bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Minimum of Practical Applications Should be Included in a Course in Arithmetic
Authors: Dooley C. R.
Published: January 2021

Whatever may be our definition of education it surely must in some way help the student toward a fuller and happier life—a life more abundant. The oldest thing in the world is life and therefore it is the one thing that holds our interest through all our years. Life is the application of all that we know and are and feel and whether we admit it or not any sort of formal education is the incidental thing and all classes of students make it so in spite of pedagogic pressure— and it is so. Practical applications, therefore, are reasonable, first of all because of the vital interest they afford. Any subject is most efficiently taught under those conditions which provide the maximum interest on the part of the student, and this is always obtained through some form of actual contact or association with the real things of everyday life. We all know that arithmetic, algebra, geometry, etc., are means and not ends, but we do not teach them that way.
El paisaje urbano en la narrativa española contemporánea: las novelas de Antonio Muñoz Molina
Authors: Sánchez Sempere Irene
Published: January 2021

Arte y literatura —en particular la novela— encuentran en el paisaje urbano uno de sus referentes principales y, desde múltiples perspectivas, abordan frecuentemente temas que le son consustanciales: la problemática relación entre individuo y sociedad, la soledad y el anonimato entre la multitud, la libertad y el cosmopolitismo, la esperanza del inmigrante, el hacinamiento y el crimen, etc. En las últimas décadas se repite, además, la ficcionalización del espacio interior del autor o los personajes en la configuración de ese paisaje. Partiendo de los vínculos históricos entre ciudad y literatura, el presente trabajo resume la evolución del tratamiento literario de lo urbano para llegar a la novela española de las últimas décadas, en cuyo contexto elegimos el caso paradigmático de Antonio Muñoz Molina para ilustrar, analizando múltiples ejemplos de su obra, aquel diálogo ficcionalizado entre el entorno urbano y la subjetividad del narrador, siempre ilumina por la memoria y la imaginación.

The preeminent urban model generates heterogeneous area of exchange, coexistence and competition characteristic of our time. Art and literature –particularly, the novel– find one of their principal references in the urban landscape and, from multiple perspectives, they frequently tackle topics inherent in it: the problematic relation between the individual and society, the loneliness and anonymity among the crowd, freedom and cosmopolitanism, the hope of the immigrant, overcrowding and crime… The city in the modern novel gets to acquire its own voice and personality, as if it were just another character. And in recent decades, we have observed a new inflection: dismissing physical objectivity, many writers project their own subjectivity onto the urban environment, drawing a literary landscape in which “myth, invention and reality” are merged. The current work gives an account on this, providing the example of several Spanish novelists, Antonio Muñoz Molina in particular.
Identidad y delimitación textual del poema 29 de Ausiàs March
Authors: Martin Pascual Llúcia
Published: January 2021

La poesía 29 de Ausiàs March Si com lo taur se’n va fuyt pel desert, formada por una única estrofa, es una de las más populares y difundidas de su Cancionero. Se conserva en la mayor parte de los testimonios manuscritos e impresos. Sin embargo, posiblemente debido a un error de copia, la poesía 29 se difundió junto con la 30, Vengut és temps que será conegut, como si de una sola composición se tratase. Este posible error coincide en una serie de testimonios. La hipótesis de una filiación entre los diferentes manuscritos y el tratamiento de la poesía en los impresos puede contribuir a conocer mejor la tradición textual. La redacción conjunta de las dos poesías se debe a un problema de transmisión pues por su temática no son textos relacionables. En este trabajo observaremos el comportamiento de los dos textos y las posibles razones de su localización conjunta, así como también la decisión de editarlas por separado.

The poem 29 by Ausiàs March, Si com lo taur se’n va fuyt pel desert, consisting of a single stanza, is one of the most popular and widespread of this author. It is preserved in most of the handwritten and printed testimonies. However, possibly due to a copy error, the poem 29 was spread together with the poem 30, Vengut és temps que será conegut, like a single composition. This possible error coincides in a series of testimonies. Perhaps, the relation between certain manuscripts and the presence of the poetry in the printed books can contribute to a better understanding of the textual tradition. The joint writing of the two poems is due to a problem of transmission because they are not relatable texts in terms of subject matter. In this work we will observe the behavior of the two texts and the possible reasons for their joint location, as well as the decision to edit them separately.
Intenciones de comportamiento, satisfacción y calidad percibida de los espectadores del Campeonato Asiático de Voleibol Masculino Sub-23 de 2017
Authors: Naghi-Pour Givi B. , Hossein Monazzami A. , Mohamadi Turkmani E. , Mirfallah Nassiri R.
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las intenciones de comportamiento, la satisfacción y la calidad percibida de los espectadores del Campeonato Asiático de Voleibol Masculino Sub-23 de 2017. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 351 espectadores del evento. El instrumento utilizado fue un cuestionario fiable formado por cinco sub-cuestionarios sobre calidad del servicio, calidad del producto principal, satisfacción con el servicio, satisfacción con el juego e intenciones de comportamiento. El análisis estadístico se basó en ecuaciones estructurales y se realizó con el software WarpPLS versión 6. La calidad de los servicios tuvo un efecto significativo en la satisfacción con el servicio (β = 0,504; P <0,001). La calidad del producto principal tuvo un efecto significativo en la satisfacción con el juego (β = 0,658; P <0,001). Además, la satisfacción con el juego tuvo un efecto significativo sobre las intenciones de comportamiento (β = 0,514; P <0,001). Sin embargo, el efecto de la satisfacción con el servicio sobre las intenciones de comportamiento no fue significativo. Por ello, es recomendable que los organizadores de megaeventos deportivos consideren estos resultados con el fin de mejorar las intenciones de comportamiento, la satisfacción y la calidad percibida de los espectadores.

The aim of this study was to analyze behavioral intentions, satisfaction and perceived quality of the spectators of the 2017 Asian Men's U23 Volleyball Championship. The sample was composed of 351 spectators of the event. The instrument used was a reliable questionnaire with five sub-questionnaires about service quality, main product quality, service satisfaction, game satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. The statistical analysis was based on structural equations and it was carried out with the software WarpPLS version 6. The quality of services had a significant effect on service satisfaction (β=0.504, P<0.001). The core product quality had a significant effect on game satisfaction (β=0.658, P<0.001). Also, the game satisfaction had a significant effect on behavioral intentions (β=0.514, P<0.001). However, the effect of service satisfaction on behavioral intentions was not significant. Therefore, it is recommendable that the organizers of mega sport events consider these results in order to improve the behavioral intentions, satisfaction and perceived quality of the spectators.
Estimation of effective dose from CT scanning using dose length product in a Nepalese hospital
Authors: Shah Pooja
Published: January 2021

Keywords: Effective dose, Dose Length Product, Computed Tomography Dose Indexvolume, Dose Reference Level
AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to estimate the effective doses from CT scans using DoseLength Product (DLP) in a Nepalese hospital.Materials and methods: This prospective study was conducted in 150 patients above 18years of age who were referred for CT scan of head, chest and abdomen. The CT scan wasperformed on a 128 slice multi detector scanner. All the subjects who met the inclusioncriteria were included in the study. Following the non-contrast imaging phases of the head,chest and abdomen CTDIvol, DLP, kVp and pitch were recorded for each patient from theconsole display of the scanner. The effective dose was calculated for each examination usingDLP which were graphically analyzed and correlated with the age of the patient.Results: The study showed the mean CTDIvol for head, chest and abdomen to be 53.95±4.83mGy, 5.28±1.17 mGy and 11.15±2.71 mGy respectively along with mean DLP to be923.52±71.11 mGycm, 229.32±48.70 mGycm and 517.02±148.32 mGycm respectively. Usingthese values, the mean effective doses were calculated and found to be 1.93±0.14 mSv,3.20±0.68 mSv and 7.75±2.19 mSv respectively.Conclusion: The calculated effective dose values were lower than in other studies for CTexaminations of chest and abdomen while higher or similar for CT examination of head. Theresults of this survey could motivate other researchers to investigate the radiation doses inother hospitals and help establish national diagnostic reference levels.
On the expression of hegemony in the field of educational technology
Authors: Haugsbakk Geir , Nordkvelle Yngve Troye
Published: January 2021

This article has emerged from a project aiming at gaining an overview of actors and key figures, their perspectives and results after more than 30 years of ambitious governmental efforts to introduce computer technology in school. The main focus of the article is on what we consider to be dominant arguments, discourses and issues related to the hegemonization of meaning formation. Our line of reasoning is based primarily on a case study of the leading journal in the field of educational technology in Norway over the last fifteen years, the Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy. This is a mainstream research journal, which publishes peer-reviewed articles. However, being subject to the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, it represents a rather interesting case for interrogating the issue of hegemony. Placing the journal’s policy at the forefront, the focus of our analysis will be on the editorials. The main findings, based on issues of the journal over the first ten years are that the editorials are in keeping with what can be regarded as the political priorities and the prevailing political discourses in the field. They contain relatively few, if any, critical perspectives and scant reference is made to the research articles and research area it claims to serve. The method used is document analysis, inspired by discourse-analytic approaches.
Education, Change and the Longue Durée: The Fate of the Book
Authors: Friesen Norm
Published: January 2021

The physical form of the book known as the codex has been described as nothing less than “the most powerful object of our time,” as the “concrete form” of “the Western episteme.” The book, in other words, is an epochally and epistemologically foundational medium. The book’s physical nature, its typical contents, the habits and practices associated with its use, and the way that these are acquired, can thus be said to together constitute the paradigm for knowing. This article begins with an examination of book culture—one which provides long-familiar demarcations of knowledge and ignorance, development and depravation that are starting to lose their force. Appealing to the notion of the longue durée, this paper then turns to the history and contemporaneity of the book in educational discourse. In concluding, it considers what the changing educational significance of the book can tell us about change in education itself, and what this ongoing change might mean for us today.
Composition of the Oral Microbiome in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Menon Thangam , Kalyanaraman Supraja , Srinivasan Seethalakshmi
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Distinct microbial communities reside in the oral cavity and the composition of the oral microbiota has important implications for human health and disease. Identification of bacterial flora of the microbiome is done by metagenomic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. Aim: The aim of this study was to characterise the human microbiome in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in comparison with the normal human microbiome. Materials and Methods: A pilot study was carried out in tertiary hospital, Chennai. Oral mouthwash samples collected from nine patients with CAD were selected, with one control group. They were studied by metagenomic analysis of V3-V4 region of 16SrRNA gene sequences.. Sequencing of the variable V3 and V4 regions was done using Illumina platform. Results: The six major phyla, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Fusobacteriacontained 99% of the taxa in all the samples analysed. Conclusion: Diversity of the microbiome in patients with CAD was similar to the normal human microbiome.
Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Old Masonry Walls
Authors: Kim Hoijin , Yi Zheongzun , Park Jongsup , Kang Junsuk
Published: January 2021

Due to the increase in the frequency and intensity of earthquakes and the number of old buildings and in Korea, there is an expected increase in the damage to life and property. Therefore, we intend to derive an indicator to evaluate the risk level by conducting a seismic test on old buildings. An initial crack was generated in the masonry structure to reflect the deterioration. The effect of the deterioration on the building was subsequently analyzed by comparing it with the uncracked control group. As a result, the masonry wall, which was the specimen, satisfied the seismic performance, but local failure occurred along the initial crack in the specimen considering the aging. The safety was significantly decreased due to the occurrence of additional cracks. This demonstrates that the cracks caused by the aging of the masonry building greatly damaged the seismic performance of the building.
Grouting Performance Evaluation of the Double Injection Method for Settlement Restoration of Concrete Rail Tracks
Authors: Koh Hyo Seog , Choi Byong Jeong
Published: January 2021

For the construction of concrete tracks, strict settling control standards are applied. However, settlement inevitably occurs owing to the construction conditions, climate, and geographical conditions. When settlement occurs beyond the limited value, recovery work is performed by using a restoration method. During restoration processes, the concrete track must maintain its support stiffness and not develop non-uniform stress to ensure proper functioning of interface systems between the track and roadbed and geometric settlement recovery. To satisfy these conditions, the track must be tightly filled to prevent voids from occurring at the bottom. This paper proposes a double-injection-type method for cement grouting to secure filling, considering the injection material, pressure, and interval. In this study, the filling performance was evaluated through field tests using visual inspection and the impact echo technique, which are non-destructive investigation methods.
Numerical Analysis of Masonry Assemblages through Simplified Micro-Modeling
Authors: Yoon Dong-Jin , Lim Kwang-Mo , Lee Joo-Ha
Published: January 2021

Recently, research focused on preventing the aging of masonry structures, and minimization of damage caused by earthquakes to these structures has gained significant attention. To improve the performance of these structures, an appropriate method is required for their performance evaluation. Generally, the equivalent strut model is employed for the performance evaluation of a masonry wall. However, this method is known to have limitations in implementing reinforced masonry and in reflecting the actual reinforcement effect. Appropriate evaluation techniques should be developed to implement the performance improvement methods developed in the future. Therefore, in this study, analysis methods were developed considering the nonlinear static analysis method for masonry elements. In addition, using these methods, the analysis considering the various reinforced thicknesses and shapes was performed, and the appropriate reinforcement methods were presented for these structures.
Impacts of Meteorological Factors on 119 Emergency Medical Services: Focused on Busan
Authors: Lee Dalbyul
Published: January 2021

This study aims to analyze the impacts of meteorological factors on 119 Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Busan in 2017 was set as the temporal and spatial subject. It identified the differences in the effects of each meteorological factor on the characteristics of the 119 EMS and investigated the degree of weakness in the provision of EMS due to weather abnormalities. The characteristics of EMS were defined by the number of dispatches, EMS time, distance to dispatch, and the ratio of dispatches outside the jurisdiction in the 119 EMS activity report of the Busan Fire Headquarter. Meteorological factors included temperature, wind speed, and precipitation data from the Korea Meteorological Administration's Automatic Weather System (AWS), and the meteorological abnormality was set as heavy rain that occurred in Busan on September 11, 2017. The results of the regression analysis on the relationship between weather and EMS reveal that the weather factors affect the characteristics of EMS, although it differs according to the first factor. In particular, an increase in temperature and rainfall tends to negatively affect the proper provision of EMS. Weather anomalies, such as the torrential downpour on September 11, 2017, acted as a factor that made the provision of emergency services more vulnerable.
Associations between maternal socioeconomic, psychosocial and seasonal factors, infant characteristics and human milk cortisol concentrations
Authors: Lindberg Matti , Nolvi Saara , Härkönen Juho , Aatsinki Anna‐Katariina , Karlsson Linnea , Karlsson Hasse , Uusitupa Henna‐Maria
Published: January 2021

Objectives

Glucocorticoids are one component of human milk (HM) potentially affecting offspring development. Previous studies have identified various maternal, obstetric and socioeconomic characteristics that are associated with HM cortisol concentration but the literature is still scarce concerning these determinants in human populations. We aimed to identify which factors are linked with HM cortisol concentration at 2 months postpartum.

Methods

We analyzed data from 340 lactating Finnish mothers using ordinary least squares regression with log‐transformed HM cortisol concentration as the dependent variable. Potential predictors included obstetric and maternal factors (maternal age, parity status, delivery mode, gestational age, pre‐pregnancy obesity, and smoking in pregnancy), socioeconomic status (education and socioeconomic class), subjective economic well‐being, maternal psychosocial factors (postpartum depression and anxiety symptoms), infant sex and age, and HM sample characteristics (time of the day and season of the year at sample collection).

Results

The strongest and most robust predictors were season of the year of sample collection and parity status. HM cortisol concentration was significantly higher for primiparas than multiparas. HM samples collected in summer showed significantly higher cortisol concentrations than those collected in winter, spring or autumn.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that parity and season of the year at sample collection may be important factors to control for when examining HM cortisol. The strongest and most robust associations were related to maternal and sample characteristics and not to socioeconomic and psychosocial distress. This may be related to the fact that the study was conducted in a low‐risk population.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzoxazine Derivative as a Potent CDK9 Inhibitor for Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Song Taehun , Lee Moonsub , Bae Inhwan , Byun Joo‐Yun , Ahn Young Gil , Kim Young Hoon , Chun Young‐Jin
Published: January 2021

Cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) 9 is a protein kinase that plays a major regulatory role in the process of transcription, thereby representing an attractive target in cancer therapy. A series of novel, highly potent, selective derivatives (coined compounds 8–15) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory effect on CDK functions using cancer cell lines. Here, we showed that our compound 8 exhibited a potent CDK9 inhibitory activity in ICR mice, with an IC50 value of 2.3 nM as well as favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Using an MV4‐11 xenograft mouse model, compound 8 showed antitumor efficacy at a dose of 10 mg/kg; compound 8 treatment was well tolerated, with no adverse effects on body weight or animal health. Our in vitro and in vivo findings strongly suggest that compound 8 holds great promise for the development of highly potent CDK9 inhibitors in anticancer approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Slokenberga Santa , Tzortzatou Olga , Reichel Jane
Published: January 2021

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is already four years old legal instrument, with over two years of practical experience, yet, several central questions on its application, its importance in scientific research, rights of the data subjects, and obligations on the controllers and processors remain uncharted. In this edited volume, questions ranging from the meaning of the GDPR provisions for a particular research project to impact of the GDPR on long term collaborations, when the UK is leaving the EU are is discussed. This chapter sets out the aim of this book and provides an overview of how various contributions interplay to shed light on how the GDPR shapes the research regimes on the use of personal data in biobanking by EU Member States.
The Regulation of Biobanking in Germany
Authors: Hoppe Nils
Published: January 2021

Biobanking in Germany is currently not subject to sui generis regulation. Instead, a plethora of norms from differing areas of law form the bundle of regulation that applies to biobanking. The exact shape and extent of the bundle depends on the exact configuration of the biobank. In the context of data protection, the rather fragmented nature of the regulation is to a certain extent alleviated by the direct impact of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, the federalized system of data protection in Germany is simplified by an overarching set of norms that apply equally across the board. Whilst this is a welcome systematization of this part of the regulation of biobanking in Germany, the exact nature of the implementation of the Regulation raises novel issues in its own right. In this paper, I will outline the fragmented nature of biobank regulation in Germany, illustrate the issues on the basis of Germany’s population biobank NaKo and then discuss some of the more significant issues raised by the GDPR in the context of biobanking.
The Italian Way for Research Biobanks After GDPR: Hybrid Normative Solutions to Balance the Protection of Individuals and Freedom of Research
Authors: Penasa Simone , Tomasi Marta
Published: January 2021

The Italian context of biobanking is made up of a vast number of collections, in some cases well-organised and connected in virtuous networks and in others not identifiable as structured biobanks. From a comparative perspective, Italy can be regarded as a hybrid model, positioned between countries with full and detailed legislation concerning biobanks and those that rely only on guidelines published by national ethics committees or professional societies that have no binding legal value. In countries like Italy where the need for specific regulation is more urgent, the entry into force of the GDPR could have offered a chance to fill the gap in the legislation with regard to biobanking for medical scientific research purposes. This overview highlights the improvements made and the obstacles that persist.
Norwegian Biobanks: Increased Complexity with GDPR and National Law
Authors: Befring Anne Kjersti
Published: January 2021

Norway is generally regarded as having good opportunities for biobank research because of Biobank Norway—its national infrastructure of biobanks—which represents one of the world’s largest existing resources within biobanking. It covers both consented population-based and disease-specific clinical biobanks. However, the regulatory framework in Norway for biobanking is fragmented, which makes navigating the legal landscape challenging.

The Personal Data Act (PDA) implements the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and a few adjustments were made in the national health legislation in order to bring it into line with the GDPR. The Health Research Act (HRA) enables the use of biobanking and personal data in research with and without the consent of individuals. There are some disagreements about the changes brought about by the GDPR when it comes to research on biological material that includes personal data. When implementing GDPR Article 89, it was emphasised that the Data Protection Officer (DPO) has an important role even though the research ethics committee has allowed the use of data (the regional committee for medical and health research ethics (REC)). This has created conflicts. This article highlights key issues and ambiguities related to the GDPR and national legislation, and the relationship between the two.
The New European Legal Framework on Personal Data Protection and the Legal Status of Biological Samples and Biobanks for Biomedical Research Purposes in Spanish Law
Authors: Romeo-Casabona Carlos M.
Published: January 2021

Biomedical research has increasingly resorted to biological material, particularly in view of the enormous potential for the future of a better knowledge of the DNA of all living beings and even the possibility of modifying it by means of various techniques, including gene editing. For Precision Personalised Medicine the support of biobanks is also a very important tool.

In relation to the protection of personal data, Spain has quickly implemented and adapted its internal laws to the GDPR through its new Organic Act 3/2018 of 5 of December on Protection of Personal Data and guarantee of digital rights. The new Act implements and completes some features of the GDPR, including those related to the provisions of Articles 9 and 89, in particular health related data and big data. In this way and by means of this ‘bridge’ Act, an attempt has also been made to guarantee the harmony between the GDPR and the pre-existing legislation, trying to ensure at the same time in effectiveness in promoting scientific research and in respecting for the rights of samples’ donors.
Biobanking Across Europe Post-GDPR: A Deliberately Fragmented Landscape
Authors: Tzortzatou Olga , Slokenberga Santa , Reichel Jane , da Costa Andrade Andreia , Barbosa Carla , Bekaert Sofie , van Veen Evert-Ben , Romeo-Casabona Carlos M. , Cathaoir Katharina Ó. , Chassang Gauthier , Debucquoy Annelies , Derèze Jean-Jacques , Dollé Laurent , Fält Sonja Eaker , Halouzka Radek , Hartlev Mette , Hisbergues Michael , Hoppe Nils , Huys Isabelle , Kindt Els , Befring Anne Kjersti , Kozera Lukasz , Krekora-Zajac Dorota , Lalova Teodora , Mayrhofer Michaela , Negrouk Anastassia , Pawlikowski Jakub , Penasa Simone , Pormeister Kärt , Rial-Sebbag Emmanuelle , Siapka Anastasia , Southerington Tom , Stenbeck Magnus , Šutalo Maja , Tomasi Marta , Valcke Peggy , Vella Falzon Ruth
Published: January 2021

This chapter seeks to provide insight into the ways in which Member States leveraged the regulatory discretion afforded to them by the GDPR. Specifically, it reviews the biobank regulatory environment; whether and how derogations under Article 89(2) GDPR are enabled; the legal basis for scientific research and the role of consent in biobanking post-GDPR; the balance between individual rights and public interest in national law; and finally, the GDPR’s impact and future possibilities for biobanking. In exercising self-determination, Member States can, to a certain extent, align data protection requirements with their values and aspirations. Such alignment, though, could jeopardize collaborative research. In light of the need to bridge divergent legal and ethical requirements at a national and supranational level, the role of Research Ethics Committees (RECs) might prove to be essential.
Striking a Balance Between Personalised Genetics and Privacy Protection from the Perspective of GDPR
Authors: Hansson Mats G.
Published: January 2021

GDPR is currently being implemented across Europe and researchers, ethical review boards and national authorities are waiting for guidance on how to do the ethical balancing of the interests of privacy and the interest of conducting effective scientific, e.g. biomedical research, in practice. In order to reach this one must both understand the specific challenges that are related to new developments within the field of personalised medicine where massive uses of personal data are foreseen and what it really means to protect someone’s privacy. In this chapter I will suggest how a balance may be reached between personalised medicine and privacy protection based on the premises of genetic science, ethics and the GDPR.
Biobank Oversight and Sanctions Under the General Data Protection Regulation
Authors: Hallinan Dara
Published: January 2021

This contribution offers an insight into the function and problems of the oversight and sanctions mechanisms outlined in the General Data Protection Regulation as they relate to the biobanking context. These mechanisms might be considered as meta-mechanisms—mechanisms relating to, but not consisting of, substantive legal principles—functioning in tandem to ensure biobank compliance with data protection principles. Each of the mechanisms outlines, on paper at least, comprehensive and impressive compliance architecture—both expanding on their capacity in relation to Directive 95/46. Accordingly, each mechanism looks likely to have a significant and lasting impact on biobanks and biobanking. Despite this comprehensiveness, however, the mechanisms are not immune from critique. Problems appear regarding the standard of protection provided for research subject rights, regarding the disproportionate impact on legitimate interests tied up with the biobanking process—particularly genomic research interests—and regarding their practical implementability in biobanking.
Resistance to (Digital) Change
Authors: Scholkmann Antonia B.
Published: January 2021

Resistance to change has been elaborated on from different perspectives: with a focus on employee resistance to change and as a systemic phenomenon, but also in the light of digital change and digital transformation. However, an integration of these approaches is not easy to find. This chapter discusses the phenomenon of resistance to change in light of current understandings of the concept as well as new elaborations, which might help to pinpoint specific challenges of digital change resistance. To this end, I will dive into the research traditions that have been built up around the concept. In order to understand resistance to digital change, specifically, I will draw upon the theory of Danish educational researcher Knut Illeris and explore the potential of his writings to explain resistance to digital change from a learning perspective. Throughout I will use examples from higher education digitalization research, to illustrate the respective phenomena. Key navigation points of this chapter are to elaborate resistance to (digital) change both as an individual and a systemic phenomenon and to contribute to a better understanding of resistance to digital change in light of incremental and disruptive change expectations.
Organizational Learning and Digital Transformation: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Dörner Olaf , Rundel Stefan
Published: January 2021

The chapter discusses digital transformation as a potential source of crisis for the organization and develops a theoretical framework for further empirical research. The basic concept is that organizational learning is neither exclusively individually nor structurally and that actors and organizations are in a reciprocal relationship. Different requirements during digital transformation, either from the members of the organization or from the environment, force the organization to handle it. The chapter proposes four different ways, how organizations cope with digital transformation. Within the first two types, previous action routines terminate and organizational learning takes place. (1) The action routines of the members of the organization change, as well as there is a new understanding from the organization (educational process). (2) Digital transformation brings with it the implementation of the new digital objects, although the organizational members don’t act in a generally new way (learning process). Within the last two types, the organization refuses the requirements of the digital transformation. (3) The organization implements digital objects, but the organizational members don’t use them. And finally (4), the organization can actively refuse digital transformation.
Learning Organizations in the Age of Smart Machines
Authors: Meier Christoph , Seufert Sabine , Guggemos Josef , Spirgi Judith
Published: January 2021

Research on the learning organization has, so far, failed to appreciate the relevance of two intertwined loci of learning in organizations: (1) advanced digital systems (“smart machines”) and their ever-growing capacity for carrying out tasks and (2) collaboration of employees with these smart machines (hybrid activities and augmentation). In the context of digital transformation, hybrid activities (where humans complement smart machines and smart machines boost human capacities) become an important driver for organizational performance. We discuss fusion skills (as a prerequisite for successful hybrid activities) and augmentation strategies (developmental strategies by humans related to smart machines in the workplace) as key concepts for HRD professionals and their effort to contribute to the move toward a learning organization. Fusion skills refer to, for example, training smart machines for performance and acceptance; algorithmic testing, editing, and output interpretation; and managing the operations and performance of smart machines. Augmentation strategies can be differentiated into step in, step up, step aside, step forward, and step narrow. We provide results from empirical research among HRD professionals in German-speaking countries on their stance toward these augmentation strategies, and we conclude that HRD professionals need to (1) understand smart machines, fusion skills, and augmentation strategies as well as their implications at a personal level, (2) establish effective practices at the level of the HRD function that are oriented to fusion skills and augmentation strategies, and in this way (3) contribute to the move toward a learning organization.
Suspension of EU Funds Paid to Member States Breaching the Rule of Law: Is the Commission’s Proposal Legal?
Authors: Łacny Justyna
Published: January 2021

The existing scale of violations of the rule of law by some Member States, including capturing judicial independence by their governments, is a relatively new phenomenon for the EU; the one for which the EU based on the EU common values (Article 2 TEU) originally was not prepared to effectively deal with. The EU reacts to current rule of law crisis by using different legal methods and instruments: it inter alia applies existing procedures (Article 7 TEU procedure and with more success general infringement procedure under Articles 258-260 TFEU) and struggles to develop new ones. This contribution is focused on the new EU legislative initiative of connecting in the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) 2021–2027 transfers of EU funds to Member States with their observance of the rule of law. Or to put it differently, this legislative initiatives would authorize the EU institutions to suspend regular transfers of EU funds to Member States that systematically breach the rule of law.
The Rule of Law and the Roll of the Dice. The Uncertain Future of Investor-State Arbitration in the EU
Authors: Sadowski Wojciech
Published: January 2021

Investment treaty law and EU law began to develop in the same era and share some important philosophical and axiological foundations. The pressure on the CEE countries to enter into numerous bilateral investment treaties in late 80s and early 90s, in the context of the EU accession aspirations of the former communist countries, was likely to result, eventually, in a conflict between EU law and investment treaty law. The conflict could have been managed in three different ways, yet the CJEU decided in Achmea to declare an undefined volume of intra-EU arbitrations to be incompatible with EU law. This important judgment, which delivered an outcome desired by the European Commission and a number of Member States, is based on questionable legal reasoning that creates high uncertainty in this area of law. The doubts include the scope of application of Achmea, which is now a highly debatable issue. The CJEU itself saw it necessary to limit the scope of Achmea by declaring in Opinion 1/17 (CETA) that the legal reasoning of Achmea did not apply to investment protection treaties with third countries. The Member States of the EU remain politically divided in their views as to whether Achmea applies to the Energy Charter Treaty. And while the problems with the rule of law and independence of the judiciary in certain Member States continue to grow, Achmea has left an important gap for which there is no substitute in the current architecture of the EU legal system.
Intermezzo in the Rule of Law Play: The Court of Justice’s LM Case
Authors: Bonelli Matteo
Published: January 2021

In the LM case, the CJEU was called to decide on whether systemic rule of law deficiencies in Poland could lead to the suspension of EU cooperation based on mutual trust, in particular under the European Arrest Warrant system. Building on its earlier decision in Aranyosi, the Court concluded that EAWs may be suspended only after the executing authority conducts a general analysis of the situation in the country concerned and an individual assessment of the specific situation of the applicant. For some, the decision was a disappointing one, as the Court failed to take a clear stance on the Polish constitutional crisis. This chapter argues, on the other hand, that the Court reached a balanced decision: while it is true that it confirmed the strict Aranyosi test, it also sent some key messages on the crucial importance of the rule of law and judicial independence for the EU and underlined the red lines of European constitutionalism. Furthermore, a different line of cases that originated from the groundbreaking decision of the Court in the ‘Portuguese judges’ case seems much more promising for the protection of EU values. Thus, rather than a constitutional moment for the Union, LM was ultimately an intermezzo between the two main acts of the rule of law play before the Court of Justice.
Hungary’s Latest Experiences with Article 2 TEU: The Need for ‘Informed’ EU Sanctions
Authors: Bakó Beáta
Published: January 2021

This contribution will concentrate on the Hungarian situation by analysing the generalised practice of targeted legislation and the different causes for legal uncertainty on the constitutional level. The European Parliament initiated an Article 7 TEU sanctioning procedure against Hungary in September 2018 and several infringement proceedings have been launched by the Commission. Unfortunately, these EU responses were not able to grasp the gist of the Hungarian developments. Even the so called Sargentini report of the European Parliament—intended to be a comprehensive analysis of the rule of law deficiencies in Hungary—could not identify the most significant patterns of the Hungarian rule of law decline. This reveals a central shortcoming of EU sanctioning mechanisms employed against ‘backsliding’ Member States: the need for ‘informed’ sanctions. Some recent legislative proposals for measuring the rule of law illustrate, that the need for such informed sanctions has been realised by EU institutions. However, the question of ‘how’ is still unanswered. Taking the case of Hungary as an example, I will finally recommend some aspects to be considered in order to grasp the patterns of ‘systemic’ rule of law decline.
Article 7: A Commentary on a Much Talked-About ‘Dead’ Provision
Authors: Kochenov Dimitry
Published: January 2021

The goal of this chapter is to contribute to the growing Article 7 TEU literature by showcasing the strong and weak points of this provision in the context of the on-going rule of law backsliding in Hungary and Poland threatening the very fabric of EU constitutionalism. This is done by presenting the general context of the institutional reactions to the so-called ‘reforms’ in Poland and Hungary aimed to hijack the state machinery by the political parties in charge; introducing the background of Article 7 TEU and the hopes of the drafters the provision was endowed with; to move on to the analysis of its scope and all the procedures made available through this instrument as well as the key procedural rules in place. The conclusion restates the necessity of putting our hopes in alternative instruments of combatting rule of law backsliding, outlining three possible scenarios of this, which are not (necessarily) connected to Article 7 as such.
The Responsibility of Courts in Maintaining the Rule of Law: Two Tales of Consequential Judicial Self-Restraint
Authors: Sonnevend Pál
Published: January 2021

Modern constitutionalism is based on the paradigm that courts are inherently entitled and obliged to enforce the constitution of the respective polity. This responsibility of courts also applies in the context of the European Union to both the CJEU and national constitutional courts. The present chapter argues that in the face of constitutional crises the CJEU and the Hungarian Constitutional Court shy away from applying the law as it is to the full. The reasons behind this unwarranted judicial self-restraint are most different: the CJEU aims to avoid conflicts with national constitutional courts whereas the Hungarian Constitutional Court has been facing a legislative power also acting as constitution making power willing to amend the constitution to achieve specific legislative purposes or to undo previous constitutional court decisions. Yet both courts respond to expediencies that do not follow from the law they are called upon to apply. It is argued that rule of law backsliding requires these courts to abandon the unnecessary self-restraint and exploit the means already available.
The Blood in Rheumatology
Authors: Janoudi Nahid , AlDabbagh Ammar
Published: January 2021

Hematologic disorders including anemia, white blood cells abnormalities, platelet abnormalities, coagulopathy, and hematologic malignancies can be manifested in many autoimmune rheumatic diseases [1].
Renal System and Rheumatology
Authors: Alobaidi Sami , Alotaibi Manal , Al-Zahrani Noura , Al-Dhaheri Fahmi
Published: January 2021

Many rheumatic diseases can be associated with different complications in kidneys and urinary tract. The goal of this chapter is to provide a summary of renal manifestations in rheumatic diseases that is easily accessible by students, residents, and practitioners.
Skin Manifestations of Rheumatological Diseases
Authors: Habibullah Taha , Habibullah Ammar , Simsim Rehab
Published: January 2021

There are many rheumatic diseases presenting with skin manifestations. This could be the first presenting feature of a systemic rheumatic disease. In addition, some of these skin manifestations could be an indication of an active disease or a sign of a serious medical emergency. In this chapter the skin manifestations of common rheumatic diseases will be described. Particular focus will be placed on rheumatic diseases with polyarthritis. The differential diagnosis of erythema nodosum will be discussed as this condition is observed in several disorders with arthritis. There are many drugs used in rheumatology. Some of them like allopurinol can lead to life-threatening dermatological conditions. A quick review on some of these conditions will be outlined. At the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to recognize different dermatological signs associated with patients with arthritis, discuss the differential diagnosis of erythema nodosum, and recognize life-threatening dermatological conditions.
Cardiovascular Diseases and Rheumatology
Authors: Ali Rania Alhaj , Halabi Hussein , Almoallim Hani
Published: January 2021

The prevalence of various cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the different rheumatologic disorders is a very important topic. Each disease has a number of unique manifestations despite the fact that an overlap is present due to shared common risk factors, which may be related to the longer life expectancy of the recent therapeutic advances. A growing understanding of the role of inflammation and immune system in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis as well as the early detection of cardiovascular manifestations is due to the availability and use of sophisticated noninvasive cardiac and vascular diagnostic technology. Such discipline results in the detection of cardiac manifestation unique to each rheumatologic disorder. This was not possible previously due to short life expectancy, limited therapeutic interventions, vague understanding of pathological process for each disease, and the limited diagnostic resources.
Perioperative Management of Patients with Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: Alotaibi Manal , Albazli Khaled , Bissar Lina , Almoallim Hani
Published: January 2021

The aim of this chapter is to present a simple approach to the assessment of patients with different rheumatologic diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis (RA), before undergoing orthopedic surgery. Perioperative assessment confirms an early diagnosis of the patient’s medical condition and comorbidities, overall health, and the assessment of the risk factors associated with the proposed interventions. Perioperative assessment allows for proper postoperative management of complications. It can also aid in the management of high-risk drugs used by rheumatologic patients such as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD), antiplatelets, and corticosteroids. The assessment also supports postoperative plans and patient education [1–3].
Pediatric Rheumatology
Authors: Abdwani Reem
Published: January 2021

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
Low-Back Pain
Authors: Albazli Khaled , Alotaibi Manal , Almoallim Hani
Published: January 2021

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
Correction to: Adherence to a food group-based dietary guideline and incidence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Braver Nicolette R.den , Rutters Femke , van der Spek Andrea L. J. Kortlever , Ibi Dorina , Looman Moniek , Geelen Anouk , Elders Petra , van der Heijden Amber A. , Brug Johannes , Lakerveld Jeroen , Soedamah-Muthu Sabita S. , Beulens Joline W. J.
Published: January 2021

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in Table 4.