bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Preparation of Bicyclo[2.2.2]octenone Derivatives via Diels—Alder Cycloadditions of in situ‐Generated Masked o‐Benzoquinones.
Authors: Kalogiros Christos , Hadjiarapoglou Lazaros P.
Published: July 2011

The title cycloaddition provides easy access to highly substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐5‐en‐2‐ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Alkyne‐Substituted Quaternary Carbon Stereogenic Centers Through NHC—Cu‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions with (iBu)2(Alkynyl)aluminum Reagents.
Authors: Dabrowski Jennifer A. , Gao Fang , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: July 2011

The enantioselective synthesis of small organic molecules containing readily differentiable alkyne and alkene groups such as (III) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Addition of Arylboronic Acids to 2‐Nitrostyrenes by tert‐Butanesulfinylphosphine Ligand.
Authors: Lang Feng , Chen Guihua , Li Liangchun , Xing Junwei , Han Fuzhong , Cun Linfeng , Liao Jian
Published: July 2011

Based on the title method, the first asymmetric synthesis of cherylline (VI) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Electrochemical Imidation of Aliphatic Amines via Anodic Oxidation.
Authors: Zhang Li , Su Ji‐Hu , Wang Sujing , Wan Changfeng , Zha Zhenggen , Du Jiangfeng , Wang Zhiyong
Published: July 2011

A new, promising electrochemical strategy for the synthesis of sulfonyl amidine derivatives is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Propylphosphonic Anhydride (T3P®)‐Mediated One‐Pot Rearrangement of Carboxylic Acids to Carbamates.
Authors: Augustine John Kallikat , Bombrun Agnes , Mandal Ashis Baran , Alagarsamy Padma , Atta Rajendra Nath , Selvam Panneer
Published: July 2011

T3P as condensing agent in combination with trimethylsilylazide and triethylamine provides a practical method for the direct conversion of a broad range of carboxylic acids and alcohols to carbamates.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 2‐Imino‐3‐(2‐thienyl)‐2(5H)‐furans and Their Certain Transformations.
Authors: Avetisyan A. A. , Alvandzhyan A. G. , Avetisyan K. S.
Published: July 2011

Compounds (III) can be easily hydrolyzed to the corresponding lactones under protic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Five‐Membered Cyclic Orthoesters from Tribromides with Participation of a Neighboring Carbonyl Group.
Authors: Gururaja Guddeangadi N. , Mobin Shaikh M. , Namboothiri Irish N. N.
Published: July 2011

Depending on the workup conditions, the alcoholysis of keto tribromides (III) affords either unexpected dihydrofuran derivatives under neutral workup conditions, or the expected γ‐keto esters by acidic workup of the reaction mixture.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 5‐Amino‐4‐cyano Pyrrole Derivatives.
Authors: Nishio Yukihiro , Kimura Hidenori , Uchiyama Katsuya , Horiuchi Yoshihiro , Nakahira Hiroyuki
Published: July 2011

In continuation of a research on novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors for the treatment of type‐2 diabetes, a one‐pot synthesis of title compounds starting from dicyanoketene dithioacetal (I) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of 3‐Arylindoles.
Authors: Murru Siva , Gallo August A. , Srivastava Radhey S.
Published: July 2011

By use of a Cu(II)—Cu(0) catalytic system, nitrosoarenes and alkynes undergo an annulation/deoxygenation reaction to give the desired indoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles via Enantioselective Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction of Isatins.
Authors: Wang Ci‐Ci , Wu Xin‐Yan
Published: July 2011

The reaction is best catalyzed by the (diphenylphosphino)(cyclohexyl)‐phenylthiourea and is applied to the various acrylates (II), (IV), acrolein (VIIIa) and methyl vinyl ketone (VIIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: Metal—Ligand Bifunctional Activation and Transfer of N—H Bonds.
Authors: Muniz Kilian , Lishchynskyi Anton , Streuff Jan , Nieger Martin , Escudero‐Adan Eduardo C. , Martinez Belmonte Marta
Published: July 2011

An enantioselective aza‐Michael reaction for the preparation of a series of indoline amino acid esters (II) and (IV) from corresponding alkenes (I) and (III), resp., is elaborated using well defined ruthenium sulfonamide complexes as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Properties of 1‐(Amino‐N‐arylmethanethio)‐3‐(1‐substituted benzyl‐2,3‐dioxoindolin‐5‐yl) Urea Derivatives.
Authors: Siddiqui Nadeem , Alam M. Shamsher , Stables James P.
Published: July 2011

The derivatives (I) are found to possess potent anticonvulsant properties and no significant neurotoxicity.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of 2,3‐Allenyl Amines, Isocyanates, and Organic Halides: A Diversified Assembly of Imidazolidinones.
Authors: Shu Wei , Yu Qiong , Jia Guochen , Ma Shengming
Published: July 2011

Various substituted imidazole derivatives are efficiently synthesized by the present new three‐component reaction of allenyl amines with isocyanates and organic iodides under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbene‐Mediated Transformations of 1‐(Benzylideneamino)benzimidazoles.
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Jishkariani Davit , Sukhuja Rajeev , Hall C. Dennis , Steel Peter J.
Published: July 2011

Treatment of the ammonium salts (III) with NaH/CS2 and NaH/Bz‐NCS results in formation of the corresponding betaines (V) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Ketenimine N‐Functionalization of Thiazolidine‐3,4‐diones with Acetylenes and Isocyanides.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Sanaeishoar Tayebeh , Azad Leila , Ghazvini Maryam
Published: July 2011

The three‐component one‐pot reaction of thiazolidinediones with alkyl isocyanides and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates gives highly functionalized stable ketenimines.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Direct Michael Addition of 1H‐Benzotriazole to Chalcones Catalyzed by Sc(OTf)3/N,N′‐Dioxide Complex.
Authors: Wang Jing , Wang Wentao , Liu Xiaohua , Hou Zongrui , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: July 2011

The optimized reaction affords N‐1 substituted benzotriazoles in excellent yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Fmoc‐Protected Amino Alkyl Thiocyanates/Selenocyanates and Their Application in the Preparation of 5‐Substituted S/Se‐Linked Tetrazoles.
Authors: Sureshbabu Vommina , Vasantha Basavalingappa , Hemantha Hosahalli P.
Published: July 2011

A facile conversion of N‐Fmoc amino alkyl iodides to the corresponding thiocyanates or selenocyanates is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 3‐Aminoisoxazolo[4,5‐c]coumarin with Benzoyl Chloride: The First Example of a Preparative 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole—Oxazole Rearrangement.
Authors: Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya. , Moshkin Vladimir S. , Kornev Mikhail Yu. , Kodess Mikhail I.
Published: July 2011

Benzoylation of isoxazole fused coumarin (I) is accompanied by a Boulton—Katrizky rearrangement resulting in 1,2,4‐oxadiazole derivatives (III) and (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Regioselective Synthesis of Benzofuran‐Annulated Six‐Membered Sulfur Heterocycles and the Occurrence of Thermal [1,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement.
Authors: Majumdar Krishna C. , Nath Sanjay , Chattopadhyay Buddhadeb , Ray Krishanu
Published: July 2011

Phase transfer catalyzed alkylation of benzofuranthione (I) with propargyl halides affords the corresponding S‐alkyl derivatives, which undergo thio‐Claisen rearrangement under mild conditions to give hitherto unreported sulfur heterocycles [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Cross Coupling with N‐Acyliminium Ions Derived from Quinolines and Isoquinolines.
Authors: Graham Thomas J. A. , Shields Jason D. , Doyle Abigail G.
Published: July 2011

The new protocol allows the assembly of 2‐aryl‐substituted dihydroquinolines such as (III) and (IX) as well as 1‐arylated dihydroisoquinolines (VI) under mild reaction conditions employing a nickel catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd2I2/I2‐Catalyzed Thiolation‐Annulation of 2‐Alkynylbenzyl Azides with Disulfides: Selective Synthesis of 4‐Sulfenylisoquinolines.
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Ping , Yang Xu‐Heng , Peng Peng , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: July 2011

The reaction produces a series of 4‐chalcogen‐substituted isoquinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of C3‐Nitroalkylated‐4‐hydroxycoumarin and Hydroxyiminodihydrofuroquinolinone Derivatives via the Michael Addition of Cyclic 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds to β‐Nitrostyrenes.
Authors: Barange Deepak Kumar , Kavala Veerababurao , Kuo Chun‐Wei , Lei Po‐Min , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: July 2011

A variety of 3‐substituted 4‐hydroxycoumarin derivatives is prepared in high yields from 4‐hydroxycoumarine (I) and aromatic nitroalkenes [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Cascade Reactions to Highly Functionalized Quinolizidines.
Authors: Dai Xiaoyang , Wu Xiaoyu , Fang Huihui , Nie Linlin , Chen Jie , Deng Hongmei , Cao Weiguo , Zhao Gang
Published: July 2011

A prolinol‐derived silyl ether efficiently catalyzes the one‐pot Michael addition/Pictet—Spengler reaction of β‐ketoamides with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Diversity Oriented and Metal‐Free Approach to Highly Functionalized 3H‐Pyrimidin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Riva Renata , Banfi Luca , Basso Andrea , Zito Paola
Published: July 2011

A new, convergent and combinatorial four‐step synthesis of pyrimidin‐4‐ones from easily available β‐ketoesters is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Alkynylated Pyrimidines by Site‐Selective Sonogashira Reactions of 2,4,5,6‐Tetrachloropyrimidine; First Synthesis of Tetraalkynyl‐pyrimidines.
Authors: Malik Imran , Ahmed Zeeshan , Reimann Sebastian , Ali Iftikhar , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: July 2011

The di‐, tri‐ and tetraalkynyl‐pyrimidines exhibit fluorescence in the range of 395‐470 nm.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis Induced by Compounds with Chirality Arising from Partially Deuterated Methyl Groups in Conjunction with Asymmetric Autocatalysis.
Authors: Kawasaki Tsuneomi , Ozawa Hitomi , Ito Masateru , Soai Kenso
Published: July 2011

The use of less amounts of the catalyst leads to moderate enantiomeric excess of the product.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Series of Novel Thieno‐ and Benzothieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones
Authors: Abdillahi Ismail , Kirsch Gilbert
Published: July 2011

as potentially bioactive components
ChemInform Abstract: A New and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Bromosilanes from Hydrosilanes Using Br3CCOOEt/PdCl2 as the Catalyst.
Authors: Srithanakit Phatsupha , Chavasiri Warinthorn
Published: July 2011

The method is extended to a one‐pot synthesis of triisopropylsilyl ethers and triisopropyl esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclopropane‐Containing Phosphorus Compounds by Radical Coupling of Butenylindium with Iodo Phosphorus Compounds.
Authors: Kiyokawa Kensuke , Suzuki Itaru , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio
Published: July 2011

The butenylindium species generated by transmetalation between stannane (I) and InBr3 reacts with α‐ or β‐iodo phosphorus compounds (II) or (IV) either by thermal heating or under UV irradiation to give the desired cyclopropylalkylphosphorus products.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Promoted Synthesis, Antibacterial and in vitro Antiproliferative Activity of Novel α‐Aminophosphonate Derivatives.
Authors: Dake Satish A. , Raut Dnyaneshwar S. , Kharat Kiran R. , Mhaske Rooth S. , Deshmukh Satish U. , Pawar Rajendra P.
Published: July 2011

Novel α‐aminophosphonates (IV) are obtained via three‐component one‐pot reaction catalyzed by ethylammonium nitrate which also acts as ionic liquid solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Ferrocenylphenols Based on Cyclocondensation Reactions of Free and Masked 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Dianions.
Authors: Bendrath Franziska , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: July 2011

Reaction of ferrocenyl‐bis(methylthio)propenones (I) with masked dicarbonyldianions (II) proceeds with initial 1,2‐addition to give ferrocenylphenols (III) as single regioisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (E)‐2‐(1‐Ferrocenylmethylidene)malonic Acid Derivatives by a Cobalt‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction of Ethyl Diazoacetate, Carbon Monoxide and Ferrocenylimines.
Authors: Balogh Janos , Kegl Tamas , Parkanyi Laszlo , Kollar Laszlo , Ungvary Ferenc , Skoda‐Foeldes Rita
Published: July 2011

Cobalt‐catalyzed domino reaction of ferrocenylimines (I) with diazoacetate (II) and carbon monoxide (III) provides access to ferrocenylmethylene amidocarboxylates (IV)/(V).
ChemInform Abstract: Aza‐Annulation on the 16‐Dehydropregnenolone, via Tandem Intermolecular Aldol Process and Intramolecular Michael Addition.
Authors: Kumar Manmeet , Rawat Preeti , Khan Mohammad Faheem , Rawat Arun Kumar , Srivastava Arvind Kumar , Maurya Rakesh
Published: July 2011

The aza‐annulation to pentacyclic pregnenolone derivatives (VII), based on both Michael addition and aldol condensation, represents a new type of cyclization in steroid chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production in Lipopolysaccharide‐Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells by Lignans Isolated from Euonymus alatus Leaves and Twigs.
Authors: Jeong Eun Ju , Cho Jung Hee , Sung Sang Hyun , Kim Sun Yeou , Kim Young Choong
Published: July 2011

The new lignans (I) and (II) are isolated together with several known other lignans from leaves and twigs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)‐ and (‐)‐Clusianone and (+)‐ and (‐)‐Clusianone Methyl Enol Ether via ACC Alkylation and Evaluation of Their anti‐HIV Activity.
Authors: Garnsey Michelle R. , Matous James A. , Kwiek Jesse J. , Coltart Don M.
Published: July 2011

The first asymmetric total synthesis of (‐)‐clusianone (I) via Effenberger cyclization is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Antitumor Agents. Part 287. Substituted 4‐Amino‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one (APO) Analogues Reveal a New Scaffold from Neo‐Tanshinlactone with in vitro Anticancer Activity.
Authors: Dong Yizhou , Nakagawa‐Goto Kyoko , Lai Chin‐Yu , Morris‐Natschke Susan L. , Bastow Kenneth F. , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung
Published: July 2011

Title compounds (I) are designed and synthesized as a new class of in vitro anticancer agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationships of (Indo‐3‐yl) Heterocyclic Derivatives as Agonists of the CB1 Receptor. Discovery of a Clinical Candidate.
Authors: Ratcliffe Paul , et al. et al.
Published: July 2011

The expansion of the SAR of a novel series of indole‐3‐heterocyclic CB1 receptor agonists is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Zeolites and Manufacture of Zeolitic Catalysts and Adsorbents
Authors: Bedard Robert L.
Published: July 2011

Review: 257 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Zeolites as Catalysts for the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals
Authors: Climent Maria J. , Corma Avelino , Iborra Sara
Published: July 2011

Review: 260 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Li—Mg—N—H‐Based Combination Systems for Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Liang Chu , Liu Yongfeng , Fu Hongliang , Ding Yufan , Gao Mingxia , Pan Hongge
Published: July 2011

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Transition Metal Catalyzed C—N Cross‐Couplings: Emerging Approaches Towards Sustainability
Authors: Senra Jaqueline D. , Aguiar Lucia C. S. , Simas Alessandro B. C.
Published: July 2011

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic (Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh and Au) and Non‐Catalytic Reactions for Atom‐Economic Carbon—Sulfur, Carbon—Selenium, and Carbon—Tellurium Bonds Formation
Authors: Ananikov Valentine P. , Zalesskiy Sergey S. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: July 2011

Review: 233 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Application of Chiral Schiff Base in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Wei Yu , Zhang Bang‐Le , Liu Peng , He Wei , Zhang Sheng‐Yong
Published: July 2011

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodocyclization. Past and Present Examples
Authors: Banerjee Ajoy K. , Laya Manuel S. , Cabrera Elvia V.
Published: July 2011

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Furanoid and Pyranoid Sugar α‐ and β‐Amino Acids and Related Aminocycloalkanecarboxylic Acids from Carbohydrates
Authors: Soengas Raquel G. , Estevez Amalia M. , Estevez Juan C. , Estevez Ramon J.
Published: July 2011

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformationally Restricted GABA Analogues: From Rigid Carbocycles to Cage Hydrocarbons
Authors: Levandovskiy Igor A. , Sharapa Dmitry I. , Shamota Tatyana V. , Rodionov Vladimir N. , Shubina Tatyana E.
Published: July 2011

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Neodisaccharide Diglycosyl Compounds: Ethers, Thioethers and Selenoethers. A Survey of Their Synthesis and Biological Activity
Authors: Cumpstey Ian
Published: July 2011

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Glucose‐Derived Inhibitors of Glycogen Phosphorylase
Authors: Somsak Laszlo
Published: July 2011

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Iminosugars via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrones to α,β‐Unsaturated Sugar Aldonolactones
Authors: Stecko Sebastian , Jurczak Margarita , Panfil Irma , Furman Bartlomiej , Grzeszczyk Barbara , Chmielewski Marek
Published: July 2011

Review: 230 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity in Organized Assemblies
Authors: Onel Lavinia , Buurma Niklaas J.
Published: July 2011

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bond Formations Between Two Nucleophiles: Transition Metal Catalyzed Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Liu Chao , Zhang Hua , Shi Wei , Lei Aiwen
Published: July 2011

Review: 335 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: If C—H Bonds Could Talk: Selective C—H Bond Oxidation.
Authors: Newhouse Timothy , Baran Phil S.
Published: July 2011

Review: chemoselectivity of C—H oxidation imposed by the nature of the substrate; ca. 300 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Starfish
Authors: Dong Guang , Xu Tunhai , Yang Bin , Lin Xiuping , Zhou Xuefeng , Yang Xianwen , Liu Yonghong
Published: July 2011

Review: 227 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Rhododendron
Authors: Qiang Yin , Zhou Baoshi , Gao Kun
Published: July 2011

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Concepts on the Interaction of Drugs with Opioid Receptors
Authors: Kuzmina N. E. , Kuzmin V. S.
Published: July 2011

Review: 307 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Styrylpyrone‐Class Compounds from Medicinal Fungi Phellinus and Inonotus spp., and Their Medicinal Importance
Authors: Lee In‐Kyoung , Yun Bong‐Sik
Published: July 2011

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Healing Ionomers
Authors: Kalista, Stephen J. Jr.
Published: July 2011

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Host—Guest Functional Materials
Authors: Chen Jiesheng
Published: July 2011

Review: 210 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biodegradable Polymeric Microcapsules: Preparation and Properties
Authors: Sawalha Hassan , Schroen Karin , Boom Remko
Published: July 2011

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Adapting Semiconducting Polymer Doping Techniques to Create New Types of Click Postfunctionalization
Authors: Michinobu Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2011

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stimuli‐Responsive Electrospun Fibers and Their Applications
Authors: Huang Chaobo , Soenen Stefaan J. , Rejman Joanna , Lucas Bart , Braeckmans Kevin , Demeester Jo , De Smedt Stefaan C.
Published: July 2011

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Synthetic Transport Systems
Authors: Matile Stefan , Jentzsch Andreas Vargas , Montenegro Javier , Fin Andrea
Published: July 2011

Review: 169 refs.
Pulmonary function after whole lung irradiation in pediatric patients with solid malignancies
Authors: Motosue Megan S. , Zhu Liang , Srivastava Kumar , Stokes Dennis C. , Hudson Melissa M. , McPherson Valerie , Srinivasan Saumini , Krasin Matthew J. , Green Daniel M. , Spunt Sheri L. , Inaba Hiroto
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Although whole lung irradiation is used to treat pulmonary metastases of pediatric solid malignancies, few studies have addressed its long‐term pulmonary consequences.

METHODS:

The authors conducted a retrospective study of longitudinal changes in 171 pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and their relation with clinical features in 48 survivors of pediatric malignant solid tumors treated with whole lung irradiation.

RESULTS:

Although active respiratory symptoms were seen in only 9 patients (18.8%), abnormalities in forced vital capacity (FVC; 58.3%), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1; 64.6%), total lung capacity (TLC; 72.9%), and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide corrected for hemoglobin (DLCOcorr; 70.8%) were common. At a median follow‐up of 9.7 years after whole lung irradiation, FVC, FEV1, and TLC significantly declined longitudinally (P = .04, .03, and .02, respectively). Focal pulmonary boost irradiation was significantly associated with abnormal FEV1/FVC (P = .03), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% forced vital capacity (P = .005), residual volume (RV; P = .005), and RV/TLC (P = .002). Ten patients had baseline PFTs, and FVC, FEV1, TLC, and DLCOcorr worsened immediately after radiation, followed by transient improvement but subsequent decline. Thirteen of 32 (40.6%) patients aged >18 years were smokers.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pulmonary dysfunction was prevalent after whole lung irradiation and worsened over time, although most patients were asymptomatic. Boost irradiation impaired pulmonary function, and a significant proportion of patients were smokers. Further studies are planned to assess the predictors and clinical consequences of progressive PFT abnormalities and to evaluate educational interventions. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Expression of focal adhesion kinase in small‐cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Ocak Sebahat , Chen Heidi , Callison Clay , Gonzalez Adriana L. , Massion Pierre P.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non‐receptor tyrosine kinase linked to tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. FAK is overexpressed and associated with prognosis in many cancers, but its prognostic value in small‐cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is unknown and was the focus of this study.

METHODS:

Total FAK expression was analyzed via immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays consisting of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded SCLC specimens from 85 patients. FAK staining scores were tested for correlations with pathological characteristics and clinical outcomes. Phospho‐paxillin was also tested in 35 of the 85 specimens to evaluate whether FAK expression was associated with downstream signaling.

RESULTS:

Specific FAK expression was localized to the cytoplasm of 78/85 (92%) SCLCs. FAK expression was scored low in 11 (13%), moderate in 17 (20%), and high in 50 (59%) SCLCs. FAK staining scores treated as continuous variables did not correlate with SCLC disease stage, response to therapy, recurrence/progression‐free survival, or overall survival. Moreover, total FAK expression did not correlate with phospho‐paxillin Tyr118 expression.

CONCLUSIONS:

Total FAK is strongly expressed in a majority of SCLC tumors. However, the expression evaluated via immunohistochemistry is not a prognostic factor in patients with SCLC. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Family history of cancer and risk of sporadic differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Xu Li , Li Guojun , Wei Qingyi , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Sturgis Erich M.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Thyroid cancer incidence in the United States, particularly in women, has increased dramatically since the 1980s. Although the causes of thyroid cancer in most patients remain largely unknown, evidence suggests the existence of an inherited predisposition to development of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Therefore, the authors explored the association between sporadic DTC and family history of cancer.

METHODS:

In a retrospective hospital‐based case‐control study of prospectively recruited subjects who completed the study questionnaire upon enrollment, unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as estimates of the DTC risk associated with first‐degree family history of cancer.

RESULTS:

The study included 288 patients with sporadic DTC and 591 cancer‐free controls. Family history of thyroid cancer in first‐degree relatives was associated with increased DTC risk (adjusted OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.7‐9.9). All DTC cases in patients with a first‐degree family history of thyroid cancer were cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (adjusted OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.9‐11.1). Notably, the risk of PTC was highest in subjects with a family history of thyroid cancer in siblings (OR, 7.4; 95% CI, 1.8‐30.4). In addition, multifocal primary tumor was more common among PTC patients with first‐degree family history of thyroid cancer than among PTC patients with no first‐degree family history of thyroid cancer (68.8% vs 35.5%, P = .01).

CONCLUSIONS:

The study suggests that family history of thyroid cancer in first‐degree relatives, particularly in siblings, is associated with an increased risk of sporadic PTC. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on cancer‐specific survival
Authors: Liu Xiangdong , Ji Jianguang , Sundquist Kristina , Sundquist Jan , Hemminki Kari
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Earlier studies have suggested that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) alters the risk of developing a variety of cancers, but little has been known about the impact of T2DM on cancer prognosis. On the basis of nationwide population‐based Swedish registries, the authors of this report compared the cause‐specific survival among cancer patients with and without T2DM.

METHODS:

Patients with T2DM were identified from the nationwide Swedish Hospital Discharge Register, and cancers were recorded from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox regression models to compare variations in cause‐specific survival between cancer patients with and without T2DM.

RESULTS:

Of the 1016,105 cancer patients, 16,123 had been hospitalized with T2DM before their diagnosis of cancer. The mortality rate was significantly higher among cancer patients with T2DM than among those without T2DM (cause‐specific HR, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.35‐1.41). There were no differences in TNM stage distribution among cancer patients with or without T2DM for the main cancers, with an exception of tumor and metastatic classifications for breast cancer and prostate cancer, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results indicated that patients with T2DM who are diagnosed with a subsequent cancer are at an increased risk for cause‐specific mortality compared with patients who have cancer without T2DM. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
A survey of oral cavity afferents to the rat nucleus tractus solitarii
Authors: Corson James , Aldridge Alexandra , Wilmoth Kristin , Erisir Alev
Published: July 2011

Visualization of myelinated fiber arrangements, cytoarchitecture, and projection fields of afferent fibers in tandem revealed input target selectivity in identified subdivisions of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). The central fibers of the chorda tympani (CT), greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP), and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), three nerves that innervate taste buds in the oral cavity, prominently occupy the gustatory‐sensitive rostrocentral subdivision. In addition, CT and IX innervate and overlap in the rostrolateral subdivision, which is primarily targeted by the lingual branch of the trigeminal nerve (LV). In the rostrocentral subdivision, compared with the CT terminal field, GSP appeared more rostral and medial, and IX was more dorsal and caudal. Whereas IX and LV filled the rostrolateral subdivision diffusely, CT projected only to the dorsal and medial portions. The intermediate lateral subdivision received input from IX and LV but not CT or GSP. In the caudal NTS, the ventrolateral subdivision received notable innervation from CT, GSP, and LV, but not IX. No caudal subnuclei medial to the solitary tract contained labeled afferent fibers. The data indicate selectivity of fiber populations within each nerve for functionally distinct subdivisions of the NTS, highlighting the possibility of equally distinct functions for CT in the rostrolateral NTS, and CT and GSP in the caudal NTS. Further, this provides a useful anatomical template to study the role of oral cavity afferents in the taste‐responsive subdivision of the NTS as well as in subdivisions that regulate ingestion and other oromotor behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:495–527, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of last‐order premotor interneurons by transneuronal tracing with rabies virus in the neonatal mouse spinal cord
Authors: Coulon Patrice , Bras Hélène , Vinay Laurent
Published: July 2011

We characterized the interneurons involved in the control of ankle extensor (triceps surae [TS] muscles) motoneurons (MNs) in the lumbar enlargement of mouse neonates by retrograde transneuronal tracing using rabies virus (RV). Examination of the kinetics of retrograde transneuronal transfer at sequential intervals post inoculation enabled us to determine the time window during which only the first‐order interneurons, i.e., interneurons likely monosynaptically connected to MNs (last‐order interneurons [loINs]) were RV‐infected. The infection of the network resulted exclusively from a retrograde transport of RV along the motor pathway. About 80% of the loINs were observed ipsilaterally to the injection. They were distributed all along the lumbar enlargement, but the majority was observed in L4 and L5 segments where TS MNs were localized. Most loINs were distributed in laminae V–VII, whereas the most superficial laminae were devoid of RV infection. Contralaterally, commissural loINs were found essentially in lamina VIII of all lumbar segments. Groups of loINs were characterized by their chemical phenotypes using dual immunolabeling. Glycinergic neurons connected to TS MNs represented 50% of loINs ipsilaterally and 10% contralaterally. As expected, the ipsilateral glycinergic loINs included Renshaw cells, the most ventral neurons expressing calbindin. We also demonstrated a direct connection between a group of cholinergic interneurons observed ipsilaterally in L3 and the rostral part of L4, and TS MNs. To conclude, transneuronal tracing with RV, combined with an immunohistochemical detection of neuronal determinants, allows a very specific mapping of motor networks involved in the control of single muscles. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3470–3487, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential gene expression in the axotomized facial motor nucleus of presymptomatic SOD1 mice
Authors: Mesnard Nichole A. , Sanders Virginia M. , Jones Kathryn J.
Published: July 2011

Previously, we compared molecular profiles of one population of wild‐type (WT) mouse facial motoneurons (FMNs) surviving with FMNs undergoing significant cell death after axotomy. Regardless of their ultimate fate, injured FMNs respond with a vigorous pro‐survival/regenerative molecular response. In contrast, the neuropil surrounding the two different injured FMN populations contained distinct molecular differences that support a causative role for glial and/or immune‐derived molecules in directing contrasting responses of the same cell types to the same injury. In the current investigation, we utilized the facial nerve axotomy model and a presymptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse (SOD1) model to experimentally mimic the axonal die‐back process observed in ALS pathogenesis without the confounding variable of disease onset. Presymptomatic SOD1 mice had a significant decrease in FMN survival compared with WT, which suggests an increased susceptibility to axotomy. Laser microdissection was used to accurately collect uninjured and axotomized facial motor nuclei of WT and presymptomatic SOD1 mice for mRNA expression pattern analyses of pro‐survival/pro‐regeneration genes, neuropil‐specific genes, and genes involved in or responsive to the interaction of FMNs and non‐neuronal cells. Axotomized presymptomatic SOD1 FMNs displayed a dynamic pro‐survival/regenerative response to axotomy, similar to WT, despite increased cell death. However, significant differences were revealed when the axotomy‐induced gene expression response of presymptomatic SOD1 neuropil was compared with WT. We propose that the increased susceptibility of presymptomatic SOD1 FMNs to axotomy‐induced cell death and, by extrapolation, disease progression, is not intrinsic to the motoneuron, but rather involves a dysregulated response by non‐neuronal cells in the surrounding neuropil. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3488–3506, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spine formation and maturation in the developing rat auditory cortex
Authors: Schachtele Scott J. , Losh Joe , Dailey Michael E. , Green Steven H.
Published: July 2011

The rat auditory cortex is organized as a tonotopic map of sound frequency. This map is broadly tuned at birth and is refined during the first 3 weeks postnatal. The structural correlates underlying tonotopic map maturation and reorganization during development are poorly understood. We employed fluorescent dye ballistic labeling (“DiOlistics”) alone, or in conjunction with immunohistochemistry, to quantify synaptogenesis in the auditory cortex of normal hearing rats. We show that the developmental appearance of dendritic protrusions, which include both immature filopodia and mature spines, on layers 2/3, 4, and 5 pyramidal and layer 4 spiny nonpyramidal neurons occurs in three phases: slow addition of dendritic protrusions from postnatal day 4 (P4) to P9, rapid addition of dendritic protrusions from P9 to P19, and a final phase where mature protrusion density is achieved (>P21). Next, we combined DiOlistics with immunohistochemical labeling of bassoon, a presynaptic scaffolding protein, as a novel method to categorize dendritic protrusions as either filopodia or mature spines in cortex fixed in vivo. Using this method we observed an increase in the spine‐to‐filopodium ratio from P9–P16, indicating a period of rapid spine maturation. Previous studies report mature spines as being shorter in length compared to filopodia. We similarly observed a reduction in protrusion length between P9 and P16, corroborating our immunohistochemical spine maturation data. These studies show that dendritic protrusion formation and spine maturation occur rapidly at a time previously shown to correspond to auditory cortical tonotopic map refinement (P11–P14), providing a structural correlate of physiological maturation. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3327–3345, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular, biochemical, and molecular characterization of nitric oxide synthase expressed in the nervous system of the prosobranch Stramonita haemastoma (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda)
Authors: Cioni Carla , Di Patti Maria Carmela Bonaccorsi , Venturini Giorgio , Modica Maria Vittoria , Scarpa Francesca , Oliverio Marco , Toni Mattia
Published: July 2011

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been characterized in several opistobranchs and pulmonates but it was much less investigated in prosobranchs, which include more than 20,000 species and account for most of the gastropod diversity. Therefore, new data from this large group are needed for a better knowledge of the molecular evolution of NOS enzymes in molluscs. This study focused on NOS expressed in the nervous system of the prosobranch neogastropod Stramonita haemastoma. In this study we report compelling evidence on the expression of a constitutive Ca2+/CaM‐dependent neuronal NOS in the central and peripheral nervous system. The prevailing neuronal localization of NADPHd activity was demonstrated by NADPHd histochemistry in both central and peripheral nervous system structures. L‐arginine/citrulline assays suggested that Stramonita NOS is a constitutive enzyme which is both cytosolic and membrane‐bound. Molecular cloning of the full‐length Stramonita NOS (Sh‐NOS) by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) followed by 5′ and 3′ RACE showed that Sh‐NOS is a protein of 1,517 amino acids, containing a PDZ domain at the N‐terminus and sharing similar regulatory domains to the mammalian neuronal NOS (nNOS). Regional expression of the Sh‐NOS gene was evaluated by RT‐PCR. This analysis showed different expression levels in the nerve ring, the osphradium, the cephalic tentacles, the buccal tissues, and the foot, whereas NOS expression was not found in the salivary glands and the gland of Leiblein. The present data provide a solid background for further studies addressing the specific functions of NO in neogastropods. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:364–383, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histamine receptors of cones and horizontal cells in Old World monkey retinas
Authors: Vila Alejandro , Satoh Hiromasa , Rangel Carolina , Mills Stephen L. , Hoshi Hideo , O'Brien John , Marshak Daniel R. , Macleish Peter R. , Marshak David W.
Published: July 2011

In primates the retina receives input from histaminergic neurons in the posterior hypothalamus that are active during the day. In order to understand how this input contributes to information processing in Old World monkey retinas, we have been localizing histamine receptors (HR) and studying the effects of histamine on the neurons that express them. Previously, we localized HR3 to the tips of ON bipolar cell dendrites and showed that histamine hyperpolarizes the cells via this receptor. We raised antisera against synthetic peptides corresponding to an extracellular domain of HR1 between the 4th and 5th transmembrane domains and to an intracellular domain near the carboxyl terminus of HR2. Using these, we localized HR1 to horizontal cells and a small number of amacrine cells and localized HR2 to puncta closely associated with synaptic ribbons inside cone pedicles. Consistent with this, HR1 mRNA was detected in horizontal cell perikarya and primary dendrites and HR2 mRNA was found in cone inner segments. We studied the effect of 5 μM exogenous histamine on primate cones in macaque retinal slices. Histamine reduced Ih at moderately hyperpolarized potentials, but not the maximal current. This would be expected to increase the operating range of cones and conserve ATP in bright, ambient light. Thus, all three major targets of histamine are in the outer plexiform layer, but the retinopetal axons containing histamine terminate in the inner plexiform layer. Taken together, the findings in these three studies suggest that histamine acts primarily via volume transmission in primate retina. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012;520:528–543. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projections of the medial orbital and ventral orbital cortex in the rat
Authors: Hoover Walter B. , Vertes Robert P.
Published: July 2011

The medial orbital (MO) and ventral orbital (VO) cortices are prominent divisions of the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex. To our knowledge, no previous report in the rat has comprehensively described the projections of MO and VO. By using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and the retrograde tracer Fluoro‐Gold, we examined the efferent projections of MO and VO in the rat. Although MO and VO projections overlap, MO distributes more widely throughout the brain, particularly to limbic structures, than does VO. The main cortical targets of MO were the orbital, ventral medial prefrontal (mPFC), agranular insular, piriform, retrosplenial, and parahippocampal cortices. The main subcortical targets of MO were the medial striatum, olfactory tubercle, claustrum, nucleus accumbens, septum, substantia innominata, lateral preoptic area, and diagonal band nuclei of the basal forebrain; central, medial, cortical, and basal nuclei of amygdala; paratenial, mediodorsal, and reuniens nuclei of the thalamus; posterior, supramammillary, and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus; and periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, dorsal and median raphe, laterodorsal tegmental, and incertus nuclei of the brainstem. By comparison, VO distributes to some of these same sites, notably to the striatum, but lacks projections to parts of limbic cortex, to nucleus accumbens, and to the amygdala. VO distributes much more strongly, however, than MO to the medial (frontal) agranular, anterior cingulate, sensorimotor, posterior parietal, lateral agranular retrosplenial, and temporal association cortices. The patterns of MO projections are similar to those of the mPFC, whereas the projections of VO overlap with those of the ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO). This suggests that MO serves functions comparable to those of the mPFC, such as goal‐directed behavior, and VO performs functions similar to VLO such as directed attention. MO/VO may also serve as a link between lateral orbital and medial prefrontal cortices. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3766–3801, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mathematical approach for predicting non‐negative tristimulus values using the CAT02 chromatic adaptation transform
Authors: Li Changjun , Perales Esther , Luo M. Ronnier , Martínez‐Verdú Francisco
Published: July 2011

It has been reported that for certain colour samples, the chromatic adaptation transform CAT02 imbedded in the CIECAM02 colour appearance model predicts corresponding colours with negative tristimulus values (TSVs), which can cause problems in certain applications. To overcome this problem, a mathematical approach is proposed for modifying CAT02. This approach combines a non‐negativity constraint for the TSVs of corresponding colours with the minimization of the colour differences between those values for the corresponding colours obtained by visual observations and the TSVs of the corresponding colours predicted by the model, which is a constrained non‐linear optimization problem. By solving the non‐linear optimization problem, a new matrix is found. The performance of the CAT02 transform with various matrices including the original CAT02 matrix, and the new matrix are tested using visual datasets and the optimum colours. Test results show that the CAT02 with the new matrix predicted corresponding colours without negative TSVs for all optimum colours and the colour matching functions of the two CIE standard observers under the test illuminants considered. However, the accuracy with the new matrix for predicting the visual data is approximately 1 CIELAB colour difference unit worse compared with the original CAT02. This indicates that accuracy has to be sacrificed to achieve the non‐negativity constraint for the TSVs of the corresponding colours. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011
Mobile device access control: an improved correlation based face authentication scheme and its Java ME application
Authors: Xi Kai , Hu Jiankun , Han Fengling
Published: July 2011

This paper investigates face authentication based access control solutions for camera‐equipped mobile devices. A new hierarchical correlation based face authentication (HCFA) scheme is proposed, which suits resource‐constrained mobile devices such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants. The idea of HCFA is conducting a partial correlation output peak analysis (analyze the relationship between each cross‐correlation output peak generated from selected sub‐regions of a face), in conjunction with conventional direct cross‐correlation methods. The experimental results on the public domain database demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieved better performance than that of the conventional direct correlation based schemes. Furthermore, HCFA was implemented on the Nokia S60 CLDC emulator using Java ME (previously J2ME) programming technology in order to test the applicability and implementability. The test results show that the proposed algorithm is implementable on mobile devices. It not only shortens processing time but also reduces resource demand significantly, compared with the direct correlation algorithms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A concurrent key exchange protocol based on commuting matrices
Authors: Almulla M. , Kanso A. , Ghebleh M.
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we suggest a cryptographic protocol for symmetric key exchange based on a set of m commutative square singular matrices of dimension n×n. The suggested scheme provides a concurrent technique for users of symmetric‐key cipher systems to securely exchange their private keys over public channels. This protocol is shown to possess a high level of security based on the algorithm's parameters. We also present a scheme for generating pseudorandom numbers from a single chaotic map for use in various applications, in particular, the suggested key exchange protocol.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance evaluation of lifetime‐driven admission control for infrastructure‐less clustered wireless networks
Authors: Djouama Amir , Mokdad Lynda , Abdennebi Marwen
Published: July 2011

Classical call admission control schemes focus on QoS enhancements because radio bandwidth will be allocated for mobile communications. Both of radio bandwidth and lifetime duration of mobile node are very important and precious for resources allocation in wireless networks. In this paper, we present a novel admission control for infrastructure‐less clustered wireless networks. The proposed admission control is based on QoS constraints and the lifetime duration of mobile nodes, including speed and power consumption parameters. Some new schemes are introduced, QoS parameters are negotiated during the admission procedure, and a forced handover technique is developed instead of reject flows, using a centralized view of topology. The performance of the proposed scheme was analyzed and evaluated with respect to throughput and call blocking probability, using different classes of traffic. Furthermore, simulation results confirmed the effectiveness of the admission control schemes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed re‐arrangement scheme for balancing computational load and minimizing communication delays in HLA‐based simulations
Authors: Grande Robson Eduardo De , Boukerche Azzedine , Ramadan Hussam
Published: July 2011

Because of the availability of shared resources, substantial efforts have been applied to the development of large‐scale distributed simulations, and performance has become an essential aspect that can be impaired by heterogeneity and availability of resources, dynamic, unpredictable load imbalances, and communication delays. In order to manage and keep such distributed simulations consistent, the high level architecture (HLA) standard has been designed; however, it does not provide any solution that directly solves simulation performance issues. Many balancing approaches have been proposed in order to offer a suboptimal balancing solution, but they are limited to certain simulation aspects, are specific to determined applications, or are unaware of the HLA‐based simulation characteristics. In light of considering both computational and communication aspects for HLA‐based simulations, a centralized hierarchical balancing scheme was proposed. This scheme presents several drawbacks that make it susceptible to bottlenecks, overheads, global synchronization, and single point of failure. Therefore, a scheme based on a distributed algorithm to re‐arrange the computational and communication load is proposed. Experiments have been performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the distributed scheme when compared with the scheme based on a centralized redistribution algorithm. The results showed that the distributed balancing technique could provide similar performance gain or even improve it for some specific cases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.