bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rational Strategy to Stabilize an Unstable High‐Efficiency Binary Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with a Third Component
Authors: Zhu Youqin , Gadisa Abay , Peng Zhengxing , Ghasemi Masoud , Ye Long , Xu Zheng , Zhao Suling , Ade Harald
Published: April 2019

Long device lifetime is still a missing key requirement in the commercialization of nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) organic solar cell technology. Understanding thermodynamic factors driving morphology degradation or stabilization is correspondingly lacking. In this report, thermodynamics is combined with morphology to elucidate the instability of highly efficient PTB7‐Th:IEICO‐4F binary solar cells and to rationally use PC71BM in ternary solar cells to reduce the loss in the power conversion efficiency from ≈35% to <10% after storage for 90 days and at the same time improve performance. The hypomiscibility observed for IEICO‐4F in PTB7‐Th (below the percolation threshold) leads to overpurification of the mixed domains. By contrast, the hypermiscibility of PC71BM in PTB7‐Th of 48 vol% is well above the percolation threshold. At the same time, PC71BM is partly miscible in IEICO‐4F suppressing crystallization of IEICO‐4F. This work systematically illustrates the origin of the intrinsic degradation of PTB7‐Th:IEICO‐4F binary solar cells, demonstrates the structure–function relations among thermodynamics, morphology, and photovoltaic performance, and finally carries out a rational strategy to suppress the degradation: the third component needs to have a miscibility in the donor polymer at or above the percolation threshold, yet also needs to be partly miscible with the crystallizable acceptor.
Variants in the transcriptional corepressor BCORL1 are associated with an X‐linked disorder of intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, and behavioral abnormalities
Authors: Shukla Anju , Girisha Katta M. , Somashekar Puneeth H. , Nampoothiri Sheela , McClellan Rebecca , Vernon Hilary J.
Published: April 2019

BCORL1, a transcriptional corepressor, is involved in negative gene regulation through associations with several protein complexes including Class II histone deacetylases (HDACs). Acquired somatic mutations in BCORL1 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several malignancies, but germline mutations of BCORL1 have not been associated with a specific genetic syndrome. We report five individuals from three pedigrees with phenotypes including intellectual disability, behavioral difficulties, and dysmorphic features who were found via whole exome sequencing to have variants in BCORL1. In silico analysis of these variants strongly suggests pathogenicity. We propose that hemizygous pathogenic variants in BCORL1 underlie a newly identified X‐linked epigenetic syndrome.
Reversing the Handedness of Self‐Assembled Porous Molecular Networks through the Number of Identical Chiral Centres
Authors: Tahara Kazukuni , Noguchi Aya , Nakayama Ruri , Ghijsens Elke , De Feyter Steven , Tobe Yoshito
Published: April 2019

Scanning tunnelling microscope observations at the 1‐phenyloctane/graphite interface reveal how chiral structural information at the molecular level is transferred and expressed structurally at the 2D supramolecular level for a porous system. The chirality of self‐assembled molecular networks formed by chiral dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (cDBA) derivatives having three chiral chains and three achiral chains, alternatingly, is compared with those of cDBAs having six chiral chains reported previously. While for all cDBAs homochiral surfaces are formed, their handedness is not simply a reflection of the absolute configuration of the stereogenic centres. Both the number of stereogenic centres as well as the length of the achiral chains determine the supramolecular handedness, providing a deep insight into the supramolecular chirality induction mechanisms at play. Moreover, these cDBAs act to induce chirality in porous networks formed by achiral DBAs.
Preparation of halogen‐free flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene foam by suspension polymerization
Authors: Yuan Bin , Wang Gang , Bai Shibing , Liu Pengju
Published: April 2019

In this research, using hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) as the halogen‐free flame retardant, we prepared flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene (EPS) beads by suspension polymerization. The effects of process parameters and the amount of flame retardant on polystyrene (PS)/HPCTP composite beads were investigated. The results show that the change in HPCTP content has little effect on the particle size distribution of composite beads. When the oil–water ratio is 1/4, TCP dosage is 3 wt %, stirring rate is 350 rpm, initiator dosage is 1.25 wt %, and HPCTP dosage is 15 wt %, the size of the composite beads is uniform, and the average particle size is 1.12 mm. HPCTP formed nanodispersed particles in the PS matrix with an average particle size of 44.86 nm. In addition, the thermogravimetric behavior and heat‐release properties of composite beads were evaluated. The results showed that HPCTP mainly acted in the gaseous phase, which can effectively decrease the maximum mass‐loss rate of the PS/HPTCP composite beads and significantly reduce the heat‐release rate and heat‐release capacity. The EPS foams were obtained by a prefoaming method. The average cell diameter was 62.15 μm, and the foaming ratio was 11 times. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47779.
The role of plasticizers during protein thermoplastic foaming
Authors: Gavin Chanelle , Verbeek Casparus J. R. , Lay Mark C.
Published: April 2019

Protein thermoplastics, like Novatein, typically comprise a polymer, additives, and plasticizers. During foaming, the plasticizers performed different functions; triethylene glycol (TEG) affected the Tg of the polymer, while water altered the shear viscosity and urea the extensional viscosity. Water and urea also functioned as blowing agents; increasing urea increased the expansion ratio, while an increase in TEG and water decreased it. It was concluded that at this level of plasticization, phase separation occurred and that the plasticizers are most influential during late bubble growth and stabilization. Contrary to previous thought, increasing water had no effect on the Tg, but did lower the shear viscosity, while increasing TEG had the opposite effect. This enables the properties of protein thermoplastics to be tailored during development. During foaming, lower viscosity allows more time for gases to diffuse before the viscosity in the surrounding polymer increases, restricting bubble growth. At higher TEG content, the material is processed further above its Tg, slowing down stabilization and decreasing expansion. This study clarified the role of plasticizers during foaming and showed a decrease in random coils and β‐turns (measured by FT‐IR) with increasing expansion ratio. Knowledge of these mechanisms enables tailoring properties of protein thermoplastics foams during development. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47781.
Einfluss der Gitterweite auf die Ergebnisse von Brandsimulationsmodellen und Anwendung auf ein Atrium
Authors: Riese Olaf , Klippel Andrea , Schneider Volker , Stock Boris
Published: April 2019

In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Gittersensitivitätsstudie für ein Brandszenario in einem Raum mit Verbindung zu einem Atrium mit drei verschiedenen CFD‐Modellen durchgeführt. Bei den 3 CFD‐Modellen handelt es sich um den Open‐Source Code FDS, den kommerziellen Strömungslöser CFX aus der ANSYS Suite sowie dem Brandsimulationsprogramm KOBRA 3D. Der Fokus bei den numerischen Berechnungen lag dabei auf der Untersuchung der Gittersensitivität, daher wurden gleiche oder ähnliche Ansätze zur Modellierung physikalischer Brandphänomene wie Turbulenz, Wärmestrahlung, Speziesumwandlung etc. gewählt. Die Auswertung der Daten erfolgte für physikalische Größen wie Temperaturen und Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten an definierten Messpositionen im Strömungsraum.

Für brandinduzierte Auftriebsströmungen, kann zur Bewertung der Gitterweite, das Verhältnis R* zwischen dem charakteristischen Branddurchmesser D* und der Gitterweite verwendet werden. Aus der Berechnung der charakteristischen Auflösung R* für das gegebene Beispiel zeigt sich, dass eine Gitterweite mit einer Kantenlänge von 5 cm eine sehr feine Auflösung der Brandfläche darstellt. Bei charakteristischen Auflösungen R* größer als 10 verändert sich bei Berechnung mit CFX (R* = 10 bzw. 20) das Ergebnis nur noch mit Unterschieden deutlich kleiner als 5% für berechnete Temperaturen in einem Atrium.
miR‐124a inhibits the proliferation and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast‐like synoviocytes via targeting PIK3/NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Yang BiLing , Ge Yan , Zhou Yang , Wang Jia , Xie Xi , Li Shu , Tang Mengshi , Xu LiChang , Tian Jing
Published: April 2019

Abnormal hyperplasia of fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) leads to the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to investigate the role of miR‐124a in the pathogenesis of RA. The viability and cell cycle of FLS in rheumatoid arthritis (RAFLS) were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit 8 and flow cytometry assay. The expression of PIK3CA, Akt, and NF‐κB in RAFLS was examined by real‐time PCR and Western blot analysis. The production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐6 was detected by ELISA. The joint swelling and inflammation in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) mice were examined by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. We found that miR‐124a suppressed the viability and proliferation of RAFLS and increased the percentage of cells in the G1 phase. miR‐124a suppressed PIK3CA 3'UTR luciferase reporter activity and decreased the expression of PIK3CA at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, miR‐124a inhibited the expression of the key components of the PIK3/Akt/NF‐κB signal pathway and inhibited the expression of pro‐inflammatory factors TNF‐α and IL‐6. Local overexpression of miR‐124a in the joints of CIA mice inhibited inflammation and promoted apoptosis in FLS by decreasing PIK3CA expression. In conclusion, miR‐124a inhibits the proliferation and inflammation in RAFLS via targeting PIK3/NF‐κB pathway. miR‐124a is a promising therapeutic target for RA.
Crenolanib‐Derived Probes Suitable for Cell‐ and Tissue‐Based Protein Profiling and Single‐Cell Imaging
Authors: Chang Yu , Zhu Dongsheng , Guo Haijun , Yin Xingfeng , Ding Ke , Li Zhengqiu
Published: April 2019

Crenolanib (CP‐868,596), a potent inhibitor of FLT3 and PDGFRα/β, is currently under phase III clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. However, the protein targets of Crenolanib in cancer cells remain obscure, which results in difficulties in understanding the mechanism of actions and side effects. To alleviate this issue, in this study, a photoaffinity probe and two fluorescent probes were created based on Crenolanib, followed by competitive protein profiling and bioimaging studies, with the aim of characterizing the cellular targets. A series of unknown protein hits, such as MAPK1, SHMT2, SLC25A11, and HIGD1A, were successfully identified by means of pull‐down/LC‐MS/MS; these might provide valuable clues for understanding drug action and potential toxicities. Moreover, the fluorescent probes are suitable for imaging drug distribution at the single‐cell level.
Additive‐Free Enzymatic Phosphorylation and Ligation of Artificial Oligonucleotides with C‐Nucleosides at the Reaction Points
Authors: Oda Yutaro , Chiba Junya , Kurosaki Fumihiro , Yamade Yusuke , Inouye Masahiko
Published: April 2019

We report enzymatic phosphorylation and additive‐free ligation of DNAs containing unnatural C‐nucleotide residues through the action of T4 polynucleotide kinase and T4 DNA ligase. The artificial units are each made up of an alkynyl deoxyribose component and one of the unnatural nucleobases D*, T*, G*, and C*, corresponding—from a viewpoint of hydrogen‐bonding patterns—to natural A, T, G, and C, respectively. Phosphorylation progressed quantitatively at the 5′‐end in the cases of all of the artificial units in the chimeric DNAs. Ligation also smoothly progressed at the 5′‐end in the cases of the D* and G* nucleotide residues, but only negligibly in those of their T* and C* counterparts. Chemical redesign of the last two units successfully improved the ligation efficiency, so that enzymatic ligation worked well for all of the artificial units in every 3′‐natural⋅5′‐artificial, 3′‐artificial⋅5′‐natural, and 3′‐artificial⋅5′‐artificial terminal combination at the nicks.
Ecological filtering in scrub fragments restructures the taxonomic and functional composition of native bee assemblages
Authors: Hung Keng‐Lou James , Ascher John S. , Davids Jessica A. , Holway David A.
Published: April 2019

Predicting the long‐term consequences of habitat alteration for the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem function requires an understanding of how ecological filters drive taxonomic and functional biodiversity loss. Here, we test a set of predictions concerning the role of ecological filters in restructuring native bee assemblages inhabiting fragmented coastal sage scrub ecosystems in southern California, USA. In 2011 and 2012, we collected native bees in scrub habitat belonging to two treatment categories: large natural reserves and small habitat fragments embedded in an urban landscape. We compared bee assemblages in reserve and fragment sites with respect to their taxonomic and functional alpha diversity, beta diversity, assemblage composition, and mean geographical range size estimated via distribution maps compiled for this study from digitized specimen records. We found multiple lines of evidence that ecological filtering drove bee diversity loss in fragments: a disproportionate loss of functional diversity relative to taxonomic diversity, shifts in assemblage composition driven largely by the preferential extirpation of reserve‐associated indicator species, and disproportionate loss of range‐restricted species. However, we found no evidence of taxonomic or functional homogenization across fragment bee assemblages, suggesting that filtering was not sufficiently strong to cause a subset of functional traits (and their associated species) to dominate assemblages in fragments. Our results suggest that ecological filtering altered bee assemblages in habitat fragments, even when such fragments contained well‐preserved native plant assemblages, underscoring the importance of preserving large areas of natural habitat for the conservation of bees (especially range‐restricted taxa) and their associated ecological functions.
Rapid and Atom Economic Synthesis of Isoquinolines and Isoquinolinones by C–H/N–N Activation Using a Homogeneous Recyclable Ruthenium Catalyst in PEG Media
Authors: Deshmukh Dewal S. , Gangwar Neha , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: April 2019

Herein, we report an atom‐efficient, rapid, green, and sustainable approach to synthesize isoquinolines and isoquinolinones using a homogeneous recyclable ruthenium catalyst in PEG Media assisted by microwave energy. Dibenzoylhydrazine was used for C–H/N–N activation reactions for the first time in combination with ketazine as oxidizing directing groups for annulation reactions with internal alkynes. The developed protocol is environmentally benign due to significantly shortened times with an easy extraction method, higher atom economy, external oxidant and silver or antimony salt free conditions, applicability to a gram scale synthesis, use of biodegradable solvent and wide substrate scope with higher product yields. Moreover, it is worth noting that the established methodology allowed reuse of the catalytic system for up to five successive runs with minimal loss in activity.
The Contents of Herbal and Dietary Supplements Implicated in Liver Injury in the United States Are Frequently Mislabeled
Authors: Navarro Victor , Avula Bharathi , Khan Ikhlas , Verma Manisha , Seeff Leonard , Serrano Jose , Stolz Andrew , Fontana Robert , Ahmad Jawad
Published: April 2019

The U.S. Drug Induced Liver Injury Network assayed the contents of herbal and dietary supplements collected from patients enrolled into its prospective study. The aim was to determine the accuracy of product labels, and to identify known hepatotoxins. Using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to assay 272 product, 51% were found to be mislabeled; that is, to have chemical contents that did not match the label. Appearance enhancement, sexual performance, and weight loss products were most commonly mislabeled. Whether the mislabeling contributed to liver injury is under study; however, the high mislabeling rate underscores the need for more stringent regulation of supplements.
Telling tales from the tails: High‐dimensional tail interdependence
Authors: Polanski Arnold , Stoja Evarist , Windmeijer Frank
Published: April 2019

We propose a simple and flexible framework that allows for a comprehensive analysis of tail interdependence in high dimensions. We use co‐exceedances to capture the structure of the dependence in the tails and, relying on the concept of multi‐information, define the coefficient of tail interdependence. Within this framework, we develop statistical tests of (i) independence in the tails, (ii) goodness‐of‐fit of the tail interdependence structure of a hypothesized model with the one observed in the data, and (iii) dependence symmetry between any two tails. We present an analysis of tail interdependence among 250 constituents of the S&P 250 index.
Combining the biased and unbiased sampling strategy into one convenient free energy calculation method
Authors: Zhang Haomiao , Gong Qiankun , Zhang Haozhe , Chen Changjun
Published: April 2019

Constructing a free energy landscape for a large molecule is difficult. One has to use either a high temperature or a strong driving force to enhance the sampling on the free energy barriers. In this work, we propose a mixed method that combines these two kinds of acceleration strategies into one simulation. First, it applies an adaptive biasing potential to some replicas of the molecule. These replicas are particularly accelerated in a collective variable space. Second, it places some unbiased and exchangeable replicas at various temperature levels. These replicas generate unbiased sampling data in the canonical ensemble. To improve the sampling efficiency, biased replicas transfer their state variables to the unbiased replicas after equilibrium by Monte Carlo trial moves. In comparison to previous integrated methods, it is more convenient for users. It does not need an initial reference biasing potential to guide the sampling of the molecule. And it is also unnecessary to insert many replicas for the requirement of passing the free energy barriers. The free energy calculation is accomplished in a single stage. It samples the data as fast as a biased simulation and it processes the data as simple as an unbiased simulation. The method provides a minimalist approach to the construction of the free energy landscape. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on human bone cells
Authors: Rocha Sara , Ferraz Ricardo , Prudêncio Cristina , Fernandes Maria Helena , Costa‐Rodrigues João
Published: April 2019

Antiepileptic drugs (AED) have been associated to in vivo deleterious consequences in bone tissue. The present work aimed to characterize the cellular and molecular effects of five different AED on human osteoclastogenesis and osteblastogenesis. It was observed that the different drugs had the ability to differentially modulate both processes, in a way dependent on the identity and dose of the AED. Shortly, valproic acid stimulated either osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, whereas carbamazepine, gabapentin, and lamotrigine revealed an opposite behavior; topiramate elicited a decrease of osteoclast development and an increase in osteoblast differentiation. This is the first report describing the direct effects of different AED on human primary bone cells, which is a very important issue, because these drugs are usually consumed in long‐term therapeutics, with acknowledged in vivo effects in bone tissue.
Prosurvival roles mediated by the PERK signaling pathway effectively prevent excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress‐induced skeletal muscle loss during high‐stress conditions of hibernation
Authors: Zhang Jie , Wei Yanhong , Qu Ting , Wang Zhe , Xu Shenhui , Peng Xin , Yan Xia , Chang Hui , Wang Huiping , Gao Yunfang
Published: April 2019

Stress conditions like hypoxia, ischemia, and ischemia/reperfusion can trigger excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which can lead to cell apoptosis‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy in non‐hibernators. However, although hibernators experience multiple stress conditions during hibernation, their skeletal muscles appear to be well protected. We hypothesize that hibernators effectively avoid cell apoptosis, at least partially, by controlling ERS level. Here, we focused on the potential occurrence of ERS and how hibernators cope with it during different hibernation states. Results indicated that the protein expression levels of glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78), phosphorylated PKR‐like ER protein kinase, phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p‐eIF2α), and activating transcription factor 4 were significantly increased during hibernation, but primarily recovered in posthibernation. In the torpor‐arousal cycle, the expression levels of the above indicators were lower during inter‐bout arousal (IBA) than that during late torpor (LT). However, there was no change in C/EBP homologous protein expression and no apoptosis in skeletal muscles during the different hibernation states. In conclusion, the upregulation of p‐eIF2α and GRP78 were identified as two crucial mechanisms mediated by the PERK signaling pathway to alleviate elevated ERS. The downregulation of ERS during IBA may be a unique countermeasure for hibernating squirrels to prevent excessive ERS. Thus, these special anti‐excessive ERS abilities of ground squirrels contribute to the prevention of skeletal muscle cell apoptosis during hibernation.
Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2‐c]quinoline‐3‐carboxaldehyde and 3‐(Ethoxymethylene)‐pyrano[3,2‐c]quinolinone and Their Chemical Behavior toward Some Nitrogen and Carbon Nucleophiles
Authors: Othman Elham S. , Hassanin Hany M. , Mostafa Mai A.
Published: April 2019

Synthesis of novel 3‐(ethoxymethylene)‐pyrano[3,2‐c]quinolinone and pyrano[3,2‐c]quinoline‐3‐carboxaldehyde was accomplished efficiently via a simple method. These two scaffolds were used as precursors to afford new biologically interesting products in good yield and short reaction times. The chemical reactivity of ethoxy methylene 2 and carboxaldehyde 3 toward different nucleophilic reagents was studied. Structures of the new synthesized compounds were elucidated by their analytical and spectral data.
Benzofuran–isatin Hybrids: Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Anti‐cancer Activities
Authors: Diao Quan‐Ping , Guo Hua , Wang Gang‐Qiang
Published: April 2019

A series of novel benzofuran–isatin hybrids 6a–s tethered through propylene and butylene were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro anti‐cancer activities against HepG2 (liver carcinoma), Hela (cervical cancer), A549 (lung adenocarcinoma), DU145 (prostatic cancer), SKOV3 (ovarian carcinoma), MCF‐7 (breast cancer), and drug‐resistant MCF‐7/DOX (doxorubicin‐resistant MCF‐7) human cancer cell lines. The majority of the synthesized hybrids displayed weak to moderate in vitro activities against the tested seven cancer cell lines, but the enriched structure–activity relationship may pave the way for further optimization.
Thermodynamic properties of gaseous cerium phosphate studied by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry
Authors: Lopatin Sergey I. , Shugurov Sergey M. , Panin Andrej I.
Published: April 2019

Gaseous CePO2 has been identified by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry during vaporization of CeO2 and magnesium diphosphate from tungsten double, two‐temperature effusion cell. Structure and molecular parameters of gaseous cerium phosphate under study were determined using quantum chemical calculations. On the basis of equilibrium constants measured for gas‐phase reaction, standard formation enthalpy of CePO2 was determined to be −508 ± 41 kJ ⋅ mol−1 at the temperature 298 K.
The Child and the Counselor: Relational Humanism in the Playroom and Beyond
Authors: RAY DEE C.
Published: April 2019

Child‐centered play therapy (CCPT) is a mental health intervention grounded in the philosophy of relational humanism. In CCPT, the counselor trusts in the child’s ability to move toward self‐ and other enhancement through the process of play therapy. As a humanistic intervention, CCPT recognizes the intersectionality of development, play, and relationship in service of deepening empathic understanding, communicating in the language of children, and activating the self‐actualizing tendency through relational connection. Principles of CCPT can be extended to mental health practices, systems of care, and institutions serving children in order to advocate for communities that support healthy development in children.
Invariance of the Construct of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review
Authors: Contractor Ateka A. , Caldas Stephanie V. , Dolan Megan , Natesan Prathiba , Weiss Nicole H.
Published: April 2019

We conducted a systematic review of studies that have evaluated invariance of the construct of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to summarize their conclusions related to invariance/noninvariance and sources of noninvariance. In November 2017, we searched Pubmed, PSYCINFO, PILOTS Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline, and Psychological and Behavioral Science Collection for abstracts and articles with these inclusionary criteria: peer‐reviewed, including DSM‐IV or DSM‐5 PTSD invariance as a main study aim, use of multigroup confirmatory factor analyses, and use of an independent PTSD instrument or module. In total, 45 articles out of 1,169 initially identified abstracts met inclusion criteria. Research assistants then followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to complete a secondary search and independently extract data. Results indicated that DSM‐IV dysphoric arousal and DSM‐5 hybrid model factors demonstrated the most stability; sources of instability were some intrusion (distress to trauma cues), dysphoria/numbing (traumatic amnesia, foreshortened future, emotional numbness, detachment), and arousal (hypervigilance) items. The PTSD Checklist and PTSD Reaction Index were most often used to assess PTSD in studies investigating its invariance; however, these measures demonstrated partial conceptual equivalence of PTSD across subgroups. Instead, clinician‐administered measures demonstrated more conceptual equivalence across subgroups. Age, gender, cultural/linguistic factors, and sample diversity had the least moderating effect on PTSD's symptom structure. Our review demonstrates the need to examine invariance of the PTSD construct following recommended guidelines for each empirical and clinical trial study to draw meaningful multigroup comparative conclusions.
Implantable Nanotube Sensor Platform for Rapid Analyte Detection
Authors: Hofferber Eric Michael , Stapleton Joseph Anthony , Adams Janelle , Kuss Mitchell , Duan Bin , Iverson Nicole Marie
Published: April 2019

The use of nanoparticles within living systems is a growing field, but the long‐term effects of introducing nanoparticles to a biological system are unknown. If nanoparticles remain localized after in vivo implantation unanticipated side effects due to unknown biodistribution can be avoided. Unfortunately, stabilization and retention of nanoparticles frequently alters their function.[1] In this work multiple hydrogel platforms are developed to look at long‐term localization of nanoparticle sensors with the goal of developing a sensor platform that will stabilize and localize the nanoparticles without altering their function. Two different hydrogel platforms are presented, one with a liquid core of sensors and another with sensors decorating the hydrogel's exterior, that are capable of localizing the nanoparticles without inhibiting their function. With the use of these new hydrogel platforms nanoparticle sensors can be easily implanted in vivo and utilized without concerns of nanoparticle impact on the animal.
On the Cartan–Betounes form
Authors: Pérez Álvarez Javier
Published: April 2019

In this work some conservation laws associated to a variational problem are obtained, starting from an extension of the Cartan form due to D. Betounes [1].
Particle Mold Synthesis of Block Copolymer Janus Nanomaterials
Authors: Zhang Yang , Jia Fan , Tang Lin , Zhou Peng , Jiang Bingyin , Liang Fuxin , Yang Zhenzhong
Published: April 2019

A particle mold synthesis of 2D Janus nanomaterials is proposed by crosslinking of copolymer self‐assembled monolayers confined within the mold domains. Onto the silica (SiO2) particle surface, mold domains with functional groups such as imidazole are generated. The model copolymer of polyacrylic acid‐block‐polystyrene (PAA‐b‐PS) can be preferentially absorbed onto the domains via electrostatic interactions, forming a self‐assembled monolayer. In a cosolvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), the crosslinking occurs within the whole of the PAA side. A Janus disc is thus achieved after detachment from the particle upon breaking the specific interaction. In a poor solvent, the crosslinking slowly occurs from the periphery, giving Janus nanorings. The rings evolve into discs with further crosslinking. The mold particles can be recycled to synthesize the same 2D Janus materials.
Evaluation of the shearing strength ratio for bolts with defined strength grades
Authors: Dörre M. , Glienke R. , Denkert C. , Berschneider G.
Published: April 2019

Die Abschertragfähigkeit von Schrauben ist für die Bemessung von Scherverbindungen unabdingbar. Eine der elementarsten und wichtigsten Scherverbindungen stellt die Scher‐/Lochleibungsverbindung (SL‐Verbindung) dar. Diese wird vorzugsweise im Stahlbau ausgeführt, da hauptsächlich von vorwiegend ruhenden Einwirkungen ohne Lastumkehr ausgegangen wird. Ein Vorspannen von Stahlbauverbindungen ist in über 90 % der Fälle aus rechnerischen Gründen nicht notwendig [1]. Im Luftfahrzeugbau sind Scher‐/Lochleibungspassverbindungen (SLP) hingegen sehr verbreitet. Durch die Verwendung von Aluminiumwerkstoffen mit geringen Bauteildicken scheiden reibschlüssige Verbindungen für den Einsatz in Luftfahrzeugen aus und der aufgrund von Schwingbelastung (mit Lastumkehr) eintretende Schlupf wird durch die engen Toleranzen der Passverbindung minimiert. Im Schienenfahrzeugbau werden Scher‐/Lochleibungsverbindungen vornehmlich Risikoklasse G (gering) in Verbindung mit DIN 25201‐7 eingesetzt [2]. Im Maschinen‐ und Anlagenbau ist die Scher‐/Lochleibungsverbindung zwar nicht gebräuchlich, trotzdem besteht die Forderung, dass reibschlüssige Verbindungen bei einer Überlast gegen eine Scher‐Lochleibungsbeanspruchung ausgelegt sind [3]. Neben der Sicherungswirkung einer vorgespannten Verbindung bestimmt vor allem die Abschertragfähigkeit des Schraubenbolzens die Tragwirkung der Scher‐/Lochleibungsverbindung. Im Zuge früherer Untersuchungen zur Abschertragfähigkeit bzw. zur Ermittlung des Scherfestigkeitsverhältnisses sind Diskrepanzen sowohl für die Versuchsdurchführung als auch für die Bemessung nach den verschiedenen Regelwerken festzustellen. Hierzu haben die Verfasser des vorliegenden Beitrages über 500 eigene Scherversuche an Schrauben im Nenndurchmesserbereich M8 bis M20 der FK 4.6 bis 10.9 zur Ermittlung des Scherfestigkeitsverhältnisses durchgeführt. Im Fokus standen hierbei die Einflüsse aus der ein‐ und zweischnittigen Versuchsanordnung sowie eine geeignete Methode zur statistischen Auswertung der Versuchsergebnisse. Abschließend wurden aus den Versuchsergebnissen Empfehlungen für die zukünftige Bemessung von Scherverbindungen abgeleitet.
Numerical solutions of fuzzy time fractional advection‐diffusion equations in double parametric form of fuzzy number
Authors: Zureigat Hamzeh , Ismail Ahmad Izani , Sathasivam Saratha
Published: April 2019

Fractional partial differential equations are a generalization of classical partial differential equations which can, in certain circumstances, give a better description of certain phenomena. In this paper, two implicit finite difference schemes are developed, analyzed, and applied to solve an initial boundary value problem involving fuzzy time fractional advection‐diffusion equation with fractional order 0<α≤1. The fuzziness of the problem considered appears in the initial and boundary conditions. A computational mechanism is presented based on double parametric form of fuzzy number to transfer the problem from uncertain to crisp form. The stability of the proposed schemes is analyzed by means of the Von Neumann method and were found to be unconditionally stable. The scheme was applied to an example to illustrate the feasibility.
Comparison of Abdominal Obesity and Fatty Liver and Their Association with Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults
Authors: Jiang Boren , Chen Yingchao , Zhou Kun , Zheng Yanjun , Chen Yi , Li Qin , Zhu Chunfang , Xia Fangzhen , Gu Ting , Guo Yuyu , Lu Yingli
Published: April 2019

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the similarities and differences between nonalcoholic fatty liver (FL) disease (NAFLD) and abdominal obesity in their association with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Methods

The Survey on Prevalence in East China for Metabolic Diseases and Risk Factors (SPECT‐China) is a population‐based survey of Chinese adults. A total of 9,685 participants (median age, 53 years; interquartile range, 44‐63) were grouped into four categories by waist circumference (WC) and NAFLD status: NWC/FL(−), NWC/FL(+), HWC/FL(−), and HWC/FL(+) [FL(−), without NAFLD; FL(+), with NAFLD; HWC, higher WC; NWC, normal WC]. Logistic regression models were used to obtain the odds ratios as estimates of the associations between different categories and MetS.

Results

Male participants with HWC/FL(−) had higher homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance scores than subjects with NWC/FL(+), but female subjects showed the opposite results. Compared with NWC/FL(+), HWC was associated with an increased likelihood of blood pressure disorder and a decreased likelihood of triglyceride and blood glucose disorders in men, but in women, HWC was associated with only a lower likelihood of triglyceride disorder. Despite these differences, patients with NWC/FL(+) and HWC/FL(−) had almost equally serious degrees of metabolic disorders (MetS z score).

Conclusions

There are significant differences between sexes regarding the association between NAFLD and abdominal obesity status and MetS components.
Blatant Dehumanization of People with Obesity
Authors: Kersbergen Inge , Robinson Eric
Published: April 2019

Objective

Stigmatization of obesity is common, but whether this stigma extends to people with obesity also being considered less human than individuals without obesity has not been examined. This study investigated whether people with obesity are blatantly dehumanized (i.e., explicitly considered to be less human and more animallike) and whether this predicts obesity discrimination.

Methods

In four online studies (total N = 1,506) with American, British, and Indian participants, evidence for blatant dehumanization of people with obesity was examined. Whether blatant dehumanization of people with obesity was moderated by BMI and to what extent blatant dehumanization predicted support for weight discrimination were also investigated.

Results

In all studies, participants believed that people with obesity were less evolved and less human than people without obesity. Although blatant dehumanization of people with obesity was most pronounced among thinner participants, the belief that people with obesity were less human was also observed among participants with class I obesity. Finally, dehumanization was predictive of support for policies that discriminate against people living with obesity.

Conclusions

This study provides the first evidence that people with obesity are blatantly dehumanized. This tendency to consider people with obesity as less human reveals the level of obesity stigma and may facilitate and/or justify weight discrimination.
The formation of ultrafine polyamide 6 nanofiber membranes with needleless electrospinning for air filtration
Authors: Yan Shaole , Yu Yuxi , Ma Rui , Fang Jiyu
Published: April 2019

Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant, which has a significant impact on public health. Filtration of PM through filters is a common method to protect the environment. However, the effective removal of PM with conventional filters still remains a challenge because of its small sizes. Here, we reported the formation of ultrafine polyamide 6 (PA‐6) nanofiber membranes formed with needleless electrospinning, in which both relative humidity condition and electrode type were included in the discussion. The PA‐6S nanofibers formed by using spiral electrode as a spinneret at 60% RH had the diameter of 33 nm, while the PA‐6C nanofibers formed by using cylindrical electrode had the diameter of 120 nm. With the integration of fine diameter, small pore size, and high porosity, the resultant PA‐6S nanofiber membrane exhibits high filtration efficiency of 99.42% and low pressure drop of 85.5 Pa under a face velocity of 85 L/min. Besides, it took only 10 minutes to reduce the concentration of PM2.5 from 999 to 34.1 μg/m3 when used to filter real PM particles.
Photolysis of chlorpyrifos‐methyl, chlorpyrifos‐methyl oxon, and 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol
Authors: Lobatto Virginia L. , Argüello Gustavo A. , Buján Elba I.
Published: April 2019

The photodegradation of chlorpyrifos‐methyl (1), and two of its photodegradation products, chlorpyrifos‐methyl oxon (2), and 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol (3) was studied using low pressure Hg lamps irradiating at 254 nm either in pure acetonitrile (ACN) or in 10% ACN/H2O. Experiments conducted in pure ACN allowed us to identify the photoproducts in the photolysis of 1, 2, and 3 both, in air saturated samples and in the absence of oxygen as analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and phosphorus‐31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR).

Since 2 and 3 are products in the photodegradation of 1, their degradations in 10% ACN/H2O were independently measured, and it was determined that 1 and 2 degrade at comparable rates. Instead, 3 does not interfere in the measurement since it degrades much faster, and their products do not absorb in the region of 1.

Our results indicate that short wave photolysis could become a plausible detoxification mechanism.
Influence of Side‐Chain Composition on Polythiophene Properties and Supramolecular Assembly of Anionic Polythiophene Derivatives
Authors: Wan Wang , Bedford Monte S. , Conrad Catherine A. , Yang Xiaoyan , Smith Rhett C.
Published: April 2019

A series of 10 polythiophene derivatives is reported, in which each polymer has a different percentage of carboxylic acid‐bearing repeat units. The properties of these polymers are explored under acidic conditions, where the carboxylic acid moieties remain neutral, and under basic conditions, where the carboxylic acid units become anionic carboxylates. The properties that are examined for both solutions and films include UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and red‐edge optical band gaps. All the properties studied are strongly dependent both on protonation state and percentage of carboxylic acid/carboxylate side chains along the polymer backbone. The anionic form of each polythiophene derivative was also used in layer‐by‐layer film deposition with a cationic phosphonium polyelectrolyte. The film growth process was studied by spectroscopic techniques to assess the influence of side‐chain composition on the film growth and optical properties. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019
Preparation of polymer electrolyte membranes based on poly(phenylene oxide) with different side chain lengths of phosphonic acid
Authors: Min Cheong‐Min , Lee Su‐Bin , Ahn Min‐Kyoon , Jang Joseph , Lee Jae‐Suk
Published: April 2019

A series of poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) polymers bearing phosphonic acid groups on the methyl group and on the phenyl ring are synthesized as membrane materials for fuel cell applications. These phosphonic acid‐based PPO membranes exhibited high chemical resistance, dimensional stability, and good proton conductivity even under low humidity condition. Among the membranes, the one in which the phosphonic acid moiety is attached to the polymer main chain with CO(CH2)5 shows highest proton conductivity under overall conditions even though it has the lowest water uptake and IEC value. A well‐defined separation of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases suggests the phosphonic acid groups to form proton conduction channels via interchain hydrogen bonding. A high storage modulus of the membranes in various temperature ranges indicates that the membranes are suitable for use under a high temperature and low humidity conditions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019
Illness perceptions predict health practices and mental health following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Nelson Ashley M. , Juckett Mark B. , Coe Christopher L. , Costanzo Erin S.
Published: April 2019

Objective

Beliefs about illness have been shown to shape health practices and coping efforts. The present study investigated illness perceptions among patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). We also examined the extent to which perceptions predicted health practices and mental health following transplant.

Methods

Participants (N = 332) completed measures of illness perceptions (beliefs about cancer consequences and course, personal and treatment control over cancer, and understanding of one's cancer) prior to HSCT. Health practices (diet, physical activity, and alcohol use) and mental health (depression, anxiety, and psychological well‐being) were assessed pre transplant and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post transplant.

Results

On average, HSCT recipients felt they understood their cancer, viewed their cancer to be a chronic condition with severe consequences, and believed they had moderate personal control over their cancer but that medical treatment provided more control. Perceptions varied by transplant type. Mixed‐effects linear regression models revealed that HSCT recipients who perceived the consequences of their cancer to be more serious experienced more depression and anxiety, less well‐being, and ate a healthier diet, but were less physically active during the year following transplant. Those with greater personal and treatment control ate a healthier diet and reported greater well‐being. Patients with a better understanding of their cancer also ate a healthier diet and reported less depression, less anxiety, and greater well‐being.

Conclusions

Perceptions of cancer shape HSCT recipients' health practices and psychological well‐being during the critical first year of recovery after transplant.
Two‐Photon Photoemission Spectroscopy for Studying Energetics and Electron Dynamics at Semiconductor Interfaces
Authors: Friedrich Dennis , Sippel Philipp , Supplie Oliver , Hannappel Thomas , Eichberger Rainer
Published: April 2019

Time‐resolved two‐photon photoemission spectroscopy (tr‐2PPE) directly probes the kinetic energy and dynamics of photoemitted electrons. At the same time, the electronic structure and temporal occupation of surface‐near states can be accessed, which allows to unravel the fundamental processes governing electron dynamics and energetics in semiconductor surfaces. Here, recent studies on epitaxial III–V semiconductors and II–VI nanostructures are reviewed and the feasibility to study electron dynamics in III–V surface quantum wells (SQW) with tr‐2PPE is demonstrated. On InP(100), for example, surface states are filled by electrons relaxing from higher energetic bulk states. In the case of nanostructured materials, these effects play an even larger role due to the high surface to bulk ratio. For CdSe quantum dots, Auger recombination strongly competes with the exploitation of the quantum size dependent phonon bottleneck. The electron cooling dynamics in CdSe platelets are extremely fast and exhibit complete independence of Auger‐like processes. Finally, an InGaAs SQW/InP structure is shown to exhibit much longer lifetime of the quantum confined states. The SQW may act as a carrier accumulation layer for bulk electrons diffusing to the surface. Implications for future use in energy material systems for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications are discussed.
Influence of Electrochemical Hydrogenation on the Circular Photocurrent in the Ag/Pd Nanocomposite
Authors: Saushin Aleksandr S. , Zonov Ruslan G. , Aleksandrovich Elena V. , Mikheev Konstantin G. , Ali Rizwan , Vanyukov Viatcheslav V. , Mikheev Gennady M.
Published: April 2019

This work reports on a circular photocurrent in Ag/Pd nanocomposite films. The films, containing metal (Ag‐Pd) and semiconductor (PdO) nanocrystallites in amorphous lead‐silicate glass, are modified by electrochemical hydrogenation in a sulfuric acid solution. The photocurrent in the modified nanocomposite films is excited by nanosecond laser pulses at wavelengths of 532, 1064, and 1550 nm. In order to determine the circular and linear contributions in a transverse photocurrent, the dependences of the photocurrent on the degree of circular polarization of the exciting radiation are investigated. It is found that the electrochemical hydrogenation modification leads to a significant decrease of the electrical resistance and the polarization‐sensitive transverse photocurrent in the films. It is also found that electrochemical hydrogenation significantly affects the ratio of the circular and the linear photocurrent components. The photocurrent is found to be generated on the subsurface layer of the films in the absence of crystalline phase component PdO.
Design of a t‐chart using generalized multiple dependent state sampling
Authors: Aslam Muhammad , Raza Muhammad Ali , Ahmad Liaquat , Jun Chi‐Hyuck
Published: April 2019

In this article, a new t‐chart based on generalized multiple dependent state (GMDS) sampling is proposed for efficient monitoring of a process by assuming that the time between events follows the exponential distribution. The proposed t‐chart has two pair of control limits and utilizes the past sample information with the current sample information. The control chart coefficients are estimated by considering different values of the in‐control average run lengths. The proposed t‐chart is compared with the existing chart by using the out‐of‐control average run length and extra quadratic loss function. The comparison reveals that the proposed charting strategy has better shift detection ability in process mean. An illustrative example is given for the practical implementation of the proposed chart.