bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Life-Change Measure as a Screening Device for Psychological Services among Three Collegiate Groups
Authors: Schuette Clifford G. , Sinnett E. Robert , Downey Ronald G.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to determine if a life-change measure would differentiate users of counseling services and mental health services from a control group not receiving psychological services. 472 subjects' life-change scores were the number of events checked on the Collegiate Life Change Questionnaire. One-way analyses of variance were calculated for each life-change score (total, positive, and negative) for three groups. For the Total Life-change score, the group mean for Counseling was significantly lower than the Mental Health and Control group means, which were identical. For the Positive Life-change score, the Control group mean was significantly higher than the Mental Health and Counseling means, which were not significantly different from one another. For the Negative Life-change score, both Mental Health and Control means were significantly higher than the Counseling group mean, but the former two means were not significantly different from one another. While there were significant differences between means in each group, the magnitude of the differences among the means was small enough to have little practical value. These results further validate previous criticisms of the life-change measure.
Behavioral Study of Two Patient Groups during Psychotherapy
Authors: Friedmann Claude T. H. , Schiebel Douglas , McGuire Michael T.
Published: September 2011

Two psychotherapy groups of patients with personality disorders were observed for 12 sessions using direct observation techniques. 13 behaviors occurred with differing frequency between the two groups, resulting in a behavioral profile consistent with the diagnostic categories. The study is a first step in an attempt to create a replicable method and data base for measuring behavioral effects of therapeutic interventions.
Confounding of the Repression-Sensitization Scale, Controlled for Social Desirability, with the IP at Anxiety Scale
Authors: Highland Anne C.
Published: September 2011

The Repression-Sensitization Scale, in a version which was controlled for social desirability and acquiescence response set, and the IPAT Anxiety Scale were administered to 51 male and 48 female undergraduates. Previous research had shown that repression-sensitization, anxiety, and social desirability are highly intercorrelated. Removing social desirability from the R-S scale left a measure which was still strongly correlated with an anxiety scale, the two measures having 45% of the variance in common.
Situational Determinants of Occupational Intelligence
Authors: Khoury Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The joint causal impart of 11 aspects of occupational environment or work setting on the intelligence required for satisfactory performance of occupational work roles is assessed. Nearly 60% of the variation in occupational intelligence can be accounted for by the nature of the occupational work setting.
The Geography of Suicide
Authors: Miller Marv
Published: September 2011

The national suicide rate of 13.3/100,000 for 1977 represented a 38-yr. high. Not since 1940 (14.4/100,000) had the suicide rate for the United States been above 12.8/100,000. 7 of the 11 states with the highest rates in 1940 were still among the states with the highest rates in 1977. With one exception, the 21 states whose rates increased during that 38-yr. period were contiguous and located in the southern portion of the U.S. The 29 states whose rates decreased during the same period were contiguous, except for Hawaii, and situated in the northern and western sections of the country.
Senegalese Secondary School Students' Preferences between Living in Town and Living in the Countryside
Authors: D'Hondt Walter , Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

Out of 1039 Senegalese students of the secondary cycle who answered our questionnaire, 47% made clear they wished to live in town, while 49% would rather live in the country. Reasons put forward for their choices for living in town were either material (56 6% of those who made that choice believed that: living conditions were better in town, there were more schools, more pastimes, less unemployment, etc.) or socio-cultural (32.7% held that urban civilization was more advanced with more frequent and heated debates and more freedom, etc.) or still it was a matter of habit (9%: I've always lived in town, I've got used to it, etc.). The reasons in favour of the country stressed the ecological aspects of the question (39.2% mentioned calm, quietness, lack of pollution, etc.), material aspects (17%: life is not expensive, etc.), habit (6.9%: my parents live there, etc.), and some moral and philosophical advantages (34.1%: solidarity, brotherhood, hospitality, simplicity, respect for traditions). The influence of variables of sex, housing, age, and socioeconomic status of subjects' fathers on the choices and motivations of subjects were also discussed.
Comparison of Data Gathered on Sensitive Questions via Direct Questionnaire, Randomized Response Technique, and a Projective Method
Authors: Bégin Guy , Boivin Michel
Published: September 2011

1266 students participated in an interview on sensitive issues. Three very sensitive hypothetical situations were assessed by means of three methods, the direct questionnaire, the randomized-response technique, and a “most people” projective-form questionnaire. The data indicate that the first two methods yielded similar proportions of endorsement. However, the projective method yielded much higher proportions of endorsement. These data indicate that the former two methods seem to assess the same concept which is quite different from the one measured through the projective questionnaire. Since the randomized-response method assures the subjects of the confidentiality of their responses, the authors believe that the direct questionnaire and randomized-response data are closer to reality, that is, more valid.
Authority as Perceived by the Schoolgoing Senegalese Adolescents
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

With the help of a questionnaire addressed to 882 Senegalese secondary students we have investigated their views of the ideal mother, ideal father, and ideal teacher. We also examined how they perceived their relationships with their teachers and the incidence of family and school environment. Starting from Tap's classification (1966), we have tried to show that love and confidence were the qualities most expected from mothers. On the other hand, characteristics such as authority, pedagogical preoccupations, and justice were expected from fathers. Contrary to Tap's findings (1966) for French subjects, gentleness was a quality given more for fathers than for mothers. Conversely mothers were expected by our subjects to be more dynamic than fathers which contrasts with Tap's results. The students value the moral or affective qualities of the ideal teachers much more than their intellectual qualities. The psychological traits of their actual teachers are described in a rather severe manner; unfavourable answers are more frequent. The prestige of the teacher seems to be still high; they are highly respected in the family circles of 81% of the students. Although the relationships are unequal between parents and teachers intellectually, contacts between them are highly desirable for 75% of the students.
Parental Models of Infancy: A Note on Gender Preferences for Firstborns
Authors: Pharis Mary E. , Manosevitz Martin
Published: September 2011

In past research individuals and couples without children have consistently expressed a preference for a male firstborn. Recent social changes have generated some expectation for a shift toward more equality of preference. The present study confirms a continuing preference for male firstborns in a population of couples expecting a first child. There was an increase in the number of subjects who would not specify a preference. When subjects were also asked to state a belief about gender of the fetus, most expectant mothers, but not their husbands, believed they were carrying males. These results have implications for future research on gender preference and for predicting sex ratios at birth should methods of gender preselection become available.
Adolescents' Groups in Senegal
Authors: D'Hondt Walter , Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

From 1000 students attending each of the secondary public schools in Senegal (West Africa) responses to a brief questionnaire were analyzed for characteristics of favourite peer groups. More than 80% of the respondents belonged to one or several groups. Their activities were: culture (216 %), sports (21 2%), dance-parties (18.8%), social evenings (10.7%), music (99%), and day-tripping (6%). As regards size, the number counting 11 or more members was four times the number of those counting less than 11. Girls formed smaller groups than did boys. About a third of the groups were non-mixed. Boys more than girls belonged to mixed groups. School environment had a minor influence on the establishment of groups outside school. The qualities of the groups' leader (when existing) were: discipline, experience, wisdom, and maturity. Conflicts with other groups were mainly due to rivalries concerning girls. Internal conflicts (lack of understanding) were more frequent. The ideas advocated by the groups were principally: solidarity, unity (23.6%), and struggle against social injustices (11.8%). Despite the unquestionable influence of Western culture in the groups' names (70% were in French), the prevailing aspirations in the choice of names were symptomatic of the shaping of the adolescents' identity: appeal to solidarity, awareness of their youthfulness and of their black personality.
A Factor Analytic Study of the Adaptive Behavior Scale
Authors: Katz-Garris Lynda , Hadley Trevor J. , Garris Raymond P. , Barnhill Bruce
Published: September 2011

The measurement of adaptive behavior of mentally retarded individuals has received considerable and increasing attention since the early 1970s. A number of scales have been developed and among them the Adaptive Behavior Scale has been the subject of numerous studies. Because the scale is a lengthy instrument to administer (11/2 to 2 hr. for Parts I and II), its utility was in need of further assessment. Since Part II has inherent psychometric flaws, only Part I was examined to determine whether or not the instrument has two or more factors as previously reported. This study concludes that Part I of 10 domains measures a single factor which accounts for 91% of the total variance. Information ascertained from Domain I appears to be as clinically useful as administering the full scale (Domains II-X) for assessment.
An Exploration of Some Reliability Results for the Multiscore Depression Inventory
Authors: Berndt David J. , Kaiser Charles F.
Published: September 2011

Data from the Multiscore Depression Inventory and its 10 subscales were analyzed for test-retest and Kuder-Richardson reliabilities. The test-retest indicated that the generally adequate reliabilities obtained for the scales on the Charleston sample were comparable to those obtained in Chicago. The .71 reliability of the instrumental helplessness subscale, however, was substantially better than that in the previous study, indicating that it may yet be useful as a measure of a relatively stable rather than a transient construct. The Kuder-Richardson reliabilities increased for nine of the subscales at retest, a result which led to a post hoc analysis implicating both mortality and effects of repeated testing, e.g., memory, consistency motivation, as possible causes of increased consistency.
Attributions of Interpersonal Values and Counseling Effectiveness
Authors: Gordon Leonard V. , McAvin Martha Woodbridge
Published: September 2011

In the present study, 83 high school students first indicated how effective they felt their counselors were and then completed the Survey of Interpersonal Values as they felt their counselors would if the latter were responding frankly. The students followed the same procedure for some “other adult” of their choice, with whom they would find it easy or difficult to discuss a personal problem. As had been hypothesized, those who were considered to be the more effective counselors or the more receptive “other adults” had attributed to them higher Benevolence and lower Recognition and Leadership scores on the survey. These interpersonal values characteristics are among the more highly regarded by the public at large and had been previously attributed to more highly preferred political figures. A study of the development of the attributional process in the client over the course of counseling, particularly as it relates to the outcome of counseling, would represent a potentially useful direction for future research.
Effects of Modeling and Audience on an Aversive Task
Authors: Pattinson Michael D. , Pasewark Richard A.
Published: September 2011

Using magnitude of self-administered shock as the aversive task, 90 female undergraduate volunteer subjects were exposed to one of three conditions: (1) no-model condition in which a subject was asked to self-administer an electric shock; (2) model condition wherein a subject witnessed a young female graduate student self-administer increasingly stronger shocks; and (3) model + audience condition in which a non-evaluative audience witnessed the model condition. Analysis of variance indicated that neither model nor presence of an audience combined with a model affected willingness to self-administer higher levels of shock.
The Female Leader: Attributional Effects of Group Performance
Authors: Powell Gary N. , Butterfield D. Anthony
Published: September 2011

Research on leadership style, conducted primarily with males, usually assumes that the leader's style causes group performance. Attribution theory suggests the reverse causal argument and has been supported in research using male leaders. The present study, using a quasi-experimental design and 256 students in introductory management, found that female managers of high-performing groups were evaluated and described differently than female managers of low-performing groups, even though their behavioral styles were identical. The results suggest that attributional processes applied to leadership are similar for male and female managers.
Conceptual Level and Attribution of Responsibility following High or Low Feedback on Performance
Authors: Stebbins Paul M. , Lee Dong Yul , Hallberg Ernest T. , Schmidt Peter K.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the ways in which subjects of high and low conceptual level attribute responsibility following high or low feedback on performance. 32 high school students, classified as high or low in conceptual level based on the Paragraph Completion Method, completed a communication task based on Carkhuff's Communication Index. Next, the subjects received high (“success”) or low (“failure”) feedback concerning their performance on the task, and finally their attribution of responsibility was assessed by a questionnaire. Subjects low in conceptual level attributed more responsibility to impersonal sources following both high and low feedback than did high scorers. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to counseling situations.
Studies in Inhibition and Maternal Control
Authors: Primac Daniel W.
Published: September 2011

Five experiments were designed to study the acquisition of inhibition as a negative drive in the personality of paranoid schizophrenics, as contrasted with the personality of sociopaths, where excitation is the prevalent drive. This drive of inhibition was considered as acquired in the learning situation of maternal control and its reduction depends upon an atmosphere of freedom. Latency of reaction to the cessation of a negative stimulus was used to measure the presence, acquisition, and reduction of the drive of inhibition. Inhibition was verified as a drive among paranoid schizophrenics and was viewed as increasing and decreasing by experimental manipulation as other drives. Its acquisition was related to the learning situation of maternal control. A free atmosphere of self-determination was basic to the reduction of inhibition.
Some Problems with Conceptual Replications of Affiliative Behavior: More than Meets the Eye
Authors: Innes J. M.
Published: September 2011

The consideration of a small body of literature concerned with the relationship between the nature of emotional arousal and the effects of an opportunity to wait with another person shows researchers' unfortunate tendency not to sample systematically the variables manipulated in their experiments. This failure leads to difficulty in integration of the results. A replotting of data from two of the studies, however, in which there was an overlap in the manipulations used indicated a similarity of outcome which may suggest that a sanguinity of attitude about the potential integration of results may not be inappropriate.
Role of Model's Affect in Test Anxiety
Authors: Olson David R. , Schlottmann Robert S.
Published: September 2011

Thirty high test-anxious and 30 low test-anxious undergraduate females were exposed to either an anxious model, a non-anxious model or no model before performing on a spatial visualization task. The STAI A-State scale was also given before and after performance to determine the effects of model conditions and task performance on state anxiety levels. Subjects were then asked to evaluate their performance. Highly test-anxious subjects performed more poorly, reported higher levels of anxiety, and evaluated their performance more negatively than low test-anxious subjects. Type of model had no differential effect on the anxiety level and performance of subjects. Thus, the vicarious effects of a model may sometimes be superceded by task demands even on highly test-anxious subjects.
Study of Psychological Characteristics of a Workers' Compensation Sample Using the MMPI and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
Authors: Snibbe John R. , Peterson Paul J. , Sosner Bernard
Published: September 2011

47 Workers' Compensation claimants who had been referred for psychological evaluation were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. The subjects were divided into four diagnostic groups based on the type of injury claimed: head injury, psychiatric “stress and strain,” low back pain, and miscellaneous. Analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were performed on test data comparing the exclusive diagnostic categories; none of these variables displayed any significant differences. Mean profiles on each personality test were derived for each diagnostic group and showed amazingly similar patterns with interesting clinical elevations. Psychological characteristics displayed by all groups included passive dependence, depression, anxiety, and social introversion. The findings are discussed in terms of the use of these instruments in making differential diagnosis, identification of high-risk individuals for filing insurance claims, and the issue of malingering.
Reference Groups as Anchors in Judgments of other Groups: A Biasing Factor in “Rating Tasks”?
Authors: Montgomery Robert L.
Published: September 2011

A phenomenon which might bias rating tasks (the reference group as an anchor phenomenon) was explored by having 144 male undergraduate members of Greek, eating club, and independent organizations, and students belonging to none of these organizations rank 28 campus organizations in terms of relative prestige. In general, members of groups consistently overestimated the prestige of their own (assimilation effect), under-estimated the prestige of organizations dissimilar to their own (contrast effect), and had more pronounced assimilation and contrast effects than did subjects not belonging to the rated organizations. Moreover, members of groups placed a greater number of organizations dissimilar to their own into objectionable categories. These results suggest that it might be extremely difficult for highly ego-involved persons to maintain an appropriate judgmental set in such tasks when the ratings are made on the basis of the quality, prestige, and other such ill-defined criteria. Over-all, the results strongly supported predictions made from social judgment theory.
Effects of Exteroceptive Feedback on Shuttlebox Avoidance Behavior during Short Intertrial-intervals in Fisher344 Rats
Authors: Tamaki Yoshitaka
Published: September 2011

An exteroceptive feedback stimulus was practically equivalent to the traditional contingency of warning-signal-termination in shuttlebox-avoidance behavior even during 30-sec. intertrial-intervals for Fisher344 rats. Supernormal acquisition was obtained when both events occurred together. Inconsistent with many previous findings, however, rats performed rather well under the delayed termination of the warning signal alone. This result raises serious questions about contingent reinforcement of termination of the warning signal.
Temporal Order of Self-Monitoring in Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Chassé François , Ladouceur Robert
Published: September 2011

The temporal order of self-monitoring of cigarette consumption was investigated. 60 smokers equally divided in six groups were asked to record the consumption of each cigarette either before, during, or after smoking. These groups served as alternative self-monitoring treatments for each temporal order of presentation of self-monitoring. The results indicate a significant decrease in use of cigarettes for all self-monitoring groups between baseline and both posttest and follow-up. Furthermore, a significant difference occurred between posttest and follow-up for self-monitoring before and during consumption of cigarettes. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed in reference to the self-monitoring models of Kanfer and Rachlin.
Critical Periods for Diphenylhydantoin and Phenobarbital Administration during Gestation
Authors: Gauron Eugene F. , Rowley Vinton N.
Published: September 2011

Pregnant female albino rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups which were administered either 15 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin, 5 mg/kg phenobarbital or an equal volume of distilled water. All administrations occurred daily in one of four time frames, Days 1–7, Days 8–14, Days 15-birth, Days 1-birth. At 75 days of age one male and one female offspring from 48 different litters were tested on avoidance conditioning. Few birth defects were noted in the offspring, and abnormalities were not noted with regard to physical development. The results of avoidance-conditioning testing indicate that the administration of diphenylhydantoin during the third period of pregnancy and the administration of phenobarbital during the first period are most influential in affecting learning in a detrimental direction. Caution seems advisable in the usage of these drugs in pregnancy.
Personality and Antisocial Behavior in Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Boys
Authors: Saklofske D. H. , Eysenck S. B. G.
Published: September 2011

The relation between antisocial behavior and personality was investigated in 72 well behaved schoolboys, 45 badly behaved schoolboys and 30 delinquent boys, aged 13 to 15 yr. The only significant difference between delinquents and badly behaved schoolboys was in the degree of antisocial behavior, suggesting that the latter might be the potential delinquents. Well behaved schoolboys differed from the other two groups in antisocial behavior and, in addition, from the badly behaved boys on Extraversion and from the delinquents on Toughmindedness (Psychoticism). On a scale of criminal propensity well behaved boys were again significantly differentiated from both of the other groups.
Coital Experience and Definition of Masculinity and Femininity by College Students
Authors: Kallen David J. , Moore De Wayne , Stephenson Judith J.
Published: September 2011

Recent changes in sexual behavior of unmarried college students raise the question as to whether or not they are accompanied by changes in conceptions of masculinity and femininity on the part of the students. Changes in conceptions of masculinity and femininity might be the consequence of differential selection into coital activity or of new role learning by those who are coitally active. Data are presented from a study of sexual behavior of 823 college students which support the latter hypothesis for males but not for females.
Primary Waking Suggestibility and Classical Conditioning of Word Meaning
Authors: Lohr Jeffrey M. , Souheaver Gary T.
Published: September 2011

Primary waking suggestibility has been related to both instrumental and classical conditioning. The nature of language mediational processes in suggestibility is most closely connected with classical conditioning mechanisms. However, methodological and empirical difficulties render ambiguous the previous research on classical conditioning interpretations. The present study extended the procedures for language (higher-order classical) conditioning of evaluative word meaning to investigate the nature and function of suggestibility. The results were that the classical conditioning of word meaning was not predicted by suggestibility. These and other data indicate that suggestibility is not mediated by classically conditioned verbal processes but may be based on instrumental conditioning functions.
Correlations between Scores on Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and Ingenuity Subtest of the Flanagan Aptitude Classification Tests
Authors: Martin John D. , Blair Garland E. , Herrmann Walter John
Published: September 2011

The twofold purpose of the present study was to determine the magnitude of relationship between the scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and scores on the Ingenuity subtest of the Flanagan Aptitude Classification Tests and to determine the intercorrelations among Torrance Tests for 79 undergraduates, tested in groups. The Pearson product-moment correlations (—.19, largest r) indicated that the concepts of creativity and ingenuity are dissimilar.
Concurrent Validity of the Rational Behavior Inventory
Authors: Thyer Bruce A. , Papsdorf James D.
Published: September 2011

In a correlational study of the premise that irrational beliefs are associated with psychopathology, greater levels of irrationality were significantly correlated with increased levels of state and trait anxiety, depression, and an external locus of control for 102 university undergraduates.
Interpersonal Looking as a Function of Status, Self-Esteem, and Sex
Authors: Juni Samuel , Hershkowitz-Friedman Tobi
Published: September 2011

The incidence of looking at peers and at a figure in authority was recorded in unisex dyads of 20 men and 22 women. Differential looking at the authority (female experimenter) vs looking at peers was a positive function of self-esteem for men but not for women. These results do not support the notion that looking connotes a lack of self-esteem, while confirming other sex differences previously reported.
Psychological Factors in Postmastectomy Adjustment
Authors: Krouse Helene J. , Krouse John H.
Published: September 2011

This study examined various psychological factors associated with cancer and its treatment in women. 10 mastectomy patients were compared with 6 gynecological cancer and 5 breast biopsy patients to measure changes in body image, depression, and over-all adjustment over a 2-mo. period. Analysis indicated significantly more severe depression among the gynecologic oncological patients when compared with the other two groups. These patients also showed significantly poorer body image. No significant differences between groups in over-all adjustment were found.
Distributional and Sequential Communication Structure: A Case Study in Organizational Decision-Making
Authors: Henderson Linda S. , Jurma William E.
Published: September 2011

The decision-making interaction of a health maintenance organization's staff and a telephone company's sales consultants was analyzed. Audiotapes of two 1-hr. meetings required for a consensus decision regarding upgrading of the organization's communications system were transcribed. Discussants' speaking turns were classified by raters into one of the following content categories, Information Giving, Requests for Information, Opinion Giving, Requests for Opinion, Communication Facilitators, Communication Inhibitors, and Metadiscussional Statements. Results demonstrated the existence of patterns with regard to both the frequency of particular types of statement (distributional structure) and the ordering of types of statement (sequential structure). Patterning varied between the two meetings.
Verbal and Nonverbal Responsiveness of Male and Female Preschool Teachers to Sex of Child and Sex-Typed Child Behaviors
Authors: Robinson Bryan E.
Published: September 2011

Frequencies of verbal and nonverbal responsiveness of 20 male and 20 female preschool teachers to sex of child and to sex-typed child behaviors were observed. Male and female teachers responded verbally equally as often to boys arid girls, especially when the children were involved in masculine activities. Higher incidences of nonverbal responsiveness of male teachers to boys and to masculine behaviors indicated that male teachers tended to be more physically proximate to boys than girls and more involved in masculine behaviors than the women.
Nonspecific Factors in Drug Effects: Placebo Personality
Authors: Buckalew L. W. , Ross Sherman , Starr B. James
Published: September 2011

The importance of the concept of placebo in medicine and psychology historically and in practice was noted, including attitudes and ethical concerns. This paper reviewed evidence relating to personality correlates of responsivity to placebos. It was concluded that a trait model of responsivity to placebos was largely unsubstantiated and suggested that other nonspecific factors of drug effects may be more influential in reactions to placebos. Evaluation of measures of response to placebos and methodological issues is needed. Potential neurochemical substrates for action of placebos were suggested as promising.
Female Professors/Male Professors Career Development: Attitudes, Benefits, Costs
Authors: Slay Tana , McDonald Ann
Published: September 2011

With the growing number of women in professional careers, whether by choice or by necessity, it has become increasingly critical to investigate any inequalities in treatment due to sex. The purpose of this particular study was to survey female and male professors to compare and contrast 34 female professors' attitudes and beliefs concerning their career development and the interrelation with their personal lives with those of the males ( n = 88). The survey indicated women professors do benefit from their career through personal fulfillment, financial gain, and increased career opportunities, just as their male counterparts. However, women professors indicate more feelings of discrimination and more personal and family conflict than men.
Males' Attitudes towards Women: What They Say and What They Do
Authors: Leventhal Gloria , Matturo Michelle
Published: September 2011

This study examined males' attitudes towards women's behavior in a real-life situation. In an actual task-oriented confrontation, 16 liberal male students perceived a role-playing feminist confederate to be competent, assertive, and as social as the situation warranted. 16 conservative male students perceived the feminist confederate to be assertive, less social, and not overly competent. Attitudes toward traditional females were not clear-cut.
Comparison of State Legislators with a Control Group on Maslow's “Security-Insecurity” Measure
Authors: Jaffe Alan M.
Published: September 2011

This initial investigation examined how state legislators score on a security-insecurity measure compared with a similar non-political group. Legislators ( n = 30) scored significantly lower ( M = 9.5, σ = 7.5) than the control group of 30 ( M = 17.8, σ = 11.9), which indicates a higher mean level of security for the political group.
Effect of Prior Perpetration and Victimization upon Assignment of Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Hoffman Eric
Published: September 2011

A mock juror-simulation was utilized to determine the effect of observers' prior perpetration and victimization upon attributions of responsibility for an illegal act. 386 student subjects were presented a newspaper article depicting a court case of an individual being tried for one of two crimes, petty larceny or armed robbery. As predicted, prior victimization was significantly correlated with attributed responsibility. However, a significant relationship was not found between prior perpetration and attributed responsibility.
Relationship between Death Anxiety and Components of the Self-Actualization Process
Authors: Vargo Marc E. , Batsel William M.
Published: September 2011

Product-moment correlations for 35 nursing students' scores on the Death Anxiety Scale and on three scales and subscales of the Personal Orientation Inventory (Self-acceptance, r = −.85; Nature of Man-Constructive, r = −.54; Time Competence, r = −.38) suggest an inverse relationship between self-actualization and the fear of death.
Predicting Special Needs from Information Available at Birth
Authors: Wallick Mollie M. , Thompson Bruce
Published: September 2011

This study investigated relationships between maternal-neonatal contact condition, mother's age and education, and child's sex with child's placement in special education or retention in grade in the regular classroom. Subjects were 76 children born a decade ago at two hospitals with contrasting procedures for maternal-neonatal care. Discriminant analysis indicated that sex of child and maternal-neonatal contact condition best predicted special placement. Maternal education and age were most predictive—and contact condition somewhat less predictive—of grade retention status.
Selected Values and Beliefs of Mensa
Authors: Burdick J. Alan , Kreicker Roberta A. , Klopfer Frederick J.
Published: September 2011

A description (using Mensa membership) of philosophical and value orientations, and qualitative predictions for selected years between 1980 and 2200 was sought. A random sample of 300 Mensans was selected as subjects. The respondents reported on the average an IQ of about 144, being 40 yr. of age, with an income between $25,000 and $40,000 per year, and held a philosophical orientation toward “realism.” This sample of Mensans has high interest and values toward “theoretical issues” and a low interest (and values) for “social” and/or “religious” interests. This realistic, bright group predicted that the future will improve over time. The Mensa group also reported that there will be a brief period of time where the political situation is “right of center,” followed by a drift to “the left,” then returning to a “political right” in the far distant future (2100–2200).
Superiors' and Subordinates' Gender: Does it Really Matter?
Authors: Cullen John B. , Perrewé Pamela L.
Published: September 2011

A secondary analysis of prior data from 1946 persons did not support an interaction of gender pair/age or education. The gender of superiors and subordinates does not influence perceptions of superiors' behaviors. These data confirm field studies.
Factorial Structure of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Roffe Michael W.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of the Tennessee Self-concept Scale was conducted on the profiles of 76 alcoholic male veterans. 14 separate dimensions of self-concept were described by three independent factors (Self-esteem, Certainty, Response Set) and accounted for 74.7% of total test variance. These findings were discussed in terms of “within-network” construct validation of self-concept as a unidimensional construct. Also, reliability estimates of the internal consistency of the 8 self-esteem variables and self-criticism were provided.
Comparison of Three Objective Measures of Introversion-Extroversion
Authors: Bowman M. E. , Bennett T. S. , Welsh M. C.
Published: September 2011

This study compared 143 subjects' scores (aged 17 to 51 yr.) on three measures designed to assess preference for situations requiring being sociable and outgoing or those associated with being more quiet and withdrawn. Subjects' scale scores on the Introversion-Extroversion scale of the Strong-Campbell, the Social Introversion scale of the MMPI and the Affiliation scale of the Personality Research Form were compared. Pearson product-moment correlations were significant, but moderately low ( rs = —.29 to .41) between pairs of measures.
Aggression during Learned-Helplessness Pretraining as a Coping Response
Authors: Follick Michael J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of the opportunity to aggress during pretraining for learned helplessness. While rats individually given inescapable shock showed deficits in subsequent chain-pull escape, the performance of rats given inescapable shock in pairs did not differ from that of animals exposed to escapable shock or no shock. These results are interpreted as contrary to the prediction of the learned-helplessness hypothesis and are consistent with the notion that shock-induced aggression serves an adaptive function.
Social Desirability and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory
Authors: Taylor Dawn
Published: September 2011

Responses of 71 female and 30 male undergraduates to Bem's inventory and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale yielded differential strength of association of social desirability and Masculinity and Femininity scales. Masculinity accounted for little variance but Femininity was more strongly correlated with social desirability.
Child Abuse and Locus of Control
Authors: Ellis Robert H. , Milner Joel S.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between child abuse, as measured by the Child Abuse Potential Inventory, and locus of control, as measured by the Rotter Internal-External Control Scale. 78 subjects, 43 parents “at risk” and 35 parents not “at risk,” took part in the study. 37 parents “at risk” completed both the inventory and the Rotter scale, while all 35 parents not “at risk” completed both inventories. Analysis indicated the abuse scale and the Rotter scale were significantly related, while the inventory's lie scale and the Rotter scale were not. Individuals who earn high child-abuse scores tend to have greater expectancies that events in their lives occur as a consequence of unrelated and random external factors rather than as a consequence of their own attitudes and behaviors.
Training Teachers in Human Sexuality: Effect on Attitude and Knowledge
Authors: Smith P. , Flaherty C. , Webb L.
Published: September 2011

The current study investigated the extent to which a 9-wk. course on human sexuality for teachers changed their knowledge and attitudes. Significant changes were found from the pre- to post-course assessment on both measures of knowledge. The only significant change in attitude scores, however, was on the Autoeroticism Attitude Scale. This pilot program encourages further exploration of the differences in methodological approaches and the long-term effects of training on specific attitudes and knowledge.
Primate Mother-Son “Incest”
Authors: Bixler Ray H.
Published: September 2011

The reports that primates almost never mount or copulate with their mothers now appear to be incorrect. Young males and females have occasionally been observed mounting their mothers; males sometimes intromit and thrust. There are good reasons to believe that such mother-son sexual activity has some function other than reproduction. (1) The males involved are either immature or adolescent; fully mature males almost never mount their mothers. (2) Sexual encounters of mother and son differ markedly from normal mating behavior. (3) The male or female offspring is most likely to mount when upset. (4) The mother is frequently, perhaps usually, anestrus when mounted by the son. Mounting of the mother may serve two functions, the reduction of stress and the same ontogenetic function as the mounting of immature peers. Whether primate consanguineous mating is common or rare is relevant to the furious debate about the incidence of human incest and whether nuclear family incest barriers are a function of genetic predisposition as well as cultural prohibitions. That copulation of primate mother and son is infrequent and occurs almost always while the son is young strengthens the belief that incest barriers of the human nuclear family are genetic as well as cultural.
Sex Differences in Achievement and Affiliation Motivation among Undergraduates Majoring in Different Academic Fields
Authors: Sid Albert Kae Won , Lindgren Henry Clay
Published: September 2011

The NachNaff scale, a 30-item questionnaire that requires subjects to choose between self-descriptions consistent with either need for achievement (n Ach) or need for affiliation (n Aff) was administered to 165 male and 274 female university undergraduates. Male marketing majors scored higher in n Ach (and lower in n Aff) than subjects in other majors. Female education and nursing majors scored lower in n Ach (and higher in n Aff) than other subjects. Males scored generally higher in n Ach if they were business majors, but lower if they were psychology majors, whereas females scored higher in n Ach if they were psychology majors, but lower if they were business majors.
Relative Importance of Mental Dysfunction to Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Griffin Phillip T. , Karp Robert
Published: September 2011

Self-perception of chronic alcoholics as determined by the Mental Dullness Scale was not significantly changed by poor performance on the Halstead Categories Test and feedback to that effect. When asked to rank order several detrimental consequences of alcoholism, mental deterioration was near the bottom (significantly less consequential than financial problems). Although mental deterioration and concomitant impaired cognitive functioning is a reality for chronic alcoholics, it is apparently not a salient enough feature of alcoholism to be used as a deterrent with persons of lower socioeconomic status.
Differences in Comprehension are Important in Studies of Conformity, Influence, and Persuasion
Authors: Schumacker Randall E.
Published: September 2011

Early reviews of research on conformity, influence, and persuasion have reported that females were more persuasible than males. Recent reviews of research have reported little empirical support for these sex differences. The literature indicates that the sex differences noted earlier and attributed to cultural role prescriptions were questioned because several other factors might have affected the results, such as differences in comprehension as the present study suggests. Different levels of comprehension would be significant in persuasion of individuals. Research should consider differences in comprehension when conducting studies of conformity, influence, or persuasion.
Age Differences in WISC-R Subtest Ranks of Children Experiencing Academic Difficulties
Authors: Byrd P. Dianne , Buckhalt Joseph A. , Byrd E. Keith
Published: September 2011

WISC-R subtest scores of 385 children referred for academic difficulties were analyzed for patterns in subtest ranks. No over-all differences in subtest ranks between children low and high in intelligence were found. Differences were discovered, however, which seemed to be related to chronological age, and the implications of this finding for profile analysis are discussed.
Personality Correlates of Under- and Overachievement at the University Level
Authors: Romine Philip G. , Crowell Orville C.
Published: September 2011

Differences in personality and motivational characteristics among rigorously defined groupings of 45 under-, 50 over-, and 227 normal-achieving university undergraduates were analyzed. Marked contrasts existed between members of the under- and over-achieving groups, with the normal achievers much less distinct. The overachievers tended to be serious, hardworking, consistent, self-starters with a clear need to excel academically. They were also planful, organized, responsible types who did not procrastinate. The underachieving group formed a reverse image of the overachievers. The groups were essentially equivalent in academic aptitude, suggesting that the marked differences in achievement were associated with noncognitive factors.
Concentration, Attention, and Hypnosis
Authors: Reilley Robert R. , Rodolfa Emil R.
Published: September 2011

Numerous investigations have studied the effects of a wide range of variables on susceptibility. Of particular interest was the influence of concentration on hypnotizability and the usefulness of hypnosis in increasing concentration and attention. Analysis suggested that a subject's ability to concentrate and focus attention is not related to susceptibility. Also, inconclusive evidence was gathered for the usefulness of hypnosis to increase a subject's ability to focus attention on specific stimuli. Recommendations for future research are provided.
Susceptibility to Boredom and Deviant Behavior at School
Authors: Wasson Avtar S.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between susceptibility to boredom and deviant behavior at school was examined in this study. Subjects were 483 high school students enrolled in Grades 9 through 13 in three public high schools. The significant Pearson correlation between susceptibility to boredom and deviant behavior at school for males was 0.36 and for females 0.26, corroborating the hypothesis that those who score high on Susceptibility to Boredom are more likely to engage in deviant behavior at school than those who score low.
Job-Stress Worker-Strain Relationship Moderated by Off-the-Job Experience
Authors: Pardine Peter , Higgins Richard , Szeglin Arthur , Beres Jean , Kravitz Rachel , Fotis James
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the role that off-the-job stressors play in the job-stress worker-strain relationship. A sample of 72 managers was administered a social readjustment scale for life-stress off the job, a job-stress rating scale, and measures of job satisfaction, depressed mood, psychosomatic complaints, and severity of physical illness. Analysis indicated that stressors combine in a multiplicative fashion to produce strain for workers; only the combined and interacting pressures of nonwork stress and work stress created strain in the worker. The application of these findings in the industrial setting is discussed; suggestions are made concerning the possibility that some factors in off-the-job experience buffer the individual from stress at work.
Is Alcohol Consumption Log-Normally Distributed among Fourteen- to Seventeen-Year-Olds?
Authors: Stacey Barrie G. , Elvy Geoffrey A.
Published: September 2011

The problem of explaining the distribution of alcohol consumption in a population is discussed with particular reference to the log-normal frequency distribution of alcohol consumption and the claims associated with it. Criticisms directed at this application of the log-normal distribution are presented, as is Ole-Jørgen Skog's defense of the log-normal hypothesis. A nation-wide survey of alcohol consumption by 1278 New Zealand 14- to 17-yr.-olds is described. In this sample, representing homogeneous substrata of the New Zealand population, the distribution of alcohol consumption is not close to log-normality in the high consumption segment of the distribution for males, females, and the total sample. However, some analysts would probably interpret our results as borderline or even approximate log-normal distributions. The significance of these results for the log-normal hypothesis and Skog's theoretical position is outlined. Important features of alcohol consumption among 14- to 17-yr.-olds in New Zealand are discussed.