pathogens, spoilage during conservation and allergies. Consumer attitude is a major issue in the Western world and a number of strategies are proposed to encourage insect consumption. We discuss research pathways to make insects a viable sector in food and agriculture: an appropriate disciplinary focus, quantifying its importance, comparing its nutritional value to conventional protein sources, environmental benefits, safeguarding food safety, optimising farming, consumer acceptance and gastronomy.
‘Both Small and Great Beasts’: An Introductory Study
Authors: Brooke Christopher N. L.
Published: February 2016

The history of women in the middle ages is difficult to write. Few women were literate; their opportunities to record their own thoughts and feelings and attitudes were restricted; the bulk of medieval records were written by men for men. Yet twelfth-century literature would be much impoverished in personal interest, and in human and intellectual content, if we lacked the writings of Heloïse and Hildegarde; and I remain stubbornly unconvinced that the letters of Heloïse were written by a man. Some of the best poetry of this and other centuries was written by women; and the cult of womankind is the essential centre and focus of the whole romantic, courtly tradition. At the other extreme White Annays and her colleagues figure in innumerable court records. A part of the relative neglect of medieval women has been due to the neglect of the history of marriage. This is now past: the academic world is full of the sound of symposia and conferences on matrimony; and a much better balance of interests between the sexes is one evident result. Catherine Morland’s gay jibe at history—’the men all so good-for-nothing and hardly any women at all’—had an edge to it in Jane Austen’s day and in the early and mid-twentieth century; it will hardly be so true of the history we study in the 1990s.
Feminae Gloriosae: Women in the Age of Bede
Authors: Nicholson Joan
Published: February 2016

In 655 king Oswy of Northumbria defeated and killed Penda of Mercia near the river Winwaed. The odds were heavily against Oswy. He faced Mercian forces some three times larger than his own, his nephew Ethelwald had defected and his son Egfrid was currently held hostage by queen Cynewise of Mercia. So depressed had Oswy’s power become in the years leading up to 655 that he had even tried, unsuccessfully, to buy off Penda and although the favourable outcome at the Winwaed may have been assisted by the river’s bursting its banks, Bede, recording the victory, was inclined to regard the unexpected success as heaven-sent request for fulfilment of a vow Oswy had made, in sheer desperation, to dedicate his daughter to God and to holy virginity if he were victorious. Thus, on a wet November day, the future of the infant Elfled was sealed. Barely a year old, she was consigned to the cloister at Hartlepool, where her aunt Hild presided, and shortly transferred to Hild’s new foundation at Whitby where she grew up in the monastery which was to become preeminent in the north of England under the rule of its remarkable foundress. The outlook for the tiny princess was not one of solitary gloom.
‘A Nursery of Saints’: St Margaret of Scotland Reconsidered
Authors: Baker Derek
Published: February 2016

Writing of the early and impressionable years spent by Ailred in the household of king David of Scotland, Knowles, in a felicitous phrase, remarked that the Scottish court had been ‘something of a nursery of saints’ during the previous half-century. The conduct, character and traditions of that spiritual kindergarten he associated with ‘that âme d’élite’, the ‘exquisite St Margaret’, and the contrast between the Scotland of king David and that of his father Malcolm Canmore, the proliferation of religious vocations and works of practical piety which followed the marriage of Malcolm and Margaret, make his claim self-evident. Within the royal circle if the careers of David and Edith/Matilda, and in the next generation of Waldef and Ailred, supply conspicuous testimony they do not stand alone. For Ailred, writing C1153/4, Malcolm’s oldest surviving son Edgar was homo… dulcís et amabilis, cognato suo regi Edwardo [the Confessor] per omnia similis, while his successor Alexander ‘the fierce’, was ‘humble and loving to clerks and monks’. Litteratus, according to Ailred, his active interest in the conduct of church life, and his piety reflect the interests and example of his mother. As earl he was the only layman present at the opening of St Cuthbert’s tomb in 1104, while his father, allegedly, was present at the foundation of the new cathedral at Durham in C1093.
Christina of Markyate
Authors: Holdsworth Christopher J.
Published: February 2016

IN the middle ages any man, or woman, who wished to discipline themselves according to the principles developed in the early days of monasticism in Egypt had to withdraw from the world. This was true whether the experiment of asceticism was to be pursued in community or in isolation, as hermit, anchorite or recluse. Yet however extreme was the degree of withdrawal from contact with society, the world affected, and was affected by, the one who withdrew. This general thesis is amply illustrated by the surviving evidence for the life of Christina of Markyate who first spent some sixteen years as a recluse and then perhaps as many as thirty five as a nun, after her profession at St Albans around 1131. In one way or another she renounced the world for over fifty of her allotted three score years and ten.
The Problem of the Cistercian nuns in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth centuries
Authors: Thompson Sally
Published: February 2016

The early Cistercians were remarkable for their hostility to the feminine sex. ‘No religious body’ wrote Southern, was ‘more thoroughly masculine in its temper and discipline than the Cistercians, none that shunned female contact with greater determination or that raised more formidable barriers against the intrusion of women.’ The whole tenor of several of the early Cistercian statutes was that women were to be avoided at all costs. One decree enjoined the monks to sing like men and not imitate the high-pitched tinkling of women. Apart from these disparaging references to the female sex in general, an early statute explicitly stated that no Cistercian abbot or monk should bless a nun. In the thirteenth century this was interpreted as applying to the solemn consecration of nuns—a task which pertained to the bishop. It is stated that abbots did have the power to bless nuns at the end of their novitiate. But this later interpretation may well reflect later subtleties. It seems probable that the decree was originally intended to stop the Cistercians concerning themselves with nuns. The view that it was originally a straight-forward prohibition is strengthened by the fact that the same early decree went on to forbid the baptizing of infants. This decree, therefore, is crucial to any analysis of the position of nuns within the Cistercian order in the twelfth century. Dating it is difficult.
White Annays and Others
Authors: Owen Dorothy M.
Published: February 2016

In 1364 a cause of divorce a vinculo was brought in a York court by a certain Edmund Dronesfeld against his reputed wife Margaret de Donbarr, on the grounds of her previous marriage in Scotland. The story unfolded by the witnesses, whose depositions are the only remaining record of the cause, is a strange one, which reflects the unsettled conditions of life on the border and in northern England during the long-drawn-out Scottish wars, and the further confusion introduced by the Black Death. The questions put by Edmund’s side were intended to prove that Margaret’s name was originally Agnes, that she had married in Scodand, eighteen years before, a man named William de Brighan, who was still alive, and that Edmund himself had not known this when he had ‘married’ her at Bedale six years later.
‘Great Reasoners in Scripture’: the activities of women Lollards 1380-1530
Authors: Cross Claire
Published: February 2016

RECENT historians have drawn attention to the influence of women in later lollardy, and it may also be that in parts of England as soon as lollardy moved out from the university some women immediately adopted its tenets, their involvement being largely hidden by the inadequacies of the contemporary sources. The attractions of lollardy for lay people in general and women in particular are not hard to understand. After a millennium during which a priestly caste had more and more been distancing itself from the laity certain discontented lay people, excluded from the mysteries of the church and especially from direct access to the scriptures, could scarcely have failed to respond to novel doctrines which stated that a lay man predestined to life stood equal in the eyes of God to any priest. These revolutionary ideas first propagated by Wyclif continued to be disseminated by some heretical clergy throughout the fifteenth century. One such priest, John Whitehorne, parson of the parish of Coombe Bisset in Wiltshire, in 1499 confessed to having taught, in addition to much else, that ‘when Christ should ascend into heaven, he left his power with his apostles and from them the same power remaineth with every good true Christian man and woman living virtuously, as the apostles did, so that priests and bishops have no more authority than another layman that followeth the teaching and good conversation of the apostles’.
Calvinism with an Anglican Face: The Stranger Churches in Early Elizabethan London and their Superintendent
Authors: Collinson Patrick
Published: February 2016

Sometimes a useful point is scored by reminding students whose Latin is rusty that John Jewel’s Apologia Ecclesiae Anglkanae is not an apology for the Church of England, still less for a newly invented religion called Anglicanism, but an apology of the Church of England, in defence of a religion deemed to be universal, catholic and of a primitive character. But one is in danger of being caught out by the alert and troublesome pupil who may know that the English version of the Apologia was entitled An apologie or aunswer in defence of the Church of England. There is ambiguity in the very construction of Jewel’s title, as there will prove to be inany attempt to reconcile the various senses in which the post-reformation English churchwas and was not considered to be a distinct and self-sufficient entity.