bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mozart, Piano Sonata in B-flat, K. 333/i (Allegro)
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

Chapter 2—which may be read before chapter 1, if that is the preference of the reader—is the book’s first illustration of Sonata Theory in practice. It provides a close reading of the first movement of Mozart’s Piano Sonata in B-flat, K. 333, that simultaneously presents an introduction to the theory’s specific mode of analysis and its most central concepts and terms. Not least of its concerns are its urgings that the listener/analyst is a co-creator of the work’s meaning (resulting ultimately in a responsible hermeneutic reading): Sonata Theory analysis seeks to be an aesthetically receptive, interactive dialogue with an individual work. Even in its most language-technical moments, it tries to integrate methodical observation with a personal sensitivity to the affective contours and colors of music as music. Two other features of the book are also introduced here: a historical/contextual backdrop for the work under consideration (including dating, original purpose, and aesthetic); and the inclusion of other modes of analytical practice to suggest their compatibility with Sonata Theory.
Mozart, Symphony No. 34 in C, K. 338/ii (Andante di molto più tosto Allegretto)
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

Chapter 3 reinforces the analytical concepts presented in the preceding chapter by providing another close analysis of a movement by Mozart—the slow movement of his Symphony No. 34 in C, K. 338. The choice of a slow movement also introduces the concept of the role of such movements in multimovement works. Since slow movements are often in a key other than that of the whole work’s tonic (referred to here as a “global tonic”) the analyst needs to keep in mind the relation of that slow-movement key to that governing the larger piece. Of special interest are cases (as here) where the global tonic, primary in the other movements, is visited only as a secondary key here. The chapter also introduces the concept of the “Type 1 sonata,” that is, the sonata that, lacking a development, consists of only an exposition and a recapitulation (as opposed to the more common “Type 3 sonata,” which includes that development).
The Minor-Mode Sonata
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

Minor-mode sonatas constitute a special case within classical—and later—sonata practice. In part this is because of the special affective quality historically assigned to the minor mode, along with many of the characteristic moods and colors associated with it. This chapter elaborates the “extra burden” of sonata forms in the minor mode, which often entails its drive—often thwarted—to be converted into the major, a drama that rose to central importance only in the last two or three decades of the eighteenth century, with Haydn playing a large role in it. Supplementing and updating the consideration of minor-mode sonatas in Elements of Sonata Theory, this chapter also incorporates new information gleaned from Riley’s and Graves’s separate studies of eighteenth-century minor-mode practice. Issues covered include the affective range of the minor mode; standardized minor-mode styles and “topics”; characteristic intervallic figures (like the “pathotype” figure); the aspiration and techniques of “escape into the major,” whether locally or permanently; the eighteenth-century convention of the “mediant tutti”; and the evolving concept of “tragic plot/comic plot,” relating to whether the sonata will end in minor or overcome that minor by a modal reversal into the major.
Beethoven, String Quartet in E Minor, op. 59 no. 2/i (Allegro)
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

Chapter 9 combines features of chapters 7 and 8—Beethoven’s middle-period music as intensely hyperdramatized narrative and the conventions and implications of the minor-mode sonata—by closely examining the first movement of the second of his “Razumovsky” Quartets, op. 59 no. 2. The analysis of Beethoven’s quartet movement also throws into high relief that composer’s different concerns and style from those found in Haydn’s quartets (chapter 6). An initial backdrop sets Beethoven’s op. 59 into its historical context, again stressing the new demands placed by such music on both performers and listeners, and once more reminding the reader that Beethoven often approached and treated the classical “default” procedures of the preceding century with distortions or unusual harmonic swerves for effects both eccentric and dramatic. The chapter also considers some of the problems involved with cadential identification: what counts, for instance, as a “structural cadence,” and how might a decision along these lines affect our larger reading to the piece? In play, as always in Beethoven’s minor-mode sonatas, is the charged, dark-and-light tension between the negatively valenced minor and the ongoing struggle to escape from that minor into a contrasting major.
Brahms, Symphony No. 1 in C Minor, op. 68/iv, finale (Adagio; Allegro non troppo, ma con brio)
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

This final chapter subdivides into three broad sections. The first makes the case for a nuanced applicability of Sonata Theory to romantic form, where deviations from the classical norms are frequent and often highly striking, sometimes to the point where the concept of “sonata” itself can seem strained. Even under these conditions, though, Sonata Theory’s analytical apparatus, forged in the centered norms of an earlier era, continues to serve heuristically productive ends: What is new, transgressive, or experimental in these later works has its impact maximized when read against the backdrop of the classical tradition deployed as a persistent, serviceable interpretive code, even though several of those once-vigorous norms, merely stale if perpetuated as reflex, academic conventions, were no longer binding in current practice. The second section provides an extended historical backdrop to the state of the Austro-Germanic symphony, c. 1840–75, and the importance of Brahms’s work in revitalizing that tradition. The third section is a close analysis of the finale of Brahms’s First Symphony that reads the movement, an expanded Type 1 sonata encased in a broad introduction and coda, as a commentary on the difficulties involved with its own coming-into-being. The work is thus self-reflective—or rather, its staged musical struggles and themes (filled with suggestive historical allusions and topical traditions) run parallel with Brahms’s own anxieties with regard to bringing this work into being, embedding within it, for instance, a “dedication emblem” to Clara Schumann: the famous alphorn theme of the introduction.
The Collage Wave Crests
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 7, the turning point of Sonic Overload, traces the broader development of polystylism in the 1960s and into the 1970s, when many Soviet composers adopted polystylistic approaches in various forms and still others moved on, already tired of its aging novelties. Younger composers in particular grasped polystylism as theirs, no longer the sole province of their superannuated “fathers.” Soviet musicologists continued engaging with the now-ubiquitous trend and scolded composers for too readily adopting the latest technique du jour. They defensively enfolded polystylism into familiar dichotomies of form and content: polystylism’s multifaceted form reflected the multifaceted reality of the contemporary Soviet Union. At the same time, it demonstrated the underlying, unshakable unity of the system and the society. Or so they thought.
Great Plains
Authors: & Cohen
Published: January 2021

The chapter “Great Plains” explains about scientific and technological sites of adult interest in Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota, including Sedgwick County Zoo, Glore Psychiatric Museum, Hastings Museum, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, Woolaroc, and Mammoth Site. The traveler is provided with essential information, including addresses, telephone numbers, hours of entry, handicapped access, dining facilities, dates open and closed, available public transportation, and websites. Nearly every site included here has been visited by the authors. Although written with scientists in mind, this book is for anyone who likes to travel and visit places of historical and scientific interest. Included are photographs of many sites within each state.
Rocky Mountains
Authors: & Cohen
Published: January 2021

The chapter “Rocky Mountains” explains about scientific and technological sites of adult interest in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, including National Center for Atmospheric Research, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Museum of the Rockies, and Yellowstone National Park. The traveler is provided with essential information, including addresses, telephone numbers, hours of entry, handicapped access, dining facilities, dates open and closed, available public transportation, and websites. Nearly every site included here has been visited by the authors. Although written with scientists in mind, this book is for anyone who likes to travel and visit places of historical and scientific interest. Included are photographs of many sites within each state.
Introduction
Authors: Atwal Priya
Published: January 2021

This brief chapter introduces key figures from the ruling dynasty of the nineteenth-century Sikh Empire. It discusses how Maharajah Ranjit Singh, its founding father, has long occupied a central, glorified position in history-writing about this former northern Indian kingdom. It argues how such simplified narrativization has hampered our understanding of the roles played by his female relations and children in the running of the Sikh Empire; alongside the impact of wider cultural and political dynamics that shaped its fortunes in the period between the kingdom’s rise and fall, from 1799 to 1849. The chapter outlines core goals of the book: to reach a more detailed and nuanced understanding of the world of the Sikh Empire and its broader connections to South Asian and global royal history, by setting Ranjit Singh and his empire within the wider context of his family; as well as within the regional politics of the new, expanding powers of late eighteenth and early nineteenth century India.
The Boy-King, the Rebel Queen and the British Empire
Authors: Atwal Priya
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the discursive and active power struggles at the heart of the Sikh Empire in the precarious years between the First Anglo-Sikh Wars and the final subjection of Punjabi independence to British rule in March 1849. Building on the previous chapter, it brings to light the gendered tensions at the centre of both British and Punjabi challenges posed to the leadership of Maharani Jind Kaur, mother and regent for the infant Maharajah Duleep Singh. It unravels the ramifications of direct colonial interference into the Lahore government imposed by the Resident, Henry Montgomery Lawrence; the impact of which compounded and exacerbated internal problems that had already weakened the ruling dynasty’s grip on power following the succession struggle between Maharani Chand Kaur and Prince Sher Singh. It provides a new series of arguments about the cultural and imperial politics that contributed to the destabilization of the ruling dynasty’s power and the eventual fall of the kingdom.
The Rule of Law in Outer Space
Authors: Kealotswe-Matlou Icho
Published: January 2021

Different approaches must be adopted in the governance of outer space if the rule of law is to be enforced. As international institutions and committees engage on a variety of international space matters, efforts must be made to forge an international cooperative structure or authority that aims to foster collaboration in the effort to develop the rule of law in space. Effectively, the call to govern outer space and enforce the rule of law through concerted efforts of an Outer Space Authority has been echoing through the years. It may be that the existing political climate and the urgent need for a coherent global strategy for exploration of space and to prevent outer space militarization all mean that we are at an opportune moment to once again put forward proposals for the establishment of an independent Outer Space Authority, fully clothed with powers to make binding decisions.
What Should the Space Force Do? Insights from Spacepower Analogies, Doctrine, and Culture
Authors: Hays Peter L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses opportunities and challenges facing the U.S. Space Force, a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces within the Department of the Air Force that was created in December 2019. Major initial priorities for the Space Force include developing space doctrine and incubating a space-minded culture; blunting counterspace threats; improving space acquisition; and accelerating creation of wealth in and from space. To assess the evolution of spacepower doctrine, the chapter uses Dennis Drew’s doctrine tree model and David Lupton’s four schools of thought about the strategic utility of space capabilities: sanctuary, survivability, control, and high ground. The chapter also addresses several cautions and concerns including the relatively small size of the Space Force; significant dissimilarities between creation of the U.S. Air Force in 1947 and the Space Force in 2019; unintended consequences in impeding airpower development from the United Kingdom’s creation of a relatively small and weak Royal Air Force in 1918; and potential concerns stemming from the highly politicized environment that birthed the Space Force. The chapter concludes by reminding readers that new organizations do not guarantee success and by urging application of the right lessons from past missteps.
The Legality of Keep-Out, Operational, and Safety Zones in Outer Space
Authors: Stubbs Matthew
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines situations in which, as an exception to the general principle of the freedom of exploration and use of outer space by all States, a State might legally be permitted to declare a keep-out zone in outer space. It commences with two zones that are likely to be legally recognized: those declared by the UN Security Council acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and those declared by belligerents in the immediate area of operations in an armed conflict. It then examines the potential application to outer space of exclusion zones similar to those recognized in naval and air warfare. Finally, it examines two zones applicable in peacetime which may develop in space law in the future: a possible space object identification zone based on the air defense identification zone, and possible safety zones for space resource activities on celestial bodies.
Turkish Hydro-Hegemony
Authors: Williams Paul A.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 3 explores how Turkey, the beneficiary of nearly completed major dam projects, and situated at the headwaters of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, is nearly in a position as the upstream state to complete its long march to full hydro-hegemony – physical control over flow of water into Syria and Iraq and the Kurdish enclaves that is needed to meet much of their water requirements. Noting that the Turkish government has already used its control over water flow as leverage to pressure Syria to drop its support of the Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK), a separatist militia, the chapter presents evidence that hydro-hegemony can actually be operationalized to create both positive and negative outcomes for the downstream entities. Turkey’s motivations to choose either path are based on a complicated and rapidly evolving regional security architecture surveyed in the chapter.
A Short History and Thematic Overview
Authors: Ramraj Victor V. , Little Matthew
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides a short history and epidemiological overview of the Covid-19 pandemic, from its origin in Wuhan, China, to its spread across Asia and around the world. It identifies the five law and policy themes discussed in this book—first wave containment measures; emergency powers; technology, science, and expertise; politics, religion, and governance; and economy, climate, and sustainability—and concludes with some reflections and questions on Asia’s role in formulating responses to a pandemic in particular, and global crises more generally. Although Covid-19 quickly became a global pandemic, a focus on responses in Asia is both practical and intellectually defensible for three main reasons. First, China was the epicentre of the pandemic, which spread throughout January and February to other parts of the region. Second, Asia’s legal and political diversity provides a complex environment in which to study the challenges of policy responses and inter-governmental coordination, even without shifting to the global scale. Finally, Asia’s sheer size complicates matters even further.
China: Community Policing, High-Tech Surveillance, and Authoritarian Durability
Authors: Xu Feng , Liu Qian
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses China’s emergency responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. China’s emergency responses reflected a mixture of mass mobilization of political, economic, and social resources, as in war times. However, China’s initial mishandling of the Covid-19 outbreak, primarily at local levels, damaged the world’s trust. China sought world leadership through global propaganda campaigns and “mask diplomacy.” The chapter then investigates China’s legal and social prevention and control mechanisms, most notably community policing and surveillance technology. It also considers serious challenges that emerged in the early stages of the pandemic. China faced numerous challenges to its governance and state capacities, in resuming its economy, getting people employed, and ensuring people’s livelihood in an international context where the US–China relationship is fraught with tension.
Vietnam: Marshalling State and Non-State Actors
Authors: Nguyen Cuong , Phan Thanh
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines Vietnam’s campaign against Covid-19. When the coronavirus outbreak emerged in the Chinese city of Wuhan, the government of Vietnam considered it a highly contagious disease and immediately implemented all necessary measures to protect people from the emerging pandemic, even if these strict measures resulted in massive economic losses. The chapter then introduces the regulatory framework which enabled the government and other non-state actors in Vietnam to fight the epidemic effectively. It also discusses how Vietnam contained the spread of the virus in practice from the perspectives of health and medical policy, information and technology, economic policy, and international cooperation. Ultimately, Vietnam’s unique response derives from four factors: (1) the policy that prioritized public health over economic considerations; (2) Vietnam’s having been well prepared for dealing with contagious diseases since the SARS outbreak in 2003 and the government immediately introducing strict measures to prevent the spread of Covid-19 when it emerged in China; (3) the legal framework specifying the roles of the central and local governments to avoid any bureaucratic delays in making decisions in an epidemic; and (4) the government flexibly combining coercive means with deliberate action, public education, effective governance, and effective coordination with the community and the private sector.
Borders and Entry Controls in Asia
Authors: Neo Jaclyn L. , Lee Darius
Published: January 2021

This chapter evaluates a variety of movement and border control measures in Asia and considers how these responses demonstrate the persistence of territorial sovereignty and the nation-state in a highly globalized world. It situates the discussion within broader debates about borders—open, closed, even shifting. The chapter then provides a preliminary framework for analyzing movement and border control measures across Asia. This framework employs three binaries for analyzing state control: territoriality (internal/external controls); nationality (citizens/aliens); and directionality (entry/exit). Ultimately, governmental responses to Covid-19 highlight both the independence and interdependence of states in a globalized world. The widespread closure of borders to outsiders and insiders demonstrates that classical Westphalian notions of the nation and state borders persist, even while being transformed by ever-more-innovative technologies. The willingness of governments to shut their external and internal borders—and the exceptions they make—also tend to reaffirm the primacy of national interests, with public health and the continued flow of essential goods and services regarded as non-negotiable considerations.
Central Banks and Their Limits in a Pandemic
Authors: Hofmann Christian
Published: January 2021

This chapter details the reactions of central banks to the current Covid-19 pandemic and contrasts them with their monetary policy operations during normal (non-crisis) times and their reactions to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2007–2009. It situates the response of central banks in Asia within a global context, examining and comparing the responses of central banks in the United States, the Euro area, the United Kingdom, Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong. Moreover, the chapter explains why this crisis is unprecedented, making it dangerous in terms of financial stability and state finances and difficult for central banks to return to normality. In the current crisis, central banks find themselves in an ambiguous situation. On the one hand, they are better prepared than they were thirteen years ago when the GFC erupted. On the other hand, relying on experience from the GFC comes with risks. No two crises are ever the same, and this is especially true for the Covid-19 pandemic. Financial markets and economies are not the triggers of this crisis as they were in many previous crises when central banks had to react swiftly and forcefully; instead, they have fallen victim to a calamity that paralyzes society, trade, and business globally.
Governing through Contagion
Authors: Chua Lynette J. , Lee Jack Jin Gary
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the concept of “governing through contagion.” Flexing power over life, governing through contagion regulates subjects of a population to ensure their bodies are free from contagion, do not spread contagion to fellow subjects, and stay economically productive—or at least, avoid incurring economic costs of medicine and containment. In many territories, the legal strategies of control in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, such as quarantine orders and movement restrictions, grew out of earlier episodes of contagion that significantly shaped governing through contagion. The chapter then introduces three themes of governing through contagion: centralization and technology of law; normalization and technologies of moralization; and inter/dysconnectedness and the rearticulation of difference. The analysis draws on the historical ethnography of one British post-colony, Singapore, situated in three contexts: the colonial era (particularly 1868–1915), which was troubled by numerous epidemics such as plague, cholera, and smallpox; the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak; and the Covid-19 pandemic.
Thailand: Emergency Responses or More Social Turbulence?
Authors: Leelapatana Rawin , Tangthavorn Chompunoot
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses Thailand’s legal and regulatory responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. These responses clearly exposed the tension between two viewpoints: some regarded wide-ranging executive measures as expedient and necessary tools to combat Covid-19; others worried about their adverse effects on the rule of law and other negative socio-economic consequences. The chapter then considers whether the legal and regulatory measures applied by the Thai government have been suitable, necessary, and effective for a global challenge such as Covid-19, taking into account their legal and social consequences. It argues that the applications of these measures reflected the hegemony of the tradition of paternalistic nationalism. However, the unique nature of this pandemic has exacerbated, rather than mitigated, a social upheaval in a society already struggling with economic stagnation and intractable political polarization.
Can Technology and Privacy Co-Exist in a Pandemic?
Authors: Li Ze Shi , Phusamruat Visakha , Clear Tony , Damian Daniela
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses whether the short-term benefits of using digital technology to suppress the Covid-19 pandemic justify the detrimental long-term consequences for privacy. It addresses this complex question through an inevitably incomplete discussion of privacy data protection laws, technology design, and trust in governments and technology providers as well as cultural understandings of privacy. After outlining the technology-assisted measures in various regions in Asia, the chapter highlights major privacy concerns and looks at a number of trade-offs that emerge from the use of technology to contain the spread of the virus. These trade-offs exemplify the risks of adoption of just-in-time software technologies for public health purposes without fully understanding their impact on users and of potentially erroneous data-driven decisions and the involuntary collection of personal data. They also raise important policy questions in the dynamic and fast-shifting context of the Covid-19 pandemic.
South Korea: Democracy, Innovation, and Surveillance
Authors: Chung Sunghee , Lee Sujin
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores South Korea’s responses to the Covid-19 pandemic, focusing on its innovative approach and regulatory background in implementing the so-called “test-track-treat strategy.” Years earlier, South Korea revised and introduced a regulatory framework to allow for effective responses and interventions against infectious disease outbreaks in the aftermath of its traumatic experiences with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2015. The chapter looks at how the amendments to regulations related to infectious diseases in the aftermath of the MERS outbreak have worked to South Korea’s advantage in fighting Covid-19. However, despite South Korea’s success in “flattening the curve,” its use of large-scale testing, and information and communication technology (ICT) to track patients raises controversial human rights and privacy issues. The extensive use of surveillance technologies to track and monitor individuals has the potential to infringe upon and limit fundamental human rights. The chapter then illuminates the dilemma facing South Korea between democratic governance and surveillance technology and discusses how to reconcile, through a South Korean lens, potential tensions between individual freedom and public health in a state of emergency.
Hong Kong: The Healthcare Professions and the Outbreak
Authors: Ho Calvin W.L. , Cheung Daisy
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies Hong Kong’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Hong Kong’s experience with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 helped to prepare the health system for a pandemic, allowing it to avoid a complete lockdown of the city. Social-distancing measures, aggressive testing, and contact tracing have also been critical in controlling the local transmission of the disease. However, when historians and health policy researchers look back at the early days of the outbreak, they are likely to cite the impact of the five-day strike of healthcare professionals in February 2020 as a critical turning point in Hong Kong’s initially hesitant response. The chapter then focuses on this strike and the role of the healthcare profession in shaping public health policy. It argues that the striking healthcare professionals used their standing in Hong Kong to revive the city’s collective memory of the SARS outbreak, mobilizing public action, and possibly triggering a stronger public health intervention by the government.
Bhutan: The Role of the Constitutional Monarch in a Public Health Crisis
Authors: Tshering Sonam , Dorji Nima
Published: January 2021

This chapter reflects on Bhutan’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The people’s trust and confidence in the leadership of His Majesty the King, their government, strong Buddhist values to help each other, and the conscience of unity and solidarity proved their foremost strength in containing this pandemic as a nation. The king’s personal involvement helped guide, motivate, and encourage compliance with and support for the government’s response. However, Bhutan faced several challenges during the pandemic. Though most of the people are united, there are outliers who took advantage of the situation; there are reported cases of drug smuggling and one case of a person who escaped from quarantine. The government responded by increasing border patrols. In the long run, other solutions could be considered: installing a smart wall—using drones, sensors, and artificial intelligence patrols—would give Bhutan more control over its borders in the context of another epidemic while also enabling the government to better control smuggling.
Cambodia: Public Health, Economic, and Political Dimensions
Authors: Ly Ratana , Hing Vandanet , Soy Kimsan
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the emergence of Covid-19 in Cambodia, the legal and regulatory responses, and the social dimensions of Cambodia’s Covid-19 response. By working with development partners to strengthen the public health system, Cambodia successfully managed the first wave of Covid-19 while tentatively preparing for more possible outbreaks. The Covid-19 pandemic raises the question of how a country susceptible to political manipulation and external economic shocks can balance the population’s health with the mantra of peace, stability, and economic growth. While the government put much effort into protecting the health of the population and curbing the spread of Covid-19, it was primarily inclined toward maintaining the economy and enforcing peace and stability. By adhering to its health and human rights obligations under international conventions, Cambodia stood to improve its relations with Western countries, boosting growth, and, in turn, fostering peace and stability.
Indonesia’s Response to the Pandemic
Authors: Hosen Nadirsyah , Hammado Nurussyariah
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes the Jokowi government’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic and explains why it has not been capable of responding quickly to Covid-19. There were four main barriers: first, the unhealthy relationship between the Indonesian Medical Association and the recently appointed minister of health affairs; second, the political rivalry between Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s (known as Jokowi) administration and the current governor of Jakarta, the national capital of Indonesia; third, the incompetence of the Jokowi cabinet, where lack of leadership has been shown during the crisis; and finally, the conservative religious groups’ position, rejecting the request not to organize mass prayers. The combination of these four barriers contributed to the slow response and ineffectiveness of the government’s policies and regulations during the Covid-19 crisis. The response was too little, too late. The Jokowi administration was pushed into a corner, making unclear policies, uncoordinated responses, and conflicting statements.
Malaysia: Improvised Pandemic Policies and Democratic Regression
Authors: Tayeb Azmil , Hong Por Heong
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with an overview of the emergence of Covid-19 cases in Malaysia, in particular, the clusters that spike up the infection rate. It then considers the regulations, laws, and socio-economic measures implemented by the Malaysian government. The chapter evaluates the effectiveness of these measures and the challenges faced by the government and the people in coping with this crisis, not just in seeking to reduce the number of positive cases but also in the larger context of democratic norms, human rights, and socio-economic justice. Chief among Malaysia’s measures to stem the spread of the pandemic is the Movement Control Order (MCO), which forces people to stay inside except to perform essential services, go out to buy food, or seek medical treatment. The MCO has been successful in some respects, particularly in flattening the curve, but in some areas, such as the rights of marginalized communities, clarity of instructions, and uniformity of enforcement, it has left much to be desired.
Governments and Business
Authors: Cheng-Han Tan , Wang Jiangyu
Published: January 2021

This chapter evaluates the deleterious effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on business enterprises in Asia. In these extraordinary and unprecedented circumstances, it was not surprising that governments stepped in to forestall a collapse of markets brought about by the simple fact that ordinary life had been disrupted. Beyond liquidity and stimulus measures taken by central banks that feature in many past recessions, many Asian jurisdictions saw unprecedented provision of financial support and measures to businesses and individuals to tide them over and lessen the risk of insolvency. These measures included temporary moratoriums on financial obligations and debt recovery, relief from other contractual obligations, employment support, increases to the debt thresholds for the commencement of insolvency proceedings, and infrastructure investments. These extraordinary measures, if effective, had the potential to become part of an expanded standard playbook to deal with future economic shocks, and the chapter focuses on them with particular reference to China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore.
New Paradigm Psychology of Conditional Reasoning and Its Philosophical Sources
Authors: Over David
Published: January 2021

There is a new Bayesian, or probabilistic, paradigm in the psychology of reasoning, with new psychological accounts of the indicative conditional of natural language and of conditional reasoning. Dorothy Edgington has had a major impact on this new paradigm, through her views on inference from uncertain premises, the relation between the probability of the indicative conditional, P(if p then q), and the conditional probability, P(q|p), and the use of the Ramsey test to evaluate conditionals. Accounts are given in this chapter of the psychological experiments in the new paradigm that confirm empirical hypotheses inspired by her work and other philosophical sources.
Edgington on Possible Knowledge of Unknown Truth
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: January 2021

The chapter responds to Dorothy Edgington’s article ‘Possible Knowledge of Unknown Truth’, which defends her seminal diagnosis of the Church–Fitch refutation of verificationist knowability principles. Using counterfactual conditionals, she reformulates those principles to block that objection. The chapter argues that, to avoid trivialization, Edgington must supply a more general constraint on how the knower specifies a counterfactual situation for purposes of her reformulated principles; it is unclear how to do so. The philosophical motivation for her strategy is also questioned, with special reference to her treatment of Putnam’s epistemic account of truth. In passing, it is questioned how dangerous Church–Fitch arguments are for verificationist principles with non-factive evidential attitudes in place of knowledge. Finally, a doubt is raised about the compatibility of Edgington’s reformulation strategy with her view that counterfactual conditionals lack truth-conditions.
Prefaces, Sorites and Guides to Reasoning
Authors: Keefe Rosanna
Published: January 2021

Is there an interesting relation between the Preface paradox and the Sorites paradox that might be used to illuminate either or both of those paradoxes and the phenomena of rationality and vagueness with which they, respectively, are bound up? In particular, if we consider the analogy alongside a familiar response to the Preface Paradox that employs degrees of belief, does this give any support to the thought that we should adopt some kind of degree-theoretic treatment of vagueness and the sorites? This chapter argues that it does not; indeed exploring the disanalogies contributes to a case against such a treatment of vagueness more generally. Among other views, it considers Edgington’s account of vagueness that employs a probabilistic structure of ‘verities’. It then contends that appeal to the framework of supervaluationism yields a better guide to reasoning in vague language than the degree-theoretic treatment can sustain.
The Conquest in Historical Writing from the Late Thirteenth Century
Authors: Garnett George
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 analyses three genres of historical writing about England in the later middle ages: histories of individual churches, universal histories, and histories of the kingdom. It confirms the provisional judgement reached in Chapter 4: that with respect to the Conquest and earlier England, historical writing fossilized. There were, however, exceptions, most of which could be categorized in the first genre. These are examined in great detail, and follow on from the treatment of the unusual episodes recorded during the thirteenth century at St Augustine’s, Canterbury and Burton Abbey which were considered in Chapter 4. The first is the problematic, neglected Historia Croylandensis attributed to (Pseudo-)Ingulf, which is for the most part a fabrication of the fourteenth or fifteenth century, but which masquerades as the work of the abbot at Crowland at the end of the eleventh century, and therefore as contemporaneous with the great post-Conquest histories of England. The second is the early fourteenth-century Lichfield Chronicle, written by Alan of Ashbourn. The third is a general history of England conventionally attributed to John Brompton, abbot of Jervaulx in the early fifteenth century, and perhaps written at the abbey. All three pay a great deal of attention to (different) twelfth-century compilations of Old English and immediately post-Conquest law. This unusual characteristic accounts for their exceptional interest in the Conquest. The chapter also includes a briefer discussion of the more conventional histories into which condensed earlier discussions of the Conquest were inserted.
The Actors
Authors: West-Harling Veronica
Published: January 2021

This is the first of two chapters to look at the inhabitants of each city, the actors of its history. Roman society is studied through the elites (including the popes as rulers of the city) and the populus. The study of the Roman aristocracy in the periods 750–900, then 900–1000, looks at individual members and their families, titles, status, and wealth; and at the popes themselves, individually and collectively, through their struggles in elections, riots, and conflicts. The populus (urban clergy, merchants, artisans, pilgrims, the poor) is next. The period saw power alternate between a secular aristocracy, first as members of the papal government in the ninth century, then as a separate entity in the tenth century. But the papacy’s role had become too important on the European scene, through the veneration for St Peter, for the city to be governed independently of its involvement in international affairs
The Actors
Authors: West-Harling Veronica
Published: January 2021

This chapter is a study of the people in Ravenna and Venice. The elites of Ravenna (including its archbishops), as seen through their titles, status, anthroponymy, and wealth, show an increasing mix of the old ‘exarchal’ aristocracy with the new Carolingian-imported one. This elite is anti-papal and pro-imperial, as are the middle ranks, merchants, and artisans. The study of the Venetian actors follows the families of the doges, then those of the other nobles, as they all struggle with each other for control. Specific to Venice is the unusual status of the merchants, identical to the other aristocratic families whose wealth is sourced from both land and trade. While Ravenna preserved a strong awareness of its late antique heritage but gradually mixed into the rest of Italian politics, Venice, theoretically Byzantine in allegiance, in practice functioned, institutionally and culturally, much like the Italian society of the terraferma
Exercising Power in the City
Authors: West-Harling Veronica
Published: January 2021

This chapter shows the exercising of power in action in the public space. It looks at who ‘owns’ this, the Christianization of it in Rome, and the increasing role of the papacy in appropriating and in running it, revalorizing it as part of Rome’s Christian past and present, expressed through pilgrimage. This appropriation is contested by the secular aristocracy, which in turn appropriates the public space and rewrites the topography of the city in the tenth century. The use of the public space as an area of either social cohesion or conflict is studied, through the ceremonies, elections, oaths, processions, assemblies, justice and defence meetings; but also riots, conspiracies, and contested elections. This space of cohesion or conflict is fundamental to the creation of the unity and sense of identity of the city, especially around the patron saint or, sometimes, around or indeed against an imperial ruler
Memory and the Construction of City Identity
Authors: West-Harling Veronica
Published: January 2021

The departure point of this book was the Roman past as a common ground in all three cities. This is confirmed through anthroponymy, law and notarial practices, art, titles, status, topography, and lifestyle. There is a preservation and construction of the past, based on Romanitas. But there is as much a construction of the present. In Rome this is made up of the idealized Romanness of the Carolingians, and of the veneration of St Peter by pilgrims. In Venice it is created by John the Deacon and through the cult of St Mark. Ravenna’s interest in its past, without a strong saint, makes it less successful in its present identity. Meanwhile, for the inhabitants of Rome, present and past remain strongly intertwined less through the outsiders’ interest in the papacy and St Peter than through the reminding power of everyday topography and visual presence of Romanitas on the ground
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: West-Harling Veronica
Published: January 2021

This study has shown that, notwithstanding the strength of the ‘Roman’ past of these 3 post-Byzantine cities, there are considerable differences between them both quantitatively and qualitatively as to the understanding, use or interest. This tradition meant different things to different city actors, and in practice, it was often and increasingly mixed up with the other traditions, Lombard and Frankish especially, which made up the lifestyle of other Italian cities and regions. To what extent these cities were unique or different from other Byzantine ones, such as Naples, or to those without this tradition, such as Pavia or Milan, would be a most desirable follow-up in another study.
Methods for Computing the States of Quantum Structures
Authors: Igor Vurgaftman
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents a detailed development of several numerical methods for calculating the band structure of semiconductor quantum wells and superlattices. These include the transfer-matrix method, the finite-difference method, and the reciprocal-space approach. The relative merits and drawbacks of each approach are briefly considered. It is pointed out that real-space methods often introduce spurious states for the most common forms of the Hamiltonian. The chapter also discusses how the tight-binding and pseudopotential methods can be applied to model quantum structures.
Superlattice and Quantum-Well Band Structure
Authors: Igor Vurgaftman
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents typical band structures for superlattices and quantum wells computed using the methods described in Chapter 9. It identifies important features of the conduction and valence subbands and minibands, their dispersions, optical matrix elements, and characteristic dependences on the materials, thicknesses, and compositions. The changes that occur when the energy gap becomes very small are also discussed. To complete the picture, it considers how the band structure of wurtzite materials differs from their zinc-blende counterparts, as well as the band structure of quantum wires and dots that feature multidimensional confinement.
Solar Cells, Thermophotovoltaics, and Nonlinear Devices Based on Quantum Wells
Authors: Igor Vurgaftman
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes the basic principles behind the solar-cell operation using both an empirical picture and fundamental thermodynamic relationships. It considers how semiconductor materials are selected for use in solar cells and why materials with different gaps need to be stacked to improve the conversion efficiency. It also discusses advanced solar-cell concepts such as quantum-well, intermediate-band, and hot-carrier solar cells. Thermophotovoltaic devices that are similar to solar cells, but designed for emission peaks at much lower effective temperatures than the surface of the sun (and narrower gaps), are also discussed, and multistage thermophotovoltaic devices are described in detail. The chapter concludes by presenting the basic nonlinear physics of intersubband transitions in quantum wells, and how to take advantage of these physical principles for second-harmonic generation and difference-frequency mixing. The important application of generating THz emission from mid-IR quantum cascade lasers using difference-frequency mixing is emphasized.
Introduction
Authors: Chaves Rui P. , Putnam Michael T.
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the phenomena that will be discussed in the remainder of the book, discusses how these are modelled in a variety of frameworks, and how human beings process such filler-gap dependencies. The chapter concludes with five overarching questions, each of which is the topic of subsequent chapters: (1) What is the possible range of filler-gap dependency types? In particular, what patterns arise when there are multiple gaps?; (2) Is there a common constraint at work in most or all island phenomena?; (3) What are the advantages or disadvantages of movement-based versus non-movement-based approaches? (4) How can a theory of grammar account for the fact that some (but not other) island violations have gradient acceptability, are prone to frequency effects, and are sensitive to contextual information? (5) How can unbounded dependency constructions be learned by speakers? Does the evidence favor nativist approaches or domain-general experience-based approaches?
Extraction types
Authors: Chaves Rui P. , Putnam Michael T.
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides a descriptive introduction to unbounded dependency constructions, and to the range of filler-gap dependency patterns they allow. These are two very different topics. The former concerns the repertoire of syntactic constructions in which extraction takes place, and their grammatical idiosyncrasies, whereas the latter concerns the types of interaction between fillers and gaps. We survey of the various kinds of interrogative, declarative, and subordinate UDCs that exist in English. The resulting picture is one of astonishing richness and complexity. There are three major families of UDCs which sub-divide into smaller families, each with their peculiar syntactic, pragmatic and phonological similarities, as well as their idiosyncrasies. Such idiosyncratic meaning and structure must be stipulated somewhere in the grammar, regardless of which theory one adopts. The chapter next focuses on the nature of the linkage between fillers and gaps, and shows that these can interweave and create complex dependencies, beyond what is recognized in the literature.