bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating prediction methods for glomerular filtration to optimise drug doses in obese and nonobese patients
Authors: Busse David , Borghardt Jens Markus , Petroff David , Pevzner Alice , Dorn Christoph , El‐Najjar Nahed , Huisinga Wilhelm , Wrigge Hermann , Simon Philipp , Kloft Charlotte
Published: October 2021

Aims: The most suitable method for predicting the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in obesity is currently debated. Therefore, multiple GFR/creatinine clearance prediction methods were applied to (morbidly) obese and nonobese patients ranging from moderate renal impairment to glomerular hyperfiltration and their predictions were rated based on observed fosfomycin pharmacokinetics, as this model drug is exclusively eliminated via glomerular filtration.

Methods: The GFR/creatinine clearance predictions via the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD; indexed and de‐indexed by body surface area) and creatinine clearance via the Cockcroft–Gault formula (CLCRCG) using different body size descriptors were compared to the fosfomycin clearance (CLFOF) from 30 surgical patients (body mass index = 20.1–52.0 kg m−2), receiving 8000 mg as intravenous infusion.

Results: The concordance between CLFOF and creatinine clearance predictions was highest for CLCRCG employing either ideal body weight or adjusted body weight (if body mass >1.3 ideal body weight; CLCRCG_ABW‐Schwartz, concordance‐correlation coefficient [95% confidence interval] = 0.474 [0.156; 0.703], CCC) and GFR predictions via the de‐indexed MDRD equation (concordance‐correlation coefficient = 0.452 [0.137; 0.685]). The proportion of predicted GFR values within ±30% of the observed CLFOF (P30 = 72.3–76.7%) was only marginally lower than the reported P30 in the original CKD‐EPI and MDRD publications (P30 = 84.1–90.0%).

Conclusion: This analysis represents a successful proof‐of‐concept for evaluating GFR/creatinine clearance prediction methods: Across all body mass index classes CLCRCG_ABW‐Schwartz or the de‐indexed MDRD were most suitable for predicting creatinine clearance/GFR also in (morbidly) obese, CKD stage <3B individuals in therapeutic use. Their application is proposed in optimising doses for vital therapies in obese patients requiring monitoring of renal function (e.g. methotrexate dosing).
Outfoxing the fox: Effect of prey odor on fox behavior in a pastoral landscape
Authors: Andrewartha Tim A. , Evans Maldwyn J. , Batson William G. , Manning Adrian D. , Price Catherine , Gordon Iain J. , Barton Philip S.
Published: October 2021

Invasive mammalian predators have had a devastating effect on native species globally. The European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is one such species where it has been introduced in Australia. A novel but unexplored tactic to reduce the impact of mammalian predators is the use of unrewarded prey odors to undermine the effectiveness of olfactory hunting behavior. To test the viability of unrewarded prey odors in an applied setting we investigated how foxes responded to the odors of three different prey species. We used the odors of two locally extinct native Australian marsupials; the eastern quoll (a smaller carnivore) and eastern bettong (a fungivore), and the European rabbit, an introduced herbivore. Conducting our research over a period of 3 weeks in a pastoral environment in South‐eastern Australia, we used video observations of foxes' behaviors, as they encountered the different odors. We found a reduction in the number of fox visits to bettong odors in the third week. In contrast, we observed a sustained number of visits to rabbit odors. Foxes also spent more time investigating rabbit odors and displayed longer durations of vigilance behavior at quoll odors. Our results support the hypothesis that the exposure of wild foxes to unrewarded odors of novel prey species can reduce their interest in these odors, which might translate to a reduction in predation pressure. Our results also suggest, however, that olfactory pre‐exposure may not be as effective at reducing fox interest in a competitor species' odor.
Parental experiences of short term supported use of a do‐it‐yourself continuous glucose monitor (DIYrtCGM): A qualitative study
Authors: Crocket Hamish , Elbashy Mona M. , Kavanagh Tom , Styles Sara , Galland Barbara , Haszard Jillian J. , Wiltshire Esko , Jefferies Craig , de Bock Martin I. , Tomlinson Paul , Jones Shirley , Wheeler Benjamin J.
Published: October 2021

Aims

To investigate the experiences of parents caring for young children with type 1 diabetes type 1 diabetes using a do‐it‐yourself continuous glucose monitor (DIYrtCGM) in a supported setting.

Methods

Exit interviews were conducted with parents from 11 families at the end of the MiaoMiao study: a randomised cross‐over trial focusing on parental fear of hypoglycaemia. Technical support was provided to participants while using DIYrtCGM during the trial. A convenience sampling approach was used to recruit parents. An in‐depth, semi‐structured interview approach was used. Thematic analysis was used to identify key themes and subthemes.

Results

Parents identified that remote monitoring enabled proactive management and that overall alarms/glucose alerts were useful. Some parents reported reductions in anxiety, increased independence for their child, and improvements in the child–parent relationship. However, parents also reported regular signal loss with DIYrtCGM, along with complicated apps and challenges troubleshooting technical problems. Despite this, nine of the 11 families continued to use the system after the end of the trial.

Conclusions

Do‐it‐yourself continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was on balance beneficial for the parents interviewed. However, while access to CGM shifted the burden of care experienced by parents, burden did not significantly reduce for all parents, as the improved glycaemic control that they achieved was accompanied with the responsibility for continually monitoring their child’s data. Supported use of do‐it‐yourself CGM may be an achievable, cost‐effective option for parents caring for children with type 1 diabetes in countries without funded access to CGM.
How to refocus attention on working memory representations following interruptions—Evidence from frontal theta and posterior alpha oscillations
Authors: Zickerick Bianca , Rösner Marlene , Sabo Melinda , Schneider Daniel
Published: October 2021

Interruptions lead to a deterioration of primary task performance. Applied research usually describes a delay in primary task resumption as an essential component of this performance deficit. Here, we investigate this approach using electrophysiological correlates of the focusing of attention within working memory, a process that is fundamental to switching between different tasks. A lateralized working memory task was frequently interrupted by either a high‐ or low‐demanding arithmetic task and a subsequent retrospective cue indicated the working memory item required for later report. The detrimental effect of interruptions on primary task performance was most pronounced for high‐demanding interruptions. After retro‐cue presentation, fronto‐central theta power (4–7 Hz) was lowest following high‐demanding interruptions and posterior alpha power (8–14 Hz) was less suppressed in the two interruption conditions. These effects might be related to a deficit in attentional control processes following the retrospective cue. Furthermore, we introduce the suppression of posterior alpha power contralateral to the remembered primary task stimuli during the interruption phase as a temporal marker for primary task resumption. Especially for cognitively demanding interruption tasks, this effect seems to overlap in time with the processing of the interruption, which should contribute to the primary task performance deficit.
Relapsing–remitting and secondary‐progressive multiple sclerosis patients differ in decoding others' emotions by their eyes
Authors: Argento Ornella , Spanò Barbara , Serra Laura , Incerti Chiara Concetta , Bozzali Marco , Caltagirone Carlo , Francia Ada , Fratino Mariangela , Nocentini Ugo , Piacentini Chiara , Quartuccio Maria Esmeralda , Pisani Valerio
Published: October 2021

Background and purpose

Difficulties in emotion processing and social cognition identified in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have a potential impact on their adaptation to the social environment. We aimed to explore the neural correlates of emotion recognition in MS and possible differences between relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) patients by the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMEt).

Methods

A total of 43 MS patients (27 RRMS, 16 SPMS) and 25 matched healthy controls (HC) underwent clinical assessments, RMEt, and a high‐resolution T1‐weighted 3‐T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. The number of correct answers on the RMEt was compared between groups. T1‐weighted volumes were processed according to an optimized voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) protocol to obtain gray matter (GM) maps. Voxelwise analyses were run to assess potential associations between RMEt performance and regional GM volumes.

Results

Taken altogether, MS patients reported significantly lower performance on the RMEt compared to HC. When dividing the patients into those with RRMS and those with SPMS, only the latter group was found to perform significantly worse than HC on the RMEt. VBM analysis revealed significant association between RMEt scores and GM volumes in several cortical (temporoparieto‐occipital cortex) and subcortical (hippocampus, parahippocampus, and basal ganglia) brain regions, and in the cerebellum in SPMS patients only.

Conclusions

Results suggest that, in addition to other clinical differences between RRMS and SPMS, the ability to recognize others' emotional states may be affected in SPMS more significantly than RRMS patients. This is supported by both behavioral and MRI data.
Effects of group behavior in the predatory raid on damselfish nests by the false cleanerfishAspidontus taeniatus
Authors: Sato Hajime , Sakai Yoichi , Kuwamura Tetsuo
Published: October 2021

The false cleanerfishAspidontus taeniatus, which resembles the bluestreak cleaner wrasseLabroides dimidiatus, is one of the best‐known examples of mimicry in vertebrates. This mimicry system has been viewed as an aggressive mimicry to bite fish fins. However, recent field studies have reported that large individuals of the false cleanerfish often form groups and jointly raid damselfish nests to eat eggs that are guarded by their parents. The benefits of group behavior have been reported in a variety of animals. In the case of false cleanerfish, parental defense of territorial damselfishes is the main factor that constrains the availability of nutritionally valuable food resources. Here, we conducted field observations on the reefs of Okinawa, and found that the false cleanerfish formed groups of 2–12 individuals when they raided breeding nests of 13 species of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) and one species of triggerfish (Balistidae). Since the cleaner wrasse does not form such groups, the feeding groups of the false cleanerfish are assumed to reduce the effectiveness of mimicry. However, our results showed that the group behavior has two effects: a dilution effect, which reduces the risk of being attacked by egg‐guarding fish, and an increase in foraging efficiency. We conclude that the false cleanerfish need to form foraging groups during egg‐eating because the mimicry has no effect on parental damselfishes.
Internet of things and machine learning‐based approaches in the urban solid waste management: Trends, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Joshi Lalit Mohan , Bharti Rajendra Kumar , Singh Rajesh
Published: October 2021

Solid waste management (SWM) is a crucial management entity in urban cities to handle the waste from its generation to disposal to accomplish a clean environment. The waste management operation mainly encompasses various climatic, demographic, environmental, legislative, technological, and socioeconomic dimensions. The traditional approaches deliver limitations in the process of predict and optimizing such composite non‐linear operations. The integration of the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) methods have progressively gained attention by delivering potential alternatives for resolving the difficulties in SWM. This article presents a review of the significance of the amalgamation of IoT and machine learning (ML) in the SWM to predict waste generation, waste classification, route optimization, estimation of methane emissions, and so forth. The article covers the application of each ML model for the activities, including SWM, compositing, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, landfill, and anaerobic digestion. Moreover, it is concluded that the decision tree and random forest (DT‐RF) algorithm is minor implemented, and artificial neural network (ANN) is implemented majorly in the SWM. The large number of data sets covered in the publication are secured and hidden; it limits replicating the AI models; this is also one key constraint of the non‐implementation of AI models in SWM. Scarcity of data, accurate data, rare availability of customized AI models for tackling the activities in SWM are the limitations identified from the previous studies. Implementation of low‐power ML processors, edge and fog computing‐based devices is the future direction for overcoming SWM limitations.
Poor oral health and anorexia in older rehabilitation patients
Authors: Nomoto Akiko , Shimizu Akio , Ohno Tomohisa , Tohara Haruka , Hashidume Momoyo , Hatano Machiko , Fujishima Ichiro
Published: October 2021

Objective

To investigate the association between anorexia and comprehensive oral health status in older inpatients.

Background

Anorexia in older inpatients is a major concern, but whether it is associated with oral problems is currently unclear.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 160 participants (42.5% men) aged ≥65 years (mean age 78.6 ± 7.9) who had been admitted to a rehabilitation hospital. A score of ≤14 on the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire for Japanese Elderly indicated anorexia. A score of ≥3 on the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT) indicated poor oral health. Malnutrition was diagnosed according to the criteria set out by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between poor oral health and anorexia and, additionally, which subcategory of the OHAT (represented by a score ≥1) was associated with anorexia.

Results

Anorexia and poor oral health status were observed in 86 (53.8%) and 85 (53.1%), respectively. Poor oral health was associated with anorexia after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–5.9). Additionally, poor status of dentures (AOR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.2–5.7) and poor oral cleanliness (AOR 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4–6.4) were independently associated with anorexia.

Conclusions

Poor oral health was associated with anorexia in older inpatients. Detection of poor oral health status using a comprehensive oral health assessment may be useful for anorexic patients. Early detection for poor oral health using comprehensive oral health assessments and oral care and prosthetic treatment may be useful for anorexic patients.
Poor protective potential of influenza nucleoprotein antibodies despite wide prevalence
Authors: Vanderven Hillary A , Esterbauer Robyn , Jegaskanda Sinthujan , Tan Hyon‐Xhi , Wheatley Adam K , Kent Stephen J
Published: October 2021

Humans are exposed to influenza virus through periodic infections. Due to these repeated exposures, human populations commonly have elevated antibody titers targeting the conserved internal influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP). Despite the presence of anti‐NP antibodies, humans are acutely susceptible to drifted influenza viruses with antigenically different surface proteins and the protective potential of human NP antibodies is unclear. In this study, high levels of anti‐NP antibody and NP‐specific B cells were detected in both adult humans and influenza‐infected mice, confirming that NP is a major target of humoral immunity. Through sorting single B cells from influenza‐exposed human adults, we generated a panel of 11 anti‐NP monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The majority of anti‐NP human mAbs generated were capable of engaging cellular Fc receptors and bound NP on the surface of influenza‐infected cell lines in vitro, suggesting that anti‐NP mAbs have the potential to mediate downstream Fc effector functions such as antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody‐dependent phagocytosis. However, human anti‐NP mAbs were not protective in vivo when passively transferred into a murine influenza challenge model. Future in vivo studies examining the synergistic effect of anti‐NP mAbs infused with other influenza‐specific mAbs are warranted.
A thermodynamic model for feldspars in KAlSi3O8−NaAlSi3O8−CaAl2Si2O8 for mineral equilibrium calculations
Authors: Holland Tim J. B , Green Eleanor C. R , Powell Roger
Published: October 2021

Activity–composition (a‐x) relations for feldspars for petrological calculations in KAlSi3O8−NaAlSi3O8−CaAl2Si2O8 are calibrated using literature data for (i) plagioclase cation exchange experiments at 600 and 700°C, (ii) experimental ternary feldspar pairs at 880 − 900°C, (iii) the alkali feldspar solvus, and (iv) the dry melting loop for plagioclase. The results are tested against the calorimetric heat of solution data and the experimental pressures for plagioclase coexisting with grossular, wollastonite, and quartz. As the aim is to produce a‐x relations suitable for petrological modelling, we do not attempt to model complex structural phenomena in feldspar, except where they appear to contribute significantly to the energetics of high‐temperature mixing. Seven models were investigated, using various formulations of entropy of mixing together with the van Laar model for non‐ideal mixing. The model (4TR) that most satisfactorily reproduces the experimental data is one in which Al and Si partially order onto the four tetrahedral sites, approximated by reducing the tetrahedral site entropy of mixing by a factor of 4. When combined with an ordered albite, this model allows a peristerite gap closing at 600°C at the albite composition. The resulting activity‐composition relations for feldspar should be applicable in petrological phase equilibrium calculations over a large range of geologically relevant pressure and temperature.
Leukocyte and cytokine variables in asymptomatic Pugs at genetic risk of necrotizing meningoencephalitis
Authors: Windsor Rebecca , Stewart Samuel D. , Talboom Joshua , Lewis Candace , Naymik Marcus , Piras Ignazio S. , Keller Stefan , Borjesson Dori L. , Clark Gary , Khanna Chand , Huentelman Matthew
Published: October 2021

Background

Necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME, aka Pug dog encephalitis) is an inflammatory brain condition associated with advanced disease at initial presentation, rapid progression, and poor response to conventional immunomodulatory therapy.

Hypothesis/Objectives

That genetic risk for NME, defined by a common germline DNA haplotype located on chromosome 12, is associated with altered blood cytokine concentrations and leukocyte subsets in asymptomatic Pugs.

Animals

Forty Pug dogs asymptomatic for NME from a hospital sample.

Methods

Prospective observational cohort study, including germline genome‐wide genotyping, plasma cytokine determination by multiplexed profiling, and leukocyte subset characterization by flow cytometric analysis.

Results

Seven (18%) dogs were high risk, 10 (25%) medium risk, and 23 (58%) low risk for NME, giving a risk haplotype frequency of 30%. High and medium risk Pugs had significantly lower proportion of CD4+ T cells (median 22% [range, 7.3%‐38%] vs 29% [range, 16%‐41%], P = .03) and higher plasma IL‐10 concentrations than low‐risk Pugs (median 14.11 pg/mL [range, 9.66‐344.19 pg/mL] vs 12.21 pg/mL [range, 2.59‐18.53 pg/mL], P = .001). No other variables were significantly associated with the NME haplotype‐based risk.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These data suggest an immunological underpinning to NME and a biologic rationale for future clinical trials that investigate novel diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic strategies for this disease.
Phenolic-rich extracts from acerola, cashew apple and mango by-products cause diverse inhibitory effects and cell damages on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: da Costa Lima M. , Magnani M. , dos Santos Lima M. , de Sousa C.P. , Dubreuil J.D. , de Souza E.L.
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of phenolic-rich extracts from acerola (Malpighia emarginata D.C., PEA), cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L., PEC) and mango (Mangifera indica L., PEM) by-products on distinct enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains. The capability of PEA and PEC of impairing various physiological functions of ETEC strains was investigated with multiparametric flow cytometry. Procyanidin B2, myricetin and p-coumaric acid were the major phenolic compounds in PEA, PEC and PEM, respectively. PEA and PEC had lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (MIC: 31·25 mg ml−1; MBC: 62·5 mg ml−1) on ETEC strains than PEM (MIC and MIC: >1000 mg ml−1). PEA and PEC (15·6, 31·2, 62·5 mg ml−1) caused viable count reductions (P < 0·05) on ETEC strains after 24 h of exposure, notably the ≥3 log reductions caused by 62·5 mg ml−1. The 24 h exposure of ETEC strains to PEA and PEC (31·2, 62·5 mg ml−1) led to high sizes of cell subpopulations with concomitant impairments in cell membrane polarization and permeability, as well as in enzymatic, respiratory and efflux activities. PEA and PEC are effective in inhibiting ETEC through a multi-target action mode with disturbance in different physiological functions.
Antimicrobial effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil against biofilm-forming multidrug-resistant cystic fibrosis-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a single agent and in combination with commonly nebulized antibiotics
Authors: Haines R.R. , Putsathit P. , Tai A.S. , Hammer K.A.
Published: October 2021

Broth microdilution assays were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) of tea tree oil (TTO), tobramycin, colistin and aztreonam (ATM) against clinical cystic fibrosis-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CFPA) isolates (n = 20). The minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and fractional biofilm eradication concentration index (FBECI) were also determined using a similar microbroth dilution checkerboard assay, with biofilms formed using the MBEC device®. TTO was effective at lower concentrations against multidrug-resistant (MDR) CFPA isolates (n = 3) in a biofilm compared to in a planktonic state (MBEC 18·7-fold lower than MIC). CFPA within biofilm was less susceptible to ATM, colistin and tobramycin compared to planktonic cells (MBEC 6·3-fold, 9·3-fold, and 2·1-fold higher than MIC respectively). All combinations of essential oil and antibiotic showed indifferent relationships (FICI 0·52–1·72) when tested against planktonic MDR CFPA isolates (n = 5). Against CFPA isolates (n = 3) in biofilm, combinations of TTO/aztreonam and TTO/colistin showed indifferent relationships (mean FBECI 0·85 and 0·60 respectively), whereas TTO/tobramycin showed a synergistic relationship (mean FBECI 0·42). The antibiofilm properties of TTO and the synergistic relationship seen between TTO and tobramycin against CFPA in vitro make inhaled TTO a promising candidate as a potential therapeutic agent.
Examining the Role of Domain‐General Skills in Mathematics Learning and Intervention Response in Kindergarten
Authors: Shanley Lina , Clarke Ben , Smolkowski Keith , Doabler Christian T. , Kurtz‐Nelson Evangeline C. , Fien Hank
Published: October 2021

Effective early mathematics instruction is critical to support long‐term mathematics achievement. Given that student response to typical instruction varies, a range of mathematics interventions have been developed to support foundational mathematics development. However, not all students respond to these interventions. To better understand factors associated with intervention response, the current study explored how domain general cognitive skills were associated with intervention response for 621 kindergarten students with or at risk for mathematics difficulties. Results indicated that although domain general skills were associated with mathematics achievement, there was no evidence of differential response to intervention based on cognitive skills. When examining differences while holding initial mathematics skill constant, there was a non‐significant, but potentially important pattern of students with higher domain general skills demonstrating greater mathematics gains as a result of intervention participation. Implications for mathematics intervention and curriculum development, including potentially impactful instructional approaches and cognitive scaffolds are discussed.
Moderation effect of economic status in the association between early life famine exposure and MAFLD in adulthood
Authors: Wang Yuying , Zhang Wen , Xia Fangzhen , Wan Heng , Chen Chi , Chen Yi , Wang Ningjian , Lu Yingli
Published: October 2021

Background & Aims

The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) in China resulted in high prevalence of diet‐related non‐communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to analyse the moderation of economic status in the association between early famine exposure and metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in adulthood.

Methods

10 190 participants in the SPECT‐China study enrolled from 2014 to 2016 were included in this study. Participants with fetal famine exposure (birth year 1959‐1962) or early‐childhood famine exposure (birth year 1955‐1958) formed the exposure group. The associations with MAFLD were assessed via regression analyses.

Results

In men, economic status could not moderate the association between early life famine and MAFLD after adjusting for age, excess alcohol drinking, current smokers, famine severity, waist circumference, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (P for interaction = .52). However, in women and in the total population, economic status could moderate the association between early life famine and MAFLD after adjusting for the above confounders (P for interaction = .01). In the total population and in women, early life famine exposure was associated with MAFLD in both low economic status and high economic status. However, in men, early life famine exposure was not associated with MAFLD in low economic status, while in high economic status, early‐childhood famine exposure was associated with MAFLD.

Conclusions

Economic status could moderate the association between early life famine exposure and MAFLD in total population and in women.
Unplanned admission to pediatric intensive care after general anesthesia: A seven‐year retrospective cohort study in a tertiary children’s hospital
Authors: Tsuboi Kaoru , Ninagawa Jun , Tsuboi Norihiko , Nakagawa Satoshi , Suzuki Yasuyuki
Published: October 2021

Background

Thorough preoperative risk assessment and planning is key to improving patient safety in the perioperative period. Analysis of unplanned ICU admissions after general anesthesia has been validated as a measure of patient safety and its use as a quality initiative is recommended in many countries.

Aims

The aims of this study were to determine the reasons for unplanned ICU admission, required interventions, and outcomes after general anesthesia in our hospital, as well as predictability and preventability of the events that led to admission with a view to improving anesthetic management.

Methods

A single‐center, retrospective cohort study in a tertiary children's hospital was performed. All patients under the age of 18 years admitted to our PICU between June 2014 and May 2021 were included. Unplanned ICU admission after general anesthesia was defined as an admission to the ICU either immediately postoperatively or after recovery room stay, which was not planned preoperatively. The reasons for ICU admission were classified as anesthesia‐related, surgical, medical, or mixed. Required intervention, length of ICU stay, and patient outcome of each group, as well as preventability and predictability of the events were investigated.

Results

There were 75 admissions, representing 0.23% of all general anesthesia procedures during the study period. “Anesthesia‐related” was the major reason for admission of which the majority required observation only or transient respiratory support with a median ICU stay of two days. Most of the admissions for medical reasons required disease‐specific interventions resulting in the longest ICU stays with a median of six days. A total of 19% of the admissions were preventable, where most of them were for anesthesia‐related reasons, and 33% were predictable. Seven patients required cardiopulmonary resuscitation, of which one patient died, giving an observed mortality rate of 1.3% overall. All but one patient who died demonstrated no changes in the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) scale.

Conclusion

“Anesthesia‐related” was the leading reason for unplanned ICU admissions, of which the majority required only observation or transient respiratory support. All but one patient who died demonstrated no changes in the PCPC scale, presenting favorable outcome overall.
How does attachment style affect psychosis? A systematic review of causal mechanisms and guide to future inquiry
Authors: Partridge Olivia , Maguire Tess , Newman‐Taylor Katherine
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The link between attachment and psychosis is now well established, but less is known about the causal mechanisms underlying this relationship. This systematic review synthesises the studies that examine mediating mechanisms in the attachment and psychosis relationship, in both clinical and non‐clinical samples.

Method

We conducted a database search (PsychINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science) to identify all eligible studies irrespective of publication status, the language of article or article date. We assessed methodological quality and completed a narrative synthesis given the heterogeneity of studies to date.

Results

We identified 17 papers, comprising 3,672 participants. The relationship between attachment and psychosis is mediated by four variables or groups of variables. There is good evidence for the causal role of affective factors (affective dysregulation and affective disturbances) and cognitive factors (e.g., self‐beliefs and self‐esteem and beliefs about symptoms). Affective factors differed by attachment style. Tentative evidence was found for the role of duration of untreated psychosis and baseline negative symptoms.

Conclusions

Cognitive and affective factors mediate the relationship between attachment style and psychosis. Whilst cognitive factors are routinely targeted in recommended psychological interventions for psychosis, affective factors and attachment style are less commonly considered. Psychological therapies may be improved by calibrating cognitive and affective interventions by attachment style, which should be subjected to experimental and then field studies to assess the impact on clinical and recovery outcomes.

Practitioner points

The relationship between attachment and psychosis is now well established, and studies have started to examine mediating mechanisms.

Affective and cognitive factors mediate the attachment‐psychosis relationship. Affective factors differ by attachment style.

There is limited evidence for the duration of untreated psychosis and negative psychotic symptoms as mediating mechanisms, and research replication is needed.

Cognitive factors are routinely targeted in recommended psychological therapies for psychosis, but affective factors and attachment style are less commonly considered. Research should be conducted into the effectiveness of psychological therapies which calibrate cognitive and affective interventions, according to attachment style.
ZmTE1 promotes plant height by regulating intercalary meristem formation and internode cell elongation in maize
Authors: Wang Fengxia , Yu Zipeng , Zhang Maolin , Wang Mengli , Lu Xiaoduo , Liu Xia , Li Yubin , Zhang Xiansheng , Tan Bao‐cai , Li Cuiling , Ding Zhaojun
Published: October 2021

Maize height is determined by the number of nodes and the length of internodes. Node number is driven by intercalary meristem formation and internode length by intercalary cell elongation, respectively. However, mechanisms regulating establishment of nodes and internode growth are unclear. We screened EMS‐induced maize mutants and identified a dwarf mutant zm66, linked to a single base change in TERMINAL EAR 1 (ZmTE1). Detailed phenotypic analysis revealed that zm66 (zmte1‐2) has shorter internodes and increased node numbers, caused by decreased cell elongation and disordered intercalary meristem formation, respectively. Transcriptome analysis showed that auxin signalling genes are also dysregulated in zmte1‐2, as are cell elongation and cell cycle‐related genes. This argues that ZmTE1 regulates auxin signalling, cell division, and cell elongation. We found that the ZmWEE1 kinase phosphorylates ZmTE1, thus confining it to the nucleus and probably reducing cell division. In contrast, the ZmPP2Ac‐2 phosphatase promotes dephosphorylation and cytoplasmic localization of ZmTE1, as well as cell division. Taken together, ZmTE1, a key regulator of plant height, is responsible for maintaining organized formation of internode meristems and rapid cell elongation. ZmWEE1 and ZmPP2Ac‐2 might balance ZmTE1 activity, controlling cell division and elongation to maintain normal maize growth.
Increased use of split liver grafts in adult recipients following implementation of a pediatric liver transplant program
Authors: Vargas Paola Andrea , Cullen Jonathan Michael , Dalzell Christina , DiPaola Frank , Pelletier Shawn , Soltys Kyle A. , Mazariegos George Vincent , Oberholzer Jose , Goldaracena Nicolas
Published: October 2021

Background

Split liver transplantation (SLT) is a strategy to address organ shortage, but is a technically more demanding procedure than whole graft liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to determine the outcomes following SLT in adult recipients as well as to highlight the impact that having a pediatric LT program has on SLT implementation.

Methods

All SLTs conducted at a single‐center from 2010 to 2019 were identified. Patient data was obtained through retrospective review of the electronic medical record. Kaplan–Meier analysis assessed primary outcomes of 1‐,3‐, and 5‐year graft and patient survival.

Results

We identified 37 SLTs performed at our institution from 2010 to 2019. Twenty‐four donated livers resulted in 21 extended right lobes and 16 left lateral segments for adults and pediatrics recipients, respectively. Eighty‐one percent (30/37) of the SLTs were performed after introduction of the combined pediatric program in 2016. 13/24 donor livers were split with both grafts allocated and used at our institution and 92% occurred after introduction of the pediatric program. Graft survival rates at 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐years were 94% in adult recipients and 100% for all time periods in pediatric recipients. Actuarial post‐transplant patient survival was 100% at 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐years in both.

Conclusions

The introduction of a pediatric liver transplantation program resulted in more than a fourfold increase in the number of SLTs performed at our center. Increase in allocation and use of both grafts at our institution was also seen.
Deference Done Better
Authors: Dorst Kevin , Levinstein Benjamin A. , Salow Bernhard , Husic Brooke E. , Fitelson Branden
Published: October 2021

There are many things—call them ‘experts'—that you should defer to in forming your opinions. The trouble is, many experts aremodest: they're less than certain that they are worthy of deference. When this happens, the standard theories of deference break down: the most popular (“Reflection”‐style) principles collapse to inconsistency, while their most popular (“New‐Reflection”‐style) variants allow you to defer to someone while regarding them as ananti‐expert. We propose a middle way: deferring to someone involves preferring to make any decision using their opinions instead of your own. In a slogan,deferring opinions is deferring decisions. Generalizing the proposal of Dorst (2020a), we first formulate a new principle that shows exactly how your opinions must relate to an expert's for this to be so. We then build off the results of Levinstein (2019) and Campbell‐Moore (2020) to show that this principle is also equivalent to the constraint that you must always expect the expert's estimates to be more accurate than your own. Finally, we characterize the conditions an expert's opinions must meet to be worthy of deference in this sense, showing how they sit naturally between the too‐strong constraints of Reflection and the too‐weak constraints of New Reflection.
A vertically transmitted amalgavirus is present in certain accessions of the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens
Authors: Vendrell‐Mir Pol , Perroud Pierre‐François , Haas Fabian B. , Meyberg Rabea , Charlot Florence , Rensing Stefan A. , Nogué Fabien , Casacuberta Josep M.
Published: October 2021

In the last few years, next‐generation sequencing techniques have started to be used to identify new viruses infecting plants. This has allowed to rapidly increase our knowledge on viruses other than those causing symptoms in economically important crops. Here we used this approach to identify a virus infecting Physcomitrium patens that has the typical structure of the double‐stranded RNA endogenous viruses of the Amalgaviridae family, which we named Physcomitrium patens amalgavirus 1, or PHPAV1. PHPAV1 is present only in certain accessions of P. patens, where its RNA can be detected throughout the cell cycle of the plant. Our analysis demonstrates that PHPAV1 can be vertically transmitted through both paternal and maternal germlines, in crosses between accessions that contain the virus with accessions that do not contain it. This work suggests that PHPAV1 can replicate in genomic backgrounds different from those that actually contain the virus and opens the door for future studies on virus–host coevolution.
Teeming With Grief: Sports Teams’ Need for Resources and Support During Bereavement
Authors: Fogaca Jana , Cupit Illene , Gonzalez Matthew
Published: October 2021

Although there is awareness of the impact of grief on survivors’ well-being, almost no research exists on the impact of death on sports team bereavement. The present study surveyed 40 members of athletic teams (coaches, staff, and athletes) from various levels to determine what happens in the aftermath of a team member’s death. Findings of the survey indicated that many of the respondents experienced acute grief responses affecting performance, which memorialization and community support was helpful whereas the news media was often not. In addition, a need for appropriate resources and a school bereavement policy specific to student athletes was seen. In line with the dual process model, the responses indicated use of both emotion focused and restoration focused coping. Implications of the findings suggested that addressing bereavement needs for athletes, and their coaches was tantamount to mitigating some of the complications associated with disenfranchised grief.
Safe traveling in public transport amid COVID-19
Authors: Ku Donggyun , Yeon Chihyung , Lee Seungjae , Lee Kyuhong , Hwang Kiyeon , Li Yuen Chong , Wong Sze Chun
Published: October 2021

Safe travel in public transport amid COVID requires wearing a mask properly, showing effects similar to 2-m social distancing.
Evidence That the Mammalian Nephron Functions as a Countercurrent Multiplier System
Authors: Gottschalk Carl W. , Mylle Margaret
Published: October 2021

Fluid collected by micropuncture from the bend of the loop of Henle in the concentrating hamster kidney had the same osmotic pressure as fluid from a collecting duct at the same level, while that from the distal convolution was more dilute. This indicates that the tubular fluid is first concentrated, then diluted, before its final concentration.
Effect of Growth Hormone on Lipid Aldehydes
Authors: Haven Frances L. , Bloor W. R. , Greene Alice A. , Mayer William D.
Published: October 2021

Female rats at the body weight plateau which responded to 13 daily injections of 0.4 mg of growth hormone by greater weight gain per gram of food had a decreased concentration of lipid aldehydes in blood plasma, an increased concentration in liver, and no change in intestine, compared with control rats given isotonic saline.
Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes by Gas-Solid Chromatography
Authors: Gant Preston L. , Yang Kang
Published: October 2021

Conditions are described for the chromatographic analysis of mixtures of H
2
, HT, and T
2
on a "molecular sieve" column. This technique may find valuable applications in various kinetic investigations.
Induction of the Respiration-Deficient Mutation in Yeast by Various Synthetic Dyes
Authors: Nagai Susumu
Published: October 2021

Series of triphenylmethane and xanthene dyes were found to be effective as inducers of respiration-deficient mutation in yeast. The quantitative difference in the mutagenic effect appeared to be in close relationship to the chemical structure of the respective dyes. This survey may provide a useful clue for elucidation of the mechanism of mutagenic induction.
Nucleic Acids in Some Deuterated Green Algae
Authors: Flaumenhaft E. , Conrad S. M. , Katz J. J.
Published: October 2021

In order to determine whether the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium in living organisms is accompanied by changes in amounts and distribution of the cellular components, a preliminary cytochemical investigation has been made on deuterated
Chlorella vulgaris
and
Scenedesmus obliquus
. Cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid is more widely distributed and occurs in higher quantities in deuterated than in nondeuterated algae. Nuclei of deuterated cells are more irregular in shape, and mitotic figures appear with greater frequency in the deuterated organisms.
Haplosporidium costale
(Sporozoa) Associated with a Disease of Virginia Oysters
Authors: Wood John L. , Andrews Jay D.
Published: October 2021

A new species of
Haplosporidium
is reported as the cause of a previously unrecognized disease of
Crassostrea virginica
(Gmelin) on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The species is characterized by small (3.1 by 2.6 μ) operculate spores without projections. Infections are first seen in late winter, and mortality reaches its peak in early June.
Sex Chromatin Anomalies in Newborn Babies in India
Authors: Subray N. Naik , Prabhaker N. Shah
Published: October 2021

The sex chromatin pattern in two series of newborn babies comprising 2058 males and 1832 females was studied to find the incidence of sex chromatin anomalies. We did not detect a single case of sex chromatin discordance when compared with the phenotypical sex. In this respect our survey differed from similar surveys in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland.
Glycogen Deposition in the Liver Induced by Cortisone: Dependence on Enzyme Synthesis
Authors: Greengard Olga , Weber G. , Singhal R. L.
Published: October 2021

The deposition of liver glycogen in starved rats given a single dose of cortisone is inhibited by puromycin and actinomycin. The former agent interferes with induced enzyme formation in general, and the latter with the cortisone-induced rise in liver enzyme levels. The results suggest that the regulatory effect of cortisone on carbohydrate metabolism may be brought about by its action on the cellular concentration of certain enzyme proteins.
Discovery of Right Whales in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Moore Joseph Curtis , Clark Eugenie
Published: October 2021

Two whales were observed closely for an hour off Sarasota, Florida, by residents who provided observations of structural details which identify only the right whale,
Eubalaena glacialis
, a temperate and subpolar species previously known to range to the Florida east coast, but not to enter the Gulf of Mexico.
Impurity in Halothane Anesthetic
Authors: Cohen Ellis N. , Bellville J. Weldon , Budzikiewicz Herbert , Williams Dudley H.
Published: October 2021

A halogenated butene has been isolated from commercially available halothane (Fluothane). Its concentration increases under the conditions in which halothane is commonly used in clinical work.
The Cestode
Echinococcus multilocularis
in Foxes in North Dakota
Authors: Leiby Paul D. , Olsen O. Wilford
Published: October 2021

Red foxes (
Vulpes fulva
) from Ward County, North Dakota, were found to be infected with the cestode
Echinococcus multilocularis
, a parasite which has not hitherto been reported in the United States.
Preservation of Chlorophyll in Leaf Sections by Substances Obtained from Root Exudate
Authors: Kende H.
Published: October 2021

Root exudate of sunflower plants was purified by means of paper chromatography. Two zones of the chromatogram were active in retarding senescence of barley leaf sections.
Genetic Relationship between Maximum Hematocrit Values and Hemoglobin Type in Sheep
Authors: Evans J. V. , Whitlock J. H.
Published: October 2021

A significant association between seasonal maximum hematocrit values and hemoglobin type has been shown to exist in sheep. Both characters are known to be under genetic control.
Sex-Linked Albinism in the Japanese Quail
Authors: Lauber Jean K.
Published: October 2021

From a single white
Coturnix
chick hatched in August 1963, a white colony has been developed. The results of breeding experiments are consistent with the view that the albinism is sex-linked and recessive. It appears likely that the mutation occurred in the first white female hatched, or her sire.
Electron Spin Resonance Characteristics of Some Normal Tissues: Effect of Microwave Power
Authors: Swartz Harold M. , Molenda Robert P.
Published: October 2021

Electron spin resonance measurements of normal tissue at 77°K indicate the presence of two types of resonances which can be identified by varying the incident microwave power: (i) an intense, easily saturable, organic free-radical component and (ii) a weak but relatively nonsaturating component probably due to paramagnetic trace elements.
Mutation of the Blue-Green Alga,
Anacystis nidulans
Authors: Van Baalen Chase
Published: October 2021

Cells of
Anacystis nidulans
in the logarithmic phase of growth were briefly treated with the mutagen,
N
-methyl-
N
′-nitro-
N
-nitrosoguanidine, and plated under conditions suitable for single-cell growth. Selection of aberrant colonies and examination of the cultural characteristics of these clones suggest that mutants of at least several types are easily derivable in
Anacystis
.
Crown-Gall Tumorigenesis: Effect of Temperature on Wound Healing and Conditioning
Authors: Lipetz Jacques
Published: October 2021

Temperatures which inhibit crown-gall tumorigenesis in
Kalanchoë daigremontiana
plants also accelerate the rate of wound healing and the rate at which cells in the wound area become competent to react to the tumorigenic stimulus. The concept that the "tumor-inducing principle" is thermolabile and of high molecular weight may be invalid since it is based in part on the lack of effect of temperature on wound healing and conditioning. The rate of division of host cells may determine the success of crown-gall tumorigenesis.
Schlieren Technique for Studying Water Flow in Marine Animals
Authors: Westphal James A.
Published: October 2021

A Schlieren optical technique has been developed for studying the flow of water through certain mollusks and brachiopods in sea-water environments. Optical contrast is accomplished by changing either the temperature or salinity of the water. A temperature difference of 0.1° C or a change in salinity of 0.5 per thousand over a path 1 mm long is visible. The technique may be applied in situ in the ocean or through windows in aquaria.