bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound assessment of the diaphragm: Preliminary study of a canine model of X‐linked myotubular myopathy
Authors: Sarwal Aarti , Cartwright Michael S. , Walker Francis O. , Mitchell Erin , Buj‐Bello Anna , Beggs Alan H. , Childers Martin K.
Published: May 2014

Introduction: We tested the feasibility of using neuromuscular ultrasound for non‐invasive real‐time assessment of diaphragmatic structure and function in a canine model of X‐linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM). Methods: Ultrasound images in 3 dogs [wild‐type (WT), n = 1; XLMTM untreated, n = 1; XLMTM post–AAV8‐mediated MTM1 gene replacement, n = 1] were analyzed for diaphragm thickness, change in thickness with respiration, muscle echogenicity, and diaphragm excursion amplitude during spontaneous breathing. Results: Quantitative parameters of diaphragm structure were different among the animals. WT diaphragm was thicker and less echogenic than the XLMTM control, whereas the diaphragm measurements of the MTM1‐treated XLMTM dog were comparable to those of the WT dog. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of using ultrasound for quantitative assessment of the diaphragm in a canine model. In the future, ultrasonography may replace invasive measures of diaphragm function in canine models and in humans for non‐invasive respiratory monitoring and evaluation of neuromuscular disease. Muscle Nerve 50: 607–609, 2014
Transient hyperckemia in the setting of neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
Authors: Malik Rabia , Lewis Aaron , Cree Bruce A.C. , Ratelade Julien , Rossi Andrea , Verkman Alan S. , Bollen Andrew W. , Ralph Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2014

Introduction

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is characterized by inflammatory demyelinating lesions of the spinal cord and optic nerves from an autoimmune response against water channel aquaporin‐4 (AQP4). We report 2 patients with transient hyperCKemia associated with NMO suggesting possible skeletal muscle damage. Methods: Patient 1 was a 72‐year‐old man who presented with muscle soreness and elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) preceding an initial attack of NMO. Patient 2 was a 25‐year‐old woman with an established diagnosis of NMO who presented with diffuse myalgias, proximal upper extremity weakness, and hyperCKemia. Muscle biopsies were obtained for histopathologic evaluation, protein gel electrophoresis, immunofluorescence, and complement staining. Results: In both patients the muscle showed only mild variation in fiber diameter. There were no inflammatory changes or muscle fiber necrosis, though there was reduced AQP4 expression and deposition of activated complement. Conclusions: Complement‐mediated sarcolemmal injury may lead to hyperCKemia in NMO. Muscle Nerve 50: 859–862, 2014
Synthesis of magnetic citric‐acid‐functionalized graphene oxide and its application in the removal of methylene blue from contaminated water
Authors: Namvari Mina , Namazi Hassan
Published: May 2014

A magnetic nanocomposite of citric‐acid‐functionalized graphene oxide was prepared by an easy method. First, citric acid (CA) was covalently attached to acyl‐chloride‐functionalized graphene oxide (GO). Then, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were chemically deposited onto the resulting adsorbent. CA, as a good stabilizer for MNPs, was covalently attached to the GO; thus MNPs were adsorbed much more strongly to this framework and subsequent leaching decreased and less agglomeration occurred. The attachment of CA onto GO and the formation of the hybrid were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. The specific saturation magnetization of the magnetic CA‐grafted GO (GO‐CA‐Fe3O4) was 57.8 emu g−1 and the average size of the nanoparticles was found to be 25 nm by transmission electron microscopy. The magnetic nanocomposite was employed as an adsorbent of methylene blue from contaminated water. The adsorption tests demonstrated that it took only 30 min to attain equilibrium. The adsorption capacity in the concentration range studied was 112 mg g−1. The GO‐CA‐Fe3O4 nanocomposite was easily manipulated in an external magnetic field which eases the separation and leads to the removal of dyes. Thus the prepared nanocomposite has great potential in removing organic dyes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Insecticide resistance and cross‐resistance development in Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations in Canada 2008–2011
Authors: Scott Ian M , Tolman Jeff H , MacArthur Dale C
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

A survey of insecticide resistance in over 150 Canadian populations of Colorado potato beetle was completed between 2008 and 2011. Three neonicotinoid and two anthranilic diamide insecticides were tested at a discriminating concentration (DC) with second‐instar larvae in a leaf‐disc bioassay.

RESULTS

The mean mortality for the imidacloprid (Admire) DC was 46–67% between 2008 and 2011 respectively. Over the 4 years, 10–46% and 26–40% of the populations were classified as resistant or showed reduced susceptibility to imidacloprid. The mean mortality for thiamethoxam (Actara) and clothianidin (Poncho/Titan) ranged from 56–76% in 2008 to 81–84% in 2010 for each insecticide respectively, indicating continuous susceptibility to clothianidin but reduced susceptibility to thiamethoxam. In 2008 and 2009, susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) was observed in 85% of populations. Similarly, cyantraniliprole (Cyazypyr) affected 93% of the 2009 and 74% of the 2010 populations. There was a significant (P < 0.05) and high positive correlation (R = 0.4–0.84) between the three neonicotinoids, indicating the potential for cross‐resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

The trend observed in decreasing susceptibility for thiamethoxam and clothianidin will continue unless resistance management practices are followed. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Pest Management Science © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Continuous and unattended measurements of the site preference of nitrous oxide emitted from an agricultural soil using quantum cascade laser spectrometry with intercomparison with isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Yamamoto Akinori , Uchida Yoshitaka , Akiyama Hiroko , Nakajima Yasuhiro
Published: May 2014

RATIONALE

The difference between the 15N natural abundance of 14N‐15N‐O and 15N‐14N‐O (site preference; SP) is used to understand the mechanisms underlying N2O emissions from soils. We investigated the use of quantum cascade laser (QCL) absorption spectrometry for continuous and precise analysis of the SP of N2O emitted from a field soil at atmospheric mixing ratios.

METHODS

A QCL‐based spectrometer was used to determine the SP of soil‐emitted N2O accumulated in a closed chamber system without preconcentration. N2O standards (<2500 ppbv) were used to evaluate the precision of the QCL spectrometry (QCLS) system. CO2 and H2O were removed from the gas samples. Intercomparison measurements of QCLS and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) were performed on N2O calibration gases at different mixing ratios. The observed dependency of the QCLS result on the N2O mixing ratio was corrected.

RESULTS

Measurement of SP of N2O emitted from the field suggested that the SP of N2O varied from 0 to 40‰ over a period of 1 month. The precisions of the SP measurements (300–2500 ppbv) were <1.9‰ for δ15Nα values, <2.6‰ for δ15Nβ values, <2.1‰ for δ15Nbulk values, and <2.1‰ for the SP (1 min averaging time) obtained on a once‐an‐hour calibrated QCLS system, with a cell temperature control precision of ±0.01 K.

CONCLUSIONS

Continuous and unattended measurements of the SP of N2O emitted from soils were achieved at low N2O mixing ratios. The accuracy of the QCLS measurements for the SP of N2O was significantly improved by precisely controlling the temperature of the system and by correcting for the concentration dependency of the raw data through an intercomparison with IRMS measurements. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a highly sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify total and free levels of a target protein, interferon‐gamma‐inducible protein‐10, at picomolar levels in human serum
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Xiao Qing , Xin Baomin , Trigona Wendy , Tymiak Adrienne A. , Dongre Ashok R. , Olah Timothy V.
Published: May 2014

RATIONALE

Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) assays are increasingly being used for absolute quantitation of proteins due to high specificity and low cost. However, the major challenge for the LC/MS method is insufficient sensitivity. This paper details the strategies developed to maximize the sensitivity from aspects of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation to achieve a highly sensitive LC/MS method.

METHODS

The method is based on the LC/MS/MS measurement of a surrogate peptide generated from trypsin digestion of interferon‐gamma‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10). The sample preparation strategy involved selectively extracting IP‐10 and removing high‐abundance serum proteins through acidified protein precipitation (PPT). It was revealed in this work that these high‐abundance serum proteins, if not separated from the protein of interest, could cause significant ionization saturation and high background noise in selected reaction monitoring (SRM), leading to a 100‐fold higher lower limit of quantification (LLOQ).

RESULTS

Our method demonstrated that the acidified PPT could be optimized to selectively extract the protein of interest with full recovery of 97% to 103%, while the high‐abundance serum proteins could be effectively removed with minimal matrix effect of 90% to 93%. For the first time, a highly sensitive LC/MS method with a LLOQ of 31.62 pM for the quantitation of IP‐10 has been achieved, which is a 100‐fold improvement over the generic method.

CONCLUSIONS

The described method offers excellent sensitivity with advantages of being antibody reagent independent and leads to significant cost and time savings. It has been successfully employed to determine both total and free IP‐10 levels in human serum samples. This method development strategy may also be applied to other small proteins. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral Problems in Adolescents Raised by Their Grandparents
Authors: Bernedo Isabel Mª , Fuentes María Jesús , Fernández Milagros
Published: May 2014

This research analyzes, for the first time using a Spanish sample, the behavioral problems of adolescents in the custody of their grandparents. The sample consisted of 68 adolescents (31 boys and 37 girls, with a mean age of 13.7 years) in the custody of 54 grandparents with an average age of 65.9 years for the grandfathers, and 63.6 years for the grandmothers. The instrument employed was the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL;; Achenbach, 2001). The results indicate that the majority of both boys and girls can be classified within the normal range on scales of internal behavior, external behavior and total behavioral problems. When gender and age differences were analyzed, it was found that boys had more behavioral problems than girls on scales of incompliance with rules and external behavior. Meanwhile, it was shown that older adolescents had more somatic problems, as well as more behavioral problems, as measured by both the internal scale and total scale of the CBCL, than the younger participants.
Fast Deterministic Ptychographic Imaging Using X-Rays
Authors: Yan Ada W. C. , D’Alfonso Adrian J. , Morgan Andrew J. , Putkunz Corey T. , Allen Leslie J.
Published: May 2014

We present a deterministic approach to the ptychographic retrieval of the wave at the exit surface of a specimen of condensed matter illuminated by X-rays. The method is based on the solution of an overdetermined set of linear equations, and is robust to measurement noise. The set of linear equations is efficiently solved using the conjugate gradient least-squares method implemented using fast Fourier transforms. The method is demonstrated using a data set obtained from a gold–chromium nanostructured test object. It is shown that the transmission function retrieved by this linear method is quantitatively comparable with established methods of ptychography, with a large decrease in computational time, and is thus a good candidate for real-time reconstruction.
Adapting manualized Behavioural Activation treatment for older adults with depression
Authors: Pasterfield Madeline , Bailey Della , Hems Deborah , McMillan Dean , Richards David , Gilbody Simon
Published: May 2014

There is growing evidence that Behavioural Activation is an effective treatment for older adults with depression. However, there is a lack of detail given in studies about any adaptations made to interventions or efforts made to remove treatment barriers. Factors such as co-morbid physical health problems, cognitive impairment and problems with social support suggest there may be specific treatment considerations when developing interventions for this group. This article aims to describe adaptations made to a general adult Behavioural Activation manual using literature on treatment factors for older adults as an organizational framework. This information may be of use to mental health workers delivering behavioural interventions to older adults with depression and documents the initial phase of developing a complex intervention.
River organic matter shapes microbial communities in the sediment of the Rhône prodelta
Authors: Fagervold Sonja K , Bourgeois Solveig , Pruski Audrey M , Charles François , Kerhervé Philippe , Vétion Gilles , Galand Pierre E
Published: May 2014

Microbial-driven organic matter (OM) degradation is a cornerstone of benthic community functioning, but little is known about the relation between OM and community composition. Here we use Rhône prodelta sediments to test the hypothesis that OM quality and source are fundamental structuring factors for bacterial communities in benthic environments. Sampling was performed on four occasions corresponding to contrasting river-flow regimes, and bacterial communities from seven different depths were analyzed by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The sediment matrix was characterized using over 20 environmental variables including bulk parameters (for example, total nitrogen, carbon, OM, porosity and particle size), as well as parameters describing the OM quality and source (for example, pigments, total lipids and amino acids and δ13C), and molecular-level biomarkers like fatty acids. Our results show that the variance of the microbial community was best explained by δ13C values, indicative of the OM source, and the proportion of saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids, describing OM lability. These parameters were traced back to seasonal differences in the river flow, delivering OM of different quality and origin, and were directly associated with several frequent bacterial operational taxonomic units. However, the contextual parameters, which explained at most 17% of the variance, were not always the key for understanding the community assembly. Co-occurrence and phylogenetic diversity analysis indicated that bacteria–bacteria interactions were also significant. In conclusion, the drivers structuring the microbial community changed with time but remain closely linked with the river OM input.
Neuronal adaptation involves rapid expansion of the action potential initiation site
Authors: Scott Ricardo S. , Henneberger Christian , Padmashri Ragunathan , Anders Stefanie , Jensen Thomas P. , Rusakov Dmitri A.
Published: May 2014

Action potential (AP) generation is the key to information-processing in the brain. Although APs are normally initiated in the axonal initial segment, developmental adaptation or prolonged network activity may alter the initiation site geometry thus affecting cell excitability. Here we find that hippocampal dentate granule cells adapt their spiking threshold to the kinetics of the ongoing dendrosomatic excitatory input by expanding the AP-initiation area away from the soma while also decelerating local axonal spikes. Dual-patch soma–axon recordings combined with axonal Na+ and Ca2+ imaging and biophysical modelling show that the underlying mechanism involves distance-dependent inactivation of axonal Na+ channels due to somatic depolarization propagating into the axon. Thus, the ensuing changes in the AP-initiation zone and local AP propagation could provide activity-dependent control of cell excitability and spiking on a relatively rapid timescale.
Targeting S1P receptors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice improves early deficits in locomotor activity and increases ultrasonic vocalisations
Authors: Sheridan Graham K. , Dev Kumlesh K.
Published: May 2014

Fingolimod (FTY720) is an oral therapy for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs). FTY720 also rescues animals from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The protective effects of FTY720 in EAE are primarily scored manually by examining weight loss and limb paralysis that begins around 10–12 days after immunisation. To our knowledge, pre-clinical effects of FTY720 on animal behaviour early in EAE have not been explored. Here, we developed an automated behaviour monitoring system to examine the early effects of FTY720 on subtle pre-symptomatic behaviour of mice induced with EAE. Our automated home-cage monitoring system (AHC-MS) enabled non-contact detection of movement and ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs) of mice induced with EAE, thus allowing detection of subtle changes in mouse behaviour before paralysis occurs. Mice receiving FTY720 emit longer USVs and display higher levels of motor activity than vehicle-treated EAE mice before clinical symptoms become apparent. Importantly, this study promotes the 3Rs ethics (replacement, reduction and refinement) in the EAE animal model and may also improve pre-screening of potentially novel MS therapies. In addition, this is the first report showing the early effects of FTY720 in EAE which underscores its protective effects.
Analysis of arsenic in rice grains using ICP-MS and fs LA-ICP-MS
Authors: Choi Sung Hwa , Kim Jae Sung , Lee Ji Yeon , Jeon Ji Suk , Kim Ju Wan , Russo Richard E. , Gonzalez Jhanis , Yoo Jong Hyun , Kim Kyong Su , Yang Jung Seok , Park Kyung Su
Published: May 2014

With rice being the main staple crop in Asian countries such as China, Korea and Japan, the detection of arsenic (As), an element known to be carcinogenic to humans, has been the topic of high public interest.
ZnT-1 extrudes zinc from mammalian cells functioning as a Zn2+/H+exchanger
Authors: Shusterman Eden , Beharier Ofer , Shiri Levy , Zarivach Raz , Etzion Yoram , Campbell Craig R. , Lee Il-Ha , Okabayashi Ken , Dinudom Anuwat , Cook David I. , Katz Amos , Moran Arie
Published: May 2014

ZnT-1 is a Cation Diffusion Facilitator (CDF) family protein, and is present throughout the phylogenetic tree from bacteria to humans.
Performance of a nanoarchitectured tin oxide@reduced graphene oxide composite as a shield against electromagnetic polluting radiation
Authors: Mishra Monika , Singh Avanish Pratap , Singh Bhanu Pratap , Dhawan S. K.
Published: May 2014

A SnO2@RGO composite with outstanding shielding properties pushes its promising applications as a next generation building block material for EMI shielding and stealth technology.
A non-covalent complex based on catechol–benzoxazole moieties: electrochemical synthesis and characterization
Authors: Salehzadeh Hamid , Nematollahi Davood
Published: May 2014

Electrochemical synthesis of a novel non-covalent complex was carried out via the electrooxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol in the presence of 2-methoxybenzylamine.
A general method for mass and template-free production of hierarchical metal oxide spheres at room-temperature
Authors: Wang Chao , Zhu Mingwei , Liu Hong , Cui Yushuang , Chen Yanfeng
Published: May 2014

A novel and facile method is proposed for mass production of Hierarchical Metal Oxide Spheres (HMOS).
A rhodamine–quinoline based chemodosimeter capable of recognising endogenous OCl− in human blood cells
Authors: Goswami Shyamaprosad , Das Sangita , Aich Krishnendu , Nandi Prasanta Kumar , Ghoshal Kakali , Quah Ching Kheng , Bhattacharyya Maitree , Fun Hoong-Kun , Abdel-Aziz Hatem A.
Published: May 2014

A rhodamine–quinoline based chemodosimeter (RHQ) has been designed, synthesized and characterized in this paper.
Manganese(ii) chloride catalyzed highly efficient one-pot synthesis of propargylamines and fused triazoles via three-component coupling reaction under solvent-free condition
Authors: Afraj Shakil N. , Chen Chinpiao , Lee Gene-Hsian
Published: May 2014

A one-pot green and highly efficient method for the synthesis of propargylamines and distereoselective synthesis of fused triazoles via three-component coupling in the presence of manganese(ii) chloride and a catalyst-free 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction without using a co-catalyst is reported.
Physical layer security with dynamic behaviour cooperator based on coalitional game
Authors: Hou Lijun , Fu Xiaomei
Published: May 2014

Cooperation between wireless network users is a promising technique for improving the physical layer (PHY) security of wireless transmission in the presence of eavesdroppers. In practice, users may not always act as reliable cooperators. The misbehaviour of cooperative users may change the original security transmission condition. In this study, an algorithm that user splits or merges from coalition is proposed based on coalitional game with non‐transferable utility. It obtains the maximum PHY security capacity of users in wireless networks even when there are users with dynamic behaviour. Simulation results show that a certain degree of misbehaviour can be tolerated by coalition. Analyses also show that the sensitivity of misbehaviour of the coalition is related to the position of users.
New approach to derivative calculation of multi‐valued logical functions with application to fault detection of digital circuits
Authors: Liu Zhenbin , Wang Yuzhen , Li Haitao
Published: May 2014

This study investigates the directional derivative of multi‐valued logical functions with application to fault detection of multi‐valued digital circuits. Firstly, the authors study the calculation problem of directional derivatives of multi‐valued logical functions by using the semi‐tensor product. Several new results and a new algorithm are obtained to calculate the directional derivative. Then, the achieved results are applied to the fault detection of multi‐valued digital circuits. A complete test set of stuck‐at faults is obtained. Finally, two illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the authors' method.
Excitation prediction control of multi‐machine power systems using balanced reduced model
Authors: Zhao Hongshan , Lan Xiaoming , Xue Ning , Wang Binbin
Published: May 2014

A multi‐machine power system excitation predictive control method using balanced reduced model is presented. First, the theory of empirical Gramians balanced reduction was used to reduce the orders of power system non‐linear dynamic model to save the time‐solving of open‐loop optimisation in model predictive control. Then, it used the minimum deviation of system output(state) and control input as the control objective, using the non‐linear reduced system sampling linearisation model as equivalent constraints and the change limits of system output and control input as unequivalent constraints to establish the excitation predictive control model based on reduced model. Next, the interior‐point method was used to solve the optimal control problem. Finally, took advantage of a four‐machine power system to verify the effectiveness of the predictive control method, and the simulating results show that excitation predictive control method using balanced reduced model for the multi‐machine power systems can greatly shorten the optimisation time‐calculating, meanwhile maintain the voltages of generator terminals within the set points and have a better control performance than traditional excitation control.
Collapse transitions in thermosensitive multi-block copolymers: A Monte Carlo study
Authors: Rissanou Anastassia N. , Tzeli Despoina S. , Anastasiadis Spiros H. , Bitsanis Ioannis A.
Published: May 2014

Monte Carlo simulations are performed on a simple cubic lattice to investigate the behavior of a single linear multiblock copolymer chain of various lengths N. The chain of type (AnBn)m consists of alternating A and B blocks, where A are solvophilic and B are solvophobic and N = 2nm. The conformations are classified in five cases of globule formation by the solvophobic blocks of the chain. The dependence of globule characteristics on the molecular weight and on the number of blocks, which participate in their formation, is examined. The focus is on relative high molecular weight blocks (i.e., N in the range of 500–5000 units) and very differing energetic conditions for the two blocks (very good—almost athermal solvent for A and bad solvent for B). A rich phase behavior is observed as a result of the alternating architecture of the multiblock copolymer chain. We trust that thermodynamic equilibrium has been reached for chains of N up to 2000 units; however, for longer chains kinetic entrapments are observed. The comparison among equivalent globules consisting of different number of B-blocks shows that the more the solvophobic blocks constituting the globule the bigger its radius of gyration and the looser its structure. Comparisons between globules formed by the solvophobic blocks of the multiblock copolymer chain and their homopolymer analogs highlight the important role of the solvophilic A-blocks.
Electron density measurements of atmospheric-pressure non-thermal N2 plasma jet by Stark broadening and irradiance intensity methods
Authors: Xiao Dezhi , Cheng Cheng , Shen Jie , Lan Yan , Xie Hongbing , Shu Xingsheng , Meng Yuedong , Li Jiangang , Chu Paul K.
Published: May 2014

An atmospheric-pressure non-thermal plasma jet excited by high frequency alternating current using nitrogen is developed and the electron density in the active region of this plasma jet is investigated by two different methods using optical emission spectroscopy, Stark broadening, and irradiance intensity method. The irradiance intensity method shows that the average electron density is about 1020/m3 which is slightly smaller than that by the Stark broadening method. However, the trend of the change in the electron density with input power obtained by these two methods is consistent.
A Canadian Perspective on Addiction Treatment
Authors: el-Guebaly Nady
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a synopsis of addiction treatment in Canada, along with some available comparative figures with other North American countries. Within the framework of Canada's Medicare, a largely single-payer system, addiction and psychiatric disorders are insured on par with other medical disorders. Canada's strategy recognizes the four pillars of prevention, treatment, harm reduction, and enforcement. The Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey is the yearly main source of data on alcohol and illicit drug use. The main features of the Canadian addiction treatment network are identified as a “top 10” list, outlining early identification and intervention, assessment, and referral; detoxification; ambulatory care/day treatment programs; residential care; hospitals; concurrent disorders networks and regionalization; drug specific strategies; mutual help; behavioral addictions; and training, qualification, and research.
A reconstruction algorithm for ultrasound-modulated diffuse optical tomography
Authors: Ammari Habib , Bossy Emmanuel , Garnier Josselin , Nguyen Loc , Seppecher Laurent
Published: May 2014

The aim of this paper is to develop an efficient reconstruction algorithm for ultrasound-modulated diffuse optical tomography. In diffuse optical imaging, the resolution is in general low. By mechanically perturbing the medium, we show that it is possible to achieve a significant resolution enhancement. When a spherical acoustic wave is propagating inside the medium, the optical parameter of the medium is perturbed. Using cross-correlations of the boundary measurements of the intensity of the light propagating in the perturbed medium and in the unperturbed one, we provide an iterative algorithm for reconstructing the optical absorption coefficient. Using a spherical Radon transform inversion, we first establish an equation that the optical absorption satisfies. This equation together with the diffusion model constitutes a nonlinear system. Then, solving iteratively such a nonlinear coupled system, we obtain the true absorption parameter. We prove the convergence of the algorithm and present numerical results to illustrate its resolution and stability performances.
A simple bound for the variation at closest approach of a small body and star due to general relativity
Authors: Veras Dimitri
Published: May 2014

As a comet, asteroid or planet approaches its parent star, the orbit changes shape due to the curvature of space–time. For comets in particular, the deviation at the pericentre may noticeably change their ephemerides and affect the dynamics of outgassing, tidal disruption or other processes which act on orbital time-scales and are assumed to follow Newtonian gravity. By obtaining and analysing the unaveraged equations of motion in orbital elements due to the dominant post-Newtonian contribution (1PN), I derive a simple analytic expression for the maximum deviation in terms of only the stellar mass and eccentricity of the orbit. This relation can be used to assess the potential importance of including short-period relativistic terms in models containing comets, asteroids or planets, and help determine the level of precision needed in numerical integrations. The magnitude of the deviation in systems with solar-like stars is typically comparable to the size of comet nuclei, and the direction of the deviation is determined by the eccentricity. I show that for eccentricities above a critical value of $\sqrt{19} - 4 \approx 0.359$, the direction is away from the star.
K2 observations of the pulsating subdwarf B star EQ Piscium: an sdB+dM binary
Authors: Jeffery C. S. , Ramsay G.
Published: May 2014

K2, the two-wheel mission of the Kepler space telescope, observed the pulsating subdwarf B star EQ PSc during engineering tests in 2014 February. In addition to a rich spectrum of g-mode pulsation frequencies, the observations demonstrate a light variation with a period of 19.2 h and full amplitude of 2 per cent. We suggest that this is due to reflection from a cool companion, making EQ Psc the longest-period member of some 30 binaries comprising a hot subdwarf and a cool dwarf companion (sdB+dM), and hence useful for exploring the common-envelope ejection mechanism in low-mass binaries.
Genetic characterization of mycobacterial l,d-transpeptidases
Authors: Sanders Akeisha N. , Wright Lori F. , Pavelka Martin S.
Published: May 2014

l,d-Transpeptidases (Ldts) catalyse the formation of 3–3 cross-links in peptidoglycans (PGs); however, the role of these enzymes in cell envelope physiology is not well understood. Mycobacterial PG contains a higher percentage of 3–3 cross-links (~30–80 %) than the PG in most other bacteria, suggesting that they are particularly important to mycobacterial cell wall biology. The genomes ofMycobacterium tuberculosisandMycobacterium smegmatisencode multiple Ldt genes, but it is not clear if they are redundant. We compared the sequences of the Ldt proteins from 18 mycobacterial genomes and found that they can be grouped into six classes. We then constructedM. smegmatisstrains lacking single or multiple Ldt genes to determine the physiological consequence of the loss of these enzymes. We report that of the single mutants, only one, ΔldtC(MSMEG_0929, class 5), displayed an increased susceptibility to imipenem – a carbapenem antibiotic that inhibits the Ldt enzymes. The invariant cysteine in the active site of LdtC was required for function, consistent with its role as an Ldt. A triple mutant missingldtCand both of the class 2 genes displayed hypersusceptibility to antibiotics, lysozyme andd-methionine, and had an altered cellular morphology. These data demonstrated that the distinct classes of mycobacterial Ldts may reflect different, non-redundant functions and that the class 5 Ldt was peculiar in that its loss, alone and with the class 2 proteins, had the most profound effect on phenotype.
Quality failures in residential aged care in Australia: The relationship between structural factors and regulation imposed sanctions
Authors: Baldwin Richard , Chenoweth Lynnette , dela Rama Marie , Liu Zhixin
Published: May 2014

Aim

To examine the relationship between structural factors and the imposition of sanctions on residential aged care services across Australia for regulatory compliance failure.

Methods

Poisson Regression analysis was used to examine the association between the number of sanctions imposed and the structural characteristics of residential aged care services in Australia.

Results

Residential aged care services that have a greater likelihood of having government sanctions imposed on them are operated by for‐profit providers and located in remote locations and in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.

Conclusion

The findings confirm the international literature on the relationship between residential aged care service location, ownership type and the likelihood of sanctions. In the light of the predicted expansion of residential aged care services, policy makers should give consideration to structural elements most likely to be associated with a failure to meet and maintain service standards.
Laparoscopic versus open reversal of Hartmann's procedure: a retrospective review
Authors: Yang Phillip F. , Morgan Matthew J.
Published: May 2014

Background

Restoration of bowel continuity following Hartmann's procedure may be performed using a laparoscopic or open technique. This study is the first of its kind comparing laparoscopic with open reversal of Hartmann's procedure in Australasia.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of 107 patients who underwent either a laparoscopic (n = 43) or open (n = 64) reversal of Hartmann's procedure between 2001 and 2012. Outcome measures were perioperative clinical outcomes and post‐operative complications.

Results

Patients in the two groups were comparable in age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score and number of previous operations. The most common indication for the original Hartmann's operation in both groups was diverticular disease. Total theatre time was longer for the laparoscopic group (276.4 versus 242.0 min; P = 0.02). Three patients in the laparoscopic group required conversion to laparotomy (7%). Laparoscopic reversal of Hartmann's procedure was associated with shorter time to passage of flatus (2.8 versus 4.0 days; P < 0.001) and faeces (4.2 versus 5.6 days; P = 0.002), and shorter overall length of hospital stay (6.7 versus 10.8 days; P < 0.001). There were fewer patients in the laparoscopic group who had post‐operative complications (14% versus 31%; P = 0.04), including fewer cases of post‐operative ileus (2% versus 17%; P = 0.02). There were no cases of anastomotic leak or in‐hospital mortality in either group.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic reversal of Hartmann's procedure is a safe and feasible alternative to open Hartmann's reversal and may be associated with significantly faster recovery time and fewer post‐operative complications.
The morphology of photophores in the garrick, cyclothone braueri (Family: Gonostomatidae): an ultrastructure study
Authors: Cavallaro Mauro , Battaglia Pietro , Laurà Rosaria , Guerrera Maria Cristina , Abbate Francesco , Germanà Antonino
Published: May 2014

A contribution to the knowledge of the photophore structure of the mesopelagic fish Cyclothone braueri (Gonostomatidae) from the central Mediterranean Sea (Strait of Messina) is given by means of a structural and ultrastructural study, to better identify and classify the real anatomical structures costituing these luminous organs. The photocytes exhibit numerous secretory granules, of different electron density, embedded in an extremely developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. The lens appear to be composed of tightly contiguous polyhedral cells. The reflector is made up of cells rich in guanine crystals, embedded in an amorphous matrix and is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue containing melanocytes. Unlike the present knowledge, it is shown that the bioluminescence emitted from C. braueri light organs has glandular nature, with photophores similar to type α from Bassot classification. The phenomenon of adaptive convergence, documenting how the morphology and physiology of the light organs of teleosts is similar in different species despite their taxonomic distance, is confirmed also for C. braueri.
A cohort study of MFN2 mutations and phenotypic spectrums in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2A patients
Authors: Choi B.‐O. , Nakhro K. , Park H.J. , Hyun Y.S. , Lee J.H. , Kanwal S. , Jung S.‐C. , Chung K.W.
Published: May 2014

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2A (CMT2A) is the most common axonal form of peripheral neuropathy caused by a defect in the mitofusin 2 (MFN2) gene, which encodes an outer mitochondrial membrane GTPase. MFN2 mutations result in a large range of phenotypes. This study analyzed the prevalence of MFN2 mutation in Korean families with their assorted phenotypes (607 CMT families and 160 CMT2 families). Direct sequencing of the MFN2 coding exons or whole‐exome sequencing has been applied to identify causative mutations. A total of 21 mutations were found in 36 CMT2 families. Comparative genotype–phenotype correlations impacting severity, onset age, and specific symptoms were assessed. Most mutations were seen in the GTPase domain (∼86%). A deletion mutation found in the transmembrane helices is reported for the first time, as well as five novel mutations at other domains. MFN2 mutations made up 5.9% of total CMT families, whereas 22.9% in CMT2 families, of which 27.8% occurred de novo. Interestingly, patient phenotypes ranged from mild to severe even for the same mutation, suggesting other factors influenced phenotype and penetrance. This CMT2A cohort study will be useful for molecular diagnosis and treatment of axonal neuropathy.
Association of perceived stress with depressive symptoms in older Taiwanese: Results of a population‐based study
Authors: Tsai Alan C , Chi Shu‐Huang , Wang Jiun‐Yi
Published: May 2014

Aims

We determined the association of perceived stress with depressive symptoms in older Taiwanese.

Methods

We analyzed the 2007 dataset of the Taiwan Longitudinal Survey on Aging, a population‐based survey of 4534 persons aged ≥54 years. Perceived stress was based on respondents' reports of whether each of the five situations (own health, financial status, job, getting along with family members and family members' problems) “makes you feel stressed or anxious”. Participants were rated with the 10‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (score 0–30; ≥10 as having depressive symptoms). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the association of each perceived stress situation with depressive symptoms in persons aged 54–64 years (middle‐aged), 65–74 years (young‐old) and ≥75 years (old‐old).

Results

Over one‐third of respondents were stressed over their own health. The middle‐aged respondents who were stressed were 2.0–10.9‐fold as likely to have depressive symptoms, the young‐old were 3.1–8.1‐fold as likely and the old‐old were 4.3–12.6‐fold as likely compared with the non‐stressed respondents (all P < 0.001). Financial stress and its association with depressive symptoms deceased with increasing age. Nearly half of the Taiwanese older adults had concerns over family members' problems and the concern was associated with depressive symptoms in the younger age groups. Relationship strain with family members existed in <10% of older Taiwanese, but the association with depressive symptoms was strong. Job‐related stress was not associated with depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Perceived stress and its association with depressive symptoms vary according to stress situations and age. The present findings should be useful for developing appropriate strategies to reduce the risk of depression in older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 535–543.
Nitric oxide induces apoptosis in human gingival fibroblast through mitochondria‐dependent pathway and JNK activation
Authors: Baek M.‐W. , Seong K.‐J. , Jeong Y.‐J. , Kim G.‐M. , Park H.‐J. , Kim S.‐H. , Chung H.‐J. , Kim W.‐J. , Jung J.‐Y.
Published: May 2014

Aim

To investigate the molecular mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO)‐induced cytotoxic effect in human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells.

Methodology

After sodium nitroprusside (SNP), as NO donor, was treated to HGF, viability was measured by MTT assay and apoptosis was determined by TUNEL and DNA fragmentation assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected using confocal microscopy, and caspase activity assay was measured by spectrophotometer. Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation, Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio and cytochrome c release were analysed by Western blot analyses. Cells were exposed to MAPK inhibitors (U0126, SB203580 and SP600125) before SNP treatment to investigate the effects of MAPK kinases on the NO‐induced apoptosis in HGF. Statistical analysis was performed using one‐way analysis of variance with the Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc test for multiple group comparison.

Results

Apoptosis was significantly increased (P = 0.011 and 0.0004, respectively) in the presence of SNP (1 and 3 mmol L−1) after 12 h in HGF. However, 1H‐[1,2,4] oxadiatolo [4, 3‐a] cluinoxaline‐1‐one (ODQ), a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, did not block the decrement of cell viability by NO. SNP treatment induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, increased Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio and activation of caspases in HGF. Also, SNP treatment increased phosphorylation of MAPKinases and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (5 and 10 μmol L−1) rescued cell viability decreased by SNP in HGF (P = 0.024 and 0.0149, respectively).

Conclusion

Nitric oxide induced apoptosis in human gingival fibroblast through the mitochondria‐mediated pathway by regulation of Bcl‐2 family and JNK activation.
Development of the deep‐sea viviparous quill worm Leptoecia vivipara (Hyalinoeciinae, Onuphidae, Annelida)
Authors: Budaeva Nataliya , Pyataeva Sofia , Meißner Karin
Published: May 2014

Development of Leptoecia vivipara, a brooding deep‐sea onuphid polychaete with a circum‐Antarctic distribution, was studied using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and histology. All specimens examined were brooding viviparous females or juveniles; no male gametes were detected. Anterior segments of juvenile and adult worms bore paired compact ovaries with clusters of vitellogenic oocytes. In adults, the mid‐body region formed a chamber containing up to 12 offspring at different stages of development, from oocyte to 13 chaetigers. Mature oocytes freely floated in the coelomic fluid, while embryos and juveniles were enclosed in peritoneal envelopes. Chaetal replacement in juveniles and the morphology of the provisional maxillae are described. Leptoecia vivipara is argued to be a progenetic species with juvenile‐like external morphology and accelerated sexual maturation. These traits may have arisen as adaptations to epibenthic life in a high‐latitude deep‐sea environment affected by seasonal pulses of organic matter.
The open abdomen: temporary closure with a modified negative pressure therapy technique
Authors: Hougaard Helene T , Ellebaek Mark , Holst Uffe T , Qvist Niels
Published: May 2014

The most common indications for an open abdomen (OA) are abdominal compartment syndrome, damage control surgery, diffuse peritonitis and wound dehiscence, and often require a temporary abdominal closure (TAC). The different TAC methods that are currently available include skin closure techniques, mesh products and negative pressure therapy (NPT) systems. For this study, we retrospectively reviewed records of 115 OA patients treated with the commercially available NPT systems (V.A.C.® Abdominal Dressing System and ABThera™ Open Abdomen Negative Pressure Therapy System) using a new method of applying the system – the narrowing technique – over a 5‐year period. Endpoints included fascial closure and 30‐day mortality rates and presence of enteroatmospheric fistulas. Secondary closure of the fascia was obtained in 92% (106/115) of the patients with a mortality rate of 17% (20/115) and a fistula rate of 3·5% (4/115). The use of the narrowing technique to apply NPT may explain the high closure rates observed in the patient population of this study. Further studies are necessary to compare the different methods and to evaluate the long‐term outcomes.
The (dis)unity of nursing science
Authors: Bluhm Robyn L.
Published: May 2014

This paper looks at the implications of contemporary work in philosophy of science for nursing science. Early work on the nature of theories in nursing was strongly influenced by logical empiricism, and this influence remains even long after nurse scholars have come to reject logical empiricism as an adequate philosophy of science. Combined with the need to establish nursing as an autonomous profession, nursing theory's use of logical empiricism has led to serious conceptual problems. Philosophers of science have also rejected many of the central tenets of logical empiricism, including its focus on the logical justification of theories and the idea that science is, or should be, unified. Instead, there has been an increasing focus on the practice of science, which in turn has led to a pluralist understanding of science that emphasizes the construction of scientific models that are appropriate for certain purposes or in certain contexts. I suggest that this approach to philosophy of science may provide better resources for nursing science.
Disproportionation of (Mg,Fe)SiO
3
perovskite in Earth’s deep lower mantle
Authors: Zhang Li , Meng Yue , Yang Wenge , Wang Lin , Mao Wendy L. , Zeng Qiao-Shi , Jeong Jong Seok , Wagner Andrew J. , Mkhoyan K. Andre , Liu Wenjun , Xu Ruqing , Mao Ho-kwang
Published: May 2014

The mineralogical constitution of the Earth’s mantle dictates the geophysical and geochemical properties of this region. Previous models of a perovskite-dominant lower mantle have been built on the assumption that the entire lower mantle down to the top of the D″ layer contains ferromagnesian silicate [(Mg,Fe)SiO
3
] with nominally 10 mole percent Fe. On the basis of experiments in laser-heated diamond anvil cells, at pressures of 95 to 101 gigapascals and temperatures of 2200 to 2400 kelvin, we found that such perovskite is unstable; it loses its Fe and disproportionates to a nearly Fe-free MgSiO
3
perovskite phase and an Fe-rich phase with a hexagonal structure. This observation has implications for enigmatic seismic features beyond ~2000 kilometers depth and suggests that the lower mantle may contain previously unidentified major phases.
NASA planners gear up for martian sample return
Authors: Hand Eric
Published: May 2014

Engineers and scientists designing the Mars 2020 rover keep an eye on geologic diversity—and the clock
Blockbuster claim could collapse in a cloud of dust
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: May 2014

Smoking-gun evidence for cosmic inflation may actually be radiation from within our galaxy
Southern sky dims
Authors: Dayton Leigh
Published: May 2014

Jobs and instruments are at risk as government cuts radio astronomy and other science programs
Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis NBIN-866 with High Nematocidal Activity
Authors: Liu Xiaoyan , Zhou Ronghua , Fu Guiping , Zhang Wei , Min Yong , Tian Yuxi , Huang Daye , Wang Kaimei , Wan Zhongyi , Yao Jingwu , Yang Ziwen
Published: May 2014

Bacillus thuringiensis
NBIN-866, a Gram-positive bacterium, was isolated from soil in China. We announce here the draft genome sequence of strain
B. thuringiensis
NBIN-866, which possesses highly nematocidal factors, such as proteins and small molecular peptides.