bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rey-Osterriethova komplexní figura: Recenze metody
Authors: Krčová Veronika
Published: April 2016

Rey-Osterriethova komplexní figura (TKF) je specifický nástroj v tom, že měří více kognitivních funkcí najednou. Je proto obtížné často rozpoznat, o čem zhoršený výkon v TKF vypovídá. Mnoho studií však ukázalo, že TKF poskytuje užitečné informace, zejména při neuropsychologické diagnostice, ale také v oblasti psychologie výchovy a vzdělávání či klinické psychologii. Užitečnost TKF dokládá i poměrně slušný výčet výzkumů v příručce, které ukazují na její užitečnost pro různé diagnostické skupiny. Avšak doporučuji tento nástroj používat vždy společně s jinými diagnostickými metodami.K tomu, aby TKF mohl být kvalitnějším diagnostickým nástrojem v českém prostředí, by bylo potřeba vytvořit kvalitnější manuál, protože ten současný má několik nedostatků. Za prvé je třeba lépe standardizovat skórovací kritéria tak, aby byl ponechán co nejmenší prostor ke zkreslení ze strany hodnotitele. K tomu by bylo vhodné tato kritéria lépe specifikovat a doplnit názornými grafickými příklady pro snadnější hodnocení. Poté by bylo vhodné vypracovat nové normy pro děti i dospělé. V současné době je tento diagnostický nástroj v českém prostředí použitelný spíše s jistým varováním, což dokazuje i to, že v praxi často dochází spíše k posouzení výsledků TKF na základě zkušeností hodnotitele než na základě současných norem. Příručka by si zasloužila také kapitolu o validitě a reliabilitě a kvalitnější informace o výzkumech zaměřených na TKF, kterých bylo provedeno mnohem vice, než je v příručce uvedeno. Co nelze upřít tomuto nástroji, je jeho velmi jednoduchá a rychlá administrace a také nízké náklady.
Projekt DIS – 12 diagnostických nástrojů
Authors: Jabůrek Michal , Chadimová Lucie
Published: April 2016

Projekt DIS (celým názvem „Diagnostika dětí a žáků se speciálními vzdělávacími potřebami“), realizovaný v období od 2. 9. 2010 do 31. 8. 2013, byl spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky. Jeho řešitelem byl Národní ústav pro vzdělávání. Hlavním cílem projektu bylo vytvořit psychometricky ověřené diagnostické nástroje, které budou zaměřeny na ty oblasti psychologické, pedagogické a speciálně-pedagogické diagnostiky dětí a žáků, u nichž je dle odborníků z praxe absence kvalitních metod nejznatelnější. V rámci projektu bylo vyvíjeno a standardizováno 12 diagnostických nástrojů, které jsou z větší části recenzované v tomto čísle Testfora. Část z nich byla vytvořena nově ve spolupráci s českými autory, u části se jednalo o adaptaci ze zahraničí. Většina z těchto nástrojů je již v distribuci.
Reliabilita batérie metód na vyhodnotenie kognitívneho deficitu, depresie a funkčného stavu pacientov s demenciou
Authors: Anderko Štefan
Published: April 2016

V klinickom výskume sme vzorke pacientov (N = 67) z Domova pro seniory Nopova administrovali viaceré psychodiagnostické metódy s cieľom overiť ich reliabilitu a validitu pri širšom popise demencie. Kognitívny deficit sme zisťovali českými prekladmi testov Addenbrookský Kognitívny Test, Revidovaná Verzia, (ACE-R) a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Na screening depresie sme použili Škálu Geriatrickej Depresie v jej 15 položkovej českej verzii (GDS-15). Aktivity denného života sme posudzovali českými verziami Dotazníka Sebestačnosti (DAD-CZ) a Dotazníka Funkčného Stavu (FAQ-CZ). Použité metódy sa z psychometrického hľadiska ukázali ako reliabilné nástroje. In clinical research we have administered various psychodiagnostic methods to a sample of patients (N = 67) of Domov pro seniory Nopova (retirement home) with the objective to verify their reliability in context of broader description of dementia. The cognitive deficit was measured using the Czech translations of Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). For the screening of the depression we used the Geriatric Depression Scale in its 15-item Czech version (GDS-15). The activities of daily living were assessed using the Czech versions of Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD-CZ) and Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ-CZ). The reliability was verified with Cronbach’s alpha. The used methods proved to be reliable tools in psychometric terms.
Výkon bilingválnych jednotlivcov pri psychodiagnostickom vyšetrení kognitívnych funkcií v ich prvom a druhom jazyku
Authors: Momková Erika , Jurásová Kinga Izsóf
Published: April 2016

Cieľom práce bolo porovnať  výkon bilingválnych jednotlivcov pri testovaní pozornosti, pamäti a inteligencie v ich prvom a druhom jazyku. Mienili sme tým preveriť implicitné predpoklady o zhoršení výkonu bilingválnych jednotlivcov pri psychodiagnostickom vyšetrení, ak to neprebieha v ich prvom jazyku. Výskumný súbor tvorilo 126 bilingválnych respondentov s priemerným vekom 17.87 (SD = 7.77), 66 žien a 60 mužov. Súbor bol rozdelený na štyri vekové skupiny – mladší školský vek, obdobie pubescencie, adolescencie a dospelosti. Vybrané kognitívne funkcie boli merané slovenskými a maďarskými jazykovými formami nasledovných psychologických testov: Číselný štvorec, Pamäťový test učenia, Wechslerov inteligenčný test pre dospelých a Wechslerova inteligenčná škála pre deti. Z výsledkov vyplýva zhoršenie výkonu pri psychodiagnostickom vyšetrení pozornosti, pamäti a inteligencie v druhom jazyku bilingvistov a to bez ohľadu na ich vek. Závery práce poukazujú na dôležitosť voľby primeraného  jazyka psychologického testovania bilingválneho klienta kvôli eliminácii znevýhodňujúcich podmienok oproti monolingvistom. The aim of the study was to compare the performance of bilingual individuals in testing attention, memory and intelligence in their first (L1) and second (L2) languages. Our intention was to test the implicit assumptions about the deterioration of the performance of bilingual individuals by psychodiagnostic examination, if it does not proceed in their L1. The sample included 126 bilingual respondents with an average age of 17.87 (SD = 7.77), 66 women and 60 men. This work was divided into four age groups - younger school age, pubescence period, adolescence and adulthood. The selected cognitive functions were measured by Slovak and Hungarian language forms of the following psychological tests: Numeric Square, Memory test of learning, WAIS-R and WISC-III. The results indicate a deterioration of performance at psychodiagnostic test of attention, memory and intelligence in the L2 of bilinguals regardless of their age. The conclusions of the work show the importance of choosing the appropriate language of psychological testing of a bilingual client in order to eliminate disadvantageous conditions compared to a monolingual.
Alma & Oskar (mélodrame d’outre-tombe) de John Rea : le masque moderne de la postmodernité
Authors: Bilodeau Julien
Published: April 2016

Composée en 1994 pour le Concours national des jeunes interprètes de Radio-Canada, Alma & Oskar (mélodrame d’outre-tombe) de John Rea s’inscrit néanmoins dans un spectre beaucoup plus large et profond que la simple épreuve technique d’un concours. Au coeur d’une réflexion sur la postmodernité, le compositeur réalise une oeuvre qui semble parfaitement épouser le genre : citations et pastiches jusqu’à ce que toutes les forces tranquilles de l’intertextualité se réveillent. Toutefois, en inscrivant l’oeuvre dans la riche tradition du mélodrame, Rea réalise aussi un acte de création positif qui le place dans le sillon d’une modernité retrouvée. L’analyse musicale qui est ici présentée se transforme progressivement en un essai qui dévoile les masques de l’oeuvre et de son auteur.
Slow response in gate current–voltage characteristics of metal–oxide–semiconductor structures on the 4H-SiC

face
Authors: Kumagai Naoki , Kimura Hiroshi , Onishi Yasuhiko , Okamoto Mitsuo , Fukuda Kenji
Published: April 2016

We have investigated the gate current–voltage (I
g–V
g) characteristics of n-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and p-MOS capacitors on the 4H-SiC

face. The gate current response to a change in gate voltage has a very slow part, which has been considered to be due to slow traps in the oxide near the SiO2–SiC interface. However, we found that the slow response can be explained by fast interface traps if the traps have a relatively large concentration. Carrier injection into the interface traps results in a change in the surface potential, and this suppresses the further injection of carriers. This new model can explain many electrical properties such as the constant-current behavior in the I
g–V
g characteristics, which was confirmed by one-dimensional (1D) device simulation. According to this model, the interface traps will not be occupied up to the surface Fermi level within the general time scale of the measurement. In spite of the arguments described above, slow traps also probably exist near the interface between SiO2 and SiC.
Effect of sputtering pressure on crystalline quality and residual stress of AlN films deposited at 823 K on nitrided sapphire substrates by pulsed DC reactive sputtering
Authors: Ohtsuka Makoto , Takeuchi Hiroto , Fukuyama Hiroyuki
Published: April 2016

Aluminum nitride (AlN) is a promising material for use in applications such as deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. In the present study, the effect of sputtering pressure on the surface morphology, crystalline quality, and residual stress of AlN films deposited at 823 K on nitrided a-plane sapphire substrates, which have high-crystalline-quality c-plane AlN thin layers, by pulsed DC reactive sputtering was investigated. The c-axis-oriented AlN films were homoepitaxially grown on nitrided sapphire substrates at sputtering pressures of 0.4–1.5 Pa. Surface damage of the AlN sputtered films increased with increasing sputtering pressure because of arcing (abnormal electrical discharge) during sputtering. The sputtering pressure affected the crystalline quality and residual stress of AlN sputtered films because of a change in the number and energy of Ar+ ions and Al sputtered atoms. The crystalline quality of AlN films was improved by deposition with lower sputtering pressure.
Heterostructure optimization for increasing LED efficiency
Authors: Rabinovich Oleg , Legotin Sergey , Didenko Sergey , Yakimov Evgeniy , Osipov Yuriy , Fedorchenko Irina
Published: April 2016

Computer simulations were performed to increase the quantum efficiency of LED by optimizing the nanoheterostructure (NH). Furthermore, the InGaN and AlGaP NHs for LEDs were optimized. On the basis of the optimum NH, ways to further increase the efficiency and the influence of impurities and indium atoms doped into barriers between quantum wells were investigated. The optimum impurity and indium atom concentrations to achieve higher flux were determined.
Evolution, epigenetics and resistance – troublesome weeds
Authors: Concenço Germani
Published: April 2016

O objetivo do presente texto é recapitular conceitos básicos sobre evolução, neo darwinismo e mecanismos de seleção de plantas, conjugando este conhecimento à área de plantas daninhas como um contexto que pavimenta o caminho para o aparecimento de biotipos de plantas daninhas resistentes aos herbicidas. Algumas questões que necessitam de respostas relativas a conceitos atuais em resistência de plantas são levantadas. Estudos relacionados à epigenética, metabolismo secundário e efeitos do ambiente podem mudar nossa visão sobre a resistência de plantas a herbicidas.
Associação de glyphosate com outros agroquímicos: síntese do conhecimento
Authors: Vidal Ribas Antonio , Queiroz Andrew Rerison Silva de , Trezzi Michelangelo Muzell , Kruse Nelson Diehl
Published: April 2016

A associação de agroquímicos atende a muitos objetivos, como o controle simultâneo de organismos, reduções de doses, aumento da eficácia e prevenção de casos de resistência a pesticidas. O presente trabalho objetiva sintetizar informações sobre a associação de glyphosate com nutrientes, herbicidas e outros pesticidas. A associação de glyphosate com cátions polivalentes (ex: Ca e Mn) em geral reduz a eficiência do herbicida, que pode ser superada com a adição de sulfato de amônio à calda de aplicação. A associação de glyphosate com outros herbicidas é dependente das doses utilizadas, das espécies vegetais, da época de avaliação, do estádio de desenvolvimento da planta e da compatibilidade bioquímica entre os mecanismos de ação dos herbicidas. A associação de glyphosate com herbicidas sistêmicos em geral apresenta maior compatibilidade e benefícios, em contraste à sua mistura com herbicidas de contato. A associação de glyphosate com mimetizadores de auxina em geral resulta em efeito sinérgico. A mistura de glyphosate com inibidores da ALS pode gerar efeitos sinérgicos, aditivos ou antagônicos, apresentando maior dependência da dose de glyphosate na mistura. Existem muitos exemplos de antagonismo entre glyphosate e herbicidas de contato, como os inibidores da GS, FSII, FSI e PROTOX. São escassas as publicações de glyphosate associado com fungicidas ou inseticidas e as mesmas não evidenciam efeitos sinérgicos ou antagônicos dessa mistura. No entanto, trabalhos que documentam a metabolização de glyphosate por plantas sugerem a necessidade de investigação do impacto de inseticidas e fungicidas na ação do herbicida.
Deriva da aplicação de herbicidas sobre plantas cultivadas e nativas: uma revisão
Authors: Silva Fábia Barbosa , Vital Roberto Gomes , Batista Priscila Ferreira , Costa Alan Carlos , Jakelaitis Adriano
Published: April 2016

Embora a aplicação de herbicidas seja essencial para o controle de plantas daninhas e no aumento da produtividade de diversas culturas, é de conhecimento que esses produtos possam afetar organismos não alvos. Este impacto pode ocorrer tanto em culturas cultivadas paralelas a outras, quanto em vegetações remanescentes próximas às áreas agricultáveis. Pouco se sabe sobre o efeito que os herbicidas podem apresentar nessas espécies não alvos, e os mesmos tem uma importância considerável tanto na produção de alimentos quanto na conservação de paisagens naturais. Este estudo buscou abordar os diferentes impactos que os herbicidas podem ocasionar em várias espécies cultivadas tipicamente conhecidas e em espécies nativas de importância na conservação ambiental.
Dinâmica de herbicidas em pré-emergência em sistemas de produção com palha
Authors: Matos Ana Karollyna Alves de , Carbonari Caio Antonio , Gomes Giovanna Larissa Gimenes Cotrick , Velini Edivlado Domingues
Published: April 2016

A utilização de sistemas de manejo de produção com a implantação de culturas sobre a palha proporciona muitos benefícios, incluindo a proteção contra a erosão dos solos, elevação no teor de carbono orgânico, aumento da população microbiana, conservação da umidade do solo e inibição da emergência de algumas plantas daninhas. Considerando essas alterações, os herbicidas utilizados em pré-emergência nos sistemas com palha são interceptados antes de alcançarem o solo e quando lixiviados da palha podem apresentar diferenças na sua dinâmica no solo. É importante considerar a dinâmica dos herbicidas tanto na palha quanto no solo, levando em consideração a origem, quantidade e distribuição da palha, bem como, as características físico-químicas dos herbicidas e a intensidade e o período sem chuva após a aplicação do herbicida. Todos estes fatores determinam a quantidade do herbicida interceptado pela palha e o seu comportamento no solo. Diante disso, o objetivo desta revisão é a compreensão da dinâmica de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência na palha e no solo em sistemas de plantio direto, cana crua e cultivo mínimo. A manutenção de palha sobre o solo pode tanto interceptar quanto reter os herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência, diminuindo a sua transposição da camada de palha e acarretando redução no controle das plantas daninhas. Quanto maior o intervalo entre a aplicação e a ocorrência de chuva ou irrigação menor será a quantidade de herbicida lixiviada para o solo. Portanto, em cultivos com a cobertura do solo com palha deve-se utilizar preferencialmente os herbicidas que serão menos vulneráveis as perdas por volatilização e fotodecomposição, ou seja, aos herbicidas com maior solubilidade e baixa pressão de vapor e coeficiente de partição octanol-água.
Manejo biológico de plantas daninhas – Breve revisão
Authors: Galon Leandro , Mossi Altemir José , Reichert Junior Francisco Wilson , Reik Gabriele Gaiki , Treichel Helen , Forte César Tiago
Published: April 2016

Na atualidade busca-se reduzir o uso de agrotóxicos, pois além dos prejuízos ambientais provocados por eles, existe a preocupação com o consumo de alimentos contaminados com possíveis resíduos. A presente revisão de literatura tem como objetivo abordar o uso de bioherbicidas, além de se avaliar as perspectivas e as potencialidades desses como formas de manejo de plantas daninhas infestantes de ambiente agrícola e não agrícola. Há a necessidade crescente de se descobrir novas moléculas ou métodos capazes de se controlar as plantas daninhas infestantes de áreas agrícolas e não agrícolas. Assim sendo os bioherbicidas vem despertando o interesse de pesquisadores, técnicos e produtores. Estes podem ser formulados a partir de substâncias produzidas pelo metabolismo secundário de vegetais e/ou de microrganismos. As pesquisas realizadas apontam o controle eficiente com o uso de bioherbicidas, principalmente relacionados aos processos de germinação e desenvolvimento das plantas daninhas, podendo em alguns casos apresentar potencial fitotóxico mesmo quando essas estiverem em estádios avançados. Os bioherbicidas, além de serem eficientes no controle das plantas daninhas, reduzem os prejuízos ambientais provocados pelo uso contínuo de herbicidas sintéticos. O Brasil apresenta potencial para se usar os bioherbicidas, tendo em vista a diversidade vegetal e os diversos sistemas de cultivos agrícolas praticados no país.
Editorial
Authors: Silva Daniel Valadão , Santos José Barbosa dos , Galon Leandro , Andres André , Christoffoleti Pedro Jacob , Adegas Fernando Storniolo , Oliveira Jr. Rubem Silvério de
Published: April 2016

A Equipe Editorial da Revista Brasileira de Herbicidas – RBH tem a honra de apresentar o primeiro número do ano de 2016. A obra é composta por doze trabalhos de revisão com temas de relevante impacto à pesquisa sobre controle químico de plantas daninhas. Os autores são renomados pesquisadores brasileiros, atuando em diversas instituições de ensino e pesquisa.O ano de 2016 tem significado especial para a RBH por se tratar do momento de consolidação do periódico como uma das principais fontes de informações sobre o Manejo Integrado de Plantas Daninhas, com ênfase no controle químico. Uma grande reforma foi proposta pela nova equipe de editores, alterando significativamente desde o sistema de submissão à visualização do paper na versão final. O resultado já pode ser constatado pela redução do tempo entre a submissão e a publicação dos artigos aceitos.Essa edição especial também é celebrada num momento ímpar para a Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas – SBCPD. Em 2016, comemora-se a 30ª edição do Congresso Brasileiro da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas (CBCPD), confirmado para a cidade de Curitiba entre os dias 22 e 26 de agosto. O evento espera reunir mais de 1000 congressista entre estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação, técnicos e pesquisadores do Brasil e de vários países.Após o impressionante sucesso da 29º CBCPD realizado em Gramado (RS), acredita-se que Curitiba será um excelente ambiente para discutir o presente progresso na Ciência das Plantas Daninhas, o desenvolvimento de novos herbicidas com base em novos conceitos, e os avanços na resistência de plantas daninhas a herbicidas que irão mudar nossa abordagem no manejo das culturas nos próximos anosHoje, é fácil de imaginar um futuro onde a ciência das plantas daninhas será baseada em uma compreensão mais profunda dos conceitos fundamentais da biologia das plantas daninhas, tecnologia de aplicação, comportamento ambiental de herbicidas, novas traits, e o desafio de resistência de plantas daninhas a herbicidas. Cientistas de plantas daninhas estão agora capacitados, podendo usufruir dos maiores avanços alcançados nos últimos anos em fisiologia de herbicidas e biotecnologia das culturas. O 30º CBCPD será uma oportunidade única para ouvir líderes de opinião em todo o mundo que irão partilhar conosco as inovações recentes em seus respectivos campos.Jovens cientistas e estudantes são especialmente incentivados a apresentar seus recentes descobrimentos por meio da sessão de pôster. Um bom número de atividades está sobre preparação para atender a próxima geração de cientistas de plantas daninhas. Além disso, um grande esforço está em andamento para encorajar a participação de um número significativo de consultores e extensionistas, o que vai trazer uma nova abordagem refrescante para pesquisa e universidades.Estamos ansiosos recebê-los em Curitiba, uma das cidades mais charmosas do Brasil.Com os nossos melhores cumprimentos pessoais.
Generation of phospho‐ubiquitin variants by orthogonal translation reveals codon skipping
Authors: George Susanna , Aguirre Jacob D. , Spratt Donald E. , Bi Yumin , Jeffery Madeline , Shaw Gary S. , O'Donoghue Patrick
Published: April 2016

The activity of the Parkinson's disease‐linked E3 ligase parkin is stimulated by phosphorylation at ubiquitin Ser65 (pUbS65). The role of other ubiquitin phospho‐sites and their kinases are unknown. We produced pUb variants (pS7, pS12, pS20, pS57, pS65) by genetically encoding phosphoserine with the UAG codon. In release factor‐deficient Escherichia coli (ΔRF1), intended to enhance UAG read‐through, we discovered ubiquitin variants lacking the UAG‐encoded residue, demonstrating previously undocumented +3 frame shifting. We successfully purified each pUb variant from mistranslated products. While pUbS20 failed to stimulate parkin, parkin was partially active with pUbS12. We observed significant ubiquitination when pUbS65 was the sole substrate.
A probabilistic formulation of bed load transport to include spatial variability of flow and surface grain size distributions
Authors: Monsalve Angel , Yager Elowyn M. , Turowski Jens M. , Rickenmann Dieter
Published: April 2016

Bed load fluxes are typically calculated as a function of the reach averaged boundary shear stress and a representative bed grain size distribution. In steep, rough channels, heterogeneous bed surface texture and macro‐roughness elements cause significant local deviations from the mean shear stress but this variability is often omitted in bed load calculations. Here we present a probabilistic bed load transport formulation that explicitly includes local variations in the flow field and grain size distribution. The model is then tested in a 10% gradient stream, to evaluate its predictive capability and to explore relations between surface grain size sorting and boundary shear stress. The boundary shear stress field, calculated using a quasi‐3D hydraulic model, displayed substantial variability between patch classes, but the patch mean dimensionless shear stress varied inversely with patch median grain size. We developed an empirical relation between the applied shear stress on each patch class and the reach averaged shear stress and median grain size. Predicted sediment volumes using this relation in our bed load equation were as accurate as those using complete shear stress distributions and more accurate than current bed load transport equations. Our results suggest that when spatially variable grain size distributions (e.g., patches of sediment) are present they must be explicitly included in bed load transport calculations. Spatial variability in shear stress was relatively more important than grain size variations for sediment transport predictions.
Sound velocities of aluminum‐bearing stishovite in the mantle transition zone
Authors: Gréaux Steeve , Kono Yoshio , Wang Yanbin , Yamada Akihiro , Zhou Chunyin , Jing Zhicheng , Inoue Toru , Higo Yuji , Irifune Tetsuo , Sakamoto Naoya , Yurimoto Hisayoshi
Published: April 2016

The elasticity of Al‐bearing stishovite with 1.0, 3.3, and 4.5 wt % Al2O3 was investigated in the multianvil apparatus at high pressures and temperatures up to 21 GPa and 1700 K, by ultrasonic interferometry in conjunction with in situ X‐ray techniques. The moduli KS and G are found to decrease with increasing Al2O3 content, while their pressure and temperature derivatives do not change in a significant manner for 1.0 and 3.3 wt % Al2O3. The temperature derivatives for 4.5 wt % Al2O3, however, are larger, which may result from a change in the Al substitution mechanism at high Al2O3 content. It is shown that acoustic velocities of any mid‐ocean ridge basalt are lower by −0.4% than those calculated from pure stishovite data. Velocity perturbations up to −3.4% (VP) and −4.2% (VS) in subducted slabs are explained by the combination of the thermal equilibration (ΔT ~ 600 K) of the slab and Al enrichment in stishovite.
Evidence for slab material under Greenland and links to Cretaceous High Arctic magmatism
Authors: Shephard G. E. , Trønnes R. G. , Spakman W. , Panet I. , Gaina C.
Published: April 2016

Understanding the evolution of extinct ocean basins through time and space demands the integration of surface kinematics and mantle dynamics. We explore the existence, origin, and implications of a proposed oceanic slab burial ground under Greenland through a comparison of seismic tomography, slab sinking rates, regional plate reconstructions, and satellite‐derived gravity gradients. Our preferred interpretation stipulates that anomalous, fast seismic velocities at 1000–1600 km depth imaged in independent global tomographic models, coupled with gravity gradient perturbations, represent paleo‐Arctic oceanic slabs that subducted in the Mesozoic. We suggest a novel connection between slab‐related arc mantle and geochemical signatures in some of the tholeiitic and mildly alkaline magmas of the Cretaceous High Arctic Large Igneous Province in the Sverdrup Basin. However, continental crustal contributions are noted in these evolved basaltic rocks. The integration of independent, yet complementary, data sets provides insight into present‐day mantle structure, magmatic events, and relict oceans.
Consistency of Aquarius sea surface salinity with Argo products on various spatial and temporal scales
Authors: Lee Tong
Published: April 2016

Understanding the accuracies of satellite‐derived sea surface salinity measurements in depicting temporal changes and their dependence on spatiotemporal scales is important to applications, capability assessment, and future satellite mission design. This study quantifies the consistency between Aquarius Version 4 monthly gridded sea surface salinity (SSS) with two Argo‐based monthly gridded near‐surface salinity products for describing temporal changes on 1° × 1°, 3° × 3°, and 10° × 10° scales. Globally averaged standard deviation values for Aquarius‐Argo salinity differences on these three spatial scales are 0.16, 0.14, and 0.09 practical salinity unit (psu), compared to those between the two Argo products of 0.10, 0.09, and 0.04 psu. The consistency between Aquarius and Argo is similar to that between the two Argo products in the tropics for seasonal signals, and in the tropics and midlatitudes for nonseasonal signals. Therefore, the uncertainties of Argo products for various scales need to be considered in evaluating satellite SSS. Innovative satellite technologies are needed to improve high‐latitude satellite SSS measurements.
Enhanced O2+ loss at Mars due to an ambipolar electric field from electron heating
Authors: Ergun R. E. , Andersson L. A. , Fowler C. M. , Woodson A. K. , Weber T. D. , Delory G. T. , Andrews D. J. , Eriksson A. I. , McEnulty T. , Morooka M. W. , Stewart A. I. F. , Mahaffy P.R. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: April 2016

Recent results from the MAVEN Langmuir Probe and Waves instrument suggest higher than predicted electron temperatures (Te) in Mars' dayside ionosphere above ~180 km in altitude. Correspondingly, measurements from Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer indicate significant abundances of O2+ up to ~500 km in altitude, suggesting that O2+ may be a principal ion loss mechanism of oxygen. In this article, we investigate the effects of the higher Te (which results from electron heating) and ion heating on ion outflow and loss. Numerical solutions show that plasma processes including ion heating and higher Te may greatly increase O2+ loss at Mars. In particular, enhanced Te in Mars' ionosphere just above the exobase creates a substantial ambipolar electric field with a potential (eΦ) of several kBTe, which draws ions out of the region allowing for enhanced escape. With active solar wind, electron, and ion heating, direct O2+ loss could match or exceed loss via dissociative recombination of O2+. These results suggest that direct loss of O2+ may have played a significant role in the loss of oxygen at Mars over time.
Varying deformation patterns in central Tibet revealed by radial anisotropy tomography
Authors: Zhang Heng , Zhao Dapeng , Yu Chunquan , Zhao Junmeng
Published: April 2016

P wave radial anisotropy tomography of the upper mantle beneath the central Tibetan plateau is derived using a large number of traveltime data of teleseismic events. Our results show a prominent high‐velocity (high‐V) zone which is separated by a low‐velocity (low‐V) anomaly beneath the Himalayan block, extending to ~33°N, and a low‐V zone down to ~300 km depth beneath the northern Qiangtang block. The upper mantle beneath northern Qiangtang exhibits a significant positive radial anisotropy (i.e., horizontal Vp > vertical Vp), implying lateral material flow rather than material upwelling in the upper mantle. In the central part of the study region, a prominent high‐V zone exists at depths of 150 to 300 km and exhibits a negative radial anisotropy (i.e., horizontal Vp < vertical Vp), reflecting the subducting Indian lithospheric mantle. Variations of shear wave splitting in this region revealed by previous studies may be attributed to the low‐V layer above the Indian lithospheric mantle. A high‐V zone with a positive radial anisotropy is located beneath the southern Lhasa block, which is interpreted to be the northward underthrusting Indian lithospheric mantle. Multilayer radial anisotropy is detected beneath southern Tibet, which may reflect a complex deformation pattern there.
Bayesian probabilities forMw9.0+ earthquakes in the Aleutian Islands from a regionally scaled global rate
Authors: Butler Rhett , Frazer L. Neil , Templeton William J.
Published: April 2016

We use the global rate ofMw ≥ 9.0 earthquakes, and standard Bayesian procedures, to estimate the probability of such mega events in the Aleutian Islands, where they pose a significant risk to Hawaii. We find that the probability of such an earthquake along the Aleutians island arc is 6.5% to 12% over the next 50 years (50% credibility interval) and that the annualized risk to Hawai'i is about $30 M. Our method (the regionally scaled global rate method or RSGR) is to scale the global rate ofMw9.0+ events in proportion to the fraction of global subduction (units of area per year) that takes place in the Aleutians. The RSGR method assumes thatMw9.0+ events are a Poisson process with a rate that is both globally and regionally stationary on the time scale of centuries, and it follows the principle of Burbidge et al. (2008) who used the product of fault length and convergence rate, i.e., the area being subducted per annum, to scale the Poisson rate for the GSS to sections of the Indonesian subduction zone. Before applying RSGR to the Aleutians, we first apply it to five other regions of the global subduction system where its rate predictions can be compared with those from paleotsunami, paleoseismic, and geoarcheology data. To obtain regional rates from paleodata, we give a closed‐form solution for the probability density function of the Poisson rate when event count and observation time are both uncertain.
Offshore Southern California lithospheric velocity structure from noise cross‐correlation functions
Authors: Bowden D. C. , Kohler M. D. , Tsai V. C. , Weeraratne D. S.
Published: April 2016

A new shear wave velocity model offshore Southern California is presented that images plate boundary deformation including both thickening and thinning of the crustal and mantle lithosphere at the westernmost edge of the North American continent. The Asthenospheric and Lithospheric Broadband Architecture from the California Offshore Region Experiment (ALBACORE) ocean bottom seismometer array, together with 65 stations of the onshore Southern California Seismic Network, is used to measure ambient noise correlation functions and Rayleigh wave dispersion curves which are inverted for 3‐D shear wave velocities. The resulting velocity model defines the transition from continental lithosphere to oceanic, illuminating the complex history and deformation in the region. A transition to the present‐day strike‐slip regime between the Pacific and North American Plates resulted in broad deformation and capture of the now >200 km wide continental shelf. Our velocity model suggests the persistence of the uppermost mantle volcanic processes associated with East Pacific Rise spreading adjacent to the Patton Escarpment, which marks the former subduction of Farallon Plate underneath North America. The most prominent of these seismic structures is a low‐velocity anomaly underlying the San Juan Seamount, suggesting ponding of magma at the base of the crust, resulting in thickening and ongoing adjustment of the lithosphere due to the localized loading. The velocity model also provides a robust framework for future earthquake location determinations and ground‐shaking simulations for risk estimates.
Biodegradable Metals for Cardiovascular Stents: from Clinical Concerns to Recent Zn‐Alloys
Authors: Bowen Patrick K. , Shearier Emily R. , Zhao Shan , Guillory Roger J. , Zhao Feng , Goldman Jeremy , Drelich Jaroslaw W.
Published: April 2016

Metallic stents are used to promote revascularization and maintain patency of plaqued or damaged arteries following balloon angioplasty. To mitigate the long‐term side effects associated with corrosion‐resistant stents (i.e., chronic inflammation and late stage thrombosis), a new generation of so‐called “bioabsorbable” stents is currently being developed. The bioabsorbable coronary stents will corrode and be absorbed by the artery after completing their task as vascular scaffolding. Research spanning the last two decades has focused on biodegradable polymeric, iron‐based, and magnesium‐based stent materials. The inherent mechanical and surface properties of metals make them more attractive stent material candidates than their polymeric counterparts. A third class of metallic bioabsorbable materials that are based on zinc has been introduced in the last few years. This new zinc‐based class of materials demonstrates the potential for an absorbable metallic stent with the mechanical and biodegradation characteristics required for optimal stent performance. This review compares bioabsorbable materials and summarizes progress towards bioabsorbable stents. It emphasizes the current understanding of physiological and biological benefits of zinc and its biocompatibility. Finally, the review provides an outlook on challenges in designing zinc‐based stents of optimal mechanical properties and biodegradation rate.
Characteristics and fouling propensity of polysaccharides in the presence of different monovalent ions
Authors: He Xiang , Meng Fangang , Lin Anli , Li Jiapeng , Tang Chuyang Y.
Published: April 2016

In this study the fouling behavior of alginate in the presence of monovalent ions (i.e., NaCl, KCl, CsCl, NaBr, and NaI) was explored. Results showed that alginate tended to be less negatively charged in the presence of monovalent ions. The cation ion identity had a more substantial impact on the zeta potentials of alginate solution than the anion ion identity, which was likely due to preferential attraction between alginate and cation ion. Nevertheless, significantly increased particle size was observed for alginate in 150 mM CsCl, possibly arising from the specific interaction between alginate and Cs+. Membrane fouling was more severe for alginate in monovalent solutions, particularly at 150 mM ionic strength. The unified membrane fouling index was increased by cation and anion ions in the order of Na+ > K+ > Cs+ and Cl− > Br− > I−, respectively. Nevertheless, the addition of monovalent ions could promote the fouling reversibility. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2501–2507, 2016
Drug Release Kinetics and Mechanism from PLGA Formulations
Authors: Ji Yuanhui , Lesniak Anna Katharina , Prudic Anke , Paus Raphael , Sadowski Gabriele
Published: April 2016

The release kinetics of indomethacin (IND) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) from drug/PLGA formulations with different copolymer composition and molecular weight of PLGA were measured in vitro by using a rotating disk system (USP II). The release mechanism of IND and HCT from their PLGA formulations was analyzed using a chemical‐potential‐gradient model combined with the Perturbed‐Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC‐SAFT). Furthermore, the release kinetics of IND and HCT from the PLGA formulations with different copolymer composition and molecular weight of PLGA were correlated and predicted in good accordance with the experimental data. It was found that the chemical‐potential‐gradient model combined with the PC‐SAFT helped to understand the drug release mechanism from the drug/PLGA formulations. It also well correlated and predicted the drug release kinetics as function of copolymer composition and molecular weight of PLGA as well as of drug type. It helps to save time and costs for determination of the long‐term drug release kinetics, especially for sustained drug release as obtained from the drug/PLGA formulations in this work. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4055–4065, 2016
Diversity and Community Can Coexist
Authors: Stivala Alex , Robins Garry , Kashima Yoshihisa , Kirley Michael
Published: April 2016

We examine the (in)compatibility of diversity and sense of community by means of agent‐based models based on the well‐known Schelling model of residential segregation and Axelrod model of cultural dissemination. We find that diversity and highly clustered social networks, on the assumptions of social tie formation based on spatial proximity and homophily, are incompatible when agent features are immutable, and this holds even for multiple independent features. We include both mutable and immutable features into a model that integrates Schelling and Axelrod models, and we find that even for multiple independent features, diversity and highly clustered social networks can be incompatible on the assumptions of social tie formation based on spatial proximity and homophily. However, this incompatibility breaks down when cultural diversity can be sufficiently large, at which point diversity and clustering need not be negatively correlated. This implies that segregation based on immutable characteristics such as race can possibly be overcome by sufficient similarity on mutable characteristics based on culture, which are subject to a process of social influence, provided a sufficiently large “scope of cultural possibilities” exists.
Dominant Cultural Narratives, Racism, and Resistance in the Workplace: A Study of the Experiences of Young Black Canadians
Authors: Hasford Julian
Published: April 2016

Although many studies have examined lived experiences of racism and resistance in various contexts, relatively little research has examined such experiences among Black youth within the workplace—particularly in the Canadian context. In this study I use qualitative analyses of narrative interviews with 24 Black Canadian youth and young adults (aged 16–35) to examine the impact of dominant cultural narratives on lived experiences of workplace racism and resistance. Findings are presented using theatrical games as a central conceptual metaphor, suggesting that: (a) dominant cultural narratives have a major impact on relational dynamics of oppression in the workplace; (b) identity performance is a critical strategy for negotiating dominant cultural narratives in the workplace; and (c) panopticism (the internalized gaze) is a significant aspect of internalized oppression. Implications for future research and action are discussed.
Thriving Among African‐American Adolescents: Religiosity, Religious Support, and Communalism
Authors: Gooden Adia S. , McMahon Susan D.
Published: April 2016

While research has identified some positive factors in the lives of African‐American adolescents, there is limited, yet growing, empirical research examining how positive factors foster thriving for these youth. Using a positive youth development framework, we examined naturally occurring factors that promote thriving among African‐American adolescents. This cross‐sectional study included 152 youth who were surveyed at five Black churches in a large Midwestern city. Using MPlus, the structural regression model results revealed support for a model that demonstrated religiosity, religious support, and communalism are significantly and directly related to thriving among African‐American adolescents. Implications for theory, research and practice are discussed. Moving from a deficit lens to a strengths‐based approach can facilitate understanding of developmental processes and provide a foundation for supporting and enhancing positive outcomes among African‐American adolescents.
Diverging Paths: Understanding Racial Differences in Civic Engagement Among White, African American, and Latina/o Adolescents Using Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Littenberg‐Tobias Joshua , Cohen Alison K.
Published: April 2016

There is increasing concern about the large civic engagement gap between Whites and Latina/o and African American youth. Some suggest this may be because traditional models and measures of civic engagement may not be as applicable for youth from historically marginalized groups. With an urban sample of middle and high school‐age youth (n = 903, 52% female), we used structural equation modeling to identify differences in civic pathways between youth from different racial/ethnic backgrounds. We found significant differences between groups including much stronger relationships between exposure to democratic practices and civic self‐efficacy and knowledge for African American and Latina/o youth than for White youth and a stronger relationship between civic knowledge and future civic engagement for Whites and Latina/os than for African Americans. These findings suggest that educators and researchers interested need to take into account the diversity of youths' racial experiences when examining youth civic development.
The Willingness of Military Members to Seek Help: The Role of Social Involvement and Social Responsibility
Authors: Bowen Gary L. , Jensen Todd M. , Martin James A. , Mancini Jay A.
Published: April 2016

Anchored in the social organization theory of action and change, we use data from a large sample of active‐duty Air Force members to examine the direct and indirect influence of social involvement and social responsibility on willingness to seek help in times of need via trust in formal systems and informal supports. Group comparisons are conducted between junior male, junior female, senior male, and senior female service members. The key mediational path in the model for all groups is the connection between social involvement and willingness to seek help via trust in formal systems. These results can inform both unit‐ and community‐level interventions intended to increase the likelihood that active‐duty AF members will seek help in times of need.
Disclosing Sexual Assault Within Social Networks: A Mixed‐Method Investigation
Authors: Dworkin Emily R. , Pittenger Samantha L. , Allen Nicole E.
Published: April 2016

Most survivors of sexual assault disclose their experiences within their social networks, and these disclosure decisions can have important implications for their entry into formal systems and well‐being, but no research has directly examined these networks as a strategy to understand disclosure decisions. Using a mixed‐method approach that combined survey data, social network analysis, and interview data, we investigate whom, among potential informal responders in the social networks of college students who have experienced sexual assault, survivors contact regarding their assault, and how survivors narrate the role of networks in their decisions about whom to contact. Quantitative results suggest that characteristics of survivors, their social networks, and members of these networks are associated with disclosure decisions. Using data from social network analysis, we identified that survivors tended to disclose to a smaller proportion of their network when many network members had relationships with each other or when the network had more subgroups. Our qualitative analysis helps to contextualize these findings.
Social Change: Toward an Informed and Critical Understanding of Social Justice and the Capabilities Approach in Community Psychology
Authors: Munger Felix , MacLeod Tim , Loomis Colleen
Published: April 2016

Community psychology has long been concerned with social justice. However, deployments of this term are often vague and undertheorized. To address this weakness in the field's knowledge body we explored John Rawls's theory of social justice and Amartya Sen's economic theory of the capabilities approach and evaluated each for its applicability to community psychology theory, research, and action. Our unpacking of the philosophical and political underpinnings of Rawlsian theory of social justice resulted in identifying characteristics that limit the theory's utility in community psychology, particularly in its implications for action. Our analysis of the capability approach proposed by Amartya Sen revealed a framework that operationalizes social justice in both research and action, and we elaborate on this point. Going beyond benefits to community psychology in adopting the capabilities approach, we posit a bi‐directional relationship and discuss how community psychology might also contribute to the capabilities approach. We conclude by suggesting that community psychology could benefit from a manifesto or proclamation that provides a historical background of social justice and critiques the focus on the economic, sociological, and philosophical theories that inform present‐day conceptualizations (and lack thereof) of social justice for community psychology.
Psychological‐Mindedness and American Indian Historical Trauma: Interviews with Service Providers from a Great Plains Reservation
Authors: Hartmann William E. , Gone Joseph P.
Published: April 2016

The concept of historical trauma (HT) was developed to explain clinical distress among descendants of Jewish Holocaust survivors and has since been ascribed new meanings to account for suffering in diverse contexts. In American Indian (AI) communities, the concept ofAI HThas been tailored and promoted as an expanded notion of trauma that combines psychological injury with historical oppression to causally connect experiences with Euro‐American colonization to contemporary behavioral health disparities. However, rather than clinical formulations emphasizing psychological injury, a focused content analysis of interviews with 23AIhealth and human service providers (SPs) on a Great Plains reservation demonstrated strong preferences for socio‐cultural accounts of oppression. Reflective of a local worldview associated with minimal psychological‐mindedness, this study illustrates how cultural assumptions embedded within health discourses likeHTcan conflict with diverse cultural forms and promote “psychologized” perspectives on suffering that may limit attention to social, economic, and political determinants of health.