bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Düsseldorf 1703-1709
Authors: Timms Colin
Published: November 2023

In the course of his negotiations on the Spanish succession Steffani had corresponded with Elector Palatine Johann Wilhelm and visited his court at Düsseldorf. In March 1703 he entered his service as a politician and man of the church. During the next six years he occupied a number of prominent positions in the Palatine administration; in 1706-7 he was made a bishop and in 1703 became apostolic vicar of North Germany, a post that he held, with one interruption, for the rest of his life. Although he composed a little music after 1703, and continued to take an interest in the subject, he was active above all in affairs of church and state. It is inevitable that these should form the central concern of this chapter and the next. The following account is a mere summary of a career that brought Steffani into contact with many of the dominant figures and issues in the Europe of his day; it may seem only marginally relevant to his compositions, yet the last third of his life is clearly integral to any portrait of the man and his music.
The Chamber Music
Authors: Timms Colin
Published: November 2023

In 1681, the year of Steffani’s first opera, the theorist and composer Angelo Berardi divided music into three styles—da chiesa, da camera, and da teatro (for church, chamber, and theatre).In seventeenth-century Europe, chamber music was generally composed and performed by professional musicians who were employed by wealthy or educated patrons to provide entertainment, even if the patrons themselves occasionally took part as ‘dilettanti’. Although chamber music was also sold to the public and performed in churches and academies, it was intended primarily for rooms in princely palaces and courts. In the words of a biographer of Queen Christina of Sweden, one of the greatest patrons of the period in Rome, music at court was the ‘ornament of princes and delight of salons’.Berardi went on to identify three kinds of chamber music: The chamber style is divided into and considered under three different styles.
A Brief Guide to Psychopharmacological Drugs
Authors: Klein Donald F , Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

This Chapter will provide an overview of the types of drugs used in the treatment of depression, manic-depression, and illnesses related to depression (panic disorder and atypical depression; see next chapter). However, the dosage of the drugs, whether they should be increased over time, whether they should be taken on an empty stomach or between meals, the time of day they should be taken, and the particular side effects of each should all be discussed in detail with the treating physician. There are a number of acceptable ways of administering each medication.
Mammalian Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Northern Mexico’s Deserts
Authors: Hafner David J , Riddle Brett R
Published: November 2023

Northern Mexico is dominated by the warm, southern deserts of North America: the Sonoran Desert west of the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Chihuahuan Desert of the Altiplano between the Sierra Madre Occidental and Oriental. These deserts contain the majority of arid-lands biodiversity of North America, and most of their surface area and biodiversity occur in Mexico. Our understanding of the evolutionary history of these deserts has ad-vanced considerably since the seminal descriptive papers on the desert vegetation of North America by Forrest Shreve in 1942 and 1951. This new his-torical perspective has resulted from a large body of studies, including in-depth research on fossil floras and woodrat (Neotoma) middens; revolutionary advances in historical geology, historical biogeography, and genetics; and the development of new analytical techniques.
The Bio-Networking Architecture: A Biologically Inspired Approach to the Design of Scalable, Adaptive, and Survivable/ Available Network Applications
Authors: Suda Tatsuya , ltao Tomoko , Matsuo Masato
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the authors propose and describe a new network architecture called the Bio-Networking Architecture. The Bio-Networking Architecture is inspired by the observation that the biological world has already developed mechanisms that are necessary for future net work requirements such as self-organization, scalability, adaptation and evolution, security, and survivability. In the biological world, each individual entity (such as a bee in a bee colony) follows a simple set of behavior rules (migration, replication, reproduction, death, energy ex change, and relationship establishment with other entities), yet a group of entities (a bee colony) exhibits complex emergent behavior and characteristics (self-organization, scalability, adaptation and evolution, security and survivability).
Introduction
Authors: Alexander John T
Published: November 2023

To facilitate fuller understanding of the erratic course of the epidemic in eighteenth-century Moscow, some appreciation of modern knowledge about bubonic plague is essential, for this infamous disease has inspired abundant myths and half-truths. If modern epidemiology has clarified most of the plague’s mechanics, that knowledge has emerged fairly recently and has not resolved all ambiguities, especially at the practitioner’s level. In the United States, for example, occasional cases evade detection or defy diagnosis, as happened to a young girl in Denver, Colorado, in 1968. Furthermore, of 7 confirmed cases in New Mexico in the 1960s (none fatal), plague figured in the initial diagnosis just once. These facts alone ought to elicit sympathy for the plight of medical practitioners and officials who confronted plague in the centuries before anybody understood the mysterious affliction.

The changed status of this formerly fearsome disease represents an extraordinary achievement of modern microbiology—an achievement the more astonishing when one recalls that the causative agent, the bacterium Yersinia (Pasteurella) pestis, was isolated only in 1894, and that plague’s full etiology—the rodent-flea nexus—was definitely established about 1910. Vaccines and antibiotics presently enable health workers to limit outbreaks and to save the majority of those infected. Of 31 cases recorded in the United States in the 1960s, just 7 proved fatal. Despite some recent resurgence of the disease in this country, morbidity and mortality rates remain low: 20 cases with 4 deaths in 1975 and 16 cases with 3 deaths in 1976. Even though isolated cases and small outbreaks still afflict scattered, mainly underdeveloped regions of the world, great epidemics or pandemics of bubonic plague no longer threaten most of human society under peaceful conditions. Thermonuclear war, terrorist attack, or some other disruption of the social fabric could conceivably puncture this relative security, however.
“All for Love”
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

In Landon Carter’s little kingdom an intense father-daughter struggle over patriarchal sovereign rights was fought out before the Americans’ defiance of their King ever turned into war. In this personal struggle, Landon played a role not unlike that of King George III.
Song Sparrows, Mandarte Island, and Methods
Authors: Smith James N M
Published: November 2023

The Study Species The song sparrow, Melospiza melodia, belongs to the family Emberizidae, which includes the buntings and North American sparrows (Byers et al. 1995; Rising 1996). It breeds over most of North America south of the tree line, and it is often locally abundant. Song sparrows (figure 2.1b) have a brown back, rounded tail, gray and brown striped crown and face, and a brown-streaked breast with a bolder central spot. Males and females are similar in plumage, but adult males (26 g) average about 8% heavier and have a 4% longer wing chord (69 mm) than do adult females on Mandarte Island. Older birds have slightly longer wings than first-year birds but fractionally shorter legs (Smith et al. 1986). Song sparrows vary considerably in size across their range (Aldrich 1984). Males from the Aleutian Islands weigh up to 46 g while male Melospiza melodia samuelis from San Francisco Bay weigh only 18 g (Arcese et al. 2002; Chan and Arcese 2003). Plumage also exhibits extensive geographic variation in song sparrows (Arcese et al. 2002) and is used to classify subspecies, some of which are of conservation interest. This plumage variation, however, does not map closely with geographic variation in genetic markers (Fry and Zink 1998; Chan and Arcese 2002).
Life History: Patterns of Reproduction and Survival
Authors: Smith James N M , Marr Amy B , Hochachka Wesley M
Published: November 2023

Any group of organisms has a characteristic age-dependent pattern of investment in growth, reproduction, and survival-their life history. Our studies over the last 28 years have shown that Mandarte song sparrows are, in many ways, typical songbirds. However, individual sparrows vary greatly around the average life history. In this chapter, we highlight some of these variations, which affect the ecological and genetic dynamics of the population. In chapter 11, we return to the central role of life histories in population biology when we briefly examine how far patterns seen on Mandarte can be generalized to other populations and species.
Basic Concepts of Molecular Genetics
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

The study of genetic epidemiology and the statistical tools it uses requires at least a rudimentary understanding of the principles of molecular biology on which the phenomena of transmission of genes are based. This chapter provides a general survey of the structure of DNA, chromosomes, and genes, their reproduction by mitosis in somatic cell division and by meiosis in the creation of the gametes that are transmitted from parents to offspring, their expression in proteins, and the types of polymorphisms that can occur. Readers interested in more detail are encouraged to read one of the excellent textbooks on molecular biology, such as that of Strachan and Read (1999) or Lewin (1997). Research in genetic or molecular epidemiology inevitably involves collaboration with laboratory scientists, and some understanding of the methods they use to obtain, amplify, and store DNA and to detect polymorphisms or mutations is also essential. Since these techniques are in a rapid state of evolution, I do not attempt to describe them here, but rather encourage readers to consult with their molecular science colleagues about how best to gain this experience.
Basic Epidemiologic and Statistical Principles
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

Throughout this book, we will be relying on a variety of basic epidemiologic concepts and statistical tools that are covered in greater depth in standard textbooks. While it is not essential for the statistical geneticist or genetic epidemiologist to be fully conversant with the mathematical statistics theory underlying these methods, a working knowledge of their use is essential to understand much of what follows. Readers with a strong statistical background can safely skip this chapter, and the applied reader who wishes to delve quickly into the subject might also choose to skip it for now, referring back to it as needed. So that the book can be self-contained, however, the basic tools essential to the material in later chapters are discussed here.
Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

Chapter 8 dealt with the origins and evolution of LD and Chapter 9 with cohort and case-control designs for testing associations between a disease and a genetic marker, which could be applied to proposed causal (candidate) genes or to markers not thought to be causal themselves but perhaps in LD with a causal gene being sought. We now turn our attention to the latter use of association studies as a means of further localizing the region containing a still undiscovered mutation.
Inside Looking Out: The Slave Trade’s Effect upon the White South
Authors: Deyle Steven
Published: November 2023

On Saturday, July 4, 1857, a large crowd gathered on the top of Lookout Mountain in southeastern Tennessee. The occasion was the opening of a convention to establish a proposed “University for the Southern States:’ Such a project, where southern youths could get a good Christian education in a university away from northern influences, had long been the dream of Episcopal bishops Leonidas Polk of Louisiana and James Otey of Tennessee. While the group had intentionally chosen July 4th for its symbolic importance, and the speakers talked of national unity, Bishop Otey had earlier made it clear that this new university would “materially aid the South to resist and repel a fanatical domination which seeks to rule over us.” In addition to a band, 400-500 spectators were in attendance that day, as were seven Episcopal bishops, seven clergymen, and six laymen, representing seven predominantly Deep South states, who served as the convention’s official delegates.
Sexual Disorders
Authors: Szwabo Peggy A
Published: November 2023

A decline in sexual functioning is associated with aging, but sexual activity and interest continue into older age (Busse & Maddox, 1998). The elderly lose much with aging: decline in their senses, health, mobility, and independence. With admission to nursing homes, further loss occurs when the intimacy needs of the resident and their partner are often overlooked and ignored. This omission is resultant of society’s stereotypical and prejudicial thinking of the elderly as asexual or the sexual activity of older persons as perverse. Intimacy and touching are the last pleasurable things an elderly person gives up. The person who is denied touch, affection, or connection with another human being slowly deteriorates and dies physically and emotionally.
Personality Disorders
Authors: Agronin Marc E
Published: November 2023

Clinicians often underestimate the role of both personality and personality disorders (PDs) in long-term care (LTC) settings, focusing instead on more immediate concerns—agitation, psychosis, depression—and other major psychiatric conditions. Sooner or later, however, PDs emerge as some of the most recalcitrant psychopathologic symptoms, exerting a disproportionately disruptive effect on staff and milieu. PDs are de1ned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) by an enduring and pervasive pattern of inLexible and maladaptive inner experiences and behaviors, which deviate from cultural expectations, and lead to signi1cant disruptions in areas of cognitive interpretation and perception, affective expression, interpersonal relations, and impulse control (American Psychiatric Association, APA, 2000). According to of1cial diagnostic criteria, PDs typically manifest in early adulthood, although their roots may be found in childhood. In LTC settings, however, distant history is by necessity less important than more recent personality patterns and the impact of brain injury from a host of factors, most notably dementia. This chapter will review the basic characteristics of PDs in late life, and focus on unique manifestations in LTC settings and how they can be managed with both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches.
Staff Education in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Conn David K , Richards Joy
Published: November 2023

Fifteen years ago Rovner and Katz (1993) declared that nursing homes “are the modern mental institutions for the elderly, but the training of staff and physicians, processes of care, and the recognition and treatment of mental disorders lag behind the current state of scienti1c knowledge.” Indeed, lack of trained staff continues to be frequently cited as one of the key problems in the care of nursing home residents. Recent guidelines recommend that long-term care homes “should have an education and training program for staff related to the needs of residents with depression and/or behavioral concerns” (Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health, 2006). There is evidence that poor education and training can compromise resident care and safety (Anderson et al., 2005). This chapter will explore some of the key issues related to the education of staff in the long-term care setting. In exploring this issue it is important to bear in mind that although education is necessary, it is often not suf1cient to improve clinical practice. Enabling care providers to make the transition from “knowing” to “doing” is complex and multifaceted, and the process of successful knowledge transfer and knowledge utilization will vary among different practice settings.
Ethical and Medicolegal Issues
Authors: Kapp Marshall B
Published: November 2023

A substantial proportion of the current nursing home residents in the United States need mental health services for cognitive and emotional problems. Latestage dementia, clinical depression, and other serious, chronic psychiatric illnesses are prevalent in the nursing home population (Yaffe et al., 2002), especially as all but the most severely disabled individuals of all ages (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001a) increasingly enjoy the availability of a growing array of homeand community-based long-term-care alternatives. In addition, states are under legal and political pressure to move and keep people out of nursing homes for as long as possible (Kapp, 2005). Under both the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101–12213, and the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794, a nursing home may not deny admission or services to any individual on account of that person’s mental disability unless the facility can prove it is unable to properly accommodate that person (Wagner v. Fair Acres Geriatric Center, 1995).
Binding Hatreds: Public Violence, State, and Nation in Central American History
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

If the level of public violence cannot convincingly be tied to some measure of state strength, then with what sort of a state can persistently high levels of public violence be associated? In the case of Central America, the relevant feature of the state seems to have been its improvisational character. With each change of government, state institutions practically had to be reassembled pro tempore from a mélange of collaborators—hacendados, merchants, camarillas, regional caudillos and their followers, municipal-level authorities and strongmen and, later, the armed forces themselves and more or less autonomous vigilante groups. This constant need to attract and hold collaborators made the state’s incumbents much more than a mere government, for they were essentially reorganizers of the state itself.
Honduras: Caudillos in Search of an Army
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

By the second decade of the twentieth century, first Guatemala and then El Salvador were building national states capable of co-opting or eliminating the regional and local warlords, party militias and gangs that had disputed one another in the field of state power since 1821. The instruments of control were armies that looked increasingly as if they were truly national, in the sense that they were increasingly subject to a unified command structure. What distinguished Honduras and Nicaragua was the persistence, well into the new century, of the kind and degree of public violence that typified the nineteenth century. The state-directed order that Guatemala and El Salvador were managing to impose early in the century was not achieved in Nicaragua until the mid-1930s, whereas in Honduras this universal sign of a mature state did not become evident until the 1950s.
Who Is It That Torments Her?
Authors: Godbeer Richard
Published: November 2023

Daniel and Abigail Wescot’s home had become the stage for a grim and perplexing drama. At its center was the luridly physical and yet mystifying spectacle of Katherine Branch’s fits. Around the young woman there crowded a growing cast of characters, all determined to figure out who or what was causing her fits. The residents of Stamford were anything but hasty in concluding that witchcraft must be responsible for Kate’s torments: differing points of view jostled and competed for ascendancy. At first, not even the Wescots assumed that their servant was be-witched. Their first step was to call in the local medical expert, not the town minister: they began by seeking a natural cause for Kate’s afflictions.
Empire and India
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The general election of May 1929, and the ensuing entry into office of the Labour government, marked an epoch in Churchill’s life. At the time, neither he nor anyone else could tell what economic and political hurricanes were soon going to hit them. Labour with 288 seats had become the biggest party in the House and the Liberals, reunited under Lloyd George but numbering no more than fifty-nine, were going to keep it in office instead of helping the Conservatives to keep it out. This was enough to signal to Churchill the opportunity to embark on two new ventures: the beginning of a grand-scale biography of his warrior ancestor, the Duke of Marlborough; and a North-American trip that would agreeably combine business with pleasure. American newspaper proprietors and book publishers were as eager as the British ones to sign contracts for his articles and books; and, what for the moment was even more exciting, money apparently could easily be made on the New York Stock Exchange. Bernard Baruch and his other rich American friends would be glad to help him make it. The need to generate income was pressing. His salary had been reduced to the meagre level of an ordinary MP, but his quality-of-living expectations remained high, and Chartwell continued to eat up money. To speed and solidify his work on the biography, he engaged the services of a bright young Oxford historian, Maurice Ashley.
Chartwell and Hitler
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

If his India campaign was what Churchill was best known for through the early 1930s, his campaign to arouse Parliament and people to the dangers of Hitler’s Germany took over as the earlier campaign petered out. But his private life at the same time was very important to him. He was continuously busy as a writer and had to be so because it was his only source of serious income and therefore the necessary means of caring for his wife, his children and his home. This is a good place for standing back to look at Churchill in mid-career. He was not yet the great man he would soon become. Everyone recognised that he was an important man and a most uncommon man, the most uncommon man to have attained a high political office apart from David Lloyd George, who was at least as uncommon and who had attained the highest office of all. Like Lloyd George, he had made many enemies on his way to the top and, like him again, he was regarded by sound party men and political moralists as untrustworthy, though in an entirely different way. Lloyd George could never be anything but a Liberal, Churchill had been Conservative, Liberal and Constitutionalist, and it was not clear what he might be in ten years’ time.
Democratic Warlord
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

It will have become clear by now how wide the range of Churchill’s managerial vigilance was, over and above being master within the British war machine. Yet what exactly was the nature of his mastery, and what if any were its limits? Its nature was peculiar, just as he was peculiar. He was dominant and he liked to have his way but he was not a dictator, nor in principle did he want to be. He knew that, for so long as a state of national emergency lasted, even the most democratic democracy had to have a single responsible leader. Summing up the critical debates which produced some Cabinet changes early in 1942, he wrote ‘All I wanted was compliance with my wishes after reasonable discussion’., (This must have provoked hollow laughter among the senior officers who had had to do the discussing with him.) His understanding of his position was strictly constitutional. He was Prime Minister because the King had appointed him and because Parliament supported him; he was also Minister of Defence because the King (with mild reluctance, being mindful of how the service chiefs would dislike it) had allowed him to be so. King George VI would have preferred Halifax as his Prime Minister, but he very soon came to respect and like Churchill; and Churchill, for his part, was punctilious in maintaining the convention of weekly visits to the Palace: the King and his Prime Minister lunched together most Tuesdays. The constitution indeed allowed the King little actual control over him, though the King’s word was apparently decisive in dissuading him from accompanying the D-Day armada. Parliament’s controls, however, were real enough. He could only do on his own what his Cabinet and what the House of Commons were happy to let him do on his own.
Deadly Drugs
Authors: Milees Steven H
Published: November 2023

It is a jarring idea: physicians’ giving deadly drugs. Why would this issue be important enough to the ancient Creeks to merit a passage in the Oath? Diverse reasons have been offered. Medical ethicists tend to read this passage as a disavowal of medical euthanasia. One scholar believes that it referred to killing people during medical research. It is often cited as the historical precedent by which a physician disavowed collaborating with executions. Others say that it referred to physicians who used their medical skills to murder. Euthanasia, vivisection, execution, or murder: it is important to try to clarify the rationale for this passage in order to understand its value to the contentious debates of our time.
Discretion In Speech
Authors: Miles Steven H
Published: November 2023

This passage is usually read as a promise to respect the confidentiality of information that a patient has disclosed and information about that person’s medical conditions. Arras says that this clinical principle has a utilitarian origin, arising from the insight that patients will not disclose necessary information unless clinicians promise confidentiality. Carrick asserts that this passage is a disavowal of physicians’ using privileged information for personal gain, though its wording seems to say that disclosure itself, rather than the use of the disclosed information, is the transgression. Kudlien says that this passage forbids disclosing state secrets. Though Greek oaths cementing political alliances often swore secrecy in affairs of state, this seems an unlikely meaning for a physician’s oath. As with other passages of the Oath, one must look to the cultural context and differences with modern medical ethics to try to discern its meaning.
Computer Technology And Social Work
Authors: Petrucci Carrie J
Published: November 2023

Whether technology is utilized is dependent on two things: the characteristics of the technology itself and how receptive the audience is (Schoech, 1999). The use of computer technology in social work is no exception. After much initial reticence social work researchers and practitioners have become increasingly familiar with integration of computer technology in practice, research, and education (see, for example, special journal issues edited by Butterfield, 1983; Raymond, Ginsberg,, Gohagon, 1998; Menon, Coe, 2000; Menon, Brown, 2001). Clearly, the potential uses of computer technology are vast and varied. In recent work in which we took a broad historical view of computer technology and social work, we identified four key “quests” in an attempt to grasp the boundaries of this area (Kirk, Reid,, Petrucci, 2002). These included the quest for efficiency, in which computer technology was seen as a means toward achieving accountability; the quest to integrate research into practice, with single-case research being a prime example; the quest for improved services to clients, which included decision support systems, expert systems, and clinical assessment systems; and the quest for communication, which looked at on-line support groups for clients and professionals as well as information retrieval systems.
Task-Centered Practice: An Exemplar of Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Reid William J , Fortune Anne E
Published: November 2023

The task-centered model (TC) is a short-term, problem-solving approach to social work practice (Doel, Marsh, 1992; Reid, 1992, 2000; Reid, Epstein, 1972; Reid, Fortune, 2002). Originally designed for practice with individuals and families, the model has been adapted for work with groups (Fortune, 1985; Garvin, 1974) and larger systems (Tolson, Reid,, Garvin, 2003). The task-centered approach was developed as a form of research-based practice. It originated from a randomized experiment conducted in the mid-1960s that suggested that brief intervention might provide a more efficient means of helping individuals and families with many problems than conventional, long-term forms of practice (Reid, Shyne, 1969). Using that brief service approach as a starting point, Reid and Epstein (1972) collaborated on developing a more comprehensive, systematic, and effective model of short-term intervention. The research orientation of the model was expressed in several ways. Preference was to be given to methods and theories tested and supported by empirical research. Hypotheses and concepts about the client system were to be grounded in case data obtained through such means as client self-report, observation, and rapid assessment instruments. Speculative theorizing about the client’s problems and behavior was to be avoided. Assessment, process, and outcome data were to be systematically collected and recorded for each case. This conception fits well with current definitions of evidence-based practice (Thyer, 2001).
Establishing Collaborations That Engender Trust In The Prevention Of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Thomas James C
Published: November 2023

A small proportion of any given community bears the burden of the majority of sexually transmitted disease (STD) infection. This subpopulation has been termed the “core” of transmission. Definitions of the core vary. They include people repeatedly infected, people who infect more than one other person, sex workers, and people who reside in a particular geographical area (Thomas, Tucker, 1995). Preventing infections and transm1ss10n among the core is viewed as a strategic way to limit infections for the entire community (Over, Piot, 1993). However, people in the core, by whatever definition, are often marginalized in society because of their infections. Conversely, their infections are partially a reflection of their marginalization on the basis of other factors such as race and class. Marginalization breeds distrust of people in the establishment and engenders a lack of cooperation with the establishment’s interventions. This vicious cycle creates a formidable barrier to health care providers who want to target the core for disease reduction. The administration of hepatitis B vaccine provides an example. Initially, the national immunization strategy focused on people most at risk, including users of illicit injection drugs.
Use Of Random Digit Dialing To Recruit Representative Population Samples
Authors: Voigt Lynda F
Published: November 2023

Random digit dialing (RDD) is a technique used to obtain a sample of the population that is representative of all households with telephones in a designated geographic area. It is used for scientific surveys and to obtain controls for epidemiologic case-control studies. Although this chapter focuses on the use of RDD to recruit controls for epidemiologic population-based case-control studies, the same basic principles apply to the use of RDD for scientific surveys.
Using Computer Technology In The Measurement And Prevention Of College Drinking
Authors: Harris Heather , Wodarski John S
Published: November 2023

Alcohol and drug abuse-related deaths, injuries, disease, and family disturbances are consequences that cannot be measured in monetary figures (Kenkel, Wang, 1999; Wodarski, Wodarski, 1993; Wolvar, 2002). The consequences of substance use and abuse include traffic accidents and fatalities, health problems later in life, suicide, school-related problems, temporary or terminal sickness, and absenteeism (Barr, Antes, Ottenberg,, Rosen, 1984; Perkins, 2002). Young adults are faced with daily decisions about the role that substance use will play in their lives.
Constructing And Validating A Specific Multi-Item Assessment Or Evaluation Tool
Authors: Faul Anna C , Zyl Michiel A Van
Published: November 2023

In the wake of the accountability era, evidencebased practice has been adopted in the social welfare field. Evidence-based practice aims to develop best-practice methods for social workers that will increase their accountability. The approach requires social workers to put their practice behavior under the control of data, either data that they themselves collect or data that they obtain from the professional literature, and to be skeptical of methods with weak or nonexistent empirical support (Dangell, 1994; Bloom, Fischer, 1982).
Budgeting And Fiscal Management In Program Evaluations
Authors: Ginsberg Leon
Published: November 2023

There is an old concept, which applies to many fields, that suggests that understanding anything usually involves understanding the money involved. Some criminal investigators, reporters, and evaluators say that one should “follow the money.” And it is true that gaining a detailed understanding of almost any human endeavor is best achieved by looking at the financing of that endeavor. Where does the money come from, how is it spent, how is it accounted for? Of all the means for evaluating social programs, none is quite so pervasive and important in the total scheme of management and planning as examining the agency’s finances-how they are secured, budgeted, accounted for, and audited. This chapter describes the ways in which fiscal data are used in the evaluation of agencies. For most social agencies, nothing is quite as dramatic as the annual budget process, the dayto-day accounting for the funds that are expended, and the periodic audits of agencies. It is likely that more agencies are changed in major ways or even forced to close because of fiscal evaluations than for any other reasons. Evaluations that are based on experimental research designs, monitoring, and other kinds of studies of the content of agency functioning are often significant factors in an agency’s operations.
Constructing And Using Logic Models In Program Evaluation
Authors: Chapel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Program evaluation presents us with a paradox. Although far fewer evaluations are conducted than is desirable, the desire to evaluate seems to come naturally and almost instinctively. That is, most of us want to know what makes a difference and, given the chance, will choose that course of action likely to produce the greatest impact. Many obstacles block the exhibiting of this instinctive evaluation behavior.1 Chief among these are misunderstanding the components of good evaluation-ironically, usually an overestimation of the required level of scrutiny, rigor, and time and resources-missteps in determining a useful and feasible evaluation focus, and inattention to integrating evaluation results into planning and program improvement. Fortunately, these obstacles can be overcome if evaluation design is based on an accurate and comprehensive program description. Although many approaches can produce good program descriptions, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we promote logic models as the most effective way.
Application Of Logic Models In Rural Program Development
Authors: Longo Paul
Published: November 2023

In 1998 the Appalachian Partnership for Welfare Reform (APWR) was established as a collaborative, applied-research, and technical-assistance program funded by the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services (ODJFS) and administered by the Institute for Local Government Administration and Rural Development (ILGARD) at Ohio University’s Voinovich Center for Leadership and Public Affairs. After five years as a grant-funded project focused on implementing policy changes in the areas of public assistance administration and workforce development at the county level in Ohio Appalachia, the APWR became a statewide technical assistance contract between the ODJFS Office of Family Stability (OFS) and ILGARD focused on strengthening performance measurement and accountability structures throughout the state of Ohio. The primary aim of APWR was to help enhance administrative infrastructure and capacity among the 29 APWR county agency partners implementing welfare reform throughout Ohio Appalachia. Among our principle activities, developing evaluation and performance measurement capacity was one of the APWR’s biggest and most interesting challenges. This chapter describes the historical and social context of the APWR and outlines the Ongoing Performance Measurement and Management (OPM&M) framework that we used to develop processes intended to enhance evaluation capacity in this Central Appalachian setting.
Principles, practices, and findings of the St. Louis conundrum: A Large-Scale Field Experiment With Antisocial Children
Authors: Feldman Ronald A
Published: November 2023

The St. Louis Experiment represents perhaps the largest and most rigorous field experiment concerning group intervention to be found in the social work literature. The overarching objectives of this experiment were threefold. The first was to ascertain which of three group treatment methods was most effective at reducing the antisocial behavior of youths who took part in an 8-month intervention program. The second was to determine the respective impacts of two different modes of treatment group composition upon the behavior of referred and nonreferred youths who participated in the program. The third was to examine whether group workers with graduate training in social work were better able than group workers with no such training to generate changes in the behavior of the participating youths. The St. Louis Experiment also entailed a number of additional research objectives that are described in this chapter.
Cognitive Rehabilitation And Neuronal Plasticity: Research on the Effectiveness of Quantitative EEG Biofeedback
Authors: Thornton Kirtley
Published: November 2023

The rehabilitation and understanding of brain function has been the focus of academic and federal research for decades. Significant advances in the understanding of neuronal plasticity and the retraining of damaged neurons in the brain have been made in the past decade as a result of practice-based research. These developments have led to significantly greater progress in the improvement of cognitive function than had previously been obtained with improvements in auditory memory functioning in learning disabled children, averaging 378% after only 20 hours of treatment.
Application Of Quality Management Methods For Preventing An Adverse Event: The Case of Falls in Hospitals
Authors: Grenier-Sennelier Catherine , Minvielle Etienne
Published: November 2023

Many prevention strategies are, naturally, approached from clinical and statistical perspectives. Clinical and organizational strategies, care effectiveness, and the risks or benefits of preventive measures are often not well defined, but the efficacy of these programs also depends in many ways on management and organizational processes. First, different causes of the occurrence of an adverse event can be the result of organizational dysfunctions (e.g., lack of coordination among caregivers). Second, implementation of preventive measures requires management skills regarding availability, affordability, and acceptability of procedures to prevent these adverse events, for which clinicians are rarely trained. Preventive measures must eventually be taken by others who help to manage the adverse event when it unfortunately occurs. For this reason, all levels of prevention and risk management must be considered, from primary prevention (targeting risk factors to prevent occurrence of disease or injury), to secondary prevention (targeting subclinical disease through early identification and treatment), to tertiary prevention (aiming at established disease or injury to ameliorate progression and maximize function for the person affected). In this context, continuous quality improvement (CQI) or total quality management can enhance clinical outcomes through management channels, enriching prevention program effects.
Epilogue: The Clinical Utility Of Therapy Research: Bridging the Gap Between the Present and the Future
Authors: Nathan Peter E
Published: November 2023

Evidence-based practices have thoroughly infused the activities, especially the therapeutic practices, of all members of the core mental health professions over the past decade. However, they have not until recently appeared to impact substantially on the broader array of healthcare and human services. The EvidenceBased Practice Manual reflects both of these welcome developments. In so doing, it lends support to the extremely encouraging view that empirically supported practices, including but by no means restricted either to mental health practices or mental health practitioners, have now extended their reach very widely. In eloquently portraying this very positive development in human services, including as it affects their social work, psychiatry, and other human services colleagues, the editors of this volume provide us with both an impressive portrait of the scope and reach of evidence-based practice today as well as a sense of the most promising models for successful utilization of new empirically supported practices tomorrow. Although I am loath to predict in the absence of data, I think I can confidently anticipate that this volume, which reflects an extraordinary diversity of current practices, will ultimately influence an even wider array of practices. For this we owe thanks to editors Albert R. Roberts and Kenneth Yeager and their colleagues, for their clear-eyed view of the present and, as important, their prescient vision of the bright future in healthcare and human services.
The Human Environment
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

As with any other species, human survival boils down to individual survival. This is true whether people die of disease, natural disaster, or manmade holocaust. Fundamentally, survival can be defined in terms of the interactions between an individual and its natural surroundings. The surroundings determine the extent to which a person is exposed to critical changes in environment, such as temperature, water, food, or oxygen. The physical world imposes strict limits on human biology, and learning where these limits are and how to deal with them is what biologists call limit physiology. The principles of limit physiology can be applied to understanding human life in all extreme environments. These principles will be developed in this chapter and applied throughout the book to gain a deeper appreciation of how humans survive in extreme conditions.
Water That Makes Men Mad
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

When Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote the words, “Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink” in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1798, the dangers of drinking seawater had been known for thousands of years. Seawater does indeed make men mad. Historical evidence indicates the ancient Egyptians knew seawater was not potable, but the earliest realization that it was unsafe to drink has been lost to antiquity. In pre-Columbian times the greatest fear of venturing too far from land on the ocean was not falling off the surface of the Earth but lack of fresh drinking water. From a human perspective the oceans, which cover 70% of Earth’s surface, are still the most extensive and unique desert wildernesses on the planet. Saltwater constitutes 97% of Earth’s water, and of the 3% that is fresh, two-thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice. Thus, a mere 1% of all the water on the planet (in lakes and rivers, groundwater, and the atmosphere) is fresh and can be used by terrestrial plants and animals.
Hypothermia
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

Bad winters usually bring a greater appreciation of the deleterious effects of cold on the body. Most people have had personal experience with mild cold-related skin injuries such as chilblain, the temporary swelling and tenderness of the face or extremities after exposure to wet and cold conditions for a few hours. Residents of higher latitudes recognize the sharp discomfort of frostnip that comes with exposing various parts of the body to subfreezing temperatures. These effects of cold are usually nothing more than temporary inconveniences. More intense and disabling effects of local cold, such as immersion foot and frostbite, result primarily from prolonged operations in extremely cold weather. The greatest danger to survival in the cold, however, is from the effects of hypothermia.
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

The reason to cover weapons of mass destruction in a book about extreme environments is because they have the potential to forever alter life on earth. The inconceivable destructive power of modern thermonuclear devices is antithetical to civilization, which requires a sophisticated infrastructure. The deaths from detonation of even one nuclear warhead over a population center would dwarf the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center disaster.

The exploitation of fuel-loaded jets to attack the World Trade Center produced an unusual situation by trapping the victims inside the twin towers, whose collapse vaporized them. Usually, immediate deaths from massive explosions represent a fraction of the total, particularly if toxic gases or radioactivity are involved. The grim task is to separate those waiting to die from those who can recover with medical care. This principle of triage is similar for all types of weapons of mass destruction, whether they involve radioactivity, biological agents, or nerve gas. However, the problems of scale and loss of medical and transportation infrastructure to manage such disasters are seriously underestimated by triage strategies.
Human Prospects for Colonizing Space
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

Discussion of the prospects for human colonization of space is constrained by the scarcity of data on the biological and psychological effects of extended space travel. Limited observations are available on a small number of men and a tiny handful of women who have spent more than a month in space (see Fig. 18.1). This is a far cry from the extent of knowledge that will be needed if humanity is ever to steer a permanent course outside the friendly confines of Earth. The biological aspects of space travel have been largely neglected by futurists and science fiction writers, who assume that engineers will create artificial gravity, regenerative life-support systems, self-contained agricultural capabilities, and spacious environments that will enable people to live normally in deep space in an Earthlike environment. From an engineering standpoint, given an adequate supply of power, there is no reason, theoretically, to object to this vision of space colonization. However, the resources that such systems will require are enormous, and certain biological and psychosocial considerations go beyond engineering solutions. This is not to say that the engineering problems of life-support systems are trivial, for, as indicated in the following section, they are formidable, particularly when raw materials are unavailable.
From Helping The Doctor To Fixing The System
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we described efforts to reinvent the treatment model for depression in primary care that were largely driven by psychiatry. Having in- vented this new model, the psychiatry leadership confronted the enormous challenge of putting the new model into practice. To put the model into practice, medical educators and opinion leaders had to change the practice behaviors of primary-care physicians. Traditional methods to instruct practicing physicians in the new state of the art included articles in prominent journals or local lectures de- livered by eminent teaching physicians. The DART and Defeat Depression campaigns are examples of this type of effort.