bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND GLOBAL POLITICS: GERMANY’S CULTURAL DIPLOMACY: A POLITICAL-LOGICAL CASE STUDY OF FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG IN VIETNAM
Authors: FARSHAD BADIE NGUYEN MANH CUONG,
Published: June 2023

The trend of cultural diplomacy extends beyond the jurisdiction of the state and encompasses the promotion of "national culture" and interactive international cultural exchange, particularly the functions of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) financed by the government, the paper selects the case study of Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) as a non-government organization where the German government finances FES to accomplish some missions of the foreign policies of Germany to have global influence in Vietnam and other countries. The paper argues that the cultural diplomacy of FES has not fully complied with their missions and values of the German government as follows. First, there is the political value conflict between German democratic system where the German political values of civil society, human rights and multi-party system are considered as the threats to the current political system of Vietnam. Second, VCP considers cultural diplomacy as Soviet-style propaganda, where they tend to use the funding of FES as the propaganda tool to disseminate their values and their success, to consolidate the power of Vietnam Communist Party(VCP). Third, as the Western and the Sinic culture conflict emerged, when China uses the sharp power to implicitly counter against the cultural diplomacy of FES (NED, 2017). Thus, FES is not allowed directly to cooperate with civil society in Vietnam. The paper proposes that FES needs to restructure its strategies to partner with civil society sector, rather than only VCP and its partners to strengthen German soft and smart power in Vietnam.The paper has also, relying on a cognitive-logical model, argued that cultural diplomacy is a function that attempts to transform Germany’s (and Vietnam’s) values into Vietnam’s (and German’s) values in order to construct a collaborative mutual understanding of the world for them. The cultural diplomacy function is a developer of the phenomena of ‘meaning’ and ‘development’ for both Germany and Vietnam in the context of their interactions and communications.
PATENTABILITY OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS IN INDIA
Authors: RAHI SAMUEL ALHAT, SUKHVINDER SINGH DARI
Published: June 2023

The hESC research with recent developments has become one of the most desirable research fields for the scientist. The reason behind such an approach is basically the great potential to treat and cure the human race of very incurable diseases. Countries around the world have amended their policies with regards to stem cells in such a way as to enhance the advantage as the stem cell market is a trillion-dollar market. The research procedure involving patentable invention is time-consuming and requires many expenses, so the investor is always keener to know if they will get any monetary benefit. Though the medical field promises about importance of stem cell and biotechnological research, there are concerns in some countries, such as India, about potential policy implications that would affect the patenting innovations in this industry. As India lacks a coherent legislative policy regarding stem cell patenting, it is creating more confusion for research in stem cell research. Often, researchers do not want to be involved in the said research because India lacks any specific laws in said fields apart from so-called guidelines provided in 2017 with an amendment to Drug and Cosmetic Act in 2019. Patent laws play a vital role in industrial advancement, thus helping a country's economy. To enter the race of development, countries worldwide have developed their patent laws so that they achieve maximum benefits out of it. In India, with patent laws, moral, cultural and religious beliefs also play a vital role in granting a patent, specifically in the Human Embryonic Stem Cell patent.  The Article discusses topics that a researcher must be familiar with when discussing patentability issues. A few of these topics include the morality debate, stem cell and biotechnological research, and Stem cell research's patentability. Additionally, this Article identifies the discrepancies between the laws governing stem cell research within India.
UNIVERSITY AUTONOMY POLICY IN HUMAN RESOURCES: CASE STUDY IN VIETNAM
Authors: HONG LUU THUY
Published: June 2023

University autonomy in the field of human resources is a matter of concern in policy as well as higher educational thinking in Vietnam. Currently, there are more than 20 Vietnamese universities conducting autonomy in terms of human resources according to the state's university autonomy policy. In fact, the understanding, implementation and application of this policy in the educational environment of each university is different, so the positive or negative changes at more than 20 universities are also quite diverse, creating cognitive obstacles for policy makers. The article approaches from the perspective of public policy to analyze the actual implementation and actual changes of 23 universities when conducting autonomy in the field of human resources, in order to provide an overview of this issue and offers several policy implications for Vietnam.
REVIEWING THE CONCEPT OF NOTARY CIVIL PARTNERSHIP IN INDONESIAN LEGAL ARRANGEMENT
Authors: ANNISA ANGRAINI DAULAY, FX. JOKO PRIYONO, R. BENNY RIYANTO
Published: June 2023

The shift to a notary which was originally prohibited is now allowed after Indonesia has its own Regulations regarding the Notary Position. In practice in Indonesia, only a few notaries form partnerships, this is different from the notaries in the Netherlands, where the majority of them form alliances with other professions. The purpose of this study is to determine the essence of the concept of a notary civil partnership in Indonesia and how the concept of a notary civil partnership exists. The research method used is a normative/doctrinal legal research method using three (3) approaches, namely, statue approach, historical approach, comparative approach, and interviews. The results of the study show that the essence of a notary civil partnership is to provide efficiency that can elevate the dignity related to the welfare of a notary in order to have a proper office and improve legal services and services. The current concept is only limited to a joint office, in terms of office management but not for doing work, considering that the work of a notary is individual
THE DISSOLUTION OF DESCENDED CASTE MARRIAGE AND ITS IMPLICATION ON BALINESE WOMEN: HUMAN RIGHT PERSPECTIVES
Authors: I. NYOMAN SUJANA, FAISAL SANTIAGO, EDY LISDIONO
Published: June 2023

This paper analysis the dissolution of inter-caste marriages, nyerod ‘descended caste’ marriages, and their implications for Balinese women in the perspective of human rights. The focus of this research is the position of Balinese triwangsa caste women (those who are from Brahmana, Ksatriya, and Wesya) whose nyerod marriages are dissolved. The method used was the empirical legal research method using a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, an analytical approach, a sociological approach and a human rights approach. As an analytical tool for the legal issues studied, the theory of Human Rights (HAM) was applied because factually the Balinese customary law community is still attached to the recognition of caste even though there has been a Bali DPRD decision Number 11 of 1951 which negates the implementation Patiwangi ceremony, the ceremony of neutralizing one's caste position. The data used were obtained through direct observation and interviews with informants based on purposive sampling technique. The result of the analysis shows that the existence of caste in the Balinese customary law community is actually a burden for triwangsa women whose marriages are dissolved, because the Balinese triwangsa women who have chosen the nyerod marriages are considered out of their original caste, so they can no longer be recognized as part of the triwangsa clan, even though from a human rights perspective the Balinese customary law community highly respects human rights. However, in the event that the marriage was dissolved, socio-culturally it turned out that the elderly people from Puri or Griya, those who belong to triwangsa did not re-recognize the caste of Balinese women who were returning to their home family, even though they were their own biological children. The strong attitude of the elderly people of the Puri or Griya palaces in refusing nyerod marriages bring implication that the triwangsa women were afraid and ashamed to return to their original homes/family because they feel they are no longer part of the triwangsa clan.
PARENTING METHODS, INFORMATION, AND ATTITUDES IN FORMING ENTREPRENEURIAL INTERESTS OF STUDENTS OF SMK (STM) NEGERI I AND II PADANG CITY
Authors: YULFI DESI RUSMARDI,
Published: June 2023

This study aims to reveal a significant linear relationship of parenting method variables (X1), information (X2), and attitude (X3) together to the formation of interest in entrepreneurship (Y). The research hypothesis that will be answered through this research is: there is a significant linear relationship of parenting methods, information, and attitudes together with the formation of entrepreneurial interest. The instrument used to collect data is a questionnaire that was developed from parenting methods, information, and attitudes toward forming an interest in entrepreneurship. Calculating scores using a Likert scale model. Data collected parenting methods, information, attitudes towards the formation of interest in entrepreneurship. Data were analyzed by logistic regression and for dummy variables with scores above the median = 1, and scores below the median = 0. The results of the data analysis showed that: there was a significant linear relationship between parenting methods, information, and attitudes together. the same towards the formation of entrepreneurial interest in SMK (STM) Negeri I and II Padang City students.
HOW MOTIVATIONAL LEADERSHIP CAN POSITIVELY AFFECT THE MENTAL HEALTH OF EMPLOYEES, LEADING TO BETTER PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: HENE L. HAPINAT SAGAR SRIVASTAVA,
Published: June 2023

The mental health of employees is a crucial aspect of workforce welfare. An organization can stay productive and deliver quality performance when the work environment positively supports the mental well-being of employees. To ensure this productivity, leadership plays a significant role in an organization. There are different types of leadership that can promote the personal and professional development of employees. However, motivational leadership goes a step ahead and connects this scope of development with the innate enthusiasm and willingness of the individual. Motivational leadership induces and emphasizes the constructive side of the workforce, stimulating them to work toward a shared goal. Such leadership is dynamic and has the potential to enable employee motivation leading to better productivity. Therefore, our study's purpose is to analyze this potential and explore how different motivational leadership characteristics positively impact employees’ mental health. The present study will utilize a phenomenological research design to perform qualitative research on 30 participants working in a particular organization. Each respondent will be given questionnaires they will fill out and submit to the research team. The responses will be coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. The expected finding is that motivational leadership positively affects employees' mental health.
THE INFLUENCE OF BRAND EQUITY ON CUSTOMERS’ LOYALTY THE MEDIATING ROLE OF SATISFACTION (THE CASE OF LEBANESE SMES: CONFECTIONARY TRADE)
Authors: TABIAAT AHMAD
Published: June 2023

As competition between market players intensifies, customer satisfaction and loyalty are significant organizational concerns. This research aims to study the influence of antecedent variables influencing consumer loyalty. It aims to inspect the effect of brand equity on consumer loyalty, taking consumer satisfaction as a mediating variable.  Consumer satisfaction and loyalty are imperative for Lebanese SMEs. The research is an explanatory, descriptive study presenting a theoretical and analytical framework. This research adopted the survey as a research strategy in a cross-sectional time horizon. It adopts the logic of positivism with a quantitative approach based on a questionnaire. The latter supports quantifiable results and statistical analysis. 384 valid questionnaires were collected online from Lebanese consumers of confectionery brands as a field of study. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of brand equity on consumer loyalty through consumer satisfaction as a mediating variable. This study was conducted on Lebanese consumers taking Lebanese confectionary brands as a field of study. The study highlighted that consumer loyalty is highly influenced by brand equity dimensions and consumer satisfaction, respectively. Therefore, Perceived quality, Brand awareness, Brand association, Brand Trust, and Staff behavior affect customer satisfaction on consumers' satisfaction (R2=0.656). Thus, a 65% variation in customer satisfaction is explained by a unit change in these retained dimensions of brand equity.
THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER POLLUTION IN MALAYSIA: AN ANALYSIS
Authors: KHAIRUNNIZAM MUHAMAD IDERES, AINEE ADAM, SARAH TAN YEN LING
Published: June 2023

Despite the increasing importance of water resources sustainability in the country, river pollution issues in Malaysia remain critical and unresolved. This paper focuses on the legal framework concerning water pollution in Malaysia as a means to identify some possible gaps since the Federal Constitution was drafted post-independence, albeit with latter revisions and amendments. Data were obtained from documents retrieved from primary and secondary sources. Analysis of data showed that serious water pollution issues can be dealt with  through several options. First, to examine existing constitutional provisions, laws and policies and to identify  the gaps, and where necessary, to address the shortfalls. For instance, to amend  the constitution so that there is a clear definition of “environment”. Second, to consult the National Land Council in matters involving the State and Federal. This paper contributes to literature by offering insights into the possible measures in tackling water pollution issues, despite the gaps existing in the constitutional provision, which had not been explored in the same level of detail in existing literatures.
EFFICACY OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT) FOR ANXIETY AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: SOBIA SHAH SYEDA RAZIA BUKHARI, MARYAM RIAZ,
Published: June 2023

Objective: Current study focuses on analyzing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.

Methods: This systematic review is taken through screening last ten years (2013- 2023) of clinical trials conducted on children and adolescents having anxiety applying CBT intervention. All data were taken from Scopus, Elsevier, PubMed, PsycARTICLES, and science direct.

Results: The compilation of n=8 inclusive clinical trials of the last ten years show the positive effects of CBT application in reducing anxiety symptoms.

Conclusion: It is concluded that there should be more research conducted on different regions of the world to maximize the significance of psychological interventions.
A LEGAL DISCOURSE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIMINALITY AND ENVIRONMENT
Authors: BAHADAR ALI, MUHAMMAD ASIF KHAN, ARSHAD NAWAZ KHAN
Published: June 2023

There is no doubt that crime is one of the most serious challenges ever mankind faced with, it is the general feeling that the curse of crime is increasing and the situation is deteriorating. Though attempts have been made to reduce the ratio of crime from many angles like through policy implementation and punishments, but this paper tries to highlight the relationship between crime and environment. The paper commence with a brief overview of environment; how human being interacts and changes the environment, and goes further providing a brief discussion about the interaction between crime and both natural as well as physical environmental factors. The paper is focused on the concept of environmental justice and examines the complex relation between crime and environment and leads to control crime through environmental design. It is hoped that this information should help in developing the new and innovative ways to better serve our community.
FACULTY CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ON THE EMERGING DIGITAL LEARNING PLATFORMS DURING COVID-19 ERA
Authors: RONILO G. BERONDO
Published: June 2023

This study investigates the challenges and opportunities encountered by faculty members in Guimaras State College, Philippines, during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically in the 2020-2021 school year. The study involved 107 purposively selected faculty members. The objective of the study was to determine how the faculty adapted to the emerging digital learning platforms in response to the pandemic. The study utilized a survey questionnaire to gather data, and the results showed that the faculty members encountered various challenges in adapting to the digital platforms, such as inadequate technical skills and limited access to technology. However, the study also found that the faculty members perceived some opportunities from the shift to digital learning, such as increased flexibility and accessibility of educational resources. The study suggests that the faculty members need support and training to improve their technical skills and increase access to technology.
THE IMPACT OF THE CLASSICAL GUITAR LEARNING MODEL GIPTUBAN BASED ON ELABORATION THEORY FOR INCREASE COGNITIVE STUDENT
Authors: ADINA SASTRA SEMBIRING, ABDUL HAMID K, SAHAT SIAGIAN
Published: June 2023

This study aims to know the impact of learning models guitar classic gift ban based theory elaboration for increasing cognitive student. Procedure development of learning models Elaboration refers to the development model ADDIE consists of over 2 (two) stages. They are stage pre-development and stage development. Stage pre-development includes: analysis (analysis) and design (design), and moderate stage development include development (development), implementation (implementation), and evaluation (evaluation). The research design used at the stage This is a study quantitative experiment To compare the effectiveness of learning models elaboration with the usual model during this (direct instructions). Study This uses design study Posttest-Only Control Design To measure the effectiveness of the learning model Class elaboration experiment compared to class control uses comparison aspect mean value cognitive. Test effectiveness This compares results Study cognitive between class control with treat learning models direct instruction as many as 20 people and results Study cognitive class experiment with the treatment of learning models GiptuBan as many as 22 people. Before analyzing hypothesis test effectiveness, especially formerly perform an assumption test normality and homogeneity of data. The data normality test is known that sig. Results Study cognitive class control of 0.279 > 0.05 and the sig. results Study cognitive class experiment of 0.206 > 0.05. So we can conclude that the second outcome data group Study cognitive good class control and class experiment is normally distributed. Data homogeneity test is known that sig. The test of homogeneity of variances test results Study cognitive class control and class experiment of 0.534 > 0.05. So it can be concluded that the two groups of data on cognitive learning outcomes, both the control class and the experimental class, are homogeneous. Hypothesis Test is known that sig. Equal variances assumed on independent samples test for test results Study cognitive class control and class experiment of 0.001 <0.05, then Ha is accepted. So it can be concluded that there are significant differences in cognitive aspects of learning outcomes between the control classes compared to the experimental class in guitar courses. Test effectiveness product study is known that results Study aspect cognitive class experiment using the application of learning models GiptuBan obtain t value count of 3,654 more from mark t table 1.683, then Ha is accepted. It means results Study aspect cognitive on the application of learning models GiptuBan taller in a manner significant compared to with results Study aspect cognitive students on the application of learning models direct instructions.
ROLE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES USAGE IN WELL-BEING OF STUDENTS
Authors: RENU
Published: June 2023

New forms of social interaction has been facilitated by the internet; its extensive usability and access is the main reason of this. Mobile phones has made the use of internet even more accessible all over the world. Internet is used by users for various purposes mostly to read daily news,  weather forecast, sports details, plan vacations and  search the topics of  their interests. But in the present time  internet is used particularly for interaction  on  social  media, chatting,  sending message,  sharing  photos  and  staying  in  touch  with  friends  and relatives worldwide. It has become an important part of everyone’s life across all the ages for communication purpose. It has evolved as a most powerful communication tool over the past decade, for sharing information in the society. SNSs have a large number of young users, that’s why a significant impact on the psychological and social development of youth like well-being and friendship quality is very much apparent. Numerous studies have been conducted to study the  relationship between social networking sites and  well-being of teenagers. This paper is an attempt to throw light on the role of social networking sites in well-being of students.
PIVOTAL ROLE OF RESOLUTION PROFESSIONAL IN CIRP UNDER IBC
Authors: MAHENDER PAL ARORA, VIKALP SHRIVASTAVA
Published: June 2023

The paper describes the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 of India and role of resolution professional in the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process of distressed corporate debtor. It cannot be denied that role of the resolution professional is very important in the success or failure of the CIRP. In all activities starting from the filing of the application for CIRP and till its completion, the resolution professional is involved in one way or the other. An attempt has been made to understand and evaluate as to how and in what manner, the resolution professional helps to achieve the objectives of the IBC and appraises its efficiencies against a number of benchmarks.
TEACHING POSITIVE LEARNING APPROACHES FOR POLITICAL THEORY SUBJECTS IN THE DIGITAL AGE.
Authors: LE THI TAM, TRAN VAN DIEN, PHAN HOANG MAU
Published: June 2023

With the explosion of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the digitalization of economic, social, and cultural life in countries around the world is changing rapidly, and education is no exception. The development of science, technology, and engineering is altering the way teaching and learning are conducted, necessitating changes in teaching methods and learning approaches. This article will elucidate the impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on teaching and learning, and propose some positive teaching methods for current political theory subjects.
REFORMS TO BE MADE IN ADR LAWS- A COMPARITIVE STUDY WITH UK LAWS
Authors: SHAKTHI JAYANTH S, KAVITHA DURAI
Published: June 2023

Due to its quicker and more effective alternative to the traditional court system, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has grown in significance within India's legal system. The current ADR legislation in India were passed more than 20 years ago, and since then, they have undergone some changes. However, in order to address the current issues the ADR system is facing, further extensive reforms are required. This essay examines the current ADR rules in India, examines the difficulties the system faces, and contrasts them with the UK's ADR legislation. The report makes suggestions for ADR legislative amendments in India based on the UK model. The report emphasises the necessity for strengthening the Indian ADR system to increase its effectiveness because it is still in its infancy. The ADR system has difficulties such as inadequate training of ADR practitioners, low public awareness of the ADR system, and the requirement for an efficient enforcement mechanism. The article makes the case that India's ADR regulations could be improved by using the UK model as a model. The ADR system in the UK is more extensive, with many ADR mechanisms that are well-regulated and have explicit standards on the education and training requirements for ADR practitioners. The study concludes by advising India to implement extensive reforms to strengthen its ADR laws. The suggested reforms include broadening the use of ADR procedures, creating a governing organisation for ADR practitioners, establishing minimal requirements for the education and experience of ADR practitioners, and creating a strong enforcement system. India can enhance the efficiency and efficacy of its ADR system by adopting the UK model of ADR laws. This will assist to decrease the backlog of cases in the courts, provide timely justice to litigants, and lessen the strain on the judiciary.
PRINCIPALS` DECISION-MAKING STRATEGIES AND TEACHERS PRODUCTIVITY IN DELTA STATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS, NIGERIA
Authors: ISABELLA EZINWA OSSAI A. G., OKOKOYO,
Published: June 2023

This study focuses on principals’ decision making strategies and teachers’ productivity I public secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria.  A descriptive research survey was used in this study. All principals and teachers of secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria participated in the study. A sample of 60 principals and 900 teachers was selected. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided this study. Data were collected using the Principals Decision Making and Teachers Productivity Questionnaire(PDMTPQ). The scale was validated by two experts. Reliability co-efficient of  0.82 was obtained using the Cronbach  alpha reliability. The mean and standard deviation were used  to answer the research questions and the benchmark for acceptance level was 2.50. Hypotheses were tested using the Z-test with a significance level of 0.05. The results show that principals involve teachers in decision-making in secondary schools, and that principals' decision-making processes influence teachers’ productivity. It was recommended among others that teachers need to be more involved in the decision-making process, and administrators should ensure that implementation stages are followed accordingly as agreed by the stakeholders involved in making the decision.
RATIONALIZING THE INVESTMENT DECISION USING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHICAL PROCESS (AHP)
Authors: HATEM KARIM KADHIM EMAD ABEES ATSHAN ALJUHAISHI,
Published: June 2023

The research aims by presenting one of the quantitative methods, which is the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP), and its impact on evaluating investment projects and comparing them, and developing an effective mechanism to rationalize investment decision-making, which is one of the most important and complex types of decisions and the most risky due to its future strategic dimensions and the length of its period, so it must be dealt with These decisions are more objective and not limited to only the financial aspect represented by calculating the cash inflows and outflows of the project, and the need to base these decisions on studied evaluation methods that are in line with the current conditions and contribute to the effective use of available resources, achieving the highest rates of economic growth and solving some economic and social problems. Where four investment projects will be evaluated, the company (subject of study) intends to compare them to choose the best project, with the identification of six criteria for comparison and evaluation, which are (quality, profits, costs, sustainability, geographical location, and delivery on time), and the study concluded that the hierarchical analysis process is a method Suitable for evaluating investment projects, as it takes into account the integration of financial and non-financial criteria side by side, calculating the relative importance of each criterion, and filling the gaps that the traditional approach cannot address due to its lack of flexibility and dependence primarily on financial criteria only, and not taking non-financial factors into account. The study recommended focusing It depends on many criteria when choosing between a group of investment projects, especially non-financial ones, and does not focus on financial criteria only such as costs and future cash flows of the project as a basis for the comparison process between the available alternatives.
THE US-CHINESE RACE IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: MNEKHIR HAZIM JERRI
Published: June 2023

This research aims to analyze the challenges and opportunities facing the US-Chinese race in the field of artificial intelligence. The descriptive and analytical approach was used to analyze data and information available from various sources, including reports, press articles, and academic research. The results show that China has a competitive advantage in the field of artificial intelligence, thanks to its ambitious national plans and huge investments in this field, and this makes the United States face A big challenge in the competition with China. Among the main challenges facing the United States is the lack of government investment in the field of artificial intelligence, in addition to problems related to privacy and security and the rapid shifts in technology. The research also includes an analysis of some of the opportunities the United States can seize to make further advances in AI, such as increasing government investment, improving education, and strengthening international partnerships. In the end, this research enhances the general understanding of the accelerating transformations in the field of artificial intelligence and helps to identify the necessary measures to enhance the technical and research capabilities of the United States and China in this field, and to identify areas in which one country can obtain a competitive advantage in this field, which contributes to To achieve leadership in this field.
COLLECTIVE MECHANISMS TO COMPENSATE VICTIMS OF TERRORIST CRIMES
Authors: AHMED MUSTAFA ALI QUTAIBA SULAIMAN HAMEED ALBORISHA,
Published: June 2023

Today, the world is witnessing an unparalleled escalation in terrorist operations, in which civilians of all ages are often victims, and perhaps what Iraq witnessed in the recent period of terrorist operations carried out by ISIS and accepted by al-Qaeda is the best evidence of that, so in the absence of ability The perpetrators of these crimes must pay compensation for many reasons. Either because the perpetrator of these crimes is unknown or has been killed, the primary responsibility for compensation lies with the state, as it is obligated to compensate the victims for the damage they sustained as a result of terrorist operations, and we have indicated in this letter To the issue of the state’s responsibility in compensation and its amount, as well as to address the collective mechanisms of compensation(Insurance and Guarantee Funds), which we focused on in an integrated chapter, and which we call on the Iraqi legislator to explicitly adopt them by stipulating them in the laws because these mechanisms have a very important role in compensating the victims of terrorist crimes as they urgently replace the perpetrator of the crime in the face of the victim and this is limited The same constitutes an important guarantee in ensuring compensation for those affected by terrorist crimes.
MEASURING AND ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF THE INFLATIONARY GAP OF THE MONETARY STABILITY COEFFICIENT ON THE EXCHANGE RATE IN IRAQ FOR THE PERIOD (2003-2020)
Authors: AHMED HASHEM ABDEL REDA MOHAMED MAYH SHABIB AL-SHAMMARI,
Published: June 2023

That the Iraqi economy suffers in most years of the study from a widening problem of the inflationary gap according to the monetary stability measure, as the main reason for the emergence of the inflation gap according to the monetary stability standard is due to the lack of a proportional relationship between the growth rate of the money supply and the growth rate of the gross domestic product, as well as the character of Iraq With economic openness to global markets after 2003, through which Iraq's oil exports rose as a result of lifting economic sanctions, the exchange rate policy is an important tool in linking the local economy with the global economy, as well as the exchange rate affects macroeconomic variables, and there is a reciprocal relationship between the gap inflation and the exchange rate.
EXAMINING TAX RATES, TERRORISM, AND TRADE OPENNESS AS DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN PAKISTAN: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT
Authors: FARHAD HUSSAIN, SUN JIANFU
Published: June 2023

Foreign direct investment is crucial for economic development, particularly in emerging economies. Recently, developing countries has seen a rise in the rate of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on an annual basis. Tax holidays, investment allowances, exemptions, deductions, and other tax breaks are some of the incentives that a number of countries are providing in an effort to attract more foreign direct investment (FDI). The purpose of this study is to investigate how decisions about foreign direct investment (FDI) are affected by Pakistan's tax system. Specifically, researchers analyzed the impact of the statutory corporation tax rate, the real effective exchange rate, terrorism, and trade openness on foreign direct investment, with GDP growth serving as the controlled variable. Data from time series covering the years 1986 to 2021 are used. The data was compiled using the World Development Indicator (WDI) and the Economic Survey of Pakistan. Researchers used the empirical methods of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Error Correction Model (ECM). The findings indicated that low taxes encouraged long-term FDI relationships between Pakistan and international investors. The statutory corporate tax rate, the real effective exchange rate, and the threat of terrorism are all independent variables that have a negative and significant influence on foreign direct investment. In addition, the findings showed that a significant and favorable influence on foreign direct investment (FDI) was achieved by an increase in both trade openness and GDP growth. It is suggested that developing countries decision-makers implement measures that reduce taxes in order to attract foreign direct investment. In this context, the government must review its foreign direct investment formulation goals.
POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN TRANSNATIONAL CRIME FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CRIMINAL LAW IN INDONESIA
Authors: HERNAWATI RAS, NUGRAHA PRANADITA, IMAS ROSIDAWATI WIRADIRJA
Published: June 2023

Any crime can essentially become a transnational crime, as long as it contains foreign elements. Transnational crimes can also occur in all countries around the world. Therefore, transnational crime is a common problem of nations around the world, and one of the mechanisms that can be used to address it is through international conventions and treaties. The era of the fourth industrial revolution is a knowledge-based era, where various alternatives for fulfilling human needs are more knowledge-based. It is an era characterized by massive utilization of digital technology and artificial intelligence in various aspects of human life. The dark side of the fourth industrial revolution era is that the rapid development of science and technology is not only utilized for improving human quality of life and happiness, but also misused to commit crimes. The problem of this research is whether the criminal law in Indonesia is able to solve legal problems related to transnational crimes committed using advanced science and technology.This research is normative juridical research, using secondary data which is then categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are then analysed qualitatively. The research approach used is a combination of legal and conceptual approaches.The results of this research are that Indonesian criminal law is only able to enforce criminal law within the jurisdiction of Indonesia. Although assisted by international conventions and treaties, Indonesian criminal law has not been able to enforce the law against transnational criminals who are outside the jurisdiction of any country. Indonesian criminal law can only enforce the law against conventional legal subjects (individuals or corporations), but cannot enforce the law against contemporary legal subjects created by science and technology, such as artificial intelligence, even if such artificial intelligence has clearly committed a criminal act.
CITIZENS' RIGHTS TO PARTICIPATE IN STATE MANAGEMENT IN LOCALITIES IN VIETNAM
Authors: DANG THANH LE, NGO SY TRUNG, BUI XUAN DIEN
Published: June 2023

In modern society, public engagement in state administration operations carried out by local authorities is among the fundamental features of the structure and operation of a democratic state. Nonetheless, their degree of populace participation reflects each nation's democracy and civilization. In this study, the author focuses on examining the content and practices of public engagement in management operations carried out by local authorities in Vietnam within the applicable legal frameworks. The author points out constraints, such as the people can take part in and decide on some of the local development management tasks, namely infrastructure construction and undertaking public welfare works funded by themselves; whether they are taken part in the development of programs and projects and request local authorities to examine and carry out them is not clearly stated. The author argues that the issue involving extending people's rights to participate in management activities carried out by local authorities has to be investigated and developed from that practice.
COMPARING DROPPING ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL LAWSUITS ACCORDING TO PROVISIONS OF THE JORDANIAN LEGISLATION
Authors: MOHAMMAD BASHEER ARABYAT, MOHMMAD HUSIEN ALMAJALI
Published: June 2023

The present study tackles the issue of dropping the administrative and civil cases. The two researchers aim to highlight common points of the cases of dropping in the Administrative Judiciary Law and the Code of Civil Procedure. The two researchers singled out the specificity of each of those cases according to the judicial rulings and the jurisprudential opinions. The most prominent cases of dropping the administrative lawsuit are the absence of one or both of the parties of the lawsuit, the withdrawal of the administrative decision, or its cancellation by the administration during the consideration of the administrative lawsuit. As for the civil lawsuit, the most prominent cases of dropping it are the non-attendance of the plaintiff or his/her guardian to the trial session or the failure to follow up on the lawsuit, as well as the cases in which both parties of the lawsuit agree to drop it, and many other cases dealt with by the two researchers in the present study.
ANALYSIS OF LEGAL PRODUCT FORM AND CONTENT MATERIAL IN PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
Authors: WIDAYATI, WINANTO, SENO WIBOWO GUMBIRA
Published: June 2023

The amendment to Article 3 of the Indonesian Constitution is responsible for the removal of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) authority, to determine the State Policy Guidelines. This explains that the national development is presently guided by the following policies, (1) Law Number 25/2004 on the National Development Planning System, (2) Law Number 17/2007 on the National Long-Term Development Plan 2005-2025, and (3) Presidential Regulation on the National Medium-Term Development Plan. These laws are considered unable to guarantee the continuity and harmony of development between the central and local governments. In the absence of State Policy Guidelines (GBHN), the continuity of an important existing long-term regulation by a new government is not guaranteed. In this case, a state policy is needed to ensure the continuity of development, leading to a discourse to revive the PPHN (Principles of State Policy). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the legal product form and content material of the PPHN, by using a normative juridical method through secondary data. The results showed that PPHN was needed to ensure the continuity of Indonesia's development, with the formulation authority provided to the MPR, the most representative state institution. The material of PPHN was also philosophical and strategic, due to emphasizing state goals according to Paragraph IV of the Indonesian Constitution Preamble. This was outlined in MPR legal products as State Regulations, which guided national institutions in preparing work programs during their term of office.
TAX CRIMINAL ACCOUNTABILITY ON CORPORATE ACTIVITIES
Authors: YEHESKIEL MINGGUS TIRANDA, BAHTIYAR EFENDI
Published: June 2023

Tax criminal liability to corporate actors is an important issue that needs attention in the business world. Tax is a very important source of state revenue, so its implementation must be done honestly and transparently. This study discusses the criminal liability of taxes on corporate actors. This problem becomes important considering the many cases of tax avoidance committed by companies, so that it becomes a challenge for the state in obtaining income from taxes. The aim of this study is to explore the concept of tax criminal liability to corporate actors and the factors that influence it. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method that refers to data from books, journals, and related regulations. The data obtained were then analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques to produce relevant findings. In this study, it was stated that corporate actors have a responsibility to pay taxes and carry out tax obligations. Tax evasion by corporate actors can be considered as an irresponsible act and violates business ethics. Therefore, efforts are needed to increase awareness and social responsibility for corporate actors in carrying out tax obligations.
ACCOUNTABILITY PROCEDURE FOR HEIRS IN THE REGISTRATION SYSTEM OF WAKAF ASSETS LAND IN INDONESIA
Authors: JAWADE HAFIDZ
Published: June 2023

Research Objectives - This study aims to examine the legal aspects of the procedure for accountability of heirs as surrogate wakifs in the registration system of waqf land inheritance in Indonesia.

Methodology - This study uses descriptive qualitative research, namely uncovering certain social situations by describing reality correctly, formed by words based on relevant collection and analysis techniques and obtained from natural situations and entered into journals.

Findings - The results of this study indicate that the legal basis for the responsibility of heirs as a surrogate waqf in the registration of waqf inherited land is regulated in Article 24 to Article 27 of Law Number 41 of 2004 concerning Waqf.

Originality - This study can be concluded that the waqf pledge deed and waqf land certificate provide legal certainty for the wakif, the wakif's heirs and other related parties, and can be authentic evidence in the event of a dispute.
REMOTE CONDUCT OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS BY MEANS OF AUDIO-VISUAL COMMUNICATION AND THE GUARANTEES OF FAIR TRIAL
Authors: MAYADA MOUSTAFA EL-MAHROUKI
Published: June 2023

This Article addresses an issue related to criminal procedures conducted by video-conferencethis is a clear development over the traditional confrontational criminal procedures. This latter means the effective presence of the suspect at the stage of inquiry, as well as at the stage of criminal investigation, especially during the trial stage. In this way, this form of non-adversarial criminal procedures raises an issue with regard to the guarantees of fair trial such as the right to defense and the right to confrontation, and even before the court where the personal presence of the accused, especially in criminal matters is necessary. This article is a comparative one where the Emirati Law is compared to other laws especially the American Law and the French Law.
LEGAL BASIS OF DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF NOTARY IN PERFORMING TASKS
Authors: WIDHI HANDOKO, BAHTIYAR EFENDI
Published: June 2023

A notary is a person entrusted by law to produce authentic written evidence. Notary is a position that was born on the basis of the needs of the legal community for a legal certainty which is maintained and will not change its own recording because someone guarantees the existence of a good record. In Indonesia itself there are many things where the need for a notary is a necessity which is not recognized by the public, so many problems can actually be solved if there is a notary at the event. Researchers feel there is a need to explore the law that underlies the functions and duties of a notary. Researchers in this writing use the method of literature study by using laws, books, and journals as the main data. For secondary data researchers use other relevant data. A notary has a very strong and renewed legal basis so that in carrying out his position he can function properly. Initially, a notary had a legal basis under Law No. 30 of 2004 to carry out his duties, then the law was updated with Law No. 2 of 2014. In addition, in carrying out his position, a notary is also regulated by the Notary's Code of Ethics.
FACTS OF THE US-CHINESE ECONOMIC COMPETITION
Authors: SALAM ALI KAREEM ALAMMAR MAYIH SHABEEB AL-SHAMMARI,
Published: June 2023

U.S. efforts to reformulate the global system under its interests and vision based on the project of hegemony began in earnest at the start of the tenth decade of the previous century, making the U.S. the most influential force in the course of international relations. Between them and the entanglement that is founded on their mutual dependency, in particular the trade ties and trade partners that they had between each other throughout the time leading up to the current breakout of trade tensions between the two of them. The nature of their relationship might be characterized as fairly complicated when seen through the lenses of collaboration, competition, and challenge.
DEATH PENALTY FOR RAPE: DEBATE ON DEATH AS A DETERRENT SENTENCING POLICY IN INDIA
Authors: PRABHLEEN BATRA et al.
Published: June 2023

In order to deter criminal behaviour and make the offender pay for their actions, all punishments must have deterrent and punitive effects. Executing a criminal is what is meant by the death penalty. While it is permitted by law, doing so would violate Art. 21's protections for life and human dignity in India's constitution. This article provides a synopsis of the discussion around the death sentence in India. In addition, the background of the death penalty and the results of various Law Commission studies are detailed. The research's ultimate goal is dissected with discussions of the death penalty's many applications and various methods of execution. The research found that all verdicts granted in heinous crimes were reached with the general population in mind, leading to the conclusion that awarding a death sentence in the rarest of rare situations is rational and fair. Human rights are violated, and the report argues that the law should use some other kind of capital punishment instead. Case in point: mandatory life sentences.