bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Split City Body
Authors: Ghassem-Fachandi Parvis
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines experiences of separation and how they become expressed with reference to the city's hardware: its bridges, police posts, roadside temples, and the use of interstitial space for urban expiation rituals. Ahmedabad, in particular, involves a series of contradictions that mark its urban experience. Although it has witnessed calamitous events like floods, earthquakes, and communal riots, it is also, for many of the residents, a city of calm and prosperity. Divisions of the city fall into sharp relief during times of violence or in its aftermath, when one difference is able to bridge all others and becomes more prominent. The Hindu–Muslim divide is the default mode of all divisions.
The Question of Realism: An Historian’s View
Authors: Trachtenberg Marc
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how the argument about the systemic sources of conflict is far more problematic, even in principle, than many people seem prepared to admit. It further argues that there are ways in which systemic forces can play a stabilizing role. The chapter begins by outlining the kind of thinking that lies behind the view that a system based on power is not inherently unstable—or, more precisely, the basis for the view that realist policies, policies that make sense in terms of the basic logic of the system, actually make for a relatively stable international order. It then examines some key arguments on the other side, especially fundamental arguments about the way an anarchic system is supposed to work. The final section looks at policy arguments, and especially at what they can tell us about the fundamental assumptions that lie at the heart of the realist understanding of international politics.
The French Factor in U.S. Foreign Policy during the Nixon-Pompidou Period
Authors: Trachtenberg Marc
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses relations between France and the United States under the Nixon administration. When Nixon took office as president in early 1969, he and his national security advisor Henry Kissinger wanted to put America's relationship with France on an entirely new footing. Relations between the two countries in the 1960s, and especially from early 1963 on, had been far from ideal. Nixon and Kissinger tried to develop a close relationship with the Pompidou government and in the early Nixon–Pompidou period the two governments were on very good terms. Both governments were also interested in developing a certain relationship in the nuclear area. However, by 1973 relations between the two countries took a sharp turn for the worse. The chapter considers what went wrong and why the attempt to develop a close relationship failed.
In the Tradition of Montesquieu
Authors: Jaume Lucien
Published: November 2017

Tocqueville is known to have read Montesquieu often, although opinions differ as to the time he spent on the history of the Romans and the Esprit des lois. This chapter is interested mainly in Tocqueville's conviction that American society exhibited a unified spirit. This emerges clearly from a manuscript included in the Nolla edition of Democracy in America. Here, Tocqueville uses an analogy taken from the natural history of his time: if Cuvier could reconstitute a vanished animal from a small piece of its anatomy, it should be possible, Tocqueville argues, to do the same for aspects of “moral man” that cannot be observed directly. Tocqueville was rather proud of this approach, although he was aware of the risks, for it was of course entirely possible that a people might exhibit any number of allogenic or contradictory traits.
Resisting the Democratic Tendencies of Language
Authors: Jaume Lucien
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins by discussing Tocqueville's comments about his own practice of writing and what “writing well” meant to him. It then turns a question that others asked but Tocqueville made specially his own: Did democracy lack an authoritative institution in intellectual matters? If commerce could proceed on its own thanks to the market, could literature develop on its own and correct its errors by way of competition and interaction? Yet we can also ask whether Tocqueville was right in thinking that modern society, for all its liberty and equality, lacked a literary authority. The remainder of the chapter considers the claim that Tocqueville's aesthetic appealed to a certain idea of “the natural” that exists only thanks to the guardians of taste; and his investigation of the sources of authority in literature. It also argues that in Tocqueville's view, literature continued to have a mission, and its freedom of action was to be encouraged.
Philosophic Pride
Authors: Brooke Christopher
Published: November 2017

This is the first full-scale look at the essential place of Stoicism in the foundations of modern political thought. Spanning the period from Justus Lipsius's Politics in 1589 to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile in 1762, and concentrating on arguments originating from England, France, and the Netherlands, the book considers how political writers of the period engaged with the ideas of the Roman and Greek Stoics that they found in works by Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. The book examines key texts in their historical context, paying special attention to the history of classical scholarship and the historiography of philosophy. The book delves into the persisting tension between Stoicism and the tradition of Augustinian anti-Stoic criticism, which held Stoicism to be a philosophy for the proud who denied their fallen condition. Concentrating on arguments in moral psychology surrounding the foundations of human sociability and self-love, the book details how the engagement with Roman Stoicism shaped early modern political philosophy and offers significant new interpretations of Lipsius and Rousseau together with fresh perspectives on the political thought of Hugo Grotius and Thomas Hobbes. The book shows how the legacy of the Stoics played a vital role in European intellectual life in the early modern era.
Justus Lipsius and the Post-Machiavellian Prince
Authors: Brooke Christopher
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies the political thought of Justus Lipsius, a moral and political thinker as well as the author of the two-volume philosophical dialogue De constantia (1583) and the six-volume Politica (1589). The chapter explores the scholarship surrounding Lipsius and the historical significance of his works and investigates his connections to Neostoicism. It then embarks on a discussion of the connection between Lipsius's political thought and that of Machiavelli, particularly as revealed in the latter's The Prince (1532). The chapter argues that Machiavelli and Lipsius disagree on the ends of political action: Lipsius's prince aims at serving the common good, understood in terms of the security and welfare of the subject population; Machiavelli's prince acts to secure his own glory.
The French Augustinians
Authors: Brooke Christopher
Published: November 2017

This chapter details the contemporary assault on Stoic moral psychology from the pens of the French Augustinians. The influence of the Stoic revival of the sixteenth century continued to be felt in a variety of spheres in seventeenth-century France, and gave rise to a variegated landscape which brought about several orientations toward the Stoics. The chapter considers one such orientation in particular — the nascent anti-Stoicism of the 1640s. This took on its distinctive form in the pages of Corneille Jansen's Augustinus (1640), but, as the chapter demonstrates, such an orientation was not by any means confined to narrow Jansenist circles.
Three Worlds of Relief
Authors: Fox Cybelle
Published: November 2017

This book examines the role of race and immigration in the development of the American social welfare system by comparing how blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants were treated by welfare policies during the Progressive Era and the New Deal. Taking readers from the turn of the twentieth century to the dark days of the Depression, the book finds that, despite rampant nativism, European immigrants received generous access to social welfare programs. The communities in which they lived invested heavily in relief. Social workers protected them from snooping immigration agents, and ensured that noncitizenship and illegal status did not prevent them from receiving the assistance they needed. But that same helping hand was not extended to Mexicans and blacks. The book reveals, for example, how blacks were relegated to racist and degrading public assistance programs, while Mexicans who asked for assistance were deported with the help of the very social workers they turned to for aid. Drawing on a wealth of archival evidence, the book paints a riveting portrait of how race, labor, and politics combined to create three starkly different worlds of relief. It debunks the myth that white America's immigrant ancestors pulled themselves up by their bootstraps, unlike immigrants and minorities today. The book challenges us to reconsider not only the historical record but also the implications of our past on contemporary debates about race, immigration, and the American welfare state.
The Mexican Dependency Problem
Authors: Fox Cybelle
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the emergence of the perception of a “Mexican dependency problem,” which gained early traction in Los Angeles. Prior to the 1920s, social workers in the city were cautiously optimistic that Mexicans could be assimilated, and they saw relief as one step in that process. As Mexicans made greater use of relief, however, social workers' initial optimism waned. By the mid-1920s, they became convinced that Mexicans were a dependent and diseased population, lacking in thrift and ambition. They decided that their efforts at Americanizing this group had failed. Concerned that charity funds were essentially subsidizing the agricultural industry, they came to believe that Mexicans represented an illegitimate economic and social burden to “American taxpayers.” Mexicans, they concluded, were racially inassimilable after all.
The WPA and the (Short-Lived) Triumph of Nativism
Authors: Fox Cybelle
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the subsequent battle over citizenship and legal status restrictions in the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the local implementation of those restrictions. When the WPA was first authorized in 1935, there were no citizenship or legal status restrictions for access to the program. Just as with Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), New Deal officials expressly forbade local WPA administrators from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, or non-citizenship. Because of these non-discrimination provisions, blacks and Mexican Americans gained unprecedented access to WPA employment. Over time, however, Congress imposed successively harsher restrictions against aliens, barring the employment of illegal aliens on WPA projects in 1936 and imposing a full ban for legal non-citizens by 1939. While these citizenship restrictions constituted the greatest challenge to aliens' access to the welfare state during this period, its impact was short-lived and its effects fell disproportionately on Mexican non-citizens.
The Boundaries of Social Citizenship
Authors: Fox Cybelle
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter summarizes the principal findings and offers some reflections on the boundaries of social citizenship and the role of race and immigration in American social welfare provision. Taken together, the treatment of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants provides a nuanced picture of how race, citizenship, and nativity served as dividing lines between those who were judged worthy of assistance and those who were not. Despite persistent and widespread nativism, European immigrants were included within the boundaries of social citizenship while Mexicans were left on the periphery, granted limited inclusion at times, completely excluded at other times, and in some instances expelled from the nation entirely. Ultimately, the different treatment of blacks, European immigrants and Mexicans reflected the worlds each group inhabited—worlds bound by both regional political economies and each group's social position.
Fiscal Capacity
Authors: Besley Timothy , Persson Torsten
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the forces that shape investments in fiscal capacity. It sets out a core model that shows how this aspect of state building is influenced by economic and political factors, such as common interests and political institutions. A key feature of the model has been to delineate the types of states that can emerge in equilibrium. It also shows that the model can be given microeconomic foundations and demonstrates how it can be extended in a number of directions that lead to more realism. The main focus of the chapter has been on the extractive role of government and on some of the issues raised in traditional public-finance models. This has laid the groundwork for the analyses to come.
State Spaces
Authors: Besley Timothy , Persson Torsten
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes the lessons from Chapter 4 in the form of a function that describes endogenous political turnover. This preliminary allows us to study equilibrium investments in fiscal and legal capacity in the comprehensive core model. Section 5.2 develops the model by adding private capital formation along the same lines as in Section 3.2.3, but in a setting where the risk of civil war affects the expected return to private investment. Section 5.3 discusses the empirical implications of our comprehensive framework and how it can be used to interpret observed patterns in the data. Section 5.4 puts the typologies of investment states and violence states together into an Anna Karenina principle of development, an allusion to the Tolstoy quote at the beginning of the chapter. It also briefly revisits the possibility of a predatory state and observes how this enriches our understanding of nonprosperity.
Political Reform
Authors: Besley Timothy , Persson Torsten
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes some steps toward integrating endogenous political reform into the core model. A general finding is that forces that lead to political stability generally reduce the motives of ruling groups to undertake political reforms toward greater cohesiveness. It sketches some micropolitical foundations for the main macropolitical parameters in the core model, political cohesiveness, and (peaceful) political turnover, and tried to relate them to real-world tangible political institutional rules and regulations. As in the case of tax compliance in Chapter 2, it notes that cohesiveness in political life may reflect not only formal institutions, but also informal rules of behavior, trust, and social norms. This is in line with studies that focus on the role of social capital. The chapter also considers political reform in a predatory state and gives reasons for resistance toward reforms that promote common-interest politics. This discussion reinforces the observation that reform may be particularly problematic in such states.
The Trauma of Meter
Authors: Martin Meredith
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how metrical poetry was used as an allegory for order, and examines in particular the metrical cultures of the Craiglockhart War Hospital. Reading early psychological and sociological theories by W. H. R. Rivers and Arthur Brock, it relates how treatments for shell shock included writing metrical poetry. Poems written in or inspired by time in the hospital, as well as the letters and articles published in the hospital magazine The Hydra, show how soldiers turned to writing as therapy. The chapter illustrate how poets reconfigured metrical form as an artificial yet necessary order, one to which their identities as English soldiers and subjects were bound. It recontextualizes First World War poets as the products of Edwardian and Georgian metrical culture and as sites for reinterpreting the nuances of meter's narrative in the early twentieth century. The fact that these poems occupy a middle ground between the aesthetic and the political, bridging the divide that the school system helped foster between “poetry” and “verse,” complicates the stability of each category.
The Before- and Afterlife of Meter
Authors: Martin Meredith
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns once more to Robert Bridges, whose death in 1930 marks the end of the book. He did not believe that English meter could be adequately represented by only one system, nor did he believe that the four systems he mastered exhausted its possibilities. He struggled with the pedagogic necessities of his time, founding the Society for Pure English, participating as poet laureate in the national metrical project during the First World War by writing for the war office, and editing the popular anthology of verse, The Spirit of Man. His late career poem “Poor Poll” engages with the modernist polyglossia and the rise of free verse by presenting an English prosody accessible to both high and popular audiences. It was Pound's eventual dismissal of Bridges that guaranteed his obsolescence. Pound's changing reactions to Bridges over the course of Pound's career betray an anxiety about meter's role in poetic mastery, as well as an attempt to control the narrative of English meter.
Conflict Management: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Adjudication
Authors: Davis Christina L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the effectiveness of legal complaints to bring an end to trade disputes. Using quantitative data from the United States, it shows that when comparing similar kinds of disputes and trade partners, states gained better outcomes through the dispute mechanism. Conditioning on the fact that the most politicized cases are selected for World Trade Organization (WTO) adjudication, the legal forum is quite effective for dispute settlement. The chapter applies statistical techniques of matching to the sample of negotiated trade barriers to adjust for their propensity to be raised in adjudication, and then conducts regression analysis of dispute outcomes in terms of policy change. The results show that adjudication increases the probability of progress to resolve the complaint by one-third. Furthermore, a duration model that controls for the variables that influence strategy selection illustrates how adjudication reduces the time to removal of the barrier.
The Shadow Market
Authors: Kelley Judith G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines whether monitoring organizations actually provide credible information about elections. The analysis suggests that not all organizations do and certainly not all of the time. The evidence points to the existence of a shadow market in which organizations are sometimes intentionally too lenient, and in which some organizations are consistently more lenient than others. Thus, monitors sometimes endorse elections that do not meet common international standards. Moreover, organizations have different propensities to criticize elections, with several of the more lenient organizations such as the CIS, SADC, and the Electoral Institute of Southern Africa (EISA) having entered the field of monitoring only in the end of the 1990s or later.
Do Politicians Change Tactics to Evade Criticism?
Authors: Kelley Judith G.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers whether the expected presence of international monitors causes politicians to switch to forms of manipulation that monitors may be less likely to denounce. It argues that for this to be plausible, risky and safer irregularities should be substitutes, not complements. In contrast, the analysis of the data suggests that risky forms of cheating are common in the presence of monitors; that safer and riskier irregularities are positively correlated; and that shifts away from risky irregularities do not coincide with shifts into safer forms. The examination of the individual countries where an election had displayed few risky but many safe forms of irregularities also suggests that these election patterns most likely were not the result of a shift in response to the presence of international monitors.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Kelley Judith G.
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter discusses how international election monitoring has become the most prominent tool in the liberal effort to promote democracy and create a more stable and just world. After elections, media organizations everywhere hurry to the press conferences of the international monitoring organizations and headline their assessments. International leaders likewise rely on the monitors' information to justify their rejection or acceptance of newly elected governments around the world. Election monitors can be a force for good. Although they generally cannot bring about change singlehandedly, they can reinforce existing pressures on a country. They can help improve elections and increase turnover, and politicians sometimes do follow their advice and make real changes to the electoral process.
Introduction
Authors: Halbertal Moshe
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter distinguishes between the first two senses of sacrifice: “sacrificing to” and “sacrificing for.” Each use leads to a different field of inquiry. “Sacrificing to” engages such questions as ritual, substitution, and atonement. The study of sacrifice through this lens has received intense attention from different fields of investigation: the sociology of religion, psychoanalysis, anthropology, evolutionary biology, comparative religion, and cultural studies. Meanwhile, “sacrificing for” involves the political and moral spheres. Self-sacrifice for another individual, value, or collective seems key to much of ethical life and political organization. Focusing on “sacrificing for” leads to analyzing the role of sacrifice in war and the function of the state as a sacrificial bond.
Sacrificing to
Authors: Halbertal Moshe
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with a discussion of how sacrifice is the most primary and basic form of ritual. The elimination of animal sacrifice from contemporary Western religious life came about as a result of a cataclysmic moment. The chapter also explores how love is a noninstrumental relationship outside of what appears to be the sphere of exchange. The mark of love as noninstrumental is attentiveness. Attentiveness as a form of affirmation is what makes love so precious. The remainder of the chapter talks about how the sacrificial system itself was replaced in Jewish life after the temple's destruction. The rabbis devised alternatives to the sacrificial functions in ways that struggle and deal with the fears and stress inherent in sacrifice.
Conclusion
Authors: Halbertal Moshe
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter explains that sacrifice is an essential phenomenon of religious, ethical, and political life. In its two senses, as “sacrificing to” and “sacrificing for,” the linguistic use of the term covers immensely diverse experiences. It touches on ritual, atonement, substitution, self-transcendence, war, the responsibility to the past, and the state. Yet there is something at the core of this varied, rich phenomenon that justifies the use of the same word to express both meanings in so many languages. The term has to do with the identification of the sacrifice with the noninstrumental realm.
The Puzzle of Judicial Institution Building
Authors: Crowe Justin
Published: November 2017

This book explores the historical processes contributing to the rise of the federal judiciary as an independent and autonomous institution of governance in the American political system. More specifically, it examines the puzzle of “judicial institution building” —the puzzle of understanding how the process of “building” the judiciary unfolded over the course of American political development. The book examines how the federal judiciary in general, and the Supreme Court in particular, overcame its early limitations and emerged as a powerful institution of American governance. It also considers the transformation of the federal judiciary from “judicial exceptionalism” to what might be called “architectonic” politics and offers a developmental account of judicial power. The book shows that the story of the judiciary's transformation involved a series of battles over law, courts, and the politics of institutional development.
Movement, Sound, and Body in the Postapartheid City
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the rise of new forms of cultural mobility in the postapartheid city, particularly, the rise of the kombi taxi and its massive sound system as the most striking innovation in the urban landscape. While the private taxi industry has been at the center of much violence and criminal networks, it has also been important in providing new forms of agile physical mobility across the fixed boundaries in the city. More importantly, the taxis have also been the vehicles and symbols of a new type of music and youth culture that begins to cut across boundaries of class and race. The chapter explores the particular form of taxi industry in Chatsworth and looks at the wider phenomenon of the new sonic taste alliances forged by kwaito and other forms of urban music after apartheid.
Global Hindus and Pure Muslims
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the quest for religious purification that arose from the Indian middle class in South Africa. It talks about the power and attractiveness of neo-Hindu movements in South Africa and how new and more standardized Brahmanical forms of Hinduism today clash with the popular customs and traditions that still inform ideas of belief and rituals in the Indian townships. A strikingly similar logic of purification is at work among the Muslims of Indian origin, only even more so. Apartheid forced forms of social and ritual sharing upon communities that despite their common religious orientation have little desire or inclination to share social spaces or mosques. The postapartheid society has made it possible for the traditional Muslim elite to embrace global piety movements and to reimagine their own genealogies as somehow Arab and thus not South Asian.
Postscript
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter reflects on how much of the situation described in the book may have wider applicability across community, location, and class in South Africa. It also speculates briefly on how Jacob Zuma's presidency is altering predominant styles of politics and public culture toward a more ordinary, imperfect, but also culturally intimate style of political performance that may lead to naked majoritarianism but that also may prove hospitable to the country's many minorities. A combination of cautious hope, cynicism, and nostalgic fantasies of an authentic, wholesome, or meaningful past seems to define South Africa in 2011. The key question is whether—and how—a new, inclusive, but also less heroic form of public culture may develop that can address the many glaring inequalities in the country.
Aspects of the Process of Hellenization in the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the inherent forces that remained to sustain medieval Hellenism in the early Middle Ages. It discusses two aspects to the hellenization process that was at work in parts of the Balkan peninsula during the “Dark Ages” of Byzantine history, each helping to preserve distinct parts of the Hellenistic tradition: the continued use of spoken Greek, and the preservation of Byzantine political, cultural, and religious practices. In both cases, the agents of this process were the indigenous population of Greece, who sought refuge from the Slavs on Aegean islands, in mountain fortresses, and along the littoral. The chapter shows that despite the “grande brèche” in continuous imperial rule, the inhabitants of Greece were able to reassert their identity as citizens of the empire of Constantinople.
Byzantine Kythera
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers a historical background on the island of Kythera during the Byzantine period. During the early Christian and Byzantine era, Kythera maintained the same close connection to the mainland that had existed from the time of the Argive–Spartan rivalry. The introduction of Christianity in the fourth century AD was allegedly due to Hosia Elesse, and its tenth-century revival was almost certainly the responsibility of Hosios Theodoros. Settlers from the mainland repopulated Kythera after its devastation or abandonment. The chapter describes the status of Kythera, first between the fourth and seventh centuries, and then from the mid-tenth century to 1205. It also examines how Kythera came under Venetian rule following the signing of the Partition Treaty of 1204 that divided the Byzantine Empire between the Venetians, the Franks, and the pilgrims of the Fourth Crusade. Kythera remained a stronghold of Byzantine Orthodoxy long after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Mathematical Mysteries in Byzantium
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how the mathematical mysteries of Diophantus were preserved, embellished, developed, and enjoyed in Byzantium by many generations of amateur mathematicians like Pierre de Fermat, who formulated what became known as Fermat's last theorem. Fermat was a seventeenth-century scholar and an amateur mathematician who developed several original concepts in addition to the famous “last theorem.” One of his sources was the Arithmetika, a collection of number problems written by Diophantus, a mathematician who appears to have flurished in Alexandria in the third century AD. It was through the Greek text translated into Latin that Fermat became familiar with Diophantus's mathematical problems, and in particular the one at book II, 8, which encouraged the formulation of his own last theorem. Fermat's last theorem claims that “the equation xn + yn = zn has no nontrivial solutions when n is greater than 2”.
Irish Nationalists and the Making of the Irish Race
Authors: Nelson Bruce
Published: November 2017

This is a book about Irish nationalism and how Irish nationalists developed their own conception of the Irish race. The book begins with an exploration of the discourse of race—from the nineteenth-century belief that “race is everything” to the more recent argument that there are no races. It focuses on how English observers constructed the “native” and Catholic Irish as uncivilized and savage, and on the racialization of the Irish in the nineteenth century, especially in Britain and the United States, where Irish immigrants were often portrayed in terms that had been applied mainly to enslaved Africans and their descendants. Most of the book focuses on how the Irish created their own identity—in the context of slavery and abolition, empire, and revolution. Since the Irish were a dispersed people, this process unfolded not only in Ireland, but in the United States, Britain, Australia, South Africa, and other countries. Many nationalists were determined to repudiate anything that could interfere with the goal of building a united movement aimed at achieving full independence for Ireland. But others, including men and women who are at the heart of this study, believed that the Irish struggle must create a more inclusive sense of Irish nationhood and stand for freedom everywhere. The book pays close attention to this argument within Irish nationalism, and to the ways it resonated with nationalists worldwide, from India to the Caribbean.
Celts, Hottentots, and “white chimpanzees”
Authors: Nelson Bruce
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the racialization of the Irish in the nineteenth century. The English had long compared the Irish with the “savages of America”; a practice dating back to the seventeenth century. However, there was a dramatically new development in the second half of the nineteenth century, a time when Darwinian science posited an evolutionary chain of being in which humans were descended directly from African apes. In this context, British commentators created a “simianized,” or apelike, Paddy whose likeness to the “backward” races of Africa was inescapable. At least four major historical factors were at work in Paddy's devolution. They can be encapsulated in the words “empire,” “Fenianism,” “emigration,” and “science.”
“Because we are white men”
Authors: Nelson Bruce
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Irish nationalism in the context of the British Empire and its rapid expansion in the second half of the nineteenth century. It focuses on Erskine Childers who participated in the South African War as a volunteer member of an artillery company that augmented the regular British military forces. The son of an English father and an Irish mother, he entered the war as a British patriot but in its aftermath became a pro-Boer and, soon thereafter, an Irish nationalist. He had much in common with the white South African Jan Christian Smuts, who was also a participant in the war as a political and military leader of the Boer republics. Both men were deeply concerned with the place of the white settler colonies, or dominions, in the emerging British Empire–Commonwealth, but ultimately they went in markedly different directions.
Negro Sinn Féiners and Black Fenians
Authors: Nelson Bruce
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the strong attraction that Ireland held for Afro-Caribbean and African American intellectuals and activists such as Marcus Garvey, Cyril Briggs, Claude McKay, Hubert Harrison, W.E.B. Du Bois, and A. Philip Randolph. The Afro-Caribbean activists, in particular, took inspiration from the “Irish Revolution.” References to the Irish Parliamentary Party, Sinn Féin, and the Irish Republican Brotherhood dotted their newspapers and broadsides, as did the names of Irish revolutionary heroes such as Terence MacSwiney and Eamon de Valera. Insofar as they embraced black nationalism, they pointed to the Irish preoccupation with “Ourselves,” which they translated as “Race First.” Some African American intellectuals, above all Du Bois, were more circumspect about the Irish. They were keenly aware of the antagonism that for generations had marked the relationships between blacks and Irish immigrants in the United States. And yet even for Du Bois “Bleeding Ireland” became an irresistible symbol of the human capacity for suffering and regeneration.
“The Irish are for Freedom Everywhere”
Authors: Nelson Bruce
Published: November 2017

This chapter is situated within the framework of the “Green Atlantic” and its relationship to socialism and black nationalism. New York City became a world capital of insurgent movements during and after the Great War. The experience of Irish nationalists in New York during this critical decade in Ireland's history—above all, the experience of the Irish Progressive League—further complicates the narrative of Ireland as “sacra insula” and of Irish emigrants as narrowly conservative. The Irish Progressive League, played a critical role in launching one of the most remarkable episodes of Ireland's war for independence—the Irish Patriotic Strike, which took place in New York Harbor for three weeks in August and September 1920. It was a rare moment—when Green and Black came together in a common struggle—but it was followed by Eamon de Valera's public lament that “Ireland is now the last white nation that is deprived of its liberty.”
In Search of Byzantine Women
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines some of the roles of women in early medieval Byzantine society. It follows three particular avenues of approach, devised as a means of identifying the positions, activity, and authority of women in Byzantine society. The first is to pick up chance references to female activity in the sources written by men, especially those that occur spontaneously in narratives unconnected with women, incidental remarks, and stray observations. The second seeks to document the ingenuity with which women exercised their limited legal rights and is therefore dependent upon the case law that survives—the Peira (Teaching) of Eustathios Romaios is the outstanding example. The third approach attempts to outline the significance of ecclesiastical institutions and Christian beliefs for women, an area in which female subjectivity is perhaps most closely revealed. The overall aim of these avenues is to illuminate a practical reality rather than a legal ideal.
Moving Bones
Authors: Herrin Judith
Published: November 2017

The rulers of Byzantium had a specific burial place, which had been established by Constantine I—the imperial mausoleum later attached to the Church of the Holy Apostles. The eponymous founder of the city was the first to be laid to rest in the mausoleum he had constructed, which was probably finished by his son Constantius II. By the sixth century so many emperors had joined him there that Justinian constructed another mausoleum similarly attached to the church for his own burial. A record compiled in the tenth century and attached to the Book of Ceremonies preserves an identification of some of these tombs in the two imperial mausolea. A slightly fuller Latin version is also preserved and was studied by Philip Grierson in 1962. From this document it is possible to find out which emperors and empresses ended up in the most desirable tombs in the capital. The survival of this information, when put together with other historical records, makes it clear that imperial bones were often moved around. This chapter traces some of their most surprising journeys.
The Main Theorem
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes up the proof of the main theorem. Theorem 7.2: Suppose N in Garithι‎-pure of weight zero and arithmetically semisimple, such that the quotient group Garith,N/Ggeom,N is ℤ / nℤ. Fix an integer d mod n. Then as E/k runs over larger and larger extension fields whose degree is d mod n, the conjugacy classes {θ‎E,ρ‎}goodρ‎ become equidistributed in the space Karith# for the measure μd# of total mass one. Equivalently, as E/k runs over larger and
larger extension fields whose degree is d mod n, the conjugacy classes {θ‎E,ρ‎}goodρ‎ become equidistributed in the space Karith# for the measure i*μd# of total mass one.
Isogenies, Connectedness, and Lie-Irreducibility
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes up the proofs of Theorems 8.1 and 8.2. For each prime to p integer n, we have the n'th power homomorphism [n] : G → G. Formation of the direct image is an exact functor from Perv to itself, which maps Neg to itself, in Ƿ to itself, and which (because a homomorphism) is compatible with middle convolution. So for a given object N in Garith, [n]* allows us to view 〈N〉arith as a Tannakian subcategory of 〈[n]*
N〉arith, and 〈N〉geom as a Tannakian subcategory of 〈[n]*
N〉geom.
A Second Construction of Autodual Objects
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter works on the split form 𝔾ₘ/k, Spec(k[x; 1/x]). It begins with a geometrically irreducible lisse sheaf Ƒ on an open dense set U ⊂ 𝔾ₘ which is ι‎-pure of weight zero and which is self-dual:
Ƒ ≅ F with hook and macron.
The Case of SL(2); the Examples of Evans and Rudnick
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter treats both of these examples, as well as all the examples to come, using the Euler–Poincaré formula, cf. [Ray, Thm. 1] or [Ka-GKM, 2.3.1] or [Ka-SE, 4.6, (v) atop p. 113] or [De-ST, 3.2.1], to compute the “dimension” of the object N in question.
Further SL(2) Examples, Based on the Legendre Family
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter supposes that k has odd characteristic. It begins with the Legendre family of elliptic curves.
GL(n) × GL(n) × … × GL(n) Examples
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter investigates the question which begings as follows. Suppose we have a geometrically irreducible middle extension sheaf G on 𝔾ₘ/k which is pure of weight zero, such that the object N := G(1/2)[1] ɛ Garith is “dimension” n and has Gsubscript geom,N = Garith,N = GL(n). Suppose in addition we are given s ≤ 2 distinct characters χ‎ᵢ of kˣ.
G2 Examples: Construction in Characteristic Two
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter treats the case of characteristic two separately because it is somewhat simpler than the case of odd characteristic. Recall from the first paragraph of Chapter 25 that for k a finite field of characteristic 2, and any character Ï‡‎ of kË£, the Tate-twisted Kloosterman sheaf of rank seven has G
geom = G
arith = Gâ‚‚. The first task is to express its stalk at a fixed point a É› kË£ as the finite field Mellin transform of the desired object N(a; k).
The Situation over ℤ: Questions
Authors: Katz Nicholas M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers that there is another sense in which we might ask about “situations over ℤ,” namely we might try to mimic the setting of a theorem of Pink [Ka-ESDE, 8.18.2] about how “usual” (geometric) monodromy groups vary in a family. For each geometric point s in a normal noetherian connected scheme S, we have the closed subgroup Γ‎(s) ⊂ GL(n,ℚℓ¯) which is the image of π‎₁(Xₛ; xₛ) in the representation corresponding to Ƒₛ. The assertion is that these groups Γ‎(s) are, up to GL(n)-conjugacy, constant on a dense open set of S, and that they decrease under specialization. This chapter treats the following question: suppose a normal noetherian connected scheme S which is of finite type over ℤ [1/𝓁], an object N in the derived category Dcb((𝔾ₘ)ₛ;ℚℓ¯), and an integer n ≤ 1.
Otiose Otium
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Cicero’s struggles with Roman anxieties about philosophy and situates them within a broader contemporary discourse that tries to expand the field of acceptable activity to include the intellectual. The discussion draws on the prefaces to Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae and Bellum Iugurthinum and the preface to the anonymous Rhetorica ad Herennium, along with the criticisms that Cicero claims are leveled against his project. The chapter presents a broader picture of the resistance to intellectual activity that characterized the Roman elite and that Cicero was trying to anticipate. It also considers Cicero’s engagement with a quotation from Ennius that advocates a limited involvement with philosophy, as well as the issue of the mos maiorum and philosophy’s relationship to tradition, which is central to Cicero’s self-presentation.
On a More Personal Note
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the reasons for Cicero’s project that he sets forth, paratactically, in the prefaces by focusing on the references to philosophy, writing, and intellectual life that are found in his letters. It first considers Cicero’s belief in the ability of philosophy to influence and improve people’s characters and actions—a belief implicit in the politically motivated goals that he cites in the prefaces. It then explores how Cicero constructs the link between philosophy and politics, along with his representation of philosophy, and writing more generally, in relation to the traditional division of elite activities between the spheres of otium and negotium. It also discusses the issue of philosophy as consolation and the notion that Cicero’s grief for Tullia motivated his philosophical writings.
The Gift of Philosophy
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Cicero’s claims about the political content of his philosophical writings and their potential benefit to the future of the state. Drawing on two of his treatises, the preface to book one of Tusculan Disputations and the preface to book one of De Finibus, the chapter considers what Cicero repeatedly identifies as his project’s major contribution: the act of translating philosophy from the Greek and making it accessible in Latin. It also explores the cultural and political meaning of translation as an act of patriotism, as well as Cicero’s response to the difficulties of presenting works in translation to an audience with a variety of often opposing cultural objectives and prejudices.
Introduction
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: November 2017

This book examines Cicero’s philosophical activity during the chaotic years of Julius Caesar’s rule, with particular emphasis on the cultural, social, and political positioning of his philosophica. Caesar’s new position, and the destructive war that led to his rise to power, revealed to Cicero the weaknesses of the political system that he had supported and idealized. Whereas Caesar was looking for ways to remake the Roman state, Cicero was searching for a solution of his own. The book analyzes how Cicero appropriated philosophy in a new way and presented his project as a response to the abuse of the concept of the mos maiorum that had culminated in civil war and dictatorship. The evidence comes from two sources: the preface to the second book of Cicero’s De Divinatione and book of draft prefaces called volumen prohoemiorum. The book explores the more implicit rhetoric of the prefaces—their structure, quotations, and allusions—for what they reveal about the meaning and the presentation of Cicero’s philosophical project.
The Plan for the Homogenization of Anatolia
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the fundamental characteristics of the overall plan for the “homogenization” of Anatolia. Having initially devised and implemented a plan before the First World War to free themselves of non-Turkish elements in the Aegean region, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) then, under the cover of war, expanded this plan to include all of Anatolia. The primary goal of this project was a conscious reshaping of the region's demographic character on the basis of its Muslim Turkish population. The two main pillars of this policy, which can be characterized as the government's population and resettlement policy, were as follows: the first entailed the “cleansing” of Anatolia's non-Muslim population; the second was the assimilation of all of Anatolia's non-Turkish Muslim communities.
The Aftermath of the Balkan Wars and the “Emptying” of Eastern Thrace and the Aegean Littoral in 1913–14
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter talks about how, throughout the years of 1913–14 until its entry into the war, the Ottoman government carried out a basic ethnic-cleansing operation, particularly against the Greeks in Thrace and the Aegean littoral. They used a dual-track mechanism extensively. On one hand, they signed separate “population exchange” agreements with the governments of the Balkan states; on the other hand, they terrorized Ottoman Greek subjects, including with massacres, to force them to move to Greece. This wide-scale suppressive policy brought the Ottomans to the brink of war with Greece in the summer of 1914. The policy of forceful expulsion of ethnic groups was not, however, unique to the Ottomans, as other Balkan countries also commonly employed it against Muslims.
The Initial Phase of Anti-Armenian Policy
Authors: Akçam Taner
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at how extant Ottoman documents reveal that the Unionist government made clear distinctions in its wartime policies between the Armenians and the empire's other Christian communities. The Greeks, as has been seen, were deported and expelled with brutality, but the Armenians were targeted for outright annihilation. In the decision to exterminate them, the Unionists' overarching objective of homogenizing the population of Anatolia undoubtedly played an important role; however, it would be incorrect to infer a direct line of causation between the two. The available evidence does not indicate that the restructuring of the general population resulted automatically in the annihilation of a particular group. The central question, then, concerns the nature of the relationship between demographic policy and genocide.