bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Low‐Head Lock‐and‐Dam Structures on Migration and Spawning of American Shad and Striped Bass in the Cape Fear River, North Carolina
Authors: Smith Joseph A. , Hightower Joseph E.
Published: March 2012

Anadromous fish populations within the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, have declined substantially since the late 1800s. Three low‐head lock‐and‐dam (LD) structures on the river (LD‐1–3) contributed to this decline by limiting access to upstream spawning habitat. We used egg sampling and sonic telemetry to examine the effects of the LD structures on migration and spawning activity of American shad Alosa sapidissima and striped bass Morone saxatilis. Egg distribution and stage of development suggested that most of the American shad spawning took place downstream from the lowermost structure, LD‐1. The predicted mean density of stage‐1 American shad eggs at a water temperature of 21°C was 895 eggs/1,000 m3 (95% credible interval [CI] = 800–994) below LD‐1; 147 eggs/1,000 m3 (95% CI = 103–197) below LD‐2; and 32 eggs/1,000 m3 (95% CI = 17–49) below the uppermost structure, LD‐3. The probability of capturing a stage‐1 American shad egg was strongly dependent on water temperature and hour of egg collection. Transmitter detections for 20 sonic‐tagged American shad and 20 striped bass in 2008 showed that for both species, the majority of fish moved upstream of LD‐1; 35% of American shad and 25% of striped bass migrated upstream of LD‐3. Based on passage rates at the three LD structures, American shad would be expected to be most abundant downstream of LD‐1 and upstream of LD‐3. For striped bass, the river section between LD‐2 and LD‐3 had the highest egg collections and highest predicted proportion of the run. In combination, these results demonstrate that the locking program provides some access to historical spawning habitat, although further improvements in fish passage could benefit both species.
Chinese students in Japan: The mediator and the moderator between their personality and mental health
Authors: Sun Yi
Published: March 2012

To clarify the influence of personality traits on the psychological acculturation of Chinese international students in Japan, the present study used three structuring questions: (a) What personality trait makes the students vulnerable to psychological distress? (b) What mediates between personality and psychological distress? (c) What buffers personality from psychological distress? The study examined personality traits (Harm‐Avoidance, HA; and Self‐Directedness, SD; two dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory), acculturation attitudes (integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization), and the mental health (General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)‐30) of 253 Chinese students in Japan (17–30 years of age) using self‐report questionnaires. The hypotheses are: For the Chinese international students in Japan, (a) the individuals with high HA or low SD are more vulnerable to psychological distress; (b) the acculturation strategy mediates between personality (HA/SD) and mental health (GHQ); (c) social support can moderate the effect of personality on acculturation adaptation. The results show that the Chinese international students in Japan had higher GHQ scores compared to normative standards, and marginalization (a less adaptive strategy) was their second most preferred acculturation strategy, next to integration. Individuals with high HA or low SD were more likely to have a marginalization attitude and suffer from more psychological distress. The mediation effect of marginalization and the moderation effect of social support in life (SSL) between HA/SD and GHQ were confirmed. Most of the hypotheses were supported by the results. Explanations of these findings and their implication for acculturation adaptation are discussed.
Microtubule stability, Golgi organization, and transport flux require dystonin-a2–MAP1B interaction
Authors: Ryan Scott D. , Bhanot Kunal , Ferrier Andrew , De Repentigny Yves , Chu Alphonse , Blais Alexandre , Kothary Rashmi
Published: March 2012

Loss of function of dystonin cytoskeletal linker proteins causes neurodegeneration in dystonia musculorum (dt) mutant mice. Although much investigation has focused on understanding dt pathology, the diverse cellular functions of dystonin isoforms remain poorly characterized. In this paper, we highlight novel functions of the dystonin-a2 isoform in mediating microtubule (MT) stability, Golgi organization, and flux through the secretory pathway. Using dystonin mutant mice combined with isoform-specific loss-of-function analysis, we found dystonin-a2 bound to MT-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) in the centrosomal region, where it maintained MT acetylation. In dt neurons, absence of the MAP1B–dystonin-a2 interaction resulted in altered MAP1B perikaryal localization, leading to MT deacetylation and instability. Deacetylated MT accumulation resulted in Golgi fragmentation and prevented anterograde trafficking via motor proteins. Maintenance of MT acetylation through trichostatin A administration or MAP1B overexpression mitigated the observed defect. These cellular aberrations are apparent in prephenotype dorsal root ganglia and primary sensory neurons from dt mice, suggesting they are causal in the disorder.
A stochastic model of kinetochore–microtubule attachment accurately describes fission yeast chromosome segregation
Authors: Gay Guillaume , Courtheoux Thibault , Reyes Céline , Tournier Sylvie , Gachet Yannick
Published: March 2012

In fission yeast, erroneous attachments of spindle microtubules to kinetochores are frequent in early mitosis. Most are corrected before anaphase onset by a mechanism involving the protein kinase Aurora B, which destabilizes kinetochore microtubules (ktMTs) in the absence of tension between sister chromatids. In this paper, we describe a minimal mathematical model of fission yeast chromosome segregation based on the stochastic attachment and detachment of ktMTs. The model accurately reproduces the timing of correct chromosome biorientation and segregation seen in fission yeast. Prevention of attachment defects requires both appropriate kinetochore orientation and an Aurora B–like activity. The model also reproduces abnormal chromosome segregation behavior (caused by, for example, inhibition of Aurora B). It predicts that, in metaphase, merotelic attachment is prevented by a kinetochore orientation effect and corrected by an Aurora B–like activity, whereas in anaphase, it is corrected through unbalanced forces applied to the kinetochore. These unbalanced forces are sufficient to prevent aneuploidy.
A promiscuous biotin ligase fusion protein identifies proximal and interacting proteins in mammalian cells
Authors: Roux Kyle J. , Kim Dae In , Raida Manfred , Burke Brian
Published: March 2012

We have developed a new technique for proximity-dependent labeling of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Named BioID for proximity-dependent biotin identification, this approach is based on fusion of a promiscuous Escherichia coli biotin protein ligase to a targeting protein. BioID features proximity-dependent biotinylation of proteins that are near-neighbors of the fusion protein. Biotinylated proteins may be isolated by affinity capture and identified by mass spectrometry. We apply BioID to lamin-A (LaA), a well-characterized intermediate filament protein that is a constituent of the nuclear lamina, an important structural element of the nuclear envelope (NE). We identify multiple proteins that associate with and/or are proximate to LaA in vivo. The most abundant of these include known interactors of LaA that are localized to the NE, as well as a new NE-associated protein named SLAP75. Our results suggest BioID is a useful and generally applicable method to screen for both interacting and neighboring proteins in their native cellular environment.
BDNF and its pro-peptide are stored in presynaptic dense core vesicles in brain neurons
Authors: Dieni Sandra , Matsumoto Tomoya , Dekkers Martijn , Rauskolb Stefanie , Ionescu Mihai S. , Deogracias Ruben , Gundelfinger Eckart D. , Kojima Masami , Nestel Sigrun , Frotscher Michael , Barde Yves-Alain
Published: March 2012

Although brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates numerous and complex biological processes including memory retention, its extremely low levels in the mature central nervous system have greatly complicated attempts to reliably localize it. Using rigorous specificity controls, we found that antibodies reacting either with BDNF or its pro-peptide both stained large dense core vesicles in excitatory presynaptic terminals of the adult mouse hippocampus. Both moieties were ∼10-fold more abundant than pro-BDNF. The lack of postsynaptic localization was confirmed in Bassoon mutants, a seizure-prone mouse line exhibiting markedly elevated levels of BDNF. These findings challenge previous conclusions based on work with cultured neurons, which suggested activity-dependent dendritic synthesis and release of BDNF. They instead provide an ultrastructural basis for an anterograde mode of action of BDNF, contrasting with the long-established retrograde model derived from experiments with nerve growth factor in the peripheral nervous system.
Structural insight into MR1-mediated recognition of the mucosal associated invariant T cell receptor
Authors: Reantragoon Rangsima , Kjer-Nielsen Lars , Patel Onisha , Chen Zhenjun , Illing Patricia T. , Bhati Mugdha , Kostenko Lyudmila , Bharadwaj Mandvi , Meehan Bronwyn , Hansen Ted H. , Godfrey Dale I. , Rossjohn Jamie , McCluskey James
Published: March 2012

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells express a semiinvariant αβ T cell receptor (TCR) that binds MHC class I–like molecule (MR1). However, the molecular basis for MAIT TCR recognition by MR1 is unknown. In this study, we present the crystal structure of a human Vα7.2Jα33-Vβ2 MAIT TCR. Mutagenesis revealed highly conserved requirements for the MAIT TCR–MR1 interaction across different human MAIT TCRs stimulated by distinct microbial sources. Individual residues within the MAIT TCR β chain were dispensable for the interaction with MR1, whereas the invariant MAIT TCR α chain controlled specificity through a small number of residues, which are conserved across species and located within the Vα-Jα regions. Mutagenesis of MR1 showed that only two residues, which were centrally positioned and on opposing sides of the antigen-binding cleft of MR1, were essential for MAIT cell activation. The mutagenesis data are consistent with a centrally located MAIT TCR–MR1 docking that was dominated by the α chain of the MAIT TCR. This candidate docking mode contrasts with that of the NKT TCR–CD1d-antigen interaction, in which both the α and β chain of the NKT TCR is required for ligation above the F′-pocket of CD1d.
Histone H3 lysine 9 di-methylation as an epigenetic signature of the interferon response
Authors: Fang Terry C. , Schaefer Uwe , Mecklenbrauker Ingrid , Stienen Astrid , Dewell Scott , Chen Marie S. , Rioja Inmaculada , Parravicini Valentino , Prinjha Rab K. , Chandwani Rohit , MacDonald Margaret R. , Lee Kevin , Rice Charles M. , Tarakhovsky Alexander
Published: March 2012

Effective antiviral immunity depends on the ability of infected cells or cells triggered with virus-derived nucleic acids to produce type I interferon (IFN), which activates transcription of numerous antiviral genes. However, disproportionately strong or chronic IFN expression is a common cause of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We describe an epigenetic mechanism that determines cell type–specific differences in IFN and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in response to exogenous signals. We identify di-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) as a suppressor of IFN and IFN-inducible antiviral gene expression. We show that levels of H3K9me2 at IFN and ISG correlate inversely with the scope and amplitude of IFN and ISG expression in fibroblasts and dendritic cells. Accordingly, genetic ablation or pharmacological inactivation of lysine methyltransferase G9a, which is essential for the generation of H3K9me2, resulted in phenotypic conversion of fibroblasts into highly potent IFN-producing cells and rendered these cells resistant to pathogenic RNA viruses. In summary, our studies implicate H3K9me2 and enzymes controlling its abundance as key regulators of innate antiviral immunity.
Influence of Pressure on SiNx:H Film by LF-PECVD
Authors: Wen Zhen-li , Cao Xiao-ning , Zhou Chun-lan , Wang Wen-jing
Published: March 2012

Hydrogenated silicon nitride films as an effective antireflection and passivation coating of silicon solar cell were prepared on p-type polished silicon substrate (1.0 Ωcm) by direct LF-PECVD (low frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition) of Centrotherm. The preferable passivation effect was obtained and the refractive index was in the range of 2.017–2.082. The refractive index of the hydrogenated silicon nitride films became larger with the increase of the pressure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the pressure influence on the film structural properties. The results highlighted high hydrogen bond and high Si-N bonds density in the film, which were greatly influenced by the pressure. The passivation effect of the films was influenced by the Si dangling bonds density. Finally the effective minority liftetime degradation with time was shown and discussed by considering the relationship between the structural properties and passivation.
Magnetostatic Coupling in CoFe2O4/Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 Magnetoelectric Composite Thin Films of 2-2 Type Structure
Authors: Xu Yu-dong , Wang Lei , Shi Min , Su Hai-lin , Wu Guang
Published: March 2012

CoFe2O4/Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 (CFO/PZT) magnetoelectric composite thin films of 2-2 type structure had been prepared onto Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate by a sol-gel process and spin coating technique. The structure of the prepared thin film is substrate/PZT/CFO/PZT/CFO. Two CFO ferromagnetic layers are separated from each other by a thin PZT layer. The upper CFO layer is magnetostatically coupled with the lower CFO layer. Subsequent scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations show that the prepared thin films exhibit good morphologies and compact structure, and cross-sectional micrographs clearly display a multilayered nanostructure of multilayered thin films. The composite thin films exhibit both good magnetic and ferroelectric properties. The spacing between ferromagnetic layers can be varied by adjusting the thickness of intermediate PZT layer. It is found that the strength of magnetostatic coupling has a great impact on magnetoelectric properties of composite thin films, i.e., the magnetoelectric voltage coefficient of composite thin film tends to increase with the decreasing of pacing between two neighboring CFO ferromagnetic layers as a result of magnetostatic coupling effect.
Structural and Magnetic Property of Ion Irradiated TiO2 Single Crystals
Authors: Ding Bin-feng , Xiang Feng-hua
Published: March 2012

Ferromagnetism is induced in pure TiO2 single crystals by oxygen ion irradiation. The ferromagnetism is observed up to room temperature and is with weak temperature dependence. By combining X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering/channelling, Raman scattering, and electron-spin resonance spectroscopy, supperconducting quantum interference device, displacement per atom, we measured the lattice damage accumulation with increasing fluences. A defect complex, i.e., Ti3+ on the substitutional accompanied by oxygen vacancies, has been identified in the irradiated TiO2. This kind of defect complex results in a local (TiO6−x) stretching Raman mode. We elucidate that Ti3+ with one unpaired 3d electron provide the local magnetic moments.
Stability and Flipping Dynamics of Delayed Genetic Toggle Switch
Authors: Zhang Rui-ting , Chen Han-shuang , Hou Zhong-huai
Published: March 2012

A detailed analysis of the stability and flipping dynamics of a delayed exclusive toggle switch is performed. We use forward flux sampling method combined with delayed stochastic simulation algorithm to get the stationary distribution function, the switching rate, and pathways, as well as the transition state ensemble. Interestingly, under the influence of time delay, the stationary distribution corresponding to the stable states become narrower and the population in the transition region is significantly enhanced. In addition, the flipping rate increases monotonically with delay. Such findings demonstrate that time delay could reduce the stability of the bistable genetic switch dramatically. Furthermore, the transition pathways, characterized by the difference in the protein numbers and the state of operator, show larger discrepancy between the forward and backward switching process with increasing delay, indicating that transcriptional and translational delay can remarkably affect the flipping dynamics. Specifically, for the transition state, the difference in the probability of finding the operator site bound by the two different protein dimers is enlarged by delay, which further illustrates the crucial role of time delay on the stability and switching dynamics of genetic toggle switches.
Preparation, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of Lanthanum Doped Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Shi Zhong-liang , Lai Hong , Yao Shu-hua , Wang Shao-feng
Published: March 2012

Lanthanum doped mesoporous titanium dioxide photocatalysts with different La content were synthesized by template method using tetrabutyltitanate (Ti(OC4H9)4) as precursor and Pluronic P123 as template. The catalysts were characterized by thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis, N2 adsorption-desorption measurements, X-ray diffraction, and UV-Vis adsorption spectroscopy. The effect of La3+ doping concentration from 0.1% to 1% on the photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO2 was investigated. The characterizations indicated that the photocatalysts possessed a homogeneous pore diameter of about 10 nm with high surface area of 165 m2/g. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicated the presence of C in the doped samples in addition to La. Compared with pure mesoporous TiO2, the La-doped samples extended the photoabsorption edge into the visible light region. The results of phenol photodecomposition showed that La-doped mesoporous TiO2 exhibited higher photocatalytic activities than pure mesoporous TiO2 under UV and visible light irradiation.
(μ-1,2-Dimethoxyethane-κ2O:O′)bis[(1,2-dimethoxyethane-κ2O,O′)tris(1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olato-κ2O,O′)cerium(III)]
Authors: Fatila Elisabeth M. , Jennings Michael C. , Lough Alan , Preuss Kathryn E.
Published: March 2012

A previous analysis [Fatilaet al.(2012).Dalton Trans.41, 1352–1362] of the title complex, [Ce2(C5HF6O2)6(C4H10O2)3], had identified it as Ce(hfac)3(dme)1.5according to the1H NMR integration [hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate (1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate) and dme = 1,2-dimethoxyethane]; however, it was not possible to determine the coordination environment unambiguously. The structural data presented here reveal that the complex is a binuclear species located on a crystallographic inversion center. Each CeIIIion is coordinated to three hfac ligands, one bidentate dme ligand and one monodentate (bridging) dme ligand, thus giving a coordination number of nine (CN = 9) to each CeIIIion. The atoms of the bridging dme ligand are unequally disordered over two sets of sites. In addition, in two of the –CF3groups, the F atoms are rotationally disordered over two sets of sites. This is the first crystal structure of a binuclear lanthanide β-diketonate with a bridging dme ligand.
Bis(1H-benzimidazole-κN3)bis[2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetato-κ2O,O′]nickel(II) monohydrate
Authors: Yin Fu-Jun , Han Li-Jun , Hong Zhao , Xu Xing-You , Ren Li
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, [Ni(C12H9O2)2(C7H6N2)2]·H2O, The NiIIcation is located on a twofold rotation axis and is six-coordinated in a distorted NiN2O4octahedral geometry. The asymmetric unit consists of a nickel(II) ion, one 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetate anion, a neutral benzotriazole ligand and one half of a lattice water molecule. The crystal packing is stabilized by O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The title compound is isotypic with its CdIIanalogue.
Disodium tris(dioxidomolybdenum) bis(diarsenate)
Authors: Jouini Raja , Zid Mohamed Faouzi , Driss Ahmed
Published: March 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, Na2(MoO2)3(As2O7)2, is composed of two cyclic MoAs2O11units and an MoO6corner-sharing octahedron. The anionic framework can be decomposed into two types of layers,viz.MoO2As2O7and Mo2As2O14, which use mixed Mo—O—As and As—O—Mo bridges to achieve a new three-dimensional structure with two types of large channels in which the Na+cations are located. Two O atoms are disordered and are located in two positions close to their initial positions with occupancy ratios of 0.612 (17):0.388 (17) and 0.703 (12):0.298 (12).
1-(3,3-Dichloroallyloxy)-2-nitrobenzene
Authors: Ren Dong-mei , Wang Yong-yi
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C9H7Cl2NO3, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the plane of the nitro group is 50.2 (1)°, and that between the benzene ring and the best plane through the dichloroallyl fragment is 40.1 (1)°.
trans-Tetrakis[N-(adamantan-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide]dichloridomanganese(II)–N-(adamantan-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide (1/2)
Authors: Wang Ying-Chun
Published: March 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [MnCl2(C16H20N2O)4]·2C16H20N2O, is composed of two coordinatingN-(adamantan-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide molecules, one Cl−anion, an MnIIion, lying on an inversion centre, and one freeN-(adamantan-1-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide molecule. The distorted octahedral Mn environment comprises two terminal Cl atoms and four monodentate N atoms from four organic ligands. All the carbamoyl N atoms are involved in intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions which link the molecules into a chain along theaaxis.
1,1′-Bis(3-methyl-3-phenylcyclobutyl)-2,2′-(azanediyl)diethanol
Authors: Şen Fatih , Dinçer Muharrem , Çukurovalı Alaaddin , Yılmaz Ibrahim
Published: March 2012

The title molecule, C26H35NO2, contains two cyclobutane rings that adopt butterfly conformations and are linked by a –CH(OH)CH2NHCH2CH(OH)– bridge. In the crystal, N—H...O, O—H...N and O—H...O hydrogen bonds together with C–H...π interactions link the molecules.
[2-(Dimethylamino)ethanol-κ2N,O][2-(dimethylamino)ethanolato-κ2N,O]iodidocopper(II)
Authors: Buvaylo Elena A. , Kokozay Volodymyr N. , Vassilyeva Olga Yu. , Skelton Brian W.
Published: March 2012

The title compound, [Cu(C4H10NO)I(C4H11NO)], was obtained unintentionally as the product of an attempted synthesis of a Cu/Zn mixed-metal complex using zerovalent copper, zinc(II) oxide and ammonium iodide in pure 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol, in air. The molecular complex has no crystallographically imposed symmetry. The coordination geometry around the metal atom is distorted square-pyramidal. The equatorial coordination around copper involves donor atoms of the bidentate chelating 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol ligand and the 2-(dimethylamino)ethanolate group, which are mutuallytransto each other, with four approximately equal short Cu—O/N bond distances. The axial Cu—I bond is substantially elongated. Intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the –OH group of the neutral 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol ligand to the O atom of the monodeprotonated 2-(dimethylamino)ethanolate group of the molecule related by then-glide plane, as indicated by the O...O distance of 2.482 (12) Å, form chains of molecules propagating along [101].
4a-Methyl-2,3,4,4a-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-6-sulfonamide
Authors: Al-Youbi Abdulrahman O. , Asiri Abdullah M. , Faidallah Hassan M. , Ng Seik Weng , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: March 2012

In the title molecule, C13H16N2O2S, the nine non-H atoms comprising the indole residue are approximately coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.031 Å). The partially saturated ring adopts a chair conformation. One amine H forms an intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond to a sulfonamide O atom, while the other amine H form is connected to the indole N atom of an adjacent moleculeviaan N—H...N hydrogen bond, resulting in a three-dimensional architecture.
3,5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde
Authors: Al-Youbi Abdulrahman O. , Asiri Abdullah M. , Faidallah Hassan M. , Ng Seik Weng , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: March 2012

In the title molecule, C12H12N2O, the five- and six-membered rings form a dihedral angle of 68.41 (16)°. The aldehyde group is nearly coplanar with the pyrazole ring [C—C—C—O torsion angle = −0.4 (5)°]. The three-dimensional architecture is sustained by weak C—H...O and C—H...π interactions.
(1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate
Authors: Xu Sen , Shen Yingzhong
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C12H15N3O2, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzene and triazole rings is 0.331 (53) °. The side chain of the pivalate unit forms a dihedral angle of 69.04 (12)° with the benzotriazole unit. The ester group and two methyl groups of the pivalate unit are disordered with an occupancy ratio of 0.731 (3):0.269 (3). In the crystal, weak π–π stacking interactions are observed between inversion-related benzene rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.9040 (1) Å].
1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-[4-hydroxy-3-(3-methoxybenzoyl)-1,1-dioxo-2H-1λ6,2-benzothiazin-2-yl]ethanone
Authors: Siddiqui Hamid Latif , Ahmad Matloob , Gul Salman , Ashraf Chaudhary Muhammad , Parvez Masood
Published: March 2012

In the title molecule, C24H18ClNO6S, the heterocyclic thiazine ring adopts a half-chair conformation with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.406 (5) and 0.444 (5) Å, respectively, on opposite sides of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The methoxybenzoyl and the chlorophenyl rings lie roughly parallel to each other, with a dihedral angle between the mean planes of these rings of 8.86 (10)°. The molecular structure is consolidated by intramolecular O—H...O and C—H...O interactions and the crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular O—H...O and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds.
(E)-4-Bromo-N′-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide monohydrate
Authors: Horkaew Jirapa , Chantrapromma Suchada , Anantapong Teerasak , Kanjana-Opas Akkharawit , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C15H13BrN2O3·H2O, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 13.92 (6)°. The methoxy group of the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl is almost coplanar with its bound benzene ring, as seen by the Cmethyl—O—C—C torsion angle of −0.35 (16)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by N—H...O, O—H...N and O—H...O hydrogen bonds and also weak C—H...O interactions. A short C...O contact of 3.0191 (15) Å is also present.
Methyl 2-{[(3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-ylidene)(4-nitrophenyl)methyl]amino}-3-phenylpropanoate
Authors: Zhang Xin , Sun Chen , Li Fei-ran , Zhang Hua
Published: March 2012

The molecule of the title compound, C27H24N4O5, exists in the keto–enamine tautomeric form, stabilized by an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond. An intramolecular C—H...·O hydrogen bond also occurs. In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains.
Bromido(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)mercury(II)
Authors: Meyer-Wegner Frank , Lerner Hans-Wolfram , Sinke Tanja , Bolte Michael
Published: March 2012

Molecules of the title compound, [HgBr(C9H11)], are located on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis. Due to the molecular symmetry, the HgIIatom is linearly coordinated by theipso-C of the mesityl group and the Br atom. In the crystal, molecules lie in planes parallel to (001).
(2E)-2-(Furan-2-ylmethylidene)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one
Authors: Asiri Abdullah M. , Faidallah Hassan M. , Al-Nemari Khulud F. , Ng Seik Weng , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C14H10O2, the five-membered ring of the inden-1-one residue is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.035 Å). A twist about the single bond linking the two residues is evident [C—C—C—C torsion angle = −13.2 (5)°]. The three-dimensional architecture is stabilized by C—H...O (involving the trifurcated carbonyl O atom), C—H...π and π–π interactions [between the five- and six-membered rings of inden-1-one residues; ring centroid–centroid distance = 3.7983 (17) Å]. The sample studied was a non-merohedral twin; the minor component refined to approximately 36%.
4-Fluoro-2-[(3-methylphenyl)iminomethyl]phenol
Authors: Brink Alice , Visser Hendrik G. , Roodt Andreas
Published: March 2012

The title compound, C14H12FNO, crystallizes as thetransphenol–imine tautomer. The two benzene rings are essentially coplanar, being inclined to one another by 9.28 (7)°. This is at least in part due to the intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond between the hydroxy O atom and the imine N atom. The crystal structure is stabilized by an array of weak C—H...O and C—H...F interactions, which link the molecules into a stable three-dimensional network.
Cutis laxa‐like mycosis fungoides
Authors: LÓPEZ AVENTÍN Daniel , GALLARDO Fernando , GIL Inmaculada , MARTÍN‐EZQUERRA Gemma , GARCÍA Mar , BELLOSILLO Beatriz , JUANPERE Núria , PUJOL Ramon M.
Published: March 2012

Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Several clinical and clinicopathological variants of mycosis fungoides have been reported. A 75‐year‐old woman presenting with multiple ill‐defined areas of marked cutaneous wrinkling on the trunk and extremities is reported. Histopathological examination showed characteristic features of mycosis fungoides along with an interstitial dermal infiltrate composed predominantly of atypical lymphocytes with histiocytes intermingled within the collagen bundles. A focal reduction and fragmentation of elastic fibers was demonstrated. This observation illustrates a peculiar and previously unreported clinicopathological presentation of mycosis fungoides: cutis laxa‐like mycosis fungoides, expanding the spectrum of mycosis fungoides variants associated with abnormalities of the dermal elastic fibers.
Ponatinib may overcome resistance of FLT3‐ITD harbouring additional point mutations, notably the previously refractory F691I mutation
Authors: Zirm Elisabeth , Spies‐Weisshart Bärbel , Heidel Florian , Schnetzke Ulf , Böhmer Frank‐Dietmar , Hochhaus Andreas , Fischer Thomas , Scholl Sebastian
Published: March 2012

Fms‐like tyrosine kinase (FLT3) mutations are the most frequent mutations in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) that confer a poor prognosis. Constitutively active FLT3‐ITD (internal tandem duplications) mutations define a promising target for therapeutic approaches using small molecule inhibitors. However, several point mutations of the FLT3 tyrosine kinase domain (FLT3‐TKD) have been identified to mediate resistance towards FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (FLT3‐TKI), including secondary mutations of FLT3. We investigated the cellular effects of the recently characterised FLT3‐TKI ponatinib (AP24534) on murine myeloid cells transfected with FLT3‐ITD with or without additional point mutations of the FLT3‐TKD including the (so far) multi‐resistant F691I mutation. Ponatinib effectively induced apoptosis not only in the parental FLT3‐ITD cell line but also in all stably transfected subclones harbouring additional FLT3‐TKD point mutations (N676D, F691I or G697R). These observations correlated with a strong inhibition of FLT3‐ITD and its downstream targets STAT5, AKT and ERK1/2 upon ponatinib incubation, as determined by Western blotting. We conclude that ponatinib represents a promising FLT3‐TKI that should be further investigated in clinical trials. The targeted therapy of FLT3‐ITD‐positive AML with ponatinib might be associated with a lower frequency of secondary resistance caused by acquired FLT3‐TKD mutations.
Outcomes in older adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL): results from the international MRC UKALL XII/ECOG2993 trial
Authors: Sive Jonathan I. , Buck Georgina , Fielding Adele , Lazarus Hillard M. , Litzow Mark R. , Luger Selina , Marks David I. , McMillan Andrew , Moorman Anthony V. , Richards Susan M. , Rowe Jacob M. , Tallman Martin S. , Goldstone Anthony H.
Published: March 2012

Although the incidence rate of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is slightly higher in older than in younger adults, response rates to induction chemotherapy and survival rates are poorer. The contribution of disease‐related versus treatment‐related factors remains unclear. We analysed 100 older patients (aged 55–65 years) treated on the UKALLXII/ECOG2993 trial compared with 1814 younger patients (aged 14–54 years). Baseline characteristics, induction chemotherapy course, infections, drug reductions and survival outcomes were compared. There were more Philadelphia‐positive (Ph+) patients in the older group (28% vs. 17%, P = 0·02), and a trend towards higher combined cytogenetic risk score (46% vs. 35%, P = 0·07). The complete remission rate in older patients was worse (73% vs. 93%, P < 0·0001) as was 5‐year overall survival (21% vs. 41%, P < 0·0001) and event‐free survival (EFS) (19% vs. 37%, P < 0·0001). Older patients had more infections during induction (81% vs. 70%, P = 0·05), and drug reductions (46% vs. 28%, P = 0·0009). Among older patients, Ph+ and cytogenetic risk category as well as infection during induction predicted for worse EFS. Poorer outcomes in these patients are partly due to cytogenetic risk, but there is significant morbidity and mortality during induction chemotherapy with frequent delays and drug reductions. New approaches, including better risk stratification and use of targeted therapies, could improve treatment for these patients.
Mapping conservation priorities in the Mediterranean: the issue of non‐native freshwater fish introductions
Authors: GOZLAN R. E.
Published: March 2012

Abstract  Contributions presented at the international NeoFishMed workshop on New Approaches for Assessing the Impacts of Non‐native Freshwater Fishes in the Mediterranean Region are reviewed. Rivers in Mediterranean‐climate regions are characterised by a dynamic hydrology, resulting in severe droughts during summer and flash flooding in winter. These types of systems, when disturbed by human actions, seem to be particularly suitable to the establishment of non‐native freshwater fish species (i.e. where the natural, highly variable hydrological conditions have been replaced by regulated discharge regimes as a result of reservoir construction). The Mediterranean region is considered one of the six global invasion hotspots, with non‐native freshwater fishes representing >25% of all fish species in riverine assemblages. From a conservation perspective, this region is characterised by increased competition for scarce water resources as well as high endemicity and biodiversity. Key points on introduction pathways, ecosystem vulnerability and human impacts, as well as future trends for the Mediterranean region, are presented. A case is made to develop, using innovative analyses, evidence‐based assessments of impacts by non‐native species on Mediterranean ecosystem vulnerability to underpin the development of future policy and appropriate management tools.
Interactive effects of ocean acidification and temperature on two scleractinian corals from Moorea, French Polynesia
Authors: Edmunds Peter J. , Brown Darren , Moriarty Vincent
Published: March 2012

This study tested the hypothesis that the response of corals to temperature andpCO2is consistent between taxa. Juvenile massivePoritesspp. and branches ofP. rusfrom the back reef of Moorea were incubated for 1 month under combinations of temperature (29.3 °C and 25.6 °C) andpCO2(41.6 Pa and 81.5 Pa) at an irradiance of 599 μmol quanta m−2s−1. Using microcosms and CO2gas mixing technology, treatments were created in a partly nested design (tanks) with two between‐plot factors (temperature andpCO2), and one within‐plot factor (taxon); calcification was used as a dependent variable.pCO2and temperature independently affected calcification, but the response differed between taxa. MassivePoritesspp. was largely unaffected by the treatments, butP. rusgrew 50% faster at 29.3 °C compared with 25.6 °C, and 28% slower at 81.5 Pa vs. 41.6 Pa CO2. A compilation of studies placed the present results in a broader context and tested the hypothesis that calcification for individual coral genera is independent ofpH, [HCO3−], and [CO32−]. Unlike recent reviews, this analysis was restricted to studies reporting calcification in units that could be converted to nmol CaCO3 cm−2 h−1. The compilation revealed a high degree of variation in calcification as a function ofpH, [HCO3−], and [CO32−], and supported three conclusions: (1) studies of the effects of ocean acidification on corals need to pay closer attention to reducing variance in experimental outcomes to achieve stronger synthetic capacity, (2) coral genera respond in dissimilar ways topH, [HCO3−], and [CO32−], and (3) calcification of massivePoritesspp. is relatively resistant to short exposures of increasedpCO2, similar to that expected within 100 y.
Transforming growth factor‐β enhances invasion and metastasis in Ras‐transfected human malignant epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Davies Maria , Prime Stephen S. , Eveson John W. , Price Nicky , Ganapathy Anu , D’Mello Anita , Paterson Ian C.
Published: March 2012

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is known to act as a tumour suppressor early in carcinogenesis, but then switches to a pro‐metastatic factor in some late stage cancers. However, the actions of TGF‐β are context dependent, and it is currently unclear how TGF‐β influences the progression of human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This study examined the effect of overexpression of TGF‐β1 or TGF‐β2 in Ras‐transfected human malignant epidermal keratinocytes that represent the early stages of human SCC. In vitro, the proliferation of cells overexpressing TGF‐β1 or TGF‐β2 was inhibited by exogenous TGF‐β1; cells overexpressing TGF‐β1 also grew more slowly than controls, but the growth rate of TGF‐β2 overexpressing cells was unaltered. However, cells that overexpressed either TGF‐β1 or TGF‐β2 were markedly more invasive than controls in an organotypic model of SCC. The proliferation of the invading TGF‐β1 overexpressing cells in the organotypic assays was higher than controls. Similarly, tumours formed by the TGF‐β1 overexpressing cells following transplantation to athymic mice were larger than tumours formed by control cells and proliferated at a higher rate. Our results demonstrate that elevated expression of either TGF‐β1 or TGF‐β2 in cells that represent the early stages in the development of human SCC results in a more aggressive phenotype.
Neuropilins: expression and roles in the epithelium
Authors: Wild Jonathan R. L. , Staton Carolyn A. , Chapple Keith , Corfe Bernard M.
Published: March 2012

Initially found expressed in neuronal and then later in endothelial cells, it is well established that the transmembrane glycoproteins neuropilin‐1 (NRP1) and neuropilin‐2 (NRP2) play essential roles in axonal growth and guidance and in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Neuropilin expression and function in epithelial cells has received little attention when compared with neuronal and endothelial cells. Overexpression of NRPs is shown to enhance growth, correlate with invasion and is associated with poor prognosis in various tumour types, especially those of epithelial origin. The contribution of NRP and its ligands to tumour growth and metastasis has spurred a strong interest in NRPs as novel chemotherapy drug targets. Given NRP’s role as a multifunctional co‐receptor with an ability to bind with disparate ligand families, this has sparked new areas of research implicating NRPs in diverse biological functions. Here, we review the growing body of research demonstrating NRP expression and role in the normal and neoplastic epithelium.
Celluloid devils: a research study of male nurses in feature films
Authors: Stanley David
Published: March 2012

stanley d. (2012) Celluloid devils: a research study of male nurses in feature films. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(11), 2526–2537

Aim.  To report a study of how male nurses are portrayed in feature films.

Background.  It was hypothesized that male nurses are frequently portrayed negatively or stereotypically in the film media, potentially having a negative impact on male nurse recruitment and the publics’ perception of male nurses.

Design/Methods. An interpretive, qualitative methodology guided by insights into hegemonic masculinity and structured around a set of collective case studies (films) was used to examine the portrayal of male nurses in feature films made in the Western world from 1900 to 2007. Over 36,000 feature film synopses were reviewed (via CINAHL, ProQuest and relevant movie‐specific literature) for the keyword ‘nurse’ and ‘nursing’ with an additional search for films from 1900 to 2010 for the word ‘male nurse’. Identified films were labelled as ‘cases’ and analysed collectively to determine key attributes related to men in nursing and explore them for the emergence of concepts and themes related to the image of male nurses in films.

Results/Findings.  A total of 13 relevant cases (feature films) were identified with 12 being made in the USA. Most films portrayed male nurses negatively and in ways opposed to hegemonic masculinity, as effeminate, homosexual, homicidal, corrupt or incompetent. Few film images of male nurses show them in traditional masculine roles or as clinically competent or self‐confident professionals.

Conclusion.  Feature films predominantly portray male nurses negatively. Given the popularity of feature films, there may be negative effects on recruitment and on the public’s perception of male nurses.
Biological Flora of the British Isles: Campanula rotundifolia
Authors: Stevens Carly J. , Wilson Julia , McAllister Hugh A.
Published: March 2012

1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Campanula rotundifolia L. that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivory and disease, history, and conservation.

2. Campanula rotundifolia is a slender, rhizomatous, prostrate to erect herb with long‐stalked roundish basal leaves, linear stem leaves, and a blue, bell‐shaped corolla. It is widespread in the British Isles though absent from parts of Ireland. Globally, C. rotundifolia has a circumpolar distribution extending from the Arctic Circle to northern Mexico and North Africa. It forms a polyploid complex with some characters linked to ploidy level. Populations in the British Isles are predominantly tetraploid and hexaploid, with occasional pentaploids. The distribution of these cytotypes in the British Isles has a strong spatial structure.

3. Campanula rotundifolia has a wide ecological amplitude, tolerating very dry conditions but also occasionally occurring in permanently saturated habitats, and it grows on a very wide range of soil types, from coarse sands through loams to heavy clays and pure peats. However, C. rotundifolia is rarely found on fertile lowland clays where competition from more vigorous species may limit growth. Campanula rotundifolia is found in a range of grassland, heath, mire, scrub and sand dune communities spanning a wide range of soil pH.

4. Campanula rotundifolia is perennial and spreads by seed and by rhizome. Plants generally overwinter as frost‐resistant green rosettes. As the spring season progresses, plants make slow vegetative growth. Erect flowering stems develop from June onwards. Campanula rotundifolia is largely self‐incompatible, and is insect pollinated, regularly producing large quantities of viable seed.

5. Although C. rotundifolia is a widespread and locally very common species there is some evidence from Britain and across Europe that it is in decline. These losses are likely to be due to a number of factors including agricultural intensification, reversion of grassland to scrub and woodland, disturbance, and atmospheric pollution.
Computer programs to estimate overoptimism in measures of discrimination for predicting the risk of cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Mannan Haider R. , McNeil John J.
Published: March 2012

Background Development of chronic disease risk prediction models has become a growing area of research in recent years. The internal validity of such models is sometimes lower than estimated from the development sample. Overfitting or overoptimism of the developed model and/or differences between the samples are likely causes for this. For modelling of an uncommon outcome, bootstrapping for overoptimism is the preferred method for afterwards shrinking of regression coefficients and the model's discrimination and calibration for overoptimism. However, computer programs for different types of bootstrap validation are not readily available. We developed two SAS macro programs – one for the simple bootstrap that compares the discriminatory performance of the Cox proportional hazards model from the original sample in bootstrap samples; and another (which is more efficient), known as stepwise bootstrap validation, that makes the same comparison but from models developed by variable selection from bootstrap samples in the original sample. These are illustrated through an example from cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction.

Methods Two SAS macro programs for Cox proportional hazards model using Proc PHREG were developed for estimating overoptimism in Harrell's C and Somers' D statistics. The computer programs were applied to data on CVD incidence for a Framingham cohort that combined both the original and offspring exams. The risk factors considered were current smoking, diabetes, age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and body mass index.

Results The degree of overoptimism in both Harrell's C and Somers' D statistics were low. Both these statistics were corrected for overoptimism by subtracting overoptimism from their observed values. Between the two bootstrap validation algorithms, the degree of overoptimism was estimated to be higher for stepwise bootstrap validation.

Conclusion The programs are very useful for evaluating the ‘overoptimism corrected’ predictive performance of Cox proportional hazards model.