bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediksi Senyawa Aktif Pada Tanaman Obat Berdasarkan Kemiripan Struktur Kimiawi untuk Penyakit Diabetes Tipe II
Authors: Bakri Rizal , Wijayanto Hari , Afendi Farit Mochamad
Published: July 2018

Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit metabolik yang dicirikan oleh tingginya kadar glukosa dalam darah. Di Indonesia jumlah penderita diabetes menempati urutan keempat di dunia setelah Amerika Serikat, India, dan Cina dengan jumlah penderita mencapai lebih dari 12 juta jiwa. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi diabetes adalah mengkonsumsi obat herbal berupa jamu sebagai alternatif obat sintetik. Pusat Studi Biofarmaka Bogor sedang mengembangkan ramuan jamu untuk penyakit Diabetes Melitus Tipe II yang terdiri dari empat tanaman obat yaitu pare (Momordica charantia), sembung (Blumea balsamifera), bratawali (Tinospora crispa), dan jahe (Zingiber officinale). Kandungan senyawa keempat tanaman diduga memiliki aktivitas biologis yang mirip dengan senyawa sintetik. Pada prinsipnya, diasumsikan bahwa senyawa yang struktur kimiawinya mirip memiliki sifat biologis yang mirip. Kemiripan senyawa diukur menggunakan koefisien Modifikasi Tanimoto dengan sidik jari molekuler KR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman Bratawali merupakan tanaman utama pada ramuan jamu untuk penyakit diabetes berdasarkan jumlah kandungan senyawa yang dominan mirip dengan senyawa sintetik yaitu senyawa N-trans-feruloyltyramine (B015) dan N-formylanonaine (B018). Selanjutnya, Senyawa-senyawa yang memiliki nilai kemiripan tinggi dengan senyawa sintetik diperoleh pula pada senyawa karaviloside I (P195) dari tanaman pare, senyawa xanthoxylin (S002) dari tanaman sembung, senyawa borneol (J207) dan (-)- isoborneol (J226) dari tanaman Jahe.
Potensi Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Lasianthus Terhadap Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Purwantoro R. Subekti , Siregar Hartutiningsih-M. , Sudarmono Sudarmono , Agusta Andria
Published: July 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat antibiotik dari ekstrak tumbuhan Lasianthus terhadap aktivitas bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa secara in-vitro. Ekstrak yang diuji adalah daun Lasianthus laevigatus, L. furcatus, dan L. obscurus. Ekstraksi tumbuhan dilakukan secara maserasi bertingkat dengan menggunakan ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol. Potensi eskstrak sebagai antibakteri diuji melalui penghambatan aktivitas bakteri P. aeruginosa dengan menggunakan metode kertas cakram pada media agar Mueller-Hinton. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol pada daun L. furcatus memperlihatkan daya hambat tertinggi dengan zona hambat 12 mm (konsentrasi 50 μg), 19.5 mm (konsentrasi 100 μg), dan 20 mm (konsentrasi 200 μg), diikuti oleh L. obscurus dengan zona hambat 11 mm (konsentrasi 50 μg), 13 mm (konsentrasi 100 μg), dan 18.5 mm (konsentrasi 200 μg), sedangkan penggunaan ekstrak n-heksana dan etil asetat daya hambatnya rendah di bawah 10 mm, terkecuali ekstrak n-heksana pada daun L. obscurus daya hambat tinggi dengan zona hambat 11 mm (konsentrasi 50 μg).
Sineol dalam Minyak Kayu Putih sebagai Pelangsing Aromaterapi
Authors: Batubara Irmanida , Suparto Irma Herawati , Rakhmatika Fiqa Annisa
Published: July 2018

Cajuput is one of plants containing essential oil with cineole as a major component. This aim of study is to separate cineole in cajuput oil and to analyze its potency as slimming aromatherapy through in vivo assay. The essential oil was fractionated by column chromatography resulting 23 fraction (F1-F23). Cajuput oil, cineole, and F9 were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, and the slimming aromatherapy potency was studied on white adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Inhalation result of cineole showed that the average body weight of rats after 5 weeks treatment period was lower than that of the normal and the control groups which consumed high cholesterol feed. In conclusion, cineole is a compound that is potential in slimming aromatherapy.
EVALUACIÓN DE UNA PLANTACIÓN CON DOS ESPECIES TROPICALES CULTIVADAS EN DIFERENTES TIPOS DE ENVASES
Authors: Muñoz Flores H. Jesús , García Magaña J. Jesús , Orozco Gutiérrez Gabriela , Coria Ávalos Víctor Manuel , Nájera-Rincón Miguel Bernardo
Published: July 2018

Para contrarrestar la deforestación en México se han impulsado las plantaciones forestales; sin embargo, sus índices de supervivencia son de 35%. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar en campo la supervivencia y crecimiento de árboles de Tabebuia rosea y Enterolobium cyclocarpum, propagados en contenedores de fibra de coco y en dos tipos de charolas de poliestireno comprimido. La plantación se estableció en julio de 2008 en el municipio de Nuevo Urecho, Michoacán; en suelo Vertisol crómico, clima cálido subhúmedo, y una altitud de 465 m. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con seis tratamientos y tres repeticiones; y cada unidad experimental constó de 25 plantas, para un total de 450 por tratamiento. Al año del transplante, los ejemplares cultivados en contenedores de fibra de coco mostraron una mayor supervivencia, respecto a las propagadas en charolas de poliestireno. E. cyclocarpum tuvo los valores de crecimiento en altura más grandes, sin importar el envase donde se cultivaron. Asimismo, logró un crecimiento significativamente superior en los individuos procedentes de los contenedores de fibra de coco (231.3 cm). Para T. rosea, aunque no hubo diferencias significativas, los árboles provenientes de ese tipo de envase alcanzaron los diámetros más grandes (25.1 mm). Las plantas de los contenedores de fibra de coco no registraron problemas de sanidad ni de limitaciones en la expansión radical.
FLORA MEDICINAL DEL ESTADO DE CHIHUAHUA
Authors: Royo-Márquez Mario Humberto , Melgoza-Castillo Alicia , Sierra-Tristán J. Santos
Published: July 2018

En México 10% de su vegetación está catalogada como medicinal. Al respecto, Chihuahua posee 20.2% de las plantas medicinales reconocidas en el país; sin embargo, no se ha publicado un listado a nivel estatal y se tienen pocos estudios etnobotánicos. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron revisar, organizar y actualizar en una base de datos la información de las plantas medicinales de dicha entidad; las fuentes de información fueron literatura especializada y bases de datos botánicos con registros para el estado. Se documentaron 105 familias, 375 géneros, 605 especies y 44 infrataxa, de las cuales 14 se encuentran en riesgo de extinción según la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Las familias mejor representadas fueron: Asteraceae, Fabaceae y Euphorbiaceae, con 99, 51 y 27 especies, respectivamente. Las nativas correspondieron a 86% y las introducidas 14% (7.9% cultivadas). Las formas de crecimiento más abundantes resultaron ser las herbáceas latifoliadas, con 45.4%; los arbustos, con 18%; y los árboles, con 12.5%. Únicamente se presentan en un tipo de vegetación 32.1% de los taxa. En orden decreciente, la mayor riqueza correspondió al bosque de encino, con 56.5%, 51.2% al bosque de pino y 39.7% a los pastizales. En lo relativo al total de plantas medicinales se identificaron 1 090 usos, cuyos mayores porcentajes correspondieron a las utilizadas en los aparatos digestivo (37.8%) y genito-urinario (21.7%), así como en la piel y el tejido subcutáneo (32.3%). A fin de incrementar el conocimiento científico de las plantas medicinales, es necesario desarrollar más estudios etnobotánicos y análisis fitoquímicos.
TAMAÑO POBLACIONAL Y HÁBITAT DE Megasoma elephas Fabricius, 1775 (COLEOPTERA: DYNASTINAE) EN UN EJIDO DE CAMPECHE
Authors: Maya Martínez Aixchel , Calderón-Mandujano Romel René , Sanvicente López Mauro , Calmé Sophie
Published: July 2018

Se realizó la caracterización biológica y del hábitat de una población de Megasoma elephas en el ejido La Lucha, Calakmul, Campeche. Se regionalizó la información sobre la historia natural del escarabajo y se propuso una posible tasa de aprovechamiento como base para futuros trabajos. El tamaño de la población se estimó con el modelo de Joly-Seber; para la caracterización del hábitat se establecieron parcelas de 400 m2 alrededor del árbol donde se capturaba a Megasoma, así como transectos lineales de 500 m en el área del ejido, con el método de intercepción de línea. Se obtuvieron 57 individuos y se marcaron 47, con una proporción de sexos de 1.62:1 (machos: hembras). El tamaño de la población estimado fue de 10 individuos, con un máximo de 595 y un mínimo de cero. La tasa de aprovechamiento estimada fue de 25 ejemplares anualmente. Al caracterizar el hábitat se registraron 229 árboles, 18 familias y 52 especies; las 10 más abundantes representaron 67.30% de los individuos muestreados y las dominantes fueron Hampea trilobata, Bursera simaruba, Lasianthaea fruticosa var. fruticosa y Lonchocarpus xuul. Lonchocarpus guatemalensis ocupó el decimoprimer lugar en abundancia y fue la especie en la que se observó 100% de M. elephas. En comparación con datos tomados en años anteriores al estudio, no se determinaron diferencias significativas en la tala, pero sí en el tamaño poblacional. Se efectuaron observaciones del comportamiento del insecto en la región, lo cual aporta nueva información a su historia natural. La tasa de aprovechamiento calculada debe tomarse de forma precautoria, ya que los resultados están basados en una sola etapa del ciclo de vida y en un periodo específico; por lo tanto, se sugiere un monitoreo anual de las poblaciones adultas, así como el estudio de los otros estadios del ciclo de vida de la especie.
VARIACIÓN GENÉTICA DE DOS ÁREAS SEMILLERAS DE PINO ESTABLECIDAS EN EL ESTADO DE MICHOACÁN
Authors: Delgado Valerio Patricia , Núñez Medrano Joaquín , Rocha Granados Ma. Carmen , Muñoz Flores H. Jesús
Published: July 2018

En México se han establecido más de 200 áreas semilleras; sin embargo, muchas de ellas están abandonadas o sin manejo. El conocimiento genético de árboles productores de semillas es esencial en la obtención de planta de mejor calidad para las actividades de reforestación y conservación de los recursos. El objetivo central del presente trabajo fue evaluar los niveles de variación genética en dos áreas semileras de Pinus montezumae y Pinus pseudostrobus establecidas en el estado de Michoacán, con base en el uso de cinco microsatélites nucleares. Los resultados indican que P. pseudostrobus contiene un mayor número de alelos (A= 19) que P. montezumae (A= 18). En el primero, el promedio de la heterocigosis observada fue superior a la esperada (Ho= 0.290, He= 0.277); por el contario, en P. montezumae la heterocigosis promedio resultó más alta (Ho= 0.246, He= 0.274). Para ambas especies ninguno de los valores se desvió significativamente del equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg. P. pseudostrobus presentó el tamaño efectivo más grande (Ne= 805) que P. montezumae (Ne= 492), con un nivel de endogamia no significativo (F = -0.031 en P. pseudostrobus y F= 0.103 en P. montezumae). Por tanto, se considera que no existe ningún efecto importante de consanguinidad entre los árboles de cada área semillera y que contienen individuos con el acervo genético representativo de los dos taxa. Finalmente, se plantea una propuesta para recolectar semillas de árboles específicos para cada taxon.
Escorrentía y producción de sedimentos en encinares incendiados de la Sierra Madre Oriental, México
Authors: Vázquez Alvarado Alberto , Ortiz Rodríguez Azalea Judith , Palacio Aponte Álvaro Gerardo , Muñoz Robles Carlos Alfonso
Published: July 2018

En condiciones de disturbio mínimo, los suelos de los ecosistemas forestales tienen tasas de infiltración altas, y por lo tanto, la magnitud de la escorrentía y la erosión es baja, situación que puede revertirse por el fuego. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de tres niveles de severidad de incendios en la escorrentía y producción de sedimentos, mediante simulación de lluvia en encinares de la Sierra Madre Oriental. Por medio de árboles de regresión se identificaron las características de la superficie del suelo que más influencia tienen sobre ambos procesos. La escorrentía promedio, la escorrentía máxima y la producción de sedimentos fueron mayores en áreas con severidad de incendio alta, que en las áreas con severidad moderada y áreas sin quemar. Las variables de con más repercusión fueron la rugosidad de la superficie del suelo, la pendiente y las coberturas de mantillo y fragmentos de rocas. Se concluye que la severidad de incendios es fundamental para entender los procesos hidrológicos superficiales y de erosión, y que las características de la superficie del suelo modificadas por el fuego, como la cobertura y la microtopografía afectan la escorrentía y producción de sedimentos en áreas quemadas. Los resultados son útiles para identificar áreas prioritarias para la restauración de suelos y definir acciones de mitigación de la erosión.
Sustratos a base de aserrín crudo con fertilización y la calidad de planta de Pinus cooperi Blanco en vivero
Authors: González Orozco María Mónica , Prieto Ruíz José Angel , Aldrete Arnulfo , Hernández Díaz José Ciro , Chávez Simental Jorge Armando , Rodríguez Laguna Rodrigo
Published: July 2018

Asegurar el éxito de los programas de reforestación requiere el uso de planta de alta calidad. El empleo de sustratos alternativos de amplia disponibilidad y bajo costo (aserrín y corteza compostada) puede ser una opción viable para su producción. En este contexto, se evaluaron cuatro sustratos (aserrín de pino crudo, corteza de pino compostada y turba de musgo), en combinación con dos fertilizantes de liberación controlada (Multicote® y Osmocote Plus®), en el crecimiento y calidad de Pinus cooperi producido en vivero. La siembra se realizó en contenedores de poliestireno de 77 cavidades, con 170 mL por cavidad. Los sustratos fueron: S1) 46 % turba + 54 % corteza; S2) 30 % turba + 20 % corteza + 50 % aserrín; S3) 25 % turba + 25 % corteza + 50 % aserrín; y S4) 20 % turba + 30 % corteza + 50 % aserrín, con Multicote® (18-06-12, N-P-K) y Osmocote Plus® (15-09-12, N-P-K). Se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 4 × 2. A los nueve meses de edad de las plantas, los mejores resultados para diámetro, biomasa total e índice de calidad de Dickson se obtuvieron con el sustrato S1: 46 % turba + 54 % corteza, con 8 g L-1 de Multicote®. Sin embargo, el sustrato S2: 30 % turba + 20 % corteza + 50 % aserrín en combinación con 8 g L-1 de Multicote® también tuvo valores aceptables; además, redujo 39.8 % los costos de producción, debido al sustrato y al fertilizante.
Características dinámicas de 22 maderas determinadas por el método de vibraciones transversales
Authors: Sotomayor Castellanos Javier Ramón
Published: July 2018

La industria de la madera requiere información sobre las características tecnológicas del material para que se les incorpore a nuevos productos con valor agregado. El objetivo de la investigación que se describe fue determinar la densidad, el módulo dinámico, el módulo de rigidez y el coeficiente de amortiguamiento de 22 especies. De cada una se prepararon 20 probetas y se realizaron pruebas de vibraciones en condiciones de apoyo libre-libre. Se calcularon el módulo de dinámico, el módulo de rigidez y el coeficiente de amortiguamiento. Para cada variable se calculó la media, desviación estándar y coeficiente de variación. La especie se consideró el factor de variación. Se obtuvieron las regresiones lineales para un nivel de significancia de 95 % y los coeficientes de determinación de las variables en función de la densidad. Cada taxon presentó características dinámicas diferentes, lo que permitió observar el amplio intervalo de valores que se pueden presentar entre diferentes taxa. La densidad se distribuyó en un intervalo amplio con un mínimo de 391 kg m-3 (Gyrocarpus americanus) y un máximo de 1 096 kg m-3 (Tabebuia chrysantha). Y se mostró como un buen predictor tanto del módulo dinámico (R2 = 0.86), como del módulo de rigidez (R2 = 0.79). No se registró una correlación significativa del coeficiente de amortiguamiento con la densidad (R2 = 0.01).
Potencial de almacenamiento de carbono en áreas forestales en un sistema ganadero
Authors: Aryal Deb Raj , Gómez Castro Heriberto , Del Carmen García Neftalí , José Ruiz Octavio de Jesús , Molina Paniagua Luis Fernando , Jiménez Trujillo José Antonio , Venegas Venegas José Apolonio , Pinto Ruiz René , Ley de Coss Alejandro , Guevara Hernández Francisco
Published: July 2018

El rápido aumento de la producción ganadera ha provocado impactos ambientales, como la deforestación, la pérdida de biodiversidad, la degradación del suelo y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). En el estado de Chiapas, dichas emisiones han aumentado especialmente por la conversión de tierras forestales a pastizales y la fermentación entérica del ganado. La remoción de CO2 atmosférico por actividades forestales y agroforestales dentro de las unidades de producción ganadera puede reducirlas significativamente. El principal objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer el potencial de almacenamiento de carbono en áreas forestales, para conocer su contribución en la mitigación de GEI dentro de una unidad de producción ganadera en Villaflores, Chiapas. Se establecieron 12 parcelas de muestreo en áreas forestales y potreros para evaluar el carbono en biomasa viva aérea, biomasa de raíces, hojarasca, madera muerta y carbono orgánico del suelo. El promedio de almacenamiento de carbono en áreas forestales fue 144.45 Mg C ha-1 comparado con 75.95 Mg C ha-1 en los potreros. El almacén de carbono en biomasa viva, como se esperaba fue más alto en áreas forestales que en potreros, pero no hubo diferencia significativa en el reservorio de carbono orgánico del suelo. El rancho en estudio posee 24.7 ha (40 % de la superficie) de áreas forestales con alta diversidad de especies arbóreas, y si se decidiera deforestar para establecer pasturas contribuiría con 6 353.95 Mg de emisiones de CO2. Los resultados permitirán estimar la remoción anual de carbono con futuras remediciones.
PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP DAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA MELALUI SIMULASI PHYSIC EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY (PhET)
Authors: Khaerunnisak Khaerunnisak
Published: July 2018

Simulation of Physic Education Technology (PhET) is a simulation that contains about learning physics, chemistry and biology. PhET can replace a real lab into a virtual lab for PhET simulations can provide a learning experience at the same time play. This study aims to determine the effect PhET simulations of improving understanding the concept of the material liquid pressure and to determine the effect PhET simulations to increase student motivation to learn the material pressure liquid. Subjects in this study were students VIIIA and VIIIB MTsS Insan Quranic, Aceh Besar, with the number of students are 30 children. The VIIIA Class is the reference class in this study and the VIIIB classis the subject of experimental class. This study used a quasi-experimental. The instrumen  research used understanding test of concepts and questionnaires. The conseptual understanding is conducted by pretest and posttest, each of the testconsisting of 15 questions choice. The questionnaire to measure students motivationusing Likert scale.Keywords: PhET Simulation, Conseptual Understanding, Learning Motivation
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI TERBIMBING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR FISIKA PESERTA DIDIK
Authors: Nurmayani Lia , Doyan Aris , Verawati Ni Nyoman Sri Putu
Published: July 2018

Abstrak - Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing terhadap hasil belajar fisika peserta didik. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi experiment dengan desain penelitian kelompok non-ekuivalen. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, sehingga diperoleh kelas XI MIA 1 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas XI MIA 2 sebagai kelas kontrol di SMAN 6 Mataram. Instrumen penelitian berupa tes pilihan ganda sebanyak 30 soal yang telah diuji validitas, reliabilitas, taraf kesukaran, dan daya beda soal. Data hasil belajar kedua kelas tersebut terdistribusi normal dan homogen. Data dianalisis dengan uji Manova. Hasil analisis data menghasilkan signifikansi . Jika ditentukan taraf signifikansi sebesar 0,05 maka 0,016<0,05. Berdasarkan fakta tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing terhadap hasil belajar fisika peserta didik.Kata kunci: model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing, hasil belajar.Abstract - The purpose of this study is determine the effect of guided inquiry learning model toward physics learning outcomes of students. This type of research is quasi experiment with non-equivalent group design. Sampling using purposive sampling technique, so that obtained class XI MIA 1 as experiment class and class XI MIA 2 as control class. The research instrument is a multiple choice test of 30 questions that have been tested for validity, reliability, level of difficulty, and different power of problems. The learning data of the two classes is normally distributed. Based on the homogeneity data obtained both homogenous. Data were analyzed by Manova test. Result of data analysis show significance  0,016. If  determined the level of significance 0,05 then 0,016<0,05. Based on these facts it can be concluded that there is influence of guided inquiry learning model toward physics learning outcome of students. Keywords: guided inquiry learning model, learning outcomes.
Expanding the range of black grouse Lyrurus tetrix in northern England ‐ can wild females be successfully translocated?
Authors: Warren Philip , Baines David
Published: July 2018

The range of black grouse Lyrurus tetrix in northern England was expanded by translocating males beyond the species' currently occupied distribution between 2006 and 2014. Translocation of wild males resulted in the establishment of new leks, attraction of females and successful breeding. To determine whether females could also be translocated to supplement the few present, 24 were moved and released in 2013 and 2014. Following release, 20 females survived to nest in their first spring on average 1.7 km from the release point. Annual survival by females over the first two years following release averaged 0.81 (0.63–0.90, 95% CL), comparable to that of resident birds in the core northern England range. Females exhibited fidelity to their breeding areas, with distance between nest locations in consecutive years averaging 0.2 km. Of the 35 nests monitored, 71% hatched chicks. Brood survival averaged 28% and the proportion of females with broods was 20%. Clutch size, egg volume, nest and brood survival were all comparable with estimates from birds from studies in northern England. Chicks reared per female averaged 0.3 (±0.1 SE), lower than resident birds from four sites in northern England. Post‐translocation lek attendance varied between nine and 12 males. When attempting to expand black grouse range into formerly occupied areas, our study demonstrated that wild females translocated into areas where males had previously been released, settled, survived well and exhibited a propensity to breed.
Measurement of Structural Change in the Pakistan Economy: A
Review of the National Income Estimates 1949/50 to 1963/64
Authors: Khan Taufiq M. , Bergan Asbjorn
Published: July 2018

A number of national income estimates are available for
pre-Partition India. Many of these estimates, especially those
pertaining to the last quarter of the 19th and the early 20th centuries,
had their origin in political controversy. The estimators were mainly
concerned with proving or refuting the idea that the per capita income
was very low and that the government had failed to improve the economic
conditions of the masses[6]. The earlier estimates were based on scanty
data but as time passed, the basic statistics as well as the methods of
income estima¬tion improved. The studies of national income of British
India, undertaken by Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao, were exhaustive and comprehensive
and still serve as a useful reference for all those who are interested
in the history of national income estimation in India [14]. Because of
the general lack of economic data in India, Dr. Rao conducted a number
of ad hoc enquiries in different parts of India to fill in the existing
gaps in data. The various estimates of per capita income in India before
Partition are shown in Appendix Table A-I. These estimates are at
current prices. Because of differences in concepts and methodology,
these estimates are not entirely comparable and are to be regarded as
rough approximations of per capita net national product at factor cost.
Optimal Patterns of Growth and Aid The Case of Pakistan
Authors: Chenery Hollis B. , Macewan Arthur
Published: July 2018

One of the principal means for poor countries to accelerate
their develop¬ment is by using external resources to supply additional
imports and to finance a higher level of investment. While this policy
offers substantial benefits, it also requires that the structure of the
economy be adapted to accommodate the expected resource inflow over a
substantial period of time. For this reason, the extent of reliance on
external capital—public and private—becomes one of the critical elements
of development strategy. There has been relatively little theoretical
study of the benefits and costs of using a controlled inflow of
resources to promote development. Formal growth models typically either
ignore this variable or take it as fixed. In the formulation of
development programmes by planning organizations, the projected inflow
of aid and private capital is determined largely on a historical and
political basis rather than through a systematic evaluation of
alternatives. This is true in Pakistan as well as in most countries
receiving foreign assistance. This paper explores the properties of
optimal growth strategies in which the total amount and time pattern of
the resource inflow can be varied within limits. The problem is studied
both from the point of view of the borrowing country trying to make the
best use of its domestic and foreign resources and from that of the
lender trying to assess the productivity of additional amounts of public
assistance in different recipient countries. These different viewpoints
are reflect¬ed in alternative forms of the objective function which is
maximized to determine the optimal policy.
The Semi-Input-Output Method: A Comment and An Extension
Authors: Sanders Martin
Published: July 2018

The semi-input-output method, as presented by Tinbergen [1],
is designed solely for the evaluation of investment projects. It tells
us, given the criterion used, which sectors or industries should get
priority in a development plan. The method does not tell us to what
extent the production of an attractive industry should be increased. To
solve this problem we need a planning model. The main aim of the present
note is to show the possibility of formulating a planning model based on
the semi-input-output method. As such, the present paper should be
considered as an extension of the article by Tinbergen. Before coming to
our main subject however, I would like to make two comments on the paper
by Tinbergen [1].
Import Licensing and Import Liberalization in Pakistan
Authors: Thomas Philip S.
Published: July 2018

Import policy has played a particularly important role in
Pakistan's economic planning. The amount and allocation of imported
machinery and raw materials have directly affected the nature and pace
of both industrial and agricultural development. The composition of
imports has had a very significant effect on internal relative prices,
which, in turn, essentially determine the allocation of investment in
the private sector. Finally, imports have provided both the government
(in the form of tariffs) and the private sector (in the form of profits)
access to potential savings, which to a large extent have been converted
into investment during the last decade. While import policy should not
be viewed completely in isolation, it is sufficiently important to merit
careful and intensive study. Over the past several years, substantial
research has been carried out on two aspects of Pakistan's import
policy: the description and analysis of the institu¬tional arrangements;
and the development of reasonably accurate statistics. In terms of
institutional arrangements, three contributions are especially worthy of
mention. Naqvi [22] has presented a detailed description of the import
licensing system, indicating the agencies involved and the major
problems faced by them,
Measuring the Effects of Population Control on Economic
Development: A Case Study of Pakistan
Authors: Hoover Edgar M. , Perlman Mark
Published: July 2018

The terms of reference of this report are to indicate the
"impact of alternative foreseeable population trends upon economic
development prospects and assistance needs of less developed countries".
In it we consider the effects of varying the rate of natural increase of
population on a "less developed" country's efforts to improve its
general economic well being. Pakistan, for the period 1965-85, is the
specific case examined. In the context of Pakistan's development
constraints and plans, we have attempted to measure what difference it
would make in prospects for progress if mortality and/or fertility rates
were changed. The demographic contingencies to be considered include i)
a progressive reduction of mortality through improved environmental,
medical, and nutritional conditions; and if) a progressive reduction in
fertility through government sponsored family-planning efforts. There
are obviously many aspects of the development process that depend upon
how population is growing. We have focussed on evaluating the population
impact in terms of selected characteristics of the national economy
including aggregate and per capita income, savings, and consumption, the
composition of output and employment by major productive sectors, and
the degree of de¬pendence on import of capital.
Notes and Comments Notes on the Concept of Import
Substitution
Authors: Winston Gordon C.
Published: July 2018

By these rules, "import substitution" should be paid extra
since it has been used to mean many different things. These notes are
intended, therefore, to clarify or at least specify some of the issues
and ambiguities surrounding discussion of import substitution in the
hope that future research and policy can thereby be more efficiently
directed and these sometimes muddied issues can thereby be more clearly
understood. Since its objective is to point up sources of conceptual
confu¬sion that have appeared in import substitution studies and
policies, distinctions will be drawn sometimes too sharply where this is
useful, even at the risk of over¬simplifying a complicated problem.
Finally, it should be clear from the outset that the paper makes no
pretence at major originality.
What Has Been Happening to Real Wages in Pakistan?
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman
Published: July 2018

It seems unnecessary to prepare an elaborate case emphasizing
the need for some knowledge about the movement of real wages. Such
knowledge would help confirm our ideas about the supply of labour and
its abundance or scarcity, shed light on the mechanism of transfer of
labour from the traditional sector to the modern sector by highlighting
the incentive differential between wages in these two sectors and its
change over time, and provide insight into the question of the
distribution of incremental income. In view of the obvious importance of
the subject, it seems unfortunate that practically no enthusiasm has
been shown by researchers in estimating the course of this variable in
Pakistan. Certainly part of the explanation lies in the inadequacy of
statistical information. Over the vast agricultural sector, wage labour
is not the dominant mode of production. Whatever wage-labour relations
exist there and in the services sectors are not systematically reported
by the data collecting machinery in the country. Inevitably one is,
therefore, limited to the examination of the wage movement in the
manufacturing industries only.
Some Econmomic Aspects of BrainDrain
Authors: Johnson H. G.
Published: July 2018

cover page not scanned
The Pakistan Perspective Plan and the Objective of Elimination of
Dependence on Foreign Assistance (Notes and Comments)
Authors: Anisur Rahman Mohammad
Published: July 2018

1. The Pakistan Perspective Plan for the period 1965-85 states
"elimination of dependence on foreign assistance" as one of its
"explicit aims" [3, p.17]. In this paper we attempt an estimation of the
progress towards this objective the country can reasonably be expected
to make by 1985 if the Perspective Plan were fully realized. 2. Table 1
[3, p. 19] gives estimates of annual imports and exports at five-year
intervals from 1965 to 1985. Table 6 [3, p. 24] provides a breakdown of
imports into three categories, viz., "consumer goods", "capital goods"
and "intermediate products". If the author understands correctly, none
of these categories covers debt services1. Imports under these three
categories add up to total imports as given in Table 1 [3, p. 19] so
that the latter also do not include debt services. We, therefore,
interpret the difference between imports and exports, termed "external
resources" in [3, p. 19], as measuring estimated net inflow of foreign
capital. Adding debt servicing to it we would obtain what has been
termed "total foreign assistance" in the Plan [3, Table 4, p. 91], or
what is more conventionally referred to as gross inflow of foreign
capital.
Economic Development and Individual Change: A
Social-Psychological Study of the Comilla Experiment in Pakistan by
Schuman Howard. (Occasional Papers in International Affairs, Number 15)
Cambridge: Centre for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1967.
pp.59. US$ 2.00.
Authors: Bose S. R.
Published: July 2018

Rural East Pakistan is confronted with poverty, population
pressures, fragmentation of land, indebtedness and inefficient farming,
all of which conspire to depress productivity in rural areas. The
Comilla Academy for Rural Development has been working since 1960 on a
pilot programme to stimulate productivity through village cooperatives
in Kotwali Thana of Comilla district in East Pakistan. Here is a report
by an American sociologist who tests the results of the Comilla
experiment on individual attitudes and values. He finds fundamental
'modernizing' changes in motivation and value among the villagers in the
pilot area. The basic structure of the Academy programme consists of
primary cooperatives at the village level, which are joined to a Central
Association, linked to the Academy, and possess outside funds from
government and other sources. Members of the primary cooperatives
jointly save and borrow money and rent modern machinery, although land
remains individually owned. Rather than concentrating on sending
extension officers, the programme encourages cooperatives to choose
their own leaders for various roles and then attempts to expose these
'natural leaders' to new ideas, values and techniques, which they, in
turn, will communicate to others. The programme includes a project on
family planning, which is connected with still other projects such as
women's education in mutually-reinforcing ways. The various projects
undertaken by the Academy give the total programme a comprehensiveness
that is supposed to make the average villager, through a series of
pressures and incentives, change his methods of farming, his ideas and
values.
Asia's Population Problems edited by S. Chandrasekar. London:
George Allen & Unwin, Limited. Pp.311. 45 shillings (U.K.)
Authors: Bean Lee L.
Published: July 2018

Editors of "readers" (collections of articles focussing on a
particular topic) usually tread lightly on the hands of contributors
once they have been selected, but S. Chandrasekar's imprint is well
marked in this book which contains studies of Seven Asian countries,
Australia, an overview of Asia as a whole and two papers on Australia's
immigration policy. Chandrasekar's editorship is evident in two ways
which make this a unique and valuable collection of articles. All too
often, collections of articles are strung together in a loose way by an
often unbounded general theme. The articles are, therefore, uneven,
dealing solely with a particular scholar's particular academic interest.
This is useful, of course, in some cases, but in a "reader", designed to
deal with Asia's population problems, the purpose is better served by a
well-structured presentation of discussions having a similar
focus.
A Consistent Estimate of the Value of Animal Products in West
Pakistan
Authors: Gotsch Carl H. , Timmer C. Peter
Published: July 2018

According to the 1962/63 Revised National Accounts, livestock
contributes 16.1 per cent of West Pakistan's gross domestic provincial
product at constant (1959/60) factor cost. Given the size of the
sector—it is larger than large and small-scale manufacturing
combined—one would hope that estimates of gross production value,
value-added, etc., were based on fairly detailed and accurate studies.
Unfortunately, such studies have never been done for West Pakistan, and
only the crudest of indirect methods have been used to derive the
figures used in official statistics. For example, milk production, which
makes up roughly three-quarters of total livestock production (excluding
power) is estimated by applying a poorly documented yield figure to an
animal population that has never been accurately enumerated. Much the
same procedure has been used for other products such as meat, eggs,
hides and skins, etc.
A Comparison of the Interregional Purchasing Power of Industrial
Wages in Pakistan (Notes & Comments)
Authors: Ghafur Abdul
Published: July 2018

Data on regional income and its various components are
frequently used in Pakistan in economic planning and to formulate and
evaluate other economic policies. Characteristically, these regional
income magnitudes are estimated on the basis of the prices prevailing in
different regions. Generally speaking, any comparative analysis of the
regional real incomes on the basis of such estimations is inadequate and
in certain cases misleading if the intra-regional price structure is
substantially different in various regions. Although work has been done
in measuring different components of regional income in Pakistan, no
significant effort has so far been made to measure the purchasing power
of income or its components in various regions. The focus of attention
in this study is the comparison of the purchasing power of industrial
wages in various regions in Pakistan. These index numbers may be used to
formulate a national wage policy or as a guide to better allocate
investment in different regions in the light of national economic
objectives. Strictly speaking, these index numbers of purchas¬ing power
are not applicable to components of regional income other than
in¬dustrial wages but in a broad sense they probably indicate the
direction of diver¬gence.
Relative Rates of Growth—Agriculture and Manufacturing by Ashok
Rudra. Bombay: University of Bombay, 1967. Price Rs. 8.00. p.
89.
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman
Published: July 2018

The question of balance between the growth rates of
agriculture and industry has been an important one in formulating
development plans for the underdeveloped countries. In both India and
Pakistan, agriculure has proved to be the lagging sector leading to a
rise in the relative prices of agricultural products. That such an
imbalance in the relative rates of growth cannot be continued much
longer without arresting the growth rate of the industrial sector itself
is almost universally recognised these days. In the theory of planning
one frequently comes across the concept of balanced growth between
agriculture and industry. Various authors have emphasised different
aspects of the interrelationship between agriculture and in¬dustry in
defining the criteria of balanced growth. A very important theory has
been propounded by W. Arthur Lewis in which the lagging agricultural
produc¬tion results in the shortage of foodgrains while the income
generated by manu¬facturing keeps raising the demand for food. The
result is a rise in wages and the decline in capitalists' share of
national product. Although such theories are very illuminating they are
by no means adequate guides for the practical planner. In formulating
balanced plans for sectoral expansion one has to have some quanti¬tative
idea about the required relative rates of balanced growth of the major
sec¬tors of the economy. The present book by Dr. Ashok Rudra is an
attempt at such quantification.
An Approach to the Welfare Analysis of Inter-Temporal Resource
Alloca¬tion by Jerome Rothenberg, (Lecture Series No. 22). Athens:
Center of Planning and Economic Research, 1967. pp.75.
Authors: Floystad Gunnar
Published: July 2018

Rothenberg's book contains three lectures read at the Center
of Planning and Economic Research in Athens. The author starts by
arguing that the problem of welfare comparisons over considerable time
intervals is simply that the populations being compared in the two
periods are not unchanged. The normative criteria economists usually use
for making welfare comparisons an unchanging population, i.e., each
individual must be present in the various situa¬tions that are compared.
The author, by contrast, intends to examine situations where only some
individuals are present in one of the two situations com¬pared. His
treatment of the linkage between two situations over time is based on
two key assumptions: i) the population composition changes almost
conti¬nuously, ii) the new additions to the population are familiarly
linked to the exist¬ing members. The author concludes that under certain
simplifying assumptions— e.g., that the utility function of each
individual remains unchanged through life and that parents act on behalf
of their heirs—no important problem of intergenerational comparability
arises except where intertemporal externalities are involved.
Perspective Planning for Self-Assured Growth: An Approach to
Foreign Capital from a Recipient's Point of View
Authors: Anisur Rahman Mohammad
Published: July 2018

The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the problem of
dependence on foreign capital for economic growth of Pakistan, a
typically under¬developed country which is relying rather heavily on
foreign assistance without a sufficiently spelled-out analysis of the
economic and political consequences of such a policy for the country's
future. The discussion starts with an analysis of the implications of
Pakistan's current Perspective Plan (1965-85) for plan-terminal external
indebtedness of the country (Section II). Need for careful
rationalization of a terminal bequest of liability of this magnitude to
future society is stressed. This is followed by a discussion (Section
III) of the alternatives the country would have to service the external
indebtedness with which it would be saddled at termination of its
Perspective Plan. It is pointed out that the alternatives have political
implications for the country's future, and one may question the ethics
of thus restricting choice of policies for future
generations.
Consumer Goods Or Capital Goods—Supply Consistency In Development
Planning (Notes and Comments)
Authors: Hufbauer G. C.
Published: July 2018

Everyone who has heard of Harrod-Domar realises that growth
targets imply something about savings rates. But growth targets also
imply something about the availability of capital goods. The business of
economic planning, as Winston points out [1], is to ensure compatibility
between the Harrod-Domar and the Mahalanobis constraints. If domestic
savings exceed the availability of domestic plus foreign capital goods,
two "despised alternatives" confront the economy: inventory accumulation
or slower growth. To avoid this unhappy predicament, Winston outlines
three remedial policies. Our purpose is to suggest that the Harrod-Domar
and Mahalanobis constraints may not be independent. Remedial policies
aimed at that larger capital goods supply may affect the private and
public savings rates and the growth of income. These suggestions are
hardly novel [2]. They turn on re¬placing the proportional savings
function with a classical savings function (i.e., one which specifies
private savings rates by economic sector), on distinguishing tax rates
by type of domestic production and imports, and on stipulating a
connection between consumer-goods production and import of raw materials
for the consumer industries.
The Economics of Agricultural Development by John W. Mellor.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1966. pp.400.
Authors: Winston Gordon C.
Published: July 2018

The Economics of Agricultural Development is an important
book. Throughout the book, Mellor uses economic analysis to organize,
extend, understand, and evaluate the economic facts of the agricultural
sector in a de¬veloping country. He treats agricultural development
within the framework of overall economic growth and highlights the
interaction between agriculture and the rest of the economy.
("Agriculture and Foreign Exchange", for instance, is the title of one
early chapter, "Agriculture and Capital Formation" is the title of
another.) It is not enough, for instance, to show that chemical
fertilizer can have significant influence on agricultural output in a
developing country. It is also necessary to consider alternative uses of
the scarce foreign exchange it requires and alternative uses of
industrial capital. Also it is necessary to decide when to stop
increasing fertilizer supply and turn to other activities. This
essen¬tial integration of agriculture into overall development activity
acts as a useful antidote to the special pleading that tends to surround
sectoral planning for so large and politically powerful a sector as
agriculture and to those economic theorists who ignore this sector,
which produces 50-90 per cent of GNP.
The Egyptian Agrarian Reform 1952-1962 by Gabriel S. Saab.
London: Oxford University Press, 1967. pp.236.
Authors: Khan Mohammad Irshad
Published: July 2018

The revolutionary regime instituted land reforms in Egypt
shortly after its inception in 1952. This book is a description of
various measures adopted and the success achieved in agrarian reform in
Egypt during 1952-1962. In Egypt the objectives of the land
redistribution were: (1) satisfaction of land-hunger of the landless
rural community; (2) improvement in the rural living condition; and (3)
expansion of agricultural productive capacity. The fixation of 200
feddans as a maximum land holding per person, expropriation of land in
excess of that limit, and the subsequent distribution of land to
landless rural people on instalment payments went a long way in
satisfying the land-hunger in the sparsely-populated delta regions. In
the densely-populated regions, al¬though land-hunger of the landless
rural community was not satisfied, the fixa¬tion of three years as a
minimum period for farm lease and prohibition of evic¬tion of tenantsand
share-croppers during the first years after the Agrarian Re¬form
alleviated the position of the tenants and the
share-croppers.
Labour Force Participation Rates in Pakistan: 1901-1961
Authors: Farooq Ghazi Mumtaz
Published: July 2018

Projection of future patterns of population change or economic
growth is usually improved when trends over considerable time-periods
are available for extrapolation or are used as a check on underlying
assumptions. However, historical demographic data for Pakistan are
limited. Before independence in 1947, data were available only for India
as a whole or for districts, some of which were divided between Pakistan
and India at the time of independence. By detailed examination and
analysis of district reports from the censuses of India, it is possible
to reconstruct demographic changes for the areas now comprising
Pakistan. Two such studies have been undertaken in the Demo¬graphic
Section of the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics: the first
was a study of boundary changes and population changes from 1881 to 1961
[29]. The second, reported here, is a study of the labour force of
Pakistan, 1901-1961.