bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OHIO STRAINS OF A VIRUS PATHOGENIC FOR INFANT MICE (COXSACKIE GROUP). SIMULTANEOUS OCCURRENCE WITH POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN PATIENTS WITH "SUMMER GRIPPE"
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Ledinko Nada , Kaplan Albert S. , Kraft Lisbeth M.
Published: June 2004

Further evidence for the widespread occurrence of Coxsackie or C virus is presented in this paper. This virus is characterized by paralysis and myositis produced in infant mice.

An epidemic of mild illnesses diagnosed as "non-paralytic poliomyelitis" and as "summer grippe" occurred during the summer of 1947 in Akron and Cincinnati, Ohio. From the pooled feces of such patients both poliomyelitis virus and C virus were obtained. From the samples of single patients, 3 immunologically related strains of C virus were isolated.

One patient from whom virus was isolated had an illness which was diagnosed as non-paralytic poliomyelitis (with pleocytosis). Although poliomyelitis virus could not be isolated from this patient, previous tests (5) from similar non-paralytic patients in the same area revealed that 9 of 23 were infected with poliomyelitis virus. C virus could not be recovered from the stools of 3 of these poliomyelitis virus-infected patients.

Four patients with an illness diagnosed as "summer grippe" were tested. Two harbored poliomyelitis virus of low virulence (4) as well as C virus, and two harbored poliomyelitis virus without any evidence of infection with C virus, either by virus isolation or by serological tests.

The patients from whom C virus was isolated developed complement-fixing antibodies 4 weeks after onset. Neutralizing antibodies appeared within the first 5 days of disease (before complement-fixing antibodies) and increased in titer during the next 3 to 4 weeks. The patients from whom C virus could not be recovered failed to develop either neutralizing or complement-fixing antibodies. Other patients in the area were infected with C virus as indicated by their serological response to the agent.
STUDIES OF THE HEMOLYSIS OF RED BLOOD CELLS BY MUMPS VIRUS
Authors: Chu Liang-Wei , Morgan Herbert R.
Published: June 2004

The relationship between hemagglutination and hemolysis by the mumps virus has been studied under conditions which affect (a) the receptors of chicken red cells and (b) the adsorption and subsequent elution of the virus from these cells. The results show that the hemolytic action of the virus appears to involve some of the same receptor areas of erythrocytes that are implicated in hemagglutination. Materials such as allantoic fluid, egg white, and red cell extract, which inhibit the agglutination of chicken red cells by mumps virus, also interfere with its hemolytic activity. Of these inhibitors, egg white and red cell extract, which are readily destroyed by the virus during incubation at 37°C., exert a greater antagonistic effect on hemagglutination than on hemolysis. Heated mumps virus or unheated influenza virus interferes with the hemolysis of red cells by untreated mumps virus.

Though hemolysis takes place during elution of the virus after its adsorption on the red cell, the processes are apparently distinct. The hemolytic activity is easily affected by certain conditions of pH and temperature which have no effect on the ability of mumps virus to adsorb on and elute from red cells.
THE INDUCTION OF RHEUMATIC-LIKE CARDIAC LESIONS IN RABBITS BY REPEATED FOCAL INFECTIONS WITH GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Murphy George E. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

Cardiac lesions like those characteristic of rheumatic fever in man have been induced in a small portion of rabbits that were subjected to successive focal infections with group A streptococci of several serological types.

Fresh myocardial interstitial granulomata so induced bear striking resemblance to Aschoff bodies, the histologic hallmarks of human active rheumatic fever; and the fresh and healed lesions found in the cardiac valves, endocardia, epicardia, blood vessels, and aortae of some of these rabbits are homologous with those characteristic of rheumatic fever in man.

These experimental myocardial and vascular lesions and those of human rheumatic fever differ in several important respects from the lesions of experimental and human serum disease.
THE FIBROUS STRUCTURE OF THE NERVE AXON IN RELATION TO THE LOCALIZATION OF "NEUROTUBULES"
Authors: Schmitt Francis O. , Geren Betty B.
Published: June 2004

In squid, frog, rat, and human nerves examined in thin sections with the electron microscope the axon contains, in addition to certain other particulates, characteristic filaments. These filaments have diameters ranging from about 100 to 200 Å and have indefinite length. They frequently have a nodose appearance due to the presence of discontinuities sometimes fairly regularly spaced along the filaments. This structure differs unmistakably from that of the dense-edged fibrils called "neurotubules" and it is clear that the latter are not axonic constituents. Though dense-edged fibrils can readily be demonstrated in fragmented formalin-fixed nerve preparations, they are seldom observed in thin sections. When such structures were seen in these experiments they were located in the connective tissue sheath. The present evidence offers no support for the view that "neurotubules" are structural entities of normal intact nerves.
PASSAGE OF RADIOACTIVE ERYTHROCYTES FROM THE PERITONEAL CAVITY INTO THE BLOOD STREAM DURING EXPERIMENTAL ASCITES
Authors: McKee Frank W. , Stewart Wellington B.
Published: June 2004

Intraperitoneal injection of red cells tagged with radioiron into dogs with experimental ascites demonstrated that such cells were rapidly transferred into the circulating blood.

When the experimental animals were not actively producing ascitic fluid, 43.4, 67.0, and 56.4 per cent respectively, of the administered radioactive red cells passed to the blood in 72 hours. In the same three dogs during active ascitic fluid formation, 25.9, 51.2, and 38.8 per cent of the administered radioactivity was removed in a similar period.

The amount of radioactivity in the blood stream, consequent on the passage of red cells from the peritoneal cavity into the circulation, becomes nearly constant in 48 hours, whereas for radioactive plasma proteins the plateau is attained in 24 hours (Fig. 1).

In normal dogs (16), the passage of red cells from the peritoneal cavity was complete in 72 hours, while in ascitic dogs, 5 to 47 per cent of the injected tagged red cells remained behind in the peritoneum after the same period.
CHEMICAL STUDIES IN HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS
Authors: Cohen Seymour S. , Arbogast Rachel
Published: June 2004

Three mutant pairs of bacterial viruses T2r+ and T2r, T4r+ and T4r, T6r+ and T6r, have been concentrated by differential centrifugation and analyzed. Under conditions of prolonged lysis of organisms grown on broth-agar, the virus concentrates frequently contained phosphorus (P) other than that contained in desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA). These concentrates reacted with antisera to the host organism, E. coli, specifically precipitating the non-DNA-P but not virus activity or DNA. The amounts of nitrogen precipitated in the virus concentrates by antisera were related to their content of non-DNA-P. These viruses could be purified by differential centrifugation after such treatment to yield preparations apparently free of P other than DNA-P. It has been concluded that there is no satisfactory evidence for the presence of ribose nucleic acid as a constituent part of these viruses.
THE PROPERTIES OF MAMMALIAN STRIATED MYOFIBRILS ISOLATED BY AN ENZYMATIC METHOD
Authors: Schick Armin F. , Hass George M.
Published: June 2004

A new method for the isolation of large numbers of individual myofibrils from fresh mammalian skeletal and cardiac muscle has been described. Purification of isolated myofibrils was accomplished by differential centrifugation of fresh frozen sections of muscle which had been mechanically agitated after exposure for 30 to 45 minutes at 0°C. to the action of a dilute solution of trypsin in a phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 7.0 and an ionic strength of 0.25.

Isolated skeletal myofibrils of the rabbit and man have similar constant solubility properties. They dissolve in an aqueous mixture of 0.5 N potassium chloride and 0.03 N sodium bicarbonate, giving viscous solutions which exhibit conspicuous birefringence of flow. They are soluble in buffer solutions (ionic strength 0.15) on the acid side of pH 4 and alkaline side of pH 10. If the ionic strength of potassium phosphate buffer solutions is increased to 0.5 or if the ionic strength of phosphate-borate buffer solutions is increased to a similar value by addition of potassium chloride, the isolated myofibrils become soluble at neutrality. Hence, it is possible, first to isolate the myofibrils and then dissolve them without deviating appreciably from physiologic ranges of pH.

The extent to which myofibrils are modified by the conditions imposed by the method of isolation is unknown. There is no significant change in microscopic structure or optical birefringence. Furthermore, there is retention of a form of physiological reactivity, for when the isolated skeletal myofibrils are immersed in solutions of adenosinetriphosphate, they promptly and irreversibly change from elongated fibrils with distinct structural detail into dense spherical masses without recognizable microscopic structure.
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Hill Alan G. S. , Deane Helen Wendler , Coons Albert H.
Published: June 2004

The fate of the capsular polysaccharide of Friedländer B bacillus in the mouse after its intravenous administration was studied by means of homologous antibody labelled with fluorescein. The results indicate that this acid polysaccharide, like pneumococcal polysaccharide, types II and III, was rapidly taken up by phagocytic cells throughout the body, where it persisted in decreasing concentration for more than 33 days. It was widely distributed in the capillary endothelium and on collagenous fibres in all organs. It made a transient appearance in or on lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes. It was found in the hepatic epithelium and in the bile; in the juxtaglomerular segment of the distal renal tubule and in an occasional cast in the lumens of collecting tubules; in the epithelium of some uterine glands; and in cells in the steroid-secreting tissues of the ovary, suprarenal cortex, and perhaps of the testis.

In joints the synovial membranes contained large amounts of antigen, and some also penetrated into cartilage cells adjacent to the joint cavity. Osteoblasts and a few osteocytes also took up the polysaccharide.

When administered by inhalation, the polysaccharide was found in high concentration in the pulmonary macrophages but could not be found constantly in other lung elements.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERTENSION INDUCED BY RENAL CONSTRICTION
Authors: Rather L. J.
Published: June 2004

Blood pressures were determined on forty-two young male albino rats and a basal level established. The rats were then divided into four groups and subjected to one of the following operations: (a) unilateral nephrectomy with exposure and handling of the opposite kidney; (b) unilateral nephrectomy and constriction of the remaining kidney with a silk figure-of-eight ligature; (c) unilateral renal constriction with a silk figure-of-eight ligature, the other kidney being left intact after exposure and handling; (d) unilateral nephrectomy and removal of the poles of the contralateral kidney (three-quarters nephrectomy). The animals were followed for 50 days, during which blood pressures were measured on twenty occasions, then killed by exsanguination under ether anesthesia. The organs were weighed according to a standardized procedure and studied histologically. Individual determinations of serum creatinine and of the hematocrit levels were made. Mean lines and frequency distributions of blood pressure were subjected to statistical analysis. A definitely significant increase in blood pressure developed in the group subjected to operation (b) within 4 days postoperative. In none of the other groups did hypertension develop. Analysis of the individual renal weights and creatinine levels indicates the independence of the development of hypertension from the total mass of functioning renal tissue. Nor is it dependent on the prevention of renal hypertrophy or the presence of fibrous perinephritis. The effect is probably due to the production of a disturbance of hemodynamics or tissue tension with the liberation of a pressor substance by the injured kidney.
THE MAINTENANCE OF BLOOD COLLOID: PASSAGE OF STORED GUM ACACIA FROM THE CELLS TO THE CIRCULATION AFTER PLASMAPHERESIS
Authors: Knutti R. E. , Warrick R. A. , Goetsch J. B.
Published: June 2004

Removal of blood plasma by plasmapheresis from dogs made hypoproteinemic by injections of gum acacia over long periods of time, has resulted in the removal of more gum acacia than was originally present in the plasma. Gum acacia injections had been discontinued previous to the start of the experiments, and hence it must be concluded that the excess amounts of acacia were derived from deposits in the various organs.

These observations verify the previous suggestion that the increase in blood acacia in the hypoproteinemic dog on a low protein diet is due to the transfer of acacia to the blood from its sites of deposit in the body. The experiments further suggest that the colloid content of the blood stream is maintained at the expense of tissue colloids, and support the idea that colloidal substances may pass in and out of cells.
STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF SPIROCHETES
Authors: DeLamater Edward D. , Wiggall Richter H. , Haanes Merle
Published: June 2004

A series of observations with the phase contrast microscope on the occurrence of a complex life cycle in the pathogenic Treponema pallidum as it occurs in the syphilitic rabbit testis has been presented and it seems likely from these observations that there are two means of vegetative reproduction, consisting of (1) transverse division (the most important under usual conditions); and (2) the production of gemmae or buds which eventuate into unispirochetal cysts comparable to those described for saprophytic forms, within each of which single spirochetes develop and differentiate, and from which they subsequently emerge.

In addition preliminary evidence is presented which suggests that a more complex process is involved in which multispirochetal cysts develop following aggregation of two or more organisms. Within each of these larger cysts numerous organisms develop and subsequently emerge as tangled ropes. Following emergence, they subsequently undergo transverse division and gemmae formation, and so reproduce vegetatively. Subsequent papers will elaborate upon these processes.
STUDIES ON ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS PRODUCED EXPERIMENTALLY IN RHESUS MONKEYS
Authors: Lumsden Charles E. , Kabat Elvin A. , Wolf Abner , Bezer Ada E.
Published: June 2004

1. Animals injected with emulsions of monkey brain with adjuvants show a complex pattern of antibody response as determined by complement fixation tests.

2. Organ-specific complement-fixing antibodies to constituents of brain tissue may be formed which fix complement with brain tissues of various animal species but fail to react with other organs or with rabbit placenta.

3. Antibodies may be formed to some constituent of brain other than nervous tissue. It would seem that these can be detected by the strong complement fixation given with rabbit placenta.

4. Sera from individual animals may contain antibodies to the brain or placenta constituents, to both, or to neither. Occasional individual sera show unique patterns of antibody response as determined with various additional antigens such as fetal brain, posterior pituitary, or peripheral nerves.

5. No evidence of any etiological relationship between the development of encephalomyelitis and the complement-fixing antibodies to brain demonstrable in the sera could be found. The complement-fixing antibody to the placental constituent was unrelated to the encephalomyelitis.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF THE COXSACKIE VIRUSES
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Ledinko Nada
Published: June 2004

The neutralization test is a reliable and useful procedure for following immunological reactions of the Coxsackie viruses (C virus).

The standard procedure has been an incubation period of 1 hour at room temperature followed by subcutaneous inoculation into newborn mice. However, this time and temperature are not critical, for the virus in neutralized within 10 minutes of mixing with immune serum and remains neutralized for long periods. During the variable incubation periods used, the control virus remained active, even in dilute suspensions.

The neutralization test is not affected by the presence or absence of complement.

Neutralizing antibody is stable at 65°C. for 30 minutes, and immune serum has to be heated to 80°C. for 30 minutes before the antibody is no longer detectable.

As the quantity of virus is increased, the quantity of serum required for neutralization likewise increases, but not in a regular or predictable fashion.

Neutralized mixtures of the virus can be made infective again by simple dilution before inoculation.

The neutralization test is a satisfactory means for typing Coxsackie viruses. At least seven antigenic types have been identified. Similar antigenic types have been found to be scattered over wide areas. Thus the Conn.-5 type was present in 1948 in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and North Carolina. The Texas-1 type was present in 1943 in Connecticut and in 1948 in North Carolina and Texas.

Further information on the specificity of the neutralizing antibody response has been obtained from a study of the occurrence and development of antibodies in 6 patients who contracted infections with one or another of the C viruses while working with them in the laboratory. From each patient a virus was isolated during the illness. No patient had detectable antibodies to his strain before his illness, but each soon thereafter developed antibodies to his own strain and to the prototype strain to which it was related.

By means of the neutralization test, it has been shown that a family epidemic may include two different immunological types of virus.

Neutralizing antibodies appear at the time of or soon after onset of illness, increase rapidly to titers of about 1:1000 which are maintained during the period of 1 to 3 months following infection, and are still present 2 years later, although at lower levels.

Neutralizing antibodies are present in the normal population. In North Carolina, over 80 per cent of the children have antibodies at birth. The level falls rapidly to a minimum of 14 per cent at the age of 1, and then it quickly rises to reach the adult level at the age of 7. Gamma globulin collected in various parts of the United States between 1944 and 1949 and in Denmark in 1949 neutralizes at least four antigenically different Coxsackie viruses.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF THE COXSACKIE VIRUSES
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Clarke Norman A. , Kraft Lisbeth M.
Published: June 2004

Maternal antibodies to the Coxsackie viruses (C virus) are conveyed to newborn mice through the colostrum and milk. of vaccinated mothers. No evidence for or against placental transmission of immunity was obtained.

The immunity conferred on the young is type-specific.

Immunity may be conferred to infants born of non-immune mice by allowing a suckling period of 24 to 48 hours with an immune mother.

Immunity appears to be transferred through the milk for the duration of lactation.

Strains of C virus can be typed by challenging infant mice born to mothers vaccinated with known types according to the outline presented above.

Complement-fixing antibodies are also transferred from vaccinated mother mice to their offspring.
PRESSOR SUBSTANCES IN ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Schroeder Henry A. , Olsen Norman S.
Published: June 2004

Pherentasin, a highly active pressor substance producing a prolonged effect in the rat, has been obtained in a fairly pure form from the arterial blood of patients with hypertension. Its presence has been demonstrated by two biological methods. It was rarely found in normotensive blood. The blood of patients with renal or nephrogenic hypertension, either primary or secondary, consistently yielded this material. The blood of patients exhibiting neurogenic hypertension and the endocrine hypertensive syndrome had smaller amounts of it. Little or none was found in malignant hypertension. Perhaps pherentasin has a causal relation to the existence of arterial hypertension.
HEREDITARY OSTEOPETROSIS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

The results of postmortem examination of cases of hereditary osteopetrosis of the rabbit together with histologic observations on organs and tissues other than the skeleton have been described.

The principal findings were, first, those associated with the characteristic progressive anemia of the disease, such as extramedullary foci of hemopoietic tissue, lymphoid hyperplasia, and the occurrence of hemosiderin in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.

There was a widespread tissue distribution of intense phosphatase staining and of fine calcium deposition, as would be expected in the circumstances of the profound skeletal abnormality (3). In advanced cases with established growth retardation, malnutrition, and deterioration, the tissues generally showed a decreased glycogen content.

The large amount of parathyroid tissue found in both early and late cases suggested a state of hyperparathyroidism. Low serum calcium, high serum phosphorus and phosphatase levels (2), and a predominately osteoblastic reaction (3) were suggestive of hypoparathyroidism. The possibility that an involvement of the parathyroid glands was a basic or primary condition of the disease is discussed.

Evidence of a disturbance of other endocrine glands was shown by the predominately acidophilic staining reaction of the colloid of the thyroid, an enlargement of the adrenals in which both cortex and medulla participated, and the tendency toward a basophilia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

It was pointed out that before an explanation of the part played by the parathyroid glands in this disease could be made, other data, including particularly embryological studies, must be available. Similarly, an interpretation of other endocrine gland changes must await additional information.
A METHOD FOR RAPID MEASUREMENT OF INTRARENAL AND OTHER TISSUE PRESSURES
Authors: Swann H. G. , Montgomery A. V. , Davis John C. , Mickle E. R.
Published: June 2004

A rapid method for measuring tissue pressures has been designed. A pressure of 250 mm. Hg is imposed on a manometer. Then the system is allowed to discharge into a needle cannula inserted in the tissue. The manometer forces out fluid (about 10 c.mm.) until the pressure within it is the same as that within the tissue. Records of the pressure changes are made. Each observation takes about a minute. The method gives results that are closely comparable with other reports of tissue pressures. With this method, the pressure in the following organs of dogs was found to be: kidney, 26 mm. Hg, cerebral cortex, 0 to 5 mm., muscle, 1 to 10 mm., spleen, S to 16 mm., subcutaneous tissue, 0 to 3 mm., and liver –2 to 14 mm.

The reliability of the method was tested on the kidneys of decerebrate dogs. Measurements were found to be the same within narrow limits over a period of an hour; they were the same when taken simultaneously in different regions of the same kidney or in opposite kidneys. They were independent of the volume of fluid forced into the tissue. Similar pressures were observed with 1 or 5 or 10 holes bored in the shaft of the cannulating needle.

The intrarenal pressure was also measured by inserting a needle cannula into the tissue and then allowing the pressure to reach equilibrium passively with a manometer. This method gave similar results. The intrarenal pressure has now found to be the same when measured by three different technics.
THE INTRARENAL PRESSURE
Authors: Montgomery A. V. , Davis John C. , Prine J. M. , Swann H. G.
Published: June 2004

1. The intrarenal pressure of dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital averages 26 mm. Hg, and ranges from 10 to 58 mm.; that of decerebrate dogs is 25 mm., and that of unanesthetized dogs with explanted kidneys is 25 mm. Tests of a few cats and rabbits indicate that their intrarenal pressure has about the same magnitude.

2. There is a slight positive correlation between intrarenal pressure and both body weight and kidney weight, but intrarenal pressure is not related to sex, blood pressure, or age.
SELECTIVE TOXICITY OF 1,2-DICHLORO-4,5-DIAMINOBENZENE: ITS RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS FOR RIBOFLAVIN AND VITAMIN B12
Authors: Woolley D. W. ,   With The Technical Assistance of E. A. Singer and N. Smith
Published: June 2004

In a series of 26 species selected from widely differing classes, 1,2-dichloro-4,5-diaminobenzene was toxic to those which did not exhibit a nutritional need for riboflavin plus vitamin B12. It failed to retard the growth of those which needed both of these vitamins. The compound was conceived as an antimetabolite of 1,2-dimethyl-4,5-diaminobenzene. This latter, which is contained within the structures of the two vitamins, was pictured as a metabolic precursor of them. It was found to have very slight activity as either riboflavin or as vitamin B12 for lactic acid bacteria and algae. The growth-inhibiting action of the dichlorodiaminobenzene was overcome competitively by the dimethyidiaminobenzene, and also, to a lesser extent, by o-phenylenediamine. The toxicity was not influenced by additions of riboflavin plus vitamin B12, except in the cases of two species, where the influence was slight. These facts were considered to support the idea that properly constructed analogs of a precursor of two or more essential participants in cell division may be able to circumvent the counteraction which the vitamin has been found to exert on an antimetabolite of its precursor. Alternate explanations of the observed data were likewise considered.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Stetson Chandler A. , Good Robert A.
Published: June 2004

The inhibition of the Shwartzman phenomenon by nitrogen mustard and benzene has been confirmed and investigated further.

This inhibition can be correlated with the leucopenia induced by these agents.

Evidence is presented indicating that polymorphonuclear leucocytes play an essential role in the preparation of the skin for the Shwartzman phenomenon.
STUDIES ON THE FIBRINOLYSIN-ANTIFIBRINOLYSIN SYSTEM IN SERUM
Authors: Ungar Georges , Damgaard Evelyn
Published: June 2004

Injection of ACTH or cortisone has no effect on the amount of fibrinolysin resulting from the activation of profibrinolysin by peptone.

Antifibrinolytic activity of serum is significantly increased by ACTH or cortisone but not by desoxycorticosterone or corticosterone. No increase in anti-fibrinolytic power of serum is produced, however, by the injection of ACTH or cortisone in splenectomized guinea pigs.

Splenin A has the same action on fibrinolysin inactivation as ACTH or cortisone. Splenin B has the opposite effect.

This action on the antifibrinolytic power of serum appears to be due to an acceleration of the rate of combination between the enzyme and its inhibitor and not to an actual increase in antifibrinolysin.

The possible significance of these observations is discussed.
A MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF RED CELL NUCLEI DURING PYKNOSIS
Authors: Korson Roy
Published: June 2004

1. A microspectrophotometric apparatus was used to measure nuclear absorption in fixed and stained human bone marrow smears.

2. The validity of the measurements was established.

3. The total and polymerized desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) of erythroblast nuclei were measured in relative units, and a gradual loss of DNA from the red cell nucleus during maturation was noted.

4. The loss in DNA is comparable quantitatively to that occurring during pathological pyknosis in sarcoma cells.

5. The continual loss of nuclear material during erythropoiesis supports the conception that the nucleus disappears by intracellular dissolution, not by extrusion in the intact form.
THE DEPENDENCE OF THE PATHOLOGICAL LESION UPON THE MULTIPLICATION OF PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Ginsberg Harold S.
Published: June 2004

The rate of multiplication of PVM in the mouse lung is relatively constant, averaging 7.9-fold per day with but slight variations, irrespective of the amount of virus inoculated. Similarly, the rate of increase in the amount of pneumonia is relatively constant, averaging 4.7-fold per day, even though the quantity of virus inoculated is varied over a wide range. It follows that viral multiplication proceeds 1.7 times more rapidly than does extension of the pathological lesion, both reaching limiting maximal values in periods which are predictable from the amount of virus inoculated. From the concentration of virus determined at any time during the incremental period, the amount of pneumonia present earlier or later in the incremental period can be computed with considerable precision. The results support the postulate that the extent of the pathological lesion is dependent upon the degree of viral multiplication.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MULTIPLICATION CYCLE OF PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S. , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

A study of the multiplication of PVM in the mouse lung yielded evidence in support of the hypothesis that discrete cycles occur. The cycle is characterized by a latent period of about 15 hours, an incremental period of 10 to 15 hours and a total duration of 24 to 30 hours. The yield of virus per cycle is approximately 16-fold.

A large proportion, approximately 90 per cent, of PVM is lost on intranasal inoculation and cannot be recovered from the lung. Of the virus which reaches the lung, almost all becomes non-infective within 12 hours even though a considerable amount retains the capacity to cause hemagglutination. During the incremental period infective virus appears as soon as any increase in hemagglutination is demonstrable.
THE SPLANCHNIC REMOVAL OF BACTERIA FROM THE BLOOD STREAM OF LEUKOPENIC RABBITS
Authors: Kerby Grace P. , Martin Samuel P.
Published: June 2004

In rabbits subjected to profound damage of the blood-forming tissues by the use of benzene and mechlorethamine hydrochloride, no impairment of efficiency in the splanchnic removal of M. aureus from the blood stream could be demonstrated by a method involving catheterization of the hepatic vein.

All evidence continues to indicate that a bacteriemia cannot be maintained unless the organisms are introduced constantly into the blood stream from some source.

The importance of the leukocyte in the establishment and clearing of the bacteriemias appears to lie in its phagocytic activities at the local source of the bacteriemia rather than in any quantitatively significant phagocytosis of organisms circulating in the blood stream.

The present studies suggest that in the study of the leukopenic state attention should be directed more especially toward the identification and eradication of the local source of organisms.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY IN ANTHRAX
Authors: Wright George G. , Slein Janet B.
Published: June 2004

An abrupt decrease in the titer of serum T-agglutinin frequently occurs during the acute phase of anthrax infection in the rabbit. In partially immunized animals which survive the infection the titer returns to normal during convalescence, but has not been observed to rise significantly above the normal level.

The presence of a substance capable of inhibiting T-agglutination may be demonstrated in the sera of many of those animals in which a marked decrease in T-agglutinin has occurred. The polysaccharide and polypeptide antigens of B. anthracis do not possess this activity.

Sera containing the T-inhibitory substance usually produce a slow hemolysis of T-erythrocytes and also of normal human type O erythrocytes; hemolysis of erythrocytes of other species is irregular. This reactivity of the sera withstands inactivation at 56°C. but is inhibited by citrate.

T-inhibitory and hemolytic activities can frequently be increased by incubation of the acute-phase serum at 37°C.

The ability of normal serum to neutralize the T-inhibitory and hemolytic activities of acute-phase serum is not significantly increased after recovery from the infection.

The meaning of the results is discussed.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM ANTIBODIES AND SUBCLINICAL INFECTIONS WITH POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Ainslie John D.
Published: June 2004

Three families in which cases of poliomyelitis had recently occurred were studied for the extent of subclinical infection and the presence of serum antibodies to both the mouse-adapted Lansing strain and the specific strain of poliomyelitis isolated from members of the family.

Virus was recovered from the stools of all 5 cases and from 8 of 17 familial associates at the time of the first collection of specimens. Only two of the associates were still carrying virus 3 weeks later.

The individuals from whom virus was recovered were younger than 11 years of age with two exceptions, one of them a frank case.

Antibodies to the mouse-adapted Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus were demonstrated in the sera of every person 11 years of age or older but in none from individuals under this age with the possible exception of one whose second specimen was weakly positive.

Antibodies for the specific agent isolated from each family were likewise found at the beginning of the study in every person over 11 years of age but also in 4 of 9 under that age. The neutralization indices of sera of the second collection were generally higher than those of the sera collected soon after the disease occurred in the family, reflecting the antigenic stimulus of the "family" viruses.

The inverse relationship of demonstrable antibodies to virus isolations strongly suggests that the presence of serum antibodies is effective in limiting subclinical infection with poliomyelitis virus.

The question of cross-immunity in protection against infection with poliomyelitis virus is discussed.
STUDIES ON NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF MAN
Authors: Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

The type specific immunological properties of certain non-hemolytic streptococci, including Str. salivarius type I and type II, present in the respiratory tract of human beings appear to be dependent upon the presence of capsular polysaccharides.

The levans formed from sucrose by Str. salivarius (encapsulated S cells or non-encapsulated R variants), or by cell-free enzymes derived from these microorganisms, are indistinguishable immunologically and show no evidence of type specificity. Such levans appear to be immunologically distinct from and unrelated to the capsular polysaccharides of the microorganisms which produce them.
DEMYELINIZATION INDUCED IN LIVING RABBITS BY MEANS OF A LIPOLYTIC ENZYME PREPARATION
Authors: Vogel F. Stephen
Published: June 2004

Purified lipase, injected intracerebrally and intravasculariy in rabbits, gave rise to focal areas of demyelinization in the central nervous system in 10 of 13 animals so treated. In one instance the lesions became manifest within 48 hours and in another they persisted for 6 months; they were not infrequently accompanied by paresis and by tilting or tremor of the head. They were characterized by a focal loss of myelin and moderate gliosis with little or no neuronal destruction or inflammatory reaction, in these respects resembling the plaques of multiple sclerosis. The intracerebral injection of trypsin and chymotrypsin in control animals failed to produce the characteristic demyelinization, but by contrast caused focal areas of necrosis in which all the cerebral tissues were involved. Furthermore, demyelinization did not result when heat-inactivated pancreatic lipase was injected intracerebrally, and similarly negative results were obtained when an incubated mixture comprised of fatty connective tissue that had been acted upon by the pancreatic preparation and then heated to inactivate the lipase, was injected into the brains of rabbits.

In supplementary experiments the pancreatic lipase preparation and fresh rabbit brain, incubated together in vitro, were found to form acid, presumably owing to the breakdown of brain lipids to fatty acids; trypsin and chymotrypsin mixed with brain in control experiments failed to form acid. When incubated with segments of the spinal cord of experimental animals, the lipolytic enzyme brought about a loss of stainable myelin in peripheral areas and in the spinal nerve roots; again trypsin and chymotrypsin had no such effect in control experiments.

The findings as a whole show that an enzyme preparation with lipolytic activity has the ability to destroy myelin in living animals, and in vitro as well, and to produce lesions remarkably similar to those of multiple sclerosis. They have additional interest in light of the demonstration that a lipolytic enzyme is regularly present in the reactive histiocytes of guinea pigs with experimental encephalomyelitis (5).
A LIPOLYTIC ENZYME IN REACTIVE HISTIOCYTES OF GUINEA PIGS WITH EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Vogel F. Stephen
Published: June 2004

A lipolytic enzyme has been demonstrated by means of a cytochemical technique and by direct chemical assay in granulomatous tissues of guinea pigs with encephalomyelitis and demyelinization resulting from the injection of an emulsion comprised of brain tissue and adjuvants, including Mycobacterium butyricum. Combined histologic and cytochemical studies showed that the lipolytic enzyme was present in the cytoplasm of a large proportion of the reactive histiocytes in the granulomatous tissue around the site of injection in the diseased animals, and that the enzyme-containing histiocytes were even more numerous in the inflamed regional lymph nodes. In control experiments, when emulsions lacking either brain tissue or M. butyricum were injected in previously normal guinea pigs, the experimental condition did not develop; under these circumstances the lipolytic enzyme was found in only a small proportion of the cells of the granulomatous tissue around the injection sites, and it was almost negligible in the regional lymph nodes of these animals. It was absent from the cells of the lymph nodes of normal animals, and from the cells of talcum and aluminum hydroxide granulomas produced experimentally in guinea pigs.

The lipolytic enzyme may be a factor in the pathogenesis of the experimental encephalomyelitis and demyelinization.
SUSTAINED HYPERTENSION FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Friedman Constance L. , Nakashima Miyoshi
Published: June 2004

DCA was administered in two separate experiments to rats in amounts sufficient to cause marked elevation of the blood pressure. It was then abruptly withdrawn. Following this treatment, observations of blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, plasma potassium, and plasma volume were carried out for over a year.

Approximately one-third of the animals so treated developed a sustained, permanent hypertension after treatment had been stopped.

This sustained hypertension is not due to any anatomical fault in the kidney and in that sense is not primarily renal in origin. An hypothesis to explain the findings is presented.
AGE OF THE HOST AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION WITH URETHANE OF PULMONARY ADENOMAS IN MICE
Authors: Rogers Stanfield
Published: June 2004

Young, rapidly growing mice are greatly more responsive to the adenoma-inducing influence of urethane than are those just arriving at maturity. This is manifest both in the proportion of animals developing the tumors and in their number per individual. An amount of urethane per gram body weight which suffices to induce adenomas in only an occasional 8-week-old animal will cause them to appear in quantity in more than half the 3-week-old mice injected. There is an almost absolute inverse correlation between the rate of growth of the pulmonary tissue between the ages of 2 and 10 weeks and the response to urethane in terms of adenomas. Hence the conclusion seems justified that the natural proliferative activity of the alveolar cells during youth plays a major part in the formation of the tumors. After the 6th week the age differences become relatively slight, yet there is reason to think that they continue in some degree as life goes on.

Urethane has no effect to promote multiplication of the cells it has rendered neoplastic, its whole role being to initiate neoplastic change.

The abnormalities induced by urethane in the nucleus of normal and neoplastic cells, as observed by previous workers, have suggested that the substance brings about the adenomatous state by acting upon the nucleus. But colchicine, also a karyolytic poison causing pronounced nuclear changes, does not alter in the least the yield of adenomas to urethane when administered concurrently. Nor does fasting influence the yield, though it markedly reduces mitotic activity.

The meaning of these facts is discussed.
JOINT ACTION OF A CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN AND A NEOPLASTIC VIRUS TO INDUCE CANCER IN RABBITS
Authors: Rogers Stanfield , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

Areas of rabbit skin previously rendered hyperplastic with turpentine were scarified, inoculated with the Shope papilloma virus, and covered with a dressing that contained 20-methylcholanthrene (MC) or 9:10-dimethyl-1:2-benzanthracene (9:10). The dressing was left on until healing had been well completed, a matter of 5 to 7 days. The papillomas which subsequently arose often appeared later, were fewer, and remained less vigorous than those due to the action of virus alone, but throughout several months they appeared to differ from these in no other ways. Then, more or less abruptly, the large majority became carcinomatous, frequently at several situations, whereas with few exceptions the control growths underwent no such alteration. The cancers were of the sorts ordinarily deriving, by secondary change, from epidermal cells infected with the virus.

Collateral data have made plain that the hydrocarbons acted in their carcinogenic capacity to bring on the cancers. Indeed in control tests 9: 10 sometimes conferred latent neoplastic potentialities on uninoculated epidermis exposed to it while healing after scarification, a fact disclosed months later by painting these expanses with chloroform until hyperplasia occurred. Under the promoting influence of this agent papillomas formed which had the distinctive morphology of those induced by the chemical carcinogens.

So strong and enduring were the effects of MC and 9:10 as to cause cancers to arise from many virus papillomas which were retrogressing after months of proliferation, that is to say under circumstances ordinarily unfavorable to malignant change.

The facts justify the conclusion that the virus and the hydrocarbons acted jointly and in their carcinogenic capacities.
THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CHANGES IN ADRENAL CYTOLOGY, WEIGHT, AND CORTICAL/MEDULLARY RATIO IN EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION AND CLINICAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Rather L. J.
Published: June 2004

There is a direct proportionality between the degree of adrenal and that of cardiac enlargement in experimental renal hypertension. This is evidence for the participation of the adrenal to an extent dependent on the severity of the hypertension as reflected in the degree of cardiac hypertrophy.

The greater part of the weight increase of the adrenal is due to growth of the cortex. However, the relative degree of medullary growth exceeds that of cortical growth. There is evidence of medullary hyperplasia, but the cortical growth may be due to cell hypertrophy alone.

In view of the known relationship between prolonged skeletal muscle work and the size of the adrenals, in which there is likewise a relatively greater growth of the medulla, the possibility that adrenal growth in experimental renal hypertension is a consequence of the metabolic demand of increased heart muscle work must be considered.

The hyperplastic, hypertrophic medulla of the renal hypertensive rat is presumed to be producing increased amounts of a hormone whose action is not known. The adrenal medulla is not necessary for the development of moderate renal hypertension though this does not exclude the possibility that it may be involved somehow in the maintainance of the hypertensive state.

Large, periodic-Schiff-positive, hyaline droplets are found in the cytoplasm of adrenal cortical cells with nuclear evidence of active function. There is some evidence that these indicate hypophyseal stimulation. Similar particles are found in the medulla, suggesting an interrelationship between the two parts of the adrenal.

The close resemblance of changes in adrenal weight, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, and nuclear and cytoplasmic structure, indicates that similar physiological and morphological controlling mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis and maintainance of experimental renal hypertension and clinical essential hypertension.
A NEW MEMBER OF THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA GROUP OF VIRUSES THAT CAUSES INFECTION IN CALVES
Authors: York Charles J. , Baker James A.
Published: June 2004

From portions of intestine and feces of apparently normal calves, a virus that produces elementary bodies was procured in guinea pigs and in embryonated eggs. Morphologically and tinctorially this virus closely resembled members of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group of viruses and it shared a common antigen or antigens with them. Comparison of serological, pathogenic, and other properties indicated that this virus from calves is a new member of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group and in keeping with classification practices it is provisionally named Miyagawanella bovis.

Miyagawanella bovis when fed to experimental calves established an infection in the intestinal tract that resembled the inapparent infection seen in natural cases but failed to produce evident disease. Ability of the virus to infect experimental animals by feeding, and its presence in feces of infected animals indicate its natural mode of spread. This method of dissemination and persistence of virus for long periods of time in infected animals suggested the virus should be widespread and more than 60 per cent of the calves in the vicinity of lthaca were found to be infected.
MECHANISM OF PROTEINURIA
Authors: Lippman Richard W. , Ureen Helen J. , Oliver Jean
Published: June 2004

1. Administration of renin to the rat causes an increase in the glomerular permeability to hemoglobin and a decrease in tubular absorption of this substance as measured by functional methods.

2. Morphologic examination in the rat and in the rabbit reveals an increased concentration of hemoglobin in the tubular lumina, confirmatory evidence of increased permeability. However, there is no significant effect upon the formation of hemoglobin droplets within the renal cells.

3. By analogy with the events observed in neutral red "secretion," it is suggested that hemoglobin is absorbed by both a "direct" and an "indirect" mechanism and that renin administration affects or depresses the "direct" mechanism only.