bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Condylar repair and regeneration in adolescents/young adults with early‐stage degenerative temporomandibular joint disease: A randomised controlled study
Authors: Lei Jie , Yap Adrian U.‐J. , Liu Mu‐Qing , Fu Kai‐Yuan
Published: April 2019

Background

Anterior repositioning splint (ARS) can facilitate regenerative condylar remodelling.

Objective

To determine the effect of ARS on osseous condylar changes in adolescents/young adults with early‐stage degenerative joint disease (DJD).

Methods

Sixty‐nine patients with early‐stage temporomandibular joint (TMJ) DJD based on the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging were recruited and randomly allocated to two treatment groups: (a) conservative therapy with ARS and (b) conservative therapy without ARS. Subjects with acute TMJ closed‐lock had their displaced discs physically reduced by mandibular manipulation prior to ARS therapy. Clinical and CBCT data of 59 patients (86.4% females, mean age 17.95 ± 4.53 years, 67 joints) were attained pre‐ and at 6 or 12 months post‐treatment. Osseous changes after treatment were categorised into (a) progressed, (b) unchanged, (c) repaired (remodelled without new bone formation) and (d) regenerated (remodelled with new bone formation). Statistical analysis including chi‐square test, independent samples t test or Mann‐Whitney U test was conducted.

Results

About 85.5% of patients (59/69) completed the study, with 28 subjects (32 joints) in the splint group and 31 (35 joints) in the control group. The occurrence of condylar repair and regeneration was significantly higher with ARS (78.1%/[25/32] of joints) when compared to control group (48.6%/[17/35]) (P < 0.05). Moreover, condylar regeneration was exclusively observed in 50%/(16/32) of joints with ARS. For the 14 joints in splint group that received physical TMJ closed‐lock reduction, 85.7%/(12/14) exhibited condylar regeneration. The splint group (3.1%/[1/32]) also had significantly lower incidence of progressive TMJ degeneration than the control (37.1%/[13/35]) (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Condylar repair and regeneration in early‐stage TMJ DJD are possible, and ideal spatial disc‐condyle relationship appears important. The possibility of restoring TMJ form/structure by ARS therapy presents an attractive area of new basic science and clinical research (Bone defect repair in early osteoarthrosis of temporomandibular joint by joint distraction therapy: A randomized controlled trial/ChiCTR‐TRC‐14005172).
Polygenic Influences on Pubertal Timing and Tempo and Depressive Symptoms in Boys and Girls
Authors: Horvath Gregor , Knopik Valerie S. , Marceau Kristine
Published: April 2019

This study used polygenic scoring (PGS) to test whether puberty‐related genes were correlated with depressive symptoms, and whether there were indirect effects through pubertal maturation. The sample included 8,795 adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (measures of puberty drawn ages 8–17 years; of depressive symptoms at age 16.5 years). The PGS (derived from a genome‐wide meta‐analysis of later age at menarche) predicted boys’ and girls’ later pubertal timing, boys’ slower gonadal development, and girls’ faster breast development. Earlier perceived breast development timing predicted more depressive symptoms in girls. Findings support shared genetic underpinnings for boys’ and girls' puberty, contributing to multiple pubertal phenotypes with differences in how these genetic variants affect boys' and girls' development.
Destination choices of Chinese rural–urban migrant workers: Jobs, amenities, and local spillovers
Authors: Wang Zhiling , Chen Lu
Published: April 2019

Using the 2014 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, we analyze rural–urban migrant workers’ destination choices after the global financial crisis, with an emphasis on jobs, amenities, and local spillovers. By using an equilibrium‐sorting model, this paper disentangles local spillovers from local attributes in the estimation process. We employ both an artificial instrumental variable and the provincial highway passenger flow in 1979 to tackle the endogeneity issue. After controlling for the network effects of migrants from the same origin, we find a separate and strong preference for colocating with a large population of migrants, regardless of origin. The results remain robust when we take into account labor supply‐driven migration, spatial autocorrelation between provinces, different industry definitions, and regional differences within provinces. Our results imply that due to institutional barriers, the rural‐migrant community will still be a very important factor in the foreseeable future. In addition, as the ongoing industrial upgrading and transfer policies in China may lead to a westward movement of rural–urban migrants, the movement will be expedited when the older, less educated, or lower income migrants relocate.
Temperature, incubation time and virulence of Cercospora coffeicola in the production of cercosporin
Authors: Vale Paula Adrielly Souza , de Resende Mário Lucio Vilela , Botelho Deila Magna dos Santos , Pozza Edson Ampelio , Ogoshi Claúdio , Monteiro Ana Cristina Andrade , Costa Bruno Henrique Garcia , Vasconcelos Victor Augusto Maia
Published: April 2019

This study considers the influence of temperature, incubation time and virulence in the production of the toxin cercosporin by Cercospora coffeicola, the causal agent of brown eye spot in coffee. The area under the progress curve of cercosporin production (AUPCCP) was also evaluated. A pathogenicity test was performed in a group with 58 isolates of C. coffeicola, which allowed the selection of four isolates, two representing the highest (LFP 12 and LFP 59) and two the lowest (LFP 24 and LFP 43) severity groups. The four isolates were cultivated in potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated in growth chambers at different temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C) for 20 days. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The cercosporin production decreased in all tested isolates at 30°C, resulting in a lower AUPCCP. The higher values of cercosporin were obtained at 20 and 25°C between 8 and 12 days of incubation. The isolates that produced the highest and lowest cercosporin concentrations were LFP 12 and LFP 43, respectively. After 15 days of incubation, toxin production is practically null in all isolates independently of the incubation temperature. Thus, the hypothesis for quantification of cercosporin production as a variability parameter within the species is suggested.
Baseline sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea to fluazinam and cross‐resistance
Authors: Liu Shengming , Fu Liuyuan , Chen Jinpeng , Wang Shuan , Jiang Jia , Zhang Yong , Che Zhiping , Tian Yuee , Chen Genqiang
Published: April 2019

Grey mould, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr., is a very destructive and important disease worldwide. Fluazinam is a phenylpyridinamine fungicide with broad‐spectrum activities. The baseline sensitivity of B. cinerea to fluazinam is yet to be established in Henan Province, China. In this study, a total of 117 field isolates of B. cinerea were collected from 49 commercial greenhouses in different locations of Henan Province, in 2016, and the sensitivities of these isolates to fluazinam were determined based on mycelial growth. The effective concentration for 50% (EC50) values ranged from 0.0038 to 0.0441 μg/ml, and the mean EC50 value was 0.0201 ± 0.0081 μg/ml for mycelial growth. The frequency distribution range presented a unimodal curve. To define the cross‐resistance relationships, the linear correlation coefficients of the EC50 values between fluazinam and carbendazim, procymidone, pyrimethanil or boscalid were analysed. The results showed that no correlation was observed between fluazinam and the other tested fungicides. These results provide important information to growers for the prevention and control of grey mould.
Measuring Goal Realization Associated With Disability Services and Supports: Initial Evidence for a New Tool
Authors: Hagiliassis Nick , Koritsas Stella , Cuzzillo Celeste
Published: April 2019

There are few outcome measurement tools that can be accessed directly by people with intellectual disability (ID) and that can be readily used in service delivery settings. Developed to address these limitations, the Measuring Outcomes in Services and Supports – Short Form is a measure of the extent to which a person's goals are realized in the context of service and supports delivery. Specific aim is to establish initial evidence for the face and content validity of the tool, an essential step in the first stage of developing evaluation tools. Face validity was explored via an on‐line survey eliciting information from an “expert group” about the purpose, adequacy, clarity, and attractiveness of the tool. Content validity was examined by comparing goals for people with disability against a framework for categorizing personal outcomes and their influencers, to gauge the tool's relevance, and representation for measuring whole of life disability outcomes. Participants gave positive support overall for aspects of face validity surveyed. Suggestions for further improvements were provided, most of which were accommodated. Other issues raised reflected themes general to the field of outcomes measurement in disability populations (e.g., complexity for people with ID), with strategies suggested for attenuating their impact. Participant goals were representative of outcome domains reflecting the current policy environment in disability, as were their influencing factors. With limited tools to measure goal realization for people accessing a range of disability supports, the tool has acceptable face validity and content validity and is sufficiently practical for use in disability services.
Associations between sleep duration and cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Basta Maria , Simos Panagiotis , Vgontzas Alexandros , Koutentaki Eirini , Tziraki Sophia , Zaganas Ioannis , Panagiotakis Symeon , Kapetanaki Stefania , Fountoulakis Nikolaos , Lionis Christos
Published: April 2019

The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) increases among elderly people and is associated with a high risk of dementia. Identifying factors that may contribute to the progress of MCI to dementia is critical. The objective of this study was to examine the association of objective sleep with cognitive performance in MCI patients. A subsample of 271 participants with a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease (AD; N = 50) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI; N = 121) and 100 persons who were not cognitively impaired (NI) were recruited from a large population‐based cohort in the island of Crete, Greece (3140 older adults aged >60 years). All participants underwent extensive neuropsychiatric/neuropsychological evaluation and a 3‐day 24‐hr actigraphy. Objective sleep variables and their association with neuropsychological performance were examined across the three groups, controlling for demographics, body mass index, depression, sleep apnea symptoms and psychotropic medications. Patients with AD had significantly longer 24‐hr total sleep time (TST) compared to the MCI and NI groups. Long 24‐hr TST was associated with reduced performance on tasks that placed significant demands on attention and processing speed in the MCI group and the AD group. Elderly patients with MCI have similar objective sleep duration to normal controls, whereas AD patients sleep longer. Long sleep duration in patients with multidomain subtypes of MCI is associated with critical non‐memory cognitive domains. It appears that within the MCI group those that sleep longer have more severe cognitive impairment.
In vitro resistance profile of hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor velpatasvir in genotypes 1 to 6
Authors: Dvory‐Sobol Hadas , Han Bin , Lu Julia , Yu Mei , Beran Rudolf K. , Cheng Guofeng , Martin Ross , Svarovskaia Evguenia , Mo Hongmei
Published: April 2019

Velpatasvir is a pan‐genotypic hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitor, which is used with sofosbuvir for treatment of infection with HCV genotypes 1‐6. In vitro resistance studies were performed to characterize NS5A changes that might confer reduced velpatasvir susceptibility in vivo. Resistance selection studies using HCV replicon cells for subtypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, 5a and 6a identified NS5A resistance‐associated substitutions (RASs) at nine positions, most often 28M/S/T, 31F/I/M/P/V and 93D/H/N/S. In subtype 1a, RASs were selected at positions 31 and/or 93, while in subtype 1b, replicons with two or more RASs at positions 31, 54 or 93 were selected. Y93H was selected in subtypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a and 4a. In subtype 5a or 6a, L31P or P32L/Q was selected, respectively. Velpatasvir susceptibility of 358 replicons from genotypes 1 to 6 containing one or more NS5A RASs was also evaluated. The majority (63%) of subtypes 1a and 1b single RAS‐containing replicons retained susceptibility to velpatasvir (<2.5‐fold change in EC50). High levels of resistance to velpatasvir were observed for six single mutants in subtype 1a, including M28G, A92K, Y93H/N/R/W and for one mutant, A92K, in subtype 1b. Most single mutants in subtypes 2a, 2b, 3a, 4a and 5a displayed low levels of reduced velpatasvir susceptibility. High‐level resistance was observed for C92T and Y93H/N in subtype 2b, Y93H/S in 3a, and L31V and P32A/L/Q/R in 6a, and several double mutants in these subtypes. Overall, velpatasvir maintained activity against most common RASs that are known to confer resistance to first‐generation NS5A inhibitors.
Aquaculture of the sand star, Astropecten indicus Döderlein, 1888, as a step toward the sustainable aquaculture of harlequin shrimp, Hymenocera picta Dana, 1852
Authors: Pratoomyot Jarunan , Torcharoen Thammasak , Thongra‐ar Pairach , Shinn Andrew P.
Published: April 2019

Ornamental harlequin shrimp, Hymenocera picta, are commonly maintained on live comet sea stars, Linckia multifora. In Thailand, both species are commonly collected from the wild, raising concerns regarding the sustainability of such practices. As a step toward the sustainable aquaculture of both, methods of their culture and nutrition were investigated. Under captive conditions, harlequin shrimp readily predate, and can be maintained upon the astropectinid sand star Astropecten indicus as an alternative live feed during periods when comet sea stars are unavailable. Wild A. indicus subsequently spawned multiple times shortly after their collection; the eggs (300 μm diameter) were transferred to static aquaria. Following the appearance of planktonic bipinnaria, larval sea stars were fed a 50:50 Chaetoceros calcitrans and Isochrysis galbana diet. Eleven days post‐transfer, brachiolaria stages began to settle; stages were then fed concentrated I. galbana. When specimens measured 1–2 mm in diameter, they were transferred onto an in‐house formulated Amphiprion diet (>50% protein, >16% lipid). Sea stars were graded regularly; they matured and spawned after 6 months. Populations were maintained for more than three successive generations, demonstrating their ready culture under captive conditions, representing the first harvestable aquaculture of a sea star as a step toward supporting the sustainable culture of a primary, marine species.
Interpersonal Factors Affecting Queer Second or Foreign Language Learners’ Identity Management in Class
Authors: MOORE ASHLEY R.
Published: April 2019

Although most second or foreign language classrooms can be assumed to contain queer learners, research shows that educators often fail to create inclusive learning environments and outcomes for these populations. A step toward improving this situation is to understand the factors affecting how queer students manage their identities in language classrooms. I use interview data from queer students of Japanese as a second or foreign language (N = 16) to analyze how the characteristics and behaviors of others in the class influence their sexual identity management. My findings indicate that queer learners use 3 types of cue when gauging others to anticipate the consequences of their decision to reveal their nonheteronormative identity in class: salient indicators, insider evidence, and explicit statements. This article also explores how some participants used the “here and now” event of the research interview itself to carry out accounting work that discursively resisted heteronormativity by positioning their sexual identity as normative. I conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for identity management theory and educational practice.
Use and interpretation of hemoglobin concentrations for assessing anemia status in individuals and populations: results from a WHO technical meeting
Authors: Garcia‐Casal Maria Nieves , Pasricha Sant‐Rayn , Sharma Andrea J. , Peña‐Rosas Juan Pablo
Published: April 2019

Anemia is an important public health problem that negatively affects health of individuals and economic potential of populations. An accurate case definition is critical for understanding burden and epidemiology of anemia, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical investigation and treatment of patients. The current threshold hemoglobin concentrations for diagnosis of anemia were proposed in 1968 and based on studies predominantly of Caucasian adult populations in Europe and North America. The World Health Organization is undertaking a project to review global guidelines for anemia. We describe the process of obtaining input from technical experts, researchers, blood bank experts, policy makers, and program implementers to identify key information or knowledge gaps for anemia diagnosis. From this scoping exercise, six priority areas were identified on diverse topics related to the use and interpretation of hemoglobin concentrations to diagnose anemia in individuals and populations. A call for authors was conducted to produce background, review, and research papers across priority topics. This paper summarizes the first technical meeting, which included commissioned papers as well as case studies, describes key data gaps identified, and describes the next steps in the guideline development process to assess available evidence and define knowledge gaps to improve anemia characterization.
Dispossessing Defeat
Authors: González de Prado Javier
Published: April 2019

Higher‐order evidence can make an agent doubt the reliability of her reasoning. When this happens, it seems rational for the agent to adopt a cautious attitude towards her original conclusion, even in cases where the higher‐order evidence is misleading and the agent's original reasons were actually perfectly good. One may think that recoiling to a cautious attitude in the face of misleading self‐doubt involves a failure to properly respond to one's reasons. My aim is to show that this is not so. My proposal is that (misleading) higher‐order evidence can undermine the agent's possession of her first‐order reasons, constituting what I call adispossessing defeater. After acquiring the higher‐order evidence, the agent is no longer in a position to rely competently on the relevant first‐order considerations as reasons for her original conclusion, so that such reasons stop being available to her (even if they remain as strong as in the absence of the higher‐order evidence). In this way, an agent with misleading higher‐order evidence can adopt a cautious stance towards her original conclusion, while properly responding to the set of reasons that she possesses–a set that is reduced due to the acquisition of higher‐order dispossessing defeaters.
Identification and pathogenicity of Cryphonectriaceae species associated with chestnut canker in China
Authors: Jiang N. , Fan X. L. , Tian C. M.
Published: April 2019

Cryphonectriaceae species cause serious canker diseases on chestnut, oak and eucalypt trees. Recently, canker symptoms with typical orange fruiting bodies were observed on Chinese chestnut and oak trees in Hebei, Hubei, Shaanxi and Shandong Provinces in China. In the present study, isolates of these fungi were identified based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence, and their pathogenicities were tested on detached chestnut (Castanea mollissima) branches. DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and two regions of β‐tubulin (TUB1/TUB2) indicate that these isolates represent five species in the Cryphonectriaceae, viz. Cryphonectria japonica, Cryphonectria parasitica, Aurantiosacculus castaneae sp. nov., Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. and Endothia chinensis sp. nov. The sexual morph of Aurantiosacculus is discovered for the first time and can be distinguished from the other genera in Cryphonectriaceae by dark brown ascospores and tubiform appendages at both ends. Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. is different from the other Cryphonectria species by its aseptate ascospores. Endothia chinensis sp. nov. is the sole species in Endothia infecting the host genus Castanea. Additionally, it is much smaller than E. gyrosa and narrower than E. singularis in ascospores. The inoculation results showed that these five Cryphonectriaceae fungi isolated from chestnut or oak are all pathogenic to tested chestnut branches. Cryphonectria parasitica appears to be the most aggressive fungus, followed by C. neoparasitica sp. nov., C. japonica, E. chinensis sp. nov. and A. castaneae sp. nov.
Corporatization in the Public Sector: Explaining the Growth of Local Government Companies
Authors: Andrews Rhys , Ferry Laurence , Skelcher Chris , Wegorowski Piotr
Published: April 2019

The creation of companies by local governments to provide public services—referred to as “corporatization”—is an example of systemic public entrepreneurship that is popular across the world. To build knowledge of the antecedents of public sector entrepreneurship, the authors investigate the factors that lead local governments to create companies for public service delivery. Using zero‐inflated negative binomial regressions to analyze secondary data from 150 major English local governments for 2010–16, the authors find that governments with higher levels of grant dependence and debt dependence are more involved in the creation and operation of companies, as are larger governments. Further analysis reveals that very low and very high managerial capabilities are strongly associated with more involvement in profit‐making companies, while local government involvement in companies is more prevalent in deprived areas. At the same time, government ownership of companies is more common in areas with high economic output.
How to Achieve a More Resource‐Efficient and Climate‐Neutral Energy System by 2030? Views of Nordic Stakeholders
Authors: Kilpeläinen Sarah , Aalto Pami , Toivanen Pasi , Lehtonen Pinja , Holttinen Hannele
Published: April 2019

The Nordic countries pursue ambitious energy transition goals through national energy policies and in the framework of Nordic cooperation. We propose that the transition is realistic only if it involves the public, private, and nongovernmental organization sectors as regulators, innovators, and advocates of relevant policies and solutions representing the multitude of interests involved. We examine these interests through Q methodological experiments, where 43 expert stakeholders’ rank‐order statements concerning their preferred policy measures vis‐à‐vis the electric energy system. Factor analysis of these subjectively held views produces three distinct views. The first two enjoy strong inter‐Nordic support. The first view prioritizes market and grid development, and the second view prioritizes electric transport, and solar and wind power. The third, “Finnish” view seeks to enhance security of supply, also via microgrids, and prioritizes biofuels over electric transport. Examining the common ground among the three views, we find that enhanced cooperation requires reinforced stakeholder interaction and policy coordination.
Prediction of Default Probability by using Statistical Models for rare Events
Authors: Ogundimu Emmanuel O.
Published: April 2019

Prediction models in credit scoring usually involve the use of data sets with highly imbalanced distributions of the event of interest (default). Logistic regression, which is widely used to estimate the probability of default, PD, often suffers from the problem of separation when the event of interest is rare and consequently poor predictive performance of the minority class in small samples. A common solution is to discard majority class examples, to duplicate minority class examples or to use a combination of both to balance the data. These methods may overfit data. It is unclear how penalized regression models such as Firth’s estimator, which reduces bias and mean-square error relative to classical logistic regression, performs in modelling PD. We review some methods for class imbalanced data and compare them in a simulation study using the Taiwan credit card data. We emphasize the effect of events per variable for developing an accurate model—an often neglected concept in PD-modelling. The data balancing techniques that are considered are the random oversampling examples and synthetic minority oversampling technique methods. The results indicate that the synthetic minority oversampling technique improved predictive accuracy of PD regardless of sample size. Among the penalized regression models that are analysed, the log-F prior and ridge regression methods are preferred.
Classifying chalk microtextures: Sedimentary versus diagenetic origin (Cenomanian–Santonian, Paris Basin, France)
Authors: Saïag Jessica , Collin Pierre‐Yves , Sizun Jean‐Pierre , Herbst Frédéric , Faÿ‐Gomord Ophélie , Chateau Smith Carmela , Caline Bruno , Lasseur Éric
Published: April 2019

Microtexture describes the type of particles and their arrangement in matrix samples at scanning electron microscopy scale. Although a microtexture classification exists for micritic limestone, it cannot be directly applied to chalk. This study therefore proposes a classification of chalk microtextures and discusses the origin of microtexture variability. Chalk was sampled at thirteen spatio‐temporal locations along the coastline of northern France (Cenomanian–Santonian). Four criteria are defined to describe, characterize and determine chalk matrix microtexture: (i) mineralogical content; (ii) biogenic fraction; (iii) micritic fraction; and (iv) cement fraction. From these criteria, two major groups are defined: Pure Chalk Microtexture Group, with seven classes, and Impure Chalk Microtexture Group, divided into two subgroups: Argillaceous Microtexture with four classes and Siliceous Microtexture with two classes. Microtexture variability is related both to initial sedimentation and to diagenesis. Sedimentological conditions (for example, climate and distance from shore) affect chalk composition (carbonate content and type of insoluble particles), thus influencing microtexture. Changes in Pure Chalk Microtexture are the result of increasing diagenetic intensity. This classification can also be used to characterize the microtexture of subsurface chalk reservoirs. Reservoir quality depends on the petrophysical and mechanical properties of reservoir rocks, which can be better understood by exploring their sedimentary and diagenetic history, revealed by the study of chalk microtexture variability.
Quartz and zircon decoupling in sandstone: Petrography and quartz cathodoluminescence of the Early Triassic continental Buntsandstein Group in Germany
Authors: Augustsson Carita , Aehnelt Michaela , Voigt Thomas , Kunkel Cindy , Meyer Marcus , Schellhorn Florian
Published: April 2019

This study illustrates how decoupling of quartz and zircon can be used advantageously in provenance research. Thirty‐eight fine‐grained to coarse‐grained arkose samples of the Early Triassic intracontinental Buntsandstein Group from the Central European Basin in Germany were analysed for their petrography and 1200 grains in 23 of these for their detrital quartz cathodoluminescence characteristics. The samples represent the Hessian and Thuringian sub‐basins and the Eichsfeld–Altmark Swell separating them. The Hessian Sub‐basin includes more metamorphic lithoclasts with a larger content of plutonic grains than are found further east in the Thuringian Sub‐basin. More than 90% of the detrital quartz from the eastern Thuringian Sub‐basin produce medium to bright blue cathodoluminescence colours and corresponding spectra that are typical for igneous or high‐temperature metamorphic origin. Differently, the quartz from the Hessian Sub‐basin mostly luminesces brown and dark to medium blue, typical for a low‐temperature metamorphic origin. Quartz from the Eichsfeld–Altmark Swell and the western Thuringian Sub‐basin is a mixture between these origins. The quartz indicates different catchments for the sub‐basins, possibly the Bohemian Massif and the Massif Central, with converging transport routes on and close to the eastern fringe of the swell. Taking published zircon data from the same samples into account, light mineral‐zircon grain‐size shifts are up to 2 Φ units. That can be explained by mineral decoupling due to different transport modes for quartz and zircon and different zircon‐size availability in the source areas, exaggerated by combined aqueous–aeolian transport, as well as sample preparation‐induced sorting. This study concludes that submerged highs significantly can influence continental sediment transport. Hence, vast, flat continental areas with submerged morphological highs and a seemingly straightforward transportation pattern may be more complex than expected. The results also illustrate that analysis of detritus that has been affected by different dominating transport modes, and further sorting during sampling and preparation can reveal additional source information.
Skin picking in patients with obesity: Associations with impulsiveness and self‐harm
Authors: Gallinat Christina , Moessner Markus , Claes Laurence , Müller Astrid
Published: April 2019

Previous studies suggest elevated prevalence rates of skin picking and self‐harm in patients with obesity compared to individuals in the general population. Hence, further studies should investigate prevalence rates and correlates of skin picking in this population – especially its differentiation to self‐harm. Skin picking and obesity are both associated with specific facets of impulsiveness. This relation should be explored to shed light on potentially shared mechanisms in etiology. Therefore, the present study examined the occurrence of skin picking and its associations with impulsiveness and self‐harm in a sample of pre‐bariatric surgery patients with obesity class II/III. Within the routine preoperative psychiatric evaluation, a total of 139 bariatric surgery candidates (78% female, BMI range 35–69) completed a self‐report questionnaire assessing sociodemographic variables, anxiety, depression, self‐harm, impulsiveness, and skin picking severity (urges: frequency, intensity, controllability; behavior: frequency, intensity, controllability; resistance, emotional distress, impairment, and avoidance). Ten participants (7.2% of the sample) reported recurrent skin picking leading to skin damage, repeated attempts to decrease skin picking, and psychosocial impairment (emotional distress, impairment in functional areas, avoidance) due to skin picking. In line with previous findings, skin picking severity shows a medium correlation with attentional impulsiveness. The majority of self‐harm types were not associated with skin picking severity. The current study reveals a high occurrence of skin picking compared to the general population. The results indicate an association between skin picking severity and attentional impulsiveness. Further research is needed to investigate the differentiation of skin picking and self‐harm in more detail.
How prevalent is contextual information in research on school bullying?
Authors: Smith Peter K. , Berkkun Fethi
Published: April 2019

Empirical articles on school bullying need to give contextual details of the study, including on participants (number, age, gender), the country in which data was gathered, and the year in which it was gathered. We argue that these are important aspects of information, and that country and year of data collection cannot be inferred unambiguously unless they are explicitly stated. We report an analysis of contextual information on a sample of 201 articles, from 1976 to 2015, on school bullying. The great majority of studies gave information on number and age of participants, and most on gender balance. Most also gave explicit information on the country in which data was gathered. However only about one quarter of articles gave information on the date (year) in which data was gathered. For those that did, the average gap from data gathering to publication was 4 years, with a range of 1 to 11 years. We argue that the date of data collection is an important historical aspect, as many societal changes, even over a period of a few years, can impact on prevalence and nature of bullying. We recommend that besides participant and country information, year of data collection is routinely given in empirical articles on school bullying.
Economic cycles as a source of social influence on individuals
Authors: Sirola Nina
Published: April 2019

The current review summarizes emerging research in psychology and associated disciplines showing that the economic cycles exert social influence on individuals across a range of psychological domains. Most research on social influence focused on how factors in the proximal environment impact individuals, while influences emanating from the state of the economy as a whole received far less attention. I review the development of different intellectual traditions examining social influence to explain the relative lack of attention to economic cycles and position emerging work on the topic relative to past research. I then review research on how economic cycles influence individuals by focusing on influences relevant to intraindividual, interpersonal, and intergroup processes. A review of this work shows that the understanding of core phenomena of interest to social psychology (e.g., attributions, altruism, and racial tensions) can be meaningfully extended by studying the complex interplay between the economic system and the psychology of individuals embedded within it. This stream of research also uncovers mechanisms through which economic cycles generate or amplify problems for the broader society, which I propose is both the key reason why more work on the topic is needed as well as the key direction for future work.
Environmental Attitudes Across Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Lazri Adam McBride , Konisky David M.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

This article examines the degree to which environmental concerns are influenced by race and ethnicity, and particularly whether significant differences exist among people of color and whites. Our objective is to clarify this uncertainty since previous studies have been limited by the timeframe and geographic scope of their data.

Methods

We analyze 15 years of nationally representative data from Gallup's General Poll Social Survey. Using a multitude of dependent variables that capture a range of environmental issues, we employ ordinal logistic regression models to understand environmental attitudes across race and ethnicity.

Results

We find that people of color are more concerned than whites about matters pertaining to environmental justice, and just as concerned about problems related to traditional environmentalism.

Conclusions

The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the individual‐level determinants of environmental attitudes, and provide insights into the attitudinal foundations of the modern‐day environmental justice movement.
Species reassessment congruent with the phylogeographical study of the Biston falcata species group
Authors: Cheng Rui , Jiang Nan , Xue Dayong , Han Hongxiang
Published: April 2019

The Himalaya, Hengduan, and Qinling mountains are very important mountain systems in China. Because they are geographically adjacent, species distributed in these three mountains usually have close relationships, but species/populations distributed in the first two mountain systems have higher genetic diversity and more complex phylogenetic structures than those found in the Qinling Mountains. In this study, we used molecular and morphological methods to explore the phylogeographical structure, species differentiation, and evolutionary history of the Biston falcata species group, which is widely distributed in the Himalaya, Hengduan, and Qinling mountains. Five species were identified; B. quercii is distributed in the Qinling Mountains and its adjacent areas, and the other four species are mainly distributed in the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains. Four gradual species differentiation events occurred at approximately 3.07, 1.75, 1.50, and 1.30 Ma, corresponding to the stage with strong geological movements of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. The low land between the Qinling and the northern Hengduan Mountains, the Sichuan Basin, the low land between the eastern and central Himalaya Mountains and the Mekong‐Salween Divide are four geographical barriers that resulted in multiple speciations. In addition, long‐range dispersal as another mechanism for speciation is non‐negligible. In spite of failing to confirm the ancestral area, our study provided direct evidence of the speciation induced by the geographical barriers and adaptation to the plateau.
Wheat ms5 male‐sterility is induced by recessive homoeologous A and D genome non‐specific lipid transfer proteins
Authors: Pallotta Margaret A. , Warner Patricia , Kouidri Allan , Tucker Elise J. , Baes Mathieu , Suchecki Radoslaw , Watson‐Haigh Nathan , Okada Takashi , Garcia Melissa , Sandhu Ajay , Singh Manjit , Wolters Petra , Albertsen Marc C. , Cigan A. Mark , Baumann Ute , Whitford Ryan
Published: April 2019

Nuclear male‐sterile mutants with non‐conditional, recessive and strictly monogenic inheritance are useful for both hybrid and conventional breeding systems, and have long been a research focus for many crops. In allohexaploid wheat, however, genic redundancy results in rarity of such mutants, with the ethyl methanesulfonate‐induced mutant ms5 among the few reported to date. Here, we identify TaMs5 as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored lipid transfer protein required for normal pollen exine development, and by transgenic complementation demonstrate that TaMs5‐A restores fertility to ms5. We show ms5 locates to a centromere‐proximal interval and has a sterility inheritance pattern modulated by TaMs5‐D but not TaMs5‐B. We describe two allelic forms of TaMs5‐D, one of which is non‐functional and confers mono‐factorial inheritance of sterility. The second form is functional but shows incomplete dominance. Consistent with reduced functionality, transcript abundance in developing anthers was found to be lower for TaMs5‐D than TaMs5‐A. At the 3B homoeolocus, we found only non‐functional alleles among 178 diverse hexaploid and tetraploid wheats that include landraces and Triticum dicoccoides. Apparent ubiquity of non‐functional TaMs5‐B alleles suggests loss‐of‐function arose early in wheat evolution and, therefore, at most knockout of two homoeoloci is required for sterility. This work provides genetic information, resources and tools required for successful implementation of ms5 sterility in breeding systems for bread and durum wheats.
Expression and function of the bHLH genes ALCATRAZ and SPATULA in selected Solanaceae species
Authors: Ortiz‐Ramírez Clara Inés , Giraldo Marco A. , Ferrándiz Cristina , Pabón‐Mora Natalia
Published: April 2019

The genetic mechanisms underlying fruit development have been identified in Arabidopsis and have been comparatively studied in tomato as a representative of fleshy fruits. However, comparative expression and functional analyses on the bHLH genes downstream the genetic network, ALCATRAZ (ALC) and SPATULA (SPT), which are involved in the formation of the dehiscence zone in Arabidopsis, have not been functionally studied in the Solanaceae. Here, we perform detailed expression and functional studies of ALC/SPT homologs in Nicotiana obtusifolia with capsules, and in Capsicum annuum and Solanum lycopersicum with berries. In Solanaceae, ALC and SPT genes are expressed in leaves, and all floral organs, especially in petal margins, stamens and carpels; however, their expression changes during fruit maturation according to the fruit type. Functional analyses show that downregulation of ALC/SPT genes does not have an effect on gynoecium patterning; however, they have acquired opposite roles in petal expansion and have been co‐opted in leaf pigmentation in Solanaceae. In addition, ALC/SPT genes repress lignification in time and space during fruit development in Solanaceae. Altogether, some roles of ALC and SPT genes are different between Brassicaceae and Solanaceae; while the paralogs have undergone some subfunctionalization in the former they are mostly redundant in the latter.
Overexpression of trans‐Golgi network t‐SNAREs rescues vacuolar trafficking and TGN morphology defects in a putative tethering factor mutant
Authors: Yang Xiaochen , Liao Ching‐Yi , Tang Jie , Bassham Diane C.
Published: April 2019

The trans‐Golgi network (TGN) is a major site for sorting of cargo to either the vacuole or apoplast. The TGN‐localized coiled‐coil protein TNO1 is a putative tethering factor that interacts with the TGN t‐SNARE SYP41 and is required for correct localization of the SYP61 t‐SNARE. An Arabidopsis thaliana tno1 mutant is hypersensitive to salt stress and partially mislocalizes vacuolar proteins to the apoplast, indicating a role in vacuolar trafficking. Here, we show that overexpression of SYP41 or SYP61 significantly increases SYP41–SYP61 complex formation in a tno1 mutant, and rescues the salt sensitivity and defective vacuolar trafficking of the tno1 mutant. The TGN is disrupted and vesicle budding from Golgi cisternae is reduced in the tno1 mutant, and these defects are also rescued by overexpression of SYP41 or SYP61. Our results suggest that the trafficking and Golgi morphology defects caused by loss of TNO1 can be rescued by increasing SYP41–SYP61 t‐SNARE complex formation, implicating TNO1 as a tethering factor mediating efficient vesicle fusion at the TGN.
Impact of the Exchange Rate and Price Volatility on FDI Inflows: Case of Morocco and Turkey
Authors: Asmae Azzouzi , Ahmed Bousselhami
Published: April 2019

This paper aims to examine empirically the impact of price and real exchange rate volatility on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inﬂows. The sample used is based on the Mediterranean countries of Morocco and Turkey for the period 1990-2017. Empirical findings for Morocco revealing that in both short and long-terms, real exchange rate volatility is negative and highly significant. Price volatility depicts a positive effect, which means that greater volatility of inflation may cause greater marginal profitability of capital and hence increase investment. On the other hand, for Turkey, FDI inflows are found more elastic to domestic price fluctuations. The exchange rate volatility, instead, turned out to have a positive but insignificant effect. In addition, we found that the potential market size rate, institution quality, and infrastructure appear to be the key factors in attracting foreign capital in both countries. As for trade openness, a positive effect on FDI flows is only perceptible in Morocco. In addition, the series of structural reforms carried out by Turkish government have generated real benefits for foreign investors by creating the adequate environment. This has allowed Turkey to overcome the problems it was facing in attracting foreign investment during the period analysed.
Nationwide Literacy Campaign Initiated By Community Centers Andcase of Bitlis Community Center
Authors: Korkud Aydın Mehmet
Published: April 2019

In the context of the new order that was started with the republic, the reforms of the alphabet, the language, and culture were especially important. As it is well-known, the Turkish Alphabet was accepted on November 1, 1928 and was based on the Latin Language. Then, on November 24, 1928, it was decided that schools with the name of “Schools of the Nation” would be opened to spread literacy and the new alphabet. The “Schools of the Nation”, for whom the president and the head teacher was Atatürk, started education on January 1, 1929. Those who graduated from these schools, which had two steps, were given literacy certificate. “Schools of the Nation” made over one million people acquire literacy in Turkey within a short time period. However, the education was limited in these existing educational institutions, and new institutions were needed. The Community Centers, which were founded in 1932, undertook important missions to serve this purpose. The Community Centers were indispensable corporate institutions of the literacy campaign in early period of Turkish Republic, and achieved remarkable success with the literacy courses they opened in The Community Courses and Courses Branch. Document analysis was used as a model in research.Document analysis model, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used in order to evaluate the literacy courses and the results obtained in Bitlis and in the region. Because, according to the frequency of use as a data collection technique in qualitative research, observation and written documentation and documentation methods are used respectively. It was asked in the instructions sent to The Community Centers by the secretary general of the CHP that courses would be opened and every citizen who could not attend schools would be taught how to read in these areas. As it was the case all over the country, a literacy campaign was also started in Community Centerin Bitlis province, and these centers taught the locals how to read and write. Between 1932-1951, more than five thousand individuals learned to read and write in the Bitlis Community Center. Starting from this study made of the Early Republic Period community centers operating as formal education institutions in Turkey concluded that the impact on the literacy rate of the population.
The Perceptions of Graphic Design Concept on Students Study on Graphic Design
Authors: Kanat Sevtap
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the graphic design concept perceptions of university students who take graphic design education by using metaphors. The research was carried out with 160 students from the Department of Graphic Design at Inonu University, Hacı Bayram Veli University and Necmettin Erbakan University. A total of 142 students (87 female and 55 male) were considered to be surveyed. The students were asked a personal information form and an open-ended question via a questionnaire prepared by qualitative research method. The analysis of the survey data was evaluated by the content analysis method from qualitative research techniques. According to the analysis, the participants created 96 metaphors. The most repeated metaphors for graphic design are; Dreaming (7), Universe (6) and Freedom (6).The common characteristics of these metaphors produced by the participants were collected in eight sub-categories which are Effort /Labor dependent structure, Unlimited structure, Useful structure that facilitates, Multi-dimensional structure, Target-oriented structure, Changeable structure, Holistic structure, Uniform structure.According to the result obtained in the study, there are different perceptions of the graphic design based on gender and grades.