bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics
Authors: Ransom Barbara
Published: October 2011

“Dynamics!” she said, as she buried her head deep in a book on tectonics. “Must be the key to explain what we see the ignorance of which seems to be chronic.”

Convection below, then density flow and phase changes are not withstanding; Thermal gradient change and compositional range are things our minds should be commanding.
Satellite congestion
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

At last count, there were more than 160 satellites in geostationary orbits, circling the earth at an altitude of 37,000 km, and according to a research review published recently by the Rand Corporation, that's already too crowded. The risk of physical collisions among satellites is small, say authors Alvin L. Hiebert and William Sollfrey, but there is an emerging problem with what they call “spectral and orbital congestion,” the result of too many satellites and ground stations sending out too many electromagnetic signals that can interfere with one another.

The report comes at a time when the Federal Communications Commission is planning to reduce the spacing between satellites along the U.S. segment of the orbital arc so that 37 additional satellites can be squeezed into the high orbit favored for telecommunications. “As more satellites are launched and others are shifted to avoid collisions, interference problems will get more complicated,” say the authors of the report.
Iron‐Formations: Facts and Problems
Authors: Lepp Henry
Published: October 2011

This book is similar in format to Precambrian Iron‐Formations of the World, published in 1973 as a special issue of Economic Geology (vol. 68, no. 7). Both have 16 papers and begin with descriptions of iron formations or iron districts followed by topical papers on various aspects o f the iron formation problem. New basic data on Precambrian iron bearing and associated rocks has continued to accumulate since 1973, and the present volume admirably fills the need to compile this widespread information and to reexamine these enigmatic rocks in the light of new discoveries.
The Exploration of Outer Space With Cameras
Authors: Belton Michael J. S.
Published: October 2011

This monograph “chronicles the use of television cameras and other visual imaging systems by NASA on unmanned outer space probes and in the exploration of the Solar System's planetary bodies.”

The book is technically well organized and a nicely printed volume with the unfortunate exception of the 32 illustrative plates that are of nothing less than abysmal quality. Included in the selection of pictures are a number of classic Voyager color photographs, but the high contrast black and white renditions in this volume convey little of their original beauty or information content.
Geological Evolution of the Earth During the Precambrian
Authors: Grew Edward S.
Published: October 2011

Salop's book is a review of geologic history during the Precambrian, with an emphasis on subdivision of Precambrian time, worldwide comparison of stratigraphic sequences, and characterization of tectonic regimes. The author cautions in the Preface that the book is not “a compilation; the problems discussed here are those with which the author was concerned personally.” Nonetheless, the book is an ambitious synthesis of nearly 3500 million years (my) of earth's history.
Research drilling at Inyo Domes, Long Valley Caldera, California
Authors: Eichelberger John C. , Lysne Peter C. , Younker Leland W.
Published: October 2011

While a great deal of attention has been focused on inferring conditions within deep magma reservoirs, much of the action in terms of magmatic processes such as degassing, explosive fragmentation, and fluid/melt interaction occurs at depths of a few hundred meters to a few kilometers. Our understanding of what happens to magma in this important subvolcanic regime is primitive and inconsistent. For example, eruption models assume that magma is a chemically closed system during ascent, but geochemical models tacitly assume it is an open system (but only to H2O and perhaps a few other volatile components). Thermal models are well developed but untested. The extent of magma/wallrock/fluid interaction is unknown. Yet we must understand the processes in this regime not only to understand the mechanisms of explosive eruption and hydrothermal circulation but to correctly interpret evidence of the deep plutonic conditions as well.
Mathematical models for zooplankton swarms: Their formation and maintenance
Authors: Okubo Akira , Anderson James J.
Published: October 2011

Many aquatic invertebrates are known to form swarms and schools. Thus, zooplankton are usually distributed unevenly both in vertical and in horizontal directions. There are a great number of studies on zooplankton swarms ranging from simple records or observations to more extensive functional and behavioral investigations. Yet, no attempt has been made on mathematically modeling these phenomena, chiefly because of the lack of detailed data on individual movements in swarms.
Physical Geology: Principles and Perspectives
Authors: Skehan James W.
Published: October 2011

Textbooks on physical geology have proliferated over the past 20 years or more, during which time most fields have undergone a subject matter explosion. The challenge of authoring such a textbook is to accurately summarize the most important factual and theoretical results and to present the material in a pedagogically attractive and meaningful manner. The authors mainly have met that challenge.

Basically, I could teach the course quite happily using this book as the text. An attractive feature is that the authors have summarized those aspects o f the science with which I am most familar in a generally acceptable and interesting manner. This includes excellent line drawings and block diagrams calculated to be very helpful to the student. Those chapters dealing with areas of the authors' scientific expertise are understandably stronger and smoother than some others. A useful perspective for the beginning student and teacher is an explicit discussion of geology as a science with a comparison and contrast of methods and results in relation to other fields of science.
Long‐range space objectives
Authors: Lanzerotti L. J.
Published: October 2011

At the request of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) the National Research Council's Space Science Board has undertaken a special study of the long‐term (post‐1985) objectives of U.S. research in the space sciences. The study will continue over approximately 2 years and will involve two to three summer sessions as well as disciplinary group meetings during the intervals between the summer sessions. This special study is intended to build upon and considerably extend the strategy reports in the various space science disciplines that the board has been involved in formulating over the past few years.

In the first meeting of the entire study, held at Woods Hole, Mass., August 20–29, each of the disciplinary panels formulated a draft report on the present status of their sciences and the expected space science missions to the year 1995. These expected missions are based upon the science strategies as contained in the reports of the several committees of the Space Science Board. The individual task groups also developed, in a very preliminary fashion, scientific objectives and space science missions that might well be considered for implementation in the post‐1995 era.
What is mineral physics?
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In the past the principal task of the mineralogist was simply to describe and classify physical, chemical, and structural properties of the remarkable variety of natural inorganic crystals. As this task was gradually accomplished for most species, however, mineralogists increasingly sought to identify physical and chemical principles that underly mineral formation and behavior and procedures that might lead to predictions of stability and properties of phases deep within the earth. Mineral physics, which has evolved during the past 2 decades, is thus the study of mineralogical problems through the application of the principles of condensed‐matter physics and chemistry.

Mineral physics bridges gaps among a number of disciplines. Mineral physics is closely linked with traditional earth‐science fields, including solid‐earth geophysics, geochemistry, crystallography, petrology, and crystal chemistry. Close ties also exist with topics in ceramics, materials science, physical chemistry, high‐temperature and high‐pressure research, and solid‐state physics. The range of materials studied parallels the diversity of minerals themselves: elements, metal alloys, sulfides, halides, layer compounds, and zeolites, in addition to rock‐forming oxides and silicates, have been the focus of much study. Experiments on minerals and their analog compounds have intensified as new industrial applications have been found in the manufacture of lasers, high‐performance ceramics, molecular sieves, catalysts, and a wide variety of electronic components.
Proterozoic Geology
Authors: Sims P K.
Published: October 2011

This book and its companion, Early Proterozoic Geology of the Great Lakes Region (Mem. 160 Geological Society of America, 1984), edited by L.G. Medaris, Jr., are the products of an International Proterozoic symposium held at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, May 18–21, 1981. This volume contains 23 papers that present the current thinking of experts on many aspects of Proterozoic evolution of the earth; it is divided into five broad categories: tectonics, magmatism and metamorphism, mineral resources, evolution of life and the atmosphere, and glaciation.

The Proterozoic is a distinctive interval in the geologic history of the earth, encompssing the transition from Archean conditions to those of the Phanerozoic. By Early Proterozoic time, extensive stable continental plates existed, and deformation, deposition, and intrusion styles were comparable to those of today. Also, the amount of free oxygen in the atmosphere and hydrosphere continuously increased during the Proterozoic and eventually reached levels supportive of metazoan evolution.
Satellite Microwave Remote Sensing
Authors: Born George H.
Published: October 2011

This book is a collection of papers that presents results of the analysis by European scientists of data from the Seasat mission. Sea‐sat, launched in 1978, was the first satellite dedicated to microwave remote sensing of the oceans. The spacecraft carried a suite of four microwave sensors, includng a radar altimeter, a synthetic aperture radar, a windfield scatterometer, and a scanning multi‐channel microwave radiometer. These microwave sensors were supported by a visible and infrared radiometer.
Incoherent Scatter Radar User Workshop
Authors: Richmond A. D.
Published: October 2011

The incoherent scatter radar technique has developed over the years into one of the most powerful tools for investigating physical processes in the upper atmosphere. The National Science Foundation (NSF) now supports a chain of four incoherent scatter facilities at Sondrestromfjord (Greenland), Millstone Hill (Massachusetts), Arecibo (Puerto Rico), and Jicamarca (PERU). Six European nations support the EISCAT facility in northern Scandinavia, and France also has a radar at St. Santin. Recently, the organizations reponsible for each of the six radars agreed to participate in a centralized data base being established at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to make their data more readily accessible to the scientific community at large.
New astronomy satellite
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new NASA astronomy satellite designed to probe the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) band is scheduled to be launched from the space shuttle in 1988. Called the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), the satellite's initial objective is to make the first all‐sky map in the EUV band of the electromagnetic spectrum, a band between ultraviolet and X ray light.

EUVE, to be stationed in orbit at an altitude of about 550 km, will carry four 40‐cm ultraviolet telescopes to be used to conduct the survey and also a spectrometer to carry out detailed observations of new EUV sources and stars.
It's the Water That Makes You Drunk
Authors: Katz E.J.
Published: October 2011

It's the Water That Makes You Drunk is billed as “A Celebration in Geophysics and Oceanography—1982” in honor of Walter Munk's 65th birthday, October 19, 1982. It consists of 14 contributions of variable length and an entertaining autobiographic sketch by the honoree which updates and fills in some Freudian omissions in an earlier autobiography. The authors, an invited group from among the celebrants at a 2‐day birthday party, are a diverse group of geophysicists selected to represent the wide spectrum of Walter's scientific interests (and occasional achievements, as Walter himself might say) over the last 4 decades. Thus, among others, Klaus Hasselman writes on surface waves, Chris Garrett on internal waves, Stanley Flatté on sound waves, Carl Wunsch on acoustic tomography, Peter Rhines on the general oceanic circulation, Dave Cartwright on ocean tides, Gordon MacDonald on atmospheric chemistry, Kurt Lambeck on the earth's rotation, and John Tukey on spectral analysis.
Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces
Authors: Matthess Georg
Published: October 2011

The burning of fossil carbon compounds causes an annual rise of about 0.2% of the total atmospheric CO2, which is about 50% the annual output of manmade CO2. One of the major reasons for this beneficial phenomenon is probably the CO2 uptake by the ocean water. A thorough knowledge of this process is needed for a prediction of the long‐term impact of the use of fossil fuels on the environment. The example indicates that mass transfer across the gas‐water interface is an important aspect in the geophysical, geochemical, and biochemcial cycle of natural and manmade substances. It regulates the transition between the dissolved state in the water and the gaseous state in the atmosphere. The knowledge of the air‐water exchange is probably the most advanced of all the transport processes between environmental compartments. Nevertheless, there is still a need for a better understanding of this interfacial mass transfer, which is a critical factor of great scientific and practical relevance in assessments of the various pathways of wastes in the environment and for their engineering management.
Energetic Ion Composition in the Earth's Magnetosphere: A Volume in the Advances in Earth and Planetary Sciences Series
Authors: Williams D. J.
Published: October 2011

This book originated from 10 invited papers presented at the Symposium on the Role of Ion Composition in Understanding Magnetospheric Processes, which was held in August 1981 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Now, 15 independent papers comprise the volume, of which five are theoretically oriented and 10 are observational in nature, being principally summaries of earlier work.

The opening sentence of this volume begins, “In more innocent times it was believed…”—a wonderfully appealing introduction to many an exciting tale of adventure and enchantment. While the remaining prose does not match the spirit of this introductory phrase, the story told collectively by the 15 papers is, in proper perspective, exciting and adventurous. The implied loss of innocence is a reality and was, to my mind, necessary. It was necessary in order to establish a truer observational framework for magnetospheric physics and to get on with the effort of trying to understand this cosmic plasma environment in which we reside. However, the spirit of that early innocence must be kept alive if we are to see the excitement and beauty in the present and future phases of our research.
Water Management Models in Practice: A Case Study of the Aswan High Dam
Authors: El‐Ashry M. T. , Alford D. L.
Published: October 2011

The stated purpose of this volume is the development and evaluation of operating policies for the Aswan High Dam and their relation to the development of water resources policy in Egypt. That objective is admirably fulfilled through discussions of water use in Egypt and the operation objectives of the High Dam, the behavior of the physical system and simulation of the reservoir, a realtime management model of the dam, management of water shortages and trade‐offs between major uses, and coordinated operation of the dam with new upstream as well as downstream developments.

The High Dam has been a source of controversy, particularly with regard to its environmental impacts. Its adverse effects include changes in the water table and attendant salt buildup in irrigated areas, excessive growth of aquatic plants below the dam, shoreline erosion, and increases in water‐borne diseases such as schistosomiasis (bilharzia). The dam was intended to offset rapid population growth by increasing food supplies through the transformation of irrigated land in southern Egypt from seasonal to perennial cultivation and by providing water for the reclamation of desert land. Unfortunately, such benefits have been outstripped by the rapidly growing population, and water shortages will be experienced by the end of the century.
Indo/U.S. Science and Technology Initiative: Monsoon research
Authors: Moore Dennis W. , Fine Rana A. , Morrison John
Published: October 2011

The United States and India have a new science and technology agreement for cooperation in four areas of research, one of which is moonsoon prediction. The Indian monsoon and the prediction of monsoon rainfall on short time scales is of vital concern to India and is also a central element of the global atmospheric circulation. Its predictability depends not only upon its own dynamics but also upon the dynamics of the global circulation in which it is embedded. An understanding of monsoon dynamics is central to an understanding of the global circulation. Thus an improved knowledge of the interannual variability of the Asian monsoon should improve long‐range weather prediction throughout the world. It is therefore of vital scientific and practical importance to both the United States and India.
Magnetospheric research and the history of the solar system
Authors: Alfvén Hannes
Published: October 2011

Instruments in space make it now possible to observe our cosmic environment not only in the visual and radio wavelengths but also in the infrared, ultraviolet X ray and γ ray parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This reveals that quite a few of the generally accepted astrophysical concepts can no longer be valid. But, in order to understand what we see, it is essential to clarify what laws of physics govern the cosmic phenomena. As (at least by volume) more than 99.99% of the universe consists of plasma, plasma physics is essential. Another and at least as important a change in our basic astrophysical concepts is due to the in situ measurements in the magnetospheres of the planets. These have demonstrated that cosmic plasmas have properties drastically different from those that were rather generally accepted as late as 5 or 10 years ago. These latter were based on the classical theory of plasmas (by Chapman and Cowling and others) which was admirable from a mathematical point of view but unfortunately did not agree very well with experiments and observations. Measurements in the laboratory and in situ measurements by spacecraft have shown that plasma physics must be considered more as an empirical than a purely mathematical science [Alfven, 1981, chap. I and IV, 1982]. In the following we shall follow an essentially empirical approach to certain important astrophysical problems.
Passive French Drain
Authors: Davis E. C. , Stansfield R. G.
Published: October 2011

Major environmental concerns of the low‐level radioactive waste management operations at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) are that the groundwater in this location is near the soil surface and that there is a possibility of water infiltrating the disposal trenches at old solid waste storage areas (SWSA's). In the current SWSA (SWSA 6), a group of trenches (49‐Trench area) collect and hold water with seasonal fluctuations ranging from 1 to 2 m. This seasonal wetting of the buried waste has resulted in the movement of 9OSr to a surface stream within the disposal area. To reduce infiltration and prevent waste leaching, the entire 0.44‐ha 49‐Trench area was sealed with a bentonite clay cover in October 1976. Subsequent monitoring indicated that the cover had not corrected the trench water problem, which suggested a faulty seal, an alternate recharge source, or both.
Uranium in the Earth's core
Authors: Feber Roy C. , Wallace Terry C. , Libby Leona Marshall
Published: October 2011

That there is no radioactivity in the earth's core is a concept that has long been held. The reason is that the major radioactive elements, potassium and uranium, exist as siderophobic compounds, such as silicates and oxides, in the earth's mantle and thus were thought to be immiscible with the metal core. An experimental measurement of the binary system of steel and UO2, however, shows that above 3120 K the system is a two‐phase liquid, the one rich in UO2 and the other poor in UO2. The phase diagram predicts that there must be a temperature above which there is total miscibility between UO2 and steel. This temperature may be above the boiling point of UO2, estimated as 3750 K. The temperature at the core‐mantle interface of the earth's interior is estimated most recently as 3130 K. Thus there is a strong likelihood that uranium exists in the earth's metal core. Hence the natural alpha radioactivity of uranium offers a power source for the earth's magnetic dynamo.
1984 solar eclipse
Authors: Salah Joseph E.
Published: October 2011

At a recent meeting of the incoherent scatter radar user community an experiment was planned to observe the ionospheric and thermospheric response to the May 30, 1984, annular solar eclipse with the meridional radar chain whose elements span the eclipse path. Investigators from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, SRI International, Arecibo Observatory, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Haystack Observatory were involved in this experiment. The operation of the incoherent scatter radars is sponsored by the National Science Foundation Atmospheric Sciences Division.

Three radars participated in the observations of the eclipse effects: Arecibo (18°N), Millstone Hill (43°N), and Sondrestrom (67°N). The Millstone Hill radar was within 3° latitude of the path of the eclipse and experienced a maximum solar obscuration of 92% at 1705 UT. The eclipse duration was approximately 3 hours. Measurements at Millstone Hill included electron density, plasma temperatures, and ion drifts overhead using the 67‐m zenith antenna and to the south and southwest at low elevations (10–15°) using the 46‐m steerable antenna to map drift velocity vectors and extend the observations towards the Arecibo station. Millstone Hill began gathering observations at 1200 UT and continued through the eclipse to 2200 UT. The automated data processing and graphics capabilities at Millstone Hill were utilized to obtain initial results of the eclipse observations within 12 hours of the completion of the experiment, and the data were placed in the remotely accessible user data base on the Millstone computer. These data are available to the research community on request.
Military nuclear waste disposal
Authors: Robb David W.
Published: October 2011

A National Research Council (NRC) panel has endorsed a plan for a proposed underground military nuclear waste disposal facility located on a site near Carlsbad, N.M. The Department of Energy (DOE) asked NRC to evaluate the geologic suitability of the site.

The NRC panel, chaired by Frank L. Parker of Vanderbilt University, concluded in its final report that “the important issues about the geology of the site have been resolved…” Those issues include the purity and volume of salt, the absence of brine pockets at the repository horizon in the areas excavated, the absence of breccia pipes and of toxic gases, and the nearly horizontal bedding of the salt. Thick underground salt beds have long been considered prime candidates for nuclear waste repositories. The existence of salt beds is believed to indicate long‐term stability. In addition, the salt is flexible and will seal cracks and discontinuities over time.
Real‐time sea level maps
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Monthly maps of sea level topography of the Pacific Ocean were issued in a real‐time mode starting in August 1984. The first map for June 1984 shows a positive sea level anomaly in the western Pacific to the east of the Philippines with a maximum value of +26 cm at Yap. Negative anomalies stretch along the equator from Christmas Island to Nauru and extend south to Fiji. Sea level at Easter Island is 12 cm below normal. At the Galapagos Islands and at Callao, sea level is near normal.
The Role of Heat in the Development of Energy and Mineral Resources in the Northern Basin and Range Province
Authors: Armstrong Richard L.
Published: October 2011

It is now just over a decade since OPEC escalated the price of oil and triggered a flurry of alternate energy research and changing energy consumption practices. One scientific impact of that historical economic turning point was the launching of geothermal exploration programs of unprecedented intensity that focused on Cenozoic volcanic rocks and active, as well as fossil, geothermal systems. The good science that was already being done on such rocks and systems was both accelerated and diluted by government‐funded research and energy industry exploration efforts. After the initial flood of detailed reports, gray literature, and documents interred in company files, we are observing the appearance of syntheses of just what happened and what progress was achieved during the geothermal boom (which has now wilted to the quiet development of a few most promising sites). Recent examples of geothermal synthesis literature include the book Geothermal Systems by L. Rybach and L.J. Muffler (John Wiley, New York, 1981), publications like Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Paper 15 by G.R. Priest et al. (1983) entitled “Geology and geothermal resources of central Oregon Cascade range,” and informative maps like the U.S. Geological Survey series summarizing late Cenozoic volcanic rock distribution and age (R.G. Luedke and R.L. Smith, maps 1–1091 A to D, 1979 to 1982), and state and regional geothermal resources maps (NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, 1977–1982). The book under review here is part of this second literature wave, a useful primary reference, collection of syntheses, and literature guide but certainly not unique.
New solar system
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Using sensitive optical instruments and computer enhancement techniques, two astronomers believe that they may have “photographed” what could be a new solar system forming around Beta Pictoris, a star 50 lightyears from earth. Using a 254‐cm telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile, combined with a charged‐coupled device (CCD) and a coronagraph, an optical instrument developed for detecting very faint objects close to brighter ones, the astronomers photographed clearly for the first time a large group of solid particles, called a circumstellar disk, surrounding the star. This disk may be evidence of a new solar system.

The scientists, Bradford A. Smith of the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Richard J. Terrile of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, Calif., say that there is some evidence that planets could have formed around the star. The brightness of the star seen through its disk indicates that the innermost particles of the disk may have been swept away; the formation of planets would produce this effect. However, the astronomers have not yet been able to determine if there are actually planets around the star.
International Commission on Groundwater
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

As the U.S. Correspondent to the International Commission on Groundwater, Helen J. Peters is beginning to receive information for AGU members in the United States who are interested in international groundwater matters. Since she does not have a mailing list of AGU members who are interested, she has been unable to pass on the information. If you are interested, please send your name, address, and phone number to her at the California Department of Water Resources, PO Box 388, Sacramento, CA 95802.
Solar Maximum Mission highlights
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Since the in‐orbit repair of the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) spacecraft, one of the notable discoveries reported is evidence of a 155‐day cycle in the occurrence of high‐energy solar flares. No pattern to these phenomena had been observed previously. High‐energy flares are disruptive to the interplanetary solar wind and are thought to be responsible for geomagnetic storms.

Scientific results based on data from the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) spacecraft since its repair in April by space shuttle astronauts will be highlighted at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., December 3–7, 1984. Eight presentations to be given on the morning of Monday, December 3 will focus on the spacecraft's gamma ray observations, results from the hard X ray burst spectrometer and hard X ray imaging spectrometer, and coronal observations made with the coronagraph/polarimeter.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Acid rain: Controllable?’”]
Authors: Machta Lester
Published: October 2011

Dr. McTaggart‐Cowan's letter states as a fact that enough is now known to take appropriate action to alleviate the transboundary acid rain issue. Others have stated equally as a fact the diametric opposite. I agree that some pollution control measures have already been taken with no more certainty than exists for the acid rain issue. But the costs to society were far smaller than for sulfur dioxide controls. In effect, science only plays part of the role in decisions about environmental protection, and my own personal, proenvironmental views, which might be shared with you, may not be shared by others.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 9(10), October 31, 1984, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution's Scientific Event Alert Network. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. For the microfiche, order document E84‐011 at $2.50 (U.S.) from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For the paper reprint, order SEAN Bulletin (giving volume and issue numbers and issue date) through AGU Separates at the above address; the price is $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account, $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number are $1. Subscriptions to SEAN Bulletin are available from AGU Fulfillment at the above address; the price is $18 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a U.S. address, $28 if mailed elsewhere, and must be prepaid.
The eastern maritime boundary between the United States and Canada
Authors: Brooks David A.
Published: October 2011

The easternmost part of the United States is separated from Canada by an imaginary line in the ocean. The oceanic boundary is evidence of the extensive marine heritage of the state of Maine and the Canadian province of New Brunswick. The International Court of Justice at The Hague (the "World Court") recently handed down a decision which extended the boundary line across the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank. The action was intended to resolve a long‐standing controversy our fishing rights on Georges Bank (Eos, 65, (45), p. 801, 1984). The extension of the line adds a modern chapter to a maritime boundary dispute which is older than the government of either nation. The controversy is rooted in imprecise language used in the Treaty of Paris, which officially separated the nascent United States from Great Britain in 1783. Faced with sorting out the implications of the recent boundary decision, it is well to recall and perhaps benefit from the long history of related events, most of which had serious economic and personal consequences for residents on each side of the border.
Attrition of NASA scientists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

During the past 3 1/2 years the number of physical scientists employed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has dropped by more than 15%. The number of mathematics personnel also dropped by about 13%. NASA says these figures represent a trend to increase the agency's emphasis on its primary activity—aerospace engineering—that began with the completion of the Apollo missions.

For the same period the number of NASA personnel falling into the categories of aero‐space engineering and electronic engineering increased slightly—by 1.2% and 3.1%, respectively. The decrease in both total NASA personnel and total scientific work force was about the same; NASA's scientific work force declined about 2.8%, compared with a total agency work force decrease of 2.9% .
Geochemical Aspects of Radioactive Waste Disposal
Authors: Moody Judith B.
Published: October 2011

The author's stated purpose in writing this book is to summarize the large number of government‐sponsored research reports on the geochemical aspects of high‐level nuclear waste isolation. Although this book has a 1984 publication date, the majority of the cited documents were published before 1982. Unfortunately, passage of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) of 1982 and its signing into law by President Reagan (January 1983) [U.S. Congress, 1983] has significantly altered the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (CRWM) Program. Therefore this book does not accurately reflect the present U.S. program in geologic disposal of high‐level nuclear waste. For example, chapter 2, “Radioactive Waste Management,” is almost 3 years out of date in a field that is changing rapidly (see U.S. DOE [1984a] for the current status of the CRWM Program). Additionally, the source material, which forms the input for this book, is chiefly grey literature, i.e., the referenced documents may or may not have undergone peer review and therefore do not represent the technical judgment of the scientific community. Also, this book only presents a selective sampling of information because the literature cited does not include a representative selection of the widespread available literature on this topic.
Crustal observations through drilling
Authors: Raliegh Barry
Published: October 2011

The use of the drill to probe the earth's crust, driven by primarily economic incentives, has come a long way since the first oil well at Titusville, Penn., began producing torn a depth of 21 m in 1859. Wells have now been drilled to depths of over 12 km (in the Kola Peninsula of the Soviet Union), in rocks where the pressure of pore fluid equals the weight of the entire overburden, in rocks at temperatures exceeding 400°C, and even in molten basalt in Hawaiian pit craters flooded by recent lava flows. To compensate for the hostility of such environmental extremes, drilling for resources has become one of the most robust of modern technologies.

In the late 1960s, when the ocean floors were hypothesized to have originated at the midocean ridges and to be consumed at the deep trenches, drilling proved to be the ultimate test of the revolutionary theory of plate tectonics. Now, earth scientists, confronted by problems of the evolution of the continents and physicochemical processes currently active in shaping them, have begun using drilling as one of the most valuable of experimental tools in understanding the continental lithosphere.
Science support for ODP: U.S. drilling science support activities of JOI
Authors: Clotworthy John H. , Brass Garrett
Published: October 2011

SEDCO/BP 471 will sail in January 1985 on Leg 101, the first leg of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). Augmenting this drilling effort is a new program of support designed to stimulate and encourage the widest possible community involvement in scientific ocean drilling. The program, which will be managed by Joint Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated (JOI) under a contract from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and with the guidance of JOI's newly established U.S. Science Advisory Committee for ODP (JOI‐USSAC), will provide funds for U.S. scientists to conduct planning activities, participate in cruises, and carry out both pre‐ and post‐cruise studies. These activities are intended to complement other drilling‐related research funded directly by the National Science Foundation as described in the accompanying article.
TOGA Program Office established
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The international project office for the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program—a 10‐year international study on how atmospheric and oceanographic changes in the tropics affect climate patterns worldwide—has been established at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Research Laboratories in Boulder, Colo. Rex J. Fleming of NOAA will head this office.

Scientists from as many as 36 nations are expected to take part in the TOGA program, which will be responsible for assembling the instrumentation system for monitoring tropical ocean atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Data will be gathered from ocean buoys, satellites, research ships, balloons, and other platforms to support the research.
Commercial space launches
Authors: Robb David W.
Published: October 2011

While the space shuttle is expected to be the principle Space Transportation System (STS) of the United States, the Reagan Administration is moving ahead with the President's declared space policy of encouraging private sector operation of expendable launch vehicles (ELV's). With the signing of the “Commercial Space Launch Law” on October 30, the administration hopes that it has opened up the door for commercial ventures into space by streamlining regulations and coordinating applications for launches. The administration considers the development and operation of private sector ELV's as an important part of an overall U.S. space policy, complementing the space shuttle and government ELV's. The law follows by nearly a year the creation of the Office of Commercial Space Transportation at the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), which will coordinate applications for commercial space launches.
Reply [to “Antarctic ice cover”]
Authors: Weihaupt John G.
Published: October 2011

Let me thank D. Milton and L. Lliboutry for sharing their information, criticisms, and thoughts on this important subject. Lliboutry, I believe, has provided useful information that relates to cartographic history. He has, however, unfortunately represented as fact a variety of speculations for which he has provided no references, e.g., “… the gulf should be Bahia Inutil in Tierra del Fuego, not the Weddell Sea…,” “Regio Patalis …actually is Australia,” and “… all the details… [on the] Finaeus map are surely absolutely fanciful….” It appears, rather, that these are his judgments, which I believe add little to the argument or the literature. The interested reader will surely consult the original paper and make his independent judgment.
Geophysical and solar activity indices
Authors: Bossy L. , Lemaire J.
Published: October 2011

A large number of geophysicists try to correlate their observations with one or even a series of different geophysical or solar activity indices. Yet the right choice of the most appropriate index with which to correlate depends mainly on our understanding of the physical cause‐effect relationship between the new set of observations and the index chosen. This best choice will therefore depend on our good understanding of the methods of measurement and derivation of the adopted index in such correlative studies. It relies also on our awareness of the range of applicability of the indices presently available as well as on our understanding of their limitations. It was to achieve these goals that a series of general lectures on geophysical and solar activity indices was organized by L. Bossy and J. Lemaire (Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiale de Belgique (IASB), Brussels), March 26–29, 1984 at Han‐sur‐Lesse, Belgium.
Winter weather forecasts
Authors: Robb David W.
Published: October 2011

Once again, forecasters from both the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography's (SIO) Climate Research Group have independently formulated extended winter weather forecasts for the continental United States for December 1984 through February 1985. This year both groups have devised generally agreeing forecasts: Colder than normal weather in the western part of the nation, generally milder temperatures in the east (Figure 1), and on the whole, more than average precipitation over the entire nation (Figure 2). Both teams of forecasters use, in part, data on ocean surface temperatures collected in the North Pacific and North Atlantic as indications of likely weather patterns over the continents.

First the National Weather Service's forecast: According to Donald L. Gilman, chief of the Predictions Branch at NOAA's National Weather Service, the greatest chance, or 60%, for colder than normal weather this winter is found in Utah and portions of Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada. Surrounding this region, extending eastward from the Cascade and Siena Nevada mountains across the Great Basin and into the Rocky Mountains and the High Plains of Colorado, New Mexico, and west Texas, is an area that NOAA forecasters have given a 55% chance of colder than normal winter temperatures.
Special rate: Color section of JGR‐Solid Earth and Planets
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A special section of the Journal of Geophysical Research that will feature liberal use of color at special reduced rates is being planned for July 1985. The first goal is to determine the need for color graphics from authors' and readers' viewpoints. The second goal is to gain experience with economies of scale so that realistic page charges can be set.

Figures should be submitted in the final size. JGR page maximum dimensions are 17.3 cm×24.3 cm. Both the figure and the caption must fit on the page.
What is a planet” When is a discovery?
Authors: Robb David W.
Published: October 2011

The news item above reports on the sighting of a planet outside our solar system, the first time such a discovery has been made. As with many scientific discoveries, however, things are not quite as simple as they seem. The problem with this discovery is that the two groups of astronomers invoked cannot quite agree on who saw what first. Or to put it another way: When is a planet not a planet but a Brown Dwarf and when is a discovery not a discovery but a confirmation? Astronomers from the U.S. Naval Observatory and the University of Arizona are having a little trouble sorting this out.

Both groups do agree on the data. A substellar body has been directly and indirectly observed orbiting the intrinsically faint star Van Biesbroeck 8 (VB S) in a constellation of the Milky Way. In fact, both groups agree that the observed substellar body can be called a Brown Dwarf. The definition of a Brown Dwarf, it is agreed, lies somewhere in between the definition of a planet and that of a star. Herein lies the crux: can a Brown Dwarf be called a planet? Richard Harrington, an astronomer with the U.S. Naval Observatory, says that a Brown Dwarf is not a planet. Donald McCarthy, of the University of Arizona, says that it is.
International Cooperation in Solar and Space Physics
Authors: Lanzerotti L. J.
Published: October 2011

The Space Science Board (SSB) of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and the Space Science Committee (SSC) of the European Science Foundation (ESF) have recently issued a report entitled “An International Discussion on Research in Solar and Space Physics,” which grew out of a workshop held in September 1983 at Sea Pines Plantation, S.C. The idea for the joint U.S./European Workshop, with balanced participation from both sides of the Atlantic, was originally raised as early as 1980 in the Space Science Committee of the ESF. The Space Science Board assigned the principal responsibility for the workshop to its Committee on Solar and Space Physics (CSSP).
Goddard Scholarship
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In memory of Robert H. Goddard, the National Space Club will award a $5000 scholarship for the 1985–1986 academic year to a college student planning to pursue further studies in aerospace engineering and technology.
Small Business Research Program
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) invites small businesses, or those with 500 employees or less, to write for a copy of its Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program solicitation, to be issued January 2, 1985. To receive a copy, contact the SBIR Program Manager, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20545; telephone 301‐353‐5707. The closing date for this solicitation is March 15, 1985.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 9(11), November 30, 1984, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution's Scientific Event Alert Network. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. For the microfiche, order document E84—012 at $2.50 (U.S.) from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For the paper reprint, order SEAN Bulletin (giving volume and issue numbers and issue date) through AGU Separates at the above address; the price is $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account, $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number are $1.
Top sponsors
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In 1984, 1826 new members were elected. The top sponsors, AGU members sponsoring three or more new members, are listed below.
Reply [to “Comment on ”Precipitation research’”]
Authors: Gupta V. K.
Published: October 2011

We regret any impression that the Committee on Precipitation believes that precipitation is easy to measure or that gage catch errors are insignificant. As J.C. Rodda correctly points out, gage catch errors can be quite large, depending on precipitation type, winds, gage siting, and orifice height. Furthermore, it is not an uncommon practice to ignore the deficiencies of gage measurements or at least to give them too little consideration. In spite of these facts, it is true that the error characteristics of remotely sensed estimates of precipitation are not well known and that the identification of appropriate error models for remotely sensed estimates is an area of research which deserves encouragement.
Congressional Fellow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Eric L. Butler, AGU's 1984–1985 Congressional Science Fellow, has elected to spend his year on Capital Hill working for the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.

Butler, AGU's eighth Congressional Science Fellow, will be spending the period September 1984 to August 1985 on the Hill as part of the overall American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Congressional Science and Engineering Fellows program, which is aimed at involving scientists and engineers in public policy within Congress by means of work on members' or committee staffs.
Books needed for donation
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Pan American Development Foundation (PADF) is calling for contributions to its Books for Development Program. The program's aim is to provide universities and other learning and research centers in Latin America and the Caribbean with useful books and journal series.
WHOI Grants
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) has received a $20,000 gift from EDO Corporation to support a summer student fellow at the institution. The gift was made in memory of former EDO and WHOI Chairman of the Board Noel B. McLean, who died in September 1984 at age 77. McLean served as Chairman of the Board at WHOI from 1961 to 1973 and at EDO from 1962 to 1972.