bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consequential differences in perspectives and practices concerning children with developmental language disorders: an integrative review
Authors: Gallagher Aoife L. , Murphy Carol‐Anne , Conway Paul , Perry Alison
Published: April 2019

Background

Inter‐professional collaboration (IPC) has been recommended for many years as a means by which the needs of children with developmental language disorders (DLD) can be met at school. However, effective IPC remains difficult to achieve and our knowledge of how to support it is limited. A shared understanding between those involved has been identified as critical to IPC.

Aims

To examine the literature, as one source of data, for evidence of a shared understanding between the fields of speech and language therapy (SLT) and education about children with DLD and how such needs can best be met at school.

Methods & Procedures

An integrative review of the literature was undertaken. A systematic search of the published, peer‐reviewed literature (between 2006 and 2016) was conducted for empirical and theoretical papers and a manual search was undertaken to obtain a representative sample of policy/professional guidelines. A total of 81 papers across SLT and education were included in the review. The papers were scrutinized using a qualitative content analysis.

Main Contribution

Although some commonality between perspectives in the literature was identified, differences between the fields dominated. These differences related to how DLD is conceptualized; how children's needs are assessed; which outcomes are prioritized and how best these outcomes can be achieved. We also found differences about what constitutes useful knowledge to guide practice. We suggest that the nature of the differences we identified in the literature may have negative implications for practitioners wishing to collaborate to meet the needs of children with DLD in school. The perspectives of practising SLTs and teachers need to be sought to determine whether the findings from the literature reflect dilemmas in practice.

Conclusions

Effective IPC is essential to meet the needs of children with DLD in school; yet, it remains difficult to achieve. Our review of the literature across SLT and education indicates evidence of a lack of shared understanding about DLD. If these differences are also evident in practice, then a conceptual model to support IPC may be warranted.
Temporal covariation of epibacterial community and surface metabolome in the Mediterranean seaweed holobiont Taonia atomaria
Authors: Paix Benoît , Othmani Ahlem , Debroas Didier , Culioli Gérald , Briand Jean‐François
Published: April 2019

An integrative multi‐omics approach allowed monthly variations for a year of the surface metabolome and the epibacterial community of the Mediterranean Phaeophyceae Taonia atomaria to be investigated. The LC–MS‐based metabolomics and 16S rDNA metabarcoding data sets were integrated in a multivariate meta‐omics analysis (multi‐block PLS‐DA from the MixOmic DIABLO analysis) showing a strong seasonal covariation (Mantel test: p < 0.01). A network based on positive and negative correlations between the two data sets revealed two clusters of variables, one relative to the ‘spring period’ and a second to the ‘summer period’. The ‘spring period’ cluster was mainly characterized by dipeptides positively correlated with a single bacterial taxon of the Alteromonadaceae family (BD1‐7 clade). Moreover, ‘summer’ dominant epibacterial taxa from the second cluster (including Erythrobacteraceae, Rhodospirillaceae, Oceanospirillaceae and Flammeovirgaceae) showed positive correlations with few metabolites known as macroalgal antifouling defences [e.g. dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) and proline] which exhibited a key role within the correlation network. Despite a core community that represents a significant part of the total epibacteria, changes in the microbiota structure associated with surface metabolome variations suggested that both environment and algal host shape the bacterial surface microbiota.
Support for aged care workers and quality care in Australia: A case of contract failure?
Authors: Xerri Matthew , Brunetto Yvonne , Farr‐Wharton Ben
Published: April 2019

This paper is guided by Conservation of Resources theory and aims to investigate the impact of personal and organisational support on the quality of clinical care given to aged care residents in for‐profit (FP) and not‐for‐profit (NFP) facilities. Broadly, the paper addresses challenges faced by governments in designing contract specifications that ensure quality outcomes from aged care providers. The argument is that the present accreditation standards that are used to assess the status of aged care providers are too narrow to capture the complexity in delivering social services. Data were collected from 442 aged care workers from aged care facilities in NSW, QLD and WA. The results show that carer support (personal and organisational support) explained half of the variance in quality of clinical care in NFP facilities, and a third of the variance in FP facilities. In particular, the findings suggest support for carers is important for carer retention, and ultimately the clinical care of residents. The findings provide supporting evidence to widen the required contract specifications for aged care provider accreditation to include organisational and personal support for carers.
Documenting Feature Pools in Language Expansion Situations: Sibilants in Early Colonial Latin American Spanish
Authors: Sanz‐Sánchez Israel
Published: April 2019

This paper proposes a reconstruction of the demographic and linguistic composition of the Spanish settling contingent in the American colonies as one of several key factors determining the evolution of Spanish in the early colonial period (sixteenth century). It focuses on the evidence for contact among several sibilant systems, includingseseo, i.e. the reduction of four medieval sibilants to /s/. In the standard narrative of the history of Latin American Spanish, this reduction is seen as the consequence of the demographic primacy ofseseoin the early metropolitan colonial mix and the inherent phonological simplicity of the merger (Catalán 1958; Granda 1994; Parodi 1995; Hidalgo 2016). This study calls for a reassessment of several of these previous assumptions. The bulk of the data in this study come from a corpus of private letters by early colonial settlers from Spain, analysed quantitatively and contextualized on the basis of additional demographic and linguistic evidence. The sociolinguistic reconstruction that emerges from this data contradicts the canonical presentation of the internal and external ecology of early colonial Latin American Spanish, and calls for the incorporation of a variety of cognitive and sociodemographic triggers beyond the action of the metropolitan input.
The Dark Side of Urban Informality in the Global North: Housing Illegality and Organized Crime in Northern Italy
Authors: Chiodelli Francesco
Published: April 2019

This article deals with housing illegality/informality in Italy, where it represents an established aspect of urban development. It presents a case study focused on Desio, a town close to Milan in northern Italy. Here housing illegality occurs by virtue of the well‐established presence of a mafia‐type criminal organization (the ‘Ndrangheta). Three examples of illegal construction in Desio are analysed, forming the basis for a discussion on the distinctive features of illegal house‐building in Italy. In particular, institutional incentives encouraging illegal housing are investigated, with reference to both formal institutions (e.g. planning laws, rules preventing unauthorized housing and building amnesties) and informal institutions (e.g. organized crime). The case of illegal housing in Italy contributes significantly to the wider international debate on urban informality, highlighting the critical need for research along avenues as yet only partially explored (e.g. informal housing in Western countries and the role of criminal activities and actors in the spread of informality) and challenging some common assumptions such as the geographical dualism (‘global North’ versus ‘global South’) which, implicitly, results from the international literature.
Weird Exoskeletons: Propositional Politics and the Making of Home in Underground Bucharest
Authors: Lancione Michele
Published: April 2019

The article explores the politics of life underground in Bucharest, Romania. It focuses on a tunnel passing under Bucharest's central train station, where a community of drug users and so‐called ‘homeless’ have made a long‐standing home, using a space that many others considered uninhabitable. Relying on extensive ethnographic observations and interviews undertaken within the tunnels, the article traces and illustrates the socio‐material entanglements characterizing life underground. It frames this assemblage of bodies, veins, syringes, substances and various relationships of power and affect, as a ‘propositional politics’ of home and life at the margins. Such a politics speaks of drug addiction and extreme marginalization, but also of a sense of belonging, reciprocal trust and care. In tracing such a politics, the article does not aim to romanticize the status of home in the underground or to treat it as the marginal antithesis of normative homeliness, but to reveal the ways in which an affirmative, self‐grounding politics of home emerges from the immanence of tunnel life within the fabric of the city. As such, the article contributes to debates around homing practices in conditions of uninhabitability and proposes a radical approach to the politics of life at the margins in the contemporary urban.
Development and application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for detection of milk adulteration in practice
Authors: Hansen Per Waaben , Holroyd Stephen E
Published: April 2019

Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy is widely applied for routine milk analysis. More recently, it has been used to detect a range of specific milk adulterants. Here, we show that the simultaneous use of targeted and untargeted models applied to FT‐IR spectra for detecting potential milk adulterants across relevant concentration ranges is an effective strategy. Using an appropriate validation strategy, limits of detection, sensitivity and specificity are determined for specific adulterants giving a useful guide to how these models would work in a practical situation. Finally, theoretical limits of detection of a range of potential adulterants are listed.
Repeatable, continuous and real‐time estimates of coupled nitrogenase activity and carbon exchange at the whole‐plant scale
Authors: Bytnerowicz Thomas A. , Min Elizabeth , Griffin Kevin L. , Menge Duncan N. L.
Published: April 2019

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) by higher plants and their bacterial symbionts is a globally important input of nitrogen. Our understanding of the mechanisms that control SNF and the time‐scales over which they operate has been constrained by the limitations of the existing methods for measuring SNF. One method, Acetylene Reduction Assays by Cavity ring‐down laser Absorption Spectroscopy (ARACAS), seems promising, as it is highly sensitive and gives rapid, continuous, repeatable and real‐time measurements of nitrogenase activity. ARACAS has been used to study nitrogen fixation in lichens, mosses and asymbiotic bacteria, but adapting it to higher plants poses challenges because acetylene and ethylene can influence plant function.

Here, we report modifications to ARACAS that allow it to be used on higher plants in an environmentally controlled incubation chamber. The modifications include lower concentrations of acetylene (2%) and ethylene and concurrent measurements of whole‐chamber CO2 exchange, H2O exchange and nitrogenase activity, linking nitrogenase activity to whole‐plant rates of photosynthesis and respiration.

After propagating the error terms from all sources, we establish the following parameters of the method: (a) The detection limit of our method was 2–3 ppbv C2H4 per hour, although it rose substantially when we used tank‐derived acetylene, which has much higher ethylene contamination; (b) Repeated measures at a frequency of 3 days or longer did not diminish nitrogenase activity or photosynthesis, although daily measurements diminished nitrogenase activity; (c) This method can detect changes at time‐scales as short as seconds; (d) Continuous measurement of nitrogenase activity is maintained above 90% of the maximum rate for 7.0 ± 1.3 (M ± SD) hours.

This method has the potential to improve our understanding of the controls over SNF, and therefore, how SNF and global nitrogen and carbon cycling are likely to be affected by global change.
Effects of deferring grazing on the floristic diversity of Stipa tenacissima Loefl. ex L. rangelands in central Algerian steppe
Authors: Bekai Fatma , Kadik Leila , Nedjimi Bouzid
Published: April 2019

The present work aims to study the effect of deferring grazing on the floristic diversity of Stipa tenacissima Loefl. ex L. rangelands in the central Algerian steppe in two different bioclimatic stages, namely semi‐arid and arid. This work is part of a perspective to know the floristic characteristics of an area excluded from grazing and an unrestricted rangeland, in two different environments in order to highlight the factors that are conceivably responsible for the diversification of flora in the steppe ecosystems. In the present study, a number of 96 floristic surveys were performed during the spring season of the years 2014, 2015 and 2016. The methodology adopted is a subjective sampling. The minimum area retained is 100 m2 defined by the method of Braun Blanquet and de Bolos (1957, Annales Estacion Experimental de Aula Dei, 5, 266). This method has been used to study the floristic diversity represented by the floristic richness, Shannon index, the equitability, the biological and the phytochoric type. The climatic correction according to the altitudinal gradient was applied to determine the bioclimatic stage. The results from the surveys indicate that the rangelands at the studied sites contain 109 species, 27 families and 63 genera out of which 79 species and 22 families are in the semi‐arid bioclimatic stage. A two‐way analysis of variance was employed to examine the effect of the bioclimatic stage and the pasture land put at rest. Variance analysis of the diversity indices showed that the bioclimatic stage has a significant impact on the floristic richness and flora diversity of the S. tenacissima steppe (p ≤ 0.01) with a 5% threshold; on the other hand, the protection of these ecosystems does not have a remarkable influence on the floristic diversity (p > 0.05). In recent years, climatic disturbances have resulted in changes in vegetation, even in rested areas located between the study localities.
Successful implementation of a medication safety program for Aboriginal Health Practitioners in rural Australia
Authors: Khalil Hanan
Published: April 2019

Objective

This study describes the development and implementation of a medication safety program for Aboriginal Health Practitioners practising in rural Australia.

Design

A two‐stage process was used to develop and implement the medication safety program. Initially, a total of eight semi‐structured interviews was undertaken with Aboriginal Health Practitioners to identify the main challenges faced while implementing medication safety in the organisation. This was followed by the development of a culturally appropriate medication safety program.

Setting

Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service.

Participants

Aboriginal Health Practitioners.

Main outcome measure

The participants' knowledge, confidence, behaviour, and utilisation of medication safety developed resources.

Results

The development and implementation of the medication safety program in the Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service consisted of addressing the barriers to medication safety cited by the Aboriginal Health Practitioner from the interviews, providing face‐to‐face educational sessions and developing a culturally appropriate educational resource to address the identified gaps. The program developed was evaluated by 17 Aboriginal Health Practitioners who took part in the study. The evaluation of Aboriginal Health Practitioners' knowledge, confidence, behaviour, utilisation of the medication safety program and resources was undertaken using an anonymous survey. A total of 31 participants completed the survey: 17 before the training and 14 at 6 months post‐training. The data analysis, using t test, revealed a statistically significant change in the Aboriginal Health Practitioners' knowledge, confidence, behaviour and utilisation.

Conclusion

The success of the implementation of a collaborative medication safety program within the Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service is dependent on understanding the barriers to medication safety in the workplace associated within the organisation and emphasising a wide culture of patient safety.
Social anxiety modulates visual exploration in real life – but not in the laboratory
Authors: Rubo Marius , Huestegge Lynn , Gamer Matthias
Published: April 2019

In clinical reports, individuals high on social anxiety are often described to avoid gaze at other people, whereas several experimental studies employing images of persons yielded conflicting results. Here, we show that gaze avoidance crucially depends on the possibility of social interactions. We examined gaze behaviour in individuals with varying degrees of social anxiety in real‐life and in a second group of participants using a closely matched laboratory condition. In the real‐life situation, individuals with a higher degree of social anxiety had a reduced bias to look at near persons compared to individuals with a lower degree of social anxiety, while gaze behaviour in the laboratory group was not modulated by social anxiety. This effect was specific to social attention since there was no corresponding effect regarding fixations on objects. The presence of anxiety effects in real‐life but not in the laboratory condition, where participants do not expect to be evaluated by gazed‐at conspecifics, points to critical deficits of current laboratory research paradigms in eliciting authentic social attentional mechanisms, possibly leading to spurious results.
Opium of the people? National identification predicts well‐being over time
Authors: Khan Sammyh S. , Garnett Nicholas , Hult Khazaie Daniella , Liu James H. , Gil de Zúñiga Homero
Published: April 2019

Social group membership and its social‐relational corollaries, for example, social contact, trust, and support, are prophylactic for health. Research has tended to focus on how direct social interactions between members of small‐scale groups (i.e., a local sports team or community group) are conducive to positive health outcomes. The current study provides evidence from a longitudinal cross‐cultural sample (N = 6,748; 18 countries/societies) that the prophylactic effect of group membership is not isolated to small‐scale groups, and that members of groups do not have to directly interact, or in fact know of each other to benefit from membership. Our longitudinal analyses suggest that national identification (strength of association with the country/society of which one is a citizen) predicts lower anxiety and improved health; national identification was in fact almost as positively predictive of health status as anxiety was negatively predictive. The findings indicate that identification with large‐scale groups, like small‐scale groups, is palliative, and are discussed in terms of globalization and banal nationalism.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 6 contributes to malignant behavior of human cancers through promoting AKT ubiquitination and phosphorylation
Authors: Shi Jianbo , Liu Zengying , Xu Qin
Published: April 2019

Tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 6 (TRAF6) has been found to be involved in carcinogenesis in multiple cancers. However, the precise role of TRAF6 in cancer has not been extensively investigated and remains largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological function of TRAF6 and its underlying molecular mechanisms in cancer. A positive correlation between poor tumor differentiation and TRAF6 expression status was observed in both oral cancer and breast cancer. Overexpression of TRAF6 promoted proliferation, migration, and G0/G1 to S phase transition in tumor cells. Tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 6‐mediated AKT ubiquitination and subsequent phosphorylation played an essential role in the control of tumor cell malignant behavior. In vivo treatment with TRAF6, but not the E3 ligase deficient TRAF6 mutant, facilitated tumor growth. Our findings indicate that TRAF6 contributes to malignant behavior of human cancers through promoting AKT ubiquitination and phosphorylation. Therefore, TRAF6 could serve as a therapeutic target in cancers.
The combination of whole‐exome sequencing and copy number variation sequencing enables the diagnosis of rare neurological disorders
Authors: Jiao Qingguo , Sun Haiming , Zhang Haoya , Wang Ran , Li Suting , Sun Dan , Yang Xiu‐An , Jin Yan
Published: April 2019

This retrospective study aims to investigate the diagnostic yields of multiple strategies of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) for children with rare neurological disorders (NDs). A total of 220 pediatric patients with NDs who visited our hospital between Jan 2017 and Dec 2018 and had undergone NGS were included. Most patients were 5 years old or younger, and the number of patients visiting the hospital decreased with age. Seizures were the most common symptom in this cohort. The positive rates for targeted NGS panels (Panel), whole‐exome sequencing (WES), and copy number variation sequencing (CNVseq) were 26.5% (9/34), 36.6% (63/172), and 16.7% (22/132), respectively. The positive rate for patients undergoing a combination of WES and CNVseq (WES + CNVseq) was 47.8% (54/113), which was significantly better than the positive rate for patients who underwent WES alone (32.7%, 37/113). A total of 83 variants were found in 42 genes, and SCN1A was the most frequently mutanted gene. Twenty‐four CNVs were identified in 22 patients: two CNVs were inherited from the mother; 12 CNVs were de novo; and the CNV origins could not be determined in 10 patients. WES + CNVseq may potentially be the mostly effective NGS approach for diagnosis of rare NDs in pediatric patients.
Influencing resilience: the role of policy entrepreneurs in mainstreaming climate adaptation
Authors: Tanner Thomas , Zaman Rizwan Uz , Acharya Sunil , Gogoi Elizabeth , Bahadur Aditya
Published: April 2019

One way to make development pathways more resilient in the face of a changing climate has been through mainstreaming adaptation into government policies, planning and sectoral decision‐making. To date, many of the transferable lessons have taken the form of technical approaches such as risk assessments and toolkits. This article instead draws on evidence from South Asia to emphasise some of the more tacit and informal approaches used to influence adaptation policy. Despite their apparent significance in policy processes, such tactics are often neither planned for nor well reported in resilience‐building projects and programme documents. Using evidence to populate a typology of influencing strategies, this article looks particularly at the role of policy entrepreneurs who navigate the political complexity of both formal and informal governance systems to promote successful adaptation mainstreaming. It concludes with recommendations for adaptation and resilience programming that can more effectively harness the breadth of influencing strategies.
Building resilience by challenging social norms: integrating a transformative approach within the BRACED consortia
Authors: McOmber Chesney , Audia Camilla , Crowley Frances
Published: April 2019

Resilience is a complex phenomenon whereby a multitude of social and environmental factors, including gender, combine to shape the ways that shocks affect people. Looking at two BRACED (Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters) projects, in Burkina Faso and in Ethiopia, this article uses a desk review and primary data from partners and people at risk to explore how a gender‐transformative approach can be an integral part of resilience‐building projects, particularly those implemented by multi‐stakeholder consortia. It also suggests ways to incorporate a stronger gender component in similar future projects. The article argues that donors and programme managers must provide clear principles and guidelines for achieving gender equity within resilience‐building efforts. However, these must allow flexibility to adapt to norms, needs and resources as determined by implementing partners. The right balance can be achieved by facilitating spaces for individual and collective goal‐setting; assessing current capacity and trajectories; and lesson‐sharing as an iterative process for institutional learning.
Activity and distribution of the mushroom phorid fly, Megaselia halterata, in and around commercial mushroom farms
Authors: Mazin Maria , Andreadis Stefanos S. , Jenkins Nina E. , Cloonan Kevin R. , Baker T.C. , Rajotte Ed G.
Published: April 2019

The mushroom phorid fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera: Phoridae), is a key pest in mushroom farming in most parts of the world. Studies on the mushroom phorid fly have focused on its life history within mushroom growing houses, but little is known about the fly's activity outside mushroom growing houses. In this study, daily activity and distribution of adult M. halterata in the areas surrounding mushroom growing houses was studied using yellow sticky traps. Results suggest that M. halterata focuses its flight activity over turf areas rather than windbreaks and spent compost piles, possibly for mating purposes. Our study found no evidence of M. halterata breeding in turf areas surrounding mushroom growing houses. In addition, flight activity is highest in the afternoon until midnight at higher temperatures, yet at lower temperatures activity ceases after sunset. Establishing temperature and daylight thresholds for M. halterata flight activity may be useful in developing integrated pest management (IPM) tactics for this species. The most successful IPM tool that mushroom growers use at present is fly exclusion. Exclusion can be improved by focusing farm operations around temperature and daylight thresholds when fly activity is at its lowest.
Natural Titanite Reference Materials forIn SituU‐Pb and Sm‐Nd Isotopic Measurements byLA‐(MC)‐ICP‐MS
Authors: Ma Qian , Evans Noreen J. , Ling Xiao‐Xiao , Yang Jin‐Hui , Wu Fu‐Yuan , Zhao Zhi‐Dan , Yang Yue‐Heng
Published: April 2019

Titanite is a common accessory mineral that preferentially incorporates considerable amounts of U and light rare earth elements in its structure, making it a versatile mineral forin situU‐Pb dating and Sm‐Nd isotopic measurement. Here, we presentin situU‐Pb ages and Sm‐Nd isotope measurement results for four well‐known titanite reference materials (Khan,BLR‐1,OLT1 andMKED1) and eight titanite crystals that could be considered potential reference material candidates (Ontario,YQ‐82, T3, T4,TLS‐36,NW‐IOA, Pakistan and C253), with ages ranging from ~ 20 Ma to ~ 1840 Ma. Results indicate thatBLR‐1,OLT1, Ontario,MKED1 and T3 titanite have relatively homogeneous Sm‐Nd isotopes and low common Pb and thus can serve as primary reference materials for U‐Pb and Sm‐Nd microanalysis.YQ‐82 and T4 titanite can be used as secondary reference materials forin situU‐Pb analysis because of their low common Pb. However, internal structures and mineral inclusions inYQ‐82 will require careful selection of suitable target domains. Pakistan titanite is almost concordant with an age of 21 Ma and can be used as a reference material when dating Cenozoic titanite samples.
Conformation changes in human hair keratin observed using confocal Raman spectroscopy after active ingredient application
Authors: Essendoubi M. , Meunier M. , Scandolera A. , Gobinet C. , Manfait M. , Lambert C. , Auriol D. , Reynaud R. , Piot O.
Published: April 2019

Objective

In hair care cosmetic products’ evaluation, one commonly used method is to evaluate the hair appearance as a gold standard in order to determine the effect of an active ingredient on the final state of the hair via visual appreciation. Although other techniques have been proposed for a direct analysis of the hair fibres, they give only surface or structural information, without any accurate molecular information. A different approach based on confocal Raman spectroscopy has been proposed for tracking in situ the molecular change in the keratin directly in the human hair fibres. It presents a high molecular specificity to detect chemical interactions between molecules and can provide molecular information at various depths at the cortex and cuticle levels.

Methods

To evaluate the potential of confocal Raman spectroscopy in testing the efficiency of cosmetic ingredients on keratin structure, we undertook a pilot study on the effectiveness of a smoothing shampoo on natural human hair, by analysing α‐helix and β‐sheet spectral markers in the Amide I band and spectral markers specific to the cystin sulfur content.

Results

We confirmed that an active proved to be effective on a gold standard decreases α‐helix keratin conformation and promotes β‐sheet keratin conformation in the hair fibres. We also showed that treatment with the effective active decreases the intensity of covalent disulfide (S–S at 510 cm‐1) cross‐linking bands of cysteine. These data confirm that the effective active also acts on the tertiary structure of keratin.

Conclusion

From these experiments, we concluded that the effective active has a smoothing effect on the human hair fibres by acting on α‐helix and β‐sheet keratin conformation and on the tertiary structure of keratin. Based on these results, confocal Raman spectroscopy can be considered a powerful technique for investigating the influence of hair cosmetic ingredients on keratin structure in human hair fibres. Moreover, this analytical technique has the advantage of being non‐destructive and label free; in addition, it does not require sample extraction or purification and it can be applied routinely in cosmetic laboratories.
A pilot study on the effectiveness of a 2‐year school‐based oral health educational programme using experiential learning among adolescents
Authors: Sfeatcu Ruxandra , Dumitrache Mihaela Adina , Cărămidă Mariana , Johannsen Annsofi , Perlea Paula
Published: April 2019

Objective

The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of a school‐based experiential education programme on oral health status, knowledge and behaviour among a group of schoolchildren in Bucharest.

Materials and methods

The study was part of an Erasmus+ project that focused on oral health promotion in schools and covered a 2‐year period. Data were collected from 120 teenagers from three schools in Bucharest, Romania. At baseline, all subjects were clinically examined and received a questionnaire. They were split into two groups at baseline: a test group with 76 schoolchildren and a control group with 44 schoolchildren. The schoolchildren included in the test group received three experiential lessons. After every lesson, they filled in the same questionnaire. At the end, all subjects were clinically examined again.

Results

The prevalence of dental caries was increased in the control group by 8.58% (N = 3, P = 0.31) and decreased in the test group by 1.64% (N = 1, P = 0.8). Regarding incipient carious lesions, a higher decrease was observed in the test group (D1‐2S: 0.78 vs 0.63, P = 0.867). There was a statistically significant plaque index decrease in the test group (1.32 vs 1.12; P = 0.01) and an increase in the control group (1.15 vs 1.79; P = 0.0001). More children from the test group (N = 5, 7.9%, P = 0.225) adopted twice‐daily tooth brushing compared to the control group (N = 1, 2.9%, P = 0.52).

Conclusions

In the group studied, the oral health programme had positive effects on oral health status, oral health knowledge and behaviour among adolescents.
miR‐193a/b‐3p relieves hepatic fibrosis and restrains proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Ju Baoling , Nie Ying , Yang Xufang , Wang Xiaohua , Li Fujuan , Wang Meng , Wang Chuang , Zhang Hongjun
Published: April 2019

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been confirmed to participate in liver fibrosis progression and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In this study, the role of miR‐193a/b‐3p in concanavalin A (ConA)‐induced liver fibrosis in mice was evaluated. According to the results, the expression of miR‐193a/b‐3p was down‐regulated in liver tissues after exposure to ConA. Lentivirus‐mediated overexpression of miR‐193a/b‐3p reduced ConA‐induced liver injury as demonstrated by decreasing ALT and AST levels. Moreover, ConA‐induced liver fibrosis was restrained by the up‐regulation of miR‐193a/b‐3 through inhibiting collagen deposition, decreasing desmin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and lessening the content of hydroxyproline, transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) and activin A in liver tissues. Furthermore, miR‐193a/b‐3p mimics suppressed the proliferation of human HSCs LX‐2 via inducing the apoptosis of LX‐2 cells and lowering the levels of cell cycle‐related proteins Cyclin D1, Cyclin E1, p‐Rb and CAPRIN1. Finally, TGF‐β1 and activin A‐mediated activation of LX‐2 cells was reversed by miR‐193a/b‐3p mimics via repressing COL1A1 and α‐SMA expression, and restraining the activation of TGF‐β/Smad2/3 signalling pathway. CAPRIN1 and TGF‐β2 were demonstrated to be the direct target genes of miR‐193a/b‐3p. We conclude that miR‐193a/b‐3p overexpression attenuates liver fibrosis through suppressing the proliferation and activation of HSCs. Our data suggest that miR‐193a‐3p and miR‐193b‐3p may be new therapeutic targets for liver fibrosis.
The four‐layer graft technique, a hard and soft tissue graft from the tuberosity in one piece
Authors: Zufía Juan , Blasi Gonzalo , Gómez‐Meda Ramón , Blasi Alvaro
Published: April 2019

Objective

Successful immediate implant placement in the maxillary anterior zone continues to be a challenge. There is an uncertainty on whether it should be performed on patients with thin gingival phenotype or incomplete buccal plate. This clinical case report describes a novel technique for immediate implant placement with simultaneous hard and soft tissue augmentation.

Clinical considerations

This technique employs a combined epithelialized‐subepithelialized connective tissue graft and cortical‐cancellous autogenous bone graft for the treatment of incomplete buccal plate at an extraction site. Significant horizontal bone regeneration appears to have been achieved as well as soft tissue augmentation for a central incisor in a single surgical step. Following three and a half years, gingival contours and bone augmentation were stable with a pleasant esthetic result.

Conclusions

The use of the four‐layer tissue graft for immediate implant placement can be suggested to improve hard and soft tissues in a single procedure.

Clinical significance

The use of the four‐layer graft technique has shown to be successful regarding function and esthetic outcomes in anterior immediate implant placement. It reduces surgical interventions and treatment time and minimizes soft tissue recession and bone resorption.
Factors associated with direct support professionals' behaviour in the physical activity support provided to people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Bossink L. W. M. , van der Putten A. A. J. , Paap M. C. S. , Vlaskamp C.
Published: April 2019

Background

Direct support professionals play an important role in facilitating physical activity support for people with intellectual disabilities (ID). This study examined how the characteristics of people with ID and the characteristics of direct support professionals are related to the professionals' behaviour when supporting people with ID in physical activity.

Methods

A cross‐sectional approach was used. Direct support professionals (n = 217) who support people with ID completed a self‐report questionnaire, which aimed to measure the components that produced behaviour when providing physical activity support for people with ID. Associations with the characteristics of people with ID and the characteristics of the professionals were analysed using multivariate linear regression models.

Results

The results demonstrate that the professionals' characteristics – such as age, workplace and training – were related to the variance in the components that theoretically produced the direct support professionals' behaviour. The characteristics of the people with ID did not contribute to the variance in the direct support professionals' behaviour.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that professional characteristics are the dominant reasons for the differences observed in the capability, opportunity and motivation of direct support professionals to provide physical activity support. This study also underscores the need for integrated training programmes to help direct support professionals promote physical activity in people with ID.
Prosthetic Rehabilitation of an Edentulous Patient with Microstomia Using Both Digital and Conventional Techniques: A Clinical Report
Authors: Saygılı Sina , Geckili Onur , Sulun Tonguc
Published: April 2019

This clinical report describes prosthetic rehabilitation applied to an edentulous patient with microstomia. Intraoral scanning was used for preliminary impressions, edentulous models were printed using a 3D printer, custom 2‐piece impression trays for definitive impressions were made, and a 2‐piece collapsible maxillary and a conventional mandibular denture were fabricated. Intraoral scanning is a useful alternative to conventional impression techniques and can be used safely in patients with microstomia for preliminary impressions.
Influence of School‐Level Socioeconomic Status on Children's Physical Activity, Fitness, and Fundamental Movement Skill Levels
Authors: Peralta Louisa R. , Mihrshahi Seema , Bellew Bill , Reece Lindsey J. , Hardy Louise L.
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

Authorities recommend that youth undertake at least 60 minutes of daily moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), with young people having the opportunity to undertake at least half of this MVPA during school hours.

METHODS

In this study, we examined the influence of school‐level socioeconomic status (SES) on children's PA, fitness and fundamental movement skill (FMS) levels, and the barriers and enablers of children's PA in 86 Australian schools (41 primary, 45 secondary). School‐level SES was based on an Index of Community Socio‐Educational Advantage (ICSEA). School representatives reported potential barriers and enablers for children's PA. We used subjective and objectives measures of PA, fitness, and FMS levels. Multiple logistic regression examined the associations of ICSEA category (low or high) with barriers and enablers, and PA outcomes, adjusting for children's language background and residence.

RESULTS

Children from high SES schools were more likely to achieve the healthy fitness zone for cardiorespiratory fitness; those from low SES schools consistently reported more barriers and fewer enablers than their high SES counterparts.

CONCLUSIONS

Extra efforts may be required to address school‐level barriers and enablers to enhance PA, fitness, and FMS levels for schools in disadvantaged areas.
Are Religions for Sale? Evidence from the Swedish Church Revolt Over Same‐Sex Marriage
Authors: Bengtsson Niklas
Published: April 2019

Religious leaders sometimes condemn progressive social norms. This article revisits David Hume's hypothesis that secular states can “bribe” churches into adopting less strict religious doctrines. The hypothesis is difficult to test due to reverse causality: more liberal theologies may attract more political support in the first place. The empirical strategy used to circumvent this problem focuses on a theological conflict over same‐sex marriage within the Church of Sweden and takes advantage of political regulations that effectively make some parishes shareholders of the church's state‐protected property. The shares used for statistical identification are tied to property rights assigned more than 300 years ago, and they cannot be sold, traded, or amended by the individual parishes. The results show that priests in shareholding parishes are less likely to publicly oppose same‐sex marriage. The impact of political protection is stronger in parishes with more conservative members. The results are consistent with a model of clerical opportunism, in which income protection makes priests less likely to pander to the stricter followers.
Mapping Religion's Other: A Review of the Study of Nonreligion and Secularity
Authors: Smith Jesse M. , Cragun Ryan T.
Published: April 2019

In this article, we review the research literature on nonreligion, secularity, the nones, and other forms of “religion's other.” As a relatively new area of sustained and still growing research activity, with its attendant theoretical and methodological implications continuing to take shape, our focus is on the social science research from the mid‐2000s to the present. We consider the challenges of definition and perspective in this line of inquiry, highlight key arguments, and summarize the main findings from empirical studies of nonreligion and its relationship to topics including identity, health, family, and prejudice. After discussing the organizational and social movement aspects of nonreligious communities, as well as related developments in how scholars are studying these communities, we conclude our assessment of the state of this field by proffering questions relevant to both current efforts and whatever future directions are in store for research on religion's other.
Two binding proteins of the ABC transporter that confers growth of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis ATCC27673 on β‐mannan possess distinct manno‐oligosaccharide‐binding profiles
Authors: Ejby M. , Guskov A. , Pichler M. J. , Zanten G. C. , Schoof E. , Saburi W. , Slotboom D. J. , Abou Hachem M.
Published: April 2019

Human gut bifidobacteria rely on ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters for oligosaccharide uptake. Multiple oligosaccharide‐specific solute‐binding protein (SBP) genes are occasionally associated with a single ABC transporter, but the significance of this multiplicity remains unclear. Here, we characterize BlMnBP1 and BlMnBP2, the two SBPs associated to the β‐manno‐oligosaccharide (MnOS) ABC transporter in Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. Despite similar overall specificity and preference to mannotriose (Kd≈80 nM), affinity of BlMnBP1 is up to 2570‐fold higher for disaccharides than BlMnBP2. Structural analysis revealed a substitution of an asparagine that recognizes the mannosyl at position 2 in BlMnBP1, by a glycine in BlMnBP2, which affects substrate affinity. Both substitution types occur in bifidobacterial SBPs, but BlMnBP1‐like variants prevail in human gut isolates. B. animalis subsp. lactis ATCC27673 showed growth on gluco and galactomannans and was able to outcompete a mannan‐degrading Bacteroides ovatus strain in co‐cultures, attesting the efficiency of this ABC uptake system. By contrast, a strain that lacks this transporter failed to grow on mannan. This study highlights SBP diversification as a possible strategy to modulate oligosaccharide uptake preferences of bifidobacterial ABC‐transporters during adaptation to specific ecological niches. Efficient metabolism of galactomannan by distinct bifidobacteria, merits evaluating this plant glycan as a potential prebiotic.
Alternariol as virulence and colonization factor of Alternaria alternata during plant infection
Authors: Wenderoth Maximilian , Garganese Francesca , Schmidt‐Heydt Markus , Soukup Sebastian Tobias , Ippolito Antonio , Sanzani Simona Marianna , Fischer Reinhard
Published: April 2019

The filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata is a potent producer of many toxic secondary metabolites, which contaminate food and feed. The most prominent one is the polyketide‐derived alternariol (AOH) and its derivative alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). Here, we identified the gene cluster for the biosynthesis of AOH and AME by CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene inactivation of several biosynthesis genes in A. alternata and heterologous expression of the gene cluster in Aspergillus oryzae. The 15 kb‐spanning gene cluster consists of a polyketide synthase gene, pksI, an O‐methyltransferase, omtI, a FAD‐dependent monooxygenase, moxI, a short chain dehydrogenase, sdrI, a putative extradiol dioxygenase, doxI and a transcription factor gene, aohR. Heterologous expression of PksI in A. oryzae was sufficient for AOH biosynthesis. Co‐expression of PksI with different tailoring enzymes resulted in AME, 4‐hydroxy‐alternariol monomethyl ether (4‐OH‐AME), altenusin (ALN) and altenuene (ALT). Hence, the AOH cluster is responsible for the production of at least five different compounds. Deletion of the transcription factor gene aohR led to reduced expression of pksI and delayed AOH production, while overexpression led to increased expression of pksI and production of AOH. The pksI‐deletion strain displayed reduced virulence on tomato, citrus and apple suggesting AOH and the derivatives as virulence and colonization factors.
Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR131 suppresses plant immunity by targeting plant receptor‐like kinase inhibitor BKI1
Authors: Lan Xia , Liu Yunxiao , Song Shiren , Yin Ling , Xiang Jiang , Qu Junjie , Lu Jiang
Published: April 2019

The grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola secretes a set of RXLR effectors (PvRXLRs) to overcome host immunity and facilitate infection, but how these effectors function is unclear. Here, the biological function of PvRXLR131 was investigated via heterologous expression. Constitutive expression of PvRXLR131 in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides significantly enhanced its pathogenicity on grapevine leaves. Constitutive expression of PvRXLR131 in Arabidopsis promoted Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and P. syringae DC3000 (hrcC‐) growth as well as suppressed defence‐related callose deposition. Transient expression of PvRXLR131 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves could also suppress different elicitor‐triggered cell death and inhibit plant resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Further analysis revealed that PvRXLR131 interacted with host Vitis vinifera BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1 (VvBKI1), and its homologues in N. benthamiana (NbBKI1) and Arabidopsis (AtBKI1). Moreover, bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis revealed that PvRXLR131 interacted with VvBKI1 in the plasma membrane. Deletion assays showed that the C‐terminus of PvRXLR131 was responsible for the interaction and mutation assays showed that phosphorylation of a conserved tyrosine residue in BKI1s disrupted the interaction. BKI1 was a receptor inhibitor of growth‐ and defence‐related brassinosteroid (BR) and ERECTA (ER) signalling. When silencing of NbBKI1 in N. benthamiana, the virulence function of PvRXLR131 was eliminated, demonstrating that the effector activity is mediated by BKI1. Moreover, PvRXLR131‐transgenic plants displayed BKI1‐overexpression dwarf phenotypes and suppressed BR and ER signalling. These physiological and genetic data clearly demonstrate that BKI1 is a virulence target of PvRXLR131. We propose that P. viticola secretes PvRXLR131 to target BKI1 as a strategy for promoting infection.