bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Kossard S , Nelson DS
Published: December 2007

An attempt was made to study the. dynamics of the interaction between cytophilie antibodies and the macrophage surface. Two aspects of the problem received particular attention: (1) the ability of macrophage cytophilic antibodies to sensitize (confer an affinity for antigen upon) cells of different species, and (2) the inhibitory effect of normal sera on homologous and heterologons sensitization.

Mouse and rabbit antibodies sensitized peritoneal macrophages from mouse, rabbit and guinea‐pig, although the cytophilic factor from “early” mouse serum did not sensitize guinea‐pig macrophages. Guinea‐pig antibodies sensitized guinea‐pig macrophages strongly, rabbit inacrophages weakly and inconsistently and mouse macrophages not at all.

Normal rabbit serum was inhibitory with all the combinations tested. Normal guinea‐pig serum was inhibitory with all combinations except mouse antibodies on rabbit macrophages. Normal mouse serum was inhibitory only when either the antibodies or the cells were from mice. Guinea‐pig niacrophages carrying cytophilic antibodies were desensitized by ineubation with normal guinea‐pig serum. Guinea‐pig macrophages carrying cytophilic antibodies to one antigen were as efficiently sensitized by cytophilic antibodies to another antigen as were normal guinea‐pig niacrophages. Normal human serum inhibited the uptake of guinea‐pig antibodies by guinea‐pig macrophages.
RESPONSE OF THE PYLORUS AND OESOPHAGEAL LIGATED RAT TO GASTRIN AND A RELATED PEPTIDE
Authors: Hansky J
Published: December 2007

A pylorus and oesophageal ligated rat preparation has been used to test the acid stimulating properties of crude gastrin, pure commercial gastrin and the synthetic “gastrin‐like” pentapeptide ICI 50123 given as subcutaneous injections. Amounts of 5 μg. and 25 μg. of gastrin and pentapeptide respectively were detected above basal control levels and maximum secretion was achieved with doses of 20 and 100 μg. respectively, supramaximal does giving inhibition of acid secretion. These results indicate that the pylorus and oesophageal ligated rat may be a suitable preparation for the bioassay of gastrin and related peptides.
STUDIES ON CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Kossard S , Nelson DS
Published: December 2007

Marked physicochemical heterogeneity has been found previously among mouse antibodies eytophilic for macrophages. The possibility of heterogeneity among guinea‐pig cytophilic antibodies has also been noted. In the present study the susceptibility to proteolytic enzymes of the macrophage receptor sites for cytophilic antibodies has been investigated. Again important differences between two types of mouse cytophilic antibody have been seen, together with some differences between guinea‐pig and mouse cytophilic antibodies.

Treatment of monolayers of guinea‐pig macrophages with papain does not abolish and may slightly increase their ability to be sensitized by homologous cytophilic antibodies. Similar treatment of guinea pig macrophages passively sensitized in vitro with cytophilic antibodies does not affect their ability to take up antigen (sheep erythrocytes). Treatment of mouse macrophages with trypsin or papain does not abolish and may slightly increase their ability to take up homologous cytophilic antibodies from hyperimmune sera. Similar treatment profoundly reduces their capacity to take up cytophilic antibodies from sera obtained early (7 days) after immunization with sheep erythrocytes in adjuvant. Treatment of mouse macrophages with serum after passive sensitization in vitro apparently removes all the cytophilic antibody taken up from early sera, but has much less effect on the cytophilic antibodies taken up from hyperimmune sera.
THE PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODY
Authors: Gowland E
Published: December 2007

Guinea‐pig cytophilic antibody to sheep erythrocytes was found to be of 7S γ‐globulin‐type. Most of the cytophilic activity was located in the 7S γ2‐globulin fraction of immune serum, but activity was also present in other 7S γ‐globulin fractions. Evidence was presented to support the view that cytophilic antibody is distinct from the overall population of 7S γ2‐complement‐fixing antibodies.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODY AS THE SPECIFIC MEDIATOR OF DELAYED‐TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Gowland E
Published: December 2007

A study has been made of the levels of cytophilic antibody and delayed‐type hypersensitivity both in actively sensitized guinea‐pigs and in the passive recipients of serum or serum‐globulins. Cytophilic antibody was frequently not detected in guinea‐pigs tested late after immunization with sheep erythrocytes in complete Freund's adjuvant, although these animals showed delayed reactions of comparable severity to those seen in animals tested earlier when cytophilic antibody titres were generally high. Guinea‐pigs injected with immune serum or serum‐globulins showed high titres of cytophilic antibody, but in no case was delayed‐type hypersensitivity passive1y transferred. Thr results obtained are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that cytophilic antibody acts as the specific mediator of delayed‐type hypersensitivity in the guinea‐pig.
A COMPARATIVE ASSAY OF O‐SOMATIC ANTIGEN 5 OF SALMONELLAE
Authors: Auzins Ieva
Published: December 2007

A method is described for determining the amount of antigen 5 (O‐acetyl galactose) present in a number of strains of Salmonellae. Using haemagglutination inhibition reactions specific for antigen 5, a measure was made of the ability of various strains of bacteria and the lipopolysaccharides and polysaccharides extracted from these bacteria to produce haemagglutination inhibition. The O‐acetyl contents of the various polysaccharides were determined using the Hestrin technique. Because good correlation was found between the O‐acetyl content of the polysaccharides and their ability to produce haemagglutination inhibition, estimations of the amount of antigen 5 available for reaction with antibody on the surface of a virulent (C5) and an avirulent (M206) strain of S. typhimurium were made, based on the assumption that each O‐acetyl group detected in the polysaccharide represents one antigen 5 site. It was foimd that the M206 strain contains half the number of antigen 5 reactive groups that are present on the surface of the C5 strain.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE REACTIONS OF HUMAN SYNOVIAL CELLS IN VITRO WITH FRESH HOMOLOGOUS AND AUTOLOGOUS SERUM
Authors: Clarris BJ , Fraser JRE
Published: December 2007

Multiplication of human synovial cell strains was studied in media containing homologous or autologus serum.

When serum was applied to cell cultures 24 hr. after attachment and spreading, the effects of fresh serum relative to heat‐inactivated serum were as follows:

(a) In 10% concentration, growth was often stimulated by fresh serum; (b) in 50% concentration, some individual specimens of fresh serum caused stimulation or slight depression of growth, but a series of observations showed no consistent difference in the effects of fresh and heat‐inactivated serum at this level;

(c) in 100% concentration, fresh serum caused a consistent and significant depression of growth;

(d) autologous fresh serum caused a similar depression of growth.

Treatment of cultures with bacterial hyaluronidase caused a slight but definite enhancement of the inhibitory effect of fresh serum.

When serum was applied to cells in suspension immediately after treatment with trypsin, the inhibitory effect of fresh serum was much greater and morphological changes were apparent.

The implications of these findings are discussed.
THE SIZE AND DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF FOWL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES INITIATING A GRAFT‐VERSUS‐HOST REACTION
Authors: Shortman Ken , Szenberg A
Published: December 2007

The cells in fowl blood capable of initiating a graft‐versus‐host reaction have been characterised using a series of separation methods. Lymphocytes were separated from other cells by preparation of a buffy‐coat fraction followed by passage through cotton‐wool columns to remove adherent cells. The lymphocytes were then separated by size using filtration through cold, small, glass bead columns, or by density using centrifugation in albumin gradients.

Purified lymphocytes were fully active. The majority of the active cells behaved like small lymphocytes on the glass head columns, However, activity appeared to be carried by a small sub‐population of cells, distinguishable by their density distribution from the bulk of circulating lymphocytes, and distinct from the total population of small lymphocytes.

The graft‐versus‐host activity showed marked density heterogeneity, with well defined peaks. This suggests that active cells exist in many distinct metabolic or differentiation states or, alternatively, that different lines of cells are active.

The density distribution of activity and of lymphocytes varied from one bird to another. The basis for the variation is discussed.
MACROPHAGE INTERLINKAGE REACTION INDUCED BY PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ AND BY TUBERCULIN
Authors: Maclaurin BP
Published: December 2007

Phytohaemagglutinin is shown to produce marked changes in the appearance and behaviour of macropbages in monolayer tissue culture. Rapid induction of intercellular cytoplasmic bridging is described and the term Macrophage Interlinkage Reaction is proposed to designate this phenomenon.

Similar interlinkage can be induced between sensitized macrophages by stimulation with tuberculin, but is not seen when unsensitized cells are used.

The suggestion is made that cytoplasmic bridging could enable rapid dissemination of antigen throughout the lymph node macrophage population and thereby enhance the speed and intensity of the secondary immune response.
AUTOMATED DETERMINATION OF INULIN IN THE ESTIMATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
Authors: Wilson BW , Stagy BD , Thorburn GD
Published: December 2007

Flow systems are described for the automated determination of inulin in urine and protein‐free plasma (method without dialysis), and in urine and untreated plasma (method with dialysis). The methods are based on the resorcinol reaction without alkali treatment. Automated and manual versions of this method gave similar results, and recovery of inulin added to plasma and urine was satisfactory.

The renal clearance of inulin was determined in sheep and dogs; it was found that clearance values obtained by autoanalysis were in satisfactory agreement with the clearance of alkali‐stable inulin measured by a standardized manual technique.
IMMUNITY IN THE INVERTEBRATES
Authors: McKay D , Jenkin CR , Rowley D
Published: December 2007

Investigations have been made on the distribution of haemagglutinins in the haemolymph of various invertebrates. Studies indicate they may serve as opsonins. The importance of this latter aspect with respect to invertebrate immunology is discussed.
THE LATENCY OF RESPONSE OE SECRETORY ACINAR CELLS TO NERVE STIMULATION IN THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND OF THE CAT
Authors: Creed Kate E , Wilson Jane AF
Published: December 2007

Micro‐electrodes were used to record the hyperpolarization across the membrane of secretory cells of the cat submandibular gland in response to stimulation of pre‐ganglionic parasympathetic (chorda tympani) and post‐ganglionic sympathetic nerves. The mean latency to parasympathetic stimulation at 1, 8 and 100/sec. was 273, 420 and 252 msec. respectively. Sympathetic stimulation produced a transient hyperpolarization at frequencies of stimulation greater than 5/sec. with a latency of over 420 msec. The conduction time along the parasympathetic pre‐ganglionic fibres was 9·5–12·0 msec., while the ganglionic delay was probably less than 30 msec.

Ultrastructural studies on the submandibular gland of seven cats and seven kittens showed bundles of immyelinated fibres between acini. Some axons were partly free of Schwann cell investment and contained small agranular and granular vesicies. Single nerve fibres were also found within acini between adjacent secretory cells. These contained agranular vesicles only and their membranes were within 160Å of the acinar cell membrane. It is suggested that these are parasympathetic fibres. The close association of these with the secretory cells suggests that the long latency of the secretory potential is due to the time necessary for activation of the secretory cells.
STUDIES ON CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Hoy Wendy E , Nelson DS
Published: December 2007

Mice of the C57 B1/6J strain were immunized by single or repeated injections of the A/J strain specific tumour Sarcoma I (Sal) or by single A/J skin grafts. Cytophilic alloantibodies were detected in the serum and on the macrophages of the immunized mice, Sal cells or A/J lymphocytes or erythrocytes being used as the target cells. After single tumour or skin grafts cytophilic alloantibodies first appeared in the sera of some animals at 9 days, were present consistently and at peak titres at 14 days and were often still present at 28 days. Stronger reactions (more cells adherent to macrophages) were apparent (a) when normal macrophages were passively sensitized than when macrophages from actively immunized mice were used and (b) when Sal cells were used as target cells than when A/J lymphocytes or erythrocytes were used.

Trypsin treatment had the following effects: (a) it abolished or greatly reduced the ability of macrophages from hyperimmunized mice to take up Sal cells; (b) it reduced the ability of normal macrophages to be passively sensitized by hyperimmune serum; and (c) it abolished or greatly reduced the ability of normal macrophages to be passively sensitized by serum obtained 14 days after a single Sal albgraft.

On fractionation of alloantisera by zone electrophoresis on Pevikon blocks cytophilic alloantibodies were found in fractions containing IgG, IgM and albumin plus a fast α1‐globulin.

Alloantibody activity could also be detected by an indirect test in which target cells incubated with whole antisera or fractions, then washed, adhered to the surface of normal macrophages.
BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF SELECTED PHENANTHROLINE CHELATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Butler Hildred M , Hurse Allison , Thursky Elma , Shulman A
Published: December 2007

Selected 1, 10‐phenanthroline hydrochlorides, quaternary salts and metal chelates are bactericidal to Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A), Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris in serum broth in that general order of decreasing sensitivity; certain hydro‐ chlorides and metal chelates are also bactericidal to Staphylococcus aureus in distilled water in the absence of added metal ion.

Metal chelates with similar or identical bactericidal titres following 48 hours' incubation with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) or Escherichia coli differ greatly in their rate of kill. Generally, the labile Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) phenanthroline chelates are rapidly lethal to these bacteria while the corresponding more inert Fe(II), Ni(II) and Ru(II) compounds are more slowly bactericidal; the Co(II) analogues are the most slowly lethal, probably owing to the formation of highly inert cobalt (III) species. These results suggest that the kinetic reactivity of the metal chelate is more important than its thermodynamic stability in governing rate of bactericidal action. Other important factors are the lipophilia of the active species, which may be the phenanthroline ligand or a metal‐containing derivative, and the permeability of the organism to it.

Comparison of the bactericidal activity and rate of kill of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by selected metal chelates and by a series of un‐ related but clinically‐useful antibacterials suggests that the former compounds warrant investigation for the sterilization of skin surfaces both prophylactically and therapeutically.
TECHNIQUES FOR THE LONG‐TERM COLLECTION OF LYMPH FROM THE UNANAESTHETIZED FOETAL LAMB IN UTERO
Authors: Smeaton TC , Cole GJ , Simpson‐morgan MW , Morris Bede
Published: December 2007

Surgical techniques are described for establishing chronic fistulae in the thoracic, intestinal, lumbar and popliteal lymph ducts of foetal lambs in utero. These fistulae have remained patent and enabled lymph to be collected for periods of up to 5 days. The Iambs have been born spontaneously or delivered by Caesarean section with their fistulae intact and still flowing.

Lymph flow rates were 9–18 ml./hour from the thoracic duct, 2.8–8.6 ml. /hour from the intestinal duct, 2.8–9.2 ml./hour from the lumbar trunk and 0.6 ml./hour from the popliteal duct.

The protein concentration of foetal thoracic duct lymph was 2.30 g./100 ml. immediately after cannulation, the intestinal lymph 2.37 g./100 ml. and the lumbar lymph 2.12 g./100 ml.

The cells of foetal lymph were almost all small and medium lymphocytes and only an occasional cell was found in mitosis. Drainage of the thoracic duct lymph for 36 hours drastically reduced the number of lymphocytes in the lymph, suggesting that, as in the adult sheep, most of the lymphocytes in foetal lymph are recirculating cells.
CHANGES WITH AGES IN THE PROPORTION OF NUCLEATED RED BLOOD CELL TYPES AND IN THE TYPE OF HAEMOGLOBIN IN KANGAROO POUCH YOUNG
Authors: Richardson BJ , Russell Eleanor M
Published: December 2007

Blood samples and smears were collected from variously aged pouch young of the red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa), the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) and the euro (Macropus robustus). Starch gel electrophoresis at pH 6.5 showed a polymorphism in the haemoglobin. One form was found in animals of all ages, and was the normal adult haemoglobin. The other form, found intermittently in pouch young fewer than 70 days old, was taken to be a foetal or embryonic haemoglobin.

Blood smears were examined for any changes in red cells which could be correlated with the results of electrophoresis. Numbers of nucleated eosinophil megaloblasts were high at birth and declined rapidly thereafter, virtually disappearing by the thirtieth day. As eosinophil megaloblasts disappeared, definitive erythroblasts and erythrocytes increased. Nucleated erythroblasts, initially conspicuous, had all but disappeared by 100 days. There was no correlation between the changes in haemoglobin type and in the red cell population. Foetal haemoglobin was not restricted to megaloblasts in kangaroos, but was also present in erythroblasts and erythrocytes. The relationship between embryonic and foetal haemoglobin in kangaroos is discussed.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE ROTTNEST QUOKKA WITH NUTRITIONAL MYOPATHY
Authors: Durack DT , Gubbay SS , Kakulas BA
Published: December 2007

The nutritional myopathy of the Rottnest quokka (Setonix brachyurus) was further investigated by electromyography and electrocardiography and the findings were correlated with microscopic changes in the skeletal and cardiac muscles. The electromyography patterns consisted of pronounced myotonia and other “myopathic” changes. Complete reversion of the electromyogram to normal occurred following treatment with vitamin E. Nonspecific eleetrocardiographic changes occurred and were associated with myocardial lesions in the heart.
THE FLUORIMETRIC ESTIMATION OF CORTISOL IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Purves HD , Sirett Nancy E
Published: December 2007

A method for the fluorimetric estimation of cortisol in human plasma is described. Technical modifications to existing methods include extraction of cortisol from plasma by vigorous agitation with methylene chloride followed by centrifugation, automatic pipetting of methylene chloride extracts and the use of reaction tubes with fused‐on cuvettes for the reaction with ethanol‐sulphuric acid reagent. These modifications make the method more convenient and the results more reproducible in relatively unskilled hands.

The effects of reagent composition, temperature of reaction and reaction time on the specificity of fluorescence measurements have been explored. For measurements made at 10 min. after mixing the optimum ratio of sulphuric acid to rectified spirits in the reagent was 2:1 at 24.5° and 2.3:1 at 17.5°.

The mean value of plasma cortisol measured in 23 ambulant adults at 9.30 a.m. was 18.1 μg./100 ml.The standard deviation of repeated measurements on different days of one normal plasma was ± 1.4 μg./100 ml.
CHEMOTAXIS IN THE FREE LIVING AMOEBA (HARTMANNELLA RHYSODES)
Authors: McIntyre J , Jenkin CR
Published: December 2007

A method for the quantitative measurement of chemotaxis in amoebae is described. Using this method it has been possible to demonstrate that the chemotactic movement of Hartmannella rhysodes towards a food source is due to the presence of a chemotactic factor released from the food source as the result of interaction of substances, possibly enzymes, elaborated by the amoebae.
THE ROLE OF THE BLADDER IN NITROGEN RETENTION IN SHEEP
Authors: McIntyre KH , Williams VJ
Published: December 2007

The results from this experiment suggest that net changes in urine volume and urine urea and sodium concentrations due to bladder activity in sheep are negligible. It has also been shown that bladder catheterization, which eliminates the effects of the bladder, does not produce significant changes in either urine flow rate or urea excretion rate.
THIN DIFFUSION CHAMBERS FOR IN VIVO CULTURE AND CYTOLOGICAL STUDY OF TISSUE
Authors: Finckh ES
Published: December 2007

The diffusion chamber technique developed by Algire, Weaver and Prehn (1954) for the culture of tissues in vivo provides a more natural culture medium than do the majority of in vitro techniques. The method has the advantage of relying on an animal's own homeostatic mechanisms for the control of pH, electrolytes, nutrients and waste products and is for this purpose much simpler than the elegant but elaborate circumfusion system devised by Rose (1967) for tissue culture in vitro. However, many diffusion chambers used at present have two disadvantages for the culture and subsequent cytological study of tissues — the surface area available for metabolic exchange is relatively small compared with the volume of contained fluid, and the presence of host cells on the outer surface of the filter membranes makes it difficult to use stained and cleared preparations in place of cut sections for microscopy.

The original chambers described by Algire and co‐workers (Algire, Weaver and Prehn, 1954; Prehn, Weaver and Algire, 1954) are appropriately thin but require alteration if adherent host cells are to be eliminated: in addition, they are sealed with a relatively slow‐ setting adhesive containing a water‐diffusible solvent, acetone, which may affect the tissues to be cultured.

The present simple modification of the original Algire techniques provides chambers of limited depth which have a second, outer coat of membrane on each side to enable unwanted host cells to be peeled away and which are rapidly sealed by means of a volatile solvent which does not mix with water.
SEX PILI IN VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Authors: Bhaskaran K , Dyer PY , Rogers GE
Published: December 2007

Strains of Vibrio cholerae which are known to conjugate have been examined for the presence of sex pili by electron microscopy using negative staining. With male strains, denoted as P+, stubby filaments of typical dimensions for pili (fimbriae) and clearly distinct from the polar flagella have been found on about 60% of the bacterial cells examined. No pili were detected with female (P−) strains.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NEONATAL THYMUS OF A MARSUPIAL, SETONIX BRACHYURUS
Authors: Yadav M , Papadimitriou JM
Published: December 2007

The superficial thymus glands of 14 neonatal qnokkas (Setonix brachyurus), 0 to 24 days old, were examined under the electron microscope in an attempt to establish the origin of thymus lymphocytes.

In the first 48 hours of post‐natal life the thymic parenchyma was entirely composed of undifferentiated epithelial cells. By the third and forth day a few thymic lymphocytes appeared amongst the epithelial cells which now exhibited increased differentiation and organisation. The proportion of thymus lymphocytes was greatly increased in older animals.

In a few instances small lymphocyte‐like cells were observed traversing the junctions between endothelial cells of capillary vessels. No epithelial‐thymocyte transformations were observed.

The mode of origin of thymus lymphocytes is discussed, and an extrathymic origin for the initial thymus lymphocytes is suggested.
LOCAL PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY BY OVINE MAMMARY GLANDS INFUSED WITH SALMONELLA FLAGELLAR ANTIGENS
Authors: McDowell GH , Lascelles AK
Published: December 2007

The local and systemic antibody response to a soluble and particulate antigen has been studied following infusion of monomeric or polymeric flagellin into mammary glands of ewes 24 days before parturition.

Antibody activity in colostral whey was considerably higher than in serum, with the levels in whey from infused glands significantly higher than from non‐infused glands. There was a rapid decrease in titres in whey during the first few days after parturition. Over the remaining 10 weeks of lactation titres in whey from non‐infused glands were only a fraction of serum levels, but in whey from infused glands they were as high as, or higher than those in serum. This indicated that antibody was locally synthesized in infused glands. Infusion with polymer resulted in a much greater local response than infusion with monomer.

Whey and serum samples were fractionated on G‐200 and D.E.A.E. Sephadex and the known immunoglobulins in effluent fractions were identified by immunoelectropboresis. Antibody activity in serum was associated with IgG1 and IgM. Almost all the antibody activity in colostral and mid‐lactation whey from non‐infused glands was associated with IgG., In whey from infused glands the majority of the antibody activity was associated with an immunoglolobulin analogous to IgA of other species.
PROGESTERONE IN UTERINE VENOUS PLASMA OF THE PREGNANT EWE
Authors: Ronaldson JW
Published: December 2007

The mean systemic level of progesterone, 17 ± 4.2 ng./ml. plasma, remains relatively constant throughout pregnancy.

Comparison of the levels of progesterone in the jugular and uterine venous plasmas shows that the level rises from mating to 50 to 60 ng./ml. at about three weeks before term. The uterus is at this stage calculated to be releasing about 50 ng. progesterone per day into the uterine venous plasma.

The Allen correction factor has been adapted for non‐linear background absorption.
SPECIES VARIATION IN ANTIBODY RESPONSE
Authors: Ielasi A , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: December 2007

A comparison has been made of the ability of rats and mice to produce antibody to Salmonella typhimurium, when injected as a living or an alcchol‐killed vaccine. The results show that the resistant species, the rat, is able to respond more rapidly and produce a greater amount of antibody than the susceptible mouse species. Some of the implications of this finding are discussed.
MECHANICS OF THE URINARY BLADDER OF THE LIZARD TILIQUA SCINCOIDES SCINCOIDES (Shaw).
Authors: Goddard CK
Published: December 2007

Under the experimental conditions described the bladder of this species has a capacity amounting to at least one‐sixth of the body weight and more than three times the bladder capacity of a mammal (cat).

Under optimum conditions the pressure traces from the bladder and lung show a close correspondence which is attributed, at least in part, to absence of a diaphragm.

The cystometrogram shows two types of curve; type A is characterised by a gradual increase in pressure up to a volume of about 60 ml., i.e. over the normal physiological volume range; type B is similar to the mammalian curve and shows a plateau over most of the physiological range of the organ. The evidence indicates that in the lizard (unlike the mammal) type B is an experimental artifact and does not occur under natural conditions.

Features of the cystometrogram dealt with include (a) absence of any significant degree of “pressure adaptation” during discontinuous infusion, and (b) hysteresis during discharge.

It is shown that the type A curve is more economical of metabolic energy than the type B, and it is suggested that, in animals lacking a diaphragm, backpressure against the respiratory system might be a crucial factor favouring the type A curve.
THE EFFECT OF PROSTAGLANDIN F2α UPON CORONARY VENOUS FLOW AND MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM
Authors: Maxwell GM
Published: December 2007

General haemodynamics and coronary sinus flow (thermodilution flowmeter), and myocardial extraction of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and nonesterified fatty acid were measured before and after the injection of proslaglandin F2α in anaesthetized dogs. Systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures increased; cardiac output decreased transiently, coronary venous flow increased. Little change was found in myocardial O2 and CO2 metabolism. Cardiac efficiency decreased. Arterial lactate, pyruvate and non‐esterified fatty acid values increased; glucose was unchanged. Myocardial extraction values for these substrates did not change significandy. Some of the changes noted did not appear when stoichiometric amounts of prostaglandin F2α and prostaglandin E1 were injected together.
THE TRANSPORT OF CHOLESTEROL IN THORACIC DUCT LYMPH OF ANIMALS FED CHOLESTEROL WITH VARYING TRIGLYCERIDE LOADS
Authors: Fraser R , Courtice FC
Published: December 2007

The sizes of cholesterol‐containing lipid particles were, on the whole, larger in thoracic duct lymph of rabbits and rats fed a cholesterol‐high fat diet than when fed a cholesterol‐low fat diet. The mean diameter of chylomicrons of Sf > 400 from rabbits fed a diet containing 0.8% cholesterol‐30% corn oil was 1476 Å, while that from rabbits fed 0.8% cholesterol in plain food was 1065 Å. The mean diameters of the lipoproteins of Sf12–400 were 493 and 499 Å respectively. Not only were chylomicrons larger in the cholesterol‐high fat diet group of rabbits, but cholesterol was distributed to a greater extent in this fraction. In lymph of the cholesterol‐low fat diet group, on the other hand, relatively more cholesterol was present in the smaller lipoproteins of Sf12–400.

A comparison of the distribution of cholesterol estimated chemically with that of radioactivity following the ingestion of cholesterol‐4‐14C suggested that the small lipoproteins of D > 1.019 were to a large extent derived by filtration from the serum and that some of the cholesterol of Sf12–400 was derived from sources other than recently ingested cholesterol, while a high proportion of cholesterol of chylomicrons was derived from food.
UPTAKE OF HEPARIN BY PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Mims CA
Published: December 2007

Heparin is rapidly taken up by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro, Vacuoles containing heparin stain metachromatieally, giving macrophages the appearance of mast cells. There is an accompanying change in reaction of the nucleus with Romanowsky stains. The metachromatically staining vacuoles remain in macrophages for at least 22 days.
SIMULTANEOUS CALF AND FOREARM BLOOD FLOW DURING IMMERSION IN MAN
Authors: Campbell LB , Gooden BA , Lehman RG , Pym J
Published: December 2007

Forearm and calf blood flows were recorded simultaneously in eleven subjects in the horizontal plane during one minute breath‐holds in air, in water with the torso immersed but the face out. and with total body immersion. Brachial arterial pressure, electrocardiogram and respiratory excursions were also recorded continuously throughout the experiments.

Breath‐holding witli total immersion caused a fall in forearm blood flow of 28 ± 17% and in calf flow of 47 ± 30%. Forearm vascular resistance increased by an average of 70% and calf resistance by 147%.

Breath‐holding in air resulted in an increase in forearm blood flow and a decrease in calf flow in seven subjects. The average response of all subjects showed a significant vasoconstriction in the calf (average 72%) but no significant change in the forearm resistance.

Breath‐holding with the torso immersed but the face out of water caused a response which was intermediate between that shown in air and that during total immersion. Thirty to sixty seconds after this manoeuvre there was a significant overshoot in both forearm and calf blood flow, unlike the former procedures.
REDUCTION OF PLATELET ADHESIVENESS IN VITRO BY POST‐HEPARIN PLASMA
Authors: Ham JM
Published: December 2007

Samples of pre‐ and post‐heparin plasma collected from patients before operation were tested for their effect on platelet adhesiveness in post‐operative blood from the same patients. Platelet adhesiveness was found to be significantly less in the presence of post‐heparin plasma.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Plackett P , Marmion BP , Shaw Elizabeth J , Lemcke Ruth M
Published: December 2007

Lipids of Mycoplasma pneumoniae were fractionated by chromatography on columns of diethylaminoethylcellulose and silicic acid, and on thin layers of silica gel G.

Hapten activity, measured in implement‐fixation tests with rabbit and with human antisera to M. pneumoniae, was found to be associated with four or more neutral glycolipids. These comprised digalactosyl‐ and trigalactosyldi‐ glycerides, a second dihexosyldiglyceride containing both glucose and golactose, and a trihexosyldiglyceride fraction containing both hexoses, which was probably a mixture of two or more substances. These glycolipids were labelled when the organisms were grown in the presence of radioactive glucose, glycerol or palmitate, but not when they were grown with labelled galactose. The label from glucose appeared in both the glucose and galactose moieties of these glycolipfds. A fraction, consisting mainly of alkali‐stable glycolipids. into which there was little or no incorporation of isotope during growth with labelled precursors, was also found to have hapten activity. Rabbit antisera to M. pneumoniae were found to cross‐react with glycolipids from other sources, including the ceramide lactoside of mammalian tissues (cytolipin H).

Chloroform‐methanol extracts of M. pneumoniae contained large amounts of lecithin, which was not labelled during growth with the isotopic precursors used. The major phosphatide synthesized by the organisms was phosphatidylglycerol. This was accompanied by smaller amounts of another phosphatide, tentatively identified as a phosphatidyl monoglyceride, which fixed complement with Wassermann‐positive human sera. These two acidic phosphatides were found to be radioactive after the cells had been grown with labelled glycerol or palmitate.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF VERTEBRATES WITH ROSS RIVER AND SINDBIS VIRUSES, TWO GROUP A ARBOVIRUSES ISOLATED IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Whitehead RH
Published: December 2007

Ross River virus produced viraemia in rabbits, rats, bandicoots, marsupial mice and day‐old chickens, but not in adult fowls or pigeons. In contrast, Sindbis virus produced viraemia, illness and death in young chickens and viraemia in adult fowls, pigeons and one bandicoot, but gave no evidence of infection in rabbits, rats or marsupial mice. The results are interpreted as svipporting previous suggestions that Ross River virus may depend for survival on mammalian hosts, and Sindbis virus on bird hosts.
THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINE AND 2,2′‐BIPYRIDINE HYDROCHLORIDES, QUATERNARY SALTS AND METAL CHELATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Dwyer FP , Reid IK , Shulman A , Laycock Glenda M , Dixson Shirley
Published: December 2007

The bacteriostatic activities of stable, inert, coordinately‐saturated Ru(II) chelates of substituted 1.10‐phenanthroline and 2,2′‐bipyridine bases are reported together with those of the corresponding chelates of Ni(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II). the hydrochlorides and quaternary salts of the bases and miscellaneous compounds; the principal test organisms, in order of decreasing general seasitivity. were M. tuberculosis, Staph. aureus, Strep. pneumoniae, Cl. perfringens, E. coll and Pr. culgaris. The active component of the Ru(II) chelates is the cation as a whole which can only exert antibacterial action by weak Coulombic and short‐range forces and possibly by interference in biological redox reactions. However, metal chelates which are labile or have low stability may act by other mechanisms.

Metal chelates generally were more active than corresponding base hydrochlorides and quaternary salts and phenanthroline derivates more active than the corresponding bipyridines. While the Ru(II) chelatc of 5‐NO2‐ 1,10‐phenanthroline was much less active than the outstandingly antitubercular chelates of the other seven transition metals, few other differences in bacteriostatic activity were detected by the present method between chelates differing only in the metal ion. Since progressive methylation of each type of compound generally increased antibacterial activity, penetration to or accumulation at vital sites are most likely important factors in determining activity.

While useful clinically as topical antimicrobials, selected compounds when administered parenterally were found to be chemotherapeutically ineffective against experimental infection due to Staph. aureus, Strep. pneumoniae or M. tuberculosis. Significant microbial resistance to selected metal chelates does not appear to develop.
VOLATILE FATTY‐ACID CLEARANCE STUDIES IN RELATION TO VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY IN SHEEP
Authors: Somers M
Published: December 2007

Clearance studies were used to investigate propionate and acetate metabolism in sheep at progressive stages during the induction of vitamin B12 (cobalt) deficiency. Both propionate and acetate clearance rates were increasingly adversely affected as vitamin B12 deficiency intensified. The effect of vitamin B12 on propionate and acetate clearance times was greater than the effect of depressed feed intake. Both of these variables had a more pronounced influence on the rate of clearance of propionate than of acetate. Evidence has been presented to show that, by the time feed intake had been reduced by 40% during the induction of vitamin B12 deficiency, the rate of clearance of propionate or acetate injected into the blood was adversely affected, but that this was not so in the case of volatile fatty‐acids absorbed from the gut. Under more severe vitamin B12 deficiency conditions (feed intake reduced by more than 70%), the rate of clearance of volatile fatty‐acids absorbed from the alimentary tract also declined.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY COBALT INTAKE ON THE PLASMA VITAMIN B12 CONCENTRATION OF SHEEP
Authors: Somers M , Gawthorne JM
Published: December 2007

The plasma vitamin B12 concentration of sheep progressively increased as the dietary cobalt level was raised from 0·04 parts per million to 0·34 parts per million. With rations containing more than 0·10 parts per million cobalt (8·1 μg. Co/day) plasma vitamin B12 concentrations of sheep were more variable than those with lower cobalt intakes. This variability may have been due to variations in the rate of synthesis of cobalamins in the rumen. and hence the amount presented for absorption in the post‐ruminal alimentary tract.

In two sheep fed a diet containing 0·04 parts per million cobalt, marked signs of cobalt deficiency appeared when the plasma vitamin B12 concentration declined to 0·2 m. μg./ml. A plasma vitamin B12 concentration of 0·2m. μg./ml., or less, also occurred in two sheep fed a diet containing 0·06 parts per million cobalt without the appearance of any other signs of a deficiency.
RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN SALIVARY ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE WITH ABO BLOOD GROUP AND SECRETOR STATUS
Authors: Hope RM , Mayo O
Published: December 2007

Saliva samples from 319 students have been examined for alkaline phosphatase activity and amount of ABH blood group substances. No significant difference was detected between secretors and non‐secretors in salivary alkaline phosphatase activity. However, amongst secretors, the mean salivary alkaline phosphatase activity of A1 individuals was significantly higher than those of group B. A positive correlation existed between the amount of H blood group substance and alkaline phosphatase activity in the saliva of secretors. These findings are discussed, with particular reference to the reported associations of the “intestinal” alkaline phosphatase component of human serum with ABO blood group and secretor status, and the suggestions that have been put forward to interpret such associations.
RENAL RETENTION OF UREA IN THE KANGAROO ISLAND WALLABY, PROTEMNODON EUGENII:(DESMAREST)
Authors: Lintern Sue M , Barker S
Published: December 2007

Two groups of three male Kangaroo Island wallabies were fed for 28 days, one group on a diet containing 1·2 g. N/100 g. dry weight, the other on a diet containing 0·4 g. N/100 g. dry weight. The high nitrogen group were in positive nitrogen balance, although urinary nitrogen excretion had fallen by day 28. Plasma urea concentration and the percentage of total nitrogen excreted in urine as urea remained unchanged (85%). The low nitrogen group were in negative nitrogen balance and urinary nitrogen excretion fell rapidly. Plasma urea concentration fell to half the initial concentration. The percentage total nitrogen excreted in urine as urea fell to about 35% and the ratio of urea urine to plasma (U/P) to about ten. The concentration of urea in renal tissue water of the high nitrogen group increased from the cortex to the papilla but was lower than in urine. In the low nitrogen group a peak concentration of urea was reached in the inner stripe, outer zone of the medulla and in two animals was higher there than in the urine. In these animals urea appeared to be retained by the kidneys as in ruminants.
6‐THIOPURINES AS SUBSTRATES AND INHIBITORS OF PURINE OXIDASES: A PATHWAY FOR CONVERSION OF AZATHIOPRINE INTO 6‐THIOURIC ACID WITHOUT RELEASE OF 6‐MERCAPTOPURINE
Authors: Chalmers AH , Knight PR , Atkinson MR
Published: December 2007

Previous studies have shown that azathioprinc (6‐(1‐methyl‐4‐nitroimidazol‐5‐yl)‐thiopuruie) is converted into 6‐mercaptopurine by a nonenzymic reaction with glutathione, and that 6‐thiouric acid is the major urinary metabolite of azathioprine in man and other mammals; formation of 6‐thiouric acid has been attributed to oxidation of 6‐mercaptopurine by xanthinc oxidase.

This paper describes an alternative pathway for conversion of azathioprine into 6‐thiouric acid that does not involve 6‐mercaptopurine as an intermediate. Aldehyde oxidase from human and rabbit liver oxidises azathioprine to 8‐hydroxy‐azathioprinc. which reacts spontaneously with glutathione. forming 8‐hydroxy‐6‐ mercaptopurine, which is converted into 6‐thiouric acid on oxidation by xanthinc oxidase. The maximal velocity of oxidation of azathioprine with aldehyde oxidase from rabbit liver is 75% of the maximal velocity with N1‐methylnicotinomide. the usual assay substrate, and the Michaclis constant (0·08 mM azathioprine) is lower than the constant for N1‐methylnicotinamidc (2·4 mM). Menadione is a competitive inhibitor of oxidation of azathioprine (inhibitor constant K1, 1·2 μM) and the reaction is not inhibited by allopurinol, which inhibits xanthinc oxidase.

6‐Thiouric acid and uric acid are competitive inhibitors of oxidation of 6‐mercaptopurine by xanthinc oxidase from calf liver. The possibility that this inhibition contributes to the increased toxicity of azathioprine used as an immunosuppressive agent during impaired function of a renal transplant in discussed.

Preparation of 9‐butylazathioprine is described. This compound is not a substrate for aldehyde oxidase, but is converted by glutathione into the 9‐butyl‐6‐mercaptopurine, a known antimetabolite.
THE EFFECT OF ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM (ALS) ON THE SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE
Authors: Marshall VR , Knight PR
Published: December 2007

The administration of antilymphocyte serum at the same time as a purified protein antigen, bovine serum albumin, can result in the suppression of the secondary immune response as well as the primary response. The two factors which have emerged as beirg important for this reduced secondary response are, firstly, the dose of antigen employed and, secondly, the time of commencement of the antiserum in relation to the time of immunisation.
REACTIONS OF THE GRAFT VERSUS HOST (GVH) TYPE
Authors: Lafferty KJ , Jones MAS
Published: December 2007

Normal lymphoid cells obtained from animals that are phylogenetically unrelated or only distantly related to the chicken do not initiate graft versus host reactions when introduced into chicken embryos. Such cells are capable of mounting a reaction against the embryo if the donor animal is first immunized with chicken tissues. However, the reaction produced by immune xenogeneic lymphoid cells has a different pathogencsis to that produced by normal allogeneic cells. The transfer of adult blood leucocytes to syngeneic embryos will confer on the embryo the ability to reject transplanted allogeneic tissue, but will not confer on the embryo the ability to make antibody or to reject the transplants of some xenogeneic tissues. The latter type of transplant can be rejected if cells allogeneic with respect to the graft are introduced into the embryo. Allogeneic transplants are only rejected by embryos treated with adult blood leucocytes if the transplant contains a relatively large component of reticular tissue. Treatments, such as γ‐írradiation, that reduce the amount of reticular tissue in the graft protect it from transplantation damage in treated embryos. The in vitro interaction between populations of lymphocytes obtained from different animals has the same specificity as graft versus host reactions in so far as lymphocyte populations obtained from sheep are not stimulated by lymphocytes obtained from a different species of animal such as the rat or goose, but are stimulated by allogeneic lymphocytes. The treatment of one population of sheep lymphocytes with γ‐rays will destroy their capacity to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes without affecting the antigenicity of the lymphocytes. It is suggested that the ability of an animal to distinguish between “self” and “not‐self” components may operate at two distinct levels; one involves the recognition of foreign antigens, and the other the recognition of cells derived from genetically related but not identical animals.
SPECIFIC PROTEINS IN THE WHEY FROM MILK OF THE GREY KANGAROO
Authors: Lemon Meredith , Poole WE
Published: December 2007

Whey‐proteins in the milk of the grey kangaroo were examined by starch gel electrophoresis. Two specific proteins in the whey, although absent initially, were produced during the second half of lactation. The production of these proteins was unrelated to the occurrence of oestrus, ovulation and mating, or to the onset of activity in the corpus luteum derived from ovulation during lactation.
RESOLUTION AND EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRONMICROSCOPIC AUTORADIOGRAPHY USING RADIO‐ACTIVE CALCIUM
Authors: Huxham GJ , Lipton A , Howard Barbara M
Published: December 2007

Autoradiographs of small deposits of [45Ca]F2 have been examined in the electron microscope to measure resolution and efficiency of the 45Ca2+ emission. Resolution was found to be 3050 Å ± 500 Å and efficiency (grains from 100 disintegrations) was 3.0. A formula is proposed for estimating the amount of activity which needs to be incorporated in a specimen for auto‐radiographic procedures. This is used to predict the uptake required to produce satisfactory autoradiographs with 45Ca2+ in mammalian smooth muscle. It is suggested that insoluble deposits of other isotopes may be used for estimation of resolution and efficiency in autoradiography.
AN ABNORMALITY OF INSULIN‐TYPE IN PATIENTS WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Elliott RB
Published: December 2007

An abnormal ‘insulin’ can be found in the majority of adult patients who have recently had a myocardial infarction at a somewhat early age. The abnormality resembles that found in juvenile diabetics and their parents.