bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three approximations to the nonlocal and energy‐dependent correlation potential in electron propagator theory
Authors: Flores‐Moreno R. , Melin J. , Dolgounitcheva O. , Zakrzewski V. G. , Ortiz J. V.
Published: June 2009

The historical dilemma that pits accuracy against interpretability in molecular electronic structure calculations may be resolved with electron propagator theory. In the interpretation of electron binding energies, electron propagator theory provides a systematically improvable description of electron correlation while retaining one‐electron concepts, such as Dyson orbitals, of wide‐ranging interpretive facility. The nonlocal, energy‐dependent correlation potential, known as the self‐energy, which occurs in the one‐electron equations of electron propagator theory may be approximated in practical calculations. The partial third‐order approximation has been employed in many calculations on large molecules. Applications to fragments of nucleic acids show how qualitative, orbital‐based insights emerge from calculations that suffice to quantitatively assign photoelectron spectra. A quasiparticle virtual orbital method for improving the efficiency of this method shows considerable promise. Simple perturbative approaches may be combined with renormalizations that incorporate final‐state orbital relaxation effects with the use of reference ensembles that correspond to Slater's transition state method. Such approximations produce useful predictions for core as well as valence electron binding energies. Another approximation that is based on highly correlated reference states and a renormalized treatment of the self‐energy shows considerable flexibility in the accurate prediction of electron binding energies. This method suffices to make definitive assignments of photoelectron spectra of double Rydberg anions, species whose ground state electronic structure requires assignment of electrons to nonvalence orbitals. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
On the nature of copper–hydrogen bonding: AIM and NBO analysis of CuHn(1 ≤n≤ 6) complexes
Authors: Uribe Emilbus A. , Daza Martha C. , Villaveces José L. , Delgado Silvia A.
Published: June 2009

An analysis of copper–hydrogen interactions of six minima and one transition state on the CuHnpotential energy surfaces was done using Atoms in Molecules theory and Natural Bond Orbital approach with UB3LYP/DGDZVP wave functions. We localized one minimum on all CuHnpotential energy surfaces (PESs) with the exception of the PES withn= 3. This PES has two symmetrical minima and one transition state. The CuHncomplexes withn= 1, 3, and 5 have a monohydride fragment. Those with even number of hydrogens have a dihydride fragment. The remaining H atoms are coordinated as (H2) to CuH or to HCuH. The copper–hydrogen interactions were classified asclosed shell(CS) and the HH bonds asshared shellusing the Laplacian of ρ(r). When it was considered the |V(r)|/G(r) ratio, we could split the copper–hydrogen interactions intopure CSandtransit CS. Taking into account the magnitude of theH(r), the transit CS copper–hydrogen interactions can be divided intodativeandmetallic. On the other hand, according to the NBO analysis, the copper–H2interactions can be classified assynergisticanddative H2coordinationtypes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
A new math library
Authors: Beebe Nelson H. F.
Published: June 2009

The design and development of a new mathematical function library is described. The library extends programming support to decimal, as well as binary, arithmetic, and aims to influence the future evolution of floating‐point support in programming languages, libraries, and hardware. It encourages and facilitates research in new computer‐arithmetic designs, and the analysis and comparison of historical ones. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Cysteine‐capped ZnSe quantum dots as affinity and accelerating probes for microwave enzymatic digestion of proteins via direct matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric analysis
Authors: Shastri Lokesh A. , Kailasa Suresh Kumar , Wu Hui‐Fen
Published: June 2009

Fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) exhibit great potential and capability for many biological and biochemical applications. We report a simple strategy for the synthesis of aqueous stable ZnSe QDs by using cysteine as the capping agent (ZnSe‐Cys QDs). The ZnSe QDs can act as affinity probes to enrich peptides and proteins via direct matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) analysis. This nanoprobe could significantly enhance protein signals (insulin, ubiquitin, cytochrome c, myoglobin and lysozyme) in MALDI‐TOFMS by 2.5–12 times compared with the traditional method. Additionally, the ZnSe‐Cys QDs can be applied as heat absorbers (as accelerating probes) to speed up microwave‐assisted enzymatic digestion reactions and also as affinity probes to enrich lysozyme‐digested products in MALDI‐TOFMS. Furthermore, after the enrichment experiments, the solutions of ZnSe‐Cys QDs mixed with proteins can be directly deposited onto the MALDI plates for rapid analysis. This approach shows a simple, rapid, efficient and straightforward method for direct analysis of proteins or peptides by MALDI‐TOFMS without the requirement for further time‐consuming separation processes, tedious washing steps or laborious purification procedures. The present study has demonstrated that ZnSe‐Cys QDs are reliable and potential materials for rapid, selective separation and enrichment of proteins as well as accelerating probes for microwave‐digested reactions for proteins than the regular MALDI‐MS tools. Additionally, we also believe that this work may also inspire investigations for applications of QDs in the field of MALDI‐MS for proteomics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Target registration and target positioning errors in computer‐assisted neurosurgery: proposal for a standardized reporting of error assessment
Authors: Widmann Gerlig , Stoffner Rudolf , Sieb Michael , Bale Reto
Published: June 2009

Background

Assessment of errors is essential in development, testing and clinical application of computer‐assisted neurosurgery. Our aim was to provide a comprehensive overview of the different methods to assess target registration error (TRE) and target positioning error (TPE) and to develop a proposal for a standardized reporting of error assessment.

Methods

A PubMed research on phantom, cadaver or clinical studies on TRE and TPE has been perfomed. Reporting standards have been defined according to (a) study design and evaluation methods and (b) specifications of the navigation technology.

Results

The proposed standardized reporting includes (a) study design (controlled, non‐controlled), study type (non‐anthropomorphic phantom, anthropomorphic phantom, cadaver, patient), target design, error type and subtypes, space of TPE measurement, statistics, and (b) image modality, scan parameters, tracking technology, registration procedure and targeting technique.

Conclusions

Adoption of the proposed standardized reporting may help in the understanding and comparability of different accuracy reports. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological controls on the transport and deposition of plant propagules within riparian zones
Authors: Moggridge Helen L. , Gurnell Angela M.
Published: June 2009

The establishment of vegetation in riparian zones is dependent upon the availability of suitable habitat and the presence of viable propagules. Studies have shown that propagules are transported by rivers (hydrochory) and deposited in the riparian zone. However, there has been no detailed integrated study of fluvial propagule transport and deposition in relation to the hydrological regime and relative to other key dispersal mechanisms, such as wind dispersal (anemochory) and direct fall from local riparian vegetation.

This paper presents the findings of a 1 year study of the hydrological controls on propagule input, transport and deposition in the riparian zone along two morphologically contrasting reaches of the River Frome (UK) and the potential importance of these processes for the riparian vegetation.

Analysis of samples, taken every 6 weeks, shows that aerial seed dispersal delivered relatively few propagules to the riparian zone and was highly spatially and temporally variable. The river transported and deposited large numbers of propagules of high diversity, including many species which were not present in the local vegetation, although this varied with river water levels and with season. Winter high flows were particularly important for depositing diverse propagules into the riparian zone along with local seed production during the summer. Despite contrasts in the planform and cross profile morphology of the two study reaches, they showed great similarity in patterns of propagule deposition, which were largely driven by the inundation regime, the elevation of the sampling site, and the season of sampling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Does Graphene Grow? Easy Access to Well‐Ordered Graphene Films
Authors: Müller Frank , Sachdev Hermann , Hüfner Stefan , Pollard Andrew J. , Perkins Edward W. , Russell James C. , Beton Peter H. , Gsell Stefan , Fischer Martin , Schreck Matthias , Stritzker Bernd
Published: June 2009

The selective formation of large‐scale graphene layers on a Rh‐YSZ‐Si(111) multilayer substrate by a surface‐induced chemical growth mechanism is investigated using low‐energy electron diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy. It is shown that well‐ordered graphene layers can be grown using simple and controllable procedures. In addition, temperature‐dependent experiments provide insight into the details of the growth mechanisms. A comparison of different precursors shows that a mobile dicarbon species (e.g., C2H2 or C2) acts as a common intermediate for graphene formation. These new approaches offer scalable methods for the large‐scale production of high‐quality graphene layers on silicon‐based multilayer substrates.
A Modified Sector Based Space Vector PWM Technique for Five‐Phase Drives
Authors: Duran Mario J. , Glasberger Tomas , Dujic Drazen , Levi Emil , Peroutka Zdenek
Published: June 2009

Space vector PWM (SVPWM) is a popular and well‐known technique for standard three‐phase drives, which has been extended recently to multi‐phase voltage source inverters (VSIs). Several SVPWM techniques, which utilize the principle of vector space decomposition (VSD), have been developed for various operating modes. The VSD approach inherently relies on considerations in two‐dimensional (2‐D) subspaces, while SVPWM for a multi‐phase VSI is in essence a multi‐dimensional problem. Hence, an alternative approach to SVPWM, which is based on the direct multi‐dimensional space consideration in the space vector selection process rather than on space vector selection in 2‐D subspaces obtained by vector space decomposition, has been recently introduced. Good performance has been identified, but the method is complex and difficult for the real‐time implementation. This article therefore combines multi‐dimensional SVPWM approach with off‐line calculations to achieve required output voltage generation under non‐sinusoidal and/or unbalanced voltage requirements, which represent the most challenging operating conditions from the point of view of the vector selection for PWM. As a consequence, the implementation becomes rather simple in standard DSPs. The performance of the algorithm is verified by simulation and experimentation. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modulated Induction Thermal Plasmas – Fundamentals and Applications –
Authors: Tanaka Yasunori , Uesugi Yoshihiko
Published: June 2009

This paper reviews fundamentals and applications of modulated induction thermal plasmas that have been developed. The coil‐current modulation of the order of several hundreds amperes allows one to make a large disturbance in high‐pressure and high temperature plasmas, and also to control the temperature and radical density in thermal plasmas in time domain. Examples will be introduced on application of the modulated induction thermal plasma to surface modification, in which thermally and chemically nonequilibrium effects are essential in temperature and radical density fields. Finally, dynamic behaviors of an arbitrary‐waveform modulated induction thermal plasma that has recently been developed were also introduced as a new type of modulated induction thermal plasmas. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of Divertor Plasma Simulators with High Heat Flux Plasmas and its Application to Nuclear Fusion Study: A Review
Authors: Ohno Noriyasu , Kajita Shin , Takagi Makoto , Takamura Shuichi
Published: June 2009

This overview describes recent studies of nuclear fusion by using divertor plasma simulators generating high heat flux plasma. The experimental results regarding plasma‐material interaction related to tungsten and carbon dusts, and detached recombining plasma are reviewed. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Numerical Simulation of Solid Particle Ablation in Thermal Plasmas using CIP‐VOF Method
Authors: Tanaka Yasunori , Mostaghimi Javad
Published: June 2009

Numerical modeling was performed for ablation processing of a solid particle in a thermal plasma flow. The model is based on Constrained Interpolation Propagation–Combined and Unified Procedure (CIP–CUP) method, which can simulate incompressible and compressible flows and then the multiphase flow. Furthermore, the volume of fraction (VOF) function was introduced to track the surface of the solid during ablation. Using that developed model, the ablation process of a polyethylene particle was simulated in a thermal plasma flow. Results show that ablation occurs more strongly at the particle's upstream surface, thereby producing strong gas flow. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metal Vapor Behavior in GTA Welding of a Stainless Steel Considering the Marangoni Effect
Authors: Yamamoto Kentaro , Tanaka Manabu , Tashiro Shinichi , Nakata Kazuhiro , Murphy Anthony B.
Published: June 2009

A gas tungsten arc in helium was modeled taking into account the contamination of the plasma by metal vapor from the weld pool. The whole region of gas tungsten arc atmosphere including the tungsten cathode, arc plasma and weld pool was treated using a unified numerical model. The anode was of a low sulfur stainless steel or a high sulfur stainless steel. A viscosity approximation was used to express the diffusion coefficient in terms of viscosity of shielding gas and metal vapor. The transient two‐dimensional distributions of the temperature, velocity of plasma flow and iron vapor concentration were predicted, together with the weld penetration at the atmospheric pressure. The distribution of the iron vapor is obviously different between the case of a low sulfur stainless steel anode and the case of a high sulfur stainless steel anode. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Numerical Study of Plasma‐Particle Heat Transfer Dynamics in Induction Thermal Plasmas for Glassification
Authors: Hossain M. Mofazzal , Yao Yaochun , Watanabe Takayuki
Published: June 2009

Dependence of energy exchange between plasma and soda‐lime‐silica glass particles on the particle size, powder feed‐rate and nozzle insertion length during in‐flight thermal treatment for glassification by induction thermal plasmas has been studied. For the numerical investigation into the plasma‐particle energy exchange dynamics during melting and vaporization of particles, a thermofluid plasma‐particle interaction model has been developed taking into account the strong plasma‐particle interactions and particle loading effects. It is found that heat transfer to the particles depends strongly on the particles' size, powder feed‐rate, nozzle insertion length, and plasma discharge parameters. Thus, for the efficient thermal treatment of particles, the above parameters should be optimized. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of Magnetized Coaxial Plasma Guns for Simulation of Transient High Heat Loads on ITER Divertor
Authors: Nagata Masayoshi , Kikuchi Yusuke , Fukumoto Naoyuki
Published: June 2009

The magnetized coaxial plasma gun (MCPG) was investigated to seek possibilities of its application for a transient high heat testing to the ITER divertor surfaces. The experimental results showed that the MCPG could generate the hydrogen plasma stream with the ion energy of 50 eV, the peak energy density of 0.7 MJ/m2 and the discharge duration of ∼0.05 ms. This capability is enough powerful to melt tungsten materials. Vaporization of a thin surface layer and a cloud of dense vapor plasma in front of the carbon calorimeter were observed by spectroscopic measurements. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Numerical Characterization of Dosimetry, Human Body Resistance and Heart Current Resulting from Power‐Frequency Touch Current for an Anatomically Realistic Human Model
Authors: Hayashi Noriyuki , Tarao Hiroo , Isaka Katsuo
Published: June 2009

Characteristics of power‐frequency touch current inside an anatomically realistic human model of Japanese adult were numerically analyzed under various scenarios of current paths using a modified scalar potential finite difference (SPFD) method. Then, complex distributions of the current density in the model were visually illustrated. Results of the dosimetry of current density for excitable tissues indicates that the touch current within the reference level (0.5 mA) does not always satisfy the basic restriction of current density in the light of ICNIRP guideline for general public. Two sets of the internal body resistances Ri (i.e., 1130–1510Ω and 1460–1920Ω) are obtained, depending on the conductivity sets used. Although Ri considerably depends on the current scenario concerned, the highest values of Ri were obtained for the hand‐to‐hand scenario, regardless of the conductivity set. The inhomogeneous model always gives a higher value of Ri than does the homogeneous model that has a single conductivity equivalent to the weighted‐average conductivity of the inhomogeneous model. It is found that the conductivity of muscle has significant influence on Ri, and that the resistance around the wrist and ankle is one of the predominant parameters to decide Ri. It is clearly shown that the current scenarios affect the pattern of the heart current flow, especially the direction of it, to a large extent. It is found that a current of 34–40% of touch current flows into the heart, and then the heart‐current ratio is remarkably larger than old data. The heart‐current factors of around 0.85 obtained are almost independent of the current scenarios, unlike those indicated in IEC60479‐1, provided that the direction of heart current is ignored. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Evaluating Model of Photovoltaic Power Output Variations for an Energy System Planning in an Urban Area
Authors: Kaewniyompanit Songpakit , Sugihara Hideharu , Tsuji Kiichiro
Published: June 2009

This paper presents a mathematical model to evaluate the power output variations from photovoltaic systems (PV) in collaboration with an energy system planning in an urban area, and applied the model to a demonstrating energy system. The evaluating model is developed from per‐floor area PV power output variations on the basis of the past 1 year of actual solar insolation. The evaluation of the power variations is represented in terms of a per‐floor area standard deviation curve. In case of considering two alternatives, battery‐less and battery‐installed PV systems, a correlative coefficient curve is calculated, then a total standard deviation curve representing the total PV power variations can be formulated on the basis of a random variable (RV) model. The model is applied as a tool to evaluate the power variation in an energy system. The energy system planning demonstration approaches the optimal planning by minimizing total cost under CO2 emission reduction and the power variation constraints. The results show the impacts of the constraint of power variation that limit the installation of PV system. The constraint results the increase of the proportion of PV system with battery installation against PV system without battery installation. Consequently, the constraint also degrades the maximum potential of the entire system to reduce CO2 emission corresponding to the decrease of PV system. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developed Modeling and Numerical Simulation for Mismatching Photovoltaic Performance Evaluation
Authors: Xu Qingshan , Wang Nianchun , Yukita Kazuto , Goto Yasuyuki , Ichiyanagi Katsuhiro
Published: June 2009

A simplified simulation method was described for charactering mismatching photovoltaic performance integrated with bypass and string diodes, which are configured additionally compared with the tradition design for avoiding deterioration to modules in series or in parallel connection. The Newton‐Raphson method was adopted for numerical simulations, with some computation problem discussed for fast convergence. It was proven to be suitable and effective when model validation coinciding with manufacturer specification. Furthermore, maximal power point (MPP) peak positions were reviewed roundly via simulations of the total characteristic curves. Multi‐power peaks with multi‐diodes installed were also investigated. The proposed method can be benefit for better comprehension on the physical circuit and provides greater program expansibility, and such simulation researches should be applicable for manufacturer to evaluate the configuration of photovoltaic module. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Oscillating and Non‐oscillating Impulse Waveform for High‐Voltage Impulse Test using the Roots of Biquadratic Equation
Authors: Matsumoto Satoshi , Nishimura Nobuaki
Published: June 2009

This paper describes the waveform analysis of impulse voltage or impulse current. The analysis is accomplished by solving the biquadratic equation for the lightning impulse test circuit. Three discriminants classify the solutions into nine categories. Some calculations using the roots of biquadratic equation demonstrate the effectiveness of the analysis. For example, the overshoot or oscillating impulse superposed on standard lightning impulse voltage is calculated as the magnitude of relative overshoot. The polarity reversal waveform together with the double frequency oscillation or without oscillation is analyzed, which is not expressed by the third‐order differential equation. The analyses also clarify the relationship between the waveform and the circuit parameters. This means that the definition of relative overshoot magnitude based on the base curve for oscillating impulse or overshoot is supported by the theory. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Soft Decision with Soft Target for Car‐like Mobile Vehicle in Dynamic Environment
Authors: Chen Yougen , Yasunobu Seiji
Published: June 2009

Online flexible operation of a car‐like mobile vehicle with non‐holonomic constraints in dynamic environment is still a very challenging problem because the surrounding situations are not qualified in static, knowledge is only partial and the execution is often associated with uncertainty. The difficulty lies in the setting of appropriate moving sub‐targets in real‐time to obtain a collision‐free and low‐cost path. In this paper, we present a new approach for the autonomous motion control of mobile vehicle in a narrow area with static and dynamic obstacles. It is based on the selection of sub‐target points of vehicle's movement called ‘soft target’ which is a target set defined as all possible and reachable via‐points in a navigation space. The soft target is acquired by online learning based on the final target and environment information. Each element of it has its membership value in [0, 1] denoting its evaluation degree. With the acquired soft target, soft decision is made like human's decision process by predictive fuzzy control (PFC) to achieve final target safely and economically. The simulation results show the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed vehicle motion control method. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Optimal Grey PID Control System
Authors: Li Guo‐Dong , Masuda Shiro , Yamaguchi Daisuke , Nagai Masatake
Published: June 2009

The PID control algorithm has been widely applied in many industry control system to solve efficiently the control problems of manufacturing processes. However, PID control algorithm belong to “delay control”, because it functions on basis of the actions occurred in the system. Thus the control accuracy in real‐time is limited. In this paper, in order to realize the accurate control in real‐time, the grey model based on grey system theory is first proposed to combine with PID control to establish the control system. We define the proposed control system as grey PID control system. Then the cubic spline function is integrated into the grey model. to enhance the control accuracy of system. To further improve the performance, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to optimize the parameters of PID algorithm. Finally, we validated the effectiveness of the proposed control system by computer simulation. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Generation of CNTs on STM Probes Using the Simple Arc Discharge Method
Authors: Kim Yuichi , Nishikawa Eiichi , Kioka Toshihide
Published: June 2009

We succeeded in producing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on scanning tunneling microscope (STM) probes using the simple arc discharge method. We used STM probes with a diameter of 200 µm (500 nm in diameter at the tip), and placed them in a position 5 mm from a set of carbon electrodes between which a direct current discharge of 30 V/20 A was applied. The results of scanning electron microscopy observation confirmed that the fine particles generated included high‐purity CNTs on the STM probe surface. Specifically, CNTs were generated directly on the surface of the STM probe. This study indicates that the technique is suitable for nano‐analysis application in the field of nanotechnology. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prevention of Missteps in Stopping Process of a Stepping Motor on High‐Speed Drive
Authors: Miura Takeshi , Matsuo Kenshi , Taniguchi Toshiyuki
Published: June 2009

The authors suggest a method to prevent missteps in the stopping process of a stepping motor on high‐speed drive with a micrstep drive system. In this method, a simple compensator, which is a low‐pass filter that modifies the reference angle in the stopping process, is added to the control system. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated by the experiments. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reduction of Excess Sludge by Magneto‐Ferrite Treatment: Observation on Lab Scale WWTPs
Authors: Kabir Mahmudul , Suzuki Masafumi , Yoshimura Noboru
Published: June 2009

We have reported the effect of magneto‐ferrite treatment on the growth of excess activated sludge in laboratory scale with extended aeration method. This magneto‐ferrite treatment is a new approach for reduction of excess sludge by using ferrite particles and permanent magnets. Two miniature waste water treatment plants were used at the laboratory, one of which was run with magneto‐ferrite treatment, whereas other one was run without any treatment. The observations showed good results in the reduction of excess sludge. No evidence of excess sludge was found with magneto‐ferrite treatment. The results showed good possibilities of reducing sludge in the arena of biological waste water treatment. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tolerance of Silene vulgaris to copper: Population‐related comparison of selected physiological parameters
Authors: Kováčik Jozef , Klejdus Bořivoj , Hedbavny Josef , Bačkor Martin
Published: June 2009

Tolerance of three Slovak populations of Silene vulgaris [from the localities “Harmanec” (total soil Cu 34.1 mg kg−1), “Lubietová”; (total soil Cu 831.6 mg kg−1) and “Špania dolina” (total soil Cu 1368.7 mg kg−1) referred as SV1, SV2, and SV3, respectively] and Silene dioica (SD; from the locality “Špania dolina”) exposed to 60 μM Cu for 7 days has been studied. Respective controls with 0.21 μM Cu were also cultured. SV3 and SD contained higher total shoot Cu than SV1. Methanol‐soluble shoot Cu represented 60, 59, 59, and 55% from total shoot Cu and roots contained 16.7‐, 20.4‐, 9.9‐ and 28.9‐fold more Cu than shoots in SV1, SV2, SV3, and SD, respectively. Soluble proteins were the least affected in SV3 and SD when Cu‐exposed and control plants were compared. Root hydrogen peroxide and superoxide showed similar trend and were correlated with enhancement of ascorbate‐ and guaiacol‐peroxidase activities. Malondialdehyde accumulation increased in SV1 and SV2. Phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity and total soluble phenols were higher in SV3 Cu‐exposed plants compared to SV1 and SV2. Shikimate dehydrogenase activity was enhanced in all Cu‐exposed populations. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity and root lignin content were not affected and polyphenol oxidase activity was not detected. Within 14 detected free amino acids, majority of them decreased preferentially in the roots. Only serine increased in shoots and decreased in roots of all populations. Potassium content was not affected in SV3. Na, Ca, and Fe increased in roots of Cu‐exposed plants of all populations, while Mg was the least affected and Zn increased in SV2 and SV3 shoots and roots. This study revealed the highest tolerance in population from the locality with the highest soil Cu content. Present findings as complex metabolic responses to Cu stress with special emphasis on phenolic metabolism are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 25: 581–592, 2010.
Toxicity of parathion on embryo and yolk‐sac larvae of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata l.): Effects on survival, cholinesterase, and carboxylesterase activity
Authors: Arufe M. Isabel , Arellano Juana M. , Albendín Gemma , Sarasquete Carmen
Published: June 2009

This study was conducted to examine the acute toxicity of the organophosphorus pesticide (OP) parathion on embryos and yolk‐sac larvae of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and to investigate the effects of this compound on cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity of seabream larvae in the phase of endogenous feeding. The 72‐h LC50 for yolk‐sac larvae (0.523 mg L−1) was about two‐fold lower than the 48‐h LC50 for embryos (1.005 mg L−1). Parathion significantly inhibited the activity of ChE and CaE activity in yolk sac larvae but there were not significant differences in the sensitivity of both esterases to parathion as inferred by their 72‐h IC50 values. Larvae exposed to parathion for 72 h showed a 70% inhibition of the whole body acetylcholinesterase at approximately the LC50. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 25: 601–607, 2010.
The role of ultrasound‐indicated cerclage in triplets
Authors: Moragianni V. A. , Cohen J. D. , Smith S. J. , Rosenn M. F. , Craparo F. J.
Published: June 2009

Objectives

Preterm delivery is the leading cause of major perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with triplet pregnancies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound‐indicated cervical cerclage in triplet pregnancies that are diagnosed with cervical shortening on biweekly transvaginal sonography (TVS).

Methods

A retrospective review of all triplets who were followed with biweekly TVS for measurement of cervical length was conducted. Cervical shortening was defined as cervical length ⩽ 2.5 cm. Outcomes of interest included cervical cerclage placement, gestational age at delivery and birth weight.

Results

In our population of 24 triplet pregnancies, 13 had cervical shortening. Of these, 54% underwent cervical cerclage at a mean gestational age of 20 weeks. Overall, patients without cervical shortening delivered on average 17 days later than those with cervical shortening (32 + 2 weeks vs. 29 + 6 weeks, P = 0.034). Moreover, infants of patients without cervical shortening weighed on average 456 g more at birth than did those with cervical shortening (1751 g vs. 1295 g, P = 0.039) and had a lower percentage of very low birth weight infants (30.3% vs. 69.2%, P = 0.002). Within the subset of patients with cervical shortening, there was no statistical difference in any of the outcomes studied between patients who underwent cervical cerclage and those who did not.

Conclusions

Triplet pregnancies complicated by cervical shortening diagnosed on biweekly TVS surveillance do not appear to benefit from placement of cervical cerclage, based on assessment of gestational age at delivery, birth weight and incidence of very low birth weight infants. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cavum veli interpositi cyst: prenatal diagnosis and postnatal outcome
Authors: D'Addario V. , Pinto V. , Rossi A. C. , Pintucci A. , Di Cagno L.
Published: June 2009

Objective

The cavum veli interpositi (CVI) is a space within the double‐layered tela choroidea of the third ventricle. Occasionally, this space is fluid‐filled and sonographically visible as an interhemispheric anechoic cyst. Because of its rarity, the incidence of CVI cyst is undetermined and the outcome of affected individuals has been found to be variable. The aim of this study was to report our experience of the sonographic findings and outcome of fetuses affected by CVI cysts.

Methods

In five fetuses with a CVI cyst, we performed targeted prenatal ultrasound scans of intracranial structures and a detailed anatomical survey to rule out associated malformations. Follow‐up consisted of neurological examination and neurosonography.

Results

The CVI cyst appeared as a well‐defined anechoic lesion without adjacent mass effect. In all fetuses the cyst was single and in two cases it enlarged slightly during pregnancy. The cyst was isolated in three fetuses and associated with borderline ventriculomegaly in two. A single umbilical artery was the only associated extracranial anomaly and this was detected in only one fetus. Neurosonography confirmed the presence of CVI cysts in all cases after delivery. During postnatal follow‐up (range 10–48 months), the cyst regressed in one case within 1 month after delivery while the size of the others remained stable. No infant developed psychomotor disorders.

Conclusions

Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of CVI cysts is feasible. Its finding in isolation is consistent with favorable postnatal outcome. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predisposing factors for massive hemorrhage during Cesarean section in patients with placenta previa
Authors: Hasegawa J. , Matsuoka R. , Ichizuka K. , Mimura T. , Sekizawa A. , Farina A. , Okai T.
Published: June 2009

Objectives

To investigate whether maternal history and ultrasound findings can be predictors for massive hemorrhage during Cesarean section in patients with placenta previa and adherence of the placenta.

Methods

We reviewed 127 singleton pregnancies with placenta previa. Maternal history, antenatal ultrasound findings of the placenta, including location, presence of placental lacunae, lack of a clear zone, presence of sponge‐like findings of the cervix and presence of a marginal sinus in cases of placenta previa were reviewed retrospectively, and their association with amount of bleeding during Cesarean section was analyzed.

Results

Logistic regression analysis revealed that advan‐ced maternal age (odds ratio (OR), 5.4; 95% CI, 1.8–16.4), previous Cesarean section (OR, 20.4; 95% CI, 4.0–105.2) and sponge‐like findings in the cervix (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.8–17.0) were associated with massive bleeding (> 2500 mL). Placental adherence occurred in five cases and was more frequent in cases where the placenta was located at the site of the scar of a previous Cesarean section (OR, 123.1; 95% CI, 4.5–3395.2) and where there was lack of a clear zone (OR, 48.0; 95% CI, 3.8–604.7).

Conclusions

Advanced maternal age, previous Cesarean section and presence of sponge‐like findings in the cervix are risk factors for massive bleeding during Cesarean section in cases of placenta previa, regardless of whether placental adherence is present. Placental location on the scar of a previous Cesarean section and lack of a clear zone are risk factors for placental adherence. When these findings are identified preoperatively, management should be tailored accordingly. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biometry of the pubovisceral muscle and levator hiatus assessed by three‐dimensional ultrasound in females with bladder exstrophy–epispadias complex after functional reconstruction
Authors: Ebert A. K. , Falkert A. , Germer U. , Rösch W. H.
Published: June 2009

Objective

The congenital bony and musculoskeletal defect of the pelvis in bladder exstrophy–epispadias complex (BEEC) highly predisposes females to uterine prolapse. There is a paucity of knowledge on the anatomy of the pelvic soft tissue structures following surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate with transperineal three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound the pubovisceral muscle in females with BEEC who had undergone surgical reconstruction in childhood.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional observational study we examined 12 Caucasian female BEEC patients, mean age 19.9 (range, 15.5–27.4) years, from a single center after a single‐stage functional reconstruction with closure of the anterior pelvic ring. As a control group we used 13 Caucasian nulligravidae. 3D transperineal ultrasound volumes were acquired with the patient at rest in the supine position and with an empty bladder, and established pelvic floor parameters were measured. Analysis was conducted offline by two independent investigators.

Results

No statistical difference between the BEEC patients and the control group was observed in the anteroposterior diameter or the area of the levator hiatus, or in the maximal thickness of the levator muscle. However, significantly greater values were observed in BEEC patients in the transverse diameter of the levator hiatus (mean, 4.31 vs. 3.81 cm, P = 0.046) and in the levator angle (mean, 80.1 vs. 70.0°, P = 0.040). The measurements obtained in the control group were consistent with those previously reported in the literature.

Conclusions

This is the first study showing that transperineal 3D ultrasound can be used for the assessment of BEEC patients after functional reconstruction. Biometric pelvic floor parameters may be useful in the long‐term follow‐up of BEEC patients. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The making of a second‐generation wind farm efficiency model complex
Authors: Frandsen Sten T. , Jørgensen Hans E. , Barthelmie Rebecca , Rathmann Ole , Badger Jake , Hansen Kurt , Ott Søren , Rethore Pierre‐Elouan , Larsen Søren E. , Jensen Leo E.
Published: June 2009

The paper presents research to develop a model complex that takes into account the interaction between the wind farm and the atmosphere, and between closely spaced wind farms. Six models have been reviewed and developed/adapted for use in wind farm modelling, covering scales from several hundred kilometres down to the size of the individual wind turbine. Flow within wind farms is difficult to predict. The analytical and modified WAsP/park models show promise; however, these require further development/evaluation. For the flow downwind of the wind farm, several intermediate‐scale models fit the available data rather well, and may be candidates for the other half of the two‐model complex which we aim at building. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Three-Subunit Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Free Flap for Single-Stage Coverage of the Hand and Three Adjacent Fingers
Authors: Borschel Gregory H.
Published: June 2009

A latissimus dorsi muscle flap was used to simultaneously resurface the dorsal index, middle, and ring fingers of a 10-year-old child who had sustained a severe abrasion burn from a go-kart injury. Rather than performing multiple individual flaps, or a single flap in which a secondary division procedure would have been needed, the flap was divided into three vascular territories, permitting a single-stage reconstruction. Use of this strategy minimized the need for prolonged rehabilitation, and the functional outcome was optimized.
Rapid Profiling of Animal‐Derived Fatty Acids Using Fast GC × GC Coupled to Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chin Sung‐Tong , Che Man Yaakob Bin , Tan Chin Ping , Hashim Dzulkifly Mat
Published: June 2009

Rapid profiling of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from five different animal sources was examined in this study using fast comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (fast GC × GC–TOFMS). The result showed that GC × GC analysis combining two different microbore columns (SLB‐5 ms, 10 m × 0.10 mm × 0.10 µm and DBWax, 0.5 m × 0.10 mm × 0.10 µm) allowed three‐fold faster analysis times than those observed for conventional GC × GC analysis. The modulation ratio (MR) of the system was defined at the value of 2.38 by optimizing the modulation period and offset temperature for precise mass spectral identification and highest effluent resolution in the analysis. In accordance with the normalized FAME level obtained from various animal fats, namely lard (LA), chicken fat (CF), beef tallow (BF), mutton tallow (MF) and cod liver oil (CLO), a clear discrimination of LA from the other species by principal components analysis (PCA) was observed. This was attributed to several FAME constituents involving methyl 6,9,12,15‐heneicosatetraenoate (C21:4n‐6), methyl 11,14‐eicosadienoate (C20:2n‐6), trans‐9,12‐methyl octadecadienoate (C18:2n‐6t), trans‐9‐methyl octadecenoate (C18:1n‐9t) and methyl hexadecanoate (C16:0).
Characteristics of Virgin Olive Oils from the Olive Zone of Extremadura (Spain), and an Approximation to their Varietal Origin
Authors: Casas Jacinto Sánchez , De Miguel Gordillo C. , Osorio Bueno E. , Marín Expósito J. , Mendoza M. Fuentes , Hierro T. Ardila , González L. Gallardo , Martínez Cano M.
Published: June 2009

We studied the differences in the characteristics that typify virgin olive oils produced in three representative zones of Extremadura: Sierra Norte of Cáceres, Serena–Siberia, and Tierra de Barros. A total of 156 samples from those three zones were assayed for fatty acids, triglycerides, sterols, and erythrodiol + uvaol. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the mean values of the parameters corresponding to the three zones. These profiles were then used to classify the varietal origin of the oils using the discriminant functions that had previously been defined by the authors for these parameters. This classification, together with the production data, confirmed the use of the different varieties of olives in the study zones. The results showed Manzanilla Cacereña to be the most used variety in the Sierra Norte of Cáceres zone, Cornezuelo and Verdial de Badajoz with a slight presence of Picual in the Serena–Siberia zone, and Carrasqueña and Morisca in Tierra de Barros.
SELDI-TOF MS Proteomics in Breast Cancer
Authors: Zeidan Bashar A. , Cutress Ramsey I. , Hastie Claire , Mirnezami Alex H. , Packham Graham , Townsend Paul A.
Published: June 2009

Background

Proteomic profiling is a rapidly developing technology that may enable early disease screening and diagnosis. Surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) has demonstrated promising results in screening and early detection of many diseases. In particular, it has emerged as a high-throughput tool for detection and differentiation of several cancer types. This review aims to appraise published data on the impact of SELDI-TOF MS in breast cancer.

Methods

A systematic literature search between 1965 and 2009 was conducted using the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Studies covering different aspects of breast cancer proteomic profiling using SELDI-TOF MS technology were critically reviewed by researchers and specialists in the field.

Results

Fourteen key studies involving breast cancer biomarker discovery using SELDI-TOF MS proteomic profiling were identified. The studies differed in their inclusion and exclusion criteria, biologic samples, preparation protocols, arrays used, and analytical settings. Taken together, the numerous studies suggest that SELDI-TOF MS methodology may be used as a fast and robust approach to study the breast cancer proteome and enable the analysis of the correlations between proteomic expression patterns and breast cancer.

Conclusion

SELDI-TOF MS is a promising high-throughput technology with potential applications in breast cancer screening, detection, and prognostication. Further studies are needed to resolve current limitations and facilitate clinical utility.
Protection of sexual and reproductive health rights: Addressing violence against women
Authors: García‐Moreno Claudia , Stöckl Heidi
Published: June 2009

Violence against women is recognized as a global public health and human rights problem in need of urgent attention. It affects women's health, including their sexual and reproductive health, and their human rights. While progress has been made in the last 15 years, there is still a long way to go. International human rights law and public health provide tools to governments and non‐governmental actors to ensure women a life free from violence and its consequences. Health policies and services need to address violence more systematically and health providers must take action. At a minimum, they should be informed and able to respond appropriately to violence, providing appropriate care and referral to other services. Equally, if not more important, is to provide support to interventions that prevent violence against women from happening in the first place.
Identity‐based motivation and consumer behavior
Authors: Oyserman Daphna
Published: June 2009

Choices are often identity‐based yet the identity‐to‐choice link is not necessarily obvious for reasons articulated by the identity‐based motivation model (Oyserman, D. (2009). Identity‐based motivation: Implication for action‐readiness, procedural readiness and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology). Specifically, which identities are salient and what identities mean in the moment are highly dependent on situational cues. Though they feel stable, identities are dynamically shaped by situational affordances and constraints and this shaping process can occur without conscious awareness. This implies that product use, including use of utilitarian products, can become identity‐based, as can both self‐constructive and self‐destructive choices. Over time, broader identities are more likely to be cued than more narrow ones, though any identity can be cued in the right circumstances. The commentaries apply the model to culture‐contingent effects of power (Shavitt, S., Torelli, C. & Wong, J. (2009). Identity‐based motivation: Constraints and opportunities in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Psychology), charitable giving (Aaker, J. & Akutsu, S. (2009). Why do people give? The role of identity in giving. Journal of Consumer Psychology), and the consequences of salient identities for self‐constructive vs. self‐destructive choices (Kirmani, A. (2009). The self and the brand. Journal of Consumer Psychology) and this commentary addresses some of the questions they raise.