bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation on air void and compressive strength optimization of resin mineral composite for precision machine tool
Authors: Yin Jicai , Zhang Jianhua , Wang Tao , Zhang Yi , Wang Wenqiang
Published: February 2016

Resin mineral composite (RMC) consists of epoxy resin, granite aggregate and fly ash, and which can be used to produce precision machine tool beds due to its superior vibration alleviating properties. However, applications of RMC are restricted due to its limited mechanical strength. In this paper, the effects of the air void on the compressive strength of RMC were firstly introduced. Then the effects of vibration time, initial temperature of resin, mass of compression mould, vacuum degree, number of layers and mass content of defoamer on the air void and compressive strength of RMC were thoroughly investigated. Experimental results show that the air void (compressive strength) of RMC first decreases (increases) and then stabilizes as the vibration time and number of layers increases. Results also show that the air void (compressive strength) of RMC first decreases (increases) and then increases (decreases) as the initial temperature of resin, mass of compression mould, vacuum degree and mass content of defoamer increases. In order to further reduce the air void of RMC and increase the compressive strength of RMC, five different compound technologies (i.e., CTA, CTB, CTC, CTD, CTE) at different temperature (10°C and 40°C) were investigated. The optimum air void (compressive strength) of RMC was achieved by the CTE at 10°C, in which the air void (compressive strength) decreased (increased) by 44.4% (19.7%) compared to the RMC poured by CTA (standard pouring technologies) at 10°C. Afterwards, the relationship between air void and compressive strength of RMC was studied systematically. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:457–466, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of grain boundaries and interfaces on the electronic structure of polycrystalline CuO thin films
Authors: Morasch Jan , Wardenga Hans F. , Jaegermann Wolfram , Klein Andreas
Published: February 2016

CuO thin films were grown by reactive magnetron sputtering and analyzed with respect to their structural, chemical, optical, and electrical properties. The films are strongly p‐type with carrier concentrations of cm−3. Carrier accumulation at grain boundaries is evident from temperature and gas phase dependent conductivity measurements. The films show high absorption coefficients with a band gap of approximately 1.5 eV. Interface formation with TiO2 and Au was studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. Regarding the TiO2/CuO interface, a strong band bending in the TiO2 substrate and a valence band offset of eV were observed. The TiO2 conduction band is therefore approximately midgap of CuO at the interface. CuO is chemically reduced upon Au deposition but an ideal ohmic contact is formed with a Fermi level at the valence band maximum of CuO. Solar cell device structures were prepared of fluorine‐doped SnO2/TiO2 substrates and Au back contacts, revealing open circuit voltages of <0.15 V and photocurrent densities of <0.1 mA/cm2. The photoactivity of the structures is ascribed mostly to the TiO2 substrate.
Inequivalent effect of Dirac valleys on low‐energy plasmons in heavily doped graphene
Authors: Ta Ho S. , Anh Le H. , Le T. , Nam Do V.
Published: February 2016

Using an empirical atomistic approach associated with the method of random‐phase approximation, we investigated the behaviors of plasmons in heavily doped graphene. We show that, in the range of low energy and of long wavelength, a novel plasmon mode may appear below the conventional Dirac plasmon. The novel mode is strongly anisotropic and only appears in a finite range of the transfer wave number. It is found that the appearance of the novel plasmon stems from the anisotropy of the energy surfaces forming the Dirac cones and the inequivalance of the two Dirac valleys in the Brillouin zone. Interestingly, we demonstrate that these two unique electronic features of graphene act, respectively, as the necessary and sufficient factors in governing the formation of the novel plasmon mode.
Cover Picture: Current developments in silicene and germanene (Phys. Status Solidi RRL 2/2016)
Authors: Kaloni T. P. , Schreckenbach G. , Freund M. S. , Schwingenschlögl U.
Published: February 2016

No abstract is available for this article.
Editorial for the Special Issue on recent trends in traffic modelling and control
Authors: Ferrara Antonella , Sacone Simona , Siri Silvia
Published: February 2016

The papers included in this Special Issue propose innovative methodologies in traffic modelling and control, referring either to freeway networks or to urban areas. These research works are devoted to the development of innovative analysis and control methods, improving and extending the existing approaches, that result to be of great interest both from a methodological point of view and in an applicative perspective. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescent Polymer Nanoparticles Based on Dyes: Seeking Brighter Tools for Bioimaging
Authors: Reisch Andreas , Klymchenko Andrey S.
Published: February 2016

Speed, resolution and sensitivity of today's fluorescence bioimaging can be drastically improved by fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) that are many‐fold brighter than organic dyes and fluorescent proteins. While the field is currently dominated by inorganic NPs, notably quantum dots (QDs), fluorescent polymer NPs encapsulating large quantities of dyes (dye‐loaded NPs) have emerged recently as an attractive alternative. These new nanomaterials, inspired from the fields of polymeric drug delivery vehicles and advanced fluorophores, can combine superior brightness with biodegradability and low toxicity. Here, we describe the strategies for synthesis of dye‐loaded polymer NPs by emulsion polymerization and assembly of pre‐formed polymers. Superior brightness requires strong dye loading without aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ). Only recently several strategies of dye design were proposed to overcome ACQ in polymer NPs: aggregation induced emission (AIE), dye modification with bulky side groups and use of bulky hydrophobic counterions. The resulting NPs now surpass the brightness of QDs by ≈10‐fold for a comparable size, and have started reaching the level of the brightest conjugated polymer NPs. Other properties, notably photostability, color, blinking, as well as particle size and surface chemistry are also systematically analyzed. Finally, major and emerging applications of dye‐loaded NPs for in vitro and in vivo imaging are reviewed.
The Predictive Value of Indocyanine Green Clearance in Future Liver Remnant for Posthepatectomy Liver Failure Following Hepatectomy with Extrahepatic Bile Duct Resection
Authors: Yokoyama Yukihiro , Ebata Tomoki , Igami Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Gen , Mizuno Takashi , Yamaguchi Junpei , Nagino Masato
Published: February 2016

Background

Postoperative liver failure (PHLF) is one of the most common complications following major hepatectomy. The preoperative assessment of future liver remnant (FLR) function is critical to predict the incidence of PHLF.

Objective

To determine the efficacy of the plasma clearance rate of indocyanine green clearance of FLR (ICGK‐F) in predicting PHLF in cases of highly invasive hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection.

Methods

Five hundred and eighty‐five patients who underwent major hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection, from 2002 to 2014 in a single institution, were evaluated. Among them, 192 patients (33 %) had PHLF. The predictive value of ICGK‐F for PHLF was determined and compared with other risk factors for PHLF.

Results

The incidence of PHLF was inversely proportional to the level of ICGK‐F. With multivariate logistic regression analysis, ICGK‐F, combined pancreatoduodenectomy, the operation time, and blood loss were identified as independent risk factors of PHLF. The risk of PHLF increased according to the decrement of ICGK‐F (the odds ratio of ICGK‐F for each decrement of 0.01 was 1.22; 95 % confidence interval 1.12–1.33; P < 0.001). Low ICGK‐F was also identified as an independent risk factor predicting the postoperative mortality.

Conclusions

ICGK‐F is useful in predicting the PHLF and mortality in patients undergoing major hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection. This criterion may be useful for highly invasive hepatectomy, such as that with extrahepatic bile duct resection.
Synthetic hedge funds
Authors: Fischer Mario , Hanauer Matthias X. , Heigermoser Robert
Published: February 2016

We provide evidence on the performance and the replication success of a broad sample of 72 synthetic hedge funds from January 2009 to December 2013. Thereby, we assign the term “synthetic hedge fund” to mutual funds and exchange‐traded funds with hedge fund indices as their benchmarks. Replication success is measured through different perspectives from distributional characteristics to risk‐adjusted performance. We find an overall significant underperformance of synthetic hedge funds compared to an appropriate benchmark index. Furthermore, mutual funds (associated with active portfolio management) can produce return characteristics closer to hedge fund benchmarks than exchange‐traded funds (associated with passive management) can. From a single strategy perspective, we find a picture of heterogeneity. Regarding the market environment, we show larger return differences for unusual market conditions than for regular ones.
Film deposition and transition on a partially wetting plate in dip coating
Authors: Gao Peng , Li Lei , Feng James J. , Ding Hang , Lu Xi-Yun
Published: February 2016

We investigate the entrainment of liquid films on a partially wetting plate vertically withdrawn from a reservoir of viscous liquid using a combination of diffuse-interface numerical simulation and lubrication analysis. So far available theoretical investigations were commonly conducted by focusing on separate parameter regions, and a complete description of the flow regimes with increasing plate speed is still missing. By solving the full Stokes equations, we present a complete scenario of film transition in the presence of moving contact line. With increasing plate speed, we identify numerically four successive flow regimes in terms of the interfacial morphologies: (1) a stationary meniscus, (2) a speed-independent thick film connected to the liquid bath through a stationary dimple, (3) coexistence of a thick film and the classical Landau–Levich–Derjaguin (LLD) film connected by a propagating capillary shock and (4) a film with a monotonically varying thickness. The characteristics of the film profiles in different regions of the interfaces are analysed with lubrication theory as applicable, and satisfactory agreements with the numerical results are obtained. In particular, we confirm that the onset of film deposition occurs at a vanishing apparent contact angle, consistent with the predictions of lubrication theory. Numerical results suggest that the critical capillary number for the onset of film deposition is smaller than that for the onset of LLD film despite the fact that it is higher than the experimentally observed one, showing that the thick film can be realized in the two-dimensional model. We also demonstrated that the LLD film is triggered by the bifurcation of the stationary dimple, which is found to admit multiple branches of stable and unstable solutions.
Glucose- and glycaemic factor-lowering effects of probiotics on diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials
Authors: Sun Jing , Buys Nicholas J.
Published: February 2016

This meta-analysis examined the effect of probiotics on glucose and glycaemic factors in diabetes and its associated risk factors. All randomised-controlled trials published in English in multiple databases from January 2000 to June 2015 were systematically searched. Only studies that addressed glucose- and glycaemic-related factors as outcome variables were included. The main outcomes of interest in trials were mean changes in glucose, HbA1c, insulin and homoeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale to assess the quality of studies, a total of eleven studies with 614 subjects were included. The pooled mean difference and effect size with a 95 % CI were extracted using a random-effect model. It was found that there are statistically significant pooled mean differences between the probiotics and the placebo-controlled groups on the reduction of glucose (−0·52 mmol/l, 95 % CI −0·92, −0·11 mmol/l; P=0·01) and HbA1c (−0·32 %, 95 % CI −0·57, −0·07 %; P=0·01). There was no statistically significant pooled mean difference between the probiotics and the placebo-controlled groups on the reduction of insulin (−0·48 µIU/ml, 95 % CI −1·34, 0·38 µIU/ml; P=0·27) and HOMA-IR (pooled effect of –0·44, 95 % CI −1·57, 0·70; P=0·45). Meta-regression analysis identified that probiotics had significant effects on reduction of glucose, HbA1c, insulin and HOMA-IR in participants with diabetes, but not in participants with other risk factors. The present meta-analysis suggested that probiotics may be used as an important dietary supplement in reducing the glucose metabolic factors associated with diabetes.
Influence of selected plant amines on probing behaviour of bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.)
Authors: Sempruch C. , Goławska S. , Osiński P. , Leszczyński B. , Czerniewicz P. , Sytykiewicz H. , Matok H.
Published: February 2016

The study aimed to quantify the influence of common plant polyamines and tyramine on probing behaviour in the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.). Electrical penetration graphs (DC) were used to monitor the probing and feeding behaviour of R. padi exposed to the amines agmatine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine and tyramine. The study results showed that the analyzed amines tended to shorten the stylet activity of aphids in the gels (as indicated by the g-C pattern), prolong the duration of non-probing behaviour (g-np pattern) and decrease salivation into the gels (g-E1pattern) and ingestion from the gels (g-G pattern). The 10 mM concentration of the studied amines, especially cadaverine, reduced or completely inhibited aphid ingestion. The obtained results demonstrate that plant amines participate in plant defence responses to R. padi through disturbance of its probing behaviour and the intensity of such effects is concentration dependent.
The 2012 Cuts to Refugee Health Coverage in Canada: The Anatomy of a Social Policy Failure
Authors: Sheridan Paul , Shankardass Ketan
Published: February 2016

In 2012, Canada's federal government announced cuts to refugee health coverage. Evidence suggesting that the cuts represent a social policy failure has since been accumulating, including the 2014 Federal Court ruling ordering their reversal. This explanatory case study uncovers the problem definition process that led policy development by applying coding methods to governmental publications, transcripts of parliamentary proceedings and internal governmental correspondence obtained under the Access to Information Act. The systematic analysis identifies avoidable gaps that occurred and proposes an avenue for strengthening future federal social policy processes so as to avoid negative outcomes such as those that resulted here.
Lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) carbonates of the southern Askrigg Block, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: WATERS C. N. , CÓZAR P. , SOMERVILLE I. D. , HASLAM R. B. , MILLWARD D. , WOODS M.
Published: February 2016

A rationalized lithostratigraphy for the Great Scar Limestone Group of the southeast Askrigg Block is established. The basal Chapel House Limestone Formation, assessed from boreholes, comprises shallow-marine to supratidal carbonates that thin rapidly northwards across the Craven Fault System, onlapping a palaeotopographical high of Lower Palaeozoic strata. The formation is of late Arundian age in the Silverdale Borehole, its northernmost development. The overlying Kilnsey Formation represents a southward-thickening and upward-shoaling carbonate development on a S-facing carbonate ramp. Foraminiferal/algal assemblages suggest a late Holkerian and early Asbian age, respectively, for the uppermost parts of the lower Scaleber Force Limestone and upper Scaleber Quarry Limestone members, significantly younger than previously interpreted. The succeeding Malham Formation comprises the lower Cove Limestone and upper Gordale Limestone members. Foraminiferal/algal assemblages indicate a late Asbian age for the formation, contrasting with the Holkerian age previously attributed to the Cove Limestone. The members reflect a change from a partially shallow-water lagoon (Cove Limestone) to more open-marine shelf (Gordale Limestone), coincident with the onset of marked sea-level fluctuations and formation of palaeokarstic surfaces with palaeosoils in the latter. Facies variations along the southern flank of the Askrigg Block, including an absence of fenestral lime-mudstone in the upper part of the Cove Limestone and presence of dark grey cherty grainstone/packstone in the upper part the Gordale Limestone are related to enhanced subsidence during late Asbian movement on the Craven Fault System. This accounts for the marked thickening of both members towards the Greenhow Inlier.
Integrated conodont biostratigraphy and carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in the Lower–Middle Ordovician of southern Sweden reveals a complete record of the MDICE
Authors: WU RONGCHANG , CALNER MIKAEL , LEHNERT OLIVER
Published: February 2016

One of the few and most complete records of the MDICE (Middle Darriwilian Isotope Carbon Excursion) is herein documented from Baltoscandia. Based on a core section penetrating the condensed Lower–Middle Ordovician succession (~46 m) on the island of Öland, southeastern Sweden, we provide an integrated scheme for carbon isotope chemostratigraphy (313 samples) and conodont biostratigraphy (29 samples) for this period. The carbonate succession in the Tingskullen core records 12 conodont zones and 6 subzones, including theOepikodus evae, Trapezognathus diprion, Baltoniodus triangularis, B. navis, B. norrlandicus, Lenodus antivariabilis, L. variabilis, Yangtzeplacognathus crassus, Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus(Microzarkodina hagetianaandMicrozarkodina ozarkodellasubzones),E. suecicus, Pygodus serra(E. foliaceus, E. reclinatus, E. robustusandE. lindstroemisubzones) andPygodus anserinuszones in ascending order. The δ13Ccarbrecord reveals an apparently complete record of the MDICE, including a rising limb, a well-defined peak and a falling limb. The anomaly covers a thickness ofc. 27 m in the core and spans theEoplacognathus pseudoplanus, E. suecicus, Pygodus serraandP. anserinusconodont zones. Combined with the new, detailed conodont biostratigraphy, the MDICE in the Tingskullen core can be used for detailed correlation with successions from Baltica, North America, the Argentine Precordillera, South China and North China.
A new discovery at Cyrene: Tomb S64 and its ‘Pompeian Second Style’ wall paintings. Preliminary notes
Authors: Cherstich Luca , Santucci Anna
Published: February 2016

S64 is an extraordinary tomb. Its well-preserved isodomic façade leads to an antechamber decorated with wall paintings recalling what is usually labelled as ‘Pompeian Second Style’, a unique example in Cyrenaica thus far. This article gives a brief insight on this tomb, its wall paintings and a short discussion of their importance in the wider context of local and foreign monumental funerary customs. This tomb suggests a ritual complexity with few comparisons in Cyrene, but it is also important for the history of the Hellenistic and Roman painted architectural styles.
Western Marmarica Coastal Survey 2010: preliminary report
Authors: Hulin Linda , Timby Jane , Muftah Ahmed M. , Mutri Giuseppina
Published: February 2016

The Western Marmarica Coastal Survey continued its work in 2010, concentrating upon an area roughly 10 km square around Marsa Lukk. Significant early material was found, from the Middle Stone Age to the Neolithic and, for the first time, a local chert source was identified in the area. A number of Early Roman sites, previously underrepresented at this period in the area, were identified, as well as Late Roman farms. The inventory of rock art sites also increased significantly and motifs recur across the area.
Aspects of the Circus at Lepcis Magna
Authors: Humphrey John , Sear Frank , Vickers Michael
Published: February 2016

By kind permission of the Department of Antiquities and of Professor Antonino Di Vita, Director of the Italian Mission, and with the financial support of the Society for Libyan Studies, the Oxford Craven Committee and the Cambridge Faculty Board of Classics, the authors spent three weeks in the early summer of 1974 studying the circus at Lepcis Magna. During the sixty years in which Italian archaeologists have been working at Lepcis, parts of the circus have been cleared or excavated on several different occasions. Work was begun in 1924-5 by R. Bartoccini at the monumental arch at the eastern end of the arena and on the seating on the north-east curve. He also uncovered the meta prima and the adjacent east end of the spina. Since 1960 a much larger area has been uncovered successively by E. Vergara-Caffarelli, F. Russo and A. Di Vita, as part of the larger project of clearing and restoring the whole of the amphitheatre-circus complex. Although work in most recent years has concentrated upon the complete clearance and restoration of the amphitheatre (which is cut into the hillside immediately south of the circus), two-thirds of the long south side of the circus has been revealed together with about half of the spina and most of the starting gates (carceres) at the west end.
Some ancient coins of Libya
Authors: Jenkins G. K.
Published: February 2016

The ancient coinage of Libya comprises two quite distinct aspects. Firstly, in Cyrenaica there is the group of Dorian Greek cities first founded by colonists from Thera in the seventh century B.C., and of these cities we have a fairly continuous range of coins down to Roman times. Secondly, there is the group of Phoenician cities in Tripolitania, whose local coinage has a much more restricted span, covering only the late Roman republic and early empire.

The Cyrenaic coins, like those of most other regions of the Greek world, have a distinctive local character of their own. Among the representations found on these coins we may mention first examples of the flora and fauna of the country including the scorpion, the chameleon, the jerboa, the gazelle. But most typical of all is the silphium plant. This was an umbelliferous plant originally growing wild in Cyrenaica. In early times it formed one of the chief sources of wealth but by the Roman period was becoming extinct, perhaps due to over - exploitation — it has been noted that the plant is depicted less regularly and less realistically on coins even during Hellenistic times. Its nearest modern parallel is considered to be asafoetida, in particular the variety known asFerula narthexfound in Afghanistan. The silphium was valuable for its juice, extracted by an incision of the stem, and was used both medicinally and as a condiment, while the stalk provided vegetable food both for human and animal use. The plant which we see on the coins is depicted with greater or lesser realism showing in detail the leaves with their typical sheath - like bases and the umbels springing outwards; the stem is shown as thick as a tree trunk. But its size is difficult to estimate, and here the coins are not entirely helpful, as sometimes a gazelle is shown lying in front of a tree - sized plant, on others a gazelle seems to peer down at a small bush. But relative scale is not always a strong point with coin designers. In addition to the whole plant as normally shown, separate parts of it are also depicted, especially the heart - shaped fruit. The silphium and its export may during the time of the Battiad dynasty have been a royal monopoly. It used to be thought that on the famous Arkesilas vase we had a picture of the king supervising the weighing and storage of silphium, though more recent opinion favours the view that the commodity in question is bags of wool.
Sidi Khrebish Excavations, Benghazi, 1974 and 1975
Authors: Lloyd J. A.
Published: February 2016

Two six week programmes of excavation took place in July and August 1974 and 1975 at Sidi Khrebish on the site of part of the Hellenistic and Roman city of Berenice. Large scale excavation ceased in September 1973 and the work of the last two years was directed towards the completion of areas unfinished in 1973 together with a certain amount of new excavation.

The major discovery of the last two seasons has been a section of a two-period circuit of defensive walls, including a tower (Figs 1 and 2). The walls are Hellenistic in construction and from the associated dating material appear to post-date Queen Berenice's initial fortification of the city which was founded in the middle of the third century B.C. They are possibly as late as the first century B.C.
The Sidi Krebish graffiti: an interim note
Authors: Reynolds J. M.
Published: February 2016

In two rooms of the courtyard house (no. H) on the Sidi Krebish site excavated by this society, the wall plaster carried a large number of graffiti. Obviously this must mean that the rooms were open to public use in some sense at the time of writing and, as will be seen, there are grounds in the texts for suggesting that the house was then used as a restaurant or more probably a hotel.
Neutron activation analysis of waster sherds from Tocra
Authors: Newton G. W. A. , Krywonos W.
Published: February 2016

The purpose of the present study was to measure the trace element distribution of waster pieces of coarse ware found on the pottery kiln site associated with Roman Tocra. These would then be compared with other coarse ware sherds found in Cyrenaica.

Neutron activation has been chosen as the method of analysis because several elements can be determined simultaneously, and also many samples can be analysed routinely.

Samples from any sherd were obtained as follows:

The sherd was brushed lightly to remove any foreign matter. It was then sliced with a diamond-coated saw into pieces about 5 mm × 5 mm × 2 mm all surface material being removed in the process. Each piece was washed quickly in dilute nitric acid (ANALAR), rinsed in distilled water and finally boiled for 2 minutes in distilled water. The samples were dried in an oven at 120° C. During all procedures polythene gloved hands and clean tweezers were used for manipulation.

Each sample was wrapped individually in aluminium foil and labelled with a heat resistant indelible marker. All the samples were placed in an aluminium can together with suitable standards for irradiation.

In this investigation the elements determined were scandium and iron. The oxides of these elements are commercially available in a very pure form (SPECPURE).

A known weight of the oxide was dissolved in hot concentrated ANALAR acid, hydrochloric acid for iron and nitric acid for scandium, and diluted to 25 ml in a graduated flask. The resulting solutions were about 1.5 mg per ml for iron and 0.15 mg per ml for scandium.
Round and About Misurata
Authors: Brogan Olwen
Published: February 2016

Misurata is the second city of Western Libya (Tripolitania) and, with its surrounding farms and villages, had some 83,000 inhabitants in the early nineteen-sixties, but has grown rapidly since then. West of the city is a narrow but fertile plain coming from Zliten between the dune-encumbered coastal ridge and a line of low hills which are the last eastward vestiges of the Tripolitanian Jebel and which come to an end shortly before Misurata. Twelve kilometres to the east, at Gasr Ahmed, the coast turns south-eastwards to form the western side of the Greater Syrtis, or Gulf of Sidra. Between Misurata and Gasr Ahmed the cultivated area narrows to become a kind of peninsula between the coast and the marshes of the Sebkha Taworga which are extensively flooded during the winter. South of Misurata, along the main road to Fezzan and Cyrenaica, the country becomes increasingly arid. East of the road cultivation soon gives place to mud flats and salt marshes, the successive sebkhas Taworga, Hishah and Al Awenat, which together cover an area some hundred kilometres long and twenty broad.

The name Misurata (Misratah) is Berber and did not come into the district until the tribal movements in late antiquity, when the Hawara spread into Eastern Tripolitania. According to tradition the Berber hero Aurigh had four sons, Calden, Meld, Hawar and Maggher. All their descendants came to be designated collectively as the children of Hawar, and among these were Wurfel and Misratah, sons of Meld. The sons of Wurfel have dwelt ever since in and to the south of Beni Ulid, and the Misratah have occupied the coastlands to the northeast. Ibn Batuta mentions passing through the country of the Misratah in 1326. Ibn Khaldun says that in his days (14th century) the Misratah were very powerful and only paid a very small tribute to the Arabs, ‘tribute which they have the air of handing over by condescension.’ He says ‘they occupy themselves by commerce, and travel frequently to Egypt and Alexandria, to southern Tunisia and to Fezzan.’ The inhabitants of the Misurata area to-day include groups of Berber origin mixed with the descendants of the first Arabs who came into Tripolitania; others, descended from Turkish immigrants; and yet others claiming Sherifian origin, that is, descent from the Prophet Mohamed himself.
The Austuriani and Tripolitania in the early fifth century
Authors: Reynolds J. M.
Published: February 2016

IRT 480, dated by reference to the Emperors Honorius and Theodosius in the years between A.D. 408 and 423, honours Flavious Ortygius, v(ir) c(larissimus) et sp(ectabilis) com(es) et dux p(rovinciae) T(ripolitanae), for achievements connected with the Austuriani which I had failed to decipher when IRT was published. Although it adds disappointingly little to knowledge, it seems worth recording a reading made in 1975 when I saw the stone in a particularly good cross light.

It was, of course, already deducible that the Austuriani had not ceased to raid Tripolitania after the notorious occasions in 363–5 which led to the scandal of Count Romanus; and Professor Chastagnol has recently associated the titles of officials in the province in the late Fourth and early Fifth centuries (including that of Ortygius) with a series of experiments to deal with the military problem they created. A particularly bad raid seems to be implied by the inscription of Ortygius.
Middle, Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sedimentary environments of the Djebel Nefusa region, northwestern Libya
Authors: Hodgkinson Richard J. , Walley Christopher D.
Published: February 2016

Carbonate and clastic sediments of Jurassic and Cretaceous age are exposed along the fault-scarp of Djebel Nefusa in north-western Libya. Previous geological investigations have been mainly restricted to the eastern sector of the scarp. Recent studies by the authors in the western sector of Djebel Nefusa and on equivalent sediments in southern Tunisia have allowed the first regional interpretation of these rocks.

The area studied lies geographically and geologically at the edge of the Saharan Platform, a large cratonic block, composed of rocks of Precambrian-Palaeozoic age. To the north and east lies a downfaulted sedimentary basin (Gabes-Sabratha Basin) containing a large thickness of Mesozoic sediments. The location of the sections measured along Djebel Nefusa are depicted in Fig.1.

The stratigraphic nomenclature of the rock succession of Djebel Nefusa was first established in the east and continued laterally towards the west by later workers. Difficulties in the application of this nomenclature are presented by the recognition of facies changes previously overlooked by earlier investigators. However, as a framework for understanding these changes and the sedimentary processes which caused them, the stratigraphy erected by Magnier (1963) is adopted.
A Lithic Industry at Ain Wif, Tripolitania
Authors: Arthur Paul
Published: February 2016

Ain Wif is well known to students of Roman Tripolitania as the settlement and military road-station of Thenadassa, studied and published by Goodchild and Ward-Perkins. The site lies on the summit of the eastern bank of the Wadi Wif prior to its confluence with the larger Wadi Hammam, and is some fifteen kilometres west of Sidi as Sid (Tazzoli) village. The ain (spring) is marked by a small oasis of palms and, as Goodchild and Ward-Perkins pointed out, the assured water-supply was presumably the determining factor in the establishment of the Roman settlement, sometime in the first century A.D.

During a visit to the site in December 1978, as Research Assistant to Olwen Brogan for the Society of Libyan Studies, I discovered a dense concentration of struck flints immediately to the north-east of the oasis. (Plate ?. Map ref. UR 463 686 on sheet 1989. II, Qarat al Bayda, series P761 of the U.S. Army Map Service). With the help of Miss Tina Watson, 124 struck flints, mostly waste flakes, and a number of fire-crazed flints were picked up from the surface within the space of half an hour. The main concentration lies within an area of about five metres square on sand and gravel and, no doubt, represents a prehistoric knapping-floor. It is doubtful whether much, if any, stratigraphy will be found on the site.
Names at Lepcis Magna
Authors: Birley A. R.
Published: February 2016

This article analyses the occurrence of apparently Roman names at Lepcis Magna and seeks to identify the processes of cultural assimilation taking place between the Libyphoenician population and Rome. Three main categories of change in naming practice (proposed by Herzog in the 1890s) may be recognised and suggest a number of possible explanations, other than Italian settlers, for the appearance of particular names at Lepcis. First, Roman names may have been adopted from the ruling emperor, or a senatorial patron or other suitably eminent Italian family, most commonly on the acquisition of Roman citizenship. This practice will often totally have eradicated the individual's original Libyphoenician nomenclature. The Lepcitani notably favoured aristocratic cognomina. Second, Punic or Libyan names at Lepcis may have been replaced by similar sounding Latin ones, e.g. the adaptation of Himilis to Aemilius and Amilcar to Amicus. Third, the Latin name may sometimes be a literal translation of the Punic or Libyan one. While noting a number of interesting examples of the latter two cases, the analysis here concentrates on the first category. It is concluded that there is little clearcut evidence for Italian settler families at Lepcis. Most of the names can be explained in terms of the assimilation of the indigenous population into the Roman pattern of personal nomenclature and illustrates the interesting choices available to them. The evidence at a number of points adds further weight to the strong probability that the paternal ancestry of the Emperor Septimius Severus was African.
The Severan Buildings at Lepcis Magna
Authors: Jones G. D. B. , Kronenburg R.
Published: February 2016

This brief article outlines the history of John Ward-Perkins' involvement with the archaeology of the complex of buildings erected under the Severan dynasty at Lepcis Magna. The detailed survey of those superb monuments by British and Italian scholars has until now not received the level of publication which it merits. As that work finally goes to press, some explanation is given of the problems faced in preparing for publication the archive of drawings.
Isotopic Analysis of Marble from Lepcis Magna: Revised Interpretations
Authors: Walda H. , Walker S.
Published: February 2016

This paper is the sequel to an earlier article published in this journal and gives revised interpretations of the results of stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of samples of marble from Lepcis Magna in the light of subsequent refinements to the isotopic data base. Ten results have been changed, and 16 results, unassigned in 1984, may now be identified.
The Great Man-Made River: Progress and Prospects of Libya's Great Water Carrier
Authors: Allan J. A.
Published: February 2016

Water shortages have led the Libyan authorities to investigate and then develop fossil water resources in the remote south of the country. Initially the development was in situ, but in 1979 it was decided to embark on an ambitious water carrier to bring water from the south-east and the south-west of the country to the settled areas of the northern coast. It is concluded in the paper that Libya will have developed sufficient water by the end of the century to secure its urban and industrial needs. It will also have the option to allocate a similar, or an even greater, quantity to agriculture than at present achieved, but it is argued that such agricultural allocations will not be economically viable.
Note on the 1988/89 Seasons at Tolmeta
Authors: Little J. H.
Published: February 2016

The 1988 season of the Society's work at Tolmeta concentrated on drawing the key pottery from the 1978/79 excavations in the North-east Quadrant. These drawings are currently being processed to refine the chronology of the structural phases on this part of the site, and it is hoped that the results will be published in the 1991 volume of Libyan Studies. The opportunity was also taken in 1988 of further examining in some detail stratigraphic sections in House G. A carbon sample taken from one of the rooms has now been C14 dated to the period AD 680-780. Thus settled life in the city would seem to have continued well into the Islamic period.
The Description and Classification of Grain Size Data from Ancient and Modern Shoreline Sands at Lepcis Magna using Log Skew Laplace Distributions
Authors: Fieller N. R. J. , Flenley E. C. , Gilbertson D. D. , Hunt C. O.
Published: February 2016

The description and analysis of particle size distributions using log skew Laplace distributions is a new technique designed to overcome various mathematical and computational problems associated with other approaches. This paper presents an application of the method. In particular, it describes fitting log skew Laplace distributions to modern and ancient shoreline sands from Lepcis Magna (near Horns), Tripolitania, with the purpose of discriminating between modern environments and so classifying the ancient samples. Satisfactory discrimination was not always achieved between some of the modern ‘calibration’ shoreline sand samples of known provenance — possibly as a result of the presence of multimodal distributions. One layer in the harbour-infill sequence, previously of unknown provenance, was shown to have collected at, or close to, an ancient shoreline which developed within the ancient harbour. The majority of the ‘ancient’ samples of unknown depositional environments which were excavated from exposures in the Romano-Libyan harbour-infill sands, were shown by this analysis to be of neither beach nor aeolian origin. This conclusion supports field observations which suggested that the greater part of the harbour-infill sequence represented reworked dune palaeosols, developing dune soils and fluvial and lagoonal facies.
The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey XXIV: A Late Roman and Byzantine Church at Souk el Awty in the Tripolitanian Pre-desert
Authors: Welsby Derek A.
Published: February 2016

This article reports on the work carried out by the UNESCO Libyan Valleys project in 1989 within the church at Souk el Awty in the Wadi Buzra. It includes a detailed analysis of the upstanding structure of the building together with the results of the trial excavations conducted within it. The place of the Souk el Awty church amongst the other churches in the pre-desert and on the coast is discussed, and dates suggested for its initial construction and subsequent modification when an eastern apse was inserted into the nave. The suggestion by some scholars that this eastern apse was the mihrab of a mosque is dismissed.
Al-Waleed's Gold Dinar
Authors: Wanis Saleh
Published: February 2016

The author discusses a gold dinar, found at Cyrene, of the Caliph al-Waleed bin Abd el-Malik, and its place within the Umayyad reformed coinage.
The Karawah and Qarabulli Members of the Jifarah Formation – Late Pleistocene Aeolian and Lacustrine Deposits – Northwest Libya
Authors: Anketell J. M. , Ghellali S. M.
Published: February 2016

The Qarabulli Member of the Jifarah Formation in Wadi ar Raml comprises a thin sequence of chalks, chalky silts and carbon-rich silts draped over a dune-shaped top surface to the Karawah Member. The carbon-rich layers contain rootlets and are interpreted as marsh deposits. The chalks display thickening in the lows and thinning on the highs and yield a mollusc fauna indicative of deposition in semi-permanent, freshwater ponds. Correlation shows that basal beds in the lows are older than those on the highs confirming that the member was deposited on a pre-existing dune-shaped surface. Internal sedimentary structures in the Karawah Member sands suggest that they, and hence the dune-shape, are aeolian in origin. Drowning of the dunes was gradual, initially flooding the lowest troughs and eventually lapping over the crests. Conditions fluctuated between lacustrine and marsh before final inundation resulted in deposition of chalk over the whole section. Destruction of lamination in the underlying aeolian sands of the Karawah Member indicates that the ponds were sourced by upward movement of ground water.
ULVS XXV: The Gsur and Associated Settlements in the Wadi Umm el Kharab: an Architectural Survey
Authors: Welsby Derek A.
Published: February 2016

During the final field season of the UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey a detailed examination of the eight gsur in the Wadi Umm el Kharab was undertaken and is reported upon in this article. The work involved an architectural survey of the buildings, with accurate plans being made of two of them and measured sketches made of the others. Small scale excavations were undertaken in two of the gsur and the associated settlements were investigated. The study highlighted the diversity in design and construction of the buildings, three major types being noted. The chronological and social implications of this diversity are discussed. The possible functions of the gsur and of the individual rooms within them are considered, but much more work is required before the relationship of the gsur and the settlements which exist immediately adjacent to them can be discussed in a meaningful way.
The Important Role of Manpower Planning, Education and Training in the Economic Development of Libya
Authors: Zubi Ramadam Yousif
Published: February 2016

Libya has enjoyed a considerable growth of its national economy since its crude oil was produced and exported in the early 1960s and Libyan society has achieved a higher standard of living than in the 1950s. But despite the increasing and rapid expansion in the education system, the rising figures for enrolment and well-equipped buildings, the country still suffers from acute shortages of the well-qualified and skilled human resources that should meet the country's socio-economic development and transformation plans, and run the increased number of large industrial establishments like the oil industry, where a large number of foreign personnel still occupy core functions.

This paper shows that a number of practical and theoretical problems are responsible for inaccurate manpower planning, and also for the retardation of the development of Libya's manpower education and training, needed to ensure the country had the necessary well-qualified personnel who would perform their employment duties properly in order that the country achieves its planned socio-economic development targets.

For real control of Libya's natural resources, mainly oil and gas, the paper calls for urgent action to be taken for a well-planned and properly executed Libyanisation policy and more effective use of the most necessary non-Libyan personnel. It outlines the scientific and practical factors needed to improve labour productivity, describes the procedure and methodology of manpower forecasting currently in use, and calls for action to correct its deficiencies.

The paper also attempts to point out the major role that the university and other educational institutions have to play in the education and training of the country's people. It also suggests that more effort should be made to link and involve the educational institutions, and the university in particular, with the industrial and other economic sectors in the country. Also required is a variety of good services which can be employed in consultative work and collaborative involvement, based on a thorough understanding of the requirements both of industry and the university as a consultative and research centre, in addition to its educational functions. These and other aspects are fully discussed and a call is made for better planned and strategic reform of the education and training systems in Libya, so that the country can truly adjust to changes in its students and the workforce.
ULVS XXVI: Sedimentological and Palynological Studies of Holocene Environmental Changes from a Plateau Basin Infill Sequence at Grerat D'nar Salem, near Beni Ulid, in the Tripolitanian Pre-desert
Authors: Gilbertson D. D. , Hunt C. O. , Fieller N. R. J.
Published: February 2016

This paper describes an integrated series of sedimentological and palynological studies of the arenaceous deposits which infill the large alluvial basin of Grerat D'nar Salem, which is located on a limestone plateau in the semi-arid pre-desert of Tripolitania north-west of the town of Beni Ulid. This research shows that in the early and middle Holocene this depression was occupied by a large semi-permanent or permanent water body which was surrounded by a grass-steppe vegetation with some tree and shrub species, perhaps growing in wetter stream- and wadi-beds. Sometime in the mid-Holocene the region became much more arid, the lake disappeared, matching the pattern of environmental change observed elsewhere in northern Africa. The geomor-phic environment became dominated by aeolian processes, interrupted by occasional winter floods, in a landscape dominated by grass steppe — essentially the situation that has continued to the present day. It is clear from general biogeographical and geomorphic considerations that Romano-Libyan floodwater farming in the region must have brought about significant changes in the character of wadi floors. Field survey indicates that it has also left a legacy in the contemporary distribution of plants, animals and runoff in the modern landscape. Nevertheless, no clear evidence has emerged from this study that the widespread and intensive flood-water farming, evidenced by the archaeological remains in the area, was associated with either a climate or a landscape notably different from that of today. The new palynological evidence suggests that the nature of the related ancient cultivation at Grerat is better viewed as a monoculture, rather than the mixed farming deduced previously for wadi-floor areas. There is no evidence that any naturally-occurring environmental change was associated with the introduction or loss of floodwater farming in the region. There is some sedimentological evidence that such activity might have led to problems of soil salinity in this basin.
Mohammed el Adouli
Authors: Wanis Saleh , Thorn Dorothy
Published: February 2016

Mohammed el Adouli was well known throughout the Jebel Akhdar in the nineteenth century, and for at least twenty years was employed as a guide by many foreign consuls and explorers. This article seeks to bring together any information, both complimentary and otherwise, which has been left by these travellers about Adouli. The most striking record is his photograph, taken in 1861 by Smith and Porcher, which must be the earliest named photographic portrait of a Libyan.