bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable forestry: A model of the effects of nitrogen removals in wood harvesting and fire on the nitrogen balance of regrowth eucalypt stands
Authors: McMURTRIE ROSS E. , DEWAR RODERICK C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sustainable forest use is an integral part of Australia's recently adopted National Forest Policy; consequently, there is an urgent need for quantitative, ecologically based measures of sustainability. One process that may affect ecosystem sustainability is the removal of nutrients through forest harvesting and fire. This paper presents a model‐based analysis of the combined consequences of harvesting and fire management practices for the nitrogen (N) budgets of managed forest ecosystems. The model, called N‐BAL, evaluates the balance between N removals due to harvesting and fire (prescribed and regeneration burns), and N inputs (both natural and as added fertilizer), and leads to a criterion for the maintenance of site N reserves. That criterion can be used to estimate the accretion (or depletion) of site N over a single forest rotation, or to predict sustainable stem productivity for given N inputs and management practices. The analysis is applied to managed stands of karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) in southwestern Australia to investigate whether natural N inputs are sufficient to maintain site N capital under current harvesting and fire practices. Model predictions for stands harvested at age 100 years with slash burns and regular prescribed burns range from a rotation‐averaged depletion rate of 22 kg ha−1 year−1 to an annual accretion of 14 kg ha−1 year−1, depending on assumed N inputs and fire frequency and intensity. The mean annual N balance is highly sensitive to rates of natural N inputs, fire intensity and inter‐fire period, and less sensitive to rotation length. These results are tentative and highlight the need for further research to improve estimates of several key model parameters and relationships.
The role of seedling age and size in the recovery ofAllosyncarpia ternatafollowing fire
Authors: FORDYCE I. R. , EAMUS D. , DUFF G. A. , WILLIAMS R. J.
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the effects of seedling size and age on fire tolerance ofAllosyncarpia ternata(Myrtaceae), a dominant tree in patches of monsoon rainforest of the wet‐dry tropics in the Northern Territory, Australia. We address the following questions: how large does a seedling have to be to tolerate fire; how old does it have to be to reach this fire‐tolerant size; and how can land‐management authorities best manage fire regimes to maintainAllosyncarpiaforest? In a field experiment, shadehouse‐grown seedlings aged from 8 months to 5 years were subjected to low‐ and high‐intensity fires in September 1994. Among 5‐year‐old seedlings, mortality was independent of fire intensity. However, mortality of young (8‐month‐old) seedlings was significantly higher in the high‐intensity fire. Three‐year‐old seedlings behaved in an intermediate manner; their survivorship and growth were marginally favoured by low‐intensity fire, rather than high‐intensity fire or no fire at all, and were dependent on pre‐treatment seedling height. Thus, the critical age that distinguishes fire‐tolerant from fire‐sensitive seedlings is somewhat more than 3 years for relatively short seedlings and somewhat less than 3 years for taller seedlings. In August 1993, a wildfire penetrated several hundred metres intoAllosyncarpiaforest growing on a steep, rocky escarpment, where it caused severe damage toA. ternataseedlings. More than three‐quarters of the ≥ 3.5‐year‐old seedlings (including some that had suffered the total loss of above‐ground parts) recovered during the following wet season and showed higher growth rates than their unburned neighbours. New growth was also promoted in those tall seedlings and saplings that had sustained only partial leaf scorch. In contrast, all 18‐month‐old seedlings were killed by the fire. Measurements of leaf‐scorch height in burnedAllosyncarpiaforest on the escarpment indicated a general uphill decrease in fire intensity, matching trends in increasing site rockiness and decreasing fuel density. An important implication for land management is that a fire‐free interval of at least 3 years following a seed‐fall event is required for a new generation ofA. ternatagerminants to progress into the cohort of established seedlings.
Lantana camara L. invasions in dry rainforest ‐ open forest ecotones: The role of disturbances associated with fire and cattle grazing
Authors: GENTLE C. B. , DUGGIN J. A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A field experiment was used to evaluate the effects of fire and cattle grazing on the initiation of Lantana camara invasions in dry rainforest‐open forest ecotones in the gorges of the Macleay River, NSW. A factorial combination of four factors (burning, biomass removal, soil scarification, and fertilization) at two levels (presence and absence) was established to assess the suitability of disturbed patches for germination, survival, and growth in association with changes in microclimate and resource availability. Burning, biomass removal and soil scarification, either singularly or in any combination, significantly increased germination, on average, by 19%, from 50.2% to 59.7%. Survival increased on average 26% across all treatments while mortality decreased by 26% when compared with the control. The differences between treatment combinations were not significant. Seedling growth was significantly enhanced by all disturbances, except by soil scarification alone. Treatment combinations that reduced vegetation cover (burning and/or biomass removal) and, therefore reduced shading, significantly increased L. camara biomass production by an average of 140% for all treatments. The control yielded 14.0 g m−2, while fertilizer alone and biomass removal alone yielded 27.6 g m−2 and 40.5 g m−2, respectively. Other treatment combinations averaged 35.2 g m−2 and were not significantly different from each other. Consequently, successful invasions are likely to occur whenever canopy disturbances create patches of greatly decreased competition and/or increased resource availability. Shading plays a greater role as a limiting factor than any other, while surface soil macronutrient levels are also important, particularly when combined with canopy disturbances that increase light availability. The effects of biomass reduction and soil disturbance associated with fire and cattle grazing are significant in the successful invasion of L. camara. Management strategies to reduce weed encroachment and community degradation must identify and maintain ecological barriers to L. camara invasion in order to promote rainforest conservation and biodiversity.
Correlations of stocking with the cryptogamic soil crust of a semi‐arid rangeland in southwest Queensland.
Authors: HODGINS I. W. , ROGERS R. W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The soil crust community from a sub‐tropical grassland in southwest Queensland was found to include 34 taxa with cyanobacteria, other algae, lichens, fungi, mosses and liverworts represented. Cyanobacteria and liverworts were the major components of the cryptogamic cover. This is a significant component of the biodiversity of the region. Changes in the structure of this community were significantly correlated with distance from a linear water supply (bore drain) and with dung density. It was concluded that hoof impact by grazing stock had measurably affected the cryptogamic community even under a moderate stocking policy. This research suggests that management for sustainable use of low‐nutrient rangelands should include consideration of soil crust condition.
Analysing data from post‐impact studies using asymmetrical analyses of variance: A case study of epibiota on marinas
Authors: GLASBY T. M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Several recent methods have been developed for detecting anthropogenic perturbations. Most have been analyses of data collected before and after some anthropogenic disturbance. It may, however, be more common that data can be collected only after a disturbance has occurred. In such situations, the only appropriate sampling design to use will often be an asymmetrical design because it will avoid problems of spatial confounding. Here, I describe in detail the steps involved in constructing asymmetrical analyses of variance using a case study of subtidal epibiota around marinas as an example. Differences between the marina and control locations were detected for a number of taxa, but this was often only possible after post‐hoc pooling of non‐significant terms. Marina and control locations varied greatly from estuary to estuary and consequently it was not possible to identify suites of species that were typical of either type of location. This result highlighted the need for multiple control locations near each marina to allow a reliable estimate of the variability among controls. Large variability among controls would mean that if differences existed between disturbed and control locations they would rarely be detected. These and other problems associated with analysing ‘after data’ are discussed in addition to the precautions to take when designing environmental sampling regimes.
Implications of scale for patterns and processes in stream ecology
Authors: COOPER SCOTT D. , DIEHL SEBASTIAN , KRATZ KIM , SARNELLE ORLANDO
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Although the scale‐dependence of ecological patterns and processes is recognized by freshwater ecologists, current knowledge of scale effects is rudimentary and non‐quantitative. We review issues of spatial and temporal scale in this paper to highlight conceptual problems relating to scale and some potential solutions. We present examples of how the spatial scale of a study influences observed patterns and their interpretation, and discuss how the size of an experimental arena influences the degree to which the dynamics of studied populations are influenced by exchange processes (immigration and emigration). The results of small‐scale field experiments in streams will often be strongly influenced by the per capita exchange rates of organisms and differences in exchange rates may explain differences in the perceived effects of stream manipulations across scales. Spatial extent also influences the amount of spatial heterogeneity within a study site or arena, with important consequences for the outcome of predator‐prey interactions. We suggest that changes in the availability of prey refuges may help explain why predator manipulations in streams appear to weaken as arena size increases. We also recommend that new techniques for decomposing and quantifying spatial heterogeneity be applied to characterize scale‐dependent variation in freshwater systems. Lastly, we discuss the pitfalls of mismatching the temporal scale of experiments and models. Models incorporating spatial heterogeneity and the behaviour of organisms are needed to predict the short‐term outcome of perturbations in streams, whereas models predicting long‐term dynamics will need to integrate the impacts of episodic disturbance and all life history stages of organisms. In general, we recommend that freshwater ecologists undertake more multi‐scale sampling and experimentation to examine patterns and processes at multiple scales, and make greater attempts to match the scales of their observations and experiments to the characteristic scales of the phenomena that they investigate.
For everything a season: Smoke‐induced seed germination and seedling recruitment in a Western Australian Banksia woodland
Authors: ROCHE SHAUNA , DIXON KINGSLEY W. , PATE JOHN S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract The influence of factors associated with fire on seed germination of Australian native species is generally well documented, but examples involving the use of smoke as a fire analogue for ecological research remain limited. The role of season of treatment in the efficacy of smoke as a promotive germination agent was investigated over two growing seasons using natural soil stored seedbanks in Banksia woodland near Perth, Western Australia. Smoke was applied to unburnt sites in the autumn, winter and spring of 1994. Germinant emergence and seedling survival of 37 species representing 18 families was monitored in both unburnt sites and in adjacent, recently burnt sites until the second spring after treatment (October 1995). Recruitment from seed was found to be profoundly affected by the season in which dormancy breaking treatment had been applied. The promotive effect extended beyond the initial year of application. For the majority of the species investigated, application of smoke to unburnt sites in autumn promoted a significantly greater germination response than treatment in winter or spring. In only three cases (introduced annuals, the Fabaceae and Hibbenia amplexicaulis) did autumn smoke treatment not yield better germination than in summer‐burnt counterparts. However, in almost half of the cases examined, proportions of seedlings surviving past their first summer after emergence in burnt areas were consistently greater than those in smoked or untreated sites. Most notably, no seedlings emerging during the spring of the first year of study survived into the following summer. Implications of the results with respect to future seed bank research and management of native vegetation are discussed.
Spatial analyses of intertidal assemblages on sheltered rocky shores
Authors: UNDERWOOD A. J. , CHAPMAN M. G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract Understanding processes in complex assemblages depends on good understanding of spatial and temporal patterns of structure at various spatial scales. There has been little quantitative information about spatial patterns and natural temporal changes in intertidal assemblages on sheltered rocky shores in temperate Australia. Natural changes and responses to anthropogenic disturbances in these habitats cannot be accurately measured and assessed without quantitative data on patterns of natural variability in space and through time. This paper describes some suitable quantitative methods for examining spatial and temporal patterns of diversity and abundances of highshore, midshore and lowshore intertidal assemblages and the important component species for a number of shores in a bay that has not been severely altered by human disturbance. Despite a diverse flora and fauna on these shores, the midshore and lowshore assemblages on sheltered shores were characterized by a few species which were also the most important in discriminating among assemblages on a shore and, for each assemblage, among different shores. The same set of species was also important for measuring small‐scale patchiness within each assemblage (i.e. between replicate sites on a shore). Therefore, these data provide a rationale for selecting species that are useful for measuring differences and changes in abundance among places and times at different scales and, hence, can be used in the more complex sampling designs necessary to detect environmental impacts. There was considerable spatial variability in all assemblages and all species (or taxa) examined at scales of metres, tens of metres and kilometres. There were no clear seasonal trends for most measures, with as much or more variability at intervals of 3 months as from year to year. Most interactions between spatial and temporal measures were at the smallest scale, with different sites on the same shore generally showing different changes from time to time. The cause(s) of this apparently idiosyncratic variability1 were not examined, but some potential causes are discussed. These data are appropriate for testing hypotheses about the applicability of these findings to other relatively undisturbed sheltered shores, about effects of different anthropogenic disturbances on sheltered intertidal assemblages and to test hypotheses about differences in intertidal assemblages on sheltered versus wave‐exposed shores.
Recruitment limitation: A theoretical perspective
Authors: CHESSON PETER
Published: July 2006

Abstract A theoretical analysis of the concept of recruitment limitation leads to the conclusion that most populations should he regarded as jointly limited by recruitment and interactions between individuals after recruitment. The open nature of local marine systems does not permit avoidance of density‐dependent interactions; it simply may make them more difficult to detect. Local populations consisting of settled organisms may not experience density‐dependent interactions under some circumstances, but the entire species population consisting of the collection of local populations and their planktonic larvae must have density‐dependent dynamics. Any local population of settled individuals can escape density dependence if sufficient density dependence occurs among planktonic larvae or within other local populations. Common conceptions of density dependence are too narrow, leading too often to the conclusion that it is absent from a system. It is equally wrong to expect that density‐dependent interactions after settlement determine local population densities independently of recruitment. Special circumstances allowing density dependence to act strongly and quickly are needed before density dependence can neutralize the effects of recruitment. Recruitment limitation and density‐dependent interactions therefore should not be regarded as alternatives but as jointly acting to determine the densities of marine benthic populations. Moreover, the interaction between fluctuating recruitment and density dependence is potentially the most interesting feature of recruitment limitation. For example, this interaction may be an important diversity‐maintaining mechanism for marine systems.
Condition and growth of reef fish at settlement: Is it important?
Authors: MCCORMICK MARK I.
Published: July 2006

Abstract The incorporation of information on the phenotypic attributes and performance offish into models of population dynamics may greatly enhance our ability to predict population change. To date, reef‐fish research has concentrated on numerical aspects of the recruitment process, with little attention to the quality of recruits. Information reviewed here suggests that the attributes of individual fish, be they related to fish size, performance or condition at the end of the larval phase, may markedly influence the dynamics of the demersal life stages. This review briefly explores the levels of variability in some aspects of fish condition at settlement, the mechanisms by which this variability is enhanced or affected by density‐dependent processes, and the ramifications of this phenotypic variability for the persistence of cohorts.
Bigger? Fatter? Or is faster growth better? Considerations on condition in larval and juvenile coral‐reef fish
Authors: SUTHERS IAIN M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract Analyses of condition data are conspicuous by their paucity in the extensive tropical reef‐fish literature. Researchers typically quantify abundance at settlement, with little regard for the demonstrably variable quality of newly settled fishes. Condition may be functionally classified by indices of growth (e.g. the RNA‐DNA index or peripheral growth increments of the otolith), starvation (e.g. height of midgut mucosal cells), storage (e.g. lipid content), or morphometry (e.g. dry weight/length’), all of which are variably correlated with each other. At present all indices are species‐, stage‐, technique‐ and therefore often investigation‐specific, as laboratory‐reared larvae for calibrating field‐collected condition indices are often specific to the rearing procedure. RNA indices are particularly appropriate for estimating larval condition. In pelagic juveniles, or in recently settled juveniles, the width of peripheral growth increments of the otolith estimates average growth rate in length or dry weight during the previous few days, which discerns increasing from decreasing condition. Increment width changes in otoliths are particularly responsive to starvation events, and are correlated with RNA indices. Growth indices have great potential for determining which individuals were growing faster, thereby reducing their pelagic duration, and thus increasing their survival potential. The recent debate regarding whether bigger larvae have better survival could be re‐addressed, by determining if larvae with faster growth indices have relatively enhanced survival.
Experimental evidence for edge‐related predation in a fragmented agricultural landscape
Authors: GARDNER J. L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that increased predation of experimental nests occurs close to a forest edge in a fragmented agricultural landscape. Artificial nests and eggs of willie wagtails Rhipidura leucophrys and superb fairy‐wrens Malurus cyaneus were used in experiments to assess the extent and nature of predation occurring throughout the known breeding seasons of these species. Predators were identified by the imprints they left in plasticine eggs, and by remote photography. Surveys of avian predators were undertaken to investigate the relationship between predation intensity and predator distribution and abundance. Avian predators accounted for almost all predation for which a predator could be identified (96%). Five of seven predator species photographed attacking wagtail nests were corvids or artamids. Fairy‐wren nests suffered relatively low rates of predation (29%) compared to wagtail nests (87%). Increased predation at the habitat edge was recorded for wagtail nests only; predation was correlated with the distribution and abundance of predatory avian species. The different extent and pattern of predation on fairy‐wren nests could be explained by problems in detecting predation by mammals, and by possible failure of avian predators to locate the cryptic nests.
The incidence of exotic species following clearfelling of Eucalyptus regnans forest in the Central Highlands, Victoria
Authors: APPLEBY MATTHEW W. A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract Invasion by exotic species following clearfelling of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. (Mountain Ash) forest was examined in the Toolangi State Forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria. Coupes ranging in age from < 1‐ to 10‐years‐old and the spar‐stage forests (1939 bushfire regrowth) adjacent to each of these coupes and a mature, 250‐year‐old forest were surveyed. The dispersal and establishment of weeds was facilitated by clearfelling. An influx of seeds of exotic species was detected in recently felled coupes but not in the adjacent, unlogged forests. Vehicles and frequently disturbed areas, such as roadside verges, are likely sources of the seeds of exotic species. The soil seed bank of younger coupes had a greater number and percentage of seeds of exotics than the 10‐year‐old coupes and the spar‐stage and mature forests. Exotic species were a minor component (< 1% vegetation cover) in the more recently logged coupes and were not present in 10‐year‐old coupes and the spar‐stage and mature forests. These particular exotic species did not persist in the dense regeneration nor exist in the older forests because the weeds were ruderal species (light‐demanding, short‐lived and short‐statured plants). The degree of influence that these particular exotic species have on the regeneration and survival of native species in E. regnans forests is almost negligible. However, the current management practices may need to be addressed to prevent a more threatening exotic species from establishing in these coupes and forests.
MOVING BACK vs. MOVING ON: THE CONCEPT OF HOME IN THE DECISION TO REMIGRATE*
Authors: Herzog Henry W. , Schlottmann Alan M.
Published: July 2006

“Is there a human being who does not revere his homeland, even though he may not return?” (Jimmie Durham, Cherokee Indian)
A MODEL OF URBAN HOUSEHOLD BEHAVIOR WITH LEISURE CHOICE
Authors: DeSalvo Joseph S.
Published: July 2006

This paper provides a complete comparative‐static analysis of the simplest model of urban household behavior that incorporates time explicitly. Results involving the housing‐price function and the effects on housing consumption and location (radial distance from the CBD) of exogenous changes in preferences for housing, housing price, and money costs of transportation are the same as in models not incorporating time explicitly. In addition, it is found that housing consumption and location are negatively related to commuting time, positively related to nonwage income, and ambiguously related (both a priori and empirically, for reasonable values of the relevant variables) to the wage rate.
EMPLOYMENT CYCLES AND PROCESS INNOVATION IN REGIONAL STRUCTURAL CHANGE*
Authors: Seninger Stephen F.
Published: July 2006

Regional employment cycles, the demand for skilled and unskilled labor, and process innovations are analyzed in the context of an industry product cycle. Employment fluctuations caused by endogenous technological change lead to spatial decentralization of production facilities through capital relocation and spatial divisions of labor. A capital investment profile suggested by the product cycle scenario is related to employment cycles. A price system for output is outlined in terms of wages and profits over the product cycle.
MEASURES OF DIVERSIFICATION: PREDICTORS OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC INSTABILITY*
Authors: Brewery H. L.
Published: July 2006

This work focuses on determining which measure of regional economic diversification best explains differences in economic instability across regions. One recent article found that a portfolio variance measure had the highest explanatory power. Another researcher found that an entropy measure was best after the model was corrected for heteroscedasticity. Results presented here indicate that, after correction for heteroscedasticity, portfolio variance once again displays the greatest power to explain cross‐sectional variation in observed regional instability.
TESTING THE SPATIAL SCALE AND THE DYNAMIC STRUCTURE IN REGIONAL MODELS (A CONTRIBUTION TO SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC SPECIFICATION ANALYSIS)*
Authors: Blommestein Hans , Nijkamp Peter
Published: July 2006

This article addresses the problem of specification uncertainty in modeling spatial economic theories in stochastic form. It is ascertained that the traditional approach to spatial econometric modeling does not adequately deal with the type and extent of specification uncertainty commonly encountered in spatial economic analyses. Two alternative spatial econometric modeling procedures proposed in the literature are reviewed and shown to be suitable for analyzing systematically two sources of specification uncertainty, viz., the level of aggregation and the spatio‐temporal dynamic structure in multiregional econometric models. The usefulness of one of these specification procedures is illustrated by the construction of a simple multiregional model for The Netherlands.
HAVE CHANGES IN LOCALIZATION ECONOMIES BEEN RESPONSIBLE FOR DECLINING PRODUCTIVITY ADVANTAGES IN LARGE CITIES?*
Authors: Moomaw Ronald L.
Published: July 2006

This paper investigates whether economies of urbanization and localization changed in two‐digit manufacturing industries over the period 1967‐1977. Estimates of changes in such economies indicate that the localization advantages of large industries declined in several industries, but that urbanization advantages increased for a small number of industries and decreased for a small number. Moreover, the absolute change in two‐digit industry employment tends to be negatively correlated with industry size, city size held constant, and positively associated with city size, industry size held constant. These latter findings tend to support the findings regarding changes in external economies.
A NEOCLASSICAL MODEL OF HOUSING QUALITY GROWTH AN INTERPRETATION*
Authors: Fisch Oscar
Published: July 2006

The paper interprets a neoclassical model of quality growth in relation to housing technology, reinvestment choice, growth of the stock of shelter, growth with and without architectural design progress, and analyses of the golden rule of quality accumulation in the housing sector.
DEPRECIATION PROFILES AND DEPRECIATION POLICY IN A SPATIAL CONTEXT*
Authors: Lugert Michael I.
Published: July 2006

This paper demonstrates that the treatment of depreciation in the federal tax code is nonneutral not only with respect to assets and industries, as demonstrated in a number of recent studies, but also with respect to location. Using a unique set of data for manufacturing plants in Los Angeles and Philadelphia, the paper shows that the 1981 Tax Act's reduction of equipment lives to five years is likely to create differences in effective tax rates and wedges between the sample metropolitan areas for groups of plants with the same two‐digit industrial classification. These are attributable to spatial differences in corporate tax rates and the type and quality of assets used. The paper concludes by explaining how the results can be generalized to other sectors and metropolitan areas, and by noting some implications for policy.
MIGRATION AND EMPLOYMENT CHANGE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DIMENSIONS OF THE LINKAGE*
Authors: Greenwood Michael J. , Hunt Gary L. , McDowell John M.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. This paper uses a unique set of data to estimatesaza the magnitude of the linkages between employment changes and net employment migration. A simple simultaneous system is specified and estimated for 17 consecutive years. In an average year two extra jobs attract about one additional net migrant, and one additional net migrant has a direct effect on area employment of almost 1.4 jobs. These relationships differ over the cycle, however. The migrant‐attractive power of another job rises during national upswings and falls during downswings. Moreover, during national expansions migrants have a less direct impact on area employment.
THE FULL‐DISTRIBUTION APPROACH TO AGGREGATE REPRESENTATION IN THE INPUT‐OUTPUT MODELING FRAMEWORK*
Authors: Jackson Randall W.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. This paper presents a probabilistic specification of coefficients in the input‐ output modeling framework. Although previous works on probabilistic input‐output models attribute uncertainty to measurement and sampling errors, this specification derives from systematic variation directly attributable to industrial, institutional, and location factors. Experiments with national input‐output data support the existence of such variation. Employing the specification not only yields a more flexible aggregate modeling framework capable of producing interval impact estimates, but also an alternative perspective on such issues as interregional differentiation and structural comparison, the identification of key industrial sectors, aggregation, and spatial variation in production.
THE COMPARATIVE STATIC RESPONSE OF RENTAL HOUSING TO A PRICE CHANGE: INFLATION AND GOVERNMENT POLICY*
Authors: Gerber Robert I.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. A two period consumer choice model is presented in which housing is treated as a quality differentiated good. The short‐run comparative static response of rental housing to a price change is examined via an example, an exogenous increase in the inflation rate. Two stylized facts are alternately used; interest income is taxed, and interest rate ceilings are imposed on small savings deposits. The partial equilibrium distributional impact of inflation, in the context of rental housing markets, is also discussed.
ESTIMATING THE BENEFITS OF PUBLIC‐HOUSING PROGRAMS: A CHARACTERISTICS APPROACH*
Authors: De Borger Bruno
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. In this paper we specify a Stone‐Geary utility function defined on housing attributes and other goods, empirically estimate the derived system of demand equations, and use the structural parameters to evaluate the benefits and consumption effects of a Belgian public rental housing program. By taking the composition of the bundle of housing attributes provided under the program into account, this study improves upon previous research which–with few exceptions–relies on a composite good, housing services.
A NOTE ON MULTIPURPOSE AND MULTISTOP SHOPPING, SALES, AND MARKET AREAS OF FIRMS*
Authors: Thill Jean‐Claude
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. The paper characterizes the aggregate demand addressed to firms in a situation such that consumers are allowed to purchase during the same journey several commodities from several firms located in a one‐dimensional space. It is a duopoly in which both firms sell the two commodities. The individual demand is assumed to be price‐inelastic.
THE TREATMENT OF MONEY IN REGIONAL ECONOMICS
Authors: Dow Sheila C.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. A survey of regional monetary theory suggests a regional segmentation of financial markets on the basis of differences in portfolio preference, or market imperfections. These possibilities are explored here using post‐Keynesian monetary theory. It is concluded that the availability of credit to a region depends more on the (potentially volatile) degree of confidence in the regional economy. The amount of liquidity thus generated depends on the propensity for capital flight due to liquidity preference. The resulting tendency for regions attracting low degrees of confidence to experience liquidity shortage will be greater the more integrated the national banking system.
TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AND AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES IN MANUFACTURING, 1959‐73*
Authors: Beeson Patricia
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the determinants of productivity growth in the manufacturing sector of states over the period 1959‐1973. Special emphasis is placed on isolating the effects of a state's urbanization characteristics on productivity growth. Urbanization characteristics considered include the spatial arrangement of cities along with the standard measures of urbanization. The results indicate that while both scale economies and technical change are related to urbanization characteristics the effects tend to be offsetting; no relationship is found between urbanization and overall productivity growth as measured by total factor productivity growth.
TRADE CENTER EVOLUTION IN THE GREAT PLAINS*
Authors: Stabler Jack C.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Empirical analysis has lagged behind the impressive additions to the theoretical literature on trade center systems during the past 15 years. This study of the trade center system in Saskatchewan is an attempt to begin to redress the imbalance and to test some of the recently formulated theoretical propositions. Communities are identified according to functional classifications for 1961 and 1981 with the aid of a cluster analysis program, and the validity of the groupings are verified using multiple discriminant analysis. Changes in the size, spacing, and function of clusters and individual communities during the 20‐year interval are described and an effort is made to prdvide explanations for the changes observed.
A NEOCLASSICAL ANATOMY OF THE ECONOMIC BASE MULTIPLIER*
Authors: Merrifield John
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Keynesian export base theory ignores the supply side of the economy, while trade models may overemphasize resource constraints. A general equilibrium model which stakes out a position between those extremes is developed and used to define rigorously the components of an economic base (EB) multiplier. Capital moves freely in and out of the regional economy, but the factor land is fixed. Interregional labor movements are caused by wage differentials. Factor and relative commodity prices are determined endogenously. Demand and supply sides of a small regional economy are included. The relationship between average and marginal EB multipliers, and between key parameters (regional size, several elasticities, etc.) and the marginal multiplier are discussed. The Keynesian constant EB multiplier can be derived from a special case of the model.
A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNEY‐TO‐SHOP WITH PRICE UNCERTAINTY*
Authors: Narula Subhash C. , Lentnek Barry , Harwitz Mitchell
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT In this paper we extend the contextual theory of demand to consider rational consumer behavior when the household must deal with some random fluctuation in the prices it faces. Prices at stores reflect “advertised specials,” which are potential cost reductions random across goods, and random in‐store price changes, which can only be observed by visiting the store. Our theory of rational behavior includes: (1) calculation by the household of an ex ante plan for its planning period; (2) modification to take account of advertised specials; and (3) rational search behavior to take advantage of random fluctuations observable only on a given day. This theory utilizes an active cash balance as a buffer against random variations from planned daily expenditures, and reformulations of trip circuits to account for patterns of cost‐minimizing search.
PUBLIC CAPITAL, REGIONAL OUTPUT, AND DEVELOPMENT: SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Costa Jose da Silva , Ellson Richard W. , Martin Randolph C.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT The goal of our paper is to provide direct estimates of the association between public capital and regional output. This is made possible by the construction of a data series which measures public capital at the state level.

The relation between public capital and other productive factors is tested using a translog production function. Our results show that labor and public capital are complementary inputs, and that public capital exhibited diminishing returns. We also consider restrictions on the translog formulation. Linear homogeneity is rejected in all cases, and the Cobb‐Douglas specification is rejected for the manufacturing and all sectors categories.
MULTICOLLINEARITY IN REGRESSION MODELS WITH MULTIPLE DISTANCE MEASURES*
Authors: Heikkila Eric
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. In a polycentric urban context, several urban nodes may exert an influence over land rents. Where this is the case, regression analysis to explain land rents should employ distance variables corresponding to each of the urban nodes. However, these distance measures may be highly intercorrelated, thereby posing a problem of “spatial multicollinearity.”

This paper demonstrates that problems arising from spatial multicollinearity can be avoided or substantially lessened by carefully selecting the geographic domain from which observations are drawn.
INCOMES, TRADE, AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS WITHIN AN URBAN SYSTEM*
Authors: Parr John B.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Attention is initially focused on the principal characteristics of a hierarchical urban system. The structure of trade flows among the various levels of the hierarchy is outlined, and consideration is then given to nontrade flows, these comprising government transfers and capital movements, as well as the associated property‐payment flows. An equilibrium model is presented which is concerned with income at each level of the hierarchy. The balance‐of‐payments implications of the model are explored, and there is a discussion of the manner in which a trade imbalance at a particular level can be sustained in equilibrium.
POPULATION GROWTH AMONG U.S. REGIONS AND METROPOLITAN AREAS: A TEST FOR CAUSALITY
Authors: Barnard Jerald R. , Krautmann Anthony C.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This paper explores theories of population growth, and implied economic growth, among the major U.S. metro areas and regions. One set of theoretical arguments favor the growth of large cities, while an alternative set of arguments favor the growth of the smaller urban areas. Still another set of arguments combine economic space and urban size in the concept of regional growth centers as the engines of regional growth. Granger causality tests are applied to determine the role of urban size or growth centres as engines of regional growth. The test results indicate no causal relationship exists.
A NOTE ON LEONTIEF TECHNOLOGY AND INPUT SUBSTITUTION
Authors: El‐Hodiri Mohamed A. , Nourzad Farrokh
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT If Leontief systems are considered to be descriptions of optimizing behavior and if their technical coefficients are derived from accounting data, then the constancy of the input‐output coefficients is equivalent to assuming a generalized Cobb‐Douglas production function and profit maximization.
THE MEDIAN VOTER, VOTING, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT*
Authors: Bender Bruce , Fixler Dennis
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This paper provides an explanation for the level of local government employment by developing a median voter model that allows for migration into and out of the city, a local government balanced‐budget constraint, and voting behavior by public employees that reflects their role as both demanders and suppliers of local government goods. Unlike previous research, the model developed here explicitly considers voting (for the incumbent) probability density functions which furthermore need not be stationary. The main conclusions of the model are that, ceteris paribus, it is plausible that the level of local government employment varies inversely with the public employee wage demand and with the elasticity of the privately employed voting population with respect to the local tax rate but directly with the voter participation rate of public employees. Contrary to previous theoretical research, there is no determinate relationship between the level of local government employment and the voter participation rate of privately employed citizens. Inferences concerning the structure of local government are also discussed.
AN EQUILIBRIUM MODEL OF GROSS MIGRATION
Authors: Schachter Joseph , Althaus Paul G.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT The paper presents and tests a new model of migration which differs significantly from the conventional disequilibrium approach. We show that variations in rates of gross migration across regions are equilibrium responses to variations in levels of amenities, governmental policies, etc. The model is tested using data on the gross migration of whites, 1975‐80, together with amenities such as climate and with economic variables such as government services, taxes and unionization. Empirical results suggest that the equilibrium model is more consistent with actual migration patterns than is the conventional disequilibrium approach. We estimate compensating differentials and migration elasticities for these variables.
EFFICIENTLY MANAGING SPATIALLY COMPETING WATER USES: NEW EVIDENCE FROM A REGIONAL RECREATION DEMAND MODEL*
Authors: Ward Frank A.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT In arid regions, managing water efficiently among competing demands depends critically on measuring comparable economic values of each end use. Unfortunately, it has been difficult to measure recreational values of water in the arid western U.S. These difficulties result from open spaces, few sites, and low incomes typical of the region. We examine whether water used for recreation can economically compete with agriculture. We accomplish this objective by extending the travel cost model to account for conditions unique to arid environments. We use demand systems theory to estimate a regional travel cost model which accounts for travel time, substitute sites, and discretionary travel cost. Findings from New Mexico's Pecos River Basin reveal recreational values of water which are 4040 percent higher than would result from conventional travel cost methodology. Measured recreation values of $130 per acre‐foot compare with equivalent values of water in irrigated agriculture of $25–$40 per acre‐foot.
PUBLIC POLICY, LOCAL LABOR DEMAND, AND MIGRATION IN SWEDEN, 1979‐84*
Authors: Nelson Michael A. , Wyzan Michael L.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT A model of private local labor demand and interjurisdictional migration is presented and estimated using data from Swedish counties and municipalities for 1979‐84. Our goal is to compare the effects on local labor markets of distinctive public‐sector programs with those of traditional market variables. We find that local income taxes and tax‐equalization grants have important effects on local labor markets; regional development policy measures and geographical‐mobility subsidies do not. Thus, recent efforts scaling back some of these programs may not materially alter the regional economy's performance. Wages and other traditional market variables are also often found to influence significantly local labor markets.
LOCATION OF PUBLIC FACILITIES WITH SPILLOVER EFFECTS: VARIABLE LOCATION AND PARAMETRIC SCALE*
Authors: Kuroda Tatsuaki
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This paper studies the location of public facilities of two neighboring local governments which consider not only the influence of the land market but also the spillover effects that each jurisdiction may have on the other. We obtain the following results: (1) in most cases, one of the cities behaves as an isolated city in choosing the facility location while the other enjoys the spillover effect as a free rider; (2) we also find that the equilibrium location in the two noncooperative city case is not socially optimal except for a special case.
SOLVING A THREE‐DIMENSIONAL URBAN ACTIVITY MODEL OF LAND USE INTENSITY AND TRANSPORT CONGESTION*
Authors: Rho Jeong Hyun , Kim Tschangcho John
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Recent developments in combining input‐output and transportation planning models have made it possible to construct realistic comprehensive urban and regional activity models of land use intensity. These models form the basis for a rigorous approach to studying the interactions among urban activities. However, efficient computational solution methods for implementing such comprehensive models are still not available.

In this paper, an efficient solution method for a nonlinear programming urban systems model is developed by combining Evans's partial linearization technique with Powell's hybrid method. The solution algorithm is applied to a small but realistic urban area with a detailed transportation network.
SPATIAL DISPERSION OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION: A CASE STUDY FOR THE NETHERLANDS BY MEANS OF PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES*
Authors: Davelaar Evert Jan , Nijkampt Peter
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. In this paper the impact of spatial and nonspatial variables on the innovation potential and innovativeness of (small) industrial firms in The Netherlands will be analyzed. Innovation potential and innovativeness will be conceived as latent variables which will be measured by a partial least squares approach. The variables reflecting innovation potential are notably input variables such as internal and external R&D, while innovativeness will be based on output indicators such as the number of product and process innovations.

The regional dimension enters our analysis essentially at two levels. First, we will investigate whether more innovative firms are to some extent spatially biased (i.e., on the basis of intrafirm characteristics). Secondly, we will analyze the relevance of an indigenous regional impact, per se. In other words, we will examine whether firms with an equal innovation capacity will differ in actual (i.e., realized) innovativeness as a consequence of different regional conditions.

For the first issue, our results indicate that not all regions are equally well‐endowed with potentially innovative (small) firms. Our analysis even demonstrates that these firms are underrepresented in regions which are generally considered to offer the most favorable production environment. After compensating for these differences in the composition of the regional set of firms, we demonstrate that an indigenous regional impact per se cannot be identified in The Netherlands.