bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on neuropsychological and motor function in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Mace JL , Porter RJ , Dalrymple-Alford JC , Wesnes KA , Anderson TJ
Published: May 2009

Interactions between the 5-HT system and the dopaminergic system and cholinergic system may be important in determining cognitive function and motor function in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Previous studies have shown effects of reducing serotonin function, by acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), on neuropsychological function. In particular, an adverse effect on verbal memory has been demonstrated. This study compared with the effects of ATD on cognitive and motor function in PD and healthy control subjects. The effects of ATD were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, cross-over, randomised design in 20 patients with PD and 35 healthy controls matched for age, gender and premorbid IQ. There was a differential group effect of ATD on global cognitive function whereby the mean score on the modified mini mental state examination during ATD was lower than placebo in PD but higher in controls. There was a similar pattern of effects on verbal recognition. In a visual recognition task, ATD improved performance in the PD but not in the control group. In terms of psychomotor speed, there was also a group-specific effect with reduced latency of response during ATD in the PD group but increased latency in the control group. ATD has subtle neuropsychological effects, which differ significantly between PD and healthy control subjects. This suggests that the dopaminergic and cholinergic deficit of PD significantly modulates the effects of serotonin depletion, resulting in positive effects in some domains. Further investigation on the effects of specific serotonin antagonists may be merited in PD.
Diagnostic Certainty as a Source of Medical Practice Variation in Coronary Heart Disease: Results from a Cross-National Experiment of Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Lutfey Karen E. , Link Carol L. , Marceau Lisa D. , Grant Richard W. , Adams Ann , Arber Sara , Siegrist Johannes , Bönte Markus , von dem Knesebeck Olaf , McKinlay John B.
Published: May 2009

The authors examined physician diagnostic certainty as one reason for cross-national medical practice variation. Data are from a factorial experiment conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, estimating 384 generalist physicians’ diagnostic and treatment decisions for videotaped vignettes of actor patients depicting a presentation consistent with coronary heart disease (CHD). Despite identical vignette presentations, the authors observed significant differences across health care systems, with US physicians being the most certain and German physicians the least certain (P < 0.0001). Physicians were least certain of a CHD diagnoses when patients were younger and female (P < 0.0086), and there was additional variation by health care system (as represented by country) depending on patient age (P < 0.0100) and race (P < 0.0021). Certainty was positively correlated with several clinical actions, including test ordering, prescriptions, referrals to specialists, and time to follow-up.
Globalized fear? Towards an emotional geopolitics
Authors: Pain Rachel
Published: May 2009

This paper questions the recent recasting of fear within critical geopolitics. It identifies a widespread metanarrative, `globalized fear', analysis of which lacks grounding and is remote, disembodied and curiously unemotional. A hierarchical scaling of emotions, politics and place overlooks agency, resistance and action. Drawing on feminist scholarship, I call for an emotional geopolitics of fear which connects political processes and everyday emotional topographies in a less hierarchical, more enabling relationship. I employ conscientization as a tool to inform the reconceptualization of global fears within critical geopolitics, and to move forward epistemological practice and our relationship as scholars with social change.
On territory, the nation-state and the crisis of the hyphen
Authors: Antonsich Marco
Published: May 2009

In an epoch of networks, flows and global mobility, the notion of territory as a politico-institutional bounded space needs further investigation. Besides studying territory as a symbolic resource in nationalist discourses, a control device in the hands of the state or a ‘spatial fix’ in the process of capital accumulation and reproduction, geographers should also explore how territory remains implicated in and implicates discourses and practices of societal integration, belonging and loyalty beyond the national rhetoric of ‘one territory, one people’. The article illustrates this argument by focusing on the case of Western Europe.
Cartography: performative, participatory, political
Authors: Crampton Jeremy W.
Published: May 2009

This report examines the ways in which mapping is performative, participatory and political. Performativity has received increasing attention from scholars, and cartography is no exception. Interest has shifted from the map as object to mapping as practice. Performativity is a cultural, social and political activity; maps as protest and commentary. The internet both facilitates and shapes popular political activism, but scholars have been slow to grasp amateur political mappings, although analysis of political deployments of mapping in state, territorial and imperial projects remains rich. Finally, some authors suggest that cartography be understood as existence (becoming) rather than essence (fixed ontology).
Qualitative methods III: animating archives, artful interventions and online environments
Authors: Dwyer Claire , Davies Gail
Published: May 2009

In this report we review recent work in geography which engages with innovative qualitative methods, focusing on three selected arenas: the archive, artistic collaborations and online engagements. Qualitative archival research illustrates the tensions around assembling accounts and incorporating uncertainty as geographers strive to animate the archives. Collaborative artistic endeavours, whether through participatory video, artistic installations or co-curating exhibitions, open new arenas for geographers to engage research subjects as well as possibilities for unfolding uncertainty into research practice. An exploration of the use of online environments for research also presents new ways to develop research collaboration and participation. Geographical experiments raise questions both about ethical frameworks for online research and about the ways in which power hierarchies may, or may not, be challenged.
Political geography: democracy and the disorderly public
Authors: Staeheli Lynn A.
Published: May 2009

This progress report reviews recent research on the role that disorder plays in fostering democracy. Disorder can be a powerful tool in fostering democracy because it highlights the conflicts, the agonism, that are inherent in democratic politics. More than a form of government or a set of outcomes, democracy can be conceptualized as a process through which agonism is expressed and action is taken. Yet agonism disrupts what seem to be settled relationships and practices, as new people, voices, and ideas enter the public sphere. Research in political geography has examined material and virtual spaces for public address in which groups struggle to expand, and in some cases reorder, democratic publics.
Complexity, finance, and progress in human geography
Authors: Christophers Brett
Published: May 2009

This paper reviews recent commentary on and interpretations of the ongoing financial ‘crisis’ unfolding in many western economies. It finds that a central theme of these readings is the twofold argument that modern finance is too complex, and that this complexity is responsible for the crisis. The paper, inspired both by the economist John Galbraith and by the geographer David Harvey, argues against this widespread ascription and scapegoating of complexity. It does so as part of a wider argument that progress in human geography can be fostered through demystification of modern money and finance.
Historical geography 2008—2009: Mundus alter et idem
Authors: Mayhew Robert J.
Published: May 2009

The 400th anniversary of the English translation of Joseph Halls’ humanist geographical tract, Mundus alter et idem, is used as the springboard for an analysis of current research in historical geography organized around three themes: new discoveries in the history of geography; the fascination with the cold worlds of the polar regions; and the resurgent centrality of maps and images to the practice of historical geography. Despite pressures to conform to a ‘big science’ model, current work suggests the vibrancy of a humanist conception of historical geography, and makes the subdiscipline an inheritor of Joseph Hall’s vision.
Libraries in Italy: a brief overview
Authors: Guerrini Mauro , Frigimelica Giovanna
Published: May 2009

The Italian library network is complex and difficult to explain. This article reports some characteristics of this system, that comprises State, university, special, public, school and ecclesiastical libraries, foundations and privately owned structures. An overview of the main historical features is given, as well as present-day major trends, such as education, legislation, new library projects, etc. Concludes with proposals for new national services.
Global Library Statistics
Authors: Ellis Simon , Heaney Michael , Meunier Pierre , Poll Roswitha
Published: May 2009

When IFLA needed reliable data about libraries and their services worldwide, it became apparent that there are no such data. Therefore, the IFLA Section on Statistics and Evaluation, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) committee TC 46 SC 8 `Quality — statistics and performance evaluation' have joined forces in order to develop and test a new set of statistics that might be used by libraries worldwide. The final goal is that these statistics should be collected regularly on a national basis, so that there will be reliable and internationally comparable data of library services and library use.
The School Library Development Programme in Pallisa District, Uganda: an impact study
Authors: Magara Elisam , Batambuze Charles
Published: May 2009

This study establishes the impact of the School Library Development Programme (SLDP) of the East African Book Development Association (EABDA) on the beneficiary schools in Pallisa District. The study was financed with funds provided by the Guust van Wesemael Literacy Prize, awarded by IFLA to the National Book Trust of Uganda in 2007. Data were collected from implementers and participants in the Pallisa District project including teachers, children, head teachers, teacher librarians and the District Education Office. It was established that there was significant utilization of (a) the skills acquired from the training and (b) the donation of books, in the management of collections and use of the library. Although schools had put in place strategies for enabling children to borrow and read books, the absence of purpose-built libraries with adequate seating facilities and space has limited children's abilities to use the library and enjoy reading in schools. There is a need for a comprehensive school library development programme to guide interventions for stocking school libraries with relevant books and promoting reading practices.
Statement of Correction: Using Massage to Reduce Use of Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs With Older Adults A Brief Report From a Pilot Study
Authors: Nelson Rhonda , Coyle Catherine
Published: May 2009

Due to a production error, this article was published online and listed in the printed journal’s table of contents but did not appear in the issue. To remedy this, the article has been removed from the December 2009 online issue and will now appear in the February 2010 print and online issues.
Ryanodine-Sensitive Intracellular Ca2+Channels in Rat Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Are Required for Circadian Clock Control of Behavior
Authors: Mercado Clara , Díaz-Muñoz Mauricio , Alamilla Javier , Valderrama Karla , Morales-Tlalpan Verónica , Aguilar-Roblero Raúl
Published: May 2009

Electrophysiological and calcium mobilization experiments have suggested that the intracellular calcium release channel ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are involved in the circadian rhythmicity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). In the present report the authors provide behavioral evidence that RyRs play a specific and major role in the output of the molecular circadian clock in SCN neurons. They measured the circadian rhythm of drinking and locomotor behaviors in dim red light before, during, and after administration of an activator (ryanodine 0.1 µM) or an inhibitor (ryanodine 100 µM) of the RyRs. Drugs were delivered directly into the SCN by cannulas connected to osmotic minipumps. Control treatments included administration of artificial cerebrospinal fluid, KCl (20 mM), tetrodotoxin (1 µM), and anysomicin (5 µg/µl). Activation of RyRs induced a significant shortening of the endogenous period, whereas inhibition of these Ca2+release channels disrupted the circadian rhythmicity. After the pharmacological treatments the period of rhythmicity returned to basal values and the phase of activity onset was predicted from a line projected from the activity onset of basal recordings. These results indicate that changes in overt rhythms induced by both doses of ryanodine did not involve an alteration in the clock mechanism. The authors conclude that circadian modulation of RyRs is a key element of the output pathway from the molecular circadian clock in SCN neurons in rats.
Teacher Perceptions of Students' Understanding of Their Own Disability
Authors: Abernathy Tammy V. , Taylor Shanon S.
Published: May 2009

Teacher education programs typically provide pre-service teachers preparation in assessment and identification procedures used to identify students with learning disabilities. What may be missing from teacher preparation is the development of communication skills to thoughtfully and professionally teach children about their disabilities. This mix-method survey examines teachers' perceptions regarding students' knowledge and understanding of their learning disability; what teachers tell students about their identified learning disability; what specific activities, lessons, discussions teachers use to help students understand their disability; and how the disability affects the students' academic, social, and emotional lives. Results of the study reveal that teachers often speak in jargon and euphemism to children with disabilities. They use deflecting behaviors to pass the responsibility onto parents and the students themselves. Although teachers are aware of self-determination activities, they fail to implement them appropriately. Finally, the mix-method nature of the survey allow for more accurate descriptive results.
An Analysis of the Outcomes of a Unified Teacher Preparation Program
Authors: Utley Bonnie L.
Published: May 2009

This paper presents the findings of a study of learning gains made by students with disabilities and those without disability when taught by teacher candidates completing a unified teacher preparation program. The Student Academic Performance Sample, the culminating performance-based assessment of the program was the primary data source. This assessment permits analysis of student learning on a curriculum unit of instruction that is differentiated to meet the needs of all K-12 learners. Units of 20 teacher candidates were examined to determine: (a) the learning demonstrated by students with disabilities; and, (b) the teaching models and strategies used by the teacher candidates. Evidence of student learning was determined through analysis of disaggregated data from class-wide results. These data reveal that students with disabilities achieved within the range of their typical peers in 14 of the 20 units. The teaching model most frequently associated with learning by these students was cooperative learning. The implications of these results for inclusive teacher preparation are discussed.
Evaluating the Federal Investment for Personnel Preparation in Special Education
Authors: Kleinhammer-Tramill Jeannie , Tramill James L. , Westbrook Alonzo
Published: May 2009

In response to the current federal initiative to evaluate the impact of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Personnel Preparation program, the authors summarize prior efforts to evaluate the program and identify common themes and gaps in that work. Also, the authors pose issues and questions for those who seek to understand the impact of the program and provide recommendations for how those questions might be addressed.
Enterprising Women
Authors: Loscocco Karyn , Monnat Shannon M. , Moore Gwen , Lauber Kirsten B.
Published: May 2009

This study demonstrates the importance of social context to the study of networks vital to business success. Results from analyses of the personal and business characteristics associated with different types of networks, a topic that has been neglected in past research, show the importance of structural perspectives emphasizing that women and men in the same situations have similar networks. Yet there are some network differences even among these women and men who operate the same kinds of businesses. This suggests that insights from gender construction perspectives should be integrated into network and other gender inequality studies.
Class Size Reduction in Practice
Authors: Burch Patricia , Theoharis George , Rauscher Erica
Published: May 2009

Class size reduction (CSR) has emerged as a very popular, if not highly controversial, policy approach for reducing the achievement gap. This article reports on findings from an implementation study of class size reduction policy in Wisconsin entitled the Student Achievement Guarantee in Education (SAGE). Drawing on case studies of nine schools, we identify school principals as critical and overlooked influences in the implementation of class size reduction policies. Principals’ influence proved central in three challenge areas: the use of space, serving the needs of diverse learners and building teacher capacity. By comparing the patterns of practice across schools, we have identified school leadership practices and dispositions for CSR that appear related to improving achievement levels.
Responsibility and School Governance
Authors: Allen Ann , Mintrom Michael
Published: May 2009

The concept of responsibility is highly relevant to the organization of public schooling. Through public schools, adult citizens allow for the formal nurture and training of children to become full citizens, able to participate in our shared social, economic, and political life. With growing awareness of the importance of effective schooling to individual and collective well-being, wide-scale attempts have recently been made to reform school governance in the United States and internationally. The authors show how use of a responsibility framework can generate important insights into such reform efforts and their effects. Scholars and practitioners have done well incorporating accountability into the language of policy and practice. Little has been said about responsibility. The authors address this omission and apply their framework to interpret two distinctive reform strategies: (a) efforts to strengthen mayoral control over urban schools and (b) the creation of charter schools.
Survey Measures of Classroom Instruction
Authors: Desimone Laura M. , Smith Thomas M. , Frisvold David E.
Published: May 2009

This analysis contributes to efforts to improve the use and understanding of survey data in education policy research by asking: How different are student and teacher reports of classroom instruction? Do student, class, or teacher characteristics account for any of the differences? Using National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) data, we compare the responses of middle-school students and their teachers to the same questions about mathematics instruction. We found low correlations and small significant mean differences between student and teacher reports; we also found that student reports are sensitive to key student and class variables, most notably to individual and class achievement, student race/ethnicity, income, parent education, and motivation. Implications for using student survey data in policy research are discussed.
Calendar Anomalies in the Ghana Stock Exchange
Authors: Alagidede Paul , Panagiotidis Theodore
Published: May 2009

Both the day of the week and the month of the year effects are examined for the Ghana Stock Exchange. The latter is an interesting case because (a) it operates for only 3 days per week during the sample period and (b) the increased focus that African stock markets have received lately from both academics and practitioners. Non-linear models from the generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) family are used in a rolling framework to investigate the role of asymmetries and assess the effects of policy and institutional changes. Contrary to a January return pattern in most markets, an April effect is found for Ghana. The latter disappears in a rolling framework. The day of the week effect is modelled with an asymmetric GARCH model as the benchmark linear paradigm was rejected. Friday's return was found to be the most significant but this seasonality disappears when a rolling window is employed (time-varying asymmetric GARCH).
Asymmetric Volatility in Emerging and Mature Markets
Authors: Jayasuriya Shamila , Shambora William , Rossiter Rosemary
Published: May 2009

In his Nobel Laureate lecture Engle notes that asymmetric volatility has a significant impact on risk. In this article equity market volatility is estimated using an asymmetric power-GARCH model which nests many other popular models. We estimate the magnitude of asymmetric volatility for several emerging and mature markets for three sub-periods. Many mature markets exhibit large magnitudes of asymmetric volatility and several emerging markets do so as well. The magnitude of asymmetry varies by sub-period and is consistent with the suggestion in Campbell and Hentschel (1992) that asymmetry is greater when markets are more volatile.
Cultural Exchange: Evaluating an Alternative Model in Higher Education
Authors: DeLong Marilyn , Geum KeySook , Gage Kelly , McKinney Ellen , Medvedev Katalin , Park Juyeon
Published: May 2009

A fundamental and contemporary issue in higher education is how to encourage global awareness, professional development, and accountability within constraints of curriculum and scarce resources. This is an evaluation of student experiences with a 1½-year cross-cultural partnership that included a team project, public presentations, publications, and 2-week travel exchanges. Data were collected from the participant’s project outcomes, from interviews pre- and posttravel, and survey questions at the end of the experience and 1 year later. The public face to the project allowed for partners to learn of the professional standards of the other culture while representing their own. Partner synergies were evidence of a personal, professional, and cultural awareness that provided a pathway to encourage cross-cultural learning among students in similar fields. Such cross-cultural experiences will help to ensure professional survival in the 21st century.
Proton Beam Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Pediatric Central Nervous System Malignancies: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Semenova Janet
Published: May 2009

One of 5 pediatric cancers occurs within the central nervous system. Although outcomes have improved, the greatest challenge with these patients remains the balance between cure and long-term morbidity. Patients who have undergone radiation therapy remain at high risk for developing a multitude of severe long-term sequelae. As radiation therapy remains a mainstay of treatment much attention has gone into improving its quality and precision. Multiple options exist for these patients, including conventional photon radiotherapy, conformal radiation, and now, proton beam radiotherapy. Proton beams are able to provide utmost precision for targeting the site of the tumor while decreasing radiation doses to surrounding tissues. Studies are showing that the benefits of proton therapy surpass both conventional radiation as well as conformal radiation therapy, and as a result medical centers around the United States are working to open more facilities and improve patient access. As research becomes more readily available and new centers open, pediatric patients will have the option to be treated with this technology in order to preserve cognitive function and decrease long-term effects.
Sterol, Triterpenic Dialcohol, and Triacylglycerol Compounds of Extra Virgin Olive Oils from Some Tunisian Varieties Grown in the Region of Tataouine
Authors: Oueslati I. , Manai H. , Haddada F.M. , Daoud D. , Sánchez J. , Osorio E. , Zarrouk M.
Published: May 2009

The aim of this work was to study some of the chemical characteristics of virgin olive oils produced by three varieties grown in Tataouine (south of Tunisia). The oil samples studied were characterized by high levels of oleic acid (470%) and relatively low percentages of linoleic and palmitic acids (≤13% and ≤10%, respectively). They were also characterized by three primary triacylglycerols: OOO, POO, and OOL, and three secondary triacylglycerols POL + SLL, SOO, and PPO. The sterol and triterpenic dialcohol compositions of all the samples lay within the established regulatory limits. The main sterols found were b-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, and campesterol. The amount of minor sterols present (24-methylenecholesterol, cholesterol, Δ7-avenasterol, and Δ7-stigmastenol) varied widely according to the varieties. The levels of erythrodiol + uvaol were below the upper legal limit of 4.5% in all analyzed samples. The results obtained showed that the great variability in oil composition among the varieties studied are influenced exclusively by the genetic factor.
Characterization of Spanish Tomatoes using Aroma Composition and Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Alonso A. , García-Aliaga R. , García-Martínez S. , Ruiz J.J. , Carbonell-Barrachina A.A.
Published: May 2009

Nowadays, tomato breeders are trying to associate high fruit firmness, long shelf life, high disease resistance, and good flavor; however, breeding for sensory quality has been severely restricted up to date. In this study, a system specifically designed for the analysis of low amounts of material has been set up and tested to quantify the volatile aroma constituents of tomatoes. Ten volatile compounds with a major contribution to tomato aroma have been quantitatively determined in two traditional tomato types (Muchamiel and De la Pera) and one hybrid type (Odissea). Both traditional types presented higher intensities of tomato odor and aroma according to a trained panel and they were more accepted by a consumer panel than the hybrid tomatoes. The traditional tomatoes showed significantly higher contents of most of the volatiles studied. Significant differences among traditional and hybrid types were found and a mathematical model that successfully discriminated among tomato types was developed using only the concentrations of six volatile compounds: 3-methylbutanal, 1-penten-3-one, hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, and 2-isobutylthiazole. This mathematical model could help in using volatile determination as a possible tool in tomato breeding programs and in maintaining and improving traditional Spanish tomato cultivars.
Breadmaking Performance and Keeping Behavior of Cocoa-soluble Fiber-enriched Wheat Breads
Authors: Collar C. , Rosell C.M. , Muguerza B. , Moulay L.
Published: May 2009

The effects of increasing amounts (from 0 up to 8%) of soluble dietary fiber preparations from cocoa shell samples obtained at different pH, on fresh and stored wheat bread performance were investigated, and results were compared with those provided by addition of a `hidden' fiber inulin. Flour addition with dietary fibers from cocoa shell — natural (ACSF) and alkalinized treatment (BCSF) — significantly modify visual properties, specific volume, and sensory perception of breads thereof as well as textural profile and staling kinetics during storage of fiber-supplemented breads. At 6% of addition, an increase in specific volume with respect to control samples was achieved by breads with ACSF (+5%), whereas BCSFcontaining loaves showed reduced specific volume (-5%). None of the cocoa shell fiber-supplemented breads scored higher than control without fibers and/or inulin-enriched breads but were sensory acceptable at all dosages used except for those at 8% of addition in terms of overall acceptability and taste. ACSF-supplemented breads were as acceptable as the control breads concerning appearance and aroma when added up to 4%, had taste and overall acceptability up to 2%, and texture up to 8%. BCSF-enriched breads deserved the same scores as ACSF at the same/lower percentage of incorporation into doughs. On increased dosage of addition cocoa-soluble fibers provided an initial softening effect. Dietary fibers from cocoa shell added up to 6% can be used to design technologically feasible, sensory acceptable, and long-term stored innovative fiber-enriched wheat bread formulations.
Masculinities and Vulnerability
Authors: Williams Robert
Published: May 2009

There is a developing body of research that investigates the links between masculinities and men's health experiences in the United Kingdom, but the links between social connectedness and the health experiences of men have been a neglected focus for research. Findings were drawn from a parent study that examined fathers' experiences of health and social connectedness, but findings presented in this article were unforeseen. Specifically, findings presented here indicate that African-Caribbean and white working-class fathers, in the United Kingdom, were involved in solitary ways of feeling, thinking, and acting to deal with the vulnerability associated with health concerns, the psychological experience of stress, and difficulties in personal relationships. Those solitary experiences were associated, within men's stories, with conservative and complicit forms of masculinity. Challenges and qualifications to men's solitary and conservative discourses and practices are also identified within men's stories. These challenges were linked to crisis situations, the uncertainty associated with gender, social class and racism, and the experience of fathering, in particular. The significance of gender, ethnicity, and social class for policy, practice, and future research regarding working-class fathers' experiences of vulnerability is identified.
The Impact of Psychological Aggression on Women's Mental Health and Behavior
Authors: Follingstad Diane R.
Published: May 2009

Potential effects of psychological aggression have been investigated in terms of mental health disorders/symptoms, physical manifestations, personality traits, increases in physical and psychological aggression, and relationship changes and cessation. Probably because of methodological difficulties inherent in assessing this complex phenomenon, even the most commonly assessed outcome variables have produced contradictory results, with the exception of leaving or desiring to leave the psychologically abusive relationship. Some of the significant findings require more corroboration due to the small number of studies addressing them. The relative role of physical abuse in relation to psychological abuse has yet to be disentangled. Mediator/moderator variables are likely extremely important for explaining why particular consequences do not consistently result from psychological aggression. Although the hypothesized consequences/outcomes seem appropriate for further study, the most significant contribution may lie in intensive investigation of long-term, enduring psychological abuse that produces major personality and affective shifts in the recipient.
Prospective pharmacologic therapies for the overactive bladder
Authors: Andersson Karl-Erik
Published: May 2009

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) and detrusor overactivity (DO) are all conditions that can have major effects on quality of life and social functioning. Antimuscarinic drugs are first-line treatment-they often have good initial response rates, but adverse effects and decreasing efficacy cause long-term compliance problems, and alternatives are needed. The recognition of the functional contribution of the urothelium, the spontaneous myocyte activity during bladder filling, and the diversity of nerve transmitters has sparked interest in both peripheral and central modulation of LUTS/OAB/DO pathophysiology. There may be several new possibilities to treat LUTS/OAB/DO. β3-AR agonists (YM178), PDE 5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil), vitamin D analogs (elocalcitol), combinations (α1-AR antagonist + antimuscarinic), and drugs with a central mode of action (tramadol, aprepitant) all have Randomized controlled trial (RCT) documented efficacy. Which of these therapeutic principles will be developed to clinically useful treatments remains to be established.
Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for stage I and II nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors
Authors: Guzzo Thomas J. , Allaf Mohamad E.
Published: May 2009

Objectives: Open retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has been traditionally used for the management of patients with nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors (NSGCTs). Over the last decade, laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (LRPLND) has gained popularity in several highly specialized centers.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the English-language literature with regard to LRPLND. The perioperative and oncologic outcomes for patients with low stage NSGCTs who underwent LRPLND are summarized in this review with particular emphasis on contemporary studies.

Results: Initially only used for staging, LRPLND has evolved to a therapeutic procedure capable of replicating the templates used for open RPLND. Perioperative outcomes including operative time, conversion rates and complications improve with surgeon experience and are acceptable at high volume centers. Oncologic outcomes are promising, but require longer term follow-up and the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy in many studies limits comparison to that of the open technique.

Conclusion: LRPLND has been demonstrated to be feasible and safe at large volume institutions with experienced laparoscopic surgeons. LRPLND was originally performed as a staging procedure in patients with NSGCTs but has evolved into a therapeutic operation with early reports demonstrating short hospital stays and minimal morbidity. Further studies in larger cohorts of patients with longer term follow up are required to define the exact role of LRPLND.
How to improve results with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Authors: Semins Michelle J. , Matlaga Brian R.
Published: May 2009

Objective: Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) has greatly revolutionized the treatment of patients suffering from stone disease. There are a number of patient- and device-specific factors that can affect treatment outcome. Herein, we review practices that can increase the likelihood of SWL treatment success.

Methods: A systematic literature review was performed to identify studies of SWL treatment parameters.

Results: Among the factors affecting the outcome of SWL were patient selection criteria, such as stone burden, stone location, and anatomic features. Additionally, technical aspects of the SWL procedure also can affect outcome; these factors include the acoustic output of the lithotripter, the coupling of the lithotripter to the patient, and the power, total number, and rate of shock wave delivery.

Conclusions: The outcome of SWL can be optimized with close attention to patient selection criteria as well as the manner in which the treatment is performed.
PET/CT imaging of clear cell renal cell carcinoma with 124I labeled chimeric antibody
Authors: Bahnson Eamonn E. , Murrey Douglas A. , Mojzisik Cathy M. , Hall Nathan C. , Martinez-Suarez Humberto J. , Knopp Michael V. , Martin Edward W. , Povoski Stephen P. , Bahnson Robert R.
Published: May 2009

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) presents problems for urologists in diagnosis, treatment selection, intraoperative surgical margin analysis, and long term monitoring. In this paper we describe the development of a radiolabeled antibody specific to ccRCC (124I-cG250) and its potential to help urologists manage each of these problems. We believe 124I-cG250, in conjunction with perioperative Positron emission tomography/ computed tomography imaging and intraoperative handheld gamma probe use, has the potential to diagnose ccRCC, aid in determining a proper course of treatment (operative or otherwise), confirm complete resection of malignant tissue in real time, and monitor patients post-operatively.
A randomized phase 3 study of tipifarnib compared with best supportive care, including hydroxyurea, in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in patients 70 years or older
Authors: Harousseau Jean-Luc , Martinelli Giovanni , Jedrzejczak Wieslaw W. , Brandwein Joseph M. , Bordessoule Dominique , Masszi Tamas , Ossenkoppele Gert J. , Alexeeva Julia A. , Beutel Gernot , Maertens Johan , Vidriales Maria-Belen , Dombret Hervé , Thomas Xavier , Burnett Alan K. , Robak Tadeusz , Khuageva Nuriet K. , Golenkov Anatoly K. , Tothova Elena , Mollgard Lars , Park Youn C. , Bessems Annick , De Porre Peter , Howes Angela J. ,   for the FIGHT-AML-301 Investigators
Published: May 2009

This phase 3, multicenter, open-label study evaluated the efficacy and safety of tipifarnib compared with best supportive care (BSC), including hydroxyurea, as first-line therapy in elderly patients (≥70 years) with newly diagnosed, de novo, or secondary acute myeloid leukemia. A total of 457 patients were enrolled with 24% 80 years of age or older. Tipifarnib 600 mg orally twice a day was administered for the first 21 consecutive days, in 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was overall survival. The median survival was 107 days for the tipifarnib arm and 109 days for the BSC arm. The hazard ratio (tipifarnib vs BSC) for overall survival was 1.02 (P value by stratified log-rank test, .843). The complete response rate for tipifarnib in this study (8%) was lower than that observed previously, but with a similar median duration of 8 months. The most frequent grade 3 or 4 adverse events were cytopenias in both arms, slightly more infections (39% vs 33%), and febrile neutropenia (16% vs 10%) seen in the tipifarnib arm. The results of this randomized study showed that tipifarnib treatment did not result in an increased survival compared with BSC, including hydroxyurea. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00093990.
Pseudomonas aeruginosain a neonatal intensive care unit: molecular epidemiology and infection control measures
Authors: Crivaro Valeria , Di Popolo Anna , Caprio Alessandro , Lambiase Antonietta , Di Resta Mario , Borriello Tonia , Scarcella Alda , Triassi Maria , Zarrilli Raffaele
Published: May 2009

Background

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a non-fermentative, gram-negative rod, is responsible for a wide variety of clinical syndromes in NICU patients, including sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, diarrhea, conjunctivitis and skin infections. An increased number of infections and colonisations by P. aeruginosa has been observed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of our university hospital between 2005 and 2007.

Methods

Hand disinfection compliance before and after an educational programme on hand hygiene was evaluated. Identification of microrganisms was performed using conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated by MIC microdilution. Genotyping was performed by PFGE analysis.

Results

The molecular epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the NICU of the Federico II University hospital (Naples, Italy) and the infection control measures adopted to stop the spreading of P. aeruginosa in the ward were described. From July 2005 to June 2007, P. aeruginosa was isolated from 135 neonates and caused severe infections in 11 of them. Macrorestriction analysis of clinical isolates from 90 neonates identified 20 distinct genotypes, one major PFGE type (A) being isolated from 48 patients and responsible for 4 infections in 4 of them, four other distinct recurrent genotypes being isolated in 6 to 4 patients. Seven environmental strains were isolated from the hand of a nurse and from three sinks on two occasions, two of these showing PFGE profiles A and G identical to two clinical isolates responsible for infection. The successful control of the outbreak was achieved through implementation of active surveillance of healthcare-associated infections in the ward together with environmental microbiological sampling and an intense educational programme on hand disinfection among the staff members.

Conclusion

P. aeruginosa infections in the NICU were caused by the cross-transmission of an epidemic clone in 4 neonates, and by the selection of sporadic clones in 7 others. An infection control programme that included active surveillance and strict adherence to hand disinfection policies was effective in controlling NICU-acquired infections and colonisations caused by P. aeruginosa.
Anti-angiogenic effects of pterogynidine alkaloid isolated from Alchornea glandulosa
Authors: Lopes Flávia CM , Rocha Ana , Pirraco Ana , Regasini Luis O , Silva Dulce HS , Bolzani Vanderlan S , Azevedo Isabel , Carlos Iracilda Z , Soares Raquel
Published: May 2009

Background

Angiogenesis, a complex multistep process that comprehends proliferation, migration and anastomosis of endothelial cells (EC), has a major role in the development of pathologic conditions such as inflammatory diseases, tumor growth and metastasis. Brazilian flora, the most diverse in the world, is an interesting spot to prospect for new chemical leads, being an important source of new anticancer drugs. Plant-derived alkaloids have traditionally been of interest due to their pronounced physiological activities. We investigated the anti-angiogenic potential of the naturally occurring guanidine alkaloid pterogynidine (Pt) isolated from the Brazilian plant Alchornea glandulosa. The purpose of this study was to examine which features of the angiogenic process could be disturbed by Pt.

Methods

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were incubated with 8 μM Pt and cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and capillary-like structures formation were addressed. Nuclear factor κB (NFκB), a transcription factor implicated in these processes, was also evaluated in HUVEC incubated with Pt. Quantifications were expressed as mean ± SD of five independent experiments and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Dunnet test was used.

Results

A significant decrease in proliferation and invasion capacity and an effective increase in apoptosis as assessed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), double-chamber and terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively, have been found. Pt also led to a drastic reduction in the number of capillary-like structures formation when HUVEC were cultured on growth factor reduced-Matrigel (GFR-Matrigel) coated plates. In addition, incubation of HUVEC with Pt resulted in reduced NFκB activity.

Conclusion

These findings emphasize the potential use of Pt against pathological situations where angiogenesis is stimulated as tumor development.
Integrin-linked kinase can facilitate syncytialization and hormonal differentiation of the human trophoblast-derived BeWo cell line
Authors: Butler Trina M , Elustondo Pia A , Hannigan Greg E , MacPhee Daniel J
Published: May 2009

Background

In the fusion pathway of trophoblast differentiation, stem villous cytotrophoblast cells proliferate and daughter cells differentiate and fuse with existing syncytiotrophoblast to maintain the multi-nucleated layer. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is highly expressed in 1st and 2nd trimester villous cytotrophoblast cells, yet barely detectable in syncytiotrophoblast, thus we examined the potential role of ILK in aiding trophoblast fusion.

Methods

The temporal/spatial expression and activity of ILK were determined in BeWo cells undergoing syncytialization by immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses. BeWo cells were also transfected with pEGFP expression vectors containing wildtype or two mutant ILK cDNA constructs. The incidence of cell fusion in transfected cells grown under syncytialization conditions was then scored by the presence or absence of E-cadherin immunostaining. Beta-hCG expression in transfected cells, a marker of syncytiotrophoblast hormonal differentiation, was also similarly assessed.

Results

ILK catalytic activity increased and ILK began to increasingly localize to BeWo cell nuclei during syncytialization in correlation with increased pAkt and Snail protein expression. Syncytialization was also significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in BeWo cells expressing constitutively active (ca)-ILK vs cells containing empty vector or dn-ILK. Furthermore, cytoplasmic Beta-hCG expression markedly increased (p < 0.05) in cells expressing wt- and ca-ILK.

Conclusion

ILK-facilitated syncytialization is dependent, at least in part, on ILK catalytic activity while hormonal differentiation appears dependent on both ILK-associated protein interactions and catalytic activity. This study demonstrates that ILK plays a novel role in BeWo syncytialization and differentiation, perhaps through an ILK-Akt-Snail pathway, and implicates ILK in the same process in villous cytotrophoblasts in vivo.
White Tea extract induces lipolytic activity and inhibits adipogenesis in human subcutaneous (pre)-adipocytes
Authors: Söhle Jörn , Knott Anja , Holtzmann Ursula , Siegner Ralf , Grönniger Elke , Schepky Andreas , Gallinat Stefan , Wenck Horst , Stäb Franz , Winnefeld Marc
Published: May 2009

Background

The dramatic increase in obesity-related diseases emphasizes the need to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying fat metabolism. To investigate how natural substances influence lipolysis and adipogenesis, we determined the effects of White Tea extract on cultured human subcutaneous preadipocytes and adipocytes.

Methods

For our in vitro studies we used a White Tea extract solution that contained polyphenols and methylxanthines. Utilizing cultured human preadipocytes we investigated White Tea extract solution-induced inhibition of triglyceride incorporation during adipogenesis and possible effects on cell viability. In vitro studies on human adipocytes were performed aiming to elucidate the efficacy of White Tea extract solution to stimulate lipolytic activity. To characterize White Tea extract solution-mediated effects on a molecular level, we analyzed gene expression of essential adipogenesis-related transcription factors by qRT-PCR and determined the expression of the transcription factor ADD1/SREBP-1c on the protein level utilizing immunofluorescence analysis.

Results

Our data show that incubation of preadipocytes with White Tea extract solution significantly decreased triglyceride incorporation during adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner (n = 10) without affecting cell viability (n = 10). These effects were, at least in part, mediated by EGCG (n = 10, 50 μM). In addition, White Tea extract solution also stimulated lipolytic activity in adipocytes (n = 7). Differentiating preadipocytes cultivated in the presence of 0.5% White Tea extract solution showed a decrease in PPARγ, ADD1/SREBP-1c, C/EBPα and C/EBPδ mRNA levels. Moreover, the expression of the transcription factor ADD1/SREBP-1c was not only decreased on the mRNA but also on the protein level.

Conclusion

White Tea extract is a natural source that effectively inhibits adipogenesis and stimulates lipolysis-activity. Therefore, it can be utilized to modulate different levels of the adipocyte life cycle.