bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delayed Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions due to Anti‐C
Authors: Pickles M. M. , Jones M. N. , Egan J. , Dodsworth H. , Mollison P. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In 5 patients of phenotype ccDEe or ccDEE, the transfusion of 2–14 U of expositive blood was followed 5–9 days later by haemoglobinuria lasting 2–4 days. Anti‐C was the only antibody present in all 5 cases but was always of low titre; with CC cells the maximum titre recorded with the indirect antiglobulin test was 8 and with the agglutination of enzymetreated cells, 128. The discordance between the weakness of the antibody in vivo and the amount of haemoglobin released intravascularly is surprising but may be related to the type of IgG molecule of which anti‐C is composed.
Variable Degradation of Factor VIII‐Related Protein in Lyophilised Concentrates of Antihaemophilic Factor (AHF)1
Authors: Jakab T. , Pflugshaupt R. , Furlan M. , Beck E. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Factor VIII‐related properties (coagulant = VIII: C, ‘Willebrand’ factor = VIII R: WF, antigen = VIII R: AG) are measured in a constant proportion in normal plasma and certain preparations of highly purified factor VIII (relative ratios: 0.5‐1.5). We tested these activities in some commercial, lyophilised concentrates of factor VIII and found a variable increase of the ratio VIII R: AG/V1II R: WF. The relative increase of VIII R: AG, and/or loss of VIII R: WF, was attributed to variable degradation of factor VIII‐related protein(s) which was directly visualised by electrophoresis on 2.75% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate.
The Role of Formaldehyde in the Formation of Haemodialysis‐Associated Anti‐N‐Like Antibodies1
Authors: Fassbinder W. , Seidl S. , Koch K. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In the sera of 68 (20.9%) of 325 haemodialysis patients, a specific cold agglutinin, cross‐reacting with anti‐N, was detected. Each patient showing this anti‐N‐like antibody used a formaldehyde‐sterilized dialyser. By contrast, the antibody was not found in any of the 73 patients using a non‐formaldehyde‐sterilized dialyser. The results of transfusion experiments indicate an in vivo haemolytic activity of the antibody. In vitro, formaldehyde pretreatment of erythrocytes increased the agglutinability of the cells by the anti‐N‐like antibody. This effect could be prevented when the MN receptor of the red cells was exposed to neuraminidase. Trace quantities of formaldehyde inevitably enter the patient during dialysis when a formaldehyde‐sterilized dialyser is used. It is postulated that this in vivo formaldehyde exposure might interact with the MN receptor of the red cells, rendering it immunogenic, and thus induce the formation of the haemodialysis‐associated anti‐N‐like antibody.
Association between HLA and Red Cell Antigens
Authors: Nordhagen R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The variation in the reactivity of red blood cells (RBC) with HLA haemagglutinins was studied, and the influence of some variable factors evaluted. A comparison of the HLA reactivity of RBC with automated and manual methods, showed the superiority of the Auto‐Analyzer technique. The similarity in the nature and behaviour of HLA RBC antigens and the related Chido and Rg antigens is discussed. Inhibition/adsorption experiments were performed, and the results did not support the theory that HLA antigens on RBC originate from serum‐HLA‐active substance. The strength of the HLA reactivity of RBC from a donor was shown to vary from time to time without evidence of clinical disease.
An Immunohematologic Complication of Isoniazid
Authors: Freedman J. , Lim F. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The characteristics of an immunohematologic reaction to isoniazid are described with emphasis on the mechanism of development of the positive antiglobulin test. In contrast to previous findings, the antibody is a firmly bound IgG complement‐binding antibody, reacting best at 37°C by antiglobulin techniques and only with isoniazid presensitized cells. A method for preparing isoniazid‐sensitized cells is described.
Abnormal Glycolipid Composition of Erythrocytes with a Weak P Antigen
Authors: Kundu Samar K. , Steane Susan M. , Bloom Judy E. C. , Marcus Donald M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The erythrocytes of a normal man were agglutinated more weakly than normal cells by several anti‐P1PPk sera, and exhibited a decreased capacity to absorb these antibodies. Analysis of his erythrocyte glycosphingolipids revealed that the globoside (P antigen) content was less than 25% of normal, and trihexosyl ceramide (the Pk antigen) was 30–40% of normal. The ganglioside content of his erythrocytes was approximately four times normal and sialosyl‐paragloboside was increased about sixfold. It appears that his erythrocytes are unable to synthesize normal quantities of trihexosyl ceramide, and that these serological and chemical features constitute a new phenotype in the P blood group system.
Further Data on the Pta Antigen
Authors: Contreras M. , Stebbing B. , Armitage S. E. , Lubenko A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The second Pt(a+) family is described. Pta is shown to segregate independently from several genetic markers.
The Presence of Active C1 (C1‐) on Peripheral Human Lymphocytes1
Authors: Kitamura Hajime , Teshima Hideki , Day Noorbibi K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We have shown that the first component of complement C1 is present in an active form on the surface of washed human peripheral lymphocytes but not on platelets or erythrocytes. This active C1 (C1‐) was detected by its ability to transfer to sensitized cells carrying C4, i.e., EAC4, forming EAC1‐,4. Active C1 was also able to consume C4. Treatment of these lymphocytes with 0.02 m EDTA removed C1. EDTA‐treated lymphocytes were able to bind exogenous purified human C1. Comparative studies with sentized erythrocytes (EA) and EDTA treated lypmhocytes showed that although fewer molecules of exogenous C1 could bind to the EDTA‐treated lymphocytes than to EA, the consumption of C4 by C1‐ bound to lymphocytes was significantly higher than that observed with EAC1‐. When lymphocytes obtained from 2 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hypocomplementemia were tested, the release of C1, the C4 consumption and the binding of C1‐ to EDTA‐treated cells were highly inefficient.
Collection of Granulocytes for Transfusion
Authors: Blumberg Neil , Genco Petrina , Katz Alfred , Bove Joseph
Published: March 2009

Abstract. When granulocytes are collected by either discontinuous‐flow centrifugation or filtration leukapheresis, lysozyme is released. More lysozyme is released during the filtration procedure than during the centrifugation procedure. A small amount of red cell lysis occurs during the centrifugation but not the filtration procedure. A rise in lactate dehydrogenase levels consonant with the amount of hemolysis is observed. These findings suggest that granulocytes collected by either filtration or discontinuous‐flow centrifugation undergo degranulation but not lysis sufficient to cause cytoplasmic enzyme release during the donation.
Interdonor Incompatibility as a Cause of Reaction during Granulocyte Transfusion
Authors: Morse E. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The first case of interdonor incompatibility associated with granulocyte transfusion is presented. The patient received Kell positive granulocyte transfusions containing about 30 ml of red cells 36 and 132 h prior to receiving a granulocyte transfusion containing anti‐Kell 1/128. The chills, fever, vomiting and hypotension resulting from the red cell incompatibility, cleared with appropriate fluid theiapy. Antibody detection methods must be applied to each unit of granulocytes. The patients blood should be tested with reagent grade antibody to detect small numbers of antigen‐containing cells if an antibody‐containing granulocyte transfusion is to be given. Routine major and minor cross‐matching is insufficient. Removal of the antibody containing plasma and resuspension of the granulocytes in plasma free of irregular antibodies may be the most effective way to prevent such incompatibility.
Sandwich Enzymoimmunoassay of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)
Authors: Adachi Hidenari , Fukuda Toshiaki , Funahashi Shuji , Kurahori Tomohiro , Ishikawa Eiji
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A sandwich enzymoimmunoassay (EIA) procedure was developed for the detection of HBsAg using Fab' of anti‐HBsAg conjugated with β‐D‐galactosidase from Escherichia coli with anti‐HBsAg‐coated silicone rubber discs as a solid phase. EIA could detect 1 ng/ml of HBsAg. It was as sensitive as radioimmunoassay (RIA, AusRia II) and about 30‐fold more sensitive than reversed passive hemagglutination assay RPHA, ReverseCell). EIA and RIA could detect more HBsAg‐positive sera than RPHA.
Purification of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen by Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Einarsson Monica , Kaplan Lennart , Utter Göran
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was purified from plasma by affinity chromatography on matrix‐bound sulphated carbohydrates such as heparin or dextran sulphate. Further purification by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 resulted in a highly purified HBgAg preparation. The overall recovery amounted to about 70% of the total antigen content of the starting plasma. Electron microscopic data revealed mainly 22 nm spherical particles accompanied by few or no filaments. The process is simple, rapid and lends itself readily to large‐scale applications.
Effect of Periodate Oxidation on Specific Activities and Carbohydrate Components of Human Blood Group N‐ and M‐Specific Glycoproteins and Glycopeptides1
Authors: Springer G. F. , Yang H. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Mild as well as strong periodate oxidation of isolated erythrocyte N and M glycoproteins and glycopeptides gave extensive to complete destruction of N‐specificities as measured with Vicia graminea extracts and of N‐ as well as M‐ activities determined with all but 1 of 8 animal anti‐N and 13 anti‐M sera. Results with human antisera differed somewhat, while the specificity of mildly oxidized N‐glycoprotein was completely destroyed as determined with all 8 human anti‐N sera used, that of strongly oxidized N‐active substance was completely inactivated towards one of the human antisera; the remainder showed 63–94% destruction, and 2 sera indicated no effect of oxidation. Similarly, while 10 of 14 human anti‐M indicated complete inactivation of M‐specific glycoproteins and glycopeptides after mild or strong oxidation, 2 showed partial inactivation and 2 human anti‐M sera showed no inactivating effect of oxidation. The most relevant findings of quantitative carbohydrate analysis of periodate oxidized N‐ and M‐specific substance were extensive transformation of N‐acetylneuraminic acid (NAN) to its C8 and C1 analogues on mild oxidation and pronounced destruction of NAN and its analogues on strong oxidation; however, some intact NAN always remained. In all instances galactose (Gal) was destroyed to a much larger extent in N‐derived than in M‐derived glycoproteins and glycopeptides.
An Rh Gene Complex Producing Both CW and c Antigen
Authors: Sachs H. W. , Reuter W. , Tippett Patricia , Gavin June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serological and family evidence is given for the existence of a rare Rh gene complex producing both CW and c antigen.
Anti‐Autologous Erythrocyte Plaque‐Forming Cells in Pregnancy
Authors: Koros Aarelia M. C. , Hamill Ellen C. , Depp O. Richard
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from 16 persons (6 Rh‐sensitized pregnant women, I pregnant non‐Rh‐sensitized woman, 3 nonpregnant non‐Rh‐sensitized women, and 6 non‐Rh‐sensitized males) were assayed for plaque‐forming cells (PFC) against several erythrocyte targets. 6 of 7 pregnant women had PFC, whereas only 1 of 6 males had PFC to autologous red cells. Antiautologous erythrocyte PFC in all of the pregnant Rh‐sensitized women as well as the 1 nonpregnant multiparous woman may be the result of alloimmunization of mothers by their fetuses during gestation. Further studies in this area would be valuable in determining not only the immune status of a mother in relation to her fetus, but also would be of value in determining the consequences of that immune status on both mother and fetus. Such information would also provide a further clue to the etiology of autoimmune disease.
New Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Subtypes inside the ad Category
Authors: Couroucé‐Pauty A. M. , Lemaire J. M. , Roux J. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In addition to the 10 HBs Ag subtypes already described, 2 new subtypes were defined by using the q determinant. Exceptions to the rule generally accepted were found in that the q determinant was only lacking in HBs Ag/adw4. These exceptions occurred in adw and adr categories. These 2 new subtypes are adw q positive and adr q negative.

Out of 98 HBs Ag/adw4 from silent carriers and patients from different parts of the world, mainly from France (79), 6 were found q positive. 3 out of these 6 cases came from Montpellier (South of France) and another 3 from Germany. The 92 other cases were found q negative. Further studies will be necessary to better know the location of this new subtype adw4 q positive, but it seems to be present only in certain parts of Europe.

Out of 86 HBs Ag/adr from silent carriers from Asia (58), Oceania (17), France (10, most of them contaminated in Asia) and Reunion (1), 10 were found q negative. All these 10 cases were detected in Oceania, 2 out of 2 in carriers from New Caledonia and 8 out of 13 from French Polynesia.

The new subtype adr q negative seems localized in Melanesia and Polynesia and absent from Asia. These 2 new markers of hepatitis B virus will allow better epidemiological and geographical studies.
Relationship between Maternal Anti‐D Levels, Fetal Phenotype and Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Morley G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. It has been demonstrated that a lower level of maternal anti‐D is required to produce the same symptoms of haemolytic disease of the newborn in R2r infants than in R1r infants. This difference could be explained by postulating that the higher site density of R2r cells is associated with an increased association constant and thus will bind sufficiently more anti‐D. The level at which amniocentesis should be considered has been calculated to be 1.44 μg anti‐D/cm3 of maternal serum for R1r infants and 0.73 for R2r infants.
Cell‐Mediated Immunity in Professional and Voluntary Blood Donors
Authors: Sharma Manjit K. , Anaraki Farvardin , Harbour C. , Ala F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) was compared in professional and voluntary blood donors. Depressed CMI in professional donors was revealed by the presence of significantly lower numbers of positive delayed reactive hypersensitivity responses to Candida albicans, streptokinase and streptodornase, as well as a decrease in lymphoblast transformation response to phytohaemagglutinin. Furthermore, the serum protein and albumin levels in professional donors did not correlate with the depression in CMI. The blood of professional blood donors should be considered to be a poor source of therapeutic immune cell fractions.
Possible Existence of Hybrid Glycosyltransferase in Heterozygous Blood Group AB Subjects
Authors: Nagai Masako , Yoshida Akira
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The human blood group glycosyltransf erases A and B have a dimeric structure, i.e., the A enzyme is an aa dimer and the B enzyme is a bb dimer. Considering the fact that the ABO blood group determinant are not x‐linked, i.e. both A and/or B genes are expressed in a given cell, a hybrid enzyme (ab dimer) may exist in heterozygous A1B subjects. Because the A enzyme, but not the B enzyme, adsorbs with Sepharose 4‐B, the adsorption characteristics of the A and B enzymes from plasma of various phenotypes were examined to look for this hybrid enzyme. The A enzyme activity from A1 plasma and from a mixture of A1 and B plasma was completely adsorbed to Sepharose 4‐B, while 25–50% of A enzyme activity from heterozygous A1B plasma was not adsorbed. The results indicated that heterozygous A1B plasma contains an additional enzyme component which does not exist in a mixture of A1 and B plasma, suggesting the existence of a hybrid heterodimer (ab) in heterozygous A1B subjects.
A Study of Different Rhesus Phenotypes and their Binding Characteristics
Authors: Morley G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method has been developed using the AutoAnalyzer to study the binding characteristics of anti‐D with cells of various rhesus phenotypes. A positive association has been demonstrated between site density and association constant. A hypothesis is proposed for the presence of two types of antigenic sites on the cell surface recognised only by affinity differences. The higher affinity site binds both arms of an IgG anti‐D molecule, whereas the lower affinity site binds only one.
An Improved Method for the Identification of Gc1 Subtypes (Group‐Specific Component) by Isoelectric Focusing
Authors: Kühnl P. , Spielmann W. , Loa M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The occurrence of common subtypes of the Gc1 gene in a German population (n = 261) was investigated by isoelectric focusing on thin layers of polyacrylamide in the pH range 4–6. Six common phenotypes designated Gc IS, IF, 1F‐1S, 2‐1S, 2‐1F, and 2 are considered as gene products of three common alleles with the following frequencies: Gc1S = 0.603, Gc1F = 0.125, and Cc2 = 0.272. The sum of the allele frequencies of Gc1S and Gc1F corresponds with that of the ‘old’ Gc1 allele. Family investigations are in agreement with an autosomal codominant way of inheritance. The method employed provides an identification of the subtypes within 4 h without using anti‐Gc‐serum for immunoprecipitation.
Inhibition of the Local Shwartzman Reaction by Turpentine, Prostaglandin E2 and Carbon Tetrachloride
Authors: Shim Bong‐Sop , Kim In‐Kyung
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The conventional local Shwartzman reaction (LSR) did not occur in rabbits whose plasma haptoglobin (Hp) was lowered by treatment with carbon tetrachloride, nor in animals in whom Hp was elevated after treatment with turpentine, or PGE2 or endotoxin. The possible mechanisms of such inhibition of the LSR are discussed.
Professional and Voluntary Blood
Authors: Harbour C. , Foroozanfar Nooshin , Sharma Manjit K. , Ala F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Among professional and voluntary blood donors in Tehran HBsAg carriers and RPR positives were found more frequently in the former group. The levels of haemoglobin, serum total protein and serum immunoglobulins G, A and M were significantly lower in commercial blood. Measurement of transferrin saturation showed that one‐third of professional donors were quite severely iron deficient. For fractionation purposes the maximum theoretical yield from commercial plasma is 16% less IgG than from plasma of voluntary donors, 21% less total immunoglobulins and 20% less albumin.
Complement Components Detected on Normal Red Blood Cells Taken into EDTA and CPD1
Authors: Freedman J. , Massley A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Normal red blood cells (RBC) from fresh EDTA and CPD blood and from stored CPD blood were examined for the presence of bound subcomponents of C3 and C4. By serologic agglutination tests, only C3d was detectable on the cells. Incubation in compatible fresh normal serum (FNS) at 37 °C appeared to increase the amount of 3Cd on the RBC. C3b was serologically detectable only on stored CPD cells and only after incubation in compatible FNS. No C4 components were detected on the cell surfaces in agglutination tests. Using an indirect labeling technique, small, but significant, amounts of C3d and C4d were found on all three types of untreated cells. C3b was present on stored CPD cells only. The indirect labeling technique showed a significant increase in C3d and C4d on all cells following incubation in compatible FNS, whereas bound C3b was significantly increased only with stored CPD cells. There was no increase in bound C4b following serum incubation. The average number of C3d molecules per cell on normal EDTA cells was 557 and average KO was 3.6 × 107 1/mol.
Immunological Identification of Blood Group Pk Antigen on Normal Human Erythrocytes and Isolation of Anti‐Pk with Different Affinity
Authors: Naiki Masaharu , Kato Michimasa
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The P1 and Pk blood group glycolipid antigens have the common terminal disaccharide, Gal(α, 1–4)Gal, but previous studies indicated that anti‐P1 from P2 individuals does not cross‐react with Pk antigen. In this paper, the specificities of anti‐P1 and anti‐Pkwere analyzed carefully by complement fixation and hemagglutination techniques and the following results were obtained: (1) Anti‐P1 from P2 serum was not absorbed with the Pk glycolipid (CTH), but this antigen absorbed all anti‐P1 and anti‐Pk (anti‐P1Pk) antibodies from the sera of four p individuals. Most of the anti‐P1Pk antibodies were IgG, but the anti‐P1 from the P2 individual was IgM. (2) The Pk antigen on normal P2 erythrocytes was not ‘cryptic’. It was reactive with p serum from which the anti‐P antibodies were removed by absorption with the P glycolipid (globoside). This was not appreciated previously because, in order to make anti‐Pk reagents, p sera (anti‐P1PPk) were absorbed with P1 cells which contain CTH. (3) The anti‐P1Pk antibodies in p sera were separated by partial absorption with P1 erythrocytes and elution from the absorbing cells, into two fractions that differ markedly in their affinity for α‐methyl‐D‐galactoside and the oligosaccharides prepared from CTH.
Kell Phenotypes in 15 Japanese Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Ito Kazuhiko , Mukumoto Yoshiki , Konishi Hitomi , Sakura Nobuo , Usui Tomofusa
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The red cell Kell phenotypes were examined in 15 Japanese patients with chronic granulomatous disease. No McLeod type was found. A low incidence of the association of chronic granulomatous disease with the McLeod type in the Japanese is suggested.
Polymorphism of the Second Component of Human Complement (C2)
Authors: Dewald G. , Rittner C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The polymorphism of the second component of human complement was studied by means of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels with subsequent complement‐dependent lysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes in an agarose overlay containing C2‐deficient or normal human serum. In a material of 289 unrelated individuals the following gene frequencies were observed: C2l = 0.965 and C22 = 0.035. The rare phenotype C2 2 (= C2 B) could be seen once in a child of a C2 1–2 heterozygous mother. The investigation of the C2/HLA relationship revealed a very close linkage: Among 62 informative meiotic divisions one recombination between HLA‐B and C2 was found (i.e. 1.61%); in addition, C22 was significantly associated with HLA‐B15 and ‐Cw3. In a family with an HLA‐A/C crossover C2 segregated together with HLA‐C, in a family with an HLA‐B/D(DR) crossover C2 segregated together with HLA‐D(DR). This supports the assumption of a C2 structural locus outside HLA‐B, probably near HLA‐D(DR).
Impact of the Protein Content of Red Cell Concentrates on the Optimum Use of Blood
Authors: Lundsgaard‐Hansen P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. It was previously shown, in theory and in practice, that a blood component program utilizing 80‐45% of all donations as red cell concentrates with a hematocrit of 70% contributes substantially to the coverage of national albumin demands without increasing the need for that protein. The current trend towards the production of red cell concentrates with hematocrits around 85% by the removal of more plasma prompted a computer simulation study of the effects of this modification on the protein and monetary economy of a component program. The results suggest that a hematocrit around 70% constitutes an optimum in these respects. In a general way, they point to the desirability of examining the repercussions of isolated modifications of the processing of blood donations on the system as a whole prior to their large‐scale application.
Detection of the H and I Blood Group Antigens in Normal Plasma
Authors: Rouger P. , Riveau D. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The levels of A, H, I and i antigens were measured in the plasma of 185 normal subjects by the agglutination‐inhibition method. The presence of H in the plasma was only detectable with immune anti‐H. The level of H in the plasma was directly correlated with the amount on the red cells, and was affected by the donor secretor status. The plasma of group O secretors contained more H than the plasma of donors of other phenotypes.

On the other hand, I and i plasma antigens were not related to the other systems studied. Unlike the Ii antigens on the red cell membrane, there was no relationship between the levels of I and i in plasma.
Clonal Proliferation of Lymphoid and Myeloid Progenitor Cells in Patients with Hematological Abnormalities1
Authors: Górski Andrzej , Rokicka‐Milewska Roma , Litwin Joanna , Kolakowska‐Polubiec Krystyna , Madaliński Kazimierz
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Myeloid and lymphoid stem cell colony formation (GM‐CFU and L‐CFU) was studied in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases, aplastic anemia and other hematological abnormalities. Most patients with acute lymphatic leukemia had low number of L‐CFU with decreased or normal GM‐CFU, while in Hodgkin's disease and chronic lymphatic leukemia L‐CFU growth was very poor with only minor abnormalities of GM‐CFU formation. Aplastic anemia was characterized by a decreased CM‐CFU and normal L‐CFU. Coculture studies suggested that a diminished colony formation may be linked to circulating lymphocytes that inhibit L‐CFU as well as the reduction in number of precursor cells.
Gm Allotypes in Mother‐Father‐Cord Trios1
Authors: Williams Robert C. , Gershowitz Henry
Published: March 2009

Abstract. When tested at a standard dilution (I:30), mother‐cord Gm phenotypes are identical. A more sensitive assay reveals that the fetus does possess paternal antigen, that is, does produce small amounts of autologous IgG. The paternal antigens, in both the mother and the cord plasma, appear in a mosaic, one that suggests the fetus has the ability to selectively transfer his own IgG subclasses to the mother.
The Influence of Ionic Strength and Incubation Time on the Sensitivity of Methods Using Papainized Red Cells
Authors: Jørgensen J. , Nielsen M. , Laugesen J. , Stoltenberg S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The sensitivity of a combination of various papain methods with normal and low ionic strength (lis) of the serum‐cell mixture for the detection of red cell antibodies was tested after varying periods of incubation of the mixture. The mixture was centrifuged before reading when the period of incubation was short. The maximum sensitivity without centrifugation was always reached after a period of 60 min. With a longer incubation the sensitivity decreased. A sensitivity that equalled the maximum sensitivity without centrifugation could be obtained after only 10 min of incubation, if it was followed by a centrifugation before reading. Lis consistently increased the sensitivity of the papain methods, especially after 45–60 min of incubation.
A New Antigenic Determinant on HBsAg
Authors: Bastiaans M.J.S. , Nath N. , Mazzur S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antigenic specificity for HBsAg is described, and its usefulness as an epidemiological marker is discussed. This specificity, l, was found in specimens from all geographic areas studied (United States, Latin America, South Africa, the Solomon Islands, and New Guinea). In these areas, l was strongly associated with HBsAg/ay; y‐positive, l‐negative samples were observed only among specimens from United States volunteer blood donors. This determinant allowed a distinction of HBsAg/ad classes. Thus, the l determinant was detected in 51.4% of HBsAg/adw4, 44.1% of HBsAg/adw(non‐w4), and 50% of HBsAg/adr. The association of l and other HBsAg determinants with HBeAg or anti‐HBe was also investigated. HBeAg was found to be associated with the presence of the l determinant and with the r determinant. Anti‐HBe was associated with the presence of the d and w determinants and with the absence of the l specificity.
Human IgE Response to the Administration of Blood Components
Authors: Ropars C. , Cartron J.P. , Cartron J. , Baÿ P. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The analysis of IgG, IgA and IgE serum immunoglobulins in 94 cardiac surgery patients, who received massive blood transfusions during the bypass procedure, has shown a selective increase in immunoglobulin levels, a fortnight after the operation. For 85% of patients, IgE levels increased usually independently of IgA but in close correlation with IgM variations. IgG levels were not altered. 2 weeks following surgery, IgE concentrations were found, on average, to have doubled and in several sera reached five times the initial level. These modifications were early and transient. The concentrations of serum IgE and IgM returned to pretransfusion levels within 2 months of surgery. For 44% of the total population, serum IgE could partly be absorbed onto pooled platelets or polymerized immunoglobulins. This finding suggests the formation of IgE type antibodies directed against white cell or immunoglobulin antigens following blood transfusions. No significant variations in IgE levels were observed after absorptions onto red blood cells (RBC). Such modifications of IgE concentration in cardiac surgery patients were not related to the disease and seemed to occur as a primary immune response following blood transfusions. In another study of 44 blood donors, who were immunized with washed red blood cells for test sera production, only 3 showed significant transient variations in serum IgE levels. Thus, RBC antigens do not appear to be frequently involved in such IgE responses.
An Evaluation of N‐Ethyl‐Maleimide‐Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Platelet Concentrates Stored at 4 or 22°C1
Authors: Valbonesi M. , Garelli S. , Mosconi L. , Florio G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method for the quality control of platelet viability, based on N‐ethyl‐maleimide (NEM)‐induced lipid peroxidation, is reported. Duplicate platelet concentrates from individual donors were stored at 22 and 4°C, respectively. At time O and at 24‐hour intervals, pH, O2 and CO2 tensions, ADP‐induced aggregation, glass adhesivity, hypotonic shock response (HSR) and NEM‐induced lipid peroxidation were measured.

A highly significant correlation between NEM‐induced lipid peroxidation and HSR was established, which suggests that the former method can be used for the in vitro prediction of posttransfusion survival of preserved platelets.
HLA Antigens and the Response to Influenza A Virus
Authors: Mackenzie J. S. , Wetherall J. D. , Flower R. L. P. , Fimmel P. J. , Dawkins R. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An attempt was made to confirm a previously reported association between HLA type B16 and resistance to infection with live attenuated influenza A virus vaccine. No differences were found either in the ability of influenza virus to attach to fractionated white blood cells from HLA B16 subjects compared to cells from subjects of other HLA types, nor in the incidence of antibodies to three consecutive epidemic strains of influenza in sera from B16 subjects and control subjects. The association between HLA B16 and resistance to influenza could not be confirmed in a retrospective analysis of a clinical trial of a live attenuated influenza vaccine.
Role of Blood Transfusions and Pregnancies in Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Fauchet R. , Wattelet J. , Genetet B. , Campion J. P. , Launois B. , Cartier F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A retrospective study in 71 cadaver renal transplant patients showed a significantly better 2‐year graft survival rate (62%) in patients who received pretransplant transfusions or who were parous than in nontransfused patients or patients who have not been pregnant (29%). The beneficial influence of blood transfusion and of pregnancy is thus confirmed. An additive effect of blood transfusion and pregnancy is suggested by the results of this study.
Evaluation of the ‘Mason’ (Continuous‐Thaw‐Siphon) Method for Cryoprecipitate Production
Authors: Prowse C. V. , McGill A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A comparison was made of the factor VIII recovery in cryoprecipitate made by the continuous‐thaw‐siphon technique of Mason [1], by our routine method of overnight thawing at 4°C and by a fast‐thaw method. The siphon method resulted in a mean recovery of 71% of the factor VIII. This is at least double the yield obtained by the routine method and could not be solely attributed to the faster processing as cryoprecipitate prepared by the fast‐thaw method gave a factor VIII yield of 53%, which was significantly less than the Mason product. This product also contained increased amounts of factor VIII‐related antigen and fibrinogen.

Characterisation of the thaw‐siphon cryoprecipitate factor VIII by gel filtration, electro‐phoretic mobility, stability and measurement of isoagglutinin titre did not reveal any significant qualitative differences from cryoprecipitate produced by other methods.
Probable Biosynthetic Pathway for the Synthesis of the B Antigen from Bh Variants
Authors: Mulet C. , Cartron J.‐P. , Schenkel‐Brunner H. , Duchet D. , Sinay P. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red cells and serum from two Bh variants (B+H‐cells) have been investigated for B and H blood group glycosyltransferases. The H enzyme could not be detected using either type 1 or type 2 chain acceptors. The B enzyme was present in normal amount when 2′‐fucosyl‐lactose was used as substrate, neither 6′‐fucosyllactose nor 6′‐fucosyllactosamine could act as acceptors for the B enzyme.

Upon treatment of the Bh red cells by the B‐degrading enzyme from Trichomonas foetus the B antigen was destroyed while H determinants were uncovered (B‐H+cells). The cells thus treated could be further converted into A+H‐ red cells by the action of the A transferase from human blood group A serum. Previous treatment of the B‐H+ cells by the H‐degrading enzyme from T. foetus, however, led to B‐H‐ erythrocytes and prevented their conversion into A red blood cells by the A enzyme. The results clearly demonstrate that, as found in normal B individuals, the B antigen from Bh cells is built up from the H precursor and provide additional evidence that H is not a completely silent gene in Bh individuals.
Activity of IgG and IgM ABO Antibodies against Some Weak A (A3, Ax, Aend) and Weak B (B3, Bx) Red Cells
Authors: Lopez M. , Benali J. , Bony V. , Salmon Ch.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The IgG and IgM anti‐A and anti‐B activities from several immune and non‐immune O, A and B sera were tested against a panel of weak A (A3, Ax, and Aend) and weak B (B3 and Bx) red cells. In all cases it is the IgM which agglutinated optimally Ax (or Bx) cells, while IgG and IgM anti‐A (or anti‐B) reacted similarly with A3 and Aend (or B3) cells. The agglutinating activity of all these ABO antibodies was found straightly related to their association constant for the A (or the B) receptor.
A Japanese Rhmod Family: Serological and Haematological Observations
Authors: Saji Hiroh , Hosoi Takemitsu
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This report describes a Japanese family having two Rhmod members, and two sibs with slightly depressed Rh antigens. It is proposed that the Rhmod and the depressed Rh antigen phenotypes are due to regulator genes in homozygous or heterozygous condition, respectively.

The two Rhmod members showed mild reticulocytosis, stomatocytosis, slight anisocytosis, slight hyperchromia and slight punctate basophilia without anaemia. Scanning electron microscopy showed their red cells to be small and of bowl shape. Increased fragility of their erythrocytes was demonstrated by dynamic osmofragility testing using a coil planet centrifuge.
Epstein‐Barr Virus Infection in Polytransfused Patients with Homozygous β‐Thalassaemia
Authors: Papaevangelou G. , Economidou J. , Roumeliotou A. , Adrachta D. , Parcha S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.The frequency of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been studied in 149 polytransfused thalassaemic patients and in healthy controls. Evidence for EBV infection was based on the detection of antibodies to viral capsid antigen (anti‐VCA) and for HBV infection on the detection of either hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or hepatitis B surface antibody (anti‐HBs). The frequency of anti‐VCA was not significantly higher in the patients (16.4%) compared to the controls (69.8%) whereas HBV infection was more frequently observed in the patients (91.3%) than in the controls (17.3%). There was also no evidence of repeated infection or recent infection with EBV in the polytransfused patients. These data suggest that transfusion of stored blood does not represent a significant factor of spread for EBV.
An Example of ‘Naturally Occurring’ Anti‐Jsa (K6) in a Japanese Female
Authors: Ito Kazuhiko , Mukumoto Yoshiki , Konishi Hitomi
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐Jsa was found in a Japanese female who had never received a transfusion and had borne 3 Jsa‐negative children. The antibody agglutinated Jsa cells suspended in saline and treated with proteolytic enzymes as well as reacting with those cells by the indirect anti‐globulin test. This example is the first reported ‘naturally occurring’ anti‐Jsa.
Efficacy of 100 μg (250IU1) Anti‐D IgG in the Prevention of Rh‐Haemolytic Disease
Authors: Simonovits I. , Böröcz Irene
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In the years 1975–1976, 6, 766 unselected (ABO compatible and incompatible) primigravidae parturients with uncomplicated delivery were given 100 μg (250 IU) anti‐D IgG. A total of 4,473 presented for the 6‐month control examination. IAGT was positive in 5 cases (0.11%). The 200 μg (500 IU) dose was administered to 1,543 women. Of these, 962 presented for serological control. IAGT was positive in 1 case (0.10%). The difference is not significant. The findings support the results of previous studies suggesting that 100 μg anti‐D is a sufficient dose to prevent immunization in uncomplicated deliveries.
A Radial Immunodiffusion Method for the Measurement of Rat Fibrinogen and Fibrin Degradation Products1
Authors: Kaplan John E. , Blumenstock Frank A. , Saba Thomas M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The present report describes a technique for the production of monospecific rabbit antiserum to rat fibrinogen and its use in a quantitative radial immunodiffusion assay for measurement of rat fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products. It is a suitable technique for measurement of these parameters in small samples which can be repeatedly obtained from animals the size of rats.
Enhanced Yield of Antihemophilic Factor and von Willebrand Factor by Cryoprecipitation with Polyethylene Glycol1
Authors: Johnson Alan J. , Macdonald Valerie E. , Brind Joel
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A procedure involving cryoprecipitation of human plasma in the presence of polyethylene glycol results in consistently higher yields of antihemophilic factor and von Willebrand factor than were heretofore achieved by cryoprecipitation alone. The resulting AHF and vWF are at least as pure as ordinary cryoprecipitate and can easily be further purified by additional processing. The method is expected to be especially useful in the preparation of AHF and vWF concentrates for the treatment of patients with hemophilia or von Willebrand's disease.
Homozygous D
Authors: Contreras Marcela , Armitage Susan , Daniels G. L. , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A homozygote for the Rh complex D associated with the rare Evans antigen was identified and her family tested: D / D can be clearly distinguished serologically from ‐D‐I‐D‐.

The immune antibody in the serum of the propositus reacts with all cells tested except homozygous ‐D‐, CwD‐, cD‐ and Rhnull cells.
Failure of Anti‐D Immunoglobulin to Remove Fetal Red Cells from Maternal Circulation
Authors: Revill J. A. , Emblin K. F. , Hutchinson R. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A Rhesus negative female was found post delivery to have circulating cells of fetal origin. The neonate was typed as D‐positive. In spite of more than conventionally adequate doses of anti‐D immunoglobulin given to the mother, the fetal cell count in the maternal circulation remained unchanged. Further investigation showed the fetus to be a Du variant and to exhibit a diminished reaction with the batch of anti‐D immunoglobulin used.
Another Kell‐Related Antibody, Anti‐K19
Authors: Sabo Bernice , McCreary Joan , Stroup Marjory , Smith David E. , Weidner John G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new high‐frequency antigen related to the Kell system was defined by the serum of a patient, Mrs. Sub. The antigen was lacking from her cells and those of one of her three siblings. All random cells tested were incompatible with her serum as were bloods of other various ‘null’ phenotypes, but Ko bloods were compatible suggesting that the antibody, subsequently called anti‐K19, was related to the Kell blood group system.
Immunofluorescent Staining of Platelet Suspensions and Detection of Antiplatelet Antibody in Patients with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Boonpucknavig Somnate , Vuttivirojana Oranut , Srichaikul Tanomsri
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Direct immunofluorescent staining of 31 specimens of platelets obtained from 13 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) revealed positive staining on the surface of platelets for both immunoglobulins (Igs) and human β1C globulin in 9 specimens, for only Igs in 1 specimen and for human β1C alone in 5 specimens. The pattern of the positive immunofluorescent staining was granular. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of normal platelets in serum obtained from patients with ITP was positive for antiplatelet antibody in 9 out of 31 specimens. This suggests that platelets in patients with ITP may be damaged by an antiplatelet autoantibody acting directly on the platelet surface and/or by antigen antibody complexes binding via Fc IgG receptors on the surface of the platelets.
Side Products of Routine Plasma Fractionation
Authors: Steinbuch M. , Granier C. , Tavernier D. , Faure A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) for intravenous use has been obtained from fraction IV, a by‐product of ethanol fractionation. A four‐step procedure has been developed associating precipitation by Rivanol® and PEG 4000 with chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose. The yield corresponds to 30–35% of the activity found in fraction IV. Vials containing 5000 U of CHE stabilized by 2.5% albumin have been prepared. The pyrogen‐free product is well tolerated in the human.
Sibship Asymmetries of Rhesus Blood Groups in the Presence of Maternal Antibodies
Authors: Knox E. G. , Battey Diana A. , Bird G. W. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The genotypes of the children of R1r, R2r, and R1R2 fathers, and Rh‐immunized rr mothers, were examined. R1r fathers had an excess of R1r over rr children, and R1R2 fathers had an excess of R1r over R2r children. These asymmetries confirm the findings of a previous study. The possibilities of artefactual self‐selection, of genotyping errors, and of errors in assigning paternity, were examined and excluded. Alternative models of genetic transmission and of antigenic structure were studied, but no basis for explaining the findings was found or formulated. Three possible biological explanations were formulated including (a) asymmetric segregation of the rhesus genes, (b) selective early fetal loss, and (c) a selective effect upon the performance of sperms bearing different haplotypes. The first of these three appeared unlikely. The data did not provide a basis for supporting or rejecting or differentiating the other two.
The Second Example of an Anti‐Vel Auto‐Antibody
Authors: Herron R. , Hyde R. D. , Hillier S. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The second example of an anti‐Vel auto‐antibody is described in a patient with severe anaemia.
A New Case of Gamma–3 Heavy Chain Disease
Authors: Biewenga Jeike , van Loghem Erna
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new δ3 heavy chain disease (δ3–HCD) protein (Emm) is described. A molecular weight of 70,000–80,000 daltons was estimated. Antigenic analysis showed that protein Emm lacks light chains and the CHI domain of heavy chains, whereas the antigenic determinants of the δ3 Fc fragment (CH2 and CH3 domains) as well as those of the δ3 hinge region were present. Since the anomalous protein was temporarily present in serum Emm, a transient triggering of a cell clone which produces the δ3–HCD protein is suggested.
Distribution of Subtypes of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Western India
Authors: Joshi S. H. , Bapat J.‐P. , Bhatia H. M. , Baxi A. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. HBsAg subtype distribution of 105 positive samples showed 91.4% as ay type. The ay was predominant in different disease conditions, healthy carriers and posttransfusion hepatitis. The prevalence of ay in the Bombay sample is in contrast to the predominance of ad reported from North India. These findings may suggest multifocal infection in different regions of India.
Detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen with the Miniature Centrifugal Fast Analyzer
Authors: Wenz Barry , Karmen Arthur , Feng Chi S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A modified reversed passive hemagglutination test for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg is described. Sera and reagent cells coated with antibody to HBsAg (anti‐HBs) are loaded separately into the rotor of a miniature centrifugal fast analyzer. The rotor is centrifuged briefly to transfer the components into its cuvettes. After mixing, the suspensions are allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min, following which the rotor is again centrifuged and the absorbance of each cuvette is monitored. Cells suspended in serum containing HBsAg leave the light path more rapidly than cells suspended in sera free of antigen. The magnitude of change in absorbance varies directly with the concentration of the antigen.

In 45 sera tested by the conventional V‐plate technique, findings were as follows: 21 positive, 19 false positive and 5 negative. The automated procedure unequivocally differentiated the 21 positives; results for the false positive and negative specimens were identical and clearly distinguishable from the positive results. The automated procedure enhances specificity, offers equivalent sensitivity, and results that are quantitative and objective.
Characteristics of Different Rhesus Alloantibodies in Lymphocyte Dependent (K Cell) Cytotoxicity to Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Lajos J. , Benczur M. , Nemák P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The property of rhesus alloantibodies to elicit antibody‐dependent, cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against target erythrocytes carrying various Rh genotypes was studied. The killer activity of normal peripheral lymphocytes on human erythrocyte target cells carrying the appropriate antigens elicited by alloantisera was measured by 51Cr release at 18 h. There was no correlation between ADCC and antibodies directed to the antigens present on the surface of different genotypes of Rh‐positive red blood cells. The agglutinin titre of different Rh antibodies showed no correlation with the level of ADCC although the degree of cellular cytotoxicity was different with different anti‐D sera. Anti‐C + D + E antibody caused higher ADCC than anti‐C + D and the lowest cytotoxicity was observed with anti‐D and anti‐D + E. This raised the possibility that ADCC was elicited by antibodies directed to other specificities. K cell lysis of human red cells by human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro suggests that a similar mechanism may operate in vitro in the destruction of erythrocytes coated by alloor autoantibodies.