bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glioblastoma Therapy: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Obrador Elena , Moreno-Murciano Paz , Oriol-Caballo María , López-Blanch Rafael , Pineda Begoña , Gutiérrez-Arroyo Julia , Loras Alba , Gonzalez-Bonet Luis , Martinez-Cadenas Conrado , Estrela José , Marqués-Torrejón María
Published: February 2024

Glioblastoma (GB) stands out as the most prevalent and lethal form of brain cancer. Although great efforts have been made by clinicians and researchers, no significant improvement in survival has been achieved since the Stupp protocol became the standard of care (SOC) in 2005. Despite multimodality treatments, recurrence is almost universal with survival rates under 2 years after diagnosis. Here, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of GB pathophysiology, in particular, the importance of glioma stem cells (GSCs), the tumor microenvironment conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms involved in GB growth, aggressiveness and recurrence. The discussion on therapeutic strategies first covers the SOC treatment and targeted therapies that have been shown to interfere with different signaling pathways (pRB/CDK4/RB1/P16ink4, TP53/MDM2/P14arf, PI3k/Akt-PTEN, RAS/RAF/MEK, PARP) involved in GB tumorigenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment resistance acquisition. Below, we analyze several immunotherapeutic approaches (i.e., checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, CAR-modified NK or T cells, oncolytic virotherapy) that have been used in an attempt to enhance the immune response against GB, and thereby avoid recidivism or increase survival of GB patients. Finally, we present treatment attempts made using nanotherapies (nanometric structures having active anti-GB agents such as antibodies, chemotherapeutic/anti-angiogenic drugs or sensitizers, radionuclides, and molecules that target GB cellular receptors or open the blood–brain barrier) and non-ionizing energies (laser interstitial thermal therapy, high/low intensity focused ultrasounds, photodynamic/sonodynamic therapies and electroporation). The aim of this review is to discuss the advances and limitations of the current therapies and to present novel approaches that are under development or following clinical trials.
The Invention of Tribology: Peter Jost’s Contribution
Authors: Williams John
Published: February 2024

Peter Jost is known to the international tribology community as the father of the subject—‘the man who made the world spin a little easier’. He was the author of the eponymous ‘Jost Report’, the report of the Working Group set up in 1964 to investigate the state of lubrication education and research in the UK. Over the following five decades, up to his death in 2016, he was tireless in extolling the importance of tribology to manufacturing efficiency, energy conversion and environmental sustainability. He was instrumental in establishing the International Tribology Council and its prestigious gold, silver and bronze medals. Jost was himself the recipient of numerous national and international awards. In 1976, he was the President of the Institution of Production Engineers, and in 2013, he received the Sustained Achievement Award from the Royal Academy of Engineering. What is less well known is the story behind the Jost report—what was it that led the recently elected Labour government and its newly established Ministry of Technology to investigate lubrication and to choose Jost to lead the investigating panel? The story illustrates the combination of serendipity and determination on which success can so often depend.
4,5-Dimethylfuro[3,4-d]pyridazin-1(2H)-one
Authors: Gomonov Kirill A. , Pelipko Vasilii V. , Litvinov Igor A. , Baichurin Ruslan I. , Makarenko Sergey V.
Published: February 2024

The synthesis of previously unknown 4,5-dimethylfuro[3,4-d]pyridazin-1(2H)-one has been proposed and structurally characterized via a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, 1H, 13C–{1H}, 1H–13C HMQC, and 1H–13C HMBC NMR spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy.
Transformation and Detoxification of Typical Metallurgical Hazardous Waste into a Resource: A Review of the Development of Harmless Treatment and Utilization in China
Authors: Wang Yuanhang , Zhao Haiquan , Wang Xinyu , Chong Junkai , Huo Xiangtao , Guo Min , Zhang Mei
Published: February 2024

The production process of the metallurgical industry generates a significant quantity of hazardous waste. At present, the common disposal method for metallurgical hazardous waste is landfilling, which synchronously leads to the leaching of toxic elements and the loss of valuable metals. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research progress in the harmless treatment and resource utilization of stainless steel dust/sludge (including stainless steel dust and stainless steel pickling sludge) and aluminum ash (including primary aluminum ash and secondary aluminum dross), which serve as representative hazardous wastes in ferrous metallurgy and nonferrous metallurgy, respectively. Additionally, the general steps involved in the comprehensive utilization of metallurgical hazardous waste are summarized. Finally, this paper provides a prospective analysis on the future development and research trends of comprehensive utilization for metallurgical hazardous waste, aiming to offer a basis for the future harmless, high-value, resource-based treatment of metallurgical hazardous waste and the realization of industrial applications in China.
Multi-Physics Modeling of Melting-Solidification Characteristics in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process of 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Shan Xiuyang , Pan Zhenggao , Gao Mengdi , Han Lu , Choi Joon-Phil , Zhang Haining
Published: February 2024

In the laser powder bed fusion process, the melting-solidification characteristics of 316L stainless steel have a great effect on the workpiece quality. In this paper, a multi-physics model was constructed using the finite volume method (FVM) to simulate the melting-solidification process of a 316L powder bed via laser powder bed fusion. In this physical model, the phase change process, the influence of temperature gradient on surface tension of molten pool, and the influence of recoil pressure caused by the metal vapor on molten pool surface were considered. Using this model, the effects of laser scanning speed, hatch space, and laser power on temperature distribution, keyhole depth, and workpiece quality were studied. This study can be used to guide the optimization of process parameters, which is beneficial to the improvement of workpiece quality.
Calculation of and Key Influencing Factors Analysis on Equivalent Resilient Modulus of a Submerged Subgrade
Authors: Tang Junyao , Chen Siyu , Ma Tao , Zheng Binshuang , Huang Xiaoming
Published: February 2024

To calculate and analyze the equivalent resilient modulus of a submerged subgrade, a constitutive model considering the effect of saturation and matrix suction was introduced using ABAQUS’s user-defined material (UMAT)subroutine. The pavement response under falling weight deflectometer (FWD) load was simulated at various water levels based on the derived distribution of the resilient modulus within the subgrade. The equivalent resilient modulus of the subgrade was then calculated using the equivalent iteration and weighted average methods. Based on this, the influence of the material and structural parameters of the subgrade was analyzed. The results indicate that the effect of water level rise on the tensile strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer and the compressive strain at the top of the subgrade is obvious, and its trend is similar to an exponential change. The equivalent resilient modulus of the subgrade basically decreases linearly with the rise in the water level, and there is high consistency between the equivalent iteration and weighted average methods. The saturated permeability coefficient and subgrade height have the most significant effect on the resilient modulus of the subgrade, which should be emphasized in the design of submerged subgrades, and the suggested values of the resilient modulus of the subgrade should be proposed according to the relevant construction conditions.
Recent Advances in Molten Salt-Based Nanofluids as Thermal Energy Storage in Concentrated Solar Power: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Abir Fahim Mahtab , Altwarah Qutaiba , Rana Md Tasnim , Shin Donghyun
Published: February 2024

This study critically reviews the key aspects of nanoparticles and their impact on molten salts (MSs) for thermal energy storage (TES) in concentrated solar power (CSP). It then conducts a comprehensive analysis of MS nanofluids, focusing on identifying the best combinations of salts and nanoparticles to increase the specific heat capacity (SHC) efficiently. Various methods and approaches for the synthesis of these nanofluids are explained. The article presents different experimental techniques used to characterize nanofluids, including measuring the SHC and thermal conductivity and analyzing particle dispersion. It also discusses the challenges associated with characterizing these nanofluids. The study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms behind the observed increase in SHC in MS nanofluids. Finally, it summarizes potential areas for future research, highlighting crucial domains for further investigation and advancement.
A Modified DF2016 Criterion for the Fracture Modeling from Shear to Equibiaxial Tension
Authors: Xu Xiaona , Yan Ruqiang , Fang Xucheng
Published: February 2024

This study introduces a modified DF2016 criterion to model a ductile fracture of sheet metals from shear to equibiaxial tension. The DF2016 criterion is modified so that a material constant is equal to the fracture strain at equibiaxial tension, which can be easily measured by the bulging experiments. To evaluate the performance of the modified DF2016 criterion, experiments are conducted for QP980 with five different specimens with stress states from shear to equibiaxial tension. The plasticity of the steel is characterized by the Swift–Voce hardening law and the pDrucker function, which is calibrated with the inverse engineering approach. A fracture strain is measured by the XTOP digital image correlation system for all the specimens, including the bulging test. The modified DF2016 criterion is also calibrated with the inverse engineering approach. The predicted force–stroke curves are compared with experimental results to evaluate the performance of the modified DF2016 criterion on the fracture prediction from shear to equibiaxial tension. The comparison shows that the modified DF2016 criterion can model the onset of the ductile fracture with high accuracy in wide stress states from shear to plane strain tension. Moreover, the calibration of the modified DF2016 criterion is comparatively easier than the original DF2016 criterion.
A State-Dependent Elasto-Plastic Model for Hydrate-Bearing Cemented Sand Considering Damage and Cementation Effects
Authors: Tong Huidong , Chen Youliang , Du Xi , Chen Siyu , Pan Yungui , Wang Suran , Peng Bin , Azzam Rafig , Fernandez-Steeger Tomas Manuel
Published: February 2024

In order to optimize the efficiency and safety of gas hydrate extraction, it is essential to develop a credible constitutive model for sands containing hydrates. A model incorporating both cementation and damage was constructed to describe the behavior of hydrate-bearing cemented sand. This model is based on the critical state theory and builds upon previous studies. The damage factor Ds is incorporated to consider soil degradation and the reduction in hydrate cementation, as described by plastic shear strain. A computer program was developed to simulate the mechanisms of cementation and damage evolution, as well as the stress-strain curves of hydrate-bearing cemented sand. The results indicate that the model replicates the mechanical behavior of soil cementation and soil deterioration caused by impairment well. By comparing the theoretical curves with the experimental data, the compliance of the model was calculated to be more than 90 percent. The new state-dependent elasto-plastic constitutive model based on cementation and damage of hydrate-bearing cemented sand could provide vital guidance for the construction of deep-buried tunnels, extraction of hydrocarbon compounds, and development of resources.
Influence of Specimen Dimension, Water Immersion Protocol, and Surface Roughness on Water Sorption and Solubility of Resin-Based Restorative Materials
Authors: da Silva Eduardo Moreira , Amaral Cristiane Mariote , Jardim Renata Nunes , Barbosa Marianna Pires , Rabello Tiago Braga
Published: February 2024

The evaluation of water sorption and solubility is pivotal for the development of new resin-based restorative materials with the potential for clinical application. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the specimen dimension, water immersion protocol, and surface roughness on the water sorption and solubility of three resin-based restorative materials. Disk-shaped specimens of 15 mm × 1 mm, 10 mm × 1 mm, and 6 mm × 1 mm were produced with a composite resin (Z100), a resin cement (RelyX ARC), and an adhesive system (Single Bond 2—SB2). The specimens were immersed in distilled water according to four protocols: ISO (all the specimens for each group were vertically immersed in 50 mL); IV-10 (the specimens were individually and vertically immersed in 10 mL); IH-10 (the specimens were individually and horizontally immersed in 10 mL); and IH-2 (the specimens were individually and horizontally immersed in 2 mL). The surface roughness (Sa and Sp) was evaluated using an atomic force microscope, and the degree of conversion was determined using FT-IR spectrometry. The specimen dimension and water immersion protocol had no effect on water sorption and solubility. For the three resin-based restorative materials, Sp was higher than Sa. The degree of conversion was not influenced by the specimen dimension. The variations in the specimen dimension and water immersion protocol compared to those determined by ISO 4049 did not prevent the comparison between the values of water sorption and solubility obtained for a given resin-based restorative material.
Hot Deformation Behavior of a Hot-Isostatically Pressed Ti-6Al-4V Alloy from Recycled Powder
Authors: Guo Ruili , Wang Naixu , Cheng Min
Published: February 2024

In this work, a new use of mixed Ti-6Al-4V powder, consisting of the retained powder after screening for additive manufacturing and the recycled powder after multiple printing, has been exploited. The powder mixture has been hot-isostatically-pressed (HIPed) at 930 °C/120 MPa for 3 h to reach full density. The hot deformation behavior of the as-HIPed powder compacts were investigated through isothermal compression tests, kinetic analyses, and hot processing maps. Finally, the optimized hot working parameters were validated using upsetting tests. The results show that the as-HIPed Ti-6Al-4V alloy has a fine and homogeneous microstructure. The activation energies were calculated to be 359 kJ/mol in the α + β phase regime and 463 kJ/mol in the β phase regime, respectively. The optimal hot working parameters are a deformation temperature above 950 °C and strain rate higher than 0.1 s−1. The hot workability of as-HIPed powder compacts is better than the as-cast billets. The deformed microstructure can be finer than that of as-HIPed state, and the mechanical performance can be further improved by the optimal thermo-mechanical processing treatment.
Far-Field Spatial Response of Off-Diagonal GMI Wire Magnetometers. Application to Magnetic Field Sources Sensing
Authors: Gasnier Julien , Dolabdjian Christophe
Published: February 2024

Studying the spatial response of a single-axis magnetometer could be the key parameter to optimize the ultimate performances of magnetic heads of detection. Indeed, the problem of non-orthogonality, misalignment, and 3D spatial response could be improved based on the knowledge of the 3D sensor spatial response. In that way, we have investigated the latter for our giant magneto-impedance (GMI) magnetometer, as a far-field pattern, by using a three-axis Helmholtz coil system. Firstly, we calibrate our device and secondly, we apply a specific 3D magnetic field to obtain this pattern. The latter helps to observe the directional or angular dependence of the sensor sensitivity versus the applied magnetic field, as we exemplified. The results confirm the excellent directivity of our off-diagonal GMI magnetometer. The evaluation of the associated error compared to an ideal vector magnetometer is also given and discussed.
Influence of Nutrient Deprivation on the Antioxidant Capacity and Chemical Profile of Two Diatoms from Genus Chaetoceros
Authors: Frleta Matas Roberta , Radman Sanja , Čagalj Martina , Šimat Vida
Published: February 2024

The limited availability of phosphate, nitrogen and silicon in the growth media affects the growth, cellular processes, and metabolism of diatoms. Silicon deficiency primarily affects diatom morphology, while phosphate deficiency reduces the production of nucleic acids and phospholipids. Differences in pigment and protein composition are mainly due to nitrogen deficiency. In this study, Chaetoceros socialis and Chaetoceros costatus were cultured under phosphate, nitrogen, and silicon deprivation conditions. The diatom biomass was collected during the stationary growth phase and extracted with 70% ethanol under ultrasonication. The chemical profiles of the extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS), while the antioxidant capacity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Pigments, fatty acids, sterols, and derivatives were detected in both species. The total phenolic content in the extracts ranged from 46.25 ± 1.08 to 89.38 ± 6.21 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/L and from 29.58 ± 1.08 to 54.17 ± 1.18 mg GAE/L. for C. costatus and C. socialis, respectively. Antioxidant activity was higher in C. costatus extracts, especially those obtained from nitrogen-deprived media. The results of this study contribute to the existing knowledge and the ongoing efforts to overcome application and commercialization barriers of microalgae for wide-ranging potential in different industries.
Algae-Based Nanoparticles for Oral Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Drori Eliyahu , Patel Dhaval , Coopersmith Sarah , Rahamim Valeria , Drori Chen , Jadhav Suchita Suryakant , Avital Roni , Anker Yaakov , Azagury Aharon
Published: February 2024

Drug administration by oral delivery is the preferred route, regardless of some remaining challenges, such as short resident time and toxicity issues. One strategy to overcome these barriers is utilizing mucoadhesive vectors that can increase intestinal resident time and systemic uptake. In this study, biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs) were produced from 14 types of edible algae and evaluated for usage as oral DDSs by measuring their size, surface charge, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, mucoadhesion force, and cellular uptake into Caco-2 cells. The NPs composed of algal materials (aNPs) exhibited a spherical morphology with a size range of 126–606 nm and a surface charge of −9 to −38 mV. The mucoadhesive forces tested ex vivo against mice, pigs, and sheep intestines revealed significant variation between algae and animal models. Notably, Arthospira platensis (i.e., Spirulina) NPs (126 ± 2 nm, −38 ± 3 mV) consistently exhibited the highest mucoadhesive forces (up to 3127 ± 272 µN/mm²). Moreover, a correlation was found between high mucoadhesive force and high cellular uptake into Caco-2 cells, further supporting the potential of aNPs by indicating their ability to facilitate drug absorption into the human intestinal epithelium. The results presented herein serve as a proof of concept for the possibility of aNPs as oral drug delivery vehicles.
Degradation of Stains from Metal Surfaces Using a DBD Plasma Microreactor
Authors: Wang Fajun , Miao Zhikun , Li Chengdong , Lin Liangliang
Published: February 2024

The surface cleaning of metals plays a pivotal role in ensuring their overall performance and functionality. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma, due to its unique properties, has been considered to be a good alternative to traditional cleaning methods. The confinement of DBD plasma in microreactors brings additional benefits, including excellent stability at high pressures, enhanced density of reactive species, reduced safety risks, and less gas and energy consumption. In the present work, we demonstrated a DBD plasma-based method for the degradation of stains from metal surfaces in a microreactor. Aluminum plates with capsanthin stains were used to investigate the influence of operational parameters on the decolorization efficiency, including plasma discharge power, plasma processing time, and O2 content in the atmosphere. The results revealed that an increase in plasma discharge power and plasma processing time together with an appropriate amount of O2 in the atmosphere promote the degradation of capsanthin stains. The optimum processing condition was determined to be the following: plasma power of 11.3 W, processing time of 3 min, and Ar/O2 flow rate of 48/2 sccm. The evolution of composition, morphology, bonding configuration, and wettability of aluminum plates with capsanthin and lycopene stains before and after plasma treatment were systematically investigated, indicating DBD plasma can efficiently degrade stains from the surface of metals without damage. On this basis, the DBD plasma cleaning approach was extended to degrade rhodamine B and malachite green stains from different metals, suggesting it has good versatility. Our work provides a simple, efficient, and solvent-free approach for the surface cleaning of metals.
Chemical-Vapor-Deposition-Synthesized Two-Dimensional Non-Stoichiometric Copper Selenide (β-Cu2−xSe) for Ultra-Fast Tetracycline Hydrochloride Degradation under Solar Light
Authors: Srijith  , Konar Rajashree , Teblum Eti , Singh Vivek Kumar , Telkhozhayeva Madina , Paiardi Michelangelo , Nessim Gilbert Daniel
Published: February 2024

The high concentration of antibiotics in aquatic environments is a serious environmental issue. In response, researchers have explored photocatalytic degradation as a potential solution. Through chemical vapor deposition (CVD), we synthesized copper selenide (β-Cu2−xSe) and found it an effective catalyst for degrading tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl). The catalyst demonstrated an impressive degradation efficiency of approximately 98% and a reaction rate constant of 3.14 × 10−2 min−1. Its layered structure, which exposes reactive sites, contributes to excellent stability, interfacial charge transfer efficiency, and visible light absorption capacity. Our investigations confirmed that the principal active species produced by the catalyst comprises O2− radicals, which we verified through trapping experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). We also verified the TC-HCl degradation mechanism using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Our results provide valuable insights into developing the β-Cu2−xSe catalyst using CVD and its potential applications in environmental remediation.
Population and Energy Transfer Dynamics in an Open Excitonic Quantum Battery
Authors: Liu Zhe , Hanna Gabriel
Published: February 2024

In a previous study, we proposed an open quantum network model of a quantum battery (QB) that possesses dark states owing to its structural exchange symmetries. While in a dark state, the QB is capable of storing an exciton without any environment-induced population losses. However, when the structural exchange symmetry is broken, the QB begins to discharge the exciton towards its exit site. In this article, we start by demonstrating that this QB is not only loss-free with respect to exciton population during the storage phase, but also with respect to the QB energy. We then explore the exciton population and energy transfer dynamics of the QB during the discharge phase over a wide range of site energies, bath temperatures, and bath reorganization energies. Our results shed light on how to optimize the QB’s population and energy transfer dynamics for different purposes.
Microwave-Mediated, Catalyst-Free Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines from Enaminonitriles
Authors: Lee Kwanghee , Kim Young-Ah , Jung Chanhyun , Sim Jaeuk , Rajasekar Shanmugam , Kwak Jae-Hwan , Viji Mayavan , Jung Jae-Kyung
Published: February 2024

A catalyst-free, additive-free, and eco-friendly method for synthesizing 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines under microwave conditions has been established. This tandem reaction involves the use of enaminonitriles and benzohydrazides, a transamidation mechanism followed by nucleophilic addition with nitrile, and subsequent condensation to yield the target compound in a short reaction time. The methodology demonstrates a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, resulting in the formation of products in good-to-excellent yields. Furthermore, the scale-up reaction and late-stage functionalization of triazolo pyridine further demonstrate its synthetic utility. A plausible reaction pathway, based on our findings, has been proposed.
Investigation on Gold Dissolution Performance and Mechanism in Imidazolium Cyanate Ionic Liquids
Authors: Zhang Na , Zhang Yuxin , Liu Zhengyu , Liu Ziyuan , Sun Chunbao , Altun N. Emre , Kou Jue
Published: February 2024

To explore green gold leaching reagents, a series of imidazolium cyanate ionic liquids (ILs), 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cyanate ([C2MIM][OCN]), 1-propyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cyanate ([C3MIM][OCN]) and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolcyanate ([C4MIM][OCN]) were synthesized and characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. In this research, the imidazolium cyanates were utilized as a solute, which not only decreased the usage of ILs but also increased their gold dissolution capability. The gold dissolution performances of three imidazolium cyanates were characterized by dynamic leaching test and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results show that the all three imidazolium cyanates had a gold dissolution ability, and the shorter the carbon chain on the imidazole ring in imidazolium cyanate, the faster the gold dissolution rate. The gold dissolution performance of [C2MIM][OCN] was the best, and the weight loss of gold leaf was 2.9 mg/cm2 at 40 °C after 120 h dissolution in [C2MIM][OCN] mixed with 10 wt. % water. Besides this, the gold dissolution rate increased with the increase in the concentration of imidazolium cyanates as well as the reaction temperature. The gold dissolution performances of imidazolium cyanates in different solvents including water, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) were also investigated, and the weaker the polarity of the solvent, the more conducive it was to the gold dissolution reaction. The mechanism of gold dissolution by imidazolium cyanates was investigated through NMR spectroscopy and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). It was inferred that during the process of gold dissolution, Au was oxidized to Au+ and the imidazolium cations were deprotonated to form N-heterocyclic carbenes, which coordinated with gold to form gold complexes and achieve gold dissolution.
Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP)-Mediated Calcium Signaling Is Active in Memory CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Chakraborty Anish , Dissanayake Ravindika , Wall Katherine A.
Published: February 2024

Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), identified as one of the most potent calcium-mobilizing second messengers, has been studied in different eukaryotic cell types, including lymphocytes. Although aspects of NAADP-mediated calcium release in lymphocytes are still under debate, the organelles pertaining to NAADP-mediated calcium release are often characterized as acidic and related to lysosomes. Although NAADP-mediated calcium release in different subsets of T cells, including naïve, effector and natural regulatory T cells, has been studied, it has not been widely studied in memory CD4+ T cells, which show a different calcium flux profile. Using a pharmacological approach, the effect of Ned-19, an NAADP pathway antagonist, on the involvement of NAADP in TCR activation in murine memory CD4+ T cells and their downstream effector functions, such as proliferation and cytokine production, was studied. According to this study, Ned-19 inhibited TCR-mediated calcium flux and its downstream effector functions in primary memory CD4+ T cells. The study also revealed that both extracellular and intracellular calcium stores, including endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome-like acidic calcium stores, contribute to the TCR-mediated calcium flux in memory CD4+ T cells. NAADP-AM, a cell permeable analogue of NAADP, was shown to release calcium in memory CD4+ T cells and calcium flux was inhibited by Ned-19.
Dendrobium Nobile Alcohol Extract Extends the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans via hsf-1 and daf-16
Authors: Li Linfeng , Liu Zhen , Hu Huiling , Cai Renming , Bi Jingdou , Wang Qin , Zhou Xiaogang , Luo Huairong , Zhang Chun , Wan Runlan
Published: February 2024

Dendrobium nobile is a traditional Chinese herb with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. However, its antiaging effects are unclear. Herein, we studied the aging-related functions and the mechanism of action of the alcohol extract of Dendrobium nobile (DnAE) in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. The results indicated that 1 mg/mL DnAE slowed lipofuscin accumulation, decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species, elevated superoxide dismutase activity, enhanced oxidative and heat stress resistance, extended the lifespan of nematodes, protected their dopamine neurons from 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurodegeneration, and reduced Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. DnAE upregulated the mRNA expression of the transcription factors DAF-16 and HSF-1, promoted the nuclear localization of DAF-16, and enhanced the fluorescence intensity of HSP-16.2. However, it had no effect on the lifespan of DAF-16 mutants. Thus, DnAE can significantly extend lifespan, enhance heat stress tolerance, and delay age-related diseases through a DAF-16-dependent pathway.
Anti-Inflammatory Peroxidized Chlorahololide-Type Dimers Are Artifacts of Shizukaol-Type Dimers: From Phenomena Discovery and Confirmation to Potential Underlying Mechanism
Authors: Yin Xiu-Wen , Zhang Ming , Wu Lan , Ren Fu-Cai , Yang Fu-Rong , Pu Xiang-Dong , Zhang Zhi-Jun , Shen Chuan-Pu
Published: February 2024

In our research on naturally occurring sesquiterpenes, eight shizukaol-type dimers, one chlorahololide-type dimer, and one sarcanolide-type dimer were isolated from the roots of Chloranthus fortunei. As the project was implemented, we accidentally discovered that shizukaol-type dimers can be converted into peroxidized chlorahololide-type dimers. This potential change was discovered after simulations of the changes in corresponding shizukaols showed that three peroxide products were generated (1–3), indicating that peroxidation reactions occurred. HPLC-HR-MS analysis results obtained for the shizukaol derivatives further demonstrate that the reaction occurred, and the type of substituent of small organic ester moieties at positions C-15’ and C-13’ of unit B were not decisively related to the reaction. Quantum chemical calculations of the mode dimer further demonstrated this phenomenon. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy of the precursor and production revealed the advantageous yield of 4β-hydroperoxyl production. Additionally, the potential reaction mechanism was speculated and validated using the free energy in the reaction which successfully explained the feasibility of the reaction. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of the precursors and products was evaluated, and the products of peroxidation showed better anti-inflammatory activity.
Catalytic Supercritical Water Gasification of Canola Straw with Promoted and Supported Nickel-Based Catalysts
Authors: Khandelwal Kapil , Dalai Ajay K.
Published: February 2024

Lignocellulosic biomass such as canola straw is produced as low-value residue from the canola processing industry. Its high cellulose and hemicellulose content makes it a suitable candidate for the production of hydrogen via supercritical water gasification. However, supercritical water gasification of lignocellulosic biomass such as canola straw suffers from low hydrogen yield, hydrogen selectivity, and conversion efficiencies. Cost-effective and sustainable catalysts with high catalytic activity for supercritical water gasification are increasingly becoming a focal point of interest. In this research study, novel wet-impregnated nickel-based catalysts supported on carbon-negative hydrochar obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL-HC) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC-HC) of canola straw, along with other nickel-supported catalysts such as Ni/Al2O3, Ni/ZrO2, Ni/CNT, and Ni/AC, were synthesized for gasification of canola straw on previously optimized reaction conditions of 500 °C, 60 min, 10 wt%, and 23–25 MPa. The order of hydrogen yield for the six supports was (10.5 mmol/g) Ni/ZrO2 > (9.9 mmol/g) Ni/Al2O3 > (9.1 mmol/g) Ni/HTL-HC > (8.8 mmol/g) Ni/HTC-HC > (7.7 mmol/g) Ni/AC > (6.8 mmol/g) Ni/CNT, compared to 8.1 mmol/g for the non-catalytic run. The most suitable Ni/ZrO2 catalyst was further modified using promotors such as K, Zn, and Ce, and the performance of the promoted Ni/ZrO2 catalysts was evaluated. Ni-Ce/ZrO2 showed the highest hydrogen yield of 12.9 mmol/g, followed by 12.0 mmol/g for Ni-Zn/ZrO2 and 11.6 mmol/g for Ni-K/ZrO2. The most suitable Ni-Ce/ZrO2 catalysts also demonstrated high stability over their repeated use. The superior performance of the Ni-Ce/ZrO2 was due to its high nickel dispersion, resilience to sintering, high thermal stability, and oxygen storage capabilities to minimize coke deposition.
Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis by FTIR Microspectroscopy
Authors: Félix Maria M. , Tavares Mariana V. , Santos Inês P. , Batista de Carvalho Ana L. M. , Batista de Carvalho Luís A. E. , Marques Maria Paula M.
Published: February 2024

Cervical cancer was considered the fourth most common cancer worldwide in 2020. In order to reduce mortality, an early diagnosis of the tumor is required. Currently, this type of cancer occurs mostly in developing countries due to the lack of vaccination and screening against the Human Papillomavirus. Thus, there is an urgent clinical need for new methods aiming at a reliable screening and an early diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. Vibrational spectroscopy has provided very good results regarding the diagnosis of various tumors, particularly using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, which has proved to be a promising complement to the currently used histopathological methods of cancer diagnosis. This spectroscopic technique was applied to the analysis of cryopreserved human cervical tissue samples, both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and non-cancer samples. A dedicated Support Vector Machine classification model was constructed in order to categorize the samples into either normal or malignant and was subsequently validated by cross-validation, with an accuracy higher than 90%.
Gallic Acid-Based Hydrogels for Phloretin Intestinal Release: A Promising Strategy to Reduce Oxidative Stress in Chronic Diabetes
Authors: Cassano Roberta , Curcio Federica , Sole Roberta , Mellace Silvia , Trombino Sonia
Published: February 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia caused by abnormalities in insulin secretion and/or action. In patients with diabetes, complications such as blindness, delayed wound healing, erectile dysfunction, renal failure, heart disease, etc., are generally related to an increase in ROS levels which, when activated, trigger hyperglycemia-induced lesions, inflammation and insulin resistance. In fact, extensive cell damage and death occurs mainly due to the effect that ROS exerts at the level of cellular constituents, causing the deterioration of DNA and peroxidation of proteins and lipids. Furthermore, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an imbalance of redox levels in diabetic patients produce insulin resistance. These destructive effects can be controlled by the defense network of antioxidants of natural origin such as phloretin and gallic acid. For this reason, the objective of this work was to create a nanocarrier (hydrogel) based on gallic acid containing phloretin to increase the antioxidant effect of the two substances which function as fundamental for reducing the mechanisms linked to oxidative stress in patients suffering from chronic diabetes. Furthermore, since the bioavailability problems of phloretin at the intestinal level are known, this carrier could facilitate its release and absorption. The obtained hydrogel was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Its degree of swelling (a%) and phloretin release were tested under pH conditions simulating the gastric and intestinal environment (1.2, 6.8 and 7.4). The antioxidant activity, inhibiting lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomal membranes induced in vitro by a free radical source, was evaluated for four hours. All results showed that gallate hydrogel could be applied for releasing intestinal phloretin and reducing the ROS levels.
Volatile Compound Markers in Beef Irradiated with Accelerated Electrons
Authors: Bliznyuk Ulyana , Borshchegovskaya Polina , Bolotnik Timofey , Ipatova Victoria , Kozlov Aleksandr , Nikitchenko Alexander , Mezhetova Irina , Chernyaev Alexander , Rodin Igor , Kozlova Elena
Published: February 2024

This study focuses on the behavior of volatile organic compounds in beef after irradiation with 1 MeV accelerated electrons with doses ranging from 0.25 kGy to 5 kGy to find reliable dose-dependent markers that could be used for establishing an effective dose range for beef irradiation. GC/MS analysis revealed that immediately after irradiation, the chemical yield and accumulation rate of lipid oxidation-derived aldehydes was higher than that of protein oxidation-derived aldehydes. The nonlinear dose-dependent relationship of the concentration of volatile organic compounds was explained using a mathematical model based on the simultaneous occurrence of two competing processes: decomposition of volatile compounds due to direct and indirect action of accelerated electrons, and accumulation of volatile compounds due to decomposition of other compounds and biomacromolecules. A four-day monitoring of the beef samples stored at 4 °C showed that lipid oxidation-derived aldehydes, protein oxidation-derived aldehydes and alkanes as well as alcohol ethanol as an indicator of bacterial activity were dose-dependent markers of biochemical processes occurring in the irradiated beef samples during storage: oxidative processes during direct and indirect action of irradiation, oxidation due to the action of reactive oxygen species, which are always present in the product during storage, and microbial–enzymatic processes. According to the mathematical model of the change in the concentrations of lipid oxidation-derived aldehydes over time in the beef samples irradiated with different doses, it was found that doses ranging from 0.25 kGy to 1 kGy proved to be most effective for beef irradiation with accelerated electrons, since this dose range decreases the bacterial content without considerable irreversible changes in chemical composition of chilled beef during storage.
Research Progress in Traditional Applications, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Safety Evaluation of Cynomorium songaricum
Authors: Zhang Jin , Chen Xingyi , Han Lu , Ma Biao , Tian Mengting , Bai Changcai , Zhang Ye
Published: February 2024

Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CSR) belongs to the family Cynomoriaceae. It is a perennial succulent parasitic herb with a reddish-brown coloration, predominantly submerged in sand and lacking chlorophyll. Traditionally, it has been used in ethnic medicine to treat various diseases, such as gastric ulcers, indigestion, bowel movements, and improving sexual function. To comprehensively collect CSR data, extensive literature searches were conducted using medical, ecological, and scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). This article summarizes and categorizes research on the uses, phytochemical characteristics, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of ethnic medicine, with the aim of establishing a solid foundation and proposing new avenues for exploring and developing potential applications of CSR. So far, a total of 98 compounds have been isolated and identified from CSR, including flavonoids, terpenes, steroids, and other compounds. It is worth noting that flavonoids and polysaccharides have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, these compounds also show good application prospects in anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-fatigue, anti-diabetes, and other aspects. Although extensive progress has been made in the basic research of CSR, further research is still needed to enhance the understanding of its mechanism of action and explore more unknown compounds. Our review indicates that CSR has broad prospects and deserves further research.
The Next Generation of Organoids Will Be More Complex and Even Closer to Resembling Real Organs: An Interview with Prof. Dr. Hans Clevers
Authors: Ergün Süleyman ,   Organoids Editorial Office
Published: February 2024

In this issue, we are pleased and honored to have an interview with Professor Hans Clevers, who is the Advisory Board Member of Organoids [...]
Therapeutic Vaccines for Follicular Lymphoma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Suponin Andrei , Zhelnov Pavel , Potanin Artem , Chekalov Andrey , Lomazov Aleksandr , Vladimirova Kseniia , Lepik Kirill , Muslimov Albert
Published: February 2024

(1) Background: We aimed to estimate the pooled effectiveness and safety of vaccination in follicular lymphoma (FL) and discuss implications for immunotherapy development. (2) Methods: We included randomized trials (RCTs) of therapeutic vaccines in patients with FL. Progression-free survival (PFS) was the primary outcome. We searched databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science Core, medRxiv) and registries (PROSPERO, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, EuCTR, WHO ICTRP) and conducted online, citation, and manual searches. We assessed risks of bias across outcomes using RoB 2.0 and across studies using ROB-ME and a contour-enhanced funnel plot. (3) Results: Three RCTs were included (813 patients, both previously treated and untreated). Patients with a complete or partial response after chemotherapy were randomized to either a patient-specific recombinant idiotype keyhole limpet hemocyanin (Id-KLH) vaccine plus granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or placebo immunotherapy (KLH + GM-CSF). Meta-analyses showed that PFS was worse with the vaccine, but not significantly: hazard ratio, 1.09 (95% CI 0.91–1.30). The GRADE certainty of evidence was moderate. Adverse event data were mixed. (4) Conclusions: We are moderately certain that Id-KLH results in little to no difference in PFS in FL. (5) Funding: Russian Science Foundation grant #22-25-00516. (6) Registration: PROSPERO CRD42023457528.
A Study of the Friction Characteristics of Rubber Thermo-Mechanical Coupling
Authors: Liu Junyu , Wang Meng , Yin Haishan
Published: February 2024

The friction performance of tread rubber is related to the safety of the vehicle during driving, especially in terms of shifting speeds, cornering, and changing environmental factors. The experimental design used in this paper employed a self-developed automatic multi-working-condition friction tester to investigate the correlation between the friction coefficient of three tread formulations and various factors, including speed, pressure, temperature, side deflection angle, and lateral camber. This experimental study demonstrates that the coefficient of friction decreases with increasing load and increases with increasing sliding velocities due to changes in adhesion friction. Due to the increasing and decreasing changes in rubber adhesion and hysteresis friction caused by temperature, the coefficient of friction shows a tendency to increase and then decrease with the increase in temperature; thus, temperature has an important effect on the coefficient of friction. Based on the basic theory of friction and experimental research, the Dorsch friction model was modified in terms of temperature, and the analytical relationship between the rubber friction coefficient and the combined variables of contact pressure, slip velocity, and temperature was established, which is more in line with the actual situation of rubber friction. The model predictions were compared with the experimental results, and the error accuracy was controlled within 5%. This verifies the accuracy of the model and provides a theoretical basis for the study of rubber friction.
Technology Demonstration of Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Mission on Stratospheric Balloon Platform
Authors: Qashoa Randa , Suthakar Vithurshan , Chianelli Gabriel , Kunalakantha Perushan , Lee Regina S. K.
Published: February 2024

As the number of resident space objects (RSOs) orbiting Earth increases, the risk of collision increases, and mitigating this risk requires the detection, identification, characterization, and tracking of as many RSOs as possible in view at any given time, an area of research referred to as Space Situational Awareness (SSA). In order to develop algorithms for RSO detection and characterization, starfield images containing RSOs are needed. Such images can be obtained from star trackers, which have traditionally been used for attitude determination. Despite their low resolution, star tracker images have the potential to be useful for SSA. Using star trackers in this dual-purpose manner offers the benefit of leveraging existing star tracker technology already in orbit, eliminating the need for new and costly equipment to be launched into space. In August 2022, we launched a CubeSat-class payload, Resident Space Object Near-space Astrometric Research (RSONAR), on a stratospheric balloon. The primary objective of the payload was to demonstrate a dual-purpose star tracker for imaging and analyzing RSOs from a space-like environment, aiding in the field of SSA. Building on the experience and lessons learned from the 2022 campaign, we developed a next-generation dual-purpose camera in a 4U-inspired CubeSat platform, named RSONAR II. This payload was successfully launched in August 2023. With the RSONAR II payload, we developed a real-time, multi-purpose imaging system with two main cameras of varying cost that can adjust imaging parameters in real-time to evaluate the effectiveness of each configuration for RSO imaging. We also performed onboard RSO detection and attitude determination to verify the performance of our algorithms. Additionally, we implemented a downlink capability to verify payload performance during flight. To add a wider variety of images for testing our algorithms, we altered the resolution of one of the cameras throughout the mission. In this paper, we demonstrate a dual-purpose star tracker system for future SSA missions and compare two different sensor options for RSO imaging.