bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Appropriation of the Environment, Motor Experiences and Sporting Activities of Girls and Women
Authors: Pfister Gertrud
Published: March 2007

In the Western world women, if they are interested in sport at all, are mostly engaged in physical activities which allow an aesthetic presentation and/or a modelling of the body. They arc relatively seldom active in types of sport in which the body is employed as an instrument in trials of strength with others or with the environment. At the same time women do not claim much space in many respects—their presence does not fill a room, they do not prowl the streets, they seldom appropriate and use the natural environment for sport.

The differences between men and women in sport orientation and the use of physical space begins in childhood. The results of the research can be summed up as follows:

1. The space used by boys was much larger than the space used by girls.

2. Girls are underrepresented on public sporting grounds.

3. Boys and girls differ in the way they use play grounds and other areas appropriated for free movement.

4. Boys' activities tend to contain sporting elements while girls' leisure time activities are more sedentary.

The causes for these different play and motor preferencies lay in different areas: the family, peer-groups, sporting facilities and so on. Here are the possible sites for change.
Far Pavilions?: Cricket Migrants, Foreign Sojourns and Contested Identities
Authors: Maguire Joseph , Stead David
Published: March 2007

This research probes the more recent features of the long term migration phenomenon with particular reference to the overseas migrant in English cricket. This migration is part of a broader process of sports labour migration. The rules and regulations governing migrant access to English cricket were investigated and the extent and form of overseas migration established. The range of donor countries reflects both the spread of cricket and the strong British colonial influence. Interviews with a sample of players focused on personal and professional objectives, their employment negotiations and conditions, their personal and professional adjustments and their sense of cultural and national identity. English cricket is the 'global finishing school'. Migration was viewed as a logical step for professional development. Loneliness and insecurity figured highly. Questions of attachment to place, notions of self identity and allegiance to a specific country emerged as important elements in the experience of cricket migrants. The paper concludes with a more detailed discussion of the issue of identity, cricket and sports labour migration.
Using and Documenting Nursing Diagnosis in An Ambulatory Setting
Authors: Bru Georgina
Published: March 2007

Documentation and the use of nursing diagnosis have proved to be important in increasing the efficiency of communication and the clarification of nursing services provided. This has led to better utilization of nursing resources. The increased emphasis on ambulatory care has shifted our focus to nurses' roles in clinic and day hospital settings. How do nurses document the care they provide in an ambulatory setting? Can nursing diagnosis be used as effectively in the outpatient department as it has been in the acute or chronic inpatient hospital setting? This article describes how one agency developed a unique documentation tool for ambulatory care which allows for and encourages the use of nursing diagnosis by staff nurses, IV nurses and nurses in expanded roles, and facilitates communication among all nursing personnel.
Home Administration of Medications in Pediatric Oncology Patients: Use of the Travenol® Infusor
Authors: Pasut Bernice
Published: March 2007

Administration of chemotherapy and other medications with an infusor can fa cilitate home care of the pediatric oncology patient. An infusor that is reliable, lightweight, disposable, and delivers an infusion at a constant rate is described in two case studies. Use of this device has allowed children to receive most of their chemotherapy as outpatients thus decreasing the cost of care and facili tating the child's return to more normal daily activities.
Simplicity in Visual Representation: A Semiotic Approach
Authors: Barton Ben F. , Barton Marthalee S.
Published: March 2007

Simplicity, as an ideal in the design of visual representations, has not received systematic attention. High-level guidelines are too general, and low-level guidelines too ad hoc, too numerous, and too often incompatible, to serve in a particular design situation. This paper reviews notions of visual simplicity in the literature within the analytical framework provided by Charles Morris' communication model, specifically, his trichotomy of communication levels—the syntactic, the semantic, and the pragmatic. Simplicity is ultimate ly shown to entail the adjudication of incompatibilities both within, and between, levels.
Learning Productivity— Practicing What We Teach
Authors: Esbeck Edward S.
Published: March 2007

Conclusions about the positive effect of worker participation and own ership on productivity are used to develop a parallel consideration of the productivity of management and organizational behavior classes. The cen tral theme is the proposition that learning productivity depends on learner involvement. Personal observations and teaching experiences are supported with productivity literature, achievement and self concept research data, and learning theory. The overall conclusions are that when students take re sponsibility for their learning results, productivity increases and they develop skill with managing high involvement work processes.
Adaptive Control of Odor-Guided Locomotion: Behavioral Flexibility as an Antidote to Environmental Unpredictability1
Authors: Belanger Jim H. , Willis Mark A.
Published: March 2007

Many animals find distant unseen resources by guiding their locomotion through fluid media, using olfactory information acquired from plumes of odorant molecules issuing from the resource of interest. This behavior occurs in birds and fish, but much of our knowledge of it derives from flying insects, especially moths. It is a highly integrative behavior, requiring not only the integration of olfactory information with a behavioral strategy to maintain contact with the odor plume, but also an ability to detect the direction of fluid flow that is carrying the odor cue. The temporal-spatial structure of the odor plume is determined by the fluid dynamics of the environment, and it profoundly affects the behavior. Thus, the success of animals (or artificial agents) is determined by an interaction between sensory input and internally generated behaviors. We have implemented behavioral-level simulations of odor-modulated moth flight to understand how the properties of the odor stimulus and the behavioral system interact to result in successful source location. Even simple reflexive models can track predictable, laminar-flow plumes, but only models with internally generated behaviors can track unpredictable, turbulent plumes. The "best" behavioral strategy depends on both the structure of the odor stimulus and an agent's performance limits.
How Learning and Evolution Interact: The Case of a Learning Task which Differs from the Evolutionary Task
Authors: Nolfi Stefano
Published: March 2007

It has been reported recently that learning has a beneficial effect on evolution even if the learning involved the acquisition of an ability which is different from the ability for which individuals were selected (Nolfi, Elman & Parisi, 1994). This effect was explained as the result of the inter action between learning and evolution. In a successive paper, however, the effect was explained as a form of recovery from weight perturbation caused by mutations (Harvey, 1996, 1997). In this paper, I provide additional data that show how the effect, at least in the case considered in the paper, can only be explained as a result of the interaction between learning and evolution as originally hypothesized.
Other Cultural Dimensions: Selective Rotations of Sawyer and LeVine's Factor Analysis of the World Ethnographic Sample
Authors: Erickson Edwin E.
Published: March 2007

In the past few years, factor analysis has been used with increasing fre quency as a means for simplifying and epitomizing relationships among sociocultural attributes. For the most part, those who have used the factor analytic model have applied it to the search for simple structure-for the discovery of homogeneous and mutually independent subsets of variables.

In this paper, one factor analysis of comparative ethnographic data, per formed by Sawyer and LeVine, is transformed (by selective rotation) away from the simple structure mode. The transformation produced a number of perspectives on the data which are different from those elicited in the Sawyer-LeVine factor structure. The present findings in no way con tradict those of Sawyer and LeVine; rather, they provide expansions on, and refinements of, certain points. Most importantly, they demonstrate the utility of taking a more flexible approach than has been traditional to the problem of factor rotations.

Some specific results of the present analysis with clear relevance to sociocultural theory include the following: a factor strongly linking food- producing technology to sociopolitical complexity; a partitioning of patri lineal social organization into a general variable, on the one hand, and a specific variant, on the other; and the definition of a general sociopolitical model for smaller-scale, yet politically organized, societies. These results are discussed in the light of theories of culture patterning and cultural evo lution. [Factor analysis; Cross-cultural comparison; Cultural evolution; Culture patterns.]
The Psychophysiological Component of Cultural Difference in Color Naming and Illusion Susceptibility
Authors: Bornstein Marc H.
Published: March 2007

Two classical cognitive phenomena-the naming of colors and the susceptibility to visual illusions-are known to vary across cultures. Explanations for these intercultural differences have, in the past, cen tured on theories of cultural learning, evolution, or relativity. A survey of primary color names reported in this paper suggests a regular geo graphic patterning of color naming identities which parallels the dis tribution of eye pigmentation. It is suggested that differential color sensitivity to short wavelengths, the result of yellow ocular pigment, directly influences color naming. Moreover, this yellow pigment, which reduces chromatic abberation and is therefore advantageous to visual acuity, produces better judgment of certain illusions. The psychophysio logical approach tendered here explains many of the cross-cultural differences in color naming and Muller-Lyer "susceptibility" in a direct and parsimonious fashion.
A Program for Computing Sahlins' Social Profile of Domestic Production and Related Statistics
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: March 2007

Sahlins' concept of the social profile of domestic production and Evans' refinements of the idea are described, and a computer program for carrying out the relevant computations is introduced.
Native Americans and Alcohol: a Preliminary Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Mail Patricia D. , McDonald David R.
Published: March 2007

Alcohol use and abuse is widespread among Native Americans. As a result, much research has focused on this topic. To date, however, no comprehensive compilation of the literature exists. This article attempts to remedy the situation by providing a preliminary, annotated bibliography on the subject and a brief review of the various methodological and theo retical approaches reported in the literature. While the authors are in the process of compiling a comprehensive version, this preliminary bibliog raphy represents an attempt to make available as soon as possible the most significant citations.
Introduction to the Alyawara Ethnographic Data Base
Authors: Denham Woodrow W.
Published: March 2007

The Alyawara Ethnographic Data Base contains approximately 440,000 items of raw, numerically coded ethnographic data from the Alyawara tribe of Central Australia. The data include vital statistics, genealogies, kinship term applications, censuses, maps, group compositional data, behavior stream observations, and meteorological records. All of them have been placed on magnetic tape to facilitate computer-assisted analysis. The data base, and a manual that explains its contents, structure, and operation may be purchased for use in teaching or research. This article is a brief in troduction to the data base.
The HRAF Probability Sample: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Lagacé Robert O.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the selection of the original HRAF "probability sample" of sixty cultural units and the status of their respective data re trieval files. It presents a detailed description of the sampling procedure now being used for selecting an additional sixty cultural units, and a report on the status of the respective files developed thus far. Supporting manuals and computer programs are noted briefly.
Infanticide as a Terminal Abortion Procedure
Authors: Minturn Leigh , Stashak Jerry
Published: March 2007

In this investigation we examine the proposition that infanticide is a terminal abortion procedure, practiced when abortion attempts fail or when the decision to kill an infant is based on characteristics of the baby that can be observed only after birth. Three hypotheses were deivsed to test this assumption: (1) infanticide takes place before the infant's birth ceremony; (2) birth ceremonies are more prevalent in societies practicing infanticide; and (3) the reasons for infanticide and abortion are similar. Hypothesis 2 was rejected because of the presence of birth ceremonies in almost all societies, hypotheses 1 and 3 were confirmed.
Enculturative Continuity and the Importance of Caretakers: Cross-Cultural Codes
Authors: Rohner Ronald P. , Rohner Evelyn C.
Published: March 2007

Using Murdock and White's (1969) sample of 186 societies we present here a set of 20 holocultural codes pertaining to two classes of socialization variables: enculturative continuity, and the importance of various categories of child caretakers. Tests of inter relationships among variables showed that worldwide, mothers are generally the most important caretakers of children, although grandparents, siblings, fathers and others also exert substantial socializing influence on children Mothers and fathers tend to be about equally important as caretakers of sons, but mothers tend to be significantly more important than fathers as caretakers of daughters. Regarding enculturative continuity, to the extent that mothers (but not fathers or others) are important in the caretaking role, both boys and girls tend to be continuously socialized to particpate in the social system in essentially adultlike ways. Finally, the relative importance of mothers versus fathers as caretakers is significantly related to parental warmth, hostility, neglect, and control of children.
The Allocation of Women's Time: An International Comparison
Authors: Evenson Robert E.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews measures of time devoted by adult women to market work, household work, and leisure as reported in a number of previous studies. It sumrnar izes data from eight studies in developed market economies, eleven studies in developed central planned economies, and nine studies in less developed countries. Comparisons between women employed in formal labor markets and women with out formal employment are made. They show that women in planned economies tend to have the highest levels of both market and household work and the lowest levels of leisure. Most of this difference, however, is accounted for by the relatively high levels of formal employment by women in planned economies. In all types of economies, employed women work more hours and enjoy roughly two and three- quarters hours less leisure per day than housewives. My economic interpretation of this pattern argues that costs associated with obtaining and keeping market employ ment of women can explain the substantial differences in leisure among them.
An Exact Significance Test for Three-Way Interaction Effects
Authors: White Douglas R. , Pesner Robert , Reitz Karl P.
Published: March 2007

A modification of Fisher's exact test for the 2 x 2 x 2 contingency table is proposed as a test of the null hypothesis of no three-way statistical in teraction among variables, controlling for the two-way or first-order correlations. The test uses a truncated hypergeometric distribution, limited by the bivariate marginal totals of the variables. Possible generalizations to L x M x N tables are discussed. The test is also applicable to the null hypothesis of no difference in the magnitude of correlation in a comparison of two bivariate distributions. Illustrations of each application are provided. One obvious use in cross-cultural or survey research is as a test of the replication of a correlation in different subsamples of a population.
Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Personality Organization among Czech Elementary School Children
Authors: Matejcek Z. , Kadubcova B.
Published: March 2007

Rohner's Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) and Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) were administered to 228 elementary school children in South Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Results of this study are com pared with findings obtained using the same tests on elementary school children in the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area, and in Monterrey, Mexico. Results of this comparison conform with the expectations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. That is, since Czech children score highest in parental warmth and affection, and lowest in parental hostility, neglect and undifferentiated rejection, they also score lowest in unfavorable personality traits. Comparisons of the three cultural groups make us hypothesize that the negative self-perception of school-age children is in fluenced primarily by parental rejection. Children's dependency seems to be related primarily to parental warmth whereas children's (defensive) independence seems to be influenced largely by parental hostility, neglect, and undifferentiated rejection. However, the nature of "self-protecting independence" (i.e. "defensive inde pendence") is not quite evident and needs further investigation.
The Relationship of Social-Moral Development With Cognitive and Ego Development: a Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Snarey John
Published: March 2007

Kohlberg and others have proposed that cognitive development is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for social-moral development and, in turn, that social-moral development is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for ego development. This study examined these propositions within the cross-cultural context of an Israeli kibbutz. Cognitive and moral development were assessed among adolescent and young adult kibbutzniks; ego and moral development were assessed among senior kibbutz founders. In brief, 93 percent of the subjects scored at the same level or at a higher level in cognitive development than they did in moral development, and 86 percent of the subjects scored at the same level or at a higher level in moral development than they did in ego development. The results are consistent with the hypothesis of a decalage relationship between cognitive, moral, and ego development.
The Relationship of Marital Intimacy and Aloofness To Social Environment: a Hologeistic Study
Authors: Broude Gwen J.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the correlates of marital intimacy and aloofness across cultures. Tests of the theories of other investigators concerning the causes and consequences of marital aloofness, using indirect measures of husband-wife aloofness, fail to find support in the present study, when a more direct measure of marital aloofness is introduced. An alternative explanation of intimacy and aloofness in marriage is tested and supported, leading to the conclusion that marital intimacy is likely to occur in societies where individuals have no social support systems outside of marriage. The study concludes with a test of a set of related hypotheses that are found in the developmental literature, suggesting that adult relationships are affected by early experience with attachment figures; these hypotheses are not supported in the present study.
A History and a Cross-Cultural Study of Motivations for Private Property
Authors: Rudmin Floyd Webster
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural research has a history of more than two millennia, and much of it has been concerned with the institution of private property. This emphasis is shown by a review from Aristotle to the Roman Stoics and early Christians, to Aquinas and the Scholastics, to the classical political economists-including Locke, Rousseau, and Marx-to the nineteenth- century comparative sociologists, and finally to the science of society of Sumner and Hobhouse, who are the forefathers of modern quantitative cross-cultural research. In the present study of archived social science data, interpersonal values were examined as predictors of societal attitudes toward the institution of private property. Using societal median scores for male university students from fifteen societies, preferences for dominance and nonconformity strongly predicted positive property attitudes. Within societies, these relationships were moderated by societal preference for individual autonomy. Thus, the cultural ecology of private property may be a function of social dominance and escape from social control.
The Division of Labor By Sex and Other Gender-Related Variables: an Exploratory Study
Authors: Broude Gwen J.
Published: March 2007

This study tests a set of hypotheses regarding the relationship of varia tions in the division of labor by sex and the patterning of other gender- based phenomena across cultures. The sexual division of labor is found to be significantly associated with attitudes towards sex, customs for arrang ing marriages, male sex-typed behavior, and aggression training for boys. The division of labor is not related to the relative status of men and wom en or to the actual incidence of sexual behavior. The study also comments on the alternative ways in which cause-effect relationships among these variables can be conceptualized.
Saving the Theory: On Chi-Square Tests With Cross-Cultural Survey Data
Authors: Dow Malcolm M.
Published: March 2007

Using data from three well-known cross-cultural survey data sets that differ in size and geographical scope, this article examines the effects of spatial and/or cultural clustering of societies on the usual chi-square test of independence. Sample design effects for individ ual variables and for two-way contingency tables from all three data sets were found to be generally larger than unity, often consid erably so, suggesting that the associated chi-square test statistic var iances are considerably underestimated and that the risk of Type I errors is considerably greater than the 5% level usually assumed by researchers. This is especially true if variable categories have been collapsed to overcome small cell counts, a common occurrence in comparative research. These empirical findings imply that using chi-square tests with categorical variables from cross-cultural sur vey data sets is a relatively easy way to generate an excess of sta tistically significant results, thus increasing the likelihood of "sav ing the theory." The results also strongly suggest that the extensive reporting of naive chi-square independence tests using cross- cultural data sets over the past several decades has led to incorrect rejection of null hypotheses at levels much higher than the expected 5% rate. A reanalysis of chi-square-based inferences from a pre viously published study also supports this conclusion. A deflation factor is proposed for observed chi-squares that reduces the Type I error rates closer to the assumed levels.
Access to Subsistence Resources and the Sexual Division of Labor Among Potters
Authors: Byrne Bryan
Published: March 2007

Research on the sexual division of labor among adults has exam ined its relationship to sexual dimorphism, labor-economizing strategies in production processes, and cultural complexity. The author argues that none of the studies has successfully explained the sexual allocation of labor in some of the crafts because re searchers have not examined the causal effect of the material and social conditions thatgive rise to household-level variation in access to subsistence resources. The author derives a theory from the work of ethnographers George Foster and Dean Arnold, introduces two codes for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, and tests the hy pothesis using logistic regression. The results indicate that the potters tend to be exclusively or primarily women in societies with relatively easy access to subsistence resources. Men tend to be the equal or principle potters in those societies where the potters'nuclear families have limited access to subsistence resources and instead rely on the exchange of manufactured pottery.
Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical and Measurement Refinement
Authors: Singelis Theodore M. , Triandis Harry C. , Bhawuk Dharm P. S. , Gelfand Michele J.
Published: March 2007

In developing a new scale, this article makes theoretical and measurement distinctions between vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism. Vertical collectivism includes perceiving the selfas a part (or an aspect) of a collective and accepting inequalities within the collective. Horizontal collectivism includes perceiving the self as a part of the collective, but seeing all members of the collective as the same; thus equality is stressed. Vertical individualism includes the conception of an autonomous individual and acceptance of inequality. Horizontal individualism includes the conception of an autonomous individual and emphasis on equality. Measurement of these constructs is preferable theoretically and empirically (better internal consistency) to either of the more general constructs of individualism and collectivism or the constituent elements of these constructs, such as self-reliance, hedonism, family integrity, and so on. The usefulness of these theoretical distinctions is demonstrated and their implications are discussed.
Food Resource Periodicity and Cooperation Values: A Cross-Cultural Consideration
Authors: Poggie John J.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the relationship of maintenance systems and socialization values cross-culturally. A theoretical discussion of the hypothesis that periodicity in food resource production relates to socialization for cooperation is presented. Drawing on two separate random samples from the HRAF Probability Sample Files, the hypothesis is tested and found to be strongly supported. The findings are discussed in terms of how they appear to answer a question raised by Margaret Mead some 57 years ago, concerning why some cultures stress cooperation and others do not.
Economic Development, Social Control, and Murder Rates: A Cross-National Approach
Authors: De Li
Published: March 2007

Prior research on the relationship between economic development and murder rates on the cross-national level has produced inconsistent results. This article argues that the relationship between economic development and murder rates can be better understood by adopting the notion of active social control, operationalized as political democracy and mass communication. It is proposed that high levels of active social control, resulting from economic development, will counterbalance the potential for violent behavior and thus reduce murder rates. The findings from an analysis of cross-sectional data from 39 nations support the hypothesis. It is argued that the notion of active social control can be integrated into Durkheim's theory of social solidarity and deviance to build a unified theory of murder and violent behavior.
Ethnology Versus Ethnographic Analogy: A Common Confusion in Archaeological Interpretation
Authors: Peregrine Peter N.
Published: March 2007

Archaeologists must use analogies to interpret the archaeological record. In recent years a number of archaeologists have made a strong case that many of the analogies commonly used are inappropriate because they are based on contemporary societies with potentially very different worldviews, interactions, and even adaptations from ancient societies. However, the distinction between analogies based on single ethnographic cases and analogies based on holocultural comparisons is rarely made. Moreover, the distinction between various methods of holocultural comparisons is completely disregarded. This article argues that Murdock's method of ethnology produces analogies that are not as problematic as either single-culture analogies or other methods of holocultural comparison. The article goes on to describe a variety of ethnological findings that may be useful for archaeological interpretation, and gives an example from the author's research on the late prehistoric Mississippian culture of North America.
Social Hierarchy and Burial Treatments: A Comparative Assessment
Authors: Kamp Kathryn A.
Published: March 2007

A study of the 55 cultures in the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) 60-culture probability sample for which adequate data on burials exists confirms the archaeologists' notion that variation in expenditures on burials can act as a rough indication of status hierarchies. The degree of variability in cost required to infer hierarchy is, however, much greater than that assumed by some archaeologists. Minor to moderate variability in expenditures may be due to a wide variety of causes including the symbolization of small achieved differences in status, age, gender, cause of death, religious affiliation, and numerous idiosyncratic circumstances and personal and social identities. Further investigation shows, moreover, that social competition, rather than hierarchy, is the variable that is most directly being measured, and that burial treatment is only one of many choices for possible competitive display. Thus, societies with considerable differences in the cost of burial treatments always allow or encourage competition, whereas those lacking such variability in burial treatments may or may not.
Perceptions of Others in Self-Descriptions of Children and Adolescents in India
Authors: Kuebli Janet , Reddy Ranjini , Gibbons Judith L.
Published: March 2007

Participants in this study were 190 children in three age groups (ages 9-11, 12-14, and 15-16) from three school groups of different socioeconomic status (SES) (low, middle, high) who wrote responses to the question, "How would you describe yourself to yourself?" Content analyses were conducted to identify references to others in children's self-descriptions. Both function and person identity of references to others were coded. References to others were most frequent for children from low SES, and mention of others overall became more generic and depersonalized with increasing age. Girls mentioned qualities of their relationships with others more than boys did. Results indicate that self-construals vary considerably within culture as well as by social class, age, and gender.
The Willingness to Seek Help: A Cross-National Comparison
Authors: Cohen Ben-Zion , Guttmann David , Lazar Amnon
Published: March 2007

Building on previous research that provides the basis for treating the willingness to seek help as a stable attitudinal set, present in varying degrees in differentpersons, and predictive of behavior, this study addresses two questions: First, to what extent is the willing ness to seek help associated with culture? Second, how do the factors influencing willingness to seek help differ across cultures? Young adults in Hungary, Israel, and the United States (N = 384) provided sociodemographic information and filled out a questionnaire designed to measure their willingness to seek help. The results of the analyses indicate differences between the three countries in the overall willingness to seek help and in the variables predictive of the willingness to seek help. These differences are attributed to differential features of the cultures from which the three subsamples were drawn.
Nonstationary Motion and Instability of a Shaft/Casing System with Rubs
Authors: Ding Q. , Chen Y.S.
Published: March 2007

The partial differential equations governing the shaft/casing system with rubs during passage through the first several critical speeds are solved by an explicit stable finite difference scheme. The ro tational speed of the shaft is increased at a constant angular acceleration. The contact force theory is used to calculate the impacting forces and friction forces. First, the effect of the rotating angular acceleration of the shaft on the instability of the nonstationary motion with rubs is investigated. Then, the irregular changes of the deflection of the shaft, in which are found many modes of bending, and diagrams of the bending moment in rub events are depicted. The results suggest that the instability of motion in rub events could lead to struc tural shaft failure ultimately due to the unlimited increases of the bending moment and bending stress of the shaft accordingly
Estimation of Statistical Distributions for Modal Parameters Identified From Averaged Frequency Response Function Data
Authors: Doebling Scott W. , Farrar Charles R.
Published: March 2007

An algorithm is presented to estimate the statistical distributions of identified modal parameters based on the random errors associated with averaged frequency response function (FRF) estimates. In this study, the modal parameters are assumed to be random variables and the objective is to estimate their dis tribution statistics (e.g., mean and variance). The algorithm first uses a classical approach to estimate the error on the averaged FRF using the coherence function averaged over an ensemble of measured samples. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is then used to propagate the estimated spectral function errors through the modal parameter identification process. A bootstrap estimate of the modal parameter distribution over the full ensemble of individual measurement samples is used to verify the accuracy of the Monte Carlo algo rithm. The statistics of the resulting modal parameter distribution are suitable for use as weights or filtering criteria in model correlation and damage identification schemes. Convergence criteria for determining how many Monte Carlo simulations are required are also presented and discussed. The technique is demonstrated via application to a simulated FRF with known parameter distributions and to experimental data from tests of an in situ bridge.
Dynamic System Parameter Identification by Stochastic Realization Methods
Authors: Lardies Joseph , Larbi Noureddine
Published: March 2007

Methods for modal parameter identification of random vibrating systems from multi-output data only are presented. These methods use a multivariate state-space model and exploit shift properties of a block Hankel matrix, formed from the covariance matrices of output data and shift properties of the observability matrix. Ordinary least squares, total least squares, and partial least squares algorithms are used to determine the transition matrix of the model, which contains all modal information of the vibrating system. A new iterative procedure is also developed to determine this transition matrix. These methods are compared using numerical examples based on simulations and experimental results.
Maximum Principle for the Optimal Control of a Hyperbolic Equation in Two Space Dimensions
Authors: Sadek I.S. , Sloss J.M. , Adali S. , Bruch J.C.
Published: March 2007

A maximum principle is developed for a class of problems involving the optimal control of a damped parameter system governed by a not-necessarily separable linear hyperbolic equation in two space dimensions. An index of performance is formulated, which consists of functions of the state variable, its first and second order space derivatives and first order time derivative, and a penalty function involving the open-loop control force. The solution of the optimal control problem is shown to be unique using convexity arguments. The maximum principle given involves a Hamiltonian, which contains an adjoint variable as well as an admissible control function. The state and adjoint variables are linked by terminal conditions leading to a boundary/initial/terminal value problem. The maximum principle can be used to compute the optimal control function and is particularly suitable for problems involving the active control of two-dimensional structural elements for vibration suppression.
Nonlinear Friction-Induced Vibration in Water-Lubricated Bearings
Authors: Simpson T.A. , Ibrahim R.A.
Published: March 2007

The problem of friction-induced vibration and squeal in water-lubricated shipboard bearings has received extensive studies during the 1970s. These studies were dominated by experimental tests of section models that emulated the actual bearing dynamics. Linear analytical models were analyzed to predict stability boundaries of the equilibrium position. The role of nonlinearity due to the friction-speed curve as well as the time variation of the friction coefficient was not considered. The purpose of the present study is to develop and analyze a nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom model that emulates the dynamics of water-lubricated bearings. Different dynamic characteristics are predicted from the numerical simulation of the equations of motion. A bifurcation diagram is constructed and exhibits different regimes. These regimes include modulated response signals characterized by two frequency responses, on-off intermittent motion representing the incipient of squeal behavior, and limit cycles accompanied with high frequency components. The squeal is revealed by the presence of a high frequency vibration superimposed on the fundamental system frequency. The occurrence of each regime mainly depends on the value of the slope of the friction-speed curve. Other parameters such as natural frequencies, damping ratios, mass ratio, and the initial conditions have less influence on the incipient of squeal.
Active Damping of Structural Modes in High-Speed Machine Tools
Authors: Chung B. , Smith S. , Tlusty J.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the conception, design, and development of an active damper to improve the stability of structural modes of a high-speed machine tool. The design of the active damper and the development of the control strategy are described. The damper is constructed as an electromagnetic actuator consisting of an aluminum housing, an I core, an E core, and a cast iron additional mass. Feedback from the structure is provided by an accelerometer. Experimental results illustrate the performance of the active damper on a structural mode that falls within the bandwidth and force limitations of the actuator. In this case, the active damper reduced the size of the negative real part of the frequency response function for the target mode by a factor of between 2.6 and 5.3, depending on the gain.
Dynamic Stiffness Implications for a Multiaxis Grinding System
Authors: Jenkins Hodge E. , Kurfess Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

Operating a machine tool, such as a grinder, so that the spindle speed is at a system natural fre quency may be useful, since the dynamic stiffness is lower at that frequency and thus may be more tolerant to force variations. It is hoped that a result of this type of operation may produce a better quality surface. In this research, the dynamic stiffness of a three-axis grinding system is experimentally determined. Grind ing experiments are then conducted to determine the effects of dynamic stiffness on surface finish in terms of the surface profile characteristics. Displacements induced by grinding wheels typically exhibit a once- per-revolution effect. Thus, the first experimental grinding wheel speed (in terms of revolutions per second) is selected by examining the empirical dynamic stiffness data and choosing a resonant frequency (cycles per second) in the range of achievable grinding wheel speeds (revolutions per second). For comparison, a grinding run is performed using a higher grinding wheel speed, where the system dynamic stiffness at the cor responding frequency is larger. Additionally, simulations are performed for estimated grinding displacement time-histories based on wheel speed. Simulated results support the preliminary experimental data, which indicate smoother surfaces result when grinding with rotational speeds corresponding to a natural frequency.
A New Procedure for Optimization of a Class of Linear Time-Varying Dynamic Systems
Authors: Agrawal S.K. , Xu X.
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with optimization of a class of linear time-varying dynamic systems with n states and m control inputs commanded to move between two fixed states in a prescribed final time. Using a conventional procedure with Lagrange multipliers, it is well known that the optimal solution must satisfy 2n first-order linear differential equations in the state and Lagrange multiplier variables. Due to the specific nature of boundary conditions with states given at the two end times, the two-point boundary value problem must be solved iteratively using shooting methods, that is, there is no closed-form quick procedure to obtain the solution of the problem. In this paper, a new procedure for dynamic optimization of this problem is presented that does not use Lagrange multipliers. In this new procedure, it is shown that for a dynamic system with n = pm, where p is an integer, the optimal solution must satisfy m 2 p-order differential equations. Due to the absence of Lagrange multipliers, the higher order differential equations can be solved efficiently using classical weighted residual methods.
Asymptotic Separation of the Spectrum in Notched Rods
Authors: Biscontin Gianni , Morassi Antonino , Wendel Pia
Published: March 2007

Theoretical analysis of the axial vibration of slender notched rods via localized compliance models indicates that when there are N notches, the higher part of the spectrum splits in N + 1 branches. Although the separation property is supposed to be valid only in the asymptotic sense, in this paper the authors show that there are cases in which it can be observed and quite accurately measured experimentally, even for relatively low frequencies.
An Improved Artificial Neural Network Method for Monitoring and Diagnosis of Engineering Processes With Applications
Authors: Chen Y. , Du R.
Published: March 2007

An artificial neural network (ANN) is a common method used for the monitoring and diagnosis of engineering processes. The use of ANN consists of two phases: training and reasoning. ANN requires supervised training, which involves designing its structure (select the number of layers and number of nodes at each layer) and setting up its target outputs. In general, the structure design is done by trial and error, and the target outputs are set as "1-0" (1 means a specified process condition occurs and 0 means otherwise). This article demonstrates that the performance of ANN can be improved by adopting proper structure and by using the mean of the training samples as the target outputs. The proposed method is based on the idea that the best ANN is the one being most similar to the training samples or, equivalently, the one minimizing the entropy of the training samples. A procedure of using ANN for monitoring and diagnosing engineering processes is developed accordingly. Using three practical examples (tool condition monitoring in turning, machining condition monitoring in tapping, and metallographic condition monitoring in welding), it is shown that the proposed procedure improves the performance of ANN by at least 10%. In addition, the training time is also reduced.
Design Optimization of Variable Stroke Compressors to Minimize Vibration by Using Asymptotic Analysis
Authors: Ashrafiuon Hashem , Whitman Alan M.
Published: March 2007

A design optimization of a variable displacement compressor that minimizes its crankshaft vibra tion is presented. A vibration mount installed between the flywheel and crankshaft is used as the optimizing element; the stiffness and damping values of the mount are selected so that the shaft vibration level is min imized over the cruise speed range, while the maximum twist angle acceleration amplitude and transmitted torque are kept within acceptable limits for the entire operating speed range. An asymptotic analysis is used to obtain the nonlinear vibrational response. This analysis provides analytic expressions for the motion and forces in terms of the operating speed and other geometric, kinetic, and dynamic parameters. Consequently, the calculation of the objective and constraint functions is simple to do. A result of the analysis is that the optimal design is insensitive to changes in the magnitude and shape of the cylinder pressure excitation.
Getting Up to Speed on the Information Highway: Integrating Web-based Resources into Business Communication Pedagogy
Authors: Clark Thomas D. , Human Sherrie E. , Amshoff Heidi , Sigg Mike
Published: March 2007

Building on student and faculty enthusiasm for Web resources, we addressed four significant questions as we revised a business communications class to incorporate the Internet:

• What Web resources should we include?

• How do we make sure we select high quality sites and assessment tools?

• How do we effectively integrate Web tools with existing pedagogies?

• Will students find Web assignments valuable, easy to access, and useful for course assignments?

We integrated Web resources with other course pedagogies in the undergraduate business communications class and identified Websites relevant for teaching employment communication, including e-mail etiquette, online resumes, and elec tronic job searches. Student evaluations of our Web-enhanced course indicate that most found the Web-based assessments and tools accessible and valuable in fur thering their self-understanding and in leading them to explore other sites not required for class. We developed guidelines for using the new technology to support teaching and learning strategies.
Promoting Innovation in the Workplace: The Internal Proposal
Authors: Reave Laura
Published: March 2007

Today's managers expect employees to be able to contribute not just their labor but also their analysis and ideas, yet little training is provided for writing the major document that contains such ideas: the internal proposal. Business and academic textbooks, as well as academic courses, focus almost entirely on external propos als, which are most appropriate in areas such as consulting and sales. The internal proposal (also known as the justification report), on the other hand, is applicable for almost any student's future career. It provides an opportunity for students to develop the competence and confidence to express their ideas in the workplace, encouraging them to demonstrate awareness and initiative, utilize problem-solving skills, and create a persuasive strategy. Because students are motivated to com plete this real-world assignment, it also inspires some of their best work.
Outlining—A Survey and an Appraisal of the State of the Art
Authors: Clark Andrew K.
Published: March 2007

" Comparing the topic outline with the sentence outline may change an amateur planner of writing into a professional one. "
A Case Study in Business Writing: An Examination of Documents Written by Executives and Managers
Authors: Gallion Leona M. , Kavan C. Bruce
Published: March 2007

This study examines the types of documents written by 23 executives/managers in two different companies—a col lection agency division of a large service company and a mid-sized professional liability insurance company. Implications for business writing courses are given.