bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layering Action Situations to Integrate Spatial Scales, Resource Linkages, and Change over Time: The Case of Groundwater Management in Agricultural Hubs in Germany
Authors: Möck Malte , Vogeler Colette S. , Bandelow Nils C. , Schröder Boris
Published: December 2019

This paper contributes to the integration of the study of multiple (i) spatial scales, (ii) resource systems, and (iii) points in time in natural resource governance by introducing a strategy of layering action situations. In the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework, action situations can be studied singularly, in comparison, or as networks of action situations. Building on this work, we propose to complement an established action situation with new ones derived from the evolution of the case. This preserves the initial action situation and thereby enables scholars to keep track of institutional change within and beyond it. We illustrate the approach by studying a case of groundwater pollution by nitrate in a German region of intensive livestock farming.
Increased light availability due to forestry mowing of invasive European buckthorn promotes its regeneration
Authors: Anfang Carl , Schuster Michael J. , Wragg Peter D. , Reich Peter B.
Published: December 2019

The invasive shrubRhamnus catharticaL. (common buckthorn) dominates the understory of many temperate forests of eastern North America. Common buckthorn outcompetes native understory species for light, forming monospecific stands that suppress plant and animal diversity. Removing common buckthorn is a common management priority within its invasive range. In recent years, forestry mowing has become popular in removing common buckthorn. This control method removes a midstory of common buckthorn, increasing light availability to the lower understory (which could favor buckthorn regeneration) and creating a layer of mulch on the forest floor (which could suppress buckthorn regeneration). Here we investigate whether and how increased light availability and increased ground cover (mulch) resulting from forestry mowing affects buckthorn regeneration from the seed bank. We evaluated buckthorn germination, survival, and early growth in response to a factorial combination of shading treatments and buckthorn mulch depth treatments in an oak forest in Minnesota, U.S.A. Increased light availability increased buckthorn seedling survival and growth, whereas increased mulch depth did not significantly affect the number of buckthorn establishing from seed over one growing season and winter. Thus, removing buckthorn by forestry mowing (or any other method) is likely to facilitate buckthorn reestablishment by increasing light availability at the ground.
Biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Are we there yet?
Authors: Prasad Jyotika D.
Published: December 2019

See related Article
The South Africa‐U.S. Trade and the Real Exchange Rate: Asymmetric Evidence from 25 Industries
Authors: Bahmani‐Oskooee Mohsen , Gelan Abera
Published: December 2019

Previous studies that assessed the effects of exchange rate changes on the trade balance of South Africa assumed that the effects are symmetric. In this paper we violate that assumption and assess the asymmetric effects of the real rand‐dollar rate on the trade balance of 25 2‐digit industries that trade between South Africa and the U.S. We find short‐run asymmetric effects in a total of 19 industries but short‐run cumulative or impact asymmetric effects only on five industries. Short‐run asymmetric effects lasted into long‐run asymmetric effects on 14 industries. Further analysis revealed industries that will benefit from rand depreciation and those that will be hurt from rand appreciation.
The Leverage of Protest: Market, Media, and Reputational Disruption in Social Movement Success
Authors: Banerjee Tarun , Case Benjamin
Published: December 2019

How do social movements gain concessions from large corporations? The ability of protests to attain leverage by imposing disruption costs on their targets is widely assumed but less often tested. In this article, we assess the ability of protests to attain concessions by disrupting three broad sources of interest to firm officials: maximizing shareholder value, gaining positive media, and fostering a well‐reputed image. In contrast to the body of research on the benefits to movements from shaping media discourses and damaging the reputations of their targets, we find that only market disruption provides protests with leverage. We show this through statistical analyses of an original database of protests against large corporations in the United States over five years, 2005–2009. This study advances social movement and organizational research by demonstrating the ways in which the interests of large corporations provide insurgents with means of attaining leverage over their targets. It also speaks to the broad debate over the importance of disrupting the material versus symbolic interests of movement targets. Our results suggest that when it comes to obtaining concessions from large corporations, it is material disruption and not symbolic disruption that provides movements with leverage.
The pursuit of multiple goals
Authors: Kung Franki Y.H. , Scholer Abigail A.
Published: December 2019

Juggling multiple goals is an inescapable reality of human life. Over the past two decades, the study of the nature of multiple (vs. single) goals has emerged to become an influential topic. To facilitate the understanding of the current state of the literature, this article presents an overview of the study of multiple goals. It first addresses the nature and impact of dual‐goal relations and reviews strategies people use to manage goal conflict (i.e., choosing, multitasking, and prioritizing). It then examines ways to conceptualize the relations among a collection of goals (i.e., goal structure), highlights emerging research in this area, and discusses factors that contribute to optimizing the pursuit of multiple goals. Throughout, the review highlights knowledge gaps and the need for future research to study subjective experiences in managing multiple goals.
One new policy: A variety of applications—The implementation processes of a new mental health policy in Sweden
Authors: Fjellfeldt Maria
Published: December 2019

The increase in mental ill health at a global level is widely acknowledged. This trend has led to the development of new policy frameworks that focus on public mental health. This study aimed to explore the implementation process regarding regional and local responses to national policy, proposing a substantially enhanced understanding of mental health within the Swedish welfare system. To explore the implementation process, a multiple case study was conducted using snowball sampling. In all, 18 key informants were interviewed. The results revealed that the informants adopted an experimental implementation process in which policy learning could take place. Contextual factors were essential for how a broad policy approach could be translated into practice. The broad policy not only made it possible for local needs to be addressed, but it also allowed for variations in focus position within the country as a whole. There seemed to be no consensus among the informants as to the origin or solution to the problem. Essentially, the question of whether public mental health issues should be dealt with at a structural or individual level remained unresolved. The Swedish case could be understood as an illustrative example of how one country attempts to handle a major problem despite insufficient information to direct the initiative towards a certain direction.
Improving Disturbance Rejection in Nonlinear Active Magnetic Bearing Systems: Using Lur'e Formulation
Authors: Gerami Ali , Fittro Roger , Knospe Carl
Published: December 2019

The efficacy of magnetic bearing controllers designed to reject transient disturbances is evaluated via a series of experiments. The experiment consists of a rocking beam with opposing electromagnetic actuators for control as well as an actuator for applying a disturbance torque. Controller synthesis employed a generalized Lur'e system approach to accommodate the nonlinear magnetization behavior of the electromagnetic actuator iron. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in disturbance rejection with controllers based upon the Lur'e system approach. Good agreement between simulation and experimental results was obtained, providing confidence that similar benefits can be achieved in industrial machinery employing active magnetic bearings.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Group Consensus of Agents With Third-Order Dynamics in Directed Networks
Authors: Cihan Onur , Akar Mehmet
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we investigate the group consensus problem in directed networks where agents have third-order dynamics. Necessary and sufficient conditions on the controller parameters are obtained to ensure K-equilibria group consensus where K is determined by the structure of the directed graph. It is theoretically shown that, for an arbitrary directed graph, there exist controller parameters that satisfy the given conditions. A systematic method for choosing the controller parameters to guarantee group consensus is suggested and theoretical results are verified by numerical examples.
Subsection NF—Supports
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Uma S.
Published: December 2019

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III, Division 1, Subsection NF, was developed in an attempt to provide rules for the estimated 10,000 piping and component supports existing in a typical nuclear power plant. This chapter provides information on the origins and evolution of design rules and is intended to allow designers, engineers, and fabricators to make better use of Subsection NF of the ASME Code. It begins with an introduction to Article NF-1000, focusing on the scope, types of supports, and boundaries of jurisdiction for supports. The chapter then describes the NF-2000 material requirements, providing information on permitted and exempt materials, material certification requirements, and impact testing of materials. Next, it discusses the design rules for supports—both plate-and-shell and linear. All aspects of design are considered, including stress theory, loadings, welding, bolting, load testing, and functional requirements. The chapter then addresses rules for NF-4000 fabrication and installation. These rules provide requirements for the entire fabrication cycle, including forming, fitting, aligning, welding, heat treatment, and bolted connections. The chapter also describes methods for nondestructive examination of support welds and relevant acceptance standards. It provides cross-referencing to Subsections NB, NC, ND, NE, and NG, as well as to the B31.1 and B31.3 Codes. The closing pages of this chapter address Code Cases and Interpretations. Discussions include Subsection NF Appendices, and with the help of figures, tables, and references, it is anticipated that the reader will develop a better understanding of Subsection NF and appreciate its complexities and usefulness.
Nuclear Pumps
Authors: Klein Ross R. , Gregg John V.
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on specific aspects that are the driving and controlling forces in hydraulic systems for nuclear power plants. It discusses how the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code requirements are implemented for Class 1, 2, and 3 nuclear pumps designed to meet the requirements of the Code. The Design Specification defines the applicable Code, the class of construction for the pump, and all operational requirements which define how the components function in their applications. The Owner’s Responsibilities for the system design play an important part in establishing the rules applicable to the Design Specification for each safety-related pump. The chapter provides a historical perspective for the Code rules, cross-referencing other Subsections of the Code. It is written to refer to and explain the requirements for pump Subarticles NB, NC, and ND-3400, and Articles NB, NC, and ND-7000 of the 2015 Edition of the Code. A Nonmandatory Appendix divides pump internal parts into various categories and sets up requirements for appropriate quality levels.

History

Douglas B. Nickerson was the original author of this chapter. The second and third editions were updated by Marcus N. Bressler. The fourth edition was updated by Robert E. Comman. The fifth edition was updated by Ross R. Klein. The current online edition was updated by Ross R. Klein and John V. Gregg Jr.
ASME Section VI: Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
Authors: Smith Clayton T.
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides criteria and commentary for ASME Section VI, which presents guidelines for the safe and efficient operation of steam-heating boilers, hot-water-supply boilers, and hot-water-heating boilers after installation. These rules are nonmandatory unless they are adopted into the laws of a governmental jurisdiction. The chapter is divided into nine parts, along with the necessary figures and tables for each part. Part 1 covers the scope of the chapter, provides some background on the use of illustrations and manufacturer’s information, and includes a glossary of terms applicable to boilers, fuels, fuel-burning equipment, combustion, and water treatment. Part 2 deals with the classification of boilers based on their design, construction, and application. Different types of boilers, such as steel, cast iron, modular, and vacuum boilers, are described and illustrated. The requirements of accessories such as safety relief valves and pressure gages, and their installation are addressed in Part 3. Part 4 deals with the characteristics of common fuels used for combustion in boilers such as gas, oil, coal, and wood products. Part 5 provides information on the controls for managing the functions of the fuel-burning equipment, namely operating, limit, safety, and programming controls. Part 6 covers all the requirements of boiler-room facilities for safe operation and maintenance. Recommendations for the operation, maintenance, and repair of steam boilers are included in Part 7 in addition to the procedures for inspection of steam boilers. Part 8 deals with the operation, maintenance, and repair guidelines for hot-water boilers and tests and inspections of hot-water-supply and hot-water-heating boilers. Water treatment considerations, boiler water problems, the chemicals used for water treatment and their functions, treatment alternatives, and various procedures are discussed in Part 9.
‘Ik ben een Afrikaander’: Redrawing Afrikaner Ethnic Boundaries in New Zealand
Authors: Finlayson Kris
Published: December 2019

This paper examines the state of Afrikaner identity in a New Zealand diasporic context, exploring perceptions, experiences, how Afrikaners see themselves fitting into their community, and how this community fits into New Zealand society. Through biographic narrative interviews, participants described an implied representation of Afrikaner which was then constructed into an analytic model consisting of four key characteristics: heritage; faith as a cultural value; language; and, a conservative worldview. Participants referred to themselves against this model in order to ascertain how ‘typical’ they are regarding shared community behaviour and perspectives. Although New Zealand and Afrikaner-South African societies are vastly different, New Zealand’s socially liberal worldview allows an easy transition for today’s comparatively diverse Afrikaners. This transitional process and ethnic boundary modification was found to impact Afrikaner identity in varying ways, particularly related to areas of personal security, new friendship formation, manner of speech, and how they perceived what New Zealanders think about Afrikaners.
Monitoring the growth of III-nitride materials by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy employing diffuse scattering of RHEED
Authors: Sen Sayantani , Paul Suchismita , Singha Chirantan , Saha Anirban , Das Alakananda , Guha Roy Pushan , Pramanik Pallabi , Bhattacharyya Anirban
Published: December 2019

AlGaN alloys find important applications in UV emitters and detectors, as well as in high-power high-frequency electronics. While reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is a standard technique for in situ monitoring of the growth of AlGaN alloys by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy, this paper investigates a new mode of its application. During the growth of AlGaN alloys, the ratio of the group III (Al + Ga) to group V (active nitrogen) adatoms critically controls the materials property of AlGaN films and is optimal within a very narrow window of operation. Moreover, this ratio is dependent in a complex fashion on various growth parameters, including substrate temperature, and is difficult to determine quantitatively in real time. This paper provides a method to estimate that important parameter. This can be carried out through the capture of the RHEED image from the fluorescent screen using an inexpensive video camera setup and a simple analysis procedure. While most RHEED analyses focus on the diffraction pattern, e.g., the line spacing, this work quantifies diffused scattering of the electron beam from a metallic layer that forms on the top of the growth surface during deposition under excess group III conditions, which is typically employed during growth. Two alternate methods for data analysis have been explored and compared. The results indicate that this process can qualitatively trace the variation of the thickness of the thin metallic layer, and hence the group III to group V flux ratio, for different substrate temperatures. This technique being simple, fast, and cost-effective can be incorporated into standard MBE systems for real-time in situ characterization of AlGaN alloys.
SwsB and SafA Are Required for CwlJ-Dependent Spore Germination in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Amon Jeremy D. , Yadav Akhilesh K. , Ramirez-Guadiana Fernando H. , Meeske Alexander J. , Cava Felipe , Rudner David Z.
Published: December 2019

Spore formation in
Bacillus subtilis
has been studied for over half a century, and virtually every step in this developmental process has been characterized in molecular detail. In contrast, how spores exit dormancy remains less well understood. A key step in germination is the degradation of the specialized cell wall surrounding the spore called the cortex. Two enzymes (SleB and CwlJ) specifically target this protective layer, but how they are regulated and whether additional factors promote their activity are unknown. Here, we identified the coat protein SafA and a conserved but uncharacterized protein YlxY as additional factors required for CwlJ-dependent degradation of the cortex. Our analysis provides a more complete picture of this essential step in the exit from dormancy.
N-Linked Glycans and K147 Residue on Hemagglutinin Synergize To Elicit Broadly Reactive H1N1 Influenza Virus Antibodies
Authors: Huang Ying , Owino Simon O. , Crevar Corey J. , Carter Donald M. , Ross Ted M.
Published: December 2019

There is a great need to develop broadly reactive or universal vaccines against influenza viruses. Advanced, next-generation hemagglutinin (HA) head-based vaccines that elicit protective antibodies against H1N1 influenza viruses have been developed. This study focused on understanding the specific amino acids around the receptor binding site (RBS) that were important in elicitation of these broadly reactive antibodies. Specific glycan sites and amino acids located at the tip of the HA molecule enhanced the elicitation of these broadly reactive antibodies. A better understanding of the HA structures around the RBS will lead to more effective HA immunogens.
Discovery and Selection of Hepatitis B Virus-Derived T Cell Epitopes for Global Immunotherapy Based on Viral Indispensability, Conservation, and HLA-Binding Strength
Authors: de Beijer Monique T. A. , Jansen Diahann T. S. L. , Dou Yingying , van Esch Wim J. E. , Mok Juk Yee , Maas Mariëlle J. P. , Brasser Giso , de Man Robert A. , Woltman Andrea M. , Buschow Sonja I.
Published: December 2019

Multiple HBV-derived T cell epitopes have been reported, which can be useful in a therapeutic vaccination strategy. However, these epitopes are largely restricted to HLA-A*02, which is not dominantly expressed in populations with high HBV prevalence. Thus, current epitopes are falling short in the development of a global immunotherapeutic approach. Therefore, we aimed to identify novel epitopes for 6 HLA supertypes most prevalent in the infected population. Moreover, established epitopes might not all be equally effective as they can be subject to different levels of immune escape. It is therefore important to identify targets that are crucial in viral replication and conserved in the majority of the infected population. Here, we applied a stringent selection procedure to compose a combined overview of existing and novel HBV-derived T cell epitopes most promising for viral eradication. This set of T cell epitopes now lays the basis for the development of globally effective HBV antigen-specific immunotherapies.
Flow Cytometry Analysis of HIV-1 Env Conformations at the Surface of Infected Cells and Virions: Role of Nef, CD4, and SERINC5
Authors: Staropoli Isabelle , Dufloo Jérémy , Ducher Anaïs , Commere Pierre-Henri , Sartori-Rupp Anna , Novault Sophie , Bruel Timothée , Lorin Valérie , Mouquet Hugo , Schwartz Olivier , Casartelli Nicoletta
Published: December 2019

HIV-1 Env conformation is one of the key parameters determining viral infectivity. The flow virometry-based assay developed in this study allows for the characterization of proteins incorporated in HIV-1 particles. We studied the conformation of HIV-1 Env and the impact that the viral protein Nef and the cellular proteins CD4 and SERINC5 have on Env accessibility to antibodies. Our assay permitted us to highlight some noticeable differences in the conformation of Env between producer cells and viral particles. It contributes to a better understanding of the actual composition of HIV-1 particles.
Association between caring for grandchildren and feelings of loneliness, social isolation and social network size: a cross-sectional study of community dwelling adults in Germany
Authors: Quirke Eleanor , König Hans-Helmut , Hajek André
Published: December 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine whether there is an association between grandparental care and loneliness, social isolation and/or the size of an individual’s social network among community-based adults aged ≥40 years.

Methods

Cross-sectional data were drawn from a population-based sample of individuals aged ≥40 years living in the community in Germany. Loneliness was measured using a short version of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Social isolation was measured using a scale developed by Bude and Lantermann. The number of important people with whom respondents have regular contact (ie, social network size) was also used as an outcome variable. All respondents were asked whether they privately provide grandparent care (no/yes).

Results

Linear regressions showed reduced loneliness (β=−0.06, p<0.01) and social isolation scores (β=−0.04, p<0.05) among those undertaking care of a grandchild. Regression analysis also showed an increased number of important people with whom individuals had regular contact among those who undertook care of a grandchild (β=1.02, p<0.001).

Conclusion

Findings indicate a positive association between undertaking the care of a grandchild and the size of an individual’s social network, and a negative association between grandchild care and self-rated scores of loneliness and social isolation. These findings build on existing research into the social and health implications of grandchild care among grandparents. Longitudinal studies are required to strengthen the understanding of this association.
Key components of shared decision making models: a systematic review
Authors: Bomhof-Roordink Hanna , Gärtner Fania R , Stiggelbout Anne M , Pieterse Arwen H
Published: December 2019

Objectives

To (1) provide an up-to-date overview of shared decision making (SDM)-models, (2) give insight in the prominence of components present in SDM-models, (3) describe who is identified as responsible within the components (patient, healthcare professional, both, none), (4) show the occurrence of SDM-components over time, and (5) present an SDM-map to identify SDM-components seen as key, per healthcare setting.

Design

Systematic review.

Eligibility criteria

Peer-reviewed articles in English presenting a new or adapted model of SDM.

Information sources

Academic Search Premier, Cochrane, Embase, Emcare, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science were systematically searched for articles published up to and including September 2, 2019.

Results

Forty articles were included, each describing a unique SDM-model. Twelve models were generic, the others were specific to a healthcare setting. Fourteen were based on empirical data, 26 primarily on analytical thinking. Fifty-three different elements were identified and clustered into 24 components. Overall, Describe treatment optionswas the most prominent component across models. Components present in >50% of models were:Make the decision (75%),Patient preferences (65%),Tailor information (65%),Deliberate (58%), Create choice awareness (55%), andLearn about the patient(53%). In the majority of the models (27/40), both healthcare professional and patient were identified as actors. Over time,Describe treatment optionsandMake the decisionare the two components which are present in most models in any time period.Create choice awarenessstood out for being present in a markedly larger proportion of models over time.

Conclusions

This review provides an up-to-date overview of SDM-models, showing that SDM-models quite consistently share some components but that a unified view on what SDM is, is still lacking. Clarity about what SDM constitutes is essential though for implementation, assessment, and research purposes. A map is offered to identify SDM-components seen as key.

Trial registration

PROSPERO registration CRD42015019740
Patient-generated health data and electronic health record integration: protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Tiase Victoria L , Hull William , McFarland Mary M , Sward Katherine A , Del Fiol Guilherme , Staes Catherine , Weir Charlene , Cummins Mollie R
Published: December 2019

Introduction

The objective of this study is to determine the extent and describe the nature of patient-generated health data (PGHD) integration into electronic health records (EHRs) using systematic scoping methods to review the available literature. PGHD have the potential to enhance decision making by providing the valuable information that may not be ordinarily captured during a routine care visit. These data which are captured from mobile devices, such as smartphones, activity trackers and other sensors, should be integrated into clinical workflows to allow for optimal use by clinicians.

Methods and analysis

This study aims to conduct a rigorous scoping review to explore evidence related to the integration of PGHD into EHRs. Using the framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley, we will create a systematic search strategy, chart data from the relevant articles, and use a qualitative, thematic approach to analyse the data. This review will enable the identification of types of integration and describe challenges and barriers to integrating PGHD.

Ethics and dissemination

Database searches will be initiated in June 2019. The review is expected to be completed by October 2019. As the content of the full-text articles emerges, the authors will summarise the characteristics related to the integration of PGHD. The findings of this scoping review will identify research gaps and present implications for future research.
Attitudes of physicians towards target groups and content of the discharge summary: a cross-sectional analysis in Styria, Austria
Authors: Hoffmann Magdalena , Schwarz Christine Maria , Pregartner Gudrun , Weinrauch Maximilian , Jantscher Lydia , Kamolz Lars , Brunner Gernot , Sendlhofer Gerald
Published: December 2019

Objectives

The discharge summary (DS) represents one of the most important instruments to ensure a safe patient discharge from the hospital. They sometimes have poor quality in content and often include medical jargon, which the patient and their relatives cannot easily understand. Therefore, many risks for patient safety exist. This study investigated the questions for whom the DS is and which contents are necessary to ensure a safe treatment.

Design

Cross-sectional analysis.

Setting

Styria, Austria.

Participants

3948 internal and external physicians were consulted.

Interventions

An online survey consisting of 24 questions was conducted. The survey was distributed to physicians working in the province of Styria, Austria, in 2018 over a period of 6 months.

Main outcomes and measures

Attitudes of internal and external physicians in terms of target group, content and health literacy.

Results

In total, 1060 physicians participated in the survey. The DS is considered as a communication tool among physicians (97.9%) and the patients are also indicated as addressees (73.5%). Furthermore, there is a high level of agreement that understandable information in the DS leads to fewer questions of the patients (67.9%).

Conclusion

In conclusion, the DS is not only seen as a document for the further treating physician but is also relevant for the patient. Incorporating the patient into their treatment at all levels may possibly strengthen the individual health literacy of the patient and their caring relatives.
HIIT is not superior to MICT in altering blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wood Gina , Murrell Anna , van der Touw Tom , Smart Neil
Published: December 2019

Objective

To compare the effects of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) on adult lipid profiles; to identify training or participant characteristics that may determine exercise-induced change in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TRG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources

English language searches of several databases were conducted from inception until September 2019.

Eligibility criteria for excluding studies

Inclusion: (1) published randomised controlled human trials with group population n≥5; (2) intervention duration ≥4 weeks; (3) comparing HIIT with MICT; and (4) reporting pre–post intervention lipid measurements. Exclusion: subjects with chronic disease, <18 years, pregnant/lactating, in elite athletic training; and studies with a dietary or pharmaceutical intervention component.

Results

Twenty-nine data sets (mmol/L) of 823 participants were pooled and analysed. Neither HIIT nor MICT was better in decreasing TC (0.10 (−0.06 to 0.19), p=0.12, I2=0%), TRG (−0.05 (−0.11 to 0.01), p=0.10, I2=0%), LDL-C (0.05 (−0.06 to 0.17), p=0.37, I2=0%), or TC/HDL-C (−0.03 (−0.36 to 0.29), p=0.85, I2=0%). HIIT significantly raised HDL-C (0.07 (0.04 to 0.11), p<0.0001, I2=0%) compared with MICT.

Conclusion

Neither HIIT nor MICT is superior for altering TC, TRG, or LDL-C, or TC-HDL-C ratio. Compared with MICT, HIIT appeared to significantly improve HDL-C. Clinicians may prescribe either protocol to encourage participation in exercise and reduce cardiovascular risk. To raise HDL-C, HIIT may result in a larger effect size compared with MICT.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019136722.
Histopathologist features predictive of diagnostic concordance at expert level among a large international sample of pathologists diagnosing Barrett’s dysplasia using digital pathology
Authors: van der Wel Myrtle J , Coleman Helen G , Bergman Jacques J G H M , Jansen Marnix , Meijer Sybren L
Published: December 2019

Objective

Guidelines mandate expert pathology review of Barrett’s oesophagus (BO) biopsies that reveal dysplasia, but there are no evidence-based standards to corroborate expert reviewer status. We investigated BO concordance rates and pathologist features predictive of diagnostic discordance.

Design

Pathologists (n=51) from over 20 countries assessed 55 digitised BO biopsies from across the diagnostic spectrum, before and after viewing matched p53 labelling. Extensive demographic and clinical experience data were obtained via online questionnaire. Reference diagnoses were obtained from a review panel (n=4) of experienced Barrett’s pathologists.

Results

We recorded over 6000 case diagnoses with matched demographic data. Of 2805 H&E diagnoses, we found excellent concordance (>70%) for non-dysplastic BO and high-grade dysplasia, and intermediate concordance for low-grade dysplasia (42%) and indefinite for dysplasia (23%). Major diagnostic errors were found in 248 diagnoses (8.8%), which reduced to 232 (8.3%) after viewing p53 labelled slides. Demographic variables correlating with diagnostic proficiency were analysed in multivariate analysis, which revealed that at least 5 years of professional experience was protective against major diagnostic error for H&E slide review (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.74). Working in a non-teaching hospital was associated with increased odds of major diagnostic error (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.69); however, this was neutralised when pathologists viewed p53 labelled slides. Notably, neither case volume nor self-identifying as an expert predicted diagnostic proficiency. Extrapolating our data to real-world case prevalence suggests that 92.3% of major diagnostic errors are due to overinterpreting non-dysplastic BO.

Conclusion

Our data provide evidence-based criteria for diagnostic proficiency in Barrett’s histopathology.
Muskrat distributions in a changing Arctic delta are explained by patch composition and configuration
Authors: Turner Chanda K. , Lantz Trevor C. , Fisher Jason T.
Published: December 2019

Climate change is altering Canada’s western Arctic, including hydrology in the heterogeneous environment of the Mackenzie Delta, and these changes are impacting biotic communities. Muskrats are culturally important semi-aquatic rodents whose populations may respond to changing water levels in this region. We investigated the importance of patch configuration and patch composition — two properties affected by climate change — on muskrat presence and distribution in the Mackenzie Delta, using remote sensing and field-based surveys of lakes with and without muskrats. We tested multiple hypotheses about predictors of muskrat and forage biomass presence using a model-selection approach. We found that configuration and patch composition explained muskrat distribution in the Mackenzie Delta, with composition being of greater importance. Muskrats were more likely to occur in lakes with longer perimeters, higher amounts of forage biomass, and sediment characteristics that supported macrophyte growth. The latter two conditions are related to spring flooding regimes, which will likely be altered by climate change. This may result in a decrease in muskrat habitat in the Mackenzie Delta. Our research indicates that both patch composition and configuration are important for understanding species distributions in heterogeneous environments.
Performance analysis of different turbulence models in impinging jet cooling
Authors: Pawar Shashikant , Patel Devendra Kumar
Published: December 2019

The characteristics of heat transfer from a hot wall surface for the oblique impingement of a free turbulent slot jet have been investigated numerically. Different turbulent models — the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text], SST [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text], cubic [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] and quadratic [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] models — are used for the prediction of heat transfer and their results were compared with experimental results reported in the literature. The comparison shows that the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text], quadratic [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] and SST [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] models give more unsatisfactory results for the investigated configuration, while the cubic [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] model is capable of predicting the local Nusselt number in wall-jet region only. The [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] model exhibits the best agreement with the experimental results in both stagnation and wall-jet regions. Further, the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] model is applied to analyze the obliquely impinging jet heat transfer problem. The parametric effects of the jet inclination ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]), jet-to-surface distance ([Formula: see text], 6 and 8), Reynolds number ([Formula: see text], 15[Formula: see text]000 and 20[Formula: see text]000), and turbulent intensity ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) have been presented. The heat transfer on the upward direction is seen to decrease, while that on the downward direction it rises for the increasing angle. It is to be noted that as the value of [Formula: see text] decreases, the point of maximum Nusselt number ([Formula: see text]) displaces toward the upward direction from the geometric center point as well as its value reduces. The shifting of the [Formula: see text] is found to be independent of Re and [Formula: see text] within the range considered for the study.
High pressure effect on the crystal structure of the BaTiO3
Authors: Jabarov Sakin H.
Published: December 2019

Crystal structure of [Formula: see text] compound was studied using Atomistix Tool Kit software program at high pressure. It is defined that in this combination, tetragonal–cubic phase transition occurs under high pressure [Formula: see text] GPa. The character of this phase transition is explained in respect of baric dependence of spontaneous strain. Birch–Murnaghan equation is solved, compression ratio is determined. Results gained by theoretical calculations are compared with experimental values.
The structural, electronic, elastic and thermodynamic properties of V2AX (A = B, Al, Ga, In and TI; X = C and N): A DFT calculation
Authors: Zuo Chunying , Chen Baishu , Zhong Cheng , Zhao Jianhua
Published: December 2019

The structural, electronic, elastic and thermodynamic properties of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text], Al, Ga, In and TI; [Formula: see text] and N) phase have been systematically investigated by the first principles. The optimized lattice parameters are in good agreement with the experimental values and better than the available theoretical data. We calculated the elastic constants [Formula: see text] and the total density of states, which verified mechanical stability and electronic structural stability, respectively. The other elastic parameters including bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, Cauchy pressure, shear anisotropy factor, linear compressibility coefficients, Pugh’s ratio, Poissons’s ratio, microhardness parameter and machinability index are calculated and discussed in this work. The results show that the compounds we studied are stable in mechanics and are anisotropic materials; the compressibility along [Formula: see text]-axis is lower than that along [Formula: see text]-direction except for [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] and N); the compounds of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) and [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) are brittle in nature, and [Formula: see text] and V2TIN are ductile in nature; the shear modulus [Formula: see text] limits the mechanical stability of the materials under consideration; the ability to resist shape change and the stiffness of [Formula: see text] are stronger compared with [Formula: see text] when A takes B, Al, Ga, In, TI, respectively. Finally we have estimated the Vickers hardness which shows that the hardness of the [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text], Al, Ga, In, TI) would decrease when C is replaced by N. At last, we investigated the thermodynamic properties of [Formula: see text] by calculating the phonon dispersion, Debye temperature and minimum thermal conductivity. The results show that all structures are dynamical stable and the compounds of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are candidates for thermal barrier coating (TBC) materials.
Parametric randomization, complex symplectic factorizations, and quadratic-exponential functionals for Gaussian quantum states
Authors: Vladimirov Igor G. , Petersen Ian R. , James Matthew R.
Published: December 2019

This paper combines probabilistic and algebraic techniques for computing quantum expectations of operator exponentials (and their products) of quadratic forms of quantum variables in Gaussian states. Such quadratic-exponential functionals (QEFs) resemble quantum statistical mechanical partition functions with quadratic Hamiltonians and are also used as performance criteria in quantum risk-sensitive filtering and control problems for linear quantum stochastic systems. We employ a Lie-algebraic correspondence between complex symplectic matrices and quadratic-exponential functions of system variables of a quantum harmonic oscillator. The complex symplectic factorizations are used together with a parametric randomization of the quasi-characteristic or moment-generating functions according to an auxiliary classical Gaussian distribution. This reduces the QEF to an exponential moment of a quadratic form of classical Gaussian random variables with a complex symmetric matrix and is applicable to recursive computation of such moments.
The backreaction of massive scalar field on FLRW and de Sitter spaces
Authors: Setare M. R. , Sahraee M.
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we obtain the effect of backreaction on the scale factor of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) and de Sitter spaces. We consider a non-minimally coupled massive scalar field to the curvature scalar. For our purpose, we use the results of vacuum expectation values of energy–momentum tensor, which have been obtained previously. By substituting the quantum energy density into the Friedmann equation, we obtain the linear order perturbation of the scale factor. So, the effect of backreaction leads to the new scale factor.
INTERPERSONAL JUSTICE AND INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOURS: THE ROLE OF THE WORKGROUP
Authors: DABOUSSI AYADI ASMA , ZHANG CHI , ZOUAOUI SAMIA KAROUI , OHANA MARC
Published: December 2019

In this research, we examine the effect of workgroup interpersonal justice (WIJ) (defined as the extent to which employees are treated with dignity and respect by their co-workers) on innovative work behaviours (IWB). Specifically, we first test the mediating role of group identification (GI) in this relationship. Next, we examine the moderating role of reflexivity of the group on this mediation effect. Based on 204 employees, our results showed that the indirect effect of the WIJ on IWB, through GI, is moderated by the reflexivity of the group. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
RETURN AND VOLATILITY SPILLOVER EFFECTS IN LEADING CRYPTOCURRENCIES
Authors: PALAMALAI SRINIVASAN , MAITY BIPASHA
Published: December 2019

As Cryptocurrencies are emerging as a new class of investment assets, understanding their price and volatility dynamics has begun to gather momentum, especially the volatility can influence investment decisions. Most of previous literature concentrates primarily on several aspects of Bitcoin and endeavoring to generalize them for the whole cryptocurrency markets. In this study, we attempted to examine the return and volatility spillover effects across a wide range of cryptocurrency markets, i.e. eight major cryptocurrencies (determined by market capitalization) using a Vector Error Correction approach and Diagonal BEKK Multivariate GARCH model. We found the evidence of interdependencies and volatility co-movements among the various pairs of cryptocurrency markets. However, the study suggests that there exists a limited window of opportunity for the short-term portfolio diversification benefits from the selected large-cap cryptocurrency markets.
Ice-rafting in lakes in the early Neoproterozoic: dropstones in the Diabaig Formation, Torridon Group, NW Scotland
Authors: Hartley Adrian , Kurjanski Bartosz , Pugsley Jessica , Armstrong Joseph
Published: December 2019

A dropstone horizon is described from lake deposits in a palaeo-valley from the
c.
1000 Ma Diabaig Formation, Torridon Group, NW Scotland. Dropstones occur in wave-rippled, fine-grained sandstones and siltstones that contain desiccation and syneresis cracks indicative of fluctuating lake levels. Five locally derived dropstones occur at the same horizon over lateral distance of 250 m and display clear evidence of deflection and penetration of laminae at the base, with thinning, onlap and draping of laminae on to clast margins and tops. Mechanisms of dropstone formation are discussed, with ice-rafting considered the most likely explanation. It is suggested that rafting was promoted by cold winters at 35° S in the early Neoproterozoic, possibly in an upland setting. Interpretation of the dropstones as ice-rafted debris provides the first physical record of evidence for ice at the Earth's surface during the late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic.
Leveraging Side-Channel Information for Disassembly and Security
Authors: Park Jungmin , Rahman Fahim , Vassilev Apostol , Forte Domenic , Tehranipoor Mark
Published: December 2019

With the rise of Internet of Things (IoT), devices such as smartphones, embedded medical devices, smart home appliances, as well as traditional computing platforms such as personal computers and servers have been increasingly targeted with a variety of cyber attacks. Due to limited hardware resources for embedded devices and difficulty in wide-coverage and on-time software updates, software-only cyber defense techniques, such as traditional anti-virus and malware detectors, do not offer a silver-bullet solution. Hardware-based security monitoring and protection techniques, therefore, have gained significant attention. Monitoring devices using side-channel leakage information, e.g., power supply variation and electromagnetic (EM) radiation, is a promising avenue that promotes multiple directions in security and trust applications. In this article, we provide a taxonomy of hardware-based monitoring techniques against different cyber and hardware attacks, highlight the potentials and unique challenges, and display how power-based side-channel instruction-level monitoring can offer suitable solutions to prevailing embedded device security issues. Further, we delineate approaches for future research directions.