bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOME REACTIONS OF MUSCOID DIPTERA TO CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Authors: Wellington W. G.
Published: April 2011

Laboratory experiments are described that demonstrate that the antennal aristae of muscoid Diptera are sensitive to slight fluctuations in pressure, acting as external baroreceptors. Further experiments show that the increase in activity exhibited by flies at low pressure is of a kinetic nature, lacking any directional element, while the reaction of flies to manually-produced pressure waves that vibrate the aristae is tactic in a baronegative sense. It is suggested that the erratic prethunderstorm flight of muscoid Diptera results largely from such a baronegative response to localized pressure changes. This suggestion is based on laboratory observations of the reactions of flies under simulated storm pressure patterns.
VARIATION IN BONASA UMBELLUS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SPECIES IN CANADA EAST OF THE ROCKIES
Authors: Snyder L. L. , Shortt T. M.
Published: April 2011

A study of 624 specimens of Bonasa umbellus shows that variation in the species in eastern North America consists in a loss of red pigment from south to north. Westward in Canada there is a reduction of black resulting in paleness and greyness. This variation resolves itself into eight subspecies, which can be grouped into two "super-subspecies," based on the potential for redness. The ratio of colour phases and "trimming" of most Canadian races has been worked out. The type locality of B. u. umbelloides has been determined as Belvedere, Alta. The race canescens of Todd is found valid and the evidence is presented by the application of a simple quantitative tone or value scale. Its range extends from James Bay to central and western Ontario, consequently the range of B. u. togata is greatly restricted in Ontario. Minor refinements of the ranges of other races are presented.The incidence of the red phase is higher in females, the percentages of occurrence suggesting that this phase is a sex-linked recessive character. A variation designated as "copper-trimmed" is more prevalent in males and may be controlled by a dominant sex-linked factor.
MULTIPLE FEEDING HABITS OF SASKATCHEWAN MOSQUITOES
Authors: Rempel J. G. , Riddell W. A. , McNelly Elspeth M.
Published: April 2011

Precipitin tests are used to determine the source of the blood meal of Saskatchewan mosquitoes. The tests disclose that the Aedes mosquitoes of the prairie feed extensively on man, horse, cow, and bird. The degree to which the species feed upon a particular host appears to be determined largely by the availability of that host. The number of individual specimens reacting to more than one antiserum is high, on the average one out of three belonging in this group. In spite of the multiple feeding habits of the Aedes species and their relatively great abundance, they do not appear to play a major role in the transmission of western equine encephalomyelitis.
THE REDUCTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY FIBRIN
Authors: Jaques L. B. , Bell H. J.
Published: April 2011

It has previously been reported by Jaques that fibrinogen and fibrin possess marked reducing powers. In a further investigation of this property, the reduction of hydrogen peroxide by these proteins has been studied. Commercial fibrin sometimes contains large amounts of catalase. Methionine in phosphate buffer reduces hydrogen peroxide at pH 6.6 and temperature of 25 °C. This reduction is increased by copper and molybdate. The reduction of hydrogen peroxide by fibrinogen and fibrin free of catalase is due to the methionine residue.
DRIED MILK POWDER: IV. THE EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE CONTENT, AND PLANT SOURCE ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF MILK POWDERS OF DIFFERENT FAT LEVELS
Authors: Bryce W. A. , Pearce J. A.
Published: April 2011

Milk powders with fat contents of 1, 26, 28, and 30% from two plants were tempered to moisture contents of 2, 3, and 5% and stored for periods up to 16 weeks at temperatures of from 40° to 140° F. Appreciable deterioration, assessed by palatability, occurred in the whole milk powders stored at temperatures of 60° F. and higher, and there was considerable difference in the stability of powders from the two plants. For both plants, the keeping quality of powders of 26 and 28% of butter fat was equal. At 80° F. and lower, the powder containing 30% of butter fat was more stable than the 26 and 28% powders from the same plant, but at higher temperatures the 30% powder deteriorated more rapidly. At 80° F. the average decrease in palatability of whole milk powders with 2% moisture was two palatability units. The palatability of the skim-milk powder increased greatly at all temperatures during the early part of the storage period, but later decreased at temperatures of from 100° to 140° F. Skim-milk powder of 2% moisture stored at 80° F. had a palatability score 2.5 units higher than the initial score. In general, a moisture content of 3% was preferable to moisture contents of 2 and 5% for both whole and skim-milk powders. The differences in stability of powders from different plants were enhanced by increased moisture contents and higher storage temperatures.
THE KEEPING QUALITY OF DEHYDRATED MIXTURES OF EGG AND MILK
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Bryce W. A. , Whittaker Joan , Tessier H.
Published: April 2011

The storage life of a dehydrated mixture of egg and milk, when assessed by both palatability and fluorescence measurements, was shorter than the life of milk powder of similar protein, fat, and carbohydrate content. Increased quantities of egg in the mixture decreased the quality of the mixture, both initially and during 16 weeks' storage. These effects were noticeable at all temperatures studied between 40° and 140° F. but were most marked above 80° F. After 16 weeks at 80° F., material packed under carbon dioxide usually had better palatability than the air-packed products. The effect of added sugar was most noticeable at 120° and 140° F. Lactose had a slightly beneficial effect; sucrose was more effective.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: X. THE EFFECTS OF SURFACE–VOLUME RATIO AND REDUCED PRESSURE ON THE FERMENTATION OF CARBOHYDRATES BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA AND AEROBACTER AEROGENES
Authors: Adams G. A. , Leslie J. D.
Published: April 2011

The rate of fermentation of wheat mashes by Aerobacillus polymyxa was markedly increased by providing a high surface-area–volume ratio. Exposure to air or oxygen per se was not a controlling factor since an atmosphere of nitrogen gave the same effect. Inhibition of fermentation of shallow layers of mash by exposure to carbon dioxide suggested that escape of fermentation gases (mainly carbon dioxide) might be the major factor affecting the fermentation rate. Support has been given to this hypothesis by the marked increase in rate obtained when wheat mashes were fermented under reduced pressures.Fermentation of 15% wheat mashes, normally requiring 72 to 96 hr., were complete in 48 hr. under 5 in. pressure (absolute). The fermentation rate was accelerated by decreasing pressures but was retarded slightly by increasing depths of mash. The butanediol–ethanol ratio became progressively lower with decreasing pressures, showing that such conditions favour ethanol formation.Fermentation of sugar media by Aerobacter aerogenes was only mildly stimulated by reduced pressures. This treatment compares unfavourably with aeration as a means of increasing the fermentation rate of this organism.
FURTHER STUDY OF THE USEFULNESS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHORTENING WHEN INCORPORATED IN BISCUITS AT VARIOUS LEVELS AND WITH DIFFERENT BAKING TEMPERATURES
Authors: Crampton E. W. , Mills Margaret Frances
Published: April 2011

One hundred and ninety-two 30-day-old male white rats were fed diets containing four different types of shortening (compound animal-vegetable, blended vegetable, hydrogenated vegetable, and lard) incorporated at 0, 8, 16, and 24% levels by weight and baked at 375° and 425° F. Diets were mixtures of flour, milk powder, shortening, salt, and bone meal with supplementary allowances of vitamins A, D, and B1. The proportion of ingredients was adjusted to maintain protein at 16% by weight. The relative nutritive value of the diets was measured by growth of rats, digestibility of the diet, and the proportion of fat deposited in the livers and carcasses.Gains decreased with increasing fat level, apparently owing to a reduction of the proportion of protein to non-protein calories from the replacement of carbohydrate by fat.Digestibility of the fat component was unaffected by baking temperatures or level of fat in the ration. Lard was slightly more digestible than the other types which included vegetable fats. Rats fed diets baked at 425° F. made slower gains than those on the diets baked at 375° F. This was not traceable primarily to heat damage to the fat but more probably to some effect on the protein fraction.
LIQUID AND FROZEN EGG: II. METHODS OF DETERMINING SOLIDS CONTENT OF LIQUID AND FROZEN EGG
Authors: Lavers C. G. , Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

Solids content of liquid egg prepared from shell eggs having different histories was measured by the official A.O.A.C. vacuum oven method and compared with measurements of specific gravity and refractive index. Specific gravity measurements were the least satisfactory, but may provide a rough check on solids content. Refractive index measurements following treatment with ammonium hydroxide were a more satisfactory measure of solids content than the same measurement on liquid egg after treatment with trypsin solution.Relations between the solids content of defrosted frozen egg and unfrozen liquid egg and refractive index, as determined with a Zeiss sugar refractometer and with a hand sugar refractometer, were calculated for the method involving the addition of ammonium hydroxide. The relation, solids–refractive-index, for unfrozen liquid egg differed from the relation for frozen egg. However, the method provided a rapid, convenient, and accurate means for determining solids content.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XIII. PURIFICATION OF BY-PRODUCT ETHANOL
Authors: Tollefson E. L. , Wheat J. A. , Leslie J. D.
Published: April 2011

Samples of high wines recovered from three whole wheat mashes fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa were fractionated by rectification. It was shown that the high wine from this fermentation resembles that obtained from a yeast fermentation and that a satisfactory industrial ethanol may be prepared by distillation methods. By preparation of derivatives, acetone, diacetyl, and acetic acid were shown to be present in the high wine.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XIV. BUTANEDIOL ANALYSES FOR PROCESS CONTROL
Authors: Leslie J. D. , Castagne A.
Published: April 2011

The chemical determination of 2,3-butanediol in fermented whole wheat mashes and in certain materials from the recovery process has been investigated from the point of view of process control. The method of analysis involved extraction with n-butanol followed by estimation of the butanediol with periodate oxidation. Errors in both parts of the method were estimated and correction factors determined for the various types of materials. The factors recommended are: 1.039 for pure diol solutions and 1.067 for all other materials. Formulae are given for converting analytical results on beer to a basis of whole mash or beer-still slops. These calculations require a knowledge of the insoluble solids contents of the mash or the slops concerned.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XV. THE OCCURRENCE OF ACETONE AS A PRODUCT OF THE AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA FERMENTATION
Authors: Rose Dyson
Published: April 2011

Considerable quantities of acetone were produced by certain strains of Aerobacillus polymyxa growing anaerobically in a dextrose medium. The presence of acetone was confirmed by formation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivative. Carbon balances were obtained for both non-acetone-producing and acetone-producing strains of the organism; considerable quantities of several organic acids were also formed. Increased efficiency of nitrogen-aeration resulted in a marked lowering of the butanediol: ethanol ratio and probably is conducive to an increased yield of acetone.
TWO ACCESSORIES FOR THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE LABORATORY—(A) SPECIMEN STAGE (B) PLATE READER
Authors: Barss W. M.
Published: April 2011

A new electron diffraction specimen stage is described which may be used in place of the standard RCA diffraction stage to permit five independent transmission type diffraction patterns to be obtained without opening the vacuum system. The modification of a commercial microfilm reader for use in measuring electron diffraction patterns is also reported.
A FLUORESCENCE METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE KEEPING QUALITY OF BUTTER
Authors: Grant G. A. , White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

The fluorescence values of serum from salted butter were affected by separation temperature, dilution, nature and pH of the diluent, and the stability of the diluted serum. A satisfactory procedure was as follows. The serum was separated by placing 125 gm. of butter in centrifuge bottles and heating to 45 °C. in a boiling water-bath, centrifuging at 1700 r.p.m., and siphoning off the fat. Two millilitres of the serum was diluted to 50 ml. with 10% sodium acetate, the pH adjusted to 5–6 and the fluorescence determined immediately in a Coleman photofluorometer using a filter that transmitted light in the region of 365 mμ. This procedure gave fluorescence values that were correlated with flavour score (r = −.84) on salted butter stored at 32.2 °C. (90° F.).
THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF LOW-ACID VEGETABLES CANNED AT 212° F.: II. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF EXTRACTS FROM PROCESSED TOMATO JUICE AND FROM TOMATO PLANTS ON BACTERIA INVOLVED IN FOOD PRESERVATION
Authors: Conner J. W.
Published: April 2011

Commercially processed tomato juice, dehydrated tomato stems, leaves, seed, and fruit (variety, Sutton's Very Earliest), and tomato seedlings (variety Pan America), were extracted with methanol and the extracts tested for antibacterial properties against certain species of bacteria important in the food industries, and other Gram-positive and Gram-negative types. The extracts prepared from tomato juice and tomato fruit inhibited the growth of most of the test organisms.
DIMENSIONAL CHANGES IN SAFETY TOPOGRAPHIC AERO FILM UNDER SERVICE CONDITIONS
Authors: Carman P. D.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the dimensional changes in Eastman Super XX Aero Topographic Safety film exposed in routine survey operations. Scale error varies from + 0.02% to + 0.45%, distortion from − 0.11% to + 0.08%. The largest errors are due to variations in the temperature and humidity to which the film is subjected. Control of these is recommended. Smaller errors indicate need for improvements in film base and need for a better film squeegee before the drier.
A MASS SPECTROMETER INVESTIGATION OF THE ISOTOPES OF XENON AND KRYPTON RESULTING FROM THE FISSION OF U235 BY THERMAL NEUTRONS
Authors: Thode H. G. , Graham R. L.
Published: April 2011

Mass spectrometer investigations have been made of rare gas fission products extracted from uranium irradiated with thermal neutrons. The irradiated uranium rods were allowed to stand for various periods of time after irradiation to permit the decay of most fission product chains to stable isotopes. Four stable isotopes of xenon were found having mass numbers 131, 132, 134, and 136, and three stable isotopes of krypton with mass numbers 83, 84, and 86. Kr86, the most abundant of the latter group, is probably formed directly in fission. In addition a long lived krypton with mass 85 was discovered which is isomeric with a 4.0 hr. Kr85 reported previously.The relative abundances of these isotopes which are related directly to fission yields of the corresponding mass chains have been determined with an accuracy of 1% or better. The mass numbers of these fission chains can now be identified with certainty by comparing mass spectrometer abundance data with known yield values of the active chain members. Finally, the half-life of krypton 85 was determined by comparing its concentration to that of a stable isotope over a period of time.
SONIC DETERMINATION OF THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF ICE
Authors: Northwood T. D.
Published: April 2011

By measuring the velocity of various types of elastic waves in a solid it is possible to deduce Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Longitudinal, extensional, and Rayleigh wave velocities were measured in ice, the first by resonance in a rod and the other two by a pulsing technique. The value obtained for Young's modulus was 9.8 × 1010 dynes per cm.2 and for Poisson's ratio was 0.33.
THE ABSORPTION OF GAMMA-RAYS FROM Co60
Authors: Mayneord W. V. , Cipriani A. J.
Published: April 2011

Measurements of the absorption of gamma-rays from Co60 and radium have been made in a number of materials. Variation of absorption coefficient of the gamma-rays from radium with thickness of lead absorber is in agreement with recent experimental determinations. The gamma-rays from Co60 are approximately monochromatic and are therefore suitable for testing theoretical absorption formulae. The absorption coefficient per electron for materials of atomic number equal to or less than that of aluminium was in agreement with the Klein–Nishina formula, assuming the cobalt radiation to consist of two lines at 1.10 and 1.30 Mev. respectively. The photoelectric absorption coefficients per electron for heavy elements are in good agreement with the theory developed by Hulme, McDougall, Buckingham, and Fowler. This coefficient varies approximately as Z3.5.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES: I. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS AND MEASUREMENTS ON IRON
Authors: Armstrong L. D. , Dauphinee T. M.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus for measuring the thermal conductivity of metals in the temperature range 0° to 800 °C. is described. The method utilizes unidirectional heat flow in a cylindrical sample in a vacuum. The advantages of the method are outlined and a comprehensive analysis of possible errors in the measurements is included. Measurements on Armco iron indicate that results with an absolute error of less than 2% may be obtained. The results of measurements on a sample of Armco iron gave thermal conductivities of 0.1819 c.g.s units at 0 °C. and 0.0698 c.g.s. units at 800 °C. A change in slope of the thermal conductivity–temperature curve was found at a temperature of approximately 375 °C., and is tentatively attributed to the presence of 0.03% nickel impurity.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XVII. FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE BY STRAINS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Blackwood A. C. , Neish A. C. , Brown W. E. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

Under aerobic conditions both the Marburg and Ford types of Bacillus subtilis dissimilate glucose, giving carbon dioxide, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol as the main products, and small amounts of glycerol and acetic, formic, lactic, and n-butyric acids. The Ford type cultures dissimilate the sugar more rapidly and also give a small amount of ethanol.Under anaerobic conditions Marburg type cultures will not ferment glucose while the Ford type cultures dissimilate it as rapidly as they do under aerobic conditions. Some strains give 2,3-butanediol, glycerol, and carbon dioxide as the major products while others give chiefly lactic acid. As much as 86% and as little as 8% of the glucose was converted to 2,3-butanediol plus glycerol. The 2,3-butanediol was a mixture of 65% meso- and 35% levo-isomers, while the lactic acid was approximately 90% dextro-isomer in most cases.It is suggested that the Ford type deserves separate species rank.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM SOAPS ON THEIR DISPERSIONS IN MINERAL OIL
Authors: Southam F. W. , Puddington I. E.
Published: April 2011

The densities of the anhydrous sodium salts of the fatty acids from caproic to stearic have been measured over a temperature range of 30° to 300 °C. and the results obtained correlated with the properties of lyophilic dispersions of sodium soaps in mineral oil.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: LXIII. THE STABILITY OF MALTOSE AND CELLOBIOSE OCTANITRATES
Authors: Ashford W. R. , Evans T. H. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Cellobiose and maltose were nitrated and their properties studied to note the effect of the difference in glycosidic linkage (β- and α-respectively). Cellobiose octanitrate is more stable than maltose octanitrate as measured by the Abel test, and both are less stable than cellulose and starch nitrates. Neither of the octanitrates is sufficiently stable to permit of the application of the Bergmann–Junk test. If the stability of the cellulose nitrate building unit, namely, cellobiose octanitrate, carries over into its polymeric form, it would be expected that cellulose nitrate (characterized by 1,4-β-glucosidic linkages) should be inherently more stable than starch nitrate (α-1,4-glucosidic linkages).
THE EQUILIBRIUM DATA AND CRYSTALLIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM: PICRIC ACID – DINITROPHENOL – PICRAMIDE
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Pritchard E. J. , Boyd M. L. , Campbell A. J. R.
Published: April 2011

The equilibrium data of the systems: picramide – 2,4-dinitrophenol and picric acid – picramide, have been obtained. The ternary eutectic of the system picric acid – picramide – dinitrophenol has also been obtained. Because of the low crystallization velocity of picramide, it appears that the problem of finding a picric acid mixture of the nature of Shellite, i.e., one containing picric acid and dinitrophenol, which should crystallize only slowly at room temperature, so that the cavity produced by contraction should be accessible to refilling and not cause cavitation, is solved by the use of a Shellite mixture of the following composition: 53.0% picric acid, 41.0% dinitrophenol, 6.0% picramide; this mixture melts at 77 °C.
A STUDY OF SYSTEMS INVOLVING TRINITROTOLUENE, RDX, NENO, AND DINITROBENZENE, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE COMPOSITION OF THE BINARY EUTECTICS
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Kushnarov H. A.
Published: April 2011

The eutectic temperature and composition were determined by thermal analysis for the systems: TNT–RDX, TNT–NENO, and DNB–NENO. The velocity of crystallization of pure RDX, as well as of the eutectic mixture of TNT–RDX, was studied. Density determinations were made on the pure materials, TNT, RDX, NENO, and DNB, as well as on the eutectic mixtures mentioned above. Where possible, the densities of both molten and solid forms were determined, and the contraction on solidification calculated. An attempt was made to establish the existence of a transition point in the allotropic transformations of NENO. The attempt failed, possibly because the allotropy is monotropic: there seems no reason to doubt the existence of allotropic modifications of NENO.
THE CHROMATES OF SILVER AND COPPER
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Lemaire H. P.
Published: April 2011

At 30 °C. silver oxide reacts with an aqueous solution of chromium trioxide to form the normal silver chromate, Ag2CrO4, and a limited series of solid solutions of silver chromate in silver dichromate (Ag2Cr2O7). The range of solid solubility is approximately 2% in terms of chromium trioxide, and extends from pure silver dichromate towards silver chromate. Both chromates of silver are sparingly soluble in water. No other chromates of silver were found to exist as solid phases at this temperature.An examination of the system copper oxide – chromium trioxide – water shows that four chromates of copper can form at 30 °C. They are: (i) copper dichromate, CuCr2O7∙2H2O, (ii) anhydrous normal copper chromate, CuCrO4, (iii) a simple basic chromate, CuCrO4∙Cu(OH)2, and (iv) a 2:3 basic chromate, 2CuCrO4∙3Cu(OH)2∙H2O.These chromates separate from solution in the above order as the chromate concentration is decreased, chromium trioxide itself being the initial solid phase. All four chromates are decomposed (partially) by water.The solubility curves and ranges of existence have been established in most cases. Copper "dichromate has a narrow range of existence, the normal chromate a relatively wide one. In part of this range, however, the chromate is in a metastable state, since it is in equilibrium with solutions that are supersaturated with respect to the simple basic chromate.
THE DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE BY LIGHT SCATTERING
Authors: Bardwell J. , Sivertz C.
Published: April 2011

A critical study has been made of the various observations necessary for the determination of the size of small dielectric particles by the Debye–Einstein equation, which can take the form:[Formula: see text]The turbidity measurements were made with a Beckman spectrophotometer and those of refractive index with a Zeiss dipping refractometer. This article deals especially with the determination of the turbidity and refractive index gradients. The method was applied to the determination of latex particle size and gave results in good agreement with independent methods.
THE REACTION OF CYANOGEN WITH 1,3-BUTADIENE
Authors: Janz G. J. , Ascah R. G. , Keenan A. G.
Published: April 2011

Cyanogen and butadiene have been found to react. The main product of the reaction was identified as 2-cyanopyridine. Some 2,2′-dipyridyl and a number of unidentified compounds were also found present in the product in small yields. No evidence for the presence of β-hydromucononitrile could be found. The reaction has been studied at atmospheric pressure in the vapour phase, and in ether solution, and at superatmospheric pressures in steel or glass bombs. In all cases the course of the reaction was essentially the same, 2-cyanopyridine being the main product. The formation of 2-cyanopyridine from butadiene and cyanogen is formulated as a Diels–Alder synthesis, in which the primary adduct undergoes a dehydrogenation to yield the final product. This is the first time to our knowledge that cyanogen has been reported as a dienophile in the diene synthesis.
THE EVALUATION OF THE INTRINSIC VISCOSITY (AS INTRINSIC FLOW TIME) OF GR-S IN BENZENE
Authors: Cragg L. H. , Rogers T. M. , Henderson D. A.
Published: April 2011

From careful measurements of the relative flow times of solutions of GR-S in benzene, it has been established that the intrinsic flow time (and hence the intrinsic viscosity) of GR-S in benzene may be most precisely determined by the use of a function [Formula: see text], based on the Baker equation relating ηr, the relative viscosity, and c, the concentration; for the GR-S–benzene system the value of n may be taken as 8. For the greatest precision [t] is determined by linear (horizontal) extrapolation, to zero concentration, of the [Formula: see text] vs. c plot; in rapid routine work [t] may be evaluated as [Formula: see text] by measurements on only one solution of a concentration such that tr = 1.8 ± 0.4.
A NOTE ON THE VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE OF THE INTRINSIC VISCOSITY OF GR-S IN BENZENE
Authors: Rogers T. M. , Henderson D. A. , Cragg L. H.
Published: April 2011

The intrinsic viscosity, [η], (as well as the intrinsic flow time, [t], and the intrinsic kinematic viscosity, [ν]) of normal GR-S in benzene has been shown to be independent of temperature, over the range 10° to 55 °C, within the experimental precision [Formula: see text]. In this range of temperatures, also, the functions [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are independent of concentration (up to at least 0.3%), and may therefore be used in the one-point determination of [t] and [ν].
THE KINETICS OF THE FORMATION OF ETHANOLAMINES
Authors: Potter C. , McLaughlin R. R.
Published: April 2011

The formation of ethanolamines from ethylene oxide and ammonia is a case of simultaneous, consecutive, competitive second order reactions. The results obtained show the time at which to stop a reaction for a maximum yield of any one of the three products. It is shown that as the reaction proceeds from ammonia to monoethanolamine to diethanolamine to triethanolamine the velocity constants are in the ratio of 1:6:4 for the three reactions. The values of the velocity constants are determined graphically. From these values an energy of activation of 16,600 cal. is calculated and is the same for each step. There is an indication that a tetraethanol – ammonium hydroxide is slowly formed.
Fractionation of the Reaction Product of Linseed Oil and Glycerol
Authors: Breckenridge J. G. , Herbst J. H. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
AN ACETYL DERIVATIVE OF HEPARIN
Authors: Bell H. J. , Jaques L. B.
Published: April 2011

An acetyl derivative of heparin corresponding to one mole of acetyl per four hexose units has been prepared by passing ketene through a suspension of heparin in acetone. The derivative possesses the same biological activity as the original heparin. It can be deacetylated in neutral solutions without loss of activity by raised temperatures, and like heparin, it is inactivated in acid solution.
COMPOUND FORMATION IN THE SYSTEM UROTROPINE – ACETIC ACID: I. THE PHASE DIAGRAM
Authors: Carroll K. K. , Wright R. H.
Published: April 2011

The freezing point diagram has been plotted for mixtures of acetic acid and urotropine containing 0 to 42% urotropine. Formation of a solid compound melting at 24.8 °C., and having the approximate composition (C6H12N4)3∙(C2H4O2)13 is indicated. Repeated purification of the materials failed to shift the curve maximum to the expected ratio of 1 mole of urotropine to 4 moles of acetic acid.
THE ISOLATION OF SASSAFRAS LIGNIN
Authors: Bond W. J. , Goddard Irvine G. , Wright George F
Published: April 2011

Since the sassafras tree yields oils which are rich in safrole, it might be expected that the lignin from the wood would contain the piperonyl nucleus. This lignin was extracted from the wood with hot acetic acid and was found to resemble lignins from other deciduous woods in methoxyl content and solubility. It did contain much combined carbohydrate which seemed to be pectic in nature, since it was removed by boiling formic acid with evolution of carbon dioxide and formation of furfural. No piperonylic acid could be isolated from these lignin fractions by alkaline permanganate or hydrogen peroxide oxidations. Sassafras ligninsulphonic acid was prepared and then distilled with alkali but no piperonal was found in the distillate. According to these criteria, sassafras lignin contains none of the methylenedioxy linkage characteristic of the piperonyl nucleus.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS OF THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF VAPORS ADSORBED ON ACTIVATED SILICA
Authors: McIntosh R. , McLeod L. , Johnson H. S. , Hollies N.
Published: April 2011

A measure of the dielectric constants of several substances adsorbed on silica gel has been obtained by measuring the change in the capacity of an electrical condenser when measured amounts of the substances were adsorbed on silica gel situated between the plates of the condenser. The substances examined were ethyl chloride, n-butane, and ethylene oxide. The plot of capacity change vs. amount adsorbed was found, in all cases, to consist of two or more quite distinct sections, each approximating to linearity. The temperature coefficients of dielectric constant were evaluated. The dielectric constant calculated for adsorbed n-butane was close to that calculated for the bulk liquid, whereas the value calculated for adsorbed ethyl chloride was significantly lower than the value calculated for the liquid.
GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA IN PEAT: I. POWDERED PEAT AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Thexton R. H.
Published: April 2011

Comparative tests of various powdered materials showed that well humified peat was superior to other preparations in maintaining the test bacteria in viable condition. Under the test conditions, sterilization of peat improved it as a medium for the maintenance of high numbers of viable cells. Neutralization was important, and more satisfactory following, than preceding, sterilization. Potassium carbonate was more suitable than sodium carbonate as neutralizing agent for promoting longevity of bacteria. Though peat allowed to dry immediately after inoculation did not permit the same high increase in bacterial numbers observed in peat kept at suitable moisture content, it was able to maintain large numbers of organisms in viable condition. Peat allowed to dry following the initial rise continued to support an increased load of living cells. After the initial increase at growth temperatures, peat stored at 4 °C. maintained numbers of bacteria better than at the higher temperature. Though immediate storage at 4 °C. resulted in a pronounced decline in numbers, subsequent removal to a temperature suitable for growth, even though delayed for as long as 12 wk., was followed by a rapid increase of bacteria to very high numbers.
GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA IN PEAT: II. PEAT PELLETS
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Thexton R. H.
Published: April 2011

Pellets prepared from spongy, unhumified peat, were found to be well suited to the growth of the test organisms and were superior to pellets made from compressed, well humified peat. Sterilization had the effect of lowering somewhat the absorptive capacity of the spongy pellets and increased the buffering capacity. Neutralization was essential for sterilized pellets in maintaining viable organisms, though it was much less important with unsterilized peat. In contrast to powdered, humified peat, pellets of spongy peat showed to best advantage when allowed to become air-dry immediately following inoculation. In pellets subjected to immediate desiccation, the test organisms attained a much greater development, and were maintained in greater numbers than in peat kept moist or when desiccation was delayed.
ERYSIPHE GRAMINIS IN CANADA
Authors: Newton Margaret , Cherewick W. J.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC.) in Canada, including its distribution, the physiologic specialization of its two varieties, Hordei and Tritici, and the reactions of barley and wheat hosts to the prevalent races of the two varieties of mildew. The fungus occurs throughout Canada but it is most prevalent in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. Nine races of E. graminis Hordei and three of E. graminis Tritici have been identified. Races 3, 6, 8, and 9 of the former, and races 4 and 5 of the latter are the most common in Canada. At a higher temperature (25 °C.) practically all the races of mildew developed a more resistant type of infection than at a lower temperature (15 °C.). The only exception was race 6 of E. graminis Hordei, which thrived fairly well at the higher temperature.The reactions of 246 varieties and strains of barley to nine races of barley mildew and the reactions of 124 wheat varieties and strains to two races of wheat mildew indicate that there are varieties of both cereals that are resistant to powdery mildew.
THE SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF EDIBLE WILD PLANTS COMMONLY FOUND IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Baird Elizabeth A. , Lane Muriel G.
Published: April 2011

The ascorbic acid content in the leaves of 10 wild plants that grow in New Brunswick was determined at approximately two-week intervals from June to September. 'Free' and 'total' dehydroascorbic acid were measured, using the method of Roe. The total ascorbic acid is highest in young green leaves. After the plants have flowered the ascorbic acid decreases. It becomes almost negligible when the leaves have wilted and turned brown. 'Free' dehydroascorbic acid was present in all 10 plants in small quantity. It fluctuated from time to time but remained fairly constant for all the plants during the period of investigation, and was independent of the 'total' value for that plant. The values for ascorbic acid have been measured for ripe strawberries, for fiddleheads, and for several common vegetables over the same summer months. They have been tabulated for comparison with the values of ascorbic acid of the 10 wild plants.
STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: V. POTASSIUM AS A FACTOR IN THE PRODUCTION OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL FROM STARCH
Authors: Katznelson H.
Published: April 2011

Potassium either as potassium chloride or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate was found to stimulate production of 2,3-butanediol from starch by Bacillus polymyxa and to increase the diol: ethanol ratio. In a casein hydrolysate medium, potassium alone produced this effect; however, in a synthetic (amino acid) medium, phosphorus was found to cause a slight increase in yield of diol especially in the presence of potassium.Potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium were shown to be required for growth of B. polymyxa in a synthetic medium containing glucose, amino acids, and biotin.By means of 'resting cells' of B. polymyxa, acting on glucose, it was demonstrated that potassium specifically stimulated the diol-synthesizing mechanism and that sodium could replace this element partially.
L'ANTAGONISME DE CERTAINS MICRO-ORGANISMES ENVERS CORYNEBACTERIUM SEPEDONICUM
Authors: Perrault Champlain
Published: April 2011

not available
AN INDICATOR AGAR FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE CONCENTRATION OF ASCORBIC ACID IN POTATO TUBER TISSUE
Authors: Newton Wm.
Published: April 2011

An indicator agar that reveals the approximate concentration of ascorbic acid in potato tuber tissue by direct contact is prepared by heating together 2 gm. agar, 75 ml. water, 10 ml. of a 10% solution of potassium iodide, and 5 ml. of a 1% solution of soluble starch. After cooling to 60 °C., 5 ml. of glacial acetic acid and 5 ml. of an 0.02 N solution of potassium iodate are added and the mix is immediately poured into Petri dishes. When uniform filter paper discs saturated with standard ascorbic acid solutions or uniform tuber tissue discs are placed upon the agar surface, after 24 hr. at 5 °C., the size of the area decolorized is directly related to the concentration of ascorbic acid in the solutions and tissue discs. Tissue discs from tubers affected with mosaic and leaf roll decolorize a greater area than discs from normal tubers from the same variety, and the decolorization is independent of tuber size. The diagnostic accuracy of the method is further strengthened by the tendency of virus infected tissue to remain white and healthy tissue to become blue-black.
THE PROVENTRICULUS OF THE LARVA OF THE CADDIS-FLY, MACRONEMA ZEBRATUM HAGEN (TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPSYCHIDAE)
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: April 2011

The structure of the proventriculus of the larva of Macronema zebratum Hagen is described. The form of the organ is similar to that of some other larvae of the Hydropsychidae. It probably functions as a masticator or compressor of food.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE AND VARIATION OF OPERCULAR MOVEMENT IN FUNDULUS DIAPHANUS DIAPHANUS
Authors: Kropp Benjamin N.
Published: April 2011

The rates of opercular beat of 16 specimens of Fundulus diaphanus diaphanus were recorded over a temperature range from 4.3° to 17.5 °C. in order to determine how this respiratory movement varied with temperature and some of the sources of variation in rate. While the rate of beat varies directly as the temperature, over a period of several hours at any constant temperature continuous recordings of the rate show recurring cycles of rise and fall in beat frequency that are chiefly responsible for the scatter of the observations. Both the duration of a cycle and the limits of rise and fall for each cycle are definitely set by the temperature. The possible dependence of these phenomena upon central nervous activity is discussed.
THE PROVENTRICULUS OF STAPHYLINUS BADIPES LEC. (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: April 2011

The proventriculus of the rove-beetle, Staphylinus badipes Lec., is described. It is similar in form to the proventriculi of beetles of the Staphylinidae and Silphidae, described by other authors, in that its sclerotized lining is arranged in eight longitudinal ridges alternating with eight rows of fine hairs.
YIELD OF BOTULINUM TOXIN IN CONCENTRATED MEDIA
Authors: Helson V. A. , Stevenson J. W. , Reed G. B.
Published: April 2011

In the preceding paper in this series it was shown that Type A Clostridium parabotulinum when grown under accurately controlled conditions on a casein digest – glucose – corn steep medium produced large and consistent yields of toxin. In this paper a modified procedure is described. Cultures were inoculated in the usual manner and incubated for 10 hr., or until growth reached the upper third of logarithmic increase. Concentrate of the same medium was then added by a continuous drip method for 18 to 60 hr., or until the concentration of the medium was doubled to quadrupled.Under these circumstances the organisms continued to increase for some 40 hr. while in the controls in unconcentrated media growth ceased at 18 to 20 hr. The yield of toxin was increased two to three times over the controls in unconcentrated media.
ANOPHELISM AND CLIMATE IN RELATION TO MALARIA IN MANITOBA
Authors: McLeod J. A. , McLintock J.
Published: April 2011

The return of armed services personnel plus the prospect of an influx of immigrants and tourists from malarious regions of the world has raised the question of the possibility of malaria becoming epidemic in Canada. In Manitoba no indigenous malaria has ever been reported, but the recent influx of carriers has awakened widespread interest in the anopheline fauna of Canada. Recent surveys indicate that anophelines are more abundant in Manitoba than was generally supposed. The anopheline records from the province are summarized and observations on the distribution, habits, and larval habitats of Anopheles maculipennis occidentalis are reported. A. maculipennis occidentalis is sufficiently abundant and widespread in its distribution to be important as a potential vector, but its efficiency as a vector has not yet been determined. The evidence suggests that, in Manitoba, A. maculipennis occidentalis chooses a variety of overwintering habitats both indoors and outside and that not all locations chosen are favourable. The climate of Manitoba in relation to malaria is discussed briefly with a chart of the isotherms for the mean summer temperatures. This shows that a large portion of southern and western Manitoba, where about 90% of the human population lives, lies on the warmer side of the 61° isotherm.
ADSORPTION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Hare Ronald , Curl Marjorie
Published: April 2011

Influenza A and B viruses in allantoic fluid can be adsorbed by certain grades of diatomaceous earths usually employed as filter aids, there being a marked degree of correlation between the 'flow rate' of the earths and their ability to adsorb the virus. Of the clays, kaolin and fuller's earth are similarly able to adsorb the virus as are certain varieties of charcoal. Elution of the adsorbed virus is also possible provided a protein-containing solution such as broth, serum, or isinglass be employed, the highest yield being obtained with virus adsorbed on silica earths and eluted with isinglass solution.
NUTRITIONAL DISEASE AFFECTING CANADIAN TROOPS HELD PRISONER OF WAR BY THE JAPANESE
Authors: Crawford J. N. , Reid J. A. G.
Published: April 2011

The authors present observations on nutritional disturbances that they made on Canadian troops over a period of 44 months, during which time they were prisoners of war in the hands of the Japanese. The presentation is made against a background of dietary intake, energy output, and intercurrent infection. The chronological sequence of the development of signs and symptoms is shown. The impression of the authors as to the specific deficiency involved in each of these is indicated, where such an impression exists. The effect of dietary deficiency upon the various systems is shown, and a composite picture of the deficiency syndrome is presented, with remarks upon various aspects of it. The response to minimal treatment is described.
STUDIES OF SHOCK PRODUCED BY MUSCLE TRAUMA: III. THE EFFECT OF SERUM, ISINGLASS, GLUCOSE, CERTAIN SALTS, AND ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES ON SURVIVAL
Authors: Cleghorn R. A.
Published: April 2011

The effect of the administration of dog serum, isinglass, and of glucose, certain salts, adrenal cortical hormones, and of water on dogs subject to severe muscle trauma has been investigated. Isinglass was found to be as efficient an agent as dog serum in restoring the blood pressure and in prolonging life. The effectiveness of transfusion was not increased by giving amounts in excess of 45% of the calculated blood volume nor by prolonging the transfusion from one-half to three and a half hours. Intravenous injection of hypertonic saline before transfusion with a blood substitute raised the blood pressure but did not lengthen survival, and pulmonary oedema was more frequently observed in dogs so treated. The addition of glucose to the blood substitute produced neither permanent benefit nor ill effect. Some of the animals died despite high blood sugar levels resulting from the infusion of glucose. The addition of sodium bicarbonate and calcium gluconate to the transfusion fluid, singly or in combination, did not affect the blood pressure or survival. The ingestion of large quantities of water by mouth after transfusion increased the average duration of life and improved the chance of indefinite survival. The most important single criterion as to whether a traumatized dog would survive indefinitely following transfusion was the level of blood pressure at the time transfusion was given. Indefinite survival of dogs transfused after the blood pressure had fallen below 70% of the initial pressure was exceptional. Those treated before the pressure had fallen so low had an even chance of survival. The administration of adrenal cortical hormones in relatively large amounts had no apparent effect in prolonging life in dogs transfused after the blood pressure had fallen to less than 60% of the initial level. Of eight dogs transfused when the blood pressure was between 60 and 70% of the initial pressure and then treated with carbohydrate-active preparations of the adrenal cortex, four survived indefinitely. None of the control animals with the same blood pressure range survived when treated by transfusion alone. The finding that dogs subject to muscle trauma are clinically sicker and less likely to survive at blood pressure levels successfully endured by bled dogs is discussed. The importance of the impaired blood flow in splanchnic viscera is considered in relation to metabolic changes. Changes in the urine of these dogs are described, and it is concluded that suppression of renal excretory function did not contribute significantly to death following trauma. Impairment of the renal pressor mechanism is considered to be a possible cause of the cardiovascular failure, probably in conjunction with impaired function of the adrenal cortex and toxic substances released from damaged tissues.
A MICROPIPETTE SUITABLE FOR THE CUTANEOUS APPLICATION OF VESICANTS
Authors: Young Leslie
Published: April 2011

A description is given of the construction, use, and accuracy of a simple micropipette suitable for the cutaneous application of vesicants in amounts as small as 1 mgm.