bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extraction of wind and temperature information from hybrid 4D-Var
assimilation of stratospheric ozone using NAVGEM
Authors: Allen Douglas R. , Hoppel Karl W. , Kuhl David D.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Extraction of wind and temperature information from stratospheric ozone assimilation is examined within the context of the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM) hybrid 4D-Var data assimilation (DA) system. Ozone can improve the winds and temperatures through the two different DA mechanisms. First, through the flow-of-the-day ensemble background error covariances that are blended together with the static background error covariance. Second, via the ozone continuity equation in the tangent linear model and adjoint used for minimizing the cost function. All experiments assimilate actual conventional data and satellite-derived wind vectors in order to maintain nearly the same realistic troposphere. In the stratosphere, the experiments assimilate simulated ozone and/or radiance observations in various combinations. The simulated observations are taken from a 16-day truth experiment (TE), which is an analysis with no stratospheric observations. The impact of ozone on the analysis is evaluated by comparing the experiments to the TE. Ozone assimilation is found to benefit the winds and temperatures when data are of sufficient quality and frequency. For example, global hourly ozone data with no error constrains the stratospheric winds and temperature to within ~2 m s−1 and ~1 K, respectively. This demonstrates that there is dynamical information in the ozone distribution that can potentially be used to improve the stratosphere. This is particularly important for the tropics, where radiance observations have difficulty constraining winds due to their broad weighting functions and breakdown of geostrophic balance. Global ozone assimilation provides the largest benefit when the hybrid blending coefficient is an intermediate value (0.5 was used in this study), rather than 0.0 (no ensemble background error covariances) or 1.0 (no static background error covariances), which is consistent with other hybrid DA studies. Reduction of the ozone sampling frequency, addition of observational noise, or inclusion of radiance observations all reduce the benefit of ozone. For example, a single polar-orbiting ozone measurement set with realistic errors has no significant impact on the wind analysis when a full suite of radiance observations is also assimilated. An examination of cross-correlations between ozone and other variables shows that a single ozone observation behaves like a potential vorticity (PV) charge, or a monopole of PV, with rotation about a vertical axis and vertically oriented temperature dipole. Further understanding of this relationship may help in designing observation systems that would optimize the impact of ozone on the dynamics.
The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Limb Profiler (LP) Version 1 Aerosol Extinction Retrieval Algorithm: Theoretical Basis
Authors: Loughman Robert , Bhartia Pawan K. , Chen Zhong , Xu Philippe , Nyaku Ernest , Taha Ghassan
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The theoretical basis of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Limb Profiler (LP) Version 1 aerosol extinction (AE) retrieval algorithm is presented. The algorithm uses an assumed bi-modal log-normal aerosol size distribution to retrieve AE profiles at 675 nm from OMPS LP radiance measurements. A first-guess AE profile is updated by iteration using the Chahine non-linear relaxation method, based on comparisons between the measured radiance profile at 675 nm and the radiance profile calculated by the Gauss-Seidel Limb Scattering (GSLS) radiative transfer model for a spherical-shell atmosphere. This algorithm is discussed in the context of previous limb-scattering AE retrieval algorithms, and the most significant error sources are enumerated. The retrieval algorithm is limited primarily by uncertainty about the aerosol phase function, and by horizontal variations in aerosol extinction, which violate the spherical-shell atmosphere assumed in the Version 1 algorithm.
Air quality in the Kathmandu Valley: WRF and WRF-Chem simulations of meteorology and black carbon concentrations
Authors: Mues Andrea , Lauer Axel , Lupascu Aurelia , Rupakheti Maheswar , Kuik Friderike , Lawrence Mark G.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. An evaluation of the meteorology simulated using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model for the region South Asia and Nepal with a focus on the Kathmandu Valley is presented. A particular focus of the model evaluation is placed on meteorological parameters that are highly relevant to air quality such as wind speed and direction, boundary layer height and precipitation. The same model setup is then used for simulations with WRF including chemistry and aerosols (WRF-Chem). A WRF-Chem simulation has been performed using the state-of-the-art emission database EDGAR HTAP v2.2, along with a sensitivity simulation using observation-based black carbon emission fluxes for the Kathmandu Valley. The WRF-Chem simulations are analyzed in comparison to black carbon measurements in the valley and to each other. The evaluation of the WRF simulation with a horizontal resolution of 3 × 3 km2, shows that the model is often able to capture important meteorological parameters inside the Kathmandu Valley and the results for most meteorological parameters are well within the range of biases found in other WRF studies especially in mountain areas. But the evaluation results also clearly highlight the difficulties of capturing meteorological parameters in such complex terrain and reproducing subgrid-scale processes with a horizontal resolution of 3 × 3 km2. The measured black carbon concentrations are typically systematically and strongly underestimated by WRF-Chem. A sensitivity study with improved emissions in the Kathmandu Valley shows significantly reduced biases but also underlines several limitations of such corrections. Further improvements of the model and of the emission data are needed before being able to use the model to robustly assess air pollution mitigation scenarios in the Kathmandu region.
Scale and spatial distribution assessment of rainfall-induced landslides along mountain roads
Authors: Tseng Chih-Ming , Chen Yie-Ruey , Wu Szu-Mi
Published: October 2017

Abstract. This study focused on landslides along mountain roads that were caused by Typhoons Nanmadol (2011) and Kong-rey (2013). Image interpretation techniques were employed to interpret satellite images captured before and after the typhoons to derive the changes in slope surfaces. The multivariate hazard evaluation method was adopted to establish a landslide susceptibility assessment model. We then mapped landslide susceptibility and locations to determine the relationship between the spatial distribution of landslide areas and the natural environment along mountain roads. The results can serve as a reference for preventing and mitigating slope disasters on mountain roads.
¿Qué fue de los extranjerismos innecesarios o evitables del DPD en el reciente DRAE23?
Authors: Robles Ávila Sara
Published: October 2017

El Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (2005) dedicó una especial atención a los extranjerismos, aconsejando sobre la conveniencia o no de su empleo en español, la posibilidad de sustituirlos por voces patrimoniales, las adaptaciones recomendadas, etc. Nueve años más tarde (2014) la Real Academia Española publica la 23ª edición del Diccionario de la lengua española. En este artículo analizamos cómo es el tratamiento que ahora se les da a los llamados en el DPD “extranjerismos innecesarios o evitables”, para comprobar si las alternativas que proponía el diccionario de dudas han prosperado y cómo se ha resuelto en la actualidad el empleo de las voces extranjeras de esta naturaleza.
Euphemism and the Violation of the Cooperative Principle
Authors: Yang Yilun
Published: September 2017

It is clear that euphemism is a form of language intentionally created in different language communities and diverse social levels. Speakers can remove direct speech to weaken the negative association and uncomfortable feelings provoked by the euphemized object. However, in linguistic communication, euphemism is opposite to the cooperation principle, though it is closely relevant to politeness.
PCDD/PCDF and pl-PCBs Concentration in Ambient Atmosphere in the City of Tulkarm Using Passive Air Sampler
Authors: Shahin Nabil , Hussein Amjad IA , Reiman Jakob , AlKhalil Suleiman , Salman Mazen
Published: September 2017

This study investigates the presence of highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds such as dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, which may have evolved as a result of many industrial and burning processes, in Tulkarm ambient atmosphere. The measured concentrations were compared to values found in other studies undertaken in other sites globally. PCB 118, PCB 104 and PCB 77 were the main congeners making the ambient air profile of Tulkarm city, Palestine. While PCDFs were detected in about 40% of air samples no PCDDs were recorded. The contribution of Gishori complex area to air pollution was considered.
Preparation of 15N-labeled Potassium Ferrocyanide for Tracer Studies
Authors: Dimitrova Tsvetelina , Repmann Frank , Freese Dirk
Published: September 2017

Isotopic labels are widely used to trace the fate and cycling of common environmental contaminants. Many of the labeled materials are not available commercially and, depending on the complexity of the substance, the label and the enrichment level, custom syntheses are costly. A simple, straightforward, and cost effective method for the preparation of a highly enriched, 15N-labeled potassium ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(C15N)6]*3H2O) has been developed to meet the requirements of related tracer experiments and minimize their costs. In this case, the 15N label was used to quantify iron cyanide detoxification (biodegradation and/or transformation) within soil-plant-systems. 15N-labeled potassium cyanide (KC15N) and a ferrous iron salt have been used for the synthesis. Extensive qualitative and quantitative analyses showed a product, entirely identical in its functional and elemental components to commercial non-labeled K4[Fe(CN)6]*3H2O and in its 15N enrichment to the KC15N used for its synthesis. To investigate their behavior and fate in various environmental compartments, other labeled iron or metal cyanide complexes might be synthesized in analogous manner.
Investigating the Impacts of Individual Traits and Product Characteristics on Customer Evaluation of Sweepstakes
Authors: Miwa Yukihiro , Morisada Makoto , Dahana Wirawan D.
Published: September 2017

This study investigates the effects of individual traits and products characteristics on customer evaluation of sweepstakes promoted by retail firms. We assume that customer’s preference toward sweepstakes is determined by four primary attributes: implementation term, entry condition, prize size, and winning odds. The importance customers attach to these attributes are proposed to be influenced by the extent of rationality, regret, and store loyalty. Further, we explore how the evaluations are moderated by the type of product category (goods vs. service) and product involvement (low vs. high). The results from a conjoint analysis and a multivariate regression analysis applied to ordered-preference data show that rationality and behavioral loyalty have significant effects on the importance attached to implementation term, prize size, and winning odds. Further, the results also reveal that attitudinal loyalty play a significant role in the evaluation of low involvement products, while rationality and behavioral loyalty appear to be influential for high involvement products. These results provide new insights into the interplays among sweepstakes attributes, individual traits, and products characteristics as well as managerial implications for retailers developing a loyalty program strategy.
Researching the Satisfaction Levels of Passengers for Security Services at Airports
Authors: Güres Nuriye , Yilmaz Harun , Arslan Seda , Durmusçelebi Cemal , Yüksel Cevher , Ünsal Haci Haydar
Published: September 2017

The rapid development in international trade has directly affected the air transport industry. Therefore, the number of passengers and the amount of cargo carried are increasing every year. Especially for long distance travels, passengers tend to prefer air transport. So, effective security applications at airports such as security processes, the competence of the technology used and security staff are extremely important. At the same time, having good performance of security systems may also affect the passengers’ satisfaction. In this study, the effect of security practices at airports on passengers’ satisfaction was investigated. Within the scope of the study, 536 questionnaires were applied both face to face and online to the passengers using Turkish airports. The data were tested using T-Test, ANOVA and Regression analysis. According to the analysis results, it has been found out that there is a meaningful relationship between the evaluations of the passengers towards security services at the airports and their satisfaction level. Also, evaluations of the passengers towards security services at the airports and their satisfaction level differ according to the flight frequency. Finally, some suggestions have been made to the sector administrators related to the security practices at airports in order to increase the passengers’ satisfaction level.
Medical and Wellness Tourism Challenges in Dead Sea Spas from Tourists’ Point of View
Authors: Samawi Jamil
Published: September 2017

This study aims at defining the medical tourism marketing obstacles and challenges facing Spas in the Dead Sea from the tourists’ point of view. The study sample consists of 86 Jordanian tourists and Arab Countries citizens. The researcher used the analytical descriptive method. Medical tourism marketing scale has been adopted and developed from the relevant previous studies. The study suggests that the medical tourism marketing facing the Spas in the Dead Sea Region from the tourists’ point of view are medium, and there is no statistically significant differences ascribed to gender and educational levels variables.
An Exploration of Consumer Complaint Behavior towards the Hotel Industry: Case Study in Macao
Authors: Chan Grace Suk Ha , Tang Irini Lai Fun , Sou Aiko Hoi Kei
Published: September 2017

Macao has experienced positively exponential growth with the liberalization of the gaming industry in 2002. This profit-generating territory has attracted many international chain companies, such as Las Vegas Sands Corporation, Wynn Resorts Limited, MGM Resorts International, and Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide, LLC, to establish their businesses in Macao. However, Macao is currently experiencing its worst downturn since 2002. Hotel operators should strive to continuously improving the services that they offer to survive the keen competitive environment. These operators should acquire feedback by encouraging and facilitating the complaint process to improve service quality and meet customer expectations. When customers encounter service failure, they engage in different coping strategies such as inertia, negative word-of-mouth, third party complaint, and voice (Kim, 2010). This study aims to explore the complaint behavior of customers toward the hotel industry in Macao. A qualitative approach is adopted with a sample of 30 respondents who have stayed in Macao hotels. Semi-structured questions are asked through in-depth interviews. The reasons for the complaints and complaint behavior of the customers have been identified, and recommendations are given based on the results of the analysis to provide insights for industry practitioners.
Development of Parking Demand Model for Private Hospital in Developing Country (Case Study of Denpasar City, Indonesia)
Authors: Suthanaya Putu Alit
Published: September 2017

Denpasar City is the capital of Bali Province and the center of activities in Bali, Indonesia. The population continue to increase with the annual growth rate of 2%. As the number of population increase, the number of facilities including health facility also continue to increase. The traffic volume is predominated by private motor vehicle (where 80% is motor cycle) as lack of public transport service available. The trip attraction to hospital increases, however parking spaces provided are very limited. As the results the visitors usually park their vehicles on street around the hospital. This has caused a significant reduction in the road capacity. Therefore, it is required to accurately estimate parking demand both for car and motor cycle. The objectives of this study are to analyze parking characteristics and to develop parking demand models for car and motor cycle. Five private hospitals were considered in this study. Parking data were collected and used to model parking demand based on simple and multiple liner regression models. The results of this study indicated that the parking index for all private hospitals has exceeded 1. The number of beds for room class 1 was found to be the main predictor for parking demand for car. However, the number of hospital’s employees was found to be the best predictor for parking demand for motor cycle.
A Johansen Cointegration Test for the Relationship between Remittances and Economic Growth of Japan
Authors: Naidu Suwastika , Pandaram Atishwar , Chand Anand
Published: September 2017

Remittance inflows have been a key stimulus to economic growth of many developing countries. There is scant literature available on the impact of remittance inflows and outflows on the economic growth of the large developed countries. For instance, there is little literature on the impact of remittance inflows and outflows on the economic growth rate of Japan. Hence this research objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between ‘remittance inflows’ and ‘outflows’ on the ‘economic growth rate’ of Japan. The paper by utilizing the World Bank data set and the econometric model namely the Granger Causality Model to test and analysis the impact of remittance inflows and outflows on the economic growth rate of Japan. The findings show that in the long run, a 1% increase in remittance outflows will decrease GDP growth rate by 0.000793%. In the short run, a 1% increase in remittance outflows and inflows will decrease GDP growth rate by 0.000599% and 0.000327% respectively. The Japanese government should encourage retired Japanese workers to return to the labour market and effectively contribute to the workforce and retired workers can be re-trained so that less foreign migrant workers are needed and this will reduce remittance outflow.
Health Care Service Quality and Availability of Skilled Health Workforce: A Panel Data Modelling of the UK, USA and Israel
Authors: Chand Anand , Naidu Suwastika
Published: September 2017

In the recent decade, as the number of new health related issues are on the rise, more qualified medical specialists are needed, who can advocate the importance of adopting innovative means of diagnosing health problems. There are many qualitative studies that has emphasised that there is two way relationships between health care service quality and availability of skilled health workforce; however, the significance of this relationship is still unclear. This study utilises the panel data modelling technique (PDMT) to examine the relationship between health care service quality and availability of skilled health workforce by drawing data from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) database. Based on the availability of data, three countries were studied in this paper and these three countries are on USA, UK and Israel. The findings from this study showed that the status quo of the health care service delivery can be improved in the USA and the UK if more nurses, irrespective of domestic or foreign trained nurses, are hired. In the context of Israel, more locally trained doctors and nurses rather than foreign trained doctors and nurses needs to be hired, as locally trained doctors are better able to communicate issues related to local public health to the patients.
Hoe de criminele ladder naar de ondergang leidt
Authors: Vugts P. , Kras H.
Published: October 2017

Victims of contract killing in the Amsterdam criminal scene

More than twenty criminals from Amsterdam were killed since 2012 in fierce conflicts in the criminal scene. The victims, mostly young men, can be divided into four categories. The assassins are young, often with a low intelligence, and easy to contract. They hope to give their criminal career a boost by killing. Their main motives are status and money. If the organization fears that they know too much and might inform the police, this can be a motive to kill them. Sometimes fear of betrayal of the organization is a motive for murder. The middlemen are important, because the ‘high profile targets’ want to stay out of sight of the assassins. The middlemen already have a rather secure position, although subordinate to the top. The motive to have them killed is often distrust and the fear that they know too much and would be able to tell the police too much. Revenge by another group is also an important reason they get killed. The high profile targets are top criminals in their thirties or forties mostly and in charge of the drug trafficking. The motive to have them killed is to gain influence and obtain a stronger, strategic position in the market, or – again – revenge. Rivals who are afraid to be killed, sometimes choose to be the first to act. The final category is formed by the victims killed by mistake. Recently at least three people were killed by assassins who thought they were shooting at a criminal target in the conflict. Just by mistake, because the victim drove the same kind of car, for example.
Judá sob os Assírios: o cerco de Senaqueribe a Jerusalém em 701 AEC
Authors: Rodrigues Gabriella Barbosa
Published: September 2017

O cerco de Senaqueribe a Jerusalém em 701 AEC é um dos eventos históricos do Antigo Oriente mais discutidos. Os impactos da Campanha assíria sobre o território de Judá sob o reinado de Ezequias são, no entanto, ainda tema de disputas entre os especialistas. Este artigo apresenta alguns aspectos dessa discussão, com ênfase nas modificações pelas quais Judá passou durante o domínio assírio. Para a discussão sobre a ameaça de Senaqueribe à Jerusalém e as manobras de centralização do culto religioso por Ezequias, o texto apresenta a tradução de trecho de um documento assírio inédito em português sobre o episódio. A chamada inscrição do Touro nº 6 foi recuperada durante as primeiras escavações arqueológicas no Palácio Sudoeste de Senaqueribe, em Nínive, no século XIX. Ela era uma inscrição pública, localizada entre as pernas de uma escultura de um touro alado, que guardava uma das entradas da Sala do Trono do palácio. A inscrição foi retirada de seu local original e atualmente faz parte do acerco do Museu Britânico em Londres.
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION: NEW APPROACHES TO AGE-OLD QUESTIONS
Authors: Clark Angela L , King Charlotte L , Buckley Hallie R , Collins Catherine J , Dhavale Neha , Elliott Gail E , Gosling Anna , Halcrow Siân E , Ivory Bradley , Matisoo-Smith Elizabeth , McDonald S Kate , Stantis Christina , Tromp Monica , Ward Stacey , West Katrina
Published: October 2017

Biological anthropological research, the study of both modern and past humans, is a burgeoning field in the Indo-Pacific region. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the unique environments of the Indo-Pacific have resulted in an archaeological record that does not necessarily align with those in the northern hemisphere. New, regionally-specific archaeological models are being developed, and biological anthropological research has an important role to play in establishing past human experience within these models. In the Indo-Pacific, research using ancient and modern human tissues is adding insight into global processes of prehistoric settlement and migrations, subsistence change and human biosocial adaptation. This review synthesises current themes in biological anthropology in this region. It highlights the diverse methods and approaches used by biological anthropologists to address globally-relevant archaeological questions. In recent decades a collaborative approach between archaeologists, biological anthropologists and local communities has become the norm in the region. The many positive outcomes of this multi-disciplinary approach are highlighted here through the use of regionally-specific case studies. This review ultimately aims to stimulate further collaborations between archaeologists, biological anthropologists and the communities in the region, and demonstrate how the evidence from Indo-Pacific research may be relevant to global archaeological models.
Affective bias as a rational response to the statistics of rewards and punishments
Authors: Pulcu Erdem , Browning Michael
Published: October 2017

Affective bias, the tendency to differentially prioritise the processing of negative relative to positive events, is commonly observed in clinical and non-clinical populations. However, why such biases develop is not known. Using a computational framework, we investigated whether affective biases may reflect individuals’ estimates of the information content of negative relative to positive events. During a reinforcement learning task, the information content of positive and negative outcomes was manipulated independently by varying the volatility of their occurrence. Human participants altered the learning rates used for the outcomes selectively, preferentially learning from the most informative. This behaviour was associated with activity of the central norepinephrine system, estimated using pupilometry, for loss outcomes. Humans maintain independent estimates of the information content of distinct positive and negative outcomes which may bias their processing of affective events. Normalising affective biases using computationally inspired interventions may represent a novel approach to treatment development.
Bienestar, Valores y Clima Emocional en Personas Expuestas a Procesos de Violencia Política en Ayacucho, Perú
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Guillén Henry , Cueto Rosa Maria ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Published: October 2017

El periodo de violencia acontecido en el Perú entre los años 1980 y 2000 generó secuelas psicosociales significativas en su población, principalmente en aquella ubicada en la sierra y selva central. Ayacucho, región de la sierra central, es identificada como la más afectada por este proceso. El presente estudio analizó las relaciones entre el bienestar, los valores y el clima emocional en 120 personas que vivieron en Ayacucho durante esos años, seleccionadas por muestreo intencionado. Se obtuvieron correlaciones directas entre valores de motivación humanitaria y de orientación central y social con clima emocional positivo y bienestar subjetivo y social. Por medio de un análisis de senderos fue posible plantear un modelo con indicadores de ajuste óptimos, en el cual valores de tipo centralhumanista impactan directamente en el clima positivo y los indicadores de bienestar, mientras que valores de tipo social-humanista impactan directamente en el bienestar social. La evidencia obtenida es congruente con investigaciones previas que plantean la importancia de valores vinculados con la autonomía y el relacionamiento social óptimo para el funcionamiento adecuado de las personas y sus auto-evaluaciones.
É importante ser um destino turístico inteligente? A compreensão dos gestores públicos dos destinos do Estado do Paraná
Authors: Gomes Ewerton Lemos , Gândara José Manoel , Ivars-Baidal Josep
Published: September 2017

O presente artigo teve por objetivo analisar como os municípios turísticos do estado do Paraná compreendem e consideram a importância do conceito de destinos turísticos inteligentes (DTI) para sua gestão. O estudo justifica-se pela relevância do tema para o desenvolvimento de políticas para a gestão de destinos turísticos, considerando a importância das novas tecnologias para o desenvolvimento do turismo, destaca-se também a originalidade do estudo devido a dois aspectos: a abordagem dada ao tema destinos turísticos inteligentes em detrimento a realidade do estado do Paraná e a metodologia utilizada na coleta de dados, proveniente de um país (Espanha) que é referência nos estudos de destinos turísticos inteligentes. Com o aporte do marco teórico foi possível a compreensão dos conceitos que permeiam os destinos turísticos inteligentes, tais como destinos turísticos, gestão de destinos, tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC). Essa compreensão embasou as análises realizadas no artigo. A metodologia adotada neste artigo baseia-se em métodos qualitativos e quantitativos, uma vez que os resultados quantitativos e qualitativos foram analisados e validados através do emparelhamento com os conceitos discutidos no marco teórico. Para que os dados fossem coletados, um questionário construído pelo Instituto Universitário Investigaciones Turísticas da Universidade de Alicante-Espanha foi adaptado para a realidade dos municípios paranaenses, visando obter um espectro de respostas condizentes com a realidade vivenciada, a população total do estudo compreendeu 224 municípios, desse total, foram obtidas 76 respostas. Como principais resultados, é válido destacar que os municípios compreendem o conceito e entendem sua importância para a gestão, no entanto, nenhum dos destinos apresenta estruturas governamentais (marcos regulatórios), infraestrutura básica ou informações suficientes para a evolução imediata para um destino turístico inteligente.
TRiC/CCT chaperonins are essential for maintaining myofibril organization, cardiac physiological rhythm, and lifespan
Authors: Melkani Girish C. , Bhide Shruti , Han Andrew , Vyas Jay , Livelo Catherine , Bodmer Rolf , Bernstein Sanford I.
Published: September 2017

We recently reported that CCT chaperonin subunits are upregulated in a cardiac‐specific manner under time‐restricted feeding (TRF) [Gill S et al. (2015) Science 347, 1265–1269], suggesting that TRiC/CCT has a heart‐specific function. To understand the CCT chaperonin function in cardiomyocytes, we performed its cardiac‐specific knock‐down in the Drosophila melanogaster model. This resulted in disorganization of cardiac actin‐ and myosin‐containing myofibrils and severe physiological dysfunction, including restricted heart diameters, elevated cardiac dysrhythmia and compromised cardiac performance. We also noted that cardiac‐specific knock‐down of CCT chaperonin significantly shortens lifespans. Additionally, disruption of circadian rhythm yields further deterioration of cardiac function of hypomorphic CCT mutants. Our analysis reveals that both the orchestration of protein folding and circadian rhythms mediated by CCT chaperonin are critical for maintaining heart contractility.
Effect of endosomal acidification on small ion transport through the anthrax toxin PA63 channel
Authors: Kalu Nnanya , Alcaraz Antonio , Yamini Goli , Momben Abolfath Sanaz , Lucas Laura , Kenney Clare , Aguilella Vicente M. , Nestorovich Ekaterina M.
Published: September 2017

Tight regulation of pH is critical for the structure and function of cells and organelles. The pH environment changes dramatically along the endocytic pathway, an internalization transport process that is ‘hijacked’ by many intracellularly active bacterial exotoxins, including the anthrax toxin. Here, we investigate the role of pH on single‐channel properties of the anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA63). Using conductance and current noise analysis, blocker binding, ion selectivity, and poly(ethylene glycol) partitioning measurements, we show that the channel exists in two different open states (‘maximum’ and ‘main’) at pH ≥ 5.5, while only a maximum conductance state is detected at pH < 5.5. We describe two substantially distinct patterns of PA63 conductance dependence on KCl concentration uncovered at pH 6.5 and 4.5.
Measurement of 13C turnover into glutamate and glutamine pools in brain tumor patients
Authors: Pichumani Kumar , Mashimo Tomoyuki , Vemireddy Vamsidhara , Ijare Omkar B. , Mickey Bruce E. , Malloy Craig R. , Marin‐Valencia Isaac , Baskin David S. , Bachoo Robert M. , Maher Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2017

Malignant brain tumors are known to utilize acetate as an alternate carbon source in the citric acid cycle for their bioenergetics. 13C NMR‐based isotopomer analysis has been used to measure turnover of 13C‐acetate carbons into glutamate and glutamine pools in tumors. Plasma from the patients infused with [1,2‐13C]acetate further revealed the presence of 13C isotopomers of glutamine, glucose, and lactate in the circulation that were generated due to metabolism of [1,2‐13C]acetate by peripheral organs. In the tumor cells, [4‐13C] and [3,4‐13C]glutamate and glutamine isotopomers were generated from blood‐borne 13C‐labeled glucose and lactate which were formed due to [1,2‐13C[acetate metabolism of peripheral tissues. [4,5‐13C] and [3,4,5‐13C]glutamate and glutamine isotopomers were produced from [1,2‐13C]acetyl‐CoA that was derived from direct oxidation of [1,2‐13C] acetate in the tumor. Major portion of C4 13C fractional enrichment of glutamate (93.3 ± 0.02%) and glutamine (90.9 ± 0.03%) were derived from [1,2‐13C]acetate‐derived acetyl‐CoA.
Depth Dependence of Nearshore Currents and Eddies
Authors: Henderson Stephen M. , Arnold Joshua , Özkan‐Haller H. T. , Solovitz Stephen A.
Published: September 2017

The three‐dimensional (across‐shore, alongshore, and vertical) structure of hourly mean currents and <0.01 Hz eddies was measured on a natural beach using 12 Acoustic Doppler Profilers. Both eddies and alongshore currents became relatively depth‐uniform inside the surfzone. Eddies showed greater depth dependence than alongshore currents. A two‐layer model, derived by scaling of the wave‐averaged shallow water equations, yielded separate equations for depth‐averaged and depth‐dependent velocity components. Scaling suggests, and observations confirm, only a small role for lateral advection in most surfzone cases, leading to one‐dimensional vertical models for depth dependence. For alongshore currents, depth dependence is generated by opposite forcing on lower and upper layers, respectively by bottom friction (quantified by time scale
) and waves or wind. This generation is balanced by mixing between upper and lower layers (time scale
), so the ratio between depth‐dependent and depth‐averaged alongshore currents equals
. Established models for bottom friction and breaker‐induced mixing predicted a surfzone reduction in
consistent with the observed reduction in alongshore current depth dependence. Scatter around trends was considerable. Alongshore variability was significant for depth‐dependence of currents and eddies. Inside (but not outside) the surfzone, the mixing time scale
was shorter than the eddy period, so a quasi‐steady balance was predicted between forcing and mixing of eddy depth dependence. Observed eddy depth dependence exceeded predictions for barotropic eddies generated by shear production (i.e., shear instabilities), possibly indicating generation of eddies by random breaking waves in the surfzone, or indicating baroclinic effects outside the surfzone.
Seasonal Patterns of Dry Deposition at a High‐Elevation Site in the Colorado Rocky Mountains
Authors: Oldani Kaley M. , Mladenov Natalie , Williams Mark W. , Campbell Cari M. , Lipson David A.
Published: September 2017

In the Colorado Rocky Mountains, high‐elevation barren soils are deficient in carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) and enriched in nitrogen (N). The seasonal variability of dry deposition and its contributions to alpine elemental budgets is critical to understanding how dry deposition influences biogeochemical cycling in high‐elevation environments. In this 2 year study, we evaluated dry and wet deposition inputs to the Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research (NWT LTER) site in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. The total organic C flux in wet + dry (including soluble and particulate C) deposition was >30 kg C ha−1 yr−1 and represents a substantial input for this C‐limited environment. Our side‐by‐side comparison of dry deposition collectors with and without marble insert indicated that the insert improved retention of dry deposition by ~28%. Annual average dry deposition fluxes of water‐soluble organic carbon (4.25 kg C ha−1 yr−1) and other water‐soluble constituents, including ammonium (0.16 kg NH4+ha−1 yr−1), nitrate (1.99 kg NO3− ha−1 yr−1), phosphate (0.08 kg PO43− ha−1 yr−1), and sulfate (1.20 kg SO42− ha−1 yr−1), were comparable to those in wet deposition, with highest values measured in the summer. Backward trajectory analyses implicate air masses passing through the arid west and Four Corners, USA, as dominant source areas for dry deposition, especially in spring months. Synchronous temporal patterns of deposition observed at the NWT LTER site and a distant Rocky Mountain National Park Clean Air Status and Trends Network site indicate that seasonal dry deposition patterns are regional phenomena with important implications for the larger Rocky Mountain region.
Optimization of Terrestrial Ecosystem Model Parameters Using Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Data With the Global Carbon Assimilation System (GCAS)
Authors: Chen Zhuoqi , Chen Jing M. , Zhang Shupeng , Zheng Xiaogu , Ju Weiming , Mo Gang , Lu Xiaoliang
Published: September 2017

The Global Carbon Assimilation System that assimilates ground‐based atmospheric CO2 data is used to estimate several key parameters in a terrestrial ecosystem model for the purpose of improving carbon cycle simulation. The optimized parameters are the leaf maximum carboxylation rate at 25°C (
), the temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration (Q10), and the soil carbon pool size. The optimization is performed at the global scale at 1° resolution for the period from 2002 to 2008. The results indicate that vegetation from tropical zones has lower
values than vegetation in temperate regions. Relatively high values of Q10 are derived over high/midlatitude regions. Both
and Q10 exhibit pronounced seasonal variations at middle‐high latitudes. The maxima in
occur during growing seasons, while the minima appear during nongrowing seasons. Q10 values decrease with increasing temperature. The seasonal variabilities of
and Q10 are larger at higher latitudes. Optimized
and Q10 show little seasonal variabilities at tropical regions. The seasonal variabilities of
are consistent with the variabilities of LAI for evergreen conifers and broadleaf evergreen forests. Variations in leaf nitrogen and leaf chlorophyll contents may partly explain the variations in
. The spatial distribution of the total soil carbon pool size after optimization is compared favorably with the gridded Global Soil Data Set for Earth System. The results also suggest that atmospheric CO2 data are a source of information that can be tapped to gain spatially and temporally meaningful information for key ecosystem parameters that are representative at the regional and global scales.
Shelf Circulation Induced by an Orographic Wind Jet
Authors: Ràfols Laura , Grifoll Manel , Jordà Gabriel , Espino Manuel , Sairouní Abdel , Bravo Manel
Published: September 2017

The dynamical response to cross‐shelf wind‐jet episodes is investigated. The study area is located at the northern margin of the Ebro Shelf, in the Northwestern (NW) Mediterranean Sea, where episodes of strong northwesterly wind occur. In this case, the wind is channeled through the Ebro Valley and intensifies upon reaching the sea, resulting in a wind jet. The wind‐jet response in terms of water circulation and vertical density structure is investigated using a numerical model. The numerical outputs agree with water current observations from a high‐frequency radar. Additionally, temperature, sea level, and wind measurements are also used for the skill assessment of the model. For the wind‐jet episodes, the numerical results show a well‐defined two‐layer circulation in the cross‐shelf direction, with the surface currents in the direction of the wind. This pattern is consistent with sea level set‐down due to the wind effect. The comparison of the vertical structure response for different episodes revealed that the increase of stratification leads to an onshore displacement of the transition from inner shelf to mid‐shelf. In general, the cross‐shelf momentum balance during a wind‐jet episode exhibits a balance between the frictional terms and the pressure gradient in shallow waters, shifting to a balance between the Coriolis force and the wind stress terms in deeper waters.
Ground and Airborne U.K. Measurements of Nitryl Chloride: An Investigation of the Role of Cl Atom Oxidation at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory
Authors: Bannan Thomas J. , Bacak Asan , Le Breton Michael , Flynn Michael , Ouyang Bin , McLeod Matthew , Jones Rod , Malkin Tamsin L. , Whalley Lisa K. , Heard Dwayne E. , Bandy Brian , Khan M. Anwar H. , Shallcross Dudley E. , Percival Carl J.
Published: September 2017

Nitryl chloride (ClNO2) measurements from the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO) are reported from March to April 2013 using a quadruple chemical ionization mass spectrometer with the I− ionization scheme. WAO is a rural coastal site with generally low NOx concentrations, a type of location poorly studied for ClNO2 production. Concentrations of ClNO2 exceeded that of the limit of detection (0.8 ppt) on each night of the campaign, as did concentrations of N2O5, which was also measured simultaneously with the Cambridge Broadband Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectrometer. A peak concentration of 65 ppt of ClNO2 is reported here. Vertical profiles of ClNO2 from early‐ to middle‐morning flights in close proximity to WAO are also reported, showing elevated concentrations at low altitude. The photolysis of observed ClNO2 and a box model utilizing the Master Chemical Mechanism modified to include chlorine chemistry was used to calculate Cl atom concentrations. This model utilized numerous VOCs from the second Tropospheric Organic Chemistry project in 2004, at the same location and time of year. From this the relative importance of the oxidation of three groups of measured VOCs (alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes) by OH radicals, Cl atoms, and O3 is compared. Cl atom oxidation was deemed generally insignificant at this time and location for total oxidation due to the much lower concentration of ClNO2 observed, even following the night of greatest ClNO2 production.
The Importance of Soil‐Type Contrast in Modulating August Precipitation Distribution Near the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Escarpment in Texas
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Ming , Xue Ming , McPherson Renee A.
Published: September 2017

The Balcones Escarpment in central Texas is a sloped region between the Edwards Plateau and the coastal plain. The metropolitan areas located along the Balcones Escarpment (e.g., San Antonio, Austin, and Dallas‐Fort Worth) are prone to heavy rain and devastating flood events. While the associated hydrological issues of the Balcones Escarpment have been extensively studied, the meteorological impacts of the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Escarpment are not well understood. The indeterminate impacts of the thermal and dynamic effects of the Edwards Plateau on August climatological precipitation are investigated in this study using the multisensor Stage IV precipitation data, high‐resolution dynamic downscaling, and short‐term sensitivity simulations. Analysis results indicate that the total August precipitation east of the Balcones Escarpment is suppressed and precipitation over the eastern part of the Edwards Plateau is enhanced. Locally initiated moist convection in the afternoon contributes most to the total precipitation during August in the region. The dynamic downscaling output captures the spatial pattern of afternoon precipitation, which is well aligned with the simulated upward motions. The clay‐based soil types that dominate the Edwards Plateau have great potential to retain soil moisture and limit latent heat fluxes, consequently leading to higher sensible heat flux than over the plain to the east. As a result, vertical motion is induced, triggering the afternoon moist convection over the Edwards Plateau under favorable conditions. In comparison, the sloping terrain plays a smaller role in triggering the convection. Short‐term sensitivity simulations for a clear day confirm and further prove such a diagnosis.
Chemistry of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Los Angeles basin: Nighttime Removal of Alkenes and Determination of Emission Ratios
Authors: de Gouw J. A. , Gilman J. B. , Kim S.‐W. , Lerner B. M. , Isaacman‐VanWertz G. , McDonald B. C. , Warneke C. , Kuster W. C. , Lefer B. L. , Griffith S. M. , Dusanter S. , Stevens P. S. , Stutz J.
Published: September 2017

We reanalyze a data set of hydrocarbons in ambient air obtained by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry at a surface site in Pasadena in the Los Angeles basin during the NOAA California Nexus study in 2010. The number of hydrocarbon compounds quantified from the chromatograms is expanded through the use of new peak‐fitting data analysis software. We also reexamine hydrocarbon removal processes. For alkanes, small alkenes, and aromatics, the removal is determined by the reaction with hydroxyl (OH) radicals. For several highly reactive alkenes, the nighttime removal by ozone and nitrate (NO3) radicals is also significant. We discuss how this nighttime removal affects the determination of emission ratios versus carbon monoxide (CO) and show that previous estimates based on nighttime correlations with CO were too low. We analyze model output from the Weather Research and Forecasting‐Chemistry model for hydrocarbons and radicals at the Pasadena location to evaluate our methods for determining emission ratios from the measurements. We find that our methods agree with the modeled emission ratios for the domain centered on Pasadena and that the modeled emission ratios vary by 23% across the wider South Coast basin. We compare the alkene emission ratios with published results from ambient measurements and from tunnel and dynamometer studies of motor vehicle emissions. We find that with few exceptions the composition of alkene emissions determined from the measurements in Pasadena closely resembles that of motor vehicle emissions.
High‐Resolution Regional Reanalysis in China: Evaluation of 1 Year Period Experiments
Authors: Zhang Qi , Pan Yinong , Wang Shuyu , Xu Jianjun , Tang Jianping
Published: September 2017

Globally, reanalysis data sets are widely used in assessing climate change, validating numerical models, and understanding the interactions between the components of a climate system. However, due to the relatively coarse resolution, most global reanalysis data sets are not suitable to apply at the local and regional scales directly with the inadequate descriptions of mesoscale systems and climatic extreme incidents such as mesoscale convective systems, squall lines, tropical cyclones, regional droughts, and heat waves. In this study, by using a data assimilation system of Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation, and a mesoscale atmospheric model of Weather Research and Forecast model, we build a regional reanalysis system. This is preliminary and the first experimental attempt to construct a high‐resolution reanalysis for China main land. Four regional test bed data sets are generated for year 2013 via three widely used methods (classical dynamical downscaling, spectral nudging, and data assimilation) and a hybrid method with data assimilation coupled with spectral nudging. Temperature at 2 m, precipitation, and upper level atmospheric variables are evaluated by comparing against observations for one‐year‐long tests. It can be concluded that the regional reanalysis with assimilation and nudging methods can better produce the atmospheric variables from surface to upper levels, and regional extreme events such as heat waves, than the classical dynamical downscaling. Compared to the ERA‐Interim global reanalysis, the hybrid nudging method performs slightly better in reproducing upper level temperature and low‐level moisture over China, which improves regional reanalysis data quality.