bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations of diet and supplement use with birth size in HIVinfected pregnant women
Authors: Jacobson Denise L. , Hendricks Kristy , Neri Daniela , Sommariba Gabriel , Siminski Suzanne , Butler Laurie , Ludwig David , Rich Kenneth , Gillman Matthew , Allison Kim J , Cooper Norma , Graham Patricia , Miller Tracie L
Published: June 2021

Our objective was to examine associations of diet and supplement (supps) use in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy with birth size in 265 HIV‐infected (HIV+) women in PHACS. We administered three 24‐hour multiple pass dietary recalls over 2 weeks. We fit linear regression models to evaluate associations of each nutrient with Z‐scores for birth weight (BWZ) and length (BLZ), adjusted for maternal birth outside US, BMI, and kcal/day. Mean age was 28y; 68% were black, 76% were US‐born, 54% had income < $10,000/yr, mean BMI was 27. Median [IQR] intakes were 2,030 [1551, 2523] kcal/day, 78 [62, 95] g protein, 14 [10, 18] g fiber, 32% [28, 37] calories from fat, and 94% used supps. Many women consumed less than the dietary reference intake (DRI) in pregnancy (diet + supps) for protein (40%), fiber (95%), calcium (41%), vitamin D (57%), folate (13%), iron (14%), N‐3 fatty acids (40%) and other nutrients. Mean BWZ was lower for women with intakes <DRI for calcium (−0.23 [95% confidence interval: −0.47, 0.02]), iron (−0.37 [−0.69, −0.06]), folate (−0.31 [−0.63, 0.01]) and vitamin B6 (−0.35 [−0.74, 0.05]); and mean BLZ was lower for intakes <DRI for calcium (−0.26 [−0.53, 0.01]) and folate (−0.29 [−0.64, 0.06]). Low maternal nutrient intake may impact birth size, but these associations may be confounded by other factors and thus require more investigation. Supported by NICHD.
Longitudinal association between changes in physical activity and blood pressure in China
Authors: Zhang Bing , Wang Huijun , Zhai Fengying , Du Shufa
Published: June 2021

Research on dynamic shifts in physical activity and Blood pressure (BP) prevalence are lacking as most research examines the linkage of physical activity (PA) level in reducing BP. Our objective was to examine the longitudinal association in the cohort China Health and Nutrition Survey for those enrolled in 1993(excluding future enrollees) We used data on 1,679 women and 1,532 men aged 18 and above who were enrolled with normal BP in 1993 and had reexamined at least once and did not use anti‐hypertension medications in the follow‐up years of 1997–2009. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess the association, stratified by sex. Adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and PA at baseline, women whose PA levels reduced >;= 25 METs/week had significant higher systolic BP (2.9 mmHg, p=0.01) and diastolic BP (1.9 mmHg, p=0.02), compared to those who maintained their PA levels (+/−10METs/week). Among men, systolic BP increased by 2.5 mmHg (p=0.03) and diastolic BP by 1.4 mmHg (p=0.05). The associations were not significant among men and women whose PA levels decreased < 25 METs/week. In conclusion, large reductions in PA significantly increase systolic and diastolic BP in Chinese adult men and women.
Association of maternal fruit and vegetable intake and blood cadmium concentration with neurobehavioral development of infant at 6 months: Mothers and Children′s Environmental Health (MOCEH)
Authors: Kim Hyesook , Jang Won , Ha Eun‐Hee , Park Hyesook , Ha Mina , Kim Yangho , Hong Yun‐Chul , Chang Namsoo
Published: June 2021

Exposure to cadmium during pregnancy is known to increase oxidative stress, which may influence pregnancy outcomes and health of the child. This study investigated whether fruit and vegetable intake modifies the relationship between maternal blood cadmium concentration with neurobehavioral development of infant at 6 months. Blood cadmium concentrations in whole blood samples were analyzed from 860 pregnant women at mid pregnancy registered in the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH), a multi‐center prospective cohort study in South Korea, using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The dietary antioxidant intake during pregnancy was estimated using the 24‐h recall method, and infant mental development (MDI) and psychomotor development (PDI) were assessed by Bayley Scales‐¥2 at follow‐up. Multiple regression analysis after adjustment for covariates revealed that the blood cadmium level was negatively associated with the MDI (P=0.0092) and PDI (P=0.0033) of infant; these negative associations existed only when fruit and vegetable intake during pregnancy was below the median (537.2 g per day). These results suggest that an adequate maternal intake of fruit and vegetables is beneficial to the defense against the delays in neurobehavioral development associated with exposure to cadmium during pregnancy.
Dietary fat intake and colorectal adenoma in Korean adults
Authors: Kim Youngha , Cho Chang Ho , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Kim Sung Hi , Lee Jung Eun
Published: June 2021

Dietary fat intake has been suggested to be related to risk of colorectal neoplasia. We examined the association between intakes of dietary total, animal and vegetable fats and the prevalence of colorectal adenoma in Korean adults. Study participants were Korean men and women aged 39–73 who underwent colonoscopy at the health examination center at Daegu Catholic University Medical Center in 2006–2012. A total of 933 participants (334 men and 599 women) were included. Participants with adenomatous polyps were included as case group (n = 281), and those without polyps were included as control group (n = 652). We analyzed the associations of intakes of dietary total, animal, and vegetable fats in relation to the prevalence of colorectal adenoma. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the multivariate logistic regression model. We observed no associations between intakes of dietary total, animal, and vegetable fats and the prevalence of colorectal adenoma. Comparing the highest quintile with the lowest quintile, multivariate ORs (95% CIs) were 0.73 (0.73–1.17; p for trend = 0.62) for total fat intake, 1.02 (0.64–1.64; p for trend = 0.70) for animal fat intake, and 0.74 (0.47–1.19; p for trend = 0.38) for vegetable fat intake. In conclusion, our data does not support the hypothesis that total, animal or vegetable fat intakes are associated with colorectal adenoma in Korean adults.
Association of an AHA‐diet quality score with allostatic load and metabolic syndrome in Puerto Rican adults
Authors: Mattei Josiemer , Bhupathiraju Shilpa , Tucker Katherine L
Published: June 2021

A score based on diet and lifestyle guidelines from the American Heart Association (AHA) has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors in Puerto Ricans. We aimed to assess whether the diet components alone were associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and allostatic load (AL) as a composite measure of ten dysregulated physiological parameters. The diet quality score (range: 0–90) included components on intake of dietary fats, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, salt, added sugars, and alcohol, and was tested on 1318 Puerto Ricans (45–75 y/o; 72% female) living in Boston, MA. Mean (SD) diet score was 28.0 (9.9) for males and 30.0 (10.1) for females. Significant inverse associations between diet score and cortisol, waist circumference, and plasma insulin, and positive association with DHEA‐S, were observed in females. In males, the score was inversely associated with norepinephrine and positively with HDL‐C (all p<0.05). In multinomial logistic regression, an increase in 10 units of AHA‐diet score was associated with 22% (95%CI: 1, 39%; p=0.039) lower odds of having ≥ 6 AL components in females, compared to ≤ 2 parameters. In males, lower odds of MetS were observed for a 10‐ unit increase in diet score (0.71 (0.53, 0.96), p=0.027). In conclusion, following a high‐quality diet recommended by the AHA may help maintain cardiometabolic risk factors under control and reduce likelihood of MetS and AL in Puerto Ricans.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH grants P01 AG023394 and P50 HL105185
Consistencies in the quality of meals vs. snacks reflect biomarkers of health risks in US adults
Authors: Shin Dayeon , Song Won O.
Published: June 2021

Health risks are affected by the combination of meals and snacks that differ in compositions and frequencies. We tested the hypothesis that inconsistent qualities of meals vs. snacks are measurable health risks (FBS, insulin, HgA1c, TG, LDLC, TChol; adiposity). Dietary recall data of 2238 men and 2305 women (≥20y) in NHANES 2007–8 were assessed for the quality of meals and snacks separately using HEI‐2005. The HEI scores for snacks(X) and meals(Y) were divided into 2×2 quadrants(Q) by mean HEI scores (51.0 vs. 38.0, resp.): left lower Q (LLQ), right lower Q(RLQ), 3) left upper Q (LUQ) and 4) right upper Q (RUQ). The associations between 4Qs and health risk factors were tested by Chi‐Square and Anova using SAS 9.3. Inconsistent quality of meals and snacks (RLQ and LUQ) accounted 45% of US adults and 47–48% of high income and educated groups. Women, ≥college educated, Hispanics were likely to be in RUQ, which was lower in Kcal, sat fat, sodium and alcohol, and higher in fiber (p<0.05). High quality snacks (RUQ, RLQ) were high in protein, fiber and low alcohol. Lower adiposity were in RUQ; higher TG in LLQ; higher BMI, sodium and alcohol in RLQ. We conclude that 45% of US adults have snacking patterns inconsistent with their usual meal patterns, leading to potential change in health risk factors.

Grant Funding Source: Nestle USA
Timing of infant swallowing within the respiratory cycle during breastfeeding
Authors: Geddes Donna Tracy , Stoddart Rohanna , Sakalidis Vanessa , Hartmann Peter Edwin
Published: June 2021

During feeding, the infant must briefly cease respiration during swallowing. This can occur mid expiration (EE), mid inspiration (II), between inspiration and expiration (EI) or the opposite (IE). When the majority of swallows (60–75%) are followed by expiration this is considered a mature pattern. Since milk flow rates are highly variable during breastfeeding we hypothesized that the frequency of EE and IE swallows would not comprise the majority of swallows. Simultaneous measurements of infant tongue movement, intra‐oral pressure, swallowing and breathing were made for a breastfeed in 10 infants (mean age: 47 days; range 18 – 115). For nutritive sucking (NS) the most frequent phase of respiration for a swallow was EE (median %; interquartile range, 35; 18–53) and EI (33; 11–49) followed by IE (10; 0–21) and II (4; 0–18). There was no difference in frequency for EE and EI however EE occurred more often than IE and I‐I (P<0.01). Less than half of the NS swallows were followed by expiration. Preliminary results suggest a predominance of swallows followed by expiration do not necessarily represent a mature swallowing pattern in breastfed infants and the ability to swallow in response to variable flow rates may contribute to breastfeeding success.

Funding: an unrestricted research grant from Medela AG
High energy intake at lunch time, high intake of sodas, fried vegetables and low intake of dairy foods are associated with obesity in women living in a rural Mexico
Authors: Caamaño Maria del Carmen , Gutierrez Jessica , García Olga Patricia , Ronquillo Dolores , Rosado Jorge L
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of dietary habits and obesity in women living in a rural area in Mexico. Women aged 25–55y (n=546) participated in a cross‐sectional study. Anthropometry and fat percent with DEXA (F%) were measured. Food frequency and SES questionnaires were applied to all participants, and three 24h diet recall to a subsample of 82 women. Overweight and obesity prevalence were 40% and 44%, respectively. Median comparisons showed a higher intake of ready to eat cereals and sodas in obese women. Dairy food intake was correlated with a lower BMI and F% and sodas, sugars and vegetables with higher BMI and F%. Additional analyses showed that 72% of vegetables were fried. Obese women consumed 65% more fat than normal weight women. Energy intake at lunch time was higher in obese women as well as lipids and protein intake at lunch and breakfast. In conclusion, a high intake of sodas, fried vegetables and low intake of dairy foods were associated with obesity. Obese women consumed a higher amount of energy, fat and proteins at lunch time and their breakfasts contain more fat and protein than non‐obese women.
The effect of high protein diet on weight reduction and maintenance in overweight adults
Authors: Kao Hsin Nung , Yang Ji‐Hua , Hsia Chu‐Hsia , Chen Chien‐Yin , Lim Sim‐Yee , Chien* Yi‐wen
Published: June 2021

Obesity is associated with several chronic diseases such as metabolic syndromes, obstructive sleep apnea, cardiovascular diseases, and gout. Dietary control and regular exercise are the cornerstones of therapies. This objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a 4‐week high protein diet with conventional low‐caloric diet on weight loss, changes of body composition, and rebound of body weight after intervention and follow‐up. Forty overweight adults with body mass index greater than 24 kg/m2 were recruited. Those who were taking estrogen therapy, receiving hyperlipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia medication and having abnormal liver, renal and heart problems were excluded. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups, experimental group (high protein diet) and control group (conventional low‐caloric diet). All of the subjects received 1200~1500 kilocalorie per day and a nutrition‐life behavior modification lecture at least an hour per week. The proportion of three major nutrients in the experimental group was 40:30:30, while in the control group was 60:15:30, carbohydrate: protein: fat. The body composition and biochemical index were measured in week 0, 4, and 16, respectively. After a 4‐week intervention, the subjects in high protein group had a weight reduction about 5–8% and a body fat reduction about 4–6% while those in the control group had a weight reduction about 2–4% and a body fat reduction about 1–3%. The blood sugar level, blood lipid concentration, and the insulin resistance were all improved in high protein group. During follow‐up, the subjects in high protein group regained 10–30% of that had been reduced while those in the control group regained more than 60% of that had been reduced. In conclusion, we showed that the high‐protein dietary pattern is helpful in weight maintenance after a weight reduction program is intervened.

Grant Funding Source: Taipei Medical University
Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in individuals with spinal cord injury
Authors: Dopler‐Nelson Mindy , Merlino Emily , Burri BJ
Published: June 2021

There are approximately 316,000 individuals in the United States with tetraplegia and paraplegia of which an estimated 265,000 require ongoing care. It was previously reported that there is impaired carbohydrate metabolism in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Our study analyzed the effect of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose, insulin, and triglycerides in and whether differences exist based on tetraplegia and paraplegia. There were no significant differences in percent of calories from dietary carbohydrate in individuals with tetraplegia and paraplegia compared to able‐bodied controls. Triglycerides and insulin levels were highest in individuals with lesions to the upper thoracic region of the spine and are significantly different from controls.
Impact of Central Obesity on Total and Regional Bone Mineral Density in Adults
Authors: Lee Jane J , Yao Ming , Xu Bugao , Freeland‐Graves Jeanne H
Published: June 2021

Low body fat is an indicator of increased risks for bone fractures, as it is positively related to bone mineral density (BMD). However, the impact of abdominal adiposity on BMD is controversial. This study explored relationships between total and regional BMD and central obesity in 121 Caucasian and Hispanic adults. Subjects were measured for BMD by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry; abdominal adiposity volumes via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and central obesity depth and width by three‐dimensional stereovision body imaging (SBI). BMDs, abdominal fat, and obesity measures did not differ, except for BMI, between Caucasian and Hispanics. Total BMD had significantly positive relationships with total abdominal (r=0.23), subcutaneous (r=0.23), and central obesity depth (r=0.35), and width (r=0.30), as well as the ratio of central obesity depth and width (r=0.33). Regional BMDs (trunk, ribs, pelvis, spine) were positively associated with central obesity parameters measured by SBI and also for MRI total abdominal and subcutaneous fat, except for pelvis BMD. Also, central obesity parameters assessed by SBI displayed higher associations with regional BMDs. These results indicate that central obesity measures obtained by SBI have a higher relationship with BMD than other methods. This technique may provide useful central obesity measurements in field settings. NIH 3R21DK081206–02S1.
Salivary flow rate, dental caries and body fat by DXA, in preschool children
Authors: Rodriguez Patricia Noemi , Iglesias María Verónica , Gamba Carlota Alicia , Passarini Lucas , Lifshitz Fima , Argentieri Angela Beatriz
Published: June 2021

Dental caries and obesity are diseases related to dietary habits. Early childhood caries is a multifactorial disease whereby saliva plays an important role. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between body fat, salivary flow rate, and caries in preschoolers. Sixty three children aged 60.3 ± 12.3 months, attending a day care center, were examined. They were classified by Body Mass Index Z‐scores (WHO, 2007) in adequate (A: 50% of the children), overweight or obese (Ow/Ob: 45%) with Anthro and AnthroPlus software. Body fat % (BF%) was measured by DXA (Lunar DPX‐L, pediatric software). Saliva was collected in sterile graduated wide‐mouth containers, without neither stimulation nor food restrictions, to determine salivary flow rate (SFR).

Results

67% of A and 35% of Ow/Ob children had caries (Fisher's test, OR= 3.778, p= 0.0285). In all preschoolers examined SFR was in normal range values (>; 0.1 ml/min). Pearson's test showed no correlation between SFR and BF% (r= − 0.02285, p= 0.8673).

Conclusions

although the presence of caries was higher in overweight and obese children, no correlation was found between nutritional status and salivary flow rate.

Grant UBACyT CO02.
Inhibition of satiety neuropeptides is related to low expression of pERK and Egr1 in diet‐induced obesity
Authors: Kim Min Soo , Han Sung Nim
Published: June 2021

Leptin stimulates the production of appetite‐inhibiting peptides POMC/CART in hypothalamus. However, reduced expression of POMC/CART despite an elevated leptin level has been reported in diet‐induced obesity (DIO). We investigated the changes in leptin receptor signaling molecules to understand the mechanisms of decreased POMC/CART in DIO.

C57BL mice were fed diets with 10% (Control) or 60% energy from fat (HFD) for 16 weeks. Hypothalamic mRNA levels of neuropeptides CART, POMC, AGRP, and NPY, and signaling molecules Egr1, p35, and SOCS3 were determined. Hypothalamic protein expression of pSTAT3, STAT3, pSHP2, SHP2, pERK1/2 and ERK1/2, and serum leptin and free‐fatty acids were determined.

Consumption of HFD resulted in significantly more weight gain (29.9±0.4g in HFD vs. 14.1±0.7g in control), and higher leptin and free‐fatty acids. Hypothalamus from HFD group expressed significantly lower CART, POMC, AgRP, NPY, Egr1, and p35 mRNA but higher SOCS3 mRNA. pSTAT3 and pERK1/2 protein expressions were lower in the HFD group but there was no difference in pSHP2 expression.

Results from this study showed that leptin receptor signaling pathways via pERK‐Egr1 and pSTAT3‐p35 were reduced in DIO. Lower expression of POMC/CART despite an elevated leptin level in DIO seems to be related to overexpression of SOCS3 and impaired leptin receptor signaling due to lower pERK1/2, Egr1, pSTAT3, and p35 expression. Supported by the grant from National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (KRF‐331–2008‐C00305)
Energy debt for body weight reduction depends on the body fat before reduction in rats
Authors: Okamura Koji , Nakashima Ayumi , Fujii Takako , Xu Minjun , Tanaka Chihiro , Sonou Tomohiro
Published: June 2021

The body fat mass before body weight reduction has been shown to influence the ratio of the decrease in lean body tissues containing about 1050 kcal/kg to adipose tissue containing about 7600 kcal/kg during reduction, suggesting that the energy debt to reduce body weight depends on the fat mass before reduction. Four groups of rats with different levels of body fat were prepared by manipulating their diet and exercise conditions. The body weight change and the total energy expenditure during a 3‐day fast were measured. Other rats of comparable body weights for each group were used to estimate the abdominal fat mass before the fast. The basal body weight and estimated abdominal fat were 308 g (SD 35) and 8.7 g (1.7) for the S group, 472 g (2) and 15.5 g (2.1) for the M group, 528 g (24) and 24.8 g (3.4) for the L group, and 583 g (5) and 48.2 g (4.8) for the XL group. The body weight decrease and the total energy expenditure were 64 g (8) and 143 kcal (13) for S, 83 g (7) and 192 kcal (8) for M, 75 g (6) and 215 kcal (21) for L, and 46 g (5) and 251 kcal (16) for XL. The energy expended for 1 kg of body weight loss calculated from these values were 2229 kcal (135) for S, 2326 kcal (144) for M, 2861 kcal (322) for L, and 5447 kcal (273) for XL. The basal abdominal fat mass and the energy expended for 1 kg of body weight loss were positively correlated (r = 0.96). Therefore, the energy debt for body weight reduction seems to depend on the body fat before reduction in rats.
Role of NPC1L1 (Niemann‐Pick C1‐Like 1) in preventing hepatic steatosis
Authors: Chang Eugene , Kim Lisa , Choi Jung‐Mook , Park Cheol‐Young
Published: June 2021

NPC1L1 (Niemann‐Pick C1‐like 1) protein is known as a multipass membrane protein for cholesterol transport, found in liver and intestine, which involved in intracellular cholesterol synthesis and absorption. NPC1L1 inhibitor, ezetimibe has been used as a cholesterol‐lowering drug for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recently clinical studies also showed beneficial effects of ezetimibe on hepatic steatosis. The purpose of this study is to investigate molecular mechanism(s) by which NPC1L1 has an influence on hepatic steatosis. Ezetimibe (10 mg kg(−1)day(−1)) was administrated by stomach gavage in an animal model of type II diabetes with obesity, OLETF rat. Without changing body weight and food intake, 20 wks ezetimibe decreased significantly liver weight, liver cholesterol and TG amounts and concomitantly improved glycemic control. The cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe altered liver gene expression; an increase of cholesterol influx, up‐regulation of cholesterol efflux and synthesis and no change in inflammation and insulin signaling. Furthermore, ezetimibe treatment significantly increased mRNA expression related to autophagy. In conclusion, ezetimibe might prevent and reverse fat accumulation in the liver as well as its complications such as systemic insulin resistance.
Effect of inhibitors on CLA enhanced lipolysis in coconut oil treated 3T3‐L1 cells
Authors: Ippagunta Siri , Barnes Kimberly M
Published: June 2021

Dietary CLA induced body fat loss is enhanced in coconut oil (CO) pre‐fed mice, in part due to enhanced lipolysis. Our objective was to determine the effect of cell signaling inhibitors on CO+CLA‐induced lipolysis. 3T3‐L1 cells were differentiated, exposed to CO or soy oil (SO) for 10d, serum starved overnight, and pre‐loaded with 3[H]‐oleic acid for 12 hrs. Cells were treated with 50 ìM CLA or linoleic acid (LA) with/without inhibitors for 12–24 hrs. Lipolysis was measured as the 3‐hr release of 3[H]‐oleic acid. Without inhibitors, CO+CLA treatment caused more lipolysis (P<0.01) than all other treatments, which did not differ. None of the inhibitors tested reduced lipolysis in CO+CLA treated cells. Cox‐2 inhibitor increased lipolysis of SO+CLA treated cells (P<0.05) to the level of CO+CLA. PLC inhibitor increased lipolysis in all treatments (P<0.0001) except that of CO+CLA. PPARá inhibitor also increased lipolysis of CO+LA (P<0.05) to the level of CO+CLA treated cells. There was no effect of p42 MAPK or PKA inhibitors on lipolysis. It appears that in CO‐treated cells, CLA may increase lipolysis through inhibition of a PLC mediated signaling pathway.
Hi‐Oleic peanut preload lowers energy intake and energy density of a subsequent meal
Authors: Coates Alison , Barbour Jayne , Buckley Jonathan , Bryan Janet , Howe Peter
Published: June 2021

Background

Consumption of peanuts is associated with lower body weight despite them being an energy dense food.

Objective

To examine whether normal and Hi‐Oleic peanuts compared with potato crisps influence weight (g) and macronutrient profile of food intake.

Experimental Design

In a randomised 3‐arm crossover trial, 24 participants consumed unsalted iso‐energetic normal or Hi‐Oleic (55 vs 75% total fat as oleic acid) peanuts (60–80g) or potato crisps (70–90g), following an overnight fast. After 3hrs a cold buffet meal was freely consumed. The same quantity of each test food was consumed daily for a total of 4 days and weighed food diaries were kept. This protocol was repeated weekly until all test foods were consumed.

Results

Buffet‐compared with chips, participants ate less food (g) after the normal peanuts (−11%, P=0.02), but not Hi‐Oleic peanuts. Energy intake was lower during both peanut phases compared with chips, leading to a lower energy density with Hi‐Oleic peanuts (−9%, P=0.02). Fat consumption was lower following intake of Hi‐Oleic and normal peanuts (−26% and −31%, P<0.005) and carbohydrate was lower after normal peanuts only (−15%, P=0.03). Free living‐over 4 days there were no differences in food intake (g) but fat and carbohydrate intakes were higher during the chip phase.

Conclusion

Peanut consumption may help to reduce energy intake by altering macronutrient preferences.
Quantitative Simulation of Redox/Methylation Metabolism in Neuronal Cells
Authors: Kesir Mustafa , Deth Richard C , Malioutov Mikhail
Published: June 2021

A mathematical model for glutathione (GSH) and folate metabolism in hepatic cells was previously developed (Reed et al. 2008), and was used to explore basic metabolic features and to understand changes occurring in autism and Down syndrome. The model predicted responses of liver cells to changing conditions and gave new insights into glutathione metabolism. However, redox/methylation metabolism can differ between tissues. We developed a similar model of the same metabolic pathways for neuronal cells, taking into account important differences between the two cell types. Folate pathway participation was limited to 5‐ methyltetrahydrofolate status. Low concentrations of cysteine and GSH in neuronal cells, along with limited transsulfuration, make cysteine uptake more critical for redox regulation in neuronal cells. In addition, an important role for selenoproteins has been added to our model. Sensitivity of cysteine uptake to IGF, TNF‐α and morphine treatment adds a new dimension to our model. We hope our model will help in understanding brain‐specific changes in these metabolic pathways which occur in neurological disorders such as autism and Alzheimer's disease.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Healthy, Reproductive Age Women Living in Mongolia
Authors: Davaasambuu Ganmaa , Troisi Rebecca
Published: June 2021

Objective

This study assessed the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) <20 ng/ml) and insufficiency (serum 25OHD 20–30 ng/ml) in healthy women of reproductive age in Mongolia.

Design

Cross‐sectional study

Methods

Blood was drawn between March and April 2009 from 420 healthy Mongolian women, aged 18–44 years. Serum 25OHD levels were measured, anthropometric measurements were performed and information was collected by interview on lifestyle and reproductive factors.

Results

In spring, the mean (SD) serum 25(OH)D concentration was 7.5 (4.0) ng/ml. About 98% of women had serum 25OHD <20 ngl/ml and only 1.2% were in the sufficient category. Education level was inversely associated with circulating serum 25OHD, while reproductive factors, diet, body mass index (BMI) and activity levels were not associated with serum 25OHD levels. Only 5.7% of the women reported consuming vitamin D supplements.

Conclusions

In Mongolia, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the spring in healthy, reproductive age women is very high (98%). Given their limited use of vitamin D supplements, women of childbearing age in Mongolia are at substantial risk of inadequate vitamin D status during the winter and early spring and food fortification and/or supplementation with vitamin D should be seriously considered.
Influences of fiber, methionine and form of selenium on selenium hindgut targeting and tissue accumulation
Authors: Jackson Matthew Irick , Kishnan Padmanaban , Combs Gerald F.
Published: June 2021

Increased selenium (Se) status has beneficial outcomes, including decreased colorectal cancer risk, yet obesity may interfere with Se metabolism. Commensal bacteria can influence colon carcinogenesis and Se influences the microbiome, including production of volatile fatty acids by these microbes. We sought to determine whether a poorly digestible source of Se, high‐Se wheat bran (SeBR), could target Se to the hind gut microbial community. We also tested the hypothesis that dietary methionine (MET) can compete with selenomethionine (SeMET) but not selenite (SEL) during protein synthesis, to affect the accumulation of Se in tissues relevant to obesity. Rats were fed SeBR, SeMET or SeMET + bran, and in a separate experiment rats were fed Se in varying ratios of SeMET:SEL alongside adequate or marginal levels of MET. Results show that SeBR feeding or SeMET + bran increased fecal levels of Se above SeMET feeding alone. We also found an interactive effect of SeMET:SEL ratio × Se level on total liver Se, effects of SeMET:SEL ratio and Se level on total kidney Se and a 3‐way interaction of MET level × SeMET:SEL ratio × Se level on muscle Se. This work demonstrates that Se form and diet composition can affect delivery of Se to the colon, and thus has potential to impact the hindgut microbiome. We also show that tissues important to obesity‐related co‐morbidities respond differentially to dietary Se, MET level and SeMET:SEL ratio.
Physiological requirements (PR) for zinc (Zn) are met with a Zn supplement but not with phytate reduction of maize‐based diets in poor indigenous Guatemalan infants aged 9 mo
Authors: Hambidge K Michael , Mazariegos Manolo , Westcott Jamie E , Kemp Jennifer F , Miller Leland V , Close Kelly , Goco Norman , Lei Sian , Krebs Nancy F
Published: June 2021

Plant‐based, low diversity complementary feeds are inevitably low in Zn. The objective of this study was to evaluate two strategies or a combination of the two to augment the absorption of Zn.

The study was a 2×2 design of low phytate (80% reduction)/control maize and a 5 mg Zn/placebo (given as ZnS047H20) supplement administered separately from meals. The subjects were indigenous Guatemalan infants aged 9 mo. The interventions were commenced at age 6 mo. On the test day, fractional absorption of Zn (FAZ) from meals and from the supplement were measured by a dual isotope tracer ratio method with food and supplement extrinsically labeled with 67Zn & 70Zn, respectively. Zn intake (ZI) was measured in duplicate meals and from the supplement/placebo. Absorbed Zn (AZ) was calculated from ZI × FAZ.

FAZ, ZI, and AZ did not vary between dietary (phytate) intervention groups; therefore, data were combined in the table (mean (SD)). Data for the group randomized to receive the Zn supplement are also included:

Conclusions

1) The lack of any detectable benefit of the low phytate maize has to be interpreted with caution because of the low intake of maize at this age. 2) Zn absorption from complementary foods (breast milk Zn not included) was ≤ 50% of the estimated physiological requirement (PR, 0.84 mg/d, Institute of Medicine). 3) Mean AZ of supplement alone provided a comfortable margin above the estimated PR.

Supported by Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD/NIH #HD040657.
Both zinc deficiency and diet restriction decreased kidney total RNA concentration in rats
Authors: Konomi Aki , Yokoi Katsuhiko
Published: June 2021

Total RNA concentration in liver is known to be decreased by dietary zinc deficiency. In this study, we have examined whethre zinc deficiency and diet restriction affect total RNA concentration and expression of Actb and Gapdh in kidney. Thirty 3‐week‐old male SD rats were assigned into 3 dietary treatment groups of 10 for the four‐week study: Control group (AIN‐93G), Zn‐deficient group (4.5 mg Zn/kg; ZD) and pair‐fed group (AIN‐93G; PF). Kidney was separated into cortex and medulla for RNA isolation. Real‐time PCR analysis was performed. Difference between groups was statistically analyzed by Fisher's PLSD. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Total RNA concentrations in the medulla of ZD and PF were significantly decreased compared with Control. Total RNA concentrations in the cortex of PF was significantly decreased compared with Control. The Gapdh/total RNA ratio in the cortex were increased in PF compared with Control. The Actb/total RNA ratio in the cortex of PF was significantly increased compared with Control, and the Actb/total RNA ratio in the medulla of ZD and PF were significantly increased compared with Control. These results suggest that both zinc deficiency and diet restriction affect total RNA concentration and expression of Gapdh and Actb in kidney. This work was supported by KAKENHI grant‐in‐aid for Research Activity Start‐up (21800073) and Young Scientists (B) (23700928).
Protective effects of alkali‐extracted rice protein on diabetic nephropathy in obese type 2 diabetic rats
Authors: Kubota Masatoshi , Watanabe Reiko , Yamaguchi Miki , Hosojima Michihiro , Saito Akihiko , Fujii Mikio , Fujimura Shinobu , Kadowaki Motoni
Published: June 2021

Diabetic nephropathy is a very serious complication of the patients with diabetes mellitus and is the most common cause of chronic kidney failure and end‐stage kidney disease in Japan as well as in the United States. In advanced chronic kidney diseases including diabetic nephropathy, protein and mineral intakes are restricted for the diet therapy. However, there are only a few reports about an effect of protein quality on diabetic nephropathy, except for soybean protein. Therefore, we focused on effects of alkali‐extracted rice protein (AE‐RP) on diabetic nephropathy. Male obese type 2 diabetic Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats were fed 20% AE‐RP or casein (C) diets for 8 wk. The parameters related to kidney functions in the blood and urine were determined, and the kidney tissue sections at the end of the study were obtained for histological analysis. The plasma urea nitrogen (14.1 vs. 19.7 mg/dL) and urinary albumin excretion (88.5 vs. 170.2 mg/d) were significantly decreased in the AE‐RP group, compared to the C group. In addition, renal glomerular damages were significantly lower in the AE‐RP group. These results suggest that AE‐RP has protective effects on the progression of diabetic nephropathy in obese type 2 diabetic rats. This study was supported by grants to MK from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan.
Prevention of type 2 diabetes in the Nile rat by palm fruit juice
Authors: Bolsinger Julia , Pronczuk Andrzej , Hayes KC
Published: June 2021

Diet‐related metabolic disorders are on the rise globally, and plant‐derived antioxidants may moderate these conditions. Palm fruit juice (PFJ) contains unique polyphenols with biological impact against various chronic diseases (Brit J Nutr 106:1664, 2011), including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome in the Nile rat (NR). To examine these relationships, 84 male Wildtype NR were fed diabetogenic diets, as lab chow (#5020) or semipurified diets (CHO:fat:protein %En=70:10:20 or 40:43:17), in 4 experiments, with PFJ provided as a drink or mixed into the diet up to 1800ppm (GAE equiv). Body wt as well as random and fasting glucose were assessed for up to 6mo along with terminal organ weights, insulin, and plasma lipids to quantify T2DM. PFJ decreased blood glucose in all 4 experiments, and the anti‐diabetogenic effect correlated with polyphenol intake. PFJ was effective both as a drink and mixed into the diet, exerting positive effects on circulating insulin and liver, kidney and pancreas weight, without any observed negative effects. Data suggest mechanisms of preventing hyperglycemia may include reduced intestinal glucose absorption and/or stimulation of insulin secretion by protecting against ROS to preserve mitochondrial function (see related abstracts).

Funding source: Foster Biomed Res Lab and the Malaysian Palm Oil Board
Hepatoprotective effect of garcinol on dimethylnitrosamine‐induced experimental liver fibrosis
Authors: Cheng An‐Chin , Lee Ming‐Fen , Pan Min‐Hsiung , Tsai Chen‐yu , Chen Ming‐Dian
Published: June 2021

Dietary factors play an important role in human health, which are often associated with the development of chronic diseases, including cancer. Garcinol is a polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivative from Garcinia indica and other related species. Many studies have indicated that garcinol is a pleiotropic agent, whose functions might include antioxidant, scavenger of free radicals, and inhibition of inflammation. Previous studies indicated that garcinol can modulate several cell signaling pathways, including apoptosis and cancer development. This study was to investigate the effect of garcinol on liver fibrosis. Sprague‐Dawley rats were intraperitoneally given dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) (10 mg/kg) three days per week for four weeks. Garcinol (10 or 20 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage daily. Liver function, morphology, histochemistry, and fibrotic parameters were examined. Garcinol supplementation alleviated the DMN‐induced damage, including the change of the expression levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase, histopathological status, and multiple fibrotic indexes. These data demonstrated that garcinol exhibited hepatoprotective effects on experimental liver fibrosis, presumably through mediating TGFβ/Smad signaling.

This work was supported by the grants, NSC100–2313‐B‐309–003 to An‐Chin Cheng and NSC101–2320‐B‐309–001 to Ming‐Fen Lee, from National Science Council (Taiwan, ROC).
Yerba‐Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract prevents the liver against ethanol‐induced liver injury in rats.
Authors: Kojima‐Yuasa Akiko , Tamura Akiko , Sasaki Mio , Yamashita Haruka , Saku Taro , Hikima Tadamasa , Tabuchi Masaki , Munakata Hiroshi , Matsui‐Yuasa Isao
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Yerba–Mate is popular tea beverage produced and consumed in South America. Ethanol metabolism‐associated oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. The objective of this study was to reveal the protective effect of a Yerba–Mate tea extract on ethanol‐induced liver injury.

Methods

Isolated hepatocytes were cultured with or without 100 mM ethanol. An extract of Yerba‐Mate tea (EMT) was added to the culture medium with ethanol simultaneously. Male Wistar rats were fed a diet with or without 0.005% or 0.02% EMT. Animals were given drinking water containing ethanol 5% (v/v) together with two doses of CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg BW, i.p.) weekly for 3 weeks.

Results

In the cultured hepatocytes, EMT treatment suppressed the ethanol‐induced increase in cell death by inhibiting cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity, which is related to the production of reactive oxygen species. We examined the effects of EMT on serum ALT activity and the progression of liver fibrosis in rats treated with ethanol and CCl4. EMT treatment suppressed plasma ALT activity in the ethanol‐ and CCl4‐treated rats. Furthermore, EMT treatment decreased CYP2E1 expression and increased ADH expression in the ethanol‐ and CCl4‐treated rats. EMT treatment protected the rats against ethanol‐ and CCl4‐induced liver injury.

Conclusion

EMT may be a candidate for preventing ethanol‐induced liver injury.
Blackberries decrease DNA damage after 3 h, but not after 6 d, in healthy adult volunteers
Authors: Nicastro Holly L. , Clevidence Beverly A. , Charron Craig S. , Gebauer Sarah K. , Dawson Harry D. , Cooke Marcus S. , Mistry Vilas , Singh Raj , Milner John A. , Novotny Janet A.
Published: June 2021

This controlled feeding intervention investigated the effect of dietary blackberries on DNA damage in humans. Healthy adults (n=51, age≥40) consumed a wash‐in diet for 3 d followed by an intervention diet on which they were randomized to receive either 300 g blackberries or an isocaloric gelatin control at breakfast for 6 d. Urinary 8‐oxo‐7′8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxodG) excretion was determined by UHPLC‐MS/MS and values were normalized to urine specific gravity. Mean 8‐oxodG values were 29% lower 3 h after blackberry consumption compared to fasting (14.6±9.6 at 0 h, 11.3±8.7 pmol/mL at 3, P=0.043), and were 24% higher 3 h after gelatin consumption (13.5±10.1 at 0 h, 16.7±13.3 at 3, P=0.013). On d 6 there were no significant differences in 8‐oxodG excretion in either group compared to baseline (11.6±7.1 pmol/mL, P=0.44 control; 14.4±9.3, P=0.67 berries), and 8‐oxodG values increased non‐significantly in both groups 3 h after treatment (15.4±11.4 pmol/mL, P=0.07 control; 18.3±16.9, P=0.29 berries). Age, sex, and BMI were not associated with treatment effects. These findings demonstrate that blackberries may be effective against short‐term DNA damage but this effect appeared to disappear after 6 d. Mechanisms for the long‐term acclimation to berry feeding are currently under investigation.

Support: NIH/USDA
Selection of differentially expressed gene in the colon of the mice fed high‐fat diet associated with blood adipokine concentrations as early biomarkers of pathological changes
Authors: Bae Yun Jung , Bak Youn‐Kyung , Lee Yoon‐Hee , Park Taesung , Choi Myung‐Sook , Sung Mi‐Kyung
Published: June 2021

Obesity is related to inflammatory diseases of the colon including colorectal cancer. However, little is known for possible molecular associations. The purpose of this study was to select meaningful genes which are related to obesity‐related phenotypic biomakers in the colon. C57BL/6J male mice were fed normal (ND) or high‐fat diet (HFD) over 8 weeks and sacrificed. Plasma concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, insulin and IGF‐1 were measured. Colon tissue gene expressions were analyzed using cDNA microarray, and differentially expressed genes (DEG) between ND and HFD were determined using t‐test. To select genes associated with blood biomarkers, the regression analysis was performed. Results indicated 428 genes were differentially expressed. Among those, 3 genes including Centg1 (centaurin, gamma 1), Mocs3 (molybdenum cofactor synthesis 3), and Mphosph8 (M‐phase phosphoprotein 8) were significantly related to blood insulin concentration. Centg1 has been previously reported as a gene which enhances Akt activity, leading resistance against apoptosis. Further functional studies are necessary to explain its role in pathological changes of the colon. [This research was supported by the SRC program (Center for Food & Nutritional Genomics: 2012–0000644) of the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Sciences and Technology.]
Regulation of FGF21 Gene Expression by Nutritional Signals and Physical Activity in vivo and in vitro
Authors: HAO LEI , Ito Kyoko , Wray Amanda , Sae‐tan Sudathip , Lambert Joshua , Ross Catharine
Published: June 2021

Fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21) regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the regulation of FGF21 expression by nutrients, hormones and physical activity is not fully understood. We sought to explore how nutritional signals and physical activity regulate FGF21 gene expression in liver and adipose tissue. In experiment 1, C57BL/6 male mice were fed a stock nonpurified diet (NP), a purified high‐carbohydrate (CHO) liquid diet, or the same diet with lipid emulsion (LE) for 4 weeks. Hepatic FGF21 gene expression was increased ~21‐fold in the high‐CHO group versus the control group. However, LE reversed FGF21 induction by the CHO diet in a dose‐dependent manner. By contrast, adipose FGF21 was not changed. In experiment 2, C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to 3 groups: a low‐fat purified diet, a high‐fat purified diet, or high fat‐diet with voluntary running. After 16 weeks, FGF21 did not differ between low‐ and high‐fat diets; however, voluntary exercise dramatically reduced hepatic FGF21 expression, as compared to the other two groups. In human HepG2 liver cells that were cycled between 5.5 and 25 mM glucose, FGF21 was significantly decreased ~20‐fold by glucose starvation and increased ~2.5‐fold by glucose refeeding. In addition, insulin significantly induced FGF21, while glucagon had no effect. We conclude that FGF21 in liver is regulated by dietary CHO, insulin, and physical activity. NIH CA‐90214
Impact of systemic immune system stimulation on intestinal integrity and function in pigs
Authors: Rakhshandeh Anoosh , Weber Thomas E. , Dekkers Jack C.M. , Tuggle Christopher K. , Kerr Brian J. , Gabler Nicholas K.
Published: June 2021

Immune system stimulation (ISS) can cause physiological changes in the intestine and impact nutrient utilization in pigs. Our previous work showed that ISS reduced the apparent ileal digestibility of dietary protein and amino acids, increased ex vivo active nutrient transport, but had no effect on transepithelial resistance. A gene expression study was conducted to further investigate the impact of ISS on small intestinal function and integrity. Sixteen of 28 gilts (BW 63 ±4 kg) were injected (i.m.) every 48 h, for 7 d, with increasing amounts of E.coli lipopolysaccharide. Remaining pigs were injected with saline. Pigs were euthanized to collect ileal tissue. Total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed, and gene expression was determined by qPCR. Immune system stimulation increased expression of MUC2 and SGLT1 by 1.6 and 2.0 folds, respectively (P < 0.05), but had no effect on MUC5AC and GLUT2 (P >; 0.10). No effect of ISS was observed on the expression of genes that control tight junctions, i.e. claudin‐3 and 4, occludin, ZO‐1 and MLCK (P >; 0.10). Collectively, these results suggest that systemic ISS does not affect intestinal integrity and barrier function, but alters absorptive capacity of the small intestine. Reduced apparent ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids in ISS pigs may be associated with increased gut endogenous protein loss, since mucin is the main component of such loss. USDA 2011–68004‐30336