bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An interactive gene network for securin‐separase, condensin, cohesin, Dis1/Mtc1 and histones constructed by mass transformation
Authors: Yuasa Tatsuro , Hayashi Takeshi , Ikai Nobuyasu , Katayama Toshiaki , Aoki Keita , Obara Takayuki , Toyoda Yusuke , Maruyama Takeshi , Kitagawa Daisuke , Takahashi Kohta , Nagao Koji , Nakaseko Yukinobu , Yanagida Mitsuhiro
Published: October 2004

The small genome of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe contains 4824 predicted genes and gene disruption suggests that ∼850 are essential for viability. To obtain information on interactions among genes required for chromosome segregation, an approach called Strategy B was taken using mass transformation of the 1015 temperature‐sensitive (ts) mutants that were made by random mutagenesis and transformed by plasmids carrying the genes for securin, separase, condensin, cohesin, kinetochore microtubule‐binding proteins Dis1/Mtc1 or histones. Mutant strains whose phenotypes were either suppressed or inhibited by plasmids were selected. Each plasmid interacted positively or negatively with the average 14 strains. Identification of the mutant gene products by cloning revealed many hitherto unknown interactions. The interactive networks of segregation therefore may consist of genes with a variety of functions. For example, separase/Cut1 interacts with Cdc48/p97/VCP, which stabilizes securin and separase. Surprisingly, S. pombe cdc48 mutants displayed the mitotic phenotype highly similar to separase/cut1 mutants. This approach also provides a novel way of mutant isolation, resulting in two histone H2B strains and a cohesion mutant with a new phenotype.
Evaluation of the AQUARAPID‐Va, AQUAEIA‐Va and dot‐blot assays for the detection of Vibrio anguillarum in fish tissues
Authors: Gonzalez S F , Osorio C R , Santos Y
Published: October 2004

The comparative accuracy of the serological assays AQUARAPID‐Va, AQUAEIA‐Va (BIONOR AS), and dot‐blot for a rapid diagnosis of vibriosis in fish was evaluated. Twenty‐one Vibrio anguillarum strains, representative of pathogenic and environmental serotypes, and 13 strains of other fish pathogenic bacteria were used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the detection methods. The serological assays tested detected all the strains of V. anguillarum serotypes O1 and O2. The dot‐blot assay was the most specific and sensitive method, detecting almost all isolates from serotypes O1, O2 and O3, with an average sensitivity of 1 × 106 bacteria g−1 of fish tissue. The AQUARAPID‐Va and the AQUAEIA‐Va systems were able to detect 5 × 106 and 5 × 107 bacteria g−1 of fish tissue, respectively. The simplicity, effectiveness and speed of the AQUARAPID‐Va system confirmed this method as the most suitable serological test for the detection of V. anguillarum in field analysis and small‐scale laboratory studies.
Experimental infection of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), by Moritella viscosa, vaccination effort and vaccine‐induced side‐effects
Authors: Björnsdóttir B , Gudmundsdóttir S , Bambir S H , Magnadóttir B , Gudmundsdóttir B K
Published: October 2004

Moritella viscosa is the causative agent of winter ulcers in farmed salmonids and Atlantic cod in countries around the North Atlantic. The bacterium has also been isolated from various marine fish species. Bacterial diseases have been a limiting factor in farming of turbot, but M. viscosa has not so far been isolated. In this study, turbot was shown to be sensitive to M. viscosa infection in experimental challenges. Pathological changes in infected turbot were comparable with those previously described for winter ulcers in salmon. A multivalent commercial salmon vaccine, containing M. viscosa as one of five antigens and a mineral oil adjuvant, did not protect turbot against challenge 13 weeks post‐vaccination. Weight gain of vaccinated turbot compared with controls was not reduced 7 weeks post‐vaccination. Vaccination did not induce a specific anti‐M. viscosa response, while elevated anti‐M. viscosa antibody levels were detected both in vaccinated and unvaccinated fish 5 weeks post‐challenge. The vaccine did, however, induce an antibody response against Aeromonas salmonicida, another vaccine component. Minor intra‐abdominal adhesions were detected in vaccinated fish and fish injected with a mineral oil adjuvant. The measurement of various innate humoral immune parameters did not reveal significant differences between vaccinated and control groups.
Aquabirnaviruses isolated from marine organisms form a distinct genogroup from other aquabirnaviruses
Authors: Zhang C X , Suzuki S
Published: October 2004

A phylogenetic tree of aquabirnaviruses, including marine birnaviruses (MABV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), was developed based on the nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of the polyprotein and VP5 genes of genomic segment A. In the polyprotein of MABV strains, the amino acid sequences were very similar, with identities of 98.3–99.7%. Twenty‐one unique amino acid residues were found in the deduced amino acid sequences of the polyprotein gene of MABV strains. The phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequence of genomic segment A and polyprotein sequences showed that 31 aquabirnavirus strains were clustered into seven genogroups. All MABV strains isolated in Japan and Korea were clustered into one genogroup which was distinct from other aquabirnaviruses. The seventh genogroup containing all MABV strains showed amino acid sequence similarities of 80.7–90.6% with other genogroups. In VP5, four unique residues were found in MABV strains when compared with IPNV strains. The MABV strains exhibited amino acid sequence similarities of 63.9–86.4% with IPNV strains. The amino acid sequences of VP5 were conserved among MABV strains, but differed from those of IPNV strains. The MABV strains isolated from different host species and different geographical areas were very similar to each other, suggesting that the MABV are distinct from the other genogroups.
Primary carcinoid tumor of the bilateral testis associated with carcinoid syndrome
Authors: SON HYUN‐YOUNG , RA SEUNG‐WON , JEONG JIN‐OOK , KOH EUN‐HEE , LEE HYANG‐IM , KOH JUNG‐MIN , KIM WON‐BAE , PARK JOONG‐YEOL , SHONG YOUNG‐KEE , LEE KI‐UP , KIM GHI‐SU , KIM MIN‐SEON
Published: October 2004

Carcinoid tumors derived from neuroendocrine cells can release serotonin and other vasoactive substances into the systemic circulation, resulting in carcinoid syndrome. Testicular carcinoid, a rare disease accounting for less than 1% of all testicular neoplasms, rarely manifests symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. We describe a case of carcinoid syndrome arising from a primary testicular carcinoid tumor. A 21‐year‐old male patient presented with facial flushing and diarrhea for 5 years. He had an enlarged left testis and a 1‐cm, ill‐defined, hard, non‐tender mass in his right testis. His 24 h urinary excretion of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid was elevated (16.1 mg/day). Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy correlated with carcinoid tumor in both testes. Following bilateral orchiectomy, the patient's facial flushing and diarrhea disappeared.
Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the prostate
Authors: NAOE MICHIO , OGAWA YOSHIO , FUJI KHOZO , FUKAGAI TAKASHI , INOUE KATSUKI , YOSHIDA HIDEKI
Published: October 2004

A giant cystic formation was found behind the prostate of a 69‐year‐old man who presented with urinary retention. Ultrasonography, computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large cystic intrapelvic mass and biopsy of the cyst wall diagnosed papillary cyst adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor originated from the prostate.
Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis associated with transitional cell carcinoma in the renal pelvis and the bladder
Authors: TAKEHARA KOUSUKE , NOMATA KOICHIRO , EGUCHI JIRO , HISAMATSU HIROSHI , MARUTA SUGURE , HAYASHI TOMAYOSHI , KOGA SHIGEHIKO , KANETAKE HIROSHI
Published: October 2004

We report a case of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis associated with bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS). Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the renal pelvis and CIS were also observed adjacent to the adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical assessment of the pelvic adenocarcinoma revealed positive expressions for mucin, epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 19 and carcinoembryonal antigen, but not vimentin or chromogranin. Based on the histopathological examinations, the adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis in the present case may have a similar biological nature to conventional TCC and probably originated by development of pre‐existing TCC of the renal pelvis.
Mode of presentation and first line of management of non‐recurrent urolithiasis in Kuwait
Authors: AL‐HUNAYAN ADEL , ABDUL‐HALIM HAMDY , KEHINDE ELIJAH O. , AL‐AWADI KHALEEL , EL BARKY EHAB , AL‐ATEEQUI AWNI
Published: October 2004

Aims: To determine the incidence, mode of presentation, first line of management and composition of non‐recurrent urolithiasis in Kuwait.

Methods: Consecutive patients admitted between January 1999 and December 2002 with non‐recurrent urolithiasis were prospectively analyzed.

Results: The average annual incidence of hospital admission for non‐recurrent urolithiasis in Kuwait was 43.44 per 100 000 population, representing men and women (ratio, 9 : 1) with a median age of 41.91 years. Of the hospital admissions for non‐recurrent urolithiasis, 57.2% of cases were acute. Overall, the most predominant symptom was flank pain, while the least common symptom was acute urinary retention. Ureteroscopic stone manipulation was the most common initial treatment modality in the present series, as it was utilized in 43.3% and 37.09% for patients admitted on elective and emergency basis, respectively. Of the calculi available for chemical analysis, 91% contained calcium, 73% contained calcium oxalate, 17% contained mixed calcium and 1% contained calcium phosphate. The composition of the rest of the stones were urate in 7%, struvite in 1% and cystine in 1%.

Conclusions: Urolithiasis is a common disease in the Kuwait region that mainly presents with flank pain. Ureteroscopic calculus removal is the most common modality of treatment. The majority of the calculi seen in Kuwait contained calcium.
Twenty‐three years of disease‐free survival following cutaneous metastasis from a primary bladder transitional cell carcinoma
Authors: GOWARDHAN BHARAT , MATHERS MARIE E. , FEGGETTER JEREMY G. W.
Published: October 2004

We present a case of cutaneous metastases from a primary bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), with a prolonged survival of 23 years. Cutaneous metastases from primary bladder TCC are uncommon and, like all metastases, have a poor prognosis. The common modality of treatment of cutaneous metastases from a primary bladder cancer is wide local excision of the metastases followed by combination chemotherapy. Here, we present a case of a solitary cutaneous metastasis from a primary bladder TCC, which was treated with wide local excision and single agent chemotherapy. Twenty‐three years on, the patient remains disease and recurrence free.
Bacteria of preoperative urinary tract infections contaminate the surgical fields and develop surgical site infections in urological operations
Authors: HAMASUNA RYOICHI , BETSUNOH HIRONORI , SUEYOSHI TETSUYA , YAKUSHIJI KAZUMICHI , TSUKINO HIROMASA , NAGANO MASAFUMI , TAKEHARA TOSHIYUKI , OSADA YUKIO
Published: October 2004

Background: The risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) following urological operations have not been clearly identified, although the presence of a preoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) is thought to be one risk factor. We studied potential risk factors to clarify when and how bacteria contaminate wounds and SSI develop.

Methods: Objects of the present study were patients with SSI after open urological operations that were performed at the Department of Urology, Miyazaki Medical College Hospital, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan, during the period between June 1999 and December 2000. Endourological operations, operations on children and short operations of less than 2 h duration were excluded. Patients were screened for the presence of UTI before the operation and subcutaneous swabs for culture were collected at the end of the operation by brushing with a sterile cotton‐swab just before skin closure.

Results: Surgical site infections occurred in 20 of 134 patients. Bacteria from the subcutaneous swabs were detected in 15 (75.0%) of the patients with SSI. All patients received antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP), but bacteria from the subcutaneous swabs of patients with SSI were less susceptible to the agents (20.0%). Preoperative UTI were observed in 11 (55.0%) of the patients with SSI. In these patients, four had the same species of bacteria detected from urine, swab and wound, three had the same species from swab and wound and one had the same species from urine and wound.

Conclusions: Preoperative UTI was the most important risk factor for SSI following urological operations. It is most likely that the bacteria in the urine contaminated the surgical fields and the AMP resistant strains produced SSI.
The impact of insecticide resistance in the currant‐lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri, on pest management in lettuce
Authors: Kift N. B. , Mead A. , Reynolds K. , Sime S. , Barber M. D. , Denholm I. , Tatchell G. M.
Published: October 2004

Abstract  1 This paper reports on experiments to determine how two different insecticide resistance phenotypes in the aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), which is a major pest of lettuce, change its susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides and the carbamate pirimicarb.

2 A novel statistical approach determined how the effectiveness of different insecticides was changed by the two resistance phenotypes. This compared the between‐plant distribution of aphid numbers, as opposed to the mean number of aphids per plant.

3 Results from field cage experiments showed that the effect of the resistances differed. Pyrethroid resistance resulted in lower mortality immediately after application of pyrethroids, whereas resistance to pirimicarb shortened the time over which the chemical was effective.

4 The results of laboratory bioassays suggested that these two resistances were not found together in N. ribisnigri. However, the results reported here contradict this assertion.

5 Experiments with insecticide residues showed that reproduction of resistant N. ribisnigri was greater than that of susceptible N. ribisnigri on plants with ageing insecticide residues, even in circumstances where mortality of resistant and susceptible clones of N. ribisnigri were similar.

6 If more than a few aphids are found on a plant then a whole consignment can be rejected for processing. The results reported here suggest that the effect of both insecticide resistances in N. ribsinigri will be to increase the proportion of lettuce heads with an unacceptable number of aphids on them, leading to increased rejection of plants for processing.
Cuticular hydrocarbons on elytra of the Diaprepes root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Lapointe Stephen L. , Hunter Wayne B. , Alessandro Rocco T.
Published: October 2004

Abstract  1 External gland openings and associated structures on the elytra of teneral and mature Diaprepes root weevils, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.), were elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

2 There were clear differences between teneral, callow adults and fully mature adults. In the field, teneral adults remain in the pupal chamber in the soil until sclerotization of the cuticle is complete or nearly so.

3 Phenotypic variation of the elytra in this species consists of varying patterns and coloration of scaled intervals between a variable number of raised ridges devoid of scales. In addition to being thinner and lighter in colour than fully mature adults, the elytra of teneral adults were devoid of waxy hydrocarbon secretions.

4 External gland openings at the base of each scale were observed on teneral elytra and mature elytra washed with methylene chloride.

5 SEM evidence to document the production of waxy filaments by these glands and partial characterization of these by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are presented.
Impact of azadirachtin on vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reproduction
Authors: Cowles Richard S.
Published: October 2004

Abstract  1 The dose–response of azadirachtin on vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius), reproduction is investigated by confining adults to feed on treated Taxus × media leaves, and by counting and evaluating development in the resulting eggs.

2 A dosage‐dependent reduction in oviposition is discovered for foliar surface residues of azadirachtin, with an EC50 of 25–50 parts per million (p.p.m) and 99.2% inhibition of viable egg production with 100 p.p.m.

3 Switching weevils from treated to untreated foliage allows reproductive capability to be restored for weevils that cease egg laying after azadirachtin exposure of 50 p.p.m. Weevils that had already started laying eggs in untreated groups soon cease oviposition once switched to azadirachtin‐treated foliage.

4 A transovarial effect results in a decrease in the percentage of viable eggs as the azadirachtin concentration increases.

5 The amount of feeding on foliage does not appreciably decrease at these hormonally effective concentrations, and adult weevil mortality is only slightly greater in the azadirachtin‐treated groups. Therefore, the overall effect of azadirachtin on weevil populations in the field is difficult to assess, except by collecting weevils to determine whether they are able to lay viable eggs.
Fundus pigment distribution in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Dawson William W. , Jeffery Glen , Dawson Judyth C. , Kessler Matthew J. , Rodriguez Jose’ , Westergaard Gregory C.
Published: October 2004

There is growing evidence for an interaction among fundus pigmentation, character, geography and the function and structure of the outer retina. We examined three inbred groups of rhesus macaques (132 eyes) including all ages. One was a smaller (18 eyes) group. Coat colors were variations of brown–tan however, the smaller group had lighter ‘golden’ coats and colors. Fundus images were classified for pigmentation and its geographic distribution. In golden‐coated animals there was bias toward nasal fundus hypopigmentation with the optic disk as a watershed demarcation zone, which extended in the superior–inferior direction. Temporal fundus hypopigmentation did not occur in the absence of nasal hypopigmentation. More common, darker coated samples showed a characteristic diffuse fundus pigmentation. There was no evidence for albinism or large variations in macular pigmentation. Rhesus monkeys can exhibit geographically controlled genetic development of fundus pigmentation. Hypopigmentation provides for access to the choroidal infrastructure.
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MOBILITY AND TRADE POLITICS: CAPITAL FLOWS, POLITICAL COALITIONS, AND LOBBYING
Authors: Hiscox Michael J.
Published: October 2004

Conventional wisdom holds that increasing international capital mobility reduces incentives for firms to lobby for trade protection. This paper argues that the effects of increased international capital mobility on the lobbying incentives of firms depend critically upon levels of inter‐industry mobility. General‐equilibrium analysis reveals that if capital is highly industry‐specific, greater international mobility among some types of specific capital may increase lobbying incentives for owners of other specific factors and thereby intensify industry‐based rent‐seeking in trade politics. Evidence on levels of inward and outward investment in US manufacturing industries between 1982 and 1996, and on industry lobbying activities, indicate that these effects may be quite strong.
Infrastructure Reporting: Attitudes of Preparers and Potential Users
Authors: Walker R.G. , Dean G.W. , Edwards P.J.
Published: October 2004

Legislation requires some Australian local governments to provide to a State government minister an annual assessment of the physical condition of infrastructure, together with estimates of the cost of restoring that infrastructure to a satisfactory condition. This 1993 legislation predates other accounting standards providing for disclosures or use of condition assessments, notably the USA's FASAB 6 (1996) and GASB 34 (1996), and the UK ASB's FRS 15 (1999). Utilising structured interviews, this study investigates the extent to which information from those reports has been disseminated within local councils. It also investigates whether accounting or engineering staff, or both, were involved in preparation of these reports, and explores the relative attitudes of staff and elected councillors, to the relevance of information in infrastructure reports. The study also reports comments volunteered by respondents about the relative merits of capitalising (and then depreciating) infrastructure assets, versus reporting on infrastructure condition. Findings suggest that those working in local government see merit in the compilation of reports on infrastructure condition and the cost of upgrading it, though opinion is divided as to the weight actually placed on those reports in decision‐making. Both accounting and engineering staff perceive that engineers have far greater involvement in the preparation of these reports. The findings also suggest a failure on the part of technical specialists to share information, and collaborate in the compilation of management plans and budgets.
Thyroid hormones determine developmental mode in sand dollars (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
Authors: Heyland Andreas , Reitzel Adam M. , Hodin Jason
Published: October 2004

Summary
Evolutionary transitions in larval nutritional mode have occurred on numerous occasions independently in many marine invertebrate phyla. Although the evolutionary transition from feeding to nonfeeding development has received considerable attention through both experimental and theoretical studies, mechanisms underlying the change in life history remain poorly understood. Facultative feeding larvae (larvae that can feed but will complete metamorphosis without food) presumably represent an intermediate developmental mode between obligate feeding and nonfeeding. Here we show that an obligatorily feeding larva can be transformed into a facultative feeding larva when exposed to the thyroid hormone thyroxine. We report that larvae of the subtropical sand dollar Leodia sexiesperforata (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) completed metamorphosis without exogenous food when treated with thyroxine, whereas the starved controls (no thyroxine added) did not. Leodia sexiesperforata juveniles from the thyroxine treatment were viable after metamorphosis but were significantly smaller and contained less energy than sibling juveniles reared with exogenous food. In a second starvation experiment, using an L. sexiesperforata female whose eggs were substantially larger than in the first experiment (202±5 vs. 187±5 μm), a small percentage of starved L. sexiesperforata larvae completed metamorphosis in the absence of food. Still, thyroxine‐treated larvae in this experiment completed metamorphosis faster and in much higher numbers than in the starved controls. Furthermore, starved larvae of the sand dollar Mellita tenuis, which developed from much smaller eggs (100±2 μm), did not complete metamorphosis either with or without excess thyroxine. Based on these data, and from recent experiments with other echinoids, we hypothesize that thyroxine plays a major role in echinoderm metamorphosis and the evolution of life history transitions in this group. We discuss our results in the context of current life history models for marine invertebrates, emphasizing the role of egg size, juvenile size, and endogenous hormone production for the evolution of nonfeeding larval development.
Patterning of the branched head appendages in Schistocerca americana and Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Giorgianni Matt W. , Patel Nipam H.
Published: October 2004

Summary
Much of our understanding of arthropod limb development comes from studies on the leg imaginal disc of Drosophila melanogaster. The fly limb is a relatively simple unbranched (uniramous) structure extending out from the body wall. The molecular basis for this outgrowth involves the overlap of two signaling molecules, Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Wingless (Wg), to create a single domain of distal outgrowth, clearly depicted by the expression of the Distal‐less gene (Dll). The expression of wg and dpp during the development of other arthropod thoracic limbs indicates that these pathways might be conserved across arthropods for uniramous limb development. The appendages of crustaceans and the gnathal appendages of insects, however, exhibit a diverse array of morphologies, ranging from those with no distal elements, such as the mandible, to appendages with multiple distal elements. Examples of the latter group include branched appendages or those that possess multiple lobes; such complex morphologies are seen for many crustacean limbs as well as the maxillary and labial appendages of many insects. It is unclear how, if at all, the known patterning genes for making a uniramous limb might be deployed to generate these diverse appendage forms. Experiments in Drosophila have shown that by forcing ectopic overlaps of Wg and Dpp signaling it is possible to generate artificially branched legs. To test whether naturally branched appendages form in a similar manner, we detailed the expression patterns of wg, dpp, and Dll in the development of the branched gnathal appendages of the grasshopper, Schistocerca americana, and the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. We find that the branches of the gnathal appendages are not specified through the redeployment of the Wg–Dpp system for distal outgrowth, but our comparative studies do suggest a role for Dpp in forming furrows between tissues.
O1-[6-(Methylselanyl)hexanoyl]glycerol as an Anchor for Self-Assembly of Biological Compounds at the Gold Surface
Authors: Foss Bente Jeanette , Ion Ana , Partali Vassilia , Sliwka Hans-Richard , Banica Florinel Gabriel
Published: October 2004

Adsorption ofO1-[6-(methylselanyl)hexanoyl]glycerol (SeOG) on the gold surface was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, phase-sensitive AC voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and piezoelectric microgravimetry. SeOG adsorption results in a stable and compact surface layer with the coverage degree close to unity for an adsorption time of 30 to 80 min and 4.6 mM SeOG acetonitrile solution. Such a layer displays minute defects (pinholes) with the radius of ca. 1-3 μm, separated by 6-50 μm intervals (depending on the adsorption time). The adsorbed compound undergoes anodic desorption in the gold oxide region and also undergoes a cathodic process leading to the removal of the surface layer. Both these processes are similar to those demonstrated by short-chain alkanethiols and have been interpreted as a indication for the conversion of the selena to selenol function as a result of a dissociative adsorption process. Apparently, the main component of the surface layer isO1-(6-selanylhexanoyl)glycerol that results by the cleavage of the C6-Se bond in SeOG. The two free hydroxy groups in SeOG allow to use it as a bridge for binding other compounds to the gold surface. This possibility was illustrated by building up surface layers of a carotenoid derivative (O1-(8'-apo-β-apo-caroten-8'-oyl)-O2-[6-(methylselanyl)hexanoyl]glycerol,II) or carotenoid- and phosphocholine-derivatized SeOG (O1-(8'-apo-β-caroten-8'-oyl)-O2-[6-(methylselanyl)hexanoyl]-O3-{[2-(trimethylammonio)ethoxy]phosphoryl}glycerol,III). The compoundIIIgenerates a less densely packed layer due to the constraints induced by the phosphocholine substituent. Each of these compounds undergoes anodic reactions that are typical of carotenoids in the adsorbed state. However, the polar and hydrophilic phosphocholine residue inIIIshifts the anodic peak to a less pozitive potential. SeOG allows therefore to tune the molecular environment of a surface attached compound by means of a suitable co-substituent.
Reversal and Cyclic Chronopotentiometry with Exponential Current-Time Functions at Spherical Electrodes. Reversibility Effects and Experimental Verification
Authors: Molina Ángela , González Joaquín , Morales Isabel
Published: October 2004

General analytical solutions for the potential-time curves corresponding to a slow charge transfer reaction in reversal and cyclic chronopotentiometry with exponential current-time functions, I(t) = I0ewt, have been deduced. For obtaining these equations, the superposition principle can be applied. Our results are valid for planar and spherical electrodes of any size. We have evaluated the effects of electrode sphericity and of the reversibility of the process on the potential-time curves. The analysis of the successive potential-time responses allows to obtain accurate values of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the process under study as well as to detect any possible kinetic complication. The validity of the theoretical solutions has been experimentally tested with the iron(III) trioxalate complex in aqueous solutions.
Non-specific multiple ulcers of the small intestine unrelated to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: Matsumoto T , Iida M , Matsui T , Yao T , Watanabe H , Yao T , Okabe H
Published: October 2004

Aim:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) enteropathy is a cause of chronic blood and protein loss from the intestine. The aim of this investigation was to compare NSAID enteropathy with enteropathy not related to chronic NSAID use.

Patients/Methods:During the period 1967–97, 12 cases of non-specific small intestinal multiple ulcers were laparotomised because of chronic and persistent blood loss for a prolonged period. The clinical features before and after surgery, and the small intestinal lesions, were compared between NSAID users and non-users.

Results:Three patients were NSAID users and the other nine were not. Initial clinical manifestations, haemoglobin concentrations, serum protein values, and inflammatory reactions were similar in the two groups. In both groups there were multicentric stenoses in the small intestine. In those not using NSAIDs, the stenoses were accompanied by multiple, sharply demarcated small ulcers with minimal and non-specific chronic inflammatory infiltrates. The small intestinal ulcers in NSAID users showed linear and circumferential alignment. NSAID users were free from medication during the subsequent period of observation, whereas repeated laparotomy and medication were required in eight of the nine patients not using NSAIDs.

Conclusion:There appears to be a chronic enteropathy, not related to the use of NSAIDs, in which non-specific multiple ulcers are found. This enteropathy may be a distinct entity that causes persistent blood and protein loss from the intestine.
Serrated adenoma of the duodenum
Authors: Rubio C A
Published: October 2004

The duodenum is the most common site for extracolonic adenomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). These adenomas are usually tubular, villous, or tubulovillous. This report describes a patient with FAP who had a duodenal adenoma with a different histology—it had the microscopic attributes of a serrated adenoma—tumours that are relatively common in the colorectal mucosa and are occasionally found in the stomach. A 78 year old man with FAP and multiple adenomas was colectomised and the rectum amputated. Several years later he developed silent jaundice. The surgical specimen showed an adenomatous growth juxtaposing the papilla of Vater. The adenoma had epithelial fronds with crenated, sawtooth-like configurations caused by scalloped epithelial infolding. The nuclei covering the notched fronds were pleomorphic, stratified, either cigar shaped with irregular chromatin deposits or vesicular shaped with a large nucleolus. One area showed involvement of a duct by neoplastic epithelium with extension into periluminal glands. No invasive carcinoma was present. Serrated adenomas differ from tubular and villous adenomas in their histological organisation and their initial pattern of cell proliferation and genotypic aberration. Increased awareness of the existence of serrated neoplasms in the duodenum may result in similar cases being reported in the future.
Expression of ATM, p53, and the MRE11–Rad50–NBS1 complex in myoepithelial cells from benign and malignant proliferations of the breast
Authors: Angèle S , Jones C , Reis Filho J S , Fulford L G , Treilleux I , Lakhani S R , Hall J
Published: October 2004

Aims:To analyse the expression of proteins involved in DNA double strand break detection and repair in the luminal and myoepithelial compartments of benign breast lesions and malignant breast tumours with myoepithelial differentiation.

Methods:Expression of the ataxia telangiectasia (ATM) and p53 proteins was immunohistochemically evaluated in 18 benign and malignant myoepithelial tumours of the breast. Fifteen benign breast lesions with prominent myoepithelial compartment were also evaluated for these proteins, in addition to those in the MRE11–Rad50–NBS1 (MRN) complex, and the expression profiles were compared with those seen in eight independent non-cancer (normal breast) samples and in the surrounding normal tissues of the benign and malignant tumours examined.

Results:ATM expression was higher in the myoepithelial compartment of three of 15 benign breast lesions and lower in the luminal compartment of eight of these lesions compared with that found in the corresponding normal tissue compartments. Malignant myoepithelial tumours overexpressed ATM in one of 18 cases. p53 was consistently negative in benign lesions and was overexpressed in eight of 18 malignant tumours. In benign breast lesions, expression of the MRN complex was significantly more reduced in myoepithelial cells (up to 73%) than in luminal cells (up to 40%) (p  =  0.0005).

Conclusions:Malignant myoepithelial tumours rarely overexpress ATM but are frequently positive for p53. In benign breast lesions, expression of the MRN complex was more frequently reduced in the myoepithelial than in the luminal epithelial compartment, suggesting different DNA repair capabilities in these two cell types.
Cost efficiency analysis of modern cytocentrifugation methods versus liquid based (Cytyc Thinprep®) processing of urinary samples
Authors: Piaton E , Hutin K , Faÿnel J , Ranchin M-C , Cottier M
Published: October 2004

Background/Aims:Liquid based cytology (LBC) was developed as a replacement for cytocentrifugation in the treatment of cell suspensions. Because accurate data comparing the quality and total cost of modern cytocentrifugation methods versus LBC in non-gynaecological samples are not available, this study was designed to investigate these issues.

Methods:The study comprised 224 urine samples treated with the Thermo Shandon Cytospin® 4 using reusable TPX® chambers, disposable Cytofunnels® for samples up to 0.5 ml, and disposable Megafunnels® for samples up to 6 ml. Each method was compared with the Cytyc Thinprep® processing of a paired sample. Quality was assessed by scoring cellularity, fixation, red blood cells, leucocytes, abnormalities of urothelial cells, and suitability for molecular studies. Wage costs, investment, and consumables allowed a “total cost” to be calculated on the basis of 200 specimens/month. Total cost and quality combined were used to calculate an index of total quality (ITQ).

Results:Cytocentrifugation with disposable chambers resulted in a global quality superior to that of Cytyc Thinprep LBC. Preparation and screening times were 2.25 and 1.33–2 times greater when using LBC compared with cytocentrifugation. The total cost each month reached 1960.23 $ to 2833.43 $ for cytocentrifugation methods and 5464.95 $ for Cytyc Thinprep LBC (92.8–178.8% increased cost). ITQ of cytocentrifugation with disposable chambers surpassed that of Cytyc Thinprep LBC (37.25/32.08 and 9.98, respectively).

Conclusion:Cytyc Thinprep LBC and cytocentrifugation are both appropriate methods for cytology based molecular studies, but cytocentrifugation remains the quality standard for current treatment of urinary samples because of its lower cost.
Gastric duplication in an adult mimicking mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas
Authors: D’Journo X B , Moutardier V , Turrini O , Guiramand J , Lelong B , Pesenti C , Monges G , Giovannini M , Delpero J R
Published: October 2004

Gastric duplication cyst (GDC) in an adult can have several clinical presentations. A review of the literature showed previously reported cases of GDC presenting as pancreatic pseudocyst or with greatly raised concentrations of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9). It is often difficult to discriminate GDC from pancreatic cystic tumour, in particular pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma, in which concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 19-9 are classically raised. This report describes an adult case of GDC mimicking a mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas. This is the first report of a simultaneous increase in carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 19-9 in GDC in the absence of malignancy. Although few cases of carcinoma arising from a GDC having been reported, the production of oncofetal antigens raises the problem of a precancerous condition in long standing intestinal duplications. In this situation surgical resection must be performed.
Anti-inflammatory effect of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in arthritic rats
Authors: Granado Miriam , Priego Teresa , Martín Ana I. , Villanúa M. Ángeles , López-Calderón Asunción
Published: October 2004

Chronic arthritis induces hypermetabolism and cachexia. Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal hormone that has been proposed as a treatment to prevent cachexia. The aim of this work was to examine the effect of administration of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) to arthritic rats. Male Wistar rats were injected with Freund’s adjuvant, and 15 days later arthritic and control rats were daily injected with GHRP-2 (100 μg/kg) or with saline for 8 days. Arthritis induced an increase in serum ghrelin ( P < 0.01) and a decrease in serum concentrations of leptin ( P < 0.01), whereas GHRP-2 administration increased serum concentrations of leptin. GHRP-2 increased food intake in control rats but not in arthritic rats. However, in arthritic rats GHRP-2 administration ameliorated the external symptoms of arthritis, as it decreased the arthritis score (10.4 ± 0.8 vs. 13.42 ± 0.47, P < 0.01) and the paw volume. In addition, circulating IL-6 and nitrites/nitrates were increased by arthritis, and GHRP-2 treatment decreased the serum IL-6 levels ( P < 0.01). To elucidate whether GHRP-2 is able to modulate IL-6 release directly on immune cells, peritoneal macrophage cultures were incubated with GHRP-2 or ghrelin, the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor. Both GHRP-2 (10−7M) and ghrelin (10−7M) prevented endotoxin-induced IL-6 and decreased nitrite/nitrate release from peritoneal macrophages in vitro. These data suggest that GHRP-2 administration has an anti-inflammatory effect in arthritic rats that seems to be mediated by ghrelin receptors directly on immune cells.
Important role for the V-type H+-ATPase and the Golgi apparatus in the recycling of PTH/PTHrP receptor
Authors: Tawfeek Hesham A. W. , Abou-Samra Abdul B.
Published: October 2004

Our previous studies demonstrated that a green fluorescent protein-tagged parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor stably expressed in LLCPK-1 cells undergoes agonist-dependent internalization into clathrin-coated pits. The subcellular localization of the internalized PTH/PTHrP receptor is not known. In the present study, we explored the intracellular pathways of the internalized PTH/PTHrP receptor. Using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we show that the internalized receptors localize at a juxtanuclear compartment identified as the Golgi apparatus. The receptors do not colocalize with lysosomes. Furthermore, whereas the internalized receptors exhibit rapid recycling, treatment with proton pump inhibitors (bafilomycin-A1 and concanamycin A) or brefeldin A, Golgi disrupting agents, reduces PTH/PTHrP receptor recycling. Together, these data indicate an important role for the vacuolar-type hydrogen-ATPase and the Golgi apparatus in postendocytic PTH/PTHrP receptor recovery.
Renal medullary gene expression in aquaporin-1 null mice
Authors: McReynolds Matthew R. , Taylor-Garcia Katherine M. , Greer Kevin A. , Hoying James B. , Brooks Heddwen L.
Published: October 2004

Mice that lack the aquaporin-1 gene (AQP1) lack a functional countercurrent multiplier mechanism, fail to concentrate the inner medullary (IM) interstitium, and present with a urinary concentrating defect. In this study, we use DNA microarrays to identify the gene expression profile of the IM of AQP1 null mice and corresponding changes in gene expression resulting from a loss of a hypertonic medullary interstitium. An ANOVA analysis model, CARMA, was used to isolate the knockout effect while taking into account experimental variability associated with microarray studies. In this study 5,701 genes of the possible ∼12,000 genes on the array were included in the ANOVA; 531 genes were identified as demonstrating a >1.5-fold up- or downregulation between the wild-type and knockout groups. We randomly selected 35 genes for confirmation by real-time PCR, and 29 of the 35 genes were confirmed using this method. The overall pattern of gene expression in the AQP1 null mice was one of downregulation compared with gene expression in the renal medullas of the wild-type mice. Heat shock proteins 105 and 94, aldose reductase, adenylate kinase 2, aldolase B, aldehyde reductase 6, and p8 were decreased in the AQP1 null mice. Carboxylesterase 3, matrilin 2, lipocalin 2, and transforming growth factor-α were increased in IM of AQP1 null mice. In addition, we observed a loss of vasopressin type 2 receptor mRNA expression in renal medullas of the AQP1 null mice. Thus the loss of the hyperosmotic renal interstitium, due to a loss of the concentrating mechanism, drastically altered not only the phenotype of these animals but also their renal medullary gene expression profile.
How Children and Their Families Construct and Negotiate Risk, Safety and Danger
Authors: Backett-Milburn Kathryn , Harden Jeni
Published: October 2004

This article presents an analysis of the family context and everyday negotiations around risk, safety and danger between children and parents in four families drawn from a larger qualitative study. The challenges of analysing accounts from several family members are highlighted. Case study families are described; and fragments of their interwoven individual and shared biographies, on which respondents regularly drew to legitimate risk-related beliefs and practices, are outlined. The dynamic, fluid and contingent nature of risk construction and reconstruction in everyday family life is discussed and three main themes explored: establishing ‘the bottom line’; assumptions, collusions and contradictions around age, siblinghood and time; and contextualizing risk in the conduct of others. The authors conclude that, just as with childhood itself, it is important also to contextualize ‘risk’ within socioeconomic, cultural and institutional frameworks; and that, for most children, their families both constitute one such context and mediate wider social structures.
Otherness in me, Otherness in Others
Authors: de Castro Lucia Rabello
Published: October 2004

In childhood studies identity and difference are generally framed in the context of adult–child relationships. In this article it is explored how children and youth come to construe self and other in relation to other children and youth. Difference/otherness becomes an important organizing aspect of children’s social practices favouring a new agenda of analysis: that which examines the conditions of children’s constructions of social bonds in the midst of perverse social inequalities and social antagonism. Furthermore, a certain positive ‘value’ of difference is argued for having in view its political underpinnings: difference can be regarded as the result of discursive-material social practices which introduce plurality and diversity in human societies. This point seems to be crucial to the dynamics of social life and to a discussion of social cohesion and social fragmentation.
Kids Working on Paulista Avenue
Authors: Huggins Martha K. , Rodrigues Sandra
Published: October 2004

Six weeks of field research on 14 poor youth who sell services or products on the opulent Paulista Avenue in Sao Paulo, Brazil, explored their work, play, aspirations and childhood outcomes. Comparing the 12 younger children to the two older youth workers who supervised them and to the few Brazilian longitudinal accounts of street youth, the authors seek to understand the longer-term prospects for young street workers. Placing the findings within two dominant theoretical contexts – the study of children’s daily interactions, emphasizing their role as agents, and a structural sociology of childhood – the research joins those who combine these perspectives for an understanding of poor youths’ childhoods and childhood outcomes in urban Brazil.
Democratizing Bangladesh
Authors: Karim Lamia
Published: October 2004

This article analyzes the conflicts and contradictions released by the processes of democratization and globalization in Bangladesh as they are played out between two competing groups of rural patrons: the clergy and the developmental non-governmental organizations. Both groups vie for rural dominance by fighting over the role of women in society. By investigating the violent circumstances surrounding a poor women’s rally in 1998, I examine how, in this conflict, these women were vulnerably situated in relation to the clergy and the NGO. The Bangladeshi state, which has fostered an Islamic ideology, remains complicit in this violation of women. I further argue that the good intentions of feminist NGOs are constrained in their ability to offer an autonomous critique of NGO practices because of their structural dependence on the NGOs.
Mass murder and moral code: some thoughts on an easily misunderstood subject
Authors: Welzer Harald
Published: October 2004

Research on perpetrators of genocidal processes and especially of the Holocaust is still puzzled by the fact that most of the atrocities and killings have been executed by ‘ordinary men’, i.e. by persons with a self-concept which would not have indicated that they could become killers. The guiding question of research on genocidal perpetrators is therefore how given moral inhibitions and moral values could have been overcome, or, to put it simply, how good people could have been turned into bad ones. The following article proposes the opposite question: Is it possible that particular moral commitments and principles gave the perpetrators a sense of continuing moral integrity that enabled them to carry out the killings? This socio-psychological proposal is first elaborated theoretically and then illustrated with a case study on Franz Stangl, the commander of the extermination camp of Treblinka.
Doorwork and Legal Risk: Observations from an Embodied Ethnography
Authors: Monaghan Lee F.
Published: October 2004

Door supervisors or ‘bouncers’ are charged with privately policing Britain’s nighttime leisure economy, sometimes using ‘normal’ force to ensure order inside and at the entrances to urban licensed premises. Using ethnography generated in Southwest Britain, this article explores the lived realities of legal risk among these predominantly male workers. As well as empirically charting interrelated factors associated with the imposition, amplification and avoidance of legal risk, this article supports an embodied, non dualist approach to socio legal study. Such an approach, in rethinking unhelpful dichotomies (for example, mind–body, reason–emotion, victim–oppressor, conformity–deviance, order–disorder), incorporates the ‘lived body’ and ‘sex specific corporeality’ when exploring legal risk, violence and society.