bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency anemia or iron deficiency without anemia after poor response to oral iron treatment: Benefits and risks in a cohort of 144 children and adolescents
Authors: Ozsahin Hulya , Schaeppi Michela , Bernimoulin Michael , Allard Magali , Guidard Clémence , van den Ouweland Frank
Published: July 2020

Objective

The objective of this single‐center observational study was to determine the clinical and hematologic responses to intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) in a cohort of pediatric patients with poor response to oral iron therapy. The occurrence of adverse events was systematically recorded for up to 96 hours after infusion.

Study design

A retrospective cohort of 144 consecutive patients aged 18 months to < 18 years with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) or iron deficiency (ID) without anemia was investigated. All patients had failed oral iron therapy. The assessments before and after FCM treatment followed a predefined protocol.

Results

One hundred of 117 (85 %) of patients with complete data achieved the target ferritin level ≥ 30 µg/L after a single FCM dose. Of 77 patients with IDA and complete data, 38 (49%) showed a complete hematological response within 6‐12 weeks; a complete or partial response was achieved by 83%. Clinical symptoms improved in 85% of all patients. In 92% of patients (n = 133 /144), FCM infusion was uneventful. During the 96‐hour follow‐up, five patients reported potentially related symptoms. No serious adverse events occurred.

Conclusion

The study confirms the safety and efficacy of FCM in children (aged 18 months and older) and adolescents unresponsive to oral therapy, in real‐world experience. Single‐dose FCM treatment was followed by clinical improvement with advantages of safety, compliance, and lower cost compared with previous generation parenteral iron preparations that had to be administered in fractionated sessions.
Control of translation during the unfolded protein response in maize seedlings: Life without PERKs
Authors: Kanodia Pulkit , Vijayapalani Paramasivan , Srivastava Renu , Bi Ran , Liu Peng , Miller W. Allen , Howell Stephen H.
Published: July 2020

The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) defines a condition called ER stress that induces the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR in mammalian cells attenuates protein synthesis initiation, which prevents the piling up of misfolded proteins in the ER. Mammalian cells rely on Protein Kinase RNA‐Like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK) phosphorylation of eIF2α to arrest protein synthesis, however, plants do not have a PERK homolog, so the question is whether plants control translation in response to ER stress. We compared changes in RNA levels in the transcriptome to the RNA levels protected by ribosomes and found a decline in translation efficiency, including many UPR genes, in response to ER stress. The decline in translation efficiency is due to the fact that many mRNAs are not loaded onto polyribosomes (polysomes) in proportion to their increase in total RNA, instead some of the transcripts accumulate in stress granules (SGs). The RNAs that populate SGs are not derived from the disassembly of polysomes because protein synthesis remains steady during stress. Thus, the surge in transcription of UPR genes in response to ER stress is accompanied by the formation of SGs, and the sequestration of mRNAs in SGs may serve to temporarily relieve the translation load during ER stress.
Further examination of DSM‐5 antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy: Findings from a female correctional sample
Authors: Wygant Dustin B. , Engle John E. , Sellbom Martin
Published: July 2020

A longstanding concern regarding the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) has been its poor coverage of the construct of psychopathy. The most recent edition, the DSM‐5, has proposed an alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD) in Section III of the manual to rectify some of these concerns by offering a trait‐based model comprised of seven personality traits and a psychopathy specifier containing three additional traits. The current study sought to replicate and expand on previous findings that the AMPD operationalization of ASPD was more closely aligned with various measures of psychopathy than the traditional DSM‐5 Section II ASPD diagnosis. The current study examined 200 incarcerated female offenders, who completed a measure of the AMPD, traditional ASPD and two models of psychopathy. Analysis showed that Section III ASPD outperformed Section II ASPD in predicting scores on various measures of psychopathy. These findings are consistent with the previous findings that did not examine incarcerated female offenders and suggest that the AMPD operationalization of ASPD is more aligned with psychopathy than its Section II counterpart. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Severe gastritis due to pembrolizumab treatment in a lung cancer patient
Authors: Hayama Noriko , Ihara Hiroaki , Honma Yuichirou , Itoigawa Yukinari , Kaira Kyoichi , Fujii Mitsuhiro
Published: July 2020

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are known to induce gastrointestinal adverse events. Colitis occurs most frequently, and gastritis is less common. A few case reports of gastritis induced by ICIs have indicated that colitis induced by cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) resembles inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and that programmed death‐1/programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐1/PD‐L1) inhibitor can also induce the same type of colitis. We herein encountered a case of gastritis arising after 25 cycles of pembrolizumab administration in which the pathological and endoscopic findings resembled those of IBD. ICIs may induce gastritis in a manner similar to the pathogenesis of IBD.
Development of Melilite‐Type Oxide Ion Conductors
Authors: Zhou Lijia , Xu Jungu , Allix Mathieu , Kuang Xiaojun
Published: July 2020

Lowering the operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) requires high performance oxide ion conductor electrolytes. Recently tetrahedra‐based structures have been attracting considerable attention for oxide ion conductor development, among which the layered tetrahedral network melilite structure appears particularly interesting owing to its remarkable capability to accommodate and transport interstitial oxide ions, compared with isolated tetrahedral anion structures. Stabilization and migration mechanisms of interstitial oxide ions in melilites have been systematically investigated using local structural relaxation from both electrostatic Coulomb interaction and chemical bonding aspects based on atomic and electronic structures respectively using experimental and theoretical approaches. These reveal cationic size and chemical bonding effects on stabilization and migration mechanisms of interstitial oxide ions. Lately, full crystallization from glass, an innovative synthesis method, was employed to produce new metastable melilite oxide ion conductors which are inaccessible using classic solid state reaction owing to cationic size effect. Finally, the thermal and chemical stability at low temperature and the high oxide ion conductivity of the best melilite oxide ion conductors based on LaSrGa3O7 are likely to provide real possibilities of applications of melilite‐type electrolytes in SOFCs and other related devices.
British Press System: Press Regulation and Accountability
Authors: Ogbebor Binakuromo
Published: July 2020

How to regulate the press is arguably the foremost issue in media reform debates. Therefore, this chapter examines the history of press regulation in the UK as a way of highlighting recurrent trends in efforts at reforming press regulation and the outcomes of such attempts. To this end, this chapter discusses the history of press regulation in Britain, the British press system (introducing the three major newspaper classifications—broadsheets, mid-markets and tabloids) and relevant aspects of the Leveson Inquiry. The setting up of an inquiry to investigate press standards did not begin with the Leveson Inquiry. For approximately 70 years (at the time of writing), a number of commissions have been set up with a mandate to make the press accountable. They include the Royal Commissions on the press (RCP) 1949, 1962 and 1977 along with two Calcutt Committees. This chapter discusses the different efforts at ensuring effective press regulation in UK.
Paradigm Repair and Journalistic Metadiscourse
Authors: Ogbebor Binakuromo
Published: July 2020

Journalists’ representation of press bad behaviour is often characterised by certain paradigm repair strategies. The notion of paradigm repair relates to efforts by the press to protect news paradigms rather than critically examining them to see if there is a need for change (Bennet et al. 1985, cited in Carlson, Metajournalistic discourse and the meanings of journalism: Definitional control, boundary work, and legitimation. Communication Theory, 26(4), 349–368, 2015, p. 4). This chapter shows how the paradigm repair strategies of “threat to the paradigm” (warnings of attacks on journalism) and “historicisation” (using history to protect journalistic paradigms) were used to argue against efforts at reforming media policy. The author takes the position that media reform efforts are weakened, to a large extent, by the way the media cover debates about their policy. She argues that understanding the strategies used by the media to protect journalistic paradigms will help the public digest the coverage of media policy intelligently and push for healthy and effective media reform.
Land Use Cover Types and Forest Management Options for Carbon in Mabira Central Forest Reserve
Authors: Jjagwe Aisha , Kakembo Vincent , Bernard Barasa
Published: July 2020

Mabira Central Forest Reserve (CFR), one of the biggest forest reserves in Uganda, has increasingly undergone encroachments and deforestation. This chapter presents the implications of a range of forest management options for carbon stocks in the Mabira CFR. The effects of forest management options were reviewed by comparing above-ground biomass (AGB), carbon, and soil organic carbon (SOC) in three management zones. The chapter attempts to provide estimates of AGB and carbon stocks (t/ha) of forest (trees) and SOC using sampling techniques and allometric equations. AGB and carbon were obtained from a count of 143 trees, measuring parameters of diameter at breast height (DBH), crown diameter (CW), and height (H) with tree coordinates. It also makes use of the Velle (Estimation of standing stock of woody biomass in areas where little or no baseline data are available. A study based on field measurements in Uganda. Norges Landbrukshoegskole, Ås, 1995) allometric equations developed for Uganda to estimate AGB.

The strict nature reserve management zone was noted to sink the highest volume of carbon of approximately 6,771,092.34 tonnes, as compared to the recreation zone (2,196,467.59 tonnes) and production zone (458,903.57 tonnes). A statistically significant relationship was identified between AGB and carbon. SOC varied with soil depth, with the soil surface of 0–10 cm depth registering the highest mean of 2.78% across all the management zones. Soil depth and land use/cover types also had a statistically significant effect on the percentage of SOC (P = 0.05). A statistically significant difference at the 95% significance level was also identified between the mean carbon stocks from one level of management zones to another. Recommendations include: demarcating forest boundaries to minimize encroachment, enforcement of forestry policy for sustainable development, promote reforestation, and increase human resources for efficient monitoring of the forest compartments.
Global anomalies in the Standard Model(s) and beyond
Authors: Davighi Joe , Gripaios Ben , Lohitsiri Nakarin
Published: July 2020

Abstract

We analyse global anomalies and related constraints in the Standard Model (SM) and various Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) theories. We begin by considering four distinct, but equally valid, versions of the SM, in which the gauge group is taken to be G = GSM/Γn, with GSM = SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) and Γn isomorphic to ℤ/n where n ∈ {1, 2, 3, 6}. In addition to deriving constraints on the hypercharges of fields transforming in arbitrary representations of the SU(3) × SU(2) factor, we study the possibility of global anomalies in theories with these gauge groups by computing the bordism groups $$ {\Omega}_5^{\mathrm{Spin}}(BG) $$

Ω
5
Spin

BG

using the Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence. In two cases we show that there are no global anomalies beyond the Witten anomaly, while in the other cases we show that there are no global anomalies at all, illustrating the subtle interplay between local and global anomalies. While freedom from global anomalies has been previously shown for the specific fermion content of the SM by embedding the SM in an anomaly-free SU(5) GUT, our results here remain true when the SM fermion content is extended arbitrarily. Going beyond the SM gauge groups, we show that there are no new global anomalies in extensions of the (usual) SM gauge group by U(1)m for any integer m, which correspond to phenomenologically well-motivated BSM theories featuring multiple Z′ bosons. Nor do we find any new global anomalies in various grand unified theories, including Pati-Salam and trinification models. We also consider global anomalies in a family of theories with gauge group SU(N ) × Sp(M ) × U(1), which share the phase structure of the SM for certain (N, M ). Lastly, we discuss a BSM theory in which the SM fermions are defined using a spinc structure, for example by gauging B − L. Such a theory may be extended to all orientable four-manifolds, and we find no global anomalies.
Improving the quantitative classification of Erlenmeyer flask deformities
Authors: Adusumilli Gautam , Kaggie Joshua D. , D’Amore Simona , Cox Timothy M. , Deegan Patrick , MacKay James W. , McDonald Scott ,   The GAUCHERITE Consortium
Published: July 2020

The Erlenmeyer flask deformity is a common skeletal modeling deformity, but current classification systems are binary and may restrict its utility as a predictor of associated skeletal conditions. A quantifiable 3-point system of severity classification could improve its predictive potential in disease. Ratios were derived from volumes of regions of interests drawn in 50 Gaucher’s disease patients. ROIs were drawn from the distal physis to 2 cm proximal, 2 cm to 4 cm, and 4 cm to 6 cm. Width was also measured at each of these boundaries. Two readers rated these 100 femurs using a 3-point scale of severity classification. Weighted kappa indicated reliability and one-way analysis of variance characterized ratio differences across the severity scale. Accuracy analyses allowed determination of clinical cutoffs for each ratio. Pearson’s correlations assessed the associations of volume and width with a shape-based concavity metric of the femur. The volume ratio incorporating the metaphyseal region from 0 to 2 cm and the diametaphyseal region at 4–6 cm was most accurate at distinguishing femurs on the 3-point scale. Receiver operating characteristic curves for this ratio indicated areas of 0.95 to distinguish normal and mild femurs and 0.93 to distinguish mild and severe femurs. Volume was moderately associated with the degree of femur concavity. The proposed volume ratio method is an objective, proficient method at distinguishing severities of the Erlenmeyer flask deformity with the potential for automation. This may have application across diseases associated with the deformity and deficient osteoclast-mediated modeling of growing bone.
Transfusion‐Related Hypocalcemia After Trauma
Authors: Byerly Saskya , Inaba Kenji , Biswas Subarna , Wang Eugene , Wong Monica D. , Shulman Ira , Benjamin Elizabeth , Lam Lydia , Demetriades Demetrios
Published: July 2020

Background

Hypocalcemia is cited as a complication of massive transfusion. However, this is not well studied as a primary outcome in trauma patients. Our primary outcome was to determine if transfusion of packed red blood cells (pRBC) was an independent predictor of severe hypocalcemia (ionized calcium ≤ 3.6 mg/dL).

Methods

Retrospective, single‐center study (01/2004–12/2014) including all trauma patients ≥ 18 yo presenting to the ED with an ionized calcium (iCa) level drawn. Variables extracted included demographics, interventions, outcomes, and iCa. Regression models identified independent risk factors for severe hypocalcemia (SH).

Results

Seven thousand four hundred and thirty‐one included subjects, 716 (9.8%) developed SH within 48 h of admission. Median age: 39 (Range: 18–102), systolic blood pressure: 131 (IQR: 114–150), median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): 15 (IQR: 10–15), Injury Severity Score (ISS): 14 (IQR: 9–24). SH patients were more likely to have depressed GCS (13 vs 15, p < 0.0001), hypotension (23.2% vs 5.1%, p < 0.0001) and tachycardia (57.0% vs 41.9%, p < 0.0001) compared to non‐SH patients. They also had higher emergency operative rate (71.8% vs 29%, p < 0.0001) and higher blood administration prior to minimum iCa [pRBC: (8 vs 0, p < 0.0001), FFP: (4 vs 0, p < 0.0001), platelet: (1 vs 0, p < 0.0001)]. Multivariable analysis revealed penetrating mechanism (AOR: 1.706), increased ISS (AOR: 1.029), and higher pRBC (AOR: 1.343) or FFP administered (AOR: 1.097) were independent predictors of SH. SH was an independent predictor of mortality (AOR: 2.658). Regression analysis identified a significantly higher risk of SH at pRBC + FFP administration of 4 units (AOR: 18.706, AUC:. 897 (0.884–0.909).

Conclusion

Transfusion of pRBC is an independent predictor of SH and is associated with increased mortality. The predicted probability of SH increases as pRBC + FFP administration increases.
Feasibility and relevance of urine culture during stone fragmentation in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery: a prospective study
Authors: De Lorenzis E. , Boeri L. , Gallioli A. , Fontana M. , Zanetti S. P. , Longo F. , Colombo R. , Arghittu M. , Piconi S. , Albo G. , Trinchieri A. , Montanari E.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

We evaluated if, during lithotripsy, bacteria may be detected in the irrigation fluid of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). The concordance between urine culture from stone fragmentation (SFUC), bladder (BUC), renal pelvic (RPUC) and stone (SC) was analyzed. We also assessed the correlation between variables and cultures and their association with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and of a positive SC.

Methods

We included 107 patients who underwent PCNL (n = 53) and RIRS (n = 54) from January 2017 to May 2018. Samples for RPUC were obtained by renal catheterization. Stone fragments and irrigation fluid sample were sent for culture.

Results

SFUC was positive in 17 (15.9%), BUC in 22 (20.6%), RPUC in 26 (24.3%) and SC in 30 patients (28%). The concordance between SFUC and SC was the highest among all cultures: 94.1%. SFUC and SC grew identical microorganisms in 15/17 (88.2%) patients. Out of 17 (15.9%) patients with SIRS, 8 (7.5%) had sepsis. SFUC had the highest PPV and specificity to detect positive SC and SIRS. Previous urinary tract infection, a preoperative nephrostomy, stone diameter and composition, staghorn calculi, PCNL, positive BUC, RPUC and SFUC were predictors of infected stone. Variables that indicate complex stones, complex PCNL and an infection of the upper tract were associated with SIRS.

Conclusion

SFUC is technically feasible, easy to retrieve and to analyze. The spectrum of SFUC potential application in clinical practice is when is not possible to perform a SC, e.g. complete dusting or during micro-PCNL.
Clinical features, microbiology, and management of pediatric brainstem abscess
Authors: Antkowiak Łukasz , Putz Monika , Mandera Marek
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Brainstem abscess is a rare condition accounting for merely 1% of brain abscesses incidence in the pediatric population. This study aimed to present a single patient with a pontine abscess and review the literature to highlight clinical features, diagnosis, and management of brainstem abscess.

Methods

The PubMed database was screened for English-language articles concerning pediatric brainstem abscess. We, therefore, identified 22 publications, which concisely depict 23 cases. Our study reports on the 24th pediatric patient diagnosed with that entity. All included reports were analyzed in terms of clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of described patients.

Results

There was slight women predominance (15:9), with a mean age of occurrence 6.4 years, ranging from 7 months to 16 years. Pons was the most common location of brainstem abscess, occurring in 75% of patients. Clinically, they mostly presented with cranial nerves palsy (79.2%), hemiparesis (66.7%), and pyramidal signs (45.8%). The classic triad of symptoms, including fever, headache, and the focal neurologic deficit was present in 20.8% of patients. Positive pus cultures were obtained in 61.1%. Streptococci and Staphylococci were the most frequently identified pus microorganisms. Outcomes were satisfactory, with a 79.2% rate of general improvement.

Conclusions

Neurosurgical aspiration is a safe and beneficial therapeutic method. It should always be considered and should promptly be performed when the conservative treatment is not successful and clinical deterioration occurs. Prognosis in pediatric brainstem abscess is generally favorable. Most patients recover with minor neurologic deficits or improve completely.
The seasonal footprinting mechanism in large ensemble simulations of the second generation Canadian earth system model: uncertainty due to internal climate variability
Authors: Chen Shangfeng , Yu Bin
Published: July 2020

Previous studies indicated that the wintertime North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) could exert marked impacts on the following winter El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) via the seasonal footprinting mechanism (SFM). Here, we examine this winter NPO-ENSO relationship in a 50-member ensemble of historical simulations conducted with the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis second generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) over the period of 1950–2005. The observed NPO pattern, featured by a meridional dipole atmospheric anomaly over the North Pacific, can be well reproduced by all of the 50 ensemble members. The multi-member ensemble (MME) mean can well simulate the observed NPO-ENSO relationship, as well as the SFM process. However, there exists a large spread of the results among the 50 members due to internal climate variability. Internal climate variability influences the winter NPO-ENSO relationship through modulating the subtropical center of the NPO. Specifically, the ensemble members with high NPO-ENSO correlations tend to have strong atmospheric anomalies over the subtropical North Pacific in winter. The atmospheric circulation anomaly brings strong sea surface temperature and precipitation anomalies in the tropical central Pacific and westerly wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific in the following spring. These anomalies sustain in the following seasons and eventually lead to ENSO events in the following winter.
Functional outcome and complications after treatment of comminuted tibial fractures or deformities using Ilizarov bone transport: a single-center study at 15- to 30-year follow-up
Authors: Biz Carlo , Crimì Alberto , Fantoni Ilaria , Vigo Marco , Iacobellis Claudio , Ruggieri Pietro
Published: July 2020

Introduction

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate long-term outcomes and complications of a single-center and single-surgeon patient series of isolated and comminuted tibial fractures with bone defects or tibial deformities treated by Ilizarov bone transport.

Materials and methods

Data from a consecutive series of patients with isolated comminuted tibial fractures (Fracture Group: FG) or deformities (Deformity Group: DG) treated between 1987 and 2002 were included. For clinical assessment, the Lower Extremities Functional Scale was used; complications were recorded according to the Dindo classification and statistical analysis was performed.

Results

Overall, 72 patients were enrolled with a mean follow-up of 21.6 years (range 15–30) a mean LEFS of 36.4 (range 0–100). In the FG, the mean LEFS was 21.3 (range 0–98.75), and the external fixation time (EFT) lasted 7.6 months (range 3–18 months) months. In the DG, the mean LEFS was 76.7 (range 55–100), and the EFT was 10.6 months (range 3–20 months). Between the two groups, the clinical evaluation was significantly different, while the EFT was not (p = 0.14). In the FG, the worst results were obtained in the cases of open fractures with a higher percentage of complications and the need for further surgical procedures. The cumulative rate of complications was 55.6% during the first 36 months and 66.7% at the minimum follow-up of 180 months.

Conclusions

Ilizarov bone transport, even at a long follow-up period, proved to be an effective technique for both definitive treatment of comminuted tibial fractures with bone defects or tibial deformities. Although our functional outcomes were lower in patients with exposed fractures, they were in line with the literature, but not influenced by the EFT when properly managed. Most complications occurred during the first 3 years; however, they could also arise much later, even until almost 30 years.
Evaluation of the concordance in HPV type between self- and physician-collected samples using a brush-based device and a PCR-based HPV DNA test in Japanese referred patients with abnormal cytology or HPV infection
Authors: Onuma Toshimichi , Kurokawa Tetsuji , Shinagawa Akiko , Chino Yoko , Yoshida Yoshio
Published: July 2020

Background

To adopt HPV self-sampling in Japan, we assessed the concordance between self- and physician-collected human papillomavirus (HPV) samples from Japanese patients and examined the performance of HPV self-sampling for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+).

Methods

Patients who had previously tested negative for intraepithelial lesions or malignancy/HPV-positive, and patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse (ASCUS+) cytology were eligible for this cross-sectional study. Participants performed HPV self-sampling using an Evalyn brush, which was submitted at the Fukui Prefectural Health Care Association. The Evalyn brush heads were stored in ThinPrep vials. The physician, however, performed HPV and cell sampling using an endocervical brush and immediately stored the brush heads in ThinPrep vials. All participants underwent colposcopy and biopsy. Histopathological diagnoses were made by pathologists at Fukui University Hospital. HPV infection was confirmed using a PCR-based Cobas 4800 HPV DNA test. Cytological analysis was performed at Fukui Prefectural Health Care Association.

Results

HPV-positive rates for physician-collected samples and self-collected samples were 51 and 50%, respectively. The perfect match rate of HPV type between the groups was 88% (κ = 0.76). HPV16/18 showed higher agreement rates than other HPVs (99%, kappa 0.96 and 89% kappa 0.77, respectively). Both groups showed 100% sensitivity to CIN2+, but specificity was 57.0 and 58.1%, respectively.

Conclusion

For HPV typing, a good concordance rate was seen between self- and physician-collected samples. Self-sampling showed high sensitivity for CIN2+. Self-sampling using the Evalyn brush and Cobas 4800 may be feasible for screening Japanese individuals.
The Emergence of Autism Symptoms Prior to 18 Months of Age: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Tanner Amy , Dounavi Katerina
Published: July 2020

Pre-diagnostic intervention for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) allows symptoms to be addressed as they emerge, often between six to 18 months, rather than after the full onset of the disorder. A systematic literature review, spanning the previous six years was conducted in order to provide an updated review looking at the earliest behavior symptoms of ASD. All included studies used a prospective experimental design, reported on symptoms that emerged before 18-months of age, exclusively in children who would later receive a diagnosis, and were assessed for quality. This review is the first to address this research question through the use of a systematic research design and extends the literature by following up on recommendations for future research from previous findings.
Emergence of Haldane Pseudo-Potentials in Systems with Short-Range Interactions
Authors: Seiringer Robert , Yngvason Jakob
Published: July 2020

In the setting of the fractional quantum Hall effect we study the effects of strong, repulsive two-body interaction potentials of short range. We prove that Haldane’s pseudo-potential operators, including their pre-factors, emerge as mathematically rigorous limits of such interactions when the range of the potential tends to zero while its strength tends to infinity. In a common approach the interaction potential is expanded in angular momentum eigenstates in the lowest Landau level, which amounts to taking the pre-factors to be the moments of the potential. Such a procedure is not appropriate for very strong interactions, however, in particular not in the case of hard spheres. We derive the formulas valid in the short-range case, which involve the scattering lengths of the interaction potential in different angular momentum channels rather than its moments. Our results hold for bosons and fermions alike and generalize previous results in [6], which apply to bosons in the lowest angular momentum channel. Our main theorem asserts the convergence in a norm-resolvent sense of the Hamiltonian on the whole Hilbert space, after appropriate energy scalings, to Hamiltonians with contact interactions in the lowest Landau level.
Nickel-Catalysed Vapour-Phase Hydrogenation of Furfural, Insights into Reactivity and Deactivation
Authors: MacIntosh Kathryn L. , Beaumont Simon K.
Published: July 2020

Furfural is a key bioderived platform molecule, and its hydrogenation affords access to a number of important chemical intermediates that can act as “drop-in” replacements to those derived from crude oil or novel alternatives with desirable properties. Here, the vapour phase hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol at 180 °C over standard impregnated nickel catalysts is reported and contrasted with the same reaction over copper chromite. Whilst the selectivity to furfuryl alcohol of the unmodified nickel catalysts is much lower than for copper chromite as expected, the activity of the nickel catalysts in the vapour phase is significantly higher, and the deactivation profile remarkably similar. In the case of the supported nickel catalysts, possible contribution to the deactivation by acidic sites on the catalyst support is discounted based on the similarity of deactivation kinetics on Ni/SiO2with those seen for less acidic Ni/TiO2and Ni/CeO2. Powder X-ray diffraction is used to exclude sintering as a primary deactivation pathway. Significant coking of the catalyst (~ 30 wt% over 16 h) is observed using temperature programmed oxidation. This, in combination with the solvent extraction analysis and infrared spectroscopy of the coked catalysts points to deactivation by polymeric condensation products of (reactant or) products and hydrocarbon like coke. These findings pave the way for targeted modification of nickel catalysts to use for this important biofeedstock-to-chemicals transformation.
The Yuktidīpikā on the Origin of the Vedas
Authors: Łucyszyna Ołena
Published: July 2020

In this article, I reconstruct the view of the Yuktidīpikā, the most detailed and profound commentary of classical Sāṃkhya, on the origin of the Vedas. A close reading of the text reveals that its unknown author wavered between at least two different views on this issue. The first view is that the authorless but noneternal Vedas evolve from prakṛti (primordial matter) at the beginning of a new cycle of existence of the world (kalpa) and merge into prakṛti during a cosmic dissolution (pralaya). The Yuktidīpikā is the first text in classical Sāṃkhya to state directly that the Vedas have no author. The second and opposite view is that Kapila is the author of the highest teaching of the Vedas. This view is expressed only indirectly. Besides reconstructing the above-mentioned views, I attempt to answer the question of whether by quoting Nirukta 1.20 the Yuktidīpikā communicates something about the origin of the Vedas. Illustrating Sāṃkhya thought by quoting this passage of the Nirukta, as well as proclaiming the idea that the Vedas are authorless, which became the “official” standpoint of the Sāṃkhya darśana, can be interpreted as elements of the Yuktidīpikā’s pioneering project to show that Sāṃkhya is not in conflict with the Vedas.
The Vicissitudes of Representation
Authors: Mandarini Matteo
Published: July 2020

This article turns to the issue of political representation that I argue is central to all forms of political thought and practice of the modern period. Taking political representation as its object, I argue that its crisis—that comes to a head in the travails of the Weimar Republic—provided the opportunity for forms of neoliberal representation to displace political representation with purportedly “neutral”, non-partisan and thus “fair” representational tools. In contrast, I seek to develop the idea of “self-representation” with a discussion of paths not chosen at Weimar and via Italianoperaismo’s reflections on “class composition”, which combines collective self-representation with political organization. Representing each member of a collective to another as it develops epistemic and cartographic tools, it constructs group solidarity, organization and the capacity to act as it reclaims the collectivity alienated in modern political forms of representation and excluded from neoliberal ones.
Regression Estimator for the Tail Index
Authors: Németh László , Zempléni András
Published: July 2020

Estimating the tail index parameter is one of the primal objectives in extreme value theory. For heavy-tailed distributions the Hill estimator is the most popular way to estimate this parameter. Several recent publications’ aim was to improve the Hill estimator, using different methods, for example the bootstrap, or the Kolmogorov–Smirnov metric. These methods are asymptotically consistent, but for tail index$$\xi >0.5$$ξ>0.5the estimations fail to approach the theoretical value for realistic sample sizes. In this paper, we introduce new empirical methods, which combine the advantages of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov approach and the bootstrap. We demonstrate that our estimators are able to estimate large tail index parameters well and might also be useful for relatively small sample sizes. As an application, we consider the classic Danish fire data set and the most destructive natural disasters in Europe.
The use of noncash payment methods for regular payments and the household demand for cash: evidence from Japan
Authors: Fujiki Hiroshi
Published: July 2020

Understanding the demand for cash and noncash payment methods is an important policy concern in Japan, as the Japanese government aims at a cashless economy. Previous studies show that the demand for specific payment methods depends not only on the motivations of the kind of transactions, such as day-to-day transactions or hoarding, but also on payment contexts, such as bill payments or online payments. However, a few studies have investigated the demand for payment methods by payment context in Japan. We fill this gap by examining Japanese family and single-person household data on the choice of cash and noncash payment methods for regular payments, including bill payments. We found a decreasing popularity of choices involving automatic withdrawals and an increasing popularity of choices involving credit cards in both data sets and that of choosing exclusively cash in the single-person households’ data. We also found that these changes are associated with a decreasing demand for cash in family households and, conversely, an increasing demand in single-person households, assuming that the current pace of gradual adoption of noncash payment methods continues. In promoting a cashless society, the Japanese government should pay attention to the finding that a more frequent use of credit cards for regular payments is not always associated with a decrease in the demand for cash.
Evaluation of Eltrombopag in Thrombocytopenia Post Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Samarkandi H. , Al Nahedh M. , Alfattani A. , Alsharif F. , Bakshi N. , Rasheed W. , Alfraih F. , Alhumaid M. , Alkhudair Nora , Alhayli S. , Alsaedi H. , Shaheen M. , Hanbali A. , Hashmi S.K. , Devol E. , Alseraihy A. , Alzahrani H. , Aljurf M.
Published: July 2020

Background:

Thrombocytopenia remains a life-threatening late complication of HCT with an incidence of 5–20%. Currently, there is no approved drug for the treatment of persistent thrombocytopenia post HCT and platelet transfusion is the maintain stay of treatment. Eltrombopag is approved for the treatment of thrombocytopenia associated with different diseases, however; data on eltrombopag treatment post HCT are limited.

Methods:

This is a retrospective cohort study evaluating the effect of eltrombopag on platelet recovery in patients with persistent thrombocytopenia post HCT. The primary endpoint was platelet recovery to ≥ 20,000/μL for 7 consecutive days without transfusion support after starting eltrombopag. Secondary endpoint was platelet recovery to ≥ 50,000/μL for 7 consecutive days.

Results:

Twenty-one patients were included. Twelve (75%) of 16 patients became independent from platelet transfusions. Median time from starting eltrombopag to last transfusion was 60 days (range, 9–226 days). Ten (63%) of 16 transfusion dependent patients with platelet count < 20,000/μL achieved the primary endpoint. Seven (33%) patients of 21 included had successful platelet recovery (ie, ≥50,000/μL without transfusion support) and the median time to platelet recovery in patients who achieved it was 32 days (range, 13–265 days). Ten patients (48%) were able to successfully discontinue eltrombopag without recurrence of thrombocytopenia.

Conclusion:

Our findings demonstrated that eltrombopag appears to have a clinically significant impact on platelet recovery in persistent thrombocytopenic patients post HCT.
Decontamination and reuse of surgical masks and N95 filtering facepiece respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review
Authors: Seresirikachorn Kachorn , Phoophiboon Vorakamol , Chobarporn Thitiporn , Tiankanon Kasenee , Aeumjaturapat Songklot , Chusakul Supinda , Snidvongs Kornkiat
Published: July 2020

Objectives:

Surgical masks and N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) prevent the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and protect medical personnel. Increased demands for surgical masks and N95 FFRs during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in the shortage crisis. However, there is no standard protocol for safe reuse of the N95 FFRs. In this systematic review, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of existing decontamination methods of surgical masks and N95 FFRs and provide evidence-based recommendations for selecting an appropriate decontamination method.

Methods:

We performed systematic searches of Ovid MEDLINE and Ovid EMBASE electronic databases. The last search was performed April 11, 2020. Any trials studying surgical masks and/or N95 FFRs decontamination were included. Outcomes were disinfections of virus and bacteria, restoration of the filtration efficiency, and maintenance of the physical structure of the mask.

Results:

Overall, 15 studies and 14 decontamination methods were identified. A low level of evidence supported 4 decontamination methods: ultraviolet (UV) germicidal irradiation (9 studies), moist heat (5 studies), microwave-generated steam (4 studies), and hydrogen peroxide vapor (4 studies). Therefore, we recommended these 4 methods, and we recommended against use were given for the other 10 methods.

Conclusions:

A low level of evidence supported the use of UV germicidal irradiation, moist heat, microwave-generated steam, and hydrogen peroxide vapor for decontamination and reuse of N95 FFRs. These decontamination methods were effective for viral and bacterial disinfection as well as restoration of the filtration efficiency, and the physical structure of the FFRs.
Building effective school–community partnerships in Aboriginal remote school settings
Authors: Gower Graeme , Ferguson Cath , Forrest Simon
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The benefits of school and community partnerships are well documented in government reports and the academic literature. A number of government initiatives have been introduced to actively involve parents and the community in school matters. In addition, various agencies have produced resource kits and guidelines to assist schools and communities to develop and foster partnerships, and partnership agreements. Much of this study has focused on working with Aboriginal peoples. The use of the term, ‘Aboriginal’ in this paper refers to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Initiatives such as ‘What Works’ have had some success in building strong Aboriginal community and school partnerships, however, the literature also reveals that despite such initiatives, the levels of success vary from school to school, with some partnerships unable to develop or be sustained. In responding to a gap in the current knowledge, the authors examine the value of school–community partnerships in a rural and remote school where the percentage of Aboriginal Australian students is high. A brief summary of the outcomes of some of the major initiatives with aims to build effective school and community partnerships is provided. This is followed by the findings from a small pilot research study on the implementation of initiatives to build strong school–community relationships in rural and remote Indigenous school settings in Western Australia. The challenges that may inhibit the establishment of successful school–community relationships/collaboration are discussed and suggestions provided on how these challenges can be addressed.
Microscopic Characterization of Uranium Ore Specimens Using the Peakaboo Analysis Platform
Authors: McIntyre Stewart , Van Loon Lisa , Sherry Nathaniel , Bauer Michael , Kotzer Tom , Banerjee Neil
Published: July 2020

XRF maps of a uranium ore sample have been analyzed using software that allows the graphical spatial correlations of all detected elements to be measured. The association of uranium with arsenic, nickel and cesium was explored; all showed unique finely-granular microscopic patterns that could be used to assist the recovery of uranium and rare earths.
Atomic Structure and Dynamics of Defects and Grain Boundaries in 2D Pd2Se3 Monolayers
Authors: Chen Jun , Ryu Gyeonghee , Warner Jamie
Published: July 2020

Structural imperfections of 2D crystals such as point vacancies and grain boundaries (GBs) have considerable impacts on their chemical-physical properties. Here we study the atomic structure and dynamics of defects and GBs in monolayer Pd2Se3 using annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM). The Pd2Se3 monolayers are reproducibly created by thermally induced phase transformation of few-layered PdSe2 films in an in-situ heating holder in the TEM to promote Se loss. Diverse point vacancies, one-dimensional (1D) defects, GBs and defect ring complexes are directly observed in monolayer Pd2Se3, which show a series of dynamics triggered by electron beam. High mobility of vacancies leads to self-healing of point vacancies by migration to the edge and subsequent edge etching under the beam. Specific defects are stabilized by Se–Se bonds, which shift in a staggered way to buffer strain, forming a wave-like 1D defect. Bond rotations are also observed and play an important role in defect and GB dynamics in Pd2Se3 during vacancy production. The GBs form in a meandering pathway and migrate by a sequence of Se–Se bond rotations without large scale vacancy formation. In the GB corners and tilted GBs, other highly symmetric vacancy defects also occur to adapt to the orientation change. These results give atomic level insights into the defects and GBs in Pd2Se3 2D monolayers.
Using IoT to Improve Uptime and Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Schweitzer Marc
Published: July 2020

One of the constant challenges facing managers in central microscopy facilities is the uptime and maintenance of their instruments. Downtime due to performance issues or repairs has a direct negative impact on the operation of the facility, from both a scientific and financial perspective. As vendors, we must commit ourselves to finding new, innovative, and effective ways to mitigate these issues and improve the user experience. This talk will describe one such method: an IoT (Internet of Things) system called Predictive Service used to connect to and monitor the condition of installed microscope instruments. ZEISS has deployed this system to most of their microscope modalities including Light Microscopy (LM), Electron Microscopy (EM) and X-ray Microscopy (XRM). At present, there are over 780 instruments listed worldwide.[i] Implementation of this system has revealed new opportunities and challenges for the Service organization which are being systematically addressed. Although objective data is still being collected, initial reports are promising and show a steady decrease in Mean Time To Repair (MTTR), increased uptime and improved customer satisfaction.
Ancient Rivers and Critical Minerals in Eastern Alaska
Authors: Bender Adrian , Lease Richard , Jones III James , Kreiner Doug
Published: July 2020

Fieldwork is revealing a history of landscape evolution over the past 5 million years that links climate change and river capture to critical mineral resources across the Alaska-Yukon border.
Thinking Zinc: Mitigating Uranium Exposure on Navajo Land
Authors: Mazumdar Ria
Published: July 2020

An innovative clinical trial uses “two-way participation” between Navajo and medical communities to study the impact of zinc on mitigating health effects associated with uranium mining.
Seismological and Geophysical Signatures of the Deep Crustal Magma Systems of the Cenozoic Volcanic Fields Beneath the Eifel, Germany
Authors: Dahm Torsten , Stiller Manfred , Mechie James , Heimann Sebastian , Hensch Martin , Woith Heiko , Schmidt Bernd , Gabriel Gerald , Weber Michael
Published: July 2020

The Quaternary volcanic fields of the Eifel (Rhineland‐Palatinate, Germany) had their last eruptions less than 13,000 years ago. Recently, deep low‐frequency (DLF) earthquakes were detected beneath one of the volcanic fields showing evidence of ongoing magmatic activity in the lower crust and upper mantle. In this work, seismic wide‐ and steep‐angle experiments from 1978/1979 and 1987/1988 are compiled, partially reprocessed and interpreted, together with other data to better determine the location, size, shape, and state of magmatic reservoirs in the Eifel region near the crust‐mantle boundary. We discuss seismic evidence for a low‐velocity gradient layer from 30–36 km depth, which has developed over a large region under all Quaternary volcanic fields of the Rhenish Massif and can be explained by the presence of partial melts. We show that the DLF earthquakes connect the postulated upper mantle reservoir with the upper crust at a depth of about 8 km, directly below one of the youngest phonolitic volcanic centers in the Eifel, where CO2 originating from the mantle is massively outgassing. A bright spot in the West Eifel between 6 and 10 km depth represents a Tertiary magma reservoir and is seen as a model for a differentiated reservoir beneath the young phonolitic center today. We find that the distribution of volcanic fields is controlled by the Variscan lithospheric structures and terrane boundaries as a whole, which is reflected by an offset of the Moho depth, a wedge‐shaped transparent zone in the lower crust and the system of thrusts over about 120 km length.