bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CALIPSO/CALIOP Cloud Phase Discrimination Algorithm
Authors: Hu Yongxiang , Winker David , Vaughan Mark , Lin Bing , Omar Ali , Trepte Charles , Flittner David , Yang Ping , Nasiri Shaima L. , Baum Bryan , Holz Robert , Sun Wenbo , Liu Zhaoyan , Wang Zhien , Young Stuart , Stamnes Knut , Huang Jianping , Kuehn Ralph
Published: June 2009

The current cloud thermodynamic phase discrimination by Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) is based on the depolarization of backscattered light measured by its lidar [Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP)]. It assumes that backscattered light from ice crystals is depolarizing, whereas water clouds, being spherical, result in minimal depolarization. However, because of the relationship between the CALIOP field of view (FOV) and the large distance between the satellite and clouds and because of the frequent presence of oriented ice crystals, there is often a weak correlation between measured depolarization and phase, which thereby creates significant uncertainties in the current CALIOP phase retrieval. For water clouds, the CALIOP-measured depolarization can be large because of multiple scattering, whereas horizontally oriented ice particles depolarize only weakly and behave similarly to water clouds. Because of the nonunique depolarization–cloud phase relationship, more constraints are necessary to uniquely determine cloud phase. Based on theoretical and modeling studies, an improved cloud phase determination algorithm has been developed. Instead of depending primarily on layer-integrated depolarization ratios, this algorithm differentiates cloud phases by using the spatial correlation of layer-integrated attenuated backscatter and layer-integrated particulate depolarization ratio. This approach includes a two-step process: 1) use of a simple two-dimensional threshold method to provide a preliminary identification of ice clouds containing randomly oriented particles, ice clouds with horizontally oriented particles, and possible water clouds and 2) application of a spatial coherence analysis technique to separate water clouds from ice clouds containing horizontally oriented ice particles. Other information, such as temperature, color ratio, and vertical variation of depolarization ratio, is also considered. The algorithm works well for both the 0.3° and 3° off-nadir lidar pointing geometry. When the lidar is pointed at 0.3° off nadir, half of the opaque ice clouds and about one-third of all ice clouds have a significant lidar backscatter contribution from specular reflections from horizontally oriented particles. At 3° off nadir, the lidar backscatter signals for roughly 30% of opaque ice clouds and 20% of all observed ice clouds are contaminated by horizontally oriented crystals.
The Role of Typhoon Songda (2004) in Producing Distantly Located Heavy Rainfall in Japan*
Authors: Wang Yongqing , Wang Yuqing , Fudeyasu Hironori
Published: June 2009

When Typhoon Songda (2004) was located southeast of Okinawa over the western North Pacific during 2–4 September 2004, a heavy rainfall event occurred over southern central Japan and its adjacent seas, more than 1200 km from the typhoon center. The Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF-ARW) model was used to investigate the possible remote effects of Typhoon Songda on this heavy precipitation event in Japan. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global final (FNL) analysis was used to provide both the initial and lateral boundary conditions for the WRF model. The model was initialized at 1800 UTC 2 September and integrated until 1800 UTC 6 September 2004, during which Songda was a supertyphoon. Two primary numerical experiments were performed. In the control experiment, a bogus vortex was inserted into the FNL analysis to enhance the initial storm intensity such that the model typhoon had an intensity that was similar to that observed at the initial time. In the no-typhoon experiment, the vortex associated with Typhoon Songda in the FNL analysis was removed by a smoothing algorithm such that the typhoon signal did not appear at the initial time. As verified against various observations, the control experiment captured reasonably well the evolution of the storm and the spatial distribution and evolution of the precipitation, whereas the remote precipitation in Japan was largely suppressed in the no-typhoon experiment, indicting the significant far-reaching effects of Typhoon Songda. Songda enhanced the remote precipitation in Japan mainly through northward moisture transport into the preconditioned precipitation region by its outer circulation. The orographic forcing of the central mountains in Japan played a small role compared with Typhoon Songda in this extreme precipitation event.
“Jumpiness” of the ECMWF and Met Office EPS Control and Ensemble-Mean Forecasts
Authors: Zsoter Ervin , Buizza Roberto , Richardson David
Published: June 2009

This work investigates the inconsistency between forecasts issued at different times but valid for the same time, and shows that ensemble-mean forecasts are less inconsistent than corresponding control forecasts. The “jumpiness” index, the concepts of different forecast jumps—the “flip,” “flip-flop,” and “flip-flop-flip”—and the inconsistency correlation between time series of inconsistency indices are introduced to measure the consistency/inconsistency of consecutive forecasts. These new measures are used to compare the behavior of the ECMWF and the Met Office control and ensemble-mean forecasts for an 18-month period over Europe. Results indicate that for both the ECMWF and the Met Office ensembles, the ensemble-mean forecast is less inconsistent than the control forecast. However, they also indicate that the ensemble mean follows its corresponding control forecast more closely than the controls (or the ensemble means) of the two ensemble systems following each other, thus suggesting weaknesses in both ensemble systems in the simulation of forecast uncertainty due to model or analysis error. Results also show that there is only a weak link between forecast jumpiness and forecast error (i.e., forecasts with lower inconsistency do not necessarily have, on average, lower error).
Optical Phonetics and Visual Perception of Lexical and Phrasal Stress in English
Authors: Scarborough Rebecca , Keating Patricia , Mattys Sven L. , Cho Taehong , Alwan Abeer
Published: June 2009

In a study of optical cues to the visual perception of stress, three American English talkers spoke words that differed in lexical stress and sentences that differed in phrasal stress, while video and movements of the face were recorded. The production of stressed and unstressed syllables from these utterances was analyzed along many measures of facial movement, which were generally larger and faster in the stressed condition. In a visual perception experiment, 16 perceivers identified the location of stress in forced-choice judgments of video clips of these utterances (without audio). Phrasal stress was better perceived than lexical stress. The relation of the visual intelligibility of the prosody of these utterances to the optical characteristics of their production was analyzed to determine which cues are associated with successful visual perception. While most optical measures were correlated with perception performance, chin measures, especially Chin Opening Displacement, contributed the most to correct perception independently of the other measures. Thus, our results indicate that the information for visual stress perception is mainly associated with mouth opening movements.
Effects of Varying Rate of Signing on ASL Manual Signs and Nonmanual Markers
Authors: Wilbur Ronnie B.
Published: June 2009

Spoken languages are characterized by flexible, multivariate prosodic systems. As a natural language, American Sign Language (ASL), and other sign languages (SLs), are also expected to be characterized in the same way. Artificially created signing systems for classroom use, such as signed English, serve as a contrast to natural sign languages. The present article explores the effects of changes in signing rate on signs, pauses, and, unlike previous studies, a variety of nonmanual markers.

Rate was a main effect on the duration of signs, the number of pauses and pause duration, the duration of brow raises, the duration of licensed lowered brows, the number and duration of blinks, all of which decreased with increased signing rate. This indicates that signers produced their different signing rates without making dramatic changes in the number of signs, but instead by varying the sign duration, in accordance with previous observations (Grosjean, 1978, 1979). These results can be brought to bear on three different issues: (1) the difference between grammatical nonmanuals and non-grammatical nonmanuals; (2) the fact that nonmanuals in general are not just a modality effect; and (3) the use of some nonmanuals as pragmatically determined as opposed to overt morphophonological markers reflecting the semantic—syntax—pragmatic interfaces.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene polymorphisms and mirtazapine responses in Koreans with major depression
Authors: Kang RH , Chang HS , Wong ML , Choi MJ , Park JY , Lee HY , Jung IK , Joe SH , Kim L. , Kim SH , Kim YK , Han CS , Ham BJ , Lee HJ , Ko YH , Lee MS , Lee MS
Published: June 2009

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a candidate molecule for influencing the clinical response to antidepressant treatment. The aims of this study were to determine the relationship between the Val66Met polymorphism in the BDNF gene and the response to mirtazapine in 243 Korean subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD). The reduction in the Hamilton Depression score over the 8-week treatment period was not influenced by BDNF V66M genotypes. A marginal effect of genotype on somatic anxiety score was observed at baseline (P = 0.047 in the dominant model). However, genotype–time interaction had no effect on somatic anxiety score after the 8-week a treatment period. Plasma BDNF levels tended to increase during mirtazapine treatment, although without statistical significance (P = 0.055). After 8 weeks of mirtazapine treatment, plasma BDNF levels were higher in Met allele homozygotes (1499.7 ± 370.6 ng/mL) than in Val allele carriers (649.7 ± 158.5 ng/mL, P = 0.049). Our results do not support the hypothesis that the Val66Met promoter polymorphism in the BDNF gene influences the therapeutic response to mirtazapine in Korean MDD patients. However, our data indicate that this polymorphism results in increased plasma BDNF after mirtazapine treatment.
The joint relationships of communication behaviors and task interdependence on trust building and change in virtual project teams
Authors: Rico Ramón , Alcover Carlos-María , Sánchez-Manzanares Miriam , Gil Francisco
Published: June 2009

The study presented in this article examined how specific communication behaviors among team members interacted with task interdependence in relation to the building and changing of trust within 53 virtual project teams. At the mid-point of the teams' projects, our results showed that task-oriented communications among team members related significantly to trust, and that communications conveying enthusiasm related to trust only under conditions of low task interdependence. At the end of a team's project, trust among team members related positively to predictability of communications and substantive responses under higher levels of task interdependence. These findings develop extant trust theory in virtual teams, suggesting some useful guidelines to better understand and manage trust processes.
Relational capital in virtual teams: the role played by trust
Authors: Zornoza Ana , Orengo Virginia , Peñarroja Vicente
Published: June 2009

The study of social capital has emerged as a key construct in work and organizational contexts. Trust is its relational dimension and it is relevant for teams working in virtual environments. The purpose of our study is to determine whether the relationship between virtuality level (based on the characteristics of the technology used by each group) and three team-effectiveness criteria (group performance, group process satisfaction and group cohesion) is moderated by group trust climate or relational capital (i.e. trust perceptions shared by team members). A laboratory experiment was carried out with groups randomly assigned to two virtuality levels (videoconference and computer-mediated communication) and a control condition (face-to-face communication). Sixty-six 4-member teams made up the sample. Results indicated that group trust climate moderates the relationship between the virtuality level and group process satisfaction and group cohesion when the virtuality level is high. These results provide further evidence that relational capital plays an important role in virtual teams' effectiveness.
The relationship between fulfilment of the psychological contract and resistance to change during organizational transformations
Authors: van den Heuvel Sjoerd , Schalk René
Published: June 2009

Because of ongoing globalization, changing markets and political developments, the degree of organizational change has increased significantly in the last decades. Organizations value employees who are willing and able to respond positively to change. Trust and social capital, based on fulfilling mutual expectations are important determinants of successful organizational change. The present study investigates the relationship between fulfilment of the psychological contract and resistance to organization-related change. In a sample of 208 employees in ten Dutch organizations, data were gathered using questionnaires. The results showed a significant negative relationship between fulfilment of the organization side of the psychological contract and affective resistance to change. The more the organization had fulfilled its promises in the employee's perception, the less the employee resisted the organizational change. In addition the type of organizational change significantly moderated the relationship between fulfilment of the psychological contract and resistance to change. By maintaining good psychological contracts with employees, organizations can build trust, which could prevent resistance to change.
Trust in high-reliability organizations
Authors: Schöbel Markus
Published: June 2009

The present article aims to highlight the effects of trust on safety performance in high-reliability organizations (HROs) like nuclear power plants, chemical plants or hospital emergency departments. The author claims that not only beneficial but also detrimental effects have to be considered in the analysis of trust within these socio-technical systems. Potential safety outcomes of trusting behavior are discussed in the light of two types of interaction underlying task management in HROs: trust in human interactions vs. trust in human—system interaction. Trust is further specified according to the constraints and requirements that may interfere with the beneficial role of trusting behavior. In particular, three distinct types of trust beliefs moderating the effect of trust on safety performance are addressed: beliefs based on shared values and norms, institution-based beliefs, and beliefs based on system reliability. Finally, the author highlights organizational factors that emerge as crucial for the development and maintenance of safe work settings in which the beneficial aspects of trust are brought to bear.
Effect of Fiber Orientation on Scratch Resistance in Unidirectional Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites
Authors: Bora Mustafa Ozgur , Çoban Onur , Sinmazcelik Tamer , Gunay Volkan
Published: June 2009

Polymer composites have been widely used in industrial applications because of their high-specific strength and modulus. During their maintenance and service life small scratches can be formed on the surface of the composite material. These small scratches can result in crack initiation causing material failure and also some esthetic defects. When we consider that polymer composites may have various fiber orientations, it is possible to develop a remarkable increase in their scratch resistance. For this reason it is necessary to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on scratch resistance for polymer composites. In this study, scratch resistance of continuous carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetherimide composites were investigated as a function of fiber orientations by means of CSM microscratch tester machine. During the experiments the relation between the scratch resistance and operational parameters are determined as a function of scratch hardness, penetration depth, and coefficient of friction.
Longitudinal Modulus of Semi-auxetic Unidirectional Fiber Composites
Authors: Lim Teik-Cheng , Rajendra Acharya U.
Published: June 2009

In micromechanical modeling of composites, it is well known that the Voigt formula or the rule-of-mixture method gives the most general upper bound estimate of the effective Young’s modulus. In this article it is shown that the effective longitudinal Young’s modulus of a continuous unidirectional fiber composite significantly exceeds the rule-of-mixture when both constituents possess equal or almost equal Young’s moduli and opposing Poisson’s ratio signs.
Tensile Properties and Thermal Analysis of Chemimechanical Pulp-reinforced HDPE Composites
Authors: Zabihzadeh Seyed Majid , Dastoorian Foroogh , Ebrahimi Ghanbar
Published: June 2009

The tensile and thermal properties of chemimechanical pulp/high-density polyethylene composites made using virgin high-density polyethylene as the matrix polymer, chemimechanical pulp as reinforcing fiber, and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene as compatibilizing agent were examined by assessing the tensile properties and thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that 2% compatibilized composites and uncompatibilized composites exhibited the highest and the lowest tensile strength values, respectively, while the tensile modulus is partially independent of compatibilizing agent. Using maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene increases composites’ failure strain and tensile energy absorption as well. Based on the TGA analysis during the manufacturing of the composites, blending and injection temperatures should be less than 230°C to prevent the chemimechanical pulp from decomposition.
The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents as Related to Parent Education Level and Race/Ethnicity in Children
Authors: Prince-Embury Sandra
Published: June 2009

This study explores associations between scores on the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (RSCA), parent education level, and race/ethnicity in a normative sample of 450 children. Small but significant associations were found between parent education level and the RSCA Sense of Relatedness Scale score. Race/ethnicity did not contribute unique variance when parent education level was controlled.
Parent-Based Sleep Education Workshops in Autism
Authors: Reed Hannah E. , McGrew Susan G. , Artibee Kay , Surdkya Kyla , Goldman Suzanne E. , Frank Kim , Wang Lily , Malow Beth A.
Published: June 2009

To determine if parents can successfully teach their children with autism spectrum disorders to become better sleepers, we piloted small group parent education workshops focused on behavioral sleep strategies. Workshops consisted of three 2-hour sessions conducted over consecutive weeks by 2 physicians. Curricula included establishing effective daytime and nighttime habits, initiating a bedtime routine, and optimizing parental interactions at bedtime and during night wakings. Baseline and treatment questionnaires and actigraphy were analyzed in 20 children, ages 3 to 10 years. Improvements after treatment were seen in the total scale and several insomnia-related subscales of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Actigraphy documented reduced sleep latency in children presenting with sleep onset delay. Improvements were also noted in measures of sleep habits and daytime behavior. Brief parent-based behavioral sleep workshops in children with autism spectrum disorders appear effective in improving subjective and objective measures of sleep, sleep habits, and daytime behavior.
The Validity of Injury Surveillance System Measures of Assault
Authors: Wood Darryl S.
Published: June 2009

This article considers the validity of estimates of intentional violence using a statewide injury recording system: the Alaska Trauma Registry (ATR). One benefit of using data from an injury surveillance system is that its records are generated without police involvement, thereby reducing the likelihood of undercounting. However, there is reason to suspect that measures of violence derived from injury surveillance systems do not accurately measure underlying levels of assault in a population and are instead partly a reflection of influential patient characteristics. The ATR was used to compare assault injury cases of Alaska Natives with those of non—Natives to determine if patient characteristics varied between racial groups and to determine if those characteristics served to bias comparisons of injury rates. Results indicate that differences in assault injury rates are partly attributable to a greater proportion of Alaska Native patients being hospitalized for injuries of only minor or moderate severity.
Perceptions of Rape and Attitudes Toward Women in a Sample of Lebanese Students
Authors: Rebeiz Maria J. , Harb Charles
Published: June 2009

This study investigated values, ambivalent sexism, religiosity, religious differences, gender, and attitudes toward rape victims as predictors of rape myths in a sample of Lebanese students ( N = 300). Values of self-transcendence and conservation, gender, hostile sexism, and attitudes toward rape victims emerged as significant predictors of rape myths, confirming some of the premises in the literature. Type of rape (date, marital, acquaintance, and stranger rape) and victim’s characteristics (widowed, married, devout, promiscuous, and chaste) were also investigated. Results revealed that no matter what the relationship between the victim and her perpetrator was, and regardless of the victim’s characteristics, forcible sexual contact was always considered as rape. However, differences did emerge as to the degree to which these variations were perceived as rape. Implication of findings for research and the Lebanese culture are discussed.
Employee Voice Behavior
Authors: Botero Isabel C. , Van Dyne Linn
Published: June 2009

In contemporary organizations, competitive advantage can come from ideas employees communicate to supervisors for improving processes, products, and services. One approach to studying employee communications with supervisors is voice behavior. In this research, the authors consider leader— member exchange (LMX) and the individual cultural value orientation of power distance (PD) as predictors of voice. Two studies, conducted in different countries, demonstrate the unique and combined effects of these predictors. In Study 1, conducted in the United States, LMX was positively related to voice, PD was negatively related to voice, and PD made more of a difference in voice when LMX was high. In Study 2, conducted in Colombia, LMX and PD were both related to voice but did not interact. The authors discuss the implications for theory and practice.
Dissent From Within
Authors: Grossman Frank D.
Published: June 2009

This article utilizes social movement theory to analyze policy change created by site-based educators. The author uses a qualitative case study to examine how an organization comprised of teachers and administrators in New York State used protest to protect a waiver, which exempted students in their schools from having to pass statewide graduation exams. The author finds that the educators’ ability to mobilize resources and to strategically frame their struggle in a manner that resonated with policymakers allowed the educator activists to capitalize on emerging controversies surrounding the state’s assessment system and create policy change. This article provides a framework to understand how marginalized actors within systems of schooling organize to create change. Such a framework is becoming increasingly relevant as educators attempt to create space for local practice in the current top-down policy environment.
Essay Review: The Humanities Reforming Psychiatry
Authors: Kerr Laura K.
Published: June 2009

The humanities have become increasingly involved in the critique of psychiatry. Scholars in philosophy, literature, cultural studies, and the performing and visual arts see psychiatry not only as a viable subject, but also as one for which their contributions have an opportunity to reform this often maligned specialty. Yet despite all the criticism directed towards the field, psychiatry has never in its history enjoyed as much success and esteem as it does today. The following essay reviews three books from the humanities dedicated to reforming psychiatry. It explores the potential success of their efforts given the present success—and entrenchment—of biological psychiatry.
Cultural Competence
Authors: Nieto Claudia , Zoller Booth Margaret
Published: June 2009

This study investigates the influence of cultural competence on the teaching and learning process for instructors and students of higher education. It examines whether there is a difference in the level of intercultural sensitivity between university instructors and ESL students, whether ESL instructors and non-ESL instructors vary in their levels of intercultural sensitivity, the extent to which gender affects cultural competence, and whether levels of intercultural sensitivity creates additional challenges for these individuals on a college campus in the United States. Using mixed methods, the study found that instructors reported a higher level of intercultural sensitivity than college students; that females scored higher than males on intercultural sensitivity; and that a significant difference was found between ESL instructors and non-ESL instructors in the area of interaction engagement. Finally, only instructors (not students) revealed that culture and language were the greatest challenges for international students.
Lymphangiogenic Characteristics of Triple Negativity in Node-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Liu Huan-Tao , Ma Rong , Yang Qi-Feng , Du Gang , Zhang Cui-Juan
Published: June 2009

Purpose. Triple-negativity breast cancer (TNBC), being negative for the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, represents a subgroup of breast cancer with a poor clinical outcome. The aim of the study was to determine whether TNBC is associated with lymphangiogenesis in node-negative breast carcinomas. Methods. The authors investigated the clinicopathologic characteristics, lymphatic vessel density (LVD), and expression of 2 lymphangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D), in 21 lymph node—negative TNBCs and 70 lymph node—negative non-TNBCs. Results. TNBC correlated with younger age (below 35 year) and higher histological grade. It also correlated with a higher intratumoral and peritumoral LVD, positive lymphatic invasion, and positive VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression. Conclusions. For the first time, this study indicated a link between triple-negativity breast cancer and lymphangiogenesis. Lymphangiogenesis might help explain the special malignant phonotype of breast cancer, and lymphangiogenesis inhibitors might be a novel choice for triple-negativity breast cancer patients.
Slaughterhouses and Increased Crime Rates
Authors: Fitzgerald Amy J. , Kalof Linda , Dietz Thomas
Published: June 2009

More than 100 years after Upton Sinclair denounced the massive slaughterhouse complex in Chicago as a “jungle,” qualitative case study research has documented numerous negative effects of slaughterhouses on workers and communities. Of the social problems observed in these communities, the increases in crime have been particularly dramatic. These increases have been theorized as being linked to the demographic characteristics of the workers, social disorganization in the communities, and increased unemployment rates. But these explanations have not been empirically tested, and no research has addressed the possibility of a link between the increased crime rates and the violent work that takes place in the meatpacking industry. This study uses panel analysis of 1994-2002 data on nonmetropolitan counties in states with “rightto-work” laws (a total of 581 counties) to analyze the effect of slaughterhouses on the surrounding communities using both ordinary least squares and negative binomial regression. The findings indicate that slaughterhouse employment increases total arrest rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sex offenses in comparison with other industries. This suggests the existence of a “Sinclair effect” unique to the violent workplace of the slaughterhouse, a factor that has not previously been examined in the sociology of violence.
Adapting an HIV Prevention Intervention for High-Risk, Incarcerated Adolescents
Authors: Hurd Noelle M. , Valerio Melissa A. , Garcia Nicole M. , Scott Anthony A.
Published: June 2009

This study examined the effectiveness of an adapted 4-session HIV prevention program. Participants included 490 adolescents who participated in either the 8- or the adapted 4-session HIVEd program. Analyses to identify mean changes in HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and behavioral intentions between participants in either the 4- ( n = 274) or 8-session ( n = 216) programs were completed. Findings indicate participants in both programs had positive changes at post interview across all study outcomes. No significant differences in changes between participants in the 4- and 8-session programs were found except that male adolescents in the 4-session program had significantly higher mean changes in condom knowledge ( p < .01). The adaptation of the 8-session HIVEd program was undertaken to better reach and accommodate the needs of a high risk incarcerated adolescent population. Findings demonstrate that HIV prevention interventions for high risk populations may be successfully adapted and condensed when based on rigorously evaluated and theoretically driven programs.
Dating violence among school students in Tanzania and South Africa: Prevalence and socio-demographic variations
Authors: Wubs Annegreet G. , Aarø Leif E. , Flisher Alan J. , Bastien Sheri , Onya Hans E. , Kaaya Sylvia , Mathews Catherine
Published: June 2009

Aims: Widespread adolescent dating violence (DV) in Sub-Saharan Africa calls for immediate action, particularly since it is linked to the spread of HIV/AIDS. This article presents prevalence and demographic correlates of DV among school students in Cape Town and Mankweng (South Africa) and Dar es Salaam (Tanzania). Methods: Data were derived from the baseline data collection of a multi-site randomized controlled trial of an HIV prevention intervention among young adolescents. The results were confined to students who reported previously or currently being in a relationship (n = 6,979). Multiple logistic regression analysis with demographic predictors was employed, controlled for cluster effect. Results: Within our sample 10.2%—37.8% had been victims, 3.1%—21.8% had been perpetrators, and 8.6%—42.8% had been both (percentages dependent on site and gender). Before controlling for other factors, religion was a protective factor against violence in Cape Town. After controlling for other factors, a higher age and lower socioeconomic status were associated with belonging to any of the three groups of violence. Being male in all sites was associated with perpetration; being female with victimization (except in Cape Town where the converse finding was obtained). Higher parental education in Cape Town was protective against all types of violence. Ethnicity and living with biological parents were not associated with violence. Conclusions: DV is prevalent and widespread in the study sites. Violence control policies and interventions should target young adolescents. Since there was not one clearly defined subgroup identified as being at high risk, such programmes should not be limited to high risk groups only.
Young people's understanding of HIV: A qualitative study among school students in Mankweng, South Africa
Authors: Ragnarsson Anders , Onya Hans E. , Aarø Leif Edvard
Published: June 2009

Aims: This article describes young people's interpretation of HIV, AIDS and sexually transmitted illness in a rural South African community in Mankweng, Limpopo Province. Method: The study was based on 19 focus group discussions with adolescents aged 12—14 years. Results: Our participants had limited knowledge about HIV from a biomedical perspective. Their understanding and interpretations of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases were largely informed by traditional and religious belief systems that explain how and why people contract an illness via sexual intercourse. Based on these interpretations, they also expressed distrust towards the medical health system, and where to go for care, support and treatment. Local traditional healers were often mentioned as the only people who could cure several of the sexually transmitted diseases described by our informants. Conclusions: The ways of understanding HIV, AIDS and other sexually transmitted illnesses may weaken efforts of health education interventions based solely on a medical and modern notion of disease. The authors emphasise the importance of exploring traditional and religious belief systems and taking these into account when planning and designing behaviour change interventions.
Teachers' confidence in teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality in South African and Tanzanian schools
Authors: Helleve Arnfinn , Flisher Alan J. , Onya Hans , Kaaya Sylvia , Mukoma Wanjiru , Swai Caroline , Klepp Knut-Inge
Published: June 2009

Aims: This study aimed to investigate how confident and comfortable teachers at Tanzanian and South African urban and rural schools are in teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality. It also aimed at identifying factors associated with teacher confidence and investigated how reported confidence was associated with the implementation of educational programmes on HIV/AIDS and sexuality. Methods: A survey was conducted among South African grade 8 and 9 Life Orientation teachers, and among science teachers for grade 5 to 7 in public primary schools in Tanzania. Teachers' confidence levels were measured on a four-item scale (0—3). Results: A total number of 266 teachers participated in a survey in 86 schools in South Africa and Tanzania. Overall, teachers report to be rather confident in teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality. Tanzanian teachers reported higher levels of confidence then did their South Africa colleagues (2.1 vs. 1.8; p < 0.01). Confidence in teaching was significantly associated with the numbers of years teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality, formal training in these subjects, experience in discussing the topics with others, school policy and priority given to teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality at school. Finally, confidence in teaching remained positively associated with self-reported successful implementation of school-based programmes after adjusting for gender, age, religion and numbers of years teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality. Conclusions: Across urban and rural sites in South Africa and Tanzania teachers reported to be fairly confident in teaching HIV/AIDS and sexuality. Further strengthening of their confidence levels could, however, be an important measure for improving the implementation of such programmes.
A Shift in Media Credibility
Authors: Kim Daekyung , Johnson Thomas J.
Published: June 2009

This study surveyed politically interested online users to examine how they perceive the traditional news media, their online counterparts and independent web-based newspapers, as well as exploring which factors influenced credibility of online sources during the 2004 general election in South Korea. Independent web-based newspapers were considered more credible for political information than either traditional media or their online counterparts. Reliance on online and traditional sources tended to be stronger predictors of credibility of online sources and political variables, such as campaign interest, political involvement and voting, also turned out to be significant predictors. Based on the findings, a shift in media credibility in Korea is discussed.
Therapeutic efficacy of renin—angiotensin blockade in patients receiving dialysis
Authors: Suzuki Hiromichi
Published: June 2009

Observational data in dialysis patients has indicated an increased cardiovascular mortality. One pathophysiological cause of this cardiovascular mortality in these patients is volume overload. In addition, an inappropriately activated renin—angiotensin system (RAS) has been proposed as another possible mechanism for the increased cardiovascular mortality. With these possible causes in mind, blockade of the RAS with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) have both emerged as means of preventing cardiovascular events in this population. This review focuses on clinical evidence of the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in dialysis patients with regard to the improvement of cardiovascular events as well as blood pressure control and maintenance of dialysis therapy.
Characterisation of stainless steel surfaces – modified in air at 350°C
Authors: Honkanen M , Vippola M , Lepistö T
Published: June 2009

This work aimed to modify stainless steel surface by oxidation for metal-plastic hybrid applications. Oxidation behaviour of the stainless steels AISI 304 and 316L was studied by TEM and AFM. Air exposures for steels were carried out in air at 350°C for 5–300 min. The oxide layer structures were characterised by planar and cross-sectional TEM samples. Behaviours of the both steels were very similar. Oxidation started already during first 5 min and a protective oxide layer formed fast and further oxidation was slower. Oxide structures were mainly of the type M2O3. Surface topography of the oxide layer was studied by AFM. At first, single oxide islands formed on the base oxide layer. After 100 and 300 min exposures, the islands have combined to the thin, uniform and dense oxide layer. Owing to this, an optimal stainless steel insert surface for metal-plastic hybrid parts would be after those treatments.
Characterisation and microcorrosion of DLC ultrathin films with acetylene and ethylene source gases by PECVD
Authors: Chen C P , Tan A H
Published: June 2009

Diamond like carbon (DLC) films were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition, whose purpose is in the application of the films to further improve read/write durability of next generation recording discs. The effects of acetylene (C2H2) and ethylene (C2H4) source gases and deposition parameters on roughness, structure, hardness, resistivity, silicone contamination, glide performance and microcorrosion measurement on the cobalt concentration of DLC films are studied utilising the following equipment: AFM, Raman, nanoindenter, resistivity gauge meter, phase metrics, time of flight SIMS and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Results show that the Raman Id/ Ig ratio, G and D peak wavenumber, hardness, glide noise and avalanche, silicone contamination and cobalt concentration of the C2H4 source gas films are significantly lower than those of C2H2 gas. Diamond like carbon films prepared at the higher gas flow exhibit a lower Id/ Ig and cobalt concentration. Films deposited with a higher voltage bias and heater power will induce a higher Id/ Ig and cobalt concentration.
MoSi2–Si–B/SiC double-layer oxidation protective coating for carbon/carbon composites
Authors: Feng T , Li H-J , Fu Q-G , Shi X-H , Shen X-T
Published: June 2009

A new MoSi2–Si–B ceramic coating was prepared on the surface of SiC coated carbon/carbon (C/C) composites by a simple and low-cost slurry method. The microstructures of the double-layer coatings were characterised by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses. It could effectively protect C/C composites from oxidation for 100 h with a weight loss of 0·2% in air at 1773 K and for 40 h with a weight loss of 4·2% at 1073 K. The oxidation protective coating was principally due to the production of eutectic glass film for decreasing oxygen diffusing through the coating.
Comparative study of microstructure and corrosion properties in 3·5% NaCl solution of electrodeposited nickel obtained from various baths
Authors: Vijayakumar J , Mohan S
Published: June 2009

A comparison was made between the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of electrodeposits prepared from sulphate, sulphamate and Watt's bath on mild steel substrate. Potentiodynamic polarisation tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), SEM and XRD were the techniques used to characterise the corrosion behaviour. The potentiodynamic studies revealed the current density versus potential for the coated and uncoated substrates and the difference in their corrosion potentials Ecorr. In all cases, the Ecorr shifted to a more positive potential after the coatings were applied. The EIS measurements as a function of immersion time were carried out in a 3·5% NaCl solution at the Ecorr. The corrosion parameters, such as lower corrosion current density Icorr and higher polarisation resistance Rp, were found in coating from sulphamate bath.
'And her black satin gown must be new-bodied': The Twenty-First-Century Body in Pursuit of the Holbein Look
Authors: Malcolm-Davies Jane , Johnson Caroline , Mikhaila Ninya
Published: June 2009

Understanding the precise construction of early sixteenth-century women's dress presents considerable difficulties. Satisfactorily reconstructing it is an even greater challenge. The study reported here used contemporary archaeological, pictorial and documentary evidence to inform alternative experimental approaches to constructing the garments worn on a woman's torso in the 1540s. The results showed that stiffening the kirtle was more successful than stiffening the petticoat or gown in achieving the characteristic body shape portrayed in Holbein's work.
The Burial Clothes of Margaretha Franziska de Lobkowitz, 1617
Authors: Pietsch Johannes
Published: June 2009

In June 2003, the remains of Margaretha Franziska de Lobkowitz, née von Dietrichstein (1597–1617), were discovered in the crypt of the parish church of Saint Wenceslas in Mikulov, Czech Republic. The coffin contained the skeleton of Margaretha Franziska and her clothes which were exceptionally well preserved. The costume is an outstanding example of early seventeenth-century women's clothing. The short life of the wearer suggests that the garments were made around 1616. The set of textiles comprises an elaborate formal gown, referred to as 'ropa' in Spanish, an exquisitely tailored doublet and a precious velvet skirt. The burial outfit includes a bonnet, a lace collar, cuffs, knitted stockings and costly garters.
Reflections on the Development of the Study of Dress History and of Costume Curatorship: A Case Study of Anne Buck OBE
Authors: Jarvis Anthea
Published: June 2009

On 12 May 2007, almost exactly two years after her death, the Costume Society held an Anne Buck Memorial Study Day in London entitled Studying Four Hundred Years of Fashion. This paper was written and delivered as the introduction to the Study Day. It attempted, through an examination of Anne Buck's work as curator of a costume collection, in particular as Keeper of the Gallery of English Costume, Manchester, from 1947 to 1972, to assess her outstanding contribution to the study of dress history and to the development and use of dress collections in museums; and to consider her legacy to historians and curators today, thirty-five years after her retirement.
Blue Denim by the Bay: The Levi Strauss & Co. Archives
Authors: Downey Lynn
Published: June 2009

The designer Bill Blass once famously stated that Levi's jeans are 'the best single item of apparel ever designed'. He may not have known, however, that his couture firm and Levi Strauss & Co. were two of only a handful of clothing companies to have formal archives programmes in place in the United States of America as the millennium approached. Established in 1989, the Levi Strauss & Co. Archives is now the benchmark for other denim and apparel companies who have recognized the usefulness of heritage in clothing design and marketing, among other business applications. This article surveys the founding of Levi Strauss & Co., the invention and development of the blue jean, the holdings and management of the company's Archives, its work with designers, how it supports advertising and branding, then concludes with an in-depth exploration of a few of the collection's most rare and valuable pieces.
B-cell antigen receptor signaling enhances chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell migration and survival: specific targeting with a novel spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, R406
Authors: Quiroga Maite P. , Balakrishnan Kumudha , Kurtova Antonina V. , Sivina Mariela , Keating Michael J. , Wierda William G. , Gandhi Varsha , Burger Jan A.
Published: June 2009

Antigenic stimulation through the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) is considered to promote the expansion of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells. The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a key component of BCR signaling, can be blocked by R406, a small-molecule Syk inhibitor, that displayed activity in CLL patients in a first clinical trial. In this study, we investigated the effects of BCR stimulation and R406 on CLL cell survival and migration. The prosurvival effects promoted by anti-IgM stimulation and nurselike cells were abrogated by R406. BCR triggering up-regulated adhesion molecules, and increased CLL cell migration toward the chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL13. BCR activation also enhanced CLL cell migration beneath marrow stromal cells. These responses were blocked by R406, which furthermore abrogated BCR-dependent secretion of T-cell chemokines (CCL3 and CCL4) by CLL cells. Finally, R406 inhibited constitutive and BCR-induced activation of Syk, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and AKT, and blocked BCR-induced calcium mobilization. These findings suggest that BCR activation favors CLL cell homing, retention, and survival in tissue microenvironments. R406 effectively blocks these BCR-dependent responses in CLL cells, providing an explanation for the activity of R406 in patients with CLL.
Involvement of oxygen-sensing pathways in physiologic and pathologic erythropoiesis
Authors: Semenza Gregg L.
Published: June 2009

Red blood cells deliver O2 from the lungs to every cell in the human body. Reduced tissue oxygenation triggers increased production of erythropoietin by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), which is a transcriptional activator composed of an O2-regulated α subunit and a constitutively expressed β subunit. Hydroxylation of HIF-1α or HIF-2α by the asparaginyl hydroxylase FIH-1 blocks coactivator binding and transactivation. Hydroxylation of HIF-1α or HIF-2α by the prolyl hydroxylase PHD2 is required for binding of the von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL), leading to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Mutations in the genes encoding VHL, PHD2, and HIF-2α have been identified in patients with familial erythrocytosis. Patients with Chuvash polycythemia, who are homozygous for a missense mutation in the VHL gene, have multisystem pathology attributable to dysregulated oxygen homeostasis. Intense efforts are under way to identify small molecule hydroxylase inhibitors that can be administered chronically to selectively induce erythropoiesis without undesirable side effects.