bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing population distribution of drug‐metabolizing enzyme activities for the use of salivary caffeine as a dynamic liver function marker in a Singaporean Chinese population
Authors: Chia Hazel Yiting , Yau Wai‐Ping , Ho Han Kiat
Published: February 2016

The salivary paraxanthine/caffeine molar ratio has been proposed as a novel dynamic liver function test to guide dose adjustments of drugs hepatically cleared by CYP1A2. Its usability requires an established population norm as well as the factors influencing the ratio and actual concentrations. To address this knowledge gap, salivary caffeine and paraxanthine concentrations were measured at 4 h post caffeine dose in healthy Chinese individuals who had undergone 24 h of caffeine abstinence. The metabolic ratio was calculated and statistical analysis was performed. From the 52 participants (26 males; 30 regular caffeine consumers) recruited, the salivary paraxanthine/caffeine molar ratio was normally distributed with a mean and SD of 0.5 ± 0.2. No statistically significant factors (BMI, body weight, gender and regularity of caffeine intake) affecting the metabolic ratio were found. The caffeine concentration and total caffeine plus paraxanthine concentrations were lower in males than in females, and lower in regular caffeine consumers than in non‐regular caffeine consumers. The 4 h salivary metabolic ratio (mean: 0.5) was generally not significantly different from the literature reported salivary, serum and plasma ratios measured at 4–9 h in healthy individuals (mean range 0.4–0.7) but was significantly higher than the literature reported 6 h plasma ratio and salivary ratios measured at 1–6 h in patients with liver disease or mild abnormal liver function tests (mean range 0.03–0.2). Overall, the population norm of the salivary metabolic ratio in a Singaporean Chinese population established in this study is distinct from individuals with liver disease or mild abnormal liver function tests and provides the benchmark for dosage adjustments of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Higher education, graduate skills and the skills of graduates: the case of graduates as residential sales estate agents
Authors: Tholen Gerbrand , Relly Susan James , Warhurst Chris , Commander Joanna
Published: February 2016

The UK labour market is subject to significant graduatisation. Yet in the context of an over‐supply of graduates, little is known about the demand for and deployment of graduate skills in previously non‐graduate jobs. Moreover, there is little examination of where these skills are developed, save an assumption in higher education. Using interviews and questionnaire data from a study of British residential sales estate agents, this article explores the demand, deployment and development of graduate skills in an occupation that is becoming graduatised. These data provide no evidence to support the view that the skills demanded and deployed are those solely developed within higher education. Instead what employers require is a wide array of predominantly soft skills developed in many different situs. These findings suggest that, in the case of estate agents, what matters are the ‘skills of graduates’ rather than putative ‘graduate skills’.
Activation of MEK1/2‐ERK1/2 signaling during NNK‐induced lung carcinogenesis in female A/J mice
Authors: Yamakawa Keiko , Yokohira Masanao , Nakano Yuko , Kishi Sosuke , Kanie Shohei , Imaida Katsumi
Published: February 2016

The extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway is activated by several growth factors and mitogens, and upregulation has been noted in many human cancers, including examples in the lung. In this study, to study the association of ERK1/2 activation with mutation of Kras encoding an upstream activator of ERK1/2 in lung premalignant lesions, we immunohistochemically examined expression of phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and MAP/ERK kinase 1/2 (pMEK1/2) proteins and correlation between ERK activation and mutation of Kras encoding an upstream activator of ERK1/2, in a mouse lung carcinogenesis model. Female 7‐week‐old A/J mice were administered a single dose of 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK), then maintained without additional treatment until sacrifice at week 52. Histopathologically, adenocarcinomas, adenomas and hyperplasias were observed in the lung. pMEK1/2 was expressed mostly in the cell cytoplasm in all three. In contrast, pERK1/2‐positive cells were also relatively rare in any histological types as compared with level of pMEK1/2 expression. However, pERK1/2‐positive cells in adenocarcinoma were still markedly more common than in hyperplasias and adenomas (~5‐fold, ~4‐fold; P < 0.01). Activating mutations of Kras gene at codons 12, 13 and 61 were detected in the majority of adenomas and adenocarcinomas, but without any significant relation to pERK1/2 expression. These results suggest that activation of ERK1/2 plays a key role in malignant transformation during lung carcinogenesis featuring Kras mutaion. Activation of ERK1/2 in lung premalignant lesions was little regardless of the mutation of Kras, and ERK1/2 activation in NNK‐induced mouse lung carcinogenesis may be regulated not only by Kras mutation but also other signaling pathway or regulatory factor.
Associations between advanced cancer patients' survival and family caregiver presence and burden
Authors: Dionne‐Odom J. Nicholas , Hull Jay G. , Martin Michelle Y. , Lyons Kathleen Doyle , Prescott Anna T. , Tosteson Tor , Li Zhongze , Akyar Imatullah , Raju Dheeraj , Bakitas Marie A.
Published: February 2016

We conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an early palliative care intervention (ENABLE: Educate, Nurture, Advise, Before Life Ends) for persons with advanced cancer and their family caregivers. Not all patient participants had a caregiver coparticipant; hence, we explored whether there were relationships between patient survival, having an enrolled caregiver, and caregiver outcomes prior to death. One hundred and twenty‐three patient‐caregiver dyads and 84 patients without a caregiver coparticipant participated in the ENABLE early versus delayed (12 weeks later) RCT. We collected caregiver quality‐of‐life (QOL), depression, and burden (objective, stress, and demand) measures every 6 weeks for 24 weeks and every 3 months thereafter until the patient's death or study completion. We conducted survival analyses using log‐rank and Cox proportional hazards models. Patients with a caregiver coparticipant had significantly shorter survival (Wald = 4.31, HR = 1.52, CI: 1.02–2.25, P = 0.04). After including caregiver status, marital status (married/unmarried), their interaction, and relevant covariates, caregiver status (Wald = 6.25, HR = 2.62, CI: 1.23–5.59, P = 0.01), being married (Wald = 8.79, HR = 2.92, CI: 1.44–5.91, P = 0.003), and their interaction (Wald = 5.18, HR = 0.35, CI: 0.14–0.87, P = 0.02) were significant predictors of lower patient survival. Lower survival in patients with a caregiver was significantly related to higher caregiver demand burden (Wald = 4.87, CI: 1.01–1.20, P = 0.03) but not caregiver QOL, depression, and objective and stress burden. Advanced cancer patients with caregivers enrolled in a clinical trial had lower survival than patients without caregivers; however, this mortality risk was mostly attributable to higher survival by unmarried patients without caregivers. Higher caregiver demand burden was also associated with decreased patient survival.
Radiation‐induced mesothelioma among long‐term solid cancer survivors: a longitudinal analysis of SEER database
Authors: Farioli Andrea , Ottone Marta , Morganti Alessio G. , Compagnone Gaetano , Romani Fabrizio , Cammelli Silvia , Mattioli Stefano , Violante Francesco S.
Published: February 2016

We investigated the association between external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma among long‐term (>5 years) solid cancer survivors. We analyzed data from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program (1973–2012). We fitted survival models adjusted by age, gender, race, year, surgery, and relative risk of primary mesothelioma in the county of residence (proxy for individual asbestos exposure). We estimated hazard ratios [HR] with reference to nonirradiated patients. We distinguished between scattered and direct irradiation to study the dose–response. We observed 301 mesotheliomas (265 pleural; 32 peritoneal; 4 others) among 935,637 patients. EBRT increased the risk of mesothelioma (any site; HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.04–1.77). We observed an increased risk of pleural mesothelioma (HR for EBRT 1.34, 95% CI 1.01–1.77), but we did not find signs of a dose–response relationship (HR for scattered irradiation 1.38; HR for direct irradiation 1.23). On the opposite, only direct peritoneal irradiation was associated with peritoneal mesothelioma (HR 2.20, 95% CI 0.99–4.88), particularly for latencies ≥10 years (HR 3.28, 95% CI 1.14–9.43). A competing risks analysis revealed that the clinical impact of radiation‐induced mesothelioma was limited by the high frequency of competing events. The cumulative incidence function of mesothelioma after 40 years of observation was very low (nonirradiated patients 0.00032, irradiated patients 0.00055).EBRT might be a determinant of mesothelioma. Longer latency periods are associated with higher risks, while the dose–response seems nonlinear. The clinical impact of mesothelioma after EBRT for primary solid cancers is limited.
The AhR is involved in the regulation of LoVo cell proliferation through cell cycle‐associated proteins
Authors: Yin Jiuheng , Sheng Baifa , Han Bin , Pu Aimin , Yang Kunqiu , Li Ping , Wang Qimeng , Xiao Weidong , Yang Hua
Published: February 2016

Some ingredients in foods can activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and arrest cell proliferation. In this study, we hypothesized that 6‐formylindolo [3, 2‐b] carbazole (FICZ) arrests the cell cycle in LoVo cells (a colon cancer line) through the AhR. The AhR agonist FICZ and the AhR antagonist CH223191 were used to treat LoVo cells. Real‐time PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to detect the expression of the AhR, CYP1A1, CDK4, cyclinD1, cyclin E, CDK2, P27, and pRb. The distribution and activation of the AhR were detected with immunofluorescence. A 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2‐H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometric analysis were performed to measure cell viability, cell cycle stage, and apoptosis. Our results show that FICZ inhibited LoVo cell proliferation by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest but had no effect on epithelial apoptosis. Further analysis found that FICZ downregulated cyclinD1 and upregulated p27 expression to arrest Rb phosphorylation. The downregulation of cyclinD1 and upregulation of p27 were abolished by co‐treatment with CH223191. We conclude that the AhR, when activated by FICZ (an endogenous AhR ligand), can arrest the cell cycle and block LoVo cell proliferation.
Correlates and outcomes related to periprocedural myocardial injury during percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion: Results from a prospective, single center PCI registry
Authors: Zhang Qi , Hu Jian , Yang Zhen Kun , Ding Feng Hua , Zhang Jian Sheng , Du Run , Zhu Tian Qi , Shen Wei Feng , Kirtane Ajay J. , Zhang Rui Yan
Published: February 2016

Background

There is increasing interest in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTO). Periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI) post CTO PCI is not uncommon, but true incidence and implications of PMI are not well understood.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate risk factors for PMI post CTO PCI and its implications for the 1‐year clinical outcome of a Chinese population.

Methods

Baseline characteristics, procedure features, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 1 year were assessed in 629 consecutive patients who underwent CTO PCI. PMI was diagnosed as an elevation of creatine kinase MB ≥3 times ULN 12–24 hr post procedure. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the correlates of PMI and MACE at 1‐year follow‐up.

Results

In total, PMI was detected in 115 patients (18.3%). Compared with patients without PMI, those with PMI had a higher percentage of previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), right coronary occlusion and side branch occlusion, and technical success was lower in the PMI group (90.4% vs. 96.7%, P = 0.003). One‐year MACE‐free survival was reduced in the PMI group (87.8% vs. 95.9%, P = 0.001). The final TIMI flow 0–1 (OR 2.23, 95%CI 1.06–4.87, P = 0.02), side branch occlusion (OR 2.67, 95%CI 1.19–7.11, P = 0.009), retrograde PCI (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.10–2.74, P = 0.04), and history of prior CABG (OR 2.41, 95%CI 1.38–5.91, P = 0.01) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of PMI.

Conclusions

In this unique Chinese cohort, PMI post CTO PCI was associated with several clinical and angiographic factors and exerts an adverse effect on 1‐year clinical outcomes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxychalcogenide BaGeOSe2: Highly Distorted Mixed‐Anion Building Units Leading to a Large Second‐Harmonic Generation Response.
Authors: Liu Bin‐Wen , Jiang Xiao‐Ming , Wang Guan‐E , Zeng Hui‐Yi , Zhang Ming‐Jian , Li Shu‐Fang , Guo Wei‐Huan , Guo Guo‐Cong
Published: February 2016

Single crystals of BaGeOSe2 are prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of GeO2, Ba, Se, and extra KI as a flux (evacuated quartz tubes, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Properties of the Acidification Products of Scandium Hydroxy Chloride Hydrate.
Authors: Boyle Timothy J. , Sears Jeremiah M. , Neville Michael L. , Alam Todd M. , Young Victor G. Jr.
Published: February 2016

The reaction of Sc with conc.
ChemInform Abstract: Early‐Lanthanide(III) Acetonitrile—Solvento Adducts with Iodide and Noncoordinating Anions.
Authors: Brown Jessie L. , Davis Benjamin L. , Scott Brian L. , Gaunt Andrew J.
Published: February 2016

Dissolution of LnI3 (Ln: La, Ce) in MeCN (25 °C) results in the highly soluble solvates LaI3(MeCN)5 (I) and CeI3(MeCN)5 (II) in 72‐84% yield.
ChemInform Abstract: A Modularly Designed Supramolecular Organocatalyst as an Effective Stimulant for the Highly Asymmetric Michael Addition of Ketones to Nitro Olefins.
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Shruthi Kodambahalli S. , Madhavachary R.
Published: February 2016

An acid promoted cyclization of the products to medicinally important tetrahydroacridines is also demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of π‐Conjugated Molecules Incorporating Fluorinated Phenylene Units Through Palladium‐Catalyzed Iterative C(sp2)—H Bond Arylations.
Authors: Abdelmalek Fatiha , Derridj Fazia , Djebbar Safia , Soule Jean‐Francois , Doucet Henri
Published: February 2016

The title synthesis starts from heteroarenes and furnishes the products in two or three steps following Pd‐catalyzed desulfitative arylation and direct arylations using aryl bromides sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Glycosylation by Using Electron‐Deficient Pyridinium Salts.
Authors: Das Somnath , Pekel Daniel , Neudoerfl Joerg‐M. , Berkessel Albrecht
Published: February 2016

The novel title method provides excellent yields of glycosylation products and high anomeric selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Reduction of Tertiary Amides in Amino Acid Esters and Peptides.
Authors: Das Shoubhik , Li Yuehui , Bornschein Christoph , Pisiewicz Sabine , Kiersch Konstanze , Michalik Dirk , Gallou Fabrice , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: February 2016

A highly selective reduction of N‐acylated amino acid derivatives to the corresponding N‐alkylated products is developed using PhSiH3 in the presence of a Rh(II)‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Iodides with α‐Cyanoacetates via C—CN Bond Activation.
Authors: Zhang Song‐Lin , Huang Lu
Published: February 2016

A reaction protocol for copper‐catalyzed aromatic cyanation of aryl iodides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel One‐Pot Three‐Component Reaction for the Synthesis of Functionalized Spiroquinazolinones.
Authors: Tajbakhsh Mahdieh , Ramezanpour Sorour , Balalaie Saeed , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: February 2016

8 Title compounds are prepared by a one‐pot three‐component reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,5‐Dihydrofurans via a Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Formal [4 + 1] Cycloaddition of α‐Diazoesters and Propargyl Alcohols.
Authors: Wang Jing , Yao Xinbo , Wang Tao , Han Jie , Zhang Jin , Zhang Xi , Wang Ping , Zhang Zunting
Published: February 2016

The reaction succeeds using various aryl substituted α‐diazoesters and aryl‐ as well as alkyl‐substituted propargylic alcohols, including compounds with two propargylic alcohol moieties.
ChemInform Abstract: Friedel—Crafts Hydroxyalkylation of Indoles Mediated by Trimethylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate.
Authors: Downey C. Wade , Poff Christopher D. , Nizinski Alissa N.
Published: February 2016

Friedel‐Crafts silyloxyalkylation of indoles and their subsequent deprotection yield 1:1 adducts of indoles and aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Organocatalyzed Conversion of Oxiranes and CO2 into Organic Carbonates.
Authors: Sopena Sergio , Fiorani Giulia , Martin Carmen , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: February 2016

A binary catalyst system based on tannic acid/NBu4I is presented as a highly efficient organocatalyst at very low catalyst loading for the coupling of carbondioxide and functional oxiranes to afford cyclic carbonates in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Construction of anti‐4,5‐Disubstituted‐1,3‐dioxolanes via a Bismuth‐Mediated Two‐Component Hemiacetal Oxa‐Conjugate Addition of γ‐Hydroxy‐α,β‐unsaturated Ketones with Paraformaldehyde
Authors: Grisin Aleksandr , Oliver Samuel , Ganton Michael D. , Bacsa John , Evans P. Andrew
Published: February 2016

The obtained dioxolanes (III) can be subjected to stereodivergent reductions to afford syn,syn and syn,anti‐1,2,4‐triols (IV) and (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Stereoselective 1,4‐Conjugate Addition of Pyrazoles to Propiolates and Their Hydrogenation to β‐Pyrazolyl Acid Esters.
Authors: Luo Guanglin , Chen Ling
Published: February 2016

The optimized conditions allow the conjugate addition of pyrazoles to propiolates under microwave irradiation and conventional heating.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrazolo[4,3‐c]quinolines and 4‐Anilinoquinoline‐3‐carbonitriles from 4‐Chloroquinoline‐3‐carbaldehydes.
Authors: Wang Chao , Tang Caifei , Li Zhiming , Wang Quanrui
Published: February 2016

The title quinolines are obtained as a mixture of products by palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular C—N bond formation and concurrent hydrazine N—N bond fission.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Aerobic Oxidative Synthesis of Benzimidazo Fused Quinazolines via a Multicomponent Approach.
Authors: Rai Byanju , Kumar Promod , Kumar Atul
Published: February 2016

The synthesis of the title quinazolines involves the formation of three C—N bonds starting from the azidation of the haloaryl educts with sodium azide followed by in situ conversion of these azides into aryl amines, which on condensation with various benzaldehydes undergo oxidative cyclization affording benzimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazoline derivatives in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid‐Promoted [3 + 3] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with Quinonemonoimine: A Practical Method Towards Dihydrobenzoxazine Derivatives.
Authors: Wu Yang , Qiao Guanyu , Liu Honglei , Zhang Lei , Sun Zhanhu , Xiao Yumei , Guo Hongchao
Published: February 2016

The reaction can be carried out on the gram scale.
ChemInform Abstract: A Metal Catalyst‐Free and One‐Pot Synthesis of (3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]oxazin‐2‐yl)methanol Derivatives in Water
Authors: Singh Shambhu Nath , Jayaprakash Sarva , Venkateshwara Reddy K. , Nakhi Ali , Pal Manojit
Published: February 2016

starting from various aminophenols and epichlorhydrin
ChemInform Abstract: Organosulfide‐Catalyzed Diboration of Terminal Alkynes under Light.
Authors: Yoshimura Aya , Takamachi Yuki , Han Li‐Biao , Ogawa Akiya
Published: February 2016

Diaryl disulfides such as (PhS)2 are useful organocatalysts for the photolytic addition of bis(pinacolato)diboron to terminal alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Antioxidative Cassane Diterpenoids from the Seeds of Caesalpinia minax
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Sheng , Guo Yan‐Qiong , Bao Jing‐Mei , Jiang Min‐Hong , Lin Shu‐Ling , Su Zhi‐You , Tang Gui‐Hua , Yin Sheng
Published: February 2016

isolation, structural elucidation, and antioxidative properties of five new cassane diterpenoids, caesalmins I‐M, along with 23 known analogues
ChemInform Abstract: Biflavones and Furanone Glucosides from Zabelia tyaihyonii
Authors: Jang Hari , Lee Jin Woo , Jin Qinghao , Kim Soo‐Young , Lee Dongho , Hong Jin Tae , Kim Youngsoo , Lee Mi Kyeong , Hwang Bang Yeon
Published: February 2016

isolation and structure elucidation of two new axially chiral biflavones (I) and two new furanone glycosides, zabeliosides A and B (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Cationic Rhenium Complexes Ligated with N‐heterocyclic Carbenes — An Overview
Authors: Hille Claudia , Kuehn Fritz E.
Published: February 2016

Review: synthesis, structures and properties; 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in the Synthesis of 2‐C‐Branched and 1,2‐Annulated Carbohydrates
Authors: Vankar Yashwant D. , Linker Torsten
Published: February 2016

Review: [52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Corrin Syntheses. Part 1. Introduction and Overview
Authors: Eschenmoser Albert
Published: February 2016

Review: [247 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Corrin Syntheses. Part 2. Synthesis of Corrin Complexes via (A→B) Ring Closure. Preparation of Hemicorrinoid B/C‐Components, and Model Studies on Enamides and Imido Ester C,C Condensations
Authors: Scheffold Rolf , Bertele Erhard , Gschwend Heinz , Haeusermann Werner , Wehrli Pius , Huber Willi , Eschenmoser Albert
Published: February 2016

Review: [91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Corrin Syntheses. Part 3. Synthesis of Corrin Complexes via (A→B) Ring Closure. Preparation of A/D Components
Authors: Pesaro Mario , Elsinger Fritz , Boos Helmut , Felner‐Cabogy Ivo , Gribi Hanspeter , Wick Alexander , Gschwend Heinz , Eschenmoser Albert
Published: February 2016

Review: [79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivities of Monofluoro Acylboronates in Chemoselective Amide Bond Forming Ligation with Hydroxylamines
Authors: Noda Hidetoshi , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: February 2016

Review: [23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Dimensional Polymers: Concepts and Perspectives
Authors: Payamyar Payam , King Benjamin T. , Oettinger Hans Christian , Schlueter A. Dieter
Published: February 2016

Review: [90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Phase Diagrams: Fifty Years of Research
Authors: Halperin Avraham , Kroeger Martin , Winnik Francoise M.
Published: February 2016

Review: [59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Medicinal Chemistry Focusing on Aggregation of Amyloid‐β
Authors: Sohma Youhei
Published: February 2016

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Materials
Authors: Brodnikovskii E. M.
Published: February 2016

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: State of the Art on Gas‐Solid Thermochemical Energy Storage Systems and Reactors for Building Applications
Authors: Sole Aran , Martorell Ingrid , Cabeza Luisa F.
Published: February 2016

Review: 54 refs.
Effect of genotype and genotype by environment interaction on total cyanide content, fresh root, and starch yield in farmer‐preferred cassava landraces in Tanzania
Authors: Mtunguja Mariam K. , Laswai Henry S. , Kanju Edward , Ndunguru Joseph , Muzanila Yasinta C.
Published: February 2016

High starch yield is the most important trait for commercialized cassava starch production. Furthermore, cyanide present in cassava roots poses a health challenge in the use of cassava for food. Cassava genotypes have varying maturity periods that are also environmental dependent. This study aimed at identifying suitable cultivars and optimum time of harvest to maximize starch production across three environments. The study found significant difference between genotypes, locations, harvest period, and all the interactions (P ≤ 0.001) for all traits analyzed. Kiroba recorded high starch yields of 17.4, 12.7, and 8.2 t ha−1 at Chambezi, Amani, and Magadu, respectively. Kilusungu recorded highest cyanide content of 300–400 ppm across all locations but Kiroba recorded highest values of 800 ppm, 15 months after planting at Chambezi. Genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis revealed that Kiroba was a superior cultivar in terms of starch yield. Kilusungu recorded highest cyanide content and average starch yield, therefore suitable for use in starch production. The study confirmed effect of genotype and genotype by environment interaction, Kiroba cultivar was superior in terms of starch yield and maximum starch yield was obtained at 9 months after planting. Nyamkagile and Kibandameno had the lowest cyanide content across all environments.
Solid cancer incidence among Chinese medical diagnostic x‐ray workers, 1950–1995: Estimation of radiation‐related risks
Authors: Sun Zhijuan , Inskip Peter D. , Wang Jixian , Kwon Deukwoo , Zhao Yongcheng , Zhang Liangan , Wang Qin , Fan Saijun
Published: February 2016

The objective of this study was to estimate solid cancer risk attributable to long‐term, fractionated occupational exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation. Based on cancer incidence for the period 1950–1995 in a cohort of 27,011 Chinese medical diagnostic X‐ray workers and a comparison cohort of 25,782 Chinese physicians who did not use X‐ray equipment in their work, we used Poisson regression to fit excess relative risk (ERR) and excess absolute risk (EAR) dose–response models for incidence of all solid cancers combined. Radiation dose reconstruction was based on a previously published method that relied on simulating measurements for multiple X‐ray machines, workplaces and working conditions, information about protective measures, including use of lead aprons, and work histories. The resulting model was used to estimate calendar year‐specific badge dose calibrated as personal dose equivalent (Sv). To obtain calendar year‐specific colon doses (Gy), we applied a standard organ conversion factor. A total of 1,643 cases of solid cancer were identified in 1.45 million person‐years of follow‐up. In both ERR and EAR models, a statistically significant radiation dose–response relationship was observed for solid cancers as a group. Averaged over both sexes, and using colon dose as the dose metric, the estimated ERR/Gy was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.48, 1.45), and the EAR was 22 per 104PY‐Gy (95% CI: 14, 32) at age 50. We obtained estimates of the ERR and EAR of solid cancers per unit dose that are compatible with those derived from other populations chronically exposed to low dose‐rate occupational or environmental radiation.
Effects of a multilayered DNA/protamine coating on titanium implants on bone responses
Authors: Sakurai Toshitsugu , Yoshinari Masao , Toyama Takeshi , Hayakawa Tohru , Ohkubo Chikahiro
Published: February 2016

DNA coating on dental titanium (Ti) implants is attracting attention due to its osteogenic properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluatein vitroandin vivobioactivities of a multilayered DNA/protamine (D/P) coating on Ti implant by simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion experiments and implantation experiments into extracted sockets of rat molars. Two types of DNA, 300 base pair (bp) and 7000 bp fragments, were used. Protamine was initially immobilized onto Ti implants using a tresyl chloride‐activated method and DNA and protamine were then alternatively deposited after the immobilization of protamine by a layer‐by‐layer technique. A multilayered D/P‐coating was confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. The deposition of apatite progressed more on the surfaces of multilayered D/P‐coated Ti implants than on those of nontreated Ti implants in SBF immersion experiments. Animal implantation experiments showed that multilayered D/P‐coated Ti implants provided a significantly higher bone‐to‐implant (BIC) contact ratio 3 weeks after implantation. No significant difference was observed in the BIC ratio 9 weeks after implantation. The results of the present study demonstrated that a multilayered D/P‐coating promoted new bone formation at the early stages of the bone healing process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1500–1509, 2016.
Suture materials — Current and emerging trends
Authors: Dennis Christopher , Sethu Swaminathan , Nayak Sunita , Mohan Loganathan , Morsi Yosry (Yos) , Manivasagam Geetha
Published: February 2016

Surgical sutures are used to facilitate closure and healing of surgical‐ or trauma‐induced wounds by upholding tissues together to facilitate healing process. There is a wide range of suture materials for medical purpose and the main types include absorbable and nonabsorbable. Recently, there is a growth in the development of classes of suture materials based on their properties and capabilities to improve tissue approximation and wound closure. This review outlines and discusses the current and emerging trends in suture technology including knotless barbed sutures, antimicrobial sutures, bio‐active sutures such as drug‐eluting and stem cells seeded sutures, and smart sutures including elastic, and electronic sutures. These newer strategies expand the versatility of sutures from being used as just a physical entity approximating opposing tissues to a more biologically active component enabling delivery of drugs and cells to the desired site with immense application potential in both therapeutics and diagnostics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1544–1559, 2016.
Multi and mixed 3D‐printing of graphene‐hydroxyapatite hybrid materials for complex tissue engineering
Authors: Jakus Adam E. , Shah Ramille. N.
Published: February 2016

With the emergence of three‐dimensional (3D)‐printing (3DP) as a vital tool in tissue engineering and medicine, there is an ever growing need to develop new biomaterials that can be 3D‐printed and also emulate the compositional, structural, and functional complexities of human tissues and organs. In this work, we probe the 3D‐printable biomaterials spectrum by combining two recently established functional 3D‐printable particle‐laden biomaterial inks: one that contains hydroxyapatite microspheres (hyperelastic bone, HB) and another that contains graphene nanoflakes (3D‐graphene, 3DG). We demonstrate that not only can these distinct, osteogenic, and neurogenic inks be co‐3D‐printed to create complex, multimaterial constructs, but that composite inks of HB and 3DG can also be synthesized. Specifically, the printability, microstructural, mechanical, electrical, and biological properties of a hybrid material comprised of 1:1 HA:graphene by volume is investigated. The resulting HB‐3DG hybrid exhibits mixed characteristics of the two distinct systems, while maintaining 3D‐printability, electrical conductivity, and flexibility. In vitro assessment of HB‐3DG using mesenchymal stem cells demonstrates the hybrid material supports cell viability and proliferation, as well as significantly upregulates both osteogenic and neurogenic gene expression over 14 days. This work ultimately demonstrates a significant step forward towards being able to 3D‐print graded, multicompositional, and multifunctional constructs from hybrid inks for complex composite tissue engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 274–283, 2017.
The Relationship Between Greater Prepubertal Adiposity, Subsequent Age of Maturation, and Bone Strength During Adolescence
Authors: Glass Natalie A , Torner James C , Letuchy Elena M , Burns Trudy L , Janz Kathleen F , Eichenberger Gilmore Julie M , Schlechte Janet A , Levy Steven M
Published: February 2016

This longitudinal study investigated whether greater prepubertal adiposity was associated with subsequent timing of maturation and bone strength during adolescence in 135 girls and 123 boys participating in the Iowa Bone Development Study. Greater adiposity was defined using body mass index (BMI) data at age 8 years to classify participants as overweight (OW, ≥85th percentile for age and sex) or healthy weight (HW). Maturation was defined as the estimated age of peak height velocity (PHV) based on a series of cross-sectional estimates. Measurements were taken at ages 11, 13, 15, and 17 years for estimates of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bone compression (bone strength index), and torsion strength (polar strength-strain index) at the radius and tibia by pQCT, and femoral neck bending strength (section modulus) by hip structural analysis. Bone strength in OW versus HW were evaluated by fitting sex-specific linear mixed models that included centered age (visit age – grand mean age of cohort) as the time variable and adjusted for change in fat mass, and limb length in model 1. Analyses were repeated using biological age (visit age – age PHV) as the time variable for model 1 with additional adjustment for lean mass in model 2. BMI was negatively associated with age of maturation (p < 0.05). OW versus HW girls had significantly greater bone strength (p < 0.001) in model 1, whereas OW versus HW boys had significantly greater bone strength (p < 0.001) at the tibia and femoral neck but not radius (p > 0.05). Analyses were repeated using biological age, which yielded reduced parameter estimates for girls but similar results for boys (model 1.) Differences were no longer present after adjustment for lean mass (model 2) in girls (p > 0.05) whereas differences at the tibia were sustained in boys (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate sex- and site-specific differences in the associations between adiposity, maturation, and bone strength. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Variations in the Journey from Crime: Examples from Tiger Kidnapping
Authors: Synnott John , Canter David , Youngs Donna , Ioannou Maria
Published: February 2016

The current paper explores the journey offenders make after their offence through a series of tiger kidnap offences from the north and south of Ireland. Tiger kidnap is the abduction of a person of importance to a victim (generally a bank manager) in which that person is used as collateral until the victim complies with the requests of the offenders. Data were provided by the Police Service of Northern Ireland and An Garda Siochana. Three stages of the offences were highlighted: (1) the journey from the abduction location to the hostage location; (2) the abduction location to the robbery location; and (3) the robbery location to the money exchange location. Analysis found significant difference between offences in the north and south for stages 1 and 2 but not for stage 3. This is due to the type of offenders committing the offence, for example, offences in the north being committed by ex‐paramilitary offenders. Further study should focus on understanding complex tiger kidnap offences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiosynthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of a new 18F‐labeled triethylene glycol derivative of triphenylphosphonium
Authors: Tominaga Takahiro , Ito Hiroaki , Ishikawa Yoichi , Iwata Ren , Ishiwata Kiichi , Furumoto Shozo
Published: February 2016

Delocalized lipophilic cations such as [18F]fluorobenzyltriphenylphosphonium ([18F]FBnTP) can accumulate in mitochondria and have been used in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). In this study, we established a simplified method for [18F]FBnTP synthesis using triphenylphosphine hydrobromide (PPh3•HBr) without preparing an intermediate that contains benzyl bromide structure. Applying this new method, we synthesized and evaluated a novel 18F‐labeled PEGylated BnTP derivative ([18F]FPEGBnTP). In vitro cellular uptake study demonstrated that [18F]FPEGBnTP accumulated in cells in proportion to the relative intensity of mitochondrial membrane potential. Biodistribution study revealed that the heart : liver uptake ratio of [18F]FPEGBnTP (4.00 at 60 min) was superior to that of [18F]FBnTP (1.50 at 60 min). However, [18F]FPEGBnTP showed slow blood clearance and high radioactivity uptake in bone at 120‐min post‐injection. These results imply the possibility of [18F]FPEGBnTP being used as a MPI agent. However, there is a need of further structural optimization and flow‐dependent uptake study.
Influence of magnet shaping on cogging torque of surface‐mounted PM machines
Authors: Taghipour Boroujeni Samad , Zamani Vahid
Published: February 2016

In the presented work, influence of magnet shaping on cogging torque of surface‐mounted Permanent Magnet (PM) machines is investigated. The considered PM shape for the magnet shaping is the loaf‐shape PM with off‐set arcs. For the first time, based on the solution of the Poissons's equation, an analytical model is provided to predict the magnetic flux density of the slotted‐armature and surface‐mounted PM machines with the loaf‐shape PM. The influence of the slotted armature on the magnetic flux density is taken into account by considering the slot virtual surface currents. The geometry of the loaf‐shape PM is formulated and optimized to reach a design with a low value of the cogging torque. The machine cogging torque is computed by the Maxwell stress tensor. The obtained analytical model is used as the computational tool to find the dependence of the machine cogging torque on the PM geometry. Finally, the validity of the obtained results is verified by finite element analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marginal changes in the linear relationship of ENSO‐PDO in the CMIP5 RCP4.5 scenario
Authors: Kim Hera , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Kwon MinHo
Published: February 2016

Kwon et al. (2013) recently reported that the linear relationship of the El Niño Southern Oscillation‐Pacific Decadal Oscillation (ENSO‐PDO) increased significantly from the present climate to a warmer climate using the Climate Model Inter‐comparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) multi‐model datasets. We conducted the same analysis in the CMIP5 Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario in which the increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration from the present climate to the future climate is slightly smaller than that in the CMIP3. It is found that the linear relationship of the ENSO‐PDO marginally increases in the CMIP5 RCP4.5. Our further analysis indicated that the composited sea surface temperature (SST) for the in‐phase ENSO‐PDO occurrence changes slightly in terms of its spatial structure in the equatorial Pacific from the present climate to the CMIP5 RCP4.5 in comparison to that in the CMIP3. Furthermore, there is little systematic change in the anomalous precipitation in the western‐to‐central equatorial Pacific from the present climate to the CMIP5 RCP4.5, which was in contrast to the results in the CMIP3. Concurrently, the intensification of the ENSO's associated atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific, which is associated with the increase in the ENSO‐PDO linear relationship, is smaller from the present climate to the CMIP5 RCP4.5 than in the CMIP3. In addition, it is also found that the ENSO‐PDO linear relationship little changes from the present climate to the CMIP5 RCP8.5, indicating that the changes in the ENSO‐PDO linear relationship might be non‐linear in a warmer climate.
Clouds–SST relationship and interannual variability modes of Indian summer monsoon in the context of clouds and SSTs: observational and modelling aspects
Authors: Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Pokhrel Samir , Kulkarni Ajay , Hazra Anupam , Saha Subodh Kumar
Published: February 2016

This study examines the relationship between clouds and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). Observation reveals dominance of high‐level clouds in the monsoon region. NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) is able to replicate the observed high‐level cloud fractions although it underestimates the magnitude. Cloud–SST relationship for observation depicts dominance of positive correlation over equatorial Indian Ocean region which is well recapitulated in CFSv2 simulations. To investigate the most dominating patterns of interannual variability of rainfall, SST and clouds, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is performed on seasonal JJAS (June–September) dataset. EOF analysis signifies that high‐level clouds are highly correlated with rainfall for observations during ISM season. This study has also investigated relationship of clouds and El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) during ISM period. Interannual variations of clouds connote significant correlation with ENSO index (Nino 3/Nino 3.4). First principal component (PC1) of high‐level clouds and ENSO index indicate significant negative correlation. EOF analysis based on observation also connotes that first mode (second) of EOF analysis is associated with ENSO (IOD). It is also confirmed by maximum covariance analysis (MCA). CFSv2 is also able to depict the significant negative correlation between PC1 of high‐level clouds and ENSO index. Observation based second principal component (PC2) of high‐level clouds and IOD index exhibits significant positive correlation. It gives indication that PC2 of observed high‐level clouds can be associated with IOD. In contrast, PC2 of CFSv2 simulated high‐level cloud and IOD index are not correlated. EOF analysis based on CFSv2 shows that the first mode of EOF analysis is associated with ENSO; however, second mode of EOF is not related with IOD. MCA analysis also supports these findings. It means that CFSv2 has good ability to represent ENSO as compared with IOD.
Influence of Central and East ENSO on precipitation and its extreme events in South America during austral autumn and winter
Authors: Tedeschi Renata G. , Grimm Alice M. , Cavalcanti Iracema F. A.
Published: February 2016

It is known that the El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes have a great influence on South American precipitation and its extreme events during austral autumn (from March until May, MAM) and winter (from June until August, JJA) that occur after the ENSO peak (normally this happens on austral summer). Recent papers have studied the two types of ENSO and their influence on atmosphere–ocean system. This study analysed the influence of Central and East equatorial Pacific ENSO on South American seasonal/monthly mean precipitation and its extreme events during MAM and JJA. The composites of precipitation anomalies, during these two types of ENSO, show that there are different, even opposite patterns over South America. In MAM, there is an increased precipitation in southeastern South America and a decrease in the northeast South America during East El Niño (EEN) and an increased precipitation in central Brazil during Central El Niño (CEN). In JJA, the signs of anomaly precipitation are opposite between CEN (less precipitation) and EEN (more precipitation) over southeastern South America. The extreme precipitation events show patterns consistent with the precipitation anomaly patterns, but, normally, the changes in the frequency of extremes precipitation events affect more extensive areas than the total precipitation. If monthly or seasonal atmospheric anomalies in a certain region during one of the types of ENSO are similar (opposite) to the atmospheric anomalies associated with extreme precipitation events in this region, then there is enhancement (suppression) of the frequency of extreme events in this region during this type of ENSO.
Biomechanical comparison of four sliding knots and three high‐strength sutures: Loop security is much different between each combination
Authors: Kuptniratsaikul Somsak , Weerawit Pawin , Kongrukgreatiyos Kitiphong , Promsang Trai
Published: February 2016

There are many types of sliding knots and suture materials used in arthroscopic surgery. The purposes of this study are (i) to evaluate the loop security of standard sliding knots when using different types of high‐strength suture materials and (ii) to compare the loop security of a new sliding knot (Chula knot) to other standard sliding knots. Four configurations of sliding locking knots (Weston, SMC, Tennessee and Chula knots) were tied using three commonly used suture materials: MagnumWire, Hi‐Fi, and FiberWire. The suture loops were mounted on two metallic hooks of the universal testing machine. Then, the suture loop was pulled apart until failure. The Weston knot demonstrated the greatest load to failure in all suture materials. By using MagnumWire, the load to failure was as follow: Weston 53.2 N, Chula 48.8 N, SMC 39.2 N, and Tennessee 29.3 N. By using Hi‐Fi, the load to failure was as follow: Weston 58.8 N, Chula 51.5 N, SMC 38.1 N, and Tennessee 28.7 N. By using FiberWire, the load to failure was as follow: Weston 38.8 N, Chula 29.7 N, SMC 23.2 N, and Tennessee 21.9 N. Weston knot has the highest loop security in all suture materials. Weston—HiFi combination demonstrate the strongest loop security. Conversely, the weakest combination is Tennessee—FiberWire. Chula knot has similar properties to other commonly used arthroscopic sliding knots. Our findings indicate that surgeons should be careful in selecting proper knot—suture combinations. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1804–1807, 2016.
Altered inhibitory interaction among inferior frontal and motor cortex in l‐dopa‐induced dyskinesias
Authors: Ponzo Viviana , Picazio Silvia , Benussi Alberto , Di Lorenzo Francesco , Brusa Livia , Caltagirone Carlo , Koch Giacomo
Published: February 2016

Background

Levodopa‐induced dyskinesias are associated with thalamo‐cortical disinhibition and frontal area overactivation. Neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation studies have highlighted the involvement of the right inferior frontal cortex in levodopa‐induced dyskinesias.

Methods

Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we tested connectivity between the inferior frontal and contralateral motor cortex in Parkinson's disease patients with and without levodopa‐induced dyskinesias compared with age‐matched controls. Furthermore, in dyskinetic patients, connectivity between the inferior frontal and contralateral motor cortex was assessed before and after a single session of continuous theta‐burst stimulation applied over the inferior frontal cortex.

Results

Dyskinetic patients showed abnormal facilitatory connectivity between the inferior frontal and motor cortex when compared with the nondyskinetic group. Continuous theta‐burst stimulation over the inferior frontal cortex eliminated such facilitatory connectivity and decreased the levodopa‐induced dyskinesias that was induced by a supramaximal dose of levodopa.

Conclusion

In dyskinetic patients, a weaker inhibitory cortico‐cortical interaction between the inferior frontal and contralateral motor cortex could be involved in levodopa‐induced dyskinesias and restored by continuous theta‐burst stimulation over the inferior frontal cortex. © 2016 Movement Disorder Society