bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating the Urban Corridors: The Role of Colonial Railways in India
Authors: Sahoo Dipsikha
Published: July 2020

This article argues that the pattern of urbanization in India has kept pace with the growth of railways during the British period. The colonial railways transformed India’s circulatory regime, which resulted in the emergence of social space. Towns and cities in the hinterlands of the port cities under the railways network became more urbanised. Railways, as a biggest British capitalist manoeuvre, helped in the process of industrialization and growth of trade and commerce. Some towns and cities grew up as major railway stations, terminals or junctions, divisional and zonal headquarters during the British period. The growth of railways is demonstrated in relation to the expansion in transportation of goods, passengers and employment opportunities generated. The article discerns the pattern of railway transportation and infrastructural development, which will help us to comprehend as one of the forces underlying the pattern of urbanisation in India during the British rule.
Epidemiology of the cnidarian Pelagia noctiluca stings on Moroccan Mediterranean beaches
Authors: Mghili Bilal , Analla Mohamed , Aksissou Mustapha
Published: July 2020

An epidemiological study on the stings of Pelagia noctiluca was carried out on four Mediterranean beaches in Morocco. Data were retrieved from patients seeking medical treatment after a jellyfish sting. A total of 1321 patients presented with P. noctiluca stings during the summer of 2018. Most of the injuries were observed in persons aged 11–20 years. The stings were located more on the lower (53%) than on the upper limbs (27%). A total of 61% of those seeking treatment were Moroccan tourists, 29% were local residents and 9% were foreign tourists. The main medications provided were antiseptics (54%), non-pharmacological treatments (41%) and antibiotics (4%). The continuing presence of P. noctiluca in the Moroccan Mediterranean makes it necessary to set effective strategies to prevent and minimise their impact.
Psychology and COVID-19: impacts, themes and way forward
Authors: Pillay Anthony L , Barnes Brendon R
Published: July 2020

COVID-19 has brought a new set of challenges at a time when poorer nations were struggling with existing burdens. However, the lockdown restrictions aimed at slowing the infection rate has created problems of their own such as increased unemployment, poverty, and mental health problems. While the lockdown approach may be effective for public health, there is concern about the way it is formulated, the empirical basis of some restrictions, and societal impacts. There is additional concern that COVID-19 and associated restrictions disproportionately affect marginalised groups. As a discipline primarily concerned with human behaviour, Psychology has much to contribute to addressing the pandemic.
Do Online Illicit Drug Market Exchanges Afford Rationality?
Authors: Childs Andrew , Coomber Ross , Bull Melissa
Published: July 2020

Rational choice perspectives have been the dominant models used for conceptualizing the nature of exchanges in illicit drug markets, but various critiques have found these abstracted assumptions inadequate for understanding concrete illicit drug market activity. Considerably less, however, is known about key aspects of rationality in exchanges within online drug markets. Recognizing the inadequacies of an underlying homo economicus, we instead conceive drug market exchanges as complex assemblages, noting how exchanges are reconstructed in online spaces, and technological affordances may facilitate elements of rationality in drug exchanges. Adopting these notions allows us to argue that aspects of rationality can potentially contribute to an understanding of exchange practices in online markets, and that online channels can afford assumptions of utility-maximization, rich market information to guide decision-making, and anonymity in the exchange. In addition, consideration is given to the structural variability of online illicit drug markets, and that the affordance of rationality should be considered across a spectrum of applicability that takes into account the specifics of each dimension of online drug market (i.e. drug cryptomarkets, illicit online pharmacies, and “app-based” drug markets).
Thoracic cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: a consensus statement from the Thoracic Domain of the Asian Society for Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
Authors: Jheon Sanghoon , Ahmed Aneez DB , Fang Vincent WT , Jung Woohyun , Khan Ali Zamir , Lee Jang-Ming , Sihoe Alan DL , Thongcharoen Punnarerk , Tsuboi Masahiro , Turna Akif , Nakajima Jun
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Healthcare resources have been mobilized to combat the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. The Thoracic Domain of the Asian Society for Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery reports a consensus statement on the provision of thoracic cancer surgery during this pandemic.

Methods

A Thoracic Experts Panel was convened by the Society. A consensus on the provision, safety, and setting of thoracic cancer surgery during the pandemic was obtained through a Delphi process.

Results

Responses were received from 26 panel members (96% response rate) from 10 regions across Asia. The Society recommended that elective thoracic cancer surgery services may need to be reduced or postponed if medical resources were needed for COVID-19 patients, especially intensive care unit beds and ventilators. However, thoracic cancer surgery should proceed as normal for all solid tumors, without restrictions based on disease stage, availability of non-surgical treatment options, or patient condition (unless there is a high likelihood of postoperative intensive care unit stay). Aerosol-forming procedures should be avoided intra- and perioperatively. The surgical approach does not make a difference in terms of safety. Services for thoracic cancer patients should be offered only in hospitals that maintain isolation wards for patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19.

Conclusions

Services for patients with thoracic cancer should be maintained during the COVID-19 pandemic. The position of the Society is that thoracic surgeons have a responsibility to perform good surgical management of thoracic cancer during the pandemic, to advocate for patients’ rights to receive it, and to safeguard patients and staff from infection.
Achievements and prospects for the synthesis of poly(meth)acrylimide foams. Stage of the thermal imidisation of polymer precursors
Authors: Kazantsev Oleg A , Shirshin Konstantin V , Kornienko Pavel V , Sivokhin Alexey P
Published: July 2020

The review summarises the trends in the development of research on the synthesis of polymethacrylimides (PMIs) and polyacrylimides by the method of intramolecular thermal imidisation of (meth)acrylic polymers. Along with the widely used industry variant of PMI foam of the ‘Rohacell’ series based on bulk copolymers of methacrylonitrile and methacrylic acid, intensive research on alternative variants began after 2005. This review describes the main and side reactions when using polymer precursors of different structures as well as the effect of precursor composition and structure on the properties of the resulting poly(meth)acrylimides. It has been shown that the achievements of the last 15 years provide a basis for reducing the cost of poly(meth)acrylimides which will significantly expand the areas and scale of their application.
Change in home language environment and English literacy achievement over time: A multi-group latent growth curve modeling investigation
Authors: Kim Hyunah , Barron Christine , Sinclair Jeanne , Eunhee Jang Eunice
Published: July 2020

In most studies investigating the educational outcomes of linguistically diverse students, variables that identify this population have been considered as static. In reality, owing to the dynamic nature of students and their families, students’ home language environments change over time. This study aims to understand how elementary school students’ home language environments change over time, and how longitudinal patterns of English literacy achievement across grades 3, 6, and 10 differ among students with various home language shift patterns in Ontario, Canada. The longitudinal cohort data of 89,609 students between grades 3 and 10 from the provincial assessments were analyzed for changes in their home language environment. A subsample of 18,000 students was used to examine different patterns of relative literacy performance over time and their associations with immigration background and early intervention programming using multi-group latent growth curve modeling. Our findings suggest a strong movement toward an English-dominant home language environment among multilingual students; yet, students whose homes remained as multilingual demonstrated the highest literacy achievement in the early grade as well as the highest improvement in relative performance over time. The paper draws implications for promoting students’ home language, instilling a positive view of multilingual competence.
Epidemiology of fatal/non-fatal suicide among patients with chronic osteomyelitis (COM): a nationwide population-based study
Authors: Hung Chih-Hung , Ko Jih-Yang , Liao Pei-Shao , Yeh Chen-Wei , Hsu Chieh-Cheng , Lin Mei-Chen , Hsu Horng-Chaung , Kuo Shu-Jui
Published: July 2020

Objective

Chronic osteomyelitis (COM) can induce systemic inflammation, and systemic inflammation may be associated with suicide tendency. However, no studies have investigated the correlation between COM and suicide tendency.

Methods

The aim of this population-based study was to determine the epidemiology of fatal/non-fatal suicide among COM patients. Subjects with at least two outpatient visits or one course of inpatient care diagnosed with COM were recruited into a COM cohort. The control/COM subject ratio was approximately 4:1 matched by age, sex, major depression coding and index year (COM patients). Subjects with suicide attempts before COM diagnosis and subjects aged <20 years were excluded.

Results

COM patients had 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–3.36) times the risk of fatal/non-fatal suicide as control subjects. Considering death as the competing event of fatal/non-fatal suicide, COM patients had 1.76 (95% CI: 1.03–3.01) times the risk of fatal/non-fatal suicide (competing risk regression model). The effect of COM on fatal/non-fatal suicide was more prominent among diabetic patients. COM severity also correlated with the risk of fatal/non-fatal suicide.

Conclusions

More attention must be paid to suicide tendency among COM patients.
Invisible Adaptation: The Effect of Awareness on the Strength of the Motion Aftereffect
Authors: Roumani Daphne , Moutoussis Konstantinos
Published: July 2020

The ability to process information despite the lack of perceptual awareness is one of the most fascinating aspects of the visual system. Such unconscious processing is often investigated using adaptation, where any presence of the former can be traced by its footprint on aftereffects following the latter. We have investigated the mechanisms of the motion aftereffect (MAE) using random dot displays of varying motion coherence as well as crowding to modulate both the physical as well as the perceptual strength of the adaptation stimulus. Perceptual strength was quantitatively measured as the performance in a forced-choice direction-discrimination task. A motion-nulling technique was used to quantitatively measure the strength of the MAE. We show that the strength of the dynamic MAE is independently influenced by both the physical stimulus strength as well as the subjective perceptual strength, with the effect of the former being more prominent than that of the latter. We further show that the MAE still persists under conditions of subthreshold perception. Our results suggest that perceptual awareness can influence the strength of visual processing, but the latter is not fully dependent on the former and can still take place at its partial or even total absence.
Correction of Relapsed Midline Diastema
Authors: Raju Aravind , S Mahendra , Shetty Balamohan , Gopinath Shruti
Published: July 2020

Midline diastema is one of the most common malocclusion seen in orthodontics. It may reappear after orthodontic treatment if retention protocol is not followed properly. Many treatment approaches have been cited in the literature for this and we propose an effective, time-saving, and reliable method for the correction of relapsed midline diastema using vacuum-formed retainer with elastomeric elastics.
Smart Spaces Spring
Authors: P. Mankar Mugdha
Published: July 2020

An innovative auxiliary spring design is presented to provide space creation in various clinical situations. Accompanied with a further innovative method of activation, it shall also limit the reciprocal movements of adjacent mesial teeth.
Exploring the Effect of Timely Reminder on Maritime Unsafe Acts
Authors: Xu Dong , Wang Ying
Published: July 2020

Unsafe acts are a primary cause of maritime accidents, but timely reminders can evaluate improper behavior and provide alerts to prompt correction. This paper investigates whether timely reminders can discourage unsafe acts. First, data in relation to participants’ unsafe acts according to different psychological frames were collected on the basis of an experiment conducted on a navigation simulator. The effects of timely reminders on unsafe acts were then analyzed through the independent-samples Kruskal–Wallis test and regression analysis. The results demonstrate that the introduction of timely reminders could significantly reduce the number of unsafe acts committed by crew members during voyages. Moreover, the framing effect influenced the intervention results; under less stressful conditions, a timely reminder with the gain frame more effectively discourages unsafe acts than does a reminder with the loss frame. By contrast, under more stressful conditions, the loss frame exhibits advantages over the gain frame with respect to sending timely reminders to reduce the occurrence of unsafe acts. Compared with novices, experienced seafarers are less sensitive to the effects of timely reminders in the process of ship operation, whether with the gain frame or loss frame. After the three major challenges of functional subdivision, situational complexity, and mechanism robustness are discussed, two suggestions are proposed: an integrated system for automatically detecting unsafe acts that sends out corresponding timely reminders and an onboard organizational management mechanism.
Exploring the Equity of Traditional and Ride-Hailing Taxi Services during Peak Hours
Authors: Pan Renbin , Yang Hongtai , Xie Kun , Wen Yi
Published: July 2020

Many people criticize the inequity of traditional taxi (TT) services and believe the entry of ride-hailing taxis (RT) can address the issue. However, this has been understudied in the literature. This paper aims to estimate the equity of TT  and RT services during peak hours and to study how the entry of RT affects equity by analyzing trip data of TT and RT in New York City in 2010 and 2017 (before and after the entry of RT). First, we used the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient to estimate the equity of taxi services against population and employment. The results show that the equity of RT in 2017 is higher than that of TT  and the equity of TT + RT in 2017 is higher than that of 2010. Mixed geographically weighted regression (MGWR) was applied to determine whether the relationships between taxi trips and population/employment would vary across different taxi zones. The coefficient of variation (CV) of local coefficients of population/employment is used as an indicator of equity. Results show that RT services were more equitable than TT services in 2017 and that the overall taxi service in 2017 was more equitable than that of 2010.
Photogrammetry-Based Method to Determine the Absolute Volume of Soil Specimen during Triaxial Testing
Authors: Fayek Sara , Xia Xiaolong , Li Lin , Zhang Xiong
Published: July 2020

Triaxial tests are used extensively to evaluate stress-strain behavior for both saturated and unsaturated soils. A literature review indicates that all conventional triaxial test methods measure the relative volume of soil; however, between the initial measurements and the start of the triaxial tests, there are unavoidably disturbances during installation that cause deviation of soil volume from that at the initial condition. Recently image-based methods have been developed to measure the absolute volume of soil specimens. However, these methods still have a major limitation in their inability to determine top and bottom boundaries between the soil specimen, and the top and bottom caps. This paper proposes a photogrammetry-based method to overcome this limitation by developing a mathematically rigorous technique to determine the upper and lower boundaries of soil specimens during triaxial testing. The photogrammetry technique was used to determine the orientations of the camera, and the shape and location of the acrylic cell. Multiple ray-tracings and least-square optimization techniques were also applied to obtain the coordinates of any point inside the triaxial cell, and thus back-calculate the upper and lower boundaries. With these boundaries and the side surface, a triangular surface mesh was constructed and the specimen volume was then calculated in both unconfined compression tests and triaxial tests. The calculation procedures are presented in detail with validation tests performed on a cylindrical specimen to evaluate the accuracy of the method. Results indicate that the accuracy of the proposed method is up to 0.023% in unconfined compression tests and 0.061% in triaxial tests.
Development of a Risk Assessment Module for Bridge Management Systems in New Jersey
Authors: Fiorillo Graziano , Nassif Hani
Published: July 2020

Bridges are critical for the mobility of our society and its economic growth. Available funds for bridge repair, maintenance, and rehabilitation are limited. The Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) introduced several new parameters for improving the management of bridge assets, such as bridge element evaluation, life-cycle analysis, and risk-based performance indicators. Risk-based methods account for the uncertainties embedded into engineering variables and long-term evaluations. The objective of this paper is to identify, assess, and quantify structural risk components to bridges using probabilistic risk methodologies and data from the National Bridge Inventory database. The aim is to simplify the implementation of risk-based ranking procedures into bridge management system packages according to the MAP-21 vision. Therefore, machine learning techniques are employed to facilitate the introduction of probabilistic risk methods into bridge management systems. The procedure is described for seven hazards that are pertinent to bridges in New Jersey: overloading, fatigue, seismic, flooding, scour, vehicle and vessel collision. Risk values are computed in monetary terms to homogenize the comparison among bridges for different hazards. The analysis is performed on 5,534 bridges, showing that seismic events and fatigue resulting from truck overloading are the most dominant hazards in New Jersey, for which about 97.0% and 29.0% of bridges show some level of risk. The main limitation of the proposed framework is the lack of accurate data from bridge inventories necessary to thoroughly perform a fully structural probabilistic analysis of bridges and to minimize engineering judgment.
Applicability of Photogrammetry for Inspection and Monitoring of Dry-Stone Masonry Retaining Walls
Authors: Hain Alexandra , Zaghi Arash E.
Published: July 2020

Dry-stone masonry retaining walls are vulnerable to bulging and leaning because of the lack of cohesion between stones. Currently, the structural integrity of these walls is mainly assessed by qualitative judgments informed by visual inspections. Photogrammetry has the potential to increase the quality and objectivity of retaining wall inspections. This technology uses a series of images to generate a detailed 3D model of a structure. Currently, this technology is most commonly used in civil engineering applications for mapping large areas, often using aerial photographs. In this study, photogrammetry is used in two field trials to evaluate its ability to create accurate, high-resolution 3D representations of masonry retaining walls in Connecticut. The 3D models were used to document the current in-situ conditions to provide a baseline for future comparisons, as well as show cross sections of vulnerable areas, such as bulges or tilts. In one trial, data were collected on two dates to show the progression of movement of the wall. This paper gives an overview of best practices for data collection and discusses results and observations from the field trials. The generated 3D models provide an enhanced form of inspection documentation including detailed representations of geometry and colors. The contribution of this paper is to provide material facilitating the adoption of this promising technology for the inspection of masonry retaining walls and other transportation infrastructure.
Predicting Commercial Vehicle Parking Duration using Generative Adversarial Multiple Imputation Networks
Authors: Low Raymond , Tekler Zeynep Duygu , Cheah Lynette
Published: July 2020

As the world rapidly urbanizes in pace with economic growth, the rising demand for products and services in cities is putting a strain on the existing road infrastructure, leading to traffic congestion and other negative externalities. To mitigate the impacts of freight movement within commercial areas, city planners have begun focusing their attention on the parking behaviors of commercial vehicles. Unfortunately, there is a general lack of information on such activities because of the heterogeneity of practices and the complex nature of urban goods movement. Furthermore, field surveys and observations of truck parking behavior are often faced with significant challenges, resulting in the collection of sparse and incomplete data. The objective of this study is to develop a regression model to predict the parking duration of commercial vehicles at the loading bays of retail malls and identify significant factors that contribute to this dwell time. The dataset used in this study originates from a truck parking and observation survey conducted at the loading bays of nine retail malls in Singapore, containing information about the trucks’ and drivers’ activities. However, because of the presence of incomplete fields found in the dataset, the authors propose the use of a generative adversarial multiple imputation networks algorithm to impute the incomplete fields before developing the regression model using the imputed dataset. Through the parking duration model, the activity type, parking location, and volume of goods delivered (or picked up) were identified as significant features influencing vehicle dwell time, corroborating with findings in the literature.
Measuring the Applicability of Intersection-Based Older Driver Training Programs
Authors: Schneider Craig A. , Hajiseyedjavadi Foroogh , Tainter Francis , Knodler Michael , Zhang Jingyi , Romoser Matthew , Samuel Siby , Fisher Donald
Published: July 2020

Older drivers remain overrepresented in intersection crashes. Previous evidence suggests that the primary reason for this lies with their lack of scanning for potential threat vehicles while entering stop-controlled intersections. More so, secondary glances prove critical when the conditions obscure potential threat vehicles while approaching the intersection. Currently, simulator-based older driver training programs have proven effective in increasing the frequency of secondary glances taken by older drivers up to 2 years following the training. However, both the need for a full-scale driving simulator and participant dropout rates because of simulator sickness within training programs continue to limit the applicability of these alternatives. This study used a series of micro-scenarios to train older drivers in secondary glances, thus reducing the potential for participant dropouts resulting from simulator sickness. In addition, driver immersion levels varied across multiple training platforms, ranging from low to medium. A total of 91 participants between 67 and 86 years old were assigned to one of five groups. Three groups were provided active, secondary glance training on a driving simulator (one on a low immersion simulator and two on medium immersion simulators), a fourth group was provided passive training using a PowerPoint presentation, and the last group was a control with no training. Following training, all participants were evaluated in their personal vehicles while wearing head-mounted cameras. The medium immersion group resulted in the highest percentage of secondary glances (82%), whereas the control group resulted in the lowest percentage (42%). The results provide evidence to suggest that the training programs using micro-scenarios in medium and low immersion simulators can increase the frequency of secondary glances without having high dropout rates caused by simulator sickness.
Drilling and mechanical performance analysis on flax-sisal hybrid composite embedded with perforated aluminum foil
Authors: Rajamurugan G , Sanjay Agrawal Prajwal , Krishnasamy Prabu , Muralidharan B , Jain Sanyam
Published: July 2020

This paper focused on the investigation of mechanical, twist drilling performance and microstructural analysis in aluminum foil reinforced sisal flax epoxy composite. Six combinations of composite (SF1–SF6) were fabricated by hand layup method with two different orientation of circular (φ = 5 mm) geometrical patterns in aluminum foil (thickness 0.024 mm) as structural reinforcement. The mechanical properties were determined by the tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness investigation with ASTM test specimens. The machinability of the composites was studied through twist drilling operation (8 mm), and the drilling experiments were designed by the design expert 11.0. The analysis was performed on a CNC milling machine (VF-30 CNC VS) vertical milling center with the different process parameters like spindle speed (500–2000 r/min), feed rate (0.05–0.25 mm/min), and hole pitch (20, 40, and 60 mm) in sliding dry environments at room temperature. The fractured composite samples were examined through a scanning electron microscope to determine the fiber pullout, deboning, and voids between the reinforcement and matrix. The obtained results were shown that the sample with 45° staggered hole with 60 mm hole pitch (SF6) composite holds the excellent mechanical properties like tensile strength (31 MPa), flexural strength (76 MPa), impact strength (1.5 J), and hardness value (23 VHN) compared to other combinations. The effect of hole pitch and spindle speed significantly affects the circularity error.
Stability analysis of glass fibre polyamide composite transmission tower
Authors: Bhowmik Chiranjit , Gupta Krishanu , Chakraborti Prasun
Published: July 2020

The cross-sectional degradation of steel transmission tower members due to corrosion has been one of the major issues in the transmission line system. The degradation of appearance of the material has also been seen because of corrosion. Therefore, there is a need for a less corrosive and high strength alternate material for transmission towers. It seems in recent years that alternate materials have been needed to replace steel which have low maintenance cost and good resistance to corrosion. The advantages of composite transmission towers are fire resistant, high stiffness, durability, high strength, moderate ductility, rigidity, easy to assemble and economical. The present study has made an effort to evaluate the performance of composite transmission tower. The glass fibre polyamide composite material has been used as a structural material. First, a finite element tower model of 132 KV has been set up in Structural Analysis and Design Software as glass fibre polyamide structural material as per transmission tower design guidelines (Code for Transmission tower design, IS 802.1.1.1995, Bureau of Indian Standards). Second, all the active loads like wind load on the body, wind load on conducting wires and ground wires, weight of conducting wires, weight of structure, weight of ground wires, weight of insulator and weight of line man with tools are calculated manually as per transmission tower design guidelines and applied in the finite element tower model. The stress distribution of the composite tower model has been simulated in Structural Analysis and Design Software and the results have been analysed. The broken wire condition (if one conductor is broken or earth wire is broken) has been innovatively considered in the present study. Results obtained in this article show that maximum induced stress on transmission tower member is less than the deign strength of glass fibre polyamide composite material. The glass fibre polyamide composite material has been found to be capable to withstand the maximum stresses induced due to different loading conditions considered in the study.
Mechanical characterisation of a bamboo fibre/polylactic acid composite produced by fused deposition modelling
Authors: Taborda-Ríos July A , López-Botello Omar , Zambrano-Robledo Patricia , Reyes-Osorio Luis A , Garza Carlos
Published: July 2020

Polymer matrices are usually reinforced with fibres giving a good strength/weight ratio. Currently, innovative research has been focussed in producing new composite materials using natural fibres as an alternative sustainable material. In the present work, the mechanical behaviour of a composite based on polylactic acid reinforced with bamboo fibre produced by additive manufacturing was evaluated. Specimens were manufactured using fused deposition modelling with different geometry depositions, layer thicknesses and fill densities. The results were evaluated performing an analysis of variance with a confidence level of 95%. The composites were subjected to mechanical testing to evaluate the influence of process parameters in tensile strength, strain, and elastic modulus. It was observed that the principal factors that influence the elasticity are the deposition geometry and fill density. Fracture zones and manufacturing defects were additionally studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The vertical orientation of the layers causes the premature rupture of the test samples due to the tension being reverted at the interface between the layers. The specimens showed slight adhesion between the polylactic acid matrix and the bamboo fibres. This effect was related with the presence of porosity, cracks and local deformations in the composite material.
Who Are the Mavens of Bystander Intervention? Implications for the Social Diffusion of Intervention Norms
Authors: Butler Leah C. , Fisher Bonnie S.
Published: July 2020

A recent randomized controlled trial reported that Green Dot (GD)—a bystander intervention training program that targets popular opinion leaders for intensive training—reduced school-level interpersonal violence perpetration and victimization. Expanding GD’s targeted group members to include “mavens” of bystander intervention—those who spread bystander intervention norms to others by communicating with peers—may increase the effectiveness of such training. Self-report data collected from students at the 13 intervention high schools in Kentucky are analyzed to identify characteristics of those who engage in discussions with peers about preventing interpersonal violence. Findings show that students who engage in more frequent bystander behaviors are more likely to have such conversations with peers, but GD participants were no more likely than nonparticipants to discuss preventing interpersonal violence with peers.
Integrative Review as a Method to Generate or to Test Nursing Theory
Authors: da Silva Rodrigo Nogueira , Brandão Marcos Antônio G. , Ferreira Márcia de A.
Published: July 2020

Research synthesis methods can generate or test nursing theories. Integrative review is a research synthesis method widely used in nursing. The purpose of this discussion is to explore how the integrative review can be used as a scientific research method to generate or to test nursing theories. Ways to conduct integrative reviews to generate and to test nursing theories were explored. Integrative review could be an interesting way to bridge the gap between nursing theories and nursing research and practice.
Nursing in Iran: Issues and Challenges
Authors: Ahmadi Chenari Hadi , Zakerimoghadam Masoumeh , Baumann Steven L.
Published: July 2020

The authors of this article discuss the challenges that nurses in Iran face as they seek to advance the profession and healthcare in Iran. The challenges they face are shared by nurses in other nations in the region and to some degree globally, that is to say a significant nursing and nurse educator shortage, the aging of the nursing work force, and inadequate resources committed to the recruitment, education, and retention of a sufficient number of competent nurses to deal with the information explosion and rapidly changing workplace. Nurses in Iran have historically suffered from a low social status that has limited their voice in the country, despite having the BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing) as the entry to practice, and fine graduate and doctoral programs in the country. Efforts to address these challenges are discussed.
Hospital-Based Nursing Research Environments: Two Different Yet Similar Books for Review
Authors: Morrow Mary R.
Published: July 2020

This is a book review of two books on successful hospital-based nursing research environments. Their similarities and differences are discussed.
Deliberating What is Important: A Parsesciencing Inquiry
Authors: Baumann Steven L.
Published: July 2020

Deliberating what is important, as a universal humanuniverse living experience, was investigated using the Parsesciencing mode of inquiry. Ten historians engaged in discussion to answer the question, “What is your experience of deliberating what is important?” The inquiry uncovered the discerning extant moment of deliberating what is important as follows: Deliberating what is important is arduous deciphering amid discordant proposals surfacing in untangled resolve with cultivating affiliations.
New Knowledge for the Profession: Case for Using Nursing Theory
Authors: Florczak Kristine L.
Published: July 2020

First, the authors of this column reiterate the need for using nursing theory as a foundation for nursing research and practice. A study underpinned by Johnson’s behavioral model is presented as an excellent example of the use of nursing theory to guide research in the care of people with heart failure.
Self-Administration of Medication in Hospital: A Literature Review
Authors: Vanwesemael Toke , Boussery Koen , Dilles Tinne
Published: July 2020

The idea of patients self-administering their medication in hospital is not new; it was first cited in literature in 1959. Up to date, there is a growing body of literature that recognizes the importance of this approach. In this current state of the literature, self-administration of medication in hospital is positioned in the context of the definition of health as proposed by Huber et al. and Orem’s self-care deficit theory: first identify the concept of medication self-administration, as well as the prevalence, existing procedures, tools, and proven effects of interventions; then the findings should point the way forward for research, practice, and policy.
DNP or PhD as a Credential for Nurse Faculty: Choices and Consequences
Authors: Yancey Nan Russell
Published: July 2020

With the inception of the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) as the designated practice doctorate in nursing and ultimate acceptance of the DNP as a terminal degree in nursing by professional nursing organizations, questions have arisen about the implications for faculty appointment in the teaching-learning in nursing. Following a brief discussion of the background of the DNP and recent trends in academic nursing programs, a challenge is presented to nurse faculty and administrators to consider carefully the illuminated critical issues and concerns in planning for the future of teaching-learning in nursing.
Nurse-led Care Program with Patients with Heart Failure Using Johnson’s Behavioral System Model: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Rahmani Behnoush , Aghebati Nahid , Esmaily Habibollah , Florczak Kristine L.
Published: July 2020

Patients with heart failure experience system imbalance and have multiple symptoms. A nurse-led care program based on Johnson’s behavioral system model was used to improve the balance of the behavioral system of heart failure patients. One hundred and fifty patients were randomly assigned into two groups. In the experimental group, the patient’s status was evaluated by a behavioral subsystem assessment tool related to the level of imbalance. The patients in the intervention group received care individually based on their worst subsystem scores over a period of 2 weeks. The results showed significant improvement in restorative, ingestive, eliminative, aggressive/protective, dependency, and achievement ( p < .05) subsystems in the experimental group. However, no significant difference was seen in sexual and affiliative ( p > .05) subsystems.
An empirical approach to identifying employability skills required of graduates in the environmental sciences
Authors: Stewart Barbara A
Published: July 2020

Universities are under pressure to produce work-ready graduates. This study analyzed 130 job advertisements to identify skills required by environmental science employers in Australia. For degree-related criteria, the most frequently required were content knowledge, a tertiary qualification and experience. Other desired skills were an understanding of environmental legislation, and an ability to undertake Geographical Information Systems (GIS) analysis, fieldwork, ecological surveys and species identification. For generic skills, more than half of advertisements required strong interpersonal, communication, writing and project management skills. It was concluded that universities should prioritize skills that occur most frequently in advertisements, and students should be given opportunities to participate in work experience. This would involve nurturing oral and written communication and teamwork skills, while equipping students with the ability to undertake ecological surveys in the field, identify important plants and animals, and conduct data analysis using GIS approaches. Senior undergraduate and postgraduate programs should include content on environmental policy and legislation, and the opportunity for students to hone their project and time management skills.
The governance capacities of Brexit from a Scottish perspective: The case of fisheries policy
Authors: Connolly John , Zwet Arno van der , Huggins Christopher , McAngus Craig
Published: July 2020

Brexit leads to uncertainties about how policies will be ‘rescaled’ from the European Union back to the United Kingdom and its devolved governments. Interviews with key Scottish Government officials show how the UK’s withdrawal from the Common Fisheries Policy presents mixed challenges for the Scottish policy system to absorb policy change at analytical, administrative, political, and communicative levels. Our analysis finds that absorbable areas concern fisheries management, operations, and analysis. Yet there are capacity areas that will require greater investment at political, communicative, and relational levels. This article makes an important contribution to research on the multi-level governance capacities for accommodating Brexit in UK policy-making. In doing so, our contribution applies the governance capacities literature to a new field of scholarship in relation to Brexit studies.
Affinity laws for impellers trimmed in two partial emission pumps with very low specific speed
Authors: Li Wen-Guang
Published: July 2020

Partial emission pumps or open impeller pumps or tangent pumps with very low specific speed at either fast or conventional speed have found extensive applications in aircraft, liquid rockets, cryogenic fluid systems, chemical and petroleum-chemical industries, energy and food processing systems, etc. Usually, impeller trimming of rotodynamic pumps serves as an effective tool to meet required hydraulic performance of a liquid transport system and also to improve the entire system energy utilization efficiency. However, the affinity laws for the impeller trimming in a partial emission pump have been unavailable so far. In the paper, such affinity laws in terms of constant and variable exponents were established for flow rate, head, efficiency, flow coefficient and head coefficient based on the existing experimental data of two partial emission pumps at best efficiency points. It was shown that the affinity laws differ from the counterparts for centrifugal pumps, especially the exponent of around 2 for flow rate and the exponent of approximately 1.5 for head in comparison with nearly 1.5 for flow rate and about 2 for head in centrifugal pumps. The underlying mechanism for this effect was disclosed in terms of the ratios of the hydraulic, volumetric and mechanical efficiencies after trimming to the efficiencies before trimming analytically. The hydraulic loss, leakage flow rate and recirculation flow rate in two pumps were estimated according to the elements of fluid mechanics. It was identified that the hydraulic loss in the volute is more dominant than in the impeller and responsible for the rise of hydraulic efficiency with the trimming in progress. Moreover, the significant increase of recirculation flow rate between the volute tongue and the impeller outlet contributes to the substantial reduction in flow rate after impeller trimming.
Comparison study of classification methods of intramuscular electromyography data for non-human primate model of traumatic spinal cord injury
Authors: Masood Farah , Farzana Maisha , Nesathurai Shanker , Abdullah Hussein A.
Published: July 2020

Traumatic spinal cord injury is a serious neurological disorder. Patients experience a plethora of symptoms that can be attributed to the nerve fiber tracts that are compromised. This includes limb weakness, sensory impairment, and truncal instability, as well as a variety of autonomic abnormalities. This article will discuss how machine learning classification can be used to characterize the initial impairment and subsequent recovery of electromyography signals in an non-human primate model of traumatic spinal cord injury. The ultimate objective is to identify potential treatments for traumatic spinal cord injury. This work focuses specifically on finding a suitable classifier that differentiates between two distinct experimental stages (pre-and post-lesion) using electromyography signals. Eight time-domain features were extracted from the collected electromyography data. To overcome the imbalanced dataset issue, synthetic minority oversampling technique was applied. Different ML classification techniques were applied including multilayer perceptron, support vector machine, K-nearest neighbors, and radial basis function network; then their performances were compared. A confusion matrix and five other statistical metrics (sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, and F-measure) were used to evaluate the performance of the generated classifiers. The results showed that the best classifier for the left- and right-side data is the multilayer perceptron with a total F-measure of 79.5% and 86.0% for the left and right sides, respectively. This work will help to build a reliable classifier that can differentiate between these two phases by utilizing some extracted time-domain electromyography features.
Can Short Psychological Interventions Affect Educational Performance? Revisiting the Effect of Self-Affirmation Interventions
Authors: Serra-Garcia Marta , Hansen Karsten T. , Gneezy Uri
Published: July 2020

Large amounts of resources are spent annually to improve educational achievement and to close the gender gap in sciences with typically very modest effects. In 2010, a 15-min self-affirmation intervention showed a dramatic reduction in this gender gap. We reanalyzed the original data and found several critical problems. First, the self-affirmation hypothesis stated that women’s performance would improve. However, the data showed no improvement for women. There was an interaction effect between self-affirmation and gender caused by a negative effect on men’s performance. Second, the findings were based on covariate-adjusted interaction effects, which imply that self-affirmation reduced the gender gap only for the small sample of men and women who did not differ in the covariates. Third, specification-curve analyses with more than 1,500 possible specifications showed that less than one quarter yielded significant interaction effects and less than 3% showed significant improvements among women.
From Libidines nefandæ to sexual perversions
Authors: Janssen Diederik F
Published: July 2020

A conceptual evolution is traceable from early modern classifications of libido nefanda (execrable lust) to early nineteenth-century allusions to ‘perversion of the sexual instinct’, via pluralizing notions of coitus nefandus/sodomiticus in Martin Schurig’s work, and of sodomia impropria in seventeenth- through late eighteenth-century legal medicine. Johann Valentin Müller’s early breakdown of various unnatural penchants seemingly inspired similar lists in works by Johann Christoph Fahner and Johann Josef Bernt, and ultimately Heinrich Kaan. This allows an ante-dating of the ‘specification of the perverted’ (Foucault) often located in the late nineteenth century, and appreciation of pygmalionism and necrophilia as instances of ‘perverted sexual instinct’. In this light, Kaan’s early psychopathia sexualis was less innovative and more ambivalent than previously thought.
Clinical characterization, outcomes, and prognosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus admitted to the intensive care unit
Authors: Aragón Cristian C , Ruiz-Ordoñez Ingrid , Quintana Jhon H , Suárez-Avellaneda Ana , Gallego Linda M , Gallego Cindy-Natalia , Bolaños Juan D , Guerra María A , Ochoa Maria Elena , Granados Marcela , Tobón Gabriel J
Published: July 2020

Objective

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous autoimmune disease, and in some conditions, admission to the intensive care unit (ICUs) is required. This study describes the clinical and prognostic factors in SLE patients admitted to the ICU.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study that reviewed all clinical records of patients with SLE admitted to the ICU between 2011 and 2018.

Results

We evaluated 188 patients, with 279 ICU admissions. Most patients were female ( n = 159; 84.57%) with a median age of 35 years (interquartile range (IQR) = 25–48 years). Infection was the leading cause of admission in 77 (27.60%) cases, followed by lupus flare. The average length of hospitalization was 5 days (IQR 3–11 days), and the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000, Acute Physiology, Age and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores were 9 (IQR 2–17), 14 (IQR 10–17), and 3 (IQR 2–5), respectively. Non-survivors presented with higher APACHE II and SOFA scores. Infection was the leading cause of mortality ( n = 38; 20.21%), and predictors of mortality included invasive mechanical ventilation, vasoactive medication requirement, higher SOFA scores, and antiphospholipid syndrome comorbidity.

Conclusions

We found that infection was the leading cause of ICU admissions and mortality in patients with SLE. Factors identified here as predictors of mortality should be accurately identified at admission for the prompt treatment of SLE patients.