bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excitation and resonance of acoustic-gravity waves in a column of stratified, bubbly magma
Authors: Karlstrom Leif , Dunham Eric M.
Published: May 2016

Oscillations of magma in volcanic conduits are thought to be the source of certain seismic and infrasonic signals observed near active volcanoes. However, the multiphase and stratified nature of magma within the conduit complicates the calculation of resonant modes that is required to interpret observations. Here we present a linearized mathematical framework to describe small-amplitude oscillations and waves in a stably stratified column of two-phase magma (liquid melt and gas bubbles) with a traction-free upper surface (a lava lake). We explore the role of time-dependent mass exchange between the phases, depth-varying fluid properties and gravity on the modes of oscillation of inviscid magma within an axisymmetric, vertical conduit. Non-equilibrium phase exchange, which we refer to as bubble growth and resorption (BGR), is parameterized by introduction of a kinetic time scale quantifying mass exchange between the liquid and gas phases that evolves the mixture towards a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. Using a provably stable finite difference method, we solve the eigenvalue problem for the resonance frequencies, decay rates, and spatial structure of the conduit eigenmodes. The numerical method is then extended to time-domain simulations of waves excited by internal volumetric sources in the conduit or forces applied to the surface of the lava lake. We connect time-dependent wave propagation simulations to the modal analysis by identifying the primary modes that are excited by representative excitation processes. Waves propagating through bubbly magma are dispersive, and their behaviour is determined by three dimensionless parameters. One quantifies the importance of buoyancy and gravitational restoring forces relative to compressibility, the second quantifies differences between fluid properties (e.g. mixture compressibility) under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions, and the third compares the wave period to the BGR time scale. Pronounced depth variations in background fluid properties, such as the transition from liquid melt with dissolved volatiles at the high pressures at depth to bubbly magma above the gas exsolution depth, segment the conduit into distinct regions. The longest-period modes, which are expressed with the largest amplitudes for typical excitation processes, are most sensitive to the length of the bubbly region and properties of the bubbly magma within it. While the boundary condition at the bottom of the conduit determines whether the fundamental mode is affected by the total conduit length, modes localized above the exsolution depth are remarkably insensitive to the overall conduit length. Our analysis suggests that parameters affecting eruption style, such as total volatile content and kinetic time scales of BGR, along with excitation source characteristics, are imprinted on long-period seismic and infrasonic signals at active volcanoes.
Water entry of an expanding wedge/plate with flow detachment
Authors: Semenov Yuriy A. , Wu Guo Xiong
Published: May 2016

A general similarity solution for water-entry problems of a wedge with its inner angle fixed and its sides in expansion is obtained with flow detachment, in which the speed of expansion is a free parameter. The known solutions for a wedge of a fixed length at the initial stage of water entry without flow detachment and at the final stage corresponding to Helmholtz flow are obtained as two special cases, at some finite and zero expansion speeds, respectively. An expanding horizontal plate impacting a flat free surface is considered as the special case of the general solution for a wedge inner angle equal to ${\rm\pi}$. An initial impulse solution for a plate of a fixed length is obtained as the special case of the present formulation. The general solution is obtained in the form of integral equations using the integral hodograph method. The results are presented in terms of free-surface shapes, streamlines and pressure distributions.
CIVIL SERVANTS, POLITICAL HISTORY, AND THE INTERPRETATION OF TRADITIONS
Authors: GRUBE DENNIS C.
Published: May 2016

A renewed interest in aspects of high politics among historians who subscribe to the ‘new political history’ has coincided with the embrace by some political scientists of interpretivism as a method for understanding how beliefs and traditions impact on British political life. In order to examine the potential synergies between these two developments, this article utilizes a form of ‘historical interpretivism’ to study the beliefs and actions of senior civil servants. In 1980, the British government released a Memorandum of Guidance for Officials Appearing before Select Committees – known ever since as the ‘Osmotherly’ rules – to help civil servants navigate the stresses of appearing before parliamentary committees. This article analyses the civil service files in the decade leading up to the publication of the Osmotherly rules to reveal how senior civil servants sought to reconcile their interpretations of Westminster tradition with the need to respond to the demands of the ‘open government’ agenda. The article argues that studying the narratives which guide the beliefs of individual civil servants and their political masters can help political historians and political scientists alike analyse the power of tradition in shaping political action.
Reversible hearing loss following cryptococcal meningitis: case study
Authors: Neo W L , Durisala N , Ho E C
Published: May 2016

Background:

Sensorineural hearing loss is a recognised complication of cryptococcal meningitis. The mechanism of hearing loss in patients with cryptococcal meningitis is different from that in bacterial meningitis.

Case report:

An immune-competent man with cryptococcal meningitis presented with sudden onset, bilateral, severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. He was initially evaluated for cochlear implantation. However, he had a significant recovery; he no longer required surgery and was able to cope without a hearing aid.

Conclusion:

Typically, cochlear implantation is performed with some urgency in patients with hearing loss post-bacterial meningitis, because of the risk of labyrinthitis ossificans. However, this process has not been described in patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Furthermore, patients with hearing loss associated with cryptococcal meningitis have shown varying degrees of reversibility. In this case report, hearing loss from cryptococcal meningitis is compared with that from bacterial meningitis, and the need for cochlear implantation in patients with cryptococcal meningitis is discussed.
THE FINE-TUNING OF LINGUISTIC EXPECTATIONS OVER THE COURSE OF L2 LEARNING
Authors: Leal Tania , Slabakova Roumyana , Farmer Thomas A.
Published: May 2016

This study investigates the degree to which native-English-speaking learners of Spanish can generate expectations for information likely to occur in upcoming portions of an unfolding linguistic signal. We examine Spanish clitic left dislocation, a long-distance dependency between a topicalized object and an agreeing clitic, whose felicity depends on the discourse. Using a self-paced reading task, we tested the predictions of the shallow structure hypothesis (Clahsen & Felser, 2006a, 2006b) and the reduced ability to generate expectations hypothesis (Grüter, Rohde, & Schafer, 2014). Learners successfully demonstrated sensitivity to the violation of expectations set up by the syntactic and discourse context. In addition, the behavior of the second language (L2) learners was dependent on proficiency: the higher their proficiency, the more their behavior mirrored native-speaker processing. These results support a view of SLA in which knowledge of L2 discourse-grammatical relationships is acquired slowly over the course of L2 learning.
The “Rare Infliction”: the Abolition of Flogging in the Indian Army, circa 1835–1920
Authors: Singha Radhika
Published: May 2016

“the very rarity is argument for retention”

On September 2, 1920, an amendment to the Indian Army Act abolished corporal punishment for the Indian soldier and follower and introduced field punishment as a substitute on active service. This emancipation from the lash and the rattan came approximately 40 years after flogging had been abolished for the British soldier by the Army Discipline and Regulation Act, 1881. This article examines two distinct features of Indian military law during the high noon of empire: the Summary Court-Martial (SCM), introduced experimentally in the 1860s and formalized by Act V of 1869, and the prolonged retention of corporal punishment. The Manual of Indian Military Law described the SCM as a tribunal “peculiar to the Indian Army,” and the one most frequently used in it. There was no such tribunal under the British Army Act. The commanding officer (CO) of a “native” regiment presided as sole judge over an SCM, and in this capacity he could award a wide range of sentences, including corporal punishment of up to fifty lashes, and these sentences could be implemented forthwith, without confirmation from higher authority. The Manual of Military Law pronounced that for Indian troops in particular, “a slight punishment promptly inflicted” was more of a deterrent than a heavier one that followed long after the offense. However, from mid-century onwards, debates about flogging in the “native” army were usually inaugurated with the declaration that it was a punishment rarely used or that it was “practically obsolete.” The issue offers one of those intriguing situations in which the rarity of a punishment becomes an argument for retaining it, instead of for doing away with it altogether.
Attitudes Towards and Experience of the Use of Triage Tags in Major Incidents: A Mixed Method Study
Authors: Rådestad Monica , Lennquist Montán Kristina , Rüter Anders , Castrén Maaret , Svensson Leif , Gryth Dan , Fossum Bjöörn
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Disaster triage is the allocation of limited medical resources in order to optimize patient outcome. There are several studies showing the poor use of triage tagging, but there are few studies that have investigated the reasons behind this. The aim of this study was to explore ambulance personnel attitude towards, and experiences of, practicing triage tagging during day-to-day management of trauma patients, as well as in major incidents (MIs).

Methods

A mixed method design was used. The first part of the study was in the form of a web-survey of attitudes answered by ambulance personnel. The question explored was: Is it likely that systems that are not used in everyday practice will be used during MIs? Two identical web-based surveys were conducted, before and after implementing a new strategy for triage tagging. This strategy consisted of a time-limited triage routine where ambulance services assigned triage category and applied triage tags in day-to-day trauma incidents in order to improve field triage. The second part comprised three focus group interviews (FGIs) in order to provide a deeper insight into the attitudes towards, and experience of, the use of triage tags. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

The overall finding was the need for daily routine when failure in practice. Analysis of the web-survey revealed three changes: ambulance personnel were more prone to use tags in minor accidents, the sort scoring system was considered to be more valuable, but it also was more time consuming after the intervention. In the analysis of FGIs, four categories emerged that describe the construction of the overall category: perceived usability, daily routine, documentation, and need for organizational strategies.

Conclusion

Triage is part of the foundation of ambulance skills, but even so, ambulance personnel seldom use this in routine practice. They fully understand the benefit of accurate triage decisions, and also that the use of a triage algorithm and color coded tags is intended to make it easier and more secure to perform triage. However, despite the knowledge and understanding of these benefits, sparse incidents and infrequent exercises lead to ambulance personnel’s uncertainty concerning the use of triage tagging during a MI and will therefore, most likely, avoid using them.

RådestadM, Lennquist MontánK, RüterA, CastrénM, SvenssonL, GrythD, FossumB. Attitudes towards and experience of the use of triage tags in major incidents: a mixed method study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(4):376–385.
Visuospatial Processing Deficits Linked to Posterior Brain Regions in Premanifest and Early Stage Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Labuschagne Izelle , Cassidy Amy Mulick , Scahill Rachael I. , Johnson Eileanoir B. , Rees Elin , O’Regan Alison , Queller Sarah , Frost Chris , Leavitt Blair R. , Dürr Alexandra , Roos Raymond , Owen Gail , Borowsky Beth , Tabrizi Sarah J. , Stout Julie C. ,   the TRACK-HD Investigators
Published: May 2016

Objectives:Visuospatial processing deficits have been reported in Huntington’s disease (HD). To date, no study has examined associations between visuospatial cognition and posterior brain findings in HD.Methods:We compared 119 premanifest (55> and 64<10.8 years to expected disease onset) and 104 early symptomatic (59 stage-1 and 45 stage-2) gene carriers, with 110 controls on visual search and mental rotation performance at baseline and 12 months. In the disease groups, we also examined associations between task performance and disease severity, functional capacity and structural brain measures.Results:Cross-sectionally, there were strong differences between all disease groups and controls on visual search, and between diagnosed groups and controls on mental rotation accuracy. Only the premanifest participants close to onset took longer than controls to respond correctly to mental rotation. Visual search negatively correlated with disease burden and motor symptoms in diagnosed individuals, and positively correlated with functional capacity. Mental rotation (“same”) was negatively correlated with motor symptoms in stage-2 individuals, and positively correlated with functional capacity. Visual search and mental rotation were associated with parieto-occipital (pre-/cuneus, calcarine, lingual) and temporal (posterior fusiform) volume and cortical thickness. Longitudinally, visual search deteriorated over 12 months in stage-2 individuals, with no evidence of declines in mental rotation.Conclusions:Our findings provide evidence linking early visuospatial deficits to functioning and posterior cortical dysfunction in HD. The findings are important since large research efforts have focused on fronto-striatal mediated cognitive changes, with little attention given to aspects of cognition outside of these areas. (JINS, 2016,22, 595–608)
Global trends and patterns of commercial milk-based formula sales: is an unprecedented infant and young child feeding transition underway?
Authors: Baker Phillip , Smith Julie , Salmon Libby , Friel Sharon , Kent George , Iellamo Alessandro , Dadhich JP , Renfrew Mary J
Published: May 2016

Objective

The marketing of infant/child milk-based formulas (MF) contributes to suboptimal breast-feeding and adversely affects child and maternal health outcomes globally. However, little is known about recent changes in MF markets. The present study describes contemporary trends and patterns of MF sales at the global, regional and country levels.

Design

Descriptive statistics of trends and patterns in MF sales volume per infant/child for the years 2008–2013 and projections to 2018, using industry-sourced data.

Setting

Eighty countries categorized by country income bracket, for developing countries by region, and in countries with the largest infant/child populations.

Subjects

MF categories included total (for ages 0–36 months), infant (0–6 months), follow-up (7–12 months), toddler (13–36 months) and special (0–6 months).

Results

In 2008–2013 world total MF sales grew by 40·8 % from 5·5 to 7·8 kg per infant/child/year, a figure predicted to increase to 10·8 kg by 2018. Growth was most rapid in East Asia particularly in China, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam and was led by the infant and follow-up formula categories. Sales volume per infant/child was positively associated with country income level although with wide variability between countries.

Conclusions

A global infant and young child feeding (IYCF) transition towards diets higher in MF is underway and is expected to continue apace. The observed increase in MF sales raises serious concern for global child and maternal health, particularly in East Asia, and calls into question the efficacy of current regulatory regimes designed to protect and promote optimal IYCF. The observed changes have not been captured by existing IYCF monitoring systems.
Emotional and Cognitive Variables Associated with Contamination-Related Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms
Authors: García-Soriano Gemma , Rosell-Clari Vicent , Serrano Miguel Ángel
Published: May 2016

Different variables have been associated with the development/ maintenance of contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), although the relevance of these factors has not been clearly established. The present study aimed to analyze the relevance and specificity of these variables. Forty-five women with high scores on obsessive-compulsive contamination symptoms (n= 16) or checking symptoms (n= 15), or non-clinical scores (n= 14) participated in a behavioral approach/avoidance task (BAT) with a contamination-OCD stimulus. Vulnerability variables and participants’ emotional, cognitive, physiological and behavioral responses to the BAT were appraised. Results show that fear of illness was a relevant vulnerability variable specific to contamination participants (p= .001; η2p= .291). Contamination participants responded with significantly higher subjective disgust (p=.001; η2p= .269), anxiety (p= .001; η2p= .297), urge to wash (p< .001; η2p= 370), threat from emotion (p< .001; η2p= .338) and contamination severity (p= .002; η2p= .260) appraisals, and with lower behavioral approach (p= .008; η2p= .208) than the other two groups. Moreover, contamination participants showed lower heart rate acceleration (p= .046; η2p= .170) and higher contamination likelihood appraisals (p< .001; η2p= .342) than the non-clinical group. Urge to wash was predicted by state disgust (R2change = .346) and threat from emotion (R2change = .088). These responses were predicted by general anxiety sensitivity (R2change = .161), disgust propensity (R2change = .255) and fear of illness (R2change = .116), but not by other vulnerability variables such as dysfunctional beliefs about thoughts (Responsibility and Overestimation of threat) or disgust sensitivity. State disgust, threat from disgust, anxiety sensitivity and fear of illness were found to be the most relevant variables in contamination symptoms.
Characterization of the bacterial and fungal microbiome in indoor dust and outdoor air samples: a pilot study
Authors: Hanson Blake , Zhou Yanjiao , Bautista Eddy J. , Urch Bruce , Speck Mary , Silverman Frances , Muilenberg Michael , Phipatanakul Wanda , Weinstock George , Sodergren Erica , Gold Diane R. , Sordillo Joanne E.
Published: May 2016

Environmental microbes have been associated with both protective and adverse health effects in children and adults.
Testing methods for new pit latrine designs in rural and peri-urban areas of Malawi where conventional testing is difficult to employ
Authors: Chidya R. C. G. , Holm R. H. , Tembo M. , Cole B. , Workneh P. , Kanyama J.
Published: May 2016

There is a trend towards participation of users in the design of appropriate sanitation facilities for low-income countries.
Carbon dioxide cleavage across a tungsten-alkylidyne bearing a trianionic pincer-type ligand
Authors: Gonsales Stella A. , Ghiviriga Ion , Abboud Khalil A. , Veige Adam S.
Published: May 2016

Splitting of CO2 across the tungsten-carbon triple bond in [CF3-ONO]WCCtBu(THF)2 (1) yields the tungsten oxo ketene [CF3-ONO]W(O){(CH3)3CCCO} (6).
Structural diversity in NiII cluster chemistry: Ni5, Ni6, and {NiNa2}n complexes bearing the Schiff-base ligand N-naphthalidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid
Authors: Perlepe Panagiota S. , Cunha-Silva Luís , Bekiari Vlasoula , Gagnon Kevin J. , Teat Simon J. , Escuer Albert , Stamatatos Theocharis C.
Published: May 2016

The use of N-naphthalidene-2-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid (nacbH2) has led to Ni5 and Ni6 clusters, as well as an 1-D NiNa2 polymer.
Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of azobenzene by low-valent nickel complexes: a route to 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles and 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazolines
Authors: Zurita Daniel A. , Flores-Alamo Marcos , García Juventino J.
Published: May 2016

The one-pot synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles by the transfer hydrogenation of azobenzene, using benzylamine as a hydrogen donor is reported, catalyzed by 2 mol% of [Ni(COD)2] : dippe.
Magnetic frustration in a hexaazatrinaphthylene-bridged trimetallic dysprosium single-molecule magnet
Authors: Grindell Richard , Vieru Veacheslav , Pugh Thomas , Chibotaru Liviu F. , Layfield Richard A.
Published: May 2016

The hexaazatrinaphthylene-bridged tri-dysprosium complex [{(thd)3Dy}3HAN] is an SMM that shows two relaxation processes and a frustrated magnetic ground state.
Microcanonical and thermal instanton rate theory for chemical reactions at all temperatures
Authors: Richardson Jeremy O.
Published: May 2016

Semiclassical instanton theory is used to study the quantum effects of tunnelling and delocalization in molecular systems. An analysis of the approximations involved in the method is presented based on a recent first-principles derivation of instanton rate theory [J. Chem. Phys., 2016,144, 114106]. It is known that the standard instanton method is unable to accurately compute thermal rates near the crossover temperature. The causes of this problem are identified and an improved method is proposed, whereby an instanton approximation to the microcanonical rate is defined and integrated numerically to obtain a thermal rate at any temperature. No new computational algorithms are required, but only data analysis of a number of standard instanton calculations.
Glycerol oxidehydration to pyruvaldehyde over silver-based catalysts for improved lactic acid production
Authors: Lari G. M. , García-Muelas R. , Mondelli C. , López N. , Pérez-Ramírez J.
Published: May 2016

Supported silver nanoparticles are identified as the optimal catalyst to convert glycerol into pyruvaldehyde. The use of this intermediate instead of dihydroxyacetone enables an alternative greener process for the preparation of lactic acid.
Catalytic oxidation of cellulose to formic acid in H5PV2Mo10O40 + H2SO4 aqueous solution with molecular oxygen
Authors: Lu Ting , Niu Muge , Hou Yucui , Wu Weize , Ren Shuhang , Yang Fan
Published: May 2016

In this work, the most frequently-used heteropoly acid H5PV2Mo10O40 was employed with a pH “modifier” of H2SO4 in aqueous solution for the catalytic oxidation of cellulose to formic acid.
Turning the corner in fertility: high DNA integrity of boundary-following sperm
Authors: Eamer Lise , Vollmer Marion , Nosrati Reza , San Gabriel Maria C. , Zeidan Krista , Zini Armand , Sinton David
Published: May 2016

Highly motile sperm with high DNA integrity can be selected based on their preference to turn corners. The result is a microfluidic device that passively collects sperm with high DNA integrity with the aim of improving the success rates of assisted reproduction.
A systems biology approach to reconcile metabolic network models with application to Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 for biofuel production
Authors: Mohammadi Reza , Fallah-Mehrabadi Jalil , Bidkhori Gholamreza , Zahiri Javad , Javad Niroomand Mohammad , Masoudi-Nejad Ali
Published: May 2016

Metabolic network models can be optimized for the production of desired materials like biofuels.
Molecular hybridization as a powerful tool towards multitarget quinoidal systems: synthesis, trypanocidal and antitumor activities of naphthoquinone-based 5-iodo-1,4-disubstituted-, 1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles
Authors: Bahia Samara Ben B. B. , Reis Wallace J. , Jardim Guilherme A. M. , Souto Francielly T. , de Simone Carlos A. , Gatto Claudia C. , Menna-Barreto Rubem F. S. , de Castro Solange L. , Cavalcanti Bruno C. , Pessoa Claudia , Araujo Maria H. , da Silva Júnior Eufrânio N.
Published: May 2016

Some of the hybrid compounds exhibited promising trypanocidal and anticancer activities.
Designing multi-layer graphene-based assemblies for enhanced toughness in nacre-inspired nanocomposites
Authors: Xia Wenjie , Song Jake , Meng Zhaoxu , Shao Chen , Keten Sinan
Published: May 2016

Enhanced toughness can be achieved through multi-layer graphene (MLG) yielding mechanism in MLG–polymer layered assemblies.
Synthesis of misfolded glycoprotein dimers through native chemical ligation of a dimeric peptide thioester
Authors: Izumi Masayuki , Komaki Shinji , Okamoto Ryo , Seko Akira , Takeda Yoichi , Ito Yukishige , Kajihara Yasuhiro
Published: May 2016

Misfolded glycoprotein dimers were synthesized through double native chemical ligation between a dimeric peptide-α-thioester, glycopeptide, and non-glycosylated peptide.
Fluorescent core–shell nanoparticles and nanocapsules using comb-like macromolecular RAFT agents: synthesis and functionalization thereof
Authors: Grazon Chloé , Rieger Jutta , Beaunier Patricia , Méallet-Renault Rachel , Clavier Gilles
Published: May 2016

Ultra-bright fluorescent nanoparticles with comb-like shells based on PEG and acrylic acid were obtained in water using an additive-free miniemulsion polymerization process.
Polymeric prodrugs conjugated with reduction-sensitive dextran–camptothecin and pH-responsive dextran–doxorubicin: an effective combinatorial drug delivery platform for cancer therapy
Authors: Cao Dongling , He Jinlin , Xu Jiaying , Zhang Mingzu , Zhao Lin , Duan Guangxin , Cao Youwen , Zhou Ruhong , Ni Peihong
Published: May 2016

Two types of stimuli-sensitive polymeric prodrugs for combinatorial cancer therapy have been prepared and found to exhibit favorable anticancer activityin vitroandin vivo.
Electronic structure, low-temperature transport and thermodynamic properties of polymorphic β-As2Te3
Authors: Vaney J.-B. , Crivello J.-C. , Morin C. , Delaizir G. , Carreaud J. , Piarristeguy A. , Monnier J. , Alleno E. , Pradel A. , Lopes E. B. , Gonçalves A. P. , Dauscher A. , Candolfi C. , Lenoir B.
Published: May 2016

The first-order lattice distortion undergone by β-As2Te3 around 200 K results in a cycling effect on its transport properties.
Facile synthesis of Ag/AgCl/BiOCl ternary nanocomposites for photocatalytic inactivation of S. aureus under visible light
Authors: Wei Dai , Tian Fan , Lu Zhong , Yang Hao , Chen Rong
Published: May 2016

Ag/AgCl/BiOCl ternary nanocomposites with excellent H2O2 involved photocatalytic disinfection activity under visible light irradiation.
High purity pressurised hydrogen production from syngas by the steam-iron process
Authors: Voitic Gernot , Nestl Stephan , Malli Karin , Wagner Julian , Bitschnau Brigitte , Mautner Franz-Andreas , Hacker Viktor
Published: May 2016

The production of high purity hydrogen out of a syngas feed is achieved with the steam-iron process at elevated pressure.
Density functional theory (DFT) studies of CO oxidation reaction on M13 and Au18M clusters (M = Au, Ag, Cu, Pt and Pd): the role of co-adsorbed CO molecule
Authors: Zeng Wenping , Tang Jian , Wang Pu , Pei Yong
Published: May 2016

Using the icosahedra M13 (M = Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Pd) and heteroatom doped Au18M clusters as model systems, the role of the co-adsorbed CO molecule played in the CO oxidation reaction is explored on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
A graphene–melamine-sponge for efficient and recyclable dye adsorption
Authors: Du Qingchuan , Zhou Ying , Pan Xuwei , Zhang Jiaoxia , Zhuo Qiqi , Chen Shangtao , Chen Guangming , Liu Tengfei , Xu Fan , Yan Chao
Published: May 2016

The submersible graphene–melamine-sponges present fast and highly efficient adsorption for water soluble dyes.
Metal-free direct construction of sulfenylated pyrazoles via the NaOH promoted sulfenylation of pyrazolones with aryl thiols
Authors: Liu Xiaoxia , Cui Huanhuan , Yang Daoshan , Dai Shicui , Zhang Tiantian , Sun Jingyu , Wei Wei , Wang Hua
Published: May 2016

A convenient and cost-effective NaOH-promoted direct sulfenylation of pyrazolones with aryl thiols has been developed under mild and metal-free conditions.
DNA micelle flares: a study of the basic properties that contribute to enhanced stability and binding affinity in complex biological systems
Authors: Wang Yanyue , Wu Cuichen , Chen Tao , Sun Hao , Cansiz Sena , Zhang Liqin , Cui Cheng , Hou Weijia , Wu Yuan , Wan Shuo , Cai Ren , Liu Yuan , Sumerlin Brent S. , Zhang Xiaobing , Tan Weihong
Published: May 2016

DMFs are spherical DNA–diacyllipid nanostructures formed by hydrophobic effects between lipid tails coupled to single-stranded DNAs.
One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of octahedral CoFe/CoFe2O4 submicron composite as heterogeneous catalysts with enhanced peroxymonosulfate activity
Authors: Sun Haiming , Yang Xijia , Zhao Lijun , Xu Tianhao , Lian Jianshe
Published: May 2016

The unique octahedral CoFe/CoFe2O4 submicron magnetic composite, used as a Fenton-like catalyst, exhibits superior perxoymonosulfat (PMS) activity for the degradation of organic pollutants at nearly neutral pH and room temperature.
Ultrasoft gelatin aerogels for oil contaminant removal
Authors: Wang Juan , Zhao Dan , Shang Ke , Wang Yu-Tao , Ye Dan-Dan , Kang A.-Hui , Liao Wang , Wang Yu-Zhong
Published: May 2016

In this study, gelatin-based absorbents were realized via an environmentally friendly freeze-drying process followed by chemical vapor deposition.
Trapping sulfur in hierarchically porous, hollow indented carbon spheres: a high-performance cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Zhong Yijun , Wang Shaofeng , Sha Yujing , Liu Meilin , Cai Rui , Li Li , Shao Zongping
Published: May 2016

Hierarchically porous hollow carbon spheres with an indented void structure have been designed as hosts for high-performance cathode materials for lithium–sulfur batteries.
Sensing properties and photochromism of Ag–TiO2nano-heterostructures
Authors: Tobaldi D. M. , Leonardi S. G. , Pullar R. C. , Seabra M. P. , Neri G. , Labrincha J. A.
Published: May 2016

Achieving advanced multifunctional materials displaying several coexisting properties is currently one of the most exciting and innovative research topics.
Plasmonic enhancement in electroluminescence from light-emitting electrochemical cells incorporating gold nanourchins
Authors: Shih Hsien-Chang , Chiou Bo-Ruei , Su Hai-Ching
Published: May 2016

Enhanced EL from localized surface plasmon resonance in light-emitting electrochemical cells incorporating gold nanourchins.
Lightweight, highly bendable and foldable electrochromic films based on all-solution-processed bilayer nanowire networks
Authors: Li Kerui , Zhang Qinghong , Wang Hongzhi , Li Yaogang
Published: May 2016

All-solution-processed bilayer nanowire networks are constructed on ultra-thin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates to realize lightweight and highly flexible electrochromic (EC) films. These EC films exhibit excellent comprehensive performances.
Platinum(ii) cyclometallates featuring broad emission bands and their applications in color-tunable OLEDs and high color-rendering WOLEDs
Authors: Tan Guiping , Chen Shuming , Siu Chi-Ho , Langlois Adam , Qiu Yongfu , Fan Hongbo , Ho Cheuk-Lam , Harvey Pierre D. , Lo Yih Hsing , Liu Li , Wong Wai-Yeung
Published: May 2016

Two new phosphorescent platinum(ii) cyclometallates with flexible phenoxy moieties were prepared whose broad excimeric emissive states in the solid state allow the fabrication of high color-rendering two-emitter WOLEDs.
Improved performance of InGaN/GaN multilayer solar cells with an atomic‐layer‐deposited Al2O3 passivation film
Authors: Miyoshi M. , Kabata T. , Tsutsumi T. , Mori T. , Kato M. , Egawa T.
Published: May 2016

The surface passivation for InGaN/GaN multilayer solar cells was investigated, and it was confirmed that the device with an atomic‐layer‐deposited (ALD) Al2O3 passivation film showed high internal and external quantum efficiencies of 99 and 84%, respectively, along with a high energy conversion efficiency of 1.31% under a 1‐sun air‐mass 1.5 global illumination. The current−voltage characteristics indicated that the ALD Al2O3 film improved the surface electrical stability. The carrier lifetime measurements revealed that the ALD Al2O3 film reduced the surface carrier recombination rate and thereby contributed to the improvement of the solar cell performance in a short wavelength region.
Performance analysis of classical and phase‐corrected electromagnetic band gap resonator antennas with all‐dielectric superstructures
Authors: Zeb Basit A. , Afzal Muhammad U. , Esselle Karu P.
Published: May 2016

Classical electromagnetic band gap resonator antennas (ERA) have non‐uniform aperture‐phase distributions, which result in non‐optimal antenna performance. The authors discuss how the aperture‐phase distributions of classical one‐dimensional (1D) ERAs can be enhanced by using novel all‐dielectric phase correcting structures (PCS) and then employ these PCSs to design high‐performance phase‐corrected ERAs. The authors present a detailed qualitative and quantitative comparison of several phase‐corrected and classical 1D ERAs that employ a stack of identical unprinted dielectric slabs, and discuss performance figures such as aperture‐phase distributions, peak directivity/gain, 3 dB directivity bandwidth and aperture efficiency. A prototype of one phase‐corrected ERA made out of high‐permittivity (Rogers TMM10) dielectric material was fabricated and key measured results are presented. It is found that the phase‐corrected ERA has higher aperture efficiency and larger gain‐bandwidth and bandwidth‐aperture‐efficiency products due to phase correction, making it suitable for wideband applications that require one antenna with directivity >20 dBi.
2.12.16 Organometallic Complexes of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides (Update 2013)
Authors: Hannedouche J.
Published: May 2016

The topic of this update is rare earth metal catalyzed hydroamination reactions. This chapter covers the syntheses and catalytic applications of rare-earth complexes in the direct addition of an amine onto unactivated carbon-carbon triple and double bonds, the so-called hydroamination reaction. The relevant literature up until mid-2012 is covered.
2.7.10 Carbonyl Complexes of Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten with σ-Bonded Ligands (Update 2014)
Authors: Aguilar E. , López L. A.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 2.7.1) describing the chemistry of Fischer carbene complexes of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten. The synthesis of acyclic, carbocyclic, and heterocyclic compounds is presented following an approach based on the nature of the starting carbene complex. Relevant mechanistic pathways are also discussed to allow a better understanding of the reactivity displayed.
3.1.11 Organometallic Complexes of Zinc (Update 2014)
Authors: Wu X.-F.
Published: May 2016

Zinc salts are abundant, inexpensive, nontoxic, and exhibit environmentally benign properties. As a result, organic chemists have been interested in using zinc salts as catalysts in organic synthesis during the last three decades. In this chapter, the main contributions on zinc-catalyzed organic synthesis are summarized and discussed. Many name reactions with zinc as catalyst are included, as well as zinc-catalyzed reduction and oxidation reactions.
3.4.8 Organometallic Complexes of Copper (Update 2014)
Authors: Lipshutz B. H. , Ghorai S.
Published: May 2016

The topic of this update chapter is asymmetric copper hydride catalyzed transformations. Copper hydride complexes containing nonracemic ligands catalyze asymmetric 1,2- and 1,4-addition to a variety of unsymmetrical ketones and Michael acceptors.
4.4.46 Product Subclass 46: Siloles
Authors: Kobayashi J. , Kawashima T.
Published: May 2016

This chapter describes methods for the synthesis of siloles and benzannulated analogues (benzosiloles and dibenzosiloles). Classical routes to siloles involve the nucleophilic attack of a carbanion onto the silicon atom, but more recent developments involving different approaches are included as well.
7.7 Product Class 7: Calcium Compounds
Authors: Hatano M.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is a revision of the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of calcium compounds. Recent interest in this area has in part been generated by the observation that complexes of calcium with chiral diols, diamines, or phosphoric acids possess potent activity in asymmetric catalysis.
10.21 Product Class 21: Five–Five-Fused Hetarenes with One Heteroatom in Each Ring
Authors: Stanforth S. P.
Published: May 2016

This is a new chapter for Science of Synthesis which describes methods for the synthesis of four classes of hetaryl[n,m-p]hetarenes from acyclic precursors. The functionalization of these heterocycles by either the introduction of new groups or the modification of existing substituents is also discussed.
14.1.5 Pyrylium Salts (Update 2013)
Authors: Balaban A. T. , Balaban T. S.
Published: May 2016

This update covers the literature from 2000 to the end of 2011; it also includes a few references from 1999 that were not discussed in the original Science of Synthesis review of pyrylium salts. In addition to methodologies for preparing pyrylium salts, some new applications of these compounds are also described.
17.1.3.9 One Sulfur, Selenium, or Tellurium Atom and One Nitrogen or Phosphorus Atom (Update 2014)
Authors: Aitken R. A. , Meehan A.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update of the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 17.1.3) describing methods for the synthesis of 1,4-thiazines and 1,4-benzothiazines. In the absence of significant new methods reported in the period 2004–2013, it focuses on older methods not covered in the earlier chapter.
18.8.22 Acyclic and Cyclic Ureas (Update 2013)
Authors: Kubik S.
Published: May 2016

This update summarizes synthetic approaches to acyclic and cyclic ureas, as well as nonfunctionalized and functionalized derivatives. Syntheses of various urea derivatives are presented that were either not covered, or not treated in such detail, in the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution. For example, syntheses of imidazolidine-2,4-diones (hydantoins), 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (Biginelli products), and pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-triones (barbiturates) are presented. The literature is covered between the years 2001 and 2012.
18.3.7 Carbonic Acid Halides (Update 2013)
Authors: Aitken R. A. , Boubalouta Y.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution on carbonic acid halides and concentrates on compound classes not adequately covered in the earlier contribution, especially mixed carbonyl dihalides, alkyl fluoroformates, halocarbonylsulfenyl halides, and carbamoyl fluorides.
18.2.16 Carbon Dioxide, Carbonyl Sulfide, Carbon Disulfide, Isocyanates, Isothiocyanates, Carbodiimides, and Their Selenium, Tellurium, and Phosphorus Analogues (Update 2014)
Authors: Braverman S. , Cherkinsky M.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 18.2) describing methods for the synthesis and synthetic application of heterocumulenes (X=C=Y) with particular emphasis on supercritical carbon dioxide as a reaction medium for organic synthesis. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2002–2013.
20.5.9.2 2,2-Diheteroatom-Substituted Alkanoic Acid Esters (Update 2014)
Authors: March T. L. , Duggan P. J.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the preparation of 2,2-diheteroatom-substituted alkanoic acid esters, and covers the literature published in the period 2007–2012. A major focus has been on the development of stereoselective Reformatsky and conjugate addition reactions, while atom-transfer radical addition and cyclization methods continue to attract strong interest.
24.1.1.3 1,1-Dihaloallenes (Update 2014)
Authors: Fuchibe K. , Ichikawa J.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to Science of Synthesis Section 24.1.1. Syntheses and applications of 1,1-dihaloallenes reported between 2005 and 2013 are described. 1,1-Difluoroallenes are synthesized by elimination reactions of difluoroallylic compounds (formation of a second C=C bond in fluorinated alkenes) or by nucleophilic and electrophilic substitutions of difluoropropargylic compounds (rearrangement of the C≡C bonds in fluorinated alkynes). 1,1-Difluoroallenes are used for the syntheses of unsaturated fluorine-containing compounds, mainly by nucleophilic substitutions and additions at the positions α and/or γ to the fluorine substituents. Cycloadditions of tetrafluorobuta-1,2,3-triene are also described.
24.2.11.3 1,1-Bis(organosulfanyl)alk-1-enes (Ketene S,S-Acetals) (Update 2014)
Authors: Liu Q.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to Science of Synthesis Section 24.2.11 describing methods for the synthesis of 1,1-bis(organosulfanyl)alk-1-enes (ketene S,S-acetals). It focuses on the literature published in the period 2000–2013 and gives several examples of the use of ketene S,S-acetals as versatile intermediates for organic synthesis.
24.2.20 1,1-Bis(heteroatom-functionalized) Alk-1-enes (Update 1, 2014)
Authors: Beier P.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contributions describing 1-haloalk-1-enes that bear an oxygen (Section 24.2.2), chalcogen (Section 24.2.3), nitrogen (Section 24.2.4), or phosphorus substituent (Section 24.2.5) at the 1-position. This review focuses on literature published in the period 2005–2013.
26.9.5 Enones (Update 2013)
Authors: Collings J. C.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of β, γ-unsaturated ketones. It focuses on the literature published from 2004, although some earlier methods which were absent from the original contribution are included.
26.12 Product Class 12: Seven-Membered and Larger-Ring Cyclic Ketones
Authors: Scott P. J. H.
Published: May 2016

This chapter describes methods for the synthesis of cycloheptanones and larger-ring cyclic ketones. General methods for the synthesis of such compounds are highlighted in the introduction. The chapter then describes principal routes to cyclic ketones with an emphasis on those approaches that generate the ring of the cyclic ketone. Strategies covered include intramolecular cyclization reactions, cycloaddition reactions, and methods for ring enlargement.
26.13 Product Class 13: α-Aryl and α-Hetaryl Ketones
Authors: Collings J. C.
Published: May 2016

This chapter outlines many of the methods used to synthesize α-aryl ketones and α-hetaryl ketones. Attention is focused on transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of (het)aryl halides and pseudohalides with ketones and ketone derivatives, which are particularly useful for enantioselective synthesis, but other methods such as nucleophilic aromatic substitutions are also discussed.
27.4.3 Thioaldehyde and Thioketone S-Oxides and S-Imides (Sulfines and Derivatives) (Update 2014)
Authors: Mlostoń G. , Heimgartner H.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods of synthesis and new applications for thiocarbonyl S-oxides (sulfines) and thiocarbonyl S-imides. In general, thiocarbonyl S-oxides are more stable and in many instances can be isolated. The in situ generated thiocarbonyl S-imides are efficient “sulfur-transfer agents” via the isomeric thiaziridines, formed as products of electrocyclic ring closure. Stable thiocarbonyl S-imides, derived from hexafluorothioacetone, are useful 1,3-dipoles and are applied in the preparation of fluorinated five-membered heterocycles.
27.26 Product Class 26: Thioaldehyde and Thioketone S-Sulfides (Thiosulfines)
Authors: Mlostoń G. , Heimgartner H.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an overview of methods for the in situ generation and application of highly reactive thiocarbonyl S-sulfides. Typically, thiocarbonyl S-sulfides react as sulfur-rich 1,3-dipoles and trap both electron-deficient C,C-dipolarophiles and thiocarbonyl substrates, yielding the corresponding five-membered cycloadducts. In some instances, intermediate thiocarbonyl S-sulfides and/or their cyclic isomers (i.e., dithiiranes) act as sulfur-transfer agents leading to sulfur-rich heterocycles such as pentathiepanes and hexathiepanes.
31.3.3 Bromoarenes (Update 2015)
Authors: Stanforth S. P.
Published: May 2016

This chapter updates the previous Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 31.3), published in 2007, describing the preparation of bromoarenes and their applications in synthesis. In recent years, the use of bromoarenes in transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions has attracted considerable interest.
31.41.3 Arylphosphine Oxides and Heteroatom Derivatives (Update 2015)
Authors: Demchuk O. M. , Stankevič M. , Pietrusiewicz K. M.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an expanded update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 31.41), describing methods for the synthesis of arylphosphine oxides, arylphosphine sulfides, arylphosphine selenides, and aryl(imino)phosphoranes. Classical routes to arylphosphine chalcogenides involve the oxidation of parent phosphines by the pertinent chalcogenide oxidant. Other methods involve the formation of the lacking P—C bond(s) in oxidized electrophilic, nucleophilic, and radical phosphorus(V) precursors. Newer methods are based on hydrophosphinylation and coupling processes catalyzed by transition-metal complexes. Classical synthesis of aryl(imino)phosphoranes involves the reaction of the parent phosphines with organic azides (the Staudinger reaction), but methods based on the use of aminophosphonium intermediates are also reviewed. Approaches involving modifications of the carbon skeleton in existing arylphosphine chalcogenides are included as well.
32.4.3 Haloalkenes (Update 2013)
Authors: Egart B. , Czekelius C.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing general synthetic methods to access fluoroalkenes. This update addresses new developments as well as transformations that were not covered in the original contribution.
34.9.2 β-Fluoro Alcohols (Update 2013)
Authors: Kalow J. A. , Doyle A. G.
Published: May 2016

This manuscript is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of β-fluoro alcohols. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2005–2012. Routes discussed include epoxide opening by fluoride, reduction of α-fluoro ketones, fluoromethylation of aldehydes, and hydroxyfluorination of alkenes. Special attention is given to the stereoselective synthesis of β-fluoro alcohols.
35.1.1.6.2 Synthesis by Substitution of Sulfur, Selenium, or Tellurium Functionalities (Update 2014)
Authors: Margaretha P.
Published: May 2016

This is an update to Science of Synthesis Section 35.1.1.6, describing the synthesis of chloroalkenes from sulfur-, selenium-, or tellurium-substituted alkyl compounds and covers the literature up until late 2013.
35.1.4.2.4 Synthesis by Substitution of σ-Bonded Heteroatoms (Update 2014)
Authors: Margaretha P.
Published: May 2016

This update summarizes reactions wherein allylic alcohols (or their anions) are transformed into rearranged allylic chlorides via an SN2′-reaction. It covers the literature up until late 2013.