bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overcoming fundamental limitations of wind turbine individual blade pitch control with inflow sensors
Authors: Jones B. Ll. , Lio W. H. , Rossiter J. A.
Published: May 2018

Individual pitch control (IPC) provides an important means of attenuating harmful fatigue and extreme loads upon the load bearing structures of a wind turbine. Conventional IPC architectures determine the additional pitch demand signals required for load mitigation in response to measurements of the flap‐wise blade‐root bending moments. However, the performance of such architectures is fundamentally limited by bandwidth constraints imposed by the blade dynamics. Seeking to overcome this problem, we present a simple solution based upon a local blade inflow measurement on each blade. Importantly, this extra measurement enables the implementation of an additional cascaded feedback controller that overcomes the existing IPC performance limitation and hence yields significantly improved load reductions. Numerical demonstration upon a high‐fidelity and nonlinear wind turbine model reveals (1) 60% reduction in the amplitude of the dominant 1P fatigue loads and (2) 59% reduction in the amplitude of extreme wind shear‐induced blade loads, compared with a conventional IPC controller with the same robust stability margin. This paper therefore represents a significant alternative to wind turbine IPC load mitigation as compared with light detection and ranging‐based feedforward control approaches.
X‐radiography of cultural heritage materials using handheld XRF spectrometers
Authors: Chen Jiuan Jiuan , Shugar Aaron , Jehle Ashley
Published: May 2018

This study investigated the feasibility, repeatability, and limitations of using handheld X‐ray fluorescence spectrometers to perform radiography with thorough safety measures. Radiography is a well‐established nondestructive technique commonly used in the field of cultural heritage preservation but not easily accessible to many. Equipped with X‐ray generating tubes, handheld spectrometers could potentially assist performing radiographic tasks off‐site due to their portability and increasing availability. These spectrometers are designed to work at close range within a limited voltage range and wattage, so the exposure settings should be modified for the spectrometers to generate big enough X‐ray beams to irradiate the artifacts and enough radiation to penetrate through them to produce useful radiographs. Using a Bruker Tracer 5i, the effective beam spread angle, which was computed from several test shots, was used to determine the constant relation between the area of irradiation and the X‐ray source to image‐receptor distance. Based on inverse square law and the total wattage limitation of the spectrometer, current and exposure time were recalculated to produce informative radiographs. Because of the limitations of the tested spectrometer, this method is best applicable to an area smaller than 9 cm, with the scanning distance shorter than half a meter. The spectrometer cannot be used to radiograph materials that require higher voltage than it can produce.
Husbandry of wild‐caught song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)
Authors: Smith Lori , Hallager Sara , Kendrick Erin , Hope Katharine , Danner Raymond M.
Published: May 2018

Conservation and research efforts occasionally rely upon bringing wild animals into human care to establish breeding programs and to understand their biology. Wild‐caught birds may have husbandry requirements that differ from captive‐reared animals due, in part, to their social development in the wild and potential exposure to novel pathogens. We developed husbandry techniques to minimize stress and monitor health in a population of wild‐caught song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). We describe enclosure conditions, diet and enrichment, and best practices for stress reduction. In addition, we describe several health monitoring strategies, including assessing feces quality, body condition scores, and specific signs of infection. These techniques led to successful housing of song sparrows during formal behavioral and developmental studies. This information will be useful for guiding the husbandry of wild‐caught passerine birds in the future.
Genetic diversity and sex ratio of naked mole rat, Heterocephalus glaber, zoo populations
Authors: Chau Linh M. , Groh Amy M. , Anderson Emily C. , Alcala Micaela O. , Mendelson Joseph R. , Slade Stephanie B. , Kerns Kenton , Sarro Steve , Lusardi Clinton , Goodisman Michael A. D.
Published: May 2018

The naked mole rat, Heterocephalus glaber, is a highly unusual mammal that displays a complex social system similar to that found in eusocial insects. Colonies of H. glaber are commonly maintained in zoo collections because they represent fascinating educational exhibits for the public. However, little is known about the genetic structure or sex ratio of captive populations of H. glaber. In this study, we developed a set of microsatellite markers to examine genetic variation in three captive zoo populations of H. glaber. We also studied sex ratio of these captive populations. Our goal was to determine levels of genetic variation within, and genetic differences between, captive populations of H. glaber. Overall, we found modest levels of genetic variation in zoo populations. We also uncovered little evidence for inbreeding within the captive populations. However, zoo populations did differ genetically, which may reflect the isolation of captive naked mole rat colonies. Finally, we found no evidence of biased sex ratios within colonies. Overall, our study documents levels of genetic variation and sex ratios in a captive eusocial mammalian population. Our results may provide insight into how to manage captive populations of H. glaber.
Phase diagram of q-deformed Yang-Mills theory on S2 at non-zero θ-angle
Authors: Okuyama Kazumi
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We study the phase diagram of q-deformed Yang-Mills theory on S
2 at non-zero θ-angle using the exact partition function at finite N . By evaluating the exact partition function numerically, we find evidence for the existence of a series of phase transitions at non-zero θ-angle as conjectured in [hep-th/0509004].
Testing the criterion for correct convergence in the complex Langevin method
Authors: Nagata Keitaro , Nishimura Jun , Shimasaki Shinji
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Recently the complex Langevin method (CLM) has been attracting attention as a solution to the sign problem, which occurs in Monte Carlo calculations when the effective Boltzmann weight is not real positive. An undesirable feature of the method, however, was that it can happen in some parameter regions that the method yields wrong results even if the Langevin process reaches equilibrium without any problem. In our previous work, we proposed a practical criterion for correct convergence based on the probability distribution of the drift term that appears in the complex Langevin equation. Here we demonstrate the usefulness of this criterion in two solvable theories with many dynamical degrees of freedom, i.e., two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory with a complex coupling constant and the chiral Random Matrix Theory for finite density QCD, which were studied by the CLM before. Our criterion can indeed tell the parameter regions in which the CLM gives correct results.
Conformal field theories and compact curves in moduli spaces
Authors: Donagi Ron , Morrison David R.
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We show that there are many compact subsets of the moduli space M

g
of Riemann surfaces of genus g that do not intersect any symmetry locus. This has interesting implications for

$$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$

N
=
2

supersymmetric conformal field theories in four dimensions.
Romans supergravity from five-dimensional holograms
Authors: Chang Chi-Ming , Fluder Martin , Lin Ying-Hsuan , Wang Yifan
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We study five-dimensional superconformal field theories and their holographic dual, matter-coupled Romans supergravity. On the one hand, some recently derived formulae allow us to extract the central charges from deformations of the supersymmetric five-sphere partition function, whose large N expansion can be computed using matrix model techniques. On the other hand, the conformal and flavor central charges can be extracted from the six-dimensional supergravity action, by carefully analyzing its embedding into type I’ string theory. The results match on the two sides of the holographic duality. Our results also provide analytic evidence for the symmetry enhancement in five-dimensional superconformal field theories.
Wess-Zumino and super Yang-Mills theories in D=4 integral superspace
Authors: Castellani L. , Catenacci R. , Grassi P.A.
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We reconstruct the action of N = 1, D = 4 Wess-Zumino and N = 1, 2, D = 4 super-Yang-Mills theories, using integral top forms on the supermanifold

$$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{M}}}^{\left(\left.4\right|4\right)} $$

ℳ

4

4

. Choosing different Picture Changing Operators, we show the equivalence of their rheonomic and superspace actions. The corresponding supergeometry and integration theory are discussed in detail. This formalism is an efficient tool for building supersymmetric models in a geometrical framework.
Asymptotic symmetries in p-form theories
Authors: Afshar Hamid , Esmaeili Erfan , Sheikh-Jabbari M. M.
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We consider (p + 1)-form gauge fields in flat (2p + 4)-dimensions for which radiation and Coulomb solutions have the same asymptotic fall-off behavior. Imposing appropriate fall-off behavior on fields and adopting a Maxwell-type action, we construct the boundary term which renders the action principle well-defined in the Lorenz gauge. We then compute conserved surface charges and the corresponding asymptotic charge algebra associated with nontrivial gauge transformations. We show that for p ≥ 1, there are three sets of conserved asymptotic charges associated with exact, coexact and zero-mode parts of the corresponding p-form gauge transformations on the asymptotic S
2p+2. The coexact and zero-mode charges are higher form extensions of the four dimensional electrodynamics (p = 0), and are commuting. Charges associated with exact gauge transformations have no counterparts in four dimensions and form infinite copies of Heisenberg algebras. We briefly discuss physical implications of these charges and their algebra.
Correction to: Boundedness of spectral multipliers of generalized Laplacians on compact manifolds with boundary
Authors: Mukherjee Mayukh
Published: May 2018

In the original publication, the corresponding author’s affiliation was missed to include the ‘Max Planck’ institution details.
Exploiting investor sentiment for portfolio optimization
Authors: Banholzer N. , Heiden S. , Schneller D.
Published: May 2018

The information contained in investor sentiment has up to now hardly been used for portfolio optimization, although theoretical works demonstrate that it should not be neglected and it has already been shown to contain exploitable information on future returns and volatility. Employing the approach of Copula Opinion Pooling, we explore how sentiment information regarding international stock markets can be directly incorporated into the portfolio optimization procedure. We subsequently show that sentiment information can be exploited by a trading strategy that takes into account a medium-term reversal effect of sentiment on returns. This sentiment-based strategy outperforms several benchmark strategies in terms of different performance and downside risk measures. More importantly, the results remain robust to changes in the parameter specification.
Japanese and North American Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative studies: Harmonization for international trials
Authors: Iwatsubo Takeshi , Iwata Atsushi , Suzuki Kazushi , Ihara Ryoko , Arai Hiroyuki , Ishii Kenji , Senda Michio , Ito Kengo , Ikeuchi Takeshi , Kuwano Ryozo , Matsuda Hiroshi ,   Japanese Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Sun Chung‐Kai , Beckett Laurel A. , Petersen Ronald C. , Weiner Michael W. , Aisen Paul S. , Donohue Michael C. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2018

Introduction

We conducted Japanese Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (J‐ADNI) and compared the basic characteristics and progression profiles with those of ADNI in North America.

Methods

A total of 537 Japanese subjects with normal cognition, late amnestic mild cognitive impairment (LMCI), or mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) were enrolled using the same criteria as ADNI. Rates of changes in representative cognitive or functional measures were compared for amyloid positron emission tomography‐ or cerebrospinal fluid amyloid β(1–42)‐positive LMCI and mild AD between J‐ADNI and ADNI.

Results

Amyloid positivity rates were significantly higher in normal cognition of ADNI but at similar levels in LMCI and mild AD between J‐ADNI and ADNI. Profiles of decline in cognitive or functional measures in amyloid‐positive LMCI in J‐ADNI (n = 75) and ADNI (n = 269) were remarkably similar, whereas those in mild AD were milder in J‐ADNI (n = 73) compared with ADNI (n = 230).

Discussion

These results support the feasibility of bridging of clinical trials in the prodromal stage of AD between Asia and western countries.
Prevalence and Predictors of Sexual Problems Among Midlife Canadian Adults: Results from a National Survey
Authors: Quinn-Nilas Christopher , Milhausen Robin R. , McKay Alexander , Holzapfel Stephen
Published: May 2018

Background

Sexual problems are common among midlife men and women, and studies have identified a range of demographic, health, and relational correlates. Research on prevalence of these sexual problems within Canada is sparse and is warranted given the unique context related to provision of health care services in contrast to other countries.

Aim

We investigated sexual problems (women’s low desire, orgasm difficulties, and vaginal pain, as well as men’s low desire, erection difficulties, and ejaculation difficulties) and their correlates among a large sample of Canadian men and women aged 40–59 years.

Methods

A national sample of Canadians was recruited (N = 2,400). Prevalence statistics for the sexual problems, and odds ratios for correlates were computed using logistic regression to identify demographic, health, and behavioral correlates of men’ and women’s sexual problems.

Outcomes

Self-reported experiences in the last 6-months of low desire, vaginal dryness, vaginal pain, and orgasm difficulties for women, and low desire, erectile difficulties, and ejaculation problems for men.

Results

Sexual problems were relatively common; low desire was the most common sexual problem, particularly for women, with 40% reporting low sexual desire in the last 6 months. Women who were post-menopausal were much more likely to report low desire, vaginal pain, and vaginal dryness. Low desire and erectile difficulties for men, and low desire and orgasm difficulties for women were significant predictors of overall happiness with sexual life.

Clinical Translation

Given the prevalence and impact of sexual problems indicated in our study, physicians are encouraged to routinely assess for and treat these concerns.

Conclusions

Strengths include a national sample of an understudied demographic category, midlife adults, and items consistent with other national studies of sexual problems. Causal or directional associations cannot be determined with these cross-sectional data. Results are largely consistent with previous national samples in the United States and the United Kingdom. Sexual problems are common among Canadian men and women, with many being associated with self-reported sexual happiness.
Changing the way we manufacture – AM in technical ceramics
Authors: Levi Haim
Published: May 2018

The way humans have manufactured goods has changed significantly throughout history. Since the dawn of industrial society over 200 years ago, three industrial revolutions have taken man from animal power to mechanized production, mass production and into the digital age. Now, a fourth technological revolution is creating a further shift in the way we think about manufacturing. As we progress from a society of mass production to mass customization, additive manufacturing (AM) technology is contributing greatly to this trend. Haim Levi, VP Manufacturing and Defense markets at XJet Ltd., looks at why this ground-breaking technology is gaining traction in technical ceramics.
THE STUDY OF SUSTAINED COLONIALISM: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE KASHAYA POMO HOMELAND IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Lightfoot Kent G. , Gonzalez Sara L.
Published: May 2018

This article advocates for archaeological investigation of sustained colonialism that examines the implications of Native American negotiations with multiple waves of foreigners over the course of many decades, if not centuries. The study of native confrontations with successive groups of intruders, who often represented a diverse range of colonial programs and interests, involves analyses of not only indigenous encounters with first-wave colonists but also their entanglements with later colonists, particularly settler colonists. This will provide the necessary diachronic approach to consider the cumulative effects and implications of multiple colonial intrusions on specific tribes and how tribal negotiations with earlier colonial enterprises may have influenced and shaped their responses to later settler colonists. This article presents a case study of one such approach for the study of sustained colonialism that examines native entanglements with mercantile and settler colonists in northern California.
Adapting neuroeconomics for environmental and energy policy
Authors: SAWE NIK
Published: May 2018

Neuroimaging methods provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying the decision process, characterizing choice at the individual level and, in a growing number of contexts, predicting national- and market-level behavior. This dual capacity to examine heterogeneity while forecasting aggregate choice is particularly beneficial to those studying environmental decision-making. To effectively reduce residential energy usage and foster other pro-environmental behaviors, policy-makers must understand the effects of information frames and behavioral nudges across individuals who hold a diverse array of attitudes toward the environment and face a broad range of barriers to action. This paper articulates the potential of neuroeconomic methods to aid environmental policy-makers interested in behavior change, especially those interested in closing the energy efficiency gap. Investigation into the roles of affect, eco-labeling and social norms will be discussed, as well as personal identity and climate change beliefs. Combining neuroimaging with behavioral economics experiments can inform the development of effective messaging, characterize the influence of individual differences on the decision process and aid in forecasting the efficacy of policy interventions at scale.
An Outbreak of Streptococcus pyogenes in a Mental Health Facility: Advantage of Well-Timed Whole-Genome Sequencing Over emm Typing
Authors: Bergin Sarah M. , Periaswamy Balamurugan , Barkham Timothy , Chua Hong Choon , Mok Yee Ming , Fung Daniel Shuen Sheng , Su Alex Hsin Chuan , Lee Yen Ling , Chua Ming Lai Ivan , Ng Poh Yong , Soon Wei Jia Wendy , Chu Collins Wenhan , Tan Siyun Lucinda , Meehan Mary , Ang Brenda Sze Peng , Leo Yee Sin , Holden Matthew T. G. , De Partha , Hsu Li Yang , Chen Swaine L. , de Sessions Paola Florez , Marimuthu Kalisvar
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVE

We report the utility of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) conducted in a clinically relevant time frame (ie, sufficient for guiding management decision), in managing a Streptococcus pyogenes outbreak, and present a comparison of its performance with emm typing.

SETTING

A 2,000-bed tertiary-care psychiatric hospital.

METHODS

Active surveillance was conducted to identify new cases of S. pyogenes. WGS guided targeted epidemiological investigations, and infection control measures were implemented. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)–based genome phylogeny, emm typing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed. We compared the ability of WGS and emm typing to correctly identify person-to-person transmission and to guide the management of the outbreak.

RESULTS

The study included 204 patients and 152 staff. We identified 35 patients and 2 staff members with S. pyogenes. WGS revealed polyclonal S. pyogenes infections with 3 genetically distinct phylogenetic clusters (C1–C3). Cluster C1 isolates were all emm type 4, sequence type 915 and had pairwise SNP differences of 0–5, which suggested recent person-to-person transmissions. Epidemiological investigation revealed that cluster C1 was mediated by dermal colonization and transmission of S. pyogenes in a male residential ward. Clusters C2 and C3 were genomically diverse, with pairwise SNP differences of 21–45 and 26–58, and emm 11 and mostly emm120, respectively. Clusters C2 and C3, which may have been considered person-to-person transmissions by emm typing, were shown by WGS to be unlikely by integrating pairwise SNP differences with epidemiology.

CONCLUSIONS

WGS had higher resolution than emm typing in identifying clusters with recent and ongoing person-to-person transmissions, which allowed implementation of targeted intervention to control the outbreak.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;852–860
A second-order continuum theory of fluids
Authors: Paolucci S. , Paolucci C.
Published: May 2018

We use continuum conservation equations in conjunction with the entropy inequality to obtain a theoretical model that is accurate for hypersonic flows. This is accomplished by extending the constitutive equations to second order in strain rate and gradients of density and temperature. The accuracy of the extended theory is demonstrated by computing the shock structure in argon and nitrogen gases over a large range of Mach numbers. The solutions indicate that our constitutive equations are more accurate than the classical linear ones and are also more robust and accurate than equations obtained through expansions of the Boltzmann equation or equations arising from diffusion of volume arguments.
Magistrates without Pedigree: TheConsules Suffectiof the Triumviral Age
Authors: Pina Polo Francisco
Published: May 2018

The use of the suffect consulship began to change with Caesar in 45b.c., after a number of decades in which no suffect consul had been elected. The office altered dramatically during the triumviral period. The triumvirs openly made use of the suffect consulship as a means of rewarding loyalty. Many of the suffect consuls, who were no longer elected by the people, but designated in advance by the triumvirs, werehomines noviwho belonged to previously unknown and insignificant Roman or Italian families. Increasing the number of consuls each year eliminatedde factothe traditional annuality of the office and reduced its authority. The implicit consequence of these actions was a gradual devaluation of the consulship. The suffect consulship was therefore a powerful tool in the hands of the triumvirs for strengthening their political position, weakening the old aristocracy and giving birth to a new elite based more firmly on personal loyalties.
A New Cycle Slip Detection and Repair Method for Single-Frequency GNSS Data
Authors: Chen Qusen , Chen Hua , Jiang Weiping , Zhou Xiaohui , Yuan Peng
Published: May 2018

Cycle slip detection for single frequency Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data is currently mainly based on measurement modelling or prediction, which cannot be effectively performed for kinematic applications and it is difficult to detect or repair small cycle slips such as half-cycle slips. In this paper, a new method that is based on the total differential of ambiguity and Least-Squares Adjustment (LSA) for cycle slip detection and repair is introduced and validated. This method utilises only carrier-phase observations to build an ambiguity function. LSA is then conducted for detecting and repairing cycle slips, where the coordinate and cycle slips are obtained successively. The performance of this method is assessed through processing short and long baselines in static and kinematic modes and the impact of linearization and atmospheric errors are analysed at the same time under a controlled variable method. The results indicate this method is very effective and reliable in detecting and repairing multiple cycle slips, especially small cycle slips.
Implementation issues of parallel shape grammars
Authors: Stouffs Rudi
Published: May 2018

Shape grammars come in a variety of forms. Algebras of shapes have been defined for spatial elements of different kinds, as well as for shapes augmented with varying attributes, allowing for grammar forms to be expressed in terms of a direct product of basic algebras. This algebraic approach is extended here to the algebraic derivation of combinations of basic shape algebras with attribute algebras. This algebraic abstraction at the same time serves as a procedural abstraction, giving insights into the modular implementation of a general shape grammar interpreter for different grammar forms. In addition, we consider practical limitations on algebraic compositions of basic shape algebras with attribute algebras and identify a complication with respect to solving the matching problem for parallel and compound shape grammars, suggesting a way to address this complication.
A whole-grammar implementation of shape grammars for designers
Authors: Li Andrew I-kang
Published: May 2018

I present an implementation of shape grammars that is aimed at supporting designers. It has two parts: a grammar editor and a stand-alone interpreter. The editor is the modeling application Rhinoceros3d using Python scripts. The interpreter is general, is three-dimensional, and supports subshape detection. A grammar is a Rhinoceros3d model; thus users can manipulate all its parts directly and immediately. That is, they can modify any shape without selecting or invoking an editor, and they can lay out the parts of the grammar in any way they find meaningful. Using this approach, which I call a whole-grammar approach, users are shielded from most subdomain tasks, like typing text files or specifying transformations. Informal observations suggest that users of this implementation can work effectively.
From shapes to topologies and back: an introduction to a general parametric shape grammar interpreter
Authors: Grasl Thomas , Economou Athanassios
Published: May 2018

The shape grammar formalism has been discussed theoretically extensively. Recently there has been increased activity in implementing shape grammar interpreters, yet there is a lack of implementations that support parametric rules and emergence. Here the structure of a general parametric shape grammar interpreter is discussed in detail. The interpreter is based on graph grammars. It supports emergence, parametric rules, and numerous types of geometric objects. The shape grammar engine, an agent-based rule selection system and several implementations based on the engine are discussed.
AI EDAM special issue: advances in implemented shape grammars: solutions and applications
Authors: Eloy Sara , Pauwels Pieter , Economou Athanassios
Published: May 2018

This paper introduces the special issue “Advances in Implemented Shape Grammars: Solutions and Applications” and frames the topic of computer implementations of shape grammars, both with a theoretical and an applied focus. This special issue focuses on the current state of the art regarding computer implementations of shape grammars and brings a discussion about how those systems can evolve in the coming years so that they can be used in real life design scenarios. This paper presents a brief state of the art of shape grammars implementation and an overview of the papers included in the current special issue categorized under technical design, interpreters and interface design, and uses cases. The paper ends with a comprehensive outlook into the future of shape grammars implementations.
Risk factors for sporadic Giardia infection in the USA: a case-control study in Colorado and Minnesota
Authors: Reses H. E. , Gargano J. W. , Liang J. L. , Cronquist A. , Smith K. , Collier S. A. , Roy S. L. , Vanden Eng J. , Bogard A. , Lee B. , Hlavsa M. C. , Rosenberg E. S. , Fullerton K. E. , Beach M. J. , Yoder J. S.
Published: May 2018

Giardia duodenalis is the most common intestinal parasite of humans in the USA, but the risk factors for sporadic (non-outbreak) giardiasis are not well described. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Colorado and Minnesota public health departments conducted a case-control study to assess risk factors for sporadic giardiasis in the USA. Cases (N = 199) were patients with non-outbreak-associated laboratory-confirmed Giardia infection in Colorado and Minnesota, and controls (N = 381) were matched by age and site. Identified risk factors included international travel (aOR = 13.9; 95% CI 4.9–39.8), drinking water from a river, lake, stream, or spring (aOR = 6.5; 95% CI 2.0–20.6), swimming in a natural body of water (aOR = 3.3; 95% CI 1.5–7.0), male–male sexual behaviour (aOR = 45.7; 95% CI 5.8–362.0), having contact with children in diapers (aOR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.01–2.6), taking antibiotics (aOR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.2–5.0) and having a chronic gastrointestinal condition (aOR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.1–3.0). Eating raw produce was inversely associated with infection (aOR = 0.2; 95% CI 0.1–0.7). Our results highlight the diversity of risk factors for sporadic giardiasis and the importance of non-international-travel-associated risk factors, particularly those involving person-to-person transmission. Prevention measures should focus on reducing risks associated with diaper handling, sexual contact, swimming in untreated water, and drinking untreated water.
Risk factors for veterinary hospital environmental contamination withSalmonella enterica
Authors: Burgess B. A. , Morley P. S.
Published: May 2018

Healthcare-associated infections in veterinary hospitals are commonly attributed toSalmonella enterica, particularly in large animal facilities, and are characteristically associated with widespread environmental contamination. The objective of this study was to investigate factors influencing the likelihood of identifying environmental contamination of a veterinary hospital withS. enterica, while exploring different analytic methods to model complex factors that may influence this ecology. Environmental surveillance samples were collected in a large veterinary hospital as part of a long-term infection control programme. Data were collected retrospectively from the electronic medical records database. Many easily measured variables were complex in nature (i.e., they represented variance that is unmeasured or unidentified as a specific factor) necessitating the use of alternative analytic methods (variable cluster and principal components analyses) to provide perspective regarding the complex data structure and latent factors that may be contributing to this ecology. Subsequently, multivariable logistic regression was performed using generalised estimating equations. Results suggest the probability of detectingSalmonellain the environment increased as demand on personnel increased (e.g., in a busy hospital). Veterinary personnel need to remain vigilant in implementing practices that we believe empirically will mitigate risk for widespread environmental contamination and sustained transmission among patients (i.e., rigorous hygiene for personnel and the environment).
Selected B vitamins and their possible link to the aetiology of age-related sarcopenia: relevance of UK dietary recommendations
Authors: Aytekin N. , Mileva K. N. , Cunliffe A. D.
Published: May 2018

The possible roles of selected B vitamins in the development and progression of sarcopenia are reviewed. Age-related declines in muscle mass and function are associated with huge and increasing costs to healthcare providers. Falls and loss of mobility and independence due to declining muscle mass/function are associated with poor clinical outcomes and their prevention and management are attractive research targets. Nutritional status appears a key modifiable and affordable intervention. There is emerging evidence of sarcopenia being the result not only of diminished anabolic activity but also of declining neurological integrity in older age, which is emerging as an important aspect of the development of age-related decline in muscle mass/function. In this connection, several B vitamins can be viewed as not only cofactors in muscle synthetic processes, but also as neurotrophic agents with involvements in both bioenergetic and trophic pathways. The B vitamins thus selected are examined with respect to their relevance to multiple aspects of neuromuscular function and evidence is considered that requirements, intakes or absorption may be altered in the elderly. In addition, the evidence base for recommended intakes (UK recommended daily allowance) is examined with particular reference to original datasets and their relevance to older individuals. It is possible that inconsistencies in the literature with respect to the nutritional management of sarcopenia may, in part at least, be the result of compromised micronutrient status in some study participants. It is suggested that in order, for example, for intervention with amino acids to be successful, underlying micronutrient deficiencies must first be addressed/eliminated.
THE EARLY GREAT DEBATE: A COMMENT ON IBN AL-HAYTHAM‘S WORK ON THE LOCATION OF THE MILKY WAY WITH RESPECT TO THE EARTH
Authors: Eckart Andreas
Published: May 2018

At the very beginning of the last millennium Ibn al-Haytham greatly contributed to the investigation of the Milky Way. Here, the only three currently known versions of his work on the location of the Milky Way are compared to each other and discussed. A comparison of the texts and an early translation into German by E. Wiedemann in 1906 reveals several differences that triggered a new critical translation of the passed down text. We give detailed comments on the work and check the validity of Ibn al-Haytham's arguments. We also discuss his work in the framework of the ‘Great Debate’ on the Milky Way that took place around 1920, more than a decade after Wiedemann's translation. We find that Ibn al-Haytham's work is certainly at the peak of the unaided-eye era of the Milky Way's discovery. Through his own argumentation and in comparison to Ptolemy's observations Ibn al-Haytham clearly identifies the Galaxy as an extraterrestrial body that is not part of the atmosphere but much further away than the Moon. With some of his statements on the stellar positions passed down by Ptolemy, Ibn al-Haytham also anticipates the concept of stellar proper motions.
A (5,5)-Colouring of Kn with Few Colours
Authors: CAMERON ALEX , HEATH EMILY
Published: May 2018

For fixed integers p and q, let f(n,p,q) denote the minimum number of colours needed to colour all of the edges of the complete graph Kn such that no clique of p vertices spans fewer than q distinct colours. Any edge-colouring with this property is known as a (p,q)-colouring. We construct an explicit (5,5)-colouring that shows that f(n,5,5) ≤ n1/3 + o(1) as n → ∞. This improves upon the best known probabilistic upper bound of O(n1/2) given by Erdős and Gyárfás, and comes close to matching the best known lower bound Ω(n1/3).
Embryonic Politics: Attitudes about Abortion, Stem Cell Research, and IVF
Authors: Silber Mohamed Heather
Published: May 2018

Efforts by anti-abortion advocates to introduce “personhood” initiatives, which state that human life begins at fertilization, have prompted concern among infertility specialists that these initiatives would hinder access to in vitro fertilization (IVF). Yet, our understanding of public opinion about IVF is limited. It remains unclear whether attitudes about this technology are consistent with opinions about other issues related to human embryos, particularly abortion and embryonic stem cell (ESC) research. Using data from a nationally representative survey, I fill this gap by exploring the role that religion plays in shaping attitudes about a range of embryonic politics issues. I find that religiosity, income, and ideology strongly influence whether individuals view these issues in moral terms. Respondents who are most devout and Evangelical Protestants are most likely to consistently oppose all three embryonic politics issues. Yet, the relationship between religion and attitudes about the morality of each procedure is also influenced by the procedure's outcome, with religion most influential with respect to abortion attitudes and least influential in the case of IVF. Additionally, women are less likely than men to describe IVF as morally wrong, while, in comparison to non-Hispanic whites, Latino respondents are more likely to do so.

Replication Data. Replication data is publicly available on the website of the Pew Research Center Religion and Public Life Project.
Thermoremanent Behavior in Synthetic Samples Containing Natural Oxyexsolved Titanomagnetite
Authors: Hodgson Emma , Grappone J. Michael , Biggin Andrew J. , Hill Mimi J. , Dekkers Mark J.
Published: May 2018

Understanding Earth's geodynamo provides us a window into the evolution of the Earth's core, which requires accurate data about how its strength varies with time. Classic Thellier‐style paleointensity experiments assume that studied specimens contain only noninteracting single‐domain (SD) magnetic particles. Interacting grains commonly occur in volcanic rocks but are generally assumed to behave like equivalently sized SD grains. Multidomain (MD) grains can cause erroneous PI estimates or cause Thellier‐style experiments to fail entirely. Synthetic specimens containing naturally formed magnetite with MD grains and oxyexsolved titanomagnetite (closely packed SD grains) were subjected to various partial thermoremanent magnetization (pTRM) experiments, which tested nonideal behavior as a function of pTRM acquisition and loss inequality, thermal history, and repeated heating steps. For all grain sizes and domain states, pTRMc (heating and cooling in a nonzero field) gives larger values, compared to pTRMb (heating in a zero field and cooling in a nonzero field), by ∼5.5%. Oxyexsolved grains appear prone to the same concave‐up, nonideal Arai plots commonly observed in MD specimens, which also has potential implications for the multiple‐specimen, domain‐state corrected protocol. Repeated heatings cause additive deviations from ideality with relatively small impacts on Arai plot curvature for both grain types. Experiments with higher initial demagnetization temperatures had lower curvatures, with the most SD‐like behavior occurring in the uppermost 20
C of the (un)blocking temperature range. Samples containing mixtures of magnetic domain sizes are likely to behave less ideally at lower temperatures but become more ideal with increasing temperature as the nonideal grains unblock.
Thermodynamic and Elastic Properties of Magnesite at Mantle Conditions: First‐Principles Calculations
Authors: Yao Chao , Wu Zhongqing , Zou Fan , Sun Weidong
Published: May 2018

Magnesite (MgCO3) is a likely main host of carbonates in the mantle and plays an important role in the transport and storage of carbon in the Earth's mantle. Its physical properties at high pressure and high temperature (PT) are crucial for understanding the deep carbon cycle. Here we investigated thermodynamic and elastic properties of magnesite under the mantle PT conditions using first‐principles calculations with local density approximation (LDA). Magnesite has the seismic velocities close to those of forsterite. The effect of the magnesite on seismic velocity of the carbonated peridotite and eclogite is subtle in the upper mantle. However, magnesite has much smaller seismic velocities and far larger elastic anisotropy than major minerals in the transition zone and lower mantle. The enrichment of magnesite in the transition zone and lower mantle will likely produce seismically detectable low‐velocity zone and velocity anisotropy.
The First Fermi‐GBM Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash Catalog
Authors: Roberts O. J. , Fitzpatrick G. , Stanbro M. , McBreen S. , Briggs M. S. , Holzworth R. H. , Grove J. E. , Chekhtman A. , Cramer E. S. , Mailyan B. G.
Published: May 2018

We present the first Fermi Space Telescope Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) catalog of 4,144 terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs), detected since launch in 11 July 2008 through 31 July 2016. We discuss the updates and improvements to the triggered data and off‐line search algorithms, comparing this improved detection rate of ∼800 TGFs per year with event rates from previously published TGF catalogs from other missions. A Bayesian block algorithm calculated the temporal and spectral properties of the TGFs, revealing a delay between the hard (>300 keV) and soft (≤300 keV) photons of around 27 μs. Detector count rates of “low‐fluence” events were found to have average rates exceeding 150 kHz. Searching the World‐Wide Lightning Location Network data for radio sferics within ±5 min of each TGF revealed a clean sample of 1,314 World‐Wide Lightning Location Network locations, which were used to to accurately locate TGF‐producing storms. It also revealed lightning and storm activity for specific regions, as well as seasonal and daily variations of global lightning patterns. Correcting for the orbit of Fermi, we quantitatively find a marginal excess of TGFs being produced from storms over land near oceans (i.e., narrow isthmuses and small islands). No difference was observed between the duration of TGFs over the ocean and land. The distribution of TGFs at a given local solar time for predefined American, Asian, and African regions were confirmed to correlate well with known regional lightning rates.
Comments on “Long‐Term Variations of Exospheric Temperature Inferred From foF1 Observations: A Comparison to ISR Ti Trend Estimates” by Perrone and Mikhailov
Authors: Zhang Shun‐Rong , Holt John M. , Erickson Philip J. , Goncharenko Larisa P.
Published: May 2018

Perrone and Mikhailov (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024193) and Mikhailov et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA023909) have recently examined thermospheric and ionospheric long‐term trends using a data set of four thermospheric parameters (Tex, [O], [N2], and [O2]) and solar EUV flux. These data were derived from one single ionospheric parameter, foF1, using a nonlinear fitting procedure involving a photochemical model for the F1 peak. The F1 peak is assumed at the transition height ht with the linear recombination for atomic oxygen ions being equal to the quadratic recombination for molecular ions. This procedure has a number of obvious problems that are not addressed or not sufficiently justified. The potentially large ambiguities and biases in derived parameters make them unsuitable for precise quantitative ionospheric and thermospheric long‐term trend studies. Furthermore, we assert that Perrone and Mikhailov (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024193) conclusions regarding incoherent scatter radar (ISR) ion temperature analysis for long‐term trend studies are incorrect and in particular are based on a misunderstanding of the nature of the incoherent scatter radar measurement process. Large ISR data sets remain a consistent and statistically robust method for determining long term secular plasma temperature trends.
Survey of Ionospheric Pc3‐5 ULF Wave Signatures in SuperDARN High Time Resolution Data
Authors: Shi X. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Baker J. B. H. , Lin D. , Bland E. C. , Hartinger M. D. , Scales W. A.
Published: May 2018

Ionospheric signatures of ultralow frequency (ULF) wave in the Pc3‐5 band (1.7–40.0 mHz) were surveyed using ∼6‐s resolution data from Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars in the Northern Hemisphere from 2010 to 2016. Numerical experiments were conducted to derive wave period‐dependent thresholds for automated detection of ULF waves using the Lomb‐Scargle periodogram technique. The spatial occurrence distribution, frequency characteristics, seasonal effects, solar wind condition, and geomagnetic activity level dependence have been studied. Pc5 wave events were found to dominate at high and polar latitudes with a most probable frequency of 2.08 ± 0.07 mHz, while Pc3‐4 waves were relatively more common at midlatitudes on the nightside with a most probable frequency of 11.39 ± 0.14 mHz. At high latitudes, the occurrence rate of Pc4‐5 waves maximizes in the dusk sector and during winter. These events tend to occur during low geomagnetic activity and northward interplanetary magnetic field. For the category of radially bounded but longitudinally extended Pc4 events in the duskside ionosphere, an internal driving source is suggested. At midlatitudes, the poloidal Pc3‐4 occurrence rate maximizes premidnight and during equinox. This tendency becomes more prominent with increasing auroral electrojet (AE) index and during southward interplanetary magnetic field, which suggests that many of these events are Pi2 and Pc3‐4 pulsations associated with magnetotail dynamics during active geomagnetic intervals. The overall occurrence rate of Pc3‐5 wave events is lowest in summer, which suggests that the ionospheric conductivity plays a role in controlling ULF wave occurrence.
Core Complex Segmentation in North Aegean, A Dynamic View
Authors: Brun Jean‐Pierre , Sokoutis Dimitrios
Published: May 2018

The core complexes of the North Aegean result from the gravity spreading of a thrust wedge, driven by the Hellenic slab rollback, since middle Eocene. The development of the Southern Rhodope Core Complex occurred in two stages: (i) core complex exhumation accommodated by the Kerdylion detachment and (ii) steep normal faulting controlling the deposition of Neogene sedimentary basins that segmented the core complex. Both stages have been controlled by a clockwise rotation of the detachment hanging wall. The bulk amount of extension along the Aegean coastline in Northern Greece reached 120 km. The transition between the two stages occurred in middle Miocene due to an increase in extensional displacement by a factor 5. This transition between two different modes of extension, from localized detachment (i.e., core complex mode) to distributed steep normal faulting (i.e., wide rift mode), occurred at Aegean scale as a result of an acceleration of slab rollback. The Neogene basins emplaced close to the detachment, where brittle upper crust was thin (around 7 km) but containing weak marble layers allowing the formation of ramp‐flat extensional systems with rollover‐type basin fill. Since Pliocene, the stretching direction changed, from NE‐SW to NS, due to the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault in the North Aegean domain.
Pore Geometry Characterization by Persistent Homology Theory
Authors: Jiang Fei , Tsuji Takeshi , Shirai Tomoyuki
Published: May 2018

Rock pore geometry has heterogeneous characteristics and is scale dependent. This feature in a geological formation differs significantly from artificial materials and makes it difficult to predict hydrologic and elastic properties. To characterize pore heterogeneity, we propose an evaluation method that exploits the recently developed persistent homology theory. In the proposed method, complex pore geometry is first represented as sphere cloud data using a pore‐network extraction method. Then, a persistence diagram (PD) is calculated from the point cloud, which represents the spatial distribution of pore bodies. A new parameter (distance index H) derived from the PD is proposed to characterize the degree of rock heterogeneity. Low H value indicates high heterogeneity. A new empirical equation using this index H is proposed to predict the effective elastic modulus of porous media. The results indicate that the proposed PD analysis is very efficient for extracting topological feature of pore geometry.