bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O novo arcabouço fiscal e a exclusão do Fundo Constitucional do Distrito Federal (FCDF)
Authors: Nunes André , Dos Santos Marcus Vinicius Cunha , Gomes Amanda Crisóstomo Lopes , De Oliveira Jaqueline Rodrigues , Mousinho Maria Samara Pires
Published: December 2023

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos da exclusão do Fundo Constitucional do Distrito Federal (FCDF) do limite de gastos proposto pelo Projeto de Lei Complementar 93/2023 (PLC 93). O PLC 93 estabelece um novo Regime Fiscal para substituir o Regime Fiscal aprovado pela Emenda Constitucional nº 95/2016, denominada “Teto de Gastos”. Para fornecer subsídios ao estudo é feita uma revisão da literatura sobre as implicações na adoção do novo Regime Fiscal, a lógica da criação dos fundos constitucionais e as particularidades do Distrito Federal, frente às demandas por bens públicos específicos, principalmente segurança pública, devido às peculiaridades da Capital Federal como sede de órgãos e poderes do governo federal e representações de governos de outras nações.
Ferramenta ideiaware: ambiente computacional para promover criatividade e inovação nas organizações com retenção do conhecimento
Authors: Frozza Rejane , Kipper Liane Mahlmann , De Carvalho Amanda Brum , Flores Marina dos Santos , Molz Kurt Werner , Rodrigues Yan Pablo Reckziegel , Da Motta Gustavo Oliveira , Furtado João Carlos
Published: December 2023

Novos desafios permeiam o ambiente organizacional exigindo que práticas de gestão sejam implementadas para amenizar o prejuízo que a perda de conhecimento pode representar para uma organização. As práticas de gestão precisam adequar-se às exigências atuais, utilizando a tecnologia a seu favor e promovendo no ambiente organizacional ações de aprendizagem. O conhecimento adquirido ao longo do tempo, por meio de ações na busca de soluções para as mais diversas situações do dia a dia, necessita tornar-se acessível, compartilhado e armazenado, a fim de acessá-lo como fonte de pesquisa e contribuir com novas informações e novos saberes. As competências cognitivas dos membros de uma organização podem ser potencializadas, disseminadas entre todos se a cultura organizacional incentivar o uso de ferramentas de comunicação aliadas à tecnologia. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi de desenvolver um ambiente computacional para promover criatividade e inovação nas organizações, com foco no módulo de retenção do conhecimento. O ambiente foi idealizado para que os usuários sejam parte da estrutura organizacional, livre das barreiras psicológicas que podem frear a capacidade criativa e participarem ativamente em processos de aprendizagem. Desta forma, contribuindo efetivamente em um processo de desenvolvimento de ideias inovadoras. Para o desenvolvimento do ambiente computacional foi definido um modelo de processo, além da definição das tecnologias utilizadas e da estrutura do banco de dados, chegando ao resultado: a ferramenta IdeiaWare que armazena e retém todas as ideias advindas dos membros de uma organização e todas as contribuições feitas até chegar ao resultado final, produto dos colaboradores de organizações.
Evaluation of Risk Factors for Fever and Sepsis after Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Bohare Udit , Gupta Hoti Lal , Gupta Manish , Sadasukhi Nripesh , Sharma Ashish
Published: December 2023

Introduction: Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy (URS) is gaining popularity for the management of ureteral stones and even renal stones due to its high efficacy and minimal invasiveness. While this procedure is generally considered safe with a low complication rate, febrile Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) after URS is not rare. Aim: The aim of the present study is to analyse the risk factors for sepsis and febrile UTI after URS. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary referral centre in Jaipur, Rajasthan, from July 1, 2021, to July 1, 2022. The study included 148 patients with obstructive ureteral stones who underwent Ureteroscopy and Laser Stone Lithotripsy (URSL). The patients were divided into two groups: Group-A consisted of patients who developed urosepsis and fever after URSL, and Group-B consisted of patients who underwent URSL without urosepsis. Various risk factors like history of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL), types and sizes of stones, stone locations, duration of operation, mean catheter removal time, and hospital stays were recorded and compared. Chi-square tests and multifactorial logistic regression analyses were used. Results: The incidence of febrile UTI was 12.16% (18 out of 148 patients). The mean age was 42.2±7.2 years in the postoperative febrile group and 42.75±7.44 years in the postoperative non- febrile group. Statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of stone size (p<0.001), duration of operation (p<0.007), stone number (p=0.002), and stone location (p=0.013), which consequently led to an increase in mean catheter removal time (p<0.001) and length of hospital stay (p<0.001). Conclusion: The present study identified several notable risk factors associated with the development of fever and sepsis following URS. Identifying these factors enables healthcare providers to identify patients who may be at a higher risk of postoperative complications and implement appropriate preventive measures.
Isolated Protein S Deficiency Presenting in Neonatal Inferior Vena Cava as Right Atrial Thrombus: A Case Report
Authors: Vinod Amritha , Kadirvel Karthikeyan , Ganesh Amirtha , Premnath V
Published: December 2023

Critically ill neonates are at the greatest risk of developing thromboembolic disease. Multiple risk factors have been identified, one of which is isolated Protein S deficiency-a rare cause. The free form of Protein S plays a role in anticoagulation, and its deficiency can manifest as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, and superficial thrombophlebitis. Hereby, the authors present a case report of a two-day-old female neonate, born to a gestational diabetic mother, who was initially managed for hypoglycaemia and polycythaemia. On day 4 of life, the baby was shifted to the mother’s side. Twenty-four hours later, she developed late-onset neonatal sepsis with disseminated intravascular coagulation and required management with a mechanical ventilator, Intravenous (IV) antibiotics, and inotropic support. Echocardiography (ECHO) revealed a thrombus (8.9×6.8 mm) attached to the septum of the right atrium, extending from the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC). Treatment with Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) was initiated, and a follow-up ECHO after three months showed complete resolution of the thrombus. Interval analysis revealed isolated Protein S deficiency with normal Protein C levels. The present report emphasises the importance of interval analysis in identifying causes of Neonatal Thrombotic Events (NTE). Early diagnosis and management can reduce associated morbidity and mortality.
Relationship between Placental Pathology and Birth Weight of Newborns at a Tertiary Care Centre in Central Kerala, India: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Singh Sundar , Roy Dhanya , Abraham Latha , Kamath Leela , Diwakar Krishna Kumar
Published: December 2023

Introduction: Even minor changes in the placenta are associated with the mortality and morbidity of the growing foetus and mother, which may have long-standing effects on the foetus. Aim: To study the relationship between placental pathological changes and the birth weight of newborn infants. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted at Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (MOSC) Medical College, Kolenchery, Ernakulam, Kerala, India, over a period of two months, all inborn neonates, irrespective of gestational age, were considered. The first 63 placental samples (with birth weight <2.5 kg) were taken as cases, and the immediately succeeding next 63 were taken as controls (birth weight >2.5 kilograms). At birth, neonatal details including birth weight, gestational age, placental weight, Small for Gestational Age (SGA)/ Appropriate for Gestational Age (AGA)/Large for Gestational Age (LGA), etc., were noted. The placentae were carefully removed, weighed before fixation, and subjected to pathological examination (including gross and microscopic examination). Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 14.0 software by Chi-square test. Results: A total of 126 placentae were examined. Increased fibrin deposition in the placenta (perivillous, intervillous, or subchorionic) was associated with Low Birth Weight (LBW) neonates (p-value=0.024), but infarcts were not. Increased fibrin deposition in the placenta (p-value=0.016) and infarcts in the placenta (p-value=0.02) were associated with SGA neonates. However, other findings like haemorrhage, thrombus, calcification, metaplasia, necrosis, vasculopathy, infections, fibrosis, vasculitis were not found to be associated with LBW or SGA neonates. There was a moderate positive correlation between placental weight and the birth weight of neonates (r-value=0.59). Conclusion: Abnormal histopathological changes like infarcts and fibrin deposition in the placenta result in LBW infants. Therefore, proper antenatal screening of the mother for immunology-based rejection-like disorders, maternal coagulopathies, and imbalances between angiogenic or antiangiogenic pathways is necessary. Regular follow-up of infants with placental pathological changes are also essential.
Exploring Canine Anomalies: Patterns, Prevalence, and Their Relationship to Skeletal Malocclusion among Orthodontic Patients at Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Lokam Janeswari , Jyothirmai Koneru , Haripriya Bhavanam , Reddy Reddy Sudhakara , Ramesh Tatapudi , Sravani Jampana
Published: December 2023

Introduction: Canines are crucial for biting and tearing food, as well as guiding the jaw into proper orientation. Anomalies of the canines can result in a loss of these functions, leading to low self-esteem and overall poor health and quality of life. Understanding these dental anomalies and their varying occurrence among different racial populations can assist dental practitioners in providing vigilant treatment for specific communities. Aim: To assess the prevalence and patterns of impacted canines and other canine anomalies, and to investigate potential relationships between impacted teeth and malocclusions in an orthodontic patient population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vishu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India using 530 orthopantomographic and cephalometric records obtained from orthodontic patients as part of their diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Radiographs with identified canine impactions during the screening process were assessed for skeletal relationships on lateral cephalograms using tracing techniques. Skeletal malocclusions were categorised based on the Point A, Nasion, Point B angle and Wits appraisal, and the data underwent analysis using the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and Fisher's-exact test. Results: The study found a prevalence of 3.2% for impacted canines in the orthodontic population. Unilateral impactions were more prevalent than bilateral impactions, and the majority of impactions were associated with class- skeletal malocclusion. The grouping of skeletal relationships using ANB and WITS appraisal showed that ANB was significant in categorisation (p<0.001). Conclusion: These findings provide insights into the prevalence and distribution of impacted canines, which were more prevalent in females and predominantly Unilateral impacted were unilateral. Majority of impacted canines were associated with Class-I skeletal malocclusion, followed by Class-II and III, among the study population.
Understanding How Home Conditions Shape Early Grade Learners Literacy Acquisition Skills: A Tanzanian Perspective
Authors: Lyimo Agnes J.
Published: December 2023

Literacy skills are essential in children’s future learning and development. Studies indicate that literacy skills among early grade learners in Tanzania are below the required standards. This study explored the contribution of home factors that hinder acquisition of reading and writing skills among early grades learners in Tanzania. The study was informed by a qualitative methodology which involved a total of 92 participants, including 80 parents and 12 standard one and two teachers from four primary schools in two districts of Morogoro region. The study employed purposive sampling technique to select teachers and convenience sampling technique to obtain parents who were involved in interview and focus group discussion. Data was collected using semi-structured interview, focused group discussion and documentary review. The data were analysed thematically based on themes and sub-themes emerged in the study. The findings revealed that most factors that hinder early grade learners from acquiring reading and writing skills included (poor parents follow up, engaging children in many home activities, low parents’ education and parent’s income) It was suggested that there should be cooperation between parents and teachers to assist the children in developing their reading and writing skills. The study concludes that parents and teachers should work collaboratively to develop reading and writing in children. Lastly, it is recommended that parents should buy materials like books, and assist their children to practice reading and writing skills at home.
Effect of Pretilachlor 50% EC on Weed Control of Transplanted Rice under Alluvial Soil of West Bengal, India
Authors: Kundu Champak Kumar , Datta Madhab Kumar , Biswas Utpal , Devi Naorem Meena , Das Soumyajyoti , Hedayetullah Md. , Nayak Lalatendu , Pattnaik Rasmirekha
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted at Regional Research Station of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Gayeshpur, West Bengal during winter season of 2014 and 2015 to evaluate the bio-efficacy against weeds & phytotoxicity of pretilachlor 50% EC on transplanted rice. The experiment was tested under randomized complete block design with three replicates. Among the herbicides, highest weed control index was recorded in pretilachlor 50% EC @ 2 kg a.i. ha-1 which imparted phytotoxic symptoms in rice plants resulting in yield reduction. However, the highest grain yield (3.59 t ha-1) was obtained with the application of pretilachlor 50% EC @ 1.2 kg a.i. ha-1 which was statistically at par with twice hand weeding. From these findings it can be concluded that the application of pretilachlor 50% EC @ 1.2 kg a.i. ha-1 can be recommended for effective weed management in transplanted rice in the study area.
Varietal Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels on Yield Attributing Characters and Quality Parameters of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop
Authors: Kumar Anil , Dwarka  , Patel Vipin , Priya  , Kumar Kailash , Kumhare Alpana
Published: December 2023

The field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research FaTArm, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj) Faizabad (U.P.), during Rabi season of 2014-2015. The yield components like number of spikes m-2, spike length (cm), number of grain spike-1, grain weight spike-1(g), grain yield (kg ha-1), straw yield (q ha-1) and nitrogen contain in grain (%), nitrogen contain in straw (%), nitrogen uptake in  grain (kg ha-1), nitrogen uptake in straw, protein content in grain  (%) were maximum under 160 kg N ha-1 and among the varieties over PBW-373, NW-1014 being at par with HD-2327. The main aim of trial conducted that to know the different varietal parameters of wheat crop.
Screening of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Genotypes against Cercospora Leaf Spot Caused by (Cercospora canescens) for Disease Resistance
Authors: Kumar Sarvesh , Bhaskar Rinku , Chandra Subhash , Kumar Ankit , Chand Ramesh , Maurya Parmanand Kumar , Vishwajeet
Published: December 2023

In India, where vegetarianism is the norm, mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is a significant source of proteins, minerals, and vitamins. One of the most significant fungal diseases, Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora canescens, appears every year with varying intensity and significantly reduces yield. The objective of the current studies was to test 100 genotypes for resistance to Cercospora canescens in vivo at the Student's Instructional Farm (S.I.F.) A.N.D.U.A. &T., Kumarganj, Ayodhya. According to the rating system, which is based on the severity of the disease, different genotypes were assigned to different grades. Out of total test entries 13 genotypes LGG 607, PM 14- 3, AKM 12-28, VGG 16- 036, Pusa 171, Pusa 172, RMG 1092, RMG 1097, JLM 302-46, IPM 312-19, IPM 312-20, MGG 387 were found free from infection, 18 genotypes SKNM 1502, COGG 13-39 , PM 1511, Type 44, , DDG3, VGG 05-006, TRAM 1, Asha ,BPMR 145, IPM 02-14, TMB -36, CO -6, BMU, MH 805, MH 2-15, MH 421, MVSKAN, Pusa 0672, were found highly resistant 14 genotypes were noticed susceptible and only 3 genotypes were recorded highly susceptible.
Screening for Identification of Resistant Genotypes against Charcoal Rot Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Bhaskar A. Vijaya , Usharani G.  , Sravani D.
Published: December 2023

Screening of Maize entries for resistance to charcoal rot disease using 1-9 disease severity measuring scale in sick plot at field conditions. In this study,492entries with check were screened in randomized block design by tooth pick method of inoculation at Agricultural Research Station, Karimnagar, Telangana State, India during rabi and kharif. During rabi 2021-22, out of screened 212 lines,46 lines viz., KML-2, JCY-2-7, KML-4,KML-17,KML- 26,KML-33,KML-74,KML-76,KML-82,KNMH-4211,KNMH-4192,KNMH-131,KMH-396,KMH-393,KMH-770,KMH-286,KMH-275,KMH-318,S-6668,KMH-253,KMH-262,KMH-777,KMH-433,KMH-431,KMH-25,KMH-340,KMH-341,KMH-331,KMH-337,KMH-471,KMH-469,KMH-586,KMH-357,KMH-367,KMH-542,KMH-544,KMH543, KMH -131,KMH-394,KMH-400,KMH-545,KMH-194,DHM-121,BIO-9544,HT5106 and NK6802 were found moderately resistant, Kaveri-50 (Check) entry was recorded 8.10 disease scale and remaining lines were found susceptible to charcoal rot disease. Out of screened 280 lines,one line KMH-152 was found resistant ,77 lines were identified as moderately resistant,one line Kaveri -50 (check) was severely affected by Charcoal rot with 8.0disease rating and rated as susceptible during kharif, 2022.
Navigating Complexities in HIV Care: Challenges, Solutions, and Strategies
Authors: Singh Herratdeep , Chauhan Chandar Kanta , Choudhary Kshitij , Meena Garima , Phadke Prachi , Lachyan Abhishek , Khunger Niti
Published: December 2023

HIV/AIDS remains a persistent global public health challenge, notwithstanding substantial advancements in prevention and treatment. The UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets, aiming for 95% of all individuals with HIV to be aware of their status, 95% of those diagnosed receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 95% of those on ART achieving viral suppression, necessitate overcoming diverse challenges and barriers. This viewpoint examines the multifaceted obstacles impeding HIV care engagement and the care cascade, encompassing issues related to testing, linkage to care, retention in care, and viral suppression. Additionally, potential solutions and strategies are proposed to address these challenges and advance towards the Sustainable Development Goal of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030. In conclusion, this viewpoint underscores the intricate challenges inherent in achieving the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets and progressing towards ending the HIV epidemic by 2030. The exploration of testing, linkage to care, retention in care, and viral suppression reveals a complex web of obstacles that require attention. The suggested solutions and strategies presented in the manuscript highlight a forward-looking approach, providing a roadmap to surmount these challenges. Despite the formidable nature of the task, a concerted effort is essential to realize the goals outlined in the Sustainable Development Agenda. By addressing these challenges head-on, the global community can move closer to ensuring that individuals living with HIV receive optimal care and contribute to the ultimate objective of ending the HIV epidemic.
Halogenated One‐Carbon Compounds
Authors: Bevan Christopher
Published: December 2023

This chapter reviews the one‐carbon compounds with chlorinated, brominated, or iodinated substituted side groups. At ambient temperatures, methyl chloride and methyl bromide are gases; iodoform and methylene chlorobromide are solids; and the remaining seven chemicals in this chapter are volatile, nonflammable liquids. The nonflammability has been an important property for the uses of these chemicals as solvents. Most, if not all, of the chemicals in this chapter are produced in closed‐system facilities. Three of the chemicals (methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, and methylene chlorobromide) are ozone‐depleting substances and are tightly regulated under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Thus, these chemicals are restricted to feedstock or intermediate uses where, by definition, it is used and entirely consumed, except for trace quantities, and certain exempt applications. For the other chemicals in this chapter, the primary, if not exclusive, uses are as feedstocks or intermediates in the production of other chemicals, the exception being methyl iodide.
Acetone
Authors: Johanson Gunnar
Published: December 2023

Acetone is a clear, colorless, mobile liquid that is completely miscible with water and most organic solvents and oils. It is widely used in industry as a solvent, a building block in organic chemistry, and as a polymer precursor. Consumer products with acetone include nail polish removers and paint thinners. Acetone is also a by‐product of mammalian metabolism and is found in all tissues. The internal levels depend on nutritional and metabolic conditions and are increased in obesity and diabetes, and during physical exercise and starvation. Acetone is readily taken up via inhalation and ingestion. Due to its excellent solvent properties, acetone readily removes water and lipids from the skin, making it more vulnerable to irritating, sensitizing, and infectious agents. Compared with many other industrial solvents, acetone is of relatively low toxicity. The critical effect, that is, the first effect that appears as the exposure level increases, is mild respiratory tract and eye irritation. At higher exposures, central nervous system (CNS) effects such as lightheadedness and headache are observed. Acetone is rapidly cleared from the body, mainly by metabolism, and toxic effects after chronic exposure, in general, agree with those following acute exposure. Reproductive and developmental effects appear only after much higher doses of acetone than those causing irritation and CNS effects. Genotoxicity is not observedin vitroandin vivo. No carcinogenicity studies are available.
Monohydric Alcohols—C7 to C22, Aromatic, and Other Alcohols
Authors: Shi Quan , Sarang Satinder S. , Bevan Christopher
Published: December 2023

This chapter reviews linear and branched C7 to C18 monohydric aliphatic alcohols, as well as aromatic, alicyclic, aliphatic unsaturated, and aliphatic halogenated alcohols. The CAS registry number and molecular structures have been provided for all the alcohols, except for the oxo alcohols. These alcohols are mixtures of isomeric alcohols with the composition and CAS registry number dependent on the olefin feedstock.
Synthetic Polymers—Cellulosics, Other Polysaccharides, Polyamides, and Polyimides
Authors: Kim Sang‐Tae , Hamilton Ryan
Published: December 2023

This chapter will focus on cellulose and its derivatives, polyamides, such as nylon, and polyimides. Natural polymers are biological macromolecules and are as old as life itself. The natural polymers include such diverse materials as proteins, polypeptides, polysaccharides, DNA, RNA, wood, wool, and silk. The word polymer is derived from the Greek words poly, or many, and meros, or parts. Natural cellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard and paper. With various chemical treatments, many different types of modified cellulose are prepared. For example, cellulose gum, or sodium carboxyethylcellulose (CMC), is widely used as a cost‐effective thickener and stabilizer in food and beverages. In addition to modifying the behavior of water, cellulose gum is useful in modifying flow, adding texture, and enhancing mouthfeel. A wide range of cellulose gum grades with different viscosities, molecular weights, degrees of substitution, and particle sizes are used in food and beverages. Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk while artificially made polyamides are nylons and aramids. These synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotive industry, home care, and sportswear due to their high durability and strength. Polyimide materials are lightweight, flexible, resistant to heat and chemicals, and are used in the electronics industry for flexible cables and as an insulating film. Due to the high mechanical stability even at elevated temperatures, polyimide materials are used as bushings, bearings, sockets, or constructive parts in demanding applications.
Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents
Authors: Paustenbach Dennis J. , Levy Len , Gordon Ron , Cyrs Will
Published: December 2023

The history and biological basis for setting occupational exposure limits (OELs) for chemical agents are presented in this chapter. Baetjer reported that the first list of standards for chemical exposures in industry was in the United States, known as maximum allowable concentrations (MAC), and that they were prepared in 1939 and 1940. Warren Cook is generally considered the father of occupational exposure limits (OELs). Since then, more than 1000 occupational exposure limits (OELs) have been set for different chemicals in the United States and nearly 5000 limits are available in more than 10 countries. A considerable amount of information about the early history of OELs is presented here and about 300 different references are provided. The methods for setting limits based on the primary toxic effect are discussed (e.g., neurotoxicants, irritants, sensitizers, carcinogens, etc.). The topic of uncertainty factors received considerable attention given its importance to risk assessment. The limitations inherent in various OELs are addressed in some detail. There is a brief discussion about the differences in OELs among different countries. The author's views about the future of OELs are provided.
Chemicals Used in the Electronics Industry
Authors: Whittaker Margaret H. , Fong Arthur , Heine Lauren
Published: December 2023

The electronics industry comprises thousands of different devices including smartphones, tablets, laptops, televisions, and smart appliances that have become critical to daily life around the world. A single electronic product, the focus of this chapter, contains up to 1000 chemicals. This chemical complexity and sheer volume of chemicals present in newly assembled and discarded electronics add to the challenge of reducing the environmental and public health burdens of these products.

Potential human health and environmental risks can occur at any life cycle stage of an electronic product, such as toxic solvent exposure during manufacturing or much later in the lifecycle such as the generation of carcinogenic dioxins from informal e‐waste incineration. Prioritizing the elimination of highly hazardous substances and focusing on increasing recycling rates above the industry's current 20% recycling benchmark are needed to protect public health and the environment. Uniform hazard classification frameworks such as the United Nations' Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), brand‐specific restricted substances lists (RSLs), positive chemical lists including TCO's Approved Substances List, and country‐specific regulations such as the European Commission's Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive and China's VOC restrictions are all influencing chemical selection on a global scale.

This chapter provides an overview of chemicals used in the electronics industry along with their hazards and toxicity concerns. It surveys regulatory and nonregulatory initiatives in place around the world that promote safer chemical selection and reutilization of chemicals and materials and describes tools and practices that contribute to reduced consumption of chemicals of concern in this industry.
Chemical Alternatives Assessment
Authors: Whittaker Margaret H. , Heine Lauren
Published: December 2023

Chemical alternatives assessment (CAA) is an established methodology to identify alternate chemicals, materials, or product designs to substitute for the use of hazardous substances in products and processes. More than 20 CAA frameworks have been published to date, and many share similar features, such as problem scoping, hazard assessment, exposure characterization, technical feasibility, economic feasibility, decision analysis, and life cycle analysis. This chapter details the history and application of CAA frameworks and methods. The adoption of CAA continues to expand globally due to its incorporation into both regulatory and nonregulatory initiatives. The past 20 years have seen rapid changes in ways that toxicologists and product designers approach the problem of toxic ingredients in products, and in the development of tools and frameworks that support the practice of CAA.

Assessing potential chemical substitutes as part of a CAA requires evaluation against numerous health, environmental, and physical hazard endpoints. Such multi‐attribute assessments include the evaluation of broad array of health and environmental toxicity and fate endpoints, and most chemicals have data gaps for one or more endpoints. Awareness of the need to assess a broad range of hazard endpoints coupled with the need to shift fromin vivoanimal testing has propelled the incorporation of new approach methodologies (NAMs) and integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA) in chemical hazard assessments used in CAAs.

When properly conducted, a chemical alternatives assessment provides the means to avoid regrettable substitutions and promotes the selection of safer chemicals or materials.
Content‐Based Instruction as a Pedagogical Framework
Authors: Snow Marguerite A.
Published: December 2023

Content‐based instruction (CBI), the purposeful integration of language and content in second/foreign language teaching, is the focus of the current entry. CBI draws inspiration from immersion programs in Canada and the work of Bernard Mohan, which laid the foundation for CBI models that can be found today in second/foreign teaching settings worldwide. The entry describes various approaches of CBI, ranging from language‐driven courses, such as theme‐based instruction, to content‐driven models, such as English as medium of instruction (EMI) and content language‐integrated learning (CLIL). In addition, the entry presents examples of actual CBI programs designed to meet the specific needs of students of different ages, needs, learning outcomes, and settings and, in particular, describes features of academic language that can be taught in CBI programs. Decades of CBI research have revealed that current challenges are the day‐by‐day implementation of CBI courses and programs and the on‐going need for professional development of both language and content teachers. As we look to the future, these two issues, and others, continue to motivate work in CBI.
Generative Grammar
Authors: Klingvall Eva , Manninen Satu
Published: December 2023

This entry offers an introduction to generative grammar, describing the key components of the framework and its historical development since its start in the 1950s. Generative grammar is concerned with language as a mental object, and it studies speakers' internal faculty of language: the ability to produce and understand an infinite number of linguistic expressions from a finite set of linguistic building blocks. At the core of this is the syntactic/computational component that puts together linguistic items via the operation Merge and produces hierarchical structures. The syntactic/computational component communicates with the two interpretive components that map the syntactic structures to the articulatory system and the system of thought/interpretation.
Multilingualism
Authors: Cenoz Jasone
Published: December 2023

Multilingualism has a long tradition but has gained visibility in the past years. Its scope is very broad and related to several disciplines and research approaches including linguistics, sociolinguistics, neurolinguistics, anthropology, or education, among others. Some studies focus on the individual ability to use several languages, and others look at the languages used in society. Nowadays, the focus is on multilingual speakers because of their specific characteristic which make them different from the sum of several monolingual speakers. The study of multilingualism is increasingly looking at the way multilingual speakers communicate and use their resources to learn additional languages. Multilingual speakers use resources from their whole repertoire when they translanguage. This entry looks at the definition and scope of multilingualism and offers an overview of the recent trends in the study of multilingualism.
Quantitative magnetic resonance neurography in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: A longitudinal study over 6 years
Authors: Preisner Fabian , Pitarokoili Kalliopi , Lueling Benjamin , Motte Jeremias , Fisse Anna Lena , Grüter Thomas , Godel Tim , Schwarz Daniel , Heiland Sabine , Gold Ralf , Bendszus Martin , Kronlage Moritz
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) for the longitudinal assessment of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP).

Methods

Prospective examination of twelve CIDP patients by neurological assessment, MRN, and nerve conduction studies in 2016 and 6 years later in 2022. Imaging parameters were compared with matched healthy controls and correlated with clinical and electrophysiological markers. The MRN protocol included T2‐weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), T2 relaxometry, and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI).

Results

Nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) was increased in CIDP patients compared to controls (plexus: p = 0.003; sciatic nerve: p < 0.001). Over 6 years, nerve CSA decreased in CIDP patients, most pronounced at the lumbosacral plexus (p = 0.015). Longitudinally, changes in CSA correlated with changes in the inflammatory neuropathy cause and treatment validated overall disability sum score (INCAT/ODSS) (p = 0.006). High initial nerve CSA was inversely correlated with changes in the INCAT/ODSS over 6 years (p < 0.05). The DTI parameter fractional anisotropy (FA) showed robust correlations with electrodiagnostic testing both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally (p < 0.05). MTI as a newly added imaging technique revealed a significantly reduced magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) in CIDP patients (p < 0.01), suggesting underlying changes in macromolecular tissue composition, and correlated significantly with electrophysiological parameters of demyelination (p < 0.05).

Interpretation

This study provides evidence that changes in nerve CSA and FA reflect the clinical and electrophysiological course of CIDP patients. Initial nerve hypertrophy might predict a rather benign course or better therapy response.
Radiographic Progression in Sacroiliac Joints in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis: Results From a Five‐Year International Observational Study
Authors: Poddubnyy Denis , Sieper Joachim , Akar Servet , Muñoz‐Fernández Santiago , Haibel Hildrun , Diekhoff Torsten , Protopopov Mikhail , Altmaier Elisabeth , Ganz Fabiana , Inman Robert D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate progression from nonradiographic (nr‐) to radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r‐axSpA) over 5 years in patients with recently diagnosed (≤1 year) axSpA fulfilling the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria.

Methods

A prospsective, observational study (Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: Multi‐Country Registry of Clinical Characteristics) was conducted in rheumatology practices in 29 countries. Baseline and follow‐up radiographs of sacroiliac joints were centrally evaluated by three readers according to the grading system of the modified New York criteria for patients initially classified as nr‐axSpA. Radiographic progression from nr‐axSpA to r‐axSpA was evaluated by Kaplan‐Meier analysis. Cox proportional regression analyses for progression from nr‐axSpA to r‐axSpA were also conducted.

Results

Among 2,165 patients with axSpA, 1,612 (74%) were classified as having r‐axSpA (1,050 [65%]) or nr‐axSpA (562 [35%]) by central reading. Of 246 patients with nr‐axSpA (mean [SD] symptom duration: 4.4 [6.2] years) who had at least one follow‐up sacroiliac joint radiograph, progression from nr‐axSpA to r‐axSpA at any follow‐up visit was observed in 40 patients (16%) over 5 years. Mean time to radiographic progression was 2.4 years (ranging from 0.9 to 5.1 years). Progression to r‐axSpA was associated with male sex (hazard ratio [HR] 3.16 [95% CI 1.22–8.17]), fulfillment of the imaging arm of the ASAS classification criteria (HR 6.64 [1.37–32.25]), and good response to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (HR 4.66 [1.23–17.71]).

Conclusion

16% of patients with nr‐axSpA progressed to r‐axSpA within 5 years. Male sex, fulfillment of the imaging arm of the ASAS criteria, and good response to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs were predictors of radiographic progression in patients with recently diagnosed axSpA.
Soybean Oil‐Derived Lipids for Efficient mRNA Delivery
Authors: Tang Zhongmin , Yu Fan , Hsu Jessica C. , Shi Jianlin , Cai Weibo
Published: December 2023

The rapid progress in the development of COVID‐19 mRNA vaccines during the initial year of the pandemic has highlighted the significance of lipid nanoparticles in therapeutic delivery. Various lipid types have been investigated for the effective delivery of mRNA, each with unique functions and versatile applications. These range from their use in cancer immunotherapy and gene editing to their role in developing vaccines against infectious diseases. Nonetheless, continued exploration of novel lipids and synthetic approaches is necessary to further advance the understanding and expand the techniques for optimizing mRNA delivery. In this work, new lipids derived from FDA‐approved soybean oil are facilely synthesized and these are employed for efficient mRNA delivery. EGFP and Fluc mRNA are used to evaluate the delivery efficacy of the lipid formulations both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, organ‐specific targeting capabilities are observed in certain formulations, and their outstanding performance is demonstrated in delivering Cre mRNA for gene editing. These results showcase the potential of soybean oil‐derived lipids in mRNA delivery, offering utility across a broad spectrum of bioapplications.
Cu@Co with Dilatation Strain for High‐Performance Electrocatalytic Reduction of Low‐Concentration Nitric Oxide
Authors: Wu Ze , Liu Yujing , Wang Dongdong , Zhang Yiqiong , Gu Kaizhi , He Zejin , Liu Limin , Liu Hanwen , Fan Jincheng , Chen Chen , Wang Shuangyin
Published: December 2023

Electrocatalytic reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to ammonia (NH3) is a clean and sustainable strategy to simultaneously remove NO and synthesize NH3. However, the conversion of low concentration NO to NH3 is still a huge challenge. In this work, the dilatation strain between Cu and Co interface over Cu@Co catalyst is built up and investigated for electroreduction of low concentration NO (volume ratio of 1%) to NH3. The catalyst shows a high NH3 yield of 627.20 µg h−1 cm−2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 76.54%. Through the combination of spherical aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy and geometric phase analyses, it shows that Co atoms occupy Cu lattice sites to form dilatation strain in the xy direction within Co region. Further density functional theory calculations and NO temperature‐programmed desorption (NO‐TPD) results show that the surface dilatation strain on Cu@Co is helpful to enhance the NO adsorption and reduce energy barrier of the rate‐determining step (*NO to *NOH), thereby accelerating the catalytic reaction. To simultaneously realize NO exhaust gas removal, NH3 green synthesis, and electricity output, a Zn‐NO battery with Cu@Co cathode is assembled with a power density of 3.08 mW cm−2 and an NH3 yield of 273.37 µg h−1 cm−2.
Enhanced Quasi‐Fermi Level Splitting of Perovskite Solar Cells by Universal Dual‐Functional Polymer
Authors: Liu Dachang , Chen Chen , Wang Xianzhao , Sun Xiuhong , Zhang Bingqian , Zhao Qiangqiang , Li Zhipeng , Shao Zhipeng , Wang Xiao , Cui Guanglei , Pang Shuping
Published: December 2023

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted extensive attention due to their higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) and simple fabrication process. However, the open‐circuit voltage (VOC) loss remains a significant impediment to enhance device performance. Here, a facile strategy to boost the VOC to 95.5% of the Shockley‐Queisser (S‐Q) limit through the introduction of a universal multifunctional polymer additive is demonstrated. This additive effectively passivates the cation and anion defects simultaneously, thereby leading to the transformation from the strong n‐type to weak n‐type of perovskite films. Benefitting from the energy level alignment and the suppression of bulk non‐radiative recombination, the quasi‐Fermi level splitting (QFLS) is enhanced.  Consequently, the champion devices with 1.59 eV‐based perovskite reach the highest VOC value of 1.24 V and a PCE of 23.86%. Furthermore, this strategy boosts the VOC by at least 0.07 V across five different perovskite systems, a PCE of 25.04% is achieved for 1.57 eV‐based PSCs, and the corresponding module (14 cm2) also obtained a high PCE of 21.95%. This work provides an effective and universal strategy to promote the VOC approach to the detailed balance theoretical limit.
Intrinsic AC Dielectric Breakdown Strength of Polyimide Films at the Extreme: New Breakthrough Insights on Thickness Dependence
Authors: Diaham Sombel , Lambkin Paul , O'Sullivan Lawrence , Chen Baoxing
Published: December 2023

To date, the AC dielectric breakdown strength of polyimide (PI) films, as for most polymers, is understood to follow a thickness dependency with a measured power law exponent, n ≈ 0.5. However, this work experimentally demonstrates that the AC dielectric strength of PI films is quasi‐thickness independent. Evidence is presented showing that the thickness dependency described in the literature can be explained by an extrinsic failure mode, driven by partial discharges occurring at the dielectric‐oil‐electrode triple point. Triple points can be avoided by electrode encapsulation, which subsequently recovers a purely intrinsic failure mode for PI films over a large thickness range. Consequently, the AC dielectric strength of thick PI films is intrinsic and quasi‐thickness independent, at least for film thickness up to 60 µm. For the first time, a “theoretical” AC breakdown field for PI films is reported as ≈520 Vrms µm−1. Finally, the highest experimental breakdown field values are obtained here with 505 Vrms µm−1 and 705 Vµm−1 under AC and DC fields, respectively.
Strong Anharmonicity at the Origin of Anomalous Thermal Conductivity in Double Perovskite Cs2NaYbCl6
Authors: Cappai Antonio , Melis Claudio , Marongiu Daniela , Quochi Francesco , Saba Michele , Congiu Francesco , He Yihui , Slade Tyler J. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , Colombo Luciano
Published: December 2023

Anomalous thermal transport of Cs2NaYbCl6 double‐halide perovskite above room temperature is reported and rationalized. Calculations of phonon dispersion relations and scattering rates up to the fourth order in lattice anharmonicity have been conducted to determine their effective dependence on temperature. These findings show that specific phonon group velocities and lifetimes increase if the temperature is raised above 500 K. This, in combination with anharmonicity, provides the microscopic mechanism responsible for the increase in lattice thermal conductivity at high temperatures, contrary to the predictions of phonon transport theories based on solely cubic anharmonicity. The model accurately and quantitatively reproduces the experimental thermal conductivity data as a function of temperature.
Parity‐Time Symmetry in Magnetic Materials and Devices
Authors: Zhang Zhitao , Xin Chao , Liu Haoliang
Published: December 2023

Non‐Hermitian Hamiltonians may still possess real eigenvalues in case of the existence of parity‐time (PT) symmetry. Exceptional points (EPs) occur at the phase transition from real to complex eigenvalues due to PT‐symmetry breaking in the parameter space. Magnonic devices use magnons to carry, transport, and process information, which have the advantages of low energy dissipation, wave‐based computing, and nonlinear data processing. The combination of PT‐symmetry and magnonics may lead to novel physics as well as unprecedented functional device applications. Recently, the research of PT‐symmetry in magnetism has developed rapidly. In this review, the theoretical predictions as well as experimental findings of PT‐symmetry in magnetism are summarized. First, a brief introduction to PT symmetry, EPs, and anti‐PT symmetry is presented. Second, the theoretical and experimental progress of magnonic PT symmetry are summarized. Third, the theoretical predictions of higher‐order EPs and anti‐PT symmetry in magnonic systems are given. Finally, the study concludes by discussing the future challenges and research prospects in magnonic PT‐symmetry, and proposals for experimental observations of magnonic higher‐order EPs and anti‐PT symmetry are suggested.
Quantifying soil organic matter for sustainable agricultural land management with soil color and machine learning technique
Authors: Kang Yun‐Gu , Lee Jun‐Yeong , Kim Jun‐Ho , Oh Taek‐Keun
Published: December 2023

As interest in sustainable agricultural land management continues to grow, there is a need for advanced techniques that enable easy and rapid quantification of soil characteristics. Soil organic matter (SOM) is a critical factor in determining soil health. Unfortunately, contemporary techniques for SOM content analysis are laborious, time consuming, and resource intensive. In response to this challenge, our study has developed a statistical model for forecasting the SOM content using soil color indices and machine learning algorithms. Color indices, including brightness, hue, and saturation, were derived from the soil images captured by a smartphone. The correlation between color indices and SOM reveals the negative correlations between brightness (−0.790) and hue (−0.420) with the SOM content at significance level (p) <0.01. Conversely, the saturation of soil color, which performed best with the predictive model, exhibited a positive relationship (+0.120, p<0.05). The predictive performance of our model outperformed random forest (RF) algorithm compared to both multiple linear regression (MLR) and support vector machine (SVM). The RF algorithm achieved the highest coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.984. Furthermore, it demonstrated the lowest error metrics. Notably, the root mean squared error value for the RF algorithm was only 0.025% with the training dataset, whereas the MLR and SVM algorithms yielded relatively higher values at 0.029% and 0.110%, respectively. These findings highlight the presence of a nonlinear relationship in predicting the SOM content, which the RF algorithm effectively captures. This approach offers accurate predictions of the SOM content, supporting sustainable agricultural land management through rapid and easy quantification.