bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Business Plan Vs Business Model Canvas in Entrepreneurship Trainings: A Comparison of Students’ Perceptions
Authors: Türko Esra Sena
Published: September 2016

Business model canvas and business plan are prevalent and widespread tools used in entrepreneurship trainings. This study aims to compare the business model canvas and the business plan as tools used in entrepreneurship trainings through the perceptions of business school students, with a user approach. Students were given applied entrepreneurship courses, and have been taught to prepare a business plan and a business model canvas. Then students were asked questions comparing business plan and business model canvas from various aspects. 62% of the students have stated that they find it more difficult to prepare a business plan. On the other hand despite its hardship to prepare, students have stated business model's superiority to BMC on several issues. According to students' statements, compared to BMC, business plan is more clear (64.6%), more useful (60.8%), more realistic in revealing the phases of start-up (77.2%), superior in financial planning (74,7%), superior in marketing planning (67.1%), superior in costs (70.9%), superior in describing customer needs and value propositon (60.7%), superior in production planning and supply chain (68.3%). After providing these statements students were asked which system they liked preparing the most. Answers to this question could not be decisively evaluated. Percentage of positive, negative and neutral statements are very similar. Independent samples t-test was conducted to compare business plan and BMC use perceptions scoring for gender. There was not a significant difference in the scores for female and male students.
Common External Tariff and Dynamism of Economic and Regional Integration in the WAEMU Zone: An Analysis Based on the Econometric Approach of Panels
Authors: Zahore Martin Gnoleba
Published: September 2016

This article discusses the implications of the introduction of the Common External Tariff on the dynamism of economic and regional integration in the WAEMU zone. The sample includes eight countries and covers the period from 1990 to 2014. The study is based on the econometric approach of panels. The results suggest that the common external tariff has significantly contributed to strengthen the dynamism of the economic and regional integration in the Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa. These results show that the WAEMU countries have an interest in developing new Community mechanisms conducive to strengthen the integration within them. > Transformational leadership does not significantly affect technology transfer effectiveness. tor in Egypt. rsonal authority of the leader; On technology transfer effectiveness.
Investigating Factors Influencing Consumer Attitude toward SMS Advertising: An Empirical Study in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Farjana Parvin , Islam Mohammad Tariqul , Rana Mohammad Ashaduzzaman
Published: September 2016

This study aims to empirically investigate the significant factors that influence consumer attitude toward SMS advertising in Bangladesh. At present, SMS advertising is being considered as a trendy mobile marketing channel to reach the consumer in an efficient manner. Though, many studies have been conducted to identify factors that impact the consumer perception regarding SMS advertisements, very few of them have considered Bangladeshi consumer. This study has developed and tested a conceptual model with a sample of 375 Bangladeshi students using Structural Equation Modelling. In addition, T-test is used to observe the differences in attitude based on gender. The results indicate that SMS credibility, advertiser credibility and incentive have positive significant influence, whereas irritation and consumer inertia have negative significant influences. Moreover, attitude toward SMS advertising is found similar among male and female consumer. This paper ends with a comparative discussion of relevant studies in SMS advertising context and provides recommendations for advertisers and future SMS advertising research. 
New Media & Content Mix of Popular Category of Products Advertised: A Brief Study
Authors: Un Nissa Ridhwan , Mishra Pratika
Published: September 2016

The evolution of advertisement with context to its shift from Traditional media to Digital and Social Platforms is the motivation for this study which puts forwards certain routes that are used by the advertiser for not only making the advertisement attractive but to create an impulse amount the target audience. The paper details various possibilities of majorly used social media websites and the products which are being advertised on them. In the rigorous literature review the paper identifies various products and services which are being frequently advertised on social media and also identifies the social media websites which are used for the advertisement of these products and services accordingly.
Relationship between Turnover Rate and Job Satisfaction of Foreign Language Teachers in Macau
Authors: Dos Santos Luis Miguel
Published: September 2016

Teachers’ satisfaction and turnover rate are directly connected. Using the Model of Retention, Turnover and Attrition by Gardner (2010), this work analyzed about four Japanese language teachers at extension school and educational learning center in Macau. The data concluded the participants felt unsatisfied because of unrelated assignments, limitation of career development, and anxiety and unsteady of employment. The results showed that respondents had negative feelings towards their job responsibilities and employers. Accordingly, teachers usually face long-term stress and burnout because of multiple responsibilities. Therefore, the unsupportive school context could create a negative effect on job satisfaction and retention of teachers. The theoretical model suggests that negative job attributes have a direct relationship with teacher status and job satisfaction.
Stability of Sorgum, Peanut Blende (Spb) Food Supplement under Ambient Conditions for Treatment of Moderate Acute Malnutrition in Children 6-59 Months
Authors: Andrew Amegovu Kiri , Micheal Mawadri
Published: September 2016

Shelf life is the recommended maximum time for which the defined quality of specified characteristics of the goods or products remains acceptable under expected (or specified) conditions of handling, storage and distribution and or display. Stability assessment of a local food supplement consisting of a premix of milled sorghum, ground nut paste, honey and cow ghee (SPB) was conducted from November 2014to January 2015. The study investigate the length of stay of SPB at ambient conditions with desirable sensory quality attributes of taste, color and texture. This was a cross sectional study design with a sensory evaluation questionnaire using a 5-point hedonic scale. Control sample was labeled as (A) and experimental (B). Sample A was freshly prepared once every week while sample B was kept constant. 24 participants with similar demographic characteristics were randomly selected to evaluated the sensory attributes of the porridges made from each sample. Only the investigator was aware of the treatment given to the participants. Sensory scores for all attributes were greater than four on a five-point hedonic scale. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in all the five attributes between the two samples in the first 5 weeks of evaluation. A significant difference was observed in color during the week 9 (P<0.02), aroma in week 6 (P < 0.01) and taste in week 7 (P< 0.01). There was no significant difference in the texture of the samples throughout the time of the study. Taste and aroma recorded the lowest scores at 3.0 and 3.7 respectively after 9 weeks. Texture did not change during study time. Honey has anti-microbial properties and its inclusion improves water-binding capacity which prolong shelf life. The length of stay of SPB at room temperature with desirable sensory quality attributes of taste, color and texture was 8 weeks. This storage time could further be increased by use of antioxidants.
A Note on Relative $(p,q)$ th Proximate Order of Entire Functions
Authors: Sanchez Ruiz Luis Manuel , Datta Sanjib Kumar , Biswas Tanmay , Ghosh Chinmay
Published: September 2016

Relative order of functions measures specifically how different in growth two given functions are which helps to settle the exact physical state of a system. In this paper for any two positive integers $p$ and $q,$ we introduce the notion of relative $(p,q)$ th proximate order of an entire function with respect to another entire function and prove its existence.
Cell type-specific long-range connections of basal forebrain circuit
Authors: Do Johnny Phong , Xu Min , Lee Seung-Hee , Chang Wei-Cheng , Zhang Siyu , Chung Shinjae , Yung Tyler J , Fan Jiang Lan , Miyamichi Kazunari , Luo Liqun , Dan Yang
Published: September 2016

The basal forebrain (BF) plays key roles in multiple brain functions, including sleep-wake regulation, attention, and learning/memory, but the long-range connections mediating these functions remain poorly characterized. Here we performed whole-brain mapping of both inputs and outputs of four BF cell types – cholinergic, glutamatergic, and parvalbumin-positive (PV+) and somatostatin-positive (SOM+) GABAergic neurons – in the mouse brain. Using rabies virus -mediated monosynaptic retrograde tracing to label the inputs and adeno-associated virus to trace axonal projections, we identified numerous brain areas connected to the BF. The inputs to different cell types were qualitatively similar, but the output projections showed marked differences. The connections to glutamatergic and SOM+ neurons were strongly reciprocal, while those to cholinergic and PV+ neurons were more unidirectional. These results reveal the long-range wiring diagram of the BF circuit with highly convergent inputs and divergent outputs and point to both functional commonality and specialization of different BF cell types.
Conditional deletion of WT1 in the septum transversum mesenchyme causes congenital diaphragmatic hernia in mice
Authors: Carmona Rita , Cañete Ana , Cano Elena , Ariza Laura , Rojas Anabel , Muñoz-Chápuli Ramon
Published: September 2016

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe birth defect. Wt1-null mouse embryos develop CDH but the mechanisms regulated by WT1 are unknown. We have generated a murine model with conditional deletion of WT1 in the lateral plate mesoderm, using the G2 enhancer of theGata4gene as a driver. 80% of G2-Gata4Cre;Wt1fl/flembryos developed typical Bochdalek-type CDH. We show that the posthepatic mesenchymal plate coelomic epithelium gives rise to a mesenchyme that populates the pleuroperitoneal folds isolating the pleural cavities before the migration of the somitic myoblasts. This process fails when Wt1 is deleted from this area. Mutant embryos show Raldh2 downregulation in the lateral mesoderm, but not in the intermediate mesoderm. The mutant phenotype was partially rescued by retinoic acid treatment of the pregnant females. Replacement of intermediate by lateral mesoderm recapitulates the evolutionary origin of the diaphragm in mammals. CDH might thus be viewed as an evolutionary atavism.
AMPK acts as a molecular trigger to coordinate glutamatergic signals and adaptive behaviours during acute starvation
Authors: Ahmadi Moloud , Roy Richard
Published: September 2016

The stress associated with starvation is accompanied by compensatory behaviours that enhance foraging efficiency and increase the probability of encountering food. However, the molecular details of how hunger triggers changes in the activity of neural circuits to elicit these adaptive behavioural outcomes remains to be resolved. We show here that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates neuronal activity to elicit appropriate behavioural outcomes in response to acute starvation, and this effect is mediated by the coordinated modulation of glutamatergic inputs. AMPK targets both the AMPA-type glutamate receptor GLR-1 and the metabotropic glutamate receptor MGL-1 in one of the primary circuits that governs behavioural response to food availability in C. elegans. Overall, our study suggests that AMPK acts as a molecular trigger in the specific starvation-sensitive neurons to modulate glutamatergic inputs and to elicit adaptive behavioural outputs in response to acute starvation.
Stage-specific effects of Notch activation during skeletal myogenesis
Authors: Bi Pengpeng , Yue Feng , Sato Yusuke , Wirbisky Sara , Liu Weiyi , Shan Tizhong , Wen Yefei , Zhou Daoguo , Freeman Jennifer , Kuang Shihuan
Published: September 2016

Skeletal myogenesis involves sequential activation, proliferation, self-renewal/differentiation and fusion of myogenic stem cells (satellite cells). Notch signaling is known to be essential for the maintenance of satellite cells, but its function in late-stage myogenesis, i.e. post-differentiation myocytes and post-fusion myotubes, is unknown. Using stage-specific Cre alleles, we uncovered distinct roles of Notch1 in mononucleated myocytes and multinucleated myotubes. Specifically, constitutive Notch1 activation dedifferentiates myocytes into Pax7 quiescent satellite cells, leading to severe defects in muscle growth and regeneration, and postnatal lethality. By contrast, myotube-specific Notch1 activation improves the regeneration and exercise performance of aged and dystrophic muscles. Mechanistically, Notch1 activation in myotubes upregulates the expression of Notch ligands, which modulate Notch signaling in the adjacent satellite cells to enhance their regenerative capacity. These results highlight context-dependent effects of Notch activation during myogenesis, and demonstrate that Notch1 activity improves myotube’s function as a stem cell niche.
Diverse fates of uracilated HIV-1 DNA during infection of myeloid lineage cells
Authors: Hansen Erik C , Ransom Monica , Hesselberth Jay R , Hosmane Nina N , Capoferri Adam A , Bruner Katherine M , Pollack Ross A , Zhang Hao , Drummond Michael Bradley , Siliciano Janet M , Siliciano Robert , Stivers James T
Published: September 2016

We report that a major subpopulation of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) contains high levels of dUTP, which is incorporated into HIV-1 DNA during reverse transcription (U/A pairs), resulting in pre-integration restriction and post-integration mutagenesis. After entering the nucleus, uracilated viral DNA products are degraded by the uracil base excision repair (UBER) machinery with less than 1% of the uracilated DNA successfully integrating. Although uracilated proviral DNA showed few mutations, the viral genomic RNA was highly mutated, suggesting that errors occur during transcription. Viral DNA isolated from blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages (but not T cells) of drug-suppressed HIV-infected individuals also contained abundant uracils. The presence of viral uracils in short-lived monocytes suggests their recent infection through contact with virus producing cells in a tissue reservoir. These findings reveal new elements of a viral defense mechanism involving host UBER that may be relevant to the establishment and persistence of HIV-1 infection.
Molecular basis of sidekick-mediated cell-cell adhesion and specificity
Authors: Goodman Kerry M , Yamagata Masahito , Jin Xiangshu , Mannepalli Seetha , Katsamba Phinikoula S , Ahlsén Göran , Sergeeva Alina P , Honig Barry , Sanes Joshua R , Shapiro Lawrence
Published: September 2016

Sidekick (Sdk) 1 and 2 are related immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion proteins required for appropriate synaptic connections between specific subtypes of retinal neurons. Sdks mediate cell-cell adhesion with homophilic specificity that underlies their neuronal targeting function. Here we report crystal structures of Sdk1 and Sdk2 ectodomain regions, revealing similar homodimers mediated by the four N-terminal immunoglobulin domains (Ig1–4), arranged in a horseshoe conformation. These Ig1–4 horseshoes interact in a novel back-to-back orientation in both homodimers through Ig1:Ig2, Ig1:Ig1 and Ig3:Ig4 interactions. Structure-guided mutagenesis results show that this canonical dimer is required for both Sdk-mediated cell aggregation (via trans interactions) and Sdk clustering in isolated cells (via cis interactions). Sdk1/Sdk2 recognition specificity is encoded across Ig1–4, with Ig1–2 conferring the majority of binding affinity and differential specificity. We suggest that competition between cis and trans interactions provides a novel mechanism to sharpen the specificity of cell-cell interactions.
Regulation of X-linked gene expression during early mouse development by Rlim
Authors: Wang Feng , Shin JongDae , Shea Jeremy M , Yu Jun , Bošković Ana , Byron Meg , Zhu Xiaochun , Shalek Alex K , Regev Aviv , Lawrence Jeanne B , Torres Eduardo M , Zhu Lihua J , Rando Oliver J , Bach Ingolf
Published: September 2016

Mammalian X-linked gene expression is highly regulated as female cells contain two and male one X chromosome (X). To adjust the X gene dosage between genders, female mouse preimplantation embryos undergo an imprinted form of X chromosome inactivation (iXCI) that requires both Rlim (also known as Rnf12) and the long non-coding RNA Xist. Moreover, it is thought that gene expression from the single active X is upregulated to correct for bi-allelic autosomal (A) gene expression. We have combined mouse genetics with RNA-seq on single mouse embryos to investigate functions of Rlim on the temporal regulation of iXCI and Xist. Our results reveal crucial roles of Rlim for the maintenance of high Xist RNA levels, Xist clouds and X-silencing in female embryos at blastocyst stages, while initial Xist expression appears Rlim-independent. We find further that X/A upregulation is initiated in early male and female preimplantation embryos.
Closing in on the causes of host shutoff
Authors: Mohr Ian
Published: September 2016

Influenza A virus suppresses the translation of host mRNA by selectively remodeling and dominating the pool of mRNA in infected cells.
MORE LIGHT ON DUNLOP V. LAMBERT
Authors: COOTE BRIAN
Published: July 2002

In their judgment in Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd. v. Panatown Ltd. (The Times, 11 February 1998), the Court of Appeal has added yet another to the list of explanations for the rule in Dunlop v. Lambert (1839) 6 Cl. & F. 600; 7 E.R. 824. There, the House of Lords held that, where goods had been lost at sea, a consignor could recover substantial damages even though the goods, by the time of the loss, had become the property of the consignee. Since then, it has generally been accepted that the same result follows even though the consignee has neither title, risk, nor an immediate right to possession of the goods. It has also generally been assumed that the consignor holds the damages for the benefit of the true owner.
Imprinting of distal mouse chromosome 2 is associated with
phenotypic anomalies in utero
Authors: WILLIAMSON CHRISTINE M. , BEECHEY COLIN V. , PAPWORTH DAVID , WROE STEPHANIE F. , WELLS CHRISTINE A. , COBB LEON , PETERS JOSEPHINE
Published: July 2002

Previous studies have shown that the distal region on mouse chromosome
(Chr) 2 is subject to
imprinting as mice with maternal duplication/paternal deficiency (MatDp.dist2)
and the reciprocal
(PatDp.dist2) for this region exhibit phenotypic anomalies at birth and
die neonatally. We show
here that imprinting effects are detectable in utero. Notably
PatDp.dist2 embryos show an increase
in wet weight compared with normal, which peaks at 16·5 d post coitum
(dpc), and diminishes by
birth, whereas the wet weight of placenta is slightly reduced in the latter
half of gestation.
Newborns have increased length of the long bones. By contrast, the wet
weight of MatDp.dist2
embryos decreases during the second half of gestation. Measurements of
dry weights of embryos at
16·5 dpc have indicated that there is no difference in either PatDp.dist2
or MatDp.dist2 compared
with normal so that the wet weight differences are due to fluid retention
in PatDp.dist2 but fluid
loss in MatDp.dist2. In PatDp.dist2 embryos excess fluid is particularly
prominent in the
subcuticular skin layer, whereas by birth fluid is evident around the neck
and tongue. At 16·5 dpc
the PatDp.dist2 embryos are severely oedematous, as the average fluid content
per unit dry weight
per embryo was increased by 40%, whereas the MatDp.dist2 embryos are dehydrated
as the
average water content per unit dry weight per embryo was reduced by 6%.
A preliminary
conclusion is that there is neither growth enhancement in PatDp.dist2 nor
growth retardation in
MatDp.dist2 offspring.
Evolutionary flux of P element regulation in a Drosophila
melanogaster hybrid dysgenesis cline
Authors: FRENCH D. J. , CORISH P. , SHI M. , DOVER G. A.
Published: July 2002

Clines of P-induced hybrid dysgenesis provide a means for monitoring the evolution of
transposition repression over space and time. We have studied the molecular and phenotypic
profiles of flies taken from a 2900 km cline along the eastern coast of Australia, which had
previously been characterized over 10 years ago as having P populations in the north, Q
populations at central sites and M′ populations in the south. We have found that Q and M′
populations of flies have increased their range within the cline at the expense of P lines. Q
populations were found to be in the north of the cline and M′ populations in the south. Some of
the northern Q lines transmit repression through both sexes and type I deletion elements have been
isolated from them. We suggest that these elements are responsible for Q type repression. The
results support our model that populations made up of Q individuals with strong biparentally
transmitted repression form an evolutionarily stable strategy for the repression of hybrid
dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN BEFORE 1870
Authors: DE BELLAIGUE CHRISTINA
Published: July 2002

This article argues that the development of teaching as a profession for women in England has often been written using an anachronistic and gendered conception of the term ‘profession’. A closer examination of the work of middle-class schoolmistresses in the first part of the nineteenth century reveals that the image of the amateurish governess was in part a fiction, which concealed the commitment and expertise of many women teachers. The mid-century reformers drew on this earlier tradition of feminine pedagogy and did not simply adopt the standards of boys’ education and their male peers. On the contrary, they contributed to the ongoing process by which teachers of both sexes sought to claim the status and authority of the ‘learned professions’. However, by the 1870s, the pressure to conform to the dominant model in boys’ education meant that this independent strand in education had largely been eclipsed.
LAURIE A. BRAND, Women, the State, and Political Liberalization: Middle Eastern and North African Experiences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998). Pp. 320. $50 cloth, $18.50 paper.
Authors: Gallagher Nancy
Published: July 2002

In this important book, Laurie Brand asks whether the all-too-brief political openings in the Middle East and North Africa had a positive or a negative impact on women's rights and whether the many Islamist and women's rights groups influenced that impact. She begins with a thoughtful statement describing her background and philosophical orientation vis-à-vis her study (pp. xv–xvi). Many authors of scholarly books find this very difficult to do, but it is helpful for serious readers and should be an expected practice. She also takes care to define her terms. “Women's status” here means women's legal status and women's rights to organize. She prefers to use “conservative forces” for “Islamism” or “Islamic fundamentalism,” though this varies in the text, and “conservative” for “traditional.” “Progress for women” means reproductive rights and access to divorce, though, as she notes, many women would ask for clean running water, good educational facilities, decent working conditions, and increased wages before reproductive rights and access to divorce. It is of course difficult to separate civil and political rights from social and economic rights; which comes first is like the chicken and the egg conundrum.
Variation in outcrossing levels in faba bean cultivars: role of ecological factors
Authors: SUSO M. J. , PIERRE J. , MORENO M. T. , ESNAULT R. , LE GUEN J.
Published: July 2002

Understanding the role of pollinators in determining the outcrossing rate is very important for the development of synthetic varieties of faba bean. Isozyme markers have been used to study the multilocus outcrossing rate in five cultivars under field conditions and in two locations. The study was carried out at Córdoba (Spain) and at Rennes (France). These two locations were chosen because previously studies showed strong differences in cross-pollination. Multilocus outcrossing rates at both locations, Córdoba and Rennes, were 0·65 and 0·33 respectively. Local differences in pollinator abundance and foraging activity were 26 and 32 times higher, respectively, at Córdoba than at Rennes which could explain an outcrossing rate twice at Córdoba compared with Rennes. So, pollinators may play a prominent role in determining the differences in outcrossing between locations. However, at a local level, there is a highly significant positive correlation between foraging activity and outcrossing only at Rennes (where the number of pollinators is scarce) but not at Córdoba (where pollinators are abundant). We suggest that although pollinators have a major impact on the level of outcrossing, in circumstances where there are a lot of pollinators the differences in outcrossing between cultivars depends on other factors among which is the ability of the genotype itself to outcross. No type of floral display seems to be clearly important in the determination of the outcrossing level in such a case. The implication of our results for faba bean breeding strategies is discussed.
Evaluation and inheritance of resistance to Russian
wheat aphid in barley
Authors: ASSAD M. T. , RAVARY Z. , POURHADJI A. , AHMADI A. A. , EMAM Y.
Published: July 2002

Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia is a serious pest of cereals in various regions of the
world. Seventy-six barley genotypes collected from different areas in Iran were subjected to an initial
mass screening test and six susceptible and 17 apparently resistant genotypes were identified. To
determine resistance mechanisms, antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance tests were conducted and
selected genotypes were ranked according to their plant resistance indices.

Four crosses were made between the two most resistant lines (Shz.B-106, and Shz.B-108) and two
most susceptible lines (Shz.B-105 and Shz.B-107). F1, F2 and BCF1 (backcross to the resistant parent)
seedlings were screened for RWA resistance in the greenhouse by artificial infection. Resistance in
Shz.B-106 was apparently controlled by a semi-dominant gene, whereas resistance in Shz.B-108 was
controlled by a dominant one.
Digestive utilization of quebracho-treated soya bean meals in sheep
Authors: FRUTOS P. , HERVÁS G. , GIRÁLDEZ F. J. , FERNÁNDEZ M. , MANTECÓN A. R.
Published: July 2002

A study on the use of quebracho tannins as chemical additives was carried out at the Spanish Council
for Scientific Research, León, Spain during 1998 by conducting two experiments. In the first
experiment, three ruminally cannulated ewes were used to determine in situ degradability of soya bean
meals (SBM) treated with different doses of quebracho tannin. Samples were prepared by spraying
100 g SBM with 100 ml distilled water containing 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 or 25 g of commercial quebracho
powder (S0, SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4 and SQ5, respectively). Intestinal digestibility of non-degradable protein
was estimated in vitro. The rapidly degradable protein fraction of all quebracho treated soya bean
meals was different (P<0·05) from the non-treated SBM (S0: 0·154), with values ranging from 0·032
to 0·133. SQ4 and SQ5 showed lower fractional rates of degradation of the protein than S0 (0·042 and
0·046 v. 0·082, respectively). By contrast, in vitro digestibility of the non-degradable protein was not
significantly affected by the treatments imposed, with the exception of treatment with the highest dose
of quebracho tannin in which intestinal digestion was reduced (0·939 v. 0·826 for S0 and SQ5,
respectively. P<0·05). In the second experiment, ten ruminally cannulated ewes were used to examine
the effect of a daily dosing of quebracho tannin into the rumen on the degradation of the quebracho-treated SBM. Long-term dosing of quebracho tannin did not increase the ability of the rumen
microbes to degrade tannin treated SBM. It was therefore concluded that quebracho tannins could
be used as chemical additives for improving the digestive utilization of protein-rich feeds in sheep.
Mechanisms of adjustment by different pearl millet
plant types to varying plant population densities
Authors: BIDINGER F. R. , RAJU D. S.
Published: July 2002

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is commonly grown at a wide range of plant population
densities, both by design and as a consequence of stand establishment problems. High tillering
genotypes are known to compensate effectively for lower plant population densities through their
tillering capacity; less is known about the ability of naturally low tillering genotypes to adjust to low
plant population densities. This is a particular concern in the case of the Iniadi landrace materials
which are currently widely used in breeding programmes in both India and Africa. This research was
done to determine how effectively the low tillering Iniadi types adjust to low plant population
densities and how their mechanism(s) of adjustment compares to those of higher tillering materials.
Two high and two low tillering genotypes were grown over a period of 5 years at plant population
densities ranging from 12 to 2 plants/m2, under both high and low fertility regimes at the ICRISAT
Centre, India. Both the high and low tillering types adjusted equally well to the reduced plant
population densities, as judged by grain yield, but differed in their mechanism of adjustment. The
high tillering genotypes adjusted, as expected, primarily by increasing productive tiller numbers, with
only small changes in individual tiller productivity. The Iniadi genotypes increased productive tiller
numbers in response to decreasing plant population densities to a limited degree, but increased
panicle productivity to a much greater degree than the high tillering types. There was no differential
effect on adjustment ability between the two types as a consequence of increased fertility, despite the
stimulating effect of fertility on productive tiller numbers. The results are discussed in terms of
generalized mechanisms of response to changing individual plant environmental resources (fertility
and space), and in terms of the use of Iniadi germplasm in pearl millet breeding programmes.
THE HIERARCHICAL GENETIC STRUCTURE OF AN URBAN TOWN, KIDLINGTON, OXFORDSHIRE, EXAMINED BY THE COEFFICIENT OF RELATIONSHIP BY ISONYMY
Authors: LASKER GABRIEL W.
Published: July 2002

The surnames of the 3443 males registered to vote in Kidlington in 1977 yield a Coefficient of Relationship by Isonymy of 0·000564 {Ri=Σ(n(n–1))/2 N(N–1), in which n=the number of men of each surname and N=Σn}. Those of the four wards separately average 0·000722. However, if one includes only one male of any one surname in each residence, the values are, respectively, 0·000534 and 0·000535. That is, the only structure seen between the two levels is in the influence of men of the same surname resident in the same house. An analysis of relationship by residence on the same street yields a value of Ri somewhat higher than that for the ward as a whole, however, suggesting that even within a ward there may be a tendency for the house of relatives occasionally to lie close together.
Autolysis and related proteolysis in Swiss cheese for
two Lactobacillus helveticus strains
Authors: VALENCE FLORENCE , DEUTSCH STÉPHANIE-MARIE , RICHOUX ROMAIN , GAGNAIRE VALÉRIE , LORTAL SYLVIE
Published: July 2002

Intracellular peptidases of Lactobacillus helveticus may play a major role
in the proteolysis of Swiss cheeses, provided that they are released through bacterial
lysis. Experimental Swiss cheeses were manufactured on a small scale from
thermized and microfiltered milk using as starters (in addition to Streptococcus
thermophilus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii) one of two Lb. helveticus strains,
ITGLH1 and ITGLH77, which undergo lysis to different extents in vitro. All the
cheeses were biochemically identical after pressing. The viability of Lb. helveticus
ITGLH1 and ITGLH77 decreased to a similar extent (96–98%) while in the cold
room, but the concomitant release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase in cheeses
made with strain ITGLH1 was 5–7-fold that in cheeses made with ITGLH77. Protein
profiles and immunoblot detection of the dipeptidase PepD confirmed a greater
degree of lysis of the ITGLH1 strain. Free active peptidases were detected in aqueous
extracts of cheese for both strains, and proteolysis occurred principally in the warm
room. Reversed-phase HPLC revealed a more extensive peptide hydrolysis for
ITGLH1, which was confirmed by the greater release of free NH2 groups (+33%)
and free amino acids (+75%) compared with ITGLH77. As the intracellular
peptidase activities of ITGLH1 and ITGLH77 have previously been shown to be
similar, our results indicated that the extent of lysis of Lb. helveticus could have a
direct impact on the degree of proteolysis in Swiss cheeses.
Fatty acid composition and freeze–thaw resistance in lactobacilli
Authors: ZAVAGLIA ANDREA GÓMEZ , DISALVO EDGARDO A. , DE ANTONI GRACIELA L.
Published: July 2002

The fatty acid composition and freeze–thaw resistance of eight strains of
thermophilic lactobacilli were studied. Seven of these contained the same polar and
neutral lipids, the five major components making up 90% of the cellular fatty acid
pool being 14[ratio ]0, 16[ratio ]0, 16[ratio ]1, 18[ratio ]1 and C19 cyclopropane (cyc19[ratio ]0). Strain comparison
by means of cluster analysis based on the fatty acid ratios using the overlap
coefficient revealed two well defined clusters. One was formed by three strains of
species Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis and Lb. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii,
the other included five strains of the species Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lb.
acidophilus and Lb. helveticus. Resistance of strains with a high content of
unsaturated fatty acids (66–70%) decreased with increasing cyc19[ratio ]0 concentrations.
In contrast, in strains with a low concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (42–49%),
increasing cyc19[ratio ]0 levels were associated with increased freeze–thaw resistance.
Modelling low-Reynolds-number effects in the turbulent air flow over water waves
Authors: MEIRINK JAN F. , MAKIN VLADIMIR K.
Published: July 2002

In studies of the turbulent air flow over water waves it is usually assumed that
the effect of viscosity near the water surface is negligible, i.e. the Reynolds number,
Re = u∗λ/v, is considered to be high. However, for short waves or low wind speeds this
assumption is not valid. Therefore, a second-order turbulence closure that takes into
account viscous effects is used to simulate the air flow. The model shows reasonable
agreement with laboratory measurements of wave-induced velocity profiles. Next, the
dependence of the dimensionless energy flux from wind to waves, or growth rate,
on Re is investigated. The growth rate of waves that are slow compared to the
wind is found to increase strongly when Re decreases below 104, with a maximum
around Re = 800. The numerical model predictions are in good agreement with
analytical theories and laboratory observations. Results of the study are useful in
field conditions for the short waves in the spectrum, which are particularly important
for remote sensing applications.
Rotational suppression of Rayleigh–Taylor instability
Authors: CARNEVALE G. F. , ORLANDI P. , ZHOU YE , KLOOSTERZIEL R. C.
Published: July 2002

It is demonstrated that the growth of the mixing zone generated by Rayleigh–Taylor
instability can be greatly retarded by the application of rotation, at least for low
Atwood number flows for which the Boussinesq approximation is valid. This result is
analysed in terms of the effect of the Coriolis force on the vortex rings that propel
the bubbles of fluid in the mixing zone.
Near-wall measurements in a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer
Authors: COMPTON DEBORA A. , EATON JOHN K.
Published: July 2002

An experiment was performed to measure near-wall velocity and

Reynolds stress

profiles in a pressure-driven three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer.

An initially

two-dimensional boundary layer (Reθ≈4000)
was

exposed to a strong spanwise

pressure gradient. At the furthest downstream measurement locations there
was also

a fairly strong favourable streamwise pressure gradient.

Measurements were made using a specially designed near-wall laser-Doppler

anemometer (LDA), in addition to conventional methods. The LDA used short
focal

length optics, a mirror probe suspended in the flow, and side-scatter collection
to

achieve a measuring volume 35 μm in diameter and approximately 65 μm
long.

The data presented include mean velocity measurements and Reynolds stresses,
all

extending well below y+=10, at several profile

locations. Terms of the turbulent

kinetic energy transport equation are presented at two profile locations.
The mean

flow is nearly collateral (i.e. W is proportional to U)

at the wall. Turbulent kinetic

energy is mildly suppressed in the near-wall region and the shear stress
components

are strongly affected by three-dimensionality. As a result, the ratio

of shear stress to

turbulent kinetic energy is suppressed throughout most of the boundary
layer. The

angles of stress and strain are misaligned, except very near the wall

(around y+=10)

where the angles nearly coincide with the mean flow angle. Three-dimensionality

appears to mildly reduce the production of turbulent kinetic energy.
Noise generation by the interaction between
ingested turbulence and a rotating fan
Authors: MAJUMDAR S. J. , PEAKE N.
Published: July 2002

An important criterion in the development of modern aeroengines
is the identification
of the dominant noise sources under typical aircraft take-off and approach
conditions,
and also in ground-based tests in which the engine is stationary. In this
paper, we
develop a theoretical model for unsteady distortion noise, which
results from the
interaction of ingested atmospheric turbulence with the rotating fan, with
a view
to providing a better understanding of the important physical mechanisms
in this
particular aspect of sound generation. The theory, developed in the frequency
domain,
is applicable for any arbitrary spectral form of atmospheric turbulence
upstream of
the fan, and as a simple model we take the von Kármán spectra
for isotropic
turbulence. The key fluid dynamical process in unsteady distortion is the
deformation
of turbulent eddies into long, narrow filaments as they enter the engine,
due to the
strong streamtube contraction experienced by the steady, non-uniform mean
flow
generated by the fan. Simple models of the steady flow fields are provided
for both
open and ducted rotor geometries. The distorted turbulent field at the
fan face can be
obtained using rapid distortion theory, and considerable simplification
is made here
by noting that the number of blades in typical aeroengine fans is large,
allowing the
application of asymptotic analysis and the derivation of closed-form expressions
for
those parts of the turbulence spectrum at the fan face which dominate the
radiation.
The unsteady forces exerted on the rotating fan blades are then calculated
via a
strip-theory approach. The resulting sound scattered to the far field is
then evaluated
using asymptotic theory for open and ducted rotors. Results are presented
in the form
of frequency spectra for the turbulent field at the fan face, the blade
forces and the
radiated sound for typical testing and aircraft operating conditions. High
tonal noise
levels are obtained under static conditions, whereas the sound is generally
broadband
in flight. The dependence on turbulence parameters such as the integral
lengthscale
is highlighted.
Experimental probability density functions of
small-scale fluctuations in the stably stratified atmosphere
Authors: ALISSE JEAN-RÉMI , SIDI CLAUDE
Published: July 2002

Small-scale random fluctuations of atmospheric variables are ubiquitous dynamical
components in the stable, free atmosphere. There, within the
O(1–10 m) vertical wavelength band, spectra of temperature and horizontal
velocity often follow either a m−5/3 or a
m−3 power law, m being the vertical wavenumber. Using
high-resolution vertical profiles obtained by balloon-born instrumentation in the troposphere
and stratosphere, we determine experimental probability density functions (PDFs) of velocity
and temperature fluctuations in the spectral band (2–20 m) within atmospheric layers
which follow one or the other spectral law. PDFs of such band-filtered fluctuations
of temperature and velocities (horizontal and vertical) are estimated within 101 seemingly
homogeneous atmospheric layers. It appears that PDFs of horizontal velocity
fluctuations, once normalized by their r.m.s. values, do collapse towards two significantly
different regimes depending upon the spectral law followed in the wavelength
band considered. On the other hand, temperature fluctuation PDFs are shown to be
close to each other in both regimes. All these PDFs show close-to-exponential tails.
Their high kurtosis appears to be mainly related to intermittency of the fluctuations
fields, though marginal influence of residual inhomogeneity of the selected layers may
be suspected. These results are compared with published results of laboratory and
numerical experiments. We wish to emphasize the unexpected non-Gaussian character
of these PDFs.
The spectrum of electromagnetic waves in a magnetized gaseous plasma layer. Part 1. Wave dispersion
Authors: IVANOV S. T. , NONAKA S. , NIKOLAEV N. I.
Published: July 2002

A numerical investigation of wave propagation in a magnetized plasma
layer is performed. Four families of waves can propagate: plasma, cyclotron, anisotropic
and waveguide modes. It is shown that the singular waves propagate at the
crossing points of the waves with the complex zone boundary. The influence of the
interface, the layer width and the magnetization of the plasma on the spectrum of
the waves is analysed.
Linear mode analysis in multi-ion plasmas
Authors: MANN G. , HACKENBERG P. , MARSCH E.
Published: July 2002

Heavy ions frequently appear as minor components in space plasmas,
for example
in the solar wind and in the vicinity of comets. Both the different components
of
ions and the associated plasma waves are observed by extraterrestrial
in situ measurements. The influence of these ion components
on the properties of plasma waves
is investigated by means of the multi-fluid equations. The linear mode
analysis is
performed numerically for a three-component plasma with an ambient magnetic
field. Both the dispersion relations and the polarizations of the freely
propagating
wave modes are given and subsequently discussed.
The growth of Alfvén waves in the resistive current-driven
instability
Authors: HUANG GUANG-LI , WANG REN-YING
Published: July 2002

On the basis of a two-fluid, cold-plasma, linear stability calculation
with linear friction between electrons and ions, the growth rate of
Alfvén waves is derived
from the dispersion relation for a uniformly magnetized plasma, in which
the
plasma resistivity and a uniform electric current carried by an electron
beam
are both considered. The growth rate is directly proportional to the plasma
resistivity, the electric current density and the value of the parameter
ωxpe/Ωe
(where ωxpe and Ωe
are the
electron plasma and cyclotron frequency respectively).
Moreover, the growth of Alfvén waves is mainly excited in a direction
nearly
parallel to the ambient magnetic field. The critical value of the velocity
of the
electron fluid is just equal to the Alfvén velocity. The results
of this paper are compared with those for the linear tearing mode.
The response tensor for a highly relativistic magnetized thermal plasma
Authors: MELROSE D. B.
Published: July 2002

The transverse part of the linear response tensor is evaluated
for

a highly relativistic thermal electron gas, starting from Trubnikov's

response tensor for an

arbitrary temperature. Three contributions to the response tensor are important.

The diagonal components are dominated by an unmagnetized term, which gives
the

familiar dispersion k2=w2p0,

where wp0 is the proper plasma frequency.
The

difference between the diagonal components is larger in magnitude than
the

off-diagonal

components, implying that the natural modes are nearly linearly polarized.
This

leads to a generalized form of Faraday rotation in which linear polarization

is partially converted into circular polarization at a rate per unit path

length ∝λ3 (λ=wavelength).
Cross-language similarities and differences in spontaneous speech patterns
Authors: Barry William , Andreeva Bistra
Published: July 2002

Quasi-spontaneous dialogues from six languages which, according to recent discussion of rhythmic types, belong to three rhythmic groups – Russian and Bulgarian as ‘stress-timed’, Italian and Greek as ‘syllable-timed’ and Polish and Czech as an intermediate ‘mixed’ type – were examined for the following segmental reduction phenomena: reduction of consonant clusters, weakening of consonant articulation, residual properties from elided consonants in the original context segments, phonetic schwa-isation and syllable elision. The hypothesis tested was that there are comparable reduction phenomena in all languages since all languages allow for variation in the time and effort invested in any given part of an utterance as a means to support the relative weight of elements within the information structure. This hypothesis was borne out in principle, though there were a small number of exceptions across the six languages to the occurrence of reduction types examined.
Interpopulation variability of the reproductive cycle of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the south-western Mediterranean
Authors: Guettaf Mourad , San Martin Gustavo A. , Francour Patrice
Published: July 2002

The spawning of Paracentrotus lividus has been determined on the basis of the annual gonad index cycle at three sites in the Algiers area presenting low, intermediate and strong hydrodynamism. Three biotopes (Posidonia oceanica beds, rocky substrate with photophilous algae and overgrazed rocky substrate) and two depths (1–3 m and 6–10 m) were considered at these sites, the sex-ratio was always strongly in favour of females (2:1 to 3:1). In all sites but one, there were marked differences in the gonad index and the spawning period between sites; the gonad index reached its maximum value at the site with the weakest hydrodynamism, and the minimum value at the site with the strongest hydrodynamism. Spawning took place in April–May and August–September at the site with the weakest hydrodynamism, in April–June and October–December at the site with intermediate hydrodynamism and only in winter at the site with maximum hydrodynamism. The coexistence, on regional scale, of these reproductive cycles might enable Paracentrotus lividus to compensate the mortality during planktonic larval phase by the fact that spawning of this sea urchin occurred in all seasons.
Indirect mortality caused to juveniles of Spisula solida due to deck exposure
Authors: Gaspar M.B. , Monteiro C.C.
Published: July 2002

An experiment was carried out to estimate the rate of indirect fishing mortality on juvenile Spisula solida due to the exposure time on deck. Samples were collected using a dredge from a site off Vilamoura, south coast of Portugal, during July 1994. Length of deck exposure is directly related to mortality of juveniles. It was estimated a fishing mortality rate of 0.00335 per min, due to length of exposure.