bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pemegunan Enzim Urease dalam Bahan Hidrogel Metakrilat untuk Menghasilkan Membran Biosensor Urea
Authors: Khor Sook Mei , Lee Yook Heng , Ahmad Musa
Published: January 2013

Bahan hidrogel metakrilat yang disediakan secara foto–pempolimeran telah dikaji sebagai satu matriks untuk pemegunan enzim urease. Tujuan utama penyediaan membran metakrilat untuk pemegunan enzim urease adalah untuk menilai sama ada membrane jenis ini boleh digunakan dalam reka bentuk biosensor urea. Sifat kehidrofilikan/kehidrofobikan hidrogel dimanipulasikan melalui komposisi monomer 2–hidroksil etil metakrilat (HEMA) dan metil metakrilat (MMA). Kajian pemegunan enzim yang telah dilakukan termasuk pemegunan urease secara foto–pempolimeran, kajian larut resap urease daripada membran dan penilaian ke atas sifat keaktifan enzim yang terpegun. Tiga jenis membran polimer telah dikaji, iaitu dua jenis membran yang disediakan secara foto–pempolimeran (fotoHEMA iaitu 100% HEMA dan MH28, nisbah MMA : HEMA = 2 : 8) dan juga polimer poli(2–hidroksietil metakrilat) (pHEMA) yang boleh didapati secara komersial dan digunakan sebagai perbandingan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa urease boleh di pegunkan dalam bahan hidrogel metakrilat secara foto–pempolimeran terus tanpa enzim dinyahaktifkan walaupun terdedah kepada cahaya ultra–lembayung. Penggunaan komposisi MMA : HEMA dan proses penyediaan membran secara foto–pempolimeran dapat menghasilkan sifat kehidrofilikan/kehidrofobikan bahan membran hidrogel yang dikehendaki dan seterusnya kelarutresapan enzim juga dikurangkan berbanding membran daripada pHEMA komersial. Bahan hidrogel metakrilat foto–polimer yang paling sesuai sebagai matriks pemegunan enzim urease untuk tujuan kegunaan biosensor urea ialah hidrogel MH28 yang mempunyai peratus serapan air
Tahap Kemahiran Kefahaman Mendengar Bahasa Arab di Kalangan Pelajar Sekolah Menengah Agama Negeri
Authors: Nik Yusoff Nik Mohd. Rahimi , Abd. Ghani Kamarulzaman , Ismail Zawawi
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai tahap kemahiran kefahaman mendengar bahasa Arab di kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah agama negeri. Reka bentuk kajian yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah kaedah tinjauan semasa. Sebanyak lima aspek kefahaman mendengar bahasa Arab yang dinilai dalam kajian ini. Lima aspek kefahaman mendengar tersebut ialah; (i) kefahaman mendengar bunyi bahasa Arab; (ii) kefahaman mendengar makna perkataan secara leksikal; (iii) kefahaman mendengar makna perkataan secara kontekstual; (iv) kefahaman mendengar teks secara literal; dan (v) kemahiran mendengar teks secara inferential. Kajian ini dijalankan di sekolah–sekolah menengah agama negeri di Kelantan. Keputusan menunjukkan subkemahiran pertama berada pada tahap tinggi; subkemahiran kedua dan ketiga berada pada tahap sederhana; dan subkemahiran keempat dan kelima berada pada tahap lemah.

Kata kunci: kemahiran kefahaman mendengar, sub–sub kemahiran kefahaman mendengar, bahasa Arab

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of Arabic listening comprehension among state religious secondary school students. There were five aspects of Arabic listening comprehension, which were evaluated in this study. The research design which was used in this study was cross sectional survey. The five aspects of Arabic listening comprehension were; (i) Arabic sound; (ii) word meaning lexically; (iii) word meaning contextually; (iv) texts meaning literally; and (v) texts meaning inferentially. This study was carried out at state religious secondary schools in Kelantan. The results showed the first sub skills was at a high level, the second and third sub skills was at a moderate level, and the fourth and fifth sub skills was at a weak level.

Key words: listening comprehension skills, listening comprehension sub skills, Arabic language
Fitting The Statistical Distributions To The Daily Rainfall Amount In Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Jamaludin Suhaila , Jemain Abdul Aziz
Published: January 2013

Data hujan harian dibahagikan kepada empat jenis rentetan hujan (jenis 1, 2, 3 dan 4). Taburan Gamma, Weibull, Kappa dan Gabungan Eksponen ialah empat taburan statistik yang diuji dalam memadankan data jumlah hujan harian di Semenanjung Malaysia. Parameter bagi setiap taburan dianggar dengan menggunakan kaedah kebolehjadian maksimum. Model dipilih berdasarkan nilai ralat yang minimum terhasil dari tujuh ujian kesesuaian model iaitu median bagi perbezaan nilai mutlak antara taburan empirik dengan taburan yang diuji, statistik fungsi empirik iaitu Kolmogorov-Smirnov D, Anderson Darling A2 dan Cramer-von-Mises W2 serta kaedah baru statistik fungsi empirik yang berasaskan kepada ujian nisbah kebolehjadian. Berdasarkan nilai ujian kesesuaian model, didapati taburan Gabungan Eksponen adalah yang paling sesuai dalam memadankan data jumlah hujan harian di Semenanjung Malaysia.

Kata kunci: Jumlah hujan harian, ujian kesesuaian model, gabungan eksponen

Daily rainfall data have been classified according to four rain types of sequence of wet days (Type 1, 2, 3 and 4). The Gamma, Weibull, Kappa and Mixed Exponential are the four distributions that have been tested to fit daily rainfall amount in Peninsular Malaysia. Parameter for each distribution were estimated using the maximum likelihood method. The selected model is chosen based on the minimum error produced by seven goodness-of-fit (GOF) tests namely the medium of absolute difference (MAD) between the empirical and hypothesized distributions, the traditional Empirical Distribution Function (EDF) Statistics which include Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic D, Anderson Darling statistic A2 and Cramer-von-Mises statistic W2 and the new method of EDF Statistic based on likelihood ratio statistic. Based on these goodness-of-fit test, the Mixed Exponential is found to be the most approriate distribution for describing the daily rainfall amount in Peninsular Malaysia.

Key words: Dairy rainfall amount, goodness–of–fit test, mixed exponential
PCA–Based Human Posture Classification
Authors: Md Tahir Nooritawati , Hussain Aini , Abdul Samad Salina , Husain Hafizah
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini membentangkan suatu mekanisme untuk pengelasan susuk tubuh manusia berdasarkan kombinasi pelbagai jelmaan ruang eigen yang dinamakan sebagai eigenposture dan Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) sebagai pengelas. Penjelmaan komponen utama telah digunakan untuk menyari sifat pada bayang-bayang bentuk badan manusia. Gabungan sarian sifat ini digunakan untuk pengelasan susuk tubuh manusia sebagai berdiri atau sebaliknya berasaskan bentuk badan yang diperoleh selepas proses peruasan. Uji kaji telah dijalankan dengan mengubah bilangan vektor eigen yang dijadikan perwakilan untuk tujuan pengelasan. Keputusan yang diperoleh menunjukkan gabungan eigenposture kedua dan keempat memberi keputusan pengelasan bentuk badan manusia yang agak baik iaitu 98% dan boleh dijadikan sebagai pilihan optimal masukan bagi tujuan pengelasan menggunakan bilangan input minima.

Kata kunci: Analisa komponen utama, vektor eigen, pengelasan, rangkaian neural tiruan, susuk tubuh manusia

This paper outlines a mechanism for human body posture classification based on various combination of eigenspace transform, which we named as eigenposture, and using Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) as classifier. We apply principal component transformation to extract the features from human shape silhouettes. Combinations of the extracted features were used to classify the posture of standing and non-standing based on the human shape obtained from the segmentation process. We experiment by using various combinations of eigenvectors as input representations for classification purpose. Results showed that the second and fourth eigenpostures combination gives reasonably good result with 98% correct classification of human posture and can be adopted as the optimal choice of input for classification using a minimal combination.

Key words: Principal component analysis (PCA), eigenvectors, classification, artificial neural network, human posture
Tahap Kesediaan Guru Sains Dalam Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat Berasaskan Komputer Dalam Proses Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran
Authors: Mohd. Hamzah Mohd. Izham , Attan Noraini
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau tahap kesediaan guru dari aspek pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap penggunaan teknologi maklumat berasaskan komputer bagi pengajaran dan pembelajaran sains di dalam bilik darjah. Satu set soal selidik yang terdiri daripada tiga bahagian digunakan sebagai instrumen kajian. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 223 orang guru yang mengajar sains di 22 buah Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan yang terdapat di Daerah Hulu Langat, Selangor. Data yang diperolehi telah dijalankan penganalisisan dengan bantuan perisian komputer melalui program SPSS Version 7.5. Statistik yang digunakan ialah statistik deskriptif yang melibatkan frekuensi, skor min dan peratusan, manakala statistik inferensi melibatkan ujian–t pada tahap kesignifikanan p < 0.05. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa faktor jantina tidak mempengaruhi tahap kesediaan guru dari semua aspek yang dikaji. Secara keseluruhannya tahap kesediaan penggunaan teknologi maklumat berasaskan komputer bagi guru–guru sains ini adalah sederhana. Tahap kesediaan dari aspek pengetahuan dan sikap pula, didapati tiada perbezaan yang signifikan di antara guru dari kumpulan perkhidmatan siswazah dan bukan siswazah.

Kata kunci: Tahap kesediaan guru, teknologi maklumat, proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran, sains, pengetahuan dan minat guru

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the level of teachers’ preparedness on the use of computer based information technology in the teaching and learning of science in the classroom with regards to knowledge and attitude. A set of questionnaires which contains three major parts, was used as the research instrument. A sample of 223 science teachers from 22 national secondary schools in the district of Hulu Langat, Selangor were the respondents. Data obtained was analysed using SPSS 7.5. The statistics used in this study were descriptive statistics that is frequency, mean score and percentage whereas for the inferential statistic, a t–test with the significance of p < 0.05 were used. The analysis showed that the science teachers’ preparedness from the aspect of knowledge and attitude is average. The findings also indicated that gender does not play a role in influencing teachers’ preparedness from all the aspects mentioned above. Results from this study show that teachersí qualification do not influence science teachersí preparedness level in the aspect of knowledge and attitude.

Key words: Teacher preparedness, information technology, teaching and learning process, science, teachers knowledge and attitude
Asimilasi Dan Disimilasi Dalam Bahasa Arab
Authors: Abd. Rahman Mohd. Zaki
Published: January 2013

Asimilasi dan disimilasi ialah dua fenomena bahasa yang berlaku disebabkan penyelarasan dalam sebutan huruf bagi meringankan serta melancarkan proses pertuturan. Kedua–duanya melibatkan aspek fonologi. Asimilasi berkait rapat dengan hukum idgham dalam pembacaan al–Qur’an al–Karim. Oleh itu kebanyakan contoh mengenainya terdapat dalam al–Qur’an al–Karim. Nisbah kewujudan asimilasi jauh lebih besar berbanding disimilasi. Oleh sebab nisbah disimilasi yang begitu kecil, ia boleh dianggap sebagai kes terpencil dalam bahasa Arab.

Kata kunci: Asimilasi, disimilasi, makhraj, sifat huruf, pola kata

Assimilation and dissimilation are two language phenomenon which occur in the process of articulation. It is explicitly seen when a speaker tries to moderate pronunciation of letters in an effort to speak smoothly and fluently. Both assimilation and dissimilation involve phonetics and phonology. Assimilation in Arabic language is very closely related to the ‘idgham’ rules, which are used in reciting the al–Qur’an al–Karim. As such, most examples of assimilation are found in the Holy al–Qur’an al–Karim. It is also noted that the ratio of occurrence of assimilation is very much higher compared to dissimilation. Hence, dissimilation could be considered as negligible in Arabic language.

Key words: Assimilation, dissimilation, point of articulation, attribute, metre
The Behaviour Of Square Sandwich Panel Part I: Under Static Loading
Authors: Alias Amran , Nor Nor Azlan Ahmad , Said Mohd Radzai
Published: January 2013

Kajian mengenai panel apit segi empat terdiri daripada dua bahagian. Dalam bahagian pertama, prestasi dan kelakuan panel apit segi empat yang dikenakan beban statik dikaji. Panel apit ini sokong oleh unit sokongan dan dikenakan bebanan dibahagian tengahnya dengan menggunakan penakuk separa bulat dan penakuk rata. Panel apit spesifik yang digunakan untuk projek ini ialah kepingan keluli lembut, foam PVC yang dinamakan R55 dan teras daripada busa poli uretana (PU). Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan bukti secara eksperimen tentang corak serta jenis kegagalan panel apit segi empat yang dikenakan beban tumpu di tengah–tengahnya dan disokong pada setiap bucunya. Selepas ujian statik dilakukan, lengkungan bagi setiap panel ditentukan. Hubungan antara pertumbuhan kerosakan dan kelakuan kerosakan semasa ujian statik ke atas panel dikaji. Dalam bahagian kedua, ujian dinamik dijalankan untuk menentukan prestasi, kelakuan, dan kesan bagi jenis busa serta hubungan antara tenaga masukan daripada ujian statik dan dinamik.

Kata kunci: Panel apit segi empat, foam PU, foam PVC (R55), mod kegagalan

This series of papers on behaviour of square sandwich panel consists of two parts. In part I, the performance and behaviour of the square sandwich panel under static loading was first examined. The sandwich panel was centrally loaded by using hemispherical and flat indenters on their respective support units. The panel materials used specifically for this project are mild steel skin and PVC foam namely R55 and polyurethane (PU) foam cores. The aim of this study is to obtain experimental evidence of the failure modes of square sandwich panels under concentrated load at the centre of panels, simply supported at the four edge corners for the square panel. After static tests, the whole curves for each panel were determined. The relation between the observed damage evelopment, the property of degradation during the static test of the panels was investigated. In part II, the dynamic tests will be conducted in order to determine the performance, behaviour, effect of foam’s type and the correlation between input energy from static and dynamic tests.

Key words: Square sandwich panel, PU foam, PVC foam (R55), failure modes
Incorporation Of Interference Fit And Cyclic Loading In Simulation Algorithm For Better Prediction Of Micromotion Of Femoral Stems
Authors: Abdul–Kadir Mohammed Rafiq , Hansen Ulrich N.
Published: January 2013

Pelonggaran aseptik adalah salah satu daripada sebab utama pembedahan ulangan tulang paha. Ini berlaku disebabkan kegagalan untuk mendapatkan cengkaman pertama yang kuat. Pergerakan antara implan dengan tulang melebihi had tertentu menghalang pertumbuhan tulang dan mengakibatkan pembentukan tisu berbentuk fiber. Dalam kajian ini, satu algoritma dicadangkan untuk meramal pergerakan implan dan seterusnya ketidakstabilan implan. Dengan menggunakan beban fisiologi, pergerakan implan relatif kepada tulang dikira menggunakan algoritma. Implan yang menggunakan sistem cengkaman tekanan telah dibentuk dan beban ulangan dikenakan untuk memberi simulasi yang sebenar. Satu ujikaji ‘in–vitro’ telah dilaksanakan terhadap empat tulang paha manusia untuk mengesahkan algoritma yang dicadangkan. Keputusan ujikaji telah mengesahkan pergerakan implan yang dijangka oleh algoritma ini.

Kata kunci: tulang paha, algoritma cengkaman, pengesahan ujikaji

Aseptic loosening is one of the major causes for revision surgery in hip arthroplasty. This has been attributed to failure in achieving strong primary fixation. Interface micromotion beyond a certain threshold limit inhibits bone ingrowth and favours the formation of fibrous tissue. In this study, an algorithm was constructed to predict micromotion and therefore instability of femoral stems. Based on common physiological loading, micromotion is calculated throughout the bone–implant interface. Press fit stem insertion was modelled using interference fit and cyclic loading was used to better simulate actual loading configuration. An in–vitro micromotion experiment was carried out on four human cadaveric femurs to validate the micromotion algorithm. A good correlation was obtained between finite element predictions and the in–vitro micromotion experiment.

Key words: hip arthroplasty, primary stability, micromotion algorithm, experimental validation, finite element
Analisis Frekuensi Banjir Serantau Di Semenanjung Malaysia Berdasarkan Pendekatan LQâ€“Momen
Authors: Shabri Ani , Jemain Abdul Aziz
Published: January 2013

Kertas ini bertujuan menjalankan kajian analisis frekuensi banjir serantau bagi aliran sungai tahunan maksimum di Semananjung Malaysia menggunakan pendekatan LQâ€“momen. Kaedah LQâ€“momen dibangunkan untuk digunakan dalam analisis frekuensi banjir serantau bagi mengukur keserasian data, kehomogenan rantau dan pengujian pemadanan bagi mengenal pasti taburan serantau terbaik. Algoritma Gustafsonâ€“Kessel (GK) diperkenalkan dalam mengenal pasti rantau homogen Semenanjung Malaysia, dan telah menghasilkan enam rantau homogen yang diuji menggunakan kaedah LQâ€“momen. Hasil kajian ini menyokong bahawa kaedah LQâ€“momen secara umumnya berupaya, ringkas dan teguh. Ini membuatkan ianya sebagai alternatif pilihan untuk digunakan dalam analisis frekuensi banjir serantau.

Kata kunci: LQâ€“momen; Lâ€“momen; Gustafsonâ€“Kessel; analisis frekuensi banjir serantau; pengujian kesesuaian

This paper aims to perform regional flood frequency analysis of the annual flood series in Peninsular Malaysia by using LQâ€“moment approach. The LQâ€“moments method was developed to use for regional flood frequency analysis in measuring discordancy, regional homogeneity, and goodnessâ€“ofâ€“fit test to identify the best regional parent distribution. The Gustafsonâ€“Kessel algorithm (GK) is presented to identify the homogenous regions in Peninsular Malaysia and produced six acceptably homogeneous regions that had been tested by the method of LQâ€“moments. The results shown in this study strongly support the method of LQâ€“moments in terms of good performance, simplicity and robustness. This made it an attractive option for using in the regional flood frequency analysis.

Key words: LQâ€“moment; Lâ€“moments; Gustafsonâ€“Kessel; regional flood frequency analysis; goodnessofâ€“fit test
Experimental Investigation on Biological Hydrogen Production Using Different Biomass
Authors: Agrawal P. , Hema R. , Mahesh Kumar S.
Published: January 2013

Hydrogen is a clean and efficient fuel, considered as a potential and more sustainable energy substitute for fossil fuels. Biological hydrogen production stands out as an eco friendly process carried out under mild operating conditions with renewable resources. In the current work laboratory scale production of hydrogen using phototrophic purple non-sulphur bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides, anaerobic dark fermentative bacteriaâ€™s Clostridium pasteurinum, Bacillus licheniformis and Enterobacter clocae with different substrates were investigated. The study investigated the potential of biological conversion of different substrates to produce hydrogen by studying various experimental parameters like temperature, pH and optical density (OD) of cells. It was found that the Rhodobacter sphaeroides took relatively longer duration (48 hrs) for hydrogen production. The optimum temperature and pH for maximum production of hydrogen in case of Rhodobacter sphaeroides were found to be 32Â°C and 7.5 respectively, 32Â°C and 7 for Clostridium pasteurinum respectively, 30Â°C and 6.8 respectively for Bacillus licheniformis and Enterobacter clocae. Results of the batch tests showed that Rhodobacter sphaeroides produced maximum amount of hydrogen (35%) as compared to 21% by Clostridium pasteurinum, 16% by Bacillus licheniformis and 8% by Enterobacter clocae. However the quantity of hydrogen production in case of Rhodobacter sphaeroides was relatively lower compared to Clostridium pasteurinum.

Key words: Hydrogen; biomass, microbial bioconversion, dark fermentation, photofermentation, non-sulphur bacteria, anaerobic
Biometric Signature Verification Using Pen Position, Time, Velocity and Pressure Parameters
Authors: Mailah Musa , Lim Boon Han
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini menerangkan tentang pembangunan satu sistem pengesahan tandatangan bertulis tangan yang melibatkan tekanan pen terhadap laluan tandatangan, masa ketika menandatangan, profil kelajuan dan kedudukan rupa bentuk tandatangan. Isyarat bertulis tangan telah diperoleh dan diolah secara berdigit menggunakan tablet. Ciri utama sistem pengesahan tandatangan yang dicadangkan ialah tandatangan bertulis tangan yang dikemaskini secara dinamik, keupayaan cuba semula semasa pengesahan, kegunaan jalur terima beserta nilai ambang, pembangunan mesra pengguna berdasarkan antara muka grafik pengguna, penggunaan kaedah paksi masa sepunya dan pengesahan tandatangan menggunakan satu kelas rangkaian neural laluan hadapan berlapis. Satu algoritma khusus telah diguna pakai yang dapat memberikan keputusan pengesahan dengan ketepatan yang baik serta lebih cepat. Sistem telah menghasilkan kadar penolakan palsu sebesar 1.3% dan kadar penerimaan palsu 0% dengan pengesahan dilakukan menggunakan tandatangan palsu yang telah diciplak.

Kata kunci: Biometrik, penentusahan tandatangan, perolehan data, jalur terima, rangkaian neural

The paper describes the development of a handwritten signature verification system incorporating pen pressure of signature path, time duration of the signing procedure, velocity profile of signature and position of signature shape. The handwritten signals have been captured and digitized using a tablet. The main features of the proposed signature verification system are the dynamically update of handwritten signature, retries capability in verification, application of tolerance bands and threshold values, development of user friendly Graphic User Interface, application of Common Time Axes and verification of signatures using a class of a multilayer feed-forward neural network. A novel algorithm has been applied that provides the ability to produce consistent and high accuracy verification result and maintain the speed of verification. The system has yielded 1.33% of False Reject Rate and 0% False Acceptation Rate with the verification using random forgery signatures.

Key words: Biometrics, signature verification, data acquisition, tolerance bands, neural network
Initial Result on Measurement of Gas Volumetric Flow Rate in Gas/Liquid Mixtures using Linear CCD Sensors
Authors: Md. Yunos Yusri , Abd. Rahim Ruzairi , Green R. G.
Published: January 2013

Objektif utama penyelidikan ini adalah untuk melihat keberkesanan penderia CCD untuk mengesan, mengukur serta menghasilkan gambaran profil tomografi titisan minyak. Pada keseluruhannya instrumen yang akan dihasilkan berupaya mengukur kelajuan buih gas di dalam tangki.

Kata kunci: Tomografi optik, penderia CCD, titisan minyak

The aim of the project is to investigate the feasibility of using linear CCD sensors to detect, measure and produce tomographic images of the oil droplets. In the first instance, the instrument will measure gas bubbles in a water tank and estimate their size distribution and velocity.

Key words: Optical tomography, CCD sensor, oil droplets
Analisis Keberkesanan Sistem Penyelarasan Kos Projek Pembangunan Perisian Menggunakan Model Reka Bentuk Awalan COCOMO II
Authors: Ibrahim Siti Nurkhadijah Aishah , Selamat Ali
Published: January 2013

Pada masa kini terdapat pelbagai perisian yang digunakan untuk membuat pengiraan anggaran kos projek pembangunan perisian. Kebiasaannya organisasi yang terlibat dengan projek pembangunan perisian akan menggunakan perisian tersebut untuk memudahkan mereka menganggarkan kos sesebuah projek pembangunan perisian yang dilaksanakan. Namun begitu, dengan wujudnya pelbagai model anggaran menyebabkan pengurus projek sukar menentukan model yang sesuai digunakan oleh organisasi untuk membuat pengiraan anggaran kos projek pembangunan perisian. Oleh itu, satu perisian dikenali sebagai Sistem Penyelarasan Kos Projek Pembangunan Perisian (SPKPPP) telah dibangunkan menggunakan model reka bentuk awalan yang terdapat dalam Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) II. SPKPPP dibangunkan secara prototaip kerana model prototaip mempunyai beberapa kelebihan selain perisian dapat dibangunkan dengan cepat. Setiap model, teknik dan kaedah yang digunakan dalam SPKPPP ini telah diuji dan dapat memenuhi keperluan pengiraan anggaran kos projek pembangunan perisian dan memudahkan pengurus projek membuat pengiraan anggaran kos awalan projek pembangunan perisian yang akan dilaksanakan.

Kata kunci: Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) II, SPKPPP, anggaran, model reka bentuk awalan, prototaip

Recently, there are many software tools that have been used to estimate software development project. Conventionally, most organization that involved in developing software development project used the software to ease the estimation problems. However, project manager has faced some difficulties in finding the convenient software for their needs because of the availability of many estimation software projects in the market and the cost are very expensive. In order to achieve local economic market in budgeting, this research has focused on the analysis of System Estimation of Software Development Project (SESDP) using early design model in Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) 2.0. The software development prototype model has been used to develop the SESDP as it can be rapidly developed. At the end, each type of model, technique and method involved in the development software has been tested for estimating the measurement in latest software development project. From the analysis, the project manager has found that the tool has been easily used to estimate the early software cost development project.

Key words: Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) II, SESDP, estimation, early design model, prototype
Microbial Consortia from Residential Wastewater for Bioremediation of Phenol in a Chemostat
Authors: Jusoh Norhani , Razali Firdausi
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini bertujuan menilai potensi penggunaan konsortium mikrob dari air sisa buangan kediaman untuk penguraian fenol, pencemar umum daripada industri. Konsortium tersebut diuji dengan muatan mengejut dan kepekatan fenol yang berbeza di dalam kultur selanjar. Dalam uji kaji muatan mengejut, 1000 bahagian per juta (bpj) fenol disuap ke dalam 1.5 liter isipadu kerja bioreaktor. Kultur yang teradaptasi menunjukkan afiniti terhadap fenol 17 kali ganda lebih tinggi (Ks = 173 bpj) dan mengandakan kadar pertumbuhan (μmaks=Dc=0.04 j-1) berbanding kultur yang tidak teradaptasi. Pengurangan fenol untuk kedua-dua kes adalah hampir sama iaitu lebih kurang 60%. Penguraian oleh pelbagai jenis bakteria yang terdapat di dalam kultur yang tidak teradaptasi adalah setanding dengan yang teradaptasi walaupun dengan bilangan jenis bakteria yang lebih rendah. Kesan dua kepekatan masukan iaitu 200 bpj and 1000 bpj telah dikaji pada kadar pencairan malar 0.02 j-1. Suapan pada kepekatan 200 bpj memberikan pengurangan sebanyak 97% berbanding hanya 57% untuk kepekatan 1000 bpj. Keputusan ini telah menyokong keputusan kesan rencatan pada kepekatan yang melebihi 500 bpj seperti yang diperolehi dalam kultur kelompok sebelum ini. Kajian ini telah berjaya mengenal pasti parameter yang penting untuk penguraian fenol dan amat berguna untuk skala yang lebih besar pada masa depan dan juga sebagai percubaan di tapak industri.

Kata kunci: Adaptasi, air sisa buangan kediaman, fenol, penguraian, selanjar

The study aimed at evaluating the potential of employing microbial consortia from residential wastewater to degrade phenol, a common industrial pollutant. The consortia was subjected to high shock loads and different levels of phenol in continuous cultures. In the shock load study with 1000 ppm phenol in a 1.5 litre working volume chemostat, the culture with prior acclimatization to phenol demonstrated 17 times higher affinity towards phenol (i.e. Ks = 173 ppm). This resulted in double growth rate (μmax=Dc=0.04 h-1) compared to non-acclimatized culture. However, the levels of phenol reduction in both cases were almost identical, approximately 60%. This indicated that the performance of different types of bacteria present in the non-acclimatized culture which was comparable to the acclimatized culture although with less number of microbe types. The effects of two loading concentrations, namely 200 ppm and 1000 ppm were examined at constant dilution rate of 0.02 h-1. The feeding of 200 ppm exhibited 97% of phenol reduction in comparison to only 57% of 1000 ppm. This result reconfirmed the inhibitory effect of phenol reduction at concentration above 500 ppm as previously determined in batch culture. The study has successfully established key operating parameters and provided a useful guideline for future up-scaling studies and site trials.

Key words: Acclimatization, continuous, degradation, phenol, residential wastewater
Improving Nonlinear Process Modelling Through Selective Combination of Multiple Neural Networks using Combined Correlation Coefficient Analysis
Authors: Ahmad Zainal , Mat Noor Rabiatul ‘Adawiyah
Published: January 2013

This paper proposed a selective combination method based on combined correlation coefficient analysis to increase the robustness of the single neural network. The main objective of the proposed approach is to improve the generalisation capability of the neural network models by combining networks that are less correlated. The assumption that we made is that combining networks that are highly correlated might not improve the final prediction performance due to the fact that these networks present the same contribution to the final prediction. This might even deteriorate the robustness of the combined network. The result shows that combination multiple neural networks using the proposed approach improved the performance of the two nonlinear process modelling case studies in which there is a significant reduction of validation sum square error (SSE) of the networks was obtained.

Key words: Multiple neural networks, selective combination neural networks, correlation coefficient, nonlinear process modelling
Pendekatan Formalisasi Model Berorientasi Objek Dengan Model Formal: Satu Tinjauan
Authors: Haji Ali Noraida , Shukur Zarina , Idris Sufian
Published: January 2013

Kaedah formal yang digunakan dalam pembangunan perisian atau sistem adalah berasaskan kepada notasi dan teorem matematik dalam reka bentuknya. Ia menggunakan model dan notasi matematik bagi spesifikasi, reka bentuk dan penentusahan perisian. Kaedah orientasi objek pula merupakan satu metodologi reka bentuk bermodular yang berasaskan kepada huraian satu sistem kepada koleksi objek yang berinteraksi antara satu sama lain. Untuk mempertingkatkan lagi analisis dalam kaedah orientasi objek; satu teknik dikenali sebagai proses formalisasi, iaitu mengintegrasikannya dengan notasi formal yang sesuai dicadangkan. Kertas ini akan membincangkan kajinaâ€“kajian lepas yang telah dilakukan dalam proses formalisasi ini dan fokus perbincangan mengenai pendekatan yang telah digunakan bagi tujuan di atas. Selain daripada itu, kertas ini juga membincangkan mengenai kebaikan atau faedah yang boleh diperolehi daripada proses ini dan mengapa ia menjadi satu keperluan dalam proses pembangunan sistem.

Kata kunci: Pemodelan berorientasi objek; pemodelan formal; UML; Z dan Objectâ€“Z

Formal method for software or system development involves the exploitation of related mathematic notation and theorem. Object orientation on the other hand is a modular methodology in which it dissociate a system into related collection of objects. To enhance the object oriented analysis; a techniques known as formalization process that integrate the formal notation with selected object oriented method is proposed. As such, the paper will review previous work specifically focusing on the approaches taken. In addition, benefits obtained formalization process used in establishing the technique and the needs for this particular technique are also discussed further in this paper.

Key words: Objectâ€“oriented model; formal method; UML; Z and Objectâ€“Z
Fitness Distance Correlation(FDC) As A Hardness Prediction For University Course Timetabling Problem
Authors: Md Sultan Abu Bakar , Mahmod Ramlan , Sulaiman Md Nasir , Abu Bakar Mohd Rizam , Abdullah Mohd Taufik
Published: January 2013

Masalah penjadulan adalah masalah pengoptimuman kombinatorial. Kerap kali teknikteknik metaheuristik digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah sebegini. Metaheuristik adalah algoritma bercirikan stokastik dan biasanya prestasi sukar diramal. Kertas ini menerangkan kaedah kolerasi Jarak Kecerdasan (FDC) untuk meramal prestasi algoritma metaheuristik melalui teknik statistik. FDC adalah pengukur statistik kepada kesukaran carian bagi algoritma genetik. Keputusan awal yang dihasilkan dari pengujian oleh algoritma hibrid ke atas contoh masalah penjadualan piawai amat menggalakkan. Keputusan menunjukkan FDC boleh diperluaskan kepada kaedah analisis dan masalah lain.

Kata kunci: Penjadualan; metaheuristik; algoritma genetik; korelasi jarak kecergasan; ramalan kesukaran

The timetabling problem is a combinatorial optimization problem. Frequently, metaheuristic techniques have been employed to solve this problem. Metaheuristic is a stochastic types algorithm and its performance usually difficult to predict. This paper described the usage of Fitness Distance Correlation (FDC) method to predict the performance of metaheuristic algorithm through statistical techniques. FDC is a statistical measure of search hardness in relation to Genetic Algorithm. Initial result from the experiment by hybrid algorithm over standard timetabling instances is very promising. We propose new ways of FDC analysis. The result indicates that FDC could be expanding in different ways of analysis as well as different instances.

Key words: Timetabling; metaheuristic; genetic algorithm; fitness distance correlation; hardness prediction
Predicting Boiler Emission By Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Yusoff A. R. , Aziz I. A.
Published: January 2013

Minyak sawit dihasilkan di kilang kelapa sawit yang dilengkapi loji kuasa stim tersendiri dan loji terbabit menggunakan bahan buangan kelapa sawit (sabut dan tempurung) sebagai bahan api dandang. Walau bagaimanapun, hasil pembakaran menyebabkan pencemaran ke atmosfera yang serius. Pelepasan asap melalui serobong boleh dipantau dengan menyelaku proses masukan (dalam bahan api, turbin, dandang) dan keluaran pencemar. Dalam kertas kerja ini, Rangkaian Neural Buatan (ANN) digunakan untuk menyelaku asap dari dandang kilang kelapa sawit. Regresi Lelurus Pelbagai (MLR) juga digunakan untuk mencari pekali unsur yang menyumbang kepada pelepasan setiap pencemar dan membanding dan mengesahkan keputusan ANN. Kesimpulannya, ramalan yang dibuat oleh ANN lebih baik daripada MLR tetapi keduanya menunjukkan keputusan yang hampir sama dengan nilai sebenar yang diperolehi dari kilang.

Kata kunci: Rangkaian neural buatan; emisi dandang biojisim; regrasi lelurus pelbagai; ramalan dan perbandingan

Palm oil is produced in palm oil mills, where palm oil waste can be used (shell and fibre) as fuel for the boilers for generating steam power plants. Unfortunately, the combustion products of these materials cause severe atmospheric pollutions. The emission released through the chimney can be monitored by modeling its process of input (in fuel, turbine, boiler) and output of the pollutants. In this paper, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is used to model the emission from the palm oil mill boiler. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) is also applied to find the coefficient of the contributing element to the pollution in order to make comparison and validate the ANN results. In conclusion, the prediction made by ANN is better than MLR but both agrees well with the actual values collected from the mill.

Key words: Artificial neural network; biomass boiler emission; multiple linear regression; prediction and comparison
Propelan Pepejal Kalium Nitrat Difabrikasi Kaedah Pengacuanan Mampat
Authors: Mohd. Ja’afar Mohammad Nazri , Wan Ali Wan Khairuddin , Dahalan Md Nizam , Mamat Rizalman
Published: January 2013

Propelan pepejal untuk kegunaan roket berbahan dorong pepejal yang telah dihasilkan di Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) adalah dari kumpulan propelan komposit kalium nitrat sebagai pengoksida dan sukros sebagai bahan api. Antara kaedah fabrikasi propelan adalah teknik pembentukan (forming), penyemperitan (extrusion), tuangan (casting) dan pengacuanan mampat (compressed moulding). Semua kaedah ini telah menghasilkan pelbagai propelan dengan sifat serta gaya laku yang berbeza–beza.

Bergantung kepada bagaimana ia difabrikasi, propelan ini telah menunjukkan perkaitan sifat mekanikal yang begitu ketara. Dari setiap kaedah, propelan dibentuk mengikut satu bentuk serta dimensi yang piawai. Ujian kadar pembakaran dibuat ke atas setiap jalur propelan menggunakan alat uji kaji (test rig) yang telah direka bentuk. Ujian kadar pembakaran dilakukan pada tekanan atmosfera. Melalui ujian ini, kadar pembakaran propelan telah diperolehi. Hasil uji kaji menunjukkan kadar pembakaran propelan yang menggunakan teknik pembentukan dan teknik pengacuanan mampat masing–masing adalah 1.033 cm/s dan 0.429 cm/s. Manakala kaedah penyemperitan dan kaedah tuangan didapati tidak sesuai kerana sifat propelan kalium nitrat–sukros yang likat. Hasil uji kaji menunjukkan kaedah pengacuanan mampat ialah kaedah yang paling sesuai berbanding kaedah yang lain kerana dapat menghasilkan propelan yang seragam dan stabil.

Kata kunci: Propelan; komposit; pengoksida; bahan api; kadar pembakaran

Solid propellant used on solid fuel rocket developed at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) is from the composite propellant group with potassium nitrate as the oxidizer and sucrose as the fuel. Among the propellant fabrication techniques are forming, extrusion, casting and compressed moulding. All of these techniques are used to fabricate several types of propellant with different characteristics and performances.

Depending upon the technique of fabrication, these propellants have shown strong relationship with their mechanical properties. With every technique, the propellants are formed according to a standard shape and dimension. Burning rate tests were performed for each propellant strand fabricated using the test rig designed. The burning rate tests were performed at atmospheric pressure. Through this test, the propellant burning rates were obtained. Experimental results show that the burning rate for propellant developed using forming and compressed moulding are 1.033 cm/s and 0.429 cm/s, respectively. Meanwhile, the extrusion and casting methods were found not suitable due to the property of potassium nitrate–sucrose that is viscous. Experimental results show that the pressed moulding method is the most suitable method compared to the other techniques since it can produce propellant that is uniform and stable.

Key words: Propellant; composite; oxidizer; fuel; burning rates
Integrasi Sistem Maklumat Geografi Dan Kaedah Penilaian Pelbagai Kriteria Dalam Pemilihan Tapak Perumahan Kos Rendah: Kajian Kes Di Seberang Perai Utara, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Authors: Samat Narimah , Ong Swee Li
Published: January 2013

Pembandaran yang pesat kesan langsung daripada perkembangan sektor perindustrian dan pembinaan di Malaysia telah meningkatkan permintaan terhadap tempat kediaman. Namun permintaan tersebut sering dihadkan oleh kekurangan sumber semula jadi terutamanya tanah. Kekurangan tanah yang boleh dimajukan untuk perumahan terutamanya perumahan kos rendah telah membentuk satu cabaran kepada jururancang dan pembuat dasar di negara ini. Namun pada masa kini, kajian yang terperinci tentang penentuan kesesuaian tapak perumahan masih kurang dijalankan di negara ini. Artikel ini memapar potensi aplikasi perintegrasian GIS (Geographic Information Systems) dan MCE (Multicriteria Evaluation) dalam pemilihan tapak perumahan kos rendah di Seberang Perai Utara, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Analisis ini dijalankan melalui pemilihan lapan faktor dan satu halangan dengan mengambil kira pandangan pakar dan kecenderungan seseorang dalam proses membuat keputusan. Analisis ini berpontensi digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah pemilihan tapak perumahan kos rendah yang melibatkan pelbagai faktor ruangan dan halangan.

Kata kunci: Perumahan kos rendah; sistem maklumat geografi; kaedah penilaian pelbagai kriteria

Rapid urbanization resulted from the growth in the industrial and construction sectors in Malaysia has increased the demand towards residential place. These demands, however, are constantly limited due to the scarcity of natural resources especially in land. The shortage in potentially developed land for urban development especially for low–cost housing has become a challenge to planners and policy makers in this country. Nevertheless, in–depth rescarches on the suitability of site for residential development are still less being conducted in this country today. This article demonstrates the potential of integrating GIS (Geographic Information System) and MCE (Multicriteria Evaluation) in selecting suitable sites for low–cost housing in the Seberang Perai Utara, Penang State, Malaysia. This analysis was carried out based on eight factors and one constraint while taking into consideration the evaluation by experts and individuals in decision making process. This analysis has the potential to be used in solving low–cost housing site selection problem involving spatial factors and its constraints.

Key words: Low–cost housing; geographic information system; multicriteria evaluation approach
Pendekatan Permodelan Masa Untuk Analisis Penjadualan Dalam Pembangunan Perisian Berasaskan Komponen
Authors: Abang Jawawi Dayang Norhayati , Mohamad Radziah , Mamat Rosbi , Deris Safaai , Mohd Zaki Mohd Zulkifli
Published: January 2013

Dalam mereka bentuk sesebuah perisian masa–nyata terbenam, perkara penting yang perlu dititikberatkan ialah mengambil kira keperluan masa–nyata perisian tersebut. Kebolehan meramal dan menganalisis masa boleh menjamin keutuhan sesebuah sistem masa–nyata terbenam. Keperluan pemasaan bagi sistem masa–nyata terbenam mestilah dimodelkan dengan jelas semasa fasa keperluan dan fasa reka bentuk. Ini bertujuan untuk mengelakkan ralat permasaan berlaku semasa berada di lapangan dan menyebabkan kos yang banyak bagi kerja–semula pada peringkat akhir pembangunan. Analisis penjadualan merupakan alatan asas untuk menyemak ketepatan masa bagi sesebuah aplikasi masa–nyata. Kaedah analisis ini membolehkan proses menyemak faktor kekangan masa dengan meramal kes perlakuan terburuk bagi sesebuah sistem masa–nyata semasa algoritma penjadualan diaplikasikan. Kertas kerja ini mencadangkan satu pendekatan permodelan pemasaan di dalam pembangunan perisian yang berasaskan komponen dan menunjukkan bagaimana ramalan prestasi masa–nyata boleh dibuat berdasarkan model pemasaan tersebut. Satu eksperimen yang melibatkan kajian kes sistem masa–nyata terbenam telah direka bentuk untuk menunjukkan pendekatan yang dicadangkan ini dan juga mengesahkan keputusan ramalan prestasi sebenar perisian masa–nyata terbenam tersebut.

Kata kunci: Sistem masa–nyata terbenam; analisis penjadualan; perisian berasaskan komponen

An important issue in designing embedded real–time (ERT) software is the consideration for real–time requirements of the software. The abilities to predict and analyze timing are key requirements for reliable ERT systems. The temporal requirements of the ERT system must be explicitly modeled during requirements and design phases to avoid timing error in the field and costly late rework. Scheduling analysis is a fundamental tool for checking timing correctness of a real–time application. It allows checking timing constraints by predicting the worst–case behavior of a real–time system when a scheduling algorithm is applied. The aims of this paper are to propose an approach which enables temporal modeling and to demonstrate prediction of real–time performance based on the temporal models in component–based software development. An experiment on case–study was designed, to demonstrate the approach and to validate the predicted results against the real performance of an ERT software.

Key words: Embedded real–time systems; schedulability analysis; component–based software
Value–based Total Performance Excellence Model: An Overview
Authors: Ab Hamid Mohd Rashid , Mustafa Zainol , Mohd. Suradi Nur Riza , Abdullah Mokhtar , Ismail Wan Rosmanira , Mohd Ali Zalina , Idris Fazli , Yaziz Siti Roslindar , Mustofa @ Ismail Zulkhibri
Published: January 2013

Dewasa ini, kebanyakan organisasi bersaing demi kelangsungannya. Oleh yang demikian, pelbagai sistem pengurusan prestasi yang sesuai diambil untuk diaplikasikan ke dalam organisasi. Terdapat banyak model kecemerlangan prestasi yang hanya tertumpu kepada pengukuran yang melibatkan aspek lahiriah sahaja seperti Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award (MBNQA), European Quality Award (EQA), Deming Prize dan Model Kanji. Walau bagaimanapun, pengukuran aspek bukan lahiriah atau intangibles juga penting dan perlu diberi perhatian dalam meningkatkan prestasi organisasi. Kertas kerja ini membincangkan nilai–nilai teras dalam VBTPEM dan mengenal pasti nilai–nilai teras sedia ada di universiti–universiti di Malaysia. Model ini memberikan output kedudukan keseluruhan dan pencapaian universiti berdasarkan nilai teras yang diukur dan mengenal pasti proses penambahbaikan yang perlu dilakukan berdasarkan petunjuk nilai teras.

Kata kunci: Sistem pengurusan prestasi; Model Pengukuran Prestasi Berasaskan Nilai Teras (VBTPEM)

Today, organizations are competing for the survival. They adopt various performance management systems that best suit their undertakings. There are many performance models which lean towards measuring tangible aspects such as Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award (MBNQA), European Quality Award (EQA), Deming Prize and Kanji’s Model. However, the measurements of intangible aspects are also important and should be heeded to optimize the organizational performance. This paper discusses the preliminary implementation of the Performance Measurement System (PMS) which showcases an overview of intangible aspects i.e. organizational core values through Value–Based Total Performance Excellence Model (VBTPEM) and identification of existing core values in Malaysian universities. This model will reveal overall standings and achievements of the public universities and indicate opportunities for further improvements based on the value–based indicators.

Key words: Performance management system; Value–Based Total Performance Excellence Model (VBTPEM)