bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O mercado de trabalho dos egressos de cursos superiores em turismo
Authors: Silveira Carlos Eduardo , Medaglia Juliana , Massukado-Nakatani Marcia Shizue
Published: May 2020

Ainda que haja muito debate acerca da formação em turismo, incluindo grupos de trabalho em muitos eventos, há, do outro lado, pouca informação acerca da empregabilidade dos egressos desses cursos. Houve ao longo do tempo um distanciamento notório entre os interesses dos formadores e dos contratantes, sendo os primeiros mais voltados à construção acadêmica e humanística dos graduandos e os últimos com foco em profissionais com habilidades adquiridas de forma adequada durante seu período de formação. A partir da comparação entre os dados da atuação profissional dos egressos de cursos superiores em turismo 2012 e 2018, o presente artigo discute o mercado de trabalho de egressos de cursos superiores no Brasil, no que diz respeito às principais atividades, setores de atuação e remuneração. Baseia-se em dados primários e secundários, com caráter descritivo e enfoque qualitativo na interpretação dos dados. Entre os principais resultados destacam-se que o mercado de trabalho em turismo não é tão diversificado quanto se pensa e se ensina nos cursos de turismo já que se percebe concentração de turismólogos em uma única ou poucas áreas de atuação; uma percepção da melhora discreta na remuneração e aumento da participação de docentes no mercado e o aumento de respondentes ligados ao setor público.
Modelo para Aferir a Hospitalidade a Bordo das Aeronaves do Transporte Aéreo Doméstico Brasileiro
Authors: Kaperaviczus Alexandre Faro , Cavenaghi Airton José , De Oliveira Paulo Sérgio Gonçalves
Published: May 2020

Propósito justificado do tema: O conhecimento da forma como os passageiros enxergam a hospitalidade a bordo das aeronaves brasileiras permite identificar os fatores tangíveis e intangíveis valorizados pelos passageiros e que podem fazer diferença no momento da escolha da empresa aérea. Objetivo: Dentro do universo da hospitalidade na aviação, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a hospitalidade no transporte aéreo doméstico brasileiro a partir da visão dos passageiros. Metodologia e abordagem: O estudo é de natureza mista compreendendo fase qualitativa com revisão bibliográfica e quantitativa com o desenvolvimento de instrumento de coleta de dados e a análise de 1.163 questionários, tendo se utilizado como ferramenta de análise o software SPSS. Resultados: Os resultados alcançados permitem concluir que, na visão dos passageiros, a hospitalidade é percebida a bordo das aeronaves do transporte aéreo doméstico brasileiro, abrangendo um conjunto de 19 itens que podem ser explicados usando-se 5 fatores que foram denominados “atrativos”, “atendimento”, “bem-estar”, “low-cost” e “higiene”. Originalidade do documento: Este trabalho é original, pois tem por objetivo apresentar modelo inédito para se aferir a hospitalidade a bordo das aeronaves brasileiras.
Gene Identification for Bacteriocin Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Selected Fermented Foods
Authors: Abdulkarim I. H. , Mohammed S. S. D. , Orukotan A. A.
Published: May 2020

Bacteriocin genes are biosynthetic genes which encodes proteins involved in bacteriocin regulation, self-immunity, transport and modification. This research was aimed at identifying the gene for the synthesis of bacteriocin. Four strains of lactic acid bacteria previously isolated from fermented foods (Nono (N2), Ogi (O3), Dawadawa (D1 and D3) and Wara (W3) were identified using molecular technique and used to produce bacteriocin. The bacteriocin activity was assayed against some test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) using agar well diffusion method and the bacteriocin genes were identified using BAGEL3. The LAB identified were Lactobacillus fermentum O3, Leuconostoc mesenteroides N2, Weissella cibaria D1 and 2 strains of Lactobacillus plantarum D3 and W3. The entire identified LAB was able to produce bacteriocin. The antimicrobial activity showed varied inhibitory effects of the bacteriocins on the test bacteria. Bacteriocin from isolate O3 showed the highest inhibition zone 16mm on S. aureus. The identified gene for these bacteriocins were plnJK gene for Lactobacillus plantarum str WCFS1 and strain LZ95 (W3 and D3), entA gene for Lactobacillus fermentum str 3872 (O3) and ppnC7 gene for Leuconostoc mesenteroides str SRA3 (N2) with the interaction of other peptides were responsible for bacteriocin production.
The Effect of Curcumin on the Invasion and Migration of Glioma Cells
Authors: Zraikat Manar , Gharaibeh Munir , Alshelleh Tasneem
Published: May 2020

Aim: This study investigated the effect of curcumin, from Curcuma longa, on the invasion of U87 glioma cell line spheres in 3D collagen model. Furthermore, this study investigated the anti-migration effects of curcumin on the migration of the same cell line in scratch assay.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan, between March 2019 and May 2019.

Methods: 3D invasion assay and 2D migration assays were used to fulfill these aims in addition to the Image J program that was used to analyze the area of invasion and the area of migration over the days of applying the assays.

Results: The results showed an inhibitory effect of curcumin in all samples tested on both the invasion and migration of U87 cell line.

Conclusion: This work adds more proofs on the importance of curcumin as anti-invasive and anti-migration agent and opens the door for more investigative studies.
Knowledge of Sickle Cell Disease among University Students in Port Harcourt
Authors: Abiye Tamuno-Opubo , Oluchi Stanley Rosemary , Ibekwe Ezeugwu Sampson , Tamuno-Opubo Chimenem Simple
Published: May 2020

Background: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a hereditary haemoglobinopathy that has been related with significant mortality in Nigeria. Knowledge on cause, prevention and risk factors are important for adequate control of the occurrence of SCD.

Methods: A cross sectional study on the awareness of SCD was carried out among undergraduate students in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was interviewer-administered to 146 students.

Results: The study showed that 97.9% claim to have heard about sickle cell, while 68.5% indicated that the source of information on sickle cell was in school. One hundred and twenty-seven (87%) indicated that SCD describes abnormal blood cells. In 68.5% the source of information on SCD was in school. Only 42% had a good awareness on SCD. Students of male gender, of less than 20 years, with less average family income were more likely to have poor awareness of SCD.

Conclusion: The study shows the need for improved awareness on SCD and increased awareness campaigns on every available media platform.
Optimization of the Operational Conditions for Low-Head Pelton Wheel Turbine Developed for Power Generation
Authors: Oyebode O. O.
Published: May 2020

In a bid to optimize the performance of a Pelton Wheel Turbine developed the performance evaluation of the turbine at various conditions was carried out using a portion of the overflow from the University of Ilorin (UNILORIN) dam. The collected overflow has a net head of 4 m, flow rate of 0.017m3/sec. and theoretical hydropower energy of 668W. The turbine was tested and the optimized value of operating conditions namely; angle of inclination (15o above tangent, tangential and 15o below tangent), height to impact point (200 mm, 250 mm and 300 mm) and length to impact point (50 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm) were pre-set at their various levels. The measured outputs were Turbine Speed, Turbine Torque, Alternator Speed as well as the output voltage. The optimum values of the process output or measured parameters were determined statistically using a 33X2 factorial experiment in three replicates. The optimum Turbine speed (538.38 rpm) in off load condition was achieved at 250 mm height to impact point, 150 mm length to impact point and angle at tangential inclination. Similar combination also yielded an optimum turbine torque of 46.16 kNm. The optimum Turbine speed (392.02 rpm) in on-load condition was achieved at 250 mm height to impact point, 150 mm length to impact point and angle at tangential inclination. Similar combination also yielded an optimum Turbine Torque of 36.46kNm, optimum Alternator speed of 1768.56 rpm and an optimum output voltage of 7.87V. The results therefore show that the turbine must be set at 250 mm height to impact point, 150 mm length to impact point and the water jet at a tangential flow for it to perform optimally.
APA and ACOG: Screen pregnant women for substance use
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2020

In “Substance Use Disorders in Perinatal Women,” Kimberly Yonkers, M.D., gives a sobering presentation on the consequences of substance use in pregnant women, on the women themselves, their pregnancies and their offspring, in the perinatal period. Yonkers' presentation took place April 25 as part of the American Psychiatric Association's (APA's) virtual online annual meeting; the meeting itself, scheduled to be in Philadelphia, was canceled due to COVID‐19. Yonkers' presentation touched on social justice as well as medical issues.
Visible‐Light‐Promoted Regio‐ and Stereoselective Oxyalkenyl‐ation of Phosphinyl Allenes
Authors: Sun Xue , Liu Teng , Yang Yan‐Tong , Gu Yue‐Jie , Liu Yu‐Wei , Ji Yi‐Gang , Luo Kai , Zhu Jie , Wu Lei
Published: May 2020

A highly regio‐ and stereoselective oxyalkenylation of phosphinyl allenes is revealed for the first time. This protocol, merging visible light photoredox and palladium catalysis, provides a direct approach to conjugated tertiary allylic alcohol derivatives with broad functional group tolerance in moderate to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies suggest that, although two possible pathways exist in the transformation, radical oxyalkenylation promoted by visible light photoredox takes over the major pathway.

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A segmental defect adaptation of the mouse closed femur fracture model for the analysis of severely impaired bone healing
Authors: Kaur Amandeep , Mohan Subburaman , Rundle Charles H.
Published: May 2020

Objective

To better characterize nonunion endochondral bone healing and evaluate novel therapeutic approaches for critical size defect healing in clinically challenging bone repair, a segmental defect model of bone injury was adapted from the three‐point bending closed fracture technique in the murine femur.

Methods

The mouse femur was surgically stabilized with an intramedullary threaded rod with plastic spacers and the defect adjusted to different sizes. Healing of the different defects was analyzed by radiology and histology to 8 weeks postsurgery. To determine whether this model was effective for evaluating the benefits of molecular therapy, BMP‐2 was applied to the defect and healing then examined.

Results

Intramedullary spacers were effective in maintaining the defect. Callus bone formation was initiated but was arrested at defect sizes of 2.5 mm and above, with no more progress in callus bone development evident to 8 weeks healing. Cartilage development in a critical size defect attenuated very early in healing without bone development, in contrast to the closed femur fracture healing, where callus cartilage was replaced by bone. BMP‐2 therapy promoted osteogenesis of the resident cells of the defect, but there was no further callus development to indicate that healing to pre‐surgery bone structure was successful.

Conclusions

This segmental defect adaptation of the closed femur fracture model of murine bone repair severely impairs callus development and bone healing, reflecting a challenging bone injury. It is adjustable and can be compared to the closed fracture model to ascertain healing deficiencies and the efficacy of therapeutic approaches.
Electric‐Field Assisted In Situ Hydrolysis of Bulk Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) into Ultrathin Metal Oxyhydroxide Nanosheets for Efficient Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Tian Jiayue , Jiang Feilong , Yuan Daqiang , Zhang Linjie , Chen Qihui , Hong Maochun
Published: May 2020

Facile preparation of low‐cost electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a big challenge. Herein, a novel strategy for ultrafast (20 s) transformation of bulk metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) into ultrathin metal oxyhydroxide nanosheets for efficient OER has been developed. For two isomeric MOFs (FJI‐H25Fe and FJI‐H25FeCo), only the metastable FJI‐H25FeCo bulk can immediately transform into FeCo‐oxyhydroxides nanosheets through electric‐field assisted hydrolysis. The potential evolution process from MOF bulk to FeCo‐oxyhydroxides nanosheets has been investigated in detail. The as‐made nanosheets exhibit excellent OER performances, showing an extremely low overpotential of 231 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2, a relatively small Tafel slope of 42 mV dec−1, and long‐term durability of at least 30 h. This work not only provides a novel strategy for facile preparation of low‐cost and efficient OER electrocatalysts, but also represents a new way for preparation of metal oxyhydroxides nanosheets with good crystallinity and morphology, and a fresh method for mild synthesis of nanosized derivatives from MOF materials.
High‐Performance Bismuth‐Doped Nickel Aerogel Electrocatalyst for the Methanol Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Dubale Amare Aregahegn , Zheng Yuanyuan , Wang Honglei , Hübner René , Li Yi , Yang Jing , Zhang Jiangwei , Sethi Navpreet Kaur , He Lanqi , Zheng Zhikun , Liu Wei
Published: May 2020

Low‐cost, non‐noble‐metal electrocatalysts are required for direct methanol fuel cells, but their development has been hindered by limited activity, high onset potential, low conductivity, and poor durability. A surface electronic structure tuning strategy is presented, which involves doping of a foreign oxophilic post‐transition metal onto transition metal aerogels to achieve a non‐noble‐metal aerogel Ni97Bi3 with unprecedented electrocatalytic activity and durability in methanol oxidation. Trace amounts of Bi are atomically dispersed on the surface of the Ni97Bi3 aerogel, which leads to an optimum shift of the d‐band center of Ni, large compressive strain of Bi, and greatly increased conductivity of the aerogel. The electrocatalyst is endowed with abundant active sites, efficient electron and mass transfer, resistance to CO poisoning, and outstanding performance in methanol oxidation. This work sheds light on the design of high‐performance non‐noble‐metal electrocatalysts.
Structures and mechanical properties of electrospun cellulose nanofibers/poly(ε‐caprolactone) composites
Authors: Taniguchi Hotaka , Kurokawa Naruki , Inukai Shunya , Hotta Atsushi
Published: May 2020

Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) is one of the ecofriendly biodegradable polymers with excellent moldability but with rather low mechanical properties especially for the industrial and biomedical use. In this research, to overcome the problem, the two types of cellulose nanofibers, the cellulose acetate nanofibers (CA‐NF) and the cellulose nanofibers (C‐NF), were composited into PCL for the enhancement of the mechanical properties of PCL. CA‐NF were prepared by electrospinning and converted into C‐NF afterward by deacetylation. It was found that the Young's modulus of the CA‐NF/PCL composite at the fiber concentration of 35 wt% significantly increased by ~3 times as compared with that of neat PCL, whereas C‐NF/PCL of the same fiber concentration also increased by ~4.5 times. It was also found that the Young's moduli of CA‐NF/PCL nearly reached the theoretical values calculated by the equation suggested by Tsai, but that the Young's moduli of C‐NF/PCL could not reach the theoretical values. It indicates that CA‐NF possessed better compatibility with PCL than C‐NF, agreeing well with the fracture‐surface analyses of the two composites by the scanning electron microscopy.
Thiol functionalized polymer submicron particles prepared by soap‐free emulsion polymerization and their adsorption of lead ions in water
Authors: Li Lingxiao , Han Lu , Liu Xueyan , Xu Jianhong , Kan Chengyou
Published: May 2020

Oxidization, thiol‐ene click addition, and inhibition of thiols make it hard to prepare thiol‐containing particles from free radical polymerization. Using methyl methacrylate (MMA) and a newly synthesized polymerizable 2‐(((2‐[pyridin‐2‐yldisulfanyl]ethoxy)carbonyl)amino) ethyl acrylate (PDSECAE) as monomers, the P(MMA‐co‐PDSECAE) submicron particles (SPs) were first prepared by soap‐free emulsion polymerization, in which the thiol was protected in the form of pyridyl disulfide group from side reactions. The thiol functionalized P(MMA‐co‐PDSECAE)‐SH SPs were obtained by post‐treating the SPs with dithiothreitol (DTT), and then used to adsorb Pb2+ in water. Results showed that in the preparation of these SPs, the initiator type, the initial pH and the PDSECAE dosage played an important role in the stability of polymerization and the resulted emulsions, and the colloid properties as well as the content of thiol groups of the P(MMA‐co‐PDSECAE)‐SH SPs. The P(MMA‐co‐PDSECAE)‐SH SPs had nearly 10 times greater Pb2+ adsorption capacity than the corresponding PMMA SPs or P(MMA‐co‐PDSECAE) SPs under optimized experimental conditions, and the adsorption capacity of Pb2+ increased with PDSECAE dosage and the DTT reduction time. Due to the relatively large specific surface area and easy preparation process, the P(MMA‐co‐PDSECAE)‐SH SPs have potential application value in the adsorption of heavy metal ions.
Investigation on two modification strategies for the reinforcement of biodegradable lignin/poly(lactic acid) blends
Authors: Ge Xin , Chang Mingming , Jiang Wei , Zhang Bangwen , Xing Ruiguang , Bulin Chaoke
Published: May 2020

In this work, biodegradable lignin/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends were prepared with melting compounding method. Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and maleic anhydride (MA)/biphenyl peroxide (BPO) were used for the modification of the polymer blends, respectively. Structure of the polymer blends was characterized with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of the samples were determined with universal test machine and dynamic mechanical analysis. Thermal behaviors and thermal stability of the blends were all characterized with a thermal gravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry simultaneous thermal analyzer. Lignin reinforced the mechanical strength of the blends while the thermal stability was not improved. At low content, DCP and MA/BPO apparently enhanced the mechanical strength of lignin/PLA blends. However, excessive DCP led to decreased tensile strength and elongation at break. Both DCP and MA/BPO resulted in lower glass transition temperature and melting temperature of PLA in the blends, while the thermal stability of the polymer blends was poorer after modification.
Episodic migraine and chest pain as the first manifestation of small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Torregrosa García Andrea , Medrano‐Martínez Vicente , Abuomar Adel , Francés‐Pont Irene , Hernández‐Rubio Lidia , Fernández‐Izquierdo Sebastian , Mallada‐Frechin Javier
Published: May 2020

Migraine‐like associated with chest pain is an alarming association and forces us to rule out the presence of a secondary cause. That must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of craniofacial hemicranial pain that appears in patients with no personal history of headache, and risk factors for the development of pulmonary neoplasia.
Graphene for regenerative engineering
Authors: Laurencin Cato T. , Daneshmandi Leila
Published: May 2020

Since its discovery in 2004, graphene and the graphene family of materials (GFMs) have continued to garner worldwide interest due to their exceptional properties. Having expanded into biomedical applications, there has been a growing number of recent publications related to graphene‐based biomaterials for tissue and organ regeneration. In this article, we provide a short perspective on the current state and recent trends of graphene research in regenerative engineering and provide future perspectives on the developments in this field.
Advances in Transition Metal Seleno‐ and Tellurocarbonyl Chemistry
Authors: Frogley Benjamin J. , Hill Anthony F. , Watson Lachlan J.
Published: May 2020

In contrast to the ubiquity of transition‐metal carbonyl, and (to a lesser extent) thiocarbonyl complexes, transition‐metal complexes of carbon monoselenide LnMCSe and monotelluride LnMCTe remain scarce. The last few years, however, have seen notable steps towards expanding this chemistry, specifically with regards to new systematic studies on homologous sets of chalcocarbonyl complexes LnMCE (E=O, S, Se, Te), the first reports of new bi‐ and polynuclear CSe and CTe bridging complexes and a confluence with metal carbido chemistry. Herein the properties, syntheses and reactions of these rare but fundamentally intriguing compounds are discussed.
Cyclodextrin‐Functionalised Nanomaterials for Enantiomeric Recognition
Authors: Hobbs Christopher , Řezanka Pavel , Řezanka Michal
Published: May 2020

Cyclodextrins, which are glucose‐based cyclic oligosaccharides, are materials that can act inherently as chiral selectors, with many reports of the application of cyclodextrins in enantioseparation. However, many studies have encountered the problem of insufficient enantioselective performance of the chiral selector. One of the main reasons is due to low surface concertation's, whereby interaction between the chiral selector and analyte usually occurs at a surface. Thus, scientists have been trying for the last two decades to overcome this problem, with the incorporation of nanomaterials being promising as they possess a large surface area which allows for the accommodation of a higher concentration of the chiral selectors. Herein, we outline nanomaterial‐cyclodextrin conjugates that work in tandem to achieve or enhance enantioselectivity through various methods such as chromatography, adsorption, and removal using magnetic nanoparticles, or enantiorecognition using electrochemical techniques.
Ragweed and sagebrush pollen can distinguish between vegetation types at broad spatial scales
Authors: Carroll Hannah M. , Wanamaker Alan D. , Clark Lynn G. , Wilsey Brian J.
Published: May 2020

Patterns of vegetation distribution at regional to subcontinental scales can inform understanding of climate. Delineating ecoregion boundaries over geologic time is complicated by the difficulty of distinguishing between prairie types at broad spatial scales using the pollen record. Pollen ratios are sometimes employed to distinguish between vegetation types, although their applicability is often limited to a geographic range. The Neotoma Paleoecology Database offers an unparalleled opportunity to synthesize a large number of pollen datasets. Ambrosia (ragweed) is a genus of mesic‐adapted species sensitive to summer moisture. Artemisia (sagebrush, wormwood, mugwort) is a genus of dry‐mesic‐adapted species resilient to drought. The log pollen ratio between these two common taxa was calculated across the North American midcontinent from surface pollen samples housed in the Neotoma Paleoecology Database. The relative proportion of Ambrosia has roughly doubled since European settlement, likely due to widespread disturbance, while Artemisia proportions are nearly unchanged. Correcting surface samples for the disturbance signal in modern Ambrosia proportions will allow Ambrosia, a strong indicator of summer moisture, to be more accurately represented. In surface samples where both Ambrosia and Artemisia are reported as nonzero proportions of the pollen sum, mean annual precipitation explains approximately 78% of the variation in the log Ambrosia‐to‐Artemisia ratio. Application of this model to Little Ice Age pollen samples produces precipitation reconstructions which generally agree with reconstructions from independent non‐pollen proxies. In addition, we find that modern ecoregions within the North American midcontinent can be successfully distinguished from one another using the log Ambrosia‐to‐Artemisia ratio. These relationships can improve reconstructions of past climate and improve delineation of past ecoregion boundaries.
Multi‐scale spatial dynamics of the Chesapeake Bay nettle, Chrysaora chesapeakei
Authors: Shahrestani Suzan , Bi Hongsheng , Liang Dong , Lankowicz Katelynn , Fan Chunlei
Published: May 2020

Untangling organisms' multi‐scale spatial distributions is challenging due to their interactions with environments at multiple spatial and temporal scales. We deployed an Adaptive Resolution Imaging Sonar (ARIS) in a Chesapeake Bay sub‐estuary to investigate multi‐scale spatial distributions of the bay nettle (Chrysaora chesapeakei) in May–September of 2016 and 2017. Nettles were found to be dispersed in aggregations of multiple individuals. The average density of bay nettles in 2017 was higher than in 2016. Small aggregations (<5 m) were persistent in both years but only contributed <10% of total observed nettles. Large patches (>30 m) contributed ~40% of the total observed nettles. Large patches were more common in creek habitat where nettle density was higher. Nettle density was found to hit a peak value once in 2016, while there were two density peaks in 2017. Different aggregation patterns were observed during the second peak period in 2017 in which the number of large patches increased dramatically. Within the surveyed waterscape, the spatial patterns were consistent over time with higher abundance in the source creek than in the river channel, which underscores that C. chesapeakei requires hard substrate in shallow creeks for its benthic polyp stage. Using the ratio between nettles in the creek and near creek mouth as a proxy for dispersal rate, more nettles were transported out of the creek in 2017 than in 2016. The increase in patch size and high dispersion rate in peak periods in 2017 suggests that individuals were moving out of the creek habitat as density increased. Results highlight the complex spatial structure of bay nettles, which has major impacts on density estimates and subsequently affects our understanding of jellyfish population dynamics and long‐term trends.
Synthesis of Cobalt‐Iron Chalcogenide Clusters as Precursors for Catalysts of Oxygen Electroreduction in Alkali Media
Authors: Shapovalov Sergey S. , Skabitsky Ivan V. , Mayorova Natalia A. , Shiryaev Andrey A. , Nickolsky Maximillian S. , Grinberg Vitali A.
Published: May 2020

New cobalt‐iron chalcogenide clusters C5HMe4Co(CO)E2Fe2(CO)6 (E = Se, Te) were prepared and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy; their structures were determined by single‐crystal XRD. Catalysts consisting of nanoparticles of bimetallic chalcogenides of cobalt and iron deposited on highly dispersed carbon black Vulcan XC‐72 were made from the synthesized clusters. Structural characteristics of these catalysts were assessed using X‐ray phase analysis (XRD), microprobe analysis (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was shown that on the obtained catalysts oxygen electroreduction reaction in alkaline medium proceeds according to a four‐electron mechanism, and the catalysts are tolerant to methanol presence.
Structure and Properties of Lantern‐Shaped Hexapalladium Complexes with Germylene and Thiolate Ligands [Pd6(µ‐GePh2)2(µ‐SC6H4‐p‐X)2(CN‐C6H3Me2‐2,6)8] (X = NO2, Cl, H, CH3)
Authors: Koizumi Take‐aki , Tsuchido Yoshitaka , Ide Tomohito , Osakada Kohtaro
Published: May 2020

Reaction of diaryl disulfides, ArSSAr (Ar = C6H4‐p‐Cl, Ph, C6H4‐p‐CH3) with a hexapalladium complex with bridging germylene ligands, [Pd6(µ‐GePh2)2(CN‐C6H3Me2‐2,6)8(µ‐CN‐C6H3Me2‐2,6)2] (1) afforded arylthiolate‐bridged complexes, [Pd6(µ‐GePh2)2(µ‐SAr)2(CN‐C6H3Me2‐2,6)8] (Ar = C6H4‐p‐Cl, Ph, C6H4‐p‐CH3) (3–5). The Pd(0)4Pd(I)2 complexes as well as analogous complex with 4‐nitrophenylthiolate ligands [Pd6(µ‐GePh2)2(µ‐SC6H4‐p‐NO2)2(CN‐C6H3Me2‐2,6)8] (2) have a hexagonal bipyramidal structure which contains two bridging thiolate ligands at basal coordination sites. Electrochemical measurement of 2–5 showed one reversible redox wave at E1/2 = –0.51 (2), –0.61 (3), –0.66 (4) and –0.70 (5) V (vs. Fc+/Fc) in the oxidation region, and irreversible reduction peak at Epc = –2.04 (2), –2.29 (3), and –2.38 (4) V (vs. Fc+/Fc) in the reduction region. Both oxidation and reduction potentials are correlated well with Hammett substitution constant σp of the aryl group of the thiolate ligands.
Phosphorus Silicon Compounds from the Reduction of MesP(H)SiCl2Ph/Carbene with and without Metal
Authors: Liu Yashuai , Keil Helena , Yang Zhi , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Roesky Herbert W. , Stalke Dietmar
Published: May 2020

MesP(H)SiCl2Ph (Mes = 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2) (7) with a reactive Si–Cl and P–H bond can easily be reduced by KC8 or alternatively by a carbene to give remarkable phosphorus silicon compounds. 7 is readily synthesized from the reaction of MesPH2 sequentially with nBuLi and PhSiCl3 in a 1:1:1 ratio. KC8 reduction of MesP(H)SiCl2Ph (7) in the presence of cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene (cAACMe) gives (MesPH)3SiPh (8) and cAAC‐stabilized Si2Ph2 (9). In addition, 9 might also be formed by the reduction of PhSiCl3 using KC8 in the presence of cAACMe. Treatment of MesP(H)SiCl2Ph (7) with IiPr2Me2 (IiPr2Me2 = 1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) in a molar ratio of 1:2 results in HCl elimination as IiPr2Me2·HCl. The second equivalent of IiPr2Me2 was used to yield well‐defined phosphasilene (10) containing a Ph(Cl)Si=PMes moiety. This unit will gain much application in ligand design because the chlorine atom can readily be replaced by other substituents.
Characterization of Trimethylolpropane‐Based Biolubricant
Authors: Nie Jieyu , Shim Youn Young , Shen Jianheng , Tse Timothy J. , Reaney Martin J. T.
Published: May 2020

The oxidative stability index (OSI) of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters or TMPE produced from five vegetable oils (Brassica rapa L., Linum usitatissimum L., Zea mays L., Brassica napus L., Camelina sativa L.) are compared. The highest stability is observed in vegetable oils while the processed products are less stable. The major causes in loss of OSI are attributed to excess FAME in the crude product and the loss of natural antioxidants due to refinement with silica and celite. The low‐temperature flow properties of TMPE produced from four different vegetable oils (B. juncea L., L. usitatissimum L., B. rapa L., and C. sativa L.) are investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR). The T2 relaxations of different TMPE are measured to observe how the mobility of oil changed as temperature decreased. Increased oil mobility (represented by T2) is correlated with rising temperature. The Gaussian widths of the singlet in 1H‐NMR spectra of each oil demonstrated increased molecular mobility as temperature increased. Extrapolation of the relation of T2 signals of these four oils indicates that T2 approached zero between 232 K and 239 K, suggesting the molecular motion leading to a T2 relaxation has largely ceased.

Practical Applications: The OSI is determined for four vegetable oils as well as the product FAME and TMPE. The vegetable oils are more stable than their products. The loss of natural antioxidants during purification of FAME and TMPE contributes to the lower OSI compared to vegetable oil. The low‐temperature flow behavior of TMP‐based biolubricants is determined between 238 K and 298 K using T2 relaxation. As temperature decreases, a singlet resonance in 1H‐NMR spectra attributed to TMP protons broadens until it disappears. The results suggest that the log of the spin‐spin relaxation time is linearly correlated with rising temperature and oil mobility.
Optimized Conditions for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenolysis of Benzyl and Naphthylmethyl Ethers: Preventing Saturation of Aromatic Protecting Groups
Authors: Crawford Conor , Oscarson Stefan
Published: May 2020

While carrying out palladium‐catalyzed hydrogenolysis to deprotect synthetic oligosaccharides, saturation of the benzyl and naphthylmethyl ether groups to their corresponding ether was observed. In order to suppress this unwanted hydrogenation, we report a scalable practical approach using a catalyst pre‐treatment strategy, which is effective under batch or continuous flow conditions. This suppressed the unwanted hydrogenation side‐products and created a selective catalyst for hydrogenolysis of benzyl and naphthylmethyl ethers. We demonstrate the efficient deprotection of a set of structurally diverse oligosaccharides (5 examples, > 73 %).
Assessment of genetic purity of bulked‐seed of rice CMS lines using capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Anupama Kornepati , Pranathi Karnati , Meenakshi Sundaram Raman
Published: May 2020

Genetically pure cytoplasmic male sterile line (A‐line) is essential to generate pure hybrid seeds in order to harness the yield heterosis in rice. Conventionally, seed purity testing is carried by grow‐out test, which has many limitations. Seed purity assessments based on molecular markers reduce the time required for analysis significantly. However, it is very tedious as at least 200–400 seeds/seedlings are needed to be analyzed individually. An assay based on bulked‐seed and molecular markers will be an ideal system. Keeping these points in view, in the present study, a co‐dominant mitochondrial marker was used to test the purity of bulked parental line (A‐line) seed utilizing CE system in a genetic analyzer. The results indicate that this method is very simple, accurate, and can be used to test purity of large number of samples rapidly in a cost‐effective way compared to grow‐out test and conventional molecular marker analysis.
High‐performance capillary electrophoresis to determine intact keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid in animal origin chondroitin sulfate samples and food supplements
Authors: Restaino Odile Francesca , De Rosa Mario , Schiraldi Chiara
Published: May 2020

Chondroitin sulfate is extracted from animal cartilaginous tissues and is commercialized as active principle against osteoarthritis. Its biological activity depends on its purity grade and could be altered by the presence of other glycosaminoglycans like keratan sulfate that could be contemporarily extracted from animal tissues or like hyaluronic acid that, instead, is added on purpose in food supplements. Although numerous methods are reported in literature for quality control analyses of chondroitin sulfate, few of them are able to detect other glycosaminoglycans. In this paper, for the first time, a new high‐performance CE method was set up to quantify the chondroitin sulfate, the eventual keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid as intact chains: five chondroitin sulfate standards and 13 animal origin samples or food supplements from six different suppliers were analyzed. The new method was able to determine keratan sulfate similarly to a previously reported high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography method, but in addition it showed the advantage to determine also the hyaluronic acid as never reported before.
Carbon‐Coated SnS Nanosheets Supported on Porous Microspheres as Negative Electrode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Gao Suning , Yang Liangtao , Liu Zaichun , Shao Jie , Qu Qunting , Hossain Masud , Wu Yuping , Adelhelm Philipp , Holze Rudolf
Published: May 2020

SnS has outstanding theoretical capacity and is a promising electrode material for sodium‐ion batteries. However, intrinsic low conductivity and huge volume changes upon sodium extraction/insertion limit its application. Herein, hierarchical hollow carbon spheres covered with S,N‐doped carbon‐coated SnS nanosheets synthesized by a multistep process are reported, including a hard sacrificial template, hydrothermal reaction, and annealing treatment. The prepared C@SnS@C samples are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The nanosized SnS provides capacity; S,N‐doped carbon coating protects the integrated structure. Consequently, due to the compositional and structural merits, the optimized electrode has a high specific capacity of around 420 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, high rate performance (200 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), and good cycling stability with 95% (i.e., 305 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) of the initial capacitance after 100 cycles. Kinetic analyses reveal that a substantial capacitive contribution results in better rate performance of the C@SnS@C electrode.
Indirect genetic effects allow escape from the inefficient equilibrium in a coordination game
Authors: Bernard Arthur , Bredeche Nicolas , André Jean-Baptiste
Published: May 2020

Social interactions involving coordination between individuals are subject to an “evolutionary trap.” Once a suboptimal strategy has evolved, mutants playing an alternative strategy are counterselected because they fail to coordinate with the majority. This creates a detrimental situation from which evolution cannot escape, preventing the evolution of efficient collective behaviors. Here, we study this problem using evolutionary robotics simulations. We first confirm the existence of an evolutionary trap in a simple setting. We then, however, reveal that evolution can solve this problem in a more realistic setting where individuals need to coordinate with one another. In this setting, simulated robots evolve an ability to adapt plastically their behavior to one another, as this improves the efficiency of their interaction. This ability has an unintended evolutionary consequence: a genetic mutation affecting one individual's behavior also indirectly alters their partner's behavior because the two individuals influence one another. As a consequence of this indirect genetic effect, pairs of partners can virtually change strategy together with a single mutation, and the evolutionary barrier between alternative strategies disappears. This finding reveals a general principle that could play a role in nature to smoothen the transition to efficient collective behaviors in all games with multiple equilibriums.
Manufacturing technology of banana‐assorted breads: The fermentative characteristics affected by different banana cultivars
Authors: Lin Li‐Yun , Peng Chiung Chi , Chen Kuan‐Chou , Wang Hui‐Er , Wang Chun‐Shen , Shen Kun Hung , Peng Robert Y.
Published: May 2020

Taiwan produces large quantities of bananas in the southern area. Recently, due to the export quantity has been greatly reduced, in order to efficiently maintain the banana agriculture and economy, the development of alternate uses of bananas has become urgently in need. Bananas contain a fair amount of nutrients with low glycemic index. Currently, as the bread consumption is increasing, we tried to manufacture banana‐assorted breads. The desiccated powders of Musa sapientum var TC2‐425 Linn [(genomically, called as Musa (AAA) (MA)] and Musa basjoo “Nam Wa” (MB) were separately incorporated at 15%, 20%, and 25% (denoted as MA15‐MA25 and MB15‐MB25). Results indicated that MA exhibited higher contents of moisture, ash, crude protein, and lutein, while with lower crude fat, crude fibers, carbohydrate, sodium, total soluble sugars, and pectin. The contents of taste compounds (name, samples in decreasing order) were as follows: 5′‐CMP (MB25, MB20); 5′‐GMP (MA25, MA20); 5′‐AMP (MB25, MA15); 5′‐XMP (MA25, MA20); 5′‐IMP (MA25, MB20, MB25); and 5′‐UMP (MA20, MA25, MB20). Hedonic scoring (HS) indicated MA15, MA20, MB15, and MB20 were more acceptable. Textural profile analysis (TPA; for 0–6 days, only 0–4 days are shown) revealed that “flavor,” “mouthfeel,” “hardness,” “gumminess,” and “chewiness” were the determinant key roles. Conclusively, due to different chemical constituent of banana, different recipes must be considered. The bread acceptability is affected by the fermentative profile which in turn is governed by the contents of soluble sugars, pectin, taste compounds, and the overall activity of yeast cells.
Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions and energy recovery from planting street trees
Authors: Chen Ying‐Chu
Published: May 2020

This study evaluated street trees’ potential for energy recovery and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation/emissions throughout their lifespans. Trees can mitigate GHG emissions as a result of CO2 uptake during growth; but GHGs are emitted when the branches and/or leaves are used as compost or fuel for energy production at the end of its life. A 41‐year period (1976–2017) of the street trees along the sidewalks of the Tianliao river in Keelong city in Taiwan was taken a case study. The results showed that planting street trees helps mitigate climate change by reducing total GHG emissions (15 661 t CO2‐eq) and producing an amount of renewable energy ( kWh), that is around 1% of the renewable energy generated by 24 waste‐to‐energy plants in Taiwan. The GHG mitigation during the lifespans of street trees can efficiently compensate for the GHG emissions that occur during end‐of‐life treatment (including both incineration and composting). On average, around 40 t CO2‐eq of GHG mitigation would be achieved by planting a street tree. The cost‐effectiveness analysis showed that US$223 992 were saved over the study period due to the reduction in carbon tax achieved by the mitigation of GHGs. The results of this study should increase awareness on the importance of planting trees and managing wood waste in environmental protection strategies for mitigating climate change. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Status and strategies for the management of head and neck cancer during COVID‐19 pandemic: Indian scenario
Authors: Gupta Anand , Arora Vipin , Nair Deepa , Agrawal Nishant , Su Yu‐xiong , Holsinger F Christopher , Chan Jason Y K
Published: May 2020

In India, oral cancer is the most common head and neck cancer (HNC) in men, mainly caused by the consumption of smoked and smokeless tobacco. During the current pandemic, delaying surgery for even 1 or 2 months may lead to more extensive surgery or inoperability, where only supportive care can be provided. Being semi‐emergent in nature, treatment for these patients is currently on hold or delayed in most centers across the country. This study was conducted to assess the impact of COVID‐19 pandemic and inability of the health system to treat HNC in a timely fashion and how surgeons are coping to this emergent situation. This article highlights the situation in India, a country burdened with one of the highest incidence rates of HNC.
Performing the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab for 2019‐novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) safely: How to dress, undress, and technical notes
Authors: Di Maio Pasquale , Iocca Oreste , Cavallero Antonio , Giudice Marco
Published: May 2020

Background

To show how to safely perform nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs for 2019‐novel coronavirus.

Methods

The video describes in detail the dressing and undressing procedures of health personnel, with the appropriate personal protective equipment. Technical notes for the execution of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab are also provided to avoid sampling errors.

Results

The undressing phase is the procedure with the highest risk of self‐contamination for the health worker. Following the various steps as shown in the video, there were no cases of contagion among the otolaryngology team appointed to perform the swabs for SARS‐CoV‐2 testing.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the technical feasibility of safely performing nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs for identification of SARS‐CoV‐2 viral RNA.
Predictive and prognostic impact of primary tumor‐bearing lobe in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients treated with anti‐PD‐1 therapy
Authors: Takamori Shinkichi , Takada Kazuki , Shimokawa Mototsugu , Matsubara Taichi , Haratake Naoki , Miura Naoko , Toyozawa Ryo , Yamaguchi Masafumi , Takenoyama Mitsuhiro , Yoneshima Yasuto , Tanaka Kentaro , Okamoto Isamu , Tagawa Tetsuzo , Mori Masaki
Published: May 2020

Immunotherapy targeting programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) has become a standard pharmacological therapy. Although tumor mutation burden level was reported to depend on the tumor location in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), predictive impact of the tumor location on the response to anti‐PD‐1 therapy is unknown. Two hundred and seventeen advanced or recurrent NSCLC patients treated with anti‐PD‐1 therapy at Kyushu University Hospital and National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center were analyzed. To minimize the bias arising from the patients’ background, adjusted Kaplan‐Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses using inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTW) were performed. Of the 217 patients, 132, 27, and 58 had primary NSCLC in upper, middle, and lower lobes, respectively. Patients with NSCLC in upper lobe were significantly associated with younger age (P = .0070) and smoker (P = .0003). The epidermal growth factor receptor‐wild type and tumor location in upper lobe were independent predictors of disease control (P = .0175 and P = .0425, respectively). The IPTW‐adjusted Kaplan‐Meier curves showed that patients with NSCLC in the upper lobes had significantly longer progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) than those in middle/lower lobes (P = .0026 and P = .0015, respectively). On IPTW adjusted Cox analysis, NSCLC in the upper lobe was an independent predictor of PFS and OS (P = .0078 and P = .0034, respectively). Patients with primary NSCLC in the upper lobes may be good candidates for anti‐PD‐1 therapy. These findings should be validated prospectively.
Novel factor Xa inhibitor, maslinic acid, with antiplatelet aggregation activity
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Min , Kim Jaehong , Baek Moon‐Chang , Bae Jong‐Sup
Published: May 2020

As antithrombotic effects of maslinic acid (MA) have not yet been studied, MA‐mediated downregulation of coagulation factor Xa (FXa) and platelet aggregation was studied. We show that MA inhibited the enzymatic activity of FXa and platelet aggregation, induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) analog, U46619 with a similar antithrombotic efficacy to rivaroxaban, a direct FXa inhibitor used as a positive control. Mechanistically, MA suppressed U46619‐ or ADP‐induced phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine‐rich C kinase substrate, and the expression of P‐selectin, and activated PAC‐1 in platelets. MA increased generation of nitric oxide, but downregulated excessive secretion of endothelin‐1 in ADP‐ or U46619‐treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In arterial and pulmonary thrombosis mouse model, MA showed prominent anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects. Our data suggest MA as a candidate molecule for a new class of drugs targeting anti‐FXa and antiplatelet.
Coloring graphs with no induced five‐vertex path or gem
Authors: Chudnovsky Maria , Karthick T. , Maceli Peter , Maffray Frédéric
Published: May 2020

For a graph , let and , respectively, denote the chromatic number and clique number of . We give an explicit structural description of (, gem)‐free graphs, and show that every such graph satisfies . Moreover, this bound is best possible. Here a gem is the graph that consists of an induced four‐vertex path plus a vertex which is adjacent to all the vertices of that path.