bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elucidation of double‐bond positions of polyunsaturated alkenes through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of mono‐dimethyl disulfide derivatives
Authors: Liao Sian , Sherman Gordon , Huang Yongsong
Published: November 2021

Rationale

Derivatization with dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis is a well‐established method for locating double‐bond position on the alkyl chain of mono‐unsaturated compounds such as alkenes. For alkenes containing more than one double bond, however, the conventional DMDS derivatization approach forms poly‐ or cyclized DMDS adducts whose mass spectra are difficult to interpret in terms of double‐bond positions. In this study, we report an efficient experimental procedure to produce mono‐DMDS adducts for polyunsaturated alkenes with two to six double bonds. GC/MS analyses of these mono‐DMDS adducts yield highly characteristic mass fragments, allowing unambiguous assignments of double‐bond positions on the alkyl chain. We also apply our new approach (i.e., preferential formation of mono‐DMDS adducts during derivatization with DMDS) to determine the double‐bond positions of unsaturated alkenes produced by laboratory cultured Isochrysis litoralis, a haptophyte algal species.

Methods

Alkenes from different sources were derivatized with DMDS at 25°C for 20 to 160 min. The mass spectra of mono‐DMDS adducts were obtained by GC/EI‐MS analysis of reaction products which contain chromatographically resolved mono‐DMDS adducts.

Results

Mass spectra of corresponding mono‐DMDS adducts contain prominent diagnostic ions that allow a conclusive elucidation of double‐bond positions. In culture samples of Isochrysis litoralis, a series of novel mono‐ to tri‐unsaturated C31 alkenes (9‐C31:1, 6,9‐C31:2, 6,22‐C31:2, 6,25‐C31:2, 9,22‐C31:2, 6,9,25‐C31:3) were discovered for the first time.

Conclusions

A highly efficient DMDS derivatization approach is developed to yield abundant mono‐DMDS adducts of polyunsaturated alkyl alkenes for elucidating double‐bond positions using GC/MS.
Record 1.1 V Open‐Circuit Voltage for Cu2ZnGeS4‐Based Thin‐Film Solar Cells Using Atomic Layer Deposition Zn1‐xSnxOy Buffer Layers
Authors: Saini Nishant , Martin Natalia M. , Larsen Jes K. , Hultqvist Adam , Törndahl Tobias , Platzer-Björkman Charlotte
Published: November 2021

The Cu2ZnGe
X
Sn1‐X
S4 (CZGTS) thin‐film solar cells have a limited open‐circuit voltage (V
OC) due to bulk and interface recombination. Since the standard CdS buffer layer gives a significant cliff‐like conduction band offset to CZGTS, alternative buffer layers are needed to reduce the interface recombination. This work compares the performance of wide bandgap Cu2ZnGeS4 (CZGS) solar cells fabricated with nontoxic Zn
x
Sn1–x
O
y
(ZTO) buffer layers grown by atomic layer deposition under different conditions. The V
OC of the CZGS solar cell improved significantly to over 1 V by substituting CdS with ZTO. However, V
OC is relatively insensitive to ZTO bandgap variations. The short‐circuit current is generally low but is improved with KCN etching of the CZGS absorber before deposition of the ZTO buffer layer. A possible explanation for the device behavior is the presence of an oxide interlayer for nonetched devices.
Building a computational model of food webs: Impacts on middle school students' computational and systems thinking skills
Authors: Rachmatullah Arif , Wiebe Eric N.
Published: November 2021

Integral to fostering computational thinking (CT) skills, which are increasingly essential in today's digital era, has been the shift of paper‐based pictorial modeling activities to computational modeling. Research has indicated that modeling activities can advance students' understanding of a system's mechanism (i.e., systems thinking), such as an ecosystem. The current study examines the impacts of paper‐based pictorial and computational modeling activities on students' systems thinking and CT skills. A total of 751 seventh‐grade students were involved in online modeling activities, spanning over 4 days, and were assigned purposefully to a paper‐based modeling condition (n = 374) or a computational modeling (n = 377) condition. They took systems‐thinking‐embedded food web and CT assessments before and after the four activities, in addition to a formative assessment after each activity. Multilevel modeling and repeated‐measures correlation tests were used to analyze the students' quantitative data. Epistemic network analysis (ENA) was utilized to map out students' perceptions of what they believed they learned from the activities. The results revealed significant increases in the systems thinking‐embedded food web constructs in both conditions. However, the increase of CT skills in the paper‐based pictorial condition was not as significant as the increase in the computational modeling condition. ENA results showed that students in the computational modeling condition had more co‐occurrences between science and computer science or CT concepts than those in the paper‐based pictorial condition. These findings illuminate the benefit of engaging students in computationally rich science activities to advance both systems thinking and CT skills.
Clinical management of chronic hepatitis B: A concise overview
Authors: Furquim d’Almeida Arno , Ho Erwin , Van Hees Stijn , Vanwolleghem Thomas
Published: November 2021

Worldwide, over 250 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Infected patients have an up to 100‐fold increased risk for liver‐related complications, including cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nonetheless, the majority of the infections remains asymptomatic, stressing the importance of HBV screening and linkage to care. Excellent clinical outcomes are seen during nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy, which often is continued indefinitively due to a lack of functional cure. Increasing evidence suggests that NA discontinuation following long‐term treatment induced viral suppression in patients without a functional cure may be a favourable option. Reliable biomarkers are, however, urgently needed to select the patients that would benefit from NA withdrawal. In addition, renewed and novel approaches to improve screening and linkage to care are other fundamental factors in the optimisation of the clinical management of chronic hepatitis B.
How to get new guidelines in United European Gastroenterology: Follow the gold!
Authors: Khannoussi Wafaa
Published: November 2021

Development of new high‐quality guidelines is necessary to improve patients' care and reduce diseases burden. United European Gastroenterology (UEG) quality of care taskforce in collaboration with specialist member societies promote and guide guidelines developers through an activity grant scheme that fund new guidelines in gap areas of GI diseases with high‐quality methodology and multidisciplinary collaborative project teams. UEG quality of care taskforce helps dissemination and implementation of guidelines published in UEG journal through different initiatives including a free of charge GI guidelines app. The guidelines included are user friendly, interactive and patient oriented.
A 3d disordered superconformal fixed point
Authors: Chang Chi-Ming , Colin-Ellerin Sean , Peng Cheng , Rangamani Mukund
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We initiate the study of a three dimensional disordered supersymmetric field theory. Specifically, we consider a $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 large N Wess-Zumino like model with cubic superpotential involving couplings drawn from a Gaussian random ensemble. Taking inspiration from analyses of lower dimensional SYK like models we demonstrate that the theory flows to a strongly coupled superconformal fixed point in the infra-red. In particular, we obtain leading large N spectral data and operator product coefficients at the critical point. Moreover, the analytic control accorded by the model allows us to compare our results against those derived in the conformal bootstrap program and demonstrate consistency with general expectations.
Islands in multiverse models
Authors: Aguilar-Gutierrez Sergio E. , Chatwin-Davies Aidan , Hertog Thomas , Pinzani-Fokeeva Natalia , Robinson Brandon
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We consider multiverse models in two-dimensional linear dilaton-gravity theories as toy models of false vacuum eternal inflation. Coupling conformal matter we calculate the Von Neumann entropy of subregions. When these are sufficiently large we find that an island develops covering most of the rest of the multiverse, leading to a Page-like transition. This resonates with a description of multiverse models in semiclassical quantum cosmology, where a measure for local predictions is given by saddle point geometries which coarse-grain over any structure associated with eternal inflation beyond one’s patch.
Collective flow in single-hit QCD kinetic theory
Authors: Kurkela Aleksi , Mazeliauskas Aleksas , Törnkvist Robin
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Motivated by recent interest in collectivity in small systems, we calculate the harmonic flow response to initial geometry deformations within weakly coupled QCD kinetic theory using the first correction to the free-streaming background. We derive a parametric scaling formula that relates harmonic flow in systems of different sizes and different generic initial gluon distributions. We comment on similarities and differences between the full QCD effective kinetic theory and the toy models used previously. Finally we calculate the centrality dependence of the integrated elliptic flow v2 in oxygen-oxygen, proton-lead and proton-proton collision systems.
Deep Learning Image Processing Enables 40% Faster Spinal MR Scans Which Match or Exceed Quality of Standard of Care
Authors: Bash S. , Johnson B. , Gibbs W. , Zhang T. , Shankaranarayanan A. , Tanenbaum L. N.
Published: November 2021

Objective

This prospective multicenter multireader study evaluated the performance of 40% scan-time reduced spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reconstructed with deep learning (DL).

Methods

A total of 61 patients underwent standard of care (SOC) and accelerated (FAST) spine MRI. DL was used to enhance the accelerated set (FAST-DL). Three neuroradiologists were presented with paired side-by-side datasets (666 series). Datasets were blinded and randomized in sequence and left-right display order. Image features were preference rated. Structural similarity index (SSIM) and per pixel L1 was assessed for the image sets pre and post DL-enhancement as a quantitative assessment of image integrity impact.

Results

FAST-DL was qualitatively better than SOC for perceived signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and artifacts and equivalent for other features. Quantitative SSIM was high, supporting the absence of image corruption by DL processing.

Conclusion

DL enables 40% spine MRI scan time reduction while maintaining diagnostic integrity and image quality with perceived benefits in SNR and artifact reduction, suggesting potential for clinical practice utility.
Cooperation by ant queens during colony-founding perpetuates alternative forms of social organization
Authors: Blacher Pierre , De Gasperin Ornela , Chapuisat Michel
Published: November 2021

Key social traits, like queen number in eusocial insect colonies, have long been considered plastic, but the recent finding that colony social organization is under strict genetic control in multiple ant lineages challenges this view. This begs the question of which hardwired behavioral mechanism(s) generate alternative forms of social organization during colony development. We addressed this question in the Alpine silver ant,Formica selysi, a species with two social forms determined by a supergene. Queens that carry exclusively theMhaplotype are produced by and live in monogyne (= single-queen) colonies, whereas queens that carry at least one copy of thePhaplotype are produced by and live in polygyne (= multiple-queen) colonies. With extensive field samplings and laboratory experiments, we show that both types of queens successfully establish colonies independently, without being accompanied by workers, but that they do so in contrasting ways. Monogyne queens were generally intolerant of other queens and founded colonies solitarily, whereas polygyne queens were mutually attracted to each other and mainly founded colonies cooperatively. These associations persisted for months after worker emergence, suggesting that cooperative colony-founding leads to permanent multiple queening. Overall, our study shows that queens of each social form found colonies independently in the field but thatP-carrying queens are more likely to cooperate, thereby contributing to perpetuate alternative forms of social organization.

Significance statement

Understanding the genetic and behavioral underpinnings of social organization is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Recent studies have shown that colony social organization is controlled by supergenes in multiple ant lineages. But the behavioral processes linking the genotype of a queen to the type of colony she will form remain largely unknown. Here, we show that in Alpine silver ants, alternative supergene genotypes are associated with different levels of social attraction and tolerance in young queens. These hardwired differences in social traits make queens carrying thePsupergene haplotype more prone to cooperate and form durable associations during independent colony-founding. These findings help explain how genetic variants induce alternative forms of social organization during the ontogeny of a colony. They also illustrate how simple phenotypic differences at the individual level can result in large differences at higher levels of organization.
Impact of COVID-19 crisis on medical care of patients with metastasized uro-oncologic disease under systemic cancer therapy: a multicenter study in German university hospitals
Authors: Struck Julian P. , Schnoor Maike , Schulze Andrea , Hupe Marie C. , Ozimek Tomasz , Oppolzer Immanuel A. , Schnabel Marco J. , Burger Maximilian , Darr Christopher , Gruenwald Viktor , Hadaschik Boris , Weinke Maximilian , Kuebler Hubert , Klockenbusch Jonas C. , Grabbert Markus T. , Gratzke Christian , Kramer Mario W. , Katalinic Alexander , Merseburger Axel S.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To date, over 4.2 million Germans and over 235 million people worldwide have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Uro-oncology (UO) patients are particularly vulnerable but in urgent need of life-saving systemic treatments. Our multicentric study examined the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the medical care of UO patients in German university hospitals receiving ongoing systemic anti-cancer treatment and to detect the delay of medical care, defined as deferred medical treatment or deviation of the pre-defined follow-up assessment.

Methods

Data of 162 UO patients with metastatic disease undergoing systemic cancer treatment at five university hospitals in Germany were included in our analyses. The focus of interest was any delay or change in treatment between February 2020 and May 2020 (first wave of the COVID-19 crisis in Germany). Statistical analysis of contingency tables were performed using Pearson’s chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests, respectively. Effect size was determined using Cramér’s V (V).

Results

Twenty-four of the 162 patients (14.8%) experienced a delay in systemic treatment of more than 2 weeks. Most of these received immuno-oncologic (IO) treatments (13/24, 54.2%,p = 0.746). Blood tests were delayed or canceled significantly more often in IO patients but with a small effect size (21.1%,p = 0.042,V = 0.230). Treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma (12/73, 16.4%) and urothelial carcinoma (7/32, 21.9%) was affected the most.

Conclusions

Our data show that the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the medical care of UO patients, but deferment remained modest. There was a tendency towards delays in IO and ADT treatments in particular.
A healthy dietary pattern with a low inflammatory potential reduces the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Pajunen Lotta , Korkalo Liisa , Koivuniemi Ella , Houttu Noora , Pellonperä Outi , Mokkala Kati , Shivappa Nitin , Hébert James R. , Vahlberg Tero , Tertti Kristiina , Laitinen Kirsi
Published: November 2021

Purpose

An optimal diet for lowering the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is still to be defined, but may comprise of nutrient intakes, dietary patterns, diet quality, and eating frequency. This study was designed to investigate the contribution of diet in developing GDM in a comprehensive way.

Methods

The dietary intake of overweight or obese women, a risk group for GDM (n = 351), was assessed using 3-day food diaries and diet quality questionnaires in early pregnancy. Eating frequency and nutrient intakes were calculated, and dietary patterns identified using principal component analysis. The inflammatory potential of the diet was determined by calculating the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and energy-adjusted DII (E-DII™). GDM was diagnosed with an oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 gestational weeks.

Results

Higher adherence to ‘healthier dietary pattern’ characterized by consumptions of vegetables and rye bread associated with a reduced risk of GDM (adjusted OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.11–0.70). Higher E-DII score, indicating pro-inflammatory diet, was associated with a 27% higher risk of GDM (adjusted OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.08–1.49) for each E-DII point. In the evaluation of nutrient intakes, total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and trans fatty acids were higher and fiber lower in women developing GDM compared to women not developing GDM (all p < 0.05). Intakes of total fat, SFAs, and trans fatty acids were also significant predictors for GDM (all p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The results emphasize the importance of an overall healthy diet and limitation of foods with SFAs, and other nutrients with a high inflammatory potential in reducing the risk of GDM.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01922791, August 14, 2013.
Establishing a risk assessment framework for point-of-care ultrasound
Authors: Conlon Thomas W. , Yousef Nadya , Mayordomo-Colunga Juan , Tissot Cecile , Fraga Maria V. , Bhombal Shazia , Suryawanshi Pradeep , Villanueva Alberto Medina , Siassi Bijan , Singh Yogen
Published: November 2021

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) refers to the use of portable ultrasound (US) applications at the bedside, performed directly by the treating physician, for either diagnostic or procedure guidance purposes. It is being rapidly adopted by traditionally non-imaging medical specialties across the globe. Recent international evidence-based guidelines on POCUS for critically ill neonates and children were issued by the POCUS Working Group of the European Society of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC). Currently there are no standardized national or international guidelines for its implementation into clinical practice or even the training curriculum to monitor quality assurance. Further, there are no definitions or methods of POCUS competency measurement across its varied clinical applications.

Conclusion: The Hippocratic Oath suggests medical providers do no harm to their patients. In our continued quest to uphold this value, providers seeking solutions to clinical problems must often weigh the benefit of an intervention with the risk of harm to the patient. Technologies to guide diagnosis and medical management present unique considerations when assessing possible risk to the patient. Frequently risk extends beyond the patient and impacts providers and the institutions in which they practice. POCUS is an emerging technology increasingly incorporated in the care of children across varied clinical specialties. Concerns have been raised by clinical colleagues and regulatory agencies regarding appropriate POCUS use and oversight. We present a framework for assessing the risk of POCUS use in pediatrics and suggest methods of mitigating risk to optimize safety and outcomes for patients, providers, and institutions.

What is Known:

• The use POCUS by traditionally non-imaging pediatric specialty physicians for both diagnostic and procedural guidance is rapidly increasing.

• Although there are international guidelines for its indications, currently there is no standardized guidance on its implementation in clinical practice.

What is New:

• Although standards for pediatric specialty-specific POCUS curriculum and training to competency have not been defined, POCUS is likely to be most successfully incorporated in clinical care when programmatic infrastructural elements are present.

• Risk assessment is a forward-thinking process and requires an imprecise calculus that integrates considerations of the technology, the provider, and the context in which medical care is delivered. Medicolegal considerations vary across countries and frequently change, requiring providers and institutions to understand local regulatory requirements and legal frameworks to mitigate the potential risks of POCUS.
Phenological response to temperature variability and orography in Central Italy
Authors: Cerlini P. B. , Saraceni M. , Orlandi F. , Silvestri L. , Fornaciari M.
Published: November 2021

Even if the sensitivity of vegetation phenology to climate change has been accepted on global and continental scales, the correlation between global warming and phenotypic variability shows a modulated answer depending on altitude, latitude, and the local seasonal thermal trend. To connect global patterns of change with local effects, we investigated the impact of the observed signal of warming found in Central Italy on two different willow species, Salix acutifolia and Salix smithiana, growing in three phenological gardens of the International Phenological Gardens’ network (IPG) located in different orographic positions. The time series of temperatures and phenological data for the period 2005–2018 were analysed first to find trends over time in the three gardens and then to correlate the recent local warming and the change in the two species phenology. The results confirmed the correlation between phenological trends and local trend of temperatures. In particular: budburst showed a trend of advancement of 1.4 days/year on average in all three gardens; flowering showed a divergent pattern between the gardens of either advancement of 1.0 days/year on average or delay of 1.1 days/year on average; while senescence showed a delay reaching even 3.3 days/year, although significant in only two gardens for both species. These trends were found to be correlated mainly with the temperatures of the months preceding the occurrence of the phase, with a shift in terms of days of the year (DOY) of the two species. Our conclusion is that the observed warming in Central Italy played a key role in controlling the phenophases occurrences of the two willow species, and that the orographic forcing leads to the different shift in DOY of phenophases (from 5 to 20 days) due to the local thermal forcing of the three phenological gardens.
Challenges of Tunnelling in Volcanic Rock Masses
Authors: Villeneuve Marlène C.
Published: November 2021

Volcanic rock masses exhibit temporal and spatial variability, even at the scale and duration of engineering projects. Volcanic processes are dynamic, resulting in rock masses ranging from high-porosity, clay-rich, fractured, and soil-like to low-porosity, high-strength, brittle, and massive. Based on a number of studies in a variety of geological settings, such as active and fossil geothermal systems, on the surface of active volcanoes and up to 3000 m below the surface, the work presented in this article shows the relationship between geological characteristics and mechanical parameters of volcanic rocks. These are then linked to the resultant challenges to tunnelling associated with the mechanical behaviour of volcanic rocks and rock masses, ranging from ductile failure such as squeezing and swelling to dynamic failure such as spalling and rockburst.

This article highlights some of the key parameters that should be incorporated in site and laboratory investigations to build representative ground models in volcanic rocks and rock masses. Rock mass characterisation needs to address the highly variable and anisotropic nature of volcanic rocks, ranging from millimetre to decametre scale. Ground models must include not only the mechanical properties, such as strength and stiffness, of typical lab investigations, but also petrophysical properties, such as porosity, and geological conditions, such as alteration. Geomechanical characterisation of these rock masses requires an understanding of geological processes to select appropriate field, lab and design tools. In volcanic rocks, perhaps more than any other rock types, the geology is critical to characterising and understanding the behaviour in response to tunnelling.
Learning from text and video blogs: comprehension effects on secondary school students
Authors: Delgado P. , Anmarkrud Ø. , Avila V. , Altamura L. , Chireac S. M. , Pérez A. , Salmerón L.
Published: November 2021

Informational video blogs are a popular method of communication among students that may be fruitful educational tools, but their potential benefits and risks remain unclear. Streaming videos created by YouTubers are often consumed for entertainment, which may lead students to develop habits that hinder in-depth information processing. We aimed to test this hypothesis by comparing students’ perceived attention to task, metacognitive calibration of their level of comprehension, and comprehension outcomes between reading text blogs and watching video blogs. We also examined the influence of notetaking. 188 lower secondary students read two text blog entries and watched two video blog entries, and completed a series of tasks. Results showed no statistically significant effect of blog format and notetaking on students’ perceived on-task attention, metacognitive calibration, and comprehension of blog entries. Nevertheless, we found a triple interaction effect of format, notetaking, and students’ reading comprehension on blog entry comprehension. Only students low in reading comprehension benefited from notetaking and only when they read the text blog entries. These results indicate that video blogs can be as suitable for learning as text blogs and that notetaking can help struggling readers overcome their difficulties when learning from text blogs but not from video blogs.
Causal Proportionality as an Ontic and Epistemic Concept
Authors: Harbecke Jens
Published: November 2021

This paper is concerned with the content of the causal proportionality constraint. It investigates two general versions of the constraint, namely “horizontal” and “vertical” proportionality. Moreover, it discusses whether proportionality is considered an ontic or an epistemic, i.e. explanatory, constraint on causation in the context of some of the most prominent theories of causation. The following main claims are defended: (1) The horizontal (HP) and the vertical version (VP) of the proportionality constraint are logically independent. (2) HP is implied by some prominent theories of causation, not by others. (3) None of the discussed popular theories of causation contradicts either HP or VP. (4) HP and VP are not ontic or epistemic principles as such; rather, whether they are ontic or epistemic depends on the theories chosen plus background assumptions about the existence of higher-level causes and their non-identity to lower-level ones.
They are Doing Well, but is it by Doing Good? Pathways from Nonpolitical and Political Volunteering to Subjective Well-Being in Age Comparison
Authors: Lühr Matthias , Pavlova Maria K. , Luhmann Maike
Published: November 2021

We investigated whether higher internal control beliefs (perceived control, political efficacy) and improved social relationships (lower loneliness, social support availability) mediated the associations between nonpolitical and political volunteering and subjective well-being (SWB; life satisfaction, emotional well-being). Moreover, we examined whether these effects differed between nonpolitical and political volunteering and across age groups. We conducted longitudinal multilevel regression analyses of data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1985–2016) in younger (14–29, n = 7,547), middle-aged (40–50, n = 6,437), and older (65–75, n = 3,736) adults (see preregistration at https://osf.io/qk6mu). Significant effects on SWB emerged mainly in older adults who reported higher life satisfaction on occasions with more frequent nonpolitical volunteering than usual but lower life satisfaction on occasions with more frequent political volunteering. The negative effect of political volunteering was mediated by higher loneliness. In younger and middle-aged adults, mixed effects of nonpolitical and political volunteering on the mediating variables and no significant effects on SWB emerged. We discuss methodological, contextual, and life-stage explanations of our findings.
Validation of the National Health And Nutritional Survey (NHANES) single-item self-reported sleep duration against wrist-worn accelerometer
Authors: Lee Paul H.
Published: November 2021

Purpose and methods

This study aimed to validate the single-item sleep duration question used in the National Health And Nutritional Survey (NHANES), “How much sleep do you usually get at night on weekdays or workdays (hours)?”, against a wrist-worn accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X +) in waves 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 among an adult population aged 20 or above (n = 8,438, mean age 49.7, 48% male).

Results

The accelerometer-measured and self-reported sleep duration were 6.01 (SD 1.48) and 6.88 (SD 1.40) h/day, respectively, representing a 0.87 h/day of over-reporting (SD 1.90, p < 0.001). Such an over-reporting was observed in all subgroups, where the over-reporting ranged from 0.72 (those aged 41–50) to 1.13 h/day (those aged 71 or above). The correlation between accelerometer-measured and self-reported sleep duration was low (ρ = 0.14, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The associations between sleep duration and other health outcomes identified using NHANES data should be further tested using more accurate and valid measures of sleep duration.
COVID-19 Fear Among Pakistanis: Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Using Item Response Theory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Ullah Irfan , Tahir Muhammad Junaid , Ali Sajjad , Waseem Rabia , Griffiths Mark D. , Mamun Mohammed A. , Lin Chung-Ying , Pakpour Amir H.
Published: November 2021

The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) assesses the fear of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has been translated and validated into over 20 languages. The present study conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory (IRT) analyses on the FCV-19S among a sample of 937 Pakistani adults (mean [SD] age of 25.83 [11.80] years; 537 [57.3%] females). The CFA and IRT confirmed the unidimensionality of the FCV-19S. The Likert-type scale used in the FCV-19S was supported by the proper threshold orderings. Additionally, no DIF contrast had an absolute value larger than 0.5 regarding the participants’ characteristics of gender, age, living status, and education in the IRT findings. The FCV-19S was found to be valid and reliable with strong psychometric properties among the Pakistani adult population.
Understanding and Responding to Substance Use and Abuse in the Palestinian Refugee Camps in Lebanon Prior to and During COVID-19 Times
Authors: Aaraj Elie , Haddad Patricia , Khalife Sara , Fawaz Mirna , Van Hout Marie Claire
Published: November 2021

Due to its geographical proximity to the Syrian conflict and the occupied territories, Lebanon has experienced an influx of refugees in recent times. Palestinian refugees are an identified key vulnerable population, with displaced communities increasingly experiencing camp insecurity, vulnerability to drug use and related health harms. A qualitative study consisting of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) was undertaken as part of a regional exercise investigating Palestinian community experiences of substance and drug use in refugee camps. Thematic analysis triangulated the perspectives of 11 professional stakeholders representing United Nations, human rights and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and eight Palestinian community members. Emerging themes centered on the interplay between socio-economic instability, lack of law enforcement and camp governance contributing to concerning levels of familial, drug and camp violence, trafficking and availability of drugs. Transactional sex and the exploitation of women and children in drug dealing, diversification toward drug manufacture and dealing of drugs with the outside community were described. There is a lack of harm reduction and rehabilitation supports for those in need. This study highlights the complexities in tackling drug dealing and related criminal activity within refugee camps and humanitarian settings, and the vulnerabilities of those living within to harmful drug use.
Microstructure and Properties of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed (Al,Cr)2O3–TiO2 Coatings from Blends
Authors: Grimm Maximilian , Conze Susan , Berger Lutz-Michael , Drehmann Rico , Lampke Thomas
Published: November 2021

Coatings prepared from chromia-rich (Al,Cr)2O3solid solution (ss) feedstock powders are intended to improve the properties of Cr2O3coatings, but are rarely studied so far. In this work, the processability of a commercial (Al,Cr)2O3solid solution (ss) powder containing 78 wt.% Cr2O3by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), the corresponding coating microstructures and properties were investigated. Possible further improvements were expected by blending with 2, 23 and 54 wt.% TiOxpowder. For comparison, plain Cr2O3and TiOxcoatings were studied as well. The microstructures were analyzed using SEM, EDS and XRD measurements. Hardness (HV0.3) was measured, as well as the dry unidirectional sliding wear resistance and the abrasion wear resistance (ASTM G65). Moreover, the corrosion and electrical insulating properties were measured. The (Al,Cr)2O3ss showed only a small change of the composition, and the formation ofγ-Al2O3, as found for alumina-rich (Al,Cr)2O3ss powders, was avoided. Compared to the plain chromia coating, some improvements of the processability and coating properties for the ss (Al,Cr)2O3coating were found. The most balanced coating performance was achieved by blending the ss (Al,Cr)2O3with 2 wt.% TiOx, as this coating showed both a high sliding and abrasion wear resistance, in combination with a high corrosion resistance.
ENIGMA + COINSTAC: Improving Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Re-usability
Authors: Turner Jessica A. , Calhoun Vince D. , Thompson Paul M. , Jahanshad Neda , Ching Christopher R. K. , Thomopoulos Sophia I. , Verner Eric , Strauss Gregory P. , Ahmed Anthony O. , Turner Matthew D. , Basodi Sunitha , Ford Judith M. , Mathalon Daniel H. , Preda Adrian , Belger Aysenil , Mueller Bryon A. , Lim Kelvin O. , van Erp Theo G. M.
Published: November 2021

The FAIR principles, as applied to clinical and neuroimaging data, reflect the goal of making research products Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. The use of the Collaborative Informatics and Neuroimaging Suite Toolkit for Anonymized Computation (COINSTAC) platform in the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium combines the technological approach of decentralized analyses with the sociological approach of sharing data. In addition, ENIGMA + COINSTAC provides a platform to facilitate the use of machine-actionable data objects. We first present how ENIGMA and COINSTAC support the FAIR principles, and then showcase their integration with a decentralized meta-analysis of sex differences in negative symptom severity in schizophrenia, and finally present ongoing activities and plans to advance FAIR principles in ENIGMA + COINSTAC. ENIGMA and COINSTAC currently represent efforts toward improved Access, Interoperability, and Reusability. We highlight additional improvements needed in these areas, as well as future connections to other resources for expanded Findability.
Future time perspective and trust in government: The mediation of the consideration of future consequences
Authors: Zhi Kuiyun , Yang Jian , Chen Si , Chen Yongjin , Akebaijiang Niyazi , Liu Meimei , Xia Lingxiang
Published: November 2021

Evidence suggests that college students’ future-related feelings and cognition may influence their trust in government. This study aims to explore whether the association between college students’ future time perspective and trust in government is mediated through the consideration of future consequences (CFC). A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data from 1,617 college students (86.6% women) aged 17 to 31 years in China via an online questionnaire. The results showed that the students’ positive, negative and confused future orientation was positively associated with their trust in government. The consideration of far- future consequences positively mediated the relationship between a positive future orientation and trust in government. These findings support the possibility to evaluate college students’ government trust level according to their future orientation, which will improve their positive political participation.
International Law in Public Debate
Authors: Chiam Madelaine
Published: November 2021

Public debates in the language of international law have occurred across the 20th and 21st centuries and have produced a popular form of international law that matters for international practice. This book analyses the people who used international law and how they used it in debates over Australia's participation in the 2003 Iraq War, the Vietnam War and the First World War. It examines texts such as newspapers, parliamentary debates, public protests and other expressions of public opinion. It argues that these interventions produced a form of international law that shares a vocabulary and grammar with the expert forms of that language and distinct competences in order to be persuasive. This longer history also illustrates a move from the use of international legal language as part of collective justifications to the use of international law as an autonomous justification for state action.
Corrigendum to ‘Endoscopy for Hecke categories, character sheaves and representations’
Authors: Lusztig George , Yun Zhiwei
Published: November 2021

We fix an error on a

$3$

-cocycle in the original version of the paper ‘Endoscopy for Hecke categories, character sheaves and representations’. We give the corrected statements of the main results.
A few remarks on Pimsner–Popa bases and regular subfactors of depth 2
Authors: Bakshi Keshab Chandra , Gupta Ved Prakash
Published: November 2021

We prove that a finite index regular inclusion of$II_1$-factors with commutative first relative commutant is always a crossed product subfactor with respect to a minimal action of a biconnected weak Kac algebra. Prior to this, we prove that every finite index inclusion of$II_1$-factors which is of depth 2 and has simple first relative commutant (respectively, is regular and has commutative or simple first relative commutant) admits a two-sided Pimsner–Popa basis (respectively, a unitary orthonormal basis).
THEORISING THE LOCAL ADAPTATION OF TRANSNATIONAL CERTIFICATION STANDARDS
Authors: Gillespie John , H Do Ha
Published: November 2021

Over the last three decades, transnational certification standards have proliferated to fill perceived ‘governance gaps’ in developing countries. Transnational non-governmental organisations and private standards-setting agencies have developed standards that cover a vast range of areas such as labour rights, social justice and environmental protection. As a form of private transnational regulation, certification standards travel through transnational production networks that link lead firms in developed countries with supplier firms in developing countries. This article draws on a case study about coffee certification to challenge the conventional understanding of transnational certification as a contractual conduit that transfers encoded certification standards from senders to receivers. It shows how transnational certification standards interact with, and remake local regulatory landscapes as they pass through. This interaction between global and local knowledge compels us to see transnational standards as a protean, highly localised regulatory process rather than stable universal norms. The article concludes that transnational certification does not function like an integrated ‘joined-up’ process and it is better understood as a mode of polycentric regulation that decentres and fragments transnational norms and standards.
Vestibular evaluation following cochlear implantation in patients with inner-ear anomalies
Authors: Hosseinzadeh F , Asghari A , Moradi-Lakeh M , Pourbakht A , Farhadi M , Daneshi A , Boroujeni M K , Mohseni M , Mohammadi S Saeed
Published: November 2021

Objective

This cross-sectional study investigated vestibular function outcomes after cochlear implantation in patients with inner-ear anomalies.

Methods

Twenty-two patients with bilateral symmetric inner-ear anomalies and 28 patients with normal inner ears were included. All were congenitally or progressively deaf persons implanted unilaterally during the previous 15 years. Vestibular system function was assessed by vestibular-evoked myogenic potential and bithermal caloric tests.

Results

The vestibular-evoked myogenic potential abnormality rate in implanted ears with an inner-ear anomaly was 81.8 per cent, compared with 39.3 per cent in implanted ears with normal anatomy. In the non-implanted sides, the rate was 45.5 per cent (10 out of 22 cases) in the inner-ear anomaly patients compared with 17.9 per cent in patients with normal inner-ear structure. The respective abnormal caloric test rates in inner-ear anomaly versus normal anatomy patients were 81.8 per cent and 17.9 per cent (implanted ears), 77.3 per cent and 14.3 per cent (non-implanted sides).

Conclusion

Inner-ear anomaly and implantation were both associated with more vestibular-evoked myogenic potential abnormalities; when occurring together, these factors showed a synergistic effect. Caloric test abnormality is mainly dependent on the presence of an inner-ear anomaly, but implantation is not associated with caloric abnormality.
The belief in mining: How imageries of other mines may brighten Arctic minescapes
Authors: Solbär Tiina Lovisa
Published: November 2021

The article discusses how promising outlooks and favourable memories of past and distant mining ventures are employed in the view of a minein spe. The study utilises interview quotes and written narratives pertaining to a case of mine development in Swedish Pajala and neighbouring Finnish Kolari (the Northland project 2004–2014), located above the Arctic Circle, for explicating this. Its theoretical framework includes the concept of minescape and the ideas of past presences and anticipated futures, which support capturing (the temporality of) the sociocultural and discursive dimensions of mining alongside with its physicality. Previous and distant experiences with mines appeared readily abstracted and brought into the current debate, forgetting about contexts, that is, about any historical or geographical contingencies. This kind of temporal and spatial referencing is seen to represent an imaginative practice which, as it is argued, gains an enhanced role in tandem with the increasing market dependency and volatility of the extractive business. By attending to the meaning-making based on remembering, and forgetting, in the context of experiences made with mining in the past or elsewhere, the article contributes to our understanding of the present-day role of mining heritage.
Contested Grasslands: Commons and the Unequal Land-Costs to Sustain Soil Fertility in Preindustrial Agriculture
Authors: Güldner Dino
Published: November 2021

Maintaining soil fertility was the most pressing problem in preindustrial agriculture. Prior to the arrival of industrial inputs, farmers relied on ecological soil replenishment processes and biological fertilizing techniques to sustain the productivity of soil. Central European farmers actively managed the cycling of nutrients by keeping livestock. Farm animals provided the means to recycle nutrients from crop production and to transfer nutrients from land-use systems dedicated for biomass extraction, such as grasslands. This article explores the unequal distribution of these vital resources in the Manor Bruck, Austria, and its impact on landlord’s and peasant’s abilities to meet the “land costs” of sustaining soil fertility. The article tests the hypothesis as to whether inequality was a major driver for unsustainable farming practices and the degradation of agro-ecosystems in the long run. Focal points are commons and communal land-use systems and their role in cycling nutrients through the agricultural landscape. Commons in the Manor Bruck comprised vast grasslands, which provided an important ecological buffer to balance the continuous export of nutrients from crop production for all actors. The aim is to demonstrate how social conflict emerging from the competition over commons guides us to the specific sustainability challenges faced by farmers.
Lebermetastasen: aktueller Stand der chirurgischen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten
Authors: Kremer Michael , Manzini Giulia , Hartel Mark
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Metastasen sind die häufigsten Raumforderungen in der Leber. Auch wenn die aktuelle Therapie von Lebermetastasen interdisziplinär und individuell breit aufgestellt ist, bleibt – falls möglich – die chirurgische Entfernung als Goldstandard die Therapie der Wahl. Die Fortschritte in der chirurgischen, systemischen und interventionellen Therapie der letzten Jahre haben zu einem multimodalen Therapieansatz, individualisiert auf das Erkrankungsbild und den Zustand des Patienten, geführt. Dadurch gelingt es, auch initial nichtresektable Befunde durch «Down-Staging» in einen resektablen Zustand zu überführen. Neoadjuvante Chemotherapie und zwei- beziehungsweise mehrzeitige Leberresektionen mit oder ohne Pfortaderembolisation sind hier zu nennen. Auch die Fortschritte in der Chirurgie und des perioperativen interdisziplinären Managements tragen eine entscheidende Rolle dazu bei, das Gesamtüberleben zu verlängern.
Pankreaskarzinom
Authors: Galli Raffaele , Schmutz-Kober Katrin , Kühnel Juliane , Maak Matthias , Rosenberg Robert
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Pankreaskarzinome gehören zu den Krebsdiagnosen mit der schlechtesten Prognose, wobei die Inzidenz neuer Fälle in etwa der Sterblichkeit pro Jahr entspricht. Diese Tumoren entstehen aus dem exokrinen oder, seltener, aus dem endokrinen System der Bauchspeicheldrüse. Der allgemein verwendete Begriff «Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs» bezieht sich in der Regel auf ein duktales Adenokarzinom, das im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrages stehen wird. Trotz Einführung von multimodalen Therapiekonzepten, komplexen Operationstechniken und zunehmender chirurgischer Spezialisierung, hat sich das Gesamtüberleben bei Pankreaskarzinom nicht signifikant verbessert. Ein wesentlicher Faktor für die Letalität des Pankreaskarzinoms bleibt sein in der Regel fortgeschrittenes Stadium bei der Diagnose und die aggressive Tumorbiologie. Daher kann eine frühzeitige und vollständige chirurgische Tumorresektion, als einzige kurative Möglichkeit, selten erreicht werden. Die Anwendung von Chemotherapie in einem frühen Stadium hat die Behandlungsergebnisse von Patienten mit Pankreaskarzinom leicht verbessert. Neoadjuvante Chemotherapieregime stellen valide Optionen dar, um eine vollständige chirurgische Tumorresektion zu erreichen. Nichtsdestotrotz ist die allgemeine Akzeptanz dieser Therapie sehr niedrig. In den relativ seltenen Fällen einer kurativen Tumorresektion bleibt die Gabe einer adjuvanten Chemotherapie der Goldstandard beim Pankreaskarzinom.