bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expert and Layperson Perceptions of Ecosystem Risk
Authors: Lazo Jeffrey K. , Kinnell Jason C. , Fisher Ann
Published: March 2003

This research examines and compares perceptions held by laypeople and ecologists about risks to ecosystems, particularly risk from global climate change (GCC). A survey elicited perceptions of 31 risk characteristics for 13 GCC and 12 non‐GCC risks to ecosystems. Factor analysis was used to examine the structure of layperson and expert risk perceptions. Both experts and laypeople tend to perceive GCC risks to ecosystems as less avoidable and more acceptable than risks from other causes. Compared to laypeople's perceptions, though, experts perceived GCC risks to have slightly lower impacts, be less avoidable, more acceptable, and less understandable than non‐GCC risks to ecosystems. These findings may help guide efforts to communicate with laypeople about ecological risks from climate change.
Probabilistic Analysis of the Inadvertent Reentry of the Cassini Spacecraft's Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators
Authors: Frank Michael V.
Published: March 2003

As part of the launch approval process, the Interagency Nuclear Safety Review Panel provides an independent safety assessment of space missions—such as the Cassini mission—that carry a significant amount of nuclear materials. This survey article describes potential accident scenarios that might lead to release of fuel from an accidental reentry during an Earth swingby maneuver, the probabilities of such scenarios, and their consequences. To illustrate the nature of calculations used in this area, examples are presented of probabilistic models to obtain both the probability of scenario events and the resultant source terms of such scenarios. Because of large extrapolations from the current knowledge base, the analysis emphasizes treatment of uncertainties.
Equity, Efficiency, Uncertainty, and the Mitigation of Global Climate Change
Authors: Hammitt James K. , Harvey Charles M.
Published: March 2003

Policies to mitigate potential damages from global climate change impose costs on the current generation to provide benefits to future generations. This article examines how comparisons among three stylized policies — business‐as‐usual, mitigation of climate change, and compensation for climate damages — depend on social preferences with respect to risk and intertemporal equity. Also examined is the opportunity‐cost criterion, which asserts that mitigation should not be chosen if its net present value is smaller than that of business‐as‐usual. Analysis reveals that the discount factor used to evaluate whether mitigation satisfies this criterion depends on preferences regarding risk and intertemporal inequality of consumption, and on the risk of the compensation policy. Risk aversion favors mitigation over business‐as‐usual. If society is neutral to inequality, risk aversion disfavors compensation, but if society is inequality averse, the effect of risk aversion on preferences between compensation and business‐as‐usual is ambiguous. Inequality aversion tends to favor business‐as‐usual over both alternative policies provided that, roughly speaking, the anticipated future improvements in welfare exceed the anticipated climate damages.
Intergenerational Risk Decision Making: A Practical Example
Authors: Kadak Andrew C.
Published: March 2003

There is no such thing as intergenerational decision making, at least not yet. In fact, there is no such thing as intragenerational decision making in the context of maximizing overall social good given resource limitations, there are just decisions being made in an ad hoc fashion. Even if one assumes that there is such a thing as intragenerational decision making, no uniform standard or guidance exists to make societal decisions for the common good. Risks to society are judged unevenly within the same agency and across agencies. Decisions are made in isolation and not weighed in the societal context of what is intra or intergenerationally important. The National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) has set forth a framework for intergenerational decision making that provides a consistent and fair basis for making tough decisions in order to address difficult issues such as the long‐term disposal of nuclear wastes. NAPA recognizes that there is an intergenerational obligation that must encompass broader questions than the narrow issue of waste disposal since resources are finite and needs are great. The fundamental principles are based on sustainability with the overarching objective that “no generation should needlessly, now or in the future, deprive its successors of the opportunity to enjoy a quality of life equivalent to its own.” Coupled with this objective are four supporting principles of trusteeship, sustainability, chain of obligation, and precaution. The NAPA process also recognizes that no decision can be final and that a “rolling future” view is better than making decisions for “all time.” It attempts to balance the needs of the present with those of the future in an open and transparent process that is aimed at producing a decision, not just endless analysis. The U.S. Congress and president should develop a rational standard by which to judge laws that involve intra and intergenerational issues relative to the overall societal good. Present regulations need to be evaluated relative to a uniform level of risk and benefit to assess where the limited money available can do the most good for both the present and future generations in the context of NAPA sustainability principles. It is hoped that decision makers will take a serious look at this process since it can work to resolve stakeholder stalemate.
Multi‐Year Budgeting: A Review of International Practices and Lessons for Developing and Transitional Economies
Authors: Boex L.F. Jameson , Martinez‐Vazquez Jorge , McNab Robert M.
Published: March 2003

In recent years, many developed countries have moved to develop their annual budget process in a strategic multi‐year framework. While a common feature of multi‐year budgeting approaches is the inclusion of revenue forecasts and expenditures estimates for two or three years beyond the current year, multi‐year budget practices vary substantially between countries. This article reviews multi‐year budgeting practices in six developed countries (Australia, Austria, Germany, New Zealand, Great Britain, and the United States) and attempts to draw lessons from these experiences for the potential application of multi‐year budget techniques by developing and transitional countries. We draw five lessons from the multi‐year budget practices of developed countries that are relevant for developing and transitional economies: (1) a multi‐year dimension could be a valuable fiscal policy and management tool for developing and transitional countries; (2) the approach chosen in each developing or transitional economy should reflect the country's policy objectives, unique budget institutions and traditions, and administrative capabilities; (3) the introduction of a multi‐year budget dimension is a gradual process; (4) the multi‐year budget should be used to encourage the constructive involvement of line ministries in the budget process; and (5) the usefulness of the multi‐year budget approach will crucially depend on the reliability and accuracy of the medium‐term budget estimates.
Budgeting for Social Security Or: When Are Savings Really Savings?
Authors: White Joseph
Published: March 2003

Policy and budgetary debate about Social Security is greatly affected by understandings of how the program is financed and, therefore, what steps would make it more affordable in the future. Unfortunately, both the standard justifications for and criticisms of buildups in the Social Security trust funds do not reflect the extent to which such buildups in fact would help finance future program costs. This article argues for a different standard, based explicitly on the fiscal capacity of the federal government and the effect of the government's obligations to pay interest on that capacity. I explain how both this definition of the role of the trust funds, and a broader understanding of fiscal capacity, would affect analysis of Social Security's condition and of possible reforms.
Performance Measurement in Budgeting: A Study of County Governments
Authors: Wang Xiaohu
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on the use of performance measurement in public budgeting. Based on a national survey of county governments, it finds that governments use performance measurement in a wide range of budgeting areas. The results also show that performance measurement users are experiencing technical obstacles in conducting performance analysis and obtaining support from legislatures and citizens. The article concludes that analytical competency and political support increase the use of performance measurement in budgeting, which leads to a more efficient, effective, and accountablegovernment.
The Why and How of the New Capital Asset Reporting Requirements
Authors: Patton Terry K. , Bean David R.
Published: March 2003

New requirements for reporting capital assets associated with the governmental funds of state and local governments are among the most significant changes that will be required by Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) Statement No. 34. Under Statement No. 34, the historical cost of these assets, including general infrastructure assets (for example, roads and bridges), must be reported in the government‐wide Statement of Net Assets. The cost of using those assets—generally depreciation expense—must be reported in the government‐wide Statement of Activities. This article explores why the GASB established these requirements and how it worked with preparers and others to make meeting these requirements less costly.
An Analysis of Introducing Program Budgeting in Local Government
Authors: Kluvers Ron
Published: March 2003

Program budgeting has been in use for 30 years. It has had a checkered history, being considered alternately a great advancement or an unworkable system. Little has been written about the consequences for the organization that has adopted it. This study was undertaken concerning local government across the State of Victoria, Australia. A questionnaire was sent to all municipalities. There was a 60 percent response rate. Results show that information generated by planning programming budgeting (PPB) is used for decision making but in a limited way. The proposition that PPB will have an impact on the operations of councils is only partially supported.
Evaluating City Financial Management Using Fuzzy Rule—Based Systems
Authors: Ammar Salwa , Duncombe William , Hou Yilin , Wright Ronald
Published: March 2003

Financial management is one of the most important management tasks of government. The complexity of financial management systems has discouraged overall evaluations of financial management. The objective of this article is to develop a method for evaluating government financial management that can handle this complexity. A fuzzy rule–based system (FRBS) is a methodology that can use many different types of data, produce robust input measures and can capture the complex contextual judgment of experts. Using data collected as part of the Government Performance Project survey of large cities, we develop an FRBS for city financial management.
God and Contemporary Science: Philip Clayton's Defense of Panentheism
Authors: Drees Willem B.
Published: March 2003

Philip Clayton's God and Contemporary Science is summarized and discussed. Clayton presents a theological reading of biblical texts. In my opinion, science‐and‐religion studies should deal more substantially with insights of secular studies on the situated character of these texts. Clayton uses the relationship between mind and brain as analogy for the relationship between God and the world. This runs the risk of understanding God as analogous to the mind and hence secondary and emergent relative to the world. Besides, Clayton's arguments for “mental causation” are wanting. But then, why should a defender of panentheism decouple the mental and the material?
Boundary Politics in the Public Sphere: Openness, Secrecy, and Leak
Authors: Ku Agnes S.
Published: March 2003

The issue of openness/secrecy has not received adequate attention in current discussion on the public sphere. Drawing on ideas in critical theory, political sociology, and cultural sociology this article explores the cultural and political dynamics involved in the public sphere in modern society vis-à-vis the practice of open/secret politics by the state. It argues that the media, due to their publicist quality, are situated at the interface between publicity and secrecy, which thereby allows for struggles over the boundary of state openness/secrecy in the public sphere. A theory of boundary politics is introduced that is contextualized in the relationship among state forms, the means of making power visible/invisible (media strategies), and symbolic as well as discursive practices in the public sphere. In explaining the dynamics of boundary politics over openness/secrecy, three ideal-types of boundary creation are conceptualized: open politics secrecy and leak. The theory is illustrated with a case study of the Patten controversy in Hong Kong.
The Rational Choice Generalization of Neoclassical Economics Reconsidered: Any Theoretical Legitimation for Economic Imperialism?
Authors: Zafirovski Milan
Published: March 2003

The article reconsiders the generalization of neoclassical economics by modern rational choice theory. Hence, it reexamines the possible theoretical grounds or lack thereof within neoclassical economics for economic imperialism implied in much of rational choice theory. Some indicative instances of rational choice theory's generalization of neoclassical economics are reviewed. The main portion of the article addresses the question as to whether neoclassical economics allows its generalization in rational choice theory and thus legitimizes economic imperialism. Presented are a number of pertinent theoretical reasons why neoclassical economics does not fully justify its generalization into rational choice as a general social theory, particularly into an overarching economic approach to social action and society. Also discussed are some theoretical implications of the rational choice generalization of neoclassical economics. The main contribution of the article is to detect lack of a strong theoretical rationale in much of neoclassical economics for rational choice theory's manifest or latent economic imperialism.
Finite–Element Mesh Generation Using Self–Organizing Neural Networks
Authors: Manevitz Larry , Yousef Malik , Givoli Dan
Published: March 2003

Neural networks are applied to the problem of mesh placement for the finite–element method. When the finite–element method is used to numerically solve a partial differential equation with boundary conditions over a domain, the domain must be divided into “elements.” The precise placement of the nodes of the elements has a major affect on the accuracy of the numeric method. In this paper the self–organizing algorithm of Kohonen is adapted to solve the problem of automatically assigning (in a near–optimal way) coordinates from a two–dimensional domain to a given topologic grid (or mesh) of nodes in order to apply the finite–element method effectively when solving a partial differential equation with boundary conditions over that domain.

One novelty of the method is the interweaving of versions of the Kohonen algorithm in different dimensions simultaneously in order to handle the boundary of the domain properly.

Our method allows for the use of arbitrary types of two–dimensional elements (in particular, quadrilaterals or mixed shapes as opposed to just triangles) and for varying desired densities over the domain. (Thus more elements can be placed automatically near “areas of interest.”)

The methods and experiments developed here are for two–dimensional domains but seem naturally extendible to higher–dimensional problems. The method uses a mixture of both one– and two–dimensional versions of the Kohonen algorithm, with an improvement suggested by Tabakman and Exman, and further adapted to the particular problem here. Experimental results comparing this algorithm with a well–known two–dimensional grid–generating system (PLTMG) are presented.
Consistency Evaluation of Landscape Design by a Decision Support System
Authors: Fukahori Kiyotaka , Kubota Yoichi
Published: March 2003

The planning of road structures must take into consideration both structural design and aesthetic design. Road planners and designers must keep in mind aesthetic design in the planning stages. In Japan, various design techniques have been established, and many design guidelines and design manuals have been compiled. However, most design techniques are derived from empirical knowledge, and their explanations are often subjective. We have developed a decision support system in landscape planning to simplify complicated processes and avoid fuzziness in decision making. We have collected a large amount of empirical knowledge and have created a database for use in developing design techniques. The main system supports designers and allows planners to select suitable design techniques considering environmental conditions and design policy based on a knowledge‐based system. The introduction of three concepts—visual importance, visual suitability, and four kinds of design consistency—allows solution of certain design problems.
Enhancing Neural Network Traffic Incident‐Detection Algorithms Using Wavelets
Authors: Samant A. , Adeli H.
Published: March 2003

Researchers have presented freeway traffic incident‐detection algorithms by combining the adaptive learning capability of neural networks with imprecision modeling capability of fuzzy logic. In this article it is shown that the performance of a fuzzy neural network algorithm can be improved through preprocessing of data using a wavelet‐based feature‐extraction model. In particular, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) denoising and feature‐extraction model proposed by Samant and Adeli (2000) is combined with the fuzzy neural network approach presented by Hsiao et al. (1994). It is shown that substantial improvement can be achieved using the data filtered by DWT. Use of the wavelet theory to denoise the traffic data increases the incident‐detection rate, reduces the false‐alarm rate and the incident‐detection time, and improves the convergence of the neural network training algorithm substantially.
Computer‐Based Bridge Management System for Permit Vehicle Routing
Authors: Casas Joan R. , Aparicio Angel C.
Published: March 2003

The traffic of special overloaded trucks (special permits) over bridges may create structural problems not only in the time of crossing but also in the service life of the bridge (cracking in concrete bridges affecting their durability, fatigue in steel bridges, etc.). Therefore, the owner agency responsible for a bridge network should look carefully at the maximum loads acting on the bridges and the problems they may cause according to their actual condition. This article presents the work carried out by the authors concerning the possibility of passage permission of overload permits in the main highway network of Spain. Most of the bridges are quite new and very well documented, but also older bridges are present whose documentation is not available. The work is summarized in a bridge management system (BMS) installed on a PC. The computational model performs the structural analysis of the bridges crossed by a defined special vehicle in a quick and automatic way and compares the results with the maximum allowable actions over the bridge, the result being authorization or not of the passage. The computational models are developed for most common bridge types in the network and are of limited value for very complex structures such as cable‐stayed or suspension bridges. The BMS is now in use in the complete trunk road system in Spain. The software developed has shown its usefulness in assisting bridge engineers in the decision‐making process of permit passage.
Can Middle School Students with Serious Reading Difficulties Help Each Other and Learn Anything?
Authors: Mastropieri Margo A. , Scruggs Thomas , Mohler Lisa , Beranek Marcia , Spencer Vicky , Boon Richard T. , Talbott Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

This investigation was intended to examine the effects of teaching middle school students with learning disabilities and mild mental retardation to tutor one another in reading comprehension strategies. All students were reading significantly below grade level and many students exhibited behavior problems in addition to their primary disability area. Students were randomly assigned to a tutoring or traditional reading instruction condition. Within the tutoring condition, students were matched into tutoring dyads, trained in the tutoring procedures, and taught specific reading comprehension strategies. Reciprocal tutoring was employed, such that students assumed roles of both tutor and tutee during daily reading periods. Performance on reading comprehension tests following tutoring yielded significant performance advantages for students involved in tutoring. Observational, survey, and interview data revealed that students enjoyed tutoring more than their traditional instruction, appeared to see the value and benefits of the tutoring, and wanted to include tutoring as part of their other classes, such as science and social studies. Findings are discussed with respect to the strengths and challenges associated with the use of tutoring to provide strategic instruction to students with special learning needs.
Ensuring Content–Area Learning by Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Deshler Donald D. , Schumaker Jean B. , Lenz B. Keith , Bulgren Janis A. , Hock Michael F. , Knight Jim , Ehren Barbara J.
Published: March 2003

Three factors tied with secondary student success in content–area reading are demonstrated: (a) validated teacher–focused and student–focused interventions, (b) integrated and comprehensive service delivery systems, and (c) well–designed, data–based professional developmental programs.

Difficult challenges face secondary students with LD and their teachers with regard to these students’ participation and success in required general education classes. Recently, instructional methods and materials have been developed and validated for promoting these students’ success. Some of them focus on how general education teachers plan and teach their content–area courses; others focus on giving students the strategies they need to respond independently to the demands of their courses. This article describes these instructional methods, a service–delivery model for implementing these interventions in secondary schools, and professional–development mechanisms and administrative support that must be in place for the model to be maintained effectively.
A Collaborative Approach to Planning in the Content Areas for Students with Learning Disabilities: Accessing the General Curriculum
Authors: Jitendra Asha K. , Edwards Lana L. , Choutka Claire M. , Treadway Pamela S.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to describe a collaborative approach to planning in the content areas to include and allow students with learning disabilities access to the general education curriculum. Procedures for selecting and organizing content, determining activities, identifying accommodations and modifications necessary to enhance content learning, and assessing student performance are presented. In addition, a sample unit plan and a lesson plan are included to illustrate the outcomes of collaborative planning based on effective teaching practices.
The Effects of Securitization on Consumer Mortgage Costs
Authors: Todd Steven
Published: March 2003

We examine the effects of securitization on two dimensions of consumer mortgage costs: coupon rates and loan origination fees. We find no evidence that securitization reduces the coupon rates on fixed‐ or adjustable‐rate mortgages. Instead, securitization appears to lower mortgage loan origination fees, resulting in substantial savings for consumers. Securitization activity includes passthrough creation and collateralized mortgage obligation (CMO) creation. We test for differences between the effects of passthrough and CMO creation on primary mortgage costs. Surprisingly, these activities appear to have indistinguishable effects on loan rates and origination fees, suggesting that a large derivatives market for mortgage loans is not creating value for consumers.
Why Agency Costs Explain Diversification Discounts
Authors: Cronqvist Henrik , Högfeldt Peter , Nilsson Mattias
Published: March 2003

We study diversificsation within the real estate industry because of its relative transparency: portfolio management of assets with well‐defined market prices. Diversification is over property types and geographical regions. The major cause of the diversification discount is not diversification per se but anticipated costs due to rent dissipation in future diversifying acquisitions. Firms expected to pursue nonfocusing strategies do indeed diversify more, are valued ex ante at a 20% discount over firms anticipated to follow a focusing strategy, are predominantly privately controlled and use dual‐class shares extensively. The ex ante diversification discount is, therefore, a measure of agency costs.
An Empirical Examination of Traditional Neighborhood Development
Authors: Tu Charles C. , Eppli Mark J.
Published: March 2003

This study analyzes the impact of the new urbanism on single‐family home prices. Specifically, we explore the price differential that homebuyers pay for houses in new urbanist developments relative to houses in conventional suburban developments. Using data on over 5,000 single‐family home sales from 1994 to 1997 in three different neighborhoods, hedonic regression results reveal that consumers pay more for homes in new urbanist communities than those in conventional suburban developments. Further analyses indicate that the price premium is not attributable to differences in improvement age and other housing characteristics.
Uncertainty, Commitment, and Optimal Taxation
Authors: Cremer Helmuth , Gahvari Firouz
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the optimal tax design problem in the presence of wage uncertainty. The wage has a continuous distribution, individuals are ex ante identical, preferences are separable in labor supply and goods, public policy aims at providing the population with social insurance, and the only restriction on the tax instruments is that emanating from lack of public observability of realized wages and labor supplies. We show that optimal tax structures depend crucially on whether it is labor supply or goods that consumers have to commit to before the resolution of uncertainty. Specifically, we prove that, in the absence of commitment, the social insurance problem collapses to the traditional optimal tax problem. Second, if labor supply is precommitted, it would be possible to effect a first‐best outcome. Third, commitment to goods would make indirect taxation a useful instrument of tax policy even in the presence of a general income tax; it requires differential tax treatment of committed and noncommitted goods. Finally, if preferences are separable between the two types of goods, precommitted goods must be taxed at a uniform rate lower than that on the noncommitted goods.
Strategyproof and Nonbossy Multiple Assignments
Authors: Pápai Szilvia
Published: March 2003

We consider the allocation of heterogeneous indivisible objects without using monetary transfers. Each agent may be assigned more than one object. We show that an allocation rule is strategyproof, nonbossy, and satisfies citizen sovereignty if and only if it is a sequential dictatorship. In a sequential dictatorship agents are assigned their favorite objects that are still available, according to a sequentially endogenously determined hierarchy of the agents. We also establish that replacing nonbossiness by a stronger criterion restricts the characterized class of allocation rules to serial dictatorships, in which the hierarchy of the agents is fixed a priori.
Issues in Marketing Online Insurance Products: An Exploratory Look at Agents’ Use, Attitudes, and Views of the Impact of the Internet
Authors: Eastman Kevin L. , Eastman Jacqueline K. , Eastman Alan D.
Published: March 2003

This article uses a survey of insurance agents in Florida to examine the manner in which insurance agents use and view the Internet as a method of marketing insurance products. The results of the survey suggest that the agents’ use of the Web and their attitudes toward the Web do not vary by demographic characteristics (including age, education level, gender, and income). In addition, the agents’ perception of the Internet as a threat (rather than an opportunity) does not vary by age or education level and is not correlated with their attitudes toward the use of the Web. However, while Internet marketing and other means of direct selling are viewed by the agents as equal threats to their sales, the agents believe that such marketing by other companies is a greater threat than that done by the companies they represent.
God and Some Recent Public Theologies
Authors: Ziegler Philip
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the ‘ever widening’ circle of theological writing concerned with the public character of theology. Specifically, it examines the work of two ‘public theologians‘: Linell Cady and Max Stackhouse, and it does so by focusing on the concept of God ingredient in their programmes for contemporary public theology. The article is an inquiry into the sort of theology such public theologies might be. It argues that an account of the identity and agency of God is of decisive significance for an account of the public character of theology. In keeping with its exploratory nature, it concludes with a series of questions regarding the work of Cady and Stackhouse and suggests an alternative way forward for public theology. It suggests a re‐orientation of public theology ‘on the basis of a more robust account of divine identity and divine agency cognizant of the possibilities afforded by the prevenient publicity of the God of the Christian gospel‘.
Orpheus and Eurydice: a creative agony
Authors: Zabriskie Beverley
Published: March 2003

The archaic story of the Thracian musician Orpheus and his bride Eurydice is heard first as an ancient myth of marriage and death, wedding and separation. The mixture of expectation and dread in its sentiments is sounded still today in the contemporary wedding songs and funeral laments of the Mediterranean and the Balkans. Similar sequences of engagement and withdrawal, ascent and descent, change and metamorphosis are found in the adventures and vicissitudes of other mythic figures. Its premise of the soul's transmigration and its promise of psychic transformation inspired the religious ruminations and philosophic speculation of many centuries.

The shifting keys in the songs of Orpheus and the cries of Eurydice score the shocking emotions of epiphanal moments, the creative ‘agon’, and a depth psychological passage. With its crescendos and denouements, the Orpheus/Eurydice phenomenon suggests the range of experience as one both engages reality and reaches toward meaning.
Archetypes, complexes and self‐organization
Authors: Saunders Peter , Skar Patricia
Published: March 2003

There has always been confusion and disagreement about the nature of the terms archetype and complex in Jungian circles, not to mention non‐Jungian ones. Another ongoing concern is whether Jung's concept of the archetype and complex can be justified in terms of current scientific research, most notably that of neurophysiologists and others interested in the brain and consciousness. This paper proposes a theory of the formation of complexes, namely, that they are created through self‐organization within the brain/mind. Self‐organization is a process typical of large complex systems, and is generally accepted to operate within the brain and to be important in its functioning. Examples of self‐organization in biology are related to the psychic processes that form the complexes. It is then natural to define the archetype in terms of the complex, and the authors propose a definition of the archetype as an equivalence class of complexes. On this view, the archetype is an emergent property of the activity of the brain/mind, and is, appropriately, defined at the level at which it emerges. This definition is in line with the original development of Jung's ideas, in that he derived the concept of the archetype from his earlier discovery of the feeling‐toned complex.
Analytical psychology and its relation to psychoanalysis. A personal view
Authors: Astor James
Published: March 2003

Jungian analysis is a process based on analytical psychology; it shows local variations giving emphasis to different aspects of Jung’s work within the various societies which make up the IAAP. I describe the orientation of the Society of Analytical Psychology (SAP). I have emphasized the different origins of psychoanalysis and analytical psychology and described how, because we encounter the same clinical phenomena, our differences centre on technique and interpretation in the context of our theoretical differences (see Astor 1998, p. 697 & 2001). In the main the link to psychoanalysis has come from the connection forged by Fordham, who recognized that Jung and Klein shared a similar perception of the significance of unconscious phantasy. For Klein unconscious phantasy was the primary unconscious content, and this is different, as Spillius has recently pointed out, from Freud for whom, ‘the prime mover, so to speak, is the unconscious wish’ (Spillius 2001, p. 361).
Hysteresis in Unemployment
Authors: Røed Knut
Published: March 2003

After two decades of ratcheting unemployment in Europe, most economists agree that structural changes associated with higher equilibrium rates of unemployment have occurred. But the direction of causality is a matter of controversy: Have the structural changes caused the long‐lasting increases in actual unemployment? Or have the increases in actual unemployment caused the structural changes? The latter possibility is often referred to as hysteresis. During the past decade, a distinct research program has evolved around the idea that equilibrium employment tracks actual unemployment. This survey reviews the various hysteretic explanations offered in the literature and evaluates their empirical standing.
Segmented Labour Markets: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Leontaridi Marianthi
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the possibility of accepting the labour market segmentation approach as a valid alternative to the classical and neo‐classical analysis of labour markets. It consists of three main parts. The first part contains a historical analysis of both the distant and recent origins of the labour market segmentation hypothesis. Part two outlines the central ideas of both segmentationalists and radical theorists who attempted to explain the fragmented nature of labour markets and the importance of institutional and social influences upon pay, employment and mobility of individual workers between different labour market sectors. The third part examines the case for labour market segmentation using four alternative techniques and discusses the issue of mobility among different labour market segments. It is thereby concluded that the lack of agreement among the segmented labour market theorists on both theoretical and methodological issues has prevented them from developing a consistent and convincing argument based on verifiable empirical evidence to validate their thesis.
The Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on International Trade Flows
Authors: McKenzie Michael D.
Published: March 2003

Despite the best efforts of economists, a basic paradox as to the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flows remains unresolved at both the theoretical and empirical level. This paper surveys the vast literature in the area in an attempt to identify major issues which have contributed to the development of the debate and examine whether any general direction for consensus may be found.
Testing for Linearity
Authors: Hansen Bruce
Published: March 2003

The problem of testing for linearity and the number of regimes in the context of self‐exciting threshold autoregressive (SETAR) models is reviewed. We describe least‐squares methods of estimation and inference. The primary complication is that the testing problem is non‐standard, due to the presence of parameters which are only defined under the alternative, so the asymptotic distribution of the test statistics is non‐standard. Simulation methods to calculate asymptotic and bootstrap distributions are presented. As the sampling distributions are quite sensitive to conditional heteroskedasticity in the error, careful modeling of the conditional variance is necessary for accurate inference on the conditional mean. We illustrate these methods with two applications — annual sunspot means and monthly U.S. industrial production. We find that annual sunspots and monthly industrial production are SETAR(2) processes.
On the Evolution of Money and its Implications for Price Stability
Authors: Dalziel Paul
Published: March 2003

This review identifies in the literature three distinct conceptual frameworks for analysing money, in which the means of settlement is provided by (i) a special commodity used in exchange, (ii) all generally accepted media of exchange including some bank deposits, and (iii) a book‐keeping system recording changes in ownership of financial assets within a pure credit economy. All three sections consider the implications for monetary policy aimed at maintaining price stability. The paper concludes that future theoretical developments are likely to take place within finance theory rather than being based on the quantity theory of money.
Games Economists Play: A Survey of Non‐Computerized Classroom‐Games for College Economics
Authors: Brauer Jurgen , Delemeester Greg
Published: March 2003

The bulk of this unusual paper consists of an extensive online annotated compilation of 113 non‐computerized classroom‐games, most of which can be played within one class period, to assist in the teaching of college‐level basic micro and macroeconomic concepts (see http://www.aug.edu/~sbajmb or http://www.marietta.edu/~delemeeg).

The paper itself consists of three major sections. The first catalogues, summarizes, and provides sample annotations of the games we collected. Section two makes a number of observations about the games. For instance, we notice an imbalance between games for microeconomics (many) and games for macroeconomics (few). We also detail which standard introductory economics topics are covered well and which are not covered well or missing altogether. For example, we observe that few games exist to present the proper economic role of government in economic affairs. The third section surveys the available literature on the costs and benefits of playing games in the classroom. In particular, our survey reveals that existing studies consider costs and benefits to students and instructors only partially, and we lay out a matrix that should help in the design of improved studies on the efficacy of gaming in the classroom.
Non‐Mandatory Approaches to Environmental Protection
Authors: Khanna Madhu
Published: March 2003

The approach to environmental protection has been evolving from a regulation‐driven, adversarial ‘government‐push’ approach to a more proactive approach involving voluntary and often ‘business‐led’ initiatives to self‐regulate their environmental performance. This has been accompanied by increasing provision of environmental information about firms and products to enlist market forces and communities in creating a demand for corporate environmental self‐regulation by signaling their preferences for environmentally friendly firms. This paper provides an overview of the non‐mandatory approaches being used for environmental protection and surveys the existing theoretical literature analyzing the economic efficiency of such approaches relative to mandatory approaches. It also discusses empirical findings on the factors motivating self‐regulation by firms and its implications for their economic and environmental performance. It examines the existing evidence on the extent to which information disclosure is effective in generating pressures from investors and communities on firms to improve their environmental performance.
Political Instability, Uncertainty and Economics
Authors: Carmignani Fabrizio
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on the relationship between political instability, policy–making and macroeconomic outcomes. The theoretical section explores various models that explain the effect of instability (and political uncertainty) on growth, budget formation, inflation and monetary policy. The empirical section discusses the evidence on the predictions generated by theoretical models. Preliminary to this discussion, however, is the analysis of a few general issues concerning the specification and estimation of econometric models with political variables. Some new results are then produced on the empirical relevance of theories of strategic use of fiscal deficit.
Brief Therapy in Adult Psychiatry – Further Outcomes
Authors: Macdonald Alasdair J.
Published: March 2003

A report of a one‐year follow‐up of thirty‐six referrals treated with solution‐focused brief therapy by a supervised team in a mental health setting is described. A good outcome was reported for twenty‐three cases (64%). These results are comparable with our previous work and with one other statistically validated outcome study on solution‐focused therapy.
Time Past and Time Present: ;Linearities, Circularities and Life
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill
Published: March 2003

In 1979 this journal published ‘Psychodynamic and structural approaches to work with families’, a paper reflecting my preoccupation at that time with the move from a psychodynamic model to a model that was not only systemic, but based on developmental principles of family life and family evolution. This paper considers some of the effects of social context, past and present, which relate to the social construction of myself as a woman therapist, and my relationship to changes in professional and gendered issues since 1979.
Mommy and Daddy like you best: perceived family favouritism in relation to affect, adjustment and family process
Authors: Brody Leslie R. , Copeland Anne P. , Sutton Lisa S. , Richardson Dorothy R. , Guyer Margaret
Published: March 2003

Perceived family favouritism and disfavouritism were explored in relation to college students' adjustment, affect and family process. The participants included 127 males and females and 62 of their siblings (age range 18–32 years). Sixty‐five per cent of the participants reported favouritism in their families; 24% reported disfavouritism. There was modest sibling agreement on the presence of family favouritism/disfavouritism as well as on who in the family was doing the favouring or disfavouring. The presence of disfavouritism was found to relate to lower family cohesion, higher family disengagement and higher family conflict. Participants who perceived themselves to be disfavoured also reported more frequent shame and more intense fear. Participants who perceived themselves to be favoured reported less frequent shame. Results are discussed in the context of the empirical and clinical literature on sibling and family interaction and the differential treatment of siblings by parents. A clinical case example is provided to illustrate the results and to highlight the implications for family therapy.
Beyond neutrality – a politically oriented systemic intervention
Authors: Shamai Michal
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on the necessity to expand some perspectives of systemic interventions beyond the therapeutic room. It relates to situations where the problem presented by the client system arises from a political ideology that marginalizes the client system. The consideration of new alternatives requires a dialogue about the ideology of the client system and the ideologies held by others – the therapist, the people in the main stream, etc. Balancing between sharing therapist prejudices, i.e. political ideology, being neutral in understanding the narrative and meaning of the client system ideology, and being irreverent towards all ideologies, is useful in enabling the consideration of new alternatives. This is illustrated by the case of a supervisor/dialogue process with a group of Jewish family therapists living in the situation of political uncertainty on the West Bank of the Jordan, an area that has been occupied by Israel for three decades and a focal point of the changes proscribed by the Oslo Peace Agreement.
Parental illness and disability: a family systems framework
Authors: Rolland John S.
Published: March 2003

Coping with the strains and uncertainties of parental illness and disability can be a monumental challenge. The Family Systems‐Illness Model offers a psychosocial map to address this challenge and make the inevitable strains more manageable. Attending to the longitudinal psychosocial pattern of a condition within a multigenerational, life cycle and belief system context can provide the kind of structure – a common language that facilitates collaborative, creative problem solving and quality of life for families where a parent has a serious health problem. Some of the major challenges in families facing parental illness are addressed.
Meeting the Needs of Evidence‐based Practice in Family Therapy: Developing the Scientist‐practitioner Model
Authors: Crane D. Russell , Hafen Jr. McArthur
Published: March 2003

Effective models of clinical training have been and continue to be a primary topic of discussion in the field of family therapy, particularly given the needs of evidence‐based practice. This article outlines the major historical and contemporary struggles of one such model of clinical training and practice: the scientist‐practitioner model. Throughout the article, the principles of the scientist‐practitioner model and evidence‐based practices are compared and contrasted. Suggestions for overcoming the contemporary challenges faced by the scientist‐practitioner in a family therapy practice or in an educational environment are discussed.
Understanding families in their own context: schizophrenia and structural family therapy in Beijing
Authors: Hsin Yang Lawrence , Pearson Veronica J.
Published: March 2003

Evidence from a number of family intervention strategies demonstrates a beneficial impact on the course of schizophrenia. It appears that different family interventions have generic features that aid the patient to avoid relapse and improve functioning. A significant challenge for researchers is to modify these generic strategies to be sensitive to different cultural groups in order to ensure their effectiveness. Chinese culture, with its distinct cultural norms governing family interaction and intense stigma towards the mentally ill, would seem to raise a particular challenge.

This paper offers an account of an eclectic model of structural family therapy that incorporates psychoeducation and behavioural treatments for schizophrenia as a theoretical guide to working in a cross–cultural context. A Beijing family, consisting of parents and their daughter with schizophrenia, were seen for sixteen months during a trial of family intervention in China. Through structural family concepts, China’s sociocultural context of treatment resource constraints, population policy and stigma are examined and the impact of the illness on family organization is explored.
Talking to children about family therapy: a qualitative research study
Authors: Lobatto Wendy
Published: March 2003

In an exploratory study a number of children were interviewed some time after family therapy. Their responses were analysed using grounded theory methodology. Outcomes indicate that for children, family therapy is potentially a complex arena in which ambiguities and ambivalences are present. The children’s position in the therapeutic session is discussed in terms of their role in the ‘therapeutic circle’.