bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SAHÎH-İ BUHÂRÎ’DE TEMRÎZ SÎGASIYLA AKTARILAN MUʿALLAK RİVÂYETLERİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: TURHAN Halil İbrahim , TOPRAK Ayşegül
Published: August 2018

Buhârî’nin eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ’i ile şöhret kazanmış olan
mu‘allak rivâyetlerde kimi zaman zayıflığa delâlet ettiği iddia edilen temrîz
sîgası kullanılmıştır. İlgili sîganın böyle bir iddia ile gündeme gelmiş
olmasının doğal bir sonucu olarak bu rivâyetlerin sıhhat durumu asırlarca
muhaddisler tarafından tartışma konusu yapılmıştır. Kimileri bu sîganın, ilgili
rivâyetlerin zayıflığına vurgu yapma amacıyla tercih edildiği görüşünü
savunurken bazıları da onun, sahîh hadislerde de kullanıldığını ileri sürerek
bu durumun rivâyetlerin zayıflığıyla bir ilgisinin olmadığına kanaat
getirmiştir.

Temrîz sîgasının, rivâyetlerin sıhhatine veya zayıflığına
delâlet etmesi noktasındaki bu görüşler her ne kadar farklılık arz etse de
Buhârî’nin, es-Sahîh’inde bu sîgayla aktardığı rivâyetlern tümünün aynı sıhhat
derecesine sahip olduğunu söylemek mümkün değildir. Bu sebeple Buhârî’nin kullanımı
ile ilişkilendirildiğinde, temrîz sîgasının kesin olarak zayıflığa veya
sağlamlığa delâlet ettiği söylenemez. Zira Buhârî’nin bu hususta herhangi bir
açıklamasının olduğu bilinmemektedir. Bununla beraber ilgili hadisler hakkında
klasik ve çağdaş dönem hadis âlimlerinin görüşleri doğrultusunda belirtilmiş
olan sıhhate dair hükümlerin ortaya konulması, Buhârî’nin eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ’te
ilgili sîgayla hadis naklederken nasıl bir yol izlediği hususuna ışık tutması
bakımından önemlidir.
DİN ÖĞRETİMİ’NDE PROBLEM ÇÖZME BECERİSİ KAZANMA AMACINA ERİŞİM DÜZEYİ ÖLÇEĞİ: GEÇERLİK GÜVENİLİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: YİĞİT Yasin
Published: August 2018

Eğitim öğretimde çağın insanının ihtiyacı olan problem çözme becerisinin

geliştirilmesine büyük önem verilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı da din öğretiminde

problem çözme becerisi kazanma amacına erişim düzeyini belirleyen geçerli ve

güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda ölçeğe ilk

olarak açımlayıcı faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra doğrulayıcı faktör

analizi ile modelin uygunluğu test edilmiştir. Açımlayıcı faktör analizine göre

ölçek, 26 madde ve 4 faktörlü yapı göstermiştir. Ölçeğin toplamda açıkladığı

varyans %46.486’dır. Ölçeğin Crombach Alfa iç tutarlık katsayısı ise .89’dur.

Çalışmada Sivas ili ve ilçelerinde bulunan Anadolu İmam Hatip Liseleri 11. ve

12. sınıf öğrencilerinden veri toplanmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi ve

güvenilirlik analizi için 341, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi için 496 öğrenciye

ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda ortaya çıkan modelin uyum indeksleri

x2/sd=1.917, RMSEA= .043, RMR=.035, SRMR= .044, GFI= .918, AGFI= .901, CFI=

.923, TLI= .915, IFI= .924 şeklindedir. Tüm faktörler istatistiksel olarak

anlamlı bulunmuş, uyum indeksleri sonucunda elde edilen modelin iyi bir uyuma

sahip olduğu ortaya koyulmuştur.
NEUROSURGICAL PATHOLOGY IN PREGNANT PATIENTS. ANESTHESIOLOGICAL AND TACTICAL ASPECTS
Authors: Lubnin Andrey , Avhlediani K. N. , Sogomonjan S. A.
Published: August 2018

Based on literature data’s and self experience in treatment obstetric patients with various neurosurgical pathology (cerebral aneurysm, AVMs, cerebral tumors of various histology and localization, hydrocephaly, head trauma and spinal pathology) we analyzed main anesthetic and tactical problems of treatment such unusual patients.
Peripheral Blood B Cell Depletion after Rituximab and Complete Response in Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Gomez Mendez Liliana Michelle , Cascino Matthew D. , Garg Jay , Katsumoto Tamiko R. , Brakeman Paul , Dall’Era Maria , Looney Richard John , Rovin Brad , Dragone Leonard , Brunetta Paul
Published: August 2018

Background and objectives

Incomplete peripheral blood B cell depletion after rituximab in lupus nephritis might correlate with inability to reduce tubulointerstitial lymphoid aggregates in the kidney, which together could be responsible for inadequate response to treatment. We utilized data from the Lupus Nephritis Assessment with Rituximab (LUNAR) study to characterize the variability of peripheral blood B cell depletion after rituximab and assess its association with complete response in patients with lupus nephritis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

We analyzed 68 participants treated with rituximab. Peripheral blood B cell depletion was defined as 0 cells/µl, termed “complete peripheral depletion,” assessed over 78 weeks. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between characteristics of complete peripheral depletion and complete response (defined as urine protein-to-creatinine ratio <0.5 mg/mg, and normal serum creatinine or an increase in creatinine <15%, if normal at baseline), assessed at week 78.

Results

A total of 53 (78%) participants achieved complete peripheral depletion (0 cells/µl) in a median time of 182 days (interquartile range, 80–339).The median duration of complete peripheral depletion was 71 days (interquartile range, 14–158). Twenty-five (47%) participants with complete peripheral depletion achieved complete response, compared with two (13%) without. Complete peripheral depletion was associated with complete response (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.8; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.2 to 28; P=0.03). Longer time to achieving complete peripheral depletion was associated with a lower likelihood of complete response (unadjusted OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.98; P=0.02). Complete peripheral depletion lasting >71 days (the median) was associated with complete response (unadjusted OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.5 to 11; P=0.008).

Conclusions

There was substantial variability in peripheral blood B cell depletion in patients with lupus nephritis treated with rituximab from the LUNAR trial. Achievement of complete peripheral depletion, as well as the rapidity and duration of complete peripheral depletion, were associated with complete response at week 78.

Podcast

This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2018_09_06_CJASNPodcast_18_10_.mp3
Privatização e precarização do ensino médio em Rondônia
Authors: Souza Marilsa Miranda , Da Rocha Neidiele Bratilieri , Miranda Soares Gabriel Henrique
Published: August 2018

O artigo tem por objetivo analisar o processo de privatização e precarização do ensino médio a partir das políticas gerais de reestruturação desse nível de ensino e da implantação do Projeto de Ensino Médio com Mediação Tecnológica (Emmtec) em 2016, nas escolas da rede pública estadual de Rondônia e suas vinculações com o mercado capitalista. Desde a década de 1990 se expande o processo de privatização do ensino médio, com as sucessivas políticas educacionais de profissionalização. O Emmtec é um programa que traz a forte presença dos padrões tecnicistas e privatistas.
Portfólio Reflexivo: avaliar e avaliar-se
Authors: Mestre Francisco Paulo Rodrigues , Quartieri Marli Teresinha , Silva Jacqueline Silva da
Published: August 2018

O artigo tem como objetivo discutir questões do avaliar e da autoavaliação no ambiente escolar, lançando reflexões a respeito de formas e possibilidades de ruptura nos “novos velhos” conceitos de processos avaliativos. Apresenta relato de uma experiência sobre avaliação por meio da utilização de Portfólio Reflexivo com turmas de anos finais do ensino fundamental e as contribuições de sua utilização nos processos avaliativos. O portfólio mostrou-se uma experiência enriquecedora, repleta de possibilidades para aluno e professor identificarem suas potencialidades e fragilidades.
Phototherapy and its effect on some physiological functions in newborns
Authors: Nandraziova L , Matasova K , Gumulak R
Published: August 2018

Phototherapy represents the most common therapeutic intervention at neonatology departments in the first days of life. The beneficial effects of light on the decrease of the serum bilirubin level were first described by Cremer et al. in 1950’s (1). Since then phototherapy has been successfully used to treat severe hyperbilirubinaemia and has almost completely replaced exchange transfusion. Phototherapy is a relatively non-invasive method. However, along with decreasing bilirubin level, it can also influence some other functions: perfusion of organs, predominantly skin; peripheral vascular resistance; distribution of blood flow; heart activity and, thus, also systemic blood pressure along with breathing. A side component of applied light is a certain amount of heat which warms the body surface up and, therefore, the risk of exogenous overheating and increased water loss through the skin arise. Maternal-infant separation, modification of calcium homeostasis, disturbed circadian rhythm, or changes of the hemodynamics of various organ systems are only a few of the undesired effects which prove phototherapy not to be a treatment without any side effects. Careful indication of phototherapy is essential, particularly in premature infants.
Weed Flora in Organic Common Mallow (Malva sylvestris L.)
Authors: Brdar-Jokanović Milka , Ljevnaić-Mašić Branka , Džigurski Dejana , Koren Anamarija , Merkulov-Popadić Larisa , Nikolić Ljiljana , Adamović Dušan
Published: August 2018

The aim of this study was to examine weed flora occurring in an organic common mallow (Malva sylvestris L.), a newly established crop at the experimental field Bački Petrovac, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, during the growing season of 2014. The weed flora consisted of six species, with even a half being invasive for Vojvodina region (Sorghum halepense, Amaranthus retroflexus, Datura stramonium). The observed low floristic diversity may be related to unbalanced ecological conditions in a newly established crop, invasive species, comparatively low fertilization, allelopathic relations, and possibly robust habitus of the main crop. However, although the flora was low in diversity, both narrow and broadleaf species were represented, with the average infestation as high as 16 individuals per m2. In addition, since the recorded weeds flower from Mart to November, until the development of more efficient methods that are in compliance with the principles of organic agriculture, mechanical weeding should be performed at least three times during the growing season. To our knowledge, this is the first such report on organic common mallow in agro ecological conditions of Serbian province Vojvodina and represents the first step in establishing the adequate weed control measures.
Diet Selection in Finishing Lambs
Authors: Ivković Mirko , Stanivuk Jelena , Jakovljević Branko , Bjedov Siniša , Rajković Dušan
Published: August 2018

In a total mixed ration (TMR) feeding system, lambs, as well as other animals, tend to exhibit dietary preferences. The purpose of this paper is to examine differences in the feed selection behavior between lambs previously accustomed to TMR feeding and lambs newly introduced to TMR diets.

A total of eight male Suffolk lambs were allocated to two groups of four each. Both groups received the same feed formulation. The roughage portion of the diet consisted of alfalfa hay, whereas the concentrate portion included a concentrate mixture for finishing lambs. One group of lambs was fed total mixed rations containing 30% alfalfa hay and 70% pelleted concentrate. The other group received alfalfa hay and concentrate rations separately as single diets. Diet selection measurements were performed after four weeks of the experimental feeding regime.

The results obtained indicate a clear preference of both groups for concentrate (112±5% and 110±6% respectively) over alfalfa hay (72±11% and 77±14% respectively). Significant differences were recorded in the duration of feeding time. The lambs accustomed to TMR feeding consumed 400 g of TMR for 18±1 minutes, whereas the lambs newly introduced to TMR diets required 154±88 minutes for the same allotment. Moreover, the lambs starting on a TMR diet were found to consume feed markedly slower, although their diet selection proved equally successful compared to the lambs accustomed to TMR feeding.
Pixantrone, a new anticancer drug with the same old cardiac problems? An in vitro study with differentiated and non-differentiated H9c2 cells
Authors: Reis-Mendes Ana , Alves Marisa , Carvalho Félix , Remião Fernando , Bastos Maria Lourdes , Costa Vera Marisa
Published: August 2018

Pixantrone (PIX) is an anticancer drug approved for the treatment of multiple relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. It is an aza-anthracenedione synthesized to have the same anticancer activity as its predecessors, anthracyclines (e.g. doxorubicin) and anthracenediones (e.g. mitoxantrone), with lower cardiotoxicity. However, published data regarding its possible cardiotoxicity are scarce. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the potential cytotoxicity of PIX, at clinically relevant concentrations (0.1; 1; and 10 µM) in both non-differentiated and 7-day differentiated H9c2 cells. Cells were exposed to PIX for 48 h and cytotoxicity was evaluated through phase contrast microscopy, Hoescht staining and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and neutral red (NR) uptake assays. Cytotoxicity was observed in differentiated and non-differentiated H9c2 cells, with detached cells and round cells evidenced by phase contrast microscopy, mainly at the highest concentration tested (10 µM). In the Hoechst staining, PIX 10 µM showed a marked decrease in the number of cells when compared to control but with no signs of nuclear condensation. Furthermore, significant concentration-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction was observed through the MTT reduction assay. The NR assay showed similar results to those obtained in the MTT reduction assay in both differentiated and non-differentiated H9c2 cells. The differentiation state of the cells was not crucial to PIX effects, although PIX toxicity was slightly higher in differentiated H9c2 cells. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first in vitro study performed with PIX in H9c2 cells and it discloses worrying cytotoxicity at clinically relevant concentrations.
The prognostic role of thrombophilia in the treatment of infertility
Authors: Levente Túrós János , Szilárd-Leó Kiss , Lujza-Katalin Bereczky , Edina Bartha , Lehel Lészai , Tamás Szabó , Imola Györfi , Béla Szabó
Published: August 2018

Thrombophilia refers to a coagulation disorder that predisposes to thrombosis and thus increases the risk of thrombotic events. Both inherited and acquired thrombophilia are associated with vascular thrombosis and pregnancy-related complications, including infertility, recurrent miscarriage, and premature birth.

Recently, thrombophilia has been increasingly encountered as an infertility factor, which gives the clinical relevance of the disease.

The aim of the study was to investigate the prognostic role of thrombophilia in the treatment of infertility and the pregnancy of thrombophilic women during assisted reproduction procedures.

Frequency of abortions increases and effectiveness of in vitro fertilization (IVF) decreases with age. Normal weight has a positive effect on assisted reproduction techniques (ART’s) outcome. Repeat IVF failure is more common in thrombophilia than in healthy women, and the “take home baby” ratio for IVF is 24%. Spontaneous abortion was most commonly observed in the PAI homozygous group followed by MTHFR homozygous mutation, MTHFR heterozygous mutation, and Factor V (Leiden) mutation. The most effective treatment was concomitant therapy with low molecular weight heparin and aspirin.
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation for High-Speed Induction Motor Implemented in Nios II Softcore Processor
Authors: Chojowski Maciej
Published: August 2018

The purpose of the article was to present the idea of space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and implementation in Nios II softcore processor. The SVPWM module was described in a classical method in hardware description language both as an independent structure and as an additional component to softcore processor. The available methods were compared, and the experiment was carried out in the laboratory to test implemented SVPWM algorithm using high-speed induction motor.
Effect of Water Content, Temperature and NaCl on CO2 Corrosion of Carbon Steel (A106B) in Iraqi Crude Oil
Authors: Jafar Saad Ahmed , Abdel-Rahman Enaam Y.
Published: August 2018

An investigation was carried out to determine the corrosion rate of carbon steel (A 106 Grade B) as flow line in crude oil production with CO2 content employing three Iraqi crude oil (Kirkuk crude oil, Halfaya crude oil, and Rumalia crude oil) with identical produced water (brine) [1%NaCl, 2%NaCl, and 3%NaCl]. Experiments were performed in an autoclave test apparatus, crude oil-produced water mixtures, water cuts were (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%), and temperature (20, 40, 60°C). For all experiments, CO2 partial pressure was maintained at 4bar and rotational speed 500 rpm. The corrosion rates were determined by the weight loss method. The results revealed that the corrosion rate of carbon steel increased by increasing water cut and temperature, but decreased with increasing salt concentration for all types of crude oil. Rumaila crude oil exhibited the highest corrosion rate and Kirkuk crude oil exhibits the lowest corrosion rate while Halfaya crude oil exhibits a moderate corrosion rate.
Investigation of the Power Grid Accuracy by CMOS Transistor Network using Matlab/ Simulink
Authors: Nawaf Shahir Fleyeh , Hussein Mohammed Khalaf , Sadeem Sabah , Faysal Shaker Mahmud
Published: August 2018

The design and analysis of the power distribution and supply system on a chip is a complex issue. The ideal network consists of millions of transistors, which act as energy consumers. This large number makes them complex in terms of design and analysis. Building typical algorithms with logical gates and working automatically is the best way to solve the problem of power grid complexity. In this research, it was proposed to design a new model for consumers on the basis of effective resistance. passive elements were used only in this model and based on the actual resistance and capacity of the logical gates. Consumers and power grids can adopt computational physics methods and consider each group of consumers in each subnet as within total circuits. Emphasis is placed on the interaction between consumers for energy distribution network and energy supply. Using Matlab/ Simulink, accuracy of the system is verified to determine the technical issues related to the operation of the system for power networks.
Snapchat dan Interaksi Mahasiswa dalam Jaringan Sosial
Authors: Sanjaya Tri , Prasetyo Iwan Joko
Published: August 2018

One type of social media is social networking sites that are currently very liked by internet users. Snapchat itself is an application that is used to instantly share messages (communicate), but in a unique way. The satisfaction of using social media as interpersonal communication media is obtained from how big the ability of social network in fulfilling requirement of its user is thing that want to be researched by researcher. This research uses descriptive research type with quantitative approach that is research which only describe situation or event. This study did not seek or explain the relationship, did not test the hypothesis or make predictions. In this research the sampling technique used is Stratified Random Sampling or random sampling stratification. From the tabulation data, it was found that male students were satisfied using snapchat with high cognitive and divergence (3.75), personal identity satisfaction (3.95), social relations satisfaction (3.98), then in the aspect motives for the use of snapchats, surveillance motives (3.84), personal identity motives (3.57), personal relationship motives (4.00), then entertainment motives (3.66). Keywords: Social media, snapchat, user satisfaction
Evaluasi Kinerja Wireless 802.11N untuk E Learning
Authors: Siswanto Apri
Published: August 2018

Penelitian ini merupakan evaluasi kinerja tentang wireless LAN (WLAN) 802.11N yang diimplementasikan dalam suatu lingkungan fakultas. Dalam penelitian ini di bangun server E Learning dan akan di akses menggunakan Wireless LAN 802.11N. Simulasi ini menggunakan Perangkat Lunak Riverbed Modeler. Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah simulasi untuk memperkirakan jumlah klien pengguna web dan aplikasi jaringan lainnya yang bisa didukung oleh Wireless LAN 802.11N dengan memberikan   beban jaringan tertentu. Pada penelitian ini simulasi menghasilkan tampilan bahwa WLAN IEEE 802.11N bisa mendukung sampai lebih dari 100 klien pengguna e-learning dengan aktifitas web browsing.
The Relationship between Shyness and Motivation to Speak English of the First Year Students of English Study Program of FKIP UIR Pekanbaru
Authors: Marhamah Marhamah
Published: August 2018

The objectives of this research are (1) to find out if there is a relationship between shyness and motivation to speak English of the first year students of English study program of FKIP UIR Pekanbaru, (2) to know their shyness and their motivation to speak in speaking English of the first year students of English Study Program of FKIP UIR Pekanbaru, and (3) to know how the relationship between shyness and motivation to speak in speaking English of the first year students of English Study Program of FKIP UIR Pekanbaru. Shyness means a feeling about oneself in a presence of other. Motivation is process of stimulating peple to action t accomplish desired goals. In this research, motivation to speak means to stimulate students to speak English.

There are two variables in this research. Shyness is taken as an independent variable and motivation to speak is taken as a dependent variable. The total population of the first year students is about 154. So, the sample of this research is 25 students. The instrument of this research is questionnaire. The aspects of students’ shyness are (1)worry about their think of them, (2) become shy to deal with people from a different social class or to work with more skilled people, and (3) avoid social gathering and usually speak in low voice. The aspect of students’ motivation to speak English are integrative and instrumental motivation.

Based on the result of the analysis, there are only 40 % of the students that were indeed shy. It can be concluded that there is significant relationship between students’ shyness and their motivation t speak English.
Understanding Formative and Summative Assessment for EFL Teachers: Theoretical Reflections on Assessment for Learning.
Authors: Ridhwan M.
Published: August 2018

The literatures showed that the important of assessment has brought so significance works and studies. Currently, the teacher’s conception and belief to conduct assessment being questioned because of its nature, the cheating habit among students while assessing summative kind of test becomes the roots of all the problems occurred during the classroom test. They, especially EFL teachers should not determine by the test as the only gear to measure learning outcomes, using formative as assessment for learning is better proposed and understood rather than spotlighting the assessment of learning. Dispute summative can someway use feedback for formative purpose, it seems the roles of the teachers would take so little function for students’ improvement. It is then suggested for EFL teachers, they should immense formative procedures over summative to enhance the learning target which has been previously shared with students. Eventually, if it is successfully offered and applied massively by teachers, the earlier problems found such as cheating, lower students’ grade, would be diminished, and positively change the learning behavior. In addition, will not possible to transform teachers’ conception and practice from being an “assessment of learning” into assessment for learning”. The formative teachers will always examine their students based on the dynamic situation of their students, they viewed every dynamic problem found during classroom teaching and learning could be as feedback for teaching improvement and re-designed their teaching method in the classroom.
Roles of Integrating Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Teaching Speaking at the First Semester of English Students oF FKIP UIR
Authors: Idayani Andi , Sailun Betty
Published: August 2018

Speaking skill is an important part of the curriculum in language teaching, this makes it an important for students to be able to speak English. However, the goal of teaching speaking should improve students’ communicative skills as a way to help students express themselves and learn how to follow the social and cultural rules appropriate in each communication circumstance.Hence, Information Communication Technology (ICT) can be used by the English teacher to enhance students’ English Proficiency, especially speaking skill. Thus, the present study aims at investigating the role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in speaking class at the first semester of English Students of FKIP UIR which consists of 42 students as sample of this research. The researchers used descriptive method and worked by using questionnaires as an instrument for collecting data. The researchers have found that the use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) increases students’ motivation and their speaking performances. It also has great impact on students learning’s effectiveness. In general, students prefered group work activities, free discussion, role play, or students’ presentation. A large number of students declared that their lecturer used technology while teaching speaking. They claimed that using ICThas beneficial and helpful to speak the language. Finally, most students affirmed that the use of ICT developed their speaking skill, increased their knowledge, and creativity. Concerning their attitudes towards their preferable kind of technology that can be used in teaching, some prefer to use laptop/notebook and projector while others enjoyed watching videos.
Strategies Used by Lecturers in Teaching English Productive Skills at English Study Program of FKIP UIR
Authors: Ilyas Muhammad
Published: August 2018

Teaching English productive skills was considered to become the most difficult lesson, the students needed to have good pronunciation, master structure, discourse and the social context of cultural competence. Besides, speaking and writing  were difficult, more effort was required on the part of the students and lecturers. It was not enough for the students to listen only. This research tried to explore the strategies used by the lecturers and their influences in developing students’ cognitive academic language proficiency by working on students’ English productive  skills. This research was a descriptive qualitative research. It consisted of only one variable, which the researcher wanted to explore the description of strategies used by the lecturers and their influences on students’ English productive skills at English study program of FKIP UIR. In this research, researcher only focused on exploring the strategies used by the lecturers and describing the influences from those strategies on students’ English productive skills. The result of this research showed that there were some strategies used by lecturers in teaching English productive skills at English study program of FKIP UIR, they were: (1) in the speaking classroom; Buzz group, think-pair-share, circle of voices, video recording method. (2) in the Writing classroom; collaborative writing technique. All of those strategies were suitable for teaching speaking or writing and gave description for reader to increase students’ English productive skills.
A Financial Inclusion as a Catalyst for Poverty Reduction in Nigeria
Authors: Abimbola Akeem Olaide
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this article is to examine the role financial inclusion can play in the reduction of poverty in Nigeria. Financial inclusion which can be explained as access to formal financial services such as credit, savings and insurance opportunities is still very vague in developing countries such as Nigeria where there is high level of poverty. The country has a large number of ‘unbanked’ people whose business activities are not captured in the country’s economic reports. These ‘unbanked’ populaces are illiterates who are either unemployed or under employed and lack access to financial services and information, and are totally excluded in the financial ecosystem and market. It examines the roles of government and financial institutions and the use of various mobile initiatives such as mobile banking, mobile money, agent banking etc. as financial inclusion tools to stimulate poverty reduction. Time series analysis on data obtained from secondary sources between the periods of 1992 and 2016 was adopted by the authors and the study covered financial inclusion as it relates to unbanked people in Nigeria. Other empirical studies in this field were used to strengthen the OLS findings. It was concluded that majority of the ‘unbanked’ in Nigeria are low income people who do not have access to financial services and information on financial inclusion. While few are timid on the need to use a bank, a large number of them are willing to use banking services and believe the availability of these services will help improve their economic condition. At the end of the paper, it is recommended that the government should encourage Banks to continue to take advantage of all the financial inclusion policies of the government in mobilizing funds from the informal sector into the banking system and this can be best done by increasing the amount of customers within the financial system as a tool for encouraging financial inclusion and stimulating the economy and thereby reducing poverty in the country
Numerical Modelling of Seismic Behavior of Retrofitted RC Beam-Column Joints
Authors: Arjmandi Seyyed Aliasghar , Yousefi Maryam
Published: August 2018

In the event of an earthquake, the beam-column joints in the reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame structures are affected by a high level of deformations and stresses. Due to these deformations and stresses, the joint can be damaged and even fractured in some cases. The failure of the beam-column joint can cause the building to collapse. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to strengthening joints in the substandard RC buildings. In this paper, the beam-column joint is investigated considering the nonlinear behavior for concrete and steel. For concrete, the damage plasticity model and for reinforcing steels bilinear plasticity model is used. Several examples of tested joints in the technical literature have been modeled before and after strengthening, then numerical and experimental results are compared. Seismic performance of joints has also been studied. The results of this research show good agreement between the results of finite element model and experimental results. Moreover, the retrofitting method have shown could improves the seismic performance of the joint.
Investigating the Role of Space Factors in Promoting Vitality for Designing Sports Complex
Authors: Karimi Azeri Amir Reza , Aladini Mehraneh , Amirnezhad Mozhdehi Mehrdad
Published: August 2018

The quality of urban public space has been one of the focal points of recent design research, with the efforts to create such a public space that could satisfy citizens in different terms has been proposed as one of the main strategies for the urban design projects. As one of the factors affecting the quality of public spaces and urban environments, vitality plays an important role in such settings. On the other hand, the environmental designers are always faced with different aspects of designing public spaces and the important fact is that, among the various factors influencing the vitality, which one has the most important role. In this regard, this study intends to focus on the designing of sports complex in Bandar Anzali in order to enhance the vitality. In terms of research kind, the research is a descriptive-analytical one, in terms of methodology, it uses a survey method and it is functional based on objective. According to the data, it is a quantitative research and it is a field study in terms of implementation. In this regard, among the human-based and environmental variables related to the vitality that were extracted from the documentary and desk research, five cases were selected  as the basis of the research according to the prioritization of environmental psychology developed by the  experts from the faculty of members from the prestigious Iranian  universities. Additionally, the research tools were developed based on this prioritization. The statistical community of the present study involved two cases of the sports complexes representing Bandar Anzali. Therefore, with the determination of the community, sample size and research tools, the selected variables were tested to accept or reject the hypotheses. After analyzing the data by SPSS software, visual beauty, security, sociability, readability and user interaction and 24 hour activity were prioritized respectively. As a result, the analytical model of the research, which in fact includes the main factors affecting the vitality of sports spaces has been formulated as a public space in Anzali.  Finally, the most effective spatial strategies have been presented to promote vitality and to achieve the research goals.
Pengembangan Video Sex Education Untuk Menstimulasi Kemampuan Sosial Emosional Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Fitri Norma Diana
Published: August 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan video sex education untuk menstimulasi kemampuan sosial dan emosional anak usia dini. Model pengembangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model Borg and Gall (2007) yang terdiri sepuluh langkah. (1) Asses Needs To Identity Goal, (2) Conduct Instructional Analysis, (3) Analyze Learners And Context, (4) Write Performance Objectives, (5) Develop Assessment Instrument, (6) Develop Instructional Strategy, (7) Develop And Select Instructional Materials  , (8) Design And Conduct Formative Evaluation Of Instruction, (9) Revise Instruction, (10) Design And Conduct Summative Evaluation. Desain uji coba produk dalam penelitian ini melalui tiga tahap yaitu (a) validasi ahli, (b) uji coba kelompok kecil, (c) uji coba kelompok besar. Hasil uji coba selanjutnya diuji dengan Uji t yaitu untuk mengetahui peningkatan kemampuan kemampuan sosial dan emosionalanak usia dini dari hasil belajar antara memakai media dengan tidak memakai media. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa video sex education dapat menstimulasi kemampuan sosial dan emosional anak. Dari hasil analisis data memperoleh memperoleh nilai signifikasi 0,000 < 0,005 maka H0 ditolak. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan adanya perbedaan pada rata-rata perlakuan sebelum dan sesudah dan rata-rata skor perlakuan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan pada proses pembelajaran sex education dengan menggunakan video yang telah dikembangkan.
An Econometric Study of the Demand for Fertilizers in
Pakistan
Authors: Ayub Mahmood A.
Published: August 2018

An empirical study of the demand for fertilizers in Pakistan
is important for at least two reasons. First, we can identify the
various factors responsible for the determination of demand. This will
obviously depend to a large extent on the arguments we include in the
demand function and the mathematical specification of the model.
Nevertheless, one can obtain a rough idea of the importance of the
various factors in the total demand for fertilizers. Second, a study of
the demand side will enable us to obtain some estimates of the price
elasticity of demand. Knowledge of price elasticity is extremely
essential from the government policy point of view because the sale of
fertilizers in Pakistan has been subsidized, and it is, therefore,
essential to know the degree of respon-siveness of fertilizer demand to
price changes. Despite the crucial importance for policy measures,
hardly any econome¬tric study of the demand for fertilizers has been
carried out in Pakistan. To the best of my knowledge, P.L. Leonard [5]
is the only one who has attempted to carry out such a study for
Pakistan. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to quantify the degree of
importance of the various factors in the fertilizer demand of Pakistan.
Employment Aspects of Industrial Growth: A Correction
Authors: Ahmed Meekal
Published: August 2018

In the Summer 1974 edition of the Pakistan Development Review,
Mr. Ishrat Hussain wrote an article on an aspect of Pakistan's
industrialization that has aroused considerable interest and concern in
other developing countries— the impact of technology and wage rate
changes on the growth of industrial employment [2,3 & 6]. While
commending Mr. Hussain's efforts in having drawn attention to this
aspect of our industrial strategy, it appears necessary to point out
that his analysis contains an important error in the basic data. This
note therefore is intended to correct the error in the data, rework the
entire analysis, and suggest reasons why the conclusions drawn by Mr.
Hussain are not warranted by the evidence he presents. The principal
error committed by Mr. Hussain was his failure to add the relevant
variables for Karachi to the West Pakistan data in the Census of
1959-60.1 For example, Table III of his article shows West Pakistan's
fixed capital stock for All Industry as Rs. 918 million.1 This is, of
course, incorrect. West Pakistan's capital stock in 1959-60 was Rs. 952
million+Rs. 490 million (Karachi)=Rs. 1,442 million; and a similar
correction factor applies to all other variables derived from the Census
of that year. As it turns out, these corrections result in sufficiently
large differences in the estimates of the Labour Displacement Effect and
the regression equation of changes in labour produc¬tivity on changes in
wage rates and net output. A re-examination of his empirical results
therefore seems warranted.
The Transition in Open Dualistic Economies. By Douglas Paauw and
John Fei. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1973. 306 pp.Price!
12.50
Authors: Ayub Mahmood Ali
Published: August 2018

This book is concerned with a special type of less developed
countries having open dualistic economies. It deals with transition
growth, the postwar era of 1950—1970, which is a relatively short
period, sandwiched between the two long epochs of colonial growth and
modern economic growth. The hallmark of the colonial epoch is the
imposition of foreign political control on the agrarian economy of the
colony to result in a heavy reliance upon primary product exports. The
non-agricultural sector and the com¬mercialized agricultural sector form
an enclave which is "involved in a trian¬gular pattern of resource
utilization with the foreign sector." The economic goal of colonialism
is to extract from the colony the maximum export surplus. This feature
of colonial growth is vital to the examination of the transition growth
process because the subsequent experience of the colony after political
independence depends on how these export profits are employed. The main
point of the book is that the use of export profits to alter the
economic structure differs among countries, and the authors identify two
types of experience. The first is economic nationalism, under which the
trade- related profits are utilized for a thorough change in the
production and trade patterns. The second is neocolonialism in which, by
contrast, the trade- related profits are employed to strengthen and
perpetuate the colonial pattern of growth. Taiwan and the Philippines
are cited as examples of economic nationalist transition growth while
Malaysia and Thailand are examples of the neocolonial pattern of growth.
Differential Urban Growth and Distance Considerations in Domestic
Migration Flows in Pakistan
Authors: Helbock Richard W.
Published: August 2018

Urbanization is a process which is gradually reshaping the
population of Pakistan from a nation of farmers and villages to a nation
of urban dwellers. Yet this process, so critical to the quality of life
in Pakistan's future, is not well understood. The literature of
demography and development is liberally sprink¬led with reports and
articles dealing with both general theories of urbanization and case
studies, but the processes and underlying factors affecting
urbaniza¬tion in Pakistan have as yet received little attention.1
Research designed to identify the underlying factors and interpret the
urbanization process in Pakistan is currently underway, and it is the
purpose of this paper to provide some background information on
urbanization in Pakistan as well as to describe the directions of future
research. Specifically, this paper examines differential growth among
Pakistan's twelve largest cities and the relationship of urban growth to
origins and flows of domestic urban migration.
Estimation of Net Currently Married Life within the Reproductive
Period for Females in Pakistan
Authors: Afzal Mohammad , Azhar Mohammad , Jan Tariq Sajjad
Published: August 2018

In a society like that of Pakistan, where fertility is almost
wholly con¬fined to the Marriage life, the pregnancy exposure period is
regulated by age- at-marriage and the age at which the possibility of
pregnancy subsequent to marriage is terminated by divorce, widowhood,
mortality and menopause depending on whichever of these events occurs
earlier. In addition to these factors, the possibility of pregnancy can
also be reduced by the use of contracep¬tives. However, in a population
like that of Pakistan where family planning is not widely practised, the
period of exposure to pregnancy is primarily deter¬mined by the length
of time between the occurrence of marriage and its termina¬tion by
widowhood, divorce, mortality or menopause. For demographic purposes, an
enquiry into the existing patterns of net currently married life within
the reproductive period of females getting married at different ages or
of females with different durations of marriage can throw light on their
fertility in the same period of time. In order to have an under¬standing
of the extent to which the net married life is actually limited by the
given patterns of occurrence and termination of marriage, the effects of
nuptiality and marriage termination have to be taken into account
simultaneously, for they are the determinants of the net duration of the
currently married life of a female. The present study has the limited
objective of arriving at some estimates of the net currently married
life of females in Pakistan by allowing for the effects of widowhood,
divorce and mortality till the end of the reproduc¬tive period. In other
words, an attempt is made to estimate the average ex¬pected net years of
actively married life till the end of the reproductive period.
The Effect of Tax Holiday on Investment Decisions: Some
Comments
Authors: Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

In the Winter 1974 issue of the Pakistan Development Review,
Messrs: Azhar and Sharif have published an article entitled "The Effects
of Tax Holiday on Invest¬ment Decisions: An Empirical Analysis." It was
an interesting article in a very useful area of research. Apart from
other subsidies, tax holidays are granted to encourage investment
generally, but in certain areas particularly. Thus a study -on tax
holiday is important from the policy point of view as it helps decide
whether to reintroduce the tax holiday policy which was abolished in
1972. Unfortunately, there are some conceptual and methodological
problems in the study so that the results presented by Azhar and Sharif
are rather suspect. However, before taking up these problems, let it be
pointed out that the conclusions drawn by Azhar and Sharif regarding
ineffectiveness of the tax holiday policy in encouraging private
investment is not quite correct. Their study showed that 20 percent of
firms would not have invested if they had not been granted tax holidays.
A policy which en¬courages investment by 20 percent cannot be called
ineffective. Before drawing any such conclusions, one is advised to look
at the relative effectivenesses of different investment-promoting
policies.
Estimating the Social Cost of Using Agricultural Land in the
Punjab
Authors: Khan Shahrukh Rafi
Published: August 2018

Pakistan, like any developing country, must regularly divert
some of the scarce agricultural land to an alternative use—to another
crop, to a site for a reservoir or a plant for processing agriculture's
output, or to industrial, com¬mercial or housing purposes. This paper is
an exercise in estimating he social cost of releasing agricultural land
in the Punjab for use in another activity. It will, hopefully, serve as
a model for planners and policy-makers who are con¬fronted with specific
projects requiring cost-benefit analysis. For example, Pakistan's Fifth
Five-Year Plan calls for construction of numerous sugar mills, sites for
which will require an estimated 100 acres of agricultural land per mill.
The-cost of using this land for sugar refining may be expressed in terms
of the net value of the agricultural output foregone. Similarly, if cane
cultivation > is extended to provide input for the refineries, its
cost must be evaluated by the value of the crops which are
foregone.
Urban Population Growth in Pakistan 1961-1972
Authors: Helbock Richard W.
Published: August 2018

The growth of cities is a subject of increasing concern among
social scientists and government planners in Pakistan as elsewhere in
the developing world. Redistribution of the population from
predominantly rural to increas¬ingly urban pattern of residence has
far-reaching implications for the demographic, socio-economic, and
political character of the nation. Indeed, the process of urbanization
as it applies in the Third World nations is gene¬rating considerable
debate among scholars, for there are important policy impli¬cations and
divergent views regarding the consequences of urban growth. Ad¬vocates
of urbanization, who see it as the key which unlocks economic
development and modernization [6], are being challenged by others who
view cities as neo-coloniaiistic structures which drain their regional
hinterlands of scarce re¬sources [5] and provide a Western life-style
for only the elite minority [13]. Meanwhile, government planners and
policy makers have embarked upon pro¬grammes designed to foster urban
growth and in some cases create new urban centres. The Agrovilles Scheme
is such a programme under way in Pakistan [12].
Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: TURKEY. By Anne
O. Kneger. New York : Columbia University Press 1975. (Published by the
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., New York) xxiii + 339 pp.
Price $ 17.50 for hard cover ; $ 5.00 for paperback.
Authors: Ashraf Javed
Published: August 2018

The book is the first of a series of studies on Exchange
Control, Liberalization and Economic Development sponsored by the
National Bureau of Economic Research, New York. The ten-country study,
of which the book under review is a part, provides an in-depth analysis
of three major areas : The anatomy of exchange control along with its
implications, the episode of the liberalization of the payments regime,
and the relationship of growth with the exchange control regime. The
findings of the individual country-studies have been consolidated in an
overall synthesis. However, each study is complete in itself in
accordance with the needs of scholars having an interest in only some of
the studies. The book under review seeks to analyse Turkey's trade and
payments regime and the effect that the latter has had on the country's
economic growth. Whereas quite a few other factors are instrumental in
development (e.g. agricultural productivity, levels of education,
political and social stability, etc.), the focus on foreign trade alone
is justified by the author on the grounds of the tremendous amount of
government influence in foreign trade. Moreover, the author believes
that an intensive study of the trade-growth relationship is more
rewarding than: a general survey of all factors related to economic
growth.