bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plato on Being and Knowing
Authors: Gerson Lloyd P.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how the exegesis of the passage in Phaedo in which Plato announces a turn from Naturalism to Platonism presumes the existence of Forms as explanatory entities, albeit recognizing their instrumental role in ultimate explanation. It looks at the distinction between “having” and “participating”—which may be expressed as the difference between unique and non-unique predication—as well as the distinction between “sense-perceiving” and “thinking.” The theory of Forms explains how sameness among things not numerically identical is possible, something that nominalism finds impossible. The chapter then considers nominalism and its connection to relativism, and explores the different accounts that Platonism and Naturalism each gives of eternity and time. It also reflects on the nature and possibility of knowledge, and presents some exigencies of knowledge and belief.
The Centrality of the Idea of the Good in the Platonic System (1)
Authors: Gerson Lloyd P.
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes the Idea of the Good, the “unhypothetical first principle of all.” All Platonists have acknowledged the need for a first unifying metaphysical principle of all. That the need for such a principle is recognized in Plato's dialogues, in Aristotle's testimony, and in the indirect tradition was never doubted. Indeed, the Idea of the Good, in Republic, is held by Plato to be the focus of his philosophy. And because of its unique, superordinate, and comprehensive causal scope, it is the focus of his systematic philosophy. The chapter then explores the first principles in Parmenides, Sophist, Philebus, and Timaeus. It also considers Aristotle's account of the nature of the first principles and the evidence of the indirect tradition.
From Seroras to Sacristans
Authors: Scott Amanda L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the fundamental transformation of the role of the seroras in the eighteenth century. Whereas the seroras survived Tridentine reform relatively unscathed, they were not so fortunate under the later Bourbon reforms. Fiscally pragmatic rather than directly confessional, the Bourbon reforms led to a drastic reorganization of local religious life. Some initiatives championed under the Bourbon reforms were well underway through regional reorganization and local initiative well before they were issued by official proclamation. In these cases, the Bourbon reforms merely expedited the inevitable. Aimed to achieve essential cost-saving measures across the empire, the Bourbon reforms as they played out through the Consejo de Castilla consolidated church lands, redrafted parish benefice plans, and decreased numbers of lower-order clergy and church functionaries. All these measures affected the seroras, and although localities and Basque church officials jointly championed their seroras, the Bourbon reforms ultimately signaled an end to the vocation. Eventually, the seroras were replaced by sacristans.
The Paramilitary War of Position
Authors: Ballvé Teo
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the practices by which paramilitaries sought to methodically build a state presence in the region. The construction of schools and other populist actions were not simply smoke screens for the paramilitaries' drug-fueled criminal economies, nor were they just the egotistical self-indulgence of a few charismatic commanders. Or rather, as this chapter shows, they were those things but also much more. The war of position was a genuine state project; it was a deliberate attempt to create a durable new regime of accumulation and rule. And for the most part it succeeded. Paramilitary statecraft, however, was not the mechanical imposition of a preexisting blueprint; the war of position was a contingent, negotiated process that proceeded (had to proceed) through a mix of coercion and consent among rural communities.
Urabá
Authors: Ballvé Teo
Published: September 2020

This chapter returns to the fraught relationship between Medellín and Urabá, which in its latest iteration involved an elaborate regional planning effort aimed at creating, once and for all, a meaningful, lasting state presence in the region. This was the Plan Estratégico Urabá–Darién (Urabá–Darién Strategic Plan, or PEUD). The PEUD was the culmination, which is not to say the end, of the long history of frontier making discussed in previous chapters. As a scaled-up version of Medellín's social urbanism, the PEUD was supposed to “finally bring the presence of the state to Urabá once and for all.” It was the latest and one of the more elaborate iterations of the frontier effect. Although the state-building efforts of the PEUD—at least under this official name—started fizzling out in 2016, their effects are written into Urabá's social and physical landscape, becoming yet another layer of the sedimented histories that continue shaping the political life of this frontier zone.
How Leaders Establish Reputations for Resolve
Authors: Lupton Danielle L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter investigates how individual leaders establish reputations for resolve. In doing so, it is critical to consider how a leader's own statements and behavior as well as key contextual factors, such as state reputation or immediate determinants of conflict, influence these reputational assessments. The chapter theorizes that a leader's statements and behavior directly contribute to their reputation for resolve in three ways. First, due to the effects of leadership transitions, a leader's statements of resolve will be more influential to their reputation early during their tenure rather than later. Second, a leader's statements and behavior together influence reputational assessments, as a leader's statements of resolve create expectations of future behavior that then interact with a leader's subsequent actions to inform their reputation. Third, due to an initial lack of information about a leader's resolve, early perceptions of resolve will influence later perceptions, making reputations difficult to change once established. The chapter also considers how four key contextual factors identified by reputation skeptics and supporters—namely, state reputation, relative power, state interest, and regime type—condition leader-specific reputations for resolve.
The Swift Return of Tax Competition
Authors: Hakelberg Lukas
Published: September 2020

This chapter demonstrates that the Bush administration was critical of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) harmful tax competition initiative from the outset of the administration's first term and therefore had an open ear for the anti-OECD narrative proposed by libertarian advocacy groups. Despite recurrent exchanges between senior Bush appointees and these lobbyists, however, the US Treasury did not fully embrace their requests. Much to their chagrin, it merely removed the anti-tax avoidance elements from the project, while still providing nominal support to its anti-tax evasion measures. The Bush administration's policy was thus more in line with the position of US multinationals represented by the United States Council for International Business (USCIB) than with the fundamental libertarian critique of tax cooperation in general. The administration's ability to transform this position into actual OECD policy despite being isolated within the Group of Seven (G7) is testimony to US power in international bargaining over tax matters.
The Emergence of Multilateral AEI
Authors: Hakelberg Lukas
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains that the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) has its origins in the longstanding efforts of anti-tax haven activists within the Democratic Party. These activists utilized testimony from a whistleblower and a former Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS) private banker to prepare a report on the bank's illegal offshore business with US clients. To increase publicity, they held a corresponding Senate hearing, which eventually triggered the UBS scandal. Shortly afterward, Barack Obama entered office. The scandal, his cordial relationship with Democratic anti-tax haven activists, and personal interest in the issue made combating tax evasion and avoidance a top priority for his administration. In contrast to proposed anti-avoidance measures potentially affecting US multinationals, legislation requesting more transparency from foreign banks serving US clients easily passed Congress. The result was FATCA, a law threatening foreign financial institutions unwilling to report account data of US clients with a 30 percent withholding tax on payments from US sources.
The History and Nature of Sexual Misconduct in Peace Operations
Authors: Westendorf Jasmine-Kim
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the history of sexual exploitation and abuse in peace operations globally, including the various forms it takes (only some of which are criminal) and the range of international interveners who perpetrate it. Sexual exploitation and abuse first emerged as an issue in peace operations during the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in 1993, when the number of prostitutes in the country grew from six thousand before the United Nations arrived to more than twenty-five thousand in 1993. The data available on sexual exploitation and abuse perpetrated by interveners suggests that the range of misconduct is diverse, encompassing opportunistic sexual abuse, transactional sex, networked sexual exploitation, and extremely violent or sadistic attacks. The chapter presents an account of how and why these behaviors occur in peace operations by investigating the local, international, normative, systemic, and structural factors that give rise to them. It also addresses the connections between sexual misconduct by interveners, conflict-related sexual violence perpetrated during wars, and the sexual harassment and abuse that is perpetrated by interveners against their colleagues in peace operations.
Amending the Violence Against Women Act
Authors: Brescia Ray
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies the effort to reauthorize and expand the reach of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). In September of 1994, after years of grassroots advocacy, U.S. Congress passed the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) and President Clinton signed it into law. VAWA provides federal funding for enhanced law enforcement, social services, and legal services for victims of domestic violence. The legislation was originally enacted with a sunset provision that required that Congress reauthorize it after five years, a feature that was repeated in subsequent reauthorization bills. When the law was due for reauthorization in 2011, however, the process did not go as smoothly as it had before. Instead, although VAWA had bipartisan support, advocates wanted to strengthen it with provisions they saw as essential to keeping all survivors of domestic violence safe. These additional protections were met with resistance in Congress. In advance of the 2012 presidential election, advocates sought to amend the legislation in ways that would strengthen the protections offered to Native Americans, undocumented immigrants, and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) communities. In the last reauthorization battle, the ability of advocates to harness the medium, their networks, and their message provides a contemporary example of the social change matrix at work in the age of social media.
Introduction
Authors: Lupack Barbara Tepa
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the serial motion picture. Typically two-reel action-packed films that ran for ten, fifteen, or more installments, serials often ended with a cliffhanger and a promise “to be continued next week.” Episodically structured and suspensefully plotted, they not only served as the precursors of the popular installment dramas and crime procedurals that have become staples of modern network and cable television programming; they also anticipated the extended incremental storytelling methods and “thrilling episodes of inescapable fatality and hair-breath escapes” that later filmmakers would exploit in commercial blockbusters such as the Star Wars series and the Indiana Jones and Marvel movie franchises. Moreover, serials helped to forge a strong link between the print and the film industries. The chapter then traces the evolution of the serial form, looking at an early twelve-part Edison production, What Happened to Mary, whose first installment was released on July 26, 1912. It also describes the serial The Perils of Pauline (released beginning March 23, 1914), which not only heightened interest in the genre; it also immortalized its star, Pearl White, and became the most famous of all the early chapter plays. However, it was the pioneering serials produced by filmmakers Ted and Leo Wharton that would have the most profound and sustained impact on the genre.
Seeking “Old Opportunity”
Authors: Lupack Barbara Tepa
Published: September 2020

This chapter details how Ted Wharton got into the entertainment business. The early years that Ted spent on and behind the stage gave him an invaluable introduction to virtually all aspects of the entertainment industry, especially to the performance and production of melodrama. They also taught him the technical and improvisational skills that would serve him well as he graduated from vaudeville performance and legitimate stage acting to direction of film shorts and production of serials, particularly since he was often experimenting as he developed the conventions and devices that would become staples of later cinema and television. Ted's interest in the motion picture industry was further aroused by his visits to the old Edison Studios in Manhattan, after which, on his own, he began writing screenplays that revealed his aptitude for the craft. He then joined Pathé Frères to assist in the opening of its American studio and then to serve as its director. In late 1911 or early 1912, Ted decided to leave the company for a better opportunity at another studio: Essanay. The chapter then looks at Ted's most thematically and technically sophisticated short for Essanay, From the Submerged (1912), which is now considered one of the masterpieces of silent film.
Going Independent
Authors: Lupack Barbara Tepa
Published: September 2020

This chapter recounts Ted Wharton's preparations for his new Wharton studio after cutting his ties to Essanay. The Ithaca Men's Business Association, acting on behalf of the Industrial Commission, offered him, free of charge, two acres on Cayuga Heights and promised improvements on the property. The recruitment efforts paid off: by mid-March of 1914, Ted announced that he and his brother Leo, by then formally his business partner, would base their new moving picture operation in Ithaca. The establishment of the Wharton Studio, one of the first independent production studios in the United States, was in itself a remarkable venture—all the more, given its regional location. Although several major producers had briefly filmed in southern locales, few studios operated beyond the New York metropolitan area, Chicago, and Southern California, where most filmmaking of the time was clustered. Nonetheless, the Whartons believed that, given the advantages of remarkable scenery and reasonable operating costs that Ithaca offered, they could make their studio a success. Adding to their confidence was their extensive background in live theater and their years in the early silent movie industry, which they knew would enable them to draw on contacts from Broadway and from movies for story material and stars.
Preparing for War
Authors: Lupack Barbara Tepa
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes Patria (1917), which proved to be the best of the preparedness serials. The Wharton brothers knew that it would take a powerful voice to make Americans feel the urgency of military preparedness, and they found it in Patria Channing. Before undertaking Patria, the brothers, working at an almost unprecedented pace, had produced three serials in two years that featured strong modern heroines. But unlike the adventures of her “serial sisters,” which were intended to entertain rather than to provoke, Patria's story was conceived with a distinctly topical and political aim. Although America had managed to stay out of the conflict that had raged in Europe since 1914, aloofness from affairs abroad was becoming more difficult, and some level of engagement seemed inevitable. American policies of neutrality and attitudes of peaceful idealism began shifting to a more violent war passion; and nowhere was “that transition revealed more patently than in the newly found language of the movies,” with pro-war propaganda “subtly and astutely” being injected even into satires, comedies, dramas, and romances. In particular, serials such as Patria sought to brace the American public for the possibility of entry into the conflict, typically by sensationalizing the threat to American national security.
1685–1691: Trade and the Beaver
Authors: Walczynski Mark
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at how the new governor of Canada, Marquis de Denonville, summoned military man Henri Tonti to Quebec to discuss plans to attack the problematic Iroquois, who continued to attack French settlements. After returning to Starved Rock, Tonti dispatched agents to the Illinois, Miami, Shawnee, and other local allies telling them to “declare war against the Iroquois” and inviting them to “assemble in good season at the fort.” Later, the French and Indian army led by the governor himself marched into Iroquois territory. This campaign was indecisive. The Iroquois, who were aware that the French and their allies were coming, scattered before their enemies arrived. However, Denonville did burn several Seneca villages and destroyed their crops, cutting the tribe's winter food supply. One notable French success during this campaign, one in which Tonti was a participant, was the capture on Lake Erie of two English flotillas led by several Canadian “renegades” who were en route to Michilimackinac to trade with the Indians in lands claimed by the French. The chapter then considers the death of Sieur de La Salle. It also explores trade at Fort St. Louis.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Walczynski Mark
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter demonstrates that under state management, Starved Rock State Park grew in popularity. The park provided specialists from the US Army Corps of Engineers with a training area to master the military art of pontoon bridge assembly in preparation for the Allied invasion of Germany in World War II. Equally important, the park was where locals came to work and to relax in the 1950s and 1960s, and it is where today over two million people come to hike, camp, picnic, fish, hunt, and enjoy nature every year. However, the very geologic composition of Starved Rock and its environs has created a new challenge for the twenty-first century. Sand companies now mine silica sand near the park. The challenge is one of balance between protection of the park's fragile natural resources versus the competing interests of local governments and residents desiring new employment opportunities. In addition, the Starved Rock Dam, completed in 1933, raised the level of the Illinois River above the dam about ten feet. Nevertheless, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources employees at Starved Rock State Park are dedicated to preserving and maintaining the park and to serving park visitors.
The Roots of Subversion
Authors: Lee Melissa M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses the role of the two conditions considered in the previous chapter’s statistical analysis through a comparison of Russia’s relations with the fourteen other post-Soviet states. The evidence reveals several important takeaways. First, the cases show that motive and means must coincide together. Though it was highly motivated, Russia did not subvert Estonia because it could not find agents on the ground. Nor did Russia act in the early 1990s to undermine Ukraine’s state consolidation efforts over Crimea; because of Kiev’s geopolitical congruence with Moscow, Moscow had little motivation to subvert. Only when Moscow had both motive and means did it actually employ subversion as an instrument of foreign policy. The second lesson supports the argument that subversion is an instrument of statecraft that one deploys against adversaries—states with which the policy disagreements are considerable and difficult to reconcile. Where Moscow encountered states whose commitments to Western integration were firm, and whose preferences were unlikely to be reconciled with Russia’s, it chose to employ one of the most potent and punitive instruments in its policy toolkit. A third lesson that emerges from the evidence is the difficulty of creating agents.
Undermining State Authority in the Philippines
Authors: Lee Melissa M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses Malaysia’s use of subversion as an instrument of extortion against the Philippines during the late 1960s and 1970s. Upon Malaysia’s independence, the Philippines asserted a territorial claim over part of Malaysia’s territory of Sabah. Malaysia considered this claim to be without merit and a threat to its territorial integrity. Unable to resolve the dispute, Malaysia turned to subversion. It cooperated with Muslim separatists in the southern Philippines to weaken Manila’s hold over its periphery as a means to persuade the Philippines into abandoning the Sabah claim. The chapter illustrates the deleterious effects of subversion on Philippine state authority in the South, thus showing the “ground-level” consequences of foreign interference. Its focus on Malaysia and the Philippines also demonstrates that states that are not territorially contiguous can use subversion to undermine state authority.
Undermining State Authority in Cambodia
Authors: Lee Melissa M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines a different logic guiding the strategy of subversion: tie-down. This strategy is evident in Thailand’s subversion of Vietnamese-occupied Cambodia in the 1980s. The case traces how Thai fears of Vietnamese aggression after the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia influenced Bangkok to support the Khmer Rouge to sow chaos inside Cambodia. An interesting and important feature of the Cambodia case is the “tabula rasa”-like state of the country after the Vietnamese imposed a puppet regime in Phnom Penh. That is, although the Vietnamese defeated Cambodia’s former leaders, upon victory neither Vietnam nor its new puppet regime exercised any meaningful degree of state authority. Nor was there any state to govern due to the Khmer Rouge’s devastation of the country. This blank-slate-like feature mitigates concerns about reverse causality and the influence of initial levels of within-country variation in state authority, and therefore allows the chapter to draw more valid inferences about the effect of Thai subversion on Vietnamese efforts to consolidate state authority in Cambodia. As with the previous chapter, this in-depth case study provides a look at the effects of subversion on state authority in a more micro way.
Conclusion
Authors: Lee Melissa M.
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter highlights the significance of this book’s theory for scholarship and policy. It addresses the implications that result from the book’s central argument about the underappreciated but sizeable role of foreign subversion and its effects on state authority. Importantly, the argument and evidence presented in the previous chapters push back against the normatively unsustainable notion that more conflict will yield effectively governed states. They also challenge scholars to rethink the European statebuilding experience, the baseline for much of the state development literature, through the lens of subversion. The chapter then discusses the prospects for third parties to improve state authority and close the gap between juridical sovereignty and domestic sovereignty. Although there may be some room for third parties to reduce the incentives for states to cripple the domestic authority of their adversaries, system-level constraints that operate in the post-1945 world suggest that subversion of state authority is likely to remain an attractive weapon of statecraft for the foreseeable future.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Melissa M.
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the problem of incomplete state consolidation—the failure to govern the entirety of a state’s territory. In the 30 years since the end of the Cold War, the problem of incomplete state consolidation has begun to occupy greater prominence in the U.S. foreign policy consciousness. Since the 9/11 terror attacks, the U.S. security community has become increasingly concerned about the negative externalities of “ungoverned spaces”—pockets of territory that are either fully or partially outside the authority of the state. The problem of incomplete state consolidation reaches beyond the specter of international terrorism, lawlessness, and violence. For a great many people, the absence of the state is highly consequential in terms of economic development, public goods, and human health and well-being. This book studies foreign subversion and how it undermines state authority and impedes state consolidation. The chapter then assesses why incomplete state consolidation and its international causes matter.
Educating the Fragmented Metropolis
Authors: Rury John L.
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter discusses an “ecological” approach to understanding urban development, as applied to suburban schooling. It narrows down the scope of the study to metropolitan Kansas City, a major midwestern hub near the geographical center of the contiguous forty-eight states. The chapter briefly considers the process of suburban development examined in light of the racialization of neighborhoods and institutions, especially schools. As historians have amply demonstrated, suburbanization entailed a massive movement of human and material resources out of central cities, leaving poverty and inequity in its wake. While Kansas City's urban schools struggled with growing numbers of impoverished students, outlying districts grew rapidly and remained predominantly white and middle class. And much of this occurred within the municipal boundaries of Kansas City, Missouri.
Uniting and Dividing a Heartland Metropolis
Authors: Rury John L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces metropolitan Kansas City as the site for a case study to examine the dynamics of suburban development and its implications for educational inequality. Following the lead of its city manager Perry Cookingham, Kansas City, Missouri, undertook an aggressive program of annexation to foreclose the negative effects of suburban development on the central city, expanding its boundaries substantially. Cookingham's plan did not include annexation of school districts, however, and as a result the enlarged municipality contained all or parts of more than a dozen districts, a development that would have important consequences. At the same time, suburbanization resulted in population shifts across the area, with affluent and college-educated adults settling in suburban communities, especially in Johnson County, Kansas. This too would have important educational consequences, giving suburban schools on the Kansas side of the state line a particular advantage in terms of academic attainment and achievement. It also relegated the schools of Kansas City, Missouri, to a range of problems associated with concentrated poverty and declining revenues.
An Enduring Legacy of Inequality
Authors: Rury John L.
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter provides a summary of the volume's principal points and larger implications. It shows that Kansas City offers a nearly archetypal case of the metropolitan revolution, with suburban sprawl transforming the region's social, economic, and demographic landscape. At the same time the educational system changed profoundly as well, with so-called suburban districts growing rapidly and the once preeminent central city district suffering a near collapse in significance and stature. It is telling that school district boundaries, rather than municipal limits, became the lines demarking suburban versus urban residential zones. This institutional form of education became a badge of status as a consequence, a telling indication of the power that this particular dimension of metropolitan life came to represent.
Playing Politics with Disaster
Authors: Kneeland Timothy W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how Richard Nixon mixed politics and policy in his response to Hurricane Agnes. To aid in winning his reelection bid in 1972, Nixon was determined to play politics with disaster relief legislation, mainly as it applied to New York and Pennsylvania. In order to gain Nixon as many votes as possible from the disaster, the Nixon White House wrote, and Congress enacted, the most generous disaster aid package in American history to that time: the Agnes Recovery Act of 1972. The relationship between disasters and elections has generated a body of research that shows a strong correlation between when and where presidents issue a disaster declaration. Disaster declarations are more frequent in highly competitive swing states during presidential election years, and presidents favor those states that may benefit them or their party in the election, as Nixon did in response to Hurricane Agnes.
The Origins of Affirmative Action
Authors: Johnson Matthew
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the origins of affirmative action in the University of Michigan (UM). The pressure that led to the university's first undergraduate affirmative action admissions program came from a federal bureaucrat and the president of the United States, who were both responding to black activism for workplace justice. Yet this pressure never threatened UM with the loss of lucrative federal contracts or potential court cases. UM adopted affirmative action in 1964 because people at the top of the institution wanted the university to change. This environment of weak federal coercion created a perfect recipe for co-optation. After the initial dose of federal pressure, UM officials took control of the purpose and character of affirmative action, creating a program that preserved the university's long-established priorities and values. It is no surprise, then, that between 1964 and 1967, black enrollment rose from only 0.5 to 1.65 percent of the student body. However, given that African Americans constituted more than 10 percent of the state population, affirmative action made a small dent in the racial disparities at UM.
Immigrating to Japan
Authors: Liu-Farrer Gracia
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses what attracts people to Japan. Using narratives, it explains how Japan is positioned in migrants' imagined cartography of global mobility. First of all, Japan is a land filled with opportunities. Japan provides economic incentives for some, and education opportunities and career alternatives for others. At times it is a way to escape oppressive circumstances in immigrants' home societies. Second, Japan has also been a place imbued with fantasy; Japan attracts those who have genuine cultural interests in the country. Rising from the ruins of war, Japan dazzled the world with its rapid advances in technology and economic power. The economic miracle drew people in to explore Japan's social and cultural practices. Since the 1990s, Japanese anime, manga, and video games have gained worldwide fandom. Thus, for people with cultural interests, Japan is not merely one destination out of many; it is exactly where they want to be.
Children of Immigrants
Authors: Liu-Farrer Gracia
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses the education experiences and outcomes of children of full or partial foreign parentage who grew up in Japan. It highlights some of their education strategies and practices and discusses how migration channels, parents' socioeconomic situations, and cultural backgrounds affect such practices and children's education achievements. Immigrant parents, regardless of their class and ethnic and cultural backgrounds, share an eagerness to advance their children's education. They strategize among different educational options and choose those they believe can produce better outcomes as well as match their mobility goals. However, the educational outcomes of the children vary widely, across national groups and along class lines. This has to do with the variant cultural, social, and economic resources that can be used to advance children's education. Meanwhile, the easiest educational choice available to them, Japanese public education, falls short in facilitating immigrant children's education mobility. The different choices of educational institutions in Japan include Japanese schools and “foreigner schools.” There is also the option of transnational education.
Galectin-3 not Galectin-9 as a candidate prognosis marker for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kong Fei , Jin Meishan , Cao Donghui , Jia Zhifang , Liu Yawen , Jiang Jing
Published: September 2020

Background

Galectins (Gal) are a family of protein that bind to the β-galactoside of glycoproteins. It modulates a variety of biological functions, such as tumor growth, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. A series of experimental and clinical evidences have been reported to support a correlation between galectin expressions and neoplastic transformation, progression and prognosis. The objective of this study was to estimate the expression of Gal-3 and Gal-9 in order to evaluate their relation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) -related clinical features and their prognostic values.

Methods

We evaluated Gal-3 and Gal-9 expression in 247 HCC patients by a tissue microarray immunohistochemistry method, then analyzed the relationship between expression levels of Gal-3 and Gal-9 protein and tumor parameters or clinical outcomes.

Results

The Gal-3 expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues (P < 0.001), while no significant differences of Gal-9 was detected (P = 0.222). A higher Gal-3 expression was significantly associated with lymph-vascular invasion (P = 0.049), poor histological differentiation (P = 0.016), and no cirrhosis (P = 0.040). In contrast, a lower Gal-9 expression was related to lymph-vascular invasion (P = 0.012) and poor histological differentiation (P = 0.002). Survival analysis showed that patients with higher Gal-3 expression had worse overall survival (P = 0.012) , however no correlation was found between Gal-9 expression and survival (P = 0.185). Multivariate analysis showed that multiple tumor (HR = 1.94, 95% CI [1.36–2.78]), tumor size ≥ 5 cm (HR = 1.51, 95% CI [1.07–2.12]), Lymph-vascular invasion (HR = 1.45, 95% CI [1.00–2.10]) and Gal-3 expression (HR = 1.57, 95% CI [1.06–2.33]) were independent influencing factors of prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Conclusion

Gal-3 was expected to serve as a novel prognostic marker of hepatocellular carcinoma, while Gal-9 expression was only related to tumor progression.
Awareness of COVID-19 among the General Population of the Northern Border Region of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alshrari Ahmed Subeh
Published: September 2020

The pandemic Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is an international apprehension, and there exists no effective treatment for it. Therefore, educating people about the necessary information regarding COVID-19 has become an essential tool to fight against COVID-19. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the awareness of COVID-19 among the general people of the Northern Border Region of Saudi Arabia (NBRSA). A self-administered questionnaire containing basic questions was designed and shared with the people after taking their consent. A total of 249 people participated in this study. The data was collected and analyzed. This study has been revealed that the general public of the NBRSA has a passable knowledge of the specific information about the COVID-19. However, the public is not satisfactorily aware of the complications associated with COVID-19. Accordingly, COVID-19 related education programs should be conducted regularly to increase the awareness of the general public of the NBRSA for COVID-19.
Antimalarial activity and inhibition of monoamine oxidases A and B by exo‐erythrocytic antimalarials
Authors: Brossi Arnold , Millet Pascal , Landau Irène , Bembenek Michael E. , Abell Creed W.
Published: July 2002

When the terminal amino group in the side chain of primaquine was blocked with an ethoxyacetyl group shown in 2, or eliminated by oxidative deamination to carboxylic acid 3, the antimalarial effect was markedly reduced in a screening assay which measures tissue schizonticidal activity. The optical isomers 1A and 1B of primaquine had similar antimalarial potency to the racemic mixture but 1B appeared less toxic. The 5‐phenoxy‐substituted analogue 4, belonging to a new class of antimalarials, showed similar potency in the assays to either 1A or 1B but seemed less cytotoxic than (±)‐primaquine. Compounds 1A and 1B were found to be competitive inhibitors of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B (K
i range 103–225 μM), but 4 showed 10–30‐fold greater competitive inhibition of MAO A (K
i = 6.8 μM) and 40–90‐fold greater non‐competitive inhibition of MAO B (K
i = 2.3 μM).
COOH‐terminal residues of D1 and the 44 kDa CPa‐2 at spinach photosystem II core complex
Authors: Takahashi Masaaki , Shiraishi Takuo , Asada Kozi
Published: July 2002

The COOH‐termini of the 32 kDa D1 and 44 kDa CPa‐2 were determined by protein sequencing of peptides from trypsinized photosystem II core complexes. COOH‐terminal fragments were isolated by affinity chromatography using anhydrotrypsin‐agarose. One peptide had a sequence corresponding to the segment from Asn at position 335 to Ala at position 344 of the sequence deduced from the psbA gene coding for D1. Nine amino acids may be cleaved from the COOH‐terminus of pre‐D1 during maturation. In contrast, CPa‐2 was not modified at its COOH‐terminus.
Human orbital tissue and thyroid membranes express a 64 kDa protein which is recognized by autoantibodies in the serum of patients with thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy
Authors: Salvi M. , Miller A. , Wall J.R.
Published: July 2002

A 64 kDa protein has been identified in the membrane fraction of human eye muscle, orbital connective tissue and thyroid, by testing sera of patients with thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy in SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. Antibodies to this membrane antigen seem characteristic of the early stage of ophthalmopathy. In the thyroid this newly recognized protein seems different from previously known membrane antigens. A thyroid antibody reactive with a 64 kDa membrane antigen in eye muscle could explain the very frequent association of ophthalmopathy with autoimmune thyroid disease.
Conformation of a T cell stimulating peptide in aqueous solution
Authors: Waltho Jonathan P. , Feher Victoria A. , Lerner Richard A. , Wright Peter E.
Published: July 2002

Using two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy it is demonstrated that a T cell stimulating peptide corresponding to residues 132–153 of sperm whale myoglobin populates helical conformations in aqueous solution. This finding is in accordance with proposals that immunodominant sites in T cell stimulating peptides have a high conformational propensity. The observation of secondary structure in aqueous solutions of this and other immunogenic peptides has important implications for initiation of protein folding.
The distribution of a dopamine D2 receptor mRNA in rat brain
Authors: Weiner David M. , Brann Mark R.
Published: July 2002

Based on the recently reported sequence of a dopamine D2 receptor cloned from rat brain, we prepared a series of cDNA probes to determine the distribution of mRNA encoding this receptor. Within the forebrain, D2 receptor mRNA is abundant in the caudate‐putamen, accumbens nucleus and olfactory tubercle. Moderate to low levels of mRNA are observed in the medial habenular nucleus, diagonal band, lateral septal nucleus, claustrum, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, and entorhinal cortex. In the mesencephalon, D2 receptor mRNA is abundant within the substantia nigra, pars compacta, and the ventral tegmental area. Comparison of the distributions of the mRNA and ligand binding indicates that both presynaptic and postsynaptic D2 receptors of the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways are derived from the same mRNA.