bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recyclable polybutadiene elastomer based on dynamic imine bond
Authors: Zhang Huan , Wang Dong , Liu Wenxing , Li Pengchong , Liu Jiajian , Liu Chenyang , Zhang Jiawei , Zhao Ning , Xu Jian
Published: March 2017

Catalyst‐free recyclable polybutadiene (PB) elastomer cross‐linked by dynamic imine bonds is prepared by the reaction between amine functionalized PB and aldehyde cross‐linkers. The dynamic nature of imine bond is investigated by rheometry and creep‐recovery experiments. The cross‐linking degrees are regulated by incorporating different amount of aldehyde, and their influence on the cross‐linked elastomers is investigated in detail. The temperature‐induced imine exchange reactions enable recycling of the cross‐linked PB elastomers and their mechanical properties are almost unchanged after several cycles. It is important to note that the elastomers also show excellent solvent resistance even at high temperature. The good mechanical properties, solvent resistance and recycling ability of the resultant PB elastomer demonstrate the superiority of the imine bonds in the design of recyclable polymers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2011–2018
Preparation of Superhydrophilic and Underwater Superoleophobic Nanofiber‐Based Meshes from Waste Glass for Multifunctional Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Ma Qinglang , Cheng Hongfei , Yu Yifu , Huang Ying , Lu Qipeng , Han Shikui , Chen Junze , Wang Rong , Fane Anthony G. , Zhang Hua
Published: March 2017

The deterioration of water resources due to oil pollution, arising from oil spills, industrial oily wastewater discharge, etc., urgently requires the development of novel functional materials for highly efficient water remediation. Recently, superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic materials have drawn significant attention due to their low oil adhesion and selective oil/water separation. However, it is still a challenge to prepare low‐cost, environmentally friendly, and multifunctional materials with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity, which can be stably used for oil/water separation under harsh working conditions. Here, the preparation of nanofiber‐based meshes derived from waste glass through a green and sustainable route is demonstrated. The resulting meshes exhibit excellent performance in the selective separation of a wide range of oil/water mixtures. Importantly, these meshes can also maintain the superwetting property and high oil/water separation efficiency under various harsh conditions. Furthermore, the as‐prepared mesh can remove water‐soluble contaminants simultaneously during the oil/water separation process, leading to multifunctional water purification. The low‐cost and environmentally friendly fabrication, harsh‐environment resistance, and multifunctional characteristics make these nanofiber‐based meshes promising toward oil/water separation under practical conditions.
Going Out by Going In: Business Model Innovation with Chinese Characteristics
Authors: Meyer Marshall W.
Published: March 2017

A radical model of “going out by going in” is proposed. Conventionally, firms enter overseas markets by selling and ultimately investing—this is “going out.” Here, I argue that firms in emerging markets can draw revenues from overseas by penetrating previously inaccessible domestic markets and then renting their distribution and service channels to foreign competitors—this is “going out by going in.” Further, firms in emerging markets can combine knowledge platforms with distribution and service platforms to create markets for innovative products and, again, rent these platforms to overseas competitors. Two cases, both from the Haier Group, are on point: Haier's Integrated Channel Services business targeting rural markets, and the Haier “water box” project aimed at supplying potable water to households throughout China. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzyme replacement therapy and beyond—in memoriam Roscoe O. Brady, M.D. (1923–2016)
Authors: Ries Markus
Published: March 2017

Lysosomal storage disorders are strong candidates for the development of specific innovative therapies. The discovery of enzyme deficiencies is an important milestone in understanding the underlying cause of disease. Being able to replace the first missing enzyme in a lysosomal storage required three decades of dedicated research. Successful drug development for lysosomal storage disorders was fostered by the U.S. Orphan Drug Act. Various optimization strategies have the potential to overcome the current limitations of enzyme replacement therapies. In addition, substrate reduction therapies are an alternative approach to treat lysosomal storage disorders, chemical chaperones enhance residual enzyme activity, and small molecules can facilitate substrate transport through subcellular compartments. Bone‐marrow derived multipotent stem cells and gene therapies have received FDA orphan drug designation status. The science of small clinical trials played an essential role: non‐neurological endpoints, biomarker, and regulatory alignment are key factors in successful drug development for lysosomal storage disorders. Being able to treat brain disease is the next frontier. This review is dedicated to the memory of Roscoe O. Brady, an early pioneer in the research of lysosomal storage diseases.
Reasons for Declining Preconception Expanded Carrier Screening Using Genome Sequencing
Authors: Gilmore Marian J. , Schneider Jennifer , Davis James V. , Kauffman Tia L. , Leo Michael C. , Bergen Kellene , Reiss Jacob A. , Himes Patricia , Morris Elissa , Young Carol , McMullen Carmit , Wilfond Benjamin S. , Goddard Katrina A.B.
Published: March 2017

Genomic carrier screening can identify more disease‐associated variants than existing carrier screening methodologies, but its utility from patients’ perspective is not yet established. A randomized controlled trial for preconception genomic carrier screening provided an opportunity to understand patients’ decisions about whether to accept or decline testing. We administered a survey to potential genomic carrier screening recipients who declined participation (N = 240) to evaluate their reasons for doing so. Two thirds of women declined participation. We identified major themes describing reasons these individuals declined to participate; the most common were time limitation, lack of interest, not wanting to know the information, and potential cause of worry or anxiety. Most women eligible for genomic carrier screening indicated that their reasons for opting out were due to logistical issues rather than opposing the rationale for testing. As expanded carrier screening and genomic sequencing become a more routine part of clinical care, it is anticipated there will be variable uptake from individuals for this testing. Thus, the advancement of clinical carrier screening from single genes, to expanded screening panels, to an exome‐ or genome‐wide platform, will require approaches that respect individual choice to receive genetic testing for reproductive risk assessment.
Individualized homeopathic treatment in addition to conventional treatment in type II diabetic patients in Hong Kong – a retrospective cohort study
Authors: To Ka Lun Aaron , Fok Yuen Ying Yvonne , Chong Ka Chun Marc , Lee Yuen Chi Joanne , Yiu Ling Shan Sandy
Published: March 2017

Objective:
Glycaemic goals are not achieved in most patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in those with long disease duration and taking multiple oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD). We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of individualized homeopathic treatment in glycaemic control.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
At least 6 months of individualized homeopathic treatment at a private homeopathic centre in Hong Kong.

Participants:
Twenty-seven adults aged 37–84 years were treated with individualized homeopathic remedies between 2012 and 2015. Published data on 40 T2DM patients under standard conventional treatment in Hong Kong were used as a control.

Main outcome measure:
Change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) at 12-month or the last follow-up, whichever is earlier.

Results:
Compared with the conventional treatment only group, the homeopathy group had higher baseline FPG (p = 0.044), and more patients had a long (>20 years) duration of diabetes (p = 0.006), and a history of cardiac events (p = 0.022). The mean difference in FPG in the homeopathy group was significantly greater than in the control after 12 months: −2.24 mmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI]: −3.47 to −1.01) vs 0.16 mmol/L (95% CI: −1.72 to 2.04), p = 0.001. The mean difference in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was also significantly greater, −1.11% (95% CI: −2.17 to −0.05) vs 0.08% (95% CI: −1.37 to 1.53), p = 0.046. Poorer baseline glycaemic control was associated with better outcome (r = −0.750, p < 0.001), but not the duration of diabetes (r = 0.058, p = 0.772). The improvement was robust to sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion:
Individualized homeopathic treatment was associated with better glycaemic control compared with standard conventional treatment alone.
Bleeding Control Using Hemostatic Dressings: Lessons Learned
Authors: Bennett Brad L.
Published: March 2017

Based on lessons learned, many military battlefield trauma advances ultimately transition to enhance civilian trauma care. However, even with major strides to enhance battlefield hemorrhage control, it is unclear how effectively these techniques and products are being translated to civilian trauma. The purpose of this brief review is to present the evidence of current hemostatic product effectiveness, determine the evidence for transitioning of this technology to prehospital civilian application, and provide recommendations about potential use in the wilderness/austere setting. It is concluded that there is adequate evidence of hemorrhage control effectiveness in both military and civilian preclinical studies and clinical case series. The Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care recommends implementing approved hemostatic dressings as one part of a comprehensive hemorrhage control training and clinical management program. These recommendations for hemostatic dressings use by public safety and laypersons should be applied in acute transport urban settings or during prolonged care in austere environments.
First Report of Using Portable Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Drones) for Search and Rescue
Authors: Van Tilburg Christopher
Published: March 2017

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), colloquially called drones, are used commonly for military, government, and civilian purposes, including both commercial and consumer applications. During a search and rescue mission in Oregon, a UAS was used to confirm a fatality in a slot canyon; this eliminated the need for a dangerous rappel at night by rescue personnel. A second search mission in Oregon used several UAS to clear terrain. This allowed search of areas that were not accessible or were difficult to clear by ground personnel. UAS with cameras may be useful for searching, observing, and documenting missions. It is possible that UAS might be useful for delivering equipment in difficult areas and in communication.
A PDE approach to some asymptotic problems concerning random differential equations with small noise intensities
Authors: Ishii H. , Evans L.C.
Published: March 2017

We illustrate the effectiveness of viscosity solution methods for Hamilton–Jacobi PDE by demonstrating a new approach to a method of W. Fleming ([10], [11]) for proving WKB-type representations. We present new proofs of three examples, due originally to Ventcel-Freidlin, Varadhan, and Fleming.

On étudie, par une méthode issue de la théorie des équations aux dérivées partielles, certains problèmes asymptotiques concernant les équations différentielles stochastiques, quand l’intensité du bruit tend vers zéro. La méthode employée est celle des solutions de viscosité pour les équations de Hamilton–Jacobi. Ceci permet une approche nouvelle de la méthode de Fleming ([10], [11]) pour établir des représentations du type WKB. On donne des démonstrations nouvelles de trois exemples, dus à Ventcel-Freidlin, Varadhan et Fleming.
Remarques sur des résultats d’existence pour les équations de Hamilton-Jacobi du premier ordre
Authors: Barles G.
Published: March 2017

We complement some existence results obtained previously by P. L. Lions for first-order Hamilton Jacobi Equations. These results rely on the notion of viscosity solution.

Nous complétons certains résultats d’existence obtenus antérieurement par P. L. Lions pour les équations de Hamilton Jacobi du premier ordre. Ces résultats sont basés sur la notion de solution de viscosité.
Problème de Cauchy pour des systèmes hyperboliques semi‐linéaires
Authors: Bachelot Alain
Published: March 2017

We resolve the global Cauchy problem for systems of Schroedinger and Klein–Gordon equations without conserved energy, and for not very regular data. We also obtain local solutions for coupled Dirac–Klein–Gordon equations having quadratic non linearities generalizing the Yukawa interaction.

On résout le problème de Cauchy global pour des systèmes d’équations de Schroedinger et de Klein–Gordon sans conservation d’énergie et avec des données initiales peu régulières. On obtient également des solutions locales pour des systèmes de Dirac–Klein–Gordon avec non linéarités quadratiques généralisant l’interaction de Yukawa.
Existence results for first order Hamilton Jacobi equations
Authors: Barles G.
Published: March 2017

We prove existence results for the classical first-order Hamilton Jacobi Equations. These results rely on the notion of viscosity solution and they are obtained under the same assumptions as the uniqueness optimal results for bounded, uniformly continuous solutions.

On démontre des résultats d’existence pour les équations classiques de Hamilton Jacobi du premier ordre. Ces résultats sont basés sur la notion de solution de viscosité et sont obtenus sous les mêmes hypothèses que les résultats optimaux d’unicité pour les solutions bornées uniformément continues.
Bifurcation and multiplicity results for nonlinear elliptic problems involving critical Sobolev exponents
Authors: Cerami Giovanna , Fortunato Donato , Struwe Michaël
Published: March 2017

In this paper we study the existence of nontrivial solutions for the boundary value problem

\left\{
\begin{align*}
−\:\Delta u\:−\:\lambda u\:−\:u\left|u\right|^{2^{⁎}\:−\:2}\: &= \:0\:\: && \mathrm{in}\:\:\Omega \\
u \: &= \: 0 && \mathrm{on}\:∂\Omega \\
\end{align*}
\right.

when

Ω⊂R^n

is a bounded domain,

n⩾ 3

,

2^{⁎}\: = \:\frac{2n}{n−2}

is the critical exponent for the Sobolev embedding

\mathrm{H}_{0}^{1}(\Omega ) \subset \mathrm{L}^{p}(\Omega )

,

λ

is a real parameter.

We prove that there is bifurcation from any eigenvalue

λ_j

of

− Δ

and we give an estimate of the left neighbourhoods

]\lambda _{j}^{⁎},\lambda _j]

of

λ_j

,

j\in N

, in which the bifurcation branch can be extended. Moreover we prove that, if

\lambda \in{]\lambda_j^{⁎},\lambda_j[}

, the number of nontrivial solutions is at least twice the multiplicity of

λ_j

.

The same kind of results holds also when

Ω

is a compact Riemannian manifold of dimension

n ⩾ 3

, without boundary and

Δ

is the relative Laplace–Beltrami operator.

Dans cet article, nous étudions l’existence de solutions non triviales pour le problème aux limites

\left\{
\begin{align*}
−\:\Delta u\:−\:\lambda u\:−\:u\left|u\right|^{2^{⁎}\:−\:2}\: &= \:0\:\: && \mathrm{in}\:\:\Omega \\
u \: &= \: 0 && \mathrm{on}\:∂\Omega \\
\end{align*}
\right.

où

Ω⊂R^n

est un domaine borné,

n⩾ 3

,

2^{⁎}\: = \:\frac{2n}{n−2}

est l’exposant critique pour le plongement de Sobolev

\mathrm{H}_{0}^{1}(\Omega ) \subset \mathrm{L}^{p}(\Omega )

,

λ

est un paramètre réel.

Nous démontrons que toute valeur propre

λ_j

de

− Δ

est une valeur de bifurcation, et nous donnons une estimation des voisinages

]\lambda _{j}^{⁎},\lambda _j]

de

λ_j

où existent des solutions non triviales. Nous montrons en outre que le nombre de celles-ci est au moins le double de la multiplicité de

λ_j

.

On ales mêmes résultats quand Ω est une variété riemannienne compacte de dimension

n ≧ 3

, et

Δ

l’opérateur de Laplace–Beltrami.
Uniqueness and non-existence of metrics with prescribed Ricci curvature
Authors: DeTurck Dennis M. , Koiso Norihito
Published: March 2017

We investigate whether the Ricci tensor uniquely determines the Riemannian structure, and we give conditions that a doubly covariant tensor has to satisfy in order to be the Ricci tensor for some Riemannian structure.

Nous cherchons si le tenseur de Ricci détermine la structure riemannienne, et nous donnons des conditions que doit satisfaire un tenseur deux fois covariant pour être le tenseur de Ricci d’une certaine structure riemannienne.
Closed geodesics for the Jacobi metric and periodic solutions of prescribed energy of natural Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Benci V.
Published: March 2017

We prove that the Hamiltonian system

\begin{cases}
\.{p}\: = \:−\frac{∂\mathrm{V}}{∂q} \\
\.{q}\: = \:p
\end{cases}
\qquad p,\:q \in \mathrm{R}^{n};\ \mathrm{V} \in \mathrm{C}^{2}\left(\mathrm{R}^{n}\right)

has at least one periodic solution of energy

h

, provided that the set

\{q \in \mathrm R^n | \mathrm V(q) ⩽ h\}

is compact.

Nous démontrons que le système hamiltonien

\begin{cases}
\.{p}\: = \:−\frac{∂\mathrm{V}}{∂q} \\
\.{q}\: = \:p
\end{cases}
\qquad p,\:q \in \mathrm{R}^{n};\ \mathrm{V} \in \mathrm{C}^{2}\left(\mathrm{R}^{n}\right)

a au moins une solution périodique d’énergie

h

, pourvu que l’ensemble

\{q \in \mathrm R^n | \mathrm V(q) ⩽ h\}

soit compact.
A homotopy method for solving an equation of the type $− Δu = F(u)$
Authors: Witomski P. , Devys Christophe , Morel Jean-Michel
Published: March 2017

We describe a homotopy algorithm for solving the equation

− Δu = F(u)

. To this end, we define a pseudo-inverse and a pseudo-determinant with sufficient regularity properties, for operators of Laplacian type.

On décrit une méthode d’homotopie pour résoudre l’équation

− Δu = F(u)

. Dans ce but, on définit pour les opérateurs du type Laplacien un pseudo-inverse et un pseudo-déterminant munis des propriétés de régularité nécessaires.
Multiple orbits for Hamiltonian systems on starshaped surfaces with symmetries
Authors: Girardi Mario
Published: March 2017

This paper deals with the existence of periodic solutions of Hamiltonian system with

N

degrees of freedom, on a given energy surface. The surface is supposed to be symmetric and starshaped with respect to the origin. We show that any such surface carries at least one symmetric periodic solution and we give a sufficient condition on the surface for the existence of

N

such solutions.

Dans ce travail nous considérons l’existence de solutions périodiques de systèmes hamiltoniens à

N

degrés de liberté sur une surface d’énergie donnée que nous supposons symétrique et étoilée par rapport à l’origine. Nous montrons que toute surface de ce type admet au moins une solution périodique et symétrique, et nous donnons une condition suffisante pour l’existence de

N

telles solutions.
The concentration-compactness principle in the Calculus of Variations. The locally compact case, part 1.
Authors: Lions P.L.
Published: March 2017

We present here a new method for solving minimization problems in unbounded domains. We first derive a general principle showing the equivalence between the compactness of all minimizing sequences and some strict sub-additivity conditions. The proof is based upon a compactness lemma obtained with the help of the notion of concentration function of a measure. We give various applications to problems arising in Mathematical Physics.

Nous présentons ici une méthode nouvelle de résolution des problèmes de minimisation dans des domaines non bornés. Nous commençons par établir un principe général montrant l’équivalence entre la compacité de toutes les suites minimisantes et certaines conditions de sous-additivité stricte. La démonstration s’appuie sur un lemme de compacité obtenu à l’aide de la notion de fonction de concentration d’une mesure. Nous donnons diverses applications à des problèmes de physique mathématique.
Large-scale heterogeneous service systems with general packing constraints
Authors: Stolyar A. L.
Published: March 2017

A service system with multiple types of customers, arriving according to Poisson processes, is considered. The system is heterogeneous in that the servers can also be of multiple types. Each customer has an independent, exponentially distributed service time, with the mean determined by its type. Multiple customers (possibly of different types) can be placed for service into one server, subject to `packing' constraints, which depend on the server type. Service times of different customers are independent, even if served simultaneously by the same server. The large-scale asymptotic regime is considered such that the customer arrival rates grow to ∞. We consider two variants of the model. For the infinite-server model, we prove asymptotic optimality of the greedy random (GRAND) algorithm in the sense of minimizing the weighted (by type) number of occupied servers in steady state. (This version of GRAND generalizes that introduced by Stolyar and Zhong (2015) for homogeneous systems, with all servers of the same type.) We then introduce a natural extension of the GRAND algorithm for finite-server systems with blocking. Assuming subcritical system load, we prove existence, uniqueness, and local stability of the large-scale system equilibrium point such that no blocking occurs. This result strongly suggests a conjecture that the steady-state blocking probability under the algorithm vanishes in the large-scale limit.
Generalized Markov branching trees
Authors: Crane Harry
Published: March 2017

Motivated by the gene tree/species tree problem from statistical phylogenetics, we extend the class of Markov branching trees to a parametric family of distributions on fragmentation trees that satisfies ageneralized Markov branching property. The main theorems establish important statistical properties of this model, specifically necessary and sufficient conditions under which a family of trees can be constructed consistently as sample size grows. We also consider the question of attaching random edge lengths to these trees.
Impulse control and expected suprema
Authors: Christensen Sören , Salminen Paavo
Published: March 2017

We consider a class of impulse control problems for general underlying strong Markov processes on the real line, which allows for an explicit solution. The optimal impulse times are shown to be of a threshold type and the optimal threshold is characterised as a solution of a (typically nonlinear) equation. The main ingredient we use is a representation result for excessive functions in terms of expected suprema.
Epenthesis in Old French
Authors: Walker Douglas C.
Published: March 2017

This paper is structured in the following way: first, certain alternations involving consonantal insertion will be examined in order to motivate a synchronic epenthesis rule for Old French (OF) phonology. After details of this rule and some of its relationships with other rules are fixed, an interesting set of historical changes involving restructuring, analogy, and rule ordering will be investigated in an effort to clarify several complicated interactions between phonological and morphological factors in the evolution of the OF verb system.
Towards a Canadian Eskimo orthography and literature (I)
Authors: Gagné Raymond C.
Published: March 2017

Many different systems of writing the Eskimo language are in use in Canada today. Several alphabetic systems based roman letters affect only a minority of Eskimos. The syllabic system consisting of such symbols as small triangles, right and acute angles, and semicircles is written by the great majority. Those who know a given alphabetic system usually know the syllabary as well, except those who were born and brought up in the Mackenzie River area and Labrador. In Canada, at present, there is no standard orthography for the Eskimo language as there is in Greenland, for example. The syllabary which serves some 75 per cent of the Canadian Eskimo population, by virtue of this fact, comes closest to being a standard system of writing. It should be noted that the syllabary is not known in Greenland.
Shear-induced lateral migration of Brownian rigid rods in parabolic channel flow
Authors: Nitsche Ludwig C. , Hinch E. J.
Published: March 2017

This paper addresses the cross-stream migration of rigid rods undergoing diffusion and advection in parabolic flow between flat plates – a simple model of a polymer that possesses internal (rotational) degrees of freedom for which the probability distribution depends upon the local shear rate. Unequivocal results on the observable concentration profiles across the channel are obtained from a finite–difference solution of the full Fokker–Planck equation in the space of lateral position y and azimuthal angle φ, the polar angle θ being constrained toπ/2for simplicity. Steric confinement and hydrodynamic wall effects, operative within thin boundary layers, are neglected. These calculations indicate that rods shouldmigrate toward the walls.For widely separated rotational and translational timescales asymptotic analysis gives effective transport coefficients for this migration. Based upon angular distributions at arbitrary rotational Péclet number – obtained here by a least–squares collocation method using trigonometric basis functions – accumulation at the walls is confirmed quantitatively by the effective transport coefficients. The results are extended to free rotation using spherical harmonics as the basis functions in the (φ, θ) orientation space. Finally, a critique is given of the traditional thermodynamic arguments for polymer migration as they would apply to purely rotational internal degrees of freedom.
A systems theory approach to the feedback stabilization of infinitesimal and finite-amplitude disturbances in plane Poiseuille flow
Authors: Joshi Sanjay S. , Speyer Jason L. , Kim John
Published: March 2017

A systems theory framework is presented for the linear stabilization of two-dimensional laminar plane Poiseuille flow. The governing linearized Navier-Stokes equations are converted to control-theoretic models using a numerical discretization scheme. Fluid system poles, which are closely related to Orr-Sommerfeld eigenvalues, and fluid system zeros are computed using the control-theoretic models. It is shown that the location of system zeros, in addition to the well-studied system eigenvalues, are important in linear stability control. The location of system zeros determines the effect of feedback control on both stable and unstable eigenvalues. In addition, system zeros can be used to determine sensor locations that lead to simple feedback control schemes. Feedback controllers are designed that make a new fluid-actuator-sensorcontroller system linearly stable. Feedback control is shown to be robust to a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The systems theory concepts of modal controllability and observability are used to show that feedback control can lead to short periods of highamplitude transients that are unseen at the output. These transients may invalidate the linear model, stimulate nonlinear effects, and/or form a path of ‘bypass’ transition in a controlled system. Numerical simulations are presented to validate the stabilization of both single-wavenumber and multiple-wavenumber instabilities. Finally, it is shown that a controller designed upon linear theory also has a strong stabilizing effect on two-dimensional finite-amplitude disturbances. As a result, secondary instabilities due to infinitesimal three-dimensional disturbances in the presence of a finite-amplitude two-dimensional disturbance cease to exist.
Absolute and convective instability of a viscous liquid curtain in a viscous gas
Authors: Teng C. H. , Lin S. P. , Chen J. N.
Published: March 2017

The linear instability of a viscous liquid flowing in a vertical sheet sandwiched between two viscous gases bounded externally by two vertical walls is investigated. The critical Weber number below which the flow is absolutely unstable and above which the flow is convectively unstable is found to be approximately equal to one and is weakly dependent on the rest of the parameters. The Weber number is defined asWe≡ρ1U20d/SwhereSis the surface tension,ρ1is the liquid density,U0is the centreline velocity of the liquid sheet, anddis the half-thickness of the uniform liquid sheet. The sinuous mode is found to have a greater amplification rate than the varicose mode in the convective instability regime. While absolute instability is caused by the surface tension, convective instability is caused by the amplification of disturbances near the liquid-gas interface. The surface tension, and viscosities of liquids and gases all suppress the amplification of the convectively unstable disturbances. An increase in the gravitational force or the gas density results in an enhancement of the amplification rate.
Convection and flow in porous media. Part 2. Visualization by shadowgraph
Authors: Howle L. E. , Behringer R. P. , Georgiadis J. G.
Published: March 2017

We present results for pattern formation at the onset of convection in fluid-saturated porous media obtained by a novel variation on the shadowgraphic technique (modified shadowgraphic technique). Both ordered and disordered media are used, each exhibiting distinct behaviour. Ordered porous media are constructed from grids of overlapping bars. Convective onset in this type of medium is characterized by a sharp, well-defined bifurcation to straight parallel rolls. The orientation of the convection rolls is determined by the number of bar layers, Nb; odd Nb leads to rolls with axes perpendicular to the direction of the top and bottom bars, and even Nb to rolls at 45° to the bars. Disordered porous layers are produced by stacking randomly drilled disks separated by spacers. In this system, we observe a rounded bifurcation to convection with localized convection near convective onset. More specifically, the flow patterns take on one of several different three-dimensional cellular structures after each cycling through convective onset. These observations may be described by two different mechanisms: random spatial fluctuations in the Rayleigh number (Zimmermann et al. 1993), and/or spatial variation in the thermal conductivity on the length scale of the convection wavelength (Braester & Vadasz 1993).
Primary and secondary instabilities in the wake of a cylinder with free ends
Authors: Dauchy Christophe , Dušek Jan , Fraunié Philippe
Published: March 2017

The wake of a finite cylinder with free ends and an aspect ratio of 21.4 is simulated in three-dimensions and analysed theoretically. Close to the primary-instability threshold, the flow is shown to settle on a limit cycle with a uniform frequency throughout the flow-field. About 20% above the primary-instability threshold, a secondary instability sets in and the limit cycle becomes unstable. The new attractor of the flow can be identified as a limit T2-torus characterized by two incommensurate frequencies. One of them is shown to evolve continuously from the primary-instability frequency, the other one, about 17 times smaller near the secondary-instability threshold, generates a slow modulation of the oscillations in the wake. The limit cycle and the limit torus are described in terms of their Fourier expansion and the spatial distribution of the most relevant Fourier components is investigated. The theoretical analysis and numerical results given shed some light on the mechanisms underlying a number of known but not satisfactorily explained three-dimensional effects in wakes of finite cylinders such as the ambiguity in the dominant Strouhal frequency, the existence of zones with different frequencies spanwise in the wake, the discreteness of coexisting frequencies observed in the wake as well as the spatial uniformity of the beating period. They moreover explain the Reynolds number variation of these effects and identify the recirculation around the cylinder ends as basically responsible for the onset of the secondary instability. The results are compared to the case of a cylinder with aspect ratio of 10.7 to determine the basic trends in aspect ratio dependence. It is shown that qualitatively the same behaviour is obtained, but that the secondary-instability threshold is shifted significantly upward to about twice the primary-instability threshold. Simulations of the wake of a finite NACA wing with incidence show that the form of the cross-section plays a minor role.
Capillary waves and air-sea gas transfer
Authors: Szeri Andrew J.
Published: March 2017

The effects of capillary waves are considered on the transfer of gas into (or out of) solution through a gas-liquid interface. The bulk liquid is assumed to be otherwise motionless in the analysis of a preliminary problem; in this problem, a concentration boundary layer is developed as a consequence of a first-order chemical reaction that is assumed to deplete the dissolved gas in the liquid. The reaction rate determines the asymptotic thickness of the concentration boundary layer. It is shown that gas transfer through the concentration boundary layer is most enhanced by the presence of capillary waves when there is vigorous removal of dissolved gases by chemical reaction - i.e. when the reaction is fast and the boundary layer is thin. The results of this theory are then measured against gas transfer through a turbulent, sheared interface in the context of a surface renewal model. Here it is the exchange, from time to time, of fluid between the interface and the bulk that leads to the development of a thin concentration boundary layer when the bulk fluid is not saturated with dissolved gas. Capillary waves are shown to thicken the concentration boundary layer at the interface and to increase the rate of gas transfer.
Spatial patterns of diverse macrofaunal assemblages in coralline turf and their associations with environmental variables
Authors: Kelaher B.P. , Chapman M.G. , Underwood A.J.
Published: March 2017

Mats of articulated coralline algal turf are common on many rocky intertidal shores. The dense fronds provide a habitat for extremely diverse and abundant macrofaunal assemblages. Despite a large contribution to faunal biodiversity of rocky shores, little has been published about these assemblages. This study describes patterns of distribution and abundance of macrofauna in coralline turf on rocky shores around Sydney. In addition, the potential of environmental variables (sediment, epiphytes, length and density of coralline fronds) for determining these patterns was also investigated. Relatively consistent differences were found between macrofauna in low- and mid-shore areas at all times of sampling and on all shores. Although there was some variation among shores, there was generally significant variation in macrofauna between sites separated by tens of metres. Generally, a relatively small number of taxa were responsible for the great majority of dissimilarity between assemblages. Apart for the small bivalve Lasaea australis, however, these taxa varied between heights on the shore, among times of sampling and among shores. These data illustrate the important contribution that coralline turf has for biodiversity of faunal assemblages on rocky shores around Sydney. They also provide a basis for investigating biological processes and physical factors responsible for structuring patterns of biodiversity of macrofaunal assemblage in coralline turf.
A new haplosclerid sponge species from the Red Sea
Authors: Vacelet Jean , Sofyani Abdulmohsin Al , Lihaibi Sultan Al , Kornprobst Jean-Michel
Published: March 2017

A new species of Chalinula (Haplosclerida: Chalinidae), C. saudiensis, is described from the coral reefs of the Red Sea off Jeddah. The new species is remarkable in its vivid blue colour and its bioactivity. Its description includes cytological features in transmission electron microscopy.
An assessment of some methods for tagging the great scallop, Pecten maximus
Authors: Ross Katherine A. , Thorpe John P. , Norton Trevor A. , Brand Andrew R.
Published: March 2017

A comparative study of some tagging methods for the great scallop (Pecten maximus) is reported and intended to increase reliability and reduce costs associated with tagging. Tags were tested for ease of application, legibility, visibility and retention prior to a 17-month study of Pecten maximus in suspended (pearl net) culture. Of the six adhesives tested (standard epoxy resin, rapid epoxy resin, underwater epoxy resin, dental cement, cyanoacrylate fluid and cyanoacrylate gel), rapid epoxy resin and both cyanoacrylates were successful, bonding strongly and quickly to scallop shells. Of the three tag types used, Shellfish Tags (Hallprint) were favoured because they were simpler to apply, more visible, easier to read, and held more data than both Micromarkers (Brady) and engraved codes. In long-term trials 550 scallops were double tagged with Shellfish Tags using cyanoacrylate gel. Loss rates were 16% for tags on the umbo and 0·4% for tags positioned in grooves near to the shell margin. Loss rates did not increase over the 17-month period.
Feeding behaviour of the Japanese pygmy cuttlefish Idiosepius paradoxus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) in captivity: evidence for external digestion?
Authors: Kasugai Takashi
Published: March 2017

Feeding behaviour of the Japanese pygmy cuttlefish Idiosepius paradoxus, inhabiting sea grass beds, was observed in captivity. Pygmy cuttlefish preferred to feed on crustaceans and the feeding behaviour consisted of two phases, namely, attacking and eating. The sequence of attacking behaviour is divisible into three stages, namely attention, positioning and seizure. In the eating process, pygmy cuttlefish insert buccal mass into the exoskeleton of the captured crustacean. In this action the buccal mass elongates to a similar length to the first arm, and moves in various directions inside the exoskeleton and flesh is ingested as this behaviour proceeds. As a result, the empty exoskeleton remained intact when the pygmy cuttlefish finished feeding.
Feeding habits and dietary overlap in spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias (Squalidae) and narrowmouth catshark Schroederichthys bivius (Scyliorhinidae)
Authors: Laptikhovsky V.V. , Arkhipkin A.I. , Henderson A.C.
Published: March 2017

Spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias and narrowmouth catshark Schroederichthys bivius are the only two shark species commonly inhabiting the Falkland Islands shelf. The present study was undertaken to investigate their feeding habits and possible dietary overlap between the species. The diet of the spiny dogfish was dominated by Falkland herring Sprattus fuegensis and squid Loligo gahi, though it also preyed on a wide range of other fish and invertebrates. Catsharks showed a preference for invertebrates. The diet of both species showed marked variations with season, and ontogenic shifts were also evident. Dietary overlap was minimal in winter (15·4%) and maximal in spring (61·1%), the latter being due to both species preying upon spawning aggregations of S. fuegensis.
Sexual dimorphism and intersexuality in Upogebia stellata (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea)
Authors: Pinn Eunice H. , Atkinson R. James A. , Rogerson Andrew
Published: March 2017

Evidence of sexual dimorphism in the mud-shrimp Upogebia stellata was observed in the abdomen length, total length, and also in the chelae. For the same carapace length, males had a shorter abdomen and, therefore, total length, whilst their chelae were larger and more robust than the females. Of the 91 U. stellata individuals examined, a single specimen was found to be of an intersex type, i.e. it exhibited both male and female external characteristics. Sexual dimorphism and intersexuality are discussed.
The influence of föhn winds on Glacial Lake Washburn and palaeotemperatures in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Obryk M.K. , Doran P.T. , Waddington E.D. , Mckay C.P.
Published: March 2017

Large glacial lakes, including Glacial Lake Washburn, were present in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) despite a colder and drier climate. To address the mechanism capable of generating enough meltwater to sustain these large lakes, a conceptual model was developed based on the warming potential of infrequent contemporary föhn winds. The model suggests that föhn winds were capable of generating enough meltwater to sustain large glacial lakes during the LGM by increasing degree days above freezing (DDAF) and prolonging the melt season. A present-day relationship between infrequent summer föhn winds and DDAF was established. It is assumed that the Taylor Dome ice core record represents large-scale palaeoclimatic variations for the McMurdo Dry Valleys region. This analysis suggests that because of the warming influence of the more frequent föhn winds, summer DDAF in the McMurdo Dry Valleys during the LGM were equivalent to present-day values, but this enhanced summer signal is not preserved in the annually averaged ice core temperature record.
The ‘quiet revolution’ amongst men: Developing the practice of working with men in family relationships
Authors: King Andrew
Published: March 2017

This article reviews the development of men and family relationship services in Australia from a practice perspective. Significant milestones in increasing the range and diversity of services for men have been achieved since 1998, when the first National Men and Family Relationships Conference was held in Canberra. Eight principles for successful practice in working with men are identified, along with the challenges faced by the sector.
Placental Up-Regulation of Leptin and ARMS2 is Associated with Growth Discordance in Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Sun Luming , Zhou Jia , Wang Kai , Wang Jian , Shang Ling , Zhang Jianguang , Wu Junqing , Cram David S.
Published: March 2017

Fetal growth discordance is a relatively common complication of monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies and is caused by a combination of maternal and placental factors. The aim of the study was to survey placental gene expression patterns and identify genes associated with growth discordance. Clinical samples comprised eight growth-discordant MCDA twin placentas (31+3–34+4 weeks gestational age) and six growth-concordant twin placentas (31+2–37 weeks gestational age). Gene expression libraries were constructed from placental biopsy samples and analyzed by RNA-sequencing. The distribution and relative abundance of mRNA transcripts expressed in the smaller and larger placentas from growth-discordant and concordant MCDA twins was remarkably similar. However, leptin (LEP) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) mRNA levels were exclusively up-regulated in all of the eight smaller growth-discordant twin placentas. Quantitative real-time PCR of independent biopsy samples confirmed the levels of differential mRNA expression for both genes. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections from matching twin placentas showed increased leptin expression in 5–10% of blood vessel cells of the smaller placenta and marginally higher levels of ARMS2 expression in the microvillous membrane of the smaller placenta. Based on these findings, we speculate that up-regulation of leptin and ARMS2 forms part of an important survival mechanism to compensate for placental growth discordance. Since, leptin and ARMS2 are both expressed as soluble proteins, they may have clinical potential as measurable biomarkers for predicting the onset of growth discordance in MCDA twin pregnancies.
Reared-Apart Chinese Twins: Chance Discovery/Twin-Based Research: Twin Study of Media Use; Twin Relations Over the Life Span; Breast-Feeding Opposite-Sex Twins/Print and Online Media: Twins in Fashion; Second Twin Pair Born to Tennis Star; Twin Primes; Twin Pandas
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: March 2017

A January 2017 reunion of 10-year-old reared-apart Chinese twin girls was captured live on ABC's morning talk show Good Morning America, and rebroadcast on their evening news program Nightline. The twins’ similarities and differences, and their participation in ongoing research will be described. This story is followed by reviews of twin research concerning genetic and environmental influences on media use, twin relations across the lifespan and the breast-feeding of opposite-sex twins. Popular interest items include twins in fashion, the second twin pair born to an internationally renowned tennis star, twin primes and twin pandas.
Control of immune cell entry through the tumour vasculature: a missing link in optimising melanoma immunotherapy?
Authors: Tan Lih Yin , Martini Carmela , Fridlender Zvi G , Bonder Claudine S , Brown Michael P , Ebert Lisa M
Published: March 2017

Metastatic melanoma remains a fatal disease to many worldwide, even after the breakthrough introduction of targeted therapies such as BRAF inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade therapies such as CTLA‐4 and PD‐1 inhibitors. With advances in our understanding of this disease, as well as the increasing data gathered from patient studies, the significance of the host immune response to cancer progression and response to treatment is becoming clear. More specifically, the presence of intratumoral CD8+ cytotoxic T‐cells correlates with better prognosis whereas the accumulation of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils in the tumour is often associated with worse prognosis. Access and infiltration of circulating leukocytes into the tumour is governed by adhesion molecules and chemokines expressed by the endothelial cells of the vasculature. This review focuses on the adhesion molecules and chemokines which control the homing of CD8+ cytotoxic T‐cells, monocytes and neutrophils to peripheral tissues, including tumours. We discuss the role of these leukocyte subsets in regulating melanoma growth, and detail the mechanisms used by tumours to selectively recruit or exclude these leukocytes for their own advantage. In doing so, we bring to light an underappreciated component of tumour biology which should be considered in combination with current treatments to selectively alter the leukocyte composition of tumours and ultimately enhance treatment outcome.
The role of adaptive immunity as an ecological filter on the gut microbiota in zebrafish
Authors: Stagaman Keaton , Burns Adam R , Guillemin Karen , Bohannan Brendan J M
Published: March 2017

All animals live in intimate association with communities of microbes, collectively referred to as their microbiota. Certain host traits can influence which microbial taxa comprise the microbiota. One potentially important trait in vertebrate animals is the adaptive immune system, which has been hypothesized to act as an ecological filter, promoting the presence of some microbial taxa over others. Here we surveyed the intestinal microbiota of 68 wild-type zebrafish, with functional adaptive immunity, and 61 rag1− zebrafish, lacking functional B- and T-cell receptors, to test the role of adaptive immunity as an ecological filter on the intestinal microbiota. In addition, we tested the robustness of adaptive immunity’s filtering effects to host–host interaction by comparing the microbiota of fish populations segregated by genotype to those containing both genotypes. The presence of adaptive immunity individualized the gut microbiota and decreased the contributions of neutral processes to gut microbiota assembly. Although mixing genotypes led to increased phylogenetic diversity in each, there was no significant effect of adaptive immunity on gut microbiota composition in either housing condition. Interestingly, the most robust effect on microbiota composition was co-housing within a tank. In all, these results suggest that adaptive immunity has a role as an ecological filter of the zebrafish gut microbiota, but it can be overwhelmed by other factors, including transmission of microbes among hosts.