bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring total‐factor energy environment efficiency, energy‐saving and carbon emission‐reduction potential in China's food industry: Based on a meta‐frontier slacks‐based measure model
Authors: Xie Xuan , Li Ke
Published: September 2021

China's food industry is a large energy consumer and carbon emitter due to its huge scale, so it cannot be ignored if China wants to achieve the goals of energy conservation, emission reduction, and clean production. It is necessary to conduct an in‐depth analysis of the energy environment efficiency of the industry. This paper measures the total‐factor energy environment efficiency (TFEEE) of China's food industry and calculates its energy‐saving and CO2 emission‐reduction potential. A method that combines the slacks‐based measure (SBM) model with meta‐frontier technology is adopted, which considers the heterogeneity of production between regions while dealing with the undesirable output (CO2 emissions). This method is used to calculate the energy environment efficiency of each province based on the group frontier (GTFEEE) and the meta‐frontier (MTFEEE). Through the difference between these two efficiencies, the energy‐saving potential is further decomposed into energy saving from management efficiency improvement and energy saving from technology catch‐up. The results show that, overall, the energy environment efficiency of China's food industry is low, and there are obvious technology gaps between regions. In 2013, the energy‐saving potential of China's food industry reached 49.28 million tce, accounting for 60.7% of the industry's energy consumption that year. Among them, 76% came from the improvement of management efficiency. And the CO2 emission‐reduction potential was 154.6 million tons. Finally, targeted energy saving and emission reduction recommendations were put forward.
Origin of the dioritic porphyrite and its associated Matouniu skarn gold polymetallic deposits in the Eastern Hebei Province, North China: Evidence from geochronology, geochemistry, and C–O–S–Pb–Hf isotopes
Authors: Yu Run‐tao , Li Bi‐le , Wu Feng , Yuan Yong‐jian , Huo Liang , Zhang Yan‐jun , Li Zhi‐hua
Published: September 2021

The Matouniu gold polymetallic deposit in the Eastern Hebei Province (Jidong) in the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) is a skarn‐type ore deposit. Geochemical data, zircon U–Pb, and Hf isotope analysis of the mineralization‐related dioritic porphyrite and C–O–S–Pb isotopes from the deposit were used to investigate the origin, magmatic evolution, mineralization, and tectonic setting of the Matouniu gold polymetallic deposit. Zircon U–Pb dating reveals an emplacement age of 146.7 ± 1.1 Ma, indicating that the magmatism and mineralization occurred during the Late Jurassic. Geochemical, Hf, and Pb isotopic compositions indicate that the dioritic porphyrite was formed by the partial melting of the ancient mafic lower crust, leaving behind residual plagioclase, amphibole, and garnet, with traces of mantle material involvement. The S and Pb isotopic compositions revealed that both the ore‐forming materials and the dioritic porphyrite were derived from a deep‐seated magmatic source, which mainly originated from the lower crust, with minor input from the mantle. The C–O isotopic compositions suggest that the early ore‐forming fluids had a mainly deep‐seated magmatic source with minor meteoric water involvement, and were accompanied by continuous meteoric water involvement and water‐rock interaction during the fluid migration. The Matouniu gold polymetallic deposit and Late Jurassic dioritic porphyrite associated with skarn mineralization formed under geodynamics involved a compressional regime that was associated with the continuous subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate beneath the East Asia Plate.
Health risk behaviors before and during COVID‐19 and gender differences
Authors: Branquinho Cátia , Paiva Teresa , Guedes Fábio , Gaspar Tânia , Tomé Gina , Gaspar de Matos Margarida
Published: September 2021

Changes in routines and habits, fear of contamination from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) virus, and economic crisis have resulted in significant impacts upon individuals' lives, health, and risk behaviors. The present study aims to analyze health risk behaviors and gender differences of Portuguese adults before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. A quantitative analysis using SPSS v. 26 software presents the evaluation of 5746 responses (M = 48.5 years, SD = 14.3), of which 67.7% were female. t Test was used to study differences in means before and during the pandemic and analysis of variance test to analyze gender differences. In the comparative study before and during the pandemic showed a decrease in the number of meals per day, physical activity and perception of sleep quality; an increase in tobacco use, beer consumption, and media use (TV, mobile phone, social networks, and online games). Gender differences study demonstrated that the number of meals per day suffered a decrease from pre to pandemic in women, while increasing in men, becoming prominent in the second moment under study. Both genders had an increase in consumption behaviors and substance use, but women revealed a decrease in the consumption of wine during the pandemic, while men revealed more consumption behaviors in the variables under study. The use of media also changed, with men showing a higher level in TV hours per day, social networks and online games before the pandemic and in TV hours per day and games/online during the pandemic. Women stand out in the use of mobile phone per day during the pandemic. Daily physical activity decreased during the pandemic, as did sleep quality. Males revealed a higher practice of physical activity at both periods, as well as sleep quality. Based on the results presented, it is expected that considerations and actions in the scope of public health policies and health prevention and promotion, will be rethought and adapted to the specificities of each gender.
Myeloid PTEN deficiency aggravates renal inflammation and fibrosis in angiotensin II‐induced hypertension
Authors: An Changlong , Jiao Baihai , Du Hao , Tran Melanie , Zhou Dong , Wang Yanlin
Published: September 2021

Hypertension is a major cause of chronic kidney disease. However, the pathogenesis of hypertensive kidney disease is not fully understood. Recently, we have shown that CXCL16/phosphoinositide‐3 kinase γ (PI3Kγ) plays an important role in the development of renal inflammation and fibrosis in angiotensin II (AngII) induced hypertensive nephropathy. In the present study, we examined the role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a major regulator of PI3K signaling, in the pathogenesis of renal inflammation and fibrosis in an experimental model of hypertension induced by AngII. We generated myeloid PTEN conditional knockout mice by crossing PTENflox/flox mice with LysM‐driven Cre mice. Littermate LysM‐Cre−/−PTENflox/flox mice were used as a control. Both myeloid PTEN knockout mice and their littermate control mice exhibited similar blood pressure at baseline. AngII treatment resulted in an increase in blood pressure that was comparable between myeloid PTEN knockout mice and littermate control mice. Compared with littermate control mice, myeloid PTEN knockout mice developed more severe kidney dysfunction, proteinuria, and fibrosis following AngII treatment. Furthermore, myeloid PTEN deficiency exacerbated total collagen deposition and extracellular matrix protein production and enhanced myeloid fibroblast accumulation and myofibroblast formation in the kidney following AngII treatment. Finally, myeloid PTEN deficiency markedly augmented infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages and CD3+ T cells into the kidneys of AngII‐treated mice. Taken together, these results indicate that PTEN plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of renal inflammation and fibrosis through the regulation of infiltration of myeloid fibroblasts, macrophages, and T lymphocytes into the kidney.
N6‐methyladenosine RNA methylation: A novel regulator of the development and function of immune cells
Authors: Dong Lin , Cao Yejin , Hou Yueru , Liu Guangwei
Published: September 2021

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is a reversible posttranscriptional modification in eukaryotes involving three types of functional proteins: “writers”, “erasers”, and “readers”. m6A regulates the metabolism of messenger RNAs and noncoding RNAs through RNA structure, splicing, stability, export, and translation, thereby participating in various physiological and pathological processes. Here, we summarize the current state of m6A methylation researches, focusing on how these modifications modulate the fate decisions of innate and adaptive immune cells and regulate immune responses in immune‐associated diseases, including viral infections and cancer. These studies showed that m6A modifications and m6A modifying proteins play a critical role in pathogen recognition, immune cell activation, immune cell fate decisions, and immune reactions. m6A is a novel regulator of immune system homeostasis and activation.
Mechanisms, development, and comparative perspectives on experience‐dependent plasticity in social behavior
Authors: Sakata Jon T. , Catalano Isabella , Woolley Sarah C.
Published: September 2021

Revealing the mechanisms underlying experience‐dependent plasticity is a hallmark of behavioral neuroscience. While the study of social behavior has focused primarily on the neuroendocrine and neural control of social behaviors, the plasticity of these innate behaviors has received relatively less attention. Here, we review studies on mating‐dependent changes to social behavior and neural circuitry across mammals, birds, and reptiles. We provide an overview of species similarities and differences in the effects of mating experiences on motivational and performative aspects of sexual behaviors, on sensory processing and preferences, and on the experience‐dependent consolidation of sexual behavior. We also discuss recent insights into the neural mechanisms of and developmental influences on mating‐dependent changes and outline promising approaches to investigate evolutionary parallels and divergences in experience‐dependent plasticity.
Effects of acute temperature increases on House sparrow (Passer domesticus) pectoralis muscle myonuclear domain
Authors: De Jesus Aliyah D. , Jimenez Ana Gabriela
Published: September 2021

With rapid climate change, heat wave episodes have become more intense and more frequent. This poses a significant threat to animals, and forces them to manage these physiologically challenging conditions by adapting and/or moving. As an invasive species with a large niche breadth, House sparrows (Passer domesticus) exhibit high phenotypic flexibility that caters to seasonal changes in function and metabolism. For example, their pectoral muscle complex exhibits size and mass plasticity with winter and summer acclimation. Here, we investigated the effects of acute whole‐organism heat stress to 43°C on cellular‐level changes in House sparrow pectoralis muscle myonuclear domain (MND), the volumetric portion each nucleus is responsible for, that have gone overlooked in the current literature. House sparrows were separated into a control group, a heat‐shocked group subjected to thermal stress at 43°C for 24 h, and a recovery group that was returned to room temperature for 24 h after experiencing the same temperature treatment. Here, we found that heat‐shocked and recovery groups demonstrated a decrease in number of nuclei per millimeter of fiber and increase in MND, when compared with the control. We also found a significant positive correlation between fiber diameter and MND in the recovery group, suggesting the possibility that nuclei number constrains the extent of muscle fiber size. Together, these results show that acute heat shock alters House sparrow pectoralis muscle cellular physiology in a rigid way that could prove detrimental to long‐term muscle integrity and performance.
Middle Pleistocene environments, landscapes and tephrostratigraphy of the Armenian Highlands: evidence from Bird Farm 1, Hrazdan Valley
Authors: Sherriff Jenni E. , Wilkinson Keith N. , Harding Poppy , Hawkins Hayley , Timms Rhys G. O. , Adler Daniel S. , Beverly Emily J. , Blockley Simon P. E. , Gasparyan Boris , Manning Christina J. , Mark Darren , Nahapetyan Samvel , Preece Katie J.
Published: September 2021

The significance of the southern Caucasus in understanding Pleistocene hominin expansions is well established. However, the palaeoenvironments in which Palaeolithic occupation of the region took place are presently poorly defined. The Hrazdan river valley, Armenian Highlands, contains a rich Palaeolithic record alongside Middle Pleistocene volcanic, fluvial and lacustrine strata, and thus offer exciting potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. We present the first results of sedimentological, geochemical, tephrostratigraphical and biological (diatoms) study of the sequence of Bird Farm 1, located in the central part of the valley. These data show six phases of landscape development during the interval 440–200 ka. The sequence represents the first quantitative Pleistocene diatom record from the Armenian Highlands and the southern Caucasus, and indicates the persistence of a deep, stratified lacustrine system, with evidence for changing lake productivity that is tentatively linked to climate. Furthermore, major element chemical characterization of visible and crypto‐tephra horizons in the sequence enables the first stages of the development of a regional tephrostratigraphy. Together, the evidence from Bird Farm 1 demonstrates the importance of lacustrine archives in the region for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and highlights the potential for linkages between archives on both a local and regional scale.
Toward trait‐based food webs: Universal traits and trait matching in planktonic predator–prey and host–parasite relationships
Authors: Litchman Elena , Edwards Kyle F. , Boyd Philip W.
Published: September 2021

There is a growing consensus that traits offer a powerful way to examine the relationship between the environment, organismal strategies, species interactions, and ecological success. To date, trait‐based research has largely been focusing on individual trophic levels and not on cross‐level interactions. Looking at traits not only within but across trophic levels and identifying traits that together define trophic interactions holds a great potential for understanding the mechanisms of interactions. Here, we outline the conceptual foundation for cross‐trophic trait‐based frameworks, using planktonic food webs as an example. First, we compile a list of traits important within different individual trophic levels and show that there are traits that are common across trophic levels (“universal” traits), as well as trophic level‐specific traits. Next, we focus on traits that characterize interactions across trophic levels, focusing on two types of interaction—grazer–primary producer and host–parasite, identifying the similarities and differences between these interactions. We outline the trait hierarchies that define possible and realized intertrophic interactions and their strengths. We then highlight the importance of trade‐offs among those traits in shaping interactions and explaining general patterns in the structure and function of food webs. Finally, we discuss the environmental influences on traits, their eco‐evolutionary responses to changing conditions and how those responses may alter trophic interactions. The extension of trait‐based approaches from individual trophic levels to food webs and different trophic interactions should stimulate further conceptual development, enrich the field of aquatic sciences, and provide a framework to better predict global change effects on ecosystems.
Synthesis of ultra‐high molecular weight core cross‐linked star (CCS) polymer using high molecular weight spherical nanoparticles and arm‐first method
Authors: Liu Guangyao , Yang Yongqi , Zheng Chao , Cao Xiaoqun
Published: September 2021

P (N,N‐Dimethylacrylamide) ‐b‐P (2‐methoxyethyl acrylate) (PDMA‐b‐PMEA) and Poly (poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) ‐b‐P (2‐methoxyethyl acrylate) (PPEGMA‐b‐PMEA) di‐block copolymer nanoparticles are prepared by RAFT dispersion polymerization in water at 35°C. By changing the degree of polymerization (DP) of PMEA and the solid content of the reaction solution, only spherical nanoparticles are obtained. Using PDMA and PPEGMA as macromolecular chain transfer agents (Macro‐CTA), the actual DP of PMEA block can be up to 11,520 and 17,000, respectively, the size of the obtained spherical nanoparticles can be close to 600 nm, and the molecular weight of the block copolymer can reach 106. Such large spheres may serve as model sterically stabilized particles for analytical centrifugation studies. In the mixed solvent of ethanol and water (1:1, v/v), we synthesize ultra‐high molecular weight CCS polymer by the arm‐first method. Star polymer with such high molecular weight and small particle size can be used for emulsification.
Results of the patient report of intermittent catheterization experience (PRICE) study
Authors: Roberson Daniel , Newman Diane K. , Ziemba Justin B. , Wein Alan , Stambakio Hanna , Hamilton Rita G. , Callender Librada , Holderbaum Leah , King Tamara , Jackson Angela , Tran Thanh , Lin George , Smith Ariana L.
Published: September 2021

Aims

Patient satisfaction is paramount to health‐related quality of life (HR‐QoL) outcomes. High quality, quantitative data from the US describing patients’ actual experiences, difficulties, and HR‐QoL while on an intermittent self‐catheterization (ISC) regimen is very scarce. Our objective was to better understand patient practices with and attitudes towards ISC.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional, multi‐centered, clinical study of adult men and women performing ISC in the United States. Data collected included demographics, medical history, catheter characteristics, specific self‐catheterization habits and two validated HR‐QoL questionnaires: The Intermittent Self‐Catheterization Questionnaire (ISC‐Q) and the Intermittent Catheterization Difficulty Questionnaire (ICDQ).

Results

Two hundred participants were recruited from six sites; 70.0% were male, 73.5% were Caucasian with a median age was 51.0 years (range 19–90 years). The ISC‐Q showed that the vast majority of participants reported ease with ISC (82.0% satisfaction score) had confidence in their ability to perform ISC (91.9% satisfaction score); yet, many felt self‐conscious about doing so (58.3% satisfaction score) and had concerns about long‐term adverse effects (58.1% satisfaction score). The ICDQ indicated little to no difficulty for most participants with all routine ISC practices. A small minority of participants reported some difficulty with a “blocking sensation” during initiation of catheterization, leg spasticity, and painful catheterization. Multivariate linear regression results are also reported.

Discussion/Conclusion

Participants are confident with ISC and have little overall difficulty, which may be a product of successful education and/or catheter design. urinary tract infections (UTIs) were common (yet variable) and may contribute to the noted long‐term ISC concerns. Limitations exist including various selection biases leading to concerns of external validity. Future educational interventions in this population may further improve HR‐QoL, optimize UTIs prevention, and diminish concerns with long‐term ISC.
FoilMet®‐Interconnect: Busbarless, electrically conductive adhesive‐free, and solder‐free aluminum interconnection for modules with shingled solar cells
Authors: Paschen Jan , Baliozian Puzant , John Oliver , Lohmüller Elmar , Rößler Torsten , Nekarda Jan
Published: September 2021

The investigation of novel cell‐to‐cell interconnection methods has gained importance with the increase of wafer sizes. Shingling (i.e., overlapping) of solar cells is not only a solution for the interconnection of smaller solar cells but also a chance to increase the output power density by (i) increasing the active cell area within the module, (ii) decreasing shading losses, and (iii) reducing electrical interconnection losses. Replacing the commonly used expensive materials such as the silver in the cell's electrodes and the electrically conductive adhesive increases the attractiveness of a shingled interconnection. This article introduces the FoilMet®‐Interconnect, an approach using laser‐welded aluminum foil, for shingling and presents two solutions for configuration. With the production of aluminum foil‐based shingle strings and modules, saving 36.7% of silver, a proof of concept was successful. In subsequent measurements, an efficiency of ηFoilMet = (21.0 ± 0.2)% was achieved with foil‐based strings of three shingled cell. Temperature cycle tests after encapsulation indicate the applicability and durability of the approach.
Changing misconceptions of abilities: The impact of a brief mindset refutation text intervention
Authors: Torsney Benjamin M. , Korstange Ryan , Symonds Jennifer E.
Published: September 2021

The current study investigated whether a brief refutation text intervention could change college students’ misconceptions about the malleability of their intelligence and abilities. Students from a 2‐year college and a 4‐year university in a large urban city in the Northeastern United States participated in experimental and control conditions. A repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance demonstrated a significant overall model with a medium effect size (ηp2 = 0.11) for increased growth mindset and decreased fixed mindset for students in the experimental condition. A follow‐up χ2 analysis for a dichotomous variable of fixed/growth mindset demonstrated a 3% increase from pre‐ to posttest (from 229 students to 236) of students believing in growth mindset. The results demonstrate that a refutation text intervention is effective in promoting growth mindset in undergraduate college students during a brief mindset intervention. This study extends research from a European secondary school context to a US college context.
nightshift: A Python program for plotting simulated NMR spectra from assigned chemical shifts from the Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank
Authors: Fucci Ian J. , Byrd R. Andrew
Published: September 2021

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides site specific information on local environments through chemical shifts. NMR is widely used in the study of proteins, ranging from determination of three‐dimensional (3D) structures to characterizing dynamics and binding of small molecules and other proteins or ligands. Assigned chemical shift data for the atoms within proteins is a treasure trove of information that can facilitate a broad range of biochemical and biophysical studies. The Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank (BMRB) is a publicly accessible database that contains a large number of assigned chemical shifts; however, translating this wealth of knowledge into a practical application is not straightforward. Herein we present nightshift: a Python command line utility and library for plotting simulated two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D NMR spectra from assigned chemical shifts in the BMRB. This tool allows users to simulate routinely collected amide and methyl fingerprint spectra, backbone triple‐resonance assignment spectra, and user‐defined custom correlations, including ones that do not necessarily correspond to published experiments. This tool enables experienced NMR spectroscopists, those learning the craft, and interested scientists seeking to utilize NMR the ability to preview or examine a wide range of spectra for proteins whose assignments are deposited in the BMRB, irrespective of whether those experiments have been executed or reported. The tool applies equally to folded and intrinsically disordered proteins, limited only by the existence of a BMRB deposition. The features of nightshift are described along with applications that illustrate the ease with which complicated correlation spectra and binding events can be simulated.
PSMA‐positive membranes secreted from prostate cancer cells have potency to transform vascular endothelial cells into an angiogenic state
Authors: Watanabe Ryuta , Maekawa Masashi , Kiyoi Takeshi , Kurata Mie , Miura Noriyoshi , Kikugawa Tadahiko , Higashiyama Shigeki , Saika Takashi
Published: September 2021

Background

Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is highly expressed in poorly differentiated, metastatic, and castration‐resistant prostate cancers. Recently, 68Ga‐PSMA positron emission tomography/computed tomography has been successfully developed as an effective diagnostic tool for prostate cancer. However, the pathophysiological functions of PSMA in prostate tumors remain unclear.

Methods

We examined the protein expression of PSMA in tumor endothelial cells in human prostate tumors by immunohistochemistry. Prostate cancer tissues were resected by robotic surgery in 2019 at Ehime University from patients with prostate cancer. In vitro, we prepared conditioned medium (CM) derived from a PSMA‐positive human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, cultured on collagen I gels. We then examined PSMA expression in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured with the CM. We assessed angiogenic activities by treatment of HUVECs with LNCaP‐derived CM using a tube formation assay that mimics angiogenesis.

Results

Immunohistochemistry of PSMA and CD31, a marker of endothelial cells, and PSMA‐expressing tumor endothelial cells were observed in 4 of 33 prostate cancer patients (12.1%). We also found that the 10,000g pellet fraction of the LNCaP‐derived CM containing PSMA‐positive membranes, such as microvesicles transformed HUVECs “PSMA‐negative” into “PSMA‐positive.” Furthermore, treatment of HUVECs with the 10,000g pellet fraction of the LNCaP‐derived CM significantly promoted tube formation, mimicking angiogenesis in a PSMA‐dependent manner.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed the existence of PSMA‐positive tumor endothelial cells in human prostate tumors, which enhances tumor angiogenesis in prostate cancer tissues.
Trust and confidence in authorities, responsibility attribution, and natural hazards risk perception
Authors: Han Ziqiang , Liu Jie , Wu Wei‐Ning
Published: September 2021

Risk perception varies across contexts like different risk agents and cultures. The roles of trust, confidence in authorities, and responsibility attribution in natural hazards risk perception are understudied. In this paper, the correlations between trust in authorities, confidence in authorities, responsibility attribution, and natural hazards (typhoon and earthquake) risk perception are explored using an updated representative data set from Taiwan (the 2013 and 2019 Taiwan Social Change Survey). The perceived probability, perceived controllability, and degree of worriment were used as the three dimensions of risk perception in the 2013 survey, while only the worrisome dimension was included in the 2019 survey. The results of Ordered Logit Models demonstrate that trust in authorities and confidence in authorities’ disaster response are only negatively associated with the perceived consequence of typhoons, not the probability or worrisome dimensions. The responsibility attribution and risk perception's correlations are only significant for the perceived probability of an earthquake. On the contrary, variables like disaster experience, family income, and educational attainment have more consistent effects, either in 2013 or 2019. This paper highlights the importance of the risk perception measurements and contexts of hazards in investigating the roles of trust, confidence, and responsibility attribution in natural hazards scenarios.
Preparation of an Excellent Z‐type SrWO4@Bi2WO6 Heterojunction Photocatalyst and Its Photocatalytic Performance under Simulated Sunlight
Authors: Guo Bobo , Gu Yufen
Published: September 2021

In this work, a simple chemical co‐precipitation method was employed to prepare a series of excellent Z‐type SrWO4@Bi2WO6 (SWO@BWO) heterojunction composites, in which SrWO4 was successfully assembled on Bi2WO6 nanosheets. The outstanding separation efficiency of photo‐generated carriers (e−/h+) originated from synergetic effect of semiconductor heterojunctions under simulated sunlight effectively improved photocatalytic activity, resulting in a more prominent performance for organic dyestuff degradation compared with its counterparts. Based on the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue (MB) experiment, coming to a conclusion is that 10wt %SWO@BWO composite (η=92.9 % for 50 min) has the prominent photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic performance of 10wt %SWO@BWO composite is 6.36 and 2.6 times as high as that of bare SWO and BWO, respectively. This composite also has better degradation performance for Tetracycline Hydrochloride (TC) and Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). According to the active species capture experiment, .OH are dominant in the degradation process of MB, and role of h+ and .O2− is also indispensable. Our research provides a simple approach for establishing Z‐scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with great photocatalytic performance.
Preparation of Nitrogen‐doped Silver Phosphate and Its Performance of Supercapacitors
Authors: Yang Qifan , Gong Fuzhong , Wang Yan feng , Yu Fengqiu , Li Yanlin
Published: September 2021

Silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) has been proved to be an excellent visible light catalyst. It also has a certain specific capacity, but if used as a supercapacitor anode material, its specific capacitance still needs to be further improved. To increase the specific capacity of Ag3PO4, a facile method is to dope it with nitrogen. In this work, the nitrogen‐doped Ag3PO4 material (N‐Ag3PO4) was synthesized via the reaction of AgNO3 with Na2HPO4 ⋅ 12H2O in the presence of urea at 80 °C by means of liquid precipitation. Electrochemical analyses of the as‐synthesized N‐Ag3PO4 composites were carried out in a three‐electrode geometry system. Results revealed that the doping of nitrogen could significantly improve the specific capacity of Ag3PO4. The highest specific capacity of 1314.9 F g−1, which is more than twice that of the pure Ag3PO4 specimen (656.1 F g−1), was obtained at the current density of 1 A g−1. At a higher current density of 10 A g−1, it possess a specific capacity of 716.6 F g−1, showing an excellent charge/discharge performance, which could be attributed to the smaller particle size and the lower charge transfer resistance (0.41 Ω cm−2) of synthesized N‐Ag3PO4 composites. These results suggest that the as‐prepared N‐Ag3PO4 composite has great promise as a super capacitor energy storage material.
Tuning of Selectivity for Sustainable Production of Acrolein from Glycerol
Authors: Belousov Artem S.
Published: September 2021

The catalytic dehydration of glycerol into acrolein is a rapidly growing area of both scientific interest and technological importance. The main problem faced by researchers is enhancement of selectivity while maintaining the stability and activity of a catalyst. This minireview is centered on key approaches for tuning of selectivity: changing of physicochemical properties (type of acid sites, its amount, pore and channel size, and doping with noble metals) and selection of optimal reaction conditions (temperature, contact time, feedstock composition, co‐feeding O2 or air). This overview also proposes and discusses the use of metal‐organic frameworks as novel catalysts to overcome the main challenges in the dehydration of glycerol.
Drone Nest Searching Applications Using a Thermal Camera
Authors: Stander Roald , Walker David J. , ROHWER Frank C. , Baydack Richard K.
Published: September 2021

Unmanned aerial systems (UASs), or drones, are increasingly being used for field sampling in wildlife research. However, to date there have been few studies using drones in avian nest searching, and none where a fixed survey methodology has been applied across multiple habitats spanning a large geographic region to locate avian nests. We tested nest searching using drone‐based thermal imagery for a variety of game (Anseriformes, Galliformes), and nongame bird species (Passerines and Charadriids) at sites located in the Dakotas, North Carolina, and Alberta. We used a manual, point‐transect survey method for all study sites in habitats ranging from marine‐coastal marshlands to upland grasslands. We found that 77–100% of known nests can be detected based on thermal signatures in multiple habitat types and across an array of different avian species. However, detectability varies with a variety of site, weather, atmospheric conditions, and the effectiveness of the method is impeded by a high false positive rate (60–95%). There are several identified challenges to be addressed for future thermal drone research, and our study provides observations and advice for planning studies. Drone technology has the potential for field applications by wildlife managers and conservationists, and as it matures will enhance the field practitioner's toolset. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Ovariectomy As a Management Technique for Suburban Deer Populations
Authors: DENICOLA ANTHONY J. , DENICOLA VICKIE L.
Published: September 2021

Overabundant suburban deer (Odocoileus spp.) are a source of human‐wildlife conflict in many communities throughout the United States. Deer‐vehicle collisions, impacts to local vegetation, tick‐borne pathogens, and other negative interactions are typical reasons cited for initiating deer management programs. Social attitudes, legal constraints, and perceived safety concerns lead many communities to examine nonlethal management options. Surgical sterilization is currently the only nonlethal method available to permanently sterilize females with a single treatment. However, there are limited data demonstrating methods and outcomes in management programs that sterilize a high percentage (>90%) of local populations of females, particularly regarding the impact of immigration on non‐isolated populations. We present data from 6 surgical sterilization sites with geographically open populations in California, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Ohio, and Virginia, USA. From 2012 to 2020 we sterilized 493 deer, primarily via ovariectomy, and conducted annual or periodic population estimates using camera surveys, road‐based distance sampling, and intensive field observations to assess population trends. Study sites ranged from 1.2 km2 to 16.5 km2 with ~47–169 individuals, resulting in approximate densities of 6–63 deer/km2. For all sites we noted an average reduction of ~26% (17%–36%) from Year 1 to Year 2. Four years after initial treatment, we documented an average population reduction of ~45% (29%–56%). During the first year, the average cost per deer sterilized at locations where bait was used was US$1,185 ($927–$1,572). Surgical sterilization projects demonstrate that significant reductions in local deer densities using high‐percentage, surgical sterilization programs can be achieved in non‐insular locations, where baited deer are approachable by vehicle for darting. Sustained sterilization efforts may be necessary, as is the case with all deer management programs, in areas where immigration is possible, and all the animals are not sterilized. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Transfer – Theoretische Perspektiven
Authors: Kollhoff Sebastian
Published: September 2021

Die Suche nach Erklärungen für Transfer, Transfermechanismen, transferförderliche Instruktionsmethoden sowie Erklärungen für das Ausbleiben von Transfer brachte eine Vielzahl von Theorien hervor, die Transfer aus zum Teil sehr unterschiedlichen epistemologischen Perspektiven beschreiben. Für eine theoretische Rahmung dieser Arbeit werden in diesem Kapitel verschiedene Transfertheorien und die mit ihnen verbundenen zentralen empirischen Befunde unter drei Paradigmen diskutiert: Kognitionspsychologische Theorien, Perspektiven der Situierten Kognition und integrierende Theorien vom Transfer beim Mathematiklernen.
Detailanalysen von Transferprozessen
Authors: Kollhoff Sebastian
Published: September 2021

In diesem Kapitel werden die Detailanalysen der Bearbeitungsprozesse der Lernenden dargestellt. Es werden ausgewählte Bearbeitungen von Lernendenpaaren in Transfersituationen analysiert und miteinander in Beziehung gesetzt. In Hinsicht auf das Forschungsinteresse dieser Arbeit folgen die deskriptiven Analysen vor allem den folgenden Zielen: Der deskriptiven Beschreibung von Transferprozessen und der Rekonstruktion der Erklärungsmodelle der Lernenden.
Einleitung
Authors: Schachler Viviane
Published: September 2021

Wozu gibt es Werkstatträte in Werkstätten für behinderte Menschen (WfbM)? Wie charakterisieren sich die dortigen Arbeitsbeziehungen? Wie arbeiten Werkstatträte und gelingt es ihnen, ihre Rechte zu mobilisieren? Kann sich in einem separierenden System Partizipation vollziehen und ist es gerechtfertigt, den Beteiligungsanspruch in WfbM bzw. dessen Einlösung als Partizipation zu bezeichnen? Fragen wie diese gaben den Impuls dazu, die Thematik der Werkstatträte in dieser Arbeit aufzugreifen. Nach Artikel 27 Abs. 1 UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention (UN-BRK) ist eine gleichberechtigte Erwerbsarbeit von Menschen mit Behinderungen in einem „integrativen“ Umfeld normativ intendiert. Gleichwohl vollzieht sich in Deutschland die berufliche Realität für derzeit rund 300.000 Personen mit Behinderungen in WfbM (Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft WfbM e. V. [BAG WfbM], 2020a).
Partizipation und betriebliche Beteiligung
Authors: Schachler Viviane
Published: September 2021

Als Modus der Beteiligung ist Partizipation ein „Kernelement demokratischer Systeme“ (Alcántara, Bach, Kuhn & Ullrich, 2016, S. 1) und in den verschiedensten Zusammenhängen anzutreffen. Neben dem politischen System (ebd.) findet sich der Begriff als „Argumentationsfigur“ (Pluto, 2007, S. 25) im schulischen Bereich (Palentien & Hurrelmann, 2003), in der Arbeitswelt (siehe Abschnitt 1.2) und vielen Bereichen mehr (Schnurr, 2011, S. 1069). Auch das „Engagement von Werkstatträten“ (Schlummer, 2015) bzw. deren Beteiligung (Cannizzaro, Hartmann & Olivia, 2020; Berg, 2020) oder die „Subjektperspektive“ der Werkstattratsmitglieder (Nieß, 2016) werden unter dem Slogan von Partizipation verhandelt.
Betriebliche Beteiligung in Werkstätten für behinderte Menschen
Authors: Schachler Viviane
Published: September 2021

Wenngleich nach dem SGB IX verschiedene Möglichkeiten und Nachteilsausgleiche zur beruflichen Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen möglich sind, dominieren WfbM die Leistungserbringung. Die Entwicklung der Werkstätten in der heutigen Form begann Ende der 1950er-Jahre. In Abschnitt 3.1 wird dieser Arbeitsort aus verschiedenen Perspektiven beleuchtet. Im darauf folgenden Abschnitt 3.2 wird der besondere Status der Werkstattbeschäftigten betrachtet, aus dem sich schließlich die werkstattspezifischen Vorgaben für Werkstatträte ergeben.
Methodische Konzeption und Durchführung der empirischen Studie
Authors: Schachler Viviane
Published: September 2021

Um ein umfängliches Wissen über den Forschungsgegenstand zu generieren, das sowohl in einer fallorientierten Sichtweise die alltäglichen Handlungserfahrungen der Beteiligten abbildet als auch aussagekräftige Aussagen erlaubt, wurde ein Mixed-Methods-Ansatz verwendet. Diese Vorgehensweise wird in Abschnitt 5.1 erläutert und begründet. Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen wurde ein exploratives sequenzielles Design (Verallgemeinerungsmodell) gewählt, das mit einer qualitativen Erhebungsphase begann.
Qualitative Erhebungsergebnisse
Authors: Schachler Viviane
Published: September 2021

In diesem Kapitel werden die Ergebnisse der qualitativen Erhebungsphase dargestellt. Auf Basis der deskriptiven Übersicht über die Diskussionsinhalte und Kategorienbeschreibungen (Abschnitt 6.1) erfolgt in Abschnitt 6.2 eine Analyse der Inhalte, um Antworten auf die qualitativen Forschungsfragen zu finden. Die Einordnung in vorhandene Forschungsergebnisse und in theoretische Bezüge ist als integrierte Analyse und Interpretation der qualitativen und quantitativen Erhebungsergebnisse in Kapitel 8 enthalten.
Quantitative Erhebungsergebnisse
Authors: Schachler Viviane
Published: September 2021

In diesem Teil der Arbeit erfolgt die deskriptive Ergebnisdarstellung (Abschnitt 7.1) und die konfirmatorische Ergebnisanalyse (Abschnitt 7.2).
Resümee, Handlungsempfehlungen und Forschungsbedarfe
Authors: Schachler Viviane
Published: September 2021

Dieses Zitat aus den durchgeführten Erhebungen deutet die Auslegung von Werkstattratsarbeit aus Sicht einer Vertrauens-/Assistenzperson an. Diese Deutungsperspektive betont die Entwicklungsprozesse, die sich für Werkstattbeschäftigte durch die Arbeit der Interessenvertretung in eigener Sache ergeben. Die Worte lassen an das Potenzial für Selbstwirksamkeitserfahrungen denken, die mit Werkstattratsarbeit verbunden sind.
Lower Vibrio spp. abundances in Zostera marina leaf canopies suggest a novel ecosystem function for temperate seagrass beds
Authors: Reusch Thorsten B. H. , Schubert Philipp R. , Marten Silke-Mareike , Gill Diana , Karez Rolf , Busch Kathrin , Hentschel Ute
Published: September 2021

Seagrasses, a polyphyletic group of about 60 marine angiosperm species, are the foundation of diverse and functionally important marine habitats along sheltered sedimentary coasts. As a novel ecological function with high societal relevance, a role of the seagrass leaf canopy for reducing potentially harmful bacteria has recently been hypothesized in tropical regions, but data for temperate regions are lacking. Here, we tested whether or not the abundance of general bacteria and more specifically, those belonging to the genus Vibrio were reduced within temperate Zostera marina (eelgrass) meadows compared to adjacent sand flats and sampled 5 sites in the south-western Baltic Sea using SCUBA. Compared to non-vegetated area, we found an average reduction of 39% for all Vibrio and 63% for the potentially harmful V. vulnificus/cholerae subtype based on robust plate counting data on Vibrio selective agar. The underlying mechanism of the reduction in bacterial load is currently elusive and clearly merits further study. Our results underline the critical importance of seagrasses in maintaining shallow water ecosystem functioning including water quality and provide further motivation for their protection and restoration.
Cortical morphology and illness insight in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Otte Marie-Luise , Schmitgen Mike M. , Kubera Katharina M. , Wolf Nadine D. , Fritze Stefan , Geiger Lena S. , Tost Heike , Seidl Ulrich W. , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas , Hirjak Dusan , Wolf Robert C.
Published: September 2021

Insight into illness in schizophrenia (SZ) patients has a major impact on treatment adherence and outcome. Previous studies have linked distinct deviations of brain structure to illness insight, specifically in frontoparietal and subcortical regions. Some of these abnormalities are thought to reflect aberrant cortical development. In this study, we used cross-sectional data to examine associations between illness insight and two cortical surface markers that are known to follow distinct neurodevelopmental trajectories, i.e. cortical gyrification (CG) and thickness (CT). CG and CT was investigated in SZ patients (n = 82) and healthy controls (HC, n = 48) using 3 T structural magnetic resonance imaging. Illness insight in SZ patients was measured using the OSSTI scale, an instrument that provides information on two distinct dimensions of illness insight, i.e. treatment adherence (OSSTI-A) and identification of disease-related symptoms (OSSTI-I). CT and CG were computed using the Computational Anatomy Toolbox (CAT12). Whole-brain and regions-of-interest (ROI)-based analyses were performed. SZ patients showed higher CG in anterior cingulate, superior frontal and temporal gyrus and reduced CG in insular and superior frontal cortex when compared to HC. SZ patients showed decreased CT in pre- and paracentral, occipital, cingulate, frontoparietal and temporal regions. Illness insight in SZ patients was significantly associated with both CG and CT in the left inferior parietal lobule (OSSTI-A) and the right precentral gyrus (CG/OSSTI-A, CT/OSSTI-I). The data support a multi-parametric neuronal model with both pre- and postnatal brain developmental factors having an impact on illness insight in patients with SZ.
Dose-response relationship between spino-pelvic alignment determined by sagittal modifiers and back pain-specific quality of life
Authors: Tominaga Ryoji , Kurita Noriaki , Kokubun Yoshiyuki , Nikaido Takuya , Sekiguchi Miho , Otani Koji , Iwabuchi Masumi , Shirado Osamu , Fukuhara Shunichi , Konno Shin-ichi
Published: September 2021

Purpose

To determine whether abnormalities of the sagittal modifiers (SMs) of the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-Schwab classification truly reflect back pain (BP)-specific quality of life (QOL), it is necessary to examine their dose–response relationships and to determine clinically impactful thresholds for declines in BP-specific QOL. This study aimed to analyse the continuous dose–response relationship between each SM and BP-specific QOL.

Methods

This cross-sectional study, using data from a Japanese population-based cohort study, included 519 community-dwelling residents aged ≥ 50 years who participated in the annual health examination. The participants completed the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) on BP-specific QOL. Spino-pelvic alignment based on SMs was assessed by whole-spine X-ray examinations. We fitted general linear models with or without nonlinear terms to estimate the dose–response relationship between each SM and BP-specific QOL.

Results

Pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis (PI-LL), and sagittal vertical axis showed dose–response relationships with BP-specific QOL measured as the RDQ score. PI-LL was most likely to predict a minimally clinically important RDQ score when its value exceeded the 90th percentile. A nonlinear relationship between PI-LL and the BP-specific QOL score was found. RDQ increased when PI-LL exceeded 10°.

Conclusion

PI-LL might be the most sensitive of the three modifiers of the SRS-Schwab classification for determining BP-specific QOL. Moreover, BP-specific QOL worsens rapidly when the compensatory mechanism against malalignment exceeds a critical value. Therefore, we suggest that traditional classifications and surgical strategies should be re-examined regarding the dose-dependent abnormalities of the SMs to develop a more reliable classification strategy.
Ectopic fat deposition in populations of black African ancestry: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Reed Reuben M. , Nevitt Sarah J. , Kemp Graham J. , Cuthbertson Daniel J. , Whyte Martin B. , Goff Louise M.
Published: September 2021

Aims

In populations of black African ancestry (BA), a paradox exists whereby lower visceral adipose tissue is found despite their high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). This systematic review investigates ethnic differences in other ectopic fat depots (intrahepatic lipid: IHL; intramyocellular lipid: IMCL and intrapancreatic lipid; IPL) to help contextualise their potential contribution to T2D risk.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed in December 2020 to identify studies reporting at least one ectopic fat comparison between BA and one/more other ethnicity. For IHL, a meta-analysis was carried out with studies considered comparable based on the method of measurement.

Results

Twenty-eight studies were included (IHL: n = 20; IMCL: n = 8; IPL: n = 4). Meta-analysis of 11 studies investigating IHL revealed that it was lower in BA populations vs pooled ethnic comparators (MD −1.35%, 95% CI −1.55 to −1.16, I2 = 85%, P < 0.00001), white European ancestry (MD −0.94%, 95% CI −1.17 to -0.70, I2 = 79%, P < 0.00001), Hispanic ancestry (MD −2.06%, 95% CI −2.49 to −1.63, I2 = 81%, P < 0.00001) and South Asian ancestry comparators (MD −1.92%, 95% CI −3.26 to −0.57, I2 = 78%, P = 0.005). However, heterogeneity was high in all analyses. Most studies found no significant differences in IMCL between BA and WE. Few studies investigated IPL, however, indicated that IPL is lower in BA compared to WE and HIS.

Conclusion

The discordance between ectopic fat and greater risk for T2D in BA populations raises questions around its contribution to T2D pathophysiology in BA.