bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FIRE HAZARDS IN THE USE OF OXIDIZING AGENTS AS HERBICIDES
Authors: Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

The combustibility of organic matter-sodium chlorate mixtures in various proportions has been tested at different relative humidities. It was found that mixtures containing more than 10% of sodium chlorate are sufficiently combustible to be hazardous at all relative humidities below 75% but are non-hazardous at higher humidities. Data were obtained showing the minimum moisture content required for protecting such mixtures and this information may be used to calculate the approximate amount of any water-absorbing chemical that has to be added to sodium chlorate to render it safe. Admixture of calcium chloride or magnesium chloride with the sodium chlorate renders the mixture safe when these protecting salts form one-half and one-third respectively of the resulting herbicide. Judging from the chlorate content the above sodium chlorate-magnesium chloride mixture would be the most effective "safe" herbicide of those tested, but it would be about only half as toxic as pure sodium chlorate. Several other salts were tested as protecting agents but they were either ineffective or resulted in the decomposition of the chlorate. Combustibility tests were also conducted on barium chlorate- and calcium chlorate-organic matter mixtures. These mixtures are less inflammable than those containing sodium chlorate but are sufficiently combustible to be a fire hazard in districts where the atmospheric humidity is low. Addition of one part of anhydrous calcium chloride or magnesium chloride to two parts of barium chlorate results in a safe mixture. Sodium dichromate-organic matter mixtures are much less combustible than those containing chlorate, but these mixtures also are somewhat dangerous at ordinary humidities when there is a high proportion of sodium dichromate in the mixture. When 10% of anhydrous calcium or magnesium chloride is added to the sodium dichromate the resultant mixture is safe under ordinary atmospheric humidities, regardless of the proportion of organic matter present. Mixtures of sodium chlorate and sodium dichromate with organic material are extremely combustible.
CHEESE-RIPENING STUDIES: Casein-splitting Abilities of Lactic Acid Bacteria
Authors: Eagles Blythe Alfred , Sadler Wilfrid
Published: April 2011

The casein-splitting ability of each of seven cultures isolated from Kingston cheese has been studied. The cultures are Gram positive non-gelatin-liquefying coccus forms; some appear as chains in young milk culture, others as pairs. The methods of Orla-Jensen and Wasteneys and Borsook were used.It is shown that: (a) Cultures EMB2 166 and 168 fail to attack casein; (b) the casein-splitting abilities of cultures EMB1 131, 133, 173, 195 and EMB2 173 are established and well-defined; (c) the type of proteolysis characteristic of cultures EMB1 173 and 195 leads to the formation of large amounts of the simpler degradation products, whereas the proteolytic breakdown characteristic of cultures EMB1 131, 133 and EMB2 173 is not as complete; (d) culture EMB2 173 is distinct in its casein-splitting abilities, as is evident when the results obtained by the two methods are compared; (e) unable to attack casein, cultures EMB2 166 and 168 attack the non-protein-nitrogenous components of milk; (d) culture EMB2 166 may be capable of protein synthesizing action.
THE FUNGI FOUND IN BUTTER
Authors: Bisby G. R. , Jamieson M. C. , Timonin M.
Published: April 2011

Samples of butter from all the creameries in Manitoba were investigated as to mold content. The various species of molds isolated and their relative abundance are listed. A list of fungi recorded as occurring in butter is given. It is pointed out that fungi of various kinds may enter butter, and some of them may develop objectionable colonies when butter is held for some time in transportation or storage. Certain creameries are reported as producing butter practically free from fungi, and suggestions are given regarding methods of lessening the development of molds in butter.
THE RATE OF DECOMPOSITION OF CREATINE IN ACID AND IN ALKALINE SOLUTION
Authors: Guthrie Jean Stirton , Cameron Alexander Thomas
Published: April 2011

Studies have been made on the decomposition of creatine in acid and alkaline solutions at 37.5° and 50 °C. The rates of transformation to creatinine in acid solutions gave values for the Arrhenius constant varying from 20,700 to 24,000, values in moderate agreement with those of Edgar and Wakefield.There was a definite minimal rate of transformation at approximately 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, and a secondary maximum at about 0.01 N hydrochloric acid. This was probably owing to catalysis of creatine hydrochloride and free creatine at different rates. The slightly differing values found for the Arrhenius constant in strong and in weak acid solutions may be explicable on this basis.The results with alkali support Gaebler's views that creatine is initially transformed into urea and sarcosine, which then reunite to form ammonia and methyl hydantoic acid.These results show further that in solutions of acid and alkali of corresponding strength, alkali catalyses the change from creatine to creatinine much more rapidly than acid.
STUDIES ON SOME UNSYMMETRICAL TETRAMETHYLENE GLYCOLS
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Wilson C. V. , Ball W. L.
Published: April 2011

As intermediates for obtaining unsymmetrical 1, 4-dibromides several tetra-methylene glycols have been prepared, using varied procedures. They are not tractable substances. Only one gave a dibromide that could be purified; the latter did not form a Grignard reagent when treated with magnesium in dry ether. Trimethylene chlorobromide gives a small amount of Grignard reagent.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: VIII. CORYDALIS AUREA, WILLD. AND THE CONSTITUTION OF BICUCINE
Authors: Manske R. H. F.
Published: April 2011

The chemical examination of the alkaloids of Corydalis aurea has shown an unusual complexity and of the total of more than ten alkaloids thus far isolated only six are now described. The record deals chiefly with the stems and leaves of the plant in which protopine was present in exceptionally low concentration (0.025%). Equally exceptional is its high concentration m the roots (1.6%). l-Tetrahydropalmatine constituted the largest fraction of the remaining alkaloids, and its present isolation is the first on record although the d-form was previously known. Two new and well-characterized alkaloids, which have been named capaurine and capauridine, respectively, are isomeric and are best represented by the empirical formula C21H27O5N. Both contain one phenolic hydroxyl and four methoxyl groups, and yield on methylation non-phenolic bases which do not appear to be identical. The presence of two bases, bicuculline and bicucine, which were first recorded in this series of papers, has again been demonstrated.The constitutional analysis of the new bases, as well as the isolation and characterization of the minor alkaloids, is in progress.In an appended note it is shown that bicuculline and bicucine are closely related and interconvertible. The latter is the free γ-hydroxy acid of which the former is the lactone.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN NUTRITION ON THE PROTEIN AND NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN OF WHEAT
Authors: McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

Wheat plants were grown in water cultures varied only with respect to nitrogen. The nitrogen as nitrate was supplied to half the plants continuously to maturity, and to the others only until the time of heading. Though uptake and reduction of nitrate continued in the former for some time after heading, organic nitrogen produced in vegetative parts of the plant after heading was not synthesized to protein but accumulated in the form of non-protein compounds. Regardless of the extent of the nitrogen reserves in vegetative parts, translocation to the kernels during filling took place in about the same proportion. In plants with limited nitrogen supply, translocation to kernels consisted largely of decomposed proteins, and the kernels contained less gluten nitrogen than those of the plants with unlimited nitrogen supply which drew upon both protein and non-protein reserves. The nitrogen fractions of the gluten proteins were unaffected by the nitrogen nutrition of the plants. The total amount of non-gluten nitrogen was apparently also unaffected by the nutrition. Amide nitrogen was the most labile of the nitrogen fractions used.
PYROLYSIS OF THE LOWER PARAFFINS: III. PRODUCTION OF OLEFINES IN BAFFLED METAL TUBES
Authors: Cambron Adrien , Bayley Colin H.
Published: April 2011

Results have been obtained which indicate that the conversion of the lower paraffins to olefines by thermal treatment can be satisfactorily carried out in special alloy steel tubes at 800–820 °C. By using baffled tubes it has been found possible to obtain high rates of conversion at temperatures considerably lower than when using open tubes. Actually the temperature has been brought within the range of usefulness of special alloy steels. Heat-resistant alloys of the 18–8 type have been found unsuitable for this purpose, because nickel appears to catalyze the formation of elementary carbon, but nickel-free alloys containing over 20% of chromium have been found satisfactory.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH-FREQUENCY CURRENTS ON THE TRANSITION POINT OF SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: Burton E. F. , Wilhelm J. O. , Pitt A. , Young A. C.
Published: April 2011

The present paper represents a continuation of the work on superconducting phenomena for high-frequency currents and the interaction of high-frequency and direct currents. It is found for thin films of tin that there is no appreciable change in the transition point for frequencies from zero up to 3 × 107 cycles per sec. There is no effect on the high-frequency point due to direct currents or on the direct current point due to high-frequency currents, when the value of these currents is below about 20 milliamps. There is a very appreciable effect on the direct current point when high-frequency currents up to 200 milliamps. are superimposed on the direct current. This effect varies with the strength of the high-frequency current, and not, as thought before, with the ratio of the high-frequency to the direct current.
THE EFFECT OF SORBED WATER ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS AND OTHER FIBRES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RESILIENCE
Authors: Pidgeon L. M. , Winsen A. van
Published: April 2011

It has been shown that relative humidity exerts a definite effect on the physical properties of a mass of asbestos fibre. A special apparatus has been devised in which a mass of fibre may be compressed in such a way that the volume, pressure and relative humidity of the sample are known at any time. The effect of sorbed water on asbestos is to increase the apparent density and to decrease compressibility and resiliency. It has been assumed that the major factor which controls these characteristics is the fact that sorption of water affects the surface in such manner that the slippage of the fibres over one another is facilitated. Since no fibre unit is experimentally obtainable in the case of asbestos, the fibre bundle must be considered and the stiffness of such a bundle depends on the ease of slippage of its components and hence on relative humidity. This fact is of prime importance in the testing of asbestos where humidity will exert a direct effect on the screen test.Cotton and wool fibres have been examined, and a definite effect of humidity demonstrated. Certain theoretical speculations in the case of cotton have been put forward.
INVESTIGATION OF VARIOUS PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE SULPHITE COOKING
Authors: Saunderson H. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The penetration of aqueous sulphite solutions into differently shaped blocks of spruce wood has been investigated, the effect of the shape and type of wood, and of the presence of imprisoned air being determined. Measurements of the rates of diffusion of the constituents of calcium bisulphite solutions into pre-soaked blocks of wood showed that "free" sulphur dioxide diffused more readily than calcium bisulphite. Adsorption of sulphur dioxide and calcium bisulphite solutions by spruce wood was measured at 30° and 50 °C., and the influence of this factor on penetration was determined. The effect of penetration on delignification indicated the necessity of a satisfactory distribution of the lime salt at a low temperature to avoid localization of the lime during the pulping process.
THE OXIDATION OF ALLYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Hatcher W. H. , Mason C. T.
Published: April 2011

The oxidation of allyl alcohol by potassium permanganate in acid solution results in the formation of three molecules of formic acid; up to this point the successive steps involved are favored by acidity of the solution, such that the velocity of the reaction varies directly as the concentration of sulphuric acid. Also the rate of oxidation varies directly as the concentration of the oxidizing mixture. The most rapid part of the reaction is the absorption of the first six equivalents of oxygen, the slowest being that of the last six of the total of 16 concerned. A mechanism is suggested.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: IX. DICENTRA FORMOSA, Walp.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

In addition to the hitherto known alkaloids of Dicentra formosa (protopine, dicentrine), the present investigation has disclosed the presence of glaucine and corytuberine as well as alkaloid δ which had previously been obtained from D. eximia. Heyl's alkaloid of unknown identity (m.p. 142 °C.) proved to be corydine. Incidentally, the author's eximine was also identified with corydine.
THE HARSHNESS OF WOOL AND ITS MEASUREMENT
Authors: Larose P.
Published: April 2011

As part of an investigation into the causes of the harshness of certain wools, an apparatus was devised by means of which the ease or extent to which wool can be compressed is measured. Four samples of yarn differing in harshness have been tested with this apparatus. The same samples were also tested by a method described by Winson. The results show that when the wools are placed in order of decreasing harshness, they are also in order of increasing compressibility; the softer the wool the more easily it is compressed.Measurements have been made at 50% and at 60% relative humidity.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE USE OF MIXTURES OF GASOLINE WITH ETHYL AND ISOPROPYL ALCOHOLS IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Authors: Kuhring M. S.
Published: April 2011

The paper covers engine tests conducted on gasoline and various mixtures of isopropyl and ethyl alcohols with gasoline. Comparisons were made with additions of lead tetraethyl in the gasoline. The tests were conducted in two separate groups and included octane number, power, consumption, and highest useful compression ratio.It is shown that once detonation is suppressed in an engine, little or no further increase in power may be expected by raising the anti-knock value of the fuel, without also raising the compression ratio.In the first group, specific fuel consumptions when using the ethyl alcohol–gasoline mixtures were higher than when gasoline only was used. This holds for fuels A and C. In the case of fuel B the specific consumption was found to be almost the same whether or not the alcohol was used.When lead tetraethyl was added to an alcohol–gasoline mixture, there was a further increase in anti-knock value, but this increase was not as great as when the lead was added to the same gasoline without alcohol.In group 2, specific fuel consumptions for gasoline–alcohol mixtures were higher than for gasoline only. In the 10% alcohol mixtures, consumptions were higher when ethyl alcohol was used than when isopropyl alcohol was mixed with the gasoline. In the 20% alcohol mixtures, the ethyl alcohol consumptions were still somewhat higher than those of the isopropyl mixtures; but with the 30% alcohol mixtures, specific consumptions were higher for the isopropyl alcohol additions than for ethyl alcohol additions.Octane numbers, which were determined under C. F. R. Motor Method procedure, showed the ethyl alcohol to be superior as a knock inhibitor, but when the Highest Useful Compression Ratio was determined (under low cylinder temperature conditions) the 10% and 20% concentrations of isopropyl alcohol were found to be superior to ethyl alcohol in the same proportions. Above this concentration, ethyl alcohol became more effective than equivalent additions of isopropyl alcohol.
EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY
Authors: Clark A. L.
Published: April 2011

The work described in this paper is a continuation of that published previously (1).The observations have now been carried to 250,000. The results are in substantial agreement with those already published. The theoretical probability is 0.3554 ± 0.0005, and the new experimental value is 0.35553. The value of π is not changed by the later results. The numbers of sequences of different lengths have been recorded and compared with the calculated values. The agreement here is not very good.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF RUST RESISTANCE IN WHEAT: VI. EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, AND HOST EXTRACTS ON THE GERMINATION OF UREDINIOSPORES OF PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI, FORM 21
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

Urediniospores of Puccinia graminis tritici, form 21, were sown on buffer solutions covering the range from pH 3 to pH 8. Maximum germination was obtained between pH 5.8 and 6.5, with indications that if the point of maximum germination could be determined with precision it would be found to lie in the neighborhood of pH 6.2.The effect of buffered and unbuffered solutions of pure phenolic compounds on the germination of urediniospores was studied. Greater inhibition was obtained with unbuffered solutions owing to the additional effect of hydrogen ion concentration. In buffered solutions, at pH 6.0, germination was prevented by 45 p.p.m. of hydroquinone, 125 of o-cresol, 180 of anisic acid, 250 of benzoic acid, 340 of catechol, 400 of guaiacol and 600 of phenol. A number of other compounds were also studied. The inhibitory effects of compounds, of which the bactericidal effects are known, are fairly closely related to their bactericidal efficiency.Investigations were made of the inhibitory effects on spore germination and the growth of germ tubes, of aqueous dilutions of 15, 10, 5 and 2.5% of the press-juice of Vernal, Khapli, Marquis and Little Club wheats. Statistical treatment of the data accumulated in ten series of determinations, in which a total of 160,000 spores was counted, showed that significant differences occurred between varieties and that variations in the total solid content and hydrogen ion concentration of the press-juice had no consistent effect upon the results. Although the results were not entirely clear-cut, it is concluded that the varieties fall in the following order with respect to increasing inhibitory effect of their extracts: Vernal, Marquis, Khapli and Little Club. Since Vernal and Khapli are resistant to form 21 whereas Marquis and Little Club are susceptible, the results fail to show any relationship between the effects of host extracts on the germination of urediniospores, or on the growth of germ tubes, and the rust resistance of the variety.
A MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF THE GROWTH OF POPULATIONS OF THE FLOUR BEETLE, TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM, DUV.: III. THE EFFECT UPON THE EARLY STAGES OF POPULATION GROWTH OF CHANGES IN THE NUTRITIVE VALUE, PALATABILITY AND DENSITY OF PACKING OF THE FLOUR MEDIUM
Authors: Stanley John
Published: April 2011

The questions of the nutritive value of the flour and its palatability have been considered mathematically, and it is shown that the number of eggs present at a time T, between the start of the culture and the time of hatching of the first egg, is decreased when the flour is less nutritious or less palatable, or less tightly packed, and vice versa. It is further shown that the asymptotic value ξ toward which the egg population moves in the absence of hatching, is similarly affected.The question of the mechanism underlying these effects is discussed.
POLARIMETRIC ESTIMATION OF STARCH
Authors: Hopkins Clarence Yardley
Published: April 2011

For the estimation of starch in wheat and certain wheat products, an adaptation of the polarimetric method of Mannich and Lenz has been developed. It gives satisfactory results with wheat, wheat flour and wheat starch and with mixtures of known composition. Proof is given that the method is accurate in the presence of proteins, sugars and hemicelluloses. It avoids the errors inherent in hydrolytic methods and is believed to be more convenient than Rask's procedure.
A WIDE RANGE VACUUM TUBE VOLTMETER CIRCUIT
Authors: Woonton G. A.
Published: April 2011

The conventional type of vacuum tube voltmeter has been found to be unsatisfactory when used to check amplifiers designed to reproduce e.m.f's whose fundamental frequencies range from a few to 100 cycles per second. These difficulties can be overcome by the use of a symmetrical tube circuit which integrates the two halves of the input wave to produce a smoothed direct current component. Certain other advantages which result from the use of the same circuit are reported. The choice of Type 31 tubes makes the use of an inexpensive plate current meter possible.
STANDARD NOMOGRAPHIC FORMS FOR EQUATIONS IN THREE VARIABLES
Authors: Wood F. M.
Published: April 2011

Equations of the third and fourth nomographic order in three variables have been dealt with and classified. Equations of the third order may be reduced to one of two standard forms, α + β + γ = 0 and α + βγ = 0, which give alignment charts composed of three straight lines. Equations of the fourth order may also be reduced to one of two standard forms, resulting in charts composed of (a) two straight lines and a curve, or (b) two scales on a conic, and the third on another curve. Transformations of these four standard forms are given which permit of rapid and easy adjustment of the position and length of the scales for any given example, resulting in a chart of practical utility. Although the underlying theory has been studied by other writers, notably Soreau and Clark, it has possibly never appeared before in such a neat form. On this account, and also because of the standard transformations, it is felt that this article is of particular value.Standard forms have also been developed for third order equations leading to charts composed of two scales on a conic and a third straight scale, and in conclusion a third type of chart, in which all three scales appear on a single cubic curve, has been standardized. The practical value of the last type is questionable, but the conic charts are of use since we may arbitrarily choose the unit circle, or the rectangular hyperbola, for our conic scales. Final adjustment forms which permit suitable location of the scales in particular examples have been obtained in every case.
VISCOSITY OF GLUTEN DISPERSED IN ALKALI, ACID AND NEUTRAL SOLVENTS
Authors: Rose R. C. , Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

The viscosity of gluten dispersed in urea and sodium salicylate was higher, and showed a greater increase with increasing protein concentration, than that of dispersions of the same age and concentration, in sodium hydroxide and acetic acid solutions. Calculations, based on these measurements, indicated that the effective particle size is larger in the former pair of solvents. In urea solutions the viscosity of dilute gluten dispersions was independent of the hydrogen ion concentration between pH 6.1 and 9.2, and within this range the system was stable. Beyond this pH range the viscosity at first increased, but the system was unstable as shown by a subsequent rapid decrease in viscosity with time.Dilute dispersions in sodium hydroxide, urea and sodium salicylate solutions decreased in viscosity at first, whereas the viscosity of dispersions in acetic acid decreased continuously. Some evidence was obtained of coagulation in concentrated dispersions in the neutral solvents at 0 °C. and 25 °C.The character of the precipitate obtained by salting out dispersions in each of the four solvents after storage at 25 °C. indicated that the neutral solvents alter the gluten less than alkali or acid. This conclusion is supported by the fact that glutens obtained from flours of different protein quality had essentially the same viscosity when dispersed in alkali or acid, but in the neutral solvents exhibited markedly different viscosities which were partially correlated with the quality of the gluten.
THE TREATMENT OF HYDRATED LIME WITH ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
Authors: Gill A. F. , Way T. H.
Published: April 2011

This paper deals with the question of "workability" of hydrated limes for finishing purposes. The authors subscribe to the "colloid" conception of the mechanism underlying the well known superiority of undried putties over dry hydrates, on the one hand, and of magnesian or dolomitic hydrates over those high in calcium, on the other.A description is given of an investigation made to determine whether an artificial gel could be applied to particles otherwise of poor quality by allowing them to react with aluminium sulphate. It was anticipated that the calcium hydroxide would react to form calcium sulphate and give a precipitate of aluminium hydroxide which, being relatively insoluble in the alkaline medium, would tend to coat the particles of calcium sulphate and residual calcium hydroxide. The effect of additions under different conditions was observed quantitatively by means of a flow-table plasticimeter. Favorable laboratory results were followed by practical trials which successfully demonstrated the usefulness of this treatment.
NOTE ON AN OPTICAL SYSTEM FOR SHADOW RECORDING WITH OSCILLOGRAPHS
Authors: Woonton G. A. , Pye F. W.
Published: April 2011

In this paper is discussed a method of shadow recording for use with reflecting types of oscillographs which simplifies the methods of obtaining time and amplitude rulings on the record. The optical system is rendered portable by the use of a low-intensity light source, compensated by high transmission efficiency. Comparative records indicate that, when used in conjunction with bromide paper, this optical system is of value in recording sinusoidal currents whose frequencies are below 20 cycles per second or currents of complicated wave form whose fundamental frequency is well below 20 cycles per second. No data relative to records on moving film are reported.Mann (1), in discussing a new portable electrocardiograph, has referred to an optical system of this type. The authors believe that the present paper contains sufficient new information on the details of construction and operation of this optical system to make it of value.
A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS HARVESTING METHODS IN RESPECT TO MOISTURE CONTENT AND GRADE OF THE GRAIN (Final Report)
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Geddes W. F.
Published: April 2011

In a moisture and grade survey of grain harvested by various methods in parts of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in 1933, it was found that straight-combined wheat showed a much greater percentage of tough and damp samples than either stook-threshed or swath-combined samples. Of 246 straight-combined samples, 18% were tough and 7% damp; of 212 stook-threshed samples, 10% were tough and none damp; of 184 swath-combined samples 6.5% were tough and 0.5% were damp. These results confirm those obtained in 1932.In common wheat there was a marked decrease in grade between the early- and late-season samples. Average grades were 1.37, 1.32 and 1.28 for stook-threshed, straight-combined and swath-combined samples respectively. This is quite the reverse of the order found in 1932. Taking the two years' samples, collectively, the average grades are 1.18, 1.28 and 1.36 for the methods in the order given above. In view of the conflicting results for the two consecutive seasons, no definite conclusion can be drawn with regard to the average grade of common wheat threshed by these three methods.With durum wheat in 1933 the average grades were 1.29, 1.79 and 2.00 for stook-threshed, straight-combined and swath-combined samples respectively. Differentiation of the three harvesting methods on basis of grade of durum wheat was greater in 1933 than in 1932. This points firmly to the conclusion that stook threshing is the best method for this class of wheat in Manitoba.A small series of 32 barley samples collected in Manitoba in 1933 showed no differentiation in moisture content as a result of method of harvesting. However, stook-threshed samples of barley tended to grade higher than those threshed by either of the combine methods.
ANOMALOUS DISPERSION OF SOUND IN SOLID CYLINDRICAL RODS
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

The deviation of the overtones from whole multiples of the fundamental note when pure longitudinal waves are set up in a cylindrical rod, one to a few centimetres in thickness, is accounted for to within less than 1% by the drop in the velocity of propagation of longitudinal waves with increasing frequency due to radial motion in the rod. The radial component present in vibrating solid or hollow cylinders determines a second solution of the velocity equation which starts near the resonance frequency of the radial vibration. Although radial motion can take place free from longitudinal components, so that no mutual coupling need exist between the two types of vibration, the equation for thin rods can within certain frequency ranges be reduced to the frequency relations valid for coupled systems.
THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SUNDRY MATERIALS
Authors: Niven C. D.
Published: April 2011

The results of measurements on the thermal conductivity of acetylene black, rock wool, sphagnum moss, dried asbestos–water paste and other insulators are given.
A HYDROGEN DISCHARGE TUBE FOR ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Watson W. H. , Hurst D. G.
Published: April 2011

An inexpensive, easily assembled tube of rugged construction is described. All parts exposed to the discharge are water cooled. The capillary with its water-cooling sheath is the only glass part, is a self-contained unit and is easy to make. The tube has been operated without trouble at over 2 kw. input at 1000 volts.
MEASUREMENT OF THE VARIATION OF THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF WATER WITH EXTENT OF ADSORPTION
Authors: Argue G. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

An experimental technique has been devised for the measurement of the dielectric constants of cellulosic materials containing various amounts of adsorbed water. From measurements made with standard cellulose the dielectric constant of the adsorbed water was calculated over the concentration range 0 to 18% of water. The dielectric constant of the water initially adsorbed is less than one-quarter of that of liquid water, but it increases with the amount of water subsequently adsorbed, until the dielectric constant approximates that of liquid water as the water content of the fibre approaches the saturation point. These results are shown to be in agreement with the hypothesis concerning the nature of the system cellulose–water.
THE SUBSTITUTION OF METHYLENE BLUE THIOCYANATE FOR METHYLENE BLUE CHLORIDE IN THE REDUCTION TEST OF MILK
Authors: Thornton H. R. , Sandin R. B. , Miller C. S.
Published: April 2011

Methylene blue thiocyanate has been found to be superior to methylene blue chloride in the reduction test for bacteriological quality of milk, because the thiocyanate is easily prepared in a state of purity approaching 100%.
KERNEL TEXTURE AS AN INDICATOR OF QUALITY IN HARD RED SPRING WHEATS
Authors: Aamodt O. S. , Torrie J. H.
Published: April 2011

The gray wooded soils found at Fallis, Alberta, provided a satisfactory means of obtaining a differentiation in kernel texture in hard red spring wheats. Correlation studies showed that the varieties behaved more or less similarly from year to year in kernel texture, protein content and loaf volume, but not in partial baking score. Kernel texture was indicated as being a better measure of partial baking score than protein content, while the latter was the better index of loaf volume. A close relation was found between the kernel texture of the varieties grown at Fallis and both the partial baking score and loaf volume of the same varieties grown at Edmonton. In the case of protein content determined on the Fallis material no such relation was obtained. The wheat-meal fermentation test was found to be of little value in differentiating between the baking quality of hard red spring wheat varieties.
INFLUENCE OF WEATHER CONDITIONS ON THE NITROGEN CONTENT OF WHEAT—II
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Supplementing a previous statistical study, coefficients designed to weight observed temperatures in proportion to their assumed effect on respiration were computed from the daily observations for three 3-week periods extending from July 1 to September 1. After allowing for the effect of May and June rainfall there was a moderate but significant partial correlation (r = +0.33) between nitrogen content and the sum of the temperature coefficients for the last two periods.There was a positive correlation (r = +0.74) between height of crop and yield of grain, and a negative correlation (r = −0.50) between height and nitrogen content. The partial correlation between nitrogen content and yield, after eliminating variations in both associated with height, was negligible (r = −0.07), suggesting that reductions in yield due to restriction of the later stages of translocation did not result in significant modification of the nitrogen content of the grain.Results of the investigation as a whole are briefly discussed.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF DISEASE RESISTANCE IN CEREALS: III. THE ORGANIC NITROGEN CONTENT OF MATURE AND IMMATURE TISSUES OF THE WHEAT PLANT IN RELATION TO STEM-RUST RESISTANCE
Authors: Johnson T. , Johnson O.
Published: April 2011

Analyses were made to determine the organic nitrogen content of immature and mature tissues of six wheat varieties at a stage of growth about a week prior to the emergence of the flag leaf. The immature tissues comprised the leaves folded within the uppermost sheaths, while the mature tissues were represented by the fully grown leaves of the upper half of the plants. In all the varieties the nitrogen content of the mature tissues was greater than that of the immature ones. The greater susceptibility of the younger tissues can not, therefore, be attributed to a higher organic nitrogen content.
VIBRATIONS OF POWER LINES IN A STEADY WIND: III. THE FREE VIBRATIONS OF A HEAVY STRING
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

When a long heavy wire is fastened to two supports under such a tension that it is nearly straight, the span behaves in the same manner as a stretched string, but when there is appreciable sag, standing waves form mainly in the middle portion; apart from damping, their shape is described by Hermitian polynomials, which in the case of high overtones resemble sine waves. The change in the tension along the line causes attenuation of the waves. By keeping the ratio [Formula: see text] less than about unity the span is rendered vibration-proof, at least near the ends. The natural frequency of strings of finite length depends on the zero values of the Hermitian polynomials.
PROPAGATION AND RESONANCE OF COMPOSITE WAVES IN PRISMATIC RODS
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

By taking into account the three main terms of the equation of motion of the prismatic rod, there is obtained for the frequency a cubic equation which is in good agreement with the experimental results when the thickness of the rod is not negligible compared with its length but does not exceed about one-fifth of the length. It corresponds to the equation obtained for a system with three degrees of freedom.For a composite vibration consisting of a wave of dilatation and a wave of distortion in the direction of the smallest dimension of the rod, and waves of dilatation in the two other directions, the equations of motion combined with some of the boundary conditions yield another cubic equation for the resonance frequencies.
DETERMINATION OF THE NATURAL WAVE-LENGTH OF AN ANTENNA BY THE REACTANCE METHOD
Authors: Sinclair George
Published: April 2011

The values for the natural wave-length of an antenna obtained by direct measurement and by the "intercept method" were found to disagree. In the investigation of the cause of this disagreement, a reactance method was developed for measuring the natural wave-length of an antenna. The data obtained in this method can be used to obtain points on the intercept method graph for relatively small values of inserted inductance. These points do not fall on a straight line, probably owing to variations occurring in the antenna input inductance and capacity near the natural wave-length.
A LARGE QUARTZ SPECTROGRAPH FOR EXAMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Authors: Foster J. S.
Published: April 2011

A quartz spectrograph with Cornu prism is described, in which are combined low cost, unusually high dispersion, and convenience of operation. The general construction is outlined and special fittings are treated in detail.
THE HEAT CAPACITY OF SILVER AND NICKEL BETWEEN 100° AND 500 °C.
Authors: Bronson H. L. , Hewson E. W. , Wilson A. J. C.
Published: April 2011

The mean heat capacities of silver and nickel between 0 °C. and various temperatures from 100° to 500 °C. have been determined by the method of mixtures, an all-copper adiabatic calorimeter being used.A brief discussion deals with the difficulty of obtaining accurate values of the true heat capacity, Cp, from mean heat capacity, [Formula: see text], measurements.The following table gives a brief summary of the results:100° 150° 200° 250° 300° 350° 400° 450° 500°C.Silver[Formula: see text] 0.2364 0.2376 0.2389 0.2401 0.2415 0.2427 0.2440 0.2452 0.2465Cp 0.2389 0.2413 0.2439 0.2463 0.2490 0.2514 0.2540 0.256 0.259Nickel[Formula: see text] 0.4536 0.4636 0.4741 0.4856 0.4972 0.5117 0.5162 0.5177 0.5188Cp 0.474 0.495 0.517 0.543 0.575 0.627 0.531 0.529 0.527The uncertainty in [Formula: see text] of both silver and nickel is about 0.2%, in Cp of silver from about 0.2% at 100 °C. to nearly 1% at 500 °C., in Cp of nickel from about 0.5% at 100 °C. to 2% at 350 °C. and above.
A METHOD OF MEASURING ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS FOR X-RAYS BY MEANS OF A TRI-ELECTRODE IONIZATION CHAMBER
Authors: Wrenshall G. A. , Harrington E. L.
Published: April 2011

A balance method of measuring absorption coefficients for X-rays in absorbing media, using a new form of sectored discs for determining alterations in intensity and an ionization chamber containing three electrodes, has been developed. The new arrangement makes possible a simplification of the apparatus, a complete elimination of certain sources of error, and very direct calculations of the results. A curve is included in this report to indicate the accuracy routinely attainable.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XX. METHANOL LIGNIN AND ITS RELATION TO THE SO-CALLED "PRIMARY LIGNIN" OF FRIEDRICH AND DIWALD
Authors: King E. G. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Pretreatment of spruce wood meal with cold 5% sodium hydroxide decreases the amount of lignin extractable with methanol and anhydrous hydrogen chloride (Hibbert-Brauns method). Such a prior treatment of the wood meal, either in an atmosphere of nitrogen or of air, apparently causes no structural change in the lignin as judged by the methoxyl content. The method of Friedrich and Diwald, which involves a preliminary treatment with 17% hydrochloric acid followed by addition of a hot alcohol, represents a much more drastic process than the Hibbert-Brauns method, as is indicated by the darker color, lower methoxyl content and behavior towards 8–10% alkali of the isolated lignin.Methanol lignin isolated front a resin-free spruce wood meal, previously subjected to treatment with 5% cold alkali in the presence or absence of air, shows no loss of methoxyl groups on treatment with 8–10% alkali; the same is true of the "primary lignin" prepared by the method of Friedrich and Diwald; in both cases the lignin is insoluble in sodium bicarbonate. These facts show that neither methanol lignin nor "native lignin" contains ester methoxyl groups, as assumed by Friedrich and Diwald. Prolonged treatment of methanol lignin with alkali in the presence of air, especially at higher temperatures, apparenthy brings about certain changes in its structure, including possibly the formation of carboxyl groups. The claim of Friedrich and Diwald that their product represents an "unchanged native lignin" is not in accordance with the facts, and their assumption of the presence of carboxyl groups in native lignin is incorrect.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: XLVIII. ETHYLENE OXIDE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: SYNTHESIS OF THE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS
Authors: Perry Stanley Z. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Four new methods are outlined for the synthesis of polyethylene glycols.Ethylene glycol heated to 190 °C. with 0.3% of its weight of iodine as a catalyst loses water to form diethylene- and other polyethylene glycols. The reaction is progressive and reversible. The yield of polyethylene glycols is about 25%.The other three methods consist of modifications of a general method in which one mole of the dichloro derivative of a polyethylene glycol (the chlorine atoms forming the terminal groups) reacts with two moles of the monosodium salt of a polyethylene glycol. For this reaction the monosodium salt is obtained by one of the following methods: (a) direct solution of metallic sodium in the glycol; (b) reaction of metallic sodium with a methanol solution of the glycol in presence of anhydrous ether; (c) evaporation of a solution of the glycol and concentrated sodium hydroxide under diminished pressure.Proof of the structure of these compounds is afforded by their analyses, their refractive indices, and their conversion into the corresponding dichloride by the action of thionyl chloride in pyridine solution.
STUDIES OF CARBON BLACK: II. THE CHANNEL PROCESS—PRODUCTION FROM THE NATURAL GAS OF TURNER VALLEY, ALBERTA
Authors: Pidgeon L. M.
Published: April 2011

The production of carbon black in an experimental plant of the channel type is described. Carbon black has been produced from Turner Valley dry gas in yields as high as 1.3 lb. per 1000 cu. ft. The rubber reinforcing properties, methylene blue sorption, and per cent extractable are similar to those of the commercial carbon blacks available at present. The presence of hydrogen sulphide in the gas has been examined, but little effect on yields and properties was noticed with concentrations as high as 1% by volume.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XIII. CORYDALIS SCOULERI Hk.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Examination of this plant has disclosed the presence of ten alkaloids, five of which, namely, protopine (0.15%), cryptopine (0.004%), α-allo-cryptopine (0.001%), bicuculline (0.20%), and scoulerine (0.06%) are well known. A sixth proved to be identical with capnoidine (0.002%), an alkaloid hitherto found only in Corydalis sempervirens. Two of the remaining four, corlumine (0.12%) and corlumidine (0.02%), have been adequately characterized as phthalide isoquinolines and their respective constitutions determined in whole or in part. The last two appear to be new and are designated by Greek letters, namely, -η (0.002%), m.p. 180 °C., probably isomeric with adlumine and corlumine, and -θ (0.002%), m.p. 183 °C., C16H17O3N. The yield of pure crystallized total alkaloids was 0.56%.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: LII. THE PREPARATION, SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ISOMERIC PROPYLIDENE, ISOBUTYLIDENE, t-AMYLIDENE AND DIBROMOETHYLIDENE GLYCEROLS AND THE GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCEROL CYCLIC ACETALS
Authors: Trister Saul M. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

The condensation of propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, trimethylacetaldehyde and dibromoacetaldehyde with glycerol has been carried out in the presence of a catalyst (40% sulphuric acid) at 90 °C., and the resulting products have been shown to consist in each case of a mixture of the five- and six-membered cyclic acetals. The separation of these isomers from the acetal mixture was rendered possible by the difference in the physical properties of their benzoates. The structure of the latter was proved by saponification, methylation, hydrolysis and isolation of the resulting glycerol α- and glycerol β-methyl ethers respectively.With the isomers from dibromoacetaldehyde this method could not be used, owing to the labile character of the bromine atoms in presence of alkali. Their structures were proved by direct synthesis of the five-membered acetal benzoate from glycerol α-benzoate and dibromoacetaldehyde.The data obtained provide additional evidence of the marked influence exerted by the polar character of the aldehyde on the extent and character of acetal condensation. Increase in the electronegative character increases the amount formed of the five-membered acetal and decreases that of the six-membered. Trimethylacetaldehyde condensed readily with glycerol in absence of a catalyst. Lowering of temperature, in presence of the catalyst, favored the formation of the six-membered acetals, in agreement with the earlier work of van Roon. The results further confirm the Hibbert-Michael Ring Partition Principle.A general comparison is made of the physical properties of the ethylidene–, propylidene–, isobutylidene–, t–amylidene–, bromoethylidene–, and dibromoethylidene glycerol acetals.By substituting diphenylamine for aniline in the synthesis of trimethylacetaldehyde from trimethylpyruvic acid the yield is increased from 25 to 40%.
INVESTIGATIONS RELATIVE TO THE BREEDING OF COUMARIN-FREE SWEET CLOVER, MELILOTUS
Authors: Stevenson T. M. , Clayton J. S.
Published: April 2011

A series of studies was made upon the coumarin content of various species, varieties and individual plants of sweet clover (Melilotus), determinations being made from different parts of the plant, at different stages of growth, and upon herbage dried by different methods. The conclusions drawn from the results of these studies may be summarized as follows:— (1) Coumarin content of the leaf and stem of sweet clover changes rapidly throughout the various stages of growth. (2) Wide variations in coumarin content exist between different species, between different varieties within a species and often between different individuals within a variety. (3) There is a marked relation between color of leaf and coumarin content. Plants possessing dark-colored foliage have invariably tested higher in coumarin content than those with foliage of lighter color. (4) The Alpha variety possesses a lower coumarin content than any other variety of M. albus tested. (5) The species, Melilotus dentatus, used in these tests, contained less than 0.01% of coumarin in the foliage and less than 0.05% in the mature seeds. For all practical purposes it may be regarded as coumarin-free. (6) Air drying or oven drying of sweet clover results in a heavy loss of coumarin from the leaves and marked changes in the coumarin content of the stems. (7) There is a definite correlation between the coumarin content of the leaf and of the mature seed in the materials used. (8) The coumarin content of the mature seed provides a reliable estimate of the coumarin content of the leaf of the plant. (9) Breeding results indicate the possibility of producing low coumarin varieties through inbreeding and selection.
THERMAL DEATH POINT OF CERTAIN WEED SEEDS
Authors: Hopkins Clarence Yardley
Published: April 2011

A series of weed seeds comprising seven species and representing five families was studied to determine the effect of heat on subsequent germination. Lethal temperatures for 15 minutes' heating varied from 85° to 105 °C.The results indicate that there is a critical temperature below which moderate periods of heating have little effect on viability. At higher temperatures the germinating power falls off rapidly.