bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different Performance of Intravertebral Vacuum Clefts in Kümmell's Disease and Relevant Treatment Strategies
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Qian , Liu Wei‐jun , Li Qing‐bo , Cai Lei , Wang Zheng‐kun
Published: February 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to present the different pattern of intravertebral vacuum cleft (IVC) related to high risk of cement complications in minimally invasive treatments for Kümmell's disease (KD) and relevant treatment strategies.

Methods

A retrospective study from January 2016 to January 2018 was conducted at Wuhan Fourth Hospital and comprised 35 patients with Kümmell's disease. There were seven males and 28 females, and the mean age of the patients was 70.4 years. The patterns of IVC in KD were analyzed. These patients were divided into three groups based on the treatment method used. The treatment methods included long‐segment fixation (LSF), posterior short‐segment fixation (SSF), and percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP). We retrospectively reviewed outcomes, including the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analog scale (VAS) score, anterior height of affected vertebrae, kyphotic Cobb angle, and complications.

Results

All patients were followed up for 12–38 months. According to their radiographic appearance we could observe two main patterns of clefts. Pattern I, clefts that were found to be near to the endplate and connected with intervertebral space, the endplate was incomplete. Pattern II, IVC traversed to anterior edge of the vertebral body affected. Both were related to high risk of cement complications in minimal invasive treatments for KD. Good results have been achieved in LSF and SSF groups, the VAS, ODI, anterior height of affected vertebrae and kyphotic Cobb angle showed statistically significant differences between pre‐ and post‐operation and between pre‐ and final follow‐up (P < 0.05). In PKP group, although the VSA and ODI showed statistically significant differences between pre‐ and post‐operation and between pre‐ and final follow‐up (P < 0.05), we could observe that the VSA and ODI rebounded a little at the final follow‐up. Cement leakage into intervertebral space occurred in four (44.45%) patients of PKP group.

Conclusions

PKP should be chosen carefully if the IVC of the patient presents to be pattern I or II. LSF and SSF are safe and effective, and can achieve satisfactory correction of kyphosis and vertebral height, with pain relief and improvement in patient's daily life, with few complications.
Joint Awareness after Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Evaluated with the Forgotten Joint Score
Authors: Dai Yi‐ke , Lin Wei , Yang Guang‐min , Lu Jiang‐feng , Wang Fei
Published: February 2020

Objective

To investigate the temporal relationship of medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and forgotten joint score (FJS), and to analysis the predictive factors associated with FJS after medial UKA.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional observational study. A total of 188 cases of medial UKA were included in this study, and all the prostheses used were Oxford mobile‐bearing UKA from January 2016 to January 2019. All patients have completed the questionnaire of FJS, and the relevant data were obtained for 1 month (n = 38), 6 month (n = 40), 12 month (n = 42), 24 month (n = 34), and 36 month (n = 34) patient subgroups. The score ranged from 0–100, with a higher score indicating a more natural knee joint. In addition, the associations between the potential influencing factors (body mass index [BMI], age, gender, duration of onset before surgery, Kellgren‐Lawrence grade of the medial compartment before surgery) with FJS were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression.

Results

Postoperative FJSs were 44.5 ± 13.5 at 1 month，63.8 ± 10.1 at 6 months, 77.1 ± 12.2 at 12 months, 78.4 ± 12.2 at 24 months, 78.9 ± 12.5 at 36 months. The postoperative FJSs were lowest at 1 month and highest at 36 month (P < 0.01). The mean value of FJS kept improving until 12 months post‐operation, which was slightly lower than that of 24 months and 36 months, but there was no statistical difference between them. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis showed that gender and Kellgren‐Lawrence grade of the medial compartment before surgery had no significant influence on FJS, while age, BMI, and duration of onset before surgery had significant associations with FJS after UKA. BMI was negatively correlated with FJS, while older patients (>60) and with longer duration of onset before surgery (>3 years) were a positive predictor of good outcome for the FJS.

Conclusion

Patients can expect marked improvement in the natural feel of the prosthesis during the first year after UKA, slight continued improvement at 2 and 3 years. Furthermore, we identified three preoperative patient‐related factors (age, BMI, and duration of onset before surgery) that may predict the FJS after medial UKA, which can be used to guide surgical decision making.
Masculinity, Money, and the Postponement of Parenthood in Nigeria
Authors: Smith Daniel Jordan
Published: February 2020

In southeastern Nigeria, several interconnected processes of social change are combining to delay parenthood. Most of the demographic and social sciences literature examining the postponement of parenthood has paid primary attention to women. To address this gap, this article foregrounds the changing social landscape of masculinity as a significant context within which to situate these demographic changes. At the core of Nigerian men's perceptions, decisions, and behaviors with regard to delaying fatherhood is a fundamental contradiction, one that seems to be common in many settings—at least many African settings—of contemporary demographic transition. The contradiction is that while the postponement of parenthood is associated historically with positive social and economic indicators, when Nigerian men articulate their rationales for delaying fatherhood (and marriage) they commonly describe feelings of uncertainty connected to a sense of struggle and deprivation. This article connects men's anxieties about—and delays embarking on—marriage and parenthood to their experiences of economic uncertainty, and specifically to the perceived need for money as the foundation for successful reproduction.
The impact of the Pull of the Recent on extant elasmobranchs
Authors: Pimiento Catalina , Benton Michael J.
Published: February 2020

Modern elasmobranchs have a long evolutionary history and an abundant fossil record that consists mainly of teeth. Many fossil taxa have living representatives. However, the representation of extant taxa in the fossil record is unknown. To begin to understand the geological history of extant elasmobranchs, we here assess the quality of their fossil record. We do so by assessing the Pull of the Recent (POR). The POR can bias the fossil record because the rather complete record of living taxa allows palaeontologists to identify fossil members of the modern clades and to bridge time bins where fossils are absent. We assessed the impact of the POR by quantifying the proportion of extant elasmobranchs that have a fossil record, but do not occur in the last 5 million years (Pliocene and Pleistocene). We found that the POR does not affect orders and families, but it does affect 24% of elasmobranch genera. Within the different elasmobranch orders, the Lamniformes display the most complete generic fossil record, with no impact of the POR. Although modest, the impact of the POR in extant elasmobranch genera is higher than that found in other taxa. Overall, the geological history of elasmobranchs contradicts the usual assumption that the fossil record becomes worse backwards in time. This is the case across geographical regions and tooth size, further suggesting that sampling intensity and outcrop availability might explain the POR effect on sharks and rays.
Compulsory educational mental health support system in Japan
Authors: Nishio Akihiro , Kakimoto Machi , Horita Ryo , Yamamoto Mayumi
Published: February 2020

Mental health problems among children present an important public health issue worldwide. Early detection, assessment, and support in schools might have a significant impact on mental health outcomes and child health and wellbeing. The purpose of this article is to show the mental health support system and its historical transition in Japan. In general, Japanese schools have a Yogo teacher (a school nurse) who works full time, as well as three types of mental health specialists who work part time: school counselors, advisors, and social workers. The regularity of visits from the three types of specialists depends on schools and regions. In general, school counselors visit schools more often than do other specialists, for approximately 4 h per week. The other specialists either visit the schools rarely or not at all because they are sometimes not hired. The strengths of the Japanese system included much provision of psychological consultations and a small budget compared to Western countries. Almost all school counselors are clinical psychologists with master’s degrees who are skillful at handling students’ mental problems. Moreover, they are capable of providing intensive psychological counseling in school settings in Japan. The weakness is that there is no specialist available who supports students’ academic or school life. General teachers take on the role of the Western countries’ “school counselors.” There are also few specialists who can be approached for social support compared to Western countries.
Ministerial Leadership and Endorsement of Bureaucrats: Experimental Evidence from Presidential Governments
Authors: Lee Don S. , Park Soonae
Published: February 2020

Scholars have debated what constitutes effective ministerial leadership with respect to administrative competence versus political influence. The authors contribute experimental evidence to this debate through a unique survey design of endorsement experiments. Using original data from 949 national civil servants in South Korea, this article examines civil servants’ assessments of ministerial leadership in three central dimensions of public management: internal management, interbranch coordination, and policy formulation/implementation. Further, existing variation in the characteristics of agencies is used to test whether such variation induces systematic differences in civil servants’ responses. Findings show that that civil servants’ attitudes toward ministerial leadership are asymmetric in nature. Ministers with civil service backgrounds are endorsed in all three dimensions, whereas ministers with legislative backgrounds receive increased support only for interbranch coordination skills. The levels of support for ministers with different backgrounds also vary across agency types. This analysis has implications for public management practice and agency control in presidential governments.
Prints as communication of power: Cardinal Carlo Barberini and the synods of his abbeys
Authors: Fidanza Giovan Battista
Published: February 2020

The interest shown by Cardinal Carlo Barberini (Rome, 1630‐1704; cardinal from 23 June 1653) in the images connected with the synods he convened in the two abbeys nullius dioeceseos of Subiaco and Farfa reflects the importance he gave to his power over these two institutions, of which he was commendatory abbot. This position implied not only the spiritual and temporal government of the abbeys and their dependent territories (like that of a bishop), but the right to gather their income. These synods may be regarded as a sort of public enthronement, further enhanced by the related prints commissioned by the cardinal. This article presents new information found during archival research on Carlo Barberini as patron of prints. Unpublished documents in the Barberini Archives of the Vatican Library relate to seven etchings, payments made to the printmakers and printers, and other interesting technical details. The etchers commissioned by Cardinal Barberini – the Frenchman Dominique Barrière and the Italian Francesco Bufalini – were relatively famous. The copper plates used for the prints studied here are also identified.
Three computational approaches to weakly nonlocal Poisson brackets
Authors: Casati Matteo , Lorenzoni Paolo , Vitolo Raffaele
Published: February 2020

We compare three different ways of checking the Jacobi identity for weakly nonlocal Poisson brackets using the theory of distributions, pseudo‐differential operators, and Poisson vertex algebras, respectively. We show that the three approaches lead to similar computations and same results.
High‐resolution X‐ray fluorescence profiling of hybrid event beds: Implications for sediment gravity flow behaviour and deposit structure
Authors: Hussain Arif , Haughton Peter D. W. , Shannon Patrick M. , Turner Jonathan N. , Pierce Colm S. , Obradors‐Latre Arnau , Barker Simon P. , Martinsen Ole J.
Published: February 2020

Hybrid event beds form when turbidity currents that transport or locally acquire significant quantities of mud decelerate. The mud dampens turbulence driving flow transformations, allowing both mud and sand to settle into dense, near‐bed fluid layers and debris flows. Quantifying details of the mud distribution vertically in what are often complex tiered deposits is critical to reconstructing flow processes and explaining the diverse bed types left by mud‐bearing gravity flows. High‐resolution X‐ray fluorescence core scanning provides continuous vertical compositional profiles that can help to constrain mud distribution at sub‐millimetre scale, offering a significant improvement over discrete sampling. The approach is applied here to cores acquired from the Pennsylvanian Ross Sandstone Formation, western Ireland, where a range of hybrid event beds have been identified. Raw X‐ray fluorescence counts are calibrated against element concentrations and mineral abundances determined on coincident core plugs, with element and element log‐ratios used as proxies to track vertical changes in abundances of quartz, illite (including mica), chlorite and calcite cement. New insights include ‘stepped’ (to higher values) as opposed to ‘saw‐tooth’ vertical changes in mud content and the presence of compositional banding that would otherwise be overlooked. Hybrid event beds in basin floor sheets that arrived ahead of the prograding fan system have significantly cleaner sandy components than those in mid‐fan lobes. The latter may imply that the heads of the currents emerging from mid‐fan channels entrained significant mud immediately before they collapsed. Many of the H3 debrites are bipartite with a sandier H3a division attributed to re‐entrainment and mixing of a trailing debris or fluid mud flow (H3b) with sand left by the forward part of the flow. Hybrid event bed structure may thus partly reflect substrate interaction and mixing during deposition, and the texture of the bed divisions may not simply mirror those in the suspensions from which they formed.
Theorizing Media Memory: Six Elements Defining the Role of the Media in Shaping Collective Memory in the Digital Age
Authors: Neiger Motti
Published: February 2020

This article wishes to untangle the relationships between media and collective memory and present the contribution of communication scholarship in general, and journalism studies in particular, to our understanding of the term “collective memory.” After presenting the roots of the concept, the article deconstructs it by providing six perspectives on the term: (a) its multidirectional disposition (from the present to the past and vice versa), (b) its concretization in media texts and other products, (c) the functional role it plays for the community, (d) its socio‐political aspects, (e) the technological qualities of the process of the mediatization, (f) its narratological characteristics and formation. Each of the abovementioned attributes throws a different light on the mediation of collective memory and provides insights regarding the role of the media in the construction of cultural memory and shared recollections in the digital age.
Optimizing O‐negative RBC utilization using a data‐driven approach
Authors: Virk Mrigender S. , Lancaster David , Quach Thinh , Lim Albert , Shu Elaine , Belanger Geoffrey , Pham Tho D.
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND

O‐negative red blood cells (ON‐RBC) are a precious resource and the international blood banking community has become increasingly concerned with its inappropriate utilization. AABB recently made several recommendations to address the issue. Solutions must be multifaceted and involve donor centers, blood banks, and clinical departments. From the perspective of a hospital blood bank, it is difficult to rely solely on increased donor recruitment and ubiquitous blood typing of the entire in‐patient population. We therefore focused on interventions within the blood bank to optimize inventory and policies to ensure appropriate ON‐RBC utilization.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Transfusion data over one year was examined for the rate of out‐of‐group/inappropriate ON‐RBC. Furthermore, we assessed whether that rate was related to product life on the day of transfusion. We also examined our stock inventory levels and how excess inventory can contribute to inappropriate ON‐RBC usage.

RESULTS

The ON‐RBC inventory level was decreased in order to reduce the rate of inappropriate transfusions while maintaining a safe level for optimal patient care. Compared to baseline, our intervention caused ON‐RBCs to be transfused earlier in their shelf‐life (9.27 vs. 11.15 days from expiration [DFE], p = 0.0012). This reduced the overall rate of inappropriate ON‐RBC transfusions (67% vs. 54%, p = 0.0035), approximating 185 units of ON‐RBC saved over the course of 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS

A data‐driven approach to optimize stock inventory levels is widely applicable; it can be adopted by numerous institutions to improve utilization and establish a benchmark for the broader blood banking community.
Retrospective evaluation of the use of hemodialysis in dogs with suspected metaldehyde poisoning (2012–2017): 11 cases
Authors: Teichmann‐Knorrn Svenja , Doerfelt Stefanie , Doerfelt René
Published: February 2020

Objective

To evaluate dogs treated with hemodialysis for severe metaldehyde intoxication and to compare them with conventionally‐managed patients.

Design

Retrospective study (2012–2017).

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Data from 18 dogs with severe metaldehyde intoxication were analyzed. Eleven dogs were treated with intermittent hemodialysis and 7 managed conventionally.

Interventions

None.

Measurement and main results

Metaldehyde poisoning was diagnosed based on clinical signs and toxicological analysis or presence of turquoise material in the gastrointestinal content. Clinical signs, additional treatments, dialysis prescription, duration of anesthesia and hospitalization, complications, and outcome were documented. Results were analyzed by t‐test, Mann–Whitney U‐test, and Chi‐square test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Dialysis was performed for median (range) 180 min (150–420 min) with median of 2.28 L/kg (1.66–4.48 L/kg) blood volume processed. In the hemodialysis group, anesthesia was discontinued at a median of 3.0 hours (1.5–6.7 h) after starting dialysis. The conventional‐group received general anesthesia for a median of 17.5 hours (7.0–30.5 h). No further anticonvulsive treatment was necessary for the hemodialysis group. Time to hospital discharge was shorter in dialyzed dogs (median 18 h; 15–41 h) compared to conventionally treated dogs (median 89 h; 61–168 h; P = 0.0014). Aspiration pneumonia was reported in 5 conventionally treated dogs and none of the dialyzed dogs (P = 0.001). Five dialyzed dogs developed hematoma at the dialysis catheter site. One dog in each group was euthanized.

Conclusion

Hemodialysis significantly decreases the requirement for anesthesia and length of hospitalization in dogs with metaldehyde intoxication. Aspiration pneumonia occurred less often in dialyzed patients. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm the clinical utility of hemodialysis in dogs with metaldehyde poisoning.
Evaluation of an emergency medicine‐focused clinical pathology training course for non‐clinical pathology house officers
Authors: Pavlides Stavros , Lynch Alex , Snowden Khalid , Leissinger Mary
Published: February 2020

Objective

Determine whether an emergency medicine–focused clinical pathology training course improved the proficiency of house officers.

Design

Prospective blinded study.

Setting

Veterinary academic center.

Study Subject

House officers enrolled in programs other than clinical pathology.

Interventions

A 4‐hour curriculum was provided by a board‐certified specialist in veterinary clinical pathology.

Measurements and Main Results

A focused clinical pathology lecture course derived from historical teaching materials was delivered. A pre‐ and post‐course multiple choice question examination was taken by the enrolled house officers, as well as a survey regarding their confidence level pre‐ and post‐course utilizing a novel 5‐point scoring system, ranging from 1 (very low confidence) to 5 (very high). A total of 21 house officers completed the study, 5 of which attended didactic lectures, 13 utilized an online learning platform, and 3 used a combination of both. There was a significant improvement in all house officers’ post‐training course examination results compared to pre‐course results (pre‐course examination score: mean 49% ±12; post‐course examination score: mean 72.5% ± 15.7; P < 0.0001). There was a significant difference in pre‐ and post‐course examination scores for each of the 3 topic areas: hematology (pre‐course: mean 47% ±16; post‐course: mean 71% ± 15.8; P ≤ 0.0001); urinalysis (pre‐course: mean 65.7% ± 12.5; post‐course: mean 87.6% ± 22.1; P = 0.0004); and fluid analysis (pre‐course: mean 37.1% ± 14.1; post‐course: mean 60.5% ± 15; P ≤ 0.0001). There was also a significant increase in the house officers’ confidence score in overall clinical pathology skills (pre‐course: mean 2.2 ± 1.5; post‐course: 3.6±1.4; P = 0.0005).

Conclusion

This study identified that a 4‐hour clinical pathology training course relevant to small animal emergency medicine improved the knowledge and confidence of nonclinical pathology house officers. A similar training course may prove helpful in the future to improve the proficiency of emergency veterinarians.
CT characteristics of primary splenic torsion in eight dogs
Authors: Hughes Jonathan R. , Johnson Victoria S. , Genain Marie‐Aude
Published: February 2020

Splenic torsion is a rare potentially life‐threatening condition characterized by rotation of the spleen around the gastrosplenic and phrenosplenic ligaments leading to occlusion of venous drainage and arterial supply. This retrospective study describes the CT characteristics for dogs with surgically confirmed splenic torsion from 2013 to 2018 using the submissions to a large multinational teleradiology database. Eight dogs had the splenic torsion confirmed with surgery. Seven of eight cases had histology confirming congestion, hemorrhage, and necrosis, and one had concurrent myelolipoma infiltration. The CT characteristics included an enlarged (8/8), rounded (7/8), folded C‐shaped spleen (8/8) with a difference of median parenchymal attenuation between pre‐ and postcontrast of +1.15 HU (Hounsfield units). Other common features included a mainly homogeneous parenchyma on pre‐ and post‐contrast images (6/8), lack of subjective and objective vascular and parenchymal contrast enhancement (6/8) and free peritoneal fluid (6/8). A “whirl sign” was seen in the majority of cases (7/8) alongside a strongly hyperattenuating center (95‐416 HU) on the precontrast images (5/7), which has not been previously described in the veterinary literature. Gastric position was normal in all cases. More variable CT characteristics of the confirmed torsions were attributable to suspected partial torsion and myelolipomatous infiltration. Overall, primary splenic torsion confirmed with surgery showed consistent characteristics on CT.
Bilingual pragmatic markers in Nigerian English
Authors: Unuabonah Foluke O. , Oladipupo Rotimi O.
Published: February 2020

This paper examines six bilingual pragmatic markers: jare, biko, jor, shebi, shey, and fa which are borrowed from indigenous Nigerian languages into Nigerian English, with a view to examining their sources, meanings, frequencies, spelling stability, positions, collocational patterns, and discourse‐pragmatic functions in Nigerian English. The data for the study, drawn from the International Corpus of English‐Nigeria and the Nigerian component of the Global Web‐based English corpus, are analysed qualitatively and quantitatively from a postcolonial corpus pragmatic perspective. The findings show that jare, jor, shebi, and shey are borrowed from Yoruba, biko is from Igbo while fa is from Hausa. Jare, jor, and biko function as mitigation and emphasis markers, shebi and shey serve as agreement‐seeking markers while fa is an emphasis pragmatic marker. The study, thus, contributes to the growing research on bilingual pragmatic markers in second‐language contexts.
Translanguaging and world Englishes
Authors: Jenks Christopher , Lee Jerry Won
Published: February 2020

Translingualism and translanguaging have emerged as important constructs in the study of language and communication. Ongoing efforts to make sense of translingualism and translanguaging can be partly attributed to the way the constructs present the use of multiple language resources and how such communicative practices reflect speakers from marginalized and minority communities. It is thus natural for World Englishes to contribute to such empirical and theoretical efforts, as world Englishes scholars are committed to understanding how English, along with other language resources, are used in a range of contexts and for varied communicative purposes. To this end, the present editorial introduction, along with the contributions to this special issue, explores the ways in which translingualism and translanguaging can be understood within the context of world Englishes scholarship.
Using China English, creating translingual space
Authors: Du Qian , Lee Jerry Won , Sok Sarah
Published: February 2020

Inner Circle contexts, and especially Inner Circle academic contexts guided by ideologies of monolingualism, can frequently be spaces that are hostile to ‘different,’ non‐Inner Circle varieties of English. Meanwhile, recent research in translingualism demonstrates how individuals can produce spaces that are conducive to linguistic plurality. This paper analyzes how speakers of a non‐Inner Circle variety of English are able to use linguistic and spatial repertoires to transform an Inner Circle academic space into one in which different varieties of English can be an effective communicative resource. Using the case of graduate student speakers of an Expanding Circle (China) English in the US, we illustrate how such speakers, even if their spoken China English, when understood in isolated structural terms, may be dismissed as ‘accented,’ ‘substandard’ or even ‘unintelligible,’ create a pluralistic space of interaction in which such difference need not be an impediment to communication.
CRITICAL REMARKS ON THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE OF RELIGION
Authors: Szocik Konrad
Published: February 2020

Cognitive explanations of religious beliefs propose an evolutionary past in which humans had to possess certain cognitive adaptations to survive. The aim of this article is to show that some cognitive accounts may overvalue the putative role of cognition. One such cognitive idea is an assumption that cognition has been evolutionarily shaped only, or most importantly, in the Pleistocene. This idea seems common among writers on the cognitive science of religion (CSR), but is mistaken. Cognition has been shaped throughout evolution. Another idea is that components of religion could not have been produced by natural selection (the hypothesis that religion is a by‐product). But the article suggests that there are some domains in the field of religion and religious components that could be acquired and transmitted despite or even against alleged cognitive biases. The aim of this article is to argue for an extended approach that combines a cognitive account with functional naturalistic approaches, including an adaptationist one. Such distinction could imply that cognition is not functional. Obviously, this is not the case since cognition is the process of knowing, and surely knowledge is functional. However, the main argument for such a distinction lies in the key idea of the cognitive account that as far as cognition is functional and adaptive, religious components are not. Functionalism or “adaptivism” concerning cognition contradicts functionalism concerning religion. Numbers of scholars who consider themselves part of CSR seem also to consider both cognition and religion adaptive. However, in regard to components of religion, their adaptive, functional power is only secondary. The article concludes that the study of religion—as the study of cultural evolution in general—should include a pluralistic methodology combining cognitive and evolutionary accounts with the specificity of cultural evolution.
RECENT TRENDS IN THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE OF RELIGION: NEUROSCIENCE, RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE, AND THE CONFLUENCE OF COGNITIVE AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH
Authors: McCauley Robert N.
Published: February 2020

Cognitive science of religion (CSR) has increased influence in religious studies, the resistance of religious protectionists notwithstanding. CSR's most provocative work stresses the role of implicit cognition in explaining religious thought and conduct. Exhibiting explanatory pluralism, CSR seeks integrative accounts across the social, psychological, and brain sciences. CSR reflects prominent trends in the cognitive sciences generally. First, CSR is giving greater attention to the new tools and findings of cognitive neuroscience. Second, CSR researchers have done carefully designed, nonlaboratory studies of experience, incorporating precise physiological measures, obtaining astonishing findings about the experiences of ritual participants and observers. Third, CSR theorists have advanced evolutionary hypotheses about religions from eight perspectives (cross‐indexing three levels of selection with three mechanisms of selection). Cultural group selectionists headline credibility enhancing displays and Big Gods in the religious consolidation of large‐scale societies. Other CSR researchers marshal counterevidence and advance alternative hypotheses. CSR findings are incompatible with the New Atheists’ projects on two fronts.
DIVINE DNA? “SECULAR” AND “RELIGIOUS” REPRESENTATIONS OF SCIENCE IN NONFICTION SCIENCE TELEVISION PROGRAMS
Authors: Mason‐Wilkes Will
Published: February 2020

Through analysis of film sequences focusing on DNA in two British Broadcasting Corporation nonfiction science television programs, Wonders of Life and Bang! Goes the Theory, first broadcast in 2013, contrasting “religious” and “secular” representations of science are identified. In the “religious” portrayal, immutable scientific knowledge is revealed to humanity by nature with minimal human intervention. Science provides a creation story, “explanatory omnicompetence,” and makes life existentially meaningful. In the “secular” portrayal, scientific knowledge is changeable; is produced through technical skill in expert communities; and is ambiguous, potentially positive and negative for society. Television representations of science affect audience understandings, and this is particularly the case for nonfiction representations of science, as they are likely to be “taken more seriously” than fictional representations. The consequences of the “religious” representation of science are discussed, and it is argued that a widespread understanding of science as presented in the religious portrayal would negatively impact democracy.
ISOLATING THE INDIVIDUAL: THEOLOGY, THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGION, AND THE PROBLEM OF ABSTRACT INDIVIDUALISM
Authors: Turner Léon
Published: February 2020

Debates about the theological implications of recent research in the cognitive and evolutionary study of religion have tended to focus on the question of theism. The question of whether there is any disagreement about the conceptualization of the individual human being has been largely overlooked. In this article, I argue that evolutionary and cognitive accounts of religion typically depend upon a view of cognition that conceptually isolates the mind from its particular social and physical environmental contexts. By embracing this view of the mind, these accounts also unwittingly embrace an abstract individualist view of individual personhood that Christian theologians have explicitly battled against. Taken as a whole, the field leaves sufficient room for supplementary theories that are compatible with theological accounts of the relational individual, but in practice, no effort has been made to engage, or even to accommodate, any other view of individual personhood.
Medieval Churches in Novgorod: Aspects of archaeological investigations and museum presentation
Authors: Vdovichenko Marina
Published: February 2020

Veliky Novgorod is an ancient Russian medieval metropolis that formed part of the system of European trade and cultural relations. Many important monuments central to the history of the city were damaged during the first half of the 20th century. Three sites that have been the focus of recent conservation and presentation projects are discussed here; the medieval Church of the Assumption in Volotovo, St Panteleimon's Cathedral, and the Church of the Annunciation on Gorodische, a 12th-century church of great significance in medieval Russia. Archaeological excavations informed the conservation and presentation phase of each project, and the completed works have become an important element in Novgorod's tourism branding.
The Changing Policies on the Protection and Management of Archaeological Sites in Turkey: an Overview
Authors: Eres Zeynep
Published: February 2020

The earliest legislation in Turkey on the protection of antiquities was devised by the Ottomans, the forerunner of modern Turkey, issued in 1869 specifically to protect archaeological sites and regulate the archaeological excavations that were taking place in various parts of the Empire. The Ottoman antiquities law continued to be in force after the foundation of the Turkish republic, and revised as late as 1973 to accord with approaches that took place in Europe. The main concern of the legislation was to establish rigid control over archaeological excavations, discouraging new projects, thus hindering the availability of new data on cultural history. It was only in the late 1990s that the government decided on a new policy to encourage tourism by encouraging new tourist routes based on coastal areas and selected ancient ruins, such as Ephesus and Pergamon. This new approach opened up fresh pathways; a concern about cultural assets, among them archaeological sites that had been overlooked. Meanwhile, priority was given to enrich Turkey's place in the UNESCO World Heritage List by proposing archaeological sites that can readily fulfil UNESCO's requirements. Thus, currently 13 out of 18 World Heritage Sites in Turkey are archaeological.
Editorial. Archaeological Sites and Monuments in the Care of the State – Sharing Our Experiences
Authors: Corlett Chris
Published: February 2020

The 20th EAC Symposium (Europae Archaeologiae Consilium) in Dublin was convened under a concept note that recognised that the State's role in the management of archaeological monuments has many different forms throughout Europe. The different degrees of involvement across Europe are usually a product of an individual state's history (often traced back to the 19th century), yet common to all jurisdictions are shared issues concerning conservation, protection, interpretation, sustainability and accessibility.
VirtualArch: Making Archaeological Heritage Visible
Authors: Unger Jiří , Hemker Christiane , Lobinger Christoph , Jan Mařík
Published: February 2020

Rapid technological development in recent years means that virtual reconstructions have evolved from an illustrative complement of archaeological presentation to becoming a standard part of the interpretative process of archaeological data. VirtualArch has been employed to develop the use of virtual reconstructions as an innovative visualisation tool. Ten partners from eight countries have come together in an EU-funded project (Interreg Central Europe), running from 2017 to 2020. The partnership comprises regional and national archaeological institutes and heritage offices, two universities/research institutions and also two local communities. Eight pilot sites have been selected across Central Europe with three main types; urban areas, mines and underwater sites. All have one thing in common; none are publicly accessible or visible. The aim of the project has been to make all of these sites accessible and comprehensible through the use of virtual and augmented reality. This article summarises the project and its outcomes.
Managing the Managers: State control over the monuments in Estonia
Authors: Kadakas Ulla , Lillak Anu
Published: February 2020

The article introduces the management system of archaeological monuments of Estonia. It focuses on the state of archaeological heritage and land usage of listed monuments. The legal background is explained while discussing the need to enhance visitor experience on archaeological sites. A few successful and some unfavourable examples are given to show the struggle to find a balance between development, exposition and preservation.
Seddin, Freyenstein and Wittstock. Research, presentation and sustainable site management in Northern Brandenburg
Authors: Schopper Franz
Published: February 2020

Brandenburg State Authorities for Heritage Management and State Museum of Archaeology, together with local authorities, developed a project, to integrate various important archaeological sites into a shared cultural tourism concept – thus the Prignitz Archaeological Route was formed. This article highlights three of the seven sites that are included in the project: the Bronze Age grave mound from 800 BCE at Seddin, the abandoned town of the 12th and 13th century in Freyenstein and the battlefield from 1636 near Wittstock. Each place had to apply three main approaches: heritage management, research and tourism development.
Investments for Visitor Purposes at Archaeological Sites and Historical Monuments in Hungary
Authors: Hegyi Dóra , Nádai Zsófia
Published: February 2020

Proper management of monuments and archaeological sites as well as how to present them to the wider public have been critical issues for years in Hungary. Discussions on monument protection have focused mainly on the problems posed by the relationship between research into buildings and their surroundings and redevelopment programmes. In cultural tourism, the interests and needs of these two fields can meet or clash. In Hungary, this is most conspicuous in relation to so-called heritage development undertaken within the framework of the National Program for Mansions and Castles, coordinated by National Heritage Protection and Development Ltd (Nemzeti Örökségvédelmi és Fejlesztési Nkft, NÖF). Two sites, Sárospatak and Szabadkígyós, are presented in this article as examples of such archaeological research projects undertaken in preparation for the further development of an area.
A Shell Description of Beams Incorporating Transverse Thickness Strain Energies for Receding Contact
Authors: Brink Adam R. , Mathis Allen T. , Quinn D. Dane
Published: February 2020

The geometrically exact nonlinear deflection of a beamshell is considered here as an extension of the formulation derived by Libai and Simmonds (1998, The Nonlinear Theory of Elastic Shells, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) to include deformation through the thickness of the beam, as might arise from transverse squeezing loads. In particular, this effect can lead to receding contact for a uniform beamshell resting on a smooth, flat, rigid surface; traditional shell theory cannot adequately such behavior. The formulation is developed from the weak form of the local equations for linear momentum balance, weighted by an appropriate tensor. Different choices for this tensor lead to both the traditional shell equations corresponding to linear and angular momentum balance, as well as the additional higher-order representation for the squeezing deformation. In addition, conjugate strains for the shell forces are derived from the deformation power, as presented by Libai and Simmonds. Finally, the predictions from this approach are compared against predictions from the finite element code abaqus for a uniform beam subject to transverse applied loads. The current geometrically exact shell model correctly predicts the transverse shell force through the thickness of the beamshell and is able to describe problems that admit receding contact.
Surface science of shape-selective metal nanocrystal synthesis from first-principles: Growth of Cu nanowires and nanocubes
Authors: Fichthorn Kristen A. , Chen Zihao
Published: February 2020

The authors present results from first-principles density functional theory aimed at understanding the aqueous solution-phase growth of fivefold twinned copper nanowires and single-crystal nanocubes capped by hexadecylamine (HDA). The role of solution-phase chloride, present in the Cu salt or as an additive, is emphasized. Using ab initio thermodynamics, the authors delineate the range of solution-phase conditions, characterized by the chemical potentials of chloride and HDA, under which Cu nanowires and nanocubes can be grown. The authors discuss the likelihood of thermodynamic and/or kinetic nanostructures for various solution-phase concentrations. Their results are in good agreement with experiments and indicate that methods and insights developed for surface science in gas-phase or vacuum conditions can yield much insight into liquid-phase systems.
Galilei proposed the principle of relativity, but not the “Galilean transformation”
Authors: Browne K. M.
Published: February 2020

Galileo Galilei was the first scientist to hypothesize a universal principle of relativity, but he neither proposed, nor limited his principle to, the so-called “Galilean transformation.” The danger in calling the classical transformation “Galilean” is that students begin to believe that Galilei's principle of relativity is somehow limited to the classical transformation and classical mechanics, thus neglecting its universality. Because Galilei's 1632 statement [Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems—Ptolemaic and Copernican, 2nd ed., translated by S. Drake (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1967), pp. 186–188] of the principle is remarkably similar to Poincaré's well accepted statement [Proceedings of the Congress of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, edited by H. J. Rogers (Houghton Mifflin and Company, Boston, 1904), Vol. 1, pp. 604–622], Galilei should be given greater recognition for it. However, the so-called Galilean transformation might be better named the “Euclidean space-time transformation” since it is shown here that universal Euclidean space actually requires time to be universal, that is, t′ = t. It is not usually realized that the Euclidean transformation assumes lightspeed to be infinite. Pedagogical thought should be given to combining the Galilean principle of relativity, the Euclidean transformation and Newton's mechanics as “Ordinary Relativity” to distinguish it from “Special Relativity.” This would have pedagogical and conceptual value as a model and precursor to special relativity. Finally, it is suggested that the current use of “relativistic” is incorrect when applied exclusively to special relativity, for it implies that classical mechanics is non-relativistic.
Optical rotation of white light
Authors: Anderson Jason , Gillen Catherine , Wright Jacqueline , Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: February 2020

Plane-polarized monochromatic light is rotated in an optically active medium. The extent of the rotation is wavelength dependent, following an optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) curve. Typically, this phenomenon is studied by using a few discrete wavelengths. Here, we demonstrate optical rotation of white light. Corn syrup is used as the medium as large angles of optical rotation can be generated in compact containers. The Drude expression for ORD and Malus' law are used to predict the spectrum of the light transmitted as a function of the angle between polarizers located on either side of the sample. Despite the transmission spectrum of corn syrup in the absence of polarizers being unremarkable, optical rotation leads to a dramatic change in color because a “notch” is generated in the spectrum of the transmitted light. The extinction region can be translated across the spectrum by rotating the analyzer. The experimentally measured location of the region of maximum extinction and the color of the transmitted light are in excellent qualitative agreement with the predicted values. The experiment is ideal both as a lecture demonstration and for quantitative investigation in an undergraduate laboratory of the spectral distribution of light transmitted by a chiral medium.
Developing peer instruction questions for quantitative problems for an upper-division astronomy course
Authors: Wallace Colin S.
Published: February 2020

Decades of research show that students learn more in classes that utilize active learning than they do in traditional, lecture-only classes. Active learning also reduces the achievement gaps that are often present between various demographic groups. Given these well-established results, instructors of upper-division astronomy courses may decide to search the astronomy education research literature in hopes of finding some guidance on common student difficulties, as well as research-validated and research-based active learning curricula. Their search will be in vain. The current literature on upper-division astronomy is essentially non-existent. This is a shame, since many upper-division astronomy students will experience conceptual and problem-solving difficulties with the quantitative problems they encounter. These difficulties may exist even if students have a strong background in mathematics. In this paper, I examine one quantitative problem that is representative of those that upper-division astronomy students are expected to solve. I list many of the subtle pieces of information that students need to understand in order to advance toward a solution and I describe how such a list can be used to generate Peer Instruction (PI) questions. I also provide guidelines for instructors who wish to develop and implement their own PI questions. These PI questions can be used to increase the amount of active learning that occurs in an upper-division astronomy course. They help develop students' understandings of symbolic, mathematical representations, and they help improve students' problem-solving skills. The ideas presented in this paper can help instructors infuse their upper-division astronomy courses with active learning.