bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIVERSITY OF LANDSCAPE AESTHETICS IN RURAL, PERIURBAN AND URBAN ECOSYSTEMS / KAIMO, PUSIAU URBANIZUOTŲ VIETOVIŲ IR MIESTŲ EKOSISTEMŲ KRAŠTOVAIZDŽIO ESTETIKOS ĮVAIROVĖ
Authors: Lazdāne Lilita , Jankevica Maija , Zigmunde Daiga
Published: October 2013

The article presents a research on aesthetical variety in landscapes. The aim of this study was to examine the current situation in different ecosystems by researching the aesthetical variety in three types of landscapes present in the territory of Latvia, namely, in rural, periurban and urban ecosystems. The research was carried out from 2010 to 2012. The ecosystems in four old watermills territories were explored in rural landscapes. The periurban landscapes were investigated according to four areas including ecosystems of private housing villages. Urban landscapes were explored by comparing the ecosystems of four public parks. According to the research approaches and based on previously developed criteria, the research reflected both diverse and similar characteristics of landscape aesthetics in different ecosystems. Santrauka Straipsnyje pateikiamas kraštovaizdžio estetinės įvairovės tyrimas. Studijos tikslas – įvertinti esamą situaciją skirtingose ekosistemose, ištiriant trijų kraštovaizdžio tipų: kaimo, pusiau urbanizuotų vietovių ir miesto ekosistemų Latvijos teritorijoje estetinę įvairovę. Tyrimas atliktas 2010–2012 metais. Keturių istorinių vandens malūnų teritorijos tirtos kaimo vietovėse. Pusiau urbanizuotose vietovėse tyrinėtos keturios teritorijos, kuriose išsidės­čiusios privačių kaimų ekosistemos. Miestų vietovėse tyrinėtos keturių viešųjų parkų ekosistemos. Pagal tyrimo metmenis ir remiantis anksčiau suformuluotais kriterijais, tyrimo rezultatai atskleidžia ir skirtingus, ir panašius kraštovaizdžio estetikos požymius skirtingose ekosistemose. Straipsnis anglų kalba
A second update to the checklist of Finnish long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), with a re-evaluation of the status of Hydrophorus callosoma Frey, 1915
Authors: Kahanpää Jere
Published: October 2013

Eighteen species of long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) are reported as new to Finland. A further species, Microphorella praecox (Loew), is confirmed as a Finnish species. The status of Hydrophorus callosoma Frey, 1915 is re-evaluated and a lectotype is designated for the species. H. albosignatus Ringdahl, 1919 is found to be a junior synonym of H. callosoma (syn. n.). Characters for identifying both sexes of H. callosoma and H. altivagus Aldrich are presented and illustrated with high-quality photographs.
Ravissement et ravage maternels, une clinique du féminin : d'une réaction anorectique à une position mélancolique
Authors: Katchadourian Francis
Published: October 2013

La symptomatologie anorexique semble être un mode de réponse au ravissement et au ravage maternels pour cette patiente, pour qui la dimension féminine de son être reste énigmatique et dépend de l’objet primaire. La position mélancolique qui se dévoile progressivement semble en être la conséquence, faute d’une organisation œdipienne opérante.
Nos élites comprennent la modernité comme une caricature. Entrevue à Carlos Iván Degregori
Authors: Degregori Carlos Iván , Remy María Isabel
Published: October 2013

Cette entrevue du réputé anthropologue péruvien Carlos Iván Degregori a été réalisée par la chercheure de l’IEP María Isabel Remy immédiatement après le premier tour des élections présidentielles de 2011 et publiée dans la revue Argumentos (an 5, n? 3, juillet 2011), qui a autorisé cette traduction pour le public francophone. C.I. Degregori revient sur la nécessité de prendre en compte, au delà du jeu électoral et du déroulement de la campagne, les effets de l’histoire et des structures du pays dans le vote des citoyens. Il livre une analyse issue de sa longue expérience du terrain et de son engagement auprès de la Commission de la Vérité et Réconciliation, autour des notions de modèle économique et d’exclusion, d’autoritarisme et d’ethnicité. Carlos Iván Degregori est décédé avant le second tour du scrutin, qui a finalement porté au pouvoir le candidat nationaliste Ollanta Humala.
Les ménages au Pérou (1999-2009) : transformations en période d'expansion économique
Authors: Fuertes Patricia , Velazco Jackeline , Naimark Marc
Published: October 2013

Entre 1999 et 2009, la société péruvienne est passée par un processus de reconstruction, de démocratisation et d’expansion économique soutenue, après quinze ans de guerre interne et de banqueroute économique à la fin des années 1980 et une décennie de régime autoritaire et corrompu pendant le mandat de A. Fujimori. À partir de ce constat, l’article examine les tendances principales de la transformation des ménages à la lumière des processus clés, économiques et sociaux. L’analyse empirique repose sur une enquête Ménages représentative à l’échelle nationale, l’ Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO), qui a été réalisée en 1999 et 2009. Les résultats suggèrent que les cycles économiques sont un facteur important dans les transformations des ménages. Alors qu’il y a trente ans, la crise économique au Pérou avait entraîné une augmentation de la part des ménages élargis – ce qui faisait partie de stratégies de survie –, l’expansion économique de la dernière décennie s’accompagne de la montée en puissance des ménages nucléaires, ménages nucléaires sans enfant et ménages d’une seule personne, comme stratégie pour atteindre un meilleur niveau de vie mais également en répercussion de changements sociaux et culturels complexes.
L'amont et l'aval d'une loi électorale
Authors: Heurtaux Jérôme
Published: October 2013

Cet article analyse un processus de changement de régime avec les outils de la sociologie politique du droit. Il étudie les élections « semi-libres » de juin 1989 en Pologne. Est examiné le processus de codification pendant les négociations de la « Table ronde », dont est issue une règle électorale ad hoc et ambiguë. Les différents usages du droit par les principaux acteurs (parti communiste, Solidarité, candidats) sont reconstitués. En partie inattendus, ils ont contribué à transformer une élection conçue pour sauver le régime communiste en outil de son effondrement.
Qui milite sur Internet ?
Authors: Theviot Anaïs
Published: October 2013

Qui milite en ligne ? Ce questionnement en induit un autre : comment enquêter sur ces militants d’un genre particulier ? Cet article propose une méthode pour « capter » les cyber-militants, et plus largement pour diffuser un questionnaire via Facebook. Cette modalité de passation permet au chercheur d’établir un contact individuel, ciblé, touchant presque à la sphère intime, mais de façon massive. Cette difficulté méthodologique résolue, nous verrons que le profil sociologique du cyber-militant s’éloigne peu de celui du militant « traditionnel » (excepté pour l’âge) : le cyber militant est « toujours plus ». Toujours plus diplômé, plus masculin, plus haut dans la position professionnelle. Ceux qui militent en ligne sont en fait les membres les plus actifs dont l’action en ligne s’ajoute à celle de terrain. Cette enquête révèle aussi quelques surprises concernant la catégorie socioprofessionnelle d’agriculteurs-exploitants.
Le football dans la ville
Authors: Dumons Bruno
Published: October 2013

Résumé En 1933 est fondée l’Association sportive de Saint-Étienne. Ce club de football professionnel, qui a gagné une renommée sportive européenne après 1960, offre à la ville l’opportunité de changer son image de cité industrielle et ouvrière. En s’appropriant une équipe, un stade et une couleur, la « ville noire » est devenue une « ville verte », affichant les valeurs de la réussite et du dynamisme à l’heure de la reconversion de son économie. Emblématique, cet exemple caractérise le processus d’instrumentalisation du sport à des fins de politique urbaine et culturelle.
Les avatars de l'équipe nationale
Authors: Dietschy Paul
Published: October 2013

Résumé Les équipes nationales de football sont nées des contradictions de la Britishness et du désir des fédérations européennes de football de fonder un internationalisme sportif calqué sur le modèle de l’État-nation. C’est toutefois dans l’entre-deux-guerres qu’un véritable imaginaire national et sportif est élaboré par la presse écrite et la radio autour des matchs « internations ». Les régimes autoritaires et totalitaires ont instrumentalisé leurs équipes nationales pour mobiliser les masses, affirmer symboliquement leur puissance et subvertir l’internationalisme sportif, comme le feront plus tard les dictateurs africains. Cependant, autant qu’un instrument politique, l’équipe nationale a aussi été une source de revenus pour les fédérations sportives à tel point que blasons nationaux et logos commerciaux sont aujourd’hui intimement associés. De même, la déclinaison footballistique de l’État-nation est aujourd’hui brouillée par la flexibilité de la nationalité sportive des footballeurs.
Le football à Trieste de 1945 à 1954
Authors: Archambault Fabien
Published: October 2013

Résumé Immédiatement après la guerre, le football devient un enjeu politique dans le cadre du règlement de la question de Trieste. Les gouvernements italien et yougoslave financent en effet chacun une équipe triestine (l’Unione sportiva Triestina pour le premier et l’Amatori Ponziana pour le second), qu’ils font participer à leur meilleur championnat, manifestant ainsi l’appartenance de la capitale julienne à leur nation respective. Cette situation exceptionnelle et restée inédite – dans une même ville et un même stade se produisent deux équipes jouant dans deux compétitions de première division de deux États différents –, souligne combien le football constitue là bien plus que le reflet des relations internationales ; à Trieste, il est un protagoniste à part entière de l’évolution politique d’un territoire contesté dans un contexte de guerre froide.
Dusk but not dawn burrow emergence rhythms of Nephrops norvegicus (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Authors: Sbragaglia Valerio , Aguzzi Jacopo , García Jose Antonio , Chiesa Juan Jose , Angelini Claudio , Sardà Francesc
Published: October 2013

The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, can be captured by haul nets only during the emergence from its burrow. In the last few decades, an extensive field research revealed distinct diel (24-h–based) catchability patterns at different depths. Laboratory experiments suggested that burrow emergence (used as a proxy of catchability) is endogenously controlled via a circadian system. Results were usually presented in terms of mean effects without a quantification of inter-individual variability and arrhythmia. Here, we studied the burrow emergence of 52 adult Nephrops by an infrared actograph endowed with an artificial burrow. Animals were exposed to 12-12 h light-darkness cycle, simulating photic condition of the lower shelf. Forty-five animals showed rhythmic emergence (87%), while seven were arrhythmic (13%). Rhythmic animals were clustered according to their timing of emergence: 54% at dusk and 4% at dawn. Moreover, other animals showed fully diurnal or nocturnal emergence (10% and 19%, respectively). The comparison of our results with those derived from temporally scheduled trawling indicates that bimodal catch patterns observed in shelf populations are poorly observed during individual experiments in the laboratory, where the same light conditions are simulated. Nephrops burrow emergence seems to be the result of a mixed endogenous-exogenous control, while arrhythmia could also be present in the wild.
Integrating Electrical Analogy and Computer Modeling of Groundwater Flow for Teaching Flownet Concepts
Authors: Kasi Murthy , Chi Yaping , Padmanabhan G.
Published: October 2013

Laplace equation is the basic differential equation that governs the steady flow of a fluid through an isotropic and homogeneous porous medium and also the steady flow of current in a conducting medium. Therefore, a steady-state groundwater flow problem can be formulated as an analogous electrical current flow problem. A flow net, set of grids formed by orthogonally intersecting equipotential lines and flow lines, is a graphical solution to the equations of steady groundwater flow. By definition, flownet for the original groundwater problem and the corresponding analogous electrical problem should be similar. This feature allows the possibility of introducing the concepts of flownets to students using the easily demonstrable electrical counterpart of the problem in a laboratory setting. This paper discusses the efforts of the authors to widen the scope of an experiment already included in the Fluid Mechanics laboratory course of a Civil Engineering curriculum and to better teach flownet principles using the electrical analogy of groundwater flow problems. Students used a simple experimental setup to obtain flownets for selected groundwater flow situations with different boundary conditions using the electrical analogy concept. Students also used a groundwater flow computer model to obtain flownets for the same flow situations and compared the results. The laboratory lesson plan consisted of five steps: (i) study and understand the selected physical groundwater problems, (ii) conceptualize the corresponding analogous electrical problems (iii) use the electrical analogy experimental setup to obtain flownets, (iv) study and understand the mathematical formulation of the problems, and (v) compare the analogous results with those obtained from a groundwater flow computer model. Sample results obtained by students are presented. The student feedback indicated that this approach resulted in an effective learning of the concepts involved.
Placental Macrophages Are Impaired in Chorioamnionitis, an Infectious Pathology of the Placenta
Authors: Ben Amara Amira , Gorvel Laurent , Baulan Karine , Derain-Court Justine , Buffat Christophe , Vérollet Christel , Textoris Julien , Ghigo Eric , Bretelle Florence , Maridonneau-Parini Isabelle , Mege Jean-Louis
Published: October 2013

Pregnancy is dependent on maternal–fetal tolerance that may be compromised because of infections or inflammation of the placenta. In this study, we examined whether the context of placental immune tolerance affected the functions of resident macrophages and if their functions were altered during chorioamnionitis, an infectious pathology of the placenta. Macrophages from at-term placentas expressed CD14, exhibited macrophage microbicidal functions, but were less inflammatory than monocyte-derived macrophages. Moreover, placental macrophages spontaneously matured into multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), a property not exhibited by monocyte-derived macrophages, and we detected MGCs of myeloid origin in placental tissue. Compared with placental macrophages, MGCs exhibited a specific phenotype and gene expression signature, consisting of increased cytoskeleton-associated gene expression along with depressed expression of inflammatory response genes. Furthermore, placental macrophages from patients with chorioamnionitis were unable to form MGCs, but this defect was partially corrected by incubating these placental macrophages with control trophoblast supernatants. MGCs formation likely serves to regulate their inflammatory and cytocidal activities in a context that imposes semiallograft acceptance and defense against pathogens.
Presentación
Authors: Aranda Bustamante Gilberto , Quitral Rojas Máximo
Published: October 2013

Presentación
Una visión estructural de la política exterior argentina y el rol de Chile desde el proceso de democratización de 1983
Authors: Simonoff Alejandro
Published: October 2013

El artículo analiza la política exterior argentina de los últimos 30 años y en donde se construyó una estructura triangular entre Washington y Brasilia. El balanceo que realizó la Argentina entre estos dos polos fue producto de las innovaciones ocurridas en el primergobierno democrático: el giro realista hacia los Estados Unidos y la política de cooperación hacia los vecinos que permitieron buscar márgenes de maniobra en el escenario internacional. Aunque durante la década de 1990 hasta la crisis de 2001, este esquema continuó buscando la vinculación acrítica con la gran potencia y que esto contrapesara el lugar de Brasil, y desatendiendo la búsqueda de márgenes de maniobra. Con posterioridad a la crisis, los lineamientos seguidos en diversos planos que atendieran tanto las demandas internas como externas permitieron, no sin dificultades y contradicciones, volver hacia el sendero de la autonomía. A pesar de estar fuera de esta estructura, Chile cumplió un rol fundamental en esa política exterior en los diversos momentos, como se detalla en el texto.
La escuela y la Guerra del Pacífico: propuesta didáctica de historia para la inclusión educativa en contextos transfronterizos del norte de Chile
Authors: Mondaca Rojas Carlos , Rivera Olguín Patricio , Aguirre Munizaga Claudio
Published: October 2013

En el presente trabajo se analizan los significados de la enseñanza de la Guerra del Pacífico en el norte de Chile, los cuales se relacionarían con ritos cívico-militares y una elaboración mítica del conflicto de 1879. Lo que se manifiesta en un nacionalismo exacerbado en profesores y estudiantes chilenos, el que es fomentado por el currículum, planes, programas y textos oficiales de estudios nacionales. Esta situación no permite el desarrollo de competencias inclusivas en las aulas. En este sentido, se propone desde la didáctica de la historia una enseñanza de la guerra para la inclusión educativa en contextos transfronterizos, basado en un análisis crítico de la información oficial disponible de la enseñanza del conflicto.
Un pueblo, dos Estados: participación mapuche en el Estado. Los casos de Argentina y Chile
Authors: Ameghino Nadia
Published: October 2013

El presente artículo analiza las diferentes etapas de las políticas públicas y estrategias de las organizaciones mapuches en Argentina y Chile. En el marco del análisis de la institucionalización de la participación y demandas indígenas en el Estado, se describen dos casos de participación mapuche en instituciones estatales: el Programa de Co- Manejo del Parque Nacional Lanín (Neuquén, Argentina) y el Programa Orígenes (en Chile). Para este análisis se utilizó la perspectiva teórica de McAdam, McCarthy y Zald (1999) sobre el análisis de los movimientos sociales, centrado en tres dimensiones: la estructura de oportunidades políticas, los modos de organización (formales e informales) y los procesos colectivos de interpretación y construcción social (procesos enmarcadores). La hipótesis que guía este trabajo es la existencia de dos formas básicas de relación entre el Estado y el pueblo mapuche: en Chile de confrontación, con un modo de participación mapuche en el Estado restringida y en calidad de técnicos; en Argentina de negociación, con un modo de participación mapuche en el Estado ampliada y en calidad de representantes políticos.
Pobladores sitiados entre la violencia y la reconfiguración territorial: migración transfronteriza Colombia-Ecuador
Authors: González Gil Adriana
Published: October 2013

Este artículo analiza el crecimiento del desplazamiento forzado de colombianos hacia Ecuador en el último decenio y la importancia que adquiere la frontera en función de la dinámica de la guerra. En este contexto, en primer lugar, cuestiona el tratamiento predominantemente militar que convierte la migración transfronteriza en un asunto de seguridad; en segundo lugar, subraya la emergencia del carácter forzado de la migración colombiana transfronteriza; y en tercer lugar, examina algunas de las implicaciones de este proceso sobre la población afectada.
Urinary incontinence: quality of life and psychological aspects
Authors: Leanza Vito , Passanisi Alessia , Leanza Gianluca
Published: October 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of female urinary incontinence (UI) on quality of life. The method of research is based on a literature search on PubMed, Cochrane library and relevant articles from 1977 to 2012. Forty-eight works were found. Literature showed that UI affects a large percentage of the aged out patients. Women experience UI because of many reasons such as childbirth, menopause and previous gynaecologic surgery. Incontinence is to be treated as it impacts physiological and psychological aspects of patient’s life. Treatments include medical, physical (rehabilitation) and surgical approaches. Measures for assessment are made up by specific and non-specific questionnaires. Evaluation of female incontinence must take into account patients with and without medical treatment. Every sort of therapy has to consider the psychological impact too. In current literature depression, anxiety, shame and decreed selfefficacy resulted as the most important factors involving women with UI.
Observations on dentine hypersensitivity in general dental practices in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Al-Khafaji Hasanain
Published: October 2013

Dentine hypersensitivity is a common clinical finding with a wide variation in prevalence values and etiological factors. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence and some etiological factors of dentine hypersensitivity of Emirati patients visiting general dental clinics in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) over a period of three calendar months. Materials and Methods: Six general dental practitioners examined 204 Emirati patients over a period of three calendar months and patients who had dentine hypersensitivity diagnosed were questioned further about their smoking habits and the frequency, severity, and duration of their pain. Furthermore, cervical tooth surface loss was noted. Results: A total of 55 patients were diagnosed as having dentine hypersensitivity, giving a prevalence figure of 27%. The most common teeth affected were the lower anterior teeth. Conclusions: The prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity in Emirati patients visiting a general dental clinic in the UAE was 27%. The most common etiology appeared to be the loss of cervical tooth surface structure.
In vitro evaluation of the fracture strength of all-ceramic core materials on zirconium posts
Authors: Ozcan Nihal , Sahin Erdal
Published: October 2013

Objective: For most endodontically treated teeth, tooth-colored post-core systems are preferable for esthetic reasons. Therefore, improvements in material strength must also consider tooth colored post-core complexes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference in tooth colored post-core complex strengths. Materials and Methods: A total of 33 human maxillary central incisor teeth were used for this study, with three groups of 11 teeth. Three different methods were used to fabricate all-ceramic post-core restorations: zirconia blanks, Cerec 3D-milled to one-piece post-core restorations (Test Group 1); feldspathic cores (from feldspathic prefabricated CAD/CAM blocks) adhesively luted to CosmoPost zirconia posts (Test Group 2); and IPS Empress cores directly pressed to CosmoPost zirconia posts (Test Group 3). All-ceramic crowns from feldspathic ceramic were constructed using a CAD/CAM system (Cerec 3D) for all specimens. The post-core complexes were tested to failure with the load applied at 45° angled relative to the tooth long axis. The load at fracture was recorded. Results: The maximum fracture strength of the milled zirconia cores (Test Group 1) was 577 N; corresponding values for the milled feldspathic cores (Test Group 2) and the pressed cores (Test Group 3) were 586 and 585 N, respectively. Differences were not statistically significant at P < 0.05 (P = 0.669). Conclusions: All-ceramic cores adhesively luted on zirconia posts and one-piece all-ceramic zirconium post-core structures offer a viable alternative to conventional pressing.
Pleuropulmonary Tuberculosis Following Chemotherapy for Lung Cancer at a Tertiary Care Center in India
Authors: Madan Karan , Aggarwal Ashutosh , Gupta Nalini , Das Ashim , Behera Digambar , Singh Navneet
Published: October 2013

Background

Chemotherapy is a risk factor for occurrence of infections. Tuberculosis is a common infection in high prevalence countries. Data on incidence of tuberculosis following lung cancer chemotherapy is limited. The current study was conducted to assess the spectrum and clinical profile of pleuro-pulmonary tuberculosis following lung cancer chemotherapy at a tertiary care institute in North India.

Methods

Retrospective data analysis of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy over a three-and-half year period. Diagnosis of tuberculosis was made by presence of suggestive clinicoradiological features (fever, cough, pleuritic chest pain, new parenchymal infiltrates or new onset pleural effusion on chest imaging) along with demonstration of acid fast bacilli (AFB) in sputum/pleural fluid/bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and/or growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on culture. For biopsy/cytology specimens, tuberculosis was diagnosed by demonstration of granulomatous inflammation with AFB.

Results

Overall six (0.9%) of 662 lung cancer patients developed tuberculosis [four pulmonary (PTB) and two pleural (TB-PE)]. Occurrence of PTB/TB-PE and of smear-positive PTB after lung cancer chemotherapy was at a rate of 2.59 per 1000 patients/year and 1.73 per 1000 patients/year respectively, compared with national incidences of 1.85 per 1000 population/year and 0.75 per 1000 population/year respectively. Four patients had objective response to chemotherapy. Diagnosis of PTB/TB-PE was established by sputum microscopy, BAL fluid microscopy and pleural biopsy in two patients each. All patients developed tuberculosis on same side as primary tumor. All patients received standard four-drug anti-tubercular therapy (ATT). Median time interval between diagnosis of lung cancer and that of tuberculosis was 144 (56-317) days while time interval between last chemotherapy cycle and diagnosis of tuberculosis was 55 (36-182) days. Median overall survival and survival after diagnosis of tuberculosis were 312 (141-504) days and 174 (41-199) days respectively.

Conclusion

Occurrence of PTB/TB-PE after lung cancer chemotherapy is higher than the corresponding incidence of tuberculosis observed in the general Indian population. Overall survival of these patients is similar to lung cancer patients in general if clinical suspicion of tuberculosis is actively pursued and ATT initiated promptly following diagnosis of tuberculosis.

How to cite this article

Singh N, Madan K, Aggarwal AN, Gupta N, Das A, Behera D. Pleuropulmonary Tuberculosis Following Chemotherapy for Lung Cancer at a Tertiary Care Center in India. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(4):177-180.
Tuberculosis and Nanotechnology: Where shall the Twain meet?
Authors: Shafiq Nusrat , Malhotra Samir , Kondel Ritika
Published: October 2013

Tuberculosis remains among the commonest infectious diseases in the developing world and is a major source of morbidity and mortality. Conventional treatments typically consist of long-term therapy with multiple drugs which often leads to poor patient compliance as well as adverse effects. Poor compliance is in turn a major cause for the development of multidrug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis for which there are few treatment options. Therefore, there is an urgent need for improved and more effective therapies. There are very few new drugs for tuberculosis in the pipeline, and a major current area of research is development of novel formulations. Another key aspect is to prevent the spread of the disease by developing rapid diagnostic methods. Here, we describe advances in nanotechnology for improving the pharmacological profile of antitubercular drugs (substantial work in our institution) and microtechnology diagnostics for tuberculosis (TB).

How to cite this article

Shafiq N, Kondel R, Malhotra S. Tuberculosis and Nanotechnology: Where shall the Twain meet? J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(4):188-192.
Emission factor ratios, SOA mass yields, and the impact of vehicular emissions on SOA formation
Authors: Ensberg J. J. , Hayes P. L. , Jimenez J. L. , Gilman J. B. , Kuster W. C. , de Gouw J. A. , Holloway J. S. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The underprediction of ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA) levels by atmospheric models in urban areas is well established, yet the cause of this underprediction remains elusive. Likewise, the relative contribution of emissions from gasoline- and diesel-fueled vehicles to the formation of SOA is generally unresolved. Here we address these two issues using data from the 2010 CalNex experiment carried out in the Los Angeles basin (Ryerson et al., 2013). We use gas-phase organic mass (GPOM) and CO emission factors in conjunction with measured enhancements in oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) relative to CO to investigate the relative importance of gasoline vs. diesel emissions to organic aerosol formation. Two possible conclusions emerge from the analysis to yield consistency with the ambient data: (1) vehicular emissions are not a dominant source of anthropogenic fossil SOA in the Los Angeles basin, or (2) ambient SOA mass yields are substantially higher than those derived from laboratory chamber studies.
Observations of the effect of emergent vegetation on sediment resuspension under unidirectional currents and waves
Authors: Tinoco R. O. , Coco G.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The density of an array of rigid cylinders protruding through a sandy bed affects the velocity field, sediment motion and resuspension thresholds when subjected to both unidirectional currents and monochromatic waves. We present results from a series of laboratory experiments on a wave and current flume, where synchronous velocity and concentration measurements were acquired under different flow conditions. The results show that even if flow speeds are significantly reduced within the array, the coherent flow structures and turbulence generated within the array can enhance sediment resuspension depending on the population density.
Improving uncertainty estimation in urban hydrological modeling by statistically describing bias
Authors: Del Giudice D. , Honti M. , Scheidegger A. , Albert C. , Reichert P. , Rieckermann J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Hydrodynamic models are useful tools for urban water management. Unfortunately, it is still challenging to obtain accurate results and plausible uncertainty estimates when using these models. In particular, with the currently applied statistical techniques, flow predictions are usually overconfident and biased. In this study, we present a flexible and relatively efficient methodology (i) to obtain more reliable hydrological simulations in terms of coverage of validation data by the uncertainty bands and (ii) to separate prediction uncertainty into its components. Our approach acknowledges that urban drainage predictions are biased. This is mostly due to input errors and structural deficits of the model. We address this issue by describing model bias in a Bayesian framework. The bias becomes an autoregressive term additional to white measurement noise, the only error type accounted for in traditional uncertainty analysis. To allow for bigger discrepancies during wet weather, we make the variance of bias dependent on the input (rainfall) or/and output (runoff) of the system. Specifically, we present a structured approach to select, among five variants, the optimal bias description for a given urban or natural case study. We tested the methodology in a small monitored stormwater system described with a parsimonious model. Our results clearly show that flow simulations are much more reliable when bias is accounted for than when it is neglected. Furthermore, our probabilistic predictions can discriminate between three uncertainty contributions: parametric uncertainty, bias, and measurement errors. In our case study, the best performing bias description is the output-dependent bias using a log-sinh transformation of data and model results. The limitations of the framework presented are some ambiguity due to the subjective choice of priors for bias parameters and its inability to address the causes of model discrepancies. Further research should focus on quantifying and reducing the causes of bias by improving the model structure and propagating input uncertainty.
Soil water content evaluation considering time-invariant spatial pattern and space-variant temporal change
Authors: Hu W. , Si B. C.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Soil water content (SWC) varies in space and time. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil water content distribution using a statistical model. The model divides spatial SWC series into time-invariant spatial patterns, space-invariant temporal changes, and space- and time-dependent redistribution terms. The redistribution term is responsible for the temporal changes in spatial patterns of SWC. An empirical orthogonal function was used to separate the total variations of redistribution terms into the sum of the product of spatial structures (EOFs) and temporally-varying coefficients (ECs). Model performance was evaluated using SWC data of near-surface (0–0.2 m) and root-zone (0–1.0 m) from a Canadian Prairie landscape. Three significant EOFs were identified for redistribution term for both soil layers. EOF1 dominated the variations of redistribution terms and it resulted in more changes (recharge or discharge) in SWC at wetter locations. Depth to CaCO3 layer and organic carbon were the two most important controlling factors of EOF1, and together, they explained over 80% of the variations in EOF1. Weak correlation existed between either EOF2 or EOF3 and the observed factors. A reasonable prediction of SWC distribution was obtained with this model using cross validation. The model performed better in the root zone than in the near surface, and it outperformed conventional EOF method in case soil moisture deviated from the average conditions.
Direct and indirect economic impacts of drought in the agri-food sector in the Ebro River basin (Spain)
Authors: Gil M. , Garrido A. , Hernández-Mora N.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The economic evaluation of drought impacts is essential in order to define efficient and sustainable management and mitigation strategies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic impacts of a drought event on the agricultural sector and measure how they are transmitted from primary production to industrial output and related employment. We fit econometric models to determine the magnitude of the economic loss attributable to water storage. The direct impacts of drought on agricultural productivity are measured through a direct attribution model. Indirect impacts on agricultural employment and the agri-food industry are evaluated through a nested indirect attribution model. The transmission of water scarcity effects from agricultural production to macroeconomic variables is measured through chained elasticities. The models allow for differentiating the impacts deriving from water scarcity from other sources of economic losses. Results show that the importance of drought impacts are less relevant at the macroeconomic level, but are more significant for those activities directly dependent on water abstractions and precipitation. From a management perspective, implications of these findings are important to develop effective mitigation strategies to reduce drought risk exposure.
Definition and impact of a quality index for radar-based reference measurements in the H-SAF precipitation product validation
Authors: Rinollo A. , Vulpiani G. , Puca S. , Pagliara P. , Kaňák J. , Lábó E. , Okon L'. , Roulin E. , Baguis P. , Cattani E. , Laviola S. , Levizzani V.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF) provides rainfall estimations based on infrared and microwave satellite sensors on board polar and geostationary satellites. The validation of these satellite estimations is performed by the H-SAF Precipitation Product Validation Group (PPVG). A common validation methodology has been defined inside the PPVG in order to make validation results from several institutes comparable and understandable. The validation of the PR-OBS-3 (blended infrared–microwave (IR–MW) instantaneous rainfall estimation) product using radar-based rainfall estimations as ground reference is described herein. A network of C-band and Ka-band radars throughout Europe ensures a wide area coverage with different orographic configurations and climatological regimes, but the definition of a quality control protocol for obtaining consistent ground precipitation fields across several countries is required. Among the hydro-meteorological community, the evaluation of the data quality is a quite consolidated practice, even though a unique definition of a common evaluation methodology between different countries and institutions has not been set up yet. Inside H-SAF, the first definition of the quality index of the radar rainfall observations has been introduced at the Italian Civil Protection Department (DPC). In the evaluation of the DPC quality index, several parameters are considered, some measured by the radar itself (static clutter map, range distance, radial velocity, texture of differential reflectivity, texture of co-polar correlation coefficient and texture of differential phase shift) and some obtained by external sources (digital elevation model, freezing layer height). In some cases, corrections were applied for clutter and beam blocking. The DPC quality index was calculated and applied to some relevant meteorological events reported by a radar test site in Italy. The precipitation field derived by radar data was compared with the PR-OBS-3 precipitation product, with varying thresholds of quality index: the impact of the introduction of the quality index defined on the statistical results of the satellite product validation as well as their sensitivity to the threshold choice were thus evaluated. Results show that PR-RMSE (a relative RMSE here introduced) is reduced from values between 2.5 and 3 to values around 1 when the quality threshold is increased from 0 (no threshold) to 0.8. Fractional standard error also decreases, from values around 2 to values around 1.5 in the same span of the quality threshold.
Modeling of fast ground subsidence observed in southern Saskatchewan (Canada) during 2008–2011
Authors: Samsonov S. V. , González P. J. , Tiampo K. F. , d'Oreye N.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Fast ground subsidence in southern Saskatchewan (Canada) between the City of Saskatoon and Rice Lake was observed with the RADARSAT-2 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) during 2008–2011. We collected 23 ascending Multi-Look Fine 3 Far (MF3F) and 15 descending Standard 3 (S3) RADARSAT-2 images and performed time series analysis utilizing SBAS and MSBAS methodologies. We observed two well-defined circular regions located a few km apart and subsiding with the nearly constant rate of about 10 cm yr−1. MSBAS decomposition revealed presence of both vertical and horizontal ground displacements. For further analysis we selected two highly coherent interferograms spanning from November–December 2009 until April 2010 that due to particularly favorable ground conditions displayed superior coherence. We performed modeling and inversion assuming spherical and sill source models in order to determine the source location, depth and strength. The smallest residual of about 1 cm yr−1 was achieved with the sill model when both, ascending and descending, interferograms were used. This model suggested sources located at 1.3 and 1.2 km depth with radius of 1.0 and 1.3 km for eastern and western areas, respectively. The spherical model suggested slightly shallower sources located at 0.9 and 0.8 km. We could not precisely identify the cause of this deformation but the observed subsidence rate and source depth suggest mining related origin. Topographic changes produced by this subsidence rate over a long time may produce shallow groundwater redistribution and flooding of agricultural lands.
Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Crowe Type-4 Developmental Dysplasia
Authors: Sofu Hakan , Şahin Vedat , Gürsu Sarper , Yıldırım Timur , Issın Ahmet , Koçkara Nizamettin
Published: October 2013

Background

Developmental dysplasia of the hip is one of the most common causes of secondary osteoarthritis. The purpose of our study was to review clinical and radiological outcomes of reconstruction surgery using cementless total hip arthroplasty in patients with Crowe type-IV dysplastic hips.

Methods

This study included eighty-seven primary total hip arthroplasties performed between January 2005 and January 2010 at our clinic in 74 patients who had Crowe type-IV developmental dysplasia of the hip. Cementless total hip arthroplasty was applied in all hips. At the clinical status analysis, any limping, the Harris hip score, surgical approach, the use of bone grafts, the presence of femoral osteotomy, any component migration, union status of the osteotomy site (if present), and any osteolysis or heterotopic ossification were noted. Mean follow-up time was 4.8 years.

Results

Mean Harris hip score was improved from 41.8 points preoperatively to 86.2 points postoperatively (p<0.001). At the final clinical examination, none of the patients had severe limping. Restoration of the anatomical hip centre was achieved in all hips. Pseudoarthrosis of the femoral osteotomy site was seen in two hips (3.6%). Twelve hips (13.8%) underwent revision surgery. Neurological complications were seen in two hips (2.3%). Heterotopic ossification was detected in one hip.

conclusion

Cementless total hip arthroplasty with restoration of the anatomic hip centre resulted in satisfactory clinical outcomes in patients with secondary coxarthrosis due to Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip joint.
Clinical Manifestations in Ten Patients with Asymptomatic Metal-on-Metal Hip Arthroplasty with Very High Cobalt Levels
Authors: van Lingen Christiaan P. , Ettema Harmen B. , Timmer Jorik R. , de Jong Gosse , Verheyen Cees C.P.M.
Published: October 2013

Reports of adverse reactions to metal particle debris with metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasty have increased recently. Apart from the formation of pseudotumours and higher revision rates, another major cause for concern are the systemic effects of metal ions. Several effects of elevated systemic cobalt ions have been reported (e.g. myocardial and neurological effects, hypothyroidism).

All 643 patients who underwent a stemmed large head MoM total hip replacement in our clinic were screened with repeated whole blood samples of metal ions (cobalt, chromium). We included ten asymptomatic unrevised patients with the highest cobalt concentrations, determined at a minimum of three years after implantation. These patients were subjected to an extensive neurological and cardiological screening protocol. In addition, blood samples were taken to assess renal and thyroid function. Ten patients with a cobalt level of 18–153 µg/L (mean 46.8 µg/L) were included. Nine patients were female, mean age was 65 years (range 56–75). The mean follow-up period was 4.2 years (range 3.0–6.1). Seven patients had bilateral stemmed MoM hip arthroplasty. No signs or symptoms of neurological dysfunction, cardiomyopathy, or renal or thyroid dysfunction could be identified or attributed to elevated cobalt levels.

The clinical relevance of this study is that after short-term follow-up highly elevated blood cobalt levels do not cause systemic effects in our population. Hence in asymptomatic patients metal ions appear not to be a significant factor in the decision of when to revise a MoM large head total hip replacement.
The Use of Gamma-Irradiated Proximal Femoral Allografts for Bone Stock Reconstruction in Complex Revision Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Nusem Iulian , Morgan David A.F.
Published: October 2013

We have followed a consecutive series of 49 revision hip arthroplasties, performed for severe femoral bone loss using Gamma-irradiated anatomic-specific proximal femoral allografts longer than five centimetres. The patients were followed for a median 10.2 years, with a five year minimum follow-up. The median preoperative Harris Hip Score (HHS) improved from 42 points to 77 points postoperatively. In four hips the femoral component was further revised for non-union of the allograft and aseptic failure. In one hip the allograft and the femoral component were removed because of infection. In one hip the allograft and the femoral component were re-revised for host step-cut fracture. Junctional-union was observed in 44/49 hips. By defining success as an increase of HHS by 20 points or more, a stable implant and no need for any subsequent re-operations related to the allograft and /or the implant, a success rate of 76% was observed. Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis predicted 79% rate of survival at 10 years and 75% rate of survival at 17 years, with the need for further revision of the allograft and/or implant as the end point. Three hips underwent re-attachment of the greater trochanter for trochanteric escape. Asymptomatic non-union of the greater trochanter was noticed in another three hips. Moderate allograft resorption was observed in four hips. Two fractures of the host step-cut occurred. There were four dislocations. Good long-term results with the use of large anatomic-specific femoral allografts justify their continued use in cases of revision hip arthroplasty complicated with severe femoral bone loss.
Metal Ion Trend May be More Predictive for Malfunctioning Metal-on-Metal Implants Then a Single Measurement
Authors: Smolders José M.H. , Hol Annemiek , van Susante Job L.C.
Published: October 2013

Forty-eight unilateral hip resurfacing arthroplasty patients were evaluated for cobalt and chromium levels. The metal ion trend of 42 well-functioning patients was compared with six sub-optimal functioning patients. Median metal ion levels were significantly higher for the sub-optimal group. For the well-functioning implants, the percentage of patients with increasing cobalt/chromium levels between two consecutive time-intervals (‘risers’) gradually decreased from 90/86% (0-3 months) to 22/22% (24-36 months). The percentage of patients with increasing metal ion levels was higher in the sub-optimal group. The median absolute increase of this ‘risers’ subgroup was significantly lower for the well-functioning group at 12-24 months. Sub-optimal functioning MoM implants have a different metal ion trend than well-functioning implants, a higher chance of ‘risers’ and a larger absolute increase in time.
Verdades sobre la docencia, efectos y consecuencias subjetivas de la evaluación docente en Chile
Authors: Fardella Cisternas Carla
Published: October 2013

Las políticas educativas han tenido un giro significativo en las últimas dos décadas, asumiendo la racionalidad neoliberal. Los cambios adoptados por los últimos gobiernos se han dirigido hacia el quehacer docente, instalando nuevas regulaciones laborales. El presente artículo comparte los resultados de un estudio de diferentes documentos que componen la política de evaluación del desempeño docente. Mediante la metodología de análisis de discurso, se trabaja sobre textos oficiales del Ministerio de Educación, discursos políticos y manuales de diferentes programas, buscando comprender el modelo de profesionalidad docente propuesto por los documentos, los efectos de inteligibilidad de estas categorías y las consecuencias subjetivas de la política como dispositivo de poder.