bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cosmic Ray Measurements made during the Cruise of H.M.A.S. Wyatt Earp 1947-48
Authors: Caro DE , Law PG , Rathgeber HD
Published: September 2010

This paper describes the cosmic ray
equipment used and the results obtained on the cruise of the Wyatt Earp between
Melbourne, Australia, and the Antarctic Continent during the early part of
1948. Measurements of the total cosmic radiation over a narrow solid angle, the
meson content over the same angle, and the total content over the full
hemisphere were made. The difficulty of carrying out multiple correlations,
when the independent variables are closely related, is discussed. The final
correlation results show barometric coefficients of -0.144 per cent. per
millibar (mb.) for the narrow angle total radiation, -0.114 for the meson
content, and -0.192 for the total wide angle record. Long term temperature
coefficients of -0.063 per cent. per degree C., -0.051 per cent. per degree C.,
and -0.012 per cent. per degree C., respectively, are obtained. The need to
separate the daily and long-term temperature coefficients in regions where
continental climates exist is shown. Daily temperature coefficients of 0.14 per
cent. per degree C., 0.24 per cent. per degree C., and 0.16 per cent, per
degree C. are obtained. It is found that no measurable latitude effect remains
after pressure and temperature corrections have been made. The ratios of the
total to meson content and the narrow angle intensity to wide angle intensity
are independent of latitude south of Melbourne. A possible effect due to a
magnetic disturbance on February 15 is noted, but later more severe storms did
not produce any noticeable result. The results obtained are compared with those
of other workers.
Some Aspects of the Glow Discharge Between Coaxial Cylinders in the Presence of a Non-Homogeneous Axial Magnetic Field
Authors: Somerville JM , Champion KSW , Bigg EK
Published: September 2010

The characteristics of the glow discharge
in air between coaxial cylindrical electrodes in the presence of a
non-homogeneous axial magnetic field are described. With the outer cylinder as
cathode the discharge is narrow and takes place near the position of maximum
magnetic field. If the cathode is cut transversely into halves dividing the
discharge there may be a negative incremental resistance between these halves.
This negative resistance may be used as the basis of an oscillator working with
an efficiency of about 70 per cent. up to frequencies of about 100 kilocycles
per second.
Studies on the Lignin of Eucalyptus regnans. III. The Isolation of an Alkali Lignin from Sulphate Pulping
Authors: Merewether JWT
Published: September 2010

An alkali lignin containing no sulphur has
been obtained as a by-product from the sulphate pulping of Eucalyptus regnans. Like other alkali lignins it contains hydroxyl
groups, both acidic and alcoholic, as well as methoxyl groups.

Acetic anhydride in pyridine yields an
octoacetyl derivative which is readily hydrolysed by boiling water to a
heptacetyl derivative. In pyridine, benzoyl chloride yields an octobenzoyl
derivative while in aqueous alkali it yields a hexabenzoyl compound.

Dimethyl sulphate yields a heptamethyl
alkali lignin, diazomethane a hexamethyl derivative, while cold alkaline
hydrolysis of the latter gives a pentamethyl derivative, and hot alkaline
hydrolysis yields an anhydrotrimethyl alkali lignin.

One of the methoxyl groups formed by
methylation is unstable to acetylation by acetic anhydride in pyridine,
heptamethyl alkali lignin yielding a hexamethyldiacetyl derivative, hexamethyl
alkali lignin a pentamethyltriacetyl derivative, pentamethyl alkali lignin a
tetramethyltetracetyl derivative, and anhydrotrimethyl alkali lignin the
corresponding anhydrodimethyltetracetyl alkali lignin.

Triphenylchloromethane in pyridine yields a
monotrityl derivative.p-Nitrophenylhydrazine gives a
di-p-nitrophenylhydrazone and phenylhydrazine a phenylhydrazone-osazone.

Potentiometric titration shows two points
of inflection and an equivalent weight of 863.

The data are consistent with the empirical
formula C92Hl04O34(1754) or C73H54O9,(OCH3)14,(OH)3,C(OH),CO-CH20H,C0,COOH
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae: Melicope fareana. IV. Some Reactions of 1-Methyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxyic Acid, a Degradation Product of the Alkaloids
Authors: Price JR
Published: September 2010

Melicopine, melicopidine, and melicopicine are each oxidized by nitric acid to the same
acid, C11H9O3N. Decarboxylation gives
1-methyl-4-quinolone (I) and the acid is shown to be 1-methyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid (II). The 3- and 6-
mononitro-, 3,6-dinitro-, and 2-hydroxy-3,6-dinitro- derivatives of
1-methyl-4-quinolone have been prepared and the orientation of the substituents
established by oxidation of the hydroxydinitro- compound to 5-nitro-N-methylanthranilic acid. 1-Methy1-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic
acid is readily converted to a tetrahydro- derivative. The carboxyl groups in II
and in the tetrahydro- acid are reduced by zinc and hydrochloric acid to methyl
groups.
Atmospheric Noise Levels at Radio Frequencies near Darwin, Australia
Authors: Yabsley DE
Published: September 2010

Between August 25, 1944, and October 31,
1945, a practically continuous record of the average level of atmospheric radio
noise at a frequency of 1.93 Mc/s. was obtained near Darwin, in north-western
Australia. A few measurements were also made at a frequency of 5.9 Mc/s.

The noise-measuring programme is described
and the results obtained are presented graphically.
The Design of Reflecting Microscope Objectives
Authors: Steel WH
Published: September 2010

The general theory is developed and the
exact solutions obtained for the design of reflecting microscope objectives
having two or three concentric spherical surfaces. It is shown that the only
serious optical defect of reflecting objectives, low contrast due to the high
obstruction ratio, can be satisfactorily controlled in three-mirror systems.

Non-concentric objectives are discussed,
but in practice prove to be difficult to adjust.
The Temperature Dependence of the Thermal Conductivity of Air
Authors: Kannuluik WG , Carman EH
Published: September 2010

The thermal conductivity of air is
determined in absolute measure between -183 and 218 �C. by the "
thick-wire " variant of the " hot-wire " method. The apparatus
consists of a platinum wire 11 6 cm. long and 1.5 mm. in diameter mounted in a
90 per cent. Pt 10 per cent. Ir tube of 7 mm.
internal diameter. The temperature variation of the thermal conductivity of air
can be represented with considerable accuracy by the quadratic formula ������������� kt=5.
75 x 10-5(l +0.00317t-0.0000021t2) The present paper suggests
a value for the thermal conductivity of air at 0 �C. from a consideration of
the data which have been obtained by various hot-wire methods.
The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on Rainmaking in the Sydney Area
Authors: Smith EJ
Published: September 2010

An analysis is
presented of the results of 88 flights whose purpose was to carry out
rainmaking experiments, using dry ice, in the Sydney area between January 1948
and June 1950. The chance of encountering clouds suitable for rainmaking is
shown to be correlated with the synoptic situation, the water content above the
freezing level, the height of the freezing level, and the lapse rate below lt.
The number of days on which rainmaking was possible in the Sydney area is
estimated as 45, 33, and 8 for
1948, 1949, and January to June 1950 respectively, a smaller number of
opportunities occurring when the natural rainfall was abnormally high. The
possibility of forecasting days suitable for rainmaking is examined.
Sulphonamides. III. Disulphonyl Derivatives of some N-Heterocyclic Amines
Authors: Angyal SJ , Morris WO , Warburton WK
Published: September 2010

Various disulphonyl derivatives of
2-aminopyridine and 2-aminothiazole are described. It is proved that the two
sulphonyl groups are on two different nitrogens ; a similar conclusion is
reached for dibenzoyl-2-an~inopyridme. Several of the disulphonyl compounds
exist in two forms which are regarded as geometrical isomers.
The Positions of Six Discrete Sources of Cosmic Radio Radiation
Authors: Mills BY
Published: September 2010

The positions of six discrete sources of
cosmic radio radiation have been measured accurately. The tentative
identifications of three of the sources with nebulae made by Bolton, Stanley,
and Slee appear to be confirmed. It is also found that two of the sources have
measurable angular sizes (about ��).
Ionospheric Measurements at Oblique Incidence over Eastern Australia
Authors: Strohfeldt M , McNicol RWE , Gipps G de V
Published: September 2010

An account is given of night observations
of oblique-incidence pulse transmissions on 5.8 Mc/s. over a baseline of 763
km., using a responder technique. The experiment aimed at measuring apparent
path lengths as a guide to the identification of the reflecting layer in the
ionosphere. The characteristics of beacon triggering are discussed in relation
to the echo system received after ionospheric reflection.

A correlation of Es occurrences
as observed at oblique incidence and vertical incidence near the midpoint of
the trajectory was effected, and certain characteristics of the Es
layer are presented. Unusual records of Pedersen rays are reproduced and sudden
height increases and diffuseness of F2 echoes are discussed.

A check on the oblique-incidence theory
using a Millington transmission curve on vertical-incidence h'f records yielded reasonable agreement
between measured and deduced reflection heights, although there is evidence of
a tendency for the predicted obliquity factor to be too low. A rough analysis
of oblique-incidence penetrations yielded an average value for the frequency
separation of the magneto-ionic M.U.F.'s close to half the gyromagnetic
frequency.
The raman spectra of some aromatic sulphonyl Halides
Authors: Ham NS , Hambly AN
Published: September 2010

The Raman spectra of benzene-,
p-chlorobenzene-, p-bromobenzene-, p-methoxybenzene-, and o-, m-, and p-toluene
sulphonyl chlorides and fluorides and methylbenzene sulphonate are recorded as
well as the infra-red absorption bands of liquid benzene sulphonyl chloride and
fluoride between 650 and 3100 cm.-l. A frequency c. 375 cm.-1
is characteristic of the S-Cl bond in sulphonyl chlorides and a strong band at
c. 1210 cm.-1 is characteristic of the sulphonyl fluoride group. A
Raman band at c. 1080 cm.-l in the chlorides and c. 1095 cm.-l
in the fluorides appears to be associated with aromatic sulphonyl derivatives.
There is such a band at 1094 cm.-1 in the Raman spectrum of methyl
benzene sulphonate.
Transient rates of gas sorption. II. Rate equations for transport and adsorption in porous adsorbents
Authors: Sutherland KL , Winfield ME
Published: September 2010

Equations are derived to describe the rate
at which gas passes into a bed of adsorbent under conditions of constant volume
and diminishing pressure. Of the processes which may be responsible for the
observed rate of gas uptake, the following three are considered : (i) Knudsen flow within the bed, or within the granules of
which it is composed, with simultaneous adsorption that is too fast to be a
limiting factor ; (ii) chemisorption which is controlled by the rate of Knudsen
flow ; (iii) unrestricted chemisorption.It
is shown how the rate constants used in the equations are related to the
overall reaction rate constant in a catalyst pore.
The empirical calculation of true dipole moments from the apparent values shown by solutes in carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Le Fevre CG , Le Fevre RJW
Published: September 2010

New measurements are recorded of the
polarizations at infinite dilution in carbon tetrachloride of 13 solutes. The
apparent dipole moments computed therefrom, together with those determined
earlier of acetone, chloroform, and paraldehyde, are used to calculate true ?gas?
moments via an equation, due to Buckingham and Le F�vre, hitherto tested only
when benzene has been the solvent. Results with carbon tetrachloride are as
satisfactory as those with benzene.
Reduction by dissolving metals. XII. The conversion of 2,5- into 2,3-Dihydroanisoles by means of Potassium Amide in Ammonia
Authors: Birch AJ , Hextall P
Published: September 2010

The direction of the conjugation of double
bonds in some 2,5-dihydroanisole derivatives has been further examined.
Heats of mixing of Alcohol solutions
Authors: Brown I. , Fock W
Published: September 2010

A calorimeter for the measurement of the
heats of mixing of binary liquid systems at temperatures from 20 to 45 �C is
described.

Heats of mixing have been measured for
approximately equimolar mixtures of benzene+carbon tetrachloride at 25 �C, benzene+ethylene
dichloride at 25 �C, acetone+chloroform at 25 �C, and ethanol+-carbon
tetrachloride at 45 �C. Measurements have been made at intervals over the whole
composition range of the systems ethanol+2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 25 �C and
ethanol+benzene at 45 �C.
Colouring matters of Australian Plants. V. Haemocorin: The chemistry of the Aglycone
Authors: Cooke RG , Segal W
Published: September 2010

Oxidation of the aglycone dimethyl ether B
gives a cyclic anhydride isomeric with that previously obtained from dimethyl
ether A. The chemical properties and absorption spectra of the two anhydrides
and their derivatives suggest that they are dimethoxyphenylnaphthalic
anhydrides with the methoxyl groups attached to the naphthalene ring system.
Further degradation of the anhydrides eventually gives
diphenyl-2,3,4-tricarboxylic acid. This is proved by decarboxylation to
diphenyl and by the formation of an anilide phenylimide identical with a
synthetic specimen. These results indicate that the aglycone is a
dihydroxymethoxyphenylperinaphthenone, and further support is given by a study
of model hydroxyperinaphthenones.
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae: Evodia xanthoxyloides F.Muell. V. A note on the constitution of evolidine
Authors: Curtis RM
Published: September 2010

Evolidine, formerly described as an
alkaloid, is shown to be a peptide. A new formula C38H58O9N8
having a cyclic structure and containing seven amino acid residues is proposed.
β-Triketones. III. Xanthostemone
Authors: Birch AJ , Elliott P
Published: September 2010

Xanthostemone, C12H16O3,
by its properties and by oxidation reactions is shown to have formula I.
The overlap integral in the molecular-orbital theory of conjugated compounds. II. Hydrocarbons
Authors: Bassett IM , Brown RD
Published: September 2010

Certain simplifications to the general
molecular-orbital theory with inclusion of overlap, developed in Part I of this
series, arise when it is applied to hydrocarbon systems. The simpler formulae
for atom and bond charges and for polarizabilities are presented, together with
some inequalities and identities which apply to hydrocarbon systems.

The law of alternating polarity for the
atom charge density is established for alternant conjugated systems.
The SN mechanism in aromatic compounds. XX. The nucleophilicity of phenoxides
Authors: Leahy GD , Liveris M , Miller J , Parker AJ
Published: September 2010

The reactions of a series of phenoxides in
MeOH with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobeneene (and in one
case with picryl chloride also) have been measured. They are compared with each
other and with the OMe- reaction.

The reactions of the several phenoxides
show a relationship between basicity and nucleophilicity analogous to the
Bronsted relationship between acid-base strength and catalytic activity, but
the relationship does not include OMe-. The phenoxide reactions also
obey the Hammett equation with a ρ value similar to those for ionization
of phenols in water and alcohols.

General features of nucleophilicity and
basicity are discussed in outline.
The appeearance of polar forms of 1,4-Dioxan at temperatures above 200°C
Authors: Armstrong RS , Le Fevre RJW , Yates J
Published: September 2010

The total polarization of 1,4-dioxan
vapour is reported for 20 temperatures between 118 and 365 �C. The results,
considered together with 19 others previously recorded over a range down to 56 �C,
indicate the generation of polar forms at higher temperatures, and confirm an
earlier suggestion by Gibbs (1961). The variation of P with 1/T �K is shown
graphically and may also be qualitatively forecast by equations having a
semi-empirical character ; a steep rise of P
is predicted as T is increased above
about 200 �C.
The SN Mechanism in aromatic compounds. 25. Substituent effects of multiple-bond nitrogen.
Authors: Miller J , Parker AJ
Published: September 2010

The substituent effects in aromatic
nucleophilic substitution of groups attached to the benzene ring by a
multiple-bond nitrogen atom are considered. Attachment is para to a replaceable
halogen atom, and generally as a 4-substituent to l-chloro-2-nitrobenzene.
Comparisons with some other groups are shown.

Reasons are given for the greater T effect
of a triple than of a double bond. Hammett substituent constants (σ*) are
computed. Those for the nitroso and diazonium groups .are the largest so far
obtained for electrically neutral and cationic groups respectively.

The activating power of four of the
nitrogen groups in electrophilic as well as nucleophilic substitution is
discussed briefly.
Catalysis of hydrogen peroxide dceomposition by 2-electron oxidation and reduction
Authors: King NK , Winfield ME
Published: September 2010

A thermodynamical argument is used to
support the suggestion made elsewhere that the more common radical chain
mechanism for catalysed decomposition of H2O2 need not
predominate if the catalyst can readily undergo a reversible 2-electron
oxidation. How complete the exclusion of free radical formation may be depends
upon the redox characteristics of the catalyst and on whether its oxidation by
two single-electron steps is readily reversible along the same path.
Chemistry of Non-Enzymic Browning. VI. The reaction of Aldoses with Amine Bisulphites
Authors: Ingles DL
Published: September 2010

The crystalline glucose-aniline bisulphite
addition compound, D-glycero-D-ido-1-anilino-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl
anilinium sulphonate, was prepared from the reaction of D-glucose with aniline
bisulphite in water and in methanol. The D-glycero-D-ido-1-anilino-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl
piperidinium sulphonate was prepared by adding piperidine bisulphite to
preformed N-phenyl-D-glucosylamine. Other new compounds of similar structure
were prepared from the reaction of aniline bisulphite with D -galactose and
D-mannose.

cycloHexylamine bisulphite reacted with
D-glucose to form crystalline D-glycero-D-ido-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroxyhexyl
cyclohexylammonium sulphonate. When treated with aniline this compound formed D-glycero-D-ido-1-anilino-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl
cyclohexylammonium sulphonate.

The D-glycero-D-ido-1-anilino-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl
potassium and anilinium sulphonates were interconverted by use of a
cation-exchange resin. Acetylation of the anilinium sulphonate in pyridine gave
the tetra-acetate of N-phenyl-D-glucosylamine.
Refined Antisymmetric Molecular-Orbital Calculations of the Energy Levels of Benzene and Hexamethylbenzene
Authors: Gray FA , Ross IG , Yates J
Published: September 2010

The calculation by
Parr, Craig, and Ross (1950) of the lower π-electron energy levels of
benzene has been repeated, with specific inclusion this time of (i) the
contribution of the hydrogen atoms to the core potential, and (ii) exchange
interactions between the π-electrons and the core. As a result, the lower
energy levels (in the range 4-10 eV)are all raised by
amounts averaging about 1 eV. A similar result was obtained by Niira (1953), but by a
significantly different procedure.

If the hydrogen atoms
are replaced by methyl groups, the changed core potential reduces the energy
level spacing slightly. This effect (including an allowance for the polarities
of ring-radical a-bonds) can account for about 35 per cent. of the difference in energy (estimated at 3800 cm-1) between the 1Agu transitions in benzene and
hexamethylbenzene ; it is thus almost as important in this context as
hyperconjugation and like effects.
Complex Formation by Inorganic Ions
Authors: Duncan JF
Published: September 2010

The formation of complexes MN(m-n)+
from Mm+ and Nn- in
aqueous solution is discussed in terms of simple electrostatic forces. The
entropy changes are shown to depend on similar factors to those which determine
the enthalpy changes. In cases where the entropy changes for a series of
complexes with different Mm+ and constant Nn-
are either linearly related to the enthalpy changes, or can be neglected, the
free energy of formation of the complex from the ions may be predicted in
unknown cases. The relations commonly used for plotting the free energy of
formation of the complex from the ions as functions of a number of
physicochemical quantities are shown to arise fortuitously as a consequence of
the restricted range of ionic radii provided by Nature. In some cases
deviations from expected behaviour show the influence of structural changes on
the ease of complex formation.
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae: Lunasia quercifolia. II. The Nature of Lunasine
Authors: Price JR
Published: September 2010

The principal component of the mixture of
water-soluble alkaloids of Lunasia quercifolia is shown to be the quaternary
4-methoxy-1-methylquinolinium structure IV corresponding to the
1-methyl-4-quinolone alkaloid lunacrine. The formation of IV from lunacrine and
methyl iodide involves addition of the methyl group to the quinolone oxygen
atom. It is suggested that this, as with the γ-pyrones, is the usual mode
of reaction of 4-quinolone with alkyl halides. The properties of
4-methoxyquinolinium salts are discussed in relation to the conversion of
furoquinoline alkaloids to the iso-alkaloids.
Soluble wool proteins III. Optical rotation
Authors: Woods EF
Published: September 2010

The optical rotations, [α]D,
of three soluble wool keratin derivatives have been measured in a large number
of solvents using the sodium D line. A wide range of values was recorded. The
values obtained for [α]D varied from -100� in typical protein
denaturing agents such as 8M urea and 6M guanidine hydrochloride to near zero
in some organic solvent mixtures. The results are interpreted in terms of the
percentage of the polypeptide in the helical configuration. The relation
between the optical rotation and the effectiveness of a solvent in
disaggregating these proteins is discussed. The optical rotations of the
proteins derived from wool appear to be influenced by the methods used to
solubilize the proteins.
Liquid-Vapour Equilibria. X. The Systems Acetone+Nitromethane and Acetone+Acetonitrile at 45°C
Authors: Brown I , Smith F
Published: September 2010

Liquid-vapour equilibrium data are given
for the systems acetone+nitromethane and acetone+acetonitrile at 45.00 �C. The
data are used to calculate the excess free energy of mixing for these systems.
The former system has a negative value of the excess free energy of mixing and
shows a change in sign of the deviation of the activity of nitromethane from
the Raoults law value at a mole fraction of acetone of 0.36. A value of the
virial coefficient β12 in the equation of state of the mixed
vapours was estimated from the equilibrium data for this system. The excess
free energy of mixing for the system acetone+acetonitrile is zero within the
experimental error over the whole concentration range.

The Stockmayer potential was used to
calculate values of β12, for the binary systems formed from
acetone, nitromethane, and acetonitrile. For the system acetone+nitromethane
the value estimated from our data is more negative than the value calculated
using the Stockmayer potential, indicating a specific interaction, possibly
hydrogen bonding, between the acetone and nitromethane molecules.
Synthesis of Pentane-1,5-dialdehydes
Authors: Cavill GWK , Solomon DH
Published: September 2010

A general method for the synthesis of
alkylpentane-1,5-dialdehydes is described. The appropriately substituted
cyclohexanone is oxidized with lead tetra-acetate in benzene solution, and the
resultant 2,6-diacetoxycyclohexanone is reduced (lithium aluminium hydride) to
the cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol. Fission of the trio1 with sodium periodate yields
the pentane-1,5-dialdehyde.
Preparation of Some Aromatic isothiocyanates
Authors: Neely WJ
Published: September 2010

The preparation of some aromatic
isothiocyanates is described and their characteristic infra-red absorption
bands near 2100 cm-1 are reported.
Some Properties of Compressional Waves in Lennard-Jones and Devonshire Liquids. II. Shock Waves
Authors: David HG , Hamann SD
Published: September 2010

This paper describes some theoretical calculations of the thermodynamic changes
which occur when a condensed substance is compressed by a shock wave from an
explosion. It is assumed that the material is a simple molecular fluid (or a plastic
solid) obeying Lennard-Jones and Devonshire's equation of state.
The calculations have been applied to single and colliding shock waves, to shocks
generated in a precompressed material, and to the adiabatic expansion of a material
from a shocked state. The results are in good qualitative agreement with the experi-
mental data where these exist. In addition they suggest possible ways of extending the
scope and usefulness of shock wave experiments.
Kinetics of the Decomposition of Sulphur Dicyanide in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kitching W , Smith RH , Wilson IR
Published: September 2010

The kinetics and stoicheiometry of the
decomposition of aqueous solutions of sulphur dicyanide have been studied at
temperatures between 0-70 �C and in media ranging from dilute perchloric acid
to pH 7. The predominant reaction is nucleophilic substitution at carbon, but
in perchloric acid solutions an alternative reaction path has been revealed.
Coordination Compounds of Substituted 1,10-Phenanthrolines and Related Dipyridyls. II. Complexes of Iron and 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline
Authors: Fox DB , Hall JR , Plowman RA
Published: September 2010

A number of mono and bis(che1ate)
complexes of iron(II) and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmp) have been
isolated. The mono complexes are of general formula FedmpX2,
where X=Cl, Br, I ; 2X=SO4. They are yellow to brown in colour
except for the sulphato complex, which is pink. Conductivity and cryoscopic
measurements indicate that the halogeno compounds are nonelectrolytes and
monomeric. The magnetic moments range from 5.1 to 5.4 B.M. The evidence points
to these compounds being four-coordinate tetrahedral complexes. The
bis(che1ate)complexes are Fe(dmp)2(NO3)2(H2O)2
and Fe(dmp)2(NO3)(ClO4)(H2O)2,
both yellow crystalline substances. They are 1 : 1 electrolytes in nitrobenzene
and nitromethane. The magnetic moments are 5.2 B.M. for the dinitrate and 5.05
B.M. for the nitrate-perchlorate. According to their infrared spectra, each
compound in the solid state appears to contain covalently bound nitrate and is
most probably six-coordinate.
Identity of the Alkaloid from Crotalaria damarensis Engl. with ( - )-1-Methylenepyrrolizidine, now Shown to Occur Partially Racemized in C. anagyroides H.B.& K
Authors: Culvenor CCJ , Smith LW
Published: September 2010

An alkaloid, previously isolated from
Crotalaria damarensis and described as C12H18O2N2,
is shown to be (-)-1-methylenepyrrolizidine, C8H13N. The
base from C. anagyroides, previously reported as this compound, is shown to be
a mixture of (-)- and (+)-enantiomers. The pure (-)-enantiomer is obtained from
C. anagyroides alkaloid by recrystallization of the
3-bromocamphor-8-sulphonates.
Colouring Matters of Australian Plants. IX. Anthraquinones from Morinda Species
Authors: Bowie JH , Cooke RG
Published: September 2010

Whole roots of Morinda citrifolia yielded
nordamnacanthal (1.7%), morindone (0.5%), rubiadin, and rubiadin-1-methyl ether
as the principal pigments. Damnacanthol was isolated as a new derivative, which
is probably an artifact, and another minor component is believed to be
soranjidiol (1,6-dihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone). Rubiadin and
rubiadin-1-methyl ether have also been isolated from a small sample of the root
bark of M. jasminoides.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Acid-catalysed Hydrolysis of Tertiary Butyl Acetate
Authors: Adam KR , Lauder I , Stimson VR
Published: September 2010

The kinetics of the acid-catalysed
hydrolysis of tertiary butyl acetate in water, in aqueous acetone, and in
aqueous dioxan, over a range of temperature have been studied. The Arrhenius
equation is not obeyed. In 40% water-60% acetone the energy of activation
varies from 26-29 kcal mole-1 for temperatures 48-97 �C. This is due
presumably to simultaneous hydrolyses via the AAL1 and the AAC2
mechanisms. By combination of oxygen-18 tracer results and kinetic results the
rate constants for reactions by these mechanisms in water have been separated.
The observed percentage of alkyl-oxygen fission in water varies from 85 at 25 �C
to 97 at 60 �C. Rate constants for reactions by the AAL1 and the AAC2
mechanisms are expressed by the equations :

k
(sec-1 l mole-1) = 10l6.l
exp (-27500/RT), and k (sec-1 l mole-1)
= 107.9 exp (-l73OO/RT),respectively.

However, the parameters of the latter
equation may contain considerable errors because the extent of reaction by the
AAC2 mechanism is small.

In water and in 80% water-20% acetone,
tertiary butyl acetate undergoes an uncatalysed solvolytic reaction, involving
presumably the BAL1 mechanism. The variation of the rate of this
reaction with temperature is expressed by the equation,

k (sec-1) = 1012.3
exp (-26800/RT).
The Formation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons at High Temperatures. XVI. The Pyrolysis of (1-14C]Tetralin
Authors: Badger GM , Kimber RWL , Novotny J
Published: September 2010

The pyrolysis of [1-14C]tetralin
at 700 �C has given a tar from which 21 compounds (or their derivatives) have
been isolated in sufficient quantity and purity for radiochemical analysis. The
mechanisms for their formation are discussed with reference to the number of
labelled carbon atoms found.
Mono- and Bis-(2,2'-bipyridine) and (1,10-Phenanthroline) Chelates of Ruthenium and Osmium. I. Monochelates of Bivalent, Tervalent, and Quadrivalent Ruthenium
Authors: Dwyer FP , Goodwin HA , Gyarfas EC
Published: September 2010

Mono(phenanthro1ine) and
mono(bipyridine)ruthenium(III) complexes have been prepared by the reaction at
25�C between the hydrochlorides of the bases and aqueous potassium
pentachloroaquoruthenate(III), when the insoluble phenanthrolinium and
bipyridinium salts of the tetrachlorophenanthrolineruthenate(III) and
tetrachlorobipyridineruthenate(III) anions, BH[RuBCl4], separated
almost quantitatively. Elimination of the cation could be effected by oxidation
to tetra-chlorophenanthrolineruthenium(IV) or tetrachlorobipyridineruthenium(IV).
The latter neutral complexes could then be reduced to yield the acids H[RuBCl4]
or alkali metal salts. The chelating base is firmly bound in these complexes
but the chlorine atoms are replaceable successively by a wide variety of
ligands such as water, pyridine, or acetylacetone.
Alkaloidal Constituents of Crotalaria fulva Roxb., Fulvine and Its N-Oxide
Authors: Schoental R
Published: September 2010

A pyrrolizidine alkaloid, fulvine, has been isolated from leaves and from
flowers of Crotalaria fulva, Roxb. in which it occurs mainly in the form of the N-oxide.
Fulvine is a cyclic diester of retroneoine with fulvinic acid, which was shown to be
2,3,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxyglutario acid.
Thiyl Radicals. II. Reactions of meso-Substituted Anthracene Derivatives with Oxygen and Mercaptoacetic Acid
Authors: Beckwith ALJ , See LB
Published: September 2010

9-Methyl- and
9-benzylanthracene each react readily with mercaptoacetic acid and oxygen in
benzene yielding (9-methyl-10-anthry1thio)acetic
acid and(9-benzyl-10-anthry1thio)acetic
acid respectively. There is no evidence for hydrogen atom abstraction from
the alkyl substituent by free thiyl radicals. 9,10-Dimethylanthracene, when
similarly treated, affords α-(carboxymethylthio)-9,10-dimethylanthracene,
but 9,10-diphenylanthracene remains unaffected. These results are consistent
with the free-radical-chain mechanism previously suggested.1
Favorskii Rearrangement of Pulegone Dibromide and Pulegone Epoxide
Authors: Achmad SA , Cavill GWK
Published: September 2010

A stereospecific Favorskii rearrangement
of pulegone dibromide, from D-pulegone, gives the trans-pulegenic acid which is
converted into the corresponding bicyclic γ-lactone (V), a useful
intermediate for the synthesis of the cyclopentanoid monoterpenes. A
stereospecific rearrangement of pulegone epoxide (VIIa) yields the lactone (V),
together with the trans,trans-hydroxyacid (VIIIb). A nonstereo-specific
Favorskii rearrangement of the dibromide gives a mixture of the trans- and
cis-pulegenic acids, but a comparable rearrangement of the epoxide gives the
hydroxyacids of type (X). Mechanisms for these transformations are discussed.
The structure of jacozine, an alkaloid of Senecio jacobaea L
Authors: Culvenor CCJ
Published: September 2010

The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of
jacozine indicates that this base has structure (V) and is thus derived from
seneciphylline (IV) by epoxidation at the ethylidene double bond. This
structure was confirmed by conversion of jacozine into seneciphylline by
reaction with potassium selenocyanate. The same reagent converts jacobine into
senecionine.
Reactions with half-lives of several years
Authors: Bottomley GA , Nyberg GL
Published: September 2010

The gas-phase thermal decomposition of dimethyldiazirine, (CH3)2CN2,
at very slow rates has been investigated using precision gas-volumetric
techniques previously applied to second virial coefficient studies. At 50-70�
the first-order kinetics correspond to half-lives about 0.3-3.0 years. The
present results, together with data obtained by other workers using
conventional apparatus at 124-174�, fit a single log rate-reciprocal
temperature activation energy equation.
Zirconium difluoride
Authors: McTaggart FK , Turnbull AG
Published: September 2010

Zirconium difluoride was prepared by the
action of atomic hydrogen on thin layers of zirconium tetrafluoride, at a
temperature of approximately 350�. The compound is orthorhombic in structure.
It is black, tends to take up oxygen in air, and ignites readily and burns to
form zirconium dioxide. Disproportionation occurs at 800� with the formation of
ZrF4 and zirconium, and other chemical properties are similar to
those of the known dihalides of Group IVA.
The effects of solvents on the stretching vibrations of the thiocyanate and isothiocyanate groups
Authors: Cummins RA
Published: September 2010

The frequency and intensity of the
pseudo-antisymmetric -NCS stretching vibration and the -C≡N stretching
vibration in -SCN have been measured for the methyl and phenyl compounds of
both isomers in a range of solvents. It is shown that the intensity change in
the thiocyanates follows a function of the Buckingham type, but that the change
in the intensity of the isothiocyanates is complicated by a further effect
which could be due to specific solvent/solute interaction. This interaction is
reflected in the large frequency shift of the isothiocyanates whereas for the
thiocyanates the shift is only very small. However, mixed-solvent studies
indicate that the interaction is not strong enough to be classed as a hydrogen
bond.

Parallel solvent studies on the analogous
vibration of the -NCO group indicate that this group, rather surprisingly, is
barely solvent-sensitive at all.
The polarography of beryllium
Authors: Shirvington PJ , Florence TM , Harle AJ
Published: September 2010

The polarography of beryllium in 0.5M
lithium chloride has been investigated in some detail, using several
polarographic and coulometric techniques. Current-time curves, microscopic
examination and cinematography of the mercury drop, and the effect of
complexing agents, aided in elucidating the electrode process.

The experimental data show that the
polarographic step for the tetraquoberyllium ion is diffusion-controlled but
irreversible, and results from the reduction of two protons liberated from the
coordinated water molecules, yielding beryllium hydroxide and hydrogen. The
evidence suggests that this reduction takes place in a stepwise process, with a
soluble beryllium hydroxy complex as an intermediate. The polarographic results
can be correlated with published potentiometric data on the composition and
stabilities of hydrolysed beryllium species in aqueous media. The number of
electrons involved in the electrode reaction depends on the number of hydroxyl
groups per beryllium atom in the beryllium complex. Beryllium oxalate and
salicylate complexes also give a reduction step, but only if the complex
contains coordinated water molecules. The diffusion coefficient of the
tetraquoberyllium ion was found to be 6.2 � 0.3 x 10-6 cm2
sec-1 at 30�.
Proton magnetic resonance spectra of indolizine and its methyl derivatives and aza analogues
Authors: Black PJ , Heffernan ML , Jackman LM , Porter QN , Underwood GR
Published: September 2010

The proton magnetic resonance spectra of
indolizine, indolizine-1,3-d2, 1- and 2-methylindolizine, 2,3-,
2,5-, 2,6-, and 2,7-dimethylindolizine and 1-, 2-, and 3-azaindolizine have
been determined at 100 and/or 60 Mc/s. Unequivocal assignments have been made
to all protons and the coupling constants and chemical shifts for indolizine
and its aza analogues have been obtained by an iterative procedure. Long-range
coupling constants involving protons separated by five and six bonds have been
observed.
The proton magnetic resonance spectra of some methyl-substituted 1,10-phenanthrolines
Authors: Carman RM , Hall JR
Published: September 2010

The p.m.r. spectra of 1,10-phenanthroline
and 13 methylated 1,10-phenanthrolines are tabulated and discussed.
Derivatives of orthoacids. I. Bicyclic orthoesters
Authors: Crank G , Eastwod FW
Published: September 2010

Ethyl orthoformate reacts with
butane-1,2,4-triol, pentane-1,2,5-triol, and pentane-1,3,5-triol to form
2,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3,2,1]octane, 2,8,9-trioxabicyclo[4,2,1]nonane, and
2,8,9-trioxabicyclo[3,3,1]nonane respectively. Attempts to prepare the analogous
bicyclic orthoesters from glycerol and 2-hydroxymethyl-butane-1,4-diol led to
monocyclic derivatives and to polymers. The ease of formation and stability of
these bicyclic compounds are contrasted with those of
4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2,2,2]octane and the results are discussed in
relation to the stereochemistry of the transition state in ester and amide
hydrolysis.
Spectroscopic studies of thioamides. I. The infrared spectrum of cyanothioformamide
Authors: Duckworth VF , Werner RL
Published: September 2010

The infrared spectrum of
cyanothioformamide and its deuterated derivative have been studied over the
range 4000-280 cm-1 to assist the interpretation of the spectra of
thioamides. Evaluation of all data now suggests the emergence of a pattern of
bands which depends on the nature of the substituent at the central atom of the
NCS group in primary thioamides. The influence of solvents on frequency
indicates that the stretching motion of the thiocarbonyl group makes a major
contribution to the band at 957 cm-1 in this compound.
Constitutron of the glucan from mango. Mangifera indica L. II. Barry degradation studies
Authors: Das A , Rao CVN
Published: September 2010

From the results of Barry degradation
studies, the 1→3 and 1→4 linked glucopyranose units present in the
glucan have been proved to occur in blocks. Size and shape of the glucan have
been determined from light-scattering measurements.
Iodinolysis of boronic acids
Authors: Brown RD , Buchanan AS , Humffray AA
Published: September 2010

The relative rates of iodinolysis of
benzene-, thiophen-2-, and thiophen-3-boronic acids at 25� were found to be 1 :
700 : 104, or for thiophen-2- and thiophen-3-boronic acid 14 : 1.
These values correlate reasonably well with data on protodetrimethylsilylation,
and may be satisfactorily understood in terms of current molecular orbital
theory. It does not, however, appear to be possible to offer a. simple
electronic interpretation of the relative acid strengths of the boronic acids.
Vibrational amplitudes for thionyl tetrafluoride and sulphur tetrafluoride
Authors: Pillai MGK , Ramaswamy K , Pichai R
Published: September 2010

The potential energy constants and
vibrational mean amplitudes for thionyl tetrafluoride were calculated using the
Urey-Bradley Force Field (UBFF) with a view to finding
out the influence of the oxygen atom on the SF4 group. It was found
that the axial S-F stretching force constant is smaller than the equatorial S-F
stretching force constant, which is consistent with the variation in the bond
length. The behaviour of the oxygen atom is found to be similar to the lone
pair of electrons in sulphur tetrafluoride. The vibrational mean amplitudes
calculated from spectroscopic data are in very good agreement with the electron
diffraction data. The large root mean square amplitude of vibration for
equatorial-equatorial non-bonded fluorine atoms (0.099 Ǻ) in sulphur
tetrafluoride indicates the possibility of incomplete inversion as pointed out
by Chantry and Ewing.
Covalent bond refractions and the periodic table. I. Bonds to hydrogen
Authors: Christopher PM , Fitzgerald Jr JM
Published: September 2010

On the preliminary assumption of the
additive and constitutive nature of the parachor, P, and of the Lorentz-Lorenz
refraction, RL, the empirical relationship, P = aRLn+b,
where a, b, and n, are constants, has been applied to values of these properties
for covalent bonds between the elements of Groups IVB-VIIB and hydrogen. The
resulting equations reproduce the experimental input data to a high order of
precision, and they have been employed for the calculation of the refraction of
numerous bonds hitherto unreported.
Guaianolides from the wax of Calocephalus brownii F. Muell. (Compositae)
Authors: Batterham TJ , Hart NK , Lamberton JA
Published: September 2010

Pseudoivalin, (Ib), previously obtained from Iva microcephala Nutt., and pseudoivalin acetate (Ia) have
been isolated from the leaf and stem wax of Calocephalus brownii F. Muell. (family Compositae). A structure for calocephalin,
C17H22O5 a new sesquiterpene lactone also
present in the wax, is deduced from spectroscopic evidence.
Catalytic deuterium exchange reactions with organics. XXIII. Deformylation during the deuteration of aromatic α-hydroxy acids and related compounds
Authors: Calf GE , Garnett JL
Published: September 2010

The transition-metal catalysed exchange of
aromatic a-hydroxy acids with heavy water has been studied. Benzilic acid and
its 00'-dichloro- and pp'-dimethyl derivatives simultaneously deformylate with the formation of the corresponding diary1
ketones. Mandelic acid and derivatives are stable
under these conditions and only deuterate, whereas
9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid decomposes quantitatively to 9-fluorenol
and 9-fluorenone. Benzhydrol decomposes appreciably
to benzophenone. The effect of catalyst (soluble Fe,
Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt chlorides versus insoluble oxides) and the method
of catalyst activation (hydrogen, sodium borohydride, and self-activation) on
the exchange and deformylation reactions have been
studied. The results are interpreted in terms of a mechanism based on π-complex
adsorption.
Schiff base equilibria. III. N-Methylsalicylideneimine
Authors: Green RW , Le Mesurier EL
Published: September 2010

At 25� the formation constant of the
Schiff base of salicylaldehyde and methyl- amine is
3.72 x 104; and the pK of the phenolic group of the Schiff base is
11.7. The neutral form of the imine has distribution coefficients of 23.5
between water and toluene and 9.0 between water and cyclohexane.
An ion-exchange process with thermal regeneration. III. Properties of weakly acidic ion-exchange resins
Authors: Weiss DE , Bolto BA , McNeill R , MacPherson AS , Siudak R , Swinton EA , Willis D
Published: September 2010

A series of cross-linked poly(acrylic
acid) and poly(methacrylic acid) resins has been
synthesized. Their titration curves, and those of similar commercial resins,
show that at c. 20� the pH value at half neutralization may be varied within
about one unit by using acrylic or methacrylic acid
monomers, or by changing the degree of cross-linking. The titration curves of
such resins do not have a pronounced plateau although the acidity is due only
to carboxyl groups. Resins with flatter titration curves can be made by
copolymerizing acrylic or methacrylic acids with
methyl methacrylate. Copolymerization reduces the effective acid strength of
carboxylic acid resins but does not always produce a resin with a flatter
titration curve. The effects of salt concentration, calcium ions, and
temperature on the titration curves of a poly(acry1ic acid) resin have been
studied.

Heating the resins in a salt solution from
c. 20 to 80� decreases their effective acidity slightly. A bigger reduction in
acidity with heating is observed with several polymers in which a
"snake" polymer, such as a poly(ethy1ene oxide), is incorporated
within a cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) resin cage.
Isolation of ( - )-Kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and 15β-Hydroxy-( - )-kaur-16-en-l9-oic acid from Phebalium rude Bartl
Authors: Cannon JR , Chow PW , Jefferies PR , Meehan GV
Published: September 2010

Two diterpene acids have been isolated
from Phebalium rude Bartl.
One of these has been identified as (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic
acid (1), and the other has been shown to be 15β-hydroxy-(-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic
acid (111). This work appears to provide the first record of the isolation of
diterpenes from a member of the Rutaceae.
Molecular susceptibility. The determination of molar Cotton-Mouton constants at infinite dilution in benzene or cyclohexane
Authors: Le Fevre RJW , Murthy DSN
Published: September 2010

Reliable measurements of the small
incremental Cotton-Mouton constants encountered at low solute concentrations
with solutions in which the magnetic birefringences
of solute and solvent do not differ widely cannot be made with equipment at
present available. Five such systems are examined in this paper. It is shown
that the larger incrementa easily observable among
stronger solutions can be fitted to empirical equations containing ascending
powers of the concentrations and hence estimates of ΔC/w2 as w2
approaches zero become accessible. Values of ∞(mC2)
obtained by this device agree reasonably with others directly drawn from much
weaker solutions of the same solutes in carbon tetrachloride or cyclohexane, i.e, in media for which C1 = 0.
The mechanism of the oxidation of thiocyanate ion by peroxomonosulphate in aqueous solution. II. Kinetics of the reaction
Authors: Smith RH , Wilson IR
Published: September 2010

Initial rates of reaction for the above
oxidation have been measured by a stopped-flow conductance method. Between pH 2
and 3.6, the initial rate of reaction, R, is given by the expression

R{[HSO5-]+[SCN-]} = {kb+kc[H+]}[HSO5-]0[SCN-]20+ka[H+]-1[HSO5]20[SCN-]0

As pH increases, there is a
transition to a pH-independent rate, first order in each thiocyanate and
peroxomonosulphate concentrations.
Co-oxidation of ferrocene and hydrazine derivatives. Formation of substituted ferrocenes
Authors: Beckwith ALJ , Leydon RJ
Published: September 2010

Oxidation of a mixture of ferrocene and
phenylhydrazine with silver oxide in acetic acid affords phenylferrocene
and 1,l'-diphenylferrocene. The reaction may also be conducted in acetone or
benzene solvent, and benzoquinone may be used as the oxidizing agent. Similar
transformations have been observed using p-methoxyphenyl-, p-chlorophenyl-, p-nitrophenyl-, 2,4-dinitrophenyl-, α-naphthyl-, benzyl-, methyl-, and benzoyl-hydrazine, but the
reaction failed with acetylhydrazine. The mechanism
of the reaction appears to involve free-radical substitution of ferricinium ion.
The photodimer of indene and the photoadduct of indene and coumarin
Authors: Bowyer J , Porter QN
Published: September 2010

The product of
photosensitized irradiation of indene with ultraviolet light has been shown to
be the head-to-head cis-anti-cis dimer (VII) by chemical conversion into one of
the known photodimers of coumarin, which has structure (X). The indene
photodimer has been converted by a stereospecific process to the lactone (XVI),
which is identical with the photoadduct of indene and coumarin.