bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Job Dependence as a Moderator of Effects of Job Threat on Employees' Job Insecurity and Performance
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: August 2011

The effects of job dependence on the relationships between objective job threat and, respectively, employees' job insecurity and performance were examined among 135 employees of a small Australian manufacturer. Objective job threat was given by the combined ratings of three managers of the likelihood of each of the jobs disappearing over the next few years. Moderated multiple regression analysis showed that job dependence interacted with job threat in predicting differences in insecurity, but not in performance. Subjects dependent on their jobs felt more insecure than those who were more independent, as predicted.
Fears of Normal and Retarded Children
Authors: Vandenberg Brian
Published: August 2011

The developmental features of the fears of 112 nonretarded and 42 retarded children were examined. With development, the fears of nonretarded children became more closely aligned with real sources of threat that involve human agency and less fearful of imaginary things. The retarded children displayed patterns of fears similar to their mental-age peers rather than chronological peers and were more likely to deny being fearful than their nonretarded peers.
Viewing Music-Videotapes before Taking a Test of Premarital Sexual Attitudes
Authors: Calfin Matthew S. , Carroll James L. , Shmidt Jerry
Published: August 2011

Three groups of students ( N = 151) were exposed to one of three conditions. Participants in two groups viewed either an Amy Grant or Madonna music videotape and completed an 18-item survey of sexual attitudes. A third group only received the survey. Chi-squared analysis identified many differences between the groups including gender differences in attitude. In general, viewers of the Madonna videotape expressed more liberal attitudes than either of the other two groups. Men tended to be more liberal than women, and the control group was less favorable toward premarital sexual relations than either of the video-viewing groups.
Locus of Control, Depression, and Anger among African-Americans
Authors: Young Thomas J. , French Laurence A. , Wailes S. N.
Published: August 2011

Subjects, 98 African-American college students, were given a measure of belief in locus of control, a self-report measure of depression, and three scales from the Buss and Durkee Hostility Inventory. Depression and belief in control by powerful others correlated only for subjects with low scores on Assaultive, Verbal, and Indirect Hostility. The findings, using nonwhite subjects, replicate a previous study in which the racial composition was not indicated.
Mathematical Difficulties in Statistics
Authors: O'Dell Jerry W. , Von Kluge Sylvia
Published: August 2011

79 and 120 students in classes in Psychological Statistics were tested in 1976 and 1991, respectively, with a mathematical readiness test devised by Brown in 1933. A general decline in mathematical ability as measured by the test was found, especially with items involving mathematical reasoning and algebra. Over-all mean scores dropped significantly from 18.8 to 16.6.
Reliability and Validity of a Brief Version of Levenson's Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Sapp Stephen G. , Harrod Wendy J.
Published: August 2011

A 9-item locus of control scale was constructed from Levenson's (1974) 24-item locus of control scale. Principal components and second-order factor analyses of responses from 129 undergraduates indicated satisfactory reliability and construct validity of the reduced scale. Structural equation analysis using a scaled measure of perceived risk supported the predictive validity of the reduced scale.
Hopelessness in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Steer Robert A. , Kumar Geetha , Beck Aaron T.
Published: August 2011

To study hopelessness in adolescent inpatients, we administered the Beck Hopelessness Scale to 108 inpatients between 12 and 17 years old who were diagnosed with mixed psychiatric disorders. Moderate to severe pessimism about the future was described by 42.6%. A principal components analysis of the correlations among the scale's 20 items was conducted, and three components reflecting rejection of the possibility of a hopeful future, acceptance of the inevitability of a hopeless future, and resignation to the futility of changing the future were identified. These dimensions were comparable to those previously reported for adults, and the usefulness of the scale for evaluating hopelessness in adolescent inpatients was discussed.
Anxiety, Anger, and Depression in Elderly Women
Authors: Bleiker Eveline M. A. , Van Der Ploeg Henk M. , Mook Jaap , Kleijn Wim Chr.
Published: August 2011

Few epidemiological data are available on affect, such as anxiety, anger, and depression, among elderly persons. Given the increase in the number of relatively older people, epidemiological studies of aging are critically important. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the relationship between age and these affects. Data obtained from 4,302 women participating in a breast cancer screening program, aged over 43 and up to 89 years, showed that correlations for age and anxiety, anger, and depression are generally low, respectively, – .02, – .05, and .05. Mean scores for anxiety, anger, and depression over the various age groups are comparatively similar, with some slight age-related trends for anger and depression. The changes in depression (an increase in mean depression scores with increasing age) appeared to be related to the positive association of the self-reported “somatic-depression” with age.
Verdict, Sentencing, and Certainty as a Function of Sex of Juror and Amount of Evidence in a Simulated Rape Trial
Authors: McNamara Kathleen , Vattano Frank , Viney Wayne
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to investigate the relationship between sex of juror and amount of evidence to verdict, sentencing, and certainty in a simulated rape trial. Subjects were 118 female and 109 male college students. Analyses indicate, even under conditions of strong evidence, men are less likely to find the defendant guilty and prescribe shorter sentences than women. Women, under the conditions of moderate evidence, were more likely than men to find the defendant guilty. The results also suggest that certitude and severity of sentence are driven by the verdict reached rather than by gender. The findings are compared with those of other studies and discussed in terms of the ideation of men and women, environment and subjects' characteristics, and mode of presentation in a simulated rape trial.
Source of Sex Education in Relation to Self-Esteem and Attitudes towards AIDS Precautions among College Students
Authors: Bates Larry W. , Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

84 college students responded to Coopersmith's self-esteem scale, Moore and Barling's AIDS Questionnaire, and a background survey querying them as to their sex, race, religion, frequency of church attendance, marital status, college classification, and sources of their sex education. The results indicated that self-esteem scores correlated positively with having received sex education from the parents and negatively with not having received sex education from any of the listed sources. More frequent church attenders were more likely to have received sex education from their parents and to score higher in foreclosure status with regard to attitudes towards AIDS. Persons who scored higher on moratorium status for attitudes towards AIDS were less likely to have received sex education in high school, were more likely not to have received sex education from formal sources, and reported being less likely to use condoms.
Pleasure from Activities and Self-Defeating Personality
Authors: Schill Thomas , Beyler Jane , Sharp Michelle
Published: August 2011

As predicted, people who scored higher on a measure of Self-defeating Personality reported experiencing less pleasure and enjoyment from individual and social activities as well as from personal accomplishments. The results were consistent with the idea that these people maintain a self-image of “loser” by minimizing or discounting positives in their lives. Results were also consistent with prior research showing a positive relationship between self-defeating personality and depressive affect.
Mini-Mental State Examination Scores: Gender and Lifetime Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Líndal Eiríkur , Stefánsson Jón G.
Published: August 2011

The Mini-Mental State Examination was taken by 862 subjects from the general population, all born in 1931 and 55 to 57 years of age at the time of the study. These responses were analyzed in detail to obtain normative data for the test, and comparisons were made between the members of the group who had lifetime histories of psychiatric disorder and those who did not. Comprehensive comparisons were also made of the geometric diagram included in the test with the aim of finding non-pathological variations within correct geometric drawings. Apart from providing normative data, findings show a difference in the final score for the sexes, depending on whether Serial 7s are chosen or a word is spelled backwards. The men received a higher score on Serial 7s and the women a higher score on spelling a word backwards. A pretest choice is recommended in that the Serial 7s be selected for men, but omitted for women. Both gender differences and a psychiatric diagnosis correlate with the naming of two digits in a MMS subscore category.
Use of Contingent Music to Increase Academic Performance of Middle-School Students
Authors: McLaughlin T. F. , Helm J. L.
Published: August 2011

The present research evaluated the effects of contingent access to music on the academic performance of two junior high school students with disabilities. The use of response contingent music increased the number of correct problems completed in mathematics. A replication of baseline conditions resulted in a decrease in performance. Practical applications of the procedure were discussed.
Identifying Core Concepts in Introductory Psychology
Authors: Landrum R. Eric
Published: August 2011

Two studies were conducted in an attempt to establish a core of concepts considered fundamental to introductory psychology courses. Six textbooks were analyzed for concepts that could be considered important to instructors. The six textbooks yielded 5,148 terms and after duplications were eliminated, 2,742 unique terms were organized in a chapter-by-chapter format. 45 psychology instructors rated three chapters each, creating a resource listing of the most important concepts in introductory psychology. Limitations to this approach and varied possible uses of this information are discussed.
Personality Subgroups in an Inpatient Vietnam Veteran Treatment Program
Authors: Piekarski Alexander M. , Sherwood Roger , Funari David J.
Published: August 2011

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory personality profiles of 250 male inpatient Vietnam veterans were examined to locate subgroups within that population. Using a hierarchical cluster analysis to form relatively homogeneous groups, four clusters were identified which accounted for 98% of the population. Three clusters had Millon profiles suggestive of a stress reaction and one cluster had a profile indicative of an antisocial adjustment. As measured by a PTSD subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory two clusters are high stress groups and two clusters are lower stress groups. The two Millon personality profiles in the high stress category were an 8-2-1/6 group and a 2-8-1-3 group. The lower stress groups had profiles of /8-2 and 6/8-5. The high stress groups are considered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder groups and the lower stress groups are considered nonPosttraumatic Stress Disorder groups.
Parenting Inventory: Validity and Social Desirability
Authors: Peters Cynthia L. , Fox Robert A.
Published: August 2011

The concurrent validity of the Parenting Inventory was examined using the Developmental Questionnaire, an instrument developed for this study. The potential effect of social desirability on scores on the inventory also was studied. The sample included 42 mothers whose children were between 1 and 4 years of age. Scores on the inventory's Expectations subscale were significantly correlated .86 with those on the developmental questionnaire, an independent measure of parental expectations. Parents' responses on a measure of social desirability were not related to their subscale scores on the Parenting Inventory. Implications are discussed.
Black and White Homeless Men: Differences in Self-Actualization, Willingness to Use Services, History of Being Homeless, and Subjective Health Ratings
Authors: Sumerlin John R. , Privette Gayle , Bundrick Charles M.
Published: August 2011

In this analysis of racial confounds in the study of homelessness and self-actualization, 100 black and 71 white homeless men from a mission and a street environment were compared to test the hypothesis that the prototypes of black and white homeless men are different. Discriminant analysis of items from the Short Index of Self-actualization of Jones and Crandall, willingness to use services, history of homelessness, and self-reported health ratings correctly classified 83 6% of black and white homeless men (Wilks' lambda = .46, p < .0001). The prototypic black homeless person and the prototypic white homeless person have strong differences so race must be evaluated in studies of such groups.
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Family Environments of Anglo-Australians, Italian-Australians, and Southern Italians
Authors: Casella Antonietta , Kearins Judith
Published: August 2011

Differences in academic achievement have been noted in children from various ethnic backgrounds. In Australia, differences in educational attainment between Anglo-Australian and Italian students have been documented, Italian students performing more poorly. Since the influence of environmental factors on students' achievement is well supported in the literature, the present study compared the family environments of Anglo-Australians ( n = 25), Italian-Australians ( n = 29), and Southern Italians ( n = 29) via administration of the Family Environment Scale to mothers. Significant differences were found, the Anglo-Australian sample scoring higher on the Active-Recreational subscale and lower on the Organisation subscale than both Italian groups. Differences between the Anglo-Australian and Southern Italian groups showed the Anglo-Australians scoring significantly lower on the Achievement Orientation subscale and higher on the Intellectual-Cultural Orientation subscale. There were no significant differences between the Italian groups. These findings suggest preservation of Italian cultural values within Australian society, which may contribute to a restriction of learning opportunities for Italian children and possibly affect their educational achievements in later years.
Awareness of Technology in an Elementary School Environment
Authors: Hutchinson Cynthia J. , Dziuban Charles D.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the results of a program for enhancing technology awareness of 73 students and 35 teachers in an elementary school environment using a program designed for students' exploration of careers and enhanced self-esteem. Analysis indicated that teachers increased their knowledge of technology.
Gender-Specific Differences in the Perceived Antecedents of Academic Stress
Authors: Jones Russell W.
Published: August 2011

This study was undertaken to establish the existence of any gender-specific differences in the perceived antecedents of academic stress. The Academic Pressure Scale for Adolescents was administered to 112 girls and 160 boys attending high school. Significant gender-based differences were obtained on eight of the 35 questions of the scale. In each case girls reported greater stress than boys. This study provides strong evidence that girls and boys of high school age differentially experience the antecedents of academic stress and that adolescent girls experience greater academic stress than boys.
College Students' Attitudes toward Relationships with Their Parents as a Function of Gender
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Holland Brooke E.
Published: August 2011

The relation with one's parents is perhaps the most important variable in predicting future interpersonal relationships. To measure current attitudes toward relationships with parents 34 college men and 55 women from general psychology were administered two statements: “My relationship with my MOTHER can best be described as Great!, Good, Average, Poor, Awful!,” and “My relationship with my FATHER can best be described as Great!, Good, Average, Poor, Awful!” Sign tests showed significantly higher ratings for relationships with mothers (Good) than with fathers (Average to Good). Also, sons rated their relationships with their mothers (Good) as significantly better than with their fathers (Average to Good), yet daughters rated mothers and fathers about equally (Average to Good). The data are interpreted in terms of social learning theory and psychoanalytic theory.
Situational Typing and Graded Smoking Reduction
Authors: O'Connor Kieron , Langlois Robert
Published: August 2011

Twenty-seven smokers were classified pretreatment according to whether they reported high craving to smoke when they were actively engaged ( n = 14) in a task or not ( n = 13). Both groups reported reduced smoking and craving during a situation-based reduction program. But the former group showed a more consistent increase in self-efficacy, positive change in mood, and reported less relapse at six-month follow-up. We conclude that in our sample, situation-based reduction suited those with a preference to smoke during more goal-directed activities.
The Relation of Humor to Depression and Personality
Authors: Deaner Stephanie L. , McConatha Jasmin T.
Published: August 2011

The present study focused on an assessment of humor, depression, and personality. 38 male and 91 female college students responded to five self-report questionnaires, i.e., Martin and Lefcourt's Situational Humor Response Questionnaire and Coping Humor Scale, Svebak's Sense of Humor Questionnaire, Zimmerman's Inventory to Diagnose Depression, and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Analysis indicated that individuals who scored lower on the depression scale tended to score higher on the Coping Humor Scale, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. Also, individuals scoring higher on the humor scales tended to score higher on Extraversion and Emotional Stability. These personality factors appear to be strongly related to the sense of humor construct and depression. Perhaps the personality factors of introversion and neuroticism may be employed to identify a predisposition toward depression.
Sex, AIDS, and the Use of Condoms: A Survey of Compliance in College Students
Authors: Oswalt Robert , Matsen Krista
Published: August 2011

To evaluate compliance with the suggestion that condoms be used during risky sexual activity, 206 college students' use of condoms during genital and anal sex was surveyed. Analysis indicated that 78% engaged in genital intercourse, and while 20% always used a condom, 44% used condoms less than half the time. Of the 10% engaged in anal sex, 90% did not use condoms. Students at highest risk (with the most partners) were using condoms least often. All respondents reported knowing AIDS was transmitted sexually. Nonetheless, reasons given for not using condoms were belief they knew their partners' sexual history or another form of birth control was being used. Results suggest that outcome studies are needed to assess programs which focus on behavioral change, including use of condoms.
Review of Research on Pathological Gambling
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: August 2011

The literature including a number of review articles was examined for answers to the questions, have distinctive personality test profiles of pathological gamblers been identified, do pathological gamblers have control over their behavior, have studies of alcoholism and addiction increased understanding of compulsive gambling, and has psychotherapy or Gamblers Anonymous been successful for them? Much more information is needed to build on what research on these questions has yielded.
Individual Differences in the Wegner Rebound Effect: Evidence for a Moderator Variable in Thought Rebound following Thought Suppression
Authors: Rutledge Patricia C. , Hollenberg Dene , Hancock Robert A.
Published: August 2011

Wegner, Schneider, Carter, and White in 1987 found that attempts to suppress thoughts of a white bear produced even greater preoccupation with that stimulus—a rebound effect. This effect was investigated in Exp. 1 using both Wegner's white bear stimulus and a more personally meaningful stimulus (an upcoming test). The rebound effect was not observed with either stimulus. Exp. 2 was conducted to examine the hypothesis that this failure to replicate Wegner, et al.'s rebound effect reflected individual differences in the respective subject pools. A within-subjects design was used to classify subjects as rebounders or nonrebounders by comparing each subject's expression of a thought following suppression to their own baseline expression of that thought. Subjects classified as rebounders had significantly higher ACT Mathematics subtest scores than did the subjects classified as nonrebounders. This suggests that there is a moderator variable related to mathematics ability for the rebound effect.
Equivalency of the Forms of Set 1 of the Depression Adjective Check Lists
Authors: Van Whitlock Rodney , Lubin Bernard , Warner Amy
Published: August 2011

To study the equivalency of the forms of Set 1 of the Depression Adjective Check Lists a series of 3 × 2 × 2 × 4 repeated-measures analysis of variance were performed on Set 1 completed by three age groups: (1) 162 women and 121 men college students, (2) 206 female and 171 male adolescents, and (3) 233 elderly women and 105 men. Age group means for elderly were lowest and those for adolescents highest and version of checklist (trait means were lower) were significant. As main effect of the Check List forms was not significant, it was concluded that the forms of Set 1 are equivalent.
Relationship between Psychological Climate and Trust between Salespersons and Their Managers in Sales Organizations
Authors: Strutton David , Toma Al , Pelton Lou E.
Published: August 2011

The ability of managers to develop and preserve trusting relationships with people in their sales departments exerts a critical influence on the success of their organizations. The extent to which psychological climates influence the trust that salespersons place in their managers was investigated. Salespersons possessing low and high trust ( ns = 94 and 89) were distinguished by significantly different perceptions of the levels of autonomy, cohesiveness, fairness, innovativeness, and recognition within the psychological climate of their sales units. Recommendations for how managers can foster psychological climates of trust are suggested.
A Comparison of Two Samples, South Africans and Canadians, on Social Desirability
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

Reanalysis of previously collected scores from 86 African adults (22.4 yr. old) and 190 Canadian youth (17.4 yr.) on Eysenck's social desirability scale indicated differences across gender and cultures in describing one's own personality favourably. Whereas there was no gender difference for the Canadian adolescents, African women scored higher than the African men and the Canadian boys and girls. While the gender and cross-cultural differences are consistent with some prior work, they should be examined in greater detail with respect to cultural experiences and measures of personality, child-rearing, and aspirations.
Achievement Motivation in Mexican-American Eighth Grade Students
Authors: Menchaca Velma D.
Published: August 2011

120 eighth grade students of two ethnic groups in South Texas, Mexican-American and Anglo-American, were administered an instrument to assess their achievement motivation and a measure of socioeconomic status. The former was designed to examine whether the students were motivated to achieve success or to avoid failure. Analysis indicated no significant differences between the two ethnic groups in achievement motivation, yet on socioeconomic status, differences were noted. Mexican-American students report the same motivation to succeed and to avoid failure as do Ango-American students.
Are University Students More Depressed Than Nonuniversity Students?
Authors: Hong Sung-Mook , Faedda Salvatora , Zacharia Maria
Published: August 2011

Rimon's Brief Depression Scale was administered to examine the associations of university status and gender on depression among 1728 subjects ages 17 to 40 years and residing in Sydney, Australia. Analysis showed the 912 women were significantly more depressed than the 816 men; however, no significant difference was found between 744 university students and 984 nonstudents. These findings were interpreted in terms of various theories proposed in the literature.
Personality Changes following Brain Injury as a Grief Response to the Loss of Sense of Self: Phenomenological Themes as Indices of Local Lability and Neurocognitive Structuring as Psychotherapy
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Both theoretical and empirical observations suggest that significant alterations in self-concept should occur following most closed head injuries because of diffuse synaptic modification within the temporofrontal regions; this loss of the sense of self should evoke a grief-like response sequence and should encourage paranormal/religious experiences during the subsequent months to years. The marked consistency between phenomenological experiences and the results of neuropsychological assessments of 56 adults who had sustained brain injuries supported this hypothesis. Subsequent reports by these patients indicated that clinical translation of posttraumatic experiences into rational neurobehavioral terms and interventions tailored for the individual's specific pattern of brain “dysfunction” may facilitate adaptation during the grieving period.
The Cross-Cultural World-Mindedness Scale and Political Party Affiliation
Authors: Der-Karabetian Aghop , Metzer Jack
Published: August 2011

Supporters of the Democratic, Republican, and neither parties from Southern California ( n = 178) and Texas ( n = 136) were administered the Cross-cultural World-mindedness scale. The former sample scored higher than the latter. Supporters of the different parties did not score differently within the Texas sample; however, supporters of the Republican party in the Southern California sample scored lower than the other two groups who were not different from each other, providing partial evidence of criterion validity.
Jealous Aggression: Who is the Target, the Beloved or the Rival?
Authors: Mathes Eugene W. , Verstraete Christine
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that when an individual's romantic partner is sexually unfaithful the individual will be more angry with and aggressive toward the partner than the third party. 40 college men and women participated in this study. Each subject rated how angry and aggressive he or she would be toward him- or herself, the partner, and the third party if the partner were unfaithful. Intensity of love, degree of commitment, and mode of anger/aggression expression were also investigated. Support was found for the hypothesis.
Psychometric Properties of a Perceived Behavioral Control Multiplicative Scale Developed According to Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Valois Pierre , Desharnais Raymond , Godin Gaston , Perron Jacques , Lecomte Conrad
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of a scale to assess perceived behavioral control developed according to a multiplicative procedure. Based upon Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, belief-based and global measures of perceived behavioral control and intention to continue with the Certificate program in Law until graduation were assessed among a group of 217 students. Analyses indicated that the psychometric properties of the perceived behavioral control multiplicative scale were appropriate.
Classroom Resistance Strategies of Type-A Scoring Students
Authors: Lamude Kevin G. , Furno-Lamude Diane , Scudder Joseph
Published: August 2011

In a study of 94 college students, students' self-reported Type-A scores were positively associated with Direct Communication ( r = .59) and Avoidance ( r = .52) resistance strategies to teachers' on-task behavior.
Educational Intervention for a Huntington's Disease Caregiver
Authors: Dura Jason R.
Published: August 2011

A lack of knowledge has been linked to increased stress for caregivers. Educational programs are an inexpensive intervention with potential to improve caregivers' provision of care and to reduce the associated stress. The present description is of a Huntington's disease caregiver's participation in a training program for at-home care of a physically dependent, demented person. Care knowledge was deficient prior to participation and increased with participation. Collaterally, confidence in providing assistance increased and stressfulness of care fell. While increased knowledge remained at follow-up, confidence and stressfulness returned to pre-intervention levels. Measures of affect mirrored the pattern of change in confidence and stressfulness. This suggests that education increased knowledge but this gain was not associated with longer term improvement in the caregiver's affect, stressfulness of continuing to provide care, and confidence in providing care. Implications for such programs are discussed.
Motivational Factors of International Travelers
Authors: Fontaine Gary
Published: August 2011

A factor analysis of the motives for international travel of 133 university students and management trainees produced 7 factors which are described.
Failing to Conceive with in Vitro Fertilization: The Middle Eastern Experience
Authors: Baluch Bahman , Manyande Anne , Aghssa Malek-Mansour , Jafari Roshanak
Published: August 2011

This paper examined the psychological aspects of failing to conceive with in vitro fertilization on 14 treated infertile and 14 untreated Iranian patients. Analysis suggests that, although a significant amount of psychological discomfort is associated with being infertile, the fact that patients have endured unsuccessful treatment cycles does not seem to aggravate the situation any further. Perhaps undergoing unsuccessful IVF treatment cycles could be a psychologically positive epilogue in closing the book on infertility treatment.
Sex-Typing of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
Authors: Wierzbicki Michael , Goldade Paula
Published: August 2011

College students (27 men, 47 women) rated Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory items for sex-typedness. Men and women did not differ in their perceptions of the sex-typing of the test, either for individual items or for 11 personality disorder scales; however, subjects perceived items in general as slightly more likely to be endorsed by women than men. In addition, 10 of the 11 scales were perceived as significantly more likely to be endorsed by one sex or the other. These sex differences were generally consistent with reports of actual sex differences in the frequencies of diagnosis of Axis II conditions. Several inconsistencies between actual sex differences and the sex-typedness of Millon scales were identified and discussed.
A Test of Ferri's Hypothesis about Suicide and Homicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

From 1940 to 1989 in the USA, suicide and homicide rates were positively associated, as were the year-to-year changes in these rates, in contradiction to an hypothesis made by Enrico Ferri.
Development of a Therapist Activity Rating Scale: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Conte Hope R. , Plutchik Robert , Picard Susan , Karasu T. Byram
Published: August 2011

A 61-item scale was constructed of relatively explicit descriptions of behavior in which a psychotherapist might engage. The scale is largely noninferential, is basically atheoretical but applicable to psychodynamically oriented therapy, may be completed by either the therapist or an independent rater with minimal training, and may be used to rate entire therapy sessions or specified segments of sessions. The scale shows high interrater reliability and discriminant validity.
The Educational Structure and the Self-Image of Jamaican Adolescents
Authors: Smith Delores E.
Published: August 2011

The Offer Self-image Questionnaire was used to assess the self-image of 141 Jamaican adolescents attending three types of secondary (High, Technical, and New Secondary) schools in Jamaica. Owing to the different status given each type of school, differences among students' self-perceptions were hypothesized as a function of the type of secondary school they attended. Analysis showed significant differences on dimensions of the self-image of Jamaican adolescents relative to the hierarchical status afforded their respective schools. Adolescents attending the more prestigious (High) schools scored significantly better than peers from the less prestigious Technical and New Secondary schools on eight self-image dimensions of impulse control, emotional tone, social relationships, morals, sexual attitudes, vocational and educational goals, emotional health, and superior adjustment. Students from Technical schools had significantly better adjustment scores than New Secondary students on social relationships, sexual attitudes, and emotional health. Results are discussed with regard to the Jamaican cultural, educational and economic setting. International implications are noted.
A Factor Analysis of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire Based on Data from Saddening Experiences
Authors: Atkinson Mark , Violato Claudio
Published: August 2011

Data from 149 subjects coping with saddening life events were collected over a ten-week period (745 life events). A factor analysis indicated that the Ways of Coping Questionnaire Avoidance items lost their unidimensionality and loaded on two distinct factors (i.e., one factor tapping cognitive avoidance and one tapping physiological symptomatology). Moreover, items from the Self-control scale lost their coherence and did not load meaningfully on any factor.
Correlations between Scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III and the General Purpose Abbreviated Battery of the Stanford-Binet IV
Authors: Carvajal Howard H. , Hayes Jeff E. , Lackey Kristi L. , Rathke Melody L. , Wiebe Deloise A. , Weaver Kenneth A.
Published: August 2011

Estimations of some relationships among scores on the “General Purpose Abbreviated Battery” of the Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III were based on the responses of 14 boys and 18 girls enrolled in Grades 3, 4, and 5 and who took both tests. Of 13 Pearson correlations between the Binet IV composite score and the Wechsler subtest scores and IQs 12 were statistically significant ( rs = .45 to .74). The new Wechsler scale appears to be a valid instrument for the 32 children (8–8 to 11–11) who were tested.
C″ and Depression
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

Research assessing the validity of the Rorschach hypothesis that achromatic responses ( C′) reflect depressiveness was reviewed. The conclusions drawn from these data are that the research does not support the hypothesis as stated and research is needed to clarify the relationship of depressiveness to the determinants or the psychological meaning of C′. Until such time as objective signs of depression and depressiveness can be discovered by research, clinicians should not interpret C′ as signifying depressiveness. If the search is for assistance in discerning depressiveness from the analysis of Rorschach data, until a more objective and valid method of such assessment is developed, the presence of depressive content would appear to be a satisfactory method of assessing a person's depressiveness.
Oral Personality Traits in Hindu, Muslim, and Protestant College Students
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan
Published: August 2011

Several psychoanalytic writers have attributed cultural differences in personality to pregenital fixation. The present study empirically assessed oral fixation in Hindu, Muslim, and Protestant college students. Questionnaire measures of oral optimism and oral pessimism character traits were administered to 206 English college students (47 Hindus, 96 Muslims, and 63 Protestants). Analysis of means showed that Protestants displayed significantly more oral optimism traits than the Hindus. No significant differences were found between Protestant and Muslim means or between Hindu and Muslim means. No mean differences were found for oral pessimism traits. Further research examining cultural differences of infantile experiences is proposed before conclusions are drawn regarding the etiology of the reported differences.
Satisfaction with Performance Appraisal Ratings
Authors: Jordan James L. , Jordan Deovina N.
Published: August 2011

Positive moderate correlations were obtained for 27 head nurses' ratings of performance appraisal and their satisfaction with those ratings.
Perceived Self-Efficacy and Perceptions of Opportunity and Threat
Authors: Krueger Norris F. , Dickson Peter R.
Published: August 2011

Perceptions of self-efficacy reported by 153 subjects were significantly associated with subsequent perceptions of situational opportunity and threat for two different exercises.
Effects of Life Stress and Dysphoria on Complex Judgments
Authors: Gillis John S.
Published: August 2011

A sparse literature concerning the effects of stress on judgment and decision making has produced two tentative conclusions: (1) stress impairs judgment and (2) such impairment is often the result of the narrowing of a judge's focus of attention. While evidence supportive of these propositions exists, there have also been contradictory findings. This investigation attempted to address both of these issues. 98 undergraduate students completed a complex multiple-cue judgment task and were also assessed as to (a) their exposure to two potential sources of stress (life events and irrational thinking) and (b) the amount of personal dysphoria they were experiencing. Two indices of subjective distress, depression and state anxiety, were significantly related to poor judgmental performance. None of several indices of potential stressors confirmed a relationship, which suggests that possible external sources of stress do not negatively affect judgment unless they generate subjective distress at the time judgments are made. There was no support for the “narrowing” hypothesis.
Instructional Feedback in Context
Authors: Keenan Verne C. , Langer Philip
Published: August 2011

Feedback is often used to assist instruction but different situations may call for different kinds of feedback. This analysis of the varieties of task, of feedback mode, and of learner is intended to encourage the use of feedback in specifically appropriate situations and to begin systematizing the empirical validation of relevant parameters.
On the Validity of Hypotheses Derived from the Rorschach: The Relationship between Color and Affect, Update 1992
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

A review of research since the last review in 1976 reconfirms the conclusion that how persons will express their emotions does not necessarily bear any relationship to the nature of their responses to color on the Rorschach. It is not only time for clinicians to give up this color-affect hypothesis with regard to Rorschach data but to conduct some basic, exploratory research to examine, empirically, whether a relationship does exist between persons' characteristic modes of expressing their emotions and their characteristic styles of responding to the Rorschach.
Gender Differences in Attitudes toward Science
Authors: Trankina Michele L.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of nationwide surveys taken from 1972 through 1990 showed that, at all education levels and in all age groups from 20 to 79 years, females had less confidence in science than males. Greater percentages of females than males agreed with statements that, “science breaks down people's ideas of right and wrong” and “science pries into things.” The relationships between gender differences in attitudes toward science and theories about biological differences in cognitive abilities between the sexes, traditional societal roles of women, and the impediments to participation of women in historically male-dominated science are discussed.
Assessing the Efficacy of the Test of English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Hughey Aaron W. , Hinson Danny
Published: August 2011

American colleges and universities routinely use the Test of English as a Foreign Language to assess international students' potential for academic success. This is unfortunate given current disagreement regarding its validity as a predictive measure. The present study examined the academic records of 168 international students enrolled at a private, four-year institution in the southeastern United States. Each student was profiled by gender, general language background, major area of study, score on the test at the time of admission to the university, and GPA at the time of departure from the university. Analysis indicated that the test's value as a vehicle for assessing academic potential is problematic. Recommendations are presented for use within current limitations, and possible lines of enquiry are suggested.
Is Smoking Associated with Height and Weight?
Authors: Duncan David F. , Rice Christopher
Published: August 2011

The reported relationship between height and smoking was tested using data from a representative sample of the U.S. population ( N = 41,014). Both height and weight were associated with smoking. A further analysis for males and females separately showed that the initial results were a result of confounding of the variables with gender.
Personality Disorders in Geropsychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Molinari Victor , Marmion Jane
Published: August 2011

36 geropsychiatric outpatients were administered a semistructured personality disorder interview derived from DSM-III criteria. Over half (58%) of this elderly sample met criteria for diagnoses of personality disorders, which have been shown to significantly affect treatment of Axis I symptomatology in young adults. Compared to a young adult outpatient sample of 298, older patients had significantly fewer disorders and multiple ones. The greater number of diagnoses yielded by the interview versus clinical evaluation approached statistical significance.
Validity Issues in Using the Millon-II with Substance Abusers
Authors: Bishop D. Russell
Published: August 2011

This study addressed the use of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (Millon-II) in assessing 73 substance abusers. The influence of neuropsychological functioning on personality functioning is discussed and evaluated. Reported history of substance abuse did not significantly relate to measures of neuropsychological or personality functioning. Of the sample, 16.9% produced invalid Millon-II scores; invalidity was not significantly related to demographic characteristics or history of substance abuse. Millon-II profile validity was related to verbal and perceptual-motor functioning. Some neuropsychological variables significantly predicted Millon-II scale scores but with little consistency.
Reports of Childhood Incest by Adults with Panic Disorder or Agoraphobia
Authors: Gogoleski Mary Ann , Thyer Bruce A. , Waller Raymond J.
Published: August 2011

A convenience sample of 94 members of an agoraphobia self-help group responded to an anonymous survey on their possible histories of childhood incest. 12 (13%) respondents reported such a history. These results are discussed in terms of hypothesized etiologies of panic disorder and agoraphobia.
Evaluation of the One-Session Eye-Movement Desensitization Reprocessing Procedure for Eliminating Traumatic Memories
Authors: Oswalt Robert , Anderson Mark , Hagstrom Karen , Berkowitz Bernard
Published: August 2011

Eye-movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new therapy technique originally reported to eliminate traumatic memories (rape, catastrophes) in one session. Early published research has tended to support the technique. However, there is controversy and at least one unpublished recent study by Rothbaum who reported only about one-half of her cases had successful outcomes. The present study was conducted as a preliminary evaluation in 1990. Our results were judged to be unsuccessful in five of eight cases and successful in three cases. Further, the cases with the most pathology improved the least. The techniques, cases, and outcomes are presented to provide additional data on this new and controversial therapeutic technique.
The Effect of War on Crime
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

From 1960 to 1988, the unemployment rate was negatively associated with crime rates in the USA, while the military participation rate was unrelated to crime rates.
Borderline Personality Disorder and Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 24 chronically suicidal patients, a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder was associated with more recent self-mutilations.
Psychological Consequences of Genital Herpes, an Exploratory Study with a Gonorrhea Control-Group
Authors: Stronks D. L. , Rijpma S. E. , Passchier J. , Verhage F. , van der Meijden W. , Stolz E.
Published: August 2011

Measurements of some psychosocial variables were obtained from 27 patients with a genital herpes infection and compared with those from 12 patients with a gonorrhea infection. The measurements referred to the period before and during the infection. Evidence was found that during the infection patients were more anxious, more sexually inhibited, more bitter towards their partners, and had more psychological complaints than before the infection. Generally there was no difference between the two groups of patients, with one exception: patients with genital herpes judged themselves as having fewer psychological complaints prior to the disease than did patients with gonorrhea.
Use of the MMPI to Distinguish Genuine from Factitious Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Coons Philip M.
Published: August 2011

MMPI special scales were repeatedly administered to several personality states of a woman alleging to have Multiple Personality Disorder. Her inability to produce a consistent response set on retesting helped to unmask a case of factitious multiple personality.
Family Values, Religiosity, and Gender
Authors: Jensen Larry , Jensen Janet
Published: August 2011

This study investigated differences between men and women on perceptions of materialism, the importance of the family, and the traditional female role. It was hypothesized that highly religious women and men would respond in a similar manner with a lower value placed on materialism and higher values on importance to the family and traditional female roles. A questionnaire was administered to over 4,000 Protestant, Catholic, and LDS college students. Highly religious groups from each denomination endorsed less materialistic views and supported a more traditional female role; gender differences were greater in the group low on religiosity on the value of the family.
Effects of Schematic Organization on Job Task Ratings
Authors: Coovert Michael D.
Published: August 2011

Job analysis techniques rely upon the recall of job knowledge from memory, yet little is known about how job information is organized. Five models (four schematically derived and one statistically based) were developed and examined for their effects on the ratings of time spent. Analyses indicate any of the strategies for organizing statements about the task increases the quality of responses compared to a random ordering.