bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormal cervical cytology is associated with preterm delivery: A population based study
Authors: Jar‐Allah Tagrid , Kärrberg Cecilia , Wiik Johanna , Sengpiel Verena , Strander Björn , Holmberg Erik , Strandell Annika
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Increasing evidence suggests that cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, with or without subsequent treatment, is associated with preterm delivery. We aimed to explore the association between abnormal cervical cytology of different severity and the subsequent obstetric outcomes such as preterm delivery.

Material and methods

The historical register‐based cohort study comprised 19 822 women in the Western Region of Sweden who had at least one abnormal cervical cytology from 1978 to 2012 before the age of 45 and a subsequent singleton delivery. The reference group comprised 39 644 women with normal cervical cytology and a subsequent singleton delivery, matched by age and parity. Data were retrieved from the Swedish National Cervical Screening Registry, linked to the Swedish Medical Birth Register and Statistic Sweden. The study outcomes were spontaneous preterm delivery before 37 and 34 weeks, low birthweight (≤2500 g), small‐for‐gestational‐age, preterm premature rupture of membranes and neonatal mortality. Multivariable log binominal regression analyses were applied.

Results

Preterm delivery before 37 weeks was more common among women with abnormal cervical cytology compared with reference group: 6% vs 4.5%; adjusted relative risk 1.30 (95% confidence interval 1.21‐1.39). High vs low‐grade abnormal cervical cytology implied a higher risk: 7% vs 5.8% (P < 0.001). Early preterm delivery before 34 weeks, preterm premature rupture of membranes and low birthweight, but not small‐for‐gestational‐age and neonatal mortality, were significantly more common in women with abnormal cervical cytology compared with the reference group.

Conclusions

Abnormal cervical cytology may imply an increased risk of preterm delivery. Further studies are needed to investigate whether that risk is related to treatment.
Clinical evaluation of full‐arch screw‐retained implant‐supported fixed prostheses and full‐arch telescopic‐retained implant‐supported fixed prostheses: A 5–12 year follow‐up retrospective study
Authors: Mori Gentaro , Oda Yukari , Sakamoto Kei , Ito Taichi , Yajima Yasutomo
Published: January 2019

Objective

To assess the prostheses and implants survival rate and peri‐implantitis rate in edentulous patients treated with full‐arch screw‐retained implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses (FSIFDPs) and full‐arch telescopic‐retained implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses (FTIFDPs) over an observation period of at least 5 years.

Materials and methods

From 2004 to 2012, 696 implants were inserted into 78 patients with 102 prostheses. The FSIFDP group comprised 31 patients (37 prostheses, 232 implants), whereas the FTIFDP group comprised 47 patients (65 prostheses, 464 implants). Prosthesis and implant estimated cumulative survival rates (ECSR) and estimated cumulative peri‐implantitis rates (ECPR) were assessed. The follow‐up period was 5–12 years. Kaplan–Meier survival curves with the log‐rank test were used to evaluate outcomes.

Results

The 12‐year prosthesis ECSR was 96.8% (95% CI: 79.2–99.5, 36/37 prostheses) in the FSIFDP group and 96.4% (95% CI: 86.3–99.1, 63/65 prostheses) in the FTIFDP group, whereas the 12‐year implant ECSR was 99.5% (95% CI: 96.4–99.9, 231/232 implants) in the FSIFDP group and 98.7% (95% CI: 96.9–99.5, 459/464 implants) in the FTIFDP group. The 12‐year ECPR at the prosthesis level was 12.8% (95% CI: 12.7–47.6, 4/37 prostheses) in the FSIFDP group and 12.8% (95% CI: 11.4–24.1, 6/65 prostheses) in the FTIFDP group. The 12‐year ECPR at the implant level was 4.4% (95% CI: 4.3–23.0, 6/232 implants) in the FSIFDP group and 2.2% (95% CI: 2.0–12.3, 7/464 implants) in the FTIFDP group.

Conclusion

FTIFDPs have clinical results comparable to those of FSIFDPs. Therefore, FTIFDPs can be useful.
Characteristics of cardiopulmonary exercise testing of patients with borderline mean pulmonary artery pressure
Authors: Jiang Rong , Liu Hui , Pudasaini Bigyan , Zhang Rui , Xu Jian‐Lin , Wang Lan , Zhao Qin‐Hua , Yuan Ping , Guo Jian , He Jing , Gong Su‐Gang , Wu Cheng , Wu Wen‐Hui , Luo Ci‐Jun , Qiu Hong‐Ling , Jing Zhi‐Cheng , Liu Jin‐Ming
Published: January 2019

Background

Pulmonary hypertension patients with mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥ 25 mm Hg had impaired cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Borderline mean pulmonary pressures (boPAP; 21‐24 mm Hg) represent early pulmonary vasculopathy. The CPET characteristics of boPAP are a matter of discussion. We aimed to determine the CPET profile of such borderline hemodynamics.

Methods

A matched case‐control study was conducted on consecutive boPAP patients at the Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital between Jan 2012 and Jan 2017. Hemodynamics, echocardiography, the pulmonary function test (PFT) and CPET parameters were compared between boPAP patients and normal mPAP patients which were matched 1:1 by sex and age. Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the efficacy of CPET in detecting boPAP.

Results

A total of 48 patients underwent RHC and CPET (24 Normal, 24 boPAP). There were no differences in the demographics, echocardiography and PFT. BoPAP patients had significantly decreased VO2 at the anaerobic threshold and peak VO2/kg (858.4 ± 246.5 mL/min vs 727.9 ± 228.0 mL/min, P = 0.037; 21.1 ± 6.4 mL/min/kg vs. 15.5 ± 5.6 mL/min/kg, P = 0.001, respectively). Significant differences were not observed in ventilation efficiency. A trend of impaired oxygen pulse and submaximal exercise tolerance were observed in boPAP patients. Conditional logistical regression analysis revealed the risk of boPAP increased by 2.493 (95% confident interval: 1.388 to 4.476, P = 0.002) with every 5 mL/min/kg decrease in peak VO2/kg.

Conclusions

Patients with boPAP have a greater prevalence of exercise intolerance, a trend of impaired oxygen pulse and submaximal exercise tolerance.
Role of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of esophageal cancer
Authors: Wu Hao , Minamide Tatsunori , Yano Tomonori
Published: January 2019

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a treatment of choice for cancer, induces a photochemical reaction, thereby eradicating tumor cells. This is achieved through the administration of a photosensitizer drug, which is activated with a laser after localization to the tumor mass, and is an approved curative endoscopic ablative treatment for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Japan. PDT has been approved for dysplastic Barrett's esophagus and as a palliative treatment for patients with symptomatic obstructive esophageal cancer in US. However, its adverse events and complicated procedure and the development of alternative endoscopic procedures such as endoscopic submucosal dissection, radiofrequency ablation and cryotherapy, have largely limited the practice of PDT in esophageal cancer worldwide. Recently, owing to the invention of second‐generation PDT using talaporfin sodium and diode laser, PDT can be performed with less phototoxicity and therefore has regained popularity in the treatment of ESCC. As a salvage treatment for patients with local failure after chemoradiotherapy (CRT), PDT has shown promising complete response with less phototoxicity and shorter sun shade period. In addition, the efficacy and safety of PDT in patients with local failure of ESCC after CRT were shown in several clinical trials. The direction of the study interest of the next‐generation PDT is the safety and potential expansion of the indications for its application in the future. This review covers the PDT for the treatment of ESCC and dysplastic Barrett's esophagus, with special focus on the role of PDT in practice for esophageal cancer.
Toward humanity‐focused design
Authors: Girling Rob , Palaveeva Emilia
Published: January 2019

Can we as designers in this age of technology help usher in a new period of humanist enlightenment?

Don't just ask: “How might we?” Ask: “At what cost?”
Making a Difference with Design Thinking
Authors: Munro‐Smith Nigel
Published: January 2019

A designer becomes part of a team building schools in a rural African village—and sees how design and design thinking can change the world.

It all began with the idea of bringing books to the schoolchildren of Lesotho. But there was so much more to be done.
Contrasting patterns of naturalized plant richness in the Americas: Numbers are higher in the North but expected to rise sharply in the South
Authors: Pyšek Petr , Dawson Wayne , Essl Franz , Kreft Holger , Pergl Jan , Seebens Hanno , van Kleunen Mark , Weigelt Patrick , Winter Marten
Published: January 2019

With increasing availability of plant distribution data, the information about global plant diversity is improving rapidly. Recently, Ulloa Ulloa et al. (2017) presented the first comprehensive overview of the native vascular flora of the Americas, yielding a total count of 124,993 native species. Of these, 51,241 occur in North America and 82,052 in South America. By combining these data with the information in the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database of naturalized alien floras, we point out that for a complete picture of the regional and continental plant richness, the naturalized alien species need to be considered. Ignoring this novel component of regional floras can lead to an inaccurate picture of overall change in biodiversity in the Anthropocene. We show that North and South America might face contrasting challenges in terms of potential threats to biodiversity posed by alien plant species, because of the different past and present dynamics of invasions and predictions of future development. In total, there are 7,042 naturalized alien plants occurring in the Americas, with 6,122 recorded in North America and 2,677 in South America; if only introductions from other continents are considered additions to the native continental flora make up 6.9 and 1.4 %, respectively. Nevertheless, predictions of naturalized plant trajectories based on global trade dynamics and climate change suggest that considerable increases in naturalized plant numbers are expected in the next 20 years for emerging South American economies, which could reverse the present state.
A post‐socialist legacy in transnational families: Russian and Polish women in Finland
Authors: TIAYNEN‐QADIR TATIANA , MATYSKA ANNA
Published: January 2019

In this article, we bridge the analytical gap between transnational anthropology and the anthropology of post‐socialism to explore the transnational family lives of Russian and Polish women in Finland. We point to three interrelated aspects of the post‐socialist legacy – (1) an inclusive understanding and practice of family that involves the interactions of immediate and extended family configurations; (2) intergenerational solidarity among women; and (3) feminine subjectivity built on the socialist ideal of a working mother. Our ethnographies illustrate that Russian and Polish women maintain their transnational families through networks of transnationally dispersed extended families. In women's lives and selves, traditional gendered motherhood and the liberal idea of a working woman are combined and supported by women's intergenerational companionship across borders. Our case studies show that such concrete, informal relations of affection and care provide women with a sense of security and self‐worth amid transnational change.
A review of N‐acetylcysteine in the treatment of grooming disorders
Authors: Braun Tara L. , Patel Viraat , DeBord Logan C. , Rosen Theodore
Published: January 2019

Background

Pathologic grooming disorders can lead to clinically significant distress and functional impairment. Studies on treatment of these disorders with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and anticonvulsants have led to inconsistent findings. N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) has shown promise in treatment of obsessive‐compulsive and related disorders. The objective of this article is to perform an updated review of NAC in the treatment of grooming disorders.

Methods

PubMed was searched from inception to October 2017 to identify literature on the use of NAC in the management of trichotillomania, onychophagia, and pathological skin picking. Case reports, case series, and randomized controlled trials were included. Data on study design, dosing regimens, comorbidities, concurrent treatment, and side effects were extracted from the included articles.

Results

Fifteen articles were included in this review, which consisted of 10 case reports, one case series, and four randomized controlled trials. Dosing of oral NAC ranged from 450 to 2,400 mg per day, and treatment periods lasted from 1 to 8 months. Side effects were uncommon, mild, and usually gastrointestinal in nature, with severe aggression reported in one child.

Conclusions

While there are multiple reports of the safety and efficacy of NAC in the treatment of grooming disorders, there are currently few randomized controlled trials on this topic, and more research is needed to develop a formal treatment algorithm. While current data should be considered very preliminary, case reports have demonstrated mostly positive results and a lack of significant side effects. A trial of NAC may be a viable option for pathologic grooming disorders, especially in patients who have failed prior psychologic or pharmacologic treatment.
Immediate cephalosporin allergy
Authors: Yuson Carlo , Kumar Kimti , Le Adriana , Ahmadie Aida , Banovic Tatjana , Heddle Robert , Kette Frank , Smith William , Hissaria Pravin
Published: January 2019

Background

Patients who suffer from acute IgE‐mediated allergy to a cephalosporin antibiotic are frequently assumed to be at high risk of allergy to other cephalosporins and penicillins.

Aim

To define cross‐reactivity patterns in patients with confirmed allergy to a cephalosporin.

Methods

Subjects presenting with a history of immediate allergy to a cephalosporin‐family antibiotic between March 2009 and July 2017 were investigated with specific IgE testing to penicillin, amoxycillin and cefaclor, followed by skin prick testing, intradermal testing and drug provocation testing with a panel of penicillins and cephalosporins.

Results

Out of 564 subjects with a reported beta‐lactam allergy, 90 identified a cephalosporin as their index drug. Fifty‐five (61.1%) of the 90 subjects tested had a history consistent with an IgE‐mediated reaction, of whom 24 (43.6%) were proven to be allergic to their index cephalosporin. Twenty (83.3%) of the 24 were allergic only to their index cephalosporin. Of the four remaining subjects, two were co‐sensitised to another beta‐lactam with a similar side chain, while the other two had no specific cross‐reactivity pattern. Major and minor penicillin determinants were negative for all cephalosporin‐allergic individuals.

Conclusion

In our cohort, cephalosporin allergy does not appear to be a class effect, with most cases found allergic only to their index cephalosporin. Co‐sensitisation to other cephalosporins or penicillins was uncommon, and when it occurred, was usually consistent with side chain cross‐reactivity.
Impact of universal immunohistochemistry on Lynch syndrome diagnosis in an Australian colorectal cancer cohort
Authors: Loh Zoe , Williams David S. , Salmon Lucinda , Dow Eryn , John Thomas
Published: January 2019

Background

Current guidelines recommend a step‐wise screening algorithm for all colorectal carcinomas (CRC) to identify patients with Lynch syndrome (LS).

Aim

To describe the frequencies of mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR), BRAFV600E mutations and MLH1 methylation in resected CRC, and evaluate the impact of universal screening on LS detection.

Methods

Retrospectively, 1171 consecutive cases of resected CRC were identified between 2010 and 2017 from a large multi‐centre pathology service. Testing for dMMR by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was initiated by the reporting pathologist from 2010, until universal testing was introduced in 2015. Patients with dMMR were referred to the Family Cancer Clinic (FCC) for consideration of germline mutation analysis.

Results

IHC was performed on 680 tumours, with abnormal expression in 124 (18%). Referral to FCC was made for 44 of the 88 patients with abnormal IHC (excluding those with BRAFV600E mutations). Of the 29 who attended, 16 underwent germline genetic testing, and LS was diagnosed in 7 with a germline mutation. After implementation of universal testing, there was a greater incidence of dMMR (17% vs 10%, P = 0.02), rate of BRAFV600E testing (79% vs 25%, P < 0.0001), and referral to FCC (61% vs 33%, P < 0.0001), but no difference in FCC attendance rate (65% vs 67%, P = 0.59) or new LS diagnoses (1.6% vs 0%, P = 0.06).

Conclusion

Universal IHC testing may increase the detection of LS, and should be implemented where possible. However, the full benefit was limited by low referral to and uptake of genetic testing, and further strategies are needed to overcome these barriers.
Health Insurers’ Claims and Premiums Under the Affordable Care Act: Evidence on the Effects of Bright Line Regulations
Authors: Callaghan Sandra Renfro , Plummer Elizabeth , Wempe William F.
Published: January 2019

The Affordable Care Act's medical loss ratio (MLR) provisions require that health insurers spend a minimum percentage of premiums on medical costs, thereby limiting administrative costs and profits. Analyses of annual MLR changes indicate that plans both below and above the minimum MLR manage their ratios toward the minimum standard. Our finding that plans with excess MLR manage their MLRs downward suggests that compliant plans exploit their MLR “cushions,” thus increasing profits while typically continuing to satisfy the MLR requirement. We show that 52 percent of noncompliant plans in a given year subsequently become compliant, while 14 percent of compliant plans subsequently become noncompliant.
Market Price of Longevity Risk for a Multi‐Cohort Mortality Model With Application to Longevity Bond Option Pricing
Authors: Xu Yajing , Sherris Michael , Ziveyi Jonathan
Published: January 2019

We introduce a multi‐cohort continuous time affine mortality model and, along with an affine arbitrage‐free term structure model, determine implied market prices of longevity risk in the BlackRock CoRI Retirement Indexes. These indexes provide a daily level of estimated cost of lifetime retirement income for 20 cohorts in the United States. Individuals can invest in BlackRock funds that track the indexes that are quoted on the NYSE. We use our model to derive closed‐form expressions for prices of European options on longevity zero‐coupon bonds and show the impact of stochastic mortality on long‐term longevity bond option prices.
Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate and its effect on horses with trigeminal‐mediated headshaking
Authors: Sheldon Shara A. , Aleman Monica , Costa Lais Rosa R. , Santoyo Ana C. , Howey Quinn , Madigan John E.
Published: January 2019

Background

Trigeminal‐mediated headshaking results from low‐threshold firing of the trigeminal nerve resulting in apparent facial pain. Magnesium may have neuroprotective effects on nerve firing that potentially dampen signs of neuropathic pain. This hypothesis has not been investigated in horses with trigeminal‐mediated headshaking.

Objective

To investigate head‐shaking behavior in affected horses after IV magnesium sulfate infusion.

Animals

Six geldings with trigeminal‐mediated headshaking.

Methods

Prospective randomized crossover study. Horses were controlled for diet and infused IV with 5% dextrose solution (DS; control solution at 2 mL/kg body weight [BW]) and MgSO450% solution (MSS at 40 mg/kg BW). Head‐shaking behavior was recorded at times T0 (baseline, before infusion) and T15, T30, T60, and T120 minutes post‐infusion. Venous blood variables such as pH, HCO3−, standard base excess (SBE), Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, total magnesium (tMg), glucose, and lactate were measured; strong ion difference (SID) and anion gap (AG) were calculated for each time point.

Results

Blood variables including pH, Na+, Cl−, K+, SID, AG, lactate, Ca2+, tMg, and Mg2+had significant changes with MSS as compared to DS treatment. Glucose, SBE, and HCO3−did not have significant changes. A 29% reduction in head‐shaking rate occurred after MSS treatment but no change occurred after DS treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Administration of MSS IV increased plasma total and ionized magnesium concentrations and significantly decreased head‐shaking behavior in horses with trigeminal‐mediated headshaking.
A controlled randomized clinical trial to assess postoperative analgesia after thiopental–isoflurane anaesthesia or total intravenous anaesthesia with alfaxalone in dogs
Authors: Bennell Paula M. , Whittem Ted , Tudor Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Alfaxalone, a synthetic neuroactive steroid, has been attributed with properties including sedation, anaesthesia and analgesia. The clinical relevance of any analgesic properties of alfaxalone has not been demonstrated. This study was a prospective, blinded, randomized, negative control clinical trial in 65 healthy dogs presented for ovariohysterectomy. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained, for Group 1 (TIVA) dogs (n = 30) with intravenous alfaxalone alone and for Group 2 dogs (n = 35) with thiopental followed by isoflurane in 100% oxygen inhalation. After ovariohysterectomy, quantitative measures of pain or nociception were recorded at 15 min intervals for 4 hr using three independent scoring systems, a composite measure pain scale (CMPS), von Frey threshold testing and measures of fentanyl rescue analgesia. The meanCMPSscores of Group 2 (THIO/ISO) dogs remained higher than Group 1 (TIVA) dogs from 15 to 135 min post‐surgery but this difference was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences between groups in the proportions of dogs requiring rescue fentanyl analgesia, the total fentanyl dose used or the time to first fentanyl dose. The Von Frey threshold testing was found to be unsuitable for measurement of pain in this experimental model. When administered as total intravenous anaesthesia, alfaxalone did not provide analgesia in the postoperative period.
Feedback‐Seeking Behavior in Language Learning: Basic Components and Motivational Antecedents
Authors: PAPI MOSTAFA , RIOS ANGEL , PELT HUNTER , OZDEMIR ESRA
Published: January 2019

This study investigated the concept of corrective feedback in second language learning as a learning resource, recasting it as feedback‐seeking behavior. Dweck's (1999) mindsets, Korn and Elliot's (2016) achievement goals, and Ashford's (1986) model of feedback‐seeking behavior were re‐operationalized in the context of language learning. Questionnaire data from 287 college students studying foreign languages in the United States confirmed that learners make calculated decisions regarding whether to seek feedback, by what method, and from what source, based on their own perceptions of the costs and values associated with different feedback‐seeking strategies, which are, in turn, largely predicted by the learners’ language mindsets and achievement goals. Learners with a growth language mindset and development‐approach goals sought feedback using both monitoring and inquiry methods and from teachers and others. Learners with a fixed language mindset and demonstration goals sought feedback only by method of inquiry but from different sources depending on the valence (approach vs. avoidance) of their goals.
Lipid‐polymorphism of plant thylakoid membranes. Enhanced non‐bilayer lipid phases associated with increased membrane permeability
Authors: Ughy Bettina , Karlický Václav , Dlouhý Ondřej , Javornik Uroš , Materová Zuzana , Zsiros Ottó , Šket Primož , Plavec Janez , Špunda Vladimír , Garab Győző
Published: January 2019

Earlier experiments, using 31P‐NMR and time‐resolved merocyanine fluorescence spectroscopy, have shown that isolated intact, fully functional plant thylakoid membranes, in addition to the bilayer phase, contain three non‐bilayer (or non‐lamellar) lipid phases. It has also been shown that the lipid polymorphism of thylakoid membranes can be characterized by remarkable plasticity, i.e. by significant variations in 31P‐NMR signatures. However, changes in the lipid‐phase behaviour of thylakoids could not be assigned to changes in the overall membrane organization and the photosynthetic activity, as tested by circular dichroism and 77 K fluorescence emission spectroscopy and the magnitude of the variable fluorescence of photosystem II, which all showed only marginal variations. In this work, we investigated in more detail the temporal stability of the different lipid phases by recording 31P‐NMR spectra on isolated thylakoid membranes that were suspended in sorbitol‐ or NaCl‐based media. We observed, at 5°C during 8 h in the dark, substantial gradual enhancement of the isotropic lipid phases and diminishment of the bilayer phase in the sorbitol‐based medium. These changes compared well with the gradually increasing membrane permeability, as testified by the gradual acceleration of the decay of flash‐induced electrochromic absorption changes and characteristic changes in the kinetics of fast chlorophyll a‐fluorescence transients; all variations were much less pronounced in the NaCl‐based medium. These observations suggest that non‐bilayer lipids and non‐lamellar lipid phases play significant roles in the structural dynamics and functional plasticity of thylakoid membranes.
Approaches to understanding and interpreting the risks of red blood cell transfusion in neonates
Authors: Keir A. K. , New H. , Robitaille N. , Crighton G. L. , Wood E. M. , Stanworth S. J.
Published: January 2019

In this review, we explore how to assess potential harm related to neonatal transfusion practice. We consider different sources of information, including passive or active surveillance systems such as registries, observational studies, randomised trials and systematic reviews. Future research directions are discussed.
Meeting report—Small GTPases in membrane processes: FASEB summer research conference
Authors: Turn Rachel E. , D'Souza Ryan S. , Wall Adam A.
Published: January 2019

In September 2018, conference organizers Nava Segev (University of Illinois, Chicago) and Marino Zerial (MPI, Dresden) hosted the 5th FASEB Meeting in Small GTPases in Membrane Processes: Trafficking, Autophagy and Disease at the National Conference Center in Leesburg, Virginia. With over 100 attendees from across the globe sharing their varied expertise and interests, we came together with the common goal of gaining a better understanding of how small GTPases and their regulators act in both canonical and non‐canonical pathways to conduct a diversity of essential cellular functions. A broad range of disciplines was covered in this meeting, including the study of biophysical and structural properties of these proteins, functional studies to get at the roles of these proteins in various cellular contexts (eg, ciliary function, mitophagy, cell motility, cell cycle, and development), and translational approaches to understand the greater implications of small GTPases and their regulators in multicellular systems and disease pathology. This meeting provided attendees with the opportunity to discuss pressing questions that are driving the study of small GTPases and to explore directions for the future. Of particular note, both formal talks and informal discussions very clearly highlighted the clinical importance of these proteins and pathways, the ways in which cutting edge imaging technologies are expanding our understanding of them, and the need to work better in groups to tackle the larger questions of how GTPases contribute to cellular homeostasis or dysfunction. In this meeting report, we focus upon these three themes, as they have the potential to help shape our future studies of both the biology of small GTPases and their roles in a wide array of fundamental cellular functions.
Short‐ and long‐term outcome after transcondylar screw placement to treat humeral intracondylar fissure in dogs
Authors: Chase Damian , Sul Rui , Solano Miguel , Calvo Ignacio , Joslyn Steven , Farrell Michael
Published: January 2019

Objective

To describe the postoperative complications and long‐term functional outcome after surgical management of humeral intracondylar fissure (HIF) by transcondylar screw (TCS) placement.

Study design

Retrospective study.

Sample population

Nineteen dogs (26 elbows)

Methods

Medical records (2000–2009) were reviewed for dogs with a diagnosis of HIF according to results of computed tomography and treated by TCS placement at a single referral institution. Collected data included signalment, surgical technique, surgical duration, surgeon experience, use of antibiotics, and the presence and nature of any complications. Owner questionnaire, orthopedic examination, and pressure platform analysis were used to assess long‐term outcome. The relationship between these variables was statistically analyzed.

Results

In total, 18 of 26 surgically managed elbows were diagnosed with a postoperative complication; 11 of these consisted of a surgical site infection (SSI). No risk factors for short‐term complications or long‐term outcome were identified. Dogs with an SSI (n = 11) were 28 times more likely to have an unsatisfactory long‐term outcome than dogs without an SSI (n = 8). Symmetry indices (SI) between thoracic and pelvic limbs did not return to published normal values. There was no difference in the SI of dogs with HIF and a surgically repaired contralateral humeral condylar fracture.

Conclusion

Placement of a TCS was commonly associated with short‐term complications, affecting long‐term outcome.

Clinical significance

The high complication rate after placement of lateromedial TCS provides evidence to justify the development of alternative strategies to manage HIF.
Perioperative characteristics, histological diagnosis, and outcome in cats undergoing surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Singh Ameet , Giuffrida Michelle A. , Thomson Christopher B. , Baum Jared , Kramek Betty , Liptak Julius M. , Hyndman Philip , Ringwood Brendon , Smeak Daniel , Ham Kathleen , Berg John , Thieman‐Mankin Kelley , Blois Shauna L. , Boston Sarah E.
Published: January 2019

Objective

To report perioperative characteristics, complications, histopathologic diagnosis and outcome in cats undergoing surgical treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT).

Study design

Multi‐institutional, retrospective case series.

Animals

Thirty‐two client‐owned cats.

Methods

Medical records of cats treated with surgical removal of 1 or more parathyroid gland(s) with confirmed histopathologic evaluation were reviewed. Cats were divided into preoperative ionized calcium (iCa) groups corresponding to the 33rd, 67th, and 100th percentiles of the preoperative iCa results of the study population. Follow‐up consisted of phone conversation with owners or primary veterinarian.

Results

Ionized calcium was above reference range in all cats (median 1.8 mmol/L [interquartile range, 1.5–1.9]). Abnormal tissue was excised after cervical exploration in all cats. The most common histopathologic diagnoses were parathyroid adenoma in 20 of 32 (62.5%) cats and parathyroid carcinoma in 7 of 32 (21.9%) cats. At discharge, 6 of 32 (18.8%) cats had hypercalcemia, 5 of 32 (15.6%) had hypocalcemia, and 21 of 32 (65.6%) were normocalcemic. Preoperative iCa did not correlate with postoperative iCa. The median follow‐up time was 332 days (range, 7–3156). Overall median survival time was 1109 days (95% CI, 856–1332). Survival time was not associated with preoperative iCa group, hypocalcemia at discharge, hypercalcemia at discharge, or diagnosis of carcinoma.

Conclusion

In this cohort of cats, parathyroid adenoma was the most common cause of PHPT, and surgical treatment resulted in very good median survival time. Preoperative iCa was not predictive of postoperative hypocalcemia.

Clinical significance

Surgical parathyroidectomy for treatment of PHPT in cats provides a favorable prognosis.
Update regarding xenotransplantation in Japan
Authors: Shimoda Masayuki , Matsumoto Shinichi
Published: January 2019

To overcome the donor shortage, a promising solution could be xenotransplantation. The pig is generally considered the most suitable donor species for xenotransplantation. A clinical xenotransplantation has not been conducted in Japan. However, many progresses have recently been made in this field. Japan has regulations for conducting cell xenotransplantation and guidelines to prevent zoonosis. Most Japanese patients and their family members have a positive opinion about islet xenotransplantation. A grant for clinical islet xenotransplantation research and development has been approved, and germ‐free pigs have been developed. Further research may bring the successful application of xenotransplantation closer to reality.
COMBUSTION PERFORMANCE OF JATROPHA BIODIESEL IN AN OIL BURNER SYSTEM
Authors: M. A. A Arizal, , A. H. Azman, , M. N. M. Jaafar, , W. Z. Wan Omar,
Published: January 2019

Jatropha Curcas is a non-edible plant that can be used for renewable or alternative energy. The seeds of Jatropha contain up to 60 percent oil. The oil can be converted into biodiesel by well-known two-step using acid-base catalytic transesterification. This paper shows the combustion performance of biodiesel derived from Jatropha oil in an oil burner designed for conventional diesel. Biodiesel used in this study is a blend of diesel with Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) and combustion performance was measured and compared with that of conventional diesel fuel (CDF). The combustion performance of Jatropha biodiesel is based on wall temperature profiles and the amount of gaseous emissions emitted such as nitrous oxide (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). It was demonstrated that biodiesel derived from Jatropha is comparable to the combustion properties of CDF and has high potential to be used as alternative fuel for diesel machines.
Transcriptional repressor REST drives lineage stage–specific chromatin compaction at
Ptch1
and increases AKT activation in a mouse model of medulloblastoma
Authors: Dobson Tara H. W. , Tao Rong-Hua , Swaminathan Jyothishmathi , Maegawa Shinji , Shaik Shavali , Bravo-Alegria Javiera , Sharma Ajay , Kennis Bridget , Yang Yanwen , Callegari Keri , Haltom Amanda R. , Taylor Pete , Kogiso Mari , Qi Lin , Khatua Soumen , Goldman Stewart , Lulla Rishi R. , Fangusaro Jason , MacDonald Tobey J. , Li Xiao-Nan , Hawkins Cynthia , Rajaram Veena , Gopalakrishnan Vidya
Published: January 2019

Functions of the transcription factor REST in SHH-type medulloblastoma may reveal new therapeutic targets.
Software for Dosage Individualization of Voriconazole: a Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Hope William , Johnstone Gary , Cicconi Silvia , Felton Timothy , Goodwin Joanne , Whalley Sarah , Santoyo-Castelazo Anahi , Ramos-Martin Virginia , Lestner Jodi , Credidio Leah , Dane Aaron , Carr Daniel F. , Pirmohamed Munir , Salim Rahim , Neely Michael
Published: January 2019

Voriconazole is a first-line antifungal agent. Therapeutic drug monitoring is a standard of care.
Complete Genome Sequence of Highly Virulent Aeromonas hydrophila Strain D4, Isolated from a Diseased Blunt-Snout Bream in China
Authors: Zhu Lei , Zheng Jin-Shui , Wang Wei-Min , Luo Yi
Published: January 2019

Aeromonas hydrophila
is the causative agent of motile aeromonad septicemia. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of highly virulent
A.
hydrophila
strain D4, which was isolated from a diseased blunt-snout bream in China.
Complete Genome Sequence of Vibrio campbellii DS40M4
Authors: Colston Sophie M. , Hervey W. Judson , Horne W. Connor , Haygood Margo G. , Petersen Blake D. , van Kessel Julia C. , Vora Gary J.
Published: January 2019

We present the complete genome sequence of
Vibrio campbellii
DS40M4, assembled from Illumina and Oxford Nanopore data. This effort improves upon a previous draft assembly to resolve this organism’s two-chromosome and one-plasmid genetic structure and to provide valuable context for evaluating the gene arrangement and evolution of this species.
Gut Virome Analysis of Cameroonians Reveals High Diversity of Enteric Viruses, Including Potential Interspecies Transmitted Viruses
Authors: Yinda Claude Kwe , Vanhulle Emiel , Conceição-Neto Nádia , Beller Leen , Deboutte Ward , Shi Chenyan , Ghogomu Stephen Mbigha , Maes Piet , Van Ranst Marc , Matthijnssens Jelle
Published: January 2019

Despite the availability of diagnostic tools for different enteric viral pathogens, a large fraction of human cases of gastroenteritis remains unexplained. This could be due to pathogens not tested for or novel divergent viruses of potential animal origin. Fecal virome analyses of Cameroonians showed a very diverse group of viruses, some of which are genetically related to those identified in animals. This is the first attempt to describe the gut virome of humans from Cameroon. Therefore, the data represent a baseline for future studies on enteric viral pathogens in this area and contribute to our knowledge of the world’s virome. The studies also highlight the fact that more viruses may be associated with diarrhea than the typical known ones. Hence, it provides meaningful epidemiological information on diarrhea-related viruses in this area.
A
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Transcription Factor Involved in Sclerotial Development and Virulence on Pea
Authors: Sang Hyunkyu , Chang Hao-Xun , Chilvers Martin I.
Published: January 2019

White mold, caused by
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
, is a destructive disease on important legume species such as soybean, dry bean, and pea. This study investigated expression levels of transcription factors in
S. sclerotiorum
in planta
(pea lines) and
in vitro
(culture medium). One transcription factor displaying high expression
in planta
was found to be involved in sclerotial development and virulence on pea. This report provides a new understanding regarding transcription factors of
S. sclerotiorum
in development and virulence.
Repurposing Pilocarpine Hydrochloride for Treatment of Candida albicans Infections
Authors: Nile Christopher , Falleni Monica , Cirasola Daniela , Alghamdi Abeer , Anderson Oliver F. , Delaney Christopher , Ramage Gordon , Ottaviano Emerenziana , Tosi Delfina , Bulfamante Gaetano , Morace Giulia , Borghi Elisa
Published: January 2019

Candida albicans
is the most common human fungal pathogen with an estimated crude mortality rate of 40%. The ability of the organism to switch from the yeast to hyphal form and produce biofilms are important virulence factors.
C. albicans
infections are combatted by the host immune system. However,
Candida
triggers a strong inflammatory response that, if not appropriately regulated, can damage host tissues. Therefore, it is important that the host immune response eliminates the fungus but limits tissue damage. This study provides evidence that targeting cholinergic receptors cannot only curb the virulence of
C. albicans
by inhibiting filamentous growth and biofilm formation but can also appropriately regulate the host immune response to induce rapid clearance with limited damage to vital tissues. This article provides evidence that repurposing licensed drugs that target cholinergic receptors may offer novel therapeutic solutions for the prevention or treatment of fungal infections.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms following sore throat in a young boy
Authors: Jadah Raafat Hammad Seroor , Mujeeb Athar Abdul
Published: January 2019

A previously healthy 6-year-old boy was referred to us by his primary provider, with a history of sudden onset behavioural abnormalities including irritability, sleep disturbance and anxiety. Physical examination revealed no significant findings; further analyses were not suggestive of meningitis, encephalitis, metabolic abnormalities, toxicity or any other obvious cause. On rechecking the patient’s history, an episode of throat pain 1 week prior to the symptom onset was noted. Therefore, the possibility of paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) was considered. The antistreptolysin O titre was high (1078 IU/mL), and it increased to 1194 IU/mL 4 weeks later, leading to a diagnosis of PANDAS. He was started on ampicillin and administered one dose of intravenous immunoglobulin. His abnormal behaviours subsided and he returned to a normal state within 48 hours of treatment. This report aims to provide insights into the symptomology and diagnosis of PANDAS in children.
Chylothorax in a patient with HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma
Authors: Cherian Sonia , Umerah Onyeka Maureen , Tufail Muhammad , Panchal Rakesh K
Published: January 2019

We present a case of a 33-year-old man with a background of HIV and Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), who presented with a right sided chylothorax. He was managed with percutaneous chest drainage and talc pleurodesis, in addition to his chemotherapy and antiretroviral therapy for KS and HIV, respectively. Good clinical control of the chylothorax remained 4 months post drainage. This case report summarises the approach to investigating and managing pleural effusion, and in particular chylothorax, in HIV patients.
Public health burden of pre-diabetes and diabetes in Luxembourg: finding from the 2013–2015 European Health Examination Survey
Authors: Bocquet Valéry , Ruiz-Castell Maria , de Beaufort Carine , Barré Jessica , de Rekeneire Nathalie , Michel Georges , Donahue Richard P , Kuemmerle Andrea , Stranges Saverio
Published: January 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the burden and risk factors of prediabetes and diabetes in the general adult population of Luxembourg.

Design

Cross-sectional survey between 2013 and 2015.

Setting

Data were collected as part of the European Health Examination Survey in Luxembourg (EHES-LUX).

Participants

1451 individuals were recruited in a random sample of the 25–64-year-old population of Luxembourg.

Outcomes

Diabetes was defined by a glycaemic biomarker (fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥7.0 mmol/L), self-reported medication and medical diagnosis; prediabetes by a glycaemic biomarker (FPG 5.6–6.9 mmol/L), no self-reported medication and no medical diagnosis. Undiagnosed diabetes was defined only from the glycaemic biomarker; the difference between total and undiagnosed diabetes was defined as diagnosed diabetes. Odds of diabetes and prediabetes as well as associated risk factors were estimated.

Results

The weighted prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes was 25.6% and 6.5%, respectively. Nearly 4.8% (men: 5.8%; women: 3.8%) were diagnosed diabetes and 1.7% (men: 2.6%; women: 0.7%) were undiagnosed diabetes. The multivariable-adjusted OR (MVOR) for diabetes risk were: age 1.05 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.09), family history of diabetes 3.24 (1.95–5.38), abdominal obesity 2.63 (1.53–4.52), hypertension 3.18 (1.76–5.72), one-unit increase of triglycerides 1.16 (1.10–1.22) and total cholesterol 0.74 (0.64–0.86). The MVOR for prediabetes risk were: age 1.04 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.06), male sex 1.84 (1.30–2.60), moderate alcohol consumption 1.38 (1.01–1.89), family history of diabetes 1.52 (1.13–2.05), abdominal obesity 1.44 (1.06–1.97), second-generation immigrants 0.61 (0.39–0.95) and a one-unit increase of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 0.70 (0.54–0.90).

Conclusions

In Luxembourg, an unexpectedly high number of adults may be affected by prediabetes and diabetes. Therefore, these conditions should be addressed as a public health priority for the country, requiring measures for enhanced detection and surveillance, which are currently lacking, especially in primary care settings.
Psychosocial factors associated with coping behaviour after inpatient treatment for substance use disorder: a systematic review study protocol
Authors: Johannessen Dagny Adriaenssen , Nordfjærn Trond , Geirdal Amy Østertun
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Much is known about factors associated with coping with abstinence from substance use. The planned systematic review aims to summarise available studies exploring the change in psychosocial factors associated with coping after long-term (≥3 months) inpatient treatment for substance use disorder (SUD). Examples ofpsychosocial factorsof interest are social support, housing, activity (eg, employment and education) mental health and quality of life.Coping behaviourcan be understood as responses or actions taken in a stressful situation, particularly how psychosocial factors affect a person’s coping behaviour with abstinence from substances in everyday life (characterised as a stressful situation).

Methods and analysis

A set of text words were developed based on the population (people with SUD), exposure (long-term inpatient SUD treatment), outcome (psychosocial factors) and study design (prospective cohort studies) of interest. A systematic search will be conducted in eight electronic databases: Campbell Collaboration Library, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Epistemonikos, Medline, PsychINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index and SocINDEX. The titles and abstracts will be screened for relevance before a pre-piloted data collection form will be used to evaluate eligibility and extract data from the search results. The planned review will include peer-reviewed study reports published in English or Scandinavian language.

Ethics and dissemination

The target group, people with SUD, might be considered as vulnerable. Based on this, the population will be the group of interest in the planned systematic review of studies that have already been conducted. Patients and the general public will not be involved in the development of this systematic review. The results will be summarised in a study report and submitted to a peer-reviewed international journal. Additionally, results will be disseminated in the mass media and at international research conferences.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42018087408.
Developing a comprehensive understanding of elder abuse prevention in immigrant communities: a comparative mixed methods study protocol
Authors: Guruge Sepali , Sidani Souraya , Matsuoka Atsuko , Man Guida , Pirner Diane
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Older adults are the fastest growing age group in Canada. Elder abuse has significant individual and societal implications, so it is critical to address. While interest in this topic is increasing, little is known about the risk factors for elder abuse in immigrant communities in Canada, or about culturally relevant strategies to address these risk factors.

Methods and analysis

This mixed-methods study is guided by the intersectionality and ecological frameworks. We will include two long-term (ie, established) and two recent immigrant communities from East Asian and South Asian communities in the Greater Toronto Area: Chinese, Korean, Punjabi and Tamil. Through structured group interviews, we will first identify factors that contribute to elder abuse within and across each of the immigrant communities and then explore culturally relevant strategies to address those risk factors. Group interviews will be conducted separately with five stakeholder groups in each of the four languages: older women, older men, family members, community leaders and service providers. Quantitative and qualitative data will be analysed at the level of the particular interview groups, subgroups and communities, and will be integrated across communities to identify common and unique risk factors and strategies to address elder abuse.

Ethics and dissemination

The study protocol has received ethics approval from the two universities associated with the research team. Given the comprehensive approach to incorporate local knowledge and expert contributions from multi-level stakeholders, the empirical and theoretical findings will facilitate practice change and improve the well-being of older men and women in immigrant communities.