bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ONLINE BOOK OF LETTERS OF LITERACY IN THE TIMES OF COVID
Authors: Belda-Torrijos M. , García-Blay M. , Galstyan Sargsyan R.
Published: December 2021

Learning in a pandemic is a challenge in which education needs to rethink and offer various alternatives that adapt to the situation in which we live. At CEU Cardenal Herrera University, we understand this new teaching role and prepare our students to create synchronous and asynchronous communicative actions and strategies that respond to the isolation of their future students. Literacy is one of the most serious problems and one of the most serious problems for pre-school teachers. It is even more difficult if the student is not physically present in the classroom. From this social reality follows the importance of creating interactive materials for future teachers that enable pre-school students to work with different phonemes, and are necessary prerequisites for acquiring reading and writing skills.
ANALYSIS OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF THE AIR ENVIRONMENT IN THE CITY OF KINESHMA IN THE IVANOVSK REGION BY THE METHOD OF FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY
Authors: Stakovetskaya O. , Kulikova N.
Published: December 2021

Morphological changes occur in the leaves of trees under the influence of various air pollutants. Recording and assessing these changes reflects the state of the environment. The aim of the study was to assess the level of air pollution in the city of Kineshma, Ivanovo region, using the bioindication method. The technique of morphometry of pedunculate oak leaves and calculation of the index of fluctuating asymmetry were used. In all points of the city, a high asymmetry of oak leaf blades was noted, which indicates a critical level of atmospheric pollution. Ecotoxicants contained in emissions from enterprises and vehicles significantly violate the bilateral symmetry of oak leaf blades.
Nevo sebáceo de Jadassohn. A propósito de un caso neonatal
Authors: Ortiz Cuquejo Lidia María , Samudio Domínguez Gloria C. , Espínola Regina Beatriz , Vera Luis María
Published: December 2021

El nevo sebáceo de Jadassohn se presenta como una lesión hamartomatosa, de extensión variable. Puede estar presente al nacimiento y generalmente se localiza en cuero cabelludo. La zona presenta alopecia. En raras ocasiones puede malignizarse en la edad adulta. Se presenta un caso neonatal y se hace revisión de la literatura.

Conflicto de interés: Los autores declaran no poseer conflicto de interés

Recibido: 01/12/2020 Aceptado: 24/06/2021
ESTUDO SÔBRE A PESCA DE LAGOSTAS NO CEARÁ, DURANTE O ANO DE 1969
Authors: Paiva Melquíades Pinto
Published: December 2021

No presente trabalho fazemos o estudo da pesca de lagostas no Estado do Ceará, durante o ano de 1969 . As espécies Panulirus argus (Latreille) e Panulirus laevicauda (Latreille), as únicas que integram os desembarques comerciais em tôda a área nordestina do Brasil, são consideradas em conjunto.
TENTATIVA DE AVALIAÇÃO DOS RECURSOS PESQUEIROS DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO
Authors: Paiva Melquíades Pinto , Bezerra Roberto Cláudio F. , Fonteles Filho Antônio Adauto
Published: December 2021

Com o presente trabalho, os autores pretendem avaliar o potencial pesqueiro da região nordeste do Brasil, estabelecendo os níveis deprodução de pescado, possíveis de serem atingidos até o ano de 1980. Ao mesmo tempo, são estudadas as possibilidades de desenvolvimentoda exploração dos principais recursos de pesca do nordeste brasileiro.
ESTUDO SOBRE A PESCA DE LAGOSTAS NO CEARÁ, DURANTE O ANO DE 1970
Authors: Paiva Melquíades Pinto
Published: December 2021

No presente trabalho fazemos o estudo da pesca de lagostas no Estado do Ceará, durante o ano de 1970 . As espécies Panulirus argus (Latreille) e Panulirus laevicauda (Latreille), as únicas que são comercialmente exploradas em tôda a região nordestina do Brasil, são consideradas em conjunto.
ESTUDO SOBRE A PESCA DE LAGOSTAS NO CEARÁ, DURANTE O ANO DE 1975
Authors: Paiva Melquíades Pinto
Published: December 2021

Neste trabalho se estuda alguns aspectos da pesca de lagostas no Estado do Ceará, durante o ano de 1975. As espécies Panulirus argus (Latreille) e Panulirus laevicauda (Latreille), são consideradas em conjunto.
COMENTÁRIOS SOBRE O COMPORTAMENTO DO SETOR PESQUEIRO NO BRASIL
Authors: Paiva Melquíades Pinto
Published: December 2021

Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial houve grande expansão das atividades pesqueiras, com um crescente aumento de capturas, refletindo o maior número de barcos e o incremento da tonelagem das frotas de pesca, que passaram a operar em todos os oceanos.
PARÂMETROS DE CRESCIMENTO E MORTALIDADE DO CHERNE, Epinephelus niveatus (VALENCIENNES) (OSTEICHTHYES: SERRANIDAE), NO SUDESTE DO BRASIL
Authors: Ximenes Carvalho Maria Odete , Fonteles Filho Antonio Adauto , Tubino Rafael de Almeida , De Andrade Tubino3 Magda Fernandes , Paiva Melquiades Pinto
Published: December 2021

O cherne, Epinephelus niveatus (Valenciennes), é um peixe demersal comercialmente importante na regido sudeste do Brasil, habitando fundos rochosos e coralinos na plataforma externa e talude continental. Idade, crescimento e mortalidade foram estudados com base em amostragem da captura no período agosto de 1996/agosto de 1997 para obtenção de escamas em 229 exemplares com tamanhos na faixa de 33,0 — 93,4 cm TL. As escamas crescem numa proporção isométrica com o tamanho individual, havendo periodicidade anual na formação dos anéis etários, que ocorre no bimestre novembro-dezembro. Os comprimentos retrocalculados variaram entre 27,5 cm (grupo-de-idade I) e 92,4 cm (grupode-idade XII). As equações de crescimento em comprimento (cm) e peso (kg) são as seguintes: Lt = 148,4 1 [ 1 - e - 0,069 (t  + 2.97)] e  Wt = 45, 7  [ 1  - e  -0,069 0 + 2,97)] 2,904 esta obtida pela equação de regressão peso/comprimento: ln W = - 10,698 + 2,904 in L. 0 coeficiente anual de mortalidade natural foi M = 0,170. O cherne tem baixo coeficiente de crescimento (K = 0,069), alta razão M/K = 2,50 e grande expectativa de vida (tmax = 46,4 anos), características típicas de espécies carnívoras do 5°. nível trófico. Os parâmetros de crescimento foram semelhantes para as populações do cherne que habitam as regiões Sudeste do Brasil e sul da Florida (EUA).
IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS DOS CULTIVOS DE CAMARÕES MARINHOS NO NORDESTE DO BRASIL
Authors: Gesteira Tereza Cristina Vasconcelos , Paiva Melquíades Pinto
Published: December 2021

Com a estabilização da pesca em escala mundial, a aqüicultura surge como a mais importante alternativa. Entre os recursos marinhos cultivados, os camarões peneídeos representam o grupo mais promissor no Brasil. Após seu início na década de 70 do século passado, a carcinicultura marinha brasileira, passou por uma série de crises, até atingir o patamar do sétimo maior produtor mundial e líder da América Latina, em 2002, com uma produção de 60.128 t. A Região Nordeste brasileira é responsável por 96,5% dessa produção, quando se considera toda a cadeia produtiva. O tema carcinicultura tem sucitado controvertidos debates entre ambientalistas e a classe produtora. Como principiais danos, a carcinicultura causaria a destruição de manguezais, salinização de aqüíferos, poluição das áreas adjacentes pelos efluentes das fazendas, perda da biodiversidade durante a coleta de pós-larvas e escape de espécies exóticas para o ambiente natural. Todos estes pontos podem ser mitigados pela as boas práticas de cultivo, e alguns deles já não atingem os carcinicultores brasileiros, tais como a construção de viveiros em áreas de mangue e coleta de pós-larvas silvestres. É indiscutível que continuidade deste importante agronegócio depende da proteção do meio ambiente, ao qual está intimamente ligado.
AGE AND GROWTH OF BRAZILIAN SARDINELLA , Sardinella brasiliensis (STEINDACHNER) (OSTEICHTHYES:CLUPEIDAE), IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Authors: Filho Antonio Adauto Fonteles , Carvalho Maria Odete Ximenes , Paiva Melquíades Pinto , Júnior Miguel Petrere
Published: December 2021

New estimates of the growth parameters of Brazilian sardinella, Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner), have been obtained, based on readings of age rings on scales collected in the period from April, 1999 through March, 2000, off southeastern Brazil. The hypothesis of the existence of isometry in fish/scale growth was confirmed and the ageing techniques were validated by monthly variations in the marginal increment and in the mean back-calculated length, indicating birthday dates in April and November. Two cohorts are supposed to be produced by spawnings taking place about six months apart. The weight-length relationship is given by the regression equation W = 0.0000867 L 2.570 . Growth equations in length (mm) and weight (g) are: Lt= 286 [1–e–0.462 (t + 1.3)] and Wt= 178.2 [1–e–0.462 (t + 1.3)]2.570, with a growth performance index φ’ = 4.58. The first ring in scales of Brazilian sardinella should be formed when individuals are actually 1.8 year old, within a life span that reaches tmax= 7.7 yr. The natural mortality coeficiente was estimated as M = 0.769 and the ratio M/K = 1.66 is within the order of magnitude for Clupeidae species, being consistent with the behavior of small carnivorous species.
TAMANHOS DE FÊMEAS DE LAGOSTAS EM REPRODUÇÃO NAS ÁGUAS COSTEIRAS DO CEARÁ
Authors: Paiva Melquíades Pinto , Da Costa Raimundo Saraiva
Published: December 2021

O conhecimento dos tamanhos, e suas freqüências, de fêmeas de lagostas em reprodução numa determinada área, além do valor puramentecientífico que lhe é intrínseco, serve de subsídio para a regulamentação da pesca dêsses crustáceos. No presente trabalho procuramos conhecer os tamanhos, e suas freqüências, de fêmeas de lagostas em reprodução nas águas costeiras do Estado do Ceará, Brasil.
ESTUDO BIOMETRICO DE ALEVINOS DO CAMURUPIM, Megalops atlanticus VAL., 1846
Authors: Paiva Melquíades Pinto , De Menezes Mariana Ferreira
Published: December 2021

No presente trabalho, estudamos a biometria de alevinos de camurupim, capturados em seus criadouros naturais, no Estado do Ceará.
IDADE E CRESCIMENTO DA GAROUPA-VERDADEIRA, Epinephelus marginatus (LOWE, 1834) (PISCES: EPINEPHELIDAE), NO SUDESTE DO BRASIL
Authors: Ximenes-Carvalho Maria Odete , Fonteles-Filho Antonio Adauto , Paiva Melquíades Pinto
Published: December 2021

A garoupa-verdadeira, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) é um peixe demersal de mediana importância na região sudeste do Brasil, habitando fundos rochosos e arenosos da plataforma e talude continentais. Idade e crescimento foram estudados com base na leitura de escamas coletadas em 135 exemplares de ambos os sexos, com comprimento total na faixa de 11,5 – 70,5 cm, no período de junho/1999 a maio/2000. A escama (S) cresce numa proporção alométrica com o comprimento individual (L) segundo a equação S = 0,0199.L0,958 (r = 0,979; P<0,01), havendo periodicidade anual na formação dos anéis etários, com mudança de idade em março. O valor médio dos comprimentos retrocalculados variou de 15,2 cm CT (grupo-de-idade I) a 68,5 cm CT (grupo-de-idade XIV). A equação de crescimento em comprimento (cm) é Lt = 101,0 [1 – e – 0,075 ( t + 2,2) ], cuja equação em peso (kg) é dada por Wt = 22,6 [1 – e – 0,0,75 (t+2,2) 3,221] , ajustada através da regressão peso/comprimento: ln W = - 11,76 + 3,221 ln L (r = 0,995; P<0,01). O coeficiente anual de mortalidade natural foi estimado em M = 0,204. A garoupa-verdadeira tem baixo coeficiente de crescimento (K = 0,075) e elevada expectativa de vida na captura (tmax = 37,7 anos), com valores de M/K = 2,72 e coeficiente de desempenho do crescimento, φ = 2,881, características típicas de espécies carnívoras do 5o nível trófico.
ALGUNOS PROBLEMAS DE LA INDUSTRIA LANGOSTERA EN El BRASIL
Authors: Paiva Melquíades Pinto
Published: December 2021

Las pescas marítimas en el Brasil sufrieron un acentuado proceso de marginalización en relación al desarrollo de otras actividades industriales.Resulta de esto la insignificante participación brasilefia en la producción mundial dei pescado.
COMPORTAMENTO BIOLóGICO DA LAGOSTA PANULIRUS LAEVICAUDA (LATREILLE)
Authors: Paiva Melquíades Pinto , Da Costa Raimundo Saraiva
Published: December 2021

Com o presente trabalho, fazemos uma análise do comportamento biológico da lagosta Panulirus laevicauda (Latreille), ao longo da costa do Estado do Ceará, Brasil. As maiores capturas mundiais desta espécie são realizadas no nordeste brasileiro, o que justifica a investigação de suas característicasbiológicas e as da população explorada.
ESTUDO SÔBRE A PESCA DE LAGOSTAS NO CEARÁ, DURANTE O ANO DE 1967
Authors: Paiva Melquíades Pinto
Published: December 2021

No presente trabalho fazemos o estudo da pesca de lagostas no Estado do Ceará, durante o ano de 1967 . As espécies Panulirus argus (Latreille) e Panulirus laevicauda (Latreille), as únicas que integram os desembarquescomerciais em tôda a área nordestina do Brasil, são consideradas em conjunto.
Combined method for correction interval systems of linear algebraic equations
Authors: Bazhenov A. N. , Telnova A. Yu.
Published: December 2021

The possibility of application of the interval analysis for data processing in the field of spectral analysis is considered. It is assumed that the data have interval uncertainty; therefore the problem of finding unknown concentrations is posed as a linear interval tolerance problem. The incompatibility of the interval system of linear algebraic equations is shown for the initial data using the apparatus of the recognizing functional. The relevance of the topic is due to the need for regularization of inconsistent interval systems of linear equations. The idea of S. P. Shary of a combined method for correcting a linear tolerance problem has been implemented. A new method for managing the solution by changing the linear algebraic equations interval system matrix elements radii has been developed. The research results can be used for example, to calculate the substance’s concentrations by measurement of the characteristic X-ray radiation.
Florida Nursery and Landscape Industry Characteristics Report
Authors: Khachatryan Hayk , Knuth Melinda , Hodges Alan , Hall Charlie
Published: December 2021

This publication summarizes production, marketing, and trade practices for Florida ornamental growers and dealers based on a 2019 national survey by the Green Industry Research Consortium, a multi-state research project under the USDA-National Institute for Food and Agriculture. The most recent survey collected information on business practices for the fiscal year 2018-2019 in all 50 states.
Food Groups of MyPyramid
Authors: Warren Glenda L.
Published: December 2021

FCS-8873, a 2-page illustrated fact sheet by Glenda L. Warren, lists each of the food groups, with descriptions and examples, and a key message for each group. Published by the UF Department of Family Youth and Community Sciences, December 2008. December 2019 reprint of 2008 content.
'Florida Elyana' Strawberry
Authors: Chandler Craig K. , Santos Bielinski M. , Peres Natalia A.
Published: December 2021

HS-1150, a 2-page illustrated fact sheet by C.K. Chandler, B.M. Santos, and N.A. Peres, describes the performance of this short-cultivar that has shown promise in recent trials in western portions of Central Florida. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Horticultural Sciences, December 2008.
Licensing of Public Health Pest Control Applicators in Florida
Authors: Fishel Frederick M.
Published: December 2021

PI-169, a 4-page illustrated fact sheet by Frederick M. Fishel, describes the law governing those who make pesticide applications for wide-area mosquito control or for control of other arthropods of public health significance, including midges, sand flies, dog flies, yellow flies, house flies, etc. Includes sources of additional information. Published by the UF Department of Agronomy, January 2009.
Soil and Tissue Testing and Interpretation for Florida Turfgrasses
Authors: Sartain Jerry B.
Published: December 2021

Revisd! SL-181, an 8-page fact sheet by J.B. Sartain, provides essential basic facts about the nutritional requirements of turfgrasses, the properties of fertilizer and liming materials, and how to use them to maintain sufficient nutrient levels through soil and tissue analysis. Published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, October 2008.
SL 181/SS317: Soil Testing and Interpretation for Florida Turfgrasses (ufl.edu)
Penyelesaian Sengketa Pelepasan Hak Atas Tanah Oleh Pemerintah Dalam Proses Pendaftaran Tanah
Authors: T. Surya Reza
Published: December 2021

Article 41 paragraph (2) of Law No. 2 of 2012 on Land Procurement for Development in the Public Interest states that, when granting Compensation of Parties Entitled to receive Mandatory Compensation, a. exercising the release of rights; and b. submit evidence of ownership or ownership of Land Procurement Objects to Agencies that require land through land institutions. In the court's ruling stated that the boundaries of the land should be mentioned and how much extent was waived and the rest how much, and the procedure of disengagement of the right there was preparation, planning, implementation and release, and the release of the land rights was always followed by compensation, because this is an unlawful act. The results of this study show that, the release of land rights by the government in the land registration process in the court's ruling states that if 6 (six) landowners relinquish the right, it must be 6 (six) people who relinquish their rights if only 2 (two) are invalid, then a new land is said to be state land after the release of his rights. Any release of land rights must have a reason there can't be no reason land is being released to the state. The procedure for the release of that right is there is preparation, planning, implementation and release, and the release of the land rights is always followed by compensation.
Omnibus Law di Indonesia
Authors: Gugun El Guyanie , Okky Alifka Nurmagulita
Published: December 2021

This article examines the drafting of the Omnibus Law on the Job Creation Bill, the original purpose of which was to facilitate investment or accelerate the economy. Starting from the disharmony of several overlapping regulations, out of sync between one law and another in the investment sector, a universal sweeping law that contains thousands of articles is needed. This study uses the theory of the formation of laws and regulations and the perspective of legal politics, with juridical analysis, to explain how a process of drafting a law, the principles of formation, and the political dynamics that gave birth to it. This paper emphasizes that the process and politics of the Omnibus Law legislation on the Job Creation Bill has minimal public participation and is not transparent. So the legal product of the Job Creation Law is formally flawed, and materially contains articles that are capitalist in content, opening up investment for investors but on the other hand harming the people. In this study, it was also found that the Omnibus Law of the Job Creation Act was born with more character instrumentalist-oligarchic, where the government transplants the Omnibus Law solely as a short-term pragmatic option to spread the 'red carpet' for investors. In other words, the Omnibus Law fails to create an instrumentalist-democratic character, which is oriented towards fulfilling and strengthening the values ​​of the rule of law which is long-term oriented while at the same time creating a sustainable participatory-democratic climate.
A gyorsfegyvernem hivatalos létrejötte Magyarországon
Authors: Harka Ödön
Published: December 2021

Csaknem két évvel Gorondy-Novák Elemér tábornok jelentésének2 megszületése után Horthy Miklós kormányzó döntést hozott a kerékpáros és gépkocsizó gyalogság, a lovasság és a páncéloscsapatok egy fegyvernembe történő összevonásáról. A gyorsfegyvernem megszervezéséről szóló rendelkezés3 azonnali hatállyal elrendelte valamennyi kerékpáros és gépkocsizó gyalogos alakulat, a lovasság és a páncéloscsapatok egy fegyvernembe történő összevonását. Az új fegyvernemhez tartozó katonák egyenruha-hajtókája egységes színt (kék) kapott, az egyes csapatnemeket megkülönböztető jelvényekkel látták el. A rendelkezés szerint a fegyvernem tisztjelöltjeinek akadémiai kiképzése összevontan, de csapatnemenként differenciáltan valósult meg, a tisztek együttműködési készségét közös gyakorlatokkal, illetve a csapatnemek közötti átvezénylésekkel célozták meg fejleszteni.
Karitatív tevékenység a Nagy Háború idején Magyarországon, valamint Nagy-Britanniában és Franciaországban
Authors: Molnár Zoltán
Published: December 2021

Tanulmányomban a nők karitatív munkában és a jótékonysági szervezetekben vállalt szerepét vizsgálom. Bemutatom az egyik legismertebb jótékonysági egyesület, az Auguszta-alap tevékenységét és jelentősebb akcióit. Emellett megvizsgálom a jószolgálat terén működő egyik legkiemelkedőbb arisztokrata hölgy, Apponyi Franciska fóti aktivitását. A megannyi karitatív szervezet és személy kezdeményezései közül kiemelek néhány fontosnak tűnőt. Végül két Antant-állam, Nagy-Britannia és Franciaország jelentősebb karitatív akciót mutatom be.
Pavyon Kültürünün Aile İçi Sorunlara Etkisi
Authors: SAĞLIK Coşkun , ÇETİN Ensar
Published: December 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı, pavyon kültürünün aile hayatına etkilerinin, pavyon müdavimleri, pavyon çalışanları ve onların eşleri ile görüşmeler neticesinde ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış olup, Ankara ilinde ikamet eden 17 katılımcı ile derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilerek veriler toplanmıştır. Bu katılımcılar içerisinde pavyon müdavimleri (5 kişi), işletmeciler (2 kişi), kadın eşler (5 kişi), pavyon sanatçısı (1 kişi) ile konsomatrisler (4 kişi) bulunmaktadır. Görüşmelerden elde edilen verilerin analizinde NVivo 12 programı kullanılmıştır. Tümevarım yöntemiyle veriler analiz edilerek kodlama ve kategorik gruplandırmalar neticesinde “Pavyon”, “Doğrudan Etkiler” ve “Dolaylı Etkiler” temalarına ulaşılmıştır. Bu makalede ele alınan “Aile İçi Sorunlar” alt kategorisi, “Doğrudan Etkiler” teması altında ortaya çıkarılan bulguların bir kısmını içermektedir.

Araştırmada elde edilen genel bulgulara göre, pavyon müdavimlerinin aileleriyle yaşadıkları en büyük sorunların “yalan söyleme ve aldatma”, “maddi sorunlar” ve “aileye yeterli zaman ayırmama” gibi problemler olduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Özellikle müdavimlerle ve müdavim eşleriyle yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda, bu tarz ailelerde kuma getirme dahil her türlü sorunun yaşandığı ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca işletmecilerin ve pavyon sanatçısının ise özellikle ailelerine zaman ayırma konusunda sıkıntılar yaşadıkları tespit edilmiştir.
Çin’in Güneybatı Sınırında Yapılan Uluslararası Evliliklerdeki “Vietnamlı Kadın” Üzerine Bir İnceleme
Authors: Hu Li Ping
Published: December 2021

With the policy of Reform and Opening and the rapid development of the socio-economic level, China has transformed from a migrant-sending country to an immigrant-receiving country. In recent years, intermarriages between men living on the southwestern border of China and women from Vietnam have increased. The increase of emigrating female workers from rural to urban areas, the ever-increasing bride prices and the expansion of the marriage circle in rural societies have increased the imbalance of gender ratio in the border areas of China. Vietnamese women get married with Chinese men through illegal means in southwestern China and then settle in China, because of factors such as similar cultural traditions and living habits, hopes for better living conditions, and economic interests. These intermarriages sometimes lead to negative effects in China's southwestern border. This article is based on the investigation and evaluation of researches that are from Chinese academic community on Vietnamese women in transnational marriages on the southwestern border of China. It aims to explain the social background of these international marriages, explore the influence of these transnational marriages on the social governance in border areas. It also aims to establish a good transnational marriage mechanism, discuss the problems caused by such transnational marriages, and try to put forward some targeted suggestions and measures from the perspective of social management.
Terörizm Olgusuna Schrödinger’in Kedisi Olarak Bakmak
Authors: Sürücü Hüseyin
Published: December 2021

A partial agreement has been reached on the definitions of terror and terrorism in the literature. Despite this, incompatibilities on the concepts of terrorist and terrorist organization continue. The points of disagreement in the definition of these concepts will continue. This article aims to reveal that the definitions of terrorism cannot be the same even if they converge, through general relativity theory from the perspective of reality of critical realism. The study argues that the phenomenon of terrorism can be defined with an ontological approach. In this direction, the study aims to contribute to the unity of science and literature in order to establish a partnership in the definition of terrorism.
Cellular and molecular identification of Eimeria Acervulina Merozoite Antigens eliciting protective immunity
Authors: Lillehoj Hyun , Heller Dan , Jenkins Mark
Published: December 2021

Coccidiosis, ubiquitous diseases of poultry, seriously impair the growth and feed utilization of livestock and poultry. Coccidiosis causes over $600 million annual losses world-wide and no vaccine is currently available. The goal of this study was to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling protective immune responses to coccidia parasites in order to develop immunological control strategy against coccidiosis. The major findings of this study were: 1) cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in protection against coccidiosis, 2) when different genetic lines showing different levels of disease susceptibility were compared, higher T-cell response was seen in the strains of chickens showing higher disease resistance, 3) early interferon secretion was observed in more coccidia-resistant chicken strains, 4) both sporozoite and merozoite antigens were able to induce interferon production, and 5) chicken monoclonal antibodies which detect immunogenic coccidia proteins have been developed. This study provided a good background work for future studies toward the development of recombinant coccidial vaccine. Availability of chicken monoclonal antibodies which detect immunogenic coccidia proteins will enhance our ability to identify potential coccidial vaccine antigens.
Role and In situ Regulation of Growth Regulators Produced in Plant-Microbe Interactions by Erwinia herbicola
Authors: Lindow Steven , Gafni Yedidya , Manulis Shulamit , Barash Isaac
Published: December 2021

The main objective of this work was to gain a better understanding of how some strains of Erwinia herbicola have evolved into serious plant pathogens while also commonly existing as epiphytes on the surface of healthy plants. The focus of our studies was to determine the nature of, and regulation, of virulence factors, including the phytohormones IAA and cytokinins, which are encoded on a large plasmid (pPATH) found in gall-forming strains of this species. In addition, the in situ regulation and contribution to epiphytic fitness of a second, chromosomal, IAA biosynthetic locus (ipdC) was determined to ascertain the relative contribution of the two redundant IAA-biosynthetic pathways to the biology of E. herbicola. Genes (pre-etz and etz) conferring production of cytokinins were clustered immediately 3' of the iaaM and iaaH genes conferring IAA boisynthesis on pPATH. A new insertion-like element, IS1327, was also found immediately 3' of etz on pPATH, suggesting that these virulence factors were all introduced onto pPATH from another pathogenic bacterium. Mutants of E. herbicola in which etz, iaaH, and iaaM, but not ipdC, were disrupted caused smaller galls to form on gypsophila plants. In contrast, ipdC but not iaaH or iaaM mutants of E. herbicola exhibited reduced ability to grow and survive on plant surfaces. Transcription of ipdC was induced when cells were on plants compared to in culture, suggesting that idpC may play a selective role in fitness on leaves.
Genotype, Explant and Growth Regulator Effects in the Determination of Adventitious Regeneratin in Curcurbits, in Aid of Genetic Transformation
Authors: Gray Dennis , Gaba Victor
Published: December 2021

The objective of this study was to gain an understanding of the in vitro regeneration process in watermelon and melon to enable the development of genetic transformation systems. The objectives were met and additional progress, unplanned during the original proposal, was made. Organogenic regeneration in vitro was studied in both melon and watermelon. Genotype played a significant role in regeneration. In melon, epidermal cells were responsible for most regeneration. Methods to obtain in vitro-derived watermelon tetraploids, needed for seedless varieties, were developed. The culture systems were refined so that they could be routinely used for transformation. Particle guns were constructed and Agrobacterium strains were obtained to study the effect of transformation procedures on culture system performance, allowing refinement of transformation protocols. The culture systems were shown to enable the stable transformation of both crops, allowing their future use for insertion of agriculturally-important genes. In addition, we showed that shoot apical meristems might be suitable target tissue for transformation and allow a wider range of genotypes to be used, which is needed for crops as diverse as cucurbits.
In vivo and in vitro Chondrocyte Metabolism in Relationship to the Developemnt of Tibial Dyschondroplasia in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Leach Roland M. , Pines Mark , Gay Carol V. , Hurwitz Shmuel
Published: December 2021

Skeletal deformities are a significant financial and welfare problem for the world poultry industry. Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is the most prevalent skeletal abnormality found in young broilers, turkeys and ducks. Tibial dyschondroplasia results from a perturbation of the sequence of events in the epiphyseal growth plate, the tissue responsible for longitudinal bone growth. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that TD was the result of a failure of growth plate chondrocytes to differentiate and express the chemotactic molecules required for cartilage vascularization. In this investigation in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical techniques were used to study chondrocyte gene products associated with cartilage maturation and vascularization such as osteopontin, osteonectin, type X collagen, and alkaline phosphatase. All markers were present in the growth plate tissue anter or to the TD lesion but were greatly diminished in the TD lesion. Thus, rather than not acquiring the markers for hypertrophy, it appears that the growth plate chondrocytes reach a certain stage of hypertrophy and then de-differentiate into cells which resemble chondrocytes in the prehypertrophic zone. Similar patterns were observed in all TD tissues examined whether the lesions were spontaneous or induced by dietary treatments or genetic selection. The decrease in gene expression can at least be partially explained by the fact that many of the dysplastic chondrocytes show classic signs of apoptosis. These results provide an explanation for the observation that a variety of genes show reduced expression in the TD lesion when examined by in situ hybridization. This would suggest that future research should focus on the earliest detectable stages in the development of TD and examine endocrine and autocrine factors which cause chondrocytes to de-differentiate and undergo premature apoptosis.
Host-Elicited Germination and Mechanism of Penetration in Broomrape (Orobanche Spp.)
Authors: Joel Daniel M. , Steffens John C. , Mayer Alfred M.
Published: December 2021

Orobanche is an important parasitic weed. For developing novel methods for its control, a thorough understanding of crucial stages of its development is needed. Therefore, the objectives of this project were characterization of Orobanche germination stimulants, analysis of mechanisms of haustorial penetration, and characterization and isolation of penetration enzymes. The first highly potent natural germination stimulant for Orobanche was isolated from sunflower and identified by high-field 1D (1H and 13C), 2D (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC)-NMR, GC.FT-IR, and GC.MS as costuslactone, a guaiane type sesquiterpene lactone that resembles strigol only in possessing a lactone moiety that is required for activity. The first direct in situ evidence for the enzymatic nature of the infection process of a parasitic angiosperm was established. Pectin deesterification and depletion of pectins in host cell walls were shown adjacent to haustorial cells. Pectin methyl esterase and polygalacturonase were immunocytochemically detected in intrusive cells and in adjacent host apoplast. Orobanche tissues contain inhibitors of PGase activity. PME and three PGases were isolated from Orobanche calli. PME was characterized and purified, and antibodies were prepared against it. This study presents novel findings regarding parasitism in Orobanche, which may help to open up new approaches for controlling broomrapes.
Production of Stress Tolerant Plants by Overproduction of Enzymatic Oxyradical Scavengers
Authors: Zilinskas Barbara A. , Holland Doron , Eshdat Yuval , Ben-Hayyim Gozal
Published: December 2021

Most of the objectives that were outlined in the original proposal have been met with two exceptions. Briefly, our goals were to: (1) constract transgenic tobacco plants which overproduce one or more of the enzymatic oxyradical scavengers and associated ancillary enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and monodehydrascorbate reductase; (2) evaluate the tolerance of these transgenic plants to oxidative stress; and (3) extend these studies to an agronomically important crop such as citrus. As can be seen i the following pages, our objectives (1) and (2) have been achieved, although transgenic lines overexpressing phospholipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX) were not obtained and our evidence to date suggests that constitutive overexpressing of the enzyme is probably lethal. Howeever, transgenic tobacco expressing the antisense construct for PHGPX were obtained. Tobacco plants overexpressing ascorbate peroxidase and those sensesuppressing monodehydroascorbate reductase are more tolerant to oxidative stress, as mediated by the redox-cycling agent paraquant; in contrast, plants expressing the PHGPX-antisense construct are more sensitive to paraquat. Additional research is warranted on each of the six types of transgenic lines which we generated with regard to their tolerance to saline stress. Until recently, attempts to transform citrus were not very successful, and thus additional attention is currently being directed at objective (3). We are optimistic that use of the plant transformation vector, pBIN, will lead to stable transgenic citrus, as preliminary experiments demonstrate stable expression of the GUS reporter gene. Other important contributions resulting from this BARD project include the biochemical characterization of the first plant phospholipid glutathione peroxidase and the biochemical and molecular analysis of another key antioxidant enzyme, monodehydroascorbate reductase. Overall this BARD-supported project was quite successful, and the biological resource of numerous transgenic lines which have altered levels of antioxidant enzymes should be valuable for years to come.
Isolation and Functional Analysis of Drought-Induced Genes in Pinus
Authors: Newton Ronald , Riov Joseph , Cairney John
Published: December 2021

Drought is a common factor limiting timber production in the U.S. and Israel. Loblolly (Pinus taeda) and alleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedling survival is reduced when out planted, and growth and reproduction are often hindered by periodic droughts during later stages of tree development. Molecular and gene responses to drought stress have not been characterized. The objectives were to characterize drought-induced gene clones from these pines, to determine the effects of a growth regulator on drought tolerance, ABA levels, and drought-induced gene expression in alleppo pine, and to develop procedures for loblolly pine transformation. Nearly 20 cDNA clones influenced by gradual, prolonged drought stress have been isolated. Many of these have been shown to be induced by drought stress, whereas several others are down-regulated. These are the first drought-induced genes isolated from a pine species. Two genomic clones (lp5-1 and lp3-1) have been sequenced and characterized, and each has been found to be associated with a gene family. Clone lp5 appears to code for a cell wall protein, and clone lp3 codes for a nuclear protein. The former may be associated with changing the elastic properties of the cell wall, while the latter may be involved in signal transduction and/or protection from desiccation in the nucleus. Clone lp3 is similar to a drought-induced gene from tomato and is regulated by ABA. Several DNA sequences that are specific to induction during growth-retardation in alleppo pine by uniconazole have been identified. The active DNA species is now being identified. Promoters from genomic clones, lp3 and lp5, have been sequenced. Both are functional when fused with the gus reporter gene and transferred to other plant tissues as well as responding to a simulated drought stress. Through exodeletion analysis, it has been established that the promoter ABRE element of lp3 responds to ABA and that drought-induction of lp3 expression may also involve ABA. Stable tobacco transformants carrying either the lp5 or the lp3 promoter fused to a reporter gus gene have been obtained. The lp5lgus fusion was expressed at several stages of tobacco development and differentiation including the reproductive stage. There was no difference in phenotype between the transformants and the wild type. Embryogenesis procedures were developed for slash pine, but attempts to couple this process with gene transfer and plantlet transformation were not successful. Transformation of pine using Agrobacterium appears tractable, but molecular data supporting stable integration of the Agrobacterium-transferred gene are still inconclusive.
Utilization of NMR Technology for Internal Nondestructive Quality Evaluation of Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Chen Pictiaw , Zion Boaz , McCarthy Michael J.
Published: December 2021

Objective: The objective of this research was to investigate the potential use of NMR for evaluating various internal quality factors of fruits and vegetables, leading to the eventual development of practical techniques that are useful for future development of NMR sensors. Summary: Investigation on NMR imaging, one-dimension NMR projection, and single-pulse free-induction-decay (FID) spectrum led to the development of high-speed NMR techniques for real-time sensing of internal quality of selected fruits. NMR imaging can be used for detecting internal defects and various quality factors such as bruises, dry regions, worm damage, stage of ripeness, tissue breakdown, and the presence of voids, seeds, sprouts, and pits. The one-dimension (1-D) image profile technique, in which the 1-D projection of the NMR signal of a selected slice of the intact fruit is recorded, is suitable for detecting tissue breakdown regions, presence of pits, and other defects in fruits. The oil and sugar content of fruits can be determined from the single-pulse FID spectrum measurement, in which a surface coil is used to acquire the FID spectrum and the ratio of the resonance peaks is used as the quality index. The latter two techniques are suitable for high-speed sorting of fruits. The most important accomplishment is the successful development of high-speed NMR techniques for determining internal quality of fruits while they are moving at speed up to 30 cm/s. This accomplishment is an important step toward the development of NMR techniques for on-line sorting of fruits and vegetables.
Mapping the Chicken Genome, Including Loci Affecting Traits of Economic Importance
Authors: Soller Moshe (Morris) , Cheng Hans , Crittenden Lyman
Published: December 2021

A total of 195 microsatellites were added to the chicken genome map. Mapping of fifty known genes revealed a high degree of conserved linkage order between human and chicken genomes. A new, statistically powerful mapping design, the full-sib intercross line (produced by mating two parents, and intercrossing their progeny over a number of generations), was developed for use in species with high reproductive capacity. The Jerusalem Resource Population (JRP), now at the F12 generation, was established to implement this design i chickens. The biometrical picutre in the JRP is similar to that generally found in chicken populations; inbreeding effects were not observed. The F2 and F3 generations of the JRP were genotyped with respect to twelve production traits, using a battery of 23 microsatellites markers. The number of significant effects was twice that expected on chance alone, validating the high statistical power of the JRP with respect to QTL differentiating the parental lines. Selective DNA pooling, based on estimation of marker allele frequencies in pooled DNA samples, has been proposed to reduce high genotyping costs of QTL mapping. A method to correct for overlapping shadow bands of dinucleotide microsatellite markers in pooled DNA samples was developed and validated. In a retrospective study using this procedure, previously mapped loci affecting Marek's disease were successfully identified.
Recognition and Disposal of Misfolded Seed Proteins
Authors: Herman Eliot D. , Galili Gad , Bennett Alan
Published: December 2021

This project was directed at determining mechanisms involved in storage of intrinsic and foreign storage proteins in seeds. Seeds constitute the majority of direct and indirect food. Understanding how seeds store proteins is important to design approaches to improve the quality of seed proteins through biotechnology. In the Israeli part of this project we have conducted investigations to elucidate the mechanisms involved in assembling wheat storage proteins into ER-derived protein bodies. The results obtained have shown how domains of storage protein molecules are critical in the assembly of protein bodies. In the US side of this project the fate of foreign and engineered proteins expressed in seeds has been investigated. Engineering seed proteins offers the prospect of improving the quality of crops. Many foreign proteins are unstable when expressed in transgenic seeds. The results obtained have demonstrated that sequestering foreign proteins in the ER or ER-derived protein bodies stabilizes the proteins permitting their accumulation. The collaboration conducted in this project has advanced the understanding how protein bodies are assembled and the potential to use the ER and protein bodies to store engineered proteins that can enhance the composition of seeds.
Citrus Tristeza Virus: Molecular Approaches to Cross Protection
Authors: Dawson William O. , Bar-Joseph Moshe , Niblett Charles L. , Gafny Ron , Lee Richard F. , Mawassi Munir
Published: December 2021

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) has the largest genomes among RNA viruses of plants. The 19,296-nt CTV genome codes for eleven open reading frames (ORFs) and can produce at least 19 protein products ranging in size from 6 to 401 kDa. The complex biology of CTV results in an unusual composition of CTV-specific RNAs in infected plants which includes multiple defective RNAs and mixed infections. The complex structure of CTV populations poses special problems for diagnosis, strain differentiation, and studies of pathogenesis. A manipulatable genetic system with the full-length cDNA copy of the CTV genome has been created which allows direct studies of various aspects of the CTV biology and pathology. This genetic system is being used to identify determinants of the decline and stem-pitting disease syndromes, as well as determinants responsible for aphid transmission.
Evaluation of Naked Proviral DNA as a Vaccine for Ovine Lentivirus Infection
Authors: DeMartini James C. , Yaniv Abraham , Carlson Jonathan O. , Gazit Arnona , Pearson Leonard E. , Perk Kalman , Young J.K. , Safran Noam , Friedman A.
Published: December 2021

Ovine lentivirus (OvLV) infection is widespread in sheep of the United States and Israel and is responsible for substantial economic losses. The primary goal of this project was to evaluate naked proviral DNA as a vaccine to induce protective immunity in sheep in endemic areas. Contrary to expectations, inoculation of sheep with proviral DNA derived from the full length OvLV molecular clone pkv72 did not result in detectable OvLV infection, but infectious virus was recovered from transfected ovine cells. Kv72 virus produced by these cells infected sheep and induced antibody responses, and was used as a viral challenge in subsequent experiments. To improve in vivo transfection efficiency and compare the viral LTR with other romoters, expression of reporter genes was studied in sheep transfected in vivo by injection of cationic liposome-DNA complexes; one formulation produced gene expression in a sheep for 4 months following a single intravenous injection. Since the pol-deleted OvLV construct was not stable in vivo, twelve lambs were injected with plasmids containing the Kv72 gag region (pCMVgag) or env region (pCMVenv), or saline. Prior to challenge, no detectable anti-OvLV immune responses were detected. Following homologous challenge with OvLV. Although the naked DNA approach to vaccination holds promise for control of ovine lentivirus-induced disease, further work needs to be done to develop more effective methods of transfecting sheep with DNA.
Mechanisms for Control of Leaf Growth during Salinity Stress
Authors: Cramer Grant R. , Bernstein Nirit
Published: December 2021

In the project "Mechanisms for Control of Leaf Growth during Salinity Stress" ionic and enzymatic changes in the cells and cell walls of the expanding region of salt-stressed maize leaves were evaluated. Conventional numerical techniques for REG estimation were reevaluated; 'Greens' method was recommended and applied throughout the project for growth intensity estimation. Salinity slowed leaf development and reduced leaf size, but increased cell development within the leaf-growing zone. Leaf elongation rate was most affected by salinity from the region of maximal growth to the distal end; the basal region was largely unaffected. Creep assays indicated that the physical properties of the cell wall were not altered. Furthermore, pH or protein concentrations in the apoplastic space were not altered. Salinity decreased in half the concentrations of putative oligosaccharides in both the apoplast and the Golgi vesicles, suggesting that salinity reduced oligosaccharide biosynthesis. Salinity significantly increased solute concentrations in the vacuoles, but the ion concentrations tested remain unchanged in the vacuole. Most importantly, salinity increased the ion concentrations in the apoplast, particularly Cl-concentrations. The evidence obtained clearly points to the biochemical and ionic components of the apoplast as otential factors controlling leaf elongation of salt-stressed plants.