bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intermediate Vision and Reading Speed With Array, Tecnis, and ReSTOR Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Hütz Werner W. , Eckhardt Heinz B. , Röhrig; Bernd , Grolmus Roman
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To retrospectively evaluate reading performance at intermediate distances of three types of multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) under different light conditions based on reading acuity and reading speed tests.

Methods:

Thirty cataract patients (60 eyes) randomly assigned to receive the Array SA40N lens (n=20 eyes), the Tecnis ZM001 lens (n=20 eyes), and the ReSTOR lens (n=20 eyes) were retrospectively tested for their reading abilities at distances of 40 cm, 60 cm, and 80 cm under low light conditions (6 cd/m
2
) and bright light conditions (100 cd/m
2
).

Results:

LogMAR distance-corrected acuity in dim (bright) light at 40 cm was 0.456 (0.363) (Array), 0.446 (0.293) (ReSTOR), and 0.299 (0.140) (Tecnis); at 60 cm, it was 0.417 (0.259) (Array), 0.448 (0.318) (ReSTOR), and 0.381 (0.121) (Tecnis); at 80 cm, it was 0.359 (0.195) (Array), 0.395 (0.245) (ReSTOR), and 0.373 (0.124) (Tecnis). Uncorrected reading speed (words/min) in dim (bright) light at 40 cm was 25 (69) (Array), 58 (138) (ReSTOR), and 110 (166) (Tecnis); at 60 cm, it was 65 (129) (Array), 58 (129) (ReSTOR), and 135 (173) (Tecnis); and at 80 cm, it was 59 (153) (Array), 79 (164) (ReSTOR), and 121 (176 (Tecnis).

Conclusions:

Our study indicates that Array, ReSTOR, and Tecnis IOLs provide functional intermediate vision in bright light. In dim light, however, the Tecnis IOL provides better uncorrected reading speed at intermediate distances than Array and ReSTOR IOLs. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:251–256.]
Wavefront-guided Excimer Laser Vision Correction After Multifocal IOL Implantation
Authors: Jendritza Bettina B. , Knorz Michael C. , Morton Steve
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To investigate the use of wavefront-guided LASIK after multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation to correct residual ametropia and higher order aberrations.

Methods:

In a prospective, nonrandomized case series, wavefront-guided LASIK was performed in 27 eyes (19 patients) after multifocal IOL implantation (Tecnis diffractive IOL, n=20; ReSTOR diffractive IOL, n=4; ReZoom refractive IOL, n=3) using the VISX STAR S4 IR excimer laser. Visual acuity, manifest refraction, and wavefront error were examined pre- and 3 months postoperatively.

Results:

In the Tecnis group, results before (after) LASIK were: sphere +1.06±0.77 diopters (D) (−0.03±0.28 D;
P
=.0001), cylinder −1.13±0.73 D (−0.14±0.25 D;
P
=.00004), distance uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) 20/45±0.09 (20/29±0.16;
P
=.00004), near UCVA 20/30±0.24 (20/25±0.16;
P
=.001), and higher order aberrations (4-mm pupil) 0.14±0.05 µm (0.18±0.03 µm;
P
=.02). Distance and near best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) did not change. In the ReSTOR group, results before (after) LASIK were: sphere +0.75±0.56 D (+0.13±0.22 D), cylinder −1.50±0.47 D (−0.13±0.22 D), distance UCVA 20/40±0.07 (20/26±0.07), near UCVA 20/44±0.05 (20/25±0.0), and higher order aberrations (4-mm pupil) 0.14±0.03 µm (0.20±0.02 µm). Distance and near BSCVA did not change. In the ReZoom group, results before (after) LASIK were: sphere +0.08±1.20 D (0.00 D), cylinder −0.83±0.120 D (0.00 D), distance UCVA 20/40±0 (20/25±0), near UCVA 20/60±0.09 (20/150±0.18), and higher order aberrations (4-mm pupil) 0.43±0.04 µm (0.39±0.03 µm). Patients lost one line of distance BSCVA and two lines of near BSCVA.

Conclusions:

Wavefront-guided LASIK is safe and effective in diffractive multifocal IOLs to correct residual refractive error, but higher order aberrations did not improve. It is not recommended in refractive multifocal IOLs, as these cannot be measured reliably with current wavefront sensors. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:274–279.]
Wavefront Measurements of Diffractive and Refractive Multifocal Intraocular Lenses in an Artificial Eye
Authors: Campbell Charles E.
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To investigate whether wavefront measurements taken in eyes that have implanted multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) are reliable when creating laser refractive surgical treatments to remove residual refractive error from these eyes.

Methods:

A specially designed fluid-filled model eye holding a multifocal IOL was refracted using a commercial wavefront eye refractor. The wavefront findings were then compared to the expected refractive error. The fluid-filled model was designed to match the optical characteristics of a human eye and to hold the IOL at the same distance from the cornea as in a human eye. Lenses tested were AMO Tecnis ZM900 series (diffractive design, +25.00 D, +4.00 D add), AMO ReZoom NXG1 series (refractive design, 25.00 D, +4.00 D add), and AMO 811E (diffractive with aspheric design 25.00 D, +4.00 add). The visible pupil diameter was 5.75 mm.

Results:

Diffractive bifocal IOLs were found to create spot doubling in the Shack-Hartmann sensor image as expected from theoretical considerations. However, the residual sphere power and cylinder power reported were those expected. In addition, the higher order aberrations reported were reasonable in light of expected results. Refractive multifocal IOLs were found to create distorted Shack-Hartmann images as expected. The residual sphere power and cylinder power reported were not those expected nor were the higher order aberrations. In addition, the higher order values were sensitive to the position of the eye with respect to the refractor.

Conclusions:

Wavefront measurements from eyes with diffractive IOLs can be used, with caution, to plan laser refractive treatments. Wavefront measurements from eyes with refractive multifocal IOLs should not be used to plan post-implant laser refractive correction. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:308–311.]
Photorefractive Keratectomy With Mitomycin C Versus LASIK in Custom Surgeries for Myopia: A Bilateral Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Wallau Anelise Dutra , Campos Mauro
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To compare photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with prophylactic use of mitomycin C (MMC) and LASIK in custom surgeries for myopic astigmatism.

Methods:

Eighty-eight eyes of 44 patients with a minimum estimated ablation depth of 50 µm were randomized to receive PRK with MMC 0.002% for 1 minute in one eye and LASIK in the fellow eye. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), cycloplegic refraction, slit-lamp microscopy, contrast sensitivity, specular microscopy, aberrometry, and a subjective questionnaire were evaluated. Forty-two patients completed 6-month follow-up.

Results:

Mean spherical equivalent refraction error before surgery and mean ablation depth were −3.99±1.20 diopters (D) and 73.09±14.55 µm in LASIK eyes, and −3.85±1.12 D and 70.7±14.07 µm in PRK with MMC eyes, respectively. Uncorrected visual acuity was significantly better in PRK with MMC eyes 3 months (
P
=.04) and 6 months (
P
=.01) after surgery. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and spherical equivalent refraction did not differ significantly in the groups during follow-up (
P
>.05). Significant haze was not observed in any PRK with MMC eye. Mean higher order aberration was lower in PRK with MMC eyes postoperatively compared with LASIK eyes (
P
=.01). Better contrast sensitivity was observed in PRK with MMC eyes than LASIK eyes (
P
<.05). The endothelial cell count did not differ significantly between groups (
P
=.65). In terms of visual satisfaction, PRK with MMC eyes were better rated.

Conclusions:

Photorefractive keratectomy with MMC appears to be more effective than LASIK in custom surgery for moderate myopia. During 6-month follow-up, no toxic effects of MMC were evident. Long-term follow-up is necessary to attest its safety. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:326–336.]
Cyclosporine 0.05% Ophthalmic Preparation to Aid Recovery From Loss of Corneal Sensitivity After LASIK
Authors: Peyman Gholam A. , Sanders Donald R. , Batlle Juan F. , Féliz Rafael , Cabrera Ginny
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To determine whether cyclosporine (0.05%) can safely and effectively accelerate corneal nerve regeneration after LASIK, thereby facilitating faster recovery of corneal sensitivity.

Methods:

This prospective, randomized, single-center clinical study comprised 44 eyes of 22 patients scheduled to undergo bilateral LASIK. One eye was randomly assigned to receive cyclosporine drops twice daily for 3 months in addition to standard postoperative LASIK medication. Corneal sensitivity was measured using the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer in four areas outside and five areas inside the LASIK flap preoperatively and at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Safety parameters of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and the incidence of adverse events were also collected.

Results:

For all four points outside the LASIK flap, normal corneal sensitivity was maintained throughout the study. In addition, no significant difference was found between the cyclosporine-treated eyes and the control eyes at these points. All points within the LASIK flap except the point closest to the hinge demonstrated profound corneal hypoesthesia at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month postoperatively with no differences noted between the control and cyclosporine-treated eyes. These same points had statistically significantly greater corneal sensitivity in the cyclosporine group relative to the control group (
P
⩽.011) at 3 months postoperatively.

Conclusions:

Cyclosporine was shown to significantly improve corneal sensitivity at 3 months after LASIK, which suggests that topical cyclosporine promotes enhanced corneal nerve regeneration. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:337–343.]
Pseudoaccommodation and Visual Acuity With Technovision PresbyLASIK and a Theoretical Simulated Array
®
Multifocal Intraocular Lens
Authors: Illueca Carlos , Alió Jorge L. , Mas David , Ortiz Dolores , Pérez Jorge , Espinosa J. , Sala Esperanza
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To compare the visual results of presbyLASIK patients to the best theoretical pseudoaccommodation that could be achieved using a multifocal refractive intraocular lens (IOL) model based on the optical structure of a simulated AMO Array multifocal IOL.

Methods:

The study included 10 hyperopic eyes that underwent central presbyLASIK surgery using a Technovision excimer laser platform. Mean patient age was 57 years, and mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was 1.28±0.87 diopters. The optical quality was evaluated by objective distance and near decimal visual acuities calculated using a Fresnel propagation algorithm based on a realistic eye model. Results of the presbyLASIK technique were compared with the theoretical results obtained for the same eye with an ideal, best-fit multifocal IOL (simulated Array multifocal IOL) substituted for the crystalline lens.

Results:

For near objective visual acuity (from 25 cm to 1 m), the ideal, theoretical Array-like lens provided values of visual acuity above 0.5 for all object distances, whereas presbyLASIK also provided good visual responses for distances beyond 45 cm. For distance vision (from 1.5 to 6 m), both the IOL and presbyLASIK visual acuities were over 0.5, but the optical performance of the ideal Array-like lens was slightly worse than with presbyLASIK.

Conclusions:

Overall near to distance visual acuity obtained with the presbyLASIK technique is comparable to the best visual acuity that could be achieved with a simulated Array multifocal IOL. Near visual acuity with presbyLASIK falls off from the ideal. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:344–349.]
Phakic Refractive Lens (Medennium) for Correction of +4.00 to +6.00 Diopters: 1-year Follow-Up
Authors: Gil-Cazorla Raquel , Teus Miguel A. , Arranz-Marquez Esther , Marina-Verde Celeste
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To study the efficacy and safety of phakic refractive lens (PRL) implantation to correct high hyperopia.

Methods:

Inclusion criteria for this prospective, observer-masked, interventional study were spherical equivalent ⩾+4.00 diopters (D) of cycloplegic hyperopia, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) ⩾0.5, anterior chamber depth ⩾3 mm, and mesopic pupil size ⩽6 mm. Lenses were implanted in all cases under regional anesthesia using forceps.

Results:

Sixteen eyes of nine patients were included in the study. Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was +5.65±1.41 D (range: +3.25 to +5.75 D). Mean 1-year postoperative spherical equivalent refraction was +0.07±0.43 D (range: −0.50 to 0.75 D). Fifteen (93.75%) eyes were within ±0.50 D of emmetropia, and 16 (100%) eyes were within ±1.00 D of emmetropia. Safety and efficacy indexes were 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. Eight (50%) eyes needed LASIK to correct residual astigmatism. Five (31.25%) eyes lost one line of BSCVA; no eye lost two or more lines of BSCVA. The BSCVA did not increase in any eye. No significant intraocular complications developed.

Conclusions:

Phakic refractive lens implantation to correct high hyperopia seems to be a safe and accurate procedure. A mild but significant loss in BSCVA can be anticipated. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:350–354.]
Central Corneal Thickness Measurements by Ultrasound, Orbscan II, and Visante OCT After LASIK for Myopia
Authors: Cheng Arthur C.K. , Rao Srinivas K. , Lau Silvania , Leung Chris K.S. , Lam Dennis S.C.
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To compare central corneal thickness measurements obtained with Orbscan II scanning slit topography, Visante optical coherence tomography (OCT), and ultrasound pachymetry in myopic eyes after LASIK.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 34 consecutive patients (68 eyes) who underwent LASIK for the correction of myopia. Six months after surgery, central corneal thickness measurements were obtained using ultrasound pachymetry, Orbscan scanning slit topography, and Visante OCT. Data were analyzed using paired sample
t
test, Bland and Altman plot, and linear regression.

Results:

Average postoperative central corneal thickness was 436.65±43.82 µm for ultrasound pachymetry, 422.84±51.04 µm for Orbscan (0.89 acoustic equivalent correction factor), and 422.26±42.46 µm for Visante. Compared to the ultrasound measurement, Orbscan and Visante measurements significantly underestimated the corneal thickness by 13.81±17.34 µm (
P
<.01) and 14.38±10.13 µm (
P
<.01), respectively.

Conclusions:

Both Orbscan and Visante OCT underestimated central corneal thickness compared to ultrasound pachymetry 6 months after LASIK, although measurements obtained with Visante OCT had better agreement and correlation with ultrasound pachymetry than with Orbscan. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:361–365.]
Measurement of Intraocular Pressure in LASIK and LASEK Patients Using the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer and Goldmann Applanation Tonometry
Authors: Kirwan Caitriona , O'Keefe Michael
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To determine the efficacy of the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) following corneal laser refractive surgery.

Methods:

Intraocular pressure was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry preoperatively and 3 months following LASIK and LASEK for all levels of myopia and low levels of hyperopia. In LASIK eyes, 120-µm flaps were cut using the Hansatome XP. The ORA was used to measure Goldmann correlated IOP and corneal compensated IOP 3 months postoperatively. Postoperative central corneal thickness, hysteresis, and corneal curvature were assessed to determine their relationship with postoperative change in Goldmann applanation tonometry IOP. Efficacy of ORA IOP measurement was analyzed by comparing Goldmann applanation tonometry IOP with Goldmann correlated IOP.

Results:

LASEK was performed on 35 eyes, and LASIK was performed on 90 eyes. In the LASIK group, mean Goldmann applanation tonometry IOP decreased 3.7±2.3 mmHg postoperatively (
P
=.00). Postoperative Goldmann applanation tonometry did not differ significantly (
P
=.06) from postoperative ORA Goldmann correlated IOP (10.2±2.1 mmHg). In the LASEK group, mean Goldmann applanation tonometry IOP decreased 3.9±2.3 mmHg (
P
=.00). Postoperative Goldmann applanation tonometry did not differ significantly (
P
=.6) from postoperative ORA Goldmann correlated IOP (10.7±2.5 mmHg). Postoperative decrease in Goldmann applanation tonometry IOP did not correlate with age, ablation depth, pre- and postoperative central corneal thickness or corneal hysteresis, or postoperative decrease in corneal curvature.

Conclusions:

Intraocular pressure measurements were similar using both the ORA Goldmann correlated IOP and Goldmann applanation tonometry following keratorefractive surgery. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:366–370.]
Ablation Centration After Active Eye Tracker-assisted LASIK and Comparison of Flying-spot and Broad-beam Laser
Authors: Lin Jane-Ming , Chen Wen-Lu , Chiang Chun-Chi , Tsai Yi-Yu
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To evaluate ablation centration of flying-spot LASIK, investigate the effect of patient- and surgeon-related factors on centration, and compare flying-spot and broad-beam laser results.

Methods:

This retrospective study comprised 173 eyes of 94 patients who underwent LASIK with the Alcon LADARVision4000 with an active eye-tracking system. The effective tracking rate of the system is 100 Hz. The amount of decentration was analyzed by corneal topography. Patient- (low, high, and extreme myopia; effect of learning) and surgeon-related (learning curve) factors influencing centration were identified. Centration was compared to the SCHWIND Multiscan broad-beam laser with a 50-Hz tracker from a previous study.

Results:

Mean decentration was 0.36±0.18 mm (range: 0 to 0.9 mm). Centration did not differ in low, high, and extreme myopia or in patients' first and second eyes. There were no significant differences in centration between the first 50 LASIK procedures and the last 50 procedures. Comparing flying-spot and broad-beam laser results, there were no differences in centration in low myopia. However, the LADARVision4000 yielded better centration results in high and extreme myopia.

Conclusions:

The Alcon LADARVision4000 active eye tracking system provides good centration for all levels of myopic correction and better centration than the Schwind broad-beam Multiscan in eyes with high and extreme myopia. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:371–376.]
Effects of Topical Nepafenac on Corneal Epithelial Healing Time and Postoperative Pain After PRK: A Bilateral, Prospective, Randomized, Masked Trial
Authors: Caldwell Matthew , Reilly Charles
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To assess the effects of nepafenac on corneal epithelial healing time and pain control compared to placebo in patients undergoing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery.

Methods:

This randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, single-site study included 66 adults (132 eyes) undergoing bilateral PRK surgery. Patients received 1 drop three times daily of nepafenac 0.1% in one eye and balanced salt solution in the contralateral eye until the corneal epithelium healed. Postoperatively, patients were evaluated daily for the progression of epithelial healing until complete closure was observed. Patients also were asked daily to assess the level of pain in each eye using a visual analog scale of 0 to 10.

Results:

There was no statistical difference between treatments in time to epithelial healing. All patients healed by postoperative day 4. Patients receiving nepafenac reported significantly less pain on postoperative days 1 (0.76 versus 1.68) and 2 (1.26 versus 2.23) compared to placebo (
P
<.0005). A greater percentage of patients also reported superior pain relief in the nepafenac-treated eye compared to the placebo eye during the first 3 days following surgery.

Conclusions:

Treatment with nepafenac 0.1% significantly reduced postoperative pain immediately following surgery and had no significant adverse effect on time to reepithelialization compared to placebo. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:377–382.]
Management of Irregular Astigmatism Following Rotationally Disoriented Free Cap After LASIK
Authors: Utz Virginia Miraldi , Krueger Ronald R.
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To illustrate the challenges associated with a misaligned free flap (cap) and to report the outcome of applying wavefront-guided customized photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) followed by conventional PRK ablation to correct residual refractive error and aberrations after LASIK free cap complications.

Methods:

The clinical course and surgical interventions of two patients with free cap complications from LASIK surgery were reviewed. The first patient underwent a total of six interventions after the initial LASIK procedure, and the second patient underwent a total of five interventions. Interventions included cap lift, cap rotation, custom PRK, and conventional PRK enhancement with prophylactic topical mitomycin C (MMC).

Results:

Customized PRK treatment and subsequent enhancements with prophylactic topical MMC led to the recovery of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), neutralization of higher and lower order aberrations, and astigmatic neutrality. Symptoms related to higher order aberrations resolved in both patients.

Conclusions:

Wavefront-guided custom PRK for higher order aberrations followed by conventional PRK enhancement for residual lower order aberrations, both with topical MMC application, represents an efficacious strategy for treating patients with loss of BSCVA and visual symptoms due to LASIK free cap complications. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:383–391.]
Comparison of Corneal Deposits After LASIK and PRK in Eyes With Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type II
Authors: Kim Tae-im , Kim Terry , Kim Sun Woong , Kim Eung Kweon
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To compare the characteristics of corneal deposits in eyes with granular corneal dystrophy type II (Avellino corneal dystrophy) after LASIK and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

Methods:

Patients with heterozygous granular corneal dystrophy type II were examined with slit-lamp microscopy for recurrence of granular corneal dystrophy type II after uneventful LASIK and PRK surgery. One particular case involved bilateral incomplete flaps after LASIK, resulting in excimer laser ablation under the flap in one area and surface ablation in another area of both eyes. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing analysis in all patients confirmed the heterozygous status of granular corneal dystrophy type II.

Results:

An abundance of coarse, white opacities consistent with granular corneal dystrophy type II were observed along the interface in all of the LASIK cases. In comparison, only a mild increase in opacities was noted in the PRK cases. In the LASIK case with bilateral incomplete flaps, abundant opacities were present in both corneas along the interface of the LASIK flap, and a minimal increase of stromal opacities was noted where no LASIK flap was present.

Conclusions:

Exacerbation of granular corneal dystrophy type II deposits occurred in the corneal stroma to a much greater degree after LASIK compared to surface ablation surgery. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:392–395.]
Emerging Trends for Procedure Selection in Contemporary Refractive Surgery: Consecutive Review of 200 Cases From a Single Center
Authors: Waring George O. , Durrie Daniel S.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To quantify emerging refractive surgery trends in a single refractive surgery practice.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed of 200 consecutive candidates (377 eyes) for refractive surgery from July 20, 2007 to October 31, 2007. Patient age, manifest refraction spherical equivalent, pachymetry at the thinnest location (CCT), topographic symmetry patterns, and corneal apex location were analyzed. Patients were recommended sub-Bowman's keratomileusis (SBK), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), conductive keratoplasty (CK), phakic intraocular lens implants (PIOL) or refractive lens exchange (RLE). Corneal excimer procedures were either wavefront-optimized or wavefront-guided ablations.

Results

Mean patient age for refractive surgery was 44±12 years (range: 18 to 68 years). The mean MRSE was −2.78±3.37 diopters (D) (range: −12.75 to +6.25 D). Of the 200 patients, 75% (n=151, 288 eyes) were recommended corneal excimer procedures. Of these, the mean CCT was 548±36 µm (range: 466 to 628 µm). Symmetric topographic patterns were observed in 54% (n=155) of eyes, whereas 32% (n=92) were borderline and 14% (n=41) were asymmetric. The corneal apex was centered in 79% (n=226) of eyes, whereas 18% (n=51) were borderline and 3% (n=10) were decentered (>2.5 mm from the center). Overall, 69% (n=139) of patients were recommended SBK, 16% (n=32) RLE, 6% (n=12) PRK, 5% (n=9) CK, and 4% (n=8) PIOL. Of the corneal excimer group, 88% (n=132) were scheduled for wavefront-optimized ablations and 12% (n=18) for wavefront-guided ablations.

Conclusions

Sub-Bowman's keratomileusis was the predominant refractive surgical procedure offered in this practice, followed by RLE, PRK, CK, and finally PIOL. Of the corneal excimer procedures recommended, the majority of patients were scheduled for a wavefront-optimized ablation. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:S419–S423.]
Wavefront-optimized Versus Wavefront-guided LASIK for Myopic Astigmatism With the ALLEGRETTO WAVE: Three-month Results of a Prospective FDA Trial
Authors: Stonecipher Karl G. , Kezirian Guy M.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To compare visual outcomes using the Wave-Light ALLEGRETTO WAVE to administer either wavefrontoptimized (standard LASIK) or wavefront-guided (custom LASIK) treatments in myopic eyes.

Methods

In this prospective, open-label, multicenter study conducted in the United States, 374 eyes were randomized by alternating enrollment to receive either wavefront-optimized or wavefront-guided LASIK treatments with this laser platform. Bilateral treatments were administered, with both eyes of each patient receiving the same treatment. Corneal flaps were created using the IntraLase femtosecond laser.

Results

In this FDA clinical trial, results at 3 months postoperatively revealed that 93% of eyes in both cohorts receiving either wavefront-optimized or wavefront-guided treatments attained an uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better. Seventy-six percent of eyes with the wavefront-optimized treatment and 64% of eyes with the wavefront-guided treatment achieved UCVA of 20/16 or better. None of the eyes that received either treatment lost two lines or more of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA). In addition, 58% of eyes with wavefront-optimized treatment and 62% of eyes with wavefront-guided treatment gained one line or more of BSCVA. None of the eyes in either treatment group underwent retreatment.

Conclusions

In the majority of eyes, no statistically significant differences were found between either treatment group in regard to visual acuity and refractive outcomes. Wavefront-guided treatments are not required in most cases with this laser, but may be considered if the magnitude of preoperative root-mean-square (RMS) higher order aberrations is >0.35 µm. In this study population, 83% of eyes had preoperative RMS higher order aberrations of <0.3 µm. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24: S424–S430.]
Determinants of Post-Retirement Employment in Sri Lanka
Authors: Perera E.A.Y.D , Weerakkody W.A.S
Published: February 2019

Sri Lanka has been undergoing the impact of population ageing. Many structural and behavioral changes begin to occur in the population as a result of this demographical shift. Re-employment after the formal retirement of employees increasingly becomes usual routinely marking it as a significant trend it in the economy. Therefore, there should be some significant determinants which determine this behavior of working after retirement in Sri Lanka. A quantitative and exploratory research study was launched as a field study depending on a comprehensive literature review. Six determinants were identified which impact to Post-Retirement Employment in Sri Lanka through the analysis. A new questionnaire was developed and then standardized after furnishing the pilot survey and reviewing by scholars, peers and other related third parties. Primary data was gathered from 97 post-retired employees. Since it was a one-time data collection, the study could be addressed as a cross-sectional study.
Virtual Reality in Education: Focus on the Role of Emotions and Physiological Reactivity
Authors: Vesisenaho Mikko , Juntunen Merja , Häkkinen Päivi , Pöysä-Tarhonen Johanna , Fagerlund Janne , Miakush Iryna , Parviainen Tiina
Published: February 2019

Cognitive and emotional dimensions are often linked to each other in learning experiences. Moreover, emotions and engagement can lead to better outcomes at the cognitive level. Previous research has indicated that virtual reality (VR) provides a feeling of presence and immersion, which can trigger emotionally engaging learning situations. In this study, we explore the opportunities and challenges related to the use of VR in an educational context. The focus of this article is threefold: First, we explore interdisciplinary research literature related to the use of VR for educational purposes. Second, we introduce our VR pilot study in teacher education, applying three different kinds of VR applications. During the pilot study, we utilized physiological measurements, the self-assessed experience of emotional involvement (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) and students’ qualitative reporting on VR experiences. Third, we discuss the potential of brain imaging methods such as EEG measures for capturing learning, performance, and emotions in VR and offer pedagogical guidelines for the future design of VR environments.
Scrub Typhus and Abnormal Electrocardiography
Authors: Choi Seo-Won , Yun Na Ra , Choi Dong-Hyun , Ki Young-Jae , Kim Seok Won , Kim Choon-Mee , Kim Dong-Min
Published: February 2019

This study compared the frequency of abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) types between scrub typhus patient group and age- and gender-matched health checkup group and their associations with disease severity in scrub typhus patient. Demographic characteristics and ECG and laboratory findings of patients with scrub typhus admitted to Chosun University Hospital, and normal subjects visiting the hospital for health checkup from January 2008 to December 2012 were retrospectively studied. Electrocardiogram abnormalities at admission were observed in 72 of 165 (43.6%) scrub typhus confirmed patients. The following ECG abnormalities were observed: arrhythmic group (31 cases, 18.8%), ischemic change group (25 cases, 15.1%), prolonged QT group (32 cases, 19.4%).Compared with the age and gender-matched health checkup group, ECG abnormalities were more commonly observed in scrub typhus patient group (13.9% versus 43.6%, P < 0.001). In addition, when compared with the normal ECG group, scrub typhus in the abnormal ECG group showed greater disease severity and this phenomenon was particularly prominent in the prolonged QT group. Based on our study prolonged QT observed in approximately 20% of patients with scrub typhus, clinicians should pay additional attention to drugs that affect QT interval.
Emoties door onware proposities
Authors: Van de Mosselaer Nele
Published: February 2019

Emotions Caused by Untrue Propositions: A Broader View of the Paradox of Fiction

Ever since Colin Radford wrote his article ‘How Can We Be Moved by the Fate of Anna Karenina?’ in 1975, philosophers have tried to solve the so-called paradox of fiction, or the question how we can be moved by objects of which we know they don’t really exist. What is striking about discussions on the paradox of fiction is that they often present fictional works as collections of untrue statements and focus on the content of these works, without regard for their form or mode of presentation. In this paper, I argue for a re-examination of the paradox of fiction, in which the work of fiction is treated as a complex of form and content. In this regard, I propose to expand Peter Lamarque’s thought theory, which he explicitly formulated to solve the paradox of fiction, with his later developed concept of opacity, which states that the content of the imaginings we form when reading fiction are fundamentally connected to the specific descriptions within the fictional work.
Herkansing voor infinitesimalen?
Authors: Wenmackers Sylvia
Published: February 2019

A New Chance for Infinitesimals?

This article discusses the connection between the Zenonian paradox of magnitude and probability on infinite sample spaces. Two important premises in the Zenonian argument are: the Archimedean axiom, which excludes infinitesimal magnitudes, and perfect additivity. Standard probability theory uses real numbers that satisfy the Archimedean axiom, but it rejects perfect additivity. The additivity requirement for real-valued probabilities is limited to countably infinite collections of mutually incompatible events. A consequence of this is that there exists no standard probability function that describes a fair lottery on the natural numbers. If we reject the Archimedean axiom, allowing infinitesimal probability values, we can retain perfect additivity and describe a fair, countable infinite lottery. The article gives a historical overview to understand how the first option has become the current standard, whereas the latter remains ‘non-standard’.
Bewust alleenstaande moeders: ouder-kindrelaties, sociale steunnetwerken en het welzijn van hun kinderen
Authors: Brewaeys Mathilde , Bos Henny
Published: February 2019

Single-mothers-by-choice: parent-child relationships, social support networks and the well-being of their children.

This study made a comparison between families of single mothers by choice (SMC) and heterosexual two parent families. 69 mothers from SMC families and 59 mothers from two parent families with at least one child between the ages of one and a half and six participated in the study. Mothers filled out questionnaires about the parent child relationship (emotional involvement and parental stress), the relationship of the parent with the environment (social support) and the psychological wellbeing of children. Differences were found for social support between family types with SMC receiving and wanting more social support than mothers from two parent families. No differences were found for emotional involvement or parental stress. Children’s psychological wellbeing didn’t differ between family types. Findings revealed that differences in family structure do not influence children’s psychological wellbeing.
Heuristic Estimation of Low-Level Cloud Fraction over the Globe
Based on a Decoupling Parameterization
Authors: Park Sungsu , Shin Jihoon
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Based on the decoupling parameterization of the cloud-topped planetary boundary layer, a simple equation is derived to compute the inversion height. In combination with the lifting condensation level and the amount of water vapor in near-surface air, we propose a low-level cloud suppression parameter (LCS) and estimated low-level cloud fraction (ELF), as new proxies for the analysis of the spatiotemporal variation of the global low-level cloud amount (LCA). Individual surface and upper-air observations are used to compute LCS and ELF as well as lower-tropospheric stability (LTS), estimated inversion strength (EIS), and estimated cloud-top entrainment index (ECTEI), three proxies for LCA that have been widely used in previous studies. The spatiotemporal correlations between these proxies and surface-observed LCA were analyzed. Over the subtropical marine stratocumulus deck, both LTS and EIS well diagnose seasonal-interannual variations of LCA. However, their use as global proxy for LCA is limited due to their weaker and inconsistent relationship with LCA over land. EIS is anti-correlated with the decoupling strength more strongly than it is correlated with the inversion strength. Compared with LTS and EIS, ELF and LCS better diagnose temporal variations of LCA, not only over the marine stratocumulus deck but also in other regions. However, all proxies have a weakness in diagnosing interannual variations of LCA in several subtropical stratocumulus decks. In the analysis using all data, ELF achieves the best performance in diagnosing spatiotemporal variation of LCA, explaining about 60 % of the spatial-seasonal-interannnual variance of the seasonal LCA over the globe, which is a much larger percentage than those explained by LTS (2 %) and EIS (4 %). Our study implies that accurate prediction of inversion base height and lifting condensation level is a key factor necessary for successful simulation of global low-level clouds in general circulation models (GCMs). Strong spatiotemporal correlation between ELF (or LTS) and LCA identified in our study can be used to evaluate the performance of GCMs, identify the source of inaccurate simulation of LCA, and better understand climate sensitivity.
The 4.2 ka event in the vegetation record of the central Mediterranean
Authors: Di Rita Federico , Magri Donatella
Published: February 2019

Abstract. In this paper, the variation in forest cover in the central Mediterranean
region, reflected by percentage changes in the arboreal pollen record, has
been examined in relation to the 4.2 ka event. A total of 36 well-dated
and detailed pollen records from latitudes between 45 and
36∘ N were selected and their vegetation dynamics between 5 and 3 ka examined in relation to the physiographic and climatic features of the
study area and to the influence of human activity on past vegetation, as
suggested by anthropogenic pollen indicators. We have found that the sites
located between 43 and 45∘ N do not show any significant
vegetation change in correspondence with the 4.2 ka event. Several sites
located on the Italian Peninsula between 39 and 43∘ N show
a marked opening of the forest, suggesting a vegetation response to the
climate instability of the 4.2 ka event. Between 36 and 39∘ N, a forest decline is always visible around 4.2 ka, and in
some cases it is dramatic. This indicates that this region was severely
affected by a climate change towards arid conditions that lasted a few
hundred years and was followed by a recovery of forest vegetation in the
Middle Bronze Age. Human activity, especially intense in southern Italy, may
have been favored by this natural opening of vegetation. In Sardinia and
Corsica, no clear change in vegetation is observed at the same time. We
suggest that during the 4.2 ka event southern Italy and Tunisia were under
the prevalent influence of a north African climate system characterized by a
persistent high-pressure cell.
Using GRACE in a streamflow recession to determine drainable water storage in the Mississippi River Basin
Authors: Ehalt Macedo Heloisa , Beighley Ralph Edward , David Cedric H. , Reager John T.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The study of the relationship between water storage and runoff generation has long been a focus of the hydrological sciences. NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission provides monthly depth-integrated information on terrestrial water storage anomalies derived from time-variable gravity observations. As the first basin-scale storage measurement technique, these data offer potentially novel insight into the storage-discharge relationship. Here, we apply GRACE data in a streamflow recession analysis with river discharge measurements across several subdomains of the Mississippi River Basin. Non-linear regression analysis was used for 12 watersheds to determine that the fraction of baseflow in streams during non-winter months varies from 52 to 75 % regionally. Additionally, the first quantitative estimate of absolute drainable water storage was estimated. For the 2002–2014 period, the drainable storage in the Mississippi River Basin ranged from 2,900 ± 400 km3 to 3,600 ± 400 km3.
Streamflow forecast sensitivity to air temperature forecast calibration for 139 Norwegian catchments
Authors: Hegdahl Trine J. , Engeland Kolbjørn , Steinsland Ingelin , Tallaksen Lena M.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. In this study, we used meteorological ensemble forecasts
as input to hydrological models to quantify the uncertainty in forecasted
streamflow, with a particular focus on the effect of temperature forecast
calibration on the streamflow ensemble forecast skill. In catchments with
seasonal snow cover, snowmelt is an important flood-generating process.
Hence, high-quality air temperature data are important to accurately
forecast streamflows. The sensitivity of streamflow ensemble forecasts to
the calibration of temperature ensemble forecasts was investigated using
ensemble forecasts of temperature from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) covering a period of nearly
3 years, from 1 March 2013 to 31 December 2015. To improve the skill and reduce
biases of the temperature ensembles, the Norwegian Meteorological Institute
(MET Norway) provided parameters for ensemble calibration, derived using a standard
quantile mapping method where HIRLAM, a high-resolution regional weather
prediction model, was used as reference. A lumped HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning)
model, distributed on 10 elevation zones, was used to estimate the streamflow. The results show
that temperature ensemble calibration affected both temperature and
streamflow forecast skill, but differently depending on season and region.
We found a close to 1:1 relationship between temperature and streamflow
skill change for the spring season, whereas for autumn and winter large
temperature skill improvements were not reflected in the streamflow
forecasts to the same degree. This can be explained by streamflow being less
affected by subzero temperature improvements, which accounted for the
biggest temperature biases and corrections during autumn and winter. The
skill differs between regions. In particular, there is a cold bias in the
forecasted temperature during autumn and winter along the coast, enabling a
large improvement by calibration. The forecast skill was partly related to
elevation differences and catchment area. Overall, it is evident that
temperature forecasts are important for streamflow forecasts in climates
with seasonal snow cover.
Brief communication: Remotely piloted aircraft systems for rapid emergency response: road exposure to rockfall in Villanova di Accumoli (central Italy)
Authors: Santangelo Michele , Alvioli Massimiliano , Baldo Marco , Cardinali Mauro , Giordan Daniele , Guzzetti Fausto , Marchesini Ivan , Reichenbach Paola
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) in geosciences is often
aimed at the acquisition of an image sequence to produce digital models and
orthophotographs of the topographic surface. The technology can be applied
for rockfall hazard and risk assessment. To study rockfalls, an approach
consists in the application of numerical models for the computation of
rockfall trajectories. Data required for such simulations include digital
terrain models, location of the instability source areas, and the mechanical
properties of the terrain. In this article, we present an analysis of the
earthquake-triggered rockfall that occurred along the SP18 in Villanova di
Accumoli (Lazio, central Italy) during the seismic sequence that started on
24 August 2016. A survey with a multicopter was carried out to obtain a
surface model of the terrain and identify and characterize the
source areas and other instable blocks in areas not accessible in the
field. The investigated area extends for 6500 m2 and was covered by
161 photographs that were used to obtain an orthophoto with a ground
resolution of 2.5 cm and a digital surface model with a ground resolution
of 20 cm × 20 cm, which was processed and fused with GNSS
real-time kinematic
data. To obtain a map of potential rockfall trajectories, we run the
numerical model STONE, using as origin of the boulders both source areas
mapped in the field and pixels with a slope angle above a selected threshold.
Results showed that only the part of the road SP18 already affected by the
rockfall was exposed to further rockfall impacts. In particular, it was
observed that 29.2 % (i.e. 12 123) of the 41 500 simulated trajectories
may potentially reach or cross this tract of the road. Based on these data,
limited protection measures were suggested. The combined use of RPAS data,
fused with ground GPS points, an accurate geomorphological survey, and
terrain static and dynamic parameters from the literature allows fast,
low-cost, and replicable rockfall numerical modelling useful for emergency
response and adoption of proper protection measures.
The Test of the Efficiency of the Saudi Financial Capital Markets at Weak Form: An Empirical Study of the TASI Index and Sub-Indices of the Saudi Market
Authors: Shaalan Tharwah
Published: February 2019

The aim of this paper is to examine the normality of the destitution of the main Saudi TASI Index and the other sub-indices, as well as to test the random walk hypotheses of the Saudi TASI index and the random walk hypotheses of the main sectors index and the sub-indices in Saudi capital market. It investigates the weak form efficiency of the Saudi capital market. The study highlights the importance of structuring in the Saudi market, with regard to the redistribution of some companies in other sectors, in addition to the increase in the number of companies listed in the Saudi Tadawul market, where the study included larger and longer sectors in terms of the time period. An as extension, it requests the reconsideration of some previous studies, some of which proved the efficiency of the Saudi market and others which proved the inefficiency of the Saudi market at the level of low efficiency. The study test includes daily indices return from December 2002–October 2010. The results show that return series of all Saudi market indices have non-normal distribution. This paper applied four tests to examine the study’s hypotheses. The Shapiro Wilk test of normality of the Skewness/Kurtosis applied and the other tests for RWH Box-Ljung, the other test one is parametric test Augmented Dicky-Fuller test and the other test is non-parametric test Phillips-Perron test and Run test. The result that was found states that the Saudi market’s indices are inefficient in the weak form hypotheses.
Valg, debatt og konflikt. Osmansk statsborgerskap i Palestina
Authors: Kvindesland Eirik
Published: February 2019

I Det osmanske rikets siste år følte Palestinas befolkning en sterk tilhørighet til staten. Under parlamentsvalgene ble dette tydelig, og befolkningen deltok aktivt i rikets politikk. Hvordan kom osmansk statsborgerskap til uttrykk rundt valget? Og hvilken status hadde det i en tid med framvoksende etniske konflikter?
Mo Salah: For alltid nummer 74
Authors: Lysa Charlotte
Published: February 2019

En hel nasjon holdt pusten da dommeren blåste straffe i det nittifjerde minutt i VM-kvalifiseringskampen mellom Egypt og Kongo den 8. oktober 2017. Da Mohamed Salah satte ballen i mål sekunder etterpå brøt jubelen løs; fotballnasjonen Egypt hadde vunnet gruppen sin og kvalifisert seg til VM for første gang siden 1990.