bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Markers of Arachis and Marker-Assisted Selection
Authors: Stalker H. T. , Mozingo L. G.
Published: April 2010

Many agronomic traits are difficult to select in Arachis hypogaea L. by conventional selection techniques, and marker-assisted selection offers an additional tool for obtaining improved germplasm lines. Molecular markers allow more efficient selection and offer a mechanism to eliminate undesirable traits associated with hybridizing diverse genotypes. The cultivated peanut has been analyzed by several marker systems, including RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and SSRs. Variation has been observed among diverse genotypes in approximately 5% of the markers analyzed, but the number is much lower between pairs of A. hypogaea lines. Conversely, a large amount of variation has been observed among Arachis species. Molecular maps have been constructed independently in two laboratories by utilizing Arachis species; however, a map of the cultivated peanut will be very difficult and costly to produce. Studies of advanced-generation inter-specific hybrids have shown that A. cardenasii genes can be incorporatead into most linkage groups of A. hypogaea, indicating that A. hypogaea is not an allotetraploid in the classical sense where chromosomes from donor species are nonhomologous. Other molecular studies have identified A. duranensis and A. ipaensis as likely progenitor species of A. hypogaea. Associations of molecular markers with genes conditioning disease and insect resistances have been detected, and these investigations are beginning to be productive for selecting improved breeding lines and cultivars of peanut.
Variation in Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factor for Peanut
Authors: Misra J. B.
Published: April 2010

For peanut, a factor of 5.46 is used for converting nitrogen concentration into protein concentration because the peanut proteins arachin and conarachin contain 18.31% nitrogen. Using published reports on the amino acid composition of peanut genotypes, the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors (NPCF) for arachin and conarachin, as well as for whole peanut kernel were calculated. The value of NPCF for arachin varied between 5.271 and 5.563 and that for conarachin from 5.076 to 5.496. The location of crop growth may significantly affect the value of NPCF for whole kernels. For the samples of various genotypes grown at various locations, the values of NPCF varied between 5.3 and 5.7. Thus, the protein content obtained by using the conventional factor of 5.46 would have a precision of ± 0.7% for samples having 3.5% N (approx. 18% protein). As the nitrogen content increases, the precision decreases to reach ± 1.1% for samples having 5.5% N (approx. 30% protein). This implies that the protein contents of peanut calculated on the basis of a fixed conversion factor would be significantly different only when they differ by 1.4 to 2.2% in the calculated values. Therefore, use of a fixed NPCF for comparison of concentration of protein in samples emanating from breeding or agronomic trials may be erroneous, especially when samples differ only marginally in their protein concentrations. Research will be required to determine the relationship between the nitrogen concentration of peanut kernel samples and their protein concentration.
Parent Selection in Breeding for Roasted Peanut Flavor Quality1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G. , Gorbet D. W. , Giesbrecht F. G. , Cui Z.
Published: April 2010

The sensory attributes that make up roasted peanut flavor quality are important traits to evaluate in the development of new cultivars. Recent publications have characterized the variation in sensory attributes in U.S. peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), however, no estimates of the effects of lines as parents in a breeding program have been calculated. Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) is a method for predicting the breeding value of a parent based on the performance of its relatives. Commonly used in animal and tree breeding, the method is rarely applied in annual crop species. The method was applied to a set of data collected on the three sensory attributes roasted peanut, sweet, and bitter for 250 peanut genotypes evaluated in 53 environments. BLUP solutions computed using different estimates of narrow-sense heri-tability (h2) were highly correlated (r > 0.9), suggesting that precise estimates of h2 are not necessary. Correlations of values predicted by BLUP with observed values were moderate (0.63 < r < 0.71) for individual lines, but strong (0.85 < r < 0.92) for means of crosses. BLUPs of breeding value can be used to predict means of crosses, but segregation within crosses affords additional opportunity for progress from selection. BLUPs of breeding value were superior to midparent values in predicting cross means. The previously reported flavor relationships between the runner and virginia market types were predicted by the breeding values of some commonly used parents. Specific lines with superior breeding values for flavor quality included runner-types Florunner, its components and sibling lines, and high-oleic derivatives of Sunrunner; virginia-types Altika, White's Runner, NC Ac 18457, and X90053; and spanish-type Pearl. Jenkins Jumbo, Florigiant, NC7, and CBR-resistant lines had inferior breeding values for flavor quality.
History of Arachis Including Evidence of A. hypogaea L. Progenitors
Authors: Simpson C. E. , Krapovickas A. , Valls J. F. M.
Published: April 2010

The genus Arachis L. probably originated as a geocarpic form of Stylosanthes Sw. on the old Brazilian Shield in what is now southwestern Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil or northeastern Paraguay. Several mid-Tertiary uplifts followed, raising the penaplain and the ancient Arachis with it. The two most ancient species are still found in the area today, comprising the taxonomic section Trierectoides Krapov. and W.C. Gregory. From this beginning the other species and sections evolved as the shield was uplifted and eroded by the tributaries. The more advanced species, but still quite ancient, are in sections Extranervosae Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, Triseminatae Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, Heteranthae Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, and Erectoides Krapov. and W.C. Gregory. The evolution and distribution of these species was a slow process because of the geocarpic fruit, which would have limited movement to an estimated 1 m/yr. However, after several geologic uplifts, flowing water likely played a large part in the distribution of the Arachis species. From the early materials evolved the more advanced species in sections Caulorrhizae Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, Procumbentes Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, and Rhizomatosae Krapov. and W.C. Gregory. The evolution of species in the most advanced section Arachis, which includes the cultivated peanut, has overlapped the distribution of other sections, and the distribution of some members of section Arachis has been strongly affected by man. There is evidence that development of the major domesticated species, A. hypogaea L., did not occur in the wild, and extensive supportive data now exist on two other cultivated Arachis species still grown in Brazil for food and medicinal use—A. villosulicarpa Hoehne and A. stenosperma Krapov. and W.C. Gregory. Arachis hypogaea seeds likely moved to China and Africa with ancient mariners well before the time of Columbus. After discovery of the Western Hemisphere and the conquests, many forms of A. hypogaea spread to Africa and Asia. Later the cultivated peanut traveled in slave ships from Africa into the southeastern U.S., Central America, and northeast South America, thus returning modified germplasm to the Americas. No evidence has been found that native Americans brought the peanut, along with corn (Zea mays L), to the east coast of North America in pre-Columbian times.
Participatory constraint analysis regarding the adoption of IPM technologies in pointed gourd cultivation: An empirical study
Authors: Chowdhury Sarthak , Ray Prabuddha
Published: April 2010

The empirical study revealed that among the various types of constraints (as perceived by the respondents) regarding the adoption of IPM technologies in the Pointed Gourd (Trichosan thes dioica Roxb.) production, the lack of knowledge of the respondents about the Economic Threshold Limit (ETL) concept ranked first closely followed by the lack of knowledge of the respondents regarding the bio-pesticides (under the category of knowledge and information constraints) in second position, the lack of knowledge of the respondents about the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques ranked third position, closely followed by lack of training of the respondents on the proper use of pesticides in the fourth position. The result also showed that among six numbers of different categories of perceived constraints, knowledge and information constraints with a rank score of 2769 enjoyed first rank position, distantly followed by administrative and managerial constraints (with a rank score of 1586) in the second position, technological and communication constraints with a rank score of 1249 in the third position, socio-economic constraint (rank score of 828) in the fourth position. Keywords: Adoption of IPM techniques; Constraints; Categories of constraints DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4722 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 219-227, 2009
Nodulation, yield and quality of soybean as influenced by integrated nutrient management
Authors: Alam MA , Siddiqua A , Chowdhury MAH , Prodhan MY
Published: April 2010

A field experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from November 2007 to March 2008 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on nodulation and sustainable soybean production. There were significant differences among the different treatment combinations in terms of yield and yield contributing characters. Integrated nutrient management with application of 50% of the recommended doses of urea, TSP, MOP, gypsum and biofertilizer (Bradyrhizobium) at the rate of 1 kg ha-1 significantly increased most of the parameters, such as the highest plant height, number of nodule per plant, nodule dry weight per plant, pods per plant, grains per pod, grain yield, oil and protein contents. Coinoculation of Bradyrhizobium seemed to help reduce the NPKS requirement in soybean cultivation. Overall results indicate that the application of integrated nutrient management of biofertilizer (Bradyrhizobium) with ½ NPKS of the recommended dose would produce the best quality of soybean with higher nodulation and yield. Keywords: Nodulation; Integrated nutrient management; Inoculation DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4723 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 229-234, 2009
Identification of cultivable heat tolerant wheat genotypes suitable for Patuakhali district in Bangladesh
Authors: Haque MZ , Hasan MM , Rajib MMR , Hasan MM
Published: April 2010

Fifteen wheat genotypes namely Agrani, Prodip, Bijoy, CB 69, Sourav, Sufi, BAW 1064, Gourab, Kanchan Shatabdi, CB 30, Sonora, CB 24, CB34, and Protiva were sown under optimum (Nov. 30) and late (Dec. 30) sowing times to evaluate their performances at high temperature depending on cell membrane thermostability and some morpho-physiological characters. Based on cell membrane thermostability test four genotypes showed the longest heat killing time and were separated as heat tolerant (HT). Four genotypes showed the shortest heat killing time and were separated as heat sensitive (HS). The remaining seven genotypes required time in between those two were separated as intermediate heat tolerant (IHT) genotypes. Lower contribution of photosynthate stem reserves (PSR) to grain in HT genotypes finally contributed to its less affected 1000-grain weight as well as yield. These results suggest that greater cell membrane thermostability supported the minimal changes in some physiological characters of HT ganotypes which ultimately increased the wheat yield under short winter warmer condition. Keywords: Membrane thermostability; Wheat genotype DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4729 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 241-246, 2009
In vitro regeneration system in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) for stress tolerant somaclone selection
Authors: Ferdausi A , Nath UK , Das BL , Alam MS
Published: April 2010

Brinjal is the second most important vegetable crop after potato in Bangladesh in respect of total areas and third in production. It also plays a vital role in the national economy as a cash crop. An experiment was conducted with two cultivars of brinjal namely Jhumky and Islampuri to observe the callus induction ability of different explants-shoot tip, hypocotyl and midrib in MS basal media supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators. The rate of callus induction from shoot tip, hypocotyl and midrib were 82.78%, 74.88% and 78.71%, respectively. Highest rate of callus induction was found in shoot tip. Variety Islampuri showed higher rate of callus induction (80.62%). Among the treatments 2mg/l NAA showed the best performance in callus proliferation. Cytokinin (0.5 mg/l BAP) showed highest percentage of shoot regeneration (57.13%). For root induction, MS basal medium was proved to be better treatment for average number (12-15) of roots. The survival rate of transferred regenerated plantlets after hardening was higher in Jhumky (80%). Regenerated plantlets from callus of both the varieties exhibited 4-9 times higher proline, 2-3 times lower vitamin C and 2-3 times higher iron (Fe) content compared to their seed derived seedlings. This experiment showed that it is possible to develop shoot and fruit borer tolerance brinjal genotypes through somatic embryogenesis that was selected based on biochemical markers within the very short period of time. These findings will be helpful for further selection of the selected variants in field condition in the next phase of the study. Keywords: Somaclonal variants; Biochemical markers; Brinjal DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4731 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 253-258, 2009
Effect of urea super granules, prilled urea and poultry manure on the yield of transplant Aman rice varieties
Authors: Kabir MH , Sarkar MAR , Chowdhury AKMSH
Published: April 2010

An experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh in transplant Aman season 2008 to find out the effect of urea super granules (USG), prilled urea (PU) and poultry manure (PM) on the yield and yield attributes of transplant Aman rice varieties. Two transplant Aman rice varieties viz. BRRI dhan41 and BRRI dhan46 and ten levels of integrated nutrient management encompassing USG, PU and PM were tested following randomized complete block design with three replications. It was observed that variety BRRI dhan41 gave higher grain yield than BRRI dhan46. For fertilizer effect, the highest grain yield (5.17 t ha-1) was obtained from full dose of USG (1.8g) and other inorganic fertilizers, which was similar to that obtained from full dose of USG (1.8g) + PM at 2.5 t ha-1 followed by full dose of PU + PM at 2.5 t ha-1. The lowest grain yield was obtained in the control treatment. In case of interactions, the highest grain yield was obtained in BRRI dhan41×1.8g USG and other inorganic fertilizers which was similar to that of the same dose of USG with PM at 2.5 t ha-1 and the lowest yield was obtained in the control treatment. It was assessed that a considerable portion (31.25%) of PU nitrogen could be saved by using USG (1.8g) together with other inorganic fertilizers or with PM at 2.5 t ha-1. Keywords: Urea super granules; Prilled urea; Poultry manure; Yield; Transplant Aman rice variety DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4732 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 259-263, 2009
Phenotypic and genetic parameters for growth traits in Red Chittagong Cattle of Bangladesh
Authors: Rabeya T , Bhuiyan AKFH , Habib MA , Hossain MS
Published: April 2010

The present study was carried out to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters of Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) for growth traits. Means of birth weight (BW), three month weight (3MW), six month weight (6MW), weaning weight (WW), nine month weight (9MW) and yearling weight (YW) were 15.74, 31.48, 45.33, 57.00, 60.91 and 76.18 kg respectively. Sex significantly (p<0.001) differed BW of calves but did not differ (p>0.05) 3MW, 6MW, WW, 9MW and YW. BW, 6MW, WW, 9MW and YW did not vary significantly (p>0.05) on year of birth but varied significantly (p<0.01) on 3MW. Season of birth had significant difference on 3MW (p<0.001), 6MW (p<0.01) and WW (p<0.01) but had no significant difference (p>0.05) on BW, 9MW and YW. The growth rates at zero to six month (6MGR) and six to twelve month (12MGR) were 0.17 and 0.17 kg /d respectively. Growth rate in both stages had no significant effect (p>0.05) on sex and year of birth. 6MGR had no significant effect (p>0.05) on season of birth but had significant (p<0.05) effect on 12MGR. From single trait analyses heritability (h2) of BW, 3MW, 6MW, WW, 9MW, YW, 6MGR and 12MGR were 0.497, 0.468, 0.475, 0.467, 0.447, 0.478, 0.499 and 0.65, respectively, whereas from multi-trait analysis heritability (h2) of first four traits were 0.498, 0.456, 0.500 and 0.490, respectively. Genetic correlations of BW with 3MW, 6MW and WW were 0.23, 0.38, and 0.53, respectively, 3MW with 6MW and WW were 0.78 and 0.69, respectively and 6MW with WW was 0.76. Estimated heritability values were rather high in magnitude and indicate that these traits would likely respond to selection. Estimates of phenotypic correlations among the traits studied were very low to moderate with values ranging from -0.40 to 0.81, whereas magnitude of genetic correlation ranged from 0.23 to 0.78. It was concluded that these estimated parameters would help to understand the biology of the traits and in designing breeding programme for other indigenous cattle in general. Keywords: Phenotypic and Genetic parameters; Growth traits; Red Chittagong cattle DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4733 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 265-271, 2009
Performance of participatory and non-participatory farmers of integrated crop management project at Pirganj upazila under Thakurgaon district
Authors: Sumy MC , Halim MA , Hasan MR , Begum MR
Published: April 2010

This study examines technical efficiency between Participatory & Non- Participatory farmers under Integrated Crop Management project (ICM) in the north-west region of Bangladesh. Sixty farmers of which 30 participatory & 30 non-participatory were selected following stratified random sampling technique from four villages under pirganj upazila in Thakurgaon district. ICM project participatory farmers received higher net returns than the non-participatory farmers from selected crop production. Participatory farmers were technically more efficient than non- participatory farmers. Getting membership status of non- participatory farmers was suggested to be an important factor in removing technical inefficiency. Keywords: Technical efficiency; Participatory; Non-participatory DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4734 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 273-280, 2009
Genetic relationships in different sheep populations of Bangladesh based on microsatellite markers
Authors: Khan MYA , Husain SS , Alam MR , Teneva A , Han JL , Faruque MO
Published: April 2010

The genetic variation and differentiation among different populations of sheep in Bangladesh were studied by using 18 microsatellite markers. A total of 140 samples- 37 from Bangladesh Central (BGC), 40 from Bangladesh East (BGE), 39 from Bangladesh North (BGN) and 24 from Garole (GAR) were genotyped. The allele number per locus ranged from 2 to 10. The average number of alleles per population was 5.50 ± 1.72, 5.33 ± 2.00, 6.39 ± 2.06 and 4.72 ± 1.71 for BGC, BGE, BGN and GAR respectively. Heterozygosity was found in the range from 0.5084±0.0187 (BGE) to 0.5810±0.0237 (GAR). The genetic distance (DA) between BGN and GAR was the highest (0.1071) and that between BGC and BGN was the lowest (0.0664). In the phylogenetic dendrogram, BGC and BGN grouped in the same cluster, while BGE and GAR formed another two separate clusters. The results indicate that all four sheep populations had rich genetic diversity and the Garole sheep (GAR) is considered as an independent breed in Bangladesh. Keywords: Sheep; Microsatellite marker; Genetic relation; Phylogenetic dendrogram DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4736 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 291-294, 2009
Efficacy study of bio-typhoid® vaccine against fowl typhoid in backyard layer chicken
Authors: Uddin MZ , Khan MSR , Begum F , Mannan MA
Published: April 2010

The study was performed with a view to isolate and identify a virulent strain of S. gallinarum and determine the purity, safety and efficacy of BIO-TYPHOID® vaccine. A total of 40 backyard layer chicken were used for this study where Group A was used for experimental vaccination, Group B kept as control and Group C was used for calculating virulent S. gallinarum challenge dose. Primary and secondary vaccination was carried out at 40 days and 110 days of age, respectively. Blood samples were collected to obtain the sera after vaccination from both vaccinated and unvaccinated control group and antibody titres were determined by Microplate agglutination test. The antibody titre increased in primary vaccination up to days 56 days post vaccination (DPV) and then decreased gradually. The highest antibody titre (Mean ± SE) 384.00 ± 42.67 was obtained at 91 DPV (21 days later of secondary vaccination) and maintained up to 98 DPV. Safety test was done by inoculating mice and purity test of the vaccine was done by inoculating on to Blood Agar media. The efficacy of BIO-TYPHOID® vaccine was recorded as 90% which was determined by challenge infection with 0.1 ml of 5x105 CFU virulent S. gallinarum. Results of this study revealed successful protections by BIO-TYPHOID® vaccine. Keywords: BIO-TYPHOID® vaccine; Chicken; Efficacy; Fowl Typhoid DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4737 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 295-299, 2009
Preservation of liquid semen and Artificial Insemination in native sheep
Authors: Pervage S , Hassan MR , Ershaduzzaman M , Khandoker MAMY
Published: April 2010

An experiment was undertaken to determine the conception rate of native sheep by using Artificial Insemination with liquid ram semen. The semen was collected from ram using artificial vagina and the was stored in a refrigerator (4°C) for three days. The volume of semen was extended with egg yolk citrate diluter. A total of 63 ewes were inseminated with stored liquid semen collected from 15 rams by AV method. The total number of spermatozoa, live-dead, normal-abnormal, sperm motility and the pH was observed regularly. The average semen volume per ejaculate was 0.76-1.00ml and the sperm concentration was 2.37x109 - 4.30x109 per ejaculate. The number of normal spermatozoa and the pH was almost similar irrespective of days of storage. Number of live spermatozoa and the sperm motility were reduced with the increasing age of semen. The average conception rate (%) was obtained as 63.61, 61.90, 52.38 and 47.61 with sperm in zero, 1st, 2nd and 3rd day storage respectively. Keywords: Preservation; Liquid semen; Quality; Artificial insemination; Sheep DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4739 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 305-308, 2009
Prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle at Meghna upazila in Comilla in Bangladesh
Authors: Mannan MA , Siddique MP , Uddin MZ , Parvaz MM
Published: April 2010

The present study was performed in the Upazila Veterinary Hospital, Meghna, Comilla during the period from September 2006 to February 2007 to observe the prevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in cattle at Meghna upazila in Comilla. A total of 253 skin diseased cattle head were examined in this study where 109 were males and 144 were females. The prevalence of FMD was 24.51% at Meghna upazila. The effect of age, sex, breed, season and farming system on the incidence rate of the disease was discussed. Seasonal variation on outbreak of this disease was significantly higher. The clinical prevalence of FMD was highest in the month of November (34.69%) and December (36.20%). The males (35.77%) were more susceptible than females (15.97%). The adult cattle (34.18%) were more susceptible compared to heifer (23.43%) and young (09.72%). In breed, 39.18% indigenous breeds and 15.38% crossed breeds were infected by FMD. So, it could be concluded that the rural farming system, adult, male and the indigenous cattle were more susceptible to FMD in winter season. Keywords: Foot and Mouth Disease; Epidemiology; Clinical features; Breed DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4741 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 317-319, 2009
Resource recovery and zero waste management option of slaughter house waste in Khulna city corporation of Bangladesh
Authors: Amin MN
Published: April 2010

Presently the slaughter houses of khulna city corporation (KCC) area in Bangladesh are being used in such a way that the wastes come from these are polluting the surrounding environment such as river water, solid surface, air etc. In this circumstance, the research analyzed the management options of this slaughter house wastes and determines how this process would be suitably managed through the community participation. To fulfill the above mentioned objective, the research work was conducted through the questionnaire survey, direct observation, face-to-face interview along with the random sample collection and relevant measures of different factors. The research finding reveals that the total quantity of waste produced from these slaughter houses was 2888.45 tonnes/year. The management of this volume of waste was found as unsatisfactory by the most of the stakeholder groups due to fail of the conservation of public health and ecosystem of the local community. However, the analysis of the research data and other relevant information suggest that the potential management system such as a zero waste management of the wastes of slaughter houses in Khulna City Corporation area is possible to implement for more environmentally friendly development of the society which have the potential to resource reuse (waste-to-energy recovery) and others. Finally, the research recommended three separate designs of the conventional biomethanation plant and a potential biogas production model for these slaughter houses. Keywords: Slaughter house; Biomethanation; Zero waste management; Energy recovery; Khulna city corporation DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4742 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 321-327, 2009
Determination of immune response of Newcastle disease virus vaccines in layer chickens
Authors: Banu NA , Islam MS , Chowdhury MMH , Islam MA
Published: April 2010

The study was conducted for the detection of persistence of Maternally derived antibody (MDA) as well as the comparative evaluation of antibody production of nine different NDV vaccines in layer chickens in the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from July to December 2008. A total of 55 layer chicks (ISA Brown breed) were divided into eleven groups each consisting of five birds of which odd number groups were vaccinated primarily with Nobilis® MA5+Clone 30, Avipro® ND-IB HB1, Cevac® BIL, Newcastle-Bronchitis Vaccine Fortdoge® and Avipro® ND LaSota vaccine respectively at day 5 of age and secondarily with Nobilis® ND Clone30, Avipro® ND LaSota, Cevac® New L, Newcastle Disease Vaccine Fortdoge® and Avipro® ND LaSota vaccine respectively at day 21 of age by single eye instillation and even number groups were vaccinated with the same vaccines respectively by double eye instillation following the same schedule. Again group 9 and group 10 were also vaccinated with RDV at 60 days of age through intramuscular route. Group 11 was kept as unvaccinated control. Sera samples were collected after 10 days of each vaccination and at day 5, 15, 20, 31 of age from unvaccinated control and subjected to HI test for the determination of antibody titres. It was observed that after primary vaccination the mean of HI titres of double eye vaccinated groups differed significantly (P<0.01). Overall analysis of mean of HI titres of double eye vaccinated groups revealed that there were significant increases (P<0.01) in HI titres in groups 8 (891.44±228.97) and 10 (861.66±140.21) compared to other groups. It was observed that secondary vaccination produced higher immune response compared to primary vaccination in case of all the vaccinated groups and double eye vaccination produced higher immune response compared to single eye vaccination in case of all the vaccinated groups. It was also observed that following vaccination with RDV in groups 9 and 10, HI titres increased significantly (P<0.01) which indicated that group 10 (1204.30±280.43 ) produced significantly higher antibody titres than group 9 (966.74±144). Maternal antibody was high (483.37±181.01) at day 5 of age and persisted to a minimal level (8.00±0.00) until the age of day 20 and almost disappears (≤4±0) at day 31 of age. From the present research it may be concluded that LaSota strain produced higher immune response than Clone 30 and B1 strain, Fortdose® and Avipro® vaccine produced higher immune response than all other vaccines and vaccination with lentogenic strains followed by mesogenic strain produced higher antibody titers used in this study. Keywords: Immune response; Newcastle disease; Vaccines; Layer chickens DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4743 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 329-334, 2009
Socio-economic study of insecticide use on vegetable cultivation at farm level in Chittagong region
Authors: Mohiuddin M , Hossain MM , Rahman AKMM , Palash MS
Published: April 2010

The study was conducted in Satkania, Patiya and Hathazari upazilas of Chittagong district during 2008 to identify different pest problems and practices, input use and economic returns at farmers' levels. About 95% of the farmers relied on the application of insecticides to control insect pests and they said that the insecticides use was profitable. Majority of the farmers of Patiya sprayed insecticides more than 40 times in brinjal cultivation. For other selected vegetables, farmer's sprayed insecticide more than 15 times in a season. Especially for Satkania, majority of the farmers sprayed every alternative day while in the winter, the spraying frequency was reduced once a week. Pesticide dealers were the major source of information to farmers on the selection of chemicals and application methods. Very few farmers used protective measures or safety measures during pesticide application, only 39% of the respondents did not use any safety measures where 21% of the vegetable growers covered their body and faces. Eight percent covered their face and 32% covered their body at the time of spraying. On an average 61% believed that pesticide application are harmful to farm labour, 40% farmers expressed their views that pesticide application pollute water and air. Keywords: Insecticide use; Vegetable cultivation; Socio-economic characteristics DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4745 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 343-350, 2009
Crop production growth in different agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh
Authors: Quddus MA
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the progress and regional variations of crop production in Bangladesh. The secondary data were used and collected for the years 1980-81 to 2002-03 from the ‘Statistical Yearbooks of Bangladesh', ‘Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics' and population census of different years. The study was conducted during the period from September 2006 to February 2008. An analysis was done for twelve mutually exclusive agro-ecological zones by assigning various indicators of crop sector development. The remarkable progress of rural literacy rate, ratio of agricultural workers to population, number of farmer's co-operative societies and per capita regional domestic agricultural products in two decades was observed in different regions. Wide disparities in the level of crop sector development had been observed across the regions. The overall results reveal that some of the regions are in better positions in respect of socioeconomic progress, land use pattern, input use, growth performance of HYV rice and food-grains production. The developed regions were 'Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain and Tista Floodplain', 'Karatoya Floodplain and Atrai Basin', 'Brahmaputra-Jamuna Floodplain' and 'Middle Meghna River Floodplain' on the basis of land utilization pattern, input use and food-grains production. Analysis of regional disparities reveals that 'Sylhet Basin and Surma-Kusiyara Floodplain', 'Greater Dhaka', 'Middle Meghna River Floodplain' and 'Lower Meghna River and Estuarine Floodplain' regions has developed remarkably in the last twenty years. Keywords: Crop production; Development indicator; Growth performance; Regional variation DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4746 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 351-360, 2009
Participation of rural women in goat rearing in a selected area of Bangladesh
Authors: Rokonuzzaman M , Islam MS
Published: April 2010

The main purpose of this study was to assess participation of rural women in goat rearing. Pakulla union under Sonatola upazila of Bogra district in Bangladesh was the locale of the study. All the rural goat rearing farm family women heads of Pakulla union constituted the population of the study. Data were collected from a sample of 100 women heads selected randomly during15 December 2008 to 14 January, 2009. The extent of participation of rural women in fifteen items of goat rearing activities was measured through a five-point rating scale. Ten selected characteristics of women were independent variables. Coefficient of correlation ‘r' was computed to test relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Findings revealed that participation of women in goat rearing ranged from 20 to 48 against expected value 0 to 60 with a mean of 35.87 and standard deviation of 8.64. Data also showed that largest portion (63 percent) of the respondents fell into medium participation categories while 28 percent and 9 percent fell into low and high participation categories respectively. Data revealed that participation of rural women in the item ‘excreta cleaning of goat' had the highest participation index (PI= 327) and ranked 1st , ‘looking after the kids' had the second highest participation with PI of 315 and participation in 'caring during pregnancy period' was in 3rd position with PI of 307 among 15 items. On the other hand the lowest participation was observed in ‘arrangement of vaccination' (PI= 21) and in ‘castration in time' with PI of 46 among these 15 items. Correlation analyses indicate that knowledge about goat rearing and extension media contacts were found to have positively significant relationship with participation in goat rearing. On the other hand education, farm size, annual income had negative significant correlation with participation in goat rearing while respondents' age, marital status, family size, credit receipt and grazing land availability had no significant relation with participation in goat rearing. Regarding problem confrontation in goat rearing, data indicated that among the 10 major problems ‘lack of proper training about goat rearing' ranked first with 251 problem index (PI). Lack of available grazing land came next in rank (rank 2, PI 242). High mortality rate of kids was the next problem (rank 3, PI 216). Keywords: Participation; Rural women; Goat rearing DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4747 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 361-366, 2009
Broiler farming: An approach to improve rural livelihood
Authors: Mozumdar L , Farid KS , Ahmed JU , Rahman MW
Published: April 2010

The present study assessed the changes in socio-economic conditions of small scale broiler farmers in rural areas of Bangladesh. The population comprised the small scale broiler farmers who reared at least 300 to less than 2000 birds in the rural areas of Sadar Upazila of Mymensingh district, among which a total of 50 samples were randomly selected for the study. The necessary data on different socio-economic parameters were collected from the respondents through personal interview with the pre-tested interview schedule. Findings showed that annual employment opportunities for unemployed family members of broiler farmers were 302.96 man-days. The overall income and expenditure of the farmers were increased by TK.6100 and TK.3064.66 after involving in broiler farming. Cash in hand and savings with bank raised by 142.71% and 201.63% respectively. Drinking water from own tube-well increased by 135.71% and katcha latrines decreased by 76.47%. Consumption of meat, egg, and fruits per month per household were increased by 94.32%, 34.53% and 56.14% respectively in post farming situation. The number of school going children, household assets and health status also improved. So, small scale broiler farming has positive and significant impact for the development of socio-economic status of the farmers as well as the improvement of rural livelihood. Keywords: Broiler farming; Rural livelihood; Socio-economic development DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4752 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 395-402, 2009
Growth, yield and water use efficiency of wheat in silt loam-amended loamy sand
Authors: Mojid MA , Mustafa SMT , Wyseure GCL
Published: April 2010

This study investigated the growth, yield and water use efficiency of wheat in five soil textures obtained by amendment. This was done by executing field experiments that consisted of five soil treatments with 3 replications. The treatments were: (i) T1: loamy sand, (ii) T2: sandy loam, (iii) T3: loam 1, (iv) T4: loam 2 and (v) T5: silt loam (used as amendment). Wheat was cultivated with four irrigations and recommended dose of fertilizers. Increased porosity and pore size distribution in the finer-textured soils improved soil structure with a consequent improvement in soil physico-chemical properties. The saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased significantly, while field capacity and water retention increased considerably as the textured of the soil become finer. The improved water and organic matter contents in treatments T2 - T5 stimulated growth of wheat and caused significant (p = 0.05) increase in leaf area index, plant height, number of total and effective tillers per plant, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain yield, and biological yield compared to T1. The roots grew and branched profusely in the soil of high moisture and organic matter content; the largest root biomass was in the upper 20 cm of soil depth in all the treatments. The enhanced vegetative growth in terms of plant height and number of tillers per plant helped increasing straw yield, which together with yield attributing characters, improved the biological yield in the finer textured soils. Treatments T2 - T4 produced 1.2 to 2.8 times higher grain and biological yields compared to T1. The irrigation requirement and total water used in a treatment increased as the texture of a soil became coarser. Treatment T2 saved 1 to 13.6% and T3- T5 saved 29.4 to 57.5% irrigation water compared to T1. T1 provided the lowest water use efficiency, which increased gradually as the texture became finer. All treatments except T1 maintained improved water regime. Keywords: Clay content; Soil water; Wheat cultivation; Growth and yield; Water use efficiency DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4753 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 403-410, 2009
Socio-economic status of crab collectors and fatteners in the southwest region of Bangladesh
Authors: Molla MAG , Islam MR , Islam S , Salam MA
Published: April 2010

The study was conducted to assess the socio-economic conditions of mud crab (Scylla serrata) collectors and fatteners in Khulna and Satkhira districts. From January to June 2009, 40 crab collectors and 40 crab fatteners were considered where 45% of the crab collectors collected crabs from the Sundarban and fattening of mud crabs were generally done in bamboo cages and in ponds. Data analyses revealed that most of the crab collectors and fatteners were Hindus and few were Muslims. In the study area, 40% and 55% crab collectors and fatteners respectively were from the age group of 31-40 years. The crab collectors (80%) had above 6-10 members in their family and 55% of the crab fatteners had above 6-10 members. There were 45% of the crab fatteners had 151 decimal and above land, but 35% of the crab collectors had 0-50 decimal which was very small. Annual income of the crab collectors was less than Tk.90,000, where the lowest annual income of the crab fatteners was Tk. 90,000-150,000. Natural disasters and other constraints affected the livelihood of crab collectors and fatteners in the southwest region. So, crab collection and fattening are alternative sources of income and sustainable livelihood for the disadvantaged people in the southwest Bangladesh. Keywords: Crab collectors; Crab fatteners; Socio-economic conditions; Southwest Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4754 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 411-419, 2009
Effects of stocking density on the growth and breeding performance of broodfish and larval growth and survival of shol, Channa striatus (Bloch)
Authors: Mollah MFA , Mamun MSA , Sarowar MN , Roy A
Published: April 2010

Two experiments were conducted with a view to assessing the effects of stocking densities on the growth and breeding performance and larval growth and survival of Channa striatus. The first one was carried out with a view to find a suitable stocking density of Channa striatus at which they could spawn while the second experiment dealt with the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of the produced larvae. The first experiment was carried out in nine equal-sized chambers of raceway separated by netted wooden frame with an area of 1.83 ×1.12m2 each. The effective water depth in each of the raceway chambers was maintained at 1.2m. The broodfish were stocked at 4 (357.22g/m2), 6 (541.78g/m2) and 8 (719.18g/m2) at 1:1 male-female ratio and fed with washed and chopped poultry viscera twice a day and with live silver carp fry twice a week. No significant (P>0.05) difference in weight and specific growth rate was observed among the broodfish reared under different stocking densities during the experimental period of 80 days. The broodfish stocked at a density of 357.22g/m2 and 541.78g/m2 spawned naturally in their respective chambers. The fish stocked at 541.78g/m2 showed the best breeding performance. The second experiment was carried out with 4-5 days old larvae in 9 bowls of 10l capacity divided into three treatments having 20, 40 and 60 larvae each i.e. the stocking density were of 2, 4 and 6 larvae/l respectively. Larvae of treatment I which was stocked with 2 larvae/l showed significantly higher growth rate from the 7th day of the experiment and maintained the same trend up to the end of the experiment (i.e. 21st day) compared to other treatments. Larvae of treatment I also showed significantly higher health condition (13.31±0.69mg/mm) and survival rate (80.00±3.00) compared to those of the other two. Keywords: Stocking density; growth rate; survival rate; breeding performance; Channa striatus. DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4756 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 427-432, 2009
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Carcinogenesis Induced by Metals and Xenobiotics
Authors: Henkler Frank , Brinkmann Joep , Luch Andreas
Published: April 2010

In addition to a wide range of adverse effects on human health, toxic metals such as cadmium, arsenic and nickel can also promote carcinogenesis. The toxicological properties of these metals are partly related to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can induce DNA damage and trigger redox-dependent transcription factors. The precise mechanisms that induce oxidative stress are not fully understood. Further, it is not yet known whether chronic exposures to low doses of arsenic, cadmium or other metals are sufficient to induce mutations in vivo, leading to DNA repair responses and/or tumorigenesis. Oxidative stress can also be induced by environmental xenobiotics, when certain metabolites are generated that lead to the continuous release of superoxide, as long as the capacity to reduce the resulting dions (quinones) into hydroquinones is maintained. However, the specific significance of superoxide-dependent pathways to carcinogenesis is often difficult to address, because formation of DNA adducts by mutagenic metabolites can occur in parallel. Here, we will review both mechanisms and toxicological consequences of oxidative stress triggered by metals and dietary or environmental pollutants in general. Besides causing DNA damage, ROS may further induce multiple intracellular signaling pathways, notably NF-kB, JNK/SAPK/p38, as well as Erk/MAPK. These signaling routes can lead to transcriptional induction of target genes that could promote proliferation or confer apoptosis resistance to exposed cells. The significance of these additional modes depends on tissue, cell-type and is often masked by alternate oncogenic mechanisms being activated in parallel.
Article Omission in Dutch Children with SLI: A Processing Approach
Authors: Van Ewijk Lizet , Avrutin Sergey
Published: April 2010

Children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) show difficulties with grammatical morphology. Based on the data from 12 Dutch children with SLI, an information-theoretical model is proposed in which the noun-article set dependency is modeled as a channel. We propose that reduced capacity of this channel is responsible for article omission. The Kullback-Leibler divergence between input and output distribution of article production provides an index of the channel capacity, which is shown to correlate with the percentage of article omission and to lag behind in SLI development as compared to typically developing children.
Energy Resources in the Future
Authors: Tomabechi Ken
Published: April 2010

Recent statistics indicate that in 2005 the world consumed about 0.5 ZJ (ZJ = 1021 Joules) of energy. If one assumes that the future world population stabilizes at 10 billions, and the people consume a similar amount of energy per capita to that of the people in the presently developed countries, the world will need about 2 ZJ a year. A recent survey of the available future energy resources indicates that the energies recoverable from coal, oil and gas are only 23 ZJ, 6.7 ZJ and 6.4 ZJ, respectively. Other energy resources such as solar and wind have problems of fluctuation due to the weather conditions. However, the energy expected from known Uranium resources by breeder reactors is 227 ZJ and that from Lithium by fusion reactors is more than 175 ZJ. Therefore, it is important to make efforts to develop and use breeder reactors and fusion reactors to supply a major part of the energy need in the future.
Mass and Aerodynamic Imbalance Estimates of Wind Turbines
Authors: Niebsch Jenny , Ramlau Ronny , Nguyen Thien T.
Published: April 2010

Due to its effect on the operation time of wind turbines, rotor imbalances of a wind turbine have to be detected early enough. We present a method that determines inhomogeneous mass distributions of the rotor as well as deviations in the pitch angles of the rotor blades from vibrational data only. To this end, a mathematical model connecting the load caused by the imbalances to the resulting vibrations was developed. After discretization, the resulting vibration equation was solved analytically. The inverse problem, i.e., the calculation of the mass and aerodynamic imbalance from vibrational data, was solved by using nonlinear regularization theory. Numerical simulations were performed using artificial vibration data.