bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Overlooked Roots of Innovations
Authors: Bucher Julien
Published: April 2019

Imagination is an often-overlooked integral element of human progress, in general, and innovations, in particular. In this chapter, it is argued that the examination of the diffusion and evolution of imaginations and their manifestation as innovations can help to understand the imaginative roots of innovations and to create a responsibly chosen path into a sustainable future. Science fiction as a specific area of manifested imagination is used to show how manifested imaginations influence the social imagination in general and certain individuals like scientists and innovators in particular. It is even used to sell ideas (or make them stick) and give them heritage, again influencing the social imagination. And the accelerated fusion, development, and progress of technologies in the wake of the digitalization is enabling fast and vast diffusion and distribution of imaginations, creating a need to explore, understand, and responsibly utilize imaginations.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Optimization
Authors: Hasan Md Mahmudul , Rahman Md Shahinur , Bell Adrian
Published: April 2019

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has transformed the field of artificial intelligence (AI) especially after the success of Google DeepMind. This branch of machine learning epitomizes a step toward building autonomous systems by understanding of the visual world. Deep reinforcement learning (RL) is currently applied to different sorts of problems that were previously obstinate. In this chapter, at first, the authors started with an introduction of the general field of RL and Markov decision process (MDP). Then, they clarified the common DRL framework and the necessary components RL settings. Moreover, they analyzed the stochastic gradient descent (SGD)-based optimizers such as ADAM and a non-specific multi-policy selection mechanism in a multi-objective Markov decision process. In this chapter, the authors also included the comparison for different Deep Q networks. In conclusion, they describe several challenges and trends in research within the deep reinforcement learning field.
Exocortex as a Learning Technology
Authors: Mutlu Mehmet Emin
Published: April 2019

Exocortex is a hypothetical technology where the human brain can connect to a brain implant or a computational environment which is in the state of a wearable device, using two-way brain-computer interface, in order to augment the cognitive powers of the human brain such as perception, storage, recollection and processing. Exocortex is expected to be a part of everyday life in the 2030s. Exocortex technology is supported by parallel technologies such as brain reading, uploading knowledge into the brain from the outside, brain-computer interface, brain-to-brain interface, which are now undergoing prototype applications. In this study, by discussing the potential of exocortex technology in its use for learning processes, as a result of handling it with the “learning experiences management” approach, the opportunities it provides specifically for lifelong learners are examined. In the results and recommendations section of the study, a foresight is given for the scientific research projects that can be performed for this purpose.
Transforming the Classroom Experience Through Transhumanism
Authors: Klinger Mary Beth , Coffman Teresa L.
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the intersection of transhumanism and the use of technology as a cognitive tool in education. Transhumanism is explored as a pedagogical philosophy to transform the limits of self by using educational technology tools to expand global networked knowledge. These tools include technologies that stimulate learning to expand and extend cognitive and metacognitive capabilities. The role of pedagogy is to create educative experiences that provide meaningful opportunities for students to cultivate deeper conceptual understandings. Students learn necessary skills and develop knowledge to improve conceptual competencies and cognitive capabilities. When human thought and capabilities are used in conjunction with technology as a cognitive instructional tool, the learning experience is transformed. The potential exists to extend the conceptual competencies of the learner, thus realizing the transhumanists' goal of transforming learning experiences and improving student potential.
Youth Participation in the National Development Plan Through Technical and Vocational Education and Training
Authors: Mampane Johannes Ntshilagane
Published: April 2019

This chapter is empirical in nature rather than being entirely conceptual and theoretical. The chapter aims to explore and describe youth participation in the South African National Development Plan through technical and vocational education and training (TVET) by capturing the case studies of four young Black women as primary sources of data. Secondary sources of data were obtained from a collection of extant literature, textbooks, journal articles, and internet sources. The chapter discusses challenges regarding the participation of these young Black women in TVET and recommendations to mitigate these challenges are proffered. These recommendations are based on the principles of social justice, inclusion, diversity, equity, and equality.
Self-Efficacy and the Future Selves Construct
Authors: Stokes Vincent
Published: April 2019

This chapter assesses and evaluates whether or not positive interfaces between adult learners and their instructors and academic advisors affect their learning experience and the concept of their possible positive future selves. This chapter promotes the importance of strategies that support self-efficacy and the future selves construct, and raises awareness of the impact this concept can have on undergraduate adult learners' academic and personal success. In addition, this chapter focuses on an in-depth perspective from the undergraduate adult learner as to whether or not they believe they were supported by educators with regards to developing or strengthening self-efficacy and the future selves construct, and whether or not they believed these factors impacted their academic performance. The aim is to enhance the abilities of instructors and contribute ideas to full and part-time faculty members by sharing strategies to enhance teaching efforts that positively impact learning for the undergraduate adult learner.
Situated Learning Meets Community Needs
Authors: Strohschen Gabriele I.E. , LaBuda David , Scott Pauline , Dash Jasmine , Debbs Gail , Phillips Jeff
Published: April 2019

This chapter describes a community-based learning project (CbLP) in the Chicago West Side community of Austin. This learning setting provided the context for applying instructional strategies, methods, and techniques that are grounded in principles of social-situational learning and competence-based education and the education philosophy of emancipatory or popular education. Student perceptions are presented in excerpts of their critical reflection journals and learning product samples, which were both resource contributions to the community and deliverables for assessment and evaluation of learning for students. The chapter illustrates key features of designing and facilitating learning within a civic engagement-themed CbLP.
Developing a Competency-Based Instructor Training Model of Professional Development
Authors: Elazier Kenneth Browne
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a set of instructor competencies for faculty professional development when transitioning to competency-based instructional programming. This chapter details considerations when designing and developing a competency-based, instructor training model. A competency-based education (CBE) program ought to have instructors that are competent analyzing, designing, developing, and evaluating competency-based instructional offerings. If the purpose of competency-based instructional programs is to move beyond static and passive, knowledge-only based instruction, then instructors should also be capable of providing dynamic, active knowledge and skill-based opportunities for learning.
Back to the Future
Authors: Strohschen Gabriele I.E.
Published: April 2019

This chapter corroborates competence-based and social-situational educational practices with the principles of Blended Shore Education (BSE) and Metagogy. These two theorems emerged from several action research projects that engaged Chicago community members, university students, and educators from around the world. The principles, tenets, and descriptions of applied instructional methods in the context of civic and social engagement projects demonstrate how teaching and learning praxes and curricula and program design can be achieved by and with the learners, by the university, and by the community stakeholders to result in relevant and meaningful education models in higher education.
Exploring Prospective EFL Teachers' Beliefs About Teachers and Teaching Through Metaphor Analysis
Authors: Rakıcıoğlu-Söylemez Anıl , Söylemez Ayşe Selmin , Yeşilbursa Amanda
Published: April 2019

This study aimed to explore prospective EFL teachers' metaphors of “teachers, teaching and being a prospective EFL teacher” at the beginning and the end of a ten-week practicum course. A total of 110 Turkish prospective EFL teachers voluntarily participated in the study. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and metaphor-elicitation forms. Results lead to three major conclusions. First, the participants' prior beliefs about the role of an EFL teacher and teaching were affected by their previous experiences as language learners. Second, although the content analysis of the metaphors revealed a limited change throughout the practicum experience, the analysis of the interviews showed the dynamic nature of beliefs held by the prospective teachers. Finally, data analysis of the interviews revealed that the variation in beliefs and practices mainly derived from individual experiences with mentoring practices of the cooperating teachers and the socio-professional context of the practicum school.
Strategic Management to Prevent Money Laundering
Authors: Meral Yurdagül
Published: April 2019

In this chapter, the SWIFT, which is the financial communication system used by all financial institutions, will be explained. Today, most of the countries and financial institutions take precautions to avoid money-laundering and financial crimes. The SWIFT system will be examined in relation with financial communication, compliance, money laundering, know your customer, and sanctions. Public became aware of the sanctions when HSBC has agreed to pay $1.92 billion dollars to state authorities in 2012 for transfering dollars illegally into US. Banks apply “Know Your Customer” procedures to avoid such risks. In relation with sanctions, precautions of SWIFT system will be defined. SWIFT has started a new application namely KYC Registry which enables to have necessary information about the customers in international trade, through cross borders. The reasons why this applicatiıon must be used, how risk will be mitigated, by sharing information with maximum transparency and SWIFT's new KYC application will be defined.
A Comparative Analysis of Drivers of Secondary Market Liquidity in Financial Markets for Investment Analysis
Authors: Karatas Hakki , Ceylan Nildag Basak , Kapusuzoglu Ayhan
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the drivers of secondary bond market and stock market liquidity for investment analysis after global financial crisis in Turkey. The literature in Turkey mainly focuses only on the volatility of return for driving liquidity in both bond and stock markets. However, it is argued that other types of volatilities including domestic and international volatilities have also a deteriorating impact on secondary market liquidity in Turkey. In this context, it is empirically tested whether the volatility and/or uncertainty that stem from the FED and ECB policies within the last 10 years had a negative impact on liquidity both in government bond and stock markets. Moreover, the impact of non-residents in bond and stock markets on secondary market liquidity is examined by including their holdings in stock and bond market.
Geometric Reconstruction of the Drawn Tube Shape
Authors: Görög Augustín , Görögová Ingrid , Martinkovič Maroš
Published: April 2019

Technological processes have a significant influence on the properties of the metallic formed pieces during production. Due to the plastic deformation, the shape of the component is changed and the degree of the structural anisotropy is increased - the orientation of the grain boundaries in the different parts of the component. It is important to identify these changes, to analyse them and optimize the technological processes. We get an important knowledge of relationship “technological parameters – microstructure – properties”. The article presents the results of the solution of a partial task from this area. It deals with changing of the geometric shape of the component when it is deformed. Specifically, the tubes (material EN SPT 360, STN 411 353) were drawn through the dies with different reduction angles. The dimensions (length and angle), roundness, cylindricity, coaxiality and surface roughness were evaluated.
Improving Surface Properties of Linear Polyethylene by Radiation Measured by Ultra-Nano Indentation Test
Authors: Ovsik Martin , Stanek Michal , Dockal Adam , Reznicek Martin , Hylova Lenka
Published: April 2019

Surface properties are important aspect for correct function of construction (technical) parts. By improving mechanical properties of surface, an increase of abrasion resistance and wear resistance is reached. Longevity and economical aspect have an important role in final useful properties of product. Measurement of surface properties was done by ultra-nanoindentation technique (UNHT3), this is the best tool available right now, this technique is based on instrumented testing. Surface properties were modified by ionized radiation, that caused the creation of crosslinked structure in polyethylene. During radiation a three dimensional network is created, that improves final properties of product such as: hardness, elasticity modulus, thermal stability, etc. During ionized radiation there are two actions that take place at the same time, crosslinking and degradation. Goal of this paper is to consider how radiation intensity affects surface properties (indentation hardness, indentation modulus, deformation work, etc.) Another goal of this paper is to find out the optimal dose of radiation, that will cause more three dimensional crosslinking and less degradation as degradation causes decrease in mechanical properties.
Mathematical Model for Improvement of Concrete Quality
Authors: Domnina Ksenia , Pivarčiová Elena
Published: April 2019

To obtain high-quality concrete constructions it is not enough to execute it only in concrete of high class. One of the effective ways to improve the reliability and durability of concrete is its reinforcing by various kinds of fibers. The article presents the researching results of the influence of brands of portland cement and disperse reinforcing by polyethylene terephthalate fibers (PET-fiber) on concrete durability. Standard compression tests of the cubical prototypes of fine-grained sand concrete made of two brands of portland cement – PC400 and PC500 with different percentage of PET-fibers have been conducted. The optimum content of PET-fiber, wherein there is a maximum increase of durability of fine-grained fiber-reinforced concrete, has been set.
Fabrication of InxGa1-xN/GaN Multi-Quantum well Structure for Green Light Emitting Diode on Patterned Sapphire Substrate by Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition
Authors: Rais Shamsul Amir Abdul , Najihah Hayatun , Hassan Zainuriah , Shuhaimi Ahmad
Published: April 2019

Abstract. In an effort to successfully fabricate InGaN-based for green emitting devices on patterned sapphire substrate, the indium composition in InxGa1-xN/GaN multi-quantum well structure is crucial because lower indium composition will shift the wavelength towards ultraviolet region. In this study, 5 micrometre of undoped GaN epilayer was deposited as a buffer layer prior to the growth structure. 6 pairs of InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well structure grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). In this research, the indium to gallium composition ratio was 9:1. The crystal and optical properties of the samples were characterized using field effect atomic force microscopy, high resolution x-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Feasibility of ZnO and Zn Seed Layers for Growth of Vertically Aligned and High-Quality ZnO Nanorods by the Sonochemical Method
Authors: Hammed Nama A. , Aziz Azlan Abdul , Usman Adamu Ibrahim
Published: April 2019

The role of both zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc (Zn) seed layers were evaluated for the growth of vertically aligned high-quality zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods by the sonochemical method. A total of four samples categorized into two groups were evaluated, with a different type and thickness of seed layer for the first group - ZnO, 85 nm and the second group - Zn, 55 nm respectively. This was after depositing Ti (10 nm) as the adhesion layer on p-type Si (111) substrates for two samples, and without the adhesion layer on the others. All depositions were carried out using RF-sputtering. The effects of the seed layers on the growth of vertically aligned high-quality ZnO nanorods were systematically studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results show that the type and thickness of a seed layer are key parameters to the synthesis of high quality ZnO nanorods. Results also show that the Ti (10 nm) adhesion layer did not affect the growth surface-to-volume ratio of the ZnO nanorods and the ZnO nanorods synthesized using ZnO (85 nm) as seed layer has a better surface-to-volume ratio compared to that using Zn (55 nm) as seed layer, with and without the adhesion layer.
Sol-Gel Synthesis of Solid Solution Based on Cerate-Zirconate Ceramics
Authors: Nafisah Osman , Abdullah Abdul Samat , Wan Zulkifli Wan Zuliana , Somalu Mahendra Rao , Muchtar Andanastuti , Md Jani Abdul Mutalib , Hassan Oskar Hasdinor
Published: April 2019

Ceramics powders based on cerate-zirconate such as yttrium-doped barium cerate-zirconate, BaCe0.54Zr0.36Y0.1O3 (BCZY) have been used as electrolyte materials for proton-conducting fuel cell (PCFC) application. High purity of the ceramics powders are traditionally prepared by solid state reaction (SSR) method at a high processing temperature (> 1400 °C). Alternatively, sol-gel (SG) technique and high pressure – high temperature (HP-HT) batch wise reactor system using supercritical fluids (SCFs) method are introduced to synthesis the powders at a lower temperature. To achieve the goals in producing the ceramics powders with better properties than SSR method, few critical parameters for both SG and SG assisted SCFs methods are determined. This study reports the effects of different chemical agents (chelating agent and surfactant) in SG method and the effects of pressure and temperature of HP-HT batch wise reactor system using ethanol as solvent on the phase purity and microstructure of the BCZY powders. Chelating agent (triethylenetetramine, TETA) and surfactant (Brij-97) aided to produce a single perovskite phase of BCZY at calcination temperatures of 1100 °C and 950 °C, respectively. On the other hand, a single perovskite phase of BCZY was obtained via SCFs assisted with sol-gel (SG-SCFs) method. The optimum characteristics of BCZY powder was found in the one prepared at P = 2 MPa and T = 150 °C and 200 °C. Particles of the powders produced by SG and SG-SCFs methods are spherical in-shape. As proven, SG method is able to produce better phase purity and homogenize BCZY powder at lower processing temperature that meets criteria to be used as an electrolyte material.
Magnetic Cooperative Phenomenon with Unpaired sp-Electrons System by MBE Low-Temperature Growth
Authors: Mohamed Mohd Ambri , Majlis Burhanuddin Yeop
Published: April 2019

We present a new possibility of crystal growth as synthesis of materials containing high concentrations of unpaired sp electrons by growth of Be doped Gallium Arsenides at low temperatures of 200-3000C using Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and investigate a possibility of applications of magnetotransport properties based on these unpaired sp-electrons to spintronics devices.The present study using high concentration of unpaired sp-electrons by the growth of Beryllium-doped GaAs layers at low temperatures resulted in a cooperative transition of localized spins at low temperature and also affected the mechasnism of tranport properties of the sample from hopping conduction to valence band conduction.This attempts will give rise to a possibility of adding new functions to existing electronic devices.
Structure, Thermal and Conductivity Behavior of Vanadium Substituted Li1.4Ti1.6Al0.4 (PO4)2.9(VO4)0.1 NASICON-Type
Authors: Zangina Tasiu , Hassan Jumiah , Azis Raba’ah Syahidah , Matori Khamirul Amin , Ndikilar Chifu Ebenezar , Nasir Mahraz Muhammad , Suleiman Abdussalam Balarabe
Published: April 2019

The material with NASICON-type structure, lithium aluminum titanium phosphate with vanadium substituting phosphorous (Li1.4Ti1.6Al0.4(PO4)2.9(VO4)0.1) (LATPV) has been synthesized via solid state method. The X-ray powder diffraction analysis shows the effect of vanadium in the composition LATPV. Various secondary phases have been observed due to vanadium substitution which leads to low ionic conductivity of σ = 2.5 x 10-5 (Ωm)-1. The thermal analysis indicated that the reaction of chemical mixture become stable at round 460 °C which indicated an improvement in the material densification.
How Digital Technology and Standardisation Can Improve Offshore Operations
Authors: Tofte Bjarne L. , Vennemann Olav , Mitchell Farquhar , Millington Neil , McGuire Leslie
Published: April 2019

This paper explains how digital technology combined with standardisation is used to improve Subsea 7's offshore operations with the aim to avoid incidents, increase efficiency and reduce cost and schedule.

A new way to write, use, and complete offshore installation task plans has been developed. Using an electronic database and application-based system, Electronic Task Planner (ETP), hard copies will become redundant. Integration of Standard Task Plans (STP) in the ETP enables re-use of procedures, ensuring best practices are consistently applied during offshore operations, and will significantly reduce time to produce and review documents. The system will auto-generate as-built documentation and input to the vessel daily progress reports.

Offshore operations are supported by means of 3D virtualisation technology and animations. VR models are used to visualise the work environment for familiarisation and for design and procedure planning. 3D models can easily be integrated into the VR environment, combined with vessel and ROV models from the 3D model library to quickly analyse a proof of concept for the engineering planning.

An emulation room and testing lab has been set-up, and by creating virtual models of the vessels, control systems can be effectively tested under near to "live" conditions. By integrating a physics engine into the emulator system, projects can be verified against expected sea states and can confirm the control system will allow project operations to be completed. Using the emulation techniques means operators can be trained on exact same virtualised control system software in advance of actual construction, or control functions can be tested before delivery to the vessel. The same model can also be used to facilitate efficient planning and familiarisation of deck operations.
Real-Time Monitoring and Interpretation of Wireline Formation Testing Using Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Elshahawi Hani , Filippov Andrey
Published: April 2019

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithm is an elegant and effective method to optimize model parameters based on differences with predictions of model and measurement data. Great progress has been accomplished using EnKF for data assimilation within reservoir modeling during the last two decades. A typical example where data assimilation is necessary is history matching—the process of adjusting the model variables to account for observations of rates, pressure, saturations, and other variables. In contrast, much less attention has been given to flow model optimization for other workflows, such as drilling, production, flow assurance, and well testing.

Providing two examples of applying the EnKF for real-time quantification of sensor-generated data is the aim of this paper. These examples include the analysis of the declining production curve and zonal pressure sensor data for evaluating matrix permeabilities and processing the multichannel optical to monitor the cleanup of hydrocarbon fluid samples during formation-tester sampling.

Additionally, how the EnKF algorithm can be successfully applied to segmented multichannel sensor field data obtained from multichannel optical density sensors exhibiting the gradual transition from oil-based mud (OBM) filtrate to native formation fluid during formation-tester sampling stations is discussed. A simple algebraic proxy model is used to predict the decline of the volumetric fraction of OBM filtrate with time during formation-tester sampling.

To implement and test the algorithm, a proof-of-concept MATLAB code was developed. Synthetic (simulated) pressure flow rate data were used for the production decline case while the actual field data from eight channel optical sensors were used for the formation-testing case. Model runs were performed in 50 to 60 combinations of model parameters, which were normally distributed around the best-guess values at the initial step. For both cases, only two to three iterations of the algorithm were sufficient to obtain values of the matching parameters.
Advisory Hull Monitoring System for the Bonga FPSO
Authors: Aalberts Pieter , Ibekwe Achinike , Hageman Remco , Oguntola Gbolagade , Izuchukwu Josiah , Sorensen Kjeld , Nadathur Varadarajan , van Vliet Renate
Published: April 2019

This paper describes the implementation of the Advisory Hull Monitoring System (AHMS) onboard the existing Bonga FPSO (Nigeria) during operations and production. AHMS has been developed for FPSOs in the Monitas Joint Industry Project as a fully automated system, which explains and advises on the fatigue lifetime consumption of the hull of FPSOs. The explanations and advice offered are based on a comparison between the design and the actual predicted lifetime consumption by replacing the design parameters including environmental and operational conditions with the measured data. The system differentiates between the contributions of environmental and operational conditions as well as hydro-mechanic and structural responses. The AHMS system comprises hardware and software for smart data gathering and processing. AHMS hardware includes strain- type sensors on deck and inside the Water Ballast Tanks (WBTs) and/or void spaces and interfaces with external systems including the Computer Loading Instrument (CLI), Gyro and metocean system. AHMS has generally been installed onboard newly built floaters including the Usan FPSO (Nigeria), Clov FPSO (Angola), Ichthys FPSO (Australia) and Moho Nord FPU (Congo). Being in operation since 2005, the Bonga FPSO has lived 14 of its 20-year design life. Given the constraints inherent in her design, deployment of the AHMS for the FPSO's hull fatigue life monitoring therefore presented unique installation challenges to overcome as would be expected for ageing brownfield assets. To add to this challenge, the installation was carried out during production and so required strict adherence to the stringent safety requirements of Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPs) on a live plant. This paper describes in detail, the AHMS hardware, the complexity and challenges of their installation for the Bonga FPSO and highlights lessons learned for typical brownfiled retrofit of this nature.

OCTOPUS MONITAS, the software of the AHMS system for the smart data processing, calculates onboard fatigue lifetime consumption of the hull and explains the differences against design predictions. Methodology of the software is herein described, and the first set of measurements taken from the Bonga FPSO as well as preliminary results produced by the software are similarly presented.
Optimization of CO2 Foam EOR Processes: A Case Study from Lab-scale Model Fit to Field-Scale Development Planning
Authors: Izadi Mohammad , Nguyen Phuc H. , Fleifel Hazem , Ortiz Maestre Doris , Kam Seung I.
Published: April 2019

Lisama field, located in the eastern part of the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin in Colombia, was discovered in 1935 and estimated to hold approximately 0.25 billion STB of oil in place. Mainly consisting of two primary sandstone formations, the field moves gradually from the primary to the secondary and tertiary recovery methods. Injection of water and gas is considered as a possible solution in the next phase. This study performs a simulation study by using CMG STARS for a sector with an inverted 5-spot pattern to evaluate a wide range of development strategies for gas-water co-injection and foam treatments.

After performing reservoir simulations varying gas and liquid fractions (from 100% CO2 injection to 100% liquid injection) at four different levels of gas mobility reduction (mobility reduction factor (MRF) = 1, 10, 100, and 1000 for no foam, low-strength, intermediate-strength and high-strength foam, respectively), this simulation study reveals the following findings. First, compared to gas-water injection with no foams, injection of foams can improve cumulative oil recovery and sweep efficiency significantly. Such a tendency is observed consistently at three high, intermediate, and low total injection rates tested. Second, the use of sweep-efficiency contours as a function of injection foam quality (fg, or 1-fw) and MRF, at given total injection rate, provides a useful insight to understand graphically how effective an injection strategy can be. If an MRF-vs.-fg coreflood experimental data is imposed on the contour plot, the results can assist important business and technical decisions about optimum field development planning. Third, if certain constraints exist in the field, they can be mapped out on the sweep-efficiency contour map to predict how the optimum injection strategy should change. In addition, the simulation results show that this field of interest has gravity-dominant environments such that the injection at wetter condition, with or without foams, can be viewed as a better injection strategy in general to obtain higher oil recovery. The business decision, however, can have the injection condition skewed depending on the costs of supercritical CO2 and surfactant solutions.
Automatic Geohazard Detection Using Neural Networks
Authors: Arogunmati Adeyemi , Moocarme Matthew
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of neural networks in the automation of shallow geohazard detection and identification on seismic images. We discuss technical considerations and method limitations. The method used in this paper trains a neural network prediction model to automatically detect features in seismic images by estimating model parameters from a large set of input training images that have been manually interpreted. In this case, the independent variable is the seismic image and the dependent variable is the human interpretation. We used a separate test data set that was not used in training the model to validate our results. The novel approach and workflow presented in this paper is a significant advancement in geohazard detection and identification projects. The time taken to complete such a project using a conventional approach is significantly reduced – our model interprets entire seismic volumes in seconds with consistency, minimal human input and comparable accuracy.
Liuhua 11-1 FPSO & FPS Mooring System Life Extension Evaluation and Challenging Issues
Authors: Wang Huoping , Zhang Qinghe , Liu Yiyong , Mao Jiayou , Zhu Weiquan , Shen Hui
Published: April 2019

Mooring system life extension for offshore floating production installation has become a hot topic for offshore industry as more and more floating units approach the end of their design lives. Some mooring system life extension projects have already been completed successfully, there are still some issues upon which the mooring industry has not reached consensus, such as field inspection capability/accuracy, uninspected items assessment, component degradation assessment, and acceptance criteria for numerical evaluation. This paper demonstrates two mooring system life extension processes located at Liuhua (LH) 11-1 oil field, following ABS rules as well as industry best practices. It also presents the challenging issues met during this long period of operation, initiated in 2016 and to be completed by end of 2019.

Nanhai Shengli (NHSL) FPSO and Nanhai Tiaozhan (NHTZ) FPS are located in Liuhua 11-1 oil field. Both of the mooring systems were installed in 1995 with an originally designed life of 10 years, and already upgraded/replaced partially to extend their lives for continual safety operation. Thus, this is the second life extension for them, and some special challenges are presented. The upgrade of the mooring system is proposed based on inspection, testing, and analysis results for the existing mooring components. This paper focuses on some of the work that has been performed. These experiences may be helpful for the life extension of other similar mooring systems.
Driving Down Cost: A Case Study of Floating Substructure for A 10MW Wind Turbine
Authors: Udoh Ikpoto Enefiok , Zou Jun
Published: April 2019

Power generation costs must be competitive for the offshore wind industry to survive and advance consistently. It is widely believed that adopting high-capacity wind turbines (10 MW or higher) is an effective approach to reduce levelized costs of energy. Industry trends indicate that use of high-capacity turbines is imminent, and the suitability of existing floating substructure concepts is being challenged. This paper assesses characteristics of a floating substructure for supporting high-capacity turbines. A 10 MW wind turbine application with the floating structure concept in 100m water depth is investigated and verified by using aero-hydro-servo-elastic dynamic simulations. Environmental loads considered are wind, wave and current, and simulations are performed in time domain to capture interactions and non-linear responses. Wind loading on the RNA is modeled using turbulent wind fields, with turbulence intensities representative of offshore environments, whereas wind loads on the platform are captured using reliable wind load coefficients. Effects of a 10MW turbine on the nacelle, tower, platform and moorings are highlighted, and correlations between the responses are discussed. The responses are quantified and compared using power spectral densities (to delineate low, wave and high frequency effects) and extreme statistics. Comparisons discussed in this paper underscore the importance of adaptability of platform features to maintain favorable responses of floating substructures for high-capacity turbine applications. A hull steel efficiency indicator is adopted for the quick and simple measure of substructure hull efficiency. Findings of this study offer one solution to drive down the cost dramatically and provide insights for future developments.
A Novel Quasi-3D Landslide Dynamics Model: From Theory to Applications and Risk Assessment
Authors: Vanneste Maarten , Løvholt Finn , Issler Dieter , Liu Zhongqiang , Boylan Noel , Kim Jihwan
Published: April 2019

Submarine landslides can pose a significant threat to offshore installations and coastal communities. They can strike installations far from their origin and generate destructive tsunamis. To assess and quantify this hazard, it is necessary to be able to model their dynamics in complex submarine environments with realistic rheological input parameters.

Many submarine landslides involve cohesive visco-plastic soils, which can be described mathematically by rheological models such as the non-linear Herschel–Bulkley model. To model these events, accounting for complex bathymetry and rheological behavior, NGI has developed BingClaw. It incorporates buoyancy, hydrodynamic resistance and remolding, which are crucial for underwater landslide dynamics. BingClaw has been used to study the dynamics and tsunami generation of some of the largest and most complex submarine landslides in the world such as the Storegga Slide about 8000 years ago and the 1929 Grand Banks landslide and tsunami. In both cases, BingClaw provided a far more realistic description of both the landslide dynamics and the induced tsunami than other models. The link to the tsunami generation was used to better constrain the landslide dynamics.

Here, we demonstrate how BingClaw is used for geohazard applications, including attempts to hindcast past landslides directly relevant to these applications, as often rheological data are sparse or not available from a given site. We first present benchmark results comparing the landslide model with results from laboratory experiments. Then, we show comparisons between simulations and observed landslide run-out for both offshore and onshore applications. The onshore application provides additional well-controlled field studies for validation, in soils with high sensitivity. We also used BingClaw in an offshore/nearshore geohazard project, namely the Bjørnafjorden project offshore western Norway. There, we linked the run-out analysis directly to static and seismic slope stability evaluations, and the predicted run-out scenarios were used in the assessment of competing bridge concepts and their foundations in the deep fjord (around 560 m water depth).

These studies illustrate that this novel method, applicable for onshore and offshore geohazard assessments, can reliably reproduce field observations using realistic rheological parameters, which is important when estimating the risk posed by submarine mass movements, particularly with respect to the potential impact on infrastructure.
Deposition Mitigation in Flowing Systems Using Coatings
Authors: Pickarts Marshall A , Brown Erika , Delgado-Linares Jose , Blanchard Gabriela , Veedu Vinod , Koh Carolyn A
Published: April 2019

In pipelines, solid compounds including gas hydrates and asphaltenes may form/precipitate and accumulate on the pipe surface, leading to a gradual stenosis of the flowline. As a result, production may become increasingly difficult or possibly interrupted if mitigation efforts are not enacted. Typically, injected chemicals will either inhibit nucleation or dissolve already-formed deposits to restore original flow conditions back to the system; however, this can be a costly option. More recently, management strategies have been proposed where solids are handled in a controlled fashion rather than completely avoided. One such proposed management strategy as suggested for wall deposit formation is the use of coatings. Here, coatings can provide a low surface energy layer on the pipe wall, which restricts liquid and solid accumulation, allowing for a stable slurry flow through a system.

This study utilized two material formulations within several experimental setups to probe their interactions with water, gas hydrate, asphaltene, and crude oil. The results serve as part of an ongoing investigation into a surface treatment formulation that can be tested on larger-scale, fully flowing systems, which could be ultimately implemented into real-world production scenarios. The first surface treatment is a water-based polymeric surface that displays repellency to both oil and water phases (omniphobic). Testing of this material consisted of water contact angle measurements and static asphaltene/crude oil deposition quantification at atmospheric conditions, as well as visual confirmation of hydrate deposition prevention at high pressures. Additionally, an experimental superomniphobic surface treatment, which displays elevated resiliency to both water and hydrocarbons, was also examined within the asphaltene/crude oil test as a comparison to the omniphobic surface treatment.

Static contact angle results showed that the omniphobic surface treatment had reduced surface interaction with water droplets in air, increasing the low contact angles of corroded surfaces (0-31°) to slightly hydrophobic conditions of 91.5°. Additionally, rocking cells tests indicated that these omniphobic surface treatments may prevent gas hydrate deposition under high-pressure, semi-flowing conditions. Multiple tests found that formed hydrate agglomerants did not deposit for at least 48 and 72 hours. Finally, static deposition tests conducted in crude oil with forced asphaltene precipitation suggested that the omniphobic surface treatment displayed a resistance to both asphaltenes and crude oil when compared to untreated and superomniphobic surfaces.
Casing Wear Estimation Without a Baseline Log - A Distorted Ellipse Methodology
Authors: Chandrasekhar Sharat V , Anjos Jorel L , Frazão Leonardo E , Bonelli Rosane C , Percy Joseir G , Dos Santos Cleidilson M , Gasparetto Danilo , Lima Lorena B , Pilisi Nicolas
Published: April 2019

The estimation of casing wear from USIT or Caliper logs requires a proper evaluation of the shape of the tubular inner surface prior to casing wear. In the absence of a viable baseline log, this shape must be deduced through analytical means. Manufacturing deviations from perfect circularity result in eccentricity and ovality, so that the pre-wear shape is in general, elliptical in nature. Owing to the fact that a standard ellipse may not be adequate to capture this shape in all situations, an approach using a distorted and shifted ellipse is proposed. The shift from the geometrical centerline of the ellipse co-ordinates in order to capture the effect of improper centralisation of the logging tool.

The approach uses a least-squares minimisation technique to determine the distorted ellipse parameters such that the overall radial discrepancies between the pre- and post-wear shapes are minimised. A multi-pass approach wherein detected wear grooves are censored results in better predictions of the pre-wear shape as was determined from several validation test cases with known wear groove depths. The methodology was also applied to an actual USIT log with over 20,000 stations with 72 radial measurements at each station. The methodology also enables the detection of true locations of high wear from spurious ones. As proposed, the method is also capable of using either internal radius or wall thickness as the evaluation metric, and is stable in the presence of significant noise in the measurements.
Alternative Material to be Applied in Oil Well Cementing Subjected to High Temperatures to Avoid Compressive Strength Retrogression
Authors: Araújo Romero Gomes da Silva , Freitas Julio Cezar de Oliveira , Costa Bruno Leonardo de Sena , Moreira Paulo Henrique Silva Santos , Silva Fabrício Pereira Feitoza da , Oliveira Yvis Henrique de
Published: April 2019

When Portland cement sheath is submitted to temperatures above 110 °C in oil well wellbore conditions, the compressive strength retrogression phenomenon is observed. This occurs due to the conversion of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) to unstable phases, resulting in low compressive strength and high permeability. To minimize that compressive strength issue, guidelines suggests the addition of 35-40% BWOC (By Weight Of Cement) of an extra silica source to balance the relation CaO/SiO2 and convert it into more stable calcium silicate phases. Silica flour (SF) is the silica source worldwide used as anti-strength retrogression agent in cementing operations. The present work presents rice husk ash (RHA) as a sustainable silica source, in alternative to SF, for temperature of the environments where compressive strength retrogression is pronounced. Four compositions of cement slurries were tested: (i) a 15.6 ppg slurry with no silica addition (SF0); (ii) a 15.6 ppg slurry with 35% BWOC of SF addition (SF35); (iii) a 15.0 ppg slurry with 35% BWOC RHA addition (RHA-1) and (iv) a 14.5 ppg with 35% BWOC of RHA (RHA-2). The samples were submitted to 60 °C and 110 °C at atmospheric and 2,000 psi curing pressure, respectively, during 7 days. A uniaxial compression test was performed to evaluate RHA as anti-strength retrogression agent. All experimental procedures were performed in accordance to API RP 10B-2. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out to analyze the samples after temperature exposure. Results have shown that RHA samples developed more compressive strength in relation to the usual SF sample. Among the samples cured at 110 °C, RHA-1 presented the higher value of compressive strength (44.6 MPa), followed by sample SF35 (40.4 MPa) containing SF in its composition. The sample RHA-2 with 37.9 MPa of compressive strength was similar to SF35 and, as expected, the compressive strength of control sample SF0 was the lower with 28.3 MPa, due to the retrogression phenomenon. The samples cured at 60 °C showed the same tendency of 110 °C samples. XRD analysis showed the presence of typical stable crystalline phases such as xonotlite and tobermorite in cement samples containing RHA. The SEM images and TGA analyses were in accordance to XRD evaluations. As observed, RHA showed great potential as anti-strength retrogression agent even in weighted (15.0 ppg) or light weight (14.5 ppg) slurries. The sustainability of a renewable silica source makes the RHA an interesting alternative to the usual silica flour.
Reservoir Drilling and Completion Best Practices: Well Productivity Assessment Applying Drill in Fluid, Chelant/Enzyme Breaker System and Stimulation Design on Onshore Well BHT Scenario in Brazil
Authors: Leal Adelson Belizário , Barroso Alexandre Lima , Miranda Xandel , Flores Luis , Medeiros Gutembergue , Marcelino Cleuton , Moranezi Lillian , Pereira Rogério Amadeu , Oliveira Filipe Silva , Cândido Herick Bulhões
Published: April 2019

A significant number of horizontal wells have ultimately proven to be engineering failure impacting the productivity result negatively. This paper will discuss an approach of a suitable non-damaging fluid designed to drill a depleted and high BHT (Bottom Hole Temperature) horizontal well located on the Sergipe Basin, Northeastern Brazil. Particularly, the application of a customized Chelant /Enzyme filter cake Breaker System and potential Formation of emulsion was evaluated presenting results here.

The performance of the fluid loss and viscosifier additives was then evaluated for high BHT. Finally, the necessity of the use of emulsion preventer was evaluated, since tests showed emulsion formation between RDF fluid loss and reservoir oil. The last step was to formulate RDF Breaker. These wellbore productive fluids are designed to attack specific RDF mudcake components; an enzyme and a chelant with the functionality to consume the starch and calcium carbonate components, respectively, minimizing reservoir damage.

The results show that the temperature stabilizer displays favorable interactions with polymers when exposed to high temperatures, above 240 °F. The hydroxypropyl starch was selected as the fluid loss controller because it presented lower API filter volume under conditions of 243 ° F for 48h. Under the same conditions between the xanthan gum analyzed for the viscosifying additive, one showed better rheological results. An emulsion preventer selected displayed good results in the action against formation of emulsion of the API filter and the oil. Breaker effectiveness was proven with the Return Permeability Test performed, which showed acted as a mudcake remover formed by the RDF.