bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN UNUSUAL NEW SPECIES OF TARSONEMUS (ACARINA: TARSONEMIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH THE INDIAN HONEY BEE
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

The female of Tarsonemus indoapis n. sp. is described, illustrated, and its unusual morphological features are discussed. This mite is apparently restricted to the head region, where its microhabitat is possibly the posterior tentorial pits, of the adult host, Apis indica Fabricius. It is compared briefly with other tarsonemid symbionts of bees, that is, species of Acarapis and Tarsonemus apis Rennie.
NOTES ON BRUCHIDAE OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO WITH A LIST OF WORLD GENERA
Authors: Bottimer L. J.
Published: December 2009

This paper contains notes affecting the classification of the Bruchidae of United States and Canada, a list of all species found north of Mexico, and a list of World genera and their type-species. The MexicanMerobruchus vacillator(Sharp) is added to the fauna of this area. Transferred from our list to that of Latin America are:Acanthoscelides californicus(Boheman),Megacerus eugenienew name forBruchus ramicornisBoheman nee Erichson, andMimosestes innotatus(Pic.). The following are synonymized:Spermophagus(Zabrotes)semicinctusHorn (1894) withZabrotes subfasciatus(Boheman 1833);Bruchus subserripesFall (1910) withAcanthoscelides compressicornis(Schaeffer 1907);Lithraeus electusBridwell (1952) withLithraeus elegans(Blanchard 1851);Bruchus alboguttatusMotschoulsky (1874) withMeibomeus musculus(Say 1831);Bruchus bivulneratusHorn (1873) withBruchus abbreviatus, inadvertently validated by Say =Sennius abbreviatus(Say 1824);Bruchus nigrinusHorn (1873),B.nictitansMotschoulsky (1874), andB.depressusFall (1912) withSennius cruentatus(Horn 1873);Bruchus pythonicusPic (1913) withStator pygidialis(Schaeffer 1907); andBruchus biguttatusFabricius (1801) =Bruchus biguttellusSchoenherr (1833) withCallosobruchus chinensis(Linnaeus 1758). Original spellings of the specific names of two species are revived:Megacerus pygidalis(Motschoulsky) neepygidialisPic, andMegacerus discoidus(Say) necdiscoideus: authors.Bruchus lividusJ. E. LeConte 1824 is placed in our list as an unrecognized species. Thirty-five new combinations are proposed.
A REVISION OF THE TRIBE PRISTOLINI (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Wong Horne R.
Published: December 2009

A new genus, Melastola, with type-species Gymnonychus resinicolor Marlatt, and two new species, Pristola clarki and Melastola ferruginosa, are described. Keys to the genera and known species of the tribe Pristolini are presented. New distribution records for Pristola macnabi Ross are reported in North America.
FEEDING THROUGH ROOT SURFACES OF RUTABAGA BY HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Swailes G. E.
Published: December 2009

Resistance to the initiation of feeding by newly hatched larvae of Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) confined on surfaces of rutabaga roots was examined. Differences between varieties could be distinguished by using 10 larvae on a root segment. There were no differences between roots within a variety or between portions of one root. The evidence of resistance in Wilhelmsburger was confirmed. This technique of rearing on a small surface area of the root may be valuable in evaluating lines in the laboratory without destroying their propagation value.
STUDIES OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ARTHROPOD SECRETIONS: I EVIDENCE FOR A SEX PHEROMONE IN FEMALEVITULA EDMANDSAE(LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE)
Authors: Weatherston J. , Percy J. E.
Published: December 2009

Evidence is presented for the presence of a sex attractant in femaleVitula edmandsae(Packard). The ability of the virgin female to attract the male varies with age, reaching a maximum 2 days after emergence.

The pheromone-producing gland is a ring-shaped structure formed by modification of the epidermal cells in the intersegmental membrane between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments.
EXPERIMENTS IN THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN DIADEGMA INSULARIS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) AND MICROPLITIS PLUTELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) WITH THEIR HOST PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE)
Authors: Putnam L. G.
Published: December 2009

In the laboratory, second- and third-instar Plutella maculipennis (Curtis) larvae were about equally susceptible to parasitism by Diadegma insularis (Cresson) or by Microplitis plutellae Muesebeck. The fourth and last instar was less susceptible than the second and third. Larvae of the first instar, although usually within the tissues of the food plant, could be parasitized. Maximum progeny obtained from female parasites during a lifetime, with regularly renewed supplies of hosts, averaged 516 in D. insularis, and 232 in M. plutellae. Effectiveness of D. insularis among a given number of host larvae improved slightly, reaching 85/100 as cage size increased from 50 to 200 sq. in., and declined somewhat, from 124/200 to 94/200, when cage size was further increased from 200 to 1500 sq. in. In field cages of 1, 2, and 4 sq. yd, with 200 host larvae, single female D. insularis parasitized about 35, 20, and 7% of hosts respectively. With 50, 100, 200, and 400 host larvae in 200-sq.-in. cages, and one female per unit, average progeny of D. insularis were respectively 39, 70, 113, and 150; of M. plutellae, approximately the same. In competition, two females, one of each species, operating among the same lot of larval hosts, produced more total progeny than two of the same species. Increasing constant temperatures from 20° to 30° favoured D. insularis slightly, but viability and effectiveness of M. plutellae at 30° was reduced.
A REVIEW OF THE NEW WORLD SPECIES OFPISON: I. THE SUBGENUSKROMBEINIELLUM(HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)
Authors: Menke A. S.
Published: December 2009

Five new species ofPison, subgenusKrombeiniellum, are described:stangeifrom Argentina;duckei,plaumanni, andneotropicumfrom Brazil; andkrombeinifrom Central America.Pison duckei,plaumanni, andneotropicumare known by females only. A key is provided for the identification of the New WorldKrombeiniellum; the subgenus is divided into three species groups.
CANADIAN OCHODAEUS, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Howden H. F.
Published: December 2009

Ochodaeus luscinus n. sp. is described from southern Alberta, British Columbia, and Utah. The new species is compared to closely related forms and to the other Canadian species.
REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SLATEROCORIS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Nine new species of Slaterocoris Wagner are described from North America: pilosus from British Columbia; alpinus from Colorado; apache from Arizona, Colorado, and Utah; flavipes, solidaginis, and sparsus from California; argenteus, grandis, and simplex from Durango, Mexico. The other species in the genus are: ambrosiae (Kngt.), atratus (Uhl.), atritibialis (Kngt.), breviatus (Kngt.), croceipes (Uhl.), hirtus (Kngt.), longipennis Kngt., mohri (Kngt.), pallidicornis (Kngt.), pallipes (Kngt.). robustus (Uhl.), rubrofemoratus Kngt., sheridani Kngt., stygicus (Say), and utahensis Kngt. Strongylocoris uniformis Van D. is placed in synonymy with Stiphrosoma robusta Uhl. Strongylocoris albibasis Knight does not belong to Slaterocoris and will be dealt with in a subsequent paper. All species are keyed and the male genitalia illustrated.
DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND LIFE TABLES FOR THE FIR ENGRAVER SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

Methods are presented for sampling and constructing life tables for Scolytus ventralis LeConte with the objective of comparing the histories of populations inhabiting individual trees. A bark area of 72 sq. in. was an effective sample unit. Within-tree variation was minimized by taking two sample units from two vertical strata at each sampling date. Trees were serially sampled several times during development of the insect.

Population tables were constructed for each sampling date and life tables were developed from the complete series of population tables. The precision of the life table estimates varied between 10% and 40% of the mean and generally decreased as population density diminished during development. A sampling design is presented for increasing the precision of life tables, and methods are given for determining the number of trees required for estimating the mean density when studying populations occupying large areas.
A FLIGHT TRAP FOR COLLECTING LIVING INSECTS
Authors: Nijholt W. W. , Chapman J. A.
Published: December 2009

A window flight trap was altered by replacing a collecting fluid trough with a horizontal cylinder, covered at both ends with clear plastic or screen. Insects falling into the cylinder move toward the light at the ends and are readily-collected. Sample data illustrate the usefulness of the traps for collecting scolytid beetles.
NEUQUENAPHIS PAPILLATA, A NEW NOTHOFAGUS-INFESTING APHID FROM CHILE, WITH A REVIEW OF RELATED SPECIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Neuquenaphis papillata is described from material collected on Nothofagus obliqua Blume in Chile. Its affinities with other known South American Nothofagus-infesting aphids are noted and a key to the known species of Neuquenaphis is given. In addition to papillata, species included in the review are: Neuquenaphis edwardsi (Laing), N. michelbacheri Essig, Spicaphis chilensis (Essig), and Spicaphis michelbacheri Essig.
A NEW SPECIES OFIZIPHYAFROM ONTARIO AND QUEBEC, WITH A REVIEW OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Iziphya brevipesis described as new from Ontario and Quebec and illustrations and descriptions of the other known Nearctic species are offered. This includes the following species:albipesRichards,americana(Baker),flabella(Sanborn),nigricepsRichards,umbellaRichards,punctatellaRichards,spenceriRichards, andvittataRichards. A key to the Nearctic species is also included.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON BROOD REARING, BUILD-UP, AND HONEY PRODUCTION OF PACKAGE BEE COLONIES
Authors: Pankiw P.
Published: December 2009

In a 5-year study at Beaverlodge, Alta. (lat. 55° N.), 1-kg packages of honey bees hived in mid-April (10–23 April) produced more honey than those hived in early May (5–13 May) in only 2 years. The major nectar flows ranged from 22 June to 22 August.

The rate of brood rearing as determined by egg-laying of queens and the build-up as shown by adult bee populations at various periods after hiving increased progressively with delay in hiving dates which ranged from 4 April to 3 May, and were attributed to the more favorable climate of the later hivings. Adult bees in excess of 1 kg per package did not increase egg-laying of queens or the build-up of colonies.

Restriction of daylength by 6 hours per day for 8–9 weeks had no effect on colony brood rearing or build-up. Restriction of daylength to 6.5 hours per day for 7 weeks caused a small initial reduction in egg-laying in the first brood cycle (1.5 weeks after hiving) but no differences were noted later, either in egg-laying at 4.5 weeks or adult populations at 9.5 weeks. When colonies were in complete darkness for 3 weeks, egg-laying was reduced 35 to 60%.
INSECT CONTROL BY ARTIFICIALLY PROLONGING PLANT DORMANCY — A NEW APPROACH
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Little C. H. A.
Published: December 2009

Insect control methods are usually aimed directly at the insects. Examples are insect exclusion, poisons, and the more recent methods which upset metabolism, nervous coordination, sensory perception, or fertility. Some methods are indirect and involve manipulation of insect parasites, predators and diseases, habitat destruction, and host management. Only selection and breeding for host resistance are directed at the host of the insect. This is somewhat surprising because the host–insect relationship presents some of the most vulnerable aspects of the life of an insect.
REVIEW OF THE TRIBE XYLEBORINI IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Bright Donald E.
Published: December 2009

This review of the tribe Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) includes two genera,XyleborusEichhoff, with 17 species, andXylosandrusReitter, containing 3 species. All species are described and most are illustrated. Keys for the separation of the genera and species are provided. Distributional and biological data are given. New combinations are:Xyleborus obliquus(Leconte) (=Pityophthorus obliquusLeconte);X.lecontei(Hopkins) (=Ambrosiodmus leconteiHopkins), andX.sayi(Hopkins) (=Anisandrus sayiHopkins). New synonymies are:Xyleborus obliquus(Leconte) (=Ambrosiodmus linderaeHopkins);X.obesusLeconte (=Anisandrus populiSwaine);X.ferrugineus(Fabricius) (=X.retusicollisZimmerman andX.soltauiHopkins);X.xylographus(Say) (=X.inermisEichhoff andX.planicollisZimmerman);X.volvulus(Fabricius) (=X.schwarziHopkins andX.rileyiHopkins), andX.howardiHopkins (=X.fitchiHopkins). A Japanese species,X.rubricollisEichhoff, is reported from the United States for the first time. A neotype is designated forX.xylographus(Say).
THE LARVA OF CISSUVORA AMPELOPSIS ENG. AND THE GENERIC POSITION OF PHORADENDRI ENG. (LEPIDOPTERA: AEGERIIDAE)
Authors: MacKay Margaret R.
Published: December 2009

Footnotes in the larval revision of the North American Aegeriidae (MacKay 1968) indicate that additional material of Cissuvora ampelopsis Engelhardt and [Carmenta] phoradendri Engelhardt was received too late for incorporation in the study. The material consists of a prepupal larva associated with an adult that is posifively identified as Cissuvora ampelopsis and two last-instar larvae believed to be phoradendri, and is discussed in this paper. The study of the material indicates that the unique larva referred to in the 1968 work as “probably Cissuvora ampelopsis” is of an unidentified genus and species, and that the species phoradendri is in Synanthedon rather than in Genus I of the Carmenta group. The larva of the true ampelopsis is described and illustrated here and the characters that key the larvae of phoradendri to Synanthedon are listed.
NEW CANADIAN CRYPTINAE (ICHNEUMONIDAE: HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

Three new Cryptinae (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera) are described from Canada: Cryptus leechi from Arctic Canada and northern Greenland, Mastrus laplantei attacking Diprionidae and Lepidoptera from coast to coast in the lumbering areas, and Medophron dytiscivorus from a Dytiscidae pupa in Ontario.
STUDIES ON THE GARDEN SYMPHYLAN, SCUTIGERELLA IMMACULATA (SYMPHYLA: SCUTIGERELLIDAE)
Authors: Waterhouse J. S.
Published: December 2009

A study of the first 24 instars of the garden symphylan shows that antennal segmentation increases as each animal molts. A first instar has six antennal segments, whereas 24th instars have a maximum of 59 segments. First instars have maximum weights of 0.009 mg and lengths of 1.0 mm; 24th instars have maximum weights of 1.22 mg and lengths of 6.0 mm. Ninety-five per cent mortality occurred within 3 hours in soil cultures exposed to relative humidities between 58 and 75% if the soil surface of each culture was not covered by a succulent lettuce section. The same mortality occurred within 13 hours in lettuce-covered cultures exposed to similar humidities. At 95% relative humidity, 95% mortality occurred in 313.5 hours; in covered cultures, in 2 months. At 98 and 100% humidities, no symphylan desiccation occurred in uncovered or covered cultures. The results obtained in the humidity tests demonstrate the importance of relative humidity in maintaining large symphylan populations in the root feeding zone of infested soil, and also, the way in which succulent plant materials may aid in creating more favorable microenvironments for garden symphylans.
A NEW SALIX-INFESTING CHAITOPHORUS FROM SASKATCHEWAN (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Chaitophorus canens new species described herein is a species with grey apterae that was found forming clones at the bases of willow trunks in Saskatchewan.
GROWTH CABINET FOR THE EFFICIENT HANDLING OF CONTAINERS USED FOR REARING INSECTS
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: December 2009

In nutritional studies with insects such as the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., large numbers of larvae must be fed and observed regularly in the laboratory. Moreover, because these insects are cannibalistic they must be reared in isolation. In our laboratory 60- by 15-mm petri dishes (Jacobson and Blakeley 1957) are used as rearing containers for this insect (Kasting and McGinnis 1967). Originally, petri dishes, containing a single insect, were stacked three deep in wooden trays. The trays, each holding 60 dishes, were then stacked to conserve space. Feeding and observation of the larvae, usually done at regular intervals, often daily, necessitated removing the dishes from the trays and spreading them on a bench.
A NEW SPECIES OFPLEOTRICHOPHORUSFROM BRITISH COLUMBIA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Pleotrichophorus amsinckiidescribed herein is a pale green, weakly pulverulent aphid that was found on a fiddleneck,Amsinckia intermediaFisch. & Mey., in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia.
REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF TWO STRAINS OF CRYPTOLESTES TURCICUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE)
Authors: Barker P. S. , Johnston James A.
Published: December 2009

Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle), an insect pest of flour mills and warehouses, is distributed in Canada from Alberta to Quebec (Sinha 1965). Barker (1967) showed a difference in susceptibility to methyl bromide between two strains of C. turcicus; one of these was from the Pest Infestation Laboratory, Slough, England, and the other was from a local flour mill. A fortuitous observation suggested that there might be a difference between the reproductive capacities of these two strains. A randomized block design experiment was designed to test this hypothesis. Reproduction was observed in three sets of beetles differing in population density; each set was replicated four times.
THREE NEW CALIFORNIAN SPECIES OF EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) BELONGING TO THE WESTERMANNI GROUP
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

Three new species of the westermanni group of the genus Euxoa are described: Euxoa cryptica occurs in the southern Sierra Nevada and White Mountains of California, Euxoa juliae occurs in the central Sierra Nevada, and Euxoa austrina is evidently confined to the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California.
SOME COMMENTS ON A RECENT PAPER BY D. G. R. McLEOD AND G. R. DRISCOLL CONCERNING DIAPAUSE IN THE CABBAGE MAGGOT
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: December 2009

Several statements and conclusions in the recent paper on diapause in the cabbage maggot by McLeod and Driscoll (1967) are quite misleading and require clarification. In my paper (1965), I was not in a position to critically appraise the results of earlier workers and I therefore simply presented my data as factual information. In their paper, McLeod and Driscoll present data to support the findings of earlier researchers in England, France, and Russia and they concluded that these records did not agree with the results of studies at Charlottetown. The disagreements were obvious but McLeod and Driscoll give no valid explanation as to why the results were different.
THE NATURE OF CYSTS FOUND IN PUPAE AND ADULTS OF NEODIPRION SWAINEI
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: December 2009

The cysts sometimes observed in the intestinal cavity of pupae and in the abdominal cavity of adults of Neodiprion swainei Midd. are not typical tumors. No cell proliferations were observed but rather a precipitation of the cells that accumulated and formed a membrane composed of many layers. The cysts appear to result from encapsulation of incompletely lysed or unlysed cells of the midgut epithelium. They are not necessarily the result of a viral infection.
INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND FOOD ON INITIATION OF DIAPAUSE IN THE APPLE MAGGOT
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J.
Published: December 2009

The initiation of the pupal diapause of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was found to be regulated by photoperiod and temperature. The stages of R. pomonella sensitive to these two regulatory factors were demonstrated to be the larva in the case of photoperiod and the larva and pupa in the case of temperature. Measurements with a highly sensitive photocell revealed that enough light passes through the skin and pulp of an apple to permit the response of the larvae to photoperiod to be direct. Diapause initiation was found to be independent of the effect of photoperiod or temperature on the adults and eggs and independent of the amount or type of larval food (apple or artificial).

Where larvae and pupae were reared at 28°C and a photoperiod of 17 or 19 hours of light per 24-hour day, 1% of the pupae completed development in 23 days, 50% in 28 days, 75% in 30 days, and 100% in 64 days. These were the only regimes tested at which there was 100% non-diapause development, a finding which is directly applicable to continuous laboratory rearing of the apple maggot. Irrespective of temperature, diapause was induced in more than 50% of the pupae at a larval photoperiod of 11 hours. Even where larval photoperiod was favorable for 100% non-diapause development (17 or 19 hr), diapause was induced in more than 25% of the pupae if larval and pupal development occurred at 23°C and in a larger percentage if larval and pupal development occurred at 19°C.

These findings are helpful in elucidating those conditions in nature under which a second generation of R. pomonella occurs.
PARASITES, PREDATORS, AND OTHER ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH CHORISTOTSEURA HOUSTONANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON JUNIPERUS SPECIES IN KANSAS
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Thompson Hugh E.
Published: December 2009

One parasitic dipterous species and 27 parasitic hymenopterous species were collected. Parasites were primarily collected by mass-rearing host larvae on cut host plant foliage in the laboratory or by rearing larvae on artificial diet. The tachinid Nemorilla pyste (Walk.) and five hymenopterous species, Glypta n. sp. (Ichneumonidae), Campoplex sp. (Ichneumonidae), Agathis acrobasidis (Cushman) (Braconidae), Elasmus atratus How. (Eulophidae), and Catolaccus aeneoviridis Girault (Pteromalidae), were definite parasites, and biological notes are given. Collection data are also given for the other 22 species.

One reduviid predator, Zelus socius Uhler, and six spiders were observed feeding on C. houstonana.
ABOUT LEPIDOPTEROUS IMMATURES
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae
Published: December 2009

This brief concerns the present state of knowledge of the immature stages of Lepidoptera. It is written with three objects in mindéto focus attention on the widespread neglect of serious studies of the immature stages and the weaknesses to be found in projects involving them, to interest in this rugged, highly demanding branch of lepidopterology the few students that may be qualified, and to urge the provision of appropriate positions for which the students can apply.
BIOLOGY AND LEAF-MINING BEHAVIOUR OFPHYTOMYZA LANATI(DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A.
Published: December 2009

The first signs ofPhytomyza lanatiSpencer activity are the feeding marks of the adult on the lower leaf surface ofHeracleum lanatumMichx. In Alameda County, Calif., the adults were first seen in January and the larvae were present from mid-February to mid-June. Eggs are laid in the spongy mesophyll and the serpentine mine, made by the solitary larva, is mainly confined to the palisade layer. The larva remains within a single mine until just before puparium formation. At this time the mature larva exits from the leaf through a cut in the lower surface and drops to the soil. At 75 ± 1°F the average duration of the three immature stages are 47, 36, and 60 hours. Because the depth of the mine is constant, the surface area of the mine indicates the relative volume of food consumed. A comparison of the instars shows that the amount and rate of tunnelling increases greatly with each succeeding moult. Under constant temperature there is no significant difference between the amount mined during equivalent light and dark periods.

Adult activity, such as feeding, mating, and oviposition, occurs on the underside of the leaf. Feeding on the plant exudate appears necessary for sustaining adult life.

Three hymenopteran parasites were reared fromP.lanati.Biological characteristics served to differentiateP.lanatifrom otherPhytomyzaspecies.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE ON SURVIVAL OF EGGS OF THE PRAIRIE GRAIN WIREWORM, CTENICERA DESTRUCTOR
Authors: Doane John F.
Published: December 2009

Extreme differences in survival of eggs of Ctenicera destructor (Brown) were observed when eggs were placed at depths ranging from 1/2 to 4 in. in the soil in the field. These differences were closely related to the soil moisture variations recorded during different seasons. Eggs that had absorbed water before being placed in the field were much more resistant to desiccation than those that had not absorbed water.

In the laboratory, eggs absorbed water, developed and hatched in soil dried to a constant moisture level of 8.2% (dry weight basis) at 98% R.H., but were unable to absorb water from soil dried to moisture equilibrium at 96.6% R.H., or from soil wetted to moisture equilibrium at 98% R.H. Some water was absorbed by eggs placed in air at 98% R.H., but this was insufficient for normal development and hatching. The soil moisture tension of soil dried to moisture equilibrium at 98% R.H. was calculated as approximately 31 atmospheres. It is evident that eggs are able to develop remarkably high internal suctions in order to absorb water from such soil.

Both the field and laboratory results showed that in drying soil, the lower limit of soil moisture at which eggs could absorb water was about 8%, considerably below the permanent wilting percentage (9.9%) of the soil used in these studies.
LARCH SAWFLY SURVIVAL IN RELATION TO WATER LEVELS AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY IN TAMARACK BOGS
Authors: Ives W. G. H.
Published: December 2009

The microtopography of a small area of tamarack bog was examined in detail and related to the distribution of cocoons of the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig). The relief of the ground surface under tree crowns was very similar to the surface not under crowns, although the whole profile was slightly higher. Cocoons were found down to the limnic peat, corresponding to the level of the lowest depressions, with the greatest numbers per unit area in the hummocks.

The microtopographies in six tamarack bogs were sampled systematically and related to water levels, and an expression combining these two factors was related to larch sawfly survival. The microtopography in each bog did not change appreciably over a period of several years, but differences between bogs were pronounced and had a marked influence on the degree of flooding caused by equal changes in water tables. Excessive moisture during the period 1955–1966 was the prevalent condition in most of the bogs and extreme drought occurred only in 1961. There appeared to be a linear relationship between sawfly survival and an expression rating the favorableness of the cocoon environment in relation to excess moisture, but four divergent observations occurred among the data for 32 plot-years. It was postulated that these divergences were due to high mortality caused by a factor other than excess moisture.
BIOLOGY OF STEREMNIUS CARINATUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), A REFORESTATION PEST IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Condrashoff S. F.
Published: December 2009

Steremnius carinatus (Boheman), once considered a scavenger, has become recognized as a pest of coniferous seedlings. The weevils breed in roots of fresh stumps and in buried slash on logged areas, and adults emerge by the end of the second summer after logging. Adults girdle young seedlings from near the root collar to 1 in. above ground level, but seldom attack the second year after planting. Adult weevils are long-lived, and can survive three or more winters, establishing broods each spring. They eat a wide variety of vegetation and fruits and other materials containing sugars and starches. Greenhouse trials demonstrated selective feeding on seedlings and field tests showed that the weevils breed in most coastal coniferous species in British Columbia. Rates of brood development ranged from 2 months at 80°F to 24 months in unheated outdoor conditions. Differences in rates of development, apparently related to temperature, were found between localities. Phloem may be suitable for oviposition 2 years after logging, but often is depleted by the feeding of other bark-mining beetles. Although some weevil damage is caused by emergents from stumps on rights-of-way, damage from larger populations emerging later from newly-cut sites may be reduced by planting immediately after cutting.
NEW PYRALIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) FROM THE PAPUAN REGION. II
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The following new Pyraustinae from New Guinea are described and figured: Haritala szentivanyi, Aphytoceros hollandiae, Talanga nubilosa and T. iridomelaena.
A SURVEY OF ECTOPARASITE INFESTATIONS ON POULTRY FLOCKS IN NOVA SCOTIA AND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: Thompson Robert P.
Published: December 2009

A survey of poultry ectoparasites was carried out on 90 flocks of various types in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Eighty-one per cent of the flocks were carrying one or more species of ectoparasite. The chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (DeG.), was present on two out of three flocks and was most frequently located in the joints of the roosts. Chicken lice were parasitizing one out of three flocks. The two most frequently found species were the shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (L.), and the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitz.). One other species of mite and two other species of lice were also found. About 30% of the flocks were infested with the European chicken flea, Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schr.).

Operators were aware of only 42% of all infestations found on their flocks. They were most likely to be aware of the chicken mite and had recognized 54% of these infestations. In most cases operators could not distinguish among the various species of ectoparasites.

Control measures had been carried out on 57% of the flocks surveyed. Nicotine sulphate, the most popular compound, had been used on one-half of the flocks for which control measures were reported. Organic insecticides had been used on one-third of the treated flocks.
THE LEAF-MINING WEEVIL OF YELLOW-POPLAR
Authors: Burns Denver P. , Gibson Lester P.
Published: December 2009

The known distribution, biology, and life cycle of the yellow-poplar leaf-mining weevilOdontopus calceatus(Say) are presented. Illustrations of mature larva, larval head capsule, and pupa, and the damage to the leaves of yellow poplar, are given.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE PINE CONE WILLOW GALL MIDGE, RHABDOPHAGA STROBILOIDES (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

The pine cone willow gall midge is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge from the galls on Salix eriocephala Michx. and other willows on warm days in late April or early May. Eggs are laid singly on the leaves and stems of the host. Head capsule measurements indicate three larval instars. The first-instar larva emerges in early May and penetrates the soft tissues at the base of the developing shoot tip. Shortly thereafter, the gall begins to develop and is about half grown by the time the second-instar larva appears in late May. The last-instar larva appears in July. Before overwintering, the larva constructs a cocoon which may or may not be closed at the top. Pupation occurs in early April. Numerous inquilines and parasites inhabit the developing and mature gall.
A DESCRIPTION OF THE PUPA OF THE PALES WEEVIL,HYLOBIUS PALES, AND A METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING ITS SEX
Authors: Thomas H. A.
Published: December 2009

The pupal stage of the pales weevil,Hylobius pales(Herbst), is described with notes on distinguishing it from the pupa ofPachylobius picivorusGermar, together with a means for sexing pales weevil pupae.
NEW COMBINATION AND REDESCRIPTION OF MONELLIA CALIFORNICA WITH A KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MONELLIOPSIS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Monellia californica Essig is redescribed and transferred to Monelliopsis Richards. A key to the known species of Monelliopsis is offered and a lectotype established for californica.
VITAL DYES AS MARKERS FOR BEHAVIORAL AND POPULATION STUDIES OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Heron R. J.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), were fed foliage of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, treated with solutions of the vital dyes, Nile blue sulphate, rhodamine B, and coriphosphine O, to determine their suitability as markers. Coriphosphine O was highly toxic at the concentrations administered but successful tagging was obtained with the other two dyes. Optimal dye retention and survival were obtained when larvae were fed for 3 days early in the last stadium using Nile blue sulphate and throughout the last stadium using rhodamine B.

Both dyes persisted throughout development and were incorporated in the cocoons and the oviposited eggs. They could be readily seen in all stages except for the cocoons and for eggs that contained rhodamine B. The dyes could be detected in cocoons by treating them with cold KOH followed by ethanol. The presence of rhodamine B in the eggs could be ascertained by its yellow fluorescence in ultraviolet.

The dyes incorporated in the cocoons are relatively stable and laboratory tests indicate they probably can withstand weathering under normal field conditions over a 1-year period.

The use of these dyes for internal marking should prove useful in studying adult dispersal and flight range and as a technique for use in population studies of the larch sawfly.
REACTIONS OF SMALL MAMMALS TO VITAL DYES
Authors: Buckner Charles H.
Published: December 2009

Studies were conducted on the reactions of small mammals to the vital dyes Rhodamine B and Nile Blue. The dyes are currently in use as biological tracers for the larch sawfly. Two species of voles and two of four individual shrews reacted indiscriminately to dyed and undyed material: the reactions of the two remaining shrews varied. It was concluded that the behavior of small mammals would not affect seriously the results of field experiments using insects labeled with these dyes.
SOME RESPONSES OF FLYING AEDES AEGYPTI TO VISUAL STIMULI
Authors: Wood Peter Wm. , Wright R. H.
Published: December 2009

The responses of adult Aedes aegypti L. to real and simulated linear movement at inanimate target areas were investigated. The results suggested that warmth and humidity together were of greatest influence in attracting flying A. aegypti, but a dark object at ambient conditions in the vicinity of a warm humid white target received almost equal attention from the flying mosquitoes. Incident illumination as low as 100 lux markedly reduced the attractiveness of an otherwise attractive surface. Movement had a consistently small but positive attraction, though the effects of this might be obscured by local air turbulence due to the motion.
A NEW SPECIES OF CAMPTOMYIA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) FROM DOUGLAS-FIR CONES
Authors: Hedlin Alan F. , Johnson Norman E.
Published: December 2009

Camptomyia pseudotsugae, a new species of midge in Douglas-fir cones from Washington and British Columbia, is described. Notes on its life history and habits in relation to those of its cohabitant Contarinia washingtonensis Johnson are included.
A CASE OF URINOGENITAL MYIASIS CAUSED BY LARVAE OF ANISOPUS FENESTRALIS (DIPTERA: ANISOPIDAE)
Authors: Morris Ray F.
Published: December 2009

A sample of larvae submitted to us for identification on 22 November 1967 by Dr. C. Hutton, Director, Diagnostic Laboratories, Janeway Child Health Centre, St. John's, was determined as Anisopus fenestralis (Scopol.) by Dr. H. J. Teskey, Ottawa.
NOTES ON THE ORGANS AND PROCESSES OF SPERM-TRANSFER IN THE LOWER DIPTERA
Authors: Downes J. A.
Published: December 2009

In Tanyderidae, Blepharoceridae, and Cylindrotominae, the aedeagus of the male carries three seminal ducts which open independently. In the female, similarly, there are three spermathecae and their ducts lead to independent openings on the ninth sternum, spaced to correspond to those of the male. The aedeagal ducts are very narrow and arise from an ejaculatory pump supplied by the common duct of the testes; and during mating the aedeagal openings are closely applied to the spermathecal openings or inserted into the spermathecal ducts. The ejaculatory pump and closed system during mating occur in many, but not all, Nematocera and perhaps throughout the Brachycera, but the tripartite condition of the organs of sperm transfer is reduced to a bipartite condition in Phlebotominae and to a ’simple’ condition, with only a single opening of the aedeagus and spermathecal system, in nearly all other Diptera. The spermathecae themselves, however, remain three in number almost throughout the order, though their ducts unite before opening; and this pattern must have been derived from the tripartite pattern of the Tanyderidae, etc., which represents the basic condition in the order.

In the Culiciformia (Culicidae, Chironomidae, Simuliidae, etc.) on the other hand, there is no ejaculatory pump but its place is taken by a wide duct lined with folded cuticle and covered by a muscular coat. The aedeagus is not suited for close apposition to the spermathecal opening. During mating a larger quantity of sperm-containing material is deposited in the surrounding atrium, as a liquid (Culicidae) or often as a spermatophore. Sperm transfer can be completed rapidly, as the pair meet in flight in the swarm. One primitive family, the Dixidae, constitutes an exception to these generalizations.

The Bibionomorpha, except forAnisopus, were not studied.

A brief comment is made on the characteristic small size of the dipterous spermatheca and the fineness of the spermathecal ducts.
LOMAMYIA LATIPENNIS (NEUROPTERA: BEROTHIDAE) LIFE HISTORY AND LARVAL DESCRIPTIONS
Authors: Tauber Catherine A. , Tauber Maurice J.
Published: December 2009

This study includes the first published record of a berothid life history and the first description of a second instar larva. The incubation period was 7 days (N = 21), and the median durations of the first and third stages were 12.5 days (N = 8) and 20.8 days (N = 5). The length of the second stadium was 3 days (N = 5). One adult emerged, after being within the cocoon for 20 days (all temperatures, 75±3°F).

Eggs were laid in a stalked cluster in which there were fewer stalks than eggs. The first and third instars, which have piercing–sucking type mouthparts, were carnivorous and fed on the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. Both of these stages were very mobile. On the other hand, the second instar, apparently a non-feeding stage, hung downward by the abdominal tip. It was not active except when disturbed, whereupon the body snapped into a straight position and then back again into the original C-shaped attitude. The cocoon was oval and transparent.

Viability decreased with successive instars and it is possible that the prey offered to the immatures was an inappropriate termite species and therefore a suboptimum food source. It is also likely that unfavorable physical conditions contributed to the high mortality of the immatures.

Both the second and third instar larvae are described, and the third instar is compared with a previously described third instar larva of an undetermined species within the same genus.
LIFE HISTORY, HABITS, AND DAMAGE OF A GALL MIDGE, OLIGOTROPHUS PAPYRIFERAE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), INJURIOUS TO PAPER BIRCH IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

Oligotrophus papyriferae Gagné is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge in mid-May and the females deposit small egg clusters on the underside of the leaf near the petiole of paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.). Larval eclosion occurs 1–2 weeks later; there are three instars. The larvae bore into and down the petiole and enter the stem or a bud attending the leaf base. Galls appear in early August. There are petiole-bud and petiole-stem galls, depending on which tissues are infested. Third-instar larvae vacate the galls in late September, work their way into the litter, and construct cocoons in which they overwinter. Pupation occurs the following May. Trees from 2 to 30 ft tall are attacked; lower branches are attacked the heaviest. Large galls kill buds, twigs, and entire branches. Small galls leave deeply indented branch scars and deformed limbs.
PHYTOSEIIDAE (ACARINA: MESOSTIGMATA) IN THE NEW JERSEY APPLE ORCHARD ENVIRONMENT WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SPERMATHECAE AND THREE NEW SPECIES
Authors: Specht H. B.
Published: December 2009

In New Jersey, Typhlodromus pomi (Parrott) was the only predacious phytoseiid mite on most non-sprayed apple and deciduous trees. It also became the most numerous phytoseiid mite recolonizing apple trees a year after toxic spray residues had dissipated. Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) was the first phytoseiid mite collected from apple trees following cessation of toxic sprays and was usually abundant at the time of large red mite populations; later, an influx of several different species occurred. A. fallacis was the most common phytoseiid mite on low growing plants and was able to tolerate higher residues of toxic materials than other species. Other phytoseiids taken from sprayed apple trees in order of abundance included A. driggeri n. sp., A. amicus (Chant), T. longipilus Nesbitt, T. conspicuus (Garman), T. mexicanus (Garman), T. caudiglans Schuster, and A. pepperi sp. n. Species other than T. pomi found on non-sprayed apple trees were A. finlandicus (Oudemans), T. longipilus, T. caudiglans, and T. conspicuus. None of these species was entirely confined to apple. Five other species were collected that were not found on apple: T. flumenis Chant, T. pyri Scheuten, A. elongatus (Garman), A. okanagensis (Chant), and A. picketti sp. n. Three species collected from greenhouse plants in association with tetranychid mites were: A. fallacis, T. longipilus, and A. picketti.

Three new species of Amblyseius are described. Two undescribed males and the spermathecae of the females are illustrated.
THE ACCUMULATION OF URIC ACID IN THE FAT BODY OF SAWFLIES AND ITS DETECTION
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. , Philogène B. J. R.
Published: December 2009

Uric acid accumulation in the fat body of several species of Tenthredinidae and Diprionidae was determined on a qualitative and quantitative basis. Variations were found in the number of crystal agglomerations per cell and in the nature of the agglomerations between species. Uric acid dosage revealed considerable variations in concentration. Such variations could be useful for taxonomic purposes.
THE INNERVATION OF THE TERMINAL ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS (VIII–XI) OF THE DESERT LOCUST,SCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA
Authors: Seabrook W. D.
Published: December 2009

The innervation of a pregenital, the genital, and postgenital segments of the male and female ofSchistocerca gregaria(Forskäl) is described in detail and is compared with other orders of the Insecta.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE SURVIVAL OF COCOONS, AND ON ADULT EMERGENCE OF BUCCULATRIX CANADENSISELLA
Authors: Blais J. R. , Pilon J. G.
Published: December 2009

Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers, an important defoliator of birch trees in Canada, overwinters as a cocoon in forest-floor debris. Cocoons obtained from the field over a 3-year period showed that high mortality attributable to climatic conditions could occur during this stage. Field and laboratory experiments indicated that cocoons were quite resistant to various conditions of moisture and to cold in the fall and through the winter, but that they were highly susceptible to dry conditions at the time of morphogenesis in the spring. Cool temperatures retarded adult emergence; in nature, this would expose cocoons to a prolonged period of predation. It is concluded that weather conditions during a critical period of a few weeks in late spring could greatly affect cocoon survival of this insect. Warm, moist weather would offer optimum conditions while cool and (or) dry weather would result in high mortality.
THE SEASONAL MOVEMENTS OF WIREWORMS (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) IN RELATION TO SOIL MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE IN THE ORGANIC SOILS OF SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Lafrance J.
Published: December 2009

A 4-year study in the virgin organic soils of southwestern Quebec revealed that most elaterid larvae moved from the subsurface to the top 10 in. of soil in early May, when the soil temperature at a depth of 4 in. was approximately 35°F. This upward movement readied its peak when the topsoil moisture content was 200% and the soil temperature at 4 in., 55°F. In early June, when the soil temperature reached 67°F, the larvae began to move downward and very few larvae were found in the first top layers of soil when the temperature was above 72°F. This downward movement lasted until the end of August and again the larvae moved up to feed near the surface of the soil until the first frost, usually recorded in mid-November. The data indicate that June to early September is generally the most favourable period for growing vegetables.
INSECTS AFFECTING SEED PRODUCTION OF SHORTLEAF PINE IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT
Authors: Franklin Rudolph T. , Coulson Robert N.
Published: December 2009

Two orders of insects, Lepidoptera and Diptera, are responsible for most of the seed destruction in shortleaf pine in the Georgia Piedmont. The phycitids Dioryctria amatella (Hulst), D. zimmermani (Groté), and D. clarioralis (Walker) were found in approximately equal numbers. A gelechiid, Battaristis vitella (Bsk.), was commonly found in dried cones. Three genera of cecidomyiids, Hyperdiplosis, Lestodiplosis, and Mycodiplosis, were found to inhabit cones and cause considerable damage.

An inquiline nitidulid, Coleopterus truncatus (Rand), commonly occurs in Dioryctria-damaged cones.
THE MORTALITY OF THE PALE APPLE LEAFROLLER AND WINTER MOTH BY FUNGI AND NEMATODES APPLIED TO SOIL
Authors: Jaques R. P. , Stultz H. T. , Huston Frank
Published: December 2009

Mortality of larvae of the pale apple leafroller, Pseudexentera mail (Freeman), and the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linnaeus), that formed cocoons and pupated in soil or vermiculite treated with pathogens was determined in orchard and insectary tests. The entomogenous fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae reduced survival to less than 5% in most tests. The entomogenous nematode DD136 was slightly less effective. The fungus Beauveria bassiana had little effect. Less than 50% of the test insects survived in non-treated media.
SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE STUDIES IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Esenther G. R. , Gray D. E.
Published: December 2009

A cooperative project between Forest Products Laboratories in the United States and Canada, initiated in 1966 to study the control effectiveness of an insecticide-treated termite attractant, is reported. It represents a bait method of control being developed to eradicate relatively large pockets of infestation.

Wooden bait blocks decayed by Lenzites trabea (Pers.) Fr., which attracts termites, with and without poison coating (Mirex insecticide) were installed in experimental plots at Oxley, Ont. An abrupt suppression of termite foraging occurred in plots where insecticide was used. Observations will be continued and work extended to determine whether the poison will prevent subterranean expansion of colonies and to assess its degree of effectiveness in eliminating localized pockets of infestation.
DECANEMATUS, A SAWFLY GENUS NEW TO NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Wong Horne R.
Published: December 2009

The genus Decanematus is recorded for the first time in North America, and a new species D. dulichus is described. A key is provided for the three known species.