bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Titchmarsh–Weyl m ‐functions for second‐order Sturm–Liouville problems with two singular endpoints
Authors: Fulton Charles
Published: September 2008

In this paper we consider some cases of Sturm–Liouville problems with two singular endpoints at x = 0 and x = ∞ which have a simple spectrum, and show that the simplicity of the spectrum can be built into the definition of a Titchmarsh–Weyl m ‐function from which the eigenfunction expansion can be constructed. The use of initial conditions at a point interior to the interval (0,∞) is avoided in favor of Frobenius solutions near the regular singular point x = 0. In contrast to the classical theory associated with a regular left endpoint, the growth behaviour of the associated spectral functions can be on the order of λβ for any β ∈ (0,∞). Application of the theory to the Bessel equation on (0,∞) and to the radial part of the separated hydrogen atom on (0,∞) is given. In the case of the hydrogen atom a single Titchmarsh–Weyl m ‐function is obtained which completely describes both the discrete negative spectrum and the continuous positive spectrum. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A remark on fractional integrals on modulation spaces
Authors: Sugimoto Mitsuru , Tomita Naohito
Published: September 2008

In this paper, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness of fractional integral operators on the modulation spaces. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pharmacological and therapeutic secrets of plant and brain (endo)cannabinoids
Authors: Hanuš Lumír Ondřej
Published: September 2008

Research on the chemistry and pharmacology of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids has reached enormous proportions, with approximately 15,000 articles onCannabis sativa L. and cannabinoids and over 2,000 articles on endocannabinoids. The present review deals with the history of theCannabis sativa L. plant, its uses, constituent compounds and their biogeneses, and similarity to compounds fromRadulaspp. In addition, details of the pharmacology of natural cannabinoids, as well as synthetic agonists and antagonists are presented. Finally, details regarding the pioneering isolation of the endocannabinoid anandamide, as well as the pharmacology and potential therapeutic uses of endocannabinoid congeners are presented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 29, No. 2, 213–271, 2009
Acidity and DAG Content of Olive Oils Recently Produced on the Island of Mallorca
Authors: Shimizu Masao , Kudo Naoto , Nakajima Yoshinobu , Matsuo Noboru , Katsuragi Yoshihisa , Tokimitsu Ichiro , Barceló Isabel , Mateu Catalina , Barceló Francisca
Published: September 2008

In this study, the quality characteristics, i.e., the acidity and acylglycerols, of currently produced Mallorcan oil was analyzed by titration and gas‐chromatographic technique, respectively, in approximately 400 samples of monovarietal olive oil made from three genetic varieties (Arbequina, Empeltre, and Picual) on the island of Mallorca during the 2003/2004 and 2005/2006 seasons, and the differences in the compositions were discussed. Composition analysis showed that free fatty acids (FFAs) and DAGs were produced mainly by hydrolysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs). Fruit storage tests revealed that hydrolysis occurred during storage of olive fruits. The DAG content was higher in oil with higher acidity, but the maximal DAG content was only about 10 with 30% acidity, and the primary isomer found in Mallorcan oil was 1,3‐DAG. However, the chiral‐chromatographic study on the ratio of sn‐1,2‐DAG to the sum of sn‐1,2‐DAG and sn‐2,3‐DAG in a slightly hydrolyzed oil sample indicated that Empeltre and Picual fruits possess an sn‐3‐enantioselective lipase that leads to accumulation of sn‐1,2‐DAG. In currently produced Mallorcan oil, significant isomerization appears to occur and hydrolysis of the resulting 1,3‐DAGs seems to lessen DAG accumulation.
Brief report: Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological adjustment in adolescents with a chronic disease
Authors: Garnefski Nadia , Koopman Hendrik , Kraaij Vivian , ten Cate Rebecca
Published: September 2008

Objective of the study was to examine how cognitive emotion regulation strategies were related to psychological maladjustment in adolescents with a chronic disease. The sample consisted of adolescents with a diagnosis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). A self‐report questionnaire was used to assess Internalizing problems and Quality of Life. The specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies that were used in response to the disease were measured by the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Correlations and Multiple regression analyses showed that Rumination and Catastrophizing were the most important ‘predictors’ of psychological maladjustment in adolescents with JIA, suggesting that they should be considered as maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in response to a chronic disease such as JIA. Challenging these maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies may therefore play an important role in intervention strategies.
Coping styles as moderating the relationships between terrorist attacks and well‐being outcomes
Authors: Braun‐Lewensohn Orna , Celestin‐Westreich Smadar , Celestin Leon‐Patrice , Verleye Gino , Verté Dominique , Ponjaert‐Kristoffersen Ingrid
Published: September 2008

This study aims to explore use of coping strategies among adolescents and their relationships with well being in the context of ongoing terrorism. Furthermore, we aim to explore to what extent coping styles in addition to exposure variables explain well being of adolescents facing ongoing terror. During September 2003, after three years of ongoing terror attacks, 913 Israeli adolescents aged 12–18 years, completed the following questionnaires during regular class sessions: Demographics, Achenbach's Youth Self Report; Exposure to Terror and Post Traumatic Stress (PTS) questionnaire; Adolescent Coping Scale (ACS) and Brief Symptoms Inventory. Adolescents employed mainly problem solving strategies which mean they have the capacity to cope well in spite of stressful events. Emotional focused coping was associated with PTS and mental health problems. Regression analysis of different exposure and coping variables revealed that exposure, appraisal (subjective exposure) and coping styles explained 26–37% of the variance of different psychological problems.

The findings highlight the importance of appraisal (subjective exposure) and coping strategies, for understanding adolescents' mental health outcomes. Moreover, these findings are relevant to the development of prevention/intervention programs that facilitate youth's cognitive and emotional adjustments to ongoing trauma risks and terror threats.
Natural Rubber Latex: A Matter of Concern for Nurses
Authors: Bundesen Ing‐Marie
Published: September 2008

DURING THE PAST 20 YEARS, the use of protective gloves in health care has increased, as have hypersensitivity reactions to the natural rubber latex (NRL) used in glove manufacture.

A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED to determine what nurses who work in environments in which NRL is commonly used know about NRL, including their education about and experience with NRL‐related allergies.

NURSES REPLIED TO A QUESTIONNAIRE with 20 statements pertaining to NRL and NRL‐related allergies. The results showed that the nurses had inadequate knowledge about NRL, but nurses in a specialty training program scored significantly higher than professionally active nurses. AORN J 88 (August 2008) 197–210. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Pediatric Laparoscopy
Authors: Harrington Stella , Simmons Kristy , Thomas Cynthia , Scully Susan
Published: September 2008

SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for the adult population have led to increased application of MIS techniques for pediatric patients.

LAPAROSCOPY IS THE MOST COMMON MIS procedure used in pediatrics. Traditional surgical procedures that are now being performed laparoscopically include gastrostomy, pyloromyotomy, and repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and imperforate anus.

ALL PERIOPERATIVE TEAM MEMBERS must be prepared to provide appropriately sized instruments and equipment to facilitate use of MIS techniques in the pediatric population and must ensure safe patient care to achieve optimal patient outcomes.AORN J88 (August 2008) 211–236. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Annexin A6 at the cardiac myocyte sarcolemma—Evidence for self‐association and binding to actin
Authors: Locate Salma , Colyer John , Gawler Debra J. , Walker John H.
Published: September 2008

The plasma membrane of the heart muscle cell and its underlying cytoskeleton are vitally important to the function of the heart. Annexin A6 is a major cellular calcium and phospholipid binding protein. Here we show that annexin A6 copurifies with sarcolemma isolated from pig heart. Two pools of annexin A6 are present in the sarcolemma fraction, one dependent on calcium and one that resists extraction by the calcium chelator EGTA. Potential annexin A6 binding proteins in the sarcolemma fraction were identified using Far Western blotting. Two major annexin A6 binding proteins were identified as actin and annexin A6 itself. Annexin A6 bound to itself both in the presence and in the absence of calcium ions. Sites for self association were mapped by performing Western blots on proteolytic fragments of recombinant annexin A6. Annexin A6 bound preferentially not only to the N terminal fragment (domains I—IV, residues 1–352) but also to C‐terminal fragments corresponding to domains V + VI and domains VII + VIII. Actin binding to annexin A6 was calcium‐dependent and exclusively to the N‐terminal fragment of annexin A6. A calcium‐dependent complex of annexin A6 and actin may stabilize the cardiomyocyte sarcolemma during cell stimulation.
Release of cytokines/chemokines and cell death in UVB‐irradiated human keratinocytes, HaCaT
Authors: Yoshizumi Masakazu , Nakamura Tadashi , Kato Masahiko , Ishioka Taisei , Kozawa Kunihisa , Wakamatsu Kaori , Kimura Hirokazu
Published: September 2008

Ultraviolet (UV) B can lead to inflammatory responses such as sunburn, which involves the production of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and the induction of cell death. Keratinocytes in the skin has one of the highest risks of exposure to UV. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying UVB irradiation‐induced inflammation and cell death are not well known. Thus, we investigated the effect of UVB irradiation on the production of various cytokines/chemokines and the induction of cell death in UVB‐irradiated human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). We evaluated 11 cytokines/chemokines in cell culture supernatants from HaCaT cells exposed to 0–400 mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation. UVB at a dose 400 mJ/cm2 induced the release of various cytokines; interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, interferon (IFN)‐γ, granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. These results suggest that UVB irradiation‐induced the release of several cytokines/chemokines and led to cell death in human keratinocytes. UV exposure may be associated with multiple physiological events in the human skin.
Assessment of drug induced developmental toxicity using human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Mehta Ashish , Konala Vijay Bhaskar R. , Khanna Aparna , Majumdar Anish S.
Published: September 2008

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are unique as they have the potential to be generated in large numbers and the ability to differentiate into the three germ layers via embryoid body (EB) formation. This property could be utilized as an index to study initial mammalian development. We have investigated the utility of a comprehensively characterized human ES (hES) cell line (ReliCell®hES1) for testing the embryotoxic effects of compounds using cytotoxicity assays. Further, we performed real time gene expression analysis to check the alterations in germ layer markers expression upon drug treatment. The results show that assays using hES cells could serve as a reliable, sensitive and robust method to assess embryotoxic potential of compounds. They also provide a proof of concept that hES cells can be used as an in vitro model to demonstrate developmental toxicity, and to examine the germ layer‐specific effects on differentiating EBs.
Realgar‐induced differentiation is associated with MAPK pathways in HL‐60 cells
Authors: Wang Nan , Wang Li‐Wen , Gou Bao‐Di , Zhang Tian‐Lan , Wang Kui
Published: September 2008

The clinical efficacy and safety of realgar (arsenic sulfide, As4S4) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in China have given rise to an upsurge in research on the underlying mechanism. We prepared realgar nanoparticles (RNPs) to examine their effect on the differentiation of HL‐60 cells. Treatment with RNPs at 6 μM for 72 h induced cell differentiation that was assessed by morphological change, NBT reductive ability, and elevation of CD11b expression at both mRNA and protein levels. The RNP‐induced differentiation was synergized, enhanced and suppressed by the inhibition of p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK pathways, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that MAPK signaling pathways are closely related to the RNP‐induced differentiation in HL‐60 cells.
Japanese encephalitis virus differentially modulates the induction of multiple pro‐inflammatory mediators in human astrocytoma and astroglioma cell‐lines
Authors: Mishra Manoj Kumar , Kumawat Kanhaiya Lal , Basu Anirban
Published: September 2008

Astrocytes become activated in response to many CNS pathologies. The process of astrocyte activation remains rather enigmatic and results in so‐called reactive gliosis, a reaction with specific structural and functional characteristics. Astrocytes play a vital role in regulating aspects of inflammation and in the homeostatic maintenance of the CNS. However, the responses of different human astroglial cell‐lines in viral encephalitis mediated inflammation are not well documented. We have shown that Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection causes morphological and functional changes in astrocytic cell‐lines. We have demonstrated that besides reactive oxygen species (ROS) JEV infection differentially regulated the induction pattern of IL‐6, IL‐1β and IL‐8. IP‐10, MCP‐1, MIG and RANTES secretions in different astroglial cell‐lines. The expression of different proteins such as astrocyte‐specific glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the glutamate aspartate transporter/essential amino acid transporter‐1 (GLAST/EAAT‐1), glutamate transporter‐1/essential amino acid transporter‐2 (GLT‐1/EAAT‐2), Ceruloplasmin and Thioredoxin (TRX) expression level also differ in different human astrocyte cell‐lines following infection.
Cadmium toxicity in cultured tomato cells—Role of ethylene, proteases and oxidative stress in cell death signaling
Authors: Iakimova Elena T. , Woltering Ernst J. , Kapchina‐Toteva Veneta M. , Harren Frans J.M. , Cristescu Simona M.
Published: September 2008

Our aim was to investigate the ability of cadmium to induce programmed cell death in tomato suspension cells and to determine the involvement of proteolysis, oxidative stress and ethylene. Tomato suspension cells were exposed to treatments with CdSO4 and cell death was calculated after fluorescein diacetate staining of the living cells. Ethylene was measured in a flow‐through system using a laser‐driven photo acoustic detector; hydrogen peroxide was determined by chemiluminescence in a ferricyanide‐catalysed oxidation of luminol. We have demonstrated that cadmium induces cell death in tomato suspension cells involving caspase‐like proteases, indicating that programmed cell death took place. Using range of inhibitors, we found that cysteine and serine peptidases, oxidative stress, calcium and ethylene are players in the cadmium‐induced cell death signaling. Cadmium‐induced cell death in tomato suspension cells exhibits morphological and biochemical similarities to plant hypersensitive response and to cadmium effects in animal systems.
2,4‐Dinitrophenol induces apoptosis in As4.1 juxtaglomerular cells through rapid depletion of GSH
Authors: Han Yong Hwan , Kim Sung Zoo , Kim Suhn Hee , Park Woo Hyun
Published: September 2008

2,4‐Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Here, we investigated the in vitro effect of DNP on apoptosis and the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in As4.1 juxtaglomerular cell death. Dose‐ and time‐dependent induction of apoptosis was evidenced by flow cytometric detection of sub‐G1 DNA content and annexin V binding assay. The intracellular H2O2 and O2− levels were markedly increased in DNP‐treated cells. However, the reduction of intracellular H2O2 level by Tiron and catalase did not prevent apoptosis induced by DNP. Moreover, DNP rapidly reduced intracellular GSH content in As4.1 cells. Taken together, apoptosis in DNP‐treated As4.1 cells is correlated with the rapid change of intracellular GSH levels rather than ROS levels.
Alcohol and smoking behavior in chronic pain patients: The role of opioids
Authors: Ekholm Ola , Grønbæk Morten , Peuckmann Vera , Sjøgren Per
Published: September 2008

The primary aim of this epidemiological study was to investigate associations between chronic non‐cancer pain with or without opioid treatment and the alcohol and smoking behavior. The secondary aims were to investigate self‐reported quality of life, sleeping problems, oral health and the use of different health care providers.

The Danish health survey of 2005 was based on a region‐stratified random sample of 10.916 individuals. Data were collected via personal interviews and self‐administrated questionnaires. Respondents suffering from chronic pain were identified through the question ‘Do you have chronic/long‐lasting pain lasting 6 months or more?’ The question concerning alcohol intake assessed the frequency of alcohol intake and binge drinking. Smoking behavior assessed the daily number of cigarettes. Individuals reporting chronic pain were stratified into two groups (opioid users and non‐opioid users).

In all, 7275 individuals completed a personal interview and 5552 individuals completed and returned the self‐administrated questionnaire. Responders with a self‐reported earlier or present cancer diagnosis were excluded from the study. Hence, the final study population consisted of 5292 individuals.

We found, that individuals suffering from chronic pain were less likely to drink alcohol. In opioid users alcohol consumption was further reduced. Cigarette smoking was significantly increased in individuals suffering from chronic pain and in opioid users smoking was further increased. Poor oral health, quality of life and sleep were markedly associated with chronic pain and opioid use. The use of opioids was associated with significantly more contacts to healthcare care providers.
Mental health treatment needs for medical students: a national longitudinal study
Authors: Midtgaard Mirim , Ekeberg Øivind , Vaglum Per , Tyssen Reidar
Published: September 2008

Purpose

We aimed to study the occurrence and predictors of medical students' mental health problems that required treatment.

Subjects and methods

Medical students from all Norwegian universities (N = 421) were surveyed in their first term (T1), and 3 (T2) and 6 (T3) years later. The dependent variable was “Mental health problems in need of treatment”. Predictor variables included personality traits, medical school stress and negative life events.

Results

The lifetime prevalence of mental health problems was 15% at T1. At T2, of the 31% who reported problems during the first 3 years, a majority had not sought help. At T3, 14% reported problems during the preceding year. Adjusted predictors of problems at T2 were previous mental health problems (p < .001), low level of intensity personality trait (extraversion) (p < .01), reality weakness personality trait (p < .01), perceived medical school stress (p < .05) and negative life events (p < .05).

Discussion

Mental health problems during the first 3 years were predicted by previous problems, personality, medical school stress and negative life events.

Conclusion

A third of the students reported mental health problems during the first 3 years. Intervention should focus on both individual problems and contextual stress.
Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), further evaluation of the self-report version
Authors: Ramirez A. , Ekselius L. , Ramklint M.
Published: September 2008

Objective

The study aimed to examine agreement between patients' and professional staff members' ratings on the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF).

Methods

A total of 191 young adult psychiatric outpatients were included in a naturalistic, longitudinal study. Axis I and axis II disorders were assessed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Before and after treatment, patients and trained staff members did a GAF rating. Agreement between GAF ratings was analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

The overall intra-class correlation coefficients before and after treatment were 0.65 and 0.86, respectively. Agreement in different axis I diagnostic groups varied, but was generally lower before treatment as compared to after treatment (0.50–0.66 and 0.78–0.90, respectively). Excessive psychiatric co-morbidity was associated with the lowest inter-rater reliability. Agreement, with respect to change in GAF scores during treatment, was good to excellent in all groups.

Conclusion

Overall, agreement between patients' and professionals' ratings on the GAF scale was good before and excellent after treatment. The results support the usefulness of the self-report GAF instrument for measuring outcome in psychiatric care. However, more research is needed about the difficulties in rating severely disordered patients.
Psychiatric disorder in young adults born very preterm: Role of family history
Authors: Walshe M. , Rifkin L. , Rooney M. , Healy E. , Nosarti C. , Wyatt J. , Stahl D. , Murray R.M. , Allin M.
Published: September 2008

Objective

To investigate whether young adults born very preterm (VPT) (<33 weeks) are at increased risk for psychiatric illness in adulthood and whether a family history of psychiatric disorder further increases this risk.

Methods

We assessed 169 VPT and 101 term born individuals using the Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised.

Results

Young adults born VPT had an increased risk for psychiatric disorder compared to controls (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.1–8.6, p = 0.03). Those born VPT who had a history of psychiatric disorder in a first-degree relative, had an increase in risk for psychiatric disorder compared to those born VPT without a family history (OR = 5.2, 95% CI = 1.8–14.9, p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Individuals born VPT are at increased risk of psychiatric illness in young adulthood compared to controls. In addition, a family history of psychiatric disorder in a first-degree relative may leave young adults born VPT particularly vulnerable to psychiatric illness.
Capturing complexity: The case for a new classification system for mental disorders in primary care
Authors: Gask Linda , Klinkman Michael , Fortes Sandra , Dowrick Christopher
Published: September 2008

Primary care differs considerably from specialist mental health settings: problems are presented in undifferentiated forms, with consequent difficulties in distinguishing between distress and disorder, and a complex relationship between psychological, mental and social problems and their temporal variations.

Existing psychiatric diagnostic systems, including ICD-10-PHC and DSM-IV-PC, are often difficult to apply in primary care. They do not adequately address co-morbidity, the substantial prevalence of sub-threshold disorders or problems with cross-cultural applications. Their focus on diagnosis may be too restrictive, with a need to consider severity and impairment separately.

ICPC-2, a classification system created specifically for use in primary care, provides advantages in that it allows for simple linkage between reason for encounter, diagnosis and intervention.

It is both necessary and feasible to develop a classification system for mental health in primary care that can meet four basic criteria: (1) characterized by simplicity; (2) addressing not only diagnosis but also severity, chronicity and disability; (3) feasible for routine data gathering in primary care as well as for training; and (4) enabling efficient communication between primary and specialty mental health care.
Does the degree of smoking effect the severity of tardive dyskinesia? A longitudinal clinical trial
Authors: Diehl A. , Reinhard I. , Schmitt A. , Mann K. , Gattaz W.F.
Published: September 2008

Background

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder observed after chronic neuroleptic treatment. Smoking is presumed to increase the prevalence of TD. The question of a cause-effect-relationship between smoking and TD, however, remains to be answered. Purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the degree of smoking and the severity of TD with respect to differences caused by medication.

Method

We examined 60 patients suffering from schizophrenia and TD. We compared a clozapine-treated group with a group treated with typical neuroleptics. Movement disorders were assessed using the Abnormal-Involuntary-Movement-Scale and the technical device digital image processing, providing rater independent information on perioral movements.

Results

We found a strong correlation (.80 < r < .90, always p < .0001) between the degree of smoking and severity of TD. Repeated measurements revealed a positive correlation between changes in cigarette consumption and changes of the severity of TD (p < .0001). Analyses of covariance indicated a significant group-effect with a lower severity of TD in the clozapine-group compared to the typical-neuroleptics-group (p = .010). Interaction-analyses indicated a higher impact of smoking on the severity of TD in the typical-neuroleptics-group compared to the clozapine-group (p = .033).

Conclusion

Concerning a possible cause-effect-relationship between smoking and TD, smoking is more of a general health hazard than neuroleptic exposure in terms of TD.
Intrinsic aqueduct orifices facilitate K+ channel gating
Authors: Zhong Wenyu , Guo Wanlin , Ma Shaojie
Published: September 2008

The ion‐conducting pore of potassium channels, which can open and close to regulate ion passage, was at long thought to be a one‐dimensional pore structure with a water‐filled central cavity. Here, we find four orifices in the KcsA potassium channel, which are perpendicular to the pore and stretch out from the cavity. Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations show that water molecules can flow between the cavity and orifices. Targeted molecular dynamics simulations show that during the opening process, water molecules can move into the cavity through the orifices to facilitate channel gating, whereas blocking the aqueduct orifices makes the channel difficult to open.
The role of Mac‐1 (CD11b/CD18) in osteoclast differentiation induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand
Authors: Hayashi Hidetaka , Nakahama Ken-ichi , Sato Takahiro , Tuchiya Takehiko , Asakawa Yasuyuki , Maemura Toshimitu , Tanaka Masanobu , Morita Mineto , Morita Ikuo
Published: September 2008

Multinuclear osteoclasts are derived from CD11b‐positive mononuclear cells in bone marrow and in circulation. FACS sorting experiments showed impaired osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells with low CD11b expression. Neutralizing antibodies and siRNA against CD11b inhibited osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL. Although primary cultured mouse bone marrow macrophages expressed CD11a and CD11b, osteoclastogenesis induced by M‐CSF and RANKL was inhibited in the presence of anti‐CD11b or anti‐CD18 but not anti‐CD11a antibodies. Furthermore, anti‐CD11b antibodies inhibited NFATc1 expression induced by M‐CSF and RANKL in BMMs. These findings suggest, at least partly, an important role of CD11b in osteoclastogenesis.
Gossypol suppresses telomerase activity in human leukemia cells via regulating hTERT
Authors: Moon Dong-Oh , Kim Mun-Ock , Choi Yung Hyun , Lee Hee Gu , Kim Nam Deuk , Kim Gi-Young
Published: September 2008

Gossypol is a polyphenolic compound originally isolated from cottonseed that has long been used successfully as a contraceptive drug for males. However, the molecular mechanism of anti‐telomerase effects of gossypol is not entirely understood. In this study, we observed direct cytotoxicity and inhibition of telomerase activity with downregulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression. Gossypol treatment resulted in a decrease of c‐Myc expression and binding activity. Gossypol treatment also suppressed the activation of Akt, thereby inhibiting hTERT phosphorylation and translocation into the nucleus. We conclude that gossypol regulates the loss of telomerase activity through transcriptional and posttranslational modifications of hTERT.
Centile charts of cervical length between 18 and 32 weeks of gestation
Authors: Theron Gerhard , Schabort Christene , Norman Karin , Thompson Mary , Geerts Lut
Published: September 2008

Objective

To establish a centile chart of cervical length between 18 and 32 weeks of gestation in a low‐risk population of women.

Methods

A prospective longitudinal cohort study of women with a low risk, singleton pregnancy using public healthcare facilities in Cape Town, South Africa. Transvaginal measurement of cervical length was performed between 16 and 32 weeks of gestation and used to construct centile charts. The distribution of cervical length was determined for gestational ages and was used to establish estimates of longitudinal percentiles. Centile charts were constructed for nulliparous and multiparous women together and separately.

Results

Centile estimation was based on data from 344 women. Percentiles showed progressive cervical shortening with increasing gestational age. Averaged over the entire follow‐up period, mean cervical length was 1.5 mm shorter in nulliparous women compared with multiparous women (95% CI, 0.4–2.6).

Conclusions

Establishment of longitudinal reference values of cervical length in a low‐risk population will contribute toward a better understanding of cervical length in women at risk for preterm labor.
Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats with diarrhoea in a rescue colony in Italy
Authors: Holliday Malcolm , Deni Dario , Gunn-Moore Danièlle A.
Published: September 2008

Faecal samples from 74 cats with chronic large bowel diarrhoea that were living in a rescue colony in Italy, were submitted for assessment of Tritrichomonas foetus by direct microscopy of faecal smears ( n=20) and T foetus-specific culture ( n=74), with confirmation by polymerase chain reaction ( n=1). Twenty-four of the cats (32%) were found to be infected with T foetus. The infected cats were predominantly over a year of age (67%) and were all neutered non-pedigree domestic cats.
Vincristine overdose in a cat: Clinical management, use of calcium folinate, and pathological lesions
Authors: Hughes Katherine , Scase Timothy J. , Ward Christine , Polton Gerry A.
Published: September 2008

A 6-year-old female neutered Burmese cat received a 10 times overdose (5 mg/m2) of vincristine, administered in error. Supportive therapy, including administration of calcium folinate, was instigated within 8 h. Despite treatment, the patient exhibited deterioration in renal and respiratory function and died 72 h after overdose. Necropsy was performed within 24 h of death. Gross examination revealed pulmonary oedema and a pale brown liver with a prominent lobular pattern. Histological examination revealed marked apoptosis and necrosis of the bone marrow myeloid series, and mild to moderate apoptosis and necrosis of the erythroid and megakaryocyte series. Multifocal necrosis of the renal tubules, hepatocytes, and small intestinal crypt epithelium was also observed. Use of calcium folinate as a rescue therapy following vincristine overdose in humans has been previously documented. If treatment is to be successful in cases of vincristine overdose in cats, then a more complete understanding of the pathogenesis of vincristine toxicity in companion animal species is required.
Prevalence and risk factors of obesity in an urban population of healthy cats
Authors: Colliard Laurence , Paragon Bernard-Marie , Lemuet Béatrice , Bénet Jean-Jacques , Blanchard Géraldine
Published: September 2008

The incidence of overweight in cats has been reported in various studies to range between 6 and 52% depending on such factors as gender, neutering, age, being cross-bred, living in a single or two-cat household, no dog living in the household, inactivity, feeding fresh meat or fish, eating a premium or therapeutic food, distribution of food on a free choice basis and owner underestimation of their cat's body weight or body condition (BC). The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of overweight and to determine the risk factors associated with excess body weight, including owners' perception of their cat's BC in the studied population. Between March and June 2006, all owners presenting healthy cats for vaccination at the National Veterinary School of Alfort were questioned by a veterinarian using a standardised and validated questionnaire. Owners and veterinarians gave an oral evaluation of the cat's BC first verbally and then by comparison with a legend free visual scale. Univariate analysis was performed for all variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to variables strongly associated with overweight or regarded as major risk factors. On a total population of 385 cats, 19.0% were found to be overweight and 7.8% to be obese. The evaluation of overweight cats' BC by their owner was better with the visual scale than with the verbal description. This study confirmed earlier reports identifying being male, neutering, and underestimation of the cat's BC by the owner, as risk factors for being overweight.
Bottlenose dolphins using coastal regions adjacent to a Special Area of Conservation in north-east Scotland
Authors: Culloch Ross M. , Robinson Kevin P.
Published: September 2008

In a four year study of bottlenose dolphins along the southern shore of the outer Moray Firth we show that whilst dolphins were encountered along the majority of the survey area, there was a significant preference to the western section, which is the area directly adjacent to the current Special Area of Conservation (SAC). We also show that 80% of all groups encountered (N = 62) included calves, and that neonates were seen throughout the months of July, August, September and October. The mark–recapture abundance estimates for the southern outer Moray Firth were variable, with a highest annual estimate of 108 (95% CI = 79–129), which is similar to previous estimates for the number of animals using the entire Moray Firth. In contrast, the lowest annual estimate of 61 (95% CI = 48–74) suggests that not all individuals regularly use the entire geographical range of the population and that individual ranging patterns may vary across years. The findings of this study indicate that the southern outer Moray Firth is an important area for this population and that it should not simply be considered as a corridor to other areas of more importance. For this reason, we believe that further consideration of the current management of this population in areas outside the existing SAC is necessary.
Incidence of ship strikes of large whales in Washington State
Authors: Douglas Annie B. , Calambokidis John , Raverty Stephen , Jeffries Steven J. , Lambourn Dyanna M. , Norman Stephanie A.
Published: September 2008

Ship strikes of large whales cause mortalities worldwide, but there is uncertainty regarding the frequency and species involved. We examined 130 records (from 1980–2006) of large whale strandings in Washington State. Nineteen strandings (seven species) had evidence of ship-strikes. Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) had the highest incidence of ante-mortem ship strike (five of seven, with the remaining two possibly post-mortem) and all but one occurring since 2002. Six grey whales (Eschrichtius robustus) suffered ‘possible ship strike’ injuries, likely the result of their large numbers in the area, rather than high levels of ship strikes. Only one possible ship-struck humpback whale was recorded, despite concentrations of humpbacks feeding within shipping lanes in this region. This study shows dramatic differences in occurrences of ship-struck large whales by species, which we believe results from a combination of species' vulnerability to ship strikes, and how likely a struck whale is to be caught up on the bow of a ship and brought to waters where it can be examined.
Influence of environmental factors on small cetacean distribution in the Spanish Mediterranean
Authors: Gómez de Segura A. , Hammond P.S. , Raga J.A.
Published: September 2008

Habitat distribution models are one of the most up to date methods to study the habitat usage of wildlife populations. They allow animal distribution to be related to environmental features and also the prediction of the distribution of animals based on this relationship. Seasonal aerial surveys were conducted in central Spanish Mediterranean waters from June 2000 to March 2003 to obtain information on the distribution of cetacean species. Data from the three most common cetacean species (striped dolphin,Stenella coeruleoalba, bottlenose dolphin,Tursiops truncatus, and Risso's dolphin,Grampus griseus) were related, using generalized linear models, to local environmental features: depth, slope, sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration. For bottlenose dolphins, no significant relationship was found with any covariate and no dolphins were observed in waters greater than 1000 m. The distribution of both striped and Risso's dolphin was significantly related to depth. The striped dolphin showed a preference for waters between 900 and 1500 m deep and Risso's dolphin for waters more than 1500 m deep. In addition, for the latest two species, maps of distribution were predicted by means of the spatial models. The areas of higher probabilities of occurrence coincide to a large extent with the marine protected areas previously proposed for the conservation of oceanic cetacean species.
Descriptive parameters of pulsed calls for the spinner dolphin,Stenella longirostris, in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil
Authors: Rossi-Santos Marcos R. , da Silva José Martins , Silva Flavio Lima , Monteiro-Filho Emygdio L.A.
Published: September 2008

The aim of this work is to describe the repertoire of calls utilized by the spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) in the southern Atlantic Ocean. We measured four acoustic parameters of the fundamental frequency of each call: (i) duration; (ii) frequency amplitude; (iii) minimum frequency; and (iv) maximum frequency. We also classified calls by their shape contour by visual inspection of the spectrograms. The obtained values for call duration were 0.046 to 2.08 seconds (mean 0.433, standard deviation (SD) 0.433), amplitude of 0.13 to 2.01 kHz (mean of 0.36, SD 0.29), minimum frequency of 0.22 to 1.80 (mean 0.55, SD 0.29), maximum frequency of 0.46 to 7.50 (mean 1.00, SD 0.89). We classified 73 calls by spectral contour, identifying six basic types of discernible calls, showing heterogeneity among the call types, with C1, C2 and C3 calls presenting higher frequencies, 21, 30 and 23%, respectively. We found that the calls ofS. longirostrisin the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago are more diverse and complex than previously recognized for spinner dolphins and further studies worldwide can reinforce the broad use of this sound for the species repertoire.
Cuvier's beaked whale distribution in the Mediterranean Sea: results from small boat surveys 1996–2007
Authors: Gannier Alexandre , Epinat Justine
Published: September 2008

A total of 17,651 km of sailboat survey effort obtained with very good sighting conditions was pooled over the period 1995 to 2007 to provide an insight into Cuvier's beaked whales' (Ziphius cavirostris) distribution in the western and central Mediterranean Sea. Although only six confirmed sightings were obtained under such conditions, complementary sightings made a total of eleven confirmed records. Their distribution showed that only slope habitat, and its close proximity, was favourable to the species. In contrast to regions pointed out in the recent literature, such as the Alboran, Ligurian and Ionian Seas, it appeared that the Tyrrhenian Sea was likely to be an important area for Cuvier's beaked whales in the Mediterranean. Sighting rates of 0.1–0.25 sighting/100 km and sighting rates for individuals of 0.2–0.5 individual/100 km were obtained in favourable regions. When compared to sighting rates obtained on Risso's dolphinsGrampus griseusduring the same surveys, the Cuvier's beaked whale appeared to be quite a frequent species in its favoured habitats. The present study contributes a better knowledge of this poorly-known species, in the context of increasing and threatening anthropogenic noises.
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) foraging strategy at a high energy, near-shore site in south-west Wales, UK
Authors: Pierpoint C.
Published: September 2008

Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) visit Ramsey Sound at specific states of tide to feed. The preferred foraging location is high-energy habitat in South Ramsey Sound where a tide race, overfalls and upwelling zones form during the ebb phase. Seabed topography and tidal currents combine to create a foraging resource exploited by harbour porpoises at regular and predictable intervals. Porpoises are observed surfacing repeatedly directly into the tidal stream above and adjacent to, a steep-sided trench on the seabed. Tidal currents and the steep walls of the trench are believed to concentrate prey which is funnelled towards the waiting porpoises. Schools with calves prefer areas on the periphery of the fastest flowing water, where current speeds are lower. The presence of harbour porpoises is restricted almost entirely to the ebb tidal phase, but porpoises regularly occupy this site for the entire ebb phase. Harbour porpoise foraging in a tide race habitat is widely reported from the geographical range of the harbour porpoise and raises issues regarding foraging strategy and the net energetic value of hunting prey in high-energy environments.
Temperature-based summer habitat partitioning between white-beaked and common dolphins around the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland
Authors: MacLeod Colin D. , Weir Caroline R. , Santos M. Begoña , Dunn Timothy E.
Published: September 2008

The white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) are two of the most abundant delphinid species in shelf waters around the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland (ROI) in the summer season (May–October). As these two species have similar habitat preferences and diets, it might be expected that they would partition their otherwise shared niche to reduce the potential for competition at this time of year. This study used 569 sightings of the two species, collected from shelf waters (<200 m water depth) in the summer season between 1983 and 1998, to investigate whether there is evidence of widespread niche partitioning based on water temperature in this area. Below 13°C, white-beaked dolphins were dominant with 96% of sightings comprising this species. In contrast, above 14°C, 86% of sightings comprised common dolphins. A classification tree analysis found that of the four eco-geographical variables analysed (water depth, seabed slope, seabed aspect and sea surface temperature), temperature was the most important variable for separating the occurrence of the two species. These results are consistent with widespread temperature-based niche partitioning between white-beaked and common dolphins in shelf waters around the UK and ROI. As temperature is important in determining the relative distribution of these species, the range of the white-beaked dolphin might be expected to contract in response to increasing sea temperature resulting from global climate change, while that of the common dolphin may expand.
Biological consequences of global warming: does sea surface temperature affect cetacean distribution in the western Ligurian Sea?
Authors: Azzellino A. , Gaspari S.A. , Airoldi S. , Lanfredi C.
Published: September 2008

The aim of this study was to assess if sea surface temperature does affect cetacean distribution in the western Ligurian Sea. Relationships with temperature were investigated for: striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). Remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) data were studied. A series of 20 monthly images (i.e. June to September monthly images from 1996 to 2000) was considered. Concurrently, distribution data collected during shipboard summer surveys, and covering an area of about 20,000 km2 in the western Ligurian Sea, were analysed. The relationship between the three species presence and SST was investigated by using a grid of 3 × 3 nautical mile cell units. For every cell the SST mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variance and the deviation from the monthly average were calculated. Finally, binary logistic regression functions allowed to assess significant (P < 0.05) relationships with temperature in these species. These logistic models, were able to predict 60–78% of the species presence(1)/absence(0) cells, and suggest the need for further investigations spanning longer time periods to assess how the global climate change has been changing and will change in the future cetacean distribution in the western Ligurian Sea.
Mortality of the Antillean manatee, Trichechus manatus manatus, in Ceará State, north-eastern Brazil
Authors: de Meirelles Ana Carolina Oliveira
Published: September 2008

Manatee mortality in Ceará State (north-eastern Brazil) is analysed from twenty-five strandings between 1987 and 2002. The majority of the causes were related to the ‘dependent calf’ category (83.3%). Direct human-related causes were attributed to incidental catches in fishing gear (shrimp trawling and gill-nets) (12.5%) and direct capture (4.2%). Spatial distribution was not uniform, with the highest number of strandings on the east coast. The number of strandings has increased since 1999, and the seasonal distribution showed peaks in February, March and January, in that order. The stranding of manatee calves in Ceará State seems to be indirectly related to human activities that impact coastal nursing habitats.