bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Parkes Adam
Published: July 2023

This introductory chapter sets the widespread modernist fascination with the British aristocracy in the context of the aristocracy’s historical decline, fall, and partial survival in the twentieth century. Drawing on historians who have documented and analysed this phenomenon, the introduction explains how the “unmaking” of the British aristocracy in the modern period provoked various kinds of aesthetic remaking in a wide range of modernist writings, especially in works of fiction. These literary remakings are also related to social, political, and philosophical commentaries of the time. The chapter argues for a reawakening of curiosity about connections between class, status, and literature in the modernist period.
Aches, Howls, and Holes
Authors: Parkes Adam
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines country-house nostalgia—both the social and cultural phenomenon and the literary tradition it has spawned. Beginning with images of the magic circle in fiction by Rebecca West and Vita Sackville-West, this chapter explores the shapes nostalgia makes in inter-war British fiction that responds in some substantive fashion to the country-house tradition. Placing this discussion in the wider context of philosophical and literary-critical debates about nostalgia in narrative and history, the chapter follows the circles, loops, and other lines of enchantment and disenchantment traced in Lawrence’s novels of the 1920s together with the circles, holes, and ellipses conjured by Ford Madox Ford in his tetralogy of novels about World War I and its aftermath. The chapter concludes by tracing echoes of country-house nostalgia in the late poetry of T.S. Eliot.
Foundations and Method
Authors: Liau Timothy
Published: July 2023

This chapter lays the groundwork for a detailed study of standing’s role within private law doctrine. It introduces key basic ideas, unpacking further some of the potentially trickier concepts along the way, including the idea of a directed duty, bilaterality, correlativity, powers, and Hohfeldian analysis. It is explained how this book adopts as axiomatic the propositions that all private law duties are directed duties, and that ‘rights’ (read: directed duties) are indispensable to any complete understanding of private law. It also clarifies some points on terminology used in this book.
Claimant Standing, Defendant Liabilities, and Court Orders
Authors: Liau Timothy
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that standing—conceived as a claimant power to hold another accountable before a court, thereby subjecting that other to its jurisdiction—ought not to be collapsed into a different power: the court’s power to make orders. An account is put forth of how three necessary components of private law’s remedial structure—a claimant’s standing, a defendant’s liability, and a court’s orders—are related. For convenience, this is called a two-power model. How this account differs from the Civil Recourse theorists’ model of ‘private rights of action’ generated by relational wrongs is also explained. It is argued that there is an ambiguity in the popular use of the word ‘liability’ to refer to a private law defendant’s post-wrong normative position, and it is shown why it matters that we more clearly separate out two distinct Hohfeldian liabilities. Some further implications on the role of wrongs and other right-creating events are also discussed.
Standing Rules
Authors: Liau Timothy
Published: July 2023

This chapter lays out two general claims advanced in this book over Part II, at a higher level of abstraction. The first is that, as a general descriptive claim about private law doctrine, there exists an implicit standing rule relating standing to private law rights, so that standing and rights typically coincide in a single holder. This rule thus reserves to right-holder a special place within private law’s remedial structure: enforcement is generally exclusive to the right-duty relation. The second is that it is the instances of standing without rights, where the two are detached are held by different persons, that are exceptional to private law doctrine. These claims are presented through two corresponding puzzles: a puzzle about standing rules, and a puzzle about standing without rights.
Deriving ‘Rights of Action’ from a Tort to Someone Else
Authors: Liau Timothy
Published: July 2023

This chapter unpacks tort law’s typical triplet bundle of ‘rights’: primary rights, the infringement of which constitute a tort; secondary rights to damages arising post-tort; and the standing (a power) to sue and enforce these rights. It is argued that these three typically coincide in a single holder, corresponding to two general rules within private law demanding their coincidence. However, it is conceptually possible for the three to be split up—even if only exceptionally so. Three such exceptional situations in which, abnormally, a non-victim appears to be deriving ‘rights of action’ from a tort done to someone else, are discussed. A key argument is that the evidently anomalous or irregular nature of these challenging cases can be explained through the existence of two general rules, applicable within tort law doctrine. The reason these cases look so irregular to a tort lawyer is because they are exceptional. But they are exceptional in a less widely realized way—they are doubly exceptional—involving exceptions being made to both general rules about standing, and damages. Both rules are necessary to explaining why such cases are so ‘anomalous’ and exceptional. Their exceptionality, again, proves the generality of these rules.
Causalism
Authors: Sartorio Carolina
Published: July 2023

The book advances big-picture causalism: a naturalistic conception of agency and free agency that unifies the two phenomena under a common thesis. This is the thesis that actions/free actions are behaviors that have the right kinds of causes or explanations. The book discusses how a causalist view of action and free action fit together—the latter as a natural extension of the former—and how they are motivated by similar considerations having to do with causal control. The result is a compelling “package deal” view of our practical agency, one that is put forth as the default view (the view that deserves to be regarded as the starting point of our theorizing). The book discusses both the skeleton of the causalist view as well as potential enrichments that result from exploiting the grounds of the relevant causal facts. The discussion itself is enriched by an account of the role played in causalism by key metaphysical notions such as causation, grounding, absences, and powers.
United Kingdoms
Authors: Jackson Alvin
Published: July 2023

The United Kingdom has been weakening: this book helps to explain why. It seeks to illuminate the UK in the light of the historical experience of similar union states elsewhere. It examines the UK in a sustained comparative perspective across the long 19th century and beyond. The UK was not in fact the only self-styled ‘united kingdom’ of the time: the book argues that Britain exported the idea of union through the advocacy or encouragement of other multinational united kingdoms at the beginning of the 19th century. It brings together the histories of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and England and explores the links between them and Sweden-Norway, the United Netherlands, Austria-Hungary, and the United Canadas—and many other polities across the globe. The work is similarly distinctive in its thematic range: it looks at the institutions and agencies affecting the condition of union—from monarchy, aristocracy, and religion through to class, money, and violence. The book offers new overarching arguments and taxonomies concerning the origins, survival, and fall of all union states. And in doing so it sheds fresh light on the particular history, condition, and fate of the UK.
Revolution, Union, and Divergence—from Scotland to North Britain
Authors: Blaazer David
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the Scottish monetary revolution, which emerged from attempts by the Scottish elite to solve the country’s chronic economic and monetary problems. Bank of Scotland was founded in 1695 in an attempt to alleviate the scarcity of money. It differed from its English counterpart in crucial respects, with very different implications for Scotland’s social relationships, power structures, and popular beliefs about money. The chapter argues that the monetary union of the two countries that accompanied the political union of 1707 was a key episode in Scotland’s monetary revolution, and was rendered uncontroversial by the Company of Scotland’s attempt to found a colony at Darien, whose disastrous failure triggered the final ruin of Scotland’s monetary system. The process of monetary union and the distribution of ‘the Equivalent’ are analysed to demonstrate aspects of Scottish monetary nationalism. The chapter concludes by examining the development of Scotland’s banking system in the eighteenth century. While the system’s distinctiveness is obvious, the chapter shows that Scottish banks became ever more deeply linked with British government debt and networks of credit radiating from London, giving Scotland a key role in one of Britain’s first modern, systemic financial crises in 1772. It also shows that, despite Scottish banks’ unique circulation of low-denomination banknotes, scarcity of money remained a serious problem for most Scots.
Private Retirement Systems and Sustainability
Authors: Fabian Nathan , Homanen Mikael , Pedersen Nikolaj , Slebos Morgan
Published: July 2023

Retirement system sustainability is defined as the ability of plan boards and managers to be responsible investors, active stewards, and allocators of capital to economic activities with desirable social and environmental outcomes. In this chapter, we examine the policy frameworks and important structural variables pertinent to private retirement systems in Australia, the UK, and the US. By analyzing various reports, interviewing experts, and using data from the Principles of Responsible Investment as well as national pension and retirement authorities, we identify key structural challenges within national retirement systems. These include market fragmentation, principal–agent conflicts in personal pensions, and the role of service providers. Our results provide insight into how, or whether, retirement systems can facilitate desirable economic, social, and environmental outcomes.
Humean Laws of Nature
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2023

In the Good Old Days philosophers knew where they stood regarding moral realism. Irrealists and realists each came in two varieties. Irrealists could pick between emotivism and error theory. Realists, meanwhile, had a choice between non-naturalism and a naturalistic Ideal Observer theory. Life was simple. Turning to the topic of laws of nature, we are still—naively—living in the Good Old Days. Irrealists can choose between projectivism and a no-laws counterpart to error theory, and realists divide between non-Humean governing views and Humean systems theories that are counterparts to Ideal Observer theory. For philosophers of science, life is still simple, the days warm and easy. Unfortunately, those days are over in meta-ethics and this chapter shows that they are also finished for theories of laws of nature. Focusing on theories that find inspiration in David Hume’s thought (systems theory and projectivism), the chapter begins with a problem for systems theory. It demonstrates that the natural resolution of that problem explicitly parallels moves made in meta-ethics, moves that led to the end of the Good Old Days.
Are Humean Laws Flukes?
Authors: Loewer Barry
Published: July 2023

Most of the recent literature on the metaphysics of laws concerns arguments pro and con Humean and anti-Humean views. This chapter discusses two of the most persistent objections against Humean accounts and especially against Lewis’s Best Systems Account (BSA). The first objection is that Humean laws are too weak to play the explanatory role that laws play in science. The second is that Humean metaphysics makes it surprising that our world contains regularities that are systematizable by a Lewisian best system. In Galen’s words on Humean metaphysics, ‘it would be a fluke’ for the world to be systematizable or for there to be lawful regularities at all. Those who make these objections typically think that they are related, since it is the absence of necessary connections that is responsible both for the alleged explanatory deficiency of Humean laws and for the apparent flukiness of laws on Humeanism.
Humean Reductionism about Essence
Authors: Hall Ned
Published: July 2023

In the metaphysics of laws of nature, one fundamental philosophical question is whether we should give a metaphysical or rather an epistemic account of what they are; that is the core issue that divides ‘Humeans’ from ‘anti-Humeans’. In much the same way, a key question we face with essences is whether to give a metaphysical or rather an epistemic account of what they are. (So note well: in choosing to deploy the term ‘essence’ this chapter is not taking sides on the ‘Go metaphysical, or go epistemic?’ question. Just as we can be anti-metaphysical and still freely use the expression ‘law of nature’, so too we can be anti-metaphysical and freely use ‘essence’.) And the advantage of connecting these two topics is that we have made enough progress on the former for the lessons learned to provide valuable guidance for investigating the latter. Despite the author’s agnosticism about which approach is correct, the chapter mostly investigates the prospects for the ‘go epistemic’ option—what it calls ‘Humean reductionism about essence’.
Symmetry or Asymmetry According to the Law? The Case of Domesticated Animals and Human Beings
Authors: Olyan Saul M.
Published: July 2023

Given the mix of asymmetrical and symmetrical treatment accorded to various classes of persons in biblical law, it is natural to ask how the handling of domesticated animals and that of human beings might compare in these same legal collections. Are such animals always dealt with differently from human beings, or are there texts that treat domesticated animals and human beings symmetrically? Furthermore, what does symmetrical handling of domesticated animals and human beings in legal texts suggest about the status or value of said animals and human beings vis-à-vis one another? In this chapter, the author explores the question of symmetry and asymmetry in the legal treatment of domesticated animals and human beings. Although there are biblical legal texts that assign a greater value to a human life than to the life of a domesticated animal, other biblical laws suggest some kind of symmetry of value, at least in particular contexts (e.g., that of sacrifice).
Affirmation/Validation, Self-Disclosure, Immediacy, and Rupture Repairs
Authors: Farber Barry A. , Hill Clara E. , Knox Sarah , Eubanks Catherine F. , Christopher Muran J. , Norcross John C.
Published: July 2023

This chapter reviews the research evidence for the immediate, intermediate, and distal outcomes of four therapist behaviors originally included in the Norcross and Lambert book, Psychotherapy Relationships That Work, published in 2019: affirmation/validation, self-disclosure, immediacy, and rupture repairs. Affirmation/validation was judged to be demonstrably effective in terms of distal outcomes but as having no evidence for immediate and intermediate outcomes; self-disclosure and immediacy were judged as having insufficient evidence for immediate outcomes but no evidence for intermediate and distal outcomes; and rupture repair was judged as probably effective in terms of distal outcomes but as having insufficient evidence for immediate outcomes and no evidence for intermediate outcomes. The chapter concludes with training implications and therapeutic practices for each therapist method/skill based on the research evidence.
Empathic Reflection
Authors: Elliott Robert , Bohart Arthur C. , Larson Dale G. , Muntigl Peter , Smoliak Olga
Published: July 2023

Empathic reflections are used to communicate understanding of client communications and experiences. This chapter first presents definitions and subtypes of empathic reflections. It distinguishes between the response mode empathic reflection and the relational quality of empathy. The chapter discusses how empathic reflections are assessed and presents examples of successful and unsuccessful empathic reflections. The chapter presents a meta-analysis of 43 samples, which found virtually no relation between empathic reflection and effectiveness, both overall and separately for each of six effectiveness criteria. Weak support for reflections of change talk and summary reflections was found. Good and poor reflections may cancel each other, indicating the need to examine more carefully the quality of empathy sequences in response to empathic opportunities offered by clients and sensitively adjusted in response to client confirmation/disconfirmation. The chapter concludes with diversity considerations and implications for research, training, and practice.
Interpretations
Authors: Zilcha-Mano Sigal , Fisher Hadar , Dolev-Amit Tohar , Keefe, and John R. , Barber Jacques P.
Published: July 2023

Interpretations are a hallmark of psychodynamic treatment and a common skill used in other theoretical orientations. This chapter presents a synthesis of the research literature based on 18 independent samples of 1,011 total patients in individual psychotherapy. The results suggest that the use and accuracy of interpretations were associated, in half the studies, with patient disclosure of emotions and increased insight at the immediate, moment-to-moment unfolding of the session. At the intermediate post-session outcome, the use of interpretations was associated with stronger alliance and greater depth. At the end of treatment, however, although there is some evidence for a positive effect of the use of interpretations on treatment success, there are also neutral effects and even evidence that interpretations have the potential to be harmful in some situations. The chapter concludes with diversity considerations, training implications, and therapeutic practices based on clinical experience and research evidence.
Paradoxical Interventions
Authors: Peluso Paul R. , Freund Robert
Published: July 2023

This chapter outlines the evidence base for the use of paradoxical interventions (PIs) in individual psychotherapy. Often misunderstood, PIs have shown long-term (distal) impacts on clinical outcomes. Definitions of PIs and their constituent elements (double-binds, reframing, circular causality) are presented along with clinical examples. The chapter reports on one meta-analysis comparing PIs with a placebo or control and another comparing PIs to other therapeutic methods. Paradoxes demonstrated a large effect (d = 1.1, k = 17 studies) compared to controls and a medium effect size (d = 0.49, k = 17 studies) compared to other therapeutic methods. The chapter concludes with diversity considerations, training recommendations, and therapeutic practices.
Integrating Between-Session Homework
Authors: Ryum Truls , Bennion, and Mia , Kazantzis Nikolaos
Published: July 2023

This chapter defines and illustrates the use of between-session homework (BSH) in individual psychotherapy. Whereas previous reviews have demonstrated a positive association between client compliance with BSH and distal treatment outcomes, this chapter pays particular attention to therapist behaviors that may promote client engagement with BSH assessed as immediate (in-session) and intermediate (session-to-session) outcomes, and moderators of these effects. For the systematic review, 25 studies with 1,304 clients and 118 therapists were identified, mostly on cognitive–behavioral therapy and exposure-based treatments with depression and anxiety disorders. A box-score approach was utilized to summarize findings. Results for immediate outcomes were mixed but neutral. Results for intermediate outcomes were positive. Therapist behaviors that may promote client engagement with BSH include presenting a convincing rationale; being flexible in collaboratively designing, planning, and reviewing homework tasks in accordance with the clients’ goals; aligning BSH with the clients’ takeaways from the session; and providing a written summary of homework and rationale. The chapter concludes with research limitations, diversity considerations, training implications, and therapeutic practices.
Dream Work and Nightmare Treatments
Authors: Spangler Patricia T. , Sim Wonjin
Published: July 2023

This chapter describes methods for working with dreams and nightmares, provides clinical examples, and reviews research evidence of immediate and distal effects of each method. An original meta-analysis of eight studies using the cognitive experiential dream model with 514 clients showed moderate effect sizes for session depth and insight gains. In the nightmare treatment literature, a previous meta-analysis of 13 studies with 511 clients showed moderate to large effects in reducing nightmare frequency and small to moderate effects in decreasing sleep disturbance for imagery rehearsal therapy and exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy. Limitations of the current meta-analysis of cognitive-experiential dream work and of the prior meta-analyses of nightmare treatments are described. The chapter discusses diversity considerations in working with dreams and nightmares and concludes with training implications and therapeutic practices.
Facilitating Behavioral Activation
Authors: Cuijpers Pim , Karyotaki Eirini , Harrer, and Mathias , Stikkelbroek Yvonne
Published: July 2023

Behavioral activation aims to increase positive interactions between a person and the environment. Components include psychoeducation, mood monitoring, identifying pleasant and unpleasant activities, monitoring of activities, and activity scheduling. This chapter describes its clinical application and provides clinical examples. It then reports a meta-analysis of 22 randomized controlled trials (with 819 patients) comparing individual behavioral activation with wait-list, usual care, or other control conditions on distal treatment outcomes. The meta-analysis found a large effect (Hedges’ g = 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57, 1.1) with high heterogeneity (75%; 95% CI: 62, 83). The chapter also narratively reviews the results of several studies on the immediate in-session and intermediate outcomes for behavioral activation. The chapter concludes with research limitations, diversity considerations, training implications, and therapeutic practices.
The Participation of LGBTQIA+ Children and Youth in Care in the Netherlands
Authors: González Álvarez Rodrigo , Brummelaar Mijntje ten , Mierlo Kevin R. O. van , Mallon Gerald P. , López Mónica López
Published: July 2023

This chapter draws on a recent study the authors conducted in the Netherlands on the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual+ (LGBTQIA+) youth and young adults and their participation during their time in the public child protection system (CPS). It draws on qualitative interviews with thirteen young people and provides insight into strengthening child welfare services and practices for LGBTQIA youth in a way that allows for their voices to have weight. It shows that there are four prerequisites for participatory practices with LGBTQIA+ children and youth involved with the public CPS: first, the importance of a supportive and affirmative environment for LGBTQIA+ young people; second, the need to develop a connection with a caregiver or staff member to be able to participate; third, children’s need to be informed and prepared to be able to participate in decision-making processes; and fourth, the request of young people to have their own “space” and be surrounded by staff trained to address the needs of LGBTQIA+ youth.
Children’s Participation in Foster Care in Germany
Authors: Reimer Daniela
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses how young people in foster care benefit from participation and how social workers need to reorient their professional identities and (pre)conceptions of children and young people. The chapter is based on a large qualitative research project in Germany in which young people in foster care told their life stories and on observations from workshops with family foster care professionals and foster parents. The chapter shows that social workers’ attitudes toward their practice and the young people they work with are obstacles to participation. Children often feel they do not have the opportunity to participate, especially at crucial moments, such as transitioning to the foster family. Participation is crucial because it enables children to feel heard and understood and maintain or develop a sense of control over their lives. Participation helps them make sense of their lives by finding a “red thread” that runs through their biographies.
Creating and Crossing Age-Related Participation Boundaries in Child Protection in the United States (California)
Authors: Canfield Megan , Frushell Emma , Gaudette Jenna , Križ Katrin
Published: July 2023

This chapter analyzes the views of child protection caseworkers about children’s participation in child protection–related decisions depending on children’s age. Drawing on qualitative interviews with child protection caseworkers in two public child protection agencies in California, it shows that many study participants marked a symbolic boundary between three age groups: babies, young children, and older children (preteens and teens). The study participants reported involving babies, young children, and older children differently and provided several justifications for including older and excluding younger children from participation. These justifications included their perception that they can control younger children less and that older children can understand and communicate better verbally. They also mentioned the law and the practice of involving older children in team decision-making (TDM) meetings.
Partisanship and Ideology in Political Decision-Making
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna
Published: July 2023

Chapter 1 lays the groundwork for the book’s contribution and situates the argument within the existing political science literature about elite cue giving, political parties and identities, and negative partisanship. The chapter explains that ideology lacks meaning in the United States: What is conservative and liberal is that which Republicans and Democrats have labeled “conservative” and “liberal.” This premise is central to understanding the role of the political parties in American political behavior and why political party leaders are so essential to crafting the beliefs of partisans in the electorate. Second, the chapter traces the evolution of U.S. political parties on issues over time, highlighting the lack of ideological consistency in the party platforms. Finally, it explores how negative partisanship and partisan-motivated reasoning create a situation where partisans are psychologically rewarded for adopting the party’s position and being receptive to information from their own party while blocking information from other sources.
Conclusion
Authors: Khoja-Moolji Shenila
Published: July 2023

This chapter reflects on how the book draws on a specific cohort of Ismaili women and their ordinary practices of care in the context of displacement to tell a broader story about religious ethics and women’s work of assembling religious community. In doing so, the book not only writes women into modern Ismaili history, but also enhances understanding of refugee and migrant placemaking, reclaims care work from productivist frames, and illuminates instances of lived Shia Islam.
Building the Vocabulary
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: July 2023

Chapter 3 outlines the development of the American vocabulary, the fastest-changing part of the language and the easiest way to distinguish American from British English. It describes how new words are created and adopted into the language, and what features make new coinages successful. It explores the most fruitful sources of American words, including the landscape, westward expansion, innovation, politics, and wars. It also describes how indigenous languages and immigrant languages other than English have contributed to the American vocabulary. A final section addresses the question of how many Americanisms the English language contains.
Research Questions That Contribute to Sound Study Designs for School Counseling
Authors: Lemberger-Truelove Matthew E. , Molina Citlali E.
Published: July 2023

In this chapter, the authors define and describe the qualities that contribute to effective research questions specifically for school counseling scholarship. There are five qualities considered, including the specificity, innovativeness, practicality, relevance, and coherence of the research questions that guide a given empirical study. To accomplish these qualities, school counseling scholars must look inward at their assumptions and outward to the literature and contributing social factors. They must also commit to research questions, establish communities of scholarship, identify research traditions and analytic plans, and consider alternative or adjunctive research questions. Implications of effective research questions can affect the total school counseling profession, and also how practices are pursued to influence students and school environments positively.
Research Design
Authors: Griffith Catherine , Villares Elizabeth
Published: July 2023

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how to carry out multiple types of quantitative research, in practical language. Its aim is to increase readers’ confidence in implementing quality school-based investigations. School counseling scholars are called upon to develop investigations with findings that will have a tangible impact on improving outcomes for P–12 youth and the betterment of school counseling delivery in real-life settings. Therefore, particular emphasis is placed on steps to take to strengthen the methodological rigor of research design and adapt to inevitable midstream changes in the plan. For the school counselor educator, scholar, or doctoral student, the information in this chapter is geared toward supporting their next school-based quantitative study, whether it be an experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, and/or descriptive design.
Open-Mindedness and Dogmatism in a Polarized World
Authors: Ottati Victor , Stern Chadly , Yustisia Whinda , Bougher Lori D.
Published: July 2023

A primary purpose of this volume is to increase the scientific comprehension of open-mindedness and dogmatism. The introductory chapter “Open-Mindedness and Dogmatism in a Polarized World: Core Concepts and Definitions” provides conceptual definitions of open-mindedness, dogmatism, and related constructs that appear in the psychology and political science literature (e.g., authoritarianism, intellectual humility, overconfidence). Conceptual definitions are gleaned from both classic and contemporary theory and research. Definitions are also gathered from the volume contributors. Similarities and differences among constructs are clarified and discussed. Lastly, the chapter provides a brief overview of the material contained in the remaining chapters of this edited volume.
Situation-Specific Open-Minded Cognition
Authors: Ottati Victor , Wilson Chase , Price Devon , Distefano Yelyzaveta , Bryant Fred B.
Published: July 2023

“Situation-Specific Open-Minded Cognition” validates measures of open-minded cognition. Open-minded cognition is directionally unbiased, a willingness to openly consider information on all sides of an issue. Closed-minded (dogmatic) cognition is directionally biased, a tendency to process information in a manner that reinforces the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. The general open-minded cognition measure characterizes open-mindedness as a relatively stable personality trait. In contrast, situation-specific open-minded cognition captures the malleable nature of open-mindedness as it varies across situations. The present chapter validates situation-specific measures of normative beliefs and open-minded cognition. Also, consistent with previous work that suggests malleable psychological states possess both a chronic and a temporary component, it is demonstrated that situation-specific open-minded cognition is determined by both a chronic predisposition to be open-minded and characteristics of the transient situation.
The Role of Group Context in Open-Minded Cognition
Authors: Moaz Salma , Berryman Kelsey , Winget Jeremy R. , Scott Tindale R. , Ottati Victor
Published: July 2023

“The Role of Group Context in Open-Minded Cognition” examines how both intergroup and intragroup processes can impact situation-specific open-minded cognition. This chapter reviews evidence in support of three hypotheses. Research on the in-group–out-group hypothesis suggests that individuals feel obligated to be open-minded toward in-group members but entitled to be more closed-minded toward out-group members. Evidence for the variable norm hypothesis suggests that people are influenced by in-group norms that promote open- or closed-mindedness toward out-group members. Indeed, dogmatism toward out-group members may be reduced if in-group members endorse norms that encourage more open-minded thinking toward out-group members. Lastly, evidence for the dogmatic majority hypothesis suggests that members of a majority faction are more closed-minded than members of a minority faction when these two factions communicate with each other. Future research directions are discussed.
Open-Mindedness and Dogmatism in a Darwinian World
Authors: Marcus George E.
Published: July 2023

The Enlightenment project promoted social norms that emphasize the value of open-mindedness and the destructive nature of authoritarian dogmatism. Yet the inevitability of the transition from a defended array of traditions to progressive pursuit of the better has been repeatedly challenged. In the post-Enlightenment period, dogmatism has been thought of as a decaying anachronism and open-mindedness, and the autonomous individual agency it would support, as the fecund successor. Yet, the 20th century has witnessed the rise of fascism and the recent re-emergence of authoritarianism. This chapter argues that dogmatism should not be understood as a pathological failure of human nature in all situations. And, further, open-mindedness should not be understood as producing prosocial outcomes in all situations. From the perspective of Darwinian thinking, dogmatism and open-mindedness each offer adaptive benefits. They differ in the manner by which they aid environmental fitness.
Mulierum virtutes
Authors: Lefteratou Anna
Published: July 2023

This chapter deals with the representation of women in the I HC and makes a strong case for the poem’s intended female (as well as male) audience. After a brief survey of literature on ancient Christian learned women (2.1), it examines the poem’s allusions to Mary as a role model for the female elites (2.2). The central analysis (2.3) scrutinizes the vivid crafting of female characters in the I HC as opposed to the II HC and concludes (2.4) with a survey of the subtle comments articulated by what I argue is an embedded female narrator and that serve as support for my attribution of this edition of centos to the famously learned empress, Eudocia.
Suffering in Serious Pediatric Illness
Authors: Mooney-Doyle Kim
Published: July 2023

The suffering of children and adolescents is a tragic reality, and nurses around the globe confront this daily. This chapter explores the experience of child, adolescent, and family suffering. A social ecological model of child and family suffering provides a contextualized depiction that is helpful in understanding antecedents to and consequences of suffering and determinants of comfort. The focus then narrows to children and adolescents living with serious illness and their families to provide an overview of evidence to date that describes their suffering and how nurses can respond effectively and empathically. The chapter describes children’s and adolescents’ experiences of physical, emotional, and social suffering during serious illness and how their experience of suffering is interconnected with those of their families. Nurses bear witness to this suffering and have immense opportunity to have a positive impact through provision of evidence-based supportive care, compassionate presence, and attentive listening.
Printing Palestrina’s Music in Sixteenth-Century Italy
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter considers the publication of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina’s music during his lifetime. It discusses the differences between the printing industries of sixteenth-century Rome and Venice, and what effect this may have had on the transmission of the Roman composer’s music and on his reputation. It shows that Palestrina’s emphasis on liturgical music and the expensive large-size folio choirbooks required for his publications not only compelled him to use Roman printers, but also explains the relative scarcity of his first editions, particularly during the early stages of his career.
Engraving the New Music Repertories
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the significant role that copperplate engraving played in the dissemination of new musical idioms during the late sixteenth century. After considering the early application of copperplate engraving in Roman book and print production, it explores its use in music printing as seen in the publications of Simone Verovio. It focuses on how flexible layouts and book designs as well as the variety of notations and tablatures employed in these engraved editions helped to transmit a wide range of repertories, particularly some that did not comfortably fit into the mold of standard letterpress music books.
Printing Musical Spectacle
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on the printing and publication of Emilio de’ Cavalieri’s Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo. The most extravagant music volume printed in early modern Rome, the Rappresentatione was the earliest edition to include a large-scale vocal work in open score together with a complete libretto. Even more significantly, it was the first book to provide a blueprint of what makes good music theater, by providing a series of prefaces with instructions on how to stage the work. This chapter considers the modernity of Cavalieri’s edition, by exploring how the book’s physical appearance and the presentation of its contents served as important tools in publicly broadcasting not only the music and text but also the production and spectacle of Cavalieri’s revolutionary work.
Gay Liberation
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

The notion of a sexual revolution is potentially misleading regarding the gay liberation movements of the 1970s, because sex was only part of their agenda. The movements were also dedicated to creating alliances with other liberation movements. Moreover, gay liberation also made possible a political transformation characterized by reinventing basic social bonds and affects. Michel Foucault’s reflections on “the homosexual mode of life” and Samuel Delany’s analysis of the encounters created by casual sex in the porn theaters of Times Square both shed light on some of the most innovative and powerful aspects of the gay liberation movement of the period.
Liberation Theologies
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

The insurrection against the shah’s government in Iran and that against the Somoza regime in Nicaragua took place at almost the same time, in 1979, but are seldom compared to each other. In both uprisings, however, Marxist and anti-imperialist guerrilla movements were allied and often mixed with theological political movements, Islamic in the one case and Christian in the other. Theology was one terrain on which the struggles were able to imagine liberation and put it into practice. The chapter focuses on the Iranian and Nicaraguan insurrection movements and not the regimes that resulted in those countries after the revolutions.
Commission Democracy
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

In April 1974, junior military officers led the overthrow of Portugal’s fascist government. During the turbulent year and a half that followed, a radically democratic revolutionary process was animated by a wide range of participatory commissions in factories, neighborhoods, and rural areas. The commissions challenged the rule of private property through various forms of occupations, giving workers control of factories and providing housing for those in urban and rural areas. The commissions in some cases were able to create networks and scale up, posing the potential for an original form of revolutionary democracy. In November 1975, however, a right-wing coup put an end to the revolutionary process.
Family Separation as Terror
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 1 reviews the history of family separations in the United States during the era of human chattel slavery and presents the harms that resulted from these separations through the narratives of formerly enslaved people. This chapter then presents the counter narratives that enslavers and other pro-slavery advocates tried to perpetuate as a means of quelling dissent. The chapter then reviews how the growing recognition of the harm that resulted from family separations led in large part to the growth of the abolition movement and eventually to the Civil War and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended the practice of slavery. The chapter concludes with recognition that despite the abolition of slavery, family separations did not end, but rather have taken different forms that are explored in later chapters.
Abolition
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 7 provides a history of abolitionist efforts in the United States and presents a vision for abolition of the child welfare system as the only solution for ending the harm and oppression that result from child welfare intervention. This chapter begins with the origins of abolition during the era of slavery and presents the argument that the goals of the early abolitionists were never fully met as liberation for Black people was never achieved. This chapter then describes the modern abolition movement and situates abolition of the child welfare system as part of this overall movement toward abolition of carceral systems and institutions. The chapter then turns to the work of imagining that is needed to bring about change and the work that can begin today to realize this change. It concludes with the hope that abolition inspires and a vision for the world we wish to see.
Are there Other Reasons to Believe?
Authors: Wendler David S.
Published: July 2023

Granting that there are no degrees of moral status, this chapter considers two arguments which suggest that we should believe in them anyway, for pragmatic reasons. First, it considers whether belief in degrees of moral status is a useful heuristic which increases the chances that we act appropriately. It argues that humans’ past treatment of animals provides compelling evidence that belief in degrees of moral status is more likely to decrease rather than increase the chances that we act appropriately. The chapter then considers whether the belief that we are more important than animals reflects appropriate partiality toward fellow humans, concluding that partiality toward humans cannot justify actively harming animals, and it also violates conditions of fairness.
Conclusion
Authors: Wendler David S.
Published: July 2023

This chapter begins with a summary of the argument of the book. It explains why degrees of moral status depend on moral status enhancing properties and summarizes the arguments for why no properties are moral status enhancing. It then considers the challenges we face in learning how to live in a world without degrees of moral status. While this is a more complicated world, it offers the opportunity to appreciate the many and varied capacities of different individuals and consider what appropriate treatment for them involves. It also discusses the challenges inherent in determining what constitutes a flourishing life for animals and the fact that we currently may not be in a position to know what that is. This discussion highlights the importance of learning to accept a significant degree of uncertainty in pursuit of a moral life.
Introduction
Authors: Feaver Peter D.
Published: July 2023

Existing research has established that public confidence in the military is high, but that research raises more questions than it answers. What drives public confidence, does high confidence matter for other things we care about, and where is public confidence in the military headed? The military is a salient institution in American society, but the public knows very little about the military except that other members of the public seem to hold the military in high regard. The public is not highly inclined to join the military nor to learn more about the military. Taken together, the picture is one of high regard at high remove. The topic is ripe for a deeper examination.
Confidence and the Gaps
Authors: Feaver Peter D.
Published: July 2023

Closer connections to the military are associated with higher levels of confidence in the military. However, this pattern depends on which of four ways one measures connection. First, those who think the military looks like them are more likely to have higher confidence in the military than are people who think the military does not look like them. Second, people who appear to know more about the military and have higher education levels also have higher confidence in the military. Third, people who trust conservative-leaning outlets, or distrust left-leaning outlets, have higher levels of confidence than people with the opposite media trust profile. Moreover, people who learn about the military from the media have lower levels of confidence than those who learn about the military from first- or secondhand exposure. Finally, people with a personal connection to the military have higher levels of confidence than those without such connections.
Comparing Public Confidence across the Military and Other Institutions
Authors: Feaver Peter D.
Published: July 2023

People who have confidence in the military also perceive that the military works better than other institutions, and that it does so more competently and ethically than other US institutions. Americans are also less likely to express confidence—at least in general—in an institution they believe is too partisan, and they are more likely to express confidence in an institution when they believe other citizens also have confidence in it. In sum, the public is engaged in a two-step thought process when comparing across institutions. One step involves taking an overall affect measure of the institution—how well it functions, with what level of perceived ethics, and with what level of connection (through shared values and representativeness) to the American people; step 2 involves assessing the perceived level of partisanship that the institution displays. Together, these two steps lead to collective rankings of institutions, with those ranking high on overall affect and low on perceived partisanship coming out on top.