bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PARTIAL STRUCTURES OF ACONITINE AND ACONITOLINE
Authors: Mayer Hans , Marion Léo
Published: May 2006

In aconitoline (C33H41O10N), the product of the oxidation of aconitine with chromic acid, the presence of an αβ-unsaturated carbonyl group has been confirmed. The determination of the basic strengths of aconitoline and its various hydrolytic and reduction products revealed a very strong influence of the carbonyl on the basicity of the alkaloid. It was concluded that the secondary hydroxyl that becomes oxidized must be located in close proximity to the nitrogen. Partial structures are suggested to represent both aconitine and aconitoline.
THE CONSTITUTION OF A HEMICELLULOSE FROM SUGAR MAPLE (ACER SACCHARUM)
Authors: Timell T. E.
Published: May 2006

Partial hydrolysis of the main hemicellulose constituent of sugar maple (Acersaccharum) has yielded D-xylose, D-galacturonic acid, 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, and 2-O-(4-O-methyl-α-D-glucosyluronic acid)-D-xylose. Hydrolysis of the fully methylated polysaccharide gave a mixture of 2-O- and 3-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-xylose, and 2-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucosyluronic acid)-3-O-methyl-D-xylose in a mole ratio of 3:111:1:12. The number-average degrees of polymerization of the native and the methylated polysaccharide were 205 and 149, respectively. These data indicate that the hemicellulose is composed of a linear chain of 1,4-linked β-D-xylose residues and that on the average every tenth residue of the chain carries a terminal 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid residue attached through its C2. The structure of the polysaccharide is similar to that of the main hemicellulose component of European beech, white birch, and yellow birch.
THE CONSTITUTION OF A METHYL GLUCURONOXYLAN FROM KAPOK (CEIBA PENTANDRA)
Authors: Currie A. L. , Timell T. E.
Published: May 2006

The seed hairs of kapok (Ceibapentandra) on alkaline extraction have yielded a hemicellulose composed of xylose and uronic acid residues. Partial hydrolysis of the polysaccharide gave 2-O-(4-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-xylopyranose, 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, and, probably, galacturonic acid. Hydrolysis of the fully methylated hemicellulose yielded a mixture of 2-O- and 3-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-xylose, and 2-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-3-O-methyl-D-xylopyranose in a molar ratio of 1.1:38:1:6. The number-average D.P. of the native and the methylated polysaccharides was 177 and 124, respectively. On the basis of this and other evidence it is suggested that the average hemicellulose molecule contains approximately 180 1,4-linked β-D-xylopyranose residues, one eighth of which carry a single terminal side chain of 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, attached through an α-glycosidic bond to C2 of the xylose. The xylan framework contains, on the average, slightly less than two branching points per macromolecule, most of them probably originating from C3. The number of acid side chains and branches is twice as large as that of the otherwise similar 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan present in the seed hairs of milkweed floss.
THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE HYDROLYSIS OF METHYL ESTERS OF CERTAIN ALKYL-SUBSTITUTED BENZENESULPHONATES IN WATER
Authors: Hamilton G. A. , Robertson R. E.
Published: May 2006

Rate data for the hydrolysis of a series of alkyl-substituted methyl benzenesulphonates are presented and the resulting differences in derived parameters are compared and discussed in an analysis of substituent effects.
THE HALF-LIFE OF Pb210 (RaD)
Authors: Pate B. D. , Santry D. C. , Yaffe L.
Published: May 2006

not available
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE ABSORPTION OF BINAPHTHOQUINONES
Authors: Matsunaga Yoshio
Published: May 2006

not available
SOME SPECIFIC FEATURES IN AUTOXIDATION OF METHYL LINOLEATE
Authors: Khan N. A.
Published: May 2006

A scheme of manual counter-current extraction, ingeniously devised, has facilitated quantitative isolation of initial products from autoxidized methyl linoleate under controlled conditions. A sole product of monomeric monohydroperoxide with one spatial configuration has been shown to be the outcome of interactions of oxygen molecule with methyl linoleate. The physical and chemical analyses prove this product as conjugated cis,trans methyl linoleate hydroperoxide. The fractionations of its derivative, hydroxystearic acid, and its scission products go to establish the formation of two positional isomers (9- and 13-) exclusively for this cis,trans product. Such positional isomers leave no doubt about two possibilities of attack by oxygen on the two 3-C segments in the 5-C system of methyl linoleate containing mobile π electrons. A mechanism has been proposed relevant to the experimental findings. Such initiation processes offer the missing link between neutral methyl linoleate and formation of its hydroperoxide without decomposition. These investigations, thus, emphasize the fact that the initiation processes must be distinguished from the main autoxidation reactions.
THE WAX OF THE LEAVES OF PICEA PUNGENS (COLORADO SPRUCE)
Authors: Rudloff E. Von
Published: May 2006

A chloroform-soluble, neutral wax was isolated from the leaves of Colorado spruce, collected during fall and winter months. The wax was found to consist of sabinic, 14-hydroxytetradecanoic, and juniperic acids, with only minor amounts of non-saponifiables and n-fatty acids. 14-Hydroxytetradecanoic acid has not been found before in naturally occurring waxes. A cyclic structure rather than the linear etholides proposed for other conifer waxes is in accord with the analytical data. In the spring and summer months the wax was accompanied by an acidic fraction.
THE ACTION OF SODIUM IODIDE ON O-p-TOLUENE-SULPHONYL-1,4;3,6-DIANHYDRIDES OF D-MANNITOL, D-GLUCITOL, AND L-IDITOL
Authors: Jackson M. , Hayward L. D.
Published: May 2006

In the displacement reaction with sodium iodide in acetic anhydride solution the rates of reaction of four isohexide tosyl esters were compared to that of an O-acetyl-O-tosylisosorbide recently described. The tosyloxy group in the latter compound was replaced rapidly and was therefore in the 5-endo-position, the compound being correctly named 2-O-acetyl-5-O-p-toluenesulphonyl-1,4;3,6-dianhydro-D-glucitol. The product of the reaction was isolated as a crystalline material, and was identified as 2-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-5-iodo-1,4;3,6-dianhydro-L-iditol.
THE PROTON RESONANCE SPECTRA OF FURAN AND PYRROLE
Authors: Abraham R. J. , Bernstein H. J.
Published: May 2006

Interpretation of the fine structure of the NMR spectra of some five-membered "aromatic" heterocyclic ring compounds indicates that spin coupling constants between adjacent protons on the ring and those across the ring are approximately equal. This is in contrast to the situation in six-membered rings where coupling constants between protons ortho to one another are much larger than those in the meta position.Quadrupole effects of the N14 nucleus in pyrrole broaden the NH signal but do not interfere with the spin coupling of the NH proton with other protons. The surprising result is obtained that the spin couplings of the NH proton with α and β protons in the ring are very nearly equal in magnitude.
THE NATURE OF PYRACONITINE
Authors: McCaldin D. J. , Marion Léo
Published: May 2006

A new investigation of pyraconitine and pyraconie has confirmed the presence of a skeletal carbonyl in these compounds. Reduction of pyraconitine with sodium borohydride produces a hydrolytic base which no longer contains a carbonyl group. The Wolff–Kishner reaction reduces the carbonyl in pyraconitine, eliminates the elements of methanol, and hydrogenates the resulting double bond as well as hydrolyzing off the benzoyl ester. These observations indicate the presence in aconitine of the sequence R2C(OAc)• CHOH• CH(OCH3)-. On the basis of the structure of aconine previously derived from the X-ray structure of demethanolaconinone the foregoing results determine the skeletal position occupied by the labile acetoxy group in aconitine.
THE PURIFICATION, DETERMINATION, AND NEUTRON CAPTURE CROSS SECTION OF ACTINIUM-227
Authors: Cabell M. J.
Published: May 2006

Procedures are described for (a) the separation by ion exchange chromatography of submicrogram quantities of Ac227 from its daughters and (b) the absolute determination of Ac227 by measurement of the rate of growth of α-particle emission from an initially pure source. These procedures are utilized in the determination of the reactor and thermal neutron capture cross sections and the resonance capture integral of Ac227 by an activation method.Assuming 36.5 barns for the thermal neutron capture cross section of Co59, a value of σ2200 = 814 ± 13 barns has been obtained for Ac227. The resonance capture integral (from 0.5 ev to ∞) was found to be 1177 ± 19 barns relative to 48.6 barns for the resonance capture integral of Co59.
PREPARATION AND INFRARED SPECTRA OF DIVINYL SULPHIDE, 2-METHYL-1,3-THIOXOLANE, AND 1,4-THIOXANE
Authors: Georgieff K. K. , Dupré A.
Published: May 2006

Dehydration of thiodiglycol at 195°–230° with potassium hydroxide produced a 36% yield of divinyl sulphide, 9–10% of 2-methyl-1,3-thioxolane, 7–8% of 1,4-thioxane, and 3.5% of vinyl 2-hydroxyethyl sulphide. Physical properties and infrared spectra are reported. Divinyl sulphide of high purity for polymer work was obtained by distillation in a Podbielniak column. Precautions that must be observed in the preparation, distillation, and storage are given.
SELF-ABSORPTION IN SOURCES PREPARED FOR 4π BETA COUNTING
Authors: Merritt Janet S. , Taylor J. G. V. , Campion P. J.
Published: May 2006

Using the 4πβ-γ coincidence method the self-absorption of 4πβ counting sources prepared by a number of source preparation techniques has been measured for the negatron emitters Cs134 (86-kev branch only), Nb95, Hg203, Co60, Sc46, Rb86, Au198, Na24, and the positron branch of Cu64. The self-absorption varied from a few tenths of one per cent to about ten per cent for sources with a mean superficial density of 2 μg/cm2 for most of the nuclides studied. Subsidiary experiments were carried out to indicate the variation of self-absorption with source superficial density.
2,4-DIAMINO-2-METHYLPENTANE DIISOCYANATE AND ITS METHYL URETHANE
Authors: Kossmann K. H.
Published: May 2006

not available
SOME HYPOGLYCEMIC THIADIAZOLES
Authors: Chubb Francis L. , Nissenbaum Jacqueline
Published: May 2006

not available
THE CONFORMATIONS OF THE DIASTEREOMERIC 2,5-DIMETHYL-2,5-DIMETHOXY-3,4-DIPHENYLHEXANES
Authors: Sawatzky Henry , White George K. , Wright George F
Published: May 2006

The electric dipole moments of six possible rotamers comprising the two diastereomeric forms of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-diphenylhexane have been calculated vectorially. Comparison of these values with the experimental determination of polarization in benzene and carbon tetrachloride shows that only two of the rotamers of the dd,ll form and only one of the meso form are present in significant amount. The moment of the dd,ll diastereomer decreases with increasing temperature but that of the meso form is almost invariant. It is probable that all six central linkages in these diastereomers are hindered from free rotation.
THE INFRARED SPECTRA OF MALONATES AND OXALATES: TEMPERATURE EFFECT
Authors: Abramovitch R. A.
Published: May 2006

The infrared spectra of a number of malonates and oxalates (as liquid films) were examined at various temperatures and narrower slit widths than had previously been used. The absorption in the 5.8 μ region is very complex, at least four bands being observed in each case. Small but definite temperature effects were recorded for both types of esters. At somewhat wider slit widths only two bands were observed, these occasionally having indistinct shoulders. The spectra of some of the compounds were also measured in both carbon tetrachloride and acetonitrile solutions (two bands observed in each case) and the ratios of the intensities of the two bands compared. A possible explanation of the effects observed is that at least two rotational isomers can exist for each compound and that vibrational coupling of the carbonyl stretching frequencies can occur in each of the rotational isomers.
SURFACE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE AND ELECTROKINETIC POTENTIALS IN NETWORKS OF FIBROUS MATERIALS
Authors: Mossman C. E. , Mason S. G.
Published: May 2006

Stream-current, permeability, and conductance measurements were made on cylindrical pads of randomly oriented Dacron, glass, Nylon, and Orlon fibers over a range of electrolyte and solid concentrations. Values of the specific surface conductivity were computed from the conductance data, using equations which were derived from a capillary network theory.The measured conductance values were independent of pad concentration, increased with increasing electrolyte concentration, and were higher than values calculated from electrical double-layer theory using the measured values of ζ-potential. A number of plausible reasons for the discrepancies are advanced.
THE PHASE DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM Na3AlF6–Na2SO4 AND THE DISSOCIATION OF THE CRYOLITE ANION IN MOLTEN SODIUM SULPHATE
Authors: Grjotheim Kai , Halvorsen Tor , Urnes Sigmund
Published: May 2006

The binary system Na3AlF6–Na2SO4 has been investigated. A eutectic point was found at 91 mole % Na2SO4. On the Na3AlF6 side of the diagram extensive solid solution was found. No solid solution was observed on the Na2SO4 side, either by thermal analysis or by Debye–Scherrer diagrams. The freezing point depression of Na2SO4 caused by additions of Na3AlF6 has been used to evaluate the dissociation scheme of the cryolite anion in a sodium sulphate melt. The calculations favor the following scheme:AlF63− = AlF4− + 2F−.
THE ALKALOIDS OF INULA ROYLEANA
Authors: Edwards O. E. , Rodger M. N.
Published: May 2006

Royline and inuline, previously isolated from Inularoyleana, have again been isolated from this source, and shown to be lycoctonine and anthranoyl-lycoctonine respectively. The presence of a third known alkaloid, methyl-lycaconitine has also been established. This is the first recorded occurrence of lycoctonine and its derivatives outside the family Ranunculaceae.
DEGRADATIVE STUDIES ON λ-CARRAGEENIN
Authors: Morgan K. , O'Neill A. N.
Published: May 2006

λ-Carrageenin was subjected to partial acetolysis. Chromatography of the deacetylated products on charcoal led to the isolation of D-galactose, 3-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose (A), and a crystalline trisaccharide (B) tentatively identified as O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-D-galactose. Periodate oxidation of the polysaccharide indicated the presence of more than one type of linkage in the polymer.
AMENDMENT TO A PAPER BY W. MEHL AND J. O'M. BOCKRIS
Authors: Bockris J. O'M.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF LIGNINS OBTAINED BY THE ACIDOLYSIS OF SPRUCE AND ASPEN WOODS IN DIOXANE–WATER MEDIUM
Authors: Pepper J. M. , Baylis P. E. T. , Adler E.
Published: May 2006

A study has been made of the isolation of a lignin fraction from spruce and aspen wood meals using a low temperature (90–95 °C) acidolysis involving a dioxane–water (9:1) solvent medium containing the equivalent of 0.2 N hydrochloric acid. The effect of extraction time on the yield of precipitated lignin and ether-soluble material, and on the methoxyl content of these products, was investigated. For both species prolonged extraction times led to greater yields of lignin with lower methoxyl content.Further acidolysis of isolated spruce lignin led to no significant loss of methoxyl indicating the stability of this group to these reaction conditions. With increasing times of acidolysis of the aspen wood, a slow rise in the carbon–methyl/methoxyl ratio was observed for the isolated lignins. This is in agreement with earlier findings for the spruce lignin. The yields of vanillin and syringaldehyde from aspen lignin on alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation were much less than those from wood meal, and the relative yield of syringaldehyde was higher.It is suggested that this type of lignin may be only mildly modified during extraction and hence suitable for subsequent chemical investigation. The significance of the findings is discussed.
HYDRONIUM ION ABSORPTION IN THE REGION 1.7 µ
Authors: Biermann W. J. , Gilmour J. B.
Published: May 2006

Optical absorption of the hydronium ion in the region 1.7 µ was measured in solutions of nitric acid and perchloric acid in the concentration range 0.01 to 4.0 moles per liter. Above 0.1 molar the absorption did not follow Beer's Law, being smaller than predicted from the low concentration behavior. This enhanced transparency is attributed to a "negative absorption" band, associated with the change in solvent structure, found in this spectral region.
A NEW SYNTHESIS OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN
Authors: Frangatos Gerassimos , Chubb Francis L.
Published: May 2006

not available
ADDITION OF PHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE TO PYRROLES
Authors: Bullock E. , Abraham R. J.
Published: May 2006

Pyrrole and alkyl pyrroles react spontaneously with phenyl isothiocyanate to produce C-substituted derivatives. The structures of the products are confirmed by physical methods. The reaction is catalyzed by organic bases.
THE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRA OF TRIARYL CARBONIUM IONS
Authors: Moodie R. B. , Connor T. M. , Stewart Ross
Published: May 2006

The N.M.R. spectra of the triphenylmethyl cation and several of its derivatives substituted with methyl, methoxyl, and tert-butyl groups in the meta or para position have been obtained in trifluoroacetic acid – trifluoroacetic anhydride solution. The ring protons and substituent protons are all shifted to lower fields, i.e. are less shielded in the carbonium ions than in the neutral compounds of similar structure. The chemical shifts for the substituent protons are greater for para than for meta substituents and for mono- rather than tri-substituted ions. With each ion only a single peak was observed for the substituent protons but the ring protons were, in some cases, well resolved. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
THE REACTION OF SULPHURYL CHLORIDE WITH GLYCOSIDES AND SUGAR ALCOHOLS. PART I
Authors: Bragg P. D. , Jones J. K. N. , Turner J. C.
Published: May 2006

The reaction of sulphuryl chloride with methyl α-D-glucopyranoside, methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucoside, methyl β-D-arabinopyranoside, D-mannitol, 2,5-O-methylene-D-mannitol, dulcitol, and sucrose is described.
REACTIONS OF BUTENES AND METHYL BUTENES ON A ZING OXIDE CATALYST
Authors: Hampton M. G. , Cvetanović R. J.
Published: May 2006

Reactions of butene-1, isobutene, 3-methyl butene-1, and 2-methyl butene-2 on ZnO catalysts have been investigated at 615°. The formation of the observed products is discussed in terms of a sequence of surface processes incorporating dissociation of the bonds in β position to the double bond, with formation of chemisorbed allyl and substituted allyl radicals.
THELEPHORIC ACID
Authors: Read G. , Vining L. C.
Published: May 2006

The electronic and infrared absorption spectra of thelephoric acid and its leucoacetate indicate that the structure at present accepted for the pigment is incorrect. It is suggested from an interpretation of these spectra, together with a re-evaluation of the reported properties of thelephoric acid and its derivatives, that the substance may be a hydroxylated terphenyl containing internal quinhydrone and benzofuran systems (e.g. (V)).
CATALYTIC ACTIVATION OF HYDROGEN IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY THE CHLOROPALLADATE(II) ION
Authors: Halpern J. , Harrod J. F. , Potter P. E.
Published: May 2006

The kinetics of the reduction of ferric chloride by molecular hydrogen in aqueous solution, in the presence of chloropalladate(II), were examined. The latter acts as a homogeneous catalyst for the reaction. The rate-law was found to be,[Formula: see text]where[Formula: see text]The mechanism of the reaction is discussed.
THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF AZOMETHANE. II
Authors: Strong R. L. , Kutschke K. O.
Published: May 2006

In a further investigation of the photooxidation of azomethane it was found that the yields of all products depend on the fractional conversion in a manner which suggests that some inhibitor is produced. Products from experiments at lower pressures of azomethane are obtained in yields appropriate to the higher conversions. Only very small changes in yields are observed for relatively large variations in light intensity. The implications of these facts to the mechanism of the photooxidation are discussed.
THE INFRARED SPECTRA OF SOME DNP-α-AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Friedberg Felix , O'Dell Mylous S.
Published: May 2006

The infrared spectra of some DNP-α-amino acids were examined using the KBr technique in the region 5000 to 625 cm−1. There is sufficient variation in spectra of closely related DNP-amino acids to allow positive identification even though the spectra on the whole are more strikingly similar than they are different. Differences in varying degrees were also noted between L- and DL-forms.
L'ARYLATION DES QUINONES PAR LES SELS DE DIAZONIUM: V. SUR LA SYNTHÈSE DE 5-ARYLTOLUQUINONES
Authors: Brassard P. , L'Écuyer P.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF AZOMETHANE. III
Authors: Wenger F. , Kutschke K. O.
Published: May 2006

It is confirmed that the yields of all products in the photooxidation of azomethane at relatively high oxygen pressure depend on conversion in a manner which would be explained if a reactive hydrogen donor were produced in the early stages of the reaction. Evidence is presented which indicates that formaldehyde cannot be active as an inhibitor in the system at 162 °C. It is suggested that methyl radicals react with oxygen in two ways. The third order formation of methyl peroxy radicals leads to methoxy radicals and, eventually, to methanol, while the bimolecular reaction between methyl radicals and oxygen leads to a vibrationally excited state of formaldehyde. The latter is thought to undergo oxidization to performic acid, which acts as the inhibitor in the system. Yields of formaldehyde, of nitrogen in excess of that formed in the primary process, and of nitrous oxide are linearly related regardless of the conversion up to about 4%. Methanol is a major product of the oxidation and, if account is taken of its yield, a carbon balance of the order of 90% is obtained.
GAS ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Hanlan James F. , Freeman Mark P.
Published: May 2006

It is found that the "retention volume" in gas adsorption chromatography may be identified in a very simple way with the concept of "apparent volume" in the equation of state for high temperature physical adsorption first derived by Halsey etal. It is shown that a considerable body of experimental chromatographic data reduces down to the two parameters of the theory in a reasonable way. The single parameter describing temperature dependence is seen to be related simply to the number of carbons in the skeleton for a series of hydrocarbons, while the parameter describing column capacity shows regular, though unanticipated, behavior. This theoretical connection provides a complete link between static measurements and gas adsorption chromatography.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE HEARTWOOD EXTRACTIVES OF TAMARACK (LARIX LARICINA (DU ROI) K. KOCH)
Authors: Nair G. V. , Rudloff E. Von
Published: May 2006

The acetone-soluble constituents of the heartwood of tamarack have been investigated. The flavanonols taxifolin and aromadendrin were isolated in 0.30 and 0.05% yield and a trace amount of quercetin was obtained. Tropolones could not be detected, nor was there any evidence for resin acids. The major portion of the extract consisted of esters of ferulic, phthalic, and long-chain fatty acids. Eicosanyl ferulate was isolated as such, whereas the other constituents were identified after saponification. Gas liquid chromatography of the fatty acid mixture indicated the presence of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids as well as small amounts of C14, stearic, and C20 acids. From the non-saponifiable portion β-sitosterol, eicosanol, and nonan-2-ol were isolated. The acetone extract also contained free D-galactose and L-arabinose.
KINETICS OF THE THERMAL REACTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE WITH HYDROGEN
Authors: Forst W.
Published: May 2006

not available
TRANSIENTS IN THE FORMATION OF ANODIC OXIDE FILMS
Authors: Young L.
Published: May 2006

not available
SELF-DIFFUSION IN POLYCRYSTALLINE NICKEL
Authors: MacEwan J. R. , MacEwan J. U. , Yaffe L.
Published: May 2006

The self-diffusion of nickel has been studied in polycrystalline samples by a sectioning technique. There is evidence of grain boundary diffusion below temperatures of 1150 °C. The results obtained between 1150° and 1400 °C are representative of volume diffusion and are represented by the expression[Formula: see text]A comparison is made with the results of other self-diffusion studies using Zener's hypothesis.
DIFFUSION OF Ni63 IN IRON, COBALT, NICKEL, AND TWO IRON–NICKEL ALLOYS
Authors: MacEwan J. R. , MacEwan J. U. , Yaffe L.
Published: May 2006

The self-diffusion of nickel and the diffusion of Ni63 into iron, cobalt, and two iron–nickel alloys was studied using the technique of decrease in surface activity, The nickel self-diffusion results are compared to previously reported values. Nickel is found to diffuse more slowly than iron in the iron-rich portion of the iron–nickel system. The rate of nickel diffusion increases with increasing nickel content. A comparison is made between the present results for diffusion of Ni63 into iron, cobalt, and nickel with reported values for diffusion of Co60 and Fe59 in the same metals. In each solvent, the magnitudes of the activation energies, Q, are such that QNi > QCo > QFe.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE VAPOR PERMEABILITY OF CELLOPHANE
Authors: Archer W. L. , Mason S. G.
Published: May 2006

The water vapor permeability of cellophane was measured over adsorption–desorption cycles and was found to parallel the sorption isotherm. When a constant vapor pressure was applied on the low pressure side of the membrane, the mass flow rate was independent of the vapor pressure used and showed hysteresis on desorption. The permeabilities of methanol, ethanol, and benzene were found to increase with increasing vapor pressure.
PARTIAL SPECIFIC VOLUME MEASUREMENTS BY DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
Authors: Martin W. G. , Winkler C. A. , Cook W. H.
Published: May 2006

The partial specific volumes of several macromolecules were determined from their sedimentation rates in aqueous and heavy water solutions with results comparable to those obtained by conventional methods. Corrections for the changes in weight due to isotopic exchange were obtained from measurements on small quantities of material with a quartz spiral balance. Measurements of the partial specific volumes of bovine plasma albumin, polyvinyl alcohol, glycine, and triglycylglycine in both aqueous and heavy water media, made with a magnetic float apparatus, indicate that isotopic exchange has no significant effect on the macromolecular volume. The sedimentation method is therefore a micro method that does not require a knowledge of the concentration of macromolecules and which is applicable to mixtures that are resolvable during sedimentation.
STEROIDS. CXV. THE SYNTHESIS OF HALOGENATED STEROID HORMONES, 4-CHLORO-19-NOR HORMONE ANALOGS
Authors: Mangera O. , Ringold H. J.
Published: May 2006

not available
NOTE ON THE REACTION OF HYDROGEN ATOMS WITH CYANOGEN
Authors: Haggart Catherine , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

not available
AN ELECTRON DIFFRACTION STUDY OF ELECTROPOLISHED IRON
Authors: Sewell P. B. , Stockbridge C. D. , Cohen M.
Published: May 2006

Iron has been electropolished over a range of voltage and current in the acetic acid–perchloric acid bath. Under optimum conditions an "atomically smooth" surface has been obtained as evidenced by marked refraction effects in the electron diffraction patterns. There is also evidence for a thin film on the electropolished surface which thickens on further exposure to air to form a preferentially oriented cubic iron oxide. Light etching in nitric acid removed the film and formed a surface which, on diffraction, gave the more normal spot pattern of iron.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE KINETICS OF CHEMISORPTION OF HYDROGEN ON ZINC OXIDE
Authors: Low Manfred J. D.
Published: May 2006

The kinetics of hydrogen adsorption by ZnO have been measured at constant pressures of 403 mm Hg over temperatures from 0 °C to 257 °C. Two distinct consecutive kinetic stages occur at all temperatures, each stage being precisely expressed by the Elovich equation. The rates and extents of adsorption increase in the temperature ranges 0–80 °C and 110–200 °C and decrease in the range 80–110 °C. The change with temperature of the constants a and 1/α of the Elovich equation parallels changes in the amount adsorbed with temperature.
PROFILES AND AREAS OF INTERFACES IN THE DU NOÜY RING METHOD
Authors: Zeggeren F. Van , Courval C. De , Goddard E. D.
Published: May 2006

Profiles and areas of interfaces subjected to interfacial tension measurements by the du Noüy ring method, were calculated with the aid of a digital computer. The computations were based on a solution of a set of two simultaneous, first order, ordinary differential equations. Area corrections amounted to from 5 to 17% of the total area calculated on the assumption of planar contact. These corrections permit more precise evaluation of the molecular area of monolayers spread at such interfaces. Two interfaces, viz. benzene–water and hexane–water, were taken as examples. Profiles of curves around the rings were also determined experimentally by means of an electrical contact micromanipulator method. Theoretically computed and measured profiles show very good agreement.
MECHANISM OF FORMATION OF ANTHOCYANIDINS FROM FLAVAN-3,4-DIOLS
Authors: Robertson A. V.
Published: May 2006

Conversion by hydrochloric acid in 2-propanol of 5,7:3′,4′-tetramethoxyflavan-3,4-diol (I; R = OMe) into cyanidin chloride 5,7:3′,4′-tetramethyl ether is examined. The diol is wholly changed into the anthocyanidin. The over-all reaction mechanism must therefore be oxidative, since the alternative of disproportionation is excluded. Fading of this anthocyanidin in solution is studied. Attempts to synthesize flavan-3-one derivatives are briefly described.
HYDROXYLYCOCTONINE
Authors: Edwards O. E. , Los M. , Marion Léo
Published: May 2006

The structures of isolycoctonine and hydroxylycoctonine salts have been shown to be VII and X respectively. These structures and the δ-lactone character of the products of lead tetraacetate cleavage of hydroxylycoctonam are in harmony with structure XI for hydroxylycoctonine.
THE CARBONYL STRETCHING BANDS IN THE INFRARED SPECTRA OF UNSATURATED LACTONES
Authors: Jones R. N. , Angell C. L. , Ito T. , Smith R. J. D.
Published: May 2006

Certain types of unsaturated lactones exhibit two bands in the region of the spectrum associated with the C=O stretching vibrational mode. This is observed both in the infrared and Raman spectra.The infrared spectra of 23 simple saturated and unsaturated lactones have been examined in an attempt to determine the structural features with which this carbonyl band splitting is associated. It appears to be common to most unsaturated five- and six-membered ring lactones in which the double bond is conjugated with the carbonyl group, though one well-established exception has been observed. The relative intensities of the two bands are extremely sensitive to changes in the polarity of the solvent; they also vary reversibly with temperature but are independent of concentration.The splitting of the C=O stretching band is attributed to an intramolecular vibrational effect similar to that which occurs in cyclopentanone and in certain Δ2-cyclopentenone derivatives. Its possible dependence on Fermi resonance with the overtone of a lower lying fundamental vibration is discussed.Similar effects occur in other types of carbonyl compounds, such as benzoyl chloride and cyclic five-membered ring anhydrides, and care is needed to distinguish carbonyl band splitting of this kind from that associated with equilibria between conformational isomers.
ALIPHATIC CHEMISTRY OF FLUORENE: PART I. DERIVATIVES OF 9-BENZOYLFLUORENE
Authors: Bavin P. M. G.
Published: May 2006

Several C-alkylation products of 9-benzoylfluorene have been prepared. 9-Methyl-9-ben-zoylfluorene has been transformed into 9-methyl-10-phenylphenanthrene, 9-phenylphenan-threne-10-carboxylic acid, and 1,2:3,4-dibenzfluorenone.Phenyl-9-allyl-9-fluorenylmethanol has been cyclized and rearranged in one step to 14-methyl-13,14-dihydrodibenz[a,c]phenanthrene.Phenyl-9-methyl-9-fluorenylmethyl chloride readily decomposes to 9-methyl-10-phenyl-phenanthrene when heated alone or in formic acid, but reacts with silver or mercuric acetates to give unrearranged acetate.
STEROIDS AND RELATED PRODUCTS: XI. THE SYNTHESIS OF 3,9,12,20-TETRAOXYGENATED 9,12-SECO-STEROIDS. PART I
Authors: Engel Ch. R. , Huculak W. W.
Published: May 2006

The synthesis of 3α,20β-dihydroxy-9-oxo-9,12-seco-12-pregnanoic acid (XV) and some of its derivatives, from 3α,12α-diacetoxy-20-oxopregnane, is described. The fission of ring C was achieved by ozonolysis of a 9,11-unsaturated 12-ketones. In the course of this work evidence was found that the rearrangement of certain 11-hydroxy-12-ketones to 12β-hydroxy-11-ketones, under the influence of alkali, can occur in high yield, even at room temperature.
SOME CARBOXYLIC ACIDS PRESENT IN ROYAL JELLY
Authors: Brown William H. , Freure Robert J.
Published: May 2006

Only one carboxylic acid, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, has previously been isolated from royal jelly. Small amounts of two additional acids, sebacic and 2-decendioic acid, have now been found in the ether-soluble portion of this special bee foodstuff. Evidence is presented in favor of the trans-configuration for naturally occurring 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid. Chromic acid oxidation of the hydroxy acid yields 2-decendioic acid.
PYRROLE CHEMISTRY: II. 2-PYRROLECARBONITRILE, 1-METHYL-2-PYRROLECARBONITRILE, AND THEIR NITRATION PRODUCTS
Authors: Anderson Hugh J.
Published: May 2006

The 2-nitriles of pyrrole and 1-methylpyrrole have been prepared by the dehydration of the corresponding aldoximes. These compounds have been nitrated and the ratios of 4- and 5-nitro isomers have been determined. The 2-cyano group appears to be less strongly "meta"-directing (i.e. toward the 4-position) during nitration in the pyrrole series than in the benzene ring.
THE SYNTHESIS OF A LIGNIN MODEL SUBSTANCE: 3-HYDROXY-1-(4-HYDROXY-3,5-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)-2-PROPANONE
Authors: Gorecki E. W. , Pepper J. M.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE AUTOOXIDATION OF ORGANOMERCURIC SALTS
Authors: Robson J. H. , Wright George F
Published: May 2006

It has been found that besides the homopolar bimolecular oxidation of alkylmercuric salts which has been reported previously an alternative unimolecular reaction of heteropolar character may occur. The product of this heteropolar reaction is the alkene, but it probably proceeds through an alkylmercury cation since reaction in benzene leads to the Friedel–Crafts type of product. Like the homopolar reaction, the heteropolar reaction is accelerated by electron withdrawal of the anionic part of the salt. Indeed, it is believed that both mechanisms are operative among many of the mercuric salt oxidations of alkenes which previously have been reported.
ELECTRICAL EFFECTS ON THE C-O-C ASYMMETRICAL STRETCHING VIBRATION IN ANISOLES
Authors: Goldman G. K. , Lehman H. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF UREA–HYDROCARBON ADDUCTS
Authors: Fischer P. H. H. , McDowell C. A.
Published: May 2006

The infrared absorption spectra of the adducts formed between urea and hydrocarbons from n-heptane to n-hexadecane have been measured in the range 600 cm−1 to 4000 cm−1. From a consideration of the crystal symmetries of urea and the urea-hydrocarbon adducts it has been possible to assign the various vibration frequencies. The band shifts observed are explained in terms of changes in bond lengths and bond angles.
THE OXYGENATED FATTY ACIDS OF THE OIL OF WHEAT STEM RUST UREDOSPORES
Authors: Tulloch A. P.
Published: May 2006

The principal oxygenated acid present in the oil of wheat stem rust is cis-9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid, and is accompanied by a small proportion of (+) threo-9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ALKALI LIGNINS. I. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF FRACTIONS
Authors: Gupta P. R. , Goring D. A. I.
Published: May 2006

Alkali lignin was prepared by cooking periodate lignin with sodium hydroxide. Fractionation by gradual decrease of pH was not possible as most of the lignin was precipitated sharply at pH 4.4. Fractionation could be achieved by addition of non-solvents such as acetone, dioxane, or ethanol to an alkaline aqueous solution of the lignin, but the initial fractions when separated could not be redissolved. This difficulty was overcome by using barium chloride as a precipitant when all the fractions remained soluble. X-Ray analysis revealed no difference between the insoluble and soluble fractions.The intrinsic viscosity of the fractions ranged from 0.027 to 0.585 g−1 dl. Reduced viscosities were considerably increased at lower ionic strength indicating that the molecule was a polyelectrolyte. The fractions possessed nearly constant methoxyl content (13%), visible absorption (0.28 cm−1 l g−1 at 5460 Å), U.V. absorption (18 cm−1 l. g−1 at 2800 Å), neutralization equivalent (1.3 meq g−1), and electrophoretic mobility (−12.6 × 10−5 cm2 v−1 sec−1). The partial specific volumes of a high and a low molecular weight fraction were 0.63 and 0.68 g−1 ml respectively.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ALKALI LIGNINS: II. ULTRACENTRIFUGAL SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS
Authors: Gupta P. R. , Robertson R. F. , Goring D. A. I.
Published: May 2006

Ultracentrifugal sedimentation of alkali lignin fractions revealed marked boundary spreading at low and high centrifugal fields. An analysis of the gradient diagrams indicated a wide distribution of sedimentation coefficients ranging from 0.5 to over 400 × 10−13 second. There was only a small decrease in the polydispersity on subfractionation. The distributions were continuous with a single peak and positive skewness. A linear relationship was found between the intrinsic viscosity and the standard deviation of the weight-average sedimentation coefficient. The sedimentation coefficient based on the movement of the maximum ordinate at a field of 11.5 × 103 g was several times greater than the corresponding coefficient for the same fraction at 200 × 103 g. A qualitative interpretation of this phenomenon is given in terms of the Faxen and the Archibald solution to the Lamm equation.
THE BIOGENESIS OF ALKALOIDS: XXIV. THE ROLE OF CITRIC ACID IN THE BIOGENESIS OF HYOSCYAMINE
Authors: Robertson A. V. , Marion Léo
Published: May 2006

It is known that ornithine is a precursor of the pyrrolidine ring present in hyoscyamine. It was assumed that citric acid might be the precursor of the remaining three carbons that complete the tropine ring structure. To test this assumption 3-14C-citric acid was fed to Daturastramonium plants. The hyoscyamine isolated from these plants was radioactive, but the activity was very low. It must be concluded that citric acid, although it can be used to a small extent, is not the normal precursor of the chain of three carbons attached to the pyrrolidine ring in hyoscyamine.
ARSENIDES OF THE TRANSITION METALS: III. A NOTE ON THE HIGHER ARSENIDES OF IRON, COBALT, AND NICKEL
Authors: Heyding R. D. , Calvert L. D.
Published: May 2006

not available
ABSOLUTE THERMAL NEUTRON FISSION YIELDS OF U233
Authors: Santry D. C. , Yaffe L.
Published: May 2006

The absolute fission yields of 22 nuclides formed in the thermal neutron fission of U233 have been measured radiochemically. Disintegration rates were measured by 4π β-proportional counting techniques. The identity of each nuclide was established by chemical separations and decay characteristics as determined by 4π β-counting and γ-ray scintillation spectrometry. The reaction Co59(n, γ)Co60 was used as a neutron flux monitor. Yields were calculated on the basis of [Formula: see text]
PERFLUOROALKYL ARSENICALS: PART II. THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF ARYL PERFLUOROALKYL ARSENICALS
Authors: Cullen W. R.
Published: May 2006

The reaction of iododiphenylarsine with trifluoroiodomethane in the presence of mercury produces diphenyltrifluoromethylarsine. Phenylbistrifluoromethylarsine and methylphenyltrifluoromethylarsine are prepared from similar reactions using diiodophenylarsine and iodomethylphenylarsine respectively. The properties of these new trifluoromethyl arsenicals are compared with those of related compounds.
STEROIDS AND RELATED PRODUCTS: XIII. THE SYNTHESIS OF 6α-FLUORO-17α-BROMOPROGESTERONE
Authors: Engel Ch. R. , Deghenghi R.
Published: May 2006

The synthesis of 6α-fluoro-17α-bromoprogesterone, a new potent gestogen, from pregnenolone acetate, is reported.
SEPARATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Weidmann Gerhard
Published: May 2006

not available
DECARBOXYLATION OF DIMETHYLTRIFLUOROACETOXYARSINE
Authors: Cullen W. R. , Walker L. G.
Published: May 2006

not available
SURFACE EFFECTS IN BUTANE OXIDATION
Authors: Cherneskey M. , Bardwell J.
Published: May 2006

The oxidation of butane is considerably affected by the nature of the vessel surface. With a silica vessel, vigorous combustion accompanied by multiple cool flames occurs between 280 °C and 320 °C. These reactions are strongly inhibited when the vessel walls are coated with metal oxides or metal halides. Higher pressures are required for ignition at all temperatures. Of the compounds studied, lead monoxide is the most effective inhibitor. The results suggest that in the antiknock action of lead tetraethyl the true inhibitor is lead monoxide.
THE ACTION OF PYRIDINE ON THE DINITRATE ESTERS OF 1,4;3,6-DIANHYDROHEXITOLS
Authors: Jackson M. , Hayward L. D.
Published: May 2006

In contrast to the rapid and selective replacement of a secondary O-nitro group by hydrogen in the hexitol hexanitrates at 25–50 °C, the dinitrate esters of the 1,4;3,6-dianhydrides of D-mannitol, D-glucitol, and L-iditol (cis-isohexides) reacted slowly in anhydrous pyridine at 87–115 °C. The chief products were a polymer, nitrogen oxides, and pyridinium nitrate; the yield of mononitrates did not exceed 10% and none of the parent diols were formed.The relative rates of the first-order decomposition of the nitroxy groups in the isomeric dinitrates were in reverse order to that for SN2 reaction at carbon in these compounds. Activation energies and frequency factors were determined and water was shown to have a retarding effect.Thermal decomposition of the dinitrates in solution in nitrobenzene, m-xylene, or sym-tetrachloroethane was much slower than the pyridine reaction at the same temperature and was independent of the polarity of the solvent and the conformation of the ester.
LONG-RANGE COUPLING CONSTANTS IN THE N.M.R. SPECTRA OF OLEFINES
Authors: Fraser Robert R.
Published: May 2006

The spectra of tiglic and angelic acids and their methyl esters have been determined and analyzed by first-order perturbation theory. The magnitudes of the long-range coupling constants were found to be greater in each instance for trans oriented hydrogens than for cis hydrogens. All long-range coupling constants already reported have been examined and found to be consistent with the proposal that trans coupling constants are larger than cis coupling constants for hydrogens separated by more than three bonds.
TRYPTAMINES, CARBOLINES, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: PART VI. STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE MICHAEL ADDITION OF ETHYL MALONATE TO 1-CYCLOHEXENE CYANIDE
Authors: Abramovitch R. A. , Muchowski J. M.
Published: May 2006

The Michael addition of diethyl malonate to 1-cyclohexene cyanide has been shown to give a mixture of the cis- and trans-diethyl 2-cyanocyclohexylmalonates in 72% and 28% yields respectively. The stereochemistry of the products was established by their unambiguous conversion to the respective cis- and trans-decahydroisoquinolines. Hydrogenation of a cyclohexane cyanide to the corresponding aminomethyl derivative takes place with retention of configuration. A number of substituted decahydroisoquinolines of known stereochemistry have been prepared. Decahydro-3,4-dioxoisoquinoline-4-phenylhydrazone underwent Fischer cyclization to a product assumed to be 2-oxo-octahydroindolo[2,3-d]isoquinoline indicating that the observation that 4-methyl-2,3-dioxopiperidine-3-phenylhydrazone did not undergo cyclization is not general for such 4-substituted piperidones.
l,6-BIS(γ-CARBETHOXYPROPYL)-2,3,7,8-DIBENZOPYROCOLL. A BY-PRODUCT IN THE PREPARATION OF γ -(3-INDOLYL)BUTYRIC ACID
Authors: Manske Richard H. , Boos Walter R.
Published: May 2006

not available
A CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCT FROM THE TRITOSYLATION OF SUCROSE: CRYSTALLINE 6,6′-DI-O-TOSYLSUCROSE
Authors: Lemieux R. U. , Barrette J. P.
Published: May 2006

Chromatographic analysis on silicic acid of the so-called "tri-O-tosylsucrose" which is formed in 95% yield on the reaction of 3 moles of p-toluenesulphonyl chloride with 1 mole of sucrose in pyridine at 0° has shown the substance to contain penta-, tetra-, tri-, and di-O-tosylsucroses in the molar ratios 0.05:0.33:1:1, respectively. Any mono-O-tosylsucrose present in the reaction mixture may have been lost in the isolation of the product. The composition of the product was substantially the same when the reaction was performed at −18°. The chromatogram separated the tritosylates into two subfractions. The major subfraction represented 29% by weight of the original "tri-O-tosylsucrose" and could be converted to 1′,2:3,6:3′,6′-trianhydrosucrose in 77.4% yield. Therefore, the so-called "tri-O-tosylsucrose" can contain only 25–29% of 1′,6,6′-tri-O-tosylsucrose. 6,6′-Di-O-tosylsucrose crystallized from the di-O-tosylsucrose fraction in 10% over-all yield.
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDIES OF THE RADIATION-INDUCED ADDITION OF HBr TO C2H4 IN THE SOLID STATE
Authors: Mitchell F. W. , Green B. C. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: May 2006

Electron spin resonance measurements at 77 °K have been used to study the hydrobromination of ethylene induced by γ irradiation of the solid mixture at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The evidence resulting from these studies has given valuable information regarding the reaction intermediates and has been used in formulating a likely reaction mechanism.
SYNTHESIS OF SUGARS FROM SMALLER FRAGMENTS: PART XII. SYNTHESIS OFD-GLYCERO-D-ALTRO-,L-GLYCERO-L-GALACTO-,D-GLYCERO-L-GLUCO-, ANDD-GLYCERO-L-GALACTO-OCTULOSE
Authors: Jones J. K. N. , Sephton H. H.
Published: May 2006

1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone phosphate condenses with D-ribose, L-arabinose, D-lyxose, and D-xylose in the presence of rabbit muscle aldolase to yield octulose phosphates from which the octuloses named in the title were prepared.
EFFECT OF MEAN PORE SIZE ON THE LOW-TEMPERATURE ADSORPTION OF NITROGEN ON ALUMINA
Authors: Blumenthal J. L. , Sourirajan S. , Nobe Ken
Published: May 2006

The effect of mean pore size on the low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen on two samples of alumina has been studied. The mean pore radius of one sample of alumina was 37 Å, and that of the other was 3100 Å. The two adsorption isotherms at −195.8 °C have been plotted in terms of the volume of gas adsorbed per square meter of surface area vs. relative pressure ratio. The data have been found to fall into three distinct regions. In the first region extending up to the relative pressure ratio of 0.3, the two isotherms are nearly identical. In the second region extending from the relative pressure ratio of 0.3 to 0.75, the isotherm for the small mean pore size alumina lies above that for the large mean pore size sample. In the third region extending from the relative pressure ratio of 0.75 up to saturation, the isotherm for the small mean pore size sample tends to level off whereas that for the large mean pore size sample rises rapidly with increase in the relative pressure ratio. The above experimental observations have been explained on the basis of capillary condensation.