bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epigenetics: a catalyst of plant immunity against pathogens
Authors: Hannan Parker Adam , Wilkinson Samuel W. , Ton Jurriaan
Published: August 2021

The plant immune system protects against pests and diseases. The recognition of stress‐related molecular patterns triggers localised immune responses, which are often followed by longer‐lasting systemic priming and/or up‐regulation of defences. In some cases, this induced resistance (IR) can be transmitted to following generations. Such transgenerational IR is gradually reversed in the absence of stress at a rate that is proportional to the severity of disease experienced in previous generations. This review outlines the mechanisms by which epigenetic responses to pathogen infection shape the plant immune system across expanding time scales. We review the cis‐ and trans‐acting mechanisms by which stress‐inducible epigenetic changes at transposable elements (TEs) regulate genome‐wide defence gene expression and draw particular attention to one regulatory model that is supported by recent evidence about the function of AGO1 and H2A.Z in transcriptional control of defence genes. Additionally, we explore how stress‐induced mobilisation of epigenetically controlled TEs acts as a catalyst of Darwinian evolution by generating (epi)genetic diversity at environmentally responsive genes. This raises questions about the long‐term evolutionary consequences of stress‐induced diversification of the plant immune system in relation to the long‐held dichotomy between Darwinian and Lamarckian evolution.
Tumour‐stroma ratio is a valuable prognostic factor for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kang Jia , Su Ming , Xu Qiaoshi , Wang Chong , Yuan Xiaohong , Han Zhengxue
Published: August 2021

Objective

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prognostic value of the tumour‐stroma ratio (TSR) and tumour budding (TB) in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) and to establish a reliable model to predict the outcome of OTSCC patients.

Methods

A total of 103 patients surgically treated at our hospital were enrolled in this study. Chi‐square tests, Kaplan–Meier analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed for statistical analysis.

Results

Fifty‐six patients were categorized as stroma‐rich, and 47 patients were categorized as stroma‐poor. Only pathological grade was associated with the TSR (p = 0.017). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that stroma‐rich, high‐intensity budding and high risk groups were associated with worse prognosis. The Cox regression model showed that the TSR was an independent risk factor for OTSCC patients prognosis, and the high risk group was also related to poor prognosis (p < 0.05). TB was significantly associated with poor prognosis but was not an independent risk factor.

Conclusions

We found that patients in the stroma‐rich group had a worse long‐term prognosis. The TSR is an independent risk factor for OTSCC patients’ outcome. In addition, a risk model that combined the TSR and TB proved to be valuable for predicting OTSCC patients’ outcome.
Evaluation of safety and feasibility of leadless pacemaker implantation following the removal of an infected pacemaker
Authors: Zhang Jianghua , He Long , Xing Qiang , Zhou Xianhui , Li Yaodong , Zhang Ling , Lu Yanmei , Tuerhong Zukela , Yang Xu , Tang Baopeng
Published: August 2021

Background

Leadless pacemakers provide safe and effective pacing options for patients with device‐related infections. This study was aimed at observing and evaluating the safety and feasibility of extracting an infected pacemaker device followed by the implantation of a leadless pacemaker in the same location for patients without systemic infection.

Methods

Between December 2019 and September 2020, following a well‐planned re‐implantation strategy, pacemaker electrodes were removed from patients with device infection and leadless pacemakers were immediately implanted at our center. The patients were then followed up for up to 10 months to assess the safety and practicality of the procedure.

Results

Pacemaker electrode removal and immediate leadless pacemaker implantation were successfully achieved in eight patients with pocket infection. After a minimum follow‐up period of 1 month and a maximum follow‐up of 10 months, the pacing parameters for the patients remained stable and there was no infection at the original capsular bag or in the leadless pacemaker.

Conclusion

Direct implantation of a leadless pacemaker is safe and feasible for patients with local infection of the pacing system after removal of the electrode as an alternative to a bridge period with a temporary pacemaker. This strategy may be a better option for pacing‐dependent patients.
Mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling in childhood asthma development and environment‐mediated protection
Authors: Theodorou Johanna , Nowak Elisabeth , Böck Andreas , Salvermoser Michael , Beerweiler Claudia , Zeber Kathrin , Kulig Paulina , Tsang Miranda S. , Wong Chun‐Kwok , Wong Gary W. K. , Roponen Marjut , Kumbrink Jörg , Alhamdan Fahd , Michel Florian , Garn Holger , Tosevski Vinko , Schaub Bianca
Published: August 2021

Background

While childhood asthma prevalence is rising in Westernized countries, farm children are protected. The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway with its negative regulator dual‐specificity phosphatase‐1 (DUSP1) is presumably associated with asthma development.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the role of MAPK signaling in childhood asthma and its environment‐mediated protection, including a representative selection of 232 out of 1062 children from two cross‐sectional cohorts and one birth cohort study.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from asthmatic and healthy children were cultured upon stimulation with farm‐dust extracts or lipopolysaccharide. In subgroups, gene expression was analyzed by qPCR (PBMCs, cord blood) and NanoString technology (dendritic cells). Protein expression of phosphorylated MAPKs was measured by mass cytometry. Histone acetylation was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation.

Results

Asthmatic children expressed significantly less DUSP1 (p = .006) with reduced acetylation at histone H4 (p = .012) compared with healthy controls. Farm‐dust stimulation upregulated DUSP1 expression reaching healthy levels and downregulated inflammatory MAPKs on gene and protein levels (PBMCs; p ≤ .01). Single‐cell protein analysis revealed downregulated pMAPKs upon farm‐dust stimulation in B cells, NK cells, monocytes, and T‐cell subpopulations.

Conclusion

Lower DUSP1 baseline levels in asthmatic children and anti‐inflammatory regulation of MAPK in several immune cell types by farm‐dust stimulation indicate a regulatory function for DUSP1 for future therapy contributing to anti‐inflammatory characteristics of farming environments.
Regulation of germination by targeted mutagenesis of grain dormancy genes in barley
Authors: Hisano Hiroshi , Hoffie Robert E. , Abe Fumitaka , Munemori Hiromi , Matsuura Takakazu , Endo Masaki , Mikami Masafumi , Nakamura Shingo , Kumlehn Jochen , Sato Kazuhiro
Published: August 2021

High humidity during harvest season often causes pre‐harvest sprouting in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Prolonged grain dormancy prevents pre‐harvest sprouting; however, extended dormancy can interfere with malt production and uniform germination upon sowing. In this study, we used Cas9‐induced targeted mutagenesis to create single and double mutants in QTL FOR SEED DORMANCY 1 (Qsd1) and Qsd2 in the same genetic background. We performed germination assays in independent qsd1 and qsd2 single mutants, as well as in two double mutants, which revealed a strong repression of germination in the mutants. These results demonstrated that normal early grain germination requires both Qsd1 and Qsd2 function. However, germination of qsd1 was promoted by treatment with 3% hydrogen peroxide, supporting the notion that the mutants exhibit delayed germination. Likewise, exposure to cold temperatures largely alleviated the block of germination in the single and double mutants. Notably, qsd1 mutants partially suppress the long dormancy phenotype of qsd2, while qsd2 mutant grains failed to germinate in the light, but not in the dark. Consistent with the delay in germination, abscisic acid accumulated in all mutants relative to the wild type, but abscisic acid levels cannot maintain long‐term dormancy and only delay germination. Elucidation of mutant allele interactions, such as those shown in this study, are important for fine‐tuning traits that will lead to the design of grain dormancy through combinations of mutant alleles. Thus, these mutants will provide the necessary germplasm to study grain dormancy and germination in barley.
Do Online Communities Improve Job Performance in the Geographically Dispersed Organization?
Authors: Pu Jingchuan
Published: September 2021

The past decade has witnessed the explosive implementation of corporate social tools and technologies such as corporate internal online communities. However, there is little empirical evidence on whether and to what extent the implementation of an internal online community affects individual job performance in the geographically dispersed organization. In this study, we investigate this question with a quasi‐natural experiment: A large manufacturer (i.e., the company) introduced an internal online community for its sales representatives across geographically dispersed subunits. The unique data set from the company's different departments enables us to observe detailed information about each representative's community usage, sales performance, and demographics. Our difference‐in‐differences design and instrumental‐variable analysis jointly demonstrate a positive relationship between community usage and individual sales performance. In addition, we find that the online community has heterogeneous effects: It is significantly more beneficial for representatives with fewer offline opportunities to observe and learn from their colleagues' activities (i.e., representatives from subunits with fewer employees and lower average job performance). Finally, sales performance is more positively associated with reading posts from nonlocal subunits (vs. posts from the local subunit) and posts that summarize multiple selling events (vs. posts that describe a single selling event). Our study has implications for managers regarding the benefits of corporate online communities, especially for the geographically dispersed organization.
Functional characterization of late embryogenesis abundant genes and promoters in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) for abiotic stress tolerance
Authors: Divya Kummari , Palakolanu Sudhakar Reddy , Kavi Kishor Polavarapu , Rajesh Aishwarya Shankhapal , Vadez Vincent , Sharma Kiran K. , Mathur Pooja Bhatnagar
Published: August 2021

Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) genes display distinct functions in response to abiotic stresses in plants. In pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), a total of 21 PgLEA genes were identified and classified into six groups including LEA1, LEA2, LEA3, LEA5, LEA7, and dehydrins (DHN). Open reading frames (ORFs) of PgLEAs range from 291 bp (PgLEA1‐1) to 945 bp (PgLEA2‐11) and distributed randomly among the seven chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all PgLEA proteins are closely related to sorghum LEA proteins. The PgLEAs were found to be expressed differentially under high progressive vapor pressure deficit (VPD), PgLEA7 was significantly expressed under high VPD and was selected for functional validation. In silico analysis of the PgLEA promoter regions revealed abiotic stress‐specific cis‐acting elements such as ABRE, CCAAT, MYBS, and LTRE. Based on the type of motifs, PgLEAPC promoter (758 bp), its deletion 1 (PgLpd1, 349 bp) and deletion 2 (PgLpd2, 125 bp) were cloned into the plant expression vector pMDC164 having the promoter‐less uidA gene. All the three plant expression vectors were introduced into tobacco through Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transformation to obtain T1 and T2 generations of transgenic plants. Based on expression of the uidA gene, tissue‐specific expression was observed in mature stems, roots and seedlings of PgLEAPC and PgLpd1 carrying transgenics only. While the transgenic PgLEAPC plants displayed significantly higher uidA expression in the stem and root tissues under salt, drought, heat, and cold stresses, very low or no expression was observed in PgLpd1 and PgLpd2 transgenics under the tested stress conditions. The results of this study indicate that the complete promoter of PgLEAPC plays a role in developing abiotic stress tolerance in plants.
Restoration interventions produce opposite and non‐additive benefits on tree establishment in degraded forest clearings
Authors: Rivas Rivas Maximino B. , Douterlungne David , Gómez Aparicio Lorena , Badano Ernesto I. , Flores Cano Jorge Alberto
Published: August 2021

The natural regeneration of forests is declining in human‐modified landscapes and overcoming ecological barriers to the seedling establishment is paramount to its restoration. This study focus on two common forest regeneration barriers: excessive sun exposure and low‐quality soils. A degraded clearing with eroded and compacted soils within a disturbed oak forest in Mexico was chosen, and 20 experimental plots in a randomized factorial block design were set up to test seedling performance in the artificial shade and in forest topsoil that was transferred from a nearby remnant forest, as well as a combination of both. We sowed 400 acorns from two oak species (Quercus eduardii and Q. viminea) and monitored the emerging seedlings for 63 months. Our results confirm different survival and growth rates between species, ontogenetic stages, and environmental micro‐conditions. The effect of artificial shade on seedling performance was positive in weathered soil but negative or neutral in transferred forest soil. Restoration interventions did not have additive benefits; seedling performance was improved by both restoration interventions applied separately though was not further enhanced when both actions were combined. Both species had different mechanisms to cope with water stress, which resulted in different photosynthetic rates under full sun. Trade‐offs resulted in different life stages that were more enhanced by different restoration strategies; survival and growth were most enhanced by applying artificial shade or transferring forest topsoil, respectively. Restoration practitioners may prioritize seedling survival in harsh conditions and growth in less severe degraded sites or apply interventions sequentially over time.
Characteristic and Necessary Minutiae in Fingerprints
Authors: Wieditz Johannes , Pokern Yvo , Schuhmacher Dominic , Huckemann Stephan
Published: August 2021

Fingerprints feature a ridge pattern with moderately varying ridge frequency (RF), following an orientation field (OF), which usually features some singularities. Additionally at some points, called minutiae, ridge lines end or fork and this point pattern is usually used for fingerprint identification and authentication. Whenever the OF features divergent ridge lines (e.g., near singularities), a nearly constant RF necessitates the generation of more ridge lines, originating at minutiae. We call these the necessary minutiae. It turns out that fingerprints feature additional minutiae which occur at rather arbitrary locations. We call these the random minutiae or, since they may convey fingerprint individuality beyond the OF, the characteristic minutiae. In consequence, the minutiae point pattern is assumed to be a realization of the superposition of two stochastic point processes: a Strauss point process (whose activity function is given by the divergence field) with an additional hard core, and a homogeneous Poisson point process, modelling the necessary and the characteristic minutiae, respectively. We perform Bayesian inference using an Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo (MCMC)-based minutiae separating algorithm (MiSeal). In simulations, it provides good mixing and good estimation of underlying parameters. In application to fingerprints, we can separate the two minutiae patterns and verify by example of two different prints with similar OF that characteristic minutiae convey fingerprint individuality.
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the overall dry skin score in older patients
Authors: Konya Issei , Iwata Hiroaki , Hayashi Miyuki , Akita Tamami , Homma Yoshie , Yoshida Hideaki , Yano Rika
Published: August 2021

Background

Dry skin is the most common skin problem, especially in the elderly. However, there is no effective instrument to assess dry skin in Japan. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the overall dry skin score (ODS‐J), the gold standard for dry skin assessment.

Materials and methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted on 47 patients aged > 65 years. Images of skin on their limbs were captured using a digital camera; both upper and lower limbs were assessed (n = 4/patient). One dermatologist; two wound, ostomy, and continence nurses; and three nursing researchers independently evaluated the images using the ODS‐J to assess the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter‐rater reliability. Stratum corneum hydration (SCH) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were the external criteria used to verify concurrent and known‐groups validity.

Results

In total, 182 sites at which the SCH and TEWL could be measured were evaluated for the ODS‐J. The ICC for inter‐rater reliability of the six raters was 0.939 (p < 0.001). A higher ODS‐J was associated with lower SCH (ρ = −0.374; p < 0.001) and lower TEWL (ρ = −0.287; p < 0.001) values. The ODS‐J for the lower legs was significantly higher than that of the forearms (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The ODS‐J showed good inter‐rater reliability, concurrent validity, and known‐groups validity. It can be used by clinical nurses in Japan to observe patients’ skin and is an effective indicator for the evaluation of skin care.
Skin biomechanical properties and leg volume in aging healthy adults
Authors: Dunn Nyree , Davies Jane , Dolan Gina , Williams E. Mark
Published: August 2021

Background

In adults ageing is accompanied by changes in limb volume and skin biomechanical properties.

Objectives

To explore the relationship between body size, aging, skin biomechanics, and leg volume, VLeg and to define predictive equations linking leg volume with these properties.

Methods

Sixty‐two healthy adults (Age 18–80 years, M:F 45:55) were recruited. Anthropomorphic measures were recorded along with VLeg (via circumferential method) and skin tone, stiffness, and elastance (via tonometry). Regression analysis was performed to define relationship between the measured parameters.

Results

In healthy adults bilateral VLeg were the same regardless of leg or sex, 5791 ± 1363 for females and 6151 ± 1203 mls for males. VLeg was positively correlated to body weight, where VLeg (mls) = 1058 + 69 × Wt (kg) for females and VLeg (mls) = 539 + 65 × Wt (Kg) of body weight for males. Skin surface biomechanical properties varied with sex, leg volume, and location on the leg with the malleolus exhibiting the stiffest surface.

Conclusion

The study shows that anthropometric measures change with sex and leg size are multifactorial and body weight, sex, and skin condition as important determinant factors of leg volume.
Suggested methodology for longitudinal evaluation of nevi based on clinical images
Authors: Reiter Ofer , Musthaq Shenara , Kurtansky Nicholas R. , Barrios Dulce M. , Halpern Allan C. , Marchetti Michael A. , Marghoob Ashfaq A. , Nanda Japbani K. , Stoll Joseph , Rotemberg Veronica
Published: August 2021

Background

Melanoma screening includes the assessment of changes in melanocytic lesions using images. However, previous studies of normal nevus temporal changes showed variable results and the optimal method for evaluating these changes remains unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the reproducibility of (a) nevus count done at a single time point (method I) versus two time points (method II); and (b) manual and automated nevus diameter measurements.

Materials and methods

In a first experiment, participants used either a single time point or a two time point annotation method to evaluate the total number and size of nevi on the back of an atypical mole syndrome patient. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to calculate the variance observed. In a second experiment, manual measurements of nevi on 2D images were compared to an automated measurement on 3D images. Percent difference in the paired manual and automated measurements was calculated.

Results

Mean nevus count was 137 in method I and 115.5 in method II. The standard deviation was greater in method I (38.80) than in method II (4.65) (p = 0.0025). Manual diameter measurements had intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.88. The observed mean percent difference between manual and automated diameter measurements was 1.5%. Lightly pigmented and laterally located nevi had a higher percent difference.

Conclusions

Comparison of nevi from two different time points is more consistent than nevus count performed separately at each time point. In addition, except for selected cases, automated measurements of nevus diameter on 3D images can be used as a time‐saving reproducible substitute for manual measurement on 2D images.
Improving and evaluating the adhesion and stability of make‐up by enhancing the affinity between skin/make‐up layer
Authors: Jeon Hyungjoon , Kwon Tae Geun , Shin Yong Won , Cho Yeeun , Yang Hyunmi , Park Sang‐Wook , Song Young‐Sook
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Make‐up clumps, bumps and collapses are the three factors that determine how well make‐up has been performed. The purpose of this study is to reduce the three factors mentioned above by using amphiphilic substances to increase the affinity between the skin and the make‐up layer. In addition, it aims to evaluate the improvement of the make‐up layer by developing an objective make‐up layer evaluation method.

Methods

Experiments were performed in an attempt to increase the affinity between the skin and the make‐up layer by minimizing the difference in surface energy between the two. Multiple types of artificial skin (leather and bio‐skin) were used and treated to form the liquid foundation layer. Qualitative evaluation of the make‐up layer was conducted by analyzing the surface, cross‐section, and fracture area of the make‐up layer, using the evaluation method proposed in this study.

Results

After applying this method and taking measurements by 3D surface analysis, the surface roughness of the make‐up layer reduced by 46%, and the maximum thickness of the make‐up layer reduced by about 50% in comparison with the control group (method not applied). In the case of the make‐up layer to which this method was applied, two‐dimensional cross‐sectional Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image analysis confirmed that agglomeration was reduced, and the thickness of the make‐up layer was also reduced by an average of 54%. According to this result, the technique of increasing the affinity between the skin and the make‐up layer reduces the level of aggregation of make‐up and encourages the formation of a uniform and thin make‐up layer. Also, the fracture area after motion simulation was reduced by 33%. These results indicate that the method of increasing the affinity between skin/make‐up membranes positively affects the formation of a uniform make‐up layer.

Conclusion

Increasing the affinity by reducing the surface energy between the skin and the make‐up layer plays an important role in forming a thin and uniform make‐up layer by improving the problems of lifting, agglomeration, and collapse of the make‐up. In addition, it has been confirmed that through this method, the quality of consumer experience related to make‐up satisfaction can be improved. The results show that objective analyses of make‐up help the understanding of the quality of consumer experience on make‐up.
Capacitance and transepidermal water loss after soaking in water for different durations: A pilot study
Authors: Nitiyarom Rattanavalai , Withitanawanit Tanyalak , Wisuthsarewong Wanee
Published: August 2021

Background

There is a scarcity of data on the effects of duration of bathing and cutaneous properties.

Aims

This study aimed to investigate the changes of capacitance and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after soaking in water for the different durations.

Method

This experimental biophysical study included healthy volunteers whose forearms were randomized to receive 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 min of soaking of the volar aspect of the forearm. Skin hydration and integrity were assessed capacitance and TEWL measurement before and after soaking.

Results

Sixty‐five subjects (130 forearms) were enrolled with an average age of 33 ± 10.8 years. The change in capacitance after soaking for durations of 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min was 41.54 ± 14.57, 47.13 ± 11.80, 40.25 ± 14.95, 40.48 ± 14.19, and 39.97 ± 9.47 AU, respectively. The highest capacitance was observed after soaking for 5 min; however, there was no significant correlation between bathing duration and capacitance (p = 0.256). The capacitance measured immediately after soaking was at the uppermost level, but it rapidly decreased within 5 min. The change in TEWL after soaking for durations of 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min was 30.27 ± 9.74, 30.57 ± 7.45, 33.78 ± 9.25, 33.44 ± 7.24, and 35.13 ± 9.37 g/m2/h, respectively. There was also no significant correlation between duration of soaking and TEWL (p = 0.191); however, TEWL tended to increase with longer soaking duration.

Limitations

This study had a small sample size and measured only capacitance and TEWL. Future studies with more subjects, and that measure other physiologic parameters may further improve our understanding of the effect of bathing on skin.

Conclusions

There was no significant correlation between bathing duration and cutaneous properties including capacitance and TEWL. However, a 5‐min soaking provided the highest skin hydration for healthy skin.
Ultrasonography of cutaneous nodular pseudolymphoma at 18 and 71 MHz
Authors: Wortsman Ximena , Ferreira‐Wortsman Camila , Pizarro Kharla , Morales Claudia
Published: August 2021

Cutaneous pseudolymphomas are reactive lymphoproliferations. The most frequent type is nodular pseudolymphoma, and to date, their ultrasonographic appearance has not been reported. We reviewed the ultrasound images of histologically confirmed nodular types of pseudolymphomas studied with 18 and 71 MHz linear probes. All lesions were predominantly hypoechoic and presented prominent vascularity. Seventy percent of cases involved dermis and hypodermis, and 30% were only dermal. Seventy percent of cases showed internal hypoechoic globules, and 100% presented a teardrop sign, more clearly detected at 71 MHz. Ultrasound can support the diagnosis, assessment of the extent, and degree of vascularity of cutaneous nodular pseudolymphomas.
Ultrasound: Assessment of breast dermal thickness: Reliability, responsiveness to change, and relationship to patient‐reported outcomes
Authors: Kilbreath Sharon L. , Fearn Nicola R. , Dylke Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2021

Background

The current study assessed the level of reliability of ultrasound to assess dermal thickness, a clinical feature of breast lymphedema. Additionally, the relationship of dermal thickness to patient‐reported outcomes was investigated.

Methods

Women (n = 82) with unilateral breast edema secondary to treatment of breast cancer were randomized to an exercise or control group. Ultrasound measurements of the unaffected and affected breasts were taken at baseline and 12 weeks later at 3–4 cm superior, medial, inferior, and lateral to the nipple. Additionally, women completed breast‐related questions from the European Organization Research and Treatment Committee Quality of Life breast cancer module (EORTC‐BR23) and Lymphedema Symptom Intensity and Distress Questionnaire (LSIDS). Reliability of ultrasound measurements was determined on the unaffected breast.

Results

Intraclass correlation coefficients (2,1) ranged from 0.66 (95% CI: 0.52–0.77) for the lateral location to 0.84 (0.77–0.90) for the superior location. Percent close agreement (80%) on the unaffected breast ranged from 0.20 to 0.27 mm compared to 0.57 to 0.93 mm on the affected breast. The standard error of measurement (%) on the unaffected breast varied from 9% to 13% with smallest real difference 0.34–0.41 mm. Dermal thickness of the affected breast was not‐to‐poorly associated with EORTC BR23 and LSIDS scores.

Conclusion

Reliability of dermal thickness measurements of the breast was excellent for the superior, medial, and inferior locations, and fair to good for the lateral location. However, these measurements were not related to the symptom's women perceive and measured with the EORTC BR23 or LSIDS.
Effects of biochar and fertilizer sources on nitrogen uptake by chilli pepper plants under Mediterranean climate
Authors: Duan Yinghua , Gao Suduan , Hanson Brad
Published: September 2021

This study determined N uptake by serrano chilli pepper for two years and evaluated the effects of biochar amendment or organic N (org‐N) fertilizer on N use under a Mediterranean climate. A field experiment was conducted using microplots from 2016 to 2017 in California, USA. Treatments included biochar amendment rates [0 (control), 10, 30 and 50 tons (t) ha−1] biochar, all with 100% inorganic N fertilizer (165 kg N ha−1), and org‐N fertilizer applications at 50%, 75% and 100% of the total available N supply. Pepper yield, vegetative biomass, N uptake, ammonia (NH3) volatilization and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), and nitrate were determined. Pepper yield was highest in the 50% org‐N and lowest in the 50 t ha−1 biochar treatment during the first year. There were no differences in fruit yield among the organic treatments during the second year, and all were higher than that from the control. The 100% org‐N treatment had less NH3 volatilization than all other treatments during the first year. The two‐year results showed that chilli pepper plants sequestered 4.6‒6.1 kg N to produce one ton fresh pepper fruits. During the first year, the 50% org‐N treatment resulted in the highest N productivity or yield with lowest projected N fertilizer application requirements as compared to other treatments although there were no differences among all treatments in the second year. Thus, a combination of inorganic and org‐N fertilizers can be an effective strategy to improve soil N productivity in long‐term management.
Early Clostridioides difficile infection characterizations, risks, and outcomes in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Obeid Karam M. , Sapkota Smarika , Cao Qing , Richmond Steven , Watson Allison P. , Karadag Fatma Keklik , Young Jo‐Anne H. , Pruett Timothy , Weisdorf Daniel J. , Ustun Celalettin
Published: August 2021

Background

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) frequently complicates allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (allo‐HCT) and solid organ transplantation (SOT).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed risk factors and outcomes of CDI occurring within 30 days of transplant.

Results

Between March 2010 and June 2015, 466 allo‐HCT and 1454 SOT were performed. The CDI cumulative incidence (95% CI) was 10% (8–13) and 4% (3–5), following allo‐HCT and SOT, respectively (p < .01), occurring at a median (range) 7.5 days (1–30) and 11 (1–30), respectively (p = .18). In multivariate analysis, fluoroquinolones use within 14 days pre‐transplantation was a risk factor for CDI following allo‐HCT (HR 4.06 [95% CI 1.31–12.63], p = .02), and thoracic organ(s) transplantation was a risk factor for CDI following SOT (HR 3.03 [95% CI 1.31–6.98]) for lung and 3.90 (1.58–9.63) for heart and heart/kidney transplant, p = .02. Compared with no‐CDI patients, the length of stay (LOS) was prolonged in both allo‐HCT (35 days [19–141] vs. 29 [13–164], p < .01) and SOT with CDI (16.5 [4–101] vs. 7 [0–159], p < .01), though not directly attributed to CDI. In allo‐HCT, severe acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) occurred more frequently in patients with CDI (33.3% vs. 15.8% without CDI, p = .01) and most aGVHD (87.5%) followed CDI. Non‐relapse mortality or overall survival, not attributed to CDI, were also similar in both allo‐HCT and SOT.

Conclusions

Early post‐transplant CDI is frequent, associated with fluoroquinolones use in allo‐HCT and the transplanted organ in SOT, and is associated with longer LOS in both the groups without difference in survival but with increased aGVHD in allo‐HCT.
The cascade of care of HIV after one year of follow‐up in a cohort of HIV‐positive adult patients in three health settings of Morrumbene in rural Mozambique
Authors: Magro Paola , Cerini Carlo , da Gloria Aldorada , Tembe Stelio , Castelli Francesco , Tomasoni Lina Rachele
Published: August 2021

Objective: To assess the state of the retention in care of HIV patients in three health settings in Morrumbene, a rural district of Inhambane Province, Mozambique. We evaluated potential factors associated with early loss to follow‐up (LTFU), retention in care and ART adherence during the first year of follow‐up.

Material and methods: Retrospective, cross‐sectional, observational study. We collected data on patients diagnosed with HIV infection in 2017 in two permanent clinics and one mobile clinic. Demographic, clinical, immunological and therapeutic data were retrieved up to December 31st, 2018. Data on follow‐up were collected at 6 and 12 months for medical visits and for ART adherence and analysed for factors associated with LTFU, retention in care and adherence to ART by Stata Version 14 and univariate and stepwise multiple unconditional logistic regression models.

Results: In 2017, 960 patients were diagnosed with HIV infection. At 6‐month follow‐up, 49% attended the medical visit and 157 (25%) adhered to ART. After one year, 34% of patients were available for follow‐up, and only 72 patients adhered to ART. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with early LTFU were male sex (p = 0.036) and immediate prescription of ART (p = 0.064). Older age (p < 0.001) and being followed in the mobile clinic (p = 0.001) favoured retention in care. Advanced WHO status (p = 0.005) and being pregnant or breastfeeding showed a negative correlation with adherence to treatment (p = 0.068).

Conclusions: Only one‐third of patients were available for follow‐up after one year, and only 13% adhered to ART. Young individuals, men and pregnant/breastfeeding women seem to be particularly at risk for LTFU and non‐adherence to treatment.
Microbial contamination of packaged drinking water in Nigeria
Authors: Udoh Arit , Lawal Basira Kankia , Akpan Mary , Labaran Kamilu Sarki , Ndem Ekpedeme , Ohabunwa Unoma , Tikare Olubukola , Ibrahim Umar Idris , Amorha Kosisochi , Kpokiri Eneyi
Published: August 2021

Objectives

About 18% of urban households in Nigeria depend on packaged sachet water as the primary source of drinking water. This review assessed microbial contamination of these products with an emphasis on total coliforms and the faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) – Escherichia coli (E. coli) and thermotolerant coliforms (TTC).

Methods

PubMed/Medline, African Index Medicus, AfroLib, Global Health Library, Embase and the ISI Web of Science databases were searched to identify original research published up to October 2020. The literature findings were synthesised narratively in line with the review objectives. To assess prevalence of microbial contamination, a random effects meta‐analysis, was also conducted using the R metafor package in RStudio. The protocol for this review is registered on PROSPERO with reference number CRD 42019128474.

Results

Fifty‐two of 429 studies were identified for inclusion. At 53.27%, contamination prevalence was higher for total coliforms (95% CI: 39.05–66.98, I2 = 81%, p < 0.01, 42 studies) than FIB (12.38%, 95% CI: 7.92–18.85, I2 = 61%, p < 0.01, 33 studies) suggesting that treatment failure is a major contributor to the poor microbial quality reported in the included studies. Within the FIB group, the prevalence of contamination with E. coli was 13.30% (95% CI: 8.23–20.80, I2 = 65%, p < 0.01, 27 studies) versus 6.24% (95% CI: 1.12–28.06, I2 = 72%, p < 0.01, six studies) for TTCs. Other microbial contaminants reported were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella and Enterococcus faecalis and these showed multidrug antibiotic resistance.

Conclusions

The findings of this review highlight the need for improved regulatory oversight with more stringent monitoring of the microbial quality of sachet water products in Nigeria.
Systematic review: Yellow fever control through environmental management mechanisms
Authors: Heinz Sabine , Kolimenakis Antonios , Horstick Olaf , Yakob Laith , Michaelakis Antonios , Lowery Wilson Michael
Published: August 2021

Objective

Recent research on mosquito vector‐borne diseases points to the possibility for a re‐emergence of yellow fever. This study investigated attempts at utilising environmental methods and their efficacy for the control of yellow fever and its main vector, Aedes aegypti.

Methods

Potentially eligible studies were searched in Cochrane Library (Reviews and Trials), the Global Index Medicus (encompassing thus the African Index Medicus, the Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the Index Medicus for the South‐East Asia Region, the Latin America and the Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences and the Western Pacific Region Index Medicus), Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct.

Results

Of a total number of 172 eligible studies, 20 met the pre‐defined inclusion criteria. Two of them provided quantitative assessment on the efficacy of the described water management and house screening methods with a reduction of cases of 98%, and of a reduction of larvae of 100%, respectively. The remaining 18 studies described or recommended the elimination of breeding sites (through water or waste management, unspecified, or house destruction), the use of screens for houses and the improvement of air circulation without providing any data to evidence control effectiveness.

Conclusion

This systematic review provides evidence on the historical use and the perceived effectiveness of environmental management methods for combatting yellow fever. However, these methods would benefit from further investigation via controlled trials to provide data for efficacy, costs, acceptability and feasibility.
Transfusion practices for pediatric oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients: Data from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS‐III)
Authors: Goel Ruchika , Nellis Marianne E. , Karam Oliver , Hanson Sheila J. , Tormey Christopher A. , Patel Ravi M. , Birch Rebecca , Sachais Bruce S. , Sola‐Visner Martha C. , Hauser Ronald G. , Luban Naomi L. C. , Gottschall Jerome , Josephson Cassandra D. , Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Karafin Matthew S. ,   for the NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐IV‐Pediatric (REDS‐IV‐P)
Published: August 2021

Background

To evaluate transfusion practices in pediatric oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients.

Study design and methods

This is a multicenter retrospective study of children with oncologic diagnoses treated from 2013 to 2016 at hospitals participating in the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III. Transfusion practices were evaluated by diagnosis codes and pre‐transfusion laboratory values.

Results

A total of 4766 inpatient encounters of oncology and HSCT patients were evaluated, with 39.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37.9%–40.7%) involving a transfusion. Red blood cells (RBCs) were the most commonly transfused component (32.4%; 95% CI: 31.1%–33.8%), followed by platelets (22.7%; 95% CI: 21.5%–23.9%). Patients in the 1 to <6 years of range were most likely to be transfused and HSCT, acute myeloid leukemia, and aplastic anemia were the diagnoses most often associated with transfusion. The median hemoglobin (Hb) prior to RBC transfusion was 7.5 g/dl (10–90th percentile: 6.4–8.8 g/dl), with 45.7% of transfusions being given at 7 to <8 g/dl. The median platelet count prior to platelet transfusion was 20 × 109/L (10–90th percentile: 8–51 × 109/L), and 37.9% of transfusions were given at platelet count of >20–50 × 109/L. The median international normalized ratio (INR) prior to plasma transfusion was 1.7 (10–90th percentile: 1.3–2.7), and 36.3% of plasma transfusions were given at an INR between 1.4 and 1.7.

Discussion

Transfusion of blood components is common in hospitalized pediatric oncology/HSCT patients. Relatively high pre‐transfusion Hb and platelet values and relatively low INR values prior to transfusion across the studied diagnoses highlight the need for additional studies in this population.
Effects of rotational thromboelastometry–guided transfusion management in patients undergoing surgical intervention for postpartum hemorrhage: An observational study
Authors: Tsang Yiying (Sally) , Kurniawan Ade Rizki , Tomasek Owen , Hessian Elizabeth , Bramley David , Daly Oliver , Simons Koen , Imberger Georgina
Published: August 2021

Background

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) can be associated with coagulopathy, which may be difficult to rapidly assess and may exacerbate blood loss. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) at the point of care can guide clinician choice of blood products and has been shown in some settings to reduce transfusions and improve outcomes. This hospital‐based observational study aims to measure effects of a ROTEM‐guided transfusion protocol on transfusion practice and clinical outcomes in patients with PPH managed in the operating theater.

Study design and methods

We compared a retrospective cohort of 450 consecutive patients with PPH treated in the operating theater before the introduction of a ROTEM‐guided transfusion algorithm in June 2016, with 450 patients treated after its introduction. Multivariate regression was used to evaluate the effect of ROTEM introduction on the primary outcome, patients requiring a packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion and adjusting for demographic and obstetric confounders. Secondary outcomes included other blood product transfusions, hysterectomy, and intensive care unit admission.

Results

A total of 90 (20%) of patients treated prior to ROTEM introduction received a PRBC transfusion, compared with 102 (22.7%) of those treated after ROTEM introduction (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–2.0, p = .04). There was no difference in PRBC transfusion in patients undergoing caesarean section (95% CI 0.5–1.8, p = .99). There was a trend toward increased use of cryoprecipitate and reduced use of platelets and fresh frozen plasma after ROTEM introduction.

Conclusion

In our institution, the introduction of ROTEM‐guided transfusion did not reduce PRBC transfusion in patients with PPH treated in the operating theater.
How Central Asia to Escape from trade isolation?: Policy targeted scenarios by CGE modelling
Authors: Cheong Inkyo , Turakulov Valijon
Published: September 2021

It has been 30 years since Central Asian ‘‐stan’ countries, namely, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, declared their independence in 1991. The Republics have chosen various transition paths from centrally planned to the market‐based economic system. The research found that Central Asian leaders’ protectionist policy, on top of the landlocked geographical environment, made trade costly, rendering these countries further isolated. Consequently, economic development slows down, unemployment increases and poverty rate extremes. Eventually, the isolated region (relatively, excluding Kazakhstan) is imprisoned in a low‐income trap and framed into a vicious circle. As a solution for tackling high‐trade costs in the region, this paper utilises the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Computational General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling to simulate the impacts of implementing policy‐targeted scenarios. The study presents that tariff reduction/elimination and trade facilitation policies could flourish the region by bringing significant economic welfare and robust GDP growth. The trade facilitation scenarios impact the region's economy much more positively than do tariff liberalisation scenarios.
A molecular phylogeny of Tetrastemma and its allies (Nemertea, Monostilifera)
Authors: Chernyshev Alexei V. , Polyakova Neonila E. , Norenburg Jon L. , Kajihara Hiroshi
Published: September 2021

Tetrastemma Ehrenberg, 1828, is one of the most speciose (~110 spp.) genera within the phylum Nemertea, comprising marine monostiliferans generally having four eyes. Monophyly of Tetrastemma remains open to question, having been tested to date only with 18S rRNA gene sequences targeting 13 species. Here, we examine the clade Tetrastemma with additional gene markers (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, histone H3, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes) and OTUs (66 specimens representing 53 species in Tetrastemma), along with a taxon sampling covering the entire Eumonostilifera. Our analysis revealed that Tetrastemma (a) as non‐monophyletic (as were Tetrastemmatidae) (b) contains a major clade consisting of four geographically cohesive subclades, whereas (c) Tetrastemma arcticum Uschakov, 1926; Tetrastemma bilineatum Coe, 1904; Tetrastemma vittigerum (Bürger, 1904); Tetrastemma wilsoni Coe, 1943; and two specimens tentatively identified as Tetrastemma sp. occur outside this major clade, and iv) the three species of Psammamphiporus Gibson, 1989, and Quasitetrastemma Chernyshev, 2004, nest within in the major Tetrastemma clade. Thus, we (a) synonymize Psammamphiporus and Quasitetrastemma with the senior name Tetrastemma and (b) establish Arctostemma gen. nov. for T. arcticum to yield Arctostemma arcticum (Uschakov, 1926) comb. nov.
Switching Modulation Strategies for Multilevel Inverter
Authors: - Jahanzeb , Md. Ayob Shahrin , Khan Saifullah , Daud Mohd Zaki , Ayop Razman
Published: August 2021

There is always a need to create efficient and optimized converters to deliver the best possible results to achieve a better THD profile in the waveform output. One way is by controlling the switching of the power switches of the converters using appropriate modulation schemes. While numerous works have been done in proposing new switching modulation strategies for multilevel inverters, this work will compare multicarrier PWM and near-to-level control (NLC) modulation schemes. In this paper, multicarrier PWM variants, namely, PD-PWM, POD-PWM, and APOD-PWM, are designed and simulated. Their voltage THD and spectrum performance are discussed when applied to single-phase 7, 9, and 11-level cascaded multilevel inverters. Then NLC modulation will be designed and applied to similar multilevel inverter circuits. It will be shown that the NLC exhibits some superior performances compared to PWM-based but with several drawbacks that can be optimized.
Development of XY Micro-Position Stage Based on a Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: AbuZaiter Alaa
Published: August 2021

This paper reports a novel monolithic two DoF micro-positioning stage using shape-memory-alloy (SMA) actuator. The design was fabricated in a one fabrication step and it comprises all actuation functions in a single piece of SMA. The square shaped actuator has dimensions of 10 mm × 10 mm × 0.25 mm. The device includes a moving stage in the center which is connected to four SMA springs to generate large displacement in two directions, x- and y- axes. The four SMA actuators underwent annealing process using internal joule heating by flowing electrical current through the springs. Each of SMA springs has been actuated individually by internal joule heating generated using an electrical current. The developed design has been simulated to verify thermal response and heat distribution. In addition, the micro-positioning stage was experimentally tested. The maximum displacement results of the stage are 1.1 mm and 1.1 mm along the directions of x- and y- axes, respectively. The developed micro-positioning stage has been successfully demonstrated to control the position of a small object for microscopic imaging applications.