bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theta oscillations in rat infralimbic cortex are associated with the inhibition of cocaine seeking during extinction
Authors: Müller Ewald Victória A. , Kim Jangjin , Farley Sean J. , Freeman John H. , LaLumiere Ryan T.
Published: October 2021

Infralimbic cortical (IL) manipulations indicate that this region mediates extinction learning and suppresses cocaine seeking following cocaine self‐administration. However, little work has recorded IL activity during the inhibition of cocaine seeking due to the difficulty of determining precisely when cocaine‐seeking behaviour is inhibited within a cocaine‐seeking session. The present study used in vivo electrophysiology to examine IL activity across extinction as well as during cocaine self‐administration and reinstatement. Sprague–Dawley rats underwent 6‐h access cocaine self‐administration in which the response lever was available during discrete signalled trials, a procedure which allowed for the comparison between epochs of cocaine seeking versus the inhibition thereof. Subsequently, rats underwent extinction and cocaine‐primed reinstatement using the same procedure. Results indicate that theta rhythms (4–10 Hz) dominated IL local‐field potential (LFP) activity during all experimental stages. During extinction, theta power fluctuated significantly surrounding the lever press and was lower when rats engaged in cocaine seeking versus when they withheld from doing so. These patterns of oscillatory activity differed from self‐administration and reinstatement stages. Single‐unit analyses indicate heterogeneity of IL unit responses, supporting the idea that multiple neuronal subpopulations exist within the IL and promote the expression of different and even opposing cocaine‐seeking behaviours. Together, these results are consistent with the idea that aggregate synaptic and single‐unit activity in the IL represent the engagement of the IL in action monitoring to promote adaptive behaviour in accordance with task contingencies and reveal critical insights into the relationship between IL activity and the inhibition of cocaine seeking.
Individuals of refugee background resettled in regional and rural Australia: A systematic review of mental health research
Authors: Hawkes Clare , Norris Kimberley , Joyce Janine , Paton Douglas
Published: October 2021

Introduction

The Australian Government aims to increase the number of individuals on humanitarian resettlement visas allocated to regional locations to 50% by the year 2022. A significant issue with this, given the substantive body of research identifying that refugee populations face chronic mental health concerns during resettlement, is the lack of health‐related research focusing on the resettlement of individuals of refugee background to rural and regional locations in Australia, especially in the area of mental health.

Objective

To provide a foundation for rectifying this omission, this review is the first to synthesise mental health research focusing on individuals of refugee background specifically resettled to rural and regional locations in Australia.

Design

The review was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Findings were synthesised using thematic analytic techniques.

Findings

14 relevant studies (3 quantitative, one mixed‐method, 10 qualitative) were identified. Findings indicated that individuals of refugee background resettled in rural and regional Australia not only experienced higher levels of psychological distress than the general population but also had significant difficulty and limited options when accessing mental health services. Furthermore, resettlement in rural and regional locations increased the risk of experiencing many interrelated factors associated with adverse mental health outcomes and distress, including very limited access to support services, with the latter being identified as vital for well‐being.

Conclusion

This review highlights the disparity between the Australian Government's policies and plans regarding regional resettlement, what is happening on the ground, and identifies key gaps in research and practice which must be addressed.
We Are Not Alone: William King and the Naming of the Neanderthals
Authors: Walker James , Clinnick David , White Mark
Published: October 2021

The story of human history was changed forever in 1863 with William King's proposal that we had not always been the sole members of the Homo genus. Yet, more than 150 years after Homo neanderthalensis was first named and then summarized in the pages of The Anthropological Review, the man responsible for this revolutionary announcement is poorly known in the field of palaeoanthropology today. Following the sesquicentennial anniversary of this seminal event in 2013, a timely reappraisal is given of King's reputation, legacy, and work within the intellectual vortex of his time. [Neanderthals, human evolution, history of paleoanthropology, William King]
Anthropology and ableism
Authors: Durban Erin L.
Published: October 2021

This article continues the tradition of writing about embodied knowledge production to highlight the underanalyzed issue of ableism, providing an opening for a disciplinary reckoning with oppressive legacies towards creating collective access in anthropology and academia. Building on the creative and collaborative labor of disabled and allied anthropologists, I argue that ableism is inherent to anthropology's disciplinary formations—especially expectations pertaining to fieldwork. I make a series of claims related to this argument: The continuation of fieldwork practices from the colonial model naturalizes able bodyminds, and without intervention, reproduces ableist anthropology. The normate anthropologist has always had a “nondisabled” bodymind, but once disability became a proper object for anthropology, a line was solidified between “anthropologist” and “the disabled,” thereby making disabled anthropologist a seemingly conceptual impossibility. The effect of the anthropological gaze turning towards disability introduced a “corporeal unconscious” in the discipline; the specter of becoming disabled (becoming subject to the anthropological gaze rather than being its source) haunts fieldwork and heightens the anxious relation of anthropology to disability. Illuminating the normative underpinnings of anthropology and embracing the unbearable possibility that we all might be(come) disabled should move us to collectively consider what anthropology might be otherwise.
Year without End: Primatology in 2020
Authors: Schmitt Christopher A.
Published: October 2021

The year 2020 was arelentless one that drained many of us of any hope. This review focuses on work in primatology over the long span of that year that may serve as a small remedy to the shadow cast. In 2020, primatology became a focal point of the fight against the COVID‐19 pandemic and holds promise for understanding and preventing similar pandemics in the future. The past few years have also seen an increased concern in US primatology for understanding and working through the legacy of our colonial history, which has intersected with the urgency of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020 to foment change that is only just beginning to be felt in our discipline. This review, which is by no means comprehensive, discusses these threads of research and their potential for change that might sustain primatology beyond the seemingly endless pandemic year. [COVID‐19, pandemic, primatology, decolonizing primatology, decolonizing biological anthropology, biological anthropology, fieldwork, primates]
Early cryoprecipitate transfusion versus standard care in severe postpartum haemorrhage: a pilot cluster‐randomised trial
Authors: Green L. , Daru J. , Gonzalez Carreras F. J. , Lanz D. , Pardo M. C. , Pérez T. , Philip S. , Tanqueray T. , Khan K. S.
Published: October 2021

There is a lack of evidence evaluating cryoprecipitate transfusion in severe postpartum haemorrhage. We performed a pilot cluster‐randomised controlled trial to evaluate the feasibility of a trial on early cryoprecipitate delivery in severe postpartum haemorrhage. Pregnant women (>24 weeks gestation), actively bleeding within 24 h of delivery and who required at least one unit of red blood cells were eligible. Women declining transfusion in advance or with inherited clotting deficiencies were not eligible. Four UK hospitals were randomly allocated to deliver either the intervention (administration of two pools of cryoprecipitate within 90 min of first red blood cell unit requested plus standard care), or the control group treatment (standard care, where cryoprecipitate is administered later or not at all). The primary outcome was the proportion of women who received early cryoprecipitate (intervention) vs. standard care (control). Secondary outcomes included consent rates, acceptability of the intervention, safety outcomes and preliminary clinical outcome data to inform a definitive trial. Between March 2019 and January 2020, 199 participants were recruited; 19 refused consent, leaving 180 for analysis (110 in the intervention and 70 in the control group). Adherence to assigned treatment was 32% (95%CI 23–41%) in the intervention group vs. 81% (95%CI 70–90%) in the control group. The proportion of women receiving cryoprecipitate at any time‐point was higher in the intervention (60%) vs. control (31%) groups; the former had fewer red blood cell transfusions at 24 h (mean difference −0.6 units, 95%CI −1.2 to 0); overall surgical procedures (odds ratio 0.6, 95%CI 0.3–1.1); and intensive care admissions (odds ratio 0.4, 95%CI 0.1–1.1). There was no increase in serious adverse or thrombotic events in the intervention group. Staff interviews showed that lack of awareness and uncertainty about study responsibilities contributed to lower adherence in the intervention group. We conclude that a full‐scale trial may be feasible, provided that protocol revisions are put in place to establish clear lines of communication for ordering early cryoprecipitate in order to improve adherence. Preliminary clinical outcomes associated with cryoprecipitate administration are encouraging and merit further investigation.
ECM algorithm for estimating vector ARMA model with variance gamma distribution and possible unbounded density
Authors: Nitithumbundit Thanakorn , Chan Jennifer S.K.
Published: October 2021

The simultaneous analysis of several financial time series is salient in portfolio setting and risk management. This paper proposes a novel alternating expectation conditional maximisation (AECM) algorithm to estimate the vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) model with variance gamma (VG) error distribution in the multivariate skewed setting. We explain why the VARMA‐VG model is suitable for high‐frequency returns (HFRs) because VG distribution provides thick tails to capture the high kurtosis in the data and unbounded central density further captures the majority of near‐zero HFRs. The distribution can also be expressed in normal‐mean‐variance mixtures to facilitate model implementation using the Bayesian or expectation maximisation (EM) approach. We adopt the EM approach to avoid the time‐consuming Markov chain Monto Carlo sampling and solve the unbounded density problem in the classical maximum likelihood estimation. We conduct extensive simulation studies to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed AECM estimator and apply the models to analyse the dependency between two HFR series from the time zones that only differ by one hour.
Variable selection using penalised likelihoods for point patterns on a linear network
Authors: Rakshit Suman , McSwiggan Greg , Nair Gopalan , Baddeley Adrian
Published: October 2021

Motivated by the analysis of a comprehensive database of road traffic accidents, we investigate methods of variable selection for spatial point process models on a linear network. The original data may include explanatory spatial covariates, such as road curvature, and ‘mark’ variables attributed to individual accidents, such as accident severity. The treatment of mark variables is new. Variable selection is applied to the canonical covariates, which may include spatial covariate effects, mark effects and mark‐covariate interactions. We approximate the likelihood of the point process model by that of a generalised linear model, in such a way that spatial covariates and marks are both associated with canonical covariates. We impose a convex penalty on the log likelihood, principally the elastic‐net penalty, and maximise the penalised loglikelihood by cyclic coordinate ascent. A simulation study compares the performances of the lasso, ridge regression and elastic‐net methods of variable selection on their ability to select variables correctly, and on their bias and standard error. Standard techniques for selecting the regularisation parameterγoften yielded unsatisfactory results. We propose two new rules for selectingγwhich are designed to have better performance. The methods are tested on a small dataset on crimes in a Chicago neighbourhood, and applied to a large dataset of road traffic accidents in Western Australia.
Limited evidence of moderation of the association between gastrointestinal symptoms and prospective healthcare utilisation by quality of life
Authors: McNaughton David T. , Andreasson Anna , Ljótsson Brjánn , Beath Alissa P. , Hush Julia M. , Ljunggren Gunnar , Schmidt Peter T. , Talley Nicholas J. , Agréus Lars , Jones Michael P.
Published: October 2021

Background

An individual’s drive to seek medical help remains a complex behavioural process, incorporating psychological, social and symptom‐specific factors. Within irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastrointestinal symptoms only predict a small portion of the high healthcare‐seeking experienced.

Aim

To examine the moderating role of quality of life (QoL) domains on this relationship to help explain the variance observed.

Methods

This is an analysis of a Swedish population‐based prospective study of healthcare use over a 12‐year period. At baseline, gastrointestinal symptoms were measured with the valid Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, and QoL via the SF‐36. 1159 subjects (57% female; mean age 48.6 years) had their health records matched with the initial survey. 164 were classified as IBS by Rome II criteria. Negative binomial or logistic models were fit to evaluate the moderating effect of particular QoL domains on the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and prospective healthcare utilisation.

Results

Gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with prospective healthcare use, but moderation in this relationship by particular QoL domains was not supported; most models did not reach statistical significance. Furthermore, the impact of IBS status did not alter the moderation hypotheses.

Conclusions

Particular QoL domains did not impact the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms on prospective healthcare seeking. Future research should continue to examine other psychological, social and symptom variables to identify predictors of high healthcare consumers in IBS.
Randomised clinical trial: A phase 2 double‐blind study of namodenoson in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis
Authors: Safadi Rifaat , Braun Marius , Francis Adi , Milgrom Yael , Massarwa Muhammad , Hakimian David , Hazou Wadi , Issachar Assaf , Harpaz Zivit , Farbstein Motti , Itzhak Inbal , Lev‐Cohain Naama , Bareket‐Samish Avital , Silverman Michael H. , Fishman Pnina
Published: October 2021

Background

Namodenoson, an A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) agonist, improved liver function/pathology in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) preclinical models.

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of namodenoson for the treatment of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with or without NASH

Methods

This phase 2 study included 60 patients with NAFLD (ALT ≥60 IU/L) who were randomised (1:1:1) to oral namodenoson 12.5 mg b.d. (n = 21), 25 mg b.d. (n = 19), or placebo (n = 20) for 12 weeks (total follow‐up: 16 weeks). The main efficacy endpoint involved serum ALT after 12 weeks of treatment.

Results

Serum ALT decreased over time with namodenoson in a dose‐dependent manner. The difference between change from baseline (CFB) for ALT in the namodenoson 25 mg b.d. arm vs placebo trended towards significance at 12 weeks (P = 0.066). Serum AST levels also decreased with namodenoson in a dose‐dependent manner; at 12 weeks, the CFB for 25 mg b.d. vs placebo was significant (P = 0.03). At Week 12, 31.6% in the namodenoson 25 mg b.d. arm and 20.0% in the placebo arm achieved ALT normalisation (P = 0.405). At week 16, the respective rates were 36.8% and 10.0% (P = 0.038). A3AR expression levels were stable over time across study arms. Both doses of namodenoson were well tolerated with no drug‐emergent severe adverse events, drug‐drug interactions, hepatotoxicity, or deaths. Three adverse events were considered possibly related to study treatment: myalgia (12.5 mg b.d. arm), muscular weakness (25 mg b.d. arm), and headache (25 mg b.d. arm).

Conclusion

A3AR is a valid target; namodenoson 25 mg b.d. was safe and demonstrated efficacy signals (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02927314).
How participation in Covid‐19 mutual aid groups affects subjective well‐being and how political identity moderates these effects
Authors: Mao Guanlan , Drury John , Fernandes‐Jesus Maria , Ntontis Evangelos
Published: October 2021

Mutual aid groups have flourished during the Covid‐19 pandemic. However, a major challenge is sustaining such groups, which tend to decline following the initial upsurge immediately after emergencies. The present study investigates one possible motivation for continued participation: the well‐being benefits associated with psychological membership of groups, as suggested by the “social cure” approach. Interviews were conducted with 11 volunteers in a mutual aid group organized by ACORN, a community union and anti‐poverty campaigning organization. Through qualitative analysis, we show that participation provided well‐being in different ways: positive emotional experiences, increased engagement in life, improved social relationships, and greater sense of control. Participants also reported some negative emotional experiences. While all interviewees experienced benefits from participation, those who viewed their participation through a political lens were able to experience additional benefits such as feelings of empowerment. Moreover, the benefits conferred by a shared political identity appeared to be qualitatively different from the benefits conferred by other forms of shared identity. The interview data is used to hypothesize an overall process by which participants may come to attain a political identity via mutual aid. These findings have implications for how such groups retain their members and how authorities support these groups.
Laparoscopic left‐sided mesocolic leaf flap repair for pelvic reconstruction after sacral tissue necrosis. A case report
Authors: Koyama Makoto , Miyagawa Yusuke , Kitazawa Masato , Tanaka Atsushi , Yanagisawa Daisuke , Muranaka Futoshi , Tokumaru Shigeo , Nakamura Satoshi , Yamamoto Yuta , Hondo Nao , Takahata Shugo , Tanaka Hirokazu , Kuroiwa Masatsugu , Soejima Yuji
Published: October 2021

Radical surgical procedures for malignant diseases of the pelvis result in a large pelvic defect that requires soft tissue reconstruction. The mesentery can be used for pelvic floor reconstruction when debridement with intestinal resection is required. A 75‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with sacral necrosis, infection and sepsis after carbon ion radiotherapy for sacral chordoma. She underwent sacral debridement three times, which resulted in a large pelvic defect of 14 × 13 cm. Surgery was performed to completely resect the necrotic tissue. We performed extended debridement of sacrum and adjacent tissue around the rectum and anus. Since it was impossible to preserve the anus, laparoscopic left hemicolectomy, abdominosacral resection, and left‐sided mesocolic leaf repair for the pelvic defect, and reconstructed the pelvis and buttocks using a gluteal thigh flap were performed. Indocyanine green fluorescent (ICG) imaging was used to detect the margin of the pelvic floor and necrotic tissue and the blood flow of the left‐sided mesocolic leaf flap. Left‐sided mesocolic leaf reconstruction is useful for large pelvic defects. ICG imaging enabled the detection of the resection margins and the blood flow of the mesocolic leaf.
Invasive experimental brain surgery for dementia: Ethical shifts in clinical research practices?
Authors: Gilbert Frederic , Viaña John Noel M. , Bittlinger Merlin , Stevens Ian , Farrow Maree , Vickers James , Dodds Susan , Illes Judy
Published: October 2021

The increasing dementia prevalence worldwide is driving the testing of novel therapeutic approaches, such as invasive brain technologies, despite limited clinical evidence and the risk of accelerating cognitive decline. Our manuscript (a) reviews the NIH Clinicaltrials.gov database for deep brain stimulation, stem cell implantation, and gene therapy trials on people with dementia; (b) discusses issues on beneficence, nonmaleficence, and autonomy associated with these trials; and (c) proposes nine recommendations that build on elements from the Declaration of Helsinki. We found 49 preregistered high‐risk trials from nine countries planning to or involving 11,801 people with Alzheimer's or Lewy body dementia or dementia secondary to Parkinson's or Huntington's disease. Most of the people with Alzheimer's who are in these trials are from North America and East Asia. There is substantial heterogeneity in the enrolment criteria, even for trials recruiting only those with Alzheimer's disease. Although most trials enrol people in mild to moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease, trials in China enrol people who have severe Alzheimer's. Our findings highlight a pressing need to review and refine the enrolment criteria for invasive neural trials in people with dementia, considering risks, potential benefits, and capacity for informed consent. As a multidisciplinary team from Australia, the USA, Canada, and Germany with expertise in neurology, neuroscience, and ethics, we examine how it is essential to balance the risks of invasive neural research in a vulnerable population with limited capacity to provide informed consent to help advance the body of knowledge regarding a disease with limited therapeutic options.
The importance of developing care‐worker‐centered robotic aides in long‐term care
Authors: Apostolova Iva , Lanoix Monique
Published: October 2021

Recent research points to the fact that new medical technological innovations are just as relevant in the context of long‐term care or chronic care as they are in the context of acute care. In the spirit of the Nuffield Foundation recommendations, this paper explores the possibilities of using robotic aides in long‐term care and identifies the tensions that must be considered and addressed if robotics is to be introduced successfully in nursing homes. Our examination is two‐pronged. First, we delve into a fundamental issue surrounding AI, namely that of consciousness. We argue that automation will always have only a limited use in caregiving since caregiving as an activity requires the use of human‐type, that is, organic, consciousness. We support the thesis that the emergence and formation of human‐type consciousness require feelings such as empathy and the sense of touch, which, in turn, create the sense of kinship with fellow human beings. And second, we examine the benefits as well as risks of using robotic aides such as ZORA and PARO in long‐term care facilities. More specifically, we look at ZORA's use in a group setting, and PARO's use in an individual setting. We emphasize that long‐term care is one‐on‐one care, including but not limited to intimate care. Crucially, we argue that touch is at the heart of this type of care. We argue that some of the tensions with the use of robotic aides are generated precisely because of the lack of human touch.
Promise and pitfalls of allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor therapy in plasma cell and lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Dhakal Binod , Chhabra Saurabh , Savani Bipin N. , Hamadani Mehdi
Published: October 2021

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy is a promising immunotherapy in haematological malignancies. However, the currently approved products are generated from autologous T cells that require orchestration of several logistically complex steps, which include patient eligibility, apheresis capability, complex manufacturing processes and shipping logistics. Use of third‐party donor‐derived (allogeneic) effector cells that allows the generation of ‘off‐the‐shelf” CAR T cells (allo‐CAR) could circumvent many of the problems associated with autologous CAR T‐cell therapy. Several allogeneic products are entering clinical trials, and though early, the results look promising. The recognised potential benefits of allo‐CAR do not come without significant challenges, that must be overcome for their widespread use. Alloreactivity, i.e. graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), and rejection of donor T cells is one of the major barriers, while other potential barriers include immunogenicity, unknown in vivo persistence, and CAR T‐cell yield. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive review of the challenges associated with autologous CAR, the benefits and potential challenges associated with allo‐CAR. Finally, we review the available platforms for allo‐CAR for B‐cell and plasma cell malignancies.
The Triple‐Tracer strategy against Metastatic PrOstate cancer (3TMPO) study protocol
Authors: Pouliot Frédéric , Beauregard Jean‐Mathieu , Saad Fred , Trudel Dominique , Richard Patrick O. , Turcotte Éric , Rousseau Étienne , Probst Stephan , Kassouf Wassim , Anidjar Maurice , Camirand Lemyre Félix , Bouvet Guillaume F. , Neveu Bertrand , Tétu Amélie , Guérin Brigitte
Published: October 2021

Objective

To determine the prevalence of intra‐patient inter‐metastatic heterogeneity based on positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and to determine the prevalence of neuroendocrine disease in these patients and their eligibility for radioligand therapies (RLTs).

Patients and Methods

This multicentre observational prospective clinical study will include 100 patients with mCRPC from five Canadian academic centres. Patients with radiological or biochemical progression and harbouring at least three metastases by conventional imaging will be accrued. Intra‐patient inter‐metastatic heterogeneity will be determined with triple‐tracer imaging using fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG), gallium‐68‐(68Ga)‐prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA)‐617 and 68Ga‐DOTATATE, which are a glucose analogue, a PSMA receptor ligand and a somatostatin receptor ligand, respectively. The 68Ga‐PSMA‐617 and 18F‐FDG PET/CT scans will be performed first. If at least one PSMA‐negative/FDG‐positive lesion is observed, an additional PET/CT scan with 68Ga‐DOTATATE will be performed. The tracer uptake of individual lesions will be assessed for each PET tracer and patients with lesions presenting discordant uptake profiles will be considered as having inter‐metastatic heterogeneous disease and may be offered a biopsy.

Expected Results

The proposed triple‐tracer approach will allow whole‐body mCRPC characterisation, investigating the inter‐metastatic heterogeneity in order to better understand the phenotypic plasticity of prostate cancer, including the neuroendocrine transdifferentiation that occurs during mCRPC progression. Based on 68Ga‐PSMA‐617 or 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET positivity, the potential eligibility of patients for PSMA and DOTATATE‐based RLT will be assessed. Non‐invasive whole‐body determination of mCRPC heterogeneity and transdifferentiation is highly innovative and might establish the basis for new therapeutic strategies. Comparison of molecular imaging findings with biopsies will also link metastasis biology to radiomic features.

Conclusion

This study will add novel, biologically relevant dimensions to molecular imaging: the non‐invasive detection of inter‐metastatic heterogeneity and transdifferentiation to neuroendocrine prostate cancer by using a multi‐tracer PET/CT strategy to further personalise the care of patients with mCRPC.
A comparative evaluation of factor‐ and component‐based structural equation modelling approaches under (in)correct construct representations
Authors: Cho Gyeongcheol , Sarstedt Marko , Hwang Heungsun
Published: October 2021

Structural equation modelling (SEM) has evolved into two domains, factor‐based and component‐based, dependent on whether constructs are statistically represented as common factors or components. The two SEM domains are conceptually distinct, each assuming their own population models with either of the statistical construct proxies, and statistical SEM approaches should be used for estimating models whose construct representations correspond to what they assume. However, SEM approaches have often been evaluated and compared only under population factor models, providing misleading conclusions about their relative performance. This is partly because population component models and their relationships have not been clearly formulated. Also, it is of fundamental importance to examine how robust SEM approaches can be to potential misrepresentation of constructs because researchers may often lack clear theories to determine whether a factor or component is more representative of a given construct. Addressing these issues, this study begins by clarifying several population component models and their relationships and then provides a comprehensive evaluation of four SEM approaches – the maximum likelihood approach and factor score regression for factor‐based SEM as well as generalized structured component analysis (GSCA) and partial least squares path modelling (PLSPM) for component‐based SEM – under various experimental conditions. We confirm that the factor‐based SEM approaches should be preferred for estimating factor models, whereas the component‐based SEM approaches should be chosen for component models. Importantly, the component‐based approaches are generally more robust to construct misrepresentation than the factor‐based ones. Of the component‐based approaches, GSCA should be chosen over PLSPM, regardless of whether or not constructs are misrepresented.
Online sales, home delivery, and the platform economy
Authors: Yu Eden S. H. , Chao Chi‐Chur
Published: October 2021

This paper examines the income distribution and welfare effects of online sales and home delivery by considering an emerging platform economy with urban and rural regions. With a given number of urban manufacturing firms, a rise in online sales, which boosts home delivery, can reduce the wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labor in the short run. The wage gap can be narrowed further in the long run with the exit of manufacturing firms. Moreover, firm exit can mitigate the excessive number of firms in the urban manufacturing sector, thus improving the welfare of the platform economy and increasing the optimal size of online sales in the long run.
The inter‐forest line could be the master key to track biocoenotic effects of climate change in a subtropical forest
Authors: Buitrago‐Guacaneme Alexandra , Molineri Carlos , Cristóbal Luciana , Dos Santos Daniel Andrés
Published: October 2021

At least three strata of vegetational formations can be recognized in many mountainous ecosystems. For instance, the Andean Yungas exhibits: 1) upper fog grasslands, 2) intermediate montane forest, and 3) lower montane rain forest. The respective delimiters are the treeline and the inter‐forest line. We develop an approach to perform an optimal tripartition of mountainous ecosystems using elevational cutoffs per watershed. This pair of cutoffs allows us to transform heights of a given digital elevation map onto a universal adimensional scale. Normalized elevation facilitates worldwide comparisons and entails synthetic information (e.g., >0 means above treeline and < −1 below inter‐forest line). To test the reliability of delimiting elevation lines, we compare them against the hand‐drawn treeline and we assess the agreement with another tripartition of sampling points, but based on a different set of organisms (i.e., mayflies, an ancient group of insects that mimic ecological patterns found in many other aquatic taxa). The resulting delimiters of strata pass the test successfully. The upper delimiter fits the detailed treeline well. The lower delimiter segregates different types of mayflies on either side. Only the intermediate layer holds a distinctive set of co‐occurring mayfly species. We finally stress the relevance of the inter‐forest line to track the imprints of global change on community composition.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Unlocking novel opportunities: How online ideation platforms implicitly guide employees toward better ideas by spurring their desire to innovate
Authors: Kruft Tobias , Kock Alexander
Published: October 2021

Employees' innovative behaviour becomes increasingly important for organizational success. Companies try to improve their innovation capabilities by supporting and motivating employees to show innovative behaviour. Particularly online ideation platforms become relevant because they create new opportunities for employees to be innovative. This paper investigates how exposure to online ideation platforms' unique capabilities stimulates intrinsic motivation toward innovative behaviour and ultimately the submission of high‐quality ideas. Based on expectancy and channel expansion theories, we derive a framework with four intrinsic motivational forces that online ideation platforms can stimulate. A two‐study approach empirically tests this framework. The first study uses a multilevel regression on a dataset of 1630 employees nested in 136 departments of a leading international science and technology company. The second study analyses how 279 employees of the same company, who submitted 678 ideas on the company's online ideation platform, continue to be motivated by the platform's inherent characteristics and capabilities and submit high‐quality ideas. The results support the core argument that online ideation platforms stimulate certain desires motivating employees to engage in innovative behaviour and ultimately submit high‐quality ideas. The detailed results offer several contributions to innovation management literature and beyond.
Small groups lead, big groups control: Perceptions of numerical group size, power, and status across development
Authors: Heck Isobel A. , Bas Jesús , Kinzler Katherine D.
Published: October 2021

Participants (N = 384 three‐ to ten‐year‐olds; 51% girls, 49% boys; 73% White, 18% multiracial/other, 5% Asian, and 3% Black; N = 610 adults) saw depictions of 20 individuals split into two social groups (1:19; 2:18; 5:15; or 8:12 per group) and selected which group was “in charge” (Experiment 1), “the leader” (Experiment 2), or likely to “get the stuff” (resources) in a conflict (Experiment 3). Whereas participants across ages predicted the larger group would “get the stuff,” a tendency to view smaller groups as “in charge” and “the leader” strengthened with age and when the smaller group was rarer. These findings suggest the perceived relation between numerical group size and hierarchy is flexible and inform theory regarding the developmental trajectories of reasoning about power and status.
A strengths‐based, culturally responsive family intervention improves Latino kindergarteners’ vocabulary and approaches to learning
Authors: Leyva Diana , Weiland Christina , Shapiro Anna , Yeomans‐Maldonado Gloria , Febles Angela
Published: October 2021

Food routines are an ecocultural asset of Latino families. This cluster‐randomized trial with 248 children (Mage = 67 months; 50% girls; 13 schools) investigated the impact of a 4‐week family program designed to capitalize on food routines in improving Latino kindergarteners’ outcomes in the United States. There were moderate‐to‐large impacts on child vocabulary (especially food‐related) at end‐of‐treatment and the 5‐month follow‐up, and suggestive evidence of moderate impacts on approaches to learning (ATL; including ATL math) and executive function at the 5‐month follow‐up (d = .38–.95). There were no statistically significant impacts on children's math or literacy skills. A strengths‐based, culturally responsive family intervention that is integrated into Latino family life can improve the skills needed to succeed in school.
Prevalence, risk factors, and repair mechanism of different forms of sinus membrane perforations in lateral window sinus lift procedure: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Krennmair Stefan , Gugenberger Alexander , Weinländer Michael , Krennmair Gerald , Malek Michael , Postl Lukas
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To evaluate prevalences, affecting risk factors and efforts for repair mechanism for different forms of sinus membrane perforations (SMP) during sinus floor elevation (SFE) using the lateral window technique (LWT).

Material and methods

For 334/434 patients, SFE undergoing LWT prevalence of SMP was retrospectively evaluated including a subselection based on membrane perforation size (<10 mm: small–moderate/≥10 mm: large) and biotype (BT; thick BT/thin BT) into four subgroups (SMP1: thick BT/small–moderate; SMP2: thin BT/small–moderate; SMP3: thick BT/large; SMP4: thin BT/large). For the various subgroups, patient‐ and surgery‐related/anatomic risk factors affecting SMP were evaluated and the scope of sinus membrane repair (SSMR) mechanisms rated with 1 (easy) to 5 (complex) was compared.

Results

For 103/434 SMP (27.6%) in 93/334 patients (30.8%) the prevalence of various forms of SMP differed significantly (p < 0.001) among the four subgroups. SMP4 with a prevalence of 45.6% (n = 47) was the most frequent type, while SMP3 had low prevalence with 4.85% (n = 5). Small/moderate SMPs with thick (SMP1: n = 26) or thin BT (SMP2: n = 23) were seen in 26.2% and 23.3%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed significant differences between subgroups with large perforations (SMP3/SMP4) and those with small/moderate perforations (SMP1/SMP2) regarding anatomic risk factors such as residual ridge height (p = 0.023) and history of previous oral surgical interventions (OSI; p = 0.026). Most evidently, multivariate analysis showed that induction of large SMP with thin biotype (SMP4) was significantly affected by the presence of sinus septa (p < 0.022, OR: 2.415), reduced residual ridge height (p < 0.001, OR: 1.842), and previous OSI (p < 0.001, OR: 4.545). SSMR differed significantly (p < 0.001) between SMP4 (4.62 ± 0.49) and the subgroups SMP1 (1.11 ± 0.32), SMP2 (1.08 ± 028), and SMP3 (2.2 ± 0.55).

Conclusion

The most frequently found type of SMP had characteristics of thin biotype and large size associated with risk factors such as sinus septa, reduced residual ridge, and previous surgical interventions and required challenging repair mechanisms assessing clinical impact.
Network connections within committees and board governance effectiveness
Authors: Zhao Hong
Published: October 2021

Research Question/Issue: The paper studies how network connections within board committees affect corporate governance effectiveness.

Research Findings/Insights: Using detailed director biographical data of a large U.S. sample, we find that firms with more connections among compensation committee members exhibit less CEO excess compensation, and firms with more connections among audit committee members exhibit less earnings management. These positive effects of connections on corporate governance are more pronounced when a committee has shorter joint tenure, when the firm's information is more opaque, when the firm's CEO is more powerful, or when external governance is weaker. To address endogeneity concerns, we further exploit exogenous departures of directors and continue to find that connections among committee members lead to more effective governance.

Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our paper's findings suggest that network connections among directors improve governance effectiveness. This relation is consistent with sociology views that social connections foster information sharing, opinion exchange, and coordination. Our paper complements previous studies on board connections that mainly focus on whether connections between boards and CEOs impair board monitoring. Our paper also shows that director network connection is an important board characteristic.

Practitioner/Policy Implications: Our paper's results lend support to the perspective that director network connections can be valuable to firms. Network connection with other board members is an important part of a director's human capital. Therefore, hiring new directors that are connected to the incumbent members can be beneficial to firms at least in certain settings.
Loss of SMARCB1 promotes autophagy and facilitates tumour progression in chordoma by transcriptionally activating ATG5
Authors: Li Mingxuan , Shen Yutao , Xiong Yujia , Wang Shuai , Li Chuzhong , Bai Jiwei , Zhang Yazhuo
Published: October 2021

Objectives

SWI/SNF‐related matrix‐associated actin‐dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1 (SMARCB1) loss is associated with a poor prognosis in chordoma, while the mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we aim to explore the function and regulatory mechanisms of SMARCB1 in chordoma.

Materials and Methods

The effect of SMARCB1 on chordoma cells was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing was used to investigate the mechanisms of SMARCB1 in chordoma. The association between SMARCB1 and autophagy was validated by Western blot, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the ATG5 expression in chordoma tissue was assessed using immunohistochemistry and correlated with patient survival.

Results

SMARCB1 inhibited the malignant phenotype of chordoma cells in vitro and in vivo, supporting a tumour suppressor role of SMARCB1 in chordoma. ATG5‐mediated autophagy was identified as a potential downstream pathway of SMARCB1. Mechanistically, SMARCB1 bound directly to the ATG5 promoter and epigenetically inhibited its transcription, which decreased ATG5 expression and impaired autophagy. Additionally, autophagy inhibitor chloroquine had a potential anti‐cancer effect on chordoma cells in vitro. Moreover, high ATG5 expression was observed in recurrent chordoma patients, which independently correlated with adverse outcomes.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results revealed that the SMARCB1/ATG5 axis is a promising therapeutic target for chordoma and autophagy inhibitors may be effective agents for chordoma treatment.
Circular RNAs in cell cycle regulation: Mechanisms to clinical significance
Authors: Xiao Wei , Li Juan , Hu June , Wang Lingzhi , Huang Jiang‐Rong , Sethi Gautam , Ma Zhaowu
Published: October 2021

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a type of non‐coding RNA, are single‐stranded circularized molecules characterized by high abundance, evolutionary conservation and cell development‐ and tissue‐specific expression. A large body of studies has found that circRNAs exert a wide variety of functions in diverse biological processes, including cell cycle. The cell cycle is controlled by the coordinated activation and deactivation of cell cycle regulators. CircRNAs exert mutifunctional roles by regulating gene expression via various mechanisms. However, the functional relevance of circRNAs and cell cycle regulation largely remains to be elucidated. Herein, we briefly describe the biogenesis and mechanistic models of circRNAs and summarize their functions and mechanisms in the regulation of critical cell cycle modulators, including cyclins, cyclin‐dependent kinases and cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors. Moreover, we highlight the participation of circRNAs in cell cycle‐related signalling pathways and the clinical value of circRNAs as promising biomarkers or therapeutic targets in diseases related to cell cycle disorder.
Tiger density, movements, and immigration outside of a tiger source site in Thailand
Authors: Phumanee Worrapan , Steinmetz Robert , Phoonjampa Rungnapa , Weingdow Suthon , Phokamanee Surachai , Bhumpakphan Naris , Savini Tommaso
Published: October 2021

Landscape‐scale strategies for conserving wild tigers emphasize the role of core breeding populations (source sites) to replenish surrounding areas which have lost tigers. In Southeast Asia, a few potential source sites remain, particularly Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (HKK). We investigated tiger density in two reserves (Mae Wong, Khlong Lan: MWKL) adjacent to HKK where tigers and their prey were scarce due to historic poaching but current management offered effective protection. Camera trapping revealed 10 adult tigers (four males, six females), at least two of which had immigrated from HKK. Spatially explicit tiger density was 0.359 tigers/100 km2, 5.6 times lower than HKK. The population was breeding, with six cubs observed. Tiger movements (measured by σ, the spatial scale parameter) were twice as extensive in MWKL as in HKK, indicative of prey scarcity in MWKL. The disparity in density between MWKL and HKK reveals that tiger recovery is a slow process when prey are scarce, even when recovery areas are apparently well‐managed and connected to a source site. We review source‐recovery dynamics of tigers in other sites in Asia and find that low prey impedes landscape‐scale recoveries elsewhere as well.
Tralokinumab bei atopischer Dermatitis
Authors: Wollenberg Andreas , Weidinger Stephan , Worm Margitta , Bieber Thomas
Published: October 2021

Atopische Dermatitis (AD) ist eine häufige chronisch‐entzündliche Krankheit mit rezidivierenden ekzematösen Läsionen und starkem Pruritus. Sie kann erhebliche negative Auswirkungen auf die Betroffenen haben. Zur komplexen Pathophysiologie der AD tragen genetische Prädisposition und umweltbedingte Provokationen wesentlich bei. Mechanistisch können diese Einflüsse die Störung der epidermalen Barriere, Anomalien des Mikrobioms der Haut und eine in Richtung Typ‐2‐Immunität verschobene Immunantwort fördern. Unser zunehmendes Verständnis der beteiligten immunologischen Prozesse unterstreicht eine Schlüsselrolle von Interleukin‐13 (IL‐13). Diese Übersicht bewertet Tralokinumab, einen hochaffinen monoklonalen Antikörper, der spezifisch an IL‐13 bindet und dieses inhibiert.

Basierend auf Ergebnissen einer Dosisfindungsstudie wurde Tralokinumab 300 mg alle zwei Wochen (Q2W) subkutan (SC) in drei relevanten klinischen Phase‐III‐Studien bei erwachsenen Patienten mit mittelschwerer bis schwerer AD untersucht, die unter alleiniger Behandlung mit topischen Kortikosteroiden unzureichend kontrolliert wurde. Tralokinumab war einem Placebo hinsichtlich des Anteils an Patienten, die IGA 0/1 und EASI‐75 in Woche 16 (primäre Endpunkte) erreichten, signifikant überlegen und verbesserte zudem die Werte für schlimmsten täglichen Pruritus, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) und Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) (sekundäre Endpunkte). Das Ansprechen nach 16 Wochen dauerte während der Nachsorge an. Zudem wurde die Behandlung mit Tralokinumab bei einer dem Placebo vergleichbaren Gesamthäufigkeit und Schwere unerwünschter Ereignisse gut vertragen.