bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kill the Inventor! If Capitalism Spurs Innovation, Who Is the Horse?
Authors: Goldstein Jesse
Published: September 2019

The saying “capitalism spurs innovation” conjures a sense that capitalism is promoting, accelerating and encouraging creative advance. However, spurs are also a disciplinary device, used to break in horses and make them comply with the will of their riders. Inventor-entrepreneurs are subjected to precisely this sort of “training,” or discipline – what Henri Lefebvre refers to as dressage. This chapter explores how dressage operates through the expectations and formal legal agreements that accompany venture investments. Though it is common to conceptualize entrepreneurs as the creative vanguard of neoliberal capitalism, here we see instead that capital, or the investors operating in its name, are mainly interested in working with “doubly free entrepreneurs” who are willing to renounce direct control over their innovations and instead become employees that are able to be fired as needed. Entrepreneurial creativity represents one small aspect of a broader, intergenerational and inherently collective capacity to create, make, maintain and imagine. Dressage speaks to a more broadly understood enclosure of this creativity, subtly reinforced through the lionization of entrepreneurship as the pinnacle of creative activity. As a result, a wide array of possibilities and potentials are actively disciplined and reduced to the potential to create (green) capital.
Whose Planet? Whose Technology? Green Keynesianism and the Privileges of Petromodernity
Authors: Goldstein Jesse
Published: September 2019

A critical politics of environmental technology and innovation must move beyond simplistic binaries that peg all technology and all innovation – or even, for that matter, all entrepreneurship – as inherently good or bad. Chapter 6 looks at a number of recent and ongoing proposals for technologically mediated environmental transformation, including Bill Gates Breakthrough Energy Coalition. At the core of these green Keynesian proposals lies strikingly similar visions of a sustained abundance of cheap energy, unburdened by CO2 emissions or any of the other pernicious externalities that are destabilizing the biosphere. The demand for this abundant energy, which powers the very industrial economy that is causing so much environmental harm, is never meaningfully addressed. While the sociotechnical capacity exists to transform the world in any number of ways, realizing more emancipatory (socially and environmentally) visions may require that we ‘kill the investor’; liberating our imaginations, our sciences, technologies and innovations from the narrowing and involutive logic of capital.
Introduction
Authors: Humphreys Lee
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. The book aims to highlight one of the very ordinary ways that people have used and continue to use media in their everyday lives. It identifies the ordinary within new media practices by comparing them with historical media practices. While it might seem new and extraordinary that people are tweeting what they had for breakfast, when put into context with historical diary practices, it reveals the ordinariness of the act itself. When we look across media over time, we see patterns of how people are incorporating media into their everyday lives. By focusing on what people do with media, rather than on the technology, we can see similarities otherwise obscured by the newness of the platform.
Remembrancing
Authors: Humphreys Lee
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the practice of remembrancing. Media traces have long been a tool for remembering activities and experiences. The chapter examines the various ways that people create media traces so-called mediated memories. Historically, one of the most common kinds of diary-keeping are travel journals. This was a way to record new events and experiences to savor at a later time and share with others. Similarly, today travel blogs and social media postings are both a way to share with others as well as relive these traces when returning home. Remembrancing is also a way to create media traces of particularly momentous events in our lives. The chapter explores the role of memorial photography and, in particular, postmortem infant photography as a means of understanding how and why we create traces of difficult experiences in our lives.
Reckoning
Authors: Humphreys Lee
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the practice of reckoning. Reckoning is the process of engaging with media traces to better understand ourselves and the world around us. It examines the evidentiary nature of media traces. Drawing on Derrida's notion of the trace, it examines the ways in which media accounting allows us to both prove and improve ourselves. It discusses the ways that various media traces are used as evidence. The chapter draws on the GoPro camera and its community of YouTube users to demonstrate how everyday people create and share their videos to document and prove that something happened. It is also argued that reckoning comes from the aggregated nature of media accounting. The chapter examines various tensions that arise when our media traces do not align with our sense of selves and describes a reconciliation process that we engage in through media accounting.
Introduction
Authors: Kapatsinski Vsevolod
Published: September 2019

By the time you were just a year old, you had learned which sound distinctions matter and which do not. From the constant streams of acoustic and visual input, you had extracted a few acoustic forms and linked them to meanings—your first words. The muscles of your tongue, jaw, and larynx (and a few others) had been shaped into producing intricate, precisely coordinated patterns that would reproduce some of these complex patterns of sound closely enough to evoke the adept at producing words and sentences you had never heard before, planning and executing a novel sequence of muscle movements to convey a novel meaning. These feats appear miraculous, impossible for mere animals to accomplish. And indeed, they have led many researchers of language acquisition to posit that we are born knowing much about what human languages are like (Universal Grammar) and equipped with specialized learning mechanisms, tailored to the acquisition of language, mechanisms not subject to the laws that govern learning in the rest of the biological world (the Language Acquisition Device). The aim of this book is to convince you that this conclusion is—if not wrong—then at least premature. Language acquisition is simply learning. This book is one illustration of how accepting this proposition gets us much closer to explaining why languages are the way they are—the ultimate goal of linguistic theory—than does accepting innate knowledge of language universals and the Language Acquisition Device. Learning changes minds, and changing minds change the tools they use to accomplish their communicative goals to fit....
Bringing It All Together
Authors: Kapatsinski Vsevolod
Published: September 2019

This chapter reviews the hypotheses about learning, processing, and mental representation advanced in the rest of this book, and brings them together to explain some recurrent patterns in language change, including changes involving phonetics, semantics, and morphology. It also discusses some general principles that recur throughout the book, including the functional value of redundancy (degeneracy), the ubiquity of evolution (variation and selection) as a mechanism of change, and domain-general learning mechanisms. Promising future directions and gaps in the literature are outlined. The chapter concluded that domain-general learning mechanisms provide valuable insights into the central issues of language acquisition and explanations for recurrent patterns in language change, which in turn explain why languages are the way they are, including not only language universals but also the emergence of specific typological rarities.
Why Carbon Pricing Has Often Failed
Authors: Rabe Barry G.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines nearly two decades of experience (1997-2015) in federal and sub-federal governments in the United States and Canada but also European and Asian nations in attempting to adopt carbon pricing. It explores various stages of the policy life-cycle and concludes that there are many points that challenge the adoption and durability of these policies. Even in cases where a policy is approved, its launch process, survival through a subsequent election and change of leadership, and management over the longer term can pose great challenges, frequently resulting in an erosion of support and reversal of policy. Enduring those stages of the life cycle is no guarantee that a surviving policy actually succeeds in reducing emissions in a cost-effective manner.
When Carbon Taxes Work
Authors: Rabe Barry G.
Published: September 2019

Carbon pricing is a political challenge but not an impossibility. This chapter examines cases where initial carbon tax adoption was followed by an enduring period of political support, successful implementation, and achievement of key policy goals. This includes a series of carbon taxes adopted in four Nordic countries in the 1990s and also more recent cases from British Columbia and Ireland. The British Columbia case is particularly noteworthy as it represents an effort by a center-right government to establish a relatively steep tax and reallocate all revenue to the public through a series of tax reductions.
When Cap-and-Trade Works
Authors: Rabe Barry G.
Published: September 2019

Cap-and-trade has also faced numerous political challenges but also includes some more successful cases. Some of the experience of the American sulfur dioxide emissions trading program has been replicated for carbon in the case of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. This alliance among nine Northeastern states has retained political support for more than a decade and also pioneered a system to auction allowances to generate revenue. These funds are then concentrated on expansion of energy efficiency and renewable energy in the region, thereby further addressing climate change and also building a broader base of political support.
Carbon Pricing Lessons
Authors: Rabe Barry G.
Published: September 2019

This chapter attempts to distil key lessons from recent decades of experience with carbon pricing. It notes that American emissions have actually dropped despite the lack of national carbon pricing and that future attempts to develop carbon pricing need to draw directly from past experience. This includes careful attention to building political constituencies, developing effective management systems, and setting politically realistic goals. The chapter also explores other forms of energy taxation that might serve to impose a carbon price but do so at the point of extracting fossil fuels from below the surface of the ground. Nearly all states that produce oil and gas impose severance taxes and they generally retain broad political support across partisan lines.
A Second Act for Carbon Pricing?
Authors: Rabe Barry G.
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers the future political viability of carbon pricing, given national and international developments since 2015. This includes a range of developments, including the Paris climate accord and major new initiatives in the United States and Canada on carbon taxes and cap-and-trade. It also revisits severance taxes and a mix of other efforts such as electricity fees and methane taxes that have emerged as possible counterparts to these carbon pricing mainstays, given their greater political feasibility.
Spectrum Model of Brain and Consciousness
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: September 2019

Is the spectrum model of brain and its assumption of the hybrid nature of stimulus-induced activity relevant for consciousness? That is the focus in the present chapter. I here present various lines of empirical evidence focusing on disorders of consciousness like vegetative state, anesthesia, and sleep. These findings suggest that the loss of consciousness in vegetative state, anesthesia, and sleep is characterized by the loss of the hybrid nature of stimulus-induced activity which shifts more towards the passive pole. This lets me suppose that the hybrid nature of stimulus-induced activity including its spatiotemporal integration as postulated in the spectrum model is central for the level of consciousness. I therefore conclude that the spectrum model of brain is relevant for consciousness.
Ontology I: From Brain to World–Brain Relation
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: September 2019

How can we account for the brain’s existence and reality? I now shift my focus from the empirical (Part I and II) context in the previous chapters to the ontological dimension. Specifically, I focus on an “ontology of brain” as part of a wider “philosophy of brain” (Northoff 2004). Based on the empirical data, I argue that the brain’s existence and reality is based on structure and relation rather than elements like properties. This makes possible to determine the brain’s existence and reality by world-brain relation rather than physical or mental properties within the brain itself. That is well compatible with ontic structural realism (OSR). More specifically, the world-brain relation can be understood in spatiotemporal terms entailing what I describe as “spatiotemporal ontology”. Time and space are here no longer understood in observational terms, e.g., “observational time and space”, but rather as relational in the sense of OSR, i.e., “relational time and space”. Taken together, I ontologically characterize the brain by world-brain relation presupposing relation and structure as in OSR. This amounts to a “relational view” of the brain in our “ontology of brain”. Such relational view of the brain’s existence and reality can be specified by “relational time and space” (as I say) as distinguished from “observational time and space”. That opens the door for a novel ontological characterization of consciousness in the terms of world-brain relation and OSR – this shall be the focus in the next chapter.
Ontology II: From World–Brain Relation to Consciousness
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: September 2019

How can we account for the existence and reality of consciousness and mental features in general? The present chapter complements the previous one by shifting the focus from the ontological determination of the brain to consciousness. I characterized the brain’s existence and reality by world-brain relation for which I presupposed relation and structure as basic units of existence and reality. This entails structural realism, that is, ontic structural realism (OSR). I now apply the definition of the brain by world-brain relation and OSR to consciousness. The main point is that I extend the spatiotemporal definition of world-brain relation to consciousness, that is, its phenomenal features as distinguished from neuronal (and physical) features (while leaving out other features of consciousness like cognitive features; chapter 7). Specifically, I argue that the world-brain relation provides the necessary non-sufficient ontological condition of possible consciousness, the “ontological predisposition of consciousness” (OPC) as I say. The world-brain relation is characterized by spatiotemporal structure with relational time and space which makes possible “upward spatiotemporal entailment” of consciousness. Accordingly, consciousness is entailed spatiotemporally by world-brain relation; this, in turn, makes possible necessary (rather than contingent) a posteriori ontological connection between brain and consciousness on the basis of their commonly underlying and shared world-brain relation. Importantly, this makes superfluous the introduction of the concept of mind to account for necessary connection of mental features to their underlying ontological basis. Therefore, I suggest replacing the concept of mind by the one of world-brain relation. This entails that the mind-body problem becomes superfluous and can be replaced by what I describe as “world-brain problem”.
Ontology III: From the World to Consciousness
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: September 2019

Summary I so far focused mainly on the brain and how it is related to consciousness. This let me suppose that the brain, through its relation to the world, i.e., the world-brain relation, is necessary connected to consciousness (chapter 10). While this highlighted the central importance of the brain for the existence and reality of consciousness, the world itself and its ontological role were rather neglected so far – that shall be the focus in this chapter. My main argument is that the world is indispensable for consciousness and mental features in general: without world, there could no world-brain relation, which, in turn, renders impossible consciousness. I will discuss the role of the world for consciousness in terms of three arguments, the “argument of calibration”, the “argument of structure”, and the “argument of location”. First, as discussed in the “argument of calibration”, the world serves as “spatiotemporal frame”; this makes it possible for world-brain relation to serve as “spatiotemporal baseline” and “space of possible experience” for calibrating the possible objects or events for consciousness. That, as I argue, is central for yielding specifically the phenomenal features of consciousness. Secondly, as discussed in the “argument of structure”, the world itself can ontologically be characterized by “spatiotemporal nestedness”: the brain and its smaller spatiotemporal scale are contained and nested within the larger spatiotemporal scale of the world. Such “spatiotemporal nestedness” is an ontological feature of the world which is necessary for and makes possible, i.e., predisposes, consciousness. Finally, as discussed in the “argument of location”, the world allows for “complex location” of both brain and consciousness as part of and within the world as distinguished from both “simple location” and “non-location”. In sum, inclusion of the world in our ontology is indispensable if one wants to understand the existence and reality of mental features which, if reduced or limited to either brain or mind, remain unclear. I conclude that we need to include both world and brain including their relation, i.e., world-brain relation, in our ontology of consciousness – this amounts to what I describe as world-brain problem. Otherwise, when considering either brain or world alone as in “brain problem” and “world-problem” as I say, one leaves a gap between world and brain which makes it impossible to account for the existence and reality of mental features like consciousness.
Copernican Revolution in Neuroscience and Philosophy: Vantage Point from beyond Brain
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: September 2019

How can we eliminate the “intuition of mind”? I demonstrated that the “intuition of mind” can be traced to our pre-Copernican vantage point from within mind or brain (chapter 20). Analogous to Copernicus, we need to radically shift our vantage point to eliminate the intuition of mind and take into view the necessary ontological connection between brain and mental features. For that, we need shift our vantage point from within either mind or brain to a “vantage point from beyond brain”.
My main argument in the present chapter is that, analogous to Copernicus with regard to earth, we need to replace the pre-Copernican “vantage point from within mind” (or from within brain) by a post-Copernican “vantage point from beyond brain”. Unlike the “vantage point from within mind” (or brain), the “vantage point from beyond brain” includes relation, i.e., world-brain relation, as possible epistemic option within its “logical space of knowledge”. This allows us to take into view the necessary ontological connection between brain and mental features through world-brain relation as ontological predisposition of consciousness (chapter 10). Most importantly, this renders superfluous if not impossible both “intuition of mind” and mind-body problem which then can be replaced by world-brain relation and world-brain problem. I conclude that such “vantage point from beyond brain” with the world-brain problem amounts to nothing less than a Copernican revolution in neuroscience and philosophy.
Conclusion: Copernican Revolution—Is the Brain’s Spontaneous Activity an Empirical, Epistemic, and Ontological Game Changer in Neuroscience and Philosophy?
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: September 2019

Are the brain and its spontaneous activity a “game changer” in our pursuit of the question of the existence and reality of mental features? A game changer is something that allows to take something into view that hitherto remained invisible and was not yet discovered. That, for instance, makes it possible to raise a novel question or problem replacing the previous one. I argue that the brain’s spontaneous activity is indeed a game changer in this sense, an “empirical and ontological game changer” in that it allows us to replace the mind–body problem with the world–brain problem....
Knowing a Fly
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines what one government official called “an intelligence system of tsetse”—a thoroughly intrusive infrastructure and procedure of knowing this chipukanana (principally its mobilities) in the most complete way possible. This anthropomorphic formula for intrusive knowing sought “to live and breathe and think with” mhesvi; to do so entailed “a lifetime of affectionate study.” This meant placing a peripatetic chipukanana under surveillance, to know how much time it spent in different parts of the habitat at different times of the year; how much time it spent feeding, sleeping, or simply in vigilant mode, waiting to pounce on anything that moved. Maps—of where it slept, bred, roamed, ate; its boundaries; strong points and weak points—were essential to successful operations against it.
Traffic Control: A Surveillance System for Unwanted Passengers
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter takes the mobility discussion in a totally different direction—away from trains, from vanhu (humans) and means and ways as the central actors, to mhesvi subverting the transport systems that vanhu contrived. This is to further the thesis of this book—the idea of mhesvi as mobile workshop, this time as a passenger taking a ride on pedestrians, disabling ox wagon transport, riding on automobiles and on bicycles, and forcing vanhu to institute mechanisms and infrastructures of traffic control. On the surface, traffic might be interpreted as automobiles, bicycles, and foot movements—yet such movement is, at any other time, innocuous. What rendered it worth controlling was mhesvi, the real “traffic” that had to be controlled because it carried hutachiwana.
The Work of Ground Spraying: Incoming Machines in Vatema’s Hands
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on ground spraying. It is organized into three sections. The first concerns the strategic deployment of inbound spraying equipment to perform or operationalize specific objectives and outcomes. The second section looks at the work of spraying, focusing on the meeting point between mushonga wezvipukanana (pesticide), mushini (spraying machine), and sprayman, known in the villages as mafrayi (fly man). The final section is a case study of a spraying campaign involving three neighboring countries: Southern Rhodesia, Portuguese East Africa, and the Union of South Africa. The purpose of the campaign was to stop the advance of mhesvi from the Rio Savé region of Mozambique into the Savé-Runde area, potentially threatening northeastern South Africa.
DDT, Pollution, and Gomarara: A Muted Debate
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers the link between vachana's organochlorine pesticide (OCP) use, and the high incidence of many types of cancer, a condition known as gomarara. The chapter first explores the state of gomarara in Zimbabwe, drawing out the incidence of those types of gomarara usually associated with OCPs. The second section reconstructs debates about OCPs as environmental pollutants, an issue that was muted at the height of the spraying campaigns of the 1950s to 1970s, and is largely forgotten now. Some of the investigations made into the environmental effects of OCPs elsewhere were also considered, marshalling that evidence to ask questions and to map and follow the itineraries of these pesticides in our bodies and those of our animal cousins.
Chemoprophylactics
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa
Published: September 2019

Chemoprophylaxis refers to the administration of medication to prevent disease or infection. This chapter first gives a historical overview of chemoprophylaxis in Southern Rhodesia, then turns to the problem of drug resistance and photosensitization, which is a clinical condition in which the skin's negative exposure and reaction to sunlight is heightened due to phototoxic drugs and chemicals. This photosensitivity occurs when these substances absorb sunlight (ultraviolet radiation), triggering a burning sensation, redness, and swelling. The chapter ends with a case study of chemoprophylaxis operations in Southern Rhodesia, exploring how the early promises of chemoprophylaxis ended with unforeseen complications that poisoned instead of cured animals of n'gana. The argument made is one about pollution of the most intimate kind: within the body, both of the animal and hutachiwana itself.
ON selectivity in the Drosophila visual system is a multisynaptic process involving both glutamatergic and GABAergic inhibition
Authors: Molina-Obando Sebastian , Vargas-Fique Juan Felipe , Henning Miriam , Gür Burak , Schladt T Moritz , Akhtar Junaid , Berger Thomas K , Silies Marion
Published: September 2019

Sensory systems sequentially extract increasingly complex features. ON and OFF pathways, for example, encode increases or decreases of a stimulus from a common input. This ON/OFF pathway split is thought to occur at individual synaptic connections through a sign-inverting synapse in one of the pathways. Here, we show that ON selectivity is a multisynaptic process in the Drosophila visual system. A pharmacogenetics approach demonstrates that both glutamatergic inhibition through GluClα and GABAergic inhibition through Rdl mediate ON responses. Although neurons postsynaptic to the glutamatergic ON pathway input L1 lose all responses in GluClα mutants, they are resistant to a cell-type-specific loss of GluClα. This shows that ON selectivity is distributed across multiple synapses, and raises the possibility that cell-type-specific manipulations might reveal similar strategies in other sensory systems. Thus, sensory coding is more distributed than predicted by simple circuit motifs, allowing for robust neural processing.
Efficient gate control of spin–orbit interaction in InSb nanowire FET with a nearby back gate
Authors: Takase Keiko , Tateno Kouta , Sasaki Satoshi
Published: September 2019

Electrical tuning of spin–orbit interaction (SOI) is important for spintronics. Here we report that InSb nanowire with a nearby back gate structure enables efficient tuning of the Rashba SOI with small gate voltage. Consequently, the Rashba coupling parameter is larger than those obtained for various previously reported III–V nanowire devices. Our findings demonstrate that InSb nanowire with this back gate structure will provide prominent and easy-to-use devices in the fields of spintronics and spin–orbitronics.
Identification of pivotal lncRNAs in papillary thyroid cancer using lncRNA–mRNA–miRNA ceRNA network analysis
Authors: Liang Weiwei , Sun Fangfang
Published: September 2019

Background

To identify pivotal lncRNAs in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) using lncRNA–mRNA–miRNA ceRNA network analysis.

Methods

We obtained gene expression profiles from the gene expression omnibus database. Cancer specific lncRNA, cancer specific miRNA and cancer specific mRNA were identified. An integrated analysis was conducted to detect potential lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA ceRNA in regulating disease transformation. The lncRNA regulated gene ontology (GO) terms and regulated pathways were performed by function analysis. Survival analysis was performed for the pivotal lncRNAs.

Results

A total of four lncRNAs, 15 miRNAs and 375 mRNAs are identified as the key mediators in the pathophysiological processes of PTC. GO annotation enrichment analysis showed the most relevant GO terms are signal transduction, integral component of membrane and calcium ion binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed different changed genes mainly enriched in pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and focal adhesion. Among four lncRNAs, only SLC26A4-AS1 was significantly associated with PTC patient disease free survival.

Conclusion

This study has constructed lncRNA–mRNA–miRNA ceRNA networks in PTC. The study provides a set of pivotal lncRNAs for future investigation into the molecular mechanisms.
Yak rumen microbial diversity at different forage growth stages of an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Ma Li , Xu Shixiao , Liu Hongjin , Xu Tianwei , Hu Linyong , Zhao Na , Han Xueping , Zhang Xiaoling
Published: September 2019

The rumen microbiota of ruminants plays a vital role in fiber digestion, and environmental factors affect its community structure. The yak (Bos grunniens) is the main livestock species that inhabits the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) at regions located at high-altitude of 3,000–5,000 m. This work investigated the rumen bacterial community of yak that grazed on the QTP during the whole year to evaluate the relationship between the rumen bacterial community and the nutrient composition of forage plant at three stages. In this study, the diversity of the rumen prokaryotic community composition was monitored in 10 full-grazing yak in an alpine meadow of the QTP. The nutrient composition of three forage growth stages was determined: re-green stage (REGY), grassy stage (GY), and withered stage (WGY). High-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene was used. The results showed that the nutritive composition of the alpine meadow changed with the seasons: crude protein (CP) (13.22%) was high in forage during REGY (spring), while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (59.00%) was high during WGY (winter). Microbial diversity and richness were highest during REGY and the average number of operational taxonomic units from 30 samples was 4,470. The microbial composition was dominated by members of Bacteroidetes (51.82%), followed by Firmicutes (34.08%), and the relative microbial abundance changed in the three forage growth stages. Unweighted UniFrac distance PcoA showed that the bacterial community structure differed between REGY, GY, and WGY. Furthermore, taxonomic groups did not present differences regarding gender in these three stages. The rumen microbiota was enriched with functional potentials that were related to ABC transporters, the two-component system, Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and metabolism of Purine, Pyrimidine, Starch and sucrose metabolism. Significant differences were found in the composition, diversity, and function of yak ruminal microorganisms during different forage growth stages. This indicates that microbial changes in the rumen depend on changes in the forage nutritional composition. These findings provide evidence on the rumen microbial diversity of yaks in the QTP.
Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kualitas Konstruksi Rumah Menengah dan Mewah di Surabaya
Authors: Mintardjo Ambrosius , Kwanda Timoticin , Rahardjo Jani
Published: September 2019

The quality factor is considered when people will buy a house. People are willing to pay more for good quality house, as it will have high value to resell. Hence, it is important to realize quality factor in construction. The respondent answered how was the house construction quality in Surabaya and factors affecting it. The result of this research found 8 expected factors that affects the middle and high-end landed house construction quality in Surabaya. These factors were budget allocation for quality management and occupational health and safety, comprehensive review to the architecture and structure design, supplier management, process management, human resource management, written working standard, customer satisfaction oriented, and proper construction specification and drawing. Out of 8 factor, there was only 1 factor that affects the most, it was proper construction specification and drawing. This research also found there was a difference in factors affecting middle & high-end landed house construction quality in Surabaya.
Efficient quality assurance method with automated data acquisition of a single phantom setup to determine radiation and imaging isocenter congruence
Authors: Kang Hyejoo , Patel Rakesh , Roeske John C.
Published: September 2019

We developed a quality assurance (QA) method to determine the isocenter congruence of Optical Surface Monitoring System (OSMS, Varian, CA, USA), kilovoltage (kV), and megavoltage (MV) imaging, and the radiation isocenter using a single setup of the OSMS phantom for frameless Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) treatment. After aligning the phantom to the OSMS isocenter, a cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the phantom was acquired and registered to a computed tomography (CT) scan of the phantom to determine the CBCT isocenter. Without moving the phantom, MV and kV images were simultaneously acquired at four gantry angles to localize MV and kV isocenters. Then, Winston‐Lutz (W‐L) test images of the central BB in the phantom were acquired to analyze the radiation isocenter. The gantry and couch were automatically controlled using the TrueBeam Developer Mode during MV, kV, and W‐L image acquisition. All the images were acquired weekly for 17 weeks to track the congruence of all the imaging modalities' isocenter in six‐dimensional (6D) translations and rotations, and the radiation isocenter in three‐dimensional (3D) translations. The shifts of isocenters of all imaging modalities and the radiation isocenter from the OSMS isocenter were within 0.2 mm and 0.2° on average over 17 weeks. The maximum discrepancy between OSMS and other imaging modalities or radiation isocenters was 0.8 mm and 0.3°. However, systematic shifts of radiation isocenter anteriorly and laterally relative to the OSMS isocenter were observed. The measured discrepancies were consistent from week‐to‐week except for two weeks when the isocenter discrepancies of 0.8 mm were noted due to drifts of the OSMS isocenter. Once recalibration was performed on OSMS, the discrepancy was reduced to 0.3 mm and 0.2°.By performing the proposed QA on a weekly basis, the isocenter congruencies of multiple imaging systems and radiation isocenter were validated for a linear accelerator.
Architected Tungsten Carbide Electrodes Using Origami Techniques
Authors: Islam Monsur , Keck Devin , Martinez-Duarte Rodrigo
Published: September 2019

The fabrication of 3D complex shapes of porous tungsten carbide (WC) using an origami‐inspired manufacturing technology is presented. This is the first report of this technology for the fabrication of complex WC structures with density as low as 0.06 g cm−3. The porous WC origami structures are fabricated by heat treatment of folded paper infiltrated with an aqueous solution of ammonium metatungstate (AMT). WC purity up to 96% is achieved when using an AMT concentration of 20%, synthesis temperature of 1300 °C, and heating rate of 2.5 °C min−1. The as‐synthesized WC features a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 102.06 m2 g−1. Beyond obtaining high‐purity WC, the focus is on understanding the effect of the microstructure on the mechanical performance of origami structures. Increasing the purity of WC decreases the elastic modulus and compressive strength of the origami structure, which is attributed to the increasing grain size of the crystalline phase materials and increase of graphitic phases in carbon with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the WC origami structures exhibit good and stable electrical conductivity under compressive stress. These initial results encourage further work on using paper as a scaffold to fabricate origami‐inspired multifunctional structures, for structural energy components.
Enhanced Performance of Mg–Zn–Y–Mn Alloy via Minor Ca Addition
Authors: Zhao Rui , Wang Jie , Zhang Jinshan , Zhang Longlong , Zhang Jiaxin , Xu Chunxiang , Guo Wenqiang
Published: September 2019

Herein, the effect of calcium (Ca) microalloying on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg94Zn2.5Y2.5Mn1 alloy is identified. The long‐period stacking‐ordered (LPSO) phase transformation mechanism during solid‐solution treatment and hot deformation behavior during extrusion process are analyzed. The role of minor (0.34 at%) Ca addition in the as‐cast alloy is related to the fine microstructure and abundant 18R‐LPSO phase. Furthermore, the precipitation of 14H‐LPSO phase is greatly induced by Ca addition in subsequent solid‐solution treatment. As for as‐extruded alloys, the dynamic precipitation behavior of W phase nanoparticles is found. The high‐density W phase nanoparticles suppress the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior and inhibit the growth of dynamical recrystallized (DRXed) grains. The as‐extruded Ca‐modified alloy shows a superior mechanical property with yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation of 400, 434 MPa, and 19.5%, respectively. The tiny microstructure, W phase nanoparticles, and kinky LPSO (both 18R and 14H type) phase are the reasons for the outstanding mechanical properties.
Supramolecular‐Macrocycle‐Based Crystalline Organic Materials
Authors: Zhou Yujuan , Jie Kecheng , Zhao Run , Huang Feihe
Published: September 2019

Supramolecular macrocycles are well known as guest receptors in supramolecular chemistry, especially host−guest chemistry. In addition to their wide applications in host−guest chemistry and related areas, macrocycles have also been employed to construct crystalline organic materials (COMs) owing to their particular structures that combine both rigidity and adaptivity. There are two main types of supramolecular‐macrocycle‐based COMs: those constructed from macrocycles themselves and those prepared from macrocycles with other organic linkers. This review summarizes recent developments in supramolecular‐macrocycle‐based COMs, which are categorized by various types of macrocycles, including cyclodextrins, calixarenes, resorcinarenes, pyrogalloarenes, cucurbiturils, pillararenes, and others. Effort is made to focus on the structures of supramolecular‐macrocycle‐based COMs and their structure–function relationships. In addition, the application of supramolecular‐macrocycle‐based COMs in gas storage or separation, molecular separation, solid‐state electrolytes, proton conduction, iodine capture, water or environmental treatment, etc., are also presented. Finally, perspectives and future challenges in the field of supramolecular‐macrocycle‐based COMs are discussed.
AI‐Enabled Parabolic Response Surface Approach Identifies Ultra Short‐Course Near‐Universal TB Drug Regimens
Authors: Horwitz Marcus A. , Clemens Daniel L. , Lee Bai‐Yu
Published: September 2019

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem that causes more deaths worldwide than any other single infectious disease. Current multidrug therapy for tuberculosis is exceedingly lengthy, leading to poor drug adherence, and consequently the emergence of drug resistance. Hence, much more rapid treatments are needed. Experimentally identifying the most synergistic drug combinations among available drugs is complicated by the astronomical number of possible drug‐dose combinations. This problem is dealt with by the use of an artificial‐intelligence‐enabled parabolic response surface platform in conjunction with an in vitro Mycobacterium tuberculosis–infected macrophage cell culture assay amenable to high‐throughput screening. This strategy allows rapid identification of the most effective drug‐dose combinations by testing only a small fraction of the total drug‐dose efficacy response surface. The same platform is then used to optimize the in vivo doses of each drug in the most potent regimens. Thus, regimens are identified that are dramatically more effective than the Standard Regimen in treating TB in a mouse model—a model broadly predictive of drug efficacy in humans. The most effective regimens reported herein shorten the duration of treatment required to achieve relapse‐free cure by 80% and are suitable for treating both drug‐sensitive and most drug‐resistant cases of tuberculosis.
Atomic Nb Anchoring on Graphdiyne as a New Potential Electrocatalyst for Nitrogen Fixation: A Computational View
Authors: Han Xing‐Qi , Lang Zhong‐Ling , Yan Li‐Kai , Guan Wei , Ci Cheng‐Gang , Su Zhong‐Min
Published: September 2019

The exploration of effective active catalysts for the synthesis of ammonia NH3 is of vital importance to the development of the industrial dinitrogen‐fixation industry. Herein, a series of single transition metal atoms is screened anchoring on a monolayer graphdiyne (TM@GD, TM = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Ir, Pt, and Au) toward electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction nitrogen reductive reaction (NRR) by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Several TM@GD, including Ti@GD, V@GD, Nb@GD, Ru@GD, and W@GD, are computed to experience relatively lower free energy uphill for NRR than Ru(0001) surface. Specifically, the Nb@GD is demonstrated to be the most excellent for NRR with a limited potential of only 0.27 V, and also a high selectivity of 49.95% in spite of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) competition simply estimated by Boltzmann distribution. Distal pathway is identified here without the formation of N2N4 species, ensuring a highly oriented product of NH3. Studies in this work would facilitate further experimental research in this field with a new idea and guidance to find out the active catalysts of high efficiency for NH3 synthesis at room temperature.
Strain Improving the Performance of a Flexible Monolayer MoS2 Photodetector
Authors: Li Feng , Shen Tao , Xu Lei , Hu Chaosheng , Qi Junjie
Published: September 2019

The mechanically stretchable 2D materials have attracted much interest for their potential applications in flexible electronics, as well as the possibility of strain‐tuning their electronic and photoelectric performance through piezoelectric and piezoresistive effects. Piezoelectric and piezoresistive effects are observed in a flexible monolayer MoS2 device and the effect of the strain on the photoelectric properties is investigated. The light–dark current ratio, photoresponse speed, and self‐powered current are significantly improved by piezoelectric effect when 0.8% strain is applied in the armchair direction of monolayer MoS2. In addition, the photocurrent and photoresponsivity are increased by 5.6 and 4.2, respectively, due to large piezoresistive effect when 1.4% strain is applied in a zigzag direction. Furthermore, the piezoelectric and piezoresistive effects in monolayer MoS2 are characterized by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). The regulation mechanism of piezoelectric and piezoresistive effect on the photoelectric performance of the MoS2 photodetector is discussed using the energy band. The results show that the photoelectric performance of 2D materials can not only be improved by the piezoelectric effect, but also by the piezoresistive effect, which is significant for the application of 2D materials in optoelectronics.
Realization of Photo‐Thermal Metathesis Under Microwave Irradiation Conditions: An Entry to Triquinane Frameworks
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Cheekatla Subba Rao , Meshram Milind , Bandi Vijayalakshmi , Seema Vittal
Published: September 2019

We report a simple and convenient synthetic route to cis,syn,cis triquinane frameworks under microwave irradiation conditions starting with cage diones. This is feasible because of the substituents present in the precursors, which facilitate the metathesis under milder reaction conditions as compared to normal flash vacuum pyrolysis conditions (∼600 °C). Isomerization of the double bond was realized under microwave irradiation to deliver the other triquinanes, which are useful precursors for natural product synthesis.
A Simple and Efficient Device and Method for Measuring the Kinetics of Gas‐Producing Reactions
Authors: Slot Thierry K. , Shiju N. Raveendran , Rothenberg Gadi
Published: September 2019

We present a new device for quantifying gases or gas mixtures based on the simple principle of bubble counting. With this device, we can follow reaction kinetics down to volume step sizes of 8–12 μL. This enables the accurate determination of both time and size of these gas quanta, giving a very detailed kinetic analysis. We demonstrate this method and device using ammonia borane hydrolysis as a model reaction, obtaining Arrhenius plots with over 300 data points from a single experiment. Our device not only saves time and avoids frustration, but also offers more insight into reaction kinetics and mechanistic studies. Moreover, its simplicity and low cost open opportunities for many lab applications.
The 3 C's of anthropomorphism: Connection, comprehension, and competition
Authors: Yang Linyun W. , Aggarwal Pankaj , McGill Ann L.
Published: September 2019

Anthropomorphism, or imbuing nonhuman entities with human traits, is widely prevalent in the marketplace. The last decade of consumer research demonstrates that when imbued with human characteristics, anthropomorphized brands and products become active participants in the consumption experience and are viewed and treated fundamentally differently than those viewed simply as objects. We identify three dimensions around how consumers relate to anthropomorphized entities: connection, comprehension, and competition. The first two C's highlight how anthropomorphized brands and products benefit consumers by fulfilling belongingness needs (connection) and helping consumers understand unfamiliar situations and products (comprehension). In contrast, the competition dimension highlights how anthropomorphized brands and products are perceived as adversaries or potential threats to consumers’ individual goals. By identifying competition as the third C, we illuminate self‐protection as an additional motivation that shapes consumers’ responses to anthropomorphized entities—a motivation that has not been directly accounted for in previous theorizing.