bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Facial Expressions to Probe Brain Circuitry Associated With Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Swartz Johnna R. , Shin Lisa M. , Lee Brenda , Hariri Ahmad R.
Published: May 2017

Emotional facial expressions are processed by a distributed corticolimbic brain circuit including the amygdala, which plays a central role in detecting and responding to emotional expressions, and the prefrontal cortex, which evaluates, integrates, and regulates responses to emotional expressions. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to probe circuit function can reveal insights into the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. In this chapter, we review fMRI research into corticolimbic circuit processing of emotional facial expressions in social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, and major depressive disorder. We conclude by reviewing recent research examining how variability in circuit function may help predict the future experience of symptoms in young adults and at-risk adolescents, as well as how such variability relates to personality traits associated with psychopathology risk.
Spontaneously Produced Facial Expressions in Infants and Children
Authors: Camras Linda A. , Castro Vanessa L. , Halberstadt Amy G. , Shuster Michael M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the question of whether infants and children produce prototypic emotional facial expressions in emotion-eliciting situations. Investigations of both infants and children are described. These include a natural observation study of a single infant during routine caregiving activities, a systematic experiment in which infants were presented with elicitors of fear and anger, a seminaturalistic experiment during which mothers and children discuss a topic of disagreement, and a study of children’s responses to a fear stimulus presented in the context of an Internet prank. Together these studies show that prototypic expressions are sometimes produced when it is unlikely that the corresponding emotion is experienced and often are not produced when the corresponding emotional experience seems likely. Overall findings suggest that the relationship between emotion and facial expression is more complex than portrayed within contemporary discrete emotion theories.
The Development of Emotion Recognition
Authors: Widen Sherri C.
Published: May 2017

At all ages, children interpret and respond to the emotions of others. Traditionally, it has been assumed that children’s emotion knowledge was based on an early understanding of facial expressions in terms of specific, discrete emotions. More recent evidence suggests that this assumption is incorrect. As described by the broad-to-differentiated hypothesis, children’s initial emotion concepts are broad and valence based. Gradually, children differentiate within these initial concepts by linking the different components of an emotion together (e.g., the cause to the consequence, etc.) until their concepts resemble adults’ emotion concepts. Contrary to traditional assumptions, facial expressions are neither the starting point for most emotion concepts nor are they the strongest cue to emotions. Instead, just like any other component of an emotion concept, facial expressions must be differentiated from the valence-based concepts and linked to the other components of the specific emotion concept.
A Social Vision Account of Facial Expression Perception
Authors: Adams Reginald B. , Albohn Daniel N. , Kveraga Kestutis
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, we discuss prospects for a future computational neuropsychology. Computerized approaches to assessment, the ability to implement life-like scenarios in a controlled virtual environment, and teleneuropsychology offer promise for expanding available approaches to cognitive remediation and self-monitoring. Computational models are also available increasingly for integrating neuroimaging into the assessment process. Neuropsychologists can use neuroimaging to develop new frameworks for neuropsychological testing that are rooted in the current evidence base on large-scale brain system interactions. This will allow for traditional assessment of discrete areas of neurocognitive functioning to be brought in line with recent findings that highly nuanced relations exist among brain networks. Furthermore, the new findings from systems neuroscience may allow for the development of neuropsychological assessments with greater accuracy and increased targeted testing. Neuroinfomatic approaches offer computational neuropsychology an approach to knowledge sharing via well-defined neuropsychological ontologies and collaborative knowledgebases.
The Social Signal Value of Emotions
Authors: Hess Ursula , Hareli Shlomo
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the impact of context information on the perception of emotions. Different types of context are discussed and the limits of the influence of context information for the perception of emotion expressions and the inferences drawn from them are delineated. A model of the meaning of emotion expressions in context (MEEC) is introduced, which proposes a pertinent but not exclusive role for context information by proposing core appraisals as the limiting frame of reinterpretation. The model, just as do social constructivist accounts, considers perceivers as active participants in the emotion decoding process—but as ones who are limited with regard to their constructive freedom.
Embodied Simulation in Decoding Facial Expression
Authors: Niedenthal Paula M. , Wood Adrienne , Rychlowska Magdalena , Korb Sebastian
Published: May 2017

The present chapter explores evidence for the role of embodied simulation and facial mimicry in the decoding of facial expression of emotion. We begin the chapter by reviewing evidence in favor of the hypothesis that mimicking a perceived facial expression helps the perceiver achieve greater decoding accuracy. We report experimental and correlational evidence in favor of the general effect, and we also examine the assertion that facial mimicry influences perceptual processing of facial expression. Finally, after examining the behavioral evidence, we look into the brain to explore the neural circuitry and chemistry involved in embodied simulation of facial expressions of emotion.
Natural Facial Expression
Authors: Fernández-Dols José-Miguel
Published: May 2017

The notion that there are universal facial expressions of basic emotion remains a dominant idea in the study of emotion. Inspired by pragmatics, and based on behavioral ecology and psychological constructionism, this chapter provides an alternative to the concept of facial expression of basic emotion: the concept of natural facial expression. Actual, observable natural facial expressions do not mean self-contained, discrete basic emotions; they are instead related to different components of diverse emotional episodes. Their communicative function is not semantic (e.g., a smile does not means happiness) but pragmatic (e.g., a smile prompts, on the receiver’s side, important inferences about the context and course of the interaction between sender and receiver).
Emotional Dialects in the Language of Emotion
Authors: Elfenbein Hillary Anger
Published: May 2017

This paper discusses classic and recent findings on the cross-cultural communication of emotions, highlighting the dialect theory of emotion. Dialect theory uses a linguistic metaphor to argue emotion is a universal language with dialects that have subtle differences from each other. As in verbal language, it is more challenging to understand someone speaking a different dialect. This notion is meant to integrate decades of empirical findings. Notably, research supports an in-group advantage, whereby individuals are more accurate judging emotional expressions from their own cultural group versus foreign cultural groups. Dialect theory has at times been controversial due to its implications for dominant theories about cross-cultural differences in emotion. This chapter reviews dialect theory and discusses the mounting body of evidence in favor of it, evidence for alternative accounts, and practical implications for societies that are increasingly multicultural.
Caretaking Democratization
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: May 2017

This book examines the political landscape that followed the 2010 elections in Myanmar and the subsequent transition from direct military rule to a semi-civilian, ‘hybrid’ regime. Striking political, social, and economic transformations have indeed taken place in the long-isolated country since the military junta disbanded in March 2011. To better construe – and question – what has routinely been labelled a ‘Burmese Spring’, the book examines the reasons behind the ongoing political transition, as well as the role of the Burmese armed forces in the process. The book draws on in-depth interviews with Burmese political actors, party leaders, parliamentarians, active and retired army officers. It also takes its cue from comparative scholarship on civil-military relations and post-authoritarian politics, looking at the ‘praetorian’ logic to explain the transitional moment. Myanmar’s road to democratic change is, however, paved with obstacles. As the book suggests, the continuing military intervention in domestic politics, the resilience of bureaucratic, economic and political clientelism at all levels of society, the towering presence of Aung San Suu Kyi, the shadowy influence of regional and global powers, and the enduring concerns about interethnic and interreligious relations, all are strong reminders of the series of elemental conundrums which Myanmar will have to deal with in order to achieve democratization, sustainable development and peace.
Patterns of Persistent Praetorian Behaviors
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: May 2017

This chapter shifts its focus away from the euphoric optimism that emerged after 2011 and instead looks at one of the more enduring realities of contemporary Myanmar: the continuing dominance of the military institution despite the disbanding of the junta in 2011. The Tatmadaw remains a key policy actor as the “last resort decision-maker” in the new post-junta hybrid system. As crises emerge, threats escalate and local contentious politics grow uncontrollable, the armed forces continue to decisively intervene. The Tatmadaw has also secured a “post-junta” legislative role through the constitutional reservation of a quarter of all new parliamentary seats. This chapter reviews the various policy and legislative functions performed by the Tatmadaw in the new constitution order, evaluating the effects of its lingering influence.
Enduring Burmese Realities
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: May 2017

This chapter seeks to provide a realistic assessment of the other long-term challenges that continue to plague Myanmar. While many are not necessarily hindering democratization, all pose considerable threats to the stability of the country and the long-term process of national reconciliation. Prominent among them is the multifaceted political and social clientelisms that are entrenched in Burmese society. Such is the case for the oligarchical structuration and weaknesses of the national economy, as well as Myanmar’s peculiar geography. This chapter looks at why the country cannot avoid considering the impact that its geopolitical situation has long imposed on its domestic developments. Myanmar’s position at the crossroads of India and China, where politics remains volatile and democratic consolidation is an endlessly moving target, may provide the military with incentives to remain involved in politics.
Engineering the Battlefield
Authors: Ford Matthew
Published: May 2017

This chapter is concerned with exploring the way that engineers sought to reframe and make sense of user experiences of battle. The chapter shows how Britain’s engineers tried to introduce an innovative design of assault rifle into the British Army. The arguments they developed in turn had a range of impacts on American engineers who were themselves going through a series of discussions on how to update rifle technology. In terms of military innovation, this represented neither top-down nor bottom-up innovation. Instead, we might describe the efforts of these engineers as middle-out innovation.
Alliance Politics and NATO Standardisation
Authors: Ford Matthew
Published: May 2017

This chapter is split into three parts. In the first I develop the main historical trajectory of the equipment standardization debates in NATO and describe how the doctrinal perspectives and battlefield interpretations of a number of Alliance partners started to coincide. In the second part, I show that there are a number of social processes buried within this narrative that help to frame the standardization debate in a particular way. In the third part of the chapter I assess the underlying rationality of the stances being taken by the various actors in NATO. This will then allow us to draw conclusions as to how power works within an alliance structure.
From the Mundane to the Sophisticated
Authors: Ford Matthew
Published: May 2017

This chapter asks whether it is possible to draw analogies between mundane and sophisticated technology. The previous chapters have explored different dimensions of innovation across multiple contexts. The conclusion drawn here is that future investigations into innovation will also need to consider the range of contexts and actors engaged in more sophisticated socio–technical change if we are to properly understand the distribution of power across the military–industrial complex. Only by making this effort will we be able to expose the countervailing interests that make up the process of weapon selection and, as a result, develop more democratically accountable strategic choices.
Dictionary-unsanctioned Anglicisms
Authors: Saugera Valérie
Published: May 2017

This core chapter reports on the findings from the investigation of the Libération corpus. Systematic tracking of dictionary-unattested Anglicisms occurring over a year of press language reveals that contact with global English has resulted in new patterns of borrowing and processes for extending the French lexicon, for the short and long term. A major finding is that the database includes many types of Anglicisms with very few tokens: global English is a robust supplier of transient words (nonce borrowings and very low-frequency items) which complement the more durable lexicon. Diachronic comparisons show that these Anglicisms typically have a short life cycle in the French lexicon, though some Anglicisms from the corpus entered subsequent editions of the dictionary. The data also reveal the less common borrowing of items from closed classes, including pronoun himself, stressed article the, and the preposition-like series starring/featuring/including.
Adjectival Anglicisms in the Plural
Authors: Saugera Valérie
Published: May 2017

When adjectives of English origin are pluralized in French, they follow one of three patterns: they receive inflection, they reject inflection, or they occur in both inflected and uninflected forms. This chapter reveals that although uninflected and variable adjectives do violate the standard native rule of adjective agreement, the constraints that block inflection are French-derived. A second feature of these adjectival Anglicisms is that their nominal counterpart, if it exists, always receives native inflection (des jeans baggy vs. des baggys). It is proposed that the difference in word class, and specifically the feature of grammatical gender, accounts for the contrastive behavior.
Changing Federal Deputy Campaigns
Authors: Langston Joy K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how congressional campaigning changed for PRI candidates from the hegemonic to democratic era. Under hegemonic conditions, PRI candidates had huge resource advantages, and enjoyed the benefits of weak opposition parties and strong party identification. Under these circumstances, one should expect that the candidates for the hegemonic party would campaign as little as possible: that is, they would shirk. However, the agents sent down from the national party headquarters monitored their campaigning performance and obligated them to remake and strengthen the ties between local leaders and the national party. Once competition drove up uncertainty, PRI congressional candidates worked hard to win their election even though they could not hope for a second term. Despite their resource restraints, they campaign actively, while the national party headquarters has taken over national media appeals and strategies on programmatic promises. Governors were and continue to be important components in congressional campaigns, as they are able to support their co-partisan candidates.
Comparing the PRI Experience to Kenya and Taiwan
Authors: Langston Joy K.
Published: May 2017

The final chapter applies the argument based on the Mexican experience to other authoritarian regimes with strong parties that transitioned to democracy: Kenya and Taiwan. Kenya African National Union (KANU) practically disappeared because electoral rules allowed politicians to win elections without strong labels. In Taiwan, the Kuomintang survived and returned to power after two terms out of executive power, in large part because its divisions did not lead to fragmentation and because voters continued to support the label. Thus, the work’s argument: that party leaders must learn to garner electoral victories under democratic circumstances while avoiding the pressures to fragment, holds. Federalism, the mixed-member electoral system, and generous party financing all play a role in determining how electoral competition creates winners and losers within the party organization. These institutions also reduce the impact of the electoral opening on the party’s tendency to fragment.
Introduction
Authors: Sriram Chandra Lekha
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 1, Chandra Lekha Sriram identifies several themes across the volume. These include the challenge of investigating causality, or the “effects” of transitional justice and lessons from other regions which may be relevant for the Middle East and North Africa. They also include the importance of understanding the specific demands and approaches to human rights and transition in the region, as well as promoting transitional justice in the context of stalled or non-transitions.
Truth and Fact-Finding in the Arab Monarchies
Authors: Fakhro Elham
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 9, Elham Fakhro examines the use of truth and fact-finding commissions in two monarchies, pre- and post-Arab Spring. She argues that in Morocco and Bahrain the absence of regime change has not prevented the use of truth-telling. However, that same absence of reform has constrained the scope of these mechanisms, preventing the naming of alleged perpetrators or units. And, she argues, the wider political settlement between regimes and reformers has limited the potential for the creation of other transitional justice mechanisms, or for truth-telling to act as a catalyst to reform.
“The walls will not be silent”
Authors: Barsalou Judy
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 10, Judy Barsalou discusses the trajectory of efforts at transitional justice in Egypt. She argues that while the protesters demanded reform, and united around the need to remove Mubarak, their further political demands, including those related to accountability, were less clear and some- times divergent. They had, in particular, a range of demands regarding what transitional justice should do: whether it should promote democracy, focus on socio-economic justice, or address other goals. She observes, building on her own interviews, surveys, and a poll by Pew Charitable Trust, that there was strong support amongst ordinary Egyptians for institutional reform, particularly of the security sector and the judiciary, presumably because so many had been victims of the abuses of these.
Theater or Transitional Justice
Authors: Aziz Sahar
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 11, Sahar Aziz discusses rule of law and judicial independence in the context of the Egyptian transition. She argues that while many external observers have viewed the Egyptian judiciary as relatively independent, political control by the Mubarak regime limited that independence successfully, and rendered the judiciary conservative. Further, she argues, while the concept of rule of law has been operational in the country, rather than a thick understanding of rule of law, there has been a hybrid version, of thin rule of law combined with rule by law. These phenomena operate in the context of patterns of patronage and the “deep state” to limit the prospect of reform.
Meaning
Authors: Benatar David
Published: May 2017

This chapter is the first of two chapters concerned with whether life is meaningless. Many people fear that it is. They fear that we are like Sisyphus, who was condemned to pointlessness. The basis for these fears is discussed. The chapter then clarifies the question “Does life have meaning?” It is noted that there are different perspectives from which one can ask whether a life is meaningful. It is then argued that life can have meaning from various terrestrial perspectives (that is, it can have a purpose or point from such perspectives). Thus, a total nihilism about meaning is not warranted. This is the somewhat good news about meaning.
Meaninglessness
Authors: Benatar David
Published: May 2017

This chapter is the second of two chapters concerned with whether life is meaningless. In this chapter, it is argued that life has no meaning sub specie aeternitatis (that is, no purpose or point from a cosmic perspective). Nihilism about cosmic meaning is the bad news. Some people deny that life lacks cosmic meaning while others argue that it does not matter that life lacks such meaning. The chapter responds to such arguments, some of which are theistic and some of which are secular. For example, it is argued that cosmic meaning is not to be found in God’s or nature’s purposes, or in the possibility that life on earth is the only life there is.
Immortality
Authors: Benatar David
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers two questions pertaining to immortality. The first question is whether we are or can become immortal. Some have argued that we are immortal either in the sense that our souls survive our physical deaths or in the sense that bodily resurrection will follow death. Cryopreservation in the hope of future thawing and life saving is a contemporary and secular version of the promise of resurrection. Others maintain that though we are now mortal, the defeat of physical death is within the reach of medical science. This chapter argues that these are delusions and fantasies. The second question considered is whether immortality would be good. Some, such as Bernard Williams, have argued that it would be bad. That argument is rejected in favor of the view that, under the right conditions, the option of immortality would be good.
Conclusion
Authors: Benatar David
Published: May 2017

The concluding chapter begins by summarizing the human predicament. The themes of optimism and pessimism are then revisited and are applied to the constellation of views defended in the book. It is argued that a substantial pessimism is warranted. Finally, the chapter considers various options other than suicide for responding to the human predicament. One of these is to desist from procreation, given that procreation only perpetuates the predicament. More generally, two broad positions are sketched—“pragmatic optimism” and “pragmatic pessimism.” The latter allows temporary distractions from, but not denial of, the human predicament. Because this view enables one to cope with reality while still facing up to it, it is argued that it is the preferable response to the human predicament.
The Firm Divided
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

This book investigates the conflict between the managers and shareholders of large corporations. Shareholders want managers to act in ways that make their shares as valuable as possible, but managers ultimately want to maximize their own wellbeing. The outcome of manager-shareholder conflict is largely determined by a firm’s board of directors, which engages in a sequence of bargaining games with the firm’s managers. The book presents a conceptual framework for understanding board-manager interactions that is underpinned by decades of academic research into corporate governance. It shows how boards monitor managers, and the problems they face when doing so. It shows how boards provide incentives for managers to work in shareholders’ best interests, using a combination of ownership stakes and performance-based pay. And it also shows how boards delegate monitoring to outside parties, including by determining the effectiveness of the market for corporate control. In every case, tools that can benefit shareholders when used by strong boards can actually harm shareholders when used by weak boards. The book shows all of this by blending the stories of particular firms and individuals with the insights of academic research, helping the non-specialist reader understand how the seemingly disparate events it describes can be understood through the lens of manager-shareholder conflict.
A gadfly in the ointment
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

Modern corporations are characterized by the separation of ownership and control, with individual investors spreading their wealth over a large number of separate firms. This allows specialist managers to use their skills to run firms and individual investors to enjoy the benefits of diversifying the risks they face. Shareholders are able to influence the way firms are run by sponsoring proposals that are put to a shareholder vote, but few do so because they cannot share the costs of monitoring management with other shareholders and they must share the benefits with them. This chapter explains the source and consequences of the resulting free-rider problem using the example of gadfly investor Evelyn Y. Davis who, because of the personal benefits she earned from monitoring, spent decades creating havoc at firms’ annual shareholder meetings.
Whose side are you on?
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

The board of directors has a fiduciary duty to the shareholders who elect its members to monitor, advise, and if necessary replace the CEO and other senior executives. One way to analyze the interactions between boards and executives is as an ongoing series of bargaining games. Strong ties can develop between directors and executives, which affect the bargaining power of the various participants. Short-term changes in bargaining power can lead to negotiated changes in board composition that lock in the altered bargaining power for the long term. This chapter uses Ray Irani’s tenure as CEO of Occidental Petroleum to describe the bargaining game interpretation of board-CEO interactions and to demonstrate how this framework can explain many observed corporate governance practices.
Narrowing the Gap
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

Manager-shareholder conflict arises due to low levels of managerial ownership and the resulting wide separation of ownership and control. However, strong boards of directors can make even small ownership stakes more effective at motivating executives to work in shareholders’ best interests by granting stock options, repurchasing shares, and issuing debt. Ultimately they can approve a leveraged buyout, although a strong board is needed to overcome the conflicts of interest involved in management-led buyouts. This chapter uses events at HCA, the for-profit hospital chain that undertook the world’s largest leveraged buyout followed a few years later by the largest private equity IPO, to explain how boards can narrow the gap between ownership and control. It uses a novel representation of a firm’s capital structure to analyze the techniques for boosting ownership-generated incentives at relatively low cost to shareholders.
Hiding high pay
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

This chapter uses pay in the home construction industry during the recent housing boom and bust to illustrate the second of the two competing theories that economists use to understand executive compensation: the managerial power hypothesis. According to this theory, boards at some firms have such weak bargaining positions that the only constraint on executive pay is the prospect of shareholder outrage. The theory’s central prediction is that weak boards and strong CEOs combine to find ways to pay executives that reduce the threat of shareholder outrage. This chapter develops this prediction and demonstrates its ability to explain observed pay practices that have the effect of camouflaging high pay levels.
With one hand tied behind their back
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

This chapter uses the New York cable television provider Cablevision to describe the way in which boards can delegate some of the task of monitoring management to participants in external capital markets. Unlike a firm’s current shareholders, who have little say over how their funds are allocated, external capital markets provide their funds only if the investment returns are adequate. This chapter shows how managers of firms with substantial cash-generating assets in place can use the collateral that these assets provide to weaken the discipline of external capital markets. It shows how their ability to do this is restricted if the board authorizes share repurchases or special dividends funded by increased borrowing, as these replace “soft” payouts to shareholders with “hard” payouts to bondholders. Managers’ ability to exploit collateral is further restricted if the board uses spinoffs to break up the firm’s internal capital market.
Bypassing the board
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

When a target’s board decides to fight an unsolicited takeover attempt, the raider must go over directors’ heads, directly to shareholders. It must overcome a free-rider problem that would otherwise force it to pay such a high price for the target’s shares that the raid would be unprofitable. This chapter shows how to overcome this free-rider problem using the story of how Malcolm Glazer, the owner of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFL team, was able to acquire the Manchester United soccer club in the UK in the face of strong opposition from the target’s board. It describes strategies raiders use to persuade small shareholders to sell their shares at prices lower than their post-takeover value.
Caught in the middle
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

Board effectiveness is crucial in determining the outcome of manager-shareholder conflict, which is why so much of the policy debate surrounding corporate governance involves the extent to which boards are exposed to shareholder pressure. Policymakers are grappling with three key issues. How much are shareholders allowed to know about what is going on inside their firm? To what extent can shareholders determine how a firm is run? Are shareholders allowed to choose their own board? This chapter describes: the evolution over the last quarter century of the SEC’s disclosure rules; the restrictions it imposes on the proposals that shareholders can sponsor, especially as they relate to whether or not to sell the firm to someone else; and the ongoing battle over the extent to which a firm’s board can monopolize access to the proxy statement that is sent to shareholders at the firm’s expense.
A World of Goods
Authors: Talbot Ian , Kamran Tahir
Published: May 2017

The chapter discusses Indian elites’ emulation of European consumption patterns. The new suburban developments furthered this process with the demand for imported fans, baths and cars. The student population of Lahore created a demand for bicycles, pens, sports goods and watches. They also were consumers of both imported and locally produced medical products. Even poorer Indians exhibited new consumption patterns with everyday use of tea and cigarettes. The chapter discusses the role of advertising in encouraging consumer needs as well as the extent to which these sources can shed light on the social life of the colonial city. There are case studies of the advertisements featured in two leading English language newspapers, which were published from Lahore, namely Tribune and Eastern Times.
Rivers Divided
Authors: Haines Daniel
Published: May 2017

The Indus Waters Treaty is considered a key example of India–Pakistan cooperation, but less has been said about its critical influence on state-making in both countries. This book reveals the importance of the Indus Basin river system, and thus control over it, for Indian and Pakistani claims to sovereignty after South Asia’s Partition in 1947. Securing water flows was a key aim for both governments. In 1960 the Indus Waters Treaty ostensibly settled the dispute, but in fact failed to address critical sources of tension. Examples include the role of water in the Kashmir conflict and the riverine geography of Punjab’s militarized border zone. Despite the recent resurgence of disputes over water-sharing in South Asia, the historical causes and consequences of the region’s flagship natural resources treaty remain little understood. Based on new research in South Asia, the United States and United Kingdom, this book places the Indus dispute, for the first time, in the context of decolonization and Cold War-era development politics. Using perspectives from environmental history, political geography, and international relations, it examines the discord over riparian rights at local, national and international levels, arguing that we can only explain its importance and longevity in light of India and Pakistan’s state-building initiatives after independence. In the process, it puts forward a new reading of territoriality in South Asia.
The Problem of Territory
Authors: Haines Daniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the contested meanings of territoriality in decolonizing South Asia, building on recent scholarship on nationalist thought. It argues that when independence came, bringing with it the Partition of Punjab and Bengal, the spatial basis of the Indian and Pakistani nation-states was hardly stable. As the British colonial government prepared to withdraw, nationalists put forward competing visions of what independence could bring. Many of these visions had a difficult relationship with the idea of a national territory. The Indian National Congress sought a composite Indian national identity to hold together a vast and diverse region, while the Muslim League proposed a new entity called ‘Pakistan’, but with little clarity regarding the state’s location, extent or constitutional relationship to India. These territorial uncertainties provided the political context in which the Indus waters dispute became a matter of state sovereignty after independence.
Sovereignty Entanglements in Kashmir
Authors: Haines Daniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that Indian and Pakistani constructions of territorial sovereignty on the plains, heavily dependent on their positioning upstream or downstream, differed in the context of Kashmir. Several Indus Basin rivers flow through Kashmir before entering Pakistan. Dominating Kashmir therefore means having early access to river water, and the ability to construct water-control projects such as Pakistan’s Mangla Dam. One reason why India-Pakistan water relationships remain controversial is that the Indus Waters Treaty, representing a very narrow settlement of the water dispute, did not address the geopolitical challenges that Kashmir posed. The chapter therefore shows that competing Indian and Pakistani articulations of the link between water control and territorial sovereignty became even stronger in the context of the Kashmir dispute.
Spaces of Cooperation
Authors: Haines Daniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter highlights the confluence of territory, sovereignty and state-building in South Asia with the international politics of the Cold War. It deconstructs the idea of international cooperation in the Indus Basin, asking how the framework for accommodating competing Indian and Pakistani demands become discursively framed as “cooperation”, and how the Indus Waters Treaty acquired a positive reputation despite its severe limitations. The chapter analyses an ambitious 1951 plan for unifying Indian and Pakistani management of the Indus system by David E. Lilienthal, a prominent American technocrat. Analysing the plan’s implicit assumptions about scale and the basin’s political geography, it argues that the principle of cooperation was as much a rhetorical device as a real relationship. Even though it helped lure India and Pakistan to the World Bank’s negotiating table, cooperation was quickly abandoned.
Introduction
Authors: Staffell Simon , Awan Akil N.
Published: May 2017

This brief chapter introduces the themes of the book, and maps out the structure of the book.
From 25 January to Islamic State
Authors: Staffell Simon
Published: May 2017

The history of the jihadist movement in Egypt provides important lessons about its possible future trajectories. This chapter sets out the history of jihadism in Egypt from Al-Gama‘a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group) and Egyptian Islamic Jihad in the 1980s and 90s, through the al-Tawhid w‘al Jihad and Al-Qaeda affiliate the Abdullah Azzam Brigades in the 2000s. The chapter then considers how jihadism has developed after the 25 January 2011 revolution. It examines the rise of IS in Egypt - the organizational changes involved and how these were accompanied by changes in ideology and narrative. By situating these changes in the context of the history of salafi-jihadism in Egypt, it argues that IS’s ability to gain a foothold, were in part due to their global narrative, but more notably were due to the way in which the Ansar Beit al-Maqdis/Wilayat Sina leadership were willing and able to adapt this narrative to the particularities of the Egyptian context. Egyptian jihadism has not historically accepted IS’s approach, and this may ultimately prove to be their downfall in the country.
Inside the Propaganda Machine of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and its Evolution Following the Rise of Islamic State
Authors: Bartolucci Valentina
Published: May 2017

The strategic communication of violent extremist organizations have evolved dramatically in the past few years. This chapter examines the evolution of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) in relation to the Islamic State (IS) by showing that the two movements have always had different worldviews and, consequently, very different communicative strategies and discourses. To this end, this chapter presents the results of a detailed analysis of texts produced by AQIM and of an analysis of the visual propaganda of IS both performed through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis.
Local and Global Jihadist Narratives in Afghanistan
Authors: Turnbull Martha
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between local and global jihadist narratives in Afghanistan by examining the public messages of the Afghan Taliban and Al-Qaeda since 2011. It argues that the two groups have formed a closer partnership following the emergence of the Islamic State and its affiliate group the Islamic State Khorasan Province. Unlike the events of the Arab Spring, which had little impact in Afghanistan, the rise of the Islamic State and its offshoot in the region forced the Taliban and Al-Qaeda to create a robust counter-narrative which has brought the two groups closer together. This development marks a new era in the relationship between the Taliban and Al-Qaeda and has significant negative implications for the peace process in Afghanistan.
The Ethics of Technology
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: May 2017

This book develops an analytic ethics of technology based on a geometric account of moral principles. The author argues that geometric concepts such as points, lines, and planes are useful for clarifying the structure and scope of five moral principles: (1) the cost-benefit principle, (2) the precautionary principle, (3) the sustainability principle, (4) the fairness principle, and (5) the autonomy principle. The geometric approach derives its normative force from the Aristotelian dictum that we should “treat like cases alike.” The more similar a pair of cases are, the more reason do we have to treat the cases alike. These similarity relations can be analyzed and represented geometrically. In such a geometric representation, the distance in moral space between cases reflects their degree of similarity. The more similar a pair of cases are from a moral point of view, the shorter is the distance between them. To assess to what extent the geometric method is practically useful for analyzing real-world cases the author has conducted three experimental studies based on data gathered from academic philosophers in the United States and Europe and engineering students at Texas A&M University. The results indicate that experts (philosophers) and laypeople (engineering students) do in fact apply geometrically construed moral principles in roughly, but not exactly, the manner advocates of geometrically construed principles believe they ought to be applied.
Experimental Data
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents some empirical findings detailing how experts (philosophers) and laypeople (engineering students) have actually applied the geometric method. The upshot is that, on a group level, experts as well as laypeople apply domain-specific principles in roughly the manner prescribed by the geometric method. The author’s studies are based on data gathered from 240 academic philosophers in the United States and Europe, as well as two groups of 583 and 541 engineering students at Texas A&M University. By showing that experts as well as laypeople exhibit the ability to apply the geometric method in a coherent manner, doubts regarding its viability and complexity can be rebutted. The experimental findings demonstrate that many of us can apply geometrically construed moral principles to real-world cases. Therefore it would be a mistake to think that only fully rational agents with unlimited cognitive capacities are able to adopt the geometric method.
The Sustainability Principle
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: May 2017

The aim of this chapter is to render the Sustainability Principle more precise. To what extent can it be motivated by axiological claims about the moral value of sustainability? The position articulated in this chapter is somewhat complex. If sustainability had been valuable in a noninstrumental sense, then this would have been an excellent explanation for why long-term depletion of significant natural resources is wrong. However, the best argument for ascribing noninstrumental value to the environment does not warrant the conclusion that sustainability is valuable in a noninstrumental sense. This leaves us with an alternative explanation for why we should accept the sustainability principle: Long-term depletion of significant natural, social, or economic resources is wrong because it indirectly reduces the well-being of millions of present and future sentient beings. It is thus the instrumental value of sustainability that ultimately motivates the sustainability principle.
The Autonomy Principle
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: May 2017

Technological innovations have increased the independence, self-governance, and freedom of millions of people around the world. The link between new technologies and increased autonomy is by no means a modern phenomenon. Pick any point in time at which a substantial technological transformation has occurred, and it is likely that a significant part of the process can be described as an upsurge of autonomy. The focus of this chapter is on three questions: (i) How should autonomy be defined? (ii) Is autonomy valuable for its own sake or as a means to an end? (ii) How should autonomy be measured? By answering these questions it becomes clear how the Autonomy Principle should be applied to real-world cases in which people’s independence, self-governance, or freedom is affected.
The Fairness Principle
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: May 2017

Numerous engineering projects and technologies have contributed to making the world on the whole a much fairer place. The Internet, for instance, has enabled billions of people to communicate at almost no cost, meaning that information previously available to only a privileged few can now be retrieved by everyone with access to a computer. This chapter discusses four alternative notions of fairness (equal opportunities, desert, legitimate transactions, and strict egalitarianism) and seeks to locate the geometric center of gravity for the Fairness Principle by applying the ex-post method presented in chapter 2. Some new experimental results are also reported, which indicate that people do infact differentiate between several different notions of fairness.
The Governor of Burma and his Critics
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the much-criticized role of the Governor of Burma, Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith, who took over in May 1941. Although the correspondents were restrained in their criticisms of the governor while the campaign was progressing, some of them did not hold back in their later books, which were subject to much less censorship. The focus of criticism was on civil defense arrangements in Rangoon, on Dorman-Smith’s supposed influence on military strategy, on his failure to implement martial law in the city, and to recognize the extent of Burmese “fifth column” activity. It is argued that some of these criticisms resulted from the slowness to establish an effective public relations set-up in Burma. This left the journalists without proper information of the progress of the war and antagonized some of them by restricting their movements and strictly censoring their dispatches. This meant that there was a failure to explain the Government of Burma’s case effectively until after the retreat was over.
Early Birds or ‘Vultures’?
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on correspondents who came to Burma in December 1941, just as the Japanese started bombing Rangoon and their land assault in southern Burma was getting underway. Two of the strongest critics of the Governor were Leland Stowe and O’Dowd Gallagher. There is a marked contrast between the supportive approach they took in their newspaper dispatches and the much more critical approach taken in their later memoirs. The issues raised are the war in the air over Rangoon, the sheltering and evacuation of civilians from the cities, the failure to bring in contingents of the Chinese army more quickly, the failure to make proper use of the American Lend-Lease materials, and corruption on the Burma Road. It is argued that all the journalists missed reporting the full nature of the defeat inflicted by the Japanese at the Battle of the Sittang Bridge, which decided the fate of Rangoon.
Organising the War Correspondents in Burma
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the role of the Army Public Relations Office in organising the work of the war correspondents. It examines the way correspondents operated whilst in Burma, and the constraints they were under, particularly from the strict military censorship regime. Examples are given of how, sometimes, they were able to challenge censorship decisions.
It points to the limited role women war correspondents were allowed to play in covering the fighting front but shows how the organization provided for two women correspondents, Eve Curie and Claire Boothe Luce, to report from Burma.