bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Purification of Anti-Thyroglobulin IgG from Human Serum
Authors: Salabè Giovanni , Corvo Luciano , Lotz Helga
Published: October 2004

The high prevalence of subjects in the general population and among patients with thyroid diseases who are positive for serum anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, together with the inconsistency of hybridoma techniques to obtain large amounts of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, prompted us to prepare anti-thyroglobulin antibodies from human serum. An anti-thyroglobulin antibody positive serum was absorbed with CNBr-activated sepharose 4B conjugated to thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies eluted by acid pH (3.0), basic pH (10.7) and detergent (SDS 3 g/l or 7 g/l). Preliminary experiments carried out with rabbit anti-human thyroglobulin allowed us to purify an Ig-fraction that retained its anti-thyroglobulin activity by immunoprecipitation and tanned red cell haemagglutination. When subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and Silver stain, this fraction has the mobility of rabbit Ig. Further experiments were carried out using Hashimoto's serum (tanned red cell haemagglutination 1:40620). pH 3.0 was found to give the best yield of stable antibodies. An IgG fraction was eluted at a concentration of 10±1.2 mg/l of serum. This fraction has the same electrophoretic mobility as human IgG and is close to pure human anti-thyroglobulin antibody. A dose-response curve was built up at a concentration range between 0.016 mg–2 mg of IgG anti-thyroglobulin antibody per litre. The slope of the curve parallels that of a dilution curve of the whole serum, suggesting that the purified antibodies are representative of the whole antibody population. In conclusion, we provide a method for preparing considerable amounts of highly purified anti-thyroglobulin antibodies from human serum for application in clinical medicine and basic research, and in particular which provides a standard for measuring anti-human thyroglobulin serum antibodies by weight rather than the presently used standard expressed in U/ml. Furt h e rmore, this reagent could act as an ideal immuno-vector for the diagnosis and therapy of differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Identification of Indoor Rot Fungi by Taxon-Specific Priming Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Moreth Ute , Schmidt Olaf
Published: October 2004

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the main fungal species
causing wood rot damages in European buildings was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
After sequencing the ITS, fungus-specific oligonucleotide primers were designed for taxon-specific
priming PCR. These DNA marker molecules were suitable for the differential diagnosis of the Dry rot
fungus, Serpula lacrymans, the Wild merulius, S. himantioides, the Oak polypore, Donkioporia expansa,
the Brown cellar fungus, Coniophora puteana, the Broad-spored white polypore, Antrodia vaillantii, the
Sap polypore, Tyromyces placenta, and the Yellow-red gill polypore, Gloeophyllum sepiarium. Each specific
marker identified isolates of its respective target species. Cross reaction with ‘foreign’ fungi was
the exception. Species detection from rot samples in buildings was possible, since DNA from contaminating
organisms does not response to the marker molecules. The diagnosis was rapid, since preceding
fungal pure cultures, special DNA extraction/purification and restriction by endonucleases are not
required.
Microdistribution of Some Copper and Zinc Containing Waterborne and Organic Solvent Wood Preservatives in Spruce Wood Cell Walls
Authors: Petrič Marko , Murphy Richard J. , Morris Ian
Published: October 2004

The microdistribution of copper and zinc in the cell walls of spruce wood treated with water borne copper
chloride, ammoniacal copper octanoate, ammoniacal zinc octanoate and with copper carboxylates dissolved
in an organic solvent was studied using transmission electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis.
The highest content of copper and zinc was measured in cell corners and middle lamellae, that
is in the constituents with the highest proportions of lignin. The same feature was observed also in the
case of copper carboxylates dissolved in white spirit. On the basis of these results it was presumed that,
within wood, lignin functional groups are preferential adsorption sites for transition metal ions irrespective
of the carrier solvent.
Compressive Creep of Wood under High Temperature Steam
Authors: Dwianto W. , Morooka T. , Norimoto M.
Published: October 2004

Creep compliance curves in the radial compression were measured under steam for sugi (Cryptomeria
japonica D. Don) at temperatures up to 200°C. The creep compliance curves for 30 min (I) and those
with pre-steaming for 30 min (II) were well connected at 30 min when the structural changes due to the
degradation of hemicelluloses or the decomposition of lignin as well as hemicelluloses occurred. However,
the creep curves (I) at 30 min differed markedly from creep curves (II) when the structural changes
due to the increase in regularity of crystalline lattice spacing of the microfibrils or the formation of cross-linkages
between the cell wall polymers occurred. It was concluded that two kinds of structural changes
could be detected well by creep measurement.
Effect of Lignocellulosic Materials on the Properties of Thermoplastic Polymer/Wood Composites
Authors: Takatani M. , Ito H. , Ohsugi S. , Kitayama T. , Saegusa M. , Kawai S. , Okamoto T.
Published: October 2004

The effect of lignocellulosic materials on the board performance of thermoplastic polymer/wood composites
was examined by using soft wood flours of 20 mesh- and 120 mesh-pass, steam-exploded beech flour, and
two kinds of thermoplastic polymers, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene. Steam-exploded wood flour was
found to be one of the best lignocellulosic materials in terms of fracture strength and water resistance of the
composite board. The properties of the composites are dependent not only on the lignocellulosic materials and
polymers, but also on the average size of wood flour. Generally, a flour of 120 mesh pass gave composites of
better performance than that of 20 mesh pass, but the tendency was reversed when steam-exploded beech flour
was used.
A New Air Dehydration Process for Wood Dryers. Part II. Elimination of Organic Compounds
Authors: Chrusciel L. , Mougel E. , Zoulalian A.
Published: October 2004

In this second part of the study, the ability of the dehydration unit to fix the organic compounds released
by wood is evaluated in the particular case of green fir drying at 70° C. The organic compounds are condensed
in a bubbling device and analysed with a flame ionisation detector. From these analysis are
deduced the mass fraction of organic compounds in the gas phase, the mass flow rate of these compounds
released by wood and the one absorbed by TEG. These last results permit to define an equivalent efficiency
of the absorber to capture organic compounds present in the drying air.
Not Now! Supporting Interruption Management by Indicating the Modality and Urgency of Pending Tasks
Authors: Ho Chih-Yuan , Nikolic Mark I. , Waters Molly J. , Sarter Nadine B.
Published: October 2004

Operators in complex event-driven domains must coordinate competing attentional demands in the form of multiple tasks and interactions. This study examined the extent to which this requirement can be supported more effectively through informative interruption cueing (in this case, partial information about the nature of pending tasks). The 48 participants performed a visually demanding air traffic control (ATC) task. They were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental groups that differed in the availability of information (not available, available upon request, available automatically) about the urgency and modality of pending interruption tasks. Within-subject variables included ATC-related workload and the modality, frequency, and priority of interruption tasks. The results show that advance knowledge about the nature of pending tasks led participants to delay visual interruption tasks the longest, which allowed them to avoid intramodal interference and scanning costs associated with performing these tasks concurrently with ATC tasks. The 3 experimental groups did not differ significantly in terms of their interruption task performance; however, the group that automatically received task-related information showed better ATC performance, thus experiencing a net performance gain. Actual or potential applications of this research include the design of interfaces in support of attention and interruption management in a wide range of event-driven environments.
Partitioning Visual Displays Aids Task-Directed Visual Search
Authors: Haimson Craig , Bothell Daniel , Douglass Scott A. , Anderson John R.
Published: October 2004

We reduced time to detect target symbols in mock radar screens by adding perceptual boundaries that partitioned displays in accordance with task instructions. Targets appeared among distractor symbols either close to or far from the display center, and participants were instructed to find the target closest to the center. Search time increased with both number of distractors and distance of target from center. However, when close and far regions were delineated by a centrally presented "range ring," the distractor effect was substantially reduced. In addition, eye movement patterns more closely resembled a task-efficient spiral when displays contained a range ring. Results suggest that the addition of perceptual boundaries to visual displays can help to guide search in accordance with task-directed constraints. Actual or potential applications of this research include the incorporation of perceptual boundaries into display designs in order to encourage task-efficient scanpaths (as identified via task analysis and/or empirical testing).
Polysialylated Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Promotes Remodeling and Formation of Hippocampal Synapses
Authors: Dityatev Alexander , Dityateva Galina , Sytnyk Vladimir , Delling Markus , Toni Nicolas , Nikonenko Irina , Muller Dominique , Schachner Melitta
Published: October 2004

Expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) has been shown to promote long-term potentiation (LTP) and stabilization of synapses during early synaptogenesis. Here, we searched for the mechanisms of synaptogenic activity of NCAM, focusing on the role of polysialic acid (PSA), an unusual carbohydrate preferentially associated with NCAM. We show that enzymatic removal of PSA with endoneuraminidase-N (endo-N) abolished preferential formation of synapses on NCAM-expressing cells in heterogenotypic cocultures of wild-type and NCAM-deficient hippocampal neurons. Transfection of NCAM-deficient neurons with either of three major NCAM isoforms (different in intracellular domains but identical in extracellular domains and carrying PSA) stimulated preferential synapse formation on NCAM isoform-expressing neurons. Enzymatic removal of heparan sulfates from cultured neurons and a mutation in the heparin-binding domain of NCAM diminished synaptogenic activity of neuronally expressed PSA-NCAM, suggesting that interaction of NCAM with heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediates this activity. PSA-NCAM-driven synaptogenesis was also blocked by antagonists to fibroblast growth factor receptor and NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors but not by blockers of non-NMDA glutamate receptors and voltage-dependent Na+channels. Enzymatic removal of PSA and heparan sulfates also blocked the increase in the number of perforated spine synapses associated with NMDA receptor-dependent LTP in the CA1 region of organotypic hippocampal cultures. Thus, neuronal PSA-NCAM in complex with heparan sulfate proteoglycans promotes synaptogenesis and activity-dependent remodeling of synapses.
Spontaneous Withdrawal from the Triazolobenzodiazepine Alprazolam Increases Cortical Corticotropin-Releasing Factor mRNA Expression
Authors: Skelton Kelly H. , Nemeroff Charles B. , Owens Michael J.
Published: October 2004

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the major physiologic regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and plays a key role in coordinating the mammalian stress response. Substantial data implicates hyperactivity of CRF neuronal systems in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorders. Enhanced CRF expression, release, and function have also been demonstrated during acute withdrawal from several drugs of abuse.

Previous studies revealed that chronic administration of the anxiolytic alprazolam reduced indices of CRF and CRF1receptor function. Conversely, measures of urocortin I and CRF2receptor function were increased. To further scrutinize these findings, we sought to determine whether CRF neuronal systems are activated during spontaneous withdrawal from the triazolobenzodiazepine alprazolam in dependent rats and to characterize the time course, extent, and regional specificity of the patterns of activation. After 14 d of alprazolam administration (90 mg · kg-1· d-1), spontaneous withdrawal produced activation of the HPA axis, as well as suppression of food intake and weight loss that peaked 24-48 hr after withdrawal. Remarkably, CRF mRNA expression in the cerebral cortex was markedly (>300%) increased over the same time period. Other indices of CRF-CRF1and urocortin I-CRF2Afunction, altered by chronic alprazolam treatment as previously described, returned to pretreatment levels over 96 hr. The physiologic significance of this dramatic induction of cortical CRF mRNA expression, as well as whether this occurs during withdrawal from other drugs of abuse is yet to be determined. The marked increase in CRFergic neurotransmission is hypothesized to play a major role in benzodiazepine withdrawal.
Ultraviolet Wavelength Dependence of Photomorphological and Photosynthetic Responses in Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Gerhardt Karen E. , Wilson Michael I. , Greenberg Bruce M.
Published: October 2004

Among the photomorphological responses in plants induced by ultraviolet‐B radiation (UVB; 290 nm–320 nm) are leaf asymmetry, leaf thickening and cotyledon curling. We constructed an action spectrum of cotyledon curling in light‐grown Brassica napus to characterize the UVB photoreceptor that initiates this response. Cotyledon curling was also characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. Peak efficiency for this response occurred between 285 and 290 nm. Additionally, UVB‐induced changes in epidermal cells from A. thaliana cotyledons were assessed because they are the likely site of UVB photoreception that leads to curling. Investigation of cellular structure, chlorophyll a fluorescence and chlorophyll concentration indicated that cotyledon curling is not concomitant with gross cellular damage or inhibition of photosynthesis, which only occurred in response to wavelengths <280 nm. Many UVB effects are apparently an indirect consequence of UVB radiation, dependent on UVB‐mediated increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) that either act as a signal in the UVB transduction pathway or cause oxidative damage. The cotyledon curling response was impeded by ascorbate and cystine, ROS scavengers and was promoted by H2O2, a ROS. We suggest that following absorption by a UVB chromophore, ROS are generated via photosensitization, ultimately leading to cotyledon curling.
Microencapsulation
Authors: Thies Curt
Published: October 2004

This article discusses the concept of microencapsulation, many of the processes by which microcapsules are produced, and a number of microcapsule applications. Nomenclature and selected materials used to form microcapsules are summarized briefly. Encapsulation processes discussed include complex coacervation, polymer–polymer incompatibility, interfacial andin situpolymerization, solvent evaporation, extractive drying, submerged stationary nozzle and centrifugal nozzle, spray drying, fluidized bed, and rotational suspension separation. Microcapsule applications discussed include graphic arts such as carbonless copy paper, prolonged herbicides and insecticides, oral and injectable pharmaceuticals, live cell immobilization for biomedical and biotechnological applications, enhanced performance of food ingredients such as flavors and vitamins, and several general consumer uses such as cosmetics and adhesives.
Nondestructive Testing
Authors: Brunner Andreas J. , Hack Erwin , Neuenschwander Jürg
Published: October 2004

Because of their unique properties, polymers and polymer–matrix composites pose both challenges and opportunities for nondestructive testing. The increasing use of these materials creates a demand for nondestructive verification of properties, structural integrity determination, or service‐life prediction. On the other hand, development of new nondestructive test methods, improved sensitivity, or faster data acquisition and analysis may allow for nondestructive testing applications that hitherto did not seem feasible or economical. This article provides a brief overview of established methods and emerging applications in nondestructive testing of polymers and polymer–matrix composites.
Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Andrews James H. , Guzan Kimberly A.
Published: October 2004

In the presence of a sufficiently intense light, the optical properties of a polymer may become measurably nonlinear, leading to field‐dependent changes in the frequency response, the refractive index, and/or the absorption coefficient of the polymer. This article introduces nonlinear optical phenomena and the structural properties that enhance a material's nonlinear optical response. Second‐and third‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena are discussed, with a primary emphasis on harmonic generation, intensity‐dependent refractive index, and nonlinear, multiphoton, absorption. Macroscopic nonlinear phenomena are related to the molecular properties of the materials. Sum‐over‐states models are used to understand the fundamental molecular parameters affecting the nonlinear response, particularly π‐electron conjugation, bond length alternation, and donor–acceptor substitution. Measurement techniques used to characterize a material's nonlinear response are surveyed.
Radiation Chemistry of Polymers
Authors: Hill David J. T. , Whittaker Andrew K.
Published: October 2004

Polymeric materials are exposed to high energy radiation either deliberately to alter their properties or inadvertently during their use in high dose environments. As a consequence, an understanding of how radiation modifies the polymer structure, and hence properties, is essential for many applications. In addition, the understanding of the degradation of polymers with light or heat can benefit from knowledge of the reaction pathways of radical and charged species formed on irradiation with high energy photons. This article aims to provide a broad overview of the fundamental processes occurring during radiolysis of polymers. This is achieved through a discussion of the interaction of high energy photons with matter, and the subsequent reactions of mainly radical intermediates. Polymers either cross‐link or degrade on exposure to radiation, and the final properties of the polymers depend critically on the balance of these two main reaction pathways. A number of examples are taken from the literature to illustrate how the tendency to undergo cross‐linking or main‐chain scission depends on the polymer structure. The overall yield of reactions can be greatly reduced by the introduction of aromatic groups into the polymer structure. On the other hand, yields can be increased by the inclusion of radiation‐sensitive groups such as sulfones. Similarly, the rates of reactions and the balance between cross‐linking and scission can depend sensitively on the radiolysis temperature. While this review focuses on a discussion of the reactions occurring on radiolysis in vacuo, the effect of the presence of dissolved oxygen on the reaction pathways is also discussed.
Autoantibodies against heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein B1 in CSF of MS patients
Authors: Sueoka Eisaburo , Yukitake Motohiro , Iwanaga Kentaro , Sueoka Naoko , Aihara Tomoko , Kuroda Yasuo
Published: October 2004

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) play an important role as the autoantigens in certain autoimmune disorders including neurological diseases such as HTLV‐1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. To clarify their implication in multiple sclerosis (MS), we assayed antibodies (Abs) against hnRNP A and B proteins in sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients and compared the results with 25 patients with other neurological diseases (ONDs). Using recombinant hnRNP A1, A2, and B1 proteins and Western blotting for the assay, we found Abs against hnRNP B1 in CSF from 32 of 35 MS patients (91.4%) but not in any sera or CSF of the 25 OND patients. Most notably, no Abs against hnRNP B1 were found in sera of all 22 MS patients examined. Although Abs against hnRNP A1 and A2 were concomitantly found in CSF reacting with B1, their incidence and immunoreactivity were lower or weaker than those of anti–hnRNP B1 Abs. There was no correlation between the reactivity of CSF with hnRNP B1 and CSF parameters—such as the number of the cells and the IgG level—or clinical parameters—such as duration of illness and disease activity. The selective generation of Abs against hnRNP B1 in CSF was shown to be highly specific for MS, which makes them a disease marker. Ann Neurol 2004
C‐peptide prevents nociceptive sensory neuropathy in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Kamiya Hideki , Zhang Weixian , Sima Anders A. F.
Published: October 2004

We examined the effects of C‐peptide replacement on unmyelinated fiber function in the hind paw, sural nerve C‐fiber morphometry, sciatic nerve neurotrophins, and the expression of neurotrophic receptors and content of neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglia in type 1 diabetic BB/Wor‐rats. C‐peptide replacement from onset of diabetes had no effect on hyperglycemia, but it significantly prevented progressive thermal hyperalgesia and prevented C‐fiber atrophy, degeneration, and loss. These findings were associated with preventive effects on impaired availability of nerve growth factor and neurotrophin 3 in the sciatic nerve and significant prevention of perturbed expression of insulin, insulin growth factor–1, nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin 3 receptors in dorsal root ganglion cells. These beneficial effects translated into prevention of the decreased content of dorsal root ganglia nociceptive peptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene–related peptide. From these findings we conclude that replacement of insulinomimetic C‐peptide prevents abnormalities of neurotrophins, their receptors, and nociceptive neuropeptides in type 1 BB/Wor‐rats, resulting in the prevention of C‐fiber pathology and nociceptive sensory nerve dysfunction. The data indicate that perturbed insulin/C‐peptide action plays an important pathogenetic role in nociceptive sensory neuropathy and that C‐peptide replacement may be of benefit in treating painful diabetic neuropathy in insulin‐deficient diabetic conditions. Ann Neurol 2004
Nickelocene catalysts for polymerization of alkynes: mechanistic aspects
Authors: Pasynkiewicz Stanisław , Olȩdzka Ewa , Pietrzykowski Antoni
Published: October 2004

Novel nickelocene‐based catalysts were used for polymerization of diphenylacetylene and phenylacetylene. The catalyst obtained in the reaction of nickelocene with organolithium compounds in the presence of alkyne was previously isolated and fully characterized. This enabled us to explain the mechanism of the polymerization. Polymerization of alkynes proceeds according to a coordination–insertion mechanism. Coordinated acetylene molecule inserts into an NiC bond. An active catalytic species of polymerization appeared to be {CpNiR} stabilized by alkyne molecule. Cyclization is catalyzed by {CpNiH} species. The mechanism of polymerization and cyclization reaction was determined based on the composition of the reaction products formed, gel‐permeation chromatography and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry measurements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium(II) complexes with P,N‐ and C,N‐ligands as catalysts for the Heck reaction
Authors: Schultz Thomas , Schmees Norbert , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: October 2004

A series of palladium(II) complexes with different Schiff base ligands were synthesized. Phosphine‐free Schiff bases derived from benzaldehyde formed cyclometallated complexes, which are air‐ and moisture‐stable and have dimeric, acetate‐bridged structures. Monomeric, air‐ and moisture‐stable complexes were obtained with phosphine‐containing Schiff bases. The chelating iminophosphine ligands coordinate to palladium via the phosphorus and the nitrogen atom. These complexes were applied as catalysts for the Heck reaction with bromobenzene and styrene. Excellent yields of trans‐stilbene were obtained with catalyst loadings of 0.01 mol%. The influence of water on the performance of the catalysts was investigated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear parameters of normal and abnormal cava septi pellucidi: A post‐mortem study
Authors: Filipović Branislav , Teofilovski‐Parapid Gordana
Published: October 2004

Anatomical variations in the dimensions of different brain structures have been correlated with clinical syndromes. This study on the parameters of normal and abnormal cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) can be of clinical significance. We obtained 479 brains from autopsied persons (310 males and 169 females, 377 normal or asymptomatic and 102 abnormal or symptomatic persons, aged 22–89 years) and observed that 110 brains (75 males and 35 females) had CSP. These cava were classified into two groups depending on the past medical histories of the autopsied person: 40 asymptomatic and 70 symptomatic cava. We have defined symptomatic cava as those in autopsied persons who had known past medical history of psychiatric or neurological disease. Asymptomatic cava were in autopsied persons who had no known past medical history of psychiatric or neurological disease. The CSP parameters (length, width, depth) of the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were measured and were statistically analyzed. Analysis showed that the cava in the symptomatic group were significantly longer and wider. Discriminant function analysis was used to derive a mathematical formula to classify CSP into an asymptomatic or symptomatic group based on length and width measurements of the cavum. Clin. Anat. 17:626–630, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contributions of the hypoglossal nerve to the innervations of the recti capiti lateralis and anterior
Authors: Shimokawa Takashi , Yi Shuang‐Qin , Tanaka Ai , Izumi Atsushi , Ru Fei , Akita Keiichi , Tanaka Shigenori
Published: October 2004

We dissected five Japanese cadavers (three males, two females) to investigate the innervations of the anterior vertebral muscles. According to our observations, it could be considered that the hypoglossal nerve would participates in the innervations of the recti capiti lateralis and anterior. In addition, we observed the small muscle bundle spanning between the recti capiti lateralis and anterior, which was not reported in previous studies as far as we know. This bundle received a branch of the hypoglossal nerve or the first cervical nerve. Based on the morphology and the innervation pattern, this bundle was considered to have close relationships with the recti capiti lateralis and anterior, especially with the former muscle. Clin. Anat. 17:613–617, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stratification of the flexor retinaculum and the course and distribution of the ulnar, median, and palmar digital nerves: An anatomical study
Authors: Kawashima Tomokazu , Sato Kenji , Sasaki Hiroshi
Published: October 2004

A gross anatomic study of 169 hands from 94 human adult cadavers was carried out to define the morphology of the flexor retinaculum and the relationship of the flexor retinaculum to the course of the median and ulnar nerves and branching of the palmar digital nerves. The following results were obtained. Three parts of the flexor retinaculum were arranged like overlapping tiles on a roof, and in all cases, the median nerve passed deep to the flexor retinaculum, whereas the ulnar nerve passed through various parts of the flexor retinaculum in 19% of cases irrespective of its proximal form and branching of the palmar digital nerves. Clin. Anat. 17:643–650, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Strategy for the Synthesis of 3′,5′‐Bifunctionalized Oligonucleotide Conjugates through Sequential Formation of Chemoselective Oxime Bonds
Authors: Edupuganti Om Prakash , Singh Yashveer , Defrancq Eric , Dumy Pascal
Published: October 2004

A convenient strategy for the synthesis of bifunctionalized oligonucleotide conjugates bearing two different reporters at the 3′ and 5′ ends of the oligonucleotide is presented. The method involves the preparation of oligonucleotides bearing an aldehyde and/or aminooxy functionality at each end, followed by reaction to form oxime bonds with appropriately functionalized reporters. The conjugation reactions are carried out under mild aqueous conditions with good reaction yield.
Cover Picture: Towards Organo‐Click Chemistry: Development of Organocatalytic Multicomponent Reactions Through Combinations of Aldol, Wittig, Knoevenagel, Michael, Diels–Alder and Huisgen Cycloaddition Reactions (Chem. Eur. J. 21/2004)
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Barbas Carlos F.
Published: October 2004

The cover picture shows a perspective of organo‐click chemistry depicting the bringing together of simple reagents, and amino acid and copper/copper sulfate catalysts to produce spirotriones, which are antioxidant compounds. Unlike conventional methods, organo‐click chemistry produces stereospecific products with very good yields in a single operation. Multicomponent reactions catalyzed by amino acids and copper sulfate together with simple reagents depicted here support the potential of a rich variety of chemistries available to the prebiotic world and beyond. For more information see the article by D. B. Ramachary and C. F. Barbas III on p. 5323 ff. The picture was designed by Michael Pique at the Scripps Research Institute.
Gallium Cluster Gan (n = 1—6): Structures, Thermochemistry, and Electron Affinities
Authors: Zhao Yi , Xu Wenguo , Li Qianshu , Xie Yaoming , Schaefer Henry F. III
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
X‐Ray Powder Diffraction Study of the Semiconducting Alloy Cu2Cd0.5Mn0.5GeSe4.
Authors: Delgado G. E. , Quintero E. , Tovar R. , Quintero M.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thermal Transformations and Infrared Studies of Mn2P2O7×2H2O.
Authors: Brouzi K. , Ennaciri A. , Harcharras M.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The New Polar Intermetallic Compound NaBaBi.
Authors: Hirt Holger , Deiseroth Hans‐Joerg
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Double‐Chain Structure of (pipzH2) [MnF2(HPO4)(H2O)] (H2PO4).
Authors: Stief Ronald , Massa Werner
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Improved Procedure for Asymmetric Aldol Additions with N‐Acyl Oxazolidinones, Oxazolidinethiones and Thiazolidinethiones.
Authors: Crimmins Michael T. , She Jin
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Quaternary Stereocenters via a Catalytic Asymmetric Stetter Reaction.
Authors: Kerr Mark S. , Rovis Tomislav
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Lewis Acid System Palladium/TMSCl for Catalytic Aldol Condensation of Aldehydes with Ketones.
Authors: Zhu Yulin , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Substrate‐Mimicking Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors — Reducing the Lipophilicity of the Arachidonyl Chain Isostere.
Authors: Walters Iain Walters Iain , et al. et al.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Precipiton Reagents: Precipiton Phosphines for Solution‐Phase Reductions.
Authors: Bosanac Todd , Wilcox Craig S.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
SbF5/PAF — A Novel Fluorinating Reagent in Preparing Fluorine Compounds.
Authors: Quan Heng‐dao , Yang Hui‐e , Tamura Masanori , Sekiya Akira
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Halex Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Catalyzed by 2‐Azaallenium, Carbophosphazenium, Aminophosphonium and Diphosphazenium Salts: A Comparative Study.
Authors: Pleschke A. , Marhold A. , Schneider M. , Kolomeitsev A. , Roeschenthaler G.‐V.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted Copper Promoted N‐Arylation of Amines with Aryl Boronic Acids/Salts on a KF‐Alumina Surface.
Authors: Das Pralay , Basu Basudeb
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cross‐Coupling of Alkyl Halides with Aryl Grignard Reagents Catalyzed by a Low‐Valent Iron Complex.
Authors: Martin Ruben , Fuerstner Alois
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Arylboronic Acid Catalyzed Direct Condensation of Carboxylic Acids with Ureas.
Authors: Maki Toshikatsu , Ishihara Kazuaki , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improved Synthesis of Perfluorooctylpropyl Amine.
Authors: Abulikemu Abudurexiti , Halasz Gabor , Csampai Antal , Goemoery Agnes , Rabai Jozsef
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Fluoromethylated Materials Derived from 2‐Trifluoromethyl Acrylic Acid Phenethyl Ester in an Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Salaheldin Abdellatif M. , Yi Zhao , Kitazume Tomoya
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Synthesis of Aryloxyacetic Acid and Arylthioacetic Acid Esters.
Authors: Li Ji‐Tai , Li Hong‐Ya , Li Hui‐Zhang
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Synthesis of Salts and Esters of Perfluorinated Dithio‐ and Thiocarboxylic Acids from Carbon Disulfide and Carbonyl Sulfide Reacting with RFSiMe3/F‐.
Authors: Babadzhanova Lesya A. , Kirij Nataliya V. , Yagupolskii Yurii L.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Functionalized Cyclobutanols by Samarium(II) Iodide Induced Radical Cyclizations of Carbohydrate‐Derived Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Williams D. Bradley G. , Blann Kevin
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ugi Multicomponent Reaction with Hydroxylamines: An Efficient Route to Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Basso Andrea , Banfi Luca , Guanti Giuseppe , Riva Renata , Riu Antonella
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective Deoxygenation of Sulfoxides to Sulfides with Phosphites Catalyzed by Dichlorodioxomolybdenum(VI).
Authors: Sanz Roberto , Escribano Jaime , Aguado Rafael , Pedrosa Maria R. , Arnaiz Francisco J.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
S‐Trifluoromethyl Esters of Thiocarboxylic Acids, RC(O)SCF3.
Authors: Kremlev Mikhail M. , Tyrra Wieland , Naumann Dieter , Yagupolskii Yurii L.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylalkynylation of Benzynes: A Highly Efficient Route to Substituted 1‐Allyl‐2‐alkynylbenzenes.
Authors: Jeganmohan Masilamani , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aminoimidazoliumcarboxamide with Dimethylformamide‐dimethylacetal: A Novel ANRORC Towards Rearranged Imidazole Anchored with One‐Carbon Fragment.
Authors: Chattopadhyay Gautam , Saha Tapas Kumar
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rhodanine‐3‐acetic Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of Fungal Protein Mannosyl Transferase 1 (PMT1).
Authors: Orchard Michael G. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Practical Synthesis of N‐Substituted 1,2‐Benzisothiazolin‐3‐ones from N,N′‐Disubstituted 2,2′‐Dithiodibenzamides.
Authors: Sano Tomohumi , Takagi Toshiyuki , Gama Yasuo , Shibuya Isao , Shimizu Masao
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hg2+‐Selective Fluorogenic Chemosensor Derived from 8‐Aminoquinoline.
Authors: Kim Young‐Hee , Youk Jin Soo , Moon So Youn , Choe Jong‐In , Chang Suk‐Kyu
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Intramolecular Catalytic Friedel—Crafts Reactions with Allenyl Cations for the Synthesis of Quinolines and Their Analogues.
Authors: Ishikawa Teruhiko , Manabe Shinobu , Aikawa Toshiaki , Kudo Takayuki , Saito Seiki
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction of Methylcyclohexanones with Substituted Benzaldehydes and 2‐Naphthylamine.
Authors: Kozlov N. G. , Basalaeva L. I. , Firgang S. I. , Shashkov A. S.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclocondensation of Cyanoketene Dithioacetal with 2‐Aminopyridine: Synthesis of Pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidines.
Authors: Singh Okram Mukherjee , Ahmed Mohd Farooque
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 4(3H)‐Quinazolinones.
Authors: Bhat Bashir A. , Sahu Devi P.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lewis Acid Promoted Hetero Diels—Alder Cycloaddition of α‐Acetoxynitroso Dienophiles.
Authors: Calvet Geraldine , Dussaussois Marion , Blanchard Nicolas , Kouklovsky Cyrille
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Naphtho[2,1‐b]furo[3,2‐e]‐1,4‐diazepin‐2‐ones and Naphtho[2,1‐b]furo[3,2‐e]‐1,3,4‐triazepin‐2‐ones of Pharmacological Interest.
Authors: Vaidya V. P. , Vagdevi H. M. , Mahadevan K. M. , Shreedhara C. S.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structural Characteristics of Geminally Disubstituted β‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Fuller Amelia A. , Chen Bin , Minter Aaron R. , Mapp Anna K.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phenylethanoid and Iridoid Glycosides from the Thai Medicinal Plant, Barleria strigosa.
Authors: Kanchanapoom Tripetch , Noiarsa Pawadee , Ruchirawat Somsak , Kasai Ryoji , Otsuka Hideaki
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pictet—Spengler‐Type Reactions in 3‐Arylmethylpiperazine‐2,5‐diones. Synthesis of Pyrazinotetrahydroisoquinolines.
Authors: Gonzalez Juan Francisco , de la Cuesta Elena , Avendano Carmen
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Applications of the Parahydrogen Phenomenon in Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Blazina Damir , Duckett Simon B. , Dunne John P. , Godard Cyril
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stanna‐closo‐dodecaborate. A New Ligand in Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Wesemann Lars
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High Nuclearity Clusters: Clusters and Aggregates with Paramagnetic Centers: Oxygen and Nitrogen Bridged Systems
Authors: Winpenny R. E. P.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Group 1s and 2s Metals
Authors: Hanusa T. P.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metal‐Assisted Functionalization of Diphosphines
Authors: Vila Jose M. , Lopez‐Torres Margarita , Rodriguez Casimiro , Fernandez Alberto A. , Mosteiro Roberto , Fernandez Jesus J.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Azaphospholes Through [4 + 1] Cyclocondensation
Authors: Sharma Sanjay
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Exotic Molecules as Precursors to Unusual Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Chui Jonathan K. W. , Ramnial Taramatee , Clyburne Jason A. C.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Promoted Organic Synthesis Using Ionic Liquids
Authors: Leadbeater Nicholas E. , Torenius Hanna M. , Tye Heather
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Potassium Channels and the Atomic Basis of Selective Ion Condution (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: MacKinnon Roderick
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Role of Structural Factors in the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Phthalocyanines and Related Compounds
Authors: de la Torre Gema , Vazquez Purificacion , Agullo‐Lopez F. , Torres Tomas
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Residual Dipolar Couplings in Structure Determination of Biomolecules
Authors: Prestegard J. H. , Bougault C. M. , Kishore A. I.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Automated Analysis of Protein NMR Assignments and Structures
Authors: Baran Michael C. , Huang Yuanpeng J. , Moseley Hunter N. B. , Montelione Gaetano T.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Toward an Integrated Model of Protein‐DNA Recognition as Inferred from NMR Studies on the Lac Repressor System
Authors: Kalodimos Charalampos G. , Boelens Rolf , Kaptein Robert
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unfolded Proteins and Protein Folding Studied by NMR
Authors: Dyson H. Jane , Wright Peter E.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Theory and Applications of NMR‐Based Screening in Pharmaceutical Research
Authors: Lepre Christopher A. , Moore Jonathan M. , Peng Jeffrey W.
Published: October 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multiple primary soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Grobmyer Stephen R. , Luther Neal , Antonescu Cristina R. , Singer Samuel , Brennan Murray F.
Published: October 2004

BACKGROUND

The synchronous or metachronous development of multiple primary soft tissue sarcomas (STS) of different histopathology has been reported only in isolated case reports.

METHODS

The records of patients who developed multiple primary STS and who were treated at a tertiary cancer center between 1982 and 2003 were reviewed.

RESULTS

Nine patients with multiple primary STS were identified, representing 0.2% of all patients who were treated for STS. The median age of patients at the time of initial presentation with sarcoma was 60 years (range, 51–81 years). Most patients in this series (n = 7) had metachronous development of a second primary STS. The incidence of second primary sarcomas in patients who were diagnosed previously with STS (4.0 per 10,000 population per year) was significantly greater than the incidence of primary STS in the general population (3.2 per 100,000 population per year; P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Although it is an uncommon occurrence, patients who have a history of STS are at an increased risk for the development of a second primary STS. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society
A stage‐specific functional role of the leucine zipper transcription factor c‐Maf in lung Th2 cell differentiation
Authors: Hausding Michael , Ho I‐Cheng , Lehr Hans A. , Weigmann B. , Lux Christine , Schipp Mechtild , Galle Peter R. , Finotto Susetta
Published: October 2004

The transcription factor c‐Maf controls IL‐4 gene expression in CD4+ T cells, and its expression is up‐regulated in human asthmatic airways after allergen challenge. In the present study, we addressed the role of c‐Maf in asthma by studying transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing c‐Maf in CD4+ T cells under the control of the CD2 promoter. As shown, lung CD4+ T cells of c‐maf‐Tg mice produced more IL‐5 at the early stage (day 2) of culture in the presence of IL‐4 than wild‐type control cells. Consistently, c‐maf‐Tg mice spontaneously showed increased IL‐5 expression and eosinophils in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and activated IL‐5 signal transduction via Raf‐1 and Ras in lung eosinophils. Finally, IL‐13 was suppressed in the BALF of c‐maf‐Tg mice and in supernatants of Tg lung CD4+ T cells cultured in the presence of IL‐2. Consistently, retroviral overexpression of c‐Maf suppressed IL‐13 production in developing lung Th2 cells. In summary, c‐Maf induces IL‐5 production in lung CD4+ T cells at an early stage, but along with IL‐2 suppresses IL‐13 production in differentiating lung Th2 cells, thereby explaining the finding that overexpression of c‐Maf does not cause airway hyperresponsiveness, a hallmark feature of asthma.
MHC class I‐associated presentation of exogenous peptides is not only enhanced but also prolonged by linking with a C‐terminal Lys‐Asp‐Glu‐Leu endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal
Authors: Wang Li , Wu Yu‐zhang , Chen An , Zhang Jing‐bo , Yang Zhao , Niu Wei , Geng Miao , Ni Bing , Zhou Wei , Zou Li‐yun , Jiang Man
Published: October 2004

Vaccination with antigenic peptide‐pulsed antigen‐presenting cells (APC) represents an attractive approach for therapy for cancer and diseases caused by intracellular infections. It has been suggested that sufficient stable MHC/peptide complexes on the surface of APC might play an important role in the generation of antitumor and antiviral immunity in vivo. In this study, we observed that exogenous peptides that were artificially fused with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retrieval signal, a C‐terminal Lys‐Asp‐Glu‐Leu sequence, could be efficiently presented by intracellular MHC class I molecules in a TAP‐ and proteasome‐independent, but brefeldin A‐sensitive manner. The APC retained the capacity to display surface MHC/peptide complexes for a prolonged period. In addition, our results show that vaccination with DC bearing our fusion peptides induced greatly enhanced specific CTL response, and resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth. Thus, the ER retrieval signal modification can be regarded as a novel method for targeting exogenous peptides into the intracellular MHC class I presentation pathway, and may improve the clinical utility of vaccines based on synthetic peptide pulsed DC.
Impaired B‐1 and B‐2 B cell development and atypical splenic B cell structures in IL‐7 receptor‐deficient mice
Authors: Erlandsson Lena , Licence Steve , Gaspal Fabrina , Bell Sarah , Lane Peter , Corcoran Anne E. , Mårtensson Inga‐Lill
Published: October 2004

The cytokine IL‐7 and its receptor are essential for normal B and T lymphopoiesis. We have analyzed the role of this receptor in B cell development throughout ontogeny in IL‐7 receptor α‐deficient mice. We demonstrate that the IL‐7 receptor becomes progressively more important with age. B lymphopoiesis takes place, albeit at reduced levels, in fetal liver and bone marrow of young mice, but is arrested in adults. The outcome is a severe reduction, from an early age, in peripheral B cells including follicular, marginal zone and B‐1 B cells as well as perturbed splenic B cell structures, which are restored after adoptive transfer of normal spleen cells. We conclude that in the absence of the IL‐7 receptor, the residual B lymphopoiesis occurring early in ontogeny must be facilitated by another component, whereas the IL‐7 receptor is the key factor in adults. The impairment of marginal zone and B‐1 B cells in IL‐7 receptor‐ but not IL‐7‐deficient mice suggests non‐redundant functions for the IL‐7 receptor ligands, IL‐7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin.