bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histology of the Cochlear Outer Sulcus Cells in Normal Human Ears, Presbycusis, and Menière's Disease
Authors: Christov Florian , Nelson Erik G. , Xu Lucy J. , Lopez Ivan A. , Ishiyama Akira , Gluth Michael B.
Published: January 2020

Hypothesis:

Outer sulcus cell features and distribution are hypothesized to differ throughout regions of the human cochlea and between diseased and normal specimens.

Background:

Outer sulcus cells play a role in inner ear fluid homeostasis. However, their anatomy and distribution in the human are not well described.

Methods:

Temporal bone specimens with normal hearing (n = 10), Menière's disease (n = 10), presbycusis with flat audiograms (n = 4), and presbycusis with sloping audiograms (n = 5) were examined by light microscopy. Outer sulcus cells were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively in each cochlear turn. One specimen was stained for tubulin immunofluorescence and imaged using confocal microscopy.

Results:

Outer sulcus cells interface with endolymph throughout the cochlea, with greatest contact in the apical turn. Mean outer sulcus cell counts in the upper apical turn (8.82) were generally smaller (all p < 0.05) than those of the upper basal (17.71), lower middle (18.99) upper middle (18.23), and lower apical (16.42) turns. Mean outer sulcus cell counts were higher (p < 0.05) in normal controls (20.1) than in diseased specimens (15.29). There was a significant correlation between mean cell counts and tonotopically expected hearing thresholds in the upper basal (r = −0.662, p = 0.0001), lower middle (r = −0.565, p = 0.0017), and upper middle (r = −0.507, p = 0.0136) regions. Other differences in cell morphology, distribution, or relationship with Claudius cells were not appreciated between normal and diseased specimens. Menière's specimens had no apparent unique features in the cochlear apex. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated outer sulcus cells extending into the spiral ligament in bundles forming tapering processes which differed between the cochlear turns in morphology.

Conclusion:

Outer sulcus cells vary throughout the cochlear turns and correlate with hearing status, but not in a manner specific to the underlying diagnoses of Menière's disease or presbycusis.
CTCF orchestrates long-range cohesin-driven V(D)J recombinational scanning
Authors: Ba Zhaoqing , Lou Jiangman , Dring Edward W. , Ye Adam Yongxin , Lin Sherry G. , Jain Suvi , Kieffer-Kwon Kyong-Rim , Casellas Rafael , Alt Frederick W.
Published: January 2020

RAG endonuclease initiates V(D)J recombination in progenitor (pro)-B cells1. Upon binding a recombination center (RC)-based JH, RAG scans upstream chromatin via loop extrusion, potentially mediated by cohesin2–10, to locate Ds and assemble a DJH-based RC11. CTCF looping factor-bound elements (CBEs) within IGCR1 upstream of Ds impede RAG-scanning12–15; but their inactivation allows scanning to proximal VHs where additional CBEs activate rearrangement and impede scanning any further upstream15, 16. Distal VHutilization is thought to involve diffusional RC access following large-scaleIghlocus contraction17–23. Here, we test the potential of linear RAG-scanning to mediate distal VHusage in G1-arrested,v-Abl-pro-B cell lines24, 25, which undergo robust D-to-JHbut little VH-to-DJHrearrangements, presumably due to lack of locus contraction11, 15. Through an auxin-inducible approach26, 27, we degrade the cohesin-component Rad214, 7, 27or CTCF7, 9in these G1-arrested lines, which maintain substantial viability throughout four-day experiments. Rad21 degradation eliminated all V(D)J recombination and RAG-scanning-associated interactions, except RC-located DQ52-to-JHjoining in which synapsis occurs by diffusion11. Remarkably, while CTCF degradation suppressed most CBE-based chromatin interactions, it promoted robust RC interactions with, and robust VH-to-DJHjoining of, distal VHs, with patterns similar to those of “locus-contracted” primary pro-B cells. Thus, down-modulation of CTCF-bound scanning-impediment activity promotes cohesin-driven RAG-scanning across the 2.7MbIghlocus.
Chemically Induced Chromosomal Interaction (CICI): A New Tool to Study Chromosome Dynamics and Its Biological Roles
Authors: Du Manyu , Zou Fan , Yan Yujie , Bai Lu
Published: January 2020

Numerous intra- and inter-chromosomal contacts have been mapped in eukaryotic genomes, but it remains challenging to link these 3D structures to their regulatory functions. To establish the causal relationships between chromosome conformation and genome functions, we need a method that allows us to selectively perturb the conformation at targeted loci. Here, we developed a method in budding yeast, Chemically Induced Chromosomal Interaction (CICI), to engineer long-distance chromosomal interactions selectively and dynamically. We implemented CICI at multiple intra- and inter-chromosomal loci pairs and showed that CICI can form in >50% of cells, even between loci with very low Hi-C contact frequencies. CICI formation is slower at these low Hi-C sites, revealing the dynamic nature of the Hi-C signals. As a functional test, we forced the interaction between mating-type locus (MAT) andHMRand observed significant change in donor preference during mating-type switching, showing that chromosome conformation plays an important role in homology-directed DNA repair. Overall, these results demonstrate that CICI is a powerful tool to study chromosome dynamics and the 3D genome function.
Structural colours reflect individual quality: a meta-analysis
Authors: White Thomas E.
Published: January 2020

Ornamental colouration often communicates salient information to mates, and theory predicts covariance between signal expression and individual quality. This has borne out among pigment-based signals, but the potential for ‘honesty’ in structural colouration is unresolved. Here I synthesised the available evidence to test this prediction via meta-analysis and found that, overall, the expression of structurally coloured sexual signals is positively associated with individual quality. The effects varied by measure of quality, however, with body condition and immune function reliably encoded across taxa, but not age nor parasite resistance. The relationship was apparent for both the colour and brightness of signals and was slightly stronger for iridescent ornaments. These results suggest diverse pathways to the encoding and exchange of information among structural colours, while highlighting outstanding questions as to the development, visual ecology, and evolution of this striking adornment.
KDM6A mediated expression of the long noncoding RNA DINO causes TP53 tumor suppressor stabilization in Human Papillomavirus type 16 E7 expressing cells
Authors: Sharma Surendra , Munger Karl
Published: January 2020

HPV16 E7 has long been noted to stabilize the TP53 tumor suppressor. However, the molecular mechanism of TP53 stabilization by HPV16 E7 has remained obscure and can occur independent of E2F regulated MDM2 inhibitor, p14ARF. Here, we report that the Damage Induced Noncoding (DINO) lncRNA (DINOL) is the missing link between HPV16 E7 and increased TP53 levels. DINO levels are decreased in cells where TP53 is inactivated, either by HPV16 E6, expression of a dominant negative TP53 minigene or by TP53 depletion. DINO levels are increased in HPV16 E7 expressing cells. HPV16 E7 causes increased DINO expression independent of RB1 degradation and E2F1 activation. Similar to the adjacent CDKN1A locus, DINO expression is regulated by the histone demethylase, KDM6A. DINO stabilizes TP53 in HPV16 E7 expressing cells and as a TP53 transcriptional target, DINO levels further increase. Similar to other oncogenes such as adenovirus E1A or MYC, HPV16 E7 expressing cells are sensitized to cell death under conditions of metabolic stress and in the case of E7, this has been linked to TP53 activation. Consistent with earlier studies, we show that HPV16 E7 expressing keratinocytes are highly sensitive to metabolic stress induced by the antidiabetic drug, metformin. Metformin sensitivity of HPV16 E7 expressing cells is rescued by DINO depletion. This work identifies DINO as a critical mediator TP53 stabilization and activation in HPV16 E7 expressing cells.

IMPORTANCE

Viral oncoproteins, including HPV16 E6 and E7 have been instrumental in elucidating the activities of cellular signaling networks including those governed by the TP53 tumor suppressor. Our study demonstrates that the long noncoding RNA DINO is the long sought missing link between HPV16 E7 and elevated TP53 levels. Importantly, the TP53 stabilizing DINO plays a critical role in the predisposition of HPV16 E7 expressing cells to cell death under metabolic stress conditions from metformin treatment.
Colon-specific immune microenvironment regulates cancer progression versus rejection
Authors: Trimaglio Giulia , Tilkin-Mariamé Anne-Françoise , Feliu Virginie , Lauzeral-Vizcaino Françoise , Tosolini Marie , Valle Carine , Ayyoub Maha , Neyrolles Olivier , Vergnolle Nathalie , Rombouts Yoann , Devaud Christel
Published: January 2020

Background

Immunotherapies have achieved clinical benefit in many types of cancer but remain limited to a subset of patients in colorectal cancer (CRC). Resistance to immunotherapy can be attributed in part to tissue-specific factors constraining antitumor immunity. Thus, a better understanding of how the colon microenvironment shapes the immune response to CRC is needed to identify mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies and guide the development of novel therapeutics.

Methods

In an orthotopic mouse model of MC38-CRC, tumor progression was monitored by bioluminescence imaging and the immune signatures were assessed at a transcriptional level using NanoString and at a cellular level by flow cytometry.

Results

Despite initial tumor growth in all mice, only 25 to 35% of mice developed a progressive lethal CRC while the remaining animals spontaneously rejected their solid tumor. No tumor rejection was observed in the absence of adaptive immunity, nor when MC38 cells were injected in non-orthotopic locations, subcutaneously or into the liver. We observed that progressive CRC tumors exhibited a protumor immune response, characterized by a regulatory T-lymphocyte pattern, discernible shortly post-tumor implantation, as well as suppressive myeloid cells. In contrast, tumor-rejecting mice presented an early inflammatory response and an antitumor microenvironment enriched in CD8+T cells.

Conclusions

Taken together, our data demonstrate the role of the colon microenvironment in regulating the balance between anti or protumor immune responses. While emphasizing the relevance of the CRC orthotopic model, they set the basis for exploring the impact of the identified signatures in colon cancer response to immunotherapy.
Chimera-competent eXtra-Embryonic eNdoderm (XEN) cells established from pig embryos
Authors: Park Chi , Jeoung Young , Uh Jun , Park Kieun , Bridge Jessica , Powell Anne , Li Jie , Pence Laramie , Liu Tianbin , Sun Hai-Xi , Gu Ying , Shen Yue , Wu Jun , Izpisua Belmonte Juan-Carlos , Telugu Bhanu P.
Published: January 2020

In this article, we report for the first time the derivation and characterization of extra-embryonic endoderm (XEN) cells from primitive endoderm (PrE) of porcine (p) embryos. The pXEN cells can be reliably and reproducibly generated from parthenote, in vitro and in vivo derived embryos. The pXEN cells retained all the hallmarks of PrE including expression of canonical PrE and XEN cell markers (GATA4, GATA6, SOX17, SALL4, FOXA2, andHNF4A). Transcriptome analysis further confirmed their XEN cell origin. The pXEN cells when introduced into blastocyst stage embryo contributed to wide-spread chimerism including visceral yolk sac, chorion, as well as embryonic gut and liver primordium in the fetus. The pXEN cells were shown to be an efficient nuclear donor for generating cloned offspring. Taken together, pXEN cells fulfil a longstanding need for a stable, chimera-competent, and nuclear transfer-compatible porcine embryonic cells with applications for agriculture and medicine.

Significance Statement

We report for the first time, the derivation and characterization of extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) stem cells from porcine (p) embryos. The pXEN cells can be reliably and reproducibly derived from primitive endoderm precursors. When injected into blastocyst-stage embryos, the pXEN cells have contributed to wide-spread chimerism including visceral yolk sac, chorion of the extraembryonic membranes, as well as definitive endoderm of the fetus, primarily the embryonic gut and liver primordium. Additionally, these XEN cells have proven to be an efficient nuclear donor for generating cloned offspring. These newly discovered stem cells provide a novel model for studying lineage segregation, as well as a source for interspecies chimeras for generating endodermal organs, and for genome editing in livestock.
The transcriptional landscape of cultivated strawberry (Fragraia×ananassa) and its diploid ancestor (Fragraia×vesca) during fruit development
Authors: Li Yongping , Liu Tianjia , Luo Huifeng , Liu Shengcai
Published: January 2020

Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) comes from four diploid ancestors:F.vesca, F.viridis, F. iinumae and F.nipponica. Among them, theF.vescais the most dominance subgenome for cultivated strawberry. It is not well understood how gene expression contributes to differences during fruit development between diploid and octoploid strawberry. Here, we used comprehensive transcriptomic analyses ofF.vescaandF. ×ananassato investigate gene expression at different stages of fruit development. In total, we obtained a total of 3,187 (turning stage) and 3,061 (red stage) differentially expressed genes with the pairwise comparisons between diploid and octoploid. Genes involved in flavonoids and phenlypropanoids biosynthesis, were almost up-regulated in the both turning and red stages of octoploid, and we also discovery a ripe-fruit specific module associated with several flavonoids biosynthesis genes, includingFveMYB10, FveMYB9/11, andFveRAPby using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Furthermore, we identified the species-specific regulated network in the octoploid and diploid fruit. Notably, we found that the WAK and F-box genes were enriched in the octoploid and diploid fruits, respectively. As a whole, this study contributes to shed new light on the flavonoid biosynthetic and fruit size of strawberry, with important implications for future molecular breeding in the cultivated strawberry.
Inhibition of DNAJ-HSP70 interaction improves strength in muscular dystrophy
Authors: Bengoechea Rocio , Findlay Andrew , Bhadra Ankan , Shao Hao , Stein Kevin , Pittman Sara , Daw Jil , Gestwicki Jason E. , True Heather , Weihl Conrad C.
Published: January 2020

Dominant mutations in the HSP70 co-chaperone DNAJB6 cause a late onset muscle disease termed limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 1D (LGMD1D), which is characterized by protein aggregation and vacuolar myopathology. Disease mutations reside within the G/F domain of DNAJB6, but the molecular mechanisms underlying dysfunction are not well understood. Using yeast, cell culture, and mouse models of LGMD1D, we find that the toxicity associated with disease-associated DNAJB6 requires its interaction with HSP70, and that abrogating this interaction genetically or with small molecules is protective. In skeletal muscle, DNAJB6 localizes to the Z-disc with HSP70. Whereas HSP70 normally diffuses rapidly between the Z-disc and sarcoplasm, the rate of HSP70’s diffusion in LGMD1D mouse muscle is diminished likely because it has an unusual affinity for the Z-disc and mutant DNAJB6. Treating LGMD1D mice with a small molecule inhibitor of the DNAJ-HSP70 complex re-mobilizes HSP70, improves strength and corrects myopathology. These data support a model in which LGMD1D mutations in DNAJB6 are a gain-of-function disease that is, counter-intuitively, mediated via HSP70 binding. Thus, therapeutic approaches targeting HSP70:DNAJB6 may be effective in treating this inherited muscular dystrophy.
The role of orientation towards sustainability in supply chains
Authors: Silva Minelle E. , Alves Ana Paula Ferreira , Dias Patricia , Nascimento Luis Felipe Machado
Published: January 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse how a company’s orientation enables sustainable practices in its supply chains. Specifically, it focusses on how the strategic orientation of a company may stimulate new behaviours in supply chains.

Design/methodology/approach

Two in-depth qualitative case studies were conducted. Each company’s orientation to sustainable supply chains was studied using cross-case analysis.

Findings

The organisations in this study have a market-driving (i.e. proactive) orientation instead of market-driven (i.e. responsive) behaviour. Using analysis from the process of change for sustainability and explaining some challenges faced by both organisations, findings indicate that a corporate strategy of sustainability modified the companies’ management processes, even for the company that changed its orientation during the time (i.e. sustainability was not the main strategy at first). Practical examples of actions are provided to illustrate the study’s conclusion that a corporate orientation towards sustainability is an enabling factor in developing sustainable supply chain management (SCM).

Research limitations/implications

Strategic management plays an important role in a company’s orientation towards sustainability – internally and throughout its supply chains. Based on the findings, future research should measure the effect of a company’s orientation on sustainable SCM.

Practical implications

This study contributes to the understanding of companies’ strategic orientations and explores ways to introduce sustainability into supply chains.

Originality/value

The paper examines an underexplored debate regarding to how strategic orientations are related to sustainable SCM, focussing on both market-driving (i.e. proactive) and market-driven (i.e. responsive) orientations.
Embedding third sector psychology services within the probation environment: an alternative to MHTRs
Authors: Fowler James C. , Price Robyn Catherine , Burger Kirsty , Mattei Alice Jennifer , McCarthy Ashley Mary , Lowe Fiona , Sathiyaseelan Thuthirna
Published: January 2020

Purpose

The use of mental health treatment requirements (MHTRs) has not proven to be successful at meeting the mental health needs of the probation population in the UK, largely through underuse of the requirement or lack of available services. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper investigates a method of meeting those needs without the use of MHTRs by embedding third sector services within the probation environment.

Findings

Results indicate a significant impact after a six-month follow-up in symptomology across measures of depression, anxiety, general distress and social functioning; also indicated is a significant result on recidivism, with 74 per cent of participants committing no further offences in the 12 months following treatment.

Originality/value

These results represent the only evaluation of embedded, third sector mental health services in a probation environment in the UK, and highlight a further need to embed specialist mental health services within the probation environment and generalise that practice to other forms of service structure and therapeutic methodology.
An environmental scan of virtual and augmented reality services in academic libraries
Authors: Greene David , Groenendyk Michael
Published: January 2020

Purpose

The growing popularity of virtual and augmented reality (VR and AR) technologies, and increased research into their educational uses, has seen them appearing in a significant number of academic libraries. Little is known, however, about how many libraries have actually adopted these technologies or how they have structured library services around them. The purpose of this paper is to answer these questions.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors surveyed the websites of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) member libraries to gather information about the availability of VR and AR equipment as well as information about how access is provided. Recorded details about these services included information about staffing, dedicated space, software, what type of technology was offered and whether or not the technology was lent out or only made available for in-library use.

Findings

Results of the research project showed that a significant number of ARL-member libraries do offer access to VR technology. AR technology was much less widespread. The most common technologies offered were the Oculus Rift and HTC Vive. The technology was most typically offered for in-library use only. There were few details about staff or what software was offered to be used with the technology.

Originality/value

While there is growing research around how VR and AR is being used in education, little research has been undertaken into how libraries are adopting these technologies. This paper summarizes the research that has been done so far and also takes the next step of providing a larger picture of how widespread the adoption of VR and AR technologies has been within academic libraries, as well as how access to these technologies is being provided.
Light mediates the relationship between community diversity and trait plasticity in functionally and phylogenetically diverse tree mixtures
Authors: Williams Laura J. , Cavender‐Bares Jeannine , Paquette Alain , Messier Christian , Reich Peter B.
Published: January 2020

Trait values affect how plants function, with consequences that propagate through scales of ecological organization to affect ecosystem function. However, the pathway connecting trait expression to ecosystem function is complicated by feedbacks: trait expression may vary within species in response to community diversity, and trait expression also determines a community's functional diversity. The predictability and consequences of interactions between trait expression and community diversity are poorly understood, particularly in forest ecosystems.

Here we quantify the extent to which light access—which past studies suggest affects trait expression and differs as a result of interactions among plants—differs consistently with community diversity and explains intraspecific trait variation in trees. In a common garden, trees of five angiosperm and seven gymnosperm species were planted to form 37 communities ranging widely in species and functional diversity whereby confounding environmental variation was minimized. We sampled leaves of each species to characterize intraspecific variation within and among communities in three traits—leaf size, specific leaf area and nitrogen concentration—and estimated each leaf's access to light.

We found that light access explained a substantial portion of trait variation within all species, species tended to receive less light in more diverse communities and effects of community diversity on trait expression tended to be mediated by light.

Synthesis. This study shows that community diversity affects leaf trait plasticity in young trees through its effects on light availability. Moreover, trait responses across angiosperms and gymnosperms were remarkably similar, showing that shared biophysical constraints overwhelm divergent evolutionary histories. Together, these results illustrate how leaf trait expression responds to, and may subsequently shape, diversity in young tree communities in largely predictable ways via resource‐based interactions, with consequences that may scale from individuals to ecosystems.
The role of fluid reasoning in word recognition
Authors: Guerin Julia M. , Sylvia Allison M. , Yolton Kimberly , Mano Quintino R.
Published: January 2020

Background

Multiple perspectives on cognitive development, including Cattell's Investment Theory (1963, 1987), suggest that fluid reasoning (Gf) is foundational to the development of academic knowledge and skills. Yet little is known of the role that Gf may play in reading achievement, particularly in comparison with a larger literature demonstrating an influential role of crystallised intelligence (Gc) in word recognition. Given the novelty of word recognition for early readers, it is likely that Gf plays an influential role in literacy acquisition.

Method

Using regression‐based mediation analysis, the present study examined performance of preschool children (n = 154) and college‐aged adults (n = 114) on measures of Gf, Gc, phonemic decoding and word recognition.

Results

Results show that Gf has a significant direct effect on word recognition among preschoolers but not among adults. Moreover, among preschoolers, Gf exerted an effect indirectly on word recognition through phonemic decoding (i.e., Gf → phonemic decoding →word recognition), as well as through a serial and joint mechanism of Gc and phonemic decoding (i.e., Gf →Gc →phonemic decoding →word recognition). However, among adults, Gf exerted an effect onto word recognition only through this joint and serial mechanism and not singularly through phonemic decoding.

Conclusions

Present findings link theories of cognitive development with models of reading development, suggesting that while Gf may both directly and indirectly invest in word recognition during early literacy acquisition, this investment may shift in adulthood such that Gf exerts only indirect effects through crystallised knowledge and skills (i.e., Gc and phonemic decoding).
Intraductal placement of a fully covered metal stent with a long string for distal malignant biliary obstruction without endoscopic sphincterotomy: Prospective multi‐center feasibility study
Authors: Inoue Tadahisa , Suzuki Yuta , Okumura Fumihiro , Naitoh Itaru , Sano Hitoshi , Ibusuki Mayu , Kitano Rena , Kobayashi Yuji , Ito Kiyoaki , Yoneda Masashi
Published: January 2020

Background

Stent migration and sludge clogging are characteristic problems in biliary covered self‐expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement. Intraductal placement without endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) may help reduce their occurrence. We examined the feasibility of intraductal placement of a covered SEMS with a long string without ES in patients with unresectable distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO).

Methods

This was a prospective multi‐center observational study. Forty patients with distal MBO were enrolled between July 2016 and August 2018. We evaluated recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO), adverse events other than RBO, and reintervention associated with intraductal placement without ES.

Results

Both technical and functional success rates were 100% (40/40). The rate of adverse events other than RBO was 5% (2/40). The RBO rate was 33% (13/40), and the median time to RBO was 339 days. RBO was mainly caused by overgrowth on the papillary side, occurring in six patients; all such patients had pancreatic cancer and a distance between the papilla and the stricture of ≤20 mm. Other causes were overgrowth at the hepatic side in two patients and sludge in five patients. No instances of stent migration occurred. Success rates of endoscopic transpapillary reintervention and stent removal using the string were 92% (12/13) and 77% (10/13), respectively.

Conclusions

Intraductal placement without ES using a long‐stringed covered SEMS is a promising option for distal MBO. Since overgrowth on the papillary side is frequent, the procedure should be avoided in patients with short distances between the stricture and the papilla. (Clinical Trial Registry: UMIN000023370)
Are there specific interventions that may reduce the incidence of neonatal brachial plexus palsy?
Authors: Gherman Robert
Published: January 2020

This commentary is on the systematic review by Van der Looven et al. on pages 673–683 of this issue.
Pain in persons with chronic venous leg ulcers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Leren Lena , Johansen Edda , Eide Hilde , Falk Ragnhild S. , Juvet Lene K. , Ljoså Tone M.
Published: January 2020

Pain is a serious problem for patients with leg ulcers. Research mainly focuses on dressing‐related pain; however, chronic background pain may be just as devastating. Our main objective was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of wound‐related background pain in persons with chronic venous leg ulcers. We performed a systematic review to synthesise data from quantitative studies. Studies were eligible if they reported original baseline‐ or cross‐sectional data on background pain in chronic venous leg ulcers. The initial search identified 2454 publications. We included 36 descriptive and effect studies. The pooled prevalence of wound‐related background pain (from 10 studies) was 80% (95% CI 65‐92%). The mean pain intensity score (from 27 studies) was 4 (0‐10 numeric rating scale) (95% CI 3.4‐4.5). Other pain characteristics could not be synthesised. We identified few sufficiently high‐quality studies on prevalence and intensity of wound‐related background pain in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers. Four of five persons experience mild to moderate pain. Because of poor quality of pain assessment and report, we believe that the available research does not provide a sufficiently nuanced understanding of background pain in this patient group.
Architectural Design Characteristics, Uses, and Perceptions of Community Spaces in Permanent Supportive Housing
Authors: McLane Yelena , Pable Jill
Published: January 2020

People experiencing homelessness often face recoveries complicated by mental disability, substance abuse, and trauma. They can withdraw into self–imposed isolation and avoid important support services, making recovery more difficult. Affirmative relationships developed in part within the designed settings of transitional housing may play a significant role in countering these tendencies. The presence and effectiveness of communal gathering spaces in supportive housing must be better understood as a design problem, particularly given users’ diverse ages, ethnicities, and health needs, which effectively inclusive environments must accommodate. In recent decades, architecture as a discipline has pivoted toward more human–centered approaches, with the individual's dignity and well–being at center stage. This study applies social science–based research methods and spatial analytics to the end of understanding how specific interior spaces, key to the recovery process, might be improved. The authors posit that the success of resident gathering spaces intended to prompt and support resident relationships and decrease users’ feelings of marginalization may be influenced by a range of sociospatial design factors (i.e. visibility and ease of access, adjacencies, access to daylight and views, furniture types, and aesthetics) together with facility policies and events programming. The authors use a combination of space syntax, surveys, and qualitative methods to analyze two contrasting layouts in supportive housing locations in the UK and Florida, drawing conclusions intended to steer the development of typologies for similar facilities.
An experiential approach to developing radiological content for public health nursing: Lessons from a nuclear disaster
Authors: Kawasaki Chie , Kitamiya Chiaki , Yoshida Koji , Omori Junko , Porter Sarah , Asahara Kiyomi
Published: January 2020

Objective

This study identified the radiological content required for PHNs and public health nursing students based on PHNs’ experiences caring for people affected by the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident.

Design

We used qualitative research, interviews, and content analysis.

Sample

Participants were eight PHNs employed by local governments in Fukushima and neighboring prefectures.

Results

Six content themes regarding the nuclear disaster were identified: (a) basic knowledge about radiation, (b) public health nursing activities in emergency exposure situations, (c) management in emergency exposure situations, (d) consultation to support residents affected by the nuclear disaster, (e) activities in the existing exposure situations, and (f) disaster preparedness in the planned exposure situations. Necessary content shifted depending on the phase of the nuclear disaster recovery.

Conclusions

The use of the experiences of PHNs after the nuclear power plant accident to inform PHNs and public health nursing students will enable PHNs to respond appropriately and support people without difficulties. Comprehensive radiation content is needed to address the range of situations caused by nuclear disaster.
Analysis of testicular variables, semen motility and kinematics‐derived indexes in boar using a CASA‐Mot system
Authors: Madrigal‐Valverde Mónica , Bittencourt Rodrigo F. , Brito Lindomar S. , Lents Maicon P. , Santos Elisiane S. , Valverde‐Abarca Anthony
Published: January 2020

The present study aimed to evaluate differences in area, volume and testicular weight among groups related to breed and age of boar and establish associations between testicular parameters and seminal characteristics. Seminal quality has been studied using computer‐assisted semen analysis (CASA) systems that reduce the subjectivity of kinematic parameters. Based on the data obtained through this system, sperm quality indexes and their derived parameters have been assessed to identify a better estimator for determining movement and velocity parameters. We also established indexes of velocity and sperm movement for boar semen. To this end, we evaluated 191 ejaculate samples from 63 boars. Differences related to the effects of season and age on quality boar semen were found (p ≤ .05) in the animal groups. Indexes were established for velocity and sperm movement based on CASA‐Mot, and we proposed a sperm movement index (SMI) and sperm velocity index (SVI) with the CASA‐Mot variables. Correlations were found (p < .05) among sperm indexes and CASA‐Mot variables. Boar characteristics were found to be associated with some CASA‐Mot variables, and the estimated SMI and SVI indexes predicted a greater variation in kinematic characteristics compared to the parameters evaluated separately using the CASA‐Mot system.
A model for the growth and development of wave‐dominated deltas fed by small mountainous rivers: Insights from the Elwha River delta, Washington
Authors: Zurbuchen Julie , Simms Alexander R. , Warrick Jonathan A. , Miller Ian M. , Ritchie Andrew
Published: January 2020

Observations from ground‐penetrating radar, sediment cores, elevation surveys and aerial imagery are used to understand the development of the Elwha River delta in north‐western Washington, USA, which prograded as a result of two dam removals in late 2011. Swash‐bar, foreshore and swale depositional elements are recognized within ground‐penetrating radar profiles and sediment cores. A model for the growth and development of small mountainous river wave‐dominated deltas is proposed based on observation of both the fluvial and deltaic settings. If enough sediment is available in the fluvial system, mouth‐bars form after higher than average river discharge events, creating a large platform seaward of the subaqueous delta plain. Swash‐bars form concurrently or within a month of mouth‐bar deposition as a result of wave action. Fair‐weather waves drive swash‐bar migration landward and in the direction of littoral drift. The signature of swash‐bar welding to the shoreline is landward‐dipping reflections, as a result of overwash processes and slipface migration. However, most swash‐bars are eroded by the river mouth, as only 10 of the 37 swash‐bars that formed between August 2011 and July 2016 survived within the Elwha River delta. The swash‐bars that do survive either amalgamate onto the shoreline or an earlier deposited swash‐bar, forming a single larger barrier at the delta front. In asymmetrical deltas, the signature of swash‐bar welding is more likely to be preserved on the downdrift side of the delta, where formation is more likely and accommodation behind newer swash‐bars preserves older deposits. On small mountainous river deltas, welded swash‐bars may be more indicative of a large sediment pulse to the system, rather than large hydrological events.
Linking of sample data to small areas
Authors: Čiginas Andrius
Published: January 2020

We consider methods for estimating the means of survey variables in domains of a finite population, where sample sizes are too small to obtain reliable direct estimates. We construct generalized compositions from the direct and traditional design‐based synthetic estimators and propose the methodology for evaluating their coefficients. This methodology measures similarities among sample elements and estimates of the domain means. We propose the compositions for two cases of auxiliary information: domain‐level characteristics are available; true means of auxiliary variables are available for the estimation domains, and unit‐level auxiliary vectors are known for the sample elements. In the simulation study, we show where the generalized compositions improve the traditional synthetic and composite estimators.
Categories are in flux, but their computational representations are fixed: That's a problem
Authors: Gupta Prashant , Gahegan Mark
Published: January 2020

As research advances, our conceptual understanding also changes. Computational approaches do little to recognize the evolution that occurs at the conceptual level during the research process. This can result in misunderstanding between knowledge producers and consumers and so inhibit the reusability of outcomes. In this article, we describe how changes at the conceptual level can be represented, along with related changes to data and methods, and how appropriate connections between these various artefacts can be maintained. To demonstrate these ideas, we show how categories used in remote sensing and land cover analysis change over time and how these changes are linked to various research activities. We present a new system (called AdvoCate) that augments typical GIS and remote sensing functionality with a conceptual model of categories that can undergo change, and that also captures the cause of conceptual change and its extent. We argue that concepts and categories should be represented explicitly and richly within GIS, because without this, we have a poor idea of what our modeled entities really mean, and by implication how they should be used appropriately. We demonstrate the usefulness of this deeper representation using examples of category evolution from a land cover mapping exercise.
Component residual white blood cell counting made easy?
Authors: Mack Samantha , Vassallo Ralph R.
Published: January 2020

See article on page 155–164, in this issue
Lumbar Spine Loading During Dressage Riding
Authors: Mason Catherine , Greig Matt
Published: January 2020

Context: Lower back pain is prevalent in horse riders as a result of the absorption of repetitive and multiplanar propulsive forces from the horse. Global positioning system technology provides potential for in vivo measurement of planar loading during riding. Objective: To quantify the uniaxial loading at the lumbar and cervicothoracic spine during dressage elements. Design: Repeated measures, randomized order. Setting: Equestrian arena. Patients (or Other Participants): Twenty-one female dressage riders. Intervention(s): Each rider completed walk, rising trot, sitting trot, and canter trials in a randomized order. A global positioning system unit was placed within customized garments at C7 and L5, collecting triaxial accelerometry data at 100 Hz. Outcome Measures: PlayerLoad based on the rate of change of acceleration and calculated in the anteroposterior (AP), mediolateral, and vertical planes during each trial. Results: There was no significant main effect for global positioning system location in the AP (P = .76), mediolateral (P = .88), or vertical (P = .76) planes. There was a significant main effect for pace in all trials (P < .001), with successive elements eliciting significantly greater loading (P ≤ .03) in all planes in the order walk < rising trot < canter < sitting trot. There was a significant placement × element interaction only in the AP plane (P = .03) with AP loading greater at L5 during walk, rising trot, and canter trials, but greater at C7 during sitting trot. Conclusions: The significant main effect for dressage element was indicative of greater pace of the horse, with faster pace activities eliciting greater loading in all planes. In vivo measurement of spinal accelerometry has application in the objective measurement and subsequent management of lumbar load for riders.
Sustainable minerals and metals for a low-carbon future
Authors: Sovacool Benjamin K. , Ali Saleem H. , Bazilian Morgan , Radley Ben , Nemery Benoit , Okatz Julia , Mulvaney Dustin
Published: January 2020

Policy coordination is needed for global supply chains
Preparation of Cholera Vaccines by Fluorocarbon Extraction of Cholera Vibrio Suspensions
Authors: Altieri Patricia L. , Berman Sanford , Groffinger Albert , Lowenthal Joseph P.
Published: January 2020

Experimental cholera vaccines were prepared from suspensions of cholera vibrios which were extracted with Genetron-113. These vaccines, when compared with a control preparation which was not treated with Genetron, had a lower nitrogen content and were less toxic for mice but were as effective in protecting mice against infection and in inducing agglutinating and vibriocidal antibody responses in rabbits. This procedure may permit the preparation of cholera vaccines with a higher antigenic content without the corresponding increase in toxic reactions.
Comparative Hemolytic Activity of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
and Related Vibrios
Authors: Twedt Robert M. , Novelli Rosemary E. , Spaulding Procter L. , Hall Herbert E.
Published: January 2020

The hemolytic activities of 91 strains of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
isolated from human diarrheal stools, sea fish, and sea water; 21 suspected
V. parahaemolyticus
cultures isolated from wound infections; 14 nonpathogenic marine vibrios; and 21
V. parahaemolyticus
isolated from moribund blue crabs
Callinectes sapidus
were compared. Potentially pathogenic
V. parahaemolyticus
strains could be differentiated from the related nonpathogenic marine vibrios, because the former hemolyzed hamster, sheep, and human blood, whereas the latter were nonhemolytic. In addition,
V. parahaemolyticus
isolated from tissue infections could be differentiated from those of the first group isolated from sea fish or human stools, because the former exhibited primarily an α-hemolytic reaction on chicken blood; the latter exhibited mostly β. It is suggested that
V. parahaemolyticus
isolated from blue crabs may be differentiated from the first group on the basis of their hemolysis of human blood. A useful schema of the differential hemolytic reactions, exhibited by
V. parahaemolyticus
, tissue infection vibrios, and nonpathogens on hamster, sheep, chicken, goose, and human blood is given. The patterns of hemolytic activity of these groups on special human blood-agar plates (Kanagawa hemolysis) resembled that seen on ordinary human blood-agar.
Infection of Cultured Mouse Macrophages with
Shigella flexneri
Authors: Yee Robert B. , Buffenmyer Carol L.
Published: January 2020

Virulent, avirulent, and attenuated hybrid strains of
Shigella flexneri
2a are equally susceptible to phagocytosis by cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. The virulent strain is highly lethal for the macrophages, whereas the avirulent is not and is killed. The attenuated hybrid strain is intermediate in its lethality. Comparable results were obtained by using virulent and avirulent
S. flexneri
1b, 3, and 5. Destruction of macrophages occurs shortly after infection, suggesting virulent strains may possess a toxic component. The relationship of the ability to kill macrophages with multiplication of virulent shigellae in mucosal tissue is discussed.
Macrophage Migration Inhibition Studies with Cells from Mice Vaccinated with Cell Walls of
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG: Relationship Between Inhibitory Activity of Lung Cells and Resistance to Airborne Challenge with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Rv
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Anacker R. L. , Ribi E.
Published: January 2020

In an effort to evaluate the role of delayed hypersensitivity in acquired resistance of mice to airborne infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Rv, the ability of lung and peritoneal cells from mice vaccinated in various ways with mycobacterial fractions or with
M. bovis
BCG to inhibit, in the presence of purified protein derivative, in vitro migration of normal peritoneal cells was determined. The degree of inhibition induced by lung cells was correlated with immunity, but that induced by peritoneal cells could not be associated with enhanced resistance. Live BCG given intravenously to mice stimulated greater resistance to infection and inhibitory activity of lung cells than did live BCG given subcutaneously. Vaccines with a protective index greater than 1 also induced a significant increase in lung weight. Although a correlation between ability of lung cells to inhibit cell migration and acquired resistance of the host to airborne infection with H37Rv was demonstrated, the data do not exclude the possibility that the two phenomena are independent responses to the immunologically complex mycobacterial antigens.
Polyphosphate Inhibition of Growth of Plaques Formed by Streptococci and Diphtheroids Implicated in Oral Disease
Authors: Tanzer J. M. , Hageage G. J.
Published: January 2020

Growth of intact bacterial plaques associated with dental caries and peridontal disease is inhibited by some polyphosphates.
Candidate cytomegalovirus strain for human vaccination
Authors: Plotkin S A , Furukawa T , Zygraich N , Huygelen C
Published: January 2020

A strain of human cytomegalovirus called Towne was isolated in WI-38 human fibrolast cell cultures from the urine of an infected infant. It was then passaged 125 times in WI-38, including three clonings, and a pool was prepared in the same cell substrate for use as a potential live attenuated vaccine. The Towne virus has a broad antigenicity and cross-reacts with the AD-169 strain. Several markers of the Towne virus were found which differentiated it from fresh isolates. One of these was resistance of the former to trypsin. The Towne virus was tested for freedom from oncogenicity or other harmful effects in preparation for tests in humans.
Affinity chromatography purification of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin
Authors: Scott V N , Duncan C L
Published: January 2020

Anti-enterotoxin immunoglobulins immobilized on CH-Sepharose or CNBr-Sepharose were used for affinity chromatography purification of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Cell extracts containing enterotoxin or partially purified toxin preparations were applied to the column and nonspecifically-bound protein was eluted. NaOH was used to elute specifically bound toxin. The purity of enterotoxin purified by Sephadex G-100 chromatography followed by affinity chromatography appears similar to toxin highly purified by conventional means. The procedure can be used successfully for the rapid (less than 2 h) purification of small amounts of enterotoxin.