bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weathering Process of Parent Material and Accumulation Process of Organic Carbon on the Black Soil Profile: A Case Study from the Keshan Area of the Songnen Plain in Northeast China
Authors: XIA Rui , YUAN Guoli , CUI Minli , HOU Hongxing , YU Guangming , GE Liangsheng , LÜ Kaining , REN Bingzhang
Published: February 2025

Black soil is essential for maintaining regional food security and promoting global agricultural production. Understanding the weathering process of parent material and the accumulation of organic carbon is crucial to comprehending the developmental history and future trends of black soil, especially against the background of large‐scale global cultivation and climate change. Although the importance of black soil formation and evolution cannot be ignored, the relevant research is still very scarce. In this study, a typical eight‐meter‐deep soil core was collected from the Keshan area of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China, where surface black soil developed on paleo‐sediments. Using 14C dating, the formation age of the black soil was determined. Based on the characteristics of the geochemical composition, grain size and the magnetic susceptibility of the sediments, it was demonstrated that the black soil and its parent material originated from reworked loess. Furthermore, the mass transfer coefficient (τ) of some elements was determined, in order to explore the soil weathering process. By calculating the transported amount of alkaline and alkaline‐earth elements, the weathering rate of parent material to black soil was found to be weak, at 0.16 kEq·ha–1·year–1. Combining the results of dating and carbon density in the different layers of black soil, the accumulation rate of organic carbon was determined as follows: rapidly increasing in the initial period of 13.2–2.2 ka, reaching its maximum average value of 34.0 g·cm–2·a–1 at 2.2–0.8 ka, then showing a decreasing trend with an average value of ‐77.5 g·cm–2·a–1. Compared with regional climate change, Keshan black soil has developed under a colder and wetter climate during the Holocene. Predictably, ongoing global warming may lead to the degradation of black soils in the Songnen Plain, as well as in other regions. Our results will enrich geological knowledge of black soil formation and future evolutionary trends.
Macrofaunal Paleocommunities and Microfacies Analysis from the Upper Cretaceous in North Eastern Desert of Egypt
Authors: FAREED Saeed , SALAMA Yasser , MAHMOUD Abdelaziz
Published: February 2025

The Upper Cretaceous successions of Wadi Umm‐Khayshar, southern Galala Plateau, North Eastern Desert, Egypt, are composed of highly diversified faunas and subdivided from base to top into the Galala (Middle–Late Cenomanian), Maghra El Hadida (Latest Cenomanian–Late Turonian), Matulla (Coniacian–Santonian), and Sudr (Campanian–Maastrichtian) formations. Five ammonite biozones are recorded in the studied section: Neolobites vibrayeanus, Vascoceras cauvini (late Cenomanian), Vascoceras proprium, Choffaticeras segne, and Coilopoceras requienianum (Turonian) zones. The paleoenvironments of the Upper Cretaceous succession are interpreted based on detailed study and microfacies analysis that reflect a deposition in a homoclinal ramp platform ranging from intertidal to deep subtidal. The paleoecology of the Cenomanian–Turonian succession in the studied section is explained based on a detailed study of macrofaunal associations and sedimentary facies. Quantitative analysis (Q‐mode cluster analysis, using the Raup–Crick Paired group method) of 1029 macrobenthic specimens, including 45 species of mollusks and echinoids yielded five macrofaunal associations (A–E) that are described and interpreted as remnants of communities. The nektonic elements are represented by 235 cephalopod specimens of 20 species; heatmap cluster analyses show the distribution of these specimens during the Upper Cenomanian–Turonian stages. Environmental parameters (substrate consistency, rate of sedimentation, water energy, surface‐water productivity, and oxygen availability) controlled the distribution of the studied macrofauna. The five associations are divided into two major groups: low‐stress associations (A, B, C, and D), and a high‐stress association (E). The low stress associations are recorded from two different habitats: (1) a high‐energy, firm substrate habitat, dominated by epifaunal bivalves, large epifaunal gastropods and a regular echinoid; (2) a low‐energy, soft substrate habitat dominated by infaunal bivalves and echinoids. The high stress association is dominated by only two species and recorded from a high‐energy shoal environment during a regression phase. A detailed study of macrobenthos and cephalopods provides a good paleoecological understanding of Cenomanian–Turonian succession in the Wadi Umm–Khayshar section.
Immunoglobulin G4‐Related Disease Presenting With Peripheral Neuropathy, Membranous Nephropathy and Interstitial Lung Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Yu Tianhang , Ye Qiao , Luo Fang
Published: February 2025

Immunoglobulin G4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease with fibrosis that affects multiple organs, while symptomatic peripheral nerve invasion is very rare. Here we present a Chinese male aged 77 years with peripheral neuropathy, membranous nephropathy, and interstitial lung disease diagnosed with IgG4‐RD. The patient exhibited elevated levels of IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratios in the blood. A chest computed tomography (CT) showed interstitial pneumonia in both lungs and multiple mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Additionally, electromyography shows neurogenic lesions in both lower extremities and axonal lesions involving motor nerves. Biopsies of the kidney showed membranous nephropathy with numerous IgG4‐positive plasma cells. Patients treated with cyclophosphamide and high‐dose methylprednisolone showed improvement in neuropathy, proteinuria, and interpulmonary severity. This case demonstrates the unusual presentation of IgG4‐RD where peripheral neuropathy is the main feature with multisystem involvement but without mass lesions. It underscores the varied clinical manifestations of this disease.
On the Ratchet Effect with Product Market Competition
Authors: Bisceglia Michele , Piccolo Salvatore
Published: February 2025

We study a two‐period industry where firms are run by agents privately informed about their (persistent) costs, and principals can only use spot contracts. We characterize novel semi‐separating equilibria where principals randomize in one or both periods. These equilibria have the following implications for industry dynamics and firms' performance. First, despite some principals learning their agents' type early on, aggregate output need not increase over time: the inefficiencies generated by the adverse selection problem can be persistent over time in competitive environments. Second, a more severe adverse selection problem may result in higher market prices, thereby increasing principals' profits.
Engineering biology and the positive regulatory pathway in Brazil
Authors: Freire Marcelo , Adamala Katarzyna , Nepomuceno Alexandre , Christou Paul , Rech Elibio
Published: February 2025

Engineering Biology in Brazil's transition from oil reliance to bioproduction emphasizes the importance of precision biology in enhancing biodiversity through sustainable agricultural practices. Gene editing can improve food and chemical production, nutritional value, and disease resistance in crops, thus reducing the need for chemical pesticides and unsustainable farming practices. We outline the pivotal role of precision biology in Brazil's transition, highlighting the potential of gene editing to enhance agricultural sustainability. This approach aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and benefits from a stable, positive regulatory framework established by the Brazilian Biosafety Committee. Jointly, these advances contribute to global food security while addressing public concerns about safety and ethics.
Large‐Scale Clustered Transcriptional Silencing Associated With Cellular Senescence
Authors: Gurkar Aditi U. , Okawa Satoshi , Guillermier Christelle , Chaddha Kritika , Steinhauser Matthew L.
Published: February 2025

Senescence is a cell fate associated with age‐related pathologies; however, senescence markers are not well‐defined. Using single cell multi‐isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS), we identified hypercondensed, transcriptionally silent DNA globules in a senescence model induced by dysfunctional telomeres. This architectural phenomenon was associated with geographically clustered transcriptional repression across somatic chromosomes with over‐representation of cell cycle genes. Senescence‐stimuli was associated with a higher frequency of cells that exhibited geographically concentrated transcriptional repression relative to control cells. This phenomenon was also observed in multiple other senescence models, including replicative senescence and irradiation. We further identified an enrichment of common pathways in all models of senescence, suggesting a common cellular response to this silencing phenomenon. Such large‐scale clustered silencing of chromosomal segments rather than individual genes may explain senescence heterogeneity and a putative trajectory toward deep, irreversible senescence.
Deficits in general and smoking‐specific response inhibition in the Go/No‐Go task in individuals who smoke: A cross‐sectional analysis
Authors: Motka Franziska , Kühn Simone , Wittekind Charlotte E.
Published: February 2025

Background and aims

Previous studies on response inhibition deficits in smoking have often been conducted in small, young, age‐homogeneous samples, without controlling for covariates or testing moderating effects. The primary research question compared response inhibition between a large, age‐diverse smoking sample and non‐smoking controls, and examined whether deficits were exacerbated toward smoking‐related stimuli. By accounting for key covariates and moderators, this study aimed to extend understanding of individual differences in response inhibition deficits in smoking.

Design and setting

Cross‐sectional study conducted at a university laboratory in Munich, Germany.

Participants

The large (n = 122, 57% female), age‐diverse (Mage = 41.4, range: 21–70 years) smoking group comprised individuals with moderate to severe tobacco dependence participating in a smoking reduction intervention study. Controls comprised n = 69 healthy individuals with no smoking history.

Measurements

Primary outcomes were commission error (CE) rates and mean reaction times in Go trials (Go‐RT) in general and smoking‐specific Go/No‐Go tasks (GNGTs). Covariates included age, sex and IQ. Smoking‐related variables were cigarettes per day (CPD), tobacco dependence severity and craving.

Findings

General GNGT: The smoking group exhibited significantly higher CE rates (P‐value < 0.001, medium effect, BF10 = 9.06) than the control group. Higher craving was associated with faster Go‐RTs (β = −1.487, P‐value = 0.041). Smoking‐specific GNGT: CE rates were significantly higher in the smoking group only when controlling for covariates (β = 1.272, P‐value = 0.040). Higher craving was associated with higher CE rates during smoking‐related trials (β = 0.108, P‐value = 0.010). The smoking group showed significantly faster Go‐RTs in response to smoking‐related compared with neutral stimuli, relative to the control group (β = −3.326, P‐value = 0.027). Preliminary evidence indicated that greater deficits were associated with higher scores in smoking‐related variables, but only in older individuals.

Conclusions

Individuals who smoke appear to exhibit response inhibition deficits, although these are not uniform and seem to be exacerbated during higher reported craving or in response to smoking‐related stimuli. Age may moderate the relationship between deficits and smoking‐related variables.
Economic Security and New Industrial Policy
Authors: Armstrong Shiro , Solís Mireya , Urata Shujiro
Published: February 2025

The paper analyzes the emergence of Japan's economic security strategy to address the risks of weaponized interdependence in a context of heightened geopolitical tension. We detail the rapid institutionalization of economic security measures through the adoption of an Economic Security Promotion Act and ongoing reforms in areas such as foreign direct investment screening and export controls. We find, however, that Japan has made little headway in reducing its dependence on China for critical products, and export controls have had ambiguous trade effects. We discuss the role of the private sector in economic security and find significant divides by firm size on the uptake of new measures to address supply chain vulnerabilities and the protection of sensitive technologies. We examine the new industrial policy on semiconductors and point to the exigencies of success in fostering cutting‐edge technologies. Our conclusion identifies policy challenges going forward and offers possible solutions.
Preliminary Evidence of Great Apes' Occurrence in Peri‐Urban and Highly Degraded Forest Reserves in Cameroon
Authors: Mey Boudoug Jean Christian , Dewang Dyio Stephane , Fotie Cédric N. S. , Etah Kang Justin , Ndzana Isidore , Nguimdo Vouffo Vianny Rodel , Mbolo Marie Marguerite
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the presence of great apes in degraded forests in Cameroon. Using camera traps, it reveals the occurrence of chimpanzees and gorillas in forest remnants within the highly degraded landscape formed by the Mbalmayo and Zamakoe Forest Reserves. Results support the persistence and adaptation of both species in forest/non‐forest mosaics and emphasise the need to conserve biodiversity beyond traditional protected areas. Further research is required to characterise the conservation status of both species in the area, their use of this fragmented landscape, and their relationship with neighbouring human communities.
Faecal Analysis as an Indicator of the Dietary Quality Utilised by Free‐Roaming Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in the Free State Province, South Africa
Authors: Grobbelaar Andri , Josling Gerbrecht Christina , Osthoff Gernot , Deacon Francois
Published: February 2025

Accurate monitoring of wildlife diets and nutrient requirements is needed for effective biodiversity conservation. This also rings true for the world's tallest ruminant, the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). The complexity of its anatomy is also reflected in its intricate ruminant, digestive properties. Being selective browsers, giraffes have evolved unique ways to effectively maximise the absorption of dietary nutrients and thereby maintain their critical energy balance. Using non‐invasive faecal collections, the current study analysed 10 chemical parameters (dry matter, organic matter, ash, crude protein [CPf], crude fat, gross energy, neutral‐detergent fibre, acid‐detergent fibre [ADFfOM], acid‐detergent lignin [ADLfOM], and phosphorous) by chemical analyses, commonly used in domestic livestock health and nutrition monitoring. Fresh giraffe faecal samples were collected from six different locations, with different feeding practices, across different seasons from 2021 to 2023 in the Free State Province, South Africa. Results indicate that % CPf, % ADFfOM, and % ADLfOM may successfully and significantly differentiate between different feeding practices and between seasons from faeces collected from giraffe populations in the Free State Province and could be used conjunctive with each other to determine diet quality and nutrient value.
Clinical Trial: The Effects of Emulsifiers in the Food Supply on Disease Activity in Crohn's Disease: An Exploratory Double‐Blinded Randomised Feeding Trial
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jessica A. , Gibson Peter R. , Taylor Kirstin M. , Anderson Ellen J. , Friedman Antony B. , Ardalan Zaid S. , Smith Rebecca L. , Halmos Emma P.
Published: February 2025

Background

Advice to avoid dietary emulsifiers in Crohn's disease (CD) is based on preclinical data.

Aims

To examine the effect of diets high (HED) and low (LED) in emulsifiers in the food supply on disease activity in CD.

Methods

In a double‐blinded, randomised feeding study, we randomised adults with symptomatic, sonographically active CD with ileal involvement on ≥ 2 months' stable medical therapy to 4 weeks of a HED or LED modelled on Australian healthy eating guidelines. We measured the Harvey‐Bradshaw Index (HBI), sonographic indices (IBUS‐SAS, bowel wall thickness), quality of life (QOL) and fatigue at baseline and study completion.

Results

We randomised 24 patients, mean age 37 (95% CI 32, 41) years, 12 male, HBI 6 (6, 8), bowel wall thickness 6.0 (5.5–6.6) mm. Adherence was > 95%. Clinical remission (HBI < 5) occurred in 9/12 on HED and 7/12 on LED; 2 and 3, respectively, withdrew early with increasing gastrointestinal symptoms. IBUS‐SAS fell from 51 (35, 68) to 33 (15, 51) on HED (p = 0.014) and from 57 (38, 76) to 44 (29, 59) on LED (p = 0.01). Bowel wall thickness reduced by 34% on HED and 15% on LED in those who completed the study. QOL and fatigue improved on both diets (p ≤ 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in outcomes between diets.

Conclusions

In the context of a healthy diet, the emulsifier content had no influence over disease activity over 4 weeks in patients with CD. Recommendations to avoid emulsifiers in patients with active CD are not supported.

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001099112).
Toxicological analyses of the bone matrix: Successes and challenges
Authors: Gaia Giordano , Lucie Biehler‐Gomez , Cristina Cattaneo , Domenico Di Candia
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to conduct an in‐depth and systematic literature review dealing with toxicological analyses on human bone tissue and focusing on the forensic toxicological and archaeotoxicological field. Several studies have focused their research on medical drugs, drugs of abuse, and trace elements on both human cadavers and skeletal remains, but a few studies tried to detect some traces of officinal plants in skeletal remains. The present paper illustrates the significant advances made in recent years in the field of bone toxicology considering all cases reported in the literature. After the literature review, the study investigated 40 articles that applied bone toxicology to both recent and ancient human remains, researching the presence of trace elements, stable isotopes, medical drugs, drugs of abuse, and active principles of medical plants. This allowed us to evaluate the distribution of skeletal remains studied around the world and throughout history, and to highlight the differences between trace elements/stable isotopes and medical drugs/drugs of abuse. Finally, this study permitted us to gather more information on molecule consumption (acute/single and/or occasional/chronic drug use) in this unconventional biological matrix, both in forensic cases and very ancient human remains, suggesting that the analytes detected in bones should be referred to occasional or chronic intake of substances.
Understanding variations in the use of tranexamic acid in surgery: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Strickland Louise , Evans Hayley G. , Palmer Antony , Warnakulasuriya Samantha , Murphy Michael F. , Stanworth Simon J. , Foy Robbie ,   NIHR BTRU in data driven transfusion practice collaborators
Published: February 2025

Despite robust supporting evidence, around a third of eligible surgical patients do not receive tranexamic acid (TXA). Effective strategies based on an understanding of clinical behaviour are needed to increase use and improve patient outcomes. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with clinicians involved in perioperative care to explore perceived influences on TXA use. We identified key influences on practice using the theoretical domains framework. We matched these to behaviour change techniques and evidence‐informed implementation intervention components. Across 22 interviews, we identified eight key influences within three overarching themes of capability, opportunity and motivation. Capability influences included the clinical context and variable familiarity with TXA. Opportunity concerned the availability of both TXA and checklists to support decision‐making and whether TXA use was consistent with professional expectations and perceived responsibilities. Motivation concerned confidence in administering TXA, perceived benefits and risks and training received around potential risk factors. These influences varied across participants and specialities. Our resulting proposed implementation strategy included training, clinical prompts, comparative performance feedback and opinion leadership supported by specialty‐specific guidance. Any strategy to increase TXA use that improves knowledge and skills without addressing wider influences on clinical behaviour is only likely to meet with limited success.
99mTc‐HYNIC PEGylated Peptide Probe Targeting HER2‐Expression in Breast Cancer
Authors: Yadav Sushree Arpitabala , Vats V. Kusum , Gupta Sonal , Repaka Krishna Mohan , Satpati Drishty
Published: February 2025

Increased HER2 expression during breast cancer and its metastatic spread can be checked by specific probes having high affinity towards the target. This study aimed at developing 99mTc‐labelled HER2‐specific molecular probe for accurate detection. The two rL‐A9 peptide variants, HYNIC‐rL‐A9 and HYNIC‐PEG12‐rL‐A9 were manually synthesized by solid phase methodology. 99mTc‐labelling of peptides was accomplished using EDDA and tricine as co‐ligands. [99mTc]Tc‐HYNIC‐rL‐A9 showed poor uptake in HER2‐expressing human breast carcinoma SKBR3 cells whereas the PEGylated counterpart [99mTc]Tc‐HYNIC‐PEG12‐rL‐A9 demonstrated high specific cellular uptake (3.01% ± 0.14%) and low nanomolar binding affinity (Kd = 17.11 ± 7.63 nM). Tumour uptake (SKBR3) of [99mTc]Tc‐HYNIC‐PEG12‐rL‐A9 was higher at 1 and 3 h in comparison to the non‐PEGylated radiopeptide. Blocking studies led to 70% reduction in accumulation of radioactivity in the tumour indicating specificity of the radiopeptide. Introduction of polyethylene glycol (PEG12) as pharmacokinetic modifier led to significantly improved biological profile of the [99mTc]Tc‐HYNIC‐labelled rL‐A9 peptide conjugate.
Design and Synthesis of Novel MEK Inhibitors for the Treatment of Solid Tumors
Authors: Zeng Jingting , Luo Zhenshuo , Zhao Tiansheng , Xia Chunhua , Liu Fanglan , Li Na , Qu Lailiang , Wang Cheng
Published: February 2025

Aberrant activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway occurs in more than 30% of human cancers. As part of this pathway, MEK1/2 has crucial roles in tumorigenesis, cell proliferation, and inhibition of apoptosis. At present, a number of MEK1/2 inhibitors are approved for the treatment of melanoma. However, MEK1/2 inhibitors have poor single‐drug efficacy in the treatment of solid tumors and are prone to drug resistance. A series of compounds containing a diarylamine skeleton and phenylacrylamide (acrylamide) have been designed and synthesized in this paper. The most promising compound M15 showed good inhibitory activity of MEK1 (IC50 = 10.29 nM) and good inhibitory effect on three types of solid tumor cells: MDA‐MB‐231(IC50 = 2.76 μM), HepG2 (IC50 = 2.57 μM) and A549 (IC50 = 5.40 μM). At the same time, M15 was less toxic to human normal cells (MCF‐10A IC50 > 20 μM) and has certain stability of liver microsomes in vitro (human, t1/2 = 27.9 min; rat, t1/2 > 60 min). It can induce apoptosis of MDA‐MB‐231 cells and slow down their migration. Therefore, compound M15 acts as a novel MEK1/2 inhibitor and may be a promising candidate for solid tumor intervention.
Severe pharyngeal stenosis and laryngomalacia in an individual of HNRNPU‐related neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a novel nonsense variant
Authors: Sasaki Yusuke , Murakami Hiroaki , Kuroda Yukiko , Enomoto Yumi , Naruto Takuya , Nagara Syunsuke , Koyama Toshinari , Matsunami Kunihiro , Sakashita Tatsuya , Kaneko Hideo , Morimoto Kyoko , Imamura Atsushi , Kurosawa Kenji
Published: February 2025

Heterozygous loss‐of‐function variants in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (HNRNPU) cause early‐onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with multiple congenital anomalies. Limited clinical information is currently available on HNRNPU‐related neurodevelopmental disorder. The patient was a 1‐year‐old Japanese girl with developmental delay, hypotonia, early‐onset epilepsy, respiratory distress, and distinctive facial features, including ptosis, epicanthus, a prominent nasal bridge, a wide nasal floor, a cleft soft palate, and micrognathia. Respiratory distress was caused by pharyngeal stenosis and laryngomalacia, which gradually worsened, necessitating a scheduled tracheostomy at 1 year and 7 months of age. We performed whole‐exome sequencing and identified a novel de novo nonsense variant in HNRNPU. We herein describe the first case of HNRNPU‐related neurodevelopmental disorder with severe airway anomalies and a novel nonsense variant, thereby expanding the phenotypic spectrum
Unraveling the Genetic Landscape of Foot Arch Morphology: A Systematic Review of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Authors: He Yukun , Verleyen Marlies , Callewaert Bert , Burssens Arne , Audenaert Emmanuel
Published: February 2025

Variations in foot arch morphology, including flat feet (pes planus) and high arches (pes cavus), range from asymptomatic to debilitating. Limited research exists on the genetics of foot arch geometry. This systematic review aims to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to foot arch morphology. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024537877). PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for studies on SNPs related to foot arch morphology published up to December 2023. Nineteen eligible studies (2006–2020) identified 137 SNPs across conditions affecting connective tissue (12 studies, e.g., Marfan Syndrome), nerves (six studies, e.g., Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease), and muscles (one study, e.g., Distal Arthrogryposis Syndromes). While no studies directly linked SNPs to foot arch morphology, three explored SNPs in genetic diseases associated with foot arch variations. Pes planus was linked to connective tissue disorders, and pes cavus to neuropathies and myopathies. Only two replicated SNPs were found. This review found no direct studies of SNPs influencing foot arch morphology, highlighting a significant research gap. Future research should examine SNPs in larger cohorts to differentiate natural variations from pathology‐driven deformities. To enhance reproducibility, standardized methodologies, and a unified genetic database (including phenotypic data on common traits) should be developed.
The standard system and corporate labor employment: Empirical evidence from China's comprehensive standardization reform
Authors: Yu Lianchao , Geng Hongji , Song Feifei , Zhao Changheng
Published: February 2025

This study employs China's comprehensive standardization reform as an exogenous policy shock to investigate the impact of the standard system on corporate labor employment. The findings indicate that comprehensive standardization reform facilitates corporate labor employment by reducing transaction costs, enhancing operational efficiency, and improving the financing environment. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the effects of comprehensive standardization reform on corporate labor employment are more pronounced in firms with non‐state ownership, operating in competitive industries, located in regions with lower levels of marketization, and exhibiting significant gender disparities. Overall, this study highlights the employment externalities associated with the standard system.
Vision‐Based UAV Detection and Tracking Using Deep Learning and Kalman Filter
Authors: Alshaer Nancy , Abdelfatah Reham , Ismail Tawfik , Mahmoud Haitham
Published: February 2025

The rapid increase in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) usage across various sectors has heightened the need for robust detection and tracking systems due to safety and security concerns. Traditional methods like radar and acoustic sensors face limitations in noisy environments, underscoring the necessity for advanced solutions such as deep learning‐based detection and tracking. Hence, this article proposes a two‐stage platform designed to address these challenges by detecting, classifying, and tracking various consumer‐grade UAVs. The tracking efficacy of the proposed system is assessed using a combination of deep learning and Kalman filter techniques. Specifically, we evaluate models such as YOLOv3, YOLOv4, YOLOv5, and YOLOx to identify the most efficient detector for the initial detection stage. Moreover, we employ both the Kalman filter and the Extended Kalman filter for the tracking stage, enhancing the system's robustness and enabling real‐time tracking capabilities. To train our detector, we construct a dataset comprising approximately 10,000 records that capture the diverse environmental and behavioural conditions experienced by UAVs during their flight. We then present both visual and analytical results to assess and compare the performance of our detector and tracker. Our proposed system effectively mitigates cumulative detection errors across consecutive video frames and enhances the accuracy of the target's bounding boxes.
Perceptions of clinicians on promoting oral health care in an alcohol and other drug use health care service: A qualitative study
Authors: Sengupta Agnivo , Fatema Kaniz , Patterson‐Norrie Tiffany , Kezhekkekara Shwetha , Poudel Prakash , Whitton Gilbert , Srinivas Ravi , Hocking Stephanie , George Ajesh
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Alcohol and illicit drug use is linked to a higher prevalence of oral health complications. However, substance use can lead to avoidance of dental services due to anxiety and competing health priorities. This study explores current knowledge, attitudes and practices of clinicians of an alcohol and other drug service regarding promoting oral health among their clients.

Methods

Exploratory qualitative design using semi‐structured interviews with medical and nursing staff working as alcohol and other drug professionals in a Drug Health Service in South Western Sydney, Australia.

Results

Three main themes were identified: perceptions of providing oral health care to clients; barriers to promoting oral health care; and recommendations for oral health integration in alcohol and other drug settings. Oral health concerns were identified as a significant issue for their clients within the alcohol and other drug setting. Considering a higher prevalence of oral health issues among clients, staff acknowledged that oral health interventions within alcohol and other drug settings would be beneficial. Barriers included access challenges for public dental services, affordability of private dental care, limited oral health training and time constraints. Staff recommends that training/resources are required to support staff in the provision of oral health promotion to clients.

Discussion and Conclusions

Clients accessing alcohol and other drug services often have unmet oral health needs. The clinicians who participated in this study, are motivated to provide oral health promotion within this setting, however, they require training, resources (including allocation of time) and appropriate referral pathways to support provision of this service.
Temporal risk patterns of severe hypovolemia associated with sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A self‐controlled case series study
Authors: Shikamura Mitsuhiro , Takayama Atsushi , Yokogawa Kasumi , Kawakami Koji
Published: February 2025

Aims

We aimed to investigate the temporal risk patterns of severe hypovolemia induced by sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a self‐controlled case series using claims data from Japan. Patients who were prescribed SGLT2i for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and experienced severe hypovolemia were enrolled. The primary analysis evaluated the adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of exposure risk periods (Days 1 to 30, Days 31 to 90, Days 91 to 180 and Days ≥181) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), calculated using a multivariable conditional Poisson regression model, relative to that of the unexposed control period.

Results

A total of 1200 new users of SGLT2i with 1334 severe hypovolemia events were included. The median follow‐up and treatment periods were 3.66 and 2.53 years, respectively. The cohort was predominantly male (78.4%) with a median age of 54.1 years. A higher risk of severe hypovolemia associated with SGLT2i was observed particularly in the first 30 days (adjusted IRR 7.39, 95% CI 6.09–8.96) of treatment initiation. Secondary analyses highlighted the first 22 to 28 days (adjusted IRR 15.24, 95% CI 11.92–19.48) of treatment as the highest risk period for severe hypovolemia.

Conclusions

SGLT2i use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with a higher risk of severe hypovolemia, particularly within the first 30 days of treatment initiation, with the highest risk observed during 22 to 28 days.
General Enhancement of Soil Water Repellency by Moss Crusts in Degraded Subtropical Karst Ecosystems
Authors: Zhao Xin , Chen Dong , Guo Guanting , Wu Jiaojiao , Long Mingzhong , Long Linmei , Li Xiaona
Published: February 2025

Soil water repellency, a crucial soil physical property, is widespread globally, affecting hydrology positively or negatively by impeding soil wetting. Nonetheless, research on soil and biocrust water repellency in degraded subtropical karst environments is lacking. This research examined how moss crusts affect soil water repellency in these environments using the Water Drop Penetration Time (WDPT) method. The research utilised moss crusts from degraded karst areas with varying levels of degradation, contrasting them with bare soils as controls. Results indicate that degraded subtropical karst soils (calcareous and yellow soils) exhibited no water repellency (WDPT < 5 s). Moss crusts notably enhanced water repellency consistently across various degradation stages, exhibiting slight water repellency (5 s ≤ WDPT < 60 s). Soil water repellency diminished following the removal of moss; however, it remained significantly elevated compared to bare soil. Factors such as soil water content, fine particle content, aggregate stability, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total potassium were found to significantly influence water repellency. In bare soils, water repellency peaked at 10% water content, weakening thereafter, whereas moss crusts exhibited strongest repellency at 0% water content, diminishing as water content increased. Moreover, both moss crusts and bare soils showed heightened repellency with smaller particle sizes (< 0.05 mm). The hydrological impacts of biocrust‐induced water repellency vary, presenting both positive and negative effects that necessitate further investigation. This research establishes a foundation for upcoming studies on the impact of biocrusts on hydrology within these environments, providing essential theoretical knowledge for addressing soil erosion and loss in the context of global changes.
Urban Environments Promote Adaptation to Multiple Stressors
Authors: Briski Elizabeta , Langrehr Louisa , Kotronaki Syrmalenia G. , Sidow Alena , Martinez Reyes Cindy Giselle , Geropoulos Antonios , Steffen Gregor , Theurich Nora , Dickey James W. E. , Hütt Jasmin C. , Haubrock Phillip J. , Soto Ismael , Kouba Antonín , Cuthbert Ross N.
Published: February 2025

Anthropogenic activities have drastically changed environmental conditions worldwide, negatively impacting biodiversity and ecosystem services. At the same time, the majority of the human population lives in urban areas that are greatly altered from natural habitats. Nevertheless, many species thrive in these urban environments. To improve our knowledge of evolution and adaptation in these anthropogenically impacted habitats, we conducted the widest series of stress experiments to date with three marine taxa: one mussel and two gammarid species. We compared intraspecific populations from protected and human‐altered habitats to determine their tolerance to salinity, temperature and partial pressure of CO2 in water (pCO2) regimes. Populations from impacted habitats typically outperformed protected habitat populations, with individuals from the most impacted habitat being the most robust. We propose that urban populations are adapting to life in disturbed environments—this adaptation concurrently promotes more resilient rescue populations but potentially confers increased invasion risk from non‐native species.
Prevalence and Spectrum of Neuropathies in a Cohort of 585 Patients With Immunoglobulin A Monoclonal Gammopathy
Authors: Perrain Valentine , Molinier‐Frenkel Valérie , Dupuis Jehan , Créange Alain , Lefaucheur Jean‐Pascal , Gendre Thierry
Published: February 2025

Background

Neuropathies associated with IgA monoclonal gammopathy are poorly understood, and the interpretation of the presence of such gammopathy in a patient with neuropathy may be challenging.

Methods

The neurological and hematological features of all patients newly diagnosed with IgA gammopathy by immunofixation in our center from January 2016 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with neuropathy were identified through the medical records. The etiology was reviewed by two neurologists and classified into three groups: (i) IgA‐related neuropathies, (ii) IgA‐unrelated neuropathies with an identified alternative etiology, and (iii) neuropathies of uncertain relationship with IgA (NURIA) based on a negative extensive work‐up.

Results

Among 585 patients with IgA gammopathy, 79 had neuropathy (14%). Neuropathy was IgA‐related in 10 patients (13%): eight AL amyloidosis and two POEMS. In this group, the core features were neuropathic pain, autonomic dysfunction, fatigue or weight loss, and a lambda light chain. IgA‐unrelated neuropathies were more frequent (N = 64, 81%), encompassing mainly chemotherapy‐induced (N = 34) and diabetic (N = 15) neuropathies. Five patients (6%) were classified as NURIA: four had mild sensory‐predominant length‐dependent axonal neuropathy, and one had severe, progressive, motor‐predominant axonal neuropathy.

Conclusions

In patients with IgA gammopathy, neuropathies have a low prevalence and a wide etiological spectrum. AL amyloidosis and POEMS syndrome are rare but crucial to identify, as disease‐modifying treatments are available. Future studies should help better characterize the rare cases of neuropathy with an uncertain relationship to IgA gammopathy.
Effect of pergolide treatment on insulin dysregulation in horses and ponies with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
Authors: Galinelli Nicolas C. , Bamford Nicholas J. , Erdody Madison L. , Mackenzie Skye A. , Warnken Tobias , Harris Patricia A. , Sillence Martin N. , Bailey Simon R.
Published: February 2025

Background

Due to the high frequency of laminitis reported for both conditions, the relationship between pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and insulin dysregulation (ID), and the potential role of dopamine in modifying insulin secretion, requires further investigation.

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of pergolide mesylate on insulin sensitivity and postprandial insulin and glucose responses in horses and ponies with ID, both with or without concurrent PPID.

Study design

Randomised crossover study.

Methods

Sixteen horses and ponies, comprising eight matched pairs (PPID+ID or ID‐only), were given pergolide mesylate at a dose of 2 μg/kg bwt orally once daily for 4 weeks (plus a 4‐week non‐treatment control period, with a 4‐week washout between phases). A combined glucose and insulin tolerance test (CGIT) and a standard meal test (SMT; containing 1.1 g/kg bwt of starch and 0.1 g/kg bwt of free sugars), were performed before and after each treatment period to determine insulin sensitivity and postprandial insulin and glucose responses, respectively. Variables derived from the CGIT and SMT were analysed using linear mixed models.

Results

Pergolide treatment did not alter any of the variables derived from the CGIT in either the PPID+ID or ID‐only groups (all p > 0.05). For the SMT, insulin responses were reduced by pergolide treatment for the PPID+ID group, with Δ change values for the total area under the curve for insulin over 300 mins (estimated marginal mean [95% confidence interval]) being −25.4 (−39.9 to −7.3) min∙mIU/mL (p = 0.03) and Δ change values for peak insulin concentration being −100 (−167 to −29) μIU/mL (p = 0.04). No effect of pergolide treatment was detected for the ID‐only group.

Main limitations

Number of animals and heterogeneity among groups.

Conclusions

Pergolide had no effect on tissue insulin sensitivity. However, the results suggest that postprandial hyperinsulinaemia may be limited by this dopamine receptor agonist in animals with PPID plus ID.
Prevalence and degree of orotracheal intubation‐related tracheal lesions in horses
Authors: Parente Aiden , Geburek Florian , Kästner Sabine , Iversen Charlotte , Hopster Klaus
Published: February 2025

Background

Orotracheal intubation is commonly performed for inhalation anaesthesia in horses to ensure safe and reliable administration of volatile anaesthetics and to secure the airways. In human and equine medicine, the occurrence of intubation‐associated complications has been described, which can range from mild mucosal irritation to severe necrosis. However, there are only sparse descriptions of mucosal alterations and the course of healing after elective surgery in horses.

Objective

To investigate the prevalence and severity of tracheal lesions following endotracheal intubation associated with general anaesthesia in equine patients.

Study Design

Prospective, clinical study.

Methods

Forty adult Warmblood horses, weighing 400–600 kg, presented for elective surgery under general anaesthesia were included. For orotracheal intubation, a silicone tube was used and inflated until a cuff pressure of 40 cmH2O was confirmed. In all horses, endoscopic examination of the trachea with video documentation was performed prior to intubation and immediately after extubation, as well as 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after general anaesthesia. The type (redness, secretion, bleeding, erosions) and degree (0 = non‐existent to 4 = severe) of corresponding lesions were assessed and scored. The occurrences of clinical signs were recorded. Statistical evaluation was performed using Friedman's test and Pearson correlation.

Results

The median score immediately after recovery from anaesthesia was 6 (2–12) and increased significantly to 11 (4–15) after 1 day (p = 0.021). At day 7, the median score was 0 (0–2) with only four horses showing signs of mild tracheitis, and clinical signs were not observed throughout this time period. The duration of intubation correlated with the degree of tracheal damage (r2 = 0.67, p < 0.001).

Main Limitations

Clinical, non‐randomised study without a control group.

Conclusion

Although orotracheal intubation was accompanied by focal inflammation of the trachea, in the present study no horses showed clinical signs and lesions healed within a week.
Role of Siglec‐E in MC903‐Induced Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Nakanishi Mari , Tamagawa‐Mineoka Risa , Nishigaki Hiromi , Arakawa Yukiyasu , Ohtsuka Satoshi , Katoh Norito
Published: February 2025

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease. Although AD pathogenesis has been widely researched, inhibitory mechanisms in AD are still unclear. Sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of receptors recognising sialic acids; most Siglecs work as inhibitory receptors. Among Siglecs, Siglec‐E is expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) and eosinophils, important immune cells in AD. Although Siglec‐E inhibits Type 1 inflammatory diseases, how it influences AD is unknown. Thus, we investigated the role of Siglec‐E in AD mouse model by using Siglec‐E knockout (KO) mice. We demonstrated that Siglec‐E attenuated AD‐like inflammation of mice caused by topical application of MC903 on ear skin (MC903‐induced AD). To reveal the role of Siglec‐E in MC903‐induced AD, we focused on Siglec‐E on DCs and eosinophils. We first showed that Sigle‐E was expressed on cutaneous DCs and migratory DCs of draining lymph nodes. Moreover, OX40L expression on cutaneous DCs was reduced in the presence of Siglec‐E. In vitro experiments using cultured spleen DCs (SpDCs), highly expressing Siglec‐E, revealed that IL‐33 was involved in the induction of Siglec‐E and confirmed that Siglec‐E inhibited OX40L expression on SpDCs induced by IL‐33. Moreover, CD4+ T cell–SpDC coculture revealed that Siglec‐E inhibited Th2 polarisation under IL‐33 stimulation. We finally revealed that Siglec‐E was expressed on eosinophils and reduced the eosinophils infiltration to the MC903‐treated ear skin with the suppression of CD49d, a necessary integrin for eosinophil migration to skin tissue [1], expression on eosinophils. These findings elucidated the inhibitory role of Siglec‐E in MC903‐induced AD.
A Genome‐Wide Survey of DNA Methylation Status in Whole Blood of Patients With Hidradenitis Suppurativa Suggests Systemic Immune Dysregulation and Systemic Disease Burden
Authors: Montoya Marco , Khetani Radhika , Martinez Rebeca , Mayur Omkar , Yi Julie Z. , McGee Jean S.
Published: February 2025

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a significant systemic disease burden. In this study, we profiled and compared the DNA methylation patterns in whole blood of HS patients versus control subjects to identify associated genes and biological pathways enriched in HS patients that may explain the systemic immune dysregulation observed in these patients. Using the Illumina 850 methylation BeadChip array, we measured the genome‐wide DNA methylation status of each subject and identified 16 variably methylated probes (VMPs) between control subjects and HS patients (p adj < 0.05). These VMPs were associated with genes that regulate immune responses (e.g. DEFB104B, GRAMD4) and drive the risk of malignancy (e.g. BCR, RNF4). Additionally, they annotated to downstream biological pathways that regulate both innate and adaptive immunity, including the interferon gamma signalling pathway. Taken together, our results suggest a potential role of epigenetics in regulating the expression of immune‐regulatory/tumour suppressor genes in the systemic circulation of HS patients.