bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Informed Consent in Graduate Education in Croatia
Authors: Gosic Nada
Published: June 2021

Abstract: Along with research on informed consent (since 1972), the need emerged to introduce this problem into bioethical education. Graduate education offers the possibility for scientific analysis of professional moral dilemmas with which physicians and related health care professionals are confronted when performing their professional activities. The issue especially relates to the patronizing relationship with patients, their traditional position, the realization of patients´ rights, duties of physicians and related health care professionals towards patients, and ethical matters in biomedical research. The answers to these issues, which contain the specification of informed consent, cannot be found exclusively in medicine and are a topic of social and human sciences. This article stresses the interdisciplinary approach towards researching informed consent, explains the relationship between informed consent and bioethics and philosophy, and presents the legal framework for informed consent in Croatia. The author then proceeds to define the problem of informed consent in the teaching curriculum and the simplification of objectives and tasks in learning about informed consent. Methods and examples of pedagogical and andragogical principles used to help comprise this program are offered, and methods used to achieve it are provided.
Educação Médica: Compromisso de Quem? Uma Abordagem Discente da Questão
Authors: Santos Alessandro Corrêa Prudente dos
Published: June 2021

Resumo: Faz-se uma rápida análise dos diversos envolvidos com a Educação Médica sob o ponto de vista dos compromissos assumidos. São avaliados os momentos da educação médica - graduação, pó-graduação e educação continuada - e como o governo, a escola, o estudante, os serviços de saúde, o professor e o médico estão ou não cumprindo seus compromissos e responsabilidades, valorizando a função social que a escola e o professional de saúde deveriam exercer atualmente.
Dentofacial and skeletal pattern in African descendants from southeastern Brazil: clinical prospective study
Authors: OLIVEIRA Teresa Cristina Pereira de , COPELLO Flávio de Mendonça , SILVA Isabela Maria de Carvalho Crusoé , NOJIMA Lincoln Issamu , NOJIMA Matilde da Cunha Gonçalves
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics of African-Brazilians young adults with excellent dental occlusion, including bimaxillary protrusion; compare them to European-American Caucasian standards, and determine whether there is sexual dimorphism in the display of this phenotype. Methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 43 African-Brazilians within military personnel (28 males and 15 females, average age 22.4 ± 3.4 years) with normal occlusion, selected from a group of 394 volunteers. Thirty-one angular and linear measurements were evaluated. Student’s t-test for independent samples was used to compare results with those established by European-American standards, previously described in the literature. Results: Considering the dentoalveolar pattern, seven angular and six linear measurements showed statistically significant differences (p< 0.001) when compared to Caucasian cephalometric standards. African-Brazilians’ subjects showed lower cranial base angle (SNAr = 119.87 ± 5.66º) and anterior cranial base length (SN-distance = 68.63 ± 4.50 mm) (p< 0.001). The maxilla (SNA = 88.51 ± 3.23º) and the mandible (SNB = 85.06 ± 3.24º) were protruded in relation to the SN line (p< 0.001). Sexual dimorphism was significant for L1.NB (degrees) (p< 0.01), and interincisal angle (U1.L1) (p< 0.05). Conclusion: African-Brazilian young adults presented differences regarding dental and craniofacial characteristics, when compared to European-American norms. It can be stated that Caucasian cephalometric norms should not be applied to African-Brazilian faces.
Tomographic analysis of midpalatal suture prior to rapid maxillary expansion
Authors: CHRISTOVAM Ilana Oliveira , LISBOA Cinthia de Oliveira , VILANI Giselle Naback Lemes , BRANDÃO Roberto Carlos Bodart , VISCONTI Maria Augusta Portella Guedes , MATTOS Claudia Trindade , RUELLAS Antônio Carlos de Oliveira
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics, the timing of treatment onset may be critical and individual analysis should be applied to promote a favorable treatment planning. In this study, individual analysis of midpalatal suture (MS) and palatal measurements were performed in teenagers and young adult patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Description: Twenty-six patients submitted to RME with a tooth-supported appliance (Hyrax) were evaluated. The inclusion criteria were: minimum age of 14 years, presenting all posterior teeth, diagnosed with transverse maxillary discrepancy, and with a clinical indication for maxillary expansion. The pretreatment CBCT scans of these patients were assessed to obtain the stages of MS maturation (MSM); density ratio (MSD); and palatal length, thickness (anterior, intermediate and posterior) and sagittal area. Results: The maturation stages present were C, D or E; the density ranged from 0.6 to 1, and lower density (MSD < 0.75) and higher density (MSD ≥ 0.75) groups were determined. Individuals with higher MSD presented smaller sagittal area, compared to the lower density group. Individuals in D and E MSM stages presented smaller sagittal area and intermediate thickness, compared to stage C. Conclusions: Smaller palatal sagittal area was observed in the high MSD groups and in the stages D and E of MSM.
Skeletal posterior crossbite in patient with mandibular asymmetry: an alternative solution
Authors: ROMANO Fábio Lourenço , MESTRINER Marcelo Antônio
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT Introduction: Skeletal posterior crossbite (SPCB) has a multifactorial etiology, as it may be caused by parafunctional habits, atypical position of the tongue, tooth losses and maxillary or mandibular transverse skeletal asymmetries. Skeletal involvement may lead to facial changes and an unfavorable aesthetic appearance. The treatment of SPCB diagnosed in an adult patient should be correctly approached after the identification of its etiologic factor. Surgically-assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME), one of the techniques used to correct SPCB in skeletally mature individuals, is an efficient and stable procedure for the correction of transverse discrepancies that may be performed in the office or in a hospital. Objective: This study discusses the results of asymmetrical SARME used to correct unilateral SPCB associated with transverse mandibular asymmetry. Conclusion: The treatment alternative used in the reported case was quite effective. At the end of the treatment, the patient presented adequate occlusion and facial aesthetics.
Extension of the vase life of Lilium pumilum cut flowers by pulsing solution containing sucrose, citric acid and silver thiosulfate
Authors: Krause Marcelo Rodrigo , Santos Mirelle Nayana de Sousa , Moreira Karoliny Ferreira , Tolentino Márcia Martins , Mapeli Ana Maria
Published: June 2021

Abstract Floriculture is a promising activity and has great economic importance. In this context, the cultivation of Lilium pumilum Redouté stands out. However, one of the main challenges flower farmers face is that a large part of the products is lost before reaching the final consumer, due to postharvest losses. Such losses can be minimized by adopting some techniques, such as the use of conditioning solution (pulsing), which has been effective in preventing early senescence. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of pulsing with sucrose, citric acid and silver thiosulphate on postharvest conservation of L. pumilum cut flowers. All treatments promoted a 1.8±0.3 day increase in longevity, uniformity of floral opening, and reduced fresh weight loss compared to the control (flowers that were not pulse-treated). There was no significant difference in chlorophyll content and leaf relative water content. The time of exposure to pulsing caused significant differences in the reduction of anthocyanin contents when compared to the control, demonstrating that pulsing preservative solution for at least 6 h extends the vase life of L. pumilum cut flowers by two days.
A tracer microrheology for determination of viscoelasticity of dilute ovalbumin colloids
Authors: Bakhsh Ahmed , Elobeid Tahra , Avci Esra , Demirci Mehmet , Taylan Osman , Ozmen Duygu , Meral Raciye , Yilmaz Mustafa Tahsin
Published: June 2021

This study seems to be the first effort to determine the viscoelastic properties of dilute ovalbumin colloids using dynamic-light-scattering-based optical microrheology using carboxylated melamine microparticles as the tracer probe. A generalized form of the Stokes–Einstein equation constructed based on Laplace transformation of the mean square displacement, 〈Δr 2(t)〉, was employed to compute the viscoelastic moduli (storage modulus, G′, and loss modulus, G″). 〈Δr 2(t)〉 was determined to increase with time by reaching a maximum plateau at a time between 10−3 and 10−1 s with no further increase, revealing the elastic nature of dilute ovalbumin colloids within the given time. On the other hand, ovalbumin colloids exhibited different viscoelastic properties at two different frequency ranges. The measurements and interpretation of data revealed that the technique used seems to ensure a fast and effective method for measuring the viscoelastic properties of ovalbumin colloids at very low concentration levels.
Albumin nanoparticles for use in cancer drug delivery
Authors: Gülsu Aydan , Aslanpay Mutlu Can
Published: June 2021

The side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on healthy organs, as well as cancer cells, are one of the main reasons for the high mortality rates of cancer patients. Controlled drug release studies with biocompatible nanoparticles are becoming increasingly important to prevent drawbacks of traditional chemotherapy treatment. In this study, it is aimed to entrap doxorubicin (DOX) into albumin nanoparticles with a high loading capacity to obtain a long-term release profile. Albumin nanoparticles were prepared through the desolvation method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The prepared particles were spherical in shape, having a size between 25 and 100 nm, and the entrapment efficiency was about 87%. The in vitro release profile of DOX-loaded albumin nanoparticles exhibited controlled release of the drug up to 124 days (90.37%). The results showed that DOX was efficiently entrapped into the prepared albumin nanoparticles and the drug was released from the carrier in a controlled manner. Assessment of the cytotoxicity of the obtained nanoparticles on human A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) and HeLa (human cervix adenocarcinoma) cell lines was carried out through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The cancer cell line cytotoxicity results, consistent with the controlled release profile, evidently showed that DOX-loaded albumin nanoparticles can be a good option in the treatment of cancer.
Gamma-ray-shielding parameters of some phantom fabrication materials for medical dosimetry
Authors: Çelen Yonca Yahşi
Published: June 2021

Radiation has been used in many different fields since its discovery, but using it in medical applications is vital, as it is related to human health. In medical application, many different materials are used for different purposes. Three-dimensional materials are used in phantom technology, and it is important to know the properties of those materials. In this study, the linear attenuation coefficients (LACs; μ, cm−1) and some other related parameters of gamma rays (mean free path, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, effective atomic number (Zeff), electron density (Neff) and equivalent atomic number (Zeq)) were obtained for five different phantom fabrication materials used in medical dosimetry. The calculations were done using the Phy-X/PSD software for gamma energies of 10−3–105 MeV. The obtained LAC results ranged from 0.103 to 0.13 cm−1for 0.365 MeV, from 0.09 to 0.11 cm−1for 0.511 MeV and from 0.059 to 0.076 cm−1for 1.275 MeV.
Highly conductive polyester fabrics fabricated by graphene oxide printing and hot-pressing
Authors: Cao Jiliang , Guan Xinyi , Wang Yan , Xu Licong
Published: June 2021

In this work, graphene oxide (GO) is printed on the surface of polyester fabric, and conductive polyester fabrics are prepared through the hot-pressing reduction method. The influence of GO concentration, hot-pressing temperature and hot-pressing time on the electrical conductivity of the fabrics is investigated. The electrical conductivity, whiteness/yellowness, reflectivity, strength, washability and friction resistance of the printed fabrics are tested. The conductive fabrics are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the surface electrical resistance of the printed fabric decreases with increasing GO concentration. Besides, the I D/I G ratio in the Raman spectrum, the reduction of GO and the electrical conductivity all increase with increasing temperature or time of hot-pressing. Through SEM, the presence of reduced GO sheets on the surface of the printed fabric can be observed. However, the fabric stiffness is found to increase when the hot-pressing temperature is higher than 220°C and/or the hot-pressing time is longer than 120 s. After printing with 60 g/l GO and hot-pressing at 220°C for 120 s, the surface electric resistance of the polyester is decreased to 1347.5 Ω/cm. Furthermore, the surface electric resistance of the polyester fabric remains 2876.3 Ω/cm after 30 washing cycles.
The Econometric Analysis of the Relationship Between Oil Price, Economic Growth and Export in OPEC Countries
Authors: ÇEMREK Fatih , BAYRAÇ Hüseyin Naci
Published: June 2021

Oil is one of the main inputs demanded by the production, heating and transportation sectors in many developed and developing countries. In countries where the rate of industrialization and growth is high, dependence on oil is constantly increasing. Factors such as the fact that large oil reserves are located in certain regions of the world, differences in oil extraction costs, oil supply and demand imbalances cause oil prices to fluctuate.

The macroeconomic effects of fluctuations in oil prices affect the economies of oil exporting and importing countries in different ways. Oil price increases have an increasing effect on energy export revenues and government budget revenues in oil exporting countries. In oil importing countries, it has negative effects on production costs, external balance, growth and production capacity.

In an economy dependent on oil export revenues; the presence of new reserves or the increase in oil production changes the structure of production and export sectors in favor of oil. As a result of the increase in petroleum-weighted foreign trade, more foreign currency enters the country and the foreign trade balance deteriorates. In addition, shifting the investments in the country to petroleum and petroleum products predominantly causes the neglect of other sectors, in other words, to exclude the effect of their production and exports.

Countries that generate income based on oil exports lose their competitiveness in foreign markets because they cannot invest in R & D, technology and productivity. This situation causes countries to have an import-dependent economic structure, increase their current account deficits and decrease their growth rates.

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between average annual crude oil price (nominal value in USD), gross domestic product (2010 prices and $) and export (2010 prices and $) for OPEC member countries by panel data analysis.
Stationarity Test of Renewable Energy Consumption with Fractional Frequency Fourier Unit Root Test: Evidence from BRICS-T Countries
Authors: FENDOĞLU Eda
Published: June 2021

Countries consume large amounts of coal, oil, and natural gas due to the energy structure dominated by fossil fuels worldwide. For this reason, the rate of renewable energies in countries or country groups in general is below the global average level. In this study, we aimed to test the stationarity of renewable energy consumption for Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Turkey (the BRICS-T countries), which are in a rapid development. For this purpose, Bozoklu et al. (2020) used the fractional frequency Fourier unit root test. Annual data on renewable energy consumption covering the period of 1990–2015 have been accessed from the official database of the World Bank. According to the results obtained, it has been found that the renewable energy consumption of China, one of the BRICS-T countries, is stationary and that other countries contain unit root.
DNA Evidence as the Basis for Conviction
Authors: Meintjes-Van der Walt Lirieka , Dhliwayo Priviledge
Published: June 2021

The sufficiency of DNA evidence alone, with regard to convicting accused persons, has been interrogated and challenged in criminal cases. The availability of offender databases and the increasing sophistication of crime scene recovery of evidence have resulted in a new type of prosecution in which the State's case focuses on match statistics to explain the significance of a match between the accused's DNA profile and the crime-scene evidence. A number of such cases have raised critical jurisprudential questions about the proper role of probabilistic evidence, and the misapprehension of match statistics by courts. This article, with reference to selected cases from specific jurisdictions, investigates the issue of DNA evidence as the exclusive basis for conviction and important factors such as primary, secondary and tertiary transfer, contamination, cold hits and match probability which can influence the reliability of basing a conviction on DNA evidence alone, are discussed.
Prácticas evaluativas en tres cursos de educación física en Sudamérica
Authors: Frossard Matheus Lima , Stieg Ronildo , Santos Wagner dos
Published: June 2021

El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar y comparar las prescripciones de los momentos y de las funciones dela evaluación en los planes de disciplinas de tres cursos de formación de profesores en Educación Física (Ufes/Brasil, Cesmag/Colombia y Udelar/Uruguay). Se caracteriza por ser una investigación de método mixto de tipo secuencial explicativo. Utiliza los programas de estudios de los cursos y los planes de disciplinas como fuentes. La metodología siguió tres etapas: a) análisis de la frecuencia de palabras; b)prueba de hipótesis para la proporción; y c) análisis crítico documental. Los resultados mostraron que los momentos y las funciones de evaluación prescritos en los planes de Cesmag/Colombia y Udelar/Uruguay están influenciados por las concepciones de evaluación presentes en los lineamientosgubernamentales de estos países. Ufes/Brasil se caracteriza por una política descentralizada, sin orientacióngubernamental sobre la práctica evaluativa, y esta definición recae en los docentes. Se concluyó que la principal preocupación de las disciplinas consiste en las prescripciones de los instrumentos, faltando aún matizar la definición de los criterios, funciones, agentes, momentos y concepciones de la evaluación. También señala la urgencia de pensar una formación continua en evaluación para los docentes quelaboran en la educación superior, especialmente teniendo en cuenta el área de Educación Física propiamente dicha, los desafíos de las prácticas evaluativas alineadas con el contexto del desempeño profesional y la incorporación de habitus que potencien la profesionalidad docente.
Transformational Potential of the Biblical Idiom “A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing” in Modern Russian Speech
Authors:   Palacký University Olomouc (Olomouc, Czech Republic), Arkhanhelska Alla M.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the defamiliarization of the biblical idiom “a wolf in sheep’s clothing” in the modern Russian media reality and speech, and with the transformational potential of this unit. Based on the transformational paradigm of the idiom “a wolf in sheep’s clothing” in the horizontal analytical dimension, the article aims to identify the incentives of its transformation (internal phraseological modelling) and formation according to the model (external phraseological modelling), to track its temporal and sociocultural markedness inscribing it into the cultural and ideological context of the newest era, and to reveal the complex of linguistic and non-linguistic factors “provoking” the author of the media text to make the transformational updates which make the contextual (semantic and formal) reinterpretation of the idiom possible. Within the boundaries of the transformational paradigm at the level of its inner and outer vectors, the symbolic meanings of the components and the role of “metaphor of dressing up” in deceitful garments, semantic and structural-semantic transformations (amplification, substitution, implication, double actualization of certain components of the phraseological unit, morphological transformations, deformation of the syntax model, and role inversion), the role of phraseological configuration as an incentive for updating the biblical idiom as well as the facts of phraseological modelling are considered. The article focuses on the heteromorphism of phraseological transformations (semantic, structuralsemantic, including morphological ones) with one of the types dominating. Particular attention is paid to both the systemic and nonsystemic nature of phraseological transformations and the influence of semantics and pragmatics of the original biblical prototext on the transformative potential of the idiom “a wolf in sheep’s clothing”. Following the investigation, it has been found out that the transformative impulses emanating from the semantic and cultural meaning of the original biblical prototext are in demand to a much lesser extent than the linguistic ones (potential of the structural-semantic model of the idiom, symbolic value of its components as well as their systemic connections at the lexical-semantic and grammatical level), which confirms the secularization of the biblical expression and its transition to the category of functional textual units. The study is performed on the material of fiction, Russian printed and electronic media as well as Internet forums and blogs of the beginning of the 21st century. Using the methods of the textual identification of transformations, phraseological modelling, as well as component variable, historical-etymological and linguocultural analysis, the biblical idiom is considered a text-formative element.
Philosophical Origins of the Organic Theory of Salvation in Orthodox Theology
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Sizov Sergey E.
Published: June 2021

The historical study of modern Orthodox theology is a very important process, which is only now finding its place in science. Orthodox dogmatic theology can only seem static, while a closer examination can reveal the processes of decomposition, change and mutation. This article analyzes the theological history of the organic atonement theory, with Vladimir Lossky as its main advocate. The appearance of several atonement theories in theology (along with the criticism of legal theory – a traditional theory peculiar to academic education) highlights the reasons leading to such an unusual state of affairs. In the author’s opinion, this situation is one of the indicators for the changes in theology under the influence of new philosophical trends. The links between the organic atonement theory and philosophical research were noticed as early as in the 20th century. However, the issue has been still insufficiently explored. In connection with this, one of the objectives in this article is a thorough consideration of the way the Russian religious thought participated in the development of the 20th-century Orthodox theology. The largest school of religious philosophy at the beginning of the 20th century was the philosophy of unitotality, which was supported by many famous authors, including theologicians Sergei Bulgakov, Lev Karsavin, Sergei and Evgenii Trubetskoy, Vladimir Ern, Pavel Florensky, et al. The Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovyov was the initiator of this movement. The thinkers mentioned above and the authors of “organic” theology (in particular, Lossky and Georges Florovsky) are linked not only by their biographies, but also by common themes, methodological guidelines and objects of criticism. Thus, one of the key features of the “organic” atonement theory is the idea that Jesus Christ adopted the common human nature, and it exists as real and integrated in every single human hypostasis. In the author’s opinion, this viewpoint is not specific to Russian Orthodox theology before the 20th century. It was indeed inspired by the philosophy contemporary to Lossky. We can find the same ideas in the works by Karsavin and archpriest Bulgakov, whose teachings influenced Lossky’s views. At the same time, Lossky tried to dissociate himself from philosophy and remain a theologician. However, the author undertakes to demonstrate that not all of his resources are in the patristic tradition. In this regard, we cannot speak about imitation. On the contrary, we discuss the unconscious adoption of some topics, images and methodological techniques by Lossky from his opponents and teachers.
On the Specificity of the Formation, Distribution and Translation of Memory in the Network Space
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Syrov Vasily N.
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes the main approaches in Russian and foreign literature in the study of the formation and functioning of memory in networks. The duality of interest in the topic of memory is noted. It is shown that, on the one hand, the network space opens up new perspectives for creating and distributing memory. Thus, digital technologies allow the creation, processing, storage and dissemination of information on a historically unprecedented scale, and many people with a wide variety of values, interests and expectations gain access to this information. Consumers may have alternative sources of information and need not use official archives. They can reproduce their personal historical experience by publishing family archives, articulating their own impressions of the past. Consumers get the opportunity for an individualized interpretation of the material. No wonder, many researchers mark the concept “prosumer” as blurring the lines between the consumer and the content producer. As a result, the formation of multidirectional memory and its decentralization are noted. Researchers highlight the abundance, ubiquity and responsiveness of digital media. At the same time, their institutionalized forms are supplemented, shifted and often forced to compete with information produced and disseminated by individual users. Moreover, contacts in and through digital media are not complementary to the usual forms of social interaction, but intertwined with them. On the other hand, the negative sides of the “boom” of memory, which researchers associate with the growth of amnesia intensified by this “boom”, and the deforming of commercialized memory are emphasized. First of all, it should be noted that openness also provided an opportunity to sound to the voices that can hardly be associated with democratic tendencies. This approach will enhance the nostalgic and thus mythologized memory. The role of the consumer context in which the interest in memory is realized is noted. This turns memory into just a type of product that is worth consuming simply to be modern. Also, the specificity of the functioning of communication provided by Internet platforms turns the past into one of the types of broadcast content and one of the tools for increasing the status of the user. It is not without reason that a number of authors believe that it is more reasonable to speak not about the “boom” of memory, but about the growing pace of oblivion, where the dominance of the above-described forms of memory only enhances it. I believe that attention to such forms of memory is necessary to increase reflexivity when discussing the issue of working out those productive goals and tasks that are assigned to the memory of the past.
Meaning of the Category “Validity of the Charge” in Criminal Proceedings
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice (Moscow, Russian Federation), Kachalova Oksana V. , Kachalov Viкtor I. ,   Russian State University of Justice (Moscow, Russian Federation)
Published: June 2021

The aim of the article is to identify the meaning of the category “validity of the charge” in criminal proceedings and the scope of its application. After analyzing the content and legal essence of this category, as well as procedural situations in which it is necessary to establish the validity of the charge, the authors come to the following conclusions. Any coercive measures against suspects and accused persons can be applied only if there are serious grounds to assume that a person is involved in the commission of a crime since the restriction of the most important constitutional rights of citizens who, by virtue of the presumption of innocence, are innocent of committing a crime is possible only in exceptional cases. The validity of the charge (suspicion) assumes that a person is involved in the commission of a crime, as well as the fact of the criminal prosecution of this person. It is established if there is sufficient evidence that a person may have committed a crime (a person was caught committing a crime or immediately after it was committed; the victim or witnesses identified the person as the perpetrator of the crime; obvious traces of the crime were found on the person or their clothing, with them or in their house, etc.). The validity of the charge may be confirmed by a decision to initiate a criminal case and bring a person as an accused, by protocols of detention, interrogations of the accused, the victim, witnesses, and other materials. In the procedural sense, the conditions for establishing the validity of the charge differ significantly. When resolving the issue of the use of detention and other preventive measures, the validity of the charge is established within the framework of a court session in the conditions of adversariality with the participation of the parties. When giving the court permission to conduct investigative and other procedural actions in accordance with Article 165 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, to ensure the secrecy of the investigation, the issue is resolved in the absence of adversariality with the possible participation of only the prosecutor, the investigator, and the inquirer. The category “validity of the charge” is significant in legal terms in a criminal case with the special order of proceedings. A prerequisite for the court to consider a criminal case in a simplified procedure is the validity of the charge and its confirmation by the evidence collected in the case. The validity of the charge in the appointment of a trial in the special order provided for by Chapter 40 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation is established by the court outside the court session in the absence of the parties. In any of the above situations, the court is responsible for establishing the validity of the charge since failure to establish it means that the decision made is unfounded.
Perspectives in Applying the Doctrine of “Piercing the Corporate Veil” in Cases of Subsidiary Liability of Persons Controlling the Debtor in the Russian Federation: A Comparative Legal Approach
Authors:   Higher School of Economics – Perm Branch (Perm, Russian Federation), Kondrateva Ksenya S. , Sterlyagov Ilya A. ,   Perm Krai Office of the Federal Tax Service of Russia (Perm, Russian Federation)
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the issue of the formation of the doctrine of “piercing the corporate veil” in various legal systems in order to determine the possibility of its application when bringing persons controlling the debtor to subsidiary liability in case of insolvency (bankruptcy) in Russia. In the study, general and specific methods of cognition were used: retrospective, historical, logical, and comparative legal. Methods of logical analysis and dialectics were applied, which together with the seeming contradictions of a significant number of scholarly views allow concluding about their unity and constructiveness. It has been established that, in order to use the “piercing” doctrine as a procedural tool to ignore the property isolation of a legal entity, the courts conduct multi-stage tests to justify the need for such use and prove the exclusivity of the case in question. The importance of the legislative introduction of the concept “person controlling the debtor” is noted in connection with the use of corporate structures and forms of informal control, as well as clear criteria for control and circumstances that presume harm to creditors. Based on the analysis of judicial practice, conclusions were drawn about the main ways of abuse of rights when using corporate governance. The question of the possibility of including the claims of participants (shareholders), company managers and interested parties in the register of claims of the debtor’s creditors is problematic in judicial practice. It is concluded that, due to being in the same legal family, the approach of German law enforcement officers to piercing the corporate veil, better known as responsibility for “destructive interference” in the affairs of society, and to recovering damage caused to creditors under the current legislation is close to Russian law. In this connection, the practice of applying the doctrine in Germany can be regarded as a useful experience for Russian law. Taking into account the precedent legal nature of the doctrine of “piercing the corporate veil”, the authors come to the conclusion that it is impossible to borrow it by domestic law. At the same time, Russian law, the main source of which is normative legal acts, if necessary, selects current trends in ways of solving problems that meet the needs of society and the legal community.
“New Materialism” in Sociology: Ontological Consequences
Authors:   Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation), Kerimov Tapdyg Kh.
Published: June 2021

The aim of this article is to provide a critical account for the ontological consequences of “new materialism” in sociology. The author explicates the context of the emergence of “new materialism”. In juxtaposition of materialism in mainstream sociology and social constructivism, “new materialism” significantly extends the sphere of materialistic analysis. It looks at the matter not as a pure container of the form, a pure passivity, but is rewarded with the features of energetism, vitalism and generative capacities. The author discloses the content of “new materialism” through reference to its three requirements: the processuality, eventfulness of the material world; the single nature-culture continuum; the extension of the capacity to act to non-human objects. In sum, all these requirements provide presuppositions for the “flat ontology” of assemblages that is opposed to mainstream sociology. The latter, with its principles of essentialism, reductionism and deontology of objects, postulates the existence of autonomous and self-sufficient sociality. In contrast, in new materialistic ontology none of the substances can be taken as an essence of the social, which entails the affirmation of the heterogeneity and multiplicity of the social. Heterogeneous assemblages appear as a primary ontological unit. Erosion of the social, its ontological devaluation as a separate sphere of reality, leads to the fact that notions of the social and social ontology become problematic. The article reveals ontological dead ends in the identification of assemblages and in the description of their social and materialistic content. The possibility of assemblage identification shows that ontologization of multiplicity can be only a new version of essentialism. The argument of the article is that there are three interpretations of assemblages, distinguished in terms of their material and social content. The first one allows the existence of matter out of social forms, but denies the possibility of its cognition and thus restores the dualism of matter-in-itself and matter-for-ourselves, of nature and society. The second one denies the existence of matter out of social forms, but thus becomes anthropocentric, which contradicts to the initial requirements of “new materialism”. The third interpretation is based on the idea of the independence of matter from social forms, but in such a version “new materialism” does not differ from mainstream sociology. The ontological dead ends of the “new materialism” bare the alternative between the disciplinary and post-disciplinary identities of sociology in the situation of a dynamic and relational social reality.
Análise de Sentimentos: Da Psicométrica à Psicopolítica
Authors: Melhado Felipe , Rabot Jean-Martin
Published: June 2021

Os dados sobre nossas emoções, os chamados emotional data, constituem hoje uma valiosa commodity coletada e comercializada por plataformas de comunicação digital. Entre os maiores interessados em obtê-la estão corporações financeiras e políticas que, entre outros usos, baseiam suas decisões em informações sobre os afetos dos usuários das redes. Existem diferentes formas de se gerar emotional data, e uma delas é a análise de sentimentos. Este artigo aborda algumas características dessa ferramenta, investigando o seu funcionamento e os saberes psicométricos que a constituem. A análise de sentimentos é entendida não apenas como uma ferramenta de detecção de afetos, mas também de produção emocional, uma técnica que opera instrumentalizando as emoções para uma capitalização alheia ao indivíduo. É dessa maneira que é possível delineá-la — para além de um instrumento psicométrico — como um aparato psicopolítico. Neste sentido, conceitos como “sociedade de controle” (Deleuze, 1992), “sociedade confessional” (Bauman, 2012/2014), além da própria noção de “psicopolítica” (Han, 2014/2014b), são úteis para compreendermos aspectos da produção emocional assentes nas novas tecnologias da comunicação. Este artigo, portanto, pretende contribuir para o entendimento de um fator importante, mas ainda algo negligenciado nos estudos sobre big data e vigilância: o monitoramento e a produção de afetos como forma de controle subjetivo.
Recensão do Livro Advanced Introduction to Platform Economics
Authors: Silva Elsa Costa e
Published: June 2021

O livro Advanced Introduction to Platform Economics é uma proveitosa contribuição para a compreensão das plataformas digitais, um fenómeno marcante nas sociedades contemporâneas. Com uma proposta condensada em termos de porte, mas abrangente no seu alcance e aprofundamento dos temas, o livro concorre para um debate recorrente sobre a necessária regulação destas plataformas. Sendo certo que estas contribuem positivamente para a sociedade, informando, educando e entretendo uma vasta camada da população, é também certo que existem muitos prejuízos associados à sua atividade...
Jornalismo em Estado de Emergência: Uma Análise dos Efeitos da Pandemia Covid-19 nas Relações de Emprego dos Jornalistas
Authors: Garcia José Luís , Matos José Nuno , Silva Pedro Alcântara da
Published: June 2021

A condição socioprofissional dos jornalistas tem sofrido profundas transformações ao longo das últimas décadas. Estas têm origem numa sucessão de crises que afetam a comunicação social no contexto de um processo combinado de liberalização e digitalização. Além de mudanças nas rotinas de produção, as redações jornalísticas sofreram operações de reestruturação, responsáveis pela recomposição da sua força de trabalho. Entre despedimentos coletivos, aumento do desemprego, contratos a prazo, “recibos verdes”, formas descontínuas e intermitentes de trabalho, baixos salários, trabalho gratuito e a reduzido custo de estagiários, a precariedade passou, aos poucos, a caracterizar a condição jornalística. A partir dos resultados do “Estudo Sobre os Efeitos do Estado de Emergência no Jornalismo no Contexto da Pandemia Covid-19”, este artigo pretende analisar as implicações destas políticas nas relações de emprego dos jornalistas. O objetivo principal é compreender em que medida é que a resposta das empresas de comunicação social a esta nova realidade representa uma reversão da lógica de precarização ou, pelo contrário, a sua aceleração. O estudo pretende, em primeiro lugar, realizar um diagnóstico das relações de emprego antes da declaração de estado de emergência (DEE) — entre março e abril de 2020 — nomeadamente a incidência de vínculos temporários e a sua relação com fatores como o género ou a idade. Num segundo momento, analisar-se-á os efeitos da DEE a este nível, principalmente no que respeita ao recurso a contratos temporários, a despedimentos ou ao lay-off.
Plataformas Digitais na Economia Conectada: Discurso, Controlo, Consumo e Colaboração. Nota Introdutória
Authors: Saturnino Rodrigo Ribeiro , Sousa Helena , Qiu Jack Linchuan
Published: June 2021

O volume 39 da revista Comunicação e Sociedade apresenta uma série de estudos sobre diferentes abordagens de utilização das plataformas digitais. Se por um lado, são interpretadas como um importante meio de consumo e espaço para o surgimento de práticas sociais colaborativas, por outro lado, também podem ser analisadas como novos mecanismos de vigilância e de produção de discursos performáticos numa economia cada vez mais conectada...
The problem of loss of solutions in the task of searching similar documents: Applying terminology in the construction of a corpus vector model
Authors: Krasnov Fedor , Smaznevich Irina , Baskakova Elena
Published: June 2021

This article considers the problem of finding text documents similar in meaning in the corpus. We investigate a problem arising when developing applied intelligent information systems that is non-detection of a part of solutions by the TF-IDF algorithm: one can lose some document pairs that are similar according to human assessment, but receive a low similarity assessment from the program. A modification of the algorithm, with the replacement of the complete vocabulary with a vocabulary of specific terms is proposed. The addition of thesauri when building a corpus vector model based on a ranking function has not been previously investigated; the use of thesauri has so far been studied only to improve topic models. The purpose of this work is to improve the quality of the solution by minimizing the loss of its significant part and not adding “false similar” pairs of documents. The improvement is provided by the use of a vocabulary of specific terms extracted from the text of the analyzed documents when calculating the TF-IDF values for corpus vector representation. The experiment was carried out on two corpora of structured normative and technical documents united by a subject: state standards related to information technology and to the field of railways. The glossary of specific terms was compiled by automatic analysis of the text of the documents under consideration, and rule-based NER methods were used. It was demonstrated that the calculation of TF-IDF based on the terminology vocabulary gives more relevant results for the problem under study, which confirmed the hypothesis put forward. The proposed method is less dependent on the shortcomings of the text layer (such as recognition errors) than the calculation of the documents’ proximity using the complete vocabulary of the corpus. We determined the factors that can affect the quality of the decision: the way of compiling a terminology vocabulary, the choice of the range of n-grams for the vocabulary, the correctness of the wording of specific terms and the validity of their inclusion in the glossary of the document. The findings can be used to solve applied problems related to the search for documents that are close in meaning, such as semantic search, taking into account the subject area, corporate search in multi-user mode, detection of hidden plagiarism, identification of contradictions in a collection of documents, determination of novelty in documents when building a knowledge base.
Factors associated with poor outcome in tuberculous meningitis; study from a tertiary care referral Centre from South India
Authors:   Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, Mathukumalli Neeharika L , Kola Sruthi Reddy ,   Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, Kanikannan Meena A ,   Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, Turaga Suryaprabha ,   Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, Borgohain Rupam ,   Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide burden with a large majority of new activecases occurring in underdeveloped and developing countries. This study is an attempt to look intovarious aspects of the disease that can be associated with the outcome, to promote a timely referralto an appropriate centre. Purpose: To identify various clinical, lab, CSF and radiological variablesassociated with poor outcome of TBM at the time of discharge. Material & Methods: Demographicdata, duration of symptoms before diagnosis, clinical presentation, staging of the disease at the timeof admission of all the TBM patients who presented to our centre between December, 2015 and May2018 were noted. Results of biochemical investigations and brain and spine imaging were retrieved.Outcome at the time of discharge as measured by MRC and mRS grades was correlated to clinicalprofile, lab, CSF and radiological findings. Results: A total of 100 patients were included. 15patients died. Subjects with MRC and mRS grades of 2 or more at admission constituted 65% and93% respectively. At discharge, MRC and mRS grades of 2 or more were found in 29.63% and 39%respectively. Multivariable analysis showed a significant positive association of MRC stage atdischarge with MRC stage (p = 0.001) and mRS score (p = 0.001) at admission and Vellorehydrocephalus grade (p < 0.001) when hydrocephalus first identified. Conclusion: Stage of thedisease (MRC) and functional status of the patient (mRS) at admission are the two most importantindependent factors determining the outcome of TBM patients at the time of discharge.