30 Exploring the Differential Importance of Modifiable Fitness Variables on Cognitive Performance in Older Adults
Authors: Stark Jessica H , Hiersche Kelly J , Hayes Scott M 
Published: December 2023

Objective:

To identify the relative contributions and importance of modifiable fitness and demographic variables to cognitive performance in a cohort of healthy older adults.

Participants and Methods:

Metrics of modifiable fitness (gait speed, respiratory function, grip strength, and body mass index (BMI)) and cognition (executive function, episodic memory, and processing speed) were assessed in 619 older adults from the Health and Retirement Study 2016 wave (mean age = 74.9, sd = 6.9; mean education = 13.4 years, sd = 2.6; 42% female). General linear models were employed to assess the contribution of modifiable fitness variables in predicting three domains of cognition: executive function, episodic memory, and processing speed. Demographics (age, sex, education, time between appointments, and a chronic disease score) were entered as covariates for each model. Relative importance metrics were computed for all variables in each model using Lindeman, Merenda, and Gold (lmg) analysis, a technique which decomposes a given model’s explained variance to describe the average contribution of each predictor variable, independent of its position in the linear model.

Results:

When all variables were entered into the general linear model, demographic and modifiable fitness variables explained 35%, 24%, and 26% of the variance in executive function, episodic memory, and processing speed, respectively (all three models were significant, p <0.001). Age, education, respiratory function, and walking speed had higher relative importance values (all lmgs > 1.8) compared to BMI, grip strength, and other covariates in all three models (all lmgs < 1.3). Gender was also relatively important in the executive function (lmg = 4.2) and episodic memory models (lmg = 5.0). Of the modifiable fitness variables, walking speed and respiratory function had the greatest lmg values (5.8 and 6.4 respectively) in the executive function model, similar to demographic variables age (lmg = 6.0) and education (lmg = 8.9). When demographic variables were entered as covariates, modifiable fitness variables collectively accounted for an additional 9.7%, 6.3%, and 6.0% variance in the executive function, episodic memory, and processing speed models respectively (all three models were significant, p <0.001).

Conclusions:

Our findings indicate that walking speed and respiratory function are of similar importance compared to “traditional” demographic variables such as age and education in predicting cognitive performance in a cohort of healthy older adults. Moreover, modifiable fitness variables accounted for unique variance in executive function, episodic memory, and processing speed after accounting for age and education. Modifiable fitness variables explained the most unique variance in executive function. These results extend the current literature by demonstrating that modifiable fitness variables, even when assessed with brief and relatively coarse measures of physical performance, may be useful in predicting cognitive function. Moreover, the results highlight the need to assess metrics of cognitive reserve, such as education, as well as modifiable fitness variables and their respective roles in accounting for cognitive performance. The data further suggest that relative contributions of physical performance metrics may vary by cognitive domain in healthy older adults.