bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meaningfulness Level and Discrimination of CVC Trigrams
Authors: Solomon Stuart
Published: September 2011

This study examined the ability of 120 Ss to discriminate among CVC trigrams varying in meaningfulness (Noble's m′). Ss, on each of 80 items, chose from five response trigrams the one they rated as being most similar to the stimulus trigram. The choices included one trigram from the same meaningfulness level as the stimulus, and four others which were two step intervals apart in meaningfulness from each other and the stimulus. The results indicated a linear relationship between stimulus and response m′ level. Ss thus used amount of meaningfulness to judge the similarity of trigrams, and this depended on their ability to discriminate among the meaningfulness levels of the possible alternatives. An explanation of the mechanisms by which this discrimination process may operate was offered.
Discrete-Trial Bar-Pressing Performance as a Function of Length of Response Chain, Number of Reinforcements, and Percentage Reward
Authors: Porter John J. , Hug James J.
Published: September 2011

Eight groups of 8 hooded rats were assigned to a 2 × 2 × 2 design of 32 or 128 acquisition trials, 50% or 100% reward, and chains of 1 or 8 bar-presses. Starting speeds were examined, as were trials to an extinction criterion of 5 min. without completing a response chain. During acquisition, performance was an increasing function of the number of trials and percentage reward. For the 128-trial groups, at 1:1 reward 50% rewarded Ss responded significantly faster than 100% Ss; however, at 8:1 reward there was no significant difference due to percentage reward. The number of trials to extinction was an increasing function of the number of acquisition trials and a decreasing function of length of response chain. While all other groups reflected a rise in performance with an increase in number of acquisition trials, the 100%-8:1 groups showed no change in performance due to this variable.
Effect of Chance Success Due to Guessing on Error of Measurement in Multiple-Choice Tests
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W. , Williams Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Chance success due to guessing is treated as a component of the error variance of a multiple-choice test score. It is shown that for a test of given item structure the minimum standard error of measurement can be estimated by the formula (N−X)/a. where N is the total number of items, X is the score, and a is the number of alternative choices per item. The significance of non-independence of true score and this component of error score on multiple-choice tests is discussed.
An Automated Apparatus for the Avoidance Training of Rats
Authors: Baum Morrie
Published: September 2011

An apparatus and procedure for the avoidance training of rats is described. 22 rats were trained in the apparatus, and the rapidity of learning was contrasted with that of previously-used automated apparatuses. The new technique prevented many major problems associated with traditional avoidance procedures, both automated and manual.
Transfer of a Discrimination and a Discrimination Reversal between Two Manipulandum-Defined Responses
Authors: Trapold Milton A. , Odom Penelope B.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to determine the extent to which the effects of continuous reinforcement, variable interval reinforcement, discrimination training, and discrimination reversal training would transfer between a vertical and a horizontal bar-pressing response in the free operant situation. No transfer of continuous or variable interval reinforcement was found. However, both discrimination training and discrimination reversal training showed very appreciable amounts of inter-response transfer. These results are discussed in terms of a mediational process involving classically conditioned mediators which exert discriminative control over overt responding.
Factorial Comparison of the Effects of Pentobarbital Sodium and Whole-Body X-Irradiation on VR-3 Food Reinforced Bar-Pressing
Authors: Smith Richard K. , Elder S. Thomas , Stokes Stuart K. , Rye Merrill M. , Meckstroth George R.
Published: September 2011

36 male albino rats were trained to bar-press for food on a VR-3 reinforcement schedule before administration of either 0, 4.75, or 475 rad. whole body x-irradiation combined factorially with Nembutal or saline. The 475-rad. condition produced a marked reduction in response rate within 24 hr. of exposure. A similar but less pronounced decrement was attributed to residual narcosis. No interaction of Nembutal with x-irradiation was obtained.
Achievement, Affiliation, and Power Motivation in Adolescents
Authors: Johnson Thomas J. , Smith Louis M.
Published: September 2011

364 adolescents from a stable, homogeneous community were tested for the relationships among age, sex, and amount of achievement, affiliation, and power motivation. Findings indicate that power motivation increases in later adolescence and females have more affiliation motivation than males. The three motives were apparently unrelated.
Operation of Conflict in Selective and Reversal Learning
Authors: Worell Leonard , Schill Thomas R. , Smith Norman D.
Published: September 2011

Blocks of free and forced reinforced trials were combined to provide rats swimming underwater in a Y-maze with one of two levels of conflict. Strong conflict was induced by requiring animals to make 4 left and 3 right reinforced runs within each block; weak conflict by 4 left and 1 right per block. In reversal, all animals were given successive blocks of 6 reinforced rights and 1 reinforced left. Findings were that strong conflict reliably retarded rate of learning during acquisition and further significantly delayed reversal responding. The analyses also centered on the differential role of drive and conflict on temporal and choice behavior measures. Finally, both methodological and theoretical aspects of the results were discussed.
Differential GSR Conditioning with Mixed UCSs
Authors: Goranson Richard E.
Published: September 2011

Instead of a single UCS, three UCSs (an electric shock, a flash of light, and a loud tone) were used in a differential GSR conditioning study. Conditioning was successfully established by pairing the CS+ with a different UCS on each conditioning trial.
Orthography and Authority: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Casler Lawrence , Marshall Sally M.
Published: September 2011

Two attempted replications of an earlier experiment are described. In neither case was the postulated relationship obtained between authority conflict, as measured by a specially constructed forced-choice attitude scale, and low score on a spelling test. Some possible explanations for this failure to replicate are discussed.
Brief Note on the Berlyne-Heckhausen Controversy
Authors: Day Hy
Published: September 2011

Heckhausen had suggested that geometrical figures which Berlyne had labelled most complex (MC) on information theoretical terms were actually less complex than their alternatives when judged phenomenologically. However, in a recent experiment, 20 Ss almost unanimously judged the MC figures to be the most complex.
Further Test of the Deprivation Trace Hypothesis
Authors: Beck Robert C. , Carter Dorothy Jean
Published: September 2011

32 rats were used to test the deprivation-trace hypothesis of O'Kelly and Heyer (1951). In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design the following variables were manipulated: delay between saline injection and bar-press testing, 30 min. vs 240 min., presence or absence of food during the delay period, and schedule of reinforcement, VI-¼ min. vs VI-1 min. The only significant differences were the main effects of schedule and delay. The prediction was supported, but alternative interpretations not requiring the hypothesis were offered.
Absence of False Positives on the Hooper Visual Organization Test
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Coyle F. A.
Published: September 2011

23 student nurses were administered the Hooper Visual Organization Test in order to determine the number falsely identified as braindamaged. Not only were there no false positives in this sample, but also the scores were consistently higher than those reported in the Hooper VOT manual for normal Ss.
Some Personality Factors Associated with Placebo Responsivity
Authors: Gelfand Donna M. , Gelfand Sidney , Rardin Max W.
Published: September 2011

The effects on placebo responsivity of Ss' self-esteem, social desirability, authoritarianism, and religious belief and behavior were studied in an experimental procedure involving measures of threshold and tolerance of pain induced by ultrasonic stimulation. Both the religiosity scores and scores on one social desirability test were significantly positively related to pain tolerance placebo measures, but no personality variable was related to pain threshold placebo scores. This relationship of personality factors with tolerance but not with threshold measures supports the hypothesis that pain threshold is more highly loaded with physiological than with psychological components whereas pain tolerance is more highly loaded with psychological than physiological components.
Behavioral Effects of Stimulation by UHF Radio Fields
Authors: Eakin Susan Korbel , Thompson William D.
Published: September 2011

20 male albino rats were used as Ss in determining behavioral effects of ultra high frequency radiation. Experimental Ss were exposed to low intensity (50,000 mV), low frequency (300 mc to 920 mc) UHF radio waves for 47 consecutive days. Radiated rats were more active than non-radiated rats during the early part of the experiment, but became less active as the days of radiation increased. The UHF group was more emotional than the non-UHF group and showed a gradual increase in the latency of recovery from electroshock convulsion. No differences were found for weight, audiogenic seizures, and water consumption. Results suggest that (a) some time is required for UHF to have a consistent effect on behavior, and (b) the effects on behavior may be non-thermal and related to neurophysiological substrates.
Some Current Issues in Psychotherapy
Authors: Brown Daniel G.
Published: September 2011

Some of the basic issues in psychotherapy today include: the nature of neurotic symptoms, the role of insight, emphasis on reconstructing the past versus readjusting to the present, the relationship between therapist and patient, activeness-passiveness of the therapist, distinctive techniques used, length of psychotherapy, total number of sessions and duration of a session, types of patients in relation to therapeutic approaches, permanence of improvement, and principal goal or purpose of psychotherapy.
Fear Survey Schedule: A Normative Study
Authors: Manosevitz Martin , Lanyon Richard I.
Published: September 2011

The results for 49 college females show their scores to be higher on the FSS than for college males ( n = 64); this sex difference is a general one over a variety of fears. Many of the strongest reported fears for both sexes have to do with social or interpersonal situations. The frequently reported items are listed as a guide for behavior therapy researchers to common fears or phobias in a college population.
“Reactive Inhibition” in the Sowbug
Authors: Sachs Lewis B. , Klopfer F. D. , Morrow J. E.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of twenty isopods ( Porcellio scaber L.) were given 40 right turns and four groups were given 20 right turns in square mazes 1, 1.5, 2.5, and 4 cm. on a side. Another four groups were run equivalent distances without turns, and one group was given no treatment at all. Ss from all groups then received one trial in a T-maze. Left turns in the T-maze increased as a function of number of prior turns and decreased with distance (time) between turns. These results were obtained in a situation where “centrifugal swing” and “forward-going tendency” hypotheses provide no useful predictions. In comparing these results and procedures with those of other investigations, it is apparent that IR is typically a weak determiner of choice-point behavior in isopods, but under special circumstances can be the principal source of variance.
Uncertainty, Importance, and Arousal as Determinants of Pre-Decisional Information Search
Authors: Hawkins C. K. , Lanzetta J. T.
Published: September 2011

Berlyne's conflict theory of “epistemic curiosity” assumes information search to be elicited by arousal resulting from response conflict, which in turn is a function of the uncertainty and “importance” of a choice. Several predictions derived from this formulation were tested using a choice task in which uncertainty (number of alternatives) and importance (value of outcomes) were manipulated and S's GSR was recorded. Results showed that (a) neither variable influenced arousal. (b) Increasing the uncertainty component of conflict increased search; increasing importance suppressed it. (c) Arousal did not increase before a search response, but Ss whose general arousal levels were high searched more.
Interactions in Therapy Groups as a Function of Differences among Therapists and Group Size
Authors: Grosz Hanus J. , Stern Herbert , Wright Carl S.
Published: September 2011

Five open therapy groups, ranging in size from 4 to 6 patient members, and headed by different therapists with similar group-centered orientations to group psychotherapy, were compared on measures of patient and therapist verbal response frequencies. Only one of the therapists had much experience in conducting group therapy. The verbal response frequencies were recorded by co-therapists who otherwise took no part in the sessions. All the patients were assigned to the open groups in a strictly random manner. It was found that the patient-with-therapist and the patient-with-patient verbal interactions varied significantly among the groups headed by the different therapists. The group conducted by the most experienced therapist had the highest number of patient-with-patient interactions while the number of his own interactions with patients was about average. No consistent relationship was found between the number of therapist-with-patient and patient-with-patient interactions. Analysis of the effects of group size on interactions suggested that the number of patient-with-patient interactions increased with an increase in group size, but this trend was inconsistent over groups. Group size bore no relationship to the number of patient-with-therapist interactions. It was concluded that highly unique patterns of group interaction can develop in different groups, and that the factors which influence them are at present still largely unknown. The present results discourage generalizations about group interactions from research limited to one observer or one group of patients.
Effects of Response Sets on New and Old MMPI Scales
Authors: Finney Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

The effects of seven response sets were tested on the new scales as well as on the standard MMPI scales, with and without K correction. Among the standard MMPI scales, the K-corrected scales were only slightly better than the same scales without correction in withstanding distortion by response sets. On the whole, the 45 new scales were better than the standard MMPI scales in withstanding distortion by response sets by the criteria used. The problem is still far from solved, however, in regard to two response sets: “social undesirability” or “faking bad” and “set to give uncommon answers.” The newly-derived scales were so designed that random error in answering does not tend to resemble genuinely sick profiles. That feature is an improvement over the established MMPI scales.
Retroactive Inhibition of Descriptive Prose
Authors: Mills John A. , Kessel Frank S.
Published: September 2011

Two 29-word descriptive passages from the works of D. H. Lawrence were placed on a memory drum and learned by serial anticipation in the usual RI paradigm. Significant RI occurred, but relative RI was only 8.78%, far less than is found with more difficult prose material. It thus appears that the structure of the material protected it against interference.
Words versus Objects: Comparison of Free Verbal Recall
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R. , Culpepper James T.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments in free verbal recall compared the learning of common objects with the learning of the words for these objects. In Exp. I (24 male and 26 female Ss), objects were placed on a board, words were on a list. In Exp. II (46 females) and III (62 males), objects (photographs) and words were serially exposed. Groups exposed to objects did better in all experiments.
Psychiatric Diagnoses: Some Cracks in the Crystal Ball
Authors: Stachnik Thomas J. , Ulrich Roger
Published: September 2011

Psychological evaluations of Barry Goldwater, made by psychiatrists during the 1964 presidential campaign in response to a questionnaire, are summarized. The disparity and regional character of the diagnoses are interpreted as a sad commentary on a sizeable representation of contemporary psychiatry. Psychologists might well have done little better.
Readability Assessment and Word Redundancy of Printed English
Authors: McLeod J. , Anderson J.
Published: September 2011

Two reading tests have been constructed which require children to restore the missing words in a series of mutilated paragraphs. The missing words are virtually completely redundant to an efficient reader. For two independent groups of randomly selected children ac each grade level from 3 through 7 and two independent groups of University undergraduate students, results indicate that, if the word redundancy of passages of English written prose is estimated from restorations of mutilated versions of those passages by independent samples of the same population, then the estimated redundancies vary as simple powers of one another. This relationship appears to have potential significance for, among other things, readability assessment.
Effect of Teacher's Motivational Cues on Achievement Level in Elementary Grades
Authors: White William F. , Dekle Ocie T.
Published: September 2011

From the evaluations of 158 fifth, sixth, and seventh grade children on the Pupil Observation Survey, six factors were extracted: I. Warm, Affable, Deferring; II. Fair, Considerate; III. Controlled, Orderly; IV. Knowledgeable, Open-minded; V. Stimulating, Surgent; VI. Self-assured, Poised, Egostrength. By means of deviations of achievement scores (CAT) from ability scores (CTMM), these students within each classroom were ranked and divided into 3 groups: underachievers, overachievers, and achievers. An analysis of the Pupil Observation Survey factor scores at the three levels of achievement revealed only Factor I differentiated among groups of achievers.
Sibling Sex Distribution and Psychiatric Status
Authors: Bauer Mary Lou , Ehrlich Howard J.
Published: September 2011

High psychiatric impairment was found to be differentially distributed among sibship types by sex, with females from opposite sex sibships and males from same sex sibships being most impaired. For both sexes, the mixed sex sibships had the most negative outcome at the conclusion of therapy, although differences were small. Control analyses indicated that sex is not independently related to any given measure of psychiatric impairment or outcome, nor is there any sex bias in the direction of high or low impairment when sibship type is controlled. Thus, the differences in psychiatric status observed in these data appear to be associated with the combination of sex and sibling sex distribution.
Perpetuation of Specific Schemata in Literature for Children
Authors: Kuethe James L.
Published: September 2011

In a sample of 600 books written for children it was found that stories about a boy and an animal far outnumbered stories about a girl and an animal. The only animal with which girls were associated more often than boys was the cat. These findings were related to the general concept of schema and the question was raised of other schemata that may be subtly perpetuated in this way.
A Taste of Honey: Dr. Guttmacher on Dr. Szasz
Authors: Begelman D. A. , Tolor Alexander
Published: September 2011

Dr. Manfred Guttmacher, in a recent article, criticizes Dr. Thomas Szasz's contention that elements in current psychiatric practices and institutions jeopardize the constitutional rights of the mental patient. However, Dr. Guttmacher's criticism often apparently fails to address itself to the substantive issues and frequently dwells upon peripheral and personalistic considerations.
Social Facilitation of Exploratory Behavior in Rats: Effects of Increased Exposure to Novel Stimuli
Authors: Simmel Edward C. , McGee D. Phillip
Published: September 2011

In a replication of an earlier study, with minor modifications of apparatus and an increase of trial durations from 4 to 6 min., 6 male albino rats (Group A) who had previously explored a novel stimulus were run with 6 rats who had not. When compared with 6 rats (Group B) who had explored the stimulus and were then run with 6 Ss who had equivalent experience, Group A Ss showed significantly more exploratory responses than Group B Ss ( p = > .001). Group A Ss made 103 exploratory responses within 5 sec. of Ss with which they were paired, while Group B Ss made none. These results were in the same direction as those reported in the previous study, but the differences were much greater.
CS Intensity, Amobarbital Sodium and the Conditioned Avoidance Response
Authors: Powell Barbara J. , Ogle M. E. , Martin L. K. , Kamano D. K.
Published: September 2011

In studying the relationship between level of CS intensity (light) and drug condition (amobarbital sodium) in the acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response of the white rat in a jump-box task, data showed that both variables influenced avoidance performance. Although the over-all performance of drugged Ss was better than that of those given a placebo, primary differences occurred at 50,000 and 800,000 peak candles of CS intensity; performance of Ss under placebo showed a marked decline at 800,000 peak candles.
Interpretation of the Standard Error of Measurement when True Scores and Error Scores on Mental Tests are Not Independent
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W. , Williams Richard H.
Published: September 2011

It is shown that for the case of non-independence of true scores and error scores interpretation of the standard error of measurement is modified in two ways. First, the standard deviation of the distribution of error scores is given by a modified equation. Second, the confidence interval for true score varies with the individual's observed score. It is shown that the equation, so=√[(N−O/a]+[so2(roō−roo)/roō]̄, where N is the number of items, O is the individual's observed score, a is the number of choices per item, so2 is observed variance, roo is test reliability as empirically determined, and roō is reliability for the case where only non-independent error is present, provides a more accurate interpretation of the test score of an individual.
Role of Single Word Variables in Recall of Statistical Approximations to English
Authors: Brown Mari J. K.
Published: September 2011

Free recall of lists at different orders of approximation to English was compared to the recall of the same lists when the order of the words had been scrambled to destroy their sequential organization. Recall of the organized lists showed the typical improvement with increasing order of approximation. Recall of the scrambled lists was unrelated to the original order of approximation. The results indicate that increased recall with increasing order of approximation to English is not produced by systematic differences in the characteristics of the individual words comprising the approximations. When recall of the organized lists was scored in terms of the number of longer sequences present in recall, the number of recalled sequences of any given length increased as order of approximation to English increased, with the first order list showing proportionally less organization in recall than the second and higher order lists.
Effect of Anxiety on Alpha Responsiveness to Light Stimulation
Authors: Sayer Karen E. , Torres Aurelio A.
Published: September 2011

Ss scoring high and low on four tests of the Objective Analytic Anxiety Battery and having at least 25% time alpha rhythm in their resting EEGs received 100 trials of a single photic flash in the presence of alpha rhythm. Analysis of variance of the alpha blocking responses in right and left parieto-occipital derivations yielded a significant anxiety effect, with the low-anxiety group giving consistently more responses than the high-anxiety group. This effect was discussed in relation to the alpha blocking “conditioned” response and habituation.
Statistical Reanalysis of Canady's “The Effect of ‘Rapport’ on the I. Q.: A New Approach to the Problem of Racial Psychology”
Authors: Sattler Jerome M.
Published: September 2011

Because of the divergent interpretations of Canady's (1936) study, “The Effect of ‘Rapport’ on the I. Q.: a New Approach to the Problem of Racial Psychology,” a statistical reanalysis was performed. Results indicate that on the first administration of the 1916 Stanford-Binet, Ss obtained higher IQs with Es of their own race, while on the second administration, Ss obtained higher IQs with Es of the other race. For the total group, the Negro-white E order of administering the tests led to higher IQs than the white-Negro E order. Es' sequence of administering the test, however, did not significantly interact with Ss' race in determining inter-administration improvement. Results should be accepted with caution because of the methodological difficulties in the design of the experiment.
Reinforcement of Verbal Productivity in Group Therapy
Authors: Wagner Mervyn K.
Published: September 2011

Verbal productivity was significantly affected by positive verbal reinforcement to half of the members of an actual group therapy situation, using hospitalized psychiatric patients as Ss.
Influence of Altered Goal-Box Cues on Partial-Reinforcement Effect
Authors: Pilley John W. , Leeming Frank C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the experiment was to study theoretical interpretation of the partial-reinforcement effect (PRE). Amsel proposed that nonreinforcement during training generates frustration. Weinstock and Hulse stressed the importance of habituated competing responses and strengthened competing responses learned to the cues of the empty goal box. Assessment of the positions, however, is difficult, since nonreward during training is adequate for the development of both the habituation and the strengthening of competing responses as well as the development of frustration reactions. An attempt was made to separate the effects of frustration from those of competing response positions by reducing during extinction the emission of learned responses in the goal box but not in the start box and runway. Since the assumption is made that the PRE is dependent on learning that occurs in the goal box, the competing-response positions would predict a radical change in the goal box during extinction to inhibit the PRE. Since the frustration position asserts that the PRE is a function of learning in the goal box that generalizes to all sections of the apparatus, the PRE should occur to some degree despite altered goal-box conditions. Using a straight runway apparatus, subgroups of rats trained on 100% and 50% schedules of reinforcement were extinguished to either familiar or novel goal-box conditions. Subgroups trained on 100% and 50% schedules of reinforcement exhibited a significant PRE under both the familiar and altered goal-box conditions. Findings were discussed as supportive of the frustration hypothesis.
MMPI Personality Patterns for Several Semi-Skilled and Unskilled Occupational Groups
Authors: Gravitz Melvin A.
Published: September 2011

While the MMPI has been utilized in studying the personality characteristics of many different vocational groups, nearly all of these have been in upper level professional and managerial classes. There have been few studies with semi-skilled occupations and none with unskilled groups. The present research presented MMPI mean T scores, standard deviations, and modified Welsh codes for normal male messengers, guards, warehousemen, clerks, reproduction room assistants, and two categories of laborers. In the groups as a whole, the high-point Pd scale was accompanied by a low Si score. Validity scores were within acceptable limits, and none of the mean clinical T scores exceeded 65. Other personality factors were discussed.
Relation of WAIS Verbal and Performance IQs for Four Psychiatric Conditions
Authors: Brown Oril
Published: September 2011

Of the diagnostic signs developed by Wechsler on his intelligence scale the most widely used probably is the Verbal minus Performance difference. It has been held by Wechsler that in most mental disorders impairment is generally greater in the performance than in the verbal area. As part of a larger study the WAIS was given to neuropsychiatric in-patients. Four of the major categories were among those to which Wechsler's diagnostic measures apply: schizophrenia; manic-depressive reaction, manic type; depressions of psychotic intensity; and psychoneuroses. It was hypothesized that in all of these the impairment would be significantly greater in performance than in verbal scores. The hypothesis was sustained only for the schizophrenics. This observation may represent a reaction formation against the severe ego impairment characteristic of this disorder. Additional support for this was found in the more reliable behavior of paranoid schizophrenics, in whose symptomatology verbalization is prominent. Some confirmatory data are found in other studies.
The Quick Test as a Screening Device for Intellectually Subnormal Children
Authors: Lamp Robert E. , Barclay A.
Published: September 2011

For a sample of 40 educable retarded children, correlations between WISC IQs and Quick Test IQs were .53 (Verbal Scale), .32 (Performance Scale), and .50 (Full Scale). The QT mean IQ was significantly higher than the mean WISC Verbal and Full Scale IQs; there was no significant difference between the QT mean IQ and the mean WISC Performance IQ, although the correlation between these scales was somewhat lower. The findings suggest that, as with the adult retardate, the Quick Test assesses functional language ability of mentally retarded children moderately well and thus may be used in conjunction with other data for screening purposes.
Validity and Reliability in Clinical Judgments of C-V-S Protocols as a Function of Amount of Information and Diagnostic Category
Authors: Schwartz Melvin L.
Published: September 2011

45 Ph.D. clinicians, with at least 4 yr. post-doctoral clinical experience, made a diagnostic judgment from the C-V-S Intelligence Scale protocols of 10 Ss in normal, retardate, organic, process, and reactive schizophrenic categories ( n = 50), with judges grouped on the basis of number of subtests (1, 2, or all 3) and type of subtest information (various combinations of C, V, and S) used. Correct diagnoses (validity) using 1, 2, or 3 subtests significantly exceeded chance. Contrary to the hypothesized relationship, diagnostic accuracy did not increase when the number of subtests to be judged was increased. Inter-judge agreement (reliability) increased significantly as a function of increasing information. Methodological factors in studies assessing validity and reliability of clinical judgment were cited.
Effects of Stimulus Change and Drive Level on Extinction of the Conditioned Eyelid Response
Authors: Cobb Nancy J. , Price Louis E. , Abbott David W.
Published: September 2011

Rate of extinction of the conditioned eye blink was investigated as a function of maintained drive level in extinction and amount of stimulus change from conditions of acquisition to those of extinction. 50 Ss were given 90 acquisition trials under a partial reinforcement schedule in which the UCS was either delayed or omitted on half the trials. Half of the Ss conditioned under each procedure were given 20 extinction trials with the UCS delayed and half were extinguished with the UCS omitted. There was no evidence for an effect of either drive or amount of stimulus change determining rate of extinction.
Further Evidence for Differentiation Effects of Context Stimuli: A Reply to Birnbaum
Authors: Saltz Eli , Wickey John
Published: September 2011

Previous paired-associate studies show that the addition of distinctive colors to verbal stimuli facilitates learning. The present paper is concerned with whether this facilitation occurs because color aids in differentiating the verbal stimuli or whether facilitation is due to color serving as an additional associative cue to the correct response. Further analysis of data from Saltz (1963) indicates that the order of difficulty of the pairs in the lists used was determined primarily by the verbal stimuli; the colors, per se, used as cues, produced orders that were moderately negatively related to the orders found in lists containing compound stimuli of both color and verbal components. The results support a differentiation position.
Relationship of Association Structures to Verbal Ability
Authors: Moran Louis J. , Veldman Donald
Published: September 2011

No relationship between verbal ability and idiodynamic associative sets was found in two samples of college freshmen. An earlier finding which related an Object-referent associative set to lower verbal ability was rejected. In the light of Entwistle's recently published results, it was concluded that antecedent conditions related to idiodynamic sets might best be studied in pre-school children or mental retardates.
Reliability of Duncan's Personality Integration Scale
Authors: Wright Logan
Published: September 2011

Investigations were conducted to determine the reliability of Duncan's Personality Integration Scale. The two types of reliability investigated were test-retest stability and intersex congruence. The results indicated that Duncan's Scale possesses test-retest reliability for both male and female populations but lacks intersex congruence.
A Survey of Recommended Readings in Psychology
Authors: Solso Robert L. , Johnson James E.
Published: September 2011

A recheck of the books judged to be outstanding in 1953–54 and 1958–59 showed significant changes and quite a few sturdy books.
Paired-Associate Learning and Response Frequency
Authors: Berdiansky Charles S.
Published: September 2011

20 Ss each learned 4 letter-phoneme, paired associates. The groups represented very high and very low phoneme frequency. The Ss were 5-yr.-olds selected on the basis of a pretest which eliminated Ss with learned responses to the stimulus letters. When learning the low-frequency letter-phoneme associates, Ss required a greater number of trials before (a) phoneme occurrence, (b) phoneme availability, (c) letter-phoneme pairing, and (d) attainment of a criterion of 4 successive errorless pairings. The relevance of these results to Underwood and Schulz's (1960) spew hypothesis and 2-stage theory of learning was discussed.
Presentation Format, Other-Person Strategies, and Cooperative Behavior in the Prisoner's Dilemma
Authors: Crumbaugh Charles M. , Evans Gary W.
Published: September 2011

80 college students played a 50-trial Prisoner's Dilemma. Variables were manipulated at 2 levels each: (1) presentation format (matrix vs nonmatrix), (2) initial behavior of the confederate (hostile vs neutral), and (3) contingency of the confederate's choices (contingent cooperation vs noncontingent). Ss under the nonmatrix condition cooperated significantly more frequently than did Ss under the matrix condition and Ss playing with a confederate who behaved contingently cooperated more frequently than Ss playing with one who behaved noncontingently. Ss playing with an initially hostile confederate were at first more noncooperative than Ss playing with a neutral person but when the initially hostile confederate changed to a neutral strategy the difference between the 2 groups disappeared. None of the interactions were significant.
The Biographical Information Blank as a Predictor of Student Achievement: A Review
Authors: Freeberg Norman E.
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews literature dealing with use of the Biographical Information Blank (BIB) among student populations. The studies are considered under the four criterion areas of scholastic grades, creative achievement, persistence in school, and vocational or curriculum choice. Substantial areas of disagreement remain in the application and utility of the BIB as a predictor based upon the choice of educational criteria and the content of the BIB itself.
Further Normative and Comparative Data on the Repression-Sensitization and Social Desirability Scales
Authors: Cosentino Fred , Kahn Malcolm
Published: September 2011

The revised Byrne Repression-Sensitization scale and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale were administered to 979 undergraduates to obtain further normative data for these scales. No significant differences were found between the means, variances, and over-all distributions of the present and original normative data. These results were seen as justification for the continued application of the original norms to other state university populations. Correlations of −.435, −.490, and −.454 ( p < .01) obtained between the two scales for males, females, and all Ss, respectively. This moderate degree of communality between the scales does not readily support the interpretation that the scales measure a single dimension or that they measure independent dimensions. Further empirical analysis of the scales' interrelationship seems necessary.
Problems of S's Motivation in a Behavioral Program for Reduction of Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Gutmann Mary , Marston Albert
Published: September 2011

An experimental program is described for the reduction of cigarette smoking, using three principles of learning: successive approximations (stimulus hierarchies), counterconditioning, and self-reinforcement. The failure to differentiate between experimental and control groups is discussed in terms of problems of dropouts and observation of extinction effects when treatment elements are withdrawn.
Belongingness, Anxiety and Self-Sufficiency: Pilot Study
Authors: Anant Santokh S.
Published: September 2011

Preliminary data for an experimental questionnaire are described.
Testing Aptitude for Computer Programming
Authors: Howell Margaret A. , Vincent John W. , Gay Richard A.
Published: September 2011

This study explored the usefulness of a simulated work sample of programming (the Robot Test developed by the Bureau of the Census) as a criterion for validating programmer selection tests. In two samples of Civil Service employees in the United States Public Health Service, this type of criterion appeared quite predictable, with multiple correlations of .60 ( N = 135) and .71 ( N = 118). The best predictors of those studied were Parts 2 and 3 of the Programmer Aptitude Test, a frequently used selection test for programming. In one sample, the addition of the Numerical part of the Federal Service Entrance Examination significantly improved prediction of the criterion. Further research on the Robot Test is recommended.
D-Amphetamine and Climbing Suppression in the Turtle
Authors: Spigel Irwin M. , Ellis Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

Intraperitoneal injection of d-amphetamine resulted in the significant suppression of escape-climbing in confined Chrysemys, whether or not electric shock was made a consequence of this response. Data were similar to those obtained with cerebrally-lesioned Ss. The relation of the findings to neural organization and arousal in reptiles is discussed.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: VII. Benjamin Rush: A Political and Historical Study of the “Father of American Psychiatry”
Authors: Mackler Bernard , Hamilton Kay
Published: September 2011

This historical study of Benjamin Rush, an early American psychiatric reformer, includes his political interests and influence and how these affected his social reform work. To understand more fully Rush's political and social interests, we delved into the Revolutionary period and its leaders. We concluded that Rush was a moderate reformer for his psychiatric innovations barely went beyond the time. The peculiar mix of progressivism and conservatism are seen working in Rush's political and psychiatric life. We discuss in detail these differences and how they influenced his behavior.
Anxiety, Meprobamate, D-Amphetamine and the Intra-Subject Variability of Word Associates
Authors: Brody Nathan , Peterson Ernest A. , Upton Morgan , Stabile Richard
Published: September 2011

Two experiments on the intra-subject variability of word associates are reported. Exp. 1 indicates that Ss high in anxiety have more variable word associates than Ss low in anxiety. Exp. 2 investigated the joint effects of anxiety and the drugs, meprobamate and d-Amphetamine. Meprobamate reduced variability, d-Amphetamine increased variability. There was a significant drug × anxiety interaction. High-anxiety Ss were more variable than low-anxiety Ss under meprobamate and placebo conditions but less variable under d-Amphetamine conditions. The results are discussed in conjunction with the Hullian proposal of additivity of different sources of drive. It is concluded that other sources of drive detract from the drive-arousing properties of anxiety.
Variability of Response Duration during Punishment
Authors: Ferraro Douglas P. , Hayes Kathleen M.
Published: September 2011

Three rats were first trained to make a bar-press-release response for regular reinforcement and then exposed to 22 sessions of concurrent reinforcement-electric shock punishment. The variability of response durations increased with response suppression and decreased with response recovery. Distributions of response durations indicated that their variability is a sensitive dependent variable for assessing the effects of punishment.
Factor Analytic Study of Learning and Perceptual and Conceptual Performance by a Psychiatric Outpatient Population
Authors: Sutterer J. R. , Rosecrans C. J.
Published: September 2011

43 psychiatric outpatients of varying diagnoses were given a battery of tests, i.e., a Circle Discrimination Test, Tone Discrimination Test, Gottschaldt Embedded-figures Test, Paired Associates, and a Concept Shift Test. Scores derived from these 5 tests, plus age and IQ (13 variables) were intercorrelated and factor analyzed to establish the dimensions of learning and perceptual and conceptual performance for these psychiatric outpatients. The 5 orthogonal factors obtained were named: discrimination, rapid concept-shift adaptation, learning-reasoning, older age-high intelligence, and slow concept-shift adaptation.
Educational Backgrounds of Teachers Who Differ in Attitudes toward Child Behavior
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Lane Paul A.
Published: September 2011

Since highly experienced teachers had previously been found to have markedly different attitudes toward the abnormality of children's behavior in comparison to less experienced teachers, an examination of the training received by both groups of teachers was undertaken. It was found that the two groups of teachers had significantly different educational backgrounds with the more experienced teachers possessing a college degree less often, and having attended teachers' colleges more frequently, than inexperienced teachers.
Note on “Relation of Stimulus-Seeking Behavior and Arousal Level”
Authors: Cahoon Richard L.
Published: September 2011

A recent study purporting to test directly the optimal-arousal hypothesis is reviewed. Several methodological errors are pointed out, and questions are raised concerning the author's interpretation of the negative results obtained.
Sex-Role Preference in Children: Individual and Group Administration of the it Scale for Children
Authors: Duryea Walter R.
Published: September 2011

Children in first grade were administered the It Scale in two versions, the standard individual test and a group variation. Both tests were sensitive to sex differences and the correlation of scores on the two versions was significant.
Fixed and Mobile Field Independence: Review of Studies Relevant to Werner's Dimension
Authors: Haronian Frank , Sugerman A. Arthur
Published: September 2011

Werner's fixity-versus-mobility dimension has been used by Witkin and others to articulate the concept of field independence. Methodological reasons are discussed for the failure of earlier studies to reveal this dimension. The possible use of other perceptual phenomena for its measurement is suggested. Relationships are drawn between the fixity-versus-mobility dimension and other psychological dimensions, with special attention to creativity and normality. Future studies of differential learning ability and of the relation between intelligence and creativity may benefit from the application of Werner's concepts as they have been elaborated by subsequent workers.
Water Maze Savings by Mice as a Function of Motor Training
Authors: Essman Walter B.
Published: September 2011

Mice given either 0, 4, 8, or 12 trials of motor training (practice swimming) in a water tank showed appreciable savings during the early trials of acquisition training in a water maze. Differences in escape latency and error savings for this task were related to the amount of prior motor training.
Einstellung by Observation
Authors: Rosenbaum Milton E. , Arenson Sidney J.
Published: September 2011

In 2 experiments female Ss observed a confederate solve 6 “water-jar” problems. Each problem permitted 2 modes of solution. In Exp. I the 3 conditions were observation of direct solutions, indirect solutions, or a mixture of both. In subsequent performances on similar problems, observers adopted the solution methods that had been observed even when inefficient. In Exp. II the order of the jar capacities was varied to test for the acquisition by observation of a more general solution set. The 3 conditions were observation of indirect solutions, direct solutions, or no observation (control). The results for both method of solution adopted and time for solution indicate that observation of the direct solution did not facilitate problem solving, but observation of the indirect solution did hinder this activity.
Evaluation of the Semantic Differential as Instrument for Measurement of Attitudes
Authors: Marais H. C.
Published: September 2011

The Semantic Differential as instrument for the measurement of 53 students' attitudes toward the concept, Psychology, was evaluated. Test-retest reliability coefficient was .58. The correlation coefficients between SD and the criterion variables, viz., first semester grades in introductory psychology and class attendance, were nonsignificant.
Facilitation of Discrimination Learning by Injection of an RNA Extract Prepared from Donor Subjects
Authors: Viney Wayne , Branch John C. , Gill William E.
Published: September 2011

Naive rats given intraperitoneal injections of an extract prepared from the brains of either trained or untrained donor rats learned a position discrimination task in simple parallel alley runways significantly faster than original (uninjected) donor rats. Specific interanimal transfer, however, was not demonstrated as there was no statistically reliable difference between recipients of “trained brain” vs “untrained brain” extracts.
The Semantic Differential as an Indicator of Suicidal Behavior and Tendencies
Authors: Blau Kim P. , Farberow Norman L. , Grayson Harry M.
Published: September 2011

Data from 313 Ss seem to indicate that the Semantic Differential is an inadequate tool for distinguishing between suicidal and non-suicidal behaviors among a neuropsychiatric population.
Sex, Age, and Temptation
Authors: Walsh Richard P.
Published: September 2011

The relationships between sex, age, and reaction to temptation were examined. Ss were 114 children (53 boys and 61 girls) between the ages of 6 and 8. They were placed alone in a room with a number of toys which they were admonished not to touch. Behavior was classified as Rigidly Controlled, Naturally Curious, and Yielders. It was found that there were no differences between boys and girls in the numbers of yielders and non-yielders. However, girls resisted temptation longer and, when they did yield, spent significantly less time at the forbidden behavior. No significant relationship was found with chronological age.