bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Economic Efficiency in Some Irish Farms Using the DEA Approach
Authors: Galluzzo Nicola
Published: March 2018

Irish farms are predominately and highly specialized in crops as cereals, protein crops and in dairy productions. The aim of this research was to estimate the economic efficiency in Irish farms part of the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) dataset stratified in function of their own typology of productive specialization since 2004 to 2015 by a quantitative approach such as the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Positive has been the role of inputs as financial subsidies allocated by the Common Agricultural Policy, the first and second pillar, in increasing the economic efficiency of Irish farms. Field crops farms have not had the best results in terms of the economic efficiency even if over the time, in particular during the economic crises 2008-2009, findings have not been stable with significant fluctuations and a sharply decrease of efficiency as a consequence of economic turbulences. Focusing the attention on the research outcomes in all years of investigation comparing also the different typology of farming, mixed farms and farms with animals, such as specialist cattle, sheep, goats and other grazing livestock, have had the highest levels of economic efficiency equal to 100%; by contrast Irish dairy farms have had the modest levels of economic efficiency close to 77%.
Organik Çay Tarımında Budama Yaşı ve Diurnal Varyabilitenin Çay (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz) Yapraklarının Antioksidan Aktivitesi Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: Şavşatlı Yusuf , Özcan Aysel , Çatal Muhammed İkbal , Yurteri Emine , Seyis Fatih
Published: March 2018

This study was carried out in Rize province in 2016, on fresh leaf samples collected from an organic tea plantation. In this study, the aim was to determine the effect of pruning age (1st year, 3rd year and 5th year following the last pruning) and diurnal variability on antioxidant activity and dry matter rate in tea leaves depending on shoot periods. When the pruning age was considered, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from the plants which were in 5th pruning age in the 1st shoot period with 4991,1 μmol FeSO4/g dw. In terms of the same trait, the effect of pruning age on antioxidant activity during the 2nd shoot period was insignificant, while the highest antioxidant activity in the third shoot period was obtained from 1st pruning age with 7229.2 μmol FeSO4/g dw. As a general average, considering intraday collecting time, antioxidant activity in leaves collected in morning (07.00) and at noon (12.00) was very close to each other, while the collected leaves in the evening (17.00) had higher values. The dry matter rates obtained from the 1st, 3rd and 5th pruning ages were 23.45%, 25.23% and 25.45% respectively. When the shoot period was considered, the lowest dry matter rate was 20.17% in the first shoot period and the highest dry matter rate was 28.8% in the 2nd shoot period and high values were obtained from the leaves collected at noon.
Tüketicilerin Sert Kabuklu Kuruyemiş Tüketim Alışkanlıkları ve Satın Alma Davranışlarının Belirlenmesi: Siirt İli Örneği
Authors: Kardeş Merve , Özrenk Koray , Terin Mustafa
Published: March 2018

The aim of the study is to determine the consumers hard shell dried nuts consumption habits and purchasing behaviours in urban areas of Siirt Province. The main data of this study has been compiled through questionnaires from 150 consumers who live in urban area of Siirt. In the analysis of the data, frequency tables were used and the logit model where consumers consume sufficient amount of nuts in their families. In the survey, 62.7% of the respondents were male, 63.4% were in the 25-40 age group, 64.0% were married, 62.0% were in the income group of 2001-4000 TL, 49.3% of the family members consumed sufficient amount of nuts, 56.0% it was determined that the consumption of the nuts had information about the benefits and 78.7% of the nuts purchased from the nuts shop. In the study, it was also found that there was a positive relationship between think that sufficient amount of nuts was consumed in the family with knowing the benefits of nuts consumption On the other hand, the relationship between think that sufficient amount of nuts was consumed in the family and gender was found to be negative.
Organik Bahçe Ürünlerinin Hasat Sonrası Kalitelerinin Korunması
Authors: Çelikel Fisun Gürsel
Published: March 2018

Not only cultural treatments in orchard but also postharvest handling affect the taste, shelf life and nutritional quality of organic fruits and vegetables. Organic crops are mostly harvested at ripe stage or close to ripen, thus, their shelf life is shorter and they are more perishable. Postharvest physiology and requests of crops should be considered during postharvest handling in order to maintain their high quality and prevent postharvest losses. The main aim in postharvest concept is to slow down the metabolism of fresh crops continue to live after harvest. The most important factor is temperature. The fruits and vegetables should be protected from high temperatures and cooled immediately after harvest. The cold chain should be kept until consumer. In addition, diseases can be prevented by controlling environment. Sanitation is another rule to consider. All these rules are important for all growers; however they are of special importance for organic horticulture which allows limited postharvest technologies. In this review, the allowed postharvest treatments of certificated organic fruits and vegetables are given. Preharvest factors, harvest, postharvest factors, cooling methods, cold storage, sanitation methods and products, ethylene and its control, and other specific postharvest subjects are discussed.
GENETIC VARIABILITY, CORRELATION AND CLUSTER ANALYSIS IN ELITE LINES OF RICE
Authors: Iqbal Touheed , Nazir Ahmad Iqbal Hussain, , Muhammad Zia Muhammad Nauman, Mujahid Ali, Saad Saeed, , Ali Fawad
Published: March 2018

Development of rice cultivars with appreciative performance is one of the prime objectives of rice breeding programs. In this regard, the current experiment was conducted during 2016 at Agricultural Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The aims of the study were to generate scientific information on nature and magnitude of genetic variability and relationship of yield and related attributes and to classify genotypes into distinct clusters on the basis of quantitative traits. Fourteen elite rice genotypes were evaluated following randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance manifested significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences among genotypes based on the studied triats viz., panicle emergence, flag leaf area, effective tillers plant-1, panicle length, primary branches and grains panicle-1, 1000 grain eight and paddy yield plot-1, except physiological maturity. The magnitudes of PCV and GCV were higher (>20%) in all the studied traits, except physiological maturity, reflecting wide spectrum of variability and offering greater opportunities for selection. Similarly, the magnitude of broad-sense heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean was moderate to high for majority of traits, indicating additive gene action in their inheritance hence, amenable for simple selection. Correlation analysis revealed that paddy yield manifested significantly positive correlation with physiological maturity (r = 0.46**) and negative correlation with 1000-grain weight (r = -0.30*). The dendrogram grouped 14 rice genotypes into four clusters. Cluster IV incorporated the highest number of genotypes, which also had highest cluster mean for paddy yield. Therefore, prominence should be given to genotypes aggregated in cluster IV that having high yield potentiality. Based on mean performance, Irrigated-04, E-93, E-94 and E-107 showed superiority in respect of paddy yield and some other traits, hence these lines could be recommended for varietal development.
Frequency of Occurrence and Degree of Expression of the Parastyle in Several Modern Human Populations
Authors: Scriven Graham , Roger James , Brook Alan , Scott G. Richard , Mihailidis Suzanna , Bin Khamis Mohd Fadhli , Townsend Grant
Published: March 2018

The aims of this study are to describe the frequency of occurrence and degree of expression of the parastyle in six different ethnic groups; to assess inter- and intra-observer errors when scoring the feature; and to compare the expression of the feature in a small number of twin pairs. Dental casts were examined for evidence of the parastyle from samples available in the Adelaide Dental School. A dental plaque developed by Katich & Turner was used to standardize scoring. The highest percentage frequency of parastyle occurrence was found in a sample of European twins with a value of 1.7%. The buccal aspect of the mesiobuccal cusp of the permanent maxillary right second molar was the most common site for the parastyle. Inter-observer reliability in scoring was lower than intra-observer reliability. In 10 pairs of twins (seven pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins and three pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins) only two pairs of MZ twins showed concordance for presence of the parastyle. The expression of parastyles likely results from a complex interaction of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences during dental crown development. There may be a relationship between parastyles and supernumerary teeth that are occasionally located buccally to the maxillary molar teeth.
Technical Note: The Definition of New Dental Morphological Variants Related to Malocclusion
Authors: Pilloud Marin A.
Published: March 2018

Since the codification of the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System over 25 years ago, few additional morphological traits have been defined.  This work serves to expand the current suite of traits currently collected by biological anthropologists.  These traits surround various issues of malocclusion and follow clinical definitions of these traits as well as incorporate observed population variation in character states.  These traits include issues of spacing (i.e., diastema and crowding) as well as mandibular and maxillary occlusion (i.e., overbite, underbite).  A discussion of the etiology and utility of these traits in bioarchaeological and forensic anthropological research is also given.
Temporal Profiles of Urban Lighting: Proposal for a research design and first results from three sites in Berlin
Authors: Meier Josiane Maria
Published: March 2018

This paper presents and experimentally applies a research design for studying the temporal dimension of outdoor artificial illumination in complex lightscapes such as those of urban centres. It contributes to filling the gap between analyses of high-resolution aerial imagery, which provide detailed but static information on the spatial composition of lightscapes, and existing methods for studying their dynamics, which measure changes at high levels of aggregation. The research design adopts a small-scale, detailed approach by using close-range time-lapse videos to document the on/off patterns of individual light sources as the night progresses. It provides a framework and vocabulary for discrete and comparative analyses of the identified temporal profiles of lighting. This allows for pinpointing similarities and differences among the dynamics of different places, nights or categories of lighting. Its application to three case studies in Berlin indicate that switch-on and switch-off times are clustered, resulting in static and dynamic phases of the night. Midnight is a temporal fault-line, after which full illumination ends as portions of the illumination are extinguished. Switch-off times and -rates differ among the three lightscapes and, especially, among four functional types of lighting that were differentiated: infrastructural and commercial units largely remain on all night, while substantial portions of architectural and indoor lighting are switched off, though at fairly different times. Such findings are valuable for studies based on data collected at specific points in time (aerial imagery, measurements), for informing and monitoring temporally oriented lighting policies, and for understanding urban dynamics at large.
CmBGI Gene Expression encoding β-glucosidase in melon (Cucumis melo L.) under stress condition
Authors: Rachmawati Yuanita , Aristya Ganies Rizaa , Daryono Budi Setiadi
Published: March 2018

CmBGI is the enzymatic genes encoding β-glucosidase that involved in Abscisic Acid (ABA) metabolism of Cucumis melo L. β-glucosidase promotes the accumulation of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, and it might act as a regulator that mediates melon fruit ripening both climacteric and nonclimacteric. ABA mediates adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Agricultural Balitbang in 1997 showed that there were approximately 158.600 ha of degraded land scattered in three zones of agroecosystems in Yogyakarta (DIY). One of them is Dlingo Bantul area which has a karst type critical land area. Karst provides stress to the certain plant growth. One way to conserve critical land is making this area for agriculture. Cultivar TACAPA and TA were superior melons that have been developed by Genetic Laboratory of Biology Faculty UGM. This preliminary research was conducted to examine molecular characterization of CmBGI gene expression in cultivar TACAPA and TA which are planted in normal condition medium and in critical land medium treatment. Total RNA was extracted from leaf tissue then Reversed Transcriptase (RT-PCR) to collect cDNA library. cDNA was amplified using specific primer. Spectrophotometry was conducted in λ260 nm and electrophoresis run in 1.5% agarose gel. Control of band chosen was Cm-Actin. CmBGI gene concentration of TACAPA and TA in normal condition medium are in succession 578.5 and 579.4 μg/ml then for critical land medium treatment 743.4 and 773.5 μg/ml. CmBGI band was showed both of TACAPA and TA as ± 1258 bp. Cm-actin was showed band of DNA as ± 445 bp. CmBGI gene concentration in critical land medium treatment which is given greater stress on melons are higher than normal condition. This suggests that the CmBGI gene is expressed more in cultivar TACAPA and TA melons when they are grown under stress condition.
Diversitas Arthropoda Gua di kawasan Karst Gunung Sewu, Studi gua-gua di Kabupaten Wonogiri
Authors: Prakarsa Tatag Bagus Putra , Ahmadin Kurnia
Published: March 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap keanekragaman Arthropoda di kawasankarst Gunung Sewu khususnya di wilayah kabupaten Wonogiri. Penelitian ini merupakanpenelitian ekologi komunitas dengan metode Nature Snapshot Experiment (NSE). Penelitian inidilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus 2016, bertempat di 3 gua di kawasan karst Gunung Sewu,yang masuk dalam wilayah administrasi Kabupaten Wonoggiri Jawa Tengah. Arthropoda guayang ditemukan terdiri dari Heteropoda sp., Charon grayi, Theliphonus sp., AsamiidaeF, Philosciasp.,CambalopsidaeF, Geophilus sp., Scutigera sp., TenebrionidaeF, Rhaphidophora dammermani,dan FormicidaeF. Habitat gua Sodong dan Potro Bunder membentuk kelompok tersendiriberdasarkan nilai indeks similaritas Jaccard. Kondisi kerusakan lingkungan gua mendasaripemilihan habitat oleh kelelawar. Sehingga dua gua yang mengelompok hanya dihuni lebihsedikit spesies dibandingkan dengan habitat gua Song Gilap.Kata Kunci: Diversitas, Arthropoda, Gua, Karst Gunung Sewu
Perilaku Reptilia Ketika Gerhana Matahari Parsial di PASTY Yogyakarta
Authors: Praseyto  Moro Hendro Kusumo Eko , N Hanifah , R Tanzilla , R Tanzilla , F Lestariningsih
Published: March 2018

Perilaku Reptilia di Pasar Aneka Satwa & Tanaman Hias Yogyakarta diamati ketika peristiwa gerhana matahari parsial pada 9 Maret 2016. Faktor lingkungan seperti intensitas cahaya, suhu, dan kelembaban udara diamati dan dicatat. Perilaku Kura-Kura, Biawak, dan Ular diamati dengan metode focal point sampling. Ular cenderung memiliki pergerakan yang terbatas, sedangkan biawak dan kura-kura diam sejenak. Perbedaan perilaku reptilia ketika gerhana matahari sebagian ditentukan oleh jenisnya dan faktor lain yang berbeda-beda.
Studi Pencemaran Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dan Kadmium (Cd) pada Ikan Tongkol (Euthynnus sp.) di Pantai Utara Jawa
Authors: Hananingtyas Izzah
Published: March 2018

Logam berat dalam lingkungan perairan akibat pembuangan limbah industri di sepanjang wilayah pantai utara dapat menjadi sumber racun bagi kehidupan perairan. Berdasarkan data penelitian dari Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Provinsi Jawa Tengah diketahui adanya kandungan logam berat di perairan Laut Jawa, memungkinkan adanya kotaminasi pada ikan laut hasil Laut Jawa yang didistribusikan ke masyarakat. Hal ini menyimpang dari peraturan pemerintah yang mengatur dan melindungi keamanan pangan yaitu PP Nomor 28 tahun 2004 tentang Keamanan, Mutu, dan Gizi Pangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mengukur kadar logam berat Pb dan Cd pada ikan tongkol di Pantai Utara Jawa. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional study. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ikan tongkol (Euthynnus sp). Sampel penelitian ini diambil secara purposive sampling yaitu 10 ekor ikan tongkol yang berasal dari daerah Kendal, Rembang, Tuban, Batang, dan Jepara. Hasil penelitian ini berdasarkan Peraturan BPOM tahun 2009 dan SNI 7387 tahun 2009 tentang Batas Maksimum Cemaran Logam Berat pada Makanan, dari 10 sampel terdapat 4 sampel (40%) melebihi batas maksimum cemaran Pb pada ikan (< 0,3 mg/kg) dengan kadar antara 0,420-0,610 mg/kg dan 6 sampel (60%) melebihi batas maksimum cemaran Cd pada ikan (<0,1 mg/kg) dengan kadar antara 0,100-0,300 mg/kg.
Potensi Bakteri Penambat Nitrogen dan Penghasil Hormon IAA Dari Sampel Rhizosfer Paku Epifit Di Mulut Gua Anjani, Kawasan Karst Menoreh
Authors: Purnomo Andi Joko , Anggraeni Anisa , Astuti Rini Kusuma , Lestari Agustin Budi , Antasari Galuh Ajeng
Published: March 2018

Gua Anjani merupakan salah satu gua horizontal yang terletak pada kawasan karst Menoreh, Purworejo, Jawa Tengah.Gua memiliki ekosistem spesifik dengan berbagai organisme pembentuk ekosistem gua, salah satunya bakteri penambat nitrogen.Bakteri penambat nitrogen merupakan bakteri yang berperan dalam penyediaan nitrogen pada tanah karena bakteri tipe ini mampu menambat nitrat dengan mengoksidasi ion ammonium pada tanah sehingga dapat terikat dengan kuat pada komponen-komponen humus yang menyebabkan nitrat tidak mudah terbilas keluar tanah (Schlegel, 1994). Bakteri penambat N lebih banyak dijumpai pada daerah rhizosfir, sedangkan paku epifit banyak ditemukan di mulut gua.Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti akan mengkarakterisasi bakteri penambat nitrogen dan penghasil hormone IAA, menghitung kelimpahannya dan menganalisis kemampuan bakteri tersebut dalam menambat nitrogen sehingga dapat dijadikan salah satu landasan untuk mengembangkan dan memanfaatkan bakteri ini secara lebih lanjut . Bakteri ini akan diisolasi dari sampel tanah yang ada di Gua Nguwik di Kawasan Karst Menoreh, Purworejo, JawaTengah.Berdasarkan penelitian didapatkan hasil pengukuran fiksasi nitrogen pada media NB dengan panjang gelombang 420 nm, pada jam ke 24 didaptkan hasil, isolat T1 memiliki rerata 0,416, G2 sebesar 0,408, dan R2 sebesar 0,402. Kemudian pengukuran pada jam ke 48 didapatkan hasil rerata untuk T1 sebesar 0,457, G2 sebesar 0,635 dan R2 sebesar 0,628. Kemudian dari hasil pengukuran terhadap kepadatan sel pada media NFM diketahui bahwa pada jam ke 24, isolat T1 memiliki rerata 1,605, G2 sebesar 1,682 dan R2 sebesar1,679. Kemudian pada jam ke 48 didapat rerata T1 sebesar 1,764, G2 sebesar 1,725 dan R2 sebesar 1,773.
برنامج تدقيق مقترح لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة
Authors: Hamdan Khawla Hussain
Published: March 2018

إنَ التنمية المستدامة هي الاستغلال الامثل للموارد والثروات بطريقة لا تخل بمقدرات الاجيال القادمة، لذا يهدف البحث الى وضع برنامج تدقيق يتضمن مجموعة من الاجراءات ومبوبة حسب ابعاد التنمية المستدامة (اقتصادية، بيئية، اجتماعية ومؤسسية) ومؤشراتها وحسب وزارات الدولة يضمن مراقبة السياسات واستراتجيات الدولة من قبل الجهات المعنية بالرقابة سواء الداخلية او الخارجية لتحقيق حاجات الاجيال الحالية والمستقبلية وتحقيق الاهداف الانمائية.
توليد الشكل وعلاقته بالهيكل في العمارة الرقمية
Authors: Abdul Jaleel Wjdan Dhyaa
Published: March 2018

وفر توظيف التكنولوجيا الرقمية في العمارة المعاصرة امكانيات جديدة على صعيد خلق الشكل وتصميم الهياكل الانشائية ووسائل انتاج المكونات والانشاء، علاوة على توفير امكانيات اختبار ادائية العمارة. ونتيجة لذلك ظهرت علاقات جديدة بين الشكل المعماري وهيكله الانشائي. وتنوعت تبعا لاختلاف النماذج الرقمية المختارة في بدء العملية الحاسوبية واختلاف المحددات الرقمية المدخلة للبرامج التي يختارها المصمم. وانعكس استخدام البرامج الرقمية في العمارة على واجهات المبنى في الظهور او الاختفاء لقيمة التكتونيك. وفي ضوء ذلك تمثلت مشكلة البحث في: الحاجة الى تحديد طرق توليد الشكل وعلاقته بالهيكل في العمارة الرقمية وأثرها في توفر قيمة التكتونيك في الأنماط الرقمية للواجهات. وتحددت فرضيته في: ان تحديد طرق توليد الشكل وعلاقتها بالهيكل في العمارة الرقمية هي عامل مؤثر في توفر قيمة التكتونيك أو عدم توفرها في الأنماط الرقمية للواجهات.وتحدد هدف البحث في: تحديد طرق توليد الشكل وعلاقته بالهيكل في العمارة الرقمية وأثرها في توفر او عدم توفر قيمة التكتونيك في الأنماط الرقمية للواجهات. اتبع البحث منهجية من خمس خطوات هي: أولا، تصنيف عمليات التصميم في العمارة الرقمية. ثانيا، تحديد عمليات التصميم الهيكلي الرقمي. ثالثا، دراسة تأثير العلاقة بين التصميم المعماري والتصميم الهيكلي للمبنى. رابعا، دراسة دور الأنماط التكتونية في الواجهات المعمارية. خامسا، تحليل تأثير نوع العمليات التصميمية الرقمية و العلاقة بين التصميم المعماري والتصميم الهيكلي للمبنى من  خلال فحص قيمة التكتونيك في الحالات الدراسية المختارة. وتوصل البحث الى ان العملية الرقمية التكاملية في تصميم الشكل والهيكل الانشائي، قد لا توفر قيمة التكتونيك في انماط الواجهات. اذ تعتمد ايضا على نوع العملية التصميمية للواجهات أيضا، وكونها متضمنة أو غير متضمنة في العملية التصميمية الرقمية للشكل أو الهيكل أو كليهما.
أثبات صدق المحتوى واصالة المرسل للرسائل النصية بأستخدام QR code
Authors: Aswad Firas Mohammed , Manty Yaser Ali , Khudair Entesar Ismaeel , Mohammed Ahmed Ihsan
Published: March 2018

في ظل ثورة المعلومات التي يشهدها عالمنا الحديث, اصبحت المراسلات الالكترونية ضرورية ومن المهم حفظ هذه المعلومات المرسلة. لذلك عرضنا هذه التقنية لضمان سلامة محتوى الرسائل وأصالة المرسل عبر شبكات الاتصالات عن طريق تحويل رمز الرسالة إلى أرقام، كل واحد من رموز الرسالة (الحروف والأرقام والرموز) سوف تحول إلى ثلاثة أرقام، الرقم الأول يمثل أسكي كود الرمز، والرقم الثاني يمثل تردد هذا الرمز في الرسالة (عدد المرات التي يظهر فيها هذا الرمز في الرسالة)، والرقم الثالث يمثل العدد الإجمالي لمواقع تكرارات هذا الرمز (يحسب موقع الرمز من الرمز الأول في الرسالة إلى هذا الرمز نفسه وتحسب الفراغات أيضا). وسيتم تحويل التوقيع الرقمي للمرسل إلى أرقام مثل رموز الرسالة كما أوضحناها سابقا، هذه الأرقام للتوقيع الرقمي سوف تجمع معا لإنتاج ثلاثة أرقام فقط، وهذا الرقام الثلاثة تجمع مع أرقام رموز الرسالة ، بعدها تم تحويل هذه الأرقام إلى كيو ار كود، يوضع كيو ار كود مع الرسالة ترسال إلى المستلم. المستلم يقوم بأجراء خطوات المرسل (تكوين كيو ار كود من الرسالة المستلمة) ويتم مقارنة الكيو ار كود ما إذا كان مطابق أم لا. وسيضمن المستلم أن المحتوى آمن، ويؤكد صحة المرسل.
Geometric Properties for a family of p-valent Holomorphic Functions with Negative Coefficients for Operator on Hilbert Space
Authors: Kareem Wanas Abbas , Kadhim Jebur Sema
Published: March 2018

The purpose of the present investigation is to introduce and study a certain subclass  of -valent holomorphic functions with negative coefficients of the operators on Hilbert space in . Moreover, we get a number of geometric properties.
On the(G.n)_ Tupled fixed point theorems in fuzzy metric spacea
Authors: Hussein Maibed Zena
Published: March 2018

The porpose of this paper  is to ntro uc a  concepts of    -  uple ixe oin  and -  uple o idenc oin . And, to st dy  ence of uple inc oi  for any type of m ings. We will also  esta lish some con nce th ms to a unique      f xed oint in the mple etri pac
Analysis of Heat Transfer on Peristaltic Transport of Powell- Eyring Fluid in an Inclined Tapered Symmetric Channel with Hall and Ohm's Heating Influences
Authors: A. Ali Hayat , M. Abdulhadi Ahmed
Published: March 2018

In this paper, we present an analysis of heat transfer on peristaltic flow for Powell- Eyring fluid in an inclined symmetric tapered channel is discussed. Hall effect, velocity, thermal slip conditions, and Ohm's heating are taken into consideration. The governing equations for the balance of mass, momentum and energy are modeled, and then simplified by holding the consideration of long wavelength and low Renolds number approximation. Graphical results are given to analyze the behavior of the parameters emerging in the problem. Effect of Hall parameter and Hartman number on velocity axial have opposite characteristics.
Fixed Point Principles in General b-Metric Spaces and b-Menger Probabilistic spaces
Authors: Salman Abed Salwa
Published: March 2018

In this work, three general principles for existence a fixed point and a common fixed point are proved in types of general metric spaces, which conclude the existence a fixed point of set valued mapping in a general metric space , the existence of common fixed point of three commuting orbitally continuous  condensing mappings and a result of fixed point for set valued condensing mapping defined on probabilistic bounded subset of  Menger probabilistic metric space.
Fabrication of Substitution-Box Initiated Implementing Invertible Mapping and Improving its Competency of Confusion by Complimentâ€™s Mechanism
Authors: Sarfraz Muhammad , Li Yongjin , Ali Fateh , -Ul-Abideen Haroon Zain , Rasheed Akhter
Published: March 2018

In this research article, an innovative strategy is exploited to design a nonlinear component Substitution Box (S-box). To achieve an objective, initially we pick out a one specific sort of primitive irreducible polynomial of degree 8 to generate elements of Galois field . Furthermore, we established a precise category of invertible mapping through an employment of left action of invertible matrix having order of  on  to generate elements of S-box. Moreover, to improve the confusion aptitude of erected S-box we exerted 1â€™s and 2â€™s complimentâ€™s technique for shuffling of an elements of S-box. Eventually, to inspect the capacity of designed S-box we bring into effective action of different procedures from literature such as strict avalanche criterion, nonlinearity, linear approximation probability, bit independence criterion and differential approximation probability.
A Japanese pitch accent practice program and L1 influence on pitch accent acquisition
Authors: Peterson Jeff
Published: March 2018

Recent research has demonstrated that learners of Japanese struggle producing correct Japanese pitch accent. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect learners’ first language (L1) may have on accent acquisition following the introduction and use of a digital Japanese Pitch Accent Learning and Practice (PALP) program in two Japanese courses. The PALP program visually and aurally presents learners with pitch patterns and requires learners to select the correct pitch accent pattern for new vocabulary. Participants’ pitch accent abilities were assessed at the beginning and end of their courses. A mixed design ANOVA was conducted to analyze the effect of learners’ L1 on pitch accent acquisition. Results evince a significant interaction effect between participant group (treatment/control) and L1 (Chinese/English), F(1, 24) = 10.09, p < .01 (η2 = .30). Specifically, English L1 participants in the treatment group considerably outperformed the control group English L1 participants. However, the Chinese L1 participants in both groups performed at approximately equal levels. These results suggest the existence of an L1 influence on pitch accent acquisition.
An Optimality Theoretic analysis of vowel harmony in Kazan Tatar
Authors: Henry Cassidy
Published: March 2018

Kazan Tatar is a Kipchak language spoken in the Republic of Tatarstan (Ethnologue). Previous literature has described a backness harmony system, with weak rounding harmony in the mid vowels (Comrie 1997, Berta 1998, Poppe 1968). This work utilizes novel data to investigate Tatar’s harmony under an Optimality Theory (OT) (Prince & Smolensky 1993) framework, contributing new observations regarding the lack of rounding harmony in Tatar, contrary to previous accounts. Through investigation of Tatar’s harmony system, we gain insight into the workings of the language’s phonology and find crucial evidence for the gradual decay of rounding harmony in Turkic languages.
Generalized head movement
Authors: Arregi Karlos , Pietraszko Asia
Published: March 2018

We argue for a unified account of head movement and lowering in which lowering is in essence the covert movement counterpart of head movement. This proposal is supported by the existence of successive cyclic lowering (evidenced by relative prefix formation in Ndebele), in which complex heads built by lowering have the Mirror-Principle-obeying structure expected under a head movement derivation. It also predicts that lowering can feed head movement, giving the appearance of long head movement, which we argue is the case in Mainland Scandinavian V2.
Comprehending anaphoric presuppositions involves memory retrieval too
Authors: Chen Sherry Yong , Husband E. Matthew
Published: March 2018

We investigate the memory retrieval mechanism that underlies the real-time comprehension of anaphoric presupposition triggers. Using the Drift Diffusion Model, we offer a new experimental argument for the anaphoric view of presuppositions with evidence from the memory retrieval processes associated with the trigger too. We show that the memory representation of the antecedent content that satisfies the presupposition is retrieved via a direct access mechanism, suggesting that anaphoric triggers such as too share the same processing signature of many anaphoric expressions, such as pronouns and VP ellipses.
Focus prosody in Japanese reconsidered
Authors: Mizuguchi Shinobu , Tateishi Koichi
Published: March 2018

Japanese is a pitch accent language where lexical items are divided into two groups: Accented (A) and Unaccented (U). Previous studies suggest that, for A words, focus boosts the pitch of the accent peak and triggers either compression of the pitch range and/or Downstep in the post-focal domain, but they are not clear on how focus on U words is implemented. The purpose of the paper is to examine how focus in Japanese is realized and perceived in various accentual conditions by production and perception experiments which tightly controlled the focus status and accent status of word pairs. We predict that, similar to focus on A words, focused U words will be endowed with F0 Rise and Post-focal Fall, and listeners can identify focus with high accuracy. Our results show that U words have the focal characteristics of F0 Rise and Post-focal Fall, but failed to show up constantly in all sequences considered, which leads to a significant difference in perception between the focus on U words and the one on A words. There are controversies over whether focus builds its own independent prosodic phrase in the Japanese literature. If focus necessarily initiates a new Phonological (Major) Phrase, we would not expect such murky results as ours, so we should conclude that focus does not initiate a new prosodic category, which accords with Ishihara (2003) and others.
Tone sandhi of young Taiwanese speakers
Authors: Hsiao Yuchao E.
Published: March 2018

This paper addresses young Taiwanese speakers’ tone sandhi. A young speaker’s language is often a mixture of Taiwanese and Mandarin; though understanding Taiwanese, he/she frequently responds in Mandarin. This paper establishes a corpus of ‘young Taiwanese’, which reveals three different tone sandhi patterns from ‘general Taiwanese’. First, a j-break (sandhi domain break) may occur after a Xhead. Second, a j-break may occur after an adjunct XP. Finally, a j is restricted within three syllables. Young speakers seldom speak long Taiwanese expressions; they tend to break a long string into short fragments and match them with smaller syntactic or prosodic junctures.
Morphological influences on categorical perception of stop voicing in Welsh
Authors: Anderson Skye , Bell Elise
Published: March 2018

Listeners integrate a wide variety of cues when categorizing speech sounds, including lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic information. We investigate the influence of Initial Consonant Mutation, a morphosyntactically-triggered alternation in the modern Celtic languages, on the categorical perception of stop voicing in Welsh. Once sandhi processes, Celtic mutations are now lexically and morphosyntactically triggered; in particular, Welsh Soft Mutation causes word-initial voiceless stops to become voiced when they are preceded by a triggering word or construction. This paper reports the results of a two-alternative forced choice task that tests the hypothesis that Welsh listeners integrate their knowledge of mutation-triggering environments during speech perception, accepting more ambiguous segments as voiced when preceded by a Soft-Mutation-triggering word relative to a non-triggering word. While the results of the experiment demonstrate categorical perception of stop voicing, no robust effect of mutation environment was found. Several hypotheses as to why the predicted result was not found are considered.
Wh-word conjunction as a test for argumenthood and obligatoriness
Authors: Melchin Paul B. , Toivonen Ida
Published: March 2018

Some wh-words are easier to conjoin than others. For example, it has been noted that adjunct wh-words are easier to conjoin than argument wh-words.  We review previous analyses of wh-word conjunction and evaluate them in light of data collected from a new acceptability judgement study. Our study replicates some previous findings but it also adds some new data to the puzzle. We further revisit the idea that wh-word conjunction can be used as a test for argumenthood, and we conclude that it can, with some caveats.  In addition, we conclude that wh-word conjunction can be used as a test for obligatoriness, but only in arguments.  The test does not distinguish between obligatory and optional adjuncts.
Contradictory (forward) lifetime effects and the non-future tense in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Chen Sherry Yong , Husband E. Matthew
Published: March 2018

Lifetime effects refer to the inferences about the life/death of the individual in sentences with individual-level predicates like ‘Mary is/was blue-eyed’. In English, contradictory lifetime inferences arise when the subject denotes one living and one dead individual (e.g. Saussuredead and Chomskyliving #are/??were both linguists.), but no such inferences arises in Mandarin Chinese, a language that has been considered “tenseless” due to the lack of past tense morphemes. This paper investigates the online processing of contradictory lifetime effects and presents additional empirical observations about “forward lifetime effects”, which suggest that both covert past tense and tenseless accounts of Chinese are inadequate for capturing temporal interpretations in this language; instead, finite clauses in Chinese display a Future/Non-Future distinction and are likely to possess a tense node. We discuss our findings in relation to the typology of tense as well as implications for other superficially tenseless languages.
The cat stalked ?wilily around the house: Morphological dissimilation in deadjectival adverbs
Authors: Ackerman Lauren Marie , Drake Shiloh
Published: March 2018

The adverbial suffix -ly₁ and the adjectival suffix -ly₂ typically do not combine (e.g., *ghost+ly₂+ly₁; 'in a ghostlike manner'). However, phonologically similar strings are attested when one /li/ string is part of the word stem (jollily, compared to: ?smellily, *lovelily). Does morphological structure modulate the acceptability of these words independently from the impact of phonological or usage-based constraints? In two experiments, jolly-type stems are rated more acceptable than smell- and love-type stems, which did not significantly differ from each other. A combination of phonological constraints and increased morphological complexity can account for the observed pattern.
Obligatory dative clitic-doubling of type III experiencers in Bulgnais
Authors: Rubin Edward J.
Published: March 2018

The correlation between the position of the Dative experiencer of a type III psych-verb relative to the verb itself and the obligatory vs. optional nature of an associated Dative clitic has seldom been noted in the literature, and it has never previously been explained. This paper presents relevant new data from Bulgnais (Bologna, Italy), and it proposes that these verbs, in the languages that require the Dative clitic with the preverbal Dative experiencer, have an additional strong lexical property beyond inherent Case licensing. Like Case licensing, this property requires feature checking, which is satisfied alternately by the clitic (unmarked word-order) or by the experiencer phrase. Only when the clitic checks the lexically required feature can the full experiencer move to the preverbal position, because otherwise, it is frozen in a postverbal position by its role in checking the mentioned strong lexical feature, which occurs lower in the verbal domain.
Turkish reduplicative adjectives and adverbs
Authors: Demir Nese
Published: March 2018

This research examines a partial (emphatic) reduplication process in Turkish that forms intensified adjectives/adverbs with one of four linkers m, p, r, and s (e.g., bem.bejaz, ip.iri). This study goes beyond earlier works by investigating the responses of native Turkish speakers to intensifying nonce words without limiting them about the choice of linkers. The results indicate although this reduplication process is influenced by phonology, the selection of linkers is lexically determined in existing Turkish adjectives/adverbs. With nonce words, native speakers appear to adopt secondary strategies that include using a linker copied from the base, omitting a linker, and dissimilation of the linker and the initial consonant of a C-initial base.
Hindi nominal suffixes are bimorphemic: A Distributed Morphology analysis
Authors: Sinha Yash
Published: March 2018

This paper provides a Distributed Morphology (DM) analysis for Hindi nominal (noun and adjectival) inflection. Contra Singh & Sarma (2010), I argue that nominal suffixes contain two morphemes – a basic morpheme, and a restrictedly distributed additional morpheme. The presence of two different morphemes is especially evident when one compares noun and adjectival inflectional suffixes, which Singh & Sarma (2010) do not, since they only look at noun inflection.  I also show that the so-called adjectival inflectional suffixes are not limited to adjectives, and may occur on nouns, provided the noun is not at the right edge of the noun phrase. On the other hand, the regular noun inflection is only limited to nouns at the right edge of the noun phrase. This is demonstrated using a type of coordinative compound found in Hindi. Then, I take the fact that nouns can take either the regular noun inflection or the so-called “adjectival” inflection as motivation for a unified analysis for both sets of suffixes. I demonstrate that after undoing certain phonological rules, the difference between the “adjectival” and regular noun inflectional suffixes can be summarized by saying that the additional morpheme only surfaces in the regular noun inflectional suffixes. Finally, I provide vocabulary entries and morphological operations that can capture the facts about the distribution of the various basic and additional morphemes.
Scale structures in discourse: Discourse-pragmatic properties of Japanese comparative expressions
Authors: Sawada Osamu
Published: March 2018

The Japanese sore-yori ‘lit. than it’ and nani-yori ‘lit. than what’ have a pragmatic use (in addition to semantic use), and their pragmatic functions are highly discourse-sensitive. In terms of scalarity, the pragmatic sore-yori is non-endpoint-oriented in that it conventionally implicates that U in sore-yori(U) is preferable to the previous utterance. In contrast, the pragmatic nani-yori is endpoint-oriented in that it conventionally implicates that U in nani-yori(U) is preferable to any alternative utterance. In this paper I argue (i) that these two types of scalar meanings at the level of conventional implicaure (CI) are derived compositionally by the single yori ‘than’, and (ii) that various kinds of discourse-pragmatic functions of sore-yori and nani-yori―such as “topic shifting” in sore-yori, and “priority listing” and “additive reinforcing” in nani-yori―automatically arise from the interaction between the expression’s scale structures (endpoint vs. non-endpoint scales) and Grice’s conversational maxims (relevance, manner). This paper shows that scale structures play a crucial role in managing the direction of discourse and that there is a rich interaction between CIs and general conversational maxims in pragmatic comparative expressions.
Inverse scope and unaccusativity alternation
Authors: Oku Satoshi
Published: March 2018

In this paper, I first review evidence for the claim that there is an inverse correlation between Japanese scrambling and QR: that is, Japanese is scope rigid because it allows scrambling as a syntactic option (Szabolcsi 1997, Bobaljik and Wurmbrand 2012). According to Bobaljik and Wurmbrand’s approach, QR is blocked in Japanese because Japanese has scrambling. There are, however, cases in which apparent inverse scope is easily available in Japanese (Oku 2010), which is problematic to Bobaljik and Wurmbrand and to any theoretical attempt to account for Szabolcsi’s inverse correlation. To explain this conflicting situation, I will propose that verbs involved in such apparent counterexamples are actually unaccusatives so that the surface subject is the underlying complement of the verb: the apparent inverse scope is read off at the underlying structure where the surface subject is c-commanded by the PP. As independent evidence for the unaccusasivity of the verbs in question, I will show that the floating quantifier fact (Miyagawa 1989) confirms what I propose. Further, the unaccusativity alternation in Japanese (reported by Yamada 1998) is endorsed by the inverse scope facts explored in this paper.
What motivates high vowel deletion in Québec French: Foot structure or tonal profile?
Authors: Guzzo Natália Brambatti , Goad Heather , Garcia Guilherme D.
Published: March 2018

Previous studies have argued that high vowel deletion (HVD) in Québec French is constrained by iterative iambic footing (Guzzo, Goad & Garcia 2016, Garcia, Goad & Guzzo 2017; see also Verluyten 1982), since it preferentially applies in even-numbered syllables from the right edge of the word. In this paper, we compare this hypothesis with an alternative hypothesis: HVD is constrained by the optionally-realized phrase-initial H tone (Jun & Fougeron 2000, Thibault & Ouellet 1996). We report on a judgement task in which two- and four-syllable nouns with HVD in the initial syllable are placed in phrases of different profiles (No determiner, Determiner + noun, Determiner + adjective + noun). If tonal profile plays a role in HVD, HVD in four-syllable nouns in phrases where the noun is in isolation or preceded by a determiner alone should be dispreferred, since the initial syllable of the noun is assigned the optional H tone in these contexts. Our results do not confirm this: HVD is favored in four-syllable nouns over two-syllable nouns, regardless of phrase type. We explain this finding by expanding our previous proposal: HVD is regulated by foot structure, but is dispreferred when it targets the head foot (where the obligatory phrase-final prominence is realized).
Mandarin Chinese sentence final de as a marker of private evidence
Authors: Soh Hooi Ling
Published: March 2018

In this paper, I present new empirical observations regarding discourse restrictions and interpretative effects associated with Mandarin Chinese sentence final de in a bare de sentence. I propose an analysis of de as a discourse marker that marks “private evidence”.  I then consider a prediction of the analysis regarding the distribution of de in yes/no questions.  I show that the pattern of restrictions observed with de in yes/no questions follows from the proposed analysis, coupled with a specific proposal about the syntax of de, and certain standard assumptions about the syntax of yes/no questions and modal auxiliaries.  Specifically, I argue that de heads a projection below TP and above a modal projection for non-epistemic modals.  I then discuss apparent counter-examples to the proposed discourse restrictions and suggest that the apparent counter-examples are not bare de sentences, but rather shi…de sentences with a silent shi.  The proposed analysis has implications on the syntax of modal auxiliaries, the relation between bare de sentences and shi…de sentences, and the syntax of discourse particles.  It connects de with discourse particles that mark the speaker’s belief about whether the (evidence for the) asserted proposition is shared knowledge between the speaker and the hearer and whether the (evidence for the) proposition is “verifiable on the spot” (e.g., German ja (Kratzer 1999, 2004; Gutzmann 2009); English parenthetical I’m telling you (Reese and Soh 2018)).
Postsyntactic inflection of the degree phrase in German
Authors: Hanink Emily Anne
Published: March 2018

Recent treatments of concord contend that adjectival inflection occurs postsyntactically through the insertion of Agr nodes onto individual, concord-bearing heads after Spell-Out (i.a. Norris 2012, 2014). I examine these claims through the lens of degree modification in German, which demonstrates that current formulations of this approach are untenable. I argue however that a postsyntactic treatment of (adjectival) concord can in fact be maintained if Agr node insertion occurs phrasally at DegP, and not at adjectival heads. This account explains i) an observed difference between the inflection of analytic vs. synthetic degree expressions in both simple and complex modifiers, and ii) a puzzle involving across-the-board inflection of coordinated adjectives, which I argue to involve pointwise attachment of Agr.
Investigating a possible “musician advantage” for speech-in-speech perception: The role of f0 separation
Authors: Cohn Michelle D
Published: March 2018

Does listeners’ musical experience improve their ability to perceive speech-in-speech? In the present experiment, musicians and nonmusicians heard two sentences played simultaneously: a target and a masker sentence that varied in terms of fundamental frequency (f0) separation. Results reveal that accuracy in identifying the target sentence was highest for younger musicians (relative to younger nonmusicians). No such difference was observed between older musicians and nonmusicians. These results provide support for musicians’ purported advantage for speech-in-speech – but the advantage is limited by listener age. This work is relevant to our understanding of cross-domain transfer of nonlinguistic experience on speech perception.
Durational cues to stress, final lengthening, and the perception of rhythm
Authors: Lunden Anya
Published: March 2018

Binary stress languages have a well-known asymmetry between their tolerance of initial versus final lapse; the former being extremely rare and the latter being quite common. Lunden (to appear) proposes that final lengthening plays a role in this asymmetry, as the additional inherent phonetic duration of the final syllable can contribute to the continuation of a perceived rhythm, even in the absence of actual final stress. She notes this effect of final lengthening should only be available in languages that use duration as a cue to stress. However, some languages are described as having different cues to primary and secondary stress, and it is not clear which is more important for this perceptual effect. The results of four new studies show that final lengthening contributes to the perceptual rhythm of the word even when only one level of stress is cued with duration.