bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neutrophilic panniculitis with myelodysplastic syndromes presenting as pustulosis: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Chen Hsiang‐Cheng , Kao Woei‐Yau , Chang Deh‐Ming , Gao Hong‐Wei , Lai Wei‐Yu , Lai Jenn‐Haung
Published: April 2004

Neutrophilic panniculitis associated with myelodysplastic syndromes is rare. We report a 59‐year‐old patient who initially was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and developed a sudden onset of widespread pustulosis and erythematous indurated papules. Examination of skin biopsies of a papule lesion showed dense neutrophilic infiltration limited to the subcutaneous tissue. The pustules and papules disappeared completely after treatment with systemic corticosteroids. To our knowledge, only one patient was identified by MEDLINE search of the English‐language literature. Am. J. Hematol. 76:61–65, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Newly recognized syndrome of metaphyseal undermodeling, spondylar dysplasia, and overgrowth: Report of two adolescents and a child
Authors: Nishimura Gen , Hasegawa Tomonobu , Kinoshita Eiichi , Tanaka Yoko , Kurosawa Kenzi , Yoshimoto Masaaki
Published: April 2004

We report on a previously undescribed syndrome characterized by generalized skeletal alterations and overgrowth in three unrelated individuals: a boy who died at age 16 years, a 16‐year‐old girl, and a 15‐month‐old boy. The skeletal changes included bony overgrowth of the skull base, spondylar dysplasia, and undermodeling of the tubular bones. Bone age was accelerated in early childhood. Overgrowth, which was independent of GH–IGF axis, was of prenatal onset in the two boys, but postnatal in the girl. In the two adolescents, growth rate did not decline with age, and high‐dose estrogen therapy failed to induce physeal fusion. Their adolescent height reached +4∼+7 SD of the mean. Delayed puberty in the girl and cryptorchidism and hypospadias in the younger boy raised the possibility that hypogonadism is a syndromic constituent. Molecular analysis of IGF2, GPC3, and FGFR3 in the older boy yielded no abnormalities. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive and adaptive behavior profiles of children with Angelman syndrome
Authors: Peters Sarika U. , Goddard‐Finegold Jan , Beaudet Arthur L. , Madduri Niru , Turcich Marie , Bacino Carlos A.
Published: April 2004

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by maternal deficiency of the UBE3A gene that encodes E6‐AP ubiquitin‐protein ligase. Expression of the UBE3A gene from the maternal chromosome is essential to prevent AS. AS is characterized by severe mental retardation, ataxia, and a defined behavioral pattern characterized mainly by happy/sociable disposition. This study used the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales to examine the cognitive abilities and adaptive behavior of children (n = 20) with the four known molecular classes of AS, including patterns of strengths and weaknesses across adaptive behavior domains, and the relationship between adaptive behavior and overall cognitive abilities. Cognitive skills fell within the severe to profound range of mental deficiency. Differences in cognitive skills according to genetic subtype only partially supported previous research and suggest that there is overlap in abilities across genetic subtypes of AS. Adaptive behavior skills were also significantly delayed, with participants demonstrating a significant strength in socialization, and a weakness in motor skills. Strong, positive correlations emerge between cognitive ability scores and adaptive behaviors scores. These results provide further delineation of a cognitive/behavioral phenotype in AS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemikaliensicherheit in einer verletzlichen Welt – ein Manifest
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: April 2004

Einen unkonventionellen Vorschlag unterbreitet Carl Djerassi in seinem Essay, um das Verständnis in den Industrieländern für die Probleme der Entwicklungsländer vor allem beim verantwortungsbewussten Umgang mit Chemikalien und bei der Suche nach angepassten Umweltschutzmaßnahmen zu verbessern: ein chemisch‐soziales Servicekorps aus Doktoranden, Postdoktoranden und graduierten Studenten der Industrieländer, das mit Kollegen in Entwicklungsländern Projekte bearbeitet.
Chemical Safety in a Vulnerable World—A Manifesto
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: April 2004

An unconventional suggestion to promote an understanding in industrialized countries for the problems of developing countries, especially in terms of handling chemicals in a responsible and environmentally aware manner, is proposed in this Essay: A Chemical Social Services Corps consisting of PhD students, postdoctoral researchers, and advanced graduate students from industrialized countries collaborating with colleagues in less‐developed countries.
Cover Picture: Cationic Gold(I) Complexes: Highly Alkynophilic Catalysts for the exo‐ and endo‐Cyclization of Enynes (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 18/2004)
Authors: Nieto‐Oberhuber Cristina , Muñoz M. Paz , Buñuel Elena , Nevado Cristina , Cárdenas Diego J. , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: April 2004

Lauding the rings in the realm of metal‐catalyzed cyclizations, where many mechanistic shadows lie: Gold is master, particularly in reactions that proceed through metal cyclopropylcarbene intermediates. In their Communication on page 2402 ff., A. M. Echavarren and co‐workers report on their quest to discover cationic gold(I) complexes that selectively promote skeletal rearrangements and other enyne cyclizations under mild conditions.
Soy protein isolate/kraft lignin composites compatibilized with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
Authors: Huang Jin , Zhang Lina , Wei Hua , Cao Xiaodong
Published: April 2004

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was used to compatibilize kraft lignin (KL)/soy protein isolate (SPI) blends. The structure and properties of the resultant composite materials were investigated with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile and water absorption tests. The results indicated that graft copolymerization and a moderate degree of crosslinking between KL and SPI occurred in the composites because of the compatibilization of MDI, which favored the strengthening of the materials. Interestingly, the addition of 2 parts of MDI caused a simultaneous enhancement of the modulus, strength, and elongation of KL/SPI blends. The structure with grafting and moderate crosslinks reduced the water absorption of the materials. However, the excess crosslinks hindered the interaction between KL and SPI, resulting in a reduction of the mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the domains of the graft copolymer and crosslinking enrichment existed in the blends. When the MDI content was relatively low, these domains became concentric points of stress, enhancing the mechanical properties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 624–629, 2004
Weld‐line sensitivity of injected amorphous polymers
Authors: Debondue E. , Fournier J.‐E. , Lacrampe M.‐F. , Krawczak P.
Published: April 2004

The effects of the processing parameters on the weld‐line mechanical properties of polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC) were investigated. PS was very sensitive to the presence of a weld line, showing property reductions of up to 70%. However, this sensitivity was mainly connected to the surface notch at the weld line. When this notch was removed, behavior close to that of unwelded specimens was obtained. The injection temperature was the main processing parameter because it affected the macromolecular diffusion speed and, therefore, influenced the weld quality. A direct relationship between the distance of molecular diffusion and the fracture mechanism was established. PC had a low weld‐line sensitivity, despite being an amorphous polymer like PS. The difference between these materials was connected to the different sizes of the surface defects and to the different entanglement densities, which influenced the relaxation time and the global behavior (brittle–ductile). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 644–650, 2004
Synthesis of some new polymers by the polycondensation of 1,1‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐tricloroaethan with bisphenols and phase‐transfer catalysts
Authors: Ahmed Ibrahim K.
Published: April 2004

Two new polymers were synthesized by the polymerization of 1,1‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroaethan with 4,4‐isopropylidendiphenol (bisphenol A) and 4,4‐sulfonyl diphenol in a two‐phase system of water and dichloromethan in the presence of dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8. The polymers were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis of the aromatic bisphenol A polymer showed a 10% weight loss in air at 225°C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 651–654, 2004
Preparation and characterization of polyethylene–clay nanocomposites by using chlorosilane‐modified clay
Authors: Zhao Chungui , Feng Meng , Gong Fangling , Qin Huaili , Yang Mingshu
Published: April 2004

Clay was modified by trimethylchlorosilane; after modification, hydroxyl groups at the edge of layers were reacted and CEC value was drastically decreased. Polyethylene–clay composites were prepared by melt compounding. Wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that intercalated nanocomposites were formed using organoclay ion‐exchanged from chlorosilane‐modified clay, but conventional composites formed using organoclay directly ion‐exchanged from crude clay. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of PE and PE–clay composites was conducted; the results demonstrated that nanocomposites were more effective than conventional composites in reinforcement and addition of organoclay resulted in the increase of glass transition temperature (Tg), but crude clay had no effect on Tg of PE–clay composites. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 676–680, 2004
Fabrication of Nanofibers with Uniform Morphology by Self‐Assembly of Designed Peptides
Authors: Matsumura Sachiko , Uemura Shinobu , Mihara Hisakazu
Published: April 2004

Fabrication of controlled peptide nanofibers with homogeneous morphology has been demonstrated. Amphiphilic β‐sheet peptides were designed as sequences of Pro‐Lys‐X1‐Lys‐X2‐X2‐Glu‐X1‐Glu‐Pro. X1 and X2 were hydrophobic residues selected from Phe, Ile, Val, or Tyr. The peptide FI (X1=Phe; X2=Ile) self‐assemble into straight fibers with 80–120 nm widths and clear edges, as examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The fiber formation is performed in a hierarchical manner: β‐sheet peptides form a protofibril, the protofibrils assemble side‐by‐side to form a ribbon, and the ribbons then coil in a left‐handed fashion to make up a straight fiber. These type of fibers are formed from peptides possessing hydrophobic aromatic Phe residue(s). Furthermore, a peptide with Ala residues at both N and C termini does not form fibers (100 nm scale) with clear edges; this causes random aggregation of small pieces of fibers instead. Thus, the combination of unique amphiphilic sequences and terminal Pro residues determine the fiber morphology.
Is the songbird Area X striatal, pallidal, or both? an anatomical study
Authors: Carrillo Gabriela D , Doupe Allison J
Published: April 2004

Anatomical and neurophysiological studies have established that Area X, a songbird nucleus essential for vocal learning, is a basal ganglia structure, with mammalian striatal properties. However, Area X also sends a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic projection to the medial portion of the dorsolateral thalamus (DLM), a projection characteristic of the pallidum. These findings suggested that Area X contains both striatal and pallidal neurons. To test this hypothesis further, we investigated the neurochemistry and connectivity of Area X and its projections by using neurotransmitter antibodies, in combination with tracing studies. Like the mammalian striatum, Area X contains small enkephalin‐ and substance P‐immunopositive neurons. Choline acetyltransferase‐positive cells of Area X do not retrogradely label from DLM and are probably cholinergic interneurons similar to those in mammals. Like pallidal cells, large GABAergic cells project from Area X to the thalamus, but they also contain enkephalin, a characteristic of striatal neurons projecting to indirect pathway pallidal neurons. Moreover, many Area X cells are labeled with the pallidal marker Nkx2.1, but these do not include any thalamus‐projecting neurons, suggesting that the projection cells are not of pallidal embryonic origin. Thus, although Area X combines both striatal and pallidal features, it is not a simple recapitulation of the mammalian circuit or of the avian lateral striatopallidal pathway: some individual Area X neurons may function as pallidal‐like projection neurons but have striatal characteristics as well. Such heterogeneity of basal ganglia circuitry, both within and across species, may be facilitated by the developmental history of basal ganglia, which involves extensive migration and cellular intermixing. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:415–437, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FAD‐linked sulfhydryl oxidase QSOX: Topographic, cellular, and subcellular immunolocalization in adult rat central nervous system
Authors: Mairet‐Coello Georges , Tury Anna , Esnard‐Feve Annick , Fellmann Dominique , Risold Pierre‐Yves , Griffond Bernadette
Published: April 2004

The distribution of the sulfhydryl oxidase QSOX in the rat brain was mapped using immunohistochemistry. QSOX is specifically expressed by neurons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the brain as well as in the spinal cord. Although a majority of neurons express QSOX, different intensities of labeling were observed depending on the area: the strongest labeling was observed in the olfactory bulbs, isocortex, hippocampus, basal telencephalon, several thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, cerebellum, and numerous brainstem nuclei. This study also describes the ultrastructural localization of QSOX in neuronal cells and demonstrates that the enzyme is associated with the Golgi apparatus. Finally, selected double immunohistochemistry showed that in the hypothalamus the highest levels of QSOX labeling were colocalized in neuron populations that express disulfide‐bounded neuropeptides. These observations are consistent with a role of the enzyme in secreted peptide/protein folding. Data presented herein will serve as a basis for further investigations of the physiological function of QSOX in the central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:334–363, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen receptor‐β in oxytocin and vasopressin neurons of the rat and human hypothalamus: Immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization studies
Authors: Hrabovszky Erik , Kalló Imre , Steinhauser Annamária , Merchenthaler István , Coen Clive W. , Petersen Sandra L. , Liposits Zsolt
Published: April 2004

Topographical distribution of estrogen receptor‐β (ER‐β)‐synthesizing oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons was studied in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei (PVH; SO) of ovariectomized rats. In distinct subregions, 45–98% of OT neurons and 88–99% of VP neurons exhibited ER‐β immunoreactivity that was confined to cell nuclei. Neuronal populations differed markedly with respect to the intensity of the ER‐β signal. Magnocellular OT neurons in the PVH, SO, and accessory cell groups typically contained low levels of the ER‐β signal; in contrast, robust receptor labeling was displayed by OT cells in the ventral subdivision of medial parvicellular subnucleus and in the caudal PVH (dorsal subdivision of medial parvicellular subnucleus and lateral parvicellular subnucleus). Estrogen receptor‐β signal was generally more intense and present in higher proportions of magnocellular and parvicellular VP vs. OT neurons of similar topography. Immunocytochemical observations were confirmed via triple‐label in situ hybridization, an approach combining use of digoxigenin‐, fluorescein‐, and35S‐labeled cRNA hybridization probes. Further, ER‐β mRNA was also detectable in corticotropin‐releasing hormone neurons in the parvicellular PVH. Finally, double‐label immunocytochemical analysis of human autopsy samples showed that subsets of OT and VP neurons also express ER‐β in the human. These neuroanatomical studies provide detailed information about the topographical distribution and cellular abundance of ER‐β within subsets of hypothalamic OT and VP neurons in the rat. The variable receptor content may indicate the differential responsiveness to estrogen in distinct OT and VP neuronal populations. In addition, a relevance of these findings to the human hypothalamus is suggested. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:315–333, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the convergence of a factorized distribution algorithm with truncation selection
Authors: Zhang Qingfu
Published: April 2004

We investigate the global convergence of a factorized distribution algorithm (FDA) with truncation selection. Like conventional genetic algorithms, FDAs maintain and successively improve a population of solutions. In FDAs, a distribution model is built based on the statistical information extracted from a set of selected solutions in the current population, and then the model thus built is used to generate new solutions for the next generation. The variable‐dependence structure of the distribution model in FDAs is determined by the variable‐interaction structure of the objective function. We prove that the FDA with truncation selection converges globally for optimization of a class of additively decomposable functions (ADF). Our results imply that the utilization of appropriately selected dependence relationships is sufficient to guarantee the global convergence of estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs) for optimization of ADFs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9: 17–23, 2004
Minorities in a model for opinion formation
Authors: Laguna M. F. , Abramson Guillermo , Zanette Damián H.
Published: April 2004

We study a model for social influence in which the agents' opinion is a continuous variable [G. Weisbuch et al., Complexity 2002, 7(2), 55]. The convergent opinion adjustment process takes place as a result of random binary encounters whenever the difference between agents' opinions is below a given threshold. The inhomogeneity in the dynamics gives rise to a complex steady state structure, which is also highly dependent on the threshold and on the convergence parameter of the model. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9: 24–30, 2004
Extensions of the 3‐Dimensional Plasma Transport Code E3D
Authors: Runov A. , Kasilov S. , Schneider R. , Reiter D.
Published: April 2004

One important aspect of modern fusion research is plasma edge physics. Fluid transport codes extending beyond the standard 2‐D code packages like B2‐Eirene or UEDGE are under development. A 3‐dimensional plasma fluid code, E3D, based upon the Multiple Coordinate System Approach and a Monte Carlo integration procedure has been developed for general magnetic configurations including ergodic regions. These local magnetic coordinates lead to a full metric tensor which accurately accounts for all transport terms in the equations. Here, we discuss new computational aspects of the realization of the algorithm.

The main limitation to the Monte Carlo code efficiency comes from the restriction on the parallel jump of advancing test particles which must be small compared to the gradient length of the diffusion coefficient. In our problems, the parallel diffusion coefficient depends on both plasma and magnetic field parameters. Usually, the second dependence is much more critical. In order to allow long parallel jumps, this dependence can be eliminated in two steps: first, the longitudinal coordinate x3 of local magnetic coordinates is modified in such a way that in the new coordinate system the metric determinant and contra‐variant components of the magnetic field scale along the magnetic field with powers of the magnetic field module (like in Boozer flux coordinates). Second, specific weights of the test particles are introduced. As a result of increased parallel jump length, the efficiency of the code is about two orders of magnitude better. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extensions of the TEP neutral transport methodology
Authors: Zhang D. , Mandrekas J. , Stacey W. M.
Published: April 2004

Recent extensions of the Transmission and Escape Probability methodology and its implementation in the 2‐D neutral transport code GTNEUT are presented. These extensions address the issues of anisotropy of the neutral distribution function at the interfaces and the non‐uniformity of the first collision source in short mean free path regions. Comparisons with Monte Carlo for a number of model problems are discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simple Core‐SOL‐Divertor Model To Investigate Plasma Operational Space
Authors: Hiwatari R. , Kuzuyama Y. , Hatayama A. , Okano K. , Zhu S. , Tomita Y.
Published: April 2004

We develop a simple Core‐SOL‐Divertor (C‐S‐D) model to investigate the core and edge operational space. To construct the integrated C‐S‐D model, 0D core plasma model of ITER physics guidelines and two‐point SOLdivertor model are applied. To get the reasonable boundary condition at the core‐edge interface, we investigate the particle balance for the divertor, SOL, and core plasma region, respectively. Moreover, we apply the C‐S‐D model to LH transition phase of ITER and compare with the scaling model, which consists of the two‐point model and the SOL density scaling law. According to the above comparison, we find that the particle flux across the separatrix should be applied for the boundary condition in case of the transition phenomena. In addition, the oscillation of the divertor density at the LH transition is predicted. This oscillation has a possibility to have an effect on the divertor operation of ITER. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On non‐local electron heat conduction: effects of geometry and magnetic field
Authors: Soboleva T. K. , Krasheninnikov S. I. , Catto P. J.
Published: April 2004

Self‐similar 3D solutions of electron kinetic equation are obtained that can be used for benchmarking both reduced models and codes. It is demonstrated that the geometry (e. g. slab vs spherical) can be an important ingredient in describing non‐local electron heat transport. The self‐similar variable approach is extended to include the effects of the magnetic field on the kinetics of electron transport. It is found that magnetic field is not as important for the far tail of electron distribution function as one might think. Therefore, suppression of electron heat flux by magnetic field effects in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) studies may need to be reconsidered. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sheath Physics and Boundary Conditions for Edge Plasmas
Authors: Cohen R. H. , Ryutov D. D.
Published: April 2004

The boundary conditions of mass, momentum, energy, and charge appropriate for fluid formulations of edge plasmas are surveyed. We re‐visit the classic problem of 1‐dimensional flow, and note that the “Bohm sheath criterion” is requirement of connectivity of the interior plasma with the external world, not the result of termination of the plasma by a wall. We show that the nature of the interior plasma solution is intrinsically different for ion sources that inject above and below the electron sound speed. We survey the appropriate conditions to apply, and resultant fluxes, for a magnetic field obliquely incident on a wall, including the presence of drifts and radial transport. We discuss the consequences of toroidal asymmetries in wall properties, as well as experimental tests of such effects. Finally, we discuss boundary‐condition modifications in the case of rapidly varying plasma conditions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dusty Sheaths in Magnetized Plasmas
Authors: Chutov Yu. I. , Kravchenko O. Yu. , Masuzaki S. , Sagara A. , Smirnov R. D. , Tomita Yu.
Published: April 2004

Parameters of self‐consistent magnetized dusty sheaths are investigated using computer simulations of a temporal evolution of one‐dimensional slab plasma with dust particles. The evolution is caused by a collection of electrons and ions by both a wall (electrode) and dust particles, which are initially immersed into plasma and distributed in the front of the electrode. Obtained results show the existence of oscillations of a self‐consistent potential in magnetized dusty sheaths including boundary potentials. The role of the oscillations is growing at the increase of the magnetic field and its angle with the normal to the electrode surface. Dust particles weaken magnetized sheaths and create additional sheaths close to a boundary of dust particles. The magnetic field does not influence on the dust particle charge. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Proposal of Modified Child‐Langmuir Formula describing Space‐Charge Limited Current in Plasma
Authors: Hagino Y. , Ohno N. , Takamura S.
Published: April 2004

We propose a modified Child‐Langmuir (C‐L) equation, which can give space‐charge limited electron current from plasma‐facing material for not only floating condition but also any sheath voltage. The modified C‐L equation has a more sophisticated dependence of the sheath voltage and the plasma density through the effect of Debye shielding than the simply modified C‐L equation previously derived by us. The space‐charge limited currents given by the modified C‐L equation are in good agreement with those calculated by recent theoretical formula within an error of ±6%. The modified C‐L formula can be applicable in various plasma fields. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reduction of Sheath Potential and Particle Flux at a Target Plate by Negatively Charged Dust Particles
Authors: Tomita Y. , Smirnov R. , Chutov Yu. , Takayama A. , Takizuka T.
Published: April 2004

Electrostatic potential formation due to negatively charged dust particles near a divertor plate is studied by one‐dimensional kinetic analysis. It is shown that the negatively charged dust particles reduce the ion‐sheath potential drop in front of the plate. Dust particles with a large radius (100 μm) reduce the potential drop significantly despite the low dust‐to‐plasma density ratio (∼10−8). The plasma particle flux is reduced appreciably by the absorption by the dust particles. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation of ASDEX Upgrade Edge Plasma in the H‐Regime
Authors: Rozhansky V. , Kaveeva E. , Voskoboynikov S. , Coster D. , Bonnin X. , Schneider R.
Published: April 2004

Several simulations of the L‐regimes of ASDEX Upgrade edge plasma have been performed with the B2 SOLP S5.0 2D fluid transport code for a wide range of parameters. A conclusion has been made that the radial electric field in the separatrix vicinity is close to the neoclassical value. The poloidal $ \vec E \times \vec B $ drifts and compensating parallel fluxes in the scrape‐off layer are larger in the H‐mode due to steeper gradients while the qualitative pattern of the flows is similar to that of the L‐mode. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Blob Transport in the Tokamak Scrape‐off‐Layer
Authors: D'Ippolito D. A. , Myra J. R. , Krasheninnikov S. I. , Yu G. Q. , Pigarov A. Yu.
Published: April 2004

Recent experimental evidence suggests the importance of fast radial plasma transport in the scrape‐off‐layer (SOL) of tokamaks. The outward transport appears to be convective rather than diffusive, extends into the far SOL, and can produce significant recycling from the main‐chamber walls, partially bypassing the divertor. A plausible theoretical mechanism to explain this phenomenon is the radial transport of “blobs” of locally dense plasma created by turbulent processes. A related process is the inward transport of “holes” of reduced density plasma, which provides a mechanism for rapid inward transport of impurities. The blob model is also consistent with the spatial and temporal intermittency and the non‐Gaussian statistics observed in the SOL plasma. This paper reviews the present status of blob theory, including analytic models and simulations, and discusses the preliminary comparisons of the blob model with experimental data. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of the Ionization Rate in the Scrape‐off Layer
Authors: Popova L. , Tskhakaya D. , Kuhn S. , Nickolov T. , Hristov S. , Hristov V. , Kamberov G. , Marichkova H. , Tomova Z. , Vasileva D.
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this work is to study the effect of multi‐step ionization on the tokamak scrape‐of layer (SOL). Using particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations we show that this effect strongly influences the divertor plasma. Our results suggest that, at least for high‐recycling regimes, multi‐step ionization should necessarily be included in SOL analysis. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of hydrogen line radiation on the divertor target plate incident heat flux
Authors: Adams M. L. , Scott H. A.
Published: April 2004

Hydrogen resonance line radiation strongly interacts with the partially ionized plasma at the tokamak edge. As a result of these interactions, a nonlocal plasma energy transport channel opens, altering local atomic level populations by an order‐of‐magnitude, and affecting plasma transport. Understanding the effects of these interactions is essential to the design of future tokamak divertors, but previous models have not self‐consistently treated this physical process. To model the interaction of hydrogen resonance photons with the plasma at the tokamak edge, a partially ionized plasma fluid transport code (PIP) has been developed and integrated into a nonlocal thermodynamics equilibrium (NLTE) code (CRETIN). The partially ionized plasma fluid transport model was derived from kinetic theory and includes the charge‐exchange coupling of ions with neutral atoms, transport of internal atomic energy, as well as effective ionization, recombination, and energy loss rates determined by the NLTE model. We apply PIP and CRETIN to the modeling of an optically thick detached tokamak divertor both with and without the effects of line radiation interactions. While many characteristics of the detached divertor regime remain, e.g. the pressure drops in front of the target plate, several details change. Most importantly for the design of future divertors, line radiation interactions increase the divertor target plate incident plasma heat flux from 0.189 MW/m2to 0.436 MW/m2. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Doppler spectral line shapes in low frequency turbulent plasmas
Authors: Marandet Y. , Capes H. , Godbert‐Mouret L. , Koubiti M. , Stamm R.
Published: April 2004

In this paper we investigate the influence of low frequency, i.e. drift wave like turbulence on the spectral line shapes in magnetized plasmas. The measured spectrum, which is obtained through both spatial and time averaging processes, is shown to contain information on turbulence. Using a statistical description of the turbulent fluctuations, we investigate the effects of density, fluid velocity and temperature fluctuations on the Doppler profile of a spectral line. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of edge plasma parameters by a genetic algorithm analysis of spectral line shapes
Authors: Marandet Y. , Genesio P. , Godbert‐Mouret L. , Koubiti M. , Stamm R. , Capes H. , Guirlet R.
Published: April 2004

Comparing an experimental and a theoretical line shape can be achieved by a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on an analogy to the mechanics of natural selection. Such an algorithm is able to deal with complex non linear models, and can avoid local minima. We have used this optimization tool in the context of edge plasma spectroscopy, for a determination of the temperatures and fractions of the various populations of neutral deuterium emitting the Dα line in two configurations of Tore Supra: ergodic divertor and toroidal pumped limiter . (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Three‐Dimensional Neutral Transport Simulations of Gas Puff Imaging Experiments
Authors: Stotler D. P. , D'Ippolito D. A. , LeBlanc B. , Maqueda R. J. , Myra J. R. , Sabbagh S. A. , Zweben S. J.
Published: April 2004

Gas Puff Imaging (GPI) experiments are designed to isolate the structure of plasma turbulence in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. Three‐dimensional aspects of this diagnostic technique as used on the National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) are examined via Monte Carlo neutral transport simulations. The radial width of the simulated GPI images are in rough agreement with observations. However, the simulated emission clouds are angled approximately 15° with respect to the experimental images. The simulations indicate that the finite extent of the gas puff along the viewing direction does not significantly degrade the radial resolution of the diagnostic. These simulations also yield effective neutral density data that can be used in an approximate attempt to infer 2‐D electron density and temperature profiles from the experimental images. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi–scale modeling of hydrogen isotope diffusion in graphite
Authors: Warrier M. , Schneider R. , Salonen E. , Nordlund K.
Published: April 2004

The importance of plasma–wall interaction processes for the edge plasma is well known: creation of impurities by different sputtering mechanisms or recycling properties of the walls are examples of processes determining the divertor characteristics and the edge plasma pro.les. To be able to have a better understanding of the plasma–wall interaction process itself, a multi–scale procedure is followed: molecular dynamics calculations resolve the microscopic length scale and deliver quite precise input data for kinetic Monte Carlo calculations (jump frequencies, migration energies, jump step‐sizes) used for meso–scale up to the macroscopic system length. To cover the whole length scale involved – from microscopic up to macroscopic – several subsequent levels of kinetic Monte Carlo are needed, each providing the necessary input data for the next level. With this procedure the corresponding time scales spanning from picoseconds atomic interaction times to wall equilibration times of at least milliseconds will be spanned. Inclusion of a realistic structure model is also important, like for porous graphite where the void structure and orientation of the microcrystallites have to be included. First results of such a multi–scale calculation are presented studying the diffusion of hydrogen isotopes in porous graphite and are compared with experimental results from the literature. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generating gradients of retinoic acid in the chick embryo: Cyp26C1 expression and a comparative analysis of the Cyp26 enzymes
Authors: Reijntjes Susan , Gale Emily , Maden Malcolm
Published: April 2004

We have cloned a novel retinoic acid (RA) catabolizing enzyme, Cyp26C1, in the chick and describe here its distribution during early stages of chick embryogenesis. It is expressed from stage 4 in the presumptive anterior (cephalic) mesoderm, in a subset of cephalic neural crest cells, the ventral otic vesicle, mesenchyme adjacent to the otic vesicle, the branchial pouches and grooves, a part of the neural retina, and the anterior telencephalon, and shows a dynamic expression in the hindbrain rhombomeres and neuronal populations within them. By examining the distribution of Cyp26C1 in the RA‐free quail embryo, we can determine which of these expression domains is dependent on RA, and it is only the rhombomeric sites that do not appear, suggesting a role for RA in this location. The most striking domain of Cyp26C1 distribution is in the anterior cephalic mesoderm, which is adjacent to the domain of Raldh2 in the trunk mesoderm, but separated from it by a gap dorsal to which the posterior hindbrain will develop. We suggest that a gradient of RA within the mesoderm generated by Raldh2 and catabolized by Cyp26C1 could be responsible for patterning the hindbrain. We have compared this distribution of Cyp26C1 with that of Cyp26A1 and Cyp26B1 in the chick and shown that they generally occupy nonoverlapping sites of expression in the embryo, and as a result, we suggest individual roles for each of the Cyp enzymes in the developing embryo. Developmental Dynamics 230:509–517, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential regulation of chondrogenic differentiation by the serotonin2B receptor and retinoic acid in the embryonic mouse hindlimb
Authors: Bhasin N. , Kernick E. , Luo X. , Seidel H.E. , Weiss E.R. , Lauder J.M.
Published: April 2004

Retinoic acid (RA) synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes are coordinately expressed with serotonin 2B (5‐HT2B) receptors at sites of epithelial–mesenchymal (E‐M) interaction in the mouse embryo (Bhasin et al., 1999). The promoter of the 5‐HT2B receptor contains potential RA response element (RAREs) as well as an AP‐2 site. Because both retinoid and serotonergic signaling have been implicated in the regulation of chondrogenic differentiation, the present study investigated whether these signals may work together to regulate this morphogenetic process in hindlimb bud micromass cultures. Results indicate that 5‐HT promotes [35S]sulfate incorporation (chondrogenic differentiation) by activation of 5‐HT2B receptors, which use the mitogen activated protein kinase (p42 MAPK) signal transduction pathway, whereas RA dose‐dependently inhibits sulfate incorporation and promotes expression of RARβ, which could lead to inhibition of p38 MAPK. No evidence was found to support the possibility that RA negatively regulates expression of 5‐HT2B receptors. Taken together, these results suggest that 5‐HT and RA may act as opposing signals to regulate chondrogenic differentiation in the developing hindlimb, possibly mediated by different MAPK signal transduction pathways. Developmental Dynamics 230:201–209, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short upstream region drives dynamic expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α during Xenopus development
Authors: Sipe Conor W. , Gruber Erika J. , Saha Margaret S.
Published: April 2004

Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) plays a central role in regulating oxygen‐dependent gene expression and is involved in a range of pathways implicated in cellular survival, proliferation, and development. While the posttranslational regulation of HIF‐1α is well characterized, the relative importance of its control at the transcriptional level during development remains less clear. Although the mouse and human promoter regions have been analyzed in vitro, to date, there has been no in vivo analysis of any vertebrate HIF‐1α promoter. To investigate the transcriptional regulation of HIF‐1α during development of the amphibian Xenopus laevis, we have described the gene's expression pattern and isolated the xHIF‐1α upstream regulatory regions. We show xHIF‐1α mRNA to be constitutively expressed at low levels throughout embryogenesis, but with significant up‐regulation during gastrula stages, and subsequently, in specific regions of the central nervous system and axial tissues. Our functional analysis using a series of truncated xHIF‐1α promoter constructs demonstrates that a 173‐bp region of the proximal promoter, which is 100% conserved among five allelic variants, is sufficient to drive correct expression in transgenic embryos. Although these results are corroborated by a parallel set of in vitro transfection experiments in a Xenopus cell line, some key differences suggest the importance of using transgenic methods in conjunction with in vitro assays. Developmental Dynamics 230:229–238, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
E‐cadherin regulates cell movements and tissue formation in early zebrafish embryos
Authors: Babb Sherry G. , Marrs James A.
Published: April 2004

E‐cadherin is maternally expressed in most vertebrate species, but its function during early development of the vertebrate embryo proper is unknown. To directly examine E‐cadherin gene (cdh1) function in zebrafish, morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) that inhibit E‐cadherin protein (Cdh1) expression were injected into embryos. Cdh1 knockdown reduced embryo survival. In early cdh1 MO‐injected embryos, the cleavage plane orientation between blastomeres was irregular and adhesion defects prevented normal compaction. Cdh1 knockdown inhibited epiboly cell movements. Epiboly delay caused yolk cell lysis and produced embryos with a bifurcated embryonic axis. Cdh1 knockdown inhibited gastrulation cell movements, causing defects in convergence and extension. Additionally, prechordal plate derivatives were absent in Cdh1 knockdown embryos even though presumptive prechordal plate markers were induced normally. E‐cadherin mRNA coinjection demonstrated the specificity of cdh1 MO‐induced defects. Our experiments illustrate the importance of cdh1 in regulating morphogenetic cell movements and tissue formation in the early embryo. Developmental Dynamics 230:263–277, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arrested pulmonary alveolar cytodifferentiation and defective surfactant synthesis in mice missing the gene for parathyroid hormone‐related protein
Authors: Rubin Lewis P. , Kovacs Christopher S. , De Paepe Monique E. , Tsai Shu‐Whei , Torday John S. , Kronenberg Henry M.
Published: April 2004

Parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) and PTH/PTHrP receptor expression are developmentally regulated in lung epithelium and adepithelial mesenchyme, respectively. To test the hypothesis that PTHrP is a developmental regulator of terminal airway development, we investigated in vivo and in vitro models of alveolar cytodifferentiation using mice in which the gene encoding PTHrP was ablated by homologous recombination. We have determined that fetal and newborn PTHrP(−/−) lungs showed delayed mesenchymal–epithelial interactions, arrested type II cell differentiation, and reduced surfactant lamellar body formation and pulmonary surfactant production. Embryonic PTHrP(−/−) lung buds cultured in the absence of skeletal constriction or systemic compensating factors also exhibited delayed alveolar epithelial (type II cell) and mesenchymal cytodifferentiation, as well as a >40% inhibition of surfactant phospholipid production (n = 3–5). Addition of exogenous PTHrP to embryonic PTHrP(−/−) lung cultures normalized interstitial cell morphology and surfactant phospholipid production. The importance of PTHrP as an endogenous regulatory molecule in mammalian lung development is supported by the findings that ablation of PTHrP expression in isolated developing lung is sufficient to disrupt normal development of the alveolar ducts and the centriacinar regions. Developmental Dynamics 230:278–289, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid triple‐labeling method combining in situ hybridization and double immunocytochemistry
Authors: Lopez‐Sanchez Carmen , Garcia‐Martinez Virginio , Lawson Aaron , Chapman Susan C. , Schoenwolf Gary C.
Published: April 2004

A new, rapid method is described for combining in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to define cell populations and to map three‐dimensional movements of groups of labeled cells within developing chick embryos. The method allows fluorescently labeled cells to be followed in living embryos and subsequently detected as a permanent reaction product for detailed three‐dimensional analysis by immunocytochemistry in histological serial sections. Cell identity can be ascertained using a specific riboprobe and in situ hybridization. With this approach, the movements of two groups of cells can be mapped simultaneously (using two different fluorescent trackers and, subsequently, two different chromogens for immunocytochemistry) to analyze relative movements within an embryo, and when combined with in situ hybridization with a specific riboprobe for cell identity, allows fate mapping studies to be conducted using molecular criteria, rather than solely at morphological/positional criteria. The improved method enables the investigator to extract substantially more information from individual embryos, maximizing the results obtained from labor‐intensive fate mapping studies. Developmental Dynamics 230:309–315, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positive influence: How leaders get others to see it their way
Authors: Baldwin David , Grayson Curt
Published: April 2004

Influence is an essential component of leadership, especially in today's organizations, which rely less on hierarchy and more on the leader's ability to get buy‐in from others. Attempts to influence can produce three different outcomes: resistance, compliance, and commitment—with the latter, of course, being the most desirable result. Here's a look at the three types of influencing tactics that are most effective at winning commitment.
Visual hallucination in Parkinson's disease with FDG PET
Authors: Nagano‐Saito Atsuko , Washimi Yukihiko , Arahata Yutaka , Iwai Katsushige , Kawatsu Shoji , Ito Kengo , Nakamura Akinori , Abe Yuji , Yamada Takako , Kato Takashi , Kachi Teruhiko
Published: April 2004

To determine the characteristics of cerebral glucose metabolism in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations, group comparison studies using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography were performed. Nondemented Parkinson's disease patients in advanced stages were classified into two groups: (1) patients without visual hallucinations; (2) patients with visual hallucinations. Compared to patients without hallucinations, the relative regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate was greater in the frontal areas in patients with visual hallucinations, and the increase reached a significant level in the left superior frontal gyrus. Relative frontal hypermetabolism may be a feature of Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Response of postapoplectic hemichorea/ballism to gpi pallidotomy: Progressive improvement resulting in complete relief
Authors: Yamada Kazumichi , Harada Mikio , Goto Satoshi
Published: April 2004

We report on a 66‐year‐old woman in whom GPi pallidotomy produced progressive and eventually complete relief of hemichorea/ballism (HCB) after a subthalamic hemorrhage. Although choreoballistic movements were unchanged during and immediately after the surgery, the symptoms were gradually improved and consequently abolished by 5 days postoperatively. HCB has never recurred up to the present (9 months follow‐up period). This note is the first report describing detailed postsurgical process in HCB relief after pallidotomy. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society