bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exhaled nitric oxide and the risk of wheezing in infancy: the Generation R Study
Authors: Gabriele C. , Jaddoe V.W. , van Mastrigt E. , Arends L.R. , Hofman A. , Moll H.A. , de Jongste J.C.
Published: September 2011

We assessed whether exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FeNO), a marker of eosinophilic airway inflammation, at 6 months was associated with the risk of wheezing during the first 2 yrs of life.

In the Generation R birth cohort, pre- and post-natal risk factors for respiratory morbidity and respiratory symptoms were assessed by questionnaires at 6 and 24 months. In 428 infants, off-line mixed oral/nasalFeNOwas successfully measured during tidal breathing at 6 months. Complete data onFeNOand respiratory symptoms within the first 6 months of life were available for 294 infants.

FeNOwas higher in males, was positively associated with age and was negatively associated with upper and lower respiratory symptoms within the first 6 months. Logistic regression analysis showed that for every ppb increase ofFeNOmeasured at 6 months, infants had a 1.06 (95% confidence interval 1.01–1.11)-fold increased risk of wheezing in the second year of life. HighFeNO(>17.5 ppb) showed a limited added value in predicting wheezing in the second year.

We conclude thatFeNOat 6 months is positively associated with the risk of wheezing, but has limited added value in predicting wheezing in the second year of life in individual children.
Updated genome assembly and annotation of Paenibacillus larvae, the agent of American foulbrood disease of honey bees
Authors: Chan Queenie WT , Cornman R Scott , Birol Inanc , Liao Nancy Y , Chan Simon K , Docking T Roderick , Jackman Shaun D , Taylor Greg A , Jones Steven JM , de Graaf Dirk C , Evans Jay D , Foster Leonard J
Published: September 2011

Background

As scientists continue to pursue various 'omics-based research, there is a need for high quality data for the most fundamental 'omics of all: genomics. The bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of the honey bee disease American foulbrood. If untreated, it can lead to the demise of an entire hive; the highly social nature of bees also leads to easy disease spread, between both individuals and colonies. Biologists have studied this organism since the early 1900s, and a century later, the molecular mechanism of infection remains elusive. Transcriptomics and proteomics, because of their ability to analyze multiple genes and proteins in a high-throughput manner, may be very helpful to its study. However, the power of these methodologies is severely limited without a complete genome; we undertake to address that deficiency here.

Results

We used the Illumina GAIIx platform and conventional Sanger sequencing to generate a 182-fold sequence coverage of the P. larvae genome, and assembled the data using ABySS into a total of 388 contigs spanning 4.5 Mbp. Comparative genomics analysis against fully-sequenced soil bacteria P. JDR2 and P. vortex showed that regions of poor conservation may contain putative virulence factors. We used GLIMMER to predict 3568 gene models, and named them based on homology revealed by BLAST searches; proteases, hemolytic factors, toxins, and antibiotic resistance enzymes were identified in this way. Finally, mass spectrometry was used to provide experimental evidence that at least 35% of the genes are expressed at the protein level.

Conclusions

This update on the genome of P. larvae and annotation represents an immense advancement from what we had previously known about this species. We provide here a reliable resource that can be used to elucidate the mechanism of infection, and by extension, more effective methods to control and cure this widespread honey bee disease.
A new class of IMP dehydrogenase with a role in self-resistance of mycophenolic acid producing fungi
Authors: Hansen Bjarne G , Genee Hans J , Kaas Christian S , Nielsen Jakob B , Regueira Torsten B , Mortensen Uffe H , Frisvad Jens C , Patil Kiran R
Published: September 2011

Background

Many secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi have potent biological activities, to which the producer organism must be resistant. An example of pharmaceutical interest is mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressant molecule produced by several Penicillium species. The target of MPA is inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), which catalyses the rate limiting step in the synthesis of guanine nucleotides. The recent discovery of the MPA biosynthetic gene cluster from Penicillium brevicompactum revealed an extra copy of the IMPDH-encoding gene (mpaF) embedded within the cluster. This finding suggests that the key component of MPA self resistance is likely based on the IMPDH encoded by mpaF.

Results

In accordance with our hypothesis, heterologous expression of mpaF dramatically increased MPA resistance in a model fungus, Aspergillus nidulans, which does not produce MPA. The growth of an A. nidulans strain expressing mpaF was only marginally affected by MPA at concentrations as high as 200 μg/ml. To further substantiate the role of mpaF in MPA resistance, we searched for mpaF orthologs in six MPA producer/non-producer strains from Penicillium subgenus Penicillium. All six strains were found to hold two copies of IMPDH. A cladistic analysis based on the corresponding cDNA sequences revealed a novel group constituting mpaF homologs. Interestingly, a conserved tyrosine residue in the original class of IMPDHs is replaced by a phenylalanine residue in the new IMPDH class.

Conclusions

We identified a novel variant of the IMPDH-encoding gene in six different strains from Penicillium subgenus Penicillium. The novel IMPDH variant from MPA producer P. brevicompactum was shown to confer a high degree of MPA resistance when expressed in a non-producer fungus. Our study provides a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of MPA resistance and has relevance for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications.
Medicine As It Should Be: A Cultural Shift
Authors: Benson Al B.
Published: September 2011

Increased use of clinical practice guidelines, evidence-based medicine, and electronic health records can help oncologists meet the challenges of workforce shortages, rising costs, and an aging population, creating a culture of care that benefits payers, providers, and patients.
Oncology Practice Trends From the National Practice Benchmark, 2005 through 2010
Authors: Barr Thomas R. , Towle Elaine L.
Published: September 2011

The gap between practice costs and practice revenue will continue to narrow, and as this occurs, community oncology practices will find it difficult to maintain their current business models.
Benchmarks for Value in Cancer Care: An Analysis of a Large Commercial Population
Authors: Kolodziej Michael , Hoverman J. Russell , Garey Jody S. , Espirito Janet , Sheth Sheetal , Ginsburg Aimee , Neubauer Marcus A. , Patt Debra , Brooks Barry , White Charles , Sitarik Mark , Anderson Roger , Beveridge Roy
Published: September 2011

Comprehensive cancer solutions to address the full spectrum of care will facilitate improved quality and patient outcomes.
Peek Before You Treat? Is It a Fantasy or Reality?
Authors: Ajani Jaffer A. , Mangu Pamela B. , Burstein Harold J.
Published: September 2011

Empirical approaches brought about use of the once-promising CSRA. However, oncologists now know that most cancers are highly complex, and that even the same tumor type can harbor differing genetic abnormalities.
Mechanisms of Melanocortin-2 Receptor (MC2R) Internalization and Recycling in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) Cells: Identification of Key Ser/Thr (S/T) Amino Acids
Authors: Roy Simon , Roy Sébastien Jean , Pinard Sandra , Taillefer Louis-Daniel , Rached Mohamed , Parent Jean-Luc , Gallo-Payet Nicole
Published: September 2011

ACTH is the most important stimulus of the adrenal cortex. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying the ACTH response are not yet clarified. The functional ACTH receptor includes melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2R) and MC2R accessory proteins (MRAP). In human embryonic kidney 293/Flp recombinase target cells expressing MC2R, MRAP1 isoforms, and MRAP2, we found that ACTH induced a concentration-dependent and arrestin-, clathrin-, and dynamin-dependent MC2R/MRAP1 internalization, followed by intracellular colocalization with Rab (Ras-like small guanosine triphosphate enzyme)4-, Rab5-, and Rab11-positive recycling endosomes. Preincubation of cells with monensin and brefeldin A revealed that 28% of the internalized receptors were recycled back to the plasma membrane and participated in total accumulation of cAMP. Moreover, certain intracellular Ser and Thr (S/T) residues of MC2R were found to play important roles not only in plasma membrane targeting and function but also in promoting receptor internalization. The S/T residues T131, S140, T204, and S280 were involved in MRAP1-independent cell-surface MC2R expression. Other mutants (S140A, S208A, and S202D) had lower cell-surface expressions in absence of MRAPβ. In addition, T143A and T147D drastically impaired cell-surface expression and function, whereas T131A, T131D, and S280D abrogated MC2R internalization. Thus, the modification of MC2R intracellular S/T residues may positively or negatively regulate its plasma membrane expression and the capacity of ACTH to induce cAMP accumulation. Mutations of T131, T143, T147, and S280 into either A or D had major repercussions on cell-surface expression, cAMP accumulation, and/or internalization parameters, pointing mostly to the second intracellular loop as being crucial for MC2R expression and functional regulation.
Shared Governance in an Age of Change
Authors: Langland Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

These papers were given at the 2011 MLA panel on faculty governance. They present the topic's importance in the face of budget crises and institutional pressure.
Making Shared Governance Work
Authors: Balkun Mary McAleer
Published: September 2011

These papers were given at the 2011 MLA panel on faculty governance. They present the topic's importance in the face of budget crises and institutional pressure.
SMART: A Stochastic Multiscale Model for the Analysis of Energy Resources, Technology, and Policy
Authors: Powell Warren B. , George Abraham , Simão Hugo , Scott Warren , Lamont Alan , Stewart Jeffrey
Published: September 2011

We address the problem of modeling energy resource allocation, including dispatch, storage, and the long-term investments in new technologies, capturing different sources of uncertainty such as energy from wind, demands, prices, and rainfall. We also wish to model long-term investment decisions in the presence of uncertainty. Accurately modeling the value of all investments, such as wind turbines and solar panels, requires handling fine-grained temporal variability and uncertainty in wind and solar in the presence of storage. We propose a modeling and algorithmic strategy based on the framework of approximate dynamic programming (ADP) that can model these problems at hourly time increments over an entire year or several decades. We demonstrate the methodology using both spatially aggregate and disaggregate representations of energy supply and demand. This paper describes the initial proof of concept experiments for an ADP-based model called SMART; we describe the modeling and algorithmic strategy and provide comparisons against a deterministic benchmark as well as initial experiments on stochastic data sets.
A Mathematical Framework for Data Quality Management in Enterprise Systems
Authors: Bai Xue
Published: September 2011

This paper addresses the issue of data quality management in information systems within an enterprise. Motivated by legislative mandates such as the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 on the reliability and integrity of the data and the enterprise systems from which the data are produced, we propose a process-based modeling framework to assess the impact of data errors in the business process information flow and the resulting data quality metrics. This framework is then integrated with a business control framework in which the placement and effectiveness of control procedures alter the propagation of errors and, ultimately, the quality of the data in the business process. This integrated framework enables mathematical formulations of managerial problems that lead to effective data quality control strategies. We develop a two-stage multiple-choice knapsack model as a special case, and we illustrate the model and analysis through a revenue realization process.
SOA Performance Enhancement Through XML Fragment Caching
Authors: Datta Anindya , Dutta Kaushik , Liang Qianhui , VanderMeer Debra
Published: September 2011

Organizations are increasingly choosing to implement service-oriented architectures to integrate distributed, loosely coupled applications. These architectures are implemented as services, which typically use XML-based messaging to communicate between service consumers and service providers across enterprise networks. We propose a scheme for caching fragments of service response messages to improve performance and service quality in service-oriented architectures. In our fragment caching scheme, we decompose responses into smaller fragments such that reusable components can be identified and cached in the XML routers of an XML overlay network within an enterprise network. Such caching mitigates processing requirements on providers and moves content closer to users, thus reducing bandwidth requirements on the network as well as improving service times. We describe the system architecture and caching algorithm details for our caching scheme, develop an analysis of the expected benefits of our scheme, and present the results of both simulation and case study-based experiments to show the validity and performance improvements provided by our caching scheme. Our simulation experimental results show an up to 60% reduction in bandwidth consumption and up to 50% response time improvement. Further, our case study experiments demonstrate that when there is no resource bottleneck, the cache-enabled case reduces average response times by 40%–50% and increases throughput by 150% compared to the no-cache and full message caching cases. In experiments contrasting fragment caching and full message caching, we found that full message caching provides benefits when the number of possible unique responses is low while the benefits of fragment caching increase as the number of possible unique responses increases. These experimental results clearly demonstrate the benefits of our approach.
Postrelease Testing and Software Release Policy for Enterprise-Level Systems
Authors: Jiang Zhengrui , Sarkar Sumit , Jacob Varghese S.
Published: September 2011

Prior work on software release policy implicitly assumes that testing stops at the time of software release. In this research, we propose an alternative release policy for custom-built enterprise-level software projects that allows testing to continue for an additional period after the software product is released. Our analytical results show that the software release policy with postrelease testing has several important advantages over the policy without postrelease testing. First, the total expected cost is lower. Second, even though the optimal time to release the software is shortened, the reliability of the software is improved throughout its lifecycle. Third, although the expected number of undetected bugs is higher at the time of release, the expected number of software failures in the field is reduced. We also analyze the impact of market uncertainty on the release policy and find that all our prior findings remain valid. Finally, we examine a comprehensive scenario where in addition to uncertain market opportunity cost, testing resources allocated to the focal project can change before the end of testing. Interestingly, the software should be released earlier when testing resources are to be reduced after release.
Image Analysis of Strains in Soils Subjected to Wetting and Drying
Authors: Rojas J. C. , Gallipoli D. , Wheeler S. J.
Published: September 2011

A novel image based technique has been developed to measure strains of soil specimens subjected to wetting-drying by using vapor equilibrium with closed-loop ventilation. A digital SLR camera, fitted with a macro telephoto lens, and an advanced photo system type-C (APS-C) sensor have been used to take images of specimens during wetting-drying. By using the simple radial model of optical distortion, it has been shown that macro fixed focal length lenses introduce extremely small strain errors, which can be neglected. It has also been shown that APS-C sensors are preferable to large Full Frame sensors when the specimen image does not fit the entire sensor area and pixel density, rather than pixel resolution, becomes the key parameter controlling measurement precision. Images of specimens have been acquired at different times during wetting-drying of the soil and processed by using the Adobe Photoshop software to assess evolution of strains. In particular, the planar strain field has been measured by means of a virtual “optical” strain gage rosette tracking the same three points on the specimen image throughout equalization. Multiple optical strain gage rosettes at different scales and positions have been employed to assess the uniformity of the strain field. The method was validated by imposing six different values of suction on six distinct specimens of the same isotropically compacted bentonite, with five values producing soil shrinkage (drying) and one value producing soil swelling (wetting). An excellent repeatability of results was observed in terms of both water content and strains. In addition, for each suction level, almost identical strain equalization curves are obtained from the analysis of multiple optical strain gage rosettes of different sizes placed at different locations over the specimen image. This confirms uniformity of the strain field and excludes the presence of friction at the specimen base.
Characterizing the Precision Uncertainty in Vibratory Roller Measurement Values
Authors: Facas Norman W. , Mooney Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Understanding precision uncertainty in roller measurement values (MV) from continuous compaction control and intelligent compaction vibratory soil and asphalt rollers is required for implementation of roller-based specifications for pavement construction quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA). Accordingly, MV uncertainty can have a significant influence on the acceptance criteria specified in QC/QA. Two pertinent uncertainties are examined within this context: (1) uncertainty in single roller MV data and (2) uncertainty in the difference between roller MVs at the same location from consecutive passes. The uncertainties were estimated from roller MV records using two experimental methods: (1) evaluation of consecutive pass MV records and (2) determination of a nugget variance from geostatistical variogram analysis of a single pass of MV data. The nugget method was found to be dependent on the reporting characteristics of the MV data. A procedure that uses uncertainty analysis to determine malfunctioning roller measurement systems and MVs insensitive to soil properties was demonstrated. The uncertainties from different MVs were found to be similar when evaluated on the same soil. However, MV uncertainty was found to vary between different soils using the same roller. The uncertainty estimated in this study has significant implications on acceptance criteria and nature of QC/QA specification.
Sexual Propositions
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: September 2011

California—simultaneously celebrated and reviled for its fabled sexual tolerance for the past half-century—has pioneered the use of sexual propositions, ballot initiatives designed to either expand the scope of “obscenity” censorship or to suppress the rights and aspirations of homosexuals. Viewed through the prism of the sexual propositions, the political landscape of California looks quite different than we generally imagine. This article examines the history of these propositions, their financial backers, and the politicians involved with them, including E. Richard Barnes’s Proposition 16, John Briggs’s Proposition 6 (The Briggs Initiative), and William J. “Pete” Knight’s Proposition 22.
Place, Poetry, and the Sunset Western Garden Book
Authors: Warren Louis , Warren Spring
Published: September 2011

Poet Gary Snyder talks about West Coast poetry and being a California poet.
Life of the Party
Authors: Basha Regine
Published: September 2011

In this essay, Regine Basha examines how the Iraqi-Jewish community in Los Angeles builds and consolidates cultural ties by throwing late-night musical house parties, called Chagli, and exchanging recordings of them.
Framing Farm Labor
Authors: Ziser Michael
Published: September 2011

This is a review essay covering three recent books related to representations of farm labor in California: Richard Steven Street, Everyone Had Cameras: Photography and Farmworkers in California, 1850–2000 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008); Jan Goggans, California on the Breadlines: Dorothea Lange, Paul Taylor, and the Making of a New Deal Narrative (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010); Rick Nahmias, The Migrant Project: Contemporary California Farm Workers (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008).
“First They Ignore You…”: The Time-Context Dynamic and Corporate Responsibility
Authors: Rivoli Pietra , Waddock Sandra
Published: September 2011

“First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.”–Mahatma Gandhi
Treatment of anti-MuSK antibody positive myasthenia gravis
Authors: Pál Zsuzsanna , Boczán Judit , Bereznai Benjamin , Lovas Gábor , Molnár Mária Judit
Published: September 2011

The authors report the case of a 27-year-old woman with muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase antibody positive myasthenia with predominantly ocular and bulbar symptoms. Both edrophonium and low dose (4×30 mg/day) pyridostigmin resulted in cholinergic side effects including fasciculation mainly in the facial and neck muscles, and excessive salivation. The patient responded well to a relatively high dose of chronic corticosteroid treatment (methyprednisolone 64mg/day), but the decrease of the corticosteroid dose below 16 mg/day induced exacerbation of the clinical symptoms. Immunosuppression with azathioprine and methotrexate failed to maintain the clinical improvement. However, plasma exchange was always very effective, and all clinical symptoms improved significantly. The authors conclude that patients with muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase antibody positive myasthenia gravis should have an individual treatment protocol differing from those used in patients who do not have this antibody but are positive for acetylcholine-receptor antibody. Identification of the pathogenic antibody in the early stage of myasthenia gravis may help to develop the optimal, individualized treatment strategy, to avoid severe side effects, and to achieve fast improvement. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1586–1589.
Effects of MBE growth on the optical properties of AlGaN quantum wells
Authors: Feng W. , Rajanna G. , Sohal S. , Nikishin S. A. , Bernussi A. A. , Holtz M.
Published: September 2011

Optical studies are reported of multiple quantum wells, based on AlGaN for emission in the deep ultraviolet. The materials are grown using gas source molecular beam epitaxy in a growth regime which transitions from purely two-dimensional to mixed two- and three-dimensional well formation. Low temperature photoluminescence and absorption measurements are used to obtain the Stokes shift, and temperature dependence is used to estimate the thermal activation energy associated with photoluminescence intensity decrease. Variations in these energies are attributed to the well morphologies.
Optimization suggestions for instrument‐cluster information using displays
Authors: Brown Arthur S. , Birman Vyacheslav , Miciuda Eric
Published: September 2011

Abstract— Suggestions are proposed to improve the way information is presented with heads‐down displays (HDDs) to optimize the information and potentially reduce the duration and frequency of scans necessary by the driver to read the information. Using color as a secondary channel of information on vehicle meters could reduce scan frequency by increasing awareness in driver' s peripheral vision. Only showing relevant portion of scales can reduce the overall necessary area for display information and possibly reduce the number of fixations necessary to read the information from that area. Larger displays can be optimized with same considerations as other displays, butthe size creates an easier opportunity to be filled with information in a way that ends up distracting the driver. Elaborate or complex graphics that emphasize the full abilities of larger displays are probably best limited to non‐driving conditions. Color displays also have the potential benefit of reconfigurability, which could have a significant impact on how information is presented. Reconfiguration concepts suggested include only showing information of interest, font‐size adjustment, and using GPS information to augment speed information based on traffic, time of day, and weather conditions.
Character‐contrast measurements on reflective displays using replica masks
Authors: Kelley Edward F. , Eghtesadi Caesar , Blubaugh Morgan , Reuschel William
Published: September 2011

Abstract— A replica‐mask method is presented to measure the contrast of character strokes on reflective displays. The method accounts for veiling glare introduced into the detector by the bright areas surrounding the dark characters. A sampling sphere is employed to provide a uniform diffuse surround. Measurements of the diffuse reflectances are provided with specular included and with specular excluded. For reflective displays, the contrast is the same as the ratio of the reflectances and does not scale with illuminance levels. Details are provided to replicate the measurement procedure.
Shrunk multiline addressing method in a passive‐matrix‐driven liquid powder display
Authors: Asakawa Michihiro , Kaneko Sadayuki , Hattori Reiji
Published: September 2011

Abstract— A shrunk multiline addressing method (SMLA) in a passive‐matrix‐driven liquid powder display will be discussed. An algorithm to generate SMLA data that effectively reduces the number of scanning lines has been devised. The update time is reduced by 44.5% on average, and this reduction is maintained despite increased sizes of the images. The SMLA data generated by this algorithm is applied to e‐paper panels, thereby confirming the reduction in update time and that the image quality of the panels driven by SMLA is equal to that of conventionally driven ones.
In the News
Authors: Nicogossian Arnauld
Published: September 2011

In the Editors' opinion, the materials summarized in this section have the potential for the development of health policies and standards, or for use in the daily practice and counseling of patients in preventative care. For additional information, readers might wish to visit Internet‐based medical news websites, some free of charge, such as PLoS Medicine, MedScape, Stone Heart, American College of Physicians, and the World Medical Association.
Prospective evaluation of the characteristics and incidence of adenoma-associated dural invasion in Cushing disease
Authors: Lonser Russell R. , Ksendzovsky Alexander , Wind Joshua J. , Vortmeyer Alexander O. , Oldfield Edward H.
Published: September 2011

Object

Dural invasion by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting adenomas is a significant risk factor for incomplete resection and recurrence in Cushing disease (CD). Since ACTH-producing adenomas are often the smallest of the various types of pituitary tumors at the time of resection, examining their invasion provides the best opportunity to identify the precise sites of early dural invasion by pituitary adenomas. To characterize the incidence and anatomical distribution of dural invasion by ACTH-secreting adenomas, the authors prospectively and systematically analyzed features of dural invasion in patients with CD.

Methods

The authors prospectively studied consecutive patients with CD undergoing the systematic removal of ACTH-secreting adenoma and histological analysis of the anterior sella dura as well as other sites of dural invasion that were evident at surgery. Clinical, imaging, histological, and operative findings were analyzed.

Results

Eighty-seven patients with CD (58 females and 29 males) were included in the study. Overall, dural invasion by an ACTH-positive adenoma was histologically confirmed in 30 patients (34%). Eighteen patients (60% of dural invasion cases, 21% of all patients) had evidence of cavernous sinus wall invasion (4 of these patients also had other contiguous sites of invasion), and 12 patients (40% of dural invasion cases) had invasion of the sella dura excluding the cavernous sinus wall. Eleven patients (13% all patients) had invasion of the routinely procured anterior sella dura specimen. Preoperative MR imaging revealed an adenoma in 64 patients (74%) but accurately predicted dural invasion in only 4 patients (22%) with cavernous sinus invasion and none of the patients with non–cavernous sinus invasion. Adenomas associated with dural invasion (mean ± SD, 10.9 ± 7.8 mm, range 2–37 mm) were significantly larger than those not associated with dural invasion (5.7 ± 2.1 mm, range 2.5–12 mm; p = 0.0006, Mann-Whitney test).

Conclusions

Dural invasion by ACTH-producing adenomas preferentially occurs laterally into the wall of the cavernous sinus. Preoperative MR imaging infrequently detects dural invasion, including cavernous sinus invasion. Invasion is directly associated with tumor size. To provide a biochemical cure and avoid recurrence after resection, identification and removal of invaded sella dura, including the medial cavernous sinus wall, are necessary.
Novel reduction technique for thoracolumbar fracture-dislocations
Authors: Moore Timothy A. , Steinmetz Michael P. , Anderson Paul A.
Published: September 2011

Thoracolumbar fracture-dislocations are devastating injuries. They usually require surgical reduction and stabilization. The authors present a novel technique for reducing these injuries that is predictable and reproducible.
The acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome after thoracic spine surgery
Authors: Cheng Jocelyn , Kahn D. Ethan , Wang Michael Y.
Published: September 2011

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the eponym used to describe acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathies, which manifest with weakness and diminished reflexes. Although the classic form of GBS is considered to be an ascending demyelinating polyneuropathy, several variants have been described in the literature, including the Miller-Fisher syndrome, acute panautonomic neuropathy, acute motor axonal neuropathy, and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN). Few cases of postoperative GBS have been documented, particularly for the AMSAN variant. The authors describe the case of a patient who developed AMSAN after thoracic spine surgery and highlight the importance of investigating new-onset weakness in the postoperative period.
Synthesis of diverse dihydropyrimidine-related scaffolds by fluorous benzaldehyde-based Biginelli reaction and post-condensation modifications
Authors: Piqani Bruno , Zhang Wei
Published: September 2011

Dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones generated from the Biginelli reactions of perfluorooctanesulfonyl-attached benzaldehydes are used as common intermediates for post-condensation modifications such as cycloaddition, Liebeskind–Srogl reaction and Suzuki coupling to form biaryl-substituted dihydropyrimidinone, dihydropyrimidine, and thiazolopyrimidine compounds. The high efficiency of the diversity-oriented synthesis is achieved by conducting a multicomponent reaction for improved atom economy, under microwave heating for fast reaction, and with fluorous solid-phase extractions (F-SPE) for ease of purification.
Soluble CD14 and CD14 Polymorphisms in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: MIKULS TED R. , LeVAN TRICIA D. , SAYLES HARLAN , YU FANG , CAPLAN LIRON , CANNON GRANT W. , KERR GAIL S. , REIMOLD ANDREAS M. , JOHNSON DANNETTE S. , THIELE GEOFFREY M.
Published: September 2011

Objective.

Soluble CD14 (sCD14) is involved in innate immune responses and has been implicated to play a pathogenic role in inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). No studies have identified the specific factors that influence sCD14 expression in RA. We used cross-sectional data to evaluate the relationship of sCD14 concentrations in RA with measures of disease activity and severity. We hypothesized that sCD14 concentrations would be elevated in subjects with greater RA disease severity and markers of disease activity, compared to subjects with lower disease activity. We also examined whether well-defined polymorphisms in CD14 are associated with sCD14 expression in RA.

Methods.

Soluble CD14 concentrations were measured using banked serum from patients with RA (n = 1270) and controls (n = 186). Associations of patient factors including demographics, measures of RA disease activity/severity, and select CD14 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with sCD14 concentration were examined in patients with RA using ordinal logistic regression.

Results.

Circulating concentrations of sCD14 were higher in patients with RA compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Factors significantly and independently associated with higher sCD14 levels in patients with RA included older age, being white (vs African American), lower body mass index, elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and higher levels of disease activity based on the Disease Activity Score (DAS28). There were no significant associations of CD14 tagging SNP with sCD14 level in either univariate or multivariable analyses.

Conclusion.

Circulating levels of sCD14 are increased in RA and are highest in patients with increased levels of RA disease activity. In the context of RA, sCD14 concentrations also appear to be strongly influenced by specific patient factors including older age and race but not by genetic variation in CD14.
La gare routière du « Grand Istanbul », une étourdissante plaque tournante
Authors: Borgel Céline , Pérouse Jean-François
Published: September 2011

Résumé La nouvelle « gare routière du Grand Istanbul » constitue un étourdissant lieu du transport , à forte densité sociale, à l’articulation entre circulations internationales, nationales (i.e. inter-urbaines) et locales (i.e. intra-urbaines). Ouverte récemment et souffrant déjà de dysfonctionnements, cette gare a une aire de rayonnement qui s’étend au-delà des frontières de la Turquie, tout en étant désormais intégrée, par le biais du tramway, au système local des transports en perpétuelle reconfiguration. Eu égard au relativement faible développement du parc automobile privé, comme du réseau ferré, une bonne partie des relations inter-urbaines de personnes se fait en effet encore par bus. L’économie des transports inter-urbains par route marque donc fortement le territoire urbain comme les pratiques de mobilité à diverses échelles.
Privatiser pour mieux réguler ? Le pari de Durban en matière de transport public
Authors: Bellengère Adrian , Khan Sultan , Lootvoet Benoît , Vermeulin Stéphane
Published: September 2011

Résumé Durban, à l’image des autres métropoles sud-africaines, est confrontée à l’urgente nécessité de mettre en œuvre une politique des transports qui contribue efficacement au processus de déségrégation socio-spatiale des cités post-apartheid. Le pari qui a été fait par la municipalité a consisté à céder au secteur privé sa compagnie de bus afin d’avoir la possibilité de créer une instance de régulation de l’ensemble du secteur de transport local : l’ eThekwini Transport Authority . Sur la base d’une présentation historique des transports à Durban, l’article explorera les conditions de la privatisation du service municipal et celles de la conception puis de la mise en place de l’Autorité des transports.
Requiem pour une gare routière
Authors: Steck Jean-Fabien
Published: September 2011

Résumé La gare routière de Yamoussoukro, dont il faudra préciser dans quel contexte et selon quels processus elle s’est développée, représente beaucoup plus qu’un simple point de départ, d’arrivée ou de passage, par lequel transite la majeure partie des lignes de cars du pays. Elle offre aussi, grâce à l’animation nocturne de ses maquis-trottoir, kiosques et autres étals commerciaux, une réponse « par le bas » aux lacunes de l’urbanisme somptuaire yamsois en terme de convivialité urbaine. Cette relative réussite d’intégration urbaine d’un territoire né d’influences extérieures et presque entièrement façonné par l’informel ne doit toutefois pas masquer la très grande fragilité structurelle dont il souffre. Celle-ci repose d’abord sur la faiblesse économique de l’ensemble des activités qu’on y rencontre, mais aussi sur de multiples conflits d’intérêts que cet article propose de décrypter. La crise actuelle a bien évidemment donné un coup d’arrêt au fonctionnement de cet ensemble original.
Pratiques de mobilité, transport et acteurs transnationaux dans le champ migratoire Mexique – États-Unis
Authors: Faret Laurent
Published: September 2011

Résumé La question de la circulation des individus, de leurs pratiques de retours et de va-et-vient entre les lieux d’installation et les villes ou villages d’origine est entrée pleinement dans le champ de l’analyse des migrations internationales. L’évolution du processus migratoire entre le Mexique et les États-Unis est particulièrement intéressante sur ce point : les déplacements réguliers des migrants sont aujourd’hui plus intenses et plus complexes et la variété des modalités du déplacement interroge de façon renouvelée les cadres de l’analyse. Dans ce contexte, l’article s’intéresse au rapport entre ces pratiques de mobilité et le recours à différents modes de transport entre les deux pays. L’émergence et le développement d’activités de transport autoproduites par les migrants est notamment analysée, conduisant à une réflexion sur la façon dont les infrastructures de déplacement constituent une forme de mise en relation permanente des lieux et de production / reproduction des dispositifs transnationaux qu’ils supportent.
Damas, la reconnaissance patrimoniale en question
Authors: Sabbagh Carine
Published: September 2011

Résumé Le patrimoine architectural des xix e et xx e siècles à Damas est influencé par deux périodes de domination étrangère, la première ottomane jusqu’en 1919, la seconde française pendant la durée du mandat (1920-1946). La ville évolue au rythme de nouvelles modes architecturales et d’aménagement urbain venues de l’Occident. Aujourd’hui, Damas s’est étendue. Les nouveaux bâtiments et l’organisation urbaine ont apporté une modernité à la ville et composent un patrimoine national. En Syrie, le patrimoine ancien et antique est reconnu et protégé. En revanche, la prise en compte d’un patrimoine contemporain suscite des interrogations. Une réflexion est menée pour dégager les enjeux et les limites de la protection du patrimoine.
Valorisation patrimoniale en cours de la ville moderne du Caire
Authors: El Kadi Galila , Elkerdany Dalila
Published: September 2011

Résumé Un des traits novateurs des politiques publiques de patrimonialisation en Égypte est l’élargissement de la sauvegarde aux objets et sites du xix e siècle et du début du xx e , au cours de ces dix dernières années. Toutes les actions engagées depuis vont dans le sens d’élever le legs de cette époque au rang de patrimoine au même titre que les tissus urbains médiévaux. L’édiction, à partir de 1993, de plusieurs décrets interdisant la démolition ou la transformation des bâtiments de grande valeur architecturale s’accompagne d’un nouveau mode de gestion qui se base sur cinq outils majeurs : les campagnes de sensibilisation aux valeurs de ces sites et objets, aux dangers qui les menacent et aux nécessités de leur sauvegarde ; les inventaires et le classement ; la diffusion et la gestion de l’information ; la réutilisation du bâti ancien ; la réhabilitation de l’espace collectif et la restauration des édifices publics. Dans cet article, nous allons établir un état de la question de ces nouvelles orientations. La question principale à laquelle nous tenterons de répondre est de savoir s’il s’agit de la construction d’un nouveau patrimoine et de la mise en place de modes adéquats de gestion de la sauvegarde permanente ou, au contraire, d’actions à portée limitée, dispersées dans le temps et dans l’espace.
Devenir patrimonial contre développement urbain : l'exemple de Port-Saïd
Authors: Noweir Sawsan
Published: September 2011

Résumé Dans les villes égyptiennes où la croissance urbaine atteint un seuil limite et où la mutation rapide et la densification des tissus urbains sont un phénomène courant, peut-on concevoir la préservation du patrimoine sans une politique d’intervention, d’aménagement et de protection des quartiers ? La construction de cette politique passe nécessairement par une connaissance historique de la ville et de ses qualités architecturales et urbaines. L’exemple des effets du développement urbain à Port-Saïd, première ville moderne construite en Égypte, montre comment une politique d’urbanisation volontaire et un schéma directeur peuvent, s’ils ne prennent pas en considération l’enjeu de développement que constitue la ville ancienne et existante, mettre en péril les potentialités patrimoniales locales.
Hôi An, de l'éveil à la résurrection du patrimoine
Authors: Tùng Nguyên , Krowolski Nelly
Published: September 2011

Résumé Fondé probablement vers la fin du xvi e siècle, Hôi An a attiré très tôt les marchands portugais, hollandais, français... et surtout japonais et chinois. Ces derniers ont formé, dès la première moitié du xvii e siècle, deux communautés importantes qui ont largement contribué à la constitution d’un ensemble architectural urbain unique au Viêt Nam. Négligé jusqu’à récemment, ce patrimoine, étudié et sauvegardé depuis une vingtaine d’années, est aujourd’hui valorisé au point d’être inscrit depuis 1999 sur la liste du patrimoine mondial et de devenir un site très visité des touristes tant vietnamiens qu’étrangers.
Le foncier : un enjeu pour techniciens, aussi. L'illustration de la décennie 1990 en Algérie
Authors: Souami Taoufik
Published: September 2011

Résumé Les questions foncières en Algérie sont souvent abordées par les profanes et les spécialistes sous le prisme des jeux de pouvoirs et de l’instrumentalisation par les instances politiques nationales et locales. Ces dernières sont alors accusées de dilapider les terres agricoles et utiles au bénéfice d’intérêts de groupe ou de choix doctrinaux. L’observation de l’épisode des années 1990 modère cette vision. Elle souligne le poids de l’action de professionnels inscrits dans l’application de procédures et de décisions. Ainsi, au-delà des jeux de pouvoir et des orientations politiques, la mécanique technique et bureaucratique joue également un rôle prépondérant dans l’orientation des actions concernant le foncier et dans sa structuration comme domaine d’intervention.
Du féminin et du masculin
Authors: Octobre Sylvie
Published: September 2011

Résumé Cet article traite de la différenciation de genre au fil de l’avancée en âge, de la fin du primaire aux années lycée, en observant les trajectoires culturelles individuelles en matière de consommations, de sorties et de pratiques culturelles. Si les univers des filles et des garçons combinent décalages chronologiques d’accès aux objets culturels, oppositions et convergences, c’est parce que leur inscription sur les diverses scènes sociales – famille, école, groupe de pairs – diffère, entre logique de renforcement féminine et logique de substitution masculine. L’observation du jeu de différenciation invite à penser le genre non plus comme une « différence dans la différence », mais comme un facteur majeur, socialement situé, du rapport à la culture.
La génération Lolita
Authors: Mardon Aurélia
Published: September 2011

Résumé Cet article entend analyser les relations qui se tissent entre les mères et les filles au moment de la préadolescence autour du vêtement à partir d’une recherche réalisée auprès de collégiennes et de leur famille. C’est plus particulièrement l’hypersexualisation précoce du corps des préadolescentes, c’est-à-dire l’acquisition par de très jeunes filles d’éléments issus du vestiaire féminin adulte en lien avec leurs goûts médiatiques, qui fera l’objet de notre analyse. L’article s’attache à démontrer que le contrôle de ces pratiques est socialement clivé, les mères des classes populaires acceptant plus précocement que les mères des classes moyennes et supérieures l’acquisition par les filles des attributs vestimentaires adultes de la féminité.
La bibliothèque, un monde de femmes
Authors: Roselli Mariangela
Published: September 2011

Résumé L’étude que nous proposons porte sur les interactions en bibliothèque entre usagers et professionnels et s’inscrit dans une problématique de rapports sociaux de classe et de genre, renforcés par des effets d’âge et de génération. Le matériau est présenté sous forme de scènes ethnographiques. Il s’agit de situations où le genre fonctionne comme un instrument empirique facile, un raccourci pratique permettant soit de départager les bons des mauvais lecteurs, à savoir les filles, d’un côté, et les garçons, de l’autre ; soit d’accroître la tolérance aux comportements plus relâchés des garçons lorsqu’ils sont accompagnés d’une fille ; soit encore de porter sur les garçons un regard hypercritique qui rend le séjour en bibliothèque assez pesant.
Des shonens pour les garçons, des shojos pour les filles ?
Authors: Détrez Christine
Published: September 2011

Résumé Issu de la production éditoriale japonaise, la segmentation du public des mangas attribue les shonens aux garçons, les shojos aux filles, et, pour les plus âgés, respectivement les seinens et les joseis . Mais les assignations les plus précises ne disent rien des appropriations réelles, surtout à un âge, l’adolescence, où les pratiques culturelles contribuent à construire des garçons et les filles de tel ou tel âge et de tel ou tel milieu social. Même si les modèles genrés évoluent, les choix ne sont pas équivalents, et certaines limites demeurent infranchissables, notamment la menace, pour les adolescents, du soupçon d’homosexualité.
Les chaînes relationnelles entre anciens étudiants
Authors: Bès Marie-Pierre
Published: September 2011

Résumé Cet article rend compte d’une expérience de diffusion d’un courrier électronique parmi d’anciens étudiants d’une École d’ingénieurs. En adoptant un protocole de recherche particulier (enrôlement d’un étudiant, utilisation d’un motif pertinent, observation participante à la circulation du courriel, collecte des adresses, recherche des identités des participants), nous avons pu observer les modes de diffusion d’un courriel et reconstituer la chaîne des participants. Il en résulte 3 formes distinctes : celle répandue (7 cas sur 10) de la chaîne courte, composée de duos d’anciens devenus amis, celle des deux chaînes larges et courtes, comportant des anciens élèves, employés dans un secteur d’activité spécifique, ressemblant à un petit monde (l’aéronautique et l’espace de la défense) et, enfin une seule chaîne longue dans laquelle les contacts professionnels semblent l’emporter sur les sociabilités amicales, du moins « électroniques ». D’ailleurs, l’article se termine par la question de la nature des échanges « internet » entre anciens élèves.
The Role of Health Care Providers in Recognizing and Reporting Elder Abuse
Authors: Hess Sheena
Published: September 2011

The incidence of abuse cases in older adults is on the rise. Health care providers play an important role in recognizing and reporting abuse, the first step of which is to prepare themselves with knowledge regarding abuse. This consists of knowing the risk factors and signs and symptoms of abuse and how to report it. Of equal importance is knowledge of ethical implications, legalities, and ways to prevent elder abuse. Health care providers must take advantage of their unique roles to assess for mistreatment as well as to spread knowledge on recognizing, reporting, and preventing elder abuse.