bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOME FOLIIGOLOUS HYPHOMYCETES
Authors: Hughes S. J.
Published: August 2008

The type species and some others of the generic names Spilocaea (syn. Cycloconium, Napicladium, Basiascum), Fusicladium (syn. Megacladosporium pro maxima parte), Passalora, Pollaccia, Hadrotrichum, Asperisporium, and Deightoniella are illustrated and redescribed or briefly mentioned.
THE EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE ON FUSARIUM SPECIES
Authors: Stover R. H.
Published: August 2008

Six species and forms of the genus Fusarium show optimum growth and survival in soil at 15% saturation. Optimum soil moisture content for actinomycete growth and survival is similar to that for the Fusarium species whereas that for bacteria is at 75% soil saturation. The present studies indicate that Fusarium spp. are strongly aerobic and that Fusarium populations can be greatly reduced by maintaining the soil in a saturated condition in the absence of hosts.
STUDIES ON THE FLAGELLA OF ALGAE: III. ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF CHLAMYDOMONAS MOEWUSII
Authors: Lewin R. A. , Meinhart Josephine O.
Published: August 2008

Each flagellum of Chlamydomonas moewusii appears to originate at a basal granule beneath the papilla. The intact flagellum is composed of:(a) a central axis, consisting of 9 – 11 dense fibrils, 450 Å wide, fused laterally to form a hollow cylinder;(b) a less dense component, possibly fluid, within the axial cylinder; and(c) a sheath of less dense material, surrounding the axial cylinder, and clearly delimited by a superficial membrane which is believed to be semipermeable. Mating-type specificity seems to reside in this component, since it is involved in the agglutination reaction which precedes copulation.The flagellum terminates in a mucro 0.3 – 0.5 μ long. There is no whiplash filament. Certain structural changes, due to disorganization, disruption, or disintegration of the flagellar components, are described and figured. Possible modes of action of the flagella in cell propulsion are briefly discussed in the light of flagellar structure as revealed by electron microscopy. No structural differences have been observed between the flagella of paralyzed mutants and of wild-type cells.
PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS AND HOST PLANT SPECIFICITIES OF RHIZOBIA ISOLATED FROM CARAGANA ARBORESCENS L.
Authors: Gregory K. F. , Allen O. N.
Published: August 2008

The physiological characteristics and host plant relationships of 14 strains of rhizobia, isolated from the nodules of Caragana arborescens L., have been studied. The nodules from which these isolates were obtained came from six widely separated localities in North America. The strains differed markedly in rates of growth, in their ability to reduce nitrate, in their reactions in litmus milk and on 12 carbohydrate media, and in their abilities to fix nitrogen symbiotically. The strains showed uniformity in their abilities to produce nodules on Phaseolus vulgaris, Colutea arborescens, Lespedeza stipulacea, Trifolium pratense, and Lotus corniculatus. Because these species are now included in separate bacterial–plant groups, an assignment of C. arborescens to a cross-inoculation group appears unwise at this time. Thirty strains of rhizobia isolated from 20 species contained in 15 leguminous genera failed to nodulate C. arborescens in greenhouse tests. Various examples of nonreciprocal cross-inoculation were noted. Strains of caragana rhizobia reisolated from nodules formed by them on Trifolium pratense and Colutea arborescens retained their abilities to form nodules on Caragana arborescens.
AN ESTIMATE OF THE NUMBER OF ALLELES AT THE LOCI FOR HETEROTHALLISM IN A LOCAL CONCENTRATION OF POLYPORUS OBTUSUS BERK.
Authors: Eggertson E.
Published: August 2008

On the basis of a sample of 24 fruit bodies of Polyporus obtusus Berk. collected at Chalk River, Ont., in which there were found to be 39 alleles at each of the loci for heterothallism, it was estimated that the number of alleles at each of these loci in the local concentration, of the fungus occurring there is 112. This agrees closely with previous estimates of the total number of alleles at these loci for the Hymenomycetes in general, and is interpreted as evidence that the local concentration of the fungus at Chalk River is not an isolated occurrence as hitherto supposed. This view is further supported by collections of the fungus in several widely scattered areas in Ontario since the initiation of this study.
STUDIES OF CANADIAN THELEPHORACEAE: X. SOME SPECIES OF PENIOPHORA, SECTION TUBULIFERAE
Authors: Weresub Luella K.
Published: August 2008

In this study, species of Peniophora which appear to belong in the subsection*** of Bourdot and Galzin's section Tubuliferae are segregated on the basis of a single cystidial characteristic, namely: the solubility in 10% potassium hydroxide of thickened cystidial walls. Complete descriptions are given of six previously described species (P. accedens, P. calothrix, P. chaetophora, P. crassa, P. juniperina, P. vermifera) and two species proposed as new (P. angusta, P. sceptrifera). Also included in a provisional key are four species recently described in this series of studies (P. hamata, P. inornata, P. prominens, P. regifica), as well as three long-known species (P. gracillima, P. hirtella, P. subulata). This work is presented as introductory to a taxonomic reconsideration of the Tubuliferae section of the genus Peniophora.
NOTES ON SEED-BORNE FUNGI: VII. CHAETOMIUM
Authors: Skolko A. J. , Groves J. W.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper, the species of the genus Chaetomium possessing dichotomously branched terminal hairs were described and figured. In the present report the remaining species of the genus are considered with special emphasis on the species isolated from seeds. Of a total of 47 recognized species, 16 have been found inhabiting seeds; one of these, C. atrosporum is described as new. Type collections of many of the species have been examined and descriptions and illustrations of these are included, along with a key to the recognized species.
THE EFFECT OF THE INTENSITY OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT ON THE GROWTH OF CEREALS
Authors: Gfeller F. , Goulden C. H.
Published: August 2008

Successful crops of wheat, oats, and barley were produced in a growth chamber in 60 days with light from fluorescent and incandescent bulbs at an intensity of 1200 to 1500 candle power. Full light was used for 18 hr. per day and a low intensity of incandescent light for the remaining six hour period. The experiments indicated that the light requirement of the oat crop is somewhat higher than for wheat and barley.
INHERITANCE OF REACTION TO RACE 7A AND OTHER RACES OF OAT STEM RUST, PUCCINIA GRAMINIS AVENAE
Authors: Welsh J. N. , Johnson T.
Published: August 2008

Prior to 1952, oat varieties with the Hajira type of resistance to all the known races of oat stem rust in North America, such varieties as Garry and Rodney, were thought to have identical rust resistance. In 1952, slight amounts of stem rust occurred in one field of Rodney. This rust was identical with race 7 except for its ability to attack Rodney and some sister strains. Other sister strains of Rodney as well as Garry were highly resistant to it. Therefore, Garry and Rodney, which derived their resistance from the same source, did not, as had been assumed, contain identical factors for rust resistance. The new rust strain was regarded as a biotype of race 7 and was designated race 7A. Studies were made on F3 lines derived from crosses involving Hajira to determine the reaction of the plants to stem rust races, including race 7A. These studies indicate that resistance to the various rust races is conditioned by three genes. Gene A (present in varieties such as Richland, Vanguard, Ajax, and Green Russian) conditions resistance to races 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 7A, and 12. A second gene B (present in varieties such as Canuck and Rodney) conditions resistance to races 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 12 but is not effective against race 7A. A third gene C conditions resistance to races 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, and 13. Varieties such as Rodney, Canuck, and R.L. 1225 presumably contain genes B and C, whereas varieties such as Garry and R.L. 1574 contain genes A, B, and C.
A DICENTRIC WHEAT CHROMOSOME IN DIVISION
Authors: Morrison J. W.
Published: August 2008

A dicentric chromosome was observed in the F2 progeny of an interspecific wheat cross. It is suggested that: the dicentric arose from breakage and fusion of two nonhomologous univalent chromosomes in the preceding meiosis. Because only a few bridges were observed in root tips, anther wall tissue, and in sectioned ovaries, it was concluded that the dicentric persisted in the plant because of parallel separation of the chromatids. Somatic variation was observed in some root tip cells. At meiosis, the dicentric was invariably paired with its two homologues and both centromeres were effective in orientation on the plate. Chains-of-five and even rings-of-five were formed in one spike. In another, the loss of one chromosome arm prevented such associations but several forms of trivalents occurred. In one spike, internal chiasmata were formed in the intercentric region of the chromosome. On the chiasmatype theory of crossing over this should have caused bridges at succeeding stages. Besides the lack of bridges, in some cells at AI there was definite evidence that the dicentric was breaking apart and forming an extra chromosome. To explain this phenomenon it is suggested that the effect of the one centromere was nullified by the other and the full consequences of chromatid breakage and reunion in chiasma formation were not fulfilled.
DETECTION OF VITAMIN B12 PRODUCTION BY MICROORGANISMS USING EUGLENA GRACILIS VAR. BACILLARIS AS THE ASSAY ORGANISM
Authors: Witkus E. R. , Gentile F. , Kelly L. , Murphy L.
Published: August 2008

Using Euglena gracilis var bacillaris as the assay organism a study was made of the ability of 21 different bacteria to synthesize vitamin B12. Thirteen of the 21 organisms studied were found to secrete vitamin B12.
TEMPERATURE AND EVAPORATION AT AND NEAR GROUND LEVEL ON CERTAIN FOREST SITES
Authors: Vaartaja Olli
Published: August 2008

Microclimate, especially temperature extremes, was studied on various plots of pine and spruce sites in Finland. Thermoelement measurements were made on clear, calm summer days. Comparisons showed that the climate of the exposed sites varied greatly from that of the sites with protective ground vegetation or canopy. Very large temperature differences between the sites existed at ground-level and moderately large differences at the 5 and 20 cm. levels. At exposed sites a temperature range of 57 °C. in 24 hr. was recorded in sandy surface soil, and still larger ranges seemed probable. Extreme diurnal fluctuation in temperature is evidently not closely correlated with general climate; it is favored by dryness of the soil and presence of ground cover, such as humus and fine litter, with low thermal conductivity. Maximum temperatures of 50° to 70 °C, are considered of normal occurrence in thin surface soil at exposed sites in large areas of northern coniferous forests. At the same time, maximum temperatures may remain from 9° to 13 °C. under the protection of canopy and surface cover, and night minima may be below 0 °C. in thin surface soil. A negative correlation was found between evaporation rate and drought injuries of plants on dry sites. Root competition was a more important factor to plants than evaporation conditions, at least as shown by the measurements from large vessels.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF FUNGICIDAL ACTION OF METALLIC ETHYLENEBISDITHIOCARBAMATES
Authors: Ludwig R. A. , Thorn G. D. , Unwin C. H.
Published: August 2008

The titration reactions between zinc, manganese, and iron sulphates and nabam were studied. Except for possibly those with manganese, they were found to involve more than simple precipitations. Manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate was found to be relatively water soluble and easily converted to ethylenethiuram monosulphide (E.T.M.) on aeration. The corresponding-pure zinc salt was highly insoluble in water. Aqueous suspensions were relatively non-fungicidal and failed to yield E.T.M. on aeration. Corresponding suspensions in dilute alkali, however, showed increased solubility and fungicidal activity. They converted readily on aeration to a yellow fungicidal product containing E.T.M. The conversion of E.T.M. to an isothiocyanate was demonstrated. It is concluded that the mode of fungicidal action of the zinc and manganese salts is the same as that of the parent nabam. The same mechanism is probably involved with the iron salts. The practical implications of the work and its bearing on the recent isothiocyanate theory are discussed.
A PHYLOGENY OF THE BASIDIOMYCETES
Authors: Savile D. B. O.
Published: August 2008

Thirteen phylogenetic principles of general or mycologicai application are presented. Adherence to these principles makes it difficult to accept any starting point for the Basidiomycetes other than a primitive ascomycete very close to Taphrina and parasitic upon ancient ferns. From the ancestral basidiomycete one line led to the rusts and another, via the parasitic Auriculariaceae, to the remaining Heterobasidiomycetidae and the Homobasidiomycetidae. In this second line the trend has been toward increasing saprophytic ability, increasing frequency of clamp connections, and increasing complexity of fruit body. The evolution of the rusts is traced from the taphrina-like ancestor to the higher Melampsoraceae. A generalized phylogeny of the Phycomycetes and Ascomycetes and a chronology of the strictly parasitic groups of fungi are given. It is clear that parasitism, far from being recent and derived from saprophytism, is generally ancient in the fungi; that the Ascomycetes arose from parasitic, aquatic Phycomycetes; and that saprophytism has in general been derived from parasitism.
SELF-COMPATIBILITY OF CARAGANA ARBORESCENS LAM.
Authors: Cram W. H.
Published: August 2008

Self-compatibility (% of 'tripped' flowers setting pods) for 218 selections of Caragana arborescens varied continuously from 0.0 to 99.5%. The frequency distribution of the compatibility data in terms of percentage was positively skewed by an excess of low self-compatibility plants and had a mean of 36.9%. However, angular transformation of the data resulted in a distribution which approached normality. Pollen abortion, which ranged from 0 to 24%, had little if any influence upon self-compatibility. Selection for high plant vigor was accompanied by a minor reduction in compatibility. Self-incompatibility of three trees could be explained by the action of several compatibility [Formula: see text] factors.
SPRINGBOARD PLANT DISPERSAL MECHANISMS OPERATED BY RAIN
Authors: Brodie Harold J.
Published: August 2008

The calyx tube and pedicel of Salvia lyrata serve as a springboard mechanism from which the nutlets are thrown out violently when raindrops land on the distal part of the upper lip of the calyx. The force of the striking raindrop depresses the springy pedicel and, when this returns to its normal position, the nutlets are thrown from the calyx tube as a swimmer is projected from a diving board. The nutlets become surrounded by a coat of extruded mucilage as soon as they are wetted. Ocimum basilicum and other members of the Labiatae have similar springboard dispersal mechanisms which are operated by raindrops. The plantlets or gemmae of the succulent plant Kalanchoë tubiflora develop on narrow outgrowths from the parent leaf. These attachments serve as springboards from which the plantlets are violently discharged by raindrops. The plantlets are cup-shaped and are very effective in catching raindrops. The splashing action of raindrops may sometimes be an important agency effecting the pollination of certain cup-shaped flowers such as those of Ranunculus. About eighteen rain-operated dispersal mechanisms are now recognized. These are distributed among four of the major groups of the plant kingdom and it is probable that some examples will be found in all phyla of land plants.
FERTILIZATION AND POSTFERTILIZATION DEVELOPMENT IN WHEAT
Authors: Morrison J. W.
Published: August 2008

With the use of a dissection squash technique an examination was made of the fusion process in fertilization in wheat. The male gamete is in the resting stage when it comes in contact with the egg cell nucleus. After penetrating into the egg cell nucleus it becomes diffuse, stains less densely, and eventually is indistinguishable from the female nuclear contents. The contents enter prophase and the chromosomes resolve on one spindle. The fusion process in the fertilization of the two polar nuclei proceeds in a similar manner but a great deal more rapidly. There is also a general discussion of the fusion process in other angiosperms and gymnosperms. The embryology of wheat is also described. Contrary to some reports the antipodals were not found to play a leading role in nursing the endosperm. The postfertilization development of the embryo and endosperm is given in Table I.
THE REACTIONS OF CERTAIN SOLANACEOUS SPECIES TO STRAINS OF POTATO VIRUS Y
Authors: Munro James
Published: August 2008

Strains of potato virus Y that: were not clearly differentiated from each other by their reaction on potato varieties were shown to be separate entities by the differing reactions that they caused in several other solanaceous species. One strain did not infect Physalis floridana, but this same strain caused necrosis and a severe distortion of the young leaves of Nicotiana sanderae. After infection with certain other strains, N. rustica showed leaf-drop streak symptoms; this observation has not been previously reported. An avirulent strain in all potato varieties and seedlings tested so far caused a severely necrotic disease in N. tabacum and other Nicotiana species.
THE SPECIES OF CIBORINIA ON POPULUS
Authors: Groves J. Walton , Bowerman Constance A.
Published: August 2008

The controversial nomenclatural problem concerning the fungi causing the ink spot disease of poplar is discussed in detail. It is concluded that the correct name of the eastern species is Ciborinia whetzelii (Seaver) Seaver and that the western species does not possess a legitimate name. Ciborinia seaveri nom. nov. is proposed for this fungus. Two other species of Ciborinia on Populus are described from specimens and manuscript notes of the late Professor H. H. Whetzel, C. pseudobifrons Whet. sp. nov. and C. davidsoniana Whet. sp. nov.
SCLEROTINIA BOREALIS IN CANADA
Authors: Groves J. Walton , Bowerman Constance A.
Published: August 2008

Sclerotinia borealis Bubak & Vleugel, previously known only from Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the U.S.S.R., has been found causing injury to cultivated grasses at Prince George, B.C. Apothecia have been developed in culture and compared with authentic material from Sweden. The fungus is homothallic and self-fertile.
NOTES ON THE GENUS EMPUSA COHN
Authors: MacLeod D. M.
Published: August 2008

Empusa species were found on 44 different species of insects representing 20 different families from the following orders: Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Qrthoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Homoptera. The isolates without spores were identified as Empusa by the presence of characteristic coenocytic hyphae ca. 13 μ in diameter. Empusa sphaerosperma and forms of the "E. grylli" type were the most predominant ones among the isolates with spores. Other species included: E. bullata, E. aphidis, E. erupta, and E. muscae. Two unusual forms, one from S. aldrichi, and the other from M. americanum, M. disstria, and M. pluviale, are described. The effectiveness of Empusa species as insect control agents is briefly mentioned.
A METHOD OF ISOLATING ACTINOMYCETES FROM SCABBY POTATO TISSUE AND SOIL WITH MINIMAL CONTAMINATION
Authors: Lawrence C. H.
Published: August 2008

The isolation of actinomycetes from soil or from scabby potato tubers was facilitated by a 10-min. treatment of the material from which the isolations were to be made with phenol in dilution of 1: 140. This eliminated most bacterial contaminants and reduced fungal contaminants especially those of the spreading type. Treatment of the material with higher concentrations of phenol progressively decreased the number of actinomycetes until there was no growth after treatment with 1: 70 dilution of phenol. Optimum development and maximum numbers of actinomycetes occurred when phenol-treated material was cultured on media adjusted to pH 6.5. More actinomycetes developed on glucose-asparagine agar than on Czapek's agar inoculated with phenol-treated material from scab-infected potatoes. However, when phenol-treated soil suspensions were tested, Czapek's agar was more favorable to the development of actinomycete colonies. A comparison of the phenol method with another in which sodium propionate is incorporated into the culture medium showed that the phenol method was more efficient in reducing contaminants and in permitting a larger number of actinomycete colonies to develop.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS CHEMICAL AND COLD-HARDENING TREATMENTS ON RESISTANCE OF SUGAR BEET SEEDLINGS TO FREEZING
Authors: Corns William G.
Published: August 2008

Either the free acid form or the sodium salt of Dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) and of TCA (trichloroacetic acid) and the sodium salt of 2,2,3-trichloropropionic acid (free acid not tested) were effective in improving the low temperature resistance of sugar beet seedlings grown in 4- and 8-p.p.m. solutions in the dark at 21 °C., and evaluated by short exposures to −10 °C. Isopropy-N(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate, amino triazole, sodium chloride, and trichlorobenzoic acid were ineffective in similar tests. In a series of experiments involving periodic sampling and freezing of Dalapon-treated illuminated sugar beet seedlings during a 24 day period of storage at 6 °C., the chemically treated plants were again superior to the comparable controls. The "cold-hardening" treatments tended to increase the magnitude of the difference between chemically treated and control plants. The amount of improvement was more variable in the tests with green plants than with those grown in the dark.
STUDIES OF SOIL FUNGI: II. A NEW SPECIES OF SPHAEROSPORA WITH A BOTRYTIS-LIKE STAGE
Authors: Cain Roy F. , Hastings Nancy A.
Published: August 2008

A new species, Sphaerospora minuta Cain, is described from soil collected under Pinus banksiana, Algonquin Park, Ontario. Growth in pure culture is rapid on various media. Conidia are produced in Botrytis-like clusters on long, dichotomously branched conidiophores. The conidial stage resembles that of Patella abundans (Karsten) Seaver except for the fewer conidia which have a broader attachment to the ampullae. The method of conidial production in both of these species is described in detail and illustrated. Monoconidial cultures of S. minuta produce mature apothecia which are globose, light-brown, and enclosed in an excipulum covered with numerous slender brown septate hairs. The excipulum remains intact until the apothecium is nearly mature and then splits irregularly to expose the nearly white hymenium. The ascospores are hyaline, globose, smooth, and each contains a single large refractive oil globule. Consideration is given to the validity of the genus Sphaerospora as separate from Humaria (Patella).
COMPOSITION OF TURPENTINE OF LODGEPOLE × JACK PINE HYBRIDS
Authors: Mirov N. T.
Published: August 2008

Chemical composition of turpentines in lodgepole–jack pine hybrids was studied. When the two pines were artificially crossed, the F1 generation possessed turpentine in which the bicyclic terpenes of jack pine, dominated over the simpler, monocyclic terpene—phellandrene—of lodgepole pine. Trees in a natural hybrid swarm also tended towards a predominance of the jack pine bicyclic terpenes.
EFFECT OF NUTRITION ON GROWTH AND CHLAMYDOSPORE FORMATION IN BROWN AND GRAY CULTURES OF THIELAVIOPSIS BASICOLA
Authors: Stover R. H.
Published: August 2008

Physiological differences between brown and gray wild type cultures of Thielaviopsis basicola were sought in order to develop selective media for use in mutational studies, and as a basis for pathogenicity and ecological studies. The gray wild type was more thiamine-deficient, yielded less mycelium, and grew more slowly than the brown on all media tested regardless of composition and thiamine content. In liquid media both types were more thiamine-deficient on sucrose than on glucose, but the reverse was true on agar media. The gray type was inhibited more than the brown by malachite and methyl green. A two-layered thiamine-deficient agar medium, and one containing dyes, was selective for the brown type. Gray and brown types grew better on thiamine-deficient water agar and soil extract agar than on thiamine-deficient agar media containing 20 gm/l. of sugar and 1 gm./l. of nitrogen compounds. On thiamine-deficient media, distortion and extrusion of the contents of endoconidia and hyphae were more common with the gray wild type than the brown.Endoconidia, but not chlamydospores, were formed in varying amounts on all thiamine-deficient media. The addition of thiamine resulted in the abundant production of chlamydospores and greatly increased growth. Chlamydospore production was also influenced by the source of nitrogen. Certain amino acids were more inhibitory to chlamydospore formation by the brown than gray type and vice versa. Asparagine, for example, blocked chlamydospore formation by the brown but not the gray type, even though growth and endoconidial production were abundant. Mutants capable of overcoming this blockage were readily produced in culture.
THE VEGETATION OF NORTHERN MANITOBA: I. STUDIES IN THE SOUTHERN SPRUCE FOREST ZONE
Authors: Ritchie J. C.
Published: August 2008

It is pointed out that there are available no ecological accounts of the vegetation of Northern Manitoba and the surrounding regions. After brief accounts of the topography, geology, and climate, the communities which were met with in two areas of study are described. It is shown that the predominant and stable forest of mesic sites is dominated by Picea mariana, with a ground vegetation composed chiefly of weft-form mosses. In areas which have been burned various subseral variants of this forest are present. Pinus banksiana, as well as being a seral dominant of mesic sites, dominates various forests of outcrop ridges, sand plains, and eskers. Picea glauca is rare in the area, occurring only on those sites which show exceptionally favourable conditions of habitat. The vegetation of this region conforms with descriptions of the Southern Spruce Forest Zone of Eastern Canada, which classification might well be extended westwards at least as far as northwest Manitoba. There is some evidence that the dry climate which prevails west of the region, and for which there is slight evidence here, has influenced the flora and vegetation of the region. A description is given of a highly local community of Betula papyrifera var. neoalaskana on organic ridges which appears never to have been recorded previously for North America.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASCOCARP IN PHAEOTRICHUM HYSTRICINUM
Authors: Barr Margaret E.
Published: August 2008

The ascocarp of Phaeotrichum hystricinum Cain and Barr is initiated by division of a cell of the vegetative hyphae to form a pseudoparenchymatous mass. The ascostroma differentiates into a dark, single-layered wall and a hyaline locule area. The ascogenous cells arise in the center of the locule, increase in size and number, and give rise to the asci. The asci are scattered in irregular fascicles in the locule and are thin-walled and deliquescent at maturity. The ascostroma lacks a pore. This is designated as the Phaeotrichum Developmental Type. Representatives of allied genera show a similar type of development.
STUDIES OF COPROPHILOUS ASCOMYCETES: II PHAEOTRICHUM, A NEW CLEISTOCARPOUS GENUS IN A NEW FAMILY, AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Cain Roy F.
Published: August 2008

Phaeotrichum hystricinum Cain and Barr is described from specimens collected in Ontario, Vermont, New York, and Michigan and is made the type species of a new genus. It has been found on porcupine dung from numerous localities. The black, shining, superficial ascocarps are covered with scattered straight black appendages. The clavate stalked asci are in irregular fascicles, eight spored, and with a firm wall which is evanescent at maturity. The ascospores are two-celled, thick-walled, deeply constricted, and readily separating at the transverse septum. There is a large conspicuous germ pore at each end of the ascospore. P. circinatum Cain is described from specimens collected on lemming dung in Northern Ungava, Quebec. This species is distinguished from the former by means of the appendages, which are stouter and curved at the apex. These two species are closely related and very similar to the ostiolate Trichodelitschia bisporula (Crouan) Munk. The new genus is made the type of a new family of cleistocarpous Ascoloculares, with a discussion on the evolution, in many Ascomycete taxa, of cleistocarps adapted either to the utilization of special agencies, rather than air currents, for carrying the ascospores or to delayed dispersal.
SELECTION TECHNIQUES IN SCREENING FOR COUMARIN-DEFICIENT SWEET CLOVER PLANTS
Authors: Goplen B. P. , Greenshields J. E. R. , White W. J.
Published: August 2008

The loss of coumarin from sweet clover leaf samples amounted to 70 to 75% when the samples were air-dried for 10 days and 21 to 51% when oven-dried at 175° F. for one hour. Fresh leaf material placed in 2.5 N NaOH and stored in darkness at room temperature showed no loss of coumarin over a six month period but when stored in light at room temperature losses were evident: in 10 days and very heavy after six months' storage. Coumarin content was maximum in flower buds and fresh leaves from the tip of branches. Root and stem tissue and the more mature leaves from the central and lower portion of the plants were very low in coumarin. A rapid qualitative procedure is described which involves collection of fresh young leaves and storage of them in 2.5 N NaOH in the dark until they are examined in ultraviolet light. Plants classified as coumarin-deficient by this procedure were found to be void of coumarin on photofluorometric analysis.
THE NONUTILIZATION OF d-ALANINE AND GROWTH STIMULATION BY l-ALANINE IN THE NUTRITION OF PHYTOPHTHORA PARASITICA
Authors: Newton William
Published: August 2008

Barely significant growth has been obtained in cultures of Phytophthora parasitica containing d-alanine as the sole source of nitrogen, but abundant growth in those containing l-alanine. Growth was found to increase as the level of l-alanine was elevated from 0.2 to 0.8%, although 0.2% represents a greater quantity than is removed by the fungus. In experiments the growth of Verticillium albo-atrum was shown to be supported by d-alanine, although much less efficiently than by the laevo form.
RAGWEED IN SOUTHEASTERN ALBERTA
Authors: Moss E. H.
Published: August 2008

Recent surveys show that common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, is prevalent in two regions of southeastern Alberta and adjacent Saskatchewan, (a) an area with Medicine Hat as approximate center, (b) a narrow area east and west of Empress. The weed appears to be firmly established in depressions and on slough borders of natural prairie and of cultivated land. Available evidence points to the conclusion that the species was introduced to the Canadian plains, though the possibility that it was indigenous there cannot be dismissed. The question of its probable spread westward and northward is discussed.
VIRUS IN WILD PLANTS
Authors: MacClement W. D. , Richards Marilyn G.
Published: August 2008

An investigation of wild plants indicates that there are very few species which are free from possible virus infection. In comparison with this, most flowering plants growing under the surface of open water show a low but significant amount of virus. The indicated level of virus infection varies throughout each summer and from one summer to the next, but is often surprisingly high. The total annual infection under the conditions employed was approximately 10% of sample population. The amount of infection in all plants varies with species and location from 0 to 50%. Total virus infection appears to be related to the growth rates of plants. The types of virus included several common to commercial crop plants, many unidentified mixtures, and some distinctly new viruses.
DECAY IN SUBALPINE SPRUCE ON THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST RESERVE IN ALBERTA
Authors: Etheridge D. E.
Published: August 2008

Data from 456 living subalpine spruce on six 0.1-ac. plots in the Bow River Forest in 1950 and six 0.2-ac. plots in the Crowsnest, Bow River, and Clearwater Forests in 1952 show a total of 203 separate infections of which approximately half occurred in the basal part of the trees. Most of the butt rot was associated with Polyporus circinatus var. dualis Peck, Flammula connissans Fr., and an unidentified fungus designated "Unknown C". Coniophora puteana (Schum. ex Fr.) Karst. was the fungus associated with the major portion of the brown butt rot. Among the white trunk rots, Stereum sanguinolentum Alb. & Schw. ex Fr. was the fungus most frequently isolated from infected trees and Fames pint (Thore) Lloyd was responsible for the largest, cull losses. Peniophora septentrionalis Laurila, which was isolated from Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and P. engelmannii Parry, was the third most important fungus associated with trunk rot. Trunk rots account for 70% of the decay losses while fungi producing white rots account for 93.6% of the total decay. The incidence of decay increased progressively with age at different rates for trees on "dry" and "moist" sites. The two sites are characterized by distinctive ground cover associations.
THE TAXONOMY AND HABITATS OF THE FUSARIUM SPECIES IN TRINIDAD, B.W.I.
Authors: Gordon W. L.
Published: August 2008

A taxonomic study was made of isolates of Fusarium obtained by the writer from various habitats in Trinidad, B.W.I., during the early months of 1955. Initial phases of this study were carried out at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, while the later phases were completed at the Plant Pathology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Man. Isolates of Fusarium were obtained from a total of 41 different species and botanical varieties of host plants, from scale insects, and from soil. A total of 11 species and two varieties of Fusarium, classified in 10 sections of the genus, were identified among the various isolates. These sections, species, and varieties are: section Macroconia, F. coccophilum (Desm.) Wr. & Rg.; Spicarioides, F. decemcellulare Brick; Pseudomicrocera, F. coccidicola P. Henn.; Arachnites, F. larvarum Fuckel; Arthrosporiella, F. semitectum Berk. & Rav.; Gibbosum, F. equiseti (Cda.) Sacc.; Lateritium, F. lateritium Nees, F. stilboides Wr.; Liseola, F. moniliforme Sheld., F. moniliforme var. anthophilum (A. Br.) Wr., F. moniliforme var. subglutinans Wr. & Rg.; Elegans, F. oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyder & Hansen; Martiella, F. solani (Mart.) App. & Wr. emend. Snyder & Hansen. Six of these species are reported for the first time to occur in Trinidad, namely, F. coccophilum, F. decemcellulare, F. larvarum, F. equiseti, F. stilboides, and F. solani. Fusarium semitectum and F. moniliforme were most frequently encountered.The ascomycetous or perfect state of F. coccophilum, Nectria ecoccophila Wr.; of F. decemcellulare, Calonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Brme.) Sacc.; of F. moniliforme, Gibberella fujikuroi (Saw.) Wr.; and of F. solani, Hypomyces solani (Rke. & Berth.) emend. Snyder & Hansen were collected in nature.This paper is illustrated with drawings of the majority of the Fusarium species and the ascomycetous states mentioned.
THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON MYCELIAL GROWTH AND SCLEROTIAL PRODUCTION BY BOTRYTIS SQUAMOSA
Authors: Page O. T.
Published: August 2008

A monoconidial Isolate of Botrytis squamosa Walker was cultured on two semisynthetic media; modified White's medium permitted rapid and uniform mycelial growth; Czapek's medium supported abundant proliferation of sclerotia. When the fungus was cultured on White's medium and exposed to specific levels of incandescent irradiance, mycelial growth was arrested. The temperature inside Petri plates exposed to incandescent radiant energy was determined with the aid of thermocouples. Aeration and nutritional factors were found to influence the production of sclerotia. Concentric rings of sclerotia were produced on Czapek's agar when the fungus was exposed to periods of darkness alternated with periods of incandescent and/or fluorescent radiant energy.
PHOMOPSIS BLACK ROT OF CUCURBITS
Authors: McKeen Colin D.
Published: August 2008

A new species, Phomopsis cucurbitae, is described as the chief causal agent of a black rot disease of greenhouse cucumbers in Ontario. In addition to causing stem canker, the fungus occasionally causes decay of fruits. Similarities in macroscopic symptoms caused by P. cucurbitae and by another fungus, Mycosphaerella melonis, that also causes black rot of cucurbits, are pointed out. The pathogenicity of P. cucurbitae on cucurbits and tomato is discussed.
STUDIES OF COPROPHILOUS ASCOMYCETES: VI. SPECIES FROM THE HUDSON BAY AREA
Authors: Cain Roy F.
Published: August 2008

A total of 26 species of coprophilous ascomycetes are recorded from the Hudson Bay Area in the following genera: Anixiopsis, one; Ascobolus, one; Coniochaeta, two; Delitschia, two; Gelasinospora, one; Gymnoascus, one; Melanospora, one; Phaeotrichum, one; Sordaria, five; Sphaeronaemella, one; Sporormia, nine; Trichodelitschia, one. Sordaria arctica Cain sp. nov., collected on the dung of wolf or fox at Churchill, Manitoba, and isolated in pure culture, differs from S. humana in having smaller ascospores which are without a gelatinous sheath. Sporormia polymera Cain sp. nov., collected on the dung of caribou in Ungava, Quebec, has large ascospores with 14 to 15 cells. Anixiopsis stercoraria collected on fox dung in Quebec agrees morphologically with specimens collected in Ontario and obtained in pure culture as well as with the description of the Danish specimens given by Hansen. Specimens described by Stolk in 1955 from Peru are specifically different from the above and are redescribed as Anixiopsis peruviana Cain sp. nov.
UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION OF C14-LABELLED SUGARS APPLIED TO PRIMARY LEAVES OF SOYBEAN SEEDLINGS
Authors: Nelson C. D. , Gorham Paul R.
Published: August 2008

A method involving the use of a detergent and boron has been developed for the introduction of C14-labelled sugars into leaves. This method was used for translocation studies.In the light, translocation of sucrose-C14 or glucose-C14 out of the treated leaf was very slow. Only 1% of the C14 from sucrose was translocated after 14 hours. In the dark, 10% of the C14 from glucose was translocated to all parts of the seedling in 3 hours. The bulk of the translocated C14 accumulated in the stem between the treated leaf and the root. The actively growing stem tip accumulated very little C14 in either light or dark.In light or dark, C14 from a primary leaf that had been allowed 15 minute photosynthesis in C14O2 spread throughout the entire plant in 3 hours. In light, more C14 from photosynthate accumulated in the growing stem tip than in the root. This situation was reversed in the dark.
STUDIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ZOSTERA MARINA L.: I. THE EMBRYO AND SEED
Authors: Taylor A. R. A.
Published: August 2008

Development of Zostera marina L. is described from proembryo to mature seed. The single cotyledon and the stem apex develop laterally from the nearly spherical young embryo. No radicle is produced; the hypocotyl develops into a swollen basal part (the original embryonic mass) and an elongated axial part formed by cell divisions at the base of the cotyledon and plumule. The cotyledon grows in part by cell divisions at its apex. Curvature develops in the axial hypocotyl mainly by unequal elongation of cells, whereas curvature of the cotyledon is mainly by unequal increase in cell numbers. A single procambial strand differentiates from the suspensor end of the basal part of the hypocotyl through the axial part into the cotyledon and plumule. The plumular stem apex develops a single-layered tunica over a several-layered corpus. It produces three leaf primordia, one with air-spaces organized, before dormancy sets in. Mid-vein procambium differentiates acropetally from the axial strand into each leaf primordium; lateral procambial strands differentiate acropetally and basipetally from near the base in each of the first two primordia. Two adventitious root apices differentiate external to the axial procambium at the base of the cotyledon. Seed coat development is described briefly. The nucellus remains a non-vascularized column of cells extending upward from the highly vascularized attachment region of the seed. The patterns of development reported support the interpretation that the starchy, shield-shaped main part of the embryo is the basal part of the hypocotyl and that the first leaflike structure is the cotyledon.
CHROMOSOMES AND RELATIONSHIPS OF KOENIGIA ISLANDICA
Authors: Löve Áskell , Sarkar Priyabrata
Published: August 2008

The species Koenigia islandica L. may be assumed to be the most hardy of all annuals, since it occurs at higher altitudes and latitudes than any other therophyte. Its area of distribution, restricted to the Arctic, though with offshoots to some temperate mountains, is practically circumpolar. In Asia, it has long been known from the Tien Shan at about 40° lat. N. In Europe, its southern limits are on the Isle of Skye at about 50° 30′ lat. N., while in North America its southernmost locality was a little north of Jasper in the Canadian Rockies until its discovery a few years ago in Colorado just south of the 40th parallel. A closely related species is known to occur in the southern parts of Tierra del Fuego. Specimens from the Faeroes, Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, and Colorado are morphologically and cytologically inseparable, being characterized by the tetraploid chromosome number 2n = 28. Though the genus is usually regarded as mono- or bi-typic, (1) it is pointed out that some species, often included in Polygonum s.lat., really belong to Koenigia in a somewhat wider sense; in addition to morphological similarities, they are characterized by the basic chromosome number x = 7, which is rare in the family and absent in the Polygoneae s.str. (2) It is also emphasized that the division of the Polygonaceae into subfamilies has not been successful since evolutionary highly distinct types are traditionally united in the subfamily Polygonoideae. (3) It is proposed that this subfamily be divided into two large subfamilies at the same time as Koenigia and its closest relatives be treated as a separate taxon at a very high level.
THE INHERITANCE OF COUMARIN IN SWEET CLOVER
Authors: Goplen B. P. , Greenshields J. E. R. , Baenziger H.
Published: August 2008

The inheritance of coumarin in white blossom sweet clover was determined from a study of crosses involving plants of the variety Arctic (containing free coumarin). Pioneer (containing bound coumarin), and coumarin-deficient selections. Both a flurometric and a colorimeter test were used to detect the presence and type of coumarin.Among high-coumarin plants, variation in the amount of coumarin was due to non-heritable causes or genetic factors not detected in this study. The cross of free-coumarin × bound-coumarin plants established that the bound-coumarin character was inherited as a simple recessive. The gene symbol b is proposed for this character. In the crosses of high-coumarin × coumarin-deficient plants the F1 progeny were more or less intermediate in coumarin content and the subsequent F2 established that coumarin production is governed by one partially dominant gene. The symbol Cu is proposed for this gene. The gene B, responsible for the free-coumarin production, expresses itself only in the presence of Cu and is undetectable in a coumarin-deficient plant homozygous for cu. Some atypical unexplained F2 ratios are reported.
METABOLISM OF THE INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS OF STARCH AMYLOLYSIS IN DETACHED TOBACCO LEAVES
Authors: Rizvi S. , Krotkov G.
Published: August 2008

Detached tobacco leaves were placed on solutions of uniformly C14-labelled glucose, "dextrins", and "oligosaccharides" which had been obtained by amylolysis of C14-starch with ptyalin. All three carbohydrates were absorbed by the leaves, and their subsequent metabolism was found to be essentially the same. This observation eliminates the earlier suggestion that the absence of free maltose during the breakdown of starch in tobacco leaves is due to the fact that its precursors are exceptionally active and are metabolized away before they have a chance to give rise to free maltose.
A RAPID TEST FOR EXTRACELLULAR OXIDASE IN CULTURES OF WOOD-INHABITING HYMENOMYCETES
Authors: Nobles Mildred K.
Published: August 2008

A rapid blueing, indicating the presence of an extracellular oxidase, occurs when an alcoholic solution of gum guaiac is applied directly to cultures of wood-inhabiting Hymenomycetes that are associated with white rots while no color change follows its application to cultures of species that cause brown rots. Parallel tests on 133 species with the gum guaiac solution and the standard Bavendamm method, in which cultures are grown on malt agar containing gallic or tannic acid, gave identical results for nearly 90% of the species. Hence the rapid alcoholic gum guaiac method is recommended for determining extracellular oxidase production where this characteristic is used as a basis for separation in the identification of fungus cultures.
STUDIES OF THE KETO ACIDS OF WHEAT: I. BEHAVIOR DURING GROWTH
Authors: Krupka R. M. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: August 2008

A survey of the keto acids of wheat showed α-ketoglutaric, pyruvic, glyoxylic, hydroxypyruvic, α-ketoisocaproic, oxaloacetic, and a number of unidentified keto acids to be present. The behavior of α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, and glyoxylate in germinating seedlings under different conditions in light and dark and in aging leaves and in starving excised leaves was studied. These keto acids appeared and reached a peak during the early stages of germination. Oxaloacetic acid was present only in trace amounts. An unidentified keto acid was found to accumulate in etiolated seedlings. The effect of a nitrogen atmosphere on keto acid levels and the incorporation of glucose-C14into pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and oxaloacetate provided evidence for the operation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in seedlings.
THE EFFECT ON VARIATIONS IN DECAY OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND RATE OF GROWTH IN SUBALPINE SPRUCE
Authors: Etheridge D. E.
Published: August 2008

The moisture content in subalpine spruce was highest in overstory trees and lowest in understory trees, and it was higher in trees on a moist site than in trees of similar vigor classes on a dry site. Moisture contents of 10% of saturation for the more vigorous trees on the moist site and 7% of saturation for the less vigorous trees on the dry site represented a statistically significant difference which appeared to restrict the development of heartwood fungi to the wetter trees. A similar difference in the moisture content existed between the 1.5-ft. and the 20-ft. level of the trees, the occurrence of fungi being restricted to the wetter basal portion of the stems. In the laboratory, infection did not take place in test blocks at moisture contents lower than 8% of saturation. It is suggested that the threshold moisture content for infection in the trees occurs around the 7 to 8% saturation level. In the laboratory tests a difference in the moisture content of 3.4% of saturation in wood resulted in a statistically significant difference in the rate of decay by Coniophora puteana (Schum. ex Fr.) Karst., but differences in ring frequency and specific gravity in the test pieces corresponding to the differences between these properties in the living trees did not appreciably affect the decay rate. There was no evidence that variations in the distribution of decay-promoting or decay-retarding substances occurred in the trees from the two sites.