bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Miranda in Actual Juvenile Interrogations
Authors: Cleary Hayley M. D. , Vidal Sarah
Published: June 2014

Though laboratory and self-report research proliferates on youths’ Miranda comprehension and reasoning, little is known about how Miranda actually takes place inside the juvenile interrogation room. This study is among the first to present data on the Miranda processes and outcomes that occur in actual juvenile interrogations. Fifty-seven electronically recorded police interrogations with juvenile suspects were coded using software designed especially for observational research; this article examines a subset of those interrogations ( N = 28) that contained a filmed Miranda component. Key variables include the manner of Miranda delivery, youths’ behavioral indicators of comprehension, and Miranda waiver rates. Additionally, the language used to present Miranda warnings to juvenile suspects was transcribed and analyzed. Results indicate that Miranda delivery typically occurred in a neutral manner, immediately upon interview commencement or after a brief period of booking questions. Miranda warnings were presented in various formats (verbal, written, and combination), and youth-specific modifications to the standard Miranda language were uncommon. The Miranda waiver rate in our subsample was 90%. The specific Miranda language used in these interrogations read approximately at a seventh-grade reading level. Implications of Miranda delivery, waiver, and readability are discussed.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Ethics Consultations in an Oncologic Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Voigt Louis P. , Rajendram Prabalini , Shuman Andrew G. , Kamat Sunil , McCabe Mary S. , Kostelecky Natalie , Pastores Stephen M. , Halpern Neil A.
Published: June 2014

Objective:

To evaluate the frequency, characteristics, and outcomes of ethics consultations in critically ill patients with cancer.

Design, Setting, and Methods:

This is a retrospective analysis of all adult patients with cancer who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a comprehensive cancer center and had an ethics consultation between September 2007 and December 2011. Demographic and clinical variables were abstracted along with the details and contexts of the ethics consultations.

Main Results:

Ethics consultations were obtained on 53 patients (representing 1% of all ICU admissions). The majority (90%) of patients had advanced-stage malignancies, had received oncologic therapies within the past 12 months, and required mechanical ventilation and/or vasopressor therapy for respiratory failure and/or severe sepsis. Two-thirds of the patients lacked decision-making capacity and nearly all had surrogates. The most common reasons for ethics consultations were disagreements between the patients/surrogates and the ICU team regarding end-of-life care. After ethics consultations, the surrogates agreed with the recommendations made by the ICU team on the goals of care in 85% of patients. Moreover, ethics consultations facilitated the provision of palliative medicine and chaplaincy services to several patients who did not have these services offered to them prior to the ethics consultations.

Conclusion:

Our study showed that ethics consultations were helpful in resolving seemingly irreconcilable differences between the ICU team and the patients’ surrogates in the majority of cases. Additionally, these consultations identified the need for an increased provision of palliative care and chaplaincy visits for patients and their surrogates at the end of life.
Evaluation of the Clinical Utility of Routine Daily Chest Radiography in Intensive Care Unit Patients With Tracheostomy Tubes
Authors: Cruz Jeffrey , Ferra Michael , Kasarabada Aditya , Gasperino James , Zigmund Beth
Published: June 2014

Background:

The utilization of imaging procedures is under scrutiny due to high costs and radiation exposure to patients and staff associated with some radiologic procedures. Within our institution’s intensive care unit (ICU), it is common for patients to undergo chest radiography (CR) not only immediately following tracheostomy tube placement but also on a daily basis, irrespective of the patient’s clinical status. We hypothesize that the clinical utility of performing routine daily CR on patients with tracheostomy tubes is low and leads to unnecessary financial cost.

Methods:

A retrospective medical chart review was done on 761 CRs performed on 79 ICU patients with tracheostomy from April 2010 to July 2011. We searched the radiology reports of the 761 CRs for the presence of new radiographically detected complications and reviewed medical records to determine which complications were clinically suspected and which radiology reports led to changes in patient management.

Results:

Of the 761 CRs, only 18 (2.3%) radiographs revealed new complications. All complications were clinically suspected prior to imaging. Only 5 (0.7%) complications resulted in a management change. The most common management changes were a change in antibiotic regimen (0.3%) and ordering of diuretics (0.3%).

Conclusions:

Routine daily imaging of patients with tracheostomy in an ICU provides little clinical utility, and CR in this population should be performed selectively based on the patient’s clinical status.
Sleep in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Pulak Lisa M. , Jensen Louise
Published: June 2014

Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are susceptible to sleep deprivation. Disrupted sleep is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the critically ill patients. The etiology of sleep disruption is multifactorial. The article reviews the literature on sleep in the ICU, the effects of sleep deprivation, and strategies to promote sleep in the ICU. Until the impact of disrupted sleep is better explained, it is appropriate to provide critically ill patients with consolidated, restorative sleep.
Active control of aeroelastic oscillations of a cantilever structure using piezoelectric strips
Authors: Mirmohammadi Tahereh , Misra Arun K , Mateescu Dan
Published: June 2014

Recently, active control of aeroelastic oscillations and the use of piezoelectric materials in vibration analysis and control of structures have been the subjects of many researches in air vehicle design. The present paper deals with the use of bonded piezoelectric sensors and actuators in control of aeroelastic oscillations of a cantilever plate under the effects of unsteady subsonic aerodynamic loading. The aerodynamic loading is calculated using a numerical panel method. The structural model of the plate undergoing small transverse oscillations is modeled using finite element formulation. The aerodynamic and structural models are coupled through an interactive computer model to transfer the data simultaneously and an active feedback control is applied to suppress the oscillations. A systematic method is also presented to obtain the gains of the feedback controller. The numerical results show that the controller can effectively reduce the amplitude of the oscillations in small amount of time and with small gains, hence lower cost.
Cinematic climate change, a promising perspective on climate change communication
Authors: Sakellari Maria
Published: June 2014

Previous research findings display that after having seen popular climate change films, people became more concerned, more motivated and more aware of climate change, but changes in behaviors were short-term. This article performs a meta-analysis of three popular climate change films, The Day after Tomorrow (2005), An Inconvenient Truth (2006), and The Age of Stupid (2009), drawing on research in social psychology, human agency, and media effect theory in order to formulate a rationale about how mass media communication shapes our everyday life experience. This article highlights the factors with which science blends in the reception of the three climate change films and expands the range of options considered in order to encourage people to engage in climate change mitigation actions.
Ethical challenges when caring for dying children
Authors: Furingsten Lovisa , Sjögren Reet , Forsner Maria
Published: June 2014

Background:

Caring for dying children presents special challenges, according to the children themselves, their relatives and healthcare professionals.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to describe caring as represented in healthcare workers’ experiences of caring for dying children.

Method:

A phenomenological approach was chosen, in-depth interviews were carried out and data were analysed in four steps focusing on (a) open reading, (b) meaning units, (c) constituents and (d) essence.

Ethical considerations:

Four nurses in a general acute paediatric care setting in Sweden participated after providing written informed consent. Voluntary participation and confidentiality were ensured, and the study was ethically approved.

Findings:

The essence of caring for dying children was likened to a musically attuned composition, comprising five constituents: presence, self-knowledge, injustice in dying, own suffering and in need of others. Presence was found to be a prerequisite for caring when a child is dying. Self-knowledge and support from others can be of help when struggling with emotional pain and injustice.

Discussion:

Caring for dying children has been found to be a delicate task for healthcare workers all over the world, and the ethical dimension is emphasized in international research. In this study, emotional pain and suffering accompanied caring, but an atmosphere in which it is possible to give and get support from colleagues and to have time to grieve and time to focus on the patient’s needs may ease the burden, as can having time to process thoughts about life and death, and a possibility to grow in self-knowledge.

Conclusion:

Caring in ethically demanding situations may be facilitated through presence, atmosphere, self-knowledge and time. The challenge does not demand highly technological solutions; these assets are readily available, no matter where on earth. However, there is a need to further investigate these prerequisites for caring, particularly when a child is dying.
Developing nursing ethical competences online versus in the traditional classroom
Authors: Trobec Irena , Starcic Andreja Istenic
Published: June 2014

Background:

The development of society and science, especially medical science, gives rise to new moral and ethical challenges in healthcare.

Research question/objectives/hypothesis:

In order to respond to the contemporary challenges that require autonomous decision-making in different work contexts, a pedagogical experiment was conducted to identify the readiness and responsiveness of current organisation of nursing higher education in Slovenia. It compared the successfulness of active learning methods online (experimental group) and in the traditional classroom (control group) and their impact on the ethical competences of nursing students. The hypothesis set in the experiment, hypothesis 1 (the experimental group will be successful and will have good achievements in comprehension and application of ethical principles) was confirmed based on pre-tests and post-tests. The hypothesis tested by the questionnaire, hypothesis 2 (according to the students, the active learning methods online in the experimental group have a positive impact on the development of ethical competences) was confirmed.

Research design:

The pedagogical experiment was supported by a multiple-case study that enabled the in-depth analysis of the students’ attitudes towards the active learning methods in both settings.

Participants and research context:

The study included Slovenian first-year nursing students (N = 211) of all the enrolled students (N = 225) at the University of Ljubljana and University of Primorska in the academic year 2010/2011.

Ethical considerations:

Before the study ethical permission was obtained from the managements of both participating faculties. The students were given all the necessary information of the experiment before the tutorials.

Findings:

No significant difference was found between the two learning settings and both had a positive impact upon learning. The results of the content analysis show that the students’ active engagement with the active learning methods in the group enables the development of ethical competences and the related communicative competences, interpersonal skills, collaboration and critical thinking.

Discussion:

Active learning methods in the settings compared, online and the traditional classroom, enabled the development of a higher level of knowledge defined by the ability of critical thinking and reflective response, the core of ethical competences. Students develop ethical competence through active engagement in a group work, role play and discussion, and there is no difference between online or traditional learning settings.

Conclusion:

In the healthcare, it is crucial for providers to be capable of making autonomous decisions and managing various communication situations and contexts in which the moral attitudes and ethical sensibility are essential.
Moral distress in nurses at an acute care hospital in Switzerland
Authors: Kleinknecht-Dolf Michael , Frei Irena Anna , Spichiger Elisabeth , Müller Marianne , Martin Jacqueline S , Spirig Rebecca
Published: June 2014

Background:

In the context of new reimbursement systems like diagnosis-related groups, moral distress is becoming a growing problem for healthcare providers. Moral distress can trigger emotional and physical reactions in nurses and can cause them to withdraw emotionally from patients or can cause them to change their work place.

Objective:

The aim of this pilot study was to develop an instrument to measure moral distress among acute care nurses in the German-speaking context, to test its applicability, and to obtain initial indications of the instrument’s validity.

Method:

The study was designed in 2011 as a cross-sectional pilot survey. Conducted on eight units of one university hospital in German-speaking Switzerland, 294 registered nurses were asked to fill out a web-based questionnaire on moral distress.

Ethical considerations:

The study proposal was approved by the cantonal ethics committee. All participating nurses provided informed consent and were assured of data confidentiality.

Results:

The survey had a response rate of 55%. The results show the prevalence of statements on the questionnaire indicating situations with the potential to trigger moral distress. The entire range of answers was used in the responses. Most participants found the questionnaire comprehensible, while some criticized the phraseology of certain statements. Many more found the registration process prior to online access to be too time consuming. Nurses confirmed that the results reflect their subjective assessment of their situation and their experience of moral distress.

Conclusion:

The newly developed moral distress questionnaire appears to produce face validity and is sufficiently applicable for use in our study. The results indicate that moral distress appears to be a relevant phenomenon also in Swiss hospitals and that nurses were experiencing it prior to the introduction of Swiss diagnosis-related groups.
Claiming an Ethic of Care for midwifery
Authors: MacLellan Jennifer
Published: June 2014

Background:

The public domain of midwifery practice, represented by the educational and hospital institutions could be blamed for a subconscious ethical dilemma for midwifery practitioners. The result of such tension can be seen in complaints from maternity service users of dehumanised care. When expectations are not met, women report dehumanising experiences that carry long term consequences to both them and their child.

Objectives:

To revisit the ethical foundation of midwifery practice to reflect the feminist Ethic of Care and reframe what is valuable to women and midwives during the childbirth experience.

Research Design:

A comprehensive literature review is presented from the midwifery and feminist ethics discourse.

Ethical Considerations:

Nil to report.

Findings:

Women are vulnerable during childbirth as they need care, yet they prioritise elements of relationship in their experience. The Ethic of Care approach equalises the relationship between the midwife and the woman, providing the space for relationship building and allowing midwives to meet the expectations of their accepted responsibility.

Discussion:

Some midwives manage to balance the demands of the institution with the needs of the woman. This is described as both an emotional and professionally challenging balancing act.

Conclusion:

Until there is a formal acknowledgement of the different ethical approach to midwifery practice from within the profession and the Institution, midwifery identity and practice will continue to be compromised.
The International Infrastructure of Area Studies Centers
Authors: Friedman Jonathan Z. , Miller-Idriss Cynthia
Published: June 2014

Existing studies of the internationalization of higher education have detailed the broad contours of change in the new “global” era, but they have told us much less about the individuals and processes underpinning these transformations. Moreover, they tend to treat internationalization as a recent or new phenomenon. There have been prior waves of internationalization in the American academy, however, and their institutional structures continue to endure. Area studies centers—institutionalized on U.S. campuses during the Cold War to train international experts and promote world knowledge—offer one such example, as their practices continue alongside those associated with the current wave of internationalization. Drawing on a long-term study of area studies centers housed at the U.S. Social Science Research Council (SSRC), we suggest that the international infrastructure that supports their operation, and the experiences of faculty and administrators associated with them, are instructive for those engaged in other university internationalization efforts today.
Use of the polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Babesia odocoilei 18S ribosomal RNA in formalin-fixed tissues
Authors: Lockerbie Betty P. , Bollinger Trent K. , Burgess Hilary J.
Published: June 2014

The effect of fixation and storage conditions on the performance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for Babesia odocoilei were examined using 3 different primer sets targeting the eukaryotic 18S ribosomal RNA gene, with variably sized products of 1,723 base pairs (bp), 483 bp, and 306 bp. All primer sets performed well on fresh-frozen tissue, and storage for 1 year at −20°C did not affect PCR performance. Formalin fixation markedly affected the amplicon length that could be amplified. However, DNA was successfully amplified after storage in formalin for 2 months using the primer set with a 483-bp product, and up to 6 months using the primer set with a 306-bp product. The latter primer set successfully differentiated B. odocoilei and Babesia microti DNA; however, further evaluation is required to confirm its specificity. Treatment of tissues with formic acid, at concentrations typically used to denature prions, degraded the DNA and made it unsuitable for PCR testing.
Windlass Mechanism in Individuals With Diabetes Mellitus, Peripheral Neuropathy, and Low Medial Longitudinal Arch Height
Authors: Gelber Judith R. , Sinacore David R. , Strube Michael J. , Mueller Michael J. , Johnson Jeffrey E. , Prior Fred W. , Hastings Mary K.
Published: June 2014

Background:

The windlass mechanism, acting through the plantar fascia, stabilizes the arches of the foot during stance phase of gait. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in radiographic measurements of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) between toe-flat and -extended positions in participants with and without diabetes mellitus (DM), peripheral neuropathy (PN), and a low MLA.

Methods:

Twelve participants with DMPN and low MLA and 12 controls received weightbearing radiographs in a toe-flat and toe-extended position. DMPN participants were subcategorized from radiographs into DMPN severe, evidence of severe joint changes, and DMPN low, absence of joint changes. Primary measurements of MLA were determined in each position and included Meary’s angle, talar declination angle, first metatarsal declination angle, and navicular height.

Results:

The DMPN severe group had no difference between toe-flat and -extended positions for Meary’s, talar declination, and first metatarsal declination angles ( P > .35) while navicular height elevated ( P < .05). The DMPN low group had no difference between toe-flat and -extended positions for talar declination angle ( P = .38), while Meary’s angle, first metatarsal declination angle, and navicular height elevated ( P < .05). All measurements in the control group changed, consistent with arch height elevation, when toes were extended ( P < .05).

Conclusion:

The DMPN severe and low groups showed impaired ability to raise the arch from the toe-flat to -extended position. Further research is needed to examine the contribution of specific windlass mechanism components (ie, plantar fascia, ligament, foot joint integrity, and mobility) as they relate to progressive foot deformity in adults with DMPN.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, comparative series.
Clinical evaluation of compounds targeting PD-1/PD-L1 pathway for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Lu Jing , Lee-Gabel Linda , Nadeau Michelle C , Ferencz Thomas M , Soefje Scott A
Published: June 2014

Significant enthusiasm currently exists for new immunotherapeutic strategies: blocking the interaction between programmed death-1 receptor on T-cells and programmed death-ligand 1 on tumor cells to boost immune system stimulation to fight cancer. Immunomodulation with the antiprogrammed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 monoclonal antibodies has shown to mediate tumor shrinkage and extend overall survival from several pivotal phase I/II studies in melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. This has prompted multiple large ongoing phase III trials with the expectation for fast-track FDA approvals to satisfy unmet medical needs. Compounds targeting the programmed death-1 pathway that are in clinical trials fall into two major categories, namely antiprogrammed death-1 antibodies: Nivolumab, MK-3475, and pidilizumab; and antiprogrammed death-ligand 1 antibodies: MPDL3280A, BMS-936559, MEDI4736, and MSB0010718C. We reviewed the clinical efficacy and safety of each compound based upon major registered clinical trials and published clinical data. Overall, response rate of more than 20% is consistently seen across all these trials, with maximal response of approximately 50% achieved by certain single antiprogrammed death-1 agents or when used in combination with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 blockade. The responses seen are early, durable, and have continued after treatment discontinuation. Immune-related adverse events are the most common side effects seen in these clinical trials. Overall, the skin and gastrointestinal tract are the most common organ systems affected by these compounds while hepatic, endocrine, and neurologic events are less frequent. These side effects are low grade, manageable, and typically resolve within a relatively short time frame with a predictable resolution pattern given proper management. We therefore propose detailed guidelines for management of major immune-related adverse events that are anticipated with antiprogrammed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 therapies based on general experience with other monoclonal antibodies and the established management algorithms for immune-related adverse events for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 blockade with ipilimumab. We anticipate that the antiprogrammed death-1 strategy will become a viable and crucial clinical strategy for cancer therapy.
The Effect of Parent Anxiety on Treatment Acceptability and Retention of Diagnostic Feedback
Authors: Evans Jenny R. , Jastrowski Mano Kristen
Published: June 2014

This study examined the effect of parent anxiety on treatment acceptability and retention of diagnostic feedback. Mothers ( N = 187) of children ages 2 to 14 years recruited primarily through online parenting groups were randomly assigned to one of four vignettes that varied on ambiguity of diagnostic label (low vs. high) and ambiguity of diagnostic feedback (low vs. high). Participants completed measures of state and trait anxiety, retention of feedback, and treatment acceptability. Mothers reporting high trait anxiety endorsed greater treatment acceptability ( F = 11.57, p = .001, [Formula: see text] = .09). Those reporting high state anxiety retained more information, t(84.96) = −5.35, p < .001, Cohen’s d = .99. A significant interaction emerged between trait anxiety and diagnostic label on parent satisfaction ( F = 4.95, p = .028, [Formula: see text] = .04). Results suggest that parent anxiety may affect retention and likelihood of pursuing treatment. Future research is needed to investigate whether differences in parent anxiety translate into meaningful differences in their pursuit of treatment.
Personality Effects on the Social Network Structure of Boundary-Spanning Personnel in the Tourism Industry
Authors: Ying Tianyu , Norman William C.
Published: June 2014

Tourism businesses participate in network relationships with others to obtain resources that are unavailable within. Due to the socially embedded nature of interorganizational relationships, the social networks of the boundary-spanning personnel in tourism businesses are believed to have a profound influence on the formation and structure of their networks at the organizational level. Understanding the boundary-spanning personnel’s social network, particularly in a professional context, may facilitate tourism businesses in their human resources strategies and further benefit their business network development and maintenance. Using the Big-Five personality construct, this study investigated the personality effects on the tourism boundary-spanning personnel’s social network diversity and tie strength in a professional setting. The study revealed the connections between different aspects of individuals’ social networks and their personality traits. The findings indicated that, with different business networking needs or being at different network development stages, tourism businesses may need to look for employees with different personalities to undertake the corresponding networking tasks.
Flow-mediated dilation is associated with endothelial oxidative stress in human venous endothelial cells
Authors: Gurovich Alvaro N , Avery Joseph C , Holtgrieve Nicholas B , Braith Randy W
Published: June 2014

Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is recognized as a non-invasive endothelial function bioassay. However, FMD’s relationship with endothelial cell oxidative stress in humans is yet to be determined. Here, we sought to determine if FMD was associated with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and endothelial oxidative stress in humans. Twenty-seven apparently healthy young men (26.5±5.9 years) underwent brachial artery FMD testing and endothelial cell biopsy from a forearm vein. Non-normalized FMD (%) and three different brachial artery FMD normalizations were performed: (1) peak shear rate (%/SR); (2) area under the SR curve until peak dilation (%/AUC); and (3) AUC 30 seconds before peak dilation (%/AUC30). Immunofluorescence quantification was used to assess eNOS expression and nitrotyrosine (NT), a criterion marker of endothelial oxidative stress. Values for eNOS and NT expression were reported as a ratio of endothelial cell to human umbilical vein endothelial cell average pixel intensity. NT expression was significantly correlated with FMD normalized by AUC30 ( r = −0.402, p<0.05). Other FMD normalizations and non-normalized FMD were not significantly correlated with NT expression ( r range = −0.364 to −0.142, all p>0.05). There were no significant correlations between eNOS expression and normalized and non-normalized FMD ( r range = −0.168 to −0.066, all p>0.05). In conclusion, brachial artery FMD is associated with venous endothelial cell oxidative stress. However, this association is observed only when FMD is normalized by AUC30.
Multimodal brain imaging in autism spectrum disorder and the promise of twin research
Authors: Mevel Katell , Fransson Peter , Bölte Sven
Published: June 2014

Current evidence suggests the phenotype of autism spectrum disorder to be driven by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors impacting onto brain maturation, synaptic function, and cortical networks. However, findings are heterogeneous, and the exact neurobiological pathways of autism spectrum disorder still remain poorly understood. The co-twin control or twin-difference design is a potentially powerful tool to disentangle causal genetic and environmental contributions on neurodevelopment in autism spectrum disorder. To this end, monozygotic twins discordant for this condition provide unique means for the maximum control of potentially confounding factors. Unfortunately, only few studies of a rather narrow scope, and limited sample size, have been conducted. In an attempt to highlight the great potential of combining the brain connectome approach with monozygotic twin design, we first give an overview of the existing neurobiological evidence for autism spectrum disorder and its cognitive correlates. Then, a special focus is made onto the brain imaging findings reported within populations of monozygotic twins phenotypically discordant for autism spectrum disorder. Finally, we introduce the brain connectome model and describe an ongoing project using this approach among the largest cohort of monozygotic twins discordant for autism spectrum disorder ever recruited.
Iconicity influences how effectively minimally verbal children with autism and ability-matched typically developing children use pictures as symbols in a search task
Authors: Hartley Calum , Allen Melissa L
Published: June 2014

Previous word learning studies suggest that children with autism spectrum disorder may have difficulty understanding pictorial symbols. Here we investigate the ability of children with autism spectrum disorder and language-matched typically developing children to contextualize symbolic information communicated by pictures in a search task that did not involve word learning. Out of the participant’s view, a small toy was concealed underneath one of four unique occluders that were individuated by familiar nameable objects or unfamiliar unnamable objects. Children were shown a picture of the hiding location and then searched for the toy. Over three sessions, children completed trials with color photographs, black-and-white line drawings, and abstract color pictures. The results reveal zero group differences; neither children with autism spectrum disorder nor typically developing children were influenced by occluder familiarity, and both groups’ errorless retrieval rates were above-chance with all three picture types. However, both groups made significantly more errorless retrievals in the most-iconic photograph trials, and performance was universally predicted by receptive language. Therefore, our findings indicate that children with autism spectrum disorder and young typically developing children can contextualize pictures and use them to adaptively guide their behavior in real time and space. However, this ability is significantly influenced by receptive language development and pictorial iconicity.
Digital drift and the criminal interaction order
Authors: Goldsmith Andrew , Brewer Russell
Published: June 2014

Despite growing interest in cybercrime, the Internet still poses significant challenges for criminological understanding. Its penetration of everyday life is relevant to many crime types, not just cybercrimes. This article examines the ways in which criminal commitments form using the Internet and related communication technologies that empower the individual relative to the group (gang, mafia, etc.). We argue this occurs in two ways. First, it allows individuals to limit involvement in particular associations or networks. The concept of digital drift is used to explore this element. Second, it allows them to commit crimes more autonomously through facilitating self-instruction. Drawing on Goffman, the importance of studying the encounter as the basic unit of a criminal interaction order is proposed.
Magnet Hospitals: Higher Rates of Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Smith Sarah A.
Published: June 2014

Patient satisfaction with care is an important indicator of quality of care. As of 2013–2014, 30% of the Value-Based Purchasing score Medicare is using to determine hospital reimbursement is based on patient reports of care. This study determined whether significant relationships exists between Magnet ( N = 160), Magnet-in-progress ( N = 99), and non-Magnet hospital ( N = 1,742) status and the highest ratings on the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey questions related to patient satisfaction with care. This study was a secondary analysis of data collected and compiled from three sources (the American Hospital Association, American Nurses Credentialing Center, and HCAHPS databases). Analysis revealed that Magnet and Magnet-in-progress hospitals have significantly ( p < .007) higher scores than non-Magnet hospitals on six of the seven questions regarding patient-reported satisfaction with care. The implications of these results for nursing are discussed.
Nonunion after trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis: comparison between K-wire and internal fixation
Authors: Singh H. P. , Hoare C. , Beresford-Cleary N. , Anakwe R. , Hayton M.
Published: June 2014

We reviewed 63 trapeziometacarpal arthrodeses (57 patients) performed in our unit between April 2007 and May 2013 for osteoarthritis. K-wires, plates, headless compression screws and memory staples were used for fixation. The average age of patients was 50 (range 20–78) years and there were 36 men and 21 women with a mean follow-up of 36 (range 6–62) months. K-wires were used in 31 cases, staples in 12, plates in five, and screws in 15 joints. The overall non-union rate was 11%, however, when using K-wires for fixation, it was 20%. Union was achieved in all cases when staples or screws were used for fixation. Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores were higher in cases where non-union occurred compared with those that united (66.7 vs. 21.9). Trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis for osteoarthritis gives good clinical outcome with lower (DASH) scores when union occurs. K-wire fixation led to a 20% non-union rate, and as a result, the senior author no longer uses this method of fixation.
Men as Allies Against Sexism
Authors: Cihangir Sezgin , Barreto Manuela , Ellemers Naomi
Published: June 2014

Sexism is often expressed in subtle and ambiguous ways, causing targets to doubt their own capabilities or to show stereotype-confirming behavior. This research examines whether the self-confidence and stereotype (dis-)confirming behavior of targets of sexism can be bolstered when other male versus female sources suggest that sexism may have played a role. Both Study 1 ( N = 78) and Study 2 ( N = 90) show that a suggestion of sexism has more beneficial effects when it is made by male sources than when it is made by female sources. When males suggested that sexism had taken place, targets reported more self-confidence (less self-handicapping and higher personal performance state self-esteem) and showed less stereotype confirmation (less self-stereotyping and better task performance) than when sexism was suggested by a female source. Study 2 additionally revealed that targets are more likely to file a complaint when men suggest that sexism took place than when this same suggestion was made by women. These results indicate that men can constitute important allies against sexism if they speak out when sexist treatment takes place.
Personality, Emotions, and the Emotional Disorders
Authors: Watson David , Naragon-Gainey Kristin
Published: June 2014

We examined symptom-level relations between the emotional disorders and general traits within the five-factor model of personality. Neuroticism correlated strongly with the symptoms of general distress/negative affectivity (depressed mood, anxious mood, worry) that are central to these disorders; more moderately with symptoms of social phobia, affective lability, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, lassitude, checking, and obsessive intrusions; and more modestly with agoraphobia, specific phobia, and other symptoms of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Extraversion was negatively correlated with symptoms of social anxiety/social phobia and was positively related to scales that assess expansive positive mood and increased social engagement in bipolar disorder. Conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness showed weaker associations and generally added little to the prediction of these symptoms. It is noteworthy, moreover, that our key findings replicated well across (a) self-rated versus (b) interview-based symptom measures. We conclude by discussing the diagnostic and assessment implications of these data.
Emotion, Emotion Regulation, and Psychopathology
Authors: Gross James J. , Jazaieri Hooria
Published: June 2014

Many psychiatric disorders are widely thought to involve problematic patterns of emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Unfortunately, it has proven far easier to assert the centrality of “emotion dysregulation” than to rigorously document the ways in which individuals with various forms of psychopathology differ from healthy individuals in their patterns of emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. In the first section of this article, we define emotion and emotion regulation. In the second and third sections, we present a simple framework for examining emotion and emotion regulation in psychopathology. In the fourth section, we conclude by highlighting important challenges and opportunities in assessing and treating disorders that involve problematic patterns of emotion and emotion regulation.
PTK2 expression and immunochemotherapy outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Weisser Martin , Yeh Ru-Fang , Duchateau-Nguyen Guillemette , Palermo Giuseppe , Nguyen Tri Quang , Shi Xiaoyan , Stinson Susanna Y. , Yu Nancy , Dufour Annika , Robak Tadeusz , Salogub Galina N. , Dmoszynska Anna , Solal-Celigny Philippe , Warzocha Krzysztof , Loscertales Javier , Catalano John , Larratt Loree , Rossiev Viktor A. , Bence-Bruckler Isabelle , Geisler Christian H. , Montillo Marco , Fischer Kirsten , Fink Anna-Maria , Hallek Michael , Bloehdorn Johannes , Busch Raymonde , Benner Axel , Döhner Hartmut , Valente Nancy , Wenger Michael K. , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Dornan David
Published: June 2014

Key Points

Increased PTK2 expression is associated with improved outcomes in patients with CLL treated with R-FC immunochemotherapy. PTK2 expression represents a useful, novel biomarker for selection of patients who will benefit from R-FC immunochemotherapy.
Facile fabrication of high-efficiency near-infrared absorption film with tungsten bronze nanoparticle dense layer
Authors: Lee Seong Yun , Kim Jae Young , Lee Jun Young , Song Ho Jun , Lee Sangkug , Choi Kyung Ho , Shin Gyojic
Published: June 2014

An excellent transparent film with effective absorption property in near-infrared (NIR) region based on cesium-doped tungsten oxide nanoparticles was fabricated using a facile double layer coating method via the theoretical considerations. The optical performance was evaluated; the double layer-coated film exhibited 10% transmittance at 1,000 nm in the NIR region and over 80% transmittance at 550 nm in the visible region. To optimize the selectivity, the optical spectrum of this film was correlated with a theoretical model by combining the contributions of the Mie-Gans absorption-based localized surface plasmon resonance and reflections by the interfaces of the heterogeneous layers and the nanoparticles in the film. Through comparison of the composite and double layer coating method, the difference of the nanoscale distances between nanoparticles in each layer was significantly revealed. It is worth noting that the nanodistance between the nanoparticles decreased in the double layer film, which enhanced the optical properties of the film, yielding a haze value of 1% or less without any additional process. These results are very attractive for the nanocomposite coating process, which would lead to industrial fields of NIR shielding and thermo-medical applications.

PACS

78.67.Sc; 78.67.Bf; 81.15.-z
Effect of some operational parameters on the arsenic removal by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes
Authors: Can Berrin Zeliha , Boncukcuoglu Recep , Yilmaz Alper Erdem , Fil Baybars Ali
Published: June 2014

Arsenic contamination of drinking water is a global problem that will likely become more apparent in future years as scientists and engineers measure the true extent of the problem. Arsenic poisoning is preventable though as there are several methods for easily removing even trace amounts of arsenic from drinking water. In the present study, electrocoagulation was evaluated as a treatment technology for arsenic removal from aqueous solutions. The effects of parameters such as initial pH, current density, initial concentration, supporting electrolyte type and stirring speed on removal efficiency were investigated. It has been observed that initial pH was highly effective on the arsenic removal efficiency. The highest removal efficiency was observed at initial pH = 4. The obtained experimental results showed that the efficiency of arsenic removal increased with increasing current density and decreased with increasing arsenic concentration in the solution. Supporting electrolyte had not significant effects on removal, adding supporting electrolyte decreased energy consumption. The effect of stirring speed on removal efficiency was investigated and the best removal efficiency was at the 150 rpm. Under the optimum conditions of initial pH 4, current density of 0.54 mA/cm2, stirring speed of 150 rpm, electrolysis time of 30 minutes, removal was obtained as 99.50%. Energy consumption in the above conditions was calculated as 0.33 kWh/m3. Electrocoagulation with iron electrodes was able to bring down 50 mg/L arsenic concentration to less than 10 μg/L at the end of electrolysis time of 45 minutes with low electrical energy consumption as 0.52 kWh/m3.
Cerebral microbleeds: overview and implications in cognitive impairment
Authors: Martinez-Ramirez Sergi , Greenberg Steven M , Viswanathan Anand
Published: June 2014

Cerebral microbleeds (MBs) are small chronic brain hemorrhages which are likely caused by structural abnormalities of the small vessels of the brain. Owing to the paramagnetic properties of blood degradation products, MBs can be detected in vivo by using specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences. Over the last decades, the implementation of these MRI sequences in both epidemiological and clinical studies has revealed MBs as a common finding in many different populations, including healthy individuals. Also, the topographic distribution of these MBs has been shown to be potentially associated with specific underlying vasculopathies. However, the clinical and prognostic significance of these small hemorrhages is still a matter of debate as well as a focus of extensive research. In this article, we aim to review the current knowledge on the pathophysiology and clinical implications of MBs, with special emphasis on the links between lobar MBs, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Higher brain extracellular potassium is associated with brain metabolic distress and poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Antunes Ana Patrícia , Schiefecker Alois Josef , Beer Ronny , Pfausler Bettina , Sohm Florian , Fischer Marlene , Dietmann Anelia , Lackner Peter , Hackl Werner Oskar , Ndayisaba Jean-Pierre , Thomé Claudius , Schmutzhard Erich , Helbok Raimund
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Elevated brain potassium levels ([K+]) are associated with neuronal damage in experimental models. The role of brain extracellular [K+] in patients with poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and its association with hemorrhage load, metabolic dysfunction and outcome has not been studied so far.

Methods

Cerebral microdialysis (CMD) samples from 28 poor grade aSAH patients were analyzed for CMD [K+] for 12 consecutive days after ictus, and time-matched to brain metabolic and hemodynamic parameters as well as corresponding plasma [K+]. Statistical analysis was performed using a generalized estimating equation with an autoregressive function to handle repeated observations of an individual patient.

Results

CMD [K+] did not correlate with plasma [K+] (Spearman’s ρ = 0.114, P = 0.109). Higher CMD [K+] was associated with the presence of intracerebral hematoma on admission head computed tomography, CMD lactate/pyruvate ratio >40 and CMD lactate >4 mmol/L (P < 0.05). In vitro retrodialysis data suggest that high CMD [K+] was of brain cellular origin. Higher CMD [K+] was significantly associated with poor 3-month outcome, even after adjusting for age and disease severity (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The results of this pilot study suggest that brain extracellular [K+] may serve as a biomarker for brain tissue injury in poor-grade aSAH patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relevance of brain interstitial K+ levels in the pathophysiology of secondary brain injury after aSAH.
Energetic demands of immature sea otters from birth to weaning: implications for maternal costs, reproductive behavior and population-level trends
Authors: Thometz N. M. , Tinker M. T. , Staedler M. M. , Mayer K. A. , Williams T. M.
Published: June 2014

Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) have the highest mass-specific metabolic rate of any marine mammal, which is superimposed on the inherently high costs of reproduction and lactation in adult females. These combined energetic demands have been implicated in the poor body condition and increased mortality of female sea otters nearing the end of lactation along the central California coast. However, the cost of lactation is unknown and currently cannot be directly measured for this marine species in the wild. Here, we quantified the energetic demands of immature sea otters across five developmental stages as a means of assessing the underlying energetic challenges associated with pup rearing that may contribute to poor maternal condition. Activity-specific metabolic rates, daily activity budgets and field metabolic rates (FMR) were determined for each developmental stage. Mean FMR of pre-molt pups was 2.29±0.81 MJ day−1 and increased to 6.16±2.46 and 7.41±3.17 MJ day−1 in post-molt pups and dependent immature animals, respectively. Consequently, daily energy demands of adult females increase 17% by 3 weeks postpartum and continue increasing to 96% above pre-pregnancy levels by the average age of weaning. Our results suggest that the energetics of pup rearing superimposed on small body size, marine living and limited on-board energetic reserves conspire to make female sea otters exceptionally vulnerable to energetic shortfalls. By controlling individual fitness, maternal behavior and pup provisioning strategies, this underlying metabolic challenge appears to be a major factor influencing current population trends in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).