bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Illegal Under the Laws of All Nations? The Courts of Haiti and the Suppression of the Atlantic Trade in African Captives
Authors: Walker Andrew
Published: April 2019

In 1816, the mostly-American crew of a slaving brig bound from Cuba staged a mutiny before reaching West Africa, and then sailed on (without a captive cargo) to the antislavery republic of Haiti. Their voyage culminated in a remarkable prize case before the admiralty court at Port-au-Prince. The sailors claimed indignation at the “diabolical” slave trade, hoping to win profits from the condemnation of the vessel and to avoid future prosecution for enlisting in a slaving voyage that was illegal under U.S. federal law. Haitian prosecutors invoked the agreements of the Congress of Vienna, arguing that the trade had been prohibited by the laws of nations. It fell to the admiralty court to reconcile such aspirational claims with Haiti's ongoing struggle for political survival. The brig's journey between the United States, Cuba, Spanish Florida, Cape Verde, and finally Haiti reveals the ways in which slave traders calculated the relative risks of legal penalties against the possible gains from the trade. The records of the adjudication of the case show how Haitian officials developed their own legal strategies for the suppression of the trade, laying the foundations for an escalating campaign to police slaving traffic off of their shores.
Development of attention from birth to 5 months in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Bradshaw Jessica , Klin Ami , Evans Lindsey , Klaiman Cheryl , Saulnier Celine , McCracken Courtney
Published: April 2019

Social-communication skills emerge within the context of rich social interactions, facilitated by an infant's capacity to attend to people and objects in the environment. Disruption in this early neurobehavioral process may decrease the frequency and quality of social interactions and learning opportunities, potentially leading to downstream deleterious effects on social development. This study examined early attention in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who are at risk for social and communication delays. Visual and auditory attention was mapped from age 1 week to 5 months in infants at familial risk for ASD (high risk;N= 41) and low-risk typically developing infants (low risk;N= 39). At 12 months, a subset of participants (N= 40) was administered assessments of social communication and nonverbal cognitive skills. Results revealed that high-risk infants performed lower on attention tasks at 2 and 3 months of age compared to low-risk infants. A significant association between overall attention at 3 months and developmental outcome at 12 months was observed for both groups. These results provide evidence for early vulnerabilities in visual attention for infants at risk for ASD during a period of important neurodevelopmental transition (between 2 and 3 months) when attention has significant implications for social communication and cognitive development.
Debating the Issues and Finding a Middle Ground
Authors: Rinfret Sara
Published: April 2019

Contemporary political discourse often presents controversial policy topics (e.g., public lands, climate change, and immigration) in a bimodal manner—either for or against. As a result, can our classrooms provide a space for students to learn how to construct solutions that broker various perspectives? For students to reconcile policy differences, I designed a series of debate panels across a semester. The focus of this article is to describe the details of the debate panels so they can be replicated in educational settings. Moreover, the debate panels embody active or experiential learning for students to become informed participants of US public-policy making.
Clinical implications of directly switching antidepressants in well-treated depressed patients with treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction: a comparison between vortioxetine and escitalopram
Authors: Jacobsen Paula L. , Nomikos George G. , Zhong Wei , Cutler Andrew J. , Affinito John , Clayton Anita
Published: April 2019

Objective:

The objective of this work was to describe treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction (TESD) and tolerability following a switch from selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI: citalopram, paroxetine, or sertraline) monotherapy to vortioxetine or escitalopram monotherapy in adults with well-treated major depressive disorder (MDD) and SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction.

Methods:

Data were analyzed from the primary study, an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, head-to-head study in which participants with well-treated depressive symptoms but experiencing TESD with SSRIs were directly switched to flexible doses (10/20 mg) of vortioxetine or escitalopram. Sexual functioning was assessed by the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire-14 (CSFQ-14), efficacy by the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores (MADRS) and Clinicians Global Impression of Severity/Improvement (CGI-S/CGI-I), and tolerability by adverse events. Efficacy and tolerability were assessed by pre-switch SSRI therapy where possible, and by participant characteristics.

Results:

Greater improvements in TESD were seen in the vortioxetine compared with escitalopram groups based on: participant demographics (≤45 years, women; P = 0.045), prior SSRI treatment (P = 0.044), number of prior major depressive episodes (MDEs) (1–3; P = 0.001), and duration of prior SSRI therapy (>1 year; P = 0.001). Prior SSRI treatment did not appear to influence the incidence or severity of TEAEs, except for nausea. Regardless of prior SSRI, both treatments maintained antidepressant efficacy after 8 weeks.

Conclusion:

Results suggest that vortioxetine is a safe and effective switch therapy for treating SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction in adults with well-treated MDD. Also, improvement in sexual dysfunction with vortioxetine or escitalopram may be influenced by prior SSRI usage, sex, age, and history of MDEs.
Does trauma-focused exposure therapy exacerbate symptoms among patients with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders?
Authors: Lancaster Cynthia L. , Gros Daniel F. , Mullarkey Michael C. , Badour Christal L. , Killeen Therese K. , Brady Kathleen T. , Back Sudie E.
Published: April 2019

Background: Although exposure-based therapy is a well-established, effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), some practitioners report reluctance to implement it due to concerns that it may exacerbate symptoms of PTSD and commonly comorbid disorders, such as substance use disorders (SUD).

Aim: This study compared the exacerbation of psychological symptoms among participants with comorbid PTSD and SUD who received either SUD treatment alone or SUD treatment integrated with exposure therapy for PTSD.

Method: Participants (N = 71) were treatment-seeking, military Veterans with comorbid PTSD and SUD who were randomized to 12 individual sessions of either (1) an integrated, exposure-based treatment (Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders using Prolonged Exposure; COPE); or (2) a non-exposure-based, SUD-only treatment (Relapse Prevention; RP). We examined between-group differences in the frequency of statistically reliable exacerbations of PTSD, SUD and depression symptoms experienced during treatment.

Results: At each of the 12 sessions, symptom exacerbation was minimal and generally equally likely in either treatment group. However, an analysis of treatment completers suggests that RP participants experienced slightly more exacerbations of PTSD symptoms during the course of treatment.

Conclusions: This study is the first to investigate symptom exacerbation throughout trauma-focused exposure therapy for individuals with comorbid PTSD and SUD. Results add to a growing literature which suggests that trauma-focused, exposure-based therapy does not increase the risk of symptom exacerbation relative to non-exposure-based therapy.
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH BANKING SPREADS IN AN INFORMAL ECONOMY
Authors: Merlin Giovanni T. , Teles Vladimir K.
Published: April 2019

We investigate the aggregate and distributional effects of banking spreads in an economy with informality. We build a heterogeneous agents model with incomplete markets, credit frictions, and a rich occupational choice setting, in which informality is an option for both employers and workers. The main finding is that reductions in spreads for formal firms increase wages, output, and welfare but have a deleterious impact on unemployment and inequality. Dropping spreads for informal firms lead to reduction in inequality indicators at the expense of consumption and welfare. By calibrating the model for Brazil, we also find that a hypothetical extinction of the informal sector can be harmful for poor agents, but combined with a spread reduction, it can generate strong positive effects on output and welfare.
Alternative investments: is it a solution to the funding shortage of US public pension plans?
Authors: Peng Jun , Wang Qiushi
Published: April 2019

Since 2001, public-pension plans have increasingly relied upon alternative investments (AIs). We examine the impact of this trend on investment performance and the factors that led to the reliance on AI. Using data from 92 largest plans 2001–2014, we found AI, especially private equity, generally had a positive effect on investment performance, but the effect was small and unsustainable. We also found that plans with a lower funded ratio and higher investment return expectation were more likely to allocate more assets to AIs. These findings suggest that the prospect of relying on AIs to meet investment return expectations remains a long-term challenge for state and local governments.
Smokefree mental health inpatient settings – a matter of debate?
Authors: Ratschen Elena
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Background: The prevalence of tobacco smoking among people with severe mental illness (SMI) substantially exceeds smoking rates in the general population and has been identified as the largest contributor to health inequalities in this group. Historically deeply embedded in the culture of mental health treatment environments, smoking until very recently was the norm in inpatient settings and still prevails in many settings internationally. In England however, mental health Trusts are currently implementing recent national guidance, according to which mental health settings will become entirely smokefree, with no exemptions, providing comprehensive evidence-based support to patients for smoking cessation and smoking abstinence during the inpatient stay. Aim: The aim of this article is to summarise the rationale for and the debate surrounding smokefree mental health inpatient settings, and to review and discuss the evidence on challenges, opportunities and impact of smokefree policy implementation in these settings, with a focus on the English debate and experience to date.
Investigation of Solar Proton Access Into the Inner Magnetosphere on 11 September 2017
Authors: Qin Murong , Hudson Mary , Kress Brian , Selesnick Richard , Engel Miles , Li Zhao , Shen Xiaochen
Published: April 2019

In this study, access of solar energetic protons to the inner magnetosphere on 11 September 2017 is investigated by computing the reverse particle trajectories with the Dartmouth geomagnetic cutoff code (Kress et al., 2010). The maximum and minimum cutoff rigidity at each point along the orbit of Van Allen Probe A is numerically computed by extending the code to calculate cutoff rigidity for particles coming from arbitrary direction. Pulse height analyzed (PHA) data have the advantage of providing individual particle energies and effectively excluding background high‐energy proton contamination. This technique is adopted to study the cutoff locations for solar protons with different energy. The results demonstrate that cutoff latitude is lower for solar protons with higher energy, consistent with low‐altitude vertical cutoffs. Both the observations and numerical results show that proton access into the inner magnetosphere depends strongly on angle between particle arrival direction and magnetic west. The numerical result is approximately consistent with the observation that the energy of almost all solar protons stays above the minimum cutoff rigidity.
Vertical Motions and Their Effects on a Biogeochemical Tracer in a Cyclonic Structure Finely Observed in the Ligurian Sea
Authors: Rousselet L. , Doglioli A. M. , de Verneil A. , Pietri A. , Della Penna A. , Berline L. , Marrec P. , Grégori G. , Thyssen M. , Carlotti F. , Barrillon S. , Simon‐Bot F. , Bonal M. , d'Ovidio F. , Petrenko A.
Published: April 2019

Vertical velocities can be estimated indirectly from in situ observations by theoretical frameworks like the ω‐equation. Direct measures of vertical exchanges are challenging due to their typically ephemeral spatiotemporal scales. In this study we address this problem with an adaptive sampling strategy coupling various biophysical instruments. We analyze the 3‐D organization of a cyclonic mesoscale structure finely sampled during the Observing Submesoscale Coupling At High Resolution cruise in the Ligurian Sea during fall 2015. The observations, acquired with a moving vessel profiler, highlight a subsurface low‐salinity layer (≃50 m), as well as rising isopycnals, generated by geostrophic cyclonic circulation, in the structure's center. Reconstructed 3‐D fields of density and horizontal velocities are used to estimate the vertical velocity field down to 250 m by applying the adiabatic QG ω‐equation, for the first time in this region. The vertical motions are characterized by multipolar patterns of downward and upward velocities on the edges of the structure and significantly smaller vertical velocities in its center. Both the 3‐D distribution of particles (size ≥100 μm), measured with a laser optical plankton counter, and the Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus abundances (cell per cubic meter) measured by flow cytometry are consistent with the 3‐D velocity field. In particular, a secondary vertical recirculation is identified that upwells particles (from 250 to 100 m) along isohalines to the structure's center. Besides demonstrating the effect of vertical patterns on biogeochemical distributions, this case study suggests to use particle matter as a tracer to assess physical dynamics.
The Influence of Mesoscale Atmospheric Circulation on Spitsbergen Air Temperature in Periods of Arctic Warming and Cooling
Authors: Łupikasza E. B. , Niedźwiedź T.
Published: April 2019

The Arctic has experienced step changes in climate conditions, which are still not fully understood. Particularly intriguing was the Early Twentieth‐Century Arctic Warming (ETCAW), which occurred prior to anthropogenic interference in the environment. This paper quantitatively assesses the differences in atmospheric circulation patterns during periods of warming and cooling on Spitsbergen with a particular focus on ETCAW. The patterns of atmospheric circulation were taken from the catalog of day‐by‐day circulation types created for Svalbard. The catalog includes 21 circulation types, assigned to every day between 1920 and 2017. The research focused on winter and autumn, the seasons exhibiting pronounced ETCAW on Spitsbergen. The long‐term variability in autumn and winter air temperatures on Spitsbergen significantly depends on the frequency of air advection from clearly defined directions and reveals some seasonal differentiation. Warming was related in autumn to southern and south‐eastern advection, in winter to southern advection, and in both cyclonic and anticyclonic conditions. These “warm” types explained up to 21% (September–November) or 25% (December–February) of the variability in air temperature. In winter, cooling was significantly related to anticyclonic type with air advection from the northeast (NEa: 24% of variability): in autumn to cyclonic northern (Nc) and northeastern (NEc) types. During ETCAW, the frequency of warm circulation types was significantly higher, and that of “cold” circulation types significantly lower. No relevant differences in patterns were found between ETCAW and Recent Arctic Warming; however, the frequency of warm and cold types was higher and lower, respectively, during ETCAW.
A Process Study on Thinning of Arctic Winter Cirrus Clouds With High‐Resolution ICON‐ART Simulations
Authors: Gruber Simon , Blahak Ulrich , Haenel Florian , Kottmeier Christoph , Leisner Thomas , Muskatel Harel , Storelvmo Trude , Vogel Bernhard
Published: April 2019

In this study, cloud‐resolving simulations of a case study for a limited area of the hibernal Arctic were performed with the atmospheric modeling system ICON‐ART (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic‐Aerosol and Reactive Trace gases). A thorough comparison with data both from satellite as well as aircraft measurement is presented to validate the simulations. In addition, the model is applied to clarify the microphysical processes occurring when introducing artificial aerosol particles into the upper troposphere with the aim of modifying cirrus clouds in the framework of climate engineering. Former modeling studies investigating the climate effect of this method were performed with simplifying assumptions and much coarser resolution, reaching partly contradicting conclusions concerning the method's effectiveness. The primary effect of seeding is found to be a reduction of ice crystal number concentrations in cirrus clouds, leading to increased outgoing longwave radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere, thereby creating a cooling effect. Furthermore, a secondary effect is found, as ice crystals formed from the injected seeding aerosol particles lead to enhanced riming of cloud droplets within the planetary boundary layer. This effectively reduces the coverage of mixed‐phase clouds, thus generating additional cooling by increased upward longwave radiative fluxes at the surface. The efficacy of seeding cirrus clouds proves to be relatively independent from the atmospheric background conditions, scales with the number concentrations of seeding particles, and is highest for large aerosol particles.
Stationary Features at the Cloud Top of Venus Observed by Ultraviolet Imager Onboard Akatsuki
Authors: Kitahara Takehiko , Imamura Takeshi , Sato Takao M. , Yamazaki Atsushi , Lee Yeon Joo , Yamada Manabu , Watanabe Shigeto , Taguchi Makoto , Fukuhara Tetsuya , Kouyama Toru , Murakami Shin‐ya , Hashimoto George L. , Ogohara Kazunori , Kashimura Hiroki , Horinouchi Takeshi , Takagi Masahiro
Published: April 2019

Stationary features indicative of topographic gravity waves were identified at the cloud top of Venus with the 283‐nm channel of the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) onboard Akatsuki, and their geographical and local time dependences were studied. At this wavelength the absorption by SO2 dominates. To extract stationary structures with respect to the surface, we averaged multiple images to smooth out moving features and applied high‐pass filtering to emphasize small structures. We found that stationary features appear exclusively above highlands and that they tend to appear between noon and evening. The stationary features seem to be synchronized with those observed in the cloud top temperature maps taken by the Longwave Infrared Camera (LIR). It was shown using a gravity wave model that the scale height of SO2 should be smaller than that of the cloud around the cloud top to reproduce the observed phase relationship between the stationary features seen in the Ultraviolet Imager and Longwave Infrared Camera images.
Seasonally Resolved Proxy Data From the Antarctic Peninsula Support a Heterogeneous Middle Eocene Southern Ocean
Authors: Judd Emily J. , Ivany Linda C. , DeConto Robert M. , Halberstadt Anna Ruth W. , Miklus Nicole M. , Junium Christopher K. , Uveges Benjamin T.
Published: April 2019

Understanding conditions at both global and local scales during the greenhouse climate of the Eocene Epoch is critical for making accurate predictions in our rapidly warming world. Despite the wealth of proxy data and modeling studies, fundamental aspects of the climate system still remain uncertain. For example, accurate austral high‐latitude temperatures are necessary to understand the evolution of temperatures during the lead‐up to Antarctic glaciation and determine the meridional temperature gradient during greenhouse warmth, yet records are few and disparate. Here we present seasonally resolved temperature and precipitation data from the latest Lutetian (~42 Ma) from the eastern Antarctic Peninsula. Oxygen isotopes from bivalves indicate a mean temperature of 13.1 °C and a seasonal range of 8.0 °C, slightly (<1 °C) more seasonal than modeled temperatures from high‐obliquity simulations. Carbon isotopes from driftwood suggest that summer accounts for just over half of annual precipitation. When compared with other austral high‐latitude records, the data are consistent with a zonally heterogeneous middle Eocene Southern Ocean. Similar longitudinal variability is observed in the modern boreal high latitudes, where landmasses subdivide the ocean, subjecting basins to their own distinct circulation patterns and coastal processes. With closed Drake and Tasman passages, the middle Eocene Southern Ocean would also have been noncontiguous, resulting in larger variability of sea surface temperatures along individual zonal bands than today. This interpretation resolves inconsistencies among existing high‐austral proxy records and suggests that the large seasonal range of temperatures may be indicative of regional‐scale circulation patterns along the peninsula not captured by low‐resolution climate simulations.
Impaired cortico-striatal excitatory transmission triggers epilepsy
Authors: Miyamoto Hiroyuki , Tatsukawa Tetsuya , Shimohata Atsushi , Yamagata Tetsushi , Suzuki Toshimitsu , Amano Kenji , Mazaki Emi , Raveau Matthieu , Ogiwara Ikuo , Oba-Asaka Atsuko , Hensch Takao K. , Itohara Shigeyoshi , Sakimura Kenji , Kobayashi Kenta , Kobayashi Kazuto , Yamakawa Kazuhiro
Published: April 2019

STXBP1 and SCN2A gene mutations are observed in patients with epilepsies, although the circuit basis remains elusive. Here, we show that mice with haplodeficiency for these genes exhibit absence seizures with spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) initiated by reduced cortical excitatory transmission into the striatum. Mice deficient for Stxbp1 or Scn2a in cortico-striatal but not cortico-thalamic neurons reproduce SWDs. In Stxbp1 haplodeficient mice, there is a reduction in excitatory transmission from the neocortex to striatal fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs). FSI activity transiently decreases at SWD onset, and pharmacological potentiation of AMPA receptors in the striatum but not in the thalamus suppresses SWDs. Furthermore, in wild-type mice, pharmacological inhibition of cortico-striatal FSI excitatory transmission triggers absence and convulsive seizures in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that impaired cortico-striatal excitatory transmission is a plausible mechanism that triggers epilepsy in Stxbp1 and Scn2a haplodeficient mice.
Author Correction: CD36 regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling pathways and mediates the internalization of Escherichia coli in cooperation with TLR4 in goat mammary gland epithelial cells
Authors: Cao Duoyao , Luo Jun , Chen Dekun , Xu Huifen , Shi Huaiping , Jing Xiaoqi , Zang Wenjuan
Published: April 2019

A correction has been published and is appended to both the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
The TIR/BB-loop mimetic AS-1 prevents Ang II-induced hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy via NF-κB dependent downregulation of miRNA-143
Authors: Song Juan , Xie Qifei , Wang Lin , Lu Yi , Liu Peijing , Yang Ping , Chen Rui , Shao Chen , Qiao Chen , Wang Zhongqun , Yan Jinchuan
Published: April 2019

Untreated pathological cardiac hypertrophy, which can be caused by sustained systemic hypertension, may lead to heart failure. In the present study, we investigated whether AS-1 had attenuating effects on hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy, and whether this process was mediated by the regulation of miRNA-143. To induce the hypertrophic response in vitro, cardiomyocytes were stimulated with Ang II for 24hs. AS-1 administration strongly attenuated Ang II-induced hypertrophic response of cardiomyocytes. Chronical infusion of Ang II via implanted osmotic mini-pump induced increased blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. AS-1 administration attenuated hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy by, at least in part, inhibin of MAPK signaling. We observed, for the first time, upregulated expression of miRNA-143 in Ang II-induced cardiomyocytes, and inhibition of miRNA-143 significantly reduced the Ang II-induced hypertrophic responses. Importantly, AS-1 administration diminished the Ang II-induced upregulation of miRNA-143. Overexpression of miRNA-143 abolished the attenuating effects of AS-1 on Ang II-induced hypertrophic response of cardiomyocytes. Additionally, AS-1 administration abrogates Ang II-induced nuclear translocation of p50 NF-κB subunit in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. Application of NF-κB inhibitor significantly suppressed Ang II-induced upregulation of miRNA-143. Our data suggest a novel mechanism by which AS-1 attenuates Ang II-induced hypertrophic response through downregulation miRNA-143 expression in a NF-κB-dependent manner.
Thermal stability and electronic and magnetic properties of atomically thin 2D transition metal oxides
Authors: van Gog Heleen , Li Wun-Fan , Fang Changming , Koster Rik S. , Dijkstra Marjolein , van Huis Marijn
Published: April 2019

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal oxides (TMOs) are an emerging class of nanomaterials. Using density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, we carried out a systematic study of atomically thin metal oxide phases with compositions MO, M2O3, and MO2, for transition metal elements Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and Mn. We identified nine thermally stable structures that may be realized as free-standing nanosheets: hexagonalh-Sc2O3,h-V2O3, andh-Mn2O3; hexagonalt-VO,t-CrO, andt-MnO; and squaresq-TiO,sq-VO, andsq-MnO. Thet-MO phases are novel hexagonal structures which emerged naturally from phase transformations observed during AIMD simulations. The 2D TMOs were found to exhibit a wide range of remarkable electronic and magnetic properties, indicating that they are bright candidates for electronic and spintronic applications. Most exceptional in this regard ish-V2O3, that is the only phase that has been experimentally realized so far, and was found to be a ferromagnetic half-metal with Dirac-cone-like bands.
Domain-specific expression of meristematic genes is defined by the LITTLE ZIPPER protein DTM in tomato
Authors: Xu Qian , Li Rong , Weng Lin , Sun Yuan , Li Meng , Xiao Han
Published: April 2019

Shoot meristems, which harbor a small population of stem cells, are responsible for generating new above-ground organs in plants. The proliferation and differentiation of these stem cells is regulated by a genetic pathway involving two key meristematic genes: CLAVATA3 (CLV3) and WUSCHEL (WUS). However, it is not well understood how CLV3 and WUS expression domains in the shoot meristems are specified and maintained during post-embryogenic development. Here, we show that a tomato mutant with fasciated stems, flowers and fruits, due to impaired stem cell activity, is defective in a LITTLE ZIPPER gene denoted as DEFECTIVE TOMATO MERISTEM (DTM). DTM forms a negative feedback loop with class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP III) transcription factors to confine CLV3 and WUS expression to specific domains of the shoot meristems. Our findings reveal a new layer of complexity in the regulation of plant stem cell homeostasis.
Oscillatory cAMP cell-cell signalling persists during multicellular Dictyostelium development
Authors: Singer Gail , Araki Tsuyoshi , Weijer Cornelis J.
Published: April 2019

Propagating waves of cAMP, periodically initiated in the aggregation centre, are known to guide the chemotactic aggregation of hundreds of thousands of starving individual Dictyostelium discoideum cells into multicellular aggregates. Propagating optical density waves, reflecting cell periodic movement, have previously been shown to exist in streaming aggregates, mounds and migrating slugs. Using a highly sensitive cAMP-FRET reporter, we have now been able to measure periodically propagating cAMP waves directly in these multicellular structures. In slugs cAMP waves are periodically initiated in the tip and propagate backward through the prespore zone. Altered cAMP signalling dynamics in mutants with developmental defects strongly support a key functional role for cAMP waves in multicellular Dictyostelium morphogenesis. These findings thus show that propagating cAMP not only control the initial aggregation process but continue to be the long range cell-cell communication mechanism guiding cell movement during multicellular Dictyostelium morphogenesis at the mound and slugs stages.
Changes in rainfall distribution promote woody foliage production in the Sahel
Authors: Brandt Martin , Hiernaux Pierre , Rasmussen Kjeld , Tucker Compton J. , Wigneron Jean-Pierre , Diouf Abdoul Aziz , Herrmann Stefanie M. , Zhang Wenmin , Kergoat Laurent , Mbow Cheikh , Abel Christin , Auda Yves , Fensholt Rasmus
Published: April 2019

Dryland ecosystems comprise a balance between woody and herbaceous vegetation. Climate change impacts rainfall timing, which may alter the respective contributions of woody and herbaceous plants on the total vegetation production. Here, we apply 30 years of field-measured woody foliage and herbaceous mass from Senegal and document a faster increase in woody foliage mass (+17 kg ha−1 yr−1) as compared to herbaceous mass (+3 kg ha−1 yr−1). Annual rainfall trends were partitioned into core wet-season rains (+0.7 mm yr-1), supporting a weak but periodic (5-year cycles) increase in herbaceous mass, and early/late rains (+2.1 mm yr−1), explaining the strongly increased woody foliage mass. Satellite observations confirm these findings for the majority of the Sahel, with total herbaceous/woody foliage mass increases by 6%/20%. We conclude that the rainfall recovery in the Sahel does not benefit herbaceous vegetation to the same extent as woody vegetation, presumably favoured by increased early/late rains.
Atomic structure observations and reaction dynamics simulations on triple phase boundaries in solid-oxide fuel cells
Authors: Liu Shu-Sheng , Saha Leton C. , Iskandarov Albert , Ishimoto Takayoshi , Yamamoto Tomokazu , Umeno Yoshitaka , Matsumura Syo , Koyama Michihisa
Published: April 2019

The triple phase boundary (TPB) of metal, oxide, and gas phases in the anode of solid oxide fuel cells plays an important role in determining their performance. Here we explore the TPB structures from two aspects: atomic-resolution microscopy observation and reaction dynamics simulation. Experimentally, two distinct structures are found with different contact angles of metal/oxide interfaces, metal surfaces, and pore opening sizes, which have not previously been adopted in simulations. Reaction dynamics simulations are performed using realistic models for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) at the TPB, based on extensive development of reactive force field parameters. As a result, the activity of different structures towards HOR is clarified, and a higher activity is obtained on the TPB with smaller pore opening size. Three HOR pathways are identified: two types of hydrogen diffusion processes, and one type of oxygen migration process which is a new pathway.
Two-dimensional electronic vibrational spectroscopy and ultrafast excitonic and vibronic photosynthetic energy transfer
Authors: Wu Eric C. , Arsenault Eric A. , Bhattacharyya Pallavi , Lewis Nicholas H. C. , Fleming Graham R.
Published: April 2019

2-Dimensional electronic vibrational spectroscopy presents a novel experimental and theoretical approach to study energy transfer.
The effect of dielectrophoresis on living cells: crossover frequencies and deregulation in gene expression
Authors: Nerguizian Vahé , Stiharu Ion , Al-Azzam Nosayba , Yassine-Diab Bader , Alazzam Anas
Published: April 2019

This article documents the effect of dielectrophoresis on living cells.
An ultrathin cuprite film on Pt(111) with high reactivity to CO
Authors: Wang Wenyuan , Wen Zhilin , Hu Shanwei , Li Zhe , Wu Xiaojun , Zhu Junfa , Shao Xiang
Published: April 2019

A Cu2O(111)-like thin film with a honeycomb structure is grown on Pt(111) whose interface exhibits extremely high reactivity to CO molecules.
Crystallization-induced self-hollowing of molybdenum sulfide nanoparticles and their potential in sodium ion batteries
Authors: Duan Shu-Yi , Piao Jun-Yu , Lin Xi-Jie , Sun Yong-Gang , Xu Yan-Song , Cao An-Min , Wan Li-Jun
Published: April 2019

A template-free process is demonstrated to construct hollow MoS2 nanospheres through a self-hollowing process of solid particles.
Kasha's rule: a reappraisal
Authors: del Valle Juan Carlos , Catalán Javier
Published: April 2019

M. Kasha (Discuss. Faraday Soc., 1950, 9, 14–19): “The emitting electronic level of a given multiplicity is the lowest excited level of that multiplicity”.
Triplet state promoted reaction of SO2with H2O by competition between proton coupled electron transfer (pcet) and hydrogen atom transfer (hat) processes
Authors: Anglada Josep M. , Martins-Costa Marilia T. C. , Francisco Joseph S. , Ruiz-López Manuel F.
Published: April 2019

The excited triplet electronic state of SO2(a3B1) reacts with water through a proton coupled electron transfer (pcet) mechanism rather thanviaa conventional hydrogen atom transfer (hat) process.
tert-Butyl peroxy radical: ground and first excited state energetics and fundamental frequencies
Authors: Franke Peter R. , Moore Kevin B. , Schaefer Henry F. , Douberly Gary E.
Published: April 2019

The lowest adiabatic electronic transition origin and fundamental vibrational frequencies are computed, with high accuracy, for the tert-butyl peroxy radical.
Lithium ion diffusion mechanism in covalent organic framework based solid state electrolyte
Authors: Zhang Kecheng , Zhang Bingkai , Weng Mouyi , Zheng Jiaxin , Li Shunning , Pan Feng
Published: April 2019

Mechanism of Li-ions diffusion in a one-dimension tunnel of COF-5 and structure of the COF-5@LiClO4@THF system.
A d10 Ag(i) amine–borane σ-complex and comparison with a d8 Rh(i) analogue: structures on the η1 to η2:η2 continuum
Authors: Johnson Alice , Martínez-Martínez Antonio J. , Macgregor Stuart A. , Weller Andrew S.
Published: April 2019

The bonding in H3B·NMe3 σ-complexes of d8-Rh(i) and d10-Ag(i) show subtle differences, as probed by structural, spectroscopic and computational studies.
Tetranuclear MnII, CoII, CuII and ZnII grid complexes of an unsymmetrical ditopic ligand: synthesis, structure, redox and magnetic properties
Authors: Lakma Avinash , Hossain Sayed Muktar , van Leusen Jan , Kögerler Paul , Singh Akhilesh Kumar
Published: April 2019

Four tetranuclear [2 × 2] grid complexes have been synthesized and their X-ray structure, redox, EPR and magnetic properties have been studied.
Contribution of 155Gd Mössbauer data to the study of the magnetic interaction in heterodinuclear 3d–Gd (3d = Cu, Ni) coordination complexes
Authors: Ayabe Takanari , Costes Jean-Pierre , Vendier Laure , Geist Andreas , Takeda Masuo , Takahashi Masashi
Published: April 2019

The observed 155Gd Mössbauer isomer shifts of 3d–Gd complexes give an experimental proof for the participation of 5d Gd orbitals to the magnetic interaction in these 3d–Gd complexes.
Monitoring transient cell-to-cell interactions in a multi-layered and multi-functional allergy-on-a-chip system
Authors: Rothbauer Mario , Charwat Verena , Bachmann Barbara , Sticker Drago , Novak Richard , Wanzenböck Heinz , Mathies Richard A. , Ertl Peter
Published: April 2019

Multi-functional LOC for transient allergy monitoring.
Functional iron deficiency in toxic milk mutant mice (tx-J) despite high hepatic ferroportin: a critical role of decreased GPI–ceruloplasmin expression in liver macrophages
Authors: Jończy Aneta , Lipiński Paweł , Ogórek Mateusz , Starzyński Rafał Radosław , Krzysztofik Daria , Bednarz Aleksandra , Krzeptowski Wojciech , Szudzik Mateusz , Haberkiewicz Olga , Miłoń Agnieszka , Grzmil Paweł , Lenartowicz Małgorzata
Published: April 2019

Jackson toxic milk mutant mice (tx-J) carrying a missense mutation in the Atp7b gene are animal models of the Wilson disease. In both the Wilson patients and the tx-J mice, mutations in the ATP7B/Atp7b gene lead to disturbances in copper metabolism. The dysfunction of ATP7B/Atp7b leads to a reduction in the incorporation of copper into apoceruloplasmin; this decreases the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin necessary for the efflux of iron from cells and reduces the release of copper from hepatocytes to the bile; this results in a massive hepatic copper accumulation. A decrease in the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin in the tx-J mice emphasises the practicality of this animal model for the exploration of disturbances in iron balance triggered by dysregulation of copper metabolism. We found that 6-month-old tx-J mutants developed mild anaemia caused by functional iron deficiency. The tx-J mutants showed decreased plasma iron levels with concomitant iron accumulation in hepatocytes and liver macrophages. Hepatic iron retention was accompanied by decreased expression of the membrane form of ceruloplasmin in both liver cell types. Interestingly, in the liver of mutants, we found high levels of ferroportin (an iron exporter) on the surface of liver macrophages despite increased hepatic expression of hepcidin, a peptide inducing internalization and degradation of ferroportin. We conclude that even when the ferroportin expression is high, ceruloplasmin remains a limiting factor in the release of iron to the extracellular environment.
A high photoluminescence sensor for selective detection of cartap based on functionalized VBimBF4B ionic liquid-strengthened sulfur-doped carbon nanodots
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhang Dianwei , Liu Jingmin , Wang Shuo , Liu Huilin
Published: April 2019

A photoluminescence sensor based on functionalized room temperature ionic liquid-strengthened sulfur-doped carbon nanodots is developed for real-time monitoring of cartap.
Half-lantern cyclometalated Pt(ii) and Pt(iii) complexes with bridging heterocyclic thiolate ligands: synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemical and photophysical properties
Authors: Shahsavari Hamid R. , Lalinde Elena , Moreno M. Teresa , Niazi Maryam , Kazemi Sayed Habib , Abedanzadeh Sedigheh , Barazandeh Mohammad , Halvagar Mohammad Reza
Published: April 2019

Half-lantern Pt(ii) and Pt(iii) cyclometalated binuclear complexes, bridged with various heterocyclic thiolate ligands, were synthesized and studied by electrochemical and photophysical techniques.
Coupling of fluoroborylene ligands in manganese carbonyl chemistry to give a difluorodiborene ligand
Authors: Xu Liancai , Li Qian-shu , King R. Bruce
Published: April 2019

A bridging difluorodiborene μ-B2F2 ligand has been observed in two of the three lowest energy Mn2(BF)2(CO)7 structures as well as in the lowest energy Mn2(BF)2(CO)6 structure.
Non-directed copper-catalyzed regioselective C–H sulfonylation of phenothiazines
Authors: Liu Caiyan , Shen Yongli , Yuan Kedong
Published: April 2019

A simple and general procedure for C3 sulfonylation of phenothiazines was developed by CuI/Li2CO3catalyzed transformation of aryl/alkyl sulfonyl chlorides.
The many length scales of DNA packaging
Authors: Gilbert Nick , Allan James
Published: April 2019

This collection of reviews focuses on the most exciting areas of DNA packaging at the current time. Many of the new discoveries are driven by the development of molecular or imaging techniques, and these are providing insights into the complex world of chromatin. As these new techniques continue to improve, we will be able to answer many of the questions we have now, while likely raising many new ones.
Von der Wunde zur Naht
Authors: Schütze Isabell
Published: April 2019

Was ist bei der Wahl des Nahtmaterials zu beachten und welche Techniken gibt es,
um eine Wunde zu verschließen? Unsere Autorin hat einen Blick ins Fadenkabinett
geworfen und liefert die Antworten.
Zirkeltraining im OP
Authors: Schimanski Christina , Wytrieckus Thomas
Published: April 2019

Wie lässt sich ein strukturiertes Qualifikations- und Rotationssystem im OP
entwickeln? Die Kliniken Maria Hilf GmbH in Mönchengladbach nahm den
Zusammenschluss der externen OP-Bereiche in eine zentrale OP-Struktur zum
Anlass, um die Kompetenzen und das Wissen der Mitarbeiter im OP-Funktionsdienst
zu verbreitern. Wie die OP-Strukturen dadurch effektiver gestaltet werden können
und die Mitarbeiter mehr Sicherheit erhalten, schildern unsere Autoren.
Immer in Bewegung
Authors: Hiltensperger Monika
Published: April 2019

Seit sechs Jahren springt unsere Autorin deutschlandweit in Kliniken als
selbstständige OP-Schwester oder als Zeitarbeitnehmerin ein. In dieser Zeit hat
sich viel verändert. Was sich alles gewandelt hat, schildert sie in ihrem
Erfahrungsbericht über Zeitarbeit im OP.
Trauma mit Folgen: das komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrom
Authors: Dimova Violeta , Birklein Frank
Published: April 2019

Das komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrom (CRPS) ist eine seltene Schmerzerkrankung einer Extremität, die nach einer Verletzung entsteht. Etwa 2% aller Menschen entwickeln nach einem Trauma ein CRPS. Die Prognose der Erkrankung ist positiv – auch wenn sich die meisten Patienten nicht vollständig erholen, so ist doch eine wesentliche Besserung der Symptome bei frühzeitiger adäquater Behandlung zu erreichen.

Der Refresher gibt ein Update zu Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik, klinischer Manifestation, Chronifizierungsfaktoren und Therapie.
Nasenausfluss beim Hund – Wie sinnvoll sind
bakteriologische und histopathologische Untersuchungen?
Authors: Rösch Sarah , Bomhard Wolf v. , Heilmann Romy M. , Oechtering Gerhard U.
Published: April 2019

Gegenstand und Ziel Es sollte untersucht werden, inwieweit die
bakteriologische Untersuchung von Nasenschleimhautabstrichen (BU) und die
histopathologische Untersuchung (HP) von Nasenschleimhautbioptaten bei Hunden
mit Nasenausfluss (NAF) für das Stellen einer Diagnose von Bedeutung sind.

Material und Methoden Retrospektiv wurden Patientenakten von Hunden
ausgewertet, die mit dem Hauptsymptom NAF von Januar 2015 bis Dezember 2016 in
der HNO-Abteilung der Klinik für Kleintiere vorgestellt wurden.

Ergebnisse Die Auswertung umfasste die Daten von 85 Hunden. Auf der Basis
der Ergebnisse einer Computertomografie (CT) des Kopfes, einer Rhinoskopie, der
BU und der HP wurden 6 Gruppen nach den Primärursachen klassifiziert: nasale
Neoplasie (24/85, 28 %), oronasale Defekte (22/85, 26 %), idiopathische
chronische Rhinitis (17/85, 20 %), Fremdkörper (8/85, 10 %), sinonasale
Aspergillose (7/85, 8 %) und pathologische Veränderungen des Nasenspiegels (NSP;
7/85, 8 %). Bei brachyzephalen Hunden (14/85, 17 %) stellten oronasale Defekte
(8/14, 57 %) mit Abstand die häufigste Ursache für NAF dar. Eine bakterielle
Infektion der Nasenschleimhaut war bei keinem Tier die Primärursache für NAF und
daher nicht allein mit einem Antibiotikum zu therapieren. Dennoch waren 72 % der
Tiere antibiotisch vorbehandelt. Die BU zeigte Sekundärerreger, die für keine
Primärursache charakteristisch waren. Die HP erwies sich nur für die
endoskopisch kontrollierte Probenentnahme von Tumorgewebe als diagnostisch.
Nicht diagnostisch waren dagegen die Biopsie von Nasenschleimhaut und die
Bestimmung des Entzündungstyps.

Schlussfolgerungen NAF ist beim Hund häufig Folge einer gravierenden
Grunderkrankung, die zu bleibenden Schäden bis hin zum Tod führen kann. Daher
bedarf es einer frühzeitigen weiterführenden Diagnostik in Narkose. Die
Rhinoskopie als zentrales Diagnostikum wird durch CT und Biopsie ergänzt. Eine
bakteriologische Untersuchung des Nasenausflusses ermöglicht keine Diagnose der
zugrunde liegenden Primärerkrankung.

Klinische Relevanz Ohne Diagnose ist die Anwendung von Antibiotika bei
Hunden mit NAF nicht indiziert, bei Tumorerkrankungen oder einer Pilzinfektion
sogar schädlich. Bei Tumorverdacht sollten Bioptate unter endoskopischer Sicht
gewonnen werden, da Blindbiopsien häufig benachbartes Gewebe erfassen und zu
einer falschen Diagnose führen.
Schulterbeschwerden behandeln mit Mikrosystem-Akupunktur
Authors: Gleditsch Jochen , Irnich Dominik
Published: April 2019

Für die Behandlung von Schulterschmerzen bietet sich die Mikrosystem-Akupunktur an, da sich mit ihr aus Erfahrung oft unmittelbare Besserungen von Schmerz und Funktionsstörungen erreichen lassen. Diese häufig zu beobachtenden Soforteffekte sind motivierend für den Patienten, denn sie vermitteln die Botschaft, dass die Schulter nicht „kaputt“ ist. Außerdem optimieren sie die Bedingungen für die Physiotherapie und Eigenübungen. Die Integration der Mikrosystem-Akupunktur in eine umfassende individuelle Körperakupunktur ist bei chronischen Verläufen ratsam.

Dieser Beitrag stellt die Behandlung von Schulterbeschwerden detailliert, praktisch und pragmatisch dar.
Sweat Loss and Hydration Habits of Female Olympic, Varsity and Recreational Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Bigg Jessica Lynne , Gamble Alexander Shand Davis , Vermeulen Tyler Fredrick , Boville Stephanie Michelle , Eskedjian Greg S. , Palmer Matthew Stephen , Spriet Lawrence L.
Published: April 2019

This study measured sweat losses, voluntary fluid intake, sodium balance, and carbohydrate intake of female ice hockey players during on-ice practices at the Olympic, varsity, and recreational levels. Testing was conducted on 25 Canadian Olympic players, 21 varsity, and 21 recreational players. The average sweat rate for the Olympic players (0.99±0.08 L/h) was significantly greater than both the varsity (0.67±0.05 L/h, p=0.001) and the recreational players (0.42±0.03 L/h, p<0.001), and the varsity players also had a significantly greater sweat rate than the recreational athletes (p=0.016). Total fluid intake was significantly greater for both the Olympic (p=0.001) and varsity players (p=0.007) compared to the recreational group. Only 3 of 25 Olympic players lost>1.5% BM and 4 others lost>1% BM, with no players in both the varsity and recreational teams losing>1% BM. Half of the Olympic players consumed some carbohydrate during practice, but most of the varsity and recreational players did not. In conclusion, sweat rates in female ice hockey players during practices were proportional to competitive level. Fluid intake was similar between groups and resulted in only a few athletes at the Olympic level being at risk of excess body mass loss.