bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recapitulating phylogenies using k-mers: from trees to networks
Authors: Bernard Guillaume , Ragan Mark A. , Chan Cheong Xin
Published: November 2016

Ernst Haeckel based his landmark Tree of Life on the supposed ontogenic recapitulation of phylogeny, i.e. that successive embryonic stages during the development of an organism re-trace the morphological forms of its ancestors over the course of evolution. Much of this idea has since been discredited. Today, phylogenies are often based on molecular sequences. A typical phylogenetic inference aims to capture and represent, in the form of a tree, the evolutionary history of a family of molecular sequences. The standard approach starts with a multiple sequence alignment, in which the sequences are arranged relative to each other in a way that maximises a measure of similarity position-by-position along their entire length. However, this approach ignores important evolutionary processes that are known to shape the genomes of microbes (bacteria, archaea and some morphologically simple eukaryotes). Recombination, genome rearrangement and lateral genetic transfer undermine the assumptions that underlie multiple sequence alignment, and imply that a tree-like structure may be too simplistic. Here, using genome sequences of 143 bacterial and archaeal genomes, we construct a network of phylogenetic relatedness based on the number of shared k-mers (subsequences at fixed length k). Our findings suggest that the network captures not only key aspects of microbial genome evolution as inferred from a tree, but also features that are not treelike. The method is highly scalable, allowing for investigation of genome evolution across a large number of genomes. Instead of using specific regions or sequences from genome sequences, or indeed Haeckel’s idea of ontogeny, we argue that genome phylogenies can be inferred using k-mers from whole-genome sequences. Representing these networks dynamically allows biological questions of interest to be formulated and addressed quickly and in a visually intuitive manner.
Optimal Liquidation of Child Limit Orders
Authors: Yam S. C. P. , Zhou W.
Published: November 2016

The present paper studies the optimal placement problem of a child order. In practice, short-term momentum indicators inferred from order book data play important roles in order placement decisions. In the present work, we first propose to explicitly model the short-term momentum indicator and then formulate the order placement problem as an optimal multiple stopping problem. In contrast to the common formulation in the existing literature, we allow zero refracting period between consecutive stopping times to take into account the common practice of submitting multiple orders at the same time. This optimal multiple stopping problem will be explored over both infinite and finite horizons. It is shown that the optimal placement of a child order and the optimal replacement of outstanding limit orders by market ones are determined by first passage times of the short-term momentum indicator across a sequence of time-dependent boundaries. The aggressiveness of the optimal order replacement strategy is also examined via several numerical examples. In particular, our work illustrates that the optimal order replacement strategy is more aggressive when the bid–ask spread is smaller, when the impact from the momentum indicator is larger, or when the remaining time becomes shorter. All of these decision-making behaviors predicted by our model are natural and agree with empirical studies in the existing literature.
Better resuscitation training needed
Authors: Smith Carol
Published: November 2016

Out of the first congress of the European Resuscitation Council, held in Brighton at the end of November, two essential messages emerged: the need for improved training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and quick defibrillation for ventricular fibrillation (VF). Neither message is new, but both need reiterating.
Nurses face a fragmented health service in 1993
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

The only certain thing about the future of nursing and healthcare is that there will be even more changes in 1993 than in 1992.
The shape of things to come
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

Of all the predictions that can be made about 1993, one thing is certain: nursing education will come under considerable pressure as it has reached its most critical crossroad since hospitals started to form their own schools of nursing many years ago. The reasons are varied.
UKCC fuels HIV/AIDS controversy
Authors: Shannon Antony
Published: November 2016

While welcoming and supporting the reiterated position of the UKCC on anonymous testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and their opposition to routine testing of health care professionals, I have been dismayed over some of the expanded clauses in the Registrar's letter (UKCC, 1993).
Putting CATS/APEL accreditation into practice
Authors: McHale Carol
Published: November 2016

Expanding opportunities mean that many nurses wish to update and extend their knowledge. A comprehensive framework for credit accumulation is needed. All practitioners must record their professional development in a personal profile or portfolio.
Ethical issues in health education
Authors: Clarke Janice
Published: November 2016

Moral dilemmas abound during health education practice and ethical decisions have to be made. This article examines the contribution of the four guiding ethical principles (respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice) to nurse decision making. Multidisciplinary ethical guidelines to assist health educators to serve the best interests of patients and clients are suggested.
Protecting the skills of mental health nurses
Authors: Sheehan Antony
Published: November 2016

I was recently privileged to be involved in the first of three consultative conferences arranged by the Mental Health Nursing Review Team which has been given the task of planning the future for mental health nursing in the UK. Nurses were called from the length and breadth of the country to discuss what should constitute the next steps for those of us who hold the RMN qualification.
Deaf people's perceptions of communication with nurses
Authors: Wright David
Published: November 2016

The available literature and a small research study suggest that deaf people who use sign language are at a disadvantage when communicating with health care staff, including nurses. A number of recommendations have been put forward to promote communication with this linguistic minority.
Nursing management of common accident wounds
Authors: Cockerill Jane , Sweet Alison
Published: November 2016

Patients with skin wounds account for 15% of attenders at accident and emergency departments. This article gives an insight into wound care as it is practised in an inner London accident and emergency department.
Access course to a Master's degree at the University of Glasgow
Authors: Swaffield Jean
Published: November 2016

Those wanting a career in nursing will, in future, require more qualifications than initial registration alone. The Diploma in Nursing Studies, developed at the University of Glasgow, can stand alone or be used as an access course to enable those without a degree to become eligible for entry into the Master of Nursing programme.
Should nurses walk away from the scene of an accident?
Authors: Beanie Jean
Published: November 2016

The ethical implications of first aid raised dilemmas for nurses. Castledine (1993) stated: ‘The nurse, as an individual who is trained and educated in first aid and emergency care to a level above that of many members of the general public, has a duty to try to help at the scene of an accident.’
Current developments in interprofessional education
Authors: Leiba Tony
Published: November 2016

The educational services, the health services and the personal social services are complex multiprofessional organizations which depend on both intraprofessional and interprofessional relationships. Such relationships within and between professional groups are being encouraged to enhance teamwork and collaboration between staff in the delivery of services to clients.
Legal aspects of first aid and emergency care: 1
Authors: Barber Janice
Published: November 2016

The decision whether or not to intervene in a first-aid situation carries certain implications for nurses. This article, the first in a 3-part series, examines nurses' duty to act at the scene of an accident and the legal implications of intervention.
Theatre nursing in Uganda
Authors: Burrows Rebecca
Published: November 2016

My experience of nursing in Uganda was gained in Kisiizi Mission Hospital where I worked short term as acting theatre sister, in the absence of the permanent theatre nurse who was on long overdue leave. That I had had no theatre experience did not seem to bother the warm-hearted senior sister. And so it was that this remote little hospital became my home for 3 months.
Therapist self-disclosure in behavioural psychotherapy
Authors: Ricketts Tom
Published: November 2016

Therapist self-disclosure has been poorly defined until recently. This article presents a model of verbal selfdisclosure and relates it to both client-centred therapy and counselling as social influence. The implications for behavioural psychotherapy are then reviewed.
Management of lymphoedema: a community-based approach
Authors: Williams Angela
Published: November 2016

The community-based Enfield Lymphoedema Service received over 100 referrals in its first year, which suggests that it is suitably sited in the community. Patients have been offered previously unavailable information and treatment, while health care professionals have gained an improved awareness of and insight into lymphoedema and its treatment.
Legal aspects of first aid and emergency care: 2
Authors: Dimond Bridgit
Published: November 2016

The first article in this series examined the nurse's duty to act at the scene of an accident. This article explores this theme further by looking at the legal implications and the four arenas of accountability.
Accountability in nurse education
Authors: Ormerod Jane
Published: November 2016

Accountability has assumed a higher profile in these changing times and clearly this multifaceted concept is inextricably linked to professionalization. In addition, major changes have taken place in nurse education, resulting in role changes for the nurse teacher. Consequently, nurse teachers will have to examine more closely the many facets of accountability.
Nurse practitioner title: ambiguous and misleading
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

The UKCC feels strongly that the term ‘nurse practitioner’ should not be used. In paragraph 34 of the final draft report on PREP (UKCC, 1993) there is considerable criticism of the term (Tabic I). 1 totally support this view and the sentiments expressed because I feel that the use of the term could be divisive and detrimental to the development of nursing. However, this does not mean that I do not recognize the valuable contribution that such nurse practitioners have made in the past, or are likely to make in the future.
Analysis of the concept of holism within the context of nursing
Authors: Ham-Ying Silvia
Published: November 2016

There is a need to define the term holism within the context of nursing in order to provide a common basis for practice. This article uses concept analysis and concept reassurance to clarify the use and meaning of the word holism.
Nurse-aid management of oral and maxillofacial emergencies
Authors: Collins Christina
Published: November 2016

Oral and maxillofacial emergencies can be very alarming and distressing to patients. This article introduces nurse aiders to the oral and maxillofacial specialty and explains the management of some oral and maxillofacial emergencies.
Clinical grading penalizes some nurses
Authors: Andrews Margaret , Ashurst Stephen
Published: November 2016

The clinical grading debate is a complex and emotive one. Four years after the system's introduction many nurses are still awaiting the results of final appeals against the grades they were awarded (Snell, 1992).
Are stoma nurses just bag handlers?
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

The first patient who really proved to me that patients with stomas needed good holistic care was Pat, a radiographer. ‘Can you help me?’ she asked with a desperate tone in her voice.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: basic life support skills: 2
Authors: Gee Kate
Published: November 2016

In the first of this two-part series, the reasons why nurses were not prepared to take action when faced with an emergency were examined. This article takes a step-by-step look at cardiopulmonary resuscitation as specified by the European Resuscitation Council.
Role of ethics in modern healthcare: 1
Authors: Ellis Peter
Published: November 2016

What is ethics and where does it leave the individual conscience-controlled practitioner? In this, the first of two articles on ethics in modern healthcare, the former question is examined.
Anger rises over fallen Prophit
Authors: Farmer Elizabeth
Published: November 2016

This is make or break year for nursing and, so far, all the indicators point to the latter. Recent publicity in the popular press has demonstrated once again how the selfish and evil pursuit of personal goals so often takes precedence over the common good.
Elder abuse: raising the awareness of nurses working in A&E units
Authors: Roberts Lynn , Nolan Mike
Published: November 2016

Despite a growing literature, many professionals have a iimited knowledge of elder abuse. This article highlights some of the conceptual and practical problems surrounding the topic in order to raise awareness and provide some indication of the nurse's role.
Practice nurses and chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Mayberry Margaret K , Mayberry John F
Published: November 2016

The potential value of nurse-based counselling of patients with chronic gastrointestinal disorders was investigated through a postal questionnaire survey of practice nurses in Leicestershire. The results suggest there is little prospect of developing practice-based counselling service in gastroenterology.
Career opportunities in palliative care
Authors: Claxton Jenny
Published: November 2016

Palliative care is one of the most demanding, challenging but rewarding specialties in health care. This article provides an overview of the career opportunities for nurses wishing to improve their palliative care knowledge and skills or enter the specialty.
Practical tips for writers
Authors: Young Pat
Published: November 2016

Make no mistake: writing isn't easy — or it shouldn't be if one is serious about getting a message across. Far too many people believe that committing one's thoughts to paper consists merely of writing as one speaks, forgetting that there is an enormous difference between the written and the spoken word.
Blood glucose monitoring in the intensive care unit
Authors: Sharp Sue
Published: November 2016

Patients in intensive care units may have high blood glucose levels for a variety of reasons. Careful control of blood glucose has a number of advantages. Nurses need to be trained in the use of blood glucose meters to obtain accurate results.
Intuition and expert clinical practice in nursing
Authors: Farrington Andy
Published: November 2016

The quest for the essence of nursing in the UK continues unabated. Similarly, the concept of what constitutes expert clinical practice and the problem of how it can be achieved are topical issues. This article considers the notion of a developmental process in nursing and the concept of reflective practice, and examines the idea of intuition as a key component in the functioning of the expert nurse.
Nurses' role in organizing organ donation
Authors: Shyr Sara
Published: November 2016

There is currently a shortage of transplantable organs, mainly because the relatives of potential organ donors dying in hospital are not routinely offered the choice of donating their loved one's organs. Nurses are ideally placed to perform this function, and those who have had the courage to approach relatives of potential organ donors have found it a worthwhile experience.
Nursing a teenager with burns
Authors: Wallace Eileen , Shanley Eamon
Published: November 2016

James MacLeod, a 15-year-old boy, was admitted to the burns unit after sustaining 38% full-thickness burns during an accident at a bonfire party. The burns were mainly to his abdomen and chest, back, right arm and hand and the right lower half of his face.
The Bland truth: 2
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

In today's Western world we choose to live our lives without attempting to understand them. We demand instant answers and quick solutions and try to package the process of death and dying into something that it is not. We are moved by emotional and non-rational arguments but do not face issues squarely. We push uncomfortable ideas out of our minds and expect judges to make decisions to justify our actions. A psychiatrist would probably diagnose us as a race of neurotics.
Child sexual abuse and the right to compensation
Authors: Korgaonkar Gill , Tribe Diana
Published: November 2016

Adults who were sexually abused as children can sue the perpetrator in the civil courts. However, if they do not do so within the time period set down by the Limitation Act 1980, they may not be entitled to any compensation. Is the law, therefore, biased against them?
A career in renal nursing
Authors: Martin John
Published: November 2016

By the time we qualify, most of us are aware of the things we like and dislike about nursing. However, deciding on an area of specialism is difficult. This article examines renal nursing as an option for those nurses who know what factors they are looking for in a job.
Laws needed to control gene therapy
Authors: Dimond Bridgit
Published: November 2016

On 28 January 1993, it was announced that approval had been given for the first gene therapy treatment. At The Hospital for Sick Children, a child will receive a form of treatment that involves removing bone marrow cells and modifying them by inserting genetic material. This will hopefully remedy the deficiency of adenosine deaminase from which she suffers.
Distance learning
Authors: Hinchliff Sue
Published: November 2016

South Bank University boasts the only Diploma in Professional Studies in Nursing course in the UK that can be undertaken entirely by distance learning. How does it work and what should students hope to gain from such a course?
The professional role of the nurse
Authors: Nolan Mike , Grant Gordon , Melhuish Edward , Maguire Brian
Published: November 2016

The extent to which nurses feel that their contribution is recognized and that they are involved in important decisions varies according to grade and location. Clinical nurses generally feel that they exert little influence over doctors, general management or their own nurse managers.
Prescribed hydration in palliative care
Authors: Stone Coral
Published: November 2016

Whether or not to support artificial hydration in palliative care is a difficult choice for all the health care team. It is vital that the final decision is based on current knowledge so that the patient can die in comfort and with dignity.
Role of hydrocolloids in wound management
Authors: Dealey Carol
Published: November 2016

This article describes the actions of hydrocolloid dressings and the type of wounds for which they are most suitable. The range of hydrocolloid products is reviewed along with their individual advantages and disadvantages.
Child sexual abuse 3: treatment and recidivism in paedophiles
Authors: Gillespie Francis J
Published: November 2016

Although various courses of treatment for paedophilia have been tried, there is little evidence of their effectiveness. Important factors that mitigate against success are the inability of paedophiles to see their sexual activity as warranting treatment and their reluctance to change their behaviour.
Heartwatch: screening employees for heart disease risk factors
Authors: Smart Andrew
Published: November 2016

Heartwatch is a projec set up to screen workers for risk factors of coronary artery disease, provide practical advice and decrease risk factors in the workplace. It combines clinical measurements using portable equipment with results from a questionnaire. The information is processed by a computer to generate a personalized report.
A&E nurses: from Cinderella to Queen Bee
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

Accident and emergency (A&E) nursing is in a state of rapid evolution. Some 30 years ago it was hardly recognized as a specialty, let alone an important part of acute hospital care provision in this country.
Children and consent to medical treatment
Authors: Korgaonkar Gill , Tribe Diana
Published: November 2016

In English law, a person aged 16 or over may give valid consent to medical treatment. Under the age of 16, a person who is of sufficient understanding and intelligence may also give valid consent. The right to withhold consent is not comparable.
Government moves goalposts for community care
Authors: Waddington Paul
Published: November 2016

It was fitting that the full implementation of the National Health Service and Community Act 1990 occurred on April Fools' Day. The principles that are supposed to underpin the reform package, i.e. needs-led assessment, user-empowerment, carer support, seamless delivery of care packages, a mobilized mixed economy and optimal use of available resources, have not lost their pristine allure, and remain just as attractive to stakeholders as when Griffiths reported in 1988. However, disgruntlement lies in the fact that having been marched to the top of a hill, we have just been marched back down again, but not to the expected fairy-tale ending.
Health promotion in the elderly
Authors: Lauder William
Published: November 2016

Too often age is equated with pathology. Health promotion strategies need to be modified for the elderly. They must include social and political action as well as life-style changes.
Subjectivity of stress
Authors: Clancy John , McVicar Andrew
Published: November 2016

Stress is a sociopsychophysiological response to environmental stressors. In this article the subjectivity of stressors and the stress response are explored. There is a critical appraisal of physiological and biological theories regarding stress.
Taster courses: increasing career choice
Authors: Nyatanga Lovemore , Sutton Margaret
Published: November 2016

Taster courses allow potential students to gain hands on experience in a variety of professional settings. They provide a realistic way of widening entry routes and includes students who are best motivated by vocational courses pathways.
Nurse-aid management of fractures: 1
Authors: Evans Bob
Published: November 2016

Fractures occur in the bones of any age group, even the newborn, and are caused in any number of different ways. This article is the first in a three-part series that will examine the causes and types of fractures, the symptoms and presenting factors, nurse-aid intervention and the healing process.
Importance of nursing leadership in implementing change
Authors: Andrews Margaret
Published: November 2016

Change is an aspect of all our lives and nurses are no exception. This article explores the concept of change in nursing and highlights the importance of effective leadership in implementing change. It outlines several change strategies and makes suggestions with regard to choosing an effective approach.
Acute patient care: pressure areas
Authors: Lowthian Peter
Published: November 2016

Life-saving and diagnostic procedures are vital in the acute care situation, but a few simple precautions for patients particularly at risk may prevent the later development of a serious and unwanted complication: the pressure sore.
Legal and professional implications of the named nurse concept
Authors: Tingle John
Published: November 2016

In order to implement and attain the named nurse charter standard, a number of initiatives have been created in hospitals. However, it is becoming apparent that the legal consequences of this implementation are causing concern to nursing staff.
Nurse-aid management of fractures: 2
Authors: Evans Bob
Published: November 2016

The principles of the management of fractures are fairly straightforward and yet there are many practical points to consider. This article, the second in a three-part series, considers the basic steps in treatment and the necessary nurse-aid intervention for fractures at specific sites.
Correspondence
Authors: Ward Alex , Caldwell Kay , Smith Carol , Lowe Mrs R , Hale Jean
Published: November 2016

Should student nurses be taught to defibrillate?

The benefits of fistula output recycling

Breathing life into cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Credit for A&E nurses

Slur on homosexuals
Improved Anti-Fouling Performance of Sintered Alumina Membrane Filters Modified with Grafted-on PEG-Brush Polymer
Authors: Nielsen Dennis A. , Christiansen Lasse , Holm Allan H. , Dooleweerdt Karin , Gurevich Leonid , Fojan Peter
Published: November 2016

Fouling of membrane filters is the key performance limiting factor in mem-brane filtration. Thus fouling and anti-fouling have received much attentionin recent years, covering topics from fouling mechanisms and characteristicsto anti-fouling surface modifications. This paper presents a method to achievecontrolled grafting of an anti-fouling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brush poly-mer layer onto a sintered alumina membrane filter surface without reductionof the filter permeability. The obtained PEG layers were characterized usinga broad range of surface techniques including Fourier transformed infraredspectroscopy, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle mea-surements. Dead-end filtration experiments with PEG-brush modified filtersshowed improved fouling reversibility for the filtration of a BSA solutionand significantly slowed down the fouling rate during filtration of a lysozymesolution. The cross-flow filtration of model lake-water demonstrated improvedfoulant removal for the PEG modified filters during backflush cleaning and thereby increased the overall throughput during a filtration cycle as comparedto the bare membrane filters
Immunological aspects of persistent hepatitis B in children
Authors: Notoatmojo Harsoyo
Published: November 2016

We studied the immunological status of 203 children having persistence Hepatitis B (positive HBsAg) ranging in age from 6 to 14 years in Semarang Municipality. The results of humoral immunity examination (IgM Anti-HBc) showed that all were negative, indicating that they are not in acute phase of hepatitis B infection. Cellular immunity examination, i.e., CMI skin test has shown positive result in 64.9% on persistent and 65.2% in non persistent hepatitis B (p>0.05). T cell examination showed statistically significant difference (p<0.01) between persistenct and non persistent hepatitis B patients, there was is also significant difference (p<0.01) on CD4 cell examination. These findings indicated that there was difference in immunoregulation function and response repression of antivirus between both groups of patients. On the other hand CD4/ CD8 ratio and T cell function showed no significant difference between the two gorups of patients; similarly the specific function of cytotoxic T cell was not significantly difference.
Clinical features of children with retinoblastoma in Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia
Authors: Lubis Bidasari
Published: November 2016

We reviewed patents with retinoblastoma treated at the Department of Child Health, Adam Malik Hospital, Medan from January 1995 to December 1999. Clinical staging was based on Reese-Ellsworth classification (when the disease was limited to the eyeball) or on St Jude Children's Research Hospital (when the disease has extended beyond the eyeball). A total 19 retinoblastoma patients were available, from which 9 were males. Fifteen patients were less than 5 years old, and the average age at diagnosis was 3 years 8 months. In most patients the disease started at the age of less than 5 years, and they presented themselves with advanced stage as usually seen in developing countries. In nine patients the retinoblastoma affected the right eye, 8 affected the left eye, and in 2 patients the tumor was bilateral. The most common presenting symptom on admission was proptosis. Pathological confirmation was obtained in all patients. Bone marrow puncture was done in 15 patients; of whom 13 showed bone marrow metastasis. Since 1998 the standard treatment for patients with proptosis in stage III or IV of the disease was pre-operative chemotherapy followed by enucleation, radiation and chemotherapy.
Congenital uronephropathy pattern in children
Authors: Alatas Husein , Soesilawati Natalina , Madiyono Bambang
Published: November 2016

To obtain the basic data of congenital uronephropathy pattern and the affecting factors in children, we conducted a cross-sectional study at the Department of Child Health Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital Jakarta from 1995 to 1999 and 9 teaching hospitals throughout Indonesia. During the study period 134 patients were obtained, 116 patients from the CM Hospital and 18 patients from other teaching hospitals. Most patients (48.8%) were below 1 year of age; male were affected more than female (2.4:1). The disorder was classified into two groups, i.e., congenital nephropathy and uropathy. There were 10 children with nephropathy, i.e., 4 with unilateral renal hypoplasia, 3 with polycystic kidney, and 3 with renal agenesis. In the uropathy group, 43 were with hypospadia, 22 with primary reflux vesicoureter, 18 with neurogenic bladder, and 17 with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The complications found were urinary tract infection (71.2%), chronic renal failure (15.7%), hypertension (3.7%), and acute renal failure (1.5%). Consanguinity, familial disorders, maternal diseases, x-ray exposure and abortion efforts were found in a small proportion of patients. History of drug or herbs use in the first trimester of pregnancy was found in a large proportion of patients, mostly took analgesics (especially acetaminophen). In conclusion, uropathy disorders were much more common than congenital nephropathy. The most common complication was urinary tract infection, followed by chronic renal failure, hypertension, and acute renal failure.
Natural history of premature thelarche: review of 60 girls
Authors: Batubara Jose R. L. , Suranto Adji , Sastroasmoro Sudigdo , Tridjaja Bambang , Pulungan Aman B.
Published: November 2016

In Indonesia report on the natural history of premature thelarche is very limited. Daily practice requires physicians to have some basic practical knowledge, among others the natural history of premature thelarche, in order to manage these patients properly. We reviewed data of 85 premature thelarche patients who visited our department from January 1989 until December 1998. Only 60 patients met the study criteria. The mean chronological age of the patients at diagnosis was 43.4 months. About half of these patients (31/60) were diagnosed before they were 2 years old. Half of the patients had bilateral breast involvement. The hormonal pattern showed 24/48 follicle stimulating hormone predominant-response. Most patients (33/47) showed normal plasma estradiol level. Bone age analysis was normal in 46/57 patients, and only 9 showed accelerated bone age. Pelvic ultrasonography showed prepubertal reproduction organs in 26/35. Vaginal smears showed signs of estrogenization with various degree of stimulation in 13 patients. At the end of observation the outcome of premature thelarche were: 31 regressed, 19 persisted, 6 had progressive breast development and 4 progressed to central precocious puberty. The initial clinical and laboratory characteristics of those who developed CPP varied. Among 31 premature thelarche patients who regressed, 21 had onset of breast enlargement before age of 2 years. In most of the regressed patients (20/31), regression occurred completely within the first year. Most premature thelarche patients with onset before 2 years will regress within one year after diagnosis.
Lactate clearance as a predictor of mortality in neonatal sepsis
Authors: Trisnadi Felix Nathan , Haksari Ekawaty Lutfia , Wibowo Tunjung
Published: November 2016

Background Neonatal sepsis remains the leading cause of neonatal deaths. Therefore, efforts should be made to reduce its mortality. Lactate clearance can be used as a marker of onset of hypoxia and microcirculation disorders, as well as to predict patient outcomes.Objective To assess the use of lactate clearance to predict mortality from neonatal sepsis.Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study in the levels 2 and 3 of neonatal care unit, Department of Child Health, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, from October to November 2011. We enrolled 40 neonatal sepsis patients, who were divided into either the high or low lactate clearance groups. All neonates were followed up until they were discharged from the hospital, as to whether they survived or died. We performed blood lactate measurements early on following their diagnosis of sepsis, and after the subsequent six hours following the first antibiotic administration. Logistic regression for the multivariate analysis and ROC curves for the accurate analysis of predictive outcome factors were performed.Results More deaths occurred in neonates with low lactate clearance at six hours (48%) than in those in the high lactate clearance group (7%). Low lactate clearance at six hours was a significant predictor of mortality (RR 15.1; 95%CI 1.7 to 133), whereas the ROC analysis showed moderate accuracy.Conclusion Lactate clearance at six hours may be used as a predictor of mortality in infants with neonatal sepsis.
Application of HACCP in an Indonesian halal restaurant by incorporating halal dietary requirements
Authors: Jiang Bernard C. , Pratama Putra Halim
Published: November 2016

This study investigates the safety of ayam lalapan food processing in the catering service, and considers Halal dietary requirements due to the increasing demand for Halal food. Hazard and Haram Analysis Critical Control Point (HHACCP) proposed by Kohilavani et al. [1] is used to analyze the potential hazards as well as to improve the safety of food processing. By using this method, the presence of haram substance is analyzed aside from the regular hazard analysis, which consists of biological, chemical and physical hazards. Critical control points and Halal critical control points are identified to guarantee that the food processing of ayam lalapan meets Halal dietary requirements and is safe for human consumption. The total risk level after improvement can be reduced by 75.64% from 1.05 to 0.29 compared to before improvement.
Application of electrical capacitance tomography and artificial neural networks to rapid estimation of cylindrical shape parameters of industrial flow structure
Authors: Garbaa Hela , Jackowska-Strumiłło Lidia , Grudzień Krzysztof , Romanowski Andrzej
Published: November 2016

A new approach to solve the inverse problem in electrical capacitance tomography is presented. The proposed method is based on an artificial neural network to estimate three different parameters of a circular object present inside a pipeline, i.e. radius and 2D position coordinates. This information allows the estimation of the distribution of material inside a pipe and determination of the characteristic parameters of a range of flows, which are characterised by a circular objects emerging within a cross section such as funnel flow in a silo gravitational discharging process. The main advantages of the proposed approach are explicitly: the desired characteristic flow parameters are estimated directly from the measured capacitances and rapidity, which in turn is crucial for online flow monitoring. In a classic approach in order to obtain these parameters in the first step the image is reconstructed and then the parameters are estimated with the use of image processing methods. The obtained results showed significant reduction of computations time in comparison to the iterative LBP or Levenberg-Marquard algorithms.
Control method of high-speed switched reluctance motor with an asymmetric rotor magnetic circuit
Authors: Bogusz Piotr , Korkosz Mariusz , Prokop Jan
Published: November 2016

In the paper, the modified (compared to the classical asymmetric half-bridge) converter for a switched reluctance machine with an asymmetric rotor magnetic circuit was analysed. An analysis for two various structures of switched reluctance motors was conducted. The rotor shaping was used to obtain required start-up torque or/and to obtain less electromagnetic torque ripple. The discussed converter gives a possibility to turn a phase off much later while reduced time of a current flows in a negative slope of inductance. The results of the research in the form of waveforms of currents, voltages and electromagnetic torque were presented. Conclusions were formulated concerning the comparison of the characteristics of SRM supplied by the classic converter and by the one supplied by the analysed converter.
Characteristic frequencies in averaged description of step-down (BUCK) DC-DC power converter
Authors: Janke Włodzimierz
Published: November 2016

In the description of small-signal transmittances of switch-mode power converters several characteristic frequencies are usually used, corresponding to poles and zeros of transmittances. The knowledge of these frequencies is important in the design of control circuits for converters and usually are assumed to be constant for a given power stage of a converter. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the influence of converter primary parameters and load conductance on characteristic frequencies. Analytical derivations and numerical calculations are performed for an ideal and non-ideal BUCK converter working in continuous or discontinuous conduction mode.
Analysis of the influence of the complex structure of clay hollow bricks on the values of electric field intensity by using the FDTD method
Authors: Choroszucho Agnieszka
Published: November 2016

The study presents the analysis of the effects occurring at the propagation of electromagnetic waves within an area containing non-ideal, non-homogenous and absorbing dielectric. The analysed models are connected with housing constructions and include single and double-layered walls made of clay hollow bricks. The influence of the size of holes, the contained clay mass percentage and conductivity of brick on the distribution of electric field is presented. Double-layered wall causes more heterogeneity in distribution of electric field and numerous maxima and minima to compare with singlelayered construction. The presented results refer to the electromagnetic field generated by a wireless communication system (Wi-Fi), operating within the standard frequencies (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz). A FDTD method was used to the analysis of electric field distribution. Also in this paper all formulations of difference method (FDTD) is presented. The possibilities of modifying the described method are indicated too. The obtained values of electric field intensity allow to determining the attenuation coefficient for different variants of the walls. Detailed analysis of influence of different types of building construction will make it possible to better understand the wave phenomena and counteract local fading at planning of wireless networks systems.
Kriging based robust optimisation algorithm for minimax problems in electromagnetics
Authors: Li Yinjiang , Rotaru Mihai , Sykulski Jan K.
Published: November 2016

The paper discusses some of the recent advances in kriging based worst-case design optimisation and proposes a new two-stage approach to solve practical problems. The efficiency of the infill points allocation is improved significantly by adding an extra layer of optimisation enhanced by a validation process.
Market orientation of the Hungarian SMEs working in the meat processing and dairy industries
Authors: Polereczki Zs. , Vukoszávlyev Sz. , Véha M. , Szakály Z.
Published: November 2016

We are looking for the answer as to what tendencies were indicative of the future development of required marketing activity of the SMEs in the article dealing with the marketing activity of the SMEs working in the food industry. The article is based on a nationwide survey among 200 SMEs working in the food processing industry. In this article, we focus on the SMEs working in the dairy and meat processing industries. The results of the nationwide research and some domestic references refer to that there is a latent demand of effective marketing activity among small and medium-sized enterprises. It manifests itself in specifying marketing-related fields to be improved in the future. The marketing itself is believed not to be an important field at the same time. This apparent opposition is the small enterprise marketing paradox in the background of which is the lack of knowledge about the marketing instruments. It can be stated that these small businesses collect mainly general market information and have no information about particular products. Therefore, the presence of marketing planning is really rare and where there is some kind of planning it is not connected to available funds and follow-up control. The marketing strategy can be characterized by products processed mainly at low or medium level. Therefore, market position is deffned by “lower price-good quality”. They mainly use the traditional distribution channels and their communication is accidental and has a low level.

The marketing-oriented way of thinking still exists among the factors affecting entrepreneurial behaviour, which cannot be found at the level of clusters, according to our results. We could identify 8.3% of the enterprises as having satisfactory marketing activity.
Investigation of wheat grits during storage
Authors: Horváth Zs. H. , Szabé B. P. , Véha A.
Published: November 2016

The change of the quality of wheat milling products was investigated in our work. We analysed different types of wheat grists that are used in household (BL-55, BL-196, BFF-55 and AD). The grists were stored in three type of packages (paper bag, transparent PE bag, and woven PP bag) and in two different places (bright/warm and dark/cool place) for 6 months. The titre and colour characteristics of samples were measured monthly. Colour measurements were performed with a Hunter MiniScan colour-measuring instrument. The CIELab colour system was used for colour characterization. The values of titre were analysed using ANOVA. The type of package did not have significant influence on the titre. In the case of the BL-55, BL-196, and BFF-55 type of ours, the storage conditions had a significant effect on titre: it was smaller for samples that were stored in the dark/cool place. The value of titre rose significantly during storage for all samples.

To determine the change of colour, we calculated the ΔE*ab colour differences between colour coordinates measured at the beginning and during storage. The colour of the BL-55 and BL-196 our samples did not change perceptibly. The variation of colour of the BFF-55 and AD type of ours was imperceptible for samples stored in the dark/cool place. The changing of the colour was well perceptible in the case of samples stored in the bright/warm place using paper bag or PP bag.
The effect of storage on the colour of paprika powders with added oleoresin
Authors: Horváth Zs. H.
Published: November 2016

The use of natural food colours is preferred to that of arti­ficial dyestuffs for modern alimentary purposes. Paprika is a spice plant grown and consumed in considerable quantities worldwide and also used as a natural food colour, so the colouring power of powders is very important. The colour of paprika powder is highly relevant too because the consumer concludes its colouring power based on its colour. The colouring power of paprika powders is directly determined by the quality and quantity of the colouring agent of paprika. The paprika oleoresin, that is an oil soluble extract from the fruits of Capsicum Annum Linn or Capsicum Frutescens, is suitable to raise the colour agent content of paprika powders. We investigated how the colour and the characteristics of paprika powder samples with added oleoresin change in the course of storage. The colour agent content of 7 different quality powders was increased with 7-75% using oleoresin. The initial colour agent content of samples changed between 41 and 169 ASTA units. The powders were made from Chinese, Peruvian, and Hungarian paprika. Colour measurements were performed with a HunterLab MiniScan colour-measuring instrument. The CIELab colour system was used for colour characterization. The colour agent content and the colour coordinates of samples were measured throughout 9 months. The decrease of colour agent con­tent varied between 22 and 51 percent, while the average reduction was 33 percent. The quantity of added oleoresin did not influence the colour agent content decrease significantly.

The values of colour difference changed between 2 and 4.5 units. The initial paprika powder influenced the variation significantly, but the quantity of added oleoresin did not have a significant effect.
Impact of DDGS-supplemented diet with or without vitamin E and selenium supplementation on the fatty acid profile of beef
Authors: Holló I. , Csapó J. , Holló G.
Published: November 2016

The impact of supplementation of vitamin E or organic selenium in DDGS (dried distillers grains with solubles) diet on fatty acid composition in two meat cuts of finishing Holstein bulls was investigated. Twenty-four Holstein bulls were allotted to treatments in three groups of eight bulls per group for a 100-day trial. The treatments were adequate Se and vitamin E supplementation in control group (C), supranutritional vitamin E supplementation in vitamin Group E (E), supranutritional Se supplementation in selenium group (Se). At similar age, slaughtering Group C had higher slaughter/carcass weight and EUROP fat score than Se counterparts. The killing out percentage and proximate composition of muscles differed among treatments. Inclusion of the vitamin E or Se supplement led to expected increases (P < 0.05) in vitamin E and Se contents of the brisket and loin. Higher vitamin E concentration caused significant lower SFA and greater PUFA. Higher Se level influenced significant SFA in brisket and PUFA in both muscles. Vitamin E or Se dietary treatments in DDGS-supplemented diet resulted in beef meat cuts considerably beneficial PUFA/SFA but markedly higher n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio and even higher health index in both meat samples opposite to Group C.
Transabdominal amnioinfusion in the correction of oligohydramnios following twin-to-singleton reduction – A report of two cases
Authors: Kozinszky Zoltan , Pásztor Norbert , Márton Virág , Sikovanyecz János , Keresztúri Attila , Németh Gábor
Published: November 2016

Background:

On rare occasions, elective iatrogenic reduction of a dichorionic twin is performed due to maternal request and in order to improve the perinatal outcome.

Materials and methods:

Nine twin-to-singleton reductions were identified retrospectively at the Feto-maternal Unit, University of Szeged, Hungary, between December 1997 and June 2015. A post-procedure, routine weekly sonographic scan revealed severe oligohydramnios in two out of the nine cases (22.2%) and amnioinfusion was performed in the mid-trimester to prolong gestation. The fetus survived in one case (11.1%) and the pregnancy continued until preterm birth.

Conclusion:

A repeated sonographic follow-up for an early diagnosis of oligohydramnios is feasible to avoid miscarriage after artificial embryo reduction.