bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aquaculture and the displacement of fisheries captures
Authors: Longo Stefano B. , Clark Brett , York Richard , Jorgenson Andrew K.
Published: February 2019

In modern aquaculture, animal‐production technology is used to increase aquatic food sources. Such controlled rearing of seafood can, in principle, shift the pressure off wild stocks and aquatic ecosystems by reducing fishing activities, which may advance marine conservation goals. We examined resource displacement—the reduced consumption of a resource due to its replacement with a more environmentally benign substitute—in fisheries. We employed panel regression techniques in an analysis of time‐series data from 1970 through 2014 to assess the extent to which aquaculture production displaced fisheries captures for all nations for which data were available. We estimated 9 models to assess whether aquaculture production suppresses captures once other factors related to demand have been controlled for. Only 1 model predicted significant suppression of fisheries captures associated with aquaculture systems within nations over time. These results suggest that global aquaculture production does not substantially displace fisheries capture; instead, aquaculture production largely supplements fisheries capture.
Infants recognize counting as numerically relevant
Authors: Wang Jinjing (Jenny) , Feigenson Lisa
Published: February 2019

Children do not understand the meanings of count words like “two” and “three” until the preschool years. But even before knowing the meanings of these individual words, might they recognize that counting is “about” the dimension of number? Here in five experiments, we asked whether infants already associate counting with quantities. We measured 14‐ and 18‐month olds’ ability to remember different numbers of hidden objects that either were or were not counted by an experimenter before hiding. As in previous research, we found that infants failed to differentiate four hidden objects from two when the objects were not counted—suggesting an upper limit on the number of individual objects they could represent in working memory. However, infants succeeded when the objects were simply counted aloud before hiding. We found that counting also helped infants differentiate four hidden objects from six (a 2:3 ratio), but not three hidden objects from four (a 3:4 ratio), suggesting that counting helped infants represent the arrays’ approximate cardinalities. Hence counting directs infants’ attention to numerical aspects of the world, showing that they recognize counting as numerically relevant years before acquiring the meanings of number words.
The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of paediatric transverse myelitis
Authors: Paul Friedemann
Published: February 2019

This commentary is on the original article by Tantsis et al. on pages 1108–1116 of this issue.
Growth curves and reference centiles
Authors: Rigby Alan S
Published: February 2019

This commentary is on the original article by Bartlett et al. on pages 469–476 of this issue.
Pomalidomide‐dexamethasone for treatment of soft‐tissue plasmacytomas in patients with relapsed / refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Jiménez‐Segura Raquel , Granell Miquel , Gironella Mercè , Abella Eugenia , García‐Guiñón Antoni , Oriol Albert , Cabezudo Elena , Clapés Victoria , Soler Joan Alfons , Escoda Lourdes , López-Pardo Jordi , Fernández de Larrea Carlos , Cibeira Maria Teresa , Tovar Natalia , Isola Ignacio , Bladé Joan , Rosiñol Laura ,   GEMMAC (Grup per l l'estudi del mieloma mútiple i l'amiloïdosi de Catalunya)
Published: February 2019

Objective

The presence of plasmacytomas (Ps) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is associated with a poor outcome, both in patients treated conventionally and in patients treated with novel agents. Two types of plasmacytomas have being recognized: paraskeletal plasmacytomas (PPs) and extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMPs), being the incidence of EMPs lower but with worse prognosis. Our aim has been to analyze the efficacy of the pomalidomide‐dexamethasone combination in this patient profile.

Method

In the present study, the efficacy of pomalidomide and dexamethasone in 21 patients from nine hospitals of Catalonia (Spain), with relapsed or refractory MM and Ps, was analyzed. For this purpose, we describe the evolution of paraprotein in serum and urine and the size of plasmacytomas during treatment with pomalidomide‐dexamethasone.

Results

While 34% of the patients achieved a paraprotein response, only two patients with PPs (9%) responded (RC and PR). There were no responses among patients with EMPs. The median progression‐free survival from the start of treatment with pomalidomide/dexamethasone was only 1.7 months and the median overall survival of 4.5 months.

Conclusion

In conclusion, pomalidomide and dexamethasone has limited efficacy in patients with advanced MM and soft‐tissue plasmacytomas.
A subset of calcium‐binding S100 proteins show preferential heterodimerization
Authors: Spratt Donald E. , Barber Kathryn R. , Marlatt Nicole M. , Ngo Vy , Macklin Jillian A. , Xiao Yiming , Konermann Lars , Duennwald Martin L. , Shaw Gary S.
Published: February 2019

The assembly of proteins into dimers and oligomers is a necessary step for the proper function of transcription factors, muscle proteins, and proteases. In uncontrolled states, oligomerization can also contribute to illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease. The S100 protein family is a group of dimeric proteins that have important roles in enzyme regulation, cell membrane repair, and cell growth. Most S100 proteins have been examined in their homodimeric state, yet some of these important proteins are found in similar tissues implying that heterodimeric molecules can also be formed from the combination of two different S100 members. In this work, we have established co‐expression methods in order to identify and quantify the distribution of homo‐ and heterodimers for four specific pairs of S100 proteins in their calcium‐free states. The split GFP trap methodology was used in combination with other GFP variants to simultaneously quantify homo‐ and heterodimeric S100 proteins in vitro and in living cells. For the specific S100 proteins examined, NMR, mass spectrometry, and GFP trap experiments consistently show that S100A1:S100B, S100A1:S100P, and S100A11:S100B heterodimers are the predominant species formed compared to their corresponding homodimers. We expect the tools developed here will help establish the roles of S100 heterodimeric proteins and identify how heterodimerization might alter the specificity for S100 protein action in cells.
Large‐scale land acquisitions and institutions: Patterns, influence and barriers in Zambia
Authors: Manda Simon , Tallontire Anne , Dougill Andrew J.
Published: February 2019

Large‐scale land acquisitions (LaSLAs) have been a common feature of neoliberal transformation in which state entities facilitate foreign investments; yet the related governance dynamics remain poorly understood. This paper combines policy analysis and interview data to investigate governance dynamics of LaSLAs and analyses competing authority and power relations among national actors mediating land access for the case of Zambia. Our findings show that corporate interests, donor and regional support drive LaSLAs, but national factors predominate. While possibilities for LaSLAs are created by state institutions, the state agencies seeking to administer land‐based resources also limit their potential through competing authority and agendas. The demand for land and water, accompanied by government and donor resources, heightens tensions among state entities over decision‐making and creation of new frontiers of resource control. By focusing on state and non‐state actors and their articulation in LaSLAs, our study shows that the top‐down nature of governance of land, labour and water resources is problematic for long‐term sustainable agriculture and rural development. The paper highlights the importance of state entities and their control, legal extensions and governance practices in relation to local subjects in delivering LaSLAs and facilitating the emergence of a more locally rooted agro‐vision for agriculture for sustainable and socially just rural development.
Firing up: Policy, politics and polemics under new and old burning regimes
Authors: Eloy Ludivine , Hecht Susanna , Steward Angela , Mistry Jayalaxshmi
Published: February 2019

Changing fire regimes in the context of climate change call for new understandings of their diversity, use, policies, practices and politics. While catastrophic fires are redoubling calls for suppression, new political ecologies debate fire prohibition politics and emphasise understanding and incorporating local knowledge into management decisions. Latin American countries are characterised by strong regional tensions associated with environmental policies, agriculture and infrastructure development that often compete with local livelihoods, traditional management and a range of resource use practices. Landscape knowledge systems that inform customary use, access and resource interventions have become a new node of contestation; these are added to the perennial question of land rights, especially as carbon politics and other environmental services become more important in the structuring of autonomy over land uses. This themed section presents research conducted in different countries and biomes in Latin America and explores the historical and current tensions around the development of the science of burning by local populations. Research outlines the contradictions and tensions between fire control policies and rural livelihoods, and the emergent political factors and ideologies that inherent in fire conflicts and could help shape solutions. Our four case studies in different regions of south America (Amazon, Cerrado, Chiquitana), explore the production, application and circulation of knowledge about fire and its consequences using an array of methods: classical descriptive models, analytics from political ecology, and the complex arena of science and technology studies. The latter help us to understand the conflictual dynamics associated with “new fire management,” which relies on more technological means of fire control as well as legislation, payments, and new governmentalities to transform traditional practices. Overall, the papers place fire management in its new active political and ecological framing, namely at the heart of current development debates in the Latin American tropics.
Primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphomas: relevance of the 2017 World Health Organization classification: clinicopathological and molecular analyses of 64 cases
Authors: Menguy Sarah , Beylot‐Barry Marie , Parrens Marie , Ledard Anne‐Pham , Frison Eric , Comoz François , Battistella Maxime , Szablewski Vanessa , Balme Brigitte , Croue Anne , Franck Frédéric , Ortonne Nicolas , Tournier Emilie , Lamant Laurence , Carlotti Agnès , De Muret Anne , Le Gall François , Lorton Marie‐Hélène , Merlio Jean‐Philippe , Vergier Béatrice
Published: February 2019

Aims

We applied the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria to categorise a series of 64 primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphomas (PCLBCLs), containing a majority (≥80%) of large cells and a proliferative rate of ≥40%, raising the problem of the differential diagnosis between PCLBCL, leg type (PCLBCL‐LT) and primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma, large cell (PCFCL‐LC). The aims were to determine the reproducibility and prognostic relevance of the 2017 WHO criteria.

Methods and results

Morphology and phenotype identified 32 PCLBCLs‐LT and 25 PCFCLs‐LC; seven cases (11%) remained unclassified. Morphology was less reproducible than immunophenotype. Pertinent markers for the differential diagnosis were MUM1, FOXP1, CD10, and IgM. bcl‐2 and bcl‐6 were expressed by both PCFCLs‐LC and PCLBCLs‐LT at substantial levels. Neither Ki67 expression nor p63 expression was of diagnostic value. MYD88 was found to be mutated only in PCLBCLs‐LT (n = 22, 69%). According to Hans/Hans modified algorithms, 23 of 25 PCFCLs‐LC had germinal centre (GC) status, and the 32 PCLBCLs‐LT had non‐GC status. Overall survival was poorer for PCLBCLs‐LT than PCFCLs‐LC (P = 0.0002). Non‐GC cases had poorer overall survival than GC cases (P = 0.0007). In PCLBCLs‐LT, MYC expression was associated with cutaneous relapses (P = 0.014). When GC/non‐GC status was applied to unclassified cases, only a single case remained discordant.

Conclusions

Our results support the 2017 WHO classification criteria for PCLBCL diagnosis. The Hans modified algorithm using CD10 and MUM1 distinguished PCFCLs‐LC from PCLBCLs‐LT with optimal diagnostic value without requiring bcl‐6 immunolabelling (poorly reproducible). Rare unclassified cases may constitute a provisionally heterogeneous subgroup for which GC/non‐GC status (relevant for prognosis) may guide therapeutic decisions.
Prostate cancer with comedonecrosis is frequently, but not exclusively, intraductal carcinoma: a need for reappraisal of grading criteria
Authors: Madan Raghav , Deebajah Mustafa , Alanee Shaheen , Gupta Nilesh S , Carskadon Shannon , Palanisamy Nallasivam , Williamson Sean R
Published: February 2019

Aims

Comedonecrosis in prostate cancer has always been Gleason pattern 5. However, we aimed to evaluate how intraductal carcinoma (not graded) with comedonecrosis should be considered.

Methods and results

From 52 radical prostatectomy patients, 40 were informative and evaluated with immunohistochemistry for basal cells. Clinical outcome was assessed for biochemical recurrence, metastatic disease and the need for adjuvant therapy. Comedonecrosis was predominantly located in intraductal carcinoma (24, 60%). However, nine (23%) had comedonecrosis within invasive cancer and seven (18%) within both invasive and intraductal carcinoma. Extraprostatic extension rarely showed comedonecrosis (5, 13%), but rather perineural invasion within cribriform glands. Tumours were largely high‐stage (15, 38% pT3a and 19, 48% pT3b), with 15 (37%) having positive lymph nodes and four distant metastases. Most cases (25, 63%) had other patterns of Gleason pattern 5 (single cells, solid), although 10 were reclassified as containing no invasive pattern 5. Of these, most were pT3 (eight of 10), but none had positive lymph nodes. Lymph node metastases were more common in patients with invasive cancer containing comedonecrosis (P = 0.02), and the need for androgen deprivation was near significance (P = 0.07), but biochemical recurrence was not significantly different (P = 0.58).

Conclusions

Prostate cancer with comedonecrosis is often intraductal; however, these tumours are largely high‐stage, showing a higher rate of positive lymph nodes with invasive comedonecrosis. Immunohistochemistry may be considered when comedonecrosis may significantly change the tumour grade. However, it is not clear at present that excluding intraductal carcinoma from the grade is superior to including it in grading when it is associated with high‐grade invasive cancer.
A cluster of CYP6 gene family associated with the major quantitative trait locus is responsible for the pyrethroid resistance in Culex pipiens pallen
Authors: Zou F. , Guo Q. , Shen B. , Zhu C.
Published: February 2019

The emergence and rapid spread of insecticide resistance in several mosquito species has become a significant obstacle in management of mosquito‐borne diseases, including deltamethrin resistance in Culex pipiens pallens. Previous study identified a major deltamethrin resistance quantitative trait locus (DR‐6) that alone explained 62% of the genetic variance. In this study, the marker L4B1.102 and L4B1.175 associated with the DR‐6 were characterized. We searched for potential candidate genes in the flank region of two markers in the genome sequence and showed that a cluster of CYP6 cytochrome P450 genes (CYP6BB4, CYP6BB3, CYP6CC2, CYP6P14, CYP6BZ2, CYP6AA9, CYP6AA8, CYP6AA7) was in the vicinity of DR‐6. Significant differences in the expression of these P450s in the larval and adult stages were identified in the resistant strains compared with the susceptible strain. For CYP6AA9 and CYP6BB4, the correlation analysis showed a highly positive correlation between relative gene expression quantification and the resistance level in different strains. Knockdown of CYP6BB4 increased the sensitivity of mosquitoes to deltamethrin. We identified that the deltamethrin resistance was in a cluster of CYP6 genes in C. pipiens pallens, and CYP6BB4 may play a significant role in the development of deltamethrin resistance.
Public Support for European Solidarity: Between Euroscepticism and EU Agenda Preferences?
Authors: Baute Sharon , Abts Koen , Meuleman Bart
Published: February 2019

This article investigates public support for two types of EU‐wide solidarity that currently exist, namely member state solidarity (such as transfers to less developed and crisis‐hit countries) and transnational solidarity (such as granting cross‐border social rights to EU citizens). Drawing on data from the 2014 Belgian National Election Study, we find that opposition towards European integration – in particular regarding EU enlargement – reduces citizens' willingness to support European solidarity to a large extent. However, this article reveals that public support for European solidarity cannot simply be reduced to a pro‐versus anti‐integration, nor to a domestic left–right conflict. Citizens' substantive positions towards the EU's social and economic agenda are a crucial element in understanding contestation over European integration issues.
Innate immune response of human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts to in vitro incubation of Trichophyton benhamiae DSM 6916
Authors: Hesse‐Macabata J. , Morgner B. , Morgenstern S. , Grimm M.O. , Elsner P. , Hipler U.C. , Wiegand C.
Published: February 2019

Background

Superficial cutaneous infection caused by the zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton benhamiae is often associated with a highly inflammatory immune response. As non‐professional immune cells, epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts contribute to the first line of defence by producing pro‐inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides (AMP).

Objective

Purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis and the fungal–host interaction as not much is known about the innate immune response of these cutaneous cells against T. benhamiae.

Methods

Using a dermatophytosis model of fibroblasts and keratinocytes incubated with T. benhamiae DSM 6916, analyses included determination of cell viability and cytotoxicity, effects on the innate immune response including expression and secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and expression of AMP, as well as alterations of genes involved in cell adhesion.

Results

Trichophyton benhamiae DSM 6916 infection led to severe cell damage and direct induction of a broad spectrum of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in both cutaneous cells. Only keratinocytes differentially up‐regulated AMP genes expression after T. benhamiae DSM 6916 infection. Expression of AMPs in fibroblasts was not inducible by fungal infection, whereas their absences potentially contributed to a continuous increase in the fungal biomass on fibroblasts, which in turn was reduced in keratinocytes possibly due to the antimicrobial actions of induced AMPs. On mRNA level, T. benhamiae DSM 6916 infection altered cell–cell contact proteins in keratinocytes, indicating that targeting specific cell–cell adhesion proteins might be part of dermatophytes’ virulence strategy.

Conclusion

This study showed that in addition to immune cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts could participate in antimicrobial defence against an exemplary infection with T. benhamiae DSM 6916.
Stereophotogrammetric three‐dimensional photography is an accurate and precise planimetric method for the clinical visualization and quantification of human papilloma virus‐induced skin lesions
Authors: Rijsbergen M. , Pagan L. , Niemeyer ‐ van der Kolk T. , Rijneveld R. , Hogendoorn G. , Lemoine C. , Meija Miranda Y. , Feiss G. , Bouwes Bavink J.N. , Burggraaf J. , van Poelgeest M.I.E. , Rissmann R.
Published: February 2019

Background

The quantification of human papilloma virus (HPV)‐induced skin lesions is essential for the clinical assessment of the course of disease and the response to treatment. However, clinical assessments that measure dimensions of lesions using a caliper do not provide complete insight into three‐dimensional (3D) lesions, and its inter‐rater variability is often poor.

Objective

The aim of this study was to validate a stereophotogrammetric 3D camera system for the quantification of HPV‐induced lesions.

Methods

The camera system was validated for accuracy, precision and interoperator and inter‐rater variability. Subsequently, 3D photographs were quantified and compared to caliper measurements for clinical validation by Bland–Altman modelling, based on data from 80 patients with cutaneous warts (CW), 24 with anogenital warts (AGW) patients and 12 with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the vulva (vulvar HSIL) with a total lesion count of 220 CW, 74 AGW and 31 vulvar HSIL.

Results

Technical validation showed excellent accuracy [coefficients of variation (CV) ≤ 0.68%] and reproducibility (CVs ≤ 2%), a good to excellent agreement between operators (CVs ≤ 8.7%) and a good to excellent agreement between different raters for all three lesion types (ICCs ≥ 0.86). When comparing 3D with caliper measurements, excellent biases were found for diameter of AGW (long diameter 5%), good biases were found for diameter of AGW (short diameter 10%) and height of CW (8%), and acceptable biases were found for the diameter of CW (11%) and vulvar HSIL (short diameter 14%, long diameter 16%). An unfavourable difference between these methods (bias 25%) was found for the assessment of height of AGWs.

Conclusion

Stereophotogrammetric 3D imaging is an accurate and reliable method for the clinical visualization and quantification of HPV‐induced skin lesions.
Historical flash floods in England: New regional chronologies and database
Authors: Archer David , O'Donnell Greg , Lamb Rob , Warren Sarah , Fowler Hayley J.
Published: February 2019

There is increasing interest in past occurrences of flooding from intense rainfall, commonly referred to as “flash flooding,” and the associated socioeconomic consequences. Historical information can help us to place recent events in context and to understand the effect of low frequency climate variability on changing flash flood frequencies. Previous studies have focussed on fluvial flooding to reconstruct the temporal and spatial patterns of past events. Here, we provide an online flood chronology for the north and south‐west of England for flash floods, including both surface water and fluvial flooding, with coverage from ~1700 to ~2013 (http://ceg-fepsys.ncl.ac.uk/fc). The primary source of documentary material is local newspaper reports, which often give detailed descriptions of impacts. This provides a new resource to inform communities and first responders of flood risks, especially those from rapid rise in water level whose severity may be greater than those of accompanying peak flow. Examples are provided of historical flash floods that exemplify how the chronologies can help to place recent floods in the context of the preinstrumental record for: (a) more robust estimates of event return period, (b) identification of catchment or settlement susceptibility to flash flood events, and (c) characterisation of events in ungauged catchments.
l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA) modulates brain iron, dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction in iron overload and mutant alpha‐synuclein mouse models of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Billings Jessica L. , Gordon Sarah L. , Rawling Tristan , Doble Philip A. , Bush Ashley I. , Adlard Paul A. , Finkelstein David I. , Hare Dominic J.
Published: February 2019

Treatment with the dopamine (DA) precursor l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA) provides symptomatic relief arising from DA denervation in Parkinson's disease. Mounting evidence that DA autooxidation to neurotoxic quinones is involved in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis has raised concern about potentiation of oxidative stress by l‐DOPA. The rate of DA quinone formation increases in the presence of excess redox‐active iron (Fe), which is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Conversely, l‐DOPA has pH‐dependent Fe‐chelating properties, and may act to ‘redox silence’ Fe and partially allay DA autoxidation. We examined the effects of l‐DOPA in three murine models of parkinsonian neurodegeneration: early‐life Fe overexposure in wild‐type mice, transgenic human (h)A53T mutant α‐synuclein (α‐syn) over‐expression, and a combined ‘multi‐hit’ model of Fe‐overload in hA53T mice. We found that l‐DOPA was neuroprotective and prevented age‐related Fe accumulation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), similar to the mild‐affinity Fe chelator clioquinol. Chronic l‐DOPA treatment showed no evidence of increased oxidative stress in wild‐type midbrain and normalized motor performance, when excess Fe was present. Similarly, l‐DOPA also did not exacerbate protein oxidation levels in hA53T mice, with or without excess nigral Fe, and showed evidence of neuroprotection. The effects of l‐DOPA in Fe‐fed hA53T mice were somewhat muted, suggesting that Fe‐chelation alone is insufficient to attenuate neuron loss in an animal model also recapitulating altered DA metabolism. In summary, we found no evidence in any of our model systems that l‐DOPA treatment accentuated neurodegeneration, suggesting DA replacement therapy does not contribute to oxidative stress in the Parkinson's disease brain.

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Vertical Ridge Gain with Various Bone Augmentation Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hameed Muhammad Hasan , Gul Meisha , Ghafoor Robia , Khan Farhan Raza
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The aim of this systematic review was to determine the most effective alveolar augmentation technique for vertical bone gain.

Materials and Methods

A systematic search to select clinical trials and retrospective studies done on patients with reduced vertical bone height was conducted. The intervention of interest was autogenous block graft done compared to procedures such as distraction osteogenesis (DO), particulate grafting, block plus particulate grafting with titanium mesh, and tent pole technique in systematically healthy adult patients age 18 and older. The following electronic databases were explored: PubMed, CINAHL, and Dental and Oral Science. A supplementary manual search of published full‐text articles from January 2005 to December 2017 was done using Google Scholar. Grey literature was also sought using greylit.org. The review protocol was registered at the Prospero registry (CRD # 42017072432). The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using EPOC criteria. Meta‐analysis was performed using Review Manager for studies with quantitative data on mean values of vertical bone gain and bone resorption achieved with various bone augmentation techniques. Random effect model was used. Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated using the I2 statistic.

Results

A total of 2322 articles were found. After excluding the irrelevant papers, only 8 papers were finally selected for the detailed evaluation. Of these 8, 5 were clinical trials, and 3 were retrospective studies. Four studies were on DO, 2 on particulate grafting, 1 on autogenous block grafting plus particulate grafting, and 1 on tent pole grafting. The control group in all studies were autogenous block graft. Meta‐analysis revealed no significant difference between DO and autogenous block grafting for vertical bone gain (mean difference 0.82 [–1.28, 2.91]). Similarly, no significant difference was observed in the 2 techniques for bone resorption (mean difference 0.38 [–0.23, 0.99]).

Conclusions

DO was not superior to autogenous block grafting for vertical bone augmentation. Both techniques were associated with a number of complications. There was no difference in the bone resorption observed in the 2 techniques. No conclusive results can be drawn on other techniques on account of limited data.
Comparison of the Accuracy of Fit of Metal, Zirconia, and Lithium Disilicate Crowns Made from Different Manufacturing Techniques
Authors: Al Hamad Khaled Q. , Al Quran Firas A. , AlJalam Sendos A. , Baba Nadim Z.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the accuracy of fit of metal, lithium disilicate, and zirconia crowns, which were produced using different manufacturing techniques.

Materials and Methods

Ten patients in need of a molar crown were recruited. Eight crowns were fabricated for each patient: 2 zirconia, 3 lithium disilicate (e.max), and 3 metal‐ceramic crowns using conventional, conventional/digital, and digital techniques. Marginal, axial, and occlusal gaps were measured using a replica technique. Replicas were sectioned mesiodistally and buccolingually and were observed under a stereomicroscope. A total of 32 measurements for each crown replica at 3 different points (12 marginal, 12 axial, and 8 occlusal) were performed. Statistical analysis was performed using two‐way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests.

Results

Marginal means ranged from 116.39 ± 32.76 µm for the conventional metal‐ceramic group to 147.56 ± 31.56 µm for the digital e.max group. The smallest axial gap was recorded for the digital zirconia group (76.19 ± 23.94 µm), while the largest axial gap was recorded for the conventional e.max (101.80 ± 19.81 µm) and conventional/digital metal‐ceramic groups (101.80 ± 35.31 µm). The conventional e.max crowns had the smallest occlusal mean gap (185.59 ± 59.09 µm), while the digital e.max group had the largest occlusal mean gap (295.38 ± 67.80 µm). Type of crown had no significant effect on marginal (p = 0.07, f = 2.71), axial (p = 0.75, f = 0.29), or occlusal fit (p = 0.099, f = 2.4), while fabrication method had a significant effect on axial gap only (p = 0.169, f = 1.82, p = 0.003, f = 6.21, and p = 0.144, f = 2 for marginal, axial, and occlusal fit, respectively). Digital fabrication produced significantly smaller axial gaps than the conventional method (p = 0.02), and the conventional digital method (p = 0.005).

Conclusions

The type of crown and method of manufacturing had no effect on the marginal and occlusal gap of single posterior crown, while the method of manufacturing had a significant effect on the axial gap. The digital method produced the smallest axial fit in comparison with the other methods, while the type of crown had no effect on the axial gap.
Diversity in the use of specialized dental services by older adults in the United States
Authors: Moeller John F. , Chen Haiyan , Manski Richard J.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

We estimated the use of any dental services and the use of specific types of dental services conditional on any dental use for adults 50 and over in the United States to analyze: a) disparities in the use of specialized dental services and b) whether older adults receiving routine dental care use fewer expensive specialized dental services.

Methods

We relied on data tabulations and estimated logistic regressions from the 2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Study to analyze the influence of various covariates such as age, race/ethnicity, education, dental insurance, income, and health status on the likelihood of a) using any dental care and b) using routine dental care (prophylaxis, examinations, bitewings, etc.) and specialized services for restorative, periodontal, oral surgery, or prosthetic dental care conditional on using any dental care.

Results

We found a) lower use of specialized services among higher income, more educated, healthier, nonminority older adults and b) association between lower use of routine dental care and higher use of expensive restorative, oral surgery, and prosthetic dental services.

Conclusions

Our study identifies diversity in the use of specialized dental services among an older adult population and suggests that more widespread use of routine dental services could potentially improve oral health and limit the need for expensive specialized dental care for this population.
Characterization of a high‐growth‐rate mutant strain of Pyropia yezoensis using physiology measurement and transcriptome analysis
Authors: Ma Yingchao , He Linwen , Huan Li , Lu Xiaoping , Wang Guangce
Published: February 2019

A mutant strain of Pyropia yezoensis, strain E, was isolated from the free‐living conchocelis of a pure strain (NA) treated with ethyl methane sulfonate. The incremental quantities of young strain E blades were higher than those of NA after 14 d of cultivation, indicating that young blades of mutant strain E released more archeospores. The mean length and weight of large E blades were both over three times greater than those of NA after 4 weeks of cultivation. The photosynthetic parameters (Fv/Fm, Y[I], Y[II], and O2 evolution rate) and pigment contents (including phycoerythrin and phycocyanin) of strain E blades were higher than those of NA (P < 0.05). The cellular respiratory rate of strain E blades was lower than that of NA (P < 0.05). In order to investigate the causes of changes in strain E blades, total RNA in strain E and NA blades were sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq platform. Compared with NA, 1,549 unigenes were selected in strain E including 657 up‐regulated and 892 down‐regulated genes. According to the physiology measurement and differentially expressed genes analysis, cell respiration in strain E might decrease, whereas anabolic‐like photosynthesis and protein biosynthesis might increase compared with NA. This means substance accumulation might be greater than decomposition in strain E. This might explain why strain E blades showed improved growth compared with NA. In addition, several genes related to stress resistance were up‐regulated in strain E indicating that strain E might have a higher stress resistance. The sequencing dataset may be conducive to Pyropia yezoensis molecular breeding research.
Coding sequences of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase regulatory peptides and expression of calcium regulatory genes in recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Valberg Stephanie J. , Soave Kaitlin , Williams Zoë J. , Perumbakkam Sudeep , Schott Melissa , Finno Carrie J. , Petersen Jessica L. , Fenger Clara , Autry Joseph M. , Thomas David D.
Published: February 2019

Background

Sarcolipin (SLN), myoregulin (MRLN), and dwarf open reading frame (DWORF) are transmembrane regulators of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transporting ATPase (SERCA) that we hypothesized played a role in recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER).

Objectives

Compare coding sequences ofSLN,MRLN,DWORFacross species and between RER and control horses. Compare expression of muscle Ca2+regulatory genes between RER and control horses.

Animals

Twenty Thoroughbreds (TB), 5 Standardbreds (STD), 6 Quarter Horses (QH) with RER and 39 breed‐matched controls.

Methods

Sanger sequencing of SERCA regulatory genes with comparison of amino acid (AA) sequences among control, RER horses, human, mouse, and rabbit reference genomes. In RER and control gluteal muscle, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction of SERCA regulatory peptides, the calcium release channel (RYR1), and its accessory proteins calsequestrin (CASQ1), and calstabin (FKBP1A).

Results

TheSLNgene was the highest expressed horse SERCA regulatory gene with a uniquely truncated AA sequence (29 versus 31) versus other species. Coding sequences ofSLN, MRLN, andDWORFwere identical in RER and control horses. A sex‐by‐phenotype effect occurred with lowerCASQ1expression in RER males versus control males (P < .001) and RER females (P = .05) and higherFKBP1A(P = .01) expression in RER males versus control males.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

TheSLNgene encodes a uniquely truncated peptide in the horse versus other species. Variants in the coding sequence ofSLN, MLRN, orDWORFwere not associated with RER. Males with RER have differential gene expression that could reflect adaptations to stabilize RYR1.
Randomized trial comparing effects of weight loss by liraglutide with lifestyle modification in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Khoo Joan , Hsiang John C. , Taneja Ranu , Koo Seok‐Hwee , Soon Gaik‐Hong , Kam Carmen J. , Law Ngai‐Moh , Ang Tiing‐Leong
Published: February 2019

Background & Aims

We compared the effects of weight loss induced with the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 agonist liraglutide, with that of lifestyle modification, followed by weight maintenance after discontinuing intervention, in obese adults with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Methods

Thirty obese (mean age 40.7 ± 9.1 years, BMI 33.2 ± 3.6 kg/m2, 90% male) adults with NAFLD defined as liver fat fraction (LFF) > 5% on magnetic resonance imaging without other causes of hepatic steatosis were randomized to a supervised programme of energy restriction plus moderate‐intensity exercise to induce ≥ 5% weight loss (DE group, n = 15), or liraglutide 3 mg daily (LI group, n = 15) for 26 weeks, followed by 26 weeks with only advice to prevent weight regain.

Results

Diet and exercise and LI groups had significant (P < 0.01) and similar reductions in weight (−3.5 ± 3.3 vs −3.0 ± 2.2 kg), LFF (−8.1 ± 13.2 vs −7.0 ± 7.1%), serum alanine aminotransferase (−39 ± 35 vs −26 ± 33 U/L) and caspase‐cleaved cytokeratin‐18 (cCK‐18) (−206 ± 252 vs −130 ± 158 U/L) at 26 weeks. At 52 weeks, the LI group significantly (P < 0.05) regained weight (1.8 ± 2.1 kg), LFF (4.0 ± 5.3%) and cCK‐18 (72 ± 126 U/L), whereas these were unchanged in the DE group.

Conclusions

Liraglutide was effective for decreasing weight, hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular apoptosis in obese adults with NAFLD, but benefits were not sustained after discontinuation, in contrast with lifestyle modification. Continuing the exercise learned in the structured programme contributed to the maintenance of liver fat reduction.
TCRβ repertoire of memory T cell reveals potential role for Escherichia coli in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Hou Xianliang , Yang Yida , Chen Jianing , Jia Hongyu , Zeng Ping , Lv Longxian , Lu Yingfeng , Liu Xiangdong , Diao Hongyan
Published: February 2019

Background

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an organ‐specific, T cell‐mediated autoimmune disease which is characterized by the breakdown of self‐tolerance to the highly conserved pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, especially the pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 complex (PDC‐E2). However, the molecular mechanism of breakdown of self‐tolerance is still unclear.

Methods

A combination of multiplex‐PCR and immune repertoire sequencing (IR‐seq) was used for a standardized analysis of memory T cell receptor (TCR) β‐chain repertoire of PBC patient and healthy volunteers. In vitro induction and expansion of human PDC‐E2163‐176 (human PDC‐E2)‐specific T cells and E coli PDC‐E231‐44/134‐147/235‐248 (E coli PDC‐E2)‐specific T cells, and identified the human (and E coli) PDC‐E2‐specific TCRβ repertoire by IR‐seq.

Results

Primary biliary cholangitis patients have shorter complementarity‐determining region 3s (CDR3s), and higher degree of sequence overlap in the TCRβ repertoire of memory T cell. Moreover, altered insertion patterns and skewed TRBV segment usage were observed in PBC patients. With regard to the pathogenesis, the concentration of E coli was higher in PBC patients’ faecal. The frequency of E coli (and human)‐specific TCRs was higher in the memory TCRβ repertoire of PBC patients compared with healthy controls. Importantly, the TCRβ repertoire characteristics were almost identical between E coli PDC‐E2‐related TCRs and human PDC‐E2‐related TCRs, including the patterns of TRBV usage, CDR3 length and amino acid composition.

Conclusion

Our findings comprehensively revealed the TCRβ repertoire characterization of PBC patients, and provided a TCR molecular basis to understand the mechanism of cross‐recognition between human PDC‐E2 and E coli PDC‐E2, and the imbalance of immune tolerance in PBC.
Effects of moisture dynamics on bryophyte carbon fluxes in a tropical cloud forest
Authors: Metcalfe Daniel B. , Ahlstrand Jenny C. M.
Published: February 2019

Bryophytes play key roles in the ecological function of a number of major world biomes but remain understudied compared with vascular plants. Little is known about bryophyte responses to different aspects of predicted changes in moisture dynamics with climate change.

In this study, CO2 fluxes and photosynthetic light responses were measured within bryophyte mesocosms, being subjected to different amounts, frequencies, and types (mist or rainfall) of water addition, both before and after different periods of complete desiccation.

Bryophyte carbon fluxes and photosynthetic light response were generally affected by the magnitude and type, but not frequency, of watering events. Desiccation suppressed bryophyte carbon uptake even after rehydration, and the degree of uptake suppression progressively increased with desiccation duration. Estimated ecosystem‐level bryophyte respiration and net carbon uptake were c. 58% and c. 3%, respectively, of corresponding fluxes from tree foliage at the site.

Our results suggest that a simplified representation of precipitation processes may be sufficient to accurately model bryophyte carbon cycling under future climate scenarios. Further, we find that projected increases in drought could have strong negative impacts on bryophyte and ecosystem carbon storage, with major consequences for a wide range of ecosystem processes.
Interaction between tannins and fungal necromass stabilizes fungal residues in boreal forest soils
Authors: Adamczyk Bartosz , Sietiö Outi‐Maaria , Biasi Christina , Heinonsalo Jussi
Published: February 2019

See also the Commentary on this article by Hättenschwiler et al., 223: 5–7.
Patient‐derived xenografts of a case of ameloblastic fibrodentinoma
Authors: Pereira Núbia B. , de Souza Juliana C. , Bastos Victor C. , Fonseca Felipe P. , de Avelar Gleide F. , Castro Wagner H. , Dias Adriana A. M. , Mosqueda‐Taylor Adalberto , Gomez Ricardo S. , Gomes Carolina C.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The establishment of animal models of xenotransplantation can contribute to the elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis of ameloblastic fibrodentinomas (AFD) and it also provides an opportunity for drug tests. We aimed to evaluate the possibility of AFD tumour growth in a patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) model. In addition, we characterized the human tumour and the PDXs.

Materials and Methods

A sample of a recurrent AFD was obtained and two fragments were contralaterally implanted subcutaneously in an 8‐week old female NUDE mouse. After 250 days, the PDXs were removed and submitted to histopathological and molecular analysis. Immunohistochemical reactions for Ki67 and the phosphorylated form of ERK1/2 were carried out in both, PDXs and human tumour, and the presence of BRAFV600E was assessed.

Results

From day 135 onwards, the PDXs presented a growth peak and remained stable until day 250. Histopathologically, the PDXs presented the same features of the patient’s tumour. Tumour cells exhibited Ki67 and pERK1/2 immunoexpression in the patient’s tumour and PDX. The AFD was wild‐type for BRAFV600E.

Conclusion

The PDX model recapitulated well the human tumour after a long implantation time, representing a possible model to study the AFD and other odontogenic tumours pathobiology.
Something old, something new, something borrowed: Explaining varieties of professionalism in citizen collaboration through identity theory
Authors: Aschhoff Nils , Vogel Rick
Published: February 2019

Public professionals are increasingly involved in collaborative relationships with citizens to design, implement and evaluate public services. We investigate how actors derive a specific social identity from the institutional logic of cross‐sectoral collaboration and how this social identity translates into the self‐identities of professionals. Based on an analysis of 44 semi‐structured interviews in Germany, we examine how public professionals combine the different social identities in collaborative projects and extract three varieties of professionalism: the protective professional, the tripartite professional and the collaboration professional. Our study contributes to recent discussions on hybrid identities and identity conflicts in public management. The findings raise questions on the compatibility of different social identities in collaborative settings and thus shed light on the difficulties public professionals face in citizen collaboration.
High mobility group box 1 and markers of oxidative stress in human cord blood
Authors: D'Angelo Gabriella , Granese Roberta , Marseglia Lucia , Impellizzeri Pietro , Alibrandi Angela , Palmara Antonella , La Rosa Maria Angela , Manti Sara , Salpietro Carmelo , Spina Edoardo , Reiter Russel J , Falsaperla Raffaele , Corsello Giovanni , Gitto Eloisa
Published: February 2019

Background

Parturition induces considerable oxidative stress and many inflammatory mediators, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), are involved from the beginning of the pregnancy to birth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum cord blood concentration of diacron‐reactive oxygen metabolites (d‐ROM), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), and HMGB1 to investigate the perinatal oxidative status of neonates and correlation with mode of delivery, as well as the influence of labor.

Methods

The subjects consisted of 214 neonates delivered at University Hospital “G. Martino”, Messina, in a 6 months period. Venous blood samples were collected from the umbilical cord after cord separation.

Results

Umbilical cord venous blood HMGB1 was significantly higher in the spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) group than in the elective or emergency cesarean section (CS) group (P = 0.018). Regarding labor, there was no significant difference in HMGB1 concentration in umbilical vein blood between the spontaneous and induced labor groups (P = 0.250). Furthermore, d‐ROM was significantly different between the SVD group and the elective or emergency CS group (P = 0.044). BAP concentration, however, was not significantly different, not even with regard to mode of labor.

Conclusion

Oxidation is higher in newborns delivered by SVD than in those delivered by CS, and HMGB1 may be involved in the mechanisms of birth, and responsible for decidual modifications that lead to birth.
Donor Product‐Subsidies to Increase Consumption: Implications of Consumer Awareness and Profit‐Maximizing Intermediaries
Authors: Taylor Terry A. , Xiao Wenqiang
Published: February 2019

Increasingly, donors that subsidize socially‐desirable products in the developing world are shifting from distributing through non‐commercial to commercial channels, ceding control of the product price to for‐profit intermediaries. This study advises a donor as to how the donor’s loss of price control and the level of consumer awareness—defined as the fraction of the consumer population that is informed of the product’s benefits—influence the donor’s optimal subsidy and utility: First, in shifting to the commercial channel, the donor should increase (decrease) the subsidy when consumer awareness is low (high). Second, with the commercial channel, the donor should be prepared to increase the subsidy as awareness increases, which is contrary to her actions with a non‐commercial channel. Third, contrary to the lesson obtained with non‐commercial distribution, with commercial distribution the donor can be hurt by increased awareness. This occurs when awareness is moderate. The implication is that a donor that operates in such a setting should be wary in encouraging entities (e.g., governments, non‐governmental organizations) to institute campaigns that increase the awareness of the product’s benefits. The intermediary’s decision of whether to target either only informed consumers or the broad market drives our results.