bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding and explanation. Paul Ricœur and human geography
Authors: Furia Paolo
Published: October 2021

The aim of my paper is to put Ricœur’s philosophy in dialogue with human geography. There are at least two good reasons to do so. The first concerns the epistemological foundation of geography: Whereas humanistic or phenomenological geographers inspired by Heidegger or, to a lesser extent, by Merleau-Ponty have sometimes taken on an anti-scientific approach, the Ricœurian articulation of understanding and explanation may contribute to building a bridge between the experiential side of place-meanings and the scientific explanations of spatial elements and their relationships. The second reason has to do with the application of the Ricœurian “model of the text” to landscape: It is a direction that Ricœur never explicitly took, but it is worth exploring, especially considering that “landscape as a text” was quite a popular metaphor among human geographers in the 1980s and 1990s. In this paper I will discuss both issues in order to outline a “Ricœurian path to geography,” which, while never explicitly developed by the philosopher, may represent an innovative and fruitful actualization of his thought.
A new principle of plural harm
Authors: Jedenheim Edling Magnus
Published: October 2021

According to the counterfactual comparative account (CCA), an event harms a person if and only if it makes things worse for her. Cases of overdetermination and preemption pose a serious challenge to CCA since, in these cases, although it is evident that people are harmed, there are no individual events that harm them. However, while there are no individual events that make people worse off in cases of overdetermination and preemption, there are pluralities of events that do so. In light of this feature of these cases, several philosophers have suggested that it is these pluralities that do the harming. In this article, I will argue that although the most prominent accounts of plural harm – e.g., Neil Feit’s account – fare better than one might initially think, they fail to deal adequately with a number of intriguing cases of preemption first introduced by Alastair Norcross. I will also introduce a new view on plural harm and argue that this view, apart from dealing with the cases of overdetermination and preemption that the other accounts of plural harm handle, also deals adequately with Norcross’s cases.
Exploring the Association Between Social Media Addiction and Relationship Satisfaction: Psychological Distress as a Mediator
Authors: Satici Begum , Kayis Ahmet Rifat , Griffiths Mark D.
Published: October 2021

Social media use has become part of daily life for many people. Earlier research showed that problematic social media use is associated with psychological distress and relationship satisfaction. The aim of the present study was to examine the mediating role of psychological distress in the relationship between social media addiction (SMA) and romantic relationship satisfaction (RS). Participants comprised 334 undergraduates from four mid-sized universities in Turkey who completed an offline survey. The survey included the Relationship Assessment Scale, the Social Media Disorder Scale, and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale. According to the results, there were significant correlations between all variables. The results also indicated that depression, anxiety, and stress partially mediated the impact of SMA on RS. Moreover, utilizing the bootstrapping procedure the study found significant associations between SMA and RS via psychological distress. Consequently, reducing social media use may help couples deal with romantic relationship dissatisfaction, thereby mitigating their depression, anxiety, and stress.
Physician Perspectives on Codeine Accessibility, Patterns of Use, Misuse, and Dependence in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Syed Mamoon H. , Yasmeen Ayesha , Van Hout Marie-Claire
Published: October 2021

In Saudi Arabia, there are concerning rates of non-compliance with pharmaceutical regulations prohibiting the pharmacy dispensing of prescription-only medications without a physician prescription. This is the first study in the Middle East which examines physicians’ perceptions regarding misuse of codeine, listed as a narcotic, controlled, and prescription-only drug. The CODEMISUSED survey was adapted to the Saudi Arabian context and pilot tested, prior to cross-sectional administration to physicians in Riyadh, Jeddah, Abha, and Jazan (n = 105). Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentage) present physician level of agreement, neutrality, and disagreement with statements regarding codeine prescribing, patient awareness and use, online and community pharmacy availability, and dependence. The study indicates concern by physicians regarding patient intentional use of codeine to enhance mood, misuse patterns, lack of awareness around habit-forming use and iatrogenic dependence, and sourcing via illegal dispensing. It underscores the imperatives to address pharmacy compliance with pharmaceutical regulatory controls, implement enhanced pharmacovigilance, and improve awareness around safe use.
New actionable targets and investigational drugs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Bohn Jan-Paul
Published: October 2021

The treatment landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has shifted from chemotherapy-based approaches to targeted agents in the last decade. However, evolving drug resistance and accumulating toxicity remain challenges that still limit patients’ clinical outcomes. Furthermore, currently licensed targeted agents such as inhibitors of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) and anti-apoptotic protein B‑cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) do not adequately compensate for the poor clinical outcomes associated with high-risk genetics such as TP53 alterations. New insights into disease biology facilitated design and investigation of several new targeted agents with encouraging results in early clinical trials. This short review focuses on novel actionable targets and investigational drugs aimed at circumventing acquired resistance and avoiding accumulating toxicity.
The rise of artificial intelligence – understanding the AI identity threat at the workplace
Authors: Mirbabaie Milad , Brünker Felix , Möllmann Frick Nicholas R. J. , Stieglitz Stefan
Published: October 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being increasingly integrated into enterprises to foster collaboration within humanmachine teams and assist employees with work-related tasks. However, introducing AI may negatively impact employees’ identifications with their jobs as AI is expected to fundamentally change workplaces and professions, feeding into individuals’ fears of being replaced. To broaden the understanding of the AI identity threat, the findings of this study reveal three central predictors for AI identity threat in the workplace: changes to work, loss of status position, and AI identity predicting AI identity threat in the workplace. This study enriches information systems literature by extending our understanding of collaboration with AI in the workplace to drive future research in this field. Researchers and practitioners understand the implications of employees’ identity when collaborating with AI and comprehend which factors are relevant when introducing AI in the workplace.
The cistern-system of early modern Venice: technology, politics and culture in a hydraulic society
Authors: Gentilcore David
Published: October 2021

At a time when European cities depended on three sources of fresh water for their domestic and industrial needs—rivers, spring-fed aqueducts and groundwater wells—early modern Venice added a fourth possibility: a dense network of cisterns for capturing, filtering and storing rainwater. Venice was not unique in relying on rainwater cisterns; but nowhere in Italy (indeed in Europe) was the approach so systematic and widespread, the city concerned so populous, the technology so sophisticated and the management so carefully regulated as in the lagoon city. To explore Venice’s cistern-system, a range of primary sources (medical treatises, travellers’ accounts, archival records) and the contributions of architectural, medical and social historians, and archaeologists are analysed. The article examines the system’s functioning and management, including the role of the city’sacquarolior watermen; the maintenance of freshwater quality throughout the city, in the context of broader sanitation measures; and the place of the “wells” and fresh water in daily life in Venice. As a means of teasing out the myriad links between nature, technology and society in early modern Italy, the article concludes with a brief comparison of the politics of water supply management in the very different urban realities of (republican) Venice, (viceregal) Naples and (papal) Rome.
Really natural adversarial examples
Authors: Pedraza Anibal , Deniz Oscar , Bueno Gloria
Published: October 2021

The phenomenon of Adversarial Examples has become one of the most intriguing topics associated to deep learning. The so-called adversarial attacks have the ability to fool deep neural networks with inappreciable perturbations. While the effect is striking, it has been suggested that such carefully selected injected noise does not necessarily appear in real-world scenarios. In contrast to this, some authors have looked for ways to generate adversarial noise in physical scenarios (traffic signs, shirts, etc.), thus showing that attackers can indeed fool the networks. In this paper we go beyond that and show that adversarial examples also appear in the real-world without any attacker or maliciously selected noise involved. We show this by using images from tasks related to microscopy and also general object recognition with the well-known ImageNet dataset. A comparison between these natural and the artificially generated adversarial examples is performed using distance metrics and image quality metrics. We also show that the natural adversarial examples are in fact at a higher distance from the originals that in the case of artificially generated adversarial examples.
Ideological Dilemmas Actualised by the Idea of Living Environmentally Childfree
Authors: Nakkerud Erik
Published: October 2021

Over the past decade, the choice of living childfree has increasingly been viewed as a pro-environmental behaviour. Recent research has investigated statistical relations between environmental concern and reproductive attitudes, as well as exploring the processes around actually deciding to live environmentally childfree. Based on increased public attention about the phenomenon, this article employs Michael Billig’s notion of ideological dilemmas to analyse the media coverage of choosing to live environmentally childfree, attempting to answer how these dilemmas influence whether living childfree is perceived as a relevant pro-environmental behaviour. Thirty-one news items were analysed using a synthesis of critical discursive psychology and thematic analysis. The analysis identified five ideological concepts: liberalism, sustainable development, globalism, biologism and humanism. Each of these concepts contains positions supporting and opposing the idea of living environmentally childfree in Norway. These ideological dilemmas seem to weaken the perceived relevance of living environmentally childfree, as the topic is easily dismissed or framed as irrelevant. I therefore conclude that the discourse of living environmentally childfree is analogous to how society generally relates to solutions to the environmental crises.
Suggestions to improve outcomes for male victims of domestic abuse: a review of the literature
Authors: Moore Tanis
Published: October 2021

Male victims of domestic abuse (DA) face a number of barriers to seeking help from their abusive relationships. Though available research has focussed primarily on exploring many of these challenges, few suggestions have been made on how to reduce or resolve them. It is necessary to establish a comprehensive plan to affect change at multiple levels in society in order to improve outcomes for this under-served population. This paper begins with a literature review examining in detail the many reasons why male victims of DA may refuse to seek help in an abusive relationship. Using the main key words, male victims combined with several common phrases related to the phenomenon of abuse including domestic abuse, domestic violence, and intimate partner violence, the review revealed several common reasons that male victims of DA refuse to seek help. These reasons include refusal or reluctance to view their experiences as abuse, hesitancy to identify with victimizing language, lack of available supportive services, embarrassment, shame, loss of masculinity, fear of being judged or disbelieved by others, fear of police response, and devotion to their family. Based on this review, a list of suggestions by the author is provided for changes that can be made to counter these barriers and improve male help-seeking. These suggestions are comprised of four broad themes: increasing public awareness, addressing the unique needs of male victims of DA, improving training for service providers, and increasing funding for services targeted to male victims of DA. A section exploring some of the unique concerns of gay, bisexual, and transgender men is included. International trends in the development and provision of services for male victims show that while increasing attention is being given to this vulnerable population, there are still significant gaps in available supports.
Indigenous migration patterns in Brazil based on the 2010 national demographic census: analysis and critical reflection
Authors: de Campos Marden Barbosa , Santos Ricardo Ventura , Vilela Elaine Meire , de Noronha Cláudia Lima Ayer , da Silva Leandro Okamoto , Coimbra Jr Carlos E. A. , Bastos João Luiz , Welch James R.
Published: October 2021

Research in several Latin American countries points to violence, loss of traditional territories, and seeking education, health, and wage labor as key variables in triggering rural–urban migration among Indigenous people. This study presents an analysis of the migration patterns of Indigenous people in Brazil, compared to non-indigenous people, based on data from the most recent national census, conducted in 2010. Migration characteristics related to lifetime migration and recent migration were investigated by means of descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses. The findings pointed to complex mobility scenarios according to migrants’ Indigenous status and geographical regions of origin and destination. Indigenous people living in urban areas presented high levels of mobility (approximately 50% lived in different municipalities from those where they were born), which were more pronounced than those of non-Indigenous people. Indigenous people living in rural areas presented the lowest levels of migration (approximately 90% residing in their municipality of birth). Statistical modeling confirmed the patterns observed in descriptive analysis, highlighting the marked mobility of Indigenous subjects in urban areas. We emphasize the limitations of using census data for characterizing Indigenous mobility profiles, although no other nationally representative data are available. The finding that the Indigenous population living in urban areas presents rates of migration higher than their non-Indigenous counterparts is particularly important for the planning and implementation of a broad range of public policies aimed at ethnic minorities in the country, including health, education, and housing initiatives.
Digital Health Experience: A Regulatory Focus Perspective
Authors: O'Connor Genevieve E. , Myrden Susan , Alkire (née Nasr) Linda , Lee Kyungwon , Köcher Sören , Kandampully Jay , Williams Jerome D.
Published: October 2021

Digital technology is an integral part of today's healthcare, yet little is known about how these technologies affect healthcare customers’ experience. This study uses regulatory focus theory to understand how consumers’ role clarity, perceived usefulness, ease of use (i.e., promotion orientation), security, and trust (i.e., prevention orientation) when using digital health technology affect their experience. A nationwide study shows that customer experience is driven by promotion- and prevention-related variables concurrently. Results also show that customer experience with digital health technology positively affects customers’ attitudes toward using digital technology. This study offers valuable insights for marketers, technology developers, and healthcare managers interested in understanding and improving healthcare customer experience.
The Economics of Platforms
Authors: Belleflamme Paul , Peitz Martin
Published: October 2021

Digital platforms controlled by Alibaba, Alphabet, Amazon, Facebook, Netflix, Tencent and Uber have transformed not only the ways we do business, but also the very nature of people's everyday lives. It is of vital importance that we understand the economic principles governing how these platforms operate. This book explains the driving forces behind any platform business with a focus on network effects. The authors use short case studies and real-world applications to explain key concepts such as how platforms manage network effects and which price and non-price strategies they choose. This self-contained text is the first to offer a systematic and formalized account of what platforms are and how they operate, concisely incorporating path-breaking insights in economics over the last twenty years.
Voting on Belonging
Authors: Dabby Dia
Published: October 2021

In 2017, a Muslim cemetery project was proposed in the municipality of St-Apollinaire, just outside Quebec City. This proposal required a change in local zoning, which necessitated approval from citizens living around the targeted plot of land, through the use of diverse deliberative tools. Drawing on a small-scale empirical study conducted in 2017–2018 with key informants in the cemetery project, this article investigates how these actors lived through, engaged with, and operated within the bounds of law. To do this, I suggest employing a legal consciousness framework to examine how local life is also where everyday lived law occurs. The local governance of diversity in death thus requires a re-evaluation of the “local,” identity politics, relationships, and legal consciousness. Ultimately, this article proposes that local decision-making processes play an important yet underexamined role in the broader conversations on belonging.
Going remote: Implementing digital research methods at an academic medical center during COVID-19
Authors: Keenoy Katie E. , Lenze Eric J. , Nicol Ginger E.
Published: October 2021

COVID-19 has forced medical research institutions to conduct clinical research remotely. Here, we describe how a university’s mHealth Research Core helped facilitate the shift to remote research during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019 (pre-pandemic), we conducted stakeholder interviews and leadership group sessions to identify, create, and implement resources and core functions to support investigator-initiated mHealth research. Between April 2019 and February 2020, we identified four investigator needs: 1) a seminar series on trends in mHealth research, 2) mHealth case consultation services, 3) liaison services with institutional regulatory compliance groups, and 4) online navigation tools for implementation of mHealth methods (e.g., eConsent) and for building partnerships with technology vendors. To date, the mHealth Research Core has held seven seminars, completed 71 case consultations, assisted four COVID-related clinical studies, advised the IRB on shifting to remote research, and widely disseminated eConsent navigation tools. Although pre-pandemic stakeholder and investigator needs led to the creation of the mHealth Research Core, this institutional resource played a critical role in continuing clinical research during the pandemic by assisting investigators in rapidly shifting to remote study methodology.
FAST tuberculosis transmission control strategy speeds the start of tuberculosis treatment at a general hospital in Lima, Peru
Authors: Tierney Dylan B. , Orvis Eli , Nathavitharana Ruvandhi R. , Hurwitz Shelley , Tintaya Karen , Vargas Dante , Segura Patricia , de la Gala Silvana , Lecca Leonid , Mitnick Carole D. , Nardell Edward A.
Published: October 2021

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of the FAST (Find cases Actively, Separate safely, Treat effectively) strategy on time to tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment for patients at a general hospital in a tuberculosis-endemic setting.

Design:

Prospective cohort study with historical controls.

Participants:

Patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis during hospitalization at Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue in Lima, Peru.

Methods:

The FAST strategy was implemented from July 24, 2016, to December 31, 2019. We compared the proportion of patients with drug susceptibility testing and tuberculosis treatment during FAST to the 6-month period prior to FAST. Times to diagnosis and tuberculosis treatment were also compared using Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox regressions.

Results:

We analyzed 75 patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis through FAST. The historical cohort comprised 76 patients. More FAST patients underwent drug susceptibility testing (98.7% vs 57.8%; OR, 53.8;P< .001), which led to the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis in 18 (24.3%) of 74 of the prospective cohort and 4 (9%) of 44 of the historical cohort (OR, 3.2;P= .03). Overall, 55 FAST patients (73.3%) started tuberculosis treatment during hospitalization compared to 39 (51.3%) controls (OR, 2.44;P= .012). FAST reduced the time from hospital admission to the start of TB treatment (HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.39–3.21;P< .001).

Conclusions:

Using the FAST strategy improved the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis and the likelihood and speed of starting treatment among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis at a general hospital in a tuberculosis-endemic setting. In these settings, the FAST strategy should be considered to reduce tuberculosis transmission while simultaneously improving the quality of care.
Theory for the coalescence of viscous lenses
Authors: Tewes Walter , Hack Michiel A. , Datt Charu , Peng Gunnar G. , Snoeijer Jacco H.
Published: October 2021

Drop coalescence occurs through the rapid growth of a liquid bridge that connects the two drops. At early times after contact, the bridge dynamics is typically self-similar, with details depending on the geometry and viscosity of the liquid. In this paper we analyse the coalescence of two-dimensional viscous drops that float on a quiescent deep pool; such drops are called liquid lenses. The analysis is based on the thin-sheet equations, which were recently shown to accurately capture experiments of liquid lens coalescence. It is found that the bridge dynamics follows a self-similar solution at leading order, but, depending on the large-scale boundary conditions on the drop, significant corrections may arise to this solution. This dynamics is studied in detail using numerical simulations and through matched asymptotics. We show that the liquid lens coalescence can involve a global translation of the drops, a feature that is confirmed experimentally.
Capillary ionic liquid electrospray: beam compositional analysis by orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Miller S.W. , Ulibarri-Sanchez J.R. , Prince B.D. , Bemish R.J.
Published: October 2021

Orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used to characterize the kinetic energy and charged species distributions from an in vacuo electrospray ion source for four different ionic liquids at volumetric flow rates between 0.3 and 3.3 nanolitres per second. In all cases, the mass spectra revealed charged species consisting of singly charged and multiply charged ions as well as two broad, unresolved droplet distributions occurring in the 104 to 106 atomic mass unit per charge range. The mean jet velocity and mean jet breakup potential were established from analysis of the energy profile of the high mass-to-charge droplets. At the jet breakup point, we find the energy loss and the jet diameter flow rate dependence of the electrospray beam to be similar to that determined by Gamero-Castaño (Phys. Fluids, vol. 20, 2008, 032103; Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 8, 2021, 013701) for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluromethylsulfonyl)imide at similar volumetric flow rates. Similar trends are observed for all four liquids over the flow regime. A jet instability analysis revealed that jet electrification and viscous effects drive the jet breakup from the case of an uncharged, inviscid jet; jet breakup occurs at droplet and jet radius ratios that deviate from 1.89. Using the analytically determined ratio and the beam profile, different species are modelled to reconstruct the mass spectra; primary droplets constitute only a fraction of the total species present. The populations of the species are discussed.
Force balance in rapidly rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Aguirre Guzmán Andrés J. , Madonia Matteo , Cheng Jonathan S. , Ostilla-Mónico Rodolfo , Clercx Herman J.H. , Kunnen Rudie P.J.
Published: October 2021

The force balance of rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection regimes is investigated using direct numerical simulation on a laterally periodic domain, vertically bounded by no-slip walls. We provide a comprehensive view of the interplay between governing forces both in the bulk and near the walls. We observe, as in other prior studies, regimes of cells, convective Taylor columns, plumes, large-scale vortices (LSVs) and rotation-affected convection. Regimes of rapidly rotating convection are dominated by geostrophy, the balance between Coriolis and pressure-gradient forces. The higher-order interplay between inertial, viscous and buoyancy forces defines a subdominant balance that distinguishes the geostrophic states. It consists of viscous and buoyancy forces for cells and columns, inertial, viscous and buoyancy forces for plumes, and inertial forces for LSVs. In rotation-affected convection, inertial and pressure-gradient forces constitute the dominant balance; Coriolis, viscous and buoyancy forces form the subdominant balance. Near the walls, in geostrophic regimes, force magnitudes are larger than in the bulk; buoyancy contributes little to the subdominant balance of cells, columns and plumes. Increased force magnitudes denote increased ageostrophy near the walls. Nonetheless, the flow is geostrophic as the bulk. Inertia becomes increasingly more important compared with the bulk, and enters the subdominant balance of columns. As the bulk, the near-wall flow loses rotational constraint in rotation-affected convection. Consequently, kinetic boundary layers deviate from the expected behaviour from linear Ekman boundary layer theory. Our findings elucidate the dynamical balances of rotating thermal convection under realistic top/bottom boundary conditions, relevant to laboratory settings and large-scale natural flows.
Dynamic soliton–mean flow interaction with non-convex flux
Authors: van der Sande Kiera , El Gennady A. , Hoefer Mark A.
Published: October 2021

The interaction of localised solitary waves with large-scale, time-varying dispersive mean flows subject to non-convex flux is studied in the framework of the modified Korteweg–de Vries (mKdV) equation, a canonical model for internal gravity wave propagation and potential vorticity fronts in stratified fluids. The effect of large amplitude, dynamically evolving mean flows on the propagation of localised waves – essentially ‘soliton steering’ by the mean flow – is considered. A recent theoretical and experimental study of this new type of dynamic soliton–mean flow interaction for convex flux has revealed two scenarios where the soliton either transmits through the varying mean flow or remains trapped inside it. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the presence of a non-convex cubic hydrodynamic flux introduces significant modifications to the scenarios for transmission and trapping. A reduced set of Whitham modulation equations is used to formulate a general mathematical framework for soliton–mean flow interaction with non-convex flux. Solitary wave trapping is stated in terms of crossing modulation characteristics. Non-convexity and positive dispersion – common for stratified fluids – imply the existence of localised, sharp transition fronts (kinks). Kinks play dual roles as a mean flow and a wave, imparting polarity reversal to solitons and dispersive mean flows, respectively. Numerical simulations of the mKdV equation agree with modulation theory predictions. The mathematical framework developed is general, not restricted to completely integrable equations like mKdV, enabling application beyond the mKdV setting to other fluid dynamic contexts subject to non-convex flux such as strongly nonlinear internal wave propagation that is prevalent in the ocean.
Investigation of species-mass diffusion in binary-species boundary layers at high pressure using direct numerical simulations
Authors: Toki Takahiko , Bellan Josette
Published: October 2021

Direct numerical simulations of single-species and binary-species temporal boundary layers at high pressure are performed with special attention to species-mass diffusion. The working fluids are nitrogen or a mixture of nitrogen and methane. Mean profiles and turbulent fluctuations of mass fraction show that their qualitative characteristics are different from those of streamwise velocity and temperature, due to the different boundary conditions. In a wall-parallel plane near the wall, the streamwise velocity and temperature have streaky patterns and the fields are similar. However, the mass fraction field at the same location is different from the streamwise velocity and temperature fields indicating that species-mass diffusion is not similar to the momentum and thermal diffusion. In contrast, at the centre and near the edge of the boundary layer, the mass fraction and temperature fields have almost the same pattern, indicating that the similarity between thermal and species-mass diffusion holds away from the wall. The lack of similarity near the wall is traced to the Soret effect that induces a temperature-gradient-dependent species-mass flux. As a result, a new phenomenon has been identified for a non-isothermal binary-species system – uphill diffusion, which in its classical isothermal definition can only occur for three or more species. A quadrant analysis for the turbulent mass flux reveals that near the wall the Soret effect enhances the negative contributions of the quadrants. Due to the enhancement of the negative contributions, small species-concentration fluid tends to be trapped near the wall.
TORT LAW AND THE MORAL LAW: ANGLO-FRENCH DIVERGENCES
Authors: Bell John
Published: October 2021

Tunc's inaugural lecture “Tort Law and the Moral Law” in 1972 aimed to set out the moral foundations of tort liability in common law and French law. It triggered exchanges in this Journal with Hamson who challenged Tunc's views. This article explores the context of the debate and then reviews the subsequent developments of English and French law. Both systems have continued on the same path as the protagonists set out in their debate with France deepening its grounding in social solidarity as a justification for tort liability while English law sees its place only in state action or private charity.
THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE CAMBRIDGE LAW JOURNAL
Authors: Bently Lionel
Published: October 2021

This introductory essay reviews the history of the Journal, divided into two stages: the period from 1921 to 1953; and that from 1954 to today. It examines the changing institutional arrangements, personnel, as well as some of the highlights in the content of the Journal. If there is a theme, it is that the Journal was established by and developed its reputation because of the efforts of many of the outstanding scholars at Cambridge who over the decades offered the outputs of their talents to the Journal; and that the Journal has used that reputation more and more to attract the scholars outside Cambridge – indeed from all over the world. Whatever the aims of those who established the Cambridge Law Journal in 1921, and without much self-consciousness, the Journal incrementally acquired the status and practices of a learned journal. Finally, the essay reflects on the future, in particular the challenges of digitisation, open access and inclusivity.
PREFACE
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: October 2021

The centenary of the Cambridge Law Journal represents an important milestone not only for the Journal itself but for the Faculty of Law at Cambridge. As the current Chair of the Faculty Board of Law, it is an honour and a great pleasure to have the opportunity to write the preface to this special issue, in which we celebrate a hundred years of outstanding legal scholarship by republishing – and offering contemporary reflections stimulated by – a series of seminal articles that have featured in the Journal.
FOREWORD
Authors: Arden Mary Howarth
Published: October 2021

It is a remarkable achievement for anyone to be celebrating their 100th birthday, and the Cambridge Law Journal must be one of the few legal journals anywhere to have done so. In this, its 100th year of publication, the Journal continues to enjoy a global reputation, and every congratulation must go to all the editors and contributors over the period of its publication, not to forget the publishers.
Sequences of high tones across word boundaries in Tswana
Authors: Zerbian Sabine , Kügler Frank
Published: October 2021

The article analyses violations of the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) above the word level in Tswana, a Southern Bantu language, by investigating the realization of adjacent lexical high tones across word boundaries. The results show that across word boundaries downstep (i.e. a lowering of the second in a series of adjacent high tones) only takes place within a phonological phrase. A phonological phrase break blocks downstep, even when the necessary tonal configuration is met. A phrase-based account is adopted in order to account for the occurrence of downstep. Our study confirms a pattern previously reported for the closely related language Southern Sotho and provides controlled, empirical data from Tswana, based on read speech of twelve speakers which has been analysed auditorily by two annotators as well as acoustically.
Women in Roman Military Bases: Gendered Brooches from the Augustan Military Base and Flavio-Trajanic Fortress at Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Authors: Van der Veen Vincent
Published: October 2021

Roman military bases were once regarded as strictly male domains with the only women living there being the senior officers’ wives. This view was challenged by studies that used material culture to identify women in Roman forts and interpret the roles they played. The best of this work considers both the multiple identities expressed through objects and the complexities of depositional and recovery processes. The article presented here fits into this recent development, as it investigates the presence of women in the Augustan military base and the Flavio-Trajanic fortress on the Hunerberg in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, by examining the spatial distribution of brooches (fibulae) associated with women. The distribution of female brooches is compared to that of military (male) brooches in order to highlight and interpret any significant patterns. While numbers are small, the quality of the contextual information allows for the examination of depositional and recovery practices. The paper also raises wider questions about the possibility of ‘gendering’ brooches.
Observer design for apex height and vertical velocity of a single-leg hopping robot during stance phase
Authors: Prakash Ashish , Meena Gagan Deep
Published: October 2021

This article proposes an observer design for two important variables in the studies of single-leg hopping robot (SLHR), the apex height, and the vertical velocity of SLHR during its stance phase. At first, the Euler–Lagrange (EL) dynamics of SLHR are obtained and apex height is identified in the state-space representation of the EL dynamics. Apex height is the state variable that represents the robot body’s height at the top point, which keeps on changing as the robot functions. Vertical velocity is the velocity of the robot in the vertical direction. An observer design is presented in this article which will estimate these variables when required. The quality of the estimation is validated by the simulation results where the estimation error is zero which means the model output is correct and observer performance is good.
Export market participation and environmental actions of enterprises in Vietnam
Authors: Efobi Uchenna
Published: October 2021

The outcome of environmental actions from participation in the export market are examined by unpacking some mechanisms that explain the estimated relationship. The empirical strategy utilizes the variation in the distance between the location of the sampled enterprises and the top 25 destinations of Vietnamese exports across sectors, and the weight of each sampled export to total exports in each period, to obtain exogenous variation in the enterprise's export market participation. The result shows a positive relationship between the enterprise's export participation and its overall engagement in environmental actions (such as the sum of its environmental actions, the sum of actions in the investments in equipment towards environmental issues, and total expenditure for the purchase of equipment for environmental actions). Possible mechanisms are international standardization, national certification, and strong enforcement of environmental regulations from export market engagement.
Are dietary patterns in early childhood associated with alcohol consumption at the age of 17 years? Analysis of data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) prospective cohort study
Authors: Yorke Katherine , Northstone Kate , Jones Louise R
Published: October 2021

Objective:

To examine the relationship between a posteriori dietary patterns in early childhood and alcohol consumption in adolescence.

Design:

Data were obtained from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) prospective cohort study. Dietary information was obtained using FFQ at the age of 3 and 7 years. The association between dietary patterns, derived using principal components analysis and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores (to assess harmful intake) and frequency of alcohol consumption at the age of 17 years were examined. Secondary analysis considered sugar intake as a percentage of total energy intake.

Setting:

Women who gave birth between 1 April 1991 and 31 December 1992 in the Avon area in southwest England were eligible for the ALSPAC cohort study.

Participants:

Totally, 14 541 pregnancies were enrolled in ALSPAC during its initial recruitment phase. For this analysis, complete data were available for between 3148 and 3520 participants.

Results:

Adherence to the ‘healthy’ dietary pattern at both 3 and 7 years of age was positively associated with consuming more than one alcoholic drink per week at 17 years of age, whilst adherence to the ‘traditional’ dietary pattern at both ages was protective of harmful alcohol intake at 17 years of age. Sugar intake was not associated with either alcohol outcome after adjustment for ethnicity, maternal level of education, parental social class and maternal AUDIT score.

Conclusions:

For the population studied, changes to diet in early childhood are unlikely to have an impact on harmful alcohol use in adolescence given the lack of consistency across the results.
Respecting international humanitarian law and safeguarding humanitarian action in counterterrorism measures: United Nations Security Council resolutions 2462 and 2482 point the way
Authors: Weizmann Nathalie
Published: October 2021

United Nations, regional and domestic counterterrorism measures have generated a cascade of adverse effects for impartial humanitarian activities in areas where designated groups are present. Certain humanitarian activities, diverted supplies and incidental payments can fall foul of broadly worded counterterrorism regulation proscribing or criminalizing financial and other support to designated groups. Donors to humanitarian organizations set strict conditions and financial institutions decline transactions, hampering impartial humanitarian activities in the very instances in which international humanitarian law (IHL) requires that they be allowed. Recognizing this, United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions 2462 and 2482 adopted in 2019 have spelled out more explicitly than ever before the need for counterterrorism measures to comply with IHL and safeguard impartial humanitarian action in line with IHL. This article sets out those IHL obligations that govern humanitarian and medical activities and the types of safeguards that States have put in place to ensure their counterterrorism measures comply with IHL and allow for these activities. The UNSC's latest steer in resolutions 2462 and 2482 provides a foundation for States’ exclusion of impartial humanitarian and medical activities from the scope of application of their counterterrorism measures. This can be an effective way of averting adverse consequences for these activities where designated entities are present.
Volition in Sports
Authors: Beckmann Jürgen , Ehmann Madison , Kossak Tom-Nicolas , Perl Benedikt , Hähl and Wiebke
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Volition is an essential component of sport and exercise. It comprises self-regulation processes complementing motivation to facilitate successful action. Therefore, sport psychological interventions or psychological skills training largely involve volition. Essentially, three theoretical approaches to volition have stimulated sport psychological research: the theory of action control, the Rubicon model of action phases, and the resource depletion model. These three models will be outlined and evaluated with regard to their contribution to sport psychological research. Despite their contributions, research on the exact mechanisms underlying volition is still in its infancy. Based on new developments involving affective neuroscience and self-control success, potential mechanisms are suggested. Subsequently, we discuss how these developments can advance the aforementioned well-established theories.
New Ocean Subsurface Optical Properties From Space Lidars: CALIOP/CALIPSO and ATLAS/ICESat‐2
Authors: Lu Xiaomei , Hu Yongxiang , Yang Yuekui , Neumann Thomas , Omar Ali , Baize Rosemary , Vaughan Mark , Rodier Sharon , Getzewich Brian , Lucker Patricia , Trepte Charles , Hostetler Chris , Winker David
Published: October 2021

Remote sensing from Earth‐observing satellites is now providing valuable information about ocean phytoplankton distributions. This paper presents the new ocean subsurface optical properties obtained from two space‐based lidars: the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aboard the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations satellite and the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) aboard the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite‐2 satellite. Obtaining reliable estimates of subsurface biomass necessitates removing instrument artifacts peculiar to each sensor, that is, polarization crosstalk artifacts in the CALIOP signals and after pulsing effects arising from the ATLAS photodetectors. We validate the optical properties derived from the corrected lidar backscatter signals using MODerate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ocean color measurements and autonomous biogeochemical Argo float profiles. Our results support the continued use of present and future spaceborne lidars to study the global plankton system and characterize its vertical structures in the upper ocean.
Seismic Formation Fluid Pressure Observations Reveal High Anisotropy of Oceanic Crust
Authors: Sun Tianhaozhe , Davis Earl , Heesemann Martin
Published: October 2021

Fractures and faults in igneous oceanic crust affect hydrothermal circulation and hydration of the oceanic plates. Seismic observations have provided information about lithospheric fabrics, but direct measurements of oceanic crust’s elastic properties were not made. We report determinations of compressibility of the upper igneous crust (of 3.6 Ma) of the Juan de Fuca plate, using observed formation fluid pressure oscillations in sealed boreholes associated with passing surface waves from distant earthquakes. We determine an azimuthal variation of formation‐matrix compressibility by a factor of ∼5, with the crust being most compressible in the plate‐spreading direction across the structural fabric inherited from crustal creation. This is equivalent to a seismic compressional wave speed anisotropy of ∼50%–60%, much greater than that of standard seismic measurements (typically <20%). This likely reflects a previously unresolved degree of fracturing of the uppermost oceanic crust, consistent with existing observations that suggest a high degree of hydraulic permeability anisotropy.
Effect of Water Withdrawal on the Appearance and Sound Level of Waterfalls
Authors: Schalko I. , Boes R. M.
Published: October 2021

For rivers or streams with waterfalls, water withdrawal for multiple uses can lead to potential conflicts of interest. The question arises to what extent water withdrawal impairs the appearance and acoustics of waterfalls. A data set was analyzed of 15 waterfalls of different morphological types in Switzerland, Austria, and Norway. It comprises discharge measurements as well as photo imaging and sound level measurements. The variations of waterfall appearance and sound level decreased after reaching a threshold discharge value for all investigated morphological waterfall types. For low discharges, visible and acoustics changes were more significant compared to higher discharges. Acoustics changes were less pronounced than visual changes. The acoustics and visual extent of a water withdrawal can be calculated with a novel assessment equation using a normalized discharge. Based on an impact intensity, which is a function of the extent of the water withdrawal and the nonmonetary waterfall value, the selected residual discharge can be evaluated. In addition, a software tool was developed to enable a sensitivity analysis of the required residual discharge to maintain a certain waterfall appearance.
Multifunctional BODIPY for effective inactivation of Gram-positive bacteria and promotion of wound healing
Authors: Li Chaonan , Li Yite , Wu Qihang , Sun Tingting , Xie Zhigang
Published: October 2021

A positively charged BODIPY photosensitizer (LIBDP) is applied to efficient antibacterial treatment based on the generation of ROS and NO.
DFT study on Ir-quinoid catalyzed C–H functionalization: new radical reactivity or direct carbene transfer?
Authors: Manoj Niket , Jindal Garima
Published: October 2021

We use DFT methods to explore the mechanism of a direct C(sp3)–H functionalization via metal quinoid carbenes.
Nickel-catalyzed enantioselective umpolung hydrogenation for stereoselective synthesis of β-amido esters
Authors: Zhou Jianrong Steve , Guo Siyu , Zhao Xiaohu , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: October 2021

Nickel complexes ligated by strongly donating diphosphines catalyze enantioselective hydrogenation for the preparation of acyclic and cyclic β-amido esters.
Supramolecular [Na(15-crown-5)]+ cations anchored to face-sharing octahedral lead bromide chains featuring a rotor-like one-dimensional perovskite with a reversible isostructural phase transition near room temperature
Authors: Yuan Guo-Jun , Zhou Hong , Li Li , Chen Hong , Ren Xiao-Ming
Published: October 2021

A 1D rotor-like organic perovskite, {[Na(15-crown-5)]PbBr3}n, features a high-κ nature and experiences a reversible isostructural phase transition near room temperature.
The interplay between surface-functionalized gold nanoparticles and negatively charged lipid vesicles
Authors: Quan Xuebo , Zhao Daohui , Zhou Jian
Published: October 2021

Different surface-functionalized AuNPs adhere to the membrane surface (anionic AuNPs) or get into the vesicle bilayer (hydrophobic and cationic AuNPs), in which hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction play the crucial role.