bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in Lipid Measurements by Antiretroviral Regimen Exposure in Cohorts from Asia and Australia
Authors: Achhra Amit C. , Amin Janaki , Hoy Jennifer , Tanuma Junko , Sirisanthana Thira , Nolan David , Merati Tuti , Giles Michelle
Published: May 2012

We explored the mean differences in routinely measured lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) according to exposure to different combination antiretroviral regimens in Asian (n=2051) and Australian (predominantly Caucasian,n=794) cohorts. The regimen was defined as at least 3 antiretroviral drugs with at least 2 nucleoside-reverse transcriptases (NRTIs) and either of at least one protease inhibitor (PI) or non-nucleoside-reverse transcriptases (NNRTIs). We categorised cART regimens as: NRTIs as tenofovir based or not; NNRTIs as nevirapine or efavirenz (but not both); and PI as atazanavir based or not. We found that the impact of various antiretroviral regimens on lipids in Asian and Australian cohorts was only different by cohort for total cholesterol (Pfor interaction between regimen and cohort: <0.001) but not in case of other lipids (Pfor interaction: >0.05). The differences in total cholesterol were however small and unlikely to be of clinical significance. Overall, tenofovir with nevirapine or atazanavir was associated with the most favorable lipids, while the PI regimens without tenofovir and atazanavir were associated with least favorable lipids. We conclude that the impact of various ART regimens on lipids is largely similar in Asian and Australian cohorts and that the newer drugs such as tenofovir and atazanavir are likely to provide similar benefit in terms of lipid profiles in both populations.
Repertoire of Protein Kinases Encoded in the Genome ofTakifugu rubripes
Authors: Rakshambikai R. , Yamunadevi S. , Anamika K. , Tyagi N. , Srinivasan N.
Published: May 2012

Takifugu rubripesis teleost fish widely used in comparative genomics to understand the human system better due to its similarities both in number of genes and structure of genes. In this work we survey the fugu genome, and, using sensitive computational approaches, we identify the repertoire of putative protein kinases and classify them into groups and subfamilies. The fugu genome encodes 519 protein kinase-like sequences and this number of putative protein kinases is comparable closely to that of human. However, in spite of its similarities to human kinases at the group level, there are differences at the subfamily level as noted in the case of KIS and DYRK subfamilies which contribute to differences which are specific to the adaptation of the organism. Also, certain unique domain combination of galectin domain and YkA domain suggests alternate mechanisms for immune response and binding to lipoproteins. Lastly, an overall similarity with the MAPK pathway of humans suggests its importance to understand signaling mechanisms in humans. Overall the fugu serves as a good model organism to understand roles of human kinases as far as kinases such as LRRK and IRAK and their associated pathways are concerned.
Patterns of Cell Activity in the Subthalamic Region Associated with the Neuroprotective Action of Near-Infrared Light Treatment in MPTP-Treated Mice
Authors: Shaw Victoria E. , Peoples Cassandra , Spana Sharon , Ashkan Keyoumars , Benabid Alim-Louis , Stone Jonathan , Baker Gary E. , Mitrofanis John
Published: May 2012

We have shown previously that near-infrared light (NIr) treatment or photobiomodulation neuroprotects dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) from degeneration induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in mice. The present study explores whether NIr treatment changes the patterns of Fos expression in the subthalamic region, namely, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and zona incerta (ZI); both cell groups have abnormally overactive cells in parkinsonian cases. BALB/c mice were treated with MPTP (100–250 mg/kg) or saline either over 30 hours followed by either a two-hour or six-day survival period (acute model) or over five weeks followed by a three-week survival period (chronic model). NIr and MPTP were applied simultaneously. Brains were processed for Fos immunochemistry, and cell number was estimated using stereology. Our major finding was that NIr treatment reduced (30–45%) the increase in Fos+cell number evident in the STN and ZI after MPTP insult. This reduction was concurrent with the neuroprotection of dopaminergic SNc cells shown previously and was evident in both MPTP models (except for the 2 hours survival period which showed no changes in cell number). In summary, our results indicated that NIr had long lasting effects on the activity of cells located deep in the brain and had repaired partially the abnormal activity generated by the parkinsonian toxin.
Markers of Field Cancerization: Proposed Clinical Applications in Prostate Biopsies
Authors: Trujillo Kristina A. , Jones Anna C. , Griffith Jeffrey K. , Bisoffi Marco
Published: May 2012

Field cancerization denotes the occurrence of genetic, epigenetic, and biochemical aberrations in structurally intact cells in histologically normal tissues adjacent to cancerous lesions. This paper tabulates markers of prostate field cancerization known to date and discusses their potential clinical value in the analysis of prostate biopsies, including diagnosis, monitoring progression during active surveillance, and assessing efficacy of presurgical neoadjuvant and focal therapeutic interventions.
A Possible Novel Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism for the Pharmacological Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: Implications for Use as a Therapeutic for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Chinta Shankar J. , Rajagopalan Subramanian , Ganesan Abirami , Andersen Julie K.
Published: May 2012

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized in part by the preferential loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Although the precise etiology of PD is unknown, accumulating evidence suggests that PD involves microglial activation that exerts neurotoxic effects through production of proinflammatory cytokines and increased oxidative and nitrosative stress. Thus, controlling microglial activation has been suggested as a therapeutic target for combating PD. Previously we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of a class of enzymes known as prolyl hydroxylases via 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate administration protected against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity, however the exact mechanisms involved were not elucidated. Here we show that this may be due to DHB’s ability to inhibit microglial activation. DHB significantly attenuated LPS-mediated induction of nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in murine BV2 microglial cellsin vitroin conjunction with reduced ROS production and activation of NFκB and MAPK pathways possibly due to up-regulation of HO-1 levels. HO-1 inhibition partially abrogates LPS-mediated NFκB activity and subsequent NO induction.In vivo, DHB pre-treatment suppresses microglial activation elicited by MPTP treatment. Our results suggest that DHB’s neuroprotective properties could be due to its ability to dampen induction of microglial activation via induction of HO-1.
An Electrically Conductive and Organic Solvent Vapors Detecting Composite Composed of an Entangled Network of Carbon Nanotubes Embedded in Polystyrene
Authors: Olejnik R. , Slobodian P. , Riha P. , Saha P.
Published: May 2012

A composite composed of electrically conductive entangled carbon nanotubes embedded in a polystyrene base has been prepared by the innovative procedure, when the nonwoven polystyrene filter membrane is enmeshed with carbon nanotubes. Both constituents are then interlocked by compression molding. The mechanical and electrical resistance testing show that the polymer increases nanotube network mechanical integrity, tensile strength, and the reversibility of electrical resistance in deformation cycles. Another obvious effect of the supporting polymer is the reduction of resistance temperature dependence of composite and the reproducibility of methanol vapor sensing.
Renal Function in Relation to Cardiac 123I-MIBG Scintigraphy in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Verschure Derk O. , Somsen G. Aernout , van Eck-Smit Berthe L. F. , Verberne Hein J.
Published: May 2012

The aim of this study was to explore if estimates of renal function could
explain variability of 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) assessed myocardial sympathetic activity. Furthermore estimates of renal function were compared to 123I-MIBG as predictors of cardiac death in chronic heart failure (CHF). Semi-quantitative parameters of 123I-MIBG myocardial uptake and washout were calculated using early heart/mediastinum ratio (H/M), late H/M and washout. Renal function was calculated as estimated Creatinine Clearance (e-CC) and as estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (e-GFR). Thirty-nine patients with CHF (24 males; age: 64.4±10.5 years; NYHA II/III/IV: 17/20/2; LVEF: 24.0±11.5%) were studied. Variability in any of the semi-quantitative 123I-MIBG myocardial parameters could not be explained by e-CC or e-GFR. During follow-up (60±37 months) there were 6 cardiac deaths. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that late H/M was the only independent predictor for cardiac death (Chi-square 3.2, regression coefficient: −4.095; standard error: 2.063; hazard ratio: 0.17 [95% CI: 0.000–0.950]). Addition of estimates of renal function did not significantly change the Chi-square of the model. Semi-quantitative 123I-MIBG myocardial parameters are independent of estimates of renal function. In addition, cardiac sympathetic innervation assessed by 123I-MIBG scintigraphy seems to be superior to renal function in the prediction of cardiac death in CHF patients.
Pharmacokinetics of Single-Dose and Multi-Dose of Lovastatin/Niacin ER Tablet in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Jia Yan-yan , Ying Song , Lu Chen-tao , Yang Jing , Ding Li-kun , Wen Ai-dong , Zhu Yan-rong
Published: May 2012

An extended-release (ER) niacin and lovastatin fixed-dose combination has been developed for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. The purpose of the present study was to examine the drug interaction between niacin and lovastatin after multi-dose oral administration of lovastatin/niacin ER combination in healthy Chinese volunteers. A single-center, randomized, open-label, 5-period crossover study was conducted in thirty healthy volunteers aged 18 to 45 years with a washout period of 8 days. Subjects were randomized to receive multiple doses of treatment A (1 500 mg niacin ER tablet), B (1 20 mg lovastatin tablet), C (1 20 mg lovastatin and 500 mg niacin-ER tablet), D (2 10 mg lovastatin and 350 mg niacin-ER tablets) or E (2 10 mg lovastatin and 500 mg niacin-ER tablets) in 1 of 5 sequences (ABCDE, BCDEA, CDEAB, DEABC, EABCD) per period. Lovastatin, niacin and its metabolites (nicotinuric acid and nicotinamide) were determined in plasma by LC/MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, and least square mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals for Cmax⁡ and AUC
(0–24)
were determined for lovastatin/niacin ER versus niacin ER or lovastatin. It revealed that the formulation had no potential drug interaction in healthy Chinese volunteers when the dosage was increased from 500 mg to 1000 mg.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Adipose and Other Tissues: Basic Biological Properties and Clinical Applications
Authors: Orbay Hakan , Tobita Morikuni , Mizuno Hiroshi
Published: May 2012

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that were initially isolated from bone marrow. However, subsequent research has shown that other adult tissues also contain MSCs. MSCs originate from mesenchyme, which is embryonic tissue derived from the mesoderm. These cells actively proliferate, giving rise to new cells in some tissues, but remain quiescent in others. MSCs are capable of differentiating into multiple cell types including adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and cardiomyocytes. Isolation and induction of these cells could provide a new therapeutic tool for replacing damaged or lost adult tissues. However, the biological properties and use of stem cells in a clinical setting must be well established before significant clinical benefits are obtained. This paper summarizes data on the biological properties of MSCs and discusses current and potential clinical applications.
Theoretical Compartment Modeling of DCE-MRI Data Based on the Transport across Physiological Barriers in the Brain
Authors: Fanea Laura , David Leontin I. , Lebovici Andrei , Carbone Francesca , Sfrangeu Silviu A.
Published: May 2012

Neurological disorders represent major causes of lost years of healthy life and mortality worldwide. Development of their quantitative interdisciplinaryin vivoevaluation is required. Compartment modeling (CM) of brain data acquiredin vivousing magnetic resonance imaging techniques with clinically available contrast agents can be performed to quantitatively assess brain perfusion. Transport of1H spins in water molecules across physiological compartmental brain barriers in three different pools was mathematically modeled and theoretically evaluated in this paper and the corresponding theoretical compartment modeling of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) data was analyzed. The pools considered were blood, tissue, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The blood and CSF data were mathematically modeled assuming continuous flow of the1H spins in these pools. Tissue data was modeled using three CMs. Results in this paper show that transport across physiological brain barriers such as the blood to brain barrier, the extracellular space to the intracellular space barrier, or the blood to CSF barrier can be evaluated quantitatively. Statistical evaluations of this quantitative information may be performed to assess tissue perfusion, barriers' integrity, and CSF flowin vivoin the normal or disease-affected brain or to assess response to therapy.
Seven-Signal Proteomic Signature for Detection of Operable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Their Discrimination from Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Authors: Yanagisawa Kiyoshi , Tomida Shuta , Matsuo Keitaro , Arima Chinatsu , Kusumegi Miyoko , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Ko Shigeru B. H. , Mizuno Nobumasa , Kawahara Takeo , Kuroyanagi Yoko , Takeuchi Toshiyuki , Goto Hidemi , Yamao Kenji , Nagino Masato , Tajima Kazuo , Takahashi Takashi
Published: May 2012

There is urgent need for biomarkers that provide early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) as well as discrimination of autoimmune pancreatitis, as current clinical approaches are not suitably accurate for precise diagnosis. We used mass spectrometry to analyze protein profiles of more than 300 plasma specimens obtained from PDAC, noncancerous pancreatic diseases including autoimmune pancreatitis patients and healthy subjects. We obtained 1063 proteomic signals from 160 plasma samples in the training cohort. A proteomic signature consisting of 7 mass spectrometry signals was used for construction of a proteomic model for detection of PDAC patients. Using the test cohort, we confirmed that this proteomic model had discrimination power equal to that observed with the training cohort. The overall sensitivity and specificity for detection of cancer patients were 82.6% and 90.9%, respectively. Notably, 62.5% of the stage I and II cases were detected by our proteomic model. We also found that 100% of autoimmune pancreatitis patients were correctly assigned as noncancerous individuals. In the present paper, we developed a proteomic model that was shown able to detect early-stage PDAC patients. In addition, our model appeared capable of discriminating patients with autoimmune pancreatitis from those with PDAC.
Numerical Simulation for General Rosenau‐RLW Equation: AnAverage Linearized Conservative Scheme
Authors: Pan Xintian , Zhang Luming
Published: May 2012

Numerical solutions for the general Rosenau‐RLW equation are considered and
an energy conservative linearized finite difference scheme is proposed. Existence of the solutions
for the difference scheme has been shown. Stability, convergence, and a priori error estimate of the
scheme are proved using energy method. Numerical results demonstrate that the scheme is efficient
and reliable.
On the Hydration State of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives at Different Ionization States: A Comparative Multinuclear NMR and Crystallographic Investigation
Authors: Pappas Charalampos G. , Tzakos Andreas G. , Gerothanassis Ioannis P.
Published: May 2012

2D, 13C, 14N, and 17O NMR and crystallographic data from the literature were critically evaluated in order to provide a coherent hydration model of amino acids and selected derivatives at different ionization states. 17O shielding variations, longitudinal relaxation times (T1) of 2D and 13C and line widths (Δν1/2) of 14N and 17O, may be interpreted with the hypothesis that the cationic form of amino acids is more hydrated by 1 to 3 molecules of water than the zwitterionic form. Similar behaviour was also observed for N-acetylated derivatives of amino acids. An exhaustive search in crystal structure databases demonstrates the importance of six-membered hydrogen-bonded conjugated rings of both oxygens of the α-carboxylate group with a molecule of water in the vicinity. This type of hydrogen bond mode is absent in the case of the carboxylic groups. Moreover, a considerable number of structures was identified with the propensity to form intramolecular hydrogen bond both in the carboxylic acid (NH⋯O=C) and in the carboxylate (−) ionization state. In the presence of bound molecules of water this interaction is significantly reduced in the case of the carboxylate group whereas it is statistically negligible in the carboxylic group.
Asymptotic Behavior of the 3D Compressible Euler Equations with Nonlinear Damping and Slip Boundary Condition
Authors: Yu Huimin
Published: May 2012

The asymptotic behavior (as well as the global existence) of classical solutions to the 3D compressible Euler equations are considered. For polytropic perfect gas (P(ρ) = P0ργ), time asymptotically, it has been proved by Pan and Zhao (2009) that linear damping and slip boundary effect make the density satisfying the porous medium equation and the momentum obeying the classical Darcy′s law. In this paper, we use a more general method and extend this result to the 3D compressible Euler equations with nonlinear damping and a more general pressure term. Comparing with linear damping, nonlinear damping can be ignored under small initial data.
Geometric Parameter Identification of a 6-DOF Space Robot Using a Laser-Ranger
Authors: Liu Yu , Jiang Zainan , Liu Hong , Xu Wenfu
Published: May 2012

The geometric parameters of a space robot change with the terrible temperature change in orbit, which will cause the end-effector pose (position and orientation) error of a space robot, and so weakens its operability. With this in consideration, a new geometric parameter identification method is presented based on a laser-ranger attached to the end-effector. Then, independence of the geometric parameters is analyzed, and their identification equations are derived. With the derived identification Jacobian matrix, the optimal identification configurations are chosen according to the observability indexO3. Subsequently, through simulation the geometric parameter identification of a 6-DOF space robot is implemented for these identification configurations, and the identified parameters are verified in a set of independent reference configurations. The result shows that in spite of distance measurement alone, pose accuracy of the space robot still has a greater improvement, so the identification method is practical and valid.
Sorafenib Prevents Escape from Host Immunity in Liver Cirrhosis Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Nagai Hidenari , Mukozu Takanori , Matsui Daigo , Kanekawa Takenori , Kanayama Masahiro , Wakui Noritaka , Momiyama Kouichi , Shinohara Mie , Iida Kazunari , Ishii Koji , Igarashi Yoshinori , Sumino Yasukiyo
Published: May 2012

Purpose. It has been reported that Th2 cytokines downregulate antitumor immunity, while activation of type T cells promotes antitumor immunity. The aim of this paper was to evaluate host immunity in liver cirrhosis (LC) patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC) receiving sorafenib therapy.Methods. Forty-five adult Japanese LC patients received sorafenib for aHCC between 2009 and 2011 at our hospital. Sorafenib was administered at a dose of 200–800 mg/day for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment.Results. Eleven patients were treated with sorafenib at 200 mg/day (200 group), 27 patients received sorafenib at 400 mg/day (400 group), and 7 patients were given sorafenib at 800 mg/day (800 group). There was no significant change in the percentage of Th1 cells after treatment in any group. However, the percentages of Th2 cells and regulatory T cells were significantly decreased after treatment in the 400 group and 800 group compared with before treatment, although there was no significant change after treatment in the 200 group.Conclusions. These results indicate that treatment with sorafenib might induce Th1 dominance and prevent the escape of tumor cells from the host immune system in LC patients with aHCC.
Use of FDG-PET in Radiation Treatment Planning for Thoracic Cancers
Authors: Shirai Katsuyuki , Nakagawa Akiko , Abe Takanori , Kawahara Masahiro , Saitoh Jun-ichi , Ohno Tatsuya , Nakano Takashi
Published: May 2012

Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment for thoracic cancers. Accurate diagnosis is essential to correctly perform curative radiotherapy. Tumor delineation is also important to prevent geographic misses in radiotherapy planning. Currently, planning is based on computed tomography (CT) imaging when radiation oncologists manually contour the tumor, and this practice often induces interobserver variability. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been reported to enable accurate staging and detect tumor extension in several thoracic cancers, such as lung cancer and esophageal cancer. FDG-PET imaging has many potential advantages in radiotherapy planning for these cancers, because it can add biological information to conventional anatomical images and decrease the inter-observer variability. FDG-PET improves radiotherapy volume and enables dose escalation without causing severe side effects, especially in lung cancer patients. The main advantage of FDG-PET for esophageal cancer patients is the detection of unrecognized lymph node or distal metastases. However, automatic delineation by FDG-PET is still controversial in these tumors, despite the initial expectations. We will review the role of FDG-PET in radiotherapy for thoracic cancers, including lung cancer and esophageal cancer.
A Study on the Convergence of Series Solution of Non-Newtonian Third Grade Fluid with Variable Viscosity: By Means of Homotopy Analysis Method
Authors: Ellahi R.
Published: May 2012

This work is concerned with the series solutions for the flow of third-grade non-Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity. Due to the nonlinear, coupled, and highly complicated nature of partial differential equations, finding an analytical solution is not an easy task. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is employed for the presentation of series solutions. The HAM is accepted as an elegant tool for effective solutions for complicated nonlinear problems. The solutions of (Hayat et al., 2007) are developed, and their convergence has been discussed explicitly for two different models, namely, constant and variable viscosity. An error analysis is also described. In addition, the obtained results are illustrated graphically to depict the convergence region. The physical features of the pertinent parameters are presented in the form of numerical tables.
Polycaprolactone‐Chitin Nanofibrous Mats as Potential Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Kim Min Sup , Park Sang Jun , Gu Bon Kang , Kim Chun-Ho
Published: May 2012

We describe here the preparation of poly(caprolactone) (PCL)‐chitin nanofibrous mats by electrospinning from a blended solution of PCL and chitin dissolved in a cosolvent, 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol and trifluoroacetic acid. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the neutralized PCL‐chitin nanofibrous mats were morphologically stable, with a mean diameter of 340.5 ± 2.6 nm, compared with a diameter of 524.2 ± 12.1 nm for PCL mats. The nanofibrous mats showed decreased water contact angles as the proportion of chitin increased. However, the tensile properties of nanofibrous mats containing 30 ~ 50% (wt/wt) chitin were enhanced compared with PCL‐only mats. In vitro studies showed that the viability of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) for up to 7 days in culture was higher on composite (OD value: 1.42 ± 0.09) than on PCL‐only (0.51 ± 0.14) nanofibrous mats, with viability correlated with chitin concentration. Together, our results suggest that PCL‐chitin nanofibrous mats can be used as an implantable substrate to modulate HDF viability in tissue engineering.
Use of the Cognitive Performance Test for Identifying Deficits in Hospitalized Older Adults
Authors: Douglas Alison , Letts Lori , Eva Kevin , Richardson Julie
Published: May 2012

Objectives. The Cognitive Performance Test (CPT) is a functional assessment for persons with dementia. The study purpose was to evaluate the reliability, discriminant, and concurrent validity of the CPT.Method. The CPT was tested against other measures of cognition (Standardized Mini Mental Status Exam (SMMSE) and Assessment of Motor and Process Skills-Process scale (AMPS-Process)). Participants were persons 65 years and older admitted to a geriatric rehabilitation unit (n=47).Results. The CPT correlated moderately with measures of cognition (SMMSEr=0.47, AMPS-Processr=0.53,P<0.01), and ADL burden of care (FIMr=0.32,P<0.05). Scores were not affected by age, sex, years of education, motor skills, or comorbidities. The CPT differentiated between impaired and unimpaired individuals differently from other measures.Conclusion. While CPT appears related to other measures of cognition, test interpretation requires noting the variability between CPT scores and those measures.
Internalization of Consumed TiO2 Nanoparticles by a Model Invertebrate Organism
Authors: Novak Sara , Drobne Damjana , Valant Janez , Pelicon Primož
Published: May 2012

There is little in vivo data concerning the fate of ingested TiO2 nanoparticles (nano‐TiO2). We report here experiments aimed at assessing if ingested nano‐TiO2 accumulates in the digestive gland epithelium or are internalized elsewhere in the body of the terrestrial isopod crustaceans. The animals (Porcellio scaber, Isopoda, Crustacea) fed for 3, 7, or 14 days on food dosed with 100 or 1000 μg nano‐TiO2 showed no evidence of internalization of Ti measured by microparticle‐induced X‐ray emission method. The effect of ingested nanoparticles was measured by conventional toxicity measures such as feeding rate, weight change, and mortality and did not indicate any toxicity. However, cell membrane of digestive glands, measured with a modified method for assessing cell membrane stability, was affected already after 3 days of exposure to 1000 μg nano‐TiO2 per gram dry weight of food indicating cytotoxic potential of ingested nanoparticles. Our results confirmed hypothesis on low toxic potential and no internalization of consumed TiO2 nanoparticles by a model invertebrate organism. However, cytological marker unequivocally indicated adverse effect of ingested nano‐TiO2. We conclude that the isopod model system could be used for studying the fate and effect of ingested nanoparticles.
Performance Study of Modified Savonius Water Turbine with Two Deflector Plates
Authors: Kailash Golecha , Eldho T. I. , Prabhu S. V.
Published: May 2012

Savonius rotor is a vertical axis rotor with simple in design and easy to fabricate at lower cost. The rotation of the rotor is due to the drag difference between the advancing blade and returning blade. Net driving force can be increased by reducing the reverse force on the returning blade or increasing the positive force on the advancing blade. Former can be realized by providing a flow obstacle to the returning blade and latter can be realized by concentrating the flow towards the advancing blade. The objective of the present work is to identify the optimal position of the deflector plate (on advancing blade side) placed upstream to the flow which would result in increase in power generated by the rotor. Tests are conducted to identify the optimum position of the deflector plate on the advancing blade side in the presence of a deflector plate on the returning blade side at its optimum position. Results suggest that two deflector plates placed at their optimal positions upstream to the flow increase the coefficient of power to 0.35. This is significantly higher than the coefficient of power of 0.14 observed for the rotor without deflector plates.
Examining the Chaotic Behavior in Dynamical Systems by Means of the 0‐1 Test
Authors: Zachilas Loukas , Psarianos Iacovos N.
Published: May 2012

We perform the stability analysis and we study the chaotic behavior of dynamical systems, which depict the 3‐particle Toda lattice truncations through the lens of the 0‐1 test, proposed by Gottwald and Melbourne. We prove that the new test applies successfully and with good accuracy in most of the cases we investigated. We perform some comparisons of the well‐known maximum Lyapunov characteristic number method with the 0‐1 method, and we claim that 0‐1 test can be subsidiary to the LCN method. The 0‐1 test is a very efficient method for studying highly chaotic Hamiltonian systems of the kind we study in our paper and is particularly useful in characterizing the transition from regularity to chaos.
Lipopolysaccharides: From Erinyes to Charites
Authors: Focà Alfredo , Liberto Maria Carla , Quirino Angela , Matera Giovanni
Published: May 2012

Following the discovery of endotoxins by Richard Pfeiffer, such bacterial product was associated to many severe disorders produced by an overwhelming inflammatory response and often resulting in endotoxic shock and multiple organ failure. However, recent clinical and basic sciences investigations claimed some beneficial roles of typical as well as atypical endotoxins. The aim of this paper is to focus on recent data supporting a beneficial activity of both typical and atypical endotoxins. Such novel perspective looks promising for development of new drugs for prevention and therapy of several human diseases.
Age-Related Decline in Cardiorespiratory Fitness among Career Firefighters: Modification by Physical Activity and Adiposity
Authors: Baur Dorothee M. , Christophi Costas A. , Cook E. Francis , Kales Stefanos N.
Published: May 2012

Firefighting is a very hazardous occupation, and strenuous fire duties require high levels of physical fitness. In the general adult population, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) declines with aging. We sought to investigate the effect of increasing age on CRF in male career firefighters as well as the modifying effects of physical activity and adiposity. We cross-sectionally examined 804 male career firefighters from two Midwestern states. CRF was determined from symptom-limited maximal treadmill exercise testing in metabolic equivalents (METS) following the Bruce protocol. Physical activity self-reports were extracted from responses to a health and lifestyle questionnaire. We found as expected that CRF declines with advancing age; however, the decline is greatly attenuated among leaner firefighters who report more physical activity. Furthermore, in a linear regression model including age, BMI, and variables describing physical activity behaviors, we could predict CRF (R2=0.6286). The total weekly duration of aerobic exercise as well as the duration of weight lifting sessions both had significant impacts on age-related decline. We conclude that firefighters are more likely to maintain the high levels of CRF needed to safely perform their duties if they engage in frequent exercise and maintain healthy weights.
Dextran Sodium Sulphate Colitis Mouse Model: Traps and Tricks
Authors: Perše Martina , Cerar Anton
Published: May 2012

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex multifactorial disease of unknown etiology. Thus, dozens of different animal models of IBD have been developed in past decades. Animal models of IBD are valuable and indispensable tools that provide a wide range of options for investigating involvement of various factors into the pathogenesis of IBD and to evaluate different therapeutic options. However, the dextran sulphate sodium (DSS-) induced colitis model has some advantages when compared to other animal models of colitis. It is well appreciated and widely used model of inflammatory bowel disease because of its simplicity. It has many similarities to human IBD, which are mentioned in the paper. In spite of its simplicity and wide applicability, there are also traps that need to be taken into account when using DSS model. As demonstrated in the present paper, various factors may affect susceptibility to DSS-induced lesions and modify results.
Solution of Second‐Order IVP and BVP of Matrix Differential Models Using Matrix DTM
Authors: Abazari Reza , Kılıcman Adem
Published: May 2012

We introduce a matrix form of differential transformation method (DTM) and apply for nonlinear second‐order initial value problems (IVPs) and boundary value problems (BVPs) of matrix models which are given by u″(t) = f(t, u(t), u′(t)) and subject to initial conditions u(a) = u0, u′(a) = u1 and boundary conditions u(a) = u0, u(b) = u1, where u0,  u1 ∈ Rr×q. Also the convergence of present method is established. Several illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present method.
CAC-MAC: A Cross-Layer Adaptive Cooperative MAC for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Shi Chunguang , Zhao Haitao , Wang Shan , Wei Jibo , Zheng Linhua
Published: May 2012

Cooperative communication has been recently proposed as a way to mitigate fading in wireless networks. A cross-layer adaptive cooperative MAC (CAC-MAC) protocol for IEEE 802.11 DCF-based wireless ad hoc networks is proposed. The novel aspect and core idea of our proposal is a cross-layer adaptive data transmission algorithm considering both the length of data frame at the MAC layer and instantaneous wireless channel conditions. Under this algorithm, direct transmission mode or proper cooperative transmission mode will be adaptively selected for data packets according to both MAC layer and physical layer information. Analytical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive data transmission algorithm. Simulation studies based on NS2 show that the CAC-MAC protocol can significantly improve network throughput and reduce packet delay compared with legacy IEEE 802.11 protocol, which illustrate a new paradigm for realistic cross-layer cooperative MAC protocol design for next-generation wireless ad hoc networks.
Novel Cardiolipins from Uncultured Methane-Metabolizing Archaea
Authors: Yoshinaga Marcos Y. , Wörmer Lars , Elvert Marcus , Hinrichs Kai-Uwe
Published: May 2012

Novel cardiolipins from Archaea were detected by screening the intact polar lipid (IPL) composition of microbial communities associated with methane seepage in deep-sea sediments from the Pakistan margin by high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. A series of tentatively identified cardiolipin analogues (dimeric phospholipids or bisphosphatidylglycerol, BPG) represented 0.5% to 5% of total archaeal IPLs. These molecules are similar to the recently described cardiolipin analogues with four phytanyl chains from extreme halophilic archaea. It is worth noting that cardiolipin analogues from the seep archaeal communities are composed of four isoprenoidal chains, which may contain differences in chain length (20 and 25 carbon atoms) and degrees of unsaturation and the presence of a hydroxyl group. Two novel diether lipids, structurally related to the BPGs, are described and interpreted as degradation products of archaeal cardiolipin analogues. Since archaeal communities in seep sediments are dominated by anaerobic methanotrophs, our observations have implications for characterizing structural components of archaeal membranes, in which BPGs are presumed to contribute to modulation of cell permeability properties. Whether BPGs facilitate interspecies interaction in syntrophic methanotrophic consortia remains to be tested.
Kinetic Chain Rehabilitation: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Sciascia Aaron , Cromwell Robin
Published: May 2012

Sequenced physiologic muscle activations in the upper and lower extremity result in an integrated biomechanical task. This sequencing is known as the kinetic chain, and, in upper extremity dominant tasks, the energy development and output follows a proximal to distal sequencing. Impairment of one or more kinetic chain links can create dysfunctional biomechanical output leading to pain and/or injury. When deficits exist in the preceding links, they can negatively affect the shoulder. Rehabilitation of shoulder injuries should involve evaluation for and restoration of all kinetic chain deficits that may hinder kinetic chain function. Rehabilitation programs focused on eliminating kinetic chain deficits, and soreness should follow a proximal to distal rationale where lower extremity impairments are addressed in addition to the upper extremity impairments. A logical progression focusing on flexibility, strength, proprioception, and endurance with kinetic chain influence is recommended.
Validity of Reporting Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope from Submaximal Exercise Using Respiratory Exchange Ratio as Secondary Criterion
Authors: Williamson Wilby , Fuld Jonathan , Westgate Kate , Sylvester Karl , Ekelund Ulf , Brage Soren
Published: May 2012

Background. Oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) is a reproducible, objective marker of cardiopulmonary function. OUES is reported as being relatively independent of exercise intensity. Practical guidance and criteria for reporting OUES from submaximal tests has not been established.Objective. Evaluate the use of respiratory exchange ratio (RER) as a secondary criterion for reporting OUES.Design. 100 healthy volunteers (53 women) completed a ramped treadmill protocol to exhaustive exercise. OUES was calculated from data truncated to RER levels from 0.85 to 1.2 and compared to values generated from full test data. Results. Mean (sd) OUES from full test data and data truncated to RER 1.0 and RER 0.9 was 2814 (718), 2895 (730), and 2810 (789) mL/min per 10-fold increase in VE, respectively. Full test OUES was highly correlated with OUES from RER 1.0 (r=0.9) and moderately correlated with OUES from RER 0.9 (r=0.79).Conclusion. OUES values peaked in association with an RER level of 1.0. Sub-maximal OUES values are not independent of exercise intensity. There is a significant increase in OUES value as exercise moves from low to moderate intensity. RER can be used as a secondary criterion to define this transition.
Assessments of Arterial Stiffness and Endothelial Function Using Pulse Wave Analysis
Authors: Stoner Lee , Young Joanna M. , Fryer Simon
Published: May 2012

Conventionally, the assessments of endothelial function and arterial stiffness require different sets of equipment, making the inclusion of both tests impractical for clinical and epidemiological studies. Pulse wave analysis (PWA) provides useful information regarding the mechanical properties of the arterial tree and can also be used to assess endothelial function. PWA is a simple, valid, reliable, and inexpensive technique, offering great clinical and epidemiological potential. The current paper will outline how to measure arterial stiffness and endothelial function using this technique and include discussion of validity and reliability.
Centella asiatica(L.) Urban: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine with Neuroprotective Potential
Authors: Orhan Ilkay Erdogan
Published: May 2012

This paper covers the studies relevant to neuroprotective activity ofCentella asiatica(L.) Urban, also known as “Gotu Kola.” The plant is native to the Southeast Asia and has been used traditionally as brain tonic in ayurvedic medicine. The neuroprotective effect ofC. asiaticahas been searched using the key words “Centella, Centella asiatica, gotu kola, Asiatic pennywort, neuroprotection, and memory” through the electronic databases including Sciencedirect, Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. According to the literature survey,C. asiatica(gotu kola) has been reported to have a comprehensive neuroprotection by different modes of action such as enzyme inhibition, prevention of amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer’s disease, dopamine neurotoxicity in Parkinson’s disease, and decreasing oxidative stress. Therefore,C. asiaticacould be suggested to be a desired phytopharmaceutical with neuroprotective effect emerged from traditional medicine.
Optical Properties of ZnO‐Alloyed Nanocrystalline Films
Authors: Che Hui , Huso Jesse , Morrison John L. , Thapa Dinesh , Huso Michelle , Yeh Wei Jiang , Tarun M. C. , McCluskey M. D. , Bergman Leah
Published: May 2012

ZnO is emerging as one of the materials of choice for UV applications. It has a deep excitonic energy level and a direct bandgap of ~3.4 eV. Alloying ZnO with certain atomic constituents adds new optical and electronic functionalities to ZnO. This paper presents research on MgxZn1−xO and ZnS1−xOx
nanocrystalline flexible films, which enable tunable optical properties in the deep‐UV and in the visible range. The ZnO and Mg0.3Zn0.7O films were found to have bandgaps at 3.35 and 4.02 eV, respectively. The photoluminescence of the Mg0.3Zn0.7O exhibited a bandedge emission at 3.95 eV, and at lower energy 3.38 eV due to the limited solubility inherent to these alloys. ZnS0.76O0.24 and ZnS0.16O0.84 were found to have bandgaps at 3.21 and 2.65 eV, respectively. The effect of nitrogen doping on ZnS0.16O0.84 is discussed in terms of the highly lattice mismatched nature of these alloys and the resulting valence‐band modification.
Fracture Resistance of Premolars Restored by Various Types and Placement Techniques of Resin Composites
Authors: Moosavi Horieh , Zeynali Mahsa , Pour Zahra Hosseini
Published: May 2012

To verify the fracture resistance of premolars with mesioocclusodistal preparations restored by different resin composites and placement techniques. Sixty premolars were randomly divided into two groups based on type of composite resin: Filtek P60 or Nulite F, and then each group was separated into three subgroups: bulk, centripetal, and fiber insert according to the type of placement method (n=10). Single-bond adhesive system was used as composite bonding according to the manufacturer's instructions. Specimens were restored in Groups 1, 2, and 3 with Filtek P60 and in Groups 4, 5, and 6 with Nulite F. After being stored 24 hours at37∘C, a 4 mm diameter steel sphere in a universal testing machine was applied on tooth buccal and lingual cusps at a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min until fracture occurred. Groups 3 and 6 showed higher fracture resistance than Groups 1, 2, 4, and 5. Among the placement techniques, the fiber insert method had a significant effect, but the type of composite was ineffective. The insertion technique in contrast to the type of material had a significant influence on the fracture resistance of premolar teeth.
Markers for Characterization of Bone Marrow Multipotential Stromal Cells
Authors: Boxall Sally A. , Jones Elena
Published: May 2012

Given the observed efficacy of culture-expanded multipotential stromal cells, also termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), in the treatment of graft-versus host and cardiac disease, it remains surprising that purity and potency characterization of manufactured cell batches remains rather basic. In this paper, we will initially discuss surface and molecular markers that were proposed to serve as the indicators of the MSC potency, in terms of their proliferative potential or the ability to differentiate into desired lineages. The second part of this paper will be dedicated to a critical discussion of surface markers of uncultured (i.e., native) bone marrow (BM) MSCs. Although no formal consensus has yet been reached on which markers may be best suited for prospective BM MSC isolation, markers that cross-react with MSCs of animal models (such as CD271 and W8-B2/MSCA-1) may have the strongest translational value. Whereas small animal models are needed to discover thein vivofunction on these markers, large animal models are required for safety and efficacy testing of isolated MSCs, particularly in the field of bone and cartilage tissue engineering.
Efficacy versus Effectiveness: A Direct Comparison of the Outcome of Treatment for Mild to Moderate Depression in Randomized Controlled Trials and Daily Practice
Authors: van der Lem Rosalind , van der Wee Nic J.A. , van Veen Tineke , Zitman Frans G.
Published: May 2012

Background: Results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered to give the most reliable information on treatment outcome (efficacy). Yet, the generalizability of efficacy results to daily practice (effectiveness) might be diminished by the design of RCTs. The STAR*D trial approached daily practice as much as possible, but still has some properties of an RCT. In this study, we compare results from treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in routine clinical practice to those of RCTs and STAR*D. Methods: Effectiveness in routine clinical practice was compared with efficacy results from 15 meta-analyses on antidepressant, psychotherapeutic and combination treatment and results from STAR*D. Data on daily practice patients and treatments were derived from a routine outcome monitoring (ROM) system. Treatment outcome was defined as proportion of remitters (MADRS ≤10) and within-group effect size. Results: From ROM, 598 patients suffering from a MDD episode according to the MINI-plus were included. Remission percentages were lower in routine practice than in meta-analyses for all treatment modalities (32 vs.40–74%). Differences were less explicit for antidepressants (21 vs. 34–47%) than for individual psychotherapy (27 vs. 34–58%; effect size 0.85 vs. 1.71) and combination therapy (21 vs. 45–63%), since only 60% of the meta-analyses for antidepressants showed significant differences with ROM, while for psychotherapy and combination treatment almost all meta-analyses showed significant differences. No differences in effectiveness were found between routine practice and STAR*D (antidepressants 27 vs. 28%; individual psychotherapy 27 vs. 25%; combination treatment 21 vs. 23%, respectively). Conclusions: Effectiveness of treatment for mild-to-moderate MDD in daily practice is similar to STAR*D and significantly lower than efficacy results from RCTs.