bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulus Parameters Underlying Sound‐Symbolic Mapping of Auditory Pseudowords to Visual Shapes
Authors: Lacey Simon , Jamal Yaseen , List Sara M. , McCormick Kelly , Sathian K. , Nygaard Lynne C.
Published: September 2020

Sound symbolism refers to non‐arbitrary mappings between the sounds of words and their meanings and is often studied by pairing auditory pseudowords such as “maluma” and “takete” with rounded and pointed visual shapes, respectively. However, it is unclear what auditory properties of pseudowords contribute to their perception as rounded or pointed. Here, we compared perceptual ratings of the roundedness/pointedness of large sets of pseudowords and shapes to their acoustic and visual properties using a novel application of representational similarity analysis (RSA). Representational dissimilarity matrices (RDMs) of the auditory and visual ratings of roundedness/pointedness were significantly correlated crossmodally. The auditory perceptual RDM correlated significantly with RDMs of spectral tilt, the temporal fast Fourier transform (FFT), and the speech envelope. Conventional correlational analyses showed that ratings of pseudowords transitioned from rounded to pointed as vocal roughness (as measured by the harmonics‐to‐noise ratio, pulse number, fraction of unvoiced frames, mean autocorrelation, shimmer, and jitter) increased. The visual perceptual RDM correlated significantly with RDMs of global indices of visual shape (the simple matching coefficient, image silhouette, image outlines, and Jaccard distance). Crossmodally, the RDMs of the auditory spectral parameters correlated weakly but significantly with those of the global indices of visual shape. Our work establishes the utility of RSA for analysis of large stimulus sets and offers novel insights into the stimulus parameters underlying sound symbolism, showing that sound‐to‐shape mapping is driven by acoustic properties of pseudowords and suggesting audiovisual cross‐modal correspondence as a basis for language users' sensitivity to this type of sound symbolism.
Protect or perish: Quantitative analysis of state‐level species protection supports preservation of the Endangered Species Act
Authors: Mothes Caitlin C. , Stemle Leyna R. , Fonseca Theresa N. , Clements Stephanie L. , Howell Hunter J. , Searcy Christopher A.
Published: September 2020

To combat biodiversity loss in the United States, imperiled species are protected under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA), which is currently threatened by political initiatives seeking to weaken it and potentially transfer substantial authority to the states. To assess the conservation capacity of current state laws, we conducted a quantitative analysis of imperiled species protection within all 50 states by compiling data on all state‐listed species, ESA‐listed species, and IUCN Red List species in each state. We found that currently 16% of ESA‐listed species and 52% of IUCN imperiled species are not protected by any state law, and if the ESA were repealed these numbers could increase to 73% of ESA‐listed species and 81% of IUCN imperiled species unprotected. Although protection varies widely among states, our results suggest that revoking the ESA would be highly detrimental to imperiled species conservation and recovery in the United States.
Effects of smokıng on patıents wıth obstructıve sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Yosunkaya Sebnem , Kutlu Ruhusen , Vatansev Hülya
Published: September 2020

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS) and smoking using pulmonary function tests and polysomnographic data.

Materials and Methods

This analytical cross‐sectional study was done by retrospectively examining the files of patients who applied to the Meram Medical Faculty Chest Diseases Sleep Laboratory between 07.01.2016 and 30.12.2018. Three‐hundred and thirty‐three patients who were diagnosed with OSAS or simple snoring by polysomnography (PSG) were included in the study.

Results

Those involved in the study; 17.1% were simple snoring [apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) < 5]; 15.3% were mild OSAS (AHI: 5‐15); 30.6% were moderate OSAS (AHI: 16‐30); 36.9% were severe OSAS (AHI > 30), and 48.6% of the study participants never smoked. There was a significant correlation between the number of pack‐years, minimum O2 saturation, mean O2 saturation, ratio of sleep time to total sleep time with oxygen saturation below 90%, %NREM 3 sleep time, Hb, HTC values, and FEV1/FVC values. According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis; the effect of package‐year, age, and BMI on OSAS severity was found to be statistically significant (β = 0.153 P = 0.004, β = 0.123 P = 0.025, β = 0.208 P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

It was revealed that patients with severe OSAS were heavy smokers, and increased smoking increased the OSAS severity both by increasing the AHI and by reducing the oxygen saturation overnight. One unit increase in the package‐year results in a 15.3% increase in the AHI.
Comparison between the histopathological and immunophenotypical features of hypopigmented and nonhypopigmented mycosis fungoides: A retrospective study
Authors: Jayasinghe Dinesha Ruwanthi , Dissanayake Karuna , de Silva Mannikawadumesthri Vipula Chandu
Published: September 2020

Background

Mycosis fungoides (MF), the commonest primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, has classic and variant types which include hypopigmented MF (HMF). Previous studies have identified distinct clinicopathological profiles in HMF. This study aims to objectively compare the clinicopathological features of HMF with non‐HMF lesions in order to characterize salient features of HMF.

Methods

This cross‐sectional, retrospective study analyzed biopsy specimens of 87 patients with MF. HMF and non‐HMF groups were compared using clinical data, immunophenotypic features and scores given for six histopathological features: dermal infiltrate, basilar and superficially extending epidermotropism, Pautrier microabscesses and dermal and epidermotropic lymphocytic atypia.

Results

Seventy‐six patients had HMF. Presentation in females (59.21%; p = .04) and patch stage (88.16%; p = .01) in HMF were significant, and HMF presented at a younger mean age when compared to non‐HMF. Both groups had equal intensity of epidermotropism, with HMF showing milder dermal infiltrates and significantly less dermal atypia. Pautrier microabscesses were significantly commoner in non‐HMF (LR 10.76; p < .01). 94.74% of HMF were CD4−/CD8+.

Conclusion

HMF presents at a lower age and earlier stage with female predominance compared to non‐HMF. Because of milder dermal infiltrates, less dermal atypia, and Pautrier microabscesses, the diagnosis of HMF requires correlation with clinical features and careful assessment of epidermotropic cells.
Irbesartan treatment does not influence plasma levels of the dicarbonyls methylglyoxal, glyoxal and 3‐deoxyglucosone in participants with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria: An IRMA2 sub‐study
Authors: Piazza M. , Hanssen N. M. J. , Persson F. , Scheijen J. L. , van de Waarenburg M. P. H. , van Greevenbroek M. M. J. , Rossing P. , Hovind P. , Stehouwer C. D. A. , Parving H‐H. , Schalkwijk C. G.
Published: September 2020

Aim

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) reduce vascular complications in diabetes independently of blood pressure. Experimental studies suggested that ARBs may restore the detoxifying enzyme glyoxalase 1, thereby lowering dicarbonyls such as methylglyoxal. Human data on the effects of ARBs on plasma dicarbonyl levels are lacking. We investigated, in individuals with type 2 diabetes, whether irbesartan lowered plasma levels of the dicarbonyls methylglyoxal, glyoxal, 3‐deoxyglucosone and their derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and increased d‐lactate, reflecting greater methylglyoxal flux.

Methods

We analysed a subset of the Irbesartan in Patients with T2D and Microalbuminuria (IRMA2) study. We measured plasma dicarbonyls methylglyoxal, glyoxal and 3‐deoxyglucosone, free AGEs and d‐lactate using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass‐spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) in the treatment arm receiving 300 mg irbesartan (n = 121) and a placebo group (n = 101) at baseline and after 1 and 2 years. Effect of treatment was analysed with repeated measurements ANOVA.

Results

There was a slight, but significant difference in baseline median methylglyoxal levels [placebo 1119 (907–1509) nmol/l vs. irbesartan 300 mg 1053 (820–1427) nmol/l], but no significant changes were observed in any of the plasma dicarbonyls over time in either group and there was no effect of irbesartan treatment on plasma free AGEs or d‐lactate levels at either 1 or 2 years.

Conclusion

Irbesartan treatment does not change plasma levels of the dicarbonyls methylglyoxal, glyoxal and 3‐deoxyglucosone, free AGEs or d‐lactate in type 2 diabetes. This indicates that increased dicarbonyls in type 2 diabetes are not targetable by ARBs, and other approaches to lower systemic dicarbonyls are needed in type 2 diabetes. (Clinical Trial Registry No: #NCT00317915).
Feeling Stuck: Exploring the Development of Felt Constraint in Romantic Relationships
Authors: Jamison Tyler B. , Beckmeyer Jonathon J.
Published: September 2020

Objective

This research investigates the processes leading to felt constraint in romantic relationships.

Background

Romantic commitment can be driven by a genuine desire to remain romantically involved with a partner, or it can be motivated by real or perceived constraints (e.g., shared property, psychological control or coercion, perceived obligations to one's partner) that make leaving relationships challenging. When relationship commitment and stability are driven by constraints rather than personal desire, individuals may feel “stuck” in their romantic unions, leading to negative outcomes for both individuals and couples.

Method

Using data from in‐depth interviews with 35 individuals about their relationship histories, we employed grounded theory techniques to define and explain the process of entering and exiting relationships with high levels of felt constraint (i.e., stuck relationships). The final sample included 14 individuals discussing 21 stuck relationships.

Results

Participants often entered stuck relationships in their teens and early 20s. Based on positive early experiences, couples quickly accrued barriers to breakup (e.g., cohabitation, marriage, children, family entanglement) that sustained the partnership despite declines in relationship satisfaction. The decision to leave stuck relationships was often motivated by maturing out of the relationship or becoming more aware of alternatives.

Conclusions

Our study adds additional support for the notion that constraints are not universally problematic but must be understood within the context of the developing relationship in order to determine their likely consequences.

Implications

Our findings support relationship education focused on building an individual's capacity to (a) assess the future viability of their partnerships and (b) overcome barriers to breakup if and when that becomes relevant.
Child Maltreatment and Domestic Violence: Opportunities for Reform
Authors: Howze Honorable Karen Aileen
Published: September 2020

Despite decades of effort, it remains difficult to create sustainable best practices and policies at the intersection of child welfare and domestic violence. As the courts, federal and state governments, and child welfare agencies seek better outcomes for children and families caught at the intersection, there is an urgent need for creative data collection, more and consistent data assessment, consistent assessments of children and families to identify and address domestic violence in child welfare cases, and a consistent legal response to improving outcomes for children and families in these cases while ensuring safety, permanency and well‐being for all family members.
Japan Geriatrics Society “Recommendations for the Promotion of Advance Care Planning”: End‐of‐Life Issues Subcommittee consensus statement
Authors:   The Japan Geriatrics Society Subcommittee on End‐of‐Life Issues, Kuzuya Masafumi , Aita Kaoruko , Katayama Yoko , Katsuya Tomohiro , Nishikawa Mitsunori , Hirahara Satoshi , Miura Hisayuki , Rakugi Hiromi , Akishita Masahiro
Published: September 2020

The Japan Geriatrics Society has so far announced “The Japan Geriatrics Society Position Statement 2012” and “Guidelines for the Decision‐Making Processes in Medical and Long‐Term Care for the Elderly – Focusing on the Use of Artificial Hydration and Nutrition” related to end‐of‐life care for older adults. In 2018, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare revised the “Guidelines for the Decision‐Making Processes in Medical and Long‐Term Care in the End of Life,” recommending the practice of advance care planning (ACP). This was the first time when the Japanese government publicized its stance on ACP. Immediately after the government's announcement, the Japan Medical Association announced its committee report, “The Super‐aged Society and the End‐of‐life Care,” which also recommended the practice of ACP. The guidelines were published when the society was experiencing substantial changes related to geriatric care in Japan, and required timely and ethically appropriate decision‐making processes. However, because ACP is a concept imported from English‐speaking countries, some Japanese people could find it difficult to understand the role and methodology of ACP because of differences in culture and the medical/long‐term care system. Therefore, the Japan Geriatrics Society has decided to publish the “Recommendations for the Promotion of Advance Care Planning” for medical and long‐term care professionals nationwide with the aim of using the recommendations on a daily basis. The society recognizes ACP as indispensable to improve end‐of‐life care for individuals, particularly for older adults. We anticipate that the recommendations will provide practical guidance for those strenuously working toward this goal. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1024–1028..
Prevalence of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in Turkey and assessment of Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE‐R) test as a screening tool
Authors: Korten V , Ay U , Harı E , Tigen Tükenmez E , Gencer S , Akça Kalem S , Demirtaş Tatlıdede A , Gürvit İH
Published: September 2020

Objectives

We aimed to assess the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE‐R) and three questions (3Qs, European Aids Clinical Society Guidelines) as potential screening tools for HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). In addition, we tried to determine the prevalence and associated factors for HAND among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Turkey.

Methods

Persons living with HIV were enrolled from two teaching hospitals between March 2018 and September 2018. Participants underwent screening tools, a neuropsychological test battery (NTB) and an assessment of activities of daily living. HAND was diagnosed according to Frascati's criteria and applying the Global Deficit Score (GDS) approach. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to compare the predictive accuracy of ACE‐R to that of the NP test battery. Factors associated with HAND were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

The study sample included 162 participants (94% male). The HAND prevalence was 45.7% [asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), 37.7%; mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), 7.4%; HIV‐associated dementia (HAD), 0.6%] according to the Frascati criteria and 31.5% (ANI, 25.9%; MND, 4.9%; HAD, 0.6%) using the GDS. In the ROC analysis, the ACE‐R showed an area under the curve of 0.68 at a cut‐off score of 89. The sensitivity, specificity and correct classification rate of screening tests for HAND diagnosis were as follows: ACE‐R (62.2%, 67%, 64.8%) and 3Qs (10.8%, 88.6%, 53%). In multivariate analysis, only education level (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.76–0.92, P ≤ 0.001) was an independent risk factor for HAND.

Conclusions

HAND is a common comorbidity in PLWH in Turkey. The sensitivities and specificities of 3Qs and the ACE‐R as screening tools are lower than desired.
Rikers Island Jail Complex: The Use of Social History to Inform Current Debates on Incarceration in New York City
Authors: MOONEY JAYNE , SHANAHAN JARROD
Published: September 2020

Rikers Island is the main jail complex for New York City. At its height in the 1990s, 22,000 people were incarcerated there. Having attracted national and international condemnation, it is regarded as one of the city's biggest failures: a magnet for scandal and controversy. In 2017, Mayor Bill de Blasio pledged that the complex would be closed within ten years with smaller ‘state of the art’ jails built to replace it. Our research explores the social history of Rikers from its origins to the present day, in a bid to provide a more nuanced understanding of the island and incarceration in New York City, and to engage with ongoing debate on the future of penal reform.
MicroRNA‐223 negatively regulates LPS‐induced inflammatory responses by targeting NLRP3 in human dental pulp fibroblasts
Authors: Wang D. , Sun S. , Xue Y. , Qiu J. , Ye T. , Zhang R. , Song B. , He W. , Zhang Y. , Jiang W.
Published: September 2020

Aim

To investigate the effect of miR‐223 on NLRP3, subsequently regulating the production of the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway‐mediated proinflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐18 in human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPFs).

Methodology

Human dental pulp tissue (HDPT) and HDPFs were obtained from impacted third molars. The miR‐223 mimics and inhibitor or NLRP3 plasmid were used to upregulate or downregulate miR‐223 or NLRP3 in HDPFs, respectively. Computational prediction via TargetScan 5.1 and a luciferase reporter assay was conducted to confirm target association. The mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3, caspase‐1, IL‐1β and IL‐18 was determined by qRT‐PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The release of IL‐1β and IL‐18 was analysed by ELISA. The significance of the differences between the experimental and the control groups was determined using one‐way analysis of variance; P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

Results

A decrease in miR‐223 and an increase in NLRP3 in HDPT occurred during the transformation of reversible pulpitis into irreversible pulpitis compared to that in healthy pulp tissue (P < 0.05). The computational prediction and luciferase reporter assay confirmed that NLRP3 was a direct target of miR‐223 in HDPFs. The miR‐223 inhibitor further promoted ATP plus LPS‐induced NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway activation compared to the ATP plus LPS‐induced group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the miR‐223 mimic significantly inhibited the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway activation induced by ATP plus LPS compared to the ATP plus LPS‐induced group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

MiR‐223 served as a negative regulator involved in the control of the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines mediated by the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway by targeting NLRP3. These data provide insight into the potential regulatory effects of miRNAs on the NLRP3 inflammasome, thus opening up novel potential therapeutic avenues for future endodontic treatment.
Improvement of flexural bond strength of zirconia‐resin cement by surface patterning using sub‐nanosecond UV laser
Authors: Akay Canan , Turan Neslihan , Karakış Duygu , Angurel Luis Alberto
Published: September 2020

Zirconia is a dental material that shows excellent biocompatibility and high strength in clinical applications. This study aims to evaluate the effects of ultrafast laser applications. The surface nanostructures were classified into three groups. Group 1 was generated using the burst mode, with three different distances between dots: 52 µm (Group 1a), 104 µm (Group 1b), and 156 µm (Group 1c). Group 2 was processed using the scanning mode configuration, with a set of parallel lines. Group 3 was also processed using this scanning configuration creating a set of square‐shaped patterning. Group 4 was the control group. After the surface treatments, a pair of zirconia specimens was bonded end to end with resin cement. Flexural bond strength (FBS) test was applied in a universal test machine. Multiple comparisons were performed using a one‐way analysis of variance and the Tukey's HSD test. All the samples that were treated with the laser showed higher FBS values than the untreated surface. Using the burst mode, preformed circular‐shaped surface on an angle of 900 at 52 µm distance (Group 1a) showed the highest FBS values among all groups (p < .05). Groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher values than 1b and 1c.
Clinical and histopathological changes in different KIR gene profiles in chronic HCV Romanian patients
Authors: Ursu Larisa Denisa , Calenic Bogdan , Diculescu Mircea , Dima Alina , Stoian Iulia Teodora , Constantinescu Ileana
Published: September 2020

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected individuals may have a faster progression of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development when influenced by host, viral and environmental factors. Hepatitis C virus disease progression is also associated with genetic variants of specific killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) and genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The aim of the present study was to correlate clinical, virologic and biochemical parameters and to evaluate the possible influence of KIR genes and their HLA class I ligands in patients infected with hepatitis C virus. The present study analysed a total of 127 chronic HCV‐infected patients for various biochemical and genetics factors that can influence disease progression and prognosis. Liver function parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), direct bilirubin (DB), alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), HCV RNA levels and fibrosis indices were analysed using well‐established biochemical methods. At the same time, KIR and HLA genotyping was performed using a polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific primer technique. Analysis of HLA class I and HLA ligands revealed that HLA‐C*12:02 and HLA‐A3 and HLA‐A11 were positively associated with the F3‐F4 fibrosis group (p = .026; OR = 8.717, CI = 1.040–73.077; respectively, p = .047; OR = 2.187; 95% CI = 1.066–4.486). KIR2DL2‐positive patients had high median levels of AST after treatment and direct bilirubin levels when compared to KIR2DL2‐negative patients (p = .013, respectively, p = .028). KIR2DL2/KIR2DL2‐C1C1 genotype was associated with increased AST, ALT and GGT levels. A higher GGT level was also observed in KIR2DS2‐C1‐positive patients when compared to KIR2DS2‐C1‐negative patients. The present research demonstrates several links between specific clinical, virologic and biochemical parameters and the expression of KIR genes and their HLA ligands in HCV‐infected patients. These connections should be taken into account when considering disease development and treatment.
On social regionalism in transnational labour law
Authors: BLACKETT Adelle
Published: September 2020

This article historicizes social regionalism as a principled and pragmatic response to the breakdown of the embedded liberal bargain and the encasing of an international economic order that was designed to prevent, transnationally, the governance of the social in the economic. Seen in historical context, the first labour chapter Arbitral Panel report under the Dominican Republic–Central America–United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA–DR) illustrates the need to shift focus to social regionalism. The latter enables trade treaty interpretation to focus on shared objectives. It moves beyond treaty interpretation, to promote redistributive mechanisms and also international solidarity within trade agreements.
Les relations entre droit international et droit européen du travail et leur incidence sur le développement du droit social international et européen
Authors: ROBIN‐OLIVIER Sophie
Published: September 2020

Des observations sur la manière dont le droit de l'Union européenne fait place aux instruments destinés à assurer la protection des travailleurs élaborés à l'échelle internationale ou à l'action des organisations internationales pour la protection des droits sociaux, cette contribution tire une typologie destinée à mettre au jour les liens, souvent tenus mais d'une grande diversité, qui rattachent le droit européen au «droit international du travail», au sens large.
De Genève à San José: les normes de l'OIT et le système interaméricain de protection des droits humains
Authors: Duhaime Bernard , Décoste Éloïse
Published: September 2020

Les auteurs démontrent comment les instances interaméricaines de protection des droits humains ont utilisé les normes de l'OIT. Après avoir posé les limites de cet usage, ils l'illustrent par des exemples relatifs au droit à la liberté d'association et aux droits des peuples autochtones. Ils analysent aussi comment ces normes ont influencé la jurisprudence interaméricaine récente relativement à certains droits économiques, sociaux et culturels. Ils affirment que cette méthode de référencement croisé est souhaitable et utile: elle permet aux instances interaméricaines de fonder leur argumentaire sur l'interprétation d'autorités spécialisées, tout en renforçant la crédibilité et la légitimité normative de leurs décisions, qui gagnent en universalité.
Prevalence and clinical outcomes of patients with apparent treatment‐resistant hypertension enrolled in Phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Laffin Luke J. , Khan Asad , Lang Katherine , Van Iterson Erik H.
Published: September 2020

Phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation (CR) employs evidenced‐based interventions to modify the risk of cardiac morbidity in its participants. The prevalence of apparent treatment‐resistant hypertension (aTRH) among CR participants is unknown. A retrospective analysis of a longitudinal cohort of patients who completed CR between 2012 and 2017 was undertaken. The prevalence of hypertension was 62% (n = 311). 11% of participants with hypertension had aTRH (n = 35). Participants with aTRH exhibited lower exercise capacity (EC) before starting CR and after its completion compared to normotensive counterparts (P < .001). aTRH participants were more likely to experience a decrease in EC, even after participating in cardiac rehabilitation, compared to normotensive participants (P = .02). aTRH participants were more likely to be hospitalized or seen in the emergency department after cardiac rehabilitation completion compared to normotensive counterparts (OR: 2.85, P < .01). CR presents an opportunity to identify and appropriately care for patients with aTRH.
Mesenchymal stem cell–secreted extracellular vesicles carrying TGF‐β1 up‐regulate miR‐132 and promote mouse M2 macrophage polarization
Authors: Wang Yongqi , Han Biao , Wang Yingbin , Wang Chunai , Zhang Hong , Xue Jianjun , Wang Xiaoqing , Niu Tingting , Niu Zhen , Chen Yuhe
Published: September 2020

The effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on different types of diseases are controversial, and the inner mechanisms remain unknown, which retards the utilization of MSCs in disease therapy. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of MSCs‐extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) in M2 polarization in mouse macrophages via the microRNA‐132 (miR‐132)/E3 ubiquitin ligase myc binding protein 2 (Mycbp2)/tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) axis. Mouse MSCs were isolated for adipogenic and osteogenic induction, followed by co‐culture with mouse macrophages RAW264.7. Besides, mouse macrophages RAW264.7 were co‐cultured with MSCs‐EVs in vitro, where the proportion of macrophages and inflammation were detected by flow cytometry and ELISA. The experimental data revealed that MSCs‐EVs promoted M2 polarization of macrophages, and elevated interleukin (IL)‐10 expression and inhibited levels of IL‐1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and IL‐6. MSC‐EV‐treated macrophages RAW264.7 increased TGF‐β1 expression, thus elevating miR‐132 expression. MiR‐132 directly bound to Mycbp2, as confirmed by luciferase activity assay. Meanwhile, E3 ubiquitin ligase Mycbp2 could ubiquitinate TSC2 protein. Furthermore, silencing TGF‐β1 inhibited M2 polarization of MSC‐EV‐treated macrophages. Taken conjointly, this study provides evidence reporting that MSC‐secreted EVs carry TGF‐β1 to promote M2 polarization of macrophages via modulation of the miR‐132/Mycbp2/TSC2 axis.
Eco‐efficiency of a marine biorefinery for valorization of cartilaginous fish biomass
Authors: García‐Santiago Xela , Franco‐Uría Amaya , Antelo Luis T. , Vázquez José A. , Pérez‐Martín Ricardo , Moreira M. Teresa , Feijoo Gumersindo
Published: September 2020

Fishing activities produce discards that need to be reduced. Apart from the production of fishmeal and fish oil, other alternatives to manage this discard fraction are possible. High‐added value bio‐compounds (such as gelatin, collagen or fish protein hydrolysates, among others) can be extracted from the previously discarded fish biomass and its by‐products. While it is clear that these valorization strategies will produce economic benefits, they also will cause an impact on the environment of variable magnitude. Therefore, an eco‐efficiency assessment is necessary to discern which processes are most suitable for planning a valorization strategy. Within this type of wasted organic material, biomass from cartilaginous fish offered additional valorization potential, since other compounds such as cartilage or chondroitin sulfate can be obtained. The environmental impacts of the different valorization schemes implemented and tested on a fully operative real marine biorefinery located in an important Spanish fishing port (Marín—NW Spain) were quantified using the life cycle assessment methodology, while the benefit of the proposed systems was estimated as the gross benefit. The results obtained indicate that the extraction of high value‐added bio‐compounds is generally more eco‐efficient than the established process of fishmeal production, although its environmental performance is worse. Nevertheless, these environmental impacts could be reduced by optimizing and scaling‐up the production processes and the associated equipment, especially focusing on the energy and water consumption of the plant.
Mechanisms of neuronal survival safeguarded by endocytosis and autophagy
Authors: Overhoff Melina , De Bruyckere Elodie , Kononenko Natalia L.
Published: September 2020

Multiple aspects of neuronal physiology crucially depend on two cellular pathways, autophagy and endocytosis. During endocytosis, extracellular components either unbound or recognized by membrane‐localized receptors (termed “cargo”) become internalized into plasma membrane‐derived vesicles. These can serve to either recycle the material back to the plasma membrane or send it for degradation to lysosomes. Autophagy also uses lysosomes as a terminal degradation point, although instead of degrading the plasma membrane‐derived cargo, autophagy eliminates detrimental cytosolic material and intracellular organelles, which are transported to lysosomes by means of double‐membrane vesicles, referred to as autophagosomes. Neurons, like all non‐neuronal cells, capitalize on autophagy and endocytosis to communicate with the environment and maintain protein and organelle homeostasis. Additionally, the highly polarized, post‐mitotic nature of neurons made them adopt these two pathways for cell‐specific functions. These include the maintenance of the synaptic vesicle pool in the pre‐synaptic terminal and the long‐distance transport of signaling molecules. Originally discovered independently from each other, it is now clear that autophagy and endocytosis are closely interconnected and share several common participating molecules. Considering the crucial role of autophagy and endocytosis in cell type‐specific functions in neurons, it is not surprising that defects in both pathways have been linked to the pathology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the recent knowledge of the role of endocytosis and autophagy in neurons with a special focus on synaptic physiology and discuss how impairments in genes coding for autophagy and endocytosis proteins can cause neurodegeneration.

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Are Indian professional women financially literate and prepared for retirement?
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Tomar Sweta , Kumar Satish , Verma Deepak
Published: September 2020

This study examines the financial literacy level of Indian professional women and its relation to their retirement planning behavior. We use factor analysis and the Rasch model to evaluate the validity and reliability of a financial literacy scale. Additionally, we use multiple regression to examine the association between demographic characteristics and financial literacy with retirement planning. Our results reveal that the respondents display low levels of financial literacy as reflected by a lack of awareness about both basic and advanced financial concepts. Further, a woman's age, income, profession (financial), and understanding of advanced financial concepts are key factors associated with retirement planning behavior. The findings have implications for financial planning professionals, advisors, regulators, and policymakers in guiding women to make better retirement decisions.
Early and maintained application of the secretion of Cryptomphalus aspersa (SCA) 40% improves cutaneous healing after ablative fractional laser in skin aging
Authors: Fernandez‐Gonzalez Pablo , Vitale Maria , Truchuelo M. Teresa
Published: September 2020

Background

Ablative fractional laser generates a regulated skin damage, which secondarily improves skin aging.

Aims

The main objective of the present study was to figure out if the adverse effects induced by laser and the skin recovery could improve with the application of a cosmetic product based on the secretion of Cryptomphalus aspersa (SCA).

Patients/Methods

A prospective double‐blind controlled study with vehicle in 10 patients with skin aging. The patients received one session of fractional ablative CO2 laser, and the formulation with SCA 40% was applied immediately and maintained throughout the 21‐day duration of the study. The active treatment (SCA) was applied to one hemifacial area and vehicle to the other, and the patient acting was her own control. Clinical evaluations, dermoscopy, photography, and other parameters like cutaneous hydration, elasticity, and wrinkles were evaluated. In addition, the severity of the adverse effects was evaluated.

Results

Significant greater decrease in the density of microcolumns produced by laser was detected on the active‐treated side, indicating greater and faster postprocedure recovery compared to the vehicle‐treated side. In addition, side effects were reduced and some antiaging effects were more apparent on the side treated with SCA 40%.

Conclusion

SCA 40% applied immediately after ablative laser, and during the next days, it can accelerate laser‐induced damage regeneration. In addition, SCA improves the cosmetic outcome after laser application.
Protective effects of nebivolol on ovarian ischemia–reperfusion injury in rat
Authors: Colak Sabri , Gurlek Beril , Topcu Atilla , Tumkaya Levent , Mercantepe Tolga , Yilmaz Adnan
Published: September 2020

Aim

Ovarian torsion is a common gynecological emergency of reproductive ages, occurring at rates of 2.7–7.4%. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effects of Nebivolol (NEB) and histopathological changes in experimental ischemic (I) and ischemic‐reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat ovaries.

Methods

Forty‐eight adult female rats were randomly separated into six groups as group 1 (control) receiving an oral saline solution for 3 days; group 2 (I) that underwent ischemia for 3 h with the application of atraumatic vascular clips; group 3 (I/R); group 4 (I + NEB) receiving 10 mg/kg NEB by oral gavage 30 min prior to the ischemia induction; group 5 (I/R + NEB) receiving 10 mg/kg NEB, and group 6 (control + NEB) receiving oral 10 mg/kg NEB for 3 days before ischemia induction followed by consequent reperfusion. Ovarian tissue damage was scored by histopathological analysis. Ovarian tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured biochemically.

Results

The levels of MDA and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and TUNEL assay positivity scores increased in the I and I/R groups. GSH levels decreased in all case groups (P < 0.05). The oral administration of NEB (10 mg/kg) to the I‐ and I/R‐groups reduced the levels of MDA and TNF‐α and TUNEL assay immunopositivity scores (P < 0.05). GSH levels increased in the treatment groups.

Conclusion

The current experimental ovarian torsion study suggests a protective role for NEB against I and I/R injury in rat ovaries. NEB may be a novel agent for decreasing ovarian I/R injury.
Apparent Diffusion Coefficient to Evaluate Adult Intracranial Ependymomas: Relationship to Ki‐67 Proliferation Index
Authors: Xianwang Liu , Lei Han , Hong Liu , Juan Deng , Shenglin Li , Caiqiang Xue , Yan Hao , Junlin Zhou
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

There are important differences in the treatment and prognosis of adult intracranial low‐grade ependymomas (grade II) versus anaplastic ependymomas (grade III). We evaluated the value of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) for differentiating these two tumors and further investigated the relationship between ADC values and the Ki‐67 proliferation index.

METHODS

Clinical and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging data of 35 cases of adult intracranial ependymomas were retrospectively analyzed, including 20 low‐grade ependymomas and 15 anaplastic ependymomas. The minimum ADC (ADCmin), average ADC (ADCmean), and normalized ADC (nADC) were compared between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to evaluate the differentiating accuracy of ADC values. The Ki‐67 proliferation index of the solid tumor components was also measured to explore its relationship with ADC values.

RESULTS

The ADCmin (.89 ± .17 vs. .66 ± .09 × 10−3 mm2/second), ADCmean (.98 ± .21 vs. .72 ± .11 × 10−3 mm2/second), and nADC (1.38 ± .31 vs. 1.02 ± .18 × 10−3 mm2/second) were significantly higher in adult intracranial low‐grade ependymomas than anaplastic ependymomas cases (all P < .05). ADCmean best distinguished the two groups, with an area under the curve value of .900. Using .716 × 10−3 mm2/second as the optimal threshold, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the two groups were 66.7%, 100%, 85.7%, 100%, and 80%, respectively. ADCmin (r = −.490), ADCmean (r = −.449), and nADC (r = −.425) showed significant negative correlations with the Ki‐67 proliferation index (all P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

ADC values can differentiate adult intracranial low‐grade ependymomas and anaplastic ependymomas, which could improve the preoperative diagnostic accuracy of these two tumors and guide their treatment.
Occlusion time, occlusal balance and lateral occlusal scheme in subjects with various dental and skeletal characteristics: A prospective clinical study
Authors: Alkayyal Moayyad A. , Turkistani Khadijah A. , Al‐Dharrab Ayman A. , Abbassy Mona A. , Melis Marcello , Zawawi Khalid H.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To analyse occlusion time, occlusal balance and lateral occlusal scheme in subjects with various dental and skeletal characteristics.

Methods

A total of 132 subjects (50 males and 82 females) seeking orthodontic treatment were included in this prospective study. Using the T‐Scan III version 7.0 (Tekscan Inc, South Boston, MA, USA), the occlusion time, occlusal balance and lateral occlusal schemes were recorded and compared with gender, Angle's occlusal classification, overjet, overbite, space analysis, skeletal and transverse relations. ANOVA, t test and contingency tables analyses were performed. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.

Results

Occlusion time was significantly shorter in subjects with balanced occlusion (0.18 seconds, P < .001), Class I normal occlusion (0.35 seconds, P = .028) and Class I skeletal profile (0.37 seconds, P = .002). Occlusion time was significantly longer in subjects with decreased overjet (0.60 seconds, P = .003). There were significant associations between the distribution of occlusal balance and Angles’ classes of occlusion, skeletal relationship, overjet, overbite and space analysis (P < .05). Lateral occlusal schemes were only associated with Angle's classes of occlusion and skeletal relationship (P < .05).

Conclusions

Patients with Class I occlusion showed the least occlusion time, the most balanced occlusion and a higher frequency of canine guidance. Nonetheless, potentially balanced occlusion and group function were highly prevalent in all groups; therefore, ideal occlusion must be considered an ideal to inspire and aim for, but cannot be considered an essential requirement of every dental treatment.
Melatonin is an effective protector of gingival cells damaged by the cytotoxic effect of glutamate and DL‐buthionine sulfoximine
Authors: Sola Verónica M. , Aguilar Juan J. , Vazquez Mosquera Ana P. , Carpentieri Agata R.
Published: September 2020

Background and Objective

Cellular damage related to oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in periodontal diseases (PD). Melatonin (MEL) has multiple functions, and it has been described as a potential treatment for PD. We aim at evaluating the protective effects of MEL on an in vitro model of cellular damage triggered by glutamate (GLUT) and DL‐buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), on gingival cells (GCs) in culture.

Material and Methods

A primary culture of GCs from Wistar rats was developed in order to test the protective property of MEL; BSO and GLUT were administered alone as well as in combination with MEL. The viability and apoptosis were measured with MTT assay and TUNEL, respectively, and the concentration of superoxide anion () was measured with the NBT method.

Results

The combination of BSO and GLUT treatment resulted in a decreased viability of GCs. This was evidenced by the increase in both the production of superoxide anion and apoptosis. After MEL administration, the oxidant and pro‐apoptotic effects of BSO and GLUT were totally counteracted.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrated that MEL has an effective protective role on GCs subjected to cellular damage in a model of OS and cytotoxicity triggered by BSO and GLUT. Consequently, MEL could be used as a therapeutic agent in PD which begin with a significative loss of GCs.
Stress tests and the countercyclical capital buffer: The UK experience
Authors: Kohn Donald
Published: September 2020

The stress tests were a major innovation growing out of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). Their objective is to assure that banks have enough capital to allow them to continue to support the economy by making loans to households and businesses even after a severe adverse shock has hit the economy—in marked contrast to the experience of the GFC when sharp restrictions on credit availability through banks and markets made a bad economic situation much worse. In my talk, I will (a) take a deeper dive into the causes and consequences of procyclical risk‐based bank capital and the role the Financial Policy Committee at the Bank of England (FPC) envisions for the countercyclical capital buffer rate (CCyB), informed by stress tests, in countering this tendency, (b) discuss how the FPC has used the CCyB and stress tests in practice, and (c) end with some challenges for the research agenda that would help the FPC be even more efficient and effective.
Concomitant LATE‐NC in Alzheimer's disease is not associated with increased tau or amyloid‐β pathological burden
Authors: McAleese K. E. , Walker L. , Erskine D. , Johnson M. , Koss D. , Thomas A. J. , Attems J.
Published: September 2020

Aims

Limbic‐predominant age‐related TDP‐43 encephalopathy neuropathological change (LATE‐NC) is present in approximately 50% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases and is associated with accelerated cognitive decline. Studies indicate a potential synergistic relationship between LATE‐NC and hyperphosphorylated tau. It is unknown if LATE‐NC is an independent driver of cognitive impairment or exerts its influence through synergistic relationships with tau. This cliniconeuropathological study investigated the impact of LATE‐NC on quantified measures of AD‐associated pathology and its impact on clinical measures.

Methods

A total of 61 AD cases underwent neuropathological assessment for LATE‐NC and quantitative assessment [area covered by immunoreactivity (IR)] for early conformational tau (MC‐1), late‐stage hyperphosphorylated tau (AT8) and amyloid‐β in the amygdala and five neocortical regions. Clinical measures included age of disease onset, final Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and rate of cognitive decline.

Results

LATE‐NC was present in 41 AD cases (AD/LATE‐NC; 67.2%). No significant differences in MC‐1‐IR, AT8‐IR or 4G8‐IR were observed in any region between AD/LATE‐NC and AD without LATE‐NC, indicating no accelerated aggregation or hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins in the AD/LATE‐NC cases. Final MMSE was significantly lower in AD/LATE‐NC cases and was significantly associated with LATE‐NC score even when controlled for the presence of both MC‐1‐IR and AT8‐IR (P = 0.009).

Conclusion

The presence of LATE‐NC in AD is not associated with an increase in the burden of early or late tau or Aβ pathology. LATE‐NC is associated with a lower final MMSE score independent of tau pathology.
Intramuscular atenolol and levetiracetam reduce mortality in a rat model of paraoxon‐induced status epilepticus
Authors: Deshpande Laxmikant S. , Blair Robert E. , Halquist Matthew , Kosmider Leon , DeLorenzo Robert J.
Published: September 2020

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are chemical threat agents and are irreversible inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase that lead to a hypercholinergic response that could include status epilepticus (SE). SE particularly targets the heart and brain and despite existing therapies, it is still associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Here, we investigated the effect of intramuscular (i.m.) adjunct therapy consisting of atenolol (AT) and levetiracetam (LV) when administered after paraoxon (POX)‐induced SE. The combination therapy was administered twice daily for 2, 7, or 14 days. POX exposure in rats produced rapid SE onset that was treated with atropine, pralidoxime chloride, and midazolam. Here, AT + LV therapy produced significant reductions in POX SE mortality assessed at 30 days post‐SE. AT + LV therapy exhibited muscle pathology inflammation scores that were not significantly different from saline‐treated controls. Pharmacokinetic analyses revealed that the i.m. route achieved faster and stabler plasma therapeutic levels for both AT and LV under OP SE conditions compared with oral administrations. Our data provide evidence of the safety and efficacy of i.m. AT + LV therapy for reducing mortality following POX SE.
Perioperative considerations during implantation of the subcutaneous defibrillator: State‐of‐the‐art review
Authors: Singh Prabhpreet , Afzal Muhammad Rizwan , Weiss Raul
Published: September 2020

The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (S‐ICD) is an important tool in the armamentarium of an electrophysiologist. Multiple randomized trials over the last decade have shown that S‐ICDs are as efficacious as the transvenous ICDs and eliminate complications related to vascular access. In this review, we highlight issues unique to S‐ICD implantation, focusing not only on the surgical implantation procedure, but also the pre‐ and postimplant management of the patient.