bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anotação de sentidos de verbos em textos jornalísticos do corpus CSTNews
Authors: Sobrevilla Cabezudo Marco Antonio , Maziero Erick Galani , Souza Jackson Wilke da Cruz , Dias Márcio de Souza , Cardoso Paula Christina Figueira , Balage Filho Pedro Paulo , Agostini Verônica , Nóbrega Fernando Antônio Asevedo , De Barros Cláudia Dias , Di Felippo Ariani , Pardo Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro
Published: December 2015

Resumo: Um dos problemas mais difíceis de serem tratados no Processamento de Linguagem Natural (PLN) é a ambiguidade lexical, pois as palavras podem expressar sentidos distintos de acordo com o contexto no qual elas ocorrem. Em PLN, a tarefa responsável por determinar o sentido adequado de uma palavra em contexto é a Desambiguação Lexical de Sentido (DLS). Nessa tarefa, o uso de corpus anotado é muito útil, pois esse recurso linguístico computacional permite o estudo mais aprofundado da ambiguidade, assim como o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de métodos de DLS. O presente trabalho relata o processo de anotação de sentidos dos verbos em textos jornalísticos presentes no corpus CSTNews, usando-se a WordNet de Princeton como repositório de sentidos. As contribuições deste trabalho incluem a disponibilização de um recurso linguístico que serve de base para futuras pesquisas em DLS para o português, além de detalhar o processo de anotação e seus resultados.Palavras-chave: Linguística de Corpus; Desambiguação Lexical de Sentido; Português Brasileiro.Abstract: One of the hardest problems in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the lexical ambiguity, as words may express different senses depending on the context in which they occur. In NLP, Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is the task that aims at determining the proper meaning of a word in its context. In this task, the use of a sense annotated corpus is useful because this RELIN, v. 23, Edição Especial, 2015. 799 computational linguistic resource enables further study of the ambiguity phenomenon and the development and evaluation of WSD methods. This paper describes the verb sense annotation process in news texts in the CSTNews corpus, using Princeton WordNet as sense repository. Besides detailing the annotation process and its results, the contributions of this work include the availability of a linguistic resource that may be the basis for future research in WSD for Portuguese.Keywords: Corpus Linguistics; Word Sense Disambiguation; Brazilian Portuguese.
Tingkat Kematangan Inti Oosit Sapi Setelah 24 Jam Presevasi Ovarium
Authors: Widyastuti Rini , Rasad Siti Darodjah
Published: December 2015

(Nuclear maturity of bovine oocyte after 24 hours ovary preservation)ABSTRACT. The objective of the research was to investigate  their meiotic competence or nuclear maturity of bovine oocytes maturity in vitro after 24 hour preservation on 5°C. Oocytes  were collected by slicing the ovaries in modified phosphate buffer saline (m-PBS). Selected cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) homogenous ooplasm  were cultured in maturity medium at 38°C in humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 incubator. After 24 hours, oocytes stained for nuclear maturity’s evaluation. The proportion of oocytes at metaphase II (MII) was significantly difference (P 0.05) on oocytes that 24 hours preservated   (44.21 ± 3.04%) vs oocytes from fresh ovary (73.97 ± 9.32%) (P0.05). These results indicated that 24 hour’s preservation  bovine’s ovary on 50C  cause  decreases of nuclear oocyte maturity.
Pengaruh Bungkil Inti dan Lumpur Sawit yang Difermentasi dengan Aspergillus sp asal Akar Bambu terhadap Kandungan Lemak Ayam Broiler
Authors: Hartoyo Bambang , Supadmo Supadmo , Wihandoyo Wihandoyo , Wibowo Ali
Published: December 2015

(The effect of palm kernel cake and palm oil sludge fermented with aspergillus sp derived from bamboo root on broiler’s fat content)ABSTRACT. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of palm kernel cake and palm oil sludge fermented with Aspergillus sp derived from bamboo root on broiler’s fat content including liver fat, abdominal fat and meat fat. Study was conducted for 8 weeks in Experimental Farm, Animal Science Faculty Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto. Research utilized 196 male DOC strain Lohman, ration treatments, cage and other utilities. Seven allotted rations were R0 = control ration (without FPKC and FPOS), R1 = 7.5% FPKC, R2 = 15% FPKC, R3 = 22.5% FPKC, R4 = 7.5% FPOS, R5 = 15% FPOS, R6 = 22.5% FPOS. Each treatment unit used 7 (seven) DOCs with 4 (four) replicates. The obtained data were subject to analysis of variance followed by Orthogonal Contrasts. Result demonstrated that liver fat level was 1,79 – 3,86%, abdominal fat was 0,52 – 2,04%, and meat fat was 0,21 – 0,61%.  Analysis of variance result showed that supplementing palm kernel cake and palm oil sludge fermented with Aspergillus sp derived from bamboo root highly significantly affected (P 0.01) abdominal fat level, significantly affected (P 0.05) liver fat level but did not significantly affected (P 0.05) broiler meat fat level.
Perbedaan Laju Alir Partikel Pakan Berbagai Pakan Serat dalam Sistem Rumen Sapi
Authors: Usman Yunasri
Published: December 2015

(The differences of passage rate of feed particles from various crude fiber feed in dairy cattle rumen)ABSTRACT. The differences of passage rate particles is considerably influenced by different feed consumption relating to the nature of feed, types of animals, and physiological status of animals. The purpose of this experiments was to measure differences of passage rate feed particles at various crude fiber feed in cows’ rumen. This experiment used two cows of fistulated crossed breed Frisian Holland (PFH), non-productive with the age of 4-5 years. Feed observed in this experiments were peanut straw, corn straw and sugar cane straw and fed as single feed. Method applied to measure passage rate was chrome mordanse/chrome and NDF as marker introduced through fistulated rumen. All data were analyzed by using regression. The value of passage rate (Kp) was about 3,7% per hour for peanut straw, and 2,5% per hour for corn straw and sugar cane straw. Kp value of peanut straw was higher than that of corn straw and sugar cane straw. The highest value of Kp for peanut srtaw was due to better quality of peanut straw compared to corn straw and sugar cane straw in which peanut straw contained high level of protein and low level of Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF). The differences of chemical composition of crude fiber feed from peanut straw with high level of protein and low level of NDF compared to corn straw and sugar cane straw resulted in degradation of feed by microbial rumen was higher, low rumination. It caused higher passage rate of feed.
Penjamasan Pusaka Sunan kalijaga
Authors: Muawanah Siti
Published: December 2015

This article discusses the washing ceremony of Sunan Kalijaga’s three heirlooms: Kyai Kutang Antakusuma, Kyai Crubuk and Kyai Sirikan, which is annually held by the ahli waris of Sunan Kalijaga in Kadilangu. This writing, however, is not intended to describe how the procession runs in details, but to convey the hidden messages of the ritual. There are at least three main meanings of the ritual. The first, the importance of the five daily prayers; the second,  familial  relationship among the ahli waris, and the last, economic benefit or profit motive.

 
Konsep Al-Ghuslu dalam Kitab Fiqih Manhaji
Authors: K Samidi
Published: December 2015

The Fikih Manhaji, written by Musthafa al-Khani and taught in some pesantrens
in Indonesia,   is regarded as a modern fiqh book. This writing is based upon a study of the book which uses qualitative method and descriptiveanalitical analysis. Although the Fikih Manhaji contains of three volumes, this  study, however, is only focusing on the chapter of al-ghuslu (bathing) which is  discussed in the first volume.  Al-ghuslu is divided into two categories: mandi wajib (a must/obligatory bathing) and mandi sunnah (recommended bathing). In addition to giving the definition of the two groups, the book also discusses some examples of each category.
Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Agama Pada SMA Swasta
Authors: Wahab Wahab
Published: December 2015

This research is a comparative study which compared to the impact  PAI
private high school implementation islamic faundation that uses foundation
and Diknas curriculum. The purpose of this study are 1) to know the difference
between the religious behavior of students who obtain teaching religion  from
diknas curiculum  and PAI  foundation curicula, 2) to identify differences in
religious behavior among students of class X, XI, and XII at the PAI religious  
prifate high school  foundation. The results showed (1) students who get education
from foundation curicula is better than the setudent who  get education  PAI from diknas curicula .  2). The student of class  XII student behavior is better
than the behavior in grade XI.

 
Masjid Besar Kauman Semarang : Sebuah Kajian Gaya Arsitektur dan Ornamen
Authors: Sidiq Achmad
Published: December 2015

Masjid Besar Kauman Semarang which is simply called as Masjid Besar Kauman is an ancient mosque in Central Java which has various characteristics: Javanese,
Persian  and Arabian.Considering the model of the roof, the  mosque exposes
its Javanese characteristics; even its triple overlapping roof  with the mustaka on the top reminds us to the Masjid Agung Demak. On the  other hand, looking at its gate the mosque belongs to Persian and Arabian  characteristics.  The mosque which was founded by Kyai Adipati Surodimenggolo II is a series of historical development of the mosque in Semarang.  In a short time, unfortunately, the mosque was on fire. In  23 April 1889 the mosque was rebuilt by G.I. Blume and Raden Tumenggung Cokrodipuro and by 23 November 1890 the rebuilding of the mosque completely finished. Such
information can be seen in the inscription on the sculpture at the mosque gate.
Movement of Campus’ Mosque at UGM and UIN Sunan Kalijaga In Order to Understand National Politic
Authors: Andrles Flavius Florls
Published: December 2015

The emerging religious movement in campus areas after the reformation era is an interesting phenomenon to be researched. The aim of this study is to answer these questions:   how to reconstruct the idea of religion and how the implementation of such idea in the religious movement to response the political problems. This research was conducted in two campuses with different background, Gadjah Mada University representing secular campus and Islamic state university Sunan Kalijaga representing religious campus. Findings of this research show that there is different religious understanding on the religious movement. In Gajah Mada mosque, the political problem is not discussed and is not included in the preaching. The reason is that the material is not relevant to mosque function. On the other hand, there is no problem to discuss about politics and also to say it in a preaching at the mosque in Islamic State University Sunan Kalijaga. This can happen because education about politics for people is part of mosque responsibility as a representation of muamalat in Islam.
Index of Harmony Inter-Religious Communities in East Kalimantan
Authors: Rais Muhammad
Published: December 2015

This policy research aims to describe about the actualization and habitualization of ideology on interreligious harmony. This ideology is constructed whether through top-down state policies or local value basis which is proactively advocated by elites of religions. This research uses a survey method to gain actual and evaluative responses from the respondents which is limited for Moslem and Christian groups in East Kalimantan. The research findings depicts that perceptions of the public related to inter-religious harmony tend to be very positive, the response rate represented the average index of 0.79. Although it could not be denied that there are other facts found in this study by interviewing people at the grass roots.  These people gave different response; their responses tend to be negative which may lead to a conflict of identity between local people and migrants.
The Influence of Implementation Religious Study on Students’ Religious Behaviour at Senior High Schools Under Religious Foundation in Kupang East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Wibowo AM
Published: December 2015

This research aims to measure the effect of implementation of religious education at the high school under the religious foundations toward religious behavior student in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Province. There are five aspect of behaviour that measured include religiosity, honesty, tolerance, love peace and social concerns. Formulation of the problems in this study are (1) are  there any effect of the implementation of religious education for student of religious behavior (2) How is the implementation of religious education as ap- plied to schools under the Religious foundations. (3) how the implementation of the ideal model of religious education at the high school under thereligious foundations. By using the mixed methods  analysis this research found three findings: (1) there is  influence of religion on the behavior of  the implementation of religious education  for learners. (2) religious education at high school under the Religious foundations in Kupang East Nusa Tenggara have implemented five aspects measured in the subjects of religious education. (3) there are three models of a good education: an evaluation of  the  cognitive,  affective and psychomotor, strengthening the practice, and establising communication with inte- gral outsiders .
Public Perception on the Role of Kiai in Yogyakarta
Authors: Mawardi Marmiati
Published: December 2015

This paper is a summary of the research conducted in the province of Special Region of Yogyakarta, and put people in the Yogyakarta City, Sleman Regency and Kulonprogo Regency as sample. This research aimed to discribe people’s perception of the of kiai (Islamic scholars) in the field of empowerment for improving the quality of religious life and increasing religious harmony in Special Region of Yogyakarta. The analysis results showed that the kiai has considerable role for improving the religious diversity among community and improve the quality of religious harmony. The public view on the dimension of beliefs, rituals and social very negative an relatively small. This reality showed that Yogyakarta people’s religious knowledge was quite diverse, so there is a different perception. People’s perception of the role of kiai in improving the quality of religious life and religious harmony based on the social background of respondents of all categories, respondents said that kiai have positive role.
THE CONFRONTATION OF THE EXPERT OPINIONS IN THE FORENSIC EVALUATION OF FRACTURE-DISLOCATION OF THE FOREARMS BONES COMPOSING ELBOW JOINT
Authors: Kulikov S. N.
Published: December 2015

The article deals with the expert interpretation of the weight and the mechanism of the formation of the casus of fracture-dislocation of the forearm’s bones composing elbow joint. The author shows the exchange of the arguments and the counter-evidence in the long forensic process. The main subject of the confrontation was the opposite evaluation of the trauma weight (harm to the health grave or medium-gravity). The principle difference of the expert judgements on the fact of the discussed trauma is in the use of the definitions p. 6.11., p. 6.11.3., p. 6.11.11.,p. 7.1. of the Medical criteria of the severity determination of the harm caused to the human’s health approved by the Order № 194n by the health Ministry of Russia the 24th of April 2008 . At the same time it is morphology that determines the mechanism of the formation of the trauma and the way of its receiving. So the dilemma has come across the counter-evidence: “trauma caused by the fall” and “trauma caused by the straight blow of the dull object”. The article shows the importance for the expert process of the proper vision of the initial morphology of the trauma noted by the X-ray on the fact of the first application of the patient for the medical aid.
Medical Risk Assessment in Patients Referred to Dental Clinics, Mashhad, Iran (2011-2012)
Authors: Maryam Amirchaghmaghi , Atessa Pakfetrat , Mozafari Pegah Mosannen , Zahra Shafiee , Hanieh Ghalavani , Davood Aghasizadeh , Yeganeh Khazaei
Published: December 2015

Advances in medical and dental techniques have led to a growing aged population living with complex medical conditions. This study focuses on the detection of medically compromised dental patients by means of a validated patient-administered medical risk-related history questionnaire.Materials and Methods: We used the questionnaire EMRRH (European Risk Related Medical History)in order to study the prevalence as well as the risk assessment of past medical problems in a population who visited dental centers (dental university, dental offices and clinics) for treatment in Mashhad, Iran.Results:A total number of 1,188 patients were registered, 871 of whom had a medical history that was of some interest to us. From the population with medical problems which was 30.6% of the total (N=219), 26.7% of the patients were classified as risk ASA I; 37.3% as ASA II, 16.9% as ASA III; and 19.1% as ASA IV. Among the diverse pathologies, the highest percentage was hypertension (11.6%), followed by allergies to different drugs (8.37%).Conclusion: It seems absolutely essential for dental practitioners to take a detailed medical history prior to any therapeutic procedure, as certain medical conditions, if unnoticed, will lead to unfavorable consequences and/or repercussions.
Piezosurgery in Bone Augmentation Procedures Previous to Dental Implant Surgery: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Leonardo Magrin Gabriel , Alberto Sigua-Rodriguez Eder , Rangel Goulart Douglas , Asprino Luciana
Published: December 2015

The piezosurgery has been used with increasing frequency and applicability by health professionals, especially
those who deal with dental implants. The concept of piezoelectricity has emerged in the nineteenth century, but it was applied
in oral surgery from 1988 by Tomaso Vercellotti. It consists of an ultrasonic device able to cut mineralized bone tissue,
without injuring the adjacent soft tissue. It also has several advantages when compared to conventional techniques
with drills and saws, such as the production of a precise, clean and low bleed bone cut that shows positive biological results.
In dental implants surgery, it has been used for maxillary sinus lifting, removal of bone blocks, distraction osteogenesis,
lateralization of the inferior alveolar nerve, split crest of alveolar ridge and even for dental implants placement.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of piezosurgery in bone augmentation procedures used previously to dental
implants placement.
A Colorimetric Interdental Probe as a Standard Method to Evaluate Interdental Efficiency of Interdental Brush
Authors: Bourgeois D. , Carrouel F. , Llodra J.C. , Bravo M. , Viennot S.
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study is to evaluate the concordance between the empirical choice of interdental brushes of different diameters compared to the gold standard, the IAP CURAPROX© calibrating colorimetric probe. It is carried out with the aim of facilitating the consensus development of best practices. All the subjects’ interproximal spaces were evaluated using the reference technique (colorimetric probe), then after a time lapse of 1.2 ± 0.2 hours, using the empirical clinical technique (brushes) by the same examiner. Each examiner explored 3 subjects. The order the patients were examined with the colorimetric interdental probe (CIP) was random. 446 sites were selected in the study out of 468 potential sites. The correspondence of scores between interdental bushes vs. colorimetric probe is 43.0% [95%-CI: 38.5-47.6]. In 33.41% of the 446 sites, the brush is inferior to the probe; in 23.54% of cases, the brush is superior to the probe. Among the discrepancies there is thus a tendency for the subjects to use brushes with smaller diameter than that recommended by the colorimetric probe. This review has found very high-quality evidence that colorimetric probes plus interdental brushing is more beneficial than interdental brushing alone for increase the concordance between the empirical choice of interdental brushes of different diameters compared to the gold standard. Uncertainties remain and further research is required to provide detailed data on user satisfaction.
Low-dose Bupivacaine with Dexmedetomidine Prevents Hypotension After Spinal Anesthesia
Authors: Seop Chang Young , Kim Ji-Eun , Sung Tae-Yun
Published: December 2015

Background:

We assessed whether intrathecal low-dose bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine could reduce the
incidence of spinal anesthesia (SA)-related hypotension.

Methods:

In total, 47 patients undergoing urological or orthopedic
surgery under SA were randomized into two groups. SA was induced using 12.5 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine alone
(Group B; n = 24 patients) or 6 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 4 μg of dexmedetomidine and 0.3 ml of saline (Group
BD; n = 23 patients). At 10 min after SA, dexmedetomidine was infused in both groups at a loading dose of 0.5 µg/kg,
administered over 10 min, and then maintained at a dose of 0.2 µg/kg/h for 40 min.

Results:

The incidence of hypotension
was significantly higher in Group B than in Group BD (50.0 vs. 17.4%, P = 0.018). The amount of ephedrine used to treat
hypotension was significantly higher in Group B than in Group BD (median [range], 3 [0–30] vs. 0 [0–12] mg, P = 0.014).

Conclusion:

Low-dose bupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine SA reduced the incidence of hypotension compared to conventional
bupivacaine SA.
An experimental study on the effects of swirling oxidizer flow and diameter of fuel nozzle on behaviour and light emittance of propane-oxygen non-premixed flame
Authors: Javareshkian Alireza , Tabejamaat Sadegh , Sarrafan-Sadeghi Soroush , Baigmohammadi Mohammadreza
Published: December 2015

In this study, the stability and the light emittance of non-premixed propane-oxygen flames have been experimentally evaluated with respect to swirling oxidizer flow and variations in fuel nozzle diameter. Hence, three types of the vanes with the swirl angles of 30?, 45?, and 60? have been chosen for producing the desired swirling flows. The main aims of this study are to determine the flame behaviour, light emittance, and also considering the effect of variation in fuel nozzle diameter on combustion phenomena such as flame length, flame shape, and soot free length parameter. The investigation into the flame phenomenology was comprised of variations of the oxidizer and fuel flow velocities (respective Reynolds numbers) and the fuel nozzle diameter. The results showed that the swirl effect could change the flame luminosity and this way could reduce or increase the maximum value of the flame light emittance in the combustion zone. Therefore, investigation into the flame light emittance can give a good clue for studying the mixing quality of reactants, the flame phenomenology (blue flame or sooty flame, localized extinction), and the combustion intensity in non-premixed flames.
Application and design of an economizer for waste heat recovery in a cogeneration plant
Authors: Martic Igor , Budimir Stevan , Mitrovic Nenad , Maslarevic Aleksandar , Markovic Milos
Published: December 2015

Energy increase cost has required its more effective use. However, many
industrial heating processes generate waste energy. Use of waste-heat
recovery systems decreases energy consumption. This paper presents case study
of waste heat recovering of the exhaust flue gas in a 1415 kWe cogeneration
plant. This waste heat can be recovered by installing an economizer to heat
the condensed and fresh water in thermal degasification unit and reduce steam
use for maintaining the temperature of 105?C for oxygen removal. Design
methodology of economizer is presented.
Pressure drop and stability of flow in Archimedean spiral tube with transverse corrugations
Authors: Djordjevic Milan , Stefanovic Velimir , Mancic Marko
Published: December 2015

Isothermal pressure drop experiments were carried out for the steady
Newtonian fluid flow in Archimedean spiral tube with transverse corrugations.
Pressure drop correlations and stability criteria for distinguishing the flow
regimes have been obtained in a continuous Reynolds number range from 150 to
15 000. The characterizing geometrical groups which take into account all the
geometrical parameters of Archimedean spiral and corrugated pipe has been
acquired. Before performing experiments over the Archimedean spiral, the
corrugated straight pipe having high relative roughness e/d = 0.129 of
approximately sinusoidal type was tested in order to obtain correlations for
the Darcy friction factor. Insight into the magnitude of pressure loss in the
proposed geometry of spiral solar receiver for different flow rates is
important because of its effect upon the efficiency of the receiver. Although
flow in spiral and corrugated geometries has the advantages of compactness
and high heat transfer rates, the disadvantage of greater pressure drops
makes hydrodynamic studies relevant.
Different heating systems for single family house: Energy and economic analysis
Authors: Turanjanin Valentina , Vucicevic Biljana , Jovanovic Marina
Published: December 2015

The existing building stock energy consumption accounts for about 38% of
final energy consumption in Republic of Serbia. 70% of that energy is
consumed by residential sector, mostly for space heating. This research is
addressed to the single family house building placed in the Belgrade city.
The house has ground and first floor with total heating area of 130 m2 and
pellet as space heating source. The aim of this paper is to evaluate energy
and economic analysis for different heating systems. Several homeheating were
compared: Option 1 (biomass combustion boiler using pellet as a fuel), Option
2 (gas combustion boiler) and Option 3 (heat pump). The building performance
was evaluated by TRNSYS 17 simulation code. Results show estimated savings
using renewable energy sources.
Influence of material velocity on heat generation during linear welding stage of friction stir welding
Authors: Murariu Alin , Veljic Darko , Barjaktarevic Dragana , Rakin Marko , Radovic Nenad , Sedmak Aleksandar , Djokovic Jelena
Published: December 2015

The heat generated during friction stir welding (FSW) process depends on
plastic deformation of the material and friction between the tool and the
material. In this work, heat generation is analysed with respect to the
material velocity around the tool in Al alloy Al2024-T351 plate. The slip
rate of the tool relative to the workpiece material is related to the
frictional heat generated. The material velocity, on the other hand, is
related to the heat generated by plastic deformation. During the welding
process, the slippage is the most pronounced on the front part of the tool
shoulder. Also, it is higher on the retreating side than on the advancing
side. Slip rate in the zone around the tool pin has very low values, almost
negligible. In this zone, the heat generation from friction is very low,
because the material is in paste-like state and subjected to intensive
plastic deformation. The material flow velocity around the pin is higher in
the zone around the root of the pin. In the radial direction, this quantity
increases from the pin to the periphery of the tool shoulder.
Navigating Treacherous Waters—One Researcher's 40 Years of Experience with Controversial Scientific Research,
Authors: Schumm Walter R.
Published: December 2015

Science often must deal with issues that are politically controversial. However, there are dangers in dealing with controversial research and serious risks to the process of doing science and to the credibility of science, particularly social science. Here, I discuss lessons learned from engaging in and criticizing controversial research for nearly four decades. Social science research as a process is being damaged by questionable research practices, several of which are discussed. Social science results are being misrepresented through a variety of weak or incorrect methodologies, each of which is discussed. Discourse about social science results often shifts from academic discussion into attempts to discredit those with whom one may disagree. Science and the public are not being well served by these problems, so new researchers and policymakers need to be aware of them. For teaching purposes, examples are also presented of controversial research in which new analyses offer different results than previously reported.
Limitations to recording larger mammalian predators in savannah using camera traps and spoor
Authors: Pirie Tara J. , Thomas Rebecca L. , Fellowes Mark D. E.
Published: December 2015

Traditionally, spoor (tracks, pug marks) have been used as a cost effective tool to assess the presence and in some cases the individual identity of larger mammals. Automated camera traps are now increasingly utilised to monitor wildlife, primarily as the cost has greatly declined and statistical approaches to data analysis have improved. While camera traps have become ubiquitous, we have little understanding of their effectiveness when compared to traditional approaches using spoor in the field. Here, we 1) test the success of camera traps in recording a range of carnivore species against spoor in realistic field settings (dirt roads in a South African wilderness reserve); 2) ask if simple measures of spoor size taken by amateur volunteers are likely to allow individual leopards to be tracked in the field and 3) for a trained tracker, ask if this approach may allow individual leopards to be followed with confidence in savannah habitat. We found that camera traps under‐recorded mammalian top and meso‐carnivores when compared with spoor in the field, with camera traps more likely to underrecord the presence of smaller carnivores (civet 64%; genet 46%, Meller's mongoose 45%) than larger (jackal sp. 30%, brown hyena 22%), while leopard was more likely to be recorded by camera trap (all recorded by camera trap only). We found that amateur trackers could be beneficial in regards to recording leopard presence; however the large variance in measurements of spoor taken by volunteers suggests that this approach is unlikely to allow the collection of further information about individual leopards. Nevertheless, the use of simple spoor measurements in the field by a trained field researcher increases their ability to reliably follow a leopard trail in difficult terrain. This allows researchers to glean further data on leopard behaviour and habitat use without the need for complex spoor analysis.
Overview of Nature Protection Progress in Kosovo
Authors: Veselaj Zeqir , Mustafa Behxhet
Published: December 2015

This paper presents an overview of progress in the area of nature conservation in the last decade in Kosovo. Two very important laws were promulgated in 2012 about two national parks: Bjeshket e Nemuna and Sharri National park. With this expansion, the protected area network that in 2003 was about 4.36 % of the territory was increased to 10.9%, reaching a satisfactory degree of protected areas and increasing the number of protected areas in a total of 116. While in terms of conservation of protected areas a significant progress has been achieved, stagnation is seen in the conservation of rare and threatened species of flora and fauna. Although envisaged by legislation, the Red List of Kosovo of rare and threatened species has not been adopted yet. Also, there is a small progress in the implementation of practical conservation and management measures contained in the legislation.
Disease profile and Outcome of Newborn admitted to Neonatology unit of BPKIHS
Authors: Kanodia Piush , Yadav Sunil Kumar , Bhatta Nisha Keshary , Singh Rupa Rajbhandari
Published: December 2015

Background & Objectives: Neonatal period is a vulnerable time in which the newborn has to adapt to a totally new environment and is susceptible to many problems, which may even be life threatening. Every year, millions of neonates are born and a large proportion of them are admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for various indications. It is found that neonatal mortality rate is decreasing in Nepal but at a slower pace than infant and child mortality. In order to improve neonatal outcome, it is crucial to identify the areas where health care can be improved. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the clinical profile, pattern of diseases and common causes of mortality and morbidity in neonates admitted to neonatology unit.Materials & Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at neonatology unit of BPKIHS, from January 2014 to December 2014. A total of 1009 neonates (both inborn and out-born) were admitted to neonatology division during the study period. Data was collected from the hospital record section. Ethical clearance was taken from the institutional ethical committee before the initiation of the study. Data was entered and descriptive analysis was done by using SPSS 20.0.Results: Total of 1009 neonates were admitted in neonatology unit. Among them, 349(34.5%) cases were admitted due neonatal sepsis, 236 (23.3%) due to prematurity and 233 (23.1%) with birth asphyxia. Among birth asphyxia, 102(43.7%) were in HIE III, 34.3% and 21.8% in HIE II and HIE I, respectively. The overall mortality was 47 (4.7%) during hospital stay.Conclusion: Sepsis, prematurity and birth asphyxia were major causes for admission in NICU. All these etiologies are preventable up to some extent and, if detected earlier, can be effectively treated in order to reduce morbidity and mortalityJCMS Nepal. 2015;11(3):20-24.
Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding Risk factors and Prevention of Suicidal Behaviour among Adolescents in a selected College, Salem, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Loganathan N
Published: December 2015

Background & Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of suicidal behavior, to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of suicidal behaviour among Adolescents, and to associate the pre-test knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of suicidal behaviour among adolescents with their selected demographic variables.Materials & Methods: A quantitative evaluative approach with a pre-experimental (one group pre test- post test) design was adopted; the setting of the study was Sri Vidya Mandir College, Salem, Tamilnadu. A Structured Self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of the adolescents. The systematic random sampling technique was used and 60 adolescents involved on Structured Teaching Programme regarding Risk factors and prevention of Suicidal Behaviour by using a Power-point slide presentation followed with pre-test. On 7th day, the post test was conducted. The data collection period of the study was 09.12.2014 to 15.12.2014.Results: The study findings revealed that during Pre-test, the knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of suicidal behaviour among adolescents, 45(75%) had inadequate knowledge, 15(25%) had moderately adequate knowledge and none of them had adequate knowledge. During post test, 23 adolescents (38.33%) had adequate knowledge, 37(61.67%) had moderately adequate knowledge and none of them had inadequate knowledge. The mean score during pre-test was 9.9±3.88 and the mean score during post test was 17.03±4.12. The paired ‘t’ value was 16.84 which were significant at p<0.05 level. Thus it shows that the structured teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of suicidal behaviour among adolescents. There was no significant association found between the pre-test scores on knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of suicidal behaviour and the selected demographic variables at p<0.05 level. involved.Conclusion: The study concluded that the structured teaching programme was effective among adolescents to improve the knowledge regarding risk factors and prevention of suicidal behaviour.JCMS Nepal. 2015;11(3):25-29.
Level of Service of Safety Revisited
Authors: Kononov Jake , Durso Catherine , Lyon Craig , Allery Bryan
Published: December 2015

The concept of the level of service of safety (LOSS) was developed at the Colorado Department of Transportation in 2000. LOSS reflects how a roadway segment or an intersection is performing in reference to the expected frequency and severity of crashes predicted by its safety performance function. The LOSS concept provides quantitative assessment and qualitative description of the degree of safety of a segment or an intersection. In addition, the loss concept facilitates effective communication about safety problems to other professionals, the traveling public, and elected officials. The LOSS concept was first introduced in a paper titled “Level of Service of Safety: Conceptual Blueprint and Analytical Framework,” published in 2003 in the Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1840. LOSS was incorporated into the first edition of the AASHTO Highway Safety Manual and is used by the Departments of Transportation of Colorado, Louisiana, Montana, Oklahoma, and Wyoming and the Ontario Ministry of Transport, in Canada. LOSS lends itself well to the safety decision-making process in departments of transportation. However, the concept did not initially address correction for the regression to the mean bias. A new method is introduced for using LOSS in concert with correction for regression to the mean bias with an empirical Bayes procedure. In addition, distributional assumptions associated with LOSS are revisited, how the LOSS boundaries are calibrated in the population corrected for the regression to the mean bias is explained, and an intuitive percentile-based reporting method is provided. Finally a diagnostic example and a before-and-after study demonstrating the value of LOSS in identifying the safety problem at a real location are worked through.
Predicting Crashes on Expressway Ramps with Real-Time Traffic and Weather Data
Authors: Wang Ling , Shi Qi , Abdel-Aty Mohamed
Published: December 2015

Limited research has been conducted on real-time crash analysis of expressway ramps, although there have been many studies in recent years on estimating real-time crash prediction models for main lines. This study presents Bayesian logistic regression models for single-vehicle (SV) and multivehicle (MV) crashes on expressway ramps by using real-time microwave vehicle detection system data, real-time weather data, and ramp geometric information. The results find that the logarithm of the vehicle count, average speed in a 5-min interval, and visibility are significant factors for the occurrence of SV and MV crashes. The Bayesian logistic regression models show that curved ramps and wet road surfaces would increase the possibility of an SV crash, and off-ramps would result in high risk of MV crashes. The high standard deviation of speed in a 5-min interval would significantly increase MV crash likelihood. Random Forests software was applied in variable importance analysis, and the results revealed that the most important factors influencing crashes on ramps were traffic variables, the second most important factors are weather variables, and the least important but still significant factor was the ramp geometry.
Simulated Traffic Conflicts
Authors: Essa Mohamed , Sayed Tarek
Published: December 2015

Recently, there has been growing interest in using microsimulation models to assess the safety of road facilities by analyzing vehicle trajectories and estimating conflict indicators. Using microsimulation models in safety studies can have several advantages, although concerns have been raised about the ability of these models to represent unsafe vehicle interactions and near misses realistically as well as their need for rigorous calibration. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between field-measured and simulated conflicts at an urban signalized intersection in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada. Sixty hours of recorded traffic data were collected in 2 days and used in the conflict analysis. Automated video-based computer vision techniques were used to extract vehicle trajectories and identify conflicts on all four approaches to the intersection. Conflict measures (e.g., time to collision) and location were determined and compared with simulated conflicts from a microscopic simulation model (VISSIM) using the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM). A two-step calibration procedure was proposed to enhance correlation between simulated and field-measured conflicts. The first calibration step was matching actual field conditions (desired speed and arrival type) to ensure that VISSIM gives real average delay values. The second step was the use of sensitivity analysis followed by a genetic algorithm procedure to calibrate the VISSIM parameters that had the biggest effect on the simulated conflicts. Finally, conflict heat maps were provided to compare field-measured with simulated conflict locations. The results highlighted the importance of model calibration and identified several limitations of the SSAM.
Comparative Analysis of Injury Severity Resulting from Pedestrian–Motor Vehicle and Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Crashes on Roadways in Alabama
Authors: Islam Samantha , Hossain Akhter B.
Published: December 2015

A comparison is provided between the influence of a variety of variables and the injury severities resulting from pedestrian-motor vehicle and bicycle–motor vehicle crashes in Alabama with the incorporation of the effects of randomness across the observations. Given the occurrence of a crash, random parameter logit models of injury severity with possible outcomes of fatal, major, minor, and possible or no injury were estimated. The estimated models identified a variety of statistically significant factors influencing pedestrian and bicyclist injury severities. According to these models, some variables were found to be significant in only one model (pedestrian or bicycle) but not in the other. For example, variables such as roadway crossing, crashes on Saturdays, and crashes on private roadways were found significant only in the pedestrian model. By contrast, variables such as the use of retroreflective clothing, crashes during the evening peak hour, and crashes in summer were found significant only in the bicyclist model. In addition, some variables—such as older pedestrians and bicyclists, dark roadway, and low-speed roadway—were found significant in both models. Also, estimation findings showed that three parameters in the pedestrian model (between midnight and 7:00 a.m., clear weather, and at intersections) and two parameters in the bicycle model (level grade on tangent and clear weather) could be modeled as random parameters; these findings indicated their varying influences on injury severity. From the results obtained, the effects of different variables on pedestrian and bicyclist injury severities and their possible explanations are discussed.
Fault Determination for Crashes in Vermont
Authors: Harootunian Kristine , Lee Brian H. Y. , Aultman-Hall Lisa
Published: December 2015

Previous research has shown that both foreign and out-of-state drivers are at a safety disadvantage when compared with local drivers. But what defines “local”? This paper examines the effect of distance from home with regard to fault in crashes. With the estimate of the distance between drivers’ homes and crash locations, the effect of increased distance from home on crash fault determination was tested with 5 years of data from the Vermont state crash database. A set of logistic regression models showed that greater distances from home increased the odds of fault for drivers, particularly in single-vehicle crashes. The odds increased further when distance interacted with variables such as road geometry, vehicle ownership, and poor road surface condition compared with distance that was held constant. Increased distance from home alleviated effects of certain factors that have been shown to be hazardous in previous research. Holding distance constant, being a non-owner, and driving on Fridays, Saturdays, Sundays, or during summer increased one's odds of fault; however, as distance increased, the effects of these conditions decreased odds of fault. This phenomenon, although present, was markedly less influential in two-vehicle crashes. Overall, drivers more than 50 mi from home were predicted to have increased odds of fault of about 50% to 200% compared with local drivers.
Effects of Geodemographic Profiles of Drivers on Their Injury Severity from Traffic Crashes Using Multilevel Mixed-Effects Ordered Logit Model
Authors: Quddus Mohammed
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study was to use a statistical model to examine the effects of various geodemographic factors on levels of driver injury severity. A driver's geodemographic profile with respect to involvement in a traffic crash consists of variables from multiple hierarchical levels such as drivers nested within crashes and crashes clustered within areas. This structure implies that driver-level observations are correlated rather than independent as assumed in many injury severity models. To capture within-group and between-group correlations in observations, a multilevel mixed-effects ordered logit model was employed. The mixed effect allows some variables to vary by observations (i.e., random parameters). The analysis was based on national traffic crash data in the United Kingdom between 2009 and 2011, consisting of 271,654 drivers from 217,523 traffic crashes occurring across 27,773 census areas. Data on area, social deprivation, census, and land use patterns were collected from multiple sources and integrated with a geographic information system framework. Results indicated that the severity of injuries sustained by urban drivers involved in crashes increased if they traveled to rural areas; the level of driver injury severity also increased if traffic crashes occurred in areas with high car ownership per capita; and drivers from more disadvan-taged areas would sustain, if all else is equal, more severe injuries. Findings from this study would be useful to the UK Department for Transport and local authorities in formulating safety policies aimed at enhancing driver education, training, and licensing programs.
Copula-Based Joint Model of Injury Severity and Vehicle Damage in Two-Vehicle Crashes
Authors: Wang Kai , Yasmin Shamsunnahar , Konduri Karthik C. , Eluru Naveen , Ivan John N.
Published: December 2015

In the transportation safety field, in an effort to improve safety, statistical models are developed to identify factors that contribute to crashes as well as those that affect injury severity. This study contributes to the literature on severity analysis. Injury severity and vehicle damage are two important indicators of severity in crashes and are typically modeled independently. However, there are common observed and unobserved factors affecting the two crash indicators that lead to potential interrelationships. Failure to account for the interrelationships between the indicators may lead to biased coefficient estimates in crash severity prediction models. The focus of this study was to explore interrelationships between injury severity and vehicle damage and to also identify the nature of these correlations across different types of crashes. A copula-based methodology that could simultaneously model injury severity and vehicle damage while also accounting for the interrelationships between the two indicators was employed. Furthermore, parameterization of the copula structure was used to represent the interrelationships between the crash indicators as a function of crash characteristics. In this study, six specifications of the copula model—Gaussian, Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern, Frank, Clayton, Joe, and Gumbel—were developed. On the basis of goodness-of-fit statistics, the Gaussian copula model was found to outperform the other copula-based model specifications. Results indicated that interrelationships between injury severity and vehicle damage varied with different crash characteristics including manner of collision and collision type.