bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three distinct subgroups of hypodiploidy in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Harrison Christine J. , Moorman Anthony V. , Broadfield Zoë J. , Cheung Kan L. , Harris Rachel L. , Reza Jalali G. , Robinson Hazel M. , Barber Kerry E. , Richards Sue M. , Mitchell Christopher D. , Eden Tim O. B. , Hann Ian M. , Hill Frank G.H. , Kinsey Sally E. , Gibson Brenda E.S. , Lilleyman John , Vora Ajay , Goldstone Anthony H. , Franklin Ian M. , Durrant Jill , Martineau Mary ,   Childhood and Adult Leukaemia Working Parties
Published: May 2004

This study of children and adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the largest series of patients with hypodiploidy (<46 chromosomes) yet reported. The incidence of 5% was independent of age. Patients were subdivided by the number of chromosomes; near‐haploidy (23–29 chromosomes), low hypodiploidy (33–39 chromosomes) and high hypodiploidy (42–45 chromosomes). The near‐haploid and low hypodiploid groups were characterized by their chromosomal gains and a doubled hyperdiploid population. Structural abnormalities were more frequent in the low hypodiploid group. Near‐haploidy was restricted to children of median age 7 years (range 2–15) whereas low hypodiploidy occurred in an older group of median age 15 years (range 9–54). Patients with 42–45 chromosomes were characterized by complex karyotypes involving chromosomes 7, 9 and 12. The features shared by the few patients with 42–44 chromosomes and the large number with 45 justified their inclusion in the same group. Survival analysis showed a poor outcome for the near‐haploid and low hypodiploid groups compared to those with 42–45 chromosomes. Thus cytogenetics, or at least a clear definition of the modal chromosome number, is essential at diagnosis in order to stratify patients with hypodiploidy into the appropriate risk group for treatment.
Mutation of the surface‐exposed amino acid Trp2313 to Ala in the FVIII C2 domain results in defective secretion of the otherwise functional protein
Authors: Schatz Simone M. , Zimmermann Klaus , Hasslacher Meinhard , Kerschbaumer Randolf , Dockal Michael , Gritsch Herbert , Turecek Peter L. , Schwarz Hans P. , Dorner Friedrich , Scheiflinger Friedrich
Published: May 2004

The C2 domain of factor VIII (FVIII) is important for FVIII–phospholipid (PL) and FVIII–von Willebrand factor (VWF) interactions. A FVIII structural model, derived by electron crystallography, suggests four hydrophobic loops at the FVIII C2 domain–PL interface. Within loop four, the solvent‐exposed amino acid, Trp2313, is believed to contribute to FVIII–PL binding. To analyse this interaction, the amino‐acid exchange Trp2313 to Ala (W2313A) was introduced into the C2 domain of B‐domain‐deleted FVIII (dBFVIII). Both proteins, dBFVIII and W2313A, were expressed in a mammalian expression system. Labelling experiments showed that the mutation W2313A resulted in reduced secretion but did not affect intracellular synthesis of the protein. Specific activity, kinetic parameters, binding to VWF and haemostatic potential in a murine model of haemophilia A were found to be similar for both proteins. Binding studies to synthetic 4% phosphatidyl‐l‐serine vesicles showed, however, a 28‐fold higher KD for W2313A, indicating the important role of Trp2313 in the FVIII–PL interaction. In conclusion, the C2‐domain‐surface‐exposed residue Trp2313, is critical for secretion of the protein. The W2313A mutation weakens binding to phosphatidyl‐l‐serine vesicles but the mutant protein has the same effector function as dBFVIII in vitro and in vivo.
Subcellular localization and mobilization of carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 8 in human neutrophils
Authors: Zhao Linshu , Furebring Mia , Xu Shengyuan , Venge Per
Published: May 2004

The subcellular localization and mobilization of carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 8 (CEACAM8) was investigated quantitatively in human neutrophils. In resting neutrophils the majority of CEACAM8 was present in the secondary granules, and a small amount of CEACAM8 was present in a light membrane fraction. Stimulation of the neutrophils with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate caused a dramatic increase in the content of CEACAM8 in the light membrane fraction, suggesting a translocation of CEACAM8 to the plasma membrane from intracellular pools. The cellular content of CEACAM8 in the neutrophils was estimated to be 82·4 ± 8·9 ng/106 cells (mean ± SE, n = 10). Administration of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) to healthy individuals resulted in an increased content of CEACAM8 in neutrophils on day 1, which decreased on day 4. However, the content of CEACAM8 in the light membrane fraction was increased on day 4, possibly due to the stimulation by induced secondary cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). This study establishes the secondary granules as the major intracellular pools of CEACAM8 in human neutrophils, from which it may translocate to the plasma membranes upon stimulation of the cells. The translocation of CEACAM8 seen in vivo after G‐CSF administration is probably indirect and caused by cytokines such as TNF‐α.
Stem galls affect oak foliage with potential consequences for herbivory
Authors: Foss L. K. , Rieske L. K.
Published: May 2004

Abstract.  1. On two dates, foliar characteristics of pin oak,Quercus palustris, infested with stem galls caused by the horned oak gall,Callirhytis cornigera, were investigated, and the consequences for subsequent herbivory assessed.

2. Second‐instar caterpillars of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar, preferred foliage from ungalled trees.

3. Ungalled trees broke bud earlier than their galled counterparts.

4. Galled trees produced denser leaves with higher nitrogen and tannin concentrations, but foliar carbohydrates did not differ among galled and ungalled trees.

5. Concentrations of foliar carbohydrates in both galled and ungalled trees increased uniformly between the two assay dates. Nitrogen concentrations were greater in leaves from galled trees, and decreased uniformly in galled and ungalled trees over time. Foliar tannins were also greater in foliage from galled trees early in the season; however, foliar tannins declined seasonally in galled tissue so that by the second assay date there was no difference in tannin concentrations between galled and ungalled foliage.

6. In spite of differences in foliar characteristics, performance of older, fourth instar gypsy moth caterpillars did not differ between galled and ungalled trees.
Catchment urbanisation and increased benthic algal biomass in streams: linking mechanisms to management
Authors: Taylor Sally L. , Roberts Simon C. , Walsh Christopher J. , Hatt Belinda E.
Published: May 2004

1. Urbanisation is an important cause of eutrophication in waters draining urban areas. We determined whether benthic algal biomass in small streams draining urban areas was explained primarily by small‐scale factors (benthic light, substratum type and nutrient concentrations) within a stream, or by catchment‐scale variables that incorporate the interacting multiple impacts of urbanisation (i.e. variables that describe urban density and the intensity of drainage or septic tank systems).

2. Benthic algal biomass was assessed as chlorophyll a density (chl a) in 16 streams spanning a rural–urban gradient, with both a wide range of urban density and of piped stormwater infrastructure intensity on the eastern fringe of metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. The gradient of urban density among streams was broadly correlated with catchment imperviousness, drainage connection (proportion of impervious areas connected to streams by stormwater pipes), altitude, longitude and median phosphorus concentration. Catchment area, septic tank density, median nitrogen concentration, benthic light (photosynthetically active radiation) and substratum type were not strongly correlated with the urban gradient.

3. Variation in benthic light and substratum type within streams explained a relatively small amount of variation in log chl a (3–11 and 1–13%, respectively) compared with between‐site variation (39–54%).

4. Median chl a was positively correlated with catchment urbanisation, with a large proportion of variance explained jointly (as determined by hierarchical partitioning) by those variables correlated with urban density. Independent of this correlation, the contributions of drainage connection and altitude to the explained variance in chl a were significant.

5. The direct connection of impervious surfaces to streams by stormwater pipes is hypothesised as the main determinant of algal biomass in these streams through its effect on the supply of phosphorus, possibly in interaction with stormwater‐related impacts on grazing fauna. Management of benthic algal biomass in streams of urbanised catchments is likely to be most effective through the application of stormwater management approaches that reduce drainage connection.
Comparison of apical transportation between ProFile™ and ProTaper™ NiTi rotary instruments
Authors: Iqbal M. K. , Firic S. , Tulcan J. , Karabucak B. , Kim S.
Published: May 2004

Aim  To use a newly developed radiographic technique to compare apical transportation and loss of working length (WL) between .06 taper ProFile™ Series 29 and ProTaper™ nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments in vitro.

Methodology  Mesio‐buccal canals of 40 extracted mandibular molars were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 was instrumented with ProFile™ and group 2 with ProTaper™ instruments according to the manufacturers' directions. A specially constructed radiographic jig with a Schick digital radiographic system (Schick Technologies Inc., Long Island City, NY, USA) was used to take pre‐ and postoperative radiographs of the samples at predetermined angulations. Using AutoCAD 2000 (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA), the central axes of initial and final instruments were radiographically superimposed to determine the loss of WL and degree of transportation at D0, D1, D2 and D4 from the WL. Data were analysed using repeated‐measures anova.

Results  A statistically significant difference in apical transportation was found at the D4 level between the two groups (P = 0.05). There was no statistical significance regarding postinstrumentation change in WL between groups. Spearman's Bivariate Correlation analysis indicated no statistically significant relationship between the radius of curvature and transportation.

Conclusion  The results indicate that both ProTaper™ and ProFile™ instruments are comparable to each other in regards to their ability to optimally enlarge root canal with minimal transportation and loss of WL in vitro.
Decalcification of root canal dentine by citric acid, EDTA and sodium citrate
Authors: Machado‐Silveiro L. F. , González‐López S. , González‐Rodríguez M. P.
Published: May 2004

Aim  To measure the demineralization capability of 1 and 10% citric acid, 10% sodium citrate and 17% EDTA during immersions of 5, 10 and 15 min on root canal dentine.

Methodology  Crowns were sectioned from eight maxillary canines. The cementum was removed from the cervical third of the roots to expose the dentine. Canals were prepared using a handpiece‐mounted Largo Peeso reamer. A 3‐mm thick cross‐sectional slice was obtained from the cervical third of each root. Each slice was sectioned into four equal parts. These specimens were assigned to one of four groups (n = 8) for the application of 1% citric acid, 10% citric acid, 10% sodium citrate or 17% EDTA. Each specimen underwent three successive 5‐min immersions in each solution at room temperature. The solutions were not renewed between immersions. Two millimetres of solution were collected from the extracts and lanthanum oxide was added for the calcium reading by spectrophotometry. To compare the amounts of calcium removed by each solution, the Friedman test was used for the global comparison and the Wilcoxon test for paired comparisons. Differences between groups were evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis test for the global comparison and Mann–Whitney test for paired comparisons.

Results  Overall, 1 and 10% citric acid were more effective than EDTA or sodium citrate at the three immersion times (P < 0.001); 10% citric acid was more effective than 1% citric acid (P < 0.001). EDTA and 1 and 10% citric acid showed decreasing effectiveness with time, and the decrease was significant for citric acid at both concentrations (P < 0.001). Although sodium citrate removed little calcium during the three time periods, the small increase recorded was significant (P < 0.01).

Conclusions  Citric acid at 10% was the most effective decalcifying agent, followed by 1% citric acid, 17% EDTA and 10% sodium citrate.
The influence of root‐end resection and root‐end cavity preparation on microleakage of root filled teeth in vitro
Authors: Kontakiotis E. G. , Lagoudakos T. A. , Georgopoulou M. K.
Published: May 2004

Aim  To investigate in vitro the influence of root‐end resection and root‐end cavity preparation on leakage of root filled teeth.

Methodology  The root canals of 48 roots, 16 mandibular premolars (G1), 16 mandibular incisors (G2) and 16 maxillary incisors (G3), 12 mm in length, were enlarged using a modified ‘balanced force’ technique and filled with gutta‐percha and sealer using lateral compaction. After setting, leakage along the canal was measured using a fluid transport model. Root‐end resection and root‐end cavity preparation were then performed, leaving roots 10 mm in length with root fillings of 7 mm (groups R1, R2 and R3, respectively). Fluid transport was measured again along the remaining root fillings of all groups using the same experimental conditions. Results of leakage before and after root‐end resection were analysed statistically using the Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon tests.

Results  A total of 31% of the roots leaked before and 54% after root‐end preparation; the difference was significantly different (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found either among groups G1, G2, G3 (P = 0.565) or among groups R1, R2, R3 (P =0.2628). Significant differences, however, were shown between groups G1–R1 (P = 0.0053), G2–R2 (P =0.0089) and G3–R3 (P = 0.0461).

Conclusions  Root‐end resection and root‐end cavity preparation compromised the seal of 7 mm root fillings in all tooth groups. Increased leakage was recorded in the following order: mandibular incisors > mandibular premolars > maxillary incisors.
Unique roles of the rrn P2 rRNA promoters in Escherichia coli
Authors: Murray Heath D. , Gourse Richard L.
Published: May 2004

In bacteria, genes are often expressed from multiple promoters to allow for a greater spectrum of regulation. Transcription of rRNA genes in Escherichia coli uses two promoters, rrn P1 and rrn P2. Under the conditions examined previously, the P1 and P2 promoters were regulated in response to many of the same changes in nutritional conditions. We report here that rrn P2 promoters play unique roles in rRNA expression during transitional situations. rrn P2 promoters play a dominant role in rRNA synthesis as cells enter into and persist in stationary phase. rrn P2 promoters also play a role in the rapid increases in rRNA synthesis that occur during outgrowth from stationary phase and during the initial stages of rapid shifts to richer media. We demonstrate that rrnB P2 directly senses the concentrations of guanosine 5′‐disphosphate 3′‐diphosphate (ppGpp) and the initiating nucleoside triphosphate (iNTP), thereby accounting, at least in part, for the observed patterns of regulation. Our work significantly extends previous information about the regulators responsible for control of the rrn P2 promoters and the relationship between the tandem rRNA promoters.
Bacteriophage T4 endonuclease II: concerted single‐strand nicks yield double‐strand cleavage
Authors: Carlson Karin , Lagerbäck Pernilla , Nyström Anna‐Chey
Published: May 2004

In vivo, endonuclease II (EndoII) of coliphage T4 cleaves sites with conserved sequence elements (CSEs) to both the left and the right of the cleaved bonds, 16 bp altogether with some variability tolerated. In vitro, however, single‐strand nicks in the lower strand predominate at sites containing only the left‐side CSE that determines the precise position of lower strand nicks. Upper strand nick positions vary both in vivo and in vitro. A 24 bp substrate was nicked with the same precision as in longer substrates, showing that the conserved sequence suffices for precise nicking by EndoII. Using DNA ligase in vitro, we found that EndoII nicked both strands simultaneously at an in vivo‐favoured site but not at an in vitro‐favoured site. This indicates that the right‐side CSE at in vivo‐favoured sites is important for simultaneous nicking of both strands, generating double‐strand cleavage. Separate analysis of the two strands following in vitro digestion at two in vitro‐favoured sites showed that EndoII nicked the lower strand about 1.5‐fold faster than the upper strand. In addition, the upper and lower strands were nicked independently of each other, seldom resulting in double‐strand cleavage. Thus, cleavage by EndoII is the fortuitous outcome of two separate nicking events.
Characterization of the MerD protein from Ralstonia metallidurans CH34: a possible role in bacterial mercury resistance by switching off the induction of the mer operon
Authors: Champier Ludovic , Duarte Victor , Michaud‐Soret Isabelle , Covès Jacques
Published: May 2004

MerD and MerR from Tn4378 found in Ralstonia metallidurans CH34 were purified to homogeneity after overexpression in Escherichia coli. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and footprinting experiments, we found that MerD cannot bind to DNA. However, in vitro MerD can form a ternary complex in association with merOP and MerR. The presence of MerD in this complex was demonstrated by Western analysis with antibodies to MerD. To our knowledge, this is the first description of such a ternary complex between MerD–MerR and DNA. The formation and stability of this ternary complex are dependent on the relative concentration of the two proteins and modulated by the presence of mercury. We postulate that MerD could displace Hg‐bound MerR from the mer operator to allow new synthesis of metal‐free MerR able to switch off the induction of the mer genes when the external mercury is exhausted. This could fully explain how MerD can be a co‐regulator repressing the induction of the mer operon.
Cleavage‐dependent activation of a chlamydia‐secreted protease
Authors: Dong Feng , Pirbhai Mustak , Zhong Youmin , Zhong Guangming
Published: May 2004

A chlamydia‐secreted protein designated CPAF (chlamydial proteasome‐like activity factor) was shown previously to degrade host transcriptional factors (e.g. RFX5) required for major histocompatibility (MHC) gene activation. Although CPAF is encoded by a single open reading frame (ORF) in the chlamydial genome, two fragments designated CPAFn and CPAFc were the main products purified. The current study was designed to test whether cleavage of CPAF into CPAFn and CPAFc is a physiological process required for CPAF proteolytic activity. Pulse–chase experiments revealed that CPAF was initially synthesized in chlamydia‐infected cells as a 70 kDa full‐length protein and rapidly cleaved into CPAFn and c fragments. Full‐length CPAF expressed via a transgene in mammalian cells remained uncleaved and had no proteolytic activity, whereas CPAF expressed in Escherichia coli cells was processed and possessed RFX5 degradation activity. CPAF mutants deficient in processing even when expressed by E. coli failed to degrade RFX5. More importantly, the RFX5 degradation activity was partially restored when the mutant CPAF was artificially induced to undergo cleavage. These observations together have demonstrated that cleavage of CPAF is both necessary and sufficient for CPAF activity.
Encoded errors: mutations and rearrangements mediated by misalignment at repetitive DNA sequences
Authors: Lovett Susan T.
Published: May 2004

Mutations and rearrangements that occur by misalignment during DNA replication are frequent sources of genetic variation in bacteria. Dislocations between a replicating strand and its template at repetitive DNA sequences underlie the mechanism of these genetic events. Such misalignments can be transient or stable and can involve intramolecular or intermolecular DNA mispairing, even pairing across a replication fork. Paradoxically, these replication ‘slippage’ events both create and destroy repetitive sequences in bacterial genomes. This review catalogues several types of slippage errors, presents the cellular processes that act to limit them and discusses the consequences of this class of genetic events on the evolution of bacterial genomes and physiology.
Characterization of the prion protein gene (PRNP) region in Swiss sheep breeds
Authors: Gmür A. , Gaillard C. , Dolf G.
Published: May 2004

Polymorphisms in the PRNP gene have both an influence on the progress of scrapie and also of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in sheep. In the light that sheep are potentially susceptible to BSE the goal of this project was to characterize 50 animals of each of the four major Swiss sheep breeds, namely Swiss Oxford Down, Swiss Black‐Brown Mountain, Valais Blacknose and Swiss White Alpine with respect to polymorphisms in the PRNP region. A 628‐bp fragment of exon 3 of PRNP comprising codons 112–211 was amplified by PCR and analysed by direct sequencing. Heterozygous genotypes were further verified by restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. Polymorphisms could be observed at codons 112, 136, 137, 141, 143, 154 and 171 but not at codons 138, 151 and 211. One of the scrapie cases in Switzerland, a sheep of Swiss White Alpine, was also genotyped. Based on the polymorphisms observed at codons 136, 154 and 171 all four sheep breeds should be considered potentially susceptible to scrapie and BSE.
Spatial pattern of parasitism inDiatraea saccharalisFab. (Lep., Crambidae) populations at two different spatial scales in sugarcane fields in Brazil
Authors: Rossi M. N. , Fowler H. G.
Published: May 2004

Abstract: The biological control ofDiatraea saccharalisis regarded as one of the best examples of successful classical biological control in Brazil. Since the introduction of the exotic parasitoid,Cotesia flavipes, the decrease inD. saccharalisinfestation in sugarcane fields has been attributed to the effectiveness of this agent. Native Tachinidae fly parasitoids (Lydella minenseandParatheresia claripalpis) have also been implicated in the success. Quantitative data confirming the actual contribution of these agents to the control ofD. saccharalisare, however, rather scant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial pattern of parasitism of these parasitoids inD. saccharalispopulations at two large spatial scales (fields and zones). To investigate this subject, a large data set comprising information collected from a sugarcane mill located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil (São João sugarcane mill) was analysed. When regressions between the proportion parasitism against host density were computed, the percentage of significant regressions with either a positive or a negative slope was very small at both spatial scales for both parasitoid species. Regressing the densities of tachinid‐parasitized hosts against host densities per field showed that these parasitoids presented a ‘moderate aggregative’ response to host densities, as 53.33% of the regressions were positively significant.Cotesia flavipeswas ‘weakly aggregated’ on host densities at the field level, because only 33.33% of the regressions were positively significant. At the zone level, neither aggregative nor spatial proportion parasitism responses were evident for either parasitoid species due to the small percentage of significant regressions computed.
Influence of different sugars on the longevity of Bathyplectes curculionis (Hym., Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Jacob H. Spafford , Evans E. W.
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  Floral nectars, homopteran honeydews and honey are known to increase parasitoid longevity. However, these foods are composed of several sugars which may differentially affect longevity. We tested the effects of individual sugars and mixtures on the longevity of Bathyplectes curculionis Thomson (Hym., Ichenumonidae), a natural enemy of the alfalfa weevil. There was a significant difference in the longevity of female wasps on the various diets. Glucose or fructose alone appeared to have the most benefits while trehalose and melezitose were not as useful for increasing wasp longevity. Suitability of these sugars for provisioning food for parasitoids in the field is discussed.
The Value of Information in the Hold-Up Problem
Authors: Pfeiffer Thomas
Published: May 2004

In the literature, the information structure of the hold-up problem is typically assumed to be exogenous. In this paper, we introduce an additional stage at which the head office may grant individual divisions access to an information system before they undertake their specific investments. Although more information ceteris paribus enhances each divisions’ profits, more information can reduce divisions’ investments and destroy synergies for the other division that would have been generated by the investments. If this negative effect dominates, then information can be harmful for the entire company. Hence, information control can be a subtle force to deal with the hold-up problem to a certain extent. In this paper we analyze those conditions under which information is either harmful or beneficial for central management.
Norway: Madisonianism Reborn
Authors: Narud Hanne Marthe , Strøm Kaare
Published: May 2004

This article discusses citizen control in Norwegian parliamentary democracy, and specifically the changes that have recently taken place. Around 1960 Norway had reached a constitutional form that, apart from the consequences of proportional representation, looked much like a Westminster system. From that point on, however, Norwegian democracy has generally moved away from this model. A series of minority governments has given rise to parliamentary reassertion. The Norwegian party system has fragmented, and the individual parties have atrophied as mass membership organizations. A wave of corporatism and later a heightened assertiveness on the part of the judiciary have helped to contain parliamentary power. Two critical European Union membership referendums in 1972 and 1994 have firmly established the role of direct democracy in critical political decisions. And despite the results of these two popular consultations, international constraints have become ever more significant.

Compared with most others in Europe, however, Norway is a relatively unconstrained polity. There are few important ways in which the citizenry is partitioned into multiple democratic principals, and the country is a reasonable fit to the parliamentary ideal type of an unfettered hierarchy controlled by the median voter. At the same time, the trend is unmistakably one towards greater policy‐making complexity and increasing constraints on policy makers. Norway's reluctant but seemingly inevitable incorporation into a larger Europe is the greatest and most decisive of these constraints, but it is not the only one. Judicial institutions are likely to play an increasingly important political role, and direct democracy perhaps likewise. And although central bank independence has met with greater scepticism than in most other European countries, it is not likely to be reversed. All in all, it seems that Norwegian parliamentary governance is becoming at least a little more Madisonian and a little less Westminsterian.
INEQUALITY, MAJORITY VOTING AND THE REDISTRIBUTIVE EFFECTS OF PUBLIC EDUCATION FUNDING
Authors: Glomm Gerhard
Published: May 2004

Abstract.  This paper documents that in poor countries redistribution in cash is negligible. To the extent that public education funding is redistributive, the lion's share of redistribution in poor countries is through public education budgets. I present a simple model of how inequality determines redistribution through public education spending when funding decisions are made through majority voting. Contrary to T. Persson and G. Tabellini, and contrary to conventional wisdom, in the present model higher inequality leads to less redistribution if the curvature in the utility function is sufficiently high. I argue that large curvature of the utility function is empirically relevant.
EXCHANGE RATE RISK AND EXPORT REVENUE IN TAIWAN
Authors: Fang Wen Shwo , Thompson Henry
Published: May 2004

Abstract.  The effect of exchange rate risk on export revenue in Taiwan between 1979 and 2001 is investigated in a bivariate GARCH‐M model that simultaneously estimates time‐varying risk. Depreciation is found to stimulate export revenue in domestic currency, but the quantitative impact is small and any associated increase in exchange risk has a negative impact. Implications for economic policy are discussed.
Women's experiences in connection with induced abortion –  a feminist perspective
Authors: Aléx Lena , Hammarström Anne
Published: May 2004

Although abortions are common, few researchers have explored the experiences of women related to abortions. The aim of this qualitative study was to analyse women's experiences of induced abortion from a feminist perspective. Five women aged 19–33 years were interviewed about 1 month after their abortion. The interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis from which the following themes were identified: experiences connected with the decision‐making process, experiences connected with the abortion and experiences after the abortion. Childhood experiences of divided families, financial problems, being too young, and an insecure partnership influenced the women's decision to have an abortion. Ambivalence about abortion was strongly expressed throughout the process. Despite positive attitudes towards abortion in general, the women had negative attitudes towards their own abortion. They described receiving most support from their mothers and friends, in the decision‐making process, and least from their partners. After the abortion the women gained a feeling of maturity and experience although their ambivalence persisted. One conclusion drawn from our study is that nurses and midwives need to be aware of women's complex experiences with abortions in order to support and empower women who seek an abortion.
A phenomenological hermeneutical method for researching lived experience
Authors: Lindseth Anders , Norberg Astrid
Published: May 2004

This study describes a phenomenological hermeneutical method for interpreting interview texts inspired by the theory of interpretation presented by Paul Ricoeur. Narrative interviews are transcribed. A naïve understanding of the text is formulated from an initial reading. The text is then divided into meaning units that are condensed and abstracted to form sub‐themes, themes and possibly main themes, which are compared with the naïve understanding for validation. Lastly the text is again read as a whole, the naïve understanding and the themes are reflected on in relation to the literature about the meaning of lived experience and a comprehensive understanding is formulated. The comprehensive understanding discloses new possibilities for being in the world. This world can be described as the prefigured life world of the interviewees as configured in the interview and refigured first in the researcher's interpretation and second in the interpretation of the readers of the research report. This may help the readers refigure their own life.
Ill health is powerlessness: a phenomenological study about worthlessness, limitations and suffering
Authors: Margaretha Strandmark K.
Published: May 2004

The aim of the study was to create an understanding of the different dimensions of subjective ill health through discovering the essence of ill health, based on the individual experience. A philosophical, phenomenological method has been employed, and in‐depth interviews were conducted with 25 individuals. The findings showed that the essence of ill health is powerlessness, which is made by a self‐image of worthlessness, a sense of being imprisoned in one's life situation, and emotional suffering. The individual views her/himself as worthless, based on societal norms, attitudes and human models. Incapability and a sense of worthlessness cause the individual to distrust her/himself and others. She/he is imprisoned in her/his own life situation due to limited choices and ability. Such a situation gives rise to apathy. Destructive feelings of alienation, anguish, shame and guilt take over, and the individual's autonomy and existence are threatened. Stigmatization results from suffering and a sense of worthlessness. The informants compensated for their vulnerability by means of human support, intimacy with others, a society adapted to disability, living in the present and awareness.
Perspectives and practice: speech and language therapy student views of an interprofessional learning experience
Authors: Baxter Susan K
Published: May 2004

This article describes a work‐place interprofessional learning experience for Speech and Language Therapy (SLT) students in an acute hospital, using an innovative model of Speech and Language Therapy students learning with students and qualified professionals from other disciplines. The experience was evaluated via a feedback form, use of the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) and group discussion. The study details feedback on the sessions, with participants reporting greatest benefit in terms of teamwork and collaboration. Student and tutor reflections on the learning experience are outlined and related to broader issues surrounding interprofessional learning in work‐place settings.
Sensor Optimisation using an Ant Colony Metaphor
Authors: Overton G. , Worden K.
Published: May 2004

Abstract:  This paper describes an approach to impact detection and location using neural networks and an ant colony metaphor. Given the existence of an effective fault detection procedure, the problem arises as to how the sensors should be placed for optimal efficiency of the detector. In this paper, a neural network is used to locate and classify impacts on a composite panel and the ant colony metaphor is used to determine an optimal (or near optimal) sensor distribution. The results are compared with those from a previous study which used a genetic algorithm for the optimisation phase.
Computer Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction of the Atrioventricular Conduction System
Authors: MUTHARASAN RAJA KANNAN , NAGARAJ ASHWIN , HAMILTON ANDREW J. , McPHERSON DAVID D. , BHARATI SAROJA
Published: May 2004

The human atrioventricular conduction system (AVCS), which includes the AV node and its approaches, AV bundle (penetrating, branching, and bifurcating parts), and the bundle branches, is a curved complex structure that has not been reconstructed in three dimensions using computer technology. Microscopic slides of every 40th serial section (cut at 7 micron level) of the AVCS were digitized into 600 dots/inch color images. External outlines of each section were manually segmented using commercially available three‐dimensional rendering software (Rhinoceros). The AVCS was traced from light microscopy and superimposed onto the external outlines. To account for inherent errors in histological slide preparation, an optimization procedure was used to align external outlines of all sections. The optimal rotation and translation of each section was established by maximizing area of overlap between adjacent sections. A sequential one‐dimensional minimization algorithm was used for optimization. Rotation and translation values were then used to align external outlines and the superimposed conduction system, reconstructing the AVCS in three‐dimensions. To validate the method, the algorithm was applied to a digitized image transformed with known translations and rotations. The validation procedure demonstrated that each test image aligned in translations and to within 0.01 degree in rotations. Spatial error determined by resolution of the digitized images was ±0.5/600 inch (±21 microns). Three‐dimensional reconstruction of every 40th serial section clearly demonstrated the complex curved shape of the AVCS. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of the human and canine AVCS permits accurate pathological and electrophysiological correlation of the conduction system. (PACE 2004; 27[Pt. I]:740–748)
P Waves in Patients with Changing Edematous States:
Authors: MADIAS JOHN E.
Published: May 2004

Reported associations between weight and amplitude of QRS complexes in patients with anasarca and those undergoing hemodialysis (HD) led to the hypothesis that similar alterations in the P waves may occur with changing edematous states. The objective of this study was to explore whether anasarca or the state prior to HD are associated with attenuated P waves. The sum of P wave amplitude in millimeters measured in the 12 leads of the ECG (ΣP) was calculated in 28 patients with anasarca, 28 “controls,” without change in their weight during hospitalization, and in 1 patient before and after 26 HD sessions. Admission ΣP (10.5 ± 4.9 mm) decreased at peak weight (3.8 ± 2.0 mm, P = 0.0005) in patients with anasarca and increased at subsequent lowest weight in those who lost weight (2.3 ± 1.3 vs 6.15 ± 1.6 mm, P = 0.002). Admission and discharge ΣPs were 10.9 ± 4.5 and 9.8 ± 3.8 mm, P = 0.062 in the controls, and 13.7 ± 2.8 mm before and 18.2 ± 3.0 mm after HD, P = 0.0005. In the patients with anasarca, the percent of decrease in ΣP correlated well with the percent of increase in weight (r = 0.70, P = 0.0028) and percent of decrease in the sum of QRS complexes from all 12 ECG leads (r = 0.62, P = 0.01). After HD, the percent of increase in ΣP correlated with percent of increase in the body electrical resistance (r = 0.44, P = 0.029), reactance (r = 0.46, P = 0.020), and impedance (r = 0.44, P = 0.029). Alterations in P wave amplitudes, commensurate with the ones affecting the corresponding QRS complexes, occur in patients developing anasarca, and those undergoing HD. This observation suggests that accurate measurement of the P wave amplitudes in such patients cannot be made until the fluid overload is alleviated, and this factor should be taken into consideration when repeat P wave measurements are compared. (PACE 2004; 27[Pt. I]:749–756)
Gender Differences in the Dynamics of Terminal T Wave Intervals
Authors: NAKAGAWA MIKIKO , OOIE TATSUHIKO , OU BAIQING , ICHINOSE MASASHI , YONEMOCHI HIDETOSHI , SAIKAWA TETSUNORI
Published: May 2004

This study was designed to investigate gender differences in the dynamic changes of the terminal T wave (Ta‐e interval) of healthy subjects. Holter ECGs were recorded in 24 healthy volunteers (12 men aged 23 ± 2 years). The intervals from QRS onset to the apex (QaT) and to the end of the T wave (QeT), and the interval between the apex and the end of the T wave (Ta‐e) were measured. Then, the QeT/RR, QaT/RR, and Ta‐e/RR relationship was evaluated by linear regression analysis in each subject. The QeT and QaT intervals were significantly longer in women than men and the slope of the QeT/RR and QaT/RR relationship was steeper in women than men. The Ta‐e intervals showed a significant but weaker positive correlation with the preceding RR intervals in 7 (58.3%) men and 9 (75.0%) women. The average values of the slope and the correlation coefficient of the Ta‐e/RR relationship were significantly smaller compared to those of QeT and QaT in both men and women (P < 0.0001). The slope of the Ta‐e/RR relationship was significantly greater in women than men (0.025 ± 0.009 vs 0.011 ± 0.012, P < 0.005). However, the Ta‐e intervals were significantly longer over the entire range of RR intervals in men than women (P < 0.0001). The rate‐correcting formulas of Bazett and Framingham overcorrected the Ta‐e intervals. The observed gender difference in the measurement and dynamics of the Ta‐e interval may help to understand the mechanisms underlying the gender difference in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. (PACE 2004; 27[Pt. I]:769–774)
Differences Between Study‐Specific and Subject‐Specific Heart Rate Corrections of the QT Interval in Investigations of Drug Induced QTc Prolongation
Authors: MALIK MAREK , HNATKOVA KATERINA , BATCHVAROV VELISLAV
Published: May 2004

A computational study was designed to investigate the differences between the so‐called study‐specific and subject‐specific heart rate corrections of QT interval. In 53 healthy subjects (25 women, mean age 26.7 ± 8.7 years), serial 10‐second electrocardiograms (ECG) were obtained during daytime hours. In each subject, 200 ECGs were selected representative of the individual QT/RR relationship. Of the population of 53 subjects, 30,000 different subgroups of 16 subjects were considered and their data used to model drug induced QT interval prolongation by 0, 5, 10, and 20 ms combined with drug induced heart rate acceleration and deceleration. In each modeled study, QTc changes were assessed by: (1) Six study‐specific heart rate corrections designed by regression modeling of the baseline QT/RR data pooled from all subjects; (2) Six subject‐specific heart rate corrections designed by the same regression modeling of the baseline QT/RR data in each subject separately; (3) subject optimized correction that selected the best fitting regression model for each individual; and (4) by Bazett and Fridericia corrections. In each modeled study, the errors of the correction approaches were estimated and statistically summarized over all modeled studies. The subject‐specific corrections led to maximum errors in single milliseconds (error range of 2.4, 5.7, and 2.6 ms with linear, log/log linear, and exponential models, respectively) while the study‐specific corrections led to substantially greater errors (error range of 17.8, 19.4, and 16.9 ms with linear, log/log linear, and exponential models, respectively). Both Bazett and Fridericia corrections led not only to substantial errors (error range of 28.3 and 16.9 ms) but also to regular bias with systematically false negative and false positive conclusions dependent on modeled heart rate acceleration and deceleration. Thus, subjects‐specific corrections should be used in the intensive and definite studies aimed at providing the final answer on the ability of a drug to prolong the QT interval. (PACE 2004; 27[Pt. I]:791–800)
Double Target Method (Double Marker‐Guided Extrathoracic Introducer Insertion)
Authors: KAWAKAMI TOHRU , ICHINOSE HIROYUKI
Published: May 2004

Incidence of damage to pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads is an emerging problem that should be prevented. The extrathoracic venipuncture approach has been suggested as a technique for venous access to avoid the problem. This report describes the method of double marker‐guided venipuncture of extrathoracic subclavian and/or axillary vein. This approach achieves definite, safe, and speedy extrathoracic venipuncture and may be especially suitable for multiple lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy. (PACE 2004; 27[Pt. I]:818–820)
Successful Use of Quinidine in Treatment of Electrical Storm in Brugada Syndrome
Authors: MOK NGAI‐SHING , CHAN NGAI‐YIN , CHI‐SUEN CHIU ALEX
Published: May 2004

We report an adolescent with a malignant form of Brugada syndrome who presented with 15 episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) over 10 days, shortly after implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Oral quinidine bisulphate at a dose of 1000mg/day successfully suppressed the electrical storm and recurrence of VF over 18‐month follow‐up. It also normalized the ST‐segment elevation in his right precordial leads, suppressed all ambient unifocal ventricular extrasystoles and induction of VF on programmed electrical stimulation. This case suggests that quinidine, by virtue of its blocking action on Ito, may be useful as adjunctive therapy in Brugada syndrome. (PACE 2004; 27[Pt. I]:821–823)
Ultrasound‐guided liver biopsy in birds
Authors: Zebisch K. , Krautwald‐Junghanns M.‐E. , Willuhn J.
Published: May 2004

In this study, 30 pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) and 30 quails (Coturnix coturnix) were used to evaluate the diagnostic practicability and relevance of an ultrasound‐conducted liver biopsy. Their body weight ranged between 144 and 603 g. Considering anatomical peculiarities, the lateral (pigeons) or ventro‐median (quails) access was chosen. In the case of the pigeons, 29 (96.7%) biopsies proved clearly to be liver tissue, while in the case of the smaller quails, 19 (63.3%) samples could be clearly identified as liver tissue. All animals but one quail survived the intervention. The blood chemical parameters varied before and after the biopsy within the physiological range. These results show that ultrasound‐guided liver biopsy in avian patients is generally possible and with strict indication and conscientious application can be considered as a relatively risk free and diagnostically sensible addition to liver diagnostic in birds. An aimed collection of focal hepatic alterations is conceivable depending on the size of the patient.
Preliminary study of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during low‐ and high‐dose radiation therapy of dogs with spontaneous tumors
Authors: Wergin Melanie C. , Ballmer‐Hofer Kurt , Roos Malgorzata , Achermann Roger E. , Inteeworn Natalie , Akens Margarete K. , Blattmann Hans , Kaser‐Hotz Barbara
Published: May 2004

High plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations are associated with radiation resistance and poor prognosis. After an exposure to ionizing radiation in cell culture an early phase and a late phase of increased VEGF have been documented. The activation was dependent on the radiation dose. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure baseline plasma VEGF and changes in VEGF over the course of fractionated radiation therapy in dogs with spontaneous tumors. Dogs with tumors had a significantly higher pretreatment plasma VEGF than did dogs without tumors. Immediately after irradiation no increased plasma VEGF was observed. Over the course of radiation therapy there was an increased plasma VEGF in dogs treated with low doses per fraction/high total dose, whereas plasma VEGF remained stable in dogs irradiated with high doses per fraction/low total dose. The regulatory mechanisms are very complex, and therefore the value of plasma VEGF measurements as an indirect marker of angiogenesis induced by radiotherapy is limited.
Burst generation in rat pyramidal neurones by regenerative potentials elicited in a restricted part of the basilar dendritic tree
Authors: Milojkovic Bogdan A. , Radojicic Mihailo S. , Goldman‐Rakic Patricia S. , Antic Srdjan D.
Published: May 2004

The common preconception about central nervous system neurones is that thousands of small postsynaptic potentials sum across the entire dendritic tree to generate substantial firing rates, previously observed in in vivo experiments. We present evidence that local inputs confined to a single basal dendrite can profoundly influence the neuronal output of layer V pyramidal neurones in the rat prefrontal cortical slices. In our experiments, brief glutamatergic stimulation delivered in a restricted part of the basilar dendritic tree invariably produced sustained plateau depolarizations of the cell body, accompanied by bursts of action potentials. Because of their small diameters, basolateral dendrites are not routinely accessible for glass electrode measurements, and very little is known about their electrical properties and their role in information processing. Voltage‐sensitive dye recordings were used to follow membrane potential transients in distal segments of basal branches during sub‐ and suprathreshold glutamate and synaptic stimulations. Recordings were obtained simultaneously from multiple dendrites and multiple points along individual dendrites, thus showing in a direct way how regenerative potentials initiate at the postsynaptic site and propagate decrementally toward the cell body. The glutamate‐evoked dendritic plateau depolarizations described here are likely to occur in conjunction with strong excitatory drive during so‐called ‘UP states’, previously observed in in vivo recordings from mammalian cortices.