bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quaternary geology of the Fort Fraser and Manson River map areas, central British Columbia
Authors: Plouffe A
Published: September 2013

The Fort Fraser and Manson River map areas were last glaciated during the Late Wisconsinan Fraser Glaciation. Quaternary sediments predating this event are rare. The oldest deposits identified are oxidized sand and gravel, which locally contain placer gold.
Stratigraphic evidence of a pre-Fraser glaciation was found at one site. Sediments of the Olympia Nonglacial Interval have been identified at three sites. Paleoecological reconstruction indicates climatic conditions cooler than at present for at least part of that nonglacial interval.
The mountainous regions were the first to be glaciated at the onset of Fraser Glaciation. Valley glaciers advanced from three major accumulation centres: the Skeena, Coast, and Cariboo mountains. In easterly draining valleys, sand and gravel accumulated on outwash plains in front of advancing
glaciers. In most westerly draining valleys, the drainage was blocked by advancing ice and glacial lakes were formed. The pattern of ice advance was reconstructed primarily from crosscutting relationships of glacial erosion marks measured on bedrock outcrops. Ice from the Coast and Skeena mountains
generally flowed easterly, but was deflected to the north and northeast in the eastern part of the study area, where it coalesced with an ice lobe derived from the Cariboo Mountains. Deglaciation proceeded from east to west along an irregular front controlled by topography. Numerous glacial lakes
developed behind decaying ice. Postglacial sediments include colluvium, alluvium, organic, eolian, and anthropogenic deposits. Postglacial aggradation in valleys was followed by incision of valley fills and establishment of the modern drainage.
The lived experience by psychiatric nurses of aggression and violence from patients in a Gauteng psychiatric institution
Authors: Bimenyimana E. , Poggenpoel M. , Myburgh C. , Van Niekerk V.
Published: September 2013

Caring for good people is difficult enough; to care for people who are either aggressive or violent is even more difficult. This is what psychiatric nurses working in the psychiatric institution in which research was done are exposed to on a daily basis. The aim of the research was to explore and describe the lived experience by psychiatric nurses of aggression and violence from patients in a Gauteng psychiatric institution. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive, and contextual study design was utilised. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews and naïve sketches. Tesch’s (Creswell, 2004:256) method of open coding and an independent coder were utilised for data analysis. This study shed some light on the lived experience by psychiatric nurses of aggression and violence from patients in a Gauteng psychiatric institution. The findings show that the level of violence and aggression to which psychiatric nurses are exposed is overwhelming and the consequences are alarming. The contributing factors to this violence and aggression are: the mental status and the conditions in which patients are admitted; the staff shortage; the lack of support among the members of the multidisciplinary team (MDT); and the lack of structured and comprehensive orientation among newly appointed staff members. As a result, psychiatric nurses are emotionally, psychologically, and physically affected. They then respond with the following emotions and behaviour: fear, anger, frustration, despair, hopelessness and helplessness, substance abuse, absenteeism, retaliation and the development of an “I don’t care” attitude.
Adolescent mothers’ non-utilisation of antenatal care services in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Authors: Chaibva C. N. , Roos J. H. , Ehlers V. J.
Published: September 2013

Adolescent pregnancies are high risk obstetric occurrences. Antenatal care (ANC) provides opportunities to recognise and treat obstetric complications, enhancing the pregnancy outcomes for mothers and babies. The purpose of the study was to identify factors influencing adolescents' non-utilisation of ANC services in Bulawayo. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was used to contextualise the study. A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive research design was adopted, using structured interviews to collect data. Purposive, non-probability sampling was used to conduct structured interviews with 80 adolescent mothers from the postnatal wards who had delivered their babies without attending ANC. Factors influencing these adolescent mothers’ non-utilisation of ANC services included socio-economic issues, individuals' perceptions about ANC, limited knowledge about ANC, policies and structural barriers. However, these adolescents knew that delivering their babies with skilled attendance could enhance the outcomes for the mothers and babies, would help secure documents to facilitate the acquisition of their children's birth certificates, and that obstetric complications required the services of skilled midwives/doctors. Policy-related issues, such as requiring national identity cards from pregnant adolescents (or from their spouses) prohibited some of them from utilising ANC services. There is a need to improve adolescents’ reproductive health outreach (including ANC) programmes and to offer free ANC services in Zimbabwe. Restrictive policies, such as the required identity cards of the pregnant adolescents (or their husbands), impacted negatively on the accessibility of ANC services and should be addressed as a matter of urgency in Bulawayo.
Evaluation of on-farm crop management decisions on canola productivity
Authors: Liu Chang , Gan Yantai , Poppy Lee
Published: September 2013

Liu, C., Gan, Y. and Poppy, L. 2014. Evaluation of on-farm crop management decisions on canola productivity. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 131–139. This study determined key factors affecting canola productivity in western Canada and evaluated the differences among soil-climatic zones in canola crops responding to the key agronomic factors. A total of 68 canola farm fields were randomly selected in western Canada, and multiple correspondence analysis, coupled with multivariate predictive model with partial least squares projection and regressions, was used to analyze the data set. Canola produced in Alberta averaged 2500 kg ha−1, and was 23% greater than canola produced in southern Saskatchewan, 10% greater than canola produced in northern Saskatchewan, and 59% greater than canola produced in Manitoba. Canola produced on chem-fallow averaged 2557 kg ha−1, and was 17% greater than canola grown on cereal stubble, or 43% greater than canola grown on pea/lentil, corn stubble. Canola grown on canola stubble produced 54% of the seed yield as canola grown on cereal stubble, or 46% of the seed yield as canola grown on chem-fallow. Shallow and earlier seeding with narrow row spacing increased canola seed yields consistently. Canola receiving K fertilizer increased seed yield by an average of 25% compared with those receiving no K fertilizer. Straight combine resulted in 500 kg ha−1 or 24% more seed yield than conventional swath-combine method. Those key factors may serve as the first-hand information in the development of sound guidelines for less experienced canola producers in western Canada.
AAC Bailey hard red spring wheat
Authors: DePauw R. M. , Knox R. E. , Cuthbert R. D. , Singh A. K. , McCaig T. N.
Published: September 2013

DePauw, R. M., Knox, R. E., Cuthbert, R. D., Singh, A. K. and McCaig, T. N. 2014. AAC Bailey hard red spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 175–181. AAC Bailey hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) had grain yield within the range of the checks with maturity significantly earlier than the mean of the checks. The quantity of protein of AAC Bailey was significantly less than Lillian but gluten strength was stronger than Lillian as measured by farinograph. AAC Bailey is eligible for grades of Canada Western Red Spring. AAC Bailey expressed resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust and stem rust, moderate resistance to common bunt, and moderate susceptibility to loose smut. AAC Bailey frequently had lower fusarium head blight disease index and lower deoxynivalenol concentration than Lillian and Laura.
Stereoscopic determination of all-sky altitude map of aurora using two ground-based Nikon DSLR cameras
Authors: Kataoka R. , Miyoshi Y. , Shigematsu K. , Hampton D. , Mori Y. , Kubo T. , Yamashita A. , Tanaka M. , Takahei T. , Nakai T. , Miyahara H. , Shiokawa K.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. A new stereoscopic measurement technique is developed to obtain an all-sky altitude map of aurora using two ground-based digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras. Two identical full-color all-sky cameras were set with an 8 km separation across the Chatanika area in Alaska (Poker Flat Research Range and Aurora Borealis Lodge) to find localized emission height with the maximum correlation of the apparent patterns in the localized pixels applying a method of the geographical coordinate transform. It is found that a typical ray structure of discrete aurora shows the broad altitude distribution above 100 km, while a typical patchy structure of pulsating aurora shows the narrow altitude distribution of less than 100 km. Because of its portability and low cost of the DSLR camera systems, the new technique may open a unique opportunity not only for scientists but also for night-sky photographers to complementarily attend the aurora science to potentially form a dense observation network.
REAL TIME PROCESSING FOR EPIPOLAR RESAMPLING OF LINEAR PUSHBROOM IMAGERY BASED ON THE FAST ALGORITHM FOR BEST SCAN LINE SEARCHING
Authors: Geng X. , Xu Q. , Xing S. , Lan C. , Hou Y.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The epipolar resampling of linear pushbroom imagery is essential for automatic DEM extraction and feature collection. Due to the special imaging geometry of linear array scanners, the epipolar geometry of linear pushbroom imagery is very complex. In this paper, a fast algorithm for epipolar resampling of linear pushbroom imagery is proposed which can satisfy the real time processing demand of automatic DEM extraction and feature collection. The differential rectification of linear pushbroom imagery based on the rigorous geometric model is the basis for epipolar resampling. The back projection of ground points is essential for the differential rectification of linear pushbroom imagery and its main objective is searching the best scan line. The traditional best scan line searching methodology based on collinearity equation iterations needs a lot of calculation which has little practical use. According to the geometric constraints of the central perspective plane of scan line, the best scan line is determined efficiently within several iterations which just calculating the distance of ground point to the central perspective planar in object space. Based on our fast back projection algorithm, the epipolar resampling processing efficiency of linear pushbroom imagery can be improved greatly. The ADS40 airborne linear pushbroom imagery is tested and experiment results show that our algorithm has the merits of both high accuracy and efficiency which is suitable for real time processing of epipolar resampling.
PARTICIPATORY GIS: EXPERIMENTATIONS FOR A 3D SOCIAL VIRTUAL GLOBE
Authors: Brovelli M. A. , Minghini M. , Zamboni G.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The dawn of GeoWeb 2.0, the geographic extension of Web 2.0, has opened new possibilities in terms of online dissemination and sharing of geospatial contents, thus laying the foundations for a fruitful development of Participatory GIS (PGIS). The purpose of the study is to investigate the extension of PGIS applications, which are quite mature in the traditional bi-dimensional framework, up to the third dimension. More in detail, the system should couple a powerful 3D visualization with an increase of public participation by means of a tool allowing data collecting from mobile devices (e.g. smartphones and tablets). The PGIS application, built using the open source NASA World Wind virtual globe, is focussed on the cultural and tourism heritage of Como city, located in Northern Italy. An authentication mechanism was implemented, which allows users to create and manage customized projects through cartographic mash-ups of Web Map Service (WMS) layers. Saved projects populate a catalogue which is available to the entire community. Together with historical maps and the current cartography of the city, the system is also able to manage geo-tagged multimedia data, which come from user field-surveys performed through mobile devices and report POIs (Points Of Interest). Each logged user can then contribute to POIs characterization by adding textual and multimedia information (e.g. images, audios and videos) directly on the globe. All in all, the resulting application allows users to create and share contributions as it usually happens on social platforms, additionally providing a realistic 3D representation enhancing the expressive power of data.
USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNERS TO CALCULATE AND MAP VERTICAL BRIDGE CLEARANCE
Authors: Zhang C. , Arditi D. , Chen Z.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The vertical clearance of a bridge over a highway is important in preventing oversized vehicles from hitting the bridge. The vertical clearance of a bridge is traditionally measured by using surveying equipment such as leveling rods and total stations. Typically, measurements are taken at multiple locations in order to determine the minimum vertical clearance under the bridge. This process is time and labor consuming. Also, these measurements may not be accurate because of the traffic, the uneven surface, and the reading error caused by the surveyor. Additionally, when one is faced with a multitude of reports especially in large projects with multiple ramps and bridges, it is not easy and it often takes a long time to find the bridge under study. This research provides a highly accurate measurement of the vertical bridge clearance by using terrestrial laser scanners. The clearance can be measured in the office by processing the collected point cloud data. The minimum vertical clearance is easily identified and the measurement is visualized and geo-referenced. An approach to reduce data noise caused by traffic is also introduced in this study. In addition, to help reduce the confusion of finding the bridge under study and to facilitate access to the clearance data, the clearance measurements are geo-referenced to an online mapping system. This system allows access to the final deliverable very easily through a single web portal. Finally, Illinois Department of Transportation's Circle Interchange is used to demonstrate this new method.
3D APPLICATIONS IN DISASTER MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT: CORE RESULTS OF DITAC PROJECT
Authors: Kaptan K. , Kavlak U. , Yilmaz O. , Celik O. T. , Manesh A. K. , Fischer P. , Lupescu O. , Ingrassia P. L. , Ammann W. J. , Ashkenazi M. , Arculeo C. , Komadina R. , Lechner K. , v. Arnim G. , Hreckovski B.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. According to statistical data, natural disasters as well as the number of people affected by them are occurring with increasing frequency compared to the past. This situation is also seen in Europe Union; So, Strengthening the EU capacity to respond to Disasters is very important. This paper represents the baseline results of the FP-7 founded DITAC project, which aims to develop a holistic and highly structured curriculum for responders and strategic crisis managers. Up-to-date geospatial information is required in order to create an effective disaster response plan. Common sources for geospatial information such as Google Earth, GIS databases, and aerial surveys are frequently outdated, or insufficient. This limits the effectiveness of disaster planning. Disaster Management has become an issue of growing importance. Planning for and managing large scale emergencies is complex. The number of both victims and relief workers is large and the time pressure is extreme. Emergency response and triage systems with 2D user interfaces are currently under development and evaluation. Disasters present a number of spatially related problems and an overwhelming quantity of information. 3D user interfaces are well suited for intuitively solving basic emergency response tasks. Such tasks include commanding rescue agents and prioritizing the disaster victims according to the severity of their medical condition. Further, 3D UIs hold significant potential for improving the coordination of rescuers as well as their awareness of relief workers from other organizations. This paper describes the outline of a module in a Disaster Management Course related to 3D Applications in Disaster Mitigation and Management. By doing this, the paper describes the gaps in existing systems and solutions. Satellite imageries and digital elevation data of Turkey are investigated for detecting sites prone to natural hazards. Digital image processing methods used to enhance satellite data and to produce morphometric maps in order to contribute to the detection of causal factors related to landslides, local site conditions influencing and/or experiencing earthquake damage intensity or those of tsunami and storm surge hazard sites at the coasts.
SEMANTIC WORLD MODELLING AND DATA MANAGEMENT IN A 4D FOREST SIMULATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: Roßmann J. , Hoppen M. , Bücken A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Various types of 3D simulation applications benefit from realistic forest models. They range from flight simulators for entertainment to harvester simulators for training and tree growth simulations for research and planning. Our 4D forest simulation and information system integrates the necessary methods for data extraction, modelling and management. Using modern methods of semantic world modelling, tree data can efficiently be extracted from remote sensing data. The derived forest models contain position, height, crown volume, type and diameter of each tree. This data is modelled using GML-based data models to assure compatibility and exchangeability. A flexible approach for database synchronization is used to manage the data and provide caching, persistence, a central communication hub for change distribution, and a versioning mechanism. Combining various simulation techniques and data versioning, the 4D forest simulation and information system can provide applications with "both directions" of the fourth dimension. Our paper outlines the current state, new developments, and integration of tree extraction, data modelling, and data management. It also shows several applications realized with the system.
RECONSTRUCTION OF 3D OBJECTS OF ASSETS AND FACILITIES BY USING BENCHMARK POINTS
Authors: Baig S. U. , Rahman A. A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Acquiring and modeling 3D geo-data of building assets and facility objects is one of the challenges. A number of methods and technologies are being utilized for this purpose. Total station, GPS, photogrammetric and terrestrial laser scanning are few of these technologies. In this paper, points commonly shared by potential facades of assets and facilities modeled from point clouds are identified. These points are useful for modeling process to reconstruct 3D models of assets and facilities stored to be used for management purposes. These models are segmented through different planes to produce accurate 2D plans. This novel method improves the efficiency and quality of construction of models of assets and facilities with the aim utilize in 3D management projects such as maintenance of buildings or group of items that need to be replaced, or renovated for new services.
A NOVEL METHOD FOR AUTOMATION OF 3D HYDRO BREAK LINE GENERATION FROM LIDAR DATA USING MATLAB
Authors: Toscano G. J. , Gopalam U. , Devarajan V.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Water body detection is necessary to generate hydro break lines, which are in turn useful in creating deliverables such as TINs, contours, DEMs from LiDAR data. Hydro flattening follows the detection and delineation of water bodies (lakes, rivers, ponds, reservoirs, streams etc.) with hydro break lines. Manual hydro break line generation is time consuming and expensive. Accuracy and processing time depend on the number of vertices marked for delineation of break lines. Automation with minimal human intervention is desired for this operation. This paper proposes using a novel histogram analysis of LiDAR elevation data and LiDAR intensity data to automatically detect water bodies. Detection of water bodies using elevation information was verified by checking against LiDAR intensity data since the spectral reflectance of water bodies is very small compared with that of land and vegetation in near infra-red wavelength range. Detection of water bodies using LiDAR intensity data was also verified by checking against LiDAR elevation data. False detections were removed using morphological operations and 3D break lines were generated. Finally, a comparison of automatically generated break lines with their semi-automated/manual counterparts was performed to assess the accuracy of the proposed method and the results were discussed.
Chaotic variability of the meridional overturning circulation on subannual to interannual timescales
Authors: Hirschi J. J.-M. , Blaker A. T. , Sinha B. , Coward A. , de Cuevas B. , Alderson S. , Madec G.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Observations and numerical simulations have shown that the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) exhibits substantial variability on sub- to interannual timescales. This variability is not fully understood. In particular it is not known what fraction of the MOC variability is caused by processes such as mesoscale ocean eddies and waves which are ubiquitous in the ocean. Here we analyse twin experiments performed with a global ocean model at eddying (1/4°) and non-eddying (1°) resolutions. The twin experiments are forced with the same surface fluxes for the 1958 to 2001 period but start from different initial conditions. Our results show that on subannual to interannual timescales a large fraction of MOC variability directly reflects variability in the surface forcing. Nevertheless, in the eddy-permitting case there is an initial-condition-dependent MOC variability (hereinafter referred to as "chaotic" variability) of several Sv (1Sv = 106 m3 s−1) in the Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific. In the Atlantic the chaotic MOC variability represents up to 30% of the total variability at the depths where the maximum MOC occurs. In comparison the chaotic MOC variability is only 5–10% in the non-eddying case. The surface forcing being almost identical in the twin experiments suggests that mesoscale ocean eddies are the most likely cause for the increased chaotic MOC variability in the eddying case. The exact formation time of eddies is determined by the initial conditions which are different in the two model passes, and as a consequence the mesoscale eddy field is decorrelated in the twin experiments. In regions where eddy activity is high in the eddy-permitting model, the correlation of sea surface height variability in the twin runs is close to zero. In the non-eddying case in contrast, we find high correlations (0.9 or higher) over most regions. Looking at the sub- and interannual MOC components separately reveals that most of the chaotic MOC variability is found on subannual timescales for the eddy-permitting model. On interannual timescales the amplitude of the chaotic MOC variability is much smaller and the amplitudes are comparable for both the eddy-permitting and non-eddy-permitting model resolutions. Whereas the chaotic MOC variability on interannual timescales only accounts for a small fraction of the total chaotic MOC variability in the eddy-permitting case, it is the main contributor to the chaotic variability in the non-eddying case away from the Equator.
Assessing Students' Transition from Community College to a Four-Year Institution
Authors: Chrystal Lora Leigh , Gansemer-Topf Ann , Laanan Frankie Santos
Published: September 2013

Many four-year institutions are experiencing increasing enrollment of students transferring from two-year institutions. While many institutions collect quantitative data that illustrate enrollment, retention, and graduation rates of transfer students, little is known about the transfer-student transition experience. For this qualitative assessment, 22 traditional-age students who transferred from a two-year community college to a four-year institution were interviewed. Specifically, this assessment looked at reasons why students first enrolled at the community college, the mechanics of the transfer process, and academic and social integration. Student responses provide insight into how institutions can better support the transition and success of transfer students
The Chop: The Diffusion of an Instrumental Technique across North Atlantic Fiddling Traditions
Authors: Risk Laura
Published: September 2013

The "chop" is a percussive string instrument technique pioneered by bluegrass fiddler Richard Greene in the 1960s and adopted into contemporary string styles by Darol Anger in the 1980s. This article traces the diffusion of the chop through a number of North Atlantic fiddling traditions in the 1990s and 2000s. It also considers the circumstances and implications of musicians’ decisions to adopt, adapt, or reject the chop. Drawing on both sociological research on the diffusion of innovations and genre theory, this article demonstrates that the diffusion trajectory of a musical innovation depends on the innovation itself, on the sites of transmission, and on the interplay of the lived and imagined musical worlds within which musicians play, work, and study. It concludes by suggesting that, when studying North Atlantic fiddling, both regional divisions and generational trends should be taken into consideration.
Remembering the Borderlands: Traditional Music and the Post-Frontier in Aisén, Chile
Authors: Robinson Gregory J.
Published: September 2013

In the Region of Aisén, in Chilean Patagonia, musicians claim Argentine popular music from the early twentieth century as regional tradition, and call on it to express local identifications and Chilean patriotism. This seemingly incongruous form of traditionalism is rooted in narratives of Aisén’s early history, when Chilean settlers depended on Argentina for their survival in marginal, frontier circumstances. This article introduces the concept of the "post-frontier" to explain the position from which residents of Aisén claim this music as their own. This research opens new territory in the study of transnational music, tracing the various ways in which temporality acts upon and within notions of regional identity, national belonging, and transnational affinity.
Compliant Leg Architectures and a Linear Control Strategy for the Stable Running of Planar Biped Robots
Authors: Dadashzadeh Behnam , Mahjoob Mohammad J. , Bahrami Mansour Nikkhah , Macnab Chris
Published: September 2013

This paper investigates two fundamental structures for biped robots and a control strategy to achieve stable biped running. The first biped structure contains straight legs with telescopic springs, and the second one contains knees with compliant elements in parallel with the motors. With both configurations we can use a standard linear discrete-time state-feedback control strategy to achieve an active periodic stable biped running gait, using the Poincare map of one complete step to produce the discrete-time model. In this case, the Poincare map describes an open-loop system with an unstable equilibrium, requiring a closed-loop control for stabilization. The discretization contains a stance phase, a flight phase and a touch-down. In the first approach, the control signals remain constant during each phase, while in the second approach both phases are discretized into a number of constant-torque intervals, so that its formulation can be applied easily to stabilize any active biped running gait. Simulation results with both the straight-legged and the kneed biped model demonstrate stable gaits on both horizontal and inclined surfaces.
A New Hybrid Approach for Augmented Reality Maintenance in Scientific Facilities
Authors: Martínez Héctor , Laukkanen Seppo , Mattila Jouni
Published: September 2013

Maintenance in scientific facilities is a difficult issue, especially in large and hazardous facilities, due to the complexity of tasks and equipment. Augmented reality is a technology that has already shown great promise in the maintenance field. With the help of augmented reality applications, maintenance tasks can be carried out faster and more safely. The problem with current applications is that they are small-scale prototypes that do not easily scale to large facility maintenance applications. This paper presents a new hybrid approach that enables the creation of augmented reality maintenance applications for large and hazardous scientific facilities. In this paper, a new augmented reality marker and the algorithm for its recognition is proposed. The performance of the algorithm is verified in three test cases, showing promising results in two of them. Improvements in robustness in the third test case in which the camera is moving quickly or when light conditions are extreme are subject to further studies. The proposed new approach will be integrated into an existing augmented reality maintenance system.
The Effect of Supported Liquid Membrane and Liquid Membrane Phase on the Extraction Efficiency of Coal Gasification Wastewater
Authors: Jie Yao , Ziwei Du , Hong You , Shuren Yang , Biaoming Li , Zhongwei Wang , Agtmaal Sjack van , Chunhui Feng , Bangjun Han
Published: September 2013

The extraction and recovery of phenol from high concentration coal gasification wastewater has been investigated using polypropylene (PP) hollow fiber membranes and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes as supported liquid membrane and the mixture of extraction agent and paraffin as liquid membrane phase, with sodium hydroxide as stripping agent. The effect of the composition of the liquid membrane phase made of N-503-kerosene, tributyl phosphate (TBP)-kerosene or trialkyl phosphine oxide (TRPO)-kerosene on extraction efficiency has been studied. The supported liquid membrane give novel extraction result for the extraction of phenol from high concentration coal gasification wastewater when proper liquid membrane phases and liquid membrane support body materials are used in supported liquid membrane system. Under the operating conditions of waste water temperature at 20 ˚C pH at 8.4, waste water and stripping phase flow rate at 5 L/h, the supported liquid membrane using PP as supported liquid membrane and the extraction agent of TBP with volume proportion of 20% could operate continuously and stablely more than 24 hours and the extraction efficiency be 4% higher than that of PVDF-TBP supported liquid membrane systems.
Traces of the Individual in Prehistory
Authors: Watts Joshua
Published: September 2013

There is considerable and largely untapped potential in individual-scale research in the discipline of archaeology. Innovative methods described in this article were developed to identify the work of individual prehistoric flintknappers. Theoretically, the approach was informed by previous researchers' discussions of technological style and utilizes an individual- or nano-scale focus for that concept. New analytical methods were then used to investigate individual flintknappers' participation in the community organization of the prehistoric eastern Tonto Basin, Arizona. Specifically, small triangular stone projectile points (n = 149) collected from Roosevelt phase (A.D. 1275–1325) sites were analyzed to inform an assessment of the spatial distribution of individuals' handiwork in late prehistoric multi-site settlements. This research illustrates how improved individual-scale techniques may provide new insight on topics of considerable interest to archaeologists. For the Tonto Basin case, this project offers a new perspective on the integration of immigrants into local systems and the strength of community ties across natural barriers such as the Salt River during the Roosevelt phase.
Aircraft Safety Certification
Authors: Salvano Daniel P.
Published: September 2013

The first heavier‐than‐air flight occurred in December 1903 and began aviation as we know i today. For more than 20 years after the Wright brothers flight access to aviation was unencumbered by the need for licenses. There were no national standards for aircraft design maintenance, or operation, nor standards for pilot qualifications. It was not until passage of the Air Commerce Act of 1926, which created the Aeronautic Branch within the Department of Commerce, that civil aviation was regulated. Today, in the United States the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has the statutory responsibility to promote aviation safety. This is done prescribing and administering compliance with safety standards governing the design, production quality, and airworthiness of civil aeronautical products. The FAA has developed infrastructure of procedural and technical Federal Aviation Regulations, Advisory Circulars, a Directives to support their safety certification program. The certification program includes the aviation products type design, production and quality control system, and the airworthiness o each individual aircraft. The FAA monitors the aviation product throughout its life cycle under the auspices of its continued operational safety program.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Au/TiO2 Nanocomposite Prepared Using Bifunctional Bridging Linker
Authors: Miljevic Marko , Geiseler Bianca , Bergfeldt Thomas , Bockstaller Pascal , Fruk Ljiljana
Published: September 2013

Using a simple bifunctional bridging linker, nanosized gold and titanium dioxide composites are prepared containing different Au loadings. Linker is synthesized to contain both catechol and thiol moieties to enable binding to the TiO2 and Au surface respectively. Au/TiO2 nanocomposites are prepared using simple synthetic route that allows the control over the amount of Au nanoparticles, a property which plays a significant role in the catalytic activity of hybrid materials. Photocatalytic activity of materials prepared using different TiO2 precursors is investigated using reactive oxygen species sensitive assay based on activation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme. Significant increase in catalytic activity is observed for all Au/TiO2 nanocomposites with Au/TiO2 prepared by use of the bridging linker being up to 5.5 times more active than bare commercial TiO2 nanoparticles. In addition to 365 nm light excitation, less energetic 470 nm light, which is more suitable for the use with biological systems, is used to induce photocatalytic activity. Finally, prepared photocatalytic materials are successfully used to exert temporal control over enzymatic activity, a feature which is important for the study of both enzymatic activity and design of novel bio‐sensing platforms.
Piezoresistive behavior of graphene nanoplatelets/carbon black/silicone rubber nanocomposite
Authors: Cai Wenting , Huang Ying , Wang Dayue , Liu Caixia , Zhang Yugang
Published: September 2013

Silicon rubber (SR) filled with carbon black (CB) and carbon black (CB)/graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) hybrid fillers are synthesized via a liquid mixing method. The effects of filler type on the electrical properties and piezoresistive properties (near the region of the percolation) of the conductive SR composites are studied. It is suggested that the conductivity of the composite filled with CB/GNPs hybrid fillers in the mass ratio of 2 : 4 is much higher than that in other ratio. Percolation threshold for CB/GNPs/SR is found to be 0.18 volume fractions lower than CB/SR. Moreover, force rang and linearity of GNPs/CB/SR is higher than CB alone filling system. And the repeatability of the GNPs/CB/SR composites is better than CB/SR. Not repetitive index () of them is 0.1 and 0.18, respectively. The results suggest that the GNPs/CB/SR composites provide a new route toward fabrication of flexible piezoresistive sensors with high performance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39778.
Dnmt2 methyltransferases and immunity: An ancient overlooked connection between nucleotide modification and host defense?
Authors: Durdevic Zeljko , Schaefer Matthias
Published: September 2013

Many species maintain cytosine DNA methyltransferase (MTase) genes belonging to the Dnmt2 family. Prokaryotic modification‐restriction systems utilize DNA methylation to distinguish between self and foreign DNA, and cytosine methylation in eukaryotic DNA contributes to epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression. However, Dnmt2 proteins display only low or no DNA MTase activity, making this protein family the odd and enigmatic family member. Recent evidence showed that Dnmt2 proteins are not DNA but RNA MTases with functions in biological processes as diverse as stress responses and RNA‐mediated inheritance. These observations not only raise profound questions regarding the perceived substrate specificities of cytosine MTase, but also suggest links between DNA and RNA modification systems. Here, we speculate that Dnmt2 proteins might be part of an ancient cytosine modification toolbox that is used to successfully respond to environmental challenges, including constantly evolving RNA and DNA substrates.
Statistical properties of signal entropy for use in detecting changes in time series data
Authors: Shardt Yuri A.W. , Huang Biao
Published: September 2013

Detecting changes in an underlying time series model for a system is an important task in many different fields, including econometrics, geophysics and process control. Specifically, in process control, detecting model changes is often the first step for fault detection, plant‐model mismatch assessment and data quality assessment for system identification. Signal entropy, which basically measures the amount of disorder in a given signal, can, not only segment a time series, but can also determine which regions have similar underlying models. Thus, the changes between the input and output signals can be used to determine when model is no longer an accurate representation of the system by comparing the current differential entropy against the historical differential entropy. This paper presents the statistical properties of signal entropy for discrete time systems. An example of the general results is provided by determining the entropy characteristics for first‐order systems driven by white noise. As well, a change detection index is proposed to assess changes in the time series model, which is tested on an experimental system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterodinuclear Lanthanoid‐Containing Polyoxometalates: Stepwise Synthesis and Single‐Molecule Magnet Behavior
Authors: Sato Rinta , Suzuki Kosuke , Sugawa Midori , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: September 2013

Polyoxometalates (POMs) with heterodinuclear lanthanoid cores, TBA8H4[{Ln(μ2‐OH)2Ln′}(γ‐SiW10O36)2] (LnLn′; Ln=Gd, Dy; Ln′=Eu, Yb, Lu; TBA=tetra‐n‐butylammonium), were successfully synthesized through the stepwise incorporation of two types of lanthanoid cations into the vacant sites of lacunary [γ‐SiW10O36]8− units without the use of templating cations. The incorporation of a Ln3+ ion into the vacant site between two [γ‐SiW10O36]8− units afforded mononuclear Ln3+‐containing sandwich‐type POMs with vacant sites (Ln1; TBA8H5[{Ln(H2O)4}(γ‐SiW10O36)2]; Ln=Dy, Gd, La). The vacant sites in Ln1 were surrounded by coordinating WO and LnO oxygen atoms. On the addition of one equivalent of [Ln′(acac)3] to solutions of Dy1 or Gd1 in 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE), heterodinuclear lanthanoid cores with bis(μ2‐OH) bridging ligands, [Dy(μ2‐OH)2Ln′]4+, were selectively synthesized (LnLn′; Ln=Dy, Gd; Ln′=Eu, Yb, Lu). On the other hand, La1, which contained the largest lanthanoid cation, could not accommodate a second Ln′3+ ion. DyLn′ showed single‐molecule magnet behavior and their energy barriers for magnetization reversal (ΔE/kB) could be manipulated by adjusting the coordination geometry and anisotropy of the Dy3+ ion by tuning the adjacent Ln′3+ ion in the heterodinuclear [Dy(μ2‐OH)2Ln′]4+ cores. The energy barriers increased in the order: DyLu (ΔE/kB=48 K)<DyYb (53 K)<DyDy (66 K)<DyEu (73 K), with an increase in the ionic radii of Ln′3+; DyEu showed the highest energy barrier.
A failure analysis of invasive breast cancer: Most deaths from disease occur in women not regularly screened
Authors: Webb Matthew L. , Cady Blake , Michaelson James S. , Bush Devon M. , Calvillo Katherina Zabicki , Kopans Daniel B. , Smith Barbara L.
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

Mortality reduction from mammographic screening is controversial. Individual randomized trials and meta‐analyses demonstrate statistically significant mortality reductions in all age groups invited to screening. In women actually screened, mortality reductions are greater. Individual trials and meta‐analyses show varying rates of mortality reduction, leading to questions about screening's value and whether treatment advances have diminished the importance of early detection. This study hypothesized that breast cancer deaths predominantly occurred in unscreened women.

METHODS

Invasive breast cancers diagnosed between 1990 and 1999 were followed through 2007. Data included demographics, mammography use, surgical and pathology reports, and recurrence and death dates. Mammograms were categorized as screening or diagnostic based on absence or presence of breast signs or symptoms, and were substantiated by medical records. Breast cancer deaths were defined after documentation of prior distant metastases. Absence of recurrent cancer and lethal other diseases defined death from other causes.

RESULTS

Invasive breast cancer failure analysis defined 7301 patients between 1990 and 1999, with 1705 documented deaths from breast cancer (n = 609) or other causes (n = 905). Among 609 confirmed breast cancer deaths, 29% were among women who had been screened (19% screen‐detected and 10% interval cancers), whereas 71% were among unscreened women, including > 2 years since last mammogram (6%), or never screened (65%). Overall, 29% of cancer deaths were screened, whereas 71% were unscreened. Median age at diagnosis of fatal cancers was 49 years; in deaths not from breast cancer, median age at diagnosis was 72 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Most deaths from breast cancer occur in unscreened women. To maximize mortality reduction and life‐years gained, initiation of regular screening before age 50 years should be encouraged. Cancer 2014;120:2839–2846. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Prevalence of use of performance enhancing drugs by fitness centre members
Authors: Stubbe Janine H. , Chorus Astrid M. J. , Frank Laurence E. , de Hon Olivier , van der Heijden Peter G. M.
Published: September 2013

Studies on the use of performance enhancing drugs (PED) in fitness centres rely predominately on conventional survey methods using direct questioning. However, research indicates that direct questioning of sensitive information is characterized by under‐reporting. The aim of the present study was to contrast direct questioning of different types of PED use by Dutch fitness centre members with results obtained with the Randomized Response Technique (RRT). Questionnaires were conducted among members of fitness centres. PED were classified into the following categories: anabolic steroids, prohormones, substances to counteract side‐effects, growth hormone and/or insulin, stimulants (to reduce weight), and miscellaneous substances. A total of 718 athletes from 92 fitness centres completed the questionnaire. The conventional method resulted in prevalences varying between 0% and 0.4% for the different types of PED with an overall prevalence of 0.4%. RRT resulted in prevalences varying between 0.8% and 4.8% for the different types of PED with an overall prevalence of 8.2%. The overall prevalence of the two survey methods differed significantly. The current study showed that the conventional survey method using direct questioning led to an underestimation of the prevalence. Based on the RRT results, the percentage of users of PED among members of fitness centres is approximately 8.2%. Stimulants to lose weight had the highest prevalence, even higher than anabolic steroids. The key task for future preventive health work is to not only focus on anabolic steroid use, but also include interventions focusing on the use of stimulants to lose weight. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective Formation of Z‐ or E‐Vinyl Thioethers from Arylthiols and Acetylenes under Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Liao Yunfeng , Chen Shanping , Jiang Pengcheng , Qi Hongrui , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: September 2013

Vinyl sulfide formation with good yield and high regio‐ and stereoselectivities from thiols and acetylenes under transition‐metal‐free conditions is described. Potassium phosphate was used as an effective additive to enhance the reaction yield and selectivity. Z‐Vinyl sulfides were predominately formed in the presence of potassium phosphate, whereas E‐vinyl sulfides were formed under solvent‐ and base‐free conditions.
Synthesis of Linear Aza and Thio Analogues of Acetogenins and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity
Authors: Villo Piret , Toom Lauri , Eriste Elo , Vares Lauri
Published: September 2013

We report the stereoselective synthesis of thio and aza analogues of Annonaceous acetogenins. The synthetic route allows easy variation of the stereochemistry and of the thio‐ and aza‐fragments. Kinetic resolution of terminal bis‐epoxides was used to set two remote stereocentres with high enantio‐ and diastereoselectivities in one step. The cytotoxicity of the analogues was assessed using the HeLa cell line.
The effect of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate on body weight, metabolic parameters, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology in adults with bipolar I/II disorder
Authors: McIntyre Roger S. , Alsuwaidan Mohammad , Soczynska Joanna K. , Szpindel Isaac , Bilkey Timothy S. , Almagor Doron , Woldeyohannes Hanna O. , Powell Alissa M. , Cha Danielle S. , Gallaugher Laura Ashley , Kennedy Sidney H.
Published: September 2013

Objectives

We primarily sought to determine the effect of adjunctive lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) on anthropometric and metabolic parameters. Our secondary aim was to evaluate the effect of LDX on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom severity in adults with bipolar I/II disorder.

Methods

Forty‐five stable adults (i.e., non‐rapid cycling, absence of clinically significant hypo/manic symptoms) with bipolar I/II disorder and comorbid ADHD were enrolled in a phase IV, 4‐week, flexible dose, open‐label study of adjunctive LDX. All subjects were initiated at 30 mg/day of adjunctive LDX for the first week with flexible dosing (i.e., 30–70 mg/day) between weeks 2 and 4.

Results

Of the 45 subjects enrolled, 40 received adjunctive LDX (mean dose = 60 ± 10 mg/day). A statistically significant decrease from baseline to endpoint was evident in weight (p < 0.001), body mass index (p < 0.001), fasting total cholesterol (p = 0.011), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.044), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.015) but not triglycerides, or blood glucose. Significant reductions were also observed in leptin (p = 0.047), but not in ghrelin, adiponectin, or resistin levels. Diastolic blood pressure and pulse increased significantly over time but on average remained within the normal range (p < 0.001). There was a significant reduction from baseline to endpoint in the total score of the ADHD Self‐Report Scale. Significant improvement from baseline to endpoint was also observed in the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale total score as well as the Clinical Global Impression Severity and Improvement score.

Conclusions

Short‐term adjunctive LDX treatment was well tolerated by this sample of adults with stable bipolar I/II disorder. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate offered beneficial effects on body weight, body mass index and several metabolic parameters. In addition to demonstrating short‐term (i.e., 4 weeks) safety and tolerability, beneficial effects of LDX were also observed in mitigating depressive and ADHD symptom severity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.