bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decision making process for compulsory admission: study on a group of psychiatrists from Sardinia (Italy)
Authors: Dazzan Paola , Bhugra Dinesh , Carta Mauro G. , Carpiniello Bernardo
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO

Scopo – Valutare il processo decisionale che conduce al Trattamento Sanitario Obbligatorio. Setting – Un gruppo di psichiatri (n=81) della provincia di Cagliari (Sardegna, Italia). Principali misure utilizzate – Le attitudini verso il processo decisionale per il Trattamento Sanitario Obbligatorio sono state valutate attraverso tre ipotetici casi clinici che descrivevano: 1) un uomo con un quadro clinico di depressione e sintomi psicotici; 2) una giovane donna ad un possibile primo episodio psicotico; e 3) un uomo con una storia di abuso di sostanze e disturbo bipolare. Ciascun caso era seguito da un elenco di 11 fattori, ritenuti in letteratura come i più importanti nel processo decisionale per il ricovero obbligatorio (status psichico attuale, diagnosi, severità della malattia, pericolosità, utilità di un'eventuale terapia farmacologica, storia psichiatrica, età, sesso del paziente, possesso di un'abitazione, supporto sociale, occupazione). Per ciascun caso è stato chiesto agli psichiatri: a) se avrebbero sottoposto o meno il soggetto a Trattamento Sanitario Obbligatorio; e b) di elencare gli 11 fattori in ordine di importanza nella decisione di ricoverare obbligatoriamente. Risultati – 57 psichiatri (26 uomini e 31 donne) hanno completato il questionario. I fattori ritenuti importanti nella decisione di ricoverare obbligatoriamente sono stati: status psichico, diagnosi, severità della malattia e utilità di un'eventuale terapia farmacologica. La pericolositá per sé o per gli altri è stata ritenuta il fattore più importante dal 23% del campione. Conclusioni – In tre situazioni cliniche ipotetiche esiste un buon accordo sui fattori ritenuti importanti nella decisione di ricoverare obbligatoriamente, con ampia soggettività nell'applicazione di tali fattori. Questi fattori corrispondono ai criteri raccomandati dalla legge italiana. Il criterio della pericolosità per sé o per gli altri ha un ruolo importante nella decisione e viene occasionalmente considerato più importante dello stato psichico del paziente.
Water quality changes in the world's first special economic zone, Shenzhen, China
Authors: Chen Yi , Zhang Zhao , Du Shiqiang , Shi Peijun , Tao Fulu , Doyle Martin
Published: October 2011

Shenzhen, as the first special economic zone in the world, has been in the process of rapid urbanization for 30 years. Many special economic zones have been established in China and other nations following Shenzhen's experience. However, Shenzhen has attained significant economic development with an attendant cost of environmental degradation, and similar results may be seen in other zones in the future. Here we use a pollution index method to evaluate the effect of such rapid urban development on the surface water quality in Shenzhen from 1991 to 2008. Rapid urbanization has affected surface water quality, but environmental policies can mitigate some of these effects, although such policy‐induced improvements required some time before showing efficacy. As their use of special economic zones proliferates worldwide, greater consideration of the potential effects on water quality, and their overall sustainability, must receive greater attention.
Graphic solutions to problems of plumacy
Authors: Holden John C. , Vogt Peter
Published: October 2011

The mantle plume is just the youngest member of a big and colorful family of geological fads and fashions: diluvialisms and catastrophisms, earths expanding and contracting, global tectonics new and old. Some of these fads have become bandwagons rolling from theory to fact. Others are intellectual white elephants gathering library dust. We do not know yet how the mantle plume will fare: certainly it has not quite attracted the bandwagon that the new global tectonics did.
Some aspects of the history of auroral research
Authors: Schröder Wilfried
Published: October 2011

From the reports in Aristotle (Meteorologia), Seneca (Naturalium Quaestionum), and Pliny (Historia Naturalis), as well as those from the Far East [Keimatsu, 1974], we may assume that auroras were known phenomena even in earlier times. However, for these early centuries the number of dates verified up to now is small. No systematic studies were made for these manifestations in the sky, and they remained puzzles. Some early views on atmospheric optics and other problems of the atmosphere originated with Alhazen, i.e. Muhammad b. al‐Hasan ibn al‐Haitan (about 965–1039). There are some thoughts on the physics of the atmosphere in Albertus Magnus (about 1206–1280), but without specific reference to auroras. In the outgoing Middle Age, from the 11th to the 15th centuries, there are no regular observations of sky aspects.
Severe flooding likely in Northwest
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said that there is a risk of severe flooding from four rivers in the Northwest that are clogged by mudflow from the Mount St. Helens eruption.

In testimony before the Senate Appropriations Committee, James P. Walsh, deputy administrator of NOAA, said that the volcanic activity also impaired the National Weather Service's (NWS) ability to forecast flood conditions. He said that a system of automatic stream gages that the NWS uses to measure river and rainfall activity were lost after the eruption. The NWS, Walsh said, is now giving top priority to replacing the system. He also noted that the new system will allow the NWS to double the warning time it can give to heavily populated areas of flooding that is due to lava flow or rainfall.
From the ridiculous to the sublime: The pending disappearance of Pluto
Authors: Dessler A. J. , Russell C. T.
Published: October 2011

Pluto is so distant that it is difficult to learn much about it from direct observation. For example, starting more than 100 years ago, astronomers first postulated its existence and began estimating its mass by assuming it was responsible for observed perturbations of the orbits of Neptune and Uranus. Succeeding estimates of mass were made by the most eminent astronomers of the time; for example, estimates were made by astronomers such as Pickering, Lowell, Nicholson, Mayall, Eckert, Brouwer, and Clemence, with the latest estimate being made in 1978 by Christy and Harrington. At the recent meeting of the 50th Anniversary of the Discovery of Pluto, R. L. Duncombe and P. K. Seidelman assembled these earlier estimates of the mass of Pluto. We have plotted these (see figure), starting with the estimate by J. Babinet in 1848 which gave Pluto a mass 12 times that of Earth. The graph clearly illustrates that while Pluto was sighted in 1930, it was slighted in the 1970's.
The great solar eruption of May 24, 1979
Authors: Sheeley Neil R. , Michels D. J. , Howard R. A. , Koomen M. J.
Published: October 2011

The sequence of images on today's cover of Eos shows the most spectacular solar mass ejection observed to date with the Naval Research Laboratory's Earth‐orbiting coronagraph. Preceded by a loop‐shaped coronal structure, an enormous eruptive prominence is visible both expanding and moving outward across the coronagraph's 2.5–10.0‐RS annular field of view. As it left the field, the prominence dwarfed the sun itself, whose size and location are indicated by the small white disk in the lower‐right photograph.

The prominence can be recognized by its characteristic structural detail and by the fact that its relatively unpolarized radiation is not blocked by the polarization‐analyzing rings that are faintly visible at 5 RS and 8 RS against the coronal background. The Ha 6563α line of neutral hydrogen is the principal prominence emission line in the coronagraph's 4000–7000‐A spectral bandpass. On the other hand, the strongly polarized coronal radiation is continuum emission originating at the occulted solar disk and Thomson scattered by coronal electrons in the 2.5–10.0‐RS field of view. Both the prominence and the expanding coronal ‘loop’ have been enhanced in our cover photograph by subtracting a preevent image from each picture.
ISEE 3 in real time: An update
Authors: Joselyn JoAnn Cram , Hirman Joseph W. , Heckman Gary R.
Published: October 2011

In the October 9, 1979 issue of Eos, Tsurutani and Baker [1979] expressed the tangible benefits of obtaining selected interplanetary data from the ISEE 3 spacecraft in real time. As shown in Figure 1, reproduced from Tsurutani and Baker, ISEE 3 is positioned between the earth and the sun in a halo orbit about the sun‐Earth libration point. This location is well suited to provide advanced warning of the onset of geomagnetic disturbances. Although the data were not originally intended for real‐time use, NOAA and NASA began to cooperate early in 1979 to solve the technical and administrative problems requisite to acquiring the raw data before editing and transmission to the experimenters. In March 1980 the data stream began arriving at the Space Environment Services Center (SESC), Boulder, Colorado. Daily data coverage varies but averages near 80%. The data are now being routinely used to support SESC military and civilian customers and the scientific community at large.
A synopsis of PROBES
Authors: Goering J. J. , McRoy C. P.
Published: October 2011

The Processes and Resources of the Bering Sea Shelf (PROBES) project is a 6‐year multi‐institutional (University of Alaska, Florida State University, University of Washington, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Southwest Fisheries Center, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences) interdisciplinary study designed to understand the processes that contribute to the production of enormous numbers of animals (including crabs, fish, birds, mammals) in secondary and higher trophic levels in the vast Bering Sea continental shelf. The research plan is based on the hypothesis that the broad shallow shelf leads to an oceanographic structure of a semi‐permanent front‐interfront system in which phytoplankton primary production is coupled to a pelagic food web over the outer shelf and to a benthic food web in the middle shelf (see cover, this issue). The project has concentrated on the processes that control the survival of the early life history stages of the Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma Pallas) as an example of mass and energy transfer in the pelagic system. PROBES began in 1976 and is sponsored by the Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation.
Why lunar sample studies are not finished
Authors: Ryder Graham
Published: October 2011

The investigation of the 380 kg of lunar samples brought to the earth by six manned Apollo missions and three unmanned Luna missions has been a tremendous success so far, increasing our knowledge of the moon far beyond our prior ignorance. The advances provide the heart of the recent book by S.R. Taylor, Planetary Science: A Lunar Perspective (published by the Lunar and Planetary Institute). This book shows that not only has much been learned but numerous questions remain open, including that of the origin of the moon. Unfortunately, funding limitations in the future may severely restrict or postpone the appropriate research.
Deep ocean seismology
Authors: Walker Daniel A.
Published: October 2011

Recent measurements of seismic noise on the ocean bottom have revealed surprisingly low levels at frequencies greater than 3 Hz (Figure 1). In some instances values for frequencies of 3 to 15 Hz are comparable to, or lower than, values from the best continental seismic stations. This would be of little significance if, as is generally observed with most continental instruments, the only phases to have such frequencies were the result of local earthquakes. Actual observations, however, indicate that two classes of teleseismic (distant) phases have substantial signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratios at high frequencies when observed in the low noise environment of the deep oceans.
March streamflow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Streamflow generally increased seasonally across the country during March, and snow‐melt runoff pushed many western streams to well‐above average flows, according to the regular month‐end check on the nation's water resources by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Department of the Interior.

Of 172 USGS index stream‐gauging stations surveyed during March, 65 (38%) recorded well‐above average flows (within the highest 25% of long‐term record), 91 stations (53%) recorded average flows, and 16 stations (9%) recorded well‐be low average flows (within the lowest 25% of long‐term record).
Abstracts [Spring Meeting, 1985]
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Five years after Voyager 1 and 2 encountered Jupiter's intriguing satellite Io, many geologic questions remain open. What is the composition of Io? How large a part does sulfur play in the formation of landforms? Are the flows seen on Io sulfur or silicate, and how are they emplaced? What methods can we use to find out? Finally, what can the upcoming Galileo mission to Jupiter tell us that will help answer these questions?
“Black smoker” vent chimneys
Authors: Hawkins James
Published: October 2011

Hydrothermal vent systems forming "black smoker chimneys" with polymetallic sulfide deposits have been found at several places on the midocean ridges since their initial discovery in May 1979 by the RISE (Rivera Submersible Experiments) Project Group on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N.
Toward a federation of broadband seismic networks
Authors: Romanowicz Barbara A. , Dziewonski Adam M.
Published: October 2011

Seismologists from many parts of the world are convinced that this is the time to undertake a major initiative in instrumenting the surface of the earth with a network of high‐quality modern seismographs. Realization of the compatibility of the efforts that arose nearly simultaneously in several countries led to a meeting in Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany, April 10–11, 1986. The meeting was organized as part of a symposium of the International Lithosphere Program and was convened during the Annual Meeting of the German Geophysical Society. A proposal was made at the meeting to form an organization that would aid in the coordination of national programs by establishing common instrumentation standards and a mechanism for the timely exchange of data.
The case for planetary sample return missions: 1. Origin of the solar system
Authors: Drake Michael J. , Boynton William V. , Blanchard Douglas P.
Published: October 2011

The “flyby” phase of solar system exploration will be completed for all planetary objects except Pluto and the asteroids by the end of this decade. By the end of the century, the moon and all of the terrestrial planets except Mercury will have been examined by orbiting global remote sensing spacecraft, and Venus, the moon, and Mars have already had in situ surface analyses performed by landers. Samples have been returned only from the moon. Sample returns from both primitive and evolved bodies are essential if we are to understand the origin and evolution of the solar system. Here we examine how measurements made in terrestrial laboratories on samples returned from Venus, Mars, comets, and asteroids can provide information about the formation of the solar system. Feasible approaches for returning samples from these bodies are outlined. Sample return missions may not occur before the 21st century, but it is necessary to plan them now.
DOSECC Continental Scientific Drilling Program
Authors:   DOSECC Investigators and Staff
Published: October 2011

Deep Observation and Sampling o f the Earth's Continental Crust (DOSECC, for short) is a nonprofit corporation, currently composed of 39 member universities, that was founded to manage Continental Scientific Drilling Programs somewhat as Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc., manages the Ocean Drilling Program. Funding is provided by the National Science Foundation, with additional support from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Department of Energy (DOE). DOSECC currently has two projects in operation and several under development.

The long‐term DOSECC program may be separated into categories based either on drilling depth or on objectives. The first category consists of shallow to intermediate depth drilling (up to about 5 km) designed to attain targets related to a better understanding of active processes in the continental crust. The second category of targets push the limit of drilling technology in terms of depth and sometimes with respect to temperature, pressure, and/or corrosive fluid environments. Ultimately, DOSECC drilling projects are expected to achieve depths exceeding 15 km. Such ultradeep holes will not only examine dynamic processes in the crust but will also explore crustal history, structures, and conditions at depth. Current budget constraints allow drilling of projects in the first category, and planning for eventual deeper drilling at a number of locations is in progress.
The Iceland GPS Geodetic Field Campain 1986
Authors: Foulger Gillian , Bilham Roger , Morgan W. Jason , Einarsson Pall
Published: October 2011

For a number of years, geophysicists have followed the development o f the Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR) Global Positioning System (GPS) in anticipation of conducting geodetic surveys of such a size and accuracy [Bossler, 1984] that the detailed monitoring of neotectonic movements on a regional scale will be permitted. During 1986 the technology had considerable application in this field, including studies conducted in California, Mexico, the Caribbean, and New England. The largest of the 1986 projects was a survey of Iceland that involved ultimately the use of 26 TI4100 receivers by over 30 scientists from nine nations. Twenty different universities, institutions, and companies were involved in the effort. This article briefly describes the field campaign and the concurrent data processing
Lunar laser ranging
Authors: Faller J. E. , Dickey J. O.
Published: October 2011

At the 1990 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md., on Tuesday morning, May 29, there will be the special joint Geodesy‐Planetology session Apollo Lunar Laser Ranging and Our Lunar Return. This session of invited papers will focus on and, yes, celebrate lunar laser ranging, which has been made possible by simple laser reflectors of the type first left by Buzz Aldrin on the powdery surface of the Sea of Tranquility. The session has been arranged to recall that on July 20 of this past year we celebrated the twentieth anniversary of the first human landing on the Moon.
Comment: Human contribution to climate change increasingly clear
Authors: Keller C. F.
Published: October 2011

[A response to the Forum article, “Human Contribution to Climate Change Remains Questionable” by Fred Singer (April 20, 1999)] In 1957, Roger Revelle and H. E. Seuss wrote that “human beings are now carrying out a large scale geophysical experiment of a kind that could not have happened in the past nor be reproduced in the future. Within a few centuries we are returning to the atmosphere and oceans the concentrated organic carbon stored in sedimentary rocks over hundreds of millions of years.”
Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change
Authors: Wofsy Steven C.
Published: October 2011

Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change is the result of the collective efforts of scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to provide a comprehensive textbook for students at the graduate level and a reference book for teachers and scientists.There are 16 chapters, each authored by two or more NCAR scientists with contributions from many others, followed by a 2‐page essay by a non‐ NCAR scientist reflecting on the subject matter.

The book succeeds well beyond what one might expect from such a large group effort, with several chapters being true gems. For example, one is accustomed to reading chapters on dynamics and transport either written for dynamicists, thus incomprehensible to chemists, or simplified treatments or summaries written by chemists and lacking in real substance. Here the long chapter by Rolando Garcia et al. is outstanding in its clarity, completeness, and careful attention to both transport and the underlying principles and phenomena of geophysical fluid dynamics. It's not for the faint of heart (there are 162 equations and 32 figures), but the reader's effort is handsomely rewarded.
Satellite techniques yield insight into devastating rainfall from Hurricane Mitch
Authors: Ferraro R. , Vicente G. , Ba M. , Gruber A. , Scofield R. , Li Q. , Weldon R.
Published: October 2011

Hurricane Mitch may prove to be one of the most devastating tropical cyclones to affect the western hemisphere. Heavy rains over Central America from October 28, 1998, to November 1, 1998, caused widespread flooding and mud slides in Nicaragua and Honduras resulting in thousands of deaths and missing persons. News reports indicated entire towns being swept away, destruction of national economies and infrastructure, and widespread disease in the aftermath of the storm, which some estimates suggested dropped as much as 1300 mm of rain.

However, in view of the widespread damage it is difficult to determine the actual amounts and distribution of rainfall. More accurate means of determining the rainfall associated with Mitch are vital for diagnosing and understanding the evolution of this disaster and for developing new mitigation strategies for future tropical cyclones. Satellite data may prove to be a reliable resource for accurate rainfall analysis and have yielded apparently reliable figures for Hurricane Mitch.
The Pacific decadal oscillation and long‐term climate prediction
Authors: Hunt A. G. , Tsonis A. A.
Published: October 2011

After 22 years of mostly cool temperatures, the North Pacific sea surface has been warm for the past 2 years. This raises the question of whether the warming trend in the North Pacific Ocean will continue for the next 20 years. The answer depends partly on whether the observed variability is an internal oscillation with its own time scale or whether it is externally driven.

We are addressing this issue because important predictions are at stake. Positive North Pacific sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies tend to cause droughts in the southwestern and northeastern United States. Some scientists have assumed that a fundamental “regime shift” has now occurred with 20 years of warmer temperatures to come and California has been advised to prepare for a 20‐year period of drought. The basis for assuming a 40‐year periodicity is the century‐long record of North Pacific SSTs [Mantua et al., 1997]. More recently, a longer, proxy‐based data set [Chao et al., 2000] suggested that a) North Pacific SSTs oscillate in phase with a comparable spatial pattern in the South Pacific, and b) two periods of approximately 20 and 70 years exist.
Vanuatu earthquake and tsunami cause much damage, few casualties
Authors: Caminade Philip , Charlie Douglas , Kanoglu Utku , Koshimura Shun‐Ichi , Matsutomi Hideo , Moore Andrew , Ruscher Christophe , Synolakis Costas , Takahashi Tomoyuki
Published: October 2011

Vanuatu is a volcanic archipelago located some 2000 km northeast of Australia, in the heart of Melanesia. Though the islands are mainly agricultural, they are also a tourist destination for Australians and New Zealanders, many of whom come to see the active volcanoes on Ambrym and Tanna and the annual practice of “land diving” on Pentecost. An earthquake estimated between moment magnitude 7.1 and 7.5 occurred off the east coast of Vanuatu on November 26, 1999, at 13:21 UTC. The earthquake generated a damaging tsunami that struck the coast of Vanuatu, where it reached as high as 6.6 m above sea level and destroyed an entire village (Figures 1 and 2).
A novel mechanism for ERK‐dependent regulation ofIL4transcription during human Th2‐cell differentiation
Authors: Tripathi Parul , Sahoo Naresh , Ullah Ubaid , Kallionpää Henna , Suneja Amita , Lahesmaa Riitta , Rao Kanury V S
Published: October 2011

We demonstrate that the mitogen‐activated protein kinases extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐1 and ERK‐2 have a central role in mediating T‐cell receptor‐dependent induction ofIL4expression in human CD4+T cells. Significantly, this involved a novel mechanism wherein receptor cross‐linking induced activated ERK to physically associate with a promoter element on theIL4gene. The proximally localized ERK then facilitated recruitment of the key transcription factors necessary for initiatingIL4gene transcription. Although both ERK‐1 and ERK‐2 bound to the promoter, recruitment of either one alone was found to be sufficient. We thus identify a novel mode of function for ERK wherein its physical association with the promoter serves as a prerequisite for enhanceosome assembly. This unusual pathway is also indispensable for human Th2‐cell differentiation.
Telepractice Experiences in a University Training Clinic
Authors: Rende Barbara , Ramsberger Gail
Published: October 2011

Telepractice is a rapidly growing means of providing remote speech-language pathology and audiology services to clients. The primary advantage of telepractice in speech-language therapy is that it improves the accessibility of services. Improved accessibility is important in serving not only clients in rural areas, but also those who are unable to visit the clinic because of physical disability. Telepractice may also make it easier for clients to engage in more intense therapy schedules, because the burdens associated with traveling to and from the clinic are removed. For these reasons, we suggested graduate students in speech-language pathology gain experience in telepractice delivery of services. This article describes our experience training graduate students in the use of telepractice delivery of speech-language therapy. Three different treatment protocols were used with nine different clients. In addition, important issues related to the use of telepractice are identified.
Photoluminescence origins of the porous silicon nanowire arrays
Authors: Lin L. H. , Sun X. Z. , Tao R. , Li Z. C. , Feng J. Y. , Zhang Z. J.
Published: October 2011

We investigate the photoluminescence (PL) behavior of the porous silicon nanowire (PSiNW) arrays synthesized via metal-assisted electroless etching method on the n-Si (100) substrate. Two PL bands with different origins dependent on the post-chemical treatments were detected. The red emission band, the peak position of which is insensitive to temperature and excitation source, is considered to originate from the excitons localized at the interface between the Si nanostructure and the oxide layer. An anomalous blue shift of the near-infrared PL band was observed when the temperature increased from 80 to 290 K. The maximum intensity appears around 160 K and the emission energy is strongly dependent on the excitation energy and power. The triplet-singlet state transition is introduced to explain the PL behavior for this emission band. The absorption spectra are also induced to confirm the PL origins.
Hydroxyurea induces de novo copy number variants in human cells
Authors: Arlt Martin F. , Ozdemir Alev Cagla , Birkeland Shanda R. , Wilson Thomas E. , Glover Thomas W.
Published: October 2011

Copy number variants (CNVs) are widely distributed throughout the human genome, where they contribute to genetic variation and phenotypic diversity. Spontaneous CNVs are also a major cause of genetic and developmental disorders and arise frequently in cancer cells. As with all mutation classes, genetic and environmental factors almost certainly increase the risk for new and deleterious CNVs. However, despite the importance of CNVs, there is limited understanding of these precipitating risk factors and the mechanisms responsible for a large percentage of CNVs. Here we report that low doses of hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase and an important drug in the treatment of sickle cell disease and other diseases induces a high frequency of de novo CNVs in cultured human cells that resemble pathogenic and aphidicolin-induced CNVs in size and breakpoint structure. These CNVs are distributed throughout the genome, with some hotspots of de novo CNV formation. Sequencing revealed that CNV breakpoint junctions are characterized by short microhomologies, blunt ends, and short insertions. These data provide direct experimental support for models of replication-error origins of CNVs and suggest that any agent or condition that leads to replication stress has the potential to induce deleterious CNVs. In addition, they point to a need for further study of the genomic consequences of the therapeutic use of hydroxyurea.
Reds and Experts
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the struggle between the so-called ‘redness’ and expertise in the debates generated by the Seventy Articles on Industry in China during the 1960s. Mao Zedong proclaimed the primacy of redness and the importance of expertise. He believed that the significant element of measures to recover from the GLF was to re-enlist the intellectuals in the country's economic enterprises and to recast the education system to produce more well-trained young men and women.
China's Isolation
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the international relations of China during the 1950s and 1960s. At the end of 1961, the principal international worry of the Chinese leadership was the worsening dispute with Soviet Union Premier Nikita Khrushchev. The tension between the two communist superpowers continued despite the signing of an agreement at the eighty-one-party meeting in 1960. This conflict was a major influence in China's rejection of tentative olive branches offered by the U.S. government, and this hostility in turn served to increase China's isolation.
The Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the when, why, and how of the CCP's Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, held from January 11 to February 7, 1962. The conference was called as such because of the number of attendees, which included political leaders and representatives from districts, counties, and industrial enterprises. The origins of the conference were due to a watershed in the post-GLF reform process, and the political atmosphere at the event enabled policy proposals drawn up in 1961 to be seriously implemented.
The Curious Case of the ‘Three-Family Village’
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the case of the so-called Three-Family Village in relation of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution in China. This case involved a trio of senior party propagandists, Deng Tuo, Wu Han, and Liao Mosha, who were accused of unleashing a series of bitter if veiled attacks on Mao and his policies. This chapter evaluates the works of the three journalists and suggests that there is not sufficient reason for retrospectively making the Three-Family Village a cause celebre at the outset of the Cultural Revolution.
From Grey Eminence to Red Leader
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the increase in Jiang Qing's public exposure during the 1960s. Mao Zedong encouraged Jiang to investigate revisionism in the cultural arena and head of state Liu Shaoqi did the same to his wife Wang Guangmei. Using their wives as trouble-shooters was a high-risk strategy for both men because initiatives by high-ranking spouses with no independent legitimacy arouse hostility and resentment in most political cultures. This chapter discusses the accomplishments of Jiang and Wang.
Mao Stoops to Conquer
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the political split between Chinese political leaders Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi. It suggests that Mao's decision to purge Liu was part of a strategy to remove members of the CCP who supported capitalism. There are conflicting accounts of whether or not Liu directly opposed Mao's ‘capitalist-roader’ formulation, but Mao had already made his version of the event credible in January 1965.
“Fallen from the Symboled World”
Authors: Prunty Wyatt
Published: October 2011

This book is a reading of contemporary American poets using the phenomenological approaches of Heidegger and Husserl. Its argument, begun with the reading of the work of Robert Lowell, is that contemporary poets, unlike their modernist predecessors, have adopted a sceptical stance and expressed that stance through the use of literary tropes that liken (simile) rather than tropes that equate (symbol and allegory). The book provides close readings of the works of such poets as Ammons, Nemerov, Justice, Cunningham, Creeley, and others.
Poems that Speak, Poems that Sing
Authors: Prunty Wyatt
Published: October 2011

Two types of contemporary poetry stand as opposites — plainspoken poems that are reticent about their intensity and lyrical poems that are both compulsive and musical. There are many other ways to distinguish contemporary poems, which must compete during what is a pluralistic period; but in thinking about different poems, especially the presuppositions behind the different modes of thought they employ, this chapter posits the extremes of speech and song in order to uncover what they suggest about the resources available to poets. There is more to such a distinction than our usual ideas about speaking and singing take into account. If we focus our attention on poems that speak and those that sing, we will see fundamental differences in the assumptions made by poets about the truth claims available to them.
What Does Disjunction do?
Authors: Jennings R. E.
Published: October 2011

This chapter explains the final account of the origins of disjunction. In Russell's account, “or” corresponds to a state of hesitation. ‘In order to express a hesitation in words, we need “or” or some equivalent word’. His suggestion that ‘or’ represents a state of hesitation takes up in altered form a theme of earlier writers having to do with the character of disjunction in individual as contrasted with general propositions. Grice's genetic speculations about ‘or’ are, like Russell's, part of an attempt to say more generally what the logical particles do in language and thus why they came into it. The final account of the origins of disjunction is, a realization of Wittgenstein's aim, and since it will show how the logical uses of ‘or’ have been sponsored by specific non-logical requirements of linguistic practice.
The First Myth of ‘Or’
Authors: Jennings R. E.
Published: October 2011

This chapter talks about how philosophers define and use the word ‘or’ and how the word ‘or’ has undergone changes in modification. The notion of logical form does not apply straightforwardly to sentences of natural language. A sentence has no logical form independently of a specification of a formal language of representation. There is a sense in which the whole meaning of the inclusive “or” is only part of the meaning of the exclusive “or”. According to Boole's Rule, and-lists of general terms represent unions in the subject place; or-lists of general terms represent unions in the predicate place. A unified semantic account of or, and a uniform semantics of natural language connectives more generally must depend upon an abandonment of both assumptions.
The Puzzle about ‘Or’
Authors: Jennings R. E.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines puzzle about the word ‘or’ and some proposed solutions. The theorems of propositional logic are interpreted in such a way as to be provided with an analogous account. The contrast lies in the absence of any such compositional account of ‘or’ and the vocabulary of preference. The distributive puzzle has merely been displaced. We should have to justify the assumption that every list formed with ‘or’ is a disjunctive list. A grammaticological account of distribution over or-lists depends upon our being able to understand the list-containing sentence as a sentence-embedding sentence. Readers have to add a parallel observation about ‘or’. Disjunctive occurrences of ‘or’ as a sentential connective are, if not quite rare, at least not among the commonest uses of ‘or’ in spoken or written English.
Form and Meaning
Authors: Jennings R. E.
Published: October 2011

This chapter aims to portray the language of meaning. The notion of the scope of an occurrence of a logical constant is familiar and precise. On a Geachian account, it is just the scope that has changed, the meaning remains the same. The notion of scope may be of only illusory relevance. The question of the scope of an occurrence of a ‘logical’ word of English, far from settling questions about the local meaning of such words, cannot itself be settled before semantical questions have been dealt with; the formulation of those questions of representation and interpretation may require a subtlety of discrimination beyond any that the language of ‘meaning’ can support. The role of ‘any’ has the same role as 'some’, although ‘any’ is disjunctive in a sense, i.e. its role is different from that of ‘some’.
The Second Myth of ‘Or’
Authors: Jennings R. E.
Published: October 2011

This chapter describes the second myth. The second myth can be described as cheerful handmaiden to the first, and, perhaps because of its classical hearkening, has an undeniable charm. Some languages, though English is not one of them, have two different words for two different senses of “or.” The second myth—Latin not only possessed truth-functional vocabulary but also possessed a clearer meaning. The ultimate source of the myth remains a mystery. As with the English ‘or’ the puzzle is not to understand how the conjunctive uses of aut are to be explained in the face of its disjunctive meaning, but how its disjunctive use arises out of a more primitive meaning that is adverbially conjunctive and more or less adversative. Latin, awaits its dissolution, and as we shall see, provides a useful clue.
Election News
Authors: Ayers Edward L.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the political climate affecting the New South. Patronage was a constant and party loyalty was the basis on which everything else stood. This chapter also discusses the effects of the redemption in politics particularly the dynamics between the Democrats and the Republicans. The tradition of black Southerners to vote only for Republicans is made evident in this chapter and the effect of this towards the political climate is likewise discussed. That is not to say that vote-buying did not exist as it did but not for money but more for the benefit it may have afforded the blacks. The battle over the prohibition of alcohol likewise had an impact in the ensuing political debates. The currency crisis that emerged during that time served to contribute to political conflict. Political life in the New South was complicated.
Voices
Authors: Ayers Edward L.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the Southerners passion for singing, playing, and dancing. The instruments of choice were guitars, banjos, and pianos. The songs range from bouncy pop songs to sentimental songs and “coon” songs which were parodies of black language, styles, and aspirations. The birth of a distinct Southern music and its development is also discussed in this chapter. A form of black music called “patting juba” emerged among the black Southerners developing into “ragged” music which became a national sensation. This chapter also describes the birth of jazz music and blues. Music has long been a part of the Southern lifestyle and its effects can be seen in all aspects of life in the New South.
Twentieth Century Limited
Authors: Ayers Edward L.
Published: October 2011

This chapter describes a new generation of Southern intellectuals who favored secular causes rather than religious ones, focusing their certainties on history, literature, politics, race relations, and education. This chapter also discusses the life and causes of William P. Trent. Nonetheless, sports became an important part of public culture in the region. Football was the sport of choice. This chapter also looks at the beginnings of sectional reconciliation. Militarization is discussed likewise in relation to the inception of war. This chapter also briefly touches on the peak of the cult of confederacy and the lost cause. However, Southern race relations remained unstable and malleable even after disenfranchisement and segregation, marked by sharp contrasting tendencies. This chapter also looks at the birth of the fight of the blacks for their full manhood rights.
Introduction: Class Formation and the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Göçek Fatma Müge
Published: October 2011

From an Anatolian principality in 1299, the Ottoman state extended to a world empire spanning three continents—from Eastern Europe and the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa—at the height of its power in the 16th century before its gradual decline until 1922 when the Turkish nation-state emerged in its mainland. This book focuses on the 18th and 19th century when Ottoman wars and commerce with the West interacted with the existing social structure to create a segmented bourgeois class formation. The book questions the prevailing scholarly interpretation and argues that, based on empirical analysis of archival documents and historical chronicles, social transformation precedes and contributes to the process of Westernization of the Ottoman empire. The effects of war, commerce, and the Enlightenment concept of “civilization” shaped the parameters of the Ottoman social change. This chapter analyzes the Ottoman social change based on the intellectual foundation provided by Max Weber and Karl Marx.
Ottoman Structure, Social Groups, and Westernization
Authors: Göçek Fatma Müge
Published: October 2011

The sultan's household is the basic organizational unit of the Ottoman society. This household—comprising kin, retainers, and servants—goes beyond formal institutional and class boundaries, and symbolically resides under one roof. Empire officials imitated the sultan's household and formed their own households, through which, in alliance with the sultan's subjects, they kept the sultan's revenues away from him. The sultan's household and the official's household competed with each other as both tried to mobilize subjects to rally to their side. While this pattern continued, the chapter argues that the Ottoman Westernization was evident in the consumption of Western goods and the adoption of Western forms in arts and architecture. The goods and forms spread into Ottoman society through the mediation of Ottoman social groups and became a part of the social tradition as Ottoman art, architecture and material culture reproduced them within the empire.
The Case of Jean Boucaux v. Verdelin: Fashioning the National Myth of Liberty
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the case of Jean Boucaux v. Verdelin. In June of 1738, the Paris Admiralty Court heard its first two petitions for freedom by slaves. It was through these that the 1716 edict's lack of registration was first discussed by the court. One of these cases was brought by Jean Boucaux, a slave from Saint Domingue, against his master Sieur Verdelin. The slave's lawyer Mallet and the procureur du roi Le Clerc du Brillet published briefs that justified the maxim that any slave who sets foot on French soil is free. These lawyers also credited Christianity with the elimination of Roman slavery and its transformation into serfdom. Second, the case called the government's attention to slave owners' abuses of the Edict of 1716, prompting new and stricter legislation in the Declaration of December 15, 1738.
The Impact of the Declaration of 1738: Nantes, La Rochelle, and Paris
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: October 2011

The impact of the Declaration of December 15, 1738 is presented in this chapter. It was discussed that when masters neglected to complete the required formalities, such as registration of their slaves with the nearest clerk of the Admiralty, the slaves would be confiscated au profit du roi and returned as slaves to the colonies. The Parlement of Paris and the Admiralty Court of France refused to confiscate slaves. However, the case of Catherine Morgan, who was brought to Nantes by her master in 1746, shows how the courts of Brittany enforced the Declaration of 1738. The Admiralty Court of France never recognized the validity of either the Edict of October 1716 or the Declaration of December 15, 1738, because they had not been registered by the Parlement of Paris. As a result, they relied on the maxim that any slave who entered the French soil was free.
Crisis: Blacks in the Capital, 1762
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: October 2011

The Declaration of 1738 stayed unregistered by the Parlement of Paris and the Admiralty Court of France. The Admiralty clerk duly recorded the declarations of slave owners who brought their slaves to Paris. These declarations reveal a small portion of blacks living in Paris, but nonetheless offer information about these individuals. The aim of this chapter is to gauge the size and the sociological makeup of the black population in Paris and the administration's efforts to control them. The case of Louis v. Jean Jacques Le Fevre prompted the officers of the Admiralty of France to prepare an ordinance that required all blacks in Paris to be registered by the Admiralty's clerk. The registration drive was a one-time event, designed to give the Admiralty an report of how many blacks were residents in Paris.
Erosion of the Police des Noirs
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: October 2011

Police des Noirs ran into obstacles and hurdles as soon as it was signed into law. Le Moyne, commander of the marine in Bordeaux, challenged the fundamental basis of the law: the exclusion of individuals from France on the basis of race. He objected to the way that the Police des Noirs lumped together blacks free by birth, freedmen, and slaves, without regard to skin color. Le Moyne drew attention to the fact that many now owned property in Europe, sending their children to France to be educated. In response to Le Moyne's suggestions for improving the law, Chardon kindly but strongly turned down the commander's proposals, reminding him that all of its provisions must be stringently enforced.
‘Littery Man’
Authors: Lowry Richard S.
Published: October 2011

As Mark Twain, Samuel Clemens became one of America's first modern celebrities, successfully straddling the conflicts between culture and commerce. Twain manipulated the cultural outlets of his day, not only through publication of his diverse novels, but through newspapers, magazines, book reviews, advertising, and his popular performances and readings. This book examines a range of Twain's major works to show how the writer strove to establish his authority over the course of his career. For the author, Samuel Clemens's supreme fiction and most explicitly artful performance was Mark Twain, the fiction that authorized his fiction. The author reconstructs that performance as the moment at which the American Writer emerged as a profession. He gives attention to the historical and cultural context of the Gilded age, from Twain's influential contemporary William Dean Howells to the various genre books that Twain consistently mastered, e.g. travel guidebooks, manuals for boys, and autobiographies. The result is that this book will appeal to both Twain scholars and to scholars and students of nineteenth-century American literature and culture.
“By the Book”
Authors: Lowry Richard S.
Published: October 2011

Finally, education as one of the three major cultural transformations, along with capital and culture, as seen in the works of Mark Twain, is explicated in this fourth and final chapter. This chapter serves as a point of departure by dealing with the Adventures of Tom Sawyer as a conclusion to the study. The author argues that the novel enacts a parody of Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography, since Twain's novel begins with the characterization of an illiterate boy writing his own autobiography. This constitutes Mark Twain's most profound entry in his own autobiography of authorship. The verge of authorship is talked about in this chapter, as well as the autobiography and the making of the literate author. The chapter ends with some “fighting words.”