bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detailed knowledge of cellular expression of G protein‐coupled receptors in the human enteric nervous system is essential for understanding their diverse actions
Authors: Nassauw L. Van , Timmermans J.‐p.
Published: August 2010

G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large and diverse superfamily of transmembrane receptors that mediate the functions of an extraordinarily large number of extracellular ligands. They control many major physiological processes and are involved in diverse pathological processes, including gastrointestinal diseases. G protein‐coupled receptors are one of the most targeted classes in pharmaceutical drug research. At present, much of our knowledge concerning the expression, distribution and function of GPCRs in the gut has been gleaned from studies performed in experimental models. Data obtained in the human digestive tract, especially in the enteric nervous system, are sparse and incomplete, although enteric neurons have a key position in almost all physiological and pathophysiological processes in the gut. Knowledge of cellular distribution of GPCRs, of regional differences in GPCR expression, and of altered GPCR expression during pathophysiological conditions in the human gut, will lead to a better understanding of GPCR activity, but will also contribute to the development of new drugs. In the current issue of the Journal, Harrington et al. describe the presence and cellular localization of muscarinic receptors in the human colon. Morphologically, orientated studies on the cellular expression of GPCRs in the human gut have to be encouraged, because these studies will yield data that are of therapeutic relevance.
Discharge and manipulation of labial gland secretion by workers of Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Simpson J. , Riedel Inge B. M.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the salivation process in Apis mellifera. The mechanisms by which the hairs of the tongue are erected and the ligula retracted, and the action of the salivary pump, are described, and their effect on the discharge of saliva and intake of food are discussed.
The internal morphology of the adult of Tribolium anaphe Hinton (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Hafeez M. A. , Gardiner B. G.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

The internal anatomy of the adult of Triboliurn anuphe is described and compared with that of two other species of Tribolium and one species of the genus Latheticus. The taxonomic importance of certain characters is discussed.
The habits and life cycle of Phloiophilus edwardsi Steph. (Coleoptera: Phloiophilidae)
Authors: Crowson R. A.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

The occurrence of adults and larvae of Phloiophilus edwardsi in association with the fungus Phlebia is recorded from various localities in Britain, and an account is given of the life history.
Synchronised diving behaviour in flocks of Anisops pellucens Gerstaecker (Hemiptera: Notonectidae)
Authors: Miller P. L.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Synchronised ascents to the surface observed in small flocks of Anisops pellucens are described, and explanations for this pattern of behaviour are suggested.
The odoriferous principle of Piezodorus teretipes (Ståal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea)
Authors: Gilchrist T. L. , Stansfield F. , Cloudsley‐Thompson J. L.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

The occurrence of trans‐hex‐2‐enal in secretions of the stink gland of Piezodorus teretipes is described.
An in situ study of cystine and cysteine‐rich neurosecretory cells in the brain of Sarcophaga ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha)
Authors: Tandan B. K. , Dogra G. S.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Observations with a technique specific for protein‐bound cystine or cysteine, or both, on neurosecretory cell groups in the brain of Sarcophaga ruficornis are described. Differences in the neurosecretory cells during post‐embryonic development and in the adult fly are recorded, and interpretations thereon made and discussed.
Dragonflies of Jebel Marra, Sudan
Authors: Happold D. C. D.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Observations of adult dragonflies found at various localities on Jebel Marra, Darfur Province, Sudan, in November, 1964, are recorded, and notes are given on the reproductive activity of a number of these species.
Bionomics of Tomocerus vulgaris Tullberg (Collembola: Entomobryidae)
Authors: Sharma G. D.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the life history of Tomocerus vulgaris, and the effect of different temperatures on development is discussed.
A sex attractant acting as an aphrodisiac in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)
Authors: Butler C. G.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

An account is given of observations and experiments on the two stimuli that cause drones to mount nubile queen honeybees.
The defensive behaviour of the stick insect Oncotophasma martini (Griffini) (Orthoptera: Phasmatidae)*
Authors: Robinson Michael H.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

The resting attitude of Oncotophasma martini is described. An account is given of active escape behaviour shown by both sexes, and of the display of abdominal movements and the use of femoral armature by the male.
Experimental studies on diapause in stoneflies. II. Eggs of Diura bicaudata (L.)
Authors: Khoo S. G.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

An account is given of the occurrence of diapause and non‐diapause eggs of Diura bicaudata at two localities in North Wales. The influence of different environmental conditions of diapause development and hatching is discussed.
Pupation and emergence in Phalanta phalantha aethiopica (Rothschild & Jordan) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Nigeria
Authors: Phipps John
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

An account is given of the time of pupation, adult emergence, choice of pupation site, sex ratio and copulation behaviour of Phalanta phalantha aethiopica at Ibadan.
Sun orientation during migration in some British butterflies
Authors: Baker R. R.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

A new method of calculating the peak flight direction of migrating butterflies is described. Observations of the flight directions of eight species of British butterflies are analysed in order to determine whether there is any change in peak flight direction with time of day.
The activity of Glossina morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Muscidae) in laboratory experiments
Authors: Barrass Robert
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the effect of temperature and humidity on the activity of Glossina morsitans.
The reproductive biology of Ctenophthalmus nobilis (Rothschild) (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Cotton M. J.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

The life history of the flea, Ctenophthalmus nobilis, is described in relation to ecological conditions in the nests of small mammals and the seasonal distribution of this species on the host.
A revision of the genus Paranisops Hale (Heteroptera: Notonectidae)
Authors: Lansbury I.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

The genus Paranisops is redefined, and the type species, P. inconstans, and its variety lutea are redescribed. Anisops endymion is transferred to Paranisops and the differences between this species and P. inconstans are discussed.
A new species of Mesomyia (Perisitvius) (Diptera: Tabanidae) from Tanganyika
Authors: Lamerton J. F.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

A new species of Mesomyia (Perisilvius) is described from males and females taken floating on water at two dams near Mpwapwa, Tanganyika. A note on the habitat is included.
Notes on the subgenus Hirtodrosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Yung Sun Kang , Yung Lee Hei
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

A key is given to the eight species of Drosophila, subgenus Hirtodrosophila, reported from Korea, with notes on their distribution and on the characters of two recently described species
A proposed revision of the classification of the fig insects of the families Agaonidae and Torymidae (Hymenoptera)*
Authors: Joseph K. J.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

A revised classification of the agaonid and torymid fig insects, with the inclusion of the sycophagine genera as a tribe of the latter, is proposed.
Two albinoid females of Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) from Northern Nigeria
Authors: Service M. W.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

Descriptions are given of two female adults of Anopheles gambiae taken near Kaduna, Northern Nigeria, which represent the palest albinoid form of the species so far recorded.
Notes on Chironomidae (Diptera: Nematocera)
Authors: Freeman Paul
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

A new genus and a new species of Podonominae are described from four females collected in Southern Rhodesia, and a revised key to the known genera of the subfamily is given. A new genus and a new species of Orthocladiinae are described from two males and two females collected in Western Australia, and a new genus is erected for a Palaearctic species of that subfamily.
On a new genus and species of Hippoboscidae (Diptera) and its relationship to Allobosca crassipes Speiser
Authors: Theodor O. , Oldroyd H.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new genus of Hippoboscidae is erected for a new species from Madagascar, both sexes of which are described. A key for the separation of the new genus is included. The relationship of the new genus to Allobosca, for which additional characters are given, is discussed.
Some type specimens of W. L. Distant (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Authors: Cowan C. F.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

Details are given of seven type specimens of Lycaenidae in the British Museum (Natural History).
A clarification of the genus Napomyza Westwood (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: Spencer Kenneth A.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

The 10 European species of the genus Napomyza s. str. are reviewed, and a key for their separation is included. Four of the species are described as new from material of both sexes.
Descriptions of three new species of Coccus (Homoptera: Coccidae) from South Africa
Authors: Lotto G. De
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

Three new species of Coccus are described from females taken in Natal and Cape Province. A key is given to the eleven South African species of the genus.
New records of Pseudomasaris Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea, Masaridae), with notes on P. phaceliae Rohwer and P. cazieri R. M. Bohart
Authors: Richards O. W.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

New records are given of nine species of Pseudomasaris, and a revised key to species is included. The hitherto unknown female of P. cazieri, and the characters separating P. texanus and P. phaceliae, are described.
Notes on aphid species new to the British fauna
Authors: Stroyan H. L. G.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

Descriptive notes and some taxonomic discussion are given for some aphid species added to the British fauna since 1964.
A second Palaearctic species of Drapetis subgenus Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Empididae) from Spain
Authors: Smith KennethG. V.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

A new species of Drapetis subgenus Elaphropeza is described from specimens taken in Spain and compared with the only other species of Elaphropeza known from the Palaearctic region, the closely similar D. (E.) ephippiata (Fallén).
On Bagnall's species of the genera Anurida and Anuridella (Collembola: Hypogastruridae)
Authors: LAWRENCE P. N. , GOTO H. E.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

The validity of six species of British Collembola is discussed. Three species of Anurida and two of Anuridella are regarded as junior synonyms. Confirmation of an earlier synonymy in Anuridella is provided.
Psychodidae (Diptera, Nematocera) collected by Mr. Plaumann in Southern Brazil
Authors: Duckhouse D. A.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Descriptions are given of a collection of Southern Brazilian Psychodidae‐Psychodinae, comprising a new genus, a new species of Alepia, a female of Alepia, a new species of Pericoma s.I., a new species of Telmatoscopus s.I., Telmatoscopus furcatus (Kincaid) and three new species of Psychoda.
African termites of the genusSchedorhinotermes(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and associated termitophiles (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)
Authors: Harris W. V.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the synonymy and distribution of the two representatives of the genusSchedorhinotermesin the Ethiopian Region, S.putoriusandS. lamanianus. Keys are provided for the imago and soldier castes and some notes on biology are given. The synonymy and distribution of the closely associated termitophiles,Paraclystisdivisus andP. integer(Tineidae), and their relations with the host, are discussed.
The Old World species of the tribe Typopsilopini (Diptera: Ephydridae)
Authors: WIRTH WILLIS W.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Typopsilopa Cresson, Eleleides Cresson, and Psilopoidea Cresson, the Old World genera of the notiphiline tribe Typopsilopini, are reviewed, and diagnoses and a key are provided. The male genitalia of Typopsilopa and Eleleides are described and figured, and a key based on the male genitalia is given for the seven known Old World species of Typopsilopa, four of which are described as new: one from Abyssinia, one from Madagascar, and two from Japan.
OnSergentomyia ruttledgei(Lewis & Kirk) andS. schwetzi(Adler, Theodor & Parrot) (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: Lewis D. J. , Barnley G. R. , Minter D. M.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

The original description ofSergentomyia ruttledgeiis amplified by the study of a series from Uganda. The taxonomy of theS. schwetzicomplex is reviewed, and some variation is described.
A new species of Megaphragma (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) from India
Authors: Rao B. R. Subba
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new species of Megaphragma, reared from the eggs of Frankliniella lilivora, is described, and a key is given to females of the species of Megaphragma.
On a Collection of Steninae from China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)*
Authors: Puthz Volker
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of 10 species of Stems and one species of Dianous collected in China in 1964‐66; one species of Stenus, closely rescmbling S. kuatunensis, is described as new.
Studies on heliothripine Thysanoptera
Authors: Mound L. A.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Two species described by Bagnall on damaged uniques are redescribed from fresh material of both sexes: roboris, belonging in the Trypoctothrips complex. and frontalis, which belongs with three other Australasian species in a group of genera involving a parallel phyletic line referred to here as the Dinurofhrips complex. Two new genera are defined, one from Australia and one from Brazil; five new species are described, two Australian, two Nigerian and one Brazilian; four new synonymies are indicated from Australia and one from Nigeria; host records are given for two little known species.
An active pseudopeptide analog of the leucokinin insect neuropeptide family
Authors: NACHMAN RONALD J. , HOLMAN G. MARK , HADDON WILLIAM F. , VENSEL WILLIAM H.
Published: August 2010

A pseudopeptide analog of the active core of the leucokinin insect neuropeptide family was synthesized and found to retain myotropic activity. No reports of active pseudopeptide analogs of an insect or other invertebrate neuropeptide have previously appeared in the literature. The pseudopeptide (Pheψ[CH2‐NH] Phe‐Ser‐Trp‐Gly‐NH2) contains a reduced‐amide linkage between the two N‐terminal Phe residues. Unlike its amide‐bond containing counterpart, the activity of the pseudopeptide was not destroyed upon exposure to aminopeptidase M.
Effects of recombinant human activated protein C on the coagulation system: a study with rotational thromboelastometry
Authors: NILSSON C. U. , HELLKVIST P. D. , ENGSTRÖM M.
Published: August 2010

Background: Recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) is an anticoagulant that can be used for treatment of patients with severe sepsis. The use of rhAPC is accompanied by an increased risk of severe bleeding. Rotational thromboelastometry is a method for measuring the status of the coagulation. The aim of the study was to investigate whether rotational thromboelastometry could be used for monitoring the effects of rhAPC on the coagulation.

Methods: Whole blood was mixed in vitro with concentrations of rhAPC ranging from 0 to 75 ng/ml and analysed with rotational thromboelastometry.

Results: The parameter Coagulation Time was significantly prolonged by increasing the concentrations of rhAPC (P=0.002). Other parameters were not significantly affected.

Conclusion: rhAPC dose dependently affects the early humoral parts of the coagulation, while platelet function and fibrinogen to fibrin conversion seem virtually unaffected.
The test‐retest reliability and responsiveness to change for the Hand Function Survey during stroke rehabilitation
Authors: Blennerhassett Jannette M. , Avery Rebecca M. , Carey Leeanne M.
Published: August 2010

Background/aim:  The Hand Function Survey (HFS) is a questionnaire designed to measure self‐reported ability to use the affected hand during 13 everyday tasks in people with stroke. The HFS appears practical for clinical use and has established psychometric properties. This study aimed to investigate test–retest reliability and responsiveness to change for the HFS during stroke rehabilitation.

Methods:  Twenty‐two people with a first episode stroke, and without severe cognitive and language difficulties, participated. Participants were assessed on three occasions: baseline, 48 hours later and at follow‐up (four to six weeks later) using two tests of upper extremity function, the HFS and the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). Test–retest reliability of the HFS between baseline and 48 hours was examined using tests of agreement (Lin’s Concordance and Cohen’s Kappa). Responsive to change for the HFS was investigated by comparing the difference between baseline and follow‐up scores. The level of agreement between the change observed for the ARAT and HFS was analysed.

Results:  Strong agreement (Rho_c = 0.99; Κw = 0.97) was observed between the test–retest HFS scores. Significant improvement between baseline and follow‐up occurred for both the HFS and ARAT. A moderate agreement was found between change observed for the HFS and ARAT (Rho_c = 0.62; Κw = 0.65).

Conclusion:  The HFS was found to be a reliable and responsive self‐report test of hand function during stroke rehabilitation. The HFS could be used in conjunction with other clinical tests of hand function during the rehabilitation of people with stroke without severe cognitive and language difficulties.
Development of three‐dimensional architecture of the neuroepithelium: Role of pseudostratification and cellular ‘community’
Authors: Miyata Takaki
Published: August 2010

This review discusses the development of the neuroepithelium (NE) and its derivative ventricular zone (VZ), from which the central nervous system (CNS) is formed. First, the histological features of the NE and VZ are summarized, highlighting the phenomenon of pseudostratification, which is achieved by polarization and interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) of neural progenitor cells. Next, our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms and biological significance of INM and pseudostratification are outlined. The recent three‐dimensional time‐lapse observations revealing heterogeneity in cell lineages within the NE and VZ are also described, focusing on the neuronal lineage. Finally, the necessity of comprehensive studies on cell‐cell interactions in the NE/VZ is discussed, as well as the importance of electrophysiological and biomechanical approaches. In particular, we suggest that a systems biology approach to the NE/VZ as a cellular ‘community’ may be fruitful.
Genetic basis of corneal diseases and the role of keratocytes in corneal transparency – a review
Authors: Klintworth Gordon K , Jester James V
Published: August 2010

Abstract

The current paper reviews the genetic basis of diseases affecting the cornea, including corneal dystrophies and systemic diseases with corneal manifestations (e.g. the mucopolysaccharidoses), discusses the mechanisms by which corneal injury and disease can affect corneal transparency and discusses stem cell therapy as a potential therapy for corneal injury and disease. Several diseases of the cornea have been described, many of which are inheritable. The identification of the genetic mutations responsible for these diseases has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying their corneal manifestations. Corneal disease and injury can affect corneal transparency. Stromal keratocytes play an important role in cellular and extracellular transparency of the cornea. They synthesize type I and V collagen and keratan sulfate proteoglycans that together regulate collagen fibril size and spacing important for extracellular matrix transparency. There are strong indications that cellular transparency of keratocytes relies on the presence of corneal crystallins, which provide a uniform density of proteins in the cytoplasm that increase the spatial order necessary for transparency. After injury, activated keratocytes show heterogeneity of cytoplasmic proteins, decreased spatial ordering and increased light scattering. Stem cell transplantation is regarded as a potential new therapy that can replace keratocytes and restore corneal transparency and normal structure after injury or corneal disease.
Gene therapy for ocular problems in mucopolysaccharidosis: an experimental and promising approach with benefits in animal models – a review
Authors: Ponder Katherine P , Auricchio Alberto
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Despite the availability of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the recent introduction of enzyme replacement therapy, the prevention and treatment of ocular manifestations in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) remains a challenge. Novel therapeutic approaches based on in vivo, viral vector‐mediated gene transduction are currently under investigation. Systemic gene therapy holds promise in humans, given the histopathological and electrophysiological evidence of partial improvement to complete correction in visual function (depending on the experimental conditions) in animal models of MPS. Local gene therapy for the management of ocular features of MPS, in contrast, has seen limited testing in preclinical studies. However, this approach has been successfully applied in various inherited retinal diseases, including Leber congenital amaurosis, for which it has reached the clinical testing stage. Acquired experience may fuel further investigations of the potential benefit of intraocular gene therapy in MPS.
Attending inside or outside: A Japanese–US comparison of spontaneous memory of group information
Authors: Takemura Kosuke , Yuki Masaki , Ohtsubo Yohsuke
Published: August 2010

A recent review of empirical evidence disconfirmed the widely‐held view that North Americans are less collectivistic than East Asians. However, previous research has proposed that the motivations underlying group behaviours differ across cultures: North Americans are more strongly motivated to acquire and maintain higher in‐group status relative to outgroups, whereas East Asians tend to emphasize maintenance of reciprocal relationships within in‐groups. We tested this hypothesis by examining the pattern of attentional allocation in group situations using a memory task. As predicted, compared to Japanese, memory performance among Americans was biased towards intergroup status difference over intragroup relationship information.
Japanese Business Practices and their Implications for the West
Authors: ROSS T. D.
Published: August 2010

Toyohiro Kono, Strategy and Structure of Japanese Enterprises (Armonk, New York:

Kazuo Sato and Yasuo Hoshino (eds), The Anatomy of Japanese Business (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1984; and London: Croom Helm, 1984) 378 pp., $35.00 and |SL25.00.
Adjustment Costs and the Sequencing of Trade Liberalisation
Authors: Bond Eric W.
Published: August 2010

A common feature of trade agreements between countries is that the integration of markets proceeds in stages. This paper examines conceptually the role played by adjustment costs in determining the best way to structure an agreement between two countries when there are multiple sectors to be liberalised. Adjustment costs to liberalisation of industries might influence the timing of liberalisation, with the analysis bearing similarity to why tariff reductions tend to be phased in over time. When two industries have no ‘spillover effects’, trade agreements with sequential liberalisation will be less costly to sustain. However, if the liberalisation of one industry influences permanently the flow of benefits from liberalising the other industry, simultaneous liberalisation may be easier to sustain.
Demystify Protectionism: The WTO Trade Policy Review of Japan
Authors: Kimura Fukunari
Published: August 2010

This paper reviews the eighth Trade Policy Review (TPR) for Japan. It begins with an appreciation of its fair and well‐balanced work in updating knowledge on the progress of policy reform in Japan. The TPR confirms the recovery of the Japanese economy with some notable improvements in its policy environment, the example of which is competition policy. On the other hand, there still remain notable trade impediments, particularly in agriculture. Some agricultural products are still heavily protected by complicated border measures. This paper provides some supplementary information, namely that the domestic production of most of the heavily protected products, with the exception of rice, are highly concentrated geographically, suggesting the politico‐economic background. The rise of regionalism is mentioned as another topical issue in Japan though the characteristics and significance of free trade agreement networking by Japan are not fully discussed by the TPR. The TPR praises Japan's effort in providing the generalised system of preferences (GSP), but this paper offers a somewhat sceptical view of the role of GSP as a useful tool for developing countries. Overall, the TPR for Japan is assessed as a good starting point for dealing with the remaining issues on international commercial policies in Japan.
Consonant clusters in Hong Kong English
Authors: SETTER JANE
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT:  This study investigates consonant clusters and phonotactics in the English spoken by Hong Kong Cantonese speakers. A computer dataset of Hong Kong English speech data amounting to 4,404 syllables was used. Syllables were categorised according to structure, and then compared to 1,847 syllables from an existing corpus of British English speakers. It was found that Hong Kong English speakers produced fewer syllable types than speakers in the British English data, and fewer consonant clusters overall. Consonant clusters in syllable‐initial and syllable‐final position were attested, but they were less complex than those found in the British English data. Further analysis of the content of Hong Kong English two‐consonant syllable onsets and codas revealed that there were differences from Cantonese, which is the speakers' L1. Patterns observed could be seen as a subset of what is possible in British English, or alternatively as evidence of endonormative development in the variety.
English in French comics
Authors: BEN‐RAFAEL MIRIAM
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT:  English today has a strong influence on many languages, French among them. English borrowings and code‐switching in general are now a salient feature of the dynamics of French. Many purists still oppose this, and continue to perceive the spread of English as a threat to the French language. They draw their convictions from René Etiemble's classic Parlez‐vous franglais? published in 1964. Etiemble saw French comics as one of the major sources of the English/American invasion of French among the youth. In that context, this paper analyses the role of English in the Lucky Luke and Astérix stories (with reference to Tintin as well). The analysis shows that American English is mostly used for describing human and physical landscapes or for the purpose of humorous narrative; the discourse itself, however, remains essentially French. While Etiemble and his followers saw in the comics' genre a sort of subtractive bilingualism, this work suggests that it is more appropriate to speak of additive bilingualism.
Crime, Race and Reporting to the Police
Authors: SHAH RABINDRA , PEASE KEN
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Evidence from all three British Crime Surveys is used to address the question of whether perpetrator race is a determinant of the decision to report offences of violence to the police. The evidence suggests that there is a differential victim report to the police, which cannot be reduced to offence characteristics which distinguish perpetrators by ethnicity. Fuller understanding of the complex patterns await additional data from British Crime Surveys in 1992 and thereafter.
PERSONAL POWER AND PUBLIC CONTROL: SEX CRIMES AND PROBLEM PAGES
Authors: PEELO MOIRA , SOOTHILL KEITH
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In this paper we examine the process whereby problem pages contribute to turning what some would perceive to be private troubles' into ‘public issues’, while offering public acknowledgemenl of crimes committed as well as solace and advice to victims of sex crimes. The two examples used, ‘male rape’ and ‘underage sex’ illustrate the complex role of moral arbiter, whereby agony aunts and uncles act as social barometers, reflecting the confusion surrounding definitions of sex crimes. By examining problem pages we learn more about how society defines the borderlines between private problems and public, criminal, matters.
A Response to Mike Nellis: Probation Values for the 1990s
Authors: Spencer Jon
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Mike Nellis's recent article, ‘Probation values for the 1990s’ (Nellis 1995) is considered to be flawed in that the articulation of anti‐custodialism, restorative justice and community safety locates the probation service as the beneficiary from the rejection of the humanitarian values which underpin probation practice. This response to Mike Nellis suggests that it is those humanitarian values which ensure ‘clients’ are perceived and treated as ‘ends’ rather than as a ‘means’ of transforming the probation service into an agent of penal reform.
A not so Well‐Lit Path: Employers' Perspectives on Employing Ex‐offenders
Authors: HASLEWOOD‐PÓCSIK ILONA , BROWN STEVEN , SPENCER JON
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Findings from a recent survey among employers in the north‐west of England suggest that personal support is the most favoured type of support both for employers and for ex‐offenders when considering employing (or employing more) ex‐offenders. The findings also reveal that employers need more information on the relevance and the provisions of the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974, as well as guidance on risk assessment and management procedures, in order to enable them to make informed decisions about, and increase their confidence in, employing ex‐offenders.
LIMITED ENFORCEMENT, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT*
Authors: Amaral Pedro S. , Quintin Erwan
Published: August 2010

We present a model of economic development where the importance of financial differences caused by limited enforcement can be measured. Economies where enforcement is poor direct less capital to the production sector and employ less efficient technologies. Calibrated simulations reveal that the resulting effect on output is large. Furthermore, the model correctly predicts that the average scale of production should rise with the quality of enforcement. Finally, we find that the importance of limited enforcement rises with the importance of capital in production.
Release of Endogenous Amino Acids from Striatal Neurons in Primary Culture
Authors: Pin Jean‐Philippe , Weiss Samuel , Sebben Michele , Kemp Dorothy E. , Bockaert Jöel
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Endogenous amino acid release was examined in highly purified striatal neurons obtained from fetal mouse brain, and differentiated in primary culture. This study aimed to determine which amino acids are released from striatal neurons after a brief depolarization period induced by elevated potassium concentration or veratrine. Amino acids released into the extracellular medium, subsequent to a 3‐min exposure of striatal neurons, were subjected to HPLC analysis. At 14 days in vitro potassium (56 mM) depolarization elicited a 25‐fold increase in γ‐aminobutyric acid release, 85% of which was calcium‐dependent. This effect was small but apparent at 7 days in vitro (two‐fold increase) and greatly increased between 11 and 14 days in vitro, subsequent to the appearance of synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals. γ‐Aminobutyric acid release was readily reversible within minutes of return to the resting state. Veratrine induced a quantitatively similar but calcium‐independent increase in γ‐aminobutyric acid release. Similar results were observed on aspartate and glutamate release, but the increase was very small even after 14 days in vitro (62.2 and 123.3% increase over basal release, respectively). Taurine and hypotaurine release increased during and after depolarization induced by potassium. This effect remained constant between 11 and 18 days in vitro. BAY K. 8644, a dihydropyridine‐sensitive calcium channel agonist, augmented the effect of 15 mM potassium on γ‐aminobutyric acid release, but this effect remained very small as compared to the potassium (56 mM) or veratrine effects. In addition, nifedipine inhibited this BAY K 8644‐induced release. These results demonstrate the high level of differentiation among striatal neurons containing γ‐aminobutyric acid in this in vitro system.
Do Secretin and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Have Independent Receptors on Striatal Neurons and Glial Cells in Primary Cultures?
Authors: Chneiweiss H. , Glowinski J. , Premont J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and secretin are two related peptides that activate adenylate cyclase on membranes of striatal neurons and glial cells from embryonic mouse brain grown in primary culture. On the two cell types, the maximal activation that could be induced by secretin was only 40% above basal activity, which represented < 15% of the maximal effect obtainable with VIP. From competition experiments performed on glial cells and the neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid, NG 108–15, a cell line known to possess both VIP and secretin sensitive‐adenylate cyclase, we demonstrate that secretin does not activate VIP receptors. Furthermore, secretin has an apparent high affinity (EC50 10−8M) for its receptors on striatal neurons and NG 108–15 whereas an apparent low affinity (EC50 7 × 10−6M) was found on striatal glial cells. This suggests the existence of either two distinct secretin receptors or a desensitized form.
Concept determination as part of the development of knowledge in caring science
Authors: Eriksson Katie
Published: August 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2010; 24; 2–11
 
Concept determination as part of the development of knowledge in caring science

The purpose of this article is to highlight concept determination as part of the development of knowledge in caring science, by describing Eriksson’s model of concept determination. Concepts belong to and are developed in science, and it is through concepts that reality is shaped. Concepts and language are closely related, and Gadamer’s guiding thought is that language constitutes the middle where I and the world, join together. It is by its very activity of thinking that the meaning is to be heard, and Gadamer emphasizes that the being that can be understood is language and points to a universal ontological structure against the fundamental nature of what is allowing to be understood. The first outlines of the model of concept determination are described as a research design for the development of the care process model. In developing the model of concept determination, the intent has been to fill a void in the international caring science literature, where no model is sufficiently comprehensive to meet the requirement for a model from a humanistic hermeneutic perspective with roots in an explicit ontology and ethos. Eriksson’s model of concept determination includes both an ontological and a contextual determination. Concept determination is the main concept in Eriksson’s model and includes concept formation and concept analysis. The starting point of concept determination is a hermeneutic epistemology developed in a scientific tradition of caring. The model of concept determination opens itself to versatility in determining concepts and provides a nuanced picture of the concept in question, while the whole‐part‐whole thinking simultaneously leads to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted caring reality and the current object of knowledge. By constantly returning to the what‐questions, the course of events will continue and conceptual determination moves around the substance towards a deeper understanding of the core.
Identification of genetic determinants of IGF‐1 levels and longevity among mouse inbred strains
Authors: Leduc Magalie S. , Hageman Rachael S. , Meng Qingying , Verdugo Ricardo A. , Tsaih Shirng‐Wern , Churchill Gary A. , Paigen Beverly , Yuan Rong
Published: August 2010

The IGF‐1 signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating longevity. To identify the genetic loci and genes that regulate plasma IGF‐1 levels, we intercrossed MRL/MpJ and SM/J, inbred mouse strains that differ in IGF‐1 levels. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of IGF‐1 levels of these F2 mice detected four QTL on chromosomes (Chrs) 9 (48 Mb), 10 (86 Mb), 15 (18 Mb), and 17 (85 Mb). Haplotype association mapping of IGF‐1 levels in 28 domesticated inbred strains identified three suggestive loci in females on Chrs 2 (13 Mb), 10 (88 Mb), and 17 (28 Mb) and in four males on Chrs 1 (159 Mb), 3 (52 and 58 Mb), and 16 (74 Mb). Except for the QTL on Chr 9 and 16, all loci co‐localized with IGF‐1 QTL previously identified in other mouse crosses. The most significant locus was the QTL on Chr 10, which contains the Igf1 gene and which had a LOD score of 31.8. Haplotype analysis among 28 domesticated inbred strains revealed a major QTL on Chr 10 overlapping with the QTL identified in the F2 mice. This locus showed three major haplotypes; strains with haplotype 1 had significantly lower plasma IGF‐1 and extended longevity (P < 0.05) than strains with haplotype 2 or 3. Bioinformatic analysis, combined with sequencing and expression studies, showed that Igf1 is the most likely QTL gene, but that other genes may also play a role in this strong QTL.
A simple agro‐ecological zonation for fertilizer recommendations in Mozambique
Authors: Geurts P.M.H. , Van den Berg M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A practical and simple agro‐ecological zonation of Mozambique is presented to facilitate the identification of production conditions and to serve as a basis for agricultural recommendations. The zonation is based on: FAO Major Soil Groupings, altitude and mean annual rainfall. The rationale of the zonation is evaluated by correlating these criteria with other climatic variables and the maize growth cycle. The effectiveness of the zonation was tested with maize yield data from fertilizer trials.

The results show that FAO Major Soil Groupings explain a significant part of the total variation in N and organic C contents, Olsen P, exchangeable K, pH and CEC. Altitude relates significantly with temperature, maize growth cycle, radiation and rainfall reliability. Mean annual rainfall relates significantly with rainfall reliability and radiation. Grouping the maize fertilizer trials according to the zonation criteria explained 39% of the variation in unfertilized yields and yield responses to NPK fertilization, and 51% of the variation in fertilized (NPK) yields.

The agro‐ecological zonation on the basis of soil, altitude and mean annual rainfall proved to be a sound and practical way to identify land areas sufficiently homogeneous to be served by the same fertilizer recommendation.
A field methodology for assessing man‐made disturbance in forest soils developed in loess
Authors: Bossuyt B. , Deckers J. , Hermy M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Ancient forests which have never been under agriculture often have larger ecological and pedological value than later established forests. We made a reconstruction of the land use history of the Meerdaal forest complex in central Belgium since 1759. Soil profiles of 33 recent forest sites and of contiguous forest parcels were examined morphologically by augering to 120 cm depth. pHKC1 was determined on samples from every horizon. The data were analysed by Principal Component Analysis, and the axes were used as a basis for derivation of horizon parameters. Former agricultural land use since 1759 can still be recognized in three soil morphological characteristics: colour of the eluviation horizon, intactness of the horizon containing illuviated clay and thickness of the organic layer. These parameters were combined into a ‘naturalness index’, which differs significantly between ancient and recent forest and can be easily and cost‐effectively obtained to assess the degree of man‐made disturbance of forests on loess‐derived soils.
Simulation of nitrogen dynamics in an alluvial sandy soil with drip fertigation of apple trees
Authors: Riga P. , Charpentier S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. In order to optimize the management of the N‐fertilizer inputs with drip fertigation on sandy‐silt soil under apple tree orchard cultivation, we observed in situ: (i) the N and water soil transfers, (ii) the N levels in all leaves, fruits and annual shoots, and (iii) the root distribution. Then we used a mechanistic one‐dimensional model (WAVE, Vanclooster et al., 1994) to quantify the annual parameters of the water and nitrogen balance on a daily basis. The horizontal heterogeneity along the row of the tree‐soil‐dripper system has been treated with two adjacent compartments: one under the dripper and receiving fertigation and the other outside this zone. N transfers in the tree make it impossible to estimate directly N uptake by roots over time.

The simulated N losses were due to equal amounts of N leaching below 0.9 m deep (9 g N tree−1year−1 and denitrification (7 g N tree−1year−1. The simulated losses of gaseous N were localized predominantly in the compartment under the dripper and showed a higher rate of leaching during the period of N input when the wet conditions and the high NO3− concentrations were favourable to denitrification. The N‐leaching at 0.9 m depth was greatest outside the growing season and was caused by the extension of the N‐inputs after the harvest date. This practice, based on the objective to store nitrogen before the period of dormancy does not seem to be justified.
Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizers with and without gypsum
Authors: Zia M.S. , Aslam M. , Rahmatullah  , Arshad M. , Ahmed Tahira
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Ammonia volatilization with and without gypsum incorporation was measured in Gujranwala soil (Udic Haplustalf) in an incubation study using different nitrogen fertilizers e.g. urea, ammonium sulphate (AS), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), and urea nitrophos (UNP). Nitrogen from different fertilizers was applied at the rate of 200 mg N kg−1 to two sets of soils in plastic bags (1.0 kg soil) and plastic jars (0.5 kg soil). Soil moisture was maintained at field capacity. Application of urea increased soil pH to 9, three hours after its addition. Ammonium sulphate and calcium ammonium nitrate had little effect on soil pH. Ammonium volatilization losses from fertilizers were related to the increase in soil pH caused by the fertilizers. Consequently maximum losses were recorded due to application of urea. Losses through ammonia volatilization were significantly lower with AS, CAN and UNP in descending order. Gypsum incorporation significantly reduced the losses. Therefore, application of gypsum to soil before urea may substantially improve N use efficiency for crop production by reducing N losses.
Overview of the studies on the cracking clay soil at Brimstone Farm, UK
Authors: Harris G.L. , Catt J.A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. As leaching of nutrients and agrochemicals can occur readily in cracking clay soils, which are important to UK agriculture, it is essential to identify management systems for them that can minimize the risk of contaminants reaching surface waters. The long‐term Brimstone Farm study has provided considerable evidence on the movement of water and solutes through such soils and offers a unique opportunity to determine the factors influencing these processes. Management procedures, such as subsurface drainage and tillage, which are widely used for the production of cereals in these soil types, greatly influence the risk of contamination. At Brimstone Farm, tillage has been shown to change the hydrology in terms of both water table control and the route of water movement, and to increase the mineralization of nitrogen and the consequent risk of nitrate leaching. Drainage, essential in these soils, also creates a risk of solute losses, especially pesticides. Ways to retain effective drainage yet decrease losses to surface waters are discussed.
Measurement of solute fluxes in macroporous soils: techniques, problems and precision
Authors: Armstrong A.C. , Leeds‐Harrison P.B. , Harris G.L. , Catt J.A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Preferential flow has been increasingly recognised as a major component of water movement in many soils, particularly clays. This paper reviews problems in the measurement of solute fluxes in these soils, and discusses the solutions that have been adopted in UK studies of cracking clay soils. The estimation of solute fluxes is subject to many sources of error, which are best reduced by replicated measurements, such as those available in multi‐plot experiments.
Effect of long term crop rotations and rewetting of soil on stability
Authors: Misra A.K. , Daniel H. , Till R. , Blair G.J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Soils, of clay texture, were taken from two crop rotations in a long term trial, (i) maize ‐ spring oats ‐ maize, (ii) maize ‐ spring oats ‐ autumn oats ‐ red clover, and from an adjacent uncropped fenceline. Wet sieving was preceded by wetting under vacuum, wetting under tension or by direct immersion. The undisturbed soil was the most stable; the inclusion of clover in the rotation improved aggregate stability. Direct immersion was most disruptive in disintegrating aggregates followed by vacuum and pre‐wetting under tension.
Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from grassland amended with sewage sludge
Authors: Scott A. , Ball B.C. , Crichton I.J. , Aitken M.N.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Land disposal of sewage sludge in the UK is set to increase markedly in the next few years and much of this will be applied to grassland. Here we applied high rates of digested sludge cake (1–1.5×103 kg total N ha−1) to grassland and incorporated it prior to reseeding. Using automated chambers, nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from the soil were monitored 2–4 times per day, for 6 months after sludge incorporation. Peaks of N2O emission were up to 1.4 kg N ha−1 d−1 soon after incorporation, and thereafter were regularly detected following significant rainfalls. Gas emissions reflected diurnal temperature variations, though N2O emissions were also strongly affected by rainfall. Although emissions decreased in the winter, temperatures below 4 °C stimulated short, sharp fluxes of both CO2 and N2O as temperature increased. The aggregate loss of nitrogen and carbon over the measurement period was up to 23 kg N ha−1 and 5.1 t C ha−1. Losses of N2O in the sludge‐amended soil were associated with good microbial conditions for N mineralization, and with high carbon and water contents. Since grassland is an important source of greenhouse gases, application of sewage sludge can be at least as significant as fertilizer in enhancing these emissions.