bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commonwealth Immunity as a Constitutional Implication
Authors: Penhallurick Catherine
Published: January 2018

The existence and potential scope of a Commonwealth constitutional immunity from State law has been a vexed issue ever since the High Court decided its first case on this question in 1904 There have been major shifts in the approach of the Court over the last century, and the doctrines expounded by the Court have been subjected to an unusually large volume of academic criticism. The operation of Section 64 of the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth), together with the presumption of crown immunity, have in many cases prevented the question of constitutional immunity from arising. There are, however, a range of situations in which the constitutional issue will still arise. More importantly, the Commonwealth immunity from State law remains a highly relevant topic because of the significance of the constitutional issues that it raises. The debate over the existence and scope of the immunity reflects a broader uncertainty as to the form of federalism created by the Australian Constitution.

In this article, I will argue that the Commonwealth immunity from State law must be recognised as a constitutional implication. Although there has been some acknowledgment that the immunity is an implication, there has been little consideration of the consequences that might follow from this.
A Turtle by Any Other Name: The Legal Basis of the Australian Constitution
Authors: Dillon Anthony
Published: January 2018

‘Lawyers are not disposed to look behind the immediate constitutional framework to the ultimate sources of legal authority’: Lord Lloyd, The Idea of Law (1987) 173.

In spite of Lord Lloyd's observation, the centenary of federation has given many Australian lawyers the impetus to do just that, to consider the ‘ultimate source’ of authority for the Australian Constitution. The general aim of this article is to assess the legal basis of the Australian Constitution and, more specifically, how ‘autochthony’ for the Constitution might be achieved. Part I notes that as a result of the Australia Acts, some members of the High Court have instigated a move away from the traditional basis of the Constitution, the United Kingdom Parliament, to a new basis in popular sovereignty. However, as it could be said that the Australia Acts only dealt unequivocally with ‘autonomy', and not ‘autochthony', this move is dubious. Whether Australia's evolutionary achievement of autonomy means that both the political and legal sources of Australian constitutional authority now lie in some concept of popular sovereignty, is a next step. Part I further argues against the necessity for the judiciary alone to take this next step. This Part concludes by suggesting that, if the traditional legal basis is to be judicially discarded, and a local legal source found, the federal compact is the most historically correct interpretation of federation.
The Military Call-Out Legislation - Some Legal and constitutional questions
Authors: Head Michael
Published: January 2018

Amid considerable public controversy, the Australian Labor Party combined with the Government of Prime Minister John Howard to pass military call-out legislation through both houses of the Commonwealth Parliament on 7 September 2000. Less than three months after it was first announced and introduced in the House of Representatives on 28 June, the Defence Legislation Amendment (Aid to Civilian Authorities) Act 2000 (Cth) came into force on 12 September, when it received royal assent by the Governor-General.

Under the amended Defence Act 1903 (Cth) (the Act), the Federal Government now has the power to call out the armed forces on domestic soil against perceived threats to ‘Commonwealth interests', with or without the agreement of a state government. Once deployed, military officers can order troops to open fire on civilians, as long as they determine that it is reasonably necessary to prevent death or serious injury. Soldiers will have greater powers than the police in some circumstances, including the right to shoot to kill someone escaping detention, search premises without warrants, detain people without formally arresting them, seal off areas and issue general orders to civilians.
The Separation of Powers and Legislative Interference with Judicial Functions in Pending Cases
Authors: Gerangelos Peter
Published: January 2018

This article shall examine a discrete, though somewhat overlooked, aspect of the relationship between the Commonwealth Parliament and the federal, or ‘Chapter III’, courts which emerges in the scenario where Parliament purports to amend the law that the courts are required to apply in pending cases. This is of particular significance where the Commonwealth is a party to the proceedings, given the obvious advantage to the Commonwealth, as litigant, provided by its power to legislate, and potentially to do so strategically to effect a desirable outcome. This raises the spectre of a significant separation of powers issue. This article will explore the extent to which this principle entrenched as law in the Australian Constitution has been able to limit Parliament's power to protect the independence of the federal courts to interpret and apply the law in an individual adjudication; that is, to protect their ‘decisional independence.’ Its success or otherwise is one measure of the extent to which the separation of powers, as a legal rule, is capable of protecting the independent adjudication of legal disputes by the courts from the vicissitudes of political power and influence.
Saving Australia from Sedition: Customs, the Attorney-General's Department and the Administration of Peacetime Political Censorship
Authors: Douglas Roger
Published: January 2018

For more than fifty years, Australian governments used a variety of legal powers to harass revolutionary organisations, and in particular the Communist Party of Australia (the CPA). After an historical review of these policies, this article examines Commonwealth's attempt between 1921–29 and 1932–37, to use its power under the Customs Act to prohibit the importation of seditious literature.

Between 1920 and 1950, the Commonwealth passed a number of Acts and made several Regulations to deal with the threats apparently posed by the CPA and other revolutionary bodies. Amendments to the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) in 1920 made the uttering and publication of seditious words a Commonwealth offence. (These activities were already offences under state law.) Proclamations under the Customs Act 1901 (Cth) had the effect of prohibiting the importation of revolutionary literature. In 1926 and 1932, the Crimes Act was further amended. Bodies that advocated violent revolution became unlawful associations, and criminal sanctions were attached to a variety of acts by and on behalf of unlawful associations.
Imagining a Federal Commonwealth: Australian Conceptions of Federalism, 1890–1901
Authors: Aroney Nicholas
Published: January 2018

At the National Australasian Convention held in Sydney in 1891, Andrew Inglis Clark observed:

the full ideal of Federal Government … in its highest and most elaborate development, is the most finished and the most artificial production of political ingenuity. It is hardly possible that federal government can attain its perfect form except in a highly refined age, and among a people whose political education has already stretched over many generations.

Inglis Clark was quoting Edward Augustus Freeman, Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford University, whose History of Federal Government in Greece and Italy, first published in 1863, was the ‘classic nineteenth century exposition’ of the city-state leagues of ancient Greece, and is still cited today by specialists in the field.

Freeman, who succeeded William Stubbs to the Regius Chair, profoundly shaped nineteenth century conceptions of federalism, although studies of Australian federalism have tended to neglect his influence. While Freeman's reputation suffered in later years, his earlier career was celebrated and revered.
Judicial Restraint and Activism in Administrative Law
Authors: McMillan John
Published: January 2018

The role of the judiciary in public law cases is a topic of debate in every age. The present age is no different. On topics as diverse as implied constitutional rights, native title, refugee determination and public sector tort liability, there has been a vigorous public debate between the critics and the defenders of judicial power. We live in an age, as the Tampa litigation reminds us, in which the national public policy agenda is increasingly structured by legal claims.

Many commentators would take the judicial role a step further by giving judges a more explicit role in applying human rights standards when evaluating the validity of executive (and, possibly, legislative) action. A constitutional or statutory Bill of Rights would be the most direct way of conferring that function on the judiciary. Less direct is the option, with steadily growing support, of judges taking account of international human rights instruments in discharging their adjudicative function. Whatever level of support those options attract, it seems probable that human rights principles will play an increasing role in judicial review of executive action. The principles are stamped already on many aspects of public law.
Effects of Disaster Management Programs on Individuals' Preparedness in Mount Merapi
Authors: Otani Kazuhiko , Legono Djoko , Darsono Suseno , Suharyanto Suharyanto
Published: January 2018

Disaster management to mitigate or avoid impacts of hazards by reducing vulnerability has been conducted in Mount Merapi since 1969. Vulnerability introduced since 1980s has two main characteristics, such as physical vulnerability (i.e., impacts of hazards) and social vulnerability (i.e., composite characteristics including social, economic and environmental factors). As regulations in Indonesia, i.e. Law of Republic Indonesia No. 24 Year 2007, emphasizes the community involvement in disaster management, individuals or groups of individuals have significant roles in reducing social vulnerability. To promote the community involvement effectively in disaster management, this research hypothesized nine relationships between disaster management programs to assess effects of disaster management programs on the community involvement, such as individuals’ preparedness. Since disaster management programs are not measurable quantitatively, variance-based partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied to test hypothesized causal relationships between the programs. As a result, all nine hypotheses were substantiated. The model revealed that individuals’ preparedness is significantly influenced by emergency logistics and financial aid through self-efficacy, and contingency plans affect reconstruction significantly and successively reconstruction affects rehabilitation.
Study on Strength and Stiffness of Meranti Wood Truss with Plywood Gusset Plate Connection and Lag Screw Fastener
Authors: Pratiwi Naomi , Tjondro Johannes Adhijoso
Published: January 2018

Wooden truss could be one of the options to be used as structural element both in building or bridge. Wooden truss overcomes the limitation of timber with great dimension with necessary strength. In this study, the wooden truss was designed with Meranti wood type with elasticity modulus of 10,520 MPa and specific gravity of 0.8. The timber used has cross-section size of 45 mm × 45 mm, with truss frame span of 2,445mm and height of 400 mm. The connection between the timbers was using 18 mm thick plywood with 6 mm lag screw fastener. The destructive testing that was conducted on 3 test samples showed a result that the strength of the truss was at an ultimate load of 31,042 N with a ductility ratio of 5.61. Numerical study of the truss’ stiffness with this connection model resulted in stiffness degree value of 0.94.
Strategic Sustainable Management for Water Transmission System: A SWOT-QSPM Analysis
Authors: Sumiarsih Ni Made , Legono Djoko , Kodoatie Robert J.
Published: January 2018

In general, the problem of a water resources infrastructure, especially the raw water transmission system, is that the actual discharge is not in accordance with design discharge because of water losses along the transmission system.To restore the capacity to the design discharge, a comprehensive strategy is required. Various strategy methods have been developed especially the strategy of managing a system. This paper discusses how to analyze the comprehensive strategy with system component approach for water transmission system. The research used Klambu-Kudu Water Transmission System in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia as a case study. Strategy analysis of Klambu-Kudu Water Transmission System utilized the modified Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT) with Likert scale and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) method. SWOT analysis is was carried out to obtain a comprehensive strategy on each component of the water transmission system (intake, mud pouch, siphon, gutter, bridge, culvert, regulator doors, suppletion, drain pipe, and / or excavation), while the QSPM method is required to analyze the strategic priorities of component of Klambu Kudu Water Transmission System. Key factors of water transmission system performance were obtained from the discussion of experts, the management of Klambu Kudu Water Transmission System and the community. The results are a priority of strategies which are dominated by the opportunity factors to solve the problem of weakness (operation and maintenance, sedimentation, damage) and threats (water theft, destruction of buildings, flood) as well as maximizing the strengths (condition of the component, function, accessibility).
The Impact of Practical Accounting Training on the Performance of the Accountants in the Jordanian Public Shareholding Companies as Perceived by the Financial Managers
Authors: Al Daas Dr. Abdullah Ahmed
Published: January 2018

This study aims to investigate the impact of the practical accounting training on the performance of accountants in Jordanian public shareholding companies as perceived by the financial managers. Such training has four fields: training programs design, selection of trainees, identification of training needs, and selection of trainers. To achieve this objective, researchers improved a questionnaire included the previous practical accounting training dimensions; the validity and reliability of questionnaire had been verified. A randomly sample composed of 240 financial managers has been tested. Using arithmetic mean, simple regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis; the study concluded the following findings: the practical accounting training fields are arranged in a descending order as follows: training programs design, selection of trainees, identification of training needs, and selection of trainers. In addition, there is a statistically significant impact of the previous practical accounting training fields, separately, on the performance of accountants in Jordanian public shareholding companies. As well, there is a statistically significant impact of the four dimensions of the practical accounting training, collectively, on the performance of accountants in Jordanian public shareholding companies. The degree of impact of training is mostly evident on the selection of trainers, and then on the selection of trainees.
A internet como espaço moral: uma análise dos "ensinamentos" do Deboísmo
Authors: Mazetti Henrique , Silva Ricardo Duarte Gomes da
Published: January 2018

Este trabalho toma como objeto de estudo o deboísmo, um “movimento” difundido nas redes sociais, que prega a “doutrina” do “ficar de boa” e dissemina seus ensinamentos por meio da linguagem típica da internet, usando memes e imagens humorísticas. Partindo da premissa de que a mídia possui um papel importante na articulação de dilemas éticos, o objetivo do trabalho é contribuir para a compreensão de algumas das características assumidas pelos preceitos morais que se desenvolvem e circulam na internet. Em termos teóricos, o artigo aborda a relação entre mídia e moralidade e as características da moralidade contemporânea. Em termos empíricos, a pesquisa envolve a análise da qualidade estética e da agência moral (Chouliaraki, 2008) dos mandamentos do deboísmo publicados na página de mesmo nome no Facebook (www.fb.com/deboismo).
Editorial: “Entangled Temporalities in the Global South”
Authors: Resende Fernando , Thies Sebastian
Published: January 2018

No abstract available.
The Language of Chinese Fiction of the Cultural Revolution: An Anti-dialectial Style
Authors: Yang Lan
Published: January 2018

This article deals with the language style of official Chinese fiction of the Cultural Revolution (CR). It compares CR novels with previous CR novels regarding their density and distribution of dialectal words and expressions. Statistical analysis is applied and the results are tabulated. It shows a trend of decreasing dialectal elements but of increasing literary words and expressions in the CR novels. The tendency towards unification and standardization in CR fiction language indicated the aeshetic value placed at the time on literature and language. Moreover, unlike the generalization by some post-CR scholars that the popularization of Modern Standard Chinese was impeded during the CR, this analysis indicates that if the popularization of Modern Standard Chinese is reflected in the frequency of dialectal expressions in CR novels, the campaign was not 'impeded' but promoted.
Civil-Military Relations in China: Party-Army or National Military?
Authors: Shambaugh David
Published: January 2018

This article examines the changing dynamics of relations between the Chinese

Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Liberation Army (PLA). It argues that

while the PLA remains politically loyal to the CCP, there is evidence of important

changes in the institutional relationship between the two institutions. The partyarmy

relationship is no longer as intertwined and symbiotic as it has historically

been; rather, this article argues that there is evidence of a 'bifurcation' between the

two. The catalysts for this change have been the professionalization and relative

depoliticization of the military, as well as the leadership transition in the CCP.

These changes raise important and central issues for the future of Chinese politics.*
The Party and Private Entrepreneurs in the PRC
Authors: Holbig Heike
Published: January 2018

In July 2001, Party Secretary Jiang Zemin announced that private entrepreneurs,

among other 'outstanding' representatives of the new social elites, were welcome

to join the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The move led to controversial

ideological debates as it was widely interpreted as a clear signal that the communist

party was finally turning capitalist. Things become less clear, however, when we

look not so much at ideologies but at the actual facts. Realizing how little we

know about the reality of relations between the CCP and private entrepreneurs,

the aim of the paper is two-fold: The first is to collect and critically assess the

information available on current developments of the 'private economy' (a vague

notion in itself), and on the proportion of entrepreneurs who are already CCP

members. Second, based on this analytical 'deconstruction' of statistical data and

categories, the article delineates motives and strategies that might lie behind the

new policy of formally admitting private entrepreneurs into the party. As will be

argued, one important reason could be that the CCP, by co-opting entrepreneurs,

attempts to (re-)gain access to the ever larger labour force employed in the growing

non-public sector of the economy and thus to strengthen its organizational

presence at the grassroots level. However, while we know something about the

CCP's policy, much more needs to be known about the political preferences,

attitudes and behaviour of private entrepreneurs. Therefore, instead of drawing

macropolitical conclusions, the paper ends with an outline of relevant microscopic

aspects of the relations between entrepreneurs and the CCP that deserve more indepth

analysis in the future.
Interest Representation and the Transformation of the Chinese Communist Party
Authors: Yongnian Zheng
Published: January 2018

At the 80th anniversary celebration of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on 1

July 2001, Jiang Zemin called on the party to admit into its ranks of 'outstanding

social elements' of private entrepreneurs, professionals, technical and managerial

personnel from non-state firms and MNCs. Party ideologues, however, have raised

a great hue and cry. In order to establish his political legacy, the CCP leadership

has intensified the campaign to educate its cadres and members. Reform and

development have bourgeoisified and benefited many party members and cadres.

Jiang's public support of the capitalists is not going against the tide but is a

recognition of reality instead. In fact, to continue to grow and expand, the party

must embrace the better educated and the most enterprising in society. The

capitalists within the party will certainly be catalysts to quicken the transformation

of the party. In its attempt to admit capitalists, has the CCP unknowingly let in

the Trojan horse? Jiang Zemin's original aim may have been to strengthen the

party-state by broadening its social base. And as the party metamorphoses, perhaps

into a kind of social democratic party, Jiang will be favourably judged for paving

the way for such a metamorphosis. Nevertheless, it is not an easy transition:

insurmountable difficulties lie ahead for the party leadership.
'A Generational Earthquake'?: An Analysis of the 2002 Presidential Election in South Korea
Authors: Saxer Carl J.
Published: January 2018

The 2002 presidential election in South Korea was seen by some commentators as

a 'generational earthquake'. It was argued that younger voters, defi ned as those

belonging to the 20–30 age groups, had become more mobilized and active than

in any previous election, and that consequently the persistent regionalism that

had characterized South Korean national elections for so long was fi nally at an

end. It was also claimed that the 2002 election marked a repositioning of ideology

and policy preferences at centre stage. The present article, however, argues that

while ideology and policy preferences did indeed assume greater importance,

and while generational issues also came to the fore, yet the predominant factor in

the 2002 election remained – as in previous presidential elections in South Korea

– a persistent, almost static, regional voting pattern.
From 'Politics in Command' to 'Economics in Command': A Discourse Analysis of China's Transformation
Authors: Xing Li
Published: January 2018

This article proposes a framework for understanding the way the Chinese Revolution emerged, developed and achieved power (1921-49), then further consolidated in the period of socialist 'uninterrupted revolution' (1949-77) and was finally abandoned by the post-Mao regime (1977 to the present). This analysis is based on a perspective of discourse theories framed in historically new forms of political, social and ideological relations. In other words, it attempts to conceptualize the transformation of China and the Chinese Communist Party by analysing the role of ideological discourses (arguments and interpretations) and the cognitive elements (beliefs, goals, desires, expertise, knowledge) as the driving-force behind societal transformations. The discourse theory applied here – logocentrism and econocentrism – also serves both as a political arena of struggle to confer legitimacy on a specific socio-political project and as a distinctive cog ni tive and evaluative framework for understanding societal transformations. The conceptualization of the paper is informed by the work

of David Apter and Tony Saich on discourse theory.
ASEAN's Regional Integration Challenge: The ASEAN Process
Authors: Teh Cheng Guan Benny
Published: January 2018

ASEAN's development, though gradual and slow, has consistently demonstrated an uphill shift from a focus on regional peace and stability to closer economic integration. Amid economic difficulties, ASEAN took on the task of setting goals for the region as clearly laid out by Vision 2020. The vision for the future goes beyond the two-page Bangkok Declaration set in 1967. The ultimate goal is to achieve an integrated ASEAN community with a common regional identity. Considering the downturns and problems that are affecting the organization, scholars have argued that successful integration is highly unlikely for ASEAN. The route is laden with obstacles that urgently need to be cleared. Based on this understanding, the paper first reviews the analysis of the determinants of the success and failure of regional integration. It then attempts to show that there lies a deeper root cause of concern, one that has been fundamentally imbedded and has come to dictate the working traditions of ASEAN. Proper reconfiguration and supplementation of the ASEAN process is a key necessity to reviving ASEAN's dynamism and competitiveness and as such should not be sidelined any longer.
Free Trade Agreements: WTO and ASEAN Implications
Authors: Tongzon Jose L.
Published: January 2018

The World Trade Organization (WTO) (formerly GATT) was established primarily to achieve free trade across the globe based on the principle of non-discrimination and the process of multilateral trade negotiations. The fact that most countries are members of WTO reflects the worldwide belief in the benefits of a global free trade. Despite its achievements since the first round of multilateral trade negotiations was held, the effectiveness of the process has been called into question. Most WTO members are now proposing new regional trading arrangements (RTAs), such as free trade agreements (FTAs). What implication does these RTAs have for the WTO and ASEAN countries? Should ASEAN countries give regionalism priority over the WTO-based multilateral approach? To answer this questions, this paper will first summarize the motivations behind the formation of RTAs before presenting the merits and demerits of RTAs as an approach to achieve universal free trade and maximize developing countries' welfare. It is argued that despite its inherent limitations it is important for ASEAN countries to remain primarily committed to the principles of WTO and the process of multilateral trade negotiations.
Corporate Social Responsibility in China: Current Issues and Their Relevance for Implementation of Law
Authors: Buhmann Karin
Published: January 2018

Following an introduction to the issue of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and recent developments that indicate a growing interest with CSR in China, this paper discusses some of the issues concerning law in China, in particular effectiveness of labour law and its implementation at local level. The indications are that CSR may have relevance as a modality for strengthening the implementation of law in China. Examples are given of how some CSR-conscious foreign companies that work in or supply from China handle social and environmental responsibility, and tentative perspectives of CSR in China are suggested, with regard to a possible impact on the implementation of law.
Det sunde væsen og de syge brugere
Authors: Timm Helle
Published: January 2018

The health service and sick users

This article advocates applied social research, in particular cultural sociological analyses of welfare state policies. An example of this is the author’s own research in the con-cept of user and the meaning of that concept in the public health sector. The concept of user in the health sector is socially constructed and makes sense at the politi-cal and administrative levels, but it has little relevance to everyday experience. The layperson’s view-point is deter-mined by his or her everyday circumstances, and thus influenced by subjective, experiential factors. The article concludes that despite the emphasis on a user-centered approach in the health sector, the layperson’s perspective is still stifled.
Henimod entreprenant miljøpraksis - en præliminær analyse af dansk miljøekspertise som socialt felt
Authors: Dezalay Yves , Madsen Mikael Rask
Published: January 2018

From militant to entrepreneu-rial environmental practice:

on the construction and trans-formation of a Danish field of environmental expertise

By tracing the trajectories of holders of environmental expertise, this article attempts to understand the social construction of environmental protection measures in Denmark. The focus is not on these measures, per se, but rather on them as the product of inter-professional battles in, out and around that state. With an analytical starting point in the reflexive sociology developed by Pierre Bourdieu, the social space in which these struggles are taking place is seen as an open fluid field constituted by a mixture of loosely connected symbolic practices occupying different (and changing) positions within the field of state power. The article argues that the environmental space was initially dominated by a group of older lawyers and social scientists and was reconstructed by the arrival of young engineers and biologists, who came from the radicalized parts of the university milieu and similar social networks. The environmental field has recently developed in several directions. The original experts are still involved in the mainstream technical way of dealing with the environment. At the same time they are links to a new generation of environmental experts engaged in market-oriented symbolic investments in eco-management and accountancy. The success of the environmental movement has caused both renewed interest and a diffusion of the groups of agents at the same time.
Hvad er mediesociologi?
Authors: Petersen Lars Kjerulf
Published: January 2018

What is media sociology?

The purpose of this article is to introduce some main themes in media sociology, in particular the question of the various media as particular technological milieu and media as the public. It is possible to analyze media as milieu, that is technologies that not only canalize information, but also, by the manner in which they function, form the social milieu that they are a part of. This is illustrated through analyses of television and computer/internet as media milieu. The question of the public-political as well as broader cultural public, every day life public, taste public-is also a central theme in the study of media. These publics come into being through the media. Hence one be interested in the contents of these publics, for instance the meanings, values, stories, information, rituals that are being communicated. One can also be interested in the process of construction of meanings, for instance the conditions for creation and maintenance of publics, the power relations involved in production and transmission of meaning and the reception of the meanings that are being communicated.
Indvandrere som selverhvervende - en sammenlignende analyse af udbredelsen af selverhverv hos danske pakistanere, tyrkere og eksjugoslavere
Authors: Hjarnø Jan
Published: January 2018

Immigrants as small businessmen: a comparative analysis of the extent of selfemployment among Danish Pakistanis, Turks and ex-Yugoslavs.

There has been an increase in the number of immigrants having their own businesses in Western Europe and North America. There are variations in the proportion of self-employed among the different ethnic groups, even with the same length of residence in the new country. It is assumed that these differences may be caused by differences in the social and cultural background of the immigrants.The lifestyle hypothesis of the Danish ethnologist Thomas Hoerup and Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus are employed in an analysis of self-employment among migrants from Pakistan, Turkey and former Yugoslavia to Denmark. These three groups arrived in Denmark about the same time in the late 1960s. Migrants from Pakistan and Turkey have been very active as entrepreneurs, while only a small number of the migrants from the ex- Yugoslavia have become self-employed. The majority of the members of the first two ethnic groups came from small rural communities of self-employed farmers, while the majority of the migrants from the former Yugoslavia were skilled and semiskilled industrial wage earners, who were brought up in families with a tradition of wage work. The analysis indicates that the lifestyle/habitus that the migrants bring with them from the country of origin plays an important role in determining whether or not they will consider self-employment or look for waged work.
Moderne refleksiv ledelse
Authors: Larsen Øjvind
Published: January 2018

Modern reflexive ledership

The communicative transformation of modernity has made it necessary to formulate a new understanding of leader-ship which is in contrast to the dominating management thinking. The global communication society opens up for a new form of leadership, which could be called reflexive leadership. The reflexive leadership is founded on a radical free communication, where there is no hinderance of the possibility to get information and where all participants have the possibility to have a reflexive relation to communication.

The concept of reflexive leadership is developed both from a sociological and a philosophical perspective. From the sociological perspective it is developed through a critique of Max Weber’s three ideal types of leadership, namely the traditional, the charismatic and the legal form of leadership. From the philosophical perspective the concept is developed through a critique of the concept of leader-ship by Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel and Habermas. It is shown that communication has to be in the centre of leadership in a communicative oriented modern society.

On this background it is shown that reflexive leadership has the advantage that it makes possible to reflect normative problems in modern society. Reflexive leadership can be seen as a further development of modern demo-cratic society towards an open society which is building on reflexive social relations in all the institutions of society.
Institutionalisering af medarbejdervalgte i danske virksomhedsbestyrelser og den sociale konstruktion af bestyrelsen som praktisk strategisk aktør
Authors: Christensen Søren , Westenholz Ann
Published: January 2018

Institutionalisation of employee representatives on boards of directors and the social construction of the board as a practical strategic actor

In this study we attempt to analyse how the implementation of employee representatives on Danish boards of directors transformed labour market relations, and how boards of directors developed integrative rather than aggregative decision making processes. The 1973 legislation granting employees of private Danish companies the right to elect members to the board of directors broke with a 75 year old tradition of labour-management rela-tions. The article analyses the role of the political parties (from a wide political spectrum) to the development of the law. Thereafter the article analyses its implemen-tation. The authors see this development as on of a struggle bet-ween two kinds of logic: aggregative as opposed to integrative logic, or consistency versus practicality. The credibility of these boards depends on the fact that they make decisions from the point of practical logic, but employ consistency logic when they explain these decisions to their voters.
Kriminalitet og kriminelle - brudstykker af en genealogi
Authors: Borch Christian
Published: January 2018

Christian Borch: Crime and criminals – fragments of a genealogy

Government rationalities as regards crime and criminals have changed during the past 30 years. This change is related to a transformation from a welfare state rationality to an advanced liberal mode of government. In order to understand the impact of this development, the article outlines a genealogy of thinking about crime and the practices of crime control. This historical analysis shows how thinking about crime has been centered around the distinction between the criminal act and the criminal individual, and identifies four significant breaks. The first is the identification of the criminal act by Beccaria in the 18th century. The second is the invention of the criminal individual by Lombroso in the late 19th century. Third is the modification of the Lombrosian project due to the development of welfare state institutions in the first 70 years of the 20th century, in which rehabilitation of the criminal offender is the center of attention. The fourth stage is the parallel development of advanced liberal practices of crime control and theories of crime prevention on the one hand and the reappearance of a Lombrosian-like risk perspective towards certain criminals on the other.
Mötet mellan klient och system - om forskning i socialt arbete
Authors: Järvinen Margaretha
Published: January 2018

Margaretha Järvinen: The meeting between clients and the system: on research in social work

This article is based on the inaugural lecture by the first professor of social work in Denmark. Although coming later than in many other countries, the professorship symbolizes the fact that the field of social work is about to develop into a scientific field of research. The article focuses on social work as a meeting between clients and social welfare institutions. Although it has become popular to describe citizens who come into contact with social welfare institutions as “comsumers” or “users”, this article argues for retention of the idea of client, since these are people with limited freedom of action. Social workers are described as representatives of the welfare state, not as representatives of, or advocates for clients, as they sometimes describe themselves. The article discusses three aspects of the meeting between the client and the system, and is inspired by the work of Pierre Bourdieu. The first is how the system creates the client. Social work is constructed as a field in which clients and their problems are constructed in accordance with the system and its doxa, rather than the other way around. The second aspect is the janus face of help. The article questions the idea that social workers “help” their clients. The traditional helping relation between social workers and their clients is described as a relationship of symbolic power that tends to underline rather than relieve the client’s ‘otherness’. Finally, the article discusses Bourdieu’s concept of practical reason. The field of social work represents rituals, routines and rationalities that may be difficult to put into a neat scientific formula. It argues though, that this concept should not be used (as some social workers have done) as a bulwark against scientific inquiries into the doxa and symbolic power mechanisms of the field.
Global tv-genre og komplekse nærhedsoplevelser
Authors: Bruun Hanne
Published: January 2018

Hanne Bruun: A global TV-genre and the complexity of proximity

Television is often considered an agent of cultural globalization, and the American television industry is often equated with globalization in part due to the ability of its genre’s to travel. Media reception studies show the viewers’ expectations of a genre are influenced by these television genres. But such studies also show that the cultural origin of television products plays an important role in viewers’ experiences. This article presents a study of young Danish women’s experience of viewing two daytime talk shows: the Ricki Lane Show and the Danish show Det Nye Synnøve (TV Danmark 1999). The article discusses two main findings. The first is that the daytime talk show is a transnational and, in some respects, a global television genre. It is part of a global television culture, which means that local or national productions must comply with viewers’ genre expectations in order to succeed. The Danish viewers of the American show found that it had important qualities. It broke the boundaries of sociability by offering an emotionally provocative yet attractive display of private emotions and behavior. At the same time it offered a melodramatic treatment of relevant basic human emotional and moral conflicts. In short the American show offers emotional proximity. The Danish show did not offer this kind of emotional proximity and the viewers rejected it. The second finding concerns the function of cultural origins, and that cultural origin seems crucial for the viewers of the American show. The American-ness of The Ricki Lake Show makes it ‘an emotion safe zone’, while the cultural basis of the Danish show represent a dilemma of social proximity for the viewers. The article discusses the sense of national mentality and national identity that the women display in their experience of the two TV programs. It concludes with a discussion of how a genre approach to studies of television as an agent of cultural globalization can be fruitful.
"The Leaking Pipeline" - øjebliksbilleder af kønnede in- og eksklusionsprocesser i Akademia
Authors: Henningsen Inge , Højgaard Lis
Published: January 2018

Inge Henningsen and Lis Højgaard: The Leaking Pipeline: Snapshots of gendered processes of in- and exclusions in the academic world.

Debates on the reasons for the well documented low participation of women in scientific research tend to follow two lines of argument: one that maintains that the low percentage of women in research is a result of few women in recruitment positions and that this will change as more women enter these positions, and one that maintains that a closer look at the statistics does not support this optimism because women’s percentage in recruitment positions is not increasing as the pool of potential female researchers increases, or to put it metaphorically, “the pipeline is leaking women all along” (Alper 1993). This article investigates the mechanisms perpetuating the low participation of women in academic sciences, inspired by Alper’s methaphor. It begins by describing the Danish educational system and structure of science education including gender ratios in the various disciplines. Second it identifies and describes a Danish verion of ‘the leaky pipeline’ from analyses of the ratios of women in science from high school through tenured positions. Finally it illustrates the cultural mechanisms at play in this process, based on the results of three studies. The first two analyze the educational cultures in physics and chemistry, and the third illustrates the gendering mechanisms at work in the institutional culture of medicine. The analysis shows that there is no single cause of the problem and no single point along the career path where women are excluded. Rather more women than men are excluded at all steps on the academic ladder. The problem is no longer manifest exclusion, but rather the working of subtle mechanisms, unintended consequences and the stubborn ingenuity of the symbolic order of gender. The ‘leaks’ are the result of the intersection and interaction of individually mediated negotiations of cultural prescriptions of gendered subjectivity and identities, organizational understandings and procedures embedded in specific university cultures, traditional of different science disciplines, and the systemic logic and political rationale of the education and research system.
Hvornår er man ung?
Authors: Gundelach Peter , Nørregård-Nielsen Esther
Published: January 2018

Peter Gundelach and Ester Nørregård-Nielsen: When is one young?

The article analyses the making of value boundaries between youth and adulthood based on data from the Danish part of the European Values Survey 1981-1999. Two

approaches are discussed - an age perspective and a generation perspective - and the article investigates variations in the values of the population inrelation to work and politics. Multivariate analyses show that the values of the 18-30 year old respondents vary according to the respondent’s gender and life situation. The age perspective demonstrates that there are only small value differences in the population as such and significant age-differences occur only on a few specific variables around the age of 50. The generation perspective on the other hand shows several differences among generations, but the significant value differences appear among the generations born around 1950. If being young is associated with an age span from 18 to 30 - as it is often seen in the literature - the analysis presented here questions the existence of specific sets of values for young persons. To the degree that age or generation is important to understand value differences it is our conclusion that is not important whether the respondent is younger or older than 30 years or belong to the youngest generations. In general in Denmark the main value differences instead appear between persons born before or after the 1950s. One explanation might be that people born after the 1950s are raised in a welfare system characterised by freedom, independence, and high levels of education and consumption These values were acquired when the respondents were young and are maintained as they grow older. In a value sense the respondents wish to stay young forever.
Autenticitet og kritisk sprogfællesskab hos Charles Taylor
Authors: Crone Manni
Published: January 2018

Manni Crone: Authenticity and critical linguistic community of Charles Taylor

Are we living in individualistic societies where authenticity and self-realization have become supreme values? Is it all we can dream about to realize ourselves? In this article I examine the modern roots of authenticity and argue with the Canadian communitarian Charles Taylor, that there exist ontological limits to individualism and the cult of the self. Against individualistic liberalists Taylor argues that the modern self unfolds in a preexisting moral community, but against the most conservative communitarians Taylor insists on authenticity and individualism as part of modern life. Modern authentic individuals do not just seek egocentric pleasure, but try to create a good life in dialogue with others. This dialogue unfolds in the ”moral space” of modernity, which is not a homogeneous ”community of values”, but rather an open space in which individualistic values enter into conflict with values such as human rights and respect for the other.
Er mere tid med familien løsningen? Hvad siger børn?
Authors: Christensen Pia H.
Published: January 2018

Pia Haudrup Christensen:

Children’s perception of time spent with the family

This paper examines time spent with the family from children’s point of view. Since the 1960s notions of “quality time“ versus “quantity time“ have been employed to capture the everyday reality of working parents and their children. Some researchers have argued that parents should spend “more time“ together with their children and less time working, while others have suggested that it is important to examine how parents and children spend their time together. These discussions of what is “good“ for today’s children tend to neglect children’s perspectives. This paper draws on extensive ethnographic studies among 10-11 year old children about their understandings and use of time in an urban and a rural area of the North of England and in a district of Copenhagen, Denmark. The paper argues that the quality/quantity conundrum needs to be replaced by fuller and more representative accounts that include dimensions of family time that matter for children. The paper examines the six qualities of time that children value: “ordinary everyday family routines“, the notion of “hygge“ or coziness in Danish, “someone being there for you“, to “have one’s own time“, time for “peace and quiet“, and to be able “to plan own time“. It argues that children’s view of time spent with their families cannot be seen in isolation from the time they spend with friends, time at school and on their own. It concludes that children’s time needs to be situated in the everyday processes of balancing family, school and work life which both children and parents engage in.