bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A 2‐Acylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione from Virola oleifera.
Authors: AZEVEDO N. R. , SANTOS S. C. , DE MIRANDA E. G. , FERRI P. H.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Furanoeremophilanes and a Bakkenolide from Senecio auricula var. major.
Authors: TORRES P. , AYALA J. , GRANDE C. , MACIAS M. J. , GRANDE M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Millettia of Cameroon. Part 9. Conrauinones C and D, Two Isoflavones from Stem Bark of Millettia conraui.
Authors: FUENDJIEP V. , NKENGFACK A. E. , FOMUM Z. T. , SONDENGAM B. L. , BODO B.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of the Anti Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Peptide Antibiotics TAN‐1057A—D.
Authors: YUAN C. , WILLIAMS R. M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convergent Synthesis of the tris‐Oxazole Ring System in Ulapualide A and Related Marine Metabolites.
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY S. K. , PATTENDEN G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Convergent Synthesis of the C31‐C46 Domain of the Phorboxazole Natural Products.
Authors: AHMED F. , FORSYTH C. J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Dehydration Reaction of Neoanisatin and Transformation of Neoanisatin into Anisatin.
Authors: YOSHIZAWA J. , OBITSU K. , MAKI S. , NIWA H. , HIRANO T. , OHASHI M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Study on Gymnodimine: Highly Stereoselective Construction of Substituted Tetrahydrofuran and Cyclohexene Moieties.
Authors: ISHIHARA J. , MIYAKAWA J , TSUJIMOTO T. , MURAI A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Material Containing Framework Tectosilicate by Pore—Wall Recrystallization.
Authors: KLOETSTRA K. R. , VAN BEKKUM H. , JANSEN J. C.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic and Structural Aspects of Electrochemical Deposition of Metals and Binary Compounds in Molten Salts.
Authors: DANEK V. , CHRENKOVA M. , SILNY A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Model for Aluminophosphate Formation: Transformation of a Linear Chain Aluminophosphate to Chain, Layer, and Framework Structures
Authors: OLIVER S. , KUPERMAN A. , OZIN G. A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorinated Organometallic Compounds
Authors: BURTON D. J. , LU L.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Transition Metals in Hydroformylation: Annual Survey Covering the Year 1996
Authors: UNGVARY F.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Addition of Allylic Silanes and Stannanes to Aldehydes Mediated by Chiral Lewis Acids
Authors: COZZI P. G. , TAGLIAVINI E. , UMANI‐RONCHI A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis in Focus. Polymer Catalysts
Authors: REGGELIN M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of the Pummerer Reaction Toward the Synthesis of Complex Carbocycles and Heterocycles
Authors: PADWA A. , GUNN D. E. JUN. , OSTERHOUT M. H.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Free Radical Cyclizations Involving Nitrogen
Authors: FALLIS A. G. , BRINZA I. M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Ligands of E‐Selectin
Authors: SINGH K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembly, Symmetry, and Molecular Architecture: Coordination as the Motif in the Rational Design of Supramolecular Metallacyclic Polygons and Polyhedra
Authors: STANG P. J. , OLENYUK B.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Cyanohydrins: Their Formation, Synthetic Potential, and Application
Authors: JOHNSON D. V. , GRIENGL H.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fullerene Chemistry
Authors: BIRKETT P. R.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrazide Derivatives of Poly(ethylene Glycol) and Their Bioconjugates
Authors: ZALIPSKY S. , MENON‐RUDOLPH S.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Site‐Specific Poly(ethylene Glycol)ylation of Peptides
Authors: FELIX A. M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Metathesis of Olefins
Authors: IVIN K. J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Uses of Isotopically Labeled Compounds Containing C:C, C:O or C:N Groups
Authors: ZIELINSKI M. , KANSKA M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Heating in Organic Chemistry
Authors: MAJETICH G. , WHELESS K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method for Conformational Restriction Based on Repulsion Between Adjacent Substituents on a Cyclopropane Ring, and Its Application to Designing Potent NMDA Receptor Antagonists
Authors: SHUTO S. , MATSUDA A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Manipulation of Carbohydrate—Hydroxyl Groups (Selective Activation of a Hydroxyl Group by Tin Compounds)
Authors: TSUDA Y.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Authors: GRASBY J. A. , WILLIAMS D. M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Artificial Anion Hosts. Concepts for Structure and Guest Binding
Authors: SCHMIDTCHEN F. P.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Analog and Conformational Studies on Peptide Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides
Authors: BIAGINI S. C. G. , NORTH M. , WILLIAMS P. J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantification of Immunoglobulin Concentration by ELISA
Authors: PATHAK S. S. , VAN OUDENAREN A. , SAVELKOUL H. F. J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy of Mercury Compounds
Authors: BOWMAKER G. A. , HARRIS R. K. , OH S.‐W.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Gas‐liquid Mass Transfer Enhancement in a Surface Aeration Stirred Slurry Reactors
Authors: Ruthiya Keskov C. , Kuster Ben F. M. , Schouten Jaap C.
Published: July 2010

This paper postulates four possible mechanisms for the enhancement of gas‐liquid (G‐L) mass transfer in slurry reactors: (1) hydrodynamic effect, (2) shuttling, (3) stabilization of bubbles, and (4) reaction enhancement. Mass transfer and reactivity experiments using two different slurry systems and two different Pd‐catalysed reactions, i.e., oxidation of glucose (aqueous phase) and hydrogenation of a‐methyl styrene (organic phase), with both hydrophobic carbon and hydrophilic silica catalyst supports, were performed in a laboratory scale surface aeration reactor with a flat gas‐liquid interface. Physical and reaction enhancement have been distinguished successfully. The experimental results show that the level of catalyst support hydrophobicity has a strong influence on the rate of mass transfer.
Simultaneous Drying and Cleaning of Guava Seeds in a Spout‐Fluid Bed with Draft Tube
Authors: Osorio‐Revilla G , López‐Suárez T. , Gallardo‐Velázquez T
Published: July 2010

A half sectional spout‐fluid bed column with draft tube was used for the cleaning and drying of guava seeds in one single operation. The process took place on a batch basis with a constant spouting velocity of 1.5 Ums and an additional annular air flow rate equivalent to 0.5 and 0.7 Umf. A regression model based on the spouting air temperature Ts, the annular inlet air temperature Ta and the additional annular air flow rate xUmf was obtained to calculate the drying time. An additional cleaning step was necessary to increase the separation efficiency of the dried pulp from about 70% obtained during the drying process to 84%.
Computer Simulations of Adsorption Characteristics of Carbon Dioxide in Slit Graphite Pores
Authors: Yang Qingyuan , Zhong Chongli
Published: July 2010

An extensive grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation has been performed to study the adsorption behavior and the orientational structure of CO2 confined in slit graphite pores, with a wide pore width range of 0.61 to 3.04 nm and pressures up to 3.41 MPa. The simulation results show that the minimum pore width for the adsorption of CO2 is 0.57 nm, the maximum adsorption occurs at pore width H = 2.43 nm and pressure P = 2.56—3.41 MPa, and capillary condensation takes place only for H>2 nm. It is also found that the wall‐perpendicular orientation becomes preferential with the increase of pressure.
UNIQUAC Interaction Parameters with Closure for Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquid Systems Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Sahoo Ranjan Kumar , Banerjee Tamal , Khanna Ashok
Published: July 2010

Ionic liquids (ILs) are being considered as favourable solvents for liquid‐liquid extraction. Ternary phase equilibria containing the ionic liquid based systems have been reported in the literature for aromatic‐aliphatic‐IL as well as aliphatic‐alcohol‐IL ternary systems. In this work global optimization has been used for the prediction of UNIQUAC interaction parameters for IL based systems. The twin concepts of closure equation and global optimization via Genetic Algorithm (GA) have been benchmarked and tested on 88 aromatic and 28 hydrogen bonding multi‐component systems. For the aromatic systems the rmsd values obtained with closure equation are ∼20 percent better than without closure equation and ∼50 percent better than literature. Similarly for hydrogen bonding systems with closure equation gives ∼20 percent better rmsd values than without closure equations with an overall improvement of ∼60 percent. After this rigorous testing we have applied this procedure on 29 imidazolium based IL ternary systems. Improvements in rmsds with closure have been ∼6 percent better than without closure.
Collagen Production by Rat Hepatocytes and Sinusoidal Cells in Primary Monolayer Culture†
Authors: Tseng Scheffer C. G. , Lee Philip C. , Ells Peter F. , Bissell Montgomery D. , Smuckler Edward A. , Stern Robert
Published: July 2010

The cellular sources of collagen in normal rat liver have been examined. Hepatocytes and nonparenchymal (sinusoidal) cells were isolated and established in primary monolayer culture. These cells were incubated with radiolabeled proline in the presence of L-ascorbate and β-amino-propionitrile. Nondialyzable material was prepared from the cell layer and the medium from each type of culture. The level of collagen accumulation was determined by measuring labeled hydroxyproline and sensitivity to purified bacterial collagenase. In hepatocytes, collagen represented 0.2% of both secreted and cell-associated labeled protein. In sinusoidal cells, collagen was 3.2% of secreted and 1.1% of cell-associated proteins. The total secreted labeled collagen, expressed per microgram of DNA, was similar in hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells. However cell-associated collagen in hepatocyte culture was approximately 10-fold that present in sinusoidal cells. These findings indicate that, while collagen formation is a relatively important function of sinusoidal cells, in normal liver the contribution of hepatocytes to total hepatic collagen accumulation may be substantial.
Antiviral Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Infectious Virus Cannot Be Detected in Patient Serum after Permanent Responses to Treatment
Authors: Scullard George H. , Greenberg Harry B. , Smith Joseph L. , Gregory Peter B. , Merigan Thomas C. , Robinson William S.
Published: July 2010

Fourteen chimpanzees were inoculated with pre- and posttreatment sera from seven patients with persistent hepatitis B virus infection and chronic hepatitis who had permanent responses of their infection to treatment with interferon and/or adenine arabinoside. Inoculation of pretreatment serum at a dilution of 10−8 from a patient with a Type I response to treatment [disappearance of Dane particle DNA polymerase (DNAP) activity, HBeAg, and HBsAg from serum] resulted in infection, while undiluted posttreatment serum (all markers negative) failed to infect another animal. Pretreatment sera (DNAP, HBeAg, and HBsAg positive) from all of six patients with a Type II response to treatment (disappearance of DNAP activity and HBeAg but not HBsAg from serum) led to infection in six chimpanzees after inoculation of serum dilutions varying between 10−2 and 10−7. Inoculation of undiluted posttreatment sera (HBsAg positive and DNAP and HBeAg negative) from the same six patients produced no evidence of hepatitis B virus infection in another six animals. These results indicate that a Type I or II response to treatment with these antiviral agents reduces the infectivity in the serum of patients with chronic hepatitis B to below the level of detection by this assay. Such changes should be useful in interrupting spread of the infection between individuals. Our findings suggest that the serum of some patients who, without treatment are HBsAg positive and DNAP and HBeAg negative, may also be free of detectable infectious hepatitis B virus.
The Effect of Portal Diversion on the Early Stages of Liver Carcinogenesis in the Rat
Authors: Rotstein Lorne E. , Makowka Leonard , Lee George , Farber Emmanuel
Published: July 2010

The effect of portal diversion by ameroid constriction was studied in the carcinogenic process in the rat after initiation of foci by diethylnitrosamine and after the establishment of putative preneoplastic nodules. Portal diversion or portal diversion plus partial hepatectomy did not act to promote or select for the development of nodules. Furthermore, portal diversion did not alter the natural history of established nodules. These results suggest that vascular factors are not important at these early stages of the carcinogenic process in the rat liver.
Inducer and Suppressor T–Cells in Hepatitis B Virus–Induced Liver Disease
Authors: Thomas Howard C. , Brown David , Routhier Guitaine , Janossy George , Kung Patrick C. , Goldstein Gideon , Sherlock Sheila
Published: July 2010

During acute type B hepatitis, the proportion of inducer to cytotoxic/suppressor T–cells is decreased due to an increase in the concentration of suppressor cells. Similar changes are seen in chronically infected subjects with evidence of active viral replication (HBeAg positive) and chronic hepatitis of varying severity. This imbalance of the regulatory cells returns to normal when viral replication decreases during the recovery phase of acute hepatitis and in patients who become chronic carriers with minimal liver disease (HBeAb positive patients). Patients in whom viral replication has subsided (HBeAb positive) but who continue to exhibit chronic active liver disease have increased inducer to cytotoxic/suppressor cell ratios due to a decrease in the concentration of the cytotoxic/suppressor cell population. Further studies are needed to determine whether these alterations of the regulatory cells of the immune system are a causal factor influencing the duration of active hepatitis B virus replication and the degree of inflammatory liver damage, or merely changes secondary to the presence of a replicating virus.
Water Content of Gallstones: Location and Contribution to A Hypothesis Concerning Stone Structure
Authors: Soloway Roger D. , Fayusal Eleanor B. , Trotman Bruce W. , Weston Norman E. , Ficca James F.
Published: July 2010

The water content of black pigment and cholesterol gallstones was evaluated with the use of moisture evolution analysis, electron spectroscopy for surface analysis, and X–ray diffraction. X–ray diffraction identified complex hydrated hydroxyapatite compounds in two stones. Moisture evolution analysis demonstrated that 18 pigment gallstones contained between 0.83 and 6.87% water; six cholesterol stones contained 0 to 0.27% (p < 0.001). When black stones were subdivided into subgroups containing large proportions of pigment, phosphate, or carbonate, the proportion of water evolved at each temperature was the same. Water content was inversely related to carbonate content (r = -0.81) and did not correlate well with other stone components. Electron spectroscopy for surface analysis independently suggested that water of hydration was present since the ratio of oxygen to other elements exceeded ratios in any known compound in stone. A peripheral–central gradient for water was absent in one stone which was analyzed in peripheral mid–, and central portions. Progressive removal of the surface of previously ground stone particles using an argon beam followed by repeated electron spectroscopy for surface analysis indicated that much of the water was present in the outer 20 to 50 Å of the particles. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that pigment stones form by deposition of calcium salts on an organic matrix and that hydrated water is associated with thin layers of calcium salts. These layers may be distributed throughout the stone; powdering appears to fractionate stones through these areas of hydrated calcium salts since oxygen was in highest concentration on the surface of powder particles.
Ultrastructural and Biochemical Liver Analyses in Fabry's Disease
Authors: Meuwissen Stephan G.M. , Dingemans Kurt P. , Strijland Anneke , Tager Joseph M. , Ooms Bert C.M.
Published: July 2010

Ultrastructural and biochemical analyses were made of liver biopsy material from a patient with longstanding Fabry's disease. Both hepatocytes as well as periportal macrophages showed lipid accumulations consisting of amorphous material as well as stacks of lamellar leaflets. Lipid inclusions in periportal macrophages were much larger than in hepatocytes. Furthermore, small round spheres were found exclusively in periportal macrophages. The biochemical analysis showed an increased content of ceramide -3, with only minor elevated concentrations of other glycosphin–golipids. The almost normal hepatic architecture and the presence of well–preserved hepatocytic organelles are in agreement with the observation that liver involvement in Fabry's disease has only minor clinical significance.
Suppression of Lymphocyte Activation by A Protein Released From Isolated Perfused Rat Liver
Authors: Pizzo Christopher , Lee Donald , Chisari Francis V.
Published: July 2010

Isolated rat liver perfusates contain a substance which inhibits 3H–thymidine uptake by phyto–hemagglutinin–stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes in a dose–dependent, noncytotoxic fashion. Suppression is not due to interference of lymphocyte–phytohemagglutinin interaction or dilution of the thymidine pool. Complete inhibition of thymidine uptake is achieved with less than 1.0 fig of material per ml (which is a potentially achievable concentration in vivo). The release of this material is directly and quantitatively associated with hepatocellular injury as measured by release of glutamic pyruvate transaminase. The material is a highly basic protein with a molecular weight of approximately 65,000 to 80,000 daltons. It is a product of the hepatocyte rather than of nonparenchymal liver cells. Liver–derived materials, such as the presently described molecule, may play a role in in situ regulation of lymphocyte function during immunologically mediated liver disease.
Sympathetic Nervous Activity and Renal and Systemic Hemodynamics in Cirrhosis: Plasma Norepinephrine Concentration, Hepatic Extraction, and Renal Release
Authors: Ring-Larsen Helmer , Hesse Birger , Henriksen Jens H. , Christensen Niels J.
Published: July 2010

Systemic and renal neurovascular reactivity was investigated in eight patients with cirrhosis and in eight control subjects with fatty liver during postural changes. In the supine position, mean renal blood flow averaged 1.51 and 2.97 ml per gm per min in patients and controls, respectively (p < 0.02). During tilting, renal blood flow changed significantly (p < 0.05) and equally in patients and controls (15o head–down tilt: 12 and 13% increase, respectively; 60o head–up tilt: 27 and 32% decrease, respectively). Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower in patients than controls (82 vs. 95 mm Hg, p < 0.05) but did not change during the tilt. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration was significantly higher in another eight patients with cirrhosis than in eight healthy controls (mean: 0.45 vs. 0.21 ng per ml in recumbency, p < 0.02). Following 60o head–up tilt, the increase in NE was similar in both groups. In another 10 patients with cirrhosis in recumbency, the splanchnic arterial–hepatic venous extraction of NE averaged 0.43 (p < 0.01), and the hepatic clearance of NE averaged 315 ml per min which is of the same order as previously reported in healthy controls. The right kidney released NE into the systemic circulation. Renal venous plasma NE exceeded arterial concentration by 34% (p < 0.01). It is concluded that sympathetic nervous activity is enhanced in patients with cirrhosis, and that this hyperactivity may be responsible for renal vasoconstriction in these patients. However, systemic and renal neurovascular reactivity seems to be maintained even at an advanced stage of the disease.
A Comparative Study of the Biliary Secretion of Human Dimeric and Monomeric Iga in the Rat and in Man
Authors: Dooley James S. , Potter Barry J. , Thomas Howard C. , Sherlock Sheila
Published: July 2010

In the rat, dimeric immunoglobulin A (dIgA) is cleared rapidly from the systemic circulation into bile by vesicular transport through the hepatocyte. Whether such transfer of dIgA occurs in man is controversial. The fate of dIgA and monomeric IgA (mIgA) was studied in rats with biliary drainage, and in parallel in 4 patients, 3 of whom had biliary drainage. Human dIgA and mIgA were prepared from myeloma sera and labeled with radioisotopes of iodine. Ten microcuries each of 125I–dIgA and 131I–mIgA (2 to 4μg protein) were given i.v. simultaneously. In the four patients, 125I–dIgA disappeared more rapidly from the serum than did 131I–mIgA. Biliary recovery of 125I–dIgA (expressed as per cent total dose given) was only 0.2 to 0.9% in 8 hr while that of 131I–mIgA was 0.1 to 0.2%. In contrast, biliary recovery over the same period in rats was 21 to 32% for l25I–dIgA and 3.0 to 4.6% for 131I–mIgA. The data show that in man after injection of a trace amount of human myeloma IgA, rapid transport of dIgA into bile, as observed in the rat, was not seen. Although selective transport of dIgA over mIgA into bile occurred in man, the total amount of dIgA transported was small, and it is suggested that under physiological conditions, the major part of human biliary IgA is derived from local synthesis.
Hepatobiliary Clearance of Iga Immune Complexes Formed in the Circulation
Authors: Harmatz Paul R. , Kleinman Ronald E. , Bunnell Bruce W. , Bloch Kurt J. , Walker Allan W.
Published: July 2010

The formation and clearance of circulating IgA immune complexes from blood to bile was investigated in this study. The i.v. injection of either MOPC–315, an IgA M–component with anti–dinitrophenyl (DNP) specificity, or TEPC–15, an IgA M–component of a different specificity, was followed by i.v. injection of 125I–DNP10–bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the antigen. The formation and clearance of IgA immune complexes in the circulation of MOPC–315–treated, but not TEPC–15–treated animals was deømonstrated by immunoprecipitation with polyacrylamide beads coated with rabbit anti–mouse IgA. IgA–125I–DNP10–BSA complexes were identified in the bile from MOPC–315–treated, but not TEPC–15–treated animals utilizing this same immunoprecipitation technique. These observations suggest that the liver or bile ducts transport IgA immune complexes from blood into bile. The clearance of 125I–DNP10–BSA from the circulation was documented by coprecipitation with rabbit anti–BSA and BSA. The clearance of this circulating antigen was slower in the MOPC–315–treated than in the TEPC–15–treated animals suggesting that under the conditions of the present experiment, circulating antigen is cleared more slowly after IgA immune complex formation.
A Combination of Chenodeoxycholic Acid and Ursodeoxycholic Acid Is More Effective Than Either Alone in Reducing Biliary Cholesterol Saturation
Authors: Podda Mauro , Zuin Massimo , Dioguardi Maria L. , Festorazzi Susanna , Dioguardi Nicola
Published: July 2010

The effects on biliary lipids of 10 mg per kg per day of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), 10 mg per kg per day of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and their equimolar combination (5 mg per kg per day of each), all administered for 45 to 60 days, were investigated in 18 patients with gallstones in a double–blind study with a balanced latin square design. The molar percentage of cholesterol in bile (initial value 9.7 ± 2.2) was significantly lower after UDCA (5.4 ± 1.3) and the combination (5.2 ± 1.2) than after CDCA (7.2 ± 1.7).

Nevertheless, when the ability to solubilize cholesterol was calculated, taking into account the percentage of biliary UDCA, then the differences in cholesterol saturation induced by UDCA alone and the combination also became considerable (saturation index: 0.94 ± 0.12 as compared to 0.81 ± 0.12).

The total bile acid pool increased significantly after treatment with CDCA and the combination, but not after UDCA. Lithocholic acid was increased significantly only by treatment with CDCA.

Diarrhea was observed in five patients with hypertransaminasemia and in four patients after CDCA, whereas both UDCA and the combination were well–tolerated.

We conclude that the administration of a combination of equimolar doses of CDCA and UDCA can be recommended for medical treatment of gallstones since it has greater effects on bile cholesterol saturation than either alone, is better tolerated than CDCA, and is less expensive than UDCA.
Normal Fasting–State Levels of Serum Cholyl–Conjugated Bile Acids in Gilbert's Syndrome: An Aid to the Diagnosis
Authors: Vierling John M. , Berk Paul D. , Hofmann Alan F. , Martin James F. , Wolkoff Allan W. , Scharschmidt Bruce F.
Published: July 2010

Fasting levels of cholic acid conjugates were determined by radioimmunoassay in the serum of 24 patients with extensively documented Gilbert's syndrome and in 98 healthy controls without unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The Gilbert's syndrome patients studied included all three subtypes, as determined from studies of the plasma disappearance kinetics of sulf obromophthalein and indocyanine green. Although patients with structural liver disease severe enough to produce hyperbilirubinemia almost invariably have elevated fasting serum levels of cholic acid conjugates, values were normal in each of the Gilbert's syndrome patients, including patients with metabolic abnormalities in sulfobromophthalein and indocyanine green transport. It is concluded that the measurement of fasting serum levels of cholic acid conjugates is a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of Gilbert's syndrome.
The Developing Liver: the Steady–State Disposition of Propranolol in Pregnant Sheep
Authors: Mihaly George W. , Morgan Denis J. , Smallwood Richard , Hardy Kenneth J.
Published: July 2010

The steady–state disposition of the β–adrenoreceptor blocking drug, propranolol, and its metabolite, 4–hydroxypropranolol, was studied in the anesthetized pregnant sheep near term. Following infusion of propranolol to the mother, steady–state plasma concentrations were obtained at three dosage levels in each of the eight animals studied. Blood samples were obtained from: (i) maternal facial artery and hepatic vein; (ii) umbilical vein, and (iii) fetal carotid artery, portal vein, and right hepatic vein. Although total propranolol concentrations in maternal plasma were different from those in umbilical venous plasma, the concentrations ofunbounddrug were similar, suggesting that unbound drug had equilibrated across the placenta. Approximately 10% of propranolol was unbound in maternal plasma, compared with 30% in fetal plasma. Hepatic extraction of propranolol by the maternal liver was high, so that only 3 to 4% of the drug presented to the liver escaped uptake. In contrast, fetal hepatic extraction was low. Negligible amounts were removed from portal vein blood (right lobe), although one third was extracted from umbilical vein blood (left lobe). Mean peripheral arterial concentrations of 4–hydroxypropranolol were 2– to 3–fold higher in the fetus than in the mother.

We conclude that the fetus is exposed to significant concentrations of propranolol and that the fetal hepatic extraction of this drug is considerably less efficient than in the adult. In contrast to the adult liver, the fetal liver does not appear to act as a single homogeneous organ, but rather as two distinct subunits.
Arteriohepatic Dysplasia in Infancy and Childhood: A Longitudinal Study of Six Patients
Authors: Dahms Beverly Barrett , Petrelli Mary , Wyllie Robert , Henoch Malcolm S. , Halpin Thomas C. , Morrison Stuart , Park Moonja Chung , Tavill Anthony S.
Published: July 2010

Arteriohepatic dysplasia (syndromatic ductular hypoplasia, Alagille syndrome) is a condition of chronic cholestasis dating from infancy accompanied by characteristic facies, pulmonic stenosis, and other somatic abnormalities. The pathologic hallmark of arteriohepatic dysplasia is a paucity or absence of intrahepatic bile ducts, wildely regarded as a congenital deficiency. We present a longitudinal study of six infants and children with arteriohepatic dysplasia, stressing evolution of the characteristic pathology on liver biopsy. All patients were biopsied twice. All five liver biopsies performed during infancy (<6 months old) showed intrahepatic cholestasis and portal inflammation, and two infants had, in addition, giant cell transformation. No infant showed congenital absence of interlobular bile ducts. Three of five infants had normal numbers of interlobular bile ducts (0.5 to 1.0 interlobular bile ducts per triad) and two infants had a paucity of interlobular bile ducts (<0.5 per triad). Three infants showed focal destructive inflammation of interlobular bile ducts. All biopsies performed later in childhood, between 3 and 20 years of age, showed a paucity or absence of interlobular bile ducts. At this time cholestasis and inflammation had largely resolved but some fibrosis persisted. The number of interlobular bile ducts decreased with age in each patient but there was no characteristic age at which interlobular bile ducts disappeared completely. The presence of interlobular bile ducts in infancy followed later in childhood by paucity or absence of interlobular bile ducts, suggests that intrahepatic bile duct deficiency in some patients with arteriohepatic dysplasia is acquired rather than congenital. The mechanism of bile duct disappearance in these patients may have been destructive inflammation of duct epithelium.

Histopathologic diagnosis of arteriohepatic dysplasia may be difficult or impossible in infancy since interlobular bile ducts may be present at that time. However, arteriohepatic dysplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all infants with cholestasis and such infants should have careful clinical evaluation for the syndromatic features of arteriohepatic dysplasia. Evaluation of their liver biopsies should include specific morphometric assessment of interlobular bile ducts.
The Nature of the Collagen in Hepatic Fibrosis in Advanced Murine Schistosomiasis
Authors: Wu Catherine H. , Giambrone Marie-Adele , Howard David J. , Rojkind Marcos , Wu George Y.
Published: July 2010

Livers from CF 1 mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni, 50 cercariae each, were examined 8 weeks postinfection. The collagen content of the livers was increased about 18–fold over that for normal control animals. Quantitation of the collagen types in pepsin–solubilized collagen showed a change in the ratio of Type I to Type III from 2:1 in normal mice to 1:1 in the fibrotic animals. The change in ratio resulted from a very large accumulation of Type III collagen and, accordingly, may provide an important model for study of the possible reversibility of fibrotic lesion.
Functional Hepatocellular Heterogeneity
Authors: Jungermann Kurt , Katz Norbert
Published: July 2010

Hepatocytes from the periportal (afferent) and perivenous (efferent) zones of the liver parenchyma differ in their enzyme content and subcellular structures. Therefore, different functions are proposed for the two zones, (a) Oxidative energy metabolism, β–oxidation, amino acid catabolism, ureagenesis from amino acids, gluconeogenesis, bile acid, and bilirubin excretion and oxidation protection are preferentially located in the periportal zone, (b) Glycolysis, liponeogenesis, ureagenesis from ammonia, and biotransformation are predominantly situated in the perivenous zone. Heterogeneity in the synthesis of plasma proteins also appears to exist.

The heterogeneous expression of the genome in hepatocytes is apparently caused by the periportal to perivenous gradient in oxygen and hormone concentrations, and by a different autonomic innervation of the parenchymal zones.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Authors: Hoefs John C. , Canawati Hanna N. , Sapico Francisco L. , Hopkins Randy R. , Weiner John , Montgomerie John Z.
Published: July 2010

Forty–three patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) between 1973 and 1978 were identified. Criteria for SBP included a positive ascites culture and polymorphonuclear cell concentration greater than 250 cells per mm3. Chronic liver disease was documented by varices in 91%, severe histologic fibrosis or cirrhosis in 94%, splenomegaly in 91%, and past hospitalization for liver disease in 57% of the patients. SBP was detected within 7 days of admission in 17 patients (40%) and within 35 days in 38 patients. Single organisms were isolated from 38 patients and multiple organisms from 5 patients. Twenty–six of 43 patients survived the episode of SBP, but only 13 survived the hospitalization. Analysis of the survival curve from the onset of SBP revealed a rapid death rate and a slow death rate set of patients. Rapid death (< 7 days from SBP onset) correlated with a lack of prior hospitalization for liver disease (p < 0.001), hepatomegaly (p < 0.001), increased serum bilirubin (p < 0.005), serum creatinine (p < 0.05), and peripheral white blood cell concentrations (p < 0.05). Survival during hospitalization was associated with prior hospitalization with liver disease (p < 0.001) and chills during the episode of SBP (p < 0.001). The 43 patients were divided into Group 1 patients on the basis of a serum bilirubin > 8 mg% and/or serum creatinine > 2.1 mg%; Group 2 patients had lower values. Survival was greater in Group 2 patients with advanced, relatively quiescent liver disease compared to Group 1 patients for both the episode of SBP (91 vs. 29%; p < 0.001) and for hospitalization (50 vs. 9%; p < 0.05). Death in Group 2 patients was related to inadequate antibiotic therapy (p < 0.05), nonhepatic factors, and new onset of renal failure. Although SBP in the setting of severe acute liver injury has a dismal prognosis, SBP with minimal acute liver injury has a relatively good prognosis for hospital survival even with advanced chronic liver disease. Long–term survival is also possible since 4 of 9 patients with prolonged follow–up have survived 3 years.
The Ph of Ascitic Fluid in the Diagnosis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Authors: Gitlin Norman , Stauffer John L. , Silvestri Ronald C.
Published: July 2010

Fifty–six patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and ascites were studied. The ascitic fluid was analyzed for pH, PO PCO2, glucose, protein, specific gravity, amylase, lactic dehydrogenase, white blood cell count, polymorphonuclear count, and cytology. It was also cultured aerobically and anaerobi–cally. Simultaneously, arterial blood was analyzed for pH, PO2, and PCO2. Venous blood was analyzed for complete blood count, protein, aspartate transaminase, and it was also cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Six patients had spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), i.e., culture was positive for Escherichia coli in five and Streptococcus faecalis in one. The mean (±S.E.) ascitic fluid pH in the SBP group was 7.25 ± 0.06 with a range of 7.12 to 7.31, while the ascitic fluid pH in the group with sterile ascites was 7.47 ± 0.07 with a range of 7.39 to 7.58. The pH of the blood in both groups was 7.47 ± 0.03. The pH of the ascites in the SBP group was significantly different from the pH in the group with sterile ascites, p < 0.001. It was also significantly different from the blood pH, p < 0.001. Highly significant inverse correlations existed between the ascitic pH in the SBP group and the ascitic white blood cell count (r = -0.84, p < 0.01) and between the ascitic pH in the SBP group and the ascitic polymorphonuclear count (r = -0.87, p < 0.01). The ascitic fluid pH is recommended as an easy, quick, sensitive, and specific means of diagnosing SBP and it overcomes the problem of the present SBP diagnostic methods of utilizing an absolute white blood cell count > 500 per mm3 or a polymorphonuclear count > 250 per mm3 in which false positive interpretations occur.
Anticatabolic Effect of Branched–Chain Amino Acid–Enriched Solutions in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Marchesini Giulio , Zoli Marco , Dondi Cristina , Bianchi Giampaolo , Cirulli Maurizio , Pisi Emilio
Published: July 2010

An amino acid mixture rich in branched–chain amino acids and poor in aromatic amino acids was infused in six cirrhotics with altered plasma amino acid profile and normal mental state. The effect on muscle protein catabolism, as measured by urinary excretion of 3–methylhistidine, was assessed during two consecutive 3–day periods in which patients received the amino acid mixture alone or in a hypertonic dextrose solution. During a 3–day basal period, cirrhotics showed increased rates of 3–methylhistidine excretion as compared to six matched healthy subjects. Both treatments reduced urinary 3–methylhistidine to normal. During treatment, branched–chain amino acids failed to normalize, plasma aromatic amino acid concentrations and ammonia declined, and alanine increased. Branched–chain amino acids are mainly oxidized in skeletal muscle with production of alanine. Reduced muscle protein catabolism following amino acid infusion is consistent with the physiological role of branched–chain amino acids in suppressing protein breakdown and stimulating protein synthesis. Long–term therapy with branched–chain amino acid–enriched mixtures may prove useful in advanced cirrhotics with severe muscle wasting.