bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultures in CollisionPhilosophical Lessons from Computer‐Mediated Communication
Authors: Ess Charles
Published: March 2003

I expand the metaphor of computing as philosophical laboratory by exploring philosophical insights gleaned from examining computer‐mediated communication (CMC) technologies in terms of the cultural values and communicative preferences they embed, as well as their interactions with the values and preferences that define diverse cultures in which the technologies are deployed. These empirically grounded data provide new insights for debates in philosophy of technology, notions of the self, and epistemology. This approach to utilizing data drawn from the cultural encounters facilitated by CMC technologies further suggests more ambitious ways of making philosophical use of CMC venues as a laboratory for testing and refining basic claims and hypotheses. The approach also uncovers other grounds that should encourage philosophers to become interdisciplinarians – not only for the sake of perhaps developing new sorts of insights and even forms of knowledge but also in order to shape and contribute to a global ethic and a Socratic education needed to sustain cultural diversity as CMC envelops the globe.
Epistemic Justice and a Role for Virtue in the Politics of Knowing
Authors: Fricker Miranda
Published: March 2003

The dual aim of this article is to reveal and explain a certain phenomenon of epistemic injustice as manifested in testimonial practice, and to arrive at a characterisation of the anti–prejudicial intellectual virtue that is such as to counteract it. This sort of injustice occurs when prejudice on the part of the hearer leads to the speaker receiving less credibility than he or she deserves. It is suggested that where this phenomenon is systematic it constitutes an important form of oppression.
Strategic Complements with First Mover Advantage
Authors: Aoki Reiko
Published: March 2003

We show the existence of equilibrium and first mover advantage when two firms sequentially invest in quality improvement of their respective products. Although the actions (investment levels) of the firms are strategic complements, the second mover does not have an advantage. This is because, although firms are a priori identical, a change in rival investment can affect a firm differently, depending on whether the rival has a higher or lower level of investment. Thus, the marginal payoff with respect to rival action will differ for the first and second mover. We also show that the first mover may choose a higher level of investment than the second mover even though actions are strategic complements and the first mover's marginal payoff with respect to second mover action is negative.
Repetitive Advertising to Deter Entry
Authors: Ishigaki Hiroaki
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a model in which advertising not only informs consumers of brands, but also can influence consumer brand choices through its repetition. By examining a multi‐stage game in which two firms sequentially advertise before simultaneously setting a price, we show that repetitive advertising can be a legitimate entry‐deterrence weapon available to an incumbent in subgame perfect equilibrium. This demonstrates that firms’ conduct of advertising repetition has anticompetitive implications.
Performance‐Based Contracting in Wisconsin Public Health: Transforming State‐Local Relations
Authors: Chapin John , Fetter Bruce
Published: March 2003

Wisconsin has long served as a laboratory for American federalism. In the 1990s, its public health system depended on a delicate equilibrium among federal, state, and local agencies, with little prospect for additional public funding. This article describes how the Wisconsin Division of Public Health devised a new system of funding based on a quasi‐market model, which cut the link between reimbursement and costs and at the same time gave local governments greater flexibility in providing public health services.

Although they are not even mentioned in the U.S. Constitution and they are subordinate to the state in Wisconsin, local governments provide the bulk of the state's public health services (Donoghue 1979). This paradoxical imbalance between legislative power and administrative responsibility was not at issue during the nineteenth century, when public health services were rudimentary. In 1839, municipalities obtained the power to establish boards of health, and by 1883, all municipalities were required to have their own boards of health, the costs of which were left to the local taxpayers.
The Effect of State Regulations on Motor Vehicle Fatalities for Younger and Older Drivers: A Review and Analysis
Authors: Grabowski David C. , Morrisey Michael A.
Published: March 2003

Policymakers have had a long‐standing interest in improving the motor vehicle safety of both younger and older drivers. Although younger and older drivers share the distinction of having more crashes and fatalities per mile driven than other age groups, the problems posed by these two groups stem from different origins and manifest in different ways. A number of state‐level policies and regulations may affect the number of motor vehicle crashes and fatalities in these two high‐risk groups. A critical review of the existing literature in regard to the risk factors and the effects of various policy measures on motor vehicle crashes in these two high‐risk populations provides direction for policymakers and high‐priority areas of interest for the research community.
How to Acquire a Concept
Authors: Margolis Eric
Published: March 2003

In this paper, I develop a novel account of concept acquisition for an atomistic theory of concepts. Conceptual atomism is rarely explored in cognitive science because of the feeling that atomistic treatments of concepts are inherently nativistic.

My model illustrates, on the contrary, that atomism does not preclude the learning of a concept.
Psychology, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science: Reflections on the History and Philosophy of Experimental Psychology
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: March 2003

This article critically examines the views that psychology first came into existence as a discipline ca. 1879, that philosophy and psychology were estranged in the ensuing decades, that psychology finally became scientific through the influence of logical empiricism, and that it should now disappear in favor of cognitive science and neuroscience. It argues that psychology had a natural philosophical phase (from antiquity) that waxed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, that this psychology transformed into experimental psychology ca. 1900, that philosophers and psychologists collaboratively discussed the subject matter and methods of psychology in the first two decades of the twentieth century, that the neobehaviorists were not substantively influenced by the Vienna Circle, that the study of perception and cognition in psychology did not disappear in the behaviorist period and so did not reemerge as a result of artificial intelligence, linguistics, and the computer analogy, that although some psychologists adopted the language‐of‐thought approach of traditional cognitive science, many did not, and that psychology will not go away because it contributes independently of cognitive science and neuroscience.
The Wild Patience of John Howard Yoder: “Outsiders” and the “Otherness of the Church”
Authors: Coles Romand
Published: March 2003

Yoder offers a vision of particular dialogical communities that practice generous solidarity precisely through creative uses of conflict and a vulnerable receptivity to the “least of these” within the church and outside it. Few today offer as compelling a vision for pursuing justice and political engagements in heterogeneous societies. Yoder interprets the binding lordship of Christ as the opening of dialogical relations between the church and the world in which giving and receiving happens in both directions. Vulnerable relations with outsiders are integral to the otherness of the church. When this understanding of caritas is forgotten and unpractised, the church loses its otherness and assimilates to the violence of the world.
Ethics After Levinas: Robert Gibbs's Why Ethics? Signs of Responsibilities
Authors: Kepnes Steven
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Robert Gibbs, Why Ethics? Signs of Responsibilities
The Impact of Technological Innovations on Work Design in a Cellular Manufacturing Environment
Authors: Molleman Eric , Slomp Jannes
Published: March 2003

The impact of developments in market and technology on grouping machinery and work design is analysed. Over time a cellular design changed into a functional system with fewer cells, fewer workers and fewer but more advanced machines. This encourages high utilisation, specialised workers and the pooling of similar resources, making operators more process‐oriented.
The Demand for Electric Energy in Saudi Arabia: an Empirical Investigation
Authors: Diabi Ali
Published: March 2003

The demand for electricity in Saudi Arabia has grown rapidly, and a number of factors account for this growth. The aim of this paper is to estimate the level of this demand and test for its main determinants. Cross‐sectional data (i.e. regional) spanning the period 1980–92 and several estimators are used to achieve reliable estimates of the short‐run and long‐run own‐price and income elasticities.

The findings seem to be quite reasonable. First, the fixed effects method seems to fit the data better. Secondly, both the sign and the size of virtually all the elasticity estimates lie within the plausible range and most of them are statistically significant at ten per cent. Overall, the empirical evidence suggests that the demand for electricity in Saudi Arabia is both price‐ and income‐inelastic. However, the influence of urbanisation on electricity consumption is clearly larger than that of real income. Thirdly, the estimated speed of adjustment implies very short adjustment lags in the demand for electricity in Saudi Arabia. And finally, among the policy issues that are of relevance is the current pricing policy, which has been making the whole electricity sector suffer a loss.
The economic cost of oil or gas production: a generalised methodology
Authors: Stauffer Thomas
Published: March 2003

Methods for calculating the full‐cycle, economic costs of new oil or gas production are compared and tested for accuracy. The basis method, originally pioneered by M.A. Adelman, is generalised and shown to be accurate over a wide range of conditions.

The estimated “costs” are most accurate where reliable data on reserves are available, but useful results are still obtainable, as long as the reservoir decline rates can be approximately determined. Even where data on expenditures in the given area are not published, synthetic costs can still be estimated by extrapolation, as long as the drilling data are believed to be reliable.

The methodology is illustrated for the case of the PDO concessions in Oman.
Investment in Africa's Manufacturing Sector: A Four Country Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Bigsten Arne , Collier Paul , Dercon Stefan , Gauthier Bernard , Gunning Jan Willem , Isaksson Anders , Oduro Abena , Oostendorp Remco , Pattilo Cathy , Soderbom Mans , Sylvain Michel , Teal Francis , Zeufack Albert
Published: March 2003

Firm level data for the manufacturing sector in Africa, presented in this paper, shows very low levels of investment. The importance of profit effects on investment is investigated using a flexible accelerator, a specification based on the Euler equation and a simple generalisation of these specificiations. There are controls for firm fixed effects. It is shown that the profit effect is very similar for both the accelerator and Euler equation specifications. A comparison with other studies shows that, for small firms, the effect is much smaller in Africa than for other countries. Reasons for the relative insensitivity of investment to profits in African firms are suggested. For the most general specification tested there are no significant differences in the size of the profit effect across the four countries in the study.
Long‐run Causality, with an Application to International Links Between Long‐term Interest Rates
Authors: Bruneau Catherine , Jondeau Eric
Published: March 2003

In this paper we give a precise definition of long‐run causality in a multivariate non‐stationary, possibly cointegrated, framework. A variable is said to be causal for another in the long‐run if knowledge of the past of the former improves long‐run predictions of the latter. In a VAR framework, we show that long‐run non‐causality can be easily tested with a Wald statistics, conditionally on the cointegration rank. The methodology is used to study long‐run causal links between US, German, and French long‐term interest rates from January 1990 to June 1997.
Mean Reversion of Interest Rates in the Eurocurrency Market
Authors: Wu Jhy‐Lin , Chen Show‐Lin
Published: March 2003

One stylised fact to emerge from the empirical analysis of interest rates is that the unit‐root hypothesis in nominal interest rates cannot be rejected. However, using the panel date unit‐root test IM, Pesaran and Shin (1997), we find support for the mean‐reverting property of Eurocurrency rates. Thus, neither a vector‐error‐correction model nor a vector autoregressive model in differences is appropriate for modelling Eurocurrency rates. Instead, conventional modelling strategies with level data are appropriate. Furthermore, the finding of stationary interest rates supports uncovered interest parity, and hence the convergence hypothesis of interest rates. This in turn suggests a limited role for a monetary authority to affect domestic interest rates.
Intermarriage in the Western Greek Colonies
Authors: Hodos Tamar
Published: March 2003

Intermarriage in the Greek colonies in Italy and Sicily has long fascinated scholars, many of whom view the presence of Italian fibulae in otherwise materially Greek graves as the result of intermarriage between Greek colonial men and local, native women. A reconsideration of the evidence suggests that the hypothesis cannot be generalized for all the early colonies, particularly the Sicilian ones, where the nature of the evidence differs significantly. In Sicily, trade provides the most likely explanation for the presence of these objects in the colonies.
Displayed or Concealed? Cross Cultural Evidence for Symbolic and Ritual Activity Depositing Iron Age Animal Bones
Authors: Wilson Bob
Published: March 2003

Although Iron Age rituals involving the depositing of animal bones in pits have been discussed intensively in the literature, possible cross‐cultural and ethnographic parallels for the symbolism of such activity have been neglected. This paper begins to remedy this deficiency. Archaeological and ethnographic examples occur world‐wide, especially relating to the symbolism and treatment of animal heads and crania. They support previous arguments that at least some Iron Age bone deposits involved the renewal and protection of fertility, for example those associated with grain storage pits and other archaeological features, perhaps also foundation deposits, especially at later periods.
Local Colour: Megalithic Architecture and Colour Symbolism in Neolithic Arran
Authors: Jones Andrew
Published: March 2003

Recent approaches to megalithic architecture have emphasised the importance of considering monuments in relation to the experience of place. Such approaches have taken two forms: emphasizing the relationship between experience and the internal architecture of the monument, or the nature of the experience evoked by the presence of the monument within the landscape. This paper argues that the importance of stone colour in relation to the construction of megalithic monuments contributes to an understanding of place and landscape as well as providing evidence of the symbolic and aesthetic aspects of colour in the past.
Settlement, Landscape and Social Identity: The Early‐Middle Bronze Age Transition in Wessex, Sussex and the Thames Valley
Authors: Brück Joanna
Published: March 2003

In southern England, the end of the Early Bronze Age is marked by the appearance of archaeologically visible farmsteads and field systems. This paper explores and critiques the widespread idea that these changes are the direct result of a need to intensify agricultural production. Such discussions have implicitly drawn on evolutionist images of economic maximization and environmental exploitation that do not sit easily with our knowledge of other aspects of Bronze Age society. In this paper, I shall consider economic change as a consequence rather than the cause of wider changes to the social fabric at this time. A review of the Early and Middle Bronze Age settlement evidence provides insights into how society became transformed over the period and begins to hint at some of the reasons why subsistence practices changed so visibly.
Exploring Romano–British finds assemblages
Authors: Cool H. E. M. , Baxter M. J.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a synthesis of current approaches to the comparison of archaeological assemblages. It draws its data from Roman Britain but the methodology discussed is equally applicable to other periods and places. Different types of assemblages including those of small finds, broken vessels and animal bones are discussed, and the problems relating to quantification are considered. The different sorts of questions that may be asked of data of varying quality are examined, and it is shown that even ‘poor quality’ data can provide useful insights into past societies. It is argued that to explore the full richness of the data available, multivariate statistics are an invaluable tool and this is illustrated by exploration of two groups of assemblages using Correspondence Analysis. Finally, attitudes within the archaeological community which may prove a barrier to further advances are examined.
Producers and Predators
Authors: Grossman Herschel I.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores a series of general‐equilibrium models in which people can choose to be either producers or predators, and in which producers can allocate their resources either to production or to guarding their production against predators. The analysis shows how the ratio of predators to producers and the social cost of predation depend on the technology of predation, on the interpersonal distribution of productive resources, and in a fundamental way on whether the decision to allocate resources to guarding against predators is made individually or collectively.
Macroeconomic Coordination of Exchange Rate and Wage Movements under Quasi‐Sterilization: Singapore Experience
Authors: Wu Ying
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes Singapore’s two‐pronged macroeconomic strategy of low‐inflation characterized by the quasi‐sterilization mechanism and the coordination of exchange rate and wage movements. The monetary authority’s inflation‐averse attitude holds the key to the existence of a stable Nash equilibrium of the exchange rate and wages. During both economic upturns and downturns, the exchange rate moves one for one inversely with the growth of wages in the long run. The required steady monetary growth is underpinned by the quasi‐sterilization mechanism whereby every dollar increase in net foreign reserves leads to a decrease of 0.84 dollars in net domestic credit.
Competition and Competition Policy: Implications of Hong Kong’s Reversion to China
Authors: Cheng Leonard K. , Wu Changqi
Published: March 2003

The paper explores how Hong Kong’s new status as China’s Special Administrative Region (SAR) may affect the competitiveness of the industries and the relative position of companies owned by non‐Hong Kong investors. The conclusion is that mainland Chinese firms will play an increasingly more important role in Hong Kong’s economy and British firms will lose their dominance further. This does not, however, indicate a return to unequal competition in favor of firms from the sovereign country, but the beginning of a period of greater competition by all firms in Hong Kong, whether they be local or non‐local. There is a risk that governmental and semi‐governmental corporations of the SAR and other Chinese governments may use their official and semi‐official status to tilt the playing field in their favor, but appropriate competition law can address this concern.
East‐Asian Happiness Gap
Authors: Ng Yew Kwang
Published: March 2003

Despite spectacular economic growth, most East‐Asian countries (especially those with the Confucian cultures) score very low in happiness surveys. The present paper speculates on the reasons for this East‐Asian happiness gap, including environmental disruption, excessive competitiveness, repressive education, excessive conformity, negative attitudes towards enjoyment, and the emphasis on outward appearance. The desired direction of future growth, especially regarding the relative importance of public spending on the environment and research, and the non‐material aspects of life, are also briefly touched on.
Taxes, Risk Aversion, and the Size of the Underground Economy
Authors: Giles David E. A. , Johnson Betty J.
Published: March 2003

Non‐parametric regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the effective tax rate and the relative size of the underground economy, using New Zealand data. The underlying theoretical framework is established, and it suggests an ambiguous prediction regarding the sign of the relationship we are studying. However, our non‐parametric empirical analysis, which also allows for the non‐stationarity of the time‐series data, produces a positive and ‘S‐shaped’ relationship, and this supports earlier empirical studies that imposed such functional forms. The estimated model is used to simulate the effects of hypothetical tax changes on the size of the New Zealand underground economy, and to draw policy conclusions.
Speculation Under the Random Walk Hypothesis
Authors: Beckmann Martin J.
Published: March 2003

Under the random walk hypothesis this paper derives simple decision rules for owning and selling a stock. Two scenarios are considered, first, a ‘blue chip’ security with low volatility (as measured by the variance of stock price changes per time interval)paying a fixed dividend a and, second, a stock of high volatility and no dividends with a (low)price at which it can be sold back to the company.
Direct Investment Liberalization, Commodity Trade and Income Distribution: What Can the WTO do?
Authors: Wong Kar‐Yiu
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes a model of two‐way movement of physical capital, and examines the effects of direct investment liberalization on resource allocation, income distribution and commodity trade. If either country or both countries liberalizes investment under exogenously given commodity prices, some factor owners in a country will gain but some others will lose. If capital movement affects commodity prices, all factor owners in a country may be better off after multilateral investment liberalization. In these cases, it will be much easier for the home country to sign an agreement liberalizing investment flows.
Neutrality and Non‐Neutrality of Money In A Classical‐Type Model
Authors: Batra Ravi
Published: March 2003

Abstract. This paper modifies the simple classical model by introducing capacity utilization that varies across the course of the business cycle. By making the capacity usage a choice variable that turns out to be sensitive to changes in the price level, we show that the classical model loses its fundamental feature, namely the neutrality of money. In our generalized framework, a rise in money supply improves upon all the real variables if the economy suffers from excess capacity, as in recessions and depressions. We demonstrate that our model describes the various economic cross‐currents during the Great Depression extremely well. Thus, monetary policy emerges with an activist role even in a generally classical setting.
Trade Strategy, Investment and Exports: Another Look at East Asia
Authors: Rodrik Dan
Published: March 2003

The export booms in South Korea and Taiwan starting in the early 1960s are anomalous when compared with later export booms in non‐East Asian countries such as Chile and Turkey. First, these booms have taken place in the context of comparatively small changes in relative prices in favor of exportables. Second, they have been associated from the start with booms in investment. This paper offers evidence and a formal model to suggest that exports in East Asia may have been driven by an increase in the profitability of investment, with outward orientation a consequence of the investment boom rather than its instigator.
Theories of Individuation: A Reconsideration of Bare Particulars
Authors: Moreland P. J.
Published: March 2003

The metaphysical problem of individuation requires an answer to two different but intimately related questions: 1) How are we to characterize individuality ontologically? To what ontological category or logical type does individuality belong? 2) What sort of distinction is there between the individuality and nature of an individual, e.g., a real distinction, a modal distinction, a distinction of reason, or some other distinction My purpose in this article is to clarify a bare particular account of individuation and respond to objections that have been raised against bare particulars as individuators.
The Problem of Memory Knowledge
Authors: Huemer Michael
Published: March 2003

When one recalls that P, how is one justified in believing that P? I refute the three most natural answers to this question: a memory belief is not justified by a belief in the reliability of memory; a memory experience does not provide a new, foundational justification for a belief; and memory does not merely preserve the same justification a belief had when first adopted. Instead, the justification of a memory belief is a product of both the initial justification for adopting it and the justification for retaining it provided by seeming memories.
The Curious Role of Natural Kind Terms
Authors: Wolf Michael P.
Published: March 2003

The semantics of natural kind terms has recently been seen as a problem of reference. Kripke and Putnam have suggested that their meaning begins with rigid designation, with any further implications emerging after empirical study. I part ways with this approach and instead offer an account that focuses on the contribution that these terms make to the inferential roles of different sorts of sentences. I note that natural kind terms play an odd array of grammatical roles, both as subject and as parts of predicates, and explain why this dual role contributes something pragmatically significant to explanations of natural phenomena.
Self–Deception, Motivation, and the Desire to Believe
Authors: Nelkin Dana K.
Published: March 2003

In the debate over the nature of self–deception, “intentionalists” argue that self–deception requires an intention to deceive oneself, and “motivationists” argue that a desire, and not an intention, typically plays a crucial causal role in self–deception. Intentionalists have criticized motivationist views for ignoring what is distinctive about self–deception, and for failing to account for cases of “twisted” self–deception. I offer a new motivationist account whose distinctive element is the desire to believe. I argue that this account identifies what is common to cases of both “twisted” and “straight” self–deception, and that it captures what is distinctive about self–deception.
Action Learning for Citizenship Education
Authors: Jones Phillip
Published: March 2003

The paper examines how the author has used what he calls action learning to encourage pupils to learn about citizenship in a secondary school. The paper argues that citizenship can be learnt by engaging young people in projects and other activities, which encourage them to develop an understanding of the responsibilities and skills needed to become citizens in society. The paper goes on to describe a small‐scale research project which sought to assess the pupils’ reactions to action learning. The young people’s responses bring to life what they have learnt from their involvement in the action learning projects and how it has helped them to develop as citizens.
Pastoral Care for Children of Cancer Patients
Authors: Nelson Elizabeth , While David
Published: March 2003

This paper reports the findings of new research on the school as a source of psychosocial support for primary‐ and secondary‐stage children of cancer patients. It begins with a restatement of the importance of pastoral care in schools and of teachers listening to children. Academic success is an important factor in maintaining positive self‐esteem and psychological functioning. The authors show how parents’ cancer affected their children at schoool; how children do not disclose important personal and familial information; and that this can mean that problems in school are not fully understood nor supported. Peers had an important role to play in adjustment.
Excluding Primary School Children – The Outcomes Six Years On
Authors: Parsons Carl , Godfrey Ray , Howlett Keith , Hayden Carol , Martin Tim
Published: March 2003

This article reports and discusses a study which followed up, through case records, 726 children excluded permanently, indefinitely or for fixed–term periods in 1993/4 in 10 LEAs. The outcomes at secondary level in 1998/9 were found to be moderately poor with the problems intensifying for half the sample. Forty six per cent had further primary school exclusions and 36 per cent received exclusions in their secondary education. Looked–after children and those with special educational needs fared worse and achieved less. Case studies showed the kinds of commitment and support that can work even with very difficult cases.
A Pastoral Care Teacher’s Theory of Action, Interactive Thinking and Effective Teaching Practice
Authors: Chittenden Anthony H. R.
Published: March 2003

Through the employment of a hybrid research model blending concept mapping and stimulated recall methodologies, this study explored the nature of a Pastoral Care Teacher’s theory of action; the relationship between those beliefs and ideals and interactive thinking; and specific actions in effectively teaching a Pastoral Care issue. In undertaking the research a group of Year Eight boys at the Anglican Church Grammar School (Churchie) provided the context. The study shows that: (i) the teacher possessed a broad knowledge and understanding of the nature of Pastoral Care at Churchie; and (ii) the lessons undertaken, the pedagogy employed, and the knowledge elicited closely resembled the teacher’s philosophies and thinking.
Predators and the Public Interest — the ‘Big Four’ and Multi–Disciplinary Practices
Authors: McVea Harry
Published: March 2003

This article explores the growing body of professional and academic support for Multi–disciplinary Practices (MDPs) which combine the provision of legal, accounting, financial, and other ‘professional’ services. In doing so, it traces the development of MDPs in the UK and assesses the leading claims which have been advanced in favour of these ‘one stop’ providers. It is suggested that support for MDPs is located within the emergence of a new professional paradigm which places a high premium on quality of service and the resolution of complex problems and is based on a narrow conception of the public interest which is closely if not solely associated with promoting consumer welfare. This, itself, is rooted in a deregulatory vision of the world – that is, the view that the breaking down of barriers (professional, legal, and cultural), which restrict competition and impede consumer choice, is in the ‘public interest’. The article challenges these views, arguing that many of the alleged consumer benefits which are said to flow from the formation of MDPs are at best speculative and that, in any case, a proper conception of the public interest is one which extends beyond a narrow concern for consumer interests.
Towards a liberalisation of standing conditions for individuals seeking judicial review of Community acts: Jégo‐Quéré et Cie SA v Commission and Unión de Pequeños Agricultores v Council
Authors: Granger Marie‐Pierre
Published: March 2003

Background

The concept of ‘individual concern’, the main admissibility requirement for actions brought by individual applicants for the annulment of Community acts not addressed to them under Article 130 EC, has traditionally been interpreted restrictively by the Community courts, thereby constituting a nearly insurmountable obstacle for individual seeking judicial review of Community acts of general application. In a recent decision, the CFI, referring to the newly adopted EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (Article 47 on the right to an effective judicial remedy), proposed a new and more liberal interpretation of that requirement, thereby widening access to judicial review for individual, companies and representative groups. The Court of Justice has not followed up, but seems to leave the door open for further developments towards a liberalisation of standing conditions.
Repercussions of the Execution of William de Braose: a Letter from Llywelyn ab Iorwerth to Stephen de Segrave1
Authors: Crump J. J.
Published: March 2003

Long overlooked because of its near illegibility, this draft of a letter sent by Llywelyn ab Iorwerth to Stephen de Segrave around midsummer 1230 illuminates the complex dynastic and political problems Llywelyn faced in the wake of the execution of William de Braose for his adultery with the prince's wife Joan. The affair and the subsequent execution created tensions between Llywelyn and the princes of southern Wales, as well as jeopardizing his good relations with the royal government and the Braose family, with whom Llywelyn had been negotiating a marriage for his son Dafydd. The letter underscores the importance of family ties in Llywelyn's diplomatic policies, and reveals the failure of the royal government, preoccupied by continental ambitions and distracted by factional dispute, to respond effectively to dangerous developments on the Welsh March. These unresolved tensions and royal inattention ultimately led to the outbreak of war in south Wales in 1231.
Christian days and knights: the religious devotions and court of David II of Scotland, 1329–71*
Authors: Penman Michael A.
Published: March 2003

This article surveys the development of the religious devotions and court life of David II of Scotland (1329–71). Using contemporary government and chronicle sources it discusses the favour David showed to a wide range of chivalric and pious causes, many with special personal resonance for the second Bruce king. This patronage attracted widespread support for his kingship after 1357. However, David also had political motivation for these interests, namely his agenda of securing a peace deal with Edward III of England and overawing his Scottish magnate opponents. His political circumstances meant that his legacy of chivalric and religious patronage was obscured after his early death.
Thatcher and the Victorians: A Suitable Case for Comparison?
Authors: Evans Stephen
Published: March 2003

One of the prevailing lines of commentary upon Thatcherism is that it possessed essentially Victorian attributes. Personally, similarities were posited between Margaret Thatcher and Sir Robert Peel, W. E. Gladstone and Lord Salisbury. Politically, Thatcherism was quintessentially Victorian because its mind‐set was cast in the nineteenth century. The word ‘Victorian’ was also used as a term of abuse by those, within and without the Conservative Party, who wished to deride Thatcher and all she stood for. On balance, the critical usage has the most to commend it. Personally, character contrasts as well as comparisons have to be borne in mind when dealing with Thatcher, Peel, Gladstone and Salisbury. Politically, the selectivity of Thatcher's Victorian vision and its innate ambiguities, the character of the 1980s and the limited success of her attempt to go back to the future must be noted. Further, Thatcherism might actually have a Georgian paternity. It was in the inter‐war years that the lifeblood of Thatcherism, anti‐socialism, began to circulate around the Conservative body politic. From this perspective there were presentiments of Thatcherite statecraft in 1930s Conservative Party practice.
Land Administration in Medieval Japan: Ito no shô in Chikuzen Province, 1131–1336
Authors: Fröhlich Judith
Published: March 2003

The topic of land administration is central in historical studies of medieval Japan, since it provides insight into the social and economic development during the medieval period and highlights the lives of various social groups, courtiers, clerics, warriors and peasants. Based on the case of Ito no shô, an estate in northern Kyushu, this article analyses the establishment of a wide system of land administration under courtiers and central religious institutions during the twelfth century and its decline during the thirteenth century. The concurrent rise of local land managers and their social and economic activities during the thirteenth century are also explored. Finally, an assessment is made of the impact of the Mongol invasions of 1274 and 1281 on economic and social development during the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, in particular the loss of influence of central authorities in regions remote from the capital and the formation of rural communities under the leadership of local warriors.
Vampires: Social Constructivism, Realism, and Other Philosophical Undead
Authors: Rouse Joseph
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Andre Kukla, Social Constructivism and the Philosophy of Science

Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What?
Liberal Political Theory And The Contingency Of History
Authors: Stuurman Siep
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Raymond Geuss, History And Illusion In Politics
Clio, Columbia, And The Cosmopolitans: Beyond American Exceptionalism And The Nation–State
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Thomas Bender, Rethinking American History In A Global Age
Sexuality And The Social Body Between The Wars
Authors: Waters Chris
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Carolyn J. Dean, The Frail Social Body: Pornography, Homosexuality, And Other Fantasies In Interwar France
Stalking: A Violent Crime or a Crime of Violence?
Authors: Finch Emily
Published: March 2003

This article examines the sufficiency of the legal response to stalking in terms of the penalty that can be imposed under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. It is argued that the statute places limitations upon the availability of a sentence that adequately reflects the severity of the harm involved. This is exacerbated by the sentencing policy outlined in the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000, which delineates the circumstances in which a sentence of imprisonment may be imposed. Central to this article is the distinction between a violent act and an act of violence and the role of the relevant conduct and consequences in the categorisation process. The article concludes with a consideration of whether the recommendations of the Halliday report would strengthen the law in this respect.
A Generalized Moments Estimator for the Autoregressive Parameter in a Spatial Model
Authors: Kelejian Harry H. , Prucha Ingmar R.
Published: March 2003

This paper is concerned with the estimation of the autoregressive parameter in a widely considered spatial autocorrelation model. The typical estimator for this parameter considered in the literature is the (quasi) maximum likelihood estimator corresponding to a normal density. However, as discussed in this paper, the (quasi) maximum likelihood estimator may not be computationally feasible in many cases involving moderate‐ or large‐sized samples. In this paper we suggest a generalized moments estimator that is computationally simple irrespective of the sample size. We provide results concerning the large and small sample properties of this estimator.
Public Education and Intergenerational Economic Mobility
Authors: Iyigun Murat F.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the role of public education in determining intergenerational economic mobility. It considers a model in which education is free and admission to schools is competitive. The results indicate that for mobility to increase during the process of development, the share of resources devoted to public education needs to be large enough to offset the relative advantage of having educated parents in academic attainment.
Wage Posting in Two‐Sided Search and the Minimum Wage
Authors: Masters Adrian M.
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on wage formation in an equilibrium (two‐sided) model of search with match‐specific heterogeneity. Despite a large number (a continuum) of employers, search provides sufficient isolation to generate market power. By posting wages, employers, without collusion, capture most of the surplus that accrues to any match. The equilibrium wage is below that which maximizes employment. An example, using calibrated parameter values, is used to reconcile some recent, otherwise contradictory empirical results on the employment effects of minimum wage adjustments.
ON THE INFORMATIONAL CONTENT OF WAGE OFFERS*
Authors: BAC MEHMET
Published: March 2003

This article investigates signaling and screening roles of wage offers in a single‐play matching model with two‐sided unobservable characteristics. It generates the following predictions as matching equilibrium outcomes: (i) “good” jobs offer premia if “high‐quality” worker population is large; (ii) “bad” jobs pay compensating differentials if the proportion of “good” jobs to “low‐quality” workers is large; (iii) all firms may offer a pooling wage in markets dominated by “high‐quality” workers and firms; or (iv) Gresham's Law prevails: “good” types withdraw if “bad” types dominate the population. The screening/signaling motive thus has the potential of explaining a variety of wage patterns.
Deciding Between the Common and Private Values Paradigm: An Application to Experimental Data*
Authors: Olivier Armantier
Published: March 2003

In the application of auction theory to the real world, practitioners must choose ex ante which of the common value or the private values paradigm applies. Since intuition may fail, some authors have proposed to decide statistically between the two models. These studies, however, did not confirm whether the tests validated the true model since field data were used. I propose to use experimental data as well as Monte‐Carlo simulations to study different nonstructural rules to decide between the two paradigms. I find that regressions are inconclusive whereas a nonparametric procedure seems to be powerful and robust.
Estimating the Effect of Financial Aid Offers on College Enrollment: A Regression–Discontinuity Approach*
Authors: Van Der Klaauw Wilbert
Published: March 2003

An important problem faced by colleges and universities, that of evaluating the effect of their financial aid offers on student enrollment decisions, is complicated by the likely endogeneity of the aid offer variable in a student enrollment equation. This article shows how discontinuities in an East Coast college's aid assignment rule can be exploited to obtain credible estimates of the aid effect without having to rely on arbitrary exclusion restrictions and functional form assumptions. Semiparametric estimates based on a regression–discontinuity (RD) approach affirm the importance of financial aid as an effective instrument in competing with other colleges for students.
A Note on Viable Proposals*
Authors: Lauwers Luc
Published: March 2003

Sengupta and Sengupta (“Viable Proposals,”International Economic Review 35 (1994), 347–59.) consider a payoff vector of a TU‐game as a viable proposal if it challenges each legitimate contender. They show that for each game the set of viable proposals is nonempty. Their proof, however, has a flaw. I present a proof based upon a result by Kalai and Schmeidler (“An Admissible Set Occurring in Various Bargaining Situations,”Journal of Economic Theory 14 (1977), 402–11).
Monetary Policy in a World Without Money
Authors: Woodford Michael
Published: March 2003

This paper considers whether the development of ‘electronic money’ poses any threat to the ability of central banks to control the value of their national currencies through conventional monetary policy. It argues that, even if the demand for base money for use in facilitating transactions is largely or even completely eliminated, monetary policy should continue to be effective. Macroeconomic stabilization depends only upon the ability of central banks to control a short‐term nominal interest rate, and this would continue to be possible, in particular through the use of a ‘channel’ system for the implementation of policy, like those currently used in Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Stock Market Wealth Effects and the New Economy: A Cross‐Country Study
Authors: Edison Hali , Sløk Torsten
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the impact from changes in ‘new’ and ‘old’ economy stock valuations on private consumption. The results from estimating a reduced form VAR for seven OECD countries for the 1990s suggest that the impact from changes in old economy stock valuations on consumption is, in general, larger in countries with market‐based financial systems (USA, Canada and the UK) than in countries with bank‐based financial systems (continental Europe). Furthermore, the results indicate that the impact from changes in new economy valuations to consumption is roughly the same in the USA, Canada, the UK and in continental Europe. In addition, the results suggest that, in continental Europe, the impact on consumption from changes in the valuation of new economy stocks is bigger than from the old economy stocks, whereas for the Anglo‐Saxon countries, the impact is more or less the same between the two sectors.
Business Ethics: The State of the Art
Authors: Werhane Patricia H. , Freeman R. Edward
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to give an account of some of the current areas of scholarship in business ethics and to suggest how these areas may be relevant for scholars working in other business disciplines. We endeavor to paint a picture of a healthy discipline full of controversy, rich intellectual discussions, and the beginnings of several research traditions. To begin, we examine how it is common practice to think of ‘business’ and ‘ethics’ as separate entities, and suggest how such a ‘separation thesis’ can be used to diagnose problems in a host of business disciplines. We next examine the literature on corporate agency and responsibility that questions whether or not a corporation can be said to be normally accountable, in the same way that individual moral agents can be held accountable, and we look at an emerging research tradition of ‘stakeholder theory’ that cuts across the disciplines of business. We then explore two contemporary issues in business ethics: (1) International Business Ethics; and, (2) Environmental Ethics and Business, and we conclude with suggestions for some additional research questions.