bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ANALYSIS OF ELECTROPHORESIS PATTERNS: A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS WITH THE AID OF RAYLEIGH INTERFERENCE OPTICS
Authors: Curtain CC
Published: December 2007

Two methods of serum electrophoresis pattern resolution have been investigated:

(a) the method of Kabat and Tiselius (1939) in which the components are delimited by dropping perpendiculars from minima in the gradient curve;

(b) the method of Svedberg and Pedersen (1940) in which the pattern is resolved into Gaussian curves, the sum of whose ordinates at any given point is equal to the ordinate of the gradient curve at that point.

It was found that the latter method was the less influenced by the degree of separation of the components but it is inconvenient to use with interferometric optical systems because it is necessary to plot the entire gradient curve.

It was found possible to use nearly all the cell height of the Perkin‐Elmer model 38A electrophoresis instrument if the plateholder were modified to ensure reproducible location of the plate at each exposure. This made it possible to carry out electrophoresis for a time which gave sufficient separation of the components to enable the method of Kabat and Tiselius to be used.
THE QUANTITATIVE ELECTROPHORESIS OF SERUM PROTEINS IN THE PRESENCE OF HAEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Curtain CC
Published: December 2007

A method for correcting serum electrophoresis patterns for the presence of haemoglobin is described. The electrophoresis pattern of the serum is photographed first in red light at 690 mμ, then the cylindrical lens of the instrument is removed and the direct image of the cell is photographed la green light at 546 mμ. The distribution of haemoglobin along the cell is determined by densitometry of the direct image negative which gives the integral of that part of the serum gradient curve due to haemoglobin. Two points of inflection occur in the densitometric curve, the first due to free haemoglobin, migrating approximately with the β globulin, the second due to haptoglobin‐bound haemoglobin migrating with the α2 globulin.
ERRORS IN THE DETERMINATION OF SERUM CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Brown WD
Published: December 2007

Within the limits of the present study, the accuracy of determinations of cholesterol in human sera depends more on the purification of the cholesterol than on the colorimetric reaction used. The application of a variety of colorimetric reactions to an extract of non‐saponifiable material from serum gives values as accurate as the more complicated digitonide procedures. The accuracy of the principal methods for serum cholesterol determination are discussed in detail. In methods for preparation of the non‐saponifiable extract based on that of Abell, Levy, Brodie and Kendall (1952) simplicity of operation may be combined with accuracy.

It is suggested the following points be established during standardization of methods omitting saponification. Since determination of cholesteryl stearate seems to be complicated by its insolubility in some colorimetric reagents for cholesterol, and in view of the colour developed with some of these reagents and polyunsaturated acids, identical molecular extinction coefficients should be obtained for cholesterol, cholesteryl stearate and the mixed cholesteryl esters of serum before the method can be judged accurate. The absence of effect of other serum constituents should then be verified by comparison of values obtained by the method and by application of the colorimetric reagent to the non‐saponifiable matter of serum. Internal standards should be prepared with methods using saponification. Cholesteryl acetate should not be used in the standardization of methods for serum cholesterol determination as its behaviour in many methods is not typical of the cholesteryl esters of serum.
A FILTRATION PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING SERUM CHOLESTEROL WITH DIGITONIN
Authors: Brown WD
Published: December 2007

A precise and accurate method was developed for the determination of cholesterol with Liebermann‐Burchard reagent after its isolation as the digitonide. The cholesteryl digitonide was isolated by filtration instead of by the usual procedure of repeated centrifugation and decantation of wash fluids. The method is as precise as methods in which colorimetric reactions are applied to the non‐saponifiable extract and in which accuracy is obtained with the preparation of internal standards. Parameters are given for the maximum amounts of cholesteryl esters which may be saponified at 37° C. over a 30‐minute period. The difficulties of saponifying cholesteryl stearate due to its insolubility are discussed. It is shown that a protracted period of saponification at 65° C. need not affect the accuracy of determination of cholesterol with digitonin.
THE INFLUENCE OF ANTI‐INFLAMMATORY CORTI‐COSTEROIDS ON THE GROWTH OF THE CHICK EMBRYO AND THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE SIMONSEN PHENOMENON
Authors: Warner NL , Burnet FM
Published: December 2007

When a suitable dose of prednisolone is given to the 12‐day chick embryo two hours prior to the CAM inoculation of adult fowl leucocytes the focal count produced is significantly reduced. Inoculation of prednisolone 12 hours after leucocytes has no significant effect.

In vitro treatment of leucocytes with prednisolone in dosages effective in the egg has no cytotoxic effect on the leucocytes.

Much larger doses of prednisolone are needed to inhibit the splenic enlargement caused by intravenous inoculation of adult leucocytes.

When 12‐day embryos are treated with prednisolone given by the natural air space, growth is inhibited and with larger doses oedema and retardation of feather growth are seen. Intravenous inoculation of the drug inhibits growth, but the pathological changes do not occur.

A wide range of anti‐inflammatory steroids has been tested for their action in reducing focal counts on the CAM and in inhibiting embryo growth.

The activities found differ significantly from the results obtained in experimental mammals and from clinical experience. The unduly high activity of 11 β hydroxy derivatives is noted and discussed.
THE EFFECT OF COLLOIDAL SILICA ON BLOOD COAGULATION
Authors: Margolis J
Published: December 2007

Colloidal silica accelerates blood coagulation by adsorption and partial denaturation of a specific plasma protein, the Hageman factor. Quantitative measurements show that the activity of the silica depends on the particle diameter. It is suggested that geometrical relations between the silica and the protein molecules account for these differences in activity. The implications of certain anomalies of this reaction are considered.
RESISTANCE VALUES IN A SYNCYTIUM
Authors: George EP
Published: December 2007

Cable theory has been extended to include the case where the cable divides into two after a distance 1, the two branches again dividing and so on indefinitely. This is referred to as the open syncytium. The electrical behaviour is dependent on the ratio 1/λ: for 1/λ ≫ 1, R ∝ rm0.5 where λ is the attenuation length, R is the input resistance and rm the membrane resistance; for 1/λ ≪ 1 it is found that R is constant. For intermediate values of 1/λ the dependence of R on rm lies between these two limits.

The case has also been considered where some of the branches loop back into parental branches. This has been called the closed syncytium. An extreme example of the closed syncytium is where the loops form a close‐packed hexagonal array. In this case, for 1/λ ≫ 1, R ∝ rm0.5 as for the open syncytium. However, for 1/λ ≪ 1, there is a significant difference between the two structures and now R is not constant but R ∝ rm0.25 approx.
SOLUTIONS OF THE HODGKIN‐HUXLEY EQUATIONS FOR SQUID AXON TREATED WITH TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM AND IN POTASSIUM‐RICH MEDIA
Authors: George EP , Johnson EA
Published: December 2007

Solutions to the Hodgkin‐Huxley (H‐H) equations have been obtained using the fast digital computer SILLIAC. In these theoretical calculations the parameters were adjusted to correspond to the experimental conditions prevailing in a series of experiments reported by Tasaki and his collaborators, namely, (a) normal axon in potassium‐enriched sea water, or (b) tetraethylammonium (TEA) treated axon in normal sea water. Under conditions (a) the theoretical solutions demonstrated a response to hyperpolarising currents, the threshold of which was dependent on the value of the outside potassium concentration. The resulting theoretical waveforms and resistance variations were similar to those observed experimentally. The effect of TEA was simulated by reducing by a factor, k, the rate of change with time of those terms in the Hodgkin‐Huxley equations governing the potassium permeability. It was found that for k < 22·5, the action potentials were prolonged but were not modified significantly in shape. For k > 22·5, however, a plateau reminiscent of some cardiac waveforms appeared after the initial spike. The effect of hyper‐ and depolarising currents, of abolition pulses, and of the response to successive stimuli, was investigated. The theoretical results were found to correspond closely with the experimental observations. It is concluded that the prolonged action potential under TEA and some features of the hyperpolarising response in potassium‐rich sea water can be satisfactorily accounted for within the existing framework of the Hodgkin‐Huxley equations.
A DEGENERATION STUDY OF THE SOMAESTHETIC AFFERENT SYSTEMS IN THE MARSUPIAL PHALANGER, TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA
Authors: Clezy JKA , Dennis Barbara J , Kerr DIB
Published: December 2007

Degenerating fibres in the medial lemniscus and anterolateral columns of the phalanger have been traced using the Marchi technique. The medial lemniscus, arising from a lesion in the dorsal column nuclei, decussates in the lower medulla and fallows a contralateral pathway, except in its most caudal extent where some degeneration on the ipsilateral side at inferior olivary levels is suggestive of a small component of uncrossed fibres. This ipsilateral representation soon fading, the pathway thereafter is completely crossed. It remains in a ventromedial situation throughout the midbrain, and penetrates the subthalamus to terminate in n. ventralis posterolateralis of the thalamus.

Anterolateral column lesions in the cervical cord result in ascending degeneration which can be traced into the medulla as an ipsilateral compact anterolateral marginal band (Gower's tract), together with a scatter of degeneration medially into the reticular formation up to the level of the superior olives. At upper pontine levels, fibres of the ventral spinocerebellar tract arch dorsally and turn back to reach the cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle. No myelinated spinotectal fibres are to be found, and there is no direct passage of myelinated fibres to the thalamus.
SOME FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE GROWTH OF LACTOBACILLUS CASEI
Authors: Dawbarn Mary C , Forsyth Heather , Kilpatrick Diana
Published: December 2007

A study has been made of the growth response of Lactobaciltus casei to graded amounts of folic acid, riboflavin and Ca pantothenate in an assay medium designed for the measurement of folic acid and in modifications of that medium.

Growth was measured as titratable acidity after 72 hours' incubation and as turbidity after 18, 24 or 48 hours' incubation. The following conclusions were drawn from titration experiments.

Asparagine (720 mg./litre) increased the growth response to folic acid but reduced the growth response to riboflavin. The response to the lower concentrations of Ca pantothenate was reduced and to the higher concentrations was increased by asparagine.

In the folic acid assay (+asparagine) and the riboflavin assay (–asparagine) the effect of reducing the concentration of purines and pyrimidines was to reduce the growth response. In the pantothenate assay, on the other hand, the response to the lower standard levels of Ca pantothenate was markedly increased by reducing the purine and pyrimidine concentration.

In the folic acid assay increasing the folic acid concentration from 0.4 mμg./ml. to 20 mμg./ml. had no effect on growth. In the riboflavin assay, however, growth was less with 20 mμg./ml. folic acid than with 0.4 mμg./ml. whether asparagine was present or not. In the pantothenate assay growth in the medium containing asparagine was less with 20 than with 0.4 mμg./ml. of folic acid (or equivalent concentrations of Ca leucovorin).

The response of L. casei to coenzyme A treated with alkaline phosphatase and pigeon liver enzyme or with phosphatase alone was compared with the response to Ca pantothenate. In the medium containing the highest concentration of purines and pyrimidines all the growth curves showed the characteristic S‐shape. On reducing the concentration of purines and pyrimidines to one‐eighth there was a marked increase in the response to all the lower dose levels.
THE INTERACTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXIN AND GANGLIOSIDE
Authors: Doery Hazel M , North EA
Published: December 2007

Evidence is presented that staphylococcal toxin and serum proteins form firm combinations with ganglioside.

Ganglioside from which up to 62 p.c. of the sialic acid is removed by either heat or neuraminidase still strongly inactivates staphylococcal toxin.

Sedimentation data are presented for unheated and heated aqueous solutions of ganglioside. These data, together with inactivation studies, support the idea that heated aqueous solutions form smaller or unfolded aggregates with more active sites available for interaction with toxins.

Mechanisms of combination between gangliosides and proteins are discussed.
THE INTERCONVERSION OF OESTRONE AND OESTRADIOL‐17β BY HUMAN AND RAT BLOOD
Authors: Brown BT , Golder WS , Wright SE
Published: December 2007

The interconversion of oestrone and oestradiol‐17β occurs in human and rat blood cells and to a lesser extent in plasma. Reduction of oestrone produces only oestradiol‐17β which has been identified by preparation of its pipsylate. This can be separated from the pipsylate of oestradiol‐17α by paper chromatography. Oestrone and oestradiot‐17β also yield polar substances when incubated with blood preparations.

The preparation and constants of a number of oestrogen pipsylates are described.
THE EFFECT OF THE ANTIOXIDANTS, BUTYLATED HYDROXY ANISOLE, BUTYLATED HYDROXY TOLUENE AND PROPYL GALLATE ON GROWTH, LIVER AND SERUM LIPIDS AND SERUM SODIUM LEVELS OF THE RAT
Authors: Johnson AR , Hewgill FR
Published: December 2007

Confirmation of our previous finding that there are greater hazards in the use of butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) than in that of butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) as antioxidants for use in human foodstuffs was obtained. BHA and propyl gallate (PG) met one of the requirements for safety as a food additive. A sex difference in the effect of BHT was noted; BHT increased the relative weight of the male adrenal and had a greater deleterious effect on the growth rate of the male than of the female rat. A straight line relationship existed between the dietary level of BHT and the serum cholesterol level. When fed at the level of 0·1 p.c. of the diet, BHA increased the level of total serum cholesterol but no further elevations occurred at higher dosages. There was a relatively greater increase in the amount of serum free cholesterol than of ester cholesterol when BHA or BHT were fed. PG had no effect on the serum cholesterol levels. BHT increased both free and esterified adrenal cholesterol, a greater increase being noted in the latter. Although BHA and BHT produced increases in the size of the male adrenal none of the marked histological changes recorded by other workers using lethal doses of these antioxidants in the rabbit were apparent. The antioxidants had no effect on the concentration in the liver of the total and esterified cholesterol, total lipid or on the composition of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, as the liver weight was increased by BHA or BHT the absolute lipid content of the liver was increased.
IRON STORAGE AND TRANSPORT AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF VIABLE ERYTHROCYTES TO THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Morgan EH
Published: December 2007

Viable rat erythrocytes were administered intraperitoneally in two dosage levels to male albino rats. The changes in blood haemoglobin, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity (T.I.B.C.) and liver and spleen storage iron were followed for 180 days after giving the erythrocytes. Polycythaemia persisted for at least 20 days and was accompanied by elevation of the plasma iron concentration and depression of the T.I.B.C. During the first 20–60 days liver and spleen storage iron values increased markedly, but thereafter gradually declined. The increase in storage iron concentration was greater in the spleen than in the liver, and in the spleen relatively less iron was found in the ferritin fraction than in the haemosiderin fraction when compared with the values for control rats.
IRON STORAGE AND TRANSPORT IN IRON‐DEPLETED RATS, WITH NOTES ON COMBINED IRON AND COPPER DEFICIENCY
Authors: Morgan EH
Published: December 2007

Adult albino rats of both sexes were subjected to repeated bleeding from the tail over a period of eight weeks while being fed a standard diet or a low iron milk diet. This produced anaemia, reduction of plasma iron concentration, elevation of plasma total iron binding capacity and reduction of storage (non‐haem) iron present in liver and spleen. The sex difference for plasma iron and storage iron values was maintained in the presence of severe iron deficiency. Complete removal of all storage iron from liver and spleen was not achieved but no definite lower limit for storage iron concentrations in these organs could be demonstrated. The reduction in storage iron values was accompanied by little change in the relative distribution of the iron between ferritin and haemosiderin.
THE MECHANISM OF ABSORPTION OF SUBCUTANEOUS EXTRAVASATIONS OF BLOOD
Authors: Walsh RJ , Cantrill Shirley
Published: December 2007

The rate and mechanism of absorption of blood from subcutaneous extravasations has been investigated in rats. Absorption of intact red cells from the peritoneal cavity is rapid, but in the subcutaneous tissues red cells are mainly broken down in situ with absorption of catabolised products. A difference in the coagulation and lytic mechanisms in the peritoneal and subcutaneous tissues seems to account for the different absorption mechanisms. Simultaneous injections of anticoagulants, hyaluronidase, and streptoldnase did not increase the absorption of red cells. A large percentage of the Fe59 or Cr51 from broken‐down red cells passed to the liver.
LOCALIZATION OF 18 S GAMMA‐MACROGLOBULIN IN PLASMACYTOID CELLS OF THE BONE MARROW OF A CASE OF MACROGLOBULINAEMIA
Authors: Curtain CC
Published: December 2007

18 S macroglobulin was localised by specific fluorescent antibody in plasmablast cells of the bone marrow of a patient suffering from cryogel‐macroglobulinaemia. Specific fluorescence was not observed in mature plasmacytes, or in the plasmacytes of the patient's lymph‐nodes. The cells showed both cytoplasmic and nuclear fluorescence in contrast to those of a previous case of macroglobulinaemia reported by the author in which only cytoplasmic fluorescence was found in mature and immature bone marrow plasma cells. Other workers have found only nuclear fluorescence in lympho‐cytoid cells from a case of macroglobulinaemia. It is suggested that these differences are a reflection of the cytochemical diversity underlying the well‐known clinical diversity of macroglobulinaemia.
SOMAESTHETIC PATHWAYS IN THE MARSUPIAL PHALANGER, TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA
Authors: Dennis Barbara J , Kerr DIB
Published: December 2007

Spinal afferent pathways corresponding to the classical somaesthetic projections, medial lemniscus and anterolateral column system, have been described for the marsupial phalanger, Trichosurus vulpecula, using potentials evoked by limb stimulation.

Potentials were also evoked within the central tegmental fasciculus and central grey which are considered to be phylogenetically older somaesthetic systems. These projections are relatively conspicuous in comparison with the classical paths, particularly the medial lemniscus. It is considered that the marsupial somaesthetic systems, with a dominance of medical indirect somaesthetic sensory paths, represent a step between the reptilian condition, where such paths predominate, and the full development of more direct spinothalamic projections in the higher mammals.
FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY AND URINARY FORMIMINOGLUTAMIC ACID EXCRETION IN THE RAT
Authors: Davis RE
Published: December 2007

Rats fed on a folic acid‐deficient diet regularly excrete formiminoglutamic acid in the urine. The vitamin B12 and folic acid status of such rats was estimated by assay of liver tissue for these vitamins. Formiminoglutamic acid excretion occurs in the presence of normal liver vitamin B12 concentrations. There appears to be a critical level of liver folic acid below which there is excretion of formiminoglutamic acid.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BLOOD COAGULATION IN VERTEBRATES
Authors: Fantl P
Published: December 2007

The addition of kaolin suspension and phospholipid shortens the clotting time of plasma of toad, trout, echidna, tortoise, possum, dog, guinea pig, rat, man and lizard. Kaolin has little influence on the plasma clotting time of the domestic fowl, teal and tiger snake. The duration of incubation of plasma with kaolin suspension and phospholipid to produce shortest clotting time varies from less than one minute in the plasma of the first four vertebrates to several minutes in the plasma of lizards and man. The kaolin‐activated clotting factors are very unstable in plasma of toad, trout, tortoise and echidna and stable for several minutes in the plasma of the other vertebrates. The addition of bird or snake plasma does not correct the coagulation defect of human plasma congenitally deficient in Hageman factor. Toad plasma has a low activity in this respect. Thromboplastin formation takes place in all the examined plasma but is low, in decreasing order, in the plasma of lizard, tortoise and tiger snake.

In the conversion of prothrombin homologous lung suspensions are usually more active than heterologous ones. Clotting times obtained in the presence of Russell's viper venom or trypsin indicate a low prothrombin activity in the plasma of the tiger snake.

In the plasma of the tiger snake the rate of reaction of thrombin with fibrinogen and the fibrinogen concentration are adequate for haemostasis.
THE EXCRETION OF β‐AMINOISOBUTYRIC ACID FOLLOWING THYMINE AND DIHYDROTHYMINE ADMINISTRATION TO MAN
Authors: Hillcoat BL
Published: December 2007

A study of the excretion of β‐aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB) after oral administration of thymine and of dihydrothymine (DHT) to a series of human subjects including normal, splenectomised and leukemic individuals, suggests that the spleen may influence this excretion. The leukemic patients studied differ from normal in their lower excretion of BAIB after DHT ingestion.
CHANGES IN CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY EVOKED UNDER ISOTONIC AND ISOMETRIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Nayler Winifred G
Published: December 2007

Isolated ventricles or ventricular strips from winter toads (Bufo marinus) were used to study changes in contractile behaviour of cardiac muscle under isometric and isotonic conditions. Variations in the stimulation rate and in the Na+ and Ca++ concentrations of the perfusate were used to induce changes in contractility.

The changes recorded isotonically differed from those recorded isometrically. The optimum stimulation frequency was different in the two preparations but the rate at which the various responses were produced depended to some extent upon the stimulation rate used. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that stimulation and stretch influence calcium exchangeability.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF DERMATOPHILUS DERMATONOMUS, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF OVINE MYCOTIC DERMATITIS
Authors: Roberts DS
Published: December 2007

An account is given of the life cycle of Dermatophilus dermatonomus as observed in cultures and in lesions of mycotic dermatitis. Factors which were shown to govern the stages of development in cultures, appear to have a similar influence within the lesion.

It is suggested that the sheep's skin may be the only natural habitat for D dermatonomus and that survival of the species may therefore depend on the repeated transmission of infection.
SWEAT GLANDS IN THE SKIN OF THE QUOKKA OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Green Lorna MA
Published: December 2007

It has been found that Setonyx possesses apocrine sweat glands in the hairy skin and eccrine glands in the non‐hairy parts (paws). It is suggested that maintenance of body temperature is effected through these glands in addition to the usual mechanisms employed by other homoiothermic animals. Licking of the fur does not appear to be a cooling mechanism of any importance.
AN AFFERENT SYSTEM IN THE CENTRAL TEGMENTAL FASCICULUS
Authors: Dennis Barbara J , Kerr DIB
Published: December 2007

The brainstem course of the limb afferent component of the central tegmental fasciculus has been determined in both the cat and the phalanger, Trichosurus vulpecula, using evoked potentials. Unit records obtained from the reticular formation indicate that the ascending central tegmental fasciculus arises in large part from the level of the superior olives. The termination of the system is found mainly in n. parafascicularis of the posterior thalamus.

Attention is drawn to the correspondence between the ascending central tegmental fasciculus and the reticular activating system (arousal system) of the medial brainstem.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE SIMONSEN PHENOMENON
Authors: Lind Patricia E , Szenberg A
Published: December 2007

Immunization of adult fowls with embryonic tissue does not increase the ability of their blood large lymphocytes to produce lesions on the chorio‐allantoic membrane. The results of Coombs' tests and of haemagglutination tests indicate that inoculation of spleens from 16–18 day embryos provides an antigenic stimulus in the adult fowl, but that 12‐day embryonic spleens evoke no detectable immune response. The bearing of these findings on the application of the clonal selection theory of acquired immunity to the Simonsen phenomenon is discussed.
A METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL NITROGEN IN MICROGRAM AMOUNTS
Authors: Parker CA
Published: December 2007

A method is described for the measurement of total nitrogen in the range 0·5–25 μg. It can be employed routinely, and is readily adaptable to different requirements. The method involves a modified Kjeldahl digestion, and the ammonia is distilled in Conway's microdiffusion vessels. It is accurate and simple in operation.
STUDIES OF A VIRUS ISOLATED FROM A WILD HOUSE MOUSE, MUS MUSCULUS, AND PRODUCING SPLENOMEGALY AND LYMPH NODE ENLARGEMENT IN MICE
Authors: Pope JH
Published: December 2007

A virus (WM1 strain) was isolated from a wild house mouse, Mus musculus. It was infective for suckling and weaned mice inoculated intraperitoneally, but not for laboratory Rattus norvegicus, guinea‐pigs, rabbits or chick embryos.

A prolonged chronic infection resulted, with normal blood picture, persistent viraemia, moderate splenomegaly and general enlargement of lymph nodes, which were sometimes massive. Most infected mice died within 11½ months.

Microscopically, the splenomegaly was seen to be due to hyperplasia of both red and white pulp, while enlargement of lymph nodes was essentially due to medullary hyperplasia, with plasma cells prominent. Four of 79 infected weaned mice examined at random within 11½ months had developed neoplasms of the lymph nodes, while none was seen in any of the 87 control mice examined in the same period. However, two of 17 control mice had neoplasms of lymph nodes at 18 months.

The virus passed through Gradocol membranes with average pore diameter of 320 mμ. lt was sensitive to ether, formalin, and heating at 56° C. for 30 minutes, but remained viable at −60° C. and after lyophilization, and was resistant to 5 p.c. ethanol at 4° C. for 24 hours.
FURTHER EVIDENCE AGAINST THE GRAFT‐VERSUS‐HOST HYPOTHESIS IN RENAL TRANSPLANTATION,
Authors: Fowler R , West CD
Published: December 2007

The infiltrating cellular reaction in rejected renal homotransplants has been the subject of scrutiny in this paper. One widely held view has been that these cells are of graft rather than of host origin. Additional evidence favouring the opposite view that the cells are of host origin is here brought forward to supplement the evidence put forward by the present authors in a previous paper.

In this study the infiltrating cellular response was examined in two experimental situations – following pre‐treatment of the host with massive doses of nitrogen mustard and following labelling of the host with tritiated thymidine.

The cellular infiltration was found to be inhibited by supra‐lethal doses but not by a lethal dose of nitrogen mustard.

Following labelling of the host with tritiated thymidine a variable percentage of the infiltrating cells in the rejected kidney showed evidence of labelling. This percentage was low in first‐set transplants but very high in a second‐set transplant, as might be predicted from theoretical considerations. This finding has implications for theoretical immunology beyond the scope of the present enquiry.
METHODS IN IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF VIRUSES
Authors: de St. Groth S Fazekas , Webster RG
Published: December 2007

An apparatus for the separation of free antibody from the virus‐antibody complex is designed and tested.

It is demonstrated on the influenza virus‐antibody system that the technique is not biassed by systematic errors and is equally suited to kinetic and thermodynamic measurements.

The sensitivity and reproducibility of equilibrium filtrations are evaluated statistically.
METHODS IN IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF VIRUSES
Authors: de St. Groth S Fazekas
Published: December 2007

Principles governing the choice of variables and of the most informative range of concentrations for equilibrium measurements are discussed. The procedure found most suitable for work on viruses and their antibodies is equilibrium filtration of mixtures containing constant doses of antibody and variable amounts of virus. Measurements will be reliable and free from complications if the antigenic sites are far from saturation and at least nine‐tenths of antibody are bound.

Two linear transforms of the law of mass action are derived; with the aid of either of these the equilibrium constant of the virus‐antibody union and the number of antigenic sites per virus particle can be estimated simultaneously.

Statistical procedures appropriate to equilibrium measurements are given, together with rapid tests for checking the validity of all assumptions underlying the mathematical model.

The evaluation of parameters is demonstrated, in detail, on an example of influenza virus and an anti‐influenzal rabbit serum.

Numerical tables needed for the expeditious solution of equilibrium equations are given in an Appendix.
EFFECTS OF MORPHINE SULPHATE ON CAPILLARY FILTRATION AND THORACIC DUCT LYMPH FORMATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Woolley G
Published: December 2007

Rats with chronic experimental fistulae of the thoracic duct were maintained post‐operatively on regimes of saline infusion given either intravenously or intragastrically. A narcotizing dose of morphine sulphate reduced lymph flow during intravenous infusion but not during intragastric infusion. This could be interpreted as due to reduction of capillary filtration rather than reduction of fluid absorption from the gut or diminished lymph propulsion. Morphia initiated a moderate hypotension of at least seven hours' duration. This hypotension was sustained well beyond the time during which lymph flow was reduced. Portal pressure and flow appeared to be unaffected by morphia. The reduced filtration following morphia has been tentatively attributed to a reduction in filtering area of the abdominal capillary bed rather than to lowered capillary filtering pressure.
THE PRODUCTION OF GREEN PIGMENTS FROM THE BLOOD PIGMENT
Authors: Holden HF , Lynikas K
Published: December 2007

The oxidative production of green pigments from horse oxyhaemoglobin with ascorbic acid is accelerated by fluorides, ammonium chloride and by various organic nitrogenous substances such as amines, diacetyl monoxime and anthranilic acid. When cyanide and sodium dithionite replace ascorbic acid, fluorides inhibit but ammonium chloride and some nitrogenous substances accelerate green pigment formation. Diacetyl monoxime and N‐phenylanthranilic acid together increase the yield of bile pigment when oxyhaemoglobin is treated with ascorbic acid.
THE CLOTTING OF THE BLOOD OF AN AMPHIBIAN, BUFO MARINUS LINN
Authors: Hackett Earle , LePage Rex
Published: December 2007

Investigation of the intrinsic thromboplastic activity of the blood of the toad Bufo marinus Linn. shows that this arises largely from the blood leucocytes. More prothrombin appears to be consumed in leucocyte‐rich than in leucocyte‐free mixtures. A spreading change which occurs in the toad thrombocyte (a spindle‐shaped leucocyte) on contact with certain surfaces is morphologically analogous to the “viscous metamorphosis” which occurs in the human platelet. However, the change in the thrombocyte is not inhibited by decalcifying anticoagulants or heparin and takes place on plain glass, siliconed glass and perspex; somewhat less rapidly on cellulose acetate; and not at all on paraffin wax or polyethylene.

The thromoplastic activity of plasma‐free leucocytes appears after contact with glass, siliconed glass, or perspex, but not after contact with paraffin wax, and so the development of the leucocyte thromboplastic activity after surface contact runs parallel to the morphological change observed in the thrombocytes.

A non‐cellular plasma co‐thromboplastic factor activated by contact with glass (but not siliconed glass) is also found. It does not depend on calcium ions for its activation or for its activity. It reacts with the thromboplastin released by glass‐treated or siliconed‐glass‐treated leucocytes to convert it to a still more active thromboplastin, this conversion itself being accelerated by the presence of a glass (but not by a siliconed glass) surface.

An alumina‐adsorbable serum accelerator appears after clotting and a serum anticoagulant is also found.

The plasma co‐thromboplastic contact factor has properties comparable to those of human Hageman factor, and the serum accelerator to those of human Christmas factor.

The findings are discusseed in relation to a possible stage in the evolution of the human blood coagulation system.

A scheme for the coagulation mechanism of the blood of Bufo marinus is presented (Fig. 1).
SOME QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON TISSUES OF LAMBS DWARFED BY HIGH TEMPERATURES DURING GESTATION
Authors: Ryle Margaret , Morris LR
Published: December 2007

Quantitative studies were made on the anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and bladder epithelium of normal new‐born lambs and lambs from ewes exposed to high environmental temperatures during the last two‐thirds of pregnancy.

The mean relative weights of the anterior pituitaries and of the adrenals of the dwarfed hot‐room lambs were significantly greater than those of the controls.

Where the experimental treatment caused dwarfing, the pituitary cell size was less than in the controls and intensely chromophilic nuclei were more frequent. However, the total number of anterior pituitary cells did not appear to be affected. The area and height of the nuclei (and cells) and the number of cell layers in the bladder epithelium were also reduced in the dwarf lambs.

Regardless of body weight, the hot‐room lambs tended to have smaller adrenal cortices, and the mean area of the nuclei in the zona fasciculata was less than that of the controls. The quantity of adrenal medulla, however, appeared to be unaffected by the treatment, even where dwarfing occurred.

No significant differences were detected between the thyroids of the hot‐room animals and those of the controls.

The results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms through which high environmental temperatures might affect the tissues studied.
PIGMENTS PRODUCED BY MYCOBACTERIA ON EXPOSURE TO ISONIAZID
Authors: Youatt Jean
Published: December 2007

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (B.C.G.) produces pigments when exposed to isoniazid under aerobic conditions. The experimental conditions for production and separation of some of these compounds arc described. Ultra‐violet absorption spectra are shown. One compound was examined in more detail and some of its chemical characteristics are described.
MEMBRANE IONIC PERMEABILITIES DURING THE CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL
Authors: Johnson EA , Wilson Lesley
Published: December 2007

The magnitude of the resting polarisation resistance and the magnitude and time course of the changes in the polarisation resistance have been measured during the action potential in ventricular muscle from the cat, dog, sheep, rat and guinea pig. The theoretical time course of the changes in membrane conductivity and in membrane permeability have been computed.
A PSEUDO‐COOMBS POSITIVE REACTION IN NORMAL CHICKENS
Authors: Warner NL
Published: December 2007

Normal untreated chickens, between one week and about four months of age, have a coating of globulins on their red cells detectable by the antiglobulin reaction.

Indirect Coombs tests have shown that the serum of fowls older than two weeks contains the factor responsible for this coating.

The specificity of the reaction has been discussed, and evidence presented that only a small fraction of serum globulins are responsible.
THE TRANSFERENCE OF MACROMOLECULES FROM PLASMA TO LYMPH IN THE LIVER
Authors: Courtice FC , Woolley G , Garlick DG
Published: December 2007

Hepatic lymph was collected in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits and the lymph : plasma ratios of albumin and of the three classes of lipoproteins separated by ultracentrifugation at densities of 1·019, 1·063 and 1·200 were determined.These ratios were: 91·6 for albumin; 69·2 for lipoprotein of density 1·063–1·200; 43·4 for 43·4 forlipoprotein of density 1·019–1·063 and 32·8 for those lipoproteins of density less than 1·019, giving a gradient which appeared to be related to the size of the macromolecule over a wide range from 35 to 700 Å.

These results were broadly similar to those obtained in another system of highly permeable capillaries in the injured paw. The significance of these findings in regard to the fine structure of the hepatic sinusoids has been discussed.
THE ORIGIN OF ALBUMIN IN HEPATIC LYMPH
Authors: Woolley G , Courtice FC
Published: December 2007

The albumin of liver lymph may derive entirely from the plasma or newly metabolized protein may be added directly to lymph by the liver cells. Following the injection of T‐1824 and 131I‐albumin the disappearance of label from plasma and its appearance in liver lymph was studied. When specific activity curves were compared with similar curves for liver following injection of 131I‐γ‐globulin, and for leg following 131I‐albumin it was apparent that only minor amounts, if any, of new protein could be reaching the liver lymph directly from the synthesizing cells.
PHARMACOLOGY OF THE HEART OF TILIQUA [TRACHYSAURUS] RUGOSA
Authors: De La Lande IS , Tyler MJ , Pridmore BR
Published: December 2007

The isolated auricle of the lizard Tiliqua rugosa responds by positive inotropic and chronotropic effects to a number of drugs including catechol amines, tyramine, dichlorisoproterenol, histamine, serotonin, bretylium, ganglion blocking agents, atropine, and, in the presence of atropine, to ganglion stimulants and vagus nerve stimulation. Evidence is presented that the sympathomimetic effects of vagus stimulation are due to the presence of sympathetic nerves and that the mechanisms of parasympathetic and sympathetic transmission are similar to those of the mammal. The actions of tyramine, diphenylmethylpiperazinium iodide, cocaine and bretylium are described.
INDUCTION OF CANINE OVARIAN TUMOURS BY DIETHYLSTILBOESTROL AND PROGESTERONE
Authors: Jabara Anne G
Published: December 2007

Injection of stilboestrol, either alone or in conjunction with progesterone, into 13 bitches was in all cases followed after between 3 and 14 months by the development of ovarian tumours. One of these was a dysplasia and 12 were definite neoplasms as shown by invasion and development (in 9 cases) of metastases. Administration of progesterone in addition to stilboestrol did not influence the macroscopic or microscopic appearances of the neoplasms nor their behaviour. The neoplasms developed independently of the breed and age of the dogs. The average latent period was reduced considerably by injection of larger oestrogen doses.

Hormonal withdrawal from five dogs bearing ovarian neoplasms was followed, between 10½ and 14½ months later, by regression of the tumours and fibrosis and calcification of the secondary growths.

The high tumour yield and their hormone dependence indicates a specific activity of the injected material, either the stilboestrol itself or a metabolite.
THE CIRCULATION IN FOREARM SKIN AND MUSCLE DURING ADRENALINE INFUSIONS
Authors: Skinner SL , Whelan RF
Published: December 2007

The effect of intravenous and intra‐arterial adrenaline Infusions on the circulation in skin and muscle of the human forearm has been followed by the technique of superficial and deep venous blood oximetry. Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography.

The initial transient increase in forearm blood flow seen on both intravenous and intra‐arterial infusion of adrenaline was associated with an abrupt increase in deep blood oxygen saturation indicating an increase in muscle blood flow and the subsequent sustained increase in forearm blood flow during intravenous infusion was also accompanied by an increased muscle blood oxygen saturation. Similar increases were seen during intra‐arterial infusion of 0·05 and 0·1 μg./min., a dose of 0·2 μg./min. intra‐arterially also increased the muscle blood flow although the total forearm flow was reduced, while larger doses (0·5 μg./min.) caused a fall in both muscle flow and total forearm flow.

The “after‐dilatation”, only seen following intra‐arterial infusions, was more marked with the larger doses and is attributed to the wearing off of a transient constrictor effect on the muscle vessels. Superficial blood oxygen saturation was reduced by most doses of adrenaline indicating a decrease in skin blood flow. The findings indicate that the dilator action of adrenaline on muscle vessels has a longer duration than the constrictor action.
CYTOCHEMICAL VARIATIONS IN THE GRANULES OF RAT MAST CELLS, AND THEIR RELATION TO MAST CELL MATURATION
Authors: Radden BG
Published: December 2007

A maturation process in the mast cells of the rat has been described. It involves an increase in cell size and granule content, accompanied by a progressive sulphation of the granules.

A specific stain previously described was found to stain only mature mast cell granules, i.e., those containing the more highly sulphated forms of heparin. The immature mast cell granules, i.e. those containing heparin monosulphate, were not stained by the specific stain but were stained by aqueous methylene blue.
CHANGES IN WATER, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE DUCK'S EGG DURING INCUBATION
Authors: Van Deth JHMG
Published: December 2007

The concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the different parts of the incubated duck's egg were determined by flame spectrophotometry. From the weights of the various parts the total amounts of these ions and their distribution in the egg were calculated. It is argued that the subgerminal fluid is formed by active resorption of water and dissolved substances from the eggwhite by the living blastoderm and not by digestion of the yolk. Differences between fertilized and unfertilized eggs are given. During incubation the concentration of Na+ in blood, amniotic and allantoic fluids decreases while that of K+ increases.

There are quite large variations in Na+ and K+ concentrations in the blood, plasma and erythrocytes of ducklings, even in successive determinations in the same animal. The blood of ducklings during the first nine months of life has a higher Na+ and a lower K+ level than the blood during the later stages of the embryonic life.

Data for the daily growth of the embryo and for the amounts of amniotic and allantoic fluids are given.
THE METABOLISM OF ISONIAZID AND PYRIDINE ALDEHYDES BY MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Youatt Jean
Published: December 2007

3‐ and 4‐pyridine aldehydes were metabolised by Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG with the production of the corresponding acids and alcohols. The breakdown of isoniazid and the pyridine aldehydes was also observed in cell‐free extracts and some purification of the enzymes involved was achieved. It is suggested that there are two enzyme systems which metabolise isoniazid of which one may involve the intermediate formation of 4‐pyridine aldehyde.
THE INFLUENCE OF COPPER ON THE UPTAKE OF HYDRAZIDES
Authors: Youatt Jean
Published: December 2007

Copper stimulates the uptake of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid) and nicotinic acid hydrazide by Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG. The inhibition of isonicotinic acid hydrazide uptake by nicotinic and benzoic acid hydrazides is reversed by copper. Other metals are ineffective. Copper also enhances the effects of hydrazides in bacteriostatic tests.
A COMPARISON OF THE PHAGOCYTIC AND BACTERICIDAL ABILITY OF GUINEA PIG ALVEOLAR AND MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Pavillard ERJ , Rowley D
Published: December 2007

A comparison has been made of the phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages washed out from guinea pig lung and mouse peritoneum. Cells from both sources were shown to be phagocytic but lung macrophages possessed relatively little bactericidal power. A new quantitative technique for measuring these aspects of cell function is described. Studies designed to assess respiration rate and acid phosphatase levels showed both to be highest in lung macrophages. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN MOUSE LYMPHOMA TISSUE
Authors: Metcalf D , Sparrow N , Wyllie R
Published: December 2007

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels were low (2 K.A. units/gm.) in normal AKR thymuses and the enzyme activity was not localised in the lymphoid cells. AP levels were slightly elevated in preleukaemic AKR thymuses. In AKR thymic lymphomata, AP levels were usually elevated, but the levels in individual mice were highly variable (0·3–88·5 K.A, units/gm.). When present, AP activity was localised in the lymphoma cells. Liver AP levels became elevated in leukaemic mice only after infiltration of the liver by lymphoma cells.
TOLERANCE AS SHOWN BY THE SIMONSEN REACTION ON THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE
Authors: Hilgard H , Burnet Deborah , Burnet FM
Published: December 2007

By prenatal administration of embryonic spleen cells, chickens can be rendered tolerant in the sense that their circulating leucocytes are incapable of producing focal lesions on the chorioallantoic membranes of embryos of genotypes corresponding to those of the cell donors.

In most of the experiments reported the extent of tolerance diminished rapidly as the birds grew older but in some of the pure line chickens persisting tolerance suggests that on occasion the effect may last indefinitely. The significance of antigenic specificity in the Simonsen reaction is briefly discussed.