bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response to intracranial hypertension treatment as a predictor of death in patients with severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Farahvar Arash , Gerber Linda M. , Chiu Ya-Lin , Härtl Roger , Froelich Matteus , Carney Nancy , Ghajar Jamshid
Published: January 2011

Object

The normalization of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is assumed to limit secondary brain injury and improve outcome. Despite evidence-based recommendations for monitoring and treatment of elevated ICP, there are few studies that show an association between response to ICP-directed therapeutic regimens and adjusted mortality rate. This study utilizes a large prospective database to examine the effect of response to ICP-lowering therapy on risk of death within the first 2 weeks of injury in patients who sustained TBI and are older than 16 years.

Methods

The current study is based on 1426 patients with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score < 9) of whom 388 were treated for elevated ICP (> 25 mm Hg) between 2000 and 2008 at 22 trauma centers enrolled in a New York State quality improvement program. This prospectively collected database also contains information including age, admission GCS score, pupillary status, CT scanning parameters, and hypotension, which are all known early prognostic indicators of death. Treatment of elevated ICP consisted of administration of mannitol, hypertonic saline, barbiturates, and/or drainage of CSF or decompressive craniectomy. The factors predicting ICP response to treatment and predicting death at 2 weeks were evaluated using logistic regression analyses.

Results

Increasing age and fewer hours of elevated ICP on Day 1 were found to be significant predictors (p = 0.001 and 0.0003, respectively) of a positive response to treatment. Response to ICP-lowering therapy (p = 0.03), younger age (p < 0.0001), fewer hours of elevated ICP (p < 0.0001), and absence of arterial hypotension on Day 1 (p = 0.001) significantly predicted reduced risk of death.

Conclusions

Patients who responded to ICP-lowering treatment had a 64% lower risk of death at 2 weeks than those who did not respond after adjusting for factors that independently predict risk of death.
Technique and outcome of endoscopy-assisted microscopic extended transsphenoidal surgery for suprasellar craniopharyngiomas
Authors: Kim Eui Hyun , Ahn Jung Yong , Kim Sun Ho
Published: January 2011

Object

The transcranial approach has been the standard technique for removal of craniopharyngiomas for several decades. However, many reports of successful suprasellar craniopharyngioma removal accomplished using extended transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) have recently been published. In the present study, the authors describe their technique and the outcomes of removal of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas aided by the use of an operating microscope and an endoscope concurrently during extended TSS.

Methods

Between 1999 and 2008, 18 patients with suprasellar craniopharyngiomas underwent TSS. Tumors that adhered to the optic nerve were safely dissected, and fine perforating vessels were precisely preserved with the aid of a magnified, detailed microscopic view. Portions of the tumor that could not be properly visualized with the microscope were visualized with the endoscope.

Results

Total resection was achieved in all patients, and all visual symptoms improved. Preoperative hypopituitarism improved in 2 patients but persisted postoperatively in 15 patients (hormonal outcome was not available in 1 patient). Diabetes insipidus was present in 16 patients postoperatively. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage developed in 3 patients in the conventional fascia lata graft group, whereas no CSF leakage occurred after the dural suture technique with a fascia lata graft was introduced. This technique could be more precisely applied when using a microscopic view. Tumor recurrence was documented for 1 patient 2 years after surgery.

Conclusions

The authors achieved good results by using extended TSS for the removal of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas. Endoscopy-assisted microscopic extended TSS harnesses the advantages of a microscope as well as those of an endoscope. Surgeons should consider using the advantages of both surgical modalities to achieve the best result possible.
Spirometric Lung Function Tests in School Children with Asthma
Authors: Begum Jesmin Ara , Islam Mohammad Imnul , Matin Abdul
Published: January 2011

Background: Asthma is one of the important chronic disorder in childhood, the incidence of paediatric asthma is increasing in many countries. Atopy is highly associated with childhood asthma. Spirometric measurements of lung function are playing a key role in the diagnosis and management of asthma in children. Objective: To observe the lung function status in asthmatic children aged 6-15 years of both sexes. Method: The present observational study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Ibrahim Medical College, Dhaka between January 2010 and June 2010. For this, 30 asthmatic children were selected from Out Patient Department of Paediatric, Dhaka Medical College as a case and 30 apparently healthy children were taken as control. Subjects with history of pneumonia, congenital heart disease were excluded from the study. Spirometry was conducted on all patients by using Spirolab a new generation spirometer according to American Thoracic Society standards FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC% were measured. Measurement of PEFR was also done at the same time by using a new Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meter. Serum Ig-E level was measured by ELISA method and circulating eosinophil count was also measured by observing in peripheral blood flim. Data were analyzed by using SPSS. Statistical analysis was performed by unpaired student t test. Results: The mean percentages of predicted values FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC%, PEFR were significantly lower in asthmatic children compared to those of apparently healthy children(P<0.001). Statistically significant differences of mean circulating eosinophil count and Ig E level( P<0.001) were observed between the groups. Again significant number of parents of the subject had history of allergic rhinitis. Conclusion: The outcome of this study shows lung function status were lower in asthmatic children. DOI: 10.3329/jbsp.v5i2.6781J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2010 December; 5(2): 75-79
Status of Gastric Mucosa and Liver in Mice upon Treatment with Diclofenac Sodium
Authors: Hoque Nazmul , Islam Md Kamrul , Islam Md Monirul , Chowdhury Md Mustafizur Rahman , Rahman Md Mizanur
Published: January 2011

Background: Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with reportedly undesirable harmful side effects including blood disorders, abdominal pain, ulceration and bleeding of the stomach or intestine. Objective:The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of diclofenac sodium on erythropoiesis, on stomach and liver under different conditions. Method: This experimental study on animal model was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, between July and August 2007. A total of 45 Swiss Albino mice were randomly assigned into five equal groups (n=9) and they all were fed with standard broiler pellet (25 gm/mice/day) throughout the experimental period of 40 days. Keeping 1 group as control(groupA), 4 groups were treated with diclofenac sodium @ 3 mg/kg body weight (bwt) orally in empty (group B)or full stomach with (group c) or without vitamin B12 (group D) @ 10 μg/Kg body weight through intramuscular route. Total erythrocyte count (TEC) and Hb% was determined to assess erythropoiesis. Macroscopic and microscopic changes of liver and stomach were studied by standard laboratory method. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and un paired t test. Result: Oral administration of this drug significantly (p<0.01) decreased Total Erythrocyte Count(TEC) and Hb in the animals treated with diclofenac sodium in empty stomach and in the animals treated with diclofenac sodium plus vitamin B12 in empty stomach. All the treated mice showed slight to moderate congestion of the gastric mucosa and liver. Conclusion: Intake of diclofenac sodium in empty stomach may produce harmful side effect on stomach and liver. Key words: Stomach; Mice; Diclofenac sodium. DOI: 10.3329/jbsp.v5i2.6783J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2010 December; 5(2): 89-93
Physiology of Starvation and Refeeding Syndrome
Authors: Choudhary Raghuveer , Chawala Vinode Kumar , Kumar Jayant , Rathore Raj Kumar
Published: January 2011

Refeeding syndrome represents a series of metabolic complications that sometimes results by provision of nutrients, primarily carbohydrate, to a patient in a nutritionally compromised state. Refeeding syndrome is associated with hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia and hypomagnesaemia, fluid retention and vitamin deficiencies including thiamin are also of concern. If severe, refeeding syndrome may result in respiratory, cardiac, and neuromuscular dysfunction, especially in the stressed, elderly, or severely malnourished patient. This article discuss the physiology of starvation and the pathophysiology behind refeeding syndrome, identify the patients at greatest risk, and provide practical tips for prevention. As increased awareness and understanding of refeeding syndrome may help, prevent further such incidents and clinicians learn to recognize patients at risk and avoid overaggressive nutrition support regimes. Key words: Starvation; Refeeding Syndrome DOI: 10.3329/jbsp.v5i2.6785J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2010 December; 5(2): 101-110
(2E)-1-(2,5-Dimethyl-3-thienyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propenone
Authors: Asiri Abdullah M. , Khan Salman A. , Khan Khalid A.
Published: January 2011

The title compound, (2E)-1-(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)3-(4-nitrophenyl)propenone (3) was synthesized in high yield by reaction of 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethythiophene and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The structure of the compound was fully characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GC-MS spectral analysis and elemental analysis.
Ni(0)-CMC-Na Nickel Colloids in Sodium Carboxymethyl-Cellulose: Catalytic Evaluation in Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Harrad Mohamed Anouar , Valerga Pedro , Puerta M. Carmen , Houssini Issam , Ali Mustapha Ait , Firdoussi Larbi El , Karim Abdallah
Published: January 2011

A recyclable catalyst, Ni(0)-CMC-Na, composed of nickel colloids dispersed in a water soluble bioorganic polymer, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na), was synthesized by a simple procedure from readily available reagents. The catalyst thus obtained is stable and highly active in alkene hydrogenations.
Soil pH Mapping with an On-The-Go Sensor
Authors: Schirrmann Michael , Gebbers Robin , Kramer Eckart , Seidel Jan
Published: January 2011

Soil pH is a key parameter for crop productivity, therefore, its spatial variation should be adequately addressed to improve precision management decisions. Recently, the Veris pH ManagerTM, a sensor for high-resolution mapping of soil pH at the field scale, has been made commercially available in the US. While driving over the field, soil pH is measured on-the-go directly within the soil by ion selective antimony electrodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Veris pH ManagerTM under farming conditions in Germany. Sensor readings were compared with data obtained by standard protocols of soil pH assessment. Experiments took place under different scenarios: (a) controlled tests in the lab, (b) semicontrolled test on transects in a stop-and-go mode, and (c) tests under practical conditions in the field with the sensor working in its typical on-the-go mode. Accuracy issues, problems, options, and potential benefits of the Veris pH ManagerTM were addressed. The tests demonstrated a high degree of linearity between standard laboratory values and sensor readings. Under practical conditions in the field (scenario c), the measure of fit (r2) for the regression between the on-the-go measurements and the reference data was 0.71, 0.63, and 0.84, respectively. Field-specific calibration was necessary to reduce systematic errors. Accuracy of the on-the-go maps was considerably higher compared with the pH maps obtained by following the standard protocols, and the error in calculating lime requirements was reduced by about one half. However, the system showed some weaknesses due to blockage by residual straw and weed roots. If these problems were solved, the on-the-go sensor investigated here could be an efficient alternative to standard sampling protocols as a basis for liming in Germany.
Presencia de ermitaños en algunas novelas del Siglo de Oro
Authors: Chenot Béatrice
Published: January 2011

En algunas novelas de la primera mitad del siglo xvn, entre las cuales están Experiencias de Amor y Fortuna (1624) de Francisco de las Cuevas y Soledades de Aurelia (1638) de Jerónimo Fernández de Mata, la figura del ermitaño aparece dotada de hondo significado ascético. Anciano venerable, socorre al protagonista perdido en un paraje inhóspito, y ofreciéndole un testimonio de auténtica vida, le invita a meditar acerca del sentido de sus actos. Este mensaje providencial encuentra apoyo en la penitencia de otro personaje, en cuyo ejemplo el protagonista hallará ecos de su propia existencia. Los caminos por los que optará el viajero no serán siempre los del arrepentimiento : en Experiencias de Amor y Fortuna, Feniso escucha el aviso mas no lo pone en práctica, reduciéndose el encuentro a otro episodio más, aunque significativo, de sus aventuras ; Soledades de Aurelia, en cambio, propone una conversión que halla término de referencia en las santas eremíticas de la Tebaida, entroncando así con una antigua tradición cristiana.
Aspectos religioso-políticos de la ideología de Espronceda : El Estudiante de Salamanca
Authors: Vasari Stephen
Published: January 2011

La tendencia en la crítica al analizar El Estudiante de Salamanca ha sido de ver en esta obra tan sólo un tratamiento poético de una leyenda tradicional española, sin otro sentido especial. Únicamente el libro de Robert Marrast {Espronceda et son temps, París, Klinksieck, 1974) significa un cambio importante en esta actitud.

El presente artículo propone una interpretación radicalmente diferente : El Estudiante de Salamanca expresa de manera simbólico-alegórica y alusiva los conflictos ideológicos de la primera mitad del siglo diez y nueve, en especial los de los años de 1830 a 1840. El pensamiento que inspiró a Espronceda proviene esencialmente, casi exclusivamente, de Francia (el poeta vivió tres años — 1830 a 1833 — muy significativos del punto de vista religioso-políticos, en París). Los escritos de los pensadores, poetas y novelistas románticos de Francia, así como la extraordinaria figura del abate Lamennais y sus ideas, todo esto sirve de base a esta nueva interpretación de la mejor obra del gran poeta romántico español.
Configuraciones espaciales en « El obsceno pájaro de la noche » de José Donoso
Authors: Solotorovsky Myrna
Published: January 2011

El trabajo pretende la captación de un sistema de relaciones en El obsceno pájaro de la noche de José Donoso, mediante el análisis de las configuraciones espaciales discernibles en el mundo de la obra. Ha adquirido especial importancia en el estudio, la oposición mundo oscuro vs. mundo luminoso, la que permite jerarquizar y relacionar a los otros ámbitos distinguidos. El mundo oscuro está constituido por los siguientes espacios, algunos de los cuales se corresponden entre sí : espacios materiales, ámbito de los desposeídos, mundo de adentro, espacio femenino, ámbito mítico, ámbito de los monstruos. Al mundo luminoso corresponden los poseedores masculinos. La aplicación de la antítesis « apariencia-realidad » ha ayudado a poner en evidencia el nivel apreciativo del texto, según el cual el mundo de adentro, el espacio femenino, el ámbito mítico — componentes del mundo oscuro — aparecen como preeminentes respecto de sus contrarios. La novela se muestra así como reivindicadora del mundo oscuro ya instaurado en el epígrafe.
A propos du « Chitón de las tarabillas » de Quevedo
Authors: Querillacq R
Published: January 2011

On a tendance, trop souvent, à considérer le Chitan de las tarabillas comme une œuvre mineure, écrite par un flagorneur désireux de flatter Olivares. En fait, ces pages renferment une étude de certaines mesures économiques prises par les dirigeants politiques et que Quevedo condamne non pas arbitrairement mais après avoir mis en lumière les éléments qui les rendent discutables et après avoir offert des solutions différentes. Il devient dès lors évident que sous le couvert d'une adulation éhontée on voit apparaître une leçon de politique économique sous la plume de cet écrivain qui dresse un constat d'échec.
A propósito de La madre Naturaleza de Emilia Pardo Bazán
Authors: López Mariano
Published: January 2011

Un des ouvrages les plus complexes et les plus originaux dans l'œuvre de Pardo Bazán. Face à l'idéalisme de Rousseau et au positivisme de Comte, l'écrivain de Galice développe dans La madre Naturaleza une étude de la nature et de l'homme qui, sans tomber dans les extrêmes idéalistes et romantiques, va au-delà d'une vision matérialiste de la réalité. Par cette conception spiritualiste, Pardo Bazán offre un naturalisme plus flexible et plus humain. Esthétiquement, les thèmes mettent en évidence un aspect de réelle modernité ainsi que des techniques neuves par rapport à l'ensemble de la production romanesque de cette époque : entre autres l'analyse des instincts et des complexes sexuels et l'emploi embryonnaire du monologue intérieur. Finalement, le conflit interne du protagoniste semble illustrer au second degré le drame idéologique et politique des deux — voire des multiples — Espagnes qui s'entre-déchirent pendant le dix-neuvième siècle.
Hacia una definición de « feúcha »
Authors: de Bruyne Jacques
Published: January 2011

El DRAE (XIX éd., 1970, pág. 615) define feúcho, -a de la manera siguiente : "desp.fam.con que se encarece y moteja la fealdad de una persona o cosa", es decir, que el término se interpreta como una especie de superlativo. Una breve encuesta realizada con 23 informantes de lengua española parece demostrar que tal definición es incompleta, quizá incluso incorrecta.
Garcilaso : une autre trajectoire poétique
Authors: Ly Nadine
Published: January 2011

Adoptando un enfoque lingüístico (análisis de pronombres personales, tiempos verbales y léxico), se trata de poner de relieve nuevo aspecto de la trayectoria poética de Garcilaso. Tras el magistral estudio erudoto de las fuentes del poeta por R. Lapesa, el tener en cuenta los datos del lenguaje poético permite mostrar cómo va ganando la obra su autonomía con relación a una vivencia de la que suele echar mano la crítica garcilasiana para "explicar" Canciones y Églogas.
Farabeuf, entre l'anathème et l'anamorphose
Authors: Fouques Bernard
Published: January 2011

Inspirado en los trabajos de R. Barthes, G. Bataille, J. Baudrillard, J. Derrida, O. Paz y S. Sarduy, este estudio trata de establecer cómo, previamente inscrito en el espacio jeroglífico subyacente al cuerpo de escritura, el "placer del texto" en Elizondo tiende a coincidir con el instante (fatal) en que la rotación de los signos acaba de agotar el sentido.
Antonio de la Galancha. Un Agustino del siglo XVII en el Nuevo Mundo
Authors: Mac Cormack S.G.
Published: January 2011

On examine la Coránica moralizada del Orden de San Agustín en el Perú d'Antonio de la Galancha (Barcelone, 1639) à la lumière du débat espagnol des XVIe et XVIIe siècles sur la domination espagnole aux Indes, et sur la « capacité », l'origine et les droits des Indiens. La pensée de Calancha s'alimente essentiellement à La Cité de Dieu de Saint Augustin, dont le contenu sert à interpréter la Conquista et l'histoire du Vice-Royaume du Pérou.
Para la historia del « Cancionero de Herberay »
Authors: Devoto Daniel
Published: January 2011

Este Cancionero, hoy en el Museo Británico, antes de ser adquirido por Turner perteneció sucesivamente a un M. de Gaudin y al bibliófilo lionés Marqués de La Garde.
Lengua nacional y sociolinguística : las constituciones de América
Authors: Alvar Manuel
Published: January 2011

Cette étude est fondée sur un vaste corpus formé par les Constitutions que se sont donnés tous les pays d'Amérique depuis qu'ils sont devenus nations. On y analyse tout ce qui se rapporte, explicitement ou implicitement, à des réalités linguistiques : la suppression du Don décrétée dans tel pays, l'obligation faite ailleurs à tout citoyen de savoir lire et écrire, les problèmes de l'enseignement, souvent liés à la subordination ou à l'extinction de certaines langues, les notions bien différentes mais parfois confondues de langue officielle et de langue nationale, le fait que pe qu'on nomme alphabétisation ait été, soit encore synonyme d'imposition du castillan. Le propos constant de cet examen où l'évolution historique n'est pas moins prise en compte que les survivances est de montrer par des exemples nombreux et précis que la langue unit les éléments de la société et que la société cherche son plus ferme soutien dans la langue.
La réconciliation germano-tchèque : sprint après la course de fond
Authors: Kafka Tomas
Published: January 2011

abstract : Through the question of the price of freedom, a question directly related to the reparations to be paid to East European victims of Nazism and, thus, to the end of a bipolar world, a long-coming, difficult process is described: German-Czech reconciliation, the "ugly duckling" of Germany's relations with central Europe. Whereas Germany's relations with its central European neighbors took a hopeful turn after 1989, no new start could be made in relations with the Czech Republic before both parties accepted to openly face a tragic past, covered up on both sides. The consequences had to be drawn in material as well as moral terms.
Analyse des modes de coordination dans les entreprises soviétiques et russes. Une grille de lecture pour un passage entre analyse théorique et empirique
Authors: Sultan-Taïeb Hélène
Published: January 2011

Ce texte analyse la transition en Russie d'un point de vue micro-économique, en se centrant sur les transformations de la coordination dans les entreprises industrielles. L'outil d'analyse est une grille de lecture d'un niveau d'abstraction intermédiaire, passage entre analyse théorique et empirique. L'application de cette grille aux cas soviétique et russe met en lumière la nature des différents modes de coordination en jeu dans l'industrie soviétique et permet d'appréhender l'ampleur des transformations survenues depuis 1991. On aboutit à une typologie des entreprises industrielles russes en fonction de leur mode de coordination, élaborée à partir des résultats d'une enquête de terrain.
Les instructions du Président de la Russie. Analyse d'un instrument d'action discrétionnaire
Authors: Startsev Iaroslav
Published: January 2011

The legal status of instructions from the Russian Federation's president is not precise; in fact, Russian legal experts and the literature consider it to be "nonexistent". Nonetheless, President Eltsine gave instructions for granting sizeable funds; and the nonexecution of these instructions may have motivated the resignation of major Federal government employees. For the Russian executive, such an instruction is a pure manifestation, extralegal but with binding force, of the head of state's decision-making power. The legal status of presidential instructions is studied herein, as well as the perception and interpretation of them by branches of the executive. The significance of these instructions in the constitutional and political context of presidential power in contemporary Russia is examined.
Facteurs permanents et fédérateurs de la politique extérieure russe : entre blocage et renouvellement
Authors: Facon Isabelle
Published: January 2011

En 1992-93, les artisans de la politique étrangère et de sécurité russe veulent engager une rupture avec les équilibres antérieurs. Prolongeant les efforts de M. Gorbatchev, ils poursuivent la « démilitarisation » et l'« economisation » de la politique extérieure et donnent la priorité au partenariat avec l'Occident. Pour différentes raisons, en grande partie d'ordre intérieur, élites politiques et opinion publique se retrouvent rapidement autour de l'idée que ces orientations ont échoué. Ce contexte favorise la consolidation de repères essentiels de l'héritage stratégique fondamental de la Russie et de leur influence sur la définition des positions de Moscou sur la scène internationale. La crise intervenue en 1999 dans les relations entre la Russie et l'Occident en a témoigné de bien des façons, de même que la manière dont Moscou réagit.
1989 et la ruine littérale et dialectique du POUP
Authors: Stola Dariusz
Published: January 2011

The history of the funding of the Unified Polish Workers' Party - one of the best kept secrets in Communist Poland - is a little explored field of research even though the Party's detailed book-keeping records are stored in hundreds of files in the archives. The Party was a big, costly bureaucratic machine employing more than 20.000 persons. Its yearly expenditures amounted to billions zlotys, of which only a small fraction came from dues. As of 1973, the Party's finances were based on income from the Workers' Publishing Cooperative, a sort of "royal domain". Following the 1980-1982 shock, the Party's finances plunged into a crisis along with Poland's economy and political system. By 1988, this crisis was forcing Party leaders to look for new sources of income, not in line with the orthodoxy of the Communist state. The inflationary spiral and the consequences of the defeat at the polls in June 1989 literally ran the party into bankruptcy and forced its leaders to reform its institutions. By setting up quasi capitalistic companies, the Party prepared itself for the introduction of a market economy and political pluralism.
Un visage pratique du « néocommunisme » tchèque : la propagande électorale du Parti communiste de Bohême et de Moravie depuis 1990
Authors: Perottino Michel
Published: January 2011

The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KS^M) is the only Communist Party in central Europe that preserves several characteristics of the former ruling Communist Party. It is accused of having maintained the same rank and file and, especially, of remaining a "conservative" Communist Party with an orthodox ideology, in other words, of being an "anti-system" party. Following its Fifth Congress in December 1999 however, the KSCM played an active role in competitive elections, and more than 20 % of respondents in public opinion polls said they would vote for it. But it is still kept out of any political participation at the national level, apart from the possibility of introducing bills of law in parliament. How to account for this growing cleavage between electoral support for this party, so different from other parties, and its weak role in politics? A partial answer is provided to this question by analyzing a few characteristics of this party's political communication through its written propaganda (pamphlets, tracts, posters). Can we detect an ideological evolution in the way this party officially "presents" itself during elections, as it tries to attract as many voters as possible? Does the image that it gives of itself correspond to the image conveyed by the media and its political opponents?
L'école secondaire russe en mutation (d'après la situation à Moscou)
Authors: Čeredničenko Galina
Published: January 2011

The new situation in secondary education since the early 1990s is described through examples of schools in Moscow. The social crisis in Russia has led, at an ever faster pace, to abandoning the unified school system in favor of developing specialized schools and courses, as well as private schools with the claim of respecting student diversity. This multiplication of schools, in fact intended for a new elite of leaders and specialists who are willing to pay so that their children receive a better education and improve their chances for admission into post-secondary institutions, is intensifying social differentiation, a trend already observable in the late 1980s. It is reinforced by the fact that the state has increasingly withdrawn its financial backing from the public school system and that it has replaced the principle of equality, which it used to try to promote, with "freedom and pluralism in education". On the basis of two surveys, the increasing severity of selection procedures as applied to secondary school students is analyzed as well as students' trajectories as a function of their social and cultural backgrounds.
Islam officiel contre islam politique en Ouzbékistan aujourd'hui : la Direction des Musulmans et les groupes non-hanafî
Authors: Babadjanov Bakhtyar
Published: January 2011

The author, a historian and specialist of Islam in Central Asia from the 16th to the 20th century, analyzes the Program adopted by the Muslim Directorate of Uzbekistan on March 1 2000 in an effort at counteracting the influence of radical Islamist movements. This analysis reveals to what extent the official Uzbek clergy is still habituated to using threats, political practices and rhetorics dating from the Soviet era. Reactions to this program are used to assess how much this Directorate - a religious hierarchy initially set up under Stalin - lacks legitimacy, even inside the Hanafî theological school, headed in principle by the Tashkent mufti. A systematic critique is made of the coercive religious policy launched by Islam Karimov's government, which has set a police state that could undermine the political stability not just of Uzbekistan, but even of all of Central Asia.
La politique de désinflation en Hongrie entre 1995 et 2000
Authors: Égert Bálazs
Published: January 2011

L'ambition du présent article est d'analyser la politique de désinflation menée en Hongrie durant la seconde moitié des années 1990. Après la mise en œuvre, au début de 1995, du programme de stabilisation dit "Bokros", dont le pays avait un urgent besoin, la désinflation soutenable devint officiellement le principal objectif de la politique monétaire hongroise à moyen et long termes. La stratégie de désinflation de la Banque nationale de Hongrie est analysée sous ses aspects à la fois théoriques et pratiques. L'auteur insiste sur la nécessaire crédibilité de la politique économique et de la politique monétaire en particulier. Il souligne également le rôle central que jouera le système de change à crémaillère annoncé à l'avance dans la lutte contre l'inflation. Enfin, il examine les effets de la libéralisation financière et notamment son impact sur la marge de manœuvre des autorités monétaires hongroises.
Sécession politique, désintégration commerciale et euroisation des pays en transition : le cas du Monténégro
Authors: Duchêne Gérard
Published: January 2011

The transition process has been accompanied by the emergence of numerous new countries seeking full independence, the most recent case being the separation between Montenegro and Serbia, as the former has adopted as its official currency the German mark, which has replaced the Yugoslav dinar, still circulating in Serbia. How has this change occurred? and what are the macroeconomic and institutional consequences of the disintegration of trade and currency ? After dealing with these questions, classical theories about customs unions and the optimum currency area are used to analyse this process. A recent development in the theory of monetary unions may better explain the present euro-isation of Montenegro. Accordingly, the adoption of an international currency by small countries strongly stimulates trade and growth.
Déterminants de l'offre de travail et secteur informel en Russie
Authors: Kolev Alexandre
Published: January 2011

Owing to the expansion of the informal sector in Russia since the transition, discussion has arisen about the incentives underlying work in the parallel economy. The validity of certain propositions is tested by using individual data contained in the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) in order to estimate labor supply determinants in this economy. The data confirm the hypothesis of a correlation between work in this informal sector and rationing on the regular labor market. Major differences between men and women come to light with regard to the way socioeconomic variables affect the labor supply in the informal economy: whereas the male labor supply varies with wages in this labor market, this variation is not significant for women.
Changement de régime de droits de propriété et infiltration mafieuse dans l'économie légale. Une comparaison entre la Russie actuelle et la Sicile du XIXe siècle
Authors: Champeyrache Clotilde
Published: January 2011

This comparison between contemporary Russia and 19th-century Sicily shows that certain characteristics of a transformation of the system of property rights (herein, the switching from, respectively, communism or feudalism to capitalism) favor the infiltration of organized criminality into legal economic activities in the industrial, service and financial sectors. But this infiltration is possible only when the "mafia" is already present before the transformation. It can then profit, at the time of the switchover, from specific advantages in the access to property, such as the asymmetry of information, "skills" in a market economy, participation in networks, and the willingness as well as capacity to pay. It also turns to its advantage the definition of the contents of property rights. The branches of the economy that have been infiltrated are then reviewed.
Le rôle des Fonds nationaux d'investissement dans la restructuration des entreprises en Pologne
Authors: Grégoire-Borzeda Cécile
Published: January 2011

Privatisation is often considered to be the best way to restructure enterprises in transition economies. The vast Polish privatisation program with one of its major objectives being the restructuring of 512 firms did not escape from this logic. After investigating the extent to which the agency and property rights theories shed light on the program's failures, other explanatory factors overlooked by these theories come to light with the help of corporate governance approaches. Herein, restructuring is seen as a long, complex process for increasing the competitiveness of enterprises, a process implying that firms have specific strategies for controlling certain resources. In this case, the "incentive model" does not suffice to explain all the failures and shortcomings of the restructuring conducted through National Investment Funds.
Identités collectives et usages légitimants du passé : les organisations de jeunesse tchèques
Authors: Devaux Sandrine
Published: January 2011

Nous proposons de traiter dans cet article les effets du passé sur la manière dont des associations se réorganisent après 1990 en République tchèque. Le cas des organisations de jeunesse est révélateur des processus en œuvre puisque se conjuguent des logiques de conversion, de "restauration" d'anciennes associations et de création de nouvelles. Dans cette configuration, s'affrontent de multiples passés socialiste et présocialiste. Nous montrerons concrètement comment les acteurs "bricolent" pour construire un passé légitimant et une nouvelle identité collective. Nous verrons également dans quelle mesure ce bricolage résulte des interactions entre les différents passés mobilisés. L'approche en termes de path dependence retenue ici ne nous semble néanmoins pertinente que si elle s'appuie sur des éléments précis concernant les mécanismes des phénomènes de continuité et de transformation et sur des jeux d'échelles.
La démocratie pour les Tchèques : une légitimité politique et une composante identitaire
Authors: Blaive Muriel
Published: January 2011

Lorsque l'on aborde le thème de la légitimité au sein de la nation tchèque, le rapport théorique et pratique qu'elle entretient avec la démocratie s'impose de prime abord. Contrairement à leurs voisins immédiats d'Europe centrale, les Tchèques s'auto- définirent au XXe siècle sur une base apparemment politique ; persuadés d'être affranchis de tout nationalisme étriqué, ils présentèrent la composante démocratique de leur culture comme l'élément le plus représentatif de leur identité. En réalité, le stéréotype de la nation démocratique est l'expression même de leur nationalisme. L'histoire récente montre qu'il en a été maintes fois abusé et qu'il convient donc de le manipuler avec précaution.
Élections, légitimité politique et stabilité dans les Balkans : le lien manquant
Authors: Ragaru Nadège
Published: January 2011

Depuis plus d'une décennie, la communauté internationale semble avoir placé ses espoirs de stabilisation politique en Europe du Sud-Est dans l'organisation, sous supervision internationale, de scrutins électoraux. Au fil des années, ces consultations électorales mobilisent cependant un nombre décroissant d'électeurs. Maints arguments ont été avancés pour expliquer les taux d'abstention élevés, les désillusions devant des réformes au coût social élevé, les pratiques clientélaires des élites partisanes, voire la trop grande fréquence des appels à l'arbitrage populaire. Par-delà ces constats, nul n'a, semble-t-il, songé à interroger l'un des principaux postulats des politiques d'aide à la démocratisation à l'Est, à savoir l'assimilation du vote à une « potion » démocratique censée lier les citoyens à leurs élus dans l'acte même de la délégation d'autorité et, partant, favoriser l'adhésion populaire à la démocratie. Il y a pourtant bien crise du vote, aujourd'hui, dans sa capacité à conférer aux élites politiques mandat et légitimité. Partiellement disqualifiés, dans les régions sous administration internationale, par une externalisation de la décision vers les responsables de la communauté internationale, les gouvernants sont également fragilisés par leur incapacité, en période d'austérité macroéconomique, à proposer à leur électorat des projets politiques porteurs de dividendes sociaux. Les années 1990 ont donc vu les alternances se multiplier sans que les électeurs aient le sentiment de disposer d'alternatives. Dès lors, le miracle de la conversion, par l'élection, des préférences individuelles en choix collectifs favorisant l'allégeance aux systèmes établis n'opère plus. La réitération des procédures électorales, simple traitement comportemental, ne suffira pas à résoudre le problème.
Comment intégrer l'économie comparative dans l'économie ?
Authors: Ananyin Oleg
Published: January 2011

This analysis of leading research programs in comparative economics also assesses their actual and potential functions in the economist's toolkit. Among the explicitly comparative programs are those having taken a traditional approach to Comparative Economic Systems (in particular the versions of T. Koopmans and J. Montias or of E. Neuberger and W. Duffy) and the recent approach via a Comparative Institutional Analysis (A. Greif and M. Aoki). Among the implicitly comparative programs are those having to do with German "Ordoliberalism" (initiated by W. Eucken) and, more recently, French regulation theory. Comparative economics is analyzed from the perspective of Eucken's "great antinomy" with its controversial implications about the nature of economic knowledge. The issues date back to the late 19th-century Methodenstreit, even though an adequate response to them is still on the agenda. Most modern economic theory depends very much on the ceteris paribus clause. To decrease this dependence, economics should take the comparative research strategy seriously. A methodological analysis of comparative economics turns up a few overlooked but crucial epis- temological points (in particular the heuristic function of ideal-types) essential to economic inquiry. Comparative economics is indispensable for bridging the gaps between theoretical and empirical inquiry, and between the science and art of economics.
La liaison banques-entreprises sous le régime de Currency Board : étude empirique pour la Bulgarie
Authors: Nenovsky Nikolay , Peev Evgeni , Yalamov Todor
Published: January 2011

This study of bank loans in the larger context of bank-firm relations under the Bulgarian Currency Board focuses on the 'intersection' between credit supply and demand from the point of view of both banks and firms. Both traditional and new hypotheses are suggested that correspond to specific conditions in Bulgaria: the ownership change, the corruption resulting from the transi- tion and other institutional and political factors. Using a cross-sectional model based on a survey on Bulgarian banks and a database of firms, this study found that the main factor affecting the dynamics and structure of credit was the institutional environment, whereas resources and traditional factors were secondary. During the period 1998-2001, banking activities were separate from those of the real sector. Given the new conditions resulting from setting up the Currency Board, the dual sector of firms and the specific institutional environment persist. Despite the discipline it has imposed, the Currency Board does not suffice by itself to overcome persistent institutional impediments, which are mainly related to the inefficiency of the judicial system, corruption, state capture and insecure property rights.
Enfance, famille et institutions en Russie au cours des années 1990 : un aperçu des évolutions récentes
Authors: Lefèvre Cécile
Published: January 2011

This description of the situation of children and families with children in Russia since the early 1990s focuses on institutional and political responses to the difficulties encountered by children and their families. A numerical observation stands out: the number of children 9 years old or younger fell from 24 to 15 million between 1989 and 2000. This numerical contraction did not lead to any specific policy for increasing the birth rate. It does lead us to relativize alarmist talk about closing preschool centers. A second observation is the pauperization, in particular, of large families and of single-parent families, the number of the latter having increased during the decade under study. Despite proclaimed intentions and their many modifications, social policies (in particular family allocations) provide quite insufficient aid to families.
Les recettes d'une reconversion réussie. Étude de cas des Komsomols ukrainien et biélorussien à la fin des années 1980
Authors: Shukan Loulia
Published: January 2011

L'analyse des stratégies de reconversion des anciens dirigeants du Komsomol en Biélorussie et en Ukraine soviétiques nous amène à nous interroger, dans le cadre de la présente étude, sur les transformations qu'ont connues ces deux Unions de la jeunesse communiste à la fin des années 1980 et au début des années 1990. Conçues pour faire face à la grave crise affectant le Komsomol depuis le milieu des années 1980, les mesures prises ont posé les fondements de la reconversion économique des fonctionnaires du Komsomol et leur ont permis d'occuper une place centrale dans la nouvelle économie de marché du début des années 1990.
L'échelon régional en Europe centrale et orientale : institutions, compétences et ressources
Authors: Brusis Martin
Published: January 2011

Most countries in central and eastern Europe have launched regionalization programs based on the requirements of reforming the state and joining the European Union. This comparative overview of the current situation with regard to regionalization in central and eastern Europe describes the constitutional status of regions, institutional arrangements at the regional level (including the relationship between local and central administrations), the powers of regional governments and the extent of fiscal decentralization. Points of convergence and divergence are identified throughout this part of Europe, which includes the eight countries going to join the EU in 2004 and the seven countries in southeastern Europe. What regionalization processes are under way in central and eastern Europe? What impact does the EU have on them? How does regionalization relate to democratization?
Les programmes d'aide de l'Union européenne à l'Est : analyser l'impact des réformes
Authors: Tulmets Elsa
Published: January 2011

Les politiques de coopération européennes ont fait l'objet d'une vague de réformes entre 1997 et 2001. Comment analyser l'origine et l'impact de ces réformes ? L'élargissement de l'Union européenne à l'Est semble avoir ouvert une fenêtre d'opportunité politique pour l'introduction de nouvelles idées et méthodes de coopération en Europe, aussi bien au niveau communautaire qu'à celui des États membres. Ces nouvelles procédures auraient principalement pour but de contribuer à renforcer la légitimité de la Commission après la crise de 1999 et de lui permettre de mieux gérer les relations de coopération du point de vue de l'émission (coordination avec les États membres) et de la réception (suivi des pays candidats et des voisins de TUE). Enfin, cet article introductif dégage quelques outils d'analyse des changements apportés par les réformes pour les donneurs de même que pour les receveurs.
L'impact de l'élargissement de l'Union européenne sur la coopération française et allemande à l'Est : quelle gouvernance ?
Authors: Tulmets Elsa
Published: January 2011

Le processus d'élargissement de l'Union européenne a-t-il eu un impact sur les politiques de coopération des États membres ? Nous défendons l'idée selon laquelle l'élargissement de l'Union européenne a constitué une fenêtre d'opportunité politique pour la réalisation de réformes de la coopération extérieure qui étaient en discussion dès les années 1980. L'élaboration de nouvelles méthodes et procédures d'aide a permis à la Commission de renforcer son rôle dans la politique extérieure de l'UE, notamment après la crise de 1999. Nous montrerons de quelle façon ces nouveaux instruments, pensés pour assurer le respect de la conditionnante par les pays candidats, ont également eu un impact sur les politiques d'aide des États membres (cas de la France et de l'Allemagne). L'exemple des jumelages institutionnels introduits en 1998 permet de déterminer où se situe exactement cet impact institutionnel et dans quelle mesure se mettent en place des mécanismes de coordination des politiques extérieures multilatérales et bilatérales. Il n'est cependant pas certain que l'on puisse parler de « gouvernance » de l'élargissement.
La religion dans les mouvements identitaires post-soviétiques. L'exemple du Tatarstan
Authors: Daucé Françoise
Published: January 2011

Depuis la disparition de l'URSS, la reconnaissance de la liberté de croyance a conduit à une mobilisation du religieux dans les compositions identitaires. L'introduction éventuelle d'une question sur l'appartenance religieuse lors du recensement de 2002 a été envisagée puis abandonnée, donnant lieu à d'importantes controverses scientifiques et politiques qui ont mis en évidence les différentes conceptions de l'identité en concurrence dans la Russie d'aujourd'hui. L'élément religieux est entré implicitement en ligne de compte à l'occasion de l'élaboration de la liste des nationalités. Les revendications religieuses nouvelles de certains groupes ont été reconnues dans le cadre pré-existant des nationalités. Le cas des Tatars orthodoxes (krjasen) dans la République du Tatarstan est ici analysé à travers les nombreux débats et conflits que leur revendication a entrainés, tant à l'échelle républicaine que fédérale, contraignant les autorités à prendre position sur la place de la religion dans la société actuelle.
Une opération hautement politisée : le recensement de la population en Ingouchie
Authors: Marie-Fanon Samuel
Published: January 2011

Following an assignment observing the last census in Ingushetia, the author explains the issues raised by this operation in this little Caucasian republic, which hosts a large number of displaced persons from neighboring Chechnya and North Ossetia. Light is shed on the various uses to which authorities have put the census. Counting these persons raises political questions of interest to both local and federal authorities. The census also brings to light the complex nature of certain Ingush social groups thanks to identity markers, such as religious or clan affiliations, which statisticians have omitted.