bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity of stable isotope data in doping control: perspectives and proposals
Authors: Flenker Ulrich , Geppert Leo N. , Ickstadt Katja
Published: September 2012

Δ13C andδ13C values of endogenous urinary steroids represent physiological random variables. Measurement uncertainty and biological scatter likewise contribute to the variances. The statistical distributions of negative controls are well investigated, but there is little knowledge about the corresponding distributions of steroid‐users. For these reasons valid discrimination of steroid users from non‐users by13C/12C analysis of endogenous steroids requires elaborate statistical treatment. Corresponding Bayesian approaches are presented following an introduction to the rationale. The use of mixture models appears appropriate. The distribution of routine data has been deconvolved and characterized accordingly. The mixture components, which presumably represent steroid users and non‐users, exhibit considerable overlap. The validity of a given result depends on both the analytical uncertainty and the prior probability of doping offenses. Low analytical uncertainties but high prior probabilities facilitate valid detection of doping offenses. Two recommendations can be deduced. First, before starting an13C/12C analysis, any initial suspicion should be well‐substantiated. This precludes use of permissive criteria derived from the steroid profile. Secondly, knowledge of relevant13C/12C distributions is required. This must cover representative numbers of authentic steroid users. Finally, it is desirable that the conditional probability for steroid administration rather than the measurement uncertainty is calculated and reported. This quantity possesses superior validity and it is largely independent of laboratory bias. The findings suggest and facilitate flexible handling of decision limits. Proposals for the evaluation of stable isotope data are presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by Rhenium Complexes with Chiral Ferrocenylphosphane Ligands
Authors: Mejía Esteban , Aardoom Raphael , Togni Antonio
Published: September 2012

We have prepared a series of new rhenium complexes containing chiral ferrocenyldiphosphane ligands of the Josiphos family, starting from commercially available rhenium sources. These new ReV oxido and nitrido complexes, several of which have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography, are air‐ and moisture‐stable and are active catalysts in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones using 2‐propanol as the hydrogen source in the presence of substoichiometric amounts of triethylamine (TEA). The reaction proceeds cleanly with good to excellent yields (50–99 %) but with moderate enantioselectivity (up to 58 % ee). A mechanism not involving hydridic species is proposed.
Dynamic Constitutional Hybrid Materials – Confined Guanosine Ribbons within Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Mihai Simona , Dauthier Justine , Le Duc Yann , El Mansouri Abdelsalam , Mehdi Ahmad , Barboiu Mihail
Published: September 2012

Hydrogen‐bonded guanosine (G) dynamic supramolecular architectures exchange between different polymorphs such as G‐ribbons, G‐quartets and G‐quadruplexes. Oriented mesoporous silica can be used as a scaffolding matrix to orient and to stabilize lipophilic guanosine‐ribbons in confined conditions. The interface between the lipophilic G‐ribbons and the functionalized silica mesopores is based on reversible hydrophobic interactions. This contributes to the high level of adaptability and correlativity of the self‐organization of the supramolecular G‐ribbons and the oriented mesoporous silica systems. Biomimetic‐type hybrids, in which such structures are extremely stable and robust, can be generated by using this strategy.
Domino Benzylic‐Amination–Sonogashira–Heterocyclisation Reaction: Direct Access to Dipyrido[1,2‐a:3′,4′‐d]imidazole Salts
Authors: Henry Nicolas , Thiery Emilie , Petrignet Julien , Halouchi Hassan , Thibonnet Jérôme , Abarbri Mohamed
Published: September 2012

A new one‐pot domino process, involving four chemical transformations, for the synthesis of new dipyrido[1,2‐a:3′,4′‐d]imidazole salts in a multicomponent reaction is reported. Various dipyrido[1,2‐a:3′,4′‐d]imidazoles were obtained in moderate to good yields. The scope and limitations of the process and the reaction mechanism are discussed.
Regiochemical Reversals in Nitrosobenzene Reactions with Carbonyl Compounds – α‐Aminooxy Ketone versus α‐Hydroxyamino Ketone Products
Authors: Nelson Donna J. , Kumar Ravi , Shagufta
Published: September 2012

The Lewis acid catalyzed reaction of nitrosobenzene with a ketone can produce an α‐aminooxy ketone or an α‐hydroxyamino ketone; the reaction regiochemistry switches from the latter to the former upon the addition of a Lewis acid or sterically‐hindered solvent. Whereas the latter (C–N bond formation) is easily explained by attack of the enolate α‐carbon at the N atom, the former (C–O bond formation) has been an enigma, with few proposed explanations, and none that explains the simultaneous formation of both products and all the regiochemical reversals. Herein, the regiochemistry reversal is proposed to occur by (1) nucleophile formation governed by hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) theory, (2) a nucleophilic attack by the enolate O atom at the N atom, followed by (3) a [2,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement. This mechanistic pathway and HSAB considerations account for the formation of both products and explain the three reported regiochemistry reversals, which are observed upon the introduction of (A) Lewis acid catalyst, (B) AcOH, or (C) solvent bulkiness.
Cavity‐Extended Pillar[5]arenes: Syntheses and Host–Guest Complexation with Paraquat and Bispyridinium Derivatives
Authors: Yu Guocan , Zhang Zibin , He Jiuming , Abliz Zeper , Huang Feihe
Published: September 2012

Cavity‐extended pillar[5]arenes containing electron‐rich naphthyl groups have been demonstrated to have enhanced binding affinity to linear guests containing electron‐deficient pyridinium units. The importance of size effect, charge density, cooperative effect, and C–H···π interactions were investigated, and these factors play significant roles in the complexation of these host–guest systems.
Sousse, Tunisia: Tumultuous history and high Y‐STR diversity
Authors: Fadhlaoui‐Zid Karima , Chennakrishnaiah Shilpa , Zemni Ramzi , Grinberg Sagy , Herrera Rene J. , Benammar‐Elgaaied Amel
Published: September 2012

In the present study, 17 Y‐chromosomal STR (Y‐STR) loci were typed in 218 unrelated males from Sousse, Central‐East Tunisia, to evaluate forensic and population genetic applications of the data. A total of 154 different haplotypes were identified, 127 (82.5%) of which were unique, with the most frequent haplotype occurring in 14 individuals (6.4%). The locus diversity ranged from 0.2050 at DYS392 to 0.8760 at DYS385. The haplotype diversity at the 17‐loci resolution was calculated to be 0.9916, while the corresponding values for the extended (11 loci) and minimal (9 loci) haplotypes were estimated at 0.9735 and 0.9710, respectively. Comparison with 29 regional and global populations using correspondence analysis, neighbor joining (NJ) tree, and Rst genetic distance revealed that the Sousse population is highly diverse. This finding is consistent with historical data. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate a distinct genetic substructure among Tunisian populations. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the 17 Y‐STRs analyzed are highly informative for individual identification, parentage analysis, and population genetic studies.
When background becomes foreground: Toward context‐sensitive evaluation practice
Authors: Rog Debra J.
Published: September 2012

This article aims to bring context from the background into the foreground of our work. Especially in more quantitative, outcome‐focused efforts, context continues to play a character role. Though we recognize that context affects what we do and that it affects the programs and policies we study, the attention often is more implicit than explicit, and more as an afterthought when the work does not go as planned or findings are difficult to interpret. In this article, the goal is to give context more of a leading role by offering a framework for thinking about context and how we can enhance our practice by including an explicit focus on context in our evaluation inquiry. The article describes a strategy for contextsensitive practice that balances attention to context, stakeholder needs, and rigor. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
What is new in the research on cadmium‐induced stress in plants?
Authors: Azevedo Ricardo A. , Gratão Priscila L. , Monteiro Carolina C. , Carvalho Rogério F.
Published: September 2012

Cadmium (Cd) is an important metal due to its industrial use but also one of the most dangerous metals because of its accumulation in the environment. This can eventually lead to entrance into the food chain if the Cd is taken up by crop plants used for feeding animals and humans. Thus, a large number of reviews have discussed the many aspects of stress induced by Cd and other metals in a wide range of species. In relation to plants, useful reviews have been published over the years regarding molecular and biochemical aspects of Cd stress. In this minireview, we have concentrated on promising and emerging topics of Cd‐stress research in plants, such as hormonal control of the antioxidant system and interaction between organisms and plants.
Effect of food matrix structure and composition on aroma release during oral processing using in vivo monitoring
Authors: Frank Damian C. , Eyres Graham T. , Piyasiri Udayasika , Delahunty Conor M.
Published: September 2012

The way aroma is released during eating is critical to a food's sensory character, and is largely determined by the structure and composition of the food matrix. The impact of food structure and composition on in vivo volatile release and corresponding perception were systematically characterized using a standardized consumption and breathing protocol with a human panel (n = 8). Everyday foods (n = 12) representing a range of liquid, semi‐solid and solid states, and varying in texture and composition (fat content) were selected. Target volatiles released during eating were measured in exhaled nostril air using a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer and the corresponding sensory stimulus was rated using continuous time intensity. Release parameters such as the Tmax and area under the concentration curve for pre‐swallow and post‐swallow eating phases were compared across foods. Differences in release and time intensity were measured according to structure – liquid, semi‐solid and solid – as well as composition, such as fat content. Post‐swallow release was dominant in liquids, greater pre‐swallow release was characteristic of solids and semi‐solids released equally in both phases. Systematic differences in Tmax as a result of food structure as well as composition were measured. In general, Tmax increased from liquid to solid and was longer in high fat foods. Inter‐subject variability in volatile across the range of food types is discussed. The data provided insights into the relationship between food structure and composition and volatile release; application of this approach may help guide the development of novel food products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oncologic and functional outcome of the preserved eye in malignant sinonasal tumors
Authors: Rajapurkar Mayuri , Thankappan Krishnakumar , Sampathirao Leela Mohan C. S. , Kuriakose Moni Abraham , Iyer Subramania
Published: September 2012

Background

The purpose of this study was to analyze the oncologic and functional outcomes of the preserved eye in malignant sinonasal tumors with orbital involvement.

Methods

In a retrospective study of 19 consecutive patients who underwent craniofacial resection or maxillectomy with preservation of orbital contents and adjuvant radiotherapy, the oncological outcome in terms of local recurrence and survival was analyzed. The functional outcome in the preserved eye was analyzed for the cases that did not recur in the orbit.

Results

Nineteen patients were analyzed for their oncologic and functional outcomes. Fifteen patients underwent immediate reconstruction of the orbital support. Eight patients had local recurrences; 11 patients were disease free at the end of the follow‐up. Squamous cell carcinoma has a high propensity for local recurrences (ie, 5 of 8 local recurrences were squamous cell carcinoma). Sixteen patients, in whom a satisfactory orbital tumor clearance was obtained, remained recurrence free in the orbit. All the preserved eyes retained adequate function after adjuvant radiotherapy.

Conclusions

Adequate local control with preserved visual function can be obtained with surgery and adjuvant radiation in appropriately selected malignant sinonasal tumors with orbital involvement. The preserved eye, if reconstructed appropriately, maintains good overall function with acceptable morbidity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 1379–1384, 2013
Validated swallowing and nutrition guidelines for patients with head and neck cancer: Identification of high‐risk patients for proactive gastrostomy
Authors: Brown Teresa E. , Spurgin Ann‐Louise , Ross Lynda , Tripcony Lee , Keller Jacqui , Hughes Brett G. M. , Hodge Rob , Walker Quenten , Banks Merrilyn , Kenny Lizbeth Moira , Crombie Jane
Published: September 2012

Background

The “Swallowing and Nutrition Guidelines for Patients with Head and Neck Cancer” were developed to guide early identification and management of dysphagia and nutritional risk before, during, and after cancer treatment. The purpose of this study was to validate these guidelines.

Methods

Patients attending a Combined Head and Neck Clinic at a major tertiary hospital in 2007 to 2008 were assessed using the guidelines, with high‐risk category patients recommended for proactive gastrostomy. Data were collected on guideline adherence, gastrostomy tube insertion, and weight. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value were calculated for validation.

Results

Proactive gastrostomy tubes were inserted in 173 of 501 patients (25%). Overall guideline adherence was 87%. High‐risk category adherence was 75%. Validation outcomes were sensitivity 54%, specificity 93%, and positive predictive value 82%.

Conclusion

The risk categories in the guidelines are valid to assist early identification of swallowing and nutritional risk and guide decision‐making on proactive gastrostomy tube insertion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 1385–1391, 2013
Readability assessment of online thyroid surgery patient education materials
Authors: Patel Chirag R. , Cherla Deepa V. , Sanghvi Saurin , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: September 2012

Background

Published guidelines recommend written health information be written at or below the sixth‐grade level. We evaluate the readability of online materials related to thyroid surgery.

Methods

Thyroid surgery materials were evaluated using Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning Frequency of Gobbledygook (GFOG), and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG).

Results

Thirty‐one documents were evaluated. FRES scores ranged from 29.3 to 67.8 (possible range = 0 to 100), and averaged 50.5. FKGL ranged from 6.9 to 14.9 (possible range = 3 to 12), and averaged 10.4. SMOG scores ranged from 11.8 to 14.5 (possible range = 3 to 19), and averaged 13.0. GFOG scores ranged from 10.6 to 18.0 (possible range = 3 to 19), and averaged 13.5.

Conclusions

Readability scores for online thyroid surgery materials are higher (i.e., more difficult) than the recommended levels. However, readability is only one aspect of comprehension. Written information should be designed with that fact in mind. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 1421–1425, 2013
Two New Octulosonic Acid Derivatives and a New Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid Derivative from Erigeron bonariensis L.
Authors: Zahoor Aqib , Khan Afsar , Ahmad Viqar U. , Ahmed Amir , Khan Saleha S. , Ali Muhammad I.
Published: September 2012

The AcOEt‐soluble part of a MeOH extract from the whole plant of Erigeron bonariensis yielded two new rare‐class octulosonic acid derivatives, rel‐methyl (1R,2S,3S,5R)‐3‐(trans‐caffeoyloxy)‐7‐[(trans‐caffeoyloxy)methyl]‐2‐hydroxy‐6,8‐dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane‐5‐carboxylate (1) and 5,8‐di[O‐trans‐caffeoyl]‐3‐deoxy‐β‐D‐gluco‐oct‐2‐ulopyranosonosyl 4,8‐di[O‐trans‐caffeoyl]‐3‐deoxy‐β‐D‐gluco‐oct‐2‐ulopyranosidonic acid (2) along with a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid derivative, (1α,3β,4β,5β)‐1,4‐di‐3,5‐dihydroxy‐bis(trans‐caffeoyloxy)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (3). The structures of these compounds were elucidated through ESI‐MS, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic techniques including 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, HMQC or HSQC, and HMBC experiments.
Antifungal Ursene‐Type Triterpene from the Roots of Alhagi camelorum
Authors: Laghari Abdul Hafeez , Memon Shahabuddin , Nelofar Aisha , Khan Khalid Mohammed
Published: September 2012

A new ursene‐type triterpene, (3β)‐30‐norurs‐11‐en‐3‐ol (1), was isolated from the MeOH extract of the roots of Alhagi camelorum. Its structure was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic investigations by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR studies. In addition, 1 was evaluated for antifungal activities. Its application on prepared cultures of two fungi, i.e., Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, showed noticeable antifungal activity, suggesting that 1 could be used as a new promising agent in antifungal drug formulations.
Total Synthesis of Umuravumbolide
Authors: Shekhar Vanam , Reddy Dorigondla Kumar , Venkateswarlu Yenamandra
Published: September 2012

A simple and efficient stereoselective total synthesis of (+)‐umuravumbolide (1b) and (−)‐deacetylumuravumbolide (1a) starting from commercially available pentanal is described. The synthesis involves Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, Jacobsen's hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR), and the Yamaguchi oxirane opening as key steps (Scheme 2).
One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydro‐2‐thioxo‐2H‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐4‐acetic Acid Derivatives by the Reaction of 2‐Isothiocyanatophenyl Ketones with Lithium Enolates of Acetates and Tertiary Acetamides
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Fukamachi Shuhei , Kobayashi Akihiro , Gotoh Aogu
Published: September 2012

The one‐pot synthesis of 4‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydro‐2‐thioxo‐2H‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐4‐acetic acid derivatives 2 was achieved in good yields by the reaction of aryl(2‐isothiocyanatophenyl)methanones 1 with lithium enolates of acetates and tertiary acetamides. (2E)‐1‐(2‐Isothiocyanatophenyl)‐3‐phenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐one (3) gave 1,4‐dihydro‐4‐[(1E)‐2‐phenylethenyl]‐2‐thioxo‐2H‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐4‐acetic acid derivatives 4 in good yields as well.
Accumulated state assessment of the Yukon River watershed: Part II quantitative effects-based analysis integrating western science and traditional ecological knowledge
Authors: Dubé Monique G , Wilson Julie E. , Waterhouse Jon
Published: September 2012

This article is the second in a 2-part series assessing the accumulated state of the transboundary Yukon River (YR) basin in northern Canada and the United States. The determination of accumulated state based on available long-term (LT) discharge and water quality data is the first step in watershed cumulative effect assessment in the absence of sufficient biological monitoring data. Long-term trends in water quantity and quality were determined and a benchmark against which to measure change was defined for 5 major reaches along the YR for nitrate, total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC and DOC, respectively), total phosphate (TP), orthophosphate, pH, and specific conductivity. Deviations from the reference condition were identified as “hot moments” in time, nested within a reach. Significant increasing LT trends in discharge were found on the Canadian portion of the YR. There were significant LT decreases in nitrate, TOC, and TP at the Headwater reach, and significant increases in nitrate and specific conductivity at the Lower reach. Deviations from reference condition were found in all water quality variables but most notably during the ice-free period of the YR (May–Sept) and in the Lower reach. The greatest magnitudes of outliers were found during the spring freshet. This study also incorporated traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) into its assessment of accumulated state. In the summer of 2007 the YR Inter Tribal Watershed Council organized a team of people to paddle down the length of the YR as part of a “Healing Journey,” where both Western Science and TEK paradigms were used. Water quality data were continuously collected and stories were shared between the team and communities along the YR. Healing Journey data were compared to the LT reference conditions and showed the summer of 2007 was abnormal compared to the LT water quality. This study showed the importance of establishing a reference condition by reach and season for key indicators of water health to measure change, and the importance of placing synoptic surveys into context of LT accumulated state assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:439–455. © 2013 SETAC
Fish community responses to multiple municipal wastewater inputs in a watershed
Authors: Tetreault Gerald R , Brown Carolyn JM , Bennett C James , Oakes Ken D , McMaster Mark E , Servos Mark R
Published: September 2012

Municipalities utilize aquatic environments to assimilate their domestic effluent resulting in eutrophication, anoxia, toxicity and endocrine disruption of aquatic biota. The objective of this study was to assess the potential cumulative impacts of municipal wastewater effluent (MWWE) discharges in the Grand River on the health status of a sentinel species and the fish community downstream of 2 MWWE discharges. The fish communities downstream of the MWWE outfalls demonstrated differences in the abundance and diversity, species and family richness, % tolerance and % vulnerability when compared to the fish community upstream or further downstream of these points of effluent discharge. In both years studied, the fish community exposed to MWWE in the riffle-run habitats demonstrated reductions in the proportion of the most prominent fish (Rainbow Darter, Ethoestoma caeruleum) downstream of the outfalls, and a significant increase in the proportion of large mobile, tolerant-omnivorous fish species such as suckers and sunfish. There was less variability in the responses of the fish community to MWWE in the same season between years than between seasons within the same year. An examination of how impaired health of a sentinel species exposed to MWWE discharges parallels changes in the fish community is also conducted. This study successfully demonstrates the cumulative impact of urban development, including multiple outfalls of treated wastewater effluents on fish populations and communities. Municipalities are the major source of nutrients and pharmaceuticals and personal care products to aquatic systems, and they need to consider their impacts carefully with increasing urban population growth and ageing demographics. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:456–468. © 2012 SETAC
The Addiction Concept and Technology: Diagnosis, Metaphor, or Something Else? A Psychodynamic Point of View
Authors: Essig Todd
Published: September 2012

Many today suffer from an imbalance between life and life on the screen. When extreme, such as excessive gaming, clinicians retreat to familiar explanations, such as “Internet addiction.” But the addiction concept is of limited value, limiting both research and treatment options. This article discusses an alternative. Pathological overuse is seen as a failed solution in which people become entrapped by technology's promise of delivering that which only life can offer, such as the grand adventure simulated in World of Warcraft. A two‐part treatment approach of such “simulation entrapment” is described in which both the original problem and the entrapment are treated, the former by traditional psychodynamic psychotherapy and the later by highlighting differences between the technologically mediated experience and traditional experiences of being bodies together. The case of a college student suffering from pathological shame with excessive gaming as the failed solution is offered as an illustration.
Action of andiroba oil (Carapa guianensis) onRhipicephalus sanguineus(Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) semi‐engorged females: Morphophysiological evaluation of reproductive system
Authors: Vendramini Maria Cláudia Ramalho , Mathias Maria Izabel Camargo , De Faria Adriano Uemura , Furquim Karim Christina Scopinho , De Souza Leonardo Peres , Bechara Gervásio Henrique , Roma Gislaine Cristina
Published: September 2012

Because of the increasing medical‐veterinary importance of ticks, the development of alternative control methods, less aggressive to the host and the environment has become the target of several researches. In this sense, the present study analyzed the action of different concentrations (5, 10, and 20%) of andiroba seed oil (Carapa guianensis) on the reproductive system ofRhipicephalus sanguineusfemales, through histochemical techniques and the quantification of the reproductive efficiency index. The results showed that andiroba oil is a potent natural agent, able to cause several changes in the oocytes of this species, impairing the reproductive success, once this natural product induces great physiological changes in the oocytes in all development stages, such as drastic reduction in proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids in these cells, and these components are essential for the viability of the embryo. In addition, it was observed that this product stimulate the oviposition, mainly at the concentration of 20%. This higher production of eggs represents a defense mechanism developed by the organism in order to ensure the reproductive success of the species, even in the presence of the toxic agent. However, the results obtained suggested that the laid eggs would not be viable, due to the great changes undergone by the oocytes. Thus, the present study showed that the use of this vegetal product would be an alternative way to control the ticks, bringing benefits similar to the ones obtained through the use of synthetic acaricides; however, with less damage to nontarget organisms and the environment as well. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy of the fully formed chondrocranium of Emydura subglobosa (Chelidae): A pleurodiran turtle
Authors: Daniel J Paluh , Christopher A Sheil
Published: September 2012

The chondrocranium is a cartilaginous structure that forms around and protects the brain and sensory organs of the head. Through ontogeny, this skeletal structure may become more elaborate, remodeled and reabsorbed, and/or ossified. Though considerable attention has been given to the formation of the chondrocranium and a great amount of data has been gathered on the development of this structure among many craniates, the anatomy of this structure in turtles often is neglected. We describe the mature chondrocranium of the pleurodiran turtle, Emydura subglobosa (Chelidae) based on hatchling specimens. Though formation and ossification of bony elements has been studied previously in this species, a detailed description of the chondrocranium of this pleurodiran turtle has not been presented. Anatomy of the chondrocranium was described for E. subglobosa by examination of cleared and double‐stained specimens. The orbitotemporal region of E. subglobosa is dramatically different from that of other described turtles (e.g., Apalone spinifera, Pelodiscus sinensis, Chelydra serpentina, Macrochelys temminckii, Trachemys scripta, Chrysemys picta, and Eretmochelys imbricata) in that a prominent taenia marginalis spans the space between the planum supraseptale and otic capsules, and the pila antotica (which becomes modified and ossified through ontogeny to form the processus clinoideus) is greatly reduced and essentially absent in hatchling specimens. The morphology seen in E. subglobosa is similar to that of Caretta caretta, particularly as it relates to the taenia marginalis. Variation in the orbitotemporal region is briefly discussed in the context of the taenia marginalis, taenia medialis, pila metoptica, and pila antotica. J. Morphol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extracellular matrix proteins secreted from both the endometrium and the embryo are required for attachment: A study using a co‐culture model of rat blastocysts and Ishikawa cells
Authors: Kaneko Yui , Murphy Christopher R. , Day Margot L.
Published: September 2012

Integrins are expressed in a highly regulated manner at the maternal‐fetal interface during implantation. However, the significance of extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands during the integrin‐mediated embryo attachment to the endometrium is not fully understood. Thus, the distribution of fibronectin in the rat uterus and blastocyst was studied at the time of implantation. Fibronectin was absent in the uterine luminal epithelial cells but was intensely expressed in the trophoblast cells and the inner cell mass suggesting that fibronectin secreted from the blastocyst may be a possible bridging ligand for the integrins expressed at the maternal‐fetal interface. An Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) peptide was used to block the RGD recognition sites on integrins, and the effect on rat blastocyst attachment to Ishikawa cells was examined. There was a significant reduction in blastocyst attachment when either the blastocysts or the Ishikawa cells were pre‐incubated with the RGD‐blocking peptide. Thus, successful attachment of the embryo to the endometrium requires the interaction of integrins on both the endometrium and the blastocyst with the RGD sequence of ECM ligands, such as fibronectin. Pre‐treatment of both blastocysts and Ishikawa cells with the RGD peptide also inhibited blastocyst attachment, but not completely, suggesting that ECM bridging ligands that do not contain the RGD sequence are also involved in embryo attachment. J. Morphol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postcranial morphology and the locomotor habits of living and extinct carnivorans
Authors: Samuels Joshua X. , Meachen Julie A. , Sakai Stacey A.
Published: September 2012

Members of the order Carnivora display a broad range of locomotor habits, including cursorial, scansorial, arboreal, semiaquatic, aquatic, and semifossorial species from multiple families. Ecomorphological analyses from osteological measurements have been used successfully in prior studies of carnivorans and rodents to accurately infer the locomotor habits of extinct species. This study uses 20 postcranial measurements that have been shown to be effective indicators of locomotor habits in rodents and incorporates an extensive sample of over 300 individuals from more than 100 living carnivoran species. We performed statistical analyses, including analysis of variance (ANOVA) and stepwise discriminant function analysis, using a set of 16 functional indices (ratios). Our ANOVA results reveal consistent differences in postcranial skeletal morphology among locomotor groups. Cursorial species display distal elongation of the limbs, gracile limb elements, and relatively narrow humeral and femoral epicondyles. Aquatic and semiaquatic species display relatively robust, shortened femora and elongate metatarsals. Semifossorial species display relatively short, robust limbs with enlarged muscular attachment sites and elongate claws. Both semiaquatic and semifossorial species have relatively elongate olecranon process of the ulna and enlarged humeral and femoral epicondyles. Terrestrial, scansorial, and arboreal species are characterized by having primarily intermediate features, but arboreal species do show relatively elongate manual digits. Morphological indices effectively discriminate locomotor groups, with cursorial and arboreal species more accurately classified than terrestrial, scansorial, or semiaquatic species. Both within and between families, species with similar locomotor habits converge toward similar postcranial morphology despite their independent evolutionary histories. The discriminant analysis worked particularly well to correctly classify members of the Canidae, but not as well for members of the Mustelidae or Ursidae. Results are used to infer the locomotor habits of extinct carnivorans, including members of several extinct families, and also 12 species from the Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of glucosinolates in capers by LC‐ESI‐hybrid linear ion trap with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐LTQ‐FTICR MS) and infrared multiphoton dissociation
Authors: Bianco Giuliana , Lelario Filomena , Battista Fabio Giuseppe , Bufo Sabino A. , Cataldi Tommaso R.I.
Published: September 2012

An liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method using electrospray ionization in negative ion mode coupled with a hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer was applied to characterize of intact glucosinolates (GLSs) in crude sample extracts of wild bud flowers of Capparis spinosa (Capparis species, family Capparaceae). Structural information of GLSs was obtained upon precursor ions' isolation within the FTICR trapping cell and subsequent fragmentation induced by infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD). Such a fragmentation was found very useful in terms of chemical identification of all precursor ions [M–H]− including sulfur‐rich GLSs reported here for the first time. Along with most common GLSs already found in capers such as glucocapparin, isopropyl/n‐propyl‐GLS, mercapto‐glucocapparin, and two indolic GLS, i.e., 4‐hydroxyglucobrassicin and glucobrassicin, the occurrence of the uncommon glycinyl‐glucocapparin as well as two sulfur‐rich GLSs is reported. IRMPD showed an increased selectivity towards disulfide bond cleavages with thiol migration, suggesting the side chain structure of non‐targeted compounds, i.e., disulfanyl‐glucocapparin and trisulfanyl‐glucocapparin. Glucocapparin [2.05 ± 0.25 mg/g, dry weight (dw)] was the most abundant GLS, followed by glucobrassicin (232 ± 18 µg/g, dw) and 4‐hydroxyglucobrassicin (89 ± 12 µg/g, dw). All other compounds were present at very low content ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 µg/g dw. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seed oil triglyceride profiling of thirty‐two hybrid grape varieties
Authors: De Marchi Fabiola , Seraglia Roberta , Molin Laura , Traldi Pietro , De Rosso Mirko , Panighel Annarita , Dalla Vedova Antonio , Gardiman Massimo , Giust Mirella , Flamini Riccardo
Published: September 2012

Triglyceride profile of seed oil samples from 32 hybrid grape varieties not studied before was investigated. A new method for the analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) has been developed based on the direct infusion in the electrospray ionization (ESI) source and employing tetrahydrofuran/methanol/water (85:10:5 v|v|v) as solvent; the formation of [M + Na]+ ions in high yield has been observed. TAGs were identified by ESI‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis, and the matrix‐assisted‐laser‐desorption‐ionization and time‐of‐flight profile of samples was determined. Six were the principal TAGs identified in seed oil: trilinolein (LLL) was the most abundant (43%), followed by dilinoleoyl‐oleoylglycerol (LOL, 23%), and dilinoleoyl‐palmitoylglycerol (LPL, 15%). Compounds present in lower concentration were LSL and LOO (11%), LOP (6%), and LSP (2%). Compared with seed oils produced from V. Vinifera grapes, some significant differences in the relative abundances of TAGs were found, in particular hybrid grape seed oils showed higher LOL and lower LPL content, respectively. Among the samples studied, a particularly high content of LLL (rich in unsaturated fatty acids) was found in seed oils from two red varieties. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry approach to study “glucosinoloma” in broccoli sprouts
Authors: Maldini Mariateresa , Baima Simona , Morelli Giorgio , Scaccini Cristina , Natella Fausta
Published: September 2012

Glucosinolates are an important class of secondary plant metabolites, possessing health‐promoting properties. Young broccoli plants are a very good source of glucosinolates with concentrations several times greater than in mature plants. The aim of our study was to develop a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry qualitative and quantitative method for the measure of glucosinolates in broccoli sprouts. The described method provides high sensitivity and specificity, allowing a rapid and simultaneous determination of 14 glucosinolates. The proposed method has been validated for eight glucosinolates: glucobrassicin, glucoraphanin, glucoiberin, glucoerucin, progoitrin, gluconapin, sinigrin and glucocheirolin. The linear range was 1–150 µg ml−1, the intra‐day and inter‐day precision values are within 6% and 8% at the lower limit of quantification, while the overall recovery of the eight glucosinolates was 99 ± 9%. This validated method was used successfully for analysis of glucosinolates content of broccoli sprouts grown in different conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric study of polyphenolic composition of four cultivars of Fragaria vesca L. berries and their comparative evaluation
Authors: Del Bubba Massimo , Checchini Leonardo , Chiuminatto Ugo , Doumett Saer , Fibbi Donatella , Giordani Edgardo
Published: September 2012

High‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion spray mass spectrometry in the tandem mode with both negative and positive ionization was used for investigating a variety of polyphenolic compounds in four genotypes of Fragaria vesca berries. About 60 phenolic compounds belonging to the compound classes of phenolic acids, ellagitannins, ellagic acid derivatives, flavonols, monomeric and oligomeric flavanols, dihydrochalcones and anthocyanins were reported, providing for the first time a quite complete picture of polyphenolic composition of F. vesca berries. Some of the polyphenols herein investigated, such as a tris‐galloyl‐hexahydroxydiphenoyl‐hexose, two castalagin/vescalagin‐like isomers and peonidin‐malonylglucoside, were described for the first time. Principal component analysis applied on original HPLC‐MS/MS data, acquired in multiple reaction monitoring mode, successfully discriminated the four investigated cultivars on the basis of their polyphenolic composition, highlighting the fundamental role of mass spectrometry for food characterization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of artistic patinas produced on copper‐based alloys
Authors: Bongiorno Valeria , Campodonico Serena , Caffara Roberta , Piccardo Paolo , Carnasciali Maria Maddalena
Published: September 2012

In order to contribute to the improvement of restoration and conservation sciences of metallic artefacts belonging to Cultural Heritage, a wide research has been started on the study of artificial (artistic) and natural (corrosion or alteration) patinas of copper‐based alloys.

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy (μRS) coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) were applied for the characterization of a number of patinas made on metallic substrate reproducing the typical copper‐based alloys used for statuary. A non alloyed copper sheet has been also used to simulate the architectural cover typically used after a specific cold spray coating.

To reach these goals, a number of patinas were experimentally produced in our laboratory using the torch technique and reactive solutions based on water as a solvent containing, respectively, copper nitrate, iron nitrate and potassium sulfide (‘liver of sulfur’). The only exception is a sample reproducing the architectural cover of a recent building nearly completely covered with copper sheets coated with copper salts.

All the produced patinas were aged in a salt spray chamber and then studied with μRS, SEM and EDXS in order to understand their evolution between the two known terms and therefore the reactions involved in all patinas. μRS allowed us to detect as main constituents of the ‘artistic’ patinas, before and after ageing: copper oxides (Cuprite and Tenorite), copper nitrates (Rouaite and Gerhardtite), copper chlorides (Botallackite, Atacamite and Paratacamite), a copper sulfate (Posnjakite), iron oxides (Magnetite and Hematite) and an iron hydroxide (Limonite). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near IR Fluorescent Polystyrene/Albumin Core/Shell Nanoparticles for Specific Targeting of Colonic Neoplasms
Authors: Pellach Michal , Grinberg Igor , Margel Shlomo
Published: September 2012

Previous studies have shown that albumin has a high affinity towards tumours, and, as a result, many drug/albumin conjugates, as well as albumin nanoparticles, have been studied as antineoplastic drug carriers. Numerous studies have also shown the high affinity of cyanine dyes for albumin. This work combines the former and the latter for the preparation of NIR fluorescent and photostable nanoparticles as diagnostic biomaterials. Tumour‐specific labelling by NIR fluorescent polystyrene/albumin core/shell nanoparticles is demonstrated, without the presence of additional targeting moieties, and they possess great potential for clinical applications.

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Surface Roughness and Charge Influence the Uptake of Nanoparticles: Fluorescently Labeled Pickering‐Type Versus Surfactant‐Stabilized Nanoparticles
Authors: Schrade Anika , Mailänder Volker , Ritz Sandra , Landfester Katharina , Ziener Ulrich
Published: September 2012

The influence of surface roughness and charge on the cellular uptake of nanoparticles in HeLa cells is investigated with fluorescent, oppositely charged, rough, and smooth nanoparticles. Flow cytometry, cLSM, and TEM reveal that rough nanoparticles are internalized by the cells more slowly and by an unidentified uptake route as no predominant endocytosis route is blocked by a variety of inhibitory drugs, while the uptake of smooth nanoparticles is strongly dependent on dynamin, F‐actin, and lipid‐raft. Negatively charged nanoparticles are taken up to a higher extent than positively charged ones, independent of the surface roughness.

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Green Composites From Soy‐Based Biopolyurethane With Microcrystalline Cellulose
Authors: Luo Xiaogang , Mohanty Amar , Misra Manju
Published: September 2012

A simple process is described for preparing transparent composite sheets from soy‐oil‐based biopolyurethane (BioPU) with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The sheets are prepared by the reaction of a mixture of soy‐oil‐based polyol and petrochemical polyol with polymeric methyldiphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) in the presence and absence of MCC reinforcement by compression molding. MCC is well dispersed in the PU matrix, and characteristic peaks for MCC and BioPU are shown by the FTIR spectra. Mechanical properties are substantially improved with increasing MCC content. DMA and TGA results show better thermal stability in comparison to the neat BioPU sheets.

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Tunable PLGA‐Based Nanoparticles Synthesized Through Free‐Radical Polymerization
Authors: Ferrari Raffaele , Colombo Claudio , Dossi Marco , Moscatelli Davide
Published: September 2012

A new class of PLGA‐based materials suitable for the production of biodegradable NPs via free‐radical polymerization is proposed. ROP of lactide and glycolide using HEMA is carried out; macromonomers (HEMA‐LxGyA) with short PLGA chain ends are successfully produced. Afterwards, monomer‐starved semi‐batch emulsion polymerization of these HEMA‐LxGyA macromonomers is performed to obtain NPs with a low polydispersity index and a controlled size. The stability and degradability of NPs is confirmed from degradation studies that verify the possibility of tuning the degradation time by changing macromonomer characteristics such as chain length and composition.

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Lp‐theory of type 1, 1‐operators
Authors: Johnsen Jon
Published: September 2012

This is a continuation of recent work on the general definition of pseudo‐differential operators of type 1, 1, in Hörmander's sense. Continuity in Lp‐Sobolev spaces and Hölder–Zygmund spaces, and more generally in Besov and Lizorkin–Triebel spaces, is proved for positive smoothness; with extension to arbitrary smoothness for operators in the self‐adjoint subclass. As a main tool the paradifferential decomposition is used for type 1, 1‐operators in combination with the Spectral Support Rule for pseudo‐differential operators and pointwise estimates in terms of maximal functions of Peetre–Fefferman–Stein type.
Brain organochlorines and Lewy pathology: The Honolulu‐Asia aging study
Authors: Ross G. Webster , Duda John E. , Abbott Robert D. , Pellizzari Edo , Petrovitch Helen , Miller Diane B. , O'Callaghan James P. , Tanner Caroline M. , Noorigian Joseph V. , Masaki Kamal , Launer Lenore , White Lon R.
Published: September 2012

Although organochlorines have been reported more frequently in Parkinson's disease (PD) brains than in controls, the association with brain Lewy pathology is unknown. Honolulu‐Asia Aging Study (HAAS) participants, exposed to organochlorines from a variety of sources during midlife, represent a population well suited to determining the relationship of brain organochlorines with Lewy pathology in decedents from the longitudinal HAAS. The study design included the measurement of 21 organochlorine levels in frozen occipital lobe samples from HAAS decedents. Alpha‐synuclein immunostaining performed on 225 brains was used to identify Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. With the potential for spurious associations to appear between Lewy pathology and 17 organochlorine compounds found in at least 1 brain, initial assessments identified heptachlor epoxide isomer b, methoxychlor, and benzene hexachloride b as being most important. The prevalence of Lewy pathology was 75% (6 of 8) among brains with any 2 of the 3 compounds, 48.8% (79 of 162) among those with 1, and 32.7% (18 of 55) for those with neither (P= .007 test for trend). Although findings persisted after removing cases with PD and dementia with Lewy bodies and after adjustment for age at death, body mass index, pack‐years of cigarette smoking, and coffee intake (P= .013), the results were insignificant when correcting for multiple testing. Although consistent with earlier accounts of an association between organochlorines and clinical PD, associations with Lewy pathology warrant further study. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society