bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cutting forces during drilling and selected physical and mechanical properties of the finish coating based on epoxy resin
Authors: Białowąs Barbara , Szymanowski Karol
Published: January 2021

Abstract: Cutting forces during drilling and selected physical and mechanical properties of the finish coating
based on epoxy resin. Paper presents selected tests of epoxy resin coating applied to American walnut wood
(Juglans nigra L.). The aim of the study was to assess the machinability of wood flooded with resin during
drilling. The axial forces and torque values were adopted for the machinability criteria. The idea of the research
was the thesis questioning the possibility of processing epoxy resin coatings with the application of tools and
parameters used during wood processing. In addition, the influence of UV light on the obtained coating was
examined and abrasion tests were carried out. It was found the resin changes its colour under the influence of
UV radiation, but the change is imperceptible to an average observer. Epoxy resin is characterized by low abrasion resistance compared to commonly used paint and varnish coatings. Although solid resin is characterized by high cutting resistance while drilling, the force values do not exceed the commonly cut wood-based materials.
Liv verdt å leve - historien om Marsha Linehan og DBT
Authors: Larsen Kim
Published: January 2021

`
Sheep Digestive Physiology and Constituents of Feeds
Authors: Medjekal Samir , Ghadbane Mouloud
Published: January 2021

Sheep have a gastrointestinal tract similar to that of other ruminants. Their stomach is made up of four digestive organs: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum. The rumen plays a role in storing ingested foods, which are fermented by a complex anaerobic rumen microbiota population with different types of interactions, positive or negative, that can occur between their microbial populations. Sheep feeding is largely based on the use of natural or cultivated fodder, which is exploited in green by grazing during the growth period of the grass and in the form of fodder preserved during the winter period. Ruminant foods are essentially of plant origin, and their constituents belong to two types of structures: intracellular constituents and cell wall components. Cellular carbohydrates play a role of metabolites or energy reserves; soluble carbohydrates account for less than 10% dry matter (DM) of foods. The plant cell wall is multi-layered and consists of primary wall and secondary wall. Fundamentally, the walls are deposited at an early stage of growth. A central blade forms the common boundary layer between two adjacent cells and occupies the location of the cell plate. Most of the plant cell walls consist of polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose and pectic substances) and lignin, these constituents being highly polymerized, as well as proteins and tannins.
Unsteady Aerodynamics of Highly Maneuvering Flyers
Authors: Yehia Zakaria Mohamed
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, a set of analytical aerodynamic models, based on potential flow, that can be used to predict the unsteady lift response during pitching maneuvers are presented and assessed. The result examines the unsteady lift coefficients experienced by a flat plate in high-amplitude pitch ramp motion. The pitch ramps are chosen based on two ramp pitch maneuvers of a maximum amplitudes of 25 and 45 degrees starting from zero degree. The aim is investigate the use of such classical models in predicting the lift dynamics compared to a full physical-based model. Among all classical methods used, the unsteady vortex lattice method (without considering the leading edge vortex) is found to be a very good predictor of the motion lift dynamic response for the 25 ° ramp angle case. However, at high pitch maneuvers (i.e.,the 45 ° ramp angle case), could preserve the response pattern with attenuated amplitudes without high computational burden. These mathematical analytical models presented in this chapter can be used to obtain a fast estimate for aircraft unsteady lift during pitch maneuvers instead of high fidelity models, especially in the early design phases.
Treatment of AML in Older Patients
Authors: Hilberink Jacobien , Huls Gerwin
Published: January 2021

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a disease mostly diagnosed in older adults. Treatment of older patients with AML remains challenging with higher rates of intrinsic chemotherapeutic resistance and decreased treatment tolerance. Indeed AML in older patients has different clinical and biologic characteristics compared to younger patients. Several treatment options are available for treatment of AML in older patients, namely conventional intensive chemotherapy (‘3 + 7’), low-dose cytarabine, and hypomethylating agents. Combinations with new drugs have been recently approved or are in advanced stages of clinical testing, namely venetoclax, midostaurin, glasdegib. Clinical decision making should take into account disease characteristics (e.g. cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities, white blood cell count), patient characteristics (e.g. performance, comorbidities, geriatric assessment) and patients’ preference when considering which treatment option is most suitable for the older patient. Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) as post-remission strategy should also be considered for older patients with AML. Allogeneic HCT following reduced-intensity conditioning or non-myeloablative conditioning has made this treatment option more suitable for older patients with a reduction in treatment-related mortality.
Critical Mach Numbers of Flow around Two-Dimensional and Axisymmetric Bodies
Authors: Frolov Vladimir
Published: January 2021

The paper presents the calculated results obtained by the author for critical Mach numbers of the flow around two-dimensional and axisymmetric bodies. Although the previously proposed method was applied by the author for two media, air and water, this chapter is devoted only to air. The main goal of the work is to show the high accuracy of the method. For this purpose, the work presents numerous comparisons with the data of other authors. This method showed acceptable accuracy in comparison with the Dorodnitsyn method of integral relations and other methods. In the method under consideration, the parameters of the compressible flow are calculated from the parameters of the flow of an incompressible fluid up to the Mach number of the incoming flow equal to the critical Mach number. This method does not depend on the means determination parameters of the incompressible flow. The calculation in software Flow Simulation was shown that the viscosity factor does not affect the value critical Mach number. It was found that with an increase in the relative thickness of the body, the value of the critical Mach number decreases. It was also found that the value of the critical Mach number for the two-dimensional case is always less than for the axisymmetric case for bodies with the same cross-section.
Exergy: Mechanical Nuclear Physics Measures Pressure, Viscosity and X-Ray Resonance in K-Shell in a Classical Way
Authors: Henry Jimenez Edward
Published: January 2021

First, the liquid drop model assumes a priori; to the atomic nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, as an incompressible nuclear fluid that should comply with the Navier–Stokes 3D equations (N-S3D). Conjecture, not yet proven, however, this model has successfully predicted the binding energy of the nuclei. Second, the calculation of nuclear pressure p0∈1.42,1.94]1032Pa and average viscosity η=1.71×1024fm2/s, as a function of the nuclear decay constant k=p02η=1T1/2, not only complements the information from the National Nuclear Data Center, but also presents an analytical solution of (N- S3D). Third, the solution of (N-S3D) is a Fermi Dirac generalized probability function Pxyzt=11+ep02ηt−μx2+y2+z21/2, Fourth, the parameter μ has a correspondence with the Yukawa potential coefficient μ=αm=1/r, Fifth, using low energy X-rays we visualize and measure parameters of the nuclear surface (proton radio) giving rise to the femtoscope. Finally, we obtain that the pressure of the proton is 8.14 times greater than the pressure of the neutron, and 1000 times greater than the pressure of the atomic nucleus. Analyzed data were isotopes: 9≤Z≤92 and 9≤N≤200.
Mapping and Timing the (Healthy) Emotional Brain: A Review
Authors: Revuelta Sanz Pablo , José Lucía Mulas María , Ortiz Tomás , M. Sánchez Pena José , Ruiz-Mezcua Belén
Published: January 2021

The study of the emotional processing in the brain began from a psychological point of view in the last decades of the 19th century. However, since the discovery of the electrical background of mental activity around 1930, a new scientific way of observing and measuring the functioning of the living brain has opened up. In addition, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has given neuroscientists a (literally) deeper instrument to perform such measurements. With all this technological background, the last decades have produced an important amount of information about how the brain works. In this chapter, we review the latest results on the emotional response of the brain, a growing field in neuroscience.
Critical Thinking Disposition in the Pharmacy Faculty Members of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Authors: Karami Masoud Ali , Shakurnia Abdulhussein
Published: January 2021

Background: The development of critical thinking skills and disposition in universities is an important goal of education. Evaluation of critical thinking disposition and its influential factors as a competency of faculty members has attracted the attention of educational experts. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the critical thinking disposition of the pharmacy faculty members of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran in 2018. Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of two sections. The first section included demographic variables, and the second section was Ricketts critical thinking disposition inventory. The questionnaire was provided to 41 faculty members, and 36 questionnaires were completed and returned. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 18 using t-test and Pearson's correlation-coefficient. Results: The mean score of the critical thinking disposition of the participants was 134.41 out of 165. No significant difference was observed in the mean score of critical thinking disposition in terms of gender and academic rank. Moreover, no significant correlations were denoted between the critical thinking disposition, age, and work experience of the faculty members. Conclusion: Due to the educational role of faculty members and the necessity of developing critical thinking skills in universities, continuous training must be implemented for faculty members for familiarization with various aspects of critical thinking and the required teaching strategies, followed by the promotion of these skills in students.
Criminal Law and Digital Technologies: An Institutional Approach to Rule Creation in a Rapidly Advancing and Complex Setting
Authors: Fehr Colton
Published: January 2021

Courts and legislatures in Canada and around the world have struggled to respond effectively and efficiently to the challenges posed by the use of rapidly advancing and complex technologies. As a result, scholars have debated the appropriate role of each institution with respect to governing privacy in the digital age. This debate has provided foundational evidence upon which to develop a normative framework for governing digital privacy. Yet, the Canadian literature has only sparsely addressed the ability of Canadian legislatures to respond to the challenges presented by the use of digital technologies. This article begins to fill the gap in the literature by asking whether Parliament has been able to reply to the use of complex and rapidly advancing technologies in an efficient, coherent, and fair manner. I conclude that Parliament’s legislative framework for governing state intrusions into digital privacy has been patchwork and inconsistent. After comparing these findings to the literature on the relative institutional capacity of courts, I outline a general strategy for ensuring each institution tasked with governing digital privacy is working to its strengths, not its weaknesses.
El rol de la moneda y criptomoneda social en el nuevo contexto económico social y digital
Authors: Hernández-Bejarano Macarena , García Mandaloniz Marta
Published: January 2021

El clásico modelo económico se encuentra en fase de revisión para satisfacer necesidades sociales y aspirar a un futuro de mayor sostenibilidad. En ese modelo económico en revisión aparecen fórmulas alternativas de producción e intercambio que manan de la ciudadanía para dar respuesta a problemas económicos y sociales, como el desempleo. Surgen y se expanden sistemas de intercambio alternativos mediante monedas no oficiales y sociales como herramientas de intercambio para estimular una actividad económica que dé prioridad a la finalidad social. La moneda social, también en su versión digital, abre un nuevo horizonte hacia la difusión de medios alternativos de un intercambio favorecedor del empleo. Con los sistemas actuales de intercambio mutuo se reconoce y valoriza el trabajo, pero se desarrolla en la economía informal. Para que su difusión, facilitada por las modernas tecnologías, no entrañe riesgos para la economía formal, planteamos –ante el vacío legal de los sistemas de trueque y de los bancos de tiempo– la conveniencia de una regulación. Esa regulación convendría que fuese de corte fiscal, laboral y de protección social, reconociendo a la moneda social y promoviéndola en el contexto de la economía social formal como instrumento de satisfacción de necesidades como el empleo. Una moneda social regulada e integrada en la economía social formal pudiera servir de estímulo para la economía más sostenible hacia la que se dirige Europa en 2030.
El régimen tributario de las sociedades agrarias de transformación
Authors: Aguilar Rubio Marina
Published: January 2021

El objeto del presente estudio es revisar, a través del análisis de su régimen jurídico, la tributación de las Sociedades Agrarias de Transformación (en adelante SAT) tanto en el territorio común como en los territorios forales del País Vasco y de Navarra. Consideramos que la importancia alcanzada por algunas SAT en el sector agroalimentario español contrasta con el poco interés que históricamente se les ha prestado tanto por parte del legislador como de la doctrina, especialmente en el ámbito tributario. El interés de este trabajo se justifica en la relevancia cuantitativa y cualitativa de este tipo de sociedades en el tráfico mercantil, en la flexibilidad e indeterminación de su régimen legal y en la especialidad de su régimen fiscal.
Traducción y recepción de la literatura eslovaca en España
Authors: Sánchez Presa Mónica
Published: January 2021

La traducción de literatura eslovaca al español tiene una historia breve. El interés por la literatura eslovaca se despierta en el público lector español tras la fundación de la Primera República Checoslovaca, en 1918, y durante el siglo XX pasa por momentos mejores y peores hasta que en 1993, con el nacimiento de la República Eslovaca, empiezan a publicarse cada vez más traducciones al español tanto de poesía como de prosa y drama. A ello contribuyen de manera especial los primeros eslovaquistas españoles, quienes tienen que enfrentarse a la poca disposición de las editoriales a publicar sus traducciones escudándose en el desconocimiento del público lector español del país eslavo y su literatura. A partir de 2004, con la entrada de Eslovaquia en la Unión Europea, se observa un crecimiento en el número de obras de literatura eslovaca traducidas al español que ven la luz, y ello a pesar de que desaparece de la universidad española la titulación de Filología Eslava, llevándose consigo la posibilidad de formar a nuevos eslovaquistas. A pesar de que la situación en los últimos años ha seguido mejorando, en ningún caso puede calificarse de satisfactoria. Del porqué de esta afirmación así como de dar cuenta de la trayectoria de la traducción y recepción de la literatura eslovaca en España nos ocupamos en el presente estudio.
Acupuntura para Tratamento do Ombro Doloroso: Metanálise
Authors: Ramos Max Rogerio Freitas , San Junior Yonder Archanjo Ching , Correa Guilherme de Almeida Sellos , Gonçalves Filho Orlando José
Published: January 2021

Background: The painful shoulder is a very prevalent entity. Several treatment options are currently recommended, including acupuncture. Acupuncture is part of the arsenal of Traditional ChineseMedicine (TCM) and dates back to the 6th century BC, and consists of the application of needles in specific points of the body, in order to harmonize and allow the free flow of vital energy (Qi). Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture for the treatment of painful shoulder, as well as to compare the techniques and points used. Methods: Meta-analysis of 28 randomized, controlled clinical trials, comparing the effect of acupuncture and placebo intervention (Sham). Results: In all these studies, acupuncture proved to be superior to control group in the treatment of shoulder pain. Most articles were of good quality, with clear randomization criteria and few publication biases. Conclusion: The needling of local points and distance, described by TCM, is able to reduce shoulder pain safely and effectively. Level of Evidence I: Systematic Review of Level I Studies.
Developing a Flipped Learning model for Teaching EAP Students Struggling with Multi-Level Challenges in a College Context
Authors: Alkhalidi Iman
Published: January 2021

This article aims to understand students’ experiences regarding the implementation of flipped learning (FL) as a modern blended learning technique in teaching English for academic purposes (EAP) in a community college context in Toronto. Based on students’ views, blended learning theories, and several previous studies, the study also aims to develop a holistic contextualized flipped learning model that helps both students and teachers in the context of EAP to cope with the challenges of a multilevel EAP classroom. The study is guided by the epistemology and philosophy of the interpretive paradigm as an underpinning stance. Accordingly, the qualitative approach has been selected for determining the strategy and methods of sampling, and data collection and data analysis. Results revealed that students’ views are compatible with the theoretical views in validating the utilization of flipped learning as a modern technique in the context of EAP. However, results revealed that the development of a holistic model includes a further component-online engagement as an extension component to the model. The study offers a set of recommendations and implications for EAP teachers and instructors within the area of ELT for classroom practice.
Promoting TPR (Total Physical Response) Method in Teaching Vocabulary for EFL Beginners in Benin Secondary Schools
Authors: Viviane Hounhanou Arlette J.
Published: January 2021

Vocabulary learning is one of the most important fields in teaching English or any foreign language. One could learn all of the grammatical rules and exceptions that the language contains, but what if our brain did not store the needful amount of words to complete and utter the message that a person want to transmit ? The present research work aimed at promoting the use of Total Physical Response (TPR) method, as a technique to introduce English language vocabulary to EFL beginners. An overall of 150 students and 26 EFL teachers were involved in this study. To achieve the objectives of the study, class observation was used as an instrument to gain insight into learners’ attitudes and reactions toward English language learning. Questionnaire was also used to collect reliable data. The results obtained revealed that teaching English vocabulary through Physical Response allows students to learn faster and easier, since children find support from the physical representation of their facilatator or their peers. Also the results may be a reference for other researchers who are interested in undertaking research on the learning or teaching of English vocabulary.
Changes in precipitation amounts and extremes across Xinjiang (northwest China) and their connection to climate indices
Authors: Hu Wenfeng , Yao Junqiang , He Qing , Chen Jing
Published: January 2021

Xinjiang is a major part of China’s arid region and its water resource is extremely scarcity. The change in precipitation amounts and extremes is of significant importance for the reliable management of regional water resources in this region. Thus, this study explored the spatiotemporal changes in extreme precipitation using the Mann–Kendall (M–K) trend analysis, mutation test, and probability distribution functions, based on the observed daily precipitation data from 89 weather stations in Xinjiang, China during 1961–2018. We also examined the correlations between extreme precipitation and climate indices using the cross-wavelet analysis. The results indicated that the climate in Xinjiang is becoming wetter and the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation has begun to strengthen, with these trends being more obvious after the 1990s. Extreme precipitation trends displayed spatial heterogeneity in Xinjiang. Extreme precipitation was mainly concentrated in mountainous areas, northern Xinjiang, and western Xinjiang. The significant increasing trend of extreme precipitation was also concentrated in the Tianshan Mountains and in northern Xinjiang. In addition, the climate indices, North Atlantic Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Multivariate ENSO Index and Indian Ocean Dipole Index had obvious relationships with extreme precipitation in Xinjiang. The relationships between the extreme precipitation and climate indices were not clearly positive or negative, with many correlations advanced or delayed in phase. At the same time, extreme precipitation displayed periodic changes, with a frequency of approximately 1–3 or 4–7 years. These periodic changes were more obvious after the 1990s; however, the exact mechanisms involved in this require further study.
Imaginar las Postrimerías: escrituras chilenas de los confines
Authors:   Universidad de Chile, Bottinelli Alejandra
Published: January 2021

El ensayo indaga sobre las formas en que algunas escrituras chilenas de la última década han producido la escena liminar del fin de los tiempos, del fin del mundo y sus postri-merías. Interesa preguntar sobre cómo estas ficciones imaginan la crisis actual desde los espacios disruptivos, movedizos y también “excepcionalizados” de los confines, y cómo producen, a través del género apocalíptico “enmascarado, cifrado” (Derrida), otra ima-ginación del presente, una crítica política que, evidenciando la crisis del presente como crisis de la imaginación del futuro, podría reconducir nuestra mirada sobre los límites de nuestro tiempo y las condiciones de su superación. El ensayo intenta, asimismo, pensar esas escrituras de manera situada, desde una enunciación también en crisis, que asume lo contemporáneo en un trance de caída y trasformación.
The Reliability of Some Biochemical and Haematological Parameters in Predicting Uncomplicated Malaria Parasite Infection among Children in Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Panthe Okeke, Obiageli , Uzonna Ononye Benjamin , Ali Imakwu, Cyril , Uzochukwu Chukwuebuka Uzochukwu , Unekwu Amana Gabriel , Peace Udeh, Nwabundo , Effiong Eyo, Joseph , Chukwuemenam Okafor, Fabian , Isaac Aniekwe, Maduabuchi
Published: January 2021

Malaria remains endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Haematological and biochemical changes that occur have been suggested as potential predictors of malaria. This study was aimed at evaluating the diagnostic relevance of some haematological and biochemical parameters in predicting malaria in children in Anambra State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study involving 248 symptomatic and asymptomatic children in Anambra State, Nigeria was conducted. Thin blood films were prepared for each subject and stained with Giemsa to aid the detection of malaria parasites. Their haematological and biochemical parameters were determined. Haematological and biochemical parameters of infected and uninfected children from the communities and hospitals were compared using the Student’s t-test. Difference was set at p<0.05. Out of the 248 children, 46.3% infection was recorded in the community while in the hospital, the prevalence was 94.0%. In the community survey (household), infected children had higher mean value of SGOT, SGPT, total protein, bilirubin, total iron and PCV but the differences were not significant (p >0.05). The comparison of the biochemical and haematological indices, and the parasite density of infected and uninfected children from communities and hospitals in Anambra State, Nigeria showed that all the haematological indices except WBC of hospital and community infection did not differ significantly (p> 0.05), but there were significant differences in their Na+, total iron, SGPT and SGOT. The comparison of these results showed that the changes in serum levels of these parameters may not be associated with malaria infection.
Uropathogenic Bacteria and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern among Diabetic Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Thapa Pratima , Sunar Anita , Lamichanne Dipendra , C. Apeksha K. , Dhungana Arjan , Paudel Rajan , Jaiswal Suresh , Tiwari Bishnu Raj
Published: January 2021

Urinary tract infection means the presence and active multiplication of microorganisms within the urinary tract that affects any part of urinary tract. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on 601 urine sample to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacteria causing urinary tract infection in 250 diabetic and 351non-diabetic patients from February 2016 to March 2016. All samples were investigated by standard laboratory procedures. Out of diabetic patient 111 (44.4%) were female and 139 (55.6%) were male and among non-diabetic, 234 (66.7%) were female and 117(33.3%) were male. The UTI prevalence rate was found to be 13% was statistically significant (p= 0.02), among the significant growth 6.8% diabetic and 6.2% non-diabetic. Escherichia coli (54) was the most predominant organism (42.5% in diabetic and 57.5% non-diabetic) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (8). Amikacin, Cotrimoxazole and Nitrofurantoin were most sensitive to E. coli isolated in diabetic and non-diabetic patients among the tested antimicrobials. High rate of resistance was observed with Norfloxacin and Nalidixic acid. Gentamicin, Cefotaxime, Cotrimoxazole and Ciprofloxacin were highly sensitive to S. aureus in diabetic patients while Oxacillin and Azithromycin were resistance and in non-diabetic patient highly sensitive antimicrobials were Azithromycin, Gentamicin, Cefotaxime, Cotrimoxazole, Vancomycin and Ofloxacin while Oxacillin was resistance. The antimicrobial sensitivity testing of uropathogenic bacterial isolates should be performed before the initiation of treatment for UTI. Prevalance of uropathogenic bacteria and resistance rate should be monitored regularly.
Haliclona
: Nervous System
Authors: Zerarguia Islem , Stillitani Daniele , Borges Felipe dos Santos , Moraes Fernando , Vieira Ricardo P. , Costa Manoel L. , Coutinho Cristiano C.
Published: January 2021

Early sponges diverged from the metazoan lineage and have a genetic repertoire representative of our common ancestor. Sponges do not possess a neural system, neither specialized cells to conduct cell depolarization, but have neural toolkits that were probably coopted for it. Sensitive epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells conducting waves of generalized cell depolarization and contraction constitute the neural toolkit present in sponges. Their genomes have pre‐ and postsynaptic genes. Secondary loss of neural system is another possibility, and the genes for synapsis might serve another secretory propose in sponge, but secondary loss is not commonly accepted.
Haliclona
: Skeletal System
Authors: Zerarguia Islem , Stillitani Daniele , Borges Felipe dos S. , Moraes Fernando , Vieira Ricardo P. , Costa Manoel L. , Coutinho Cristiano C.
Published: January 2021

Sponge mesenchymal cells secrete and organize the mineral and the organic skeleton (collagen) according to its phylogenetic lineage.
Haliclona
spicules are siliceous oxeas, smooth, fusiform, and slightly curved, with acerate or hastate tips. The ectosomal skeleton is easily detachable, formed by a slightly disorganized tangential reticulation of oxeas. It is isotropic, predominantly paucispicular, and has two to five spicules adjacent to one another. The amount of collagen is low in both the choanosome and ectosome, mostly concentrated in the nodes joining the spicule tips, acting as a cement to sustain the reticulation. Collagen also bases the
Haliclona
epithelial layer.
Traditional Crop Management
Authors: Reyes‐García Victoria
Published: January 2021

Traditional crop management is the set of practices used for agricultural production and is based on traditional agricultural knowledge. Traditional crop management is the result of a complex coevolutionary process between natural and social systems, resulting in local strategies for natural resources appropriation. Examples of traditional crop management systems include raised fields, terraces, polycultures, and agroforestry systems. Despite their diversity, traditional crop management systems share a number of structural and functional similarities (e.g., high species diversity, microenvironment exploitation, biological interdependencies). At the local level, traditional crop management systems contribute to food security and sovereignty. At the global level, traditional crop management systems contribute to the maintenance of crop genetic diversity. Around the world, traditional crop management systems are threatened by the expansion of industrial agriculture, the introduction of mass propagation methods and hybrid or genetically modified seeds, the undervaluation of local management practices, legislation adverse to the rights to save and exchange seeds, and climate change.
Infrastructures, Anthropology of
Authors: Ojani Chakad
Published: January 2021

Having initially figured in social theory as a metaphor to theorize capitalism, infrastructures have become increasingly central to the study of more long‐running anthropological interests in politics and the mundane. Situated within or below, they are the conditions of possibility of other things, not least ethnographic practice itself. As such, infrastructures offer a number of possibilities for inquiry. We may ask about their constitutive relations, on the one hand, or their generative and structuring effects, on the other hand. In both cases, we encounter myriad ways in which infrastructures are far from fixed but susceptible to surprise. They enfold things that might not intuitively be deemed infrastructural, thus upsetting any clear‐cut distinction between themselves and their environments. What their structuring effects in turn become is therefore never immediately evident. As material assemblage and metaphor alike, infrastructures may fold over and into themselves and thus exceed political and analytical intentions.
Ghosts
Authors: Kwon Heonik
Published: January 2021

The term “ghosts” is a valuable metaphor in historical scholarship, addressing the perceived vitality of past events in lived reality. Notable examples include the ghosts of the Cold War or the specter of Marx. These expressions belong to the specific genre of literary and historical studies referred to today as “hauntology.” In anthropology, the term has been an important descriptive category in the study of religion and morality. Here, ghosts stand for moral properties distinct from those associated with ancestors, referring instead to spiritual identities that are excluded from the normative domain of a social order. Therefore, ghosts can also communicate much about a society's moral and political hierarchy.
Gender and Sport
Authors: Carter Thomas
Published: January 2021

The intersection of gender and sport in anthropology leaves many questions to be asked and investigated. Most of the ethnographic work done has concentrated on gender ideas and questions about how masculinity is embodied through participating in sport. A second line of inquiry is emerging around how the scientific investigation of the materiality of the human body is used to define “woman” in order to regulate female participation in elite sport. Beyond those two threads, the dynamic interplay between sport and gender is a wide‐open field for anthropologists.
Women in the Military
Authors: Serrato Margie
Published: January 2021

Historical evidence abounds on women's roles in warfare. Yet, women's military prowess is met with both awe and disdain. Their acceptance into militarized entities and state militaries is necessary and also problematic, in different ways. Generally, in state militaries, when women are serving the armed force's purpose in ways that do not upset cultural norms, their role is acceptable and honorable—but, it requires maintaining an appearance of femininity and distance from imminent harm. When their presence or activity challenges the cultural boundaries of what is acceptable for their gender, however, their role becomes contentious. As such, women's continued integration into military establishments offers a rich context for anthropological exploration into topics of gender and culture, sexuality, war and violence, femininity and masculinity, and organizational culture.
Gender Targets, Quotas, and Indicators in Work, Politics, and Development
Authors: Bessell Sharon
Published: January 2021

The absence of women from leadership positions, political power, and the labor force has long been a concern of feminist scholars and international development actors. Processes of development have largely failed to deliver gender equality or gender justice. Targets embodied in the Millennium Development Goals and more recently the Sustainable Development Goals have sought to rectify these failures by addressing the exclusion of women and promoting gender equality. Political quotas have been used to increase women's political participation. These efforts have often been highly contested and the impacts on gender equality and gender justice have been mixed.
Gender, Ethology, and Evolution
Authors: Oikkonen Venla
Published: January 2021

Ethology is a field of biology that studies animal behavior across species, including humans. Understood in a broad sense, ethology also covers approaches such as sociobiology, which emerged from ethology. Gender and sexuality have a central role in the ethological literature, which often links evolutionarily adaptive behaviors to mating strategies and a gendered division of work. While researchers across the natural and social sciences have emphasized the importance of recognizing the complex connections between human and nonhuman communities, three concerns around ethological and sociobiological approaches to gender have emerged. The first is the projection of cultural assumptions of gender onto nonhuman animals; the second involves the projection of observations about animal behavior onto complex human cultural phenomena; and the third concerns the ways in which gender and sexuality are conceptualized as binary and stable.
Museum Collections: Importance as a Research Tool
Authors: Freedman Jan
Published: January 2021

Museums hold millions of objects from all over the globe, offering a unique, unparalleled resource for researchers. They provide historical snapshots of data both geographically and through time, giving researchers rare access to huge amounts of information. Recent advances in analytical techniques have allowed for even more information to be obtained from collections, from radiocarbon dating to genetic sequencing. This entry provides some background on museums and their collections, along with key examples of research that has been undertaken using both nondestructive and destructive sampling methods. It also outlines details on how collections can be used, limitations in sampling, and how to search for objects in museums across Britain. The potential for collections to assist with research is enormous, and this applies not only to national museums but also to smaller regional museums.
Relics
Authors: Hooper Steven
Published: January 2021

Relics, usually associated with Christian practice, have been an important but neglected feature of many religious traditions, including Buddhism and Islam. Anthropology has contributed comparative perspectives to the cultural rather than theological analysis of relics both as body parts and as contact relics—items associated with the “special dead.” The power of images in many cultures (of gods, ancestors, kings, queens, saints, and heroes) can also be attributed to their role as “image relics” of special personages. Prioritizing a focus on religious practice rather than doctrine, while avoiding the problematic category “secular,” shows that relic‐related behavior has been fundamental to religion—human engagement with higher powers—across cultures and over many millennia. High valuation of relics continues in “celebrity culture,” where memorabilia associated with modern special personages—contact relics of musicians, artists, and film stars—is treasured and fetches high prices on the international market.
Serum neurofilament levels and patient‐reported outcomes in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Galetta Kristin , Deshpande Chinmay , Healy Brian C. , Glanz Bonnie , Ziehn Marina , Saxena Shrishti , Paul Anu , Saleh Fermisk , Collins Mikaela , Gaitan‐Walsh Patricia , Castro‐Mendoza Paola , Weiner Howard L. , Chitnis Tanuja
Published: January 2021

Objective

Serum neurofilament light (sNfL) is a promising new biomarker in multiple sclerosis (MS). We explored the relationship between sNfL and health outcomes and resource use in MS patients.

Methods

MS patients with serum samples and health‐outcome measurements collected longitudinally between 2011 and 2016 were analyzed. sNfL values were evaluated across age and gender. Data were analyzed using correlation with log‐transformed sNfL values.

Results

A total of 304 MS patients with a mean age of 32.9 years, average EDSS of 1.6 (SD = 1.5) and baseline sNfL of 8.8 (range 1.23–78.3) pg/mL were studied. Baseline sNFL values increased with age and were higher in females. Baseline sNfL correlated with baseline Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life physical composite (mean = 49.4 (9.1), P = 0.035) and baseline EDSS (P = 0.002). Other PRO measures at baseline did not show a significant relationship with baseline sNfL. Average of baseline and follow‐up sNfL correlated with MSQoL physical‐role limitations (mean = 48.9 (10.8), P = 0.043) and social‐functioning (mean = 52.3 (7), P = 0.034) at 24‐month follow‐up. We found a trend for numerically higher sNfL levels in nonpersistent patients compared to those who were persistent to treatment (11.13 vs. 8.53 pg/mL, P = 0.093) measured as average of baseline and 24‐month values. Baseline NfL was associated with number of intravenous steroid infusions (mean = 0.2; SD = 3.0, P = 0.013), whereas the average of baseline and 12 months NfL values related to inpatient stays at 12 months (mean = 0.2; SD = 3.0 P = 0.053).

Conclusion

Serum NfL is a patient‐centric biomarker that correlated with MS patient health‐outcomes and healthcare utilization measures in a real‐world cohort.
Antifreezing Zwitterionic Hydrogel Electrolyte with High Conductivity of 12.6 mS cm−1 at −40 °C through Hydrated Lithium Ion Hopping Migration
Authors: Yang Jianbo , Xu Zhen , Wang Jijun , Gai Ligang , Ji Xingxiang , Jiang Haihui , Liu Libin
Published: January 2021

Hydrogel electrolytes have high room‐temperature conductivity and can be widely used in energy storage device. However, hydrogels suffer from the inevitable freezing of water at subzero temperatures, resulting in the diminishment of their conductivity and mechanical properties. How to achieve high conductivity without sacrificing hydrogels’ flexibility at subzero temperature is an important challenge. To address this challenge, a new type of zwitterionic polymer hydrogel (polySH) electrolytes is fabricated. The anionic and cationic counterions on the polymer chains facilitate the dissociation of LiCl. The antifreezing electrolyte can be stretched to a strain of 325% and compressed to 75% at −40 °C and possesses an outstanding conductivity of 12.6 mS cm−1 at −40 °C. A direct hopping migration mechanism of hydrated lithium‐ion through the channel of zwitterion groups is proposed. The polySH electrolyte‐based‐supercapacitor (SC) exhibits a high specific capacitance of 178 mF cm−2 at 60 °C and 134 mF cm−2 at −30 °C with a retention of 81% and 71% of the initial capacitance after 10 000 cycles, respectively. The overall merits of the electrolyte will open up a new avenue for advanced ionic conductors and energy storage device in practical applications.
Heterogeneous Hydrogel Structures with Spatiotemporal Reconfigurability using Addressable and Tunable Voxels
Authors: Khodambashi Roozbeh , Alsaid Yousif , Rico Rossana , Marvi Hamid , Peet Matthew M. , Fisher Rebecca E. , Berman Spring , He Ximin , Aukes Daniel M.
Published: January 2021

Stimuli‐responsive hydrogels can sense environmental cues and change their volume accordingly without the need for additional sensors or actuators. This enables a significant reduction in the size and complexity of resulting devices. However, since the responsive volume change of hydrogels is typically uniform, their robotic applications requiring localized and time‐varying deformations have been challenging to realize. Here, using addressable and tunable hydrogel building blocks—referred to as soft voxel actuators (SVAs)—heterogeneous hydrogel structures with programmable spatiotemporal deformations are presented. SVAs are produced using a mixed‐solvent photopolymerization method, utilizing a fast reaction speed and the cononsolvency property of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) to produce highly interconnected hydrogel pore structures, resulting in tunable swelling ratio, swelling rate, and Young's modulus in a simple, one‐step casting process that is compatible with mass production of SVA units. By designing the location and swelling properties of each voxel and by activating embedded Joule heaters in the voxels, spatiotemporal deformations are achieved, which enables heterogeneous hydrogel structures to manipulate objects, avoid obstacles, generate traveling waves, and morph to different shapes. Together, these innovations pave the way toward tunable, untethered, and high‐degree‐of‐freedom hydrogel robots that can adapt and respond to changing conditions in unstructured environments.
Materials Screening for Disorder‐Controlled Chalcogenide Crystals for Phase‐Change Memory Applications
Authors: Xu Yazhi , Wang Xudong , Zhang Wei , Schäfer Lisa , Reindl Johannes , vom Bruch Felix , Zhou Yuxing , Evang Valentin , Wang Jiang‐Jing , Deringer Volker L. , Ma En , Wuttig Matthias , Mazzarello Riccardo
Published: January 2021

Tailoring the degree of disorder in chalcogenide phase‐change materials (PCMs) plays an essential role in nonvolatile memory devices and neuro‐inspired computing. Upon rapid crystallization from the amorphous phase, the flagship Ge–Sb–Te PCMs form metastable rocksalt‐like structures with an unconventionally high concentration of vacancies, which results in disordered crystals exhibiting Anderson‐insulating transport behavior. Here, ab initio simulations and transport experiments are combined to extend these concepts to the parent compound of Ge–Sb–Te alloys, viz., binary Sb2Te3, in the metastable rocksalt‐type modification. Then a systematic computational screening over a wide range of homologous, binary and ternary chalcogenides, elucidating the critical factors that affect the stability of the rocksalt structure is carried out. The findings vastly expand the family of disorder‐controlled main‐group chalcogenides toward many more compositions with a tunable bandgap size for demanding phase‐change applications, as well as a varying strength of spin–orbit interaction for the exploration of potential topological Anderson insulators.
Nanoscale Analysis of Surface Bending Strain in Film Substrates for Preventing Fracture in Flexible Electronic Devices
Authors: Taguchi Ryo , Akamatsu Norihisa , Kuwahara Kohei , Tokumitsu Kayoko , Kobayashi Yoshiaki , Kishino Masayuki , Yaegashi Keita , Takeya Jun , Shishido Atsushi
Published: January 2021

With the rapid development of flexible electronics and soft robotics, there is an emerging topic of preventing fracture in materials and devices integrated on largely bending film substrates of >100 µm thickness. The high demand for strategically reducing strain in bending materials requires a facile method that enables one to accurately and precisely analyze the surface bending strain in a wide variety of materials. This study proposes the surface‐labeled grating method that is the fundamental and efficient technique for measuring surface bending strains merely by labeling a thin, soft grating onto various film substrates composed of flexible polymeric and rigid inorganic materials. The surface strain with a single‐nanoscale (<1.0 nm) can be quantified in real time with no need of material information such as Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and film thickness. The fracture limit of a hard coating overlying flexible substrates is successfully determined by the accurate and precise quantification of surface bending strains. Furthermore, a multilayer film substrate with surface bending strain reduced by 50% prevents fractures of hard coatings and organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) since the strains remain below the fracture limit under large bending.
MoS2/Paper Decorated with Metal Nanoparticles (Au, Pt, and Pd) Based Plasmonic‐Enhanced Broadband (Visible‐NIR) Flexible Photodetectors
Authors: Selamneni Venkatarao , Raghavan Harini , Hazra Arnab , Sahatiya Parikshit
Published: January 2021

Even though there are reports on flexible photodetectors, one of the main issues that still needs to be resolved is the lower values of responsivity arising due to the use of non‐conventional substrates such as polymers, cellulose paper, etc. There are ways to improve the responsivity, such as piezotronics and surface plasmonic resonance, but studies on utilizing the same for flexible substrates remain limited. Further, the comparative performance of different nanoparticles (NPs) remains unexplored. This report demonstrates the fabrication of flexible visible/near‐infrared (NIR) photodetectors by functionalizing MoS2 grown on paper substrate with various noble metal NPs such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and palladium (Pd) for enhanced photoresponse. The metal NPs‐MoS2 (Au, Pt, and Pd‐NPs‐MoS2) based photodetector shows a prominent improvement in the photoresponse characteristics when compared to pristine MoS2. Enhancement in the photodetector performance is mainly due to the localized surface plasmon resonance of prepared metal NPs and the increase in incident light scattering. Out of the fabricated metal NPs‐MoS2 photodetectors, Au‐NPs/MoS2 shows maximum responsivity of 99.3 and 46.03 mA W−1 under visible and NIR region, respectively which is ≈80 times higher than pristine MoS2.