bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reclaiming the Lost Hero in Girish Karnad's The Dreams of Tipu Sultan
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Khawaldeh Imad M. , Neimneh Shadi S.
Published: July 2018

This article examines how theatre functions as an effective means for exploring an occluded pre-colonial period by constructing an alternative history that refracts the official accounts of colonialist history. Here we study Girish Karnad's The Dreams of Tipu Sultan (2004), which re-writes the tragic decline of Tipu Sultan who governed the Kingdom of Mysore in the southern parts of India during the last two decades of the eighteenth century. The article concludes that what Karnad wishes to achieve, through this counter-historical theatrical project, is to dismantle the image of the ruthless and unprincipled 'Other' propagated by British historians, dramatists, and performers by creating or even recreating an alternative humane and noble character of Tipu Sultan.
Male and Female He Created Them: Gender Traditionalism, Masculine Images of God, and Attitudes toward Same-Sex Unions
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L
Published: July 2018

Prior research demonstrates that religion and gender traditionalism are associated with less favorable attitudes toward same-sex unions because of its deviation from customary religious doctrine and traditional patterns of gender behavior. Using a national random sample of American adults, this study examines the link between religion, gender traditionalism, and attitudes toward same-sex unions by utilizing a novel measure of gender traditionalism that is distinctly religious as well. Recent work on images of God reveals that individuals’ views of the divine provide a glimpse of their underlying view of reality. The results suggest that individuals who view God as a “he” are much less favorable toward same-sex unions than those who do not view God as masculine, even while controlling for gender traditionalist beliefs and other images of God. Individuals who view God as masculine are signaling a belief in an underlying gendered reality that influences their perceptions of the proper ordering of that reality, which extends to marriage patterns. These findings encourage future research to identify innovative measures of religion that incorporate aspects of other social institutions to account for their interconnected nature.
Converging Online and Class-Room Methods: A Promising Mode of Knowledge Sharing in Digital Age?
Authors: Scaria Arul George
Published: July 2018

The emergence of massive open online courses (MOOCs) is considered as oneof the most disruptive changes that happened in the field of education inthe last decade. They are playing an important role in democratising accessto knowledge across the globe and many countries, including India, arecontemplating the use of such courses for addressing their mass educationalrequirements. In this context, it is important to explore how certaincomponents of MOOCs like online videos and online discussion forums couldbe converged with traditional classroom methods for giving broader accessto education, without compromising the quality of learning and instruction.This article is a case study in this direction in the background of apedagogical experiment done at the National Law University Delhi, incollaboration with the CopyrightX program of the Harvard Law School. Thearticle describes how a dynamic comparative copyright law course wasdeveloped by merging online and offline teaching methods. The article notonly analyses the learning implications from this pedagogical experimentfor evolving other comparative law courses, but also analyses the broaderlessons for designing similar courses in other subjects.
The Impact of Lean Thinking on the Management of Supply Chain Processes (Case Study: Building Projects Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution in Iran, Golestan Province)
Authors: afsharniya Mohammad
Published: July 2018

Present objective of the study the effects of pure thinking on the management of the supply chain housing construction projects Foundation in Gulistan province. Research methodology used in this study, descriptive and of solidarity. All statistical community managers and experts active construction projects in the time of the study can be - that their number is estimated at 370 people. The number of 189 people. For the sample was selected. In this study sampling method is random. Gathering information tool that it was standard questionnaires to confirm the validity of experts and professors expert. For reliability questionnaire Cronbach's and other related indicators used their results confirm that represents the reliability of the questionnaire. The questionnaire using factor analysis was confirmed by LISREL software. Research hypotheses were examined using multivariate regression. Research results showed that pure thinking on the management of the supply chain construction projects in the Gulistan province. It also intended to determine the value, making the uninterrupted pursuit of perfection and impact. Pure and fairly new management to reducing time, cost and waste and raising the quality of the pure of construction, and its interaction with supply chain management in order to achieve their objectives and principles.
Integrating Local Knowledge into Language Learning: A Study on the Your Language My Culture (YLMC) Project
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Nambiar Radha M.K. , Anawar Nurul Amalina bt
Published: July 2018

Language and culture share a nebulous relationship with multiple considerations like which culture and how it should be represented, taking into account the diverse contexts in which English is taught. This paper investigates the integration of local knowledge into English language learning by examining the cultural content of the Your Language My Culture supplementary reading module and teachers and students’ acceptance of the module. Using a conceptual framework that incorporated types of culture, cultural senses and representation of cultural information, data were collected using a questionnaire, reflective blogs and evaluation checklists from 57 teachers from various schools in the state of Terengganu in Malaysia. Content and thematic analysis were carried out and the findings show that while local, target and international culture were represented, the emphasis was towards local culture. Most of the cultural information was represented in the form of visual illustrations and less in dialogue and video recordings with the aesthetic sense dominating in terms of cultural sense. It is recommended that types of representations like dialogues, recordings, written tasks, visuals, texts and realia be included to help students attain pragmatic skills to use the language. A richer inclusion of the cultural senses in a balanced way can help students reach a holistic understanding of culture and recognize different perspectives embedded in the language.
Brains in vats and model theory
Authors: Button Tim
Published: July 2018

Hilary Putnam’s BIV argument first occurred to him when ‘thinking about a theorem in modern logic, the “Skolem–Löwenheim Theorem”’ (Putnam 1981: 7). One of my aims in this paper is to explore the connection between the argument and the Theorem. But I also want to draw some further connections. In particular, I think that Putnam’s BIV argument provides us with an impressively versatile template for dealing with sceptical challenges. Indeed, this template allows us to unify some of Putnam’s most enduring contributions to the realism/antirealism debate: his discussions of brains-in-vats, of Skolem’s Paradox, and of permutations. In all three cases, we have an argument which does not merely defeat the sceptic; it also shows us that we must reject some prima facie plausible philosophical picture.Published in S. Goldberg (ed.), The Brain in a Vat, Cambridge University Press: 131–54.
Schema Activation Management in Translation: Challenges and Risks
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Ali Hisham M.
Published: July 2018

The present paper investigates the powerful effects of schemata on the translator’s choices, and how translation theory and English as a foreign language (EFL) pedagogy can contribute to a better understanding and informed use of schemata. My principal research question is: to what extent could the study of the various types of schemata benefit translation students, professionals and trainers? Drawing on Grice’s cooperative principle (1975), Martin and White’s appraisal theory (2005), and Pym’s risk management analysis (2015), three English excerpts with their corresponding Arabic translations are thoroughly analyzed. This is followed by linking the findings to translator training. The comparative analysis demonstrates that activating schema seems to reflect the translator’s ideology and power relations as a result of asymmetric information that characterizes the relation between translators, commissioners and readers. It also shows that the lack of formal schema leads to an inaccurate employment of the linguistic schema and image schema. Finally, the paper argues that the same schema building techniques, such as semantic mapping, adopted in EFL teaching methods could be applied to translator training. The study, therefore, concludes with a call for empirical translation research into the functions of schemata, particularly the linguistic schema, in light of think-aloud protocols.
The strategic paradox of autonomous weapons
Authors: Kovic Marko
Published: July 2018

Progress in artificial intelligence makes the technology increasingly relevant to military applications. In particular, autonomous weapons could be of great military use: Autonomous weapons could achieve goals more effectively and more efficiently than humans or human-operated weapons. In this policy brief, the potential impact of implementing autonomous weapons on the behavior and decision-making of the military is discussed. The most probable positive impact, greater adherence to humanitarian law on the battlefield, is outweighed by the most probable negative impact, a disruption of the military chain of command and the security risks that follow from that disruption. This creates a strategic paradox: Even though autonomous weapons could help the military achieve goals more effectively and more efficiently, autonomous weapons would strategically undermine the military by disrupting the chain of command and by creating a great security risk.
Hilary Mantel: Embodying Thomas Cromwell and Redefining Historical Fiction through ‘Women’s Writing’
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Alghamdi Alaa
Published: July 2018

Hilary Mantel's Tudor novels, Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies, have been credited with rehabilitating the historical fiction genre with their vivid portrayal of life in King Henry's court, through the eyes of Thomas Cromwell. Mantel has received praise for her depiction of Cromwell, but also endured criticism for portraying him in an overly positive light. This paper examines the role of Mantel’s work and depiction of Cromwell in the evolution and potential re-framing of the historical fiction genre. It seeks to achieve four things: to assess the compelling nature of her fiction, to situate her depiction of Cromwell in opposition to other depictions, to highlight her literary approach, and to contextualise Mantel’s writing within ‘women’s writing’. Through this multifaceted approach it is conclusively established that although Mantel’s narratives are situated within a female-dominated genre, they are told from a masculine perspective and gaze. Nonetheless, they still hold a significant subtext suggestive of the ‘feminine’. This paper thereby reinforces the argument of feminist critic Julia Kristeva and shows Hilary Mantel and her ‘embodied’ depiction of Cromwell in a light previously unseen, holding merit for the genre of historical fiction as a whole.
Save Room for Pie: Adding Pie Charts to Network Visualizations in R with statnet and plotrix
Authors: Marcum Christopher Steven , Schaefer David R.
Published: July 2018

In typical network visualization the capacity to convey information aboutany particular vertex in the graph is limited to around four dimensions.These include manipulation of vertex size, shape, color, and labels. It isoften useful, however, to display compositional information about thevertices on the graph that transcend that limit. In this paper, weintroduce a method to impose pie charts onto the vertices of social networkvisualizations. Our code snippet is provided in the text along with twoexamples: one using fractional data and another using multivariatecompositional data. Our goal with this code snippet is to introduce avisual device to convey both relational and compositional information inone figure.
Our Bizarre System for Proving Copyright Infringement
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

At the heart of copyright infringement cases is “substantial similarity”between the plaintiff’s and the defendant’s works. But while every circuitagrees on the centrality of substantial similarity, that basic agreementconceals surprising differences in what exactly we mean by substantialsimilarity and how it is to be proven in court. And the majority approach,defined by the Second Circuit in Arnstein v. Porter and the Ninth Circuitin Sid and Marty Krofft, has the analysis of proof exactly backwards –permitting analytic dissection of the works and expert testimony where thequestion is one that should be handed to the members of the jury, andfalling back on the “ordinary observer” test on the very questions thatrequire careful dissection by the court. I argue that the Arnstein andKrofft tests make no sense. A better model draws from software copyrightcases, which give filtration and dissection of unprotectable elements amore central role.
Duality in Diversity: Cultural Heterogeneity, Language, and Firm Performance
Authors: Corritore Matthew , Goldberg Amir , Srivastava Sameer
Published: July 2018

How does cultural heterogeneity in an organization relate to its underlying capacity for execution and innovation? Existing literature often understands cultural diversity as presenting a trade-off between task coordination and creative problem-solving. This work assumes that diversity arises primarily through cultural differences between individuals. In contrast, we propose that diversity can also exist within persons such that cultural heterogeneity can be unpacked into two distinct forms: interpersonal and intrapersonal. We argue that the former tends to undermine coordination and portends worsening firm profitability, while the latter facilitates creativity and supports greater patenting success and more positive market valuations. To evaluate these propositions, we use unsupervised learning to identify cultural content in employee reviews of nearly 500 publicly traded firms on a leading company review website and then develop novel, time-varying measures of cultural heterogeneity. Our empirical results lend support for our two core propositions, demonstrating that a diversity of cultural beliefs in an organization does not necessarily impose a trade-off between operational efficiency and creativity.
Corporate elites and intercorporate networks
Authors: Carroll William K. , Sapinski Jean Philippe
Published: July 2018

Although systematic network analyses mapping the social organization of business power date only from the 1970s, scholars have explored the relations that link corporations and their directors into corporate elites and intercorporate networks for over a century.
Validation of a New Continuous Geographic Isolation Scale: A Tool for Rural Health Disparities Research
Authors: Doogan Nathan J , Roberts Megan E , Wewers Mary Ellen , Tanenbaum Erin R , Mumford Elizabeth A , Stillman Frances A
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new continuous measure for rural health disparities research to characterize geographic areas according to a perspective of access to resources. We call the measure Isolation and anticipate it will be useful as an alternative to commonly used rural classification schemes (e.g., the Census Bureau's measure). Following the best known standards for measuring rurality, it captures the trade-off between access to resource-rich, high-population-density areas and the cost of travel to those areas; thus even intrinsically low-resource areas may have high access to nearby resources. Validity was tested with proxies such as nighttime outdoor lights, distance to hospitals, physician availability, and access to high quality food. The Isolation scale demonstrated good construct validity (i.e., both convergent and criterion validity). Fit statistics indicated that, compared to other commonly-used urban/rural definitions, the Isolation scale was the best overall measure when predicting several proxies for rurality, even when categorized. We also show that the measure does a substantially better job at explaining national health outcome data at the state level. This new continuous Isolation scale shows considerable promise for improving our conceptualization, theorization, and measurement of the features of rurality that are pertinent to rural health disparities research, and can also be useful to policy makers who may find value in using isolation thresholds that are most relevant to their policy planning needs.
Health Care Crowds: Collective Intelligence in Public Health
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

For what purposes are crowds being implemented in health care? Which crowdsourcing methods are being used? This work begins to answer these questions by reporting the early results of a systematic literature review of 110 pieces of relevant research. The results of this exploratory research in progress reveals that collective intelligence outcomes are being generated in three broad categories of public health care; health promotion, health research, and health maintenance, using all three known forms of crowdsourcing. Stemming from this fundamental analysis, some potential implications of the research are discussed and useful future research is outlined.Prpić, J., (2015). Health Care Crowds: Collective Intelligence in Public Health. Collective Intelligence 2015. Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan.
A factor analytic examination of the Achievement Goal Questionnaire-Revised: A three-factor model
Authors: Strunk Kamden K
Published: July 2018

The literature in achievement goals includes mixed results as to the factor structure of achievement goal measures, particularly the Achievement Goal Questionnaire, Revised (AGQ-R). In a sample of 1,496 undergraduate students (600 men, 891 women, 5 gender unreported; M age = 20.6 yr., SD = 3.2), the AGQ-R was subjected to an exploratory factor analysis that suggested three factors. Then, in a different sample of 1,125 undergraduate students (270 men, 750 women, 5 gender unreported; M age = 21.7 yr., SD = 5.4), the measure was subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis, in which a three-factor solution, again, showed the best fit to the observed data. The implications of these results for the measurement of achievement goals are discussed.
Towards a Taxonomy of Crowd-civic Systems
Authors: Poblet Marta
Published: July 2018

This paper proposes a preliminary taxonomy of crowd-civic systems developed in a number of areas and geographical contexts. The taxonomy is based on different theoretical models of democracy and their underlying visions of citizenship. While this classification is neither exhaustive nor categorical, it may contribute to discovering connections between theoretical models of democracy and state-of-the-art digital platforms and tools. Framing crowd-civic systems within different models and visions of democracy and citizenship can also shed new light to concepts such as participation or deliberation, as well as to the role of civic technologies in reshaping them.
Asset Poverty and Material Hardship in South Korea
Authors: Weon Soyoon , Rothwell David W.
Published: July 2018

Decades of research and experience with anti-poverty programs around the world have revealed that there is more to poverty than simply maintaining a certain income level. However, until recently, poverty analysis in Korea has been mostly based on income. This study examines the multidimensional living conditions of the poor and its causes in Korea by testing the association between the material hardship and asset and income poverty. Material hardship is a direct poverty measure to identify the poor as those whose actual consumption fails to meet the basic needs. The main purpose of this study is to contribute to our understanding of the living conditions of the poor and the causes of material hardship including food, housing, utilities, and health hardship. Using the binary logistic regression analysis, this study found that households who were poor only in assets (and not income) were more likely than households who were income poor but not asset poor to experience all types of material hardship except for food. This finding suggests that the asset poor are more vulnerable to material hardship than is estimated by the income poverty measure. We describe how future research needs to expand hardship measures to encompass various living conditions in relation to the current Korean social context. This study implies that policy responses to poverty could be improved to the extent they consider the type and amount of a household’s available economic resources.
The Impact of WhatsApp on EFL students' Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Bensalem Elias
Published: July 2018

Social networking applications have emerged as potential new tools for enhancing second language vocabulary learning. The current study explores the development of academic vocabulary knowledge of English as a foreign language (EFL) students using WhatsApp compared to the traditional method of vocabulary instruction. It also aims at investigating students’ perceptions about the use WhatsApp in learning vocabulary. Forty Arab EFL students at the elementary level enrolled at a public university in the Arabian Gulf region participated in the study. Twenty one participants belonging to the same class were randomly assigned to the experimental group. They completed and submitted their vocabulary assignments which consisted of looking up the meanings of new words in a dictionary and building a sentence using each word and submitting their sentences via WhatsApp. Nineteen students from another class were assigned to the control group. They had to submit the same homework assignment using the paper and pencil method. Data were collected using pretest-posttest design. Results of t-test scores indicated that WhatsApp group significantly outperformed the traditional group on a vocabulary test. Furthermore, results of a questionnaire that gauged participants’ perception of the use of WhatsApp in learning vocabulary show that generally participants have positive attitudes towards learning new vocabulary items via WhatsApp. Implications for teaching and future research are discussed.
Rise of ineffective incentives: New empirical evidence on tax holidays in developing countries
Authors: Stausholm Saila Naomi
Published: July 2018

Developing countries employ tax incentives in the hope of attracting investors, but questions remain on the effects of these policies. Asking whether tax incentives undermine or facilitate development, this paper investigates tax rates and tax holidays in terms of both economic and social impacts in developing countries 1985-2014 in the largest panel data set ever deployed for this purpose. The collection of new data results in three major contributions to the existing literature. First, the analysis shows that the use of tax holidays has increased over the last decade throughout all four regions surveyed: Latin America, Asia, Africa and the Caribbean. Second, the analysis finds that the effect of tax holidays on FDI is negligible and decreasing, and importantly, that it does not translate into neither real capital accumulation nor economic growth. Third, the paper then investigates how the revenue losses from tax incentives can mean real differences for human development by analyzing the effect on tax revenues, spending, health and education outcomes. The paper concludes that tax holidays are negatively correlated with tax revenues, and as revenues decrease, the spending on education decreases. This has real effects, as evidenced by a significant negative correlation with enrollment in primary education. The analysis concludes that tax holidays overall have more negative than positive impacts on sustainable development.
Sensorimotor Theory and the Problems of Consciousness
Authors: Silverman David
Published: July 2018

The sensorimotor theory is an influential account of perception and phenomenal qualities that builds, in an empirically-supported way, on the basic claim that conscious experience is best construed as an attribute of the whole embodied agent’s skill-driven interactions with the environment. This paper, in addition to situating the theory as a response to certain well-known problems of consciousness, develops a sensorimotor account of why we are perceptually conscious rather than not.
Exposure to Opposing Views can Increase Political Polarization: Evidence from a Large-Scale Field Experiment on Social Media
Authors: Bail Christopher A. , Argyle Lisa , Brown Taylor , Bumpus John , Chen Haohan , Hunzaker M.B. Fallin , Lee Jaemin , Mann Marcus , Merhout Friedolin , Volfovsky Alexander
Published: July 2018

There is mounting concern that social media sites contribute to political polarization by creating "echo chambers" that insulate people from opposing views about current events. We surveyed a large sample of Democrats and Republicans who visit Twitter at least three times each week about a range of social policy issues. One week later, we randomly assigned respondents to a treatment condition in which they were offered financial incentives to follow a Twitter bot for one month that exposed them to messages produced by elected officials, organizations, and other opinion leaders with opposing political ideologies. Respondents were re-surveyed at the end of the month to measure the effect of this treatment, and at regular intervals throughout the study period to monitor treatment compliance. We find that Republicans who followed a liberal Twitter bot became substantially more conservative post-treatment, and Democrats who followed a conservative Twitter bot became slightly more liberal post-treatment. These findings have important implications for the interdisciplinary literature on political polarization as well as the emerging field of computational social science.
How victims conceptualize their experiences of hate crime
Authors: Andersson Mika , Mellgren Caroline , Ivert Anna-Karin
Published: July 2018

The aim of the study is to provide the victims’ perspective to the contemporary conceptualization of hate crime. Much attention has been given to the interpretational frameworks of offenders, and although victims’ definitions of hate crime are sometimes mentioned in passing in interview studies, this has never been a primary subject of study.The present study applies phenomenological analysis to 28 semi-structured interviews with victims of hate crime. The results show that the participants primarily apply meaning to their experiences in social groups and use previous experiences to guide their interpretations. While the conceptualization of victims largely concurs with theory presented by the research community and special interest organizations, they diverge from how hate crime is contextualized in hate crime legislation.
Decentralisation, Regional Autonomy and Ethnic Civil Wars: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis, 1950-2010
Authors: Tranchant Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2018

This paper empirically revisits the relationships between decentralisation, regional autonomy and ethnic civil war. On the one hand, decentralisation and autonomy may allow ethnic minorities to directly control their own affairs or to better hold regional rulers to account. On the other hand, decentralisation and autonomy in multi-ethnic countries may foster centrifugal forces and bestow legitimacy and resources to secessionist groups. Current evidence from cross-country or cross-ethnic group econometric studies are limited by crude operationalisation of decentralisation and often questionable treatment of endogeneity.The paper makes three key contributions: i) it builds a new dataset bringing together up-to-date and cutting edge data on decentralisation and autonomy (RAI) and ethnic group violence (EPR), thereby providing new insights on groups exposure to decentralisation in 81 countries between 1945 and 2010; ii) it tests how various facets of decentralisation (autonomy, self-rule, shared-rule, political decentralisation) relate to ethnic violence; and iii) it exploits dynamic panel data techniques, namely the difference-GMM estimator, to account for reverse causality and unobserved heterogeneity biases. The validity and strength of the estimator are explicitly established.I find that regional autonomy - even when decentralisation is otherwise limited - strongly reduces the incidence of ethnic civil wars. The conflict-mitigating effect of autonomy is maximal when regional governments command substantial powers in terms of policy-setting and when political decentralisation is strong. Political decentralisation is also found to be a strong and consistent factor of ethnic peace in the absence of regional autonomy. In contrast, granting regional governments wide-ranging authorities on policy and fiscal matters does not reduce the incidence of large-scale ethnic conflict on its own. Granting autonomy to regional governments which have no substantial powers of self-rule is weakly correlated with higher chances of onset of civil wars but a combination of autonomy and above-median self-rule and political decentralisation strongly reduces such a likelihood. Regional autonomy appears to be the only effective strategy to stop existing civil wars.
Technology-Supported Online Writing: An Overview of Six Major Web 2.0 Tools for Collaborative-Online Writing
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alkhataba Eid Hamoudeh Ahmed , Abdul-Hamid Samsiah , Bashir Ibrahim
Published: July 2018

The emergent of the internet and the rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICT) envisaged a system capable of quickly transforming and modernizing the teaching and learning processes. The 21st century Web 2.0 technologies, such as Edmodo, Google docs, Zoho writer, Blogs, Wikis, and Facebook can be used in blended or virtually online learning classes, forums or courses. They play significant roles in promoting mutual interaction, collaborative platforms for communication and learning among people. This paper aims to give an overview of six major webs 2.0 technologies most capable of providing online writing in blended or virtual online classrooms. It was found that despite the enormous applications of Web 2.0 technologies in education, they are not formally enacted as part of the educational curriculum, though, they are widely considered as techniques that aid learning or used for social interaction purposes per se.
Correlation between Self-Efficacy Perception and Teaching Performance: The Case of Mexican Preschool and Primary School Teachers
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Cocca Michaela , Cocca Armando , Martínez Elizabeth Alvarado , Bulnes María Guadalupe Rodríguez
Published: July 2018

Self-efficacy (SE) is a key factor of the teaching-learning process success. While literature on SE and its dimensions is rich in the field of education, still there is a lack of studies aiming to explore teachers’ SE in contrast with their actual teaching skills and their characteristics. For this reason, this study aims to respond to the following research questions: are there differences between perceived SE and actual teaching performance in preschool and primary school teachers? Which sources of SE can be considered as significant predictors of teachers’ SE? This work employs a quantitative approach based on the observational method. Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale and classroom observation frameworks were used to collect data from a sample of 24 teachers. Results show that there are high inconsistencies between self-judgments and actual teaching performance (p > .05). Experienced and medium experienced teachers show higher scores than novice teachers in several dimensions of SE (p < .05). However, teachers’ educational background is not significantly correlated with their SE (p > .05). Resource support is found as the only significant predictor of SE in our sample of teachers (p < .001; p2 = .733). Our research suggests that teachers may have a distorted perception of their in-class performance, which could drive to lower quality of the teaching-learning process. Therefore, in the future, professional training programs should focus on promoting a more realistic understanding and awareness of teachers’ actions in the classroom as the first step of any intervention aiming to increase teaching quality.
Investigating the Meanings of Rīḥ (a wind) and Rīyaḥ (winds) and theirTranslation Issues in the Holy Qur'ān
Authors: Studies AWEJ for Translation & Literary , Abdul-Ghafour Abdul-Qader Khaleel Mohammed , Awal Norsimah Mat , Zainudin Intan Safinaz , Aladdin Ashinida
Published: July 2018

This study investigates the meanings of ريح (a wind) and رياح (winds) and their translation issues in the Holy Qur'ān. It aims at identifying the contextual meanings of these words based on different exegeses of the Holy Qur'ān. Then, it explains the nuances that exist between the two lexical items. The study also examines how the shades of meaning of the Qur'ānic words are reflected in two English translations of the Holy Qur'ān, namely, Arberry (2003) and Irving (2002). The study adopts the RC-S approach by Murphy (2003) as a theoretical framework for data analysis. It also employs the qualitative approach to collect and analyze the data of the study. Different exegeses are consulted to identify the differences between the two words. The results reveal that there are some differences in meaning between these Arabic words in Holy Qur'ān and that the shades of meaning of these words are not reflected in the English translations. The study provides recommendations for readers and translators especially the translators of the Holy Qur'ān.
Translating Food Menus from English into Arabic: Linguistic and Cultural Dilemmas
Authors: Studies AWEJ for Translation & Literary , Rushaidi Mohammed Sayyiyed Al- , Ali Holi Ibrahim Holi
Published: July 2018

Translating food menus is a fundamental communication tool for restaurants and coffee shops to market their products and to inform their costumers about the type, quality and diversity of food and products available for their use. This study aims at investigating some translation strategies used to translate food menus from English into Arabic and the salient linguistic and cultural problems resulted fromthe usage of such inappropriate strategies. This study the focuses the translation strategies used to translate food menus in 10 restaurants and coffee shops in Muscat, Oman and the problems which resulted from the usage of such strategies and what could be suggested to help translation practitioners to handle such challenges. The selection of the corpus was based on practical reasons. The data was analysed descriptively by using frequencies and percentages. The findings revealed that there was a number of translation strategies used frequently to translate food menus in the corpus in questions which are: borrowing, literal translation, using a super ordinate word, amplification, reduction and using a load word plus an explanation respectively. The usage of these strategies caused several problems such as lexical ambiguity, lack of clarity and confusion. The study recommends that choosing the appropriate strategy for translating food menu is of a vital importance to help avoiding translation problems. What is the aim of the study?
Inter-ethnic Interaction, Strategic Bargaining Power, and the Dynamics of Cultural Norms: A Field Study in an Amazonian Population
Authors: Bunce John A , McElreath Richard
Published: July 2018

This article has now been published. It is open-access and available here: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-017-9297-8Ethnic groups are universal and unique to human societies. Such groups sometimes have norms of behavior that are adaptively linked to their social and ecological circumstances, and ethnic boundaries may function to protect that variation from erosion by inter-ethnic interaction. However, such interaction is often frequent and voluntary, suggesting that individuals may be able to strategically reduce its costs, allowing adaptive cultural variation to persist in spite of interaction with out-groups with different norms. We examine five mechanisms influencing the dynamics of ethnically-distinct cultural norms, each focused on strategic individual-level choices in inter-ethnic interaction: bargaining, interaction frequency-biased norm adoption, assortment on norms, success-biased inter-ethnic social learning, and childhood socialization. We use Bayesian item response models to analyze patterns of norm variation and inter-ethnic interaction in an ethnically-structured Amazonian population. We show that, among indigenous Matsigenka, inter-ethnic education with colonial Mestizos is more strongly associated with Mestizo-typical norms than is even extensive inter-ethnic experience in commerce and wage labor. Using ethnographic observations, we show that all five of the proposed mechanisms of norm adoption may contribute to this effect. However, of these mechanisms, we argue that changes in relative bargaining power are particularly important for ethnic minorities wishing to preserve distinctive norms while engaging in inter-ethnic interaction in domains such as education. If this mechanism proves applicable in a range of other ethnographic contexts, it would constitute one cogent explanation for when and why ethnically-structured cultural variation can either persist or erode given frequent, and often mutually beneficial, inter-ethnic interaction.
Four Challenges in the Future of Restorative Justice
Authors: Wood William R , Suzuki Masahiro
Published: July 2018

Restorative justice (RJ) emerged in the late 1970s as an alternative to conventional youth and criminal justice practices. Since this time, RJ has experienced rapid growth in theory and practice. At the same time, much of this growth has come from expansion in lower-end criminal justice responses to crime, and in the increasing use of the term “restorative” for a widening host of practices and interventions. RJ has also faced problems related to its increasing institutionalization, resulting in divergence from earlier aims and goals. In this article, we set forth what we see as the four biggest challenges facing the future of RJ, namely problems related to definition, institutionalization, displacement, and relevance of RJ practices. We follow with discussion of possible future directions of RJ.
Asymmetry of Caddo Ceramics from the Washington Square Mound Site: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Selden Robert Z.
Published: July 2018

While pursuing a study of 3D geometric morphometrics for ceramic burial vessels that often articulate with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) from the ancestral Caddo region, there have been no shortage of potentially meaningful observations, one of which--rotational asymmetry--is discussed here. Using Geomagic Design X (reverse-engineering software) and Geomagic Verify (inspection software), metrics associated with rotational asymmetry were generated and analyzed. Future directions include the incorporation of directional and fluctuating asymmetry measures of the widest vessel profiles, which were calculated in Design X then analyzed using the geomorph package in R. Preliminary results point toward gainful results that can be used to augment more traditional ceramic analyses as well as geometric morphometric studies of ceramic vessel shape.
Building Teacher’s Pedagogical Competence and Teaching Improvement through Lesson Study
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Aimah Siti , Ifadah Muhimatul , Bharati Dwi Anggani Linggar
Published: July 2018

Teachers’ competence in managing the classroom becomes a significant factor in the students’ comprehension, and further, in developing their competence. This study was aimed to observe and give the evidence of the use lesson study in helping the teacher to have the other’s perspective, especially in the process of teaching to strengthen their strategies and classroom management. By applying action research through plan, do, and reflective phases, lesson study was able to foster significant teaching skill to develop the quality of teaching and learning. The average of teachers’ pedagogical competence for Language Testing Administration (LTA) was 3.33 and 2.84 for Genre Based Writing (GBW) from three cycles. The improvement of teachers’ pedagogical competence was based on their decision in adjusting the material and approach to implement a meaningful learning. It proved that students’ motivation could be optimally stimulated in joining the classroom. However, the students’ perception of teachers’ pedagogical competence was also increasing. It was believed that it was a part of teaching improvement. Therefore, it is recommended to implement lesson study for improving the quality of learning especially for its process.
Patent Holdup, the ITC, and the Public Interest
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The Supreme Court's eBay decision requires district courts to weigh theequities before permanently enjoining a defendant. This is a good thing.Since eBay, the tactic of threatening injunctions to, in the Court’s words,“extract exorbitant fees” has declined. It's now harder for a patentassertion entity (PAE), or patent “troll," and in certain cases, operatingcompanies, to win an injunction. But eBay’s discretionary test doesn’tapply at the ITC. This has had the unintended consequence of driving thosewho seek to circumvent eBay's ruling to the ITC, where the odds of gettingan injunctions are better. In this paper, we document that trend, which isdramatic. Increasingly, cases filed at the ITC are filed by PAEs against anentire industry, often information technology. Practicing entities too haveturned to the ITC to seek injunctions district courts won't give them, forexample on patents covering industry standards.Because the ITC can’t award damages, it has granted injunctions as a matterof course. But as we suggest in this paper, the Commission has more powerto adjust the remedy it grants than previously recognized. We think itshould use that flexibility to limit exclusion orders when competitiveconditions demand it. A PAE may not be any more justified to receive anexclusion order from the ITC under its public interest analysis than toreceive an injunction from a district court applying eBay. Even practicingentities should be denied the power to exclude in some circumstances, forexample when the patents are standards-essential and/or encumbered by aRAND license, there is no evidence of bad faith, and the patentee can seekdamages in the district court. When exclusion orders are issued, delays intheir implementation and grandfathering in existing products can reduceholdup. Bond and penalty provisions could be used to ensure that patenteesare compensated for ongoing infringement during these transition periods.Using its discretion wisely, the ITC can administer the statute to fairlyand efficiently give patentees their due while minimizing harm to thepublic interest.
Causal and constitutive explanation compared
Authors: Ylikoski Petri
Published: July 2018

This article compares causal and constitutive explanation. While scientific inquiry usually addresses both causal and constitutive questions, making the distinction is crucial for a detailed understanding of scientific questions and their interrelations. These explanations have different kinds of explananda and they track different sorts of dependencies. Constitutive explanations do not address events or behaviors, but causal capacities. While there are some interesting relations between building and causal manipulation, causation and constitution are not to be confused. Constitution is a synchronous and asymmetric relation between relata that cannot be conceived as independent existences. However, despite their metaphysical differences, the same key ideas about explanation largely apply to both. Causal and constitutive explanations face similar challenges (such as the problems of relevance and explanatory regress) and both are in the business of mapping networks of counterfactual dependence – i.e. mechanisms – although the relevant counterfactuals are of a different sort. In the final section the issue of developmental explanation is discussed. It is argued that developmental explanations deserve their own place in taxonomy of explanations, although ultimately developmental dependencies can be analyzed as combinations of causal and constitutive dependencies. Hence, causal and constitutive explanation are distinct, but not always completely separate forms of explanation.
Human versus Automated Essay Scoring: A Critical Review
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Sevcikova Beata Lewis
Published: July 2018

In the last 30 years, numerous scholars have described the possible changes in marking writingassignments. The paper reflects these developments as it charts the paths recently taken in the field, evaluates automated and human essay scoring systems in academic environments and analyzes the implications that both systems offer. In recent years, ways and opportunities for giving feedback have changed as computer programs have been more widely used in assessing students writing. Numerous researchers have studied computerized feedback and its potential. Different problems, such as quality of this type of feedback, validity, and reliability have been analyzed. This critical review examines two major types of academic writing support. The objective of the study based on the literature review is to examine the potential support of human and automated proofreaders for teaching and learning purposes.
Making Over Poor Women: Gender, Race, Class & Body Size in a Welfare-to-Work Nonprofit Organization
Authors: Gruys Kjerstin
Published: July 2018

Research on aesthetic labor suggests that poor women’s appearance may hinder their job prospects, yet little research has examined the institutional contexts through which they might acquire these embodied capacities. I draw on 13 months of ethnographic fieldwork at a welfare-to-work nonprofit that helps unemployed poor women through “style advice” and second-hand business attire. I examine organizational policies along with interactions between staff, volunteers, and clients to understand the extent to which – and how –cultural capital is transmitted to participants. I focus especially on the relationship between “objectified cultural capital” (professional attire, in this case) and clients’ “bodily capital,” which is bounded by the intersecting corporealities of gender, race, class, and body size. I find that, despite providing an essential service to women who need professional attire, the organization reproduces the inequalities it seeks to remedy through uneven distribution of objectified cultural capital, penalizing clients seen as “undeserving” and those with stigmatized embodiments. I use these findings to caution against romanticized understandings of philanthropic efforts to remedy social inequality, while also underscoring the importance of taking embodiment – particularly the striking social disadvantages of larger body size – into account when examining the intersections of gender, race and class.