bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Latinx Sexual and Gender Minority Mental Health
Authors: Cerezo Alison , Camarena Juan , Ramirez Amaranta
Published: July 2020

Sexual and gender diverse (SGD) Latinxs are a vibrant, heterogenous community that can trace their heritage to various countries in Latin America. This chapter describes how socio-historical trends in the United States and Latin America have shaped the social and health conditions of SGD Latinxs, including the impact of colonialism and recent state-sanctioned discriminatory violence. An intersectionality framework is used in this chapter to consider how race and ethnicity, immigration, language, sexual orientation, and gender identity function interdependently to impact the lives of SGD Latinxs in the United States and around the world. The authors also discuss trends in SGD Latinx research in the United States and Latin America, with a focus on mental health and substance abuse.
Trauma among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations
Authors: Pantalone David W. , Gorman Kaitlyn R. , Pereida Erin T. , Valentine Sarah E.
Published: July 2020

This chapter describes the current state of the literature on trauma in sexual minority and transgender and gender-diverse populations. The authors begin by critically defining “trauma” and highlighting some consequences of the way trauma is defined. The authors describe how the subsequent mental health responses are understood and categorized psychiatrically (i.e., posttraumatic stress disorder). The authors describe relevant theoretical contributions to the literature on the cumulative burden of stress on sexual and gender minority individuals. Epidemiologic data are presented showing that trauma—especially in the form of interpersonal victimization—is an unfortunately common experience in the lives of sexual and gender minority individuals, especially those who hold additional devalued and stigmatized identities, such as being a racial or ethnic minority in addition to having a sexual and gender minority identity. Suggestions are presented for future directions for the field of trauma research among sexual and gender minority populations.
Creating with Constraints
Authors: Hasegawa Robert
Published: July 2020

Musicians have long framed their creative activity within constraints, whether imposed externally or consciously chosen. As noted by Leonard Meyer, any style can be viewed as an ensemble of constraints, requiring the features of the artwork to conform with accepted norms. Such received stylistic constraints may be complemented by additional, voluntary limitations: for example, using only a limited palette of pitches or sounds, setting rules to govern repetition or transformation, controlling the formal layout and proportions of the work, or limiting the variety of operations involved in its creation. This chapter proposes a fourfold classification of the limits most often encountered in music creation into material (absolute and relative), formal, style/genre, and process constraints. The role of constraints as a spur and guide to musical creativity is explored in the domains of composition, improvisation, performance, and even listening, with examples drawn from contemporary composers including György Ligeti, George Aperghis, and James Tenney. Such musical constraints are comparable to self-imposed limitations in other art forms, from film (the Dogme 95 Manifesto) and visual art (Robert Morris’s Blind Time Drawings) to the writings of authors associated with the Oulipo (Ouvroir de littérature potentielle) such as Georges Perec and Raymond Queneau.
Jazz and Its Sources: Searching for the Creative Process
Authors: Elsdon Peter
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses the kinds of sources that jazz scholars have used when interrogating the creative process. It examines the uses of recordings and notational sources, and considers the different forms and functions they take and the possibilities they offer. It suggests that understandings of the creative process in jazz can be limited if a traditional end-directed philological model is employed. Instead, it explores the implications of thinking about the creative process in terms of mediation and distributed creativity, drawing particularly on the work of Georgina Born and Tim Ingold. An extended case study examines “In a Silent Way,” composed by Joe Zawinul, as an example that brings these different issues to the forefront.
Nuclear Power
Authors: Fitzwater Savannah
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides an overview of nuclear power around the world, the fundamentals of nuclear technology, and nuclear energy’s costs and benefits. Nuclear energy accounts for 10.6 percent of energy produced for electricity globally. Although a relatively small percentage of production, it has often been in the spotlight for its great potential, both good and bad. As of 2018, there were 451 operational commercial nuclear reactors globally and many more under construction. This chapter explores some of the key arguments made for and against nuclear energy and examines future areas of nuclear power development, including small modular reactors, advanced Generation IV reactor designs, and the expansion of non-electric applications, in light of the current state of nuclear power.
The Politics of Energy in a Changing Climate
Authors: Allison Juliann Emmons , Hancock Kathleen J.
Published: July 2020

In many ways, everything once known about energy resources and technologies has been impacted by the long-standing scientific consensus on climate change and related support for renewable energy, the affordability of extraction of unconventional fuels, increasing demand for energy resources by middle- and low-income nations, new regional and global stakeholders, fossil fuel discoveries and emerging renewable technologies, awareness of (trans)local politics, and rising interest in corporate social responsibility and the need for energy justice. Research on these and related topics now appears frequently in social science academic journals, in broad-based journals, such as International Organization, International Studies Quarterly, and Review of International Political Economy, as well as those focused specifically on energy (e.g., Energy Research & Social Science and Energy Policy), the environment (Global Environmental Politics), natural resources (Resources Policy), and extractive industries (Extractive Industries and Society). The Oxford Handbook of Energy Politics synthesizes and aggregates this substantively diverse literature to provide insights into, and a foundation for teaching and research on, critical energy issues primarily in the areas of international relations and comparative politics. Its primary goals are to further develop the energy politics scholarship and community and generate sophisticated new work that will benefit a variety of scholars working on energy issues.
How Is the Future Unknown?
Authors: van der Steen Martijn , van Twist Mark
Published: July 2020

The future is inherently uncertain. However, most policies are deliberate attempts to anticipate the future and to change and shape the future in an intended way. This chapter provides concepts for three key elements that are necessary to prepare for an unknown future. First, it conceptualizes what makes the future uncertain; uncertainty does not stem from the amount of time itself, but rather from the dynamics that can play out in that time. That is why it matters significantly if a system is complex or complicated; complex systems are much more dynamic and unpredictable, and complicated systems are much more stable and predictable. Second, there are different approaches for “studying” the dynamics; forecasting and foresight depart from entirely different angles of looking at the future, and both have their own strengths and weakness. Third, there are different organizational strategies for preparing for an unknown future; robustness, resilience, and adaptivity are three possible principles for organizing and preparing for uncertainty. In order to prepare for an uncertain future, or to study the uncertain future, scholars and policymakers should systematically take these three essential steps into account; how is the future unknown, how do we study the future, and what concept for anticipation do we apply here?
Humanism and Higher Education
Authors: Kripal Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2020

The chapter begins with a brief history of higher education, primarily in Europe and the United States. Such a history is traditionally traced back to ancient Greece, moves through medieval Europe and the Middle East, and eventually focuses on how religious forms of proto-humanist thought and early science split off from one another in the early modern period, post-1600. A summary follows of some of the debates, particularly around the nature and scope of “the human,” that are presently of deep interest in the humanities. The chapter concludes with some critical reflections on where humanist intellectuals might want to go from here and calls for new and more inclusive forms of the humanist imagination.
The Problem of Consciousness
Authors: Papineau David
Published: July 2020

Consciousness raises a range of philosophical questions. We can distinguish between the How?, Where?, and What? questions. First, how does consciousness relate to other features of reality? Second, where are conscious phenomena located in reality? And, third, what is the nature of consciousness? In line with much philosophical writing over the past fifty years, this chapter will focus mostly on the How? question. What makes the question difficult is the existence of an alleged explanatory gap between consciousness and physical processes. This chapter is devoted to the source of this explanatory gap and to the philosophical implications of a correct conception of this source.
Russellian Monism
Authors: Goff Philip , Coleman Sam
Published: July 2020

Russellian monism is a quite general approach to the problem of consciousness, which comes in a variety of forms depending on what is said about the categorical properties of basic physical entities. We can usefully distinguish between panpsychist and panprotopsychist forms. Panpsychist Russellian monists hold that the categorical properties of basic physical entities are experiential properties. Panprotopsychist Russellian monists hold that the categorical properties of basic physical entities are proto-experiential, where proto-experiential properties are not themselves experiential properties but are crucial ingredients in facts that explain the production of consciousness. The first half of this chapter will discuss panpsychist forms of Russellian monism, the second half will discuss panprotopsychist forms.
Bodily Feelings
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: July 2020

This chapter will focus on ‘bodily feelings’, which express the various facets of the enduring relation that the subject has with her body in relation to the world. In particular, it will focus on three such feelings: the feeling of bodily presence, the feeling of bodily capacities, and the feeling of bodily ownership. After describing these bodily feelings in more detail, we will ask to what extent they are feelings at all, and if they are, how to best interpret their phenomenology: in sensory, affective, cognitive, or even metacognitive terms?
Emotional Experience
Authors: Deonna Julien , Teroni Fabrice
Published: July 2020

This chapter explores substantive accounts of emotional phenomenology, in order to see whether it sheds light on key features of emotions. To this end, it focuses on four features that can be introduced by way of an example. Say Sam is angry at Maria’s nasty remark. The first feature relates to the fact that anger is a negative emotion, by contrast with positive emotions such as joy and admiration (valence). The second feature is how anger differs from other emotions such as sadness, fear, and joy (individuation). The third concerns the objects of anger and the sense in which anger discloses the significance of Maria’s remark to Sam (intentionality). Finally, there is anger’s relation to behaviour (motivation). Does focusing on emotional phenomenology encourage specific accounts of these features? This chapter argues that there are reasons to think it does.
Land, Law, and the Courts in Zimbabwe
Authors: Verheul Susanne
Published: July 2020

Through a focus on land cases, this chapter looks at the place of law and the judicial system in Zimbabwean politics. To contextualize the understandings, imaginations, and invocations of law that emerged in contestations over land in the courts after 2000, the chapter first situates the law historically to examine the judicial culture that emerged from the interplay of law’s repressive and reformative roles under Rhodesian rule. It shows that under colonial rule the tensions between judicial officers’ commitment to formalism on the one hand and their efforts to deliver ‘substantive justice’ on the other, shaped the legal cultures that carried over into the post-colonial era. In response to growing opposition in the late 1990s, ZANU-PF emphasized a narrow retelling of liberation war history and turned to land for political currency. When land reform was challenged through the courts, ZANU-PF drew on its understanding of history to frame its land policies as both ensuring ‘justice’ for colonial land alienation and protecting the ‘sovereignty’ of the Zimbabwean nation. In this manner, challenges to the government’s land policies were cast as ‘unjust’. Certain legal and political actors, however, contested ZANU-PF’s interpretation of ‘justice’ by drawing attention to the judiciary’s historical commitment to ‘substantive justice’. Through public debates over whose justice the law ought to protect, the law continued to be central to state authority.
Sites of Manufacturing Consent or Resistance? Post-2000 Media and Political Contestation in Zimbabwe=
Authors: Mare Admire
Published: July 2020

Many studies have documented how repressive regimes appropriate traditional and digital media for propaganda, legitimation, and demonization purposes, but little has been written about how these platforms are used by both the ruling elite and pro-democracy forces in a militarized authoritarian context like Zimbabwe. This chapter examines the role of the traditional and digital media in legitimizing and resisting the ZANU-PF government’s authoritarian nationalist project since 2000. The Zimbabwean context provides an invaluable, multidimensional field to tease out the framing and contestation of hegemonic and counter-hegemonic projects by those in power and opposition forces, including the deployment of media platforms for factional and succession battles in a fragile political environment. The chapter argues that pro-democracy forces have used alternative media spaces like Facebook, WhatsApp, and Twitter to circumvent the gatekeeping and filtering practices of the state media empire, as well as to fight factional battles within the opposition. Tech-savvy political gladiators within ZANU-PF have also relied heavily on digital media platforms to advance factional agendas inside the ruling party. In the end, the media became the battleground for advancing factional, succession, and party-political agendas rather than national interests.
What Do Psychotherapists Need to Know about Ethics? Lessons from the History of Professional Ethics
Authors: Sinclair Carole
Published: July 2020

Behaving ethically is at the core of what it means to be a professional. It is central to the contract that all professions have with the persons they serve and with the societies in which they function. This sense of ethical responsibility, and the practice of articulating the underlying values, principles, and behavioral manifestations of such a responsibility, both have a long history. By outlining the history of ethical values and codes, and the meaning of “profession,” from ancient times to the present, this chapter explores several major components involved in psychotherapists’ efforts to be ethical practitioners. This includes attention to the roles of ethics codes, ethical values and principles, moral theory, ethical reasoning, and moral character. Although there is sometimes a tendency to treat these components as separate entities (even in competition with each other as explanatory concepts), the emphasis in this chapter is on how history teaches us that they need to be seen and treated as an integrated whole in our efforts to be ethical practitioners.
Aesthetics, Technology, and Popular Movies
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: July 2020

Popular movies are, with popular music, the most thoroughly and widely entrenched art/media forms on our planet. Because movies are a relatively new art form, the technological changes they have undergone can be linked to the aesthetic needs and responses of their audiences. Discussed here are the aesthetic consequences of public versus personal projection; the structural changes to accommodate storytelling; the physical changes that eliminate aversive qualities; the effects of the additions of sound, color, and the creation of wider images; the flirtations with 3D and higher frame rates; and the consequences of the switch from analog to digital production and reception.
The Role of Empirical Aesthetics in Consumer Behavior
Authors: Patrick Vanessa M. , Hagtvedt Henrik
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the role of empirical aesthetics in the field of consumer behavior. It is developed around the idea that individuals have consumption-related aesthetic experiences in daily life, ranging from the products they use to the places and spaces they frequent. The chapter introduces the notion of everyday consumer aesthetics to capture this idea. The chapter begins with a discussion of the cognitive and emotional response that consumers have to visual features such as color, shape, and surface appeal, and visual concepts such as cuteness and anthropomorphism. Next, the outcomes of aesthetic appeal and a broad categorization of aesthetic products are presented. The chapter concludes with challenges and future directions for the study of consumer aesthetics.
An Introduction to Evolutionary Perspectives on Religion
Authors: Liddle James R. , Shackelford Todd K.
Published: July 2020

Given that religious beliefs and behaviors are so pervasive and have such a powerful influence, it is vital to try to understand the psychological underpinnings of religiosity. This chapter introduces the topic of evolutionary perspectives on religion, beginning with an attempt to define “religion,” followed by a primer on evolutionary psychology and the concept of evolved psychological mechanisms. With this framework in place, the chapter then provides an overview of key adaptationist and byproduct hypotheses of various components of religion, highlighting the complementary nature of these hypotheses and their roles in forming a cohesive understanding of the evolution of religion. Concepts introduced in this chapter include hyperactive agency detection, minimally counterintuitive concepts, in-group cooperation, costly signaling theory, gods as moralizing agents, and cultural evolution.
Mickey, Yahweh, and Zeus
Authors: Gervais Will M.
Published: July 2020

Religions are complex and multifaceted. People engaged in the scientific study of religion may explore a diverse range of topics, ranging from supernatural agent beliefs to ritual practices to rites of passage to notions of eschatology and the afterlife. Recent decades have seen a flourishing of evolutionary theorizing on religion. This chapter poses six key questions for emerging theories, focusing on (1) the ubiquity of supernatural agent concepts across cultures, (2) the cross-cultural recurrence of common supernatural agent themes, (3) the fact that most people believe in only a select few mentally representable supernatural agents, (4) the fact that people tend to only believe in a subset of the gods currently worshiped worldwide, (5) the existence of atheists, and (6) the cultural success of some specific religions. I argue that modern approaches to cultural transmission and gene-culture coevolution are necessary components of any comprehensive evolutionary account of religion.
Manumission, Citizenship, and Acculturation in the Roman World
Authors: Perry Matthew J.
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the manumission and acculturation of freedpersons in the Roman world, especially through the lens of citizenship and community building. It analyses how the long-standing practice of granting citizenship to freed slaves shaped the institution of manumission in general as well as the specific factors contributing to the decision to manumit individual slaves. Finally, it examines the means by which freed slaves were incorporated in the civic community. While Roman law marked freedpersons as a lesser category of citizens, denying them access to the highest echelons of Roman society, it still accorded them important rights and abilities that made them more similar to fellow citizens than distinct.
The Formation of the Pauline Corpus
Authors: Gamble Harry Y.
Published: July 2020

This chapter explores the question how the letters of Paul came to be preserved, edited, and collected, so that a corpus Paulinum became broadly available in the early church by the close of the second century. The chapter begins by canvassing the relevant evidence, part of which is external, consisting of references to the letters of Paul in early Christian sources, and part of which is internal, consisting of features of the letters themselves. This overview of the evidence is followed by descriptions and evaluations of a variety of theories about the agents, motives, and methods that may have played a role in the development of the Pauline letter collection and about the various forms it may have taken. Finally, the essay draws some conclusions that seem probable, even though the evidence that is available does not allow for a full understanding of all the attendant issues.
Justification by Faith
Authors: Gathercole Simon
Published: July 2020

Not only but especially since the Protestant Reformation, interpreters of Paul have been keenly interested in what the apostle means by saying that a person is justified from faith and not from works of the law. This essay parses the debates over this controversial phrase, focusing especially on recent discussion and briefly proposing a constructive account. The essay first discusses the language of justification in Paul’s letters, then considers and rejects some common but false antitheses in this discussion (individual versus corporate, forensic verses apocalyptic), then explores Paul’s particular insistence that justification is not from works of the law, and finally considers Paul’s chosen counterpart to works of the law, namely faith or trust. It is here proposed that justification is for Paul part of a cluster of central topics alongside reconciliation, participation, deliverance, and other key themes—bracketed on one side by the atoning death and resurrection of Christ and on the other by the glory of God.
Association of Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes With Deviation From Guidelines for Gestational Carriers
Authors: Swanson Kate , Letourneau Joseph M. , Kuppermann Miriam , Einerson Brett D.
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate whether deviation from American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) safety guidelines for women who are gestational carriers is associated with increased risk of severe obstetric and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

METHODS:

This is a cross-sectional study of births from gestational carrier pregnancies in Utah from 2009 to 2018 with data collected from birth certificates. Deviations from ASRM guidelines include women aged younger than 21 years or older than 45 years, nulliparity, prior stillbirth, tobacco or percutaneous drug use, more than five prior deliveries, more than three prior cesarean deliveries, major comorbidities, and mental health conditions. The primary outcome was a composite of severe obstetric morbidity and mortality (death within 1 year of delivery; intensive care unit admission; eclampsia; hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome; transfusion; unplanned hysterectomy). Secondary outcomes were cesarean delivery, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm delivery (analyzed per pregnancy), and a composite neonatal outcome. Associations were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS:

A total of 361 gestational carrier deliveries of 435 neonates were included in this analysis. Sixteen percent (58/361) of pregnancies did not meet guidelines. Rates of severe obstetric morbidity or mortality did not differ between gestational carrier pregnancies that deviated from guidelines and those that did not (1.7% for both, odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% CI 0.12–9.12). Rate of cesarean delivery was higher among pregnancies that deviated from guidelines (36.2% vs 23.4%, OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.02–3.37). Rates of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy did not differ. Preterm delivery was also more common among pregnancies that deviated from guidelines, particularly after controlling for multifetal gestation (36.2% vs 23.4%, adjusted OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.04–4.48). Neonatal complications were significantly more common in pregnancies that did not meet guidelines, even after adjusting for gestational age and multifetal gestation (adjusted OR 3.66, 95% CI 1.44–9.29).

CONCLUSION:

Nearly one in five gestational carrier pregnancies in this cohort did not meet ASRM guidelines. Deviation from guidelines is associated with increased rate of cesarean delivery, neonatal morbidity, and preterm birth. Future research should focus on the safety of women who are gestational carriers and on why deviation occurs.
Primary bladder mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
Authors: Xu Hewei , Chen Zhengsen , Shen Baixin , Wei Zhongqing
Published: July 2020

Introduction:

Primary bladder mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a rare tumor. To date, the PubMed database contains only 39 English articles covering 63 cases of primary bladder MALT lymphoma. Herein, we report a case of this disease and review the current literature.

Patient concerns:

A 77-year-old woman presented with frequent urination, urinary urgency, and dysuria for 3 years. In the past 3 years, the patient's symptoms recurred and progressively worsened, and she was admitted to the hospital.

Diagnosis:

A histopathological examination revealed the bladder mass as a tumor with high proliferation of atypical B-lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry showed positive results for CD20, PAX-5, Ki-67, BCL-2, and CD21 and negative results for CD10, MUM1, TDT, and cyclin D1. These data supported the diagnosis of primary bladder MALT lymphoma.

Interventions:

A transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed to treat the disease.

Outcomes:

The patient was alive and healthy at the 15-month follow-up.

Conclusion:

Primary bladder MALT lymphoma is a rare disease and can be easily missed or misdiagnosed before achieving a histological confirmation. Surgery may be the best choice for both diagnosis and treatment.
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with abundant myxoid stroma
Authors: Tao Ting-Ting , Chen Jun , Hu Qing , Huang Xiao-Jun , Fu Jun , Lv Bo-Dong , Duan Yue
Published: July 2020

Introduction:

Abundant myxoid stroma rarely occurs in urothelial carcinomas (UCs). We report an 83-year-old woman with UC of the urinary bladder with abundant myxoid stroma. We summarized the clinicopathological features, immunophenotype, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of this type of bladder cancer, in order to improve the understanding of surgeons and pathologists.

Patient concerns:

An 83-year-old female presented with hematuria and frequent micturition, without odynuria, hypogastralgia, or fever.

Diagnosis:

The computed tomography scan demonstrated extensive tumors in the anterior wall of the bladder and a soft tissue shadow anterior to the sacrum. Cystoscopy showed massive wide-based tumors located on the anterior and lateral walls of the bladder, with no tumor involving the bladder neck. Multiple punch biopsies were performed, the histologic evaluation of which revealed a poorly differentiated invasive UCs with myxoid stroma.

Interventions:

The patient underwent a laparoscopic radical cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy.

Outcomes:

The patient discharged without any complications. Histologic evaluation revealed an invasive UC; the most prominent feature was an abundant myxoid stroma that covered approximately 80% of the lesion and the tumor cells were arranged in cords, small nests, or a sheet-like structure. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for CK19, CK20, VEGF, EGFR, p63, 34βE12, MUC1, GATA3, uroplakin3, and TopII (rate = 15%), while the Ki-67 proliferation index was 10%. The myxoid stroma in the mesenchyme stained positively with AB-PAS and colloidal iron, and some tumor cells stained positive for colloidal iron. Considering the histologic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical findings, a diagnosis of UC with abundant myxoid stroma was made. After surgery, the regular follow-up was continued in clinic, and there was no recurrence for 2 years.

Conclusion:

Morbidity associated with UC with abundant myxoid stroma is very low. The diagnosis mainly depends on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings.
Assessing Medical Students' Nontechnical Skills Using Immersive Simulation: What Are the Essential Components?
Authors: Phillips Emma C. , Smith Samantha E. , Hamilton Ailsa L. , Kerins Joanne , Clarke Benjamin , Tallentire Victoria R.
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Nontechnical skills (NTS) have been acknowledged to be important for medical students and can be linked to improved clinical performance. However, existing tools to evaluate these within a simulated setting address only a limited number of NTS. The Medical Students' Nontechnical Skills (Medi-StuNTS) behavioral marker system (BMS) outlines 5 categories of NTS for medical students. This study aimed to seek evidence for completeness and content validity to refine the BMS and to ascertain which NTS are essential for medical students.

Methods

We asked 128 workshop participants if they felt there were any missing or irrelevant items in Medi-StuNTS system. A subject matter expert panel (n = 10) rated how essential they considered each item in the BMS. An Item-Content Validity Index was calculated for each skill element and the Scale-Content Validity Index was calculated as a measure of content validity of the full system.

Results

Of the workshop participants, 78.9% felt that there were no missing items and 93% felt that there were no irrelevant items. Potentially missing items highlighted were as follows: “working in a hierarchy,” “leadership,” “awareness of the emotional state of other team members,” and “nonverbal communication.” Fourteen of 16 skill elements achieved the recommended level for content validity (Item-Content Validity Index ≥ 0.78), and the Scale-Content Validity Index was higher than the acceptable level (≥0.8).

Conclusions

Evidence for completeness and content validity of Medi-StuNTS has been demonstrated. There is a far wider range of NTS that seem to be essential for medical students than those assessed by tools developed before Medi-StuNTS. Medi-StuNTS provides comprehensive cover of the essential NTS required by medical students, with specific reference to the skill categories “self-awareness” and “escalating care,” which do not feature in other tools for assessing NTS in this group.
Women Surgeons’ Perspectives on System-level Strategies to Address Interpersonal Workplace Conflict
Authors: Lindquist Kerry M. , Vitous C. Ann , Dossett Lesly A. , Jagsi Reshma , Telem Dana A.
Published: July 2020

Objective:

We sought to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current methods for conflict resolution and the ways in which women surgeons would prefer workplace conflicts to be adjudicated.

Summary of Background Data:

Interprofessional workplace conflicts are poorly studied, particularly for women in surgery. These conflicts may negatively impact surgical team dynamic and be detrimental to patient safety. Moreover, workplace conflicts and their management are a proposed driver of decreased professional satisfaction and achievement. How women surgeons experience workplace conflicts and how these are managed remains unexplored.

Methods:

We conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with women surgeons across the United States who had experienced workplace conflict that resulted in action by a nonphysician. Surgeons were diverse with respect to demographics, specialty, and institutional settings. Through thematic analysis using NVivo, we analyzed and reported patterns within the data.

Results:

Although the majority of women asserted resilience in how they engage with these situations, many also cited ways in which these events could better be adjudicated. Recommendations included (1) more direct conflict resolution, (2) more transparency in reporting processes, (3) greater opportunity to address complaints, (4) explicit policies for events that repeatedly result in workplace conflict, and (5) divorcing interpersonal complaints from patient safety reporting mechanisms.

Conclusion:

This study motivates and informs best practices around adjudication of workplace conflict to help protect women surgeons and nonclinicians. Going forward, best practices should include more objective criteria for how conflicts are adjudicated. Continued efforts at an institutional level are needed to help mitigate inequities against women surgeons.
A single-dose live-attenuated YF17D-vectored SARS-CoV2 vaccine candidate
Authors: Felipe Lorena Sanchez , Vercruysse Thomas , Sharma Sapna , Ma Ji , Lemmens Viktor , van Looveren Dominique , Arkalagud Javarappa Mahadesh Prasad , Boudewijns Robbert , Malengier-Devlies Bert , Kaptein Suzanne F. , Liesenborghs Laurens , De Keyzer Carolien , Bervoets Lindsey , Rasulova Madina , Seldeslachts Laura , Jansen Sander , Yakass Michael Bright , Quaye Osbourne , Li Li-Hsin , Zhang Xin , Horst Sebastiaan ter , Mishra Niraj , Coelmont Lotte , Cawthorne Christopher , Van Laere Koen , Opdenakker Ghislain , Van de Velde Greetje , Weynand Birgit , Teuwen Dirk E. , Matthys Patrick , Neyts Johan , Thibaut Hendrik Jan , Dallmeier Kai
Published: July 2020

The explosively expanding COVID-19 pandemic urges the development of safe, efficacious and fast-acting vaccines to quench the unrestrained spread of SARS-CoV-2. Several promising vaccine platforms, developed in recent years, are leveraged for a rapid emergency response to COVID-191. We employed the live-attenuated yellow fever 17D (YF17D) vaccine as a vector to express the prefusion form of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike antigen. In mice, the vaccine candidate, tentatively named YF-S0, induces high levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and a favorable Th1 cell-mediated immune response. In a stringent hamster SARS-CoV-2 challenge model2, vaccine candidate YF-S0 prevents infection with SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, a single dose confers protection from lung disease in most vaccinated animals even within 10 days. These results warrant further development of YF-S0 as a potent SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.
Winning and losing at the same time
Authors: McKay Patrick F.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to summarize the author’s negative experiences with police. The author seeks to enlighten readers to the differential experiences of blacks and whites in police interactions.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is an essay that details the author’s negative experiences with police, while living in a mid-sized Midwestern city.

Research limitations/implications

The key research implication of the paper is that whites and blacks often have qualitatively different experiences with the police in local communities. While black professionals may be experiencing professional success at work, they may also grapple with racial slights and harassment that undermine their overall physical and psychological wellbeing.

Practical implications

Practically, this paper highlights the needs for police departments to train police on unconscious biases that lead to potential violence against black people. Prospective police officers should be screened on their racial attitudes and ideology to ensure they are equipped to police a broad array of citizens.

Social implications

Socially, the paper underscores the unique experiences of black people with police compared to their white counterparts. To reduce cultural mistrust among blacks against whites, the latter must show empathy and understanding when blacks report instances of racial harassment and mistreatment. Also, whites who witness racial harassment perpetrated by their families, friends, and people in general, should speak out against such practices.

Originality/value

The author thinks the paper is original in that it chronicles his unique, negative experiences with police as a black man in America. The author provides a theoretical background to understand the recent uptick in police violence against blacks and provide helpful tips for moving forward to improve intergroup relations.
Determinants of non-farm enterprise diversification in rural Ethiopia
Authors: Tshabalala Precious Makhosazana , Sidique Shaufique Fahmi
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This study aims to analyze the factors that determine non-farm enterprise diversification among farm households in Ethiopia. It extends the analysis by examining enterprises and using pooled data, which has the capacity to generate more accurate outcomes. The existing empirical evidence has focused on all non-farm activities, based on single period, single region data. Much of the existing empirical evidence is based on small-scale and location-specific sample surveys that do not demonstrate the characteristics of aggregate populations.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical analysis was conducted using a quantitative method. To cater to the censoring nature of participating in non-farm enterprise activities, a panel data double-hurdle model is used to a representative sample of 3,594 Ethiopian rural households.

Findings

The study finds that the age of household head, household size, distance to the market, social capital and access to credit, are determinants for owning one or more non-farm enterprises. The level of income from these enterprises is then determined by the age and education level of the household head, household size, agricultural equipment, distance to markets and access to credit.

Practical implications

This study brings to light factors that influence households to participate in non-farm enterprises and the determining factors for the income level.

Originality/value

Non-farm activities are an important source of household income and a driver of development. This paper provides empirical evidence on factors that determine enterprise ownership using panel data.
Healthcare commodities for emergencies in Africa: review of logistics models, suggested model and research agenda
Authors: Babatunde Seye , Oloruntoba Richard , Agho Kingsley
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Enormous numbers of people suffer from the effects of disasters and humanitarian crises in Africa, including medical and healthcare emergencies. International response to the 2014–2016 Ebola pandemic in West Africa and COVID 19 pandemic vividly demonstrates the need for efficient and effective logistics and supply chain systems in bringing succor to impacted and vulnerable communities. This paper critically reviews the academic literature on logistics models for sourcing, delivery and distribution of medical and healthcare products for humanitarian emergencies in Africa from 1990 to 2018. The paper suggests areas for further research and proposes an effective logistics model useful for international and national humanitarian organizations as well as public health authorities in Africa and developing areas.

Design/methodology/approach

The viewpoint paper draws upon a structured comprehensive and critical review of the academic literature on logistics and supply chain management and a qualitative analysis of the literature in 13 leading academic databases covering over 5,550 articles.

Findings

The paper finds significant gaps in the body of logistics and supply chain management research on practical deployable logistics models for sourcing, delivery, and distribution of medical and healthcare products for humanitarian emergencies. The paper suggests a model worthy of consideration by humanitarian and disaster response stakeholders as well as public health authorities in developing countries.

Research limitations/implications

This is a critical literature review paper based on a comprehensive literature research and analysis for the period from 1990 to 2018 from which a viewpoint is formed.

Social implications

This paper advocates for further research on appropriate models of logistics for the sourcing, delivery and distribution of medical and healthcare products to enhance the basic human rights and dignity of vulnerable people in developing countries.

Originality/value

The paper contributes directly to policy on logistics, humanitarian aid, disaster management, public health and health security policy in the developing world including Africa.
All to play for: LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY® and its impact on team cohesion, collaboration and psychological safety in organisational settings using a coaching approach
Authors: Wheeler Stephanie , Passmore Jonathan , Gold Richard
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Collaboration and psychological safety are key factors to effective teams. LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY® (LSP) has emerged over the past decade as a development tool used in both educational and workplace settings for a range of purposes. In this study, the authors sought to investigate the impact of the experience of participating in a LSP away-day on the collaboration and psychological safety of the participants.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study the subjective experience of participants of LSP workshop awaydays using a coaching approach were examined through interpretative phenomenological analysis. Members of two teams were invited to participate in team awaydays and approximately six weeks later, they were invited to share their reflections on the experience and its impact on team relationships and team performance.

Findings

The interviews revealed that participants' felt experience of engaging with LSP was positive, created closer bonds within the team and a better understanding of each other and the challenges which the team were facing. Participants reported a tangible change in the way they are collaborating and engaging not only just with fellow participants but also with other colleagues.

Originality/value

The experience of the participants in this study supports the view that LSP can have a positive role to play in developing psychological safety and collaboration in organisational teams and that there was a lasting impact on group norms which was sustained after the event.
Understanding electronic and face-to-face word-of-mouth influencers: an emerging market perspective
Authors: Oraedu Chukwunonso , Izogo Ernest Emeka , Nnabuko Justie , Ogba Ike-Elechi
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to advance knowledge on the influencers of positive electronic and face-to-face word-of-mouth (WOM) behaviour by examining an interrelationship model of relationship quality (RQ) components and antecedents in the telecommunication service setting.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey design was used to generate data from informants and was analysed using the partial least square structural equation modelling technique.

Findings

Findings indicate that service quality and relationship value have positive effect on trust and satisfaction, while service communication is positively related to trust but not satisfaction. Both trust and satisfaction have positive effect on face-to-face word-of-mouth (fWOM) and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). Additionally, relationship value directly influences fWOM but not eWOM, while service quality did not directly influence either mode of WOM behaviour.

Research limitations/implications

The study was conducted in a single service setting, and thus, outcomes cannot be generalised. Further, the authors limited the study of electronic WOM to only Facebook, WhatsApp and Twitter media. As such, caution should be applied in generalising the research findings across contexts.

Practical implications

This paper provides a guide on how telecom service managers can develop and manage their relationship network. Specifically, it demonstrates how business referrals can be generated and harnessed to build customer retention from different relationship building strategies. The study suggests that service providers that deliver quality services, engineer superior value and provide reliable information are better placed to develop resounding relationships with customers and consequently get them to engage in positive referrals.

Originality/value

This study is unique because it investigates the antecedents of WOM from an inter-relational perspective. By simultaneously examining the direct effects of RQ, and its antecedents on both fWOM and eWOM in a single model, the authors illustrate the antecedents and outcomes of RQ in a distinctive way.
Dynamic Cost Inefficiency of the European Union Meat Processing Firms
Authors: Kapelko Magdalena , Oude Lansink Alfons
Published: July 2020

We apply dynamic data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate dynamic cost inefficiency for a sample of European Union (EU) large meat processing firms over the period 2005–2012 and decompose this into the contributions of technical and allocative inefficiency. The estimation of dynamic inefficiencies controls for adjustment costs associated with firms’ investments. We further contribute by measuring dynamic cost inefficiencies and their components with regard to own region group (managerial inefficiencies) and the gap between the pooled frontier and the region‐specific frontier (programme inefficiencies). Results show that technical inefficiency tends to be the largest component of cost inefficiency when both conducting the analysis for the EU as a whole and estimating a region‐specific frontier. Results suggest significant differences in cost, technical, and allocative inefficiencies between meat processing firms in eastern, western and southern EU countries. We also find that the gaps between the pooled and region‐specific frontiers tend to be small to negligible, which suggests that the main source of pooled inefficiencies are shortcomings in managerial practices rather than differences in region‐specific conditions.
Could bacterial associations determine the success of weevil species?
Authors: Morera‐Margarit Pilar , Pope Tom W. , Mitchell Carolyn , Karley Alison J.
Published: July 2020

The weevil superfamily Curculionoidea is the largest insect group and so the largest animal group on earth. This taxon includes species which represent an important threat to many economically important crops and, therefore, pose a risk to agriculture and food security. Insect–bacteria associations have been recognised to provide the insect host with many benefits, such as ensuring the acquisition of essential nutrients or protecting the host from natural enemies. The role of bacteria associations within the weevil superfamily remains nonetheless understudied in comparison with other insect taxa. This review draws together existing knowledge on the influence of bacteria associated with weevils known to be agricultural pest species. The implications of these weevil–bacterial associations in determining pest status and their relevance to targeted pest management interventions are discussed. Specific consideration is given to the role of bacteria in cuticle formation, flight activity, reproduction manipulation and adaptation to different environments and food sources.