bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De Nieuwe Nederlandse Vertaling Van Hugo De Groot's De Iure Belli Ac Pacis Door J.F. Lindemans
Authors: Feenstra R.
Published: April 2008

En octobre 1993 J.F. Lindemans publia une traduction néerlandaise des Prolégomènes et du Livre 1 du De iure belli ac pacis de Grotius, pourvue d'une introduction et de notes explicatives. Cette publication mérite un compte rendu assez détaillé que nous publions sous forme d'un article. Il s'agit d'une traduction intégrale: elle ne se borne pas au texte mais inclut l'annotation de Grotius. Elle suit l'editio maior de 1939, fondée sur un collationnement des cinq éditions préparées par Grotius lui-même. Malheureusement le traducteur n'a pas encore pu tenir compte de la réimpression anastatique de cette édition avec des notes additionelles, parue en septembre 1993 (cf. le compte rendu de P. Haggenmacher dans cette revue, t. 62 (1994), p. 402-406). Dans sa propre annotation Lindemans s'est fait inspirer dans une large mesure - mais pas toujours d'une façon heureuse - de celle de Jean Barbeyrac dans sa traduction française, publiée pour la première fois en 1724 (une réimpression anastatique parut en 1984). Il a ajouté cependant un certain nombre de nouvelles références, entre autres au traité De legibus (1613) de François Suarez, à qui Grotius doit peut-être plus qu'il ne l'a avoué. En utilisant les tables d'auteurs et de sources de l'édition de Lindemans on peut constater quelques graves déficiences dans l'identification des références grotiennes. Il a confondu notamment les Constitutiones Clementis (ou Constitutiones Apostolicae), qu'on a attribuées à St. Clément (le pape Clément I, décédé circa 100 après J. Chr.), avec les Clementinae du pape Clément V (1313-1314); dans l'une de ses notes L. mentionne encore comme auteur de ce texte le pape Clément III († 1191)! L'analyse de ces erreurs nous a amené à formuler quelques précisions sur un texte qui fait partie des Constitutiones Clementis, à savoir les Canones Apostolorum (version avec 84 ou 85 canones, à distinguer de celle avec 50 canones qui figure dans la collectio Dionysiana). Grotius en possédait une édition à part avant son emprisonnement mais pour le De iure belli ac pacis il s'est probablement servi d'une autre édition. La traduction même laisse à désirer dans nombre de passages, notamment quand il s'agit de rendre des nuances juridiques. Nous donnons des exemples pour les §§ 8, 53, 54 et 55 des Prolégomènes et pour I, 1, 4-6, I, 3, 4-5, I, 3, 12, 3 et I, 3, 24. Aux endroits où le traducteur se sert de termes latins on doute souvent de ses connaissances de cette langue (dans des cas comme 'societas civile' ou 'summum potestas' il ne peut pas s'agir d'erreurs typographiques). Lindemans fait également preuve d'un manque assez grave de connaissances en ce qui concerne la bibliographie grotienne. Son ignorance dans le domaine de l'histoire du droit, notamment pour la période du ius commune, est alarmante. Si la traduction sera continuée pour les livres II et III du De iure belli ac pacis on doit espérer que de pareilles déficiences seront évitées.
De Raad Van Vlaanderen En De Hervorming Van Het Strafrecht (1756-1787)
Authors: Monballyu J.
Published: April 2008

Au 18e siècle, le mouvement ayant mené à la réforme du droit pénal eut un égal succès dans les Pays-Bas méridionaux. Sous l'impulsion du gouvernement central de Bruxelles le débat fut très vif et tout particulièrement dans le cadre des conseils de justice provinciaux quant à la rénovation du droit pénal. Le Conseil de Flandres, cour suprême du comté de Flandres, participa activement à la discussion. Le Conseil répondit, quoique tardivement parfois, aux différentes circulaires
Aantekeningen Bij Het Middeleeuwse Gewoonterecht
Authors: Van Caenegem R.C.
Published: April 2008

Customary law is both important and difficult to comprehend. In medieval society it was paramount. It lived in people's memory and manifested itself in ritual gestures and words, and through adjudication. One competitor was legislation which, to the modem lawyer, stands in clear contrast to custom. However, medieval terms such as leges consuetudinariae show that there was at the time no absolute opposition between them. Another competitor was the learned ius commune, whose impact on the daily lives of medieval people should not be exaggerated. When trying to define customary and statute law the legal historian meets the four following problems. The first is the exact nature of the 'homologated' customs, which pretend to be old norms, but are in reality laws promulgated by the government. The second is the fact that so-called customary law often appears to have resulted from deliberate action instead of unconscious spontaneous evolution. The third problem concerns the character and application of the Volks
Regulation of Business Under the Developing Legal System of the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Angell Nicholas B.
Published: April 2008

The enactment of substantial and important Federal legislation in the UAE during the
Gersonides's Theory of Natural Motion1
Authors: Glasner Ruth
Published: April 2008

Gersonides rejects the basic tenets of the Aristotelian theory of natural motion, and offers an alternative original account. He does not introduce his theory systematically nor argues openly with Aristotle, but conveyes his ideas through a subtle and sophisticated work of exegesis. Developing ideas of Aristotle, Averroes and Themistius, he eventually ends up with a different theory. Gersonides presupposes neither that there are absolute natural places, which are the final causes of natural motion, nor that there is inclination in the element, which is the efficient cause, nor that motion in a straight line is natural to the elements. He explains the motion of a body only in terms of its relations to adjacent bodies in contact with it. The body rises when the medium surrounding it is heavier and sinks when it is lighter. The distance from the innermost celestial sphere, rather than "natural places," determines the heaviness or lightness of the medium and the structure of the sublunar region.
"Because the Authority of My Superiors Commands": Censorship, Physics and the German Jesuits 1
Authors: Hellyer Marcus
Published: April 2008

The Society of Jesus established an extensive range of measures designed to ensure uniformity in natural philosophical questions. These culminated in the Ordinatio pro Studiis Superioribus of 1651. Such measures did have significant effects on the teaching and publishing of physics among the Jesuits in Germany; it was impossible for Jesuits to openly adhere to atomism, the Cartesian view of body or heliocentrism, for example. But many Jesuits did not agree with all the provisions governing censorship and attempted to mediate their implementation in several ways which this study identifies. The most important of these was the use of terms such as true, probable or false. Provided that Jesuit authors identified the orthodox opinions as true or most probable, they could discuss alternative views in great depth. The essay culminates in two case studies from Germany, one from the mid-seventeenth century, the other from the first half of the eighteenth century, which illustrate the interaction of censorship and physics in actual practice.
Atomism, Lynceus, and the Fate of Seventeenth-Century Microscopy
Authors: Lüthy C.H.
Published: April 2008

Recent scholarship, focusing on the rapid decline of microscopy after the late 1680's, has shown that the limitations of microscopy and the ambivalent meaning of its findings led to a wide-spread sense of frustration with the new instrument. The present article tries to connect this fall from favor with the microscope's equally surprising but hitherto little noticed late rise to prominence. The crucial point is that when the microscope, more than a decade after the telescope, finally managed to arouse the interest of natural philosophers, it did so as a corpuscularian tool, and as such it came to share the difficult fate of seventeenth-century corpuscularianism. The essay ends with the claim that the fall of microscopy was not only due to the failure of microscopy to corroborate corpuscularianism, but also to the changing definition of natural philosophy in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and to the separation of the domains of living matter (to which the microscope found itself confined) from a physica whose recent mathematical framework excluded the organic world.
On the Fringes of the Corpus Aristotelicum: the Pseudo-Avicenna Liber Celi Et Mundi
Authors: Gutman Oliver
Published: April 2008

In this article, I examine a Latin paraphrase of Aristotle's De caelo known as the Liber celi et mundi. The text was translated from Arabic in the third quarter of the twelfth century, and thus pre-dates all four Latin translations of De caelo in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It was probably written by the ninth century Arab, Hunayn ibn Ishaq. I show the weakness of a previous theory that the Liber celi et mundi derives indirectly from Themistius's paraphrase of De caelo. The text was translated into Latin by Dominicus Gundissalinus and his Jewish colleague, Johannes Hispanus. From c.1250, it was mis-attributed to Avicenna, and there is evidence that it had earlier been attributed to Aristotle by certain English writers. I consider the function of the Liber cell el mundi within the corpus of early Aristotelian translations, and the date of its expulsion from the corpus.
"Falsissima Est Ergo Haec De Triplici Substantia Aristotelis Doctrina." a Sixteenth-Century Critic of Aristotle" Francesco Patrizi Da Cherso On Privation, Form, and Matter1
Authors: Deitz Luc
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this article is to give an account of Franceso Patrizi da Cherso's (1529-1597) criticism and eventual refutation of the Aristotelian principles of form, privation, and matter, as it can be found in his voluminous anti-Aristotelian treatise, the Discussziones Peripateticae (1581). His refutation of these three concepts is informed by two convictions: (i) that Aristotle's theory is inconsistent, and can therefore not be taken seriously as a relevant contribution to philosophical discussion; (ii) that Aristotle's theory, whether consistent or not, is either unoriginal or unintelligible, and must therefore be rejected by philosophers worthy of this name anyway. Patrizi's argumentation is conducted with great philological care and philosophical acumen. He tries to prove that there is no need for principles to be finite; that they cannot be everlasting; that they cannot be generated from one another; and that there is no need for them to be contraries. He further tries to show that neither privation nor form can be principles, the rejection of form including the notions of form as universal, as particular, as individual, and as generic, as well as those of form as nature and of form as cause. Patrizi concludes that forms must be accidents. Although prime matter is retained as a principle, it is severely qualified; this is here interpreted with reference to Patrizi's own theory of principles in the Nova de universis philosophia. The article concludes with a brief outlook on the influence (or rather, lack of influence) of Patrizi's discussion and suggests one possible explanation for it.
The Cartesian Destiny of Form and Matter
Authors: Grene Marjorie , Ariew Roger
Published: April 2008

It would seem that there are enormous differences between strict hylomorphism and Cartesianism on form and matter: (i) for a strict hylomorphist, matter and form cannot be separated, but for a Cartesian, matter and form are really distinct ; (ii) for a strict hylomorphist, form is the principle of being and matter the principle of individuation, but for a Cartesian, the mind-a form-is the principle of individuation for persons, if anything is. However, these breaks are not as severe as might have been thought, if seventeenth century scholastics are taken into account. For a variety of reasons, the late Aristotelians broke with Aristotle and accepted the reality of matter without form, form without matter, and form as the principle of individuation. In addition, the intellectual landscape of seventeenth century philosophy was not limited to the properly scholastic ; there were anti-Aristotelian options (some corpuscularian, others not) available before Descartes. Given that the gulf between the schoolmen and novatores like Descartes was not so great, the way was open for certain compromises. These were sought in a variety of scholastic restatements of Cartesianism from more or less Cartesian positions. Thus, it can be said that some varieties of Aristotelianism in the seventeenth century prepared the ground for the acceptance of Cartesianism and the eventual attempts at their reunification.
A Medieval Scientific Encyclopedia "Renewed By Goodly Printing": Wynkyn De Worde's English De Proprietatibus Rerum
Authors: Holbrook Sue Ellen
Published: April 2008

Wynkyn de Worde published c. 1495 the first printed edition of John Trevisa's English translation of an influential work of science composed by Bartholomew the Englishman in Latin in the thirteenth century, De Proprietatibus Rerum (DPR). The design of de Worde's book, the use of Latin in the rubrics, and the visual vocabulary of the illustrations bring readers of English into the circle of learning. First, the plan of organization of Bartholomew's encyclopedic work is analyzed and both that structure and the expository style of the work are related to memorial reading and use as a textbook. Next, the widespread use of DPR in Latin and vernacular languages is reviewed, the suggestion that certain of its books seem to have been used more than others is made, and the reliance of English readers, such as Roger Thorney, who commissoned de Worde's edition, on de Worde for learned books printed in their provincial tongue is pointed out. Finally, through comparison with certain manuscript and other printed editions, the methods de Worde used to make the book readable are explained, the layout is shown to support the idea of system, and the function of the pictures as visual texts carrying scientific ideas is demonstrated.
Special Providence and Sixteenth-Century Astronomical Observation: Some Preliminary Reflections
Authors: Methuen Charlotte
Published: April 2008

This paper considers the role of the doctrine of providence, and particularly the distinction between general and special providence, in the interpretation of astronomical observations in the sixteenth century, with particular reference to the discussion of the 1572 nova by Lutheran astronomers. It suggests that the essential difference between the events of special providence and those of general providence could be used to legitimate observations which contradicted accepted Aristotelian physics. The decision that the underlying explanatory system must be revised thus required a theological shift as well as contradiction by observation.
The English Vernacular Afterlife of Benvenutus Grassus, Ophthalmologist1
Authors: Eldredge Laurence M.
Published: April 2008

This paper traces the history in print of a treatise on ophthalmology by Benvenutus Grassus, De probatissima arte oculorum, originally written in Latin in the late thirteenth century and translated into English in the fifteenth century. It presents evidence of the appearance in print of the English translation as a section of Philip Barrough's The Method of Phisicke in 1583, a book that went through ten subsequent reprintings, the last appearing in 1652. Other evidence is presented on the influence of Benvenutus' treatise in ophthalmological works published in the earlier half of the seventeenth century, and both greater and lesser traces are shown to exist. The last appearance of the treatise is in an auctioneer's catalogue of 1713, where apparently the book failed to find a buyer.
The reality of myth
Authors: Manley Marcelle
Published: April 2008

This article was inspired by the Shangaan sculptor and prophet Jackson Hlungwani who has gained considerable renown all over southern Africa and further afield for his art. Jackson's sculpture is mythical. His communication is mythical. And contact with him makes one realise that faith without a mythical basis becomes - to use Cantwell Smith's distinction - mere religion .... What follows is a clarification of this statement.
Justice and peace - a survey of issues
Authors: Nürnberger Klaus
Published: April 2008

This article offers a condensed survey of justice and peace issues in Christian ethics. It was originally written for an evangelical encyclopedia but was not accepted by the editors, possibly because of its historical critical and social critical stance. It begins with the historical origins of the concepts of law in the Old Testament, namely covenant law and cosmic order, their profound transformations in biblical history and their final form in the New Testament. Then we mention a few important developments in the history of the church from the Constantinian reversal, over the Reformation and the Enlightenment to the modern revolutionary spirit. Then we highlight a few aspects of the modern discussion, such as the accelerating development of science and technology, the emergence of a global, highly imbalanced economy, the rise and fall of Marxist socialism, a renewed upsurge of ethnic sentiments, and so on. Finally we offer a few directives for the contemporary debate, focusing on the relation between justice and peace.
The Other: Nagarjuna and the theologians
Authors: le Roux C. du P.
Published: April 2008

This article tracks briefly the in-between, neither-nor path of the Buddhist thinker Nagarjuna as it is reflected in his major text, the MŪlamadhyamaka Kārikā . At a later stage the bipolar thinking of theology will be taken through the 'heat' of the 'otherwise' thinking of Nāgārjuna as the Other.
Jesus the Jew: some reflections on current investigations
Authors: Botha P.J.J.
Published: April 2008

In this article attention is drawn to the emphasis on Jesus' Jewishness in current historical Jesus studies. Some of the findings of this research are briefly presented. Three reasons for this development are identified: the resurgence in historical Jesus studies, the re-evaluation of early Judaism by scholarship, and contemporary doubts about Christology. The Jewishness of Jesus confronts us with many challenges and new problems and some are identified and discussed. The improved understanding of early Judaism challenges us to revise our views of early Christian tradition, and our interpretive stances, assessments and beliefs about Jesus of Nazareth.
Some remarks in the dialogue on the future of theological education in South Africa
Authors: du Toit C.W. , du Toit Cornél
Published: April 2008

The theological education debate in South Africa must be co-ordinated to make it meaningful for all parties involved. Factors influencing this debate are mentioned. Among these are obstacles in redefining African theology and relevant trends on an international and national level. The question of theological education cannot be dealt with in a credible way without reconsidering the nature of the university and the character of truth. Self-understanding in the theological profession challenges us to answer questions like theological integrity, the nature of a faculty for religion and theology, theological plurality and so on. The restructuring of curriculum necessitates revolutionary methods like the self-organising model of education to be considered. The article ends by looking at possible options open and action to be considered.
The role of religion in the process of nation-building: from plurality to pluralism
Authors: Lubbe G.J.A.
Published: April 2008

This article argues that religious pluralism, unlike religious plurality, is not a given fact in any society. It constitutes a process in which different religious traditions learn to interact with each other. This process runs parallel to, and in many ways shares the problems and goals of any programme of nation-building. Only where religious pluralism is beginning to emerge will different religions be able to participate actively in the building of a new society. Without relating to each other, different religions will not be able to promote the idea of togetherness and harmony.
Researching a city's faiths- methodological notes from the coalface
Authors: Clasquin M.
Published: April 2008

The author describes the qualitative methodology used by himself, Professor J S Krüger and Mr M S (Victor) Molobi in a research project on the religious spectrum of the city of Pretoria. The planning, data-gathering and data-processing stages of the project are discussed. The article describes the problems encountered during the project and how these were resolved by the research team.
Wie sê jy is Jesus? Die dialektiek tussen Christus vandag en Jesus van ouds
Authors: Craffert P.F.
Published: April 2008

The publication of John Dominic Crossan's Jesus research prompted discussions not only amongst New Testament scholars, but also amongst theologians and believers. One such example is the volume of essays by Carlson and Ludwig on Jesus and faith. At least two aspects from that debate are taken seriously for further discussion. Firstly, who is Crossan's Jesus and what are some of the difficulties in his construction ofJesus? Secondly, what are the implications of Crossan's historical Jesus for theology and popular faith.
Responses to 'The piety of Afrikaans women'
Authors: Landman Christina
Published: April 2008

The book The piety of Afrikaans women is placed in the context of the methodological discussion on religion feminism, that is religion feminism as it was discussed in Western Europe in the early 1990s. It is argued that in South Africa the book was not read against this background but as an onslaught on Afrikanerdom and as a liberal effort to alienate metaphysics from spirituality. Three reactions for and against the contents of the book are discussed. The first refers to local nationalism, the second to the political agenda of women's spirituality and the third to the relationship between spirituality and historical criticism.
Towards a Religious Recontextualisation of Reformed Christianity
Authors: Krüger Jacobus S.
Published: April 2008

By making explicit the perspective on infinity in terms of which Reformed religion will be viewed here, I will be able to explain my understanding of both the failure and the dignity of that branch of Christianity, and of its presence in South Africa. I shall neither protest loyally from within the confines of Reformed thinking and practice, nor berate from without, but map it on a wider metaphysical-mystical landscape. That will enable us to indicate its limitations as well as its redeeming qualities. I believe that Reformed religion may be re-assembled on the other side of such a critical interpretation. For that religion, if narrowed down dogmatically (as has traditionally been the case in South Africa), has bad consequences - not least for Reformed Christianity itself On the other hand, the Reformed view - if opened, as will be suggested here - may add significantly to the wider human religious discourse.
Christology On Two Fronts: a New Testament Model for Doing Christology in a Pluralistic Context
Authors: Mcgrath James F.
Published: April 2008

The aims of this paper are threefold and may be summarized as follows: (1) to reflect on pluralism as a point of similarity - rather than a difference, as it is often thought to be - between the context in which the New Testament authors wrote and that in which we find ourselves today; (2) to reflect on the approach to christological reflection taken by the New Testament authors in relation to the pluralism of their day, which we will argue was one of interacting with two fronts': fidelity to the traditions which they inherited on the one hand and relevance to their context(s) on the other; and finally (3) to consider what light this may shed on our task today as we seek to reflect on the meaning of the traditions we have inherited in our contemporary context of religious pluralism. 1
Forum Gospel and Enculturation: the Long Road1
Authors: Osiek Carolyn
Published: April 2008

The essential task of enculturation of the Gospel is not one of inserting an abstract entity called 'the Gospel' into a culture. Rather, the Gospel is and always has been radically enculturated, from the first preaching of Jesus through contemporary biblical interpretation. Enculturation means creating something new, and with a price to pay.
Marxism, Morality and Ideology the Marxist Moral Paradox and the Struggle for Social Justice
Authors: Mothlabi Mokgethi B.G.
Published: April 2008

There is a certain paradox inherent in Marx's criticism of morality. On the one hand, he rejects morality as a form of bourgeois ideology which serves mainly to justify the status quo. The status quo in question is one which is mainly detrimental to ordinary working people, while favouring property owners as well as owners of the means of production. In this sense Marx's condemnation of morality resembles his condemnation of religion, which he saw as the opium of the people. On the other hand, Marx employs morally significant language to challenge what he regards as the evils of capitalism and their destructive effects on the working class. It becomes clear from all this that capitalism cannot be seen as purely an economic matter. Insofar as it affects the lives and well-being of people, it is also a moral issue and deserves to be judged accordingly. How Marx steers between his seeming rejection of morality and, at the same time, using it to criticise capitalism is the main concern of this article. In the process, Marx's concept of ideology is explained while the focus and motivation of his social critique is also briefly considered.
Goal setting in Dutch paediatric rehabilitation. Are the needs and principal problems of children with cerebral palsy integrated into their rehabilitation goals?
Authors: Nijhuis Bianca JG , Reinders-Messelink Heleen A , de Blécourt Alida CE , Boonstra Anne M , Calamé Esther HM , Groothoff Johan W , Nakken Han , Postema Klaas
Published: April 2008

Objective: To evaluate whether the needs and principal problems of children with cerebral palsy (CP) as formulated in their interdisciplinary rehabilitation reports are integrated into the goal descriptions and whether this depends on the nature of the needs and problems.

Design: Descriptive multiple-case study.

Setting: Five Dutch paediatric rehabilitation facilities.

Subjects: The rehabilitation profiles of 41 children with cerebral palsy aged between 4 and 8 years.

Methods: The raw text data were extracted and organized, after which two raters independently linked the extracted content to the categories of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY). Matches between needs, problems and goals were identified by ICF-CY code comparisons.

Results: The Cohen's kappas for ICF-CY encoding were all in the range of `fair to good' (0.52—0.78). For five children (12%) no needs had been formulated and the reports of 10 (24%) were excluded from further analyses as they lacked a principal goal. In the 31 reports analysed, 29 (23%) need constructs and 46 (46%) problem constructs were incorporated into the goals. Of the total of 95 goal constructs 49 (52%) were not related to either a need or a problem construct. No clear relationship could be established between the type of needs and problems and their inclusion or exclusion in the principal goals.

Conclusion: Overall, the integration of the needs and principal problems of children with their rehabilitation goals was not optimal. However, integration was difficult to objectify because needs, problems and goals were poorly documented.
Impact of EMG-triggered neuromuscular stimulation of the wrist and finger extensors of the paretic hand after stroke: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Meilink A. , Hemmen B. , Seelen Ham , Kwakkel G.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To assess whether EMG-triggered neuromuscular electrical stimulation (EMG-NMES) applied to the extensor muscles of the forearm improves hand function after stroke.

Design: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Methods: A computer-aided literature search up to June 2006 identified articles comparing EMG-NMES of the upper extremity with usual care. Methodological quality was rated on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale (PEDro), and the Hedges' g model was used to calculate the summary effect sizes (SES) using fixed or random models depending on heterogeneity.

Results: Eight studies, selected out of 192 hits and presenting 157 patients, were included in quantitative and qualitative analyses. The methodological quality ranged from 2 to 6 points. The meta-analysis revealed non-significant effect sizes in favour of EMG-NMES for reaction time, sustained contraction, dexterity measured with the Box and Block manipulation test, synergism measured with the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment Scale and manual dexterity measured with the Action Research Arm test.

Conclusion: No statistically significant differences in effects were found between EMG-NMES and usual care. Most studies had poor methodological quality, low statistical power and insufficient treatment contrast between experimental and control groups. In addition, all studies except two investigated the effects of EMG-NMES in the chronic phase after stroke, whereas the literature suggests that an early start, within the time window in which functional outcome of the upper limb is not fully defined, is more appropriate.
New Fathers and Mothers as Gender Troublemakers? Exploring Discursive Constructions of Heterosexual Parenthood and their Subversive Potential
Authors: Nentwich Julia C.
Published: April 2008

Current constructions of heterosexual parenthood in western societies seem to be trapped in a change-retention dilemma. Many elements have changed, but many others have stayed the same. Although `new fathers' do change diapers, the mother is very often seen as the `main parent'. Parenthood is still constructed along the heterosexual gender binary that equates women with mothers and men with fathers. In this article, I analyse four different scenarios of parenthood that were discursively constructed in 21 interviews in Switzerland. I focus on the discursive construction of the subject positions `mother' and `father', the discourses drawn upon, and their potential to subvert the gendered construction of heterosexual parenthood when justifying certain versions of parenthood. Drawing on Judith Butler's concept of `gender trouble', I explore the possibilities for change and the dangers of reifying the gender binary, and critically discuss the possibilities and limitations of gender trouble in this context.
Invited review: Vascular cells contribute to atherosclerosis by cytokine- and innate-immunity-related inflammatory mechanisms
Authors: Loppnow Harald , Werdan Karl , Buerke Michael
Published: April 2008

Cardiovascular diseases are the human diseases with the highest death rate and atherosclerosis is one of the major underlying causes of cardiovascular diseases. Inflammatory and innate immune mechanisms, employing monocytes, innate receptors, innate cytokines, or chemokines are suggested to be involved in atherogenesis. Among the inflammatory pathways the cytokines are central players. Plasma levels of cytokines and related proteins, such as CRP, have been investigated in cardiovascular patients, tissue mRNA expression was analyzed and correlations to vascular diseases established. Consistent with these findings the generation of cytokine-deficient animals has provided direct evidence for a role of cytokines in atherosclerosis. In vitro cell culture experiments further support the suggestion that cytokines and other innate mechanisms contribute to atherogenesis. Among the initiation pathways of atherogenesis are innate mechanisms, such as toll-like-receptors (TLRs), including the endotoxin receptor TLR4. On the other hand, innate cytokines, such as IL-1 or TNF, or even autoimmune triggers may activate the cells. Cytokines potently activate multiple functions relevant to maintain or spoil homeostasis within the vessel wall. Vascular cells, not least smooth muscle cells, can actively contribute to the inflammatory cytokine-dependent network in the blood vessel wall by: (i) production of cytokines; (ii) response to these potent cell activators; and (iii) cytokine-mediated interaction with invading cells, such as monocytes, T-cells, or mast cells. Activation of these pathways results in accumulation of cells and increased LDL- and ECM-deposition which may serve as an `immunovascular memory' resulting in an ever-growing response to subsequent invasions. Thus, vascular cells may potently contribute to the inflammatory pathways involved in development and acceleration of atherosclerosis.
Electron-Transfer-Induced Decomposition of 1,2-Dioxetanes in Negative-Mode Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ijuin Hisako K. , Yamada Masaki , Ohashi Mamoru , Watanabe Nobuko , Matsumoto Masakatsu
Published: April 2008

1,2-Dioxetanes bearing an aromatic electron donor undergo intramolecular charge-transfer-induced chemiluminescence (CTICL). Although there has been some controversy regarding the mechanisms involved, there is little experimental evidence to strongly support any of the proposed mechanisms. In the course of our investigations, to clarify these mechanisms, we tried to effectively ionize dioxetanes bearing a phenolic group and found that poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl) was a promising matrix for negative-mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS). Electron-transfer ionization was found to take place for dioxetanes bearing a hydroxyphenyl moiety that had been further substituted with an aromatic group, which acted as an antenna to catch an electron from the matrix. Furthermore, the characteristic fragmentation of dioxetanes 3c–3d was thought to occur by the elimination of 2-methyl-1-propene (56 u) and pivalaldehyde (86 u) from deprotonated ion [M – H]− of dioxetanes, based on the results of muliple mass spectrometry measurements of dioxetanes using MALDI quadrupole ion trap ToF-MS. Based on a comparison of fragmentation in dioxetanes and the corresponding keto esters, dioxetanes were presumed to initially generate excited keto esters from which fragmentation took place.
Structural Characterization and Differentiation of Isomeric ω-Bromoalkoxy Derivatives of (E)-Chalcone by Means of Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Nowakowska Zdzisława
Published: April 2008

Mass spectrometry with electron ionization and electrospray ionization have been applied to characterize and differentiate the isomeric ortho-, meta- or para-( E)-bromoalkyloxychalcones 1–15. The difference in the values of μ1–μ5 (i.e. the ratio of abundances of the selected fragment ions to those of the molecular ions) in the series of isomeric chalcones studied and the so-called “in-source” fragmentation induced by increasing cone voltage have been found to be important and reliable indicators differentiating the isomers studied.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE RIGHT AND LEFT MESIAL TEMPORAL LOBES TO MUSIC MEMORY: EVIDENCE FROM MELODIC LEARNING DIFFICULTIES
Authors: WILSON SARAH J. , SALING MICHAEL M.
Published: April 2008

THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ASSESS the effects of left- and right-sided MTL damage on melodic memory using a newly developed arbitrary relational learning task. Participants included patients with MTL damage, patient controls,musicians, and musician controls. The learning curves of these groups showed striking differences, with right MTL patients failing to learn tonal (easy) melody pairs. Both patient groups had difficulty learning nontonal (hard) pairs. Performance was greatest for the musicians, particularly for the nontonal melody pairs. These differences were not primarily attributable to pitch discrimination or pitch working memory impairments. The findings point to differential contributions of the left and right mesial temporal lobes to melodic memory, with specificity of the right mesial temporal lobe emerging for melodic learning within a tonal musical context.
USES AND FUNCTIONS OF MUSIC IN CONGENITAL AMUSIA
Authors: MCDONALD CLAIRE , STEWART LAUREN
Published: April 2008

THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ASCERTAIN whether deficits in music perception impact upon music appreciation. Likert ratings were gathered from congenital amusics and matched controls concerning the degree to which individuals incorporate music in their everyday lives, are able to achieve certain psychological states through music, and feel positively about music imposed upon them. Those with amusia reported incorporating music into everyday activities to a lesser degree than controls. They also reported experiencing fewer changes in psychological states when listening to music and felt more negatively about imposed music compared to controls. However, the scores of some amusic individuals fell within the control range on these questionnaires, providing some evidence for a developmental dissociation between music perception (impaired) and music appreciation (normal). Potential reasons for this dissociation are discussed.
A CASE STUDY OF MUSIC AND TEXT DYSLEXIA
Authors: HÉBERT SYLVIE , BÉLAND RENÉE , BECKETT CHRISTINE , CUDDY LOLA L. , PERETZ ISABELLE , WOLFORTH JOAN
Published: April 2008

IN THIS ARTICLE, WE FIRST REPORT the data of normal music readers on a new music-reading battery developed in our laboratory. The battery was inspired by the brain damage literature on music-reading deficits and comprised visual and auditory tasks. Second, we report the battery data of IG, a university musician who was referred to us as potentially dyslexic for music, and also her data on text reading and neuropsychological tests.We compare IG's data with those of normal readers.We suggest that IG might represent a case of associated music and text developmental dyslexia.Her results also indicate a dissociation between her pitch and rhythm reading abilities not quite the same as normal readers, as well as an interesting dissociation between reading and repetition, opposite to normal readers.
Construction, law and the environment: a historical review
Authors: Manie B.
Published: April 2008

This paper highlights the key influences on the participants in the UK construction process with regard to the environment arising from both legal and non-legal sources. It outlines the broad framework of environmental law, built up from the common law torts of nuisance, negligence and even trespass; the provisions of construction contracts; and legislation, which has its origins in curbing the harmful effects of industrialisation in the nineteenth century but now greatly influenced by European law. The importance of secondary legislation and the regulations, such as the Building Regulations, is noted, as is the growing use of planning law to achieve environmental objectives. The paper touches on the role of international law, and the non-legal influences of international declarations, recommendations and standards; the role of European and UK government policy; the influence of the Environmental Agency; and other influences, not least that of public opinion—not only on political parties and policy-makers, but also on commercial organisations which are increasingly, and voluntarily, setting their own environmental policies.
The Social Relations of Bereavement in the Caribbean
Authors: Marshall Ronald , Sutherland Patsy
Published: April 2008

The objectives of this article are to discuss the various types of behaviors associated with grief and bereavement, and to examine the relationships, consequences, and outcomes of bereavement practices among the various religious and ethnic groups in the English-speaking Caribbean Islands of Jamaica, Trinidad, Grenada, and Barbados. The rituals associated with death and grief differs across cultures and is greatly influenced by religious beliefs and traditions. How these rituals are played out depend on the culture of origin and level of acculturation of the various groups into mainstream society. In the Caribbean region, expressions of grief represent religious and cultural traditions that may have a significant impact on social relations, particularly in multi-ethnic and multicultural societies. In the English-speaking Caribbean Islands of Jamaica, Trinidad, Grenada, and Barbados, mourning follows the patterns of traditional religious practices which have remained consistent over time. While families and friends may offer social support before and after burial or cremation, the social aspects of bereavement may also have implications for inter-group relations. Insights into bereavement practices and what it holds for ethnic and religious groups in contemporary Caribbean are presented.
Plant diversity in a calcareous wooded meadow – The significance of management continuity
Authors: Aavik Tsipe , Jõgar Ülle , Liira Jaan , Tulva Ingmar , Zobel Martin
Published: April 2008

Questions: What is the contribution of management continuity during the last 30–40 years to variation in species diversity and composition of a calcareous wooded meadow plant community? Is tree cover related to species diversity and composition of the herbaceous layer? What are the effects of local soil gradients on species diversity?

Location: Laelatu calcareous wooded meadow, Western Estonian coastal zone.

Methods: Plant community composition was assessed in 150 1 m × 1 m plots, located at 30 sites with known management history within Laelatu meadow (7 ha). Light and soil conditions and relative altitude were measured at each plot. DCA was used to analyse variation in species composition and general linear mixed models to analyse the effects of management and environmental parameters on diversity.

Results: Management continuity was the primary determinant of plant community composition, followed by light conditions and soil parameters. Species richness, diversity and evenness are positively dependent on management continuity. Spatial autocorrelation is important as well. Diversity started to decline under the tree canopy where 50% or less irradiation reached the level of the herbaceous layer. We did not find significant effects of soil conditions on small‐scale diversity.

Conclusions: Management continuity, together with the cover of the tree layer, are the most important determinants of diversity. Despite grassland stands with different management history are located side by side, the regeneration of diversity and composition of plant communities after restoring regular management practices is a slow process.
Farm price and income policy: lessons from history
Authors: Tweeten Luther , Zulauf Carl
Published: April 2008

U.S. farm commodity support programs encompass nearly three quarters of a century and three quarters of a trillion taxpayer dollars. One dividend from that effort is to learn lessons. Farm commodity programs have steadfastly maintained a primary objective of supporting the incomes of a relatively few producers of a relatively few commodities. Nonetheless, farm programs have not been static but have adapted to changing economic and political parameters. Changes in agricultural policy tend to coincide with extremes in the food supply–demand balance. Farm program income transfers leak from their intended beneficiaries to other asset owners. Economic rents, once institutionalized, retain political momentum that sustains the rents. The rise of pressure from the World Trade Organization to provide only non‐market‐distorting payments may challenge the continued viability of these lessons; however, the lessons also caution against discounting the extant political influence of the farm lobby. [EconLit N500, Q180]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding consumer interest in product and process‐based attributes for fresh produce
Authors: Bond Craig A. , Thilmany Dawn , Keeling Bond Jennifer
Published: April 2008

The choices consumers make about fresh produce, such as where it is purchased and what they are willing to pay, are likely influenced by a range of private and public attributes. This study uses factor and cluster analysis techniques to explore the preferences of consumers who responded to a 2006 national survey to determine the dimensions over which consumers make purchasing decisions and to identify key market segments. Analysis is based on a variety of survey questions relating to preferences for various fresh produce traits and process attributes, as well as willingness to pay for a subset of these attributes. We find that although there is only a small degree of correlation between tested variables, four consumer clusters can be identified as market segments: Urban, Assurance Seekers, Price Conscious Consumers, Quality and Safety Consumers, and Personal Value Buyers. Each cluster values both private and public attributes, though with differing intensities and focus. [EconLit citations: Q130, D120]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flexible towpreg preparing carbon fiber‐reinforced phenolic resin composites
Authors: Li Wei , Chen Zhenhua , Li Jin , Chen Xianhong
Published: April 2008

The current article describes a novel approach to produce the carbon fiber/phenolic matrix composites. The composites are focused on the carbon fibers and interfacial behavior. The washed, oxidized, and flexible towpreg‐treated carbon fiber is investigated by tensile strength. To relate the interfacial behavior with the characteristics of the components, the surface free energy of the carbon fibers is carried out by capillarity. Thereafter, the tensile strength of carbon fiber strands, the interlaminar shear strength, and the flexure strength are measured. The results show that appropriate treatments could effectively improve the mechanical properties. Interfacial adhesion between the carbon fibers with phenolic resins being fractured under deformation and the dispersed resins on the flexible towpreg carbon fiber are, respectively, studied by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscope. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Measuring interdiffusion at an interface between two elastomers with tapping‐mode and contact‐resonance atomic force microscopy imaging
Authors: Bresson Bruno , Portigliatti Maude , Salvant Benoit , Fretigny Christian
Published: April 2008

Despite the common use of tapping‐mode atomic force microscopy to image composites or polymer blends, very few studies have focused on the measurement of the interdiffusion at an interface between two polymers in contact. In this study, we show how to assess the interphase between two polymers with two methods. First, stable and robust tapping conditions are established, and the problem of the phase contrast is discussed. Second, a contact‐resonance method is presented: the tip in contact with the sample is electrostatically excited at its resonance frequency by a self‐controlled oscillator. The gain and frequency images allow us to measure the interdiffusion width. Both methods (using high and weak mechanical solicitation) give the same assessment of the interdiffusion width. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008