bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global evidence of constraints and limits to human adaptation
Authors: Thomas Adelle , Theokritoff Emily , Lesnikowski Alexandra , Reckien Diana , Jagannathan Kripa , Cremades Roger , Campbell Donovan , Joe Elphin Tom , Sitati Asha , Singh Chandni , Segnon Alcade C. , Pentz Brian , Musah-Surugu Justice Issah , Mullin Cristina A. , Mach Katharine J. , Gichuki Leah , Galappaththi Eranga , Chalastani Vasiliki I. , Ajibade Idowu , Ruiz-Diaz Raquel , Grady Caitlin , Garschagen Matthias , Ford James , Bowen Kathryn ,   Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative Team
Published: August 2021

Constraints and limits to adaptation are critical to understanding the extent to which human and natural systems can successfully adapt to climate change. We conduct a systematic review of 1,682 academic studies on human adaptation responses to identify patterns in constraints and limits to adaptation for different regions, sectors, hazards, adaptation response types, and actors. Using definitions of constraints and limits provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), we find that most literature identifies constraints to adaptation but that there is limited literature focused on limits to adaptation. Central and South America and Small Islands generally report greater constraints and both hard and soft limits to adaptation. Technological, infrastructural, and ecosystem-based adaptation suggest more evidence of constraints and hard limits than other types of responses. Individuals and households face economic and socio-cultural constraints which also inhibit behavioral adaptation responses and may lead to limits. Finance, governance, institutional, and policy constraints are most prevalent globally. These findings provide early signposts for boundaries of human adaptation and are of high relevance for guiding proactive adaptation financing and governance from local to global scales.
In silico and gene expression analysis of the acute inflammatory response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) after subcutaneous administration of carrageenin
Authors: Campos-Sánchez Jose Carlos , Mayor-Lafuente Javier , Guardiola Francisco A. , Esteban María Ángeles
Published: August 2021

Inflammation is one of the main causes of loss of homeostasis at both the systemic and molecular levels. The aim of this study was to investigate in silico the conservation of inflammation-related proteins in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Open reading frames of the selected genes were used as input in the STRING database for protein–protein interaction network analysis, comparing them with other teleost protein sequences. Proteins of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea L.) presented the highest percentages of identity with the gilthead seabream protein sequence. The gene expression profile of these proteins was then studied in gilthead seabream specimens subcutaneously injected with carrageenin (1%) or phosphate-buffered saline (control) by analyzing skin samples from the injected zone 12 and 24 h after injection. Gene expression analysis indicated that the mechanisms necessary to terminate the inflammatory response to carrageenin and recover skin homeostasis were activated between 12 and 24 h after injection (at the tested dose). The gene analysis performed in this study could contribute to the identification of the main mechanisms of acute inflammatory response and validate the use of carrageenin as an inflammation model to elucidate these mechanisms in fish.
A Comparison of MMPI-2 Profiles Between Parental Alienation Cases and Custody Cases
Authors: Roma Paolo , Marchetti Daniela , Mazza Cristina , Ricci Eleonora , Fontanesi Lilybeth , Verrocchio Maria Cristina
Published: August 2021

The present study aimed at understanding the personality features of mothers and fathers engaged in parental alienation—a family dynamic in which one parent behaves in a way that foments a child’s unfounded emotional rejection of the other parent. The process is considered a complex form of child psychological maltreatment, with significant negative consequences. In cases of conflictual separation and divorce, parental alienation can be difficult—yet important—to identify. In this context, use of psychological assessment to understand parents’ personality characteristics may facilitate the early identification of parental alienation and related abuses. A comparative analysis of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 profiles of 41 couples engaged in parental alienation and 39 control couples (i.e., not involved in parental alienation) was used to assess the personality characteristics of mothers and fathers engaged in parental alienation. The results indicated that mothers who were classified as alienating presented a faking-good defensive profile, denied hostile and negative impulses, blamed others for their problems, and displayed excessive sensitivity. On the other side, fathers who were classified as targets of alienating behaviors were adapted to chronic depressive states, social isolation, and interpersonal conflict. The results suggest that the personality profile of parents involved in parental alienation may provide useful insight for custodial cases, prevent further abuse, and contribute to improving psychological and rehabilitative programs. Clinical and forensic implications are discussed.
Non-integrability of a model of elastic dumbbell satellite
Authors: Combot Thierry , Maciejewski Andrzej J. , Przybylska Maria
Published: August 2021

We study the integrability of a model of elastic satellite whose centre of mass moves in a circular Keplerian orbit around a gravity centre. The satellite is modelled by two point masses connected by an extensible massless spring that obeys Hooke’s law. It is assumed that the distance between point masses is much smaller than the radius of the orbit, so the orbital motion of the satellite is not perturbed by its rotational motion. The gravity potential of the satellite is expanded into a series with respect to its size up to quadratic terms which describe the gravity gradient torque acting on the satellite. Two cases are considered with Hooke’s centre localised in the centre of mass of the dumbbell and at an arbitrary point along a line connecting both masses. It is shown that the first case appears to be integrable and super-integrable for selected values of the parameter of the system. In the second case, model depends effectively only on one parameter and is non-integrable. In the proof, differential Galois integrability obstructions are used. For the considered sysem, these obstructions are deduced thanks to the recently developed symplectic Kovacic’s algorithm in dimension 4. According to our knowledge, this is the first application of this tool to a physical model.
Die Verantwortung des polizeilichen Einsatztrainings
Authors: Staller Mario S. , Körner Swen
Published: August 2021

Das polizeiliche Einsatztraining hat eine große Bedeutung: Junge Polizist_innen werden dort im Rahmen ihrer Erstsozialisation ausgebildet, in der Praxis tätige Polizist_innen in einsatz- und konfliktrelevanten Bereichen geschult und weiterentwickelt. Neben diesen Inhalten werden innerhalb des Lehr-Lern-Settings explizit und implizit auch Werte, Einstellungen und Sichtweisen auf polizeiliche Einsatz- und Konfliktsituationen vermittelt. Der Beitrag zeigt die Verantwortung des polizeilichen Einsatztrainings auf, zu einer sozialen und gerechten Gesellschaft beizutragen. Am Beispiel (a) der vermittelten Gesellschaftsbilder und (b) der verwendeten Sprache skizzieren die Autoren für das polizeiliche Einsatztraining Anlässe und Potenziale, sich dieser Verantwortung reflektiert zu stellen.
Diversity of gobioid fishes in the late middle Miocene of northern Moldova, Eastern Paratethys – part I: an extinct clade of Lesueurigobius look-alikes
Authors: Reichenbacher Bettina , Bannikov Alexander F.
Published: August 2021

Studies of otoliths suggest that Gobioidei, which are among the most species-rich groups of modern-day vertebrates, were prominent elements of late middle Miocene (early Sarmatian sensu lato) fish faunas in Europe and Western Asia. However, few complete skeletons have come to light. Here, we report an assemblage of six marine gobiid species, based on skeletons preserved with otoliths in situ, from the lower Volhynian (lower Sarmatian s.l.) of Karpov Yar, Naslavcea, northern Moldova (Eastern Paratethys). Previously only one of these species had been reported from the Central Paratethys, based on its otoliths alone. Five new species representing four new genera are described: †Katyagobius prikryli gen. et sp. nov., Pseudolesueurigobius manfredi gen. et sp. nov., †Sarmatigobius compactus gen. et sp. nov., †Yarigobius decoratus gen. et sp. nov., and †Y. naslavcensis gen. et sp. nov. All six species share the following set of characters, suggesting that they represent a monophyletic clade: 27–29 vertebrae (of which 10 are abdominal); spines of first dorsal fin distally filamentous; second dorsal fin with spine and 14–16 soft rays; anal fin with spine and 13–15 soft rays; caudal fin longish-to-lanceolate; otoliths (sagittae) with rounded, trapezoid-to-squarish shape. Their skeletal features suggest that they are closely related to Lesueurigobius Whitley, 1950, but the otoliths preserved in situ do not support such a classification. The new fossils most likely represent a stem lineage of the European Aphia lineage, and indicate that the diversity of gobiid lineages 12 million years ago differed clearly from that observed today.
Business Process Management Culture in Public Administration and Its Determinants
Authors: Kregel Ingo , Distel Bettina , Coners André
Published: August 2021

Public administration institutions increasingly use business process management (BPM) to innovate internal operations, increase process performance and improve their services. Research on private sector companies has shown that organizational culture may impact an organization's BPM and this culture is often referred to as BPM culture. However, similar research on public administration is yet missing. Thus, this article assesses BPM culture in Germany’s municipal administration. 733 online survey responses were gathered and analyzed using MANOVA and follow-up discriminant analyses to identify possible determinants of public administration’s BPM culture. The results indicate that the employees’ professional experience and their responsibility influence the assessment of BPM culture, as does the size of a municipality. Based on these findings, the article proposes testable relationships and an agenda for further research on BPM culture in public administration.
Histogram-based weighted median filtering used for noise reduction of digital elevation model data
Authors: Kilik Roland
Published: August 2021

A new histogram-based robust filter developed for noise reduction of digital elevation model data is presented. When large percentage of data points in data matrices are contaminated with outlier noise, the noise reduction process can give better results than traditional median filtering, if elements with a potentially higher chance of being noise are eliminated by weighting from the input dataset before the median value is calculated. However, on the same matrices, there are likely to be subsets of data where unfiltered input is more reasonable for the calculation. The new method implementing weighting between these two cases is presented below, with its initial tuning and a comparison with both standard median filtering and the Most Frequent Value (MFV) method, as the latter being much more efficient than the usual methods. Following the description of the procedures, their effectiveness is compared for noise reduction in digital elevation model data systems, at various noise levels. The comparison is done mainly by three measures, with most of the focus on the $${L}_{1}$$

L
1

norm data distance results. Finally, a modified version of the method—which includes Steiner’s MFV filter as a core part—is also introduced, with similar examination. The method to be presented has been shown to be superior to conventional median filtering for most noise rates, and in many cases also to Steiner' MFV, for handling non-zero mean noises. The modified version of the method—with the help of Steiner's MFV—has also achieved this in handling zero mean noise, in the field of application described in the paper.
A Systematic Review of Interventions to Improve Healthcare Experiences and Access in Autism
Authors: Walsh Chloe , O’Connor Paul , Walsh Ellen , Lydon Sinéad
Published: August 2021

Autistic individuals report barriers to accessing and receiving healthcare, and experience increased morbidity and mortality. This systematic review synthesizes 31 research studies evaluating interventions implemented to improve the healthcare experiences and/or access of autistic persons. Interventions were most commonly patient-focused (58.1%), focused on supporting the autistic individual to engage with, tolerate, or anticipate medical procedures, care, or settings. Fewer studies were provider-focused (48.4%) or organization-focused (6.5%). Interventions were typically evaluated using measures of reactions (45.2%) or behavior (48.4%), and outcomes were predominantly positive (80.6%). Further research is imperative and should look to how providers and organizations must change. Future research must be inclusive of the autistic community, must measure what matters, and must offer complete detail on interventions implemented.
Theoretical formulations and simulations of one-dimensional inhibition kinetics of ethanologenic microorganisms in batch fermenters
Authors: Bamaalabong Peter P. , Asiedu Nana Y. , Neba F. Abunde , Baidoo Francesca , Addo Ahmad
Published: August 2021

The utilization of bio-based technology for energy has piqued researchers' curiosity around the world. As a result, bioethanol fermentation has been a hot topic of research for many scientists since it uses less energy and chemicals, produces fewer harmful by-products and emissions, and has environmentally favorable applications. The modeling and simulations of one-dimensional product and substrate inhibitions for sorghum, maize, and cassava extracts are discussed in this paper. Because it provides an edge over other methodologies, mechanistic modeling techniques are used. Models of substrate and product inhibitions in one dimension (1-D) are constructed. These 1-D models are then confirmed using parameter estimates before being employed in the work's simulations. For each dynamic model constructed, model fitness coefficients (α) are calculated. For the product, the exponential inhibition model, sorghum extract data has the best model fitness coefficient (α = 0.4088), for product sudden stop inhibition model and cassava extract data gives the best model fitness coefficient ($$\alpha $$
α
= 0.4417) for product exponential model. The projected yield increases for substrate exponential inhibition with sorghum extract data, substrate linear inhibition with maize extract data, and substrate linear inhibition with cassava extract data are 74%, 27%, and 25%, respectively. This unique framework has offered the industry a wide choice of kinetics models to choose from to alleviate inhibitions in fermentation systems and maximize yield and productivity in the bioethanol fermentation process.

Article Highlights

The modeling of inhibitions namely linear, sudden stop, and exponential in batch fermentation processes are presented in this article.

Model fitness coefficient analysis showed the product as a primary inhibitor and substrate as a secondary inhibitor during the process

The cassava and maize processes described linear inhibition model and sorghum fermentation showed exponential product inhibition model.
Development of a Balanced Adaptive Time-Stepping Strategy Based on an Implicit JFNK-DG Compressible Flow Solver
Authors: Pan Yu , Yan Zhen-Guo , Peiró Joaquim , Sherwin Spencer J.
Published: August 2021

A balanced adaptive time-stepping strategy is implemented in an implicit discontinuous Galerkin solver to guarantee the temporal accuracy of unsteady simulations. A proper relation between the spatial, temporal and iterative errors generated within one time step is constructed. With an estimate of temporal and spatial error using an embedded Runge-Kutta scheme and a higher order spatial discretization, an adaptive time-stepping strategy is proposed based on the idea that the time step should be the maximum without obviously influencing the total error of the discretization. The designed adaptive time-stepping strategy is then tested in various types of problems including isentropic vortex convection, steady-state flow past a flat plate, Taylor-Green vortex and turbulent flow over a circular cylinder at $${Re}=3\,900$$

Re

=
3

900

. The results indicate that the adaptive time-stepping strategy can maintain that the discretization error is dominated by the spatial error and relatively high efficiency is obtained for unsteady and steady, well-resolved and under-resolved simulations.
Granular internal dynamics in a silo discharged with a conveyor belt
Authors: Gella D. , Maza D. , Zuriguel I.
Published: August 2021

The dynamics of granular media within a silo in which the grain velocities are controlled by a conveyor belt has been experimentally investigated. To this end, the building of coarse-grained field maps of different magnitudes has allowed a deep analysis of the flow properties as a function of two parameters: the orifice size and the belt velocity. First, the internal dynamics of the particles within the silo has been fully characterized by the solid fraction, the velocity of the particles and the kinetic stress. Then, the analysis of the vertical profiles of the same magnitude (plus the acceleration) has allowed connection of the internal dynamics with the flow rate. In particular, we show that the gamma parameter – which accounts for the integration of the normalized acceleration along the vertical direction – can successfully discriminate the kind of flow established within the silo (from the quasistatic regime to the free discharge) depending on the outlet size and belt velocity.
Formation of spiral waves in cylindrical containers under orbital excitation
Authors: Horstmann G.M. , Anders S. , Kelley D.H. , Weier T.
Published: August 2021

The lowest swirling wave mode arising in upright circular cylinders as a response to circular orbital excitation has been widely studied in the last decade, largely due to its high practical relevance for orbitally shaken bioreactors. Our recent theoretical study (Horstmann et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 891, 2020, A22) revealed a damping-induced symmetry breaking mechanism that can cause spiral wave structures manifested in the so far widely disregarded higher rotating wave modes. Building on this work, we develop a linear criterion describing the degree of spiralisation and classify different spiral regimes as a function of the most relevant dimensionless groups. The analysis suggests that high Bond numbers and shallow liquid layers favour the formation of coherent spiral waves. This result paved the way to find the predicted wave structures in our interfacial sloshing experiment. We present two sets of experiments, with different characteristic damping rates, verifying the formation of both coherent and overdamped spiral waves in conformity with the theoretical predictions.
Global regularity for the micropolar Rayleigh-Bénard problem with only velocity dissipation
Authors: Deng Lihua , Shang Haifeng
Published: August 2021

This paper is concerned with the global regularity problem on the micropolar Rayleigh-Bénard problem with only velocity dissipation in$\mathbb {R}^{d}$with$d=2\ or\ 3$. By fully exploiting the special structure of the system, introducing two combined quantities and using the technique of Littlewood-Paley decomposition, we establish the global regularity of solutions to this system in$\mathbb {R}^{2}$. Moreover, we obtain the global regularity for fractional hyperviscosity case in$\mathbb {R}^{3}$by employing various techniques including energy methods, the regularization of generalized heat operators on the Fourier frequency localized functions and logarithmic Sobolev interpolation inequalities.
Prediagnostic consumption of vitamin D, calcium and dairy products and colorectal cancer survival: results from the Newfoundland Colorectal Cancer Registry Cohort Study
Authors: Zhu Yun , Zhao Jing , Vallis Jillian , Shi Fuyan , Woodrow Jennifer R. , Kong Yujia , Zhai Guangju , Parfrey Patrick , Mclaughlin John R. , Wang Peizhong Peter
Published: August 2021

Vitamin D, Ca and dairy products are negatively associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence, but little is known of their influence on CRC survival. To investigate prediagnostic intakes of vitamin D, Ca and dairy products for their relevance to CRC prognosis, we analysed 504 CRC patients enrolled in the Newfoundland Colorectal Cancer Registry Cohort Study who were diagnosed for the first time with CRC between 1999 and 2003. Follow-up for mortality and cancer recurrence was through April 2010. Data on diet and lifestyle factors were gathered via a validated, semi-quantitative FFQ and a Personal History Questionnaire. Multivariate Cox models estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI for the relationship of prediagnostic intakes of vitamin D, Ca and dairy products with all-cause mortality (overall survival, OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) among CRC patients. We found that prediagnostic Ca intake from foods, but not total Ca intake, was negatively associated with all-cause mortality (HR for Q2 v. Q1, 0·44; 95 % CI, 0·26, 0·75). An inverse relationship was also seen in a dose–response fashion for prediagnostic cheese intake (HR for Q4 v. Q1, 0·57, 95 % CI, 0·34, 0·95, Ptrend = 0·029). No evidence for modification by sex, physical activity, alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking was observed. In summary, high prediagnostic intakes of cheese and Ca from foods may be associated with increased survival among CRC patients. By manipulating diet, this study may contribute to the development of novel therapies that add to the armamentarium against CRC. Replication studies are required before any nutritional interventions are made available.
Financing political parties in Africa: the case of Zimbabwe
Authors: Dendere Chipo
Published: August 2021

What is the impact of access to political party finance – money that parties use to fund their campaign activities – on politics in Africa? While multiparty elections have become more regular in the developing world, many opposition parties are still failing to win elections. This paper argues that poor access to political finance weakens democratic consolidation and negatively impacts the participation of less-resourced candidates who are unable to self-fund. As a result, opposition parties are forced to rely on weak promises of aid from international donors and unreliable state funding. This in-depth analysis of political finance, based on extensive interviews with politicians and government officials in Zimbabwe, political documents, news reports and a review of court cases, reveals that uneven financing has weakened opposition parties and serves as an extra advantage for incumbents.
Why Africans tolerate income inequality
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: August 2021

African attitudes to income inequality have hardly been studied. As a result, we may have been missing a crucial part of the answer to the question why Africa is so unequal. This paper presents evidence that, across all self-identified class categories, African respondents in 16 African states, representative of all the regions of the continent, are on average considerably more tolerant of inequality than respondents from 43 comparable developing and transition countries. The aim of the paper is to try and explain these differences. It concludes that (a) a modified version of Albert Hirschman's notion of the ‘tunnel effect’ and (b) religious devotedness in the African context provide explanations for the observed variation between African respondents and their counterparts elsewhere. Experienced inequality, in contrast to overall income distribution, influences the tunnel effect more widely than economic growth. Religious belief shapes inequality tolerance in Africa more than the observance of religious practices.
Reward disturbances in antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis and their association to glutamate levels
Authors: Tangmose Karen , Rostrup Egill , Bojesen Kirsten B , Sigvard Anne , Jessen Kasper , Johansen Louise Baruël , Glenthøj Birte Y. , Nielsen Mette Ødegaard
Published: August 2021

Background

Aberrant anticipation of motivational salient events and processing of outcome evaluation in striatal and prefrontal regions have been suggested to underlie psychosis. Altered glutamate levels have likewise been linked to schizophrenia. Glutamatergic abnormalities may affect the processing of motivational salience and outcome evaluation. It remains unresolved, whether glutamatergic dysfunction is associated with the coding of motivational salience and outcome evaluation in antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis.

Methods

Fifty-one antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis (22 ± 5.2 years, female/male: 31/20) and 52 healthy controls (HC) matched on age, sex, and parental education underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (3T) in one session. Brain responses to motivational salience and negative outcome evaluation (NOE) were examined using a monetary incentive delay task. Glutamate levels were estimated in the left thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex using LCModel.

Results

Patients displayed a positive signal change to NOE in the caudate (p = 0.001) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; p = 0.003) compared to HC. No group difference was observed in motivational salience or in levels of glutamate. There was a different association between NOE signal in the caudate and DLPFC and thalamic glutamate levels in patients and HC due to a negative correlation in patients (caudate: p = 0.004, DLPFC: p = 0.005) that was not seen in HC.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm prior findings of abnormal outcome evaluation as a part of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The results also suggest a possible link between thalamic glutamate and NOE signaling in patients with first-episode psychosis.
‘I've got a daughter now man it's clean man’: Heteroglossic and intersectional constructions of fatherhood in the spontaneous talk of a group of young southeast London men
Authors: Pichler Pia
Published: August 2021

This article provides an insight into the heteroglossic and intersectional construction of fatherhood in the self-recorded, spontaneous talk of a group of young men from ethnically and racially mixed working-class backgrounds in southeast London. By adopting an interactional sociolinguistic approach, informed by Bakhtin's (1981, 1984, 1986) work on dialogicality and Tannen's (1989, 2004) notion of constructed dialogue, this article explores the young men's use of voices for their positioning in a range of fathering discourses which are shaped by and shape intersectional and hegemonic masculinities. Intersections of race, ethnicity, and social class inform many of the young men's positions, especially in their talk about the influences of hip hop on their children. This polyphony of voices allows the group to balance traditional discourses of fathers as providers, protectors, and moral guides with contemporary models of intimate and involved fatherhood, but also competing discourses of virile masculinity and bad boy identity. (Dialogicality, discourse, ethnicity, fatherhood, hegemony, heteroglossia, intersectionality, identity, masculinity, race, social class, voice)*
IDAZKIDE: an intelligent CALL environment for second language acquisition
Authors: de llarraza Arantza Díaz , Maritxalar Aitor , Maritxalar Montse , Oronoz Maite
Published: August 2021

This paper presents IDAZKIDE, a prototype of an intelligent language learning environment (ICALL) for learners of Basque. The philosophy of the system is to make different Natural Language Processing tools simultaneously accessible to students to help them (mainly at the morphological level) to write in Basque, as well as to give advice, taking into account some characteristics of the student gathered in a student model.
Screening Tools for Cognitive Impairment in Adults with Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ko Katherine Y. , Ridley Nicole , Bryce Shayden D. , Allott Kelly , Smith Angela , Kamminga Jody
Published: August 2021

Objectives:

Cognitive impairment is common in individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs), yet no evidence-based guidelines exist regarding the most appropriate screening measure for use in this population. This systematic review aimed to (1) describe different cognitive screening measures used in adults with SUDs, (2) identify substance use populations and contexts these tools are utilised in, (3) review diagnostic accuracy of these screening measures versus an accepted objective reference standard, and (4) evaluate methodology of included studies for risk of bias.

Methods:

Online databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL) were searched for relevant studies according to pre-determined criteria, and risk of bias and applicability was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies–2 (QUADAS–2). At each review phase, dual screening, extraction, and quality ratings were performed.

Results:

Fourteen studies met inclusion, identifying 10 unique cognitive screening tools. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was the most common, and two novel screening tools (Brief Evaluation of Alcohol-Related Neuropsychological Impairments [BEARNI] and Brief Executive Function Assessment Tool [BEAT]) were specifically developed for use within SUD populations. Twelve studies reported on classification accuracy and relevant psychometric parameters (e.g., sensitivity and specificity). While several tools yielded acceptable to outstanding classification accuracy, there was poor adherence to the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD) across all studies, with high or unclear risk of methodological bias.

Conclusions:

While some screening tools exhibit promise for use within SUD populations, further evaluation with stronger methodological design and reporting is required. Clinical recommendations and future directions for research are discussed.
Effects of language mixing on bilingual children's word learning
Authors: Byers-Heinlein Krista , Jardak Amel , Fourakis Eva , Lew-Williams Casey
Published: August 2021

Language mixing is common in bilingual children's learning environments. Here, we investigated effects of language mixing on children's learning of new words. We tested two groups of 3-year-old bilinguals: French–English (Experiment 1) and Spanish–English (Experiment 2). Children were taught two novel words, one in single-language sentences (“Look! Do you see the dog on the teelo?”) and one in mixed-language sentences with a mid-sentence language switch (“Look! Do you see thechien/perroon the walem?”). During the learning phase, children correctly identified novel targets when hearing both single-language and mixed-language sentences. However, at test, French–English bilinguals did not successfully recognize the word encountered in mixed-language sentences. Spanish–English bilinguals failed to recognize either word, which underscores the importance of examining multiple bilingual populations. This research suggests that language mixing may sometimes hinder children's encoding of novel words that occur downstream, but leaves open several possible underlying mechanisms.
Psychometrische Evaluation der deutschen Version der Depressions-Angst-Stress-Skalen (DASS-21) in der ambulanten Neurorehabilitation
Authors: Marheineke Judit , Theves Franziska , Deck Ruth , Pöppl Dominik , Kohlmann Thomas , Böcker Maren
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Depressivität kann die Verlaufsentwicklung der Teilhabe nach einem Schlaganfall bedeutend beeinflussen, sodass ein Bedarf an geeigneten und in der ambulanten Neurorehabilitation geprüften Screeninginstrumenten besteht. Mittels Rasch-Analyse wurde eine psychometrische Evaluation der Depressions-Angst-Stress-Skalen (DASS-21) an einer Stichprobe aus der ambulanten Neurorehabilitation durchgeführt. Methodik: 403 Rehabilitand_innen nach Schlaganfall, die sich zur Behandlung in insgesamt 17 ambulanten neurologischen Rehabilitationszentren in Deutschland befanden, füllten zu Beginn ihrer Behandlung die DASS-21 aus. Es wurde eine Rasch-Analyse durchgeführt, um mittels verschiedener Kriterien die Passung des Fragebogens hinsichtlich der Anforderungen des Rasch-Modells zu prüfen. Ergebnisse: Sowohl die Subskalen Depression und Stress als auch eine Skala, die aus den Depressions- und Stress-Items kombiniert wurde, erfüllten nach einigen Modifikationen die Kriterien des Rasch-Modells. Die Subskala Angst konnte die Kriterien nicht erfüllen. Diskussion: Die DASS-21 scheinen gemäß dieser ersten Studie bei Verwendung der Subskalen Depression und Stress sowie einer kombinierten Skala aus Depressions- und Stress-Items als Screeninginstrument, beispielsweise in Bezug auf eine übergeordnete Variable „psychischer Stress“, geeignet, um zu Beginn der ambulanten Neurorehabilitation die Rehabilitand_innen herauszufiltern, die besonderen psychologischen Betreuungsbedarf haben.
Changes in Processing Speed, Cognitive Flexibility, and Selective Attention over a Four-Week Treatment Period in Inpatients with Moderate to Severe Depression
Authors: Schneider Brooke C. , Diedrich Sabrina , Hauschildt Marit , Biedermann Sarah V. , Arlt Sönke , Moritz Steffen , Jelinek Lena
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Cognitive dysfunction among individuals with depression is associated with reduced functional status, and cognitive improvement is often an important treatment goal. We compared changes in cognitive performance over four weeks among 45 inpatients with a unipolar depressive disorder completing inpatient treatment to that of 20 controls on measures of processing speed and set-shifting (Trail Making Test), as well as selective attention (Test d2). In the patients, depressive symptoms improved significantly and with a large effect over the treatment period ( d = 1.22–1.81). Among the three cognitive domains examined, the most pronounced reductions among patients compared to controls were observed in cognitive flexibility (Group effect: ηp2 = .04). The effect of Group; however, was not significant. Likewise, there were no significant improvements in cognitive flexibility over time, and changes in cognitive flexibility over the four-week period did not differ between the two groups (Group x Time interaction). Performances in selective attention and processing speed improved over the four-week period, though neither the effect of Group nor the interaction (Group x Time) was significant regarding these performances. Change in cognitive performance was not associated with changes in symptom severity (incl. remission status). Taken together, the significant improvements in selective attention and processing speed were largely attributable to practice effects. Our findings lend further support to the notion that cognitive flexibility, selective attention, and processing speed are independent of improvements in depressive symptoms. This study underscores the importance of including comparison groups to control for practice effects when examining cognitive change, and providing treatments specifically aimed at improving cognitive symptoms.
Gewalterfahrungen und Traumafolgestörungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Christiansen Hanna , Barke Antonia
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Ein substantieller Teil der Kinder und Jugendlichen erlebt in ihrer Kindheit und Jugend Gewalt. Diese ist ein Unrecht gegenüber den Kindern und Jugendlichen und kann eine Vielzahl von langanhaltenden und schwerwiegenden Folgen haben. Das aktuelle Versorgungssystem wird seiner Aufgabe, die psychischen Folgen so gut wie möglich zu behandeln, nur eingeschränkt gerecht. In diesem Themenschwerpunkt werden aktuelle Forschungen zu diagnostischen und störungsspezifischen Grundlagen der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS), Behandlungsleitlinien und ihre Umsetzung in der Routineversorgung sowie zu Einstellungen von Behandler_innen vorgestellt. Es wird deutlich, dass in diesem Bereich noch große Aufgaben und Herausforderungen liegen. Um die Situation zu verbessern müssen gefährdete Kinder und Jugendliche besser identifiziert werden und ihnen wirksame Verfahren angeboten werden, die eine schnelle und effektive Entlastung bewirken. Dabei hilft es, wenn wir Versorgungsangebote niedrigschwellig gestalten und den Kindern und Jugendlichen die Möglichkeit geben, diese auch selbst und unkompliziert in Anspruch nehmen zu können. Dazu braucht es eine Zusammenarbeit mit der Familie und allen Hilfesystemen.
Kompetenzerleben von Psychotherapeut_innen im Umgang mit Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Gewalterfahrungen und Traumafolgestörungen
Authors: Szota Katharina , Schulte Katharina Louisa , Christiansen Hanna
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die psychotherapeutische Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit psychischen Störungen nach Gewalterfahrungen ist ungenügend. Zu ihrer Verbesserung wird eine routinemäßige Exploration von Gewalterfahrungen und Traumafolgestörungen und eine evidenzbasierte Behandlung empfohlen. Behandelnde berichten jedoch Unsicherheiten und Befürchtungen dahingehend. Fragestellung: Beeinflusst das therapeutische Kompetenzerleben das konfrontative Vorgehen, den Einbezug von Bezugspersonen, die berufliche Belastung und das Interesse an Weiterbildungen? Methode: 323 Psychotherapeut_innen nahmen an der Online-Umfrage teil. Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung wurde ein Strukturgleichungsmodell spezifiziert und geprüft. Ergebnisse: Ein höheres Kompetenzerleben ist mit einem konfrontativeren Vorgehen, einem häufigeren Einbezug von Bezugspersonen und einer geringeren beruflichen Belastung assoziiert, nicht jedoch mit einem geringeren Weiterbildungsinteresse. Organisatorische Aspekte werden als häufigste Gründe gegen Weiterbildungen genannt. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Es ergeben sich praktische Implikationen für die inhaltliche und organisatorische Gestaltung von Weiterbildungen und Supervisionen.
Wind‐Driven Variability in the Spitsbergen Polar Current and the Svalbard Branch Across the Yermak Plateau
Authors: Nilsen Frank , Ersdal Eli Anne , Skogseth Ragnheid
Published: August 2021

The Yermak Plateau (YP) acts as a guidance or barrier for the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC), which either crosses the plateau or flows around it to enter the Arctic Ocean. Closer to the West Spitsbergen coast, the Spitsbergen Polar Current (SPC) also flows over the YP in a narrow passage between the Svalbard Branch (SB) and the coast. A 2‐year ocean observing program combined with altimetry and re‐analysis wind data has given new knowledge on the variability and dynamics of the SPC and SB. The variability in the SPC and SB is controlled by the sea surface pressure gradient driven by the wind stress along the West Spitsbergen coast and locally on the YP. A peak‐to‐peak volume transport variability of 0.8 Sv and a positive heat transport anomaly of 3 TW were found in the SPC. The variability in the SB is mainly controlled by the upstream wind stress curl field along the West Spitsbergen Shelf where the negative wind stress curl field force the barotropic WSC branch directly into the SB. The peak‐to‐peak variability in the SB can exceed 4 Sv and in January 2016, an episodic heat flux was estimated to be 10 TW. Hence, an increasing number of winter cyclones affecting Svalbard will increase the volume transport variability and pulses of warm water to the shelf areas north of Svalbard.
Fushcia-Ann Hoover: The Business of Environmental Justice
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: August 2021

EcoGreenQueen balances academia and entrepreneurship.
The Nature, Amplitude and Control of Microwave Attenuation in the Atmosphere
Authors: Kocifaj Miroslav , Kómar Ladislav , Kundracik František , Markoš Peter , Petržala Jaromír , Videen Gorden
Published: August 2021

Microwave (MW) attenuation plays a critical role in constructing communication networks. It also can be a useful tool in the meteorological and optical communities for radar and microwave imaging applications. Because most atmospheric constituents (large hydrometeors being an exception) are very small compared to MW wavelengths, data analysis is typically performed using conventional Rayleigh theory; however, some anomalous observations have proven difficult to explain. We present the results of the first systematic numerical computations over a wide range of aerosol properties. We demonstrate that it is possible to perform mass computations of aerosol loading, which is an important climate parameter. We show that discrepancies found between theoretical predictions and observations can be attributed to the effect of the expected charge acquired by the dust particles through contact electrification occurring in dust storms. While frequencies below 10 GHz normally allow for long‐distance signal transmission, the charge‐induced resonances in particles can preferentially amplify the low‐frequency MW attenuation by a factor of 10 or more, depending on their surface electric potential. In addition, we find electrically charged particles dispersed in a local atmosphere as a potential tool for the controlled manipulation of MW attenuation.
Cascade health service use in family members following genetic testing in children: a scoping literature review
Authors: Cernat Alexandra , Hayeems Robin Z. , Ungar Wendy J.
Published: August 2021

Cascade genetic testing is the identification of individuals at risk for a hereditary condition by genetic testing in relatives of people known to possess particular genetic variants. Cascade testing has health system implications, however cascade costs and health effects are not considered in health technology assessments (HTAs) that focus on costs and health consequences in individual patients. Cascade health service use must be better understood to be incorporated in HTA of emerging genetic tests for children. The purpose of this review was to characterise published research related to patterns and costs of cascade health service use by relatives of children with any condition diagnosed through genetic testing. To this end, a scoping literature review was conducted. Citation databases were searched for English-language papers reporting uptake, costs, downstream health service use, or cost-effectiveness of cascade investigations of relatives of children who receive a genetic diagnosis. Included publications were critically appraised, and findings were synthesised. Twenty publications were included. Sixteen had a paediatric proband population; four had a combined paediatric and adult proband population. Uptake of cascade testing varied across diseases, from 37% for cystic fibrosis, 39% to 65% for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and 90% for rare monogenic conditions. Two studies evaluated costs. It was concluded that cascade testing in the child-to-parent direction has been reported in a variety of diseases, and that understanding the scope of cascade testing will aid in the design and conduct of HTA of emerging genetic technologies to better inform funding and policy decisions.
Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sheet by microalga, Uronema africanum Borge
Authors: Sanniyasi Elumalai , Gopal Rajesh Kanna , Gunasekar Dinesh Kumar , Raj Preethy P.
Published: August 2021

Plastic (polyethylene) pollution is a severe cause of deterioration of a healthy environment. For example, ingestion of plastics in the animal gut, clogging of water canals and retarded solid waste management. Many conventional methods of polyethylene degradation include UV photooxidation, thermal oxidation, incineration, chemical oxidation and landfill are being practiced. However, these methods are not feasible, costlier and not a complete solution for this global issue. Therefore, plausible, alternative solution for this issue is biodegradation. Microbes such as bacteria, fungi and algae are involved in polyethylene degradation in its natural habitat. Among them, algae were given very less importance. In our present study, a potential microalga, morphologically identified as Uronema africanum Borge, isolated from a waste plastic bag collected from a domestic waste dumping site in a freshwater lake. This microalga was further treated with the LDPE sheet in BBM culture medium. Based on the results obtained from light microscopy, dark field microscopy, GC–MS, FT-IR, SEM and AFM, it was concluded that the microalga has initiated degradation of LDPE sheet within 30 days of incubation. Concurrently, the configuration of corrosions, abrasions, grooves and ridges were found similar with the morphological features of the microalga. For example, the configuration of the radial disc-like attachment structure of the microalga was found corresponding to the abrasions on the surface of LDPE sheet at an average size of 20–30 µm in diameter. Whereas, the configuration of ridges and grooves were found similar with the filamentous nature of the microalga (10–15 µm width). This is a hitherto report on the biodegradation of LDPE sheet by the microalga Uronema africanum Borge.
Modulation of the mTOR pathway plays a central role in dendritic cell functions after Echinococcus granulosus antigen recognition
Authors: Rodriguez Rodrigues Christian , Nicolao María Celeste , Chop Maia , Plá Natalia , Massaro Mora , Loos Julia , Cumino Andrea C.
Published: August 2021

Immune evasion is a hallmark of persistent echinococcal infection, comprising modulation of innate immune cells and antigen-specific T cell responses. However, recognition ofEchinococcus granulosusby dendritic cells (DCs) is a key determinant of the host's response to this parasite. Given that mTOR signaling pathway has been described as a regulator linking metabolism and immune function in DCs, we reported for the first time in these cells, global translation levels, antigen uptake, phenotype, cytokine transcriptional levels, and splenocyte priming activity upon recognition of the hydatid fluid (HF) and the highly glycosylated laminar layer (LL). We found that LL induced a slight up-regulation of CD86 and MHC II in DCs and also stimulated the production of IL-6 and TNF-α. By contrast, HF did not increase the expression of any co-stimulatory molecules, but also down-modulated CD40 and stimulated the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Both parasitic antigens promoted protein synthesis through mTOR activation. The use of rapamycin decreased the expression of the cytokines tested, empowered the down-modulation of CD40 and also reduced splenocyte proliferation. Finally, we showed thatE. granulosusantigens increase the amounts of LC3-positive structures in DCs which play critical roles in the presentation of these antigens to T cells.
Palladinized graphene oxide-MOF induced coupling of Volmer and Heyrovsky mechanisms, for the amplification of the electrocatalytic efficiency of hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Makhafola Mogwasha D. , Modibane Kwena D. , Ramohlola Kabelo E. , Maponya Thabiso C. , Hato Mpitloane J. , Makgopa Katlego , Iwuoha Emmanuel I.
Published: August 2021

In this study, a nanocomposite of palladium supported graphene oxide (GO)/metal–organic framework (MOF) was prepared using electroless deposition of Pd on GO followed by impregnation method of Pd@GO and MOF. The prepared materials were characterized with various analytical techniques and their applications as HER electrocatalysts were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), Tafel plots, and turn over frequencies (TOFs). The HER results showed a radical increment of H2 production in the nanocomposite through the Volmer reaction together with Heyrovsky or Tafel mechanism. This disclosed that the addition of Pd@GO/MOF in the electrolytic system possessed better catalytic characteristics with enhanced current density which may open a new way for hydrogen production and storage via HER.