bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry index to estimate natural organic matter lability
Authors: D'Andrilli Juliana , Cooper William T. , Foreman Christine M. , Marshall Alan G.
Published: November 2015

Rationale

Determining the chemical constituents of natural organic matter (NOM) by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICRMS) remains the ultimate measure for probing its source material, evolution, and transport; however, lability and the fate of organic matter (OM) in the environment remain controversial. FTICRMS‐derived elemental compositions are presented in this study to validate a new interpretative method to determine the extent of NOM lability from various environments.

Methods

FTICRMS data collected over the last decade from the same 9.4 tesla instrument using negative electrospray ionization at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Tallahassee, Florida, was used to validate the application of a NOM lability index. Solid‐phase extraction cartridges were used to isolate the NOM prior to FTICRMS; mass spectral peaks were calibrated internally by commonly identified NOM homologous series, and molecular formulae were determined for NOM composition and lability analysis.

Results

A molecular lability boundary (MLB) was developed from the FTICRMS molecular data, visualized from van Krevelen diagrams, dividing the data into more and less labile constituents. NOM constituents above the MLB at H/C ≥1.5 correspond to more labile material, whereas NOM constituents below the MLB, H/C <1.5, exhibit less labile, more recalcitrant character. Of all marine, freshwater, and glacial environments considered for this study, glacial ecosystems were calculated to contain the most labile OM.

Conclusions

The MLB extends our interpretation of FTICRMS NOM molecular data to include a metric of lability, and generally ranked the OM environments from most to least labile as glacial > marine > freshwater. Applying the MLB is useful not only for individual NOM FTICRMS studies, but also provides a lability threshold to compare and contrast molecular data with other FTICRMS instruments that survey NOM from around the world. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Synthesis of zirconia‐incorporated titania layer by microarc oxidation for biomedical applications
Authors: Muhaffel Faiz , Cimenoglu Huseyin
Published: November 2015

The structural features, biocompatibility, and mechanical performance of a titania (TiO2) layer with incorporated zirconia (ZrO2) formed by microarc oxidation on commercially pure titanium have been examined in the present study. In comparison to the ZrO2‐free TiO2 layer, the ZrO2‐incorporated oxide layer was dense and contained ZrTiO4 as a new oxide as well as ZrO2 particles. Associated changes in the microstructure enhanced the mechanical durability of TiO2 layer. Owing to the incorporation of identical biocompatible compounds and almost similar surface roughness, no remarkable difference in bioactivities of the ZrO2‐free and ZrO2‐incorporated oxide layers was detected after simulated body fluid tests. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Major Greenwood (1880–1949): a biographical and bibliographical study
Authors: Farewell Vern , Johnson Tony
Published: November 2015

Major Greenwood was the foremost medical statistician of the first half of the 20th century in the UK. Trained in both medicine and statistics, his career extended over 45years during which he published eight books, 23 extensive reports and over 200 papers. His classical education extended to Latin and Greek, and he was fluent in German and French. We provide an overview of his life including family background, training and his career subdivided according to the places where he worked. We describe in particular the key role he played with others in the development of medical statistics within the Medical Research Council, the General Register Office, the Department of Health and the Universities. © 2015 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Bias due to composite reference standards in diagnostic accuracy studies
Authors: Schiller Ian , van Smeden Maarten , Hadgu Alula , Libman Michael , Reitsma Johannes B. , Dendukuri Nandini
Published: November 2015

Composite reference standards (CRSs) have been advocated in diagnostic accuracy studies in the absence of a perfect reference standard. The rationale is that combining results of multiple imperfect tests leads to a more accurate reference than any one test in isolation. Focusing on a CRS that classifies subjects as disease positive if at least one component test is positive, we derive algebraic expressions for sensitivity and specificity of this CRS, sensitivity and specificity of a new (index) test compared with this CRS, as well as the CRS‐based prevalence. We use as a motivating example the problem of evaluating a new test for Chlamydia trachomatis, an asymptomatic disease for which no gold‐standard test exists. As the number of component tests increases, sensitivity of this CRS increases at the expense specificity, unless all tests have perfect specificity. Therefore, such a CRS can lead to significantly biased accuracy estimates of the index test. The bias depends on disease prevalence and accuracy of the CRS. Further, conditional dependence between the CRS and index test can lead to over‐estimation of index test accuracy estimates. This commonly‐used CRS combines results from multiple imperfect tests in a way that ignores information and therefore is not guaranteed to improve over a single imperfect reference unless each component test has perfect specificity, and the CRS is conditionally independent of the index test. When these conditions are not met, as in the case of C. trachomatis testing, more realistic statistical models should be researched instead of relying on such CRSs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Popular Religion in Sixteenth-Century England
Authors: Marsh Christopher
Published: November 2015

This book examines the history of US foreign policy since the Vietnam War. It focuses on four themes: the legacy of Vietnam; the ending and aftermath of the Cold War; the debate over American international decline; and the frequently undemocratic conduct of US foreign policy. The book considers alternative explanations for the Cold War's end. It evaluates the foreign policy leadership of Presidents Carter, Reagan, Bush and Clinton and assesses prospects for US foreign policy after the Cold War.
A Pathologist’s Approach to Nonimmune Hydrops
Authors: Parks W. Tony
Published: November 2015

Fetal hydrops is an uncommon, but frequently-lethal, complication of pregnancy. Hydrops can result from any of diverse etiologies, although it has classically been divided into immune and nonimmune hydrops. While the etiology for many cases can be determined prenatally, pathologists are nearly always called on to identify the underlying cause for those cases that remain unexplained at the time of delivery or termination. This brief review will be confined to nonimmune hydrops, and the discussion will particularly focus on the role of the pathologist in evaluating this condition.
From placement to prison revisited: Do mental health services disrupt the delinquency pipeline among Latino, African American and Caucasian youth in the child welfare system?
Authors: Garcia Antonio R. , Greeson Johanna K.P. , Kim Minseop , Thompson Allison , DeNard Christina
Published: November 2015

Racial and ethnic disparities in delinquency among child welfare‐involved youth are well documented. However, less is known about the mechanisms through which these disparities occur. This study explores the extent to which sets of variables predict the occurrence of juvenile delinquency and whether race/ethnicity moderates the strength of the relationships between (1) social, emotional, and behavioral (SEB) problems and delinquency and (2) mental health service use and delinquency. We used a nationally representative sample of 727 African American, Caucasian, and Latino youth between the ages of 12–17 who were referred to the child welfare system. Controlling for age, gender, placement instability, maltreatment history, poverty, and urbanicity, linear regression analyses revealed that African American and Latino youth engaged in more delinquent acts than Caucasian youth did. However, service use decreased the likelihood of engaging in more delinquent acts for African Americans. Additional efforts are needed to illuminate and address the contextual and organizational barriers to delivering effective mental health services as a strategy to reduce racial disparities in delinquent behavior.
Intergenerational transmission of ethnic identity and life satisfaction of Roma minority adolescents and their parents
Authors: Dimitrova Radosveta , Ferrer‐Wreder Laura , Trost Kari
Published: November 2015

This study investigates intergeneration transmission of ethnic identity as a resource for life satisfaction of Roma adolescents and their parents. Historically, Roma represent the largest ethnic minority in Europe. They have been exposed to severe discrimination, social exclusion, and poverty. Therefore, identifying resources for their life satisfaction is theoretically and practically important. The present study included 1093 participants, of which there were 171 Roma adolescents (age: M = 14.96 years, SD = 1.85), 155 mothers (age: M = 36.16 years, SD = 5.77) and 123 fathers (age: M = 39.68 years, SD = 6.06). Further, a comparison group of 248 mainstream adolescents with their mothers (n = 221) and fathers (n = 175) was also included in the study. Adolescents and their parents provided data on ethnic identity (MEIM; Phinney, 1992) and life satisfaction (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). Results indicated that Roma youth were lower on endorsement of ethnic identity and average on life satisfaction compared to their mainstream peers. A structural equation model showed that ethnic identity was a positive predictor of life satisfaction for both adolescents and their Roma parents. Furthermore, parents' ethnic identity was a predictor of adolescent life satisfaction. We concluded that for Roma youth and their parents, ethnic identity represents a salient source for life satisfaction and an intergenerational continuity of identity and life satisfaction exists.
Application of the PRECEDE model to improve sexual function among women with hysterectomy
Authors: Hosseini Nazafarin , Amini Akram , Alamdari AliKaram , Shams Mohsen , Vossoughi Mehrdad , Bazarganipour Fatemeh
Published: November 2015

Objective

To determine the effect of an educational program based on the PRECEDE model to improve sexual function among women with hysterectomy.

Methods

The present randomized trial, conducted in Iran during 2014, included 48 women with hysterectomy who were selected through convenience sampling and randomly divided into two equal groups. Women in the experimental group received an educational program based on constructs of the PRECEDE model. The control group received only routine interventions. Before the interventions, the women completed two questionnaires: one that measured the PRECEDE model constructs and the Rosen Female Sexual Function Index. The questionnaires were repeated 4 weeks after the intervention and the results were compared within and between groups.

Results

In each group, a significant improvement in sexual function was demonstrated after the intervention (P < 0.001). The mean sexual function score increased to a greater extent in the experimental group (difference 16.95 ± 6.33) than in the control group (difference 4.35 ± 1.94; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The findings confirm the effectiveness of an educational program based on the PRECEDE model in terms of improving sexual function among women with hysterectomy.

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials: IRCT2014122220401N1
A case report of successful permanent pacemaker implantation via the iliac vein
Authors: Yamaguchi Tetsuo , Miyamoto Takamichi , Yamauchi Yasuteru , Obayashi Tohru
Published: November 2015

An 85‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital with a pacemaker pocket infection. A permanent pacemaker had been implanted via the right subclavian vein. The pacemaker and pacing leads were removed and a temporary pacemaker was implanted. After vancomycin treatment for 4 weeks, pacemaker implantation via the right external iliac vein was performed under local anesthesia because of left subclavian vein occlusion, infection of the right pocket, and difficulty with epicardial lead insertion. The iliac vein approach is an effective alternative in patients in whom the pectoral approach cannot be used.

Learning objective: Permanent pacemaker implantation using the conventional pectoral approach is impossible or contraindicated in 1–6% of patients. In such patients, implantation via the iliac vein is considered an effective alternative. The advantages of this approach are that the wound size and bleeding amount are very small and that it can be performed under local anesthesia. Therefore, this approach can be used in patients with a poor general condition, including elderly patients.
Late Plio-Pleistocene humidity fluctuations in the western Qaidam Basin (NE Tibetan Plateau) revealed by an integrated magnetic–palynological record from lacustrine sediments
Authors: Herb Christian , Koutsodendris Andreas , Zhang Weilin , Appel Erwin , Fang Xiaomin , Voigt Silke , Pross Jörg
Published: November 2015

Deciphering the climatic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau region during the Plio-Pleistocene is hampered by the lack of continuous archives and proxy datasets indicative of moisture availability. Here we assess the suitability of magnetic susceptibility (χ) measured on lacustrine sediments as a paleohydrological proxy based on material from drill core SG-1 (2.69–0.08 Ma) from the western Qaidam Basin. Our assessment is based on directly comparing χ with theArtemisia/Chenopodiaceae (A/C) pollen ratio, which represents a sensitive, well-established proxy for moisture changes in arid environments. We find that higher and lower χ values represent drier and less dry conditions, respectively, for the Late Plio-Pleistocene. Less dry phases were likely caused by transiently increased influence of the westerlies and/or decreased influence of the Asian winter monsoon on glacial–interglacial time scales. An exception from this relationship is the interval between ~ 1.9 and 1.3 Ma, when the SG-1 χ record exhibits a 54 ka cyclicity, which may indicate summer monsoon influence on the Qaidam Basin during that time. After ~ 1.3 Ma, the summer monsoon influence may have ceased due to global cooling, with the consequence that the Asian winter monsoon and the westerlies exerted a stronger control on the hydrology of the Qaidam Basin.
What We Talk About When We Talk About Harmonisation
Authors: KLAMERT Marcus
Published: November 2015

When we talk about harmonisation, we may mean quite different things. There is a close, yet often unclear, relationship between minimum harmonisation and mutual recognition on the one hand, and between full harmonisation and the country of origin principle on the other hand. This paper will discuss harmonisation in relation to these other regulatory models with, among others, the Tobacco Products and Services Directives as illustrations. Moreover, many years afterTobbaco Advertising IandIIit remains entirely unclear how minimum harmonisation instruments must be designed in order to be lawful. This paper proposes a consistent reading of the case law on what is called legislative minimum harmonisation based on Article 114 TFEU. It is also shown that the Court of Justice of the European Union applies a lenient standard to more stringent national measures under what is called constitutional minimum harmonisation based on competences for social policy and the environment.
Large-eddy simulation of separation and reattachment of a flat plate turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Cheng W. , Pullin D. I. , Samtaney R.
Published: November 2015

We present large-eddy simulations (LES) of separation and reattachment of a flat-plate turbulent boundary-layer flow. Instead of resolving the near wall region, we develop a two-dimensional virtual wall model which can calculate the time- and space-dependent skin-friction vector field at the wall, at the resolved scale. By combining the virtual-wall model with the stretched-vortex subgrid-scale (SGS) model, we construct a self-consistent framework for the LES of separating and reattaching turbulent wall-bounded flows at large Reynolds numbers. The present LES methodology is applied to two different experimental flows designed to produce separation/reattachment of a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer at medium Reynolds number $Re_{{\it\theta}}$ based on the momentum boundary-layer thickness ${\it\theta}$. Comparison with data from the first case at $Re_{{\it\theta}}=2000$ demonstrates the present capability for accurate calculation of the variation, with the streamwise co-ordinate up to separation, of the skin friction coefficient, $Re_{{\it\theta}}$, the boundary-layer shape factor and a non-dimensional pressure-gradient parameter. Additionally the main large-scale features of the separation bubble, including the mean streamwise velocity profiles, show good agreement with experiment. At the larger $Re_{{\it\theta}}=11\,000$ of the second case, the LES provides good postdiction of the measured skin-friction variation along the whole streamwise extent of the experiment, consisting of a very strong adverse pressure gradient leading to separation within the separation bubble itself, and in the recovering or reattachment region of strongly-favourable pressure gradient. Overall, the present two-dimensional wall model used in LES appears to be capable of capturing the quantitative features of a separation-reattachment turbulent boundary-layer flow at low to moderately large Reynolds numbers.
MAZUR–ULAM PROPERTY OF THE SUM OF TWO STRICTLY CONVEX BANACH SPACES
Authors: LI JIAN-ZE
Published: November 2015

In this article, we study the Mazur–Ulam property of the sum of two strictly convex Banach spaces. We give an equivalent form of the isometric extension problem and two equivalent conditions to decide whether all strictly convex Banach spaces admit the Mazur–Ulam property. We also find necessary and sufficient conditions under which the $\ell ^{1}$-sum and the $\ell ^{\infty }$-sum of two strictly convex Banach spaces admit the Mazur–Ulam property.
A SUFFICIENT CONDITION UNDER WHICH A SEMIGROUP IS NONFINITELY BASED
Authors: ZHANG WEN TING , LUO YAN FENG
Published: November 2015

We give a sufficient condition under which a semigroup is nonfinitely based. As an application, we show that a certain variety is nonfinitely based, and we indicate the additional analysis (to be presented in a forthcoming paper), which shows that this example is a new limit variety of aperiodic monoids.
CONGRUENCES MODULO 2 FOR CERTAIN PARTITION FUNCTIONS
Authors: MAHADEVA NAIKA M. S. , HEMANTHKUMAR B. , SUMANTH BHARADWAJ H. S.
Published: November 2015

Let$b_{3,5}(n)$denote the number of partitions of$n$into parts that are not multiples of 3 or 5. We establish several infinite families of congruences modulo 2 for$b_{3,5}(n)$. In the process, we also prove numerous parity results for broken 7-diamond partitions.
Inflammatory potential of diet and risk for hepatocellular cancer in a case–control study from Italy
Authors: Shivappa Nitin , Hébert James R. , Polesel Jerry , Zucchetto Antonella , Crispo Anna , Montella Maurizio , Franceschi Silvia , Rossi Marta , La Vecchia Carlo , Serraino Diego
Published: November 2015

Inflammation and diet have been suggested to be important risk factors for hepatocellular cancer (HCC). This Italian multicentre hospital-based case–control study conducted between 1999 and 2002 and including 185 cases with incident, histologically confirmed HCC, and 404 controls hospitalised for acute non-neoplastic diseases provided an opportunity to investigate the association between HCC and the dietary inflammatory index (DII). The DII was computed on the basis of dietary intake assessed 2 years before the date of interview by a validated sixty-three-item FFQ. Logistic regression models were used to estimate OR adjusted for age, sex, study centre, education, BMI, smoking, physical activity, serum markers of hepatitis B and C infection and energy intake. Energy adjustment for DII was performed using the residual method. Participants in the highest tertile of DII scores (i.e. with a more pro-inflammatory diet) had a higher risk for HCC (ORtertile 3 v, 1 2·43; 95 % CI 1·27, 4·68; Ptrend=0·03). When stratified by the presence or absence of hepatitis B/C infection and sex, DII was strongly associated with HCC in hepatitis B- and C-negative participants (ORtertile 3 v. 1 4·18; 95 % CI 1·53, 11·39; Ptrend=0·02) and among males (ORtertile 3 v. 1 3·60; 95 % CI 1·65, 7·87; Ptrend=0·001). These results indicate that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with increased risk for HCC, in those without a history of hepatitis B/C infection and among males.
Volterra, Fascism, and France
Authors: Capristo Annalisa
Published: November 2015

Argument

My contribution focuses on two aspects strictly related each other. On one hand, the progressive marginalization of Volterra from Italian scientific and political life after the rise of Fascism – because of his public anti-Fascist stance, both as a senator and as a professor – until his definitive exclusion on racial grounds in 1938. On the other hand, the reactions of his French colleagues and friends to this ostracism, and the support he received from them. As it emerges from several sources (Volterra's correspondence, institutional documentation, conference proceedings, etc.), it was mainly thanks to their support that he was able to escape the complete isolation and the “civil death” to which the regime condemned many of its adversaries.
Polemics in Public: Poncelet, Gergonne, Plücker, and the Duality Controversy
Authors: Lorenat Jemma
Published: November 2015

Argument

A plagiarism charge in 1827 sparked a public controversy centered between Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788–1867) and Joseph-Diez Gergonne (1771–1859) over the origin and applications of the principle of duality in geometry. Over the next three years and through the pages of various journals, monographs, letters, reviews, reports, and footnotes, vitriol between the antagonists increased as their potential publicity grew. While the historical literature offers valuable resources toward understanding the development, content, and applications of geometric duality, the hostile nature of the exchange seems to have deterred an in-depth textual study of the explicitly polemical writings. We argue that the necessary collective endeavor of beginning and ending this controversy constitutes a case study in the circulation of geometry. In particular, we consider how the duality controversy functioned as a medium of communicating new fundamental principles to a wider audience of practitioners.
Models of Temporal Discounting 1937–2000: An Interdisciplinary Exchange between Economics and Psychology
Authors: Grüne-Yanoff Till
Published: November 2015

Argument

Today's models of temporal discounting are the result of multiple interdisciplinary exchanges between psychology and economics. Although these exchanges did not result in an integrated discipline, they had important effects on all disciplines involved. The paper describes these exchanges from the 1930s onwards, focusing on two episodes in particular: an attempted synthesis by psychiatrist George Ainslie and others in the 1970s; and the attempted application of this new discounting model by a generation of economists and psychologists in the 1980s, which ultimately ended in thediversity of measurements disappointment. I draw four main conclusions. First, multiple notions of temporal discounting must be conceptually distinguished. Second, behavioral economics is not an integration or unification of psychology and economics. Third, the analysis identifies some central disciplinary markers that distinguish modeling strategies in economics and psychology. Finally, it offers a case of interdisciplinary success that does not fit the currently dominant account of interdisciplinarity as integration.
The Ontology of Determination: From Descartes to Spinoza
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea
Published: November 2015

Argument

This paper argues that Spinoza's notions of “conatus” and “power of acting” are derived by means of generalization from the notions of “force of motion” and “force of determination” that Spinoza discussed in hisPrinciples of Cartesian Philosophyto account for interactions among bodies (impacts) on the basis of their degrees of contrariety. I argue that in theEthics, Spinoza's ontology entails that interactions must always be accounted for in terms of degrees of “agreement or disagreement in nature” among interacting things. The notion of “power of acting” is used to express the extent to which a thing's conatus is aided or restrained by external causes on the basis of its degree of agreement or disagreement in nature with them. “Power of acting” generalizes the same approach and method of resolution at the basis of the notion of “force of determination” in order to account for causal interactions not only among the simplest bodies but also among more complex individuals.
Powder X-ray diffraction of levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate, C15H10I4NNaO4(H2O)5
Authors: Kaduk J.A. , Zhong K. , Blanton T.N. , Gates S. , Fawcett T.G.
Published: November 2015

The room-temperature crystal structure of levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate has been refined using synchrotron powder diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in space group P1 (#1) with a = 8.2489(4), b = 9.4868(5), c = 15.8298(6) Å, α = 84.1387(4), β = 83.1560(3), γ = 85.0482(3) deg, V = 1220.071(9) Å3, and Z = 2. Hydrogen atoms (missing from the previously-reported structure) were included.
Disease burden of congenital cytomegalovirus infection at school entry age: study design, participation rate and birth prevalence
Authors: KORNDEWAL M. J. , VOSSEN A. C. T. M. , CREMER J. , VAN BINNENDIJK R. S. , KROES A. C. M. , VAN DER SANDE M. A. B. , OUDESLUYS-MURPHY A. M. , DE MELKER H. E.
Published: November 2015

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) may lead to symptoms at birth and long-term consequences. We present a nationwide, retrospective cohort study on the outcome of cCMV up to age 6 years. For this study we identified cCMV, using polymerase chain reaction, by analysing dried blood spots, which are taken shortly after birth for neonatal screening. The group of children with cCMV were compared to a group of children who were cCMV negative at birth. Data were collected about their health and development up to age 6 years. Parents of 73 693 children were invited to participate, and 32 486 (44·1%) gave informed consent for testing of their child's dried blood spot for CMV. Of the 31 484 dried blood spots tested, 156 (0·5%) were positive for cCMV. Of these, four (2·6%) children had been diagnosed with cCMV prior to this study. This unique retrospective nationwide study permits the estimation of long-term sequelae of cCMV up to the age of 6 years. The birth prevalence of cCMV in this study was 0·5%, which is in line with prior estimates. Most (97·4%) children with cCMV had not been diagnosed earlier, indicating under-diagnosis of cCMV.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Donohue syndrome
Authors: Termote Jacqueline U. M. , Breur Johannes M. P. J. , de Vroede Monique A. M. J.
Published: November 2015

We report the case of a patient with Donohue syndrome who died of heart failure due to obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A literature survey revealed that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was present in 30% of these patients and was often fatal. Therefore, every patient with Donohue syndrome should be screened for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Translating text into pictographs
Authors: VANDEGHINSTE VINCENT , SEVENS INEKE SCHUURMAN LEEN , VAN EYNDE FRANK
Published: November 2015

We describe and evaluate a text-to-pictograph translation system that is used in an online platform for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, which is intended for people who are not able to read and write, but who still want to communicate with the outside world. The system is set up to translate from Dutch into Sclera and Beta, two publicly available pictograph sets consisting of several thousands of pictographs each. We have linked large amounts of these pictographs to synsets or combinations of synsets of Cornetto, a lexical-semantic database for Dutch similar to WordNet. In the translation system, the Dutch input text undergoes shallow linguistic analysis and the synsets of the content words are looked up. The system looks for the nearest pictographs in the lexical-semantic database and displays the message into pictographs. We evaluated the system and results showed a large improvement over the baseline system which consisted of straightforward string-matching between the input text and the filenames of the pictographs.

Our system provides a clear improvement in the communication possibilities of illiterate people. Nevertheless there is room for further improvement.
ON A PROBLEM POSED BY MAHLER
Authors: MARQUES DIEGO , SCHLEISCHITZ JOHANNES
Published: November 2015

Maillet proved that the set of Liouville numbers is preserved under rational functions with rational coefficients. Based on this result, a problem posed by Mahler is to investigate whether there exist entire transcendental functions with this property or not. For large parametrized classes of Liouville numbers, we construct such functions and moreover we show that they can be constructed such that all their derivatives share this property. We use a completely different approach than in a recent paper, where functions with a different invariant subclass of Liouville numbers were constructed (though with no information on derivatives). More generally, we study the image of Liouville numbers under analytic functions, with particular attention to$f(z)=z^{q}$, where$q$is a rational number.
Theoretical Models of Low-Reynolds-Number Locomotion
Authors: Pak On Shun , Lauga Eric
Published: November 2015

The locomotion of microorganisms in fluids is ubiquitous and plays an important role in numerous biological processes. For example, mammalian spermatozoa undergo a long journey to reach the ovum during reproduction; bacteria and algae display coordinated movement to locate better nutrient sources; and single-cell eukaryotes such as Paramecium propel themselves to escape predators. The physics of swimming that governs life under the microscope is very different from that which we experience in the macroscopic world, owing to the absence of inertia (the low-Reynolds-number regime). Unlike the situation for humans, fish, insects, or birds, which accomplish swimming and flying by imparting momentum to the fluid, viscous damping is paramount in the microscopic world and microorganisms need to adopt different swimming strategies. Here, we present a tutorial on the mathematical modelling of swimming at low Reynolds numbers, which can serve both as an introduction to the field and as a pedagogical review of some of the fundamental hydrodynamic issues.
Elastocapillarity
Authors: Duprat Camille , Stone Howard A.
Published: November 2015

In this chapter, we study phenomena associated with capillary forces interacting with a soft, deformable body. This interplay of surface tension and elasticity occurs in a wide variety of situations, including ones that involve the deformation of sheets and fibers. We introduce the concept of surface tension and discuss typical phenomena, such as the wetting of soft substrates; capillary adhesion; surface-tension-induced bending, buckling or wrinkling of structures; and a prototype of capillary flow, namely imbibition. We provide quantitative models to explain the observations, including using dimensional analysis and order-of-magnitude estimates, and present many cases where the predictions of the models are compared with experimental results. These ideas permeate many fields, and we have tried to capture the spirit and beauty of the subject.
Dynamics of Membrane-Bound Particles: Capsules and Vesicles
Authors: Vlahovska Petia M.
Published: November 2015

This chapter provides a tutorial on the analytical modeling of the nonequilibrium dynamics of particles enclosed by viscoelastic membranes, such as vesicles and capsules. A particular challenge for this kind of problem stems from asphericity and membrane inextensibility, which engenders nonlinearity that gives rise to unexpected behavior, such as multiple dynamical states of vesicles in shear flow (tank-treading, tumbling, trembling, swinging), asymmetric slipper-like shapes in Poiseuille flow, and pearling and asymmetric dumbbell shapes in straining flows or uniform electric fields. We derive solutions for the deformation and motion of a nearly spherical particle, which illustrates the use of a formalism based on spherical harmonics. In particular, we show how a theoretical analysis of the motion and deformation of a freely suspended capsule (referring to both vesicles and polymer capsules) subject to forces arising from applied flows, electric fields, or actively generated surface tractions explains some of the experimentally observed responses. The results are applied to the analysis of blood flow in the microcirculation, and microorganism swimming.
Microfluidics and cancer analysis: cell separation, cell/tissue culture, cell mechanics, and integrated analysis systems
Authors: Pappas Dimitri
Published: November 2015

Among the growing number of tools available for cancer studies, microfluidic systems have emerged as a promising analytical tool to elucidate cancer cell and tumor function.
A new insight into the interaction of cisplatin with DNA: ROA spectroscopic studies on the therapeutic effect of the drug
Authors: Gąsior-Głogowska M. , Malek K. , Zajac G. , Baranska M.
Published: November 2015

Raman optical activity (ROA) spectroscopy has been applied for the first time to study the interaction of cisplatin with DNA.
A kinetic spectrofluorometric method, aided by chemometrics, for the analysis of sibutramine, indapamide and hydrochlorothiazide compounds found in weight-reducing tonic samples
Authors: Guo Ying , Ni Yongnian , Chen Jinfeng , Kokot Serge
Published: November 2015

An uncomplicated and sensitive kinetic spectrofluorometric method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of sibutramine, indapamide, and hydrochlorothiazide commonly found in weight-reducing health foods.
Distinction between coordination and phosphine ligand oxidation: interactions of di- and triphosphines with Pn3+ (Pn = P, As, Sb, Bi)
Authors: Chitnis Saurabh S. , Vos Kevin A. , Burford Neil , McDonald Robert , Ferguson Michael J.
Published: November 2015

Hard and soft acceptors react differently towards phosphine donors, defining a range of phosphine coordination chemistry outcomes for p-block elements.
Naphthalimide-based fluorescent probe for selectively and specifically detecting glutathione in the lysosomes of living cells
Authors: Cao Meijiao , Chen Haiyan , Chen Dan , Xu Zhiqiang , Liu Sheng Hua , Chen Xiaoqiang , Yin Jun
Published: November 2015

A novel naphthalimide-based fluorescent probe employing a sulfonamide unit as a thiol-responsive group is reported. It is capable of efficiently distinguishing GSH from cysteine and homocysteine and can visualize the level of GSH in lysosomes.
Combining cycloisomerization with trienamine catalysis: a regiochemically flexible enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of hexahydroindoles
Authors: Chintalapudi V. , Galvin E. A. , Greenaway R. L. , Anderson E. A.
Published: November 2015

The synthesis of polysubstituted hexahydroindoles through trienamine-organocatalyzed cycloadditions of pyrrolidinyl dienals, prepared by palladium-catalyzed cycloisomerization, is reported.
Transferability of the coarse-grained potentials for trans-1,4-polybutadiene
Authors: Gao Peiyuan , Guo Hongxia
Published: November 2015

The CG torsion potential has a dual effect on the reproduction of crystallization of trans-1,4-polybutadiene in CG simulation.
Enhancement of Tc in the atomic phase of iodine-doped hydrogen at high pressures
Authors: Duan Defang , Tian Fubo , Liu Yunxian , Huang Xiaoli , Li Da , Yu Hongyu , Ma Yanbin , Liu Bingbing , Cui Tian
Published: November 2015

H2 molecular units dissociate and form a novel atomic phase with R3̄m.
Morphology-controlled synthesis of monodispersed graphitic carbon coated core/shell structured Ni/NiO nanoparticles with enhanced magnetoresistance
Authors: Patange M. , Biswas S. , Yadav A. K. , Jha S. N. , Bhattacharyya D.
Published: November 2015

Graphitic carbon coated core/shell structured Ni/NiO nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol–gel type chemical precursor method and their structural, morphological and magnetic properties were evaluated.
X-ray diffraction and high-resolution TEM observations of biopolymer nanoskin-covered metallic copper fine particles: preparative conditions and surface oxidation states
Authors: Yonezawa Tetsu , Uchida Yoshiki , Tsukamoto Hiroki
Published: November 2015

Metallic copper fine particles used for electro conductive pastes were prepared by the chemical reduction of cupric oxide microparticles in the presence of gelatin.
CO2 adsorption of three isostructural metal–organic frameworks depending on the incorporated highly polarized heterocyclic moieties
Authors: Song Chengling , Ling Yajing , Jin Liting , Zhang Mingxing , Chen De-Li , He Yabing
Published: November 2015

By introduction of different heterocyclic moieties with varied polarizability into isostructural metal–organic frameworks, the CO2 uptake can be systematically tailored.
The formation mechanism of iron oxide nanoparticles within the microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis and its correlation with the structural and magnetic properties
Authors: Kozakova Z. , Kuritka I. , Kazantseva N. E. , Babayan V. , Pastorek M. , Machovsky M. , Bazant P. , Saha P.
Published: November 2015

Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by MW assisted solvothermal synthesis. A reaction mechanism was elucidated that allowed us to tailor the properties of particles.
In situ photo-assisted deposition and photocatalysis of ZnIn2S4/transition metal chalcogenides for enhanced degradation and hydrogen evolution under visible light
Authors: Lim Wei Yang , Hong Minghui , Ho Ghim Wei
Published: November 2015

In-situ aqueous photo-assisted deposition of transition metal chalcogenides co-catalyst has shown to infiltrate hierarchical host ZnIn2S4 photocatalyst for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production and degradation under visible light.
Multiple magnetic relaxation processes, magnetocaloric effect and fluorescence properties of rhombus-shaped tetranuclear rare earth complexes
Authors: Gao Hong-Ling , Jiang Li , Liu Shuang , Shen Hai-Yun , Wang Wen-Min , Cui Jian-Zhong
Published: November 2015

A multi-relaxation single-molecule magnet (SMM) of a {Dy4} complex exhibits two distinct relaxation processes, with a high energy barrier of 121 K.
Water based scale-up of CPO-27 synthesis for nitric oxide delivery
Authors: Cattaneo Damiano , Warrender Stewart J. , Duncan Morven J. , Castledine Richard , Parkinson Nigel , Haley Ian , Morris Russell E.
Published: November 2015

CPO-27 MOFs suitable for nitric oxide delivery applications are synthesised at 20 L and 100 L scale under environmentally benign conditions.
Efficient synthetic methods for the installation of boron–nitrogen bonds in conjugated organic molecules
Authors: Morgan Matthew M. , Piers Warren E.
Published: November 2015

New synthetic methods for preparing gram quantities BN analogs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are highlighted. Such methods are key to proper evaluation of these materials in device applications.
Microwave assisted synthesis of a mono organoimido functionalized Anderson polyoxometalate
Authors: Ritchie C. , Bryant G.
Published: November 2015

The synthesis of an aliphatic organoimido functionalized polyoxometalate has been achieved through a microwave assisted reaction protocol in the absence of any activating reagents.
Mixed-valence copper(i,ii) complexes with 4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-R-pyrimidines: from ionic structures to coordination polymers
Authors: Vinogradova Katerina A. , Krivopalov Viktor P. , Nikolaenkova Elena B. , Pervukhina Natalia V. , Naumov Dmitrii Yu. , Boguslavsky Evgenii G. , Bushuev Mark B.
Published: November 2015

All copper ions in a copper(i,ii) mixed-valence 1D-polymer show tetrahedral coordination cores, CuNBr3 and CuN2Br2, which is extremely rare for mixed-valence copper(i,ii) compounds.
Selective colorimetric detection of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) using gallic acid capped gold nanoparticles
Authors: Dong Chen , Wu Genhua , Wang Zhuqing , Ren Wenzhi , Zhang Yujie , Shen Zheyu , Li Tianhua , Wu Aiguo
Published: November 2015

A colorimetric assay is proposed for the selective detection of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) via the aggregation-induced color change of gallic acid capped gold nanoparticles (GA-AuNPs).
Single molecule magnet behavior observed in a 1-D dysprosium chain with quasi-D5h symmetry
Authors: Huang Xing-Cai , Zhang Ming , Wu Dayu , Shao Dong , Zhao Xin-Hua , Huang Wei , Wang Xin-Yi
Published: November 2015

Two one-dimensional coordination polymers with pentagonal bipyramidal DyIII centres show slow magnetic relaxation featuring single molecule magnet behavior.
Highly efficient, large area, roll coated flexible and rigid OPV modules with geometric fill factors up to 98.5% processed with commercially available materials
Authors: Lucera L. , Machui F. , Kubis P. , Schmidt H. D. , Adams J. , Strohm S. , Ahmad T. , Forberich K. , Egelhaaf H.-J. , Brabec C. J.
Published: November 2015

Flexible roll-coated and rigid organic PV modules, solution processed on a large area, are reported with efficiencies of 4.2% and 5.3%, respectively.
Single-molecule spectroscopy and imaging over the decades
Authors: Moerner W. E. , Shechtman Yoav , Wang Quan
Published: November 2015

As of 2015, it has been 26 years since the first optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules in condensed matter. This area of science has expanded far beyond the early low temperature studies in crystals to include single molecules in cells, polymers, and in solution. The early steps relied upon high-resolution spectroscopy of inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption profiles of molecular impurities in solids at low temperatures. Spectral fine structure arising directly from the position-dependent fluctuations of the number of molecules in resonance led to the attainment of the single-molecule limit in 1989 using frequency-modulation laser spectroscopy. In the early 1990s, a variety of fascinating physical effects were observed for individual molecules, including imaging of the light from single molecules as well as observations of spectral diffusion, optical switching and the ability to select different single molecules in the same focal volume simply by tuning the pumping laser frequency. In the room temperature regime, researchers showed that bursts of light from single molecules could be detected in solution, leading to imaging and microscopy by a variety of methods. Studies of single copies of the green fluorescent protein also uncovered surprises, especially the blinking and photoinduced recovery of emitters, which stimulated further development of photoswitchable fluorescent protein labels. All of these early steps provided important fundamentals underpinning the development of super-resolution microscopy based on single-molecule localization and active control of emitting concentration. Current thrust areas include extensions to three-dimensional imaging with high precision, orientational analysis of single molecules, and direct measurements of photodynamics and transport properties for single molecules trapped in solution by suppression of Brownian motion. Without question, a huge variety of studies of single molecules performed by many talented scientists all over the world have extended our knowledge of the nanoscale and many microscopic mechanisms previously hidden by ensemble averaging.
Mercury-mediated cross-resistance to tellurite in Pseudomonas spp. isolated from the Chilean Antarctic territory
Authors: Rodríguez-Rojas F. , Díaz-Vásquez W. , Undabarrena A. , Muñoz-Díaz P. , Arenas F. , Vásquez C.
Published: November 2015

Mercury salts and tellurite are among the most toxic compounds for microorganisms on Earth.
Engineering microencapsulation of highly catalytic gold nanoclusters for an extreme thermal stability
Authors: Sousa-Castillo Ana , Gauthier Mathilde , Arenal Raul , Pérez-Lorenzo Moisés , Correa-Duarte Miguel A.
Published: November 2015

A synthetic strategy based on microencapsulation endows ultra-small gold nanoparticles with an outstanding thermal stability.
Synthesis of catechol and zwitterion-bifunctionalized poly(ethylene glycol) for the construction of antifouling surfaces
Authors: Xu Li Qun , Pranantyo Dicky , Neoh Koon-Gee , Kang En-Tang , Teo Serena Lay-Ming , Fu Guo Dong
Published: November 2015

Versatile antifouling coatings from catechol and zwitterion-bifunctionalized poly(ethylene glycol).
Phase and morphology evolution during the solvothermal synthesis of VO2 polymorphs
Authors: Zhang Liangmiao , Xia Fang , Song Zhengdong , Webster Nathan A. S. , Song Jingchao , Luo Hongjie , Gao Yanfeng
Published: November 2015

In situ PXRD was employed to study the phase evolution during solvothermal reduction of V2O5 by EG. The obtained mechanism was used for the design syntheses of desired products.
Closoborate-transition metal complexes for hydrogen storage
Authors: Konda Ravinder , Kalamse Vijayanand , Deshmukh Amol , Chaudhari Ajay
Published: November 2015

We report hydrogen uptake capacity of early transition metal (TM) atom (Sc, Ti and V) decorated closoborate (B6H6) using density functional theory and second order Møller–Plesset method.
The rare earth ruthenium pyrochlore Ho2Ru2O7(s): thermodynamic properties by electrochemical cell and differential scanning calorimetric measurements
Authors: Banerjee Aparna , Joshi A. R.
Published: November 2015

The Gibbs energy of formation of Ho2Ru2O7(s) has been determined using a galvanic cell and by employing an oxide ion conducting electrolyte.
A novel yet simple strategy to fabricate visible light responsive C,N-TiO2/g-C3N4 heterostructures with significantly enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen generation
Authors: Chen Wei , Liu Tian-Yu , Huang Ting , Liu Xiao-Heng , Duan Guo-Rong , Yang Xu-Jie , Chen Shen-Ming
Published: November 2015

Improved visible photocatalytic H2 evolution can be attributed to improved optical absorption and the lengthening lifetime of charge carrier pairs as a result of the C,N elemental codoping and the construction of intimate heterogeneous interfaces.
Cellulose-immobilized NHC–Cu(i) complex: an efficient and reusable catalyst for multicomponent synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles
Authors: Pourjavadi Ali , Habibi Zahra
Published: November 2015

A novel cellulose supported copper NHC complex has been prepared by the reaction of cellulose supported imidazolium salt with copper(i) iodide.
A selective and sensitive phthalimide-based fluorescent probe for hydrogen sulfide with a large Stokes shift
Authors: Yang Liu , Liu Xingjiang , Gao Li , Qi Fengpei , Tian Huihui , Song Xiangzhi
Published: November 2015

A phthalimide-based fluorescent probe for H2S with a large Stokes shift has been developed. This probe displayed good selectivity and high sensitivity. Imaging intracellular H2S by using this probe was successfully achieved in living cells.
Partial intercalative binding of the food colorant erythrosine to herring sperm DNA
Authors: Wang Langhong , Tao Mo , Zhang Guowen , Li Song , Gong Deming
Published: November 2015

Erythrosine partially inserts into the G–C rich region of hsDNA and induces moderate conformational perturbation of the DNA.
pH responsive translocation of an anticancer drug between cyclodextrin and DNA
Authors: Gavvala Krishna , Satpathi Sagar , Hazra Partha
Published: November 2015

Herein, the pH triggered translocation of EPT in between γ-cyclodextrin and DNA is monitored using fluorescence switch of the drug.