bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modellierungskonzept für MOS Varaktoren zur Minimierung der AM-FM Konversion in VCOs
Authors: Peikert T. , Bremer J.-K. , Mathis W.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. In dieser Arbeit wird ein analytisches Simulationsmodell für MOS Varaktoren zur Entwurfsunterstützung von integrierten CMOS LC-Tank VCO-Schaltungen präsentiert. Das analytische Simulationsmodell wurde auf Basis des EKV-Transistormodells implementiert und beinhaltet ausschließlich Design- und Prozessparameter für die Berechnung der Varaktorkapazität. Dieses Simulationsmodell ermöglicht es, die verwendeten Varaktoren im Vorfeld des VCO-Entwurfs zu dimensionieren, die effektive Großsignalkapazität in Abhängigkeit des Ausgangssignals zu berechnen und einzelne Eigenschaften der Varaktoren, wie z.B. das AM-FM Konversionsverhalten zu optimieren. Die Gültigkeit des vorgestellten analytischen Simulationsmodells zur Beschreibung der Varaktorkapazität in CMOS LC-Tank VCOs, wird anhand von Spectre (Cadence) Simulationen auf Basis eines 0.25 μm CMOS Prozesses der Firma IHP (SGB25) und eines 0.35 μm CMOS Prozesses der Firma AMS (C35) verifiziert. In this work an analytical simulation model for MOS varactors, that can be used in a systematically VCO design flow, is presented. The simulation model is based on the EKV transistor model and includes only design and process parameters of the used CMOS technology. The proposed simulation model allows calculating the required design parameters and the effective large signal capacitance of the varactors incorporated into the VCO as a function of the output signal of the VCO. Based on the expression for the effective large signal capacitance it is possible to optimize the AM-FM conversion behavior of the used varactors. The validity and accuracy of the simulation model is verified by Spectre simulations which are based on a 0.25 μm CMOS process (SGB25) from the company IHP and a 0.35 μm CMOS process (C35) from the company AMS. The simulation results show a good accordance in all transistor operating regions for NMOS varactors as well as PMOS varactors.
Estimation of the interference coupling into cables within electrically large multiroom structures
Authors: Keghie J. , Kanyou Nana R. , Schetelig B. , Potthast S. , Dickmann S.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Communication cables are used to transfer data between components of a system. As a part of the EMC analysis of complex systems, it is necessary to determine which level of interference can be expected at the input of connected devices due to the coupling into the irradiated cable. For electrically large systems consisting of several rooms with cables connecting components located in different rooms, an estimation of the coupled disturbances inside cables using commercial field computation software is often not feasible without several restrictions. In many cases, this is related to the non-availability of computing memory and processing power needed for the computation. In this paper, we are going to show that, starting from a topological analysis of the entire system, weak coupling paths within the system can be can be identified. By neglecting these coupling paths and using the transmission line approach, the original system will be simplified so that a simpler estimation is possible. Using the example of a system which is composed of two rooms, multiple apertures, and a network cable located in both chambers, it is shown that an estimation of the coupled disturbances due to external electromagnetic sources is feasible with this approach. Starting from an incident electromagnetic field, we determine transfer functions describing the coupling means (apertures, cables). Using these transfer functions and the knowledge of the weak coupling paths above, a decision is taken regarding the means for paths that can be neglected during the estimation. The estimation of the coupling into the cable is then made while taking only paths with strong coupling into account. The remaining part of the wiring harness in areas with weak coupling is represented by its input impedance. A comparison with the original network shows a good agreement.
Application of transient pulses on power supply cables by using commercial of the shelf components
Authors: Hagmann J. , Fichte L.-O. , Dickmann S. , Schaarschmidt M. , Potthast S.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. This paper deals with the development of ultra wide band pulse devices using merchantable hardware. The major goal is to create wide band transients and pulses with simple electronic equipment and to achieve high voltages and low pulse rise times. The propagation of these signals on common power lines are examined to analyse and forecast the effects on attached devices.
Untersuchung der Einkopplungen von UWB-Pulsen auf Funksysteme im 2,4-GHz-ISM-Band
Authors: Klünder C. , ter Haseborg J. L.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Dieser Bericht fasst die durchgeführten Messungen zur Abschätzung möglicher Kopplung elektromagnetischer Energie ausgehend von abgestrahlten UWB-Pulsen auf Funkübertragungssysteme im 2,4-GHz-ISM-Band zusammen. Dabei wird genauer auf die sogenannte Frontdoor- und Backdoorkopplung eingegangen. Während für die Abschätzung der Frontdoorkopplung generische PCB-Antennen untersucht wurden, sind für die Backdoorkopplung Standard-USB-Funkmodule zum Einsatz gekommen. Es wird im Gesamten eine Abschätzung gegeben, inwieweit UWB-Pulse Funkübertragungssysteme beeinflussen können. Die durchgeführten Messungen wurden mit Hilfe einer GTEM-Zelle in Verbindung mit dem UWB-Pulsgenerator PBG3 der Firma Kentech durchgeführt. Weiterhin sind die Auswirkungen von UWB-Pulsen auf ein reales Funkübertragungssystem im 2,4-GHz-ISM-Band untersucht worden.
Using quasi-guided modes for modeling the transfer behavior of bent dielectric slab waveguides
Authors: Stallein M. , Bandlow B. , Schuhmann R.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The connection of two straight dielectric multimode slab waveguides by a circular bent waveguide is analyzed by means of quasi-guided modes. These modes correspond to the well known leaky modes, but own real eigenvalues, thus the mathematical description is simpler. Furthermore they are derived as approximate solutions of the exact theory. This work will first give a brief introduction to the basic theory, followed by a discussion of the properties of quasi-guided modes. After a validation by comparison with a numerical simulation using the Finite Integration Technique, results for the bending loss of multimode waveguides are presented.
Halbleiter-basierte Hochleistungsgeneratoren für Breitbandpuls-Abstrahlung
Authors: Ehlen T.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Irradiated DS pulses beneath HPM and UWB are capable of disturbing the signal processing or even destroying the semiconductor structure. This paper presents the History of DS sources and their physical and electronic working principle, their technology and the potential application fields.
Development of a multiport test bench and systematic measurements of cable bundles for automotive EMC tests
Authors: Gonser M. , Keller C. , Hansen J. , Weigel R.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. In this paper the development of a cable bundle test bench is described and exemplary results of the systematic measurement of cable bundles for automotive EMC tests are presented. The test bench consists of particularly developed adapter boxes and switch matrices, which allow together with a network analyzer to perform a network analysis with up to 32 ports and up to 1 GHz. Calibration and deembedding procedures are described and validated. Cable bundles that are characteristic to automotive EMC tests are investigated with respect to the number of wires within the cable bundle, the class of the cable bundle and the type of wires.
Simplified modeling of EM field coupling to complex cable bundles
Authors: Schetelig B. , Keghie J. , Kanyou Nana R. , Fichte L.-O. , Potthast S. , Dickmann S.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. In this contribution, the procedure "Equivalent Cable Bundle Method" is used for the simplification of large cable bundles, and it is extended to the application on differential signal lines. The main focus is on the reduction of twisted-pair cables. Furthermore, the process presented here allows to take into account cables with wires that are situated quite close to each other. The procedure is based on a new approach to calculate the geometry of the simplified cable and uses the fact that the line parameters do not uniquely correspond to a certain geometry. For this reason, an optimization algorithm is applied.
MAARSY – the new MST radar on Andøya/Norway
Authors: Latteck R. , Singer W. , Rapp M. , Renkwitz T.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Kühlungsborn, Germany (IAP) is installing a new powerful VHF radar on the North-Norwegian island Andøya (69.30° N, 16.04° E) in 2009/2010. The new Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) replaces the existing ALWIN radar which has been operated continuously on Andøya for more than 10 years. The new system is a monostatic radar operated at 53.5 MHz with an active phased array antenna consisting of 433 Yagi antennas. The 3-element Yagi antennas are arranged in an equilateral triangle grid forming a circular aperture of approximately 6300 m2. Each individual antenna is connected to its own transceiver with independent phase control and a scalable output up to 2 kW. This arrangement allows very high flexibility of beam forming and beam steering with a symmetric radar beam of a minimum half power beam width of 3.6°, a maximum directive gain of 33.5 dB and a total transmitted peak power of approximately 800 kW. The IF signals of each 7 transceivers connected to each 7 antennas arranged in a hexagon are combined to 61 receiving channels. Selected channels or combinations of IF signals are sent to a 16-channel data acquisition system with 25 m sampling resolution and 16-bit digitization specified which will be upgraded to 64 channels in the final stage. The high flexibility of the new system allows classical Doppler beam swinging as well as experiments with simultaneously formed multiple beams and the use of modern interferometric applications for improved studies of the Arctic atmosphere from the troposphere up to the lower thermosphere with high spatiotemporal resolution.
Structural changes in lower ionosphere wind trends at midlatitudes
Authors: Jacobi C. , Merzlyakov E. G. , Liu R. Q. , Solovjova T. V. , Portnyagin Y. I.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Long-term variability of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (lower E region ionosphere) since 1970 has been analyzed using wind data series obtained at Collm (52° N, 15° E) using the LF drift method and at Obninsk (55° N, 37° E) applying VHF meteor radar. Applying piecewise linear trend analysis with a priori unknown number and positions of breakpoints shows that trend models with breakpoints are generally to be preferred against straight lines. There is a strong indication for a change of trends in wind parameters around 1975–1980. Similar changes are also found in the lower atmosphere, e.g., in tropospheric temperatures. This indicates a coupling between atmospheric layers at time scales of decades.
A time domain spherical near-field measurement facility for UWB antennas employing a hardware gating technique
Authors: Blech M. D. , Leibfritz M. M. , Hellinger R. , Geier D. , Maier F. A. , Pietsch A. M. , Eibert T. F.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. A spherical near-field antenna measurement facility employing a time domain hardware gating technique is presented. On-off keyed sinusoidal impulses are used as stimuli requiring wideband antennas with a bandwidth in excess of 400 MHz. The received signal is evaluated in the time interval after reaching the steady state and before multipath components arising in the non-ideal anechoic chamber distort the signal. An application specific pulse generator synthesizing sinusoidal impulses with a sub-nanosecond settling time and a low-cost equivalent time (ET) sampling receiver developed and optimized for this particular purpose are described. Measurement results of typical ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas show a significant improvement of the measured antenna pattern compared to conventional techniques.
Single snapshot DOA estimation
Authors: Häcker P. , Yang B.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. In array signal processing, direction of arrival (DOA) estimation has been studied for decades. Many algorithms have been proposed and their performance has been studied thoroughly. Yet, most of these works are focused on the asymptotic case of a large number of snapshots. In automotive radar applications like driver assistance systems, however, only a small number of snapshots of the radar sensor array or, in the worst case, a single snapshot is available for DOA estimation. In this paper, we investigate and compare different DOA estimators with respect to their single snapshot performance. The main focus is on the estimation accuracy and the angular resolution in multi-target scenarios including difficult situations like correlated targets and large target power differences. We will show that some algorithms lose their ability to resolve targets or do not work properly at all. Other sophisticated algorithms do not show a superior performance as expected. It turns out that the deterministic maximum likelihood estimator is a good choice under these hard conditions.
Implementation and evaluation of coherent synthetic aperture radar processing for level measurements of bulk goods with an FMCW-system
Authors: Vogt M. , Gerding M. , Musch T.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. In industrial process measurement instrumentation, radar systems are well established for the measurement of filling levels of liquids in tanks. Level measurements of bulk goods in silos, on the other hand, are more challenging because the material is heaped up and its surface has typically a relatively complex shape. In this paper, the application of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) reconstruction with a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system for level measurements of bulk goods is evaluated. In the proposed monostatic setup, echo signals are acquired at discrete antenna positions on top of the silo. Spatially resolved information about the surface contour of a bulk good heap is reconstructed by coherent 'delay and sum' processing. The concept has been experimentally evaluated with a 24 to 26 GHz FMCW radar system mounted on a linear stepping motor positioning unit. Measurements on a thin metal wire at different range and on a curved test-object with a diffusely scattering surface have been performed to analyze the system's point spread function (PSF) and performance. Constant range and azimuth resolutions (−6 dB) of 15 cm and 8 cm, respectively, have been obtained up to a range of 6 m, and results of further evaluations show that the proposed concept allows more accurate and reliable level reconstructions of surface profiles compared to the conventional approach with measurements at a single antenna position.
A single channel speech enhancement technique exploiting human auditory masking properties
Authors: Nsabimana F. X. , Subbaraman V. , Zölzer U.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. To enhance extreme corrupted speech signals, an Improved Psychoacoustically Motivated Spectral Weighting Rule (IPMSWR) is proposed, that controls the predefined residual noise level by a time-frequency dependent parameter. Unlike conventional Psychoacoustically Motivated Spectral Weighting Rules (PMSWR), the level of the residual noise is here varied throughout the enhanced speech based on the discrimination between the regions with speech presence and speech absence by means of segmental SNR within critical bands. Controlling in such a way the level of the residual noise in the noise only region avoids the unpleasant residual noise perceived at very low SNRs. To derive the gain coefficients, the computation of the masking curve and the estimation of the corrupting noise power are required. Since the clean speech is generally not available for a single channel speech enhancement technique, the rough clean speech components needed to compute the masking curve are here obtained using advanced spectral subtraction techniques. To estimate the corrupting noise, a new technique is employed, that relies on the noise power estimation using rapid adaptation and recursive smoothing principles. The performances of the proposed approach are objectively and subjectively compared to the conventional approaches to highlight the aforementioned improvement.
North Atlantic abrupt climatic events of the Last Glacial period recorded in Ukrainian loess deposits
Authors: Rousseau D.-D. , Antoine P. , Gerasimenko N. , Sima A. , Fuchs M. , Hatté C. , Moine O. , Zöller L.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Loess deposits are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, where they have recorded not only the glacial-interglacial cycles, but also millennial-timescale changes resembling those in marine and ice cores. Such abrupt variations are clearly marked in Western European series, but have not yet been evidenced in the east of the continent. Here we present results of the high-resolution investigation of a Weichselian Upper Pleniglacial loess sequence (~38–15 ka) from Stayky, Ukraine. The stratigraphy shows an alternation of loess horizons and embryonic soils, similar to sequences from Western Europe. Similarities are also found between variations of a grain-size index (ratio between coarse and fine material fractions) in Stayky and in Western European profiles. Based on these similarities, and in agreement with the luminescence dates, the embryonic soils are associated to the Greenland interstadials (GIS) 7 to 2, and the Vytachiv paleosol at the base of the sequence, to GIS 8. Pollen analysis indicates a wetter climate for these interstadials, allowing the development of arboreal vegetation, than for the stadials, marked by loess formation. The grain-size index reaches the highest values for intervals correlated with the Heinrich events 3 and 2. Thus, it appears that the North Atlantic abrupt climate changes have extended their influence and modulated the loess sedimentation at least as far as in Eastern Europe. This result is supported by recent climate modeling experiments, and recommends the Stayky sequence as a reference for further comparisons between profiles along the Eurasian loess belt centered at 50° N.
Erros na administração de antibióticos em unidade de terapia intensiva de hospital de ensino
Authors: Rodrigues Maria Cristina Soares , Oliveira Ludmilla De Castro
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.11935Erros de medicação podem causar desfechos indesejáveis para pacientes, aumentar custos hospitalares e repercussões para os profissionais envolvidos. Com objetivo de verificar a ocorrência e caracterizar erros na administração de antibióticos, realizou-se estudo descritivo em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de hospital de ensino, na cidade de Brasília - Distrito Federal, entre setembro de 2006 e fevereiro de 2007. Para coleta de dados analisaram-se prescrições e observaram-se profissionais de enfermagem que administraram antibióticos. Observaram-se 35 prescrições de pacientes predominantemente do sexo feminino (54,3%), na faixa etária de 51 a 70 anos (60,0%), em tratamento pós-cirúrgico (54,3%), com tempo médio de hospitalização de dois a sete dias (40,0%). Foram encontradas 10 variedades de antibióticos, prevalecendo a vancomicina (28,9%), cefepima (13,3%), meropenem (11,1%) e amicacina (11,1%). A média de antibióticos por prescrição foi de 1,2, frequentemente na dosagem de 1000mg (42,2%) e ministrados por via intravenosa (100,0%). Quanto aos erros, foram constatados erros de preparo (87,6%), erros de horário (6,2%) e outros (6,2%). A visão sistêmica de prevenção e análise de ocorrências de erros de medicação deve ser implementada com finalidade de estabelecer cultura de segurança do paciente que permita contínua possibilidade de gerenciar riscos de eventos adversos com medicamentos no hospital. Descritores: Unidades de terapia intensiva; Antibioticoprofilaxia; Erros de medicação; Segurança.
A percepção dos portadores de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 em relação à amputação
Authors: Lucas Lúcia Percília Pereira , Barichello Elizabeth , Zuffi Fernanda Bonato , Barbosa Maria Helena
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.6005 O Diabetes mellitus é considerado um problema de saúde pública por se tratar de uma doença crônica que afeta grande parte da população. Entre suas principais complicações encontram-se a neuropatia diabética e a doença vascular periférica, que podem evoluir para a amputação dos membros inferiores. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa e hermenêutica que teve como objetivos descrever a percepção dos pacientes portadores de Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em relação a sua amputação e expectativas para o futuro. Os dados foram coletados em um hospital público, de ensino, de grande porte no município de Uberaba no período de fevereiro a abril de 2008 com sete sujeitos por meio da aplicação de um questionário semi-estruturado. Para tratamento dos dados utilizou-se a análise temática das quais emergiram duas unidades temáticas: o sentimento da perda do membro e expectativa pós amputação. Apreendeu-se que passar por uma amputação pode gerar sentimentos de tristeza e alívio. Quanto às expectativas pós-amputação identificaram-se a dependência às atividades diárias; o apego religioso e o medo de reviver uma nova amputação. Estes achados apontam para a importância do cuidado holístico do ser humano frente às mudanças e suas necessidades de readaptações à sociedade.  Descritores: Diabetes mellitus; Pé diabético; Amputação.
Fotoexposição solar e fotoproteção de agentes de saúde em município de Minas Gerais
Authors: Lima Angélica Gomes , Silva Ana Maria Mendes da , Soares Cleir Elenir Coelho , Souza Raquel Alves Xavier de , Souza Marina Celly   Martins Ribeiro de
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.6156A pele é um órgão externo e está sujeita a agressões diárias provocadas pela exposição solar. Os profissionais que exercem seu trabalho em ambientes externos estão sujeitos aos danos ocasionados pela exposição solar sem proteção, como os agentes comunitários de saúde e de combate a endemias. Nesse sentido, esse estudo teve como objetivo conhecer os hábitos de exposição solar de agentes comunitários de saúde e de combate a endemias que atuam no município de Ribeirão das Neves, Minas Gerais. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório, no ano de 2008 com a aplicação de um questionário semi-estruturado, com 7 agentes comunitários de saúde e 6 agentes de combate a endemias. Os resultados revelaram que a maior parte dos entrevistados expõe-se por mais de cinco horas diárias a radiação solar, sendo a totalidade em horário crítico; 46,17% não usam protetor solar e 23% associam métodos químicos e físicos e todos apresentaram algum agravo a pele em decorrência de sua atividade profissional. Os resultados apontam para a importância da criação e implementação de ações que motivem esses profissionais no uso de medidas de fotoproteção efetivas. Descritores: Radiação solar; Promoção da saúde; Saúde do Trabalhador.
A doença de Alzheimer na visão do cuidador: um estudo de caso
Authors: Valim Marília Duarte , Damasceno Dênis Derly , Abi-acl Luana Caroline , Garcia Fernanda , Fava Silvana Maria Coelho Leite
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.6410A doença de Alzheimer (DA) aumenta a demanda por cuidados devido ao comprometimento cognitivo-funcional de seus portadores. O estudo proposto teve como objetivo geral compreender o significado atribuído pelo familiar na prestação do cuidado domiciliar a um paciente portador de DA. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, realizado no município de Alfenas/MG, no ano de 2006, por meio de entrevista aplicada a um cuidador de um portador de DA, na qual foram identificados os núcleos de sentido, organizados e agrupados em categorias. Foram observados aspectos relevantes como as modificações no estilo de vida do cuidador e família para incluir as novas necessidades do portador de DA; a sobrecarga física e emocional decorrente do cuidado, cansaço e estresse manifestados em irritabilidade, frustração, tristeza, solidão - sentimentos frequentemente relatados, estando estes associados ao convívio diário com o doente, falta de recursos, principalmente do setor público e despreparo em oferecer suporte ao idoso e ao familiar que presta cuidado. Desta forma concluímos que há necessidade de mais estudos sobre o familiar cuidador e investimentos no apoio a este, devido ao aumento do número de idosos e doenças crônico-degenerativas. Descritores: Doença de Alzheimer; Cuidadores; Enfermagem Geriátrica.
Vivências dos familiares ao cuidar de um ente esquizofrênico: um enfoque fenomenológico
Authors: Sales Catarina Aparecida , Schuhli Patrícia Aparecida Pedro , Santos Elionésia Marta dos , Waidman Maria Angélica Pagliarini , Marcon Sonia Silva
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.6457A atual política brasileira de saúde mental baseia-se nos referenciais basaglianos, que indicam retorno e permanência da pessoa com transtorno mental a seu meio social, o que significa próximo à família e à comunidade. Assim, a família torna-se o ponto principal para a efetivação das atuais propostas da Reforma Psiquiátrica. Este estudo buscou a compreensão da experiência dos familiares ao cuidarem de um familiar esquizofrênico. Para isto, elegemos uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, à luz da fenomenologia existencial de Martin Heidegger. O estudo foi realizado nos meses de outubro e novembro de 2008, com seis familiares que tinham um membro portador de esquizofrenia em seu lar. Dos discursos emergiram as seguintes temáticas: Vivenciando o preconceito ao Ser esquizofrênico; Compreendendo a facticidade existencial do outro; Aprendendo a conviver com o ente esquizofrênico; Experienciando vicissitudes pelos conflitos familiares. Essas temáticas revelam o cotidiano destes seres, enredado em angústias, incertezas, cansaço e desânimo, sentimentos associados a uma busca incessante por ressignificar sua existência. Assim, acreditamos ser necessária a implementação de programas de capacitação e educação permanente dos profissionais da saúde, de forma que estes possam proporcionar ao doente e à sua família melhores condições físicas e emocionais para enfrentar as dificuldades da doença. Descritores: Enfermagem Psiquiátrica; Prática de família; Esquizofrenia; Saúde mental.
Rede e apoio social das famílias de crianças em condição crônica
Authors: Nóbrega Vanessa Medeiros da , Collet Neusa , Silva Kenya Lima da , Coutinho Simone Elizabeth Duarte
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.7566A doença crônica na infância altera a dinâmica familiar. Este estudo objetivou identificar a rede social e os tipos de apoio social, avaliando os vínculos apoiadores, na perspectiva das famílias de crianças em condição crônica. Delineou-se um estudo descritivo-exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, baseado no depoimento de famílias residentes no município de João Pessoa-Paraíba. A produção do material empírico ocorreu entre novembro de 2008 a janeiro de 2009 a partir da entrevista semi-estruturada, da observação participante e da construção do ecomapa. Na análise obtiveram-se dados que foram agrupados na categoria: identificação da rede e do apoio social à família. Os resultados apontam que a rede social é fonte de fortalecimento para a família e criança superarem adversidades relacionadas à doença crônica. A família tem poucas conexões com a comunidade e sua rede e apoio social são formados pela assistência hospitalar, acompanhantes de outras crianças hospitalizadas e apoio espiritual. Reconhecer a família como sujeito ativo no cuidado à criança em condição crônica é fundamental, pois ao estabelecer parceria com a família, abrem-se espaços de escuta e acolhida para produção compartilhada do cuidado e a possibilidade de construção de redes e apoio social necessários para o enfrentamento da condição crônica na infância. Descritores: Doença crônica; Apoio social; Enfermagem; Família; Enfermagem Pediátrica.
Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase Assays
Authors: McAvoy Thomas , Nairn Angus C.
Published: October 2010

Methods for assaying serine/threonine protein phosphatases are discussed. Three commonly used protocols are presented that employ either colorimetric or radiometric assays. These methods can be used to assay a variety of preparations of serine/threonine phosphatases, from crude lysates to purified proteins. Strategies for the application of a particular protocol for a particular purpose are discussed. The assays can be used in either a high‐throughput mode where simple comparison of activities can be done, or in specific assays where kinetic data can be derived.Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 92:18.18.1‐18.18.11. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CNV Analysis Using TaqMan Copy Number Assays
Authors: Mayo Ping , Hartshorne Toinette , Li Kelly , McMunn‐Gibson Chara , Spencer Kylee , Schnetz‐Boutaud Nathalie
Published: October 2010

Copy number variations are important polymorphisms that can influence the expression of genes within and close to the rearranged region. This allows transcription levels to be higher or lower than those that can be achieved by control of transcription of a single copy. Recently, copy number variations have been associated with genetic diseases such as cancer, immune diseases, and neurological disorders. TaqMan copy number assays are designed to detect and measure copy number variation in the human genome using real‐time polymerase chain reaction and unquenching of fluorescent probes for the target sequence. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 67:2.13.1‐2.13.10 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sleep disturbances in adults with arthritis: Prevalence, mediators, and subgroups at greatest risk. Data from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Louie Grant H. , Tektonidou Maria G. , Caban‐Martinez Alberto J. , Ward Michael M.
Published: October 2010

Objective

To examine the prevalence of sleep disturbances in adults with arthritis in a nationally representative sample, mediators of sleep difficulties, and subgroups of individuals with arthritis at greatest risk.

Methods

Using data on US adults ages ≥18 years participating in the 2007 National Health Interview Survey, we computed the prevalence of 3 measures of sleep disturbance (insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep duration <6 hours) among persons with arthritis. We used logistic regression analysis to examine if the association of arthritis and sleep disturbances was independent of sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities, and to identify potential mediators. We used classification trees to identify subgroups at higher risk.

Results

The adjusted prevalence of insomnia was higher among adults with arthritis than those without arthritis (23.1% versus 16.4%; P < 0.0001), but was similar to those with other chronic diseases. Adults with arthritis were more likely than those without arthritis to report insomnia (unadjusted odds ratio 2.92, 95% confidence interval 2.68–3.17), but adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities attenuated this association. Joint pain and limitation due to pain mediated the association between arthritis and insomnia. Among adults with arthritis, those with depression and anxiety were at highest risk for sleep disturbance. Results for excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep duration <6 hours were similar.

Conclusion

Sleep disturbance affects up to 10.2 million US adults with arthritis, and is mediated by joint pain and limitation due to pain. Among individuals with arthritis, those with depression and anxiety are at greatest risk.
Cardiovascular profile in ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mathieu Sylvain , Gossec Laure , Dougados Maxime , Soubrier Martin
Published: October 2010

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In ankylosing spondylitis (AS), there is a paucity of information concerning this risk. Our objective was to assess the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) or strokes and the cardiovascular risk profile in AS patients.

Methods

We performed a systematic literature review using PubMed, EMBase, and the Cochrane Library up to August 2009. Incidence of MI or stroke was calculated by metaproportion. For cardiovascular risk factors, differences between AS patients and controls were expressed by standardized mean differences using inverse of variance method.

Results

For MI, 8 longitudinal studies were included. In controls (n = 82,745), 1,318 MI cases were observed (4.6%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.2%, 10.0%). In AS patients (n = 3,279), 224 MI cases were reported (incidence 7.4%; 95% CI 5.2%, 10.0%). The increase in MI cases in AS patients was not significant (risk ratio 1.88; 95% CI 0.83, 4.28). For stroke, 7 longitudinal studies reported 327 strokes in AS patients (n = 31,949), which is an incidence of 2.2% (95% CI 1.3%, 3.4%). In controls (n = 7,372), one study reported 170 strokes (2.3%; 95% CI 2.0%, 2.7%). For cardiovascular risk factors, 15 case–control studies and 9 abstracts were included (n = 1,214 for patients and n = 1,000 for controls). AS patients were characterized by a higher weighted mean intima‐media thickness and higher risk of metabolic syndrome. In AS patients, there was a significant decrease in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.

Conclusion

AS patients appear to be at higher risk of MI, which could be due to low HDL cholesterol levels or to systemic inflammation. Management of cardiovascular risk factors and control of systemic inflammation should be taken into account in AS.
Aspartame administered in feed, beginning prenatally through life span, induces cancers of the liver and lung in male Swiss mice
Authors: Soffritti Morando , Belpoggi Fiorella , Manservigi Marco , Tibaldi Eva , Lauriola Michelina , Falcioni Laura , Bua Luciano
Published: September 2010

Background

Aspartame (APM) is a well‐known intense artificial sweetener used in more than 6,000 products. Among the major users of aspartame are children and women of childbearing age. In previous lifespan experiments conducted on Sprague–Dawley rats we have shown that APM is a carcinogenic agent in multiple sites and that its effects are increased when exposure starts from prenatal life.

Objective

The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of APM to induce carcinogenic effects in mice.

Methods

Six groups of 62–122 male and female Swiss mice were treated with APM in feed at doses of 32,000, 16,000, 8,000, 2,000, or 0 ppm from prenatal life (12 days of gestation) until death. At death each animal underwent complete necropsy and all tissues and organs of all animals in the experiment were microscopically examined.

Results

APM in our experimental conditions induces in males a significant dose‐related increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas (P < 0.01), and a significant increase at the dose levels of 32,000 ppm (P < 0.01) and 16,000 ppm (P < 0.05). Moreover, the results show a significant dose‐related increased incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas in males (P < 0.05), and a significant increase at 32,000 ppm (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The results of the present study confirm that APM is a carcinogenic agent in multiple sites in rodents, and that this effect is induced in two species, rats (males and females) and mice (males). No carcinogenic effects were observed in female mice. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1197–1206, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonisothermal crystallization and melting behavior of β‐nucleated isotactic polypropylene and polyamide 66 blends
Authors: Yang Zhugen , Mai Kancheng
Published: September 2010

A highly novel nano‐CaCO3 supported β‐nucleating agent was employed to prepare β‐nucleated isotactic polypropylene (iPP) blend with polyamide (PA) 66, β‐nucleated iPP/PA66 blend, as well as its compatibilized version with maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP‐g‐MA), maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene‐octene (POE‐g‐MA), and polyethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA‐g‐MA), respectively. Nonisothermal crystallization behavior and melting characteristics of β‐nucleated iPP and its blends were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter and wide angle X‐ray diffraction. Experimental results indicated that the crystallization temperature (T) of PP shifts to high temperature in the non‐nucleated PP/PA66 blends because of the α‐nucleating effect of PA66. T of PP and the β‐crystal content (Kβ) in β‐nucleated iPP/PA66 blends not only depended on the PA66 content, but also on the compatibilizer type. Addition of PP‐g‐MA and POE‐g‐MA into β‐nucleated iPP/PA66 blends increased the β‐crystal content; however, EVA‐g‐MA is not benefit for the formation of β‐crystal in the compatibilized β‐nucleated iPP/PA66 blend. It can be relative to the different interfacial interactions between PP and compatibilizers. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of PP in the blends was evaluated by Mo's method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Living AnatoME: Teaching and learning musculoskeletal anatomy through yoga and Pilates
Authors: McCulloch Carrie , Marango Stephanie Pieczenik , Friedman Erica S. , Laitman Jeffrey T.
Published: October 2010

Living AnatoME, a program designed in 2004 by two medical students in conjunction with the Director of Anatomy, teaches musculoskeletal anatomy through yoga and Pilates. Previously offered as an adjunct to the Gross Anatomy course in 2007, Living AnatoME became an official part of the curriculum. Previous research conducted on the program demonstrated its efficacy in providing relaxation and well‐being to students who attended. In 2007, with all 144 gross anatomy students required to participate in a 1.5 hour Living AnatoME session on the upper and lower limbs, the impact of the program on students' comprehension of musculoskeletal anatomy was analyzed through the administration of 25‐question pre‐ and post‐tests, gauging knowledge in the following domains: upper limb, lower limb, muscle function, palpation, attachment/location, clinical correlate, and control (i.e., material not emphasized during the intervention). Analysis of postintervention tests revealed significant improvement in total Living AnatoME scores as well as in the domains of upper limb, muscle function, and palpation, indicating the possible efficacy of Living AnatoME in teaching anatomy. Performance on control questions also improved, although not significantly, which may indicate the role of other variables (e.g., additional study time) in increased performance. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
A Water‐Soluble Conjugated Polymer for Protein Identification and Denaturation Detection
Authors: Xu Qingling , Wu Chunxian , Zhu Chunlei , Duan Xinrui , Liu Libing , Han Yuchun , Wang Yilin , Wang Shu
Published: September 2010

Rapid and sensitive methods to detect proteins and protein denaturation have become increasingly needful in the field of proteomics, medical diagnostics, and biology. In this paper, we have reported the synthesis of a new cationic water‐soluble conjugated polymer that contains fluorene and diene moieties in the backbone (PFDE) for protein identification by sensing an array of PFDE solutions in different ionic strengths using the linear discriminant analysis technique (LDA). The PFDE can form complexes with proteins by electrostatic and/or hydrophobic interactions and exhibits different fluorescence response. Three main factors contribute to the fluorescence response of PFDE, namely, the net charge density on the protein surface, the hydrophobic nature of the protein, and the metalloprotein characteristics. The denaturation of proteins can also be detected using PFDE as a fluorescent probe. The interactions between PFDE and proteins were also studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC) techniques. In contrast to other methods based on conjugated polymers, the synthesis of a series of quencher or dye‐labeled acceptors or protein substrates has been avoided in our method, which significantly reduces the cost and the synthetic complexity. Our method provides promising applications on protein identification and denaturation detection in a simple, fast, and label‐free manner based on non‐specific interaction‐induced perturbation of PFDE fluorescence response.
Characterizing and modeling the diversity of cropping situations under climatic constraints in West Africa
Authors: Traoré Seydou B. , Alhassane Agali , Muller Bertrand , Kouressy Mamoutou , Somé Léopold , Sultan Benjamin , Oettli Pascal , Siéné Laopé Ambroise C. , Sangaré Safiatou , Vaksmann Michel , Diop Mbaye , Dingkhun Michael , Baron Christian
Published: October 2010

The Sahel region is known for the high vulnerability of its agriculture to climate variability. Early warning systems that make use of agrometerological forecasts are one of the coping strategies developed by policy makers. However, the predictive quality of the tools and methods used needs improvement. In order to address some of these challenges, we conducted agronomic trials and on‐farm surveys to adapt the SARRAH (Système d'Analyse Régionale des Risques Agroclimatiques, version H) crop simulation model, and also evaluated it in farmers' field conditions. The farmers' practices such as sowing dates and densities, fertilizer use and yields potentials of the millet and sorghum crops were characterized under different climatic conditions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Ljungan virus: A commentary on its association with fetal and infant morbidity and mortality in animals and humans
Authors: Krous Henry F. , Langlois Neil E.
Published: October 2010

Epidemiologic and experimental data support the notion that Ljungan virus (LV), endemic in some rodent populations in Sweden, Denmark, and the United States, can cause morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. LV infection can cause type I diabetes mellitus, myocarditis, and encephalitis in bank voles and experimental mice, and lemmings. Mouse dams infected with LV experience high rates of stillbirth that may persist across generations, and their fetuses may develop cranial, brain, and limb malformations. In humans, epidemiologic and serologic data suggest that LV infection correlates with intrauterine fetal death, malformations, placental inflammation, myocarditis, encephalitis, and Guillain‐Barré syndrome. The proposed role of LV infection in SIDS is unconvincing. Further research is necessary to clarify the role of LV infection in animal and human disease. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids with the Weakly Coordinating [Al(ORF)4]− Anion (RF=C(H)(CF3)2) and the Determination of Their Principal Physical Properties
Authors: Bulut Safak , Klose Petra , Huang Mian‐Mian , Weingärtner Hermann , Dyson Paul J. , Laurenczy Gábor , Friedrich Christian , Menz Jakob , Kümmerer Klaus , Krossing Ingo
Published: September 2010

A large series of ionic liquids (ILs) based on the weakly coordinating alkoxyaluminate [Al(hfip)4]− (hfip: hexafluoroisopropoxy) with classical as well as functionalized cations were prepared, and their principal physical properties determined. Melting points are between 0 ([C4MMIM][Al(hfip)4]) and 69 °C ([C3MPip][Al(hfip)4]); three qualify as room‐temperature ILs (RTILs). Crystal structures for six ILs were determined; their structural parameters and anion–cation contacts are compared here with known ILs, with a special focus on their influence on physical properties. Moreover, the biodegradability of the compounds was investigated by using the closed‐bottle and the manometric respirometry test. Temperature‐dependent viscosities and conductivities were measured between 0 and 80 °C, and described by either the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) or the Arrhenius equations. Moreover, conductivities and viscosities were investigated in the context of the molecular volume, Vm. Physical property–Vm correlations were carried out for various temperatures, and the temperature dependence of the molecular volume was analyzed by using crystal structure data and DFT calculations. The IL ionicity was investigated by Walden plots; according to this analysis, [Al(hfip)4]− ILs may be classified as “very good to good ILs”; while [C2MIM][Al(hfip)4] is a better IL than [C2MIM][NTf2]. The dielectric constants of ten [Al(hfip)4]− ILs were determined, and are unexpectedly high (εr=11.5 to 16.8). This could be rationalized by considering additional calculated dipole moments of the structures frozen in the solid state by DFT. The determination of hydrogen gas solubility in [Al(hfip)4]− RTILs by high‐pressure NMR spectroscopy revealed very high hydrogen solubilities at 25 °C and 1 atm. These results indicate the significant potential of this class of ILs in manifold applications.
Vapochromic and Mechanochromic Tetrahedral Gold(I) Complexes Based on the 1,2‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene Ligand
Authors: Osawa Masahisa , Kawata Isao , Igawa Satoshi , Hoshino Mikio , Fukunaga Takeo , Hashizume Daisuke
Published: September 2010

Tetrahedral gold(I) complexes containing the diphosphane ligand (dppb=1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene), [Au(dppb)2]X [X=Cl (1), Br (2), I (3), NO3 (4), BF4 (5), PF6 (6), B(C6H4F‐4)4 (7)], and the ethanol and methanol adducts of complex 4, 8, and 9, were prepared to analyze their unique photophysical properties. These complexes are classified into two categories on the basis of their crystal structures. In Category I, the complexes (1–5) have relatively‐small counter anions and two dppb ligands are symmetrically coordinated to the central AuI atom, and display an intense blue phosphorescence. Alternatively, the complexes (6–9) in Category II have large counter anions and two dppb ligands asymmetrically coordinated to AuI atom, and display a yellow or yellow orange phosphorescence. The difference in the phosphorescence color of the complexes between the Category I and II is ascribed to the change in the structure of the cationic moiety in the complex. According to DFT calculations, the symmetry reduction caused by the large counter anion of the complex in Category II gives the destabilization of HOMO (σ*) levels, leading to the red‐shift of the emission peak. We have demonstrated that the symmetry reductions are responsible for the phosphorescence color alteration caused by external stimuli (volatile organic compounds and mechanical grinding).
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from the Roots of Paris verticillata.
Authors: Kim Ki Hyun , Lee Kyu Ha , Choi Sang Un , Kim Kyung Ran , Lee Kang Ro
Published: September 2010

The three new pyrrolizidine alkaloids verticillatins A (I), B (II), and C (III) are isolated from the roots of Paris verticillata (Liliaceae) together with seven known alkaloids.
Product Design of Plastic Materials for the Detergent Industry
Authors: Rähse W.
Published: October 2010

Wasserlösliche Polymere werden in der Waschmittelindustrie sowohl in den Formulierungen zur Verbesserung des Waschergebnisses als auch als Folien für die Verpackung flüssiger Waschmittelportionen gebraucht. Unlösliche, thermoplastische Kunststoffe (PE, PP, PET) werden als Verpackungsmaterial für Feststoffe, Pasten, Suspensionen und Flüssigkeiten in Form von kaschiertem Karton, Beuteln, Flaschen, Eimern und Tuben eingesetzt. Die Polymere lassen sich je nach Anwendung maßschneidern. Hierfür stehen nicht nur die Möglichkeiten der Reaktions‐ und Synthesetechnik zur Verfügung, sondern es gelingt auch über den Zusatz von Additiven die geforderten physikalischen, technischen und optischen Eigenschaften, z. B. Farbe und Alterungsbeständigkeit, einzustellen. Die im Extruder aufgeschmolzenen Thermoplasten lassen sich beliebig formen. Die Verpackungen sollen nicht nur in Form und Funktion, sondern auch in der gesamten Ästhetik überzeugen und markentypisch gestaltet sein. Das Produktdesign ist die Summe dieser Parameter.