bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associated factors to depression diagnosed during incarceration in Peruvian male prisoners: a sub-analysis of the national census of prison population
Authors: Al-kassab-Córdova Ali , Silva-Perez Claudia , Quevedo-Ramirez Andres , Mendoza Lugo Marco Gonzalo , Azcarruz-Asencios Jonathan , Castañeda-Montenegro Giancarlo , Bravo-Cucci Sergio , Maguina Jorge L.
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Depression has become a major health concern, particularly in developing countries. This disorder is highly prevalent among certain vulnerable populations, such as prisoners. In Peru, prisons are overcrowded, and the health of prisoners is neglected. Thus, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of depression diagnosed during incarceration in male inmates from all Peruvian prisons and assess its associated factors.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross-sectional study was conducted based on the secondary data analysis of the National Census of Prison Population 2016 in Peru. This study included records of prisoners who reported whether they were diagnosed with depression by a health-care professional after admission into the prisons. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed.

Findings

Of the 63,312 prisoners included in this study, 1,007 reported an in-prison diagnosis of depression by a health-care professional, which represents a prevalence of 1.59%. Substance use disorder (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 3.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.91–5.03), hypertension (aPR 7.20; 95% CI: 6.28–8.24) and previous discrimination (aPR 1.97; 95% CI: 1.62–2.40) were strongly associated with depression, even when adjusting for multiple confounders. Other directly associated variables were, for example, violence during childhood, infrequent visits in prison and diabetes.

Originality/value

The right of prisoners to adequate health care is being neglected in Peru. Mental health is a cornerstone of health quality. Acknowledging which factors are associated with depression in prison is important to implement strategies to improve the mental health of prisoners.
Port productivity: benchmarking analysis of strategic ports
Authors: Gonzalez Marvin , Quesada Gioconda
Published: December 2022

Purpose

The productivity of a port is a measure that is important to different stakeholders: port administrators (port authority), third-party logistics providers, manufacturers and consumers, among others. This study analyses productivity in terms of vessel movement efficiencies (loading/unloading of cargo) and container release from port facilities. Both factors add to the overall productivity in any port.

Design/methodology/approach

A comparative analysis of the productivity of three ports is measured using a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and benchmarking analysis to help establish strategies that will help improve productivity. Considering the information confidentially the authors will call the ports according to their geographic location. The ports under study are the USA Southeast Port (Port of America), Central Asian Port (Port of Asia) and Central Europe Port (Port of Europe).

Findings

This study has established an analysis strategy that allows seeing points of sale in the ports. This study will compare three different continents, only to demonstrate the applicability of QFD and benchmarking. Still, the strategy can be used in ports that compete due to their proximity and location. Identifying the variables to be analyzed made it possible to establish a strategy to increase productivity.

Originality/value

There are many studies that analyze port productivity, but none try to standardize the variables to be compared in different scenarios. This study has compared three ports from three different geographical areas, using the same variables in all three cases. The study critically analyses the performance of three ports and proposes a strategy based on QFD and benchmarking research.
So you want to servitise, but are you ready to financialise?
Authors: Gil de San Vicente Ibon , Kamp Bart
Published: December 2022

Purpose

This study aims to explore the requirements that manufacturing companies must meet when implementing advanced services involving financial solutions.

Design/methodology/approach

This study develops a framework to assess the applicability of advanced services from a financial perspective, which is applied in a multi-case study setting.

Findings

This study identifies relevant internal and external conditions to the business implementing financialised advanced services – such as the finance function’s level of sophistication, the capacity to assess market potential or the ability to use financial structuring to attract new financial players – that help predict the likelihood of adopting advanced services involving financial solutions. The research suggests planning operations as a “financial product” from the viewpoint of the financer and investor.

Research limitations/implications

The financing culture and market disparities may condition the relative weight of the dimensions analysed in the framework.

Practical implications

Launching services involving financial solutions is a complex process, and hence, the proposed framework can help managers identify the major adjustments needed to embrace those advanced service modalities.

Originality/value

This study investigates the role of financial solutions in advanced services, from both the conceptual and business perspectives.
Elements of management and leadership strengthening in health systems: a qualitative study from Iran
Authors: Bahreini Rona , Gholizadeh Masumeh , Yousefi Mahmood , Janati Ali
Published: December 2022

Purpose

The importance of management capacity in the health sector has been increasingly recognized. The World Health Organization (WHO) (2008) has claimed that limited “management capacity” in low-income countries is one of the main obstacles toward achieving health-related goals. The aim of this study is to answer the research question: “What are the elements of management and leadership capacity of senior managers from the perspective of senior managers.”

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 20 senior health managers. Sampling method was purposive. Data were collected using a researcher-made interview guide. The transcribed text was analyzed using framework analysis.

Findings

Five main themes emerged from the analysis are: (1) competencies required for managers; (2) selection and appointment of managers; (3) establishment of managers' database; (4) deployment of functional support system; and (5) environmental sensitivity. Each of these themes contains sub-themes.

Research limitations/implications

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the interviews were conducted virtually. This may have had an impact on obtaining wealthy data because in a face-to-face interview, it is possible to question and answer, get additional explanations and understand the interviewee's mentality.

Practical implications

Extracting elements of management and leadership capacity helps managers to assess management capacity and leadership comprehensively and effectively. In addition, effective and useful operations can be done to strengthen the management and leadership capacity.

Originality/value

This is the first study that has identified the main elements of management and leadership capacity from the perspective of senior health managers in Iran. This article provides the components of the health system management and leadership capacity that can be used at top management level.
Harnessing virtual reality for management training: a longitudinal study
Authors: Haber Julita , Xu Heng , Priya Kanu
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Virtual reality (VR) technologies have been gaining popularity in training and development in many fields to promote embodied training. However, its adoption in management has been slow and rigorous empirical research to understand its impact on learning and retention is scarce. Thus, this paper aims to examine the benefits of VR technologies for management training.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a longitudinal experiment comparing VR platforms and a traditional video platform, this study examines two as yet unexplored benefits of VR technologies vis-à-vis management training – the cognitive outcome and affective reaction of the training experience over time.

Findings

This study finds that, for cognitive outcomes, immediate gains are similar across video and VR platforms, but subsequent knowledge retention is significantly higher for VR platforms. In terms of affective reaction, VR platforms generate significantly more enjoyment, which carries over to two weeks later, and is partially associated with higher knowledge retention.

Practical implications

This study has implications for management and human resource trainers and system designers interested in integrating VR for training and development purposes.

Originality/value

This study makes a unique contribution by unpacking the long-term benefits of an embodied training system, as well as identify a possible link between cognitive outcomes and affective reaction.
Should I pet or should I work? Human-animal interactions and (tele)work engagement: an exploration of the underlying within-level mechanisms
Authors: Junça Silva Ana
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Human–animal interactions (HAIs) have been found to have an extensive and significant influence on individuals' well-being and health-related outcomes. However, there are few studies that examine this influence on work-related contexts, such as teleworking. In this study, the author relied on the affective events theory to examine the effect of daily HAI on employees’ daily work engagement and the underlying mechanisms (daily affect ratio and state mindfulness), by resorting to a daily diary study.

Design/methodology/approach

To test the hypotheses, the author collected daily data during five consecutive working days with pet owners (N = 400 × 5 = 2,000).

Findings

Multilevel results showed that interacting with pets during the working day was positively associated with daily work engagement, but this positive relationship was stronger for individuals with lower levels of mindfulness. Further analyses showed that the daily affect ratio mediated the moderating effect of mindfulness on the relationship between daily interactions with pets and daily work engagement.

Practical implications

These findings provide strong support for the proposed mediated moderation model; indeed, positive affect and mindfulness help to explain the positive effect of HAIs on work engagement. Hence, managers may consider the adoption of teleworking, even in a hybrid format for those workers who own pets, because interacting with pets may be a strategy to make them feel more positive and, in turn, more enthusiastic, dedicated and absorbed in their work.

Originality/value

This study is one of the first studies to demonstrate the importance of adopting pet-friendly practices, such as allowing pet owners to telework, as a way to promote daily work engagement.
Durability and wettability of varnishes on the modified and aged surfaces of short rotation teak wood
Authors: Basri Efrida , Martha Resa , Damayanti Ratih , Rahayu Istie , Darmawan Wayan , Gérardin Philippe
Published: December 2022

Purpose

The surface characteristics of thermally and chemically modified wood, such as surface roughness, surface free energy (SFE) and wettability, are important properties that influence further manufacturing processes such as gluing and coating. The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of the surface roughness of thermally and chemically modified teak wood on their SFE, wettability and bonding quality for water-based acrylic and solvent-based alkyd varnishes. In addition, durability against subterranean termites in the field of these modified teak woods was also investigated to give a valuable information for their further application.

Design/methodology/approach

The woods tested in this study were fast-growing teak woods that were prepared in untreated and treated with furfuryl alcohol (FA), glycerol maleic anhydride (GMA) and thermal. SFE values were calculated using the Rabel method. The wettability values were measured based on the contact angle between varnish liquids and wood surfaces using the sessile drop method, and the Shi and Gardner model model was used to evaluate the wettability of the varnishes on the wood surface. The bonding quality of the varnishes was measured using a cross-cut test based on ASTM 3359-17 standard. In addition, durability against subterranean termites in the field of these modified teak woods was also investigated according to ASTM D 1758-06.

Findings

The results showed that furfurylated and GMA-thermal 220°C improved the durability of teak wood against termites. The furfurylated teak wood had the roughest surface with an arithmetic average roughness (Ra) value of 15.65 µm before aging and 27.11 µm after aging. The GMA-thermal 220°C treated teak wood was the smoothest surface with Ra value of 6.44 µm before aging and 13.75 µm after aging. Untreated teak wood had the highest SFE value of 46.90 and 57.37 mJ/m2 before and after aging, respectively. The K values of untreated and treated teak wood increased owing to the aging treatment. The K values for the water-based acrylic varnish were lower than that of the solvent-based alkyd varnish. The untreated teak wood with the highest SFE produced the highest bonding quality (grades 4–5) for both acrylic and alkyd varnishes. The solvent-based alkyd varnish was more wettable and generated better bonding quality than the water-based acrylic varnish.

Originality/value

The originality of this research work is that it provides evaluation values of the durability and SFE. The SFE value can be used to quantitatively determine the wettability of paint liquids on the surface of wood and its varnish bonding quality.
A Policy Approach to Reducing Low‐Value Device‐Based Procedure Use
Authors: DHRUVA SANKET S. , BACHHUBER MARCUS A. , SHETTY ASHWIN , GUIDRY HAYDEN , GUDUGUNTLA VINAY , REDBERG RITA F.
Published: December 2022

Policy Points

Low‐value care is common in clinical practice, leading to patient harm and wasted spending. Much of this low‐value care stems from the use of medical device‐based procedures.

We describe here a novel academic‐policymaker collaboration in which evidence‐based clinical coverage for device‐based procedures is implemented through prior authorization‐based policies for Louisiana's Medicaid beneficiary population.

This process involves eight steps: 1) identifying low‐value medical device‐based procedures based on clinical evidence review, 2) quantifying utilization and reimbursement, 3) reviewing clinical coverage policies to identify opportunities to align coverage with evidence, 4) using a low‐value device selection index, 5) developing an evidence synthesis and policy proposal, 6) stakeholder engagement and input, 7) policy implementation, and 8) policy evaluation. This strategy holds significant potential to reduce low‐value device‐based care.
Effects of lactic acid concentration and spray drying conditions on stickiness of acidified skim milk powder
Authors: Vickovic Dolores , Pedersen Søren Juhl , Ahrné Lilia , Hougaard Anni Bygvrå
Published: December 2022

The effects of lactic acid concentration (LA) and spray drying conditions on stickiness of acidified skim milk powder (SMP), which impacts process efficiency and powder properties, were examined using a fully replicated 24‐1 fractional factorial design. The wall deposition was significantly affected by LA, and yield was positively influenced by the drying temperature difference. Drying temperature difference significantly affected particle size, moisture content and water activity of acidified SMP. Particle size was also significantly influenced by nozzle airflow rate. Moisture content and water activity were significantly affected by LA, while glass transition temperature was only influenced by the outlet temperature.
Primary Sjögren's syndrome with type II respiratory failure caused by myotonic dystrophy type 1: A case report and literature review
Authors: He Shiping , Jiang Mengdi , Zhou Jiaxin , Jiang Ying , Tian Xinping , Zhang Wen , Zeng Xiaofeng
Published: December 2022

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the involvement of exocrine glands with dryness of mouth and eyes as typical clinical manifestations, and may also have extra‐glandular organ involvement. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common type of adult‐onset muscular dystrophy, which can lead to progressive muscle weakness and myotonia. The coexistence of pSS with DM1 was rarely reported. We here report a Chinese female pSS patient with progressive type II respiratory failure as a major manifestation and finally diagnosed with DM1 by genetic testing.
Management of thoracic trauma
Authors: Lodhia J. V. , Eyre L. , Smith M. , Toth L. , Troxler M. , Milton R. S.
Published: December 2022

Managing major thoracic trauma begins with identifying and anticipating injuries associated with the mechanism of injury. The key aims are to reduce early mortality and the impact of associated complications to expedite recovery and restore the patient to their pre‐injury state. While imaging is imperative to identify the extent of thoracic trauma, some pathology may require immediate treatment. The majority can be managed with adequate pleural drainage, but respiratory failure and poor gas exchange may require either non‐invasive or invasive ventilation. Ventilation strategies to protect from complications such as barotrauma, volutrauma and ventilator‐induced lung injury are important to consider. The management of pain is vital in reducing respiratory complications. A multimodal strategy using local, regional and systemic analgesia may mitigate respiratory side effects of opioid use. With optimal pain management, physiotherapy can be fully utilised to reduce respiratory complications and enhance early recovery. Thoracic surgeons should be consulted early for consideration of surgical management of specific injuries. With a greater understanding of the mechanisms of injury and the appropriate use of available resources, favourable outcomes can be reached in this cohort of patients. Overall, a multidisciplinary and holistic approach results in the best patient outcomes.
Consistent Estimation of the Number of Communities via Regularized Network Embedding
Authors: Ren Mingyang , Zhang Sanguo , Wang Junhui
Published: December 2022

The network analysis plays an important role in numerous application domains including biomedicine. Estimation of the number of communities is a fundamental and critical issue in network analysis. Most existing studies assume that the number of communities is known a priori, or lack of rigorous theoretical guarantee on the estimation consistency. In this paper, we propose a regularized network embedding model to simultaneously estimate the community structure and the number of communities in a unified formulation. The proposed model equips network embedding with a novel composite regularization term, which pushes the embedding vector toward its center and pushes similar community centers collapsed with each other. A rigorous theoretical analysis is conducted, establishing asymptotic consistency in terms of community detection and estimation of the number of communities. Extensive numerical experiments have also been conducted on both synthetic networks and brain functional connectivity network, which demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method compared with existing alternatives.
Pupillometric and blink measures of diverse task loads: Implications for working memory models
Authors: Chen Siyuan , Epps Julien , Paas Fred
Published: December 2022

Background

Inconsistent observations of pupillary response and blink change in response to different specific tasks raise questions regarding the relationship between eye measures, task types and working memory (WM) models. On the one hand, studies have provided mixed evidence from eye measures about tasks: pupil size has mostly been reported to increase with increasing task demand while this expected change was not observed in some studies, and blink rate has exhibited different trends in different tasks. On the other hand, a WM model has been developed to integrate a component to reconcile recent findings that the human motor system plays an important role in cognition and learning. However, how different tasks correlate with WM components has not been experimentally examined using eye activity measurements.

Aims

The current study uses a four‐dimensional task load framework to bridge eye measures, task types and WM models.

Sample

Twenty participants (10 males, 10 females; Age: M = 25.8, SD = 7.17) above 18 years old volunteered. All participants had normal or corrected to normal vision with contact lenses and had no eye diseases causing obvious excessive blinking.

Methods

We examined the ability of pupil size and blink rate to index low and high levels of cognitive, perceptual, physical and communicative task load. A network of the four load types and WM components was built and analysed to verify the necessity of integrating a physical task‐related component into the WM model.

Results

Results demonstrate that pupil size can index cognitive load and communicative load but not perceptual or physical load. Blink rate can index the level of cognitive load but is best at discriminating perceptual tasks from other types of tasks. Furthermore, pupil size measurement of the four task types was explained better during structural and factor analysis by a WM model that integrates a movement‐related component.

Conclusions

This research provides new insights into the relationship between eye measures, task type and WM models and provides a comprehensive understanding from which to predict pupil size and blink behaviours in more complex and practical tasks.
Blunted reward responsiveness prospectively predicts emotional distress when exposed to a naturalistic stressor
Authors: Yan Linlin , Kohn Nils , Yi Wei , Wang Naiyi , Duan Hongxia , Wu Jianhui
Published: December 2022

Both stress and blunted reward responsiveness have been identified as core risk factors of depression. Whether blunted reward responsiveness increases psychological vulnerability to real‐life stress from a dynamic perspective (from stress reactivity to recovery) has not been investigated. By utilizing a real‐world stressful event (i.e. the final examination), this study aimed to explore the role of reward responsiveness in the stress‐emotional distress relationship during stress reactivity and recovery phases. We followed 57 undergraduates with three assessments, from six weeks before examination weeks (T1, baseline), one day before the examinations (T2) to two weeks after the examinations (T3), therefore, covering stress reactivity (T1 to T2) and recovery (T2 to T3) phases. At baseline, reward responsiveness was measured as the Reward Positivity (RewP) in the doors task. Stress and emotional distress (anxiety and depression) were reported at T1, T2 and T3 to capture their dynamic changes. Results showed that self‐report stress levels significantly increased from T1 to T2 (stress reactivity phase) and decreased from T2 to T3 (stress recovery phase). Furthermore, blunted reward responsiveness at baseline prospectively predicted emotional distress during the stress reactivity phase but not the recovery phase. Specifically, during the stress reactivity phase, higher perceived stress was associated with greater anxiety and depression only in participants with relatively smaller residual RewP amplitudes but not in participants with relatively larger residual RewP amplitudes. Our study demonstrated that a blunted reward responsiveness is a vulnerable factor of depression, especially when exposed to stress. Our findings provide insights into prevention and intervention for stress‐related disturbance.
Complementary mRNA expression of enzymes producing nitric oxide and prostaglandin in ductus arteriosus with respect to their role in maintaining patency
Authors: Yamana Rei , Kadota Shogo , Ishii Kazuaki , Suzuki Takehito , Miyazaki Yoko , Tanaka Kazuaki , Usami Makoto , Takizawa Tatsuya
Published: December 2022

mRNA expression of molecules related to the activity of nitric oxide or prostaglandin E2, the critical regulators maintaining the ductus arteriosus patency, was examined in rat ductus arteriosus at preterm (days 18.5 and 19.5 of pregnancy) and near term (days 20.5 and 21.5). The endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA level increased transiently at preterm and then decreased at near term. The cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA increased gradually from near‐term to the term complementary to the reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA. These results suggest that the role shift between nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in maintaining ductus arteriosus patency at preterm and near term may be due to complementary expression changes of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 at the transcriptional level.
Risk scores for predicting incident heart failure admission in patients with chronic coronary syndromes: Validation in a prospective, monocentric, long‐term, cohort study
Authors: López‐Baizán Josué , Ruiz Ortiz Martín , Delgado Ortega Mónica , Rodríguez Almodóvar Ana , Esteban Martínez Fátima , Sánchez Fernández Carlos , Sánchez Fernández José Javier , Mateos de la Haba Leticia , Barreiro Mesa Lucas , Ogayar Luque Cristina , Romo Peñas Elías , López‐Aguilera José , Carrasco Ávalos Francisco , Castillo Domínguez Juan Carlos , Anguita Sánchez Manuel , Pan Manuel , Mesa Rubio Dolores
Published: December 2022

Background

Heart failure (HF) admission in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients has a prognostic impact. Stratification schemes have been described for predicting this endpoint, but none of them has been externally validated.

Objectives

Our aim was to develop point scores for predicting incident HF admission with data from previous studies, to perform an external validation in an independent prospective cohort and to compare their discriminative ability for this event.

Methods

Independent predictive variables of HF admission in CCS patients without baseline HF were selected from four previous prospective studies (CARE, PEACE, CORONOR and CLARIFY), generating scores based on the relative magnitude of the coefficients of Cox of each variable. Finally, the scores were validated and compared in a monocentric prospective cohort.

Results

The validation cohort included 1212 patients followed for up to 17 years, with 171 patients suffering at least one HF admission in the follow‐up. Discriminative ability for predicting HF admission was statistically significant for all, and paired comparisons among them were all nonsignificant except for CORONOR score was superior to CLARIFY score (C‐statistic 0.73, 95%CI 0.69–0.76 vs. 0.69, 95% CI 0.65–0.73; p = 0.03).

Conclusion

All tested scores showed significant discriminative ability for predicting incident HF admission in this independent validation study. Their discriminative ability was similar, with significant differences only between the two scores with higher and lower performance.
Density‐dependent habitat selection alters drivers of population distribution in northern Yellowstone elk
Authors: Smith Brian J. , MacNulty Daniel R. , Stahler Daniel R. , Smith Douglas W. , Avgar Tal
Published: December 2022

Although it is well established that density dependence drives changes in organismal abundance over time, relatively little is known about how density dependence affects variation in abundance over space. We tested the hypothesis that spatial trade‐offs between food and safety can change the drivers of population distribution, caused by opposing patterns of density‐dependent habitat selection (DDHS) that are predicted by the multidimensional ideal free distribution. We addressed this using winter aerial survey data of northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus canadensis) spanning four decades. Supporting our hypothesis, we found positive DDHS for food (herbaceous biomass) and negative DDHS for safety (openness and roughness), such that the primary driver of habitat selection switched from food to safety as elk density decreased from 9.3 to 2.0 elk/km2. Our results demonstrate how population density can drive landscape‐level shifts in population distribution, confounding habitat selection inference and prediction and potentially affecting community‐level interactions.
Maternal BMI in the preconception period, and association with child zBMI growth rates
Authors: Deveci Arin C. , Keown‐Stoneman Charles D. G. , Maguire Jonathon L. , O'Connor Deborah L. , Anderson Laura N. , Dennis Cindy‐Lee , Birken Catherine S. ,   for the TARGet Kids! Collaboration
Published: December 2022

Background

Elevated body mass index (BMI) and rapid growth in early childhood are important predictors of obesity risk. The association between maternal preconception BMI and child growth rates is unclear.

Objectives

To assess the association between measured maternal preconception BMI and child age‐ and sex‐ standardized WHO BMI z‐score (zBMI) growth rates and mean zBMI, in children aged 0–10 years old.

Methods

A longitudinal cohort study was conducted with children (n = 499) enrolled in The Applied Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids!) primary care practice‐based research cohort. Maternal BMI was measured during the preconception period, defined as the 2 years prior to pregnancy. Repeated measures of child weight and height were obtained between 0 and 10 years of age. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the association between maternal BMI and child zBMI growth rates and mean zBMI.

Results

Maternal preconception BMI was associated with child zBMI growth rate during some growth periods, with the strongest association from age 0 to 4 months; a 5 kg/m2 higher maternal BMI was associated with 0.031 zBMI SD unit/mo higher growth rate (p = 0.004), and 0.186 SD unit higher mean child zBMI (p = 0.0002).

Conclusions

Maternal preconception BMI was associated with growth rate and mean zBMI in early childhood. The preconception period may be an important target for health interventions to promote healthy child growth rate and weight outcomes.
A systematic review of cost and well‐being in hip and knee replacements surgical site infections
Authors: Hon Yoey Gwan Venise , Demant Daniel , Travaglia Joanne
Published: December 2022

This systematic review examined peer‐reviewed literature published from 2010 to 2020 to investigate the health care system costs, hidden out‐of‐pocket expenses and quality of life impact of surgical site infections (SSIs) and to develop an overall summary of the burden they place on patients. SSI can significantly impact patients' treatment experience and quality of life. Understanding patients' SSI‐related burden may assist in developing more effective strategies aimed at lessening the effects of SSI in financial and well‐being consequences. Peer‐reviewed articles on adult populations (over 18 years old) in orthopaedic elective hip and knee surgeries published from 2010 to 2020 were considered. Only publications in English and studies conducted in high‐income countries were eligible for inclusion. A search strategy based on the MESH term and the CINAHL terms classification was developed. Five databases (Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science) were searched for relevant sources. Reviewers categorised and uploaded identified citations to Covidence and EndNoteX9. Reviewers will assess article titles, abstracts and the full text for compliance with the inclusion criteria. Ongoing discussions between reviewers resolved disagreements at each selection process stage. The final scoping review reported the citation inclusion process and presented search results in a PRISMA flow diagram. Four main themes were extracted from a thematic analysis of included studies (N = 30): Hospital costing (n = 21); Societal perspective of health system costing (n = 2); Patients and societal well‐being (n = 6) and Epidemiological database and surveillance (n = 22). This systematic review has synthesised a range of themes associated with the overall incidence and impact of SSI that can inform decision making for policymakers. Further analysis is required to understand the burden on SSI patients.
Survey of factors related to diabetic foot pruritus in the elderly in Shanghai
Authors: Zhou Lin , Tang Jun , Cai Qing , Wang Yi‐Ru , Wan Yan , Lu Xiang , Bai Jiao‐Jiao
Published: December 2022

The objective of the study is to explore the status quo of foot pruritus and related factors in elderly diabetics and provide a reference for targeted preventive measures. The study involved a survey using a self‐designed foot pruritus assessment scale to understand the status quo of foot pruritus among 411 cases of elderly diabetics from 5 communities in Shanghai. The morbidity rate of foot pruritus in elderly diabetics in the community was 20.1%. Good self‐management behaviour was the protective factor, while diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hyperlipidemia, and dry skin were risk factors (all P < 0.05). The incidence of foot pruritus in elderly diabetics was high and influenced by several factors. We recommend that self‐management behaviour of patients be improved. Additionally, screening and interventions to address hyperlipidemia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and dry skin should be conducted regularly to prevent diabetic foot ulcers.
Epilepsy Risk and Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Harden Cynthia L.
Published: December 2022

Risk of Epilepsy in Offspring of Affected Women: Association with Maternal Spontaneous Abortion

Schupf N, Ottman R

Neurology 2001;57:1642–1649

Background

Previously, the authors found that risk of spontaneous abortion was increased in the pregnancies of women with epilepsy compared with their same-sex siblings, which could have implications for risk of epilepsy in their offspring. An association between a history of spontaneous abortion in the mother and risk of epilepsy in her live-born offspring may arise through selective loss of fetuses with a genetic susceptibility to epilepsy or through intrauterine environmental factors that may predispose the mother to a spontaneous abortion and to epilepsy in her live-born children.

Method

The authors examined the relation of a history of spontaneous abortion to the risk of idiopathic or cryptogenic epilepsy in 791 live-born offspring of 385 women with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy (probands) ascertained from voluntary organizations. A semistructured telephone interview with probands and additional family informants, supplemented by medical record review, was used to obtain information on seizures and other risk factors in probands and relatives.

Results

Live-born offspring of women with a history of spontaneous abortion were four or five times as likely to develop epilepsy as were children of women without (12.8% versus 4.7%; rate ratio = 4.6, 95% CI: 2.3–9.0). Cumulative incidence of epilepsy was 21.9% in offspring of women with a history of spontaneous abortion and a family history of epilepsy, compared with 4.7% in offspring of women with neither risk factor.

Conclusions

These results suggest that a history of spontaneous abortion is associated with increased risk of epilepsy in live-born offspring and may be a marker for genetic susceptibility for epilepsy in the mother.
Folic Acid and Epilepsy
Authors: Morrell Martha J.
Published: December 2022

Folic acid has been a topic of discussion within the epilepsy community for several decades. Folic acid was initially suspected to be epileptogenic ( 1 ), but that concern has been resolved, as research has demonstrated that folic acid in less than supraphysiologic concentrations does not promote seizures. Epileptologists are now concerned that folic acid may be too low in persons with epilepsy taking some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Low serum and red blood cell levels of folic acid in women of childbearing potential increase the risk of fetal birth defects. For men and women, low levels of folic acid are associated with elevated homocysteine and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. A convincing argument now develops that routine folic acid supplementation is important for women and men receiving AEDs.
The GAD-given Right of Dentate Gyrus Granule Cells to Become GABAergic
Authors: Mody Istvan
Published: December 2022

Janus, the ancient Roman God of Gates and Doors had two faces: one looked into the past, and the other, into the future. Do neurons possess a Janus face when it comes to neurotransmitters, or a given neuron is to be forever solely γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic, peptidergic, or YOURPREFERREDTRANSMITTERergic? The answer is that the terminals of many neurons are homes to even more than two neurotransmitters. All this in spite of the “one neuron–one transmitter” usual misinterpretation of Sir Henry Hallett Dale's postulate, originally meant to indicate that a metabolic process taking place in the cell body can influence all processes of the same neuron. A large variety of neurons in the CNS, many of them GABAergic, produce and release chemicals that satisfy some of the criteria used to define neurotransmitters. The usual scenario for a dual-transmitter terminal is that the fast-acting transmitter such as GABA or glutamate is stored in regular synaptic vesicles, whereas a neuropeptide is stored in dense core vesicles ( 1 ). The vesicular zinc found in many glutamatergic terminals also may be considered to be a second neurotransmitter, based on its vesicular packaging with the aid of a specific vesicular transporter, and its postsynaptic actions through high-affinity binding sites and permeation through certain channels ( 2 ). Whenever a “fast” and a “slow” neurotransmitter are present in the same presynaptic terminal, it is customary to assume that their release can be differentially regulated ( 1 ). There is little convincing experimental support for this phenomenon in the mammalian CNS. The coexistence of two “fast” neurotransmitters in the same terminal is less frequent, but not unheard of. In neonatal sympathetic neurons cocultured with cardiac myocytes, norepinephrine and acetylcholine coexist and have opposite actions on the cardiac muscle cells ( 3 ). Very recently we learned that brain-derived neurotrophic factor acting at the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR, perhaps as part of a programmed developmental switch, can convert the phenotype of the sympathetic neuron from noradrenergic to cholinergic ( 4 ). Other examples of two fast neurotransmitters released from the same neuron include GABA and glycine in interneurons of the spinal cord ( 5 ) and glutamate and dopamine in ventral midbrain dopamine neurons ( 6 ). Of all CNS neurons, the granule cells of the dentate gyrus appear to be the champions of neurotransmitter colocalization: glutamate, enkephalin, dynorphin, zinc, and finally GABA ( 2 , 7 – 9 ). With this many transmitters in a single neuron, there are probably different ways in which they can be released. Dynorphin and other opioid peptides can be released directly from the dendrites to inhibit excitatory transmission ( 8 ). A similar mechanism may take place for GABA, as described in cortical GABAergic neurons ( 10 ).
Sodium Channel Mutations in GEFS+ Produce Persistent Inward Current
Authors: Kapur Jaideep
Published: December 2022

Molecular Basis of an Inherited Epilepsy

Lossin C, Wang DW, Rhodes TH, Vanoye CG, George AL.

Neuron 2002;34:877–884

Epilepsy is a common neurologic condition that reflects neuronal hyperexcitability arising from largely unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms. In generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, an autosomal dominant epilepsy syndrome, mutations in three genes coding for voltage-gated sodium channel α or β1 subunits (SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN1B) and one γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-receptor subunit gene (GABRG2) have been identified. Here we characterize the functional effects of three mutations in the human neuronal sodium channel α subunit SCN1A by heterologous expression with its known accessory subunits, β1 and β2, in cultured mammalian cells. SCN1A mutations alter channel inactivation, resulting in persistent inward sodium current. This gain-of-function abnormality will likely enhance excitability of neuronal membranes by causing prolonged membrane depolarization, a plausible underlying biophysical mechanism responsible for this inherited human epilepsy.
Keeping Pace with Pacemaker Channels
Authors: Scharfman Helen E.
Published: December 2022

Developmental Febrile Seizures Modulate Hippocampal Gene Expression of Hyperpolarization-activated Channels in an Isoform and Cell-specific Manner

Brewter A, Bender RA, Chen Y, Dube C, Eghbal-Ahmadi M, and Baram TZ

J Neurosci 2002;22:4591–4599

Febrile seizures, in addition to being the most common seizure type of the developing human, may contribute to the generation of subsequent limbic epilepsy. Our previous work demonstrated that prolonged experimental febrile seizures in the immature rat model increased hippocampal excitability in the long term, enhancing susceptibility to future seizures. The mechanisms for these profound proepileptogenic changes did not require cell death and were associated with long-term slowed kinetics of the hyperpolarization activated depolarizing current (Ih). Here we show that these seizures modulate the expression of genes encoding this current, the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide–gated channels (HCNs): In CA1 neurons expressing multiple HCN isoforms, the seizures induced a coordinated reduction of HCN1 mRNA and enhancement of HCN2 expression, thus altering the neuronal HCN phenotype. The seizure-induced augmentation of HCN2 expression involved CA3 in addition to CA1, whereas for HCN4, mRNA expression was not changed by the seizures in either hippocampal region. This isoform- and region-specific transcriptional regulation of HCNs required neuronal activity rather than hyperthermia alone, correlated with seizure duration, and favored the formation of slow-kinetics HCN2-encoded channels. In summary, these data demonstrate a novel, activity-dependent transcriptional regulation of HCN molecules by developmental seizures. These changes result in long-lasting alteration of the HCN phenotype of specific hippocampal neuronal populations, with profound consequences on the excitability of the hippocampal network.
More on the Timing and Meaning of FDG-PET Abnormalities in Partial Epilepsy
Authors: Sperling Michael R.
Published: December 2022

Low Incidence of Abnormal FDG-PET in Children with New-onset Partial Epilepsy: A Prospective Study

Gaillard W, Kopylev L, Weinstein S, Conry J, Pearl P, Spanaki M, Fazilat S, Venzina L, Dubovsky E, Theodore W

Neurology 2002;58:717–722

Objective

Patients with refractory partial epilepsy often exhibit regional hypometabolism. It is unknown whether the metabolic abnormalities are present at seizure onset or develop over time.

Methods

The authors studied 40 children within 1 year of their third unprovoked partial seizure with EEG, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) (mean age at seizure onset, 5.8 years; range, 0.9–11.9 years; mean epilepsy duration, 1.1 years; range, 0.3–2.3 years; mean number of seizures, 30; range, 3–200). The authors excluded children with abnormal structural MRI, except four with mesial temporal sclerosis and two with subtle hippocampal dysgenesis. 18FDG-PET was analyzed with a region-of-interest template. An absolute asymmetry index, |AI|, >0.15 was considered abnormal.

Results

Thirty-three children had a presumptive temporal lobe focus, five frontotemporal, and two frontal. Mean AI for all regions was not different from that in 10 normal young adults, even when children less likely to have a temporal focus were excluded. Eight (20%) of 40 children had focal hypometabolism, all restricted to the temporal lobe, especially inferior mesial and inferior lateral regions. Abnormalities were ipsilateral to the presumed temporal lobe ictal focus.

Conculsions

Abnormalities of glucose utilization may be less common and profound in children with new-onset partial seizures than in adults with chronic partial epilepsy. Although these patients’ prognosis is uncertain, resolution of epilepsy after three documented seizures is uncommon. If the subjects develop a higher incidence of hypometabolism in the future with planned follow-up studies, metabolic dysfunction may be related to persistent epilepsy rather than present at seizure onset.
Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Epilepsy
Authors: Bertrand Daniel
Published: December 2022

The identification of a genetically transmissible form of epilepsy that is associated with a mutation in CHRNA4, the gene that encodes the α4 subunit of the high-affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, was the first demonstration that an alteration in a ligand-gated ion channel can cause seizures. Since then, nine mutations have been found, and analysis of their physiologic properties has revealed that all of them enhance receptor function.
Evidence against a Pathogenic Role for Mossy Fiber Sprouting
Authors: Benardo Larry S.
Published: December 2022

Is mossy fiber sprouting present at the time of the first spontaneous seizures in rat experimental temporal lobe epilepsy?

Nissinen J, Lukasiuk K, Pitkanen A

Hippocampus 2001;11:299–310

Purpose

The contribution of mossy fiber sprouting to the generation of spontaneous seizures in the epileptic brain is under dispute. This study addressed this question by examining whether sprouting of mossy fibers is present at the time of appearance of the first spontaneous seizures in rats, and whether all animals with increased sprouting have spontaneous seizures.

Methods

Epileptogenesis was induced in 16 rats by electrically stimulating the lateral nucleus of the amygdala for 20–30 min until the rats developed self-sustained status epilepticus (SSSE). During and after SSSE, rats were monitored in the long term with continuous video-EEG until they developed a second spontaneous seizure (8–54 days). Thereafter, monitoring was continued for 11 days to follow up seizure frequency. The density of mossy fiber sprouting was analyzed from Timm-stained preparations. The density of hilar neurons was assessed from thionine-stained sections.

Results

Of 16 rats, epilepsy developed in 14. In epileptic rats, the density of mossy fiber sprouting did not correlate with the severity or duration (115–620 min) of SSSE, delay from SSSE to occurrence of first (8–51 days) or second (8–54 days) spontaneous seizure, or time from SSSE to perfusion (20–63 days). In the temporal end of the hippocampus, the sprouting correlated with the severity of neuronal damage (ipsilateral: r = −0.852, p < 0.01; contralateral: r = −0.748, p < 0.01). The two animals without spontaneous seizures also had sprouting. Increased density of sprouting in animals without seizures and its association with the severity of neuronal loss was confirmed in another series of 30 stimulated rats that were followed up with video-EEG monitoring for 60 days.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that although mossy fiber sprouting is present in all animals with spontaneous seizures, its presence is not necessarily associated with the occurrence of spontaneous seizures.