bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Availability: An Associative Characteristic of Remote Associates Test Items
Authors: Hood Ralph W. , Ginsburg G. P.
Published: September 2011

It was demonstrated that difficulty of RAT items is related to the cultural availability of correct RAT item response to the stimulus triads composing the RAT. The more frequently missed RAT items are those items to which the correct response is not a culturally dominant associate of the particular RAT stimulus words in question. Interest in the RAT, not as a measure of creativity, but as an object of psychological value in its own right was stressed.
Comparative Study of the Pictorial Test of Intelligence and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
Authors: Elliott Raymond N.
Published: September 2011

This report describes correlations between the Pictorial Test of Intelligence and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test as predictors of academic achievement of institutionalized educable mentally retarded children by comparing them with the Wide Range Achievement Test.
Limitations of Procedures for Improving Group Problem Solving
Authors: Maier Norman R. F. , Thurber James A.
Published: September 2011

These experiments were designed to test whether the quality of group problem solving could be improved by instructing groups to follow certain procedures. 192 groups of 2 male and 1 female S each solved Maier's Sewing Room Case under 4 different experimental conditions: I—no instructions regarding processes or procedures to follow; II—instructions for carrying out idea-evaluation in two separate stages; III—instructions requesting diagnosis and factual support for each solution generated; and IV—instructions requiring locating obstacles before generating solutions. The results show limited support for the value of such instructions. These marginally significant results were due to a relatively small number of groups conforming to the experimental manipulation rather than to the inadequacy of the principles on which the manipulations were based. Some directed training in use of problem-solving principles, rather than a mere knowledge of them, seems to be essential in achieving high qualiry solutions. Idea-evaluation seems to suffer in group problem solving. Brainstorming, which stresses idea-getting, has its limitations because it leaves the evaluation to outside judges.
Internal-External Locus of Control and Verbal Fluency
Authors: Brecher Marilyn , Denmark Florence L.
Published: September 2011

84 female Ss were given the I-E Control Scale and a modified form of Thurstone's word fluency (W) test in counterbalanced order. Ss were classified as “Internals” or “Externals” by division at the median. As hypothesized, the mean fluency scores of Internals were significantly higher than those of Externals for each minute of work. Neither the order variable nor any of the interactions were significant.
Comments on Dr. Harris' “Note on Howard's Theory of Meta-Games”
Authors: Rapoport Anatol
Published: September 2011

Howard's resolution of the Prisoner's Dilemma paradox is based on the notion of a meta-strategy, which bears the same relation to strategy as the latter does to the move of the game. That is, a meta-strategy is a program that specifies a choice of strategy conditional upon the choice of strategy by the other player. Knowledge of the other's actual choice of strategy is not assumed any more than the knowledge of the other's future moves in the formulation of an ordinary strategy.
Response Set in a Check List Test: A Sometimes Thing
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin
Published: September 2011

This study was done to assess the influence of a response set, number of items checked, in the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL). In some previous studies, the response set was moderately correlated with the total scale scores of Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility, but in other studies the correlations were minimal. Ss were 432 male and 614 female undergraduates from colleges in the East, Midwest, and West. In the total sample, the number of items checked correlated low, but significantly, with the total scale scores. However, the magnitude of the correlations varied considerably among the three regional samples.
Expectancies of Unemployable Males regarding Source of Control of Reinforcement
Authors: Scott James D. , Phelan Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 60 22- to 28-yr.-old males, matched for age, socio-economic status and scholastic aptitude and classified as hard core unemployables were tested on the Rotter I-E Scale. No significant differences in alienation scores were noted between Group A whites and white college students. Group B Black Ss were significantly more externally controlled with greater variability of scores. Group C Mexican-Americans showed an even greater tendency in the external direction and greater variability than the others. Blacks and Mexican-Americans did not differ significantly in expression of external control. Lack of feeling for any relation between individual effort and reward may account for the difficulty in equipping these groups with knowledge and skill to improve their lot.
Differences in Reactions to Rosenzweig's P-F Study by Defensive and Nondefensive Repressors and Sensitizers
Authors: Schill Thomas , Black John
Published: September 2011

Repressor-sensitizer differences in expression of direct aggression (high scores on the extrapunitive dimension of Rosenzweig's Picture Frustration Study) were found only when the Marlowe-Crowne “defensiveness” measure was used to separate Ss into defensive and nondefensive types. Nondefensive repressors and sensitizers had significantly higher extrapunitive scores than defensive repressors. Since defensiveness in large part accounted for the differences which were found, it was concluded that the Marlowe-Crowne Scale seems to be a better measure of S's predisposition to approach or avoid making an aggressive response than is R-S.
Purpose without Consciousness: A Contradiction
Authors: Locke Edwin A.
Published: September 2011

The concept of purpose has deteriorated epistemologically to such an extent that psychologists now refuse to use it as a scientific term. The cause of this confusion is the failure of scientists to recognize the logical dependence of the concept of purpose on the concepts of life, goal, and consciousness. Purposes are consciously held goals and are properly inferred only in living organisms possessing some means of awareness (sense organs, etc.). The confusion regarding purpose began with McDougall's failure to distinguish between the concepts of purposive and goal-directed; increased with Tolman's and Hull's attempts to define purpose without reference to consciousness; and reached its apex with the claim by three cyberneticians that purposiveness can exist in the absence of life. The premise of reductionism is held to be responsible for the degradation of the concept of purpose and for the chaotic state of psychological concepts today.
Is the Word Frequency Effect on Recognition Threshold a Function of Transitional Probability?
Authors: Kinsbourne Marcel , Evens Nicholas
Published: September 2011

Frequently used 5- and 6-letter words incorporate letter sequences of higher digram and trigram frequency than rare words. This could account for some or all of the frequency of usage effect on word recognition threshold.
Life Satisfaction in the Young and the Old
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

The Life Satisfaction Index A (LSIA) was administered to a group of 101 elderly persons ( Mage — 77.6) and a group of college students ( Mage, = 20.1). The mean LSIA score of approximately 12 for both groups indicated no difference in degree of life satisfaction. An analysis of the responses of both groups to each of the 20 items of the LSIA, however, showed significant differences in the sources of satisfaction for each group. The old seemed more satisfied with their past, while the young seemed more apprehensive about the present and more optimistic about the future. The following hypothesis was offered: Life satisfaction, rather than being merely a reflection of a person's current level of goal achievement, is more like a set or orientation to one's environment which is acquired fairly early and remains moderately stable throughout life.
Reliability of Video-Tape Interviewing
Authors: Dinoff Michael , Newmark Charles , Barnhart Sharon , Holm Anita , Stern Samuel , Saunders Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

12 normal male and 12 female Ss tested twice within approximately 24 hr. on a Standardized Video-tape Interview showed high reliability in temporal speech characteristics ( rs = .57 to 99). The potential of the use of such an instrument as a tool in clinical research is discussed.
Training College Adults to Think Creatively with Words
Authors: Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

100 college Ss were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups of equal number and exposed to five creative thinking strategies. Practice increased the probability of the occurrence of original responses as measured by two scales of originality.
Personal Space and Personality Characteristics: A Non-Confirmation
Authors: Meisels Murray , Canter Francis M.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that greater spatial distances would be used under the stress of talking about a difficult topic and by introverted and deviant Ss. In Study 1, 52 women completed an introversion-extraversion scale and half were assigned an easy or difficult topic to discuss with another student (an accomplice). In Study 2, 96 women completed four measures of deviancy and interacted with a student (accomplice) under nonstress and then under stress conditions. Difficult conversation topics did not lead to greater distances and, in contrast with previous research, introversion and deviancy did not correlate significantly with individual distance. Implications for the study of personal space are discussed.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XIII. Richard Marion Griffith: 1921–1969
Authors: Baker Robert A.
Published: September 2011

The place of the contributions of Dr. Griffith to psychology is discussed.
Responses to Intact and Intermixed Personality Inventories
Authors: Greenwald Herbert J. , Selle Elaine D.
Published: September 2011

Whether social desirability responding may heighten when personality inventories are intact was examined by administering intact and intermixed personality measures of Respect for Others and Self-confidence together with a measure of social desirability. Intact inventories correlated higher with social desirability than intermixed inventories. However, the effect was mild and might have been due to an inventory response set.
Leadership Roles in a Psychiatrically Deviant Adolescent Collectivity
Authors: Olson John T. , Smith David Horton
Published: September 2011

With sociometric and staff rating data from a sample of 33 female adolescent in-patients on a psychiatric ward, two general hypotheses regarding leadership were tested based on prior results for “normal” populations. The first hypothesis stated that leader roles in the present collectivity would be clearly differentiated in terms of an instrumental versus expressive dimension and also a reputed versus actual dimension. The results did not confirm this, showing instead significant and strong intercorrelations among the several sociometric measures of leadership roles. The second hypothesis stated that leaders in the present sort of collectivity would tend to be higher in age and other traits socially desirable in the society at large. This hypothesis was confirmed, indicating a substantial similarity between the nature of leadership in a psychiatrically deviant collectivity and the nature of leadership in numerous other “normal” collectivities. A major departure from prior results in “normal” collectivities was the fact that ratings of asocial aggression were independent of leadership nominations, interpreted as indicating a high tolerance for “interpersonal deviance” in this psychiatrically deviant collectivity.
Reply to Levonian
Authors: Silverman Irwin
Published: September 2011

It is considered that Levonian's (1970) analysis of deficiencies in control procedures in self-esteem—persuasibility studies is relevant to several but not to the majority of the studies he reviews.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict: II. Role of Olfactory Cues
Authors: Elder S. Thomas , Kuehne Thomas E. , Moriarty Daniel D.
Published: September 2011

24 naive hooded rats were employed in a 2 × 2 factorial comparison of anosmic versus non-anosmic and obstruction versus non-obstruction conditions. Comparisons were made in terms of speed-of-locomotion toward a goal area. After all Ss had received a series of successive reinforced approach-training trials, several untrained rats were placed in the goal box and subjected to foot shock. 9 min. later the shocked rats were removed, and previously designated groups of trained rats were given additional approach trials. A non-shocked group of untrained rats was placed in the maze and removed after 9 min. as the non-obstruction condition. Thus anosmic and sham-operated rats were compared before and after untrained rats occupied the goal box. Analysis of speed-of-locomotion scores showed the non-anosmic group had a significant reduction in speed-of-approach following occupancy by the shocked untrained rats. None of the other three groups showed a similar change in the previously established speed-of-approach. From these and other data, it appears unshocked rats respond differendy to olfactory cues generated by the previous occupancy of shocked and non-shocked rats.
Effect of Sex and Race of the Observer and Model on Imitation Learning
Authors: Breyer Norman L. , May Jack G.
Published: September 2011

The effects of sex and race of observer and model characteristics, verbal, motor and total numbers of imitative responses, were investigated within a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 4 repeated measures design which also assessed the effects of idiosyncratic model effects within each model characteristic. Analysis of the verbal imitation data indicated that Negro females imitated more than Negro males while white males imitated more than white females. Analysis of the motor and total imitation resulted in similar significant effects. In both cases, a significant race of S effect as well as an interaction effect between race of S, sex of M, and exposure trials was reported. In addition, an analysis of the motor imitation data yielded a significant race of S by team of model effect and a four way interaction between sex of S, sex and race of M, and exposure trials.
Influence of Relative Distance upon Immediate Free Recall
Authors: Zoh Myeong-Han
Published: September 2011

This experiment examined accessibility of an item to recall by varying an associative hierarchy factor of relative distance (RD) which was defined as distance of communality of primary associate to secondary one. Two lists of R (remote distance) vs N (near distance) words were randomized and verbally presented. Ss' immediate free recall showed that amount of correct recall and extraneous intrusion was significantly more frequent in the N list than in the R list. As the stimulus words were controlled for possible associative indices except RD, associative function in recall was discussed.
Measurement of Group Interaction Rate
Authors: Crowther Betty , Pantleo Paul
Published: September 2011

In order to identify the similarities and differences among different measures of group interaction rate, seven indices were examined. Inspection of the indices illustrates that the findings differ as a function of the measure used and conclusions drawn on the basis of only one may be completely reversed by the other. Two variables, a psychological Gestalt and a measure of the actual amount of overt behavior displayed, have been identified as dimensions in measures of interaction rate.
Guilt and Self-Report of Hostility
Authors: Schill Thomas , Schneider Larky
Published: September 2011

Correlations were obtained between Mosher's forced-choice measure of hostility guilt and the subscales of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. For 58 men, Mosher guilt was related to the assault (-.27) and verbal (-.35) subscales and with assault (-.44), negativism (-.43) and verbal (-.40) sub-scales for 72 women. As anticipated, no significant relationship was found between the Buss-Durkee guilt scale (a measure of guilt as a feeling or state) and Mosher guilt (a disposition to inhibit aggression).
Student Acceptance of Bogus Personality Interpretations Differing in Level of Social Desirability
Authors: Weisberg Paul
Published: September 2011

119 unsuspecting college students were given a personality drawing test and weeks later received 12 faked interpretive statements. The majority of the returned statements were written to imply social adjustment which, depending upon random assignment, was either favorable, unfavorable, or neutral. Ss in the favorable and neutral groups endorsed the credibility of the interpretations in general with greater intensity than those in the unfavorable group and were more convinced of the veracity of each individual statement, including two uncomplimentarily-worded statements which were contained in the profiles of all three groups.
Neuroticism and Extraversion: Chronic Alcoholics' Reports on Effects of Drinking
Authors: Keehn J. D.
Published: September 2011

48 chronic alcoholic patients in an in-patient facility completed both forms of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. All were sober at the time of testing but they were instructed to complete the inventory, first, as they felt while sober, and second, as they felt while drinking. Neuroticism scores did not change across the two instructions, but Extraversion scores averaged significantly higher under the drinking instruction.
Hypnosis and the Desensitization Behavior Therapies
Authors: Litvak Stuart B.
Published: September 2011

A distinction is made between desensitization techniques carried out in vivo and other modes of desensitization therapy (flooding, implosion, and systematic desensitization) which rely upon mental operations or processes. Research is reviewed and points are discussed which support a position supporting a relationship between variables and phenomena found in the desensitization therapies and those found in hypnosis. This relationship appears to be greatest in those desensitization therapies basing treatment upon the utilization of mental operations. Some new lines of research are then proposed.
A Scale of Black Separatism
Authors: Woodmansee John J. , Tucker Richard D.
Published: September 2011

Revision of the Black Power Sentiment Scale as a measure of black separatism is described. Reliability of the 24-item scale was .80 (Cronbach's alpha). A study based on responses of 257 Negro students supported the validity of the scale in identifying black separatist extremism of the Black Panther variety.
Effects of Associative Reaction Time and Meaningfulness of Stimulus Terms in Forward and Backward Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Ley Ronald , Locascio David
Published: September 2011

48 Ss learned a list of PAs, at either a 2-sec. or 7-sec. presentation rate (PR), in which the stimulus terms were assessed on the bases of associative reaction time (RT) and meaningfulness (M). In forward anticipation learning, the effect of RT of stimulus terms was not significant but M was, with the greatest effect at the 2-sec. PR. In a backward recall test, the short-latency RT stimulus terms were recalled more frequently than the long-latency RT terms and high-M terms were recalled more frequently than low-M terms. The results were interpreted in terms of a two-stage analysis in which the effects of M were related to stimulus recognition and the effects of RT to stimulus recall.
Effects of Drive and Partial Reinforcement on Extinction Both between and within Daily Sessions
Authors: Dunlap William P. , Dachowski Lawrence
Published: September 2011

40 albino rats were assigned randomly to the cells of a 2 × 2 factorial design consisting of per cent reinforcement (50% and 100%) by deprivation (high and low). Speed measures were obtained from two segments of a straight-alley runway for 80 acquisition and 56 extinction trials with 4 trials given per day. Deprivation effects were found over the closely spaced trials within daily sessions for both acquisition and extinction. In extinction the interaction of drive and per cent reinforcement within daily sessions lends support to a frustration-theory explanation of extinction behavior. The lack of deprivation-produced differences in the size of the partial reinforcement effect over days is also consistent with this explanation.
Altruism in College Women
Authors: Walker David N. , Mosher Donald L.
Published: September 2011

Sociometric ratings by sorority women were used reliably to nominate women who were altruistic and nonaltruistic. Evidence for convergent validity was found through high correlations between sociometric altruism and sociometric friendliness and trust while evidence for discriminate validity was inferred when sociometric altruism was unrelated to sociometric independence and physical attractiveness. The top and bottom 20% of the 207 sorority women were individually interviewed. The women responded to five altruism situations and to questions in 12 areas relevant to altruism. Sociometric altruism was strongly correlated with interview altruism measures. However, the responses of the altruistic women in the interview did not correspond completely to the ideal-type definition of altruism used in the nominating procedure. Rather than being motivated to help another through intrinsic satisfaction experienced when aiding another, the altruistic women appear to be motivated by conceptions of reciprocity and mutuality in friendly interpersonal relations. Less altruistic women are more concerned with a contractual reciprocity.
Note: Imprint Ability of Goldeneyes (Bucephala Clangula)
Authors: Bjerke Tore , Bjerke Leif G.
Published: September 2011

17 Goldeneye ducklings were exposed to traditional audiovisual and auditory training stimuli 12 to 20 hr. after hatching. None of the ducklings followed the stimuli, which suggests differences in the mechanisms mediating species-identification between this species and the earlier studied Wood duck ( Aix sponsa). The differences are ascribed to the emotional development of Goldeneyes, since all individuals showed a high level of fear responding during testing.
Altruism in Rats?
Authors: Bruning James L. , Parker Vivian J.
Published: September 2011

Approach toward a squealing, distressed animal was not observed in 10 laboratory rats. These results indicate there is no basis to conclude that altruistic behavior exists in rats.
Educational and Diagnostic Mmpi Characteristics of a Private Hospital Population
Authors: Blum Donna M.
Published: September 2011

Little data have been published on the educational and diagnostic differences of private hospital psychiatric patients on the MMPI. The present study reports the distributions of MMPI T scores and standard deviations for 4 female and 5 male educational groups and for 3 diagnostic groups of both sexes within a randomly selected group of 363 female and 542 male patients in a private psychiatric hospital. Results suggest that MMPI personality patterns should not be considered independently of the individual testee but that private psychiatric hospital patients do not produce MMPI profiles significantly different from those in state or provincial institutions.
A Group Token Program for the Education of the Mentally Ill
Authors: Tenbrunsel Thomas W. , Lottman Thomas J. , Coby William F. , Ozlel Leon J.
Published: September 2011

A group token program for the education of the mentally ill was established to increase motivation, participation, and involvement within the framework of an Activities Therapy adult education program. The structure of the program consisted of 4 semi-autonomous groups within a token economy system. Significant differences in amount of communication in both an unstructured and problem-oriented social situation were found between the pre- ( ns = 32, 34) and post- ( ns = 24, 26) treatment groups. However, no significant differences in rate of group problem solving were noted. The implications for future research in program development were discussed.
Two Parameters of Human Discrimination Learning
Authors: Sanders Richard M.
Published: September 2011

115 undergraduates were tested to determine the number of trials required to learn a concept-identification task. An analysis was made based on a notational system which associated stimulus elements of the task with reinforcement (S), with non-reinforcement (S1), or with either reinforcement or non-reinforcement (I). Whereas increases in the number of I-type stimulus elements in a task (associated randomly with reinforcement and non-reinforcement) made little difference in the number of training trials required to reach task mastery, a slight increase in the number of S and S1 stimulus elements (associated systematically with reinforcement or non-reinforcement) produced a very great increase in the number of trials required to master the task.
Relationships among Four Measures of Anxiety
Authors: Reiter Henry
Published: September 2011

Correlations among four measures of anxiety by Taylor, Sarason, Cattell, and Page were based on responses of 76 college men and women. The magnitudes of the coefficients suggest that the tests measure different facets of anxiety. Taylor and Cattell scales measure general anxiety. It appears that anxiety is a complex concept.
Effects of Intermittent Reinforcing Consequences on Task Choice
Authors: Schmitt David R.
Published: September 2011

The study explored the effects of supplementary reinforcement on 1 of 2 tasks as an element determining task choice. In an experimental setting work on the lower paying of 2 concurrent operants received additional reinforcement on either a fixed or variable interval schedule. A wide range of addition magnitudes were studied under each schedule. The results from 8 Ss working for a number of hours on either a fixed or variable interval schedule indicated that addition magnitude significantly affected task choice only when additions were available at unequal intervals. Under this schedule the higher the additions the greater the time spent on the lower paying task. The fixed interval schedule produced a small amount of time on the lower paying task regardless of addition magnitude. The results extend and replicate previous research on the effects of schedules of monetary penalties on task choice in a similar setting. Comparison of the results from the 2 studies suggests that additions and penalties when applied to opposing tasks in a concurrent setting have similar effects on patterns of task choice.
Some Differential Effects of Music on Projective and Structured Psychological Tests
Authors: Greenberg Roger P. , Fisher Seymour
Published: September 2011

To assess the differential influence of music on psychological test responses, 40 female Ss were randomly assigned to one of two groups who responded to a battery of psychological tests while listening to either exciting or calming music. Ss' responses were more affected on projective than on structured tests. Ss listening to exciting music more frequently told hostile stories and stories with female power themes. With exciting music Ss also drew significantly taller figures on the Draw-A-Person Test and tended to show more Fear of Failure on Bass' Famous Sayings. Discussion concerned effects of ambiguity of musical stimuli and the effects of music on content and structure of test responses.
Drinking Behavior of Food-Deprived Rats during Feeding Sessions
Authors: Jones Elvis C.
Published: September 2011

As rats adapted to a food-deprivation schedule, they ate for progressively shorter periods before stopping to drink. The more severely Si were deprived of food, the less food they consumed before initiating drinking.
The Suicide Prevention Contribution to Mental Health
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

The kinds of activities that suicide prevention centers are currently engaged in are described, and it is noted that these activities are often not limited to the narrow focus of suicide prevention. It is also pointed out that suicide prevention centers engage in activities (such as counseling the relatives of suicides) that other agencies do not engage in and for which the staff of suicide prevention centers are adequately trained. It is argued that recent attacks on the suicide prevention center's contribution to mental health have failed to take cognizance of recent developments in suicide prevention and have been less constructive than desirable.
Fear-Reducing Effect of Graduated versus Non-Graduated Forced Exposure
Authors: Nelson Franklin
Published: September 2011

Contrary to a prediction from counterconditioning theory, forced, graduated exposure was less effective in reducing feat than forced, non-graduated exposure. This finding was interpreted to reflect a generalization decrement in the effect of graduated exposure resulting from exposure to conditions similar to, but not the same as, those present during the acquisition of fear. It was suggested, however, that this decrement would be offset during free exposure where, in contrast to forced exposure, a graduated procedure would result in a greater amount of exposure than a non-graduated procedure.
Sex Differences in Aggressive Behavior Subsequent to Listening to a Radio Broadcast of Violence
Authors: Schuck Solomon Z. , Schuck Alexander , Hallam Ernest , Mancini Franca , Wells Richard
Published: September 2011

20 male and 20 female Ss were either insulted or not insulted and either listened to hostile or to a neutral news broadcast recording. Ss were then given an opportunity to shock a fellow student under the guise of a learning experiment. The results indicate that male Ss give significantly more shock than female Ss. Female Ss who are insulted and then listen to a hostile broadcast give less shock than those who listen to the neutral broadcast. The reverse is true for non-insulted female Ss. The results were interpreted as indicating the inhibitory effect of violent cues under strong arousal and the facilitating effect of violent cues under weak arousal.
“Internal Control” and the Taking of Influenza Shots
Authors: Dabbs James M. , Kirscht John P.
Published: September 2011

Expectancies about ability to control the environment and motivation to exert control were assessed among 510 college students, half of whom had voluntarily taken influenza inoculations. Inoculation was more likely among students motivated to exert control but less likely among those who expected to exert control.
Attitudes of Young Adults toward Rearing Adolescents: Test-Retest
Authors: Treichel Bruce , Nance Dale
Published: September 2011

16 male and 27 female students in an adolescent psychology course used a forced Q-sort to indicate items of greatest concern to them. Ss were asked to imagine themselves the middle-aged parent of a hypothetical adolescent. Effect of the course appeared to depend in part on the sex of the respondent. A retest indicated that, while considerable change took place in items of greatest concern, when the total list was considered items tended to maintain approximately their same relative positions.
Frequency of Pairs of Items and Associative Probability in Learning
Authors: Berdiansky Charles S.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to compare Underwood and Schulz's associative probability hypothesis and the paired frequency of two words in performance on a paired-associate task. After being presented a list, 16 Ss matched responses with their stimuli. Each list contained a word pair or item, of (a) high frequency of occurrence, (b) low frequency, (c) zero frequency plus a mediator, and (d) zero frequency (the control pair). While the high-frequency items were learned more rapidly than the low-frequency items, the mediator did not affect the zero-frequency items which were learned at a similar rate to that for the control. This result was interpreted as showing the superiority of paired frequency in associative learning.
Effect of Variable Reward Conditions on T-Maze Acquisition and Extinction in Rats
Authors: Waller T. Gary
Published: September 2011

Reward conditions for a correct response were varied for 4 groups of rats in a T maze. Group 3–3 received 3 pellets for every correct response. Group 4–2 received 4 pellets for 50% of the correct responses and 2 pellets for the other 50%. Groups 4–0 and 2–0 received 4 and 2 pellets respectively for 50% of the correct responses and nothing for the other 50%. Acquisition performance was equal for Groups 4–2 and 3–3 and was better for Group 4–0 than for Group 2–0. In extinction Groups 4–2, 4–0, and 2–0 were more persistent than Group 3–3.
Studies of Paired-Associate Learning as a Function of Normative Word-Association Strength
Authors: Balch William R. , Shapiro S. I.
Published: September 2011

A bibliography is provided of studies of paired-associate learning as a function of word-association strength inferred from normative collections of word-association data. Over 60 such studies have been published during the past decade.
Fluctuation in Psychological State during Two Encounter-Group Weekends
Authors: Long T. J. , Schuerger J. M. , Bosshart D. A. , Menges R. J.
Published: September 2011

Two independent studies are combined and reported here. The Cattell-Curran Psychological State Battery (seven factors) was administered on three occasions to two separate samples. One met for an encounter-group weekend in March and the other in August, 1969. On both occasions the same questions were being asked (1) do anxiety levels fluctuate in a predicted manner during encounter group experiences and (2) is it possible to detect systematic fluctuations in several, measured psychological states during these experiences? Both questions required a statement of the probability of data over occasions, so the appropriate statistical technique was judged to be analysis of variance for repeated measures. The data did not support the hypothesis that anxiery, as measured, fluctuates systematically during weekend encounter-group experiences. But, there were significant fluctuations in some of the other psychological factors.
Relationships between Objective Personality Test Scores, Schizophrenics' History and Behavior in a Mental Hospital Token Economy Ward
Authors: Ulmer Raymond A.
Published: September 2011

Objective personality assessment instruments and data have been noted by many behaviorists as urgently needed to improve the efficiency of behavioral techniques for achieving target behaviors. Token economy, as an observable society, offers an excellent opportunity to validate objective personality assessment instruments. The Children's Minimal Social Behavior Scale (CMSBS) was selected because of its large range, high ceiling, objectivity, and verbal, verbal-motor, and motor-behavioral scores. 46 male chronic schizophrenic Ss were studied to determine the relationships between CMSBS scores, patient history variables, and token economy placement, history and behaviors. CMSBS scores were valid indicators of patient history and token economy variables.
Relation of Locus of Control to Escapism
Authors: Baker Sheldon R.
Published: September 2011

104 education graduate students filled out the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and a questionnaire about their nocturnal activity. A group of high- and low-scoring respondents were identified. The results indicate that externally oriented people engaged in more nocturnal fantasy behavior than did the internally oriented Ss.
IQ Constancy in Disadvantaged Negro Children
Authors: Milgram Norman A.
Published: September 2011

A longitudinal followup of 59 disadvantaged Negro children from age 3 to 8 indicated that: (1) their mean Binet IQ was relatively stable, while their Peabody IQ rose appreciably; (2) the magnitude of the correlation between earlier and later IQ scores was a function of the interval between test-retest and the age of the child on the initial comparison test; (3) ratings on test-taking behavior yielded significant sex differences and age trends; (4) ratings specific to formal test performance were significantly correlated with IQ scores of tests taken concurrent to the ratings and of tests taken one or more years later; (5) these ratings did not, however, enhance in multiple regression the correlation which obtained for predictor and criterion IQ scores alone. Findings were discussed in relation to other studies.
An Attempted Replication of Emotional Indicators in Human Drawings by Shy and Aggressive Children
Authors: Lingren Ronald H.
Published: September 2011

Koppitz' list of 30 HFD emotional indicators was used to compare drawings of “shy” and “aggressive” children, Ss were 97 pairs of children between 5 and 12 yr. and were matched for age, sex and IQ. Contrary to previous research, no significant differences characterized the drawings of the two groups. Possible reasons for the difference between the original and present study are given.
Verbal Conditioning of Neurotic and Psychopathic Delinquents Using Verbal and Nonverbal Reinforcers
Authors: Gutierrez Manuel J. , Eisenman Russell
Published: September 2011

From a larger group of 425 delinquents, 60 were classified as neurotic or psychopathic by test scores and conditioned in one of three ways for use of the pronoun “they.” Neurotics conditioned significantly better for the verbal reinforcer “good” than for a buzzer which had no meaning assigned to it. In the buzzer-without-meaning group, neuroticism scores correlated positively with conditioning, while psychopathy scores correlated negatively with conditioning ( ps < .01).
A Survey of Mnemonic Techniques Used by College Students in Free-Recall Learning
Authors: Blick Kenneth A. , Waite Carole J.
Published: September 2011

In a survey of memory aids that college students would employ in free-recall learning, Ss reported the following devices ordered by frequency of occurrence: first-letter, simple-repetition, clustering, other, personal-experience, and descriptive-story. No significant differences were found between men and women by category of memory aids reported, and the first-letter technique was found to be the mnemonic reported most often.
Ammons' Quick Test as a Measure of Adult Intelligence in a Psychiatric Sample
Authors: Seitz Frank C. , Braucht George N.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine if the Ammons' Quick Test could be used as an accurate test of general intelligence for VA psychiatric inpatients. Although some research suggests that QT scores generally correlate quite highly with other measures of intelligence, little has been done to determine the range of accuracy for the QT IQ scores. The QT and WAIS were administered to 61 psychiatric inpatients. Although the tests correlated .76, polynomial regression analyses of difference scores indicated that for this sample the QT scores overestimate Full Scale WAIS scores in the lower IQ ranges and underestimate WAIS scores in the upper IQ ranges. The results suggest that clinicians should be cautious in using QT IQ scores, based on recognition of meaning, as estimates of WAIS Full Scale IQ scores, based on a variety of verbal and performance measures.
Fictitious Groups and the Generality of Prejudice: An Artifact of Scales without Neutral Categories
Authors: Fink Herbert C.
Published: September 2011

Generality of prejudice of real groups (ethnic and ideological) to fictitious groups was dramatically reduced to about chance level when college Ss were allowed the response alternative of neutrality, which was strongly their dominant response. When attitude scales had no neutral category, as in past research, then generality of prejudice-tolerance to nonexistent groups occurred. This is an artifact of the use of nonneutral scales. There were more significant correlations between judgments of the real groups when judged on the neutral point semantic differential scale than when measured on the nonneutral semantic differential.
Birth Order and Conservatism: An Adlerian Myth?
Authors: Boshier Roger , Walkey Frank H.
Published: September 2011

To test Adler's suggestion that firstborn people are more conservative than later borns, a sample of Teachers' College students, and a second sample of adult education participants, completed a valid and reliable measure of conservatism. Adler's contention was not borne out.
Evaluation of Components of the Purdue Creative Thinking Program: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Speedie Stuart M. , Treffinger Donald J. , Feldhusen John F.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated whether effects of the Purdue Creative Thinking Program (PCTP) were persistent over time. Students were pretested and then instructed for 14 wk. with one of the three PCTP components or a combination. Seven months later, divergent thinking measures were administered to 456 fourth, fifth and sixth grade pupils. For most treatments, no group was significantly better than controls across the outcome variables on the longitudinal tests. However, in the fourth grade, two instructional components were still effective. Thus short-term training (14 wk.) may not produce long-term changes in divergent thinking abilities.
Cholinergic Substrate for Drinking in the Rat
Authors: Levitt Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Literature on the phenomenon of cholinergically elicited drinking is reviewed. Data are presented supporting the cholinergic specificity of the drinking elicited by carbachol. The mechanism responsible for the cholinergic induction of drinking does not appear identical to that responsible for “natural thirst” or drinking produced by other artificial means. The data support a diffuse limbic system distribution of the cholinergic drinking substrate and are inconsistent with the “ventricular or fiber diffusion hypotheses.” Possible mechanisms responsible for cholinergic drinking in the rat and the lack of phylogenetic generality are also discussed.
Dogmatism and Sociometric Status as Determinants of Interaction in a Small Group
Authors: Larsen Knud S.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the correlations between dogmatism and sociometric status as predictors of interaction in a small group ( n = 14). Results showed a positive correlation between sociometric status and various indexes of interaction and a negative correlation between dogmatism and sociometric status. The expected correlation between dogmatism and interactions did not appear.
The Lognormal Frequency Model and Adjective Trait Names
Authors: Bowen John H.
Published: September 2011

A lognormal model, suggested by Carroll, provides a satisfactory description of the frequency-of-occurrence distribution for trait adjectives which are scaled for likeableness. There are strong similarities between the best-fitting functions for trait adjectives and for nouns from a familiarity scale. The similarities suggest that there may be a family of lognormal functions which are common to words which are selected for grammatical class.
Predicting Rehospitalization from Community Placement
Authors: Johnson George , Fox Jack , Schaefer Halmuth H. , Ishikawa Wesley
Published: September 2011

120 patients were given the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) prior to placement in family care and in board and care homes. After 1 yr., 20 patients had been rehospitalized. Another group of 20 patients was randomly selected from those who had not been rehospitalized during the year. The 2 groups were compared on various MMPI scales and with respect to age, sex, length of hospitalization, and type of placement to which they were sent. Type of placement was a significant factor in length of patient community residence.
Sex Similarity in Personality Correlates of Test Anxiety
Authors: Lin Yi-Guang , McKeachie Wilbert J.
Published: September 2011

Sex differences in correlation coefficients between the California Psychological Inventory, Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire scales and Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test scales were evaluated in four samples of Ss in French (54 males and 156 females), mathematics (124 males and 66 females), and two introductory psychology courses (81 males and 146 females in the first sample and 297 males and 349 females in the second sample). The fact that fewer than 7% of differences were significant at the 5% level in 216 pair-wise comparisons and there were significant correlations between correlation matrices seems to indicate the lack of sex differences in personality correlates of test anxiety.
Social Desirability, Adjustment and Effectiveness
Authors: Banikiotes Paul G. , Russell John M. , Linden James D.
Published: September 2011

Measures of social desirability were correlated with measures of adjustment and effectiveness which were methodologically independent, i.e., structured personality tests. Different relationships were found in the two groups. Responding in a socially desirable manner seems to be complexly related to positive psychological health.
Comment on the Lin and Mc Keachie Article
Authors: Walsh Richard P.
Published: September 2011

Several points are made on the Lin and McKeachie paper and extensions suggested.
Development and Application of the KDS™-1 in Inpatient and Outpatient Settings
Authors: Kupfer David J. , Detre Thomas P.
Published: September 2011

The Kupfer-Detre Self-rating Scale (KDS™-1) was designed as a short, comprehensive instrument which could be utilized in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Four different psychiatric services participated in administering the questionnaire to over 500 patients in its first large-scale trial. The KDS-1 distinguished 17 differences in symptoms among the 4 patient groups and discriminated 13 differences in symptoms between inpatients and outpatients. The relationships among symptoms and sex, age, and levels of education are also presented. The implications for these findings are discussed as is the feasibility of using symptom clusters derived from the KDS-1.
On the Reluctance to Communicate Undesirable Messages (The MUM Effect): A Field Study
Authors: Tesser Abraham , Rosen Sidney , Tesser Marsha
Published: September 2011

The present study generalized a previously observed reluctance to transmit bad news to a field situation in which the conveying of bad news is a natural, recurring phenomenon. In a sample of 27 applicants for aid to the disabled, the time taken to communicate the agency's decision to the client was longer if the decision was to deny aid than if it was to grant aid ( p < .08).
Food Deprivation, Estrogen Levels and Self-Stimulation in the Female Rat
Authors: Lenzer Irmingard I.
Published: September 2011

The effects of two concurrently changing drive variables, food deprivation and estrogen level, on the self-stimulation rate in the hypothalamus, septum, caudate nucleus, or dorsal hippocampus of 15 female albino rats were studied. When the effects of hunger were calculated using only scores on days of diestrus and the effects of estrogen were calculated using only scores on days of 0-hr. food deprivation, the correlation of these hunger and estrogen effects amounted to 0.67. When the hunger effects were calculated using only scores on days of estrus and these hunger effects correlated with the previously calculated estrogen effects, the correlation amounted to −0.49. These results are consistent with the concept of diffuse overlapping motivational systems in the brain. Controls indicated that the changes in self-stimulation rate were not artifacts of changes in nonspecific activity.
Observational Learning of a Verbal Discrimination
Authors: Carroll Wayne R. , Kossuth Gina L. , Rogers Cecil A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether second-grade children could learn a verbal discrimination by observing an adult female model associate one algebraic symbol with past-tense words (e.g., watch ed) and a second symbol with present-participles (e.g., walk ing). Exposure to the model produced rapid acquisition of the verbal discrimination without the use of either overt practice or extrinsic reinforcement.