bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Greek Novel
Authors: Cioffi Robert
Published: March 2024

This book is about Egypt, ancient Ethiopia (a territory located in modern Sudan, known to ancient Egyptians as Kush and modern specialists as Nubia), and the ancient Greek romance novels. Of the five Greek novels that survive in their entirety, Egypt and/or Ethiopia play an important role in four: Chariton’s Chaereas and Callirhoe (first century ce), Xenophon of Ephesus’ An Ephesian Tale (first/second century ce), Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon (second century ce), and Heliodorus’ An Ethiopian Story (third or fourth century ce). Employing approaches from literary studies, Classics, and Egyptology, the book’s argument turns on two concepts: representation and resistance. On the one hand, it demonstrates that the novels develop an image of Egypt and Ethiopia that is in close dialogue with Greco-Roman ethnographic tradition. On the other, it argues that this depiction regularly figures Egypt and Ethiopia as sites of resistance, revolt, and rebellion against—and also political, cultural, and religious alternatives to—a series of dominant imperial powers in the region, from the Persians to the Romans. This argument enriches our understanding of the texts’ relationship with the real and imagined frontiers of Roman political, military, and intellectual power. Further, it raises literary and cultural historical questions about the interrelation of humans and their environment and what we might call, after Simon Schama, the topographies of cultural identity in the Roman Empire.
Introduction
Authors: Cioffi Robert
Published: March 2024

The introduction focuses on the two central terms in the book’s argument—representation and resistance—which, broadly speaking, reflect the different perspectives offered by Greco-Roman and Egyptian materials. Of particular importance is how the novels’ depictions of Egypt and Ethiopia receive and transform a centuries’ long tradition of Greek and Roman ethnographic discourse about Egypt and Ethiopia, their religious and cultural traditions, and their Nilotic landscapes that stretches back at least to Herodotus and Hecataeus of Miletus. In making its argument, the book considers the novels not only in the context of Greco-Roman traditions of writing about and depicting Egypt but also in relationship to local literary and documentary texts (including hymns and dedications to Isis, Egyptian narrative literature, and apocalyptic texts), monumental inscriptions, and material and visual culture. Such an approach is crucial for providing a full picture of how the novels represent the Nile River Valley. They reveal that Egypt and Ethiopia are not simply sites of a Greek and Roman imaginaire; rather, one of the book’s most important interventions is to show that the novels’ fictional narratives are in dialogue with the history, literature, and culture local to those places. In addition, the Introduction shows how the book contributes to a broader set of questions about identity, ethnicity, and race; about the relationship between Greek and Egyptian literature; and about the theory and practice of ekphrasis in the Roman imperial period.
The Idea of Codification of European Capital Markets Law
Authors: Veil Rüdiger
Published: March 2024

The past 15 years of EU securities regulation were inspired by the de Larosière Report and the project of a Capital Markets Union. The EU legislature has created a mostly uniform framework. However, the current regimes draw criticism as being difficult to access, too complex, and partly inconsistent. Sharing these concerns, the research project on the codification of European capital markets law addresses the idea of codifying European capital markets law to establish a consistent and innovative regulatory framework, based upon uniform underlying principles and goals. This chapter looks at the added value of a codification of European capital markets law and discusses the content of a codification act as well as regulatory strategies.
Symmetry and Hybrid Contingentism
Authors: Fairchild Maegan
Published: March 2024

This paper outlines a defense of hybrid contingentism: that it is contingent which individuals there are but not contingent what properties there are. Critics raise two main lines of concern: first, that the hybrid contingentist's treatment of haecceitistic properties is metaphysically mysterious, and second, that hybrid contingentism involves an unjustified asymmetry in the associated modal logic. I suggest that in the setting of higher-order metaphysics these dismissals may be too quick. It is not at obvious whether and to what extent we should expect certain ‘symmetries’ across the orders; and so whether as Williamson (2013) says “the default preference is for a uniform metaphysics, on which being is contingent at all orders or none.”
Higher-Order Metaphysics in Frege and Russell
Authors: Klement Kevin C.
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the metaphysical views about higher-order logic held by two individuals responsible for introducing it to philosophy: Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970). Frege understood a function at first as the remainder of the content of a proposition when one component was taken out or seen as replaceable by others, as later as a mapping between objects. His logic employed second-order quantifiers ranging over such functions, and he saw a deep division in nature between objects and functions. Russell understood propositional functions as what is obtained when constituents of propositions are replaced by variables, but eventually denied that they were entities in their own right. Both encountered contradictions when supposing there to exist as many objects as functions, and both adopted views about the meaningfulness of higher-order discourse that were difficult to state from within their own strictures.
Psychological and Neuroscientific Foundations of Rhythms and Timing
Authors: Doelling Keith , Herbst Sophie , Arnal Luc , van Wassenhove Virginie
Published: March 2024

Cultural artefacts, such as dance and music, are characterized by temporal properties, broadly referred to as rhythms. The temporal structures that emerge when individuals synchronize their movements provide a sense of togetherness and common fate, even if individuals can readily tune in and out of this shared temporal space. This chapter discusses the endogenous and exogenous factors contributing to the emergence of brain rhythms and rhythmic behaviours, and how their interplay contributes to sophisticated forms of expressions in humans. The capacity for coupling and uncoupling voluntarily from external rhythms creates a potential tension between one’s environment (exogenously driven) and one’s internal state (endogenously driven) that can be exploited for artistic benefit, in the form of surprisal.
Shaping the Beat Bin in Computer-Based Grooves
Authors: Danielsen Anne
Published: March 2024

In musical genres such as neo-soul and hip-hop, beats often have a temporal shape that makes their location in time difficult to locate relative to a single point in time. Often this comes as a consequence of multiple, but slightly asynchronous events marking the beat or digital sound processing obscuring the exact location of beats in pulse-carrying rhythmic layers. The resulting beat shape may produce an internal reference structure of wide ‘beat bins’, with ‘bin’ here understood as the temporal width and shape of the internal beat: sound onsets falling within the bin will be heard as merging into one beat, whereas onsets falling outside of it will be heard as belonging to another metrical unit. This chapter discusses the affordances for synchronization that different beat bin widths provide and also how the beat bin shape may affect the feel of a rhythmic groove.
The First Amerasians
Authors: Doolan Yuri W.
Published: March 2024

In the years surrounding the Korean War, thousands of mixed race children were born to American military personnel and local Korean women in the camptowns neighboring US bases. The First Amerasians tells the powerful, oftentimes heartbreaking story of how Americans created and used the concept of the Amerasian to remove these children from their mothers to adoptive US homes during the 1950s and 1960s. In recovering this history, Yuri W. Doolan reveals how the Amerasian is not simply a mixed race person fathered and abandoned by a US serviceman in Asia, nor a racial term used to describe individuals with one American and one Asian parent like its popular definition suggests. Rather, the Amerasian is a Cold War construct whose “rescue” has been utilized to repudiate accusations of US imperialism and achieve sentimental victories in the aftermath of wars not quite won by the military. From such constructions, Americans lobbied Congress twice: first, in the 1950s to establish international adoption laws that would lead to the placement of hundreds of thousands of Korean children in the United States, then, later in the 1980s, when the plight of mixed race Koreans would be invoked again to argue for Amerasian immigration laws culminating in the migrations of tens of thousands of mixed race Vietnamese and their relatives.
Managing Cold War Intimacy
Authors: Doolan Yuri W.
Published: March 2024

This chapter explains how the US military's concerns surrounding rising venereal disease (VD) rates immediately on their arrival in southern Korea created two crucial precursors in the making of the Amerasian. First, it spatially mapped out the camptown, a tightly controlled space around US military installations where the sexual activities of troops were strictly curated. Second, the VD control regime encouraged military officials to see all Korean women working in close proximity to US bases as likely prostitutes and therefore VD carriers whose interactions with soldiers needed to be strictly monitored. This stereotyping of Korean women blurred the lines between camptown local, civilian employee, girlfriend, bride, and prostitute and would become very important in denying marriages between US servicemen and Korean women, separating mixed race families, and justifying adoption practices.
Introduction
Authors: Colby Robert K.D.
Published: March 2024

The introduction sets the scene for the book by examining Robert Lumpkin’s efforts to extract up to fifty enslaved people from Richmond just before the city’s fall in April 1865. It then sketches the history of the domestic slave trade in the United States and the ways in which historians have depicted that traffic. Historians have not, however, devoted much attention to the wartime traffic in the enslaved. This trade survived because it allowed Confederates to invest and speculate in the enslaved, to mitigate the crises of the war and to keep emancipation at bay. The threat of sale, meanwhile, shaped enslaved people’s pursuit of freedom. The wartime slave trade also strongly influenced the terms on which people entered into liberty after the conflict. The history of the domestic slave trade and its wartime survival thus intersects with key themes in Civil War scholarship.
“Negroes Will Bear Fabulous Prices”: Inflation, Speculation, and the Confederate Future
Authors: Colby Robert K.D.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 4 builds on the revival of Confederate slave commerce and examines the economic logic of slave purchases during the heart of the Civil War. While Confederates won victories on the battlefield, their economy continued to collapse during the war’s middle years. Inflation proved a particular problem for the Confederacy, rising to double digits per month by 1863. This forced Confederates to look for property in which to invest depreciating money. The enslaved provided a vehicle for their investment—particularly given that Confederates expected slave prices to boom following the Civil War. With an eye on the future, Confederates invested heavily in enslaved women and children, whom they hoped would provide future generations of enslaved laborers for a revitalized cotton economy and system of slave-based capitalism.
Collaboration With Teachers and Other School Professionals
Authors: Ball Annahita
Published: March 2024

Skillful interprofessional collaboration is required to address the myriad student and family issues evident in school settings. Collaborating with teachers and other school professionals also moves important education reform initiatives forward and provides student support professionals with a “seat at the table” in what is often considered a host setting for the professional. While such collaborations have the potential to improve outcomes for schools, children, and their families, there are often substantial challenges associated with effective collaborations. This chapter summarizes the research evidence for interprofessional collaboration in schools, including its effectiveness, challenges, and theoretical models. Specific strategies and practice steps to enhance collaboration are described and highlighted using practice examples.
Students Who Have Experienced Physical or Sexual Abuse
Authors: Ortega Robert M.
Published: March 2024

Universally, all educators are required to report signs and symptoms of child maltreatment. In this chapter the word educators refers to teachers, school social workers, school counselors, school nurses, special education professionals, administrators, and other school personnel who play essential roles in the education of our nation’s children. Specifically, not only will the chapter discuss the current state of the issue but also it will detail concerns related to educators’ response to maltreatment. Moreover, related training components, supporting students in out-of-home placement, the act of reporting maltreatment, cultural considerations, and a call for incorporating cultural humility are presented in the chapter.
Students With Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: Montgomery Katherine L. , Linseisen Tammy
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this chapter is to equip school-based professionals with the most effective and evidence-based approaches to support and intervene with students with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs). Despite the various descriptors used, the term “disruptive behavior disorder” was conceptualized approximately 50 years ago and is widely accepted in pediatric literature to encompass two diagnoses central to this chapter: oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). Due to the high prevalence of comorbidity and the significance of environmental risk factors, evidence-based practices (EBPs) for students with DBDs often include multiple systems, such as the inclusion of the family, community, and in-classroom teachers. A number of EBPs found to prevent and/or treat DBDs are described.
Suicide Prevention
Authors: Singer Jonathan B. , Chock-Goldman Jessica
Published: March 2024

Schools provide a unique environment for identifying and responding to suicidal youth. Although many schools are wary of directly addressing youth suicide, nearly one in five high school students thinks about killing themselves. This chapter describes a framework for multisystemic and multitiered school-based suicide prevention, reviews the evidence base for suicide prevention and intervention, and provides a detailed case study to illustrate culturally affirming suicide prevention. The case study describes suicide prevention screening, support, and referral with a gender-fluid youth from a Bangladeshi family. The chapter discusses the importance of cultural humility, recognizing when and how to work with parents of a suicidal youth, addressing family acceptance and rejection, and essential skills such as asking about suicide risk, safety planning, coordinating with hospitals, and conducting re-entry meetings. The chapter includes references to key websites, documents, online training, and crisis lines.
Contemporary Issues in Psychopharmacological Treatment for Child and Adolescent Mental and Emotional Challenges
Authors: Bentley Kia J. , Collins Kathryn S. , Chinoy Molly
Published: March 2024

In the context of today’s widespread and often controversial use of psychiatric medications for children and adolescents, this chapter argues that school social workers and other mental health consultants can play crucial roles of not only providing comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment information to other providers, educators, and parents so that good decisions can be made around the prescription of psychotropic medications but also providing compassionate and knowledgeable care in helping to monitor the positive and negative impacts of medications and addressing any medication-related concerns of students and their families. Specifically, a balanced perspective and commitment to partnership practice serve as important foundations for helping students and families negotiate referrals to prescribers, understand the medication evaluation process, assess therapeutic effects and unwanted side effects, and collaborate around any adherence issues. Social workers can also provide psychoeducation and help find answers to medication-related questions and dilemmas that emerge. They can support a healthy skepticism around medication use and offer a nonjudgmental place for children, adolescents, and families to explore the meaning of medication to them and share their own experiences, hopes, and fears about the short-term and long-term impact of medication use.
Resources and Programs for Pregnant and Parenting Students
Authors: Harris Mary Beth
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines four primary categories of adolescent pregnancy prevention programs demonstrated effective and currently being conducted in schools. The four are identified as sex education with contraception, sex education abstinence only, youth development/life options, and service learning. The chapter examines distinct differences as well as similarities and common characteristics of effective programs among the four categories. Primary sources of funding from the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program (TPP) in the Office of Population Affairs are explained. Programs on the Recommended Programs List that have been evaluated with multiple youth populations in varied settings are identified in all four categories, along with their affiliations and contact information. The chapter concludes with guidance for selecting a program that best fits and may be best received by the students, the school, and the surrounding community.
Addressing and Preventing Bullying and Sexual Harassment in K–12 Schools
Authors: Espelage Dorothy L. , Hong Jun Sung
Published: March 2024

This chapter is an extensive examination of how bullying in schools co-occurs and is often a precursor to sexual harassment and sexual violence among adolescents. The chapter explains the dynamics and origins of the Bully-Sexual Violence Pathway regarding youth who bully and go on to sexually harass other peers. It identifies and examines primary contributors to this pattern, including social learning in the home, societal and school gender norms, and school tolerance. The particular vulnerability of gender/sexual minority youth and students with disabilities being bullied and experiencing sexual harassment/violence is emphasized, as well as the need to involve all school stakeholders in prevention efforts. Bully and sexual harassment/violence prevention is recommended to engage all aspects of school culture and the community. Social-emotional learning programs that include direct instruction in empathy training, emotion regulation, communication skills, and problem-solving strategies and that show promising results in reducing both bullying and sexual harassment are reviewed.
Supporting Students Experiencing Homelessness and Their Families
Authors: Moore Hadass
Published: March 2024

Schools and school districts across the United States are faced with the challenge of supporting students who experience homelessness as well as their families. There are more than 1.5 million identified homeless students nationwide, although the actual numbers are likely higher due to the challenge of identification. Research demonstrates that homeless students are at higher risk for multiple adverse outcomes and therefore it is important that school-based professionals implement practices that promote homeless students’ access and success in school. This chapter presents a holistic ecological approach, based on a three-layered intervention plan, for supporting homeless students and their families. The three layers include (a) the preliminary and necessary step of implementing the McKinney-Vento Act for homeless students at the school and district levels, as well as the ongoing assessment of the implementation at the local context; (b) promoting a positive school experience for homeless students through data collection and monitoring, the promotion of poverty-aware schools, and the endorsement of local initiatives of members of the school community to support homeless students; and (c) utilizing mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in direct practice with homeless students and their families. The chapter provides concrete practical tools for implementing different parts of the intervention plan.
Welcoming Crisis Migrants to School Communities
Authors: Evans Kerri , Reynolds Andrew
Published: March 2024

This chapter begins with a brief overview of different types of immigrant families in our local schools. It uses the framework of Welcoming Schools to discuss ways school personnel can act as advocates and take action to help orient newcomer immigrant students to school in the United States. It will focus on newcomer immigrant students within their first 3 months in school, as a student’s initial entry point into a school can lead to a strong pathway to educational excellence and engagement in the school community. Using an asset-focused view, the chapter includes suggestions for working with both students and their families. The recommendations in this chapter illustrate specific and tangible practices that school staff can implement to provide a welcoming and supportive environment for immigrant students and their family members. It focuses on interventions at the family level, school level, and district level and highlights the need to work together to accomplish more.
Home Visits With Families
Authors: Gholson Tiffany
Published: March 2024

Although home visits are just one aspect of social work practice, it can be a crucial one that reaps benefits for not just the professional but the family as well. The practical information in this chapter will assist social work professionals in understanding the usefulness of home visits while briefly reviewing current national models in practice. It will also share contributions from early pioneers of the home visit concept and practice as well as give best practices, step-by-step guides, and resources. Research has shown that home visits build positive relationships with children and their families. It has also shown to lead to better communication between the school and home and allows a better understanding of the impact on the child’s home environment as it relates to school performance. Home visit instruction varies because it is often a private endeavor as nuanced as individual professionals. At the same time, there are standard practices all should follow around purpose, bias, and safety. This chapter explains benefits and guidelines in conducting successful home visits.
Working With First Nations Students and Families
Authors: Gilbert Dorie J. , Hopson Jennifer L.
Published: March 2024

American Indian (AI) and Alaska Native (AN) people represent a diverse, fast-growing population across the United States, represented by 574 federally recognized tribes and villages. This chapter addresses knowledge, awareness, and best practices for school-based practitioners working with the AI/AN population. The authors discuss two of the most important elements practitioners in school settings should be aware of: identity and cross-cultural communication with AI/AN children and families. The best practices fall into three categories: counseling and therapeutic interventions; school-based prevention programs; and family- and community-based programs. Finally, a step-by-step guide to implementing a promising intervention is illustrated through a practice case example.
Advocating for Evidence-Informed Change With School Stakeholders
Authors: Gherardi Stacy A. , Warshawer Erica
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the need and challenges directed toward improving school climate, addressing the unmet needs of schools, and or advancing social justice within and outside of school settings through the engagement of advocacy and systemic practice. The chapter deliberates the need for social workers to collaborate with stakeholders to improve not only their direct service to students, families, and communities, but also to advocate for systemic changes in and around the school setting. The authors explore various spheres of social work influence, needed skills for effective interprofessional practices, principles of teaming, and the social context of advocacy efforts in school settings.
Understanding and Accessing Public School Funding for Student Support Services in the Post-Covid Context
Authors: Osher David , Wells Kelly , Arredondo Sophia , Chavez Melissa M.
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an overview of how student support services are funded in public schools. It illustrates how local, state, and federal funding can support social workers and other mental health personnel as they play key roles in designing school-based services that contribute to the development and academic success of students, particularly those with behavioral and mental health needs. Strategies for expanding the funding pool and coordinating funding streams are explained and concrete examples of interventions are given with a focus on federal block grants. The chapter also illustrates how funds can be used to design trauma-informed strategies that can be used within a three-tiered response to intervention model to support learning.
Every Student Succeeds and Other Federal Policies
Authors: Eckert Sarah Anne , Sipple John W.
Published: March 2024

This chapter outlines the intent, goals, and implications of federal education policy in general with a specific focus on the impact that the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015 and other policies have on the work of social workers and school-based professionals. The chapter begins by providing historical perspective on the federal role in improving public education and outlines the impact this piece of legislation has on the work of social workers and other mental health professionals. Additionally, the chapter summarizes research-driven guidance for local educators, social workers, and health care professionals working with and advocating for children at risk of failure.
The Afterlife of Race
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

This groundbreaking fusion of philosophy and color-conscious politics enlists sweeping historical and empirical evidence to challenge fascination with the race concept. The analysis illuminates why social lineage matters far more than any “race” thing ever could, and why race ideology-rhetoric is more a distraction from gross injustice than a primary source. The Western label “black” was merely a figurative description for African peoples and African ancestry. The idea of continental races came later—with philosophers, theologians, and eventually scientists adding some elusive racial factor to visible continental ancestry. McPherson argues that the race concept’s main business was to sponsor absurd pretexts for Western slavery and colonialism, and their active legacies of nonrepair. Rejecting endless debate about the possible nature of race, he unpacks how color categories in America are a caste device that marked Europe-identified (white) freedom versus Africa-identified (black) enslavement. This caste reframing paves the way for a de-raced account of Black American national specificity and political solidarity, distinct from flat blackness and “people of color” generality. The Afterlife of Race concludes with a progressive vision of justice and social equality for descendants of American slavery: whatever their color, persons of conscience in the United States would prioritize dismantling their country’s foundational caste system, with its permanent wealth and well-being divide between White and Black America.
Under the Spell of Freedom
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2024

How do the history of religion and the history of political freedom relate to each other? The variety of views on this subject in philosophy, the humanities and social sciences, and the public is broad and confusing. But the grandiose synthesis in which Hegel brought together Christianity and political freedom is still an enormous source of orientation for many—despite or even because of the influential provocations of Friedrich Nietzsche. However, in the religious thinking of the twentieth century, a different view has developed, as will be shown in this book. It is based on a conception of history that is more open to the future and on a concept of freedom that is richer than that of Hegel. Using sixteen selected thinkers, the author elaborates this new understanding of religion and freedom, which is neither intellectualistically truncated nor Eurocentrically narrow. The result is a forceful plea for a global history of moral universalism.
Innovation and Competitiveness
Authors: Azzoni Carlos , Tessarin Milene
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the role of innovation and technological capability in the context of Latin American regional development. Focusing on the Brazilian case, a comparative analysis is performed to identify the innovative potential of regions and its determinants. The analysis also seeks to understand whether spatial disparities in innovative potential are increasing or diminishing. It is established that important drivers of regions’ innovative potential include per capita income, the degree of industrialization, and the proportion of large companies. Perhaps surprisingly, the chapter finds that spatial disparities in terms of innovative potential have been falling in Brazil. This is largely due to the impacts of public policy, though progress has been very slow. Further pursuit of more spatially dispersed innovation could form an important contribution to resolving the middle-income trap.
Nepal
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: March 2024

This book is a history of cultural, religious, and socio-political diversity in a landlocked state, squeezed between India and China (Tibet), a country with 125 ethnic groups and 123 languages and a plethora of religions, textual and art historical traditions, and power centers. It thus deals with transcultural histories of the regions, political claims and forms of organization, multiple and fluid identities, and cross-border transcultural, transreligious, and economic entanglements. It presents the infrastructure, the mountains along with the ever-threatening earthquakes, the importance of water reserves and forests. It deals with the different population groups and the resulting challenges such as migration, social hierarchies, caste, and the position of women. Another focus is on religions: Buddhism with its tantric Vajrayana, the strongly syncretic Hinduism, and the numerous folk religions. The political history is dealt with in a span from prehistoric times to the elections in 2022. In addition, the focus is on neglected topics that have so far hardly been dealt with in other histories, such as relations with India and China, land and administrative structures, the labor situation and slavery, democratization, and the Maoist movement as well as the lesser-known history of selected ethnic groups such as the Sherpa, Mustangi, or Rai-Limbu in eastern Nepal. A common thread running through the book is the question of how the country’s major challenges in terms of social conflicts, nationalization, infrastructure, education, migration, or divided forms of rule and political instability can be addressed without sacrificing the impressive ethnic and cultural diversity.
Scattered Power and Petty Kingdoms
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: March 2024

This chapter deals with the scattered power and small states in a period from prehistory until the fourteenth century. This period has only few sources and thus is widely clouded in darkness. However, there are indications of shared or dual rulership in many little kingdoms and certain cults such as Shivadharma and the worship of Matsyendranath and Gorakhnath came up. The Licchavi Period became important for preserving many inscriptions, Indian and Chinese contemporary reports, and art historical relicts. It has been a culture that shows features of later periods such as the reverence for Pashupati (Shiva) and religious syncretism. Also important is the Khasa Malla dynasty in western Nepal that flourished between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries.
Divided Rule
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: March 2024

The chapter deals with the three rival Malla kingdoms in the Kathmandu Valley. It is also about the rich culture of the Newars, who have produced great achievements in literature, art, architecture, and crafts. It describes how the three city-kingdoms of Kantipur (Kathmandu), Bhadgaon (Bhaktapur), and Lalitpur (Patan) developed into the three power centers that alternated between alliance and enmity. The accomplishments of Malla kings, particularly Pratāpa Malla, are described, and the chapter details the autocratic system of administration used during the Malla Period. Finally, the different urban cultures of the royal capitals Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur with their art and architectural historical peculiarities, especially temples, palaces, and monasteries, are presented.
From Monarchy to Republic, 1951–Present
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: March 2024

From 1951 on, Nepal gradually turned into a democratic state. This was a long process with some hindrances and throwbacks. First the Śāha kings got back their absolute power but soon they experimented with a special form of democracy, the panchayat system. In the mid-1990s a Maoist movement became so strong that it led to the decline of the monarchy, especially after a massacre in the palace in 2001. A multi-party system and major reforms in administration, education, and law were established. In literature, arts, and music lively and innovative scenes developed. The period was initially characterized by tension and conflicts between king, prime minister, and Maoist leaders.
The Promise and Challenges of Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Silver Michelle , Colditz Graham A. , Emmons Karen M.
Published: March 2024

Given the growing emphasis on dissemination and implementation as a means to increase the efficiency of the research enterprise, public policy, and the services that provide these areas, refining methods that facilitate translation and implementation are imperative. Bringing the dissemination and implementation research community to a common understanding of answers to overarching questions is a necessary step. Then more consistent answers can be given to these questions: How will this information be gathered on effective interventions to form the evidence base? Will interventions be applicable to the setting? What methods should be used to decide what to disseminate or implement? Which implementation strategies will give the greatest impact on population health? What outcomes should be tracked to know if progress is being made? How long will it take to show progress, or when will it be observed? The methods and examples outlined in this book will help answer these and other important questions.
Historical Roots of Dissemination and Implementation Science
Authors: Dearing James W. , Kee Kerk F. , Peng Tai-Quan
Published: March 2024

This chapter describes the evolution of diffusion of innovations theory and how concepts from that paradigm as well as knowledge utilization and technology transfer research have contributed to the evidence-based medicine and evidence-based public health emphases in dissemination and implementation research. It also covers methods of studying how innovations are adopted. The authors suggest that dissemination and implementation researchers and practitioners will continue to find relevance and applicability of these earlier research traditions as they seek ways to study and apply new information and communication technologies to the challenges of dissemination activity by innovation proponents, diffusion responses by adopters, and then subsequent implementation and sustained use.
Ethical Issues in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: DuBois James M. , Prusaczyk Beth
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on ethical issues in dissemination and implementation (D&I) studies. It begins by reviewing the Belmont principles that undergird US research regulations and considering the ethical case for D&I research. It then proceeds to examine a series of ethical questions using a case of public health D&I research in middle schools. The chapter also discusses strategies for ethical decision-making. While these strategies may be beneficial to all researchers, they are of particular value to D&I researchers who regularly deal with uncertainty, complexity, and conflict.
The Role of Economic Evaluation in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Dopp Alex R. , Walker Simon , Raghavan Ramesh
Published: March 2024

Dissemination and implementation (D&I) imposes costs on evidence-based practice (EBP) purveyors, healthcare and promotion organizations, and payers (including governments). Whether these added costs will result in improved service delivery and, ultimately, improvements in recipient outcomes and population health remains an open question. To be of value in informing a D&I decision, an economic evaluation must provide evidence on the impacts of the alternative strategies under consideration on the relevant outcomes, costs, and opportunity costs for the decision maker(s) involved. This requires careful consideration of the decision maker (Who are we informing? What do they care about?); the perspective of the analysis (frame of evaluation); the outcomes; the costs; and the opportunity costs. Further, of utmost importance is the approach to capturing the impact on inequities. If emerging studies reveal that defined D&I strategies are more cost-effective than “usual” approaches, then policymakers and service providers will need to resource these added D&I costs to ensure the success and long-term sustainability of high-quality healthcare and public health activities.
Measurement Issues in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Lewis Cara C. , Mettert Kayne , Proctor Enola K. , Brownson Ross C.
Published: March 2024

The National Institutes of Health, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and a number of private foundations have expressed the need for advancing the science of dissemination and implementation (D&I). Interest in D&I research is present in many countries, including the United Kingdom (UK Center for Reviews and Dissemination, the UK Medical Research Council) and Canada (Canadian Institutes of Health Research). Improving healthcare requires not only effective programs and interventions but also effective strategies to move them into community-based settings of care. But before discrete strategies can be tested for effectiveness, comparative effectiveness, or cost-effectiveness, context, and outcome constructs must be identified and defined in such a way that enables their manipulation and measurement. Measurement is underdeveloped with few psychometrically strong measures and very little attention paid to their pragmatic nature. A variety of tools is needed to capture healthcare access and quality, and no measurement issues are more pressing than those for D&I science.
Dissemination and Implementation in Social Service Settings
Authors: Bunger Alicia C. , Juckett Lisa A. , Lengnick-Hall Rebecca , Adams Danielle R. , McMillen J. Curtis
Published: March 2024

Social service systems are uniquely positioned to implement health prevention and intervention protocols given their mission to support vulnerable populations in the communities where they live. However, social service organizations deliver complex services, with scarce resources, under significant external pressure from communities, funders, and regulatory bodies. This requires careful consideration in designing dissemination and implementation (D&I) strategies. While several well-developed, blended implementation strategies are being used in social services, they all require additional documentation, research, and refinement. Nonetheless, the lessons learned in the social services may help organizations in other systems better implement health interventions with consumers with complex service needs.
The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

The second edition of this leading work on international environmental law investigates the ways in which international environmental law is developed, implemented, and enforced. Rather than focusing on only some aspects of the international environmental process, it examines the process as a whole, from beginning to end, synthesizing recent research on international environmental negotiations, treaty design, social norms, policy implementation, and effectiveness. The book sketches the context of contemporary international environmental law, including its history, the causes of global environmental problems, and proposed policy solutions. The book also reviews the nature of international environmental norms, offering detailed accounts of both treaty-based norms and nontreaty norms. In addition, the book explores the growing complexity of international environmental law, discussing the changing roles of states and nonstate actors in its development. It further examines how and why states implement and comply with international environmental law, and how international environmental norms can be enforced. The book is a sophisticated yet highly readable introduction to how international environmental law works (and sometimes doesn’t work), for both specialists and the general reader.
Varieties of Environmental Norms
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

Chapter 5 investigates the nature of international environmental norms. The chapter begins by exploring their central features, and identifying how and why they might influence the behavior of states and nonstate actors. Following an overview of relevant international environmental norms, including treaties, customary international law, and judicial decisions, the chapter turns to the issue of what it means to characterize a norm as legally binding, and examines the contested nature of so-called soft law. The chapter also examines a number of important dimensions along which international environmental norms vary, including their precision, mandatory quality, and the accompanying mechanisms for implementation.
The Architecture of International Environmental Law
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

To understand the functioning of international environmental law, it is necessary to look beyond individual environmental regimes and study how multiple regimes and institutions—often involving different types of actors, operating at several scales, with different subject matter focuses—interact in addressing environmental issues. Chapter 8 does so by exploring the architecture of international environmental law. It first examines the reasons underlying the growing complexity of international environmental governance. The chapter then examines the consequences of the growing complexity of international environmental law, including its costs and benefits. This is followed by a discussion of various approaches for navigating complexity, such as establishing a normative goal or organizational hierarchy, institutional coordination, and orchestration.
Introduction: Global Trends in Education Privatization A Comprehensive Exploration of Endogenous and Exogenous Approaches
Authors: Santalova Antonina , Põder Kaire
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Global Trends in Education Privatization: A Comprehensive Exploration of Endogenous and Exogenous Approaches
Measuring the efficiency of private schools Conceptual issues and empirical evidence
Authors: Agasisti Tommaso , Ferraro Simona
Published: March 2024

The expansion of educational opportunities available for pupils, the tendencies of change in the education system, and the pressure on the finances of schools require monitoring schools’ performance and efficiency. This chapter outlines measures of school efficiency, discusses the main methods for their assessment, and provides a comparative evaluation between public and private schools. Starting from the conceptualization of school and education efficiency, a systematic review of the most recent studies in the field for the last five years is provided. The outcome that emerges is that private schools are more efficient compared to public schools in many contexts and circumstances.
Privatization of the children’s extracurricular education sector
Authors: Kosaretsky Sergey , Ivanov Ivan Y.
Published: March 2024

This paper describes the privatization processes that have taken place in children’s extracurricular education in Russia. We explain the post-Soviet transformation of the extracurricular education system according to the concept of the privatization of education in Russia. The commercialization of the public sector and the development of the private sector, including key trends and challenges in government policies and family strategies, are explored. This study is based on official statistics, national surveys, and interviews with leaders in extracurricular education. Some contradictions in state policy regarding the privatization of extracurricular education are revealed, for example, the unwillingness to guarantee universal availability combined with the desire to maintain control over children’s free time, for the purposes of development and indoctrination, and the declaration of commitment to the principles of competition in practice accompanied by high levels of bureaucratic barriers. The sector’s privatization meets the interests of a limited number of families with high socioeconomic status with a request for the quality and novelty of the extracurricular activities’ content. At that time, most of the families remained committed to public organizations as providers of the state’s responsibility and guarantees of extracurricular education availability.
The Lodger (1927)The Lodger (1927)
Authors: Smoliński Sebastian
Published: March 2024

“The Lodger (1927): Contaminating British Silent Cinema” discusses the iconic shot from The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog—that shows the protagonist standing at the threshold of Mrs. Bunting’s house—in order to investigate the cluster of international influences shaping this silent classic. Beginning with the interrogation of “Englishness” vs. “Britishness” and the ways in which these terms apply to Hitchcock’s early work, the essay argues that The Lodger is a highly contaminated film that should be seen as one of the key examples of transnational silent cinema and perhaps also as a British version of Miriam Bratu Hansen’s “vernacular modernism.” Finally, the shot from The Lodger is analyzed as a self-reflexive metapicture that emphasizes British cinema’s liminality: its position between silent and sound periods and between less and more regulated national film industry.