bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contraception
Authors: van der Spuy Zephne M. , Steyn Petrus S.
Published: February 2020

Effective contraception is central to reproductive health and unintended pregnancies have a major negative impact on both maternal and child health. It is recognized that there is a global unmet need for effective contraception and often the unplanned pregnancy is terminated, sometimes by unsafe practices. There is recognition of the importance of accessible, effective fertility regulation both in the Millennium Development Goal 5b and now in Sustainable Development Goal 3. It is hoped that contraceptive provision will be expanded and made accessible to many women who previously were not able to address their fertility needs. The World Health Organization offers input and excellent clinical advice through the Medical Eligibility Criteria for contraceptive use which are regularly updated. It is recommended that these should be adapted for local use where appropriate. An understanding of the success of contraceptive methods with typical rather than perfect use is central to advising women and their partners on their contraceptive options. Attention to women with special needs such as those with medical disorders, young women, and women living with HIV must be central to any contraceptive service. Counselling should include discussing the risks and benefits of appropriate methods, the availability of emergency contraception, and the ongoing access to contraceptive counselling and reproductive health services. The aim of contraceptive service provision is to avoid unintended pregnancies and ensure that women feel empowered in the choices they make. Services providers are encouraged to provide a spectrum of contraceptive options which are accessible and acceptable to all clients.
Termination of pregnancy
Authors: Li Hang Wun Raymond , Ho Pak Chung
Published: February 2020

When an unintended pregnancy occurs secondary to contraceptive failure, the availability of safe means of pregnancy termination is important to minimize morbidities and mortalities associated with the abortion procedure. Where allowed within the legal constraints, access to safe abortion should be facilitated without prejudice and stigmatization. The healthcare providers should offer proper pre-abortion counselling and assessment, and choice of the abortion method should be made based on the gestational age and local expertise. Both medical and surgical methods are available for the effective termination of first- and second-trimester pregnancies. Most recommended regimens for medical abortion involve the use of misoprostol with or without mifepristone, whereas surgical abortions generally employ suction evacuation of the uterus. Providers of abortion service should be familiarized with the evidence-based guidelines and protocols published by various authorities on the abortion procedures and postabortion care, as well as means to prevent complications.
Female sexual dysfunction
Authors: Adaikan Ganesh
Published: February 2020

According to the World Health Organization, sexual health as a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in the context of sexuality, excludes the mere absence of disease, dysfunction, or infirmity. Thus a woman’s sexual function encompasses many areas; the construct of a normal function as a quality of life indicator often but not always conforms to the sexual response cycle, which is an endogenous process contributed by hormonal, vascular, neuronal, and psycho-emotional factors. Clinical and scientific evidence abounds about the physiological role of sex steroids viz. oestrogen, testosterone, and also progesterone in facilitating and maintaining the woman’s sexual parameters. The neurophysiology extends from the central and peripheral nervous systems to the targeted genital structures resulting in coordinated vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle relaxation, to be accompanied by pelvic vasocongestion, vaginal lubrication, and labial and clitoral engorgement. Any detrimental impact on this normal cycle of concerted responses can result in a functional impairment or ‘female sexual dysfunction’ (FSD). Sexual changes, psychogenic or organic, are common in women at any age; such complaints are frequently accompanied by quality-of-life concerns, varying levels of personal distress, anxiety, depression, and also fertility concerns in younger women. With FSD as a medically diagnosable entity, fewer drugs have met the safety and efficacy criteria for global approval and clinical utility. In order to appreciate the diverse range of FSD and the extent of its physical, physiological, and psychological implications, it is important to understand the fundamentals as well as the changing paradigms in a woman’s sexual functioning.
Premalignant and malignant disease of the cervix
Authors: Prendiville Walter
Published: February 2020

Cervical cancer is a disease of poor and unscreened populations. Globally, it is the fourth most common cancer in women with over half a million new cases and over a quarter of a million deaths per year. About 85% of cases occur in less developed regions. Systematic high coverage and quality-assured population screening for precursors to cervical cancer is highly effective. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing will probably replace or complement cytology as the primary screening tool in many developed countries for women over 30 years of age. Because of the absolute relationship between oncogenic HPV and cervical cancer, its negative predictive value is very high. Management of cervical cancer is to determine the stage of the disease and to treat both the primary lesion and other extracervical disease. Cervical cancers spread by direct spread into the cervical stroma, parametrium, and beyond, and by lymphatic metastasis into parametrial, pelvic sidewall, and para-aortic nodes. Women should be fully staged using the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics system and discussed in expert multidisciplinary forums with specialist surgeons, oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, and specialist nurses. Both surgery and radiotherapy are effective in early-stage disease, whereas locally advanced disease relies on treatment by radiation or chemoradiation. Surgery does provide the advantage of conservation of ovarian function. Women who have been treated for cervical precancer are much more likely to develop cervical cancer. Post-treatment HPV testing is the most sensitive test, has the best negative predictive values, and is the best test of cure.
Ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancer
Authors: Ledermann Jonathan A. , Fotopoulou Christina
Published: February 2020

Approximately 90% of malignant cancers of the ovary are epithelial tumours; the remainder are stromal or germ cell tumours. Epithelial ovarian cancer is the commonest cause of death from gynaecological cancer in the developed world. There are approximately 240,000 new cases each year. The approximate lifetime risk of developing the disease is 1.7%, but higher risks are seen in some regions, and in particular in women with a BRCA gene mutation who have about a 60% chance of developing ovarian cancer. The median age of onset is 60 years, but it is earlier in women with an inherited predisposition to the disease. The 5-year survival in many countries has improved over the last 30 years, probably due to a combination of better surgery and more effective systemic treatments. Nevertheless, the majority of women present with advanced disease and ultimately die of disease due to the development of resistance to systemic therapies. The majority of malignant tumours arising from the ovary, fallopian tube, or peritoneum are high-grade serous-type; other histotypes (endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous) are rarer and have a different biological behaviour. This chapter describes the epidemiology, histological classification, diagnosis and staging, treatment at primary presentation, follow-up, treatment at relapse, palliation and symptom control of ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers.
Premalignant and malignant disease of the vulva and vagina
Authors: Rogers Linda , Oonk Maaike , van der Zee Ate
Published: February 2020

Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia is a rare, premalignant condition of the vagina, which is caused by persistent infection with oncogenic strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). It occurs either concurrently with intraepithelial neoplasia of other parts of the anogenital tract, or can develop after treatment of cervical lesions or pelvic irradiation. It can be difficult to diagnose and treat, due to the proximity of surrounding structures such as the bladder and rectum, and the need to preserve sexual function. Squamous carcinoma of the vulva is the most common vulval malignancy. It may arise from two distinct types of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Vulval extramammary Paget’s disease is a rare intraepithelial adenocarcinoma which accounts for less than 2% of primary vulval tumours. VIN and Paget’s disease are treated in order to relieve symptoms, such as severe pruritus, to exclude invasive disease, and to decrease the risk of developing cancer. Specialist follow-up in multidisciplinary clinics, with access to conservative surgery and reconstruction, as well as psychosexual support, are important in the management of women with vulval premalignant disease. Vulvar and vaginal cancer are rare gynaecological malignancies that occur predominantly in elderly women. Where the cornerstone of vulvar cancer treatment is surgery, radiotherapy is the most common treatment given in vaginal cancer. Vulvar cancer treatment has undergone significant modifications during the last decades, all with the aim to reduce treatment-related morbidity without compromising survival rates. The introduction of the sentinel node procedure has been a major advantage in the treatment of this disease.
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Authors: Ngan Hextan Y.S. , Chan Karen K.L. , Ngu Siew-Fei
Published: February 2020

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) arises from an abnormal pregnancy which can subsequently develop into a neoplastic lesion and cancer. The most common abnormal pregnancy preceding GTD is usually benign. Molar pregnancy histologically is classified into partial and complete mole. The malignant histological types include choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumour, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumour. The presence of abnormal proliferating trophoblastic tissues can be detected by serum human chorionic gonadotropin assays. Hence, a disease entity without histology but characterized by a persistently elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentration after molar or normal pregnancy is named gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and forms part of the GTD spectrum where treatment is required. Treatment of the malignant form of GTD is mostly by chemotherapy with good prognosis.
Radiation therapy in the management of gynaecological cancer
Authors: Fyles Anthony , Jhingran Anuja , Gaffney David , Boothe Dustin , Carlone Marco , Craig Tim
Published: February 2020

Therapeutic applications for radiation therapy followed quickly from the discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895. The first radiation treatment is credited to Grubbe, who reported the external beam treatment of breast cancer in 1896. Application to gynaecological cancers was almost immediate. However, the limited penetrating ability of the low-energy radiation of early X-ray tubes and isotopes was a major limitation. Consequently, brachytherapy and near-contact external beam therapy were preferred for gynaecological cancer until the advent of cobalt-60—the first source of a penetrating beam of megavoltage photons with a high dose rate, long half-life, and reasonable cost. This led to cobalt-60 machines becoming the most widely utilized treatment machine from the 1950s to 1970s. Radar research during World War II dramatically improved microwave technology. Linear accelerator-based machines (linacs) applied these advances to use microwaves to accelerate electrons onto a tungsten target and emit a fraction of their kinetic energy as mega-electron volt energy X-rays. The emitted X-rays are collimated into a beam and directed towards the patient. Advantages of linacs over cobalt-60 include higher dose rates, sharper beam edges, higher energies, and simplified radiation protection. This chapter describes the basic principles of radiotherapy and the role of radiotherapy in the management of gynaecological cancers, including cervix cancer, uterine cancer, and rarer tumours such as those arising from vaginal, vulvar, and ovarian cancers.
Psychodynamic therapy
Authors: McCarthy Kevin S. , Summers Richard F.
Published: February 2020

From its early origins in the study of repressed memories and unconscious conflict to its more recent iterations as brief, relationship-focused treatments for increasingly diverse individuals, psychodynamic psychotherapy has adapted itself to the changing needs of its patients, practitioners, and the larger culture. At the same time, a clear tradition links the distinct phases of dynamic therapy. This chapter reviews seven articles that represent major themes and shifts in the work of dynamic therapy over the 125 years of its history. It presents the background for the genesis of each paper, the ways that the article responded to the context in which it arose, and the implications the article had for psychodynamic practice. Lastly, the chapter highlights how these landmark papers point to the continuing challenges and evolution of dynamic psychotherapy.
Child and adolescent psychiatry and psychology
Authors: Dadds Mark R. , Jiang Yixin , Eapen Valsamma , Scott Stephen
Published: February 2020

This chapter reviews landmark studies in the history of child psychotherapy. Studies were chosen based on innovation, impact, and methodological rigour. They include Mary Cover Jones’ first use of observational methods to overcome fear in young children; Ivan Lovaas’ work with autism in children; the Oregon Social Learning Center’s conceptualization of child behavioural problems as sequelae of family interactions and subsequent development of effective parenting interventions; the inclusion of the family system in the treatment of eating disorders; the application of attachment theory to psychotherapy; and finally, the work of David Olds et al. and the Family Nurse Partnership model as an influential attempt to get out of the clinic and into the natural environment of vulnerable children. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future themes and directions; hopefully, the chapter’s take on this rather diverse history helps keep such diversity and innovation alive.
Electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Rasmussen Keith G.
Published: February 2020

This chapter on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) surveys the history of this effective treatment modality in psychiatry. It reviews the first publication introducing ECT, which was followed by rapid expansion throughout the world. Next, the important topic of memory impairment is reviewed. Thereafter, it discusses the technical modifications that resulted in less memory impairment, most notably unilateral electrode placement and brief-pulse square-wave electrical stimulation. The publication of a placebo-controlled trial establishing efficacy using modern research methods is also discussed. Finally, a controlled trial of continuation ECT is presented, which touches on the need to prevent relapse. The chapter can be appreciated by readers of any background, whether medical or not.
Forensic psychiatry
Authors: Dinwiddie Stephen H.
Published: February 2020

Forensic psychiatry exists within the ever-changing social and conceptual space where issues of law and mental state meet. Though generally associated with issues such as the insanity defence, fitness to stand trial, and the like, forensic psychiatry includes within its ambit many aspects of everyday clinical practice—issues such as risk prediction, antisocial personality disorder, decisional capacity, and identifying and resolving ethical conflicts. Rather than focusing on topics of little practical interest to the general clinician, articles for this chapter were chosen to address these everyday issues.
Properties of simulated galaxies and supermassive black holes in cosmic voids
Authors: Habouzit Mélanie , Pisani Alice , Goulding Andy , Dubois Yohan , Somerville Rachel S , Greene Jenny E
Published: February 2020

Cosmic voids, the underdense regions of the cosmic web, are widely used to constrain cosmology. Voids contain few, isolated galaxies, presumably expected to be less evolved and preserving memory of the pristine Universe. We use the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation Horizon-AGN coupled to the void finder vide to investigate properties of galaxies in voids at z = 0. We find that, closer to void centres, low-mass galaxies are more common than their massive counterparts. At a fixed dark matter halo mass, they have smaller stellar masses than in denser regions. The star formation rate of void galaxies diminishes when approaching void centres, but their specific star formation rate slightly increases, suggesting that void galaxies form stars more efficiently with respect to their stellar mass. We find that this cannot only be attributed to the prevalence of low-mass galaxies. The inner region of voids also predominantly hosts low-mass black holes (BHs). However, the BH mass-to-galaxy mass ratios resemble those of the whole simulation at z = 0. Our results suggest that even if the growth channels in cosmic voids are different from those in denser environments, voids grow their galaxies and BHs in a similar way. While a large fraction of the BHs have low Eddington ratios, we find that $\text{$\sim$} 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ could be observed as active galactic nuclei with $\log _{10} L_{\rm 2\!-\!10 \, keV}=41.5\!-\!42.5 \, \rm erg\, s^{-1}$. These results pave the way to future work with larger next-generation hydro-simulations, aiming to confirm our findings and prepare the application on data from upcoming large surveys such as Prime Focus Spectrograph, Euclid, and Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope.
Site-specific proteolytic cleavage prevents ubiquitination and degradation of human REV3L, the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase ζ
Authors: Wang Fengting , Li Pan , Shao Yuan , Li Yanyan , Zhang Kai , Li Miaomiao , Wang Rong , Zheng Shuo , Wang Yingying , Song Sen , Feng Shiguo , Liu Fei , Xiao Wei , Li Xialu
Published: February 2020

REV3L, the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ), is indispensable for translesion DNA synthesis, which protects cells from deleterious DNA lesions resulting from various intrinsic and environmental sources. However, REV3L lacks a proofreading exonuclease activity and consequently bypasses DNA lesions at the expense of increased mutations, which poses a severe threat to genome stability. Here we report a site-specific proteolytic event of human REV3L. We show that REV3L is cleaved by a threonine aspartase, Taspase1 (TASP1), to generate an N-terminal 70-kDa fragment (N70) and a polypeptide carrying the C-terminal polymerase catalytic domain in human cells. Strikingly, such a post-translational cleavage event plays a vital role in controlling REV3L stability by preventing ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of REV3L. Indicative of the biological importance of the above REV3L post-translational processing, cellular responses to UV and cisplatin-induced DNA lesions are markedly impaired in human HCT116 cell derivatives bearing defined point mutations in the endogenous REV3L gene that compromise REV3L cleavage. These findings establish a new paradigm in modulating the abundance of REV3L through site-specific proteolysis in human cells.
Imaging growth as a predictor of grade of malignancy and aggressiveness of IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendrogliomas in adults
Authors: Roux Alexandre , Tauziede-Espariat Arnault , Zanello Marc , Peeters Sophie , Zah-Bi Gilles , Parraga Eduardo , Edjlali Myriam , Lechapt Emmanuèle , Shor Natalia , Bellu Luisa , Berzero Giulia , Dormont Didier , Dezamis Edouard , Chretien Fabrice , Oppenheim Catherine , Sanson Marc , Varlet Pascale , Capelle Laurent , Dhermain Frédéric , Pallud Johan
Published: February 2020

Background

We quantified the spontaneous imaging growth rate of oligodendrogliomas. We assessed whether (i) it discriminates between World Health Organization (WHO) grade II and grade III oligodendrogliomas, and (ii) grade III oligodendrogliomas with neo-angiogenesis are associated with more fast growth rates (≥8 mm/y).

Methods

This work employed a retrospective bicentric cohort study (2010–2016) of adult patients harboring a newly diagnosed supratentorial oligodendroglioma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant and 1p/19q codeleted (WHO 2016 classification), with a minimum of 2 available MRIs before any treatment (minimum 6-week interval) to measure the spontaneous tumor growth rate.

Results

We included 108 patients (age 44.7 ± 14.1 y, 60 males). The tumor growth rate was higher in grade III oligodendrogliomas with neo-angiogenesis (n = 37, median 10.4 mm/y, mean 10.0 ± 6.9) than in grade III oligodendrogliomas with increased mitosis count only (cutoff ≥6 mitoses, n = 18, median 3.9 mm/y, mean 4.5 ± 3.2; P = 0.004), and higher than in grade II oligodendrogliomas (n = 53, median 2.3 mm/y, mean 2.8 ± 2.2; P < 0.001). There was increased prevalence of fast tumor growth rates in grade III oligodendrogliomas with neo-angiogenesis (54.1%) compared with grade III oligodendrogliomas with increased mitosis count only (11.1%; P < 0.001), and in grade II oligodendrogliomas (0.0%; P < 0.001). The tumor growth rate trends did not differ between centers (P = 0.121). Neo-angiogenesis (P < 0.001) and mitosis count at ≥9 (P = 0.013) were independently associated with tumor growth rates ≥8 mm/year. A tumor growth rate ≥8 mm/year was the only predictor independently associated with shorter progression-free survival (P = 0.041).

Conclusions

The spontaneous tumor growth rate recapitulates oligodendroglioma aggressiveness, permits identification of grade III oligodendrogliomas preoperatively when ≥8 mm/year, and questions the grading by mitosis count.
Interhemispheric Transfalcine Approach for Resection of Contralateral Arteriovenous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Hendricks Benjamin K , Spetzler Robert F
Published: February 2020

The high versatility and efficacy of the contralateral interhemispheric approach is demonstrated in this resection of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). This patient had a large AVM along the medial frontal lobe amenable to approach via the contralateral interhemispheric approach. The head was rotated to permit gravity retraction of the ipsilateral hemisphere to the AVM, avoiding the use of rigid retractors. Under the guidance of neuronavigation, the falx was opened to permit visualization of the AVM. Circumdissection with a disconnection of the nidus was performed in a standard fashion. Postoperative angiography confirmed complete removal of the AVM. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Causing Disability, Causing Non-Disability: What’s the Moral Difference?
Authors: Stramondo Joseph A. , Campbell Stephen M.
Published: February 2020

It may seem obvious that causing disability in another person is morally problematic in a way that removing or preventing a disability is not. This suggests that there is a moral asymmetry between causing disability and causing non-disability. This chapter investigates whether there are any differences between these two types of actions that might explain the existence of a general moral asymmetry. After setting aside the possibility that having a disability is almost always bad or harmful for a person (a view that we have critiqued at length elsewhere), seven putative differences are considered. Ultimately, it is concluded that none of these seven factors can ground a general moral asymmetry between causing disability and causing non-disability, though each factor can provide some moral reason to avoid causing disability in certain particular cases.
Neurodiversity, Autism, and Psychiatric Disability
Authors: Wakefield Jerome C. , Wasserman David , Conrad Jordan A.
Published: February 2020

Neurodiversity advocates apply the same kind of critiques to psychiatric conditions such as autism that disability theory has long applied to somatic conditions. Yet these critiques have received little attention from philosophy of psychiatry. Although the arguments of neurodiversity advocates often are undeveloped, they raise critical issues about psychiatric diagnosis and classification. This chapter uses Jerome Wakefield’s “harmful dysfunction analysis” of the concept of mental disorder to reconstruct and evaluate neurodiversity arguments that autism is a normal variation, not a mental disorder. We argue that because of the heterogeneity of “autism,” these arguments are more plausible for some subgroups than others. We find support for a moderate neurodiversity position that objects to psychiatric overreach without denying the reality of some forms of autistic disorder.
The Effects of Time in Negotiations
Authors: Terris Lesley G.
Published: February 2020

Political scientists have traditionally approached international negotiations from a rational perspective, focusing on states as unitary actors driven by cost–benefit considerations. In this literature, the element of passing time is largely treated within the contexts of changing circumstances, discounting utility, and learning processes under conditions of incomplete information. More recent research, drawing on a behavioral political science approach, has brought attention to additional factors, such as the influence of previous decisions made by actors on their mind-sets and, consequently, on their subsequent negotiation decisions. Two behavioral effects, which focus on this impact that have successfully been integrated into the international negotiations literature, are the sunk cost effect and more recently, inaction inertia. Whereas sunk costs lead decision-makers to stick to sub-optimal conflict policies, inaction inertia drives them to continue rejecting settlement opportunities after an attractive opportunity has been forgone. Both phenomena carry important implications for ongoing negotiation processes and provide explanations for negotiation failures that are not captured by classic rational models of negotiation. This chapter discusses the concept of time in negotiations as it is treated in the negotiation research and how behavioral political science has contributed to this body of knowledge by highlighting the influence of the shadow of the past on actors’ psychological states and negotiation decisions. The chapter expands on inaction inertia in negotiations, which has more recently been introduced into the literature, presenting latest findings and methodological developments.
The Development of Moral Values in Cultural Contexts
Authors: Trommsdorff Gisela
Published: February 2020

In past research on moral development, moral values and cultural considerations have been widely ignored. Therefore, questions of universality and cultural specificity in the development of moral values are addressed here. First, the author reviews preconditions of moral value development, including precursors of self-construal. The internalization process of moral values reveals the importance of self-regulation capacities and the motivating dynamic of moral values. Second, the focus is on the development of moral values in diverse cultural contexts. The multilevel structure of socialization conditions is examined in light of different cultural models for moral values and their emotional components. The concluding part suggests broadening research on moral development by focusing on implications of ongoing socioeconomic and cultural changes and cultural encounters.
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Authors: Jensen Lene Arnett
Published: February 2020

Our capacity for moral reasoning is a distinctly human ability. Moral reasoning is defined as an intra- and interpersonal psychological phenomenon that is important in individual and collective moral judgments and behaviors. This chapter reviews the contributions of five influential lines of theory and research, proceeding in roughly chronological order from earlier to recent work. Specifically, cognitive-developmental, domain, care and prosociality, identity, and cultural-developmental approaches to moral reasoning are described. Findings across the five approaches suggest that infants share common moral sensibilities. With development, however, children, adolescents, and adults from different cultures become diverse in their moral reasoning. The chapter ends with a discussion of three promising future research directions pertaining to coverage of the full life span, conceptualizing moral reasoning not only as intrapersonal but also interpersonal, and implications of globalization on moral development.
The Emergence of Moral Responses and Sensitivity
Authors: Hamlin J. Kiley , Tan Enda
Published: February 2020

Where does human moral sensitivity come from? In this chapter, the authors review research on the development of moral sensitivity in the first 2 years of life. Specifically, they present empirical evidence showing that infants are sensitive to third-party sociomoral interactions in the harm and fairness domains, and they examine the impact of sociomoral evaluations on infants’ social preferences, social interactions, and social expectations. They further discuss mechanisms and factors shaping sociomoral development, alternative interpretations of infants’ responses to sociomoral scenarios, and individual differences in sociomoral sensitivity and morally relevant behaviors. Future research should adopt a multicultural perspective and explore the implications of infants’ sociomoral evaluations across the life span.
The Development of Communal and Spiritual Dutifulness in India
Authors: Bhangaokar Rachana
Published: February 2020

In contemporary times, adequately knowing “other” (especially non-Western) belief systems becomes imperative to expand and deepen a global understanding of moral development. Central to the Hindu, Indian psyche is Dharma, a guiding worldview that upholds universal moral order and encompasses complex interactions among the “Big Three” ethics of Autonomy, Community, and Divinity. Self-development in India is essentially embedded in a dharmic framework, emphasizing virtues and ecological sensitivity to the dynamic place and role of the self in a larger cosmic order. Seva (selfless service) is an important component in the dharmic worldview that supports processes of self-realization. Cultivating the intention of seva without expecting anything in return purifies and engenders a dharmic self that contributes meaningfully to its spiritual growth by transcending social hierarchies. Gandhi evoked seva as “applied spirituality,” extending it to the community when he said, “The best way to find your Self is to lose yourself in the service of others.” Immersion in seva transforms the self that appreciates interconnectedness among all living systems and practices universal values of compassion, nonviolence and love.
The Psychology of Filial Piety and Moral Decision-Making in Chinese People
Authors: Yeh Kuang-Hui , Bedford Olwen
Published: February 2020

Filial piety has served as a guiding principle of Chinese patterns of moral socialization for millennia. However, interpretation of the values and behaviors emphasized by filial beliefs has evolved with sociopolitical demands. In this chapter, the authors first review the foundations of filial piety in Chinese culture and discuss the connection with relational identity and Confucian ethics. Next, the authors focus on the psychology of filial piety and examine the ways in which filial piety is enacted in modern Chinese societies. They use the case of elder care to demonstrate how indigenous psychological research and tools can allow governments to coordinate with local values and beliefs in developing effective social policy, and they indicate how insights from the dual filial piety model may be used by education and counseling professionals to address important social issues.
Family and Moral Development
Authors: Padilla-Walker Laura M. , Memmott-Elison Madison K.
Published: February 2020

This chapter draws on a myriad of theoretical backgrounds and past research as a comprehensive foundation for discussion that focuses on how family members (e.g., parents, siblings, extended family) are important in the socialization of diverse aspects of moral development (e.g., emotions, cognitions, behaviors) and how these moral outcomes in turn influence family relationships. The majority of research focuses on how parents, especially mothers, influence the development of morality, whereas a paucity of research exists that analyzes the influence of siblings and extended family on moral development. Some areas of moral development are better developed (e.g., moral emotions and behaviors) and others remain relatively less explored (e.g., moral identity). At the conclusion of the chapter, avenues for future research are discussed.
Master Narratives, Ethics, and Morality
Authors: Syed Moin , Pasupathi Monisha , McLean Kate C.
Published: February 2020

In this chapter, the authors explore how master narratives have ethical and moral implications, and how master narratives can provide a way for researchers to look at the intersections of culture, ethics, morality, and individual development. The authors make this case by advancing three propositions about the relations among master narratives, ethics, and morality: (1) master narratives are fundamentally about ethics, in that they outline and convey culturally held ideas about the nature of a good life; (2) while all master narratives are grounded in ethics, not all master narratives are moral; and (3) despite proposition 2, master narratives can come to exert moral force. The authors first describe the master narrative framework and then follow with a detailed discussion of the three propositions. The intent of the authors is that this integration of master narratives with moral development will help researchers in both areas to think about their work in new ways.
Childcare, Culture, and Child Development
Authors: Ferrer-Wreder Laura , Eninger Lilianne , Hau Hanna Ginner , Olsson Tina M. , Sedem Mina , Thomas Sarah , Allodi Westling Mara
Published: February 2020

This chapter concerns theory and research relevant to child development and early childhood education and care (ECEC), which is a key ecology for human development. In this chapter, the authors provide an overview of the organizational features and processes important to understanding these settings. The authors then focus on describing the Nordic welfare model as it relates to ECEC settings, with an exploration of how certain ethics are reflected in the design, goals, and practice of ECEC settings in Sweden. The chapter then moves to summarizing and reflecting on the empirical research literature on how Swedish ECEC settings may support aspects of children’s moral development; finally, the authors pose several questions that may prove important to advancing future research in this area.
Moral Development in Civic and Political Context
Authors: Hart Daniel
Published: February 2020

In this chapter, the consequences of civic and political participation for moral development are explored. The potential for civic and political activity to accelerate and derail moral development is considered through several contemporary examples. Historical and cross-cultural evidence is used to highlight variation in the meaning of civic and political motivation and the likely consequences of participation. Finally, three approaches to facilitating moral development through civic education are identified, with the empirical and theoretical shortcomings of each identified. Future research needs are discussed with a focus on the kinds of designs that will most advance the field.
Ethnicity and Race as Contexts for Moral Development
Authors: Rivas-Drake Deborah , Medina Michael A.
Published: February 2020

Individuals’ experiences around ethnicity and race can profoundly shape both their understanding of injustice and their concern for justice. This chapter delineates three processes—ethnic-racial discrimination, socialization, and identity—through which race and ethnicity can inform moral development. These three processes reflect important ways in which race and ethnicity make their way into the daily experiences, thoughts, and feelings of youth. The authors first discuss how youth experience and respond to marginalization and unfair treatment (discrimination). They then discuss myriad messages youth negotiate in interracial contexts and how they construct ethnic-racial identities, with particular attention paid to how such identities may intersect with youths’ concerns for justice. The chapter concludes with directions for future research.
Media as a Context for Studying Moral Development
Authors: Krcmar Marina , Cingel Drew P.
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the effects of various kinds of mediated portrayals of both antisocial behavior, such as aggression, as well as the effects of mediated portrayals of prosocial behavior such as altruism or social inclusion on children’s moral development. Utilizing both a child developmental approach as a theoretical frame and moral foundations theory as an organizing principle, the authors explore how exposure to children’s media can influence children’s moral judgments of and reasoning about (im)moral actions. In general, this body of work finds that exposure to violent content influences child and adolescent moral reasoning about caring for and harming of others. Specifically, exposure to violent content is negatively related to moral developmental variables, whereas prosocial content appears to have the opposite effect. In the context of including dissimilar others, research suggests that children and adolescents often extract the wrong message and behave in ways that are more exclusionary after viewing inclusion narratives, although properly designed shows may have positive effects. In terms of fairness/cheating/justice, research suggests that shows designed to promote perspective-taking and fairness influence young children’s moral judgments, resulting in children exhibiting more developmentally advanced moral reasoning. Last, research suggests that respect for authority can also be influenced by media exposure. In each study that explored perspective-taking as a mediator, results were consistent with the argument that perspective-taking advancements are key to improved moral reasoning in children.
Moral Implications of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors Related to Sexual and Gender Diversity
Authors: Toomey Russell B. , Shramko Maura , Horn Stacey S. , Poteat V. Paul
Published: February 2020

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) populations frequently experience interpersonal and structural forms of oppression, discrimination, and other bias. This chapter discusses the development and expression of children’s and adolescents’ attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to sexual and gender diversity in the United States. The authors first consider social cognitive domain theory as a relevant framework for understanding the range of factors associated with heterosexual and cisgender youths’ attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors toward SGM youth, and discuss the importance of documenting the complex and multidimensional nature of these attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through a lens of moral reasoning. Second, the authors discuss the development of alliances among heterosexual and cisgender youth, with attention to contact theory and experiences of other types of oppression. Finally, the authors examine SGM youths’ own engagement in activism and behaviors intended to disrupt heteronormativity and cisnormativity as possible extensions of their own social judgments, beliefs, and behaviors.
The Development of Moral Self-Presentation
Authors: Banerjee Robin , Heyman Gail D. , Lee Kang
Published: February 2020

Children come to recognize that the impressions one makes on other people can be controlled and managed. In this chapter, the authors situate the development of such “self-presentation” in the moral context, with attention to a range of relevant social, cultural, cognitive, motivational, and emotional processes. Children’s appreciation of self-presentational tactics such as self-promotion, modesty, and ingratiation is reviewed before turning specifically to the factors involved in deception and truth-telling. The authors analyze the emergence of children’s self-presentational competencies in shaping both their own individual reputations and the reputations of the social groups with which they identify, especially in contexts where moral and social-conventional rules have been transgressed. Key goals for future research that illuminates the nature and implications of children’s moral self-presentation are identified.
Moral Identity Development
Authors: Hardy Sam A. , Krettenauer Tobias , Hunt Natasha
Published: February 2020

Moral identity theory and research emerged in the early 1980s and the field has grown ever since. In this chapter, the authors begin by reviewing the history of work on moral identity. They provide a framework for thinking about moral identity grounded in McAdams’s three levels of personality: traits, characteristic adaptations, and live narratives. Then the authors review research on moral identity development across the life span at these three levels of personality. Next, they review work on contexts of moral identity development, based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model: family, peers, schools, communities, cultures, media, and religion. Last, the authors outline five questions for future research.
Religion in the Schools
Authors: Taylor John E.
Published: February 2020

Starting in the 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court understood the Establishment Clause to strictly limit government’s ability to promote religion in the schools: The state could not lead prayers, it could not fund private religious education, and it could not teach religion as true in the public school curriculum. During the same period, the Court construed free exercise rights (in schools and elsewhere) in a fairly modest fashion by balancing religious rights against government interests. Beginning in 1990, the Court weakened the Free Exercise Clause still further. Today, however, the Court is moving to reshape the general law of the Religion Clauses, and the trend points (clearly) toward a greatly weakened Establishment Clause and (less clearly) toward a Free Exercise Clause that is at least somewhat more robust. The Court has also made clear that the Free Speech Clause grants religious speakers equal rights to speak on school property. These speech protections are powerful guarantors of religious liberty, even if no revolution in free exercise law materializes. This chapter surveys the constitutional law involving religion in the K–12 public schools, summarizing that law as it currently stands and offering tentative predictions about where it is headed. The chapter begins with the Establishment Clause limits on government religious expression in the public schools, then continues by discussing the free exercise rights of students and teachers, religion in the public school curriculum, and the rights of religious groups to speak on school property.
Parental Choice and the Future of Faith-based Schools
Authors: Garnett Nicole Stelle
Published: February 2020

In the thirty years since Wisconsin enacted the nation’s first private school choice program, the footprint of private school choice has expanded to cover over half of states and the District of Columbia. During the same time, the closure of faith-based schools serving disadvantaged children has continued apace. These schools likely will continue to disappear, especially from our urban communities, unless the scope of, and participation in, private school choice increases rather dramatically in years to come. The effects of increasing the public funds available to attend private and faith-based schools likely will be shaped by myriad factors, including the mechanisms employed to distribute the funds, amount of money distributed, the programmatic and regulatory details, the preferences of parents, and the participation rates of different kinds of schools. That said, choice mechanisms and program regulations also will shape participation rates in private school choice and other alternatives to public schools, such as homeschooling. Not all support such an expansion, but those who do—and who value the pluralism provided by faith-based schools—must come to terms with the issues discussed in this chapter.
Humanism and Sport
Authors: Bain-Selbo Eric
Published: February 2020

Play is a fundamental characteristic of the human condition, one that manifests itself prominently in the practice of sport. In this chapter, readers are introduced to the concepts of play, sport, and humanism—in particular, an understanding of humanism informed significantly by the work of philosopher Richard Rorty. Why should sport matter to the humanist? Because sport draws upon our fundamental nature as beings who play. It teaches us that we can passionately and meaningfully engage in play while also recognizing the fundamental contingency of the very activities that manifest play. Sport, when viewed through a humanist lens, can play an important role in a humanist vision of the future.
Humanism and Environmentalism
Authors: McKanan Dan
Published: February 2020

Humanists, affirming that humanity is a “part of nature,” have urged responsible action on such problems as overpopulation and global warming since humanist organizations were created in the middle of the twentieth century. Many leading environmentalists, including Worldwatch founder Lester Brown, biologist E. O. Wilson, and animal rights advocate Peter Singer, have been publicly associated with the humanist movement. Yet some environmentalists, including Singer himself, fault humanism for deifying humanity and ignoring the dignity of other species. In the face of this criticism, some humanists seek to distance humanism from humanocentrism, while others insist that an optimistic confidence in human potential is preferable to ecological pessimism.
Desk as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Dale Karen , Burrell Gibson
Published: February 2020

The ‘desk’ is an assemblage intimately related to organization and organizing. It is a ‘comprehensive architectonic of social order’, both in its material forms and in its mediation of social relations in which particular forms of knowledge and power have become deeply embedded within the modern world. However, the desk reveals not a fixed contribution to modernity but an ever-changing reflection of multiple significances in different times and at different places. So it would be foolish to fully accept the contemporary rhetoric of the death of the desk, an object placed at the very centre of material and epistemological concerns for centuries and still playing its part.