bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHILD MURDER, PEASANT SINS, AND THE INFANTILIZING OF EVIL IN TOLSTOY'STHE POWER OF DARKNESS
Authors: Gatrall Jefferson J. A.
Published: October 2008

InThe Power of Darkness(Vlast' t'my;1886), Tolstoy examines the nature of human evil in the unlikely context of the Russian peasantry, a class with a privileged relation to the Good throughout most of his oeuvre. Tolstoy's first major play chronicles Nikita's rise as a philandering laborer who succeeds to the fortune of his peasant employer (Pyotr) through a murder that is conceived by his mother (Matryona) and carried out by his employer's wife (Anisya). After marrying Anisya, Nikita descends into drunkenness, seduces his sixteen-year-old stepdaughter, Akulina, and fathers her child. Many commentators—taking their cue from the play's subtitle, “If the claw is caught, the bird is lost” (kogotok uviaz, vsei ptichke propast’)—have followed the logic of Tolstoy's plot in search of an original sin, usually locating it somewhere in the confrontation between a backward peasantry and the forces of progress, especially money—a bane of civilization that corrupts the play's characters from without. This same logical sequence can be reversed so as to foreground not the causes of evil but its victims. Nikita's final and greatest crime is the killing of Akulina's newborn. Here Tolstoy's oft-disparaged moralism proves no less groundbreaking than his play's cutting-edge naturalism. Through an artistic strategy of moral provocation,The Power of Darknesscontributes to a modern revaluation of evil through the figure of the murdered child, a tradition that runs from Swift to Dostoevsky to the photojournalism of twentieth-century warfare.
CRITICAL STAGES SOUND CHECK
Authors: Skantze P. A.
Published: October 2008

Imagine an E♭+5 chord opening this meditation, played on a late-1940s Gibson hollow-body ES-125 electric guitar, the instrument held high on a woman's chest so she can play and narrate at the same time. Not just what I need to tell, not just what I need to sing, but how I need to tell, how the lyrics will make this collection of notes into an essay. Close your eyes. Wouldn't you rather listen to this discourse on the field? Walking with your earphones, washing the dishes with an ear cocked for the important bits, lying on the floor after hours at the computer—you could just listen.…
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF MAGIC/LUND MEMORIAL LIBRARY AND OTHER RESOURCES ON MAGIC AND CONJURING
Authors: Kattelman Beth A.
Published: October 2008

How did he do that? This question has been on the lips of audience members since magicians first began delighting and amazing viewers with skills of dexterity and legerdemain. The first-known recorded, secular magic performance dates back to 2500 b.c. when the conjuror Dedi presented a series of tricks for the Egyptian king Cheops at the royal palace. The event was recorded in the Westcar papyrus, a document that was composed around 1700 b.c. but is thought by Egyptologists to have been copied from earlier sources. Yes, magic and conjuring have long been an integral part of popular entertainment, and from these very early beginnings, secular magicians have continued to provide entertainment for audiences of all ages right up through the present day. Magic shows are still some of the hottest tickets of the Las Vegas strip, and touring artists such as David Copperfield can still fill theatres. Magic is also popular on television once again thanks to the work of David Blaine and Criss Angel. Organizations such as the International Brotherhood of Magicians (IBM) and the Society of American Magicians (SAM) also boast a strong membership.
WHAT ARE YOU READING?
Authors: Kennedy Dennis
Published: October 2008

For someone who reads most of the time—on the train, in the library, at the dentist's—this is not an easy question to answer. Reading occurs at various levels of concentration; for me, focus is determined by the environment as much as the book. And what I'm reading now or in the past few years is not psychologically defining, I suspect, any more than what happens to be on my iPod is: both are subject to randomness, convenience, and passing attraction. Roland Barthes said he divided his reading in two branches: for work he read at the desk; for pleasure, on the bed. That's a bit too dichotomized as it leaves out the armchair and the waiting room, and I usually fall asleep while reading on the bed, but the basic idea is fair enough. A different place for different reading.
The Inn Album: A Record of 1875
Authors: Crowder Ashby Bland
Published: October 2008

It is generally agreed that Robert Browning's Fra Lippo Lippi, in expressing his notions about painting, is to a certain extent putting forth the poet's own artistic creed, which was very much like George Eliot's: “to give a faithful account of men and things.” The Florentine monk captured in painting those he saw from day to day, and, after writing “Fra Lippo Lippi,” Browning himself became increasingly insistent upon basing his poems on contemporary people and surrounding them with the bric-a-brac of daily life. Following Men and Women (1855), then, Dramatis Personae (1864) marks the end of Browning's overwhelming predilection for the historical personage; thenceforward he was to have a much greater interest in presenting the men and women of his day. Of course, some poems are concerned with the contemporary only indirectly, such as “A Death in the Desert,” the poet's answer to Ernest Renan's La Vie de Jésus (1863). Many others, however, portray men of the day speaking in their own voices. “Mr. Sludge, ‘The Medium,’” for example, consists of the voice of D. D. Home, the American medium, whom Mrs. Browning had admired. This interest in treating contemporaries seems much of the time to have accompanied a desire to enlarge his characters' living space. In such works as Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau (1871), Fifine at the Fair (1872), and Red Cotton Night-Cap Country (1873), Browning allowed his dramatis personae to speak for about a hundred and fifty pages instead of for a few hundred lines as most often before. Still, his contemporaries continued to have prominent voices in collections of shorter poems: Dramatic Idyls, Second Series, especially “Clive” (1880); Jocoseria, especially “Donald” (1883), and Parleyings with Certain People, especially “With George Bubb Doddington” (1887).
Structural Imagery in “Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came”
Authors: Aiken Susan Hardy
Published: October 2008

No other Browning monologue has so often been the object of image studies as “Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came,” but most of them deal with possible allegorical meanings, with the archetypal symbolism of the quest, or with sources and analogues of Roland's journey and of the landscape. Considerably less attention is afforded equally significant matters: the structural relationships among the images and their characterizing and thematic functions. Whatever Browning's conscious or unconscious indebtedness to other sources, his imagistic method in “Childe Roland” is still primarily his own, a significant illustration of a technique characteristic of all the major monologues of Men and Women: the use of complex patterns of recurrent images as vehicles of poetic meaning. In this essay I wish to consider how character and meaning are related to the structural development of the imagery.
“The Luck That Lies Beyond a Man”: Guido's Salvation in The Ring and the Book
Authors: McGhee Richard D.
Published: October 2008

Robert Langbaum has recently offered another affirmative answer to the question whether Guido is saved in the end of his second monologue in The Ring and the Book. Langbaum reviews the previous answers which have been given to this question:

Such early critics as Henry Jones, Charles W. Hodell, and Arthur Symons saw promise of deliverance in Guido's final utterance. But in 1920, A. K. Cook, in his influential Commentary upon The Ring and the Book, saw Guido as like Iago beyond redemption, and he was followed in this view by W. C. De-Vane in his even more influential Browning Handbook. Among recent critics, Park Honan sees Guido as saved; while Richard Altick and James F. Loucks, in their book-length study of the poem, think him irredeemable because the devil incarnate. Our stand does depend on whether we see Guido as human and therefore capable of development, or whether we see him as belonging to another order of existence, as an Iago or devil figure, (p. 290)
Some Additions to Phyllis B. Bartlett's Edition of The Poems of George Meredith
Authors: Baker William
Published: October 2008

Three holograph manuscript George Meredith poems and various holograph drafts now in the Sir Hugh Walpole Collection at the King's School, Canterbury, provide additions to Phyllis B. Bartlett's edition of The Poems of George Meredith, 2 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1978). Bartlett's editorial methodology is based upon a comparison of printed texts and extant manuscripts, and “much of the hitherto unpublished material included” in the edition “is taken from two notebooks now in the Beinecke Library at Yale” belonging to Meredith's early creative period (I, xxviii). The three poems, whose manuscripts are bound in half green morocco binding at the King's School, were published in the second posthumous book of Meredith's poems to appear in 1909, Last Poems (London: Constable). They are: “The years had worn their season's belt,” with several early drafts of the poem; “The Wild Rose,” with revisions; and “OnComo,” with revisions in which the last three lines differ from those published.
“The Englishman in Italy”: Free Trade as a Principle of Aesthetics
Authors: Viscusi Robert
Published: October 2008

Dante Alighieri, whom Chaucer could read with pleasure and Byron with delight or even identification, has not always been so well-met in England. Horace Walpole found him “absurd, disgusting, in short a Methodist parson in bedlam.” The line is often cited as an example of how limited were the literary tastes of the eighteenth century. But I must confess that Walpole's reaction does not seem strange to me. Whether one may sympathize with it or not, I expect, depends upon the degree of one's experience with Christian zealots. D. H. Lawrence, in his depressing book Apocalypse, draws a vivid picture of the gleeful ease with which such persons come to employ the millenarian poetry of the New Testament. To consign one's enemies to immortal tortures while reserving for one's heroes all the delights of a tropical resort constructed largely out of diamonds and emeralds is not a subtle pleasure. Its appeal can reach the crudest minds. So urbane and elegant a fellow as Walpole, confronted by the self-righteous hymn-singing disciples of John Wesley, not only recoiled in disgust but quite properly recognized in the scheme of the Commedia something of the same primitive spirit. In every age, there will be persons to whom the blunt simplicity of this arrangement, say what you will for the profundities and revisions in Dante's handling of it, will be repulsive. Nowadays, perhaps, we are so hermeneutically splintered, so historically well-nourished, that we can entertain sympathies for Dante and for Walpole, for Byron and for Chaucer, for Eliot and even for Pound, all at the same time, always keeping in mind that our understanding of the one sets some kind of boundary
A Strafford Manuscript in the Lord Chamberlain's Office Records
Authors: Meidl Anneliese
Published: October 2008

When in 1970 Gordon Pitts edited Strafford. An Historical Tragedy (1837) for Roma A. King's critical edition of Browning's works, he claimed that there was no known manuscript of Strafford. However, as early as 1954, Walter Federle had discussed the manuscripts of Strafford and A Blot in the 'Scutcheon in his Ph.D. thesis for Zürich University. In the years to come, Federle's close study of Browning's dramas was disregarded, and so were the manuscripts of Strafford, A Blot in the 'Scutcheon and Colombe's Birthday in the Lord Chamberlain's Office Records, now housed in the British Library.
The Average Victorian: Constructing and Contesting Reality
Authors: Kent Christopher
Published: October 2008

What follows is a meditation on the idea of the average in Victorian England and its implications for the way in which Victorian intellectuals conceived of the individual and his, and less often, her, relation to society. It is not a social historian's attempt to synthesize an average Victorian on the basis of statistical data. Nor is it a proposal to nominate some actual person for the title of “average Victorian.” G.M. Young, who had Victorian England in his bones and at his fingertips, once wrote an essay titled “The Greatest Victorian,” by which he meant, as he put it, notVictorianorum maximus, butVictorianum maxime– not “the greatest of Victorians,” but “the most Victorian of the Victorians.” He awarded the title to Walter Bagehot (Victorian Essays126). Bagehot was hardly the average Victorian, but the distinction Young made does go to the heart of an issue which, as I hope to show, concerned the Victorians: what was the relation between the average, mean, and normal – statistical notions – and the typical, characteristic, or quintessential – nonstatistical notions but still related to the average in ways at once obvious, and yet elusive.
Order and Disorder in the Medieval Revival
Authors: Chandler Alice
Published: October 2008

The medieval revival was a great imaginative force for more than a century in art, literature, politics, and culture. Its imprint is most visibly recorded in the architecture of the age which, with greater or lesser fidelity to the past, delivered its sermons in stones. It was also present in the whole texture of nineteenth-century thought: in the imagery with which it expressed and surrounded its daily life and in a broad network of values and ideas that similarly sought to recapture an idealized vision of history. Far more than Orientalism or Classicism, it took hold of the spirit of the age, causing a whole era to reverberate with the memories and associations of a half-actual, half-imagined past.
Phenotypic and molecular characterization ofStaphylococcus aureusstrains of veterinary, dairy and human origin
Authors: GONANO M. , HEIN I. , ZANGERL P. , RAMMELMAYR A. , WAGNER M.
Published: October 2008

Austrian veterinary (n=91), dairy (n=86), and human strains (n=48) ofStaphylococcus aureuswere tested for various phenotypic properties including clumping factor, egg-yolk reaction, production of thermonuclease and susceptibility to 14 antibiotics. In addition the expression of enterotoxins (A–E), and the presence of enterotoxin genesseatosejandtstwas determined. Significant differences in antimicrobial susceptibility were found with 84·6% of veterinary, 57·0% of dairy, and 20·8% of human strains susceptible to all antibiotics tested (P<0·0005). More human strains produced enterotoxins (41·7%) than veterinary (9·9%) and dairy strains (12·6%) while 40·7% and 38·5% of veterinary, 47·7% and 52·3% of dairy, and 77·1% and 87·5% of human strains werese- andtst-positive, respectively. AFLP analysis revealed nine clusters with over- or under-representation of strains with specific characteristics. Strains clustered according to origin (veterinary, dairy, and human) and/or presence of toxin genes and antimicrobial resistance.
Community-wide outbreak ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 associated with consumption of frozen beef burgers
Authors: KING L. A. , MAILLES A. , MARIANI-KURKDJIAN P. , VERNOZY-ROZAND C. , MONTET M. P. , GRIMONT F. , PIHIER N. , DEVALK H. , PERRET F. , BINGEN E. , ESPIÉ E. , VAILLANT V.
Published: October 2008

On 24–25 October 2005 a cluster of five haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) cases was reported in southwest France. An investigation was undertaken to identify the outbreak source and implement control measures. Cases were defined as individuals with HUS or diarrhoea with isolation ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 in stools or a positive antibody response toE. coliO157 lipopolysaccharide, resident in southwest France with symptom onset after 19 September 2005. Sixty-nine identified patients had symptom onset between 5 October and 3 November 2005, including 17 cases of HUS. One brand of frozen beef burgers produced on 22 August 2005 was consumed by all patients in the week before symptom onset.E. coliO157:H7 strains from patients, patients' burgers and the manufacturing plant were genetically related. This is the largest community-wide outbreak ofE. coliO157:H7 in France to date and the first associated with consumption of contaminated frozen beef burgers.
“A New Unfolding of Life”: Romanticism in the Late Novels of George Eliot
Authors: Dramin Edward
Published: October 2008

Victorian ambivalence toward Romanticism is expressed with alternating vehemence and reticence. Repudiating “the noise / And outcry of the former men” who “left their pain” for Victorian generations (“Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse,” 127–28, 131), in his critical essays Arnold nevertheless reiterates respect for Wordsworth, and in “Dover Beach” he incorporates the free-associationist structure of Coleridge' conversation poems. InHard Times, the rural world beyond Coketown and Blackpool' gospel of the holiness of the heart constitute Dickens' consolations for the hellish industrial wasteland, but at the same time Harthouse — personifying the empty prodigality and flashy decadence that Victorians saw in Byron and Shelley — subverts moral order. Browning, though warning against the self-defeating diffidence and isolation of the Romantic artist in “Andrea del Sarto,” reaffirms Romantic individuality of vision and rebellion against tradition in “Fra Lippo Lippi.” While venerating the Goethe who proclaimed aspiration for infinitude and extension of the limits of possibility, Carlyle sees Lord Byron as the personification of moral and psychic pathology — unreined sorrow and cynicism, world weariness and decadent hedonism, derisive mockery and pessimism, high-strung sensitivity and emotional vulnerability — defects which Carlyle also sees as immanent in Shelley and which are subsumed in the Victorians' image of the negative side of the Romantics:

Poor Shelley always is a ghastly object: colorless, pallid, tuneless, without health or warmth or vigour, the sound of him shrieky, frosty, as if a ghost were trying to sing to us; the temperament of him, spasmodic, hysterical, instead of strong or robust — a man infinitely too weak for that solitary scaling of the Alps. (Reminiscences2: 292–93; qtd. in Buckley 22)
Ambition, the Canon, and the Arnolds
Authors: Mermin Dorothy
Published: October 2008

The idea of a literary canon is inextricably connected in English-speaking countries with the Arnolds: Thomas Arnold, headmaster of Rugby, who was credited with revivifying the classical curriculum while recreating the great public schools, and his eldest son, Matthew, the most influential nineteenth-century spokesman for the moral, spiritual, social, and cultural efficacy of a canon widened to include English poetry and available, at least in theory, to every literate English person. Like his father, Matthew Arnold was a professional educator: he earned his living as an inspector of schools, mostly elementary schools for the poor. For both Arnolds, the canon is the curriculum at the heart of the pedagogical enterprise; and the grand, almost mystical power they attached to it spilled over onto the pedagogue. Their professional careers entailed considerable sacrifice of worldly ambition, but the power of pedagogy as they conceived it became their object and their reward.
A Horse of a Different Color: Black Beauty and the Pressures of Indebtedness
Authors: Dingley Robert
Published: October 2008

In her stimulating book The Animal Estate, Harriet Ritvo notes the frequent interchange of terms for describing domestic servants and domestic animals in nineteenth-century discourse, and she emphasizes the especially distinguished role played by horses in the establishment of this rhetoric (18–19). Philip Hamerton, for example, writing in 1874, announced that “if there is any thing in the world of nature that seems clear, morally, it is that man has an authentic right to demand reasonable service from the horse” (qtd. in Ritvo 20), and the Rev. J. G. Wood, in 1885, decreed that “in return for its means of existence, the horse is bound to give to man the benefit of its labour” (Wood xviii). This anthropomorphic shift, moreover, is fully reversible: an article in Chambers's Journal for 1855 describes how Mrs. Robinson's slack governance of her household has resulted in anarchy — because she has “long let the reins go,” Heaven only knows “where her household will drive to” (“Kitchen and Parlour” 98). A manual on domestic management quoted by Pamela Horn advises that “the greatest ‘kindness’ we can exercise towards” our employees “is to endeavour, by a mild rein, to keep them in the path of duty” (112–13).
Evelyn Pickering De Morgan's Allegories of Imprisonment
Authors: Smith Elise Lawton
Published: October 2008

Evelyn pickering De Morgan (1855–1919) produced a large body of work, primarily paintings but also some sculptural projects, during a career spanning half a century. The great majority of her images include women as protagonists, often as allegorical personifications but with an unusually wide range of characteristics. She created women as members of a constructed and often constraining civilization, who exhibit at times a sort of drooping resignation, but she also represented women as powerful natural elements, actively in control of their destinies. Her art stands out as an attempt to blend metaphysical concerns about material embodiment and spiritual transcendence, grounded in the Platonic ideal, with concerns about social constraints and creative freedom that can be interpreted from a feminist perspective. By translating these fundamental issues about what it means to be human and, more specifically, female into an allegorical language that was unusual for a woman artist of the period (in fact, called “imprudently ambitious” by one critic1), she moved beyond the socially accepted “female iconography” of still life, landscape, and domestic narrative. Overlapping and sometimes contradictory attitudes toward the roles of women can be traced in her oeuvre, particularly in a body of images related to the theme of imprisonment.
Adding semantic roles to the Chinese Treebank
Authors: XUE NIANWEN , PALMER MARTHA
Published: October 2008

We report work on adding semantic role labels to the Chinese Treebank, a corpus already annotated with phrase structures. The work involves locating all verbs and their nominalizations in the corpus, and semi-automatically adding semantic role labels to their arguments, which are constituents in a parse tree. Although the same procedure is followed, different issues arise in the annotation of verbs and nominalized predicates. For verbs, identifying their arguments is generally straightforward given their syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank as they tend to occupy well-defined syntactic positions. Our discussion focuses on the syntactic variations in the realization of the arguments as well as our approach to annotating dislocated and discontinuous arguments. In comparison, identifying the arguments for nominalized predicates is more challenging and we discuss criteria and procedures for distinguishing arguments from non-arguments. In particular we focus on the role of support verbs as well as the relevance of event/result distinctions in the annotation of the predicate-argument structure of nominalized predicates. We also present our approach to taking advantage of the syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank to bootstrap the predicate-argument structure annotation of verbs. Finally, we discuss the creation of a lexical database of frame files and its role in guiding predicate-argument annotation. Procedures for ensuring annotation consistency and inter-annotator agreement evaluation results are also presented.
Follow-up question handling in the IMIX and Ritel systems: A comparative study
Authors: VAN SCHOOTEN B. W. , OP DEN AKKER R. , ROSSET S. , GALIBERT O. , MAX A. , ILLOUZ G.
Published: October 2008

One of the basic topics of question answering (QA) dialogue systems is how follow-up questions should be interpreted by a QA system. In this paper, we shall discuss our experience with the IMIX and Ritel systems, for both of which a follow-up question handling scheme has been developed, and corpora have been collected. These two systems are each other's opposites in many respects: IMIX is multimodal, non-factoid, black-box QA, while Ritel is speech, factoid, keyword-based QA. Nevertheless, we will show that they are quite comparable, and that it is fruitful to examine the similarities and differences. We shall look at how the systems are composed, and how real, non-expert, users interact with the systems. We shall also provide comparisons with systems from the literature where possible, and indicate where open issues lie and in what areas existing systems may be improved. We conclude that most systems have a common architecture with a set of common subtasks, in particular detecting follow-up questions and finding referents for them. We characterise these tasks using the typical techniques used for performing them, and data from our corpora. We also identify a special type of follow-up question, the discourse question, which is asked when the user is trying to understand an answer, and propose some basic methods for handling it.
Music and the Politics of Memory: Charles Ives'sA Symphony: New England Holidays
Authors: KRAMER LAWRENCE
Published: October 2008

Scholarship on Charles Ives has too often been reluctant to sort out what is problematical in his musical image of America. This article attempts to do so as part of an examination of Ives'sA Symphony: New England Holidays, a cycle of tone poems depicting the major patriotic holidays celebrated during Ives's boyhood. The work is both a memorial to national unity, which Ives felt had collapsed in the twentieth century, and a protest against the political culture responsible. The musical means to these ends raise the question of the relationship between politics and musical form, and, with form, of musical analysis, in a particularly transparent way. Like many European composers of the era, Ives wanted to create a national style. But he did not want a style that could be reduced to formulas and circulated as a commodity. The old America he celebrated, as opposed to the new one he resisted, could be identified (or fantasized) as a culture that above all could not be commodified. TheHolidays Symphonyseeks to create what one might call a critical nostalgia. Its music demands to be understood as a “picture” of authentic American experience by refusing to be understandable as music on the only terms available in its day.
Song, Genre, and Transatlantic Dialogue inGosford Park
Authors: MAGEE GAYLE SHERWOOD
Published: October 2008

Hidden in plain sight, the five songs in the middle of,Gosford Park(2001) prepare the audience for the untangling of sordid relationships and the resolution of a murder mystery at the end of the film. This article presents a detailed analysis of the film's central musical sequence using video captures, reception history, transcriptions, and other approaches from music history and film studies. As is shown, the close relationship between music and image reflects the fascination of US audiences with British-themed films and the equally complicated appeal of Hollywood films to British audiences. Additionally, the songs provide a surfeit of narrative information crucial to the resolution of the multiple story lines. Lastly, the songs complicate and expand the work's seemingly straightforward murder-mystery genre to include such incompatible models as the British heritage film, Hollywood musicals, melodramas, and the double feature. Informing this musical sequence, and the entire film, is a complex, reciprocal transatlantic exchange founded on mutually inaccurate, yet often irresistible, myths of history and identity.
Bill Finegan's Gershwin Arrangements and the American Concept of Hybridity
Authors: RAPPORT EVAN
Published: October 2008

Bill Finegan's arrangements of George Gershwin'sRhapsody in Bluefor the Glenn Miller Orchestra in 1942 and ofConcerto in Ffor the Sauter-Finegan Orchestra in 1952 provide a basis for interpreting Gershwin's compositions. Finegan's treatments suggest that techniques central to popular forms were foundational to Gershwin's style in these pieces. Furthermore, Gershwin's and Finegan's works shed light on the concept of hybridity in the United States, especially as it concerns the label of “symphonic jazz” or “concert jazz” and ideas about race. Hybrid terms such as “symphonic jazz” manage to challenge musical and social categories while simultaneously reinforcing them.
“I Dream of Her and Avalon”: 1930s Sweet Jazz, Race, and Nostalgia at the Casino Ballroom
Authors: BERISH ANDREW
Published: October 2008

The Casino Ballroom of Avalon, Catalina Island, is located about twenty miles off the coast of the metropolitan Los Angeles area. Completed in 1929 under the direction of chewing gum magnate William Wrigley Jr., the ballroom became a significant venue for dance bands of the 1930s and early 1940s. The Casino did not, however, feature any of the most familiar names of the era. Instead, it was designed as a state-of-the-art dance hall for the presentation of exclusively white dance bands playing “sweet” jazz, a style that avoided the most obvious musical signifiers of “hot” popular music.

Through a comparison of three commercial recordings of “Avalon,” I detail how the music of Jan Garber's sweet jazz orchestra—a group immensely popular at the Casino—differed from the music of hotter jazz dance bands, such as the Jimmie Lunceford and Casa Loma Orchestras. Garber's sweet “Avalon” established a sonic place characterized by specific musical relationships and values that were easily fused to the ideology of the island's promoters. For the owners and managers of the Casino Ballroom, jazz was to be the sound of modernity suffused with nostalgia for a threatened, racialized social order.
Effekte von Instruktionen auf motorische Lernprozesse
Authors: Tielemann Nele , Raab Markus , Arnold Andre
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung. Instruktionen werden als wesentliche Einflussgrößen des motorischen Lernens betrachtet ( Hänsel, 2002 ). Der direkte Effekt verschiedener Instruktionen auf motorische Lernprozesse ist jedoch bislang kaum erforscht. Die wenigen existierenden Studien zeigen, dass bereits geringe Änderungen in Instruktionen implizite oder explizite Lernprozesse aktivierenkönnen ( Masters, 2000 ). Ziel dieser Studie ist die theoretische Verbindung von Instruktionen (Analogien versus Bewegungsregeln) und Lernprozessen (implizit versus explizit). Versuchsteilnehmer einer Analogie-, Bewegungsregel- und Kontrollgruppe lernen den Vorhand-Topspinschlag im Tischtennis mit anschließenden Entscheidungsaufgaben. Am Ende der Lernphase unterscheiden sich die Analogie- und Bewegungsregelgruppe signifikant in der Trefferleistung. Bei Entscheidungsaufgaben bricht die Trefferleistung der Analogiegruppe im Gegensatz zur Bewegungsregelgruppe nicht ein. Die Analogiegruppe kann mit einer schnelleren Bewegung eine hohe Trefferleistung aufweisen und bestätigt Ergebnisse vorheriger Untersuchungen der männlichen und weiblichen Tischtennis-Jugendnationalmannschaft ( Raab, Masters & Maxwell, 2005 ).
Sportpsychologie in Australien: Forschung, Praxis und Ausbildung
Authors: Mallett Clifford J. , Hanrahan Stephanie , Kellmann Michael
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung. Die Sportpsychologie als Wissenschafts- und Anwendungsdisziplin in Australien wächst, entwickelt sich kontinuierlich weiter und beschäftigt sich mit Themen, die die Felder der Psychologie, der Sportwissenschaften und des Coaching miteinander verbindet. Das College of Sport Psychologists – als australisches Äquivalent zur Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie – hat formelle Beziehungen zur Australian Psychological Society und zu Sports Medicine Australia. Die Verbindungen zwischen angewandter Forschung, beruflicher Praxis und Zusammenarbeit mit Athleten und Trainern entwickeln sich ständig weiter; gleichermaßen wachsen der Respekt und die Anerkennung für Praktiker und Lehrende innerhalb des Berufszweiges. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Schwerpunkte der sportpsychologischen Forschung, Praxis und Ausbildung in Australien und benennt Unterschiede zum deutschen Ausbildungssystem.
State of the inner heliosphere as given by the G index of interplanetary scintillation and the Dst index of geomagnetic activity
Authors: Pérez‐Enríquez R. , Carrillo A. , Kotsarenko A. , Cruz‐Abeyro J. A. L.
Published: October 2008

In the study of the impact of solar activity on the terrestrial magnetosphere, the interplanetary medium plays a major role. The purpose of this work is to analyze a global index of interplanetary scintillation, G, obtained from the g maps of Cambridge Observatory, UK, in relation to the geomagnetic index Dst, to determine the possible impact of both large‐scale events and small magnetic irregularities on the magnetosphere of our planet. The analysis consists of the comparison of the two time series G and Dst for the period 1991–1994. It is found that in 94% of the cases when the Dst index falls to less than −70 nT, the G index presents a positive anomaly. Furthermore, the cross correlation shows that there is a marked anticorrelation with a lag of 2 days. A superposed epoch analysis is also performed for −10 to 10 days around the occurrence of 16 of the events in the period showing a peak at day zero of 2.93 sigmas that start 2 days before. No peak was found when the analysis was performed on 16 randomly chosen dates in the period. The results indicate that the state of the inner heliosphere as given by the G index may be important in the study of the solar wind related magnetospheric activity.
Evolution of microstructure and melt topology in partially molten granitic mylonite: Implications for rheology of felsic middle crust
Authors: Schulmann Karel , Martelat Jean‐Emmanuel , Ulrich Stanislav , Lexa Ondrej , Štípská Pavla , Becker Jens K.
Published: October 2008

The deformation study of midcrustal porphyritic granite reveals exceptionally high strain intensities of feldspar aggregates compared to stronger quartz. Three types of microstructures corresponding to evolutionary stages of deformed granite were recognized: (1) the metagranite marked by viscous flow of plagioclase around strong alkali feldspar and quartz, (2) quartz augen orthogneiss characterized by development of banded mylonitic structure of recrystallized plagioclase and K‐feldspar surrounding augens of quartz, and (3) banded mylonite characterized by alternation of quartz ribbons and mixed aggregates of feldspars and quartz. The original weakening of alkali feldspar is achieved by decomposition into albite chains and K‐feldspar resulting from a heterogeneous nucleation process. The subsequent collapse of alkaline feldspar and development of monomineralic layering is attributed to the onset of syn‐deformational dehydration melting of Mu‐Bi layers associated with production of ∼2% melt. The final deformation stage is marked by mixing of feldspars which is explained by higher melt production due to introduction of external water. An already small amount of melt is responsible for extreme weakening of the feldspar because of Melt Connectivity Threshold effect triggering grain boundary sliding deformation mechanisms. The grain boundary sliding controls diffusion creep at small melt fraction and evolves to particulate flow at high melt fractions. Strong quartz shows a dislocation creep deformation mechanism throughout the whole deformation history marked by variations in the activity of the slip systems, which are attributed to variations in stress and strain rate partitioning with regard to changing rheological properties of the deforming feldspars.
Ocean wave scattering by natural sea ice transects
Authors: Vaughan G. L. , Squire V. A.
Published: October 2008

Ocean waves propagate in continuous sea ice as flexural‐gravity waves, so named because their dispersion is influenced by bending of the ice plate and by buoyancy. Such waves are scattered by topographic heterogeneity in the ice, e.g., features like pressure ridges, yet current models fail to account for the complexity that is symptomatic of sea ice. Here a two‐dimensional wave scattering model is described that allows real data from natural sea ice to be assimilated rather than synthetic ice terrain. On the basis of linear wave theory and the elastic thin plate equation, the model assumes an unbroken compliant sea ice cover with no free edges and uses Green's Functions to obtain an integral equation that is solved numerically. While scattering in physical stretches of sea ice can vary greatly, all transects behave as low‐pass filters and can display resonances that relate to how features are separated or to transect length, the latter being an undesirable trait of the model. In the paper an association is made between the statistical properties of the sea ice terrain and the nature of the scattering that results. Not unexpectedly, sea ice with greater relative draft variation is more reflective. It is proposed that this observation can be used to identify the draft variation for an unknown transect if its scattering response is known. Finally, the progression of median energy density for ensembles of similarly sampled transects is examined at wave periods of less than 10 s and is found to decay exponentially with distance traveled, in accord with the few observations available.
Mapping Gulf Stream warm core rings from shipboard ADCP transects of the Oleander Project
Authors: Wei Jun , Wang Dong‐Ping , Flagg Charles N.
Published: October 2008

The flow patterns of the Gulf Stream warm core rings and surrounding shelf break and slope water are constructed from shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) transects of the Oleander Project. For each warm ring, consecutive ADCP transects are colocated to a common ring center and are mapped into a stream function. Methods to locate ring centers from the ADCP transect and advanced very high resolution radiometer image are developed and tested. Two warm rings in 1999, which have relatively complete data coverage, are examined to study the ring‐induced warm and cold streamers. For cold streamers, the estimated volume flux, based on more than 10 independent ADCP transects, is at least 1 × 106 m3 s−1. This result agrees well with the previous estimate in the Warm Core Ring Experiment. For warm streamers, the result is new. On the basis of a large number of ADCP transects, the estimated volume flux is about 2.5 × 106 m3 s−1. By pulling large transports associated with the cold/warm streamers, the warm rings likely play a fundamental role in the water exchange in the Slope Sea.
Springtime transitions of NO2, CO, and O3 over North America: Model evaluation and analysis
Authors: Choi Yunsoo , Wang Yuhang , Zeng Tao , Cunnold Derek , Yang Eun‐Su , Martin Randall , Chance Kelly , Thouret Valerie , Edgerton Eric
Published: October 2008

Surface observations from AIRNow and Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study networks, aircraft observations from the Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In‐Service Aircraft program, ozonesondes, and remote sensing measurements from Global Ozone Mapping Experiment, Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II for February–May 2000 over North America are used to characterize the springtime transitions of O3 and its precursors. These measurements provide a comprehensive data set to evaluate the performance of the 3‐D Regional Chemical Transport Model (REAM). The model is then applied to analyze the key factors affecting the springtime transitions of trace gas concentrations and export. The global GEOS‐CHEM model is used to provide chemical initial and boundary conditions. Generally, the model results are in good agreement with the observations in the troposphere except for a low bias of upper tropospheric O3; the bias decreases toward the summer and lower latitudes. The rate of observed surface O3 increase in spring is simulated well by REAM. It is overestimated by GEOS‐CHEM over the eastern United States. A key factor driving the model difference is daytime mixing depth. A shallow boundary layer in REAM leads to more efficient removal of radicals and hence slower activation of photochemistry in spring, when the primary radical source is relatively small. Comparison of top‐down estimates of fossil fuel NOx emissions between REAM and GEOS‐CHEM shows model dependence. The associated uncertainty is up to 20% on a monthly basis. Averaging over a season reduces this uncertainty. While tropospheric column NO2 decreases over the continent, it increases over the western North Atlantic due to lightning NOx production. Consequently, the REAM model simulates significant increases of tropospheric O3 over the region as indicated by column data derived from TOMS‐SAGE II. Lightning impact is also evident in model‐simulated NOx exports.
Why is the Ligurian Basin (Mediterranean Sea) seismogenic? Thermomechanical modeling of a reactivated passive margin
Authors: Béthoux Nicole , Tric Emmanuel , Chery Jean , Beslier Marie‐Odile
Published: October 2008

The seismic activity of the Ligurian Basin, the northeastern termination of the western Mediterranean basin, is larger than in surrounding regions, even though recent geodetic studies attest that this area is subject to very low levels of deformation. This basin is an example of a type of passive margins that cannot be considered solely as inert sites of sedimentation and of progressive subsidence and that are reactivated in a compressive pattern; other examples include the Kwanza basin (Angola) and the Brazil margin. We investigated, by means of 2‐D thermomechanical modeling, the structural and rheological heterogeneities that can lead to concentration of strain in this marginal basin. We deduced that the deformation of the basin is due to its particular geometric features, narrow and with a thick surrounding continental crust, related to its position at the southern termination of the Alps. This sharp transition, in terms of both geometry and rheological contrast, is a main factor in explaining the weakness of the margin. We discuss the importance of buoyancy forces versus tectonic forces, as well as thermal effects, on the observed reactivation. Influence of contrast in rheology between an oceanic‐type crust and continental crust is also studied. Geodynamical implications are proposed for the region. The good agreement between the predicted localized deformation and the observed seismicity distribution should help improve seismic hazard assessment in the region.
Images of diagenetic textures in Porites corals from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia
Authors: McGregor H. V. , Abram N. J.
Published: October 2008

Diagenesis is now recognized as a potentially major source of error in paleoclimatic reconstructions from fossil and modern coral geochemical records. Key to avoiding spurious results caused by diagenesis is thorough screening of coral material prior to geochemical analysis. In this data brief we present color images from thin sections of fossil and modern Porites corals and demonstrate the effectiveness of thin sections in detecting low levels of diagenesis. The images presented here cover a range of coral preservation levels from pristine aragonite to 100% calcite. We particularly focus on samples containing around 1% diagenetic material, a level known to create artifacts in key climate parameters such as sea surface temperature, and close to the detection limits of other screening methods such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD). A qualitative scheme is also presented to rate the degree of diagenesis in a coral, where XRD results are not available or where secondary aragonite is present. Overall, this collection of images is designed as a starting point, in combination with other techniques, to assist in identifying and screening corals for diagenesis.
Cyclic eruptions and sector collapses at Monowai submarine volcano, Kermadec arc: 1998–2007
Authors: Chadwick W. W. , Wright I. C. , Schwarz‐Schampera U. , Hyvernaud O. , Reymond D. , de Ronde C. E. J.
Published: October 2008

Repeated multibeam bathymetric surveys at Monowai Cone, a shallow submarine basaltic volcano and part of the Monowai Volcanic Center in the northern Kermadec arc, were conducted in 1998, 2004, and 2007. These surveys document dramatic depth changes at the volcano including negative changes up to −176 m from two sector collapses and positive changes up to +138 m from volcanic reconstruction near the summit and debris avalanche deposits downslope of the slide scars. One sector collapse occurred on the SE slope between 1998 and 2004 with a volume of ∼0.09 km3, and another occurred on the SW slope between 2004 and 2007 with a volume of ∼0.04 km3. The volume of positive depth change due to addition of volcanic material by eruption is of the same order: ∼0.05 km3 between 1998 and 2004 and ∼0.06 km3 between 2004 and 2007. During these time intervals, monitoring by the Polynesian Seismic Network detected frequent T wave swarms at Monowai, indicative of explosive eruptive activity every few months. An unusual T wave swarm on 24 May 2002 was previously interpreted as the collapse event between the 1998 and 2004 surveys, but no similarly anomalous T waves were detected between 2004 and 2007, probably because the Polynesian Seismic Network stations were acoustically shadowed from the second slide event. We interpret that the sector collapses on Monowai are caused by the unstable loading of fragmental erupted material on the summit and steep upper slopes of the volcano (>20°). Moreover, there appears to be a cyclic pattern in which recurrent eruptions oversteepen the cone and periodically lead to collapse events that transport volcaniclastic material downslope to the lower apron of the volcano. Volumetric rate calculations suggest that these two processes may be more or less in equilibrium. The repeated collapses at Monowai are relatively modest in volume (involving only 0.1–0.5% of the edifice volume), have occurred much more frequently than is estimated for larger debris avalanches at subaerial volcanoes, and may be characteristic of how persistently active shallow submarine arc volcanoes grow.
Signature of stratospheric air at the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liang Mao‐Chang , Tang J. , Chan Chuen‐Yu , Zheng X. D. , Yung Yuk L.
Published: October 2008

Current estimates of gross carbon flux tend to ignore the downwelling flux of CO2 from the stratosphere. Observations showed that there is a phase shift between the time series for the concentration of the standard isotopologue C16O16O and C16O18O at Waliguan, China (36°17′N, 100°54′E, 3816 m) and several other places. Previous attempts to explain the shift have not been satisfactory. Here we show that the phase shift could be explained by the downwelling air from the stratosphere, and demonstrate that this source of CO2 provides a useful tool for constraining the carbon cycle. Using O3 as a proxy of stratosphere‐troposphere exchange, we find excellent correlation between O3 and C16O18O observed at the Waliguan Observatory. The observed variability of C16O18O is consistent with model predictions, thus supporting that the surface air has significant contributions from the stratosphere. Quantitative modeling may provide a powerful tool for constraining the sources and sinks of CO2 using the isotopically enriched CO2 from the stratosphere as a tracer.