bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Below‐ground‐mediated and phase‐dependent processes drive nitrogen‐evoked community changes in grasslands
Authors: Tian Qiuying , Yang Liuyi , Ma Pengfei , Zhou Huirong , Liu Nana , Bai Wenming , Wang Hong , Ren Lifei , Lu Peng , Han Wenwu , Schultz Peggy A. , Bever James D. , Zhang Fu‐Suo , Lambers Hans , Zhang Wen‐Hao
Published: May 2020

Enhanced deposition of atmospheric nitrogen (N) leads to loss of plant diversity in grassland ecosystems. Numerous theories have provided potential explanations for the negative effects of N enrichment on plant diversity. However, the relative importance of each mechanism and the time‐scales of responses for the different functional groups remain unclear.

We investigated the temporal responses of plant community in a temperate steppe to N enrichment by linking above‐ground to below‐ground processes using a series of field N‐addition and greenhouse experiments.

The N enrichment‐induced declines in plant diversity of grasslands were phase‐based, functional group‐dependent and driven by three below‐ground processes. The rapid accumulation of

by N addition inhibited photosynthetic rates of broad‐leaf non‐rhizomatous forbs, contributing to loss of these N‐sensitive species during early phase of N enrichment (≤3 years). The N‐induced changes in this phase were independent of soil pH as evidenced by results from application of lime to mitigate N‐evoked soil acidification. With progression of N addition, manganese (Mn) toxicity to narrow‐leaf non‐rhizomatous forbs due to soil acidification‐induced Mn2+ mobilization in soil accounted for their loss in the second phase of N enrichment (~4–9 years). When N addition proceeded longer than ~10 years, N enrichment stimulated below‐ground meristem differentiation and rhizome growth of the rhizomatous species, leading to the dominance by rhizomatous sedges/grasses in the community at the later phase of N enrichment.

Synthesis. The hierarchical mechanisms not only provide a comprehensive explanation for the N enrichment‐induced diversity decline in grasslands, but can also facilitate us to understand the differential sensitivities of ecosystems to chronic N enrichment, and predict future ecosystem dynamics.
ARHGAP17 inhibits pathological cyclic strain‐induced apoptosis in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts via Rac1/Cdc42
Authors: Wang Li , Yang Xiaojie , Wan Leilei , Wang Shiwei , Pan Jinsong , Liu Yuehua
Published: May 2020

Rho GTPase‐activating protein (Rho‐GAP) and Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (Rho‐ GDI) are two main negative regulators of Rho GTPase. Our previous work has found that Rho‐GDI and Rho GTPase are involved in the response of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells to mechanical stress. However, whether Rho‐GAP also has a role in this process remains unknown. Here, we attempted to find the Rho‐GAP gene that may be involved in pathological stretch‐induced apoptosis of PDL cells. Human PDL fibroblasts were exposed to 20% cyclic strain for 6 hours or 24 hours, after which the expression levels of ARHGAP10, ARHGAP17, ARHGAP21, ARHGAP24 and ARHGAP28 were determined. Results showed that ARHGAP17 expression decreased the most obviously after treatment of stretch. In addition, ARHGAP17 overexpression abolished 20% cyclic strain‐induced apoptosis. Therefore, ARHGAP17 has an important role in pathological stretch‐induced apoptosis of human PDL fibroblasts. Moreover, we found that ARHGAP17 overexpression also alleviated cyclic strain‐induced activation of Rac1/Cdc42, a major downstream target of ARHGAP17. Furthermore, two Rac1 inhibitors, NSC23766 and EHT 1864, both attenuated ARHGAP17 knockdown‐mediated apoptosis in human PDL fibroblasts. Collectively, our data demonstrate that ARHGAP17 inhibits pathological cyclic strain‐induced apoptosis in human PDL fibroblasts through inactivating Rac1/Cdc42. This study highlights the importance of Rho signalling in the response of human PDL fibroblasts to mechanical stress.
The role of reactive oxygen species in the virulence of wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina
Authors: Wang Xiben , Che Mingzhe Z. , Khalil Hala B. , McCallum Brent D. , Bakkeren Guus , Rampitsch Christof , Saville Barry J.
Published: May 2020

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role during host–pathogen interactions and are often an indication of induced host defence responses. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that Puccinia triticina (Pt) generates ROS, including superoxide, H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals, during wheat infection. Through pharmacological inhibition, we found that ROS are critical for both Pt urediniospore germination and pathogenic development on wheat. A comparative RNA‐Seq analysis of different stages of Pt infection process revealed 291 putative Pt genes associated with the oxidation–reduction process. Thirty‐seven of these genes encode known proteins. The expressions of five Pt genes, including PtNoxA, PtNoxB, PtNoxR, PtCat and PtSod, were subsequently verified using RT‐qPCR analysis. The results show that the expressions of PtNoxA, PtNoxB, PtNoxR, PtCat and PtSod are up‐regulated during urediniospore germination. In comparison, the expressions of PtNoxA, PtNoxB, PtNoxR and PtCat are down‐regulated during wheat infection from 12 to 120 h after inoculation (HAI), whereas the expression of PtSod is up‐regulated with a peak of expression at 120 HAI. We conclude that ROS are critical for the full virulence of Pt and a coordinate down‐regulation of PtNox genes may be important for successful infection in wheat.
Chromosome‐level genome assembly of the greenfin horse‐faced filefish (Thamnaconus septentrionalis) using Oxford Nanopore PromethION sequencing and Hi‐C technology
Authors: Bian Li , Li Fenghui , Ge Jianlong , Wang Pengfei , Chang Qing , Zhang Shengnong , Li Jie , Liu Changlin , Liu Kun , Liu Xintian , Li Xuming , Chen Hongju , Chen Siqing , Shao Changwei , Lin Zhishu
Published: May 2020

The greenfin horse‐faced filefish, Thamnaconus septentrionalis, is a valuable commercial fish species that is widely distributed in the Indo‐West Pacific Ocean. This fish has characteristic blue–green fins, rough skin and a spine‐like first dorsal fin. Thamnaconus septentrionalis is of conservation concern because its population has declined sharply, and it is an important marine aquaculture fish species in China. Genomic resources for the filefish are lacking, and no reference genome has been released. In this study, the first chromosome‐level genome of T. septentrionalis was constructed using nanopore sequencing and Hi‐C technology. A total of 50.95 Gb polished nanopore sequences were generated and were assembled into a 474.31‐Mb genome, accounting for 96.45% of the estimated genome size of this filefish. The assembled genome contained only 242 contigs, and the achieved contig N50 was 22.46 Mb, a surprisingly high value among all sequenced fish species. Hi‐C scaffolding of the genome resulted in 20 pseudochromosomes containing 99.44% of the total assembled sequences. The genome contained 67.35 Mb of repeat sequences, accounting for 14.2% of the assembly. A total of 22,067 protein‐coding genes were predicted, 94.82% of which were successfully annotated with putative functions. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using 1,872 single‐copy orthologous genes, and 67 unique gene families were identified in the filefish genome. This high‐quality assembled genome will be a valuable resource for a range of future genomic, conservation and breeding studies of T. septentrionalis.
Abscopal effect induced by modulated radiation therapy and pembrolizumab in a patient with pancreatic metastatic lung squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Huang Cheng , Wu Shafei , Liu Zhikai , Liu Lei , Li Li , Li Shanqing
Published: May 2020

The main recurrence pattern for lung cancer patients after radical surgery is distant metastasis. The probability of pancreatic metastasis in patients diagnosed with lung squamous cell carcinoma is 0.02%, with a poor prognosis. Chemotherapy is the preferred treatment for recurrence. Single lesions or oligometastasis can be surgically resected, and local lesions with compression symptoms can be treated with radiotherapy. The FDA and NMPA have approved first‐line indications for immunotherapy for lung squamous cell carcinoma. Here, we report the case of a 57‐year‐old male patient with lung squamous cell carcinoma who developed pancreatic metastasis after radical resection. The disease progressed after first‐line chemotherapy, and the patient was treated with immunotherapy combined with radiotherapy. We subsequently observed the abscopal effect of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and pembrolizumab with disappearance of lung metastasis after radiotherapy for pancreatic metastasis. The patient’s tumor symptoms were relieved with prolonged survival.
Introducing the “hip call” to facilitate early surgical treatment of hip fractures: A feasibility study
Authors: Jensen Thomas G. , Vinstrup Louise Ø. , Dalskov Simone , Aasbrenn Martin , Palm Henrik , Rugolo Søren A. , Vendelø Merete T. , Dollerup Signe , Eriksen Sine A. N. , Lunn Troels H.
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Surgical treatment of hip fractures within 24‐48 hours decreases morbidity and mortality, but goals for early surgery have not been widely achieved so far. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of implementation of a hip call, and the secondary aim was to investigate the effect of the hip call on time for pre‐operative preparation and surgery compared to a historical control cohort.

Materials and Methods

From March 4, 2019 until June 30, 2019, admission of patients at Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark, with a suspected hip fracture triggered an acute hip call. Key personnel are summoned to secure rapid pre‐operative preparation and surgery. The implementation was defined feasible, if ≥ 75% of the patients were ready for surgery within 4 hours and had surgery initiated within 24 hours of hospital arrival. The historical control cohort was patients with hip fractures in the same period in 2018.

Results

A total of 128 patients were included in 2019, and 99 in 2018. After implementation of hip call, 83% of patients were ready for surgery within 4 hours. After vs before hip call, 88% vs 51% were operated within 24 hours and 96% vs 79% within 36 hours. Time from admission to surgery (hh:mm) was reduced by mean 10:33 (CI 07:46‐13:20), P < .001.

Conclusion

The implementation of a hip call was feasible with 83% of patients being ready for surgery within 4 hours, and 88% being operated within 24 hours. Future large‐scale studies should clarify potential benefits on clinical outcome.
Estimating the prevalence of problem drug use from drug‐related mortality data
Authors: Jones Hayley E. , Harris Ross J. , Downing Beatrice C. , Pierce Matthias , Millar Tim , Ades A. E. , Welton Nicky J. , Presanis Anne M. , De Angelis Daniela , Hickman Matthew
Published: May 2020

Background and Aims

Indirect estimation methods are required for estimating the size of populations where only a proportion of individuals are observed directly, such as problem drug users (PDUs). Capture–recapture and multiplier methods are widely used, but have been criticized as subject to bias. We propose a new approach to estimating prevalence of PDU from numbers of fatal drug‐related poisonings (fDRPs) using linked databases, addressing the key limitations of simplistic ‘mortality multipliers’.

Methods

Our approach requires linkage of data on a large cohort of known PDUs to mortality registers and summary information concerning additional fDRPs observed outside this cohort. We model fDRP rates among the cohort and assume that rates in unobserved PDUs are equal to rates in the cohort during periods out of treatment. Prevalence is estimated in a Bayesian statistical framework, in which we simultaneously fit regression models to fDRP rates and prevalence, allowing both to vary by demographic factors and the former also by treatment status.

Results

We report a case study analysis, estimating the prevalence of opioid dependence in England in 2008/09, by gender, age group and geographical region. Overall prevalence was estimated as 0.82% (95% credible interval = 0.74–0.94%) of 15–64‐year‐olds, which is similar to a published estimate based on capture–recapture analysis.

Conclusions

Our modelling approach estimates prevalence from drug‐related mortality data, while addressing the main limitations of simplistic multipliers. This offers an alternative approach for the common situation where available data sources do not meet the strong assumptions required for valid capture–recapture estimation. In a case study analysis, prevalence estimates based on our approach were surprisingly similar to existing capture–recapture estimates but, we argue, are based on a much more objective and justifiable modelling approach.
Underground Knowledge: Estimating the Impacts of Soil Information Transfers Through Experimental Auctions†
Authors: Murphy David M.A. , Roobroeck Dries , Lee David R. , Thies Janice
Published: May 2020

Soil degradation, a serious environmental problem in many developing countries, often necessitates the use of fertilizers to improve crop yields. However, smallholders usually do not have sufficient information about their soil nutrient levels to make profit‐maximizing decisions about fertilizer usage. We conducted two‐round experimental auctions to determine whether providing information and fertilizer recommendations from inexpensive soil testing kits to farmers in western Kenya affected their behavior and ability to optimize their input choices. We auctioned organic and inorganic agricultural inputs, dividing farmers into information treatments, and analyzed the data using double and triple difference estimations. We find that providing soil information has significant effects on farmers' willingness to pay for inputs. We then use Monte Carlo simulations to show that there is potential for high net benefits to farmers from individualized soil tests. These results suggest that soil testing can be a cost‐effective method to increase food security in the region.
Giraffe taxonomy, geographic distribution and conservation
Authors: Bercovitch Fred B.
Published: May 2020

xxxxxx.
Decision‐making capacity assessment for confused patients in a regional hospital: A before and after study
Authors: John Shibu , Schmidt David , Rowley Joanne
Published: May 2020

Objective

Clinicians are challenged to decide when and how to conduct decision‐making capacity assessment and guardianship applications for confused hospitalised older patients. This study aimed to understand the characteristics of confused hospitalised older patients who require decision‐making capacity assessment and guardianship applications and to determine the impact of a locally introduced capacity testing procedure on the conduct of decision‐making capacity assessment and guardianship application in a regional hospital setting.

Design

Before and after study.

Setting

Regional New South Wales hospital.

Participants

Twenty‐four confused hospitalised older patients who had decision‐making capacity assessment during November 2014‐April 2015 and November 2015‐April 2016.

Main outcome measure

The impact of a standardised capacity testing procedure on the conduct of decision‐making capacity assessment.

Results

After capacity testing procedure implementation, there were significant improvements in the number of multidisciplinary team meetings, documentation of decision‐making capacity assessment process and length of stay. The majority of patients who required guardianship application was aged over 70 years, had a medical history of dementia, >20 days of acute hospital admission and had no evidence of future care‐planning.

Conclusion

Implementation of capacity testing procedure is likely to have contributed to the positive changes in the conduct of decision‐making capacity assessment and guardianship application process for confused hospitalised older patients. This study provides some evidence of decision‐making capacity assessment process gaps; and indicates clinical and demographic characteristics of confused hospitalised older patients who might require decision‐making capacity assessment and guardianship applications. The evidence of lack of appropriate future care‐planning for ageing patients and increasing hospital admissions of confused hospitalised older patients presents future challenges in rural health.
Test‐retest reliability of a self‐reported physical activity environment instrument for use in rural settings
Authors: Cleland Verity , Timperio Anna , Sharman Melanie J. , Dollman James
Published: May 2020

Objective

Little is known about how the physical environment impacts physical activity behaviour among rural populations, who are typically less active and at higher risk of chronic disease than urban dwellers. The lack of individual‐level instruments to assess the physical environment in rural areas limits advancement of this field. Among rural adults, this study aimed to evaluate (a) the test‐retest reliability of a self‐reported questionnaire of individual‐level perceptions of the physical activity environment, and (b) the stability of a self‐reported physical activity questionnaire.

Design

Cross‐sectional questionnaire repeated twice, 2 weeks apart. The questionnaire included 94 items relating to the perceived physical environment (representing nine summary scores), demographic characteristics and physical activity.

Setting

Rural Australia.

Participants

Rurally residing adults (≥18 years) across three Australian states.

Main outcome measures

Test‐retest reliability evaluated by weighted Kappa statistics (individual items) and intra‐class correlations (summary scores).

Results

A total of 292 participants (20% men) completed both questionnaires, on average 22 days apart. Test‐retest reliability of individual items ranged from weighted Kappa 0.37‐0.85 (median: 0.59). Internal reliability for five summary scores was good to excellent (Cronbach's alpha: 0.81‐0.97). Test‐retest reliability was good to excellent for six summary scores (intra‐class correlations: 0.67‐0.77).

Conclusions

The findings indicated good to excellent test‐retest reliability for most items, particularly “fixed” constructs for this new questionnaire measuring the perceived physical environment in rural populations. This study represents an important step towards improving measurement of physical activity environments in rural populations, potentially leading to better tailored interventions to promote active and healthy living in rural areas.
Promoting positive development: Coaches as trainers in sports‐based resilience programs
Authors: Varela Sharon M. , Hanrahan Stephanie J. , DeCano Policarpio , Cook Clayton R. , Barrett Paula M.
Published: May 2020

Objective

To assess the efficacy of a train‐the‐trainer model for sporting coaches delivering a youth sports–based resilience program.

Design

A quasi‐experimental design was applied, with a pre‐post comparison, utilising purposive sampling to take advantage of an existing naturally formed group.

Setting and Participants

A total of 11 coaches and 86 athletes involved in a community rowing program.

Main outcome measure(s)

Coaches responded to paper‐based measures of resilience and knowledge/attitudes pre‐ and post‐completion of a training workshop. Athletes responded to online measures of stress, efficacy and life satisfaction pre‐ and post‐completion of a resilience program.

Results

Following the completion of the train‐the‐trainer workshop, coaches reported significant increases in general knowledge and confidence in teaching resilience skills. Following the delivery of the resilience program, athlete self‐efficacy and satisfaction with life scores were significantly higher, with significant reductions in reported stress for athletes trained by the varsity‐level coaches.

Conclusion

There is support for investing in a train‐the‐trainer model for the delivery of a resilience skills program within a sports context. Caution is given to investing in the training and support of the coaches, particularly coaches with less coaching experience. These results are consistent with previous research and demonstrate support for coach‐led resilience programs being effective in community settings, with implications for rural and remote locations.
Do the circulating Pre‐S/S quasispecies influence hepatitis B virus surface antigen levels in the HBeAg negative phase of HBV infection?
Authors: Cavallone Daniela , Ricco Gabriele , Oliveri Filippo , Colombatto Piero , Moriconi Francesco , Coco Barbara , Romagnoli Veronica , Salvati Antonio , Surace Lidia , Bonino Ferruccio , Brunetto Maurizia Rossana
Published: May 2020

Background

Virus, host factors and their interplay influence Hepatitis B surface Antigen serum levels during Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection course and treatment.

Aim

To study the Pre‐S/S circulating quasispecies in a cohort of untreated, HBeAg negative, genotype‐D, HBsAg carriers.

Methods

We studied 260 carriers: 71 with HBeAg negative infection (ENI; HBV‐DNA ≤2000 IU/mL); 42 Grey Zone (GZ; HBV‐DNA ≤20 000 IU/mL); 82 chronic hepatitis (CH) and 65 cirrhosis (CI) (HBV‐DNA > 20 000 IU/mL). Population sequencing was applied to identify Pre‐S/S gene mutations responsible for any amino acid substitution or potential biological/antigenic implications (M‐muts) on HBsAg.

Results

HBsAg serum levels were lower in ENI + GZ than in CH + CI (2.61 [−1.10/4.06] vs 3.62 [2.41/4.92] log10IU/mL, P < 0.001) and in CI than CH (3.48 [2.41/4.38] vs 3.66 [2.57/4.92] log10 IU/mL, P < 0.001). M‐muts were found in 73 (28.1%) cases: 5 (7.0%) ENI, 3 (7.1%) GZ, 26 (31.7%) CH, 39 (60.0%) CI (P < 0.001) and mostly in Pre‐S2 (17.6%) than Pre‐S1 (5.8%) and Small‐S (10.8%; P < 0.001). Overall HBsAg serum levels were higher in carriers with M‐muts (3.56 [0.95/4.38] vs 3.17 [−1.10/4.92] log10 IU/mL, P < 0.001), but comparable in carriers with or without M‐mut when considering separately ENI + GZ (2.84 [0.95/3.89] vs 2.61 [−1.10/4.06] log10IU/mL, P = 0.330] and CH + CI (3.57 [2.67/4.38] vs 3.63 [2.41/4.92] log10IU/mL, P = 0.37). Infection phase (β: 0.422, P < 0.001), age (β: −0.260, P < 0.001), ALT (β: −0.103, P = 0.045), liver stiffness (β: −0.118, P = 0.039) and HBV‐DNA (β: 0.384, P < 0.001), but not M‐mut were independently associated with HBsAg serum levels.

Conclusions

In HBeAg negative, genotype‐D, carriers Pre‐S/S heterogeneity increases with severity of liver disease, but does not influence HBsAg serum levels, that in low viraemic carriers are associated with an effective control of HBV.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the first remission for younger adults with FLT3‐internal tandem duplication AML: The JALSG AML209‐FLT3‐SCT study
Authors: Kawashima Naomi , Ishikawa Yuichi , Atsuta Yoshiko , Sawa Masashi , Ozawa Yukiyasu , Hayashi Masaki , Kohno Akio , Tomita Akihiro , Maeda Tomoya , Sakaida Emiko , Usuki Kensuke , Hagihara Maki , Kanamori Heiwa , Matsuoka Hiroshi , Kobayashi Miki , Asou Norio , Ohtake Shigeki , Matsumura Itaru , Miyazaki Yasushi , Naoe Tomoki , Kiyoi Hitoshi ,   for the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group (JALSG)
Published: May 2020

In this phase II multicenter study (JALSG AML209‐FLT3‐SCT), we aimed to prospectively elucidate the role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) at first complete remission (CR1) for FLT3‐internal tandem duplication (ITD)‐positive AML. Newly diagnosed de novo AML patients with FLT3‐ITD were enrolled at the achievement of CR1 and received allo‐HSCT as soon as possible after the first consolidation therapy. Mutations of 57 genes in AML cells at diagnosis were also analyzed. Among 48 eligible patients with a median age of 38.5 (17‐49) years, 36 (75%) received allo‐HSCT at a median of 108 days after CR1. The median follow‐up was 1726 days. The primary end‐point, 3‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) based on an intent to treat analysis, was 43.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30%‐57%), suggesting the efficacy of this treatment because the lower limit of the 95% CI exceeded the threshold response rate of 20%. The 3‐year overall survival, post‐transplant DFS, and non‐relapse mortality rates were 54.2% (95% CI, 39%‐67%), 58.3% (95% CI, 41%‐72%), and 25.0% (95% CI, 12%‐40%), respectively. The median ITD allelic ratio (AR) was 0.344 (0.006‐4.099). Neither FLT3‐ITD AR nor cooccurring genetic alterations was associated with a poor DFS. This prospective study indicated the efficacy and safety of allo‐HSCT for FLT3‐ITD AML patients in CR1. This study was registered at: www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/ as #UMIN000003433.
Dysregulation in nucleic acid‐sensing pathway genes is associated with cancer patients’ prognosis
Authors: Yan‐Fei Huo , Han Yang , Yan‐Ting Zhou , Hui Yang , Yu‐Qing Yu , Ipsita Panda , Hui‐Ying He , Wei‐Gang Fang , Xin‐Xia Tian
Published: May 2020

The innate immune system, the first line of defense against pathogens, is activated by nucleic acids from microbial invaders that are recognized by nucleic acid‐sensing receptors. Recent evidence affirms the ability of these receptors to respond to nucleic acids released by damaged cancer cells. The innate immune system is also involved in cancer immunosurveillance, and could be modulated for devising effective antitumor therapies by targeting nucleic acid‐sensing pathways. A systematic, comprehensive analysis of dysregulation in nucleic acid‐sensing pathways in cancer is required to fully understand its role. Based on multidimensional data of The Cancer Genome Atlas pan‐cancer cohort, we revealed that upregulation of cytosolic DNA‐sensing genes like AIM2 and CGAS was common in tumor tissues. We used 15 genes in the nucleic acid‐sensing pathway to cluster all tumor patients into 2 subgroups and found that the subgroup with higher expression of nucleic acid‐sensing pathway genes was associated with poorer prognosis across cancer types. However, in homologous recombination deficient patients, the nucleic acid recognition activated subgroup was associated with better prognosis, which confirms the therapeutic effect of nucleic acid recognition. This study contributes to a better understanding of the functions and mechanisms of nucleic acid recognition in cancer, lays the foundation for new therapeutic strategies, and enlarges the scope of development of new drugs.
Adult height after gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist treatment in girls with early puberty: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Park Hong Kyu , Choo Min Soo , Shim Young Suk
Published: May 2020

Objective

This analysis of previously published reports was performed to examine the effects of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist treatment on adult height and the factors associated with adult height outcomes.

Context

GnRH agonists are first‐line agents in the treatment of precocious puberty. However, studies regarding the treatment effect on subjects with early puberty have reported inconsistent results.

Design

A total of 14 studies identified from a search of electronic databases (AMED, EMBASE, MEDLINE and RISS) were included. Controlled studies with girls who developed puberty before 10 years of age and measurements of the adult heights of the subjects were selected. Studies using only long‐acting GnRH agonists to suppress puberty were included. Adult height, duration of the treatment, age at the start of treatment and bone age advancement were analysed.

Results

The mean age of the subjects ranged from 6.3 to 9.0 years. The meta‐analysis showed a pooled mean difference in adult height of 3.2 cm and a 95% confidence interval of 1.3‐5.1 cm. The height difference between the treated subjects and controls was significantly associated with the duration of treatment (P = .005) rather than the age at the start of treatment (P = .084) or the difference between bone age and chronological age (P = .427).

Conclusions

Administration of GnRH agonists in girls who develop early puberty and demonstrate advanced bone age may be effective for increasing adult height, especially if a sufficiently long treatment duration can be achieved.
Role of exosomal microRNAs in lung cancer biology and clinical applications
Authors: Hu Chengping , Meiners Silke , Lukas Christina , Stathopoulos Georgios T. , Chen Jie
Published: May 2020

Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm, are secreted by various cell types, including tumour cells. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified to be encapsulated and hence protected from degradation within exosomes. These exosomal miRNAs can be horizontally transferred to target cells, in which they subsequently modulate biological processes. Increasing evidence indicates that exosomal miRNAs play a critical role in modifying the microenvironment of lung cancers, possibly facilitating progression, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and drug resistance. In this review, we summarize the novel findings on exosomal miRNA functions during lung cancer initiation and progression. In addition, we highlight their potential role and challenges as biomarkers in lung cancer diagnosis, prognosis and drug resistance and as therapeutic agents.
Thiamidol containing treatment regimens in facial hyperpigmentation: An international multi‐centre approach consisting of a double‐blind, controlled, split‐face study and of an open‐label, real‐world study
Authors: Philipp‐Dormston W. G. , Vila Echagüe A. , Pérez Damonte S. H. , Riedel J. , Filbry A. , Warnke K. , Lofrano C. , Roggenkamp D. , Nippel G.
Published: May 2020

Objective

Tyrosinase is the rate‐limiting enzyme in melanogenesis. Thiamidol is the most potent inhibitor of human tyrosinase out of 50 000 tested compounds. In clinical studies, it was shown to improve facial hyperpigmentation, post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation and age spots significantly. To identify the optimal number of daily Thiamidol applications, we conducted a split‐face study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of four‐times with two‐times daily application. Subsequently, we evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of a typical face care regimen containing Thiamidol in a real‐world study.

Methods

The split‐face study was double‐blind, randomized, controlled, including two Thiamidol containing products (serum and day care SPF 30). The serum was applied twice daily on one half of the face and the day care SPF30 twice‐daily on the whole face. The real‐world study was open‐label, observational, including three Thiamidol containing products (day care SPF 30 in the morning, serum and night care in the evening). In both studies, subjects with mild‐to‐moderate facial hyperpigmentation applied the products over 12 weeks. Assessments included clinical and subjective grading of hyperpigmentation, skin condition, hemi‐/modified MASI, chromameter and clinical photography.

Results

In the split‐face study (n = 34), hyperpigmentation, skin roughness and hMASI improved all significantly (P < 0.001) versus baseline, with first visible results after two weeks of twice‐daily application. The four‐times daily application led to significant improvement versus the two‐times daily application. In the real‐world study (n = 83), all evaluated parameters, including skin condition and chromametry (n = 30), improved significantly (P < 0.001) in comparison with baseline and the corresponding preceding visits. The subjects judged the cosmetic properties of the products positively. In both studies, the products were well tolerated.

Conclusion

Four‐times daily Thiamidol improves facial hyperpigmentation significantly more than two‐times daily and is well tolerated by the subjects. The real‐world study with a typical face care regimen containing Thiamidol shows improvement of facial hyperpigmentation and confirms tolerability. Furthermore, the data provide evidence for the suitability of this three‐product Thiamidol regimen for day‐to‐day life.
Purification and characterisation of α‐glucosidase inhibitory peptides from defatted camellia seed cake
Authors: Feng Jun , Ma Yi‐Long , Sun Ping , Thakur Kiran , Wang Shaoyun , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Wei Zhao‐Jun
Published: May 2020

Enzymatically derived peptides from different proteins have displayed the potential to provide health benefits. Present research aims to obtain the functional peptides and improve the economic value of camellia seed cake via enzymatic hydrolysis. Camellia seed cake protein hydrolysates (CSCPH) prepared with alcalase demonstrated higher α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity. After ultrafiltration, the α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of different components was compared. The component (CSCPH‐IV) with the highest activity was selected for further separation and purification. The peptides were purified using reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) twice and identified as GHSLESIK, GLTSLDRYK and SPGYYDGR by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Subsequently, the preliminarily inhibitory effect of these peptides on α‐glucosidase activity was demonstrated by the molecular docking model. These results showed that three novel peptides isolated from the hydrolysates of camellia seed cake have the potential to be used as anti‐diabetic compounds for the development of functional foods.
Comparison of lignans and phenolic acids in different varieties of germinated flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Authors: Wu Yixin , Wang Hong , Wang Yufu , Brennan Charles Stephen , Anne Brennan Margaret , Qiu Caisheng , Guo Xinbo
Published: May 2020

The study aimed to evaluate the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignans, phenolic acids and also the antioxidant activities in 15 varieties of flax sprouts. The differential contents of lignans (13.30–8987 μg g−1) and phenolic acids (72.55–597.1 μg g−1) among 15 varieties of flax sprouts were observed. The total antioxidant activities ranged from 147.2 to 332.8 μmol TE g−1 in the flax sprouts. The expression levels of five genes in the lignin synthetic pathway were analysed using RT‐qPCR, and the results showed dramatical differences among different flax sprouts. Relatively dispersed analysis was showed by principal component analysis (PCA), and 15 flax sprouts were grouped by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) based on their phenolic acids, lignan compounds, length, gene expression and antioxidants after germination, primarily in relation to variety specificity. Present results would be instructive guidance for bio‐fortification breeding and functional foods innovation in flaxseeds.
Prediction of serious RSV‐related outcomes in older adults with outpatient RSV respiratory illness during 12 consecutive seasons
Authors: Kieke Burney A. , Belongia Edward A. , McClure David L. , Shinde Vivek
Published: May 2020

We developed and evaluated a model to predict serious outcomes among 243 adults ≥60 years old with medically attended respiratory illness and laboratory‐confirmed respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); 47 patients had a serious outcome defined as hospital admission, emergency department (ED) visit, or pneumonia diagnosis. The model used logistic regression with penalized maximum likelihood estimation. The reduced penalized model included age ≥ 75 years, ≥1 ED visit in prior year, crackles/rales, tachypnea, wheezing, new/increased sputum, and new/increased dyspnea. The optimal score cutoff yielded sensitivity and specificity of 66.0% and 81.6%. This prediction model provided moderate utility for identifying older adults with elevated risk of complicated RSV illness.
Cost‐effectiveness of multi‐layered silicone foam dressings for prevention of sacral and heel pressure ulcers in high‐risk intensive care unit patients: An economic analysis of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: El Genedy Monira , Hahnel Elisabeth , Tomova‐Simitchieva Tsenka , Padula William V. , Hauß Armin , Löber Nils , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike , Kottner Jan
Published: May 2020

Pressure ulcer incidence is high in intensive care units. This causes a serious financial burden to healthcare systems. We evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of multi‐layered silicone foam dressings for prevention of sacral and heel pressure ulcers in addition to standard prevention in high‐risk intensive care units patients. A randomised controlled trial to assess the efficacy of multi‐layered silicone foam dressings to prevent the development of pressure ulcers on heels and sacrum among 422 intensive care unit patients was conducted. Direct costs for preventive dressings in the intervention group and costs for treatment of incident pressure ulcers in both groups were measured using a bottom‐up approach. A cost‐effectiveness analysis by calculating the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio using different assumptions was performed. Additional dressing and labour costs of €150.81 (€116.45 heels; €34.36 sacrum) per patient occurred in the intervention group. Treatment costs were €569.49 in the control group and €134.88 in the intervention group. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio was €1945.30 per PU avoided (€8144.72 on heels; €701.54 sacrum) in the intervention group. We conclude that application of preventive dressings is cost‐effective for the sacral area, but only marginal on heels for critically ill patients.
The predictive validities of individual working‐memory capacity profiles and note‐taking strategies on online search performance
Authors: Wu Jiun‐Yu
Published: May 2020

Online search involves multitasking and may demand better working‐memory capacities (WMC) and additional cognitive aids. Given the constraints of human cognition, we tested the effectiveness of note‐taking strategies on university students' online search performance. Also examined were the profile configurations of WMC tests in silence and in irrelevant speech as well as its interaction effects with note‐taking strategies on online search performance. Among the participants of 60 university students, we found a four‐group WMC profile composition that differed significantly across WMC scores in both silence and irrelevant speech. Results showed that WMC profiles, note‐taking groups and their interaction effect were significant factors on online search performance. Both Free Note and Matrix Note were beneficial for the students in low silent WMC profile groups. Study results have both theoretical and practical implications, advancing our understanding of the interrelationship of WMC under different conditions and informing instructional practice of online search performance.
Retracted: Examining students' learning, perceived learning and motivation in social annotation‐based translation activities
Authors: Gao Fei , Zhao Na , Li Xiumei
Published: May 2020

This study was conducted to examine how a collaborative social annotation tool can be used to support collaborative learning in translation instruction for EFL students. Participants were 100 undergraduate students who were English majors in a southeast university in China. An experiment with crossover design was carried out to examine the participants' learning and motivation in the social annotation‐supported condition and the traditional instruction condition. The results showed that students received higher scores on their translation work and rated their perceived learning higher when they completed the translation assignments in the social annotation‐support condition than in the traditional instruction condition. In addition, participants reported that they were more motivated when they completed the translation assignments in the social annotation‐supported condition, though participants with different levels of language proficiency might be motivated by different reasons.
Preprocedural restoration of sinus rhythm and left atrial strain predict outcomes of catheter ablation for long‐standing persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Hanaki Yuichi , Machino‐Ohtsuka Tomoko , Aonuma Kazutaka , Komatsu Yuki , Machino Takeshi , Yamasaki Hiro , Igarashi Miyako , Sekiguchi Yukio , Nogami Akihiko , Ieda Masaki
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Catheter ablation (CA) for long‐standing persistent atrial fibrillation (LS‐AF) remains challenging. We aimed to explore whether sinus rhythm (SR) restoration and left atrium (LA) function after pretreatment with antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD's) and electrical cardioversion (ECV) predict procedural outcomes.

Methods and Results

We included 100 consecutive patients with LS‐AF who were treated with AAD/ECV for at least 3 months before CA. The echocardiographic LA strain during reservoir phase (LASr) was assessed after pretreatment as a marker of LA fibrosis. The recurrence was recorded for ≥1 year after the last procedure. During a 34 ± 16‐month follow‐up period, the single and multiple procedures and pharmaceutically assisted success rates were 40% and 71%, respectively. Patients with preprocedural SR restoration and higher LASr showed a significantly higher recurrence‐free probability after the last CA (logrank P = .001 and P < .001, respectively). Failure of preprocedural SR restoration and LASr ≤8.6% were independently associated with recurrence after the last CA (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42‐6.91, P = .005; HR: 3.89, 95% CI: 1.65‐9.17, P = .002, respectively). These parameters added incrementally to the predictive value of AF duration and LA dilatation (P = .03 and P = .002, respectively) and improved the recurrence‐risk stratification (net reclassification improvement = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.13‐0.65; P = .003).

Conclusion

In patients with LS‐AF, the inability to restore SR and lower LASr after AAD/ECV treatment independently and incrementally predicts the recurrence after CA. These findings might be useful for determining LS‐AF ablation candidates.
Gelatin nanocomposite films incorporated with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for shelf life extension of grapes
Authors: Mehmood Zaffar , Sadiq Muhammad Bilal , Khan Muhammad Rehan
Published: May 2020

Nanocomposite films were obtained by solution casting method from aqueous solution of bovine gelatin with addition of various concentrations of magnetic iron oxide (MIO) nanoparticles (NPs) (5, 10, 15, and 20% w/w of dry gelatin). The incorporation of MIO NPs improved the mechanical and physical properties of the nanocomposites. The increase in concentration of NPs up to 10% improved barrier and mechanical properties which slightly decreased after increasing the concentration beyond that limit due to particle agglomeration. The scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used to evaluate the morphology and crystalline structure of gelatin nanocomposite films, respectively. Gelatin nanocomposites with 20% w/w NPs exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (7.1 ± 0.085 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (8.22 ± 1.04 mm). Finally, the potential of gelatin/MIO nanocomposites as packaging material was evaluated to extend the shelf life of grapes. The gelatin/MIO nanocomposites can be used as a replacement to non‐biodegradable packaging.
The effect of a self‐management program on renal function control in patients with hemodialysis in Taiwan: A longitudinal randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lee Mei‐Chen , Wu Shu‐Fang V. , Lu Kuo‐Cheng , Liu Chief‐Yu , Liu Wen‐I , Liu Ju‐Han
Published: May 2020

Aim

This study was designed to investigate the longitudinal effect of participating in a self‐management program (SMP) on renal function control in patients receiving hemodialysis.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial enrolled a total of 58 patients at the hemodialysis center of a teaching hospital in Taiwan. The control group (n = 30) received the usual care and the experimental group (n = 28) received a 4‐week SMP intervention. The results of the follow‐up on the longitudinal data at 3, 6, and 9 months showed that the renal function indices, potassium and phosphorus levels, and interdialytic weight gain were significantly better than at the pre‐test for the experimental group.

Results

In terms of the interaction between group and time, the potassium level dropped significantly below the pre‐test value only after 3 months (B = −0.31, SE = 0.15, p = .044), suggesting that the post‐test potassium level had significantly decreased after 3 months. In terms of the interaction between group and time, the phosphorus level dropped significantly below the pre‐test value only after 6 months (B = −0.53, SE = 0.28, p = .050), suggesting that the post‐test phosphorus level significantly decreased after 6 months. Finally, the intervention could effectively control the weight change between dialysis sessions for up to 9 months (B = −1.34, SE = 0.30, p < .001).

Conclusions

The SMP intervention decreased potassium and phosphorus levels and helped control interdialytic weight gain in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Accuracy in Reporting of Kentucky Certified Nurse‐Midwives as Attendants in Birth Registration Data
Authors: Faucett Kendra , Kennedy Holly Powell
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Birth certificate data are used nationally to determine health care policy and health care reimbursement and to demonstrate the legitimacy and value of certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) and certified midwives (CMs) in perinatal and neonatal outcomes. However, the validity of birth certificate data is questionable, in part because of the data collection process. These data are particularly crucial for midwife‐attended births because the correct birth attendant is not always accurately identified on the birth certificate. The purpose of this project was to examine the actual number of CNM‐reported births compared with those recorded by the Kentucky Office of Vital Statistics and to examine the process used by birth registrars to complete the birth certificate.

Methods

CNMs attending births in hospitals in Kentucky in 2017 logged their birth statistics. These numbers were compared with the 2017 Kentucky Vital Statistics Birth Certificate data of CNM‐attended births. Kentucky birth registrars (50%) who work in facilities where CNMs attend births completed a 32‐question survey to describe their process of collecting birth certificate data.

Results

The comparison data revealed that CNM‐attended births in Kentucky are underrepresented in the state vital statistics by as much as 19.2%. Birth registrars identified barriers to collecting accurate data including lack of training, multiple sources of data, incomplete prenatal records, and absence of systems to help ensure accuracy.

Discussion

CNMs/CMs should keep personal and practice birth logs and routinely compare these with hospital data kept by the birth registrar. The state office of vital statistics and hospitals should target training to specific facilities that have the most inaccurate data. The Improving Midwifery Birth Numbers Initiative through the American College of Nurse‐Midwives Division of Research Data Management Section should continue to encourage midwifery students to complete this research in all 50 states.