bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Techno‐economic and environmental assessment of bioethanol‐based chemical process: A case study on ethyl acetate
Authors: Hong Thuy Nguyen T. , Kikuchi Yasunori , Sugiyama Hirokazu , Noda Masaru , Hirao Masahiko
Published: December 2010

The utilization of biomass is a key technology toward sustainable development. Bioethanol can be used as a substitute for fossil‐based fuel and to produce commodity chemicals, in which the latter has larger benefit returns and wider application. Therefore, switching the use of bioethanol as a feedstock of chemical processes from the conventional fossil‐based one to produce large quantities of chemicals has recently received increasing attention. In this study, we investigate the potential of substituting bioethanol‐based processes for fossil‐based processes to produce ethyl acetate, by considering economic and environmental issues. Different technologies of producing ethyl acetate are considered. One representative fossil‐based process is modeled and compared with three bioethanol‐based processes, with respect to production cost and CO2 emission indicators. The results show that bioethanol‐based processes have better cost saving and less global warming potential. The identification of a feasible bioethanol‐based production process of ethyl acetate will largely contribute to the development of the chemical industry and help ensure the actual sustainability of such an emerging technology. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Biosorption of Cr(VI) onto the litter of natural trembling poplar forest
Authors: Dundar Murat , Nuhoglu Cigdem , Nuhoglu and Yasar
Published: December 2010

Batch biosorption experiments onto the litter of natural trembling poplar (Populus tremula) forest (LNTPF) were investigated for the biosorption of chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. The influence of different experimental parameters such as initial pH, particle size, agitating speed, initial Cr(VI) concentration (C0), adsorbent concentration (m), and temperature on chromium(VI) ion removal were evaluated. The efficiency of chromium(VI) removal increases with a rise of adsorbent concentration, agitating speed, temperature, and with a fall of solution pH, particle size, and initial Cr(VI) concentration. The optimum biosorption conditions were determined as pH = 2.0, particle size ≤0.15 mm, agitating speed = 300 rpm, C0 = 30 mg L−1, m = 10 g L−1, and T = 45°C. The equilibrium was reached at around 150 min. The biosorption kinetics showed the pseudo‐second‐order model better than the pseudo‐first‐order model. Kinetic studies showed that the biosorption process was an endothermic process. The experimental biosorption data were fitted to the Freundlich biosorption model. The maximum biosorption capacity was found to be 16.97 mg g−1 removed by raw adsorbent. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies combined with FTIR spectroscopy were used to represent the biosorption mechanism. These studies display new remarkable findings. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Adsorption of silver from aqueous solution onto fly ash and phosphogypsum using full factorial design
Authors: Çoruh Semra , Elevli Sermin , Şenel Gaye , Ergun Osman Nuri
Published: December 2010

The aim of this research is to analyze the role of experimental factors on the adsorption of silver from an aqueous solution by using 24 factorial design. The experimental factors and their respective levels that were selected include an initial silver concentration of 50–250 mg/L, an adsorbent dosage of 1.25–10 g/L, a temperature of 20–60°C, and material types that consist of fly ash and phosphogypsum. The results were statistically analyzed by using the student's t‐test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and an F‐test to define important experimental factors and their levels. A regression model that considers the significant main and interaction effects was suggested. The selected experimental factors were determined to influence the adsorption process but their importance varied according to the sequence: initial concentration (50 mg/L) > waste material type (fly ash) > adsorbent dosage (10 g/L) > temperature (60°C). © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Energy conversion and storage potential of photogalvanic cell based on mixed dyes system: Ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid—Toluidine blue—Thionine
Authors: Lal Chhagan , Gangotri K.M.
Published: December 2010

The photogalvanic effect was studied in a photogalvanic cell containing ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid as reductant, toluidine blue, and thionine as photosensitizers. The photopotential and photocurrent generated were 695.0 mV and 105.0 μA, respectively. The observed conversion efficiency was 0.16%, and the maximum output (power) of the cell was 72.9μW. The photogalvanic cell can be used at this power level for 42.0 min in the dark due to the storage capacity of the cell. The effects of various parameters on electrical output of the cell were observed. The mechanism of the generation of the photocurrent in photogalvanic cells has also been proposed. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Optimization of the fenton oxidation of wastewater generated by rape oil soapstock splitting
Authors: Barbusiński Krzysztof , Fajkis Sławomir
Published: December 2010

The study was designed to assess the effective elimination of total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from pretreated wastewater generated by the splitting of rape oil soapstock rich in phospholipids. The wastewater indicated a high‐TP content (108 mg/L) and COD 1488 mg/L. The optimization tests were carried out using a five‐level, four‐variable central composite rotatable design, and the tested variables included initial H2O2 concentration (X1), Fe2+/H2O2
molar ratio (X2), initial temperature (X3), and wastewater pH (X4). TP and COD mathematical models of changes were developed as a function of tested variables based on the test results. Statistical analysis of the resultant models permits the conclusion that all tested variables substantially influence the effective removal of COD, whereas the initial pH of wastewater has no considerable impact on the effective elimination of TP. The optimal conditions of the Fenton process were achieved for X1 = 4.5 g/L, X2 = 0.1, X3 = 30°C, and X4 = 9. It is possible to reduce TP to 1.05 mg/L and COD to 132.1 mg/L under such conditions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
A second‐order time accurate finite element method for quasi‐incompressible viscous flows
Authors: De Sampaio P. A. B. , Gonçalves M. A.
Published: December 2010

A finite element method for quasi‐incompressible viscous flows is presented. An equation for pressure is derived from a second‐order time accurate Taylor–Galerkin procedure that combines the mass and the momentum conservation laws. At each time step, once the pressure has been determined, the velocity field is computed solving discretized equations obtained from another second‐order time accurate scheme and a least‐squares minimization of spatial momentum residuals. The terms that stabilize the finite element method (controlling wiggles and circumventing the Babuska–Brezzi condition) arise naturally from the process, rather than being introduced a priori in the variational formulation. A comparison between the present second‐order accurate method and our previous first‐order accurate formulation is shown. The method is also demonstrated in the computation of the leaky‐lid driven cavity flow and in the simulation of a crossflow past a circular cylinder. In both cases, good agreement with previously published experimental and computational results has been obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of control‐volume distributed multi‐point flux approximation (CVD‐MPFA) on upscaling—A study using the CVD‐MPFA schemes
Authors: Pal Mayur , Edwards Michael G.
Published: December 2010

A family of flux‐continuous, locally conservative, finite‐volume schemes has been developed for solving the general geometry‐permeability tensor (petroleum reservoir‐simulation) pressure equation on structured and unstructured grids and are control‐volume distributed (textit Comput. Geo. 1998; 2:259–290; Comput. Geo. 2002; 6:433–452). The schemes are applicable to diagonal and full tensor pressure equation with generally discontinuous coefficients and remove the O(1) errors introduced by standard reservoir‐simulation schemes (two‐point flux approximation) when applied to full tensor flow approximation. The family of flux‐continuous schemes is quantified by a quadrature parameterization (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2006; 51:1177–1203). Improved convergence (for two‐ and three‐dimensional formulation) using the quadrature parameterization has been observed for the family of flux‐continuous control‐volume distributed multi‐point flux approximation (CVD‐MPFA) schemes (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wales, Swansea, U.K., 2007).

In this paper family of flux‐continuous (CVD‐MPFA) schemes are used as a part of numerical upscaling procedure for upscaling the fine‐scale grid information (permeability) onto a coarse grid scale. A series of data‐sets (SPE, 2001) are tested where the upscaled permeability tensor is computed on a sequence of grid levels using the same fixed range of quadrature points in each case. The refinement studies presented involve:

Refinement comparison study: In this study, permeability distribution for cells at each grid level is obtained by upscaling directly from the fine‐scale permeability field as in standard simulation practice.

Refinement study with renormalized permeability: In this refinement comparison, the local permeability is upscaled to the next grid level hierarchically, so that permeability values are renormalized to each coarser level. Hence, showing only the effect of increased grid resolution on upscaled permeability, compared with that obtained directly from the fine‐scale solution.

Refinement study with invariant permeability distribution: In this study, a classical mathematical convergence test is performed. The same coarse‐scale underlying permeability map is preserved on all grid levels including the fine‐scale reference solution.

The study is carried out for the discretization of the scheme in physical space. The benefit of using specific quadrature points is demonstrated for upscaling in this study and superconvergence is observed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilized finite element solution to handle complex heat and fluid flows in industrial furnaces using the immersed volume method
Authors: Hachem E. , Kloczko T. , Digonnet H. , Coupez T.
Published: December 2010

We consider the numerical simulation of conjugate heat transfer, incompressible turbulent flows for multicomponents systems using a stabilized finite element method. We present an immersed volume approach for thermal coupling between fluids and solids for heating high‐alloy steel inside industrial furnaces. It consists in considering a single 3D grid of the furnace and solving one set of equations with different thermal properties. A distance function enables to define precisely the position and the interface of any objects inside the volume and to provide homogeneous physical and thermodynamic properties for each subdomain. An anisotropic mesh adaptation algorithm based on the variations of the distance function is then applied to ensure an accurate capture of the discontinuities that characterize the highly heterogeneous domain. The proposed method demonstrates the capability of the model to simulate an unsteady three‐dimensional heat transfers and turbulent flows in an industrial furnace with the presence of three conducting solid bodies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magneto hydrodynamic buoyant convection of an electrically conducting fluid in a tilted square cavity
Authors: Abishek S. , Katte Subrahmanya S.
Published: December 2010

A numerical investigation of steady‐natural convection of an electrically conducting fluid, enclosed in a tilted square cavity, subjected to a uniform magnetic field applied perpendicular to the plane of cavity is presented. A comprehensive understanding of the effects of controlling parameters on the flow and heat transfer is delineated for a wide range of parameters. Correlations for the average Nusselt number are presented specifically for fluids with low Prandtl numbers pertaining to liquid metals. It is made known that when the applied magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the cavity, the magneto hydrodynamic drag is greatest as compared to any other direction of the applied magnetic field and consequently the suppression of convection is also at its maximum, irrespective of all other controlling parameters. 8 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20326
Heat transfer on a horizontal rotating cylinder near a flat plate in a cross‐flow
Authors: Shimada Ryohachi , Ohba Takamitsu , Adachi Takeshi , Izumi Masaaki
Published: December 2010

An experimental study of heat transfer on a horizontal rotating cylinder near a flat plate was performed. The cylinder and plate were set in a cross‐flow. Temperature distribution and coefficients of local heat transfer were measured by a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Flow visualization was made using smoke. Rotating Reynolds numbers (Rer) and cross‐flow Reynolds numbers (Red) were varied from 0 to 2000. The spaces between cylinder and plate were varied from 1 × 10−3 m to 5 × 10−3 m. The rotating direction of cylinder was changed clockwise or counterclockwise. The following results are obtained: When the space between the rotating cylinder and flat plate is the same as the displacement thickness on the plate, the heat transfer on the cylinder near the plate has the best performance. We have procured the empirical equation of heat transfer from a rotating cylinder near the flat plate in the cross‐flow. 8 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20329
Assessing temperature‐based PET equations under a changing climate in temperate, deciduous forests
Authors: Shaw Stephen B. , Riha Susan J.
Published: December 2010

Despite the availability of numerous approaches to estimate potential evapotranspiration (PET), temperature‐based PET equations such as the Hamon equation and Thornthwaite equation are still used to predict changes in hydrology in a changing climate as temperature is one of the primary reported outputs from general circulation models. To isolate the actual dependence of PET on temperature, we analysed meteorological and energy balance measurements from five AmeriFlux deciduous forest sites in the eastern United States during periods with minimal soil moisture control on transpiration. For all five sites, when PET measurements with similar net radiation are grouped, temperature does not correlate to PET within each group. Conversely when PET measurements with similar temperature are grouped, net radiation strongly correlates to PET within each group. In terms of assessing standard PET models, when dormant and growing season PET are separated, we found that the Priestley–Taylor equation (a model primarily dependent on net radiation) consistently explained more of the variation in PET than temperature‐based methods such as the Hamon equation (median R2 of 0·88 vs 0·66). We illustrate that the moderate ability of temperature‐based equations to predict PET arises from the correlation between temperature and net radiation when the meteorological observations are averaged over at least several days. However, we suggest that because temperature is not the fundamental driver of PET and because the relationship between temperature and net radiation underlying temperature‐based equations will shift with climate change, temperature‐based equations in their current state will likely exaggerate PET in a changing climate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
River basin sediment flux assessments
Authors: Delmas M. , Cerdan O. , Cheviron B. , Mouchel J. M.
Published: December 2010

Sediment load estimations are often limited by the difficulty in finding an adequate calculation method adapted to infrequent sediment concentration data. In this article, classic calculation methods (averaging estimators, ratio estimators and rating curves) are tested using 61 river basin datasets from the French river quality database (infrequent but long‐term datasets). The analyses and results show that averaging methods are inadequate in deriving sediment fluxes from datasets with daily discharge (Q) data and infrequent sediment concentration (C) data. Considering classic power‐rating curves, analyses of C(Q) relations for the 61 datasets show significant differences between seasons, flow variations and in function of the antecedent conditions of flows. The subdivision of datasets is thus essential before performing any C(Q) fitting. Moreover, the C = aQb relation only relates instantaneous C and Q values, disregarding the influence of temporal flow dynamics. Rating curve equations, including the dynamic of discharge time series, are established and tested. One equation and approach is selected: an improved rating curve approach (IRCA), which combines a fitting based on the description of sediment stock dynamics with the flow variation subdivision [between rising limbs (RL) and falling limbs (FL) of the hydrograph]. This method was validated with daily datasets from the US Geological Survey (USGS) database. This rating curve equation can be used to quantify sediment exports from infrequent data, for numerous river basins in temperate areas. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fire‐induced changes in soil water repellency increased fingered flow and runoff rates following the 2004 Huelva wildfire
Authors: Granged Arturo J. P. , Jordán Antonio , Zavala Lorena M. , Bárcenas Gema
Published: December 2010

Water repellency (WR) from fire‐affected soils can affect infiltration processes and increase runoff rates. We investigated the effects of fire‐induced changes in soil WR and the related soil hydrological response after one of the largest wildfires in Spain in recent years. The vertical distribution of WR in soil profiles was studied under oak and pine forests and the wetting pattern was analysed after rainfall simulations (85 mm h−1 during 60 min). After burning, the persistence of WR in soils under oaks increased in the upper 0–5 cm of soil in comparison with pre‐fire WR, but no significant changes were observed under pines. After a fire, WR was stronger and the thickness of the water‐repellent layer increased in soils under pines in the upper 0–16 cm of soil. The hydrophobic layer was thinner under oaks, where no strong to extremely water‐repellent samples were observed below 12 (in burnt soils) and 8 cm (in unburnt soils). Uniform wetting was observed through soil depth in burnt and unburnt soils under oaks, as a consequence of the prevailing matrix flux infiltration. Water was mostly stored in the upper few centimetres and soil became rapidly saturated, favouring a continuous rise in the runoff rate during the experiments. Moisture profiles under pines showed a heterogeneous wetting pattern, with highly irregular wetting fronts, as a result of wettable and water‐repellent three‐dimensional soil patches. In this case, runoff rates on burnt plots increased in relation to unburnt plots, but runoff generation reached a steady state after 25–30 min of simulated rainfall at an intensity of 85 mm h−1. Rainfall water infiltrated over a small part of the ponded area, where the vertical pressure of the water column overcame the WR. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray deposited fibronectin retains the ability to promote cell adhesion
Authors: Martyn S. V. , Heywood H. K. , Rockett P. , Paine M. D. , Wang M. J. , Dobson P. J. , Sheard S. J. , Lee D. A. , Stark J. P. W.
Published: December 2010

Scaffolds for tissue engineering require the correct biochemical cues if the seeded cells are to migrate into the scaffold and proliferate. For complex tissues this would require precise patterning of the scaffold structure with the particular biochemical cue required at each location on the scaffold. Electrospray enables the deposition of a wide number of biomolecules onto surfaces and can be used for precise patterning. We assessed the functionality of a key cell‐adhesion molecule, fibronectin, after depositing it onto a surface using the electrospray technique. The addition of polypropylene glycol allowed a stable spray to be obtained from solutions with a range of fibronectin concentrations. Immunoassay tests showed that the amount of fibronectin retained on the surface was proportional to that sprayed from the solution. Increasing the surface density of fibronectin deposited onto silicon surfaces enhanced fibroblast attachment. The fibronectin thus appears to have retained its cell attachment functionality after undergoing the electrospray process. Since recent advances allow electrospray to pattern material from solution with micrometre accuracy this may allow materials to be biologically functionalized on a similar scale. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
The role of weight stigmatization in cumulative risk for binge eating
Authors: Almeida Liliana , Savoy Sarah , Boxer Paul
Published: December 2010

Previous research supports a positive association between weight stigmatization experiences and binge eating. However, the extent to which weight stigmatization accounts for binge eating in the context of other risk factors requires further investigation. Using a cumulative risk model, we examine previously studied risk factors (environmental stress, psychological functioning, negative coping, body dissatisfaction) as well as weight stigmatization as predictors of binge eating bariatric patients and undergraduate students. Results show a unique contribution of weight stigmatization. Analyses by sample indicated that this was only the case for the undergraduate student sample. Results support weight stigmatization as a meaningful predictor of binge eating and highlight the need for further work investigating how these experiences work to promote eating pathology. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 00:1–15, 2010.
Pervaporative aroma compounds recovery from lemon juice using poly(octyl methyl siloxane) membrane
Authors: Rafia Nesa , Aroujalian Abdolreza , Raisi Ahmadreza
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: In this research, a pervaporation process was used to recover volatile aroma compounds from lemon juice using a poly(octyl methyl siloxane) membrane. The majority of previous studies have been with binary model feed systems, while the results with actual feed mixtures did not always match those with model feeds. In order to successfully optimize the pervaporation process, it is essential to work with actual fruit juice. The influences of various operating parameters such as feed flow rate, feed temperature and permeate pressure on the permeate flux and selectivity were investigated. For this purpose, three compounds that make a significant contribution to lemon juice aroma, namely, α‐pinene, β‐pinene and limonene were studied.

RESULTS: It was shown that decreasing the permeate pressure increased both permeation flux and enrichment factor, while an increase in feed temperature increased the water flux more significantly than the aroma compounds flux, resulting in lower enrichment factor. Also, the results indicated that feed flow rate had no significant effect on the performance of the process.

CONCLUSION: The membrane used was found to be very selective towards α‐pinene, β‐pinene and limonene. It can be concluded that pervaporation is an attractive technology for the recovery of lemon aroma compounds as it yields good separation and operates under mild conditions. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of anti‐inflammatory administration in collagen maturation process during orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Retamoso Luciana , Knop Luegya , Shintcovsk Ricardo , Maciel José Vinícius , Machado Maria Angela , Tanaka Orlando
Published: December 2010

Bone formation is essential to orthodontic tooth movement and bone is formed by collagen. To analyze the collagen maturation process on bone matrix neoformed under nonsteroidal and steroidal treatment during orthodontic tooth movement by polarized microscopy, male Wistar rats (n = 90) were randomly divided into three groups (n = 30): C (control), NSAID (potassium diclofenac) and SAID (disodic phosphate dexamethasone). The animals of the C group received 0.9% saline solution; NSAID group received 5 mg/kg potassium diclofenac (CATAFLAM®); and SAID group received 2 mg/kg phosphate dissodic dexamethasone (DEXANIL®). Animals were sacrificed 3, 7 or 14 days after the placement of orthodontic appliances and the upper first molars were processed histologically and stained with picrosirius. Bone formation was evaluated under polarized light microscopy and 4.5 Image Pro‐Plus® software calculated the percentage of immature/mature collagen present in the groups. On the third days after force application, SAID and NSAID groups showed greater proportion of immature collagen than C group. On the seventh and fourteenth days, there was a lower proportion of mature collagen only in the SAID group (P < 0.001). These data demonstrate that dexamethasone delays the collagen maturation process in established bone matrix. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single molecule microscopy methods for the study of DNA origami structures
Authors: Birkedal Victoria , Dong Mingdong , Golas Monika M. , Sander Bjoern , Andersen Ebbe Sloth , Gothelf Kurt Vesterager , Besenbacher Flemming , Kjems Jørgen
Published: December 2010

Single molecule microscopy techniques play an important role in the investigation of advanced DNA structures such as those created by the DNA origami method. Three single molecule microscopy techniques are particularly interesting for the investigation of complex self‐assembled three‐dimensional (3D) DNA nanostructures, namely single molecule fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐EM). Here we discuss the strengths of these three techniques and demonstrate how their interplay can yield very important and unique new insights into the structure and conformation of advanced biological nanostructures. The applications of the three single molecule microscopy techniques are illustrated by focusing on a self‐assembled DNA origami 3D box nanostructure. Its size and structure were studied by AFM and cryo‐EM, while the lid opening, which can be controlled by the addition of oligonucleotide keys, was recorded by Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visualization of bionanostructures using transmission electron microscopical techniques
Authors: Sander Bjoern , Golas Monika M.
Published: December 2010

In the recent years, nanotechnology has rapidly evolved as promising toolbox for many applications, including sensing and drug delivery. Nanotechnology aims at forming man‐designed two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional structures in the nanometer scale using e.g., the self‐assembly properties of smaller building blocks such as DNA and RNA. The visualization and structural characterization of these nanostructures do not only provide evidence for the correct formation of the desired shapes, but can also contribute to a better understanding of their formation and functionality. Transmission electron microscopy offers the possibility to directly visualize the individual nanostructures. The vitrification of the sample by using the plunge‐freezing method and subsequent electron cryomicroscopy (cryo‐EM) provides in‐solution snapshots of the nanostructures under cryogenic conditions and thus preserves the close‐to‐native structure of the particles. Here, we describe the plunge‐freezing and other sample preparation protocols such as negative staining and cryo‐negative staining as well as the various imaging and image processing methods, including electron crystallography, electron tomography, and single‐particle EM. Typical example applications are provided together with a discussion of benefits and shortcomings of these approaches. We also discuss how deviations from an ideal symmetry and structural heterogeneity, in general, can limit the resolution. Finally, we suggest that nanotechnological approaches may not only offer new applications in the field of nanomaterial science and nanomedicine, but may also emerge as tools for structural biology and structure‐related biomedical research. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of benzo[3,4‐h][1,6]naphthyridines via Friedländer condensation with active methylenes
Authors: Rote Ramhari V. , Bagul Sandeep M. , Shelar Deepak P. , Patil Sandeep R. , Toche Raghunath B. , Jachak Madhukar N.
Published: December 2010

Novel 4‐amino‐6‐chloroquinoline‐3‐carbaldehyde has been synthesized by synchronous reduction by lithium aluminiumhydride and finally oxidation with MnO2. Friedländer condensation of it with reactive methylenes furnished novel benzo[3,4‐h][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Characterization of the bone phenotype and fracture repair in osteopetrotic Incisors absent rats
Authors: McDonald Michelle M. , Morse Alyson , Peacock Lauren , Mikulec Kathy , Schindeler Aaron , Little David G.
Published: December 2010

Osteopetrotic patients possess a genetic condition that leads to a deficiency in osteoclast number or function. Patients have a high bone density and suffer from an increased risk of fracture. The lack of normal osteoclast activity has the potential to impede repair by complicating orthopedic fixation and/or by affecting the biology of fracture healing. The naturally occurring incisors absent (ia/ia) rat was adopted as a rodent model of congenital osteopetrosis. A detailed phenotypic analysis of the ia/ia rat indicated that some functional recovery occurred between 7 and 9 weeks. Consequently a fracture repair study was undertaken using 5‐week‐old rats. Closed femoral fractures were generated in ia/ia rats and control ia/+ and +/+ rats using an Einhorn apparatus. Fracture healing was examined radiologically and histologically at 1–3 weeks. No difference was seen in bridging between ia/ia and control rats at any time point. The ia/ia rats showed no delay in cartilage removal but showed a significant delay in hard callus remodeling. This is consistent with an essential role for osteoclasts in only the latter stages of endochondral bone repair. This delay in hard callus remodeling was offset by an increase in moment of inertia. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:726–733, 2011
Analysis of testosterone in human urine using molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction and corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Mirmahdieh Shiva , Mardihallaj Azam , Hashemian Zahra , Razavizadeh Jalal , Ghaziaskar Hassan , Khayamian Taghi
Published: December 2010

Analysis of testosterone was accomplished using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry. Molecular imprinted polymer was used for the extraction and pre‐concentration of testosterone. Analytical parameters including precision, dynamic range and detection limit were obtained. The linear dynamic range was from 10 to 250 ng/mL and the limit of detection was 0.9 ng/mL. The proposed method was used for analysis of testosterone in urine samples. A urine sample from a 3‐year‐old girl was used as the blank. The RSD was below 10%. The obtained results from the method were also compared with the standard method for analysis of testosterone using SPE‐HPLC analysis. The results demonstrate the accuracy of the method.
The use of GC×GC/TOF MS with multivariate analysis for the characterization of foodborne pathogen bacteria profiles
Authors: Gardner J. Yvette , Brillhart Darcy E. , Benjamin Melissa M. , Dixon Lurlene G. , Mitchell LaTonya M. , Dimandja Jean‐Marie D.
Published: December 2010

The cellular fatty acid profiles of eight strains of Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Enterobacteriacae (Escherichia coli and Salmonella) were analyzed by comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. A novel template method was developed to standardize the raw two‐dimensional gas chromatography retention data through the use of a chemical indexing mixture. Analyte retention coordinates were normalized in the primary dimension with respect to a series of n‐alkanes (Kovats index) and in the secondary dimension with respect to a series of aromatic hydrocarbons (Lee index). Fatty acid profiles extracted from the templates were compared by multidimensional scaling and principal component analysis. Differences in the profiles of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria were observed, and a series of heterogeneous mixtures comprising different fractions (containing one Gram‐positive and one Gram‐negative bacteria strain) were also distinguished from their homogeneous constituents.
Efficacy of exposure therapy for Japanese patients with posttraumatic stress disorder due to mixed traumatic events: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Asukai Nozomu , Saito Azusa , Tsuruta Nobuko , Kishimoto Junji , Nishikawa Toru
Published: December 2010

The authors examined the efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy in Japanese patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Twenty‐four patients (21 women, 3 men) with PTSD due to mixed trauma were randomly assigned to the PE group (PE with or without treatment as usual [TAU]) or the control group (TAU) only. The control group received PE after a 10‐week period. Intention‐to‐treat analysis showed the PE group achieved significantly greater reduction than the control group at posttreatment in either PTSD or depressive symptoms. The control group had significantly decreased symptom severity after PE treatment. Symptom levels of 19 PE completers in the both groups remained low in 12‐month follow‐up assessments. The study's findings will promote the future dissemination and implementation of evidence‐based treatment for PTSD in non‐Western settings.
The surgical management of goiter: Part I. preoperative evaluation
Authors: Shin Jennifer J. , Grillo Hermes C. , Mathisen Doug , Katlic Mark R. , Zurakowski David , Kamani Dipti , Randolph Gregory W.
Published: December 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Our overarching objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis of goiter data in two paired articles. This first article focuses on the preoperative evaluation. The following null hypotheses have been tested: 1) there is no correlation between goiter size and preoperative symptoms, 2) there is no correlation between preoperative neck imaging abnormalities and preoperative symptoms, and 3) there are no predictors for goiter recurrence.

Sudy Design:

A retrospective review of 200 consecutive thyroidectomies meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria for cervical or substernal goiter.

Results:

The mean specimen size was 10.5 ± 4.8 cm and 142.9 ± 113.3 grams. There was a positive correlation between goiter size and preoperative shortness of breath (P = .02). The presence of substernal goiter was significantly correlated with tracheal deviation and tracheal compression (P < .01) on neck imaging. There was strong correlation between preoperative shortness of breath and tracheal compression (P < .001) on neck computed tomography (CT), but not tracheal deviation. The need for revision surgery was significantly associated with female gender (odds ratio 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5, 6.1, and a positive family history of thyroid disease (odds ratio 6.5 [2.4, 17.3]).

Conclusions:

Goiter size is associated with increasing symptoms. Tracheal compression but not deviation was related to shortness of breath. Females and patients with a positive family history of goiter have an increased risk of goiter recurrence. Laryngoscope, 2011
Severe rhabdomyolysis due to rosuvastatin in a liver transplant subject with human immunodeficiency virus and immunosuppressive therapy-related dyslipidemia
Authors: Moreno Ana , Fortún Jesús , Graus Javier , Rodriguez-Gandía Miguel A. , Quereda Carmen , Pérez-Elías María J. , Nuño Javier , Wikman Philip , Moreno Santiago , Bárcena Rafael
Published: December 2010

Statins are relatively safe first-line agents to use in the setting of dyslipidemia associated with immunosuppressive therapy in subjects undergoing liver transplantation, and also in HIV-infected patients with dyslipidemia due to antiretroviral drugs, especially ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors. Rosuvastatin, a new statin, has demonstrated higher potency than previously released statins and is not extensively metabolized by the liver P450 system; therefore, the probability of deleterious pharmacokinetic interactions with commonly used immunosuppressants and antiretroviral drugs is reduced. We present the first case of severe rhabdomyolysis in a liver transplant patient receiving rosuvastatin for the treatment of immunosuppressive therapy-related grade IV dyslipidemia, an HIV-infected subject on protease inhibitor-sparing HAART, that resolved after rosuvastatin withdrawal, probably related to interactions between calcineurin inhibitors and hepatic rosuvastatin uptake transporters such as Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATPs). Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Posttransplantation prophylaxis with primary high-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin monotherapy and complementary preemptive antiviral add-on a
Authors: Hwang Shin , Ahn Chul-Soo , Song Gi-Won , Kim Ki-Hun , Moon Deok-Bog , Oh Heung-Bum , Lim Young-Suk , Lee Han Chu , Ha Tae-Yong , Jung Dong-Hwan , Chung Young-Hwa , Lee Sung-Gyu
Published: December 2010

A considerable proportion of liver transplantation recipients who receive hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) monotherapy for hepatitis B virus (HBV) prophylaxis develop resistance to HBIG. We retrospectively assessed the efficacy of HBV prophylaxis in 1524 patients who received primary high-dose HBIG monotherapy (n = 1463) or with a preemptive antiviral add-on as secondary combination therapy (n = 61). At a median follow-up time of 57 months, 106 (7.3%) patients receiving HBIG monotherapy experienced HBV recurrence, with a 10-year HBV recurrence rate of 9.8%, compared to none of the patients receiving preemptive combination therapy (P = 0.047). Thirteen patients (12.3%) with HBV recurrence failed antiviral therapy, leading to death or retransplantation. Response rates to rescue therapy before and after use of adefovir/entecavir were 44.4% and 91.8%, respectively. Acute exacerbation was not associated with treatment failure, but required prolonged treatment. Of 84 surviving patients with HBV recurrence, 44 (52.4%) showed no evidence of blood HBV DNA. The Gly145Arg mutation was found in 11 of 15 (73.3%) patients, whereas 25 of 71 (35.2%), 2 of 29 (6.9%), and 4 of 8 (50%) patients were resistant to lamivudine, adefovir, and entecavir, respectively. In conclusion, our finding of a 10-year HBV recurrence rate of 9.8% in patients receiving high-dose HBIG monotherapy indicates that this treatment is effective but requires complementary measures. Strict surveillance following HBIG monotherapy is necessary to enhance responses to rescue antiviral therapy. Preemptive conversion to combination therapy has a complementary role in prophylaxis with primary high-dose HBIG monotherapy, especially for patients at high risk of HBV recurrence.
Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Pretransplant depression, antidepressant use, and outcomes of orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Rogal Shari S. , Landsittel Douglas , Surman Owen , Chung Raymond T. , Rutherford Anna
Published: December 2010

Depression is a common problem among patients awaiting organ transplantation, but little is known about the impact of depression and its treatment on the outcomes of liver transplantation. In this retrospective cohort analysis, we studied all patients over 18 years of age who underwent liver transplantation during a 5-year period (2004-2008) at a single center. Among 179 recipients, 65 patients had depression, as defined by a health care provider assessment, before transplantation. Depression was defined as past or active depression or an adjustment disorder. The associations between pretransplant depression and various outcomes (time to death, graft failure, first acute cellular rejection episode, first infection, and first rehospitalization) were assessed. In the entire sample, more patients with depression required posttransplant psychiatric care (37% versus 18%); the adjusted hazard ratio was 2.28 (1.27-4.11). The rates of other outcomes, including hospital readmission, acute cellular rejection, graft failure, mortality, and infection, were similar for patients with depression and patients without depression. Among those with depression, patients on antidepressants at the time of transplantation had acute cellular rejection less frequently than those not taking antidepressants (13% versus 40%); the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.14 (0.03-0.62). The rates of other outcomes were similar between these 2 groups. These data indicate that depression affects posttransplant psychiatric morbidity but not other medical outcomes of liver transplantation. Pharmacological treatment of depression may significantly reduce the incidence of acute cellular rejection in patients undergoing liver transplantation. However, future prospective studies of mental health and liver transplantation are required to definitively assess the effects of antidepressant medications on medical outcomes. Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Liver allograft antibody-mediated rejection with demonstration of sinusoidal C4d staining and circulating donor-specific antibodies
Authors: Kozlowski Tomasz , Rubinas Tara , Nickeleit Volker , Woosley John , Schmitz John , Collins Dana , Hayashi Paul , Passannante Anthony , Andreoni Kenneth
Published: December 2010

The importance of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in ABO-compatible liver transplantation is controversial. Here we report a prospective series of liver recipients with a preoperative positive crossmatch. To establish the diagnosis of AMR in liver recipients, the criteria described for kidney allografts were adopted. In approximately 10% of 197 liver transplants, we observed a positive T and B cell flow crossmatch before transplantation. Fifteen of 19 patients converted to negative crossmatches early after transplantation and displayed normal liver function while they were on routine immunosuppression. Four patients maintained positive crossmatches. Three of the 4 met the criteria for AMR and showed evidence of graft dysfunction, the presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs), morphological tissue destruction with positive C4d linear staining on the graft sinusoidal endothelium, and improved function with attempts to eliminate DSAs. A persistently positive crossmatch after liver transplantation may lead to early, severe AMR and liver failure. C4d staining in the liver sinusoidal endothelium should alert one to the possibility of AMR. In our experience, patients with a positive crossmatch should have it repeated at 2 weeks and, if it is positive, again at 3 to 5 weeks. Recipients with an unknown preoperative crossmatch who develop early cholestasis of unclear etiology should be crossmatched or tested for the presence of DSAs to evaluate for AMR.
Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Clinical value of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy as a screening tool in liver transplant candidates
Authors: Oprea-Lager Daniela E. , Sorgdrager Bastiaan J. , Jukema Wouter J. , Scherptong Roderick W. C. , Ringers Jan , Coenraad Minneke J. , van Hoek Bart , Stokkel Marcel P. M.
Published: December 2010

A cardiac evaluation before orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is imperative. Previous investigations have demonstrated that mild to moderate reversible perfusion defects on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) in general are associated with a low risk for perioperative cardiac events. The objective of this study was to assess any perfusion defects in consecutive patients with chronic liver disease who were undergoing OLT. OLT candidates underwent extensive cardiovascular screening that included, among other methods, MPS. Patients who had no contraindications for surgery and underwent OLT were followed up. The occurrence and risk of complications and mortality were compared in 3 groups of patients: patients with normal MPS results, patients with any reversible defect, and patients with a fixed perfusion defect on MPS. In all, 156 subsequent patients underwent OLT. One or more reversible segmental perfusion defects on MPS were present in 14 patients (<3 segments, n = 12; 3 segments without obstructive coronary artery disease, n = 2). The risk of complications did not differ significantly between patients with normal MPS findings and patients with a reversible perfusion defect (odds ratio = 3.04, 95% confidence interval = 0.65-14.26, P = 0.16), although the study was not sufficiently powered to show a difference. The presence of 1 or more reversible defects on MPS was significantly associated with an increased incidence of all-cause 1-year mortality (hazard ratio = 3.17, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-9.83, P = 0.046). No significant difference in the outcomes of patients with normal MPS findings and patients with a fixed defect on MPS was found; the study was, however, not adequately powered to do so. In conclusion, the results of this small cohort study indicate that patients with mild to moderate reversible perfusion defects on MPS may have inferior survival characteristics in comparison with patients with normal MPS results. A prospective, adequately powered study is required to confirm the results of this study. Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
My earliest experiences in leadership
Authors: Bennis Warren , Ward Biederman Patricia
Published: December 2010

In this excerpt from his latest book, Still Surprised: A Memoir of a Life in Leadership, Bennis writes about his experiences as a 19‐year‐old infantry officer during the Battle of the Bulge. Looking back more than 65 years, he sees leadership lessons he was not aware he was learning at the time, such as the central importance role plays in the development of leaders.
Intelligence multipliers: How smart leaders double the power of their workforce for free
Authors: Wiseman Liz
Published: December 2010

Organizations of all types face ongoing constraints—and leaders continue to exhort employees to “do more with less.” Yet many of these same leaders, Liz Wiseman says, “can't see or use the full capabilities of the people around them.” These leaders are Diminishers, Wiseman says, “leaders whose behavior causes employees to use only half of their capabilities.” She explains how leaders can accidentally diminish the human resources available to them and shows how smart leaders are actually able to double the brainpower of the employees in their organizations.
The anatomy of tubercles: A corrosion study in a fresh water estuary
Authors: Ray R. I. , Lee J. S. , Little B. J. , Gerke T. L.
Published: December 2010

The structure and mineralogy of corrosion products formed on carbon steel coupons exposed in Duluth Superior Harbor (DSH, USA), were investigated and compared with corrosion products on similar substrata from other locations. Corrosion products in DSH form within a few months each year and are removed by ice scour and reform. The corrosion products formed in DSH are tubercles with an outer surface, an inner shell of magnetite, and a core of iron(III) oxyhydroxides, goethite, and lepidocrocite, in association with stalks produced by bacteria. In general, the tubercles formed in DSH are similar in morphology and mineralogy to corrosion products described for carbon steel and cast iron exposed to treated waters in decades‐old drinking water and cooling water systems. DSH tubercles are unique in several structural details. DSH tubercles increase areal coverage of the substratum by consolidation of tubercles. Furthermore, the core material extends into the pit and is an exact replica of the pit profile.