bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lock‐in time characteristics of double correlator delay lock loop
Authors: Kishibe Shinichi , Imamura Akitaka , Sato Masashi
Published: August 2002

As a lock tracking system for the spread spectrum communication scheme, the delay lock loop (DLL) has been widely used for a long time. However, when code division multiple access (CDMA) is carried out, signals from other stations in communication at the same time exist as interference. In the DLL, the correlation output is decreased due to the steady‐state phase error, and, as a result, the bit error rate is degraded. Hence, in this paper, a double correlation DLL is proposed as a locking system that can eliminate this steady‐state phase error. A theoretical equation is derived for the time needed for locking (lock‐in time) and for the mean time from the locked state to the unlocked state due to noise (mean time to lose lock). By means of these equations, the locking characteristics of the double correlation DLL are studied and a method for setting appropriate parameters is discussed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(2): 43–51, 2002
Directional difference filter: its effectiveness in the postprocessing of noise detectors
Authors: Hashimoto Yuuhei , Kajikawa Yoshinobu , Nomura Yasuo
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we propose a directional difference filter that possesses superior noise removal for images corrupted by additive impulse noise and a high level of original signal preservation. By estimating the pixel value of the processing point from directional shape information about the edges and successively updating the estimate, the proposed filter can prevent residual noise even when impulse noise generated at a high probability was added. In addition, this process can perform original signal preservation robust to the detection errors of the noise detector and is extremely useful as a postprocess for a noise detector that is used to remove noise generated at a high probability. In this paper, we demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method to the detection errors generated when using an actual noise detector and use processing examples to verify the superior image processing results over conventional noise removal filters. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(2): 74–82, 2002
Magnetic noise compensation using FIR model parameter estimation method
Authors: Inaba Takayuki , Shima Akihiro , Konishi Masaharu , Yanagisawa Hajime , Takada Jun‐ichi , Araki Kiyomichi
Published: August 2002

For magnetic noise compensation in the field of detection (magnetic anomaly detection) of magnetic dipole targets (such as sunken ships) by magnetic sensors carried on an aircraft, a quadratic method of compensation of scalar magnetic sensors has been reported. However, in order to use a highly sensitive vector magnetic sensor such as a superconducting quantum interference device, it is necessary to obtain the scalar magnetic field (intensity of the magnetic field) accurately from the three‐axis vector field. Also, in quadratic compensation, a special flight is needed, imposing a significant burden on the platform crew members for the acquisition of data for quadratic compensation. In the present paper, an FIR (Finite Impulse Response) model parameter estimation method is proposed that allows magnetic noise compensation for a three‐axis vector magnetic sensor without a special flight. The experimental data confirm the effectiveness of the proposed FIR model parameter estimation method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(3): 1–11, 2002
A Fast Convergence Algorithm of Volterra Adaptive Filters
Authors: Chao Jinhui , Uno Shinpei , Kubota Tomonori , Inomata Atsushi
Published: August 2002

Volterra nonlinear adaptive filters are known to be superior, having characteristics of general applicability to nonlinear systems and global convergence which is guaranteed by a gradient adaptive calculating algorithm. However, such convergence can become slow and unstable easily when Volterra nuclei are dense. In this paper, the authors have derived theoretically important properties of the error curve shape of Gaussian signal inputs in a second‐order Volterra nonlinear adaptive filter. On the basis of these analytical results, a fast convergence algorithm using a corrected direction and a renewed amplitude of an optimal weighting coefficient vector for white signal inputs and colored signal inputs is proposed and its efficacy is verified by computer simulations. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(4): 56–65, 2002
An extension of simultaneous equation method to multiple channel active noise control system
Authors: Muneyasu Mitsuji , Asai Takashi , Fujii Kensaku , Hinamoto Takao
Published: August 2002

When a region with a certain area needs silencing, no sufficient effect can be obtained with a single‐channel active noise control system. Therefore, multiple channel noise control systems using several microphones and speakers have been proposed. One of the algorithms used frequently is the Multiple Error Filtered‐X (MEFX) method. The MEFX method requires prior estimation of the error path system. In the case of multiple channels, the estimation error poses more complex effects in comparison to the single channel. In addition, variations of the system during operation are problematic. In this paper, the simultaneous equation method recently proposed for the single channel in which no estimation is required for the error path system is applied to the multiple channel active noise control. In the present procedure, the coefficients of the noise control filter can be estimated without estimation of the error path system as in the case of the single channel. The method can handle the variation of the path during operation and can obtain excellent silencing effects. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(5): 46–55, 2002
Theoretical study of hyperparameter estimation by maximization of marginal likelihood in image restoration by means of cluster variation method
Authors: Tanaka Kazuyuki
Published: August 2002

From the perspective of maximum likelihood estimation, the hyperparameters that appear in the statistical methods for image restoration are determined by maximizing the quantity referred to as the marginal likelihood. Rigorously calculating the marginal likelihood for the Markov random field model is extremely difficult, and approximate analysis techniques must be introduced. A well‐known conventional approximate analysis technique is mean field approximation. In this paper, we propose a novel approximate analysis technique that uses the cluster variation method instead of mean field approximation to more accurately estimate hyperparameters than estimation using the marginal likelihood. The cluster variation method is a typical approximate analysis technique in statistical mechanics obtained by extending mean field approximation and can obtain some statistical quantities of the Markov random field model with high accuracy. However, the cluster variation method has not been applied to hyperparameter estimation employing the marginal likelihood. Compared to the results of earlier mean field approximation often used as the marginal likelihood approximate analysis technique, numerical experiments show that hyperparameter estimation using the cluster variation method produces better restorations particularly of images that closely reflect the prior probability distribution. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(7): 50–62, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1107
The improvement of computational efficiency of three‐dimensional sound field analysis by boundary element method using two‐level fast multipole method
Authors: Okumura Yohzoh
Published: August 2002

When the boundary element method (BEM) is applied to a large‐scale three‐dimensional sound field problem, rapid increase of the computing time and required memory storage is a significant problem as the number of unknowns N is increased. To cope with this situation, the authors have demonstrated that the introduction of the fast multipole method (FMM) is effective and that the amount of computation and the storage requirement can be reduced from O(N2) to O(N1.5) by this method. In the present research, with a view to further improvement of efficiency, the FMM using a two‐level multipole expression is introduced into the three‐dimensional steady‐state sound field analysis by the BEM. It is shown that the computational and memory‐requirement complexities can be reduced to O(N4/3). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(8): 30–37, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1110
Improvement of noise robustness for formant frequency extraction based on linear predictive analysis
Authors: Zhao Qifang , Shimamura Tetsuya , Takahashi Junichi , Suzuki Jouji
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we study improving the noise robustness of formant frequency extraction based on linear predictive analysis by using the noise reduction ability of the autocorrelation function. The autocorrelation function has the property of concentrating the noise components in the short delayed parts of speech signals corrupted by white noise. We believe that the noise robustness of formant frequency extraction can be improved by utilizing the above property and using the autocorrelation function of the speech signal instead of the signal itself in formant frequency extraction. In this paper, we analyze the principle behind extracting the formant frequency from the autocorrelation function and examine this problem and a possible solution in detail. Then based on this analysis, we propose Method 1 that performs linear predictive analysis of the autocorrelation function of the speech signal. Then we verify from the experimental results that an extraction accuracy at the same level as the conventional method is obtained for a clean signal by Method 1, and the extraction accuracy is significantly improved over the conventional method for speech corrupted by noise. However, inadequate extraction accuracy is also indicated in a very noisy environment, and we analyze the cause and propose Method 2 as an improved method that subtracts the autocorrelation function. The experimental results show that when the signal‐to‐noise ratio is 15 dB or less, the formant frequency extraction error (Average Absolute Error) in Method 2 is kept to about one‐third the error of the conventional method and about one‐half the error of Method 1. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(9): 1–14, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1114
A clustering/labeling analog LSI architecture for media recognition
Authors: Kabasawa Masayuki , Miyanaga Yoshikazu , Hataoka Nobuo
Published: August 2002

Clustering and labeling are basic processes in speech and image recognition. In this paper, we present the design of an analog circuit for a clustering and labeling system and the performance evaluation results based on a simulation. The number of basic computation modules becomes huge when digital LSIs are designed for parallel processing. It becomes one reason for the increase in the chip area. Therefore, we propose an architecture for a clustering/labeling circuit. It introduces the similarity circuit that utilizes the fundamental characteristics of MOS and the C matrix circuit that outputs the results of the matrix computation. We use this circuit to conduct a circuit simulation that includes statistical analysis and confirm the ability to perform feature clustering of simple speech. The proposed analog circuit has an extremely simple architecture and is expected to decrease the chip area by about 1/36 compared to an 8‐bit digital design. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(10): 1–7, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1120
A restoration method of image sequences which are corrupted by blotches
Authors: Miyata Koji , Taguchi Akira
Published: August 2002

The digitization and restoration of images that have been degraded by white or black blotches seen in motion picture films prior to the 1950s have attracted attention. Conventional restoration methods are composed of two processes. The first process is motion estimation by block matching (BM). The second process matches the current frame to the previous and next frames based on the motion estimates and filters in the temporal direction. Blotch detection accompanies the filtering in the second process. The BM used in the first process is average BM or sorted BM. Blotch detection in the second process employs Spike Detection Index‐a (SDIa). In conventional BM, however, there are limits to the accuracy of motion estimation when blotches are present in the blocks used to estimate the motion in images corrupted by blotches. Furthermore, the accuracy of the filtering in the second process is affected by the accuracy of the motion estimation. And although blotch detection based on SDIa is a simple method, the accuracy of its blotch detection is a problem. To solve these problems in this paper, we create a blotch position image by using a median filter with an iteration constraint as the first stage, and obtain a virtual original image with the blotches removed by filtering based on the blotch position image. The accuracy of the motion estimation is improved by using the virtual original image, and the accuracy of the filtering is improved by using the blotch position image in the filtering. Based on these innovations, we propose a new method to obtain a restored image sequence having enhanced image quality. The effectiveness of the proposed method is clearly demonstrated through a variety of examples. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(10): 8–18, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1121
Development of an adaptive array based on subband signal processing
Authors: Kamiya Yukihiro , Denno Satoshi , Mizuguchi Yoshihiko , Katayama Masaaki , Ogawa Akira , Karasawa Yoshio
Published: August 2002

Adaptive arrays for spatiotemporal signal processing are expected to be effective multipath measures in future high‐speed mobile communications systems. However, a problem is the tremendous computational load in a hardware implementation because the number of weights that are adaptively controlled becomes extremely large. Therefore, the key to its practical use is to reduce the computational load. In this paper, an adaptive array for processing subband signals that can substantially reduce the computational load was implemented in hardware by using a commercially available digital signal processor (DSP). First, we illustrated the scale of the hardware by the number of DSPs needed in each unit that performed the required signal processing. Next, we built a simple multipath environment of two waves in an anechoic chamber and performed experiments to demonstrate the basic performance and verified that performance nearly equal to the theoretical values was obtained. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(10): 19–30, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1122
A formulation of the convergence property for the second‐order adaptive volterra filter using NLMS algorithm
Authors: Takahama Yuri , Kajikawa Yoshinobu , Nomura Yasuo
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a formulation of the convergence property of the NLMS method, an updating algorithm for an adaptive Volterra filter, is discussed. To date, much research has been carried out on the convergence property of the updating algorithm in a linear adaptive filter. However, there has been insufficient study of the updating algorithm for the second‐order adaptive Volterra filter. In this paper, the convergence property of the E‐NLMS method, an updating algorithm in the second‐order adaptive Volterra filter, is formulated and the convergence property of the second‐order adaptive Volterra filter is theoretically determined. In the formulation of the convergence property we use the first‐order recursive filter expression, which is effective for studying various characteristics of the NLMS method in linear adaptive filters. In addition, it is recognized that the nature of the input signal to the diagonal (D) elements of the second‐order Volterra system is different from that of the input to the other (ED) components. By means of computer simulation, it is confirmed that the convergence property given by the derived theoretical equation can sufficiently express the actual convergence property. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(10): 40–50, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1124
Laser‐induced burst corona and streamer corona for a positive DC nonuniform field gap in N2/NO mixtures
Authors: Izawa Yasuji , Yang Jian‐Bo , Nishijima Kiyoto
Published: August 2002

The characteristic of sparkover in a DC nonuniform field gap is closely related to the discharge mode at the onset time of corona. In order to investigate the transition mechanism from burst corona to glow corona or streamer corona, a discharge experiment which is controlled by a pulsed laser in N2/NO mixture has been performed.

From highly sensitive observation of discharge luminescence which corresponds to the discharge current wave, the transition from burst corona to streamer corona is identified by the electron avalanche, which is formed initially at the tip of the rod electrode with the highest electric field, and the effect of secondary ionization. Moreover, it is verified that the measured electron burst drift time with laser irradiation in the discharge gap is determined by the electric field of the discharge gap. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(2): 10–17, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10007
Compensation for magnetizing inrush currents in transformers using a PWM inverter
Authors: Shinohara Katsuji , Yamamoto Kichiro , Iimori Kenichi , Minari Yoshitaka , Sakata Osamu , Miyake Michio
Published: August 2002

When a transformer is connected to a circuit, under certain conditions, magnetizing inrush currents may be about ten times the full load current of the transformer. The currents contain a large amount of harmonic components and cause some relays to trip out. In this paper, the magnetizing inrush currents are compensated using a PWM inverter. The magnetizing inrush currents are detected and the PWM inverter generates compensating currents for the inrush currents. Hysteresis current controllers are used for fast response. The validity of this compensation is investigated by the simulation results. In addition, hardware implementation for the compensator is accomplished to verify the simulation results. Moreover, for the compensator, the relation between the compensating characteristics, the maximum switching frequency, and the coupling reactor is discussed based on the simulation results. Finally, characteristics of two current controllers (hysteresis band current controller and ramp‐comparison controller) are compared and it is shown that the hysteresis band current controller is more suitable for the compensator. The PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulator is used for the simulations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(2): 53–64, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10023
Development of a 70‐MW‐class quick response excitation superconducting generator
Authors: Imai Yoshihiro , Nagamura Hidehiro , Kusafuka Hiroshi , Shibuya Masatoyo , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Miyaike Kiyoshi , Shiobara Ryoichi
Published: August 2002

A superconducting generator is expected to be a next‐generation machine due to its many advantages over a conventional generator. Super‐GM has been promoting R&D of 70‐MW‐class superconducting model generators to verify the basic technologies required for the design and manufacture of a 200‐MW‐class superconducting pilot generator. Verification tests of the third model generator, quick response excitation type C generator, were finished in June 1999. The excellent characteristics as a superconducting generator were verified through the series of tests. We report main test results such as “open and short‐circuit test,” “loaded test,” “quick excitation test,” “negative‐phase sequence overcurrent test,” and “sudden short circuit test.” © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(1): 22–29, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10029
Optimal allocation of dispersed generators for loss minimization
Authors: Nara Koichi , Hayashi Yasuhiro , Deng Bin , Ikeda Kazushige , Ashizawa Tomoo
Published: August 2002

Dispersed generators (DGs) such as fuel cells and solar cells will be installed on the demand side of power systems. Such dispersed facilities can reduce distribution system loss by appropriate allocation. Planning and operation of distribution systems with the dispersed facilities have already been discussed. In this paper, the authors discuss the extent to which distribution system loss can be reduced if DGs are optimally allocated on the demand side of the distribution system. In order to determine the optimal allocation and size of DGs so as to minimize the distribution system loss, an algorithm based on tabu search is employed. The proposed algorithm consists of iterated nested use of the tabu search algorithm. Namely, in the proposed algorithm, in one computational iteration, after the location of the DG is temporarily determined by tabu search, the size of the DG is also determined by tabu search so as to minimize the distribution system loss for the temporarily determined allocation. Numerical simulations are carried out for two system models in order to examine the validity of the algorithm. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(2): 1–8, 2001
Propagation of intense pulsed proton beam through z‐discharged plasma channel in the presence of return channels
Authors: Yamada Tetsuo , Masugata Katsumi , Yatsui Kiyoshi
Published: August 2002

Experimental studies are presented on the propagation of an intense, pulsed proton beam (890 kV, 50 ns) through a z‐discharged plasma channel (50 cm long, 1.1 to 10 Torr, air) in the presence of return channels (30 cm long). From the measurements by an image converter camera and a small‐sized magnetic probe, we have found the compression (deformation) of the main channel due to the presence of the return channels. Enhancement of the beam power density has also been observed. Good efficiency of the propagation (approximately 33%) has been observed through the main channel. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 1–6, 2001
Experimental verification of dispersed installation of shunt active filters based on voltage detection for harmonic damping throughout power distribution systems
Authors: Wada Keiji , Inabe Shinichi , Fujita Hideaki , Akagi Hirofumi , Shibamaru Noboru
Published: August 2002

This paper deals with dispersed installation of voltage‐detection based shunt active filters for harmonic damping throughput a power distribution system. A main objective of the active filters is to achieve damping of harmonic propagation coming from series/parallel resonance between capacitors for power factor correction and line inductors in the distribution system. Either a harmonic current source or a harmonic voltage source is connected to a distribution system simulator consisting of two distribution feeders, each of which is rated at 200 V and 20 kW. A couple of active filters are installed to the simulator. As a result, it is clarified by experiment that dispersed installation on the end bus of each feeder is effective in attenuating the harmonic propagation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(1): 14–23, 2002
Evolvable analog LSIs: Adaptation to process variations via genetic algorithms
Authors: Murakawa Masahiro , Kasai Yuji , Adachi Toshio , Takasuka Kaoru , Yoshizawa Shuji , Higuchi Tetsuya
Published: August 2002

We propose a concept of evolvable analog LSIs and apply it to Intermediate Frequency (IF) filters, which are widely used in cellular phones. The developed chip can correct discrepancies in the values of analog circuit components by genetic algorithms (GAs), which have attained (1) a yield rate of 97%, (2) a 60% reduction of the filter area, and (3) a 38% reduction of power dissipation, compared with AKM commercial products. When analog Integrated Circuits (ICs) and Large‐Scale Integrated Circuits (LSIs) are manufactured, the values of the analog circuit components, such as resistors or capacitors, often vary from the precise design specifications. Analog LSIs with such defective components cannot perform at required levels and thus have to be discarded. However, our technique can improve yield rates of analog LSIs and has two additional advantages, namely, smaller circuits and less power dissipation, which can lead to cost reductions and efficient implementation of analog LSIs. This approach could be applied to a wide variety of analog LSIs. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 63–71, 2002
Construction of a control system for disturbance rejection using a dual observer
Authors: Fuwa Katsuhiko , Narikiyo Tatsuo , Funahashi Yasuyuki
Published: August 2002

A well‐known control system which can reduce the adverse effects of disturbances is a disturbance observer. However, in many cases of mechanical systems, system disturbances which do not satisfy the matching condition may be imposed. Therefore, it may be difficult to reduce the adverse effects of the disturbances by the traditional disturbance observer.

In this paper, a method of control system synthesis for disturbance rejection using a dual observer is proposed. This method is based on the zeroing induced by the disturbance localization problem. This problem may be solved by dividing the state space into observable subspace and unobservable subspace. As compared with an H∞ controller based on perfect observation, the usefulness of the proposed control system for disturbance rejection is demonstrated by numerical simulations for a two‐mass spring system. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(4): 50–60, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1138
Analytical expressions of potential and electric field generated by a triangular surface charge with a high‐order charge density distribution
Authors: Tatematsu Akiyoshi , Hamada Shoji , Takuma Tadasu
Published: August 2002

We have derived analytical expressions of the potential and electric field generated by a triangular surface charge that has a second‐ or third‐order charge density distribution on each element. These expressions are applicable to the surface charge method (SCM) for calculating electric field in three‐dimensional arrangements. In general, the higher‐order charge density expression improves the accuracy of the SCM. Moreover, the SCM with analytical expressions needs no troublesome treatment of singular points inevitably involved in the SCM using numerical integration. We have also confirmed the validity of these derived analytical expressions by comparing the calculated results with those by the numerical method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(3): 9–17, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1155
Stabilization control for power systems by nonlinear state feedback control using neural networks
Authors: Senjyu Tomonobu , Arakaki Toyohiro , Morishima Yoshiteru , Uezato Katsumi
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we present a nonlinear state feedback control using a neural network (NN). Since the NN models the nonlinear excitation controller using only measurable state variables from the synchronous generators, the proposed method can be implemented in a real system easily. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by computer simulations for single‐ and multiple‐machine power systems. Furthermore, the NN is implemented on the experiment system with a laboratory‐size 2.2‐kVA synchronous generator. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(3): 26–34, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1157
A new approach to an individual‐phase reactive power compensator for nonsinusoidal and unbalanced three‐phase systems
Authors: Tanaka Toshihiko , Funabiki Shigeyuki , Nabae Akira
Published: August 2002

Many researchers have attempted to clarify the definitions of active power, reactive power, active current, reactive current, etc. for unbalanced and nonsinusoidal three‐phase situations. The so‐called pq theory has given a new definition of instantaneous reactive power, and it has been discussed and developed by many authors. In this paper, the merits and demerits of the instantaneous reactive power compensator are discussed. It is shown theoretically that applying instantaneous reactive power compensation to unbalanced three‐phase systems has a serious disadvantage in that it causes third‐order harmonic currents on the source side, which problem cannot be avoided. To overcome this problem the authors propose a new approach, and name it the “quasi‐instantaneous” reactive power compensator. It compensates individual‐phase reactive currents. The basic principles of the quasi‐instantaneous reactive current compensator are discussed in detail, and its validity is confirmed using digital simulation. In particular the authors show that the power factor of each phase becomes unity on the source side, but the source currents remain unbalanced when the proposed method is applied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(3): 73–81, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1162
Consumer ‘sovereignty’ and policy issues in the development of product ecolabels
Authors: Nadaï Alain
Published: August 2002

Quality labels are increasingly focused on products' characteristics, requiring heavy scientific expertise to be assessed. Economists approach these labels as market mechanisms – i.e. signalling, reputation, or market differentiation – and ignore their institutional dimension. We contend that, by doing so, they do not address key problems faced by the regulators when developing these labels. The first part fleshes out this idea by examining the institutional dimension of the European ecolabel. We present the negotiation of the paints and varnishes ecolabelling criteria, a success story. The second part discusses three theoretical approaches to product labelling and proposes directions for further research on the subject. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Combining policy instruments to curb greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Bahn Olivier
Published: August 2002

The Kyoto Protocol has set greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for selected countries. To comply with these reduction requirements, decision‐makers may use market‐based instruments on a national or international basis. This paper advocates the combining of national emission taxes with international trade of emission permits. As a numerical application, this paper analyses macro‐economic impacts of such a strategy for Switzerland. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Swedish Guidelines for Strategic Environmental Assessment for EU Structural Funds
Authors: Balfors Berit , Schmidtbauer Jan
Published: August 2002

This paper examines the Swedish Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) guidelines as developed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency for applications made to the EU Structural Funds for financial assistance for regional development plans and programmes. These guidelines aim to increase the integration of environmental concerns in the programming process by promoting the application of environmental‐objective‐led SEA. The issues of screening for sustainability and environmental integration through objective‐led SEA are addressed. The guidelines are considered as a positive development, which has potential for furthering the application of SEA in regional planning in Sweden. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Comparison of the mutagenic responses of mismatch repair‐proficient (TK6) and mismatch repair‐deficient (MT1) human lymphoblast cells to the food‐borne carcinogen PhIP
Authors: Leong‐Morgenthaler Phaik‐Mooi , Duc Romain , Morgenthaler Stephan
Published: August 2002

Heterocyclic amines are ubiquitously present in cooked meats and fish. They represent an important class of food‐borne carcinogens. We describe the cytotoxic, apoptotic, and mutagenic responses of mismatch repair‐proficient (TK6) and mismatch repair‐deficient (MT1) human lymphoblastoid cells to PhIP, the most abundant heterocyclic amine. Dose‐dependent increases in cytotoxicity, in apoptosis, and in mutant fractions at the hprt locus were observed following PhIP treatment. We present a statistical method that is useful for comparing two populations. With this method, we show that the data fitted a model that assumes that the PhIP‐induced mutation rate is dependent on the cell line. Estimated rates of increase of 22.8 × 10−6 and 2.2 × 10−6 mutation per cell per μg PhIP were found in MT1 and TK6, respectively, showing that MT1 is hypermutable to PhIP. MT1 also exhibited lower PhIP‐induced apoptosis. We conclude from these results that mismatch repair‐deficient cells are hypermutable to the food‐borne carcinogen PhIP and that the PhIP–DNA adducts, when not eliminated by apoptosis, can be transformed into mutations. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:323–328, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA damage in human transitional cell carcinoma cells after exposure to the proximate metabolite of the bladder carcinogen 4‐aminobiphenyl
Authors: Burger Melissa S. , Torino Jennifer L. , Swaminathan Santhanam
Published: August 2002

The DNA damage induced by N‐hydroxy‐4‐acetylaminobiphenyl (N‐OH‐AABP), the proximate carcinogenic metabolite of the human bladder carcinogen 4‐aminobiphenyl (ABP), was examined in human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cells after exposure to the chemical in vitro. 32P‐postlabeling analysis of TCC cultures exposed to N‐OH‐AABP revealed a minor adduct identified as 3‐(deoxyguanosin‐N2‐yl)‐4‐acetylaminobiphenyl (dG‐N2‐AABP) based on comparison of the HPLC and TLC mobility of the product with the synthetic standard. An adduct with the same chromatographic properties was also detected on postlabeling analyses of calf thymus DNA bound to N‐OH‐AABP by incubation with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Detection of dG‐N2‐AABP, which contains the acetyl moiety, suggests that N‐acetoxy‐4‐acetylamino‐biphenyl might be formed as a reactive intermediate and could conceivably arise by a free‐radical–mediated reaction of N‐OH‐AABP with endogenous peroxidases. The radical intermediates could also form reactive oxygen species (ROS). To test this possibility, TCC cultures were exposed to N‐OH‐AABP and the formation of ROS was measured using 2,7‐dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence assay. TCC cultures exposed to N‐OH‐AABP showed a dose‐dependent increase in the ratio of DCF/DNA fluorescence compared to the untreated controls. Formation of ROS was inhibited by butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Furthermore, oxidative DNA damage resulting from ROS was monitored by measurement of 8‐oxoguanine products by immunochemical staining and the TCC cells treated with N‐OH‐AABP revealed a characteristic staining. These results suggest that N‐OH‐AABP caused oxidative DNA damage as well as bulky covalent adducts in urothelial DNA, possibly involving endogenous peroxidases. These findings show that human uroepithelial cells, which are the target cell types in vivo for arylamine‐induced cancers, are metabolically capable of activating these proximate carcinogenic metabolites of arylamines, and these reactions might play a determinate role in the genotoxicity of these environmental carcinogens. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:1–11, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
At the birth of molecular radiation biology
Authors: Devoret Raymond
Published: August 2002

Rational thinking builds on feelings, too. This article starts with a tribute to Richard Setlow, an eminent scientist; it retraces as well some studies in molecular genetics that helped to understand basic questions of radiation biology. In the mid‐1950s, the induction of a dormant virus (prophage) by irradiation of its host was an intriguing phenomenon. Soon, it was found that prophage induction results from the inactivation of the prophage repressor. Similarly, a score of induced cellular SOS functions were found to be induced when the LexA repressor is inactivated. Repressor inactivation involves the formation of a newly formed distinctive structure: a RecA‐polymer wrapped around single‐stranded DNA left by the arrest of replication at damaged sites. By touching this RecA nucleofilament, the LexA repressor is inactivated, triggering the sequential expression of SOS functions. The RecA nucleofilament acts as a chaperone, allowing recombinational repair to occur after nucleotide excision repair is over. The UmuD′C complex, synthesized slowly and parsimoniously, peaks at the end of recombinational repair, ready to be positioned at the tip of a RecA nucleofilament, placing the UmuD′C complex right at a lesion. At this location, UmuD′C prevents recombinational repair, and now acts as an error‐prone paucimerase that fills the discontinuity opposite the damaged DNA. Finally, the elimination of lesions from the path of DNA polymerase, allows the resumption of DNA replication, and the SOS repair cycle switches to a normal cell cycle. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:135–143, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Towards a more integrated approach to environmental and health and safety policy
Authors: Clinch J. Peter
Published: August 2002

Two key components of people's quality of life are the quality of the environment in which they live and the quality of the environment in which they work. Without intervention by policymakers, the market economy will fail to provide an adequate level of health and safety and environmental quality. However, policy with regard to each area tends to be made independently of the other. This paper examines the linkages between environmental and health and safety policy. The available instruments to enhance both the environmental and health and safety performance of firms is explored using a Focus Group of representatives from Irish and German firms. In particular, the potential conflicts and complementarities between initiatives and policies in both areas are examined. The primary objective of the paper is to examine the scope for a more integrated and balanced approach to environmental and health and safety policy in Europe. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Classifying corporate MEFA applications: development and empirical test of a conceptual model
Authors: Seuring Stefan A.
Published: August 2002

An Erratum has been published for this article in Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 9(2) 2002, 131.

Based on the conceptual framework of LCA, this research aims to provide a framework for the classification and compilation of corporate material and energy flow analysis (MEFA), which allows small and medium sized enterprises to use MEFA as a tool in corporate decision making.

This resulted in a framework for material and energy flow analysis (MEFA), where corporate applications are classified according to the dimensions user, temporal type and managerial focus. This concept was applied to seven corporate MEFA case studies, by interviewing the key employees involved in compiling the case studies.

The model was checked to determine whether it portrays the case study applications. The three dimensions used proved to be suitable, as the MEFA applications observed for the individual cases studies were in agreement with the ones suggested by the model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Non‐linear statistical modelling of high frequency ground ozone data
Authors: Fassò Alessandro , Negri Ilia
Published: August 2002

The problem of describing hourly data of ground ozone is considered. The complexity of high frequency environmental data dynamics often requires models covering covariates, multiple frequency periodicities, long memory, non‐linearity and heteroscedasticity. For these reasons we introduce a parametric model which includes seasonal fractionally integrated components, self‐exciting threshold autoregressive components, covariates and autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic errors with high tails. For the general model, we present estimation and identification techniques.

To show the model descriptive capability and its use, we analyse a five year hourly ozone data set from an air traffic pollution station located in Bergamo, Italy. The role of meteo and precursor covariates, periodic components, long memory and non‐linearity is assessed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A parametric analytical model for non‐linear dynamics in cable‐stayed beam
Authors: Gattulli Vincenzo , Morandini Massimiliano , Paolone Achille
Published: August 2002

The governing equations for dynamic transverse motion of a cable‐stayed beam are obtained by means of a classical variational formulation. The analytical model permits a parametric investigation of linear and non‐linear behaviour in a family of cable‐stayed beam systems. Analytical eigensolutions of the linearized equations are used to investigate how the mechanical characteristics influence the occurrence of global, local and coupled modes. The exact eigenfunctions are assumed to describe the forced harmonic motion in the neighbourhood of a selected frequency. The frequency–amplitude relationship, obtained by the use of the multiple scale method, permits the description of softening and hardening behaviour in the global, local and coupled classes of motion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Solution of dynamic response of SDOF system using piecewise Lagrange polynomial
Authors: Liu J. L.
Published: August 2002

As an extension of the procedure in which an arbitrary dynamic loading is approximated by piecewise linear segments, the second‐ and third‐degree piecewise Lagrangian interpolating polynomials are employed to approximate an arbitrary dynamic loading in the Duhamel integral for the solution of dynamic response of a SDOF system. The related formulae are derived. The proposed method offers computational advantage over the traditional step‐by‐step solution techniques for comparable accuracy, and far better accuracy than the piecewise linear approximation procedure for comparable time interval when the loading cannot be represented by straight‐line segments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic models for simulation of strong ground motion in Iceland
Authors: Ólafsson Símon , Remseth Svein , Sigbjörnsson Ragnar
Published: August 2002

Two types of modelling approaches for simulating ground motion in Iceland are studied and compared. The first type of models, named discrete‐time series models (ARMA), are based solely on measured acceleration in earthquakes occurring in Iceland. The second type of models are based on a theoretical seismic source model called the extended Brune model. Based on measured acceleration in Iceland during the period 1986–1996, the parameters for the extended Brune models have been estimated. The seismic source models are presented here as ARMA models, which simplifies the simulation process. A single‐layer soil amplification model is used in conjunction with the extended Brune model to estimate local site amplification. Emphasis is put on the ground motion models representing the variability in the measured earthquakes, with respect to energy, duration and frequency content. Demonstration is made using these models for constructing linear and non‐linear probabilistic response spectra using a discretised version of the Bouc–Wen model for the hysteresis of the second‐order system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a high affinity monoclonal antibody against imazapyr and its configuration in a sensitive ELISA suitable for field use
Authors: Siew L. K. , Dessi J. L. , Spoors J. A. , Winger L. , Jennens L. , Self C. H.
Published: August 2002

Although polyclonal antibodies specific for the herbicide imazapyr have been described and have formed the basis of an immunoassay (at one time commercially available but since withdrawn), it is clear that this molecule has limited immunogenicity. We evaluated various hapten–protein conjugates for their capacity to elicit antibody binding to imazapyr from multiply immunized murine hosts, as assessed by hapten‐competed inhibition of reactivity with hapten conjugated to a heterologous carrier. From one highly reactive individual, we subsequently developed a monoclonal antibody exhibiting a high reactivity to this agrochemical. With this antibody we have been able to configure immunoassays in formats suitable for either laboratory or field use that exhibit both high performance and convenience, such that sensitivities for imazapyr in the range of 1 ng/ml can be achieved. While further testing of this anti‐imazapyr antibody in field conditions is required, the availability of a constant source of immunoreactive immunoglobulin may be important in the development of useful immunoanalytical approaches for the assessment of imazapyr at the point‐of‐need. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 281–287, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10012
Liquid‐sheath‐flow electrospray ionization feasibility study of direct water analysis with the use of high‐resolution ion‐mobility spectrometry
Authors: Matz Laura M. , Clowers Brian H. , Steiner Wes E. , Siems William F. , Hill Herbert H.
Published: August 2002

Ion‐mobility spectrometry (IMS) in conjunction with radioactive ionization sources has been employed for field‐portable applications for the past two decades. Recently, electrospray ionization (ESI) sources have been shown as a viable ionization source with IMS instruments, enabling the analysis of many nonvolatile compounds. Introduction of a liquid‐sheath‐flow ESI source enabled the direct analysis of water samples. The ESI source was built with relatively simple lightweight components, making it feasible for use in field applications. A comparison between traditional ESI solvent conditions (water plus organic solvent) and the liquid‐sheath‐flow concept shows the new source to be able to spray water samples directly without prior sample preparation. The novel electrospray ionization source was evaluated with two nonfiltered water samples, one from a snow sample and the other obtained from a local stream. In both cases, 1 ppm of Terbutryn (a widely used herbicide) was easily detected. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 91–96, 2001
Installation Sustainability: Transforming—The Army's Future
Authors: Jones David D. , Messenger Manette , Webster Ron , Stine Rudy
Published: August 2002

The U.S. Army faces fundamental challenges in sustaining its large power‐projection platforms over the
next century. Competition for scarce resources, environmental issues, and public concern all combine to create an
increasing number of constraints on military training and the long‐term viability of important Army
installations. Mission sustainment over the long haul must address individual well being, community productivity,
infrastructure, and environment at each of these installations, as an integrated whole. The Army is examining
these sustainability issues, identifying the strategic and installation‐level elements of an integrated
campaign plan for installation sustainability, and the Army's major power‐projection platforms are now
developing long‐term strategic sustainability plans. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*