bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Positive Effects of Pet Ownership on Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Rusanen Minna , Selander Tuomas , Kärkkäinen Virve , Koivisto Anne
Published: October 2021

Background: Human-animal interactions are known to have many beneficial psychosocial and psychophysiological effects on persons with and without medical health conditions. There are no previous prospective studies with long follow-up times on the effects of domestic pets on the persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) living at home. Objective: To investigate the effects of pets on the activities of daily living (ADL), disease progression, and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) during a five-year follow-up on the persons with AD. Methods: Altogether 223 home-dwelling persons (mean age 75.2 years) with very mild (CDR 0.5) or mild (CDR 1) AD at baseline were included for this study. ADCS-ADL, NPI, MMSE, and CDR-SOB were measured at baseline, annually for three years and after five years. Results: Totally 40 (17.9%) participants had a pet. At the baseline, pet owners and non-pet owners had no significant differences in age, gender, or the ADCS-ADL, NPS, and CDR-SOB scores, while MMSE was lower in pet owners than non-pet owners (20.2 versus 21.7; p = 0.009). Over the follow-up, pet owners had significantly better mean ADCS-ADL (57.5 versus 54.0; p = 0.031), NPI (9.3 versus 13.0; p = 0.038), and CDR-SOB scores (5.7 versus 6.6; p = 0.004) compared to non-pet owners. The differences in the MMSE scores between the groups detected at baseline attenuated over time. Conclusion: Significant positive effects of the pets on ADL functions, NPS, and disease progression were detected over the whole follow-up suggesting that having a pet may support daily activity and slow the disease progression in AD.
Investigating the Roles of Anterior Cingulate in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia: A PET/MRI Study
Authors: Chu Min , Liu Li , Wang Jingjuan , Liu Lin , Kong Yu , Jing Donglai , Xie Kexin , Cui Yue , Cui Bo , Zhang Jing , Ye Hong , Li Junjie , Wang Lin , Rosa-Neto Pedro , Gauthier Serge , Wu Liyong
Published: October 2021

Background: The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) seems to play an important role in behavioral deficits and executive dysfunctions in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), while its specific and independent contribution requires clarification. Objective: To identify whether ACC abnormalities in gray matter (GM) volume and standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) images are associated with disease severity of bvFTD, by analyzing hybrid T1 and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET). Methods: We enrolled 21 bvFTD patients and 21 healthy controls in the study. Each subject underwent a hybrid PET/MRI study and a standardized neuropsychologic assessment battery. GM volume and SUVR are voxel-wise calculated and compared. Then we estimate the mean value inside ACC for further partial Pearson’s correlation to explore the association between GM volume/SUVR of the ACC and severity of behavioral deficit as well as executive dysfunction. Results: ACC was shown to be involved in both atrophy and hypometabolism patterns. The partial Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that the SUVR of the ACC was strongly correlated with frontal behavior inventory total score (left r = –0.85, right r = –0.85, p < 0.0001), disinhibition subscale score (left r = –0.72, p = 0.002; right = –0.75, p < 0.0001), and apathy subscale score (left = –0.87, right = –0.85, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: These findings demonstrated decreased ACC activity contributes to behavioral disturbances of both apathetic and disinhibition syndromes of bvFTD, which can be sensitively detected using 18F-FDG PET.
Calpain-Mediated Alterations in Astrocytes Before and During Amyloid Chaos in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Schultz Bruna , Taday Jéssica , Menezes Leonardo , Cigerce Anderson , Leite Marina C. , Gonçalves Carlos-Alberto
Published: October 2021

One of the changes found in the brain in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increased calpain, derived from calcium dysregulation, oxidative stress, and/or neuroinflammation, which are all assumed to be basic pillars in neurodegenerative diseases. The role of calpain in synaptic plasticity, neuronal death, and AD has been discussed in some reviews. However, astrocytic calpain changes sometimes appear to be secondary and consequent to neuronal damage in AD. Herein, we explore the possibility of calpain-mediated astroglial reactivity in AD, both preceding and during the amyloid phase. We discuss the types of brain calpains but focus the review on calpains 1 and 2 and some important targets in astrocytes. We address the signaling involved in controlling calpain expression, mainly involving p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase and calcineurin, as well as how calpain regulates the expression of proteins involved in astroglial reactivity through calcineurin and cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Throughout the text, we have tried to provide evidence of the connection between the alterations caused by calpain and the metabolic changes associated with AD. In addition, we discuss the possibility that calpain mediates amyloid-β clearance in astrocytes, as opposed to amyloid-β accumulation in neurons.
Improving Detection of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment with Sex-Specific Cognitive Norms
Authors: Sundermann Erin E. , Barnes Lisa L. , Bondi Mark W. , Bennett David A. , Salmon David P. , Maki Pauline M.
Published: October 2021

Background Despite a female advantage in verbal memory, normative data for verbal memory tests used to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) often are not sex-adjusted. Objective To determine whether sex-adjusted norms improve aMCI diagnostic accuracy when accuracy was evaluated by progression to AD dementia over time. Methods Non-sex-specific and sex-specific verbal memory test norms were incorporated into Jak/Bondi aMCI criteria and applied to older (age 65–90) non-demented women (N = 1,036) and men (N = 355) from the Rush Memory and Aging Project. Using sex-specific aMCI diagnosis as the “true” condition versus non-sex-specific aMCI diagnosis as the “predicted” condition, we identified True Positives, False Positives, True Negatives, and False Negatives and compared AD dementia risk over 10 years among groups. Results Rates of aMCI were higher in men versus women (χ2 = 15.39, p < 0.001) when determined based on typical diagnostic criteria, but this difference reversed when using sex-specific diagnostic criteria (χ2 = 8.38, p = 0.004). We identified 8%of women as False Negatives and 12%of men as False Positives. Risk of incident AD dementia in False Positive men was significantly lower than in True Positive men (HR = 0.26, 95%CI = 0.12–0.58, p = 0.001). Risk of incident AD dementia in False Negative women was substantially higher than in True Negative women (HR = 3.11, 95%CI = 2.09–4.63, p < 0.001). Conclusion Results suggest that previous reports of higher aMCI rates in men versus women may be an artifact of non-sex-adjusted norms/cut-scores. Incorporation of sex-specific norms/cut-scores for verbal memory impairment into aMCI diagnostic criteria may improve diagnostic accuracy and avoid diagnostic errors in approximately 20%.
New non-destructive testing approach based on eddy current for crack orientation detection and parameter estimation
Authors: Guesmi Mohamed , Harzallah Salaheddine , Kouzou Abdellah
Published: October 2021

Crack orientation is a vital factor in the behavioral study of fractures, especially the study of crack propagation in structures that are under dynamic or fatigue loading. Indeed, many non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques have been developed recently for the detection of cracks such as the eddy current testing (ECT). However, the crack orientation has not been undertaken into consideration. In this paper, a NDT based on eddy current using 3D finite element modeling, is proposed for the determination of the crack orientation. The idea of this proposed technique benefits from the influences of crack orientation, which can be observed on the components of eddy current and the related magnetic flux density following the x, y axes, for the estimation of the crack angle orientation based on an interpolation criteria. The obtained results through the presented simulation prove the validity of the proposed technique for the detection of crack angle orientation.
Low-profile high impedance surface on magneto-dielectric nanocomposite for wideband absorption of mobile phone radiation
Authors: Kumaran Nithila , Arunachalam Kavitha
Published: October 2021

An electrically thin (0.024𝜆0) high-impedance surface (HIS) on a magneto-dielectric nanocomposite (NC) is presented as an external shield for wideband absorption of mobile phone radiation. Characterization of the NC and numerical design and analysis of the miniaturized HIS unit cell on NC (0.088𝜆0 × 0.088𝜆0) are presented over 0.85–6 GHz, where 𝜆0 is the free space wavelength at the absorber resonant frequency. The absorber performance is assessed using a mobile phone handset at 0.9 and 1.8 GHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) frequencies and 2.4 GHz Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) frequency. Handset specific absorption rate (SAR) measurements with the absorber recorded in head phantom indicated 83, 48 and 71% reduction in peak SAR at 0.9, 1.8 and 2.4 GHz, respectively without significantly affecting the handset radiation characteristics in free space. Simulation results of human head model with the hand showed SAR reduction of 69, 24 and 65% at 0.9, 1.8 and 2.4 GHz, respectively for 1 g SAR. It is concluded that the proposed absorber could be used to lower handset SAR levels and shield mobile communication signals over 0.85–6 GHz.
Qualitative simulation of organization quality specific immune decision-making of manufacturing enterprises based on QSIM algorithm simulation
Authors: Liu Qiang , Qu Xiaoli , Zhao Danyu , Guo Yu
Published: October 2021

Quality is the core of the enterprise, strengthening organization quality specific immune is the key channel. Organization quality specific immune belongs to science and engineering management field, QSIM qualitative simulation method that refer to computational simulation algorithm is widely used in the science and engineering management field, QSIM qualitative simulation method can solve science and engineering management issues effectively. In this study, qualitative simulation QSIM theory is used to analyze and reason the organization quality specific immune decision of manufacturing enterprises. Combined with the pressure-state-response framework, the management mechanism of organization quality specific immune is analyzed according to state variables, decision variables, system variables and environment variables, and further the qualitative simulation rules for organization quality specific immune decision-making are set according to the causal relationships among variables of organization quality specific immune. This study sets organization quality monitor, organization quality defense and organization quality memory as the decision variables, uses QSIM algorithm for simulating organization quality specific immune decision-making reasoning, compares with the influences of single decision variable and multi-decision variables on organization quality specific immune system through simulation results. Simulation results indicate that QSIM algorithm simulation can be used to simulate and reason organization quality specific immune decision-making in order to help manufacturing enterprises reasonably enhance organization quality specific immune performance and quality performance through three decision variables of organization quality monitor, organization quality defense and organization quality memory. The simulation results will provide new revelation for organization quality specific immune decision-making of manufacturing enterprises.
Detection method for stability of microcontroller accessories based on biosensor
Authors: Ren Yan , Liu Jiayong
Published: October 2021

In order to solve the problem of poor accuracy of traditional microcontroller attachment stability testing method, a microcontroller attachment stability testing method based on biosensor was designed to solve the existing problems. The reliability test index of the microcontroller is established, then the interference of the microcontroller accessory is detected and responded, and the interference detection signal of the microcontroller accessory is selected. The process design of stability detection of microcontroller accessories based on biosensor is completed. The experimental results show that the stability detection method based on biosensor designed in this paper can ensure the stability detection accuracy of microcontroller accessories above 80%, which is more accurate than traditional methods. It can be used to evaluate the stability, reliability and performance of microcontroller accessories in long-term operation.
Olfactory Dysfunction in Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Patino Jorge , Karagas Nicholas E. , Chandra Shivika , Thakur Nivedita , Stimming Erin Furr
Published: October 2021

Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington’s disease (HD). Understanding its pathophysiology is important in establishing a preventive and therapeutic plan. In this literature review, we cover the physiology of olfaction, its role in neurodegeneration, and its characteristics in patients with HD. In the general population, olfactory dysfunction is present in 3.8–5.8%and the prevalence increases significantly in those older than 80 years. For HD, data regarding prevalence rates are lacking and the scales used have been inconsistent or have been restructured due to concerns about cross-cultural understanding. Pathogenic huntingtin deposits have been found in the olfactory bulb of individuals with HD, although no studies have correlated this with the grade of olfactory impairment. Olfactory dysfunction is present in both premanifest and manifest patients with HD, showing a progressive decline over time with more severe deficits at advanced stages. No specific treatment for olfactory impairment in HD has been proposed; identifying and avoiding potential medications that cause olfactory dysfunction, as well as general safety recommendations remain the basis of the therapeutic strategy.
A review of the technology and application of deposit and traceability based on blockchain
Authors: Xu Jie , Zhou Wenhui , Zhang Suzhi , Fu Jinhua
Published: October 2021

With the vigorous development of blockchain technology represented by bitcoin, blockchain technology has gradually entered the stage of blockchain 3.0 characterized by “programmable society”. And the application of blockchain technology in all walks of life has achieved actual results. Blockchain technology has typical characteristics of decentralization, Tamper-resistant data, information openness and transparency, and natural fit with the application requirements in the field of certificate tracing, which makes the development of the applications of blockchain deposit and traceability in full swing. First, this paper describes the concept, application process, key technology of blockchain deposit and traceability, the three application architectures of blockchain deposit and traceability, and the overall architecture of its system. Then, it introduces the application of scenarios and the blockchain deposit and traceability in various fields. Next, it discusses the issues existing in the development of the application of blockchain deposit and traceability. Finally, the paper also expresses the best wishes for the future of its application.
An effective community-based link prediction model for improving accuracy in social networks
Authors: Iqbal M. Mohamed , Latha K.
Published: October 2021

Link prediction plays a predominant role in complex network analysis. It indicates to determine the probability of the presence of future links that depends on available information. The existing standard classical similarity indices-based link prediction models considered the neighbour nodes have a similar effect towards link probability. Nevertheless, the common neighbor nodes residing in different communities may vary in real-world networks. In this paper, a novel community information-based link prediction model has been proposed in which every neighboring node’s community information (community centrality) has been considered to predict the link between the given node pair. In the proposed model, the given social network graph can be divided into different communities and community centrality is calculated for every derived community based on degree, closeness, and betweenness basic graph centrality measures. Afterward, the new community centrality-based similarity indices have been introduced to compute the community centralities which are applied to nine existing basic similarity indices. The empirical analysis on 13 real-world social networks datasets manifests that the proposed model yields better prediction accuracy of 97% rather than existing models. Moreover, the proposed model is parallelized efficiently to work on large complex networks using Spark GraphX Big Data-based parallel Graph processing technique and it attains a lesser execution time of 250 seconds.
Longitudinal Change and Progression Indicators Using the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale in Two Independent Cohorts with Early Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Bartl Michael , Dakna Mohammed , Schade Sebastian , Wicke Tamara , Lang Elisabeth , Ebentheuer Jens , Weber Sandrina , Trenkwalder Claudia , Mollenhauer Brit
Published: October 2021

Background: The MDS-Unified Parkinson’s disease (PD) Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) is the most used scale in clinical trials. Little is known about the predictive potential of its single items. Objective: To systematically dissect MDS-UPDRS to predict PD progression. Methods: 574 de novo PD patients and 305 healthy controls were investigated at baseline (BL) in the single-center DeNoPa (6-year follow-up) and multi-center PPMI (8-year follow-up) cohorts. We calculated cumulative link mixed models of single MDS-UPDRS items for odds ratios (OR) for class change within the scale. Models were adjusted for age, sex, time, and levodopa equivalent daily dose. Annual change and progression of the square roots of the MDS-UDPRS subscores and Total Score were estimated by linear mixed modeling. Results: Baseline demographics revealed more common tremor dominant subtype in DeNoPa and postural instability and gait disorders-subtype and multiethnicity in PPMI. Subscore progression estimates were higher in PPMI but showed similar slopes and progression in both cohorts. Increased ORs for faster progression were found from BL subscores I and II (activities of daily living; ADL) most marked for subscore III (rigidity of neck/lower extremities, agility of the legs, gait, hands, and global spontaneity of movements). Tremor items showed low ORs/negative values. Conclusion: Higher scores at baseline for ADL, freezing, and rigidity were predictors of faster deterioration in both cohorts. Precision and predictability of the MDS-UPDRS were higher in the single-center setting, indicating the need for rigorous training and/or video documentation to improve its use in multi-center cohorts, for example, clinical trials.
Outcomes among preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus: Relationship with treatment, gestational age, hemodynamic status and timing of treatment
Authors: Chikkabyrappa S.M. , Chaudhary N. , Agarwal A. , Rastogi D. , Filipov P. , Rastogi S.
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: There remains controversy regarding the outcomes resulting from treatment versus conservative management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) among preterm infants. The effects of extreme prematurity, hemodynamic status of the PDA, and age at treatment remain poorly defined. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective case-control study including infants < 1250 gm who were categorized into 3 groups: Group 1: without PDA, Group 2: with untreated PDA, and Group 3: treated PDA. Diagnosis and treatment of PDA extracted from the medical records. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes compared using chi-square and analysis of variance. Logistic regression used to estimate adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS: The study included 734 infants, with 141(19%) in Group 1, 329 (45%) in 2, and 264 (36%) in 3. Group 3 had higher incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (aOR, 2.9; 95%CI 1.7–4.8). Infant treated for hemodynamically significant PDA (HSPDA) had higher incidence of BPD (aOR, 1.9; 95%CI 1.0–3.8) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (aOR, 3.4; 95%CI 1.6–6.9). There were no differences in outcome associated with treatment among≤26 weeks gestation and the age when treated. CONCLUSION: Infants with PDA who were treated had higher incidence of BPD. Among those who were treated, those with HSPDA had a higher incidence of BPD and ROP.
Food balance sheets provide information on food security, indicators of the prevalence of undernourishment and losses in the cases of Benin, Guinea and Mali
Authors: Fall Madior
Published: October 2021

This paper was done within the framework of the Monitoring of the SDGs in Africa (SODDA) project which supported the analysis of the food balance sheets drawn up through the letter of agreement between FAO/GS1 and AFRISTAT. Analysis of the self-sufficiency rate over the 2010–2015 period shows that Mali has higher food self-sufficiency than Benin and Guinea. In Guinea, overall, 43.2% of domestic product supplies are on average imports. Plant products are the most dependent on imports with an average annual IDR of 48.2% compared to 12.5% for animal products. In the three countries, plant products are the most dependent on imports. The use of FAO methodologies for calculating the prevalence of undernourishment under SDG 2 and the food loss index under SDG 12 made it possible to estimate these two indicators using BAs and other related indicators. The results in 2015 show that Benin and Guinea with respectively 14.2% and 15.6% of the population with a prevalence of undernourishment are ahead of Mali with 5%. In terms of individuals, estimates give 1.5 million Beninese, 1.2 million Guineans and 0.9 million Malians who were undernourished in 2015.
Exploring sensor data for agricultural statistics: The fruit is not hanging as low as we thought
Authors: Snijkers Ger , Punt Tim , De Broe Sofie , Pérez José Gómez
Published: October 2021

New business processes are increasingly data driven as sensors have become ubiquitous. Sensor data could be a valuable new data source for official statistics. To study this presumption Statistics Netherlands conducted a small-scale use case in the area of agricultural statistics in collaboration with an innovative farmer. A selection of his sensor data was explored for overlap with current data demands in surveys. The aim of the study was to obtain insights in the available agricultural data, their data structure and quality, and explore new methods of data collection for agricultural statistics. The conclusion is that these data are valuable for replacing or pre-filling (parts of) certain agricultural surveys. However, many more challenges surfaced than we expected, to which the title of this paper refers. These challenges will be discussed in this paper.
Urban green. Integrating ecosystem extent and condition data in urban ecosystem accounts. Examples from the Oslo region
Authors: Garnåsjordet Per Arild , Steinnes Margrete , Cimburova Zofie , Nowell Megan , Barton David N. , Aslaksen Iulie
Published: October 2021

The article enhances the knowledge base for the assessment of urban ecosystem services, within the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA), recently adopted as an international statistical standard. The SEEA EA is based on spatial extent accounts (area of ecosystems) and biophysical condition accounts (ecological state of ecosystems). Case studies from the Oslo region are explored, combining land use/land cover maps from Statistics Norway with satellite data. The results illustrate that a combination of land use/land cover data for ecosystem extent and detailed satellite data of land cover provides a much higher quality for the interpretation of extent and condition variables. This is not only a result of applying spatial analysis, but a result of applying knowledge about the information categories from satellite data of land cover, to official statistics for built-up land in urban areas that until now have not been identified. Moreover, the choice of spatial units should reflect that modelling of different ecosystem services, as a basis for trade-offs in urban planning, requires a combination of different spatial approaches to capture urban green elements.
Hybrid Fourier Regression – Multilayer Perceptrons Neural Network for forecasting
Authors: Fajar Muhammad , Nurfalah Zelani
Published: October 2021

Forecasting methods are advantageous tools to predict the future, especially for agricultural commodities production. This study aims to compare the forecasting method between Fourier Regression, Multilayer Perceptrons Neural Networks (MPNN), and introducing a new forecasting method hybrid Fourier Regression – Multilayer Perceptrons Neural Networks Model proposed by the author. These methods are applied to forecast the production of big chili commodities since it is one of the essential vegetable commodities with a high household and industrial consumption in Indonesia. The big chili production data used is monthly from January 2010 to June 2017 (in quintal units) sourced from Statistics Indonesia. The results show hybrid Fourier Regression – Multilayer Perceptrons Neural Networks Model is more accurate to forecast big chili production than Fourier Regression and Multilayer Perceptrons (MPNN). The MAPE produced by Fourier Regression-MPNN is the lowest compared to the other methods, which is 4.45. In summary, the use of the hybrid Fourier Regression-MPNN method in forecasting big chili production can help the government to find out the potential production of big chili in the next few quarters. Furthermore, the results are useful for considering some government policies about big chili needs such as making a decision to export or import big chili commodities.
The structure of the local detector of the reprint model of the object in the image
Authors: Kulikov A. A.
Published: October 2021

Currently, methods for recognizing objects in images work poorly and use intellectually unsatisfactory methods. The existing identification systems and methods do not completely solve the problem of identification, namely, identification in difficult conditions: interference, lighting, various changes on the face, etc. To solve these problems, a local detector for a reprint model of an object in an image was developed and described. A transforming autocoder (TA), a model of a neural network, was developed for the local detector. This neural network model is a subspecies of the general class of neural networks of reduced dimension. The local detector is able, in addition to determining the modified object, to determine the original shape of the object as well. A special feature of TA is the representation of image sections in a compact form and the evaluation of the parameters of the affine transformation. The transforming autocoder is a heterogeneous network (HS) consisting of a set of networks of smaller dimension. These networks are called capsules. Artificial neural networks should use local capsules that perform some rather complex internal calculations on their inputs, and then encapsulate the results of these calculations in a small vector of highly informative outputs. Each capsule learns to recognize an implicitly defined visual object in a limited area of viewing conditions and deformations. It outputs both the probability that the object is present in its limited area and a set of “instance parameters” that can include the exact pose, lighting, and deformation of the visual object relative to an implicitly defined canonical version of this object. The main advantage of capsules that output instance parameters is a simple way to recognize entire objects by recognizing their parts. The capsule can learn to display the pose of its visual object in a vector that is linearly related to the “natural” representations of the pose that are used in computer graphics. There is a simple and highly selective test for whether visual objects represented by two active capsules A and B have the correct spatial relationships for activating a higher-level capsule C. The transforming autoencoder solves the problem of identifying facial images in conditions of interference (noise), changes in illumination and angle.
Electric vehicle and autopilot products of transport and agricultural engineering in the context of Kazakhstani and international law
Authors:   Bolashak Consulting Group, Sarsembayev M.A. , Sarsenova S.N. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Karazhan B.S. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
Published: October 2021

The article presents an analysis of electric and autopilot products of transport and agricultural machinery plants. The «Industry 4.0» has been proposed since 2011 as the fourth industrial revolution in Europe, the USA, Japan, and other countries. Thanks to this revolution, the transport and agro-industrial sectors are an important factor contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The article examines the legislative component of the regulation of the concept of «intelligent robot» in the form of a product of transport and agricultural engineering in the context of national and international law. The article also analyzes the export potential of the Republic of Kazakhstan for electric vehicles in the conditions of the country’s membership in the World Trade Organization. The authors addressed the issue of the correlation of WTO law with the law of Kazakhstan on trade in vehicles as goods. The authors formulated proposals for several adoptions of new Kazakhstan laws and new international conventions on problematic issues of production of electric and autopilot products of transport and agricultural engineering at manufacturing plants in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The essence and problems of substantiating certain types of decisions in criminal proceedings
Authors:   Karaganda Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan named after Barimbek Beisenov, Djafarov V.V.
Published: October 2021

The article considers problems of substantiating certain types of decisions in the criminal process. The author’s views are based on recent changes in the criminal procedure legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the existing experience of the Russian Federation. The article focuses on provisions of the current criminal procedure code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author refers to Russian proceduralists whose works are devoted to the problems of studying the validity of procedural decisions at the pre-trial stage. The author indicated types of decisions, which are not recognized as criminal procedural, but for which justification should be a mandatory criterion according to the criminal procedural legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article provisions justify the need to enshrine the definition of «reasonableness» in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a mandatory requirement that must be met when taking decisions by the prosecuting authorities.
The Effect of Eight Weeks of Selected Exercises in Water on Pain and Balance of Female Nurses With Chronic Back Pain
Authors:   Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of physical Education, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran., Ezadi Havar , Ghanizadeh Hesar Narmin ,   Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of physical Education, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of selected exercises in water on pain and balance of nurses with chronic back pain. Methods: This semi-experimental study was carried out on 30 nurses working in Sanandaj city hospitals. Selected exercises in water for eight weeks, three sessions per week, which was carried out progressively and with the practice of central stability exercises on the experimental group. To assess the pain and balance of the patients in the pre and post test tests, both groups used the standard questionnaire of Quebec, FBT test, berg balance test. Independent and dependent t-test was used to analyze the data. The significance level was considered as P<0.05. Results: There was a significant difference between the mean scores of pain and the static and dynamic balance in the experimental and control groups, respectively, with a significant decrease and significant increase in the pain (P=0.001) and static (P=0.001) and dynamic (P=0.001) balance variables in the experimental group. Conclusion: Regarding the effectiveness of selected exercises in water on the pain and balance of nurses with non-specific chronic low back pain, it is recommended to design the training protocols for patients with Special attention should be given to the chronic pain, to the practice of water therapy (and to the importance of taking core stability of the workout in these exercises).
Comparison of Motion Control Screening Test Scores in Active Women with a History of Knee and Ankle Injuries
Authors:   Department of Corrective Exercise and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran., Golmoradi Marani Maryam , Letafatkar Amir ,   Department of Health and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran., Shojaedin Seyed Sadredin ,   Department of Health and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objective: Commenting on the return to sport after some injury is in doubt. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between test scores of movement control and a history of knee and ankle injury in active females. Methods: Statistical population of this study was 57 active females (22 healthy subjects, 19 subjects with a history of previous knee injury and 16 subjects with a history of previous ankle injury) with age ranging from 18 to 25 years old. In order to evaluate subjects, were used to the movement control test set consists of nine separate questions. Total maximum points in the subtests were 40 points, which less point was a better result in these tests. For statistical analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were used (Significant at 95% and the alpha less than or equal 0.05, and using of the SPSS software v. 22). Results: The results of this study showed test scores of movement control earned by females with a history of ankle and knee injuries was significantly different with the healthy females (P=0.001).Compare scores of subjects with contact and non-contact injuries with healthy women showed that contact injury had higher scores than those who are non-contact injuries. The differences between the groups with any of these injuries are significant with no injury group (P=0.001).Cut-off point for this test was about 15.5. Conclusion: The scores of functional movement screening give a detailed model of the injury prevention to coaches in order to predict the risk of lower extremity injuries in athletes. So its need to coaches in order to the prevention of sports injuries, use the functional movement screening tests. To measure the performance level of the athletes before the start of the season, in order to identified athletes that are at risk of injury, in order to improve their capabilities.
Peritrochanteric Unicameral Bone Cyst in A 9-year-old Girl: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors:   Orthopedic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Ghaffari Salman , Razavipour Mehran ,   Orthopedic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Maleki Kosar ,   Orthopedic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Farsavian Ali Akbar ,   Orthopedic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Introduction: The Unicameral Bone Cyst (UBC) is a benign osteolytic lesion primarily found in the metaphyseal part of long bones in children. It is important as it can involve growth plate involvement, cause pathological fractures and deformities of the affected limb. We report this case to emphasize that hip area pathologies can be represented with knee pain and discomfort. Case Presentation: The patient was a 9-year-old girl with a bone cyst in the right proximal femur, with functional knee pain and limping. The diagnosis was made after two years of pain in the knee area. As the cyst was symptomatic and the signs of impending pathological fracture were seen, the lesion was managed by curettage and fibular strut allograft and proximal humerus locking plate. Conclusions: The patient has been examined for knee joint problems for a long time, and her femur bone cyst was diagnosed after two years of pain. However, it could become a pathologic fracture or involve the growth plate and stop the limb’s growth, thus affecting the patient’s quality of life. Therefore, in children with chronic knee pain, careful assessment of the hip area is recommended.
Potts Shunt in Children With Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension: A Case Report and Brief Literature Review
Authors:   Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Mobinikhaledi Mahya , Shabestari Ali Arjmand ,   Department of Pediatrics, Amir-Kabir Hospital, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Ghandi Yazdan ,   Department of Pediatrics Cardiology, Amir-Kabir Hospital, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Introduction: The primary concern about Familial Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (FPAH) is the development of right heart failure, which ultimately leads to sudden death. Despite recent advances in pharmacological therapy, the mortality rate in children is still high, emphasizing the importance of novel treatments. Moreover, there is still no definitive treatment for children with severe pulmonary hypertension. The consequences of right heart failure led to the proposal of a surgical approach, the Potts shunt, to decompress the right ventricle, providing shunting of deoxygenated blood to lower extremities and improving overall cardiac output. This surgical technique creates an anastomosis between the left pulmonary artery and the descending aorta, providing a palliative treatment to off-load the right ventricle. Case Presentation: We report an 11-year-old girl with familial pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular failure who benefited from a Potts shunt with good mid-term results. The patient was diagnosed at the age of 5 when she had a history of fainting and persistent syncope. The patient was under medical treatment therapy with bosentan, sildenafil, acetylsalicylic acid, and warfarin for six years. The results of molecular genetic testing, which was confirmed with direct sequencing of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type 2 (BMPR2) gene, revealed a heterozygous pathogenic mutation. Since she was diagnosed with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH), she lost her grandmother, an aunt, and father because of PAH. Her 14-year-old sister also had mutated the BMPR2 gene without developing FPAH. Conclusions: The Potts shunt provides an interventional step for palliation of patients with familial pulmonary hypertension and severe right heart failure refractory to medical treatment. It opens the door to the possibility of lung transplantation in the future. We did not see any complications within 6 years after placing the Potts shunt.
THUS FATE KNOCKS AT THE DOOR:
PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER’S ‘THE FAT KITCHEN’ AND ‘THE THIN KITCHEN’ AS A METAPHOR OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Sánchez Harman Dilshat
Published: October 2021

The engravings "The Fat Kitchen" and "The Thin Kitchen" (1563), based on drawings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (circa 1525-1569), immediately became very popular in the Netherlands and remained popular throughout the second half of the 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries. They were copied and served as a source of inspiration; their composition and individual motives were borrowed both in graphics and in painting. The secret of their success was a combination of an original and vivid artistic program with already known motives, tackling urgent problems of society alongside with scenes from the everyday life of peasants and ordinary townspeople that were growing ever more popular then. In this article, I show that the iconographic analysis of engravings based on drawings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder enables us to interpret them as a metaphor for social mobility. The artist shows us how a person's actions affect his social status. The engravings were designed both for those who could identify themselves with those depicted (wealthy peasants or artisans), and for those who belonged to the new bourgeois elite of the Netherlands. By placing “The Fat Kitchen” and “The Thin Kitchen” in the context of the contemporary and subsequent visual tradition and identifying iconographic borrowings, allusions and innovations, it is possible to clarify the form in which the the mid-16th century Netherlandish art expressed the values and norms of the emerging middle class.
STOICISM AND ITS METAPHORS IN EARLY MODERN EMBLEM BOOKS
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, A.M.Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhov Alexander
Published: October 2021

The moral and social doctrine of Stoicism, well known among Early Modern humanists, was popularized in the emblem books of the time. The tool of this popularization was the visual metaphor capable of conveying abstract ideas through concrete images. The main stoic notions (such as virtue, apatheia as a complete freedom from passions, constancy, patience, etc.) have found extremely diverse metaphorical equivalents in the visual language of emblems, where inanimate objects (e.g. rock, flint, anvil, tongs, cube, scales) as well as living creatures (kingfisher, turtledove, bear) could equally function as metaphors. Emblematics, being a kind of ars inveniendi, acted as a mechanism for inventing new metaphors to express old meanings. However, some traditional metaphors dating back to antiquity (for example, Plato’s comparison of the human soul to a chariot pulled by two horses – “reason” and “emotion”) were also rethought in the spirit of the Stoic doctrine.
Metaphors of Society: The Medieval and Early Modern Social Imagination (In Lieu of an Introduction)
Authors:   institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Luchitskaya Svetlana
Published: October 2021

The article serves as an introduction to the publication of papers presented at the conference on Social Entities and their Metaphorical Interpetations. It raises the question of how people described social structures in the Middle Ages and Early Modern time, when no abstract concept of society existed, and the principles of its stratification were completely different in comparison to ours. According to the author, in order to enter the realm of social imagination of the past, we should remember that people then interpreted the structure of society mainly in terms of metaphors, using figures such as human body, chess, tree, wheel, etc. It is these metaphors that are analyzed in the articles based on conference papers and published below. The authors try to analyze social order images described in various written and visual sources.
FROM THE MONARCHY TREE TO NATION: THE USE OF METAPHORS IN EARLY MODERN FRENCH POLITICAL DISCOURSE
Authors:   Lomonosov State University, Pimenova Ludmila
Published: October 2021

The article examines three legal treatises written between the late 16th and late 18th centuries, whose authors used the language of metaphors, analyzing also the way this language was reflected in images. Both jurists and artists tried to demonstrate to their readers and spectators that society was unified and, at the same time, consisted of estates unequal in their status. For this purpose, metaphors of the human body, tree, army, and family were used. Over the period under discussion, the attitude towards metaphors changed significantly. Although the possibility of using the language of metaphors to adequately describe and know society was put into doubt more than once in the 17th and 18th centuries, contemporaries did not abandon this language. In the 18th century, many of the usual metaphors were rethought in Enlightenment literature, as well as in journalism and propaganda texts published on the eve of the French Revolution. The body metaphor received a new interpretation within the framework of the social contract concept, while the image of France as the king’s spouse was transformed into the figure of Marianne the Republic.
A VISUAL METAPHOR OF THE MEDIEVAL SOCIETY IN THE LATE 15th - EARLY 16th CENTURIES RUSSIAN “IN THEE REJOICETH” ICONS
Authors:   Program Systems Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Sukina Ludmila
Published: October 2021

The author examines the “In Thee rejoiceth” icons as visual sources that make it possible to reconstruct the ideal model of medieval society in the Moscow culture of the late 15th and early 16th centuries. This icon type, which includes the scenes of “Human race” collective praying to the Mother of God, is of Russian origin. Unlike other works of that time typologically close to it (“The Intercession”, “The Congregation of Our Lady”, “The Congregation of All Saints”, etc.), the “In Thee rejoiceth” icons demonstrate a historical connection to religious and socio-cultural facts of the Muscovy state. They clearly express the idea of Muscovy enjoying special patronage of the Mother of God, whose cult was actively developed in Moscow, the city that, as was believed at the Grand Dukes’ court, inherited the traditions and the spiritual authority of Constantinople. The depiction of the “Human race” in the “In Thee rejoiceth” icons can be viewed as a metaphorical image of the capital city community consisting of different groups of clergy and laity. This image corresponded to the ideas of the authorities and the population of the Russian state that existed under Ivan III and Vasili III.
Pastoreo rotado en Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu para mejorar la producción de leche
Authors: Soares Marcio Groto , Camargo Simone Cristina , Frassetto Matheus Orlandin , Abreu Hélio Mar de
Published: October 2021

En las propiedades lácteas, para que haya un aumento de la ganancia, es necesario aumentar la eficiencia de los factores de producción, especialmente la nutrición, lo que impacta en el costo fijo. Cada vez más, se busca un equilibrio entre el suministro de piensos y pastos. El método de pastoreo rotacional ha sido adoptado por varios productores, ya que tiene una buena productividad en un área más pequeña. Sin embargo, los pastos utilizados en este tipo de pastoreo, a pesar de tener una excelente calidad, tienen mayores requerimientos nutricionales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un análisis económico del costo de producción de leche, mediante la implantación de pastoreo rotacional, e intercambio de pastos nativos por Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu, en una granja familiar. Este trabajo fue elaborado en la ciudad de Foz do Iguaçu. Se utilizó un área de 6300m2, dividida en 28 potreros de 225m2 mediante cerca eléctrica. El costo total de producción fue de R $ 6.047,40, con un margen positivo de R $ 5.143,61 por año. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en los análisis económicos, se concluye que la implantación del pastoreo rotacional y el intercambio de pasto nativo por Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu es una gestión viable, ya que los ingresos generados por la venta de leche fueron suficientes para cubrir los costos totales de producción.