bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DG and hp‐DG for highly indefinite Helmholtz problems
Authors: Melenk Jens Markus , Parsania Asieh , Sauter Stefan
Published: November 2013

We develop a stability and convergence theory for a Discontinuous Galerkin formulation (DG) of a highly indefinite Helmholtz problem in ${\rm I\!R}^d, d \in \{2,3\}$. We prove that the DG‐method admits a unique solution under much weaker conditions than for conventional Galerkin methods. It is shown that for the case of hp‐DGFEM the optimal convergence order estimate can be obtained under the conditions that $kh/\sqrt{p}$ is sufficiently small and the polynomial degree p is at least O(log k). (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
About Some Boundary Value Problems for Fractional PDE and their Numerical Solution
Authors: Jovanović Boško , Delić Aleksandra , Vulkov Lubin
Published: November 2013

A transmission initial‐boundary‐value problem in disjoint intervals for fractional in time diffusion equation is studied. Its well posedness in the corresponding Sobolev‐like spaces is proved. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bounds on the Solution of Linear Time‐Periodic Systems
Authors: Benner Peter , Denißen Jonas , Kohaupt Ludwig
Published: November 2013

Linear time‐periodic systems have been an active area of research in the last decades. They arise in various applications such as anisotropic rotor‐bearing systems and nonlinear systems linearized about a periodic trajectory. Rigorous bounds support the transient analysis of these systems. Optimal constants are determined by the differential calculus for norms of matrix functions. Bounds based on trigonometric spline approximations of the solution are introduced and convergence results for the approximations are stated. Bounds are illustrated by means of an anisotropic rotor‐bearing system. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A meshless procedure for transient heat conduction in functionally graded materials
Authors: Mierzwiczak Magdalena
Published: November 2013

A meshless numerical procedure is developed for analyzing the transient heat conduction problem in non‐homogeneous functionally graded materials. In the proposed method the time derivative of temperature is approximate by the finite difference. At each time step the original nonlinear boundary value problem is transform into a hierarchy of non‐homogeneous linear problem by used the homotopy analysis method. In this method a sought solution is presented by using a finite expansion in Taylor series, which consecutive elements are solutions of series linear value problems defining differential deformations. Each of linear boundary value problems with the corresponding boundary conditions is solved by using the method of fundamental solutions and radial basis functions which are used for interpolation of the inhomogeneous term. The accuracy of the obtained approximate solution is controlled by the number of components of the Taylor series, while the convergence of the process is monitored by an additional parameter of the method. Numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the present scheme in the solution of the heat conduction problem in nonlinear functionally graded materials. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonlinear Parameter Identification for Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Wöbbekind Mitja , Kemper Anna , Büskens Christof , Schollmeyer Michael
Published: November 2013

In many applications with dynamical processes parameter depending systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE) are formulated. Often the model description does not perfectly match with realistic data. SQP‐methods can be used to identify the parameters of the dynamical model. In conventional approaches the ODE system is solved numerically several times during each of the iteration steps of the optimization process. In this work it is proposed to perform the numerical integration of the ODE system within the optimization process. The benefits of the presented technique will be illustrated by the application of a turbocharger design within the context of diesel engined vehicle development. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solvability and stationarity for the optimal control of variational inequalities with point evaluations in the objective functional
Authors: Hintermüller Michael , Löbhard Caroline
Published: November 2013

Motivated by applications in economics and engineering, we consider the optimal control of a variational inequality with point evaluations of the state variable in the objective. This problem class constitutes a specific mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPCC). In our context, the problem is posed in an adequate function space and the variational inequality involves second order linear elliptic partial differential operators. The necessary functional analytic framework complicates the derivation of stationarity conditions whereas the non‐convex and non‐differentiable nature of the problem challenges the design of an efficient solution algorithm. In this paper, we present a penalization and smoothing technique to derive first order type conditions related to C‐stationarity in the associated Sobolev space setting. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Active damping of rotational load oscillations at container cranes by individual rope length actuation
Authors: Kreuzer Edwin , Radisch Christian
Published: November 2013

A particular challenge in the field of container crane control are rotations of the load about its vertical axis when neither special rotational actuators nor variable configurations of the rope directions are available. It is possible to enhance damping of rotational load oscillations by changing the rope lengths individually. Under the assumption of rigid ropes, a model representing the approximate dynamical behavior of the oscillator with three degrees of freedom is developed which reflects the nonlinear coupling effects between the degrees of freedom. This model is used for a stabilizing controller design with only the position of the trolley and the rope lengths actuated. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Balancing Transformations for Infinite‐Dimensional Control Systems
Authors: Reis Timo , Selig Tilman
Published: November 2013

In order to facilitate model reduction by balanced truncation, we introduce state space transformations that can be used to construct an ℓ2‐balanced realization of a regular, linear input‐ouput map with nuclear Hankel‐operator directly from the system generators of an arbitrary, given realization. These balancing transformations are based on factors of the Gramians and, for infinite‐dimensional systems, they are usually unbounded operators. Subsequently the ℓ2‐balanced realization can be truncated in a non‐trivial way to obtain an approximating, finite‐dimensional model. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Model Order Reduction for Unsteady Aerodynamic Applications
Authors: Vendl Alexander , Faßbender Heike
Published: November 2013

In this work a nonlinear model order reduction approach for unsteady aerodynamic applications is presented. It is based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). Given a set of snapshots, which are solutions to the full order model, POD yields an optimal basis for representing reduced order solutions of the governing equations. The idea of the reduced order modeling approach in this work is to formulate each time step of the unsteady equations as a steady problem. This yields the so‐called unsteady residual. The unsteady residual is then minimized in the space spanned by the POD basis vectors. As this space is of reduced size, the minimization problem is as well. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Real function reconstruction from sparse Fourier samples
Authors: Wischerhoff Marius
Published: November 2013

In this paper we use the Prony method to reconstruct structured, real‐valued functions from the smallest possible number of equidistantly distributed Fourier samples. In particular, we consider characteristic functions in ${\rm I\!R}^2$ whose supports are unit‐height polygons in the plane with N vertices. We show that these functions can be recovered by 3N Fourier samples. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On unconditionally positivity preserving DG schemes for shallow water flows with shock capturing by adaptive filtering procedures
Authors: Ortleb Sigrun , Meister Andreas
Published: November 2013

In this work, we present an unconditionally positivity preserving implicit time integration scheme for the DG method applied to shallow water flows. For locally refined grids with very small elements, the ODE resulting from space discretization is stiff and requires implicit or partially implicit time stepping. However, for simulations including wetting and drying or regions with small water height, severe time step restrictions have to be imposed due to positivity preservation. Nevertheless, as implicit time stepping demands a significant amount of computational time in order to solve a large system of nonlinear equations for each time step we need large time steps to obtain an efficient scheme. In this context, we propose a novel approach to the strategy of positivity preservation. This new technique is based on the so‐called Patankar trick and guarantees non‐negativity of the water height for any time step size while still preserving conservativity. Due to this modification, the implicit scheme can take full advantage of larger time steps and is therefore able to beat explicit time stepping in terms of CPU time. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Finite Element Method for Spatially Resolved Simulation of Packed Bed Chromatography
Authors: Püttmann Andreas , Nicolai Mike , Behr Marek , von Lieres Eric
Published: November 2013

Packed bed chromatography is among the most important unit operations in bio‐chemical process engineering for purifying target molecules from contaminants. A liquid solution of different species is pumped through the chromatography column, which is filled with porous particles (beads). Solute molecules can adsorb to the inner surfaces of these beads with different affinities which leads to different retention times in the column and consequently facilitates the desired separation.

We present a stabilized space‐time finite element scheme to solve for fluid flow and mass transfer in miniaturized chromatography columns, which are used in the design and optimization of industrial‐scale applications. Our method can accurately handle realistic size systems with more than 108 degrees of freedom on massively parallel computing facilities. It can also be applied for simulating sections of larger chromatographic beds in lab‐ and process‐scale columns. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Homogenization in fractional elasticity – One spatial dimension
Authors: Waurick Marcus
Published: November 2013

In this note we treat the equations of fractional elasticity in one spatial dimension. After establishing well‐posedness, we use an abstract result in the theory of homogenization to derive effective equations in fractional elasticity with highly oscillating coefficients. The approach also permits the consideration of non‐local operators (in time and space). (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Essential spectrum of Schrödinger operators with δ‐interactions on the union of compact Lipschitz hypersurfaces
Authors: Behrndt Jussi , Exner Pavel , Lotoreichik Vladimir
Published: November 2013

In this note we prove that the essential spectrum of a Schrödinger operator with δ‐potential supported on a finite number of compact Lipschitz hypersurfaces is given by [0, +∞). We emphasize that the union of a family of Lipschitz hypersurfaces is in general not Lipschitz. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bounds on Non‐Real Eigenvalues of Indefinite Sturm‐Liouville Problems
Authors: Behrndt Jussi , Chen Shaozhou , Philipp Friedrich , Qi Jiangang
Published: November 2013

It is known since the early 20th century that regular indefinite Sturm‐Liouville problems may possess non‐real eigenvalues. However, finding bounds for this set in terms of the coefficients of the differential expression has remained an open problem until recently. In this note we prove a variant of a recent result in [1] on the bounds for the non‐real eigenvalues of an indefinite Sturm‐Liouville problem with Dirichlet boundary conditions. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phase Field Modeling of Brittle and Ductile Fracture
Authors: Ulmer Heike , Hofacker Martina , Miehe Christian
Published: November 2013

The phase field modeling of brittle fracture was a topic of intense research in the last few years and is now well‐established. We refer to the work [1‐3], where a thermodynamically consistent framework was developed. The main advantage is that the phase‐field‐type diffusive crack approach is a smooth continuum formulation which avoids the modeling of discontinuities and can be implemented in a straightforward manner by multi‐field finite element methods. Therefore complex crack patterns including branching can be resolved easily. In this paper, we extend the recently outlined phase field model of brittle crack propagation [1‐3] towards the analysis of ductile fracture in elastic‐plastic solids. In particular, we propose a formulation that is able to predict the brittle‐to‐ductile failure mode transition under dynamic loading that was first observed in experiments by Kalthoff and Winkler [4]. To this end, we outline a new thermodynamically consistent framework for phase field models of crack propagation in ductile elastic‐plastic solids under dynamic loading, develop an incremental variational principle and consider its robust numerical implementation by a multi‐field finite element method. The performance of the proposed phase field formulation of fracture is demonstrated by means of the numerical simulation of the classical Kalthoff‐Winkler experiment that shows the dynamic failure mode transition. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dislocations in nanowire heterostructures: from discrete to continuum
Authors: Lazzaroni Giuliano , Palombaro Mariapia , Schlömerkemper Anja
Published: November 2013

We discuss an atomistic model for heterogeneous nanowires, allowing for dislocations at the interface. We study the limit as the atomic distance converges to zero, considering simultaneously a dimension reduction and the passage from discrete to continuum. Employing the notion of Gamma‐convergence, we establish the minimal energies associated to defect‐free configurations and configurations with dislocations at the interface, respectively. It turns out that dislocations are favoured if the thickness of the wire is sufficiently large. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Micromechanically‐Based Approaches to Failure in Polymers
Authors: Schänzel Lisa , Dal Hüsnü , Miehe Christian
Published: November 2013

Rubbery polymers comprise of three‐dimensional network structures, formed by flexible and mobile chains. They exhibit highly non‐linear ground state elastic combined with rate‐dependent inelastic material response. The key challenge in the micromechanically‐based modeling of polymer materials is the construction of micro‐macro transition that provides a bridge between microscopic kinematic variables of a single chain and macroscopic deformation measures of a continuum. The fracture toughness of rubbery polymers shows distinct rate dependency which can be identified through tearing tests. In this contribution, an overview on the micromechanical‐motivated modeling of polymeric materials will be given and different micromechanically‐based approaches to the modeling of rubbery polymers will be discussed. The novel aspect of the contribution is the incorporation of micromechanically‐motivated crack phase field model for the description of rate‐dependent fracture process in rubbery polymers. To do so, the viscoelastic spectrum of rubber network is idealized by a number of Maxwell branches superimposed to a ground‐state elastic spring representing the crosslinked network. The core of the ansatz is the incorporation of rupture of the superimposed network of dangling chains to the fracture process at different loading rates. We demonstrate the modeling capability of the proposed ansatz by means of representative numerical examples. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On local hierarchical refinement and error estimation for isogeometric analysis
Authors: Fußeder Daniela , Vuong Anh‐Vu
Published: November 2013

Over the past years a lot of attention was devoted to the investigation of isogeometric analysis, which integrates simulation techniques with computer aided design. In this article we focus on the ingredients for adaptive simulation with isogeometric methods. Local mesh refinement is realized by the usage of hierarchical B‐splines, and different error estimation techniques are discussed. Promising numerical examples are shown in the end. (© 2013 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Next‐generation sequencing to dissect hereditary nephrotic syndrome in mice identifies a hypomorphic mutation in Lamb2 and models Pierson's syndrome
Authors: Bull Katherine R , Mason Thomas , Rimmer Andrew J , Crockford Tanya L , Silver Karlee L , Bouriez‐Jones Tiphaine , Hough Tertius A , Chaudhry Shirine , Roberts Ian SD , Goodnow Christopher C , Cornall Richard J
Published: November 2013

The study of mutations causing the steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children has greatly advanced our understanding of the kidney filtration barrier. In particular, these genetic variants have illuminated the roles of the podocyte, glomerular basement membrane and endothelial cell in glomerular filtration. However, in a significant number of familial and early onset cases, an underlying mutation cannot be identified, indicating that there are likely to be multiple unknown genes with roles in glomerular permeability. We now show how the combination of N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea mutagenesis and next‐generation sequencing could be used to identify the range of mutations affecting these pathways. Using this approach, we isolated a novel mouse strain with a viable nephrotic phenotype and used whole‐genome sequencing to isolate a causative hypomorphic mutation in Lamb2. This discovery generated a model for one part of the spectrum of human Pierson's syndrome and provides a powerful proof of principle for accelerating gene discovery and improving our understanding of inherited forms of renal disease. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Whole‐exome sequencing of pancreatic neoplasms with acinar differentiation
Authors: Jiao Yuchen , Yonescu Raluca , Offerhaus G Johan A , Klimstra David S , Maitra Anirban , Eshleman James R , Herman James G , Poh Weijie , Pelosof Lorraine , Wolfgang Christopher L , Vogelstein Bert , Kinzler Kenneth W , Hruban Ralph H , Papadopoulos Nickolas , Wood Laura D
Published: November 2013

Pancreatic carcinomas with acinar differentiation, including acinar cell carcinoma, pancreatoblastoma and carcinomas with mixed differentiation, are distinct pancreatic neoplasms with poor prognosis. Although recent whole‐exome sequencing analyses have defined the somatic mutations that characterize the other major neoplasms of the pancreas, the molecular alterations underlying pancreatic carcinomas with acinar differentiation remain largely unknown. In the current study, we sequenced the exomes of 23 surgically resected pancreatic carcinomas with acinar differentiation. These analyses revealed a relatively large number of genetic alterations at both the individual base pair and chromosomal levels. There was an average of 119 somatic mutations/carcinoma. When three outliers were excluded, there was an average of 64 somatic mutations/tumour (range 12–189). The mean fractional allelic loss (FAL) was 0.27 (range 0–0.89) and heterogeneity at the chromosome level was confirmed in selected cases using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). No gene was mutated in >30% of the cancers. Genes altered in other neoplasms of the pancreas were occasionally targeted in carcinomas with acinar differentiation; SMAD4 was mutated in six tumours (26%), TP53 in three (13%), GNAS in two (9%), RNF43 in one (4%) and MEN1 in one (4%). Somatic mutations were identified in genes in which constitutional alterations are associated with familial pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, such as ATM, BRCA2 and PALB2 (one tumour each), as well as in genes altered in extra‐pancreatic neoplasms, such as JAK1 in four tumours (17%), BRAF in three (13%), RB1 in three (13%), APC in two (9%), PTEN in two (9%), ARID1A in two (9%), MLL3 in two (9%) and BAP1 in one (4%). Perhaps most importantly, we found that more than one‐third of these carcinomas have potentially targetable genetic alterations, including mutations in BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, BAP1, BRAF and JAK1. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteome characterization of splenocytes from an Aβpp/ps‐1 Alzheimer's disease model
Authors: Cao Zhiyun , Robinson Renã A. S.
Published: November 2013

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of US deaths. In addition to neurodegenerative deficits in AD, changes in the immune system have also been observed. Proteomic analysis of specific immune cell populations may help gain insights into mechanisms of peripheral immunity in AD. Herein, we report proteome characterization for two subsets of splenocytes (i.e. CD90+ cells and a heterogeneous pool of CD90− cells) from a double transgenic mutant amyloid precursor protein/presenilin‐1 (Aβpp/ps‐1) AD mouse model. Overall, 906 proteins were identified from both cell types with 275 and 334 proteins uniquely identified as CD90+ and CD90− cells, respectively. Proteins identified in CD90+ and CD90− cells were significantly involved in 18 and 19 KEGG pathways, respectively. Amongst these, pathways associated with AD and antigen processing and presentation were identified in CD90+ and CD90− subsets, respectively. This is the first study to provide a reference proteome map for splenocyte populations in Aβpp/ps‐1 double transgenic mice which will be helpful for future studies focused on understanding peripheral changes in this model. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000203 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000203).
Anthracene‐containing conjugated polymer showing four optical transitions upon doping: A spectroscopic study
Authors: Gasiorowski Jacek , Boudiba Sameh , Hingerl Kurt , Ulbricht Christoph , Fattori Valeria , Tinti Francesca , Camaioni Nadia , Menon Reghu , Schlager Stefanie , Boudida Louiza , Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar , Egbe Daniel Ayuk Mbi
Published: November 2013

An anthracene‐containing poly(arylene‐ethynylene)‐alt‐poly(arylene‐vinylene) (PAE‐PAV) of general constitutional unit (PhCCAnthrCCPhCHCHAnthrCHCH)nbearing two 2‐ethylhexyloxy solubilizing side chains on each phenylene (Ph) unit has been synthesized and characterized. The basic electrochemical characterization was done, showing the existence of two non‐reversible oxidation and one reversible reduction peaks. The optical properties, the real and imaginary part of the dielectric function, were probed using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The vibrational structure of the undoped/doped polymer was investigated using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. A strong change in the polaronic absorption was observed during the doping, which after modeling revealed the existence of two separated transitions. The optical changes upon doping were additionally recorded using the SE technique. Similar to the results from FT‐IR spectroscopy, two new in‐the‐gap absorptions were found. Moreover, the electrical conductivity as well as the mobility of positive carriers were measured. In the undoped state, the conductivity of the polymer was found to be below the detection limit (<μS cm−1), after doping the conductivity increased to 0.69 S cm−1. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2014,52, 338–346
Microwave Synthesis of LTL Zeolites with Tunable Size and Morphology: An Optimal Support for Metal‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Production from Biogas Reforming Processes
Authors: Gartzia‐Rivero Leire , Bañuelos Jorge , Izquierdo Urko , Barrio Victoria Laura , Bizkarra Kepa , Cambra José F. , López‐Arbeloa Iñigo
Published: November 2013

Here, a method is described for the synthesis of Linde type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave‐assisted hydrothermal conditions, and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is detailed. Microwave heating reduces the reaction time and improves the quality of the LTL zeolite crystals in comparison to those obtained using conventional ovens. The size and morphology of zeolite can be finely modulated by the composition of the gel and reaction conditions (heating rate, static/dynamic conditions, aging, reaction time, etc). The physicochemical properties of the synthesized LTL zeolites make them appropriate catalyst supports for reforming reactions in which high hydrogen production yields are desired. Therefore, rhodium‐ and nickel‐based bimetallic catalysts are prepared in order to be tested by dry and oxidative biogas reforming processes at 800 °C and atmospheric pressure for hydrogen production. For all the catalysts tested, except for the sodium‐exchanged disc‐shaped zeolite, hydrogen yields close to the predicted by the equilibrium conversion are reached.
Electrospinning of Tetraphenylporphyrin Compounds into Wires
Authors: Nuansing Wiwat , Georgilis Evangelos , de Oliveira Thales V. A. G. , Charalambidis Georgios , Eleta Aitziber , Coutsolelos Athanassios G. , Mitraki Anna , Bittner Alexander M.
Published: November 2013

Electrospinning is known mainly for polymers. We show that this simple technique allows to shape molecules that are useful for organic photovoltaic cells into wires, a morphology that is otherwise not generally obtained. A special advantage of our method is the simple mixing approach that allows to test blends of promising compounds, without the need for chemical pretreatment, modification or immobilization. Our materials are TPP‐NH2 (monoamino‐tetraphenylporphyrine) and FF‐TPP (diphenylalanine‐TPP), both candidates for electron donors in solar cells. We found that a mixture of FF‐TPP with FF (diphenylalanine) is especially advantageous for forming quasi infinitely long wires of 100 to 1000 nm diameter. We analyzed the wire morphology with optical, electron, and scanning force microscopy, and we used X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy to elucidate the internal structure. The wire is composed of intact molecules, but shows surprisingly low crystallinity, in stark contrast to the single components.
Differential expression of serum/plasma proteins in various infectious diseases: Specific or nonspecific signatures
Authors: Ray Sandipan , Patel Sandip K. , Kumar Vipin , Damahe Jagruti , Srivastava Sanjeeva
Published: November 2013

Apart from direct detection of the infecting organisms or biomarker of the pathogen itself, surrogate host markers are also useful for sensitive and early diagnosis of pathogenic infections. Early detection of pathogenic infections, discrimination among closely related diseases with overlapping clinical manifestations, and monitoring of disease progression can be achieved by analyzing blood biomarkers. Therefore, over the last decade large numbers of proteomics studies have been conducted to identify differentially expressed human serum/plasma proteins in different infectious diseases with the intent of discovering novel potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. However, in‐depth review of the literature indicates that many reported biomarkers are altered in the same way in multiple infectious diseases, regardless of the type of infection. This might be a consequence of generic acute phase reactions, while the uniquely modulated candidates in different pathogenic infections could be indicators of some specific responses. In this review article, we will provide a comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed serum/plasma proteins in various infectious diseases and categorize the protein markers associated with generic or specific responses. The challenges associated with the discovery, validation, and translational phases of serum/plasma biomarker establishment are also discussed.
The basis for rootstock resilient to Capnodis species: screening for genes encoding δ‐endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Gindin Galina , Mendel Zvi , Levitin Bella , Kumar Pradeep , Levi Tal , Shahi Preeti , Khasdan Vadim , Weinthal Dan , Kuznetsova Tatiana , Einav Monica , Kushmaro Ariel , Protasov Alex , Zaritsky Arieh , Ben‐Dov Eitan
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

Conventional methods often fail to control the flatheaded borers Capnodis spp., major pests of stone fruit trees; the larvae are protected from insecticides and predation because they feed deep in the roots. A potential solution is transgenic trees producing in their roots toxic compounds such as Cry proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).

RESULTS

Toxicities against Capnodis larvae were demonstrated by exploiting a recently designed artificial larval diet and an available collection of field isolated Bt. An isolate of Bt tenebrionis (Btt) from commercial bioinsecticide (Novodor) displayed LC50 and LC95 values of 3.2 and 164 mg g−1, respectively, against neonates of Capnodis tenebrionis, whereas values of the most toxic field isolate K‐7 were 1.9 and 25.6 mg g−1 respectively. Weights of surviving larvae after 1 month on diets containing low concentrations of K‐7 (0.1–1.0 mg g−1) were lower than on Btt or untreated larvae. K‐7 was also toxic against larvae of C. cariosa and C. miliaris and found to harbour genes encoding Cry9Ea‐like and Cry23Aa/Cry37Aa binary toxins.

CONCLUSION

Larvae of Capnodis spp. are susceptible to Bt Cry toxins. Expressing cry genes active against these pests thus seems a feasible solution towards production of transgenic rootstock trees resilient to the pest. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Individual heterojunctions of 3D germanium crystals on silicon CMOS for monolithically integrated X‐ray detector
Authors: Kreiliger Thomas , Falub Claudiu V. , Taboada Alfonso G. , Isa Fabio , Cecchi Stefano , Kaufmann Rolf , Niedermann Philippe , Pezous Aurélie , Mouaziz Schahrazède , Dommann Alex , Isella Giovanni , von Känel Hans
Published: November 2013

Monolithic integration of absorber layer and readout electronics is expected to greatly improve spatial resolution and sensitivity of X‐ray imaging detectors. It requires, however, heteroepitaxial growth of thick, lattice, and thermally mismatched absorber layers on a Si substrate. Wafer bowing and layer cracks induced by temperature changes have so far appeared to be insurmountable obstacles in the way of realizing such a device. Here we present first results on a detector concept which does not suffer from such shortcomings. The absorber consists of closely spaced, tall Ge crystals, typically a few microns in width, each forming a heterojunction diode with the Si substrate. Electrical measurements on such diodes reveal reverse dark currents of the order of 1 mA/cm2, low enough for detector fabrication. We present a preliminary version of such a detector, where the pixel size is determined by the CMOS circuits rather than individual Ge crystals.
Role of ion mass on damage accumulation during ion implantation in Ge
Authors: Napolitani E. , Bruno E. , Bisognin G. , Mastromatteo M. , De Salvador D. , Scapellato G. G. , Boninelli S. , Priolo F. , Privitera V. , Carnera A.
Published: November 2013

The effects of sub‐amorphizing ion implantation on damage accumulation and point defect migration in Ge are investigated. We implanted ions with different masses in a Ge sample with embedded B doped deltas grown by molecular beam epitaxy, as markers for self‐interstitial generation and migration. Implant fluences and energies were selected to generate similar depth profiles of the energy density released in nuclear collisions. We show that the accumulated damage decreases by decreasing the ion mass. This is associated with an increase of effective displacement energy in dilute cascade due to point defect migration and annihilation. The change of the effective displacement energy as a function of mass has been described and satisfactorily fitted together with data from the literature. We observed that B radiation enhanced diffusion increases by decreasing the ion mass, further supporting the above view, and indicates that the migration of self‐interstitials has a role in the defect annihilation process during ion implantation in Ge. H deviates from the above scenario suggesting that damage stabilization occurs through the interaction of H with vacancies.
Modulation of electron barriers between TiNx and oxide insulators (SiO2, Al2O3) using Ti interlayer
Authors: De Stefano Francesca , Afanas'ev Valeri V. , Houssa Michel , Goux Ludovic , Opsomer Karl , Jurczak Małgorzata , Stesmans Andre
Published: November 2013

Precise evaluation of the effective work function and the built‐in voltage in metal–oxide–metal (MOS) or metal–insulator–metal (MIM) stacks is crucial for attaining the functionality of various oxide‐based electron devices. We studied the impact of a low work function (WF) metal interlayer (IL), i.e. Ti, on the electron barrier height between the metal Fermi level and the conduction band of the oxide insulator. The experiments were performed on structures comprised of a layer of thermal SiO2 or an atomic layer deposited Al2O3 on heavily doped p‐ or n‐Si substrates. In order to evaluate the impact of the Ti IL, 3, 6 or 10 nm thick Ti films have been deposited prior to TiNx sputtering. Spectral curves of electron photoemission from the metal layer into the oxide were analyzed in order to determine the energy barrier for electrons between the Fermi level of the metal and the conduction band of the insulator (Φe). As expected, the insertion of the low WF metal shifts the barrier to lower energies, depending on the IL thickness. However, while a 3‐nm thick Ti IL is sufficient to lower the barrier by 0.5 eV in the SiO2‐based stack, it has no measurable impact on the barrier in the Al2O3/Ti/TiNx stack. For the latter structure, both Ti and the Al2O3 thicknesses influence the Φe lowering trend, suggesting that oxygen scavenging from Al2O3 by Ti and nitridation of the Ti IL by subsequent TiN deposition may affect the band alignment between the metal and the oxide.
Effects of Y2O3on mechanical, dielectric, and microwave‐absorbing properties of short carbon‐fiber/Al2O3composites
Authors: Huang Shanshan , Zhou Wancheng , Wei Ping , Luo Fa , Zhu Dongmei
Published: November 2013

Short carbon‐fiber (Csf) reinforced alumina ceramics with MgO–Y2O3as additives were fabricated by pressureless sintering at 1500 °C for 2 h. The mechanical, dielectric and microwave properties of the composites in the X band (8.2–12.4 GHz) were evaluated. The flexure strength and HRA of the ceramic increased with increasing Y2O3content and the maximum values of 293 MPa and 98 were obtained by the addition of 1.0 wt% Y2O3, which were about 33.2% and 12.6% higher than the composite without Y2O3, respectively. Both the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity increased with increasing Y2O3content. The composite containing 0.5 wt% Y2O3showed that reflection loss exceeded −10 dB in the frequency of 9.6–11.6 GHz and the minimum value was −33 dB at 10.38 GHz. The results showed that the addition of Y2O3allowed both mechanical and microwave absorbing properties of the composite to be enhanced and it indicates that the Csf/Al2O3ceramic prepared by pressureless sintering with a small quantity of Y2O3is a promising microwave absorber with satisfactory mechanical properties.
Magnetic and electromagnetic absorption properties of FeNi alloy nanoparticles supported by reduced graphene oxide
Authors: Sun Chen , Jiang Wei , Wang Yujiao , Sun Danping , Liu Jie , Li Pingyun , Li Fengsheng
Published: November 2013

FeNi alloy nanoparticles (NPs) supported by reduced graphene oxide (RGO) (FeNi/RGO nanocomposites) were successfully synthesized through in‐situ reduction. Large amounts of sphere‐like FeNi NPs are uniformly deposited on the RGO nanosheets. The magnetic hysteresis measurement reveals the ferromagnetic behavior of the nanocomposites at room temperature. According to the electromagnetic (EM) characteristics, the FeNi/RGO nanocomposites show outstanding EM absorption properties in the 2–18 GHz range, as evidenced by the wide effective absorption bandwidth (up to 3.3 GHz, with reflection loss RL < –10 dB) and a minimal RL (–32 dB) at 12.4 GHz with a thickness of 1.5 mm. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Packaging Parameters Analysis for the Fatigue Reliability of Stacked Chip Ball Grid Array by Using the Optimal Equivalent Solder Balls
Authors: Cheng Hsin‐En , Chen Rong‐Sheng , Mao Chao‐Yang
Published: November 2013

A global/local method with the modified sub‐modeling approach of the two‐parametric optimal equivalent volume solder balls is introduced to predict the deformation and reliability of the package. The equivalent solder balls as exhibit in this method can obviously reduce the required elements/nodes quantities to enhance computing efficiency. A package model of wire‐bonded stacked chip ball grid array under cyclic thermal loading is used as a test vehicle to verify the influences of design factors by fatigue life indicator. Comparing the proposed method with the global fine mesh model, it is found that the difference in the accumulated strain energy density is merely 5.77%, but the optimal equivalent model has highly saved 90% finite element analysis required elements, which means the adopted method can effectively replace the global fine mesh model because both results are in accordance with each other. Using design of experiments to efficiently verify each factor influence with their cross‐coupling effects, this paper adopts two kinds of response surface methods that confirm the fatigue life of the proposed approach can be improved by as much as 123.7% for the dual response surface method and 126.3% for the mixed response surface method when comparing with the baseline model. In addition, the optimization of generic algorithm for both response surface methods is demonstrated in this study. From the reviews of factor coupling effects, it is concluded that the response surface method is eligible to achieve the optimum design for package reliability improving. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space–time clustering and the permutation moments of quadratic forms
Authors: Zhou Yi‐Hui , Mayhew Gregory , Sun Zhibin , Xu Xiaolin , Zou Fei , Wright Fred A.
Published: November 2013

The Mantel and Knox space–time clustering statistics are popular tools to establish transmissibility of a disease and detect outbreaks. The most commonly used null distributional approximations may provide poor fits, and researchers often resort to direct sampling from the permutation distribution. However, the exact first four moments for these statistics are available, and Pearson distributional approximations are often effective. Thus, our first goals are to clarify the literature and make these tools more widely available. In addition, by rewriting terms in the statistics, we obtain the exact first four permutation moments for the most commonly used quadratic form statistics, which need not be positive definite. The extension of this work to quadratic forms greatly expands the utility of density approximations for these problems, including for high‐dimensional applications, where the statistics must be extreme in order to exceed stringent testing thresholds. We demonstrate the methods using examples from the investigation of disease transmission in cattle, the association of a gene expression pathway with breast cancer survival, regional genetic association with cystic fibrosis lung disease and hypothesis testing for smoothed local linear regression. © The Authors.Statpublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Historische Lager aus Stahlguss
Authors: Wetzk Volker
Published: November 2013

Der Beitrag thematisiert Werkstoffuntersuchungen an historischen Lagern aus Stahlguss. Nach Erläuterungen zum Kontext der Arbeiten werden die Untersuchungsmasse vorgestellt sowie zwei unterschiedlich ausgerichtete Untersuchungsschleifen erläutert. Gegenstand beider Schleifen bilden chemische, mechanische und metallographische Werkstoffanalysen, deren Ergebnisse abschließend gewertet werden.

Material tests at historic bearings made of cast steel. This paper tackles material tests carried out at historic bearings made of cast steel. At first the context of the tests as well as the bearings which have been analysed are introduced. To improve our knowledge about historic cast steel this contribution explains two test series to investigate chemical, mechanical and metallographic material characteristics of historic cast steel. The paper ends with a conclusion.
Brückenlager im Bestand
Authors: Gregorski Heiko
Published: November 2013

Das Durchschnittsalter der Eisenbahnbrücken der DB Netz AG liegt bei über 85 Jahren. Demzufolge liegt auch ein entsprechend alter Bestand an Brückenlagern vor. In diesem Beitrag möchte die DB Netz AG darstellen, dass insbesondere die historischen stählernen Brückenlager heute und bei wirtschaftlich vertretbarem Instandhaltungsaufwand auch in Zukunft ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Eisenbahnüberführungen sein werden.

Bridge bearings of the present infrastructure – Know‐how of the DB Netz AG. He average age of railway bridges of DB Netz AG is over 85 years. In consequence, there exist a high number of bridge bearings in this age as part of the present infrastructure. This paper wants to show that in particular the historic bearings made of steel are an essential part of railway bridges in the present time and with reasonable maintenance they will also be in future.
The bearings of the Hradecky Bridge in Ljubljana
Authors: Slivnik Lara
Published: November 2013

This paper describes the Hradecky Bridge across the River Ljubljanica and the hinges used in its three‐hinged arch. The bridge was constructed at its original location in 1867, but due to its prefabricated structure and particular type of hinges it was possible to take the bridge completely apart and to reconstruct it at two other locations in 1932 and 2011.

Die Gelenke der Radetzkybrücke in Leibach. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Radetzkybrücke (Hradecky Brücke) über den Fluss Ljubljanica und die in ihrem Dreigelenkbogen verwendeten Gelenke. Die Brücke wurde an ihrem ursprünglichen Standort im Jahre 1867 errichtet. Wegen ihrer vorgefertigten Struktur und der besonderen Art von Gelenken war es möglich, die Brücke komplett auseinander zu nehmen und sie an zwei weiteren Standorten in den Jahren 1932 und 2011 zu rekonstruieren.
Automatic role‐explicit query extraction: a divide‐and‐conquer system leveraging on users' reformulating behaviors
Authors: Yu Haitao , Ren Fuji
Published: November 2013

This paper presents a system that can automatically extract role‐explicit queries from a query log without any human intervention. The key idea underlying our system is as follows: We perform a divide‐and‐conquer process through differentiating the sessions in a query log as mul‐sessions and sin‐sessions. According to the session type, different approaches are proposed. We translate the contextual information in mul‐sessions as indirect human wisdom to facilitate role‐explicit query extraction on mul‐sessions. Furthermore, leveraging on the role‐explicit queries extracted from mul‐sessions, we learn the simplified word n‐gram role model (SWNR) to facilitate role‐explicit query extraction on sin‐sessions. The experimental results show that our proposed system is clearly favored by the indirect human wisdom hidden in mul‐sessions and achieves a satisfactory performance, namely more than 79% in terms of different metrics. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A New Look at an Old Research Method: Photo‐Elicitation
Authors: Shaw Donna
Published: November 2013

The old adage, a picture is worth a thousand words, has special meaning in the world of research with international students as research participants. The incorporation of photos taken by the research participants to generate thoughts and ease communication is invaluable and can often result in rich, highly detailed interviews that provide insights and information that were not otherwise found through the other interview methods. The qualitative research method of using photos is called photo‐elicitation. Once commonly used in field studies, photo‐elicitation had fallen into disfavor with qualitative researchers. Now, despite a renewed interest in using photographs in interviews, it is far from common. This is unfortunate because photo‐elicitation has particular value in a case study research that involves international students. What follows is a glimpse into photo‐elicitation used for research purposes.
Evaluation of DNA Binding, Protein Interaction, and Cytotoxic Activity of a Mononuclear Copper(II) Complex
Authors: Chen Zhanfen , Zhang Jian , Zeng Pan , Zhang Shuping , Jin Chuanmin
Published: November 2013

The reactivities towards DNA and protein of a benzimidazole derived mononuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu(EDTB)](NO3)2·C2H5OH (1) [EDTB = N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis(2′‐benzimidazolyl methyl)‐1,2‐ethanediamine], were investigated under physiological conditions using UV/Vis absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD). The experimental results suggest complex 1 could strongly bind to calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) and induce a remarkable conformational variation of DNA. The intrinsic binding constant Kb of complex 1 to DNA is 1.08(± 0.02) × 105 M–1 and the apparent binding constant Kapp is 3.9 × 106 M–1. The strong affinity was chiefly arising from intercalation of the benzimidazole aromatic rings of ligand system of 1 with the DNA base stack. Additionally, complex 1 could also interact with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. At higher concentration range of complex 1 (0–210 μM), the fluorescence quenching of BSA by complex 1 is a combined quenching (both dynamic and static) process; at lower concentration range of complex 1 (0–15 μM), the binding process is a single static mechanism with the binding constant (KA) ca. 105 M–1. Further, cytotoxic activity of complex 1 in vitro was evaluated against the human cervical cancer (HeLa), human lung cancer (A‐549), and human mammary cancer (MCF‐7) cell lines. The results reveal complex 1 demonstrates a significant inhibition against the three cell lines with the IC50 values falling in the 36.12–55.13 μM range.
Non-universal gaugino masses and fine tuning implications for SUSY searches in the MSSM and the GNMSSM
Authors: Kaminska Anna , Ross Graham G. , Schmidt-Hoberg Kai
Published: November 2013

Abstract

For the case of the MSSM and the most general form of the NMSSM (GN-MSSM) we determine the reduction in the fine tuning that follows from allowing gaugino masses to be non-degenerate at the unification scale, taking account of the LHC8 bounds on SUSY masses, the Higgs mass bound, gauge coupling unification and the requirement of an acceptable dark matter density. We show that low-fine tuned points fall in the region of gaugino mass ratios predicted by specific unified and string models. For the case of the MSSM the minimum fine tuning is still large, approximately 1:60 allowing for a 3 GeV uncertainty in the Higgs mass (1:500 for the central value), but for the GNMSSM it is below 1:20. We find that the spectrum of SUSY states corresponding to the low-fine tuned points in the GNMSSM is often compressed, weakening the LHC bounds on coloured states. The prospect for testing the remaining low-fine-tuned regions at LHC14 is discussed.