bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Is Regulation Introduced in the Health Sector? A Look at Occupational Licensure
Authors: White William D.
Published: September 2015

Economic theories suggest that the introduction of regulation can be analyzed in terms of the magnitude and distribution of its economic impact. This article uses this approach to consider the introduction of licensure in the health sector for clinical laboratory personnel. At the micro level, there is no evidence of active consumer support for licensure and it seems to have been introduced mainly at the behest of members of the occupation and bureaucrats involved in the regulation of laboratories. Bureaucrats appear to have acted largely on their own initiative and are the single most important group involved in the introduction of licensure. The large role of the occupation supports a “producer protection” model of licensure over a “consumer protection” model. But the independent role of bureaucrats suggests that actors in the public sector are also a major interest group who need to be included in any model of regulation. Their motives are complex, but in the past one of the attractions of licensure seems to have been low direct administrative costs, despite large indirect costs to consumers. At the macro level, recent changes in social policy, which may reflect broad class interests, have shifted these indirect costs increasingly to the public sector through programs like Medicare. These changes in the distribution of costs may explain a growing concern by bureaucrats about the efficiency of licensure and a shift away from this type of regulation.
A Qualitative Assessment of Previous Efforts to Contain Hospital Costs
Authors: Pearson David A. , Abernethy David S.
Published: September 2015

In April 1977, the Administration's Hospital Cost Containment Act was introduced in the House of Representatives and the Senate. Reaction to the proposal on the part of the hospital industry was immediate and generally negative. The congressional response has consumed over a year's time, partly due to the complexity of many details incorporated in the proposal plus concern that its provisions were inequitable or inappropriately focused. Alternative proposals were introduced which led to a further compounding of the difficulties faced by Congress, and a further lengthening of the process. This paper provides information which places current activities surrounding the debate over the Hospital Cost Containment Act of 1977 in historical perspective, and analyzes previous major attempts to contain the rising costs of hospital care.

These attempts are described in three general categories: (1) controls on reimbursement; (2) controls on the supply of facilities; and (3) controls on utilization. Events surrounding them reveal that any effort to constrict the flow of resources to the health care industry will engender serious opposition. In addition, there are serious problems in defining health care needs and reasonable levels of reimbursement. These problems, coupled with society's general opposition to centralized planning and control, portend little success for centralized techniques in the foreseeable future.
Locational Aspects of Medical Care-Seeking in a Rural Population, with Some Implications for Public Policy Research
Authors: Kennedy Virginia C.
Published: September 2015

The published literature suggests that two factors affect where people seek medical care: the characteristics of the population and the organization of the health care delivery system. In this study, survey data from a rural west Texas population were used to evaluate the relative importance of these factors in determining whether individuals are affiliated with an urban or rural source of care. Population characteristics appear to be the more important determinants; in fact, where people seek care may not be substantially altered by restructuring the organizational and geographic components of the health care delivery system.
The Planner as Public Health Resource Allocator: Post-Proposition 13 County Health Services in California and the Role of the Hsas in Budget Review and Public Hearings
Authors: Roseman Cyril
Published: September 2015

Immediately following adoption of Proposition 13 in California in June of 1978, the state legislature adopted a Bail-Out program which included procedures for monitoring the detrimental effects of disproportionate reductions in public health, inpatient and outpatient county budgets. For a variety of reasons, the methodology and procedures employed failed to reveal the adverse effects of Proposition 13 on health services. This paper deals with the actual and potential role of health systems agencies (HSAs) in monitoring such effects, commenting in public hearings on budget review and, in general, playing a policy analysis role that links local government with the citizenry on the one hand and the state government on the other. In addition to identifying the weakness of the State's monitoring effort in identifying negative effects in program analysis and staffing reductions, the findings point out the limited role of HSAs. Specific recommendations are offered for improvement of HSA involvement in future resource allocation planning in California and the United States as a whole.
Regionalization in the Veterans Administration Health Care System: Rhetoric and Realities
Authors: Williams Stephen J. , Belcher Donald W. , Mogcovice Ira , Inui Thomas S.
Published: September 2015

Criticisms of the Veterans Administration health care system have centered in part on the ability of the system to reallocate resources in response to the changing needs of veterans. VA hospitals use traditional budgeting and planning processes; new programs and projected increases in workload are added to the previous year's budget to yield the budget for the succeeding year. Since these activities occur on an individual institution basis, there is little effort to plan cooperatively between hospitals or to reassess the fundamental allocation of resources based on veteran needs. Over the past two years, the VA has devised a program of regionalized budgeting and planning. The publicity surrounding VA regionalization reflects the idealized potential of shared resources and joint planning within each of the newly created VA medical districts. The reality of the program, however, when examined on a national basis and illustrated by an in-depth study of five hospitals in one district, indicates that there has been little use of resource allocation methodology and that few planning resources have been allocated to this effort. As a result, the district program is a collation of individual hospital budgets, and plans to yield the district budget and plans. Regionalization is unlikely to succeed in any meaningful manner within the VA unless further changes occur in district resource allocation methods.
Prometheus Revisited: Popular Myths, Medical Realities, and Legislative Actions concerning Death
Authors: Dowben Carla
Published: September 2015

Natural Death Acts have been enacted in eight states in an effort to permit terminally ill patients an opportunity to refuse extraordinary therapeutic measures. In part, these laws reflect fear of a painful, lingering terminal illness which actually occurs in a very small minority of patients. These acts fail to take into account that (1) a small but significant fraction of patients judged terminal by their attending physicians survive for a much longer time than predicted and even recover, (2) in many cases, “extraordinary therapy” will restore critically ill or even unconscious patients to functional life, (3) with the rapid advances in medical science, “extraordinary measures” may quickly become commonplace therapy, and (4) “extraordinary therapy” often makes a terminal illness less painful and distressing. The difficulties surrounding revocation of a directive under a Natural Death Act by an unconscious or seriously incapacitated patient require additional safeguards. Adequate due process should be assured before Natural Death Act provisions are applied to incompetent persons or minors. Substitution of brain death for the common law definition would permit withdrawal of useless life-support measures. Natural Death Acts may be largely superfluous in view of the balance between established common law principles of the state's interest in preservation of life and the individual's right to privacy and to refuse therapy. The interests of incompetent or minor persons can be safeguarded by application of the doctrine of “substituted judgement” by the courts. A discussion of major legal decisions relating to the right to withhold treatment and under what circumstances is reviewed in the context of the Natural Death Acts, and recent definitions of brain death.
The Political Obstacles to the Control of Cigarette Smoking in the United States
Authors: Sapolsky Harvey M.
Published: September 2015

The opportunity to affect significantly the consumption of cigarettes in the United States through government action appears quite limited. Fifty million Americans smoke cigarettes. The United States is a leading producer of tobacco leaf and utilizes a price support system which is designed to protect tobacco growers. The industry is profitable and politically well connected. Several states are important producers of tobacco while others benefit from the excise tax imposed on cigarettes. The opposition to smoking is relatively weak and divided. Nevertheless, the tobacco industry worries about the future market for cigarettes.
On Professional Power and Conflict of Interest: State Licensing Boards on Trial
Authors: Cohen Harris S.
Published: September 2015

Licensing of the health professions is an issue of public policy which has been under fire for years. Economists argue that licensing stifles competition and increases health care costs. Manpower specialists contend that statutory scopes of practice create arbitrary barriers to both geographic and career mobility, and contribute to the reduced utilization of newer, emergent categories of health personnel. This paper addresses a subject that is often overlooked in the literature on licensing: the inherent conflict-of-interest in professional licensing boards, where the predominant voice on the boards is that of the regulated profession and, more directly, of practitioners who have a vested interested interest in their own policy making. A number of seminal court decisions are examined that address this issue and a new model for licensing boards is proposed. While this model would do away with the present structure of the boards, it would not sacrifice the critical role of technical information that only the licensed professions can provide.
American Health Planning and the Lessons of Comparative Policy Analysis
Authors: Marmor Theodore R. , Bridges Amy
Published: September 2015

This paper reviews case studies of eighteen countries to identify similarities and differences in health planning problems and institutional arrangements for resolving them. On the basis of this review, it is argued that in order for cost-containment to be effective in the United States, planning agencies need to have control over resource allocation.
Health Policy and Religion: Conflict and Accommodation in Israeli Politics
Authors: Yishai Yael
Published: September 2015

This paper focuses on the impact of religious values and organizations on two issues of health policy, abortion and autopsy, both of which have been subjects of deep controversy between religious and nonreligious groups. The comparison between the issues centers on three stages of policy making: problem formation, problem solving and decision making.

Two models of influence on public policy are employed: (1) one in which political parties attempt to suppress issues, and (2) a group model which applies to a well articulated, controversial issue which is resolved by groups with direct access to decision makers.

The party model is relevant to the abortion issue, which was submerged beneath the surface of the public agenda due to national-religious value orientations. The group model fits the autopsy issue, which has been a subject of controversy between the Medical Association and religious groups.

Decision making on these issues was characterized by a pattern of compromise and accommodation which resulted in only slight deviations from norms of behavior previously practiced. The decisions made reflected the intricacies of the Israeli political system, and the salience of religious values in health policy making.
Occupational Health Ethics: OSHA and the Courts
Authors: Brandt-Rauf Sherry I. , Brandt-Rauf Paul W.
Published: September 2015

Recent court decisions have stressed the necessity for cost-benefit analysis in evaluating Occupational and Safety Health Administration (OSHA) standards, thus raising difficult ethical questions which this paper analyzes using classical approaches of deontology and teleology. Since both modes of analysis have deficiencies, the need for a synthesis using economic and noneconomic measures is suggested.
The Implications of Foreign Dental Coverage for U.s. National Health Insurance
Authors: Kudrle Robert Thomas
Published: September 2015

Although foreign experience with public medical insurance has played an important role in U.S. policy debates, little attention has been paid to foreign dental benefits. This article examines principally the experience of four countries: New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Sweden and Canada. The most common dental benefit considered for U.S. national health insurance has been coverage for children. Foreign dental programs for children are evaluated in four main areas: quality, cost, access, and disease prevention. In New Zealand, and in parts of the systems in the other three countries, dental nurses treat children in the schools. The quality of care they provide is found comparable to that provided by dentists, and the estimated and experienced costs of such treatment are often considerably lower than when dentists provide it. Access is a serious problem for children's programs that simply provide private office benefits without any additional means of encouraging participation; those who fail to use the system come disproportionately from low income, poorly educated families. The problem can be overcome by school-based treatment or possibly by inspections at school followed by assiduous contact of parents. None of the systems appears to instill in patients a life-long concern for dental health. Dental benefits for adults are provided in Sweden and the U.K.; in the latter, where such care has been provided for thirty years, there has been little problem controlling the overall cost of the system and some apparent impact on dental health, yet overall utilization rates have remained modest, with the poor participating far less than those better off. Raising adult utilization rates remains an elusive goal, even at a theoretical level.
Work Force Policy Perspectives: Registered Nurses
Authors: Friss Lois O'Brien
Published: September 2015

If the decline in full-time labor force participation by registered nurses in hospitals is to be reversed, the issue of equal pay for comparable work must be addressed. Under pressure for cost containment, policies tend to focus on labor force economics rather than on limitations of services. While the two are interrelated, wage policies must be considered independently.

This article describes the network which determines how nurse salaries are set: the relationship between the private sector, the general schedule and the Veterans' Administration. The effects of this system are documented, using testimony from a case in the tenth circuit, as well as comparisons with other reference groups: policemen, teachers, laborers, and VA career fields. The evidence suggests that there is a need for policy intervention. Prime areas for action are the comparability practices by governments, particularly in the areas of classification standards and pay setting. Hospital personnel practices which continue past effects of occupational segregation also should be changed.
In vivo analysis of trypanosome mitochondrial RNA function by artificial site-specific RNA endonuclease-mediated knockdown
Authors: Szempruch Anthony J. , Choudhury Rajarshi , Wang Zefeng , Hajduk Stephen L.
Published: September 2015

Trypanosomes possess a unique mitochondrial genome called the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). Many kDNA genes encode pre-mRNAs that must undergo guide RNA-directed editing. In addition, alternative mRNA editing gives rise to diverse mRNAs and several kDNA genes encode open reading frames of unknown function. To better understand the mechanism of RNA editing and the function of mitochondrial RNAs in trypanosomes, we have developed a reverse genetic approach using artificial site-specific RNA endonucleases (ASREs) to directly silence kDNA-encoded genes. The RNA-binding domain of an ASRE can be programmed to recognize unique 8-nucleotide sequences, allowing the design of ASREs to cleave any target RNA. Utilizing an ASRE containing a mitochondrial localization signal, we targeted the extensively edited mitochondrial mRNA for the subunit A6 of the F0F1 ATP synthase (A6) in the procyclic stage of Trypanosoma brucei. This developmental stage, found in the midgut of the insect vector, relies on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production with A6 forming the critical proton half channel across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Expression of an A6-targeted ASRE in procyclic trypanosomes resulted in a 50% reduction in A6 mRNA levels after 24 h, a time-dependent decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and growth arrest. Expression of the A6-ASRE, lacking the mitochondrial localization signal, showed no significant growth defect. The development of the A6-ASRE allowed the first in vivo functional analysis of an edited mitochondrial mRNA in T. brucei and provides a critical new tool to study mitochondrial RNA biology in trypanosomes.
The use of duplex-specific nuclease in ribosome profiling and a user-friendly software package for Ribo-seq data analysis
Authors: Chung Betty Y. , Hardcastle Thomas J. , Jones Joshua D. , Irigoyen Nerea , Firth Andrew E. , Baulcombe David C. , Brierley Ian
Published: September 2015

Ribosome profiling is a technique that permits genome-wide, quantitative analysis of translation and has found broad application in recent years. Here we describe a modified profiling protocol and software package designed to benefit more broadly the translation community in terms of simplicity and utility. The protocol, applicable to diverse organisms, including organelles, is based largely on previously published profiling methodologies, but uses duplex-specific nuclease (DSN) as a convenient, species-independent way to reduce rRNA contamination. We show that DSN-based depletion compares favorably with other commonly used rRNA depletion strategies and introduces little bias. The profiling protocol typically produces high levels of triplet periodicity, facilitating the detection of coding sequences, including upstream, downstream, and overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) and an alternative ribosome conformation evident during termination of protein synthesis. In addition, we provide a software package that presents a set of methods for parsing ribosomal profiling data from multiple samples, aligning reads to coding sequences, inferring alternative ORFs, and plotting average and transcript-specific aspects of the data. Methods are also provided for extracting the data in a form suitable for differential analysis of translation and translational efficiency.
Expedited quantification of mutant ribosomal RNA by binary deoxyribozyme (BiDz) sensors
Authors: Gerasimova Yulia V. , Yakovchuk Petro , Dedkova Larisa M. , Hecht Sidney M. , Kolpashchikov Dmitry M.
Published: September 2015

Mutations in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) have traditionally been detected by the primer extension assay, which is a tedious and multistage procedure. Here, we describe a simple and straightforward fluorescence assay based on binary deoxyribozyme (BiDz) sensors. The assay uses two short DNA oligonucleotides that hybridize specifically to adjacent fragments of rRNA, one of which contains a mutation site. This hybridization results in the formation of a deoxyribozyme catalytic core that produces the fluorescent signal and amplifies it due to multiple rounds of catalytic action. This assay enables us to expedite semi-quantification of mutant rRNA content in cell cultures starting from whole cells, which provides information useful for optimization of culture preparation prior to ribosome isolation. The method requires less than a microliter of a standard Escherichia coli cell culture and decreases analysis time from several days (for primer extension assay) to 1.5 h with hands-on time of ∼10 min. It is sensitive to single-nucleotide mutations. The new assay simplifies the preliminary analysis of RNA samples and cells in molecular biology and cloning experiments and is promising in other applications where fast detection/quantification of specific RNA is required.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and placental malaria infection in an area characterized by unstable malaria transmission in central Sudan
Authors: Eltayeb Reem , Bilal Naser , Abass Awad-Elkareem , Elhassan Elhassan M. , Mohammed Ahmed , Adam Ishag
Published: September 2015

Background:The pathogenesis of malaria during pregnancy is not fully understood. A proinflammatory cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is suggested as a factor involved in the pathogenesis of malaria during pregnancy.

Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Medani Hospital, Sudan to investigate MIF levels in placental malaria. Obstetrical and medical characteristics were gathered from each parturient woman using questionnaires. All women (151) were investigated for malaria using blood film and placental histology. MIF levels were measured using ELISA in paired maternal and cord blood samples.

Results: There were noP. falciparum-positive blood films obtained from maternal peripheral blood, placenta or cord samples. Out of 151 placentae, four (2.6%), one (0.7%), 32 (21.2%) showed acute, chronic and past infection on histopathology examinations respectively, while the rest (114; 75.5%) of them showed no signs of infection.There was no significant difference in the median (interquartile) of maternal [5.0 (3.7─8.8) vs 6.2(3.5─12.0) ng/ml, P=0.643] and cord [8.1(3.3─16.9) vs 8.3(4.2─16.9), ng/ml, P= 0.601] MIF levels between women with a positive result for placental malaria infection (n=37) and women with a negative result for placental malaria infection (n=114). In regression models placental malaria was not associated with maternal MIF, hemoglobin or birth weight. MIF was not associated with hemoglobin or birth weight.

Conclusion: There was no association between maternal and cord MIF levels, placental malaria, maternal hemoglobin and birth weight.
Problems of the Thesis on the Only True Interpretation in the Constitutional Law Sphere (Part I)
Authors: Karvalu Marsiya Khayde Portu
Published: September 2015

H.-G. Gadamer has established the foundations of philosophical hermeneutics, in which it is important, a preliminary understanding of the interpreter and the tradition. R. Dworkin harshly criticized the idea that the individual constitutional rights may be limited to preserve the rights and demands of society as a whole. In addition, assuming that there should be judicial discretion, even in difficult cases, the author criticized the judge’s image of an ideal that can detect only one correct answer for specific cases. For neoconstitutsionalists R. Alexy and M. Borowski, comprehension is not a procedure that would have resulted in all or in any case to a single and unequivocal results, however, according to M. Borowski, it’s not a lack of specific comprehension of the concept, and quality that characterizes the whole process deciding regulatory issues. The thesis of the only correct interpretation has problems, as indicated by the positivists and neoconstitutsionalists. Indeed, it is impossible that it was the only right decision in each case, in particular in the constitutional area. Taking into account, the open, uncertain and fragmented nature of constitution and characteristics of the social reality in which it is used, it is possible to create a variety of correct answers for the solution of practical problems. Through the interpretation (application) of the constitution implies that it is possible to determine the outcome in a rational and controlled process, approve the result with convincing arguments and thus create certainty and predictability.
New child poverty measure will not measure child poverty
Authors: Henshaw Pete
Published: September 2015

The government's plan to scrap its 2020 pledge to end child poverty and alter how it measures child poverty, removing any link to family income, may help ministers to present a positive picture in five years' time, but it will do nothing to help those living in poverty, says Pete Henshaw
Asthma and growth: Providing reassurance to families
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: September 2015

In children with asthma, inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) improve lung function and reduce symptoms, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and exacerbations. However, the risk that long-term ICS use may impair growth remains a concern for patients, parents and healthcare professionals. Indeed, ICS seem to impair growth velocity during the first year of treatment. Although the effect on growth velocity seems to decline in subsequent years, long-term ICS use may produce a small deficit in adult height. Nevertheless, the benefits of using ICS to control asthma probably outweigh the small effect on growth and height. However, further studies are needed. In the meantime, children should use the lowest dose of ICS that controls their asthma and their growth should be systematically monitored.
Flu immunisation: The Workforce Planning and Models of Delivery Toolkit
Authors: Beswick Tracy
Published: September 2015

Tracy Beswick introduces the Workforce Planning and Models of Delivery Toolkit, to be launched this month to help support the delivery of the childhood flu immunisation programme.
Leafing through autumn days
Authors: Francis-Pester Dawn
Published: September 2015

Crunchy coloured leaves help to make autumn magical. In this article, we feature ideas to help children have fun and to capture the magic of the season, both indoors and outside.
Fruit & Veg: T is for Tomato…
Authors: Hammond Paula , Lillie Stephen
Published: September 2015

This month, we continue our extended adventure around the alphabetical vegetables and fruits of the world, by looking at a very popular fruit that we usually think of as a vegetable.
Orca: the wonder of killer whales
Authors: Garner Lynne
Published: September 2015

This is the sixth article in a series exploring the world of apex animals, their lifestyles, and their place in storytelling, helping to bring these animals a little bit closer to our children.
Basket of goodies
Authors: Hewson Claire
Published: September 2015

Build on the rich tradition of treasure baskets by putting together your own mixture of unique contents to encourage children to explore and experiment freely with everyday objects.
Secrets of the sea
Authors: Cruickshank Sarah
Published: September 2015

Start with the topic of the discovery, and raising, of the Mary Rose to explore the idea of recovering sunken objects, and spark children's fascination with under-water archaeology.
Building memories
Authors: Doyle Phoebe
Published: September 2015

It is important to spend time with your children and build shared memories together, even if you are pressured for time. Phoebe Doyle provides some ideas on how to maximise every opportunity.
Teddy's travels
Authors: de Bruin Eleanor
Published: September 2015

Explore different countries by taking Teddy on a round the world trip and help children develop their listening and communication skills as he progresses through his travels.
On your own feet
Authors: de Bruin Eleanor
Published: September 2015

Jeanne Willis' There is an Ouch in my Pouch, about a young wallaby's adventures, offers a good basis to introduce the topics of siblings and independence in a sensitive way.
Dealing the cards
Authors: Harries Judith
Published: September 2015

In this second article in a series to help children develop writing skills, Judith Harries encourages children to make cards and develop a signature, and explores their journey through the postal system.
Patient-Controlled Analgesia Basal Infusion Overdose; Life-threatening Errors with Flecainide Suspension in Children; Medical Product Error-Prevention Efforts Need to be Shared and Harmonized Internationally
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L.
Published: September 2015

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers’ names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.

Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to ISMP through the ISMP Web site ( www.ismp.org ), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters’ wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Bevacizumab and Temozolomide plus Radiation Regimen for Glioblastoma Multiforme
Authors: Rutledge Matthew R. , Waddell J. Aubrey , Solimando Dominic A.
Published: September 2015

The complexity of cancer chemotherapy requires pharmacists be familiar with the complicated regimens and highly toxic agents used. This column reviews various issues related to preparation, dispensing, and administration of antineoplastic therapy, and the agents, both commercially available and investigational, used to treat malignant diseases.
Survey of Emergency Medicine Pharmacy Education Opportunities for Students and Residents
Authors: Vollman Kristan E. , Adams Christopher B. , Shah Manish N. , Acquisto Nicole M.
Published: September 2015

Background

Pharmacy services in the emergency department (ED) have been shown to decrease medication adverse events and improve patient outcomes. Anecdotally, there has been expansion of emergency medicine (EM) educational opportunities for pharmacy students and postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residents, however the extent of this expansion is currently unknown.

Objective

The objective of this survey study is to determine the prevalence and nature of EM pharmacy training available to pharmacy students and residents.

Methods

Electronic surveys were distributed to chairs of departments of pharmacy practice and experiential education representatives at Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education–accredited colleges or schools of pharmacy as well as residency program directors at American Society of Health-System Pharmacists–accredited postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) programs. Questions were asked related to demographics, EM introductory or advanced pharmacy practice experiences (IPPE or APPE), and PGY1 and non-EM postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) rotations. Five reminder e-mails and weekly and grand prize drawings were offered. Data that were gathered are presented utilizing descriptive statistics.

Results

Overall, 57/110 (52%) colleges or schools of pharmacy representatives and 286/831 (34%) residency program representatives completed the survey. Colleges or schools of pharmacy reported EM IPPEs and APPEs at 12/57 (21.1%) and 44/53 (83%), respectively. EM pharmacy rotations were available for PGY1 and non-EM PGY2 residents at 212/286 (74.1%) and 83/157 (52.9%) of institutions, respectively.

Conclusions

Survey results represent the prevalence and characteristics of EM-related education opportunities for pharmacy students and residents.
Compatibility of Vancomycin and Oxacillin during Simulated Y-Site Delivery
Authors: Teibel Hilary M. , Knoderer Chad A. , Nichols Kristen R.
Published: September 2015

Background

Vancomycin and oxacillin may be used together as empiric coverage in patients with proven or suspected Staphylococcus aureus infections . Though vancomycin hydrochloride 20 mg/mL and oxacillin sodium 160 mg/mL are reported to be compatible via Y-site delivery, Y-site compatibility of commonly used concentrations, vancomycin 10 mg/mL and oxacillin 20 mg/mL, has not yet been reported.

Objective

To determine the Y-site compatibility of vancomycin 10 mg/mL and oxacillin 20 mg/mL.

Methods

One vancomycin hydrochloride 1 g vial was reconstituted with 10 mL sterile water for injection (SWFI) and diluted with 90 mL 5% dextrose in water (D5W) in an evacuated intravenous (IV) bag. One oxacillin sodium 2 g vial was reconstituted with 11.5 mL sterile water for injection and diluted with 88 mL sterile water for injection in an evacuated IV bag. Three mL of each vancomycin and oxacillin were mixed in 4 test tubes to simulate Y-site delivery. Spectrometry, pH evaluation, and visual examination were performed for each test tube immediately following mixing and at 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours after mixing.

Results

Upon visual examination with multiple backgrounds, a white precipitant was immediately evident in the test tubes with vancomycin and oxacillin combined. Spectrometry results strongly supported evidence of precipitation throughout the duration of the experiment.

Conclusions

Vancomycin 10 mg/mL and oxacillin 20 mg/mL were determined to be physically incompatible for Y-site delivery in this study, despite prior evidence that the 2 medications in different concentrations were suitable for Y-site co-administration.
Approvals, Submission, and Important Labeling Changes for US Marketed Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: September 2015

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of this information; however, if there are any questions, please let me know at danial.baker@wsu.edu .
Incorporating Pharmacy Scholarship to Management Responsibilities
Authors: Hertig John B. , Weber Robert J.
Published: September 2015

Practice advancement demands innovation. Amidst professional change, pharmacy leaders have the opportunity to collaborate with colleagues to develop transformational ideas, implement these solutions, and share those successes with professionals around the state, country, and world. Scholarship, defined as contributing to the literature through publications, presentations, and other writings, is an ideal way to advance innovation within the profession. It is critical for pharmacy leaders to build scholarship into their professional workflow. Ensuring that successful projects are published or presented may translate into shared best practices. Many pharmacy leaders may find it difficult to participate in scholarship activities because of their busy schedules. This column serves to outline recommendations on how to effectively incorporate writing for publications, making presentations, and other scholarly work into the role of pharmacy leaders and managers. To reduce the barriers to scholarship, pharmacy leaders role can apply project management principles to their work and identify projects that otherwise would not be published and support their development.
Endothelial Fas-Ligand in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and in Acute Appendicitis
Authors: Kokkonen Tuomo S. , Karttunen Tuomo J.
Published: September 2015

Fas-mediated induction of apoptosis is a major factor in the selection of lymphocytes and downregulation of immunological processes. In the present study, we have assessed endothelial Fas-ligand (FasL) expression in normal human ileum, appendix, and colon, and compared the expression levels with that in inflammatory bowel disease and in acute appendicitis. In a normal appendix, endothelial FasL levels were constant in almost half of the mucosal vessels; but, in the normal ileum and colon, endothelial FasL was practically restricted to areas in close proximity to lymphatic follicles, and was expressed mainly in the submucosal aspect of the follicles in the vessels with high endothelium. In samples from subjects with either Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, the extent of endothelial FasL expression was elevated in the submucosa and associated with an elevated number of lymphoid follicles. In inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers and areas with a high density of mononuclear cells expressing FasL also showed an elevated density of blood vessels with endothelial FasL expression. Although the function of endothelial FasL remains unclear, such a specific expression pattern suggests that endothelial FasL expression has a role in the regulation of lymphocyte access to the peripheral lymphoid tissues, including the intestinal mucosa.
Holiness of life and dating practices of freshman and sophomore student at Adventist university of Indonesia
Authors: Hutagalung Stimson
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of holiness of life toward the practice of dating at University Advent Indonesia Bandung. The study covered aspects of holiness of life and practice of dating. The study was descriptive covering a simple random sampling of 84 respondents drawn from 541 students. Data collected through questionnaire and was analyzed using statistical tools SPSS 16. The practice of dating: holding hands when dating 36%, hugging and kissing on the lips 10%, heavy kissing 8%, having sex 1%. From data analysis concluded that the holiness of life affects only effected by 12.6% toward the practice of dating, while 87.4% influenced by other variables not examined, the value of the R Square below 5% or likely to approach a value of 0, it can be concluded the ability of independent variables in explaining the variation of variables is very limited. This means that there was no effect between holiness of life toward dating practices.
Developing a combinatorial model for the multiple constant multiplication
Authors: Al-Hasani Firas Ali Jawad
Published: September 2015

A combinatoric model for the multiple constant multiplication (MCM) operation is developed. The model is found by decomposing each coefficient using the A−operation into two subexpressions. The constituted subexpressions are, in turn, decomposed using the A−operation. Connecting all of the decompositions results the decomposition graph which represents the solution space. The decomposition graph itself is not feasible for routing to find the minimum solutions. Therefore, a transformation on the A−operation is proposed to make the decomposition graph routable. In this case, the A−operation is transformed into a subexpression operation by replacing the shift information attached to the arcs by the other subexpression information which is called the demand. A demand that attached to an arc will represent its cost. The resulting transformed graph is called the demand graph. The demand graph is augmented with deadheading arcs to make it routable. Deadheading arcs are with zero demand. Similarly, traversing an arc with synthesized demand is of zero cost. Enumerating all of the routes that start from the signal vertex and visit all the coefficients gives all the solutions of the MCM problem. The routing technique requires redirecting the route when encountering an unsynthesized demand. The route in this case backtrack to the first encountered synthesized ancestors for this demand. This routing style analogous to the dynamic capacitated arc routing. To prevent exhaust routing, ant colony optimization (ACO) meta-heuristics is proposed to traverse the augmented demand graph. The solution space contains all the possible solutions that can be obtained from using both of the common subexpression elimination (CSE) and graph dependent heuristics that traditionally used to solve the MCM operation.
Web browsers forensic analysis review
Web tarayıcılarda adli analiz incelemesi
Authors: Baran Erkan , Çakır Huseyin , Uluyol Çelebi
Published: September 2015

Nowadays, web browser tools are seen ıntensıvely durıng the usage of web applıcatıons. Because of that, browsers provıdes ınfrastructure of a largo majorıty of crımes. Because guılty or suspect can use the browsers to collect ınformatıons, to hıde hıs crıme, learn new crımınal methods or to apply they have learned. In thıs study, ıt ıs also seeked answers of how a process can be monıtored on the computers whıch are used on browsers, ın whıch fıles whıch datas are looked and when and whıch sıtes are accessed. Accordıng to research of W3counter web stats tool, Chrome Web browser, whıch has %43 persentage of across the world ın usage, ıs proses as the most demanded browser ın thıs study by users, and ıt ıs scented out ın thıs browser's related fıles. In these days, ''hıdden mode'' whıch take part ın vast majorıty of browsers ıs also examıned. Thıs feature of the browser, whıch ıs receıved reference, ıs tracked by testıng and ıs sought data ın RAM memory and fıle systems. Thus, '' hıdden mode'' effects are dıscussed ın provıdıng studıes about suspect or crımınal posıtıon people, what kınd of data can be obtaıned ın usıng '' hıdden mode” ıs revealed.

 

Özet

Günümüzde internet uygulamalarının kullanımı sırasında web tarayıcı araçlarının yoğun bir şekilde kullanımı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle tarayıcılar, işlenen suçların büyük bir çoğunluğuna altyapı sağlar. Çünkü suçlu ya da şüpheli, tarayıcıları bilgi toplamak, suçunu gizlemek, yeni suç metotları öğrenmek ya da öğrendiklerini uygulamak için kullanabilir.  Bu çalışmada da tarayıcıların kullanıldığı bilgisayarlar üzerinde bırakılan izlerin tespitinde nasıl bir süreç izlenebileceği, hangi dosyalarda hangi verilere bakılabileceği ve ne zaman hangi sitelere erişim sağlandığı gibi çeşitli sorulara cevaplar aranmaktadır. w3counter adlı internet istatistik aracının yaptığı araştırmaya göre, dünya genelinde %43'lük bir kullanım alanına sahip olan Chrome web tarayıcısı, kullanıcılar tarafından en çok talep gören tarayıcı olarak bu araştırma içinde referans alınmaktadır ve bu tarayıcıya ait ilgili dosyalarda izler sürülmektedir. Ayrıca günümüz tarayıcıların büyük bir çoğunluğunda yer alan “gizli mod” özelliği incelenmektedir.  Referans alınan tarayıcının bu özelliği test edilerek iz sürülmekte, dosya  sistemlerinde ve RAM bellekte veri aranmaktadır.Böylelikle “gizli mod” kullanımında ne tür veriler elde edilebileceği ortaya konarak şüpheli ya da suçlu konumundaki kişilere ait delillendirme çalışmalarında “gizli mod” kullanımının etkileri tartışılmaktadır. 
A natural language interface for querying general and individual knowledge
Authors: Amsterdamer Yael , Kukliansky Anna , Milo Tova
Published: September 2015

Many real-life scenarios require the joint analysis ofgeneral knowledge, which includes facts about the world, withindividual knowledge, which relates to the opinions or habits of individuals. Recently developed crowd mining platforms, which were designed for such tasks, are a major step towards the solution. However, these platforms require users to specify their information needs in a formal, declarative language, which may be too complicated for naïve users. To make the joint analysis of general and individual knowledge accessible to the public, it is desirable to provide an interface that translates the user questions, posed in natural language (NL), into the formal query languages that crowd mining platforms support.

While the translation of NL questions to queries over conventional databases has been studied in previous work, a setting with mixed individual and general knowledge raises unique challenges. In particular, to support the distinct query constructs associated with these two types of knowledge, the NL question must be partitioned and translated using different means; yet eventually all the translated parts should be seamlessly combined to a well-formed query. To account for these challenges, we design and implement a modular translation framework that employs new solutions along with state-of-the art NL parsing tools. The results of our experimental study, involving real user questions on various topics, demonstrate that our framework provides a high-quality translation for many questions that are not handled by previous translation tools.
SQLite optimization with phase change memory for mobile applications
Authors: Oh Gihwan , Kim Sangchul , Lee Sang-Won , Moon Bongki
Published: September 2015

Given its pervasive use in smart mobile platforms, there is a compelling need to optimize the performance of sluggish SQLite databases. Popular mobile applications such as messenger, email and social network services rely on SQLite for their data management need. Those mobile applications tend to execute relatively short transactions in the autocommit mode for transactional consistency in databases. This often has adverse effect on the flash memory storage in mobile devices because the small random updates cause high write amplification and high write latency. In order to address this problem, we propose a new optimization strategy, called
per-page logging (PPL)
, for mobile data management, and have implemented the key functions in
SQLite/PPL.
The hardware component of
SQLite/PPL
includes phase change memory (PCM) with a byte-addressable, persistent memory abstraction. By capturing an update in a physiological log record and adding it to the PCM log sector,
SQLite/PPL
can replace a multitude of successive page writes made to the same logical page with much smaller log writes done to PCM much more efficiently. We have observed that
SQLite/PPL
would potentially improve the performance of mobile applications by an order of magnitude while supporting transactional atomicity and durability.
Association rules with graph patterns
Authors: Fan Wenfei , Wang Xin , Wu Yinghui , Xu Jingbo
Published: September 2015

We propose graph-pattern association rules (GPARs) for social media marketing. Extending association rules for item-sets, GPARs help us discover regularities between entities in social graphs, and identify potential customers by exploring social influence. We study the problem of discovering top-
k
diversified GPARs. While this problem is NP-hard, we develop a parallel algorithm with accuracy bound. We also study the problem of identifying potential customers with GPARs. While it is also NP-hard, we provide a parallel scalable algorithm that guarantees a polynomial speedup over sequential algorithms with the increase of processors. Using real-life and synthetic graphs, we experimentally verify the scalability and effectiveness of the algorithms.