bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Death of the Nearest Relative? Carers’ and Families’ Rights to Challenge Compulsion under Current and Proposed Mental Health Legislation
Authors: Yeates Victoria A
Published: December 2015

This article explores the scope of carers and family members’ current entitlements to be involved in decisions about the use of compulsion under mental health legislation and the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights on these rights. It then examines the proposals in the Draft Mental Health Bill in relation to family rights, the recommendations of the Joint Parliamentary Scrutiny Committee concerning carers and nominated persons and the Government’s response to these recommendations. It will be argued that the 2004 Draft Bill would represent a significant erosion of the rights of families, which is potentially profoundly antitherapeutic where a public safety agenda based on risk management predominates. It would involve a major shift in the boundary between the public and the private sphere, which is of constitutional significance, and it is argued that the Government should follow the recommendations of the Joint Parliamentary Scrutiny Committee.
The Mental Capacity Act 2005, the Mental Health Act 1983, and the Common Law
Authors: Fennell Phil
Published: December 2015

This paper considers what has come to be known as the ‘interface’ between the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and the Mental Health Act 1983. Until the 2005 Act comes into force in 2007, practitioners will have to be aware of the interface between powers to admit to institutional care and treat without consent under common law and those which exist under the Mental Health Act 1983.

In simple terms, the interface question is ‘When may the common law or, after 2007, the 2005 Act, be used to admit to institutional care and treat without consent, and when will use of the Mental Health Act be required?’ This article argues that there are two decisions of the European Court which need to be considered in determining how to bridge what has become the “Bournewood gap”: HL v United Kingdom and Storck v Germany. These will require that the State must provide effective supervisory mechanisms to ensure that mentally incapacitated people are not deprived of their liberty (Article 5) and do not have their right of bodily integrity interfered with (Article 8) without lawful authority.
Executive Action and Convention Compliance? A Risk Unrecognised by the House
Authors: Gledhill Kris
Published: December 2015

R (MH) v (1) Secretary of State for Health (2) Mental Health Review Tribunal

House of Lords, 20 October 2005

[2005] UKHL 60, [2005] Mental Health Law Reports 302
Paternalism or Power? – Compulsory treatment under section 58 of the Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Hope Paul
Published: December 2015

R (on the application of B) v S and others

Court of Appeal; Lord Phillips CJ, Thorpe LJ and Rix LJ; 26 January 2006

[2006] EWCA Civ 28
The Mental Health Bill 2006 – a social work perspective
Authors: Hargreaves Roger
Published: December 2015

This article considers the government’s current attempt to amend the Mental Health Act 1983 from the perspective of social work, and in particular from the viewpoint of Approved Social Workers (ASWs). It reflects the state of play as it was immediately after the Third Reading in the House of Lords on 6 March 2007.
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back
Authors: Scott-Moncrieff Lucy
Published: December 2015

In the matter of DE (an adult patient) …. and JE v (1) DE (by his litigation friend, the Official Solicitor) (2) Surrey County Council

[2006] EWHC Fam 3459 (Munby J)
Children and Young People and the Mental Health Act 2007
Authors: Parker Camilla
Published: December 2015

This article considers three areas in which the Mental Health Act 2007 has introduced some positive change in relation to children and young people: admission to hospital, age appropriate facilities and advocacy. It also highlights issues of continuing concern. It does so in the light of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (‘the Convention’), which was ratified by the UK government in 1991 and applies to all those aged under 18.
Mental Health in the Workplace (2) – Mental Health and Discrimination in Employment
Authors: Wheat Kay
Published: December 2015

People with mental health problems are stigmatised and in particular there is concern about stigmatisation in employment. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (“the Act”) was introduced to address the problems of disabled people, both in employment and in the provision of education, goods and services and the legislation is concerned with mental as well as physical health. However, its basic premise is that disability has to be long-term and must be defined in terms of the individual disabled person. Many people with mental health problems are not disabled within the meaning of the Act, and because of the individualised approach what has been described as institutionalised discrimination has not been addressed. This article examines the current employment protection for those with mental health problems offered by the Act and elsewhere. It will be argued that there are particular problems associated with mental health that are not addressed by the current law and that recent attempts to address these have resulted in a missed opportunity, and that a more radical approach is necessary because of the nature of mental health and the perceptions and prejudices surrounding this area. 
Casenotes: Protection from what? The nullifying effect of section 139
Authors: Hewitt David
Published: December 2015

Seal v Chief Constable of South Wales Police

House of Lords, 4 July 2007

[2007] UKHL 31
The Community Order and the Mental Health Treatment Requirement
Authors: Seymour Linda , Rutherford Max , Khanom Husnara , Samele Chiara
Published: December 2015

Just a few months into 2008, a convergence of unfortunate circumstances has brought the plight of offenders with mental health problems into sharp focus. Figures released by the Ministry of Justice showed there were 92 apparently self-inflicted deaths among prisoners in England and Wales in 2007, compared with 67 in 2006. This 37% increase in suicides in prison has been associated with the overcrowding that has continued inexorably.

This article discusses the application of mental health services to offenders in the prison and the community contexts.
Section 75(1) of the Mental Health Act 1983 is compliant with Article 5(4) of the European Convention on Human Rights…just
Authors: Pezzani Roger , Simblet Stephen
Published: December 2015

R (Daniel Rayner) v Secretary of State for Justice

[2008] EWCA Civ 176
Foreword
Authors: Emmett Charlotte
Published: December 2015

We begin this issue of the Journal by focusing on Parts I and II of the Government White Paper - Reforming the Mental Health Act, which was published in December last year.
Ortodoxia, catolicismo e unidade no contexto do Vaticano II
Authors: Tamanini Paulo Augusto
Published: December 2015

As comunidades cristãs dos primeiros séculos comungavam da ideia que a ECCLESIA era um corpo jurisdicional múltiplo e ordenado por uma teologia em construção, formado por comunidades locais. As palavras “ortodoxo” e “católico” não são apenas nomes, tão pouco um adendo ou um complemento, mas a essência que espelha o que cada fiel pensava de si. Usados indistintamente no Primeiro Milênio pelo Oriente e Ocidente, os qualificativos “ortodoxo” e “católico”, a partir dos primeiros cismas, eram aplicados com mais precisão para expressar  identificações. O termo ‘católico’, no grego clássico, universal, era usado como substantivo e adjetivo e especificava uma das notas importantes da ECCLESIA O presente artigo tem como objetivo, ao elucidar os conceitos de ‘ortodoxia, catolicismo, unidade e cisma’, à luz da Teologia Oriental, transpor para uma hermenêutica contemporânea de ecumenismo, o significado dos conceitos comuns entre as Igrejas Ortodoxas e Católica, em vista da retomada do Diálogo Teológico, iniciado após  o Tomos Agape, entre os expoentes Oriental e Ocidental da mesma Ecclesia Universa.
Municipal sludge characteristic changes under different aerating condition in a deep-shaft aeration system
Authors: Xiong Jiaqing , Wang Xiaochang C. , Shu Wei , He Teng , Liu Yanzheng
Published: December 2015

A pilot-scale municipal sewage sludge deep-shaft aeration system was implemented in Lanzhou, Gansu Province of China. The reactor depth was 60 m with a diameter of 1.0 m and the sludge to be treated came from a wastewater plant in Lanzhou. In order to obtain the optimum operation conditions, analysis was conducted on the transformations of the volatile suspended solids (VSS), temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pathogens in the deep-shaft reactor under different aeration conditions. Attention was paid to how operating conditions affected the removal efficiency of the VSS and the reaction temperature. As a result, higher volatile solids removal was gained at higher temperature, and the temperature could reach 50.8°C for a complete inactivation of bacteria in the first reaction zone when the deep-shaft aeration system was run for about 18 days. The sludge aeration rate was observed as 1.5 to 1.8 L/(h·L sludge) which enabled the volatile solids removal rate to reach 40.1%. The degradation of VSS occurred under a micro-oxygen environment, and the lowest ORP was found to be −256 mV in the digestive process. Not only aerobic bacteria but also anaerobic and facultative bacteria performed their functions in the reactor.
Occurrence of endophytic fungi causing recalcitrance of olive cultivar ‘Istrska belica’ during shoot culture establishment
Authors: Orazem Petra , Celar Franci , Bohanec Borut
Published: December 2015

The primary aim of this study was to establish a micropropagation procedure
for the Slovenian frost-tolerant olive cultivar ?Istrska belica?.
Establishing an in vitro culture was very difficult due to constant
contaminations, tissue browning and stunted shoot growth. A sterile shoot
culture was finally achieved by washing with running tap water, immersing in
a mixture of ascorbic and citric acid and sterilizing with 70% ethanol and
dichloroisocyanuric acid. Shoot growth was optimal on DKW medium supplemented
with 4 mg/L of 2iP. Even in optimized conditions, sporadic fungal outbursts
occurred. Fungi were isolated and their taxonomic origin was determined by
morphological observation and molecular identification. Based on BLAST
queries in the NCBI database, five genera of fungi were identified:
Cladosporium, Chaetomium, Preussia, Biscogniauxia and Sistotrema, the last
three genera being isolated from olives for the first time. A detailed
literature search was performed to provide data on previous reports of these
genera in relation to their putative endophytic presence and their possible
pathogenic status. This is the first study reporting the presence of
endophytic fungi in olive tissue culture. The information provided in this
work can be very useful for the optimization of micropropagation protocols of
recalcitrant olive cultivars and can potentially improve field performance of
nursery plants.
Early Evidence on the Effects of Critical Audit Matters on Auditor Liability
Authors: Gimbar Christine , Hansen Bowe , Ozlanski Michael E.
Published: December 2015

The U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board recently proposed changes to the audit reporting model that would require auditors to disclose areas of high audit risk within the audit report. Concerns about the proposal's potential to increase auditor liability have been raised by practitioners and highlighted in the business press. In this paper, we review five recent experiments that directly relate to these concerns, identify patterns in the results, and discuss the implications of these findings for regulators and practitioners.
Evidence of Extrapancreatic Glucagon Secretion in Man
Authors: Lund Asger , Bagger Jonatan I. , Wewer Albrechtsen Nicolai J. , Christensen Mikkel , Grøndahl Magnus , Hartmann Bolette , Mathiesen Elisabeth R. , Hansen Carsten P. , Storkholm Jan H. , van Hall Gerrit , Rehfeld Jens F. , Hornburg Daniel , Meissner Felix , Mann Matthias , Larsen Steen , Holst Jens J. , Vilsbøll Tina , Knop Filip K.
Published: December 2015

Glucagon is believed to be a pancreas-specific hormone, and hyperglucagonemia has been shown to contribute significantly to the hyperglycemic state of patients with diabetes. This hyperglucagonemia has been thought to arise from α-cell insensitivity to suppressive effects of glucose and insulin combined with reduced insulin secretion. We hypothesized that postabsorptive hyperglucagonemia represents a gut-dependent phenomenon and subjected 10 totally pancreatectomized patients and 10 healthy control subjects to a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and a corresponding isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion. We applied novel analytical methods of plasma glucagon (sandwich ELISA and mass spectrometry–based proteomics) and show that 29–amino acid glucagon circulates in patients without a pancreas and that glucose stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract elicits significant hyperglucagonemia in these patients. These findings emphasize the existence of extrapancreatic glucagon (perhaps originating from the gut) in man and suggest that it may play a role in diabetes secondary to total pancreatectomy.
Characteristics of the labor market for veterinary technician specialists in 2013
Authors: Norkus Christopher L. , Liss David J. , Leighton Linda S.
Published: December 2015

OBJECTIVE To determine characteristics of the labor market for veterinary technician specialists (VTSs) during 2013 and identify characteristics significantly associated with pay rate for VTSs.

DESIGN Survey.

SAMPLE POPULATION 351 VTSs.

PROCEDURES A 29-question, multiple-choice survey was sent in early 2014 to all individuals (n = 786) who had been certified as VTSs and for whom an email address could be identified.

RESULTS Weighted mean pay rate for respondents was $23.50/h; 51.3% (180/351) of respondents received a raise after obtaining VTS certification. Being male, having attended graduate school, having > 4 years of VTS experience, holding a supervisory or management position, being employed by an academic employer or referral practice, and working in the Northeast or outside the United States increased the overall odds of receiving a higher pay rate as a VTS, once other variables were controlled.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that gender, work experience, and job characteristics were significantly associated with pay rate for VTSs.
Short-term clinical outcome of laparoscopic liver biopsy in dogs: 106 cases (2003–2013)
Authors: McDevitt Heidi L. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Giuffrida Michelle A. , Brown Dottie C. , Culp William T. N. , Runge Jeffrey J.
Published: December 2015

OBJECTIVE To describe the operative technique, complications, and conversion rates for laparoscopic liver biopsy (LLB) in dogs and evaluate short-term clinical outcome for dogs that underwent the procedure.

DESIGN Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS 106 client-owned dogs.

PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs that underwent an LLB with a single-port or multiport technique at either of 2 veterinary teaching hospitals from August 2003 to September 2013. Demographic and laboratory data, preoperative administration of fresh frozen plasma, procedural and diagnostic information, intraoperative complications, and survival to discharge were recorded. The LLB specimens were obtained with 5-mm laparoscopic biopsy cup forceps and a grasp-and-twist technique.

RESULTS Prior to surgery, 25 of 94 (27%) dogs had coagulopathy (prothrombin time or partial thromboplastin time greater than the facility reference ranges, regardless of platelet count). Twenty-one dogs were thrombocytopenic, 14 had ascites, and 14 received fresh frozen plasma transfusion before surgery. In all cases, biopsy samples collected were of sufficient size and quality for histopathologic evaluation. Two dogs required conversion to an open laparotomy because of splenic laceration during initial port placement. One hundred one of 106 dogs survived to discharge; 5 were euthanized during hospitalization owing to progression of liver disease and poor prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Single-port and multiport LLB were found to be effective, minimally invasive diagnostic techniques with a low rate of complications. Results suggested LLB can be safely used in dogs with underlying coagulopathies and advanced liver disease.
Instruction and Students’ Declining Interest in Science
Authors: Tröbst Steffen , Kleickmann Thilo , Lange-Schubert Kim , Rothkopf Anne , Möller Kornelia
Published: December 2015

Students’ interest in science declines substantially in the transition from elementary to secondary education. Using students’ ratings of their instruction on the topic of evaporation and condensation, we examined if changes in instructional practices accounted for differences in situational interest in science instruction and enduring individual interest in science between elementary and secondary school classrooms. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted for a sample of 60 fourth- and 54 sixth-grade classrooms. The use of student experiments, the elicitation of student explanations, and lack of clarity accounted to varying degrees for disparities in science interest between grade levels. The impact of instructional practices on individual interest was mediated by situational interest. This corroborated predictions of the person-object theory of interest.
Concurrent multiple intracranial and intramedullary tuberculoma: a rare form of neurotuberculosis
Authors: Tanwar Vikram Singh , Singh Harpreet , Govil Nikhil , Arora Sameer , Jagota Ruchi
Published: December 2015

Central nervous system tuberculosis is a serious form of tuberculosis. Tuberculous CNS involvement can occur in the form of TB meningitis, tuberculous Vasculitis, tuberculoma and rarely brain abscess. Tubercular granulomas generally solitary and occurs in the brain but it may be multiple and involve other areas such as spinal cord, epidural space and subdural space also. Tuberculoma in the spinal cord is rare. Concurrent occurrence of brain tuberculomas along with intramedullary spinal tuberculoma is even rarer. Only few cases have been reported in world literature. We are reporting a 28 years old female who presented with headache and progressive paraparesis in which imaging revealed intracranial and intramedullary tuberculoma and recovered completely with antitubercular therapy without any surgical intervention.Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 2015;04(01):25-27
3RIP trip startup test simulation of TRACE/PARCS model for Lungmen ABWR under different power and flow conditions
Authors: Yang Shu-Ming , Lin Hao-Tzu , Wang Jong-Rong , Chen Hsiung-Chih , Shih Chunkuan , Chen Shao-Wen
Published: December 2015

Lungmen nuclear power plant project started long time ago, it is not yet commercially operated but Taiwan Power Company has already prepared for its startup tests. 3RIP trip startup test is one of them. Three of the 10 RIPs will be manually tripped in the test. Response of the plant for this transient will be watched and recorded to check if the test criteria are satisfied. This paper is a result of code simulation of 3RIP trip startup test of Lungmen ABWR nuclear power plant. Thermal hydraulic code TRACE coupled with neutronics code PARCS were used to build the simulation model of Lungmen nuclear power plant. Startup tests under different plant power and flow conditions are considered in this research. A sensitivity study on the impact of different pump moment of inertia has been performed. Simulation results with TRACE and PARCS shows that the acceptance criteria for this startup test can be satisfied and the impact of different pump inertia is little.
Reliability-Based Assessment of Benefits in Roadway Safety Management
Authors: Cafiso Salvatore , D'Agostino Carmelo
Published: December 2015

Road agencies set quantitative targets and adopt related road safety strategies in accordance with each agency's priorities and available resources. Benefit–cost analyses are carried out to support the decision-making process, and alternative measures are ranked according to their expected benefits and benefit–cost ratios, calculated with a safety performance function (SPF) and crash modification factors (CMFs) as predictors of future safety performance. Because of the variance in CMFs and crash frequency, it is uncertain what the benefits of some future actions will be. The chance of making a wrong decision depends on the standard deviations of the probability distributions of the CMFs and the SPF. To deal with the inherent uncertainty in the decision-making process, a reliability-based assessment of the benefits must be performed to introduce a stochastic approach. In this paper, the variances in the CMFs and SPFs are taken into account in a reliability-based benefit–cost analysis to address the improvements and issues associated with an accurate probabilistic approach when compared with deterministic results or other approximated procedures. A case study is presented that compares safety countermeasures selected to reduce crash frequency and severity on sharp curves on freeways. These measures include delineation systems, shoulder rumble strips, and retro-fitted safety barriers, individually and in combination. Monte Carlo simulations were applied to calculate the probability of the failure of the benefit–cost analysis statements. The results and comparisons with alternative approaches, such as the approach proposed in the Highway Safety Manual, are presented and show remarkable differences in the evaluation outcomes.
Urban Sprawl as a Risk Factor in Motor Vehicle Occupant and Pedestrian Fatalities
Authors: Ewing Reid , Hamidi Shima
Published: December 2015

The United States once had the safest transportation system in the developed world, but the U.S. traffic safety record has fallen behind that of other developed countries. Only with an understanding of the basic causes of traffic crashes can policies be devised to reduce crash numbers. Metropolitan sprawl has been implicated as one cause of traffic crashes because sprawl generates long automobile trips with associated high crash exposure. A decade ago, compactness–sprawl indexes were developed for metropolitan areas and counties. These indexes have been widely used in health and other research, including a 2003 study of traffic fatalities. In the current study, the original county index was first updated to 2010; then, a refined index that accounts for more relevant factors was developed. Finally, the 2003 results were replicated and expanded. Principal component analysis was used to extract county compactness–sprawl indexes from variables related to development density, mix of land use, population and employment centering, and street accessibility. These indexes were validated against county commuting data and related to county traffic fatality rates through multilevel modeling. When covariates were controlled for, sprawl was found to be associated with significantly higher traffic fatality rates and significantly higher pedestrian fatality rates when adjusted for exposure. The most likely explanations are the greater number of vehicle miles driven and the higher traffic speeds in sprawling environments. Recognition of this relationship is important because it adds traffic safety to other health risks associated with urban sprawl in the literature.
An assessment of basin-scale glaciological and hydrological sensitivities in the Hindu Kush–Himalaya
Authors: Shea Joseph M. , Immerzeel Walter W.
Published: December 2015

Glacier responses to future climate change will affect hydrology at sub-basin scales. The main goal of this study is to assess glaciological and hydrological sensitivities of sub-basins throughout the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region. We use a simple geometrical analysis based on a full glacier inventory and digital elevation model to estimate sub-basin equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) from assumptions of steady-state accumulation area ratios. The ELA response to an increase in temperature is expressed as a function of mean annual precipitation, derived from a range of high-altitude studies. Changes in glacier contributions to streamflow in response to increased temperatures are examined for scenarios of both static and adjusted glacier geometries. On average, glacier contributions to streamflow increase by ~50% for a +1 K warming based on a static geometry. Large decreases (-60% on average) occur in all basins when glacier geometries are instantaneously adjusted to reflect the new ELA. Finally, we provide estimates of sub-basin glacier response times that suggest a majority of basins will experience declining glacier contributions by 2100.
Prospective Memory Failures in Aviation: Effects of Cue Salience, Workload, and Individual Differences
Authors: Van Benthem Kathleen D. , Herdman Chris M. , Tolton Rani G. , LeFevre Jo-Anne
Published: December 2015

INTRODUCTION: Prospective memory allows people to complete intended tasks in the future. Prospective memory failures, such as pilots forgetting to inform pattern traffic of their locations, can have fatal consequences. The present research examined the impact of system factors
(memory cue salience and workload) and individual differences (pilot age, cognitive health, and expertise) on prospective memory for communication tasks in the cockpit.METHODS: Pilots (N = 101) flew a Cessna 172 simulator at a non-towered aerodrome while maintaining communication
with traffic and attending to flight parameters. Memory cue salience (the prominence of cues that signal an intended action) and workload were manipulated. Prospective memory was measured as radio call completion rates.RESULTS: Pilots’ prospective memory was adversely affected
by low-salience cues and high workload. An interaction of cue salience, pilots’ age, and cognitive health reflected the effects of system and individual difference factors on prospective memory failures. For example, younger pilots with low levels of cognitive health completed 78% of
the radio calls associated with low-salience memory cues, whereas older pilots with low cognitive health scores completed just 61% of similar radio calls.DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that technologies designed to signal intended future tasks should target those tasks with inherently
low-salience memory cues. In addition, increasing the salience of memory cues is most likely to benefit pilots with lower levels of cognitive health in high-workload conditions.Van Benthem KD, Herdman CM, Tolton RG, LeFevre J-A. Prospective memory failures in aviation: effects of cue
salience, workload, and individual differences. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(4):366–373.
Neck Pain in F-16 vs. Typhoon Fighter Pilots
Authors: Verde Paola , Trivelloni Pierandrea , Angelino Gregorio , Morgagni Fabio , Tomao Enrico
Published: December 2015

INTRODUCTION: In jet pilots, the neck is stressed by dynamic loading and there is growing concern about possible neck damage in pilots of new agile aircraft. Jet pilots often report neck pain after flight so intense that their operational capability may be affected. However,
there is no clear evidence of structural damage related to the operational exposure.METHODS: We compared 35 F-16 pilots with 35 age-matched Eurofighter Typhoon pilots. All subjects completed an anonymous questionnaire on their flight activity and neck pain.RESULTS: The
incidence of neck pain in the F-16 group was 48.6% compared with 5.7% of the Typhoon group, significantly higher. In F-16 pilots, there was a significant association between neck pain and age over 30 yr, total flight hours, and flight hours exceeding 600.DISCUSSION: Our findings
suggest that the risk of neck pain after flight is higher among F-16 pilots compared with Typhoon pilots. This could be due to several reasons, including the backward reclined seat of the F-16, which exposes the neck to the load in an unfavorable posture while moving the head during maneuvers
at sustained high-G.Verde P, Trivelloni P, Angelino G, Morgagni F, Tomao E. Neck pain in F-16 vs. Typhoon fighter pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(4):402–406.
Fluid Loading Effects on Temporal Profiles of Cardiovascular Responses to Head-Down Tilt
Authors: Cowings Patricia , Toscano William , Kanis Dionisios , Saicheur Theparat , Ravikumar Anusha , Gebreyesus Fiyore
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND: Susceptibility of healthy astronauts to orthostatic hypotension and presyncope is exacerbated upon return from spaceflight. Up to 64% of astronauts experience postflight orthostatic intolerance. A promising countermeasure for postflight orthostatic intolerance is
fluid loading by giving crew salt tablets and water prior to re-entry. The primary goal of the current study was to determine the optimal time window prior to re-entry when individual crewpersons would initiate fluid loading.METHODS: There were 16 subjects who were given two 6-h
exposures, with and without fluid loading (conditions), to head-down tilt (HDT) to simulate the effects of microgravity. Pre- and post-HDT stand tests of orthostatic tolerance were given. Physiological measurements recorded included heart rate, blood pressure, peripheral blood volume, total
peripheral resistance, and impedance cardiography. Echocardiography measures of stroke volume and cardiac output were also recorded.RESULTS: Data were analyzed with three-way repeated measures ANOVA (gender × condition × time). Only the condition × time interaction
was significant for mean arterial pressure. Post hoc multiple comparison tests revealed significant increases in mean arterial pressure occurred between hours 1 and 3 of HDT after fluid loading (10 mmHg higher than no fluid).DISCUSSION: These findings indicate that the optimal time
for crew to begin fluid loading is within 1 to 3 h prior to re-entry. Nonsignificant trends of multiple cardiovascular responses showed similar time profiles. The large amount of individual variability suggests that fluid loading alone may be an inadequate countermeasure for all crewmembers.
Further research is needed on possible adjunct methods of tailoring countermeasures for individuals.Cowings P, Toscano W, Kanis D, Saicheur T, Ravikumar A, Gebreyesus F. Fluid loading effects on temporal profiles of cardiovascular responses to head-down tilt. Aerosp Med Hum Perform.
2015; 86(2):88–96.
Breath-Hold Times in Air Compared to Breath-Hold Times During Cold Water Immersions
Authors: Taber Michael J. , MacKinnon Scott N. , Power Jonathan , Walker Robert
Published: December 2015

INTRODUCTION: Given the effects of cold water immersion on breath-hold (BH) capabilities, a practical training exercise was developed for military/paramilitary personnel completing a helicopter underwater egress training (HUET) program. The exercise was designed to provide firsthand
experience of the effects of cold water exposure on BH time.METHODS: After completing the required HUET, 47 subjects completed two BH testing sessions as well as a short questionnaire. The first BH was completed while standing on the pool deck. The second BH was completed while
fully immersed (face down) in 2-3°C water. There were 40 of the volunteers who also breathed from an emergency breathing system (EBS) while in the cold water.RESULTS: Results demonstrated that BH capabilities in cold water were significantly lower than those in ambient air.
A significant correlation was also found between BH in air and the difference in cold water vs. air BH capabilities, which suggests that subjects who can hold their breath the longest in air experienced the greatest decrease in BH when immersed. Results indicate that 92% of the subjects reported
that the practical cold water immersion exercise had a high value. Finally, 58% of those who used the EBS reported that it was harder to breathe in cold water than while in the training pool (approximately 22°C).DISCUSSION: The BH times for this group were similar to those reported
in previous cold water immersion studies. Based on the questionnaire results, it is possible, when carefully applied, to include a practical cold water immersion exercise into existing HUET programs.Taber MJ, MacKinnon SN, Power J, Walker R. Breath-hold times in air compared to breath-hold
times during cold water immersions. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(2):82–87.
Portable Radiography: A Reality and Necessity for ISS and Explorer-Class Missions
Authors: Lerner David J. , Parmet Allen J.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: On ISS missions and explorer class missions, unexpected medical and surgical emergencies could be disastrous. Lack of ability to rapidly assess and make critical decisions affects mission capability. Current imaging modalities on ISS consist only of ultrasound. There
are many acute diagnoses which ultrasound alone cannot diagnose. Portable X-Ray imaging (radiography) technology has advanced far enough to where it is now small enough, cheap enough, and accurate enough to give diagnostic quality images sent wirelessly to the onboard computer and on Earth
for interpretation while fitting in something the size of a briefcase. Although further research is warranted, Portable Radiography is an important addition to have on ISS and future Explorer Class Missions while maintaining a very small footprint.Lerner DJ, Parmet AJ. Portable radiography:
a reality and necessity for ISS and explorer-class missions. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(2):140–142.
A Novel Rescue-Tube Device for In-Water Resuscitation
Authors: Lungwitz Yannick P. , Nussbaum Benedikt L. , Paulat Klaus , Muth Claus-Martin , Kranke Peter , Winkler Bernd E.
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND: In-water resuscitation (IWR) is recommended in the 2010 guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council. As IWR represents a physical challenge to the rescuer, a novel Rescue Tube device with an integrated “Oxylator” resuscitator might facilitate IWR.
The aim of the present study was the assessment of IWR using the novel Rescue Tube device.METHODS: Tidal and minute volumes were recorded using a modified Laerdal Resusci Anne mannequin. Furthermore, rescue time, water aspiration, submersions, and physical exertion were assessed.
In this randomized cross-over trial, 17 lifeguards performed four rescue maneuvers over a 100-m distance in open water in random order: no ventilation (NV), mouth-to-mouth ventilation (MMV), Oxylator-aided mask ventilation (OMV), and Oxylator-aided laryngeal tube ventilation (OLTV).RESULTS:
OLTV resulted in effective ventilation over the entire rescue distance with the highest mean minute volumes (NV 0, MMV 2.9, OMV 4.1, OLTV 7.6 L · min−1). NV was the fastest rescue maneuver while IWR prolonged the rescue maneuver independently of the method of ventilation
(mean total rescue time: NV 217, MMV 280, OMV 292, OLTV 290 s). Aspiration of substantial amounts of water occurred only during MMV (mean NV 20, MMV 215, OMV 15, OLTV 6 ml). NV and OLTV were rated as moderately challenging by the lifeguards, whereas MMV and OMV were rated as substantially
demanding on a 0-10 visual analog scale (NV 5.3, MMV 7.8, OMV 7.6, OLTV 5.9).DISCUSSION: The device might facilitate IWR by providing effective ventilation with minimal aspiration and by reducing physical effort. Another advantage is the possibility of delivering 100% oxygen.Lungwitz
YP, Nussbaum BL, Paulat K, Muth C-M, Kranke P, Winkler BE. A novel rescue-tube device for in-water resuscitation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(4):379–385.
Altitude and Seasonality Impact on Sleep in Antarctica
Authors: Collet Gregory , Mairesse Olivier , Cortoos Aisha , Tellez Helio Fernandez , Neyt Xavier , Peigneux Philippe , Macdonald-Nethercott Eoin , Ducrot Yves-Marie , Pattyn Nathalie
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the effects of seasonality and altitude on sleep in extreme Antarctic conditions.METHODS: During summer and winter periods, 24 h of actimetric recordings were obtained at two different research stations, Dumont d’Urville (sea
level altitude) and Concordia (corrected altitude 12,467 ft or 3800 m).RESULTS: During daytime, there were no altitude- or season-related differences in time spent at work, energy expenditure, or number of walking steps. During the nighttime however, total sleep time was longer
(m = 427.4; SD = 42.4), sleep efficiency higher (m = 90; SD = 4.8), and wake after sleep onset shorter (m = 42.2; SD = 28.7) at sea level. Additionally, sleep fragmentation episodes and energy expenditure were higher during summer than winter periods.DISCUSSION: Our results show
that dramatic variations in light exposure are not the only main factor affecting sleep quality in Antarctica, as altitude also markedly impacted sleep in these conditions. The effect of altitude-induced hypoxia should be taken into account in future investigations of sleep in extreme environments.Collet
G, Mairesse O, Cortoos A, Tellez HF, Neyt X, Peigneux P, Macdonald-Nethercott E, Ducrot Y-M, Pattyn N. Altitude and seasonality impact on sleep in Antarctica. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(4):392–396.
Finding the Balance: Fertility Control for the Management of Fragmented Populations of a Threatened Rock-Wallaby Species
Authors: Willers Nicole , Martin Graeme , Matson Phill , Mawson Peter , Morris Keith , Bencini Roberta
Published: December 2015

Populations of Australian marsupials can become overabundant, resulting in detrimental impacts on the environment. For example, the threatened black-flanked rock-wallaby ( Petrogale lateralis lateralis ) has previously been perceived as overabundant and thus ‘unwanted’ when they graze crops and cause habitat degradation. Hormonally-induced fertility control has been increasingly used to manage population size in other marsupials where alternative management options are not viable. We tested whether deslorelin, a superagonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), would suppress reproduction in free-living adult female rock-wallabies without adversely impacting body condition. We trapped, synchronised reproduction and allocated female rock-wallabies to a placebo implant (control, n = 22), one (n = 22) or two (n = 20) subcutaneous implants of deslorelin. Females were then recaptured over the following 36 months to monitor reproduction, including Luteinising Hormone levels, and body condition. Following treatment, diapaused blastocysts reactivated in five females and the resulting young were carried through to weaning. No wallabies treated with deslorelin, conceivede a new young for at least 27 months. We did not observe adverse effects on body condition on treated females. We conclude that deslorelin implants are effective for the medium-term suppression of reproduction in female black-flanked rock-wallabies and for managing overabundant populations of some marsupials.
Wind Power Grid Connected Capacity Prediction Using LSSVM Optimized by the Bat Algorithm
Authors: Wu Qunli , Peng Chenyang
Published: December 2015

Given the stochastic nature of wind, wind power grid-connected capacity prediction plays an essential role in coping with the challenge of balancing supply and demand. Accurate forecasting methods make enormous contribution to mapping wind power strategy, power dispatching and sustainable development of wind power industry. This study proposes a bat algorithm (BA)–least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) hybrid model to improve prediction performance. In order to select input of LSSVM effectively, Stationarity, Cointegration and Granger causality tests are conducted to examine the influence of installed capacity with different lags, and partial autocorrelation analysis is employed to investigate the inner relationship of grid-connected capacity. The parameters in LSSVM are optimized by BA to validate the learning ability and generalization of LSSVM. Multiple model sufficiency evaluation methods are utilized. The research results reveal that the accuracy improvement of the present approach can reach about 20% compared to other single or hybrid models.
Multi-Agent System-Based Microgrid Operation Strategy for Demand Response
Authors: Cha Hee-Jun , Won Dong-Jun , Kim Sang-Hyuk , Chung Il-Yop , Han Byung-Moon
Published: December 2015

The microgrid and demand response (DR) are important technologies for future power grids. Among the variety of microgrid operations, the multi-agent system (MAS) has attracted considerable attention. In a microgrid with MAS, the agents installed on the microgrid components operate optimally by communicating with each other. This paper proposes an operation algorithm for the individual agents of a test microgrid that consists of a battery energy storage system (BESS) and an intelligent load. A microgrid central controller to manage the microgrid can exchange information with each agent. The BESS agent performs scheduling for maximum benefit in response to the electricity price and BESS state of charge (SOC) through a fuzzy system. The intelligent load agent assumes that the industrial load performs scheduling for maximum benefit by calculating the hourly production cost. The agent operation algorithm includes a scheduling algorithm using day-ahead pricing in the DR program and a real-time operation algorithm for emergency situations using emergency demand response (EDR). The proposed algorithm and operation strategy were implemented both by a hardware-in-the-loop simulation test using OPAL-RT and an actual hardware test by connecting a new distribution simulator.
Efficient Parallelization of the Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming Algorithm Applied to Hydropower Scheduling
Authors: Helseth Arild , Braaten Hallvard
Published: December 2015

Stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP) has become a popular algorithm used in practical long-term scheduling of hydropower systems. The SDDP algorithm is computationally demanding, but can be designed to take advantage of parallel processing. This paper presents a novel parallel scheme for the SDDP algorithm, where the stage-wise synchronization point traditionally used in the backward iteration of the SDDP algorithm is partially relaxed. The proposed scheme was tested on a realistic model of a Norwegian water course, proving that the synchronization point relaxation significantly improves parallel efficiency.
Investigation of a Co-Axial Dual-Mechanical Ports Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Hua Wei , Zhou Ling
Published: December 2015

In this paper, a co-axial dual-mechanical ports flux-switching permanent magnet (CADMP-FSPM) machine for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is proposed and investigated, which is comprised of two conventional co-axial FSPM machines, namely one high-speed inner rotor machine and one low-speed outer rotor machine and a non-magnetic ring sandwiched in between. Firstly, the topology and operation principle of the CADMP-FSPM machine are introduced; secondly, the control system of the proposed electronically-controlled continuously-variable transmission (E-CVT) system is given; thirdly, the key design specifications of the CADMP-FSPM machine are determined based on a conventional dual-mechanical ports (DMP) machine with a wound inner rotor. Fourthly, the performances of the CADMP-FSPM machine and the normal DMP machine under the same overall volume are compared, and the results indicate that the CADMP-FSPM machine has advantages over the conventional DMP machine in the elimination of brushes and slip rings, improved thermal dissipation conditions for the inner rotor, direct-driven operation, more flexible modes, lower cogging torque and torque ripple, lower total harmonic distortion (THD) values of phase PM flux linkage and phase electro-motive force (EMF), higher torque output capability and is suitable for the E-CVT systems. Finally, the pros and cons of the CADMP-FSPM machine are highlighted. This paper lays a theoretical foundation for further research on CADMP-FSPM machines used for HEVs.
Effect of Guibi-Tang, a Traditional Herbal Formula, on Retinal Neovascularization in a Mouse Model of Proliferative Retinopathy
Authors: Lee Yun , Lee Yu-Ri , Kim Chan-Sik , Jo Kyuhyung , Sohn Eunjin , Kim Jin , Kim Junghyun
Published: December 2015

Ocular pathologic angiogenesis is an important causative risk factor of blindness in retinopathy of prematurity, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and neovascular macular degeneration. Guibi-tang (GBT) is a frequently used oriental herbal formula in East Asian countries, and is also called Qui-pi-tang in Chinese and Kihi-To in Japanese. In the present study, we investigated the preventive effect of GBT on retinal pathogenic neovascularization in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 75% hyperoxia for five days on postnatal day 7 (P7). The mice were then exposed to room air from P12 to P17 to induce ischemic proliferative retinopathy. GBT (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered daily for five days (from P12 to P16). On P17, Retinal neovascularization was measured on P17, and the expression levels of 55 angiogenesis-related factors were analyzed using protein arrays. GBT significantly decreased retinal pathogenic angiogenesis in OIR mice, and protein arrays revealed that GBT decreased PAI-1 protein expression levels. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that GBT reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) mRNA levels in OIR mice. GBT promotes potent inhibitory activity for retinal neovascularization by decreasing VEGF, FGF2, and PAI-1 levels.
Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hepatic Diseases: Therapeutic Possibilities of N-Acetylcysteine
Authors: De Andrade Kívia , Moura Fabiana , Dos Santos John , De Araújo Orlando , De Farias Santos Juliana , Goulart Marília
Published: December 2015

Liver disease is highly prevalent in the world. Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are the most important pathogenetic events in liver diseases, regardless the different etiology and natural course. N-acetyl-l-cysteine (the active form) (NAC) is being studied in diseases characterized by increased OS or decreased glutathione (GSH) level. NAC acts mainly on the supply of cysteine for GSH synthesis. The objective of this review is to examine experimental and clinical studies that evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles of NAC in attenuating markers of inflammation and OS in hepatic damage. The results related to the supplementation of NAC in any form of administration and type of study are satisfactory in 85.5% (n = 59) of the cases evaluated (n = 69, 100%). Within this percentage, the dosage of NAC utilized in studies in vivo varied from 0.204 up to 2 g/kg/day. A standard experimental design of protection and treatment as well as the choice of the route of administration, with a broader evaluation of OS and inflammation markers in the serum or other biological matrixes, in animal models, are necessary. Clinical studies are urgently required, to have a clear view, so that, the professionals can be sure about the effectiveness and safety of NAC prescription.