bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure Discrepancy of Riding Behavior of Heterogeneous Young Motorcyclists in Taiwan
Authors: Wong Jinn-Tsai , Chung Yi-Shih , Hsiao Li-Wen
Published: February 2011

Although young motorcyclists are more likely to conduct risky driving behaviors and be involved in crashes, not all young motorcyclists are the same. Past studies have examined such heterogeneity by grouping drivers and then assessing differences between the subgroups solely on variables or constructs such as drivers' personality traits, attitudes, and risky behaviors. However, the discrepancy of causal structure relationships between personality traits and risky driving behavior in different subgroups needs to be explored further. This study thus proposes a multigroup analysis based on structural equation modeling to investigate the structural discrepancy that may exist in distinct groups. On the basis of cluster analysis of personality traits, this work identifies four types of young motorcyclists in Taiwan. Findings show that significant difference on a single construct could result in significantly different causal structures. Sensation seeking, compared with other personality traits, has the highest effect on risky riding behavior for all clusters; nevertheless, sensation seeking causes risky riding behavior following various causal paths in distinct clusters: in the risky cluster, riding confidence and perceived utility mediate between sensation seeking and risky behavior; and in the aggressive cluster, sensation seeking directly connects to risky behavior. This research also finds discrepancies in other personality traits between clusters and discusses intervention strategies corresponding to the different features of causal relationships in each cluster.
Criteria for Passing Sight Distance for Roadway Design and Marking
Authors: Harwood Douglas W. , Gilmore David K. , Richard Karen R.
Published: February 2011

The need for changes in the criteria for passing sight distance (PSD) used for design of two-lane highways and for marking of passing and no-passing zones on two-lane highways was investigated. PSD models from the AASHTO Green Book and the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices were first compared with models developed in previous research to determine the most accurate representation of the passing maneuver. Two existing models warranted further consideration. Field studies were then conducted in Missouri and Pennsylvania; recent field data from a study in Texas were also evaluated to validate the assumptions made in the passing models. On the basis of current driver behaviors, no change was needed in the PSD criteria used for marking passing and no-passing zones. The research found that two-lane highways could be safely designed with PSD criteria equal to or greater than the PSD criteria used in marking passing and no-passing zones, instead of the longer PSD values currently used in design. Therefore, the use of the current PSD marking criteria in design is recommended. This practice will provide desirable consistency between PSD design and marking practices.
Pedestrian Safety Prediction Methodology for Urban Signalized Intersections
Authors: Torbic Darren J. , Harwood Douglas W. , Bokenkroger Courtney D. , Srinivasan Raghavan , Carter Daniel , Zegeer Charles V. , Lyon Craig
Published: February 2011

A coordinated effort is under way to develop a Highway Safety Manual (HSM) for use in making quantitative estimates of the safety performance of specific highway types and quantitative estimates of proposed improvements to specific highway types. The highway types being addressed in the first edition of HSM are rural two-lane highways, rural multilane highways, and urban and suburban arterials. Explicit consideration of pedestrian safety on urban and suburban arterials is considered critical to implementation of the first edition of HSM. The objective of the present research was to develop a methodology for quantifying the effects of existing site characteristics and proposed improvements on urban and suburban arterials on pedestrian safety. The pedestrian safety prediction methodology has been developed to function as a component of the overall safety prediction methodology for urban and suburban arterials proposed for the first edition of HSM. In the present research, a methodology for prediction of vehicle–pedestrian collisions at signalized intersections was developed. This methodology includes base models for three- and four-leg signalized intersections and several accident modification factors.
Real-Time System for Tracking and Classification of Pedestrians and Bicycles
Authors: Li Juan , Shao Chunfu , Xu Wangtu , Li Jing
Published: February 2011

Data on pedestrian and bicycle volumes are necessary for transportation planning, infrastructure design, and traffic management. Nevertheless, such data cannot be collected directly by the commonly used detectors (e.g., inductive loops, sonar, and microwaves). In this study, a pedestrian and bicycle tracking and classification system was developed to detect pedestrians and bicycles with a video camera. This system contained six modules: a video flow capture module, a movement detection module, a shadow removal module, a feature extraction module, a tracking module, and a classification module. The Gaussian mixture model was used to extract moving objects from an image sequence. In the tracking module, the most challenging part of this system, the trajectories were obtained by use of a Kalman filter. To identify pedestrians and bicycles, a backpropagation neural network was used in the classification module. Two other simple but effective algorithms were used to alleviate the negative impacts of shadows and occlusions. The system was tested at three sites under different traffic and environmental conditions. It has been confirmed that the accuracy for pedestrian detection was approximately 85% and the count error rate was less than 13% for bicycles at all test sites. The proposed system is a feasible alternative for the collection of data for nonmotorized travel modes.
Effect of Street Network Design on Walking and Biking
Authors: Marshall Wesley E. , Garrick Norman W.
Published: February 2011

The objective of this research was to investigate whether a relationship existed between street network characteristics and the transportation modes selected in a neighborhood. Factors such as street characteristics, vehicle volumes, activity levels, income levels, and proximity to limited-access highways and the downtown area were controlled for. The results suggested that all three of the fundamental characteristics of a street network—street connectivity, street network density, and street patterns—were statistically significant in affecting the choice to drive, walk, bike, or take transit. Both increased intersection density and additional street connectivity were generally associated with more walking, biking, and transit use. Street patterns with gridded street networks, which tended to have a higher-than-average street connectivity and a much higher street network density, were associated with much more walking and biking. These results suggested that street network patterns were extremely important for encouraging nonautomobile modes of travel. As the United States begins to focus on reducing vehicle miles traveled as a strategy to combat carbon production and cut energy use, it is increasingly imperative that this relationship between the built environment and mode choice be accounted for in the planning and design of the transportation system.
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases: a Study at National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD)
Authors: Jabeen S , Haque M
Published: February 2011

Key words: Risk factors; Coronary Heart Disease (CHD); Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP); Diastolic Blood PRessure (DBP); Body Mass Index (BMI); Waist Hip Ratio (WHR)DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v39i2.7031Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010, 39(2) pp.16-21
Reproductive Health Problems Among the Adolescent Girls
Authors: Afrin S , Rahman MR , Rahman M , Jahan AA , Zaman UKS , Rahman N , Rahman S
Published: February 2011

DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v39i2.7032Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010, 39(2) pp.22-25
Effect of Cigarette Smoking on HDL-C in Adolescent
Authors: Afrin L , Rahman MR , Sultana R , Amin MR
Published: February 2011

Key words: cigarette smoking; HDL-C; adolescentDOI: 10.3329/bmj.v39i2.7033Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010, 39(2) pp.26-29
Urticaria and its Update Management
Authors: Sikdar TK , Ali CM , Ahmed N , Hoque AKMR , Parvez Z , Kamal SMB
Published: February 2011

Key words: urticaria; update managementDOI: 10.3329/bmj.v39i2.7036Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010, 39(2) pp.40-44
A Case Report of a Post Cholecystectomy Patient with Anaemia, Jaundice and Splenomegaly
Authors: Paul TK , Kabir AL , Rahman SS , Paul N
Published: February 2011

DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v39i2.7041Bangladesh Medical Journal 2010, 39(2) pp.60-61
Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma with Intragroup Power Dynamics
Authors: Juvina Ion , Lebiere Christian , Martin Jolie  M. , Gonzalez Cleotilde
Published: February 2011

The Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma with Intragroup Power Dynamics (IPD^2) is a new game paradigm for studying human behavior in conflict situations. IPD^2 adds the concept of intragroup power to an intergroup version of the standard Repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game. We conducted a laboratory study in which individual human participants played the game against computer strategies of various complexities. The results show that participants tend to cooperate more when they have greater power status within their groups. IPD^2 yields increasing levels of mutual cooperation and decreasing levels of mutual defection, in contrast to a variant of Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma without intragroup power dynamics where mutual cooperation and mutual defection are equally likely. We developed a cognitive model of human decision making in this game inspired by the Instance-Based Learning Theory (IBLT) and implemented within the ACT-R cognitive architecture. This model was run in place of a human participant using the same paradigm as the human study. The results from the model show a pattern of behavior similar to that of human data. We conclude with a discussion of the ways in which the IPD^2 paradigm can be applied to studying human behavior in conflict situations. In particular, we present the current study as a possible contribution to corroborating the conjecture that democracy reduces the risk of wars.
In Vitro Binding Capacity of Bile Acids by Defatted Corn Protein Hydrolysate
Authors: Kongo-Dia-Moukala Jauricque Ursulla , Zhang Hui , Claver Irakoze Pierre
Published: February 2011

Defatted corn protein was digested using five different proteases, Alcalase, Trypsin, Neutrase, Protamex and Flavourzyme, in order to produce bile acid binding peptides. Bile acid binding capacity was analyzed in vitro using peptides from different proteases of defatted corn hydrolysate. Some crystalline bile acids like sodium glycocholate, sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate were individually tested using HPLC to see which enzymes can release more peptides with high bile acid binding capacity. Peptides from Flavourzyme defatted corn hydrolysate exhibited significantly (p
Fabrication of a Microbial Biosensor Based on QD-MWNT Supports by a One-Step Radiation Reaction and Detection of Phenolic Compounds in Red Wines
Authors: Kim Seul-Ki , Kwen Hai-Doo , Choi Seong-Ho
Published: February 2011

An Acaligense sp.-immobilized biosensor was fabricated based on QD-MWNT composites as an electron transfer mediator and a microbe immobilization support by a one-step radiation reaction and used for sensing phenolic compounds in commercial red wines. First, a quantum dot-modified multi-wall carbon nanotube (QD-MWNT) composite was prepared in the presence of MWNT by a one-step radiation reaction in an aqueous solution at room temperature. The successful preparation of the QD-MWNT composite was confirmed by XPS, TEM, and elemental analysis. Second, the microbial biosensor was fabricated by immobilization of Acaligense sp. on the surface of the composite thin film of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode, which was prepared by a hand casting method with a mixture of the previously obtained composite and Nafion solution. The sensing ranges of the microbial biosensor based on CdS-MWNT and Cu2S-MWNT supports were 0.5–5.0 mM and 0.7–10 mM for phenol in a phosphate buffer solution, respectively. Total concentration of phenolic compounds contained in commercial red wines was also determined using the prepared microbial immobilized biosensor.
Le canal de Saimaa au service de l'économie régionale finlandaise
Authors: Charlier Jacques
Published: February 2011

Le canal de Saimaa est fondamental pour le désenclavement de la Finlande lacustre du Sud-Est. De statut original et de remise en service récente, ce canal connaît un trafic en pleine expansion malgré des contraintes de gabarit et les obligations de la fermeture hivernale, grâce surtout aux produits forestiers qui assuraient les deux tiers son activité en 1987.
Transports maritimes et espaces insulaires en Europe
Authors: Marcadon Jacques
Published: February 2011

Les transports maritimes entre les îles et le continent relèvent de la politique européenne en matière de cabotage où tout reste à faire. Ils sont une nécessité permanente en dépit de la structure déséquilibré des flux de marchandises. Grâce à ces liaisons, des îles peuvent développer une activité touristique. La fin du monopole du pavillon national dans les années à venir entraînera des changements notables sur ces liaisons.
L'île d'Yeu, un exemple de développement insulaire
Authors: Chaussade Jean
Published: February 2011

Bien qu'isolée à quelque 18 km de la côte vendéenne et mal reliée au continent, l'île d'Yeu n'a pas succombé au fatalisme du déclin. Au contraire, son dynamisme socio-économique et sa capacité à retenir les jeunes lui confère une incontestable originalité parmi les autres îles du Ponant. La pêche et les activités qui y sont liées constituent le moteur économique et social de ce dynamisme; la force des «Hais», c'est d'en avoir pris conscience et d'avoir fait de leur «système-pêche» une activité performante, de haut niveau. Le tourisme et ses diverses composantes (tourisme résidentiel, tourisme à la journée, nautisme...) représente l'autre fondement de cette vitalité «îlaise». Mais, parce qu'elle est source de nuisances et de dérangements divers, cette activité semble autant subie que voulue. Ainsi, c'est parce qu'elle est restée ouverte sur l'extérieur que l'Ile d'Yeu a su éviter la marginalisation en tant qu'espace isolé, enchâssé à l'intérieur d'un milieu inhospitalier et par définition périphérique.
Une guirlande insulaire, point d'appui pour une route maritime: la Nord Vei
Authors: Guillaume Jacques
Published: February 2011

En général, on se représente les îles sublittorales sous le signe de la marginalité. Néanmoins, dans des conditions très particulières de «saturation» du front de côte principal par un complexe insulaire d'avant-côte, il se peut que l'équilibre ait basculé aux dépens du continent. Dès lors, peut s'organiser un ensemble territorial épousant la configuration de la guirlande insulaire, dans un schéma fréquemment «anisotropique». La Norvège en est un exemple parfait. Organisé autour d'une route maritime reliant des points puis des pôles insulaires les uns aux autres, le pays doit sa disposition territoriale — ainsi qu'une bonne partie de sa projection océanique — au foisonnement de la vie insulaire. Toutefois, l'émiettement des collectivités insulaires, l'étroitesse de leurs appuis économiques ont gêné leur développement. Beaucoup d'îles ont alors basculé dans la marginalité quand s'affirmèrent des modes de vie et de production nettement plus continentalisés et banalisés.
Processus d'érosion littorale dans les calcaires au Maroc atlantique
Authors: El Akhdar Mohammed , Guilcher André , Moufak Fatiha , Rouiha Abdellatif
Published: February 2011

On rappelle d'abord la succession verticale des formes sur ces estrans. Les processus mécaniques ne sont pas absents, mais ne sont pas significatifs. Une dissolution nocturne par l'eau de mer n'est pas prouvée. La corrosion par le sel cristallisant dans les mares supralittorales apparaît très efficace, mais n 'a pas fait ici l'objet d'investigations détaillées. Les perforations biologiques par les Cyano- phycées microscopiques jouent certainement le rôle capital, particulièrement mais pas uniquement dans l'étage des embruns et paquets de mer, et l'article est principalement consacré à leur impact et à l'identification des espèces concernées. L'action d'organismes macroscopiques, comme les Oursins, à l'étage inférieur de l'estran, est aussi mentionnée. Au total, les processus biologiques sont considérés comme essentiels dans le modelé d'érosion de ces estrans calcaires.
Le port de pêche des Sables-d'Olonne au cours de la période 1982-1990
Authors: Bouhier Abel
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The fishing port of Les Sables-d'Olonne was regarded by Philippe Fournet as a particularly dynamic port during the 1973-1981 period. The detailed study of the 1982-1990 period concerning the amount and the nature of the catch, the composition and the possibilities of the fishing fleet, the conditions of commissioning, the aspects of the commercialization and the characteristics of professional structures, permit to assert that during the 1982-1990 period the port kept all its activity, but rather serious difficulties began to appear in some areas.
Contribution à l'étude des cavités naturelles dans les argiles
Authors: Couderc Jean-Marie
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Sur les argiles-à-silex (et parfois les dépôts alluviaux argilo-sableux) se produisent, souvent au passage d'engins agricoles des effondrements brutaux laissant apparaître des cavités de 4 à 10 m de diamètre et de 2 à 6 m de profondeur, de forme cylindrique ou en cloche. Situées, en général, non loin du rebord des versants, ces cavités sont liées au lent entraînement par l'eau des particules argileuses en direction, soit des conduits du karst, soit des fissures de distention nées dans les calcaires sous-jacents après le creusement quaternaire des vallées.
Dynamique sédimentaire dans les baies de Lancieux et de l'Arguenon (Côte-d'Armor)
Authors: Vaucourt C , Bonnot-Courtois C
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

L'estuaire de l'Arguenon et la baie de Lancieux sont situés dans le Golfe de Saint-Malo, au sud du Golfe normand-breton dans une région où les agents dynamiques sont particulièrement efficaces. Cependant, la position d'abri qu'offre le cap Fréhel à ces baies les protège de la circulation dominante d'ouest, d'où une sédimentation essentiellement constituée de vase et de sables fins. Dans l'estuaire de l'Arguenon, la sédimentation fine est renforcée par la présence d'installations conchylicoles à son embouchure, ce qui, en freinant la propagation des agents hydrodynamiques, accentue la tendance à l'envasement déjà sensible dans la partie amont de l'estuaire ; à ce premier impact, purement mécanique, s'ajoute un impact biologique dû aux rejets des mollusques.
Vivre au quotidien dans un espace périurbain : l'exemple de celui de Saintes
Authors: Morin Frédéric
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

La périurbanisation favorise l'amélioration des équipements de la région de Saintes. La pratique sportive se développe et les fêtes attirent de plus en plus de monde avec l'aide d'associations et d'élus plus dynamiques. En revanche, le paysage politique change peu, la région restant favorable à la gauche.
La variation spatiale de l'évapotranspiration potentielle journalière : essai de régionalisation à partir de la méthode des noyaux forts et aires de transition
Authors: Dubreuil Vincent
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Les sécheresses de 1989 et 1990 dans l'ouest de la France ont à nouveau souligné, comme en 1976, le poids des contraintes climatiques sur l'agriculture herbagère. Cet article expose une méthode de délimitation des régions climatiques pour la France de l'Ouest inspirée de celle utilisée par F. Durand-Dastès et L. Sanders en 1984 à l'échelle de la France entière. En retenant l'ETP Penman comme indice climatique sur les trois régions de Bretagne, Basse-Normandie et Pays-de-la-Loire et en soumettant ses valeurs journalières à des classifications ascendantes hiérarchiques mensuelles, on montre comment se regroupent les stations climatiques dans cette France armoricaine. Surgissent ainsi des limites climatiques connues (lignes de reliefs) entre des ensembles régionaux homogènes (Bocage Normand, Maine), mais également des secteurs parfois très étendus (une bonne partie de l'Ille-et- Vilaine) se définissant avant tout comme des aires de transition.
Le périurbain à La Rochelle. Utilisation des méthodes d'analyse des données
Authors: Anglade Francis
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

In a study about La Rochelle and its suburbs, the methods of data analysis have allowed to bring into light certain features of its structure. When analysing the main features, one can see on a graph that 55 communes have disappeared from the area. Using a method of classification, 9 groups can be identified and mapped. Subsequently one can notice that the rural-urban fringe forms à belt between the built-up and rural areas.
Changements périurbains autour de Poitiers
Authors: Soumagne Jean , Bouly Anne-Chantal , Fournier Isabelle
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Since the Sixties counterurbanization has been very important around Poitiers; The extension has been lower during the Eighties but the « communes » previously counterurbanized have kept growing and becoming younger. The changes in lifestyle have induced problems of neighbourhood between the former inhabitants and the new ones. As the structure of shops and services has been changing the use of local facilities are varyable and changing according to the social categories.
Restitution de la température de la mer à partir des données du satellite NOAA/AVHRR
Authors: Antoine Jean-Yves , Derrien M , Gaillard O , Le Borgne P , Le Goas C , Marsouin A
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews first the basic problems raised by the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) restitution from A VHRR data, and the solutions adopted at CMS. In particular some results concerning the split window lagorithm errors at large satellite zenith angle will be discussed. Its lain topic concerns however the techniques Used in the operational small scale SST restitution at CMS. The objective of this activity is to provide the French Navy, the océanographie campaigns and some fishing activities with real time or climatological concerning the sea surface temperatures over the European seas. Six zones (2 000 * 2 000 km) have been defined inside the CMS acquisition circle : North Sea, Biscay, Canary Islands, Western Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean, Norwegian Sea. After preprocessing on the main computer, each zone (corresponding after sampling and mapping onto a stereopolar grid to a 1 024 * 1 024 pixel image) is analysed, every day, on the image processing system. Various studies or products are based on this processing suite, ranging from daily, weekly (etc.) charts to the making of an SST Atlas over Europe.
L'évolution démographique récente des îles du Ponant. L'amorce d'un renouveau insulaire
Authors: Péron Françoise
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Les résultats du recensement de 1990 confirment que les îles du Ponant sont en train d'amorcer un renouveau démographique qui leur a permis de tenir le cap de ces dix dernières années, sans perte catastrophique de population. Pour la première fois depuis 1911, le solde migratoire d'ensemble est positif. Pour être efficace, une politique de soutien de cette reprise, fragile et d'ampleur variable selon les îles, doit s'appuyer sur une réflexion menée en terme de systèmes île-continent, intégrant en particulier la nouvelle mobilité des jeunes et les caractéristiques de chaque diaspora insulaire.
Contribution à l'étude du littoral de la baie d'Audierne (Finistère). Nature et origine des minéraux lourds des plages
Authors: Chauris Louis
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

L'étude des minéraux lourds concentrés sur l'estran de la baie d'Audierne indique qu'un pourcentage important des sables littoraux présente une origine distale. Ces résultats sont en bon accord avec les données déduites antérieurement de l'examen des galets du cordon littoral.
Les mères de famille et la reprise de l'emploi. Etude de l'offre et de la demande à Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Authors: Hardill I , Green Anne E.
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Quelle que soit la situation socio-professionnelle des femmes mères de famille, leur réinsertion sur le marché du travail reste difficile après une grossesse. Cette étude faite dans la région de Newcastle présente les résultats comparés de deux circonscriptions radicalement différentes, la première située dans une banlieue en voie de paupérisation et la seconde dans une banlieue aisée. En dépit de quelques différences, il y a similitude du comportement des femmes face à l'insertion professionnelle.
Politique urbaine locale et images de la ville. Les exemples de Brest, Le Mans et Tours
Authors: Gasnier Arnaud
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The town review may become a politic and a message indicator measuring communication strategies and stakes'development about cities.
L'Arc Atlantique : réalités, enjeux et stratégies
Authors: Renard Jean
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Le concept d'Arc atlantique, inventé en 1989, correspond-t-il à la réalité géographique des territoires de la façade atlantique ou est-il seulement un projet de dimension politique ?

Et quels sont les enjeux et les stratégies à l'œuvre dans ce processus de recomposition des territoires ?
Les ports de commerce de l'Arc atlantique européen
Authors: Marcadon Jacques
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

L'article, après avoir évoqué le passé maritime brillant de certains organismes portuaires et leurs problèmes de reconversion, montre que la faiblesse actuelle des liaisons maritimes internes à la façade atlantique n 'handicape pas les perspectives de développement grâce aux relations intra-communautaires, notamment avec les ports du nord-ouest. Une typologie portuaire est proposée, elle distingue différentes carégories de ports spécialisés, la vaste gamme des ports moyens et secondaires poly fonctionnels, enfin les quatre ports majeurs.
Saint-Nazaire ou le centre retrouvé : un exemple d'urbanisme commercial novateur
Authors: Desse René-Paul
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

In a rebuilt city, with a town-planning and an architecture considered by his inhabitants as mediocre, the trade has not been able to establish a real animated centre. Since the seventies, the increase of peripheral trade spreads out a dispersion of purchases between the three hypermarkets and the city-centre. The operation of « Centre- République», in 1988, organized by the city-council, has allowed to become dynamic a portion of the central area. The effects remain nevertheless restricted to the nearest trades.
Espace agricole et système de culture dans la Sarthe
Authors: Blondeau Pascal
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Dans la Sarthe, les résultats du dernier Recensement Général de l'Agriculture (1988) ont confirmé les grandes tendances de l'utilisation du sol agricole: moins de prés et prairies et plus de terres labourables consacrées aux céréales. Cette évolution prévisible a renforcé les caractères originaux de certaines régions agricoles qui se trouvent bien contrastées sur les cartes réalisées. Au contraire, l'instauration des quotas de production laitière en 1984, renforcés en 1986, peut être considérée comme une «nouvelle donne» pour de nombreuses unités agricoles. A partir des classements en systèmes d'exploitation proposés par les recensements officiels, et d'un échantillon d'enquêtes chez les agriculteurs, cet article essaie de mesurer la part de stabilité et de mutation dans les orientations économiques choisies depuis quelques années.
La dynamique fluviale du Cher dans la région de Saint-Amand-Montrond : évolution naturelle et impacts des prélèvements alluviaux
Authors: Larue J.P
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Fluvial dynamics of the river Cher in the St Amand Montrond district : natural evolution and impact of alluvial extraction.

The consequences of the extraction of alluvia from the bed of the Cher, south of Bruère-Allichamps, are examined from the morphological and environmental standpoints. The environment of the valley is altered on a distance of 3 miles upstream, with the digging of the river, the creation of elongated subsidence zones in the alluvial plain, the falling of the water table and the disappearance of alluvial forest.
Tors et tourisme en Limousin
Authors: Moreau Thierry
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Les tors granitiques et pierres branlantes, très répandus en Limousin, ne sont à l'heure actuelle que très insuffisamment mis en valeur sur le plan touristique. Des aménagements ponctuels témoignent toutefois d'une prise de conscience du potentiel d'attraction de tels sites. Toute proposition de valorisation de ces «pierres curieuses» devra s'appuyer sur l'étroite relation unissant ici milieu naturel, approche scientifique et imaginaire collectif.
Les centres financiers offshore du monde britannique
Authors: Moindrot Claude
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Offshore centres such as Bermuda, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, provide generous tax advantages to footloose businesses seeking a liberal environment. Although a member of the European Community, the Republic of Ireland was able to set up an International Financial Services Centre in Dublin that offers similar advantages. Competition is strong between European tax havens.
Le port de pêche et le port de commerce des Sables-d'Olonne (Vendée) en 1992
Authors: Bouhier Abel
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

L'état de crise qui s'était emparé du port de pêche des Sables-d'Olonne en 1991 s'est prolongé en 1992. Par contre, le port de commerce, au cours de cette même année 1992, a obtenu de bons résultats : son trafic global, sables compris, a, en effet, pour la première fois, dépassé les 550 000 tonnes.
La nouvelle urbanité américaine ou la ville « inversée »
Authors: Bruneau Pierre
Published: February 2011

L'émigration centre-périphérie de l'ensemble de l'activité sociale au sein des régions métropolitaines est bien l'élément marquant des 25 dernières années aux Etats-Unis. Or, ce desserrement urbain s'est produit selon une logique de reconcentration de l'activité qui a fait surgir en zone suburbaine de nombreuses technovilles organisées en réseaux et donnant lieu à une nouvelle structure spatiale métropolitaine, dispersée et polycentrique.

Cette nouvelle urbanité américaine est en prise directe sur le système d'économie libérale marqué par le passage à une économie flexible privilégiant la désintégration verticale et spatiale de la production. Elle se construit aussi sur les bases explosives parce que créatrice d'un espace social marqué au coin de la spécialisation et de la ségrégation.
Les mutations du port d'Anvers
Authors: Bavoux Jean-Jacques
Published: February 2011

Le port d'Anvers doit s'adapter à une double évolution. D'une part, la structuration des trafics européens est touchée par l'ouverture à l'Est. D'autre part, les conditions technico- économiques du transport maritime se modifient sous l'effet de concurrences exacerbées. Or, le port belge semble relever ces deux défis, bénéficier d'un beau dynamisme et jouir d'une position enviable dans l'espace européen. Même si ses handicaps n'ont pas disparu, il sait tirer profit de ses avantages en améliorant sans cesse la qualité de ses dessertes et l'efficacité de son outil portuaire.
De crise en crise, les pêches de Bretagne méridionale ne sont-elles pas sur la voie de la déstructuration ?
Authors: Piriou N. , Couliou Jean-René
Published: February 2011

Les ports de Bretagne Méridionale qui avaient bâti un modèle halieutique fondé sur les apports de pêche fraîche d'une flottille moderne de chalutiers et sur une population de marins performants encadrés par de solides organisations professionnelles, sont aujourd'hui confrontés à des dysfonctionnements qui tiennent à la combinaison de la désorganisation des marchés et du mauvais état de la ressource. La survie ne sera acquise que si les professionnels trouvent, avec l'aide des instances européennes et nationales, des solutions pour s'adapter au nouveau paysage des pêches mondiales.
Risques climatiques et arboriculture fruitière dans la Sarthe
Authors: Blondeau Pascal , Gravier Jacques
Published: February 2011

L' arboriculture fruitière demeure une production agricole très exposée aux accidents climatiques, les gelées tardives de printemps pouvant s'avérer catastrophiques lorsqu'elles surviennent en pleine floraison.

Cet article analyse tout particulièrement la calamité d'avril 1991 et les conséquences de ce gel exceptionnel sur les vergers de la Sarthe. Au-delà, l'étude économique des dernières récoltes européennes (campagne déficitaire de 1991, excédentaire de 1992) montre que les facteurs climatiques sont toujours une donnée déterminante, et non maîtrisable, d'une production fruitière de masse et qu'il faut tout mettre en œuvre pour gérer au mieux les débordements occasionnels.
Le nautisme en Bretagne
Authors: Lageiste Jérôme
Published: February 2011

En trente ans le nautisme s 'est particulièrement bien implanté en Bretagne. Le littoral est devenu un espace récréatif ; presque une commune littorale sur deux est dotée d'un port de plaisance. L'objectif de cet article est de mesurer l'importance des forces locales dans cet aménagement, et de montrer que la réalisation des ports de plaisance résulte davantage d'une politique économique, plutôt que d'une réponse aux besoins des plaisanciers.
Les achats de biens fonciers par les étrangers en Mayenne
Authors: Macé Georges
Published: February 2011

En Mayenne, nombre d'étrangers, essentiellement des Anglais, ont acheté des biens bâtis. L'objet de cette étude est d'apporter des informations sur les acheteurs : profession, âge, origine géographique, mais aussi sur la localisation et les caractéristiques des biens acquis en Mayenne.
L'évolution récente de la péri-urbanisation en Poitou-Charentes
Authors: Renard Roger
Published: February 2011

The movement of city spreading in Poitou-Charentes, after a strong upsurge from 1975 to 1982, has been weakening since then, in a not so attractive area for migratory movements. La Charente-Maritime keeps a privileged rank thanks to its coastal area and a better balanced urban netword, whereas La Charente is slowly sinking in a worrying decline. Moreover, the issues connected to the dual aspect of this region (Poitou and Charente), and to the rivalry between La Rochelle and Poitiers have been confirmed, indeed even reinforced, by today's evolution - a situation that could only find a solution in the creation of strong intraregional synergies.
Le port de commerce des Sables-d'Olonne en 1993 et 1994
Authors: Bouhier Abel
Published: February 2011

In 1993 the aggregate traffic of the commercial port of Les Sables-d'Olonne decreased very little. But it heavily decreased in 1994. Lower fertilizers imports and the collapse of cereals and oleaginous grain exports have caused this important slump which is remarkably alarming.
Evaluation of broad spectrum sources of resistance to Fusarium verticillioides and advanced maize breeding lines
Authors: Lanubile A. , Pasini L. , Lo Pinto M. , Battilani P. , Prandini A. , Marocco A.
Published: February 2011

The fungus Fusarium verticillioides is commonly associated with maize production in temperate regions of the
world, producing ear rot and grain contamination by fumonisins. Genetic resistance is the best preventive action
against fumonisin contamination, although at present no commercial maize hybrids are completely resistant.
Several studies of the relationship between Fusarium and other species producing ear rot suggest that these fungal
species interact in similar ways with the host plant. Consequently, host plant resistance to one pathogen could be
associated with resistance to another. The aim of this study was to introduce sources of resistance to Fusarium
spp. into maize inbred lines and to evaluate ear rot severity and fumonisin B1 contamination in advanced breeding
lines and hybrids after artificial and natural infection with F. verticillioides. Two inbred lines (CO430 and MP420)
with resistance to kernel infection by Fusarium graminearum and Aspergillus flavus, respectively, were crossed and
backcrossed to susceptible inbred 1203. The BC1S1 progenies were evaluated for plant morphology and silk date
and the selected S1 plants were self-pollinated. The S2 families were evaluated under artificial and natural infection
with F. verticillioides. Selected S2 progenies were grown ear-to-row until S5-derived inbreds were developed. The
S5 lines were evaluated under artificial and natural infection and used as males to produce single crosses. In both
crosses, the mean ear rot of the S5 lines with the lowest ear rot was not significantly different from the resistant
parent means. Significant progress was observed in the hybrids regarding ear rot performance: on average, ear rot
severity decreased significantly from 23% in check hybrids to 5.3% in CO430-derived hybrids. Our results suggest
that inbred lines bred for resistance to A. flavus and F. graminearum ear rot could be used to select advanced
breeding lines with increased resistances to F. verticillioides ear rot.
Survey of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in cereal-based products by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Desmarchelier A. , Seefelder W.
Published: February 2011

It is well known that cereal crops exposed to deoxynivalenol (DON) infection are capable of detoxifying this mycotoxin
through the plant metabolism. In this context, one major pathway is the conjugation of DON to a glucose moiety
giving rise to 3-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-deoxynivalenol (D3G). Though no longer toxic for plants, this metabolite
may potentially be hydrolysed in the digestive tract of humans and animals, releasing thus the toxic precursor
(DON). The co-occurrence of DON and D3G in cereal-based products has already been reported but data about
their absolute and relative concentrations are still insufficient. In order to contribute to a better understanding of
the significance of D3G, the quantitative determination of DON and D3G has been carried out in 22 cereal samples
and 4 malt-based products collected from 9 countries by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/
MS). DON was detected in all cereal samples (min: 3 µg/kg; max: 2,864 µg/kg; median: 176 µg/kg) but only in
1 malt-based product (16 µg/kg) whereas D3G was detected in 21 cereal samples (min: <1 µg/kg; max: 367 µg/kg;
median: 19 µg/kg) and only in 1 malt-based product (6 µg/kg). The proportion of D3G in relation to DON concentration
was within a 6-29% range with an average value at 12±7% in the tested samples.
Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2009-2010
Authors: Shephard G. , Berthiller F. , Burdaspal P. , Crews C. , Jonker M. , Krska R. , MacDonald S. , Malone B. , Maragos C. , Sabino M. , Solfrizzo M. , van Egmond H. , Whitaker T.
Published: February 2011

This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2009 and mid-2010. It covers the major mycotoxins aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. New and improved methods for mycotoxins continue to be published. Immunological-based method developments continue to be of wide interest in a broad range of formats. Multimycotoxin determination by LC-MS/MS is now being targeted at the specific ranges of mycotoxins and matrices of interest or concern to the individual laboratory. Although falling outside the main emphasis of the review, some aspects of natural occurrence have been mentioned, especially if linked to novel method developments.
Mechanism of Action of Type II, Glycoengineered, Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody GA101 in B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Whole Blood Assays in Comparison with Rituximab and Alemtuzumab
Authors: Bologna Luca , Gotti Elisa , Manganini Massimiliano , Rambaldi Alessandro , Intermesoli Tamara , Introna Martino , Golay Josée
Published: February 2011

We analyzed in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) whole blood assays the activity of therapeutic mAbs alemtuzumab, rituximab, and type II glycoengineered anti-CD20 mAb GA101. Whole blood samples were treated with Abs, and death of CD19+ B-CLL was measured by flow cytometry. Alemtuzumab efficiently lysed B-CLL targets with maximal lysis at 1–4 h (62%). In contrast, rituximab induced a more limited cell death (21%) that was maximal only at 24 h. GA101 killed B-CLL targets to a similar extent but more rapidly than rituximab, with 19.2 and 23.5% cell death at 4 and 24 h, respectively, compared with 7.9 and 21.4% for rituximab. Lysis by both rituximab and GA101 correlated directly with CD20 expression levels (r2 = 0.88 and 0.85, respectively). Interestingly, lysis by all three Abs at high concentrations was mostly complement dependent, because it was blocked by the anti-C5 Ab eculizumab by 90% in the case of alemtuzumab and rituximab and by 64% in the case of GA101. Although GA101 caused homotypic adhesion, it induced only limited (3%) direct cell death of purified B-CLL cells. Both rituximab and GA101 showed the same efficiency in phagocytosis assays, but phagocytosis was not significant in whole blood due to excess Igs. Finally, GA101 at 1–100 μg/ml induced 2- to 3-fold more efficient NK cell degranulation than rituximab in isolated B-CLL or normal PBMCs. GA101, but not rituximab, also mediated significant NK cell degranulation in whole blood samples. Thus, complement and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity are believed to be the major effector mechanisms of GA101 in whole blood assays.
CD2 Costimulation Reveals Defective Activity by Human CD4+CD25hi Regulatory Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Baecher-Allan Clare M. , Costantino Cristina M. , Cvetanovich Gregory L. , Ashley Charles W. , Beriou Gaëlle , Dominguez-Villar Margarita , Hafler David A.
Published: February 2011

Studying the activity of homogeneous regulatory T cell (Treg) populations will advance our understanding of their mechanisms of action and their role in human disease. Although isolating human Tregs exhibiting low expression of CD127 markedly increases purity, the resulting Treg populations are still heterogeneous. To examine the complexity of the Tregs defined by the CD127 phenotype in comparison with the previously described CD4+CD25hi subpopulations, we subdivided the CD25hi population of memory Tregs into subsets based on expression of CD127 and HLA-DR. These subsets exhibited differences in suppressive capacity, ability to secrete IL-10 and IL-17, Foxp3 gene methylation, cellular senescence, and frequency in neonatal and adult blood. The mature, short telomere, effector CD127loHLA-DR+ cells most strongly suppressed effector T cells within 48 h, whereas the less mature CD127loHLA-DR− cells required 96 h to reach full suppressive capacity. In contrast, whereas the CD127+HLA-DR− cells also suppressed proliferation of effector cells, they could alternate between suppression or secretion of IL-17 depending upon the stimulation signals. When isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis, both the nonmature and the effector subsets of memory CD127lo Tregs exhibited kinetically distinct defects in suppression that were evident with CD2 costimulation. These data demonstrate that natural and not induced Tregs are less suppressive in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Immune Evasion byHelicobacter pyloriIs Mediated by Induction of Macrophage Arginase II
Authors: Lewis Nuruddeen D. , Asim Mohammad , Barry Daniel P. , de Sablet Thibaut , Singh Kshipra , Piazuelo M. Blanca , Gobert Alain P. , Chaturvedi Rupesh , Wilson Keith T.
Published: February 2011

Helicobacter pylori infection persists for the life of the host due to the failure of the immune response to eradicate the bacterium. Determining how H. pylori escapes the immune response in its gastric niche is clinically important. We have demonstrated in vitro that macrophage NO production can kill H. pylori, but induction of macrophage arginase II (Arg2) inhibits inducible NO synthase (iNOS) translation, causes apoptosis, and restricts bacterial killing. Using a chronic H. pylori infection model, we determined whether Arg2 impairs host defense in vivo. In C57BL/6 mice, expression of Arg2, but not arginase I, was abundant and localized to gastric macrophages. Arg2−/− mice had increased histologic gastritis and decreased bacterial colonization compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Increased gastritis scores correlated with decreased colonization in individual Arg2−/− mice but not in WT mice. When mice infected with H. pylori were compared, Arg2−/− mice had more gastric macrophages, more of these cells were iNOS+, and these cells expressed higher levels of iNOS protein, as determined by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. There was enhanced nitrotyrosine staining in infected Arg2−/− versus WT mice, indicating increased NO generation. Infected Arg2−/− mice exhibited decreased macrophage apoptosis, as well as enhanced IFN-γ, IL-17a, and IL-12p40 expression, and reduced IL-10 levels consistent with a more vigorous Th1/Th17 response. These studies demonstrate that Arg2 contributes to the immune evasion of H. pylori by limiting macrophage iNOS protein expression and NO production, mediating macrophage apoptosis, and restraining proinflammatory cytokine responses.
Genetic Study of Propoxur Resistance—A Carbamate Insecticide in the Malaria Mosquito, Anopheles stephensi Liston
Authors: Sanil D. , Shetty N. J.
Published: February 2011

Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) is the urban vector of malaria in the Indian subcontinent and several countries of the Middle East. The genetics of propoxur resistance (pr) in An. stephensi larvae was studied to determine its mode of inheritance. A diagnostic dose of 0.01 mg/L as recommended by WHO was used to establish homozygous resistant and susceptible strains. Reciprocal crosses between the resistant and susceptible strains showed an F1 generation of incomplete dominance. The progenies of backcrosses to susceptible parents were in 1 : 1 ratio of the same phenotypes as the parents and hybrids involved. The dosage mortality (d-m) lines were constructed for each one of the crosses, and the degree of dominance was calculated. It is concluded that propoxur resistance in An. stephensi larvae is due to monofactorial inheritance with incomplete dominance and is autosomal in nature.
Computational Analysis Suggests That Lyssavirus Glycoprotein Gene Plays a Minor Role in Viral Adaptation
Authors: Tang Kevin , Wu Xianfu
Published: February 2011

The Lyssavirus glycoprotein (G) is a membrane protein responsible for virus entry and protective immune responses. To explore possible roles of the glycoprotein in host shift or adaptation ofLyssavirus, we retrieved 53 full-length glycoprotein gene sequences from NCBI GenBank. The sequences were from different host isolates over a period of 70 years in 21 countries. Computational analyses detected 1 recombinant (AY987478, a dog isolate of CHAND03, genotype 1 in India) with incongruent phylogenetic support. No recombination was detected when AY98748 was excluded in the analyses. We applied different selection models to identify selection pressure on the glycoprotein gene. One codon at amino acid residual 483 was found to be under weak positive selection with marginal probability of 95% by using the maximum likelihood method. We found no significant evidence of positive selection on any site of the glycoprotein gene when the putative recombinant AY987478 was excluded. The computational analyses suggest that the G gene has been under purifying selection and that the evolution of the G gene may not play a significant role in Lyssavirus adaptation.