bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of orbit and clock quality for real-time multi-GNSS solutions
Authors: Kazmierski Kamil , Zajdel Radoslaw , Sośnica Krzysztof
Published: August 2020

High-quality satellite orbits and clocks are necessary for multi-GNSS precise point positioning and timing. In undifferenced GNSS solutions, the quality of orbit and clock products significantly influences the resulting position accuracy; therefore, for precise positioning in real time, the corrections for orbits and clocks are generated and distributed to users. In this research, we assess the quality and the availability of real-time CNES orbits and clocks for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou-2 separated by satellite blocks and types, as well as the product quality changes over time. We calculate the signal-in-space ranging error (SISRE) as the main orbit and clock quality indicator. Moreover, we employ independent orbit validation based on satellite laser ranging. We found that the most accurate orbits are currently available for GPS. However, Galileo utmost stable atomic clocks compensate for systematic errors in Galileo orbits. As a result, the SISRE for Galileo is lower than that for GPS, equaling 1.6 and 2.3 cm for Galileo and GPS, respectively. The GLONASS satellites, despite the high quality of their orbits, are characterized by poor quality of clocks, and together with BeiDou-2 in medium and geosynchronous inclined orbits, are characterized by SISRE of 4–6 cm. BeiDou-2 in geostationary orbits is characterized by large orbital errors and the lowest availability of real-time orbit and clock corrections due to a large number of satellite maneuvers. The quality of GNSS orbit and clock corrections changes over time and depends on satellite type, block, orbit characteristics, onboard atomic clock, and the sun elevation above the orbital plane.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of free and restrained dried paper: a comprehensive investigation
Authors: Urstöger Georg , Kulachenko Artem , Schennach Robert , Hirn Ulrich
Published: August 2020

The influence of strain during drying is known to have a large effect on its mechanical properties like tensile strength, Young’s modulus and hygroexpansion. In this study we investigate free and restrained dried paper and investigate the relation between the paper microstructure and its mechanical properties. The first part of the work investigates the development of the mechanical properties as well as paper internal stresses and strains (elastic-, inelastic- and hygrostrain) at different moisture contents during the drying process. Emphasis is put on the changes of hygrostrains and the paper hygroexpansion coefficient during drying. One main finding was that in constrained drying the drying stresses are considerably below the yield stress and, as a consequence, the deformations are mainly inelastic (creep) and only marginally elastic. In the second part we are analyzing the microstructure of free and restrained dried sheets by X-ray microtomography ($$\mu$$μ-CT). From the$$\mu$$μ-CT analysis relevant network parameters such as number of contact points, fiber bond area, free fiber length and fiber curl were extracted. Also a novel method to investigate the interface angle of the fibers in the vicinity of the bond sites was established. The results showed that the major difference from the drying procedure manifests itself in the out-of-plane curl of the fibers. Statistically number of contact points, bond area and in-plane curl were not different whereas in-plane curl and free fiber length were different. The interface angle appears to be slightly affected by the drying procedure but is overall very low.
A Shape Theorem for a One-Dimensional Growing Particle System with a Bounded Number of Occupants per Site
Authors: Bezborodov Viktor , Di Persio Luca , Krueger Tyll
Published: August 2020

We consider a one-dimensional discrete-space birth process with a bounded number of particle per site. Under the assumptions of the finite range of interaction, translation invariance, and non-degeneracy, we prove a shape theorem. We also derive a limit estimate and an exponential estimate on the fluctuations of the position of the rightmost particle.
Mössbauer and Raman characterization of ash produced by burning ancient buried Japanese cedar and investigation for its unusual color tone
Authors: Yamauchi Shigeru , Kurimoto Yasuji , Takayama Tsutomu , Sakai Yoichi
Published: August 2020

Mössbauer and Raman spectroscopic characterization of colored ash samples made by combustion of ancient buried Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) was carried out, and the factors governing the color tones were investigated mainly in terms of the chemical species of Fe. The ash samples displayed various unusual colors, depending clearly on the individual ancient tree and the part of it. Some of Mössbauer spectra of the ash samples showed magnetic hyperfine splittings due to internal magnetic fields. The Mössbauer and Raman spectra suggested that the primary Fe-containing species in all the ash samples was calcium ferrite, Ca2Fe2O5.
Microwave enhanced synthesis of halogenated derivatives of L-tyrosine labeled with deuterium in aromatic ring
Authors: Pająk Małgorzata
Published: August 2020

Three halogenated derivatives of L-tyrosine, selectively labeled with deuterium in aromatic ring, i.e., 3′-fluoro-[5′-2H]-, 3′-chloro-[5′-2H]-, and 3′-iodo-[2′,5′-2H2]-L-tyrosine, were synthesized using microwave assisted acid-catalyzed isotope exchange between 3′-fluoro-, 3′-chloro- and 3′-iodo-L-tyrosine and heavy water. The degree of deuterium incorporation was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data indicate that isotope exchange depends on the method of heating and the power of microwaves. The deuterium enrichment of 3′-fluoro-[5′-2H]- and 3′-chloro-[5′-2H]-L-tyrosine amounted to 70% and 60%, respectively, while for 3′-iodo-[2′,5′-2H2]-L-tyrosine this value was about 50% and 95% for the 2′- and 5′-position. The isotopomers were obtained in good chemical yields of 50–70%.
Comprehensive analytical characteristics of N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1- (cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ACHMINACA)
Authors: Dybowski Michal P. , Holowinski Piotr , Typek Rafal , Dawidowicz Andrzej L.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

The aim of this study was to clarify the most essential analytical features of N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (one of the newest cannabimimetics called ACHMINACA), to make them useful for analytical identification of this compound.

Methods

The compound was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman, and infrared spectroscopies.

Results

Detailed and comprehensive analytical data have been acquired for ACHMINACA.

Conclusions

Although brief descriptions of the partial data of ACHMINACA have appeared recently, this article provides the most detailed and comprehensive analytical data of ACHMINACA to our knowledge. Our data will significantly broaden the knowledge about the compound structure extending the possibility of its orthogonal analysis. The gathered data are useful for forensic, toxicological, and clinical purposes.
High Number of Daily Steps Recorded by Runners Recovering from Bone Stress Injuries
Authors: Toresdahl Brett G. , Nguyen Joseph , Goolsby Marci A. , Drakos Mark C. , Lyman Stephen
Published: August 2020

Background

Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are common among runners for which activity modification is the primary treatment. The clinical utility of measuring activity during recovery has not been evaluated.

Questions/Purposes

We sought to measure the physical activity of runners recovering from BSIs and determine if activity can be correlated with symptoms.

Methods

A prospective observational pilot study was performed of runners with a new lower extremity BSI treated non-surgically. For 30 days, activity of runners was measured with a physical activity tracker and daily pain scores were collected.

Results

We enrolled 18 runners (average age, 33 years; 72% female). Twelve had stress fractures and six had stress reactions. The average daily steps of all runners during the observation period was 10,018 ± 3232, and the runner with the highest daily steps averaged 15,976. There were similar average daily steps in those with stress fractures versus reactions, 10,329 versus 9965, respectively. There was no correlation between daily steps or relative change in daily steps with pain or relative change in pain scores.

Conclusion

Runners with BSIs averaged over 10,000 steps per day during early recovery. Clinicians may not be aware of the amount of activity runners maintain after being diagnosed with a BSI. Although daily steps and symptoms could not be correlated in this study, objectively measuring activity may assist clinicians in guiding runners recovering from BSIs.
The influence of motor tasks and cut-off parameter selection on artifact subspace reconstruction in EEG recordings
Authors: Anders Phillipp , Müller Helen , Skjæret-Maroni Nina , Vereijken Beatrix , Baumeister Jochen
Published: August 2020

Advances in EEG filtering algorithms enable analysis of EEG recorded during motor tasks. Although methods such as artifact subspace reconstruction (ASR) can remove transient artifacts automatically, there is virtually no knowledge about how the vigor of bodily movements affects ASRs performance and optimal cut-off parameter selection process. We compared the ratios of removed and reconstructed EEG recorded during a cognitive task, single-leg stance, and fast walking using ASR with 10 cut-off parameters versus visual inspection. Furthermore, we used the repeatability and dipolarity of independent components to assess their quality and an automatic classification tool to assess the number of brain-related independent components. The cut-off parameter equivalent to the ratio of EEG removed in manual cleaning was strictest for the walking task. The quality index of independent components, calculated using RELICA, reached a maximum plateau for cut-off parameters of 10 and higher across all tasks while dipolarity was largely unaffected. The number of independent components within each task remained constant, regardless of the cut-off parameter used. Surprisingly, ASR performed better in motor tasks compared with non-movement tasks. The quality index seemed to be more sensitive to changes induced by ASR compared to dipolarity. There was no benefit of using cut-off parameters less than 10.
A simple tool to automate the insertion process in cochlear implant surgery
Authors: Rau Thomas S. , Zuniga M. Geraldine , Salcher Rolf , Lenarz Thomas
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Automated insertion of electrode arrays (EA) in cochlear implant surgery is presumed to be less traumatic than manual insertions, but no tool is widely available in the operating room. We sought (1) to design and create a simple tool able to automate the EA insertion process; and (2) to perform preliminary evaluations of the designed prototype.

Methods

A first prototype of a tool with maximum simplicity was designed and fabricated to take advantage of hydraulic actuation. The prototype facilitates automated forward motion using a syringe connected to an infusion pump. Initial prototype evaluation included: (1) testing of forward motion at different velocities (2) EA insertion trials into an artificial cochlear model with force recordings, and (3) evaluation of device handling, fixation and positioning using cadaver head specimens and a surgical retractor. Alignment of the tool was explored with CT imaging.

Results

In this initial phase, the prototype demonstrated easy assembly and ability to respond to hydraulic actuation driven by an infusion pump at different velocities. EA insertions at an ultra-slow velocity of 0.03 mm/s revealed smooth force profiles with mean maximum force of 0.060 N ± 0.007 N. Device positioning with an appropriate insertion axis into the cochlea was deemed feasible and easy to achieve.

Conclusions

Initial testing of our hydraulic insertion tool did not reveal any serious complications that contradict the initially defined design specifications. Further meticulous testing is needed to determine the safety of the device, its reliability and clinical applicability.
Interactions of Antibodies to the Gram-Negative Gastric Bacterium Helicobacter pylori with the Synaptic Calcium Sensor Synaptotagmin 5, Correlate to Impaired Vesicle Recycling in SiMa Human Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Kleine Aaron David , Reuss Bernhard
Published: August 2020

Due to molecular mimicry, maternal antibacterial antibodies are suspected to promote neurodevelopmental changes in the offspring that finally can cause disorders like autism and schizophrenia. Using a human first trimester prenatal brain multiprotein array (MPA), we demonstrate here that antibodies to the digestive tract bacteria Helicobacter pylori (α-HPy) and Campylobacter jejuni (α-CJe) interact with different synaptic proteins, including the calcium sensor synaptotagmin 5 (Syt5). Interactions of both antisera with Syt5 were confirmed by Western blot with a HEK293-cells overexpression lysate of this protein. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting revealed SiMa cells to express Syt5, which also co-migrated with a band/spot labeled by either α-HPy or α-CJe. Functionally, a 12-h pretreatment of SiMa cells with 10 μg/ml of either α-HPy or α-CJe resulted in a significant reduction of acetylcholine(ACh)-dependent calcium signals as compared to controls. Also ACh-dependent vesicle recycling was significantly reduced in cells pretreated with either α-HPy or α-CJe. Similar effects were observed upon pretreatment of SiMa cells with Syt5-specific antibodies. In conclusion, the present study supports the view that prenatal maternal antibacterial immune responses towards HPy and by this to Syt5 are able to cause functional changes, which in the end might contribute also to neurodevelopmental disorders.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: The POU2F1/miR-4490/USP22 axis regulates cell proliferation and metastasis in gastric cancer
Authors: Xiao Yizhi , Liu Side , Li Jiaying , Dai Weiyu , Tang Weimei , Xiang Li , Zhang Wenjing , Lin Jianjiao , Wang Jing , Wu Xiaosheng , Liu Guangnan , Liu Yuyang , Chen Yaying , Zhu Huiqiong , Wang Yusi , Lin Zhizhao , Yang Qiong , Chen Tianming , Sun Yong , Li Aimin , Xiong Jing , Wang Jide
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Growing evidence indicates that aberrant expression of microRNAs
contributes to tumor development. However, the biological role of microRNA-4490
(miR-4490) in gastric cancer (GC) remains to be clarified.

Methods

To explore the function of miR-4490 in GC, we performed colony
formation, EdU incorporation, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, in situ hybridization
(ISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry, ChIP and dual-luciferase
reporter assays. In addition, the growth, migration and invasion capacities of
GC cells were evaluated.

Results

We found that miR-4490 was significantly downregulated in primary GC
samples and in GC-derived cell lines compared with normal controls, and that
this expression level was negatively correlated with GC malignancy. Exogenous
miR-4490 expression not only reduced cell cycle progression and proliferation,
but also significantly inhibited GC cell migration, invasion and
epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro. Mechanistically, we found that
miR-4490 directly targets USP22, which mediates inhibition of GC cell
proliferation and EMT-induced metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we
found through luciferase and ChIP assays that transcription factor POU2F1 can
directly bind to POU2F1 binding sites within the miR-4490 and USP22 promoters
and, by doing so, modulate their transcription. Spearman’s correlation analysis
revealed a positive correlation between USP22 and POU2F1 expression and negative
correlations between miR-4490 and USP22 as well as miR-4490 and POU2F1
expression in primary GC tissues.

Conclusion

Based on our results we conclude that miR-4490 acts as a tumor
suppressor, and that the POU2F1/miR-4490/USP22 axis plays an important role in
the regulation of growth, invasion and EMT of GC cells.
Economic pulse electrodeposition for flexible CuInSe2 solar cells
Authors: Mandati Sreekanth , Misra Prashant , Boosagulla Divya , Rao Tata Naransinga , Sarada Bulusu V.
Published: August 2020

Electrodeposition is one of the leading non-vacuum techniques for the fabrication of CuInSe2 (CIS)-based solar cells. In the present work, pulse electrodeposition, an advanced technique, is utilized effectively for CIS absorber preparation devoid of any additives/complexing agents. An economic pulse electrodeposition is employed for the deposition of Cu/In stack followed by selenization to fabricate CIS absorbers on flexible and glass substrates. The approach uses a two-electrode system suitable for large area deposition and utilizes the fundamentals of pulse electrodeposition with appropriate optimization of parameters to obtain smooth Cu/In precursors. The selenized CIS absorbers are of 1 µm thick while possessing copper-poor composition (Cu/In ≈ 0.9) and tetragonal chalcopyrite phase. The fabricated devices have exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 5.2%. The technique can be further improved to obtain low-cost CIS solar cells which are suitable for various small-scale energy applications.
High catalytic activity for formaldehyde oxidation of an interconnected network structure composed of δ-MnO2 nanosheets and γ-MnOOH nanowires
Authors: Tao Ying , Li Rong , Huang Ai-Bin , Ma Yi-Ning , Ji Shi-Dong , Jin Ping , Luo Hong-Jie
Published: August 2020

Among the transition metal oxide catalysts, manganese oxides have great potential for formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation at ambient temperature because of their high activity, nontoxicity, low cost, and polybasic morphologies. In this work, a MnO2-based catalyst (M-MnO2) with an interconnected network structure was successfully synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method. The M-MnO2 catalyst was composed of the main catalytic agent, δ-MnO2 nanosheets, dispersed in a nonactive framework material of γ-MnOOH nanowires. The catalytic activity of M-MnO2 for HCHO oxidation at room temperature was much higher than that of the pure δ-MnO2 nanosheets. This is attributed to the special interconnected network structure. The special interconnected network structure has high dispersion and specific surface area, which can provide more surface active oxygen species and higher surface hydroxyl groups to realize rapid decomposition of HCHO.
AdS black holes, holography and localization
Authors: Zaffaroni Alberto
Published: August 2020

I review some recent progresses in counting the number of microstates of AdS supersymmetric black holes in dimension equal or greater than four using holography. The counting is obtained by applying localization and matrix model techniques to the dual field theory. I cover in details the case of dyonic AdS$$_4$$4black holes, corresponding to a twisted compactification of the dual field theory, and I discuss the state of the art for rotating AdS$$_5$$5black holes.
Hyperthyreose – Fokus Immunthyreopathie Basedow
Authors: Theiler-Schwetz Verena , Trummer Christian , Pilz Stefan
Published: August 2020

Die häufigsten Ursachen für die Entstehung einer Hyperthyreose sind die Immunthyreopathie Basedow sowie die Schilddrüsenautonomie. Für die Diagnosestellung sind die Bestimmung der TSH-Rezeptor-Antikörper (TRAK) nebst Thyroidea-stimulierendem Hormon (TSH), freiem Thyroxin (fT4) und freiem Trijodthyronin (fT3) wichtig. Die Bestimmung der T3/T4-Ratio kann in der Abgrenzeng einer Immunthyreopathie Basedow zu einer destruktiven Thyreoiditis hilfreich sein. Bei der Immunthyreopathie Basedow sind das typische sonographische Bild einer hypoechogenen Schilddrüse mit erhöhter Vaskularisation und zunehmend auch die quantitative Bestimmung der Durchblutung in Form der „peak systolic velocity“ (PSV) weitere diagnostische Hilfsmittel. Die Szintigraphie hat bei der Diagnosestellung der Schilddrüsenautonomie nach wie vor ihren Stellenwert.

Therapeutisch steht bei der Immunthyreopathie Basedow die medikamentöse, thyreostatische Therapie vorrangig mit Thiamazol in Form des Titrationsschemas im Vordergrund, die für 12–18 Monate durchgeführt wird. Liegen die TRAK dann im Normbereich, kann ein Absetzversuch unternommen werden. Wenn nicht, oder wenn es zum Auftreten eines Rezidivs kommt, sollte eine definitive Therapie mittels Radiojodtherapie oder Thyreoidektomie erwogen werden. Zur symptomatischen Behandlung können Betablocker wie Propranolol eingesetzt werden. Es gibt Hinweise, dass die lange praktizierte Jodrestriktion im Management der Immunthyreopathie Basedow vermieden werden sollte. Zum Einsatz von Selen liegen positive, aber noch großteils inkonsistente Daten vor, sodass eine Therapieempfehlung derzeit nicht ausgesprochen werden kann. In der Therapie der Schilddrüsenautonomie stehen Radiojodtherapie und die Operation im Vordergrund. Die Diagnose einer thyreotoxischen Krise ist eine klinische und wird anhand des Burch-Wartofsky-Scores gestellt – das Management erfordert meist intensivmedizinische Betreuung.
Effect of transverses abdominis block and subcutaneous wound infiltration on post-operative pain analgesia after cesarean section at Hawassa University, southern Ethiopia : A prospective cohort study
Authors: Habtemariam Million , Muluget Hailemariam , Solomon Fisthum , Hailu Sleshi , Ayalew Nugusu , Aweke Zemedu
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:

post-cesarean section analgesia regime should be efficacious without influencing the ability of a mother to take care of the neonate and with minimal drug transfer through breast milk. Transverse abdominis plane block and local anesthetic wound infiltration can provide effective pain relief at the wound site after surgery. However, the relative efficacy of two techniques for postoperative analgesia remains controversial.

Objective:

This study aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy of Transverse abdominis plane block versus subcutaneous wound infiltration as part of for elective cesarean section surgeries under spinal anesthesia.

Materials and methods:

An institutional-based Prospective cohort study was employed two equal groups of 68 adult females aged 18–65 years scheduled for elective cesarean under spinal anesthesia and wound infiltration a non-exposed group. Pain severity, first analgesia request time as well as analgesic consumption were assessed using the Mann –Whitney U test for 24 h. Chi-square test was used to analyze the homogenous categorical independent variables between these two groups and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Result:

The overall Tramadol consumption within 24 h with The Median and IQR was 100 mg (100–150) in the TAP group compared to 150 mg (150–200) in the subcutaneous wound infiltration group (p < 0.001). We conclude that TAP block could be considered Superior to subcutaneous wound infiltration anesthesia for postoperative pain management and we recommend that use of TAP block for effective Postoperative analgesia as part of multimodal analgesia after cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. We recommend the clinicians to use Tap for postoperative pain management.

Highlights:
We should celebrate the hidden heroes of plastics
Authors: Beavis Pete
Published: August 2020

Pete Beavis, senior sector specialist and materials scientist at R&D tax credit specialist ForrestBrown, explains why we need to stop demonizing plastics, approach new bioplastics with care and celebrate those who are innovating to reduce the impact on the environment.
Evolution of the environmental microbiota of a new neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and implications for infection prevention and control
Authors: Zachariah Philip , Rozenberg Felix D. , Stump Stephania , Moscoso Dagmara I. , Krishnamurthy Ganga , Saiman Lisa , Uhlemann Anne-Catrin , Freedberg Daniel E.
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To describe changes in the environmental microbiota of a new neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and potential implications for infection prevention and control (IPC) efforts.

Design:

Prospective observational study.

Setting:

A newly constructed level IV neonatal cardiac intensive care unit (NCICU) before and after patient introduction and the original NICU prior to patient transfer.

Methods:

Environmental samples were obtained from the original NICU prior to patient transfer to a new NCICU. Serial sampling of patient rooms and provider areas of the new NICU was conducted immediately prior to patient introduction and over an 11-month study period. Microbiota at each sampling point were characterized using Illumina sequencing of the V3/V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Microbiota characteristics (α and β diversity and differential abundance) were compared based on time, location, and clinical factors (room-level antibiotic use and patient turnover).

Results:

An immediate increase in the environmental differential abundance of gut anaerobes were seen after patient introduction. There was an increase in the relative abundance of Staphylococcus spp, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp, and Streptococcus spp over time. The new NCICU consistently showed more diverse microbiota and remained distinct from the original NICU. The microbiota of the provider areas of the NCICU eventually formed a cluster separate from the patient rooms. Patient turnover increased room-level microbiota diversity.

Conclusion:

Microbiota characteristics of the new NICU were distinct from the original ICU despite housing similar patients. Patient and provider areas developed distinct microbiota profiles. Non–culture-based methods may be a useful adjunct to current IPC practice.
Replies to Kirk Ludwig and Alexander Miller
Authors: VERHEGGEN CLAUDINE
Published: August 2020

This paper is a reply to Kirk Ludwig's and Alexander Miller's comments on the first part of Donald Davidson's Triangulation Argument: A Philosophical Inquiry. It addresses concerns Ludwig expresses about the triangulation argument's success in establishing the social character of language and thought. It answers Miller's invitation to compare Davidson's non-reductionism with that of Crispin Wright, as well as the social aspect of Davidson's view with the social aspect of Saul Kripke's. And it addresses Miller's worries concerning my claims about the normativity of meaning.
Introduction
Authors: SULTANESCU OLIVIA
Published: August 2020

Dans Donald Davidson's Triangulation Argument: A Philosophical Inquiry, Robert H. Myers et Claudine Verheggen offrent une élucidation ainsi qu'une édification de l'argument de la triangulation avancé par Donald Davidson. Cet article est une introduction à un symposium consacré à leur développement de cet argument. Le symposium a débuté en 2018 en tant que table ronde réunissant les auteurs et des critiques lors du congrès annuel de l'Association canadienne de philosophie, et comprend les réponses de trois critiques, Kirk Ludwig, Alexander Miller et Paul Hurley, suivies des répliques de Verheggen et Myers. J'offre ici un bref aperçu de chacune des deux parties du livre et une esquisse des questions posées par les critiques.
Hegel est-il «pragmatiste»? Quelques remarques critiques à propos d'un problème mal posé
Authors: TINLAND OLIVIER
Published: August 2020

La question «Hegel est-il pragmatiste?» a fait l'objet de nombreux débats chez les spécialistes de la philosophie hégélienne et du pragmatisme. Dans cet article, je me propose de clarifier les termes du problème et d’évaluer les forces et les faiblesses de deux manières de répondre à cette question : la première consiste à repérer des thèmes pragmatistes dans la pensée hégélienne, la seconde consiste à identifier un critère minimal et négatif de rapprochement entre l'hégélianisme et le pragmatisme. À la lumière de cet examen critique, il apparaît que toute approche générale de cette question semble vouée à l’échec.
Autonomic dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder indexed by heart rate variability: a meta-analysis
Authors: Schneider Martha , Schwerdtfeger Andreas
Published: August 2020

Background

Changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS) function have been observed in a variety of psychological disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) provides insight into the functioning of the ANS. Previous research on PTSD found lower HRV in PTSD patients compared to controls, indicating altered sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, but findings are inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine differences in HRV indices between individuals with PTSD and healthy controls at baseline and during stress.

Methods

The included primary studies present an aggregate of studies analyzing different HRV indices. Examined HRV indices were standard deviation of the normalized NN-intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) spectral components, LF/HF ratio, and heart rate (HR). Moderating effects of study design, HRV and PTSD assessment, and sample characteristics were examined via subgroup-analyses and meta-regressions.

Results

Random-effects meta-analyses for HRV parameters at rest revealed significant group differences for RMSSD and HF-HRV, suggesting lower parasympathetic activity in PTSD. The aggregated effect size for SDNN was medium, suggesting diminished total variability in PTSD. A small effect was found for LF-HRV. A higher LF/HF ratio was found in the PTSD sample as compared to controls. Individuals with PTSD showed significantly higher HR. During stress, individuals with PTSD showed higher HR and lower HF-HRV, both indicated by small effect sizes.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that PTSD is associated with ANS dysfunction.
Public international law in the context of post-German cultural property held within Poland’s borders. A complicated situation or simply a resolution?
Authors: Sierzputowski Bartłomiej
Published: August 2020

The article discusses the complicated situation of post-German cultural property held within Poland’s borders after the Second World War. On 2 August 1945, ‘the Big Three’ decided a new layout of power within Europe. They reached an agreement that Silesia, Pomerania, the Free City of Danzig (Gdańsk), and part of East Prussia (Regained Territories) along with all the property which had been left on site, should be a part of Poland. One of the post-war priorities of the Polish Government was to regulate the legal status of post-German cultural property left within these newly-delineated borders. Although the Second World War ended in 1945, there was still a threat that the majority of post-German property could be devastated, destroyed, or even looted. There are some documented cases where such cultural property was seized inter alia by the Red Army and then transported to Russia. Since 1945, Russian museums have exhibited many of these pieces of art. This article addresses the question concerning the legal status of post-German cultural property in light of public international law. Furthermore, the article responds to the question, whether Poland is entitled to restitution of post-German cultural property looted from the Regained Territories.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers during the early COVID-19 pandemic in a main, academic tertiary care centre in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Temsah M. H. , Alhuzaimi A. N. , Alamro N. , Alrabiaah A. , Al-Sohime F. , Alhasan K. , Kari J. A. , Almaghlouth I. , Aljamaan F. , Al-Eyadhy A. , Jamal A. , Al Amri M. , Barry M. , Al-Subaie S. , Somily A. M. , Al-Zamil F.
Published: August 2020

As the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to occur in small outbreaks in Saudi Arabia, we aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and intended practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and compare worry levels with previous findings during the MERS-CoV outbreak in 2015. We sent an adapted version of our previously published MERS-CoV questionnaire to the same cohort of HCWs at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. About 40% of our sample had previous experience with confirmed or suspected MERS-CoV patients, and those had a significantly higher knowledge score (13.16 ± 2.02 vs. 12.58 ± 2.27, P = 0.002) and higher adherence to protective hygienic practices (2.95 ± 0.80 vs. 2.74 ± 0.92, P = 0.003). The knowledge scores on COVID-19 were higher in the current cohort than the previous MERS-CoV outbreak cohort (68% vs. 79.7%, P < 0.001). HCWs from the current cohort who felt greater anxiety from COVID-19 compared to MERS-CoV were less likely to have been exposed to MERS-CoV infected/suspected cases (odds ratio (OR) = 0.646, P = 0.042) and were less likely to have attended the hospital awareness campaign on COVID-19 (OR = 0.654, P = 0.035). We concluded that previous experience with MERS-CoV was associated with increased knowledge and adherence to protective hygienic practices, and reduction of anxiety towards COVID-19.
Influence of advance directives on reducing aggressive measures during end-of-life cancer care: A systematic review
Authors: Marchi Lillian Ponchio e Silva , Santos Neto Martins Fideles dos , Moraes Júlia de Pauli , Paiva Carlos Eduardo , Paiva Bianca Sakamoto Ribeiro
Published: August 2020

Context

Although the literature recognizes the participation of patients in medical decisions as an important indicator of quality, there is a lack of consensus regarding the influence of advance directives (ADs) on reducing aggressive measures during end-of-life care involving cancer patients.

Objective

A systematic review was conducted to analyze the influence of ADs on reducing aggressive end-of-life care measures for cancer patients.

Method

We searched the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases for studies published until March 2018 using the following keywords, without language restrictions: “advance directives,” “living wills,” “terminal care,” “palliative care,” “hospice care,” and “neoplasms.” Article quality was assessed using study quality assessment tools from the Department of Health and Human Services (NHLBI).

Results

A total of 1,489 studies were identified; 7 met the inclusion criteria. The studies were recently published (after 2014, 71.4%). Patients with ADs were more likely to die at the site of choice (n = 3) and received less chemotherapy in the last 30 days (n = 1). ADs had no impact on intensive care unit admission (n = 1) or hospitalization (n = 1). One study found an association between ADs and referral to palliative care, but other did not find the same result.

Significance of results

Of the seven articles found, four demonstrated effects of ADs on the reduction in aggressive measures at the end of life of cancer patients. Heterogeneity regarding study design and results and poor methodological quality are challenges when drawing conclusions.
The Language of Right-Wing Populist Leaders: Not So Simple
Authors: McDonnell Duncan , Ondelli Stefano
Published: August 2020

Political scientists have long asserted that populists use simpler language than their mainstream rivals to appeal to ordinary people and distance themselves from elites. However, there is little comparative evidence in support of that claim. In this study, we investigate the linguistic simplicity of four right-wing populists compared to their principal opponents in the United States, France, United Kingdom, and Italy. We do so by analysing a corpus of approximately one million words from leaders’ speeches, using a series of linguistics measures for evaluating simplicity. Contrary to expectations, we find that Donald Trump was only slightly simpler than Hillary Clinton, while Nigel Farage in the UK and Marine Le Pen in France were more complex than their main rivals, and Italy’s Matteo Salvini was simpler on some measures but not others. We conclude that the simple language claim is not borne out and that other aspects of the received wisdom about populism should be re-examined.
A Numerical Investigation of Wave‐Supported Gravity Flow During Cold Fronts Over the Atchafalaya Shelf
Authors: Zang Zhengchen , Xue Z. George , Xu Kehui , Ozdemir Celalettin E. , Chen Qin , Bentley Samuel J. , Sahin Cihan
Published: August 2020

Wave‐supported fluid mud (WSFM) plays an important role in sediment downslope transport on the continental shelves. In this study, we incorporated WSFM processes in the wave boundary layer (WBL) into the Community Sediment Transport Modeling System (CSTMS) on the platform of the Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Wave‐and‐Sediment Transport modeling system (COAWST). The WSFM module was introduced between the bottommost water layer and top sediment layer, which accounted for the key sediment exchange processes (e.g., resuspension, vertical settling, diffusion, and horizontal advection) at the water‐WBL and WBL‐sediment bed boundaries. To test its robustness, we adapted the updated model (CSTMS + WBL) to the Atchafalaya shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico and successfully reproduced the sediment dynamics in March 2008, when active WSFM processes were reported. Compared with original CSTMS results, including WSFM module weakened the overall intensity of sediment resuspension, and the CSTMS + WBL model simulated a lutocline between the WBL and overlying water due to the formation of WSFM. Downslope WSFM transport resulted in offshore deposition (>4 cm), which greatly changed the net erosion/deposition pattern on the inner shelf off the Chenier Plain. WSFM flux was comparable with suspended sediment flux (SSF) off the Atchafalaya Bay, and it peaked along the Chenier Plain coast where wave activities were strong and the bathymetric slope was steep. The influence of fluvial sediment supply on sediment dynamics was limited in the Atchafalaya Bay. Sensitivity tests of free settling, flocculation, and hindered settling effects suggested that sediments were transported further offshore due to reduced settling velocity in the WBL once fluid mud was formed. Although sediment concentration in the WBL was sensitive to surface sediment critical shear stress, cohesive bed behavior was less important in WSFM dynamics when compared with strong hydrodynamic during cold fronts.
The Climatological Context of Trends in the Onset of Northern Hemisphere Seasonal Snow Cover, 1972–2017
Authors: Allchin Michael I. , Déry Stephen J.
Published: August 2020

Several studies based on the longest remotely sensed record of Northern Hemisphere seasonal snow cover have indicated that its extent has increased over large areas of Eurasia and North America during the transition from summer to winter. Given current understanding of widespread warming trends, this finding is somewhat surprising. It has been suggested that these increases are artifacts of technological improvements in the data set's production. Alternatively, if such trends do reflect actual changes in the timing and location of snow onset, it follows that associations should exist with altered spatiotemporal patterns of atmospheric activity likely to influence the probability of snowfall. This study places significant onset trends during September to December between 1972 and 2017 within the context of means and trends of a range of relevant metrics of middle‐to‐lower tropospheric activity between 1972 and 2014, summarized from monthly reanalysis data. The results suggest that clear explanatory links exist between earlier (and later) onset, and patterns of trends in 500 hPa geopotential heights and sea level pressure, airflows at 500 and 850 hPa, atmospheric humidity, and near‐surface temperature. These findings suggest that most incidences of progressively earlier Eurasian snow cover result from northward advection of moisture by stronger southerly winds, driven by altered zonal gradients in geopotential height north of the Himalayan ranges. Over North America, moisture has been supplied primarily from maritime sources along zonal airflows induced by meridional gradients.
Spectral, Compositional, and Physical Properties of the Upper Murray Formation and Vera Rubin Ridge, Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Jacob S. R. , Wellington D. F. , Bell J. F. , Achilles C. , Fraeman A. A. , Horgan B. , Johnson J. R. , Maurice S. , Peters G. H. , Rampe E. B. , Thompson L. M. , Wiens R. C.
Published: August 2020

During 2018 and 2019, the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover investigated the chemistry, morphology, and stratigraphy of Vera Rubin ridge (VRR). Using orbital data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars, scientists attributed the strong 860 nm signal associated with VRR to the presence of red crystalline hematite. However, Mastcam multispectral data and CheMin X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements show that the depth of the 860 nm absorption is negatively correlated with the abundance of red crystalline hematite, suggesting that other mineralogical or physical parameters are also controlling the 860 nm absorption. Here, we examine Mastcam and ChemCam passive reflectance spectra from VRR and other locations to link the depth, position, and presence or absence of iron‐related mineralogic absorption features to the XRD‐derived rock mineralogy. Correlating CheMin mineralogy to spectral parameters showed that the ~860 nm absorption has a strong positive correlation with the abundance of ferric phyllosilicates. New laboratory reflectance measurements of powdered mineral mixtures can reproduce trends found in Gale crater. We hypothesize that variations in the 860 nm absorption feature in Mastcam and ChemCam observations of VRR materials are a result of three factors: (1) variations in ferric phyllosilicate abundance due to its ~800–1,000 nm absorption; (2) variations in clinopyroxene abundance because of its band maximum at ~860 nm; and (3) the presence of red crystalline hematite because of its absorption centered at 860 nm. We also show that relatively small changes in Ca‐sulfate abundance is one potential cause of the erosional resistance and geomorphic expression of VRR.
Subglacial Drainage Evolution Modulates Seasonal Ice Flow Variability of Three Tidewater Glaciers in Southwest Greenland
Authors: Davison B. J. , Sole A. J. , Cowton T. R. , Lea J. M. , Slater D. A. , Fahrner D. , Nienow P. W.
Published: August 2020

Surface‐derived meltwater can access the bed of the Greenland ice sheet, causing seasonal velocity variations. The magnitude, timing, and net impact on annual average ice flow of these seasonal perturbations depend on the hydraulic efficiency of the subglacial drainage system. We examine the relationships between drainage system efficiency and ice velocity, at three contrasting tidewater glaciers in southwest Greenland during 2014–2019, using high‐resolution remotely sensed ice velocities, modeled surface melting, subglacial discharge at the terminus, and results from buoyant plume modeling. All glaciers underwent a seasonal speed‐up, which usually coincided with surface melt onset, and subsequent slow‐down, which usually followed inferred subglacial channelization. The amplitude and timing of these speed variations differed between glaciers, with the speed‐up being larger and more prolonged at our fastest study glacier. At all glaciers, however, the seasonal variations in ice flow are consistent with inferred changes in hydraulic efficiency of the subglacial drainage system and qualitatively indicative of a flow regime in which annually averaged ice velocity is relatively insensitive to interannual variations in meltwater supply—so‐called “ice flow self‐regulation.” These findings suggest that subglacial channel formation may exert a strong control on seasonal ice flow variations, even at fast‐flowing tidewater glaciers.
The DOE E3SM v1.1 Biogeochemistry Configuration: Description and Simulated Ecosystem‐Climate Responses to Historical Changes in Forcing
Authors: Burrows S. M. , Maltrud M. , Yang X. , Zhu Q. , Jeffery N. , Shi X. , Ricciuto D. , Wang S. , Bisht G. , Tang J. , Wolfe J. , Harrop B. E. , Singh B. , Brent L. , Baldwin S. , Zhou T. , Cameron‐Smith P. , Keen N. , Collier N. , Xu M. , Hunke E. C. , Elliott S. M. , Turner A. K. , Li H. , Wang H. , Golaz J.‐C. , Bond‐Lamberty B. , Hoffman F. M. , Riley W. J. , Thornton P. E. , Calvin K. , Leung L. R.
Published: August 2020

This paper documents the biogeochemistry configuration of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), E3SMv1.1‐BGC. The model simulates historical carbon cycle dynamics, including carbon losses predicted in response to land use and land cover change, and the responses of the carbon cycle to changes in climate. In addition, we introduce several innovations in the treatment of soil nutrient limitation mechanisms, including explicit dependence on phosphorus availability. The suite of simulations described here includes E3SM contributions to the Coupled Climate‐Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project and other projects, as well as simulations to explore the impacts of structural uncertainty in representations of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We describe the model spin‐up and evaluation procedures, provide an overview of results from the simulation campaign, and highlight key features of the simulations. Cumulative warming over the twentieth century is similar to observations, with a midcentury cold bias offset by stronger warming in recent decades. Ocean biomass production and carbon uptake are underpredicted, likely due to biases in ocean transport leading to widespread anoxia and undersupply of nutrients to surface waters. The inclusion of nutrient limitations in the land biogeochemistry results in weaker carbon fertilization and carbon‐climate feedbacks than exhibited by other Earth System Models that exclude those limitations. Finally, we compare with an alternative representation of terrestrial biogeochemistry, which differs in structure and in initialization of soil phosphorus. While both configurations agree well with observational benchmarks, they differ significantly in their distribution of carbon among different pools and in the strength of nutrient limitations.
Measurement‐Based Experimental Statistical Modeling of Propagation Channel in Industrial IoT Scenario
Authors: Wang Yu , Lv Yejian , Yin Xuefeng , Duan Jiawei
Published: August 2020

This paper presents 3–4 and 38–40 GHz wideband channel characteristics for industrial internet‐of‐things (IIoT) scenario based on measurements. The channel measurement equipment applied in the measurements consists of a programmable vector network analyzer and necessary auxiliaries. An extensive amount of data in line‐of‐sight (LoS) and non‐line‐of‐sight (NLoS) scenarios is collected with omnidirectional antennas in both transmitter and receiver ends. With the Space‐Alternating Generalized Expectation‐maximization (SAGE) algorithm, the multipath components (MPCs) of the received signals are extracted to calculate the channel model parameters, for example, channel gain coefficient, delay spread, and Ricean K factor. By studying the statistical characteristics of these parameters, a stochastic channel model in IIoT scenario is initially established and compared with the existing indoor channel models. Moreover, the distinctive characteristics of channel parameters in the millimeter wave band and sub‐6 GHz band in the IIoT scenario are demonstrated.