bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Varieties, Planting Densities and Phosphorus Levels on Seed Yield and Post-Harvest Soil Physico-Chemical Properties of Rice Fallow Redgram
Authors: Chaithanya Y. , Rekha K. Bhanu , Sawargaonkar G.L. , Gangashetty P. , Choudhari P.L. , Sarada Ch.
Published: August 2024

Aim: To assess the effect of varieties, planting densities and phosphorus levels on yield and physico-chemical properties of post -harvest soil in rice fallow redgram.
Study Design: The experiment was laid out in strip-split plot design with three varieties as vertical factor viz., V1: ICPV-21333, V2: ICPV-21444 and V3: ICPV-; two levels of spacings viz., P1: 0 kg P2O5 ha-1, P2: 25 kg P2O5 ha-1, P3: 37.5 kg P2O5 ha-1 and P4: 50 kg P2O5 ha-1.
Place and Duration of Study: RL 12, block 3 and 4, International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, during rabi, 2022-23 and 2023-24.
Methodology: The investigation consisted of three varieties as vertical factor, two levels of spacing as horizontal factor and four levels of phosphorus as sub-plots with a total of 24 treatment combinations and replicated thrice. Data recorded on various parameters was subjected to scrutiny by ANOVA technique for split plot design concept. Data was subjected to analysis of variance procedures as outlined for strip-split plot design.
Results: From this investigation, it was found that seed yield was significantly higher with the variety ICPV-21333 (812 and 750 kg ha-1), but remained statistically comparable to ICPV-21444. Among the spacings, it was highest with 30 cm x 10 cm (792 and 740 kg ha-1) and with respect to phosphorus levels, crop fertilized with 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 registered higher seed yield (797 and 740 kg ha-1) but, was statistically at par with 37.5 kg P2O5 ha-1. Available post- harvest soil N, and K2O was not influenced by the various treatments, but available P2O5 was significantly influenced by phosphorus levels. Higher available P2O5 was observed with the application of 50 and 37.5 kg P2O5 ha-1 kg P2O5 ha-1, while the lowest status was noticed with 0 kg P2O5 ha-1. Similarly, bulk density, pH, EC and OC were not significantly influenced by varieties, spacings and phosphorus levels and due to their interaction during both the years of study.
Influence of Intensity of Pruning on Yield and Physico-Chemical Properties of Khasi Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)
Authors: Chaturvedi S. K. , Chaturvedi Abhimanyu , Munth Hage , Sharma Neha
Published: August 2024

Khasi Mandarin orange is well suited in Arunachal Pradesh as well entire north eastern states of India. Besides the ample rainfall and good shun shine received in Arunachal Pradesh; its productivity is too low as compared national average. The negligence of orchards without proper management practices is the major cause of low productivity. In this regard canopy management play vital role for good yield. The requirement of pruning varies with species therefore, the present experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of pruning intensity on the yield and quality of Khasi mandarin fruit.
The highest No. of fruits (245), and highest yield (12.24 T/ha) with T4-( Removal of dried & diseased branches, thin shoots, water sprouts and selected laterals) while, highest average fruit weight (130 g), maximum fruit diameter (6.2 cm), maximum fruit length (5.6 cm) were noticed with T5-(T4+ Removal of selected leaders and formation of open centre canopy) and it was also observed lowest No of fruits, size and yield were recorded in control. Therefore, It is concluded from the result that T4 (Removal of dried & diseased branches, thin shoots, water sprouts and selected laterals) is best practice of higher yield but T5 (T4+ Removal of selected leaders and formation of open centre canopy) is best practice for little lower yield than T4 but for good market quality fruits.
Evaluation of the Effects of Climate Variability on Water Resources and Agriculture: Insights from Regional Climate Models
Authors: Farah Keder Hussien , Muhumed Usame Mohamed
Published: August 2024

Climate variability and change present significant challenges to global food and water security, particularly in vulnerable regions like East and Southern Africa. This review synthesizes current research on the impact of climate drivers such as temperature and precipitation variability—on water resources and agricultural productivity in this region. Analyzing over four decades of data and recent findings, this paper discusses the complex interactions between climate phenomena, including El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and their effects on regional agriculture and water systems. The review highlights the limitations of Regional Climate Models (RCMs) in accurately predicting climate patterns and emphasizes the need for improved modeling techniques. Recommendations for future research and policy interventions are provided to enhance climate resilience in these critical sectors.
Modeling Heat and Mass Transfer in Laminar Forced Convection in a Vertical Channel: Influence of Reynolds Number
Authors: Wilfried Ouédraogo Rimnogdo , Serge Igo Wendsida , Ousmane Ouédraogo , Abdoulaye Compaoré
Published: August 2024

The phenomena of heat and mass transfer are of considerable interest in the field of energy. We present in this work a numerical study of the heat and mass transfers in laminar forced convection in a vertical channel, whose wet walls interact with the external environment. Based on simplifying assumptions, the flow, whose thermo-physical properties depend on temperature and relative humidity, was modelled by the Navier-Stokes equations and the flow conservation equation. The finite volume method was used to discretize the equations and the resulting algebraic equation systems were solved using Thomas' and Gauss' algorithms. The influence of the Reynolds number on thermal and mass transfers was mainly investigated. Numerical simulations with Reynolds numbers of 500, 1000 and 1500 have allowed a detailed study of the flow structure as well as thermal and mass fields. The numerical results obtained, presented in isotherms, iso-concentrations, Sherwood and Nusselt numbers, reveal the important role of the Reynolds number in heat and mass transfers in a vertical channel. The rates of these transfers at the entrance to the channel differ from those at the exit.
Interplanetary shocks and foreshocks observed by STEREO during 2007–2010
Authors: Blanco‐Cano X. , Kajdič P. , Aguilar‐Rodríguez E. , Russell C. T. , Jian L. K. , Luhmann J. G.
Published: November 2015

Interplanetary shocks in the heliosphere modify the solar wind through which they pass. In particular, shocks play an important role in particle acceleration. During the extended solar minimum (2007–2010) STEREO observed 65 forward shocks driven by stream interactions (SI), with magnetosonic Mach numbers Mms ≈ 1.1–4.0 and shock normal angles
 ~ 20–87°. We analyze the waves associated with these shocks and find that the region upstream can be permeated by whistler waves (f ~ 1 Hz) and/or ultra low frequency (ULF) waves (f ~ 10−2–10−1 Hz). While whistlers appear to be generated at the shock, the origin of ULF waves is most probably associated with local kinetic ion instabilities. We find that when the Mach number (Mms) is low and the shock is quasi‐perpendicular (
 > 45°) whistler waves remain close to the shock. As Mms increases, the shock profile changes and can develop a foot and overshoot associated with ion reflection and gyration. Whistler precursors can be superposed on the foot region, so that some quasi‐perpendicular shocks have characteristics of both subcritical and supercritical shocks. When the shock is quasi‐parallel (
 < 45°) a large foreshock with suprathermal ions and waves can form. Upstream, there are whistler trains at higher frequencies whose characteristics can be slightly modified probably by reflected and/or leaked ions and by almost circularly polarized waves at lower frequencies that may be locally generated by ion instabilities. In contrast with planetary bow shocks, most of the upstream waves studied here are mainly transverse and no steepening occurs. Some quasi‐perpendicular shocks (45° < 
 < 60°) are preceded by ULF waves and ion foreshocks. Fluctuations downstream of quasi‐parallel shocks tend to have larger amplitudes than waves in the sheath of quasi‐perpendicular shocks. We compare SI‐driven shock properties with those of shocks generated by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). During the same years, STEREO observed 20 ICME‐driven shocks with Mms ≈ 1.2–4.0 and
 ~ 38–85°. We find that shocks driven by ICMEs tend to have larger proton foreshocks (dr ~ 0.1 AU) than shocks driven by stream interactions (dr ≤ 0.05 AU). This difference of ion foreshock size should be linked to shock age: ICME‐driven shocks form at shorter distances to the Sun and therefore can energize particles for longer times as they propagate to 1 AU, while stream interaction shocks form closer to Earth's orbit and have been accelerating ions for a shorter interval of time.
Recent trends (2003–2013) of land surface heat fluxes on the southern side of the central Himalayas, Nepal
Authors: Amatya Pukar Man , Ma Yaoming , Han Cunbo , Wang Binbin , Devkota Lochan Prasad
Published: November 2015

Novice efforts have been made in order to study the regional distribution of land surface heat fluxes on the southern side of the central Himalayas utilizing high‐resolution remotely sensed products, but these have been on instantaneous scale. In this study the Surface Energy Balance System model is used to obtain annual averaged maps of the land surface heat fluxes for 11 years (2003–2013) and study their annual trends on the central Himalayan region. The maps were derived at 5 km resolution using monthly input products ranging from satellite derived to Global Land Data Assimilation System meteorological data. It was found that the net radiation flux is increasing as a result of decreasing precipitation (drier environment). The sensible heat flux did not change much except for the northwestern High Himalaya and High Mountains. In northwestern High Himalaya sensible heat flux is decreasing because of decrease in wind speed, ground‐air temperature difference, and increase in winter precipitation, whereas in High Mountains it is increasing due to increase in ground‐air temperature difference and high rate of deforestation. The latent heat flux has an overall increasing trend with increase more pronounced in the lower regions compared to high elevated regions. It has been reported that precipitation is decreasing with altitude in this region. Therefore, the increasing trend in latent heat flux can be attributed to increase in net radiation flux under persistent forest cover and irrigation land used for agriculture.
On the angular dependence and scattering model of polar mesospheric summer echoes at VHF
Authors: Sommer Svenja , Stober Gunter , Chau Jorge L.
Published: November 2015

We present measurements of the angular dependence of polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) with the Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System in Northern Norway (69.30° N, 16.04° E). Our results are based on multireceiver and multibeam observations using beam pointing directions with off‐zenith angles up to 25° as well as on spatial correlation analysis (SCA) from vertical beam observations. We consider a beam filling effect at the upper and lower boundaries of PMSE in tilted beams, which determines the effective mean angle of arrival. Comparing the average power of the vertical beam to the oblique beams suggests that PMSE are mainly not as aspect sensitive as in contrast to previous studies. However, from SCA, times of enhanced correlation are found, indicating aspect sensitivity or a localized scattering mechanism. Our results suggest that PMSE consist of nonhomogeneous isotropic scattering and previously reported aspect sensitivity values might have been influenced by the inhomogeneous nature of PMSE.
Observation of intrinsically bright terrestrial gamma ray flashes from the Mediterranean basin
Authors: Gjesteland T. , Østgaard N. , Laviola S. , Miglietta M. M. , Arnone E. , Marisaldi M. , Fuschino F. , Collier A. B. , Fabró F. , Montanya J.
Published: November 2015

We present three terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) observed over the Mediterranean basin by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscope Imager (RHESSI) satellite. Since the occurrence of these events in the Mediterranean region is quite rare, the characterization of the events was optimized by combining different approaches in order to better define the cloud of origin. The TGFs on 7 November 2004 and 16 October 2006 came from clouds with cloud top higher than 10–12 km where often a strong penetration into the stratosphere is found. This kind of cloud is usually associated with heavy precipitation and intense lightning activity. Nevertheless, the analysis of the cloud type based on satellite retrievals shows that the TGF on 27 May 2004 was produced by an unusual shallow convection. This result appears to be supported by the model simulation of the particle distribution and phase in the upper troposphere. The TGF on 7 November 2004 is among the brightest ever measured by RHESSI. The analysis of the energy spectrum of this event is consistent with a production altitude ≤12 km, which is in the upper part of the cloud, as found by the meteorological analysis of the TGF‐producing thunderstorm. This event must be unusually bright at the source in order to produce such a strong signal in RHESSI. We estimate that this TGF must contain ∼3 × 1018 initial photons with energy >1 MeV. This is 1 order of magnitude brighter than earlier estimations of an average RHESSI TGF.
Effect of MODIS Terra radiometric calibration improvements on Collection 6 Deep Blue aerosol products: Validation and Terra/Aqua consistency
Authors: Sayer A. M. , Hsu N. C. , Bettenhausen C. , Jeong M.‐J. , Meister G.
Published: November 2015

The Deep Blue (DB) algorithm's primary data product is midvisible aerosol optical depth (AOD). DB applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements provides a data record since early 2000 for MODIS Terra and mid‐2002 for MODIS Aqua. In the previous data version (Collection 5, C5), DB production from Terra was halted in 2007 due to sensor degradation; the new Collection 6 (C6) has both improved science algorithms and sensor radiometric calibration. This includes additional calibration corrections developed by the Ocean Biology Processing Group to address MODIS Terra's gain, polarization sensitivity, and detector response versus scan angle, meaning DB can now be applied to the whole Terra record. Through validation with Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data, it is shown that the C6 DB Terra AOD quality is stable throughout the mission to date. Compared to the C5 calibration, in recent years the RMS error compared to AERONET is smaller by ∼0.04 over bright (e.g., desert) and ∼0.01–0.02 over darker (e.g., vegetated) land surfaces, and the fraction of points in agreement with AERONET within expected retrieval uncertainty higher by ∼10% and ∼5%, respectively. Comparisons to the Aqua C6 time series reveal a high level of correspondence between the two MODIS DB data records, with a small positive (Terra‐Aqua) average AOD offset <0.01. The analysis demonstrates both the efficacy of the new radiometric calibration efforts and that the C6 MODIS Terra DB AOD data remain stable (to better than 0.01 AOD) throughout the mission to date, suitable for quantitative scientific analyses.
Size‐frequency distribution of crater populations in equilibrium on the Moon
Authors: Xiao Zhiyong , Werner Stephanie C.
Published: November 2015

Overprinting of craters by subsequent impacts and topographic degradation complicates crater statistics, especially for old surfaces and small‐diameter crater populations. A crater population is regarded as in equilibrium at a particular crater size when smaller craters are being produced at the same rate at which they are being destroyed. Evaluating the equilibrium state of crater populations is challenging, and empirical equilibrium densities are frequently inferred. By performing careful crater counts and cross comparisons on several lunar surfaces, we study the size‐frequency distributions (SFD) for the crater populations, which have portions in equilibrium. The results are one of the few observational constraints on the SFD of crater populations in equilibrium, showing that referring to empirical equilibrium densities is not safe for evaluating the equilibrium states of crater populations. Equilibrium densities are not positively correlated with the ages of crater populations, and some populations in equilibrium have crater densities less than those previously believed to represent equilibrium conditions. Besides the SFD of the production population, different crater removal rates at different diameters also affect the SFD of crater populations in equilibrium. The equilibrium onset diameter (Deq) of a crater population can be translated to model ages because older populations have larger Deq, and those for same‐aged surfaces are comparable. We show that the crater populations studied here are in equilibrium at much smaller diameters than those predicted for same‐aged surfaces by crater degradation models, thus indicating lower crater degradation rates on the Moon, and/or younger ages of the counting areas.
Myeloma today: Disease definitions and treatment advances
Authors: Rajkumar S. Vincent
Published: November 2015

There have been major advances in the diagnosis, staging, risk‐stratification, and management of multiple myeloma (MM). In addition to established CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, and lytic bone lesions) features, new diagnostic criteria include three new biomarkers to diagnose the disease: bone marrow clonal plasmacytosis ≥60%, serum involved/uninvolved free light chain ratio ≥100, and >1 focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging. MM can be classified into several subtypes based on baseline cytogenetics, and prognosis varies according to underlying cytogenetic abnormalities. A Revised International Staging System has been developed which combines markers of tumor burden (albumin, beta‐2 microglobulin) with markers of aggressive disease biology (high‐risk cytogenetics and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase). Although the approach to therapy remains largely the same, the treatment options at every stage of the disease have changed. Carfilzomib, pomalidomide, panobinostat, daratumumab, elotuzumab, and ixazomib have been approved for the treatment of the disease. These drugs combined with older agents such as cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone, thalidomide, bortezomib, and lenalidomide dramatically increase the repertoire of regimens available for the treatment of MM. This review provides a concise overview of recent advances in MM, including updates to diagnostic criteria, staging, risk‐stratification, and management. Am. J. Hematol. 91:90–100, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Von atomistischer Oberflächenchemie zu Nanokristallen funktionaler Chalkogenide
Authors: Deringer Volker L. , Dronskowski Richard
Published: November 2015

Die Synthese und die Nutzbarmachung von Nanokristallen sind hochaktuelle Forschungsfelder, doch setzen sie ein gründliches Verständnis der beteiligten Kristallflächen voraus. In diesem Kurzaufsatz schlagen wir ebendiesen Bogen von Oberflächen zu freien und weiter zu naßchemisch synthetisierten Nanokristallen, und zwar exemplarisch für Bleiselenid (PbSe), Zinntellurid (SnTe) und ihre direkten chemischen Verwandten. Wir diskutieren experimentelle Einblicke und darüber hinaus die – zunehmend einflußreiche – quantenchemische Simulation von Oberflächen und Nanokristallen. Was kann die Theorie heute leisten, was möglicherweise morgen, was kann sie eben nicht? Die Beantwortung dieser Fragen und ihre geschickte Verknüpfung mit Experimenten könnten neue, atomistisch (und damit chemisch) geleitete Perspektiven in der Nanosynthese eröffnen.
Reactivity of Gold Complexes towards Elementary Organometallic Reactions
Authors: Joost Maximilian , Amgoune Abderrahmane , Bourissou Didier
Published: November 2015

For a while, the reactivity of gold complexes was largely dominated by their Lewis acid behavior. In contrast to the other transition metals, the elementary steps of organometallic chemistry—oxidative addition, reductive elimination, transmetallation, migratory insertion—have scarcely been studied in the case of gold or even remained unprecedented until recently. However, within the last few years, the ability of gold complexes to undergo these fundamental reactions has been unambiguously demonstrated, and the reactivity of gold complexes was shown to extend well beyond π‐activation. In this Review, the main achievements described in this area are presented in a historical context. Particular emphasis is set on mechanistic studies and structure determination of key intermediates. The electronic and structural parameters delineating the reactivity of gold complexes are discussed, as well as the remaining challenges.
From Atomistic Surface Chemistry to Nanocrystals of Functional Chalcogenides
Authors: Deringer Volker L. , Dronskowski Richard
Published: November 2015

Synthesis and utilization of nanocrystals are highly active fields of current research, but they require a thorough understanding of the underlying crystal surfaces. In this Minireview, we span the arc from surfaces to free nanocrystals, and onward to their chemical synthesis, using as examples lead selenide (PbSe), tin telluride (SnTe), and their direct chemical relatives. Besides experimental insights, we highlight the increasingly influential role played by quantum‐chemical simulations of surfaces and nanocrystals. What can theory do today, or possibly tomorrow; where are its limits? Answering these questions, and skillfully linking them to experiments, could open up new atomistically (that is, chemically) guided perspectives for nanosynthesis.
Reversible Inhibitors Arrest ClpP in a Defined Conformational State that Can Be Revoked by ClpX Association
Authors: Pahl Axel , Lakemeyer Markus , Vielberg Marie‐Theres , Hackl Mathias W. , Vomacka Jan , Korotkov Vadim S. , Stein Martin L. , Fetzer Christian , Lorenz‐Baath Katrin , Richter Klaus , Waldmann Herbert , Groll Michael , Sieber Stephan A.
Published: November 2015

Caseinolytic protease P (ClpP) is an important regulator of Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis. A high‐throughput screening for inhibitors of ClpP peptidase activity led to the identification of the first non‐covalent binder for this enzyme class. Co‐crystallization of the small molecule with S. aureus ClpP revealed a novel binding mode: Because of the rotation of the conserved residue proline 125, ClpP is locked in a defined conformational state, which results in distortion of the catalytic triad and inhibition of the peptidase activity. Based on these structural insights, the molecule was optimized by rational design and virtual screening, resulting in derivatives exceeding the potency of previous ClpP inhibitors. Strikingly, the conformational lock is overturned by binding of ClpX, an associated chaperone that enables proteolysis by substrate unfolding in the ClpXP complex. Thus, regulation of inhibitor binding by associated chaperones is an unexpected mechanism important for ClpP drug development.
Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Methylenecyclobutanes by Merging Boron‐Homologation and Boron‐Allylation Strategies
Authors: Eisold Michael , Didier Dorian
Published: November 2015

A highly diastereoselective synthesis of methylenecyclobutanes possessing a quaternary stereocenter is reported, in which boron homologation of an easily‐generated cyclobutenylmetal species is performed, followed by an allylation reaction. Combining three steps in a one‐pot process further optimized the method, which afforded the expected adducts in excellent yields and stereoselectivity, starting from commercially available 4‐bromobutyne.
Gap formation and its consequence in the evolution of SMBHs binaries in galaxy mergers
Authors: del Valle L. , Escala A.
Published: November 2015

Motivated by the theoretical and observational evidence that after a major merger of gas‐rich galaxies a massive gaseous disk with a SMBH binary will be formed in the nuclear region of the remnant, we study the interaction between an unequal mass binary and an isothermal circumbinary disk. We focus our study in the transport of angular momentum from the binary to the disk and how this transport can result on the formation of a cavity or gap in the gaseous disk. We propose that, for comparable mass binaries, this exchange of angular momentum is driven by the gravitational interaction of the binary and a strong non‐axisymmetric density perturbation that is formed in the disk as response to the presence of the gravitational field of the binary. We compare the efficiency of this gravitational torque on extract angular momentum from the binary with the efficiency of redistribution of the extracted angular momentum in the disk to derive a gap‐opening criterion. We run a set of SPH simulations of binaries embedded in isothermal gaseous disks to test our gap‐opening criterion. We find that our gap‐opening criterion successfully predicts in which simulations a gap will form on the disk. We also run simulations of merging galaxies and we apply our criterion to the more real SMBHB‐Disk systems that are formed in situ in these simulations. We find that, in the conditions of our galaxy mergers simulations, the formation of a circumbinary gap is unlikely. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mass composition measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Molina Bueno L. , Pierre Auger Collaboration
Published: November 2015

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the largest ultra‐high energy cosmic ray experiment built so far. It is a hybrid detector, since it measures both the fluorescence light emitted while the air showers develop in the atmosphere and the particles reaching the ground. We present the results related to the mass composition of ultra‐high energy cosmic rays as obtained from both types of measurements. The depth at which the maximum of the electromagnetic development takes place and its fluctuations are the most sensitive parameters to infer the nature of the cosmic rays. In addition, we present the latest muon measurements that can be used to test and constrain models of hadronic interactions at energies larger than those reached at LHC. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Achievements in solar neutrino physics with the Borexino detector
Authors: Miramonti L. , Nachname Vorname
Published: November 2015

Borexino is an organic liquid scintillator detector located in the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in central Italy. It has been designed for real‐time spectroscopy of low energy solar neutrinos. In Phase I of the experiment lasting for three years, between May 2007 and May 2010, the Collaboration performed the first independent measurements of 7Be, 8B, and pep solar neutrino fluxes. After a dedicated purification campaign of the liquid scintillator in 2011, Borexino entered into Phase II which allowed to investigate the seasonal modulation in the 7Be signal. In 2014, Borexino provided the first direct real time measurement of pp neutrinos accomplishing the whole pp‐cycle that powers the Sun. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
From cold to hot nuclear matter
Authors: Bratkovskaya E. L. , Cassing W. , Konchakovski V. P. , Toneev V. D.
Published: November 2015

The dynamics of partons and hadrons in relativistic nucleus‐nucleus collisions is analyzed within the Parton‐HadronString Dynamics (PHSD) transport approach which is based on a dynamical quasiparticle model for the partonic phase (DQPM) including a dynamical hadronization scheme with covariant transition rates. The PHSD approach is applied to nucleus‐nucleus collisions from FAIR/NICA to LHC energies. The traces of partonic interactions are found in particular in the directed and elliptic flow of hadrons and in their transverse mass spectra. Whereas at RHIC and LHC energies the dynamics is dominated by partonic degrees‐of‐freedom in the hot QGP, we find at FAIR/NICA energies a moderately hot but dense matter where chiral symmetry restoration and hadronic potentials appear to play a major role. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evolution of stellar entropy
Authors: de Souza R.A. , de Avellar M.G.B. , Horvath J.E.
Published: November 2015

An appraisal of the behavior of stellar entropy along stellar evolution is made. It is shown that the entropy per baryon of a star of a fixed baryon number decreases monotonically with increasing compactness of the star. The same entropy per baryon increases only whenever an irreversible collapse of the star happens. The recent proposals for a gravitational entropy related to curvature may justify the huge increase of the entropy in the ultimate collapse to a black hole. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anisotropic structure equations in magnetized quark stars
Authors: Manreza Paret D. , Horvath J. H. , Perez Martinez A.
Published: November 2015

It is well‐known that a magnetic field in a fermion system breaks the SO(3) symmetry, giving rise to an anisotropy in the energy‐momentum tensor and consequently in the equation of state (EoS). Thus, the stellar structure equations of magnetized quark stars (QS) demand to be derived from a more appropriate cylindrical metric. In this work we obtain these equations considering the magnetized quark matter in two phases: Magnetized Strange Quark Matter (MSQM) and Magnetized Color Flavor Locked Phase (MCFL). The main outcome of our work is the value of the maximum magnetic field that an star can hold, i.e. 1018 G. This upper bound is closely related to the violation of the virial relations and also with the instability associated with parity‐violation weak processes during the collapse of supernovae. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magneto‐rotational and thermal evolution of young neutron stars
Authors: Popov S. B.
Published: November 2015

After a brief review of population synthesis of close‐by cooling neutron stars, I focus on the interpretation of the dichotomy of spin periods of near‐by coolers. The existence of two well separated groups – short period (∼ 0.1–0.3 s) radio pulsars and long period (∼ 3–10 s) radio quiet sources, aka the Magnificent Seven, – can not easily be explained by unified models developed recently (Popov et al. 2010; Gullón et al. 2014). I speculate that the most natural solution of the problem can be in the bimodal initial magnetic‐field distribution related to the existence of an additional mechanism of field generation in magnetars. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effects of superhigh magnetic fields on the equations of state of neutron stars
Authors: Gao Z. F. , Wang N. , XU Y. , Shan H. , Li X.‐D.
Published: November 2015

By introducing Dirac's δ‐function in superhigh magnetic fields, we deduce a general formula for the pressure of degenerate and relativistic electrons, Pe, which is suitable for superhigh magnetic fields, discuss the quantization of Landau levels of electrons, and consider the quantum electrodynamic(QED) effects on the equations of states (EOSs) for different matter systems. The main conclusions are as follows: the stronger the magnetic field strength, the higher the electron pressure becomes; compared with a common radio pulsar, a magnetar could be a more compact oblate spheroid‐like deformed neutron star due to the anisotropic total pressure; and an increase in the maximum mass of a magnetar is expected because of the positive contribution of the magnetic field energy to the EoS of the star. Since this is an original work in which some uncertainties could exist, modifications and improvements of our theory should be considered in our future studies. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extended canonical field theory of matter and space‐time
Authors: Struckmeier J. , Vasak D. , Stoecker H.
Published: November 2015

Any physical theory that follows from an action principle should be invariant in its form under mappings of the reference frame in order to comply with the general principle of relativity. The required form‐invariance of the action principle implies that the mapping must constitute a particular extended canonical transformation. In the realm of the covariant Hamiltonian formulation of field theory, the term “extended” implies that not only the fields but also the space‐time geometry is subject to transformation. A canonical transformation maintains the general form of the action principle by simultaneously defining the appropriate transformation rules for the fields, the conjugate momentum fields, and the transformation rule for the Hamiltonian. Provided that the given system of fields exhibits a particular global symmetry, the associated extended canonical transformation determines an amended Hamiltonian that is form‐invariant under the corresponding local symmetry. This will be worked out for a Hamiltonian system of scalar and vector fields that is presupposed to be form‐invariant under space‐time transformations x µ ∼→ X µ with δX µ/δxv = const., hence under global space‐time transformations such as the Poincar´e transformation. The corresponding amended system that is form‐invariant under local space‐time transformations δX µ/δxv ∼ const. then describes the coupling of the fields to the space‐time geometry and thus yields the dynamics of space‐time that is associated with the given physical system. Non‐zero spin matter determines thereby the space‐time curvature via a well‐defined source term in a covariant Poisson‐type equation for the Riemann tensor. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Under‐saturation of quarks at early stages of relativistic nuclear collisions: The hot glue initial scenario and its observable signatures
Authors: Stöcker H. , Beitel M. , Biró T. S. , Csernai L. P. , Gallmeister K. , Gorenstein M. I. , Greiner C. , Mishustin I. N. , Panero M. , Raha S. , Satarov L. M. , Schramm S. , Senzel F. , Sinha B. , Steinheimer J. , Struckmeier J. , Vovchenko V. , Xu Z. , Zhou K. , Zhuang P.
Published: November 2015

The early stage of high multiplicity nuclear collisions is represented by a nearly quarkless, hot, deconfined pure gluon plasma. These new scenario should be characterized by a suppression of high pT photons and dileptons as well as by reduced baryon to meson ratios. We present the numerical results for central Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC energies by using the ideal Bjorken hydrodynamics with time‐dependent quark fugacity. It is shown that about 25 % of final total entropy is generated during the hydrodynamic evolution of chemically undersaturated quark‐gluon plasma. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Urea‐induced binding between diclofenac sodium and bovine serum albumin: a spectroscopic insight
Authors: Dohare Neeraj , Khan Abbul Bashar , Athar Fareeda , Thakur Sonu Chand , Patel Rajan
Published: November 2015

We investigated the interaction of diclofenac sodium (Dic.Na) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the absence and presence of urea using different spectroscopic techniques. A fluorescence quenching study revealed that the Stern–Volmer quenching constant decreases in the presence of urea, decreasing further at higher urea concentrations. The binding constant and number of binding sites were also evaluated for the BSA–Dic.Na interaction system in the absence and presence of urea using a modified Stern–Volmer equation. The binding constant is greater at high urea concentrations, as shown by the fluorescence results. In addition, for the BSA–Dic.Na interaction system, a static quenching mechanism was observed, which was further confirmed using time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. UV–vis spectroscopy provided information about the formation of a complex between BSA and Dic.Na. Circular dichroism was carried out to explain the conformational changes in BSA induced by Dic.Na in the absence and presence of urea. The presence of urea reduced the α‐helical content of BSA as the Dic.Na concentration varied. The distance r between the donor (BSA) and acceptor (Dic.Na) was also obtained in the absence and presence of urea, using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Modified with Carbon Quantum Nanodots for the Stabilization of Palladium Nanoparticles: An Efficient Catalyst for the Suzuki Reaction in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions
Authors: Gholinejad Mohammad , Seyedhamzeh Mohammad , Razeghi Mehran , Najera Carmen , Kompany‐Zareh Mohsen
Published: November 2015

Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with carbon dots (C‐dots) that contain carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups were synthesized successfully and used for the reduction of PdII and the formation of Pd NPs. The new material was characterized by SEM, TEM, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, solid UV spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, XRD, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and was used as a very efficient catalyst in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of aryl bromides and chlorides with arylboronic acids in aqueous media. Design of experiments indicates that the use of 0.22 mol % of Pd, K2CO3 as the base, and aqueous ethanol are the best reaction conditions. The reactions of aryl bromides take place at room temperature, and aryl chlorides react at 80 °C. The easily synthesized and air‐stable catalyst Pd@C‐dots@Fe3O4 NPs could be separated from the reaction mixture by using an external magnet and reused in eight consecutive runs with no significant loss of catalytic activity.
Taming Tin(IV) Polyazides
Authors: Campbell Rory , Davis Martin F. , Fazakerley Mathew , Portius Peter
Published: November 2015

The first charge‐neutral Lewis base adducts of tin(IV) tetraazide, [Sn(N3)4(bpy)], [Sn(N3)4(phen)] and [Sn(N3)4(py)2], and the salt bis{bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium} hexa(azido)stannate [(PPN)2Sn(N3)6] (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine; phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline; py = pyridine; PPN = N(PPh3)2) have been prepared using covalent or ionic azide‐transfer reagents and ligand‐exchange reactions. The azides were isolated on the 0.3 to 1 g scale and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopies, microanalytical and thermal methods and their molecular structures determined by single‐crystal XRD. All complexes have a distorted octahedral Sn[N]6 coordination geometry and possess greater thermal stability than their Si and Ge homologues. The nitrogen content of the adducts of up to 44 % exceed any SnIV compound known hitherto.
Study of Parameters Influencing Fluid Flow and Wall Hot Spots in Rotary Kilns using CFD
Authors: Elattar Hassan F. , Specht Eckehard , Fouda Ali , Bin‐Mahfouz Abdullah S.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, 3‐D‐CFD simulation using an ANSYS‐Fluent package in a 4 m diameter kiln with 40 m length firing methane (CH4) gas is applied to avoid undesirable thermal behaviour (wall hot spots; peak wall temperatures) in industrial rotary kilns. New influencing parameters are introduced, including primary air ratio, burner configuration (two configurations with different fuel jet momentums), and burner power. The influence of these parameters on the peak kiln flame and on wall temperatures, flame radiation heat flux, radiative heat transfer coefficient, temperature contours, and pathlines are investigated and discussed. Preliminary comparison of jet flames with available experimental data is carried out to select and validate the proper turbulence model for the present simulations. Results reveal that the peak flame temperature, flame radiation heat flux, and radiative heat transfer coefficient increase with higher fuel jet momentum, lower primary air ratio, and higher burner power. On the other hand, the wall hot spots emerge when operating the kiln at higher burner power or by lowering the jet momentum (larger fuel inlet diameter). Stable flames and a higher recirculation size can be obtained by operating the kiln under a higher primary air ratio and higher jet momentum (narrower fuel inlet diameter). Based on these results, operators are shown a way to adjust controllable kiln parameters to reduce wall hot spots and to improve product quality, in addition to controlling the ringing problems.
Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 Synthesized Using Li2CO3 as Template
Authors: Zhang Jibin , Zhong Yanjun , Shi Xiaxing , Zheng Zhuo , Hua Weibo , Chen Yanxiao , Liu Wenyuan , Zhong Benhe
Published: November 2015

Porous structure Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 has been synthesized via a facile carbonate co‐precipitation method using Li2CO3 as template and lithium‐source. The physical and electrochemical properties of the materials were examined by many characterizations including TGA, XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, BET, CV, EIS and galvanostatic charge‐discharge cycling. The results indicate that the as‐synthesized materials by this novel method own a well‐ordered layered structure α‐NaFeO2 [space group: R‐3m(166)], porous morphology, and an average primary particle size of about 150 nm. The porous material exhibits larger specific surface area and delivers a high initial capacity of 169.9 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C (1 C=180 mA·g−1) between 2.7 and 4.3 V, and 126.4, 115.7 mAh·g−1 are still respectively reached at high rate of 10 C and 20 C. After 100 charge‐discharge cycles at 1 C, the capacity retention is 93.3%, indicating the excellent cycling stability.
Fabrication of Porous Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Materials as Anodes for High‐Performance Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Ou Junke , Yang Lin , Zhang Yongzhi , Chen Li , Guo Yong , Xiao Dan
Published: November 2015

The hierarchical porous nitrogen‐doped carbon materials (HNCs) were prepared by using nitrogen containing gelatin as the carbon source and nano‐silica obtained by a simple flame synthesis approach as the template. All of the as‐obtained HNCs show much higher Li storage capacity as compared with commercial graphite. Specifically, HNC‐700 with biggest micropore volume and highest nitrogen content exhibited optimal reversible capacities of 1084 mAh·g−−1 at the current density of 37.2 mA·g−1 (0.1 C) and 309 mAh·g−1 even at 3.72 A·g−1 (10 C). This result suggests that HNCs should be a promising candidate for anode materials in high‐rate lithium ion batteries (LIBs).
Design, Synthesis, Antifungal Activities and SARs of (R)‐2‐Aryl‐4,5‐dihydrothiazole‐4‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Liu Jingbo , Li Yuxin , Chen Youwei , Hua Xuewen , Wan Yingying , Wei Wei , Song Haibin , Yu Shujing , Zhang Xiao , Li Zhengming
Published: November 2015

Based on the structure of natural product 2‐aryl‐4,5‐dihydrothiazole‐4‐carboxylic acid, a series of novel (R)‐2‐aryl‐4,5‐dihydrothiazole‐4‐carboxylic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized. Their structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The single crystal structure of compound 9b was determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The antifungal activities were evaluated for the first time. The bioassay results indicated that most compounds exhibited moderate to good antifungal activities. The antifungal activities of compound 13a (against Cercospora arachidicola Hori), 13d (against Alternaria solani), and 16e (against Cercospora arachidicola Hori) were 61.9%, 67.3% and 61.9%, respectively, which are higher than those of the commercial fungicides chlorothalonil and carbendazim. Moreover, compound 13d exhibited excellent antifungal activities against 7 kinds of the fungi tested (66.7%, 77.3%, 63.0%, 87.9%, 70.0%, 70.0% and 80.0% at 50 µg?mL). Therefore, 13d can be used as a new lead structure for the development of antifungal agents.
Health Concerns Related to Consumption of Fish from Anzali Wetland
Authors: Salamat Negin , Khalifi Khadijeh , Movahedinia Abdolali
Published: November 2015

Two hundred and forty fishes including Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Silurus glanis, and Esox lucius (male and female) were collected from four sampling sites in Anzali wetland including Anzali, Khazarvila, Pirbazar, and Beshman through late April 2011. The potential health risk of Pb, Sn, and Zn to consumers was assessed by calculating the estimated daily intake, estimated weekly intake, hazard quotient, maximum allowable fish consumption rate, and monthly allowable consumption rate. In addition, the tissue structure of liver was studied in fish. Concentrations of Pb, Sn, Zn, Hg, Cu, and Ni were also measured in water and sediment. Based on the results, the accumulation and distribution patterns of metals in fish from different stations were as follows: Zn > Sn > Pb, H. molitrix < S. glanis ≤ E. lucius, and Khazarvila < Beshman ≤ Pirbazar ≤ Anzali, respectively. The distribution of metals in water and sediment showed the following pattern: Zn > Cu > Hg > Sn > Ni > Pb. Liver samples had a normal histological structure consisted of intersinusoidal hepatocyte cords and hepatic triad in all fish species collected from Pirbazar, Beshman, and Khazarvila stations. In contrast, tissue changes including melanomacrophage aggregations and hemorrhage were detected in S. glanis and E. lucius collected from Anzali station. In sum, the levels of permissible tolerable daily intake and permissible tolerable weekly intake for metals (Pb, Sn, and Zn) in all fish species were lower than the allowable limit defined by Joint FAO/WHO Committee; therefore, consumption of these fishes seems to be safe.
11C‐ and 18F‐Labeled Radioligands for P‐Glycoprotein Imaging by Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Cantore Mariangela , Benadiba Marcel , Elsinga Philip H. , Kwizera Chantal , Dierckx Rudi A. J. O. , Colabufo Nicola Antonio , Luurtsema Gert
Published: November 2015

P‐Glycoprotein (P‐gp) is an efflux transporter widely expressed at the human blood–brain barrier. It is involved in xenobiotics efflux and in onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. For these reasons, there is great interest in the assessment of P‐gp expression and function by noninvasive techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET). Three radiolabeled aryloxazole derivatives: 2‐[2‐(2‐methyl‐(11C)‐5‐methoxyphenyl)oxazol‐4‐ylmethyl]‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline ([11C]‐5); 2‐[2‐(2‐fluoromethyl‐(18F)‐5‐methoxyphenyl)oxazol‐4‐ylmethyl]‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetra‐hydroisoquinoline ([18F]‐6); and 2‐[2‐(2‐fluoroethyl‐(18F)‐5‐methoxyphenyl)oxazol‐4‐ylmethyl]‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline ([18F]‐7), were tested in several in vitro biological assays to assess the effect of the aryl substituent in terms of potency and mechanism of action toward P‐gp. Methyl derivative [11C]‐5 is a potent P‐gp substrate, whereas the corresponding fluoroethyl derivative [18F]‐7 is a P‐gp inhibitor. Fluoromethyl compound [18F]‐6 is classified as a non‐transported P‐gp substrate, because its efflux increases after cyclosporine A modulation. These studies revealed a promising substrate and inhibitor, [11C]‐5 and [18F]‐7, respectively, for in vivo imaging of P‐gp by using PET.