bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Question of Authority: Reassessing the March-Pershing “Feud” in the First World War
Authors: Neumann Brian
Published: October 2009

Current scholarship on the feud between American generals John J. Pershing and Peyton C. March during the First World War has generally argued that the dispute was overly exaggerated by contemporaries, with most of the conflict developing in the postwar era. The present study challenges this interpretation, arguing that the wartime conflict between March and Pershing was more severe than previously thought, and was founded upon the lack of a clearly defined command structure within the American Army as opposed to a collision of strong personalities.
Cold War Pressures, Regional Strategies, and Relative Decline: British Military and Strategic Planning for Cyprus, 1950–1960
Authors: Hatzivassiliou Evanthis
Published: October 2009

In the early period after World War II, Cyprus became useful to Britain both for the military projection of British power in the Middle East, and for the planning of an air campaign against the Soviet Union itself. At the same time, the mounting British difficulties in the Middle East, especially the loss of the Suez base in 1954, meant that Cyprus, under full British sovereignty, was the most “secure” British position in the region. Thus, strategic and military needs were important in the British decision to retain the island. Even after Cypriot independence in 1960, London retained two large sovereign bases in Cyprus.
“Bad Boys”: Infiltration and Sedition in the African Military Units of the Central African Federation (Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe) 1953–63
Authors: Stapleton Tim
Published: October 2009

New evidence reveals that some African soldiers in Britain’s Central African Federation—today’s Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe—developed African nationalist sympathies in the 1950s and early 1960s because of nationalist infiltration and the increasing unpopularity of colonialism. Discontent was also linked to participation in British counter-insurgency in Malaya, and news of Kenya’s Mau Mau Uprising and the Congo Crisis. African soldiers questioned European officers, demanded commissions, wrote complaint letters, met secretly, circulated nationalist propaganda, joined nationalist organizations, made abortive plots and engaged in “subversive talk.” With independence for Zambia and Malawi, white officers in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) doubted black soldiers’ dependability in future operations against nationalist insurgents but had to rely on them because of limited white manpower.
The Red Queen’s Race: Operation Washington Green and Pacification in Binh Dinh Province, 1969–70
Authors: Boylan Kevin M.
Published: October 2009

This article examines Operation Washington Green, conducted by the 173rd Airborne Brigade in Binh Dinh province, South Vietnam. It was a model operation that tested the ability of a regular U.S. Army unit to execute a sophisticated counterinsurgency mission that required the brigade to deploy in static detachments to secure rural hamlets and train co-located South Vietnamese Territorial units, and to strictly limit its use of indirect firepower. Because the operation closely matched recommendations made by many critics of U.S. military operations in Vietnam, it offers insights into the likely effectiveness of their recommended alternative strategy focusing on population control.
The Eritrean Long March: The Strategic Withdrawal of the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), 1978–1979
Authors: Weldemichael Awet T.
Published: October 2009

This article examines the controversial Strategic Withdrawal of Eritrean fighters (EPLF) in the face of Soviet-backed Ethiopian offensives during the Eritrean War of Independence of 1961–91. It highlights the long-term effects of these decisive battles and argues that despite immediate Eritrean setbacks and Ethiopian successes in these encounters, the ultimate strengths and weaknesses of the two adversaries first became apparent during the Withdrawal. Eventually, the Eritrean independence fighters decisively won the war because, as a guerrilla army, they were more adaptable to the fast changing conditions on the ground. Blinded by their belief in armaments and numbers, their far superior foe neglected to correctly appraise the situation and improvise strategy accordingly. This article stops in 1980 when the EPLF went over to the tactical offensive.
The British War Chariot: A Case for Indirect Warfare
Authors: Bradley Carl Meredith
Published: October 2009

In 55 B.C. Julius Caesar crossed into Britain and was immediately engaged in a unique style of warfare. The Iron Age Britons used sturdy and fast two-horse chariots to respond to Roman invasion. This article looks at the tactics of and analyzes aspects of the battle chariot. It assesses the capabilities of the people who fielded the chariot and the means used to sustain their resources and gauge their capabilities. Drawing on both classical and archaeological sources, this article presents a fuller account of Caesar’s two trips to Britain in 55–54 B.C. and the British warfare he encountered.
“Too Grievous for a People to Bear”: Impressment and Conscription in Revolutionary North Carolina
Authors: Maass John R.
Published: October 2009

Waging the War of American Independence (1775–83) required massive numbers of troops, weapons, and supplies in quantities most states could not readily provide. Meeting these needs were persistent challenges for the nascent state governments, all of which lacked a financial foundation, manufacturing base, and logistical network to sustain a concerted war effort. North Carolina was particularly beset by these challenges, which led state officials to adopt two of the most burdensome intrusions into the wartime routines of Carolinians: impressment and conscription. Both of these expedients produced antipathy and resistance to Patriot authorities, undermined support for the new state, and added to the disorders within the state during most of the war years.
On the distinction between regular and irregular inflectional morphology: Evidence from Dinka
Authors: Ladd D. Robert , Remijsen Bert , Manyang Caguor Adong
Published: October 2009

Discussions of the psycholinguistic significance of regularity in inflectional morphology generally deal with languages in which regular forms can be clearly identified and revolve around whether there are distinct processing mechanisms for regular and irregular forms. We present a detailed description of Dinka's notoriously irregular noun number inflection and suggest that no pattern can usefully be designated as regular. Psycholinguistic studies of Dinka would make a valuable contribution to our understanding of inflectional morphology crosslinguistically.
On agent nominalizations and why they are not like event nominalizations
Authors: Baker Mark C. , Vinokurova Nadya
Published: October 2009

We consider agent-denoting nominalizations like the finder of the wallet , contrasting them with the better-studied action/event-denoting nominalizations. We show that in English, Sakha, and Mapudungun, agent-denoting nominalizations can have none of the verbal/clausal features that event-denoting nominalizations often have: they cannot contain adverbs, voice markers, aspect, or negation. The one apparent exception to this generalization is that (only) Sakha allows accusative-case objects in agentive nominalizations, but we show that this is due to Sakha's special rule of accusative case assignment, not to a difference in the structure. We explain these restrictions by saying that agentive nominalizers have a semantics like that of a Voice head (Kratzer 1996). Given this, the natural order of semantic composition implies that agentive nominalizers, like Voice, must combine directly with a bare VP. We conclude by presenting the results of a seventy-eight-language survey, confirming that human languages in general avoid clause-like syntax inside agentive nominalizations, although it is permitted in reduced relative clauses, which may look superficially similar.
Reconstruction of morphosyntactic function: Nonspatial usage of spatial case marking in Tsezic
Authors: Cysouw Michael , Forker Diana
Published: October 2009

Abstract: The reconstruction of genealogical relationships between languages is traditionally performed through lexical comparison and the establishment of regular sound changes. The historical analysis of other aspects of linguistic structure, like syntactic patterns or the function of grammatical elements, is normally understood to depend on a previously established thorough understanding of the genealogical structure of the family. In this article we show that it is possible to reconstruct historical changes in morphosyntactic function without assuming detailed knowledge about the genealogical developments of the languages involved. Even more surprisingly, we are able to accurately reconstruct the genealogical structure of a language family using only a limited amount of morphosyntactic variation. As a case study, this article focuses on the nonspatial usage of spatial case marking in the Tsezic languages, a subgroup of Nakh-Daghestanian, spoken in the Caucasus. A new semantic-map-like visualization is developed to represent functional differences in case marking between the various Tsezic languages. Using MAXIMUM PARSIMONY, a reconstruction is proposed for the historical development of the case marking, and the same visualization is used to present the reconstructed historical developments in an insightful manner. Besides various new insights regarding the development of Tsezic case marking, the approach used in this article presents a generally applicable method for the reconstruction of morphosyntactic function.
Prescription vs. praxis: The evolution of future temporal reference in French
Authors: Poplack Shana , Dion Nathalie
Published: October 2009

Because many of the forms participating in inherent variability are not attested in the standard language, they are often construed as evidence of change. We test this assumption by confronting the standard, as instantiated by a unique corpus covering five centuries of French grammatical injunctions, with data on the evolution of spontaneous speech over an apparent-time span of 119 years. Reasoning that forms salient enough to have attracted the attention of grammarians were likely widespread in the speech of the time, we demonstrate how these materials may be used to (i) infer the existence of prior variability, (ii) trace the evolution of normative dictates associated with the variants, and most revealing, (iii) discern hints of prior linguistic conditioning of variant selection. These are then operationalized as factors in a multivariate analysis and tested against the facts of usage. The linguistic focus is on future temporal reference, a notoriously variable sector of the grammar in which competing exponents have persisted for centuries. Systematic comparison of grammatical treatments with actual speaker behavior shows virtually no correspondence between the motivations offered in the literature and those constraining actual variant choice. Prescriptive efforts to explain variability, by ascribing to each variant form a dedicated reading or context of use, have had no effect on speech, which is shown to be governed by a powerful set of tacit variable constraints. These in turn are unacknowledged by the grammatical tradition. The result is a great and growing disconnect between the variable rules governing speech and the normative dictates that underlie the notion of the standard. We explore the implications of these findings for the use of grammarians' observations as data for linguistic analysis.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Secretory Ca2+-Dependent Phospholipase A2 Activity Is Increased in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Chalbot Sonia , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Fladby Tormod , Grundke-Iqbal Inge , Iqbal Khalid
Published: October 2009

Background: The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family comprises multiple isoenzymes that vary in their physicochemical properties, cellular localizations, calcium sensitivities, and substrate specificities. Despite these differences, PLA2s share the ability to catalyze the synthesis of the precursors of the proinflammatory mediators. To investigate the potential of PLA2 as a biomarker in screening neuroinflammatory disorders in both clinical and research settings, we developed a PLA2 assay and determined the predominant types of PLA2 activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Methods: We used liposomes composed of a fluorescent probe (bis-Bodipy® FL C11-PC [1,2-bis-(4,4- difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-undecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine]) and 1,2-dioleoyl-l-α-phosphatidylcholine as a substrate to measure CSF PLA2 activity in a 96-well microtiter plate format. We established the type of CSF PLA2 activity using type-specific inhibitors of PLA2.

Results: Using 5 μL CSF per assay, our PLA2 activity assay was reproducible with CVs <15% in 2 CSF samples and for recombinant secretory Ca2+-dependent PLA2 (sPLA2) in concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1 μmol/L. This PLA2 assay allowed identification of sPLA2 activity in lumbar CSF from healthy individuals 20–77 years old that did not depend on either sex or age. Additionally, CSF sPLA2 activity was found to be increased (P = 0.0008) in patients with Alzheimer disease.

Conclusions: Adult human CSF has sPLA2 activity that can be measured reliably with the assay described. This enzyme activity in the CSF is independent of both sex and age and might serve as a valuable biomarker of neuroinflammation, as we demonstrated in Alzheimer disease.
Vergleich datenbasierter Lernverfahren für den Einsatz in der ZylinderdruckmodellierungComparative Analysis of Data Based Modeling Techniques for Cylinder Pressure Modeling
Authors: Weißenborn Erik , Bossmeyer Thomas , Bertram Torsten
Published: October 2009

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet eine vergleichende Analyse datenbasierter Lernverfahren im Hinblick auf die Anwendung in einem empirischen Verbrennungsdruckmodell für Dieselmotoren. Neben den im Schwerpunkt betrachteten Neuro-Fuzzy-Modellen werden ein Polynommodell, ein Multilayer-Perceptron-Netz sowie ein nichtparametrischer Ansatz in die Analyse einbezogen. Als Ausgangspunkt dient eine Einführung in die Struktur des Zylinderdruckmodells mit Definition der konkreten Modellierungsprobleme sowie die kompakte Darstellung der Berechnungsvorschriften. Anschließend werden die Ergebnisse gegenübergestellt und die Verfahren anhand ausgewählter Bewertungskriterien verglichen.
Flachheitsbasierte Steuerung und Beobachtung von Transportprozessen mit verteiltem EingriffFlatness-based Control and Observer Design for Transport Processes with Distributed Control
Authors: Winkler Franz J. , Lohmann Boris
Published: October 2009

In diesem Artikel wird eine Methode zum Entwurf einer flachheitsbasierten Profilsteuerung für eine Klasse von Transportprozessen mit verteiltem Stelleingriff, basierend auf der Methode der Charakteristiken, vorgestellt. Die Entwurfsmethode wird an einem Durchlaufofen zur Lösung unterschiedlicher Steuerungsaufgaben angewendet. Zudem wird ein Beobachterentwurf eingeführt, der sich auf eine Sensorik stützt, welche mit dem Fördergut durch den Prozess transportiert wird.
Insulin resistance in hyperthyroidism: the role of IL6 and TNFα
Authors: Mitrou Panayota , Boutati Eleni , Lambadiari Vaia , Tsegka Aikaterini , Raptis Athanasios E , Tountas Nikolaos , Economopoulos Theofanis , Raptis Sotirios A , Dimitriadis George
Published: October 2009

Objective

Although insulin resistance is a common finding in hyperthyroidism, the implicated mechanisms are obscure. The aim of this study was to investigate whether interleukin 6 (IL6) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) are related to the development of insulin resistance in hyperthyroidism of nonautoimmune origin.

Design and methods

A meal was given to ten hyperthyroid (HR) and ten euthyroid (EU) women. Plasma samples were taken for 360 min from the radial artery for measurements of glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). IL6 and TNFα were measured preprandially from the superficial epigastric vein and from the radial artery.

Results

i) In HR versus EU: (a) arterial glucose was similar (AUC0–3602087±57 vs 2010±43 mM×min), but insulin was increased (AUC0–36017 267±2447 vs 10 331±666 μU/ml×min,P=0.01), (b) homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was increased (2.3±0.4 vs 1±0.1 kg/m2,P=0.007), (c) arterial NEFA were increased (AUC0–360136±18 vs 89±7 mmol/l×min,P=0.03), (d) arterial IL6 (2±0.3 vs 0.9±0.1 pg/ml,P=0.0009) and TNFα (4.2±0.8 vs 1.5±0.2 pg/ml,P=0.003) were increased, and (e) IL6 production from the subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) was increased (18±6 vs 5±1 pg/min per 100 ml tissue,P=0.04). ii) (a) Subcutaneous venous IL6 was positively associated with HOMA (β-coefficient=1.7±0.7,P=0.049) and (b) although TNFα was not produced by the subcutaneous AT, arterial TNFα was positively associated with NEFA (AUC0–360;β-coefficient=0.045±0.01,P=0.005).

Conclusions

In hyperthyroidism: i) glucose and lipid metabolism are resistant to insulin, ii) subcutaneous AT releases IL6, which could then act as an endocrine mediator of insulin resistance, iii) although there is no net secretion of TNFα by the subcutaneous AT, increased systemic TNFα levels may be related to the development of insulin resistance in lipolysis.
Mellkasi subcutan emphysema révén diagnosztizált rectumtumorr
Authors: Hajdú Nóra , Zsoldos Péter , Neuberger György
Published: October 2009

Absztrakt

Bevezetés: Mellkasi subcutan emyphysemát különféle jó- és rosszindulatú mellkasi és hasi kórképek okozhatnak. Az irodalomban eddig mindössze 7 olyan esetet írtak le, amikor sigma- vagy rectumperforatio következtében alakult ki ez a ritka tünet. Esetismertetés: Az általunk bemutatott 72 éves nőbeteg mellkasi panaszok miatt fordult orvoshoz. Subcutan mellkasi és nyaki emphysema, pneumomediastinum és pneumopericardium hátterében azonban acut hasi kórkép igazolódott: a teljes obstructiót okozó felső harmadi rectumtumor vezetett colon transversum perforatióhoz, amely a beteg gyenge általános állapotának, kísérő betegségeinek és korábbi műtéteinek köszönhetően atípusos klinikai képpel jelentkezett. Összefoglalás: A mellkasi subcutan emphysema ritka tünet, amely komoly diagnosztikus kihívást jelenthet, különösen multimorbid betegeknél, akiknél életveszélyes betegségek időnként larvált formában jelentkeznek. Atípusos klinikai kép esetén szem előtt kell tartanunk, hogy cardiopulmonalisnak vélt tünetek, mint a mellkasi subcutan emphy-sema vagy pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium hátterében súlyos hasi-kismedencei kórképek is állhatnak.
Colon- és csepleszmetastasis okozta ileus mint a ductalis emlőrák első klinikai jeler
Authors: Bognár Gábor , Barabás Lóránd , Diczházi Csaba , Ondrejka Pál
Published: October 2009

Absztrakt

Az emlőrák távoli áttétet jellemzően a csontokba, tüdőbe, májba és a központi idegrendszerbe ad. A csepleszbe és a gastrointestinalis traktusba (GI) adott áttétek ritkák. Jelen esetünkben egy 48 éves nőbeteg kapcsán ismertetjük a kórképet. A beteg ileus miatt került felvételre és műtétre, mely során a nagycseplesz és a colon daganatos elváltozásait észleltük és távolítottuk el. A szövettan invazív ductalis emlőrák (IDC) áttéteit igazolta. A beteg jobb emlőjében lévő a bőrt fogó, centrális IDC miatt ablatiót és axillaris lymphadenectomiát végeztünk. A ductalis emlőrák GI vagy hasüregi peritonealis áttéte ritka, az ileust okozó manifesztáció irodalmi ritkaság.
Carbon‐nanotube film on plastic as transparent electrode for resistive touch screens
Authors: Hecht David S. , Thomas David , Hu Liangbing , Ladous Corinne , Lam Tom , Park Youngbae , Irvin Glen , Drzaic Paul
Published: October 2009

Abstract— Carbon‐nanotube (CNT) films on plastic are incorporated as the touch electrode in a four‐wire resistive touch panel. Single‐point actuation tests show superior mechanical performance to ITO touch electrodes, with no loss of device functionality up to 3 million actuations. Sliding‐stylus‐pen tests reveal no loss of device linearity after 1 million stylus cycles. A CNT refractive index of ∼1.55 leads to CNT touch panels with low reflection (<9% over the visible range) without costly anti‐reflective coatings. CNT films on PET currently have 86% total transmission (including the PET) over the visible and 600 Ω/□, with lab scale tests giving 88% at 500 Ω/□. CNT films are neutrally colored (a* ∼ 0, b* ∼ 1.5), low haze (<1%), uniform, and both chemically and environmentally stable. Unidym's solution‐based coatings can be printed directly onto both flexible and rigid polycarbonate using solution coating processes. Unidym films can be patterned using subtractive methods such as laser ablation with resolution down to 10 μm, or additive methods such as patterned gravure. CNTs are grown, purified, formulated into inks, and coated using scalable processes, allowing films to be attractive from a cost perspective as well.
High‐visibility 2‐D/3‐D LCD with HDDP arrangement and its optical characterization methods
Authors: Uehara Shin‐ichi , Hiroya Tsutomu , Kusanagi Hidenori , Shigemura Kouji , Asada Hideki
Published: October 2009

Abstract— A 3.1‐in.‐diagonal 2‐D/3‐D LCD with a novel pixel arrangement, called horizontally double‐density pixels (HDDP), for high‐quality 3‐D images has been developed. 3‐D visibility has been improved by broadening the qualified stereoscopic viewing space (QSVS) where high‐quality 3‐D images can be seen. In order to evaluate the QSVS, optical characterization methods, based on the ergonomics for stereoscopy, such as 3‐D crosstalk, interocular luminance difference and 3‐D moiré have been proposed. The implementation results show that these methods can correctly evaluate high‐visibility autostereoscopic displays.
Vertical Economies of Scope in Dairy Farming
Authors: Mayen Carlos D , Balagtas Joseph V. , Alexander Corinne E.
Published: October 2009

With the exception of Azzam and Skinner (2007), the economic literature on farm structure has largely neglected issues of vertical organization of the farm. In this article we estimate a multi-stage, multi-output cost function in order to measure vertical economies of scope in organic and conventional dairy farms. In particular, we model the integration of production of grains and forages on dairy farms. We find negligible vertical economies of scope for conventional dairy farms but significant vertical economies of scope in organic dairy production. The large vertical economies of scope for organic dairy farms are consistent with higher costs of obtaining organic feed through market transactions associated with an underdeveloped market for organic feeds.
Does Self-Modeling Affect Imagery Ability or Vividness?
Authors: Rymal Amanda M , Ste-Marie Diane M
Published: October 2009

Research has shown imagery interventions to be important tools for learning new skills, as well as enhancing competitive performance. Moreover, imagery vividness and ability are two factors shown to contribute to their effectiveness. Therefore, learning ways to increase one's imagery vividness and ability is important. Hence, the present research examined the effects of an external stimulus (i.e., a self-modeling video) on one's imagery vividness and ability. A self-modeling video is an edited video showing the desired target behaviors; in this case it was a competitive dive. Two imagery measures (VMIQ and MIQ-R) were used to capture whether the self-modeling video would influence competitive divers' imagery vividness and ability. Seven competitive divers were administered both imagery measures at pre-test and post-test. After pre-test scores were taken, the participants' individual self-modeling videos were shown on three occasions before each competition and once at each competition. The results for the VMIQ indicated that imagery vividness when imaging the self was significantly better than when imaging others, F(1,6) = 7.44, p < 0.05, ?2 = .54. Of more importance is that the participants' imagery vividness increased after the self-modeling video had been administered for imaging one self but not for imaging others, although this only approached significance, F(1,6) = 3.70, p = .107, ?2 = .38. No significant results, however, were found for imagery ability. These findings suggest that there is potential for a self-modeling video to positively influence an athletes' imagery vividness.
Cross-Cultural Trade and Institutional Stability
Authors: Belloc Marianna
Published: October 2009

Traditional trade theory maintains that international economic integration always yields potential welfare benefits. This result can however be maintained only in a world bereft of its institutional and cultural dimensions. In this paper we show that, once institutional factors are introduced, integration may be detrimental to welfare. Exploiting a game theoretical approach, we consider the integration between two societies that only differ in their institutional structures. Two important results are derived. First, intercommunity integration may trigger the demise of the erstwhile internal arrangements. Second, the collapse of the domestic institutional equilibrium can lead to a loss of welfare for the community as a whole.
Serum Levels of the Adipokine Chemerin in Relation to Renal Function
Authors: Pfau Dörte , Bachmann Anette , Lössner Ulrike , Kratzsch Jürgen , Blüher Matthias , Stumvoll Michael , Fasshauer Mathias
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

To investigate serum levels of the adipokine chemerin in patients on chronic hemodialysis (CD) as compared with control patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >50 ml/min.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Chemerin was quantified by ELISA in control patients (n = 60) and CD patients (n = 60) and correlated with clinical and biochemical measures of renal function, glucose, and lipid metabolism, as well as inflammation, in both groups.

RESULTS

Median serum chemerin levels were more than twofold higher in CD patients (542.2 μg/l) compared with subjects with a GFR >50 ml/min (254.3 μg/l) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, GFR, as assessed by the original Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula, independently predicted circulating chemerin concentrations in multiple regression analyses in both control patients (P < 0.05) and CD patients (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate that markers of renal function are independently related to circulating chemerin levels.
There Is Inadequate Evidence to Determine the Effectiveness of Nonpharmacological and Nonsurgical Interventions for Hand Osteoarthritis: An Overview of High-Quality Systematic Reviews
Authors: Moe Rikke H. , Kjeken Ingvild , Uhlig Till , Hagen Kåre Birger
Published: October 2009

Background

Patients with hand osteoarthritis are commonly treated by health care professionals (allied to medicine). Practice should be informed by updated evidence from systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials.

Purpose

The purpose of this overview is to summarize the evidence from systematic reviews of the effectiveness of nonpharmacological and nonsurgical interventions for patients with hand osteoarthritis.

Data Sources and Study Selection

Systematic reviews published between January 2000 and October 2008 were identified by a comprehensive literature search.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Two reviewers independently selected reviews for inclusion, assessed their methodological quality, and extracted and synthesized data according to predefined criteria. Four systematic reviews finally were included. Based on single randomized controlled trials, there is some evidence of the effect of pain relief from topical capsaicin compared with placebo and for favorable functional outcomes for exercise and education compared with osteoarthritis information alone.

Limitations

In overviews, results are dependent on available systematic reviews. They are important tools to guide choice of interventions and locate areas where more research is needed, but they might not be useful for deciding specifically how interventions should be carried out.

Conclusions

There currently is insufficient high-quality evidence regarding nonpharmacological and nonsurgical interventions for hand osteoarthritis. Considering the limited research evidence and the prevalence and impact of the disease, there is an urgent need for more trials of nonpharmacological and nonsurgical interventions for hand osteoarthritis.
GESTURE USE FOLLOWING RIGHT HEMISPHERE BRAIN DAMAGE
Authors: Brady Marian , Mackenzie Catherine
Published: October 2009

A group of eight right hemisphere brain damaged (RHBD) individuals' use of gesture during discourse was explored at two points post stroke. Three topic structured conversational and three procedural discourse samples were elicited at one and six months post stroke. Gestures were analysed in terms of communicative gesture use and use of physical movements. Results suggest the group's use of gesture altered little over time. Some indication of change in the use of head movements and the use of kinetographic gestures were suggested as aspects of gesture use following RHBD that would benefit from further investigation in relation to a non‐brain damaged (NBD) control group.
PROFILING THE MEMBERSHIP OF SELF‐HELP GROUPS FOR APHASIC PEOPLE
Authors: Code Chris , Eales Chris , Pearl Gill , Conan Margaret , Cowin Kate , Hickin Julie
Published: October 2009

We surveyed the membership of aphasia self‐help groups in England. We wanted to know what kinds of people become members and the factors associated with taking an active role. So we aimed to describe the membership in terms of age, aphasia severity, physical state, socio‐economic status and group roles. We collected data on 135 members and found them relatively less severe but mainly chronically aphasic, living in their own homes and close to the group meeting place, using their own or public transport, with little community or state aid. While hemiplegia was common, few were wheelchair bound. Those taking active roles were younger and less severely aphasic and from more professional and managerial socio‐economic groups.
SUPPORTING PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH COMMUNICATION DIFFICULTIES: A MODEL
Authors: Stevens Leslie , Watson Kirstie , Dodd Kay
Published: October 2009

The project focuses on ‘shared listening’ from a structured developmental framework of ‘sound/no sound awareness’ to basic ‘phonological awareness’ linking it to the Foundation Curriculum: Early Years Goals (Department for Education and Employment 2000) and National Literacy Framework (Department for Education and Employment 1998). The project is based around parents borrowing topic bags where their children have been identified by speech and language therapy/specialist language and communication support teachers as having listening/phonological difficulties. Following a simple screening assessment parents borrow the bags weekly for a potential 30 weeks. These have been shown to have an effect on both parental attitudes to helping listening (practically‐based and focused) and their children's listening skills.
THE GENDER IMBALANCE AMONG SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPISTS AND STUDENTS
Authors: Boyd Steven , Hewlett Nigel
Published: October 2009

Speech and language therapy is still a predominantly female profession. This paper reports the numbers and percentages of males among the population of student speech and language therapists in the UK in 1999–2000. The numbers imply that there is no prospect of redressing the gender imbalance in the near future. Information was gathered by means of a questionnaire to male speech and language therapy students and male therapists on the reasons for their career choice and their occupation‐related experiences concerning their gender. Most therapists reported advantages from their gender but a minority reported difficulties arising from being a man in the speech and language therapy profession. The issue of working alone with children is identified as being in urgent need of resolution.
SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPISTS AS TRAINERS: ENABLING CARE STAFF WORKING WITH OLDER PEOPLE
Authors: Maxim Jane , Bryan Karen , Axelrod Lesley , Jordan Lesley , Bell Linda
Published: October 2009

A recently completed evaluation of a one day training package on communication has found evidence of a perceived need for training in both communication and communication impairment among care workers employed by health and social care agencies. This paper is a discussion of the factors that contribute to the delivery of successful workshops to front line care workers.
PILOTING NEW WAYS OF WORKING: EVALUATION OF THE WILSTAAR PROGRAMME
Authors: Coulter Lorraine , Gallagher Ceara
Published: October 2009

The current study aims to investigate the reliability and effectiveness of the WILSTAAR screening assessment and intervention programme. It also explores parental perceptions and evaluations of their involvement in the intervention programme. At this stage data collection is incomplete however interim results are presented. False positive rates are slightly higher than expected raising questions regarding the screen's reliability. Numbers are too small at present to report with confidence on the effectiveness of the intervention programme. Results indicate that parents rate their involvement in the WILSTAAR programme in a highly positive manner. The need for further research in this area is highlighted to ensure that early identification and intervention programmes meet the needs of parents and their children.
FRIENDSHIP SKILLS IN CHILDREN WITH SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT
Authors: Stoneham Gillie
Published: October 2009

An investigation into friendship skills of pre‐school children with specific language impairment was carried out in both mainstream and specialist play settings. Significant differences in onlooker behaviour were found suggesting that the children benefited from observation and information‐processing time within their mainstream play setting. The amount of solitary play behaviour found within the specialist setting supported these findings. Conclusions are drawn for inclusive education and collaborative practice.
BENCHMARKING CAN FACILITATE THE SHARING OF INFORMATION ON OUTCOMES OF CARE
Authors: John Alexandra , Enderby Pamela , Hughes Anthony , Petheram Brian
Published: October 2009

Recent restructuring in the national health service (NHS) aimed to effect cultural and organisation changes that would ensure fair and equal access for service users to effective and efficient services. Clinical governance has been introduced as a means of delivering quality improvement. One element of this is the use of benchmarking to assess current process and outcome and to use comparative information to inform about current and best practice. The use of the Therapy Outcome Measure (TOM) (Enderby and John 1997) was investigated as an indicator to benchmark the outcomes of treatment for different client‐groups and compare patterns of outcomes from different speech and language therapy (SLT) services. The study recruited eight SLT trust sites and ran for eighteen months. The TOM data was analysed to note similarities and differences in cases entering treatment, in the direction of change resulting from treatment, and on completing treatment. Variation was found on these points between cases with different disorders and across the trusts. TOM data could be used to provide a benchmark for a disorder against which services could make comparisons. However, for benchmarking to succeed there is a need for support and commitment from every level of an organisation.
IMPLEMENTING THE PICTURE EXCHANGE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (PECS)
Authors: Liddle Kate
Published: October 2009

PECS was developed in Delaware, USA over 10 years ago by Bondy and Frost (1994a). Over the last two years PECS has been introduced to this country and has raised a great deal of interest in people working in the field of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). This paper will address some of the issues that arose during the establishment of PECS in one special school. Changes seen in 21 children with severe learning difficulties who have been taught to use PECS are reported and the use of PECS with children who do not have an ASD is discussed.
REFLECTIVE LOGS: AN AID TO CLINICAL TEACHING AND LEARNING
Authors: Freeman Margaret
Published: October 2009

This paper reports on the use of learning logs for clinical teaching and learning in a university clinic. Students were encouraged to submit a written summary of their reflections after each clinical session for discussion at the subsequent session. Evaluation has shown that clinician‐teachers and students value this approach because it facilitates clear goal‐setting, promotes information exchange and provides opportunities for explicit focus on the student's learning needs. Although most students reported that completion of the learning log is time‐consuming, the majority considered that this was balanced by the benefits, including opportunities for additional feedback and the ‘licence to ask questions’. The evaluation has also shown, however, that few students elected to use their learning logs in subsequent placements, particularly when these were undertaken away from the university clinic. Some possible reasons for this are explored.
THE LISTENING SKILLS TEST ‐ A NEW INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS CHILDREN'S PRAGMATIC ABILITY
Authors: Lloyd Peter , Peers Ian , Foster Caroline
Published: October 2009

Research has established that the development of autonomous (as opposed to collaborative) communication skills, using referential communication speaker and listener tasks, develops only slowly during the primary school years. Such a finding has implications for the classroom which puts a premium on independent language processing. Although the importance of oral language is recognised in the National Curriculum, there has been little attempt to assess the ability formally. The Listening Skills Test is a standardised pragmatic instrument focusing on the 3 1/2 −7 years age group. The test is in four parts and assesses the ability to make judgements about the efficacy of verbal messages or instructions. Tasks include relating messages to arrays of pictorial items, making judgements about statements that refer to one complex picture, marking routes on a street plan in response to an extended set of instructions, and the ability to evaluate purely verbal utterances. The overall aim of the test is to assess children's ability to make sense on their own of verbal information in a decontextualised situation thought to represent the nature of much transactional communication in the classroom. Suggestions for remediation that have arisen from research conducted by the authors are also discussed.
INVESTIGATION OF THEORETICAL MODELS AND THERAPY ACTIVITIES: PHONOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES
Authors: Roulstone Sue , Wren Yvonne
Published: October 2009

A focus group of seven speech and language therapists (SLTs) who work with children with phonological difficulties was invited to share their views on their current ways of working. Qualitative data was generated through discussion of two video‐taped recordings of children with phonological difficulties and a series of brainstorming tasks. The results indicate the use of an eclectic approach, a mixture of theories rather than a single one. Similarities and differences between SLTs are identified. Implications for the development of clinical guidelines and the investigation of effectiveness are discussed.
SCREENING FOR SPEECH AND LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT: A FOLLOW‐UP OF TRUE NEGATIVES AND FALSE POSITIVES
Authors: Camilleri Bernard , Law James
Published: October 2009

It is important to ascertain the validity of screening and case‐finding procedures in terms of long‐term outcome, particularly if they constitute the primary mode of accessing services. This study is a follow‐up of a group of True Negatives and False Positives from the ‘original’ study (Laing et al. 2000), which investigated the concurrent validity of a parent‐led method and a formal screening method. Nine (29.03%) of the 31 children who were re‐assessed fell below the cut‐off point for referral and were identified as cases. In particular, as many as eight (57.14%) of the 14 false positives were referred.
Old Wine in New Bottles? Instrumental Policy Learning and the Evolution of the Certainty Provision in Comprehensive Land Claims Agreements
Authors: Alcantara Christopher
Published: October 2009

Comprehensive land claims agreements are important tools for empowering Aboriginal peoples. A crucial part of these treaties is the certainty provision, which deals with the nature of Aboriginal rights and title once a treaty is signed. Up until 1986, the Crown insisted on one certainty formula for all treaties. After 1986, however, Aboriginal groups were able to negotiate alternatives to the original certainty provision. This paper seeks to explain why alternatives to the original certainty provision emerged after 1986. It suggests that government perceptions of policy failure, generated by Aboriginal opposition to the extinguishment clause, resulted in the Crown engaging in instrumental learning.
Adaptive Algorithm Based on Time Window Partitioning for Discrete and Dynamic Berth-Scheduling Problem
Authors: Golias Mihalis M. , Boile Maria , Theofanis Sotiris
Published: October 2009

The berth-scheduling problem is considered with the objective of increasing customer satisfaction by minimizing the late berthing or departure and maximizing the early and timely berthing or departure of vessels. Vessel priority also is considered through the use of weights. An adaptive local search heuristic is developed to solve the resulting problem using a Markovian walk and a time window partitioning approach to improve convergence patterns and the objective function values. Results obtained from the heuristic are shown to be robust, and convergence rates and patterns are promising.
Implementation Issues for the Reliable a Priori Shortest Path Problem
Authors: Wu Xing , Nie Yu (Marco)
Published: October 2009

Solution techniques are studied for the problem of finding a priori paths that are shortest to ensure a specified probability of on-time arrival in a stochastic network. A new discretization scheme called α-discrete is proposed. The scheme is well suited to large-scale applications because it does not depend on problem-specific parameters. A procedure for evaluating convolution integrals based on the new scheme is given, and its complexity is analyzed. Other implementation strategies also are discussed to improve the computational performance of the exact yet nondeterministic polynomial label-correcting algorithm. These include an approximate method based on extreme dominance and two cycle-avoidance strategies. Comprehensive numerical experiments are conducted to test the effects of the proposed implementation strategies using different networks and different distribution types.
Mixed Logit Analysis of International Airline Choice
Authors: Wen Chieh-Hua , Chen Tan-Ni , Huang Wan-Wen
Published: October 2009

Mixed logit models were used to investigate air passengers’ choices of international carriers. The stated preference experiments were designed on the basis of eight service attributes of airlines (i.e., airfare, preferred departure time, flight frequency, punctuality, check-in service, on-board food service, cabin service, and seat space). Empirical data were collected from Taiwanese passengers who had just flown from Taipei, Taiwan, to Tokyo, Japan, or from Taipei to Hong Kong, China. The results of the multinomial logit model confirmed that the important determinants influencing carrier choice consisted of all service attributes of airlines except on-board food service. The nested logit models further indicated that competitive structures existed between airlines and degrees of competition varied across air routes. The mixed logit models, which include random parameters of service attributes and interact with socio-economic and trip characteristics, adequately capture the systematic heterogeneity in travelers’ preferences. Passengers are willing to pay more for long-distance travel and service quality attributes (especially check-in and cabin services). In particular, passengers who do not travel often, buy air tickets from nontravel agencies, or take nonbusiness trips have higher values of willingness to pay for service attributes. The findings offer valuable insights for international air carriers to develop marketing strategies.
Conceptual Framework for Collecting Online Airline Pricing Data
Authors: Pope Shawn , Garrow Laurie , Guin Angshuman , Leonard John , Bankston Lauren , Campbell Paul
Published: October 2009

The Internet provides new opportunities for aviation firms to develop decision support systems that take advantage of the wealth of detailed online pricing and product information. Although the airline industry has been able to incorporate large volumes of these data systematically into its business models, the academic community has generally conducted its analyses on a small set of nonrepresentative markets. The challenges and opportunities facing researchers who want to collect large volumes of data from airline websites and travel agencies are discussed. Several case studies are used to highlight the types of research questions that can be investigated with this type of data, including how average prices and price dispersion evolve in U.S. markets. A new sample design is proposed to enable researchers to investigate effects caused by carriers’ pricing strategies and multiairport competition.
Quantifying the Relationship between Airline Load Factors and Flight Cancellation Trends
Authors: Tien Shin-Lai , Churchill Andrew M. , Ball Michael O.
Published: October 2009

Flight cancellation decisions depend on many observed and unobserved variables. Of those, load factor plays an important role and has shown a significantly increasing trend over recent years. The statistical relationship between aggregate flight cancellation rates and load factors at the nationwide level was researched by using a quantile regression model. From analysis of a full range of conditional quantiles of cancellation rate, it was observed that, at high quantiles in the distribution of flight cancellation rates, load factor is the limiting consideration driving flight cancellation rate; that is, load factor has an increasing impact as the tendency to cancel flights becomes more pronounced. The influence of external events–-for example, the effect of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks–-is also illustrated by comparing the estimation results from quantile regression and ordinary least squares models. Further categorizing of data by business type of carriers, showed that the flight cancellation rate of network carriers shows a rather different relationship to load factor than that of the low-cost carriers.
Development and Demonstration of a Modeling Framework for Airport Terminal Planning and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Manataki Ioanna E. , Zografos Konstantinos G.
Published: October 2009

Airport stakeholders and policy makers involved in airport strategic planning, design, and operations have a vested interest in assessing how their decisions on alternative terminal layout concepts and operational policies affect overall airport terminal system performance. A considerable amount of research has been devoted to modeling airport terminal operations and performance evaluation. However, no aggregate model provides the capability of supporting strategic decision making while addressing the modeling requirements of a generic model that can capture the complexity of airport terminal processes and a flexible model that can be easily customized to reflect the configuration and operational characteristics of any airport terminal. The objective of this research was threefold: ( a) to demonstrate the need for adopting a new approach for airport terminal modeling and performance analysis; ( b) to present the overall methodological framework followed for the development of the proposed model, with discussion of the conceptual framework adopted, the airport terminal domain ontology developed, and the model architecture and design; and ( c) to demonstrate the model capabilities through modeling and analyzing the Athens, Greece, International Airport terminal case under two alternative traffic demand scenarios.