bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Weak (Measure-Valued)–Strong Uniqueness for Compressible Navier–Stokes System with Non-monotone Pressure Law
Authors: Chaudhuri Nilasis
Published: February 2020

In this paper our goal is to define a renormalized dissipative measure-valued (rDMV) solution of compressible Navier–Stokes system for fluids with non-monotone pressure–density relation. We prove existence of rDMV solutions and establish a suitable relative energy inequality. Moreover we obtain the weak (measure-valued)–strong uniqueness property of this rDMV solution with the help of relative energy inequality.
Options in extracorporeal support of multiple organ failure
Authors: Huber W. , Ruiz de Garibay A. P.
Published: February 2020

Multiorgan failure is among the most frequent reasons of death in critically ill patients. Based on extensive and long-term use of renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal organ support became available for other organ failures. Initially, most of these techniques (e.g. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, extracorporeal CO2removal [ECCO2R] and extracorporeal liver support) were used as stand-alone single organ support systems. Considering multiple interactions between native organs (“crosstalk”), combined or integrated extracorporeal organ support (ECOS) devices are intriguing. The concept of multiple organ support therapy (MOST) providing simultaneous and combined support for different failing organs was described more than 15 years ago by Ronco and Bellomo. This concept also implicates overcoming the “compartmentalized” approach provided by different single organ specialized professionals by a multidisciplinary and multiprofessional strategy. The idea of MOST is supported by the failure of several recent studies onsingleorgan support including liver and lung support. Improvement of outcome by ECOS necessarily depends on optimized patient selection, integrated organ support and limitation of its side effects. This implicates challenges for engineers, industry and healthcare professionals. From a technical viewpoint, modular combination of pre-existing technologies such as renal replacement, albumin-dialysis, ECCO2R and potentially cytokine elimination can be considered as a first step. While this allows for stepwise and individual combination of standard organ support facilities, it carries the disadvantage of large extracorporeal blood volume and surfaces as well as additive costs. The more intriguing next step is an integrated platform providing the capacity of multiple organ support within one device. (This article is freely available.)
Klavikularekonstruktion bei Pseudarthrose nach lateraler Klavikulafraktur
Authors: Junker Marius , Farkhondeh-Fal Milad , Kircher Jörn
Published: February 2020

Laterale Klavikulafrakturen machen einen Anteil von bis zu 28 % aller Klavikulafrakturen aus und neigen zur Entstehung von Pseudarthrosen. In diesem Beitrag wird ein spezielles Operationsverfahren beschrieben. Hierbei erfolgte die Therapie durch eine Resektion des lateralen Fragments und Rekonstruktion der lateralen Klavikula mit Beckenkammspan sowie Hakenplattenfixierung, was nachfolgend zur Ausbildung eines Neo-Akromioklavikulargelenks (ACG) führte. Die 43-jährige Patientin klagte über bewegungsabhängige und Dauerschmerzen aufgrund einer lateralen Klavikulafraktur vor einem Jahr. Die klinische Untersuchung zeigte einen Druckschmerz im Bereich des ACG und einen positiven Cross-body-Test. In der bildgebenden Diagnostik (MRT und Röntgen) zeigt sich die Pseudarthrose im Bereich der lateralen Klavikula (Neer I, Jäger/Breitner I). Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Demonstration der Rekonstruktion des ACG mit Hakenplattenfixierung und Beckenkammspan. Im Follow-up zeigte sich eine gute Rekonstruktion der lateralen Klavikula unter Ausbildung eines Neo-ACG mit freier Beweglichkeit des Schultergelenks ohne Schmerzen.
Efficient limitation of resonant peaks by topology optimization including modal truncation augmentation
Authors: Delissen Arnoud , van Keulen Fred , Langelaar Matthijs
Published: February 2020

In many engineering applications, the dynamic frequency response of systems is of high importance. In this paper, we focus on limiting the extreme values in frequency response functions, which occur at the eigenfrequencies of the system, better known as resonant peaks. Within an optimization, merely sampling the frequency range and limiting the maximum values result in high computational effort. Additionally, the sensitivities of this method are not complete, since only information about the resonance peak amplitude is included. The design dependence with respect to the frequency of the extreme value is missed, thus hampering the convergence. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a constraint which can efficiently and accurately limit resonant peaks in a frequency response function. It has a close relation with eigenfrequency maximization; however, in that case, the amplitudes of the frequency response are unconstrained. In order to keep the computational time low, efficient implementation of this constraint is studied using reduced-order models based on modal truncation and modal truncation augmentation. Furthermore, approximated sensitivities are investigated, resulting in a large computational gain, while still yielding very accurate sensitivities and designs with almost equivalent performance compared with the non-approximated case. Conditions are established for the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed methods, depending on the number of peaks to be limited, numbers of inputs and outputs, and whether or not the system input and output are collocated.
Older Age Significantly Affects Mortality of Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Only When They Have High‐Risk Features
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Miyauchi Akira , Higashiyama Takuya , Masuoka Hiroo , Kihara Minoru , Miya Akihiro
Published: February 2020

Background

Old age is a known prognostic factor for mortality in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cause‐specific survival (CSS) following PTC and the extent of old age.

Methods

We enrolled 4692 patients aged ≥ 55 years with PTC who underwent surgery between 1989 and 2009 at Kuma Hospital (median follow‐up period 140 months). The presence of at least one of the following was used to classify the patients as high risk: (1) tumor sizes > 4 cm, (2) node metastasis ≥ 3 cm, (3) significant extrathyroid extension corresponding to T4a, (4) extranodal tumor extension, and (5) distant metastasis. T1N0M0 PTC was classified as low risk, and all other patients were classified as intermediate risk. We divided all patients into three categories based on age: 55–64, 65–74, and ≥ 75 years.

Results

One low‐risk patient (0.04%), 18 intermediate‐risk patients (1.5%), and 105 high‐risk patients (9.4%) died of PTC, and CSS of high‐risk patients was poorer than that of others (p < 0.0001). The CSS of low and intermediate‐risk patients did not differ with age. However, CSS of high‐risk patients became significantly poorer with advancing age (p = 0.0017 for 55–64 years vs. 65–74 years, and p = 0.0109 for 65–74 years vs. ≥ 75 years).

Conclusions

Advanced age has a significant prognostic impact on CSS only for high‐risk patients with PTC.
Insufflation pressure above 25 mm Hg confers no additional benefit over lower pressure insufflation during posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy: a retrospective multi-centre propensity score-matched analysis
Authors: Billmann Franck , Strobel Oliver , Billeter Adrian , Thomusch Oliver , Keck Tobias , Langan Ewan Andrew , Pfeiffer Aylin , Nickel Felix , Müller-Stich Beat Peter
Published: February 2020

Background

Insufflation pressures of or in excess of 25 mm Hg CO2 are routinely used during posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy (PRA) in most centres. A critical analysis of the surgical literature provides limited evidence to support this strategy.

Objective

To determine whether high pressure (≥ 25 mm Hg) compared with lower pressure (< 25 mm Hg) retroperitoneoscopy reduces operating time and complications.

Methods

A multi-centre retrospective cohort study was performed using data collected over a period of almost one decade (1st November 2008 until 1st February 2018) from surgical centres in Germany. A total of 1032 patients with benign adrenal tumours were identified. We compared patients undergoing PRA with insufflation pressures of < 25 mm Hg (G20 group) versus ≥ 25 mm Hg (G25 group). A propensity score matching analysis was performed using BMI, tumour size and surgeon's experience as independent variables. The main outcomes were (1) the incidence of perioperative complications and (2) the length of operating time.

Results

The baseline patient characteristics were similar in both groups, with the exception of tumour size, BMI and surgeon's experience in PRA. After propensity score matching, perioperative outcomes, especially perioperative complications (3.7% vs. 5.5% in G20 and G25, respectively; p = 0.335) and operation duration (47 min vs. 45 min in G20 and G25, respectively; p = 0.673), did not significantly differ between the groups.

Conclusion

Neither patient safety nor operative success was compromised when PRA was performed with insufflation pressures below 25 mm Hg. Prospective studies are required to determine whether an optimal insufflation pressure exists that maximizes patient safety and minimizes the risks of post-surgical complications. Nevertheless, our results call for a careful re-evaluation of the routine use of high insufflation pressures during PRA. In the absence of prospective data, commencing PRA with lower insufflation pressures, with the option of increasing insufflation pressures to counter intraoperative bleeding or exposition difficulties, may represent a reasonable strategy.
Combination of PbFE as an electrochemical sensor and cupferron as a complexing agent for the rapid determination of Mo(VI)
Authors: Adamczyk Marzena , Grabarczyk Malgorzata
Published: February 2020

An analytical procedure regarding the trace determination of molybdenum in natural water samples by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) using the in situ plated lead film electrode (PbFE) was described. The method is based on adsorptive accumulation of the Mo(VI)-cupferron complex at the PbFE surface. The optimum analytical conditions include the supporting electrolyte containing 0.2-mol L−1 acetic buffer pH = 5.3, 1.45 × 10−4-mol L−1 Pb(II), and 2.0 × 10−4-mol L−1cupferron. A linear response of Mo(VI) in the concentration range of 3.0 × 10−8 to 1.0 × 10−6 mol L−1 (r = 0.997) was obtained with detection limit of 9.0 × 10−9 mol L−1 using accumulation time of 50 s. The selectivity of the method was determined by investigating how the presence of foreign ions affects the determination of molybdenum. The interferences of surface-active substances and humic substances on the molybdenum voltammetric signal were precisely examined and effectively minimized by preliminary mixing with Amberlite XAD-7 resin. The application of the proposed procedure to the analysis of natural water samples was validated by the determination of molybdenum in certificate reference materials SPS-SW1 surface water, Bystrzyca river, tap, and mineral water.
Biochars obtained from freshwater biomass—green macroalga and hornwort as Cr(III) ions sorbents
Authors: Mokrzycki Jakub , Michalak Izabela , Rutkowski Piotr
Published: February 2020

Two different aquatic biomass sources—freshwater hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) and macroalga (Cladophora glomerata L.)—were used to produce biochars, which were investigated as Cr(III) ion sorbents. Wide range of pyrolysis temperatures from 250 to 800 °C was examined. Resultant biochars were characterized in detail by means of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, FT-IR, SEM imaging, Boehm titration, and mercury porosimetry. The sorption capacities of the macroalga biochars varied from 104.2 to 163.9 mg g−1, whereas for hornwort biochars from 37.6 to 60.2 mg g−1. Obtained results were compared with literature data, suggesting that pyrolysis temperature and mineral matter content have crucial impact on the sorption capacities of Cr(III) ions. Simple thermal valorization of invasive aquatic macrophytes, i.e., hornwort or macroalga, allows to produce efficient adsorbents for chromium(III) ion removal from water.
Intentionally or Ambivalently Risking a Short Interpregnancy Interval: Reproductive-Readiness Factors in Women’s Postpartum Non-Use of Contraception
Authors: Rendall Michael S. , Harrison Eowna Young , Caudillo Mónica L.
Published: February 2020

A focus of research on short interpregnancy intervals (IPI) has been on young disadvantaged women whose births are likely to be unintended. Later initiation of family formation in the United States and other high-income countries points to the need to also consider a woman’s attributes indicative of readiness for purposefully accelerated family formation achieved through short IPIs. We test for whether factors indicating “reproductive readiness”—including being married, being older, and having just had a first birth or a birth later than desired—predict a woman’s non-use of contraception in the postpartum months. We also test for whether this contraceptive non-use results explicitly from wanting to become pregnant again. The data come from the 2012–2015 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, representing women who recently gave birth in any of 35 U.S. states and New York City (N = 120,111). We find that these reproductive-readiness factors are highly predictive of women’s postpartum non-use of contraception because of a stated desire to become pregnant and are moderately predictive of contraceptive non-use without an explicit pregnancy intention. We conclude that planning for, or ambivalently risking, a short IPI is a frequent family-formation strategy for women whose family formation has been delayed. This is likely to become increasingly common as family formation in the United States is initiated later in the reproductive life course.
A New Antimalarial Noreudesmane Sesquiterpenoid from Dobinea delavayi
Authors: Wu Xiu-Rong , Shen Yi , Cui Shu-Jun , Luo Xiao-Lei , Xiao Chao-Jiang , Jiang Bei
Published: February 2020

One previously undescribed angeloylated noreudesmane sesquiterpenoid, dobinin O (1), along with four known eudesmane sesquiterpenoids (2–5) were isolated from the peeled roots of Dobinea delavayi. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analyses. In addition, compound 1 exhibited moderate antimalarial activity against Plasmodium yoelii BY265RFP with the inhibition ratio of 17.8 ± 13.3% at the dose of 30 mg/kg/day.

Graphic Abstract
THE STATUS OF CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK AND ADOPTED CHILDREN IN INDONESIA: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ISLAMIC,ADAT, AND HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS
Authors: Nurlaelawati Euis , van Huis Stijn Cornelis
Published: February 2020

This article examines the cases of children born out of wedlock and adopted children with the aim of depicting the mechanisms through which the concepts of biological fatherhood, derived from the human-rights framework, and adoption, derived from the customary law framework, have been adopted into Indonesian Islamic family law. We argue that the introduction of external concepts into family law pertaining to Muslims requires an adaptation process in which the relation between these external concepts and core Islamic family law concepts is determined. In the case of children born out of wedlock, this adaptation to core Islamic norms means that biological fatherhood does not lead to a full legal father-child relationship, despite a 2012 Constitutional Court ruling establishing that children born out of wedlock have a civil relationship with their biological father. In the case of adoption, it means that there is no full adoption, despite recognition of customary adoptions under Indonesian law. We argue that in a context of strong support for a religion-based family law, reforms tend to take the form of conditions or exceptions to core religious concepts, as replacing these concepts altogether would be perceived as jeopardizing the religious character of the law. While attempts to replace core Islamic family law concepts will inevitably meet strong resistance, there is much more tolerance for introducing family law reforms that aim at changing the way that Islamic concepts are applied in practice.
Enumerating isoclinism classes of semi-extraspecial groups
Authors: Lewis Mark L. , Maglione Joshua
Published: February 2020

We enumerate the number of isoclinism classes of semi-extraspecialp-groups with derived subgroup of orderp2. To do this, we enumerate GL (2,p)-orbits of sets of irreducible, monic polynomials in 𝔽p[x]. Along the way, we also provide a new construction of an infinite family of semi-extraspecial groups as central quotients of Heisenberg groups over local algebras.
Kejom (Babanki)
Authors: Faytak Matthew , Akumbu Pius W.
Published: February 2020

Kejom [k̀ɘd͡ʒɔ́m], the preferred autonym for the language more commonly known as Babanki, is a Central Ring Grassfields Bantu language (ISO 693-3: [bbk]) spoken in the Northwest Region of Cameroon (Hyman 1980, Hammarström et al. 2017, Simons & Fennig 2017). The language is spoken mainly in two settlements shown in Figure 1, Kejom Ketinguh [k̀ɘd͡ʒɔ́m ↓kɘ́tÍⁿɡ̀uʔ] and Kejom Keku [k̀ɘd͡ʒɔ́m ↓kɘ́k̀u], also known as Babanki Tungoh and Big Babanki, respectively, but also to some extent in diaspora communities outside of Cameroon. Simons & Fennig (2017) state that the number of speakers is increasing; however, the figure of 39,000 speakers they provide likely overestimates the number of fluent speakers in diaspora communities. The two main settlements’ dialects exhibit slight phonetic, phonological, and lexical differences but are mutually intelligible. The variety of Kejom described here is the Kejom Ketinguh variant spoken by the second author; all data and examples which we take into account are based on his speech.
Historical Antecedents and Post-World War II Regionalism in the Americas
Authors: Long Tom
Published: February 2020

After World War II, the US-led international security order exhibited substantial regional variation. Explaining this variation has been central to the debate over why is there nonatoin Asia. But this debate overlooks the emergence of multilateral security arrangements between the United States and Latin American countries during the same critical juncture. These inter-American institutions are puzzling considering the three factors most commonly used to explain divergence betweennatoand Asia: burden-sharing, external threats, and collective identity. These conditions fail to explain contemporaneous emergence of inter-American security multilateralism. Although the postwar inter-American system has been characterized as the solidification of US dominance, at the time of its framing, Latin American leaders judged the inter-American system as their best bet for maintaining beneficial US involvement in the Western Hemisphere while reinforcing voice opportunities for weaker states and imposing institutional constraints on US unilateralism. Drawing on multinational archival research, the author advances a historical institutionalist account. Shared historical antecedents of regionalism shaped the range of choices for Latin American and US leaders regarding the desirability and nature of new regional institutions while facilitating institutional change through mechanisms of layering and conversion during this critical juncture.
Determinants of Overnight Stay in Health Centres and Length of Admission: A Study of Canadian Seniors
Authors: Amegbor Prince M. , Plumb Kyle B. , Rosenberg Mark W.
Published: February 2020

This study examines the influence of chronic health conditions and socio-economic status on overnight admission and length of stay among Canadian seniors. Incremental multivariate logistic and zero-inflated negative binomial regression models assessed the relationship between selected predictors, overnight admission, and duration of stay. The findings show that all chronic health conditions and socio-economic factors examined were significantly associated with overnight hospital admission. However, seniors with cardiovascular health conditions, the very old, and seniors living in lower-income households had a greater risk of longer stays. Canadian seniors diagnosed with hypertension, cancer, diabetes, and stroke had greater risk of longer overnight hospital stays. Seniors aged 75 to 79 years, 80 years or older, and those living in lower-income households (≤ $39,999) were more likely to have a longer overnight hospital stay. Findings suggest that improving seniors’ health and socio-economic status may reduce the risk of overnight admission and longer stays of hospitalisation.
The factors associated with natural disease progression from HIV to AIDS in the absence of ART, a propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Jia X. C. , Xia Z. H. , Shi N. , Wang Y. P. , Luo Z. X. , Yang Y. L. , Shi X. Z.
Published: February 2020

This study aimed at comparing the factors associated with the natural progression between typical progressors (TPs) and rapid progressors (RPs) in HIV-infected individuals. A retrospective study was conducted on 2095 eligible HIV-infected individuals from 1995 to 2016 in a high-risk area of Henan Province, China. Propensity score matching was used to balance covariates, and the conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the factors of natural disease progression among HIV infectors. A total of 379 pairs of RPs and TPs were matched. The standardised difference values of all covariates were less than 10%. HIV-infected individuals transmitted through sexual transmission (odds ratio (OR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.85) were more likely to progress to AIDS compared with those infected through contaminated blood. Older age at diagnosis of HIV-infected individuals (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.58–0.89) exhibited a faster progression to AIDS. HIV-infected individuals identified through a unique survey (OR 7.01, 95% CI 2.99–16.44) were less likely to progress to AIDS compared with those identified through medical institutions. HIV-infected individuals who had higher baseline CD4+T cell counts (OR 3.37, 95% CI 2.59–4.38) had a slower progression to AIDS. These findings provide evidence for natural disease progression from HIV to AIDS between TPs and RPs.
Phonological rule spreading across hostile lines: (TH)-fronting in Philadelphia
Authors: Sneller Betsy
Published: February 2020

This article examines the transfer of (TH)-fronting, a phonological feature of African American English, into the speech of white speakers from South Philadelphia. While most cases of linguistic diffusion, particularly of African American English, are found in speakers with a positive affiliation with the source dialect (e.g., Bucholtz, 1999; Cutler, 1999; Fix, 2010), here the white adopters of (TH)-fronting exhibit overtly hostile attitudes toward black neighbors. I argue that (TH)-fronting has been adopted as an index ofstreetormasculinityby the white speakers in this study. Furthermore, I demonstrate that the phonological constraints on borrowed (TH)-fronting have been restricted and simplified from the constraints in the source dialect. Finally, I discuss how hostile interactions may play a role in language change, allowing change in dialects not only to proceed in tandem across unexpected boundaries (e.g., Milroy & Milroy, 1985), but also to be directly diffused across hostile boundaries.
Differences in the dietary habits of Verreaux’s Eagles Aquila verreauxii between peri-urban and rural populations
Authors: PADAYACHEE KAILEN , MALAN GERARD , LÜBCKER NICO , WOODBORNE STEPHAN , HALL GRANT
Published: February 2020

Differences in the diets of urban and rural avian predators could indicate potential niche vulnerability in a particular habitat. This study compares the core-isotopic niche areas and diet disparity of a declining peri-urban Verreaux’s Eagle Aquila verreauxii population with a stable rural population in South Africa. In addition to stable isotope analyses, the diet of the peri-urban Verreaux’s Eagles was investigated using camera trap footage of prey delivered during the nesting season. Dominant prey consisted of species with a mixed diet of plants with a C3 and/or C4 photosynthetic pathway (browsers and grazers). Rock hyrax Procavia capensis contributed 60% of the total diet composition, scrub hare Lepus saxatilis 26% and Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris 22%. The core-isotopic niche area for each population was calculated using bulk carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope values chronological measured along the length of 18 feathers from 21 nests. The isotopic niche of the rural eagle population revealed that they consume prey from multiple trophic levels with a C3-plant-dominated prey base (browsers), likely including small carnivores. In contrast the isotopic niche of the peri-urban Verreaux’s Eagles correlated with the mixed mammalian and avian food-niche determined from camera trapping, confirming that the peri-urban population mainly hunted three abundant species that are all narrowly associated with modified human habitats. The decline in the Magaliesberg Verreaux’s Eagle population is, therefore, unlikely to be due to constraints in their dietary niche, as raptors benefit from the diversity and abundance of human-commensal prey associated with the peri-urban habitats.
40 years of Alma Ata Malaysia: targeting equitable access through organisational and physical adaptations in the delivery of public sector primary care
Authors: Fadzil Fariza , Jaafar Safurah , Ismail Rohana
Published: February 2020

This paper illustrates the development of Primary Health Care (PHC) public sector in Malaysia, through a series of health reforms in addressing equitable access. Malaysia was a signatory to the Alma Ata Declaration in 1978. The opportunity provided the impetus to expand the Rural Health Services of the 1960s, guided by the principles of PHC which attempts to address the urban–rural divide to improve equity and accessibility. The review was made through several collation of literature searches from published and unpublished research papers, the Ministry of Health annual reports, the 5-year Malaysia Plans, National Statistics Department, on health systems programme and infrastructure developments in Malaysia. The Public Primary Care Health System has evolved progressively through five phases of organisational reforms and physical restructuring. It responded to growing needs over a 40-year period since the Alma Ata Declaration in 1978, keeping equity, accessibility, efficiency and universal health coverage consistently in the backdrop. There were improvements of maternal, infant mortality rates as well as accessibility to health services for the population. The PHC Reforms in Malaysia are the result of structured and strategic investment. However, there will be continuing dilemma between cost-effectiveness and equity. Hence, continuous efforts are required to look at opportunity costs of alternative strategies to provide the best available solution given the available resources and capacities. While recognising that health systems development is complex with several layers and influencing factors, this paper focuses on a small but crucial aspect that occupies much time and energies of front-line managers in the health.
Poleward Shift of the Major Ocean Gyres Detected in a Warming Climate
Authors: Yang Hu , Lohmann Gerrit , Krebs‐Kanzow Uta , Ionita Monica , Shi Xiaoxu , Sidorenko Dimitry , Gong Xun , Chen Xueen , Gowan Evan J.
Published: February 2020

Recent evidence shows that wind‐driven ocean currents, like the western boundary currents, are strongly affected by global warming. However, due to insufficient observations both on temporal and spatial scales, the impact of climate change on large‐scale ocean gyres is still not clear. Here, based on satellite observations of sea surface height and sea surface temperature, we find a consistent poleward shift of the major ocean gyres. Due to strong natural variability, most of the observed ocean gyre shifts are not statistically significant, implying that natural variations may contribute to the observed trends. However, climate model simulations forced with increasing greenhouse gases suggest that the observed shift is most likely to be a response of global warming. The displacement of ocean gyres, which is coupled with the poleward shift of extratropical atmospheric circulation, has broad impacts on ocean heat transport, regional sea level rise, and coastal ocean circulation.
Effects of Global and Regional Dust Storms on the Martian Hot O Corona and Photochemical Loss
Authors: Lee Yuni , Fang Xiaohua , Gacesa Marko , Ma Yingjuan , Tenishev Valeriy , Mahaffy Paul , Dong Chuanfei , Combi Michael , Bougher Stephen , Jakosky Bruce
Published: February 2020

We examine here for the first time the effects of both global and regional dust storms on the formation of the Martian hot O corona and associated photochemical loss of O. Our study is conducted by utilizing our integrated model framework, which couples our Martian hot O corona model with a multifluid magnetohydrodynamic model for Mars for the dusty and clear atmospheric condition cases. We present our results with the most up‐to‐date cross sections for the O(3P)‐CO2 collisions. The main effect of dust storms on the ionosphere is the upward shift of the ionosphere on the dayside, which results in an increase in production of hot O at all altitudes above the ionospheric peak. However, the dust‐induced inflation of the neutral upper atmosphere results in an enhancement in collisional loss of hot O and thus effectively suppresses the hot O density, reducing the global photochemical loss rate by ~28% for the global dust storm scenario. The relative density structure of the hot O corona does not show any significant changes, while its magnitude decreases at all altitudes.
A Simulation of the Influence of DE3 Tide on Nitric Oxide Infrared Cooling
Authors: Ren Zhipeng , Wan Weixing , Xiong Jiangang , Li Xing
Published: February 2020

Using GCITEM‐IGGCAS model, we simulate the influence of the eastward propagating nonmigrating diurnal tide with Zonal Wave Number 3 (DE3) on nitric oxide (NO) infrared cooling rate. We find that the DE3 tide can drive a DE3 signal in lower thermospheric NO cooling rate, and the simulated altitudinal and seasonal variations are according with that of DE3 signal in equatorial lower thermospheric NO cooling rate observed by Oberheide et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019278), which is based on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry observations during the solar minimum year 2008. This signal mainly shows an annual variation, which is stronger between June and September and weaker near November. The maximum of the absolute signal, whose value is about 0.35 * 10−9 W/m3, occurs near the height of 130 km, but the relative signal mainly shows its peak with a value of 40% near the height of 100 km. Due to the difference of the driving mechanism, the distribution of NO signals in different latitudinal regions shows obvious difference. The middle‐ and low‐latitude NO signals show smooth variation, while the high‐latitude signal is discontinuous. The DE3 signal in NO cooling rate is mainly controlled by DE3 temperature tide and DE3 NO tide; meanwhile, the influences of DE3 neutral density tide on the DE3 signal can be ignored. The relative contributions of the DE3 NO tide and of the DE3 temperature tide vary with geographic latitude. The DE3 cooling rates in middle and low latitudes and in high latitude are, respectively, mainly driven by the DE3 temperature tide DE3 NO tide. DE3 tide may not only drive the DE3 signal but also affect the lower thermospheric zonal mean NO cooling rate. The maximum of the absolute influence, whose value is about 0.12 * 10−9 W/m3, occurs above the height of 140 km, but the relative influence mainly shows its peak with a value of 10% near the height of 100 km.
High-contrast, fast chemical imaging by coherent Raman scattering using a self-synchronized two-colour fibre laser
Authors: Kong Cihang , Pilger Christian , Hachmeister Henning , Wei Xiaoming , Cheung Tom H. , Lai Cora S. W. , Lee Nikki P. , Tsia Kevin. K. , Wong Kenneth K. Y. , Huser Thomas
Published: February 2020

Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy is widely recognized as a powerful tool for tackling biomedical problems based on its chemically specific label-free contrast, high spatial and spectral resolution, and high sensitivity. However, the clinical translation of CRS imaging technologies has long been hindered by traditional solid-state lasers with environmentally sensitive operations and large footprints. Ultrafast fibre lasers can potentially overcome these shortcomings but have not yet been fully exploited for CRS imaging, as previous implementations have suffered from high intensity noise, a narrow tuning range and low power, resulting in low image qualities and slow imaging speeds. Here, we present a novel high-power self-synchronized two-colour pulsed fibre laser that achieves excellent performance in terms of intensity stability (improved by 50 dB), timing jitter (24.3 fs), average power fluctuation (<0.5%), modulation depth (>20 dB) and pulse width variation (<1.8%) over an extended wavenumber range (2700–3550 cm−1). The versatility of the laser source enables, for the first time, high-contrast, fast CRS imaging without complicated noise reduction via balanced detection schemes. These capabilities are demonstrated in this work by imaging a wide range of species such as living human cells and mouse arterial tissues and performing multimodal nonlinear imaging of mouse tail, kidney and brain tissue sections by utilizing second-harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence, which provides multiple optical contrast mechanisms simultaneously and maximizes the gathered information content for biological visualization and medical diagnosis. This work also establishes a general scenario for remodelling existing lasers into synchronized two-colour lasers and thus promotes a wider popularization and application of CRS imaging technologies.
Ferroptosis driven by radical oxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids mediates acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure
Authors: Yamada Naoya , Karasawa Tadayoshi , Kimura Hiroaki , Watanabe Sachiko , Komada Takanori , Kamata Ryo , Sampilvanjil Ariunaa , Ito Junya , Nakagawa Kiyotaka , Kuwata Hiroshi , Hara Shuntaro , Mizuta Koichi , Sakuma Yasunaru , Sata Naohiro , Takahashi Masafumi
Published: February 2020

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a common cause of drug-induced acute liver failure. Although hepatocyte cell death is considered to be the critical event in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death that is caused by a loss of cellular redox homeostasis. As glutathione (GSH) depletion triggers APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, we investigated the role of ferroptosis in a murine model of APAP-induced acute liver failure. APAP-induced hepatotoxicity (evaluated in terms of ALT, AST, and the histopathological score), lipid peroxidation (4-HNE and MDA), and upregulation of the ferroptosis maker PTGS2 mRNA were markedly prevented by the ferroptosis-specific inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1). Fer-1 treatment also completely prevented mortality induced by high-dose APAP. Similarly, APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and lipid peroxidation were prevented by the iron chelator deferoxamine. Using mass spectrometry, we found that lipid peroxides derived from n-6 fatty acids, mainly arachidonic acid, were elevated by APAP, and that auto-oxidation is the predominant mechanism of APAP-derived lipid oxidation. APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was also prevented by genetic inhibition of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 or α-tocopherol supplementation. We found that ferroptosis is responsible for APAP-induced hepatocyte cell death. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and suggest that ferroptosis is a potential therapeutic target for APAP-induced acute liver failure.
Interaction of calcium binding protein S100A16 with myosin-9 promotes cytoskeleton reorganization in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis
Authors: Sun Hui , Zhao Anran , Li Min , Dong Hao , Sun Yifei , Zhang Xue , Zhu Qian , Bukhari Ashfaq-Ahmad-Shah , Cao Changchun , Su Dongming , Liu Yun , Liang Xiubin
Published: February 2020

Renal fibrosis arises by the generation of matrix-producing fibroblasts and myofibroblasts through the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process in which epithelial cells undergo a transition into a fibroblast phenotype. A key feature of the EMT is the reorganization of the cytoskeletons, which may involve the Ca2+-binding protein S100A16, a newly reported member of the S100 protein family. However, very few studies have examined the role of S100A16 in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In this study, S100A16 expression was examined by immunohistochemical staining of kidney biopsy specimens from patients with various nephropathies and kidney tissues from a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model. Renal histological changes were investigated in S100A16Tg, S100A16+/−, and WT mouse kidneys after UUO. The expression of epithelia marker E-cadherin, mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, and vimentin, extracellular matrix protein, and S100A16, as well as the organization of F-actin, were investigated in S100A16 overexpression or knockdown HK-2 cells. Mass spectrometry was employed to screen for S100A16 binding proteins in HK-2 cells. The results indicated that S100A16 is high expressed and associated with renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in patient kidney biopsies and in those from UUO mice. S100A16 promotes renal interstitial fibrosis in UUO mice. S100A16 expression responded to increasing Ca2+and interacted with myosin-9 during kidney injury or TGF-β stimulation to promote cytoskeleton reorganization and EMT progression in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Therefore, S100A16 is a critical regulator of renal tubulointerstitial fibroblast activation and is therefore a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
Author Correction: Is negative capacitance FET a steep-slope logic switch?
Authors: Cao Wei , Banerjee Kaustav
Published: February 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Multiple network properties overcome random connectivity to enable stereotypic sensory responses
Authors: Mittal Aarush Mohit , Gupta Diksha , Singh Amrita , Lin Andrew C. , Gupta Nitin
Published: February 2020

Connections between neuronal populations may be genetically hardwired or random. In the insect olfactory system, projection neurons of the antennal lobe connect randomly to Kenyon cells of the mushroom body. Consequently, while the odor responses of the projection neurons are stereotyped across individuals, the responses of the Kenyon cells are variable. Surprisingly, downstream of Kenyon cells, mushroom body output neurons show stereotypy in their responses. We found that the stereotypy is enabled by the convergence of inputs from many Kenyon cells onto an output neuron, and does not require learning. The stereotypy emerges in the total response of the Kenyon cell population using multiple odor-specific features of the projection neuron responses, benefits from the nonlinearity in the transfer function, depends on the convergence:randomness ratio, and is constrained by sparseness. Together, our results reveal the fundamental mechanisms and constraints with which convergence enables stereotypy in sensory responses despite random connectivity.
Effect of simulated microgravity on the antidiabetic properties of wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Al-Awaida Wajdy J. , Sharab Ahmad S. , Al-Ameer Hamzeh J. , Ayoub Nabil Y.
Published: February 2020

Microgravity affects plant growth and content. A three-dimensional clinostat was used at 4 rotations/min to rotate the seeds of Triticum aestivum cultivar (Ammon) in three dimensions for 7 days, following which the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts were evaluated using both nitric oxide- and hydrogen peroxide-scavenging activities. The antidiabetic activities of ethanolic extracts were evaluated by measuring the concentration of plasma glucose, insulin, C peptide, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c); determining the number of β cells in the pancreatic islets; and performing the glucose tolerance test. Furthermore, the effects of the ethanolic extracts on the lipid profile and liver function were estimated. After rats were sacrificed, their pancreases were isolated and used for histopathological processing. The results indicated that the antioxidant potential and antioxidant metabolite content were significantly increased under microgravity conditions in comparison to those under normal gravity conditions. Rats treated with an extract of wheatgrass (T. aestivum) germinated over a period of 6–10 days under microgravity (WGM) showed a significant reduction in the levels of serum glucose, HbA1C, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and insulin resistance compared to rats treated with an extract of wheatgrass germinated under gravity. Additionally, the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly decreased. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-peptide, and insulin levels rose significantly after treatment with T. aestivum germinated under microgravity. WGM is a promising potential diabetic treatment without side effects with a low manufacturing cost.
Building fault detection data to aid diagnostic algorithm creation and performance testing
Authors: Granderson Jessica , Lin Guanjing , Harding Ari , Im Piljae , Chen Yan
Published: February 2020

It is estimated that approximately 4–5% of national energy consumption can be saved through corrections to existing commercial building controls infrastructure and resulting improvements to efficiency. Correspondingly, automated fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) algorithms are designed to identify the presence of operational faults and their root causes. A diversity of techniques is used for FDD spanning physical models, black box, and rule-based approaches. A persistent challenge has been the lack of common datasets and test methods to benchmark their performance accuracy. This article presents a first of its kind public dataset with ground-truth data on the presence and absence of building faults. This dataset spans a range of seasons and operational conditions and encompasses multiple building system types. It contains information on fault severity, as well as data points reflective of the measurements in building control systems that FDD algorithms typically have access to. The data were created using simulation models as well as experimental test facilities, and will be expanded over time.
Direct solvent free synthesis of bare α-NiS, β-NiS and α-β-NiS composite as excellent electrocatalysts: Effect of self-capping on supercapacitance and overall water splitting activity
Authors: Shombe Ginena Bildard , Khan Malik Dilshad , Zequine Camila , Zhao Chen , Gupta Ram K. , Revaprasadu Neerish
Published: February 2020

Nickel sulfide is regarded as a material with tremendous potential for energy storage and conversion applications. However, it exists in a variety of stable compositions and obtaining a pure phase is a challenge. This study demonstrates a potentially scalable, solvent free and phase selective synthesis of uncapped α-NiS, β-NiS and α-β-NiS composites using nickel alkyl (ethyl, octyl) xanthate precursors. Phase transformation and morphology were observed by powder-X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The comparative efficiency of the synthesized samples was investigated for energy storage and generation applications, in which superior performance was observed for the NiS synthesized from the short chain xanthate complex. A high specific capacitance of 1,940 F/g, 2,150 F/g and 2,250 F/g was observed at 2 mV/s for bare α-NiS, β-NiS and α-β-NiS composite respectively. At high current density of 1 A/g, α-NiS showed the highest capacitance of 1,287 F/g, with 100% of Coulombic efficiency and 79% of capacitance retention. In the case of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), β-NiS showed an overpotential of 139 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2, with a Tafel slope of only 32 mV/dec, showing a fast and efficient process. It was observed that the increase in carbon chain of the synthesized self-capped nickel sulfide nanoparticles decreased the overall efficiency, both for energy storage and energy generation applications.
The distinct spatiotemporal distribution and effect of feed restriction on mtDNA copy number in broilers
Authors: Zhang Xiangli , Wang Ting , Ji Jiefei , Wang Huanjie , Zhu Xinghao , Du Pengfei , Zhu Yao , Huang Yanqun , Chen Wen
Published: February 2020

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number reflects the abundance of mitochondria in cells and is dependent on the energy requirements of tissues. We hypothesized that the mtDNA copy number in poultry may change with age and tissue, and feed restriction may affect the growth and health of poultry by changing mtDNA content in a tissue-specific pattern. TaqMan real-time PCR was used to quantify mtDNA copy number using three different segments of the mitochondrial genome (D-loop, ATP6, and ND6) relative to the nuclear single-copy preproglucagon gene (GCG). The effect of sex, age, and dietary restriction (quantitative, energy, and protein restriction) on mtDNA copy number variation in the tissues of broilers was investigated. We found that mtDNA copy number varied among tissues (P < 0.01) and presented a distinct change in spatiotemporal pattern. After hatching, the number of mtDNA copies significantly decreased with age in the liver and increased in muscle tissues, including heart, pectoralis, and leg muscles. Newborn broilers (unfed) and embryos (E 11 and E 17) had similar mtDNA contents in muscle tissues. Among 42 d broilers, females had a higher mtDNA copy number than males in the tissues examined. Feed restriction (8–21 d) significantly reduced the body weight but did not significantly change the mtDNA copy number of 21 d broilers. After three weeks of compensatory growth (22–42 d), only the body weight of broilers with a quantitatively restricted diet remained significantly lower than that of broilers in the control group (P < 0.05), while any type of early feed restriction significantly reduced the mtDNA copy number in muscle tissues of 42 d broilers. In summary, the mtDNA copy number of broilers was regulated in a tissue- and age-specific manner. A similar pattern of spatiotemporal change in response to early feed restriction was found in the mtDNA content of muscle tissues, including cardiac and skeletal muscle, whereas liver mtDNA content changed differently with age and dietary restriction. It seems that early restrictions in feed could effectively lower the mtDNA content in muscle cells to reduce the tissue overload in broilers at 42 d to some degree.