bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reasonableness
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava
Published: October 2023

This chapter explains that reasonableness is a flexible standard that implies consideration of various factors that might compete with the interests that favour extension of positive obligations. This flexibility is further evident through the intertwinement of the standard with the factors of state knowledge and causation. As a result, these factors and standards can counterbalance themselves, yet awareness of their distinctiveness is recommendable since it can help in resisting too intrusive positive obligations. When the reasonableness of positive obligations is at issue, it is necessary to assess the availability of alternative protective measures and their level of protectiveness, which leads to conceptual challenges. This explains the variations in the case law as to the framing of the alternatives, the level of their relative protectiveness, and the scrutiny in search for alternatives. Yet awareness of these questions and their distinctness is important for averting the danger of positive obligations overreach.
Substantive Positive Obligations
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava
Published: October 2023

This chapter explains that besides the procedural positive obligation to investigate, the European Court of Human Rights has developed two distinct but related substantive positive obligations. The first one is the positive obligation upon the State to put in place effective regulatory frameworks. As part of this obligation, the Court also examines whether national regulatory frameworks contain certain procedural guarantees. Although these guarantees are not detachable from the substantive positive obligation of adopting effective regulatory framework their importance warrants a detailed examination that this chapter offers. Finally, the chapter focuses on the second substantive positive obligation, the obligation upon the State to take preventive operational measures to protect an identified individual in certain circumstances, originally introduced in Osman v the United Kingdom. Explaining the distinctiveness of this obligation is within the chapter’s focus.
Comics and Cognition
Authors: Borkent Mike
Published: October 2023

Comics and Cognition: Toward a Multimodal Cognitive Poetics develops an analytical approach to multimodal communication in comics through insights from embodied cognitive science, especially cognitive linguistics and visual psychology. It extends previous cognitive poetic frameworks to the study of multimodality in comics, providing a cohesive analytical framework that also connects comics to other literary and artistic interests. The approach highlights the embodiment of cognition, and how this structures knowledge in long-term memory, and activates it through perception, mental simulation, and creative blending. These cognitive processes allow readers to make impressions, predictions, inferences, and eventually conclusions and interpretations about a text. Many of these processes of reader comprehension are unconscious, but emerge into a conscious experience of the multimodal text with a richly construed and nuanced texture. This book unpacks the dynamic interplay between the reader and the multimodal text throughout the processes of multimodal reading, including opportunities for interaction, interrogation, and improvisation of meaning derived from the reader’s embodied and textual experiences, tackling crucial features of the comics form, and their impact on such issues as viewpoint, temporality, abstraction, metacommentary, and transmediation. The proposed multimodal cognitive poetics applies to narrative and art comics, in both print and digital media.
Discussion Circles
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy
Published: October 2023

Chapter 5 covers the operational dynamics of discussion circles. As the center of high impact practices (HIPs), the authors detail the mechanics of circle management. As a best practice, the discussion group serves as the starting point for effective programming. The chapter explicitly discusses how to convene the circle, set ground rules for participation, set meeting agendas, manage the emotional safety of the circle, affirm participation, provide for inclusion and equity in participation, and build in opportunities for feedback while in the circle. The authors also include a brief discussion of how to close or dismiss the circle after each convening.
Crafting Celebrity and Celebrations
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy
Published: October 2023

Chapter 9 covers the importance of participant recognition and celebrations as ways to increase participation, collaboration, self-esteem, and short-term impact. Celebrations are human institutions and social constructs. These constructs have existed since the time of recorded human history. Evident in all cultures, celebrations as institutions convey norms, values, and expectations of behavior. Social programming for youth has focused more on the overall rites of passage process but has not given enough attention to the importance of celebrations and celebrity for youth and youth programming. Attention is given to how celebrations can be structured to maximize impact. The authors link recognition of achievement as a means to improve program retention, create a positive environment, increase youth motivation, and improve overall program outcomes.
Wreckonomics Goes Viral?
Authors: Andersson Ruben , Keen David
Published: October 2023

Chapter 8 elaborates the discussion of distorted knowledge environments by exploring how far the “wreckonomics” model applies beyond highly militaristic interventions. The case is the COVID-19 response and what can be learned from both its lockdown and “laissez-faire” incarnations. While often (understandably) treated as opposites, the chapter finds that these two extremes both exhibited “wreckonomic” tendencies, albeit to different degrees at different times. In looking at the intersection of COVID-19 responses and the much-maligned “culture wars,” it emphasizes that a key disadvantage in the various belligerent framings around COVID-19 is that they have narrowed the space for debate and dissent.
Mitigating the Costs of Combat with the Code of Conduct
Authors: Govern Kevin H. , Xenakis Stephen N.
Published: October 2023

In August 1955, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into effect Executive Order 10631, which stated, “All members of the Armed Forces of the United States are expected to measure up to the standards embodied in the Code of Conduct while in combat or in captivity.” Specific training and instruction was given to the use of the Code. Since its signing, the Code has gone through only two modifications, notwithstanding the changes in the nature of conflict. In this chapter the authors advance the notion that the Code has become an integral part of developing and sustaining U.S. service members’ endurance, both emotional and physical, as the nature of conflict has changed. The authors also examine historical traditions and necessities that gave rise to the Code, which comprises readily identifiable, moral foundation principles by which individual U.S. service members may hold individuals and others to account for moral values in a purposeful and coherent codification.
Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline , Wolk Courtney Benjamin
Published: October 2023

Almost 4% of adolescents in the past year met criteria for a substance use disorder, which is characterized as mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the number of symptoms identified. These symptoms range from negative consequences of use to compulsive use despite serious consequences. Cannabis is the most abused substance among adolescents, and opioids are the most common drugs of misuse for adolescent females and the third most common for males. Adolescent substance use disorders may be part of a behavioral profile of dysregulated, antisocial, and aggressive behaviors, and therefore, the material in this chapter overlaps with information presented in Chapter 7. Effective treatments have been identified for this population of youths, but most presenting for services do not receive them, and many more youths never receive intervention at all. Social workers’ intersection with this population may occur in mental health treatment, specialized addiction services, and other social service settings, where they can promote the implementation of empirically supported interventions.
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline , Wolk Courtney Benjamin
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses both nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal thoughts and behavior because of their interrelationship and their high occurrence rates in adolescents. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15- to 29-year-olds globally. Depression and other comorbid conditions are often present, and risk factors have been identified, such as low socioeconomic status, early adversity and trauma, bullying, and family conflict, as well as a sense of hopelessness. A structured safety planning intervention can be undertaken for cases that do not require hospitalization. Social workers are also urged to discuss firearm safety with parents. Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents (DBT-A) has been developed to treat adolescents and their families who deal with serious dysregulation, but a stepped-care approach needs more research, and less intensive programs are available for those who do not require or cannot access DBT-A.
Computational models
Authors: Manenti Riccardo , Motta Mario
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we introduce the definitions of automata Turing machines. We present different flavors of Turing machines including deterministic, probabilistic, and multi-tape machines. We present several complexity classes, i.e. collections of problems that can be solved by a machine with similar resources, including the P and NP classes. We present the Church-Turing thesis, which states that if a problem can be solved by a physical machine, then it can also be solved by any deterministic Turing machine. In the last part of the chapter, we introduce quantum Turing machines and the quantum circuit model. We study the complexity class BQP. This is the class of problems that can be solved by a quantum computer with polynomial resources and a small error probability. Finally, we introduce QMA, the quantum version of the complexity class NP. We present the k-LOCAL problem, and we show that this problem is in QMA
Quantum circuits
Authors: Manenti Riccardo , Motta Mario
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we describe the circuit model of quantum computation, focusing on the initialization of a set of qubits, their unitary evolution, and final projective measurement. We outline Di Vincenzo’s criteria for constructing a functional quantum computer. We describe single-qubit gates and measurements, and we present two-qubit gates. We prove that single-qubit gates and a particular two-qubit gate, the CNOT gate, are universal for quantum computation. In the last part of the chapter, we present the Clifford group of unitary transformations that stabilize the Pauli group, and the Gottesman-Knill theorem.
The Therapy of Reconciliation
Authors: Muldoon Paul
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as a healing operation. It seeks to explicate the meaning and the burdens of ‘healing’ in this context by reading the TRC in relation to two different biopolitical rationalities: pastoralism and governmentalism. It suggests that each of these is premised on a different understanding of healing and hence a different therapy for life. Whereas the first—championed by Desmond Tutu—looks to restore the communal ‘bundle of life’ through acts of moral generosity (apology and forgiveness), the second—embedded in the institutional structure of the TRC—looks to overcome emotional stagnation (impacted grief and repressed guilt) through societal catharsis. While the chapter agrees with many critics that the promotion of forgiveness in the TRC was deeply problematic, it argues that the ‘healing as catharsis’ model was even more ethically compromised in its manipulation of emotional life.
Conclusion
Authors: Muldoon Paul
Published: October 2023

The conclusion draws upon Albert Camus’ brilliant novel The Fall to make some summary observations about the return of memory and the perversity to which acts of repentance are subject. It assesses the claim, set out in the introduction, that the paradigm of restorative justice generally, and acts of sovereign repentance specifically, can be construed as an expression of an affirmative biopolitics in which care is extended to formerly denigrated life. Without seeking to diminish the significance of the efforts penitent states have made to correct their constitutional flaws, the chapter suggests the victims of past injustices may not be the principal beneficiary of public spectacles like political apology where the sovereign exposes itself in its crimes.
The Union Judicial System
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz
Published: October 2023

This chapter elaborates on the Union judicial system. It highlights the primary role of the national courts in applying Union law in all cases between national authorities and natural or legal persons or between such persons and protecting the rights conferred on them by Union law. Additionally, it discusses the structure and the functioning of the Union Courts, that is, the Court of Justice and the General Court, along with the allocation of jurisdiction between them in the light of recent judicial reforms.
The Action for Annulment
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the action for annulment set out in Art. 263 TFEU, which enables all types of parties to protect themselves against unlawful binding acts of Union institutions, bodies, offices, and agencies. It considers how annulment is at the core of the system of judicial protection by allowing direct review of the legality of binding Union acts before the Union Courts. It evaluates matters relating to the admissibility of the action, with particular regard to the standing of natural and legal persons in the light of the changes brought about by the Lisbon Treaty, along with the parties, the grounds, and the consequences. Particular attention is devoted to the enforcement of Arts 101 and 102 TFEU, merger control, State aid, anti-dumping, banking union, public procurement, and access to documents.
Proceedings for Interim Measures Before the Union Courts
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the proceedings for interim measures before the Union Courts, which essentially constitute provisional legal protection granted in favour of a party before the main action is decided. It evaluates the types of interim measures which can be requested, the types of direct actions in which interim measures may be requested, and the ancillary and provisional nature of these proceedings. It also discusses the three main substantive requirements—a prima facie case, urgency, and the balance of interests—which must be satisfied in order for interim measures to be granted, and the possible imposition of financial penalties for non-compliance with the order of interim measures.
The Review Procedure
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz
Published: October 2023

This chapter looks into the review procedure set out by Art. 256(2) and (3) TFEU. Decisions of the General Court may be subject to review by the Court of Justice if there is a serious risk of the unity or consistency of Union law being affected. Only the First Advocate General of the Court of Justice can take the initiative for a review of the General Court’s decisions when he or she considers that such risk exists. While the review procedure is currently dormant, it remains relevant insofar as the heads of jurisdiction conferred on the General Court under Art. 256(2) and (3) TFEU, in particular preliminary ruling jurisdiction, would be activated.
Hypotheses
Authors: Lyon Aidan
Published: October 2023

This chapter uses the explication developed in the previous chapter to help delineate a logical space of hypotheses involving the concept of psychedelic experience. In particular, the chapter suggests that the practice of meditation and the consumption of psychedelics may tend to induce psychedelic experiences that reliably differ from each other with respect to the four dimensions of psychedelic space. As a broad brushstroke, the chapter hypothesises that meditation may tend to induce psychedelic experiences that are high in clarity and duration and low in scope and novelty. In contrast, the consumption of psychedelics may tend to induce experiences that are high in scope and novelty but low in clarity and duration. The chapter also proposes that psychedelic experiences can occur spontaneously and that such experiences may follow a power-law distribution: most spontaneous psychedelic experiences are only mildly psychedelic, but a rare few are extremely psychedelic (such as spontaneous mystical experiences).
Well-Being
Authors: Lyon Aidan
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores the thesis that the empirically observed benefits of meditation and psychedelics on well-being can be accounted for in terms of their tendency to reveal the mind. The chapter proposes a more general explanation that goes beyond psychedelic experience by utilising the conceptual framework of psychedelic space (developed in chapter 3). Briefly stated, the explanation is that psychedelics and meditation either promote mindfulness directly or create revelatory experiences that approximate temporary increases in mindfulness. To the extent that these experiences approximate temporary increases in mindfulness, they inherit the benefits to well-being that would otherwise result from genuine increases in mindfulness. Using this explanation, the chapter then considers the relationship between mystical-type experiences and well-being, and explores the possibility that this is mediated by revelations about one's self-nature.
Psychedelic Philosophy
Authors: Lyon Aidan
Published: October 2023

This chapter argues for a novel approach to philosophy, one that incorporates psychedelic experiences into philosophical methodology. Whereas the previous chapters used the tools of philosophy to understand psychedelic experiences, this chapter flips things around and argues that we can use psychedelic experiences to enhance our philosophising. The chapter explains how three particular conceptions of wisdom -- sophia, Socrates' human wisdom, and Aristotle's practical wisdom -- can be enhanced by engaging with methods that cultivate psychedelic experiences (and enhancements of mindfulness). The chapter also reviews the existing empirical evidence in support of these claims.
American Mass Production and the Dawn of Italian Mass Culture
Authors: Bonsaver Guido
Published: October 2023

The focus of Chapter 3 is on America’s industrial output and its influence as a model of mass production in both manufacturing and the culture industry. After a discussion of the role of Camillo Olivetti as a young industrialist eager to learn lessons from America’s mass-production techniques, the study concentrates on two fields, the car and film industries, both of which developed in close contact with their American counterpart. Italy’s former capital Turin was at the centre of both phenomena, so the analysis concentrates in particular (but not exclusively) on this city. The chapter also dwells on the tensions between the two giants of world cinema—France and the USA—and the ways in which the Italian film industry fought to carve out its own identity as a late arrival on the scene. The chapter concludes by examining the adoption by Italian film-production companies of America’s most typical film genre, the western.
American Literature, Opera Librettos, and Pragmatism
Authors: Bonsaver Guido
Published: October 2023

Chapter 4 traces the features and channels of the initial appreciation of American literature by Italian intellectuals. The scarce knowledge of the English language among Italians had a direct influence on the discovery of American literature, since French translations regularly acted as a cultural go-between. Even the fact that millions of Italians migrated to the Americas in the decades around the turn of the century did not encourage better knowledge of English. This cultural resistance is also somehow connected to the near-absence of the theme of migration to the USA in the literary production of Italian authors. Despite the fact that millions of Italians were crossing the Atlantic, interest in the language and literature of those distant places and interest in representing the experience of migration remained minimal. The chapter also deals briefly with opera librettos, a genre that showed a similar tension between French and American influence. The final section discusses the interest shown by Italian intellectuals towards American pragmatist philosophy at the turn of the century. This involved a number of key figures in Italian culture, including the future leader of Italian Fascism, Benito Mussolini.
American Culture in Fascism’s Final Years, 1938–1943
Authors: Bonsaver Guido
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 10, the various cultural fields that have so far been examined separately come together to give a sense of the impact of the anti-American turn across the whole cultural spectrum. The turn took place in 1938, following Mussolini’s visit to Nazi Germany and his decision to step up Italy’s cultural autarky and prepare the country for war. Hollywood cinema was the most contested ground, but strong anti-American policies were introduced in other sectors too, from literature to music. The chapter’s first section tackles the regime’s attempted management of American culture next to the widening shadow of Nazi cultural policies. Beyond the cultural debate in the press, attention is paid to two themes that have cropped up in previous chapters: aviation and architecture. Both are connected with the image of modernity that the Fascist regime was attempting to project on the outside world. The second section looks at the world of letters: it examines the impact of the final years of the regime on foreign-language teaching, on the circulation of American literature, and on comics magazines. The two final sections are devoted respectively to the impact of anti-American measures on music and film.
The Pleasures of Memory in Shakespeare's Sonnets
Authors: Garrison John S.
Published: October 2023

This book examines Shakespeare’s poetry as a case study for the mutually formative relationship between desire and recollection. Through a series of close readings that are both historically situated and informed by recent theory, the book traces how the speaker of the poems strives for a more agential relationship to his own memory by treating recollection as a form of narrative. Drawing together insights from cognitive science, the early modern memory arts, and psychoanalysis, the book connects the Sonnets to the larger Renaissance project of conceiving memory as a faculty to be developed and managed through self-discipline and through rhetoric. In doing so, The Pleasures of Memory in Shakespeare’s Sonnets reveals how early modern thought predicted many theories that have emerged in contemporary neuroscientific and psychoanalytic understandings of the self and its pursuit of pleasure. The Sonnets emerge as a collection that contemplates the affective dimensions and conceptual overlaps that bind anticipation to retrospection in the pursuit of erotic pleasure. The book showcases Shakespeare’s most beloved sonnets as well as less familiar ones, and also discusses contemporary adaptations of the poems. The book further brings the Sonnets into the present by engaging with contemporary treatments of pleasure and memory by authors such as C. P. Cavafy, Toni Morrison, William Faulkner, and Michael Ondaatje. This volume will appeal to students and scholars working on Shakespeare’s poetry as well as to a broader audience of readers interested in affect studies, memory studies, and sexuality studies.
Embracing Absence
Authors: Garrison John S.
Published: October 2023

This chapter begins by considering the evocative apostrophe to absence itself in Sonnet 39. When we recognize the absence of the beloved as a persistent theme, Shakespeare’s Sonnets suggest that the absence associated with mourning and unfulfilled romantic longing should not be taken as entirely negative. The chapter considers John Benson’s treatment of Sonnet 97, Sonnet 98, and Sonnet 99 as a single poem in his 1640 edition of Shakespeare’s Sonnets. The speaker of the Sonnets at times seems to prefer the beloved in his absence as he can explore strategies for new forms of erotic experience that find longing—not union—as the marker for the most heightened form of pleasure fueled by memory.
Fear, Shock, and Spending Control under the Major Government, 1992‒1997
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria
Published: October 2023

Starting with a vignette about a 1994 review of Defence spending (‘Front Line First’) that aimed to cut spending without reducing front-line defence capability and involved an informal political deal allowing the department to keep savings above a specified sum, this chapter tells the story of what happened to the fiscal constitution and public spending under John Major’s Conservative government. Shortly after that government was unexpectedly re-elected in 1992 the main plank of its economic policy (membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism) suddenly collapsed, leaving it with a £50bn budgetary deficit instead of the surplus it had expected. Against that background, spending control changes discussed in this chapter include: a new way of controlling non-cyclical spending; a ‘unified budget’ with just one fiscal event a year; and a zero-based review of the Treasury which aimed to replace detailed financial oversight from the centre with a more ‘strategic’ approach.
Yesterday’s Tomorrows
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria
Published: October 2023

Starting with a vignette about how a forecast budget surplus for 1993–1994 suddenly turned into a £50bn deficit, this chapter shows how institutional arrangements for fiscal reporting and forecasting changed over the period, with the creation of an independent forecasters group from 1993 to 1997, the use of the National Audit Office as a validator of forecasting assumptions from 1998 to 2010, and from 2010 the independent Office for Budget Responsibility producing fiscal reports and forecasts. The chapter compares forecasts to outcomes for all three regimes (suggesting that OBR’s forecasting errors were more evenly divided between optimism and pessimism than its predecessor regimes) and shows how longer-term 1990s forecasts of ‘fiscal sustainability’ compared to outturns two decades later. It concludes that the 1993–1994 forecasting error described in the vignette was not just a once-in-a-century event and that gaps between forecast and outturn did not disappear even in non-crisis times.
Conclusion and Epilogue
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria
Published: October 2023

Returning to questions raised in Chapter One, this chapter argues that there were important continuities in the UK’s fiscal constitution over the period, that the rules of the game were often indeterminate or selectively applied; and that classification was central to that spending game. It then comments on three major political ‘eruptions’ in the UK coming after the period covered by the study, but likely to affect public spending for years to come. They are: the UK’s exit from the European Union in 2020; the coronavirus pandemic that upended the public finances on a scale not seen since World War II; and the question mark over the future political geography of the British islands highlighted by successive SNP electoral victories in Scotland. The chapter concludes by looking ahead at possible future prospects for the fiscal constitution, and explores four different possible ways in which that constitution might develop in coming decades.
Strategic Theorizing, Corporations, and Dictators
Authors: Nili Shmuel
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on the major corporations’ commercial ties with unsavory regimes. Emphasizing a nonconsequentialist presumption against such customary ties, the chapter delves into two central responses that a corporate defender might offer to try to defeat this presumption. According to the first, vulnerable innocents argument, customary commercial ties ought to be continued even when they benefit highly repressive regimes, since boycotting these regimes is bound to hurt their vulnerable victims. The second argument—the challenge from soft authoritarianism—holds that outside of a few extreme cases, de facto rulers ought to be treated by outsiders as representative of the people over whom they preside, not least because they channel the lion’s share of public revenues towards purposes that are not alien to public interests. The chapter shows that reform of customary commercial ties can be defended even within these corporate-friendly premises. Deploying a novel strategy against the vulnerable innocents argument, the chapter compares the risks to innocents highlighted by this argument to the risks that a “no payment” policy poses in the face of familiar ransom demands made by hostage-takers. It is shown that the corporate defender has difficulty accounting for the gap between the familiar willingness to consider a rigorist policy in these smaller-scale ransom cases, and the reluctance to endorse a “no payment” policy in the case of commercial ties with dictatorships. The chapter then illustrates a creative strategy for dealing with the soft authoritarian challenge, concluding with policy prescriptions.
Commonplace Mourning
Authors: Nicosia Marissa
Published: October 2023

The execution of King Charles I in 1649 might have stymied playwrights interested in telling stories about the kings of England, good or bad, but this chapter shows otherwise. Although in 1649 the future of England certainly appeared bleak to Charles’s supporters, these plays about Charles gesture to better future times. Not only was the funereal play Charles I published in the immediate aftermath of Charles’s execution, but it contained an elaborate textual apparatus for commonplacing—collection for future use in writing or contemplation. This chapter considers the role of future-oriented commonplacing and documenting the execution of the king, within mid-century memorial culture by connecting Charles I to another play-pamphlet The Tragical Actors, the dialogue pamphlet A Messenger from the Dead, as well as a reenactment of the execution recorded in a newsbook and Cromwell’s Conspiracy, a revised version of Charles I written on the occasion of the Restoration.
Future History
Authors: Nicosia Marissa
Published: October 2023

Chronicle plays have always been about the future, but in 2014 Mike Bartlett premiered a new play King Charles III that he explicitly called a “Future History.” Written in verse and chronicling what might happen when Queen Elizabeth II died and Charles, Prince of Wales was at long last crowned king, Bartlett stages an entirely speculative future in the style of a chronicle play. This coda shows how Bartlett’s play reflects back on the imaginative temporalities within the early modern theatrical tradition while also using the past as a resource for future thinking on the twenty-first-century stage.
Human Motivations and Constraints in Urban Conservation
Authors: Larson Kelli L. , Brown Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2023

Human activities dominate metropolitan regions, shaping landscape composition and, by extension, wildlife communities. This work illustrates why successful conservation in urban ecosystems requires understanding and working with residents’ perspectives and behaviors. Focusing on people’s attitudes and actions, it explores how social constructs and processes inform effective urban conservation design and management. In doing so, it underscores how residents’ attitudes and behaviors shape the distribution of vegetation and wildlife in urban landscapes. This work also highlights how the composition and traits of wildlife can affect people’s appreciation of nature and support for conservation actions. Using examples from research in US cities, it stresses that urban conservation must operate at multiple levels given human actions and human–environment interactions including: (1) individual people (e.g., homeowners and residents), (2) social communities (e.g., neighborhoods), and (3) broader, external forces (e.g., municipal, regional, national, and global institutions and political-economic forces). It details examples and suggestions for implementing potential strategies (e.g., incentives, regulations, marketing) by practitioners at each scale and explains how actions at each level scale up or down to affect conservation actions and outcomes. Finally, it explains how the attributes of vegetation and wildlife can affect residents’ choices and interactions with them to ultimately affect conservation.
Urban Flagship Umbrella Species and Slender Lorises as an Example for Urban Conservation
Authors: Gupta Kaberi Kar , Katti Madhusudan , Kulkarni Vidisha , Ramesh Hari Prakash J. , Kumar Harshitha C. , Bhutia Kesang , Kori Soumya , Bacchu Rajeev , Visweswaran Arun P.
Published: October 2023

Proxy or surrogate species have been used to promote conservation around the world. For instance, the World Wildlife Fund uses pandas as a charismatic flagship species to foster support for conservation under the premise that panda conservation will act as an umbrella to protect habitat for other species. Although successfully implemented in nonurban areas, proxy species are seldom used in urban conservation. This work demonstrates the use of proxy or surrogate species in urban conservation by reviewing the successes and failures of the Urban Slender Loris Project (USLP) in Bengaluru, India. The slender loris is an imperiled small nocturnal arboreal primate endemic to peninsular India. Loris populations have declined due to habitat destruction and consumption. Although known to prefer forested areas with a continuous canopy away from humans, this elusive species has also been—surprisingly—found throughout multiple Indian megacities. The USLP is a unique community-based project that conducts participatory science to document urban lorises and habitat. Further, the USLP uses the slender lorises as “charismatic mini-fauna” to garner support for urban biodiversity in Bengaluru. This work documents how the slender loris has been used to halt problematic development and protect important urban habitat. It also provides cases in which protection has failed. Further, it underscores the challenges of integrating diversity and equity in surrogate species projects like this but provides lessons learned for advancing equity. The USLP provides a tangible example of using a charismatic, threatened urban species as a surrogate for broader urban biodiversity conservation initiatives in a complex social-ecological system.
The Pre-1922 Southern Business Establishment and Its Legacy
Authors: Barry Frank
Published: October 2023

This chapter identifies the leading businesses in operation in the Irish Free State area in the decades prior to 1922 and explores the religious and political affiliations of their proprietors. The vast bulk of Irish industry was located in the future Northern Ireland. The two parts of the country differed also in religion and political orientation. Even in the Free State area, where the population was predominantly Catholic and nationalist, almost all of the significant businesses were under local Protestant unionist control. The chapter goes on to explore the concerns of the southern business elite as to the economic implications and policy consequences of Home Rule and secession. That the most substantial business proprietors were out of sympathy with the new state would constrain economic policymaking for decades into the future. The sectarian divisions then evident in Irish business life would persist into the 1960s.
The Post-War World and Dual-Track Reform
Authors: Barry Frank
Published: October 2023

That export-oriented foreign investment was targeted before significant trade liberalization began identifies the Irish outward-reorientation process as an early example of ‘dual-track reform’. Post-war balance-of-payments difficulties were intensified by the exhaustion of the ‘easy’ first phase of the import-substitution strategy. Outward reorientation was politically difficult however because of the large number of jobs that remained dependent on protection for their survival. The Department of Industry and Commerce and the recently established Industrial Development Authority advocated export incentives. By creating a new source of industrial employment without threatening import-substituting interests, this would help to establish the preconditions for the later abandonment of protectionism. That the export profits tax relief announced by the second Inter-Party government in 1956 had been opposed by the Department of Finance distinguishes it clearly from the policy innovations associated with the later partnership of Whitaker and Lemass. The strategy of ‘industrialisation by invitation’ was particularly suited to Irish circumstances. The response of the US authorities and US consultants casts doubt on the hypothesis that the process was largely scripted in Washington. Other industrial developments over the period included the product diversification of the more innovative creameries and the emergence of new export-oriented indigenous industries producing income-elastic items such as carpets, crystal glass, processed beef, and whiskey liqueur. The Shannon industrial zone might be characterized as Lemass’s response to the Inter-Party initiative. The chapter identifies the largest manufacturing employers and the major ‘new foreign industry’ employers of the early 1960s.
Epilogue
Authors: Barry Frank
Published: October 2023

The epilogue provides a brief overview of some key findings. The industrial expansion of the Cumann na nGaedheal years is likely to have been more substantial than has generally been supposed, and the conservative approach adopted in most areas of economic policy is understandable in light of the circumstances of the times. Though the contemporary economics community had been highly critical of Fianna Fáil policy in the 1930s, governments of all political dispositions became more protectionist and interventionist with the onset of the Great Depression, and quantitative economic historians judge Ireland to have emerged a net beneficiary from the economic war with the United Kingdom. The large number of jobs that had been created under protectionism, however, made it difficult to dismantle the tariff regime when external circumstances changed. The strategy of ‘industrialization by invitation’ provided a route through the difficult interest-group politics of outward reorientation. Comparison with the performance of other independent states may in any case entail the application of an overly taxing standard: Ireland was unusual in that it continued to share a common labour market with its larger and more prosperous neighbour. Economies of this type can expand more dramatically when circumstances are advantageous and decline more precipitously when they are not. This provides a framework through which the later Celtic Tiger era might be viewed. The book ends by summarizing the evidence on the share of foreign-owned firms in manufacturing employment over the first half-century of independence.
RELIGIOUS IMAGERY
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: October 2023

This chapter brings in an example—the painting by Michelangelo known as ‘the Creation of Adam’—in order to show how such a work of art can be appreciated or read. It is dealing in symbol and metaphor. Such an image does not represent a botched attempt at science nor an alternative to science. It is rather (like the story which inspired it) a reflection on the nature of the whole human condition, and on the way comradeship, generosity and inspiration are experienced. The work of Ian McGilchrist on types of understanding is referenced.
ANGELS WITH DIRTY FACES
Authors: Steane Andrew
Published: October 2023

With reference to the 1938 film of the chapter’s title, it is asked what is the appropriate behaviour when the next generation is in danger of being misled, or drawn into untrue assumptions which have gained a glamorous gloss in our own generation.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF A RESEARCH FIELD
Authors: Katzir Shaul
Published: October 2023

The turn of piezoelectricity into a technologically relevant research field expanded and transformed the study of the field within physics. The chapter analyses the interwar research in the field, investing the main directions of its disciplinary study and the reasons that drew scientists to the field and to particular topics in it. It examines the content of the research, which concentrated on the experimental and theoretical study of the piezo-resonator and related properties, and the paths of individual scientists. It shows that interests of users of technics (i.e. devices of methods) channelled research to particular questions among those deemed legitimate for disciplinary research that were also relevant for industrial companies and government agencies, among others, through institutions aimed at fostering technology. Inner developments in physics, like experimental usage of the phenomenon in other fields and its study using new experimental methods, made a lesser impact on its study.
Ancient Efforts to Understand
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred
Published: October 2023

This chapter looks into the records of ancient people’s observations of celestial motions. Stonehenge is the earliest and most famous of monuments that testify to a people’s high level of astronomical knowledge. Similar to the Babylonians, the Chinese people were able to predict when an eclipse would happen without understanding the science behind the event. The earliest Chinese word for eclipse, shih, refers to the gradual disappearance of the Sun or Moon as if it were eaten by a celestial dragon, so an eclipse is typically seen as a bad omen. The chapter also mentions how the Mayans recognized patterns of eclipses through the Dresden Codex.
Eclipses in Mythology
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred
Published: October 2023

This chapter covers the depiction of eclipses in mythology. The mythology of solar eclipses is divided into several themes, such as a celestial being trying to destroy the Sun, the relationship between the Sun and the Moon, and the Sun god becoming angry, sad, or sick. Most often in mythology, a solar eclipse is considered to be a battle between the Sun and the spirits of darkness. The chapter mentions the frequency of corruption and death as themes for eclipse myths. Amongst all of the myths lies the truth that harmony and well-being of Earth rely on the Sun and Moon.
The Strange Behavior of Man and Beast—Long Ago
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers the records of the earliest reactions to a total solar eclipse. In 430 BCE, Herodotus recorded the war between the Lydians and the Medes that lasted for five years after witnessing a total solar eclipse. Moreover, the account of Herodotus credits Greek philosopher Thales in predicting the eclipse. The chapter also considers the primal response of animals to total solar eclipses, referencing how most animals, birds, and wild beasts were terrified enough that they could be captured easily. It looks into how William J. S. Lockyer found that insects sang as if it were night-time when the eclipse occurred.
Eclipse Photography
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores the process of capturing the eclipse in a photograph. It emphasizes the importance of preparation in achieving a successful eclipse photograph. Moreover, a solar filter is a must when photographing the partial phases of the eclipse. The decision on what type of picture of the eclipse is taken determines what kind of equipment is needed for eclipse photography. The easiest way to capture the eclipse is to take a few wide-angle shots of the sky, horizon, and landscape before, during, and after totality through landscape eclipse photography. The chapter mentions how the size of the Sun's image is determined solely by the focal length of the lens.
The Weather Outlook
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred
Published: October 2023

This chapter looks into the rules for seeing a solar eclipse. It enumerates the importance of a good site located inside the zone of totality, checking climate conditions for a good probability of clear skies, and a means of transportation. Moreover, the 2024 North American eclipse offers plenty of land to observe as the central line of the totality path crosses Mexico from Mazatlán to Piedras Negras. The chapter cites how the total solar eclipse of 2024 could be an even bigger affair than the treasured eclipse of 2017 due to its longer duration and wider path. If the weather cooperates, the total eclipse of the Sun on April 8, 2024, could become the biggest outdoor spectator event in American history.
Epilogue: Eclipses—Cosmic Perspective, Human Perspective
Authors: Littmann Mark , Espenak Fred
Published: October 2023

This chapter covers the cosmic perspective of an eclipse. It considers the origin of most cosmic bodies, explaining that solar systems, the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets began within a cloud of gas and dust. Unlike the planets and moons that did not shine, the Sun formed and began to shine. The chapter explains how planets were formed by convergence, citing how the collision of Earth resulted in the formation of the Moon. It notes that the people of Earth continued to gather scientific knowledge from the Sun and continued to revel in the majesty and beauty of an eclipse.
A Brief History of Early Modern Logic
Authors: Ettenhuber Katrin
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides a historical overview of key changes in the understanding of logic between the late Medieval period and the early seventeenth century. It examines university statutes, library inventories, and teaching materials, in England and northern Europe, to track the shift from a largely academic and philosophical conception of logic to a more flexible approach, in which the teaching of logic was adapted to different contexts and applications. The chapter focuses particularly on the humanist recasting of logic as a robustly practical art, with a wide range of uses in the social, political, and cultural sphere, including literature.
In Search of the Right Place
Authors: Ettenhuber Katrin
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on methods of logical invention (that is, the discovery of material for discourse) by examining the work of Rudolph Agricola. It provides an in-depth analysis of how the topics of invention furnished structured and sophisticated approaches to the processes of reading and composition. The chapter then turns to Agricola’s English reception in the late sixteenth century. It traces the impact of Agricola’s method on the theories of reading developed by Gabriel Harvey and Philip Sidney and then offers a worked example of logical analysis from Spenser’s Faerie Queene, where virtuous reading is portrayed as one of the principal agents of moral growth.