bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adult Preferences in Typography: Exploring the Function of Design
Authors: Wrolstad Merald E.
Published: December 2011

This complex experiment dealt with the influence of symmetry, of design principles, and of the age, sex and education of respondents upon their preferences for “good” or “poor” typography (as defined by expert judgment). Effects of design principles and symmetry were significant, as were certain interactions.
A Comparison of Scales for Degrees of Opinion
Authors: Dodd Stuart C. , Hong Sung Chick
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
Diffusion of Knowledge of the Major News Story
Authors: Deutschmann Paul J. , Danielson Wayne A.
Published: December 2011

Analyzing data gathered in studies of three different “news breaks,” the authors describe apparent regularities in the diffusion process and note differences in the functions of the newspaper and broadcast media. Other findings suggest that person-to-person “relay” may be of limited importance.
Sensationalism: The Concept and its Measurement
Authors: Tannenbaum Percy H. , Lynch Mervin D.
Published: December 2011

Definitions and analyses of what is sensational have varied markedly. Using an empirical approach, the authors (1) identified dimensions of the judgment of “sensationalism” and (2) developed a semantic differential index of the sensationalism of messages. They describe their “Sendex” technique and its use.
The Argentine Press since Peron
Authors: Gardner Mary A.
Published: December 2011

Both the people and the press of Argentina are still paying dearly for the excesses of a dictatorial government. Whether the press will ever fully regain its prestige and vigor may depend upon the role it plays in efforts to bring economic stability to Argentina and to maintain a truly democratic regime.
News Notes
Authors: Root Robert
Published: December 2011

News for inclusion in this section activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like should be sent to Professor Root, School of Journalism, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Notes for the next issue must reach him by October 1.
Colonial Theocracy and a Secular Press
Authors: Fogel Howard H.
Published: December 2011

The American colonial press won its freedom from interference by religious authorities in a gradual process, highlighted by the experiences of William Bradford in Pennsylvania and of James Franklin in Massachusetts. The author made his study while a doctoral candidate at New York University.
The Cuban Revolt Story: AP, UPI and 3 Papers
Authors: Lewis Howard L.
Published: December 2011

When dictator Fulgencio Batista fled Cuba the first day of 1959, a controversy developed about press association reporting of the Castro revolt and newspaper coverage of it. Here is a one-month study of AP and UPI stories and their use or nonuse by three leading United States dailies.
The Changing Role of Journalism Schools
Authors: Peterson Theodore
Published: December 2011

The dean of the College of Journalism and Communications at University of Illinois reviews historical trends in journalism teaching and research, examines current programs in graduate instruction, and warns against “fads and gimmickry” in efforts to expand the roles of schools in higher education.
Kennedy and the Press: The First Six Months
Authors: Hutchison Earl R.
Published: December 2011

An analysis of the press relations of the Kennedy administration in its first six months leads the author to conclude that it may foster a government-press relationship of unprecedented smoothness, despite the ill-timed presidential request for a voluntary censorship in the wake of the Cuban fiasco.
Mass Media Use by Sub-Elites in 11 Latin American Countries
Authors: Deutschmann Paul J. , McNelly John T. , Ellinssworth Huber
Published: December 2011

Interviewers find the daily mass communication intake of Latin American professional and technical people roughly on a par with, and in some ways broader than, that of comparable North Americans. Domestic and foreign media consumption patterns are analyzed in terms of education and U.S. exposure.
Polite Propaganda: “USSR” and “America Illustrated”
Authors: Garver Richard A.
Published: December 2011

A content analysis shows that the picture magazine produced for U.S. readers by the Soviet Union emphasizes such “American” values as industrial growth and a high standard of living. In contrast, the U.S. periodical distributed in Russia portrays Americans as cultured and imbued with esthetic interests.
Security and the News in Liberal Countries
Authors: Bryan Carter R.
Published: December 2011

No country allows the press total freedom in the publication of information. An examination of self-imposed and governmental censorship in those countries where freedom is highest may be helpful to the press of the United States in meeting the challenge of a situation which is neither “peace” nor “war.”
Educating Communicators of Specialized Subjects
Authors: Lieberman J. Ben , Kimball Penn T.
Published: December 2011

To meet the demands of society, the professional communicator needs not only a high level of proficiency in at least one specialized field of knowledge, but also a basic knowledge of the communication complex, an understanding of inter-realtionships of institutions in society, and a grasp of communicator skills.
News Notes
Authors: Root Robert
Published: December 2011

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … should be sent to Professor Root, School of Journalism, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Notes for the next issue must reach him by January 1.
Josephus Daniels and the Bassett Academic Freedom Case
Authors: Morrison Joseph L.
Published: December 2011

When Editor Daniels attacked Prof. John Spencer Bassett of Trinity College for comparing Booker T. Washington to General Lee, the North Carolina editor seemingly was opposed to academic freedom and was anti-Negro too. The author shows how the case involved the entire fabric of Daniels' political life.
The Image of the United States in Ten Mexican Dailies
Authors: Merrill John C.
Published: December 2011

According to a sample of the Mexican press, the image of the United States presented to their readers is that of a country peopled by citizens with a “pragmatic sense of values” and having a “philosophy of success.” Americans are pictured as a materialistic people with little interest in religion or aesthetic qualities.
Faculty Rating of Students at Accredited Schools
Authors: Heath Harry
Published: December 2011

A survey of 44 schools shows that 27 have no student rating system other than formal grades, 9 use informal comments by faculty and 8 have rating systems using detailed, structured forms. The author, who examines these procedures, is a journalism professor at Oklahoma State University, where he also is associated with the OSU Research Foundation.
News Notes
Authors: Root Robert
Published: December 2011

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … should be sent to Professor Root, School of Journalism, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. before June 10 for the next issue.
A Standardized Test to Measure Job Satisfaction in the Newsroom
Authors: Samuelson Merrill
Published: December 2011

Intensive study and pretesting at Stanford University have led to the development of a questionnaire which elicits meaningful information on 14 aspects of newspaper editorial work. One of the Stanford faculty members who has had a part in this work tells about the questionnaire and its proper use.
The Press Conferences of Woodrow Wilson
Authors: Cornwell Elmer E.
Published: December 2011

Using 57 transcripts of President Wilson's press conferences recently made available for study at Princeton University, the author examines Wilson's press relations and his use of the newspaper as a means of influencing public opinion. He throws new light on Wilson's relations with White House reporters.
The Needlers: Our Journalistic Satirists
Authors: Smith Henry Ladd , Knox James
Published: December 2011

In this essay on the role of journalistic lampooners who used the lever of humor and satire to budge public opinion, the authors concentrate on three writers of the Civil War and postwar period: Artemus Ward, Petroleum Vesuvius Nasby and Orpheus C. Kerr (pronounced “Orfice Seeker”).
Developing Journalism in an Emergent Nation—Afghanistan
Authors: Jolliffe H. R. , Desmond Robert W.
Published: December 2011

The author, a journalism professor at Michigan State University, recounts some of his successes and frustrations in establishing a program of journalism education in Afghanistan's capital city. He points out the importance of journalism and education to all the emergent nations, and urges AEJ to take an active role.
The Image and the Art in Journalism Education
Authors: Stewart Kenneth N.
Published: December 2011

In his 1962 presidential address to the Association for Education in Journalism, a California professor reviews the status of his profession and calls for a balance between the science of communication and the art of communication practice—science nourishing art, art illuminating science.
Mental Health Coverage in Six Mass Magazines
Authors: Kent Ruth K.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
Sex and Violence on the American Newsstand
Authors: Otto Herbert A.
Published: December 2011

Three studies tracing the scope and incidence of themes of “sex” and “violence” in mass media of communication are reported. The studies include content analyses of 55 magazines and of the covers of 296 paperback books available on newsstands, as well as an analysis of 10 leading U.S. newspapers.
The “American Magazine” of 1906–15: Principle vs. Profit
Authors: Semonche John E.
Published: December 2011

It was a brave crew of muckrakers who followed John S. Phillips from the offices of McClure's to the American in 1906. The author, a University of North Carolina history professor, traces the melancholy story of the magazine's decline and its passing into the hands of owners who put profits first.
Advertising in “Ebony” and “Life”: Negro Aspirations vs. Reality
Authors: Berkman Dave
Published: December 2011

A comparative study of advertisements in Ebony, a leading Negro magazine, and Life shows that differences in appeals are based upon differences in socio-economic levels of the two audiences. Ebony' s ads reflect the dichotomy which exists between Negro middle-class aspirations and status reality.
The Flow of News between the United States and Canada
Authors: Hart Jim A.
Published: December 2011

Four large Canadian dailies devoted 13.6% of their available news space to U.S. news, which constituted 55% of the foreign news they printed, during a three-week study period. Four large U.S. dailies devoted 0.5% of their news hole to Canada and 5.8% of the space they alloted to foreign news.
The Beauteous Jennie June: Pioneer Woman Journalist
Authors: Smith Henry Ladd
Published: December 2011

Jane Cunningham Croly served 40 years on metropolitan newspapers and magazines when women were virtually barred from journalism. She became a leader in the feminist movement and founded the oldest existing women's club. Yet today she is almost forgotten.
Carl Schurz: Journalist and Liberal Propagandist
Authors: Bryan Carter R.
Published: December 2011

Carl Schurz came from Germany to become a leading American editor, a United States senator and Secretary of the Interior. In post-Civil War years he was a liberal spokesman—a role he had played earlier in Germany during the revolution of 1848.
Economic Effects of the Minneapolis Newspaper Strike
Authors: Mindak William A. , Neibergs Andrew , Anderson Alfred
Published: December 2011

A survey of 198 local business firms and an analysis of several economic indices show the varying effects of a major newspaper strike on community economic life. The authors found an over-all profound effect and reach the conclusion that nobody wins when newspapers are shut down.
Science Popularization in the Soviet Press
Authors: Kearl Bryant
Published: December 2011

An eight-day seminar of Soviet science writers indicates that new stress on public information about science and technology is now an official Soviet Union policy.
The Arab World in U. S. Movie Titles
Authors: Nasir Sari J. , Desmond Robert W.
Published: December 2011

The world of Arabs in U.S. movie titles is generally a world of male characters with authority titles, while women are usually referred to as members of the “harem”—according to this study.
Education, Available Time, and Use of Mass Media
Authors: Samuelson Merrill , Carter Richard F. , Ruggels Lee
Published: December 2011

When media use scores are adjusted to remove the effects of role involvement, the correlation between education and media use is positive, even for radio and television. This finding alters some earlier concepts about differences in use of print and broadcast media.
Censorship against Time and Life International Editions
Authors: Barkocy Michael A.
Published: December 2011

During the past 23 years, Time or Life has been censored abroad 857 times. The author analyzes the types of censorings, by countries, and the reasons for the actions, using the files of Time-Life International.
A Park Row Interlude: Memoir of Albert Pulitzer
Authors: Chambers Henry Kellett , Pratt Lawrence
Published: December 2011

From one of the lesser known Pulitzer's star reporters comes this account of “the merriest divertissement in the history of Park Row.” It concerns an attempt of Pulitzer to “revolutionize American journalism” and the possible role of Lily Langtry in ending it.
The Weekly Newspaper's Leadership Role as Seen by Community Leaders
Authors: Edelstein Alex S. , Schulz J. Blaine
Published: December 2011

How do other community leaders perceive the weekly editor's role in offering opinion leadership and in initiating community projects? This study suggests the need for understanding by the editor of the community's power structure.
Intension and Authoritarianism: A Study in General Semantics
Authors: Kottman E. John
Published: December 2011

The results of this study suggest that persons trained in scientific principles tend to be the most equalitarian. If this is valid, the author believes that the emphasis upon science and learning in the Soviet Union may lead to a decline in authoritarianism.
Harvard and the Influence of Godkin's Nation
Authors: Kaplan Sidney
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
The Kennedy Administration and the Press
Authors: Pollard James E.
Published: December 2011

In his relations with the mass media, the late President enjoyed a degree of accessibility and warmth unmatched by any previous administration. Despite this fact, criticisms of his news policies reached serious proportions.
Relation of Communication Growth to National Political Systems in the Less Developed Countries
Authors: Fagen Richard R.
Published: December 2011

After a study of communication development in 50 nations, the author concludes that a country may grow rapidly in either the newspaper or the radio sector without necessarily enjoying a similar growth in the other.
The Editor and the Professor Rate Student Writing
Authors: Barton Paul , Laeufer B. J.
Published: December 2011

Both professionals and instructors seem to apply much the same standards in judging stories. Objectivity and precise diction are holding their own as prime requirements, while touches of humor are gratefully received.
Newspaper Publicity and Educational Television Viewing
Authors: Shepherd John R.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research. Contributions of 500 to 1,200 words are preferred.
News Notes
Authors: Gilmore Gene
Published: December 2011

News for inclusion in this section should be sent to Professor Gilmore, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Illinois, Urbana, before the first of each January, April, July and October.
Failure of the Western Edition of the New York Times
Authors: Brinton James E.
Published: December 2011

Difficulty in penetrating the market of Greater Los Angeles was the primary reason for the demise of the New York Times' Western Edition. The rival it could not defeat: the Los Angeles Times.
Cameras with a Purpose: The Photojournalists of F.S.A
Authors: Severin Werner J.
Published: December 2011

Led by Roy Emerson Stryker, the Historical Section of the Farm Security Administration was probably the first unit of the government to make use of photographic documentation to arouse public opinion.
Readability of Conservative and Sensational Papers since 1872
Authors: Stevenson Robert L.
Published: December 2011

The six U.S. dailies examined in this study are not much easier to read than they were in 1872. Readability of “responsive” papers actually has declined since the days of yellow journalism, while the “stable” papers have improved.
Some Patterns of Mass Media Use in Santiago de Chile
Authors: Carter Roy E. , Sepúlveda Orlando
Published: December 2011

Even in one of South America's most highly literate capitals, a majority appears to regard radio more highly than the press. Audiences for different media tend to “overlap,” much as they do in the U.S.
Attention Score: A Device for Measuring News ‘Play’
Authors: Budd Richard W.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
The Ludenic Theory of Newsreading
Authors: Stephenson William
Published: December 2011

Newspaper reading in its subjectivity seems to be play, pleasing one's self as in a child's game, the author says. His “ludenic theory” states that ludenic newsreading is communication-pleasure.
Newspapers or Television: Which Do You Believe?
Authors: Carter Richard F. , Greenberg Bradley S.
Published: December 2011

Noting conflicting results in reports of media use and believability, this California study finds evidence of bias in one Roper question and explores reasons given by respondents for their preferences.
Art or Photography: A Question for Newspaper Editors of the 1890s
Authors: Schuneman R. Smith
Published: December 2011

By 1890 photographers and photoengravers were ready to put news photos into daily newspapers. This article examines why they were not widely used until 1897 by mass circulation papers.
Thailand's Unexamined Media: Nondaily Newspapers and Radio-TV
Authors: Mitchell John D.
Published: December 2011

This is the first description of Thailand's 51 nondaily newspapers, 64 radio stations and five television stations. The country's 22 dailies are also reported on and media use is analyzed.
AEJ Members and Their Attitudes on Journalism Education Issues
Authors: MacLean Malcolm S. , Danbury Thomas , McNelly John T.
Published: December 2011

Here is a report describing the characteristics of the U.S. journalism teacher. The study isolates five major opinion patterns on issues of journalism education and analyzes each group.
Newspaper Editorial Endorsements and California Elections, 1948–62
Authors: Gregg James E.
Published: December 2011

In this study of the editorial endorsements of 11 California newspapers, comparisons with voting results show the influence of the endorsements, particularly at local levels and on lengthy ballots.
Parental Socialization Values and Children's Newspaper Reading
Authors: Clarke Peter
Published: December 2011

Children's newspaper reading reflects parental values, as well as static factors like social class. This study suggests a new set of explanatory variables for studying changes in children's media behavior.
International News Flow in the Expatriate English-Language Press
Authors: Lee John
Published: December 2011

Despite small circulations, the English-language newspapers in foreign countries utilize a wide variety of news sources. They rely chiefly upon major news agencies, but many have special correspondents.
The Press of Albania, Europe's Least Known Land
Authors: Olson Kenneth E.
Published: December 2011

Few Albanians had ever heard of Karl Marx when Communists seized power, but their press is now the most completely regimented in Europe. Exiled groups and guerillas are still hoping for deliverance.
How Dallas TV Stations Covered Kennedy Shooting
Authors: Van Der Karr Richard K.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
The Times Libel Case and Communications Law
Authors: Yoakam Richard D. , Farrar Ronald T.
Published: December 2011

This department is a forum for AEJ members, who are invited to submit succinct articles dealing with educational trends, fields of study, laboratory techniques and student problems in Journalism and mass communications.
Decision-Making by Telegraph Editors—AP or UPI?
Authors: Liebes B. H.
Published: December 2011

A study of telegraph editors' decisions for 28 California dailies using both AP and UPI news shows a consistent preferential edge for AP. But editors agree that they need both services.
America's Magazine Missionaries of Culture
Authors: Smith James Steel
Published: December 2011

From The Chautauquan and The Mentor to Horizon, a handful of American magazines have devotedly promoted culture, setting a rise-and-fall pattern in American publishing and cultural history.
The Problems of the Press in Multilingual Bombay
Authors: Hirschmann Edwin
Published: December 2011

Many newspapers is the only way to meet the problem of many languages. Because each publication serves its own community, the many papers of Bombay probably will last long into the future.
How CIESPAL Seeks to Improve Latin American Journalism
Authors: Day J. Laurence
Published: December 2011

Through seminars, research and documentation, the Center for Higher Studies in Journalism at Quito has rolled up a remarkable record in only six years. Latin American schools of journalism are being strengthened thereby.
Logic and Illogic in the Advertising Process
Authors: Preston Ivan L.
Published: December 2011

Ninety college students looking both at ads and at illogical re-statements of their contents were prone to accept the illogic—perhaps because they were looking for what the advertiser would have liked most to say.
The Fight against Boss Crump: Editor Meeman's Turn
Authors: Bussel Alan
Published: December 2011

Boss Crump finally falls before the Kefauver magic in 1948. Editor Meeman of the Press-Scimitar is in on the kill, but only after 17 years of rebuffs and frustration.
The U. S. Press and Castro: A Study in Declining Relations
Authors: Francis Michael J.
Published: December 2011

This is a study of the treatment by I7 leading U.S. dailies of the Cuban revolution from January 1959 to April 1961. Degrees of anti-Castro militancy are traced by examining nine news events.
Community Newspaper Leadership: More Real than Apparent?
Authors: Sim John Cameron
Published: December 2011

Sociological studies of community power structure tend to ignore the local editor. The author advances a set of reasons for the community newspaper's apparent anonymity in leadership roles.
Reaction of the World's Press to the Overthrow of Nkrumah
Authors: Alsbrook James E.
Published: December 2011

Although he rose to power under auspicious circumstances, the President of Ghana proved to be “his own worst enemy.” Press support at the end came mainly from Communist countries, the U.A.R. and the Congo.
What is Wrong with Advertising Education?
Authors: Britt Steuart Henderson
Published: December 2011

Goals of modern advertising education are misunderstood by most practitioners and other educators, resulting in a limited number of efiective programs and insufficient support from the advertising industry.
Development of Fair Comment as a Defense to Libel
Authors: Bliss Robert M.
Published: December 2011

The author, in analyzing the landmark Times v. Sullivan decision, traces the historical development of the doctrine in Wason v. Walter, Coleman v. MacLennan and Star Publishing Company v. Donahoe.
Democracy's Confrontation: The Presidential Press Conference, I
Authors: McGuire Delbert
Published: December 2011

In the first of a two-part series, the author focuses on the problems of the presidential press conference, as seen by correspondents, White House press aides, and one former president.
The Meaning of Human Interest: Four Dimensions of Judgment
Authors: Lynch Mervin D. , Kent Brian D. , Carlson Richard P.
Published: December 2011

After reviewing the speculative and empirical literature of human interest, this study shows that the concept is multi-dimensional: Flesch's ‘personalism’ is only one factor among four.
Communication and Readiness for Change in Appalachia
Authors: Donohew Lewis
Published: December 2011

Variables studied in underdeveloped countries are examined in a study of the “War on Poverty.” Through factor analysis, four dimensions of “receptiveness to change” are isolated.
Media and Developmental News in Slums of Ecuador and India
Authors: Simmons Robert E. , Kent Kurt , Mishra Vishwa M.
Published: December 2011

While newspapers reach more of the ghetto dwellers than might be expected, radio has access to a far larger proportion, especially among women. In Indian slums, listeners regard radio as more believable than the press.
The Negro in Journalism: Surveys Show Low Ratios
Authors: Trayes By Edward J.
Published: December 2011

U.S. metropolitan dailies have meager numbers of Negroes in professional news positions, 2.6%. But U.S. journalism schools report only 2% of news and photo majors are black students.
Facsimile Newspapers: Foolishness or Foresight?
Authors: Koehler Mary A.
Published: December 2011

Ambitious dreams for the use of facsimile to broadcast newspapers into homes have never materialized, but the medium may yet overcome problems to become a direct source of information to individuals.
Zimmermann Telegram: Reaction of Southern, Southwestern Newspapers
Authors: Bridges Lamar W.
Published: December 2011

The proposal of a Mexican-Japanese-German alliance against the U.S. was not viewed as a serious threat to American territory by 13 newspapers most directly affected. They did consider the telegram an act of war, however.
The Changing Face of Life's Advertisements, 1950–66
Authors: Carter David E.
Published: December 2011

In this study of graphic change in consumer magazine advertisements since 1950, the author finds fewer illustrations per ad, more photos, fewer copy blocks. He compares trends with research findings.
A Team-Teaching Approach: Communication and Integration in Western Europe
Authors: Hardt Hanno , Goodey Brian
Published: December 2011

Communication, which defies departmental boundaries, and geography, which also draws heavily on other disciplines, are combined by two ingenious teachers to explain cultural integration from a communication and spatial perspective.
Articles on Mass Communication in U.S. and Foreign Journals
Authors: Stevens John D. , Knight Robert P.
Published: December 2011

Bibliographers: Edward P. Bassett, Michigan; James Buckalew, San Diego; Chris J. Burns, Colorado; Steven Chaffee, Wisconsin; Norris Davis, Texas; Hatzuhiko Ga, Tokyo; Michael Geyer, Munster; Kenneth Gompertz, Chico State; Hanno Hardt, Iowa; Robert Kahan Texas; C. Richard King, Texas; Howard R. Long, Southern Illinois; Mervin D. Lynch, Northeastern; Maxwell McCombs, North Carolina; Donald Pember, Wisconsin; Jack C. Seigle, American; Dwight L. Teeter, Wisconsin.
The First Human Heart Transplant: A Study of Diffusion among Doctors
Authors: O'Keefe M. Timothy
Published: December 2011

No support is found here for certain regularity hypotheses, while others may be valid. Doubt is cast on the reliability of diffusion curves. Belief in the report proves to be based strongly on the credibility of the first-report medium.
Press Freedom and War Constraints: Case Testing Siebert's Proposition II
Authors: Shaw Donald L. , Brauer Stephen W.
Published: December 2011

Analysis of the threats against a North Carolina Civil War editor proves the proposition that official and unofficial pressures on press freedom increase in times of governmental stress.
The Use of Aggregate Data in Analyzing Primary Elections
Authors: McLeod Jack , O'Keefe Garrett J.
Published: December 2011

An iterative procedure is given which uses aggregate general election data from the past to estimate the size of partisan crossover and the effect of voter turnout on the results of presidential primaries.
Components of Source “Image”: Hong Kong, Brazil, North America
Authors: Lemert James B.
Published: December 2011

Evidence of three kinds is given for the cross-cultural generality of a three-factor structure of source image: Safety, Dynamism and Qualification, which emerges across sources, scales, cultures, instructions and situations.
The Daily Press in Israel: An Appraisal after Twenty Years
Authors: Markham James W. , Lowenstein Ralph L.
Published: December 2011

Changing rapidly in character to reflect the dynamic political and demographic realities of the country itself, it is now the most vigorous in the Middle East, outdistancing its nearest rival, Lebanon, with twice as many copies daily.
Report on 1968 Graduate Research in Journalism and Communication
Authors: Pickett Calder M.
Published: December 2011

This report for the AEJ Research Committee lists, with annotations, 88 doctoral dissertations completed during 1968; 48 titles approved for doctoral candidates, and 391 completed master's theses.
A Woman's Odyssey: The War Correspondence of Anna Benjamin
Authors: Brown Charles B.
Published: December 2011

She was one of the first of a not very long line of notable women war and foreign correspondents. Her writings and experiences indicate she was an extraordinary young woman.
Blaming the Nation–Fad or Maturity?
Authors: Anast Philip
Published: December 2011

Results support the prediction that national blame and intellectual maturity are positively correlated. Five characteristics, including time spent daily seeking news, correlated with critical attitude of one's country.
How Population Subgroups Differed in Knowledge of Six Assassinations
Authors: Levy Sheldon G.
Published: December 2011

“Polarized Subgroup Analysis” yields far larger estimates of differences among subgroups in both knowledge of the event and source of knowledge than do conventional crossbreaks taken one at a time.
Surveillance Vs. Constraint: Press Coverage of a Social Issue
Authors: Shaw Donald L.
Published: December 2011

The constraints of available newshole and wire service emphasis predict the use of population/family planning news whereas circumstances of local environmental ‘need’ (surveillance) do not.
Letters in Mass Magazines as “Outcroppings” of Public Concern
Authors: Roberts Donald F. , Sikorski Linda A. , Paisley William J.
Published: December 2011

Cluster analysis based on the co-occurrence of key words in letters to national magazines yields qualitative indicators of the public's concerns and breaks new ground in content (and historical) research.
The Soviet Audience Expects and Gets More from its Media
Authors: Rogers Rosemarie
Published: December 2011

New data on mass media exposure and evaluation, based on interviews with 62 respondents, reflect change in audience composition and behavior since the Harvard Project of the early 1950s.
Trust in International Relations: A Mass Media Perspective
Authors: Brown Dennis
Published: December 2011

A set of propositions is advanced, and a method of testing them along a single dimension, mass communication content, is proposed in this conceptual research model.
Media Credibility in Finland: A Cross-National Approach
Authors: Starck Kenneth
Published: December 2011

Data from this highly developed country show interesting parallels with United States findings, but no relationship was apparent between knowledge of government-controlled broadcasting and credibility.
Communicating With the Urban Poor: An Exploratory Inquiry
Authors: Block Carl E.
Published: December 2011

Interviews with 350 St. Louis inner-city residents provided evidence that the mass media do reach the urban poor. Findings should encourage greater use of the media in providing much-needed information.
Responses to Advertising: Varieties of Liking and Disliking
Authors: Schlinger Mary Jane
Published: December 2011

This study defined four patterns of reaction to well-liked commercials and five modes of reaction to disliked commercials. It suggests a useful approach to learning how consumers experience advertisements.
Editorials and Foreign Affairs in the 1968 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Myers David S.
Published: December 2011

Opinions in 10 leading newspapers lend support to the thesis that foreign affairs matters were most instrumental in the thoughts of voters as they chose Richard Nixon over Hubert Humphrey in 1968.
Quantitative Semantics as an Approach to Meaning in Poetry
Authors: Hawley Jane Stouder
Published: December 2011

To what extent can quantitive content analysis contribute to the search for meaning in poetry? The methods of three investigators are examined.
Concepts of Order and Balance in a Children's TV Program
Authors: Noble Grant
Published: December 2011

Children and producers have different bases for ordering segments in a magazine-style children's program, producers apparently seeking to gain and hold attention while children seem to seek security.
Coverage of Pakistan in Three U.S. Newsmagazines
Authors: al Mujahid Sharif
Published: December 2011

Four-year content study finds U. S. exposure concerned primarily Pakistan's foreign relations, provided inadequate coverage of domestic matters, and was generally neutral, factual, balanced.
Press-Bar Relationships: Progress since Sheppard and Reardon
Authors: Gerald J. Edward
Published: December 2011

Major changes in attitude are permitting co-operation of press, bar and bench in voluntary committees working to influence news reporting that might prejudice criminal cases. Efforts are led by the ASNE and the ABA.
Teenagers and TV Violence: How they Rate and View it
Authors: Murray Randall L. , Cole Richard R. , Fedler Fred
Published: December 2011

Teenagers were asked to define violence and to rate prime-time television programs on the basis of violent content. High and low viewers of violent content were examined for differences.
The Paradox That was Arthur Brisbane
Authors: Vanderburg Ray
Published: December 2011

Brisbane's success needs to be viewed against the equipment afforded by his education and the unused mental powers intimated in his writings. The tragedy of his life is that he never fulfilled his potential.
Catholic Periodicals in Response to Two Divergent Decades
Authors: Betten Neil
Published: December 2011

Catholic journalism had the ability to evolve in its social and economic attitudes during two divergent decades. The journals provided different answers to the problems of the day, thus illustrating their independence.
Effects of Writing Tasks on Utility of Information and Order of Seeking
Authors: Tipton Leonard P.
Published: December 2011

Hypotheses concerning the use of information and the order in which it is chosen were drawn from the Carter paradigm and tested in a news writing situation; neither received consistent support.
Mass Media Use and Modernization in Greater Delhi Basties
Authors: Mishra Vishwa M.
Published: December 2011

Findings indicate education is the principal predictor of media behavior, and that empathy, modernity and political participation are closely related, thus strengthening the hypothesis that such variables activate and support each other.
Still Few Blacks on Dailies, but 50% More in J-Schools, Recent Surveys Indicate
Authors: Trayes Edward J.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the commutations field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
A Reappraisal of Dissonance and the Selective Exposure Hypothesis
Authors: Donohew Lewis , Palmgreen Philip
Published: December 2011

Shortcomings in theory and method are seen as preventing an adequate test; this review urges a multi-cognition approach and the testing of interaction hypotheses using personality variables.
The American Weekly
Authors: Peters Glen W.
Published: December 2011

Hearst was unique; the Weekly was unique. And newspaper readers of the period liked them both. The decision in 1935 not to allow non-Hearst papers to carry the supplement made its success entirely dependent upon the Hearst style of newspapering.
Adolescents and the War: The Sources of Socialization
Authors: Hollander Neil
Published: December 2011

Asking where American youth learns about war, the author found that the new “parent” is the mass media, a source heretofore overlooked by research on socialization.
Historic Color Bias in Print: Career Aid to Three ‘Black’ Officials
Authors: Alsbrook James E.
Published: December 2011

Senator Brooke, Justice Marshall and Secretary Weaver were not forced to overcome the awesome black-is-wrong and white-is-right atmosphere which they largely avoided because they were light-skinned and resembled the highly acceptable white male model.
Newspapers and Urban Voters
Authors: Vinyard Dale , Sigel Roberta S.
Published: December 2011

Newspapers are judged the most important because of their greater completeness, but preference for the daily press is not indicative of greater trust. Radio and TV, with newspapers, enjoy an extraordinary degree of trust.
Norman Cousins: Editor as Persuader
Authors: Nelson Paul E.
Published: December 2011

His editorials are characterized by the pontifical mode with its superlatives and universals, by a mood-of-America strategy, by repetition and by World Federalist benedictions.
Editorials as an Indicator of Press Freedom in Three Asian Countries
Authors: Nam Sunwoo
Published: December 2011

In attacking political leaders during elections Manila's papers can become vitriolic; Korean papers handle such matters much more cautiously; Taiwan papers never question the regime.
Effects of Community Press Councils: Real and Imagined
Authors: Atwood L. Erwin , Starck Kenneth
Published: December 2011

Content study indicates community press councils in two Illinois cities had little effect on content of newspapers. Study of reader attitudes toward one paper also shows little change.
The Fallacy of News Judgment
Authors: Sasser Emery L. , Russell John T.
Published: December 2011

A lack of consistency in emphasis and in use of similar stories leads to the conclusion that there is no such thing as news of the day important to the public nor editors with background and training to recognize what that news is.
The Training of Journalists in Communist China
Authors: Chu James C. Y. , Fang William
Published: December 2011

Education of journalists has been given high priority both in and out of universities and has closely followed ideological shifts within the People's Republic.
Content and Situational Relevance of Agricultural News in Brazilian Papers
Authors: Fett John H.
Published: December 2011

Content analysis of urban and rural newspapers in Rio Grande do Sul found large amount of agricultural news but most of it lacked usefulness to farmers of the area.
‘Passion Is Ye Prevailing Motive’: The Feud Behind the Zenger Case
Authors: Covert Cathy
Published: December 2011

Zenger may have been mere pawn in lengthy struggle between Governor Cosby and James Alexander. Their feud may have helped produce an expanded theory of press freedom.
Media Use and Democratic Political Orientation in Lima, Peru
Authors: Bishop Michael E.
Published: December 2011

Survey finds high media use may compensate for lack of education in adding to political knowledge and aid democratic orientation.
‘Interpretative’ News Stories Compared with ‘Spot’ News
Authors: DeMott John
Published: December 2011

Discriminant function analysis shows interpretative stories have more opinion, are longer and more likely to deal with social problems.
The Media and Minority Groups: A Study of Adequacy of Access
Authors: Fedler Fred
Published: December 2011

Study of Minneapolis media finds that minority groups receive more, not less, publicity than comparable established groups.
William Randolph Hearst: A Fascist Reputation Reconsidered
Authors: Carlisle Rodney P.
Published: December 2011

Hearst retained progressive ideas and accepted some New Deal proposals. Wealth tax was issue that caused final break with Roosevelt.
A Readability Survey of Technical and Popular Literature
Authors: Kwolek William F.
Published: December 2011

Study indicates Fog Index of 11 is normal for popular literature. Data suggest Fog Index has increased by 2 during the past 20 years.
Blacks as Communicators and Interpreters of Mass Communication
Authors: Kassarjian Waltraud M.
Published: December 2011

Data on black media use patterns are mixed. Content studies document increased presence of blacks in ads in all media.
Media Credibility: Taking The Measure of a Measure
Authors: Shaw Eugene F.
Published: December 2011

Using modification of Roper questions, study finds media use and credibility correlated, which suggests their sequence in Roper questionnaire may distort credibility responses.
How Political Party Workers Respond to Political Advertising
Authors: Sheinkopf Kenneth G. , Atkin Charles K. , Bowen Lawrence
Published: December 2011

Campaign workers paid significantly greater heed to both newspaper and television advertising of both candidates than did the voting public.
Mass Media and Man's Relationship to His Environment
Authors: Wiebe G.D.
Published: December 2011

The information-and-action problem is that media man is in a state of futility—“well informed futility”—for lack of a means of translating need into action; an antidote is offered.
Relevance and Diffusion of News of Major and Minor Events
Authors: Hanneman Gerhard J. , Greenberg Bradley S.
Published: December 2011

Diffusion studies following major and minor papal encyclicals suggest that the relevance and salience of the information is more predictive of diffusion than is “news value.”
Television and Politicization: A Test of Competing Models
Authors: Johnson Norris R.
Published: December 2011

The availability of television in a community affects political information, but it is family politicization that is at the root of the causal chain to political interest, media use and political information.
The Journalist and Instant History: An Example of Jackal Syndrome
Authors: Altschull J. Herbert
Published: December 2011

Media response to White's claim in his book that debates were decisive in 1960 election seems to be example of Jackal Syndrome.
The Space Bias and Time Bias Idea of Innis Tested on Catechisms
Authors: Dengler Ralph
Published: December 2011

Comparison of 16th and 20th century catechisms shows greater preoccupation with both space and time in 20th century. Those two categories are best discriminators between documents.
How White House Correspondents Feel about Background Briefings
Authors: Joseph Ted
Published: December 2011

Q Sort of attitudes related to briefings produces three types among White House newsmen and selected officials—adversary, politico and ethical independent.
Patterns of College Undergraduates' Use of Selected News Media
Authors: O'Keefe Garrett J. , Spetnagel H. T.
Published: December 2011

Colorado study finds students use television less than other people do. Both television and newspaper use higher for older students, but radio use is less.
News Source Perceptions of Accuracy of Science Coverage
Authors: Tankard James W. , Ryan Michael
Published: December 2011

Study using 42 error categories finds higher error rate for science news than earlier studies did for regular coverage.
Editorials and Foreign Affairs in the 1972 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Myers David S.
Published: December 2011

Editorials on foreign affairs favored Nixon even in papers which endorsed McGovern. Results support notion that foreign affairs issues decided election.
Student Attitudes toward Journalism as a Major and a Career
Authors: Bowers Thomas A.
Published: December 2011

While 55% of students in North Carolina survey expect to have newspaper jobs at graduation, only 3% expect to be on newspapers five years later
Do Youthful, College-Educated Readers Prefer Contemporary Newspaper Designs?
Authors: Sissors Jack Z.
Published: December 2011

In rating of two traditional and two contemporary designs by youthful readers, the traditional designs were first and fourth
Three Stopping Experiments on the Communication of Science
Authors: Grunig James E.
Published: December 2011

Style of story found to be less important than whether content is perceived as relevant in determining whether or not reader would stop to think about it.
The Role of Communication in Jordan's Rural Development
Authors: Barghouti Shawki M.
Published: December 2011

Study conducted with Middle East farmers suggests that mass media could contribute more to development if they carried more information on agricultural issues
How Does the Medium Affect the Message?
Authors: Dommermuth William P.
Published: December 2011

No support is found in this experimental comparison of the effectiveness of TV, movies, sound and print for McLuhan's idea that TV is ‘cool’ and movies ‘hot.’
How Use of Mass Media Affects Views On Solutions to Environmental Problems
Authors: Novic Kenneth , Sandman Peter M.
Published: December 2011

High media users considered themselves less informed, viewed issues as less serious and preferred less personal solutions to problems.
The Newspaper Ombudsman as Viewed by the Rest of the Staff
Authors: Nelsen David R. , Starck Kenneth
Published: December 2011

Employees of paper with an ombudsman supported idea more than employees of paper that did not have an ombudsman, but response from both was favorable.
Pentagon Officers' Attitudes on Reporting of Military News
Authors: Orwant Jack E. , Ullmann John
Published: December 2011

Officers generally had less favorable attitudes than civilians did concerning right to publish military news, but fewer officers saw harm in publication of Pen tagon Papers.
Communication Behaviors Occurring in Decision and Nondecision Situations
Authors: Grunig James E.
Published: December 2011

Results of series of exercises suggest that interaction of three dimensions—problem recognition, existence of constraints and level of involvement—explain behavior.
Components of Credibility of a Favorable News Source
Authors: Singletary Michael W.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
Effect of Incumbency on Coverage Patterns in 1972 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Graber Doris A.
Published: December 2011

As in 1968, coverage by dailies was very uniform. Most striking feature was reduced emphasis on personality characteristics of candidates, and increased emphasis on professional qualifications.