bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability Criteria, with Special Reference to the Sextic Equation
Authors: Duncan W. J.
Published: August 2016

Stability criteria for systems governed by linear differential equations with constant coefficients are discussed in a general way. Detailed treatment of the sextic equation includes a simple and expeditious scheme for computing the test functions.
A Proposal on the Electric Tank Method for Study of a Symmetrical Aerofoil with a Rear Suction Slot and a Retractable Flap
Authors: Matsunaga Syogo
Published: August 2016

An Experimental study of fluid flow past a symmetrical aerofoil with a rear suction slot and a retractable flap was described by D. M. Heughan in the October 1953 JOURNAL. The present note describes the electric tank method for studying the same problem. The experimental apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. A and B are electric poles along two of the edges of the tank which is filled with water. The poles A and B together with the central pole P are connected to an electric supply via a resistance R in such a way that the potential of P is intermediate between that of A and B. The aerofoil F is represented by a wooden block coated with paraffin wax and the pole P is located in such a way as to represent the sink in the suction slot. A voltmeter V records the potential at a point in the tank.
The Art of The Aviation Engine
Authors: Banks F. R.
Published: August 2016

To commemorate the great French pioneer Louis Bleriot, who made the first crossing of the English Channel by aeroplane on 25th July 1909, the Association Franҫaise des Ingénieurs et Techniciens de l'Aéronautique, better known as A.F.I.T.A., has instituted a series of lectures to be known as The Louis Bleriot Lectures. The Lecture is to be given annually and the intention is that it should be given alternately, in Paris and London, by an Englishman and a Frenchman.

The first Louis Bleriot Lecture was given in Paris on 12th May 1948, in a lecture hall attached to the Hotel George V, by Air Commodore F. R. Banks, C.B., O.B.E., F.R.Ae.S., M.I.Mech.E., F.I.Pet. It was attended by the President of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Dr. H. Roxbee Cox, D.I.C., F.R.Ae.S., F.I.Ae.S., Sir Frederick Handley Page, C.B.E., F.R.Ae.S., Past-President, the Secretary, Captain J. L. Pritchard, Hon.F.R.Ae.S., F.I.Ae.S., and by a number of members of the Society and of the Aircraft Industry.
Flight in Nature and in Human Society
Authors: Davy M. J. B.
Published: August 2016

A Study of the evolution of the flight I faculty—and in particular its effects in I the realm of Nature and in human affairs—reveals analogies which are, perhaps, of more ithan technical interest. When due proportions have been established, it will be seen that the current period in the development of human locomotion is comparable to that very remote epoch during which Nature, having herself solved the problem of flight, exercised the faculty in accord with some inscrutable law. The analogy gains strength from the fact that changes of a profound kind in the conditions of life on this planet followed the evolution of flight in Nature; and that changes no less profound in character have taken, and are now taking, place as the result of man’s so-called ‘conquest of the air’ brought about by technological advancement.
Asymmetric Heat Transfer to Gases in Turbulent Flow Between Parallel Plates
Authors: Barrow Henry
Published: August 2016

The simplest case of asymmetric heating of a fluid flowing between parallel plates is considered. This occurs when heat is transferred to the fluid through one plate, the other being adiathermal. For a theoretical analysis, it is convenient to assume fully developed flow in a parallel channel of infinite aspect ratio, this condition being not widely different to that met with in practical applications.
The Production of Duct Velocity Profiles Having High Ratios of Maximum to Mean Velocity
Authors: Livesey J. L. , Parker E. , Jones P. K.
Published: August 2016

The results are presented of an investigation of a particular type of baffle for the production of symmetrical velocity profiles having high ratios of maximum to mean velocity in ducted incompressible flow. Two similar families of profiles are obtained depending on whether a short (12 diameters) or a long (48 diameters) entry length is used before the baffle. The highest value of the maximum to mean velocity ratio obtained is 1·42 and the pressure loss coefficients associated with the use of the baffle are given together with an indication of the effect of Reynolds number.
Propellers for Military and Civil Aircraft
Authors: Fairhurst L. G.
Published: August 2016

The main purpose of this paper is to outline the position which the propeller holds in current aircraft propulsion, its construction, operation and its future. The paper has been arranged in four parts, as follows:–

1.

Present and future types of aircraft foreseen with propellers.

2.

Engines for turbo-prop power units.

3.

The Propeller.

4.

The Future.

In the present military field propellers are used for the following types of aircraft:—Heavy transport and Army reconnaissance, for example the Beverley and Pioneer, Submarine reconnaissance, Naval Strike Fighters and R.A.F. Trainers as exemplified by the Gannet, Wyvern and Provost.
Helicopter Stability in Hovering Flight
Authors: Bramwell A. R. S.
Published: August 2016

In view of the strong claims for offset flapping and drag hinges made by Mr. Payne in his Technical Note (September 1955) I would like to make the following comments.

Many of his conclusions depend on the assertion that there is a steady inertia force on the rotor hub when the rotor tilts. This force is simply the reaction on the hub due to the sideways thrust component and should not be included with the external forces on the helicopter.
The Analysis of Transient Vibration Data
Authors: Ellington J. P. , McCallion H.
Published: August 2016

A new proof is given of a method whereby records of the transient vibrations of linear systems can be analysed to give the damping factor and frequency of each mode of vibration associated with the motion. The method is applicable to acceleration, velocity or displacement records, and as the amplitude of each mode can be found, by using a suitable number of pickups, the normal modes of continuous systems may also be determined. Obvious applications lie in the analysis of flight flutter test data, and of the transient responses of servomechanisms.
The Equipment of Flying Boats
Authors: Cross B. C. H.
Published: August 2016

Perhaps nothing reveals the weakness of a flying boat and its equipment with more rapidity and certainty than a cruise which involves a prolonged absence from organised bases.

Relatively few have had this unique experience, and unhappily no designers of air craft in this country. Words alone cannot conjure up the atmosphere, the petty anxieties, the continual working against time, the struggle in rain and rolling swells, the idiosyncrasies of motor boats, the enthusiasm of crews snatching food when they can get it, and a thousand ills that flying boats are heir to. But it is an exhilarating life that takes a firm hold of all that fall beneath its influence.
A Note on the Buckling of Struts
Authors: Lurie Harold
Published: August 2016

Invariably the texts in elasticity and strength of materials derive the stability criteria for struts by first setting up the beam bending moment equation. Together with suitable boundary conditions this equation is then solved as an eigenvalue problem for non-zero solutions. It is indicated here that in general this procedure is too limited, both physically and mathematically, and that in some cases the correct approach yields additional results which normally would not become evident by employing the classical method.
Planning and Production Methods used in the Construction of the de Havilland Comet
Authors: Povey H.
Published: August 2016

The 825th lecture to be read before the Royal Aeronautical Society, “ Planning ami Production Methods Used in the Construction of the de Havilland Comet,” by H. Povey, A.F.R.Ae.S., was given at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, London, S.W.I, on Thursday 12th April 1951. Major G. P. Bulman, the President of the Society, presided.

Opening the meeting the President said they met that evening in the shadow of a grevious loss sustained by aviation throughout the world, and by the Society, in the unexpected death of Mr. W. G. A. Perring on 8th April through heart failure. The shock to those of them who worked with him and knew him well was still so deep that one could not try to pay an adequate tribute to his great services.
An Historic Picture
Authors: Lockwood Marsh W.
Published: August 2016

Of all the treasures accumulated by the Society in the course of its long career, in some ways the most interesting is the oil painting depicting a river scene with a balloon overhead, which hangs in the Secretary's room. In spite of this I have never seen any account of it, and all trace of the means by which it came into the Society's possession seems now to be lost–unless by chance this note may catch the eve of someone still living who has knowledge of the facts. At first sight it seems to be merely one of the many fanciful pictures of a balloon ascent so common at the end of the XVIIIth century in the period immediately following the invention of the balloon, but some years ago I stumbled, more or less by accident, on certain facts that lift it out of the ruck. When I was, in 1924, collecting the material for my book, Aeronautical Prints and Draivinys, I came across an engraved portrait of Joseph Michel, the elder Montgolfier, joint inventor of the balloon.
A metered intake of milk following exercise and thermal dehydration restores whole-body net fluid balance better than a carbohydrate–electrolyte solution or water in healthy young men
Authors: Seery Suzanne , Jakeman Philip
Published: August 2016

Appropriate rehydration and nutrient intake in recovery is a key component of exercise performance. This study investigated whether the recovery of body net fluid balance (NFB) following exercise and thermal dehydration to −2 % of body mass (BM) was enhanced by a metered rate of ingestion of milk (M) compared with a carbohydrate–electrolyte solution (CE) or water (W). In randomised order, seven active men (aged 26·2 (sd 6·1) years) undertook exercise and thermal dehydration to −2 % of BM on three occasions. A metered replacement volume of M, CE or W equivalent to 150 % of the BM loss was then consumed within 2–3 h. NFB was subsequently measured for 5 h from commencement of rehydration. A higher overall NFB in M than CE (P=0·001) and W (P=0·006) was observed, with no difference between CE and W (P=0·69). After 5 h, NFB in M remained positive (+117 (sd 122) ml) compared with basal, and it was greater than W (−539 (sd 390) ml, P=0·011) but not CE (−381 (sd 460) ml, P=0·077, d=1·6). Plasma osmolality (Posm) and K remained elevated above basal in M compared with CE and W. The change in Posm was associated with circulating pre-provasopressin (rs 0·348, P<0·001), a biomarker of arginine vasopressin, but could not account fully for the augmented NFB in M compared with CE and W. These data suggest that a metered approach to fluid ingestion acts in synergy with the nutrient composition of M in the restoration of NFB following exercise and thermal dehydration.
The end of Gaelic Ulster: a thematic interpretation of events between 1534 and 1610
Authors: Morgan Hiram
Published: August 2016

The period between the Kildare rebellion and the plantation of Ulster marks the final phase of a distinct political system. During these years the English administration in Ireland made strenuous efforts to reform Gaelic society. This paper aims to show that indigenous society was not inevitably doomed to submit before a superior Renaissance state. Indeed it proved flexible in responding to the challenge and was itself in the process of ‘modernisation’. This process was most marked in Ulster which was the strongest Gaelic region and the crown’s most intractable problem. The northern province was differentiated from the other Gaelic regions of Ireland by its political and physical geography. Ulster was an homogeneous cultural zone and contained the powerful polities of Tyrone, ruled by the O’Neills, and Tirconnell, ruled by the O’Donnells. Guarding the southern approaches of the province was a barrier of rough terrain interrupted by lakes and passes.
Nationalism and historical scholarship in modern Ireland
Authors: Bradshaw Brendan
Published: August 2016

The object of the present essay is to suggest that the mainstream tradition of Irish historical scholarship, as it has developed since the 1930s, has been vitiated by a faulty methodological procedure. The study falls into two parts. The first considers a similar exercise conducted in this journal by Dr Steven Ellis in 1986. The intention here is to suggest that Ellis’s analysis of the problem is misconceived. The second part seeks to explore the problem ‘as it really is’ and ultimately to prescribe a remedy. Continuity between the two parts is provided by the fact that the issue comes down to a consideration of the place of nationalism as a formative influence on modern Irish historical scholarship. In short, Ellis sees nationalism as a proactive force in this connexion and identifies ‘whig-nationalist’ preconceptions as the basic source of confusion. The first part of this study, therefore, is concerned to refute that analysis and to show that the evidence adduced by Ellis does not sustain it. The second part argues that the modern tradition actually developed in self-conscious reaction against an earlier nationalist tradition of historical interpretation and aspired to produce ‘value-free’ history in accordance with the criteria of scientific research elaborated in Herbert Butterfield’sThe whig interpretation of history.It will be argued that that is precisely the problem.
The Great Famine and the poor law in Ulster: the rate-in-aid issue of 1849
Authors: Grant James
Published: August 2016

In February 1849, the Whig prime minister Lord John Russell gave the first hint of what was to be the last of his special relief measures for famine-stricken Ireland. This was a national rate to be imposed on every poor-law union in the country in aid of twenty-three bankrupt unions, all of them, with the exception of Glenties (County Donegal), in the provinces of Connacht and Munster. The opposition of Ulster interests to the rate was so vehement that the matter came to be regarded in parliament as ‘the Ulster question’. Ulster opposition was stimulated by the widespread conviction among local boards of guardians that they had managed the famine crisis well, while boards in the west and south had mismanaged it badly. These local perceptions were shared — and publicly acknowledged — by the senior poor-law administrators in Ireland. The poor-law boundary commissioners of 1848–9 were similarly complimentary. Ulster members of parliament had no doubts about the superiority of their local guardians. Led by Viscount Castlereagh and William Sharman Crawford and helped by some Dublin Tories, they spread an Ulster propaganda within parliament whereby they conveyed the misleading impression that the rate would bear more heavily on Ulster than on any other province. The parliamentary campaign was supported by a vigorous programme of public meetings at home, although there is evidence to suggest that this programme was not as successful as had been hoped, because the ‘heads of society’ in the province failed to provide sufficiently vigorous leadership.
The significance of the nationalist response to the Irish land act of 1903
Authors: Bull Philip
Published: August 2016

The Irish land act of 1903, commonly known as the Wyndham act, was the most significant achievement of George Wyndham’s term as chief secretary for Ireland. From the time of his appointment in 1900 Wyndham made the formulation of such a bill a first priority for himself and for his principal advisers. His private correspondence, especially that with Arthur Balfour, reveals how determined he was that it should provide, not the stop-gap measure of earlier legislation, but an effective and final solution to the vexed problem of land occupancy in Ireland. In the end, however, the draft legislation owed less to the efforts of Wyndham and his advisers than to his shrewdness in allowing to a conference between landlord and tenant representatives the scope to evolve an agreed solution in line with guiding principles which he had previously enunciated. The resulting act provided the basis for tenant farmers to secure the ownership of their farms, so bringing to an end the land war that had raged in Ireland since the late 1870s.
The Church of Ireland: a critical bibliography, 1536–1992 Part III: 1641–90
Authors: McGuire J.I.
Published: August 2016

The history of the Church of Ireland between 1641 and 1690 has not excited much interest among historians over the past thirty years. It was not always so, and earlier generations of writers found more to describe or investigate in a period which saw effective disestablishment in the 1650s, restoration in the 1660s, and crisis in the later 1680s. Phillips devoted almost one hundred pages to these years: the 1640s and 1650s in the authoritative hands of St John D. Seymour, and the 1660s to 1680s (and beyond) covered by R. H. Murray. Mant’s History, published almost a century before Phillips, still provides a useful narrative and valuable quotations from primary sources. The much shorter treatment of J. T. Ball, first published in 1886, gave only 33 pages out of 305 to the period, but contained some perceptive comments. In other histories of the Church of Ireland the period receives more cursory treatment.
Historical revisit: R. Dudley Edwards, Church and state in Tudor Ireland (1935)
Authors: Murray James
Published: August 2016

Robert Dudley Edwards’s Church and state in Tudor Ireland is an extremely durable, almost monolithic, work. Despite recent judgements that it is shot through with the confessional bias of its author, it has managed to retain an eminent place in the Irish historical canon since its publication in 1935. Two plausible reasons for this durability are readily identifiable. The first concerns Dudley Edwards’s role as a ‘founding father’ of ‘scientific’ historical scholarship in Ireland. In this context, Church and state stands out as an archetypal publication of the ‘new history’ and, for the author’s increasingly self-conscious successors, an important reference point in any endeavour to analyse or explain their profession and its work. The second reason concerns the book’s recurrent utility. Despite its age, Church and state is still the most reliable single-volume history of sixteenth-century Ireland’s Reformation experience, a volume which provides informative and citable material for present-day students and researchers alike.
Prologue to peacekeeping: Ireland and the Saar, 1934–5
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: August 2016

A list from September 1939 of files destroyed by the Department of External Affairs in the invasion scares of 1939–40 contains an intriguing reference to the possibility of dispatching Irish military forces to the Saarland on the Franco-German border in the winter of 1934–5. There they would serve as part of an international peacekeeping force while a plebiscite on the status of the territory was carried out under League of Nations auspices in January 1935. The context of this article is the events surrounding the creation of the peacekeeping force in December 1934.

That the Irish Free State should be mentioned as a possible contributor to the international force for the Saar is an illustration of the emerging mediatory role the state was to adopt after its three-year term on the League Council concluded in September 1933. With an Irish diplomat, Sean Lester, seconded to League service as High Commissioner in Danzig from 1934, and with Irish-born Edward Phelan, Assistant Director of the International Labour Organisation, being mentioned as a possible contender for the League post of Deputy Secretary-General in 1933, and with Eamon de Valera rising in importance as an international statesman and League supporter, Ireland’s involvement in the Saar was both an illustration and a result of the state’s prominent position in the League in the early to mid-1930s.
‘A moral insurrection’: faction fighters, public demonstrations and the O’Connellite campaign, 1828
Authors: Owens Gary
Published: August 2016

During a twelve-week period in the late summer of 1828 upwards of a quarter of a million people participated in at least sixty mass demonstrations in the south-west of Ireland. Appearing to erupt spontaneously in response to Daniel O’Connell’s historic victory in the County Clare election in early July, these gatherings grew in size and complexity over the succeeding weeks; by late September jubilant but well-ordered assemblies of twenty and thirty thousand people — many marching in identical green uniforms and with military precision behind bands and colourful banners — were taking place simultaneously in several County Tipperary towns to support O’Connell’s crusade for Catholic emancipation.

Political demonstrations on this scale were virtually unprecedented outside the province of Ulster. While processions and large rallies had sometimes been used to honour important politicians during parliamentary elections, and while they had long been part of civic, military and religious pageantry, they had never before been staged in such a co-ordinated and prolonged fashion. What made these spectacles particularly remarkable, however, was that their participants were mainly drawn from the very lowest ranks of rural society and represented groups which had hitherto been excluded from the political process. The novelty of such people marching so often with uniforms and other military regalia caused widespread bewilderment and alarm. Journalists and magistrates liberally sprinkled their descriptions of the meetings with phrases such as ‘novel’, ‘portentous’, ‘unprecedented’, ‘frightful’, and ‘the strangest scene ever witnessed’. One of them observed that had such displays taken place even a few years earlier, they ‘would not only have been deemed factious but treasonable’. As the meetings swelled, many observers thought them to be the harbingers of a mass uprising.
Politics after Parnell
Authors: O’Day Alan
Published: August 2016

Politics in the era of Parnell and his contemporaries continues to exert immense fascination. The five biographical (in the instance of Philip Bull’s book semi-biographical) studies surveyed add ample texture to understanding this much-ploughed field. At the same time these works demonstrate the importance of biography as a tool for interpreting the past. Doubt about the value of biography as a form of academic historical inquiry has recently been revived by the director of the Institute of Historical Research at the University of London, Patrick O’Brien. O’Brien insists that ‘unless the outcomes of a policy or set of policies are recognised by historians as significant and until those policies can be attributed in large measure to the ideas and leadership exercised by prominent politicians, then their lives, however deeply researched and readable, contribute very little to an understanding of the history of government and politics’. None of these studies were written with his strictures in mind, but they may well serve as a collective refutation, at least as far as the Irish past is concerned. They are also a testimony to the impress of F. S. L. Lyons on modern scholarship, if only in the sense that several challenge his verdicts.
The establishment of poor–law unions in Ireland, 1838–43
Authors: O’Brien Gerard
Published: August 2016

The historiography of poor-law administration in Ireland ever since Nicholls’s ‘official’ history in the mid-nineteenth century has suffered from a certain selectivity on the part of commentators. As a source of first-hand information Nicholls’s book is of little value. The relatively well-researched account of pre-poor-law relief mechanisms which forms the early part of the book is followed by a disappointing series of extracts from published annual reports, almost devoid of personal comment or reminiscence. The explanation for this lies (if anywhere) in the date of the book’s publication (1856) and the fact that Nicholls had left Ireland under a cloud in 1842. The brief ‘life’ of Nicholls published as an introduction to a later edition of his English poor law is far more revealing.
Soviet writings on Irish history, 1917–80: a bibliography
Authors: White Stephen
Published: August 2016

In 1969 the late Dr Eoin Mac White published a ‘Guide to Russian writing on Irish history, 1917-1963’. Dr Mac White, a professional diplomat who combined with his work a close and scholarly interest in many aspects of Irish-Soviet relations, hoped at some stage to expand his guide into a ‘fuller and more historiographical study’. He doubted, however, if he would be able to find time for such a project, and in the meantime he thought the growing volume of Soviet writing on Irish history ‘should be better known both for its own intrinsic interest as well as an addition to the bibliography of Irish history’. Dr Mac White’s forebodings, unhappily, were borne out; he suffered an untimely death in a motor-car accident in 1972, and to this day the continually expanding Soviet treatment of all aspects of Irish history has remained uncatalogued. This bibliography is intended to repair that omission; it attempts to record all books and journal articles dealing wholly or in substantial part with Irish history published in the U.S.S.R. in Russian or in any other Soviet language between 1917 and 1980. Compared with Dr Mac White’s compilation it lists over sixty additional items (out of a total of 162): an indication, perhaps, of the expansion of Soviet scholarly interest in Ireland over the past decade or so, and in itself some justification for undertaking an exercise of this kind.
The Catholic Irish soldier in the First World War: the ‘racial environment’
Authors: Denman Terence
Published: August 2016

In recent years there has been a lively historical debate on English perceptions of the Irish. The growth and persistence of ‘racial’ stereotypes that go back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and which survive even today, have been traced. The Irish, the Catholic Irish above all, were usually perceived in England in an unfavourable or a downright hostile fashion, which reflected the often troubled colonial relationship between England and Ireland. The mass emigration from Ireland to England in the nineteenth century, which brought millions of Irish into direct contact with the English, intensified both the fear of the Irish and the patronising attitudes which accompanied that fear. Historical research has, undoubtedly, added considerably to our understanding of the complexity of anti-Irish feeling: how it depended on class as well as ethnic prejudice; and how it often existed alongside an idealised, sentimental picture of the Catholic Irish as a vigorous and ‘pure’ race, with a culture unsullied by the corrupting influence of modern industrial civilisation.
Old ways and new in history
Authors: Keir D.L.
Published: August 2016

Historical piety rightly begins with the society itself. We have paid careful attention to our own anniversaries. Nine years ago, we had an address on our coming-of-age, five years ago a dinner to celebrate our silver jubilee : on this thirtieth anniversary, we have both. On earlier occasions it was right to think of earlier days: of our founders and founding members; of their aims and hopes and plans, and their success in the task of raising funds and winning friends and influence. I myself, if not a founder, became a member near enough to those brave beginnings to feel a personal share in the debt we owe to R. M. Henry and David Chart and Samuel Simms, and less directly but with no less appreciation to that great teacher, the kindly guide of so many, James Eadie Todd, to mention some who live only in our memory; and to others, notably Theo Moody, who have seen their purpose fulfilled in Ulster and Ulster’s example become an inspiration to Ireland.
The Pre-Norman Irish genealogies
Authors: Kelleher John V.
Published: August 2016

By all accounts Michael O’Brien, that fine scholar and most generous and unassuming of men, was not happy about his Corpus genealogiarum Hiberniae, vol. i. He had it in hand for years and spent an incalculable mount of meticulous labour on it, but only near the end of his life, with great reluctance, did he consent to its publication. The proofs lacked what he considered final correction, and he feared leaving a legacy of avoidable error. Of course what he did leave was an instrument of scholarship, the value and uses of which other men will be decades in proving out. To our gratitude for his learning and labours we should therefore add an almost equal gratitude to those friends who insisted that he publish despite the probability that residual error might still amount to a fraction of one per cent. Our thanks may indeed be the greater since we learn from the introduction that this volume was intended as the first ‘of a series to contain all important Irish pedigrees and genealogical material from the earliest literary period down to c. 1500 A.D.’. If it seems unlikely now that we shall see vol. ii or any of the others, we might so easily not have had even vol. i.
The restoration land settlement in Ireland: a structural view
Authors: Bottigheimer Karl S.
Published: August 2016

In the history of Europe political revolutions are commonplace; cultural and social revolutions are somewhat less abundant; but revolutions in the ownership of property are exceedingly rare. Even the French revolution, the prototype of profound social upheaval, is today regarded by many—particularly the followers of the late Professor Cobban—as a revolution which failed to transform the proprietary class. And in England, the believers in a great seventeenth-century social revolution have either evaded or artfully rationalised the considerable evidence that the land-owning families of 1660 were essentially the land-owning families of 1640. Despite enormous fiscal pressures, the Long Parliament and its successors never embarked upon a serious effort to expropriate or extirpate those it defeated. ‘It is their reformation, not their ruin, is desired’, wrote the author of Burton’s Diary, and the recent work of Mrs Joan Thirsk, the most exactingstudent of the royalist land sales during the interregnum, tends to confirm the verdict.
The Bruces in Ireland, 1315–18
Authors: Frame Robin
Published: August 2016

On 26 May 1315 a Scottish army commanded by Edward Bruce, recently created earl of Carrick, landed near Larne in County Antrim. From this date until his death at Faughart on 14 October 1318 there was a Scottish presence in Ireland. We are told that Edward was crowned king of Ireland near the scene of his eventual defeat soon after 1 May 1316; his supporters certainly regarded him as king, and he himself used the title. In reality, however, his control never extended beyond the lands of the earldom of Ulster, which he used as a base from which to launch destructive expeditions to other parts of the country. Yet at least until the retreat of the Bruces from Limerick in April 1317 a Scottish conquest of Ireland must have appeared to be within the bounds of possibility; it is hardly too much to say that during this brief period the future political shape of the British Isles depended on the outcome of an often obscure series of campaigns and alliances in Ireland.
The archbishops of Armagh and the O’Neills 1347–1471
Authors: Simms Katharine
Published: August 2016

At the time of the Norman invasion the Irish church under its primate, Gilla Mac Liag or Gelasius, had welcomed the advent of Henry II and accepted his claim to be an ecclesiastical reformer. As a result the invaders, while ensuring that English or French clerics controlled the church in the areas they themselves had colonised, did not interfere with the primacy of all Ireland at Armagh. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the coarbship of Patrick was held in turn by ten primates of native Irish stock, a German, an Italian and only one Anglo-Norman, Luke Netterville, freely elected in 1217.
XXXII The I.R.B. supreme council, 1868-78
Authors: Moody T. W. , Ó Broin Leon
Published: August 2016

It is of the nature of a revolutionary conspiracy that it tends to leave as little trace as possible of its internal history; and it is not surprising that documentarv evidence of the activity of the supreme council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood is scanty. The documents printed below are for this reason of peculiar interest and importance.
Responses to Gladstonian home rule and land reform
Authors: Dunne Tom
Published: August 2016

As reactions to yet another initiative on Northern Ireland underlined the durability of traditional perspectives on both sides of the border, it was understandable that there should have been some nostalgic re-examination in the Irish media of the might-have-been of Gladstone’s first home rule initiative of a hundred years ago. Centenaries increasingly stimulate historians and publishers into action also, but the two major new studies of the home-rule ‘episode’ from Gill and Macmillan take a pessimistic, even jaundiced view of the 1886 scheme as unworkable, and incapable of satisfying Irish nationalists, much less unionists. Despite its precipitation of a major political realignment in British politics and its confirmation of Irish political polarisation, the crisis of 1885-6 has received relatively little attention from historians. In Britain, the only major study since Hammond’s romanticGladstone and the Irish nationhas been the decidedly anti-romantic and detailed dissection of the web of party intrigue and political calculation and infighting involved in Cooke and Vincent’sThe governing passion.
The Newtown act of 1748: revision and reconstruction
Authors: Malcomson A.P.W.
Published: August 2016

The Irish act of 21 George III, cap. 10, and more particularly its eighth clause, derived its nickname from the borough of Newtown, now Newtownards, Co. Down, which was then and for a decade thereafter in dispute between the families of Ponsonby and Stewart. According to the wording of its preamble, the eighth clause was designed merely ‘ … for the more effectual quieting of corporations and securing the rights of persons who have been or shall be elected into the offices of aldermen and burgesses’; yet historians have attributed to it purposes more sinister and consequences more dire than this innocent, conservative wording would ever suggest. (The wording of preambles and titles should not of course always be taken at face value: it was after all an act ‘ … for the further regulating the election of members of parliament and preventing the irregular proceedings of sheriffs and other officers in electing and returning such members’ which in 1728 provided for the automatic disfranchisement of all Roman Catholics.) The preamble to the eighth clause of the Newtown act goes on to state that, owing to a dearth of protestant inhabitants of appropriate standing, many corporations have been forced, in violation of their charters, to elect as burgesses and other officers persons who are not resident within their precincts; and the clause purports only to be giving legal authority to an existing situation, by ‘quieting’ such persons in the possession of their offices. Historians, on the other hand, have seen the dispensing with the residence qualification as a pernicious innovation, not as a legalisation of the status quo. Accordingly they have blamed the Newtown act for strengthening the hands of borough patrons and curtailing still further the independence of the corporations, and all this merely to gratify the particular local ambitions of one over-powerful family, the Ponsonbys, at the expense of their rivals, the Stewarts.
The Irish in Manchester, 1832-49
Authors: Werly John M.
Published: August 2016

Nineteenth century industrialism brought intensified immigration to the cities of England. E. P. Thomson, in The making of the English working class, generalized on one segment of the new urban population, the Irish :

If they were segregated in some towns, the Irish were never pressed back into ghettos. It would have been difficult to have made a people who spoke the same language and were British citizens under the act of union into a subject minority.
Emigrants and Exiles: Irish Cultures and Irish Emigration to North America, 1790- 1922.
Authors: Miller Kerby A , Boling Bruce , Doyle David N
Published: August 2016

From 1740–1922, as many as seven million people emigrated from Ireland to North America. Arguably, if there are any patterns in modern Irish history, a cultural analysis of this vast flow may help to reveal them. For while the Irish question is usually defined in Anglo/Irish terms (those of conflict) it has more universal import as the adjustment of Irish identity and culture, both personal and national, to the demands of the modern industrialising world. Emigration afforded one such response; Irish nationalism another; Irish American nationalism linked the two. More humans were directly and articulately involved in the migratory response than in the nationalist, both cumulatively over time and in the degree of freely active personal involvement. If scholars such as Robert Kennedy, Cormac Ó Gráda and others have studied emigration in terms of Ireland’s economic modernization, we would suggest that it may be studied culturally as a revealing cross-section of Ireland’s attendant psychic modernisation.
Irish Emigration in the Later Nineteenth Century
Authors: Fitzpatrick David
Published: August 2016

The most remarkable aspect of Ireland’s aberrant history in the later nineteenth century is surely the disappearance of nearly half her population. This was largely due not to heavy mortality during the Great Famine, but to massive emigration. Of few enough Irish families might it be said, in the words of the Vicar of Wakefield, that all their adventures were by the fire-side, and all their migrations from the blue bed to the brown. For both Irishmen and Irishwomen emigration became an expected episode in the life-cycle, akin to marriage or inheritance. Thus for the generation entering the employment market in about 1876, when the pace of post-Famine flight had already slackened, the probability of eventual emigration was still almost one-half. For those of either sex remaining in Ireland, the chance of marriage was only three in four For earlier generations, particularly of those brought up in the south-west, the likelihood of emigration had reached the extraordinary level of two in three.
Home rule and the general election of 1874 in Ireland
Authors: McCaffrey Lawrence J.
Published: August 2016

Although the liberal government returned in 1868 took serious steps to reconcile dissatisfied Irish opinion by disestablishing the Irish church, passing a land act, and introducing an Irish university bill, Ireland, at the beginning of 1874; was far from being contented. The land act had made it more difficult and expensive to evict a tenant, and recognised the principle of compensation for improvements, but was considered by the tenant righters as only an instalment of their claims for ‘ fixity of tenure, fair rents, and free sale ‘ By disestablishing the Protestant episcopalian church, Gladstone pleased the Catholic clergy and those Catholics who considered the existence of the established church a galling insult, but it antagonized a good portion of Protestant opinion. The Catholic bishops were dissatisfied with the university bill and severely criticised its provisions; this influenced the majority of the Irish liberal M.P.s, who voted against the second reading. These votes helped to defeat the bill, a defeat that heralded the downfall of the liberal government.
Historical Revisions
Authors: Moody T. W.
Published: August 2016

An example of an inaccuracy that has been reproduced by successive historians is furnished by the date of birth of Hugh O'Neill, second earl of Tyrone. Cox, Leland, Plowden and Bagwell omit to mention a date. Mitchel implies that O'Neill was born in 1542 or 1543, Meehan in 1539 or 1540, probably on the authority of Peter Lombard, papal archbishop of Armagh in the first quarter of the sixteenm century. Dunlop gives the date as ‘ about 1540 ’ Yet references in the state papers prove conclusively that his birth could not have taken place until about ten years later. In a letter from Cecil to Challoner, written after the death in 1562 of Brian O'Neill, Hugh's elder brother, it is stated that ‘ there is still another brother alive, not yet twelve years old and so a candidate to the Earldom of Tyrone still exists ’. In a letter to Queen Elizabeth, written in 1587, Hugh O'Neill refers to himself as having been ‘ a child of tender years ’ in 1562, when his brother was murdered. In the same year Sir Henry Sidney wrote to Walsingham in the following terms: ‘ I had with me the young Baron of Dungannon, Shane's eldest brother's son, whom I had bred in my home from a little boy, then very poor of goods and full feebly friended ’. As Hugh O'Neill crossed to England in 1562, and lived in Sidney's house after that date, the year 1540 is obviously inaccurate. Cecil's evidence shows him to have been about twelve in 1562, which would make the year of his birth 1550, and, as this is supported by the other evidence referred to, we must place his birth a decade later than the year usually given.
‘A light to the blind’: the voice of the dispossessed élite in the generation after the defeat at Limerick
Authors: Kelly Patrick
Published: August 2016

To find authentic expressions of political feeling amongst the dispossessed élite in Ireland in the generation after the defeat of 1691 is no easy task. Between the treaty of Limerick and the early writings of John Curry and Charles O’Conor in the mid-eighteenth century Irish catholic laymen seemingly avoided committing their political views to paper, for reasons which are not difficult either to understand or to sympathise with. Only amongst the clergy do we find comment of a political nature, but even this on the whole was restricted to reaction to penal laws and persecution and was concerned with the position of the church rather than the laity. Occasionally glimpses of a broader picture emerge tantalisingly from the Continent where correspondents were beyond the range of British control, as in Ambassador da Cunha’s report on Irish conditions in 1710 or in Internuncio Spinelli’s account of 1723, both of which blamed the depressed state of the laity unequivocally on the violation of the treaty.
An Leabhar Muimhneach
Authors: Walsh Paul
Published: August 2016

The so-called Book of Minister is a comparatively modern compilation of Irish materials, partly of the nature of Keating's History of Ireland, but more similar in character to the genealogical treatises edited by John O'Donovan for the Irish Archaeological Society about a century ago. It has long been popularly known by this name, and has often been used by pedigree-hunters; but no study of its structure and contents was possible until the manuscripts containing it had been examined and described. The present edition was undertaken by Prof. Tadhg Ó Donnchadha (i.e. Torna) nearly a decade ago.
The Historical Work of Louis Gougaud
Authors: Hennig John
Published: August 2016

Louis Gougaud was born in 1877 at Malestroit, Morbihan, and, to his death, was faithfully attached to Brittany, exploring its ecclesiastical history, and regularly contributing to the Chronique d'histoire, de géographie et de littérature de la Bretagne. Educated at St. Vincent's College, he entered the university of Rennes as a student of law. From these early studies dates his interest in legal problems as displayed in his work on the history of matrimonial law. At the same time, he was attracted to artistic problems: his earliest publications (1900–6) appeared in literary periodicals.
The Problem of ‘ Silua Focluti ’
Authors: Bieler Ludwig
Published: August 2016

St. Patrick, in his account of that famous vision by which he was called back to Ireland (Confessio 23), mentions people qui erant iuxta siluam Focluti quae est prope mare occidentale. By Tírechán and the author of the Tripartite Life this locality has been identified with the ‘ wood of Fochloth (Fochlad) ’ in Connacht, a place-name commonly believed to survive in modern Foghill (Fochoill) near Killala, Tirawley, co. Mayo. This view has been taken for an established tradition until recent times. Newport White and Bury were the first to find difficulties in reconciling the silua Focluti of St. Patrick's vision with the tradition placing his Irish captivity near Slemish in the northeast. Many attempts to solve the problem have since been made.
The identification of risk and essential elements along the strobila of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: Horáková B. , Čadková Z. , Száková J. , Jankovská I.
Published: August 2016

The rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta can bioconcentrate several elements to conspicuously higher concentrations than tissues of their definitive host. The main aim of this study was to locate parts of the tapeworm into which lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, manganese and iron are accumulated. Male Wistar rats were experimentally infected with H. diminuta and worms were exposed to two different forms of lead for 6 weeks through the oral exposure of their rat hosts. After the exposure period, the element levels were determined in the posterior and anterior proglottids of the tapeworm. In all cases, lead concentrations were higher in the anterior parts than the posterior parts. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc were also significantly higher in the anterior parts. Zinc concentrations showed an opposite trend, with higher zinc levels detected in the posterior part of the strobila, in the control group. The present study demonstrates that risk and essential elements are accumulated mainly into the anterior part of H. diminuta.
Head and neck sarcomas: clinical and histopathological presentation, treatment modalities, and outcomes
Authors: Stavrakas M , Nixon I , Andi K , Oakley R , Jeannon J P , Lyons A , McGurk M , Urbano T Guerrero , Thavaraj S , Simo R
Published: August 2016

Background:

Sarcoma of the head and neck is a rare condition that poses significant challenges in management and often requires radical multimodality treatment.

Objectives:

This study aimed to analyse current clinical presentation, evaluation, management dilemmas and oncological outcomes.

Methods:

Computer records and case notes were analysed, and 39 patients were identified. Variables were compared using Pearson's chi-square test and the log-rank test, while survival outcomes were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results:

The histopathological diagnosis was Kaposi sarcoma in 20.5 per cent of cases, chondrosarcoma in 15.3 per cent and osteosarcoma in 10.2 per cent. A range of other sarcomas were diagnosed in the remaining patients. The site of disease was most commonly sinonasal, followed by the oral cavity and larynx.

Conclusion:

Wide local excision with clear resection margins is essential to achieve local control and long-term survival. There is a need for cross-specialty collaboration in order to accrue the evidence which will be necessary to improve long-term outcomes.