bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detection of Brain Abnormalities in Fetuses with Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate
Authors: Rosen Heather , Chiou Grace J. , Stoler Joan M. , Mulliken John B. , Tarui Tomo , Meara John G. , Estroff Judy A.
Published: September 2010

Objective

To determine the prevalence of brain abnormalities identified by prenatal imaging of fetuses with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CUP) or cleft palate only (CP) and to compare with postnatal imaging and neurologic evaluation.

Design

This was a retrospective review of radiologic images (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and sonography) of fetuses diagnosed with CUP or CP at the Advanced Fetal Care Center at Children's Hospital Boston between 2002 and 2008. Images were reviewed for possible brain abnormalities by a pediatric radiologist who specializes in this field. Postnatal imaging was also assessed whenever available and correlated with clinical findings.

Setting

A large, tertiary-care, academic pediatric hospital.

Population

One hundred twenty-six fetuses and 105 corresponding infants.

Results

Brain abnormalities were found in 8 of 126 fetuses (6.3%) by prenatal MRI. The malformations were corpus callosal dysgenesis (n = 3), encephalocele (n = 1), hypoplasia of the cerebellar hemispheres or vermis (n = 3), and white matter neuronal migration anomaly (n = 1). An additional 2 patients were diagnosed with brain abnormalities postnatally that had not been detected on prenatal imaging.

Conclusions

The possibility of brain anomalies should be assessed in a fetus found to have CUP or CP by sonography and/or MRI. Central nervous system imaging and careful neurodevelopmental follow-up is indicated in these infants.
Congenital Anomalies Associated with Cleft Lip and Palate—An Analysis of 1623 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Sekhon P.S. , Ethunandan M. , Markus A.F. , Krishnan Gopal , Rao C. Bhasker
Published: September 2010

Objective

To document the frequency and nature of associated anomalies in cleft lip and/or palate patients from a craniofacial center in India.

Setting

Craniofacial Surgery & Research Centre, SDM College of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India.

Patients/Participants

A total of 1623 consecutive patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate treated in a 40-month period.

Main Outcome Measure

Frequency and nature of associated anomalies, analyzed according to the cleft type and principal organ system and/or area affected.

Results

The overall male to female ratio was 1.8:1. Unilateral cleft lip with cleft palate (41%) was the most frequent cleft subtype, followed by cleft lip and/or cleft alveolus (33%); isolated submucous cleft palate (1%) was the least frequent. A total of 240 (14.8%) patients had associated anomalies, and these were more frequent in males (M:F = 1.4:1). Per patient, anomalies were most frequent in the submucous cleft group (mean, 0.53) and least common in the cleft lip with or without cleft alveolus (mean, 0.14). Anomalies were most frequent in the facial region (21%), followed by the ocular (17%), central nervous (15%), gastrointestinal (3%), and urogenital (2%) systems. Thirty-four patients (2%) had recognized nonchromosomal syndromes; this was more common in the cleft palate group.

Conclusions

Associated anomalies are not uncommon in patients with cleft lip and/or palate, though the frequency varies with the cleft type and organ system affected.
The Use of the 5-Year-Olds' Index: Comparison between Study Models and Intraoral Photographs
Authors: McAuliffe N.J. , Jones A.P. , Cumberbirch V.C. , Russell J.I.
Published: September 2010

Objective

To determine if photographs may be used instead of dental study models to assess the outcome of primary surgery in 5- to 6-year-olds who were born with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.

Design

Retrospective method comparison study.

Setting

Five U.K. cleft units.

Subjects

Records of 96 children born with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.

Method

Dental study models and photographs including an overjet measurement taken from both the most prominent and retrusive tooth in each case were scored using the 5-year-olds' index.

Results

There was moderate to very good agreement between the methods of using study models or photographs. Intraexaminer agreement was moderate to very good for study models. For the photographs it was good to very good. Overall interexaminer agreement was moderate for both study models and photographs.

Conclusions

When impressions are difficult to obtain, intraoral photographs with clinically recorded overjet measurements may be used for the 5-year-olds' index.
Orthopedic and Orthodontic Treatment in Central Giant Cell Granuloma Treated with Calcitonin
Authors: Romero Martín , Romance Ana , Garcia-Recuero José Ismael , Fernandez Aalvaro
Published: September 2010

Central giant cell granuloma of the jaw is a benign lesion of unknown etiology that occurs with very low frequency. It mainly occurs in children and young adults and is more common in the mandible. The most common treatment is surgical removal; however, alternative therapies (intralesional injections of corticosteroids, interferon alpha, and calcitonin) have been used in order to avoid undesirable damage to the jaws and teeth. The lesion may cause root resorption, tooth germ displacement, and other dental problems, as well as malocclusion that must be treated orthodontically. The orthodontic, orthopedic, and calcitonin-based treatments of one of these cases is presented.
Clay minerals related to circulation of near neutral to weakly acidic fluids in active high energy geothermal systems
Authors: Rigault Cécile , Patrier Patricia , Beaufort Daniel
Published: September 2010

Clay minerals are widespread alteration products in most hydrothermal systems and are considered as efficient petrogenetic guides. Their distribution in active geothermal fields depends on the ability of the fluid to approach equilibrium with host rocks at any scale during the hydrothermal processes. Both illitization and chloritization reactions depend on factors such as time, water-rock ratio, deformation history... as well as the variables used to define equilibrium (i.e., temperature, composition). This paper is focussed on how the properties of clay minerals change with respect to the evolution of hydrogeological conditions during the life time of geothermal systems. The presented data are based on comparative studies performed in productive and non productive zones of several active geothermal systems related to subduction plate tectonics (Chipilapa, Milos and Bouillante). The temporal sequence of clay crystallizations can be summarized as follows. The opening stage of the geothermal system promotes a massive crystallization of metastable smectites in conditions of strong thermodynamic disequilibrium. As time and alteration progress, clay minerals of the newly sealed parts of the reservoir are transformed in more stable phases (via dissolution crystallization processes). Metastable smectites continue to precipitate in the permeable zones still subjected to strong physico-chemical disequilibrium such as boiling or mixing of fluids of contrasted composition and/or temperature, whereas clay minerals close to those predicted by thermodynamic calculations (illite, chlorite) crystallize in other zones in which the geothermal fluid can reach chemical equilibrium with the altered host rock. Downward infiltration of surficial water led to crystallization of montmorillonite in the outer part of geothermal fields. Collapsing of hydrothermal activity leads to a change in the heat flow regime with predominance of a depth dependant conductive thermal gradient. Even if such thermal conditions promote the transformation of the previously formed smectite rich metastable clay minerals and lead to a progressive emplacement of depth dependant conversion series of di- and trioctahedral smectites to respectively illite and chlorite, signatures of the ancient geothermal reservoirs are preserved in the textural or microstructural properties of the clay particles which sealed them.
Thermal anomalies and geological structures in the Provence basin: Implications for hydrothermal circulations at depth
Authors: Garibaldi Cynthia , Guillou-Frottier Laurent , Lardeaux Jean-Marc , Bonté Damien , Lopez Simon , Bouchot Vincent , Ledru Patrick
Published: September 2010

Deep temperature estimates previously made in France show three main positive thermal anomalies, one of them being centred on the Provence basin (southeast France) between Marseille and Montpellier. This study presents newly corrected temperature data and improved temperature maps in order to (i) validate or to invalidate the thermal anomalies previously identified and (ii) relate deep temperatures with major geological structures of the area.

Although the thermal gradient varies from place to place, it averages 31.3°C./km in the Provence basin (from 30.6 to 32.5°C/km in average for France according to the chosen database), but some locations show gradients reaching 36°C/km. To characterize thermal anomalous areas, a three-dimensional model of the temperatures was built between the surface and 6 km depth, allowing us to elaborate thermal maps and cross-sections. The identified thermal anomalies are different from those obtained by former works. New other "hot" anomalous areas (Montpellier, Lodève and Drôme areas) and cold anomalous areas (Aix-en-Provence and Cévennes areas) have been highlighted. At depth, thermal cross-sections show 50 km-scale anomalies, which are parallel with the major faults (Cévennes, Nimes, Salon-Cavaillon and Moyenne-Durance faults) whereas more elongated (roughly 100 km) anomalies are associated with perpendicular cross-sections. On these cross-sections each major fault is associated with a thermal anomaly. In addition, a cold area may overlie a warm one, and vice versa. Among different possible explanations, these thermal signatures could correspond to convective fluid circulation within the faults. Simple numerical models of hydrothermal convection within fault zones appear to reproduce similar amplitudes and vertical variations of thermal anomalies as those observed in the Provence basin.
Outcrossing Rates in Annatto Determined by Sequence‐Related Amplified Polymorphism
Authors: Valdez‐Ojeda Ruby , Quiros Carlos F. , de Lourdes Aguilar‐Espinosa Margarita , Rivera‐Madrid Renata
Published: September 2010

Several methodologies have been proposed to accelerate breeding programs in annatto (Bixa orellana L.). However, before implementing them it is important to understand the mating system in annatto, a tropical species that is highly commercial for its unique capability to produce bixin. This report focuses on estimating outcrossing rates in an open‐pollinated population of B. orellana by sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP). Eleven open‐pollinated progeny arrays of 10 individuals each were used for this determination. Sequence‐related amplified polymorphism data indicated a multilocus outcrossing rate (tm) of 0.748 and an average single‐locus outcrossing rate (ts) of 0.651. Outcrossing was predominant in the B. orelllana open‐pollinated population. The multilocus estimates differed from the single‐locus estimates (0.097), suggesting the existence of mating among relatives (biparental inbreeding). A Wright's fixation index (F) of 0.332, indicated high homozygosity in the progeny evaluated with random mating, suggesting low variability. Furthermore, we found that based on experimental analysis, a minimum of 40 markers was required to obtain tm estimates that stabilized at approximately 0.7, and did not change significantly with an increasing number of markers. The molecular markers SRAP detect adequate levels of polymorphism in B. orellana for evaluating the mating system of this species.
Using Remote Sensing to Assess the In‐Season Nitrogen Status of Perennial Ryegrass for Seed Production
Authors: Flowers M. D. , Hart J. M. , Young W. C. , Mellbye M. E. , Garbacik C. J.
Published: September 2010

Currently, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) growers in western Oregon rely on yield goal estimates and experience to formulate N rates. This practice may result in insufficient or excessive N fertilizer rates in any given year. Plant tissue testing to determine the in‐season plant N status may improve N management. However, tissue testing can be costly, time consuming, and difficult for growers to adopt. A possible solution to these problems is remote sensing. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the critical whole‐plant N concentration and N uptake values for perennial ryegrass, (ii) and if remote sensing in the form of aerial images could be used to assess the in‐season plant N status of perennial ryegrass. Research was conducted at four sites in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Analysis found a critical whole‐plant N concentration value of 28.0 g kg−1 and a critical N uptake value of 157.9 kg N ha−1 A significant and strong linear plateau relationship was found between relative near infrared (NIR) and both whole‐plant N concentration (r2 = 0.46) across site‐years. Additionally, a significant and strong linear plateau relationship was found between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and N uptake (r2 = 0.61) across site‐years. Critical values obtained from these linear plateau relationships were similar to those found through tissue testing, indicating that relative NIR or NDVI may be used as an indirect measurement of whole‐plant N concentration or N uptake in perennial ryegrass grown for seed.
Evaluation of Canopy Reflectance Technology Using a Delta Yield Approach
Authors: Pfeffer Adam , Stewart Greg , Janovicek Ken , Deen William
Published: September 2010

Canopy reflectance measurements have been proposed as a method to variably apply N to corn (Zea mays L.). This study was conducted to determine if normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is correlated with corn N response spatially across a field. Whereas most studies use fertilizer N strips to impose N response variation, the current study assesses ability of NDVI to predict N response against naturally occurring soil N levels. The experiment was conducted on commercial corn fields in southern Ontario, Canada in 2006 and 2007. A GreenSeeker System (NTech Industries, Inc., Ukiah, CA) was used to measure NDVI at the 6 to 7, 8, 10, and 11 to 12 leaf stages on 9 by 4.5 m subplots of two treatments receiving 0 and 30 kg N ha−1 starter, respectively. Delta yield estimates that spatially corresponded with NDVI subplot measurements were determined by bordering each subplot plot with a nonlimiting N rate subplot and a zero N rate subplot and measuring differences in yield. Corn response to N fertilizer, as measured by delta yield, was highly variable spatially across each field in both years. Delta yield values ranged between 100 and 7200 kg grain ha−1 in 2006, and −2300 and 5000 kg grain ha−1 in 2007. Similarly NDVI varied spatially with coefficient of variations ranging from 6 to 16% depending on leaf stage and year. Correlations between NDVI measurements and delta yield were not significant at any leaf stage. The relationship between N response and NDVI may be determined by factors other than N or by N mineralization occurring beyond the 11 to 12 leaf stage.
Quantifying Sand Particle Shape Complexity using a Dynamic, Digital Imaging Technique
Authors: Miller N. A. , Henderson J. J.
Published: September 2010

Sands used to construct athletic fields and golf course putting greens are characterized in laboratory tests to evaluate their suitability before construction. Many of these tests provide quantitative measurements of soil physical properties; however current evaluation procedures for particle shape rely on subjective visual assessments. The objective was to quantify differences in the particle shape complexity of sands using a dynamic, digital image analyzer, the Camsizer, and correlate those values to current quantitative and qualitative methods of particle shape analysis. The Camsizer uses two cameras to capture images of randomly falling particles at a rate of 60 frames s−1 These images are analyzed and shape parameters such as sphericity and aspect ratio are calculated. Five monosize sands of varying shape were evaluated, as well as a rounded and angular control. The dynamic method showed significant differences between sphericity and aspect ratio values of all sands, indicating these parameters can be used to quantitatively assess particle shape complexity. The values obtained with the Camsizer and with a well accepted static, quantitative technique that uses light microscopy were correlated for both aspect ratio (r = 0.935) and sphericity (r = 0.982). The Camsizer values also exhibited a positive relationship with the qualitative shape parameters, sphericity, and angularity. The coefficient of variation values for the aspect ratio and sphericity data, as determined by the dynamic method, were significantly lower than the static method or the qualitative analysis. These results indicate that this digital imaging analysis tool provides an accurate, objective means of quantifying particle shape complexity.
Sugarbeet Response to Broadcast and Starter Phosphorus Applications in the Red River Valley of Minnesota
Authors: Sims Albert L.
Published: September 2010

Field trials were conducted over eight site‐years in the Red River Valley of Minnesota to test sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) response to broadcast and starter P fertilizer. Experimental sites were selected based on low soil test P (≤7 mg P kg−1 Olsen P) and soil textures ranging from sandy loam to silty clay. Incremental P fertilizer rates from 0 up to 102 kg P2O5 ha−1 were broadcast and incorporated before planting sugarbeet with or without 14 kg P2O5 ha−1 liquid starter (14‐L) applied directly to the seed. Eighteen and 22 kg P2O5 ha−1 as liquid starter (18‐L and 22‐L) and two rates of dry starter (14‐D and 18‐D) with 0 broadcast P were also applied directly to the sugarbeet seed at planting. High rates of starter tended to reduce sugarbeet seedling emergence up to 22%, but the effects of 14‐L were minimal. There were no significant effects of the treatments on sugarbeet root quality, which ranged from 132 to 180 kg recoverable sucrose Mg−1 over the eight site‐years. Root yield and recoverable sucrose ha−1 obtained with 14‐L starter alone matched or exceeded that obtained with any other treatment. Over eight site‐years, 14‐L starter alone produced 45 to 65 Mg ha−1 root yield and 6 to 11 Mg ha−1 recoverable sucrose, which was not increased with additional P as either broadcast or starter fertilizer. The enhanced productivity with 14‐L starter was evident soon after seedling emergence and was measurable 40 d after planting.
Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization and Persistence of Organic Residues under Conservation and Conventional Tillage
Authors: Mulvaney M. J. , Wood C. W. , Balkcom K. S. , Shannon D. A. , Kemble J. M.
Published: September 2010

A combination of high biomass cover crops with organic mulches may be an option for no‐till vegetable production, but information on mineralization rates from these residues is lacking. The objective of this study was to assess nutrient release rates and persistence from mimosa (Albizia julibrissin Durazz.), lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don], oat (Avena sativa L.) straw, and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] residues under conventional and conservation tillage. The experiment was conducted in Tallassee, AL using litterbag methodology in a split‐plot design (main plots: two tillage systems; subplots: four residue types). Comparison of rate constants showed that labile portions of residues was more affected by tillage than recalcitrant portions. In spring, mimosa residue contained 78 kg N ha−1 when buried the previous fall, compared to 123 kg N ha−1 when surface placed; soybean residue showed similar results (39 vs. 72 kg N ha−1, respectively). Results were similar for lespedeza (72 vs. 101 kg N ha−1, respectively), but not for oat straw (24 vs. 26 kg N ha−1, respectively). After 1 yr, surface placed mimosa residue mineralized 33% of initial N compared to 71% when buried, while surface placed lespedeza mineralized 36% of initial N compared to 64% when buried. Soybean residue mineralized N quickly regardless of placement (73 vs. 87%, respectively). This study demonstrates that cut‐and‐carry mulches may be used under conservation tillage for the enhancement of soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil N status.
Experiences and Early Coping of Bereaved Spouses/Partners in an Intervention Based on the Dual Process Model (DPM)
Authors: Lund Dale , Caserta Michael , Utz Rebecca , de Vries Brian
Published: September 2010

This study was designed to test the effectiveness of the Dual Process Model (DPM) of coping with bereavement. The sample consisted of 298 recently widowed women (61%) and men age 50+ who participated in 14 weekly intervention sessions and also completed before (O1) and after (O2) self-administered questionnaires. While the study also includes two additional follow-up assessments (O3 and O4) that cover up to 14–16 months bereaved, this article examines only O1 and O2 assessments. Based on random assignment, 128 persons attended traditional grief groups that focused on loss-orientation (LO) in the model and 170 persons participated in groups receiving both the LO and restoration-orientation (RO) coping (learning daily life skills). As expected, participants in DPM groups showed slightly higher use of RO coping initially, but compared with LO group participants they improved at similar levels and reported similar high degrees of satisfaction with their participation (i.e., having their needs met and 98–100% indicating they were glad they participated. Even though DPM participants had six fewer LO sessions, they showed similar levels of LO improvement. Qualitative data indicate that the RO component of the DPM might be more effective if it is tailored and delivered individually.
Loss and Restoration in Later Life: An Examination of Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement
Authors: Bennett Kate M. , Gibbons Kerry , MacKenzie-Smith Suzanna
Published: September 2010

The Dual Process Model (DPM) of Coping with Bereavement identified two oscillating coping processes, loss and restoration (Stroebe & Schut, 1999). The utility of the model is investigated in two studies. In the first, we carried out secondary analyses on a large-scale qualitative study that we had conducted previously. In the second, we conducted a small-scale study specifically examining the DPM. In the first study we re-examined the interviews for Loss- (LO) and Restoration-Oriented (RO) Coping and examined whether these were associated with psychological adjustment. The results showed that those adjusting well reported the stressors New Roles/Identities/Relationships and Intrusion of Grief significantly more. Those adjusting less well reported the stressors Denial/Avoidance of Restoration Changes and Distraction/Avoidance of Grief significantly more. In the second study, we asked participants about four RO stressors of the DPM: Attending to Life Changes; New Roles/Identities/Relationships; Distraction from Grief; and New Activities. These data showed that not all participants experienced all aspects of RO Coping. In particular, participants had diverse views about the utility of Distraction from Grief as a coping mechanism. The article concludes by discussing the challenges of testing the DPM empirically.
Activation Mode Effects on the Shear Bond Strength of Dual-cured Resin Cements
Authors: Faria-e-Silva A. L. , Fabião M. M. , Arias V. G. , Martins L. R. M.
Published: September 2010

Clinical Relevance

The light activation of dual-cured resin cements is essential for improved shear bond strength. Bond strength is low in the first minutes following insertion of a resin cement and increases over time. Under clinical conditions, care should be taken to limit occlusal stress immediately after luting an indirect restoration.
Talaromyces flavus and its metabolites
Authors: Proksa Bohumil
Published: September 2010

This manuscript presents an overview of the research performed on Talaromyces flavus, a microorganism remarkable for its secondary metabolites with unique biological activities, enzymes applicable in the synthesis of saccharides, preparation of chiral building blocks or biotransformations, and for its application in pest biocontrol.
Sound, Noise and Speech at the 9000-Seat Holy Trinity Church in Fatima, Portugal
Authors: Carvalho António , Silva Pedro
Published: September 2010

This paper presents the interior acoustical characterization of the 9,000-seat church of the Holy Trinity in the Sanctuary of Fátima, Portugal, inaugurated in 2007. In situ measurements were held regarding interior sound pressure levels (with and without the HVAC equipment working), NC curves, RASTI (with and without the installed sound system) and reverberation time. The results are presented and commented according to the design values. A comparison is made with other churches in the world, also with a very large volume (for instance the Basilica Mariacka in Gdańsk). The measured data are also used to calculate a global index of this church acoustic quality using Engel's and Kosała's Index Method.
Earplug Actuator Selection for a Miniature Personal Active Hearing Protection System
Authors: Pawełczyk Marek , Latos Mariusz
Published: September 2010

There are many industrial environments which are exposed to a high-level noise. It is necessary to protect people from the noise. Most of the time, the consumer requires a miniature version of a noise canceller to satisfy the internal working place requirements. Very important thing is to select the most appropriate personal hearing protection device, for example an earplug. It should guarantee high passive noise attenuation and allow for secondary sound generation in case of active control. In many cases the noise is nonstationary. For instance, some of the noisy devices are switched on and off, speed of some rotors or fans changes, etc. To avoid any severe transient acoustic effects due to potential convergence problems of adaptive systems, a fixed-parameter approach to control is appreciated. If the noise were stationary, it would be possible to design an optimal control filter minimising variance of the signal being the effect of the acoustic noise and the secondary sound interference. Because of noise nonstationarity for most applications, the idea of generalised disturbance defined by a frequency window of different types has been developed by the authors and announced in previous publications. The aim of this paper is to apply such an approach to different earplugs and verify its noise reduction properties. Simulation experiments are conducted based on real world measurements performed using the G. R. A. S. artificial head equipped with an artificial mechanical ear, and the noise recorded in a power plant.
Monitoring the Reaction and Response of People to Urban Noise
Authors: Popescu Diana , Moholea Iuliana
Published: September 2010

An important aspect in assessing noise in urban agglomerations is the subjective one, which takes into account the sensitivity and specific reactions of residents to the noise in their living environment. This paper presents results of a sociological study initiated to determine the population awareness, regarding the urban acoustic environment and estimation of effects and disturbance. The survey was conducted in a Romanian city, to complement the information provided by the strategic noise map of the area. This approach allows the estimation of specific local patterns of reaction and response to urban noise of the exposed population and provides the information, needed to develop action plans and to set proper solutions for urban area planning.
Planning and Evaluating Change at Scale
Authors: McKenna Michael C. , Walpole Sharon
Published: September 2010

The evaluation of Reading First, the U.S. Department of Education’s multibillion-dollar K–3 initiative, although flawed, nevertheless offers instructive guidance for gauging the impact of future initiatives. After providing an overview of the program, its evaluation, and the historical context of federal initiatives, the authors outline limitations in applying scientific principles at scale. They argue for more nuanced approaches, including meta-analyses across projects, the use of improved statistical approaches, and the incorporation of formative designs. They conclude with four recommendations for evaluating future initiatives. Such evaluations should (a) account for fidelity systematically, (b) include outcome measures that gauge school climate and administrative support, (c) include multiple designs and aggregate the results, and (d) account for the length of implementation.
Was John Dewey Ethnocentric?
Authors: Fallace Thomas D.
Published: September 2010

In this historical study, the author explores the early racial and cultural views of John Dewey. The author argues that, during his years at the University of Chicago, when he wrote the majority of his works on education, Dewey considered American non-White minorities to be biologically equal to Whites but socially deficient. In particular, Dewey subscribed to two 19th-century conceptual frameworks that almost inevitably led him to such a conclusion: linear historicism and genetic psychology, which both relegated non-Western societies to the status of prior steps toward the developed status represented by the industrialized West. However, working within these broad ethnocentric conceptual frameworks, Dewey forged important new positions on the social-scientific issues of latent biological potentials and the doctrine of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (i.e., neo-Lamarckianism).
Mobilizing Culture, Language, and Educational Practices
Authors: Moll Luis C.
Published: September 2010

In commemorating the landmark Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision, this lecture also honors the Mendez v. Westminster case of 1946, a successful challenge to the segregated schooling of Mexican and Mexican American students in California. The author summarizes the Mendez case, its relation to Brown, and its sociocultural aspects, including educational conditions at the time, the collective and intercultural agency of the participants, and the process by which the Méndez family successfully brought the case to fruition. With this case as backdrop, the author then addresses contemporary educational issues and presents educational innovations that, much like Brown and Mendez, seek to mobilize the social, cultural, and linguistic processes of diverse communities as the most important resources for producing positive educational change.
Reflection Cracking–Based Asphalt Overlay Thickness Design and Analysis Tool
Authors: Hu Sheng , Zhou Fujie , Scullion Tom
Published: September 2010

An asphalt overlay is one of the primary options for rehabilitating existing asphalt and concrete pavements. Reflection cracking, however, has been a serious concern associated with asphalt overlays for a long time. Currently, reflection cracking is not considered in most existing asphalt overlay thickness design programs, including the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide developed under the NCHRP Project 1-37A. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a reflection cracking–based asphalt overlay thickness design and analysis tool for routine use. Three reflection cracking mechanisms (bending, shearing, and thermal stress) and mechanistic modeling are discussed according to fracture mechanics concepts. A mechanistic–empirical reflection cracking model is first proposed and then developed into an asphalt overlay thickness design and analysis framework. This framework is further implemented into a Windows-based design program, making it more convenient for pavement engineers to optimize asphalt overlay thickness design on the basis of (a) traffic, (b) climate conditions, (c) existing pavement structure and conditions (e.g., load transfer efficiency at joints), and (d) asphalt overlay alternatives (e.g., single or multilayer overlays, binder type, and mix type selection). A sensitivity analysis is also performed, and five key performance factors are identified: (a) traffic loading level, (b) climate, (c) asphalt overlay thickness, (d) overlay mix type, and (e) load transfer efficiency at joints or cracks. These five factors must be considered when designing an asphalt overlay.
Impact of Wide-Base Single Tires on Pavement Damage
Authors: Greene James , Toros Ulas , Kim Sungho , Byron Tom , Choubane Bouzid
Published: September 2010

Dual tires have traditionally been used to limit pavement damage by efficiently distributing axle loads over a larger contact area than single tires. However, in recent years, the trucking industry, stating economic and safety benefits, has promoted the use of wide-base single tires. The Super Single tire, an early type of wide-base tire, proved inadequate and induced excessive pavement damage. By contrast, the new generation wide-base tires have contact areas that approach those of dual tires and offer the potential for improved performance. The Florida Department of Transportation investigated the pavement damage potential of four tire types, including a conventional dual tire (11R22.5), a Super Single (425/65R22.5), and two newly designed wide-base single tires (445/50R22.5 and 455/55R22.5 respectively). A controlled accelerated pavement testing program, in addition to theoretical modeling, was performed to determine critical pavement response parameters. Pavement damage was measured in terms of rutting and fatigue cracking (bottom-up or top-down), the predominant distresses in Florida. The investigation revealed that the 455-mm wide-base tire performed as well as the dual tire. By comparison, the 445-mm wide-base tire was shown to create more rut damage on a dense-graded pavement surface and was predicted to create more bottom-up cracking than a dual tire. As expected, the Super Single induced the most damage to the pavement.
Measuring Friction of Patterned and Textured Pavements
Authors: Holzschuher Charles , Choubane Bouzid , Lee Hyung Suk , Jackson N. Mike
Published: September 2010

The Florida Department of Transportation initiated a field study to compare the suitability of two friction-testing devices for measuring the friction characteristics of patterned and textured crosswalks: (a) a site-specific dynamic friction tester (DFT) and (b) a semicontinuous locked wheel tester. The locked wheel testing was performed with both ribbed and smooth tires at 20, 30, and 40 mph (30, 50 and 65 km/h), respectively. Ten test sections were randomly selected to include the different types of patterned and textured processes currently approved for use in Florida. The results of this study indicated that the smooth tire measurements were, generally, in good agreement with the DFT, regardless of test speed. The correlation between the DFT and the ribbed tire test improved with the increasing speed of the locked wheel testing. In addition, for a given test method, harmonization of different test speeds was also performed to allow for the speed conversion of the friction coefficients. The flexibility provided by these harmonization efforts is of great practical use in evaluating the frictional characteristics of patterned and textured crosswalks, especially when dealing with constraints such as speed limits. The testing program, the data collection effort, and the subsequent analyses and findings are described, as well as the lessons learned from Florida's experience with patterned and textured pavements.
Experimental Short-Wavelength Surface Textures in Portland Cement Concrete Pavements
Authors: Byrum Christopher R. , Raymond Chris , Swanlund Mark , Kazmierowski Thomas
Published: September 2010

A cooperative research effort was undertaken by FHWA and Canada's Ministry of Transportation for Ontario (MTO) regarding experimental texturing of fresh portland cement concrete pavement. The goal of the research was to develop techniques that can fabricate surface textures having most of the aggressive texture size wavelength content within the 2- to 8-mm (80- to 300-mil) wavelength range, with mean texture depth size at approximately 1 mm (40 mil). This wavelength range is relatively short, and it is difficult to fabricate ultraflat textures with elevation variation only in this wavelength range. The research was initiated by FHWA, and an experimental texture test site was constructed in Ontario, Canada, under the guidance of the MTO. Five texture test sections were constructed and evaluated at the Ontario test site. The short wavelength transverse textures averaging approximately 8-mm (315-mil) spacing are quieter and appear to offer equal or better skid resistance than conventional deeper transverse tining having 16-mm (630-mil) groove spacing.
Models of Mode Choice and Mobility Tool Ownership beyond 2008 Fuel Prices
Authors: Weis Claude , Axhausen Kay W. , Schlich Robert , Zbinden René
Published: September 2010

A recent project addressed how travelers would react to fuel prices rising above the high levels that were reached in mid 2008. Study participants were recruited during phone interviews, in the course of which trips made on a specified day were recorded. On the basis of one of those trips and the respondents’ possession of mobility tools, stated preference (SP) experiments were constructed. The first part consisted of a mode choice situation under modified price (and travel time) settings (tactical decisions). The second part focused on long-term (strategic) choices between the current and an alternative fleet, including a redistribution of yearly mileage. From the SP data, multinomial logit models for mode and fleet choice were estimated. The mode choice models were estimated by using income- and distance-dependent nonlinear utility functions and separately for the various trip purposes (as was the practice in earlier Swiss studies on similar topics) and controlled for all relevant trip characteristics. The models for mobility tool ownership, which were formulated by using a new approach, aimed to yield trade-offs between the various attributes of the offered fleets and to forecast the distribution of annual transit passes under modified settings. The findings suggest that inertia is present in both mode choice and mobility tool ownership. Elasticities do not change much from previous studies, where more-conservative price increases were assumed. Transit pass ownership is expected to grow only when increasing fuel prices coincide with stable public transport fares.
Venous thromboembolism: deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in a neurosurgical population
Authors: Khaldi Ahmad , Helo Naseem , Schneck Michael J. , Origitano Thomas C.
Published: September 2010

Object

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), a combination of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a major cause of morbidity and death in neurosurgical patients. This study evaluates 1) the risk of developing lower-extremity DVT following a neurosurgical procedure; 2) the timing of initiation of pharmacological DVT prophylaxis upon the occurrence of VTE; and 3) the relationship between DVT and PE as related to VTE prophylaxis in neurosurgical patients.

Methods

The records of all neurosurgical patients between January 2006 and December 2008 (2638 total) were reviewed for clinical documentation of VTE. As part of a quality improvement initiative, a subgroup of 1638 patients was studied during the implementation of pharmacological prophylaxis. A high-risk group of 555 neurosurgical patients in the intensive care unit underwent surveillance venous lower-extremity duplex ultrasonography studies twice weekly. All patients throughout the review received mechanical DVT prophylaxis. Pharmacological DVT prophylaxis, consisting of 5000 U of subcutaneous heparin twice daily (initially started within 48 hours of a neurosurgical procedure and subsequently within 24 hours of a procedure) was implemented in combination with mechanical prophylaxis. The DVT and PE rates were calculated for each group.

Results

In the surveillance group (555 patients), 84% of the DVTs occurred within 1 week and 92% within 2 weeks of a neurosurgical procedure. There was a linear correlation between the duration of surgery and DVT development. The use of subcutaneous heparin reduced the rate of DVT from 16% to 9% when medication was given at either 24 or 48 hours postoperatively, without any increase in hemorrhagic complications. In the overall group (2638 patients), there were 94 patients who exhibited clinical signs of a possible PE and therefore underwent spiral CT; 22 of these patients (0.8%) had radiological confirmation of PE. There was no correlation between the use of pharmacological prophylaxis at either time point and the occurrence of PE, despite a 43% reduction in the lower-extremity DVT rate with pharmacological intervention.

Conclusions

The majority of DVTs occurred within the first week after a neurosurgical procedure. There was a linear correlation between the duration of surgery and DVT occurrence. Use of early subcutaneous heparin (at either 24 or 48 hours) was associated with a 43% reduction of developing a lower-extremity DVT, without an increase in surgical site hemorrhage. There was no association of pharmacological prophylaxis with overall PE occurrence.
Present Status of Pre-emptive Analgesic and Its Effects on Postoperative Pain Control
Authors: Alam Shoheli , Waliullah Abu Saleh Md , Samsuddin AKM
Published: September 2010

Pre-emptive analgesic is regularly practiced as a part of well defined protocol in most of the tertiary hospitals in developed countries. In our country most of the hospitals do not practice this. But few centers practice it irregularly without following any defined protocol. Keeping this in mind the present study was carried out to find the current practice of pre-emptive analgesic and its effects on postoperative pain control.It was a cross-sectional study for 2 years. Sample size was 90; with a mean age of 8.7 years. Patients were selected from the department of paediatric surgery of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka and Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. Observation were made on pre-emptive analgesic practice regarding the agents used for analgesia, route of administration and time of administration in relation to surgery. Postoperative pain was measured on the first postoperative day by Visual Analogue Scale and was graded.Only 17 (18.9%) patients received pre-emptive analgesic. Among them 12 patients received local infiltration and 5 patients received caudal block. Mean value of pain score who received pre-emptive analgesic was 49.7mm on the first postoperative day and which was "moderate" grade of pain. Mean value of pain score who did not receive pre-emptive analgesic was 67.0mm on the first postoperative day and which was "moderate" grade of pain.Postoperative pain control was relatively better in those patients who received preemptive analgesic. But further study should be carried out with large number of patients in different centers by using different drugs to develop a protocol for effective postoperative analgesia. Key words: Present; pre-emptive analgesic; postoperative pain control. DOI: 10.3329/bjch.v32i1.6006 Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 2008; Vol.32(1): 6-9
Comparative Efficacy of Nebulized L-adrenaline versus Salbutamol in Infants with Acute Bronchiolitis
Authors: Morshed AKM Amirul , Amin M Ruhul
Published: September 2010

Background: Bronchiolitis is one of the most prevalent diseases of infancy for which large number of infants need hospitalization, particularly during winter period. RSV (Respiratory syncitial virus) is the principal causative pathogenic organism. Reliving symptoms are the main aim of management though none of the treatment modalities is specific. Bronchodilators like salbutamol, adrenaline, anti-cholinergic drugs, ipratropium bromide and saline nebulization have been used with varying results.Methods: This prospective study included 52 infants (2-12 months, male:female ratio 2:1) with bronchiolitis (with 1st episode of wheeze, previously healthy baby, physical findings with cough, running nose, fever, coryza and inflation of lungs) to understand comparative efficacy of nebulized salbutamol with adrenaline in bronchiolitis. The cases were randomized into nebulized salbutamol group (n=25) and nebulized adrenaline group (n=27). After randomization three nebulization were given at the interval of 20 minutes. Outcome of therapy was evaluated by respiratory rate, MRDAI (Modified Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument) score and O2 saturation before and after therapy.Results: Study cases in both the groups presented with cough (100%), respiratory distress (100%), feeding difficulty (90.3%), running nose (98%) and wheeze (100%). Majority of the cases live in urban area and mostly from non-smoker family. In salbutamol group respiratory rate, MRDAI score and O2 saturation (before nebulization RR-67.5±6.1, MRDAI score-14.6±1.3, SaO2 93.9±1.6 and after nebulization RR- 52.5±4.9, MRDAI score-6.4±1.7, SaO2-97.1±1.5) significantly improved after 3 nebulizations. In adrenaline group respiratory rate, MRDAI score and O2 saturation (before nebulization RR-64.9±5.9, MRDAI score-15.0±0.8, SaO2-94.1±1.4 and after nebulization RR-50.0±2.9, MRDAI score-7.7±1.0, SaO2-97.9±1.5) also significantly improved after 3 nebulizations. Improvement was more significant in adrenaline group. Heart rate in both groups were increased (salbutmol group-151.8±10.6 and in adrenaline group-160.2±10.1) but more in adrenaline group. When comparative efficacy evaluated, it was observed that nebulized adrenaline therapy was significantly superior to nebulized salbutamol therapy in reliving symptoms (p=.004).Conclusion: The study concluded that both nebulized salbutamol and l-adrenaline are effective and nebulized l- adrenaline is significantly superior to nebulized salbutamol in infant with bronchiolitis in reliving symptom. Key words: Nebulized l-adrenaline; nebulized salbutamol; acute bronchiolitis. DOI: 10.3329/bjch.v32i1.6007 Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 2008; Vol.32(1): 10-16
Apport des observations comportementales (NIDCAP) dans le travail des interactions entre un bébé « déprimé » et l'environnement néonatal
Authors: Hansen Valérie
Published: September 2010

Résumé Le comportement du nouveau-né hospitalisé reflète ses états de santé physique et psychique sous-jacents. Les signes de stress et de bien-être des bébés malades ou prématurés étant difficiles à percevoir, il est utile de les observer avec les grilles d’évaluation comportementale NIDCAP. Les soins adaptés à chaque bébé en particulier lui donnent une place d’acteur dans son développement. Les parents et les soignants deviennent des corégulateurs de son évolution. L’article illustre les observations de comportement effectuées auprès d’un bébé « déprimé ». Le travail autour des observations combiné au processus autoréflectif (tel qu’il se pratique dans l’observation Esther Bick) ont permis d’installer plus de cohérence dans les soins, incluant l’aspect relationnel pour aider ce bébé à reprendre son développement.
Le Seigneur des Anneaux ou comment survivre au désespoir et à la peur : une lecture par la théorie de l'attachement
Authors: Guédeney Nicole
Published: September 2010

Résumé Cet article présente une lecture psychologique des personnages du Seigneur des Anneaux (SDA) de Tolkien, à la lumière de la théorie de l’attachement. Depuis sa parution, le SDA a fait l’objet de nombreux travaux, d’abord en pays anglo-saxons puis maintenant en français. Ces réflexions approfondissent particulièrement les dimensions littéraire, linguistique, mythologique ou religieuse du SDA. Très peu, cependant, cherchent à analyser la psychologie « humaine » des personnages du roman. Pourtant Le Seigneur des Anneaux comporte bien un double niveau : celui de l’épopée et celui de l’intime. Le paradigme de l’alarme et de la peur domine le SDA. Ce travail les met en lien avec la biographie de Tolkien, la vision sécure du monde, et propose l’idée que le SDA soit une œuvre de consolation à propos de la perte et du chagrin.