bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective response of lymphocytes from Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits to mitogens and Treponema reiteri
Authors: Pavia C S , Baseman J B , Folds J D
Published: January 2020

The in vitro response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from rabbit infected with Treponema pallidum was examined using various mitogens and avirulent Treponema reiteri. For the first 4 weeks after treponemal infection, the response of lymphocytes from syphilitic rabbits to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen was markedly reduced in comparison to uninfected controls. Lymphocytes from both groups of rabbits responded normally to class-specific immunoglobulin anti-sera (anti-immunoglobulin M and anti-immunoglobulin G) and T. reiteri.
In vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immune responses to a cell wall antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis
Authors: Deighton F , Cox R A , Hall N K , Larsh H W
Published: January 2020

An alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall fraction of Blastomyces dermatitidis, designated B-ASWS, was evaluated as an antigen for detecting in vivo (skin tests) and in vitro migration inhibition factor (MIF) production and lymphocyte transformation (LT) responses in Blastomyces-infected guinea pigs. The biological activity of B-ASWS was compared with that of blastomycin KCB-26. The superiority of B-ASWS, in terms of its sensitivity and specificity, was evident in in vivo and in vitro assays. Skin tests responses were obtained in 21 of the 24 Blastomyces-infected guinea pigs, whereas only one of the 14 Histoplasma-infected guinea pigs were significantly greater than those obtained using cell populations from Histoplasma-infected or noninfected guinea pigs. The con-MIF and LT in peritoneal exudate cells and lymph node cells of homologuosly infected animals. In each biological system, the response of the Blastomyces-infected guinea pigs were significantly greater than those obtained using cell populations from Histoplasma-infected or non-infected guinea pigs. The contrasting efficacy of B-ASWS as compared with blastomycin KCB-26, suggests that the cell wall antigen will be a useful tool for detecting cell-mediated immune responses in blastomycosis.
Release of beta-lysin from platelets caused by antigen-antibody complexes, purified enzymes, and platelet-aggregating substances
Authors: Roberts R R , Tew J G , Donaldson D M
Published: January 2020

The release of beta-lysin, which followed the intravenous injection of antigen-antibody complexes, did not take place when these complexes were added to citrated whole blood but did occur in heparinized blood. beta-Lysin release in heparinized blood was inhibited by citrate but were reversed by the addition of calcium ions that implicated complement reactions. Fourteen different enzymes were added to platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Streptokinase, neuraminidase, papain, phospholipase C, sulfatase, and trypsin caused platelets to release significant quantities of beta-lysin, whereas elastase, phosphatase, protease, ribonuclease A, hyaluronidase, lipase, and pepsin caused little or no increase in the plasma beta-lysin concentration. One enzyme, fibrinolysin, inactivated beta-lysin faster than it was released. The enzyme-induced release of beta-lysin from PRP was often accompanied by a reduction in the number of platelets. The intravenous injection of streptokinase, neuraminidase, and sulfatase caused in vivo releases of beta-lysin into the plasma. The platelet-aggregating substances collagen, arachidonic acid, and adenosine 5'-diphosphate caused beta-lysin to be released from PRP. The platelet-aggregating substances L-epinephrine, zymosan, fibrinogen, reserpine, and serotonin caused little or no release of beta-lysin from platelets. The results of this study indicate that the release of beta-lysin during antigen-antibody-complement reactions, blood coagulation, phagocytosis, and inflammation could be enzyme mediated.
Heat-labile enterotoxin produced by Escherichia coli serogroup O149 isolated from diarrheic calves
Authors: Ellis R P , Kienholz J C
Published: January 2020

Nine strains of Escherichia coli serogroup O149 isolated from diarrheic calves were found to produce a heat-labile enterotoxin. The heat-labile enterotoxin activity was destroyed by heat (85 degrees C/30 min) and was neutralized by rabbit anti-heat-labile enterotoxin. One of the strains also produced a heat-stable enterotoxin.
Capsular polysaccharide of Clostridium perfringens Hobbs 9
Authors: Cherniak R , Frederick H M
Published: January 2020

Several closely related capsular polysaccharides were isolated from a strain of Clostridium perfringens Hobbs 9 type A by extraction of encapsulated cells with cold 0.85% NaCl. The soluble polymers were precipitated with alcohol and purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, enzymatic digestion with papain and ribonuclease, and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A25. The polysaccharides were composed mainly of glucose, galactose, and galactosamine. The major fraction contained these constituents (representing 77% of the dry weight) in a molar ratio of 1:1.6:1.1. All of the fractions contained phosphate and peptide material that was not removed during purification. The polysaccharides were closely related but not identical as indicated by double-diffusion-in-gel experiments. Immunoelectrophoresis in agarose demonstrated that the polysaccharides had identical mobilities and that no resolution into additional fractions occurred. The immunological activity of all the purified polysaccharides was destroyed by periodate oxidation but was unaffected by protease.
Nonspecific stimulation of lymphocytes by tuberculin
Authors: Sultzer B M , Nilsson B S , Kirschenbaum D
Published: January 2020

Lymphocytes from uninfected, nonimmune mice can be stimulated to proliferate and produce antibody to diverse antigens in culture when exposed to the purified protein derivative of tuberculin or unheated tuberculin culture filtrate. Lymphocytes from numerous inbred strains of mice respond to tuberculin, but no true low responder strain has been found as yet. The evidence presented suggests that a subpopulation of B cells, which are distinct from those activated by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, respond to tuberculin. The results of digestion experiments with insolubilized enzymes suggest that the nonspecific activating principles in tuberculin are protein.
Immune response in rabbits to virion and nonvirion antigens of the Flavivirus kunjin
Authors: Della-Porta A J , Westaway E G
Published: January 2020

The nature of the antibodies formed in rabbits in response to the following Kunjin virus antigens was examined: infectious suckling mouse brain (SMB), purified virion or rapidly sedimenting hemagglutinin (RHA), slowly sedimenting hemagglutinin (SHA), and envelope fragments prepared from RHA disrupted by 0.1 or 0.2% sodium deoxycholate (DOC). The hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) and neutralizing antibody responses to SMB, RHA, and large envelope fragments (0.1% DOC) were remarkably uniform, antibodies appearing at the same time, attaining similar HI titers (lowest to envelope), and being of similar avidity early and late in the respone. The 19S (immunoglobulin M) antibodies to all antigens were always relatively type-specific, whereas the 7S (immunoglobulin G) antibodies were always broadly cross-reactive in HI tests. These results confirm that the envelope antigen is the principal antigen involved in the stimulation of protective neutralizing antibodies and contains both type- and group-specific antigenic determinants. The results also establish that there is no significant advantage in using purified RHA or SHA either for immunization or as hemagglutinin antigens in attempts to obtain greater specificity in the HI test. No differences were detected in the antibody responses to infective Kunjin virus, within the range 1,400 to 10(9) plaque-forming units (PFU). Below 1,400 PFU, there was no detectable response. Inactivated virus (10(6) PFU) also stimulated the normal antibody response. In contrast, small envelope fragments (derived with 0.2% DOC) and a detergent-solubilized extract of infected cells were unable to stimulate a detectable antibody response and the small envelope fragments may have induced low dose tolerance in one of two rabbits.
Cell wall studies of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis using autologous and heterologous enzymes
Authors: Davis T E , Domer J E , Li Y T
Published: January 2020

Enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cell walls of Blastomyces dermatitidis and chemotypes I and II of Histoplasma capsulatum were prepared in the laboratory or obtained from commercial sources. They included chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases, beta-1,6-glucanase, and Pronase. Monosaccharides and disaccharides of glucose released from the cell walls by the enzymes were determined qualitatively by paper and gas-liquid chromatography, and monosaccharides were quantitated by the latter technique as well. An enzyme system isolated from Streptomyces sp. containing both chitinase and glucanase released maximum amounts of glucose and N-acetylglucosamine from the cell walls of H. capsulatum chemotype I. A chitinase preparation, free of glucanase, from Serratia marcescens released only chitobiose and N-acetylglucosamine from chemotype I cell walls, but the total quantity of N-acetylglucosamine released was about 60% less than that released by the Streptomyces system. A beta-1,3-glucanase from Bacillus circulans hydrolyzed the cell walls of H. capsulatum chemotype I, but a beta-1,6-glucanase failed to release glucose from the same walls. Autolytic enzymes, viz., beta-1,3-glucanases and several glycosidases were detected as constitutive enzymes in both yeast and mycelial phases of B. dermatitidis and H. capsulatum chemotypes I and II. No difference in the amount of activity was found between cell sap and culture filtrate preparations. The beta-glucanases prepared from the Histoplasma and Blastomyces strains were active on the cell walls of the yeast phases of H. capsulatum chemotypes I and II, releasing laminaribiose and glucose, but were essentially inactive on the cell walls of B. dermatitidis. Chitinase, beta-1,6-glucanase, alpha-glucanase, and alpha-glucosidase activities were absent from these fungal enzyme preparations.
Serial enzymatic hydrolysis of cell walls of two serotypes of yeast-form Histoplasma capsulatum with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanase, beta(1 leads to 3)-glucanase, pronase, and chitinase
Authors: Reiss E
Published: January 2020

A serial enzymatic hydrolysis procedure for the partial lysis of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form cell walls was described, and its application for the differentiation of two serotypes was evaluated. Cell walls were serially digested with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanase and beta(1 leads to 3)-glucanse of Cladosporium resinae, then by Pronase, and then by chitinase. The walls of serotype 1, 2, 3 (61.5% digested) were not susceptible to alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanse, and they contained 30.3% chitin, thus identifying the strain as chemotype 1 (chem 1). Serotype 1, 4 cells walls (51.6% digested) released 27.3% as glucose after treatment with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanse and contained 7.8% chitin, compatible with chemotype 2 (chem 2). In addition to quantitating the monomeric products of enzymolysis, I recovered soluble nondialyzable polysaccharide from the digests of both serotypes.
Experimental model of corynebacterium renale pyelonephritis produced in mice
Authors: Shimono E , Yanagawa R
Published: January 2020

Corynebacterium renale type I (strain 115), 1.7 X 10(7) to 4.5 X 10(7) organisms, introduced intravenously into mice disappeared from the blood less than 24 h after inoculation and did not produce pyelonephritis. The same strain, 1 X 10(7) to 5 X 10(7) organisms, inoculated into the urinary bladder of mice was not recovered from the blood in any of the mice, but caused pyelonephritis accompanied by ureteritis and cystitis in 16 of 21 (76%) mice. Pyelonephritis and cystitis in mice were histopathologically similar to those found in cows. The antibody response was observed only in the mice with pyelonephritis or pyelitis, but not in those with only cystitis or in those without lesions, as found in cows. Similar diseases were produced in mice by C. renale types II and III but less frequently than by type I. It is suggested, therefore, that mice may be useful in the study of bovine C. renale infection.
Experimental animal infections with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum
Authors: Kraus S J , Jacobs N F , Chandler F W , Arum E S
Published: January 2020

Subcutaneous tissue cavities in mice and guinea pigs were infected with human isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. The minimal infective dose for M. hominis was as low as less than 10 color-changing units (CCU) for mice and 10(2) CCU for guinea pigs. The minimal infective dose for U. urealyticum was as low as less than 10 CCU for mice and 10(4) CCU for guinea pigs. Mouse infections with either U. urealyticum or M. hominis persisted for 1 day to greater than 4 months. Guinea pigs remained infected for up to 4 weeks. Two M. hominis isolates were similar in their ability to infect subcutaneous tissue cavities but two U. urealyticum isolates varied in their ability to infect the cavities. The histopathology of the M. hominis and U. urealyticum infections was similar: an initial intense polymorphonuclear response with giant cells, followed in 4 weeks by histiocytes and giant cells with some plasma cells and lymphocytes.
Comparative Study of Invertases of
Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Tanzer J. M. , Brown A. T. , McInerney M. F. , Woodiel F. N.
Published: January 2020

Sucrase activity was studied in 13 strains of
Streptococcus mutans
representing the five Bratthall serotypes. Sucrose-adapted cells have sucrase activity in the 37,000 ×
g
-soluble fraction of all strains. The enzyme was identified as invertase (β-
d
-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.26) because it hydrolyzed the β-fructofuranoside trisaccharide raffinose, giving fructose and melibiose as its products, and because it hydrolyzed the β-fructofuranoside dissacharide sucrose, giving equimolar glucose and fructose as its products. Invertases of
c
and
e
strains exhibit two activity peaks by molecular exclusion chromatography with molecular weights of 45,000 to 50,000 and about 180,000; those of serotypes
a, b
, and
d
strains exhibit only a single component of 45,000 to 50,000 molecular weight. The electrophoretic mobility of invertases is different between the serotypes and the same within them. Inorganic orthophosphate (P
i
) has a weak positive effect on the

V
max

of invertases of serotypes
c
and
e
cells but a strong positive effect on the invertases of serotype
b
cells; P
i
has a strong positive effect on the apparent

K
m

of the invertases of serotype
d
cells, but has no effect on the

V
max

; P
i
has a strong positive effect on both the apparent

K
m

and

V
max

of the invertases of serotype
a
cells. Thus, the invertases were different between all of the serotypes but similar within the serotypes. These findings support the taxonomic schemes of Coykendall and of Bratthall. It was additionally noted that 37,000 ×
g
-soluble fractions of only serotypes
b
and
c
but not serotypes
a, d
, and
e
cells have melibiase activity, and it could be deduced that serotype
d
cells lack an intact raffinose permease system.
Heterogeneity of hepatitis B surface antigen-associated particles isolated from chimpanzee plasma
Authors: Vnek J , Ikram H , Prince A M
Published: January 2020

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was purified from approximately 8 liters of pooled plasma from a carrier chimpanzee. Precipitation of HBsAg with polyethylene glycol resulted in more than 20-fold purification, with about 80% recovery of antigenic activity. The sample was separated by further purification and fractionation into three populations of HBsAg-associated particles by column chromatography on hydroxylapatite: the first contained short filaments and 22- to 28-nm spheres, the second was composed of larger filaments and variable-sized spheres, and the third contained mostly 16- to 22-nm spherical particles. A large volume of the polyethylene glycol precipitate passed through hydroxyl-apatite twice yielded over 650 mg of partially purified HBsAg. A pooled preparation of purified HBsAg was separated by zone-convection electrofocusing into five peaks of antigenic activity within the pH range of 4.7 to 5.7.
Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Haemophilus influenzae type B
Authors: Quinn P H , Crosson F J , Winkelstein J A , Moxon E R
Published: January 2020

The results of the following study demonstrate that Haemophilus influenzae type B (HITB) is able to activate the alternative complement pathway. They also demonstrate that the activation of the alternative pathway by HITB is not mediated by the capsule.
Effector cell involved in cell-mediated cytotoxicity to cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1
Authors: Heron I , Moller-Larsen A , Berg K
Published: January 2020

Experiments were performed to analyze the characteristics of the effector cells involved in cell-mediated killing of herpes-infected fibroblasts. Effector cells were fractionated according to adherence and phagocytic properties, and lymphocytes were depleted of T-cells, and EA- and EAC- (antibody-coated bovine erythrocytes and bovine erythrocytes coated with rabbit anti-bovine antibodies and C5-deficient mouse serum, respectively) rosette-forming cells by differential centrifugation. Column passage was used as an alternative to depletion of B-cells and F(c)-receptor-positive cells. Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity was found to be associated with nonphagocytic cells carrying low-avidity F(c) receptors. Some of these had surface immunoglobulin; others lacked both B- and T-cell markers. Low levels of killing were found without addition of anti-herpes antibody to the test system, and this killing seemed to depend on cells belonging to the same subpopulation as the antibody-dependent effector cells.
Protection against herpes simplex virus infection in mice by Corynebacterium parvum
Authors: Kirchner H , Hirt H M , Munk K
Published: January 2020

Corynebacterium parvum administered in mice prior to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection significantly protected them against lethal encephalitis. This was seen both with a mouse strain highly susceptible to HSV and with one relatively resistant to HSV. Mice immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide and showing an increased mortality after HSV infection were also protected by C. parvum pretreatment. However, C. parvum given simultaneously with or after HSV infection did not exert a therapeutic effect.
Variation Between Strains of Hamsters in the Lethality of Pichinde Virus Infections
Authors: Buchmeier Michael J. , Rawls William E.
Published: January 2020

Infection by Pichinde virus, a member of the arenavirus group, was studied in Golden Syrian hamsters (
Mesocricetus auratus
) with regard to possible mechanisms of resistance to virus infection in adult hamsters. Two hamster strains were found to differ in their susceptibility to lethal Pichinde virus infection. LVG/Lak randomly bred hamsters were found to be 100% susceptible to low doses of Pichinde virus during the first 6 days of life, but after 8 days of life, mortality was uncommon. Peak virus titers in the serum of animals infected at 3 days of life were 4 logs greater than in animals infected at 12 days. MHA/Lak inbred hamsters, in contrast, were found to be susceptible to lethal virus infection both as newborns and as adults. Peak virus titers of greater than 10
8
plaque-forming units/ml were observed in serum 8 days after infection of adult MHA hamsters as compared with less than 10
3
plaque-forming units/ml in the serum of adult LVG hamsters. Cultured primary kidney cells and peritoneal macrophages from either hamster strain supported Pichinde virus replication equally well in vitro. Antibodies to the complement-fixing antigens and to antigens at the surface of virus-infected cells were produced by both strains of hamsters. Cyclophosphamide immunosuppression rendered adult LVG animals susceptible to lethal infections, and virus grew to high titers in the treated animals. These findings suggest that immunological factors that appear early in life in LVG hamsters and are deficient in MHA hamsters limit Pichinde virus infection. Unlike previously reported arenavirus diseases, the observations suggest that death is produced by a direct viral effect and not through immunopathological mechanisms.
Inheritance of lipopolysaccharide-enhanced nonspecific resistance to infection and of susceptibility to endotoxic shock in lipopolysaccharide low-responder mice
Authors: Parant M , Parant F , Chedid L
Published: January 2020

In a previous study, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other bacterial immunostimulants, in contrast to their activity in a closely related high-responder subline, failed to elicit nonspecific resistance in LPS low-responder mice against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. To investigate the type of inheritance controlling the LPS-induced nonspecific resistance to infection, the present study was performed in low- and high-responder C3H sublines and in F1 and F2 hybrids. In addition, F1 mice were backcrossed to each parental type. Inheritance of susceptibility to endotoxin was also tested in both sublines and their hybrids and backcross progeny. For these latter assays, mice were previously adrenalectomized because removal of this gland considerably enhances their sensitivity. Our present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that LPS enhances nonspecific resistance to infection and that susceptibility to endotoxin shock in the absence of corticoids may be determined by a single autosomal dominant gene.
Lipopolysaccharide serotyping of Neisseria meningitidis by hemagglutination inhibition
Authors: Mandrell R E , Zollinger W D
Published: January 2020

The method of hemagglutination inhibition was used to investigate the antigenic diversity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Neisseria meningitidis and to develop a serotyping systems based on this antigen. The system uses outer membrane complex prepared by a simple extraction procedure to inhibit homologous hemagglutination reactions involving sheep erythrocytes sensitized with purified LPS and rabbit antiserum raised to whole meningococci. Antisera with specificity for eight different LPS determinants were used as typing sera to serotype a cross section of 67 meningococcal strains. Only two strains (both group A) were not typable with the eight sera, and most strains had more than one type. Comparison of LPS type and bactericidal serotype suggests that the LPS and protein serotypes are independent serological markers.
Reaction of squirrel monkeys to intratracheal inoculation with influenza/A/New Jersey/76 (swine) virus
Authors: Berendt R F , Hall W C
Published: January 2020

To determine whether a model could be established for laboratory investigations, nine squirrel monkeys were inoculated intratracheally with 10(7) median egg-infectious doses of influenza virus type A/New Jersey/8/76 (HSW1N1) (swine influenza virus). They responded with clinically detectable illness including fever, leukopenia, decreased food consumption, increased respiratory rate, occasional coughing, labored breathing, nasal discharge, and lethargy. Convalescence was well advanced by the day 10. All monkeys excreted virus for 7 to 8 days. A scoring procedure (illness score) has been developed for use in studies of vaccine and chemotherapeutic efficacy.
Trypanosoma musculi
Infections in Normocomplementemic, C5-Deficient, and C3-Depleted Mice
Authors: Jarvinen Julie A. , Dalmasso Agustin P.
Published: January 2020

The role of complement in host resistance to infection with
Trypanosoma musculi
was studied in normal, C5-deficient, and C3-depleted mice. Infections in normocomplementemic strains (CBA and B10.D2/n) were generally similar to those in strains genetically deficient in C5 (A and B10.D2/o). There were no differences in inhibition of reproduction, duration of infection, persistence of parasites in the kidneys, or resistance to reinfection. However, peak parasitemias in B10.D2/o mice were slightly greater than in B10.D2/n mice. In addition, B10.D2/o mice had slightly decreased serum levels of C1 early in the course of infection and of C3 early during the elimination of adult forms. These components were unchanged or increased in infections of B10.D2/n. Depletion of C3 and late-acting components in B10.D2/n mice by treatment with cobra venom factor during the reproductive stage of infection resulted in an increase of reproductive forms before the apparent development of ablastic immunity as well as slightly greater peak parasitemias when compared with those of untreated controls. Cobra venom factor treatment of B10.D2/o mice during the reproductive stage did not alter the course of infection. Cobra venom factor treatment of C3H mice during the adult stage prolonged infections by interfering with parasite elimination. It is concluded that complement-mediated lysis is not involved in control of
T. musculi.
It is not clear whether a C3-dependent function such as phagocytosis may facilitate elimination of the parasites. The major difference in degree of parasitemias among the various strains of mice studied is due to genetic factors rather than the levels of C3, C5, or late-acting complement components.
Effect of levamisole on Mycobacterium leprae in mice
Authors: Shepard C C , Van Landingham R , Walker L L
Published: January 2020

Levamisole, an antihelminthic drug that is capable of enhancing immune responses in mice and in humans, was tested in experimental Mycobacterium leprae infections in mice by a number of schedules. Intermittent schedules were used, and administration of the drug was started (i) around the time of inoculation with M. leprae, (ii) when the M. leprae population was approaching the plateau level, (iii) after the onset of the plateau phase, or (iv) after BCG vaccination 28 days following the inoculation with M. leprae. No effect of drug could be discerned with any of the schedules.
Assay of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin with vero cells
Authors: Speirs J I , Stavric S , Konowalchuk J
Published: January 2020

The continuous cell line of African green monkey kidney, Vero, showed characteristic morphological changes in response to culture filtrates from toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. The response compared favorably with that of Y-1 (mouse adrenal) and CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells. Vero cells were the simplest and most economical to maintain in the laboratory.
Isolation and partial characterization of plasma membranes from the livers of control and Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats
Authors: Little J S
Published: January 2020

Plasma membranes were isolated from the livers of control and Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats. This work, therefore, represents the first isolation of plasma membranes from infected actron microscopy and by the use of enzyme markers for microsomes (glucose-6-phosphatase), mitochondria (glutamate and malate dehydrogenases), and lysosomes (acid phosphatase). Plasma membranes from infected cells banded at the same sucrose density as plasma membranes from uninfected cells. Moreover, equivalent amounts of plasma membranes could be isolated from control and infected rat livers. There were, however, significant alterations in the enzyme complement of the plasma membrane after infection. 5'-Nucleotidase activity was significantly decreased, whereas alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that only the Vmax and not the Km of these two enzymes was changed, suggesting that the altered affinity of the enzymes for substrate was not the mechanism responsible for the observed alterations. No change in the mitochondrial enzyme markers was observed after infection, but the specific activity of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase decreased significantly. Possible explanations for the observed alterations are discussed.
Detection of Anti-Exfoliatin Antibodies in Healthy Adults and Children by the Passive Hemagglutination Test
Authors: Sarai Yasunaga , Nakahara Hideomi , Ishikawa Tomoaki , Kondo Isamu , Futaki Shohei , Hirayama Kaoru
Published: January 2020

Sera collected from healthy adults and children were examined by the passive hemagglutination test for the presence of antibodies to exfoliatin A and B.
Rabies virus glycoprotein. II. Biological and serological characterization
Authors: Cox J H , Dietzschold B , Schneider L G
Published: January 2020

Purified rabies virus glycoprotein (G) was shown by complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests to be a second distinct antigen of the virus. It it the only structural protein of the virus that induces the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies and which confers immunity to animals. When the G protein is taken as antigen, the complement fixation test can be used for the assay of virus-neutralizing antibodies. The total protective activity of the virus was recovered in the purified G protein preparation. The protective activity of G protein increased with purification: 9 ng of G protein was required to protect 50% of the mice as compared to 1.63 micrograms of the virus. Selective immunofluorescent membrane staining and immunocytolysis of rabies virus-infected cells were shown to be G protein specific. Due to its purity and potency, the G protein preparation can be considered the ideal human antirabies vaccine.
Biological Properties of
Rickettsia prowazekii
Strains Isolated from Flying Squirrels
Authors: Woodman Daniel R. , Weiss Emilio , Dasch Gregory A. , Bozeman F. Marilyn
Published: January 2020

Four strains of
Rickettsia prowazekii
, isolated from flying squirrels (
Glaucomys volans volans
) from Florida and Virginia, were compared with other strains of the typhus biotype, two previously established strains each of
R. prowazekii
and
R. typhi
and one strain of
R. canada
, for similarities in a number of unrelated phenotypic characteristics.
R. akari
served as a spotted fever biotype control. All strains produced small plaques on chicken embryo cell monolayers that were clearly recognized only after 10 days of incubation at 32°C. All strains were highly susceptible to erythromycin. The Renografin density gradient centrifugation procedure of separating rickettsiae from the infected yolk sacs of surviving chicken embryos was equally satisfactory in all cases and resulted in moderate to large yields of purified rickettsiae. There was relatively small variation in specific hemolytic activity or specific CO
2
formation from glutamate. None of the strains catabolized glucose. There was some strain variation in virulence for the chicken embryo, but none of the above tests separated the three species of the typhus biotype. On the other hand,
R. akari
was clearly distinguished by its more rapid plaque formation and by higher resistance to erythromycin. It is concluded that by the tests conducted thus far, the biological properties of the flying squirrel strains do not differ substantially from those of other strains of the typhus biotype.
Experimental Candida albicans endocarditis: characterization of the disease and response to therapy
Authors: Sande M A , Bowman C R , Calderone R A
Published: January 2020

Endocarditis caused by Candida albicans was induced in rabbits after insertion of a catheter across the aortic valve. The mean survival time of 34 rabbits was 26 days. Only 7% of temperature recordings taken were elevated. Candida was recovered from only 9% of blood cultures taken. Precipitating and agglutinating serum antibody was detected after 12 days of infection. Antibody titers rose progressively until death in rabbits with endocarditis, whereas titers peaked early and subsequently decreased in animals that received an intravenous injection of C. albicans without precatheterization. Three groups of rabbits were treated for 6 days with amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, or the two durgs in combination. Amphotericin B alone reduced the mean titer of organisms from log10 8.79 +/- 1.46 to log 10 3.1 +/- 1.9 colony-forming units/g. 5-Fluorocytosine was less effective (mean titer after 6 days of therapy was log10 7.4 +/- 0.33 colony-forming units/g). The addition of 5-fluorocytosine to amphotericin B did not increase the rate at which Candida cells were eradicated from the vegetations. These in vivo results corrleated with the failure to demonstrate an increased rate of fungicidal activity in vitro with the two drugs.
Rosette formation assays in dogs: lack of specificity of E rosettes for T lymphocytes
Authors: Krakowka S , Guyot D J
Published: January 2020

The present study examined the specificity of guinea pig erythrocyte (E) and erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette formation assays with suspensions of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes bound EAC but not erythrocyte-antibody (EA) controls. Similarly, all three cell types formed rosettes with guinea pig E. Adherence of guinea pig E to these cells was apparently mediated by natural cytophilic antibodies present in the serum used in the suspension medium. The nonspecificity of the guinea pig E-rosette formation assay with canine lymphocytes renders the technique unreliable for the identification of thymus-derived lymphocytes in dogs.
Local immune response to lipoprotein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli in experimental pyelonephritis
Authors: Smith J W
Published: January 2020

The local immune response to the lipoprotein of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli O6:K13:H1 was determined in experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis in rabbits. Local antibody was analyzed with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on newly synthesized protein from kidney. Local or intrarenal antibody was detected by day 7 of infection, a few days later than serum antibody. The synthesis of antibody in immunoglobulin G class was present 6 days before the synthesis of immunoglobulin M antibody. Antibody activity to this antigen was also present in urine, and antibody could be eluted from bacteria coated with antibody. Local antibody to the lipoprotein was synthesized in equal quantities by animals infected with a heterologous species of E. coli. This antigen was not as mitogenic for splenic or kidney lymphocytes as was the O antigen. Hence, the lipoprotein of the organisms is a potent immunogen but a weak mitogen locally in pyelonephritis. This antibody response probably does not induce protection against infection, but represents a marker for presence of infection.
Role of viremia in the suppression of T-cell function during murine cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Booss J , Wheelock E F
Published: January 2020

The suppression of T-cell deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis by serum from mice acutely with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was investigated. Spleen cells from uninfected mice were exposed to concanavalin A in the presence of serum taken from mice at various times after infection with MCMV. The capacity of the serum to suppress DNA synthesis first appeared at day 3 postinfection and was associated with free infectious virus. Addition of MCMV to serum from uninfected mice also suppressed DNA synthesis. Ultracentrifugation of serum from mice acutely infected with MCMV removed most of the virus and aborgated the inhibition of DNA synthesis. However, in two of four experiments, serum from mice in weeks 4 and 5 postinfection did not contain infectious MCMB but did suppress. Therefore, it appears that MCMV itself can suppress DNA synthesis of T cells; however, this may not be the exclusive mechanism of suppression exerted by serum from MCMB-infected mice.
Mechanism of adjuvant activity of dental plaque: in vitro activation of residual helper T-cell precursors in T-cell-deficient murine spleen cell cultures
Authors: Chen P , Farrar J J , Oppenheim J J , Mergenhagen S E
Published: January 2020

The immunoenhancing activity of a water-soluble extract of dental plaque (DP), which contains a mixture of microbial antigens, has been investigated. DP was tested for its capacity to augment the in vitro antibody-forming cell (AFC) response to sheep erythrocyte by adherent spleen cells from thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and bone marrow-transplanted (TxB) mice. Although DP was found to induce a small polyclonal AFC response, most of the increase in AFC induced by DP was antigen dependent. The latter enhancing effect is an indicator of the adjuvanticity of DP. This adjuvant activity of DP was T-cell-dependent, since removal of the residual prethymic and/or thymic-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) by anti-T-cell serum (anti-theta) and guinea pig complement abrogated the capacity of DP to augment the in vitro AFC response. This view was further supported by the synergistic restorative effect obtained by culturing anti-theta-treated adherent spleen cells with both DP and a population of unactivated T-cells that by themselves were unable to significantly enhance AFC responsiveness. Moreover, DP was found to be mitogenic for thymocytes. The cumulative results suggest that the adjuvant activity of DP is dependent on both the T- and B-cell-activating components present in DP.
Cytotoxicity of rat macrophages activated by persistent or biodegradable bacterial cell walls
Authors: Smialowicz R J , Schwab J H
Published: January 2020

Peritoneal macrophages from Fischer 344 rats were cytotoxic for mouse fibroblasts after in vitro phagocytosis of non-biodegradable group A streptococcal cell walls. In contrast, macrophages from Buffalo rats were not activated to cytotoxicity by bacterial cell walls. Activation to cytotoxicity was only achieved by the macrophages after an interval of at least 3 days in culture after ingestion of group A cell walls. If macrophages were cultured only 24 h after ingestion of cell walls, a cytostatic effect on target cells was observed. Phagocytosis of biodegradable group D streptococcal cell walls did not activate macrophages from either rat strain to become cytotoxic. No direct toxicity of cell walls for macrophages or mouse L-cells was observed. The cytotoxicity of Fischer 344 macrophages appears to require direct cell contact with target cells.
Macrophage-Agglutinating Factor Produced In Vitro by BCG-Sensitized Lymphocytes
Authors: Garcia-Moreno L. F. , Myrvik Quentin N.
Published: January 2020

Supernatant fluids from cultures of BCG-sensitized rabbit lymph node and spleen cells contained a factor that strongly agglutinated normal rabbit alveolar macrophages within 3 min at room temperature. In contrast, fluids from nonsensitized cell cultures did not agglutinate normal rabbit alveolar macrophages. This factor was designated macrophage-agglutinating factor (MAgF) because it is similar to the previously described factor found in lung lavages of rabbits exhibiting a BCG-induced pulmonary delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The kinetics of MAgF production in vitro by sensitized lymph node cells and its inhibition by puromycin and actinomycin D suggest active synthesis; sensitized spleen cells exhibited kinetics resembling release rather than synthesis. Studies on purified lymphocyte and macrophage populations from sensitized spleen and lymph nodes indicated that lymphocytes are responsible for MAgF production. However, MAgF production was not induced in normal cells incubated in vitro with concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin. Fractionation of cell culture supernatant fluids in Sephadex G-100 or Ultrogel AcA-34 clearly separated MAgF from migration inhibition factor; MAgF was present in the void volume of the eluates, suggesting a molecular weight of over 400,000, whereas migration inhibition factor was recovered in the same peak as albumin. The role of MAgF in vivo is unknown, but it is postulated that it may cause the adherence of macrophages during granuloma formation.
Isolation of a glycoprotein from Mycoplasma pneumoniae membranes
Authors: Kahane I , Brunner H
Published: January 2020

A glycoprotein was detected in Mycoplasma pneumoniae membranes. Its apparent molecular weight was about 60,000, as observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It corresponded to the single band that was detected on the gels by the carbohydrate stain, periodic acid-Schiff reagent. The intensity of this stained band varied for membranes derived from cells harvested between 4 and 10 days, with maximal intensity found for cells grown for 6 days. The carbohydrate-containing polypeptide was extracted with lithium diiodosalicylate. The extracted fraction consisted of about 80 to 90% amino acids (mainly glycine and histidine) and about 7% carbohydrates (mainly glucose, galactose, and glucosamine). The fraction was immunologically active, as indicated by the complement fixation and precipitin tests with antisera against whole cells, membranes, and membrane proteins.
Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: effect of chloramphenicol
Authors: Shirai A , Catanzaro P J , Eisenberg G H , Osterman J V
Published: January 2020

The effect of chloramphenicol treatment on the development of immunity to scrub typhus in mice was studied. Chemotherapy was administered either shortly before infection and for 14 days thereafter (group I), or from 7 to 21 days postinfection (group II). Although the full course of either regimen resulted in complete protection of the mice against subsequent challenge with the homologous strain of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, initiation of chemotherapy at 7 days postinfection resulted in more rapid development of immunity against both the original infection and subsequent challenge. In both treatment groups, a 1- to 2- day hiatus was observed between immunity to challenge in the treated animal and the ability to transfer this immunity to syngeneic recipients with lymphocyte-enriched spleen cells. Similarly, complement-fixing antibodies were not detectable until shortly after the animals were able to resist challenge. These data supported the conclusion that the rickettsiostatic effect of chloramphenicol allows the infected animal time to mount an effective immune response and, further, that initiation of chemotherapy early in the infection may delay development of this response.
Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin: comparison of antitoxin assays and serum antitoxin levels
Authors: Wachsmuth I K , Wells J G , Ryder R W
Published: January 2020

The mouse adrenal tumor cells (Y-1 strain) and the Chinese hamster ovary cells, two routinely used tissue culture assays for Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), were used to detect serum antitoxin responses in culture-positive patients from several well-defined sources. There was no correlation between a significant antitoxin response and isolation of LT-producing E. coli in two "domestic" diarrheal outbreaks. Serum samples from a third group of individuals in a rural cholera-endemic area consistently demonstrated significant rises in neutralizing antibody to LT.
Immunological and chemical characterization of the extracellular antigens from Corynebacterium vaginale
Authors: Smaron M F , Vice J L
Published: January 2020

Supernatants from 72-h peptone-starch-dextrose broth cultures of Corynebacterium vaginale contained significant quantities of three extracellular, soluble antigens (ESA). The ESA were concentrated and partially purified by dialysis followed by ammonium sulfate and ethanol precipitation. Diethylaminoethylcellulose columns were used to isolate two of the three ESA. The ESA were shown to be similar to antigens found on whole C. vaginale cells. Absorption studies indicated that the cell antigens are located at, or near, the surface. On the bases of heat stability, resistance to protease treatment, concanavalin A binding activity, and susceptibility to periodate, it appears that all three ESA are polysaccharide or glycoprotein in nature.
Mouse virulence of Salmonella typhimurium mutants deficient in two major outer membrane proteins
Authors: Valtonen M V , Nurminen M , Johansson V , Makela P H
Published: January 2020

The role of several outer membrane components as virulence factors is well established. We have now isolated spontaneous mutants and conjugational hybrids of smooth mouse virulent Salmonella typhimurium deficient in two major outer-membrane proteins. The lack of the 34,000- and/or 36,000-dalton proteins was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mutants and recombinants were then tested for their mouse virulence by intraperitoneal inoculation and were found to be as virulent as the parent strain.
Antigenic Cross-Reactivity Between
Mycobacterium bovis
(BCG) and
Leishmania donovani
Authors: Smrkovski L. L. , Larson C. L.
Published: January 2020

Antigenic cross-reactivity was demonstrated between
Mycobacterium bovis
(BCG) and
Leishmania donovani
, using delayed hypersensitivity as a criterion.
Adhesion of Escherichia coli to human uroepithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Eden C S , Eriksson B , Hanson L A
Published: January 2020

Optimal conditions for in vitro adherence of Escherichia coli to uroepithelial cells, previously shown to more efficient for strains causing acute symptomatic than that for strains causing "asymptomatic" urinary tract infections, were investigated. Uroepithelial cells from fresh morning urine of healthy individuals and E. coli bacteria from patients with various forms of urinary tract infeciton were used. Adhesion was found to vary, between individuals and epithelial cell types, with epithelial cell viability, bacterial cultivation medium and growth phase, number of bacteria added to the epithelial cells, and incubation time and temperature. Adhesion was also influenced by variations in pH and osmolarity. Optimal test conditions were obtained with post-log-phase bacterial cultures grown on nutrient broth when 10(8) bacteria were added to 10(5) epithelial cells and incubated for 60 min. Considerable variation was found between experiments done on different days, whereas the variation between duplicates was small. The method described may provide a useful tool in the study of the host-parasite relationship in urinary tract infections.
Replication of parainfluenza type 3 virus in alveolar macrophages: evidence of in vivo infection and of in vitro temperature sensitivity in virus maturation
Authors: Tsai K S
Published: January 2020

Approximately 2% of cultured alveolar macrophages (AM), originally lavaged from the lungs of parainfluenza type 3 virus (PI-3V)-infected calves, were observed to contain viral antigen (by fluorescent antibody method) or viral nucleocapsids (by electron microscopy). Plaque assays, however, indicated that virus titers were generally low when cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C for 10 days. AM, obtained from "in vivo infected" and "noninfected" calves, were found to be equally susceptible to further in vitro PI-3V infection when cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C. AM that were obtained from the lungs of normal calves, cultured at 37 degrees C, and inoculated with PI-3V were observed to produce relatively high virus titers when the incubation temperature was shifted down to 32 degrees C. Results from hemagglutinin assays showed that considerable amounts of hemagglutinin were detected when AM cultures were incubated at 32 degrees C, but only limited amounts were detected at 37 degrees C. Results from electron microscopic examinations at both temperatures substantiated the results of plaque and hemagglutinin assays. The PI-3V, isolated from AM cultures incubated at 32 degrees C, grew well in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells at 32 degrees C, but little virus was produced at 37 degrees C. In contrast, parent PI-3V grew equally well at both temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of host susceptibility, temperature-sensitivity and virus maturation, and surface viral antigens and persistent viral infection.
Interferon induction by vesicular stomatitis virus and its role in virus replication
Authors: Vilcek J , Yamazaki S , Havell E A
Published: January 2020

Antibody against human fibroblast interferon increased the yields of vesicular stomatitis virus in human cells. The results show that endogenous interferon produced in the course of multicycle vesicular stomatitis virus infection depresses virus yields.