bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Selection of Food.: III. Calcium.
Authors: WIDMARK E. M. P.
Published: December 2008

Fully‐nourished rats which had received plenty of calcium while growing (skim milk) show a negative chemo‐taxis for food which contains calcium in the form of lactate and citrate.

On the other hand, if the animals are subjected to a period of calcium deprivation the negative chemo‐taxis is transformed into positive. The animals now, for some time, select predominantly the calcium‐rich food.
Citric Acid Content in Meal of Certain Cereals arid Leguminous Plants.: A Contribution to the Question of Exogenous Citric Acid.
Authors: MUNCH‐PETERSEN AGNETE
Published: December 2008

As a link in the systematic examination of citric acid balance in the animal organism, the citric acid content is determined in flour from wheat, rye, barley, oats and maize and from various leguminous plants. Citric acid was found in all the flour and seed powder examined, less in the cereals, more in the leguminous plants.

Cereals grown in the dark showed a considerable increase in citric acid after some days which, however, decreased with continued growth of the plant. During germination the relatively highest amount of citric acid was found in the shoot.
On the Rôle of the Thyroid in the Methylation of Glycocyamine.
Authors: ASTRUP POUL , STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

The paper is a report on a reinvestigation of the rôle which the thyroid, according to some workers, is supposed to play in the methylation of glycocyamine. The authors found that the gland has no effect whatever on this process, normal and thyreodectomised rabbits reacting in the same way to glycocyamine injections, and were therefore led to reject the results of Stuber, Russman and Proebsting together with their theory of methylation processes.
Insulin and the Assimilation of Fructose.
Authors: GAMMELTOFT A. , KRUHØFFER P. , LUNDSGAARD E.
Published: December 2008

In experiments with artificially perfused hind‐leg preparations it is shown that insulin has no effect on the assimilation of fructose in the muscular tissue, whereas the assimilation of glucose is promoted to a considerable extent.

Even in experiments in which the glucose concentration in the blood is artificially reduced to the lowest possible values, insulin has no effect on the fructose assimilation.

The assimilations of glucose and fructose seem to proceed quite independently of each other.
Further Studies on the Conducting Properties of Human Skin to Direct and Alterticzting Current.
Authors: ROSENDAL THOMAS
Published: December 2008

The resistance of 4.9 cm2 of the stratum corneum to direct current (2 volts), when inorganic salt solution is used as contact electrolyte, is found to be lower at cathodic conduction1 where inorganic anions pass into the stratum corneum than at anodic conduction1 where inorganic cations pass into the corneous layer.

A rise in the concentration of the contact electrolyte, or in the valency of the cations — both changes producing an increase in the concentration of the inorganic anions of the contact electrolyte –leads to a further reduction of the resistance at cathodic conduction, while the resistance at anodic conduction is not changed.

Measurements of the potential across the stratum corneuni before, during and after conduction of direct current, with anodic and cathodic direction, indicate that the greater resistance to anodic conduction is not due to electrolytic polarization.

Determination of the a. c.‐resistance at 200 and 2 000 cycles after anodic and cathodic d. c.‐conduction shows that the difference in resistance to the two directions of current is due to a different conductivity of the stratum corneum. The different conductivity is caused by the fact that the stratum corneum is morp permeable to inorganic anions than to inorganic cations. It is assumed that the reason is that the stratum corneum, like other organic membranes, is positively charged.
Histamine as a Physiological Excitant of Acid Gastric Secretion.
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , KAHLSON G. S.
Published: December 2008

In cats and dogs acid gastric juice contains histamine in a physiologically active state.

The histamine content of gastric juice is independent of the mode of stimulus employed in exciting the parietal cells, thus being of the same order in juice from the cephalic and gastric phases and in juice obtained by injection of secretopogue drugs.

The histamine concentration of the juice secreted during the cephalic and gastric phases is sufficient to stimulate the parietal cells.

Histamine‐free preparation of “gastrin” cause a liberation of histamine from the fundic mucosa as judged by the occurrence of histamine in the acid juice.

It is suggested that in the humoral mechanism instrumental in exciting the parietal cells in the cephalic as well as in the gastric phase of acid secretion histamine represents the second, final link

The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed in part by a grant from the Research Fund “Stiftelsen Therese och Johan Anderssons Minne”.
The Amino Acid Composition of Whole Fish Protein Present in Some Species of Swedish Fish.
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

The amino acid composition of the whole fish protein obtained from some Swedish fishes which are commonly added to the ration of foxes was investigated. By incorporation of alanine values obtained by other authors, more than 100 per cent of the amino acid content was recognized. The nutritional value of the whole fish protein must be classified as rather high, as — with exception of isoleucine which was not analyzed — it was found that all indispensable amino acids were present in amounts which correspond to those reported to be present in human and rabbit muscle protein. The application of the colorimetric valine method of Wretlind on protein hydrolysates was thoroughly investigated.
Close Arterial Injection of Adenosine Triphosphate and Inorganic Triphosphate into Frog Muscle
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , FOLKOW BJORN
Published: December 2008

In the gastrocnemius of the frog close arterial injection of small amounts of adenosine troposphere and inorganic triphosphate evoke tetanus‐like contractions. The mechanical response produced by 40 μg ATP (0.08 × 10–6 mol) or 50–60 μg triphosphate (0.10–0.13 × 10–6 mol) corresponds to that released by 1 μg acetylcholine.

The sensitivity of the preparation to acetylcholine and inorganic triphosphate is greatly increased by previous application of adenosine triphosphate.
On the Alleged Esistence of the Enzynie Glycocyamase.
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

It is found that glycocyamine is hydrolysed by a glycerol extract from pig's liver. From activation experiments it is concluded that the enzyme responsible for the reaction is probably arginase, and not a specific glycocyamase.
Studies on the Liberation of Renin in completely Ischemic Kidneys.
Authors: BING JENS
Published: December 2008

A review is given of previous investigations into the liberation of renin from totally ischemic kidneys, and it is confirmed that a pressor effect can be obtained on the termination of the temporary total occlusion of the renal vessels in cats.

It is shown that a liberation of pressor substance after total occlusion of the renal vessels can be obtained also in rabbits, and that pressor substance is found also in perfusates of cat and rabbit kidneys incubated in Ringer's solution. In perfusates of rabbit kidneys immediately after extirpation, no, or scarcely any, pressor substance is observed; but after incubation at ca. 2“ C. some pressor substance is found, and after incubation at 37” considerably more, with a tendency to increase in amount according to the duration of the incubation.

It is shown that the content of pressor substance in perfusates of incubated rabbit kidneys is considerably increased (is approximately 5–10 doubled) after pre‐treatment of the kidneys with phenol, toluol, ether or acetone. The pressor substance in these perfusates must be considered to be identical with renin.
On the Anticoagulant Activity of Heparin and Synthetic Polysaccharide Sulfuric Acids.
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , GALSMAR IB
Published: December 2008

A method couvenient for the determination of the anticoagulant strength of heparin and synthetic polysaccharide sulfuric acids is described. Ox plasma and a large excess of thrombokinase are used, and the accuracy of the method seems comparable to that of the chicken plasma method. Under such conditions the synthetic substances are more powerful anticoagulants than is heparin.
Contribution to Thunberg's Method of Estimating Citric Acid On the “Systematic Deviation” of the Ci‐curve and the Estimation of the Ci‐value from the Cu
Authors: HAGELSTAM LARS
Published: December 2008

Having demonstrated in an earlier work that an artificial colloidal solution causes a systematic deviation in the THUNBERG Ci‐curve, the author poses the question: is the influence of the colloid content determined by a law, and does such a law concern also the Ci‐estimation in blood serum? Solutions of alb. ovi pulv. gummi arab. and gall of swine to which was added 10 γ/ml of Ci caused a systematic deviation of the Ci‐curve. The systematic deviation increased if the concentration of a given colloidal solution was increased. Different colloidal solutions in the same concentration caused systematic deviations of unequal degree. The figure for the expression the level line of the X‐curve/the level line of the standard curve called the level quotient, determines which tubes ought to be considered when estimating the Ci‐content of the X‐solution. By a higher figure of the level quotient the point for the exact value is regularly displaced upwards on the curve. Simultaneously the for the estimation of the Ci‐value best combination of several consecutive tubes is displaced upwards on the curve. The systematic deviation of the Ci‐curve is due to an acceleration of the reaction process in the upper part of the curve and a simultaneous retardation of the process in its lower part. A change in the colloidal properties of a given colloidal solution affects the degree of the systematic deviation.

Parallel estimations of Ci in blood serum according to THUNBERG and according to PSV show that the same laws rule the systematic deviation in artificial colloidal solutions and in blood serum. This shows that the systematic deviation of the serum curve is due to the serum colloids.

Parallel Ci‐estimations with the THUNBERG and PSV methods on venous blood of man gave almost identical results.
Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Glutamic and Aspartic Acid in Mixtures of Different Amino Acids
Authors: DARLING. SVEN
Published: December 2008

On the basis of previously reported works by TURBA and WIELAND a chromatographic method for the quantitative separation and determination of glutamic acid and aspartic acid in a mixture of amino acids has been outlined. The method allows the determination of 5–30 micromols amino acids with the same accuracy as a micro‐Kjeldahl determination. The method is especially apt for series analyses.
A Geiger‐Müller Counter Arrangement for Biological Research1
Authors: AMBROSEN J. , MADSEN B. , OTTESEN J. , ZERAHN K.
Published: December 2008

The present paper gives a detailed description of the construction of a GEIGER‐MÜLLER counting tube, amplifier and recording device suitable for biological research. Furthermore, the statistical relations involved are discussed.
Electrical Impedance Properties of Surviving Gastric Mucosa of the Frog
Authors: TEORELL TORSTEN , WERSÄLL RICHARD
Published: December 2008

The alternating current impedance of the isolated, surviving stomach mucosa from frog was examined over the frequency range 10–13,000 c/s. The results were expressed in terms of impedance locus diagrams according to GILDEMEISTER‐LULLIESCOLE.

In general it was found that different states of activity and external conditions had a marked influence on the impedance quantities such as the “parallel resistance” and the “polarization angle”. On the whole, it was found that strong stimulation (in connection with secretion, or electrical current flow) or injury (mechanical or chemical) in particular affected the parallel resistance.

Impedance quantities related to the polarization properties of the mucous membrane, i. e. the “polarization angle” and the “characteristic frequency”, were sensitive to the exchange of sodium ions against potassium ions (“potassium effect”).

The observations are discussed according to some current hypotheses. It is emphasized that great caution must be exercised when attempting to interpret the impedance quantities in terms of cell and tissue permeability.
Studies on the Lymphocyte Production. Investigations on the Nucleic Acid Turnover in the Lymphoid Organs
Authors: ANDREASEN ERIK , OTTESEN JENS
Published: December 2008

The importance of the various lymphoid organs as a source of blood lymphocytes is studied by determinations of the rate of desoxyribose nucleic acid formation in the organs under examination. The rate of formation of nucleic acid is estimated by means of the radioactive indicator method. The animal material is normal albino rats in different age groups.

A large nucleic acid turnover is observed in the lymphoid organs. The greatest renewal takes place in the thymus, the rate of renewal in mature animals being 5–6 per cent during the 3 hours' experimental period. The corresponding figures for the lymph nodes and the spleen are only 1–2 per cent.

Various considerations lead to the assumption that the desoxyribose nucleic acid turnover affords an estimate of the lymphocyte production in the different lymphoid organs. According to this conception, calculations show that the thymus must be the most important lymphocytopoietic organ except in old age when the weight of the organ is markedly reduced. Compared with the high thymic activity the other lymphoid organs possess only a slight lymphocytopoietic function.
Studies on Dietary Gizzard Ulcers in Chicks
Authors: DAM HENRIK , SEGAL HARRY L.
Published: December 2008

The highly unsaturated fraction of the fatty acids from hog liver fat (iodine value about 200) counteracts the development of gizzard ulcers in chicks reared on ulcer‐producing artificial diets. The moderately unsaturated fraction (i. v. 90) and the largely saturated fraction (i. v. 2.5) have little or no effect respectively. The active fraction can be converted into methyl esters without losing its potency and is relatively stable to heat.

Cod liver oil or oleic acid does not possess anti‐ulcer effect; lard and commercial soy‐bean oil are much less effective than hog liver fat.

Vitamin E in the form of d, l‐alpha‐tocopherol acetate delays to some extent the development of gizzard ulcers produced by an artificial diet without cinchophen.

The salt content of the diet also has some influence on the tendency to the development of ulcers.

Cholic acid is without effect when added to ulcer‐producing diets without cinchophen but enhances the ulcer‐producing effect of cinchorhen‐containing artificial diets.

Cartilage, pasteurized cream and dried alfalfa give some protection against gizzard ulcers. Dried calf brain offers a degree of protection somewhat comparable to that of hog liver.

Cerophyl, canned sterilized cream and ventriculin are largely inactive.

Evidence of increased acidity of the fasting stomach juice of chicks receiving ulcer‐producing diets is not present.

Feeding of heated cod liver oil enhances the tendency to gizzard ulcers in ducklings.

Rats fed the same diets used for the production of ulcers fail to develop ulcers within 94 days.
On the Synthesis of Choline in the Animal Body
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

From in vitro experiments evidence is gathered that muscle and liver tissue in the rat are able to catalyse the methylation of ethanol amine to choline, the methyl groups being furnished by methionine which is in turn demethylated to homocysteine. Some of the properties of the enzyme system in question are investigated.
A Pulse Time Recorder. A Simple Apparatus for Recording Time Intervals as Ordinates
Authors: JOHNSEN SVEND
Published: December 2008

The author describes a simple and inexpensive apparatus for recording time intervals as ordinates. The instrument, which is easily adjustable for widely different ranges of frequencies, is most suitable for the determination of relative frequency differences. When absolute time intervals are desired it must be calibrated after each experiment.
Bilirubin in Urine and Other Secretions apart from the Bile and in the Cereorospinal and Eye Liquors
Authors: WITH TORBEN K.
Published: December 2008

In patients with pronounced jaundice the sweat, tears, saliva and gastric juice were found to be bilirubin‐free. The behavior of milk in pronounced jaundice is yet unknown. The renal threshold for bilirubin is in the adult about 5 mg. per 100 ml. of serum (3–7 and occasionally as high as 11). The bilirubin clearance is very low (0.1–0.5) and does not show any close correlation to the urea clearance. The excretion of bilirubin in the kidneys seems to take place by secretion by the tubular epithelia only and the ability of the kidneys to excrete bilirubin is very limited. The individual variations of the renal threshold and the clearance for bilirubin are considerable.

The cerebrospinal and eye liquors are entirely bilirubin‐free in most cases of jaundice. Only in cases of pronounced and longstanding jaundice may traces of bilirubin (below 1% of the serum concentration) be found.
On the Presence in Extracts of Leaves and Plants of a Factor Interfering with the Chemical Determination of Thiamin by the Method of Melnick and Field
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

A factor which interferes with the chemical determination of thiamin as carried out by the method of MELNICK and FIELD has been isolated from extracts of aspen leaves. The factor is an electroneutral, low‐molecular substance, probably with reducing properties and not containing sulphur, phosphorus or nitrogen. The general occurrence of the factor in leaves from plants and trees and in vegetables has been investigated.

The writer is indebted to the Ferrosan Corporation for a grant which supported the present investigation. He further acknowledges his thanks to Miss Ahlquist and Mr. Eklund for valuable assistance throughout the investigation.
Influence of Synthetic Polysaccharid Sulfuric Acid Esters on the Thrombocytes in vivo and in vitro.
Authors: PIPER JØRGEN
Published: December 2008

It is demonstrated that some synthetic anticoagulants of the polysaccharid sulfuric acid ester group (chitin, cellulose and starch sulfuric acid esters) on intravenous injection in rabbits produce an agglutination of the thrombocytes and reduce the number of circulating platelets. This effect is of rather short duration and completely reversible. The toxicity of these substances reported by some authors may be due to the phenomenon demonstrated here.

The mucoitin polysulfuric acid ester (heparin) found in the animal organism does not have the same effect on the thrombocytes.
Concluding Studies on the Conducting Properties of Human Skin to Alternating Current.
Authors: ROSENDAL THOMAS
Published: December 2008

The dielectric constant D of pulverized, dry stratum corneum is found to be 9.1–9.65 for frequencies between 400 and 10,000 cycles. The phase angle is about 88° in the same frequency range.

Determinations of capacity and resistance of 6 cm2 of the stratum corneum show that it has, immediately after the preparation, a capacitive conductivity which is 230–300 times greater than after it has been dried for several days in air to constant weight, the drying being accompanied by a loss in moisture of about 20% of the weight of the stratum corneum.

The high capacitive conductivity with a lag angle of about 10° is associated with the moisture (water or electrolyte) content of the corneous layer which has not been dried.

On the basis of the resemblance between the frequency dependence of the corneous layer and that of a series of polarization cells, as well as between the frequency independence of the phase angle for both systems and the magnitude of this angle, the a. c.‐conduction through the stratum corneum is explained by electrolytic polarization.

Experiments involving the soaking of a membrane prepared by compression of pulverized, dry stratum corneum make it seem probable that the polarization is dependent upon the stratified structure of the corneous layer.
Some Remarks on the Kinetics of the Carotene Loss in Dried Vegetables.
Authors: PETERSEN EIGIL ETTRUP , SCHØNHEYDER FRITZ
Published: December 2008

In dried carrots, spinach, kale and alfalfa, stored at constant temperature and in desiccators with constant degree of moisture in order to keep the water content of the dried materials approximately constant at different levels, it is shown that the carotene loss procecds according to a first‐order reaction scheme; hence it seems rational to calculate the half decomposition time for carotene and use this value as a measurc of the stability of carotene under varying conditions. It is shown that under identical conditions the half decomposition times for the dried green vegetables: spinach, kale and alfalfa are of the same order of dimension, apparently greatest however, for spinach. to0.5 for carotene in carrots is materially smaller than for the above mentioned green vegetables. In dried carrots the stability of carotene depends greatly upon the water content, the greatest stability being found at a water content of about 18 per cent.
On the Affinity of Pig Pancreas Lipase for Tricaproin in Heterogeneous Solution
Authors: SCHØNHEYDER FRITZ , VOLQVARTZ KIRSTEN
Published: December 2008

The affinity of pig pancreas lipase towards tricaproin in heterogeneous mixtures has been determined at 30° C in the presence of sodium taurocholate and calcium chloride with constant shaking, (250 double oscillations per min.), the initial velocity of the reaction of hydrolysis in the lipid phase being calculated in relation to the initial surface of the lipid phase. In the investigated tricaproin emulsions with increasing amounts of tricaproin a normal and approximately uniform frequency distribution was found with regard to the logarithm of the diameters of the fatty particles. A conversion factor is computed from the relation between the total surface and the total volume of the particles and by means of this factor the total initial surface of the lipid phase in each enzymatic hydrolysis experiment can be calculated. – By the calculation of the affinity, FREUNDLICH'S adsorption isotherm has been applied to the adsorption of the enzyme in the surface layer of the lipid phase. The reciprocal value of k, where k is measure of the affinity of lipase towards undissolved tricaproin, is under the given experimental conditions equal to 130 cm2 per 250 cc reaction mixture.
The Reabsorption of Glycine and Other Amino Acids in the Kidneys of Man
Authors: USSING HANS H.
Published: December 2008

1. Methods are described for the estimation of total amino‐N, glycine, leucine + valine and histidine in blood plasma and urine. The amino‐N determination method is a modification of FOLIN'S method. Glycine is estimated from the fall in amino‐N on repeated adsorptions on carbon.

For the determination of leucine + valine in urine a method is described modifying a method previously worked out by the author for the determination of the sum of these amino acids in small tissue samples.

Histidine is partly isolated from urine by adsorption on carbon and eluation with 50% acetic acid.

2. The content of different amino acids in plasma and urine from human subjects is examined. It is found that glycine is not the all dominating amino acid, neither in plasma nor in urine.

Moreover it is found that the concentration index for glycine (possibly + other little adsorbed amino acids) is somewhat higher than that for total amino‐N. Leucine and valine are very efficiently reabsorbed compared with for instance glycine and histidine.

3. The effect of glycine ingestion in human subjects is examincd. It is found that the taking of 20–25 g glycine may increase the amino acid content in the urine up to 14 times. The excess excretion is, however, shown to consist of glycine only, the excretion of histidine and tyrosine remaining at the fasting level.

4. The results are discussed and a working hypothesis is set forth to explain the apparent independent reabsorption of glycine and other amino acids.
The Purification and Properties of Aminopolypeptidase from the Hog's Pyloric Mucosa. I.
Authors: AGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

In cataphoretical analysis the aminopolypeptidase of the hog's pyloric‐duodenal mucosa behaves as a compound with its isoelectric point close to pH 4.6. After inactivation by dialysis at pH 3.8–4.3 the enzyme can be reactivated by addition of a dialysable factor.
Reflex Motor Discharges in Single Nerve Fibres of the Frog in Strychnine Poisoning and in other Convulsive States
Authors: JALAVISTO EEVA
Published: December 2008

The maximal frequency (at room temperature) of reflex impulsation in single nerve fibres of the frog was examined. It was found to vary in different conditions being lowest (up to 125 imp/sec.) in normal reflexes of a spinal frog, probably somewhat higher in brain‐stem and chloralose frogs and distinctly higher in convulsive states especially in strychnine cramps viz. up to 300 imp/sec.

The peculiar form of activity in single fibres under strychnine and cold convulsions was also investigated. It could be stated that during fully developed strychnine and cold cramps the single fibre neurogram consisted of high frequency outbursts of impulses appearing 5–10 times per sec., the groups being separated from each other by a more or less distinct silent period. The impulse groups in different fibres showed a considerable synchronism.

In the discussion it is pointed out that increased irradiation of reflexes e. g. in brain‐stem or strychnine frogs compared with spinal, normal frogs usually corresponds to a raised “functional” frequency maximum of the motor nerve cell. As it is known that strychnine as well as cooling of the cord partly abolishes the one‐way conduction in synapses leading to maximal irradiation of reflexes, the possibility to explain some other phenomena in convulsive states on this basis was considered. According to GESELL the number of impinging signals and of activated synapses at the dendritic part of the neuromembrane causes a potential gradient between the dendritic and axon hillock parts of the neurone, that determines the degree of activity of a nerve cell. If this theory is applied on the strychnine effects, it might be possible to interpret the excitatory action of strychnine on motor cortex and the strychnine reversing of inhibitory reflexes to excitatory as results of the failure of one‐way conduction in the cord caused by strychnine.
Gleichzeitige Bestimmung von Äther und Kohlendioxyd in der Atmungsluft.
Authors: LINDE PAUL
Published: December 2008

Es wird eine gasvolumetrische Methode beschrieben, die es ermöglicht, Äther und Kohlendioxyd bei gleichzeitigem Vorkommen in einer Luftprobe, z. B. bei Narkosen, quantitativ zu bestimmen. Es ist auch gezegt worden, dass bei der üblichen Kohlendioxydabsorptionsanalyse mit Kalilauge zu hohe Werte erhalten werden, wenn Äther in der Luftprobe vorhanden ist.
The Significance of Diffusion and Convection for the Distribution of Solutes in the Interstitial Space
Authors: KRUHØFFER POUL
Published: December 2008

In experiments on nephrectomized rabbits inulin and sucrose have been found to have at least very nearly the same definite volume of distribution viz. slightly less than 20% of the body weight. Both materials must be assumed to distribute themselves only in the extracellular space.

As sucrose diffuses about 3 times as rapidly as inulin, sucrose is more suitable for determinations of the extracellular space and must at present be considered the most appropriate substance for such determinations on nephrectomized animals and individual tissues, however complete distribution is not obtained till 4–6 hours after intravenous injection.

An experimental procedure is described which makes it possible to decide whether convection or diffusion is the most important factor in the distribution of solutes in the interstitial spaces. The method is based on determinations of the so called curves of distribution for inulin and sucrose after simultaneous intravenous injection on nephrectomized rabbits.

From the results of experiments of this kind it is concluded that diffusion completely dominates the distribution.
Microdetermination of pH in Saliva
Authors: SCHMIDT‐NIELSEN BODIL
Published: December 2008

A method is reported for determinations of pH in saliva from the parotid and mandibular glands. A micro quinhydron electrode according to BILLMANN is used. A technique is described by which loss of CO2 during both collecting and measureing of the sample is avoided.

Determinations are caried out to show the accuracy of this method in comparison with methods used by former investigators.
On the Purification of the Thiamin‐Inactivating Fish Factor II
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

By cataphoretic separation and dialysis the thiamin‐destroying fish factor has been further purified about 10 times, in all about 100 times. The activity seems to be associated with a colourless protein.

The author is indebted to the Astra Corporation for a grant which supported the present investigation. He further expresses his thanks to Mr. Eklund for valuable assistance throughout the investigation.
In what Form does Histamine Occur in Plasma?
Authors: COLLDAHL H. , HOLMBERG CARL G. , LAURELL C. ‐B.
Published: December 2008

Two types of experiments have been performed, both of which indicate that histamme is present in plasma in bound, inactive form.

The possibility is discussed that histamine might be set free during the sampling of blood through, the action of thrombokinase.
Study on Ph. Broemser's Manometer Theory for Oscillations in the Aorta
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , PORJÉ I. G.
Published: December 2008

Frank‐Broemser's manometer theory regarding oscillations in the aorta has been studied, and the following results have been obtained.

 “The fundamental (self) oscillation time” of the arterial pulse, as computed for 18 healthy subjects, aged 20–40 years, with different methods, gives the same values for each subject, regardless of the combinations of computation.

 BROEMSER'S supposition that the “manometer” has a constant damping factor is not correct.
Glycerol Oxidation and Muscular Exercise
Authors: LUNDSGAARD EINAR
Published: December 2008

The fall in the glycerol concentration in the blood after oral administration of glycerol is slowed down during muscular work.

This effect is assumed to be due to the liberation of glycerol from the fats metabolized during the work.

If triglycerides are broken down in the working muscles, then at any rate the glycerol component is not directly oxidized in the muscles.

The presence of ethyl alcohol in the blood causes a marked depression in glycerol oxidation, a further indication of the close relationship between the metabolism of the two compounds.
On the Action of a Factor Interfering with the Chemical Determination of Thiamin by the Method of Melnick and Field. II
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

The highly purified material from aspen leaves contains a substance or substances with reducing properties and phenol‐like character which seem to interfere with the chemical determination of thiamin by the reaction of MELNICK and FIELD. The vitamin is apparently reduced to a state which is biologically active. Thiamin which has interacted with cysteine, vitamin C or the phenol‐like leaf factor can be determined with the thiochrome method. Cysteine gives a faint blue fluorescence in the thiochrome test.
Sympathomimetic Activity in Extracts of Normal Human and Bovine Blood.
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , SCHMITERLÖW C. G.
Published: December 2008

Alcoholic extracts of whole blood from cattle and normal human subjects produce a rise of blood pressure and tachycardia in the cat, after adsorption of depressor constituents with Fuller's earth. The active substance is inactivated by iodine in neutral or slightly alkaline solutions.

The pressor action is enhanced by cocaine, and inhibited or abolished but not reversed by a dose of dihydro‐ergotamine sufficient to reverse the action of an equipressor amount of adrenaline.

The evidence presented supports the assumption that the normally occurring pressor agent in bovine and human blood is chiefly nor‐adrenaline (sympathin).

The amount of sympathin found in bovine and human whole blood corresponds to some 2–4 μg dl‐nor‐adrenaline hydrochloride per 100 ml blood.

This work has been supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to one of us (U. S. v. E.) which is gratefully acknowledged.
A Bronchoconstrictory Action of some Bile Acids.
Authors: EMMELIN NILS
Published: December 2008

A constrictory action of some bile acids on cat's and guinea‐pig's bronchi is described.
The Formation Mechanism of Oestrogenic Hormones
Authors: CLAESSON LENNART , HILLARP NILS‐ÅKE
Published: December 2008

By means of polarisation optical and histochemical methods we have succeded in demonstrating the presence of a sterol of cholesterol type – probably indentical with cholesterol – in the interstitial gland and in theca interna of the rabbit ovary. The amount of this sterol varies according to the sexual phase: during oestrous, pregnancy and pseudo‐pregnancy it is found to be stored in the cells in large amounts, while the immature or anoestrous ovaries on the other hand show either none or only very small amounts.

The majority of the sterol is present in the ovary in the form of ester. It is biologically inactive.

In case of forced secretion of oestrogenic hormones (coitus, injection of gonadotrophic hormone) the sterol is mobilised from the ovaries. If an intense gonadotrophic stimulation is applied, this mobilisation may be completed within the course of some few hours, and the amount of sterol falls from high to very low values. This indicates that the demostrated sterol is intimately connected with the formation of oestrogenic hormones.

The results obtained in the course of our investigations suggest that the sterol is the precursor of the oestrogenic substances formed in the rabbit ovary.
The Effect of Adrenaline and Related Compounds on the Permeability of Isolated Frog Skin to Ions.
Authors: JØRGENSEN C. BARKER
Published: December 2008

Isolated skin of the frog when bathed on the inner side with Ringer solution and on the outer side with water will loose salt from the Ringer solution to the water. This loss is greatly increased when adrenaline is added to the Ringer solution. Adrenaline may be active even at a concentration of about 1: 108. The red oxidation products of adrenaline (adrenochrome?) is —if at all — less active than adrenaline. Adrenoxyl in a concentration of 1: 105 is without any influence on the permeability of the skin.
The Importance of the Stalk Connexion for the Power of the Anterior Pituitary of the Rat to React Structurally upon Ceasing Thyroid Function.
Authors: BROLIN SVEN ELOV
Published: December 2008

Complete section of the pituitary stalk in the rat prevents hypertrophy and vacuolization from arising in the basophil cells of the anterior hypophyseal lobe after thyroidectomy. If the pars tuberalis connexion is left intact, however, these cell‐changes do not fail to appear. When the posterior and middle lobes have been extirpated, typical cell‐changes arise in the anterior lobe after thyroidectomy.

The changes in the basophil cell‐picture are interpreted as a morphological sign of an increased thyrotropic function. Therefore, the thyrotropic function of the anterior pituitary lobe is regarded as highly dependent on the stalk connexion with the hypothalamus. The system composed of the hypothalamus, stalk and anterior lobe reacts to thyroid insufficiency independently of the intermediate and posterior lobes and the nerve fibres running through them. The view that the thyrotropic function of the anterior lobe is essentially controlled without the assistance of the stalk seems to be untenable.
Nucleic Acids and Cytological Changes in the Thyroid Gland after Thiouracil.l
Authors: R̂CER̂ÂBEK JAROSLAV , R̂CER̂CR̂BEK EMMY
Published: December 2008

1) By the action of thiouracil the follicular cell is not brought into the state of physiological inactivity and it shows signs of apparent secretion which differ however in details remarkably from the effective secretion stage.

2.) The quantity of follicular cells in mitosis is temporarily increased to the multiple. This disturbance is the result of the inhibition of caryokinesis in the stage of metaphase.

3) The absolute quantities of ribonucleic and of desoxyribonu‐cleic acid are considerably reduced.

4) The ratio KNA/DNA shows a decrease to a fractional part of the normal value, according to the increase of the cell mass.
On the Effect of Copper on cytochrome Oxidase
Authors: STEENSHOLT. GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

It is found that the copper complex forming compound sodium diethyl‐dithio carbamate has no, or only an extremely small effect on cytochrome oxidase activity. The interpretation of this result and its bearing on previous work are briefly discussed.
The Regulation of the Body‐temperature during Work Performed with the Arms and with the Legs
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , NIELSEN. MARIUS
Published: December 2008

Experiments were performed in which the increase in rectal temperature was measured during ergometer exercise with the arms and with the legs.

It was found that at a given output of energy, and at a given production of heat, the increase in temperature was larger with leg‐work than with arm‐work.

Temperature measurements in the stomach showed that this difference was not due to the proximity during leg‐work of the working muscles to the measuring thermocouple.

Experiments with leg‐work a t sea level and a t a simulated alti‐tude of 4,000 m showed no difference in the temperature increase, indicating that a more anaerobic condition and a more pronounced subjective feeling of strain have no effect on the thermoregulatingcentre during work.

It is concluded that the different “setting” of the heat dissi‐pating centre during work with the arms and with the legs possibly is due to a different set of nervous impulses, efferent and reflex, reaching the centre during the two kinds of work.
The Effect of Enterogastrone on the Gastric Secretion of the Cat Stimulated toy Continuous Administration of Histamine
Authors: UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

Enterogastrone prepared according to Greengard et al. does not inhibit the gastric secretion of the anaesthetized cat stimulated by the intravenous infusion of histamine.
Comparative Tests of the Thiosulphate and Creatinine Clearance in Rabbits and Cats
Authors: BING JENS , EFFERSØE POUL
Published: December 2008

In rabbits, simultaneous determinations have demonstrated identity between creatinine and thiosulphate clearances in 9 tests though for two other animals the values for the thiosulphate clearance were slightly lower than for the creatinine clearance.

In cats, on the other hand, the thiosulphate clearance when the plasma thiosulphate concentrations are low may have a value twice as high as that of the creatinine clearance,.whereas with a rising plasma thiosulphate concentration the difference approaches 0. Presumably the explanation is that the cat kidney can secrete thiosulphate.
On the Blood Supply to the Brain during Acceleration
Authors: ÅKESSON SVEN
Published: December 2008

The possibility that the blood circulation in the brain, in an erect position, particularly under the influence of higher degrees of positive acceleration, is facilitated by a siphonic effect (fig. 1) is discussed. A prerequisite for this is that the vessels do not close at any point of the siphon. The weak points are the jugular veins and the small vessels in the brain. Direct measurements of the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid during compression tests on the neck show that the jugular veins are far more pressure‐resistant than was earlier believed. It seems plausible that the small vessels in the brain are, in the first place, protected from collapse by the hydrostatic equilibrium between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. In all probability, a local artery‐dilating mechanism, at imminent over‐pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid, will contribute towards keeping the vessels open. It has been shown in Man that the pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid can be raised to degrees above the probable pressure in the cerebral capillaries without loss of consciousness and without any significant increase of the blood pressure.
The Influence of g‐Strophanthin on Hypodynamic and Anoxic Heart Muscle of the Frog
Authors: LTJNDIN GUNNAR , STRÖM GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

Our observations indicate that:

Ghstrophanthin has a positive inotropic effect on hypodyna‐mic heart muscle of the frog.

The rise in contraction power produced by g‐strophanthin restores the extra tension developed during contraction to the assumed “normal” value and not higher.

If the partial pressure of oxygen surrounding the muscle is below a certain value, or if glycolysis is interfered with, g‐strophanthin does not restore the extra tension during contraction to the “normal” value.

G‐strophanthin does not influence the diastolic tension or the excitability before the appearance of the toxic phase.
Phosphatase in Cats with Obstructive Jaundice
Authors: DALGAARD JØRGEN B.
Published: December 2008

It has been maintained that the serum phosphatase of cats does not increase after common bile duct ligation as it does in other animals and man, but this assumption seems weakly supported.

The present material comprises 39 cats in 10 of which the common bile duct has been ligated. The phosphatase is estimated by a modified Buch and Buch (King and Armstrong) method. The variability of serum phosphatase is appreciable but a few normal variations are noticed: Young cats have a high level. During pregnancy the phosphatase increases. The mean value for female cats is slightly higher than for males. 40 hours of fasting affords only an inconspicuous decrease.

All cats with ligated common bile duct display an increase in serum phosphatase which begins on the 3rd day, reaches a maximum between the 4th and 17th day and then gradually decreases again. (See the mean curve, Fig. 3.) In one cat the bile flow was re‐established after two weeks of bile‐stasis and the serum phosphatase dropped to the normal level within a few days.

Phosphatase in bile which is normally very high, decreases after common bile duct ligation.

Urinary phosphatase vary very much normally. In the present material it does not increase during bile‐stasis. The hypothesis that the cat is able to compensate an increase in serum phosphatase by an increased output through the kidneys must therefore be abandoned. This is in keeping with the findings in cats with simultaneous common bile duct ligation and nephrectomy. Such animals do not show increase of serum phosphatase.

In vitro experiments show that urea inhibits phosphatase.

The investigation shows that with regard to phosphatase during obstructive jaundice, the cat differs less from other animals than was previously supposed.
The Effect of Variations in Oxygen Tension on the Lymph Flow
Authors: BEZNAK A. B. L. , LILJESTRAND G.
Published: December 2008

In anesthetized cats and dogs the lymph flow from the right thoracic duct slowed down by about 30 per cent on an average, if the animal was breathing pure oxygen. This result was obtained during spontaneous as well as during constant artificial respiration after curarization. The lymph flow from the left thoracic duct reacted in the same way to oxygen, though the reduction was smaller and less regular. Simultaneous recording of the intestinal movements showed an increase during oxygen breathing. It seems probable that the effect of oxygen inhalation is due to alteration of the permeability of the capillaries or the colloid osmotic pressure, or both. With regard to the lungs a blocking effect of the dilatated precapillaries on the lymphatics seems possible.

Acetyl choline was found to increase the lymph flow from the right thoracic duct in a similar way to what is known as to its effect on the left thoracic duct. In both cases the effect diminished under the influence of oxygen breathing.

The finding that the lymph flow increases during oxygen want as well as during increased expiratory resistance has been confirmed.
On Proteins in Regenerating Rat Liver. I. Phosphomonoesterases
Authors: NORBERG BO
Published: December 2008

The phosphomonoesterase activities of regenerating rat's liver after lobectomy has been estimated at pH 4.8, 5.2, 6.1 and 9.5. From the liver‐weight at death and the calculated liver residue on operation the total number of enzyme units produced during regeneration is calculated. The acid phosphatases essentially regenerate parallel to the liver mass. The alkaline esterase increases enormously, four fold already on the first day, and it reaches a maximum on the second day at 700% of the starting value. A functional relationship between the regeneration process and the phosphatases is assumed.
The Influence of the Corticotropic Hormone from Ox on the Active Salt Uptake in the Axolotl
Authors: JOHNSEN VALBORG KOEFOED , USSING HANS H.
Published: December 2008

The influence of the adrenocorticotropic hormone on the salt balance in axolotls has been studied.

Injection of the hormone was found to increase the salt uptake through the skin of the animals.
Scotopic Dominator and State of Visual Purple in the Retina
Authors: DONNER K. O. , GRANIT RAGNAR
Published: December 2008

Single spikes have been recorded by the micro‐electrode technique from the retina of the fully dark adapted decerebrate cat, the aim being to determine the curve of the scotopic dominator with a maximum degree of accuracy in order to find out whether it corresponds with the visual purple (V. P.) distribution of sensitivity as known from work on retinal extracts.

The pure on‐elements and some of the on/off‐elements gave a curve slightly narrower than the V. P. curve (e. g. figs. 1 and 2).

Some on/off‐elements behaved differently. There were humps in the long and short wave‐lengths in the regions where previously modulators have been noted. In some elements unexpectedly large values were obtained at 0.420 μ (e. g. figs. 3–6).

It is concluded that, since the V. P. chromophore would be a complex structure with several conjugated double bonds, it may exist in the retina in states of different probability depending upon the free radicals and the receptor proteins.
The Chemical Transmission of Vasoconstrictor Impulses to the Hind Limbs of the Dog
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

The transmitter of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses to the hind limbs of the dog lacks vasodilator action. The transmitter is not adrenaline. It night be nor‐adrenaline or a substance with similar biological properties.
Action of Acetylcholine, Adrenaline and Nor‐adrenaline on the Coronary Blood Flow of the Dog
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , FROST JØRGEN , UVNAS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

Acetylcholine has a pronounced dilator action on the coronaries of the dog. The observation is in agreement with our previous suggestion that the sywpathetic coronary dilator fibres in the dog are cholinergic.
The Effect of Fasting on Nnscle Phosphorylase Activity in the Rat
Authors: LUNDBæK KNUD , GORANSON EWALD S.
Published: December 2008

The resting niuscle of the fed rat was found to contain a mixture of phosphorylase a and b. The total phosphorylase activity as well as the relative proportion of phosphorylase n was observed to increase during fasting and to decrease on re‐feeding.

The change in the relative proportion of the two forms of phosphorylase suggests an alteration in the activity of the prostetic‐group removing (PR) enzyme.

The possible significance of these changes as a mechanism regulating the mobilization of niuscle glycogen during starvation is discussed.