bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free Flight Techniques for High Speed Aerodynamic Research
Authors: Hamilton J. A. , Hufton P. A.
Published: August 2016

The 969th Lecture to be given before the Society and the 22nd Main Lecture to be held at a Branch Centre, “ Free Flight Techniques for High Speed Aerodynamic Research ” by J. A. Hamilton, M.B.E., B.Sc, A.M.I.Mech.E., A.F.R.Ae.S., and P. A. Hufton, M.Sc, was given under the auspices of the Boscombe Down Branch on 1st December 1955. Air Commodore R. A. Ramsay Rae, O.B.E., President of the Branch welcomed the guests and said how delighted he was to see the President of the Society, Mr. N. E. Rowe and members of the Council and Main Society at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment.
Advanced Education and Academic Research in Aeronautics
Authors: Millikan Clark B.
Published: August 2016

The Forty-Fifth Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture, “Advanced Education and Academic Research in Aeronautics” was given before the Society by Dr. Clark B. Millikan, Hon.F.I.A.S., F.R.Ae.S., on 13th September 1957, at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George St., London, before a large and distinguished audience which included H.R.H. The Prince of the Netherlands and a number of the Americans who had attended the Sixth Anglo-American Aeronautical Conference. Sir George Edwards, C.B.E., B.Sc, F.R.Ae.S., President of the Society, presided. As has now become customary the principal awards of the Society awarded by the Council for the year were presented before the lecture (see July and October 1957 Journals). This year they included Honorary Fellowship of the Society which was accepted by His Royal Highness, The Prince of the Netherlands.

Introducing the Lecturer, Sir George Edwards said:–Dr. Millikan was born in Chicago in 1903, he graduated from Yale University in 1924 with the degree of Ph.B. and received a Ph.D. degree in physics and mathematics at the California Institute of Technology in 1928. In that year he was appointed Assistant Professor at the California Institute, in 1934 he became Assistant Professor, and since 1940 he has been a full Professor in the Aeronautics Department. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Institute from 1945 to 1947 and was appointed Director of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory in 1949. He has been Director of Wind Tunnel Testing at the California Institute since 1935, and Director of the Southern California Cooperative Wind Tunnel since it began operations in 1945. He is Chairman of the C.I.T. Trustees Jet Propulsion Laboratory Committee.

A Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences, of which he was President in 1937, he is also a member of a number of other Societies. In 1948 the British Government awarded him the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom, and in 1949 he received the United States Medal for Merit.

Dr. Millikan is currently serving as Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the U.S. Secretary of Defense and as Chairman of the Aircraft and Guided Missiles Panel of the U.S.A.F. Scientific Advisory Board. He is also a member of the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratories' Scientific Advisory Committee, Chairman of the Sub- Committee on Fluid Mechanics and a member of the Aerodynamics Committee of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
Possible Flight Paths for Helicopters
Authors: Sutherby P. F.
Published: August 2016

It has been normal in discussion of helicopter operations to assume that the aircraft will operate at low altitudes. In particular, the commercial operation of helicopters on “inter-city” routes is usually assumed to take place between altitudes of 1,000 and 2,000 ft. with the appeal of the view of the countryside adding to the attractions of this means of transport.

It is intended to show in this paper that there are considerable advantages to be gained from flying very much higher than these low altitudes, and in using flight paths very similar to those of conventional air liners.
The Technical Development of the Aeroplane
Authors: North John D.
Published: August 2016

The first meeting of the 1928-29 Session of the Royal Aeronautical Society was held in the rooms of the Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, on Thursday, October 4th, 1928.

The President : Mr. North is one of the foremost designers in the country. Since early in 1911 he had devoted his activities exclusively to aeronautics and for many years had been responsible for the design of all aircraft produced by Boulton and Paul, of Norwich.

Mr. North had been very intimately connected with the design of the Government airship now in an advanced stage of construction at Cardington. His great experience of light steel structures had been utilised to the full in this connection.
16th Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture
Authors: Page F. Handley
Published: August 2016

In the Wilbur Wright lectures we commemorate, and pay our tribute to, that pioneer work upon which the art of flying is founded and it is only now that carrying our minds back to those early days we see how thorough were the methods which led to success. The work of Lilienthal in gliding with curved wings—brought to an untimely end through lack of control—had shown that the secret of success was to be found in free flight experiment. Then came the great contribution of the Wrights, who discarded Lilienthal's acrobatic control and carrying through the whole modern programme of wind tunnel research, detail design and construction, found out by practical flying that essential feature of control which has been used in practically every aeroplane that has been flown.

In the original Wright aeroplane, as in all its successors of fixed wing area, the only means used for varying the lift was by alteration of the angle of incidence or of the camber of the wing either by warping or by the equivalent use of ailerons.
The Alignment and Inspection of Components
Authors: Taylor R. C.
Published: August 2016

This paper should be regarded as a continuation of the one I read before you last session and is intended, primarily, to cater for those who wish to sit for a Ground Engineer's Licence.

My previous paper dealt with the alignment and checking of fuselages. I propose in this paper to deal with the alignment of certain other components, and also with the inspection of components.
A Philosophy of Aeronautical Research
Authors: Jones E. T.
Published: August 2016

The Ninth Louis Blériot Lecture was given in Paris on 7th March 1956 under the auspices of the Association Française des Ingénieurs et Techniciens de l'Aéronautiques, by Mr. E. T. Jones, C.B., O.B.E., M.Eng., F.R.Ae.S., Director-General Technical Development (Air), Ministry of Supply, and President-Elect of the Royal Aeronautical Society.

The Lecture was attended by the President, Mr. N. E. Rowe, C.B.E., B.Sc., F.C.G.I., F.I.A.S., F.R.Ae.S., and several members of Council of the Royal Aeronautical Society, by the Secretary, Dr. A. M. Ballantyne, T.D., B.Sc., Hon.F.C.A.I., A.F.I.A.S., A.F.R.Ae.S.; by three former British Blériot Lecturers, Air Commodore F. R. Banks, C.B., O.B.E., F.R.Ae.S., Mr. H. Knowler, F.R.Ae.S., and Mr. R. Hafner, F.R.Ae.S.; and by members of the Society and the British Aircraft Industry and by a large and distinguished French audience. M. Jules Jarry, President of A.F.I.T.A., presided at the meeting and welcomed the guests before introducing Mr. Rowe and later, Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones spoke for a few minutes in French and then his paper was read by M. Maurice Roy, Director of O.N.E.R.A., and himself a Blériot Lecturer. After the lecture a film was shown of the Rolls-Royce “ Flying Bedstead.”

The Lecture was followed by a Reception and cocktail party and then by a dinner attended by 150 distinguished members and guests at the Aero Club de France. Among the guests were Madame Louis Blériot and M. Henry Laforest, French Secretary of State for Air. Following the dinner, speeches were made by M. Jarry and M. Laforest, and by Air Commodore Banks, deputising for Mr. Rowe who had had to return to England, and by Mr. E. T. Jones.
Aircraft Fatigue
Authors: Giddings H.
Published: August 2016

As the treatment of the different subjects must be brief and general this paper can only deal with the complex subject of aircraft fatigue in very broad terms, attempting to trace the development of the subject over the past ten years or so, to present some of the problems and the methods being adopted to solve them and to emphasise the very wide extent to which fatigue affects aircraft design today.

The fatigue of metals was recognised as a separate form of failure as long ago as 1854 and is now the subject of a very extensive literature. Mechanical engineers have long been familiar with fatigue as a criterion of design and are apt to be critical and even amused at the aeronautical engineer's recently found interest.
Aircraft Strength Testing
Authors: Walker P. B.
Published: August 2016

The part played by strength testing in establishing structural integrity and efficiency is well known to aeronautical engineers. In principle, the great advances made in structural theory and stressing methods should lessen the pressure on strength testing facilities. In practice, things do not seem to work out this way. For this there appear to be two reasons. The first is the continuous change in aircraft structural design to meet new or more exacting operational roles. The second is the demand for still lighter structures without prejudice to safety. Strength testing, therefore, is as necessary as ever it was if the best results are to be obtained.

For a great many years structural strength testing meant just static strength testing. This is no longer true, since for many types of aircraft fatigue testing has become at least as important as static testing.
The Presentation of Fatigue Data for Fatigue Life Calculations
Authors: Bore C. L.
Published: August 2016

A simple and convenient “ endurance chart” for the presentation of basic fatigue data is described, where static failure is regarded as simply fatigue failure in one cycle of loading.

This chart shows the effects of mean stress, residual stress and pre-tension, and displays several interesting features of fatigue data. It is easily constructed directly from fatigue test results, and is very well suited to the calculation of stress concentration effects, including “ plastic relief ” effects.

With the aid of such charts the relative fatigue strengths and structural efficiencies of different materials may be readily compared, and it is clearly shown that in certain circumstances a “ high-strength” alloy may in fact have considerably less fatigue strength than a “ medium-strength ” alloy at a given life, or conversely a lower life at a given stress level.

It is demonstrated that the fatigue life of a component subjected to combined mean stress and alternating stress may be found only with a knowledge of the complete fatigue characteristics of the material (such as are presented in the endurance chart); and that attempts to estimate fatigue life from spot-value comparisons, such as the fatigue strength at an arbitrary given endurance, can be dangerously inaccurate. A chart of the form described thus forms a valuable step towards the accurate calculation of fatigue life.

The method is illustrated by the provision of endurance charts for 14S-T (L.65), 75S-T, and D.T.D.683; and with experimental results for notched components of L.65 and D.T.D.683.

An example illustrates the application of the chart to the calculation of the fatigue life for the case of two independent systems of loading acting on a pressure cabin with circular window cut-outs.
Numerical Solution of n Linear Equations in n Unknowns, and the Evaluation of nth Order Determinant (Complex Coefficients)
Authors: Allen D. W.
Published: August 2016

A presentation of the solution of linear equations with complex coefficients is given, in which current checks can be introduced to obviate inaccuracies and thus engender confidence in use. The method is based on the elementary concept of elimination of each unknown in turn, and details only of its application are given since the theory demands lengthy exposition. Evaluation of determinants is also illustrated.
On The Balance and Inertia Torque of Multi–Cylinder Engines
Authors: Fearn E. J.
Published: August 2016

In a previous issue the equations of motion were obtained of a piston operated by an auxiliary connecting rod. together with the stresses in such a rod and its effect on the master rod stresses. In the following article the problem of the balance and the torque due to inertia forces has been examined and equations derived which may be applied to any multi–cylinder engine.

The following equations show that all balance and inertia torque equations for a single cylinder may be reduced to the form of Σ[f1 (sin θ) + f2(cos θ)]. These functions are combined vectorially for the multi–cylinder engine as shown in Appendix II. of the previous article.
Stainless Steel and Iron
Authors: Hackett W.
Published: August 2016

During the last few years there has been a vast improvement in the manufacture and the manipulation of stainless steel tubes for both commercial and aircraft purposes.
Experimental Test Flying
Authors: Uwins C. F.
Published: August 2016

It is my privilege to speak to you to-night on some aspect of the work of testing experimental aircraft, and in order to present my subject to you in as lucid a manner as possible, I am going to ask you to consider that we actually have a machine before us waiting for its first test.
Materials of Aircraft Construction
Authors: Gough H. J.
Published: August 2016

The Wilbur Wright Lectures not only commemorate that pioneer flight on which the art of practical aviation was founded but also offer homage to the brilliant research and invention which made that flight possible. It is, therefore, natural and fitting that such a large proportion of the preceding 25 lectures have dealt specifically with the application of research to matters aeronautical. The materials of aeronautical construction can also justly be classed as the outcome of much research into many fields of pure and applied science, with practical results that have made some contribution towards the advancement of aviation and, hence, fittingly form the subject of a Wilbur Wright Lecture. Accordingly, when the Council of the Royal Aeronautical Society honoured me with the invitation to deliver the 1938 lecture on this subject, I naturally read up the preceding lectures and was somewhat surprised to find that materials, as such, had not previously been dealt with in this connection. The task of making the first survey of a field of such alarming scope, in a necessarily limited space and time, involved some anxious reflection regarding a suitable method of treatment; it appeared that a detailed discussion of personal research, or even of a selected group of materials, must have such a limited scope as to be incompatible with what is implied in the allotted title. To the casual observer, the really wide range of the more familiar materials of construction that have been available for some years, allied to the normal steady improvements that have been effected and those that may be expected, may appear to offer all that is required for the aeronautical requirements of the next decade or so, so that reviews of the materials of, say, 1924, 1931, 1938 and 1945 would mainly represent a story of development rather than change ; actually, this is not the position. A relatively few years has seen the relinquishment, temporary or permanent, of the position held by steel as a structural material; the use of light alloys has become very general, an improved form of wood is definitely in the field while it may be that the entire structure of moulded plastics will become a practical proposition in the fairly near future. Then, the accomplishment of the aims of the engine builder with regard to units of much greater powers are retarded to a certain extent by the fact that a number of materials appear to have reached the visible peak of their development; new materials are urgently required. Again, who would care to prophesy that the airscrew of the future 2,000-4,000 h.p. engine will even be made of any kind of metal, although the present aluminium alloy propellers give such good performance.
Secondary Stresses in Airship Hull Structures
Authors: Baker J. F.
Published: August 2016

In no branch of structural engineering is there a rigorous definition of the term “secondary stress.”

If the primary stresses in a structure are determined, that is, the stresses in the members due to an external load system, assuming that all the members are joined together by perfect pin- or ball-joints, then the secondary stresses are in general taken to be the additional stresses due to the rigidity of the actual joints used in practice.

In such a highly redundant structure as an airship hull the labour involved, in determining even the primary stresses, precludes the use of the normal methods of stressing. It is usual to make use of generalised methods which give approximate results. These generalised methods imply that the external loads are applied to the structure in a certain distribution. Though this is rarely achieved, yet the results obtained are in most cases sufficiently accurate if suitable bracing is supplied to redistribute the external loads over the cross-section; the effect of the initial wrong distribution being then merely local.
Aeronautical Progress in Great Britain
Authors: Wimperis H. E.
Published: August 2016

The application of scientific principles to the design of aircraft and aircraft equipment during the post–war years has yielded results which are becoming increasingly apparent. The time interval which elapses between the conception of an idea and its application to production aircraft is necessarily long, but it would seem that we are just commencing to reap the reward of much patient study.

An attempt will be made to present a picture of the progress which has recently been made and to indicate the lines along which further research would appear most profitable. In making this review it is inevitable that attention should be paid particularly to Service aircraft. The more difficult the problem the greater is the ingenuity required to solve it, and the ever increasing demands made upon the designers of Service aircraft have stimulated research to perhaps a greater extent than is the case with civil aircraft, the requirements for which are less complex.
The Articulated Connecting Rod
Authors: Morris J.
Published: August 2016

The method adopted by Mr. Fearn in dealing with the above subject in the February number of the Journal is open to many serious objections. To begin with, it is at best approximate and as Mr. Farren points out in his article in the March number, Mr. Fearn's approximation, although near enough for displacements, give on double differentiation less close approximation for acceleration. And for less regular motions than in the case under discussion the approximation to the acceleration by Mr. Fearn's method might be comparatively poor.

The greatest objection which the writer has to Mr. Fearn's method is that it is far too intricate and cumbersome. It unnecessarily involves mathematics of a high order when the problem can be solved by means within the compass of any first year student of engineering.

Mr. Farren's method, on the other hand, is of extreme simplicity and as a graphical method could hardly be improved upon. But there is a very simple-analytical solution and one moreover of the familiar type for the ordinary nonarticulated case.
The Training of Aircraft Apprentices
Authors: Breese C. D.
Published: August 2016

Before asking the Lecturer to reply, I should like to ask him one or two questions.

What percentage of the mechanics now in the R.A.F. have been trained at Halton?

It would appear to me that two classes of mechanics are wanted. Firstly, those who are competent to do what might be termed running repairs; and secondly, those who are highly skilled and capable of undertaking major repairs generally. The scheme in force at present seems to fill neither of these requirements. General education is of course needed, but far too much attention would seem to be paid to this subject. The aim is surely to train out personnel who will be able to keep the equipment of the R.A.F. in efficient condition and this aim should not be lost sight of. It is presumed that but a small number of those trained will be able to get Commissions, and this being so, the present system would seem liable to engender dissatisfaction.
The Effect of the Damping of the Throws on the Torsional Vibration of the Crankshaft System of an Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Morris J.
Published: August 2016

In the Journal for October, 1923, I gave the following formulæ for the frequencies in torsional vibration of the crankshaft system (see Fig. 1) of a direct drive engine having equal throws and equal journals, viz.:—

1

and

2

where

3

c=torsional stiffness (the CI/L) of an “equivalent journal”;

p=polar moment of inertia of the “equivalent pulley” of a throw;

r=ratio of the torsional stiffness of the shaft between the airscrew and the first “ equivalent pulley,” to that of an “ equivalent journal “;

n=number of throws.
Wind Tunnels
Authors: Widgery W.
Published: August 2016

The wind channel and the whirling arm have been devised and perfected over a period of a number of years with a view to providing reliable aerodynamic data for aircraft designers. Of late years the wind channel has been used considerably more than the whirling arm.

In the two pieces of apparatus distinct methods are used. In the whirling arm the model is carried through the air, which is stationary, in a circular path by a long arm. In the wind channel, on the other hand, the model is stationary and a current of air is caused to flow past it.

Various types of wind channel have been evolved, but I intend to describe fully the English wind channel in its present form, as perfected by the National Physical Laboratory and the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.
The Articulated Connecting Rod
Authors: Fearn E. J.
Published: August 2016

In the past the usual method of dealing with the articulated rod has been to treat the problem graphically. Although this method may be sufficiently accurate for a first approximation the inherent difficulties often lead to serious errors after the first few stages. A graphical method is always sufficiently accurate to determine the travel of a piston operated by an auxiliary rod ; but, the double differentiation of the displacement curve by graphical means (to obtain the acceleration curve), is not only inaccurate but a long and tedious operation.

To remedy this defect a Fourier's series has been developed which can be differentiated at sight and which gives a remarkable accuracy.

The geometrical properties of the mechanism have been analysed and thus equations are formed giving the resultant radial and tangential components at the crank pin, the bending forces and tensions on the master rod, etc.
Antiepileptic Drugs in the 21st Century
Authors: Bazil Carl W.
Published: August 2016

During the past 10 years, there has been a welcome influx of novel agents for the treatment of epilepsy. Many show advantages compared to older agents, including better adverse effect profiles and lack of drug-drug interactions. The sheer number of agents now available makes distinction among them confusing at times. Agents differ in spectrum of action, pharmacokinetic profile (affecting dosing schedule and drug interactions), and titration time. This review highlights the differences between the various new agents and the more traditional antiseizure drugs. Evidence for the widespread use of these compounds outside their indication, particularly for diseases other than epilepsy, is reviewed as well.
Autism: A Personal Perspective
Authors: Grandin Temple
Published: August 2016

As an individual with autism, I have learned that, unfortunately, some therapists and physicians are unaware of autistics' overly acute senses, specifically hyperacute hearing. For example, the birthday party fun of noise-makers for a normal child was torture for me. There are many first-person reports of people with autism who, like me, find certain loud sounds intolerable.

Some children and adults with autism also have visual sensitivity problems. I enjoyed visually stimulating things such as flags or automatic supermarket doors, but individuals with severe visual sensitivities cannot tolerate even fluorescent lights. In her book, Somebody Somewhere, autistic Donna Williams describes how the flicker from fluorescent lights causes her visual overload. A study conducted by Coleman et al indicates that fluorescent lights can increase repetitive behavior in children with autism.

Autistic sensory problems are highly variable. When I was a child, I liked to play with running water; however, another child with autism may not be able to tolerate the same sound. I was attracted to automatic supermarket doors and I liked to watch them move. Another autistic child or adult may scream and run away from these same automatic doors because sudden movement hurts his or her eyes. Maybe a small anomaly in my visual processing caused me to be attracted to the movement of the doors. A greater anomaly may cause another individual to avoid the same stimulus. Waterhouse et al found it puzzling that I was attracted to strong visual stimuli, yet high-pitched auditory stimuli hurt my ears.
Pathological Gambling: A Negative State Model and Its Implications for Behavioral Treatments
Authors: Hand Iver
Published: August 2016

This article describes a new approach to the understanding and treatment of pathological gambling (PG). In order to foster an understanding of the pathological variations of gambling, gambling as a “normal,” widespread behavior that spans cultures and centuries is briefly reviewed, as is the current socioeconomic impact of gambling on society. PG is interpreted as an excessive exaggeration of a normal behavior (a behavioral excess disorder, or BED), similar to exaggerations of cleaning, grooming, loving, working, or shopping.

Particular developmental deficits in certain individuals and their resulting vulnerabilities make these persons prone to “getting lost” in excessive gambling activities. PG fulfills three important functions that serve to maintain these behaviors. Most frequently, it serves the intraindividual function of distraction from a cognitive, emotional, or physiologic negative state (NEST). A second, much less frequent intraindividual function is that of fast socioeconomic self-destruction in persons who develop presuicidal depression before they start gambling. In the worst disease course of this subtype, patients enter a dramatic “last game”; when they lose, “fate has decided” that they should kill themselves immediately thereafter. A third function fulfilled by PG is interactional, ie, in the “I can't be with or without you” type of relationship.

These gambling-related vulnerabilities are discussed against the background of recent studies from: (1) cognitive psychological and animal experiments regarding the prediction of future events; (2) functional brain imaging studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder; and (3) gambling experiments (prediction of future events) in patients with specific lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex. This article outlines the basics of strategic-systemic behavior therapy for these conditions, and summarizes results of the first outcome and follow-up studies.
“Schizo-Obsessive” Subtype: Obsessions and Delusions
Authors: Zohar Joseph , Sasson Yuda , Chopra Miriam , Inacu Yalian , Gross Raz
Published: August 2016

The comorbidity of schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) might be approached from two different directions. One is the OCD with psychotic features, and the other is the schizophrenic patient with OCD.
Amnesia for Traumatic Events Among Recent Survivors: A Pilot Study
Authors: Yovell Yoram , Bannett Yair , Shalev Arieh Y.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

Traumatic amnesia has been amply documented in the psychoanalytic literature but inconsistently in the research literature.

Method:

Six trauma patients were followed prospectively. Survivors were interviewed 7, 30, and 120 days following the traumatic event. Each interview documented in detail their recollections of the day of their trauma.

Results:

In four subjects who did not develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we found brief, stable, and persiste memory gaps, which coincided with the moment of greatest emotional intensity. In two subjects who developed PTSD, we found, in addition to the previous form of amnesia, longer, progressive, and unstable memory gaps.

Discussion:

Neurobiological research offers two explanatory mechanisms for the observations: A failure of acquisition of episodic memories may account for the stable deficits seen in all subjects. This could coincide with stress-induced malfunction of the hippocampal declarative memory system. A failure of spontaneous recall may account for the more extended traumatic amnesia that was observed in PTSD patients. This resembles the psychoanalytic description of repression.

Conclusion:

These preliminary findings suggest that brief, irreversible memory gaps are common in trauma survivors, whereas longer, progressive, and potentially reversible amnesia occurs among survivors who develop PTSD.
How Knowledge of Regional Brain Dysfunction in Depression Will Enable New Somatic Treatments in the Next Millennium
Authors: George Mark S. , Nahas Ziad , Lomarov Mikhail , Bohning Daryl E. , Kellner Charles
Published: August 2016

New knowledge about the specific brain regions involved in depression is rapidly evolving due to advances in functional neuroimaging techniques. Several new regionally specific somatic interventions build on this modern neuroanatomic information. These latest methods promise to revolutionize the understanding and treatment of depression. This article reviews the past and current use of these techniques, with an eye toward where they are heading in the next century.
Apathy and Depression Following Stroke
Authors: Starkstein Sergio E. , Manes Facundo
Published: August 2016

Depression and apathy are the two most frequent behavioral complications of stroke. This article reviews the prevalence of these conditions in poststroke patients, as well as their clinical correlates, longitudinal course, and possible mediators. A number of controlled clinical trials of the efficacy of various drugs in the treatment of poststroke depression are also reviewed.
HIV-1-Associated Neuropathies
Authors: Verma Ashok , Bradley Walter G.
Published: August 2016

Peripheral neuropathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major cause of morbidity in this patient population. Due to the associated chronic pain, its management has come within the purview of neuropsychiatrists. This paper will focus on the primary pathogenic aspects of HIV-1–associated peripheral neuropathies. The specific syndromes of greatest concern are distal sensory polyneuropathy, toxic neuropathy, inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, and cytomegalovirus-related progressive polyradiculoneuropathy. The treatments available for these conditions and their efficacy are discussed.
Toward Optimal Treatments for Major Depression
Authors: Blier Pierre , Ward Herbert
Published: August 2016

The treatment of major depression remains problematic for several reasons. In particular, the therapeutic response to medications usually does not manifest itself until a week after administration has begun, and more than half the patients will not experience a full recovery with the first antidepressant drug administration. There are, however, some pharmacologic strategies that can accelerate antidepressant response. When facing a treatment-resistant depression, combination therapy offers a more time-efficient approach to achieve remission than drug substitution. These interventions have been devised on a better understanding of the basis for the therapeutic response obtained with the first- and second-generation antidepressants, and evidence derived from controlled clinical trials of their superior effectiveness is growing. The rationale for such approaches will be described in this article, as well as their advantages and potential inconveniences. Ongoing research in this field continues to fuel the development of novel, better-tolerated, and more effective pharmacotherapies for depression.
The Neuropsychological Assessment of Dementia
Authors: Benke Thomas , Karner Elfriede
Published: August 2016

It has become standard practice to base the diagnosis of dementia on the combination of neuropsychological and non-behavioral findings. The present article provides a short, clinically oriented synopsis of the targets, investigational procedures, and difficulties of the modern neuropsychological approach to the diagnosis of dementia. Over the years, neuropsychology has developed assessment tools to evaluate the cognitive and behavioral abnormalities of many dementias. Validated tests of memory, language, executive, and other cognitive functions are used to screen for dementia and identifying certain dementia profiles. Behavioral assessment procedures are available for non-cognitive neurodegenerative alterations. At present, problems arise mainly with the behavioral heterogeneity of certain dementia syndromes. Especially problamatic are discrimination of age-associated or mild cognitive impairments from incipient dementia and the impact of psychiatric symptoms on cognitive functions. It is concluded that neuropsychology offers a valuable contribution to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia.
Psychiatric Comorbidity and Pharmacotherapy in Sleep Disorders
Authors: Halaris Angelos
Published: August 2016

The decision to devote this issue of CNS Spectrums to sleep disorders was two-fold. First, sleep disorders are of relatively high prevalence in the population with a significant impact on public health and safety. Unfortunately, their significance has been underestimated. Hence, the training of subspecialists capable to deal competently with the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders that afflict all age groups has lagged behind the training of other subspecialists. Second, the presence of psychiatric symptoms in many individuals afflicted with these disorders and the bona fide psychiatric comorbidity of many such patients have been underestimated. Psychiatric comorbidity raises some compelling issues about the need that at least selected patients presenting with a sleep problem should undergo a thorough psychiatric evaluation along with a specialized evaluation, if deemed necessary.

Although the majority of patients with sleep disorder would benefit from an initial psychiatric evaluation, such a practice may not be available at all sleep centers. A psychiatric evaluation should first assess the nature and origin of psychiatric symptoms and determine the presence of a primary or secondary psychiatric disorder. Once a reliable diagnosis has been established, the proper course of treatment can be outlined. As with most other psychiatric conditions, a combined course of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy has the best chance of restoring functionality and preventing relapses. Thus, the role the psychiatrist can play in optimizing the care of patients with a sleep disorder cannot be overemphasized.
Melatonin and Jet Lag Syndrome: Experimental Model and Clinical Implications
Authors: Oxenkrug Gregory F. , Requintina Pura J.
Published: August 2016

What is the effect of melatonin on jet lag syndrome? Jet lag desynchronizes the internal sleep-wakefulness cycle with the environmental light/dark cycle. Advance (but not delay) of light onset is known to abolish pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and urine excretion of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin. Measurements of pineal serotonin, the substrate of melatonin biosynthesis; N-acetylserotonin (NAS), the immediate melatonin precursor; and melatonin (high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorimetric method) in the animal (rat) model of jet lag revealed that prolonged delay of darkphase onset disrupted the rhytms in comparable ways as the advance of light-phase onset. Advance of dark phase onset resulted in less severe disturbances of rhythms as compared with the advance of light phase onset. Melatonin, but not NAS, injections at the beginning of a new dark period accelerated recovery of NAS and melatonin, but not serotonin, rhythms. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were more sensitive to advance of light onset and less responsive to melatonin injections than normotensive rats. NAS and methylene blue, an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, attenuated light-induced disruption of NAS but not melatonin rhythms. We draw the following conclusions from our data: the beginning of the dark period may be preferable to the beginning of light period as the arrival time on eastward flights; the efficacy of melatonin in alleviating jet lag may be enchanced by administering it before, during and after rapid transition through time zones; and hypertension may exaggerate jet lag syndrome.
Early Interventions Following Psychological Trauma
Authors: Bryant Richard A.
Published: August 2016

What is the best way to provide early interventions for psychiatric disorders after trauma? The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, have raised urgent concerns about the evidence for early treatments after trauma that can prevent psychiatric disorders. This review outlines the expected course of posttraumatic stress reactions and discusses the current means of identifying people who are at risk of developing disorders. A critique of psychological debriefing and an analysis of evidence for cognitive-behavioral therapy as an early intervention is provided. The major challenges for early intervention are discussed, including increasing treatment effectiveness, delivering therapy when it is required by thousands of people, and developing early interventions for a wide array of psychiatric disorders in addition to posttraumatic stress disorder that can develop following trauma.
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA TO “THE ARITHMETIC OF THE EVEN AND THE ODD”
Authors: MENN STEPHEN , PAMBUCCIAN VICTOR
Published: August 2016

We correct two typos and an error in The Arithmetic of the Even and the Odd, and provide an axiom system for a weak arithmetic in which the fact that a square root of an integer is either irrational or an integer can be proved.
Putative extremely high rate of proteome innovation in lancelets might be explained by high rate of gene prediction errors
Authors: Bányai László , Patthy László
Published: August 2016

A recent analysis of the genomes of Chinese and Florida lancelets has concluded that the rate of creation of novel protein domain combinations is orders of magnitude greater in lancelets than in other metazoa and it was suggested that continuous activity of transposable elements in lancelets is responsible for this increased rate of protein innovation. Since morphologically Chinese and Florida lancelets are highly conserved, this finding would contradict the observation that high rates of protein innovation are usually associated with major evolutionary innovations. Here we show that the conclusion that the rate of proteome innovation is exceptionally high in lancelets may be unjustified: the differences observed in domain architectures of orthologous proteins of different amphioxus species probably reflect high rates of gene prediction errors rather than true innovation.
Genome-wide Identification and Structural, Functional and Evolutionary Analysis of WRKY Components of Mulberry
Authors: Baranwal Vinay Kumar , Negi Nisha , Khurana Paramjit
Published: August 2016

Mulberry is known to be sensitive to several biotic and abiotic stresses, which in turn have a direct impact on the yield of silk, because it is the sole food source for the silk worm. WRKYs are a family of transcription factors, which play an important role in combating various biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we identified 54 genes with conserved WRKY motifs in the Morus notabilis genome. Motif searches coupled with a phylogenetic analysis revealed seven sub-groups as well as the absence of members of Group Ib in mulberry. Analyses of the 2K upstream region in addition to a gene ontology terms enrichment analysis revealed putative functions of mulberry WRKYs under biotic and abiotic stresses. An RNA-seq-based analysis showed that several of the identified WRKYs have shown preferential expression in the leaf, bark, root, male flower and winter bud of M. notabilis. Finally, expression analysis by qPCR under different stress and hormone treatments revealed genotype-specific responses. Taken together, our results briefs about the genome-wide identification of WRKYs as well as their differential response to stresses and hormones. Importantly, these data can also be utilized to identify potential molecular targets for conferring tolerance to various stresses in mulberry.
Modulation of Irisin and Physical Activity on Executive Functions in Obesity and Morbid obesity
Authors: Fagundo A. B. , Jiménez-Murcia S. , Giner-Bartolomé C. , Agüera Z. , Sauchelli S. , Pardo M. , Crujeiras A. B. , Granero R. , Baños R. , Botella C. , de la Torre R. , Fernández-Real J. M. , Fernández-García J. C. , Frühbeck G. , Rodríguez A. , Mallorquí-Bagué N. , Tárrega S. , Tinahones F. J. , Rodriguez R. , Ortega F. , Menchón J. M. , Casanueva F. F. , Fernández-Aranda F.
Published: August 2016

Whether the executive profile is different between obesity (OB) and morbid obesity (MO) remains unclear. Recent evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) can act as a cognitive enhancer. Irisin is a recently discovered hormone associated with some of the positive effects of PA. The objective of the study was to investigate the executive profile in OB and MO, and to explore the role of PA and irisin. 114 participants were included (21 OB, 44 MO and 49 healthy controls-HC) in the study and assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Iowa Gambling Task. All participants were female, aged between 18 and 60 years. Results showed a similar dysfunctional profile on decision making in OB and MO compared with HC. Thus, no specific neuropsychological profiles between OB and MO can be clearly observed in our sample. However, a negative correlation was found between irisin and executive functioning. These results demonstrate a specific executive profile in OB and a relevant and negative modulation of irisin on executive functioning. Although irisin might be a promising target for the treatment of obesity, its effects on cognition might be considered when thinking about its therapeutic use.
Novel pyrazolylphosphite– and pyrazolylphosphinite–ruthenium(ii) complexes as catalysts for hydrogenation of acetophenone
Authors: Amenuvor Gershon , Obuah Collins , Nordlander Ebbe , Darkwa James
Published: August 2016

New pyrazolylphosphite– and pyrazolylphosphinite–ruthenium(ii) complexes that are effective hydrogenation catalysts for acetophenone.
A regioselective double Stille coupling reaction of bicyclic stannolanes
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Tanaka Toshiyuki , So Masahiro , Itaya Tomoyuki , Matsuda Kantaro , Kawamoto Takuji
Published: August 2016

A regioselective double Stille coupling reaction was explored using bicyclic stannolanes that were easily prepared from the radical cascade reaction of β-amino-α-methylene esters.
5-Position-selective C–H trifluoromethylation of 8-aminoquinoline derivatives
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Nishi Mitsumi , Kanai Motomu
Published: August 2016

A rare example of C–H trifluoromethylation at the remote position of 8-aminoquinoline derivatives was realized by using a CuCl catalyst/Togni's reagent system.
Structure activity relationship study on the peptide hormone preptin, a novel bone-anabolic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis
Authors: Amso Zaid , Kowalczyk Renata , Watson Maureen , Park Young-Eun , Callon Karen E. , Musson David S. , Cornish Jillian , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: August 2016

Replacement of serine at position 3 of preptin (1-16) with alanine increased the proliferation and matrix mineralisation of foetal cultures of primary rat osteoblastsin vitro.
Hierarchical superstructures of norbornene-based polymers depending on dendronized side-chains
Authors: Kim Dae-Yoon , Kang Dong-Gue , Shin Suyong , Choi Tae-Lim , Jeong Kwang-Un
Published: August 2016

For understanding the self-assembly behaviours of norbornene-based main-chain polymers depending on side-chain pendants, a series of polynorbornenes containing the programmed dendrons is newly designed and successfully synthesized via ring opening metathesis polymerization.
UV-induced synthesis of silver nanofiber networks as transparent electrodes
Authors: Chen Hung-Tao , Lin Hsiu-Ling , Kuo Changshu , Chen In-Gann
Published: August 2016

Transparent electrodes based on silver nanofiber networks were synthesized via electrospinning and ultraviolet (UV) treatment.
Nitric oxide: A promising biomarker for respiratory disorders
Authors: Singh Meenu , Anil Nidhi
Published: August 2016

Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous messenger molecule with multiple roles in cellular physiology and signaling. Recent studies have indicated the role of NO as an inflammatory mediator and as a potential non invasive biomarker. The current review focuses on the role of nitric oxide and its derivatives including nitrites as potential non invasive biomarkers for assessing airway inflammation in respiratory disorders including asthma, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Hepatitis C in children: Clinical outcome, route of infection and diagnosis
Authors: Rehman Abdul
Published: August 2016

Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) in children is not similar to that in adults in many ways. The knowledge of the disease in children is scanty. This review discusses the disease in children.
Abhängigkeit der Größe der OCT-Bruch-Membran-Öffnung von Hornhautkorrekturfaktoren – eine Pilotstudie
Authors: Luebke J. , Böhringer D. , Reinhard T. , Anton A.
Published: August 2016

Hintergrund: Die Messung der Bruch-Membran-Öffnungsfläche (BMO) und der darauf bezogenen dünnsten Nervenfaserschichtdicke (BMO-MRW) mittels optischer Kohärenztomografie (OCT) wird seit 2014 in der klinischen Routine angewendet. Vor der Messung muss die Hornhautbrechkraft (üblicherweise als Mittelwert beider Hornhautkrümmungsradien) angegeben werden. Mit diesen Angaben werden die kornealen Verzerrungen der Messstrahlen kompensiert. Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Einfluss dieser kornealen Korrektur zu quantifizieren.

Methoden: Es wurden die Sektoren der BMO-MRW, die gemittelte Nervenfaserschichtdicke aller Sektoren und die BMO von 5 rechten Augen von 5 gesunden Probanden mit dem Heidelberg Spectralis OCT jeweils 5× gemessen. Dabei wurde der Wert für die Hornhautkompensation mit der Messung systematisch erhöht (konkret: 7,1; 7,4; 7,7; 8,0; 8,3 mm).

Ergebnisse: Insgesamt zeigte sich eine annähernd lineare Abhängigkeit der Nervenfaserparameter von den „vorgelegten“ K-Werten. Diese Abhängigkeit erwies sich allerdings intraindividuell als variabel. Für die einzelnen Sektoren der BMO-MRW zeigten sich nur geringe prozentuale Änderungen durch die veränderte Korrektur. Sie lag im Bereich von 0,85 bis 1,97 % pro Änderung des K-Wertes um 0,3 mm. Für die Bruch-Membran-Öffnungsfläche zeigte sich eine stärkere Änderung mit im Mittel 7,71 % pro K-Wert-Änderung um 0,3 mm.

Schlussfolgerung: Die Korrekturberechnungen durch die K-Werte sind für die BMO-MRW-Messungen im Verlauf möglicherweise klinisch vernachlässigbar. Die Bruch-Membran-Öffnungsfläche ist stärker von der kornealen Korrektur abhängig. In longitudinalen Verlaufsmessungen sind diese Schwankungen klinisch möglicherweise ebenfalls vernachlässigbar, bei 1-Punkt-Messungen zur Standpunktbestimmung ist die korrekte Einstellung der Hornhautradien in jedem Fall empfehlenswert.