bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Managed Care Backlash: Perceptions and Rhetoric in Health Care Policy and the Potential for Health Care Reform
Authors: Mechanic David
Published: March 2003

The focus on managed care and the managed care backlash divert attention from more important national health issues, such as insurance coverage and quality of care. The ongoing public debate often does not accurately convey the key issues or the relevant evidence. Important perceptions of reduced encounter time with physicians, limitations on physicians' ability to communicate options to patients, and blocked access to inpatient care, among others, are either incorrect or exaggerated. The public backlash reflects a lack of trust resulting from cost constraints, explicit rationing, and media coverage. Inevitable errors are now readily attributed to managed care practices and organizations. Some procedural consumer protections may help restore the eroding trust and refocus public discussion on more central issues.
What is Meant by ‘What is Said’? A Reply to Cappelen and Lepore
Authors: Reimer Marga
Published: March 2003

In a recent paper Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore challenge an assumption that they rightly claim is pervasive among contemporary philosophers of language. According to this assumption (MA), an adequate semantic theory T for

a language L should assign p as the semantic content of a sentence S in L if and only if in uttering S a speaker says that p. I claim that the arguments of Cappelen and Lepore are based upon an uncharitable interpretation of MA. If ‘saying’ is understood in a roughly Gricean sense, MA emerges as an eminently plausible assumption.
Autism and Coherence: A Computational Model
Authors: O’Laughlin Claire , Thagard Paul
Published: March 2003

Recent theorizing about the nature of the cognitive impairment in autism suggests that autistic individuals display abnormally weak central coherence, the capacity to integrate information in order to make sense of one’s environment. Our article shows the relevance of computational models of coherence to the understanding of weak central coherence. Using a theory of coherence as constraint satisfaction, we show how weak coherence can be simulated ina a connectionist network that has unusually high inhibition compared to excitation. This connectionist model simulates autistic behaviour on both the false belief task and the homograph task.
Review Essay: Theology as Talking About a God Who Talks
Authors: Westphal Merold
Published: March 2003

By placing divine speech acts at the center of philosophical theology in Divine discourse: Philosophical reflections on the claim that God speaks, Nick Wolterstorff joins in the task of overcoming onto‐theology and calling theology, including philosophical theology, back from Athens to its home in Jerusalem. His creative accounts of indirect discourse illumine ways in which God can be said to speak through the Bible. There are important but undeveloped political implications to the notion that God is a member of the speech community to which we also belong.
Visionary Eschatology: Piers Plowman
Authors: Aers David
Published: March 2003

In its later versions Piers Plowman is a long, complex poem of extraordinary formal, theological, and political complexity. It is one of the greatest Christian poems. Written in a period of unprecedented conflict in English polities, including the Church, it was passionately involved in exploring many of these conflicts while seeking to imagine projects of Reformation. The poem includes fascinating reflections on diverse eschatological traditions within the late medieval Church, including neo‐Joachite ones. Subjecting both the contemporary Church and such eschatologies to sustained critique, the author evolves a profoundly Christocentric vision in the light of which triumphant narratives of the Church would emerge as among the opiates threatening the Church at the poem's close.
Arguing Anselm's Argument
Authors: Overton John
Published: March 2003

Interpretation surrounding Saint Anselm's celebrated Proslogion often divides across analytical (philosophical) and non‐analytical (historical, phenomenological, etc.) lines, with focus on the argument(s) of Chapters 2 and 3 isolated from the rest of the text. Interpretations may vary significantly, but the lines of interpretation continue along these divisions, thus propagating the distinction. Alternative tools, however, expose difficulties of such a division of the Proslogion; they permit analytical justification of claims, concerns and intuitions of historical, phenomenological, and other interests, implicating a more complex re‐interpretation of the presuppositions supporting the isolation of Chapters 2 and 3.

Based on an approach to reading developed from semiotics and text linguistics, this analysis challenges the major line of analytic interpretation of the Proslogion. This paper argues that the Proslogion has a structure different from the previously realized one, and that the structure consists of three nested frameworks within a devotional whole, faith leading the heart to illuminate the intellect, which in turn can grasp the syllogisms of chapters 2–3/4. Such a textual structure suggests strongly different conclusions about the core significance, utility, and meaning of the Proslogion as ”argument“.
God by Any Other Name?
Authors: Fullerton J. Andrew
Published: March 2003

“Father, Son and Holy Spirit” is not a name for God, but a doxological convenience; a mode of reference to the transcendent mystery that is condensed in Jesus’ person and work. It therefore ought to be possible to refer to God differently without referring to a different God, to use other “names” for God that are just as true to the triadically structured mystery revealed in the economy of God’s salvation. Those who argue that this breaks the semantic link with the narrative of God’s incarnation in Jesus Christ neglect the subjective and pneumatological aspect of our address to God.
A Principle of Incarnation in Derrida’s (Theologische?) Jugendschriften: Towards a Confessional Theology
Authors: Smith James K.A.
Published: March 2003

In pursuing the question of incarnation, it must be noted from the beginning that what is at stake is Platonism. More specifically, my concern will be the relationship of Christian theology to Platonism. In this paper, I contest contemporary readings which suggest that Socrates offers an “incarnational” paradigm and construe Derrida as a “Platonist” more traditionally understood. Instead, I will argue that latent in Derrida’s earlier accounts of language, particularly in Speech and Phenomena, one finds an incarnational account of language which is precisely the basis for his critique of Platonic metaphysics.
The Absolute and the Arbitrary
Authors: Blond Phillip
Published: March 2003

Gianni Vattimo, Belief
Divine Transcendence and Human Transformation: Gregory of Nyssa’s Anti–Apollinarian Christology
Authors: Daley, S.J. Brian E.
Published: March 2003

Gregory of Nyssa’s treatment of the person of Christ has puzzled modern scholars, because it does not fit easily into the dogmatic categories that have been developed, in the light of the Chalcedonian definition, to distinguish orthodox from heretical or deficient Christology. This essay argues that the main focus of Gregory’s Christology, even in his debate with the Apollinarian school, is not so much on the unity and distinctions to be observed in Christ’s person, but on the transformation Christ has accomplished in his own humanity by irradiating it with his own divine presence, a transformation that is the “first–fruits” of a divinization which will include the whole human race.
The impact of information technology on ‘traditional’ occupations: the case of welding
Authors: Mutch Alistair
Published: March 2003

This article argues that accounts of occupational change are flawed by lack of attention to the relationship between structure and agency. It uses the example of welding to critique, in particular, the work of Casey and Zuboff. Welding is an example of a manual craft occupation that, whilst subject to some change, has not been as dramatically affected by information technology as some analysts might suggest. In this it may have parallels with other occupations and this suggests not only further areas for research but also considerations about theoretical approaches. In particular, attention is drawn to the importance of the temporal dimension in social analysis.
Gendering occupational identities and IT in the retail sector
Authors: McLaughlin Janice
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the influence of gendered occupational identities in the social construction of skill and technology in a retail company introducing an IT system. It focusses on female shop floor supervisors and considers the impact that ‘femininity’ had on definitions of skill and role during a period of change.
The impact of emissions trading on OPEC
Authors: Ghanem Shokri , Lounnas Rezki , Brennand Garry
Published: March 2003

The latest reference case from OPEC’s World Energy Model, OWEM, sees world oil demand growing to 88 million barrels per day by 2010 and increasing by a further 11 mb/d to 99 mb/d by 2020. With the growth in oil production from developing countries and Russia offset by a secular decline in OECD production, OPEC is set to increasingly supply the incremental barrel, with production rising to 40 mb/d by 2010 and 51 mb/d by 2020.

Against the backdrop of this reference case, this paper considers the implications of measures to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol.

The initial scenario assumes that three OECD regions each impose a carbon tax that is sufficient to reach their own Kyoto emissions targets, resulting in a fall in OECD demand of 6.5 mb/d by the year 2010, compared with the reference case. This translates into a loss in annual OPEC oil export revenue of $23 billion. However, this scenario implies exceptionally high tax levels, and it is very likely that alternative options for abatement would be sought.

Once full global trading in emissions is allowed, the cost imposed upon carbon‐use falls dramatically, down to $15 per tonne of CO2, bringing OPEC revenue losses down to below $12 bn per annum. There may perhaps be only limited scope for OPEC to defend its oil revenue by adopting a firm price strategy consistent with significant production restraint. However, the idea of joint production restraint with non‐OPEC could lend some plausibility to the idea of using market management to ensure steady oil export revenue that would otherwise be eroded by climate change mitigation policies.
Does devaluation improve the trade balance of Iraq?
Authors: Zaidan T.M.
Published: March 2003

This paper aims to investigate the impact of devaluation of the Iraqi dinar on the country's trade balance for the period 1970‐90. It follows the elasticity approach to the balance of payments. The OLS and GLS methods were used to estimate the import and export demand functions. The empirical results indicate that devaluation does not improve the trade balance, since the sum of demand elasticities for imports and exports is less than unity (point estimate). However, at 95 per cent and 80 per cent and for lower confidence intervals, the results cannot reject the hypothesis that devaluation does improve the trade balance. Only at some even lower confidence interval is the sum of the price elasticities unambiguously less than unity, resulting in the conclusion that devaluation does not improve the trade balance.
The Future of Gaseous Fuels in Hong Kong
Authors: Chow Larry Chuen‐ho
Published: March 2003

There are three types of gaseous fuel in Hong Kong. Natural gas, exclusively used for power generation and imported under a 20‐year contract, accounted for 16 per cent of total primary energy requirements in 1998. Towngas, manufactured from naphtha, and liquefied petroleum gas are the two other kinds, accounting for about 9.5 per cent of the final energy requirement in recent years. The first part of this paper analyses the competition between these two gaseous fuels since 1984, elucidating in detail how towngas came to dominate the gaseous fuel market.

The government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region would like to boost the use of natural gas in Hong Kong, on account of its environmental benefits and cost competitiveness. It is considering the possibility of using natural gas to replace the other two gaseous fuels and adopting the common carrier system, in order to spur competition in the gaseous fuel market. The second part of the study evaluates the feasibility of converting to natural gas and opening up the pipeline system, putting forth a rough schedule for the whole process.
The Economics of an Efficient Reliance on Biomass, Carbon Capture and Carbon Sequestration in a Kyoto‐style Emissions Control Environment
Authors: Yohe Gary W.
Published: March 2003

This note employs the economics paradigm to sort through the complications of relying simultaneously on biomass fuels, carbon capture with active sequestration and passive carbon sequestration to meet Kyoto‐style carbon emission limits. It does so by exploiting the structure of a tax cum repurchase scheme for carbon. Under such a scheme, the carbon content of fossil fuel should be taxed at the point of purchase at a price that matches the shadow price of the carbon emission limit, but carbon embedded in biomass fuel should go un‐taxed. The price of biomass fuel would, though, have to reflect the marginal cost of any externalities it might cause and the opportunity cost of its land‐use requirements. Captured carbon could be repurchased at a price equal to the shadow price of carbon, net of the cost of active sequestration, itself the sum of private and social marginal costs. Finally, the price of the passive sequestration of carbon should equal the shadow price of carbon, net of the opportunity cost of setting those resources aside. Since a marketable permit system would support direct estimates of the requisite shadow price of carbon, such a system would also provide direct information about base prices for the tax cum repurchase scheme. To support long‐term investment in biomass supply and sequestration, though, changes over time in emission limits must be accomplished in a smooth and predictable manner.
Stimulation of investment in international energy through Nigerian tax exemption laws
Authors: Osimiri Uche Jack
Published: March 2003

This article assesses the impact of recent tax exemption legislation as a vehicle for the attraction of investment in the quest for the development of international energy in Nigeria, particularly oil and gas. It seeks to argue that generous tax incentives are the most successful method of inducement of foreign investors, judging from the rising profile in the expansion of investment in the gas sector and the attendant increase in world trade. It attempts to assert that tax incentives alone, without the combination of other favourable factors, like political stability, observance of the rule of law and deregulation or trade liberalisation, cannot produce the desired result of local industrialisation and integration into the world economy.
Aggregate Investment in South Africa: A Model with Implications for Political Reform
Authors: Fielding David
Published: March 2003

A small macroeconomic model is used as the basis for estimating the determinants of investment in South Africa within a simultaneous equations framework. Investment is highly sensitive to interest rates, relative prices and political instability. The policy implications of such sensitivity are outlined.
Directors' Pay and Turnover: An Application to a Sample of Large UK Firms
Authors: Conyon Martin J.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the operation of the UK managerial labour market. We test the twin agency predictions that directors' pay is positively related to corporate performance and CEO turnover is negatively associated with firm profitability. We find that (i) the panel data econometric evidence reveals a significant and positive correlation between directors' pay, company performance and size, (ii) the CEO turnover model predicts a negative, and significant, association with pre‐dated shareholder returns: the data is consistent with the view that CEOs are disciplined by the threat of dismissal, (iii) boardroom governance factors (e.g. proportion of non‐executives and board size) are only of some importance in the CEO succession process.
Unionization and the Pattern of Nonunion Wages: Evidence for the UK
Authors: Belfield Clive R. , Heywood John S.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents the first examination of the effect of unionisation on the distribution of nonunion wages in the UK. We test a hypothesis that has received considerable attention in the US: that the threat of unionisation leads nonunion firms to increase the earnings of their lowest paid workers, so compressing their internal wage distribution. In aggregate we find little support for this hypothesis in the UK and suggest that the supportive evidence from the US may be a function of the absence of suitable linked employer‐employee data.
Nestor's Cup and the Etruscans
Authors: Ridgway David
Published: March 2003

Bronze cheese‐graters have been found in three 9th‐century warriors' graves at Lefkandi in Euboea. The presence of a similar item in a socially elevated male (and military) context is attested in the Iliad(xi, 628–643), when it is used in the preparation of a kykeon(mixture) in Nestor's depas(cup) that apparently revives a wounded hero. ‘Nestor's cup, good to drink from’ is mentioned in an inscription from a grave (c.725–700) at Euboean Pithekoussai on the Bay of Naples; and a number of bronze (occasionally silver) graters occur in 7th‐century Orientalizing princely graves along the Tyrrhenian seaboard. Unlike that of the better‐known 8th‐century Euboean ‘pre‐colonial’ skyphoi there, the distribution of 7th‐century graters extends as far north as the metal‐bearing area of Tuscany. It is suggested that a particular kind of ‘heroic’ drinking may have been introduced to the local Etruscan ‘princes’ by Euboeans negotiating for supplies of the Tuscan ores that are known to have been used at Pithekoussai; the presence c.700–690 of a high‐ranking Etruscan xenos(guest) at nearby Cumae, recently postulated on epigraphic grounds, may be significant in this respect.
Reconstructing Cycladic Prehistory: Naxos in the Early and Middle Late Bronze Age
Authors: Cosmopoulos Michael B.
Published: March 2003

The lack of published deposits from Cycladic settlement contexts has been a serious setback to our knowledge of Cycladic prehistory, as it has led to inflexible ‘pan‐Aegean’ models of cultural history, imposed on the islands without consideration of local particularities and regional variations. Naxos, the largest and most central of the Cyclades, is a prime example of an important island, whose cultural history, especially in the early and middle Late Bronze Age (roughly from the sixteenth to the thirteenth centuries BC), is not well known. In the present article the author reconstructs the stratigraphic and chronological sequence of the island’s only excavated settlement at Grotta, examines the development of settlement pattern on Naxos, and attempts to assess the position of the island in the Aegean during the periods in question. It is suggested that the fluctuations in the number of settlements and the changes in settlement pattern of the island could be tied to the degree of integration of the island into the Minoan and Mycenaean exchange networks. In periods of limited integration (LC I/II and LH IIIB) the settlement pattern consists of one or two important centers (Mikre Vigla and/or Grotta) and a number of small settlements dispersed in the interior of the island. In periods of advanced integration (LH IIIA1‐IIIA2), a process of nucleation takes place, in which small settlements are abandoned, Mikre Vigla declines, and Grotta is established as the only settlement of the island.
Humans as Ritual Victims in the Later Prehistory of Western Europe
Authors: Green Miranda
Published: March 2003

The paper presented here addresses the issue of how far current evidence permits the admittance of ritual murder or human sacrifice in the European Iron Age. It argues from two basic premises: firstly that the notion of human sacrifice is the more acceptable within the context of strictly hierarchical, slave‐owning societies for whom human life was not, of itself, sacrosanct; secondly that, since there is a solid body of both literary and archaeological evidence for human sacrifice in antiquity, there is no intrinsic reason to deny its presence in later European prehistory. However, scrutiny of the data reveals that, if human sacrifice did take place in Iron Age Europe, it appears to have been both rare and special. More importantly, virtually all the evidence has a measure of ambiguity and is capable of alternative interpretation.
Casting the Riace Bronzes: Modern Assumptions and Ancient Facts
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert , Konstam Nigel
Published: March 2003

This article argues that classical archaeologists have seriously underestimated the output of heat required to melt a large quantity of bronze and therefore have wrongly reconstructed the ancient casting process. The idea that sufficient metal for casting a bronze of monumental proportions could be heated in a crucible with a charcoal fire ventilated by bellows is not realistic. The following observations are based on solid foundry experience: Nigel Konstam, a bronze sculptor, for many years supervised the casting of monumental bronzes comparable in size to those from Riace. This article has been written by Herbert Hoffmann drawing on Konstam’s notes
The Reuse of Prehistoric Standing Stones in Western Britain? A Critical Consideration of an Aspect of Early Medieval Monument Reuse
Authors: Petts David
Published: March 2003

The superficial similarity in form of prehistoric standing stones and early medieval western British inscribed stones has sometimes led to the suggestion that the medieval stones were reusing the earlier monuments. In this paper this suggestion is critically assessed. It shows that the medieval stones are different in size from the prehistoric stones, and placed in different contexts. This lack of reuse of prehistoric standing stones is considered in the context of other examples of monument reuse known from western Britain.
Equilibrium Unemployment Rate and Customs Union
Authors: Beladi Hamid , Hazari Bharat R. , Sgro Pasquale M.
Published: March 2003

This paper utilizes the macroeconomics concept of the equilibrium rate of unemployment for theorems on free trade and the formation of customs union. The notion of an equilibrium rate of unemployment appears in the literature on labour, macroeconomics, business cycles and trade theory. Such an equilibrium rate can be derived in a number of ways, for example, by introducing labor–leisure choice in the utility functions of the workers; a labor turnover model and/or by introducing shirking. We extend the two sector‐two factor Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson model for a small open economy by relaxing the assumption of inelastic labor supply. Specifically, we consider the classical labor supply function obtained from the representative consumer's utility maximisation problem. This consideration allows for the existence of unemployment and we analyse the effects trade policies have on the equilibrium unemployment rate. Given the movement towards free trade (either via the implementation of GATT and/or formation of customs union) it is important to examine its implications for the equilibrium rate of unemployment.
Enrichment of a Sector (Individual/Region/Country) Benefits Others: a Generalization
Authors: Ng Siang , Ng Yew‐Kwang
Published: March 2003

Ng (Pacific Economic Review 1 (1996): 93–115) showed that the enrichment of a sector benefits the rest of the world as a whole in its general thrust, by showing the benefit for a benchmark case of a proportionate enrichment with homothetic preferences (for the enriching sector). This note generalizes the analysis to examine the effect of enrichment of one sector on some other sector. A proportionate enrichment with homothetic preferences can still be said to benefit any given sector in its general thrust, but in a somewhat weaker sense.
A note on introducing a “zero‐line” of welfare as an escape route from Arrow’s theorem
Authors: List Christian
Published: March 2003

Since Sen’s insightful analysis of Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem, Arrow’s theorem is often interpreted as a consequence of the exclusion of interpersonal information from Arrow’s framework. Interpersonal comparability of either welfare levels or welfare units is known to be sufficient for circumventing Arrow’s impossibility result. But it is less well known whether one of these types of comparability is also necessary or whether Arrow’s conditions can already be satisfied in much narrower informational frameworks. This note explores such a framework: the assumption of (ONC + 0), ordinal measurability of welfare with the additional measurability of a “zero‐line”, is shown to point towards new, albeit limited, escape routes from Arrow’s theorem. Some existence and classification results are established, using the condition that social orderings be transitive as well as the condition that social orderings be quasi‐transitive.
Public Sector Pricing, Capital Mobility and National Income: A Two‐Sector General‐Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Chao Chi‐Chur , Yu Eden S. H.
Published: March 2003

Abstract This paper examines the resource allocation and income effects of public‐sector pricing. During the short run, raising public‐sector prices leads to a worsening in public‐sector efficiency, causing a decline in GNP. In the intermediate run, the policy begins to improve public‐sector efficiency and, hence, increases GNP. At the outset of the transition to a steady state, the pricing policy continues to improve efficiency. Nevertheless, efficiency and GNP remain invariant across steady states in the long‐run equilibrium. The implications of the pricing policy are also discussed.
Manifestability and Semantic Realism
Authors: Gamble Denise
Published: March 2003

Abstract: This paper provides a critical discussion of Alexander Miller's recent attack on antirealist arguments against semantic realism that are based on manifestability requirements. Miller attempts to defend semantic realism against Wright‐Hale arguments from manifestability. He does so in reliance on a McDowell type assertion‐truth platitude. This paper argues in both general terms and in relation to the details of Miller's argument, that attempts to defend semantic realism while accepting a Dummettian‐Wittgensteinian framework on theories of meaning, are misconceived and likely to fail, as I believe is true in Miller's case. Semantic realism is best defended within a context of metaphysical realism, and naturalistic‐causal theories of meaning and explanation.
Malicious Pleasure Evaluated: Is Pleasure an Unconditional Good?
Authors: Goldstein Irwin
Published: March 2003

Abstract: I examine and criticize the thinking that leads people to deny malicious pleasure's goodness.
School Ethos: A Process for Eliciting the Views of Pupils
Authors: Smith David
Published: March 2003

The writer describes a process designed to elicit an accurate picture of the factors which pupils themselves consider contribute towards the existence of a positive and effective atmosphere within the school. He goes on to describe the development of a measuring instrument designed to explore pupils' attitudes towards the factors identified. Finally, suggestions are made as to how the information gained may be used to facilitate change within a school.
Promoting Social Awareness and Responsibility in the Primary School: The School Watch Initiative
Authors: Ball George
Published: March 2003

The School Watch initiative is centred in South Wales and involves police liaison officers, primary schools and their pupils. In each interested school, the scheme is explained and the pupils then decide if they want to take part. A pupils' committee is elected which is given support and guidance by the liaison officer. A key element of the scheme is the involvement of the pupils themselves and the way the pupils' committee plays a major part in the choice and running of activities. The scheme benefits pupils both in terms of their personal and social development and in their attitudes to the police. The paper ends with a number of examples of the type of work that schools have undertaken within this scheme.
Levels of Bullying Measured by British Schools Using the ‘Life in School’ Checklist: A Case for Benchmarking?
Authors: Arora Tiny
Published: March 2003

This paper considers data obtained in thirty‐one schools by using the ‘Life in School’ checklist. It discusses the issues arising from using the Bullying Index as a measurement of bullying. These include the extent of the variation found between schools and the much‐reduced range found on follow‐up in the same school. The possible use of the checklist for benchmarking within groups of similar schools is discussed as well as its prime use: self‐monitoring by schools over successive years of the effectiveness of anti‐bullying policies. Criteria for success are suggested, which emphasize a focus on groups within the school as a prime target for intervention.
The Development of the Year Curriculum Coordinator at Burntwood School
Authors: Harper Charles , Barry Yvonne
Published: March 2003

This article gives an account of a school in which Year Curriculum Teams were created, consisting of a planned combination of tutors across subject clusters. An enhanced role and perspective for the tutor is described. Subsequent changes were accommodated well by the new system, even though the position regarding tutor continuity was changed. As with other school accounts in this issue, a sense of the particular flavour of the school comes through, alongside the structural themes which may have wide application.

Charles Harper and Yvonne Barry are both members of the Senior Management Team at Burntwood School, which has recently been awarded Beacon status. Charles has taught in a number of schools including in Pennsylvania, USA. He was a Head of Art before moving into senior management. Yvonne has taught in two large comprehensive schools and was a Year Curriculum Coordinator before becoming a senior manager. Both have been involved in training staff and in giving presentations at the Institute of Education, CSCS, QME and various London schools. Charles and Yvonne are members of various working groups and advisory bodies including the Open University and the QCA.
Teachers’ Attitudes towards Disruptive Behaviour and their Use of Internal Referral
Authors: Evans Michael
Published: March 2003

This study offers a very neat demonstration of something which conventional wisdom holds: that our actions reflect our beliefs. But the topic under investigation is a challenging one – teachers’ uses of ‘referral systems’ in school. The evidence suggests that referrals reflect teachers’ beliefs – not, therefore, the pupils’ behaviour. We do not know of a study of this sort anywhere in the literature on school behaviour, yet these findings have major implications for those pastoral systems which have become distorted into discipline systems. Michael examines these with care, taking pains not to be simply ‘pointing the finger’.

Michael Evans has been teaching physical education and mathematics in London for seven years. Currently in his second secondary post as Head of Year, Michael is working to complete his MA at the University of London Institute of Education. In his spare time he heads for the hills, wind and rain of Scotland.
Developing a Student Year Planner
Authors: Williamson Steve
Published: March 2003

How to create something which is more meaningful to students than a simple homework diary is the issue that underlies this paper. The introduction of a student planner into year 9 of a high school is followed. The writer used reflexive practitioner research and ethnographic techniques to raise issues concerning the role of the tutor, teacher/pupil and teacher/parent relationships. He suggests that a gap appears to exist in pupil’s ability to plan for the mid‐term. The difficulties of classroom innovation and change in relation to teacher’s craft knowledge is touched upon.
Working with ‘Difficult’ Children from the Inside Out: Loss and Bereavement and how the Creative Arts can Help
Authors: Le Count Diane
Published: March 2003

Most teachers will come into contact with pupils who are experiencing or have experienced a loss or bereavement and they often feel ill equipped to offer the kind of support they would like to. This paper offers insights into the nature of this area and a specific approach through which children may be supported. The writer discusses some research and thinking on loss and bereavement and the implications of this. She presents two case studies of work with individual students using the creative arts. She also discusses the connections between behavioural problems, loss and the use of the arts in supporting the students.
The Support Code: An Inclusive Partnership in Safety
Authors: Brown Dave
Published: March 2003

The Family Service Units is a national charity working in some of the most deprived areas of the country. This paper is concerned with one part of its work, The Connections Project. This project aims to develop non‐punitive anti‐bullying partnerships between young people, schools, adults in the community and other agencies. This article focuses on a particular aspect of this project, the Support Code, which seeks to promote an ethos of proactive mutual support. The development is described and the teachers’ reactions are explored. Though this work is currently being undertaken in primary schools, much is applicable to the early years of secondary education too.
Connected Thinking
Authors: Webster Tony
Published: March 2003

Tony Webster, former Director of Education in Tameside, describes the origins of the ‘connected thinking project’. He goes on to list a number of key questions that were identified in relation to ‘values education’, ‘thinking skills’, ‘emotional intelligence’ and ‘ICT’. The aims, form and contributions to a seminar which sought to identify areas for continuing work and further research are described. Several of those who contributed to the seminar have written papers for this special issue of the journal. Tony Webster concludes his paper by listing the research and other action deemed necessary to take the work forward.
Secondary Schools and Pupil Loss by Parental Bereavement and Parental Relationship Separations
Authors: Holland John
Published: March 2003

The paper presents the findings of an investigation into how secondary schools addressed two areas of loss: the relationship endings and separation of pupils’ parents, and the death of pupils’ parent.The study was undertaken through in‐depth interviews of key personnel in secondary schools. The results showed how schools tended to respond to these losses, where they sought support from and how they perceived the two types of losses to be different. In addition it showed how and where schools addressed loss in the curriculum; the advantages of having loss addressed in a policy; and the need to ‘support the supporters’.
Perceptions of the Impact of Meditation on Learning
Authors: McLean Polly
Published: March 2003

This paper is about teachers and primary school pupils who have led or taken part in meditation classes at school. It discusses their perceptions of the relationship between meditation and learning. Three different categories of perceived benefit are examined; readiness for learning, enhanced creative expression, and spiritual development. After this a case is made for the use of experiential learning models as a structure for enhancing the benefit gained through meditation. The paper concludes with some observations about the potential of meditation in the school setting. Much of what is said could apply to the secondary setting.
An Evaluation of an Anti‐bullying Peer Support Programme in a (British) Secondary School
Authors: Hurst Tony
Published: March 2003

In this paper Tony Hurst highlights that peer support programmes can contribute to the effectiveness of pastoral care by involving the pupils in the helping process and this can contribute to their personal and social development. He notes that there are a number of things that can go wrong with such programmes and that they should not be seen as an alternative to an effective traditional pastoral system. The main body of the paper describes the development and evaluation of a programme in a relatively large urban secondary school. This evaluation identified both the positive feelings of pupils and staff about the programme and the important contribution it made. Some issues and problems were also identified and as a result the conclusion includes a number of recommendations and summarizes the various valuable outcomes.
Integrating Western and Chinese Educational Theories: A Case Study of Implementing a Quality Student Leadership (QSL) Programme in a Secondary School in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheung Wai Ming , Tsang Hector W. H.
Published: March 2003

Secondary school students have been experiencing stress related to examination and academic performance in Hong Kong: the Special Administrative Region of the Chinese Mainland. The article reports a case study which applied the student empowerment model originated from western societies and the ‘Qing’ concept of Chinese philosophy to formulate a student Quality Student Leadership (QSL) programme in a secondary school. The programme aimed to reduce the stress of the students and at the same time improve their initiative, leadership, and also the relationship between the students and with the parents and teachers. The results showed that the programme was effective in achieving its objectives.
Provocation and Pluralism
Authors: Macklem Timothy , Gardner John
Published: March 2003

What is the best way to reflect human diversity in the structure of the provocation defence, and similar excusatory defences in the criminal law? The House of Lords recently concluded that the right way is to allow the jury to personalise and thereby qualify the apparently uniform ‘reasonable person’ standard mentioned in section 3 of the Homicide Act 1957. In this paper we argue that this is not the right way at all. We argue that the reasonable person standard, unqualified, already accommodates the only variations between people that the law should want to accommodate in an excusatory defence. To defend this view we revive the common law's tripartite analysis of the ‘objective’ (or impersonal) issues in the provocation defence: first, was there an action capable of constituting a provocation? second, how provocative was it? and third, how much self‐control should have been exhibited in the face of it? We show that these questions each have a built‐in sensitivity to certain variations between different defendants' situations, but that this does not detract from their objectivity (or impersonality). We argue that no more sensitivity is needed in the name of human diversity, and what is more that no more sensitivity is desirable.
Autonomy, Guardianship and Mental Disorder: One Problem, Two Solutions
Authors: Richardson Genevra
Published: March 2003

The law in England and Wales governing both the provision of medical care in the case of adults with incapacity and the provision of care and treatment for mental disorder presents serious problems for the principle of patient autonomy. The adult with incapacity has no competence either to consent to or to refuse medical treatment but the law provides no statutory structure for substitute decision making on that adult’s behalf. On the other hand the law does allow a person with mental disorder to be treated for that disorder despite his or her competent refusal. The nature of these inconsistencies is considered and the implications which flow from the singling out of mental disorder are examined with reference to experience in two Australian jurisdictions. The current proposals for reform of the Mental Health Act are then considered in the light of the conclusions drawn.
History of the One God
Authors: Milbank John
Published: March 2003

The article discusses the history of monotheism from the earliest times to the present. It begins with arguments against the notion of monotheists as an evolutionarily early stage in religion and then proceeds to characterize monotheism in the Old testament. The view that there was every a pre‐monotheistic phase of one ‘national God’ is called into question, along with the priority of the ‘God of history’ over the creator God. Association of the divine with social justice is shown to be common to the ancient Near East as a whole; however, Israelite monotheism, it is argued, was associated with a kind of conservatism which preserved more features of an oral and gift‐exchange culture, while calling into question the more fetishistic aspects of such culture. Monotheism, it is claimed, is what refutes both myth and rationalism, while the superiority of one God to many gods is defended in connection with the theme of peace. The final section deals with the three monotheistic faiths, and argues that Christianity, with its doctrines of incarnation and the Trinity, is not qualifying monotheism and its distinctive features as just adumbrated, but on the contrary developing it in the purest and most consistent form.
A Question of Two Answers: Difference and Determination in Barth and von Balthasar
Authors: Muers Rachel
Published: March 2003

This essay uses the motif of ‘the woman as answer’ in Barth and von Balthasar to explore aspects of their accounts of sexual difference in relation to ontological and trinitarian difference. In both cases the motif is shown to be problematic for reasons which become apparent in christology. Barth's characterisation of woman as the ‘sufficient answer’ to the prior ‘question’ posed by man indicates a tendency towards the elision of difference in his anthropology, which is reflected in the nonsexuality of Christ ‐ the ‘true Man’ Ã and in aspects of his trinitarian theology. Von Balthasar's ‘double answer’ of woman to man moves beyond viewing sexual difference as the locus of man's self‐completion, but the overdetermination of ‘woman’ in his mariology undermines this. The pneumatology of von Balthasar's ‘Spiritus Creator’ suggests possibilities for the development of a christologically‐focused anthropology which maintains difference.
In The Shadow Of The Divine: Negative Theology And Negative Anthropology In Augustine, Pseudo‐Dionysius And Eriugena
Authors: Otten Willemien
Published: March 2003

This article takes its starting‐point in the current resurgence of interest in negative theology. Being especially prevalent among postmodern thinkers, this interest coincides with a strong conviction concerning the absence of the divine. In the postmodern context the interest in negative theology leads quite naturally into a debate on negative anthropology, as humanity's increasing awareness of its own finitude appears to reflect a similar break with the metaphysics of being.

To analyze the tradition of negative theology, the article goes back to its prime architect, Pseudo‐Dionysius (500 C.E). By comparing him to an author who preceded him, viz. Augustine, and one who followed him, viz. Eriugena, the article aims at giving a ‘thicker’ description of his position by framing it historically. In doing so it draws two conclusions. It first shows that the connection between negative theology and negative anthropology is indeed Dionysian; as such it is rightfully pointed to in postmodern thought. In contradistinction to postmodern applications, however, Dionysius' interest in negativity is shown to reflect before all a desire to wrestle with the overpowering presence of the divine instead of concluding to its absence.
Constructing ‘God’: a Contemporary Interpretation of Religion
Authors: Karuvelil George
Published: March 2003

To discuss the rationality of religious beliefs of the meaning of those beliefs must be made intelligible, sometimes to those who do not share our presuppositions. Is it possible to explain the meaning of such basic concepts as ‘Religion’, and ‘God’ without presupposing other religious concepts? The present paper is an attempt at such a radical interpretation of religion. This is done by wedding a full‐fledged constructivist epistemology with insights from the mystical traditions of the East and the West. How such an epistemology can account for both the unity and plurality of religions is also indicated. In the process I give not only a new interpretation of ‘God’ but also suggest the reasons for the failure of the “proofs” for the existence of God. Thus, a new way is opened up for discussing the rationality of religious beliefs.
After Heidegger: Transubstantiation
Authors: Hemming Laurence Paul
Published: March 2003

Recent debate over transubstantiation (especially Jean‐Luc Marion's defence of it) has concentrated either on transubstantiation as a kind of embarrassment in consequence of modern physics, or on the extent to which it is both a doctrine elaborated in the light of metaphysics and recoverable in consequence of metaphysics having been overcome. In this sense the tension between Aquinas' apparently metaphysical formulation of the doctrine and the less overtly metaphysical formula adopted by the Council of Trent (in its refusal to speak of ‘accidents’) has indicated a way of ‘rescuing’ or ‘recovering’ the doctrine.

This article argues that such a recovery is a false trail. Pope Paul VI was right to be wary of relativising the Eucharistic event to the believing community in any doctrine of transignification. Alternatively, attempts like Chauvet's and Macquarrie's to restate Eucharistic event in terms of Heidegger's Geviert presuppose Heidegger has succeeded in destroying the metaphysics of presence, so that they can use the fruits of his researches. What is actually at issue in thinking through transubstantiation is how the doctrine relates to conceptions of the physical: Aristotelian, what comes to be Newtonian, or postmodern conceptions which appear to eschew physics altogether.

Heidegger's contribution to the debate would better point to how knowing anything means being included in and (self‐) disclosed by what I know. A re‐investigation of transubstantiation might therefore take into account the extraordinary reappearance of the term ‘transubstantiation’ in current non‐theological investigations of performativity (especially in the work of Judith Butler).

Here transubstantiation would include not the maximal meaning of bread and wine as signs constituted in das Geviert, ‘after’ substance has been critiqued, but their minimality, in enacting a change in (our) substance (self‐realising). This would confirm the divinising meaning of the Eucharistic event, which stresses how we are caught up into the divine. Thus, whereas in transignification the Eucharistic event occurs in consequence of the will of the community of believers, in transubstantiation it is the enactment of the community as community that is at issue, an enactment in consequence of no act of will of its own. In terms of the postmodern and non‐theological appropriation of the word transubstantiation, this means that I who participate in the Eucharistic am re‐ordered, or re‐materialised, or ‘trans‐substantiated’ in the Eucharistic event.
Theological Pragmatism: A Critical Evaluation
Authors: Stenmark Mikael
Published: March 2003

Theological pragmatists like Daly, Kaufman, McFague and Reuther claim that the God we should believe in and the kind of images we should use to express our religious faith should be evaluated primarily on the basis of the consequences they have for the maintenance of certain political or moral values. These views are presented and critically evaluated. One difficulty is that their pragmatism seems to clash with our intuition and experience that there is no automatic fit between our moral aspirations and political visions, on the one hand, and how the world is actually structured, on the other. Their strong emphasis on political and moral considerations is, therefore, questionable and only plausible under certain specific circumstances.