bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Realistic design of laser powder bed fusion channels
Authors: Klingaa Christopher Gottlieb , Mohanty Sankhya , Hattel Jesper Henri
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Conformal cooling channels in additively manufactured molds are superior over conventional channels in terms of cooling control, part warpage and lead time. The heat transfer ability of cooling channels is determined by their geometry and surface roughness. Laser powder bed fusion manufactured channels have an inherent process-induced dross formation that may significantly alter the actual shape of nominal channels. Therefore, it is crucial to be able to predict the expected surface roughness and changes in the geometry of metal additively manufactured conformal cooling channels. The purpose of this paper is to present a new methodology for predicting the realistic design of laser powder bed fusion channels.

Design/methodology/approach

This study proposes a methodology for making nominal channel design more realistic by the implementation of roughness prediction models. The models are used for altering the nominal shape of a channel to its predicted shape by point cloud analysis and manipulation.

Findings

A straight channel is investigated as a simple case study and validated against X-ray computed tomography measurements. The modified channel geometry is reconstructed and meshed, resulting in a predicted, more realistic version of the nominal geometry. The methodology is successfully tested on a torus shape and a simple conformal cooling channel design. Finally, the methodology is validated through a cooling test experiment and comparison with simulations.

Practical implications

Accurate prediction of channel surface roughness and geometry would lead toward more accurate modeling of cooling performance.

Originality/value

A robust start to finish method for realistic geometrical prediction of metal additive manufacturing cooling channels has yet to be proposed. The current study seeks to fill the gap.
The mediating effects of HRM practices on the relationship between SCM and SMEs firm performance in Thailand
Authors: Kitchot Siriwan , Siengthai Sununta , Sukhotu Vatcharapol
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the relationships among supply chain management (SCM) implementation, human resource management (HRM) practices and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) firm performance in Thailand. It further examines whether HRM practices have a mediating effect on such relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey instrument was developed based on the literature review which then was verified by SCM expert opinions. Cross-sectional surveys of sample employees of SMEs in Thailand were undertaken by both direct and mail surveys. Of about 779 questionnaires distributed, 203 usable questionnaires were returned. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to analyze the obtained data.

Findings

The statistical results reveal that SCM indirectly improves firm performance of small- and medium-sized firms through HRM practices. The latter, HRM practices, is found to fully mediate the impact of SCM implementation on SME firm performance. These results suggest that SCM cannot enhance SME firm performance if its implementation is undertaken without effective HRM practices.

Originality/value

This study identified the research gap in SCM areas by recognizing the scarcity of research on SCM in SMEs and by identifying and integrating HRM practices as a significant behavioral support system to SCM implementation in SMEs. Its results reveal that HRM practices fully mediates the impact of SCM on SMEs’ firm performance.
Resistance–recovery trade‐off of soil microbial communities under altered rain regimes: An experimental test across European agroecosystems
Authors: Piton Gabin , Foulquier Arnaud , Martinez‐García Laura B. , Legay Nicolas , Arnoldi Cindy , Brussaard Lijbert , Hedlund Katarina , Martins da Silva Pedro , Nascimento Eduardo , Reis Filipa , Sousa José Paulo , Clément Jean‐Christophe , De Deyn Gerlinde B.
Published: October 2020

With the increased occurrence of climate extremes, there is an urgent need to better understand how management strategies affect the capacity of the soil microbial community to maintain its ecosystem functions (e.g. nutrient cycling).

To address this issue, intact monoliths were extracted from conventional and ecological managed grasslands in three countries across Europe and exposed under common air condition (temperature and moisture) to one of three altered rain regimes (dry, wet and intermittent wet/dry) as compared to a normal regime. Subsequently, we compared the resistance and recovery of the soil microbial biomass, potential enzyme activities and community composition.

The microbial community composition differed with soil management and rain regimes. Soil microbial biomass increased from the wetter to the dryer rain regime, paralleling an increase of available carbon and nutrients, suggesting low sensitivity to soil moisture reduction but nutritional limitations of soil microbes. Conversely, enzyme activities decreased with all altered rain regimes.

Resistance and recovery (considering absolute distance between normal and altered rain regime) of the microbial communities depended on soil management. Conventional‐intensive management showed higher resistance of two fundamental properties for nutrient cycling (i.e. bacterial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities) yet associated with more important changes in microbial community composition. This suggests an internal community reorganization promoting biomass and activity resistance. Conversely, under ecological management bacterial biomass and enzyme activities showed better recovery capacity, whereas no or very low recovery of these properties was observed under conventional management. These management effects were consistent across the three altered rain regimes investigated, indicating common factors controlling microbial communities’ response to different climate‐related stresses.

Synthesis and applications. Our study provides experimental evidence for an important trade‐off for agroecosystem management between (a) stabilizing nutrient cycling potential during an altered rain regime period at the expense of very low recovery capacity and potential long‐term effect (conventional sites) and (b) promoting the capacity of the microbial community to recover its functional potential after the end of the stress (ecological sites). Thus, management based on ecologically sound principles may be the best option to sustain long‐term soil functioning under climate change.
The effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on endothelial function after hip fracture surgery
Authors: Ekeloef Sarah , Gundel Ossian , Falkenberg Andreas , Mathiesen Ole , Gögenur Ismail
Published: October 2020

Background

Endothelial dysfunction seems to play a role in the pathophysiology of myocardial injury after surgery. The aim of this randomised clinical trial was to examine whether remote ischaemic preconditioning in relation to hip fracture surgery ameliorates post‐operative systemic endothelial dysfunction.

Methods

This was a planned single‐centre pilot sub‐study of a multicentre, randomised clinical trial. Patients ≥45 years with a cardiovascular risk factor were randomised to remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) or control (standard treatment) performed in relation with their hip fracture operation. RIPC consisted of four cycles of 5 minutes forearm ischaemia and reperfusion. The procedure was performed non‐invasively with a tourniquet. The endothelial function was assessed with non‐invasive digital pulse amplitude tonometry on post‐operative day 1 and expressed as the reactive hyperaemia index (RHI). Endothelial dysfunction was defined as RHI < 1.22.

Results

Between February 2015 and December 2016, 18 patients were allocated to the RIPC group and 20 patients to the control group. The endothelial function was impaired in both groups on post‐operative day 1. RHI did not differ between the groups, 1.47 (95% CI 1.20‐1.75) in the RIPC group vs. 1.54 (95% CI 1.17‐1.91) in the control group, P = .76. Endothelial dysfunction was present in 3/18 patients (16.7%) in the RIPC group and 8/20 patients (40%) in the control group, P = .11.

Conclusion

No beneficial effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on the systemic endothelial dysfunction, assessed at a single time point on post‐operative day one, was detected after hip fracture surgery.
Effectiveness of different lures for attracting Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Authors: Sukovata Lidia , Jaworski Tomasz , Plewa Radosław
Published: October 2020

Ips acuminatus (the sharp‐toothed bark beetle, STBB) is currently considered to be one of the most serious pests of Scots pine in many European countries. STBB management is among the most challenging tasks in pine forests; the development of methods for monitoring, predicting and managing outbreaks of this bark beetle is therefore crucial.

Pheromone‐baited traps have been widely recommended as a valuable tool for the monitoring and mass trapping of bark beetles. Although different suppliers offer a variety of STBB lures, their effectiveness has rarely, if ever, been evaluated under natural conditions.

We evaluated the attractiveness of three commercially available and five experimental synthetic lures by comparing the numbers of STBBs captured in white, six‐funnel traps. The studies were conducted in 2017–2019 in Poland, in Scots pine‐dominated forests affected by STBB outbreaks.

Our study demonstrated significant differences in the effectiveness of the lures. The experimental lure produced by the Witasek company (Austria) and the recently marketed lure Acumodor Micro from Chemipan (Poland) were the most attractive to STBB. Among the least effective were two commercial lures (Acuwit and Acumodor), hitherto used in Central Europe.

The results will be useful in developing methods for the monitoring and management of STBB populations.
Policy Deliberation and Voter Persuasion: Experimental Evidence from an Election in the Philippines
Authors: López‐Moctezuma Gabriel , Wantchekon Leonard , Rubenson Daniel , Fujiwara Thomas , Pe Lero Cecilia
Published: October 2020

In a randomized experiment in cooperation with two national parties competing in a congressional election in the Philippines, we estimate the causal effect on voting behavior of a town‐hall style campaign in which candidates discuss their campaign platform with small groups of citizens. Keeping the parties' platform fixed, we find that town‐hall meetings have a positive effect on parties' vote shares compared to the status quo, in which voters play a passive role. Consistent with the parties' advocacy for underprivileged groups, we observe heterogeneous effects by income, education, and gender. Deliberative campaigns increase voters' awareness on the issues parties campaign on, affecting the vote of the direct beneficiaries of the parties' platform.
Impact of COVID‐19‐related social restrictions on orthopaedic trauma in a level 1 trauma centre in Sydney: the first wave
Authors: Probert Annabel C. , Sivakumar Brahman S. , An Vincent , Nicholls Sarah L. , Shatrov Jobe G. , Symes Michael J. , Ellis Andrew M.
Published: October 2020

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has affected communities worldwide. This study examines the impact that public health measures to control viral spread have had on orthopaedic trauma presenting to an Australian level 1 trauma centre. We hypothesized that the volume of orthopaedic trauma in the period of social distancing would decrease, and the mechanisms of injury differ, compared to pre‐pandemic times.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of patients requiring emergency orthopaedic surgery between 16 March and 21 April 2020 (the period after social distancing and lockdown commenced), and compared it to the group of patients from the same period in 2019. We collected demographic data, as well as injury type, anatomical location, mechanism of injury and surgical logistics.

Results

During the COVID‐19 period, total emergency operations performed decreased by 15.6% compared to the same period in 2019. Orthopaedic admissions decreased by 30.8%. Demographics of the groups were unchanged. Anaesthetic time decreased, but total time spent in the operating theatre was unchanged. Road trauma comprised a similar proportion of cases overall; however, cycling‐related accidents increased significantly, making up 11% of presentations during COVID‐19. Sporting injuries, work‐related injuries and multi‐traumas reduced during the pandemic.

Conclusion

The impact of COVID‐19‐related lockdown measures and social distancing on orthopaedic trauma in Australia has been an overall decrease in volume of cases, combined with significant changes in the mechanisms of injury necessitating surgery.
Human neutrophils swim and phagocytise bacteria
Authors: Garcia‐Seyda Nicolas , Seveau Valentine , Manca Fabio , Biarnes‐Pelicot Martine , Valignat Marie‐Pierre , Bajénoff Marc , Theodoly Olivier
Published: October 2020

Background Information

Leukocytes migrate in an amoeboid fashion while patrolling our organism in the search for infection or tissue damage. Their capacity to migrate has been proven integrin independent, however, non‐specific adhesion or confinement remain a requisite in current models of cell migration. This idea has been challenged twice within the last decade with human neutrophils and effector T lymphocytes, which were shown to migrate in free suspension, a phenomenon termed swimming. While the relevance of leukocyte swimming in vivo remains under judgment, a growing amount of clinical evidence demonstrates that leukocytes are indeed found in liquid‐filled body cavities, occasionally with phagocyted pathogens, such as in the amniotic fluid, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or the eye vitreous and aqueous humor.

Results

We studied in vitro swimming of primary human neutrophils in the presence of live bacteria, in 2 and 3 dimensions. We show that swimming neutrophils perform phagocytosis of bacteria in suspension. By micropatterning live bacteria on a substrate with an optical technique, we further prove that they use chemotaxis to swim towards their targets. Moreover, we provide evidence that neutrophil navigation can alternate between adherent and non‐adherent modes.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that human neutrophils do not rely on adhesion to carry out their functions, supporting a versatile phagocytic function adaptable to the various environmental conditions encountered in vivo, as already suggested by clinical data.

Significance

We verified a claim stated 10 years ago and never reproduced, on the capacity of human neutrophils to swim and perform swimming chemotaxis. We further extended those results to prove that swimming neutrophils can phagocytise bacteria, disregarding adhesion nor confinement as a requisite for accomplishing their function, which differs with current paradigms of leukocyte migration.
Tislelizumab in Asian patients with previously treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Ye Dingwei , Liu Jiyan , Zhou Aiping , Zou Qing , Li Hanzhong , Fu Cheng , Hu Hailong , Huang Jian , Zhu Shaoxing , Jin Jie , Ma Lulin , Guo Jianming , Xiao Jun , Park Se Hoon , Zhang Dahong , Qiu Xiusong , Bao Yuanyuan , Zhang Lilin , Shen Wei , Bi Feng
Published: October 2020

Tislelizumab, an anti‐programmed death protein‐1 (PD‐1) monoclonal antibody, was engineered to minimize binding to the FcγR on macrophages to abrogate antibody‐dependent phagocytosis, a mechanism of T‐cell clearance and potential resistance to anti‐PD‐1 therapy. This single‐arm phase 2 trial (NCT04004221/CTR20170071) assessed the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of tislelizumab in patients with PD‐L1‐positive urothelial carcinoma who progressed during/following platinum‐containing therapy and had no prior PD‐(L)1 inhibitor treatment. Patients were considered PD‐L1 positive if ≥ 25% of tumor/immune cells expressed PD‐L1 when using the VENTANA™ PD‐L1 (SP263) assay. The primary endpoint was objective response rate by independent review committee. As of September 16, 2019, 113 patients had a median study follow‐up time of 9.4 mo. Most patients (76%) had visceral metastases, including 24% with liver and 23% with bone metastases. Among 104 efficacy‐evaluable patients, confirmed objective response rate was 24% (95% confidence interval, 16, 33), including 10 complete and 15 partial responses. Median duration of response was not reached. Among 25 responders, 17/25 (68%) had ongoing responses. Median progression‐free survival and overall survival times were 2.1 and 9.8 mo, respectively. The most common treatment‐related adverse events were anemia (27%) and pyrexia (19%). Anemia (7%) and hyponatremia (5%) were the only grade 3‐4 treatment‐related adverse events and occurred in ≥ 5% of patients. Three investigator‐assessed deaths were considered to be possibly related to study treatment (hepatic failure, n = 2; respiratory arrest, n = 1). Tislelizumab demonstrated meaningful clinical benefits in patients with previously treated locally advanced or metastatic PD‐L1‐positive urothelial carcinoma and had a manageable safety profile.
Progesterone, via yes‐associated protein, promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac repair
Authors: Lan Cong , Cao Nian , Chen Caiyu , Qu Shuang , Fan Chao , Luo Hao , Zeng Andi , Yu Cheng , Xue Yuanzheng , Ren Hongmei , Li Liangpeng , Wang Hongyong , Jose Pedro A. , Xu Zaicheng , Zeng Chunyu
Published: October 2020

Objectives

The mechanisms responsible for the postnatal loss of mammalian cardiac regenerative capacity are not fully elucidated. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of progesterone in cardiac regeneration and explore underlying mechanism.

Materials and Methods

Effect of progesterone on cardiomyocyte proliferation was analysed by immunofluorescent staining. RNA sequencing was performed to screen key target genes of progesterone, and yes‐associated protein (YAP) was knocked down to demonstrate its role in pro‐proliferative effect of progesterone. Effect of progesterone on activity of YAP promoter was measured by luciferase assay and interaction between progesterone receptor and YAP promoter by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Adult mice were subjected to myocardial infarction, and then, effects of progesterone on adult cardiac regeneration were analysed.

Results

Progesterone supplementation enhanced cardiomyocyte proliferation in a progesterone receptor‐dependent manner. Progesterone up‐regulated YAP expression and knockdown of YAP by small interfering RNA reduced progesterone‐mediated cardiomyocyte proliferative effect. Progesterone receptor interacted with the YAP promoter, determined by ChIP and EMSA; progesterone increased luciferase activity of YAP promoter and up‐regulated YAP target genes. Progesterone administration also promoted adult cardiomyocyte proliferation and improved cardiac function in myocardial infarction.

Conclusion

Our data uncover a role of circulating progesterone withdrawal as a novel mechanism for the postnatal loss of mammalian cardiac regenerative potential. Progesterone promotes both neonatal and adult cardiomyocyte proliferation by up‐regulating YAP expression.
Metaplastic spiradenocarcinoma: Report of two cases with sarcomatous differentiation
Authors: Held Laura , Ruetten Arno , Saggini Andrea , Kempter Wolfgang , Tiedke Carmen , Weber‐Kuhn Susanne , De Saint Aubain Nicolas , Mentzel Thomas
Published: October 2020

Spiradenocarcinoma (SC) is a very rare malignant skin adnexal tumor with sweat gland differentiation that develops from a pre‐existing spiradenoma, cylindroma, or hybrid tumor called spiradenocylindroma, or arises de novo. We present two exceptionally rare SC cases showing sarcomatous differentiation; we also discuss the clinicopathologic features of SC, as well as its differential diagnoses and available therapeutic modalities. Given the aggressive behavior of SC, rapid diagnosis and complete removal of the tumor with tumor‐free margins is mandatory. Owing to the marked morphological heterogeneity of individual SC cases, dermatopathologists must be familiar with the different possible histopathologic manifestations of this neoplasm.
Landscape simplification increases vineyard pest outbreaks and insecticide use
Authors: Paredes Daniel , Rosenheim Jay A. , Chaplin‐Kramer Rebecca , Winter Silvia , Karp Daniel S.
Published: October 2020

Diversifying agricultural landscapes may mitigate biodiversity declines and improve pest management. Yet landscapes are rarely managed to suppress pests, in part because researchers seldom measure key variables related to pest outbreaks and insecticides that drive management decisions. We used a 13‐year government database to analyse landscape effects on European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) outbreaks and insecticides across c. 400 Spanish vineyards. At harvest, we found pest outbreaks increased four‐fold in simplified, vineyard‐dominated landscapes compared to complex landscapes in which vineyards are surrounded by semi‐natural habitats. Similarly, insecticide applications doubled in vineyard‐dominated landscapes but declined in vineyards surrounded by shrubland. Importantly, pest population stochasticity would have masked these large effects if numbers of study sites and years were reduced to typical levels in landscape pest‐control studies. Our results suggest increasing landscape complexity may mitigate pest populations and insecticide applications. Habitat conservation represents an economically and environmentally sound approach for achieving sustainable grape production.
Distinct compartmentalization of immune cells and mediators characterizes bullous pemphigoid disease
Authors: Margaroli Camilla , Bradley Bridget , Thompson Cecilia , Brown Milton R. , Giacalone Vincent D. , Bhatt Lopa , Stoff Benjamin , Ahuja Sanjeev , Springman Eric , Tirouvanziam Rabindra , Feldman Ron J.
Published: October 2020

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering disease characterized by recruitment of leucocytes into skin and release of damaging enzymes, resulting in epidermal detachment and blister formation. To better understand the role of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and other inflammatory factors in BP pathophysiology, we conducted microscopic and immunohistochemical analyses of preserved skin biopsy sections and conducted flow cytometry and ELISA analyses of matched blood and blister fluid from BP patients. Neutrophils predominated in BP blister fluid, which also contained monocytes/macrophages and T cells, but few to no eosinophils and B cells. In contrast, BP skin histology showed a different pattern, with abundant neutrophils but eosinophils being the predominant immune cell type. LTB4 pathway and neutrophil activation markers were prevalent in BP skin lesions and strongly associated with perivascular neutrophils. Blister fluid neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and eosinophils all exhibited increased surface expression of leukotriene A4 hydrolase and neutrophil elastase (P = .002 for both). Blister fluid was also enriched in interleukins (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐18, monocyte colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Our findings suggest differential leucocyte recruitment from blood into dermis and from dermis into blister, which correlates with disease activity, and presents potential new treatment opportunities for BP.
NET formation – mechanisms and how they relate to other cell death pathways
Authors: Rosazza Thibault , Warner Jordan , Sollberger Gabriel
Published: October 2020

Cell death is an integral part of both infectious and sterile inflammatory reactions. Many cell death pathways cause the dying cell to lyse, thereby amplifying inflammation. A special form of lytic cell death is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), large structures of chromatin and antimicrobial proteins, which are released by dying neutrophils to capture extracellular pathogens and limit the spread of infections. The molecular mechanisms of NET formation remain incompletely understood. Recent research demonstrated substantial crosstalk between different cell death pathways, most notably between apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis. Here, we review suicidal and vital NET formation and discuss potential crosstalk of their mechanisms of release with other forms of cell death.
Correlation between the clinically diagnosed inflammatory process and periapical index scores in severely painful endodontically involved teeth
Authors: Rechenberg D. K. , Munir A. , Zehnder M.
Published: October 2020

Aim

To assess and correlate three distinct states of severely painful endodontically derived inflammation with their depiction on periapical radiographs using periapical index (PAI) scores.

Methodology

During a period of 15 months, 368 consecutively enrolled patients with suspected endodontic emergency conditions were examined at the University of Zurich, Center of Dental Medicine. Cases with a severely painful (numeric rating scale, NRS‐11 > 6) endodontically involved tooth and a clear pulpal and apical diagnosis (n = 162) were selected (one tooth per patient). Teeth were divided into three groups according to the clinically diagnosed main location of the inflammatory process: level 1: pulp (positive response to cold test), level 2: periodontium (no response to cold without swelling) and level 3: periapical tissues (no response to cold with swelling). Periapical radiographs were obtained using a digital unit and analysed by two calibrated observers. For level 2, which had the highest PAI variance (n = 76), the PAI scores were further scrutinized regarding their dependence on tooth location and the duration of pain. Data were analysed using chi‐squared and non‐parametric tests, alpha = 0.05.

Results

Overall, the PAI scores correlated well with the clinically diagnosed main location of periapical inflammation (Spearman’s rho = 0.5131,P < 0.001), with level 1 having the lowest scores by far (P < 0.001) and level 2 having significantly lower scores compared to level 3 (P < 0.05). However, a PAI score of 5 was found in merely 3 teeth within the entire cohort, and 49% of the teeth in the level 2 group had no radiolucency (PAI < 3). Within level 2, the PAI scores were not dependent on tooth location but were substantially (P < 0.001) higher for teeth which had hurt for more than one week, and for root filled teeth.

Conclusions

For the analysed, severely painful endodontically involved teeth, the clinically diagnosed main location of inflammation was reflected by the periapical index. PAI scores were not significantly influenced by anatomical noise, yet in some cases under‐estimated the clinical situation.
Multidrug‐resistant Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotype VIII in an Iranian family with generalized dermatophytosis: report of four cases and review of literature
Authors: Fattahi Azam , Shirvani Fariba , Ayatollahi Azin , Rezaei‐Matehkolaei Ali , Badali Hamid , Lotfali Ensieh , Ghasemi Reza , Pourpak Zahra , Firooz Alireza
Published: October 2020

Background

The global spread of terbinafine‐resistant Trichophyton mentagrophytes with point mutations in the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene is a big concern.

Aim

The present study presents a series of unusual familial cases of generalized dermatophytosis caused by multidrug‐resistant T. mentagrophytes genotype VIII.

Methods

Initially, the skin samples of each patient were taken and then subjected to direct microscopy and culture in Mycosel Agar. The molecular identification of Trichophyton species (spp.) was performed for all family members. In addition, the immunologic tests were requested, and an antifungal susceptibility test was carried out using the broth microdilution protocol based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38, third edition. The SQLE gene for a terbinafine‐resistant T. mentagrophytes genotype VIII was sequenced and confirmed its nucleotide sequence to KU242352 as a susceptible strain.

Results

Based on the results of mycological examination and ITS rDNA sequencing, the etiologic agent was identified as T. mentagrophytes as a zoophilic dermatophyte. This species showed multiple drug resistance in vitro against terbinafine (minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs ≥8 µg/ml), itraconazole (MIC ≥4), and fluconazole (MIC ≥16). The SQLE gene of the isolate was subjected to sequencing for mutation, which showed a point mutation as TTC/TTA in the gene leading to Phe397Leu amino acid substitution in the enzyme. Only one of the family members responded to itraconazole and was cured after the long‐term use of itraconazole. Other family members were treated with oral voriconazole with no recurrence.

Conclusion

The transmission of this resistant T. mentagrophytes to other countries due to globalization is a serious issue to be considered.
Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a new polysaccharide isolated from the radix of Platycodon grandiflorum
Authors: Shan Shan , Xiong Yi , Liu Mengyao , Zeng Deyong , Song Chen , Baranenko Denis , Cheng Dayou , Lu Weihong
Published: October 2020

In this study, a novel polysaccharide fraction (PGPIV‐1‐a) was isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum through the combination of DEAE‐52 and Sephadex G‐100 chromatography. PGPIV‐1‐a was a neutral heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of about 6462 Da. PGPIV‐1‐a was composed of glucose, arabinose and mannose in the relative molar ratio of 64.79%, 31.16% and 4.05%. The main linkage types in PGPIV‐1‐a consisted of → 6)‐β‐Glcp‐(1 → and →5)‐α‐L‐Ara‐(1→. Bioactivity assay results showed that PGPIV‐1‐a significantly stimulated the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells and enhanced their phagocytic capacity in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, treatment with higher dosage of PGPIV‐1‐a (800 μg mL−1) remarkably induced the secretion of NO, TNF‐α and IL‐6. This study provides a theoretical basis for further systematic investigation and utilisation of Platycodon grandiflorum polysaccharides.
“They just get it” an exploration of father's experiences and perceptions of a support group for men caring for children with disabilities and/or developmental delay
Authors: Batchelor Molly , Maguire Sabine , Shearn Julia
Published: October 2020

Background

Support groups available to parents/carers of children with a disability or developmental delay (DDD) are predominately attended by women. Limited data exists reporting experiences of the few male‐only support groups. This paper examines experiences of fathers of children with DDD attending a male‐only support group from South Wales.

Method

All fifteen members from a support group for fathers/male carers of children with DDD were invited to take part in qualitative interviews and seven participated. The data were analysed following Braun and Clarke's (Qualitative research in psychology, 2006, 3:77) thematic framework.

Results

Within the group, fathers felt understood by similarly situated men, and a sense of connectivity and belonging. Fathers perceived exclusion elsewhere, including mixed‐gender groups. Fathers felt permission to talk in a way consistent with their male identities, and valued receiving, and giving, support.

Conclusions

Mixed‐gender support groups may not meet the needs of fathers, and there are potential benefits in providing male‐only groups.
Long non‐coding RNA MEG3 inhibits M2 macrophage polarization by activating TRAF6 via microRNA‐223 down‐regulation in viral myocarditis
Authors: Xue Yu‐Long , Zhang Sheng‐Xiao , Zheng Chao‐Feng , Li Yu‐Feng , Zhang Li‐Hui , Su Qin‐Yi , Hao Yu‐Fei , Wang Shu , Li Xue‐Wen
Published: October 2020

Viral myocarditis (VMC) commonly triggers heart failure, for which no specific treatments are available. This study aims to explore the specific role of long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed 3 (MEG3) in VMC. A VMC mouse model was induced by Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). Then, MEG3 and TNF receptor‐associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were silenced and microRNA‐223 (miR‐223) was over‐expressed in the VMC mice, followed by determination of ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS). Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was introduced to test the interaction among MEG3, TRAF6 and miR‐223. Macrophages were isolated from cardiac tissues and bone marrow, and polarization of M1 or M2 macrophages was induced. Then, the expressions of components of NLRP3 inflammatory body (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase‐1), M1 markers (CD86, iNOS and TNF‐α) and M2 markers (CD206, Arginase‐1 and Fizz‐1) were measured following MEG3 silencing. In the VMC mouse model, MEG3 and TRAF6 levels were obviously increased, while miR‐223 expression was significantly reduced. Down‐regulation of MEG3 resulted in the inhibition of TRAF6 by promoting miR‐223. TRAF6 was negatively correlated with miR‐223, but positively correlated with MEG3 expression. Down‐regulations of MEG3 or TRAF6 or up‐regulation of miR‐223 was observed to increase mouse weight, survival rate, LVEF and LVFS, while inhibiting myocarditis and inflammation via the NF‐κB pathway inactivation in VMC mice. Down‐regulation of MEG3 decreased M1 macrophage polarization and elevated M2 macrophage polarization by up‐regulating miR‐223. Collectively, down‐regulation of MEG3 leads to the inhibition of inflammation and induces M2 macrophage polarization via miR‐223/TRAF6/NF‐κB axis, thus alleviating VMC.
Association of hyperglycaemia with periodontal status: Results of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study
Authors: Tegelberg Paula , Tervonen Tellervo , Knuuttila Matti , Jokelainen Jari , Keinänen‐Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Auvinen Juha , Ylöstalo Pekka
Published: October 2020

Aim

To investigate the association of hyperglycaemia and changes in glycaemic control with periodontal status in non‐diabetic individuals.

Materials and methods

A sub‐population (n = 647) of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 was studied. We categorized long‐term glucose balance based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at ages 31 and 46: FPG <5.0 mmol/l (strict normoglycaemia), FPG 5.0–5.59 mmol/l (slightly elevated FPG) and FPG 5.6–6.9 mmol/l (prediabetes). Probing pocket depth (PPD) and alveolar bone level (BL) data were collected at age 46. Relative risks (RR, 95% CI) were estimated using Poisson regression models.

Results

Periodontal status was poorer in individuals whose glucose balance worsened from age 31 to 46 years than in those with a stable glucose balance. In the case of strict normoglycaemia at age 31 and slightly elevated FPG or prediabetes at age 46, the RRs for PPD ≥4 mm were 1.8 (95% CI 1.4–2.2) and 2.8 (95% CI 2.0–3.8) and for BL ≥5 mm 1.1 (95% CI 0.8–1.4) and 1.8 (95% CI 1.2–2.8), respectively.

Conclusion

The results of this population‐based cohort study suggest that impairment in glucose control in non‐diabetic individuals is associated with periodontal pocketing and alveolar bone loss.
A need to consider the evolutionary genetics of host–symbiont mutualisms
Authors: Stoy Kayla S. , Gibson Amanda K. , Gerardo Nicole M. , Morran Levi T.
Published: October 2020

Despite the ubiquity and importance of mutualistic interactions, we know little about the evolutionary genetics underlying their long‐term persistence. As in antagonistic interactions, mutualistic symbioses are characterized by substantial levels of phenotypic and genetic diversity. In contrast to antagonistic interactions, however, we, by and large, do not understand how this variation arises, how it is maintained, nor its implications for future evolutionary change. Currently, we rely on phenotypic models to address the persistence of mutualistic symbioses, but the success of an interaction almost certainly depends heavily on genetic interactions. In this review, we argue that evolutionary genetic models could provide a framework for understanding the causes and consequences of diversity and why selection may favour processes that maintain variation in mutualistic interactions.
Tasmannia lanceolata leaf extract alleviates stretch mark appearance in a randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial in women and stimulates extracellular matrix synthesis in ex vivo human skin explants
Authors: Gaillard Emmanuelle , Boisnic Sylvie , Branchet Marie‐Christine , Lamour Irène , Keophiphath Mayoura
Published: October 2020

Background

The leaves of Tasmannia lanceolata mainly contain polygodial that is known to exhibit a range of biological functions including anti‐inflammatory effects.

Aims

These studies aimed to assess the effects of Tasmannia lanceolata extract (TLE) on skin and more particularly on stretch marks in women.

Patients/Methods

A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical study was carried out on 29 women, aged from 25 to 60 years, to investigate the effects of TLE on stabilized stretch marks. TLE and placebo products were topically applied daily for 8 weeks. Skin roughness and firmness of stretch marks were assessed by 2D and 3D photograph processing and analyses. Dermal density and thickness were evaluated using ultrasound, while stretch mark conditions (length, color, and depth) were determined by clinical scoring. Matricial proteins (pro‐collagen I and elastin) and pro‐matricial factors, like TGF‐β concentrations, were quantified from cultures of human skin explants presenting stretch marks, treated with TLE or vehicle control.

Results

Skin roughness of stretch marks was significantly reduced in the TLE group after 8 weeks of treatment. Skin firmness of stretch marks was significantly increased in the TLE group after 4 weeks of treatment, and this improved effect was maintained until the end of the study. Dermal density and thickness were significantly increased in the TLE group compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, TLE restored the dermal condition of the stretch mark skin, up to normal skin levels. In addition, pro‐collagen I and elastin concentrations were found to be higher in the TLE‐treated stretch mark skin explants compared to the untreated ones, associated with higher quantities of TGF‐β production.

Conclusion

These results revealed that TLE could help improve the aspect of stabilized stretch marks in women by restoring the matricial environment.
Is the Fixed Mandibular 3‐Implant Retained Prosthesis Safe and Predicable for Full‐Arch Mandibular Prostheses? A Systematic Review
Authors: Brandão Thais Bianca , Vechiato‐Filho Aljomar José , Vedovato Eurípedes , Silva Lorena Scaioni , dos Santos Silva Alan Roger , Brito e Dias Reinaldo , de Souza Batista Victor Eduardo
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To evaluate implant and prosthetic survival rates of full‐arch rehabilitations retained by three implants in patients with edentulous mandibles.

Materials and Methods

This systematic review was developed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement. The focused question was: Are fixed mandibular 3‐implant retained prostheses safe and predicable for full‐arch mandibular prostheses? The Medline/PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were used to conduct the systematic search for clinical trials on fixed mandibular 3‐implant retained prostheses published between 1999 and 2020. Only English‐language studies that presented information on implant and prosthetic survival were included.

Results

A total of 302 studies were identified, of which 13 addressed the inclusion criteria. Additionally, 574 participants were included in these studies. As reported, 73 (4.57%) of 1596 implants failed, with a survival rate of 95.43%. In addition, the mean survival rate of the presented prostheses was 89.66%. The mean marginal bone loss was 1.09 mm.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of the present review, implant and prosthetic survival rates of fixed mandibular 3‐implant retained prostheses were similar to those of full‐arch mandibular prostheses retained by four or more implants. Further research exploring the topic is necessary.
Relationship between sleep efficacy endpoints and measures of functional status and health‐related quality of life in participants with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea treated for excessive daytime sleepiness
Authors: Weaver Terri E. , Mathias Susan D. , Crosby Ross D. , Bron Morgan , Bujanover Shay , Menno Diane , Villa Kathleen F. , Drake Christopher
Published: October 2020

This study examined the correlation between improvements in excessive daytime sleepiness in participants with obstructive sleep apnea or narcolepsy and changes in functional status, work productivity and health‐related quality of life. Data from two 12‐week randomized controlled trials of solriamfetol were analyzed. Participants completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, 10‐item Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire, Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire and 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey and performed the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test at baseline and weeks 4, 8 and 12. Patient Global Impression of Change was assessed at weeks 4, 8 and 12. Pearson correlations were calculated for change in scores from baseline to week 12. For both studies, changes in the 10‐item Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire were highly correlated (absolute value >0.5) with changes in Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores; changes in multiple domain scores of the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire were moderately correlated (0.3–0.5) with changes in Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores in both studies and highly correlated for participants with narcolepsy. Changes in Maintenance of Wakefulness Test scores correlated moderately with changes in Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores in both studies. At week 12, Patient Global Impression of Change ratings correlated highly with Epworth Sleepiness Scale and 10‐item Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire scores for both disorders. Other correlations were low. Self‐reported assessments of sleepiness and global improvement appear to be more strongly correlated with measures of functioning and health‐related quality of life than objectively assessed sleepiness.
Stealing sugar from the honey fungus
Authors: Gebauer Gerhard , Clemens Stephan
Published: October 2020

This article comments on: GeSUT4 mediates sucrose import at the symbiotic interface for carbon allocation of heterotrophic Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae)
Time will tell: Object categorization and emotional engagement during processing of degraded natural scenes
Authors: Codispoti Maurizio , Micucci Antonia , De Cesarei Andrea
Published: October 2020

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between object categorization in natural scenes and the engagement of cortico‐limbic appetitive and defensive systems (emotional engagement) by manipulating both the bottom‐up information and the top‐down context. Concerning the bottom‐up information, we manipulated the computational load by scrambling the phase of the spatial frequency spectrum, and asked participants to classify natural scenes as containing an animal or a person. The role of the top‐down context was assessed by comparing an incremental condition, in which pictures were progressively revealed, to a condition in which no probabilistic relationship existed between each stimulus and the following one. In two experiments, the categorization and response to emotional and neutral scenes were similarly modulated by the computational load. The Late Positive Potential (LPP) was affected by the emotional content of the scenes, and by categorization accuracy. When the phase of the spatial frequency spectrum was scrambled by a large amount (>58%), chance categorization resulted, and affective LPP modulation was eliminated. With less degraded scenes, categorization accuracy was higher (.82 in Experiment 1, .86 in Experiment 2) and affective modulation of the LPP was observed at a late window (>800 ms), indicating that it is possible to delay the time of engagement of the motivational systems which are responsible for the LPP affective modulation. The present data strongly support the view that semantic analysis of visual scenes, operationalized here as object categorization, is a necessary condition for emotional engagement at the electrocortical level (LPP).
Social media as public journalism? Protest reporting in the digital era
Authors: Pearce Susan C. , Rodgers Jaylen
Published: October 2020

This article reviews recent research on social media platforms as outlets of street protest reporting by activists, posing the question of whether such outlets constitute a cultural source for protest movements. Given the “many‐to‐many” dynamic that alternative journalism via social media offers in contrast to the “one‐to‐many” approach of traditional media, there are implications for incursions into more democratic, participatory cultures and structures. Existing literature indicates that user‐generated content via social media potentially is known to supplant traditional journalism in protest situations due to advantages such as first‐hand access. Further, research demonstrates that activist reporting supplements and integrates with traditional journalism, and that interdependence develops. We also review the boundary conditions that constrain the use of social‐media platforms for protest reporting.
Selecting Constitutional Judges Randomly
Authors: Vandamme Pierre‐Étienne , Bello Hutt Donald
Published: October 2020

This article discusses from the perspective of democratic theory an innovative proposal for the selection of constitutional, supreme court, or federal judges that aims at combining the values of expertise and political independence. It consists in combining a certification process – selecting a pool of properly qualified candidates – with a random selection among this pool. We argue that such selection procedure would better respect the separation of powers and the specific legitimacy of courts, and we champion this two‐stage mechanism vis‐à‐vis other, more traditionally employed, selection procedures. We then deal with a diversity of objections to our proposal and conclude by taking stock of both its virtues and limitations.
NITROGEN RESPONSE DEFICIENCY 1‐mediated CHL1 induction contributes to optimized growth performance during altered nitrate availability in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lee Won J. , Truong Hai A. , Trịnh Cao S. , Kim Jun H. , Lee Seokjin , Hong Suk‐Whan , Lee Hojoung
Published: October 2020

Plants cannot fix nitrogen directly; they must absorb it from the soil through their roots, or in rare cases, form associations with nitrogen‐fixing bacteria. The efficiency of nitrogen use in most domesticated crops is low, and more than half of the available nitrogen in the soil can leach into the environment. Understanding the nitrogen signaling pathways is essential for maximizing the efficiency of nitrogen use in crops. In the present study, we characterized the Myeloblastosis (Myb)‐like gene NITROGEN RESPONSE DEFICIENCY 1 (NID1). We observed that the growth performance of nid1 knockout (KO) mutant Arabidopsis plants was better than that of wild‐type Col‐0 plants under very low‐nitrate conditions, leading to improved growth performance in the nid1 KO plants. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that NID1 binds to the promoter of the NITRATE TRANSPORTER (NRT)1.1 gene. Furthermore, nid1 KO plants exhibited similar growth performance to the nid1 KO/chl1‐5 (nrt1.1 KO) double mutant and chl1‐5 (nrt1.1 KO) plants in response to low‐nitrate conditions. We suggest that NID1 plays a crucial role as a transcription factor in optimizing plant growth by modulating the transcript abundance of the nitrate transceptor CHL1, leading to enhanced ABA accumulation in low‐nitrate conditions.