bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychanalyse et conception critique du travail : trois approches francfortoises (Marcuse, Habermas et Honneth)
Authors: Renault Emmanuel
Published: February 2011

Résumé Cet article examine la manière dont la psychanalyse est mobilisée dans les modèles critiques proposés par trois figures de la théorie critique francfortoise : Marcuse, Habermas et Honneth. Il s’agit plus précisément d’examiner la manière dont les conceptions freudiennes peuvent être intégrées dans le cadre d’une conception critique du travail et de comparer les approches francfortoises avec certaines orientations fondamentales de la psychodynamique du travail.
De la démarche clinique d'intervention au carrefour d'enjeux disciplinaires, subjectifs et techniques
Authors: De Gasparo Sandro
Published: February 2011

Résumé À partir d’une expérience personnelle de participation à une campagne d’enquêtes de psychodynamique du travail aux côtés de Dominique Dessors sont proposées quelques réflexions sur les enseignements à tirer de sa manière singulière d’intervenir et, d’une façon plus générale, des exigences du travail d’intervention. Cette réflexion aborde de manière dialectique le rapport entre la transmission des règles de métier et le positionnement personnel, le lien entre l’ergonomie et la psychodynamique du travail ou encore la relation entre des questions de méthode et l’éthique de l’intervenant.
À la recherche des questions
Authors: Dejours Christophe
Published: February 2011

Résumé Cet article s’efforce de décrire la façon dont la démarche critique de Dominique Dessors était avant tout orientée par la recherche des questions sans réponse. Cette démarche consisterait, pour les sciences du travail, à adopter un principe apophatique (c’est-à-dire une méthode qui approche la connaissance de Dieu en partant de ce qu’il n’est pas plutôt que de ce qu’il est).
La peur au cœur
Authors: Dessors Dominique , Schram Jean
Published: February 2011

Résumé Les situations menaçantes ne sont pas toujours réductibles à des risques physiques. L’écart entre le projet idéal sur lequel se mobilisent l’investissement personnel et la réalité épuisante provoque chez le travailleur social une tension dangereuse. L’organisation du travail est ici mise en cause.
L'engagement paradoxal des aides à domicile face aux situations repoussantes
Authors: Doniol-Shaw Ghislaine
Published: February 2011

Résumé Une recherche réalisée en 2007 sur les parcours professionnels des femmes travaillant comme aides à domicile auprès de personnes âgées, bénéficiaires d’une aide publique pour le maintien de leur autonomie, a fait apparaître, dans l’expérience de la quasi-totalité des salariées, la confrontation à des personnes vivant dans des conditions d’hygiène personnelle et de leur environnement profondément dégradées, confinant pour beaucoup à l’insalubrité et souvent à la limite du soutenable. Or, on constate que, si les femmes qui décrivent ces situations ne sont pas avares de détails plus sordides les uns que les autres, aucune ne s’en est extraite au motif qu’elles ne relevaient pas de leur fonction. Cet article explore les ressorts de ce paradoxe apparent : dégoût affiché face aux situations d’un côté et engagement dans l’action pour les transformer de l’autre.
Le travail des préposés aux appels d'urgence 9-1-1 : un travail de sentinelle au cœur de la sécurité publique
Authors: Saint-Arnaud Louise , Marché-Paillé Anne , Toulouse Georges , Moore Marisol
Published: February 2011

Résumé Le travail des préposés aux appels d’urgence 9-1-1 reste méconnu malgré son rôle stratégique dans la chaîne opérationnelle de la sécurité publique. Cette enquête de psychodynamique du travail a mis en lumière des savoir-faire et des stratégies défensives de métier permettant aux préposés de tenir dans un travail où la tension psychologique provient autant de l’activité elle-même que du souvenir qu’elle laisse après-coup. Le métier de préposé est un travail d’enquête et d’aide qui s’appuie sur une herméneutique des situations d’urgence, une éthique du récit et une thérapeutique de l’humour. Le métier se construit au fil des années, dans l’effort constant pour que le travail soit fait dans les règles de l’art, et ce, en dépit des contraintes, des risques et du danger.
« Pour être serveuse, tu dois avoir toute ta tête » : efforts et reconnaissance dans le service de table au Québec
Authors: Laperrière Ève , Messing Karen , Bourbonnais Renée
Published: February 2011

Résumé Le travail de serveurs(euses) de restaurant est peu abordé dans la littérature scientifique en santé au travail. La présente étude analyse ce travail à la suite d’une demande syndicale visant un meilleur respect de la profession. Les exigences du travail sont décrites ainsi que les stratégies utilisées pour maintenir l’équilibre entre la santé et la productivité et, surtout, pour obtenir le respect et la reconnaissance. La méthodologie utilisée consiste en des observations et entretiens préliminaires dans trois restaurants, suivis de 33,75 heures d’observations systématiques de neuf personnes affectées au service aux tables dans deux restaurants, ainsi que des entretiens individuels avec ces neuf personnes et une entrevue collective de validation avec cinq personnes qui n’avaient pas participé aux observations. Les serveurs(euses) font face à trois types de défi (physiques, cognitifs et émotionnels) et utilisent plusieurs stratégies pour les relever. Le travail de serveurs(euses) comporte une part très importante de travail mental et émotif, exigeant plusieurs compétences souvent invisibles telles que la gestion des émotions des clients. Dans le contexte de l’Amérique du Nord, où une part importante de la paie provient du pourboire, la plupart des stratégies visent aussi à augmenter la satisfaction du client, dans l’objectif de recevoir un meilleur pourboire et une reconnaissance des compétences. Mais ce pourboire dépend de plusieurs facteurs hors du contrôle de la serveuse, et l’enjeu du pourboire contribue à déséquilibrer les rapports de pouvoir entre la serveuse et son client.
Economie de l'innovation : le rôle des normes techniques et des brevets
Authors: Wolff Dominique
Published: February 2011

Résumé : Dans la littérature, les normes techniques sont présentées comme les garantes des conditions équitables de concurrence entre les firmes. Toutefois, un catalogue de normes peut également être appréhendé comme une encyclopédie de l’état de l’Art des connaissances, de la technique et de la technologie à partir de laquelle il est possible pour les entreprises de reformuler, adapter, développer sans pour autant devoir réinventer l’existant. De fait, de par leurs fonctions, on peut considérer les normes techniques comme ayant un rôle important à jouer dans le processus d’évolution technique et technologique. Dans cette contribution, la problématique qui sera développée consistera, d’une part, à démontrer le rôle central des normes techniques dans le processus d’innovation et d’autre part, à démontrer le rôle stratégique de ces mêmes normes techniques, dont devraient plus largement tenir compte les entreprises lorsqu’il s’agit de protéger leurs inventions : c.-à-d. considérer le rôle central des normes techniques dans le dispositif de protection intellectuel.
Amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique et environnement en chine
Authors: Rouhier Stéphane
Published: February 2011

Résumé La dégradation actuelle de l’environnement en Chine provient en grande partie de la dépendance massive aux sources d’énergie polluantes (charbon, biomasse traditionnelle et pétrole). A présent, la Chine est le premier émetteur mondial de dioxyde de carbone, et la pollution de l’air entraîne des pertes de PIB allant de 2 à 7 % par an en fonction des études. Afin de réduire le niveau de la pollution, on peut, soit améliorer les technologies utilisées, soit réduire la part des énergies polluantes. Les technologies chinoises sont, pour l’instant, moins efficaces que celles utilisées dans les pays développés et le mix énergétique est principalement composé de sources polluantes. Ainsi, ils représentent tous deux d’importants potentiels de réduction d’émissions. Cet article s’intéresse au lien entre diversification, efficacité énergétique dans le secteur électrique et émissions par tête, et montre que les émissions sont négativement corrélées à la diversification du mix énergétique et à l’efficacité du secteur électrique. Cela place de fait ces deux solutions comme des stratégies viables pour lutter contre la pollution.
Ne plus travailler mais oeuvrer
Authors: Piani Richard
Published: February 2011

Résumé : Le monde en ce début de XXI ème siècle est en train de changer très rapidement. La nature des activités, nécessaires pour que chacun d’entre nous subsiste, semble changer également. L’article "Ne plus travailler mais Œuvrer", extrait d’un essai du même nom, émet l’hypothèse que le travail tel que l’humanité l’a éprouvé jusqu’ici, est en train aussi d’évoluer très rapidement. Le travail doit évoluer vers l’œuvre qui permettra à chacun de s’accomplir soi-même tout en créant un produit ou service utile aux autres. Cet article décrit les conditions d’une telle évolution.
A simple model of the diffusion phenomena taking place during the debittering process of green table olives
Authors: Maldonado Mariela B. , Zuritz Carlos A. , Wuilloud Rodolfo G. , Bageta Carlos R. , Terreni Jorge , Sánchez María José
Published: February 2011

The change in the concentration of sodium and calcium ions in the olive flesh and in the lye during the debittering process was quantified. The average concentration of Na increased from 0.0045 to 0,395 meq Na/g of olive flesh and the concentration of Ca increased from 0.018 to 0.0252 meq Ca/g of olive flesh. The firmness of the olives decreased almost linearly from 375 gf to 235 gf during the alkali treatment. The olives also suffered a 25.9% loss in their initial content of reducing sugars. A hypothetical simplified description of the dynamic of ionic charge changes and unwinding of the pectinic structure during the debittering process of green olives has been proposed. In addition, the effective diffusion coefficients were calculated for sodium and calcium using a diffusion model for a composite flat plate and constant diffusion coefficients. The coefficients for both solutes were in the order of 10–12 m2/s for the skin and 10–10 m2/s for the flesh. In both cases, the diffusion coefficients of Na were larger than the diffusion coefficients of Ca.
Some Biological Compounds, Radical Scavenging Capacities and Antimicrobial Activities in the seeds of Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana from Turkey
Authors: Emre İrfan , Kurşat Murat , Kurşat Murat , Yılmaz Ökkeş , Erecevit Pınar
Published: February 2011

This study determined some biological compounds (fatty acid compositions, lipid-soluble vitamins, sterols, flavonoids), radical scavenging capacities and antimicrobial activities in the seeds of Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana. It was found that palmitic acid (C16:0; 8.54±0.13- 3.05±0.04%), oleic acid (C18:1 n9, 22.41±0.8-18.83±0.1%) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3;39.56±0.67-77.04±2.07%) were the dominant fatty acids in both Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana. It was concluded that both Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana contained stigmasterol (630.07±1.81µg/g, 80.74±0.71µg/g, respectively) and ergosterol (1.11±0.14µg/g, 161.32±0.63µg/g respectively) as well as beta-sitosterol (2.93±0.03 µg/g). The present findings show that Nepeta italica L. contains morin (37.79±1.09μg/g), catechin (124.39±2.23µg/g), naringin (475.96±3.57µg/g) and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana contains morin (188.41±2.53µg/g), catechin (64.14±1.86μg/g), naringenin (38.34±1.78μg/g) as major flavonoids. It was also determined that methanol extracts of Nepeta italica L. and Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana were most effective against DPPH radicals. The results of the present study show that the vitamins, flavonoids and fatty acid extracts in the seeds of N. italica L. and S. montana L. subsp. montana prevented the growth of the microorganisms used in the tests at different ratios.
Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of the Egyptian lemongrass Cymbopogon proximus Stapf
Authors: Selim Samy A.
Published: February 2011

The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oil (Eo) and methanol extract from a unique, Egyptian endemic plant, Cymbopogon proximus STAPF. The chemical composition of a hydrodistilled Eo of C. proximus was analyzed by a GC and GC/MS system. A total of 19 constituents representing 95.47% of the oil were identified: piperitone (72.44%), elemol (9.43%), α - eudesmol (4.34%), limonene (2.45%) and β- eudesmol (1.26%) were the main components comprising 88.92% of the oil. The antimicrobial test results showed that the Eo of C. proximus strongly inhibited the growth of the test bacteria studied, except for yeast species while the methanol extract had moderate antibacterial, but no anti-candida activity. Bacillus cereus and Salmonella choleraesuis were proven to be the most susceptible against Eo. The exposure time of Eo for complete inhibition of cell viability of B. cereus and S. choleraesuis were found to be 5 % at 10 min and 1% at 10 min, respectively. The antioxidative potential of the samples was evaluated using methods of inhibition of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) system. The methanol extract was able to reduce the stable free radical DPPH with an IC50 of 48.66±3.1 μg/ml. The results presented here may suggest that the Eo and extracts of C. proximus possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and therefore, can be used as natural preservative ingredients in food and/or pharmaceuticals.
Physical properties of pre-crystallized mixtures of cocoa butter and cupuassu fat
Authors: Quast L. B. , Luccas V. , Kieckbusch T. G.
Published: February 2011

The physical characteristics of pre-crystallized binary mixtures of cocoa butter (Bahia + Indonesian blend) and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% (w/w) cupuassu fat were determined. Precrystallization was carried out using a lab-scale agitated jacket vessel reactor (700 mL). Samples were submitted to differential scanning calorimetry and X-Ray diffraction. The solid fat content and rupture force were also quantified. The snap values of the crystallized mixture decreased with an increase in the amount of alternative fat. A similar trend was observed with respect to the melting point values. The cocoa butter and cupuassu fat X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the predominant formation of the β polimorph. The addition of up to 30% cupuassu fat did not significantly affect the values of the physical properties when compared to pure cocoa butter.
Vegetable oil basestocks for lubricants
Authors: Garcés Rafael , Martínez-Force Enrique , Salas Joaquín J.
Published: February 2011

The use of vegetable biodegradable basestocks for lubricant oils present several advantages over the much more extended mineral bases. These advantages refer to biodegradability, a renewable feedstock of local production, lubricant and viscosity index and lower costs than synthetic lubricant bases. Despite these benefits, their use in industry and motor vehicles is not yet extensive due their lower stability and higher pour points. Vegetable oils are esters of fatty acids and glycerol, and their physicochemical properties rely mainly on the composition of their acyl moieties. Thus, to assure the maximum levels of stability while maintaining acceptable behavior at low temperatures, monounsaturated fatty acids are preferred for this purpose. The presence of natural antioxidants also improves the properties of these vegetable based stocks as lubricants. These oils usually require additives to improve their viscosity value, oxidative stability and properties at low temperatures. In the present work, the different sources of vegetable oils appropriate for biolubricant production were reviewed. Their properties and the future improvement of the oil bases, oil based stock production, uses and additives are discussed.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND STRUCTURE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HYALURONANS: ARE THESE EFFECTS MOLECULAR WEIGHT DEPENDENT?
Authors: Huang Teng-Le , Hsu Horng-Chaung , Yao Chun-Hsu , Chen Yueh-Sheng , Wang Jeff
Published: February 2011

Although hyaluronans (HA) has been proved to be effective in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, the correlations between these effects and the molecular weight (MW) of HA have not been systematically followed. Many different HA preparations are now applied worldwide in clinical usage. Their MWs are very wide ranged (500–6,000 kDa). No systematic review especially addresses the role of HA's MW in the effects of anti-inflammation and structure protection. This study evaluates the literature of the basic and clinical studies on biological, pathological, and clinical effects of different MW HA. Databases were searched through PubMed (period 1978–2009), using the terms hyaluronan, hyaluronic acid, arthritis, and MW. Reference lists of relevant articles were controlled for additional references. We define the "high" MW (HMW) as MW greater than 2,000 kDa and define the "low" MW (LMW) as MW less than 2,000 kDa in the current study. Most data that support the structure protective effect of HA are from the studies with LMW HA. On the other hand, the majority of data that recommend the anti-inflammatory effect of HA are from the reports of HMW HA. In conclusion, we suggest that the effects of LMW HA were more structure protective and those of HMW HA were more anti-inflammatory.
CHITOSAN IN APPLICATIONS OF BIOMEDICAL DEVICES
Authors: Lan Cheng-Wen , Niu Gregory Cheng-Chie , Chang Shwu Jen , Yao Chun-Hsu , Kuo Shyh Ming
Published: February 2011

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide with great potential for biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradable capability, and nontoxicity. Various techniques used for preparing chitosan microspheres/membranes and evaluations of these fabrications have also been reviewed. The hydrophilicity of chitosan provides unique characteristics of hydrogel formation with the acidic media and may entrap the drug content inside of the matrix for controlled release. In order to improve upon the scope of preparation of chitosan microspheres, we had successfully employed and incorporated a high-voltage system into the direct pumping injection process. The wide range of drug release profiles could be attributed to the surface characteristics, porosities, and various structures of chitosan microspheres upon treatment with Na5P3O10/NaOH solutions of various volume ratios. We also demonstrated that with the addition of chitosan/β-TCP microspheres as a constituent into the PMMA cement significantly decreases the curing peak temperature and increases the setting time. The excellent gelforming property of chitosan offers another biomedical application in membrane separation fields. Chitosan membranes were prepared by a thermal induced phase separation method, following treatment with nontoxic NaOH gelating and Na5P3O10, Na2SO3 crosslinking agents. In order to further improve the mechanical strength and biocompatibility and to expand the potential of chitosan GTR membranes in periodontal applications, various chitosan membranes incorporating with negatively charged alginate, bioactive tricalcium phosphate, and platelet rich plasma, respectively, were also prepared and characterized. Moreover, we had also utilized chitosan, which with good blood-clotting, cheap, and easy preparation characteristics, as the raw material to prepare rapid clotting wound dressing and tooth plug.
Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern S100A9 Increases Bactericidal Activity of Human Neutrophils by Enhancing Phagocytosis
Authors: Simard Jean-Christophe , Simon Marie-Michelle , Tessier Philippe A. , Girard Denis
Published: February 2011

The damage-associated molecular-pattern S100A9 is found at inflammatory sites in infections and various autoimmune diseases. It is released at very high concentrations in the extracellular milieu by activated neutrophils and monocytes in response to various agents. This proinflammatory protein is found in infected mucosae and tissue abscesses where it acts notably as a potent neutrophil activator. In this study, we examined the role of S100A9 in the control of infections. S100A9 was found to increase human neutrophil bactericidal activity toward Escherichia coli. Although S100A9 induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species over time through the activation of NADPH oxidase, its antimicrobial activity was mediated mainly by enhancing the efficiency of neutrophil phagocytosis. Interestingly, S100A9 did not act by increasing cell surface expression of CD16, CD32, or CD64 in neutrophils, indicating that its biological effect in FcR-mediated phagocytosis is independent of upregulation of FcγR levels. However, S100A9-induced phagocytic activity required the phosphorylation of Erk1/2, Akt, and Syk. Taken together, our results demonstrate that S100A9 stimulates neutrophil microbicidal activity by promoting phagocytosis.
Autonomic Dysfunction in Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. A Paraneoplastic Syndrome?
Authors: Bilora Franca , Veronese Francesco , Zancan Alice , Biasiolo Michela , Pomerri Fabio , Muzzio Pier Carlo
Published: February 2011

We wanted to determine whether autonomic dysfunction in patients with lymphoma is related to chemotherapy or represent a paraneoplastic syndrome. 40 patients with current or cured Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 40 healthy controls, matched for age, gender, hypertension and diabetes mellitus underwent autonomic evaluation (Deep Breath, Valsalva Maneuver, Hand Grip, Lying to Standing, Tilt Test). Current patients also suffering from diabetes or hypertension, or still on chemotherapy revealed autonomic changes, while cured or healthy subjects did not. Autonomic dysfunction in lymphoma is a transient manifestation of a paraneoplastic syndrome.
The Practical Implications of Using Estimated GFR as the Presumed Reference Variable to Estimate Transplant Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Elmoselhi Hamdi , Hossain Mohammad Akhtar , Khamis Said , Mainra Rahul , Hassan Abubaker , Shoker Ahmed
Published: February 2011

We determined the proportions of matched kidney transplant isotope GFRs (iGFRs) to the estimated functions (eGFRs) calculated from Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS), Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), and Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equations. One thousand four hundred and three iGFR/eGFR pairs on 390 kidney transplant patients were compared considering the iGFR or eGFR as the reference or test variable. Conformity of iGFR to CG estimates demonstrated the least bias of 1.3±18.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 (compared to 1.5±19.4 and - 2.2±19.2 for IDMS and CKDI-EPI, P<0.05) and CKD-EPI estimates the highest precision of 4.1±41.8 (compared to 11.3±43.9 for IDMS and 5.7±37.3 for CG; P<0.05). IDMS eGFR cut off less than 60 and less than 30 mL/min/1.73m2 were correctly matched by iGFR in 79.4% and 49.1% of the times, while CKD-EPI was matched by iGFR in 83.5% and 52.5%. CG was matched in 78.3% and 53.6%. IGFR cut off levels of less than 60, and less than 30 mL/min/1.73m2 were predicted by IDMS in 83.8% and 64.0% of the times. CKD-EPI was correct in 77.8% and 59.0% and CG in 82.5% and 41.6%, respectively. Transplant eGFR results obtained by CKD-EPI or CG are likely to be more precise and less biased than IDMS.
The Arctic Ocean earthquake swarm of October and November 2008
Authors: Bent A L , Hayek S
Published: February 2011

During October and November 2008 an earthquake swarm occurred in the Arctic Ocean off the Queen Elizabeth Islands. The activity was sporadic but reached a peak in mid-November when fifty earthquakes large enough to be located occurred over a two day period
(17-18 November). Eleven of the earthquakes, nine of which occurred during those two days, were of magnitude 5.0 or greater. Regional moment tensor inversions were performed for these eleven earthquakes. The majority of the focal mechanisms were indicative of thrust faulting on a NE-SW striking
plane roughly parallel to the continental margin. Depths, ranging from 6-20 km, correspond to the mid-crust. It is not clear whether the unusually high non-double couple component for many of the solutions is an artifact of the inversion process or is indicative of a true non-double source. Swarm
activity is often associated with magmatic or other geothermal activity and it is possible but not confirmed that the non-double couple component is related to the migration of fluids within the crust. The occurrence of a large number of earthquakes in a small area allows for calibration between
magnitude scales for the north, where the attenuation relations are less well known than in southern Canada. A primary observation was the mb determined from Canadian stations (regional distances) tends to be smaller than mb by other organizations using teleseismic data. On the other hand, mb
determined from the Yellowknife array data is a good match to the teleseismic magnitude suggesting that this path is close to the global average.
Distribution of diagenetic minerals in Lower Cretaceous sandstones and their relationship to lithofacies from a proximal to distal transect: Como P-21, Panuke B-90, Cohasset A-52, Balmoral M-32 and Lawrence D-14 wells, Scotian Basin
Authors: Karim A , Pe-Piper G , Piper D J W
Published: February 2011

Diagenetic cements are of decisive importance in determining the reservoir quality. It is therefore important to understand how such cements form. Only a few recent studies of diagenetic alteration have been published for the Scotian basin. The spatial and
temporal distribution of diagenetic cements has been interpreted in relationship to lithofacies of the Lower Cretaceous sandstones from a proximal to distal transect from 5 wells (Como P-21, Panuke B-90, Cohasset A-52, Balmoral M-32, and Lawrence D-14). Polished thin sections were studied by optical
microscopy and electron microprobe to characterize grain size, texture, and chemical composition of diagenetic minerals.
Kaolinite, pyrite, illite, quartz overgrowths, early and late carbonates are the diagenetic minerals cementing the Lower Cretaceous sandstones. Kaolinite, early calcite I, Fe-calcite I, siderite A and B occur in fluvial and river-mouth to prodeltaic sandstones; lithofacies strongly influenced by
meteoric water and with not much organic carbon. Siderite hemispheres are restricted to estuary sandstones and intertidal to subtidal sandstones. Pyrite is abundant in tidalestuary to fluvial sandstones, transgressive, shoreface sandstones, and in river-mouth to prodeltaic turbidites. The highest
amounts of pyrite were found in samples lacking early calcite I and Fe-calcite I cements. Quartz overgrowths occur in all lithofacies, and better developed in coarse sandstones. Late carbonate cements including Fe-calcite II and ankerite occur in most of the lithofacies including tidal-estuary to
fluvial sandstones, prodeltaic turbidites, sand flat-intertidal to subtidal sandstones, and in shoreface sandstones. Abundance of late carbonate cements are partly related to limestones and bioclastic sandstones in the section; samples with high amounts of late carbonate cements were found either
below or above intervals rich in
bioclasts or limestones.
In summary, in the Como-Panuke-Cohasset-Balmoral-Lawrence transect, the succession seems to be more marine from Como to Lawrence. Kaolinite is abundant in Como, Panuke and Cohasset and it is rare in Balmoral and absent in Lawrence, whereas carbonate cements are rare in Como and more abundant in
Panuke, Cohasset, Balmoral and Lawrence. Limestones and bioclasts are the source of some of the calcium for the late carbonate cements. This study demonstrates that the distribution of diagenetic minerals and their impact on reservoir-quality evolution can be better elucidated when linked to
lithofacies.
Gait Balance Disorder by Thalamic Infarction with the Disorder of Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal
Authors: Kurosu A. , Hayashi Y. , Wada K. , Nagaoka M.
Published: February 2011

The interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) is thought to play an important role in torsional/vertical eye position and head posture, and disorders of the INC induce abnormal ocular movements and head tilt. Our patients with ocular tilt reactions simultaneously also had disturbances in ambulatory balance, yet no reports address the loss of balance control induced by disorders of the INC. We examined the ambulatory disturbances induced by INC lesion. We experienced three patients with ocular movement disorders and abnormal head tilt due to thalamic infarction. We performed ophthalmic examinations on and checked the balance of them. With funduscopy, abnormal cycloduction was seen in the unaffected side and normal cycloduction was observed in the affected side. Nevertheless, Hess charts showed distortions in the visual image of both eyes. They all had disorders of balance control. We tried to treat them using the Bobath approach for improving their ambulatory balance. With subsequent improvements in balance control it was possible for them to take short walks, but it was difficult to make any improvements in their ocular movement. The INC is related to balance control of ambulation and disorders of the INC induce ambulatory disturbances. Cycloduction was only observed in the unaffected side, but Hess charts showed distortions of the visual image in both eyes. Ambulation was briefly improved, but diplopia persisted in these patients.
Lopinavir/Ritonavir: A Review for 2011
Authors: Teply Robyn , Goodman Mark , Destache Christopher J.
Published: February 2011

Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) is a boosted protease inhibitor (PI) combination used as an alternative agent in the management of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV treatment consists of combinations of classes of medications with complementing mechanisms of action. Protease inhibitor-based therapy is one of the mainstays of therapy. Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir can be dosed once- or twice-daily based on previous antiretroviral therapy, patient characteristics, and concomitant medications. It is currently available as an oral solution or tablet formulation and can be given without regard to food if given as a tablet. Lopinavir is extensively metabolized via the cytochrome (CYP) P450 3A4 and 3A5 hepatic isoenzymes and ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP34A. Co-administration of low-dose ritonavir leads to increased plasma concentrations of lopinavir. There is potential for numerous drug-drug interactions when additional medications are administered. Clinical trials have been reported previously demonstrating the safety and efficacy of LPV/r in children, adolescents and adults and it is readily used throughout these populations. Current clinical trials are focused on examining the efficacy and toxicity of boosted-PI monotherapy as a treatment option in previously suppressed adults.
A sensitivity study on the effects of particle chemistry, asphericity and size on the mass extinction efficiency of mineral dust in the earth's atmosphere: from the near to thermal IR
Authors: Hansell Jr. R. A. , Reid J. S. , Tsay S. C. , Roush T. L. , Kalashnikova O. V.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. To determine a plausible range of mass extinction efficiencies (MEE) of terrestrial atmospheric dust from the near to thermal IR, sensitivity analyses are performed over an extended range of dust microphysical and chemistry perturbations. The IR values are subsequently compared to those in the near-IR, to evaluate spectral relationships in their optical properties. Synthesized size distributions consistent with measurements, model particle size, while composition is defined by the refractive indices of minerals routinely observed in dust, including the widely used OPAC/Hess parameterization. Single-scattering properties of representative dust particle shapes are calculated using the T-matrix, Discrete Dipole Approximation and Lorenz-Mie light-scattering codes. For the parameterizations examined, MEE ranges from nearly zero to 1.2 m2 g−1, with the higher values associated with non-spheres composed of quartz and gypsum. At near-IR wavelengths, MEE for non-spheres generally exceeds those for spheres, while in the thermal IR, shape-induced changes in MEE strongly depend on volume median diameter (VMD) and wavelength, particularly for MEE evaluated at the mineral resonant frequencies. MEE spectral distributions appear to follow particle geometry and are evidence for shape dependency in the optical properties. It is also shown that non-spheres best reproduce the positions of prominent absorption peaks found in silicates. Generally, angular particles exhibit wider and more symmetric MEE spectral distribution patterns from 8–10 μm than those with smooth surfaces, likely due to their edge-effects. Lastly, MEE ratios allow for inferring dust optical properties across the visible-IR spectrum. We conclude the MEE of dust aerosol are significant for the parameter space investigated, and are a key component for remote sensing applications and the study of direct aerosol radiative effects.
Spatial variability of POPs in European background air
Authors: Halse A. K. , Schlabach M. , Eckhardt S. , Sweetman A. , Jones K. C. , Breivik K.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Passive air samplers (PAS) were deployed at 86 European background sites during summer 2006 in order (i) to gain further insight into spatial patterns of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in European background air and, (ii) to evaluate PAS as an alternative sampling technique under EMEP (Co-operative programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmissions of air pollutants in Europe). The samples were analyzed for selected PCBs, HCHs, DDTs, HCB, PAHs and chlordanes, and air concentrations were calculated on the basis of losses of performance reference compounds. Air concentrations of PCBs were generally lowest in more remote areas of northern Europe with elevated levels in more densely populated areas. γ-HCH was found at elevated levels in more central parts of Europe, whereas α-HCH, β-HCH and DDTs showed higher concentrations in the south-eastern part. There was no clear spatial pattern in the concentrations for PAHs, indicative of influence by local sources, rather than long range atmospheric transport (LRAT). HCB was evenly distributed across Europe, while the concentrations of chlordanes were typically low or non-detectable. A comparison of results obtained on the basis of PAS and active air sampling (AAS) illustrated that coordinated PAS campaigns have the potential serve as useful inter-comparison exercises within and across existing monitoring networks. The results also highlighted limitations of the current EMEP measurement network with respect to spatial coverage. We finally adopted an existing Lagrangian transport model (FLEXPART) as recently modified to incorporate key processes relevant for POPs to evaluate potential source regions affecting observed concentrations at selected sites. Using PCB-28 as an example, the model predicted concentrations which agreed within a factor of 3 with PAS measurements for all except 1 out of the 17 sites selected for this analysis.
Quantifying the magnitude of a missing hydroxyl radical source in a tropical rainforest
Authors: Whalley L. K. , Edwards P. M. , Furneaux K. L. , Goddard A. , Ingham T. , Evans M. J. , Stone D. , Hopkins J. R. , Jones C. E. , Karunaharan A. , Lee J. D. , Lewis A. C. , Monks P. S. , Moller S. J. , Heard D. E.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. The lifetime of methane is controlled to a very large extent by the abundance of the OH radical. The tropics are a key region for methane removal, with oxidation in the lower tropical troposphere dominating the global methane removal budget (Bloss et al., 2005). In tropical forested environments where biogenic VOC emissions are high and NOx concentrations are low, OH concentrations are assumed to be low due to rapid reactions with sink species such as isoprene. New, simultaneous measurements of OH concentrations and OH reactivity, k'OH, in a Borneo rainforest are reported and show much higher OH than predicted, with mean peak concentrations of ~2.5×106 molecule cm−3 (10 min average) observed around solar noon. Whilst j(O1D) and humidity were high, low O3 concentrations limited the OH production from O3 photolysis. Measured OH reactivity was very high, peaking at a diurnal average of 29.1 ± 8.5 s−1, corresponding to an OH lifetime of only 34 ms. To maintain the observed OH concentration given the measured OH reactivity requires a rate of OH production approximately 10 times greater than calculated using all measured OH sources. A test of our current understanding of the chemistry within a tropical rainforest was made using a detailed zero-dimensional model to compare with measurements. The model over-predicted the observed HO2 concentrations and significantly under-predicted OH concentrations. Inclusion of an additional OH source formed as a recycled product of OH initiated isoprene oxidation improved the modelled OH agreement but only served to worsen the HO2 model/measurement agreement. To replicate levels of both OH and HO2, a process that recycles HO2 to OH is required; equivalent to the OH recycling effect of 0.74 ppbv of NO. This recycling step increases OH concentrations by 88% at noon and has wide implications, leading to much higher predicted OH over tropical forests, with a concomitant reduction in the CH4 lifetime and increase in the rate of VOC degradation.
Global modelling of H2 mixing ratios and isotopic compositions with the TM5 model
Authors: Pieterse G. , Krol M. C. , Batenburg A. M. , Steele L. P. , Krummel P. B. , Langenfelds R. L. , Röckmann T.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. The isotopic composition of molecular hydrogen (H2) contains independent information for constraining the global H2 budget. To explore this, we have implemented hydrogen sources and sinks, including their isotopic composition, into the global chemistry transport model TM5. For the first time, a global model now includes a simplified but explicit isotope reaction scheme for the photochemical production of H2. We present a comparison of modelled results for the H2 mixing ratio and isotope composition with available measurements on the seasonal to inter annual time scales for the years 2001–2007. The base model results agree well with observations for H2 mixing ratios. For δD[H2], modelled values are slightly lower than measurements. A detailed sensitivity study is performed to identify the most important parameters for modelling the isotopic composition of H2. The results show that on the global scale, the discrepancy between model and measurements can be closed by adjusting the default values of the isotope effects in deposition, photochemistry and the stratosphere-troposphere exchange within the known range of uncertainty. However, the available isotope data do not provide sufficient information to uniquely constrain the global isotope budget. Therefore, additional studies focussing on the isotopic composition near the tropopause and on the isotope effects in the photochemistry and deposition are recommended.
Widespread release of old carbon across the Siberian Arctic echoed by its large rivers
Authors: Gustafsson Ö. , van Dongen B. E. , Vonk J. E. , Dudarev O. V. , Semiletov I. P.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Over decadal-centennial timescales, only a few mechanisms in the carbon-climate system could cause a massive net redistribution of carbon from land and ocean systems to the atmosphere in response to climate warming. The largest such climate-vulnerable carbon pool is the old organic carbon (OC) stored in Arctic permafrost (perennially frozen) soils. Climate warming, both predicted and now observed to be the strongest globally in the Eurasian Arctic and Alaska, caused thaw-release of old permafrost carbon from local tundra sites. However, a central challenge for the assessment of the general vulnerability of this old OC pool is to deduce any signal integrating its release over larger scales. Here we examine radiocarbon measurements of molecular soil markers exported by the five Great Russian-Arctic Rivers (Ob, Yenisey, Lena, Indigirka and Kolyma), employed as natural integrators of carbon release processes in their watersheds. Average radiocarbon ages of n-alkanes increased east-to-west from 6400 yr BP in Kolyma to 11 400 yr BP in Ob, consistent with a warmer climate and more degraded organic matter westward. The dynamics of Siberian permafrost can thus be probed via radiocarbon river signals. Old permafrost carbon is at present vulnerable to mobilization over continental scales. Climate-induced changes in the radiocarbon fingerprint of released permafrost carbon will likely depend on changes in both permafrost coverage and Arctic soil hydraulics.
High‐Throughput Lectin Microarray‐Based Analysis of Live Cell Surface Glycosylation
Authors: Li Yu , Tao Sheng‐ce , Zhu Heng , Schneck Jonathan P.
Published: February 2011

Lectins, plant‐derived glycan‐binding proteins, have long been used to detect glycans on cell surfaces. However, the techniques used to characterize serum or cells have largely been limited to mass spectrometry, blots, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. While these lectin‐based approaches are well established and they can discriminate a limited number of sugar isomers by concurrently using a limited number of lectins, they are not amenable for adaptation to a high‐throughput platform. Fortunately, given the commercial availability of lectins with a variety of glycan specificities, lectins can be printed on a glass substrate in a microarray format to profile accessible cell‐surface glycans. This method is an inviting alternative for analysis of a broad range of glycans in a high‐throughput fashion and has been demonstrated to be a feasible method of identifying binding‐accessible cell surface glycosylation on living cells. The current unit presents a lectin‐based microarray approach for analyzing cell surface glycosylation in a high‐throughput fashion. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 63:12.9.1‐12.9.7. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Niobium and Niobium Compounds
Authors: Albrecht Sven , Cymorek Christian , Eckert Joachim
Published: February 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Properties

2.1.

Physical Properties

2.2.

Chemical Properties

3.

Occurrence

4.

Processing of Niobium Ores

4.1.

Winning of Pyrochlore Concentrates

4.2.

Treatment of Pyrochlore Concentrates

4.3.

Production of Niobium Oxide from Columbites and Tantalites

4.3.1.

Extraction Processes

4.3.2.

Chlorination

5.

Niobium Compounds

5.1.

Oxides

5.2.

Halides

5.3.

Carbides and Hard Materials

6.

Niobium Metal

6.1.

Reduction of Niobium Pentoxide

6.2.

Reduction of Halides

6.3.

Refining

6.4.

Uses

7.

Ferroniobium

7.1.

Production

7.2.

Uses of Ferroniobium

8.

Analysis

9.

Economic Aspects
Nondestructive Testing, 2. Radiography
Authors: Ono Kanji , Maisl Michael
Published: February 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Radiation3.Attenuation4.Imaging5.Recording Images6.Screens7.Radiographic Quality8.Radiographic Practice9.Radiographic Interpretation10.Digital Detector Array, Computed Radiology, Computed Tomography, Computed Laminography10.1.Digital Detector Array10.2.Computed Radiology10.3.Computed Tomography10.4.Computed Laminography
Cournand, André Frederic
Authors: Timmermann Carsten
Published: February 2011

Cournand, a French doctor and medical researcher who became an American cititzen in 1941, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1956 with the German Werner Forssmann and Cournand's American mentor Dickinson Richards. They were awarded the prize for a new, interventionist procedure, cardiac catheterisation, which provided medical researchers with important insights into the conditions inside a working human heart and has since become part of the canon of routine clinical procedures in cardiology.
Protein Misfolding and Degradation in Genetic Disease
Authors: Bross Peter , Andresen Brage S , Corydon Thomas J , Gregersen Niels
Published: February 2011

Molecular disease mechanisms in inherited diseases often spotlight missense mutations that affect the folding process or the stability of the folded structure of proteins. By obstructing the folding process, increasing aggregation or de‐stabilising the native structure, disease‐associated amino acid replacements may cause loss‐of‐function or gain‐of‐function pathologies. For some of this prominent type of mutant proteins, it is possible to improve folding, stabilise the native structure or suppress aggregation using novel approaches. We summarise the mechanistic background for protein misfolding diseases and discuss current concepts for novel therapeutic interventions in this article.

Key Concepts:

Disease‐associated mutations often jeopardise acquisition of the native structure (folding) of the affected protein or destabilise the native structure.

Protein misfolding leads to full or partial loss‐of‐function, because the mutant protein is unable or impaired to fold to the native conformation.

Inefficient removal of misfolded proteins resulting in aggregation may cause a gain‐of‐function, if aggregates perturb cellular functions.

Protein misfolding may cause loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function at the same time with contribution from these two effects being dependent on environmental conditions.

The steady state levels and residual function of proteins with mutations impairing folding or stability can be modulated by environmental factors and the condition of protein quality control systems.

Pharmacological chaperones support folding, counteract formation of toxic aggregates or stabilise the native structure of mutant proteins.

Retuning of the expression of protein quality control components can rescue misfolding of mutant proteins and counteract aggregation.
Parasitic Plants
Authors: Rubiales Diego , Heide‐Jørgensen Henning S
Published: February 2011

Parasitic flowering plants exploit other flowering plants for water and nutrients by specialised structures called haustoria. Part of the haustorium, the intrusive organ, penetrates host tissue to establish contact with the conductive tissue of the host. Parasitic plants occur throughout the world in all types of plant communities except the aquatic. Generally, the parasite weakens the host so it produces fewer flowers and viable seeds or the value as timber is reduced. However, some parasites, mostly annual root parasites belonging to Orobanchaceae, may kill the host and cause considerable economic damage when attacking monocultures in agriculture, and much effort is done to control these harmful parasites.

Key Concepts:

Parasitic plants exploit other plants for water and nutrients by help of haustoria.

Host penetration is a result of pressure combined with enzymatic disintegration of cell membranes (plasmalemma) and host cell walls.

A xylem bridge is the most general anatomical character of the haustorium.

Translocation of water and nutrients is always from host to parasite.

The host range is high for most parasitic plants.

Evolution of the primary haustorium made holoparasitism possible.

A few species of parasitise crops are becoming weeds of huge economic importance.