bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Political and Military Value of the “Set Piece” Killing Tactic in East Tyrone 1983–1992
Authors: Hearty Kevin
Published: May 2014

The period from 1983 to 1992 witnessed an intensification of the state use of the Special air Services (SaS) in the deployment of the “set piece” killing tactic in Northern Ireland against the Irish Republican army (IRa), a separatist insurgent group embroiled in political conflict in the region. The vast majority of these “set piece” killings occurred within the geographical confines of the East Tyrone region and were directed at the IRa's East Tyrone Brigade. This article will argue that the use of the “set piece” tactic in East Tyrone was a deliberate security policy choice. In doing so, this article interrogates the political and military value that the tactic had for the state and security forces. This article will identify how and why the tactic came to be implemented in East Tyrone when it did, and why the area appears to have borne the brunt of the tactic while other hotbeds of IRa activity were not targeted in a similar manner. Locating this research in the broader realms of British counter-insurgency it will evaluate what contribution the tactic made to the containment of IRa activity in the East Tyrone area.
A Rights‐Based Approach to Sexuality Education: Conceptualization, Clarification and Challenges
Authors: Berglas Nancy F. , Constantine Norman A. , Ozer Emily J.
Published: May 2014

Context

Although a rights‐based approach to sexuality education has been increasingly discussed in the past decade, documented consensus regarding the goals, concepts and underlying assumptions of this approach is lacking. Differences in the assumed meaning of a rights‐based approach can limit discussions of its implementation and evaluation, and impede opportunities to explore and critique a new model for sexuality education.

Methods

In‐depth interviews were conducted in 2012 with 21 U.S. and international sexuality education experts. Data were thematically coded and analyzed using an iterative approach. Responses were compared according to respondents’ professional discipline and geographic focus.

Results

A rights‐based approach can be defined as the intersection of four elements: an underlying principle that youth have sexual rights; an expansion of programmatic goals beyond reducing unintended pregnancy and STDs; a broadening of curricula content to include such issues as gender norms, sexual orientation, sexual expression and pleasure, violence, and individual rights and responsibilities in relationships; and a participatory teaching strategy that engages youth in critical thinking about their sexuality and sexual choices. These elements were consistently identified by respondents across professional disciplines and geographic foci. In addition, all respondents raised questions about the feasibility of implementing a rights‐based approach, particularly in the United States.

Conclusions

While questions remain to be answered regarding the implementation and impact of rights‐based sexuality education, the proposed conceptual definition suggests multiple avenues for advocates, researchers, program developers and funders to enhance adolescent sexual health.
Chemical Structure and Interlayer Distance Correlation of Graphite Oxide in the Heating Process as Revealed by in Situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction Techniques
Authors: Zhang Tongping , Wan Li , Yuan Yuan , Duan Yongxin , Zhang Jianming
Published: May 2014

The thermal reduction behavior of graphite oxide (GO) film in an air atmosphere during a continuous heating process was monitored in situ using temperature-dependent infrared (IR) spectroscopy and synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) techniques. The results show that most of the water adsorbed by the GO sheets is removed by heating them to 130 °C. The dehydration process leads to a slight decrease of the interplane distance of the GO sheets. The IR data suggest that the thermal reduction occurs starting at 160 °C. The synchronous change of the of hydroxyl and carbonyl stretching mode (ν(–OH) and ν(C=C)) bands of GO between 160 and 210 °C suggest that the recovery of conjugated structure is mainly due to the reduction of –OH groups in this temperature region, in which the d spacing has not been affected. When the temperature reaches 210 °C, the rapid reduction of C=O groups together with the removal of the residual –OH and ether (C–O–C) groups leads to the sudden collapse of the GO sheets. Based on these findings, we present a schematic of the thermal stability of GO film in a continuous heating process, in which the thermal-induced chemical and crystallographic structural changes of the GO film have been correlated.
Insights into the Mechanism of Polymer Coating Self-Healing Using Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Vasiliu Simona , Kampe Bernd , Theil Frank , Dietzek Benjamin , Döhler Diana , Michael Philipp , Binder Wolfgang H. , Popp Jürgen
Published: May 2014

Self-healing polymer coatings are an emerging class of smart materials. Upon mechanical damage the material properties may be restored by self-healing, which can be triggered externally, e.g., by an increased temperature. An alternative approach relies on embedding capsules with repair agents into the polymers, the rupture of which is induced by the mechanical damage, and the release of the repair agents triggers the self-repair reaction. The work at hand presents in situ Raman spectroscopic investigations on the reaction dynamics in such self-healing polymer coatings. Analysis of the Raman spectra allows one to assign specific Raman bands characteristic for the progress of the self-healing reaction.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) and their Receptors in Solitary and Multiple Human Osteochondromas
Authors: Cuellar Araceli , Inui Atsuyuki , James Michelle A. , Borys Dariusz , Reddi A. Hari
Published: May 2014

The expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their cognate receptors (BMPRs) in osteochondromas has not been investigated. We determined the immunohistochemical localization and distribution of BMP-2/4, -6 and -7; BMP receptors BMPR-1A, BMPR-1B and BMPR-2; signal transducing proteins phosphorylated Smad1/5/8; and BMP antagonist noggin in the cartilaginous cap of solitary (SO) and multiple (MO) human osteochondromas and compared these with bovine growth plate and articular cartilage. The distribution and localization patterns for BMP-6, BMP-7, BMPR-1A and BMPR-2 were similar between the cartilaginous cap and the growth plate. BMP-2/4 and BMPR-1B were present throughout the growth plate. However, BMP-2/4 and phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 were mainly detected in proliferating chondrocytes of the cartilaginous cap. Also, BMPR-1B was found in hypertrophic chondrocytes of SO and proliferating chondrocytes of MO. Noggin was observed in resting chondrocytes and, to a lesser extent, in clustered proliferating chondrocytes in SO. On the other hand, noggin in MO was observed in proliferating chondrocytes. Since BMPs can stimulate proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes, these findings suggest that there is an imbalance of BMP-2/4 and noggin interactions that may lead to abnormal regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in the cartilaginous cap of human osteochondromas.
La Motivación en la Resolución de Problemas Aritmético-algebraicos. Un Estudio con Alumnado de Educación Secundaria
Authors: Gasco Txabarri Javier , Villarroel Villamor José Domingo
Published: May 2014

Introducción. La motivación constituye un factor importante en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas. Dentro de este ámbito educativo, la resolución de problemas ocupa un lugar central en la mayoría de currículos de matemáticas en Educación Secundaria. El objetivo de esta investigación es detectar las diferencias en motivación en función de las estrategias empleadas para la resolución de problemas aritmético-algebraicos.Método. Se han analizado los procedimientos de resolución de tres problemas verbales aritmético-algebraicos y se han recopilado datos sobre la motivación mediante un cuestionario basado en el modelo de expectativa-valor de Eccles y sus colaboradores adaptado para la aplicación en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas. La muestra está compuesta por 598 estudiantes de 2º, 3º y 4º de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca.Resultados. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el grupo de alumnos con perfil de resolución algebraico obtiene puntuaciones superiores tanto en valor de la tarea como en la autoeficacia percibida. Además, el grupo de resolución sin perfil definido declara que el estudio de las matemáticas supone una mayor pérdida de oportunidades para realizar otras actividades.Discusión. Por una parte, el alumnado que resuelve los problemas algebraicamente muestra una motivación superior al grupo que alterna el álgebra y la aritmética como estrategias de resolución; por tanto, parece ser que la supuesta flexibilidad en la resolución implica menor motivación. Por otra parte, se discute la baja motivación del alumnado sin perfil de resolución definido en relación a su bajo rendimiento.
Effects of Feeding Back the Motivation of a Collaboratively Learning Group
Authors: Schoor Cornelia , Kownatzki Salome , Narciss Susanne , Körndle Hermann
Published: May 2014

Introduction. Motivation is an important issue in both face-to-face and computer-supported collaborative learning. There are several approaches for enhancing motivation, including group awareness tools that provide feedback on the group’s motivation. However, this feed-back was rarely unconfounded with other constructs. Additionally, it is only assumed and not investigated that the learners talk about their feedback and then remedy motivational problems which leads to the observed motivation gain.Method. In our experimental study, triads worked on a collaborative learning task either with (N = 33) or without (N = 18) a motivational feedback tool. Triads with a feedback tool were either prompted to discuss their results or not. We assessed motivation and knowledge before and after their work.Results. We found no effect of the feedback tool on motivation or knowledge. Whether feed-back was discussed or not made no difference.Discussion and Conclusion. These results indicate that a motivational feedback tool is only effective under specific circumstances which must be further researched.
Desarrollo de la Memoria de Trabajo y Desempeño en Cálculo Aritmético: un Estudio Longitudinal en Niños
Authors: López Magdalena
Published: May 2014

Introducción. Este estudio ha tenido por objetivo investigar la relación entre el desarrollo de la memoria de trabajo y el desempeño en actividades aritméticas.Método. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal con una muestra de 90 niños, a los que se evaluó durante tres años consecutivos (i.e., primero, segundo y tercer año de escuela primaria) respecto al desempeño en cada componente de la MT (i.e., (i) bucle fonológico, (ii) agenda viso-espacial y (iii) ejecutivo central y a su conocimiento en cálculo aritmético.Resultados. Los resultados indican relación entre el desarrollo progresivo de la capacidad de memoria de trabajo y los desempeños en aritmética a través del tiempo. Evidencia de ello es que el grupo con mayor desempeño en memoria de trabajo obtiene mejores puntajes en cálculo, durante los tres años de estudio.Discusión y Conclusiones. La discrepancia en los puntajes en cálculo se incrementa según pasan los años debido a la incidencia que tiene la memoria de trabajo en las estrategias utilizadas para la resolución de problemas aritméticos.
Effects of a Program of Adapted Therapeutic Horse-riding in a Group of Autism Spectrum Disorder Children
Authors: García-Gómez Andrés , López Risco Manuel , Rubio Jesús Carlos , Guerrero Eloisa , García-Peña Inés Magdalena
Published: May 2014

Introduction. The use of horses in therapy has a fairly long history. There are many references to the therapeutic benefits of this activity. Such therapies have been undergoing a boom internationally in recent years. However scientific research into the effective use of this activity in children with autism is still in the early stages of development.Method. The impact of a therapeutic horse-riding program on a set of psychosocial variables in a group of 8 autism spectrum disorder subjects of 7 to 16 years in age is evaluated. The study design was quasi-experimental, test-retest, with two groups – experimental and control. The measurement instruments were the "Behavior Assessment System for Children" (BASC), and a quality-of-life questionnaire based on a standard model used in mental health contexts. The treatment program comprised twenty-four 45-minute sessions.Results. The results show significant differences in some of the quality-of-life indicators and there were lower levels of aggressiveness (BASC).Discussion and conclusions. The horse riding is particularly well matched to the specific characteristics of persons with autism, since it is based on an individual activity but at the same time brings into play multiple interactions in a context which is more structured and less chaotic than other team sports.
Revisores 2013
Authors: EJREP EJREP
Published: May 2014

Revisores 2013
Ranking Regime and the Future of Vernacular Scholarship
Authors: Ishikawa Mayumi
Published: May 2014

World university rankings and their global popularity present a number of far-reaching impacts for vernacular scholarship. This article employs a multidimensional approach to analyze the ranking regime’s threat to local scholarship and knowledge construction through a study of Japanese research universities. First, local conditions that have led to the perpetuation of the world university rankings are examined. Next, the use of bibliometric indicators in performance assessment, a critical consequence of the popularization of the world university rankings, is tested against two prevailing factors in Japanese academia: the bipolar character of academic publishing and institution-centered audit. Despite high-flying idealism, the quest to improve positions in the rankings may fall short of addressing real needs of enhancing individual performance in pursuit of globally relevant research and ensuring equity among different generations of scholars. The study also points to the precarious future of vernacular scholarship, as the rankings celebrate audit culture and export its norms as well as an increasingly inward-looking propensity of Anglo-American academic circles to the rest of the world.
Scientific Journals of Universities of Chile, Colombia, and Venezuela: Actors and Roles
Authors: Delgado Troncoso Jorge Enrique
Published: May 2014

A qualitative study was carried to identify the roles of actors associated with the publication of scientific journals in Chilean, Colombian, and Venezuelan universities. Twenty-four semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with journal editors, university authorities, and other experts. The categories of analysis included university leaders (journal directors/coordinators), institutional actors (university presses and libraries), and journal editors. Changes emphasizing open access journals and salary incentives to increase productivity among university professors are creating new roles for those involved in the publication of journals. University journal directors and coordinators are being challenged to provide support and to seek inclusion in national and international indexes. Although university presses have not played an important role in this process, libraries have gained new responsibilities associated with data processing and the creation of repositories. Challenges exist for individual editors to obtain supporting personnel, as journal publication work grows and demands more.
Productivity and presenteeism - a question of sleep well
Authors: Tavares Renata Silva Cardoso Rocha , Kamimura Quésia Postigo
Published: May 2014

The workers are the main asset of the organization, thereby, have a look in some ways that may interfere with the productivity of these represents a strategic move. Thus, we aimed to investigate the frequency certain factors interfere in the work of the employees, these factors are: health problem / illness, existence of a sick family member, financial problems, work environment, problems psychological / emotional and sleep. The research was conducted in a manufacturing industry located in the Valley of Paraiba, where a form was applied to a sample of 125 employees. The results were that among the factors surveyed, sleep is what most affects employee productivity, followed by work environment, and the factor that interferes less is emotional. It was observed that the seniority interferes with sleep quality. Thus, it is recognized that sleep interferes with worker productivity, and is considered a factor that impacts on employee productivity.
High efficiency gears synthesis by avoid the interferences
Authors: Petrescu Florian Ion Tiberiu , Petrescu Relly Victoria Virgil
Published: May 2014

The paper presents an original method to determine the efficiency of the gear, the forces of the gearing, the velocities and the powers. It is analyzing the influence of a few parameters concerning gear efficiency.These parameters are:z1 - the number of teeth for the primary wheel of gear; z2 - the number of teeth of the secondary wheel of gear; alpha0 - the normal pressure angle on the divided circle; beta - the inclination angle. With the relations presented in this paper, it can synthesize the gear’s mechanisms. Today, the gears are present everywhere, in the mechanical’s world (In vehicle’s industries, in electronics and electro-technique equipments, in energetically industries, etc). Optimizing this mechanism (the gears mechanism), we can improve the functionality of the transmissions with gears. At the gear mechanisms an important problem is the interference of the teeth. To avoid the interference between teeth, we must know the minimum number of teeth of the driving wheel, in function of the pressure angle (normal on the pitch circle, alpha0), in function of the tooth inclination angle (beta), and in function of the transmission ratio (i).
Theory of constraints and six sigma: convergences, divergences and research agenda for continuous improvement
Authors: Pacheco Diego
Published: May 2014

The main objective of this study is to analyse the points of convergence and divergence between the Theory of Constraints and Six Sigma when used in an integrated manner for the continuous improvement of operating manufacturing systems. This research also aims to advance a better understanding of the fundamental principles of such methodologies by performing a comparative analysis of critical issues. The focus of the discussion of this study is to search the literature to identify differences and similarities between these two approaches when applied in an integrated way in productive systems. To conduct this research, we carried out a broad literature, searching for the state of the art on the topic of Operations Management. The results of this study suggest that the Theory of Constraints and Six Sigma have many complementary elements that overlap and that there is a vast field of research to be explored on this issue. As a result, this study conducted a comparative analysis of 28 critical criteria between the Theory of Constraints and Six Sigma to understanding these approaches
Cost Management in Agribusiness: study profitability scenarios of Integrated System vs. Independent System for a Poultry Producer.
Authors: Ferreira Laura Maria Leite , Wanzeler Maritiza dos Santos , Oliveira Renata Melo e Silva de , De Oliveira Alef Berg
Published: May 2014

Addressing the theme of the cost management in agribusiness poultry industry, this study aims to analyze from the perspective of variable costing indicators the possibility of a poultry producer who works under the scheme of integration migrate to a system of independent production. Through an applied, quantitative case of study, the cost were raised, the contribution margin, break-even point and margin of safety and income statement were calculated in both production systems to enable a comparative analysis between the independent and integrated system of production. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the contribution margin in relation to the variable cost in the independent system was performed, so a more accurate comparative analysis was possible. Based on the results obtained it was possible to address the pre-established problem of the research and discuss the results found.
Uncertainty supply chain model and transport in its deployments
Authors: Oliveira Fabiana Lucena
Published: May 2014

This article discusses the Model Uncertainty of Supply Chain, and proposes a matrix with their transportation modes best suited to their chains. From the detailed analysis of the matrix of uncertainty, it is suggested transportation modes best suited to the management of these chains, so that transport is the most appropriate optimization of the gains previously proposed by the original model, particularly when supply chains are distant from suppliers of raw materials and / or supplies.Here we analyze in detail Agile Supply Chains, which is a result of Uncertainty Supply Chain Model, with special attention to Manaus Industrial Center. This research was done at Manaus Industrial Pole, which is a model of industrial agglomerations, based in Manaus, State of Amazonas (Brazil), which contemplates different supply chains and strategies sharing same infrastructure of transport, handling and storage and clearance process and uses inbound for suppliers of raw material.  The state of art contemplates supply chain management, uncertainty supply chain model, agile supply chains, Manaus Industrial Center (MIC) and Brazilian legislation, as a business case, and presents concepts and features, of each one. The main goal is to present and discuss how transport is able to support Uncertainty Supply Chain Model, in order to complete management model. The results obtained confirms the hypothesis of integrated logistics processes are able to guarantee attractivity for industrial agglomerations, and open discussions when the suppliers are far from the manufacturer center, in a logistics management.
Organized Crime and National Security
Authors: Campbell Liz
Published: May 2014

This article problematizes the growing tendency to characterize organized crime as a national security threat, referring primarily to the situation in the United Kingdom but also drawing on international and comparative examples. Three distinct arguments are presented contesting this comparison. First, it is questionable whether either concept is sufficiently clear in a definitional sense for the comparison to be meaningful analytically. The second empirical argument suggests that organized crime, as it is defined and encountered usually in the United Kingdom, does not yet constitute such a threat. Third, and regardless of the validity of the preceding arguments, it is argued in a normative sense that such a comparison should be resisted to the greatest extent possible, given the extraordinary legal consequences it entails. These claims indicate how caution must be exercized in making such a connection.
Continuity in Any Language
Authors: Ross Travis E.
Published: May 2014

This article analyzes the memories of pre-1848 Alta California recounted in the 1870s to Hubert Howe Bancroft’s agent Thomas Savage by a multiethnic group of men and women. The narrators, regardless of ethnic origin, overwhelmingly told stories that insisted on continuity between Alta California in the 1830s and 1840s and the US state birthed in the late 1840s. Even if they had been on opposing sides of political upheavals, they all insisted that their altruistic efforts had helped to transition California peacefully from Mexican rule to home rule and from home rule to US control while preserving both California’s people and California’s culture. This multicultural memory of continuity was later supplanted by rupture-based Anglo Californian creation myths.
Helen Hunt Jackson, Amelia Stone Quinton, and the Mission Indians of California
Authors: Mathes Valerie Sherer
Published: May 2014

Helen Hunt Jackson, the author of an 1883 government report and a book on the condition of California’s Mission Indians as well as the novel Ramona, came late to the cause of Indian reform. Others, including Amelia Stone Quinton, had earlier founded organizations such as the Women’s National Indian Association (WNIA) to pressure Congress for reform and to engage directly in assisting Native American peoples. Correspondence between Jackson and Quinton illuminate their different methods of and proposals for Indian reform, yet it was Jackson’s published work, based on research and direct observation, that inspired many WNIA members.
Medicina Legal e Criminalística
Authors: Garcia da Costa Filho Paulo Enio
Published: May 2014

Medicina Legal e Criminalística aborda, de forma geral, os conceitos e assuntos mais importantes relacionados a essas duas áreas do conhecimento. É indicado para profissionais dos cargos de Delegado das Polícias Civil e Federal, Perito Médico-legista, Perito Odontolegista, Perito Criminal e Papiloscopista Policial, entre outros, mas também para interessados em concursos para provimento de vagas nas áreas policial e pericial, para curiosos e amantes do assunto.Nessa obra, o leitor encontrará assuntos como Medicina Legal e direitos humanos, perícias e peritos, documentos médico-legais, Antropologia Forense, Traumatologia Forense, Toxicologia Forense, Tanatologia Forense, Psicopatologia Forense, Sexologia Forense, Genética Forense, local de crime, corpo de delito, além de vestígios, indícios e provas no processo penal.
Incorporando graus de liberdade de rotação em modelo clássico em acidente de trânsito – modelo de espalhamento entre dois veículos
Authors: Vieira Flávio Henrique Severino Oliveira
Published: May 2014

Neste trabalho é apresentado de modo detalhado um modelo simples onde é introduzido o grau de liberdade de rotação no espalhamento de dois veículos, sendo o modelo clássico apresentado em detalhes na referência [3]. São adotadas aqui as mesmas aproximações não rigorosas quanto a dissipação de energia e momento no vértice de interação entre os veículos, sendo este efeito desconsiderado. O objetivo principal é o estabelecimento de um modelo com a incorporação de graus de liberdade de rotação para comparação do seu efeito frente ao modelo de “pontos materiais” usualmente empregado. Tal modelo aqui apresentado encontra-se em trabalho de formação de curso da ACADEPOL São Paulo do ano de 2006 de autoria do presente.
Ocorrências da família Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Díptera) em carcaças de Sus scrofa Linnaeus (Suidae) em Belém-PA, colonização da carcaça e sua relação com o tempo de morte do animal
Authors: De Araujo Paula Daniela Raiol Bitar , Rodrigues Thaissa Fernandes da Silva , Geiser Gustavo Caminoto
Published: May 2014

O presente trabalho visa verificar a ocorrência de Dípteros de interesse forense em uma carcaça de suíno, sua colonização e relação com o tempo de morte do animal, dando maior ênfase na família Sarcophagidae, por constituírem fauna constante e obrigatória de carcaça e por utilizarem esse substrato como sítio de procriação. O experimento foi realizado em uma área de mata, localizada nas dependências do Instituto de Pesquisa Museu Emílio Goeldi, em Belém-Pa. Foi utilizado como isca um suíno (Sus scrofa L.) inteiro (com vísceras), de 14,5 Kg, recém abatido. Este foi exposto sob uma armadilha do tipo suspensa modificada, adequada à coletas de insetos adultos, sendo que também foram coletadas larvas e pupas, diretamente na carcaça. A ocorrência dos insetos adultos e de seus estágios larvais foi correlacionada com o tempo de morte do animal, a fim de possibilitar futuras inferências de tempo de morte com base na presença e dispersão destes insetos. O tempo de decomposição e a duração de cada estágio de decomposição foram registrados, tendo sido afetados provavelmente pelo tamanho da carcaça e pela estação do ano. Diferenças quanto ao padrão de sucessão não foram observadas
Qual o papel do Perito Criminal?
Authors: Tonietto Ângela , Telles Bruno , Andrade Charles Albert , Dias Filho Claudemir Rodrigues , Medeiros Elvis , Gomes Juliano de Andrade , Valadares Maria Paula Oliveira
Published: May 2014

O trabalho do Perito Criminal se resume à realização de exames e à feitura de Laudos Periciais Criminais?
Conscription in Turkey
Authors: Yildirim Julide , Erdinc Bulent
Published: May 2014

Following a brief account of the history and structure of Turkey's armed forces, the article reports on an effort to profile current conscripts using survey data. The samples suggest that over 50 percent of the conscripts believe that they would like to enlist beyond the conscription period, and 38 percent of those simply because they "like" the military, the highest percentage for any of the given reasons. It is, however, not known how many of the conscripts who say that they wish to reenlist will in fact reenlist once their term of conscription is fulfilled.
Conscription: Economic costs and political allure
Authors: Poutvaara Panu , Wagener Andreas
Published: May 2014

Since Adam Smith, most economists have held that a professional army is superior to a conscript army, thanks to benefitting from comparative advantage and specialization. We summarize recent literature on the benefits and costs of the military draft, with special emphasis on its dynamic effects on human capital formation. Empirical evidence refutes the claim that the economic costs of the draft would be balanced by increased democratic control or reduced likelihood of war. Rather, the political allure of conscription seems to arise from the possibility to concentrate the tax burden on a minority of voters in a way that is generally held to be unacceptable with normal taxation.
The economics of terrorism: A synopsis
Authors: Llusa Fernanda , Tavares Jose
Published: May 2014

An overview of the economics literature on terrorism is presented. Papers are classified as to their macro versus micro and empirical versus theoretical emphasis. Although subjective, this classification makes clear where additional contributions can be made: Most of the existing studies are of an empirical nature and examine the consequences of terrorist attacks at the aggregate level and in specific sectors of economic activity. In the case of the micro-based studies, the mix of papers is more balanced. The article concludes with a list of twelve papers that summarize what is now known about economics and terrorism. These twelve papers are suggestive of the broad range of questions addressed and the progress made, constituting a very useful introduction to the literature.
Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury: Potential Therapeutic Interventions for the Future
Authors: Muller Aaron J. , Marks Jeremy D.
Published: May 2014

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is a common problem with potentially devastating impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Although therapeutic hypothermia, the first available treatment for this disease, reduces the risk of death or major neurodevelopmental disability, the risk of major neurologic morbidity after HI remains significant. Basic research has identified cellular mechanisms that mediate neuronal death. This article reviews the cellular processes induced that lead to brain injury after HI, and identifies treatments currently under investigation for potential translation to clinical trials.
Vitamin D in the Newborn, Part II: Bases for Current Dietary Recommendations in Term and Preterm Neonates
Authors: Mimouni Francis B.
Published: May 2014

Since 2008, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has published three documents related to vitamin D requirements of term and preterm infants. The need for developing and updating such guidelines emphasizes the importance of vitamin D not only as an essential element of bone health but also as a nutrient and prohormone that plays an increasingly recognized role in many other organ systems. It has also been implicated in the prevention of infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and some forms of cancer. In this article (the second part of a review of vitamin D in the neonate), we discuss the bases for current vitamin D dietary recommendations in term neonates and delineate the role of vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of osteopenia of prematurity.
Pediatric Subspecialty Fellowship Clinical Training Project: Recent Graduates and Midcareer Survey Comparison
Authors: Freed Gary L. , Dunham Kelly M. , Moran Lauren M. , Spera Laura , McGuinness Gail A. , Stevenson David K.
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND:

The American Board of Pediatrics charged a task force to examine fellowship training. As part of that process, a study was conducted to assess the perceptions of fellowship training by those who had recently completed training and those who were in the middle of their careers.

METHODS:

The American Board of Pediatrics provided a random sample of subspecialists stratified across all 14 subspecialties (N = 5072). Subspecialists were identified either as recent graduates (N = 2702), those who had completed fellowship within the last 5 years or as midcareer subspecialists (N = 2370), and those who completed fellowship 15 to 20 years ago. Two distinct 20-item structured questionnaires were administered by mail, 1 for each group, in January through March 2012. χ2 Statistics were used to assess differences between groups.

RESULTS:

Response rates were 77.8% for recent graduates and 73.8% for midcareer subspecialists. Overall, most subspecialists described their work primarily as a clinician (36%) or as a clinician-educator (48%). Fewer (12%) reported primarily research. The majority of subspecialists (55%) have full-time academic appointments, but recent graduates are more likely to do so than midcareer subspecialists (62% vs 48%; P < .0001). The majority (60%) believe that the overall length of training in their subspecialty should remain at 3 years. However, almost one-third (29%) believe there should be 2 different tracks in their subspecialty, shorter for clinicians and/or clinician-educators and longer for those pursuing an academic career.

CONCLUSIONS:

We found a significant range of opinion regarding subspecialty training. Some of this variation is undoubtedly due to differences between the individual subspecialties.
Portrayal of Alcohol Consumption in Movies and Drinking Initiation in Low-Risk Adolescents
Authors: Hanewinkel Reiner , Sargent James D. , Hunt Kate , Sweeting Helen , Engels Rutger C.M.E. , Scholte Ron H.J. , Mathis Federica , Florek Ewa , Morgenstern Matthis
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVES:

To investigate the hypothesis that exposure to alcohol consumption in movies affects the likelihood that low-risk adolescents will start to drink alcohol.

METHODS:

Longitudinal study of 2346 adolescent never drinkers who also reported at baseline intent to not to do so in the next 12 months (mean age 12.9 years, SD = 1.08). Recruitment was carried out in 2009 and 2010 in 112 state-funded schools in Germany, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and Scotland. Exposure to movie alcohol consumption was estimated from 250 top-grossing movies in each country in the years 2004 to 2009. Multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regressions assessed the relationship between baseline exposure to movie alcohol consumption and initiation of trying alcohol, and binge drinking (≥ 5 consecutive drinks) at follow-up.

RESULTS:

Overall, 40% of the sample initiated alcohol use and 6% initiated binge drinking by follow-up. Estimated mean exposure to movie alcohol consumption was 3653 (SD = 2448) occurrences. After age, gender, family affluence, school performance, TV screen time, personality characteristics, and drinking behavior of peers, parents, and siblings were controlled for, exposure to each additional 1000 movie alcohol occurrences was significantly associated with increased relative risk for trying alcohol, incidence rate ratio = 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.08; P = .003), and for binge drinking, incidence rate ratio = 1.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.20; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Seeing alcohol depictions in movies is an independent predictor of drinking initiation, particularly for more risky patterns of drinking. This result was shown in a heterogeneous sample of European youths who had a low affinity for drinking alcohol at the time of exposure.
The unseen world: environmental microbial sequencing and identification methods for ecologists
Authors: Zimmerman Naupaka , Izard Jacques , Klatt Christian , Zhou Jizhong , Aronson Emma
Published: May 2014

Microorganisms inhabit almost every environment, comprise the majority of diversity on Earth, are important in biogeochemical cycling, and may be vital to ecosystem responses to large‐scale climatic change. In recent years, ecologists have begun to use rapidly advancing molecular techniques to address questions about microbial diversity, biogeography, and responses to environmental change. Studies of microbes in the environment generally focus on three broad objectives: determining which organisms are present, what their functional capabilities are, and which are active at any given time. However, comprehending the range of methodologies currently in use can be daunting. To provide an overview of environmental microbial sequence data collection and analysis approaches, we include case studies of microbiomes ranging from the human mouth to geothermal springs. We also suggest contexts in which each technique can be applied and highlight insights that result from their use.
Pleural Cholesterol to the Diagnosis of Exudative Effusion
Authors: Rufino Rogério , Marques Bruna L. , Azambuja Renato de Lima , Mafort Thiago , Pugliese José G. , Costa Cláudia Henrique da
Published: May 2014

Introduction:

Diagnostic approaches to patients with a pleural effusion must be precise because many
procedures depend on the nature of the fluid in the effusion. To date, no biochemical test is considered an appropriate
alternative to Light’s criteria. This study compared the absolute pleural cholesterol (PC) level and the pleural
cholesterol/serum cholesterol (PC/SC) ratio with Light’s criteria to determine exudative pleural effusions.

Materials and Methodology:

This study was a case series of 100 consecutive patients with pleural effusions. The clinical
parameters that were used to diagnosis an exudative effusion included the cholesterol level, a pleural cholesterol level ≥
50 mg/dL, a pleural/serum ratio ≥ 0.4, and Light’s criteria. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative
predictive values of each test for the diagnosis of an exudative effusion were assessed.

Results:

A total of 79 patients were definitively diagnosed with an exudative effusion and were included in the trial and
analyzed. The mean PC level in the exudates was 90.39 mg/dL. The PC levels demonstrated a sensitivity of 97.22%, a
specificity of 85.71%, a positive predictive value of 98.59% and a negative predictive value of 75%. The PC/SC ratio
demonstrated a sensitivity of 81.48%, a specificity of 57.14%, a positive predictive value of 93.61% and a negative
predictive value of 28.57%.

Conclusion:

The pleural cholesterol dosage level and the pleural/serum cholesterol ratio can be utilized as unique
biomarkers to identify an exudative effusion and replace Light’s criteria.
Is Acute Exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) Related to Viral Infection Associated with Subsequent Mortality or Exacerbation Rate?
Authors: Kherad Omar , Bridevaux Pierre-Olivier , Kaiser Laurent , Janssens Jean-Paul , Rutschmann Olivier T.
Published: May 2014

Background:

There is a growing interest in better defining risk factors associated with increased susceptibility
to exacerbation in patients with COPD.

Introduction:

The aim of the study was to determine whether identification of a respiratory virus during a severe acute
exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) increases the risk of subsequent exacerbations and mortality during a one-year followup.

Methods:

Secondary analysis of 86 COPD patients admitted for AECOPD between June 2007 and December 2008 at
Geneva’s University Hospital who were followed up for 1 year. Fifty-one percent of index AECOPD were related to viral
infection. Rate of AECOPD, time to next AECOPD, and all-cause mortality were compared between patients with vs
without viral index AECOPD.

Results:

Eighty-one cases were included in this secondary follow-up analysis. Mean exacerbation rate was 1.9 AECOPD
per person-year for patients with viral index AECOPD vs 4.0 AECOPD per person year for those with non-viral index
AECOPD. Incidence rate ratio (IRR) for subsequent AECOPD during one year follow up was lower for patients with viral
index AECOPD (IRR 0.57; [CI 95% 0.39-0.84]), after controlling for previous exacerbations, and was strongly associated
with the number of exacerbations in the year preceding the index AECOPD. During the one-year follow-up period, 16
patients (19%) died. In a Cox regression model, patients with a proven viral infection did not have a higher mortality (HR
0.56 [CI 95% 0.20 -1.58]).

Conclusion:

Viral AECOPD was not associated with a higher rate of subsequent exacerbations or mortality during the
following year.
Synthesis and characterization of poly [N-acryloyl-(D/L), (+/−)-phenylalanine-co-(D/L), (−/+)N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N′-2-hydroxybutyl(urea)] copolymers
Authors: Buruiana Emil , Murariu Mioara , Buruiana Tinca
Published: May 2014

Two monomers of (D/L), (+/−)-N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N′-2-hydroxybutyl(urea) methacrylate (D/L-MABU) type were prepared and further polymerized through free radical polymerization with optically active monomers containing phenylalanine sequences such as N-acryloyl-(D/L), (−/+)-phenylalanine (A-D/L-Phe). The resulting copolymers, i.e., poly[N-acryloyl-(D/L), (−/+)-phenylalanine-co-(D/L), (+/−)-N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N′-2-hydroxybutyl(urea)], A-D/L-Phe-co-D/L-MABU, were characterized by FT-IR, 1D/2D NMR (1H and 13C), UV-vis, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The copolymers obtained with a molar fraction of 0.76: 0.24 / 0.64: 0.36 monomer units had optical rotation values of −25° and +15°, respectively. Upon chemical modification of the phenylalanine-based copolymers with fluorescein-isothiocyanate, new fluorescent copolyacrylates (A-D/L-Phe-co-D/L-MABU-F) were synthesized and further studied for pH measurements in DMF solutions using HCl and NaOH 10−1M. It was found that sterioselectivity of the A-L-Phe-co-L-MABU-F copolymer is higher than of its dextro-form, especially at basic pH.
Afterglow and thermoluminescence of ZrO2 nanopowders
Authors: Puust Laurits , Kiisk Valter , Utt Kathriin , Mändar Hugo , Sildos Ilmo
Published: May 2014

A careful study of the phosphorescence afterglow and the thermoluminescence (TL) of sol-gel-prepared m-ZrO2 nanocrystalline powders in an extended temperature range −100 to 300 °C was carried out. Wavelength-resolved TL proved the existence of a single active luminescence centre in this temperature range. A TL method based on various heating rates was used to derive more reliable trap depths of 0.75, 0.95, 1.25, 1.46 and 1.66 eV whereas deconvolution methods provided somewhat lower values. The most intense room-temperature afterglows (that were easily observable beyond 1000 s) were obtained from samples annealed at 1250 and 1500 °C, and were attributed mainly to depopulation of the 1.25 eV traps.
Maintaining, Restoring, and Improving the Health of Our Nation
Authors: Horoho Patricia D.
Published: May 2014

We need to start a conversation about Health. A conversation with our patients, our peers in the health care professions, and our communities across this nation. In the view of US Army Surgeon General LTG Patricia D. Horoho, our American health care system today, including military medicine, is focused on disease rather than Health. That's understandable—but it has to change. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(5):318–319. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.0108
Key Enablers to Facilitate Healthy Behavior Change: Workshop Summary
Authors: Teyhen Deydre S. , Aldag Matt , Centola Damon , Edinborough Elton , Ghannadian Jason D. , Haught Andrea , Jackson Theresa , Kinn Julie , Kunkler Kevin J. , Levine Betty , Martindale Valerie E. , Neal David , Snyder Leslie B. , Styn Mindi A. , Thorndike Frances , Trabosh Valerie , Parramore David J.
Published: May 2014

Synopsis

The increases in preventable chronic diseases and the rising costs of health care are unsustainable. The US Army Surgeon General's vision to transition from a health care system to a system of health requires the identification of key health enablers to facilitate the adoption of healthy behaviors. In support of this vision, the US Army Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center hosted a workshop in April 2013 titled “Incentives to Create and Sustain Change for Health.” Members of government and academia participated to identify key health enablers that could ultimately be leveraged by technology. The key health enablers discussed included (1) public health messaging, (2) changing health habits and the environmental influence on health, (3) goal setting and tracking, (4) the role of incentives in behavior-change intervention, and (5) the role of peer and social networks on change. This report summarizes leading evidence and the group consensus on evidence-based practices with respect to the key enablers in creating healthy behavior change. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(5):378–387. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.0301
Fracture of the Radial Head
Authors: McGowen Jared M. , Su Jonathan , Koppenhaver Shane L.
Published: May 2014

The patient was a 22-year-old man who was currently serving in a military special operations training program. He was referred to a physical therapist for a chief complaint of left elbow pain that currently prevented him from performing routine upper extremity exercise activities. Due to the traumatic nature of the patient's injury, inability to fully extend his elbow, and palpation findings, there was concern for a radial head fracture. Therefore, the physical therapist ordered radiographs of the left elbow, which revealed an intra-articular fracture involving the radial head that extended through the neck of the radius. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(5):377. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.0406