bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nation building now in the hands of cities and communities
Authors: Budde Paul
Published: April 2019

For a number of reasons over the last five to ten years we have seen a shift in politics, moving away from the centre towards the extreme edges. Many people have been dragged along with this, as many of the mass media outlets are highlighting and fuelling this polarisation. At the same time the power of the cities is increasing, and here it seems still to be possible to gather much broader support for ‘national’ interest projects in relation to digital infrastructure, sustainability and smart city platforms for interconnected LED street lighting, waste and water management, smart parking and other applications. What however, is often still missing is a holistic approach towards the development of smart cities; this needs to be led from the top and to be supported by a ‘smart council’. A major stumbling block towards the development of a smart city is the many silos within a city, resisting the sharing of infrastructure and other relevant assets, resisting open data and open government. There are however, good examples both nationally and internationally of councils that are moving in the right direction.
Digital news and silver surfers An examination of older Australians engagement with news online
Authors: Barnes Renee
Published: April 2019

With media organisations placing increasing emphasis on online news delivery, many have argued the potential for online media to enhance democracy, by enabling increased access to the public debate and a greater ability for citizens to influence the public agenda. Within this complex paradigm of a changing media landscape, Australia's population is ageing. As a result, understanding the needs of older Australians in the presentation and distribution of digital news is vital if we are to ensure intergenerational equity in access to public debate. However, very little work has examined how older Australians engage with news online. Drawing on a survey of Australians aged 41-84, this exploratory study examines the preferences of participants in news engagement, the role of presentation and distribution of online news in engagement and perceived barriers to accessing news online and on mobile devices.
Ericsson Celebrates 125 Years In Australia
Authors: Moorhead Simon
Published: April 2019

2015 marks the 125th anniversary of Ericsson supplying telecommunications equipment in Australia. The history of Ericsson in Australia is précised here and a paper entitled “Establishing L M Ericsson Crossbar Production in Australia” is included for historic reference.
Continents to Islands: The effect of widespread interconnectivity on critical infrastructure and legacy systems
Authors: Naughton Kayne
Published: April 2019

Interconnected devices and the true ‘internet’ cause security challenges to organisations with critical legacy systems. This article discusses a number of legacy issues around Industrial Control Systems and ‘untouchable’ legacy devices and proposes a number of easy and effective mitigations to the practices that expose them to the world.
Legacy Telecommunication Systems
Authors: Tett Matt
Published: April 2019

The subject of legacy telecommunication systems is often overlooked in the pursuit of technological advancement, yet somehow the result is often less than graceful with end users left walking a tightrope between technology they are familiar with, and the evolving replacement systems.
Not your Grandfather's Ham Radio
Authors: Wait Phil
Published: April 2019

Scratch any older electronics or telecommunications professional and there’s a good chance you’ll find an Amateur Radio operator. Amateur Radio operators of our fathers or grandfathers era typically set-up transmitting stations in sheds down the backyard with wire antennas strung between the trees. Talking to people around the world on HF amateur bands was cool then, as even a phone call interstate was tricky; you needed to book a time with the telephone trunk operator, and it cost a small fortune. The more adventurous amateurs experimented with frequencies above 30MHz, and many pushed the limits of the available technology. In 1947, an Australian amateur (VK5KL) made a two-way contact on 50MHz with an amateur in Hawaii (W7ACS/KH6), a path of 9000 km. That was esoteric stuff - how times have changed!
Conceptualising the Australian telecommunications industry self-regulation scheme in the context of Australian judicial system and administrative justice
Authors: Li Grace
Published: April 2019

The public ombudsman plays an irreplaceable role as an important redress mechanism for individual grievance and as a “watch dog” to administrative justice. The emergence of private ombudsman institution in 1980s has brought some significant controversies. Despite the fact that many of the early controversies have not been sufficiently addressed, private ombudsman institution has proliferated in the recent years. In this context, this article examines the nature of private ombudsman institution and its changing position in administrative justice by using Australian telecommunications industry self-regulation agency, the Telecommunications Industry Ombudsman (TIO) as a case study. This article established a key claim that the TIO is substituting for courts with respect to consumer matters within its service sector. Stemming from this claim, this article further argued that the current TIO scheme presents a situation where sectorial ombudsman may provide different rights and remedies from those may available in courts; consistency in decision-making by private ombudsman can be problematic; and fair procedure requirements remain to be tested by the courts. In conclusion, this article suggested that private ombudsman institution, like the TIO, should subject to regular review, and as a starting point of this process, authoritative and standardised quality control assurance mechanisms should be established to ensure that complaints could be effectively received and handled.
The Trollope of Australian Telecommunications
Authors: Gerrand Peter
Published: April 2019

Trevor Barr’s page-turner of a novel Grand Intentions tackles the ugly side of the neo-liberalism sweeping Australia in the 1990s and 2000s.  It examines the privatisation of an incumbent telecommunications carrier, and the drastic impact of its imported US corporate culture on several individuals. He deploys a cast of plausible fictional characters while allowing the narrative to be driven by an echo of real events in the Australian telecommunications industry.
The Transformation of Telecom's "Ugly Duckling"
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: April 2019

Telecom's directory publishing business produced the White and Yellow Pages directories from 1975 to 1991. Prior to 1980, directory publishing was regarded within Telecom as a side show to the mainstream business – telecommunications. In 1976 the directory publishing business was in a crisis; it ranked in the top three of Telecom's public relations problems, was operating at a loss which would rapidly increase, and was becoming untenable. Over the next 15 years the publishing business was transformed to become the most profitable and innovative business in Telecom. This is the story of that transformation, which also illustrates the difficulty in innovating in a public service business at that time. A remarkable improvement in performance in the first five years failed to establish credibility within Telecom. What might have taken less than ten years to achieve in the private sector took more than 20 years in Telecom and Telstra.
Colour Television in Australia
Authors: Moorhead Simon
Published: April 2019

A historic paper from the Journal in 1976 regarding the colour conversion of transmitters in the National Television Service by Telecom Australia
What Influences International Differences in Broadband Prices?
Authors: Grechyn Viktor , McShane Ian
Published: April 2019

Broadband prices differ significantly throughout the world, however discussion of why receives little attention in the academic and policy literature. Focussing on landline broadband, this exploratory article helps fill a knowledge gap by discussing some methodologies for comparing broadband prices between countries, and suggesting five factors that influence broadband prices: demand, supply, average price level, regulation, and physical/infrastructural factors. In this discussion, we also examine where Australia sits in relation to global broadband prices.
Telecommunications in Poland - Infrastructure, market and services
Authors: Hulicki Zbigniew
Published: April 2019

In the modern digital world, we have seen the emergence of endless potential for electronic communication as well as diverse forms of information transfer between subscriber devices. As such, the necessity of a proper networking infrastructure to sustain this communication is a crucial factor for the further development of our country’s economy. Through this, this article describes the telecommunications market in Poland, and explores the organization and infrastructure of telecommunication networks as well as the evolution of this sector within the last few decades.
Avatars in the Trumpocene
Authors: Estaunié Edouard
Published: April 2019

This Journal’s intrepid reporter Edouard Estaunié provides a first-hand account of new developments presented at Telecoms 2030, the first global telecommunications conference to be held after the devastating Trump Wars.
The Seymour-Bendigo Pole Route
Authors: Moorhead Simon
Published: April 2019

A fascinating paper from 1952 describing the construction of an aerial trunk route and the problems associated with organisation of staff, equipment and materials.
Utilisation of DANGER and PAMP signals to detect a MANET Packet Storage Time Attack
Authors: Jim Lincy Elizebeth , Gregory Mark A
Published: April 2019

The dynamic distributed topology of a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) provides a number of challenges associated with decentralised infrastructure where each node can act as the source, destination and relay for traffic. MANET’s are a suitable solution for distributed regional, military and emergency networks. MANETs do not utilise fixed infrastructure except where connectivity to carrier networks is required and MANET nodes provide the transmission capability to receive, transmit and route traffic from a sender node to the destination node. In this paper, we present a Packet Storage Time (PST) routing attack where an attacking node modifies its storage time and thereby does not forward packets to the intended recipient nodes. In the Human Immune System, cells are able to distinguish between a range of issues including foreign body attacks as well as cellular senescence. This paper presents an approach using Artificial Immune System based Danger signal (DS) and Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) signal to identify a PST routing attack.
New Zealand Telecommunications: The actual situation – legislation and regulations
Authors: Hansen Suella , Jones Noelle
Published: April 2019

A recent paper (Gul, Sarkar and Gutierrez, 2016) offers recommendations for changes to existing telecommunications legislation and regulations in New Zealand. These recommendations are based on a review of the history of legislation governing the sector and market development since liberalisation in 1989. We have identified key omissions in this review which have prompted us to revisit the analysis and conclusions. We find that the evidence is insufficient to support the paper’s recommendations.
The Silicon Valley We Don’t Want to Have: A review of Antonio García Martínez, Chaos Monkeys: Inside the Silicon Valley Money Machine
Authors: Campbell Leith H.
Published: April 2019

This article is a review of Antonio García Martínez’s book, Chaos Monkeys: Inside the Silicon Valley Money Machine, published in 2016, which tells the story of the author’s time in Silicon Valley.  An area of major interest is his time at Facebook, where he helped develop an online advertising exchange.  The book is a warts-and-all account that describes many undesirable aspects of “Silicon Valley culture”.  While the book is overly self-indulgent, it could valuably be read by policy makers interested in start-ups and business culture.
Hong Kong’s Fibre Broadband Market - Busting the Myth of Residential Fibre Broadband always being a Natural Monopoly
Authors: McLaren Gary
Published: April 2019

Hong Kong has been long recognised as a leading global city when it comes to fixed broadband performance. Unlike many other leading broadband markets, this has occurred without any financial support from the Hong Kong government. The removal, rather than an increase, of regulation of the privately owned broadband network operators has been the overwhelming main driver of this outcome. The key factors driving this outcome have been an open market with low barriers to entry, aggressive competition between network operators, low network build costs and innovative marketing to stimulate demand for higher speed broadband service. The successful rollout of profitable competing Fibre to the Premises (FTTP) across the city demonstrates that fibre networks are not always and everywhere utility style natural monopolies. However, the lack of a universal service obligation for broadband does also mean that households and businesses in areas where competition is neither technically nor economically feasible has resulted in approximately 10% to 15% of Hong Kong households not benefiting from this policy.
Alice Springs Telecommunications Facilities
Authors: Moorhead Simon
Published: April 2019

Two papers from the Journal in 1939 and 1990 respectively contrasting the telecommunication facilities and lifestyles at Alice Springs.
Australian Broadband Regulation Reviewed
Authors: Barry Troy Sidney
Published: April 2019

This article establishes the relationship between the condition of Australian broadband services and Australia’s history of broadband regulation. It briefly surveys the history of the industry in terms of government action and firms’ responses. It reviews research on the effects of regulation and industry concentration internationally, which indicates that the effects of widely deployed policies are often small or undetectable. The article uses these findings to build models of national broadband prices, penetration and quality. The models are verified using recent statistics from developed economies, confirming that outcomes are little affected by access regulation, and also not by market concentration. Penetration and quality are strongly affected by technology factors. The models and the regulatory history are used to explain the condition of Australian broadband services, and to extract lessons applicable to future policy development.
A Trust-based Defence Scheme for Mitigating Blackhole and Selective Forwarding Attacks in the RPL Routing Protocol
Authors: Airehrour David , Guttierrez Jairo , Ray Sayan Kumar
Published: April 2019

The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) has gained prominence as the standard IoT routing protocol. However, it faces like many other routing protocols diverse attacks. Many studies have been proposed to secure the RPL protocol, and simulation studies have been put forward as the main research method, while testbed experiments, though an authentic research and testing method, have been ignored. Although testbed experiments and simulation studies have their strengths and limitations, testbed techniques could be used as a verifiable validation method for simulation studies. This study is a follow up research work to validate our simulation study, which addressed Blackhole attacks in the RPL routing protocol. In addition, Selective Forwarding attacks are also addressed. It implements a testbed while embedding our Trust-based RPL protocol and the standard RPL protocol in a smart environment configuration. Based on the test experiments, we provide a proof-of-concept of the validity of our claim that our Trust-based RPL protocol provides a comprehensive defence (simulation and testbed) against Blackhole and Selective Forwarding attacks.
Data Transfer via UAV Swarm Behaviours
Authors: Smith Phillip , Hunjet Robert , Aleti Aldeida , Barca Jan Carlo
Published: April 2019

This paper presents an adaptive robotic swarm of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) enabling communications between separated non-swarm devices. The swarm nodes utilise machine learning and hyper-heuristic rule evolution to enable each swarm member to act appropriately for the given environment. The contribution of the machine learning is verified with an exploration of swarms with and without this module. The exploration finds that in challenging environments the learning greatly improves the swarm’s ability to complete the task.
The swarm evolution process of this study is found to successfully create different data transfer methods depending on the separation of non-swarm devices and the communication range of the swarm members. This paper also explores the resilience of the swarm to agent loss, and the scalability of the swarm in a range of environment sizes. In regard to resilience, the swarm is capable of recovering from agent loss and is found to have improved evolution. In regard to scalability, the swarm is observed to have no upper limit to the number of agents deployed in an environment. However, the size of the environment is seen to be a limit for optimal swarm performance.
Bitmaps & Bitmasks: Efficient Tools to Compress Deterministic Automata
Authors: Subramanian Shiva Shankar , Lin PinXing , Herkersdorf Andreas , Wild Thomas
Published: April 2019

Accelerating the signature matching function is essential to perform Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) at line rates. The conversion of the signatures into the Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) enables performance of this function at linear time. However, since the DFA is extremely storage inefficient, it is compressed before being stored in the memory. Although state-of-the-art bitmap-based compression algorithms can perform line rate signature matching, they only achieve transition compression of ~90-95%. Addressing the storage inefficiency, two bitmap-based transition compression algorithms were proposed by Subramanian et al. in 2016 to achieve transition compression of over 98%. A theoretical relationship is established in this article between the achievable signature matching throughput and the number of pipeline stages required to perform the decompression through the hardware accelerator based on the proposed techniques. Additional optimizations are proposed and evaluated to improve the per-stream signature matching throughput through the proposed decompression engines. The experimental evaluation of the optimizations shows that the per-stream signature matching throughput can be improved by a factor of 1.2–1.4x. A software model of the proposed decompression engines was designed and evaluated across a multitude of payload byte streams to verify the functional correctness of the proposed compression methods.
Digital Economy Focus
Authors: Gregory Mark A
Published: April 2019

Papers in the September 2018 issue of the Journal provide an interesting mix of public policy debate, technology and the communications for the America’s Cup Challenge defence held in Fremantle, Australia. The public policy papers cover fixed broadband adoption and economic growth in ASEAN and a framework to demystify machine to machine spectrum regulation. A technical paper on bitmaps and bitmasks provides an insight into the latest tools and techniques. The history of Australian telecommunications paper on the America’s Cup communications solution provides an insight into what was a successful and difficult to achieve outcome for one of the world’s major sporting events. The Journal welcomes contributions.
Privacy versus the Use of Location Information for Law Enforcement and Security in Australia
Authors: Shanapinda Stanley
Published: April 2019

This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the powers of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and the Australian Federal Police to access and use metadata. The review is primarily based on published research on the privacy impact of the revised metadata retention and collection framework introduced in 2015. The review reveals that, after 2015, no comprehensive study was undertaken in the following areas: how location information is generated and exchanged in the IP-mediated long-term evolution telecommunications network, and how mobile devices are tracked and create more precise location estimates, in the legal and policy context of the exceptions and privacy safeguards introduced after 2015; the discretionary powers of the agencies to use personal and sensitive information to identify inquiries and investigations to pursue, to enforce the law and perform their functions, and to carry out activities related to their functions and purposes; and the flexible oversight principles contained in the guidelines that create conflicts between law enforcement and privacy interests. The review proposes future multidisciplinary research.
Conflicts in Routing and UAV Autonomy
Authors: Anicho Ogbonnaya , Charlesworth Philip B , Baicher Gurvinder S , Nagar Atulya
Published: April 2019

Routing is very fundamental to the implementation of any networking or communications infrastructure. This paper, therefore, examines the conflicts and relevant considerations for implementing autonomous or self-organising unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for communications area coverage, with particular emphasis on the impact of aerial vehicle autonomy algorithms on routing techniques for such networks. UAV networks can be deployed either as ad-hoc or infrastructure-based solutions. The mobility of UAVs introduces periodic topology changes, impacting link availability and routing paths. This work examines the implications of autonomous coordination of multiple UAVs on routing techniques and network architecture stability. The paper proposes a solution where routing techniques and UAV autonomy algorithms are integrated for improved global network efficiency for both ad-hoc and infrastructure-based scenarios. Integrating UAV autonomy algorithms with routing schemes may be an efficient method to mitigate link/topology stability issues and improve inter-UAV communication and network throughput, a key requirement for UAV networks. The implementation of inter-UAV links using optical, microwave or mmWave transmission is examined in the context of this work. The proposed integration may be crucial for communications coverage, where UAVs provide communications area coverage of a community of mobile or fixed users in either ad-hoc or infrastructure-based modes.
A retrospective study analysis of success rate following endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy with stents
Authors: Mahajan Ritesh , Nagaraj T. M.
Published: April 2019

Background: Endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (EN DCR) has now become a procedure of choice for nasolacrimal duct obstruction or in chronic dacryocystitis. Lots of debate is still going on regarding stent placement following surgery. The purpose of this study is to analyse the subjective and objective success following EN DCR with stents.

Methods: In this single centre study, 30 patients underwent EN DCR surgery from May 2011 to March 2013, out of those 20 eligible patients with 26 nasolacrimal duct obstructions underwent EN DCR with stents, and they were included in the study. Success rates were determined with subjective assessment of the patient symptoms and objective evaluation by lacrimal syringing.  

Results: 80.7% patients underwent primary surgery and 19.2% patient’s revision surgery, overall success rates was 88.4% out of which 95.2% success rate for primary surgery and 60% success rates of revision surgery. 11.5% of patients complained of persistent symptoms and success rate of ENDCR with stents was observed in 95.2% of patients after primary surgery and in 60% of patient’s after revision surgery. Stent removal was done on 4-6 weeks (mean duration- 5 weeks) and patients follow up time was 6 months.

Conclusions: Whether to stent or to not still remain a topic of debate in EN DCR surgery, however ENDCR with stents represents the procedure of choice for treating nasolacrimal duct obstructions.
Engineering Size and Structure of Particles in Novel Modified-Release Delivery Systems
Authors: Dong QianQian , Zheng Xiao , Zhou MiaoMiao , Wu Fei , Hong YanLong , Lin Xiao , Shen Lan
Published: April 2019

Particle engineering has become a hot topic in the field of modified-release delivery systems during last decades. It has a wide range of pharmaceutical applications and is a bridge linking between drugs and drug delivery systems. Particles are an important part of many dosage forms and viewed as a carrier of drugs. Their size, shape, crystalline form, and structure directly affect the stability and releasing pattern of drugs. Engineering size or modifying particles by forming porous, core-shell, or skeleton structures can realize the development and utilization of functionally modified release systems (including fast-release systems, sustained-release systems, and targeted-release systems). However, there are certain problems in the practical application, such as bitter taste and coating damage. Combining with some polymer or lipid materials to form core-shell or embedded structures is considered as the key to taste masking. And, using cushioning agents is proven to be effective in preserving the integrity of the functional coating film of multiparticulates during tableting. To sum up, this review, from a particle engineering point, expounds the influence of different factors on the functionality of particles and offers some useful comments and suggestions for industry personnel.
ECRANISATION OF LASKAR PELANGI NOVEL AND ITS FUNCTION AS EDUCATIVE MEDIA (STUDY OF LITERATURE RECEPTION)
Authors: Nugrahani Farida , Wahono S. Sri , Imron Ali
Published: April 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to describe the reception of the community about ecranisation of Laskar Pelangi novel and its function as educative media.

Methodology: This descriptive qualitative research was conducted by the literature reception synchronized approach. The research data was collected through the reference technique, content analysis, and in-depth interviewing. Data validation was checked through a triangulation source. Data analysis was performed by a synchronized analysis in literature reception and then analyzed by an inductive method, with interactive analysis model.

Results: The results of this research are first, the community has good reception about ecranisation of the best-seller Laskar Pelangi that being box office film. Generally, the community assumes that the beauty of the story in the novel can be well visualized through the image and dialogue of the character’s cast, although there is a slight change in storyline and characterizations. Secondly, Laskar Pelangi film is a product of a successful creative industry both at home and abroad.

Implications: Thus, the Laskar Pelangi film has functioned as an educative media for people to understand the value of human relationships with themselves, with others and environment, and with God, which is the moral value conveyed by the author. The education process is effective because the values are delivered through a means of beautiful, interesting, and touching stories.
SOCIALIZATION OF CHILD-FRIENDLY CITY
Authors: Setyawan Sidiq , Rivanda Johan
Published: April 2019

Purpose: The program of Kota Layak Anak (KLA), the Child-Friendly City (CFC), is a government program managed by the Office of Women Empowerment, Child Protection and Community Empowerment of Surakarta. This program aims to ensure the fulfillment of the rights of children.

Methodology: This research is using the innovation diffusion theory approach. Diffusion of innovation is a theory that examines how the process of dissemination and adoption process that occurs in society to the presence of new innovations. Furthermore, the researcher also wanted to see how far the KLA program spread and the level of adoption that occurred in Surakarta society. This research is qualitative descriptive research using in-depth interview technique to collect data needed. Primary data sources are used interviews, as well as secondary data in the form of the document collection. The sampling technique is a snowball. Furthermore, to ensure data validation, researchers use data triangulation and interactive techniques in presenting the data.

Results: The results of this research are the Office of Women Empowerment, Child Protection and Community Empower- ment Surakarta who acts as an innovator, using more interpersonal communication channel because it is considered deeper although less effective because of lack of maximization of mass communication in the socialization process.

Implications: The channels of interpersonal communication are more widely used by the level of adopters and innovators because they are more persuasive. The adoption rate of the KLA program in Surakarta has reached the level of Laggards. Thus, adoption in this research includes 5 stages: knowledge (knowledge stage), persuasion (decision stage), decision (decision stage), implementation (implementation stage), and confirmation (stabilization phase).
COMPETITION LAW IN ASEAN: THE FUTURE OF COMPETITION AUTHORITY IN ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Authors: Fajar ND Mukti
Published: April 2019

Purpose of Study: ASEAN countries have entered into the free-market era, based on AEC Agreement in 2015. This ASEAN free market system will certainly stimulate business competition among the members. Therefore, ASEAN needs competition law and competition authority to foster healthy competition among businesses in the ASEAN area. This research focuses on; first, that ASEAN members need to develop and harmonize the Competition Law existing in each country; second, ASEAN members need to set up the Competition Authority to enforce the implementation of the free market system.

Methodology: This paper uses normative legal research, and proposes two main arguments. The first, to support a healthy business competition in the ASEAN single market, it is necessary for all ASEAN member states to have Competition law, and the competition law in each ASEAN country can be made by referring to the guidelines formulated at the level of ASEAN. The second, the Competition Authority in ASEAN Economic Community is an independent institution established by each member states authoritative to conduct an investigation, prosecution, and adjudication, as well as to cooperate with the Competition Authority in other member countries.

Results: ASEAN is a very potential market. The transactions between ASEAN countries or from other countries show an extraordinary improvement. With the opening of the ASEAN single market since 2015, the business competition will be tighter and of course, the market is expected to be in good health and not controlled by certain business groups.

Implications/Applications: To support healthy business competition in the ASEAN single market, it is urgent that all countries have Competition law. The regulation is made in each country by referring to the guidelines that have been formulated at the level of ASEAN to create harmonization of law.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDONESIA
Authors: Triyono Agus , Wiratri Nuariyani Nawang
Published: April 2019

Purpose of Study: Information and Communication Technology has a good impact on the economic progress of Indonesia. For that business supported by information and communication technology needs to get special attention because of its strategy to prosperity for the nation of Indonesia. The number of women studying technology as a means of business is still relatively low, indicating that women’s interest in technology is still minimum. On the other hand, the ability and expertise of women in using information technology should also be improved. The process of women’s empowerment is the addition of insight and information as well as the enhancement of skills and expertise in various fields, especially in the field of trade. The focus of this research is to see how the process of empowering women information access by using ICT for UMKM development as implemented in Jarpuk Ngudi Lestari Surakarta. The purpose of this research is to know the strategy of Jarpuk Ngudi Lestari Surakarta in the development of UMKM based on information and communication technology.

Methodology: The method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection is done by conducting interviews, observation, and completed with documentation. The validity technique used is the triangulation of data sources.

Results: The results showed that women empowerment in Jarpuk Ngudi Lestari Surakarta not all uses ICT as a means of information access and development of UMKM. Age factor becomes an obstacle in the use of ICT.

Implications/Applications: The strategies which are used improving access, creating environments, building educational centers, developing ICT-based programs, increasing opportunities and activating women’s participation in e-governance.
LIVELIHOOD CHANGES OF FISHERMAN COMMUNITY DRIVEN BY CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY IN SEMARANG COASTAL REGION, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA
Authors: Amin Choiru , . Sukamdi , Rijanta R.
Published: April 2019

Purpose of Study: Climate change has triggered sea level rise so as to increase the height of tidal inundation (rob)in coastal areas. Fishermen face the highest risk since their livelihoods and settlement are directly adjacent to the sea in compared with other communities. This paper describes how fishermen living in the flood-prone areas can survive from the flood triggered by climate change. The house renovation certainly requires a lot of funds thus encouraging the fishermen to seek alternative sources to obtain higher income. Most of the fishermen in coastal Semarang change their livelihood from fishing to cultivating green mussels. They utilize the coastal areas inundated by the tidal flood to cultivate green mussels.

Methodology: The approach used in this study was qualitative with the case study method. Sample cases were selected using snowball sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with informants.

Results: The results showed that fishermen living on the coast of Semarang have to face tidal floods with an increasingly high inundation by an average of 1 m/10 years. The increasing height of tidal flood from year to year has forced the fishermen to renovate their houses raising the building approximately every 10 years. The renovation certainly requires a lot of funds thus encouraging the fishermen to seek alternative sources to obtain higher income. Most of the fishermen in coastal Semarang change their livelihood from fishing to cultivating green mussel. They utilize the coastal areas inundated by the tidal flood to cultivate green mussels.

Implications/Applications: However, green mussel cultivation successfully gains higher income as well as-as more sus- tainable than fishing. Statistically, it is evidenced by the capability of the fishermen in renovating their houses from pre- venting them inundated by the tidal flood.
Hiperkarbik Solunum Yetmezliğinde Noninvaziv Mekanik Ventilasyon Başarısızlığı ve Başarısızlığın Uzun Dönem Takip Sonuçları
Authors: ACARTÜRK TUNÇAY Eylem , GÜNGÖR Sinem , OCAKLI Birsen
Published: April 2019

Amaç: Akut solunum yetmezliğinde noninvaziv mekanik ventilasyon (NIMV) kullanımı önemli bir seçenek haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı hiperkarbik solunum yetmezliği (HSY)’nde NIMV başarısızlık sebepleri ve takip sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesidir.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Geriye dönük gözlemsel kohort çalışma üçüncü basamak göğüs hastalıkları hastanesinin yoğun bakım ünitesinde yapıldı. HSY ile NIMV başarısızlığı olan Ocak-Aralık 2016 arasındaki tüm hastalar çalışmaya alındı. Erken ve geç NIMV başarısızlığı olan gruplarda demografik özellikler, yoğun bakım verileri ve mortalite incelendi. Verilerin analizinde uygun istatistiksel test ve analizler kullanıldı.Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınan 218 hastanın büyük çoğunluğu (n=158, %72,5) kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı idi. Olguların %56’sında erken dönem NIMV başarısızlığı görülmekteydi. En sık görülen başarısızlık nedenleri asidozun devam etmesi veya derinleşmesi ve parsiyel karbondioksit basıncında artış olmasıydı. Mortalite, yoğun bakımda %20, taburculuk sonrası 28 günde ise %9 olarak saptandı. NIMV başarısızlığını asidozun devam etmesinin 4,1 kat (%95 güven aralığı (GA) 1,711-9,882; p=0,002), hava yolunu koruyamamanın 10,4 kat (%95 GA 1,224-89,264; p=0,032), bilinç bulanıklığının ise 2,3 kat (%95 GA 1,023-5,295; p=0,044) artırdığı bulundu.Sonuç: Bu çalışmada olguların yarısında erken NIMV başarısızlığı görülmüş olup en sık başarısızlık sebeplerinin ise asidozun devam etmesi ve parsiyel karbondioksit basıncında artma olduğu bulundu. Yoğun bakım ve 28 günlük mortaliteler değerlendirildiğinde, NIMV başarısızlığı olan hastaların yoğun bakımdan taburcu olduktan sonra da yakın takip edilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
Praca społeczna jako obowiązek służbowy żołnierzy w garnizonach Korpusu Ochrony Pogranicza
Authors: Łach Halina
Published: April 2019

Odrodzenie państwa polskiego z chwilą zakończenia wojny w 1918 r. zakończyło 120-letni okres zaborów. Do życia wracało państwo polskie. Wśród wielu ważnych problemów znalazło się scalenie terytorium, wytyczenie granic oraz zbudowanie systemu ich ochrony. Złożony i przeciągający się w czasie proces ustalania zasięgu terytorium Polski wywarł wpływ na przyszłe stosunki z państwami ościennymi i system ochrony granicy państwowej. W szczególności po zakończeniu wojny polsko-rosyjskiej i zawarciu traktatu pokojowego nie doszło do unormowania sytuacji społecznej i politycznej na terenach wschodnich. Nie stworzono również bezpiecznego systemu ochrony granicy. Ustalona i wytyczona granica wschodnia pozostawała w stanie ciągłego zagrożenia. Eskalacja bandytyzmu w latach 1921–1924 wpłynęła na podjęcie decyzji o powołaniu Korpusu Ochrony Pogranicza (KOP). Żołnierze korpusu przez okres 15 lat pełnili ciężką służbę, której celem było zabezpieczenie nienaruszalności granicy państwowej i zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa obywatelom. W codziennej służbie realizowali zadania na rzecz umacniania państwowości polskiej i asymilacji mniejszości narodowych oraz podejmowali liczne prace społeczne na terenach przygranicznych. Zaangażowanie żołnierzy w pracę społeczną miało na celu pozyskanie zaufania ludności dla interesów państwa, zwłaszcza wyrobienie poczucia konieczności współpracy z organami KOP. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie pracy społecznej prowadzonej przez oddziały KOP wśród ludności pogranicza na rzecz utrzymania bezpieczeństwa granicy i porządku publicznego w pasie granicznym. Rozważania naukowe w artykule są prowadzone w kontekście postawionej tezy, która brzmi: Podejmowanie działań społecznych przez żołnierzy KOP na terenach pasa granicznego było obowiązkiem służbowym. Podstawowymi źródłami publikacji są materiały oddziałów Korpusu Ochrony Pogranicza z Archiwum Straży Granicznej w Szczecinie. Uzupełniają je opracowania odnoszące się do ogółu działań wojskowych korpusu.
Dzienniki oraz pamiętniki i wspomnienia jako źródła do badań nad życiem codziennym kawalerzystów i artylerzystów konnych polskich formacji wojskowych z lat 1914–1918 oraz Wojska Polskiego II Rzeczypospolitej
Authors: Smoliński Aleksander
Published: April 2019

Historia kawalerii i artylerii konnej polskich formacji wojskowych z okresu I wojny światowej oraz Wojska Polskiego z lat 1918–1939 od dawna budzi zainteresowanie naukowe polskich badaczy. Świadczy o tym stale narastająca liczba dotyczących ich publikacji. Jednym z narzędzi, za pomocą których bada się ich dzieje są źródła relacyjne – dzienniki, wspomnienia i pamiętniki. Dlatego też autor postanowił przedstawić wybrane źródła tego typu oraz wskazać te zagadnienia z dziejów kawalerii i artylerii konnej, które mogą być badane na podstawie źródeł relacyjnych i te problemy, które mogą napotkać potencjalni badacze korzystający ze źródeł tego typu.
Uroczystości państwowe, wojskowe i religijne w Korpusie Ochrony Pogranicza na przykładzie 16 Batalionu „Sienkiewicze” w latach 1927–1932
Authors: Stefański Marek
Published: April 2019

Artykuł opisuje obchody świąt kościelnych, wojskowych i państwowych w 16 batalionie Korpusu Ochrony Pogranicza w latach 1927–1932. Okres wskazany w tytule pokrywa się w czasie z dowodzeniem batalionu przez majora/podpułkownika Stanisława Hojnowskiego, oficera Wojska Polskiego, późniejszego dowódcy 45 pułku piechoty. W tekście omówiono sposoby obchodzenia: Wielkanocy, Bożego Narodzenia, Święta Żołnierza Polskiego, 11 listopada, imieniny Marszałka Piłsudskiego etc. w 16 Batalionie Korpusu Ochrony Pogranicza. Jako że święta te rokrocznie wyglądały podobnie, omówiono je na wybranych przykładach. Na Kresach Wschodnich, gdzie Polacy stanowili mniejszość, tego typu przedsięwzięcia, oprócz zabawy i wprowadzenia kolorytu w szare życie, pełniły ważną propagandową rolę. Scalały również ludność wschodnich połaci kraju z Polską.
Życie codzienne w Brygadach Międzynarodowych podczas wojny domowej w Hiszpanii w świetle zeznań Andrzeja Rozborskiego
Authors: Majzner Robert
Published: April 2019

Wybuch wojny domowej w Hiszpanii przyciągnął uwagę nie tylko europejskich „mocarstw” – Niemiec, Włoch, Francji, Wielkiej Brytanii i Związku Radzieckiego. Rzeczpospolita Polska obserwowała ją głównie pod kątem wpływu na politykę Francji i ewolucję sztuki wojennej oraz udział obywateli polskich w Brygadach Międzynarodowych. Formacja ta postrzegana była bowiem jako narzędzie radzieckich interesów, a walczący w jej szeregach ochotnicy – jako potencjalne aktywa radzieckiego wywiadu. Dlatego zbierano na ich temat wszelkie informacje, starając się przede wszystkim pozyskać je od samych ochotników. Tym, którzy udzielili najbardziej wartościowych, obiecano przywrócenie obywatelstwa polskiego, które odebrano im automatycznie na mocy ustawy z 1920 i 1938 r. Jedną z najobszerniejszych relacji złożył Andrzej Rozborski – porucznik XIII Brygady, przebywający w Hiszpanii od sierpnia 1937 do sierpnia 1938 r.
A camera never told the truth: An exploration of objectivity in photojournalism
Authors: Rehman Sharaf N.
Published: April 2019

Several cases have surfaced in the past two decades where the photojournalists associated with some of the most respected and trusted news organizations have been accused of altering the news photos. During the same time, the developments in the digital cameras and editing software have put the image altering technology into the hands of all practicing journalists and journalism students. This paper explores two, somewhat connected, issues: objectivity in photojournalism and ethics of altering photographic images. The paper discusses objectivity in journalism in general and photojournalism to address the question: Can a photojournalist use a camera to record reality in an objective manner? Since the photographers have altered (retouched) images from the very beginning of photography, where are the ethical boundaries of image alteration for the photojournalists?
U.S. Supreme Court in the civil rights era: Deliberative Democracy and its educative institutional role, 1950s–1970s
Authors: Figueroa Carlos
Published: April 2019

This article examines the U.S. Supreme Court’s lesser-known educative role as an egalitarian institution within a broader deliberative democratic process. Scholars have argued that the Court’s long asserted power of judicial review, especially in the equal protection and civil rights context, has been an over-reach of the judicial branch’s constitutional authority and responsibilities. Normative and empirical critiques have been centered on the aims of judicial review, and the challenges it poses in American political life. A core issue surrounding these critiques is that Justices are appointed not elected, and thus undermine the principle of majority rule in the U.S. constitutional democratic order. Although these critiques are legitimate in terms of claims about unelected Supreme Court Justices’ seemingly discretionary powers over elected legislative bodies, and the uncertain policy implications of judicial pronouncements on the broader society, there is, nevertheless, a positive application of judicial review as a tool Justices use as part of their educative role overcoming the so-called “counter-majoritarian difficulty.” Through a close reading of oral arguments in Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) and San Antonio vs. Rodriguez (1973)—two landmark cases invoking the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the federal Constitution—the article shows how appointed Justices adjudicate individual cases on appeal and attempt to educate (through an argumentative, reason-based and question-centered process) citizenlitigants and their legal representatives about the importance of equality, fairness and ethical responsibility even prior to rendering final decisions on policy controversies that have broader national social, political and economic implications.
“Greying population”: Economic, social, and ethical appreciation of old age
Authors: Gałuszka Mieczysław
Published: April 2019

As the population is growing older, sociologists and economists are becoming more interested in analyzing this phenomenon. There are two paradigms for interpreting old age. The first one points to excluding old people from social and economic life. It is argued that there should be a balance between activities and possibilities of old people. The other paradigm points to the social, political and economic activities of old people until the end of their lives. It emphasizes their life experience and competencies. The article presents new processes and socio-cultural phenomena that refer to seniors. Some of them are negative like ageism, social isolation, deprivation, the uncertainty of fate and existence. Others are positive and described as “the cult of age” like the dynamic expansion of the grey people industry, development of health care and consumer projects for the elderly. The article argues that the sense and dignity of life of the elderly should be defended, as it is the main motivation and reason for living.
Activities in the space that formalizes social responsibility from the perspective of completed research
Authors: Kapias Michał , Polok Grzegorz
Published: April 2019

Lately, the subject of responsibility has gained importance in the context of the economic crisis. In economy, it took the form of social responsibility. It concerns activities additionally undertaken by organizations in order to establish correct relations with their employees and society, as well as with regard to the natural environment. Therefore, a very important role is played by the ethos of the undertaken socially responsible actions. To a large extent, it is reflected in the ethical dimension. Thus, in enterprises, codes of ethics have become a base of axiology in the building of the organizational cultures. Unfortunately, Polish companies—as shown in the paper—still attach a lesser role to the ethical dimension of business.