bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bridewealth Marriage in the 21st Century: A Case Study from Rural Mozambique
Authors: Chae Sophia , Agadjanian Victor , Hayford Sarah R.
Published: September 2020

Objective

This study examines trends over several decades in bridewealth marriage and analyzes the association of bridewealth with women's experiences in marriage in a rural sub‐Saharan setting.

Background

Bridewealth—payments from the groom's to the bride's family as part of the marriage process—has long been a central element of kinship and marriage systems in patrilineal sub‐Saharan Africa. This payment, which symbolizes the transfer of sexual and reproductive rights from the wife's to the husband's family, is grounded in a collectivist‐oriented family system that closely ties women's status and value to their reproductive capacity.

Method

The study draws on population‐based longitudinal survey data collected in 2006, 2009, and 2011 from 1,552 women in rural Mozambique. Multivariable regression was used to investigate whether year of marriage predicts being in a bridewealth marriage and whether bridewealth status predicts marital dissolution, women's decision‐making autonomy, women's work outside of subsistence agriculture, or modern contraceptive use.

Results

The proportion of marriages involving bridewealth payment has declined over time. While no difference by bridewealth status exists in women's autonomy levels or modern contraceptive use, women in bridewealth marriages are less likely to divorce over a 5‐year period and less likely to work outside of subsistence agriculture, net of other factors.

Conclusion

These findings reflect the complexity of a modernizing marriage system. With the decline of bridewealth marriage, its meaning has evolved, becoming increasingly indicative of individual wealth and status rather than family control.
Exclusive enteral nutrition is effective and feasible as primary induction and re‐induction therapy in Asian children with Crohn's disease
Authors: Chan Kok Joo , Song Zhi Liang , Chew Kee Seang , Ng Ruey Terng , Mohd Taib Siti Hawa , Lee Way Seah
Published: September 2020

Aim

We aimed to ascertain the efficacy and feasibility of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) as an induction and re‐induction therapy in Asian children with Crohn's disease (CD).

Methods

All children diagnosed with CD between 1995 and 2019 were reviewed. Response to induction was compared between EEN and standard immunosuppression (IS) using Paediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index, growth failure, perianal disease and extra‐intestinal manifestations. Two study groups were analysed: (i) primary induction and (ii) re‐induction for relapses.

Results

Twenty‐nine children (mean age (± standard deviation) at diagnosis 9.4 ± 8.5 years old, ileo‐colonic 35%, non‐stricturing 79%) were studied. At primary induction (group 1; n = 18), no difference was observed in remission rates (9/13 vs. 5/5; P = 0.278), efficacy for improving growth failure (6/8 vs. 0/1; P > 0.999), perianal disease (4/6 vs. 0/2; P > 0.999) and extra‐intestinal manifestations (2/2 vs. 0/0; P > 0.999) with EEN or standard IS. Group 2 (n = 38 relapses), no difference was observed in remission rates (16/19 vs. 15/19, P > 0.999), growth failure (0/7 vs. 4/14; P = 0.328), perianal disease (1/10 vs. 7/7; P > 0.999) and extra‐intestinal manifestations (0/0 vs. 1/1; P > 0.999) with EEN or standard IS. Both treatment modalities were equally effective as re‐induction in relapses in patients previously treated with EEN (P = 0.191).

Conclusion

As compared to standard IS, EEN was equally effective in primary induction and re‐induction for relapse in Asian children with CD and can be repeatedly used for recurrent relapses.
Assessment of urinary 15‐F2‐isoprostanes in dogs with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder and other lower urinary tract diseases
Authors: Woolcock Andrew D. , Cheney Adrienne , Deshuillers Pierre , Knapp Deborah , Moore George E.
Published: September 2020

Background

The 15‐F2‐isoprostanes are by‐products of oxidative stress and are increased in the urine of people with lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD), especially urinary neoplasia. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common urinary neoplasm in dogs. Earlier detection of UC by noninvasive means could lead to improved outcomes. Urinary 15‐F2‐isoprostanes potentially could provide this means, but have not been evaluated in dogs with UC.

Objective

The objective of this study was to measure urinary 15‐F2‐isoprostanes in dogs with UC and dogs with other LUTD.

Animals

One hundred seventeen dogs: 46 dogs with UC, 30 dogs with LUTD, and 25 control dogs.

Methods

Any dog that was presented with dysuria was eligible for inclusion. Diagnosis of UC was confirmed histologically. Urinalysis was performed in each case, and 15‐F2‐isoprostanes quantified by gas chromatography‐negative ion chemical ionization‐mass spectrometry (GC‐NICI‐MS) and normalized to urinary creatinine concentration.

Results

Dogs with urinary diseases (UC + LUTD) had higher median urinary 15‐F2‐isoprostanes when compared to control dogs (5.92 ng/mg [range, 0.46‐31.03] vs 3.73 [range, 1.8‐7.98]; P = .02). Urinary 15‐F2‐isoprostanes were similar in dogs with UC (5.33 ng/mg [range, 0.46‐31.03]) compared to dogs with LUTD (6.29 ng/mg [range, 0.54‐18.93]; P = .47) and control dogs (P = .06). Dogs with UC had higher qualitative measures of proteinuria (P = .004), hematuria (P = .01), and epithelial cells on urinalysis (P = .002) compared to the other groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Urinary F2‐isoprostanes are not useful for the detection of UC in dogs. Future research could evaluate urinary 15‐F2‐isoprostanes as a marker of inflammation in disease progression and prognosis.
pH variability off Goa (eastern Arabian Sea) and the response of sea urchin to ocean acidification scenarios
Authors: Shetye Suhas S. , Naik Hema , Kurian Siby , Shenoy Damodar , Kuniyil Nandakumar , Fernandes Michelle , Hussain Afreen
Published: September 2020

The increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration in the last few decades has resulted in a decrease in oceanic pH. In this study, we assessed the natural variability of pH in coastal waters off Goa, eastern Arabian Sea. pHT showed large variability (7.6–8.1) with low pH conditions during south‐west monsoon (SWM), and the variability is found to be associated with upwelling rather than freshwater runoff. Considering that marine biota inhabiting dynamic coastal waters off Goa are exposed to such wide range of natural fluctuations of pH, an acidification experiment was carried out. We studied the impact of low pH on the local population of sea urchin Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816). Sea urchins were exposed for 210 days to three treatments of pHT: 7.96, 7.76 and 7.46. Our results showed that S. variolaris at pHT 7.96 and 7.76 were not affected, whereas the ones at pHT 7.46 showed adverse effects after 120 days and 50% mortality by 210 days. However, even after exposure to low pH for 210 days, 50% organisms survived. Under low pH conditions (pHT 7.46), the elemental composition of sea urchin spines exhibited deposition of excess Sr2+ as compared to Mg2+ ions. We conclude that although the sea urchins would be affected in future high CO2 waters, at present they are not at risk even during the south‐west monsoon when low pH waters reside on the shelf.
Magnaporthe oryzae nucleoside diphosphate kinase is required for metabolic homeostasis and redox‐mediated host innate immunity suppression
Authors: Rocha Raquel O. , Wilson Richard A.
Published: September 2020

The fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causes blast, the most devastating disease of cultivated rice. After penetrating the leaf cuticle, M. oryzae grows as a biotroph in intimate contact with living rice epidermal cells before necrotic lesions develop. Biotrophic growth requires maintaining metabolic homeostasis while suppressing plant defenses, but the metabolic connections and requirements involved are largely unknown. Here, we characterized the M. oryzae nucleoside diphosphate kinase‐encoding gene NDK1 and discovered it was essential for facilitating biotrophic growth by suppressing the host oxidative burst—the first line of plant defense. NDK enzymes reversibly transfer phosphate groups from tri‐ to diphosphate nucleosides. Correspondingly, intracellular nucleotide pools were perturbed in M. oryzae strains lacking NDK1 through targeted gene deletion, compared to WT. This affected metabolic homeostasis: TCA, purine and pyrimidine intermediates, and oxidized NADP+, accumulated in Δndk1. cAMP and glutathione were depleted. ROS accumulated in Δndk1 hyphae. Functional appressoria developed on rice leaf sheath surfaces, but Δndk1 invasive hyphal growth was restricted and redox homeostasis was perturbed, resulting in unsuppressed host oxidative bursts that triggered immunity. We conclude Ndk1 modulates intracellular nucleotide pools to maintain redox balance via metabolic homeostasis, thus quenching the host oxidative burst and suppressing rice innate immunity during biotrophy.
Effects of the herbal preparation STW 5‐II on in vitro muscle activity in the guinea pig stomach
Authors: Schemann Michael , Landmann Martina , Kelber O. , Ammar Ramy M. , Krueger Dagmar , Michel K.
Published: September 2020

Background

STW 5 is a combination of nine medicinal herbal extracts and used to treat functional gastrointestinal disorders including functional dyspepsia. It has a region‐specific effect by relaxing the proximal and contracting the distal stomach. The research combination STW 5‐II (Iberogast® Advance) lacks three herbal extracts but seems clinically as effective as STW 5. However, the action of STW 5‐II on gastric motility is unknown.

Methods

In vitro circular and longitudinal muscle tone and contractility were recorded from guinea pig gastric fundus and antrum with isometric force transducers.

Key Results

STW 5‐II decreased concentration‐dependently (64‐512 µg/ml) the tone of circular and longitudinal muscle strips from the fundus. In contrast, STW 5‐II increased concentration‐dependently contraction amplitude in antral circular and longitudinal muscle. The effects were region‐dependent but comparable in the two muscle layers. Application of 512 µg STW 5 or STW 5‐II revealed comparable effects in the fundus and antrum circular and longitudinal muscle strips.

Conclusions and Interferences

STW 5‐II had a region‐specific effect and relaxed the proximal stomach but increased the contractility in the antrum. It was as effective as STW 5 which may explain its comparable clinical effects in treating functional dyspepsia. Impaired accommodation may be normalized through relaxation of the fundus, while the motility‐promoting effects leading to an increase in antral motility may activate the gastric pump.
Studies of moss reproductive development indicate that auxin biosynthesis in apical stem cells may constitute an ancestral function for focal growth control
Authors: Landberg Katarina , Šimura Jan , Ljung Karin , Sundberg Eva , Thelander Mattias
Published: September 2020

The plant hormone auxin is a key factor for regulation of plant development, and this function was probably reinforced during the evolution of early land plants. We have extended the available toolbox to allow detailed studies of how auxin biosynthesis and responses are regulated in moss reproductive organs, their stem cells and gametes to better elucidate the function of auxin in the morphogenesis of early land plants.

We measured auxin metabolites and identified IPyA (indole‐3‐pyruvic acid) as the main biosynthesis pathway in Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens and established knock‐out, overexpressor and reporter lines for biosynthesis genes which were analyzed alongside previously reported auxin‐sensing and transport reporters.

Vegetative and reproductive apical stem cells synthesize auxin. Sustained stem cell activity depends on an inability to sense the auxin produced while progeny of the stem cells respond to the auxin, aiding in the control of cell division, expansion and differentiation. Gamete precursors are dependent on a certain degree of auxin sensing, while the final differentiation is a low auxin‐sensing process.

Tha data presented indicate that low auxin activity may represent a conserved hallmark of land plant gametes, and that local auxin biosynthesis in apical stem cells may be part of an ancestral mechanism to control focal growth.
Horizontal gene transfers dominate the functional mitochondrial gene space of a holoparasitic plant
Authors: Garcia Laura E. , Edera Alejandro A. , Palmer Jeffrey D. , Sato Hector , Sanchez‐Puerta M. Virginia
Published: September 2020

Although horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is common in angiosperm mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs), few cases of functional foreign genes have been identified. The one outstanding candidate for large‐scale functional HGT is the holoparasite Lophophytum mirabile, whose mtDNA has lost most native genes but contains intact foreign homologs acquired from legume host plants.

To investigate the extent to which this situation results from functional replacement of native by foreign genes, functional mitochondrial gene transfer to the nucleus, and/or loss of mitochondrial biochemical function in the context of extreme parasitism, we examined the Lophophytum mitochondrial and nuclear transcriptomes by deep paired‐end RNA sequencing.

Most foreign mitochondrial genes in Lophophytum are highly transcribed, accurately spliced, and efficiently RNA edited. By contrast, we found no evidence for functional gene transfer to the nucleus or loss of mitochondrial functions in Lophophytum. Many functional replacements occurred via the physical replacement of native genes by foreign genes. Some of these events probably occurred as the final act of HGT itself.

Lophophytum mtDNA has experienced an unprecedented level of functional replacement of native genes by foreign copies. This raises important questions concerning population‐genetic and molecular regimes that underlie such a high level of foreign gene takeover.
Do we understand the pathophysiology of GERD after sleeve gastrectomy?
Authors: Felinska Eleni , Billeter Adrian , Nickel Felix , Contin Pietro , Berlth Felix , Chand Bipan , Grimminger Peter , Mikami Dean , Schoppmann Sebastian F. , Müller‐Stich Beat
Published: September 2020

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a prevalent problem among obese individuals, is strongly associated with obesity and weight loss. Hence, bariatric surgery effectively improves GERD for many patients. Depending on the type of bariatric procedure, however, surgery can also worsen or even cause a new onset of GERD. As a consequence, GERD remains a relevant problem for many bariatric patients, and especially those who have undergone sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Affected patients report not only a decrease in physical functioning but also suffer from mental and emotional problems, resulting in poorer social functioning. The pathomechanism of GERD after SG is most likely multifactorial and triggered by the interaction of anatomical, physiological, and physical factors. Contributing factors include the shape of the sleeve, the extent of injury to the lower esophageal sphincter, and the presence of hiatal hernia. In order to successfully treat post‐sleeve gastrectomy GERD, the cause of the problem must first be identified. Therapeutic approaches include lifestyle changes, medication, interventional treatment, and/or revisional surgery.
Use of glycerol in fish nutrition: a review
Authors: Mauerwerk Marlise Teresinha , Zadinelo Izabel Volkweis , Meurer Fábio
Published: September 2020

Crude glycerol and its purified and synthesized forms derived from biodiesel production are non‐toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible and versatile, and can be converted into various chemicals or products for biological use. Among the possible uses, there is its use in fish feeding, due to the chemical and nutritional composition, for being classified as energetic food and has low cost. The possibility of using glycerol in fish diets has been motivated by increasing maize prices, the excessive amount of glycerol produced and its processing costs for other purposes. Glycerol use in fish diet formulations is feasible, provided that certain factors be evaluated, such as digestibility and inclusion levels. In this context, this review discussed the main aspects that must be taken into account regarding glycerol use in fish diets, such as the characteristics and chemical composition of its categories, their fish metabolism pathways and their influence on fish plasma glucose. Crude glycerol or glycerine displays good potential for use in fish feed, as it contains adequate energy concentrations and can replace part of fish feed maize. However, it is evident that assessments concerning specific physiological phases, such as fish in reproductive phases, as well glycerol stability in water, are required.
Reevaluation ofBlapimorpha and Opatrinae: addressing a major phylogeny‐classification gap in darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Blaptinae)
Authors: Kamiński Marcin J. , Lumen Ryan , Kanda Kojun , Iwan Dariusz , Johnston M. Andrew , Kergoat Gael J. , Bouchard Patrice , Bai Xing Long , Li Xiu Min , Ren Guo Dong , Smith Aaron D.
Published: September 2020

The taxonomic concepts of Blapimorpha and Opatrinae (informal and traditional, morphology‐based groupings among darkling beetles) are tested using molecular phylogenetics and a reassessment of larval and adult morphology to address a major phylogeny‐classification gap in Tenebrionidae. Instead of a holistic approach (family‐level phylogeny), this study uses a bottom‐up strategy (tribal grouping) in order to define larger, monophyletic lineages within Tenebrioninae. Sampling included representatives of 27 tenebrionid tribes: Alleculini, Amarygmini, Amphidorini, Blaptini, Bolitophagini, Branchini, Cerenopini, Coniontini, Caenocrypticini, Dendarini, Eulabini, Helopini, Lagriini, Melanimini, Opatrini, Pedinini, Phaleriini, Physogasterini, Platynotini, Platyscelidini, Praociini, Scaurini, Scotobiini, Tenebrionini, Trachyscelini, Triboliini and Ulomini. Molecular analyses were based on DNA sequence data from four non‐overlapping gene regions: carbamoyl‐phosphate synthetase domain ofrudimentary(CAD) (723 bp),wingless(wg) (438 bp) and nuclear ribosomal 28S (1101 bp) and mitochondrial ribosomal 12S (363 bp). Additionally, 15 larval and imaginal characters were scored and subjected to an ancestral state reconstruction analysis. Results revealed that Amphidorini, Blaptini, Dendarini, Pedinini, Platynotini, Platyscelidini and Opatrini form a clade which can be defined by the following morphological features: adults—antennae lacking compound/stellate sensoria; procoxal cavities externally and internally closed, intersternal membrane of abdominal ventrites 3–5 visible; paired abdominal defensive glands present, elongate, not annulated; larvae—prolegs enlarged (adapted for digging); ninth tergite lacking urogomphi. To accommodate this monophyletic grouping (281 genera and ∼4000 species), the subfamily Blaptinaesens. nov.is resurrected. Prior to these results, all of the tribes within Blaptinae were classified within the polyphyletic subfamily Tenebrioninae. The non‐monophyletic nature of Terebrioninae has already been postulated by previous authors, yet no taxonomic decisions were made to fix its status. The reinstatement of Blaptinae, which groups ∼50% of the former Tenebrioninae, helps to clarify phylogenetic relations among the whole family and is the first step towards a complete higher‐level revision of Tenebrionidae. The Central Asian tribe Dissonomini (two genera, ∼30 species) was not included in Blaptinae due to a lack of representatives in the performed phylogenetic analyses; however, based on morphological features, the tribe is listed as a potential addition to the subfamily.
Alternative pneumocystis prophylaxis in solid organ transplant recipients at two large transplant centers
Authors: Lum Jessica , Echenique Ignacio , Athans Vasilios , Koval Christine E.
Published: September 2020

Background

Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMX) is the drug of choice forPneumocystis jiroveciipneumonia (PJP) prophylaxis and has activity against other opportunistic infections (OIs) after solid organ transplant (SOT). We aimed to describe the incidence, reasons for and outcomes of use of alternative prophylactic agents (APAs) across SOT programs in our high volume centers.

Methods

Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) at our centers from 1/2015‐12/2016 were identified. Pharmacy records identified APA (pentamidine, atovaquone, or dapsone) use within 1 year. Records were reviewed for allergies, laboratory values at APA initiation, diagnostic tests for TMP‐SMX‐preventable OIs, and APA side effects.

Results

An APA was initiated in 105/1173 (8.9%) SOTRs. Of these, 51 (48.6%) were because of sulfonamide allergy recorded pre‐SOT, mostly rash/hives (58.8%). The remaining 54 (51.4%) had TMP‐SMX discontinued post‐SOT, mostly for neutropenia (48%) and renal effects (34%). Differences occurred across programs, with kidney transplant never stopping TMP‐SMX for renal issues. Of those changed to APAs post‐transplant, 19 (35%) were later successfully re‐challenged with TMP‐SMX. With thresholds in mind, 67 (64%) received an APA unnecessarily, accounting for up to $100 000/y excess cost. Potential TMP‐SMX‐preventable OIs occurred in 7 (5Nocardia; 2 PJP). APA side effects occurred in 14/105 (13.3%).

Conclusions

Use of APAs for PJP prophylaxis after SOT is less than previously reported but often unwarranted. Such decisions require scrutiny to avoid TMP‐SMX‐preventable OIs, cost and important APA side effects. Use of reasonable thresholds for cessation of TMP‐SMX and data‐driven approaches to re‐challenge would substantially reduce APA use.
Orchard grass allergy in an African spur‐thighed tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata) confirmed via intradermal allergen testing and provocation testing
Authors: Liguori Brittany , Alexander Amy , Wyatt Danielle , Wellehan James , Santoro Domenico
Published: September 2020

Le système immunitaire humoral des reptiles n’est pas bien étudié. A la connaissance des auteurs, cet article décrit le premier cas de conjonctivite associé au dactyle pelotonné chez une tortue sillonée (Centrochelys sulcata) confirmé par tests allergéniques intradermiques et test de provocation. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour mieux caractériser les réactions allergiques chez les reptiles.
Rapid adaptation to non-native speech is impaired in cochlear implant users
Authors: Kapolowicz Michelle R. , Montazeri Vahid , Baese-Berk Melissa M. , Zeng Fan-Gang , Assmann Peter F.
Published: September 2020

To examine difficulties experienced by cochlear implant (CI) users when perceiving non-native speech, intelligibility of non-native speech was compared in conditions with single and multiple alternating talkers. Compared to listeners with normal hearing, no rapid talker-dependent adaptation was observed and performance was approximately 40% lower for CI users following increased exposure in both talker conditions. Results suggest that lower performance for CI users may stem from combined effects of limited spectral resolution, which diminishes perceptible differences across accents, and limited access to talker-specific acoustic features of speech, which reduces the ability to adapt to non-native speech in a talker-dependent manner.
Extinction and dawn of the modern world in the Carnian (Late Triassic)
Authors: Dal Corso Jacopo , Bernardi Massimo , Sun Yadong , Song Haijun , Seyfullah Leyla J. , Preto Nereo , Gianolla Piero , Ruffell Alastair , Kustatscher Evelyn , Roghi Guido , Merico Agostino , Hohn Sönke , Schmidt Alexander R. , Marzoli Andrea , Newton Robert J. , Wignall Paul B. , Benton Michael J.
Published: September 2020

The roots of modern-style ecosystems go back to the Carnian (ca. 233 Ma), a time of global climate change and extinction.
Metabolic control of NLRP3 inflammasome by itaconation
Authors: Van den Bossche Jan
Published: September 2020

The Krebs cycle–derived immunometabolite itaconate constrains NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β release.
Characterization of the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Tegument Proteins That Bind to gE/gI and US9, Which Promote Assembly of HSV and Transport into Neuronal Axons
Authors: DuRaine Grayson , Wisner Todd W. , Johnson David C.
Published: September 2020

Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus cause significant morbidity and mortality. One basic property of these viruses is the capacity to establish latency in the sensory neurons and to reactivate from latency and then cause disease in peripheral tissues, such as skin and mucosal epithelia. The transport of nascent HSV particles from neuron cell bodies into axons and along axons to axon tips in the periphery is an important component of this reactivation and reinfection. Two HSV membrane proteins, gE/gI and US9, play an essential role in these processes. Our studies help elucidate how HSV gE/gI and US9 promote the assembly of virus particles and sorting of these virions into neuronal axons.
Assembly of Bacterial Genomes from the Metagenomes of Three Lichen Species
Authors: Wicaksono Wisnu Adi , Cernava Tomislav , Grube Martin , Berg Gabriele
Published: September 2020

Bacteria have recently emerged as important constituents of lichen holobionts. Here, 29 bacterial metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) sequences were reconstructed from lichen metagenomes and taxonomically classified in four phyla. These results provide a pivotal resource for further exploration of the ecological roles played by bacterial symbionts in lichen holobionts.
Draft Genome Sequences of 12 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Dairy Cattle in Portugal
Authors: Fiedler Gregor , Ballem Andressa , Brinks Erik , Almeida Carina , Franz Charles M. A. P. , Oliveira Hugo
Published: September 2020

Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) is a foodborne pathogen transmitted from animals to humans through contaminated food. Cattle are the main reservoir of STEC, but their genetic diversity is still poorly characterized, especially regarding strains isolated in Portugal. We therefore present the draft genomic sequences of 12 STEC strains isolated from cattle in the north of Portugal.
Draft Genome Sequence of “
Candidatus
Phytoplasma pruni” (X-Disease Group, Subgroup 16SrIII-B) Strain ChTDIII from Argentina
Authors: Fernández Franco Daniel , Zübert Christina , Huettel Bruno , Kube Michael , Conci Luis Rogelio
Published: September 2020

Herein, we report the draft genome sequence of “
Candidatus
Phytoplasma pruni” strain ChTDIII (subgroup 16SrIII-B). The final assembly consists of 790,517 nucleotides organized in 67 contigs (minimal size, 1 kb), with a G+C content of 29.4% and encoding 672 proteins.
Genome Sequences of 38 Bacteriophages Infecting Escherichia coli, Isolated from Raw Sewage
Authors: Hinkley Troy C. , Garing Spencer , Clute-Reinig Nick , Spencer Ethan , Jain Paras , Alonzo Luis F. , Le Ny Anne-Laure M.
Published: September 2020

Here, we report the complete genome sequences of 38 novel bacteriophages infecting
Escherichia coli
, isolated from a raw sewage source in Washington. Of these phages, 26 are under 100 kb, 11 are near 170 kb, and 1 352-kb jumbo phage was discovered.
Supplemental Material: On the destructive tendencies of cratons
Authors: Cooper Catherine M (Katie) , al. et
Published: September 2020

Detailed methodology of models and post-processing.
Primary haemochromatosis resulting in dilated cardiomyopathy arising out of mutation in HJV gene in Indian patients: a rare scenario
Authors: Goyal Abhishek , Mohan Bishav , Saggar Kavita , Wander Gurpreet Singh
Published: September 2020

Primary haemochromatosis (PH) is a genetic disorder of iron metabolism with multiorgan involvement due to mutations in HFE or more rarely haemojuvelin (HJV) gene. Cardiac involvement results in dilated cardiomyopathy with reduced ejection fraction and progressive heart failure. PH is rarely reported from India and cardiomyopathy due to PH from HJV mutations is thought to be uncommon. We report two families with cardiomyopathy resulting from PH. Diagnosis was suspected on the basis of skin pigmentation, markedly elevated serum ferritin and transferring saturation. Genetic testing revealed a rare mutation in HJV gene in one family. Being a treatable condition, PH should be suspected and investigated in cardiomyopathy patients in Indian subcontinent. If HFE is negative, analysis of non-HFE mutation should always be considered.
State firearm laws, race and law enforcement–related deaths in 16 US states: 2010–2016
Authors: Sivaraman Josie J , Marshall Stephen W , Ranapurwala Shabbar I
Published: September 2020

The aim of this study was to assess the association between state firearm legislation and law enforcement–related deaths (LEDs) and its modification by race. We used secondary data from an ecological cohort of 16 states (2010 to 2016), using the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), the State Firearm Law Database and additional public sources. Poisson regression with generalised estimating equations and inverse probability of exposure weights to account for time-varying confounding were used to quantify the association. LEDs were also disaggregated by race (Black vs non-Black). A total of 1593 LEDs took place during the 6-year study period. After adjusting for confounders, the IRR among non-Blacks was 0.48 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.89) and 1.53 (95% CI 0.93 to 2.54) among Blacks. Our findings highlight the fact that increased firearm provisions may decrease rates of LED among non-Black American individuals—an association not observed among Black Americans.
Relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, magnesium, vitamin D, thrombosis and COVID-19: rationale for clinical management
Authors: Cooper Isabella D , Crofts Catherine A P , DiNicolantonio James J , Malhotra Aseem , Elliott Bradley , Kyriakidou Yvoni , Brookler Kenneth H
Published: September 2020

Risk factors for COVID-19 patients with poorer outcomes include pre-existing conditions: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart failure, hypertension, low oxygen saturation capacity, cancer, elevated: ferritin, C reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer. A common denominator, hyperinsulinaemia, provides a plausible mechanism of action, underlying CVD, hypertension and strokes, all conditions typified with thrombi. The underlying science provides a theoretical management algorithm for the frontline practitioners.

Vitamin D activation requires magnesium. Hyperinsulinaemia promotes: magnesium depletion via increased renal excretion, reduced intracellular levels, lowers vitamin D status via sequestration into adipocytes and hydroxylation activation inhibition. Hyperinsulinaemia mediates thrombi development via: fibrinolysis inhibition, anticoagulation production dysregulation, increasing reactive oxygen species, decreased antioxidant capacity via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide depletion, haem oxidation and catabolism, producing carbon monoxide, increasing deep vein thrombosis risk and pulmonary emboli. Increased haem-synthesis demand upregulates carbon dioxide production, decreasing oxygen saturation capacity. Hyperinsulinaemia decreases cholesterol sulfurylation to cholesterol sulfate, as low vitamin D regulation due to magnesium depletion and/or vitamin D sequestration and/or diminished activation capacity decreases sulfotransferase enzyme SULT2B1b activity, consequently decreasing plasma membrane negative charge between red blood cells, platelets and endothelial cells, thus increasing agglutination and thrombosis.

Patients with COVID-19 admitted with hyperglycaemia and/or hyperinsulinaemia should be placed on a restricted refined carbohydrate diet, with limited use of intravenous dextrose solutions. Degree/level of restriction is determined by serial testing of blood glucose, insulin and ketones. Supplemental magnesium, vitamin D and zinc should be administered. By implementing refined carbohydrate restriction, three primary risk factors, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and hypertension, that increase inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis risk are rapidly managed.
A survey of biosecurity measures and serological status for bovine viral diarrhoea virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 on dairy cattle farms in north‐west and north‐east Spain
Authors: Villaamil Francisco J , Arnaiz Ignacio , Allepuz Alberto , Molins Miquel , Lazaro Mercedes , Benavides Bibiana , Moya Sebastián J , Fabrega Jordi Casal , Yus Eduardo , Dieguez Francisco J
Published: September 2020

Background

Biosecurity is a key measure to reduce and prevent the introduction of diseases to farms and minimise spread of diseases within a herd. The aim of the study was to characterise the current application of biosecurity measures on dairy cattle farms in Spain along with their bovine viral diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis status.

Methods

Data on biosecurity measures for 124 dairy herds were collected using a questionnaire. The sanitary status of these farms for bovine viral diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis was also assessed using antibody ELISA. Data were analysed using multiple correspondence analysis and a two‐step cluster analysis.

Results

Three main clusters of farms were identified: clusters 1 and 2 included herds of small and intermediate sizes. These, particularly cluster 1, showed the most deficiencies in the control of vehicles and visitors. However, laboratory tests were always performed on purchased animals. Cluster 3 had the largest herd sizes, with somewhat better biosecurity control of vehicles and visitors. However, farms in this cluster also purchased the most animals, sometimes without testing, and hired external workers more often.

Conclusion

The study indicated that, in the study population, there are serious shortcomings in the application of biosecurity measures on dairy farms, exposing them to disease transmission. This survey also highlights regional and herd size‐related differences in the implementation of biosecurity. Collecting data is an important first step to identification of specific weaknesses in different farm typologies, and an adequate follow‐up is needed to ensure that measures are implemented correctly on farms.
Moving contact lines and dynamic contact angles: a ‘litmus test’ for mathematical models, accomplishments and new challenges
Authors: Shikhmurzaev Yulii D.
Published: September 2020

After a brief overview of the ‘moving contact-line problem’ as it emerged and evolved as a research topic, a ‘litmus test’ allowing one to assess adequacy of the mathematical models proposed as solutions to the problem is described. Its essence is in comparing the contact angle, an element inherent in every model, with what follows from a qualitative analysis of some simple flows. It is shown that, contrary to a widely held view, the dynamic contact angle is not a function of the contact-line speed as for different spontaneous spreading flows one has different paths in the contact angle-versus-speed plane. In particular, the dynamic contact angle can decrease as the contact-line speed increases. This completely undermines the search for the ‘right’ velocity-dependence of the dynamic contact angle, actual or apparent, as a direction of research. With a reference to an earlier publication, it is shown that, to date, the only mathematical model passing the ‘litmus test’ is the model of dynamic wetting as an interface formation process. The model, which was originated back in 1993, inscribes dynamic wetting into the general physical context as a particular case in a wide class of flows, which also includes coalescence, capillary breakup, free-surface cusping and some other flows, all sharing the same underlying physics. New challenges in the field of dynamic wetting are discussed.
Effect of nonuniform magnetic field on thermal performance of nanofluid flow in angled junction
Authors: Chu Yu-Ming , Moradi Rasoul , Abazari Amir Musa , Bach Quang-Vu
Published: September 2020

Magnetohydrodynamic analysis of the nanofluid flow is extremely noteworthy in industrial applications. This study investigates the application of the nonhomogeny magnetic source on the migration of fluid with nanoparticles within the angled junction. In this work, Ferro particles are injected into the water flow to intensify the influence of the FHD on nanomaterial flow. To perform computational study on nanofluid in the junction, the FVM with SIMPLEC model was selected. According to our results, the existence of the nonhomogeny magnetic field produces the circulation in the vicinity of the junction and decreases the mineral sedimentation on the junction wall. In existence of two magnetic sources, Nu augments by 20% when the Reynolds number of nano flow is augmented from 50 to 100. When results of four sources of nonhomogeny FHD sources are compared with that of two magnetic sources, it is detected that the mean Nusselt number approximately increases 57 % inside the domain.
Phase transition in information propagation on high-order networks
Authors: Nian Fuzhong , Yu X. , Cao J. , Luo L.
Published: September 2020

The phase transition in information spreading was investigated. Two phase transitions were studied, respectively, from the point of view of network information and the node information, and the corresponding simulations were implemented on high-order networks. In order to explore the phase transition in information dissemination, this paper analyzes the characteristics of social networks and constructs a high-order network model with explicit, subexplicit, and implicit relationships. The factors affecting interpersonal communication were analyzed, the social cumulative effect was introduced, and two transmission models with characteristics of permanent forgetting and temporary forgetting were proposed. The comparison between simulated experiment and real case shows that the network mode accord with the characteristics of the actual network, and the two models of phase transitions are closer to the actual.
Equations with physical applications arising from the Vlasov chain
Authors: Bracken Paul
Published: September 2020

The first equation in a hierarchy of equations due to Vlasov is studied. The equation can be described as a Schrödinger equation for the probabilistic description of a system. It has applications in other areas as well. A physical meaning can be assigned to the phase of the wavefunction. The approach allows construction of solutions of the Schrödinger equation from known solutions and conversely much like a Bäcklund transformation. Finally, the process of introducing a potential into the Schrödinger equation is generalized to the case of Bohmian mechanics.
Density functional study of CoFeCrZ (Z=Al, Si, Ga, Ge) quaternary Heusler alloys for phonon spectra
Authors: Ahmed Muhammad , Afaq A. , Bakar Abu , Asif Muhammad
Published: September 2020

Density Functional Theory (DFT) is used to investigate the phonon properties of CoFeCrZ (Z[Formula: see text]=[Formula: see text]Al, Si, Ga, Ge) equiatomic Quaternary Heusler Alloys. These alloys crystallize in face centered cubic (FCC) structure and have three crystal structures Y-Type I, Y-Type II and Y-Type III on the basis of their atomic positions. For CoFeCrZ (Z[Formula: see text]=[Formula: see text]Al, Si, Ga, Ge), Y-Type I is the most stable structure found in the literature, so phonon dispersion curves for this structure are obtained with the help of norm-conserving pseudo potentials in Quantum ESPRESSO. Absence of negative frequencies in phonon dispersion curves proves the dynamical stability of all these alloys. Phonon dispersion curves are further used to obtain Reststrahlen band, a region where light reflects 100%. The calculated Reststrahlen bands for CoFeCrAl, CoFeCrSi, CoFeCrGa and CoFeCrGe are 4.179 THz ([Formula: see text]m), 4.30 THz ([Formula: see text]m), 3.35 THz ([Formula: see text]m) and 3.05 THz ([Formula: see text]m), respectively. These obtained values of Reststrahlen bands for CoFeCrZ (Z[Formula: see text]=[Formula: see text]Al, Si, Ga, Ge) lie within the far infra-red (FIR) region, and can be used in sensing, imaging and optoelectronic devices.
Multiwave interaction solutions for the (3+1)-dimensional extended Jimbo–Miwa equation
Authors: Cui Wenying , Li Wei , Liu Yinping
Published: September 2020

In this paper, for the (3+1)-dimensional extended Jimbo–Miwa equation, by the direct algebraic method, together with the inheritance solving strategy, we construct its interaction solutions among solitons, rational waves, and periodic waves. Meanwhile, we construct its interaction solutions among solitons, breathers, and lumps of any higher orders by an [Formula: see text]-soliton decomposition algorithm, together with the parameters conjugated assignment and long-wave limit techniques. The highlight of the paper is that by applying new algorithms and new techniques, we obtained different types of new multiwave interaction solutions for the (3+1)-dimensional extended Jimbo–Miwa equation.
Phase transitions and entropy force of charged de Sitter black holes with cloud of string and quintessence
Authors: Ma Yubo , Zhang Yang , Zhao Ren , Cao Shuo , Liu Tonghua , Geng Shubiao , Liu Yuting , Huang Yumei
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we investigate the combined effects of the cloud of strings and quintessence on the thermodynamics of a Reissner–Nordström–de Sitter black hole. Based on the equivalent thermodynamic quantities considering the correlation between the black hole horizon and the cosmological horizon, we extensively discuss the phase transitions of the spacetime. Our analysis proves that similar to the case in AdS spacetime, second-order phase transitions could take place under certain conditions, with the absence of first-order phase transition in the charged de Sitter (dS) black holes with cloud of string and quintessence. The effects of different thermodynamic quantities on the phase transitions are also quantitatively discussed, which provides a new approach to study the thermodynamic qualities of unstable dS spacetime. Focusing on the entropy force generated by the interaction between the black hole horizon and the cosmological horizon, as well as the Lennard–Jones force between two particles, our results demonstrate the strong degeneracy between the entropy force of the two horizons and the ratio of the horizon positions, which follows the surprisingly similar law given the relation between the Lennard–Jones force and the ratio of two particle positions. Therefore, the study of the entropy force between two horizons is not only beneficial to the deep exploration of the three modes of cosmic evolution, but also helpful to understand the correlation between the microstates of particles in black holes and those in ordinary thermodynamic systems.
Counting short cycles of (c,d)-regular bipartite graphs
Authors: Alinejad M. , Khashyarmanesh K.
Published: September 2020

Recently, Tanner graphs which represented low density parity check (LDPC) codes have become an interesting research topic. Finding the number of short cycles of Tanner graphs motivated Blake and Lin to investigate the multiplicity of cycles of length equal to the girth of bi-regular bipartite graphs by using the spectrum and degree distribution of the graph. While there were many algorithms to find the number of cycles, they chose to take a computational approach. Dehghan and Banihashemi counted the number of cycles of length [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is a bi-regular bipartite graph and [Formula: see text] is the girth of [Formula: see text] But for the cycles of length smaller than [Formula: see text] in bi-regular bipartite graphs, they only proposed a descriptive technique. In this paper, we find the number of cycles of length less than [Formula: see text] by using the spectrum and the degree distribution of bi-regular bipartite graphs such that the formula depends only on the partitions of positive integers and the number of closed cycle-free walks from any vertex of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] which are known.
The Double Absorbing Boundary Method Incorporated in a High-Order Spectral Element Formulation
Authors: Papadimitropoulos Symeon , Rabinovich Daniel , Givoli Dan
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we consider the numerical solution of the time-dependent wave equation in a semi-infinite waveguide. We employ the Double Absorbing Boundary (DAB) method, by introducing two parallel artificial boundaries on the side where waves are outgoing. In contrast to the original implementation of the DAB, where the numerical solution involved either a low-order finite difference scheme or a low-order finite element scheme, here we incorporate the DAB into a high-order spectral element formulation, which provides us with very accurate solutions of wave problems in unbounded domains. This is demonstrated by numerical experiments. While the method is highly accurate, it suffers from long-time instability. We show how to postpone the onset of the instability by a prudent choice of the computational parameters.
On the ‘Rigidity’ of the Force Field of a Moving Source
Authors: D’Abramo Germano
Published: September 2020

In the present paper, we propose a heuristic and intuitive approach to visualize how force fields “move” when their source moves at a constant velocity [Formula: see text] or accelerates with acceleration [Formula: see text] relative to a stationary observer. Our approach is based on the application of the principle of relativity and the principle of equivalence and holds regardless of the nature of the force field. The results presented here have been derived in the nonrelativistic approximation ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] being the interval of time within which we observe the field). We shall show that in both cases of uniform and accelerated motion of the source, the field moves rigidly with the source. Namely, for every observer, however distant from the source, the field is always directed away from (or points towards) the present, instantaneous position of the source. We also show that these results are in agreement with what we know from experimental evidence and full-fledged physical theories (of electromagnetism and gravitation) beyond the nonrelativistic approximation. The proposed approach may be considered as a tool to facilitate students in graduate and undergraduate courses to familiarize themselves with (and self convince of) such a counter-intuitive feature of the force fields.
Three-Axis Theorem in Moment of Inertia Computation
Authors: Ricardo Bernard , Yuan Zhe Wen
Published: September 2020

A very important property in the study of rigid body dynamics, moment of inertia describes the resistance of an object to any change in its angular velocity, given a certain amount of torque. Although many novel methods have been developed to simplify its calculation, this paper presents a remarkable theorem in moment of inertia that has never been widely used, the three-axis theorem. The theorem provides an alternative way for moment of inertia computation and better visualization in integrating each infinitesimal constituent mass element of a rigid body. The key idea is to focus on the distance from this infinitesimal mass to the intersection of the three axes, instead of its distance to a certain rotational axis.