bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust
Authors: Mayer Roger C , Davis James H , Schoorman F David
Published: November 2023

The topic of trust is generating increased interest in organizational studies. Gambetta (1988) noted that ‘scholars tend to mention [trust] in passing, to allude to it as a fundamental ingredient or lubricant, an un-avoidable dimension of social interaction, only to move on to deal with less intractable matters’ (unnumbered foreword). The importance of trust has been cited in such areas as communication (Giffin, 1967), leadership (Atwater, 1988), management by objectives (Scott, D., 1980), negotiation (Bazerman, 1994), game theory (Milgrom & Roberts, 1992), performance appraisal (Cummings, 1983), labormanagement relations (Taylor, 1989), and implementation of self-managed work teams (Lawler, 1992).
Initial Trust Formation in New Organizational Relationships
Authors: Mcknight D Harrison , Cummings Larry L , Chervany Norman L
Published: November 2023

Several trust theorists have stated that trust develops gradually over time (e.g., Blau, 1964; Rempel, Holmes,& Zanna, 1985; Zand, 1972), but when contrasted with some recent empirical findings, their theories present an interesting paradox. By positing that trust grows over time, these trust theorists implicitly assume that trust levels start small and gradually increase. Some researchers, then, expecting this, have been surprised at how high their subjects’ early trust levels were—both in survey and experimental studies (e.g., Berg, Dickhaut, & McCabe, 1995; Kramer, 1994). For example, economics-based researchers Berg et al. (1995) expected subjects to exhibit low to medium trust in each other when faced with a trust dilemma. Instead, their subjects frequently exhibited high trust—passing to a second subject dollars they were given during the first part of the experiment, without any reason to expect their generosity to be reciprocated. Another example is Kramer’s (1994) survey of MBAs who were previously unknown to each other. Because the MBAs had no interaction history, one would have expected them to have low trust levels; however, surprisingly, Kramer found high trust levels among these individuals.
Managers As Initiators of Trust: An Exchange Relationship Framework For Understanding Managerial Trustworthy Behavior
Authors: Whitener Ellen M , Brodt Susan E , Korsgaard M Audrey , Werner Jon M
Published: November 2023

Imagine driving into work one day and hearing over the radio that your employer had agreed to merge with a rival firm and that the combined company would probably employ at least 10 percent fewer workers. Ciba Geigy employees experienced this scenario in 1996, when they were surprised to learn about their company’s planned merger with Sandoz. In a perfect world, this would never happen. Good news or bad, employees could trust management to give it to them straight, to mean what it said, and always to follow through on promises.
Does Trust Improve Business Performance?*
Authors: Sako Mari
Published: November 2023

Does trust improve business performance? And if so, how can trust be created in business where there is none? These are the two questions which this chapter addresses. The main aim of the chapter is to evaluate various theories which touch on the causes and outcomes of trust, and to provide empirical tests of those theories using a large-scale survey of automotive parts suppliers in the United States, Europe, and Japan. A growing interest in building trust between organizations stems from the belief that trust enhances business performance. For instance, trust has been identified as an important component which makes partnerships, strategic alliances, and networks of small firms successful (Brusco 1986; Powell 1996; Smitka 1991). Trust is also of great relevance today because the maintenance of consistently high quality, which is an important source of competitiveness, is easier in a high-trust production system than in a low-trust one (Sako 1992).
Organizational Growth and Development
Authors: Starbuck William H
Published: November 2023

This chapter defines growth as change in an organization ‘s size when size is measured by the organization ‘s membership or employment, and it defines development as change in an organization ‘s age. The chapter considers why and how organizations grow and develop, and it examines effects of growth and development on organizational structure and behavior. Many words have been written about growth and development. The bibliography includes over two hundred items. The chapter ‘s primary goal is to review this literature. In some cases, it is a critical review, but it is also an optimistic review. Some of the work is interesting, imaginative, empirically based, and methodologically sound. There have been attempts to construct theories and to make predictions. There is even some consistency among studies.
Acting First and Thinking Later: Finding Decisions and Strategies in the Past
Authors: Starbuck William H
Published: November 2023

Social science research has demonstrated a few truths quite convincingly. One of these is that people behave in very diverse ways, so one can find at least a few instances that match or contradict virtually any assertion about human behavior. Another truth is that realities are as numerous and different as their perceivers. Thus, social scientists should feel no surprise upon learning that other people see realities somewhat different from their own. But some realities diverge so greatly from my own perceptions that they do surprise me.
Learning by Knowledge-Intensive Firms
Authors: Starbuck William H
Published: November 2023

The General Manager of the Garden Company (a pseudonym) invited John Dutton and me to advise him about what he called their ‘lot-size problem ‘. He was wondering, he said, whether Garden was making products in economically efficient quantities. We had no idea what a strange but memorable experience this would be! The General Manager proposed that we start with a tour of their largest plant, and assigned someone to guide us. Our guide took us first to the model shop, which produced jigs and patterns for use in the main plant. In the model shop, a skilled craftsman would start with a raw piece of metal, work on it with several different machine tools, and end with a finished component. Each successive component differed from those produced before and after, and each craftsman ‘s tasks were shifting continually.
Open Standards and Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Simcoe Timothy S
Published: November 2023

Compatibility standards are used to govern the interaction of products and components in a technological system. In other words, they are the shared language that technologies use to communicate with one another. Standards are particularly important in the information and communications technology industries, where there are large numbers of interdependent suppliers and a very rapid pace of technological change. This chapter explores the inherent tension between cooperation and competition in the standards creation process, with a special emphasis on the role of intellectual property (IP) rights. These issues are closely linked to several key themes of Open Innovation, including the growing significance of IP-based business models, and the trend towards vertical dis-integration between technology development and commercialization.
The EU Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
Authors: Ahlstrom Christer
Published: November 2023

On 21 October 2003 in Tehran, the foreign ministers of France, Germany and the UK secured a commitment from the Iranian Government to sign the IAEA Additional Protocol and begin the procedure for ratifying the protocol. Furthermore, the Iranian authorities declared that they had decided to voluntarily suspend all uranium enrichment and reprocessing activities. In return for these commitments, the three foreign ministers declared that—once the concerns of the international community as to the nature of its nuclear programme had been alleviated—Iran could expect easier access to modern technology and supplies.
Federation, Confederation, and Mixed Government: A EU– US Comparison
Authors: Majone Giandomenico
Published: November 2023

Even readers familiar with the general idea of ‘confederation’ and ‘mixed government’ will probably assume that nowadays these two concepts have only antiquarian value. The aim of the present chapter is to show that, far from lacking contemporary relevance, these concepts are in fact useful to understand the deep structure of the European Community and Union, and to highlight some crucial but often overlooked differences between EC/EU governance and full-fledged federations.
The Learning Curve
Authors: Gawande Atul
Published: November 2023

The patient needed a central line. ‘Here’s your chance,’ S., the chief resident, said. I had never done one before. ‘Get set up and then page me when you’re ready to start.’ It was my fourth week in surgical training. The pockets of my short white coat bulged with patient printouts, laminated cards with instructions for doing CPR and using the dictation system, two surgical handbooks, a stethoscope, wound-dressing supplies, meal tickets, a penlight, scissors, and about a buck in loose change. As I headed up the stairs to the patient’s floor, I rattled.
Making a Market in Knowledge
Authors: Bryan Lowell L
Published: November 2023

Just like people, companies in today’s economy find that their primary source of competitive advantage increasingly lies in the unique proprietary knowledge they possess. Companies and individuals may have equal talent and access to public knowledge, but the special value that comes with unique understanding provides a real edge. The bond trader who is the first to understand an opportunity to arbitrage securities across two different markets can earn extraordinary returns until other traders figure out the secret. A company thoroughly familiar with how to compete in a particular geographic market China, say-has huge advantages over competitors lacking that familiarity.
The Performance Variability Dilemma
Authors: Matson Eric , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

Performance variability frustrates managers everywhere. It takes a variety of forms: vastly different sales figures for similar retail stores in similar neighbor hoods; significantly varying productivity rates at factories producing the same products; major differences in insurance payments for similar auto accidents. Companies make strenuous efforts to reduce such differences as the financial benefits that result when laggards imitate leaders are often immense. For example, Ford Motor Co. claims to have saved $886 million after four years of sharing best practices throughout its manufacturing sites.
Knowledge-Worker Productivity: The Biggest Challenge
Authors: Drucker Peter F
Published: November 2023

The most important, and indeed the truly unique, contribution of management in the 20th century was the fifty-fold increase in the productivity of the manual worker in manufacturing. The most important contribution management needs to make in the 21st century is similarly to increase the productivity of knowledge work and knowledge workers. The most valuable assets of a 20th century company were its production equipment. The most valuable asset of a 21st century institution (whether business or non-business) will be its knowledge workers and their productivity.
Using Supplier Networks to Learn Faster
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H , W:. Hatch Nile
Published: November 2023

Last year, Toyota Motor Corp. posted profits that exceeded the combined earnings of its three largest competitors. In today’s world of hyper competition, how did Toyota accomplish this? In searching for the answer, many business gurus and researchers have overlooked-or have not fully understood-the importance of knowledge-sharing networks. Certainly, knowledge management has become a hot topic. But how exactly do firms learn, and why do some companies learn faster than others? Furthermore, does learning go beyond the boundaries of the organization? Many companies keep their suppliers and partners at arm’s length, zealously guarding their internal knowledge. In sharp contrast, Toyota embraces its suppliers and encourages knowledge sharing with them by establishing networks that facilitate the exchange of information.
Nutrition in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

Children with CF on a high-calorie, high-fat diet should grow normally, At times of illness or during periods of fast growth, for example adolescence, high-calorie food supplements may be helpful, A huge variety of food supplements is available, Occasionally additional calories are needed and liquid supplements can be given slowly overnight into the stomach through either a nasogastric tube or a gastrostomy
Genetic counselling in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Forton Julian
Published: November 2023

Parents who already have a child with CF have a 1 in 4 chance of another child with CF in each pregnancy, Diagnostic tests for CF can be done early in pregnancy (10-13 weeks) by a technique called chorionic villus sampling, 95 per cent of men with CF are infertile but techniques are available to permit them to become fathers, Advice on genetic risks (genetic counselling) is available for people who have CF in the family
Probabilistic ‘‘Sliding Template’’ Models for Indirect Vowel Normalization
Authors: Nearey Terrance M , Assmann Peter F
Published: November 2023

The relationship between the physical realization of utterances and language-specific categories is a fundamental question in phonology. Although speech perception is often viewed as a branch of experimental phonetics or of psycholinguistics, we believe phonology will not be complete without explicit models of the processes underlying the ability of listeners to label utterances with respect to the phonological categories of their language. For example, an understanding of sound change in progress or of cross-dialect or cross-language comparison of vowels must incorporate knowledge about the perceptual properties of vowels. Much work remains and many perceptual experiments will need to be carried out before a compelling model of vowel perception can be established. Such a model must ultimately provide an detailed account for listeners’ response patterns to natural and synthetic stimuli.
The View from Phonological Theory
Authors: Snyder William
Published: November 2023

This chapter surveys the ideas on cross-linguistic variation that are prominent in contemporary phonological theory. Two major frame-works are considered: Optimality Theory (OT) and Government Phonology (GP). Much as in the previous chapter, I provide a brief overview of each framework and consider an example of how cross-linguistic variation is treated. Specifically, for both OT and GP I will focus on cross-linguistic variation in phonotactics. My principal question will be the extent to which each framework is compatible with grammatical conservatism on the part of the learner (see Section 2.1.3).
Your income
Authors: Leblebici Huseyin
Published: November 2023

The success of every professional service firm, especially those operating in the field of law, critically depends on establishing a delicate balance between the demands of the client marketplace and the demands of its professional staff. Management issues ranging from leverage ratios and firm governance structures to the management of professional careers are direct manifestations of this balancing act (Maister 1997; Trotter 1997).
A Primer in Social Choice Theory
Authors: Gaertner Wulf
Published: November 2023

This introductory text explores the theory of social choice. Written as a primer suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduates, this text will act as an important starting point for students grappling with the complexities of social choice theory. Rigorous yet accessible, this primer avoids the use of technical language and provides an up-to-date discussion of this rapidly developing field. This is the first in a series of texts published in association with the LSE.
Linguistic Minimalism
Authors: Boeckx Cedric
Published: November 2023

Boeckx examines the foundations and explains the underlying philosophy of the Minimalist Program for linguistic theory, the most radical version to date of Noam Chomsky's naturalistic approach to language. He exemplifies its methods, considers the significance of its results, and explores its roots and antecedents. He disentangles and clarifies current debates and shows how the Minimalist Program lies at the centre of the enterprise to understand the human language faculty. The book is written for everyone in and outside the field who wants to know about current developments in theoretical linguistics.
Introduction And Overview
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

Laws governing extradition seek to reconcile two objectives that are of concern to states that recognize the rule of law. One objective is to give effect to the principle that, in the ordinary way, persons in one state who are credibly accused of committing serious crimes triable in another state should be surrendered to that other state to answer for their alleged misdeeds. The second objective is to protect those whose surrender is sought against such surrender in circumstances where they would suffer injustice or oppression. States ordinarily seek to provide some safeguards against the surrender of those within their borders in such circumstances.
The Role Of The Secretary Of State; Deferral Of Extradition
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 4 and 5 the Secretary of State’s limited role at the beginning of the extradition process in Category 2 cases was considered. This chapter examines his role in Category 2 cases after the extradition hearing has taken place, when he has to decide whether to order extradition. One of the major changes to the extradition regime effected by the EA 2003 is the substantially reduced role of the Secretary of State. He is no longer required to consider whether extradition would be wrong, unjust or oppressive before ordering return.
Return To The United Kingdom
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

The EA 1989 was primarily concerned with incoming extradition requests and outgoing defendants. The principal provisions applicable to defendants extradited to the UK were Part IV and para 17 of Sch 1, which provided specialty protection for defendants extradited to the UK. 1 Corrigan [1931] 1 KB 527; R v Aubrey-Fletcher ex p Ross Munro [1968] 1 QB 620; Kerr and Smith (1976) 62 Cr App R 210. Specialty is dealt with at 12.26 and 12.71. On occasion, rather than pursuing a legitimate extradition request, UK prosecuting authorities have resorted to illegal methods to obtain the return of a defendant for trial (see R v Horseferry Road Magistrates Court ex p Bennett [1994] 2 AC 42; R v Horseferry Road Magistrates Court ex p Bennett (No. 3) [1995] 1 Cr App R 147; Mullen [2000] QB 520). This is known as ‘disguised extradition’ and is dealt with below at 12.60.
Uk Requests To Foreign States For Assistance
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

CICA 2003, ss 7–9 deal with requests to obtain evidence from abroad in relation to a prosecution or investigation taking place in the UK. These provisions develop and expand on s 3 of the Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990, which they replace.
Transfer Of Prisoners To And From The Uk For The Purpose Of Giving Evidence And Assisting Investigations
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

The Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990 contains provisions allowing UK prisoners to travel overseas to give evidence in foreign criminal proceedings or to assist with foreign criminal investigations, and powers which enable requests to be made to foreign states that prisoners held there be transferred to the UK to give evidence in criminal proceedings there or assist in criminal investigations.
Mutual Legal Assistance In Relation To Confiscation And Forfeiture
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

The statutory provisions analysed in this chapter give effect to the UK’s international obligations to assist other states in relation to restraint, confiscation and forfeiture matters. Specific powers relating to the gathering of evidence for use in confiscation matters are also considered in this chapter. General powers relating to the gathering of evidence and information including banking information have been considered in earlier chapters in the context of
How Markets Matter: Radical Innovation, Societal Acceptance, and the Case of Genetically Engineered Food
Authors: Jolivet Eric , Maurice Marc
Published: November 2023

Theories of diffusion have long recognized the importance of ‘information’—the know- ledge consumers need to make their decisions. The influence of word of mouth (Mansfield 1961) and cross-referencing (Moore 2002) in technology adoption has been underlined in several models, stressing the interactive and collective nature of this ‘information’. But the process by which this learning is done has remained to a large extent a research question to date (Geroski 2000). How does this learning process really work? How do consumers come to form and share representations about radically new products? How do they learn about their performance and use? What factors condition the process by which radically new products are becoming a naturalized part of our daily life? This issue is of considerable practical interest to managers and innovators, since consumers’ decisions condition innovation’s success or failure.
Managing Network Resources
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

Today’s firms are increasingly embedded in networks of alliances and other ties that influence their behavior and performance. In this, his first book on the subject, Ranjay Gulati examines the ‘network resources’ that arise from these ties, how successful firms manage these, and how they influence strategy, access to material resources, and perceptions of a firm’s legitimacy held by key external parties such as investors and banks. The book synthesises Gulati’s influential work on network dynamics from the last fifteen years, and presents the key findings from this extensive body of research. Gulati’s insights are important for scholars, students, and practitioners interested in the behavior of firms in an increasingly networked economy. Ranjay Gulati is one of the leading theorists and researchers studying alliances and networks, and has written widely on the subject. His work has been published in leading academic journals such as Administrative Science Quarterly, and in the Harvard Business Review.
Introduction
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

Over the past two decades, researchers have become fascinated with the growing array of cooperative ties that firms are entering into with each other. While much of the previous research has focused on the dynamics of competition, scholars are increasingly redirecting their interest to aspects of cooperative behavior. One of the fastest growing sets of interorganizational ties has been strategic alliances that firms enter into to achieve a common goal. Strategic alliances can be defined as any voluntary and enduring arrangements between two or more firms involving the exchange, sharing, or codevelopment of products, technologies, or services. The rapid proliferation of alliances between firms in the past several decades has led to a growing stream of research by strategy and organizational scholars who have examined some of the causes and consequences of such partnerships, mostly at the dyadic level.
Network resources and the choice of governance structure in alliances
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, I discussed how firms entering alliances face considerable hazards because of the potential for unpredictable partner behavior. Network resources minimize these risks by providing information about the reliability of potential partners. Moreover, firms with a positive reputation in these networks and more connections with others through direct and indirect ties are more likely to be identified as reliable alliance partners. As the network of alliances itself grows, it becomes an expanding repository of network resources and in turn asserts a greater influence on firm behavior. In Chapter 4, I also considered the interplay among different kinds of network ties including board interlocks and alliance networks in shaping firm behavior.
Network resources and the performance of firms
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

Do firms benefit from entering strategic alliances and reaping the network resources these generate? To answer this question, one must consider two dimensions of performance: the performance of a given alliance and the performance of the individual firms that enter it. This chapter, based on a study I conducted with Lihua Wang, relates to the latter dimension, with a focus on the performance consequences of alliances and the network resources generated for firms entering such partnerships. A study of these performance consequences is important because it allows us to assess the actual benefits of network resources emanating from the alliance networks in which firms participate.
The multifaceted nature of network resources
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

This chapter looks at how successful firms differ from less successful ones with regard to the architecture of their intra- and interorganizational relationships. An important component of this difference is that successful firms focus on developing and elevating an array of relationships with key stakeholders that in turn becomes a vehicle for them to accumulate network resources. This chapter defines network resources more broadly to encompass not just a firm’s ties with its alliance partners but also those with its customers and suppliers and those that exist between its internal subunits. It further considers how the quality of ties with each of these key stakeholders may evolve and become richer in content that in turn will provide those firms with access to greater network resources.1 This chapter shows that winning companies define relationships in a very consistent, specific, and multifaceted manner. They focus extraordinary enterprisewide energy on moving beyond a transactional mind- set as they develop trust-based, mutually beneficial, and enduring relation- ships with key constituencies both inside and outside of their organizational walls.
The contingent effects of network resources
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

By focusing on the origin of interorganizational endorsements in the context of IPOs, the first chapter in this section showed how prior upper echelon aﬃliations engender network resources that are influential in helping start- up firms secure endorsements from prestigious underwriters by serving as powerful signals of legitimacy. I went on to suggest that such endorsement ties with important intermediaries can themselves be considered a form of network resource in turn beneficial to firms in other ways, especially at the time they go public. This chapter extends these findings by directly assessing the beneficial consequences for IPO-bound entrepreneurial firms of their endorser-based network resources and those based in other such ties.
The ‘Unreformed’ Colleges
Authors: Curthoys C
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of May 1848 the venerable Dr Routh, President of Magdalen, who was then in his ninety-third year, planted a cedar of Lebanon in the college grounds to mark the four-hundredth anniversary of the first charter given to his college. This scene during the year of revolutions, one observer remarked, presented a curious contrast with the planting of liberty trees ‘by our neighbours across the channel’.’ Charles Daubeny, a fellow of Magdalen, later commented that the avoidance of revolutionary ‘political convulsions’ in England had ensured the survival of her two ancient universities with their wealth and constitutions intact.2 Like all the Oxford colleges, Magdalen had experienced no decisive breach with the past for two centuries; and the successful resistance to James II’s assault on the college’s independence was carefully commemorated. Dr Plumptre, the Master of University College, reminded the Archaeological Institute meeting in June 1850 that Oxford’s buildings were ‘memorials’ to a long history of independence from external interference.
The Progress of Exegetic Practice And The Advent of Lexicographical Works In China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

When did man begin to inquire into language? There may be no definite answers to this question despite serious research having been conducted. It is generally believed that the history of man’s study of language goes back about two or three thousand years. It is undeniable, however, that man’s reflection on language must have evolved alongside the development of language itself. The emergence of characters is undoubtedly the result of man’s long-term thinking over language. When the development of human thought and language reached a certain stage, a writing system would appear inevitable. The continuous evolution of human civilization and the in depth and comprehensive study of language itself are the prerequisites for the creation and development of characters. Without such prerequisites, the characters could not have been shaped into such a perfect cultural vehicle, to say nothing of designing and compiling different types of dictionaries to meet extremely varied user needs.
The Evolution And Reformation Of Special And Encyclopedic Dictionaries In China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

AS indicated in the Introduction, dictionaries are classified into two major categories – general and special dictionaries – on the basis of their functions. Special dictionaries are mainly compiled to serve special purposes and meet the needs of specific user groups. They usually involve the technical terms of specific fields (such as law, medicine, etc.), or a certain part of the lexicon of a language (such as verbs, prepositions, etc.), or a certain aspect of language use (such as spelling, pronunciation, rhymes, etc.). The special dictionaries to be discussed in this chapter are mainly dictionaries of function fiords, and dictionaries of quotations, idioms, and proverbs. Encyclopedic dictionaries are more ‘general’ in nature than general dictionaries as they cover a much wider range of information and knowledge concerning human civilization and language. Encyclopedic dictionaries included in this chapter are mainly classified dictionaries, which resemble encyclopedias in several conspicuous ways. Since rhyme dictionaries have evolved into a relatively independent system in the special dictionary genre, they will be discussed separately in the next chapter.
Chinese Government Establishments And Chinese Bilingual Dictionary Compilation
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

The practice of establishing foreign affairs organizations in China started in the pre-Qin Dynasty, when the concepts of ‘differentiating the Chinese from the alien’ and ‘using the Chinese to reform the alien’ were being formulated. After the unification of the small kingdoms into a giant Chinese empire in the Qin Dynasty, special establishments were set up to receive foreign visitors and take charge of foreign affairs, and this tradition continued from the Han Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty. To maintain the relations and promote communication with foreign countries, the Ming Dynasty government founded the Foreign Affairs Establishment affiliated to the Hanlin Academy (翰林院), which was in 1644 transformed into the Foreign Studies School (四译馆).
Neonates
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, we considered the central case of those people who, being mentally competent, express a serious wish to die. It is largely for their sake that campaigners for change want euthanasia or assisted suicide to be legalized in certain strictly controlled circumstances. But the question of legalized euthanasia arises also in the case of those who, for various reasons, cannot ask to die, but in whose best interests it may be argued that they should not continue to live. One such category is that of infants, new-born babies who are either extremely premature or who, even if the pregnancy is carried to term, are born with very serious disabilities and are unlikely to live long, or whose quality of life, if they do live, is likely to be very low.
Prologue
Authors: Tattersall Robert
Published: November 2023

When people are asked to rank diseases in order of seriousness, diabetes is usually at the mild end of the spectrum. A journalist whose 16-year-old son had just been diagnosed wrote that he had always thought of it as ‘something manageable and unprofound, a disease where not much happens’. By contrast, a patient of mine who had had it for many years compared it to living with a tiger, since, as he said: ‘If you look after it, and never turn your back on it, you can live with a tiger. If you neglect it, it will pounce on you and rip you to shreds.
Trends in Technology
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

Predicting the future is a hazardous business. Many information technologists nurture a collection of anecdotes about specialists and futurists whose prognostications turned out to be horribly misguided. I also treasure a few tales that I particularly enjoy; and, from my web browsing, I believe them to be true and not apocryphal. I like, perhaps best of all, the quotation attributed to Thomas J Watson, the erstwhile Chairman of IBM who, in 1943, it is said, declared with some confidence that ‘I think there is a world market for about five computers’.
Mapping the Article 174(2) EC Case Law: A First Step to Analysing Community Environmental Law Principles
Authors: Scotford* Eloise
Published: November 2023

‘Environmental principles ‘ appear extensively in international, supranational, and national legal and policy contexts. :is article considers the nature of ‘environmental principles ‘ in European Community (EC) law. More particularly, it considers the roles of the four environmental principles in Article 174(2) of the EC Treaty²—the preventive principle, the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle, and the principle of rectification at source—in the case law of the For example, the ‘precautionary principle ‘ appears in various international treaties, e.g. Art. 2(5)(a) of the UN/ECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes
IX.Case Law of the European Court of Justice
Authors: Notaro* Nicola
Published: November 2023

Surprisingly, the two most interesting decisions of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in 2006 did not concern questions of substantive European Community (EC) environmental law but rather institutional questions. :ese concerned the choice of the appropriate legal base for the ratification of a Multilateral Environmental Treaty (MEA) by the Community and the extent of the jurisdiction of the Court over controversies among Member States that regard, at the same time, mixed agreements and EC environmental law. :ese decisions, on balance, clarify and reinforce the basis of EC external competence on environmental matters and, if appropriately followed
Cholera
Authors: Hamlin Christopher
Published: November 2023

Cholera is a frightening disease. Victims are wracked by stomach cramps and suffer intense diarrhoea. Death can come within hours. Though now seeming a distant memory in Europe, which suffered several epidemics in the 19th century before John Snow identified the link with water, it is still a serious threat in many parts of the world - Zimbabwe is a recent example. Snow's discovery was one of the great breakthroughs of epidemiology and a wonderful story from the history of science. Later came the discovery of the culprit organism - Cholera vibrio - understanding of its life cycle, and the development of a vaccine. But the problem of cholera has not disappeared. This book tells the story of cholera, and looks at both the medical success in the West, and the different attitudes to the disease in countries in which it is prevalent as opposed to those in which it put in a temporary appearance. Unlike other books on cholera, which focus on the experience of particular countries, Christopher Hamlin's account draws together the experiences from various countries, both those that were colonies and those that were not. Cholera: the biography is part of the Oxford series, Biographies of Diseases, edited by William and Helen Bynum. In each individual volume an expert historian or clinician tells the story of a particular disease or condition throughout history - not only in terms of growing medical understanding of its nature and cure, but also shifting social and cultural attitudes, and changes in the meaning of the name of the disease itself.
Prologue: Home Alone
Authors: Hamlin Christopher
Published: November 2023

“ ‘ I am Mary Lennox,’ the little girl said, drawing herself up stiffly …‘I fell asleep when everyone had the cholera and I have only just wakened up. Why does nobody come?’ “ No one comes because most are dead. Nine-year old Mary’s query in some unnamed south Asian cantonment in 1906 opens Frances Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden (1911). The spoiled child is vexed that her personal servant has not come— her “Ayah” has not only taken the cholera but had the audacity to die of it. So, too, have her mother and father. The servants had died or fled; “the people were dying like flies.” Cholera produced panic; “noise and hurrying about and wailing” frighten Mary. Social order breaks down: “when people had the cholera it seemed that they remembered nothing but themselves.” But cholera would also lead (as it does for Mary at Mistlethwaite Manor in North Yorkshire) to soul searching and sometimes to remarkable altruism.
Epilepsy and fertility
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

Infertility (not having a pregnancy after 2 years of regular trying) is common.

Some women with epilepsy may be less fertile than the average woman.

Women with epilepsy have more anovulatory (eggless) menstrual cycles.

Get your epilepsy and child-friendly medication sorted BEFORE infertility treatment.

Premature menopause is possibly commoner in women with epilepsy.
Introduction
Authors: Washer Peter
Published: November 2023

Previous generations of medical students were not taught clinical communication. Instead, people spoke of a doctor’s ‘bedside manner’ – a personal attribute that they were lucky enough to be born with – or not – and certainly not something that could be taught (Suchman, 2003). Now, professional development has a place in the curriculum of most, if not all, medical schools, and this usually includes clinical communication, together with medical ethics, medical sociology, and public health (Stephenson et al., 2001). This change in the medical curriculum has come about because the society in which medicine is being practised has changed, and because of a sense that the medical profession was becoming out of step with the expectations of patients. The background for this new book on clinical communication is thus the changing relationship between doctors, patients and their families, and other professionals.
skills?
Authors: Washer Peter
Published: November 2023

‘Why learn communication skills?’ might seem like a strange title for an opening chapter of a textbook for medical students on communication skills. To be a doctor you need to learn about clinical sciences (anatomy, pharmacology, etc.) as well as clinical skills, such as examination skills. A textbook on anatomy or clinical skills would not need to start with a chapter entitled ‘Why bother?’ What’s the point of learning communication skills when it’s just talking, and you can do that already? Hopefully by the end of this chapter you will see that the reason you need to learn communication skills formally as part of a medical degree is because as good as your general communication skills.
How to take a medical history
Authors: Washer Peter
Published: November 2023

Taking a medical history is a complicated business; in order to simplify it for learners, process and content are often taught separately. In medical school, you tend to learn about the process (how to do it), often using a communication model such as the Calgary– Cambridge model (Silverman et al., 2005). Then, while on clinical placements, you focus more on the content of the medical history (what you need to cover), including the history of the presenting complaint, past medical history, social history, systems review, and so on. Unfortunately, this separation of process and content is, generally speaking, bad practice because it leaves many students with the impression that they are learning two entirely different models, rather than two aspects of the same thing (Kurtz et al., 2003). It is difficult at first to remember to pay attention to both the process and content at the same time – it is a bit like that children’s game where you have to pat your head with one hand and rub your stomach with the other and then swap hands.
Talking with disabled people
Authors: Washer Peter
Published: November 2023

One of the more positive social changes over the past generation or so has been a fundamental rethink about the way that society treats disabled people. Since the 1970s, disabled people around the world have argued that changes in the law are needed to protect them from discrimination, just as there have been changes in the law in many countries to protect people from discrimination on racial and religious grounds. In many countries, this lobbying has resulted in legislation prohibiting discrimination against disabled people, for example, in the USA (The Americans with Disabilities Act 1990), in Australia (The Disability Discrimination Act 1992), and in the UK (The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and 2005), as well as elsewhere. European Human Rights legislation has also been fundamental. This type of legislation generally places a duty on all public bodies such as healthcare providers and educational institutions to provide equal access to services and opportunities.
Shared decision making and communicating risk
Authors: Washer Peter
Published: November 2023

If we reflect on the complexity of modern medicine, it is perhaps not surprising that patients often feel overwhelmed by the information that they need to process in order to decide what is best for them. Think of the range of investigations and treatments available today, and the research evidence available to support them, and compare that with what would have been available to patients even a couple of generations ago, say at the end of the Second World War. Another change in the context of contemporary medical practice is that society is ever more risk-aware and people are more risk-averse. The furore over the alleged link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination in the 1990s is one example (Bellaby, 2003). Patients also have access to a great deal more information now through the Internet, and many patients can rightly be called experts, particularly some patients with chronic medical conditions or diseases like AIDS.
Young Workers
Authors: McLynn Lucy
Published: November 2023

This chapter outlines the particular rules that apply to young workers under the Working Time Regulations 1998 (WTR). The position of children—who fall outside the WTR—is also considered.
Multiple Party Investment Dispute Resolution:Who are the Proper Parties?
Authors: Koutoglidou Alexandra
Published: November 2023

“International investment arbitration is not a sub-genre of any existing discipline. It is dramatically different from anything previously known in the international sphere.” This phrase was prophetically stated in 1995, in order to support the author’s argument that investment arbitration cannot be adequately rationalized either as a form of public international or private transnational dispute resolution. Bilateral and multilateral investment treaties, signed between sovereign states, grant foreign investors the right to pursue their claims for damages against states by directly seizing international arbitral tribunals, the awards of which are enforceable by the national courts of a large number of countries. Over twelve years later, the unique character of international investment dispute resolution seems to have been confirmed, for a number of other reasons.
Private Labels—What Drives Them Forward?
Authors: Herbert Richard
Published: November 2023

Private labels have existed for a long time, yet the significant development in their market shares is a relatively recent phenomenon. This chapter reviews the development of private labels, the sources for their success, and the possible counter strategies which may be adopted by branded manufacturers. The chapter builds on a study conducted in 2003 and 2004 by Europanel in partnership with Professor Jan-Benedict Steenkamp. The study set out to identify the reasons for the success of private labels to help branded manufacturers understand effective counter strategies. This study shows which country and category factors lie behind the size and development of private labels. It examines issues such as the impact of country culture, economic situation, and trade structure. It also looks at consumer perceptions at category level such as quality, value, trust, and marketing activity.
The Vertical/Horizontal Dichotomy in Competition Law: Some Reflections with Regard to Dual Distribution and Private Labels
Authors: Lianos* Ioannis
Published: November 2023

The vertical/horizontal distinction is an important feature of modern competition law. Undertakings are found to be in a vertical relation when they are present in different levels of the commercialization process, i.e. supply and distribution. They are found to be in a horizontal relation in situations where they produce substitutable products or services (actual or potential competitors). This chapter will first examine the genealogy of the vertical/horizontal dichotomy in the United States (US) and in European Communities (EC) competition law. It will then analyse the application of the dichotomy in situations of hybrid practices, dual distribution practices, and private labels, where the relation between the supplier and the distributor presents a vertical and a horizontal dimension. The vertical/horizontal dichotomy may find its limits in these situations. After highlighting the reasons and distinct principles that led to the formulation of these specific categories, the study will delve into the utility of the vertical/ horizontal dichotomy and will suggest alternative interpretations of these categories which are both analytically rigorous and consistent with the objectives of EC competition law.
Hong Kong
Authors: Laidler Karen Joe
Published: November 2023

From atop Victoria Peak, busloads of Chinese tourists from the mainland peer down on Hong Kong’s hazy sunset and skyline, greyed by the winds of Southern China’s industrial pollution. Before them, they bare witness to Deng’s call—’to get rich is glorious’—and take in the monumental office skyscrapers, shopping malls, and story luxury apartment complexes. The first location mainland tourists zoom in on is the impressive Central District, the financial and political heart of the city. Here numerous mirror-windowed skyscrapers vie for recognition.