bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A High‐Performance Membraneless Microfluidic Microbial Fuel Cell for Stable, Long‐Term Benchtop Operation under Strong Flow
Authors: Amirdehi Mehran Abbaszadeh , Khodaparastasgarabad Nastaran , Landari Hamza , Zarabadi Mir Pouyan , Miled Amine , Greener Jesse
Published: April 2020

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Jesse Greener at Laval University in Quebec City (Canada). The cover picture shows a real microfluidic microbial fuel cell (MFC) used in this study. Three graphical elements are superimposed to highlight critical design enhancements over previous literature examples. These include: i) improved anaerobic environment with an oxygen protection barrier, ii) robust and kinetically favorable graphite electrodes, and iii) reduced anolyte/catholyte cross‐over to opposite electrodes via computer‐optimized device architecture. Bringing these improvements together into the same platform, we demonstrate an opportunity to bridge the gap between the micro‐ and macro‐MFC studies. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.202000040.
Microwave dielectric properties of Li2M2(MoO4)3 (M = Co, Ni) for LTCC applications
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Liang , Liou Jie‐Ning , Tsai Meng‐Hung , Huang Wen‐Chiao
Published: April 2020

Two low‐firing Li2M2(MoO4)3 (M = Co, Ni) dielectrics were prepared, and their microwave dielectric properties were investigated. The XRD patterns indicated both samples crystallized in an orthorhombic structure with different space groups. The microstructures, lattice parameters, and Raman spectra of these ceramics were also systematically studied. The microwave dielectric properties were obtained with εr ~ 9.1, Q × f ~ 34 000 GHz and τf ~ −72 ppm/°C for Li2Co2(MoO4)3 at 840°C, εr ~ 9.6, Q × f ~ 28 000 GHz and τf ~ −71 ppm/°C for Li2Ni2(MoO4)3 at 660°C. With 0.05 mol% Zn substitution, excellent microwave dielectric properties (εr ~ 10.9, Q × f ~ 56 000 GHz and τf ~ −62 ppm/°C) can be obtained for Li2(Ni0.95Zn0.05)2(MoO4)3 at 660°C, indicating a very promising dielectric for LTCC or ULTCC applications at high frequencies.
On the Integrability of theBenjamin‐OnoEquation on the Torus
Authors: Gérard Patrick , Kappeler Thomas
Published: April 2020

In this paper we prove that the Benjamin‐Ono equation, when considered on the torus, is an integrable (pseudo)differential equation in the strongest possible sense: this equation admits global Birkhoff coordinates on the spaceof real‐valued, 2π‐periodic,L2‐integrable functions of mean 0. These are coordinates that allow us to integrate it by quadrature and hence are also referred to as nonlinear Fourier coefficients. As a consequence, all thesolutions of the Benjamin‐Ono equation are almost periodic functions of the time variable. The construction of such coordinates relies on the spectral study of the Lax operator in the Lax pair formulation of the Benjamin‐Ono equation and on the use of a generating functional, which encodes the entire Benjamin‐Ono hierarchy. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinically Relevant Cytochrome P450 3A4 Induction Mechanisms and Drug Screening in Three‐Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Primary Human Hepatocytes
Authors: Hendriks Delilah F.G. , Vorrink Sabine U. , Smutny Tomas , Sim Sarah C. , Nordling Åsa , Ullah Shahid , Kumondai Masaki , Jones Barry C. , Johansson Inger , Andersson Tommy B. , Lauschke Volker M. , Ingelman‐Sundberg Magnus
Published: April 2020

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 induction is an important cause of drug–drug interactions, making early identification of drug candidates with CYP3A4 induction liability in drug development a prerequisite. Here, we present three‐dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) as a novel CYP3A4 induction screening model. Screening of 25 drugs (12 known CYP3A4 inducers in vivo and 13 negative controls) at physiologically relevant concentrations revealed a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity of the system. Three of the in vivo CYP3A4 inducers displayed much higher CYP3A4 induction capacity in 3D spheroid cultures as compared with in two‐dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Among those, we identified AZD1208, a proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinase inhibitor terminated in phase I of development due to unexpected CYP3A4 autoinduction, as a CYP3A4 inducer only active in 3D spheroids but not in 2D monolayer cultures. Gene knockdown experiments revealed that AZD1208 requires pregnane X receptor (PXR) to induce CYP3A4. Rifampicin requires solely PXR to induce CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, while phenobarbital‐mediated induction of these CYPs did not show absolute dependency on either PXR or constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), suggesting its ability to switch nuclear receptor activation. Mechanistic studies into AZD1208 uncovered an involvement of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway in CYP3A4 induction that is sensitive to the culture format used, as revealed by its inhibition of ERK1/2 Tyrosine 204 phosphorylation and sensitivity to epidermal growth factor (EGF) pressure. In line, we also identified lapatinib, a dual epidermal growth factor receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR/HER2) inhibitor, as another CYP3A4 inducer only active in 3D spheroid culture. Our findings offer insights into the pathways involved in CYP3A4 induction and suggest PHH spheroids for preclinical CYP3A4 induction screening.
Cytology meets next generation sequencing and liquid biopsy: A case of lung adenocarcinoma presenting as metastasis to the phalanx
Authors: Clery Eduardo , Pisapia Pasquale , Migliatico Ilaria , Pepe Francesco , De Luca Caterina , Russo Maria , De Rosa Filippo , Smeraglia Francesco , Insabato Luigi , Vigliar Elena , Malapelle Umberto , Mariconda Massimo , Gridelli Cesare , Troncone Giancarlo
Published: April 2020

Carcinomas do rarely metastasize to the finger. Non‐small‐cell lung cancer is most frequently involved. To date, only a few cases have been reported, on histology. Here we describe the cytological features of a metastatic lung adenocarcinoma case to the phalanx of the right forefinger as initial manifestation of the neoplastic disease in a 69‐years‐old woman. The cytological microscopic findings, complemented by a wide array of ancillary techniques, were confirmed by histology. Neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF‐1), harboring, in tissue and in bloodstream samples, an uncommon epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 p.S768_D760DUP, detected by next generation sequencing (NGS) and liquid biopsy. Cytology corroborated by immunocytochemistry, NGS, and liquid biopsy is a modern approach to provide diagnostic and therapeutic information even in rare and challenging cases.
CXCL12 is required for stirrup‐shaped stapes formation during mammalian middle ear development
Authors: Ankamreddy Harinarayana , Koo Heiyeun , Lee Young Jae , Bok Jinwoong
Published: April 2020

Background

The mammalian middle ear comprises a chain of three ossicles—the malleus, incus, and stapes—each of which has a unique morphology for efficiently transmitting sound information. In particular, the stapes, which is attached to the inner ear, is stirrup‐shaped with a head and base connected by two crural arches, forming the stapedial foramen, through which the stapedial artery passes. However, how the stapes acquires this critical stirrup shape for association with the stapedial artery during development is not clear.

Results

C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) is a chemoattractant essential for cellular movement and angiogenesis. In Cxcl12
−/− embryos, migration of neural crest cells into the prospective middle ear regions and their mesenchymal condensation to form the three ossicles proceed normally in correct alignment with each other and the inner ear. However, in the absence of CXCL12, the stapes loses its stirrup shape and instead exhibits a columnar shape lacking the crural arches and central hole. In addition, although the stapedial artery initially forms during early mesenchymal condensation of the stapes, it degenerates without CXCL12 function.

Conclusion

CXCL12 plays an essential role in establishing the stirrup‐shaped architecture of the stapes, possibly by maintaining the stapedial foramen and stapedial artery throughout development.
GAL4/GFP enhancer‐trap lines for identification and manipulation of cells and tissues in developing Arabidopsis leaves
Authors: Amalraj Brindhi , Govindaraju Priyanka , Krishna Anmol , Lavania Dhruv , Linh Nguyen M. , Ravichandran Sree J. , Scarpella Enrico
Published: April 2020

Background

Understanding developmental processes requires the unambiguous identification of cells and tissues, and the selective manipulation of the properties of those cells and tissues. Both requirements can most efficiently be satisfied through the use of GAL4/GFP enhancer‐trap lines. No such lines, however, have been characterized for the study of early leaf development in the Columbia‐0 reference genotype of Arabidopsis.

Results

Here we address this limitation by identifying and characterizing a set of GAL4/GFP enhancer‐trap lines in the Columbia‐0 background for the specific labeling of cells and tissues during early leaf development, and for the targeted expression of genes of interest in those cells and tissues.

Conclusions

By using one line in our set to address outstanding questions in leaf vein patterning, we show that these lines can be used to address key questions in plant developmental biology.
Toward the bigger picture: Concrete and abstract thinking about a transgression, and the role of time in interpersonal forgiveness
Authors: Wenzel Michael , Coughlin Anne‐Marie
Published: April 2020

Rumination is commonly considered detrimental to forgiveness. In contrast, we propose that different forms of post‐transgression thinking are differentially effective for forgiveness, depending on their timing. Concrete thinking focuses on event details, whereas abstract thinking abstracts from details and views the event in a broader context. Following construal level theory, we propose that concrete thinking is increasingly ill‐matched, and abstract thinking better matched, to the construal abilities and motivation afforded by psychological distance. Hence, over time, concrete thinking would be negatively, and abstract thinking positively, associated with forgiveness. Two correlational recall studies, with time since transgression measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Study 2), demonstrated that with greater temporal distance concrete thinking was more negatively, and abstract thinking more positively, related to forgiveness. Study 3 employed a prospective‐longitudinal methodology over five time‐points; intra‐individual decrease in concrete thinking and increase in abstract thinking over time were related to higher levels of forgiveness.
A deep learning approach for detecting tic disorder using wireless channel information
Authors: Barua Arnab , Dong Chunxi , Yang Xiaodong
Published: April 2020

Wireless signal technology performs a key role in the research area of medical science to detect diseases that are associated with the human gesture. Recently, wireless channel information (WCI) has received vast consideration because of its potential practice of detecting the human behavior. In this article, we present the convolutional neural network (CNN) model to classify WCI‐based image data and determine the involuntary movement (tic disorder) diseases. Motor and vocal are two aspects of tic disorder and depend on the amount of complication, both aspects classified into the simple and complex group, and each group has several symptoms. Using WCI data of symptoms from the simple and complex group of motor aspects, we form a dataset to train the CNN model. Experimental results show that CNN provides satisfying result in classification, and accuracy is more than 97%.
Estimation of solar‐to‐fuel energy conversion efficiency of a solar driven samarium oxide‐based thermochemical CO2 splitting cycle
Authors: Bhosale Rahul R.
Published: April 2020

Estimation of the solar‐to‐fuel energy conversion efficiency (with and without heat recuperation) of the Sm2O3/SmO‐based solar‐driven thermochemical CO2 splitting cycle is reported. HSC Chemistry 9.9 software and its thermodynamic database were utilized for the thermodynamic analysis. The temperatures required for the partial thermal reduction (TR) of Sm2O3 and the reoxidation of SmO via CO2 splitting (CS) reaction were identified. The thermodynamic modeling equations and the process flow configuration for the Sm2O3/SmO‐based CO2 splitting (Sm‐CS) cycle were formulated. The obtained results indicate that a higher quantity of solar energy input was needed to increase the percentage of partial TR of Sm2O3. The solar‐to‐fuel energy conversion efficiency (without heat recuperation) was first increased up to 9.13% for 50% of TR‐Sm and then decreased to 6.54% as the %TR‐Sm further enhanced to 100%. The application of heat recuperation was beneficial not only to increase the solar‐to‐fuel energy conversion efficiency but also to decrease the TR temperature required for the attainment of the maximum efficiency value. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incentivizing efficient utilization without reducing access: The case against cost‐sharing in insurance
Authors: Fels Markus
Published: April 2020

Cost‐sharing is regarded as an important tool to reduce moral hazard in health insurance. Contrary to standard prediction, however, such requirements are found to decrease utilization both of efficient and of inefficient care. I employ a simple model that incorporates two possible explanations—consumer mistakes and limited access—to assess the welfare implications of different insurance designs. I find cost‐sharing never to be an optimal solution as it produces two novel inefficiencies by limiting access. An alternative design, relying on bonuses, has no such side effects and achieves the same incentivization. I show how the optimal design can be deduced empirically and discuss possible impediments to its implementation.
Efficacy of an Inhibitor of Hepatitis B Virus Expression in Combination With Entecavir and Interferon‐α in Woodchucks Chronically Infected With Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus
Authors: Menne Stephan , Wildum Steffen , Steiner Guido , Suresh Manasa , Korolowicz Kyle , Balarezo Maria , Yon Changsuek , Murreddu Marta , Hong Xupeng , Kallakury Bhaskar V. , Tucker Robin , Yang Song , Young John A.T. , Javanbakht Hassan
Published: April 2020

RG7834 is a small‐molecule inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene expression that significantly reduces the levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA in a humanized liver HBV mouse model. In the current study, we evaluated the potency of RG7834 in the woodchuck model of chronic HBV infection, alone and in combination with entecavir (ETV) and/or woodchuck interferon‐α (wIFN‐α). RG7834 reduced woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) surface antigen (WHsAg) by a mean of 2.57 log10 from baseline and WHV DNA by a mean of 1.71 log10. ETV + wIFN‐α reduced WHsAg and WHV DNA by means of 2.40 log10 and 6.70 log10, respectively. The combination of RG7834, ETV, and wIFN‐α profoundly reduced WHsAg and WHV DNA levels by 5.00 log10 and 7.46 log10, respectively. However, both viral parameters rebounded to baseline after treatment was stopped and no antibody response against WHsAg was observed. Effects on viral RNAs were mainly seen with the triple combination treatment, reducing both pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and WHsAg RNA, whereas RG7834 mainly reduced WHsAg RNA and ETV mainly affected pgRNA. When WHsAg was reduced by the triple combination, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferated significantly in response to viral antigens, but the cellular response was diminished after WHsAg returned to baseline levels during the off‐treatment period. Consistent with this, Pearson correlation revealed a strong negative correlation between WHsAg levels and PBMC proliferation in response to peptides covering the entire WHsAg and WHV nucleocapsid antigen. Conclusion: A fast and robust reduction of WHsAg by combination therapy reduced WHV‐specific immune dysfunction in the periphery. However, the magnitude and/or duration of the induced cellular response were not sufficient to achieve a sustained antiviral response.
Numerical analysis of convective heat transport in a porous semi‐trapezoidal enclosure with radiation effect
Authors: Fazuruddin Syed , Sreekanth S. , Raju G. S. S.
Published: April 2020

A theoretical and numerical study of natural convection of two‐dimensional laminar incompressible flow in a semi‐trapezoidal porous enclosure in the presence of thermal radiation is conducted. The semi‐trapezoidal enclosure has an inclined left wall that in addition to the right vertical wall is maintained at a constant temperature, whereas the remaining (horizontal) walls are adiabatic. The Darcy‐Brinkman isotropic model is utilized. The governing partial differential equations are transformed using a vorticity stream function and nondimensional quantities and the resulting governing nonlinear dimensionless equations are solved using the finite difference method with incremental steps. The impacts of the different model parameters (Rayleigh number [Ra], Darcy number [Da], and radiation parameter [Rd]) on the thermofluid characteristics are studied in detail. The computations show that convective heat transfer is enhanced with the greater Darcy parameter (permeability). The flow is accelerated with the increasing buoyancy effect (Rayleigh number) and heat transfer is also increased with a greater radiative flux. The present numerical simulations are more relevant to hybrid porous media solar collectors.
Egypt's Coastal Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise and Storm Surge: Present and Future Conditions
Authors: Torresan Silvia , Furlan Elisa , Critto Andrea , Michetti Melania , Marcomini Antonio
Published: April 2020

We assess the relative vulnerability of the Mediterranean shoreline of Egypt (about 1000 km in length) to climate change (i.e., sea-level rise [SLR], storm surge flooding, and coastal erosion) by using a Climate-improved Coastal Vulnerability Index (CCVI). We integrate information relative to a multidimensional set of physical, geological, and socioeconomic variables, and add to the mainstream literature the consideration of both a reference and a climate change scenario, assuming the representative concentration pathway 8.5 W/m2 (RCP8.5) for the 21st century in the Mediterranean region. Results report that approximately 1% (~43 km²) of the mapped shoreline is classifiable as having a high or very high vulnerability, whereas approximately 80% (4652 km²) shows very low vulnerability. As expected, exposure to inundation and erosion is especially relevant in highly developed and urbanized coastal areas. Along the shoreline, while the Nile Delta region is the most prone area to coastal erosion and permanent or occasional inundations (both in the reference and in the climate scenario), results show the Western Desert area to be less vulnerable due to its geological characteristics (i.e., rocky and cliffed coasts, steeper coastal slope). The application of the CCVI to the coast of Egypt can be considered as a first screening of the hot-spot risk areas at the national scale. The results of the analysis, including vulnerability maps and indicators, can be used to support the development of climate adaptation and integrated coastal zone management strategies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:761–772. © 2020 SETAC
Comparison of outcomes at full‐dilation cesarean section with and without the use of a fetal pillow device
Authors: Hanley Isaac , Sivanesan Kanapathippillai , Veerasingham Mayooran , Vasudevan Jaidev
Published: April 2020

Objective

To identify whether use of the fetal pillow device resulted in a reduction in intraoperative complications, such as uterine incision extension, requirement for breech extraction, etc. Other maternal outcomes (duration of hospital stay, requirement for blood transfusion, and requirement for return to hospital or operating theatre) were also reviewed. Neonatal outcomes of APGAR‐5, arterial pH, and requirement for intensive care admission were assessed.

Methods

A retrospective cohort analysis was completed for fully dilated cesarean deliveries completed between January 2014 and December 2018 at Ipswich Hospital, Australia. In total, 174 patient records were identified (114 with pillow, 60 without). Logistic and linear regressions were used to assess the outcomes associated with fetal pillow use.

Results

There were no significant differences in operative complications between the pillow and no‐pillow groups (odds ratio [OR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26–1.22, P=0.146). Linear regression analysis showed a decrease in hospital length of stay (hours) (−9.4, 95% CI −17.80 to −0.99, P=0.029) and a higher neonatal arterial pH at delivery (0.06, 95% CI 0.03–0.09, P=0.0001) in the pillow group.

Conclusion

At full dilation cesarean, operative complications are not increased when employing the fetal pillow with maternal benefits of decreased hospitalization.
Determination of crop coefficients and spatial distribution of evapotranspiration and net irrigation requirement for three commonly cultivated crops in South‐East Nigeria
Authors: Okechukwu M.E. , Mbajiorgu C.C.
Published: April 2020

Effective crop production is one major way of ensuring food security, but basic information on evapotranspiration and net irrigation requirement are needed. ETc, NIR and their spatial distribution were studied for three commonly cultivated crops in south‐east Nigeria, namely African spinach (Amarathus hybridus), Nsukka yellow pepper (Capsicum Chinese Nsukkadrilus) and maize (Zea mays). The average daily ETc from lysimetric water balance studies and Kc were 3.9, 4.20 and 3.7 mm and 0.87, 0.93 and 0.82 for spinach, pepper, and, maize, respectively. The statewide annual evapotranspiration for the crops was between 1070 and 1450 mm. The average annual ranges of NIR were 408–706, 524–706 and 450–621 mm for African spinach, Nsukka yellow pepper and maize, respectively. Statewide, Imo and Abia states do not require irrigation annually. Mapping spatially interpolated evapotranspiration and NIR has not only provided information on areas where weather stations are not available but have also provided information for farmers, water managers and policy makers for effective water resources management and improved crop production for food security in the south‐east of Nigeria. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
β‐Sitosterol‐assisted silver nanoparticles activates Nrf2 and triggers mitochondrial apoptosis via oxidative stress in human hepatocellular cancer cell line
Authors: Raj R Kathiswar , D Ezhilarasan , S Rajeshkumar
Published: April 2020

Cancer nanomedicine is an emerging field of cancer therapeutics. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing worldwide, and currently, it is the second leading cause of cancer‐related deaths. This study investigates the cytotoxic potential of β‐sitosterol‐assisted silver nanoparticles (BSS‐SNPs) in HepG2 cells. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized using β‐sitosterol as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The characterization of BSS‐SNPs was done by UV‐visible spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of BSS‐SNPs for 24 hr, and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Intracellular ROS was investigated by 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescin diacetate staining. The nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf‐2) protein expression was investigated by immunofluorescence staining. Morphology‐related to apoptotic changes were analyzed by annexin V staining. Intrinsic apoptosis pathwayrelated molecular markers were investigated by western blotting and PCR analysis. Spectrophotometry analysis confirmed a strong absorption peak at 420 nm, which showed the successful synthesis of BSS‐SNPs. The TEM analysis indicated the spherical‐, rod‐, and hexagonal BSS‐SNPs with the size ranges from 5 to 55 nm. BSS‐SNPs significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced ROS and Nrf‐2 expression in HepG2 cells. BSS‐SNPs treatment caused apoptosis‐related morphological changes and upregulated the pro‐apoptotic markers such as bax, p53, cytochrome c, and caspases‐9, ‐3 and downregulated bcl‐2 expressions. Our findings suggest that BSS‐SNPs might serve as potential drug candidates for HCC.
Construction of collagen gel with high viscoelasticity and thermal stability via combining cross‐linking and dehydration
Authors: Tian Zhenhua , Shen Lirui , Liu Wentao , Li Guoying
Published: April 2020

Collagen gel is widely used in tissue engineering due to excellent biological properties and swollen three‐dimensional network structure. To improve viscoelasticity and thermal stability, collagen gels consisting of fibrils were cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde and sequentially dehydrated via ethanol or heating (named as EGC or HGC, respectively). For EGC, ethanol replaced free and loosely bound water and then combined with tightly bound water, inducing the increase in hydrogen bonds and molecular interactions. Therefore, the thermal transition temperature (Tt) and storage modulus (G′) obviously increased from 47.3 ± 0.5°C and 0.1 kPa to 92.7 ± 0.8°C and 7.8 kPa, respectively. Unfortunately, the high deformation (γ > 60%) and low recovery percentage (R < 15%) reflected the poor anti‐deformation of gels due to the volatility of ethanol. For HGC, the entanglement and rigidity of fibrils increased owing to the contraction of cross‐linked fibrils and cohesive action of denatured collagen. As a result, HGC were more resistant to deformation and exhibited more elasticity than native collagen gel, accompanied by the fact that G′ and R increased to 28.8 kPa and 90.0% ± 0.7%. Additionally, HGC exhibited higher Tt (121.4 ± 0.5°C) due to lower water content and higher collagen concentration.
Phosphonic acid‐functionalized poly(amido amine) macromers for biomedical applications
Authors: Altuncu Seckin , Akyol Ece , Guven Melek Naz , Demirci Gozde , Yagci Acar Havva , Avci Duygu
Published: April 2020

Novel phosphonic acid‐functionalized poly(amido amine) (PAA) macromers are synthesized through aza‐Michael addition of 2‐aminoethyl phosphonic acid or its mixture with 5‐amino‐1‐pentanol at different ratios onto N,N′‐methylene bis(acrylamide) to control the amount of phosphonic acid functionality. The macromers were homo‐ and copolymerized with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate at different ratios to obtain hydrogels with various hydrophilicities. The hydrogels' swelling, biodegradation and mineralization properties were evaluated. The swelling and degradation rates of the gels can be tuned by the chemical structure of PAA macromer precursors as well as pH and CaCl2 pre‐treatment. The hydrogels show composition‐dependent mineralization in SBF and 5xSBF, as evidenced from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) analyses. The degradation products of the hydrogels have no effect on U‐2 OS, Saos‐2 and NIH 3T3 cells, suggesting their cytocompatibility. Overall, these materials have potential to be used as nontoxic degradable biomaterials.
Synthesis and characterization of porous bioactiveSiCtissue engineering scaffold
Authors: El‐Ghannam Ahmed , Greenier Madeline , Johnson Morgan , Marriott Ian
Published: April 2020

Silicon carbide (SiC) is an inert material with excellent biocompatibility properties. A major issue that limits its use as a medical device is the difficult processing technique that requires hot pressing at a temperature (>2,000oC) and pressure (1,000–2,000 atm). In the present study, we developed a protocol to synthesize a porous SiC scaffold by pressing the powder at 50 MPa and heating at 900oC/2 hr. The surface of SiC was chemically modified by NaOH to facilitate sintering and induce bioactivity. Porous discs with 51.51 ± 3.17% porosity and interconnected pores in the size range from 1 to 1,000 μm were prepared using 40% PEG. The average compressive strength and Young's modulus of the scaffolds were 1.94 ± 0.70 and 169.2 ± 0.08 MPa, respectively. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of biomimetic hydroxyapatite layer after 2 hr of immersion in simulated body fluid. The Ca/P ratio was dependent on the concentration of the silanol groups created on the material surface. Increasing the atomic % of silicon on the SiC surface from 33.27 ± 9.53% to 45.13 ± 4.74% resulted in a 76% increase in the osteocalcin expression by MC3T3‐E1 cells seeded on the material after 7 days. The cells colonized the entire thickness of the template and filled the pores with mineralized extracellular matrix after 14 days. Taken all together, the porous SiC scaffolds can serve as a bone graft for tissue reconstruction and cell delivery in trauma surgery.
Microwave synthesis of sulfur‐doped α‐Fe2O3 and testing in photodegradation of methyl orange
Authors: Almazroai Layla S. , Maliabari Leenah A.
Published: April 2020

α‐Fe2O3, as a promising photocatalyst in environmental aspects, was doped by a nonmetal to enhance the optical and electronic properties. Sulfur‐doped hematite was synthesized by microwave irradiation. The samples were investigated by X‐ray diffraction and energy dispersive X‐ ray‐scanning electron microscopy. Nanostructure particles have a hexagonal structure that did not change after sulfur incorporation. The optical studies via UV–Visible spectroscopy proved the high absorbance of S/α‐Fe2O3under the visible region. Moreover, the band gap of S/α‐Fe2O3 was shifted to higher wavelengths. However, nonmetals may exhibit a negative effect and act as recombination centers as the photoactivity of undoped hematite was still higher in the photodegradation of methyl orange as a pollutant. H2O2 as an oxidant was fourfold better than O2, leading to the formation of the active oxygen species. The preparation method plays a crucial role in the shaping of nanostructure particles and its photoactivity.
Significant association between DHFR promoter methylation and ischemic stroke in a Chinese hypertensive population
Authors: Hu Jingcen , Zhu Hong , Xu Guodong , Chen Zhu , Li Lian , Wang Shuyu , Deng Hongxia , Bao Xiaoming , Shen Zhisen
Published: April 2020

Objective

DHFR encodes dihydrofolate reductase, a major enzyme in the metabolism of folate, and is a candidate gene for ischemic stroke (IS). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between DHFR promoter methylation and IS in a Chinese population with primary hypertension.

Methods

Quantitative methylation‐specific PCR was used to measure the level of DHFR promoter methylation. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to investigate the association between DHFR promoter methylation and IS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of DHFR promoter methylation for IS.

Results

The level of methylation of the DHFR promoter in the IS group was significantly lower than that in the hypertensive group (median [interquartile range]: 9.11 [2.81‐16.20] vs 24.94 [7.16‐56.45], P < .001). DHFR promoter methylation and homocysteine (Hcy) levels were both related to IS, with an ORs (95% CI) of 0.976 (0.967‐0.984) and 1.057 (1.027‐1.108), respectively. The areas under the curve for the diagnosis of DHFR promoter hypomethylation in IS were 0.603 (95% CI, 0.527‐0.678) in men and 0.754 (95% CI, 0.693‐0.815) in women. A dual‐luciferase reporter assay revealed that the target sequence in the DHFR promoter upregulated gene expression.

Conclusion

There is a significant association between methylation of the DHFR promoter and IS in this Chinese hypertensive population. Hypomethylation of the DHFR promoter may serve as a novel marker for the diagnosis of IS in women.
Reaudit of transvaginal ultrasound practice in a general gynecology clinic
Authors: Ooi Rucira , Ooi Setthasorn , Wilson David , Griffiths Anthony
Published: April 2020

Purpose

A recent pilot audit found that the quality of transvaginal ultrasound practice in a teaching hospital did not reflect current guidelines. This was a concern given the frequency and importance of ultrasound examinations in approaching a diagnosis. Interventional measures involved ad hoc training sessions coincident with installation of updated equipment. A reaudit was performed to assess any changes in the standard of ultrasound practice.

Methods

Data were collected by random direct observation. To minimize the Hawthorne effect, staffs were not made aware of when active data collection took place. Observations of both patients and end user were compared with current guidelines. Data collected maintained the anonymity of users throughout. Practice was graded as: compliant, partially‐compliant, or noncompliant. Descriptive statistics were used to demonstrate any change post‐intervention.

Results

Observations (n = 48) of completed gynecology ultrasound practice were recorded, and results described as percentage frequencies (%). Image optimization noncompliant rates declined in the reaudit from 65.1% to 41.67% (P = .07) and noncompliant rates of global examination of gynecology decreased from 60.47% to 14.58% (P < .05). Substantial improvements were seen in terms of image annotations (initial audit, 41.9% vs reaudit, 66.67%), and end user examination of bladder, vagina and cervix when indicated (initial audit, 25.6% vs reaudit, 77.08%).

Conclusion

Regular audit, ad hoc ultrasound training sessions and updated ultrasound equipment resulted in considerably improved compliance of transvaginal ultrasound practice in gynecology.
Invasion of poorly differentiated large‐cell neuroendocrine tumor of the lung through right pulmonary veins into the left atrium: A very rare case report
Authors: Nosrati Anahita , Nabati Maryam , Vahedi Laleh , Shokri Mojtaba
Published: April 2020

Intracavitary cardiac metastasis is a rare manifestation of primary lung cancer which can be associated with a very poor prognosis. In this condition, the right chambers of the heart are more commonly involved and the invasion of the left atrium (LA) through the venous routes is highly exceptional. Poorly differentiated large‐cell neuroendocrine tumors also include only 3% of all primary lung carcinomas which can have adverse outcomes. Therefore, in this report, a rare case of a 72‐year‐old male patient with poorly differentiated large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the right lung spreading to the LA through the right pulmonary veins was described.
LC‐MS/MS method for the differential diagnosis of treatable early onset inherited metabolic epilepsies
Authors: Mathis Déborah , Beese Karin , Rüegg Carmen , Plecko Barbara , Hersberger Martin
Published: April 2020

Rapid diagnosis and early specific treatment of metabolic epilepsies due to inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) is crucial to avoid irreversible sequalae. Nowadays, besides the profile analysis of amino‐ and organic acids, a range of additional targeted assays is used for the selective screening of those diseases. This strategy can lead to long turn‐around times, repeated sampling and diagnostic delays. To replace those individual targeted assays, we developed a new liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method (LC‐MS/MS) for the differential diagnosis of inherited metabolic epilepsies that are potentially treatable. The method was developed to simultaneously quantify 12 metabolites (sulfocysteine, guanidinoacetate, creatine, pipecolic acid, Δ1‐piperideine‐6‐carboxylate (P6C), proline, Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate (P5C), and the B6‐vitamers) enabling the diagnosis of nine different treatable IEMs presenting primarily with early‐onset epilepsy. Plasma and urine samples were mixed with internal standards, precipitated and the supernatants were analyzed by LC‐MS/MS. In comparison with previous assays, no derivatization of the metabolites is necessary for analysis. This LC‐MS method was validated for quantitative results for all metabolites except P6C and P5C for which semiquantitative results were obtained due to the absence of commercially available standards. Coefficients of variation for all analytes were below 15% and recovery rates range between 80% and 120%. Analysis of patient samples with known IEMs demonstrated the diagnostic value of the method. The presented assay covers a selected panel of biochemical markers, improves the efficiency in the laboratory, and potentially leads to faster diagnoses and earlier treatment avoiding irreversible damage in patients affected with IEMs.
The emergence of a novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) disease and their neuroinvasive propensity may affect in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Yashavantha Rao H.C. , Jayabaskaran Chelliah
Published: April 2020

An outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection has recently emerged and rapidly spreading in humans causing a significant threat to international health and the economy. Rapid assessment and warning are crucial for an outbreak analysis in response to serious public health. SARS‐CoV‐2 shares highly homological sequences with SARS‐CoVs causing highly lethal pneumonia with respiratory distress and clinical symptoms similar to those reported for SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV infections. Notably, some COVID‐19 patients also expressed neurologic signs like nausea, headache, and vomiting. Several studies have reported that coronaviruses are not only causing respiratory illness but also invade the central nervous system through a synapse‐connected route. SARS‐CoV infections are reported in both patients and experimental animals' brains. Interestingly, some COVID‐19 patients have shown the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus in their cerebrospinal fluid. Considering the similarities between SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2 in various aspects, it remains to clarify whether the potent invasion of SARS‐CoV‐2 may affect in COVID‐19 patients. All these indicate that more detailed criteria are needed for the treatment and the prevention of SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients. In the absence of potential interventions for COVID‐19, there is an urgent need for an alternative strategy to control the spread of this disease.
Evaluation of the auxiliary diagnostic value of antibody assays for the detection of novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2)
Authors: Yong Gao , Yi Yuan , Tuantuan Li , Xiaowu Wang , Xiuyong Li , Ang Li , Mingfeng Han
Published: April 2020

The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has taken on pandemic proportions, affecting over 100 countries in a matter of weeks. The goal of this study was to assess the diagnostic values of different methods of detecting and estimating the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and the auxiliary diagnostic potential of antibody assays. By retrospectively analyzing the data of viral RNAs and serum immunoglobulin M‐immunoglobulin G antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 from 38 cases with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 in the Second People's Hospital of Fuyang, we found that, in the early phase of the illness, the viral RNA was most abundant in the sputum specimens, followed by that in the throat swabs, while the antibody assays identified fewer positive cases at this stage. However, the sensitivity of the antibody assays overtook that of RNA test from the eighth day of disease onset. Simultaneous use of antibody assay and reverse transcription‐quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction improved the sensitivity of the diagnoses. Moreover, we found that most of these cases with no detectable viral RNA load during the early stages were able to be seropositive after 7 days. Our findings indicate that the antibody detection could be used as an effective supplementary indicator of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in suspected cases with no detectable viral RNA, and in conjunction with nucleic acid detection in confirming the infection.
Decontamination of face masks with steam for mask reuse in fighting the pandemic COVID‐19: Experimental supports
Authors: Ma Qing‐Xia , Shan Hu , Zhang Chuan‐Mei , Zhang Hong‐Liang , Li Gui‐Mei , Yang Rui‐Mei , Chen Ji‐Ming
Published: April 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has claimed many lives worldwide. Wearing medical masks (MMs) or N95 masks ([N95Ms] namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk. Reuse of these masks can minimize waste, protect the environment, and help solve the current imminent shortage of masks. Disinfection of used masks is needed for their reuse with safety, but improper decontamination can damage the blocking structure of masks. In this study, we demonstrated using the avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARS‐CoV‐2 that MMs and N95Ms retained their blocking efficacy even after being steamed on boiling water for 2 hours. We also demonstrated that three brands of MMs blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes. Altogether, this study suggested that MMs are adequate for use on most social occasions and both MMs and N95Ms can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.
Can measurements from an anteroposterior radiograph predict pelvic sagittal inclination?
Authors: Uemura Keisuke , Atkins Penny R. , Okamoto Masashi , Tokunaga Kunihiko , Anderson Andrew E.
Published: April 2020

Pelvic sagittal inclination (PSI) is often evaluated in patients with hip pathology using lateral radiographs. However, it would be useful if PSI could be predicted from an anteroposterior radiograph since this film is ubiquitous in the evaluation of hip pathology. Herein, computer‐modeling was applied to predict PSI from radiographic measurements assessed in the anteroposterior plane. Three‐dimensional surface models of the pelvis, femur, and sacrum were reconstructed from computed tomography images of 50 women with hip dysplasia. This study cohort was selected as changes in PSI alter femoral head coverage, which is relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of hip dysplasia, a known cause of hip osteoarthritis. Five radiographic parameters commonly used to independently estimate PSI were evaluated after bone surfaces were projected to an anteroposterior plane, including the symphysis to sacrococcygeal joint distance (S‐S distance), the pelvic foramen aspect ratio (PF ratio), the distance between the symphysis and a line connecting the femoral head centers (S‐H distance), the sacro‐femoral‐pubic angle (SFP angle), and the pelvic vertical ratio (PVR). Regression models determined the ability of these parameters to predict PSI from −20° to 20° at 1° increment. All five parameters showed a strong correlation with the PSI (all r > 0.9). From the regression models, PSI was estimated with a median (maximum) absolute error of 3.6° (18.4°), 3.8° (17.7°), 5.2° (17.9°), 5.8° (28.8°), and 3.2° (23.5°) for the S‐S distance, PF ratio, S‐H distance, SFP angle, and PVR, respectively. The regression model for S‐S distance had a mean slope of 2.18 that ranged from 1.98 to 2.41 when the sacrococcygeal joint was located superior to the symphysis. Results indicated that substantial errors occur when estimating the actual value of PSI from an anteroposterior radiograph. However, the change in PSI could be estimated from the S‐S distance, which may aid surgeons to successfully increase head coverage through periacetabular osteotomy and to locate the acetabular cup in a functional position for total hip arthroplasty.
The potential function ofmiR‐135b‐mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway during osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Zhang Xiang‐Tao , Sun Min , Zhang Li , Dai Yi‐Ke , Wang Fei
Published: April 2020

MC3T3‐E1 cells were divided into Blank, miR‐135b mimics, miR‐135b inhibitors, AG490, and miR‐135b inhibitors + AG490 groups. Cell viability was determined by MTT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity by the corresponding kit, and mineralization by alizarin red staining. Furthermore, miR‐135b, osteoblast‐specific genes, and JAK2/STAT3 were detected through quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. MiR‐135b downregulation was identified with increased JAK2 during osteoblast differentiation.JAK2was confirmed as a target gene of miR‐135b by dual‐luciferase reporter assay. MC3T3‐E1 cells in both miR‐135b mimics and AG490 groups manifested decrease in cell viability, ALP activity, and mineralized nodes, as well as reductions in osteoblast‐specific genes and proteins of JAK2, p‐JAK2, and p‐STAT3, but increase in cell apoptosis. However, opposite changes of the above factors were shown in cells from miR‐135b inhibitors group. Notably, AG490 could reverse promotion effects of miR‐135b inhibitors on osteoblast differentiation. Inhibiting miR‐135b could activate the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby improving the cell viability and promoting the osteoblast differentiation.
Different climate scenarios alter dominance patterns among aquatic primary producers in temperate systems
Authors: Hansson Lars‐Anders , Ekvall Mattias K. , He Liang , Li Zhongqiang , Svensson Marie , Urrutia‐Cordero Pablo , Zhang Huan
Published: April 2020

In a future climate change perspective, the interactions among different life‐forms of primary producers will likely be altered, leading to changes in the relative dominance among macrophytes, filamentous, and planktonic algae. In order to improve the possibilities to forecast future ecosystem services and function, we therefore conducted a long‐term mesocosm study where primary producers were exposed to different climate scenarios, including both a mean increase in temperature (4°C) and a similar energy input, but delivered as “heat waves” (fluctuations 0–8°C above ambient). We show that in shallow systems, future climate change scenarios will likely lead to higher total macrophyte biomasses, but also to considerable alterations in the macrophyte community composition. The biomass of filamentous algae (Cladophora) showed no significant difference among treatments, although effect size analyses identified a slight increase at heated conditions. We also show that future climate change will not necessarily lead to more phytoplankton blooms, although a considerable alteration in phytoplankton community composition is to be expected, with a dominance of cyanobacteria and Cryptophytes, whereas Chlorophyceae and diatoms will likely play a less pronounced role than at present. In a broader context, we conclude that the total biomass of macrophytes will likely increase in shallow areas, whereas phytoplankton may not show any strong changes in biomass in a future climate change scenario. Instead, the major changes among primary producers will likely be mirrored in a considerably different species composition than at present.