bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subclinical cervico‐spino‐bulbar effects of lead: A study of short‐latency somatosensory evoked potentials in workers exposed to lead, zinc, and copper
Authors: Araki Shunichi , Murata Katsuyuki , Aono Hiroshi
Published: October 2013

Subclinical central and peripheral nervous system dysfunction among lead‐exposed workers was studied by measuring short‐latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) and maximal motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities (MCV and SCV) following stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist. The examinations were conducted in 20 gun‐metal foundry workers exposed to lead, zinc, copper, and tin, with blood lead (BPb) concentrations of 16 to 64 μg/dl (mean, 42 μg/dl). The interpeak latency of SSEP in the cervico‐spino‐bulbar region [N9(Erb)‐N13 latency] was significantly prolonged, and the MCV and SCV in the forearm were significantly slowed. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the yield of urinary lead following challenge with calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (CaEDTA) and packed red blood cell volume were the major factors associated with the prolongation of SSEP latency in the cervico‐spino‐bulbar region. Similarly, the interpeak latency in the upper central nervous system (N13–N20 latency) was inversely related to the zinc concentration in erythrocytes; latency up to the Erb's point [N9(Erb) latency], which reflects conduction time in a long pathway of the sensory median nerve, was inversely related to urinary zinc level; the MCV and SCV in the palm were positively related to erythrocyte zinc concentration and plasma copper concentration, respectively. These findings suggest that the subclinical neurophysiological effects of lead occur not only in peripheral nerves but also in the central nervous system. It appears that zinc antagonizes the central and peripheral neurologic dysfunction caused by lead; similarly, copper antagonizes the peripheral sensory nerve dysfunction.
Clinical findings among asbestos workers in U.S.: Influence of cigarette smoking
Authors: Lerman Yehuda , Selikoff Irving J. , Lilis Ruth , Seidman Herbert , Gelb MS Steven K.
Published: October 2013

All members of a large union were invited to participate in a study of potentially adverse effects of asbestos exposure. Clinical findings among 1,117 workers (90% of those eligible for examination) are presented in this study. Cough was much less common among those without a history of cigarette smoking, although duration from onset of employment did not appreciably affect the prevalence of cough among the smokers. Rhonchi present among nonsmokers were limited in extent, but were marked and diffuse among cigarette smokers. Although dyspnea was as prevalent among nonsmokers as in smokers forty years and more after onset of exposure, it was relatively uncommon and found only among smokers when examined shortly after onset of exposure. Cigarette smoking had less influence on the prevalence of rǎles among asbestos workers; both smokers and nonsmokers showed this finding when examined 30 years and more after onset of asbestos exposure. Analysis of powerhouse work experience and mask use as possible confounders indicated no difference in prevalence of these characteristics between the smokers and nonsmokers.
Mortality experience of amosite asbestos factory workers: Dose‐response relationships 5 to 40 years after onset of short‐term work exposure
Authors: Seidman Herbert , Selikoff Irving J. , Gelb Steven K.
Published: October 2013

A cohort of 820 men in a Paterson, New Jersey, amosite asbestos factory which began work during 1941–1945 was observed from 5 to 40 years after start of work. Most of the cohort had limited duration of work experience (days, weeks, months), though some men worked for several years until the factory closed in 1954.

With white males of New Jersey as the control population, Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) of 500 are evident for the cohort for lung cancer and for noninfectious pulmonary diseases (including asbestosis), while being almost 300 for total cancer and about 170 for all causes of death. A statistically significant SMR of almost 200 is seen for colon‐rectum cancer. Mesothelioma incidence initially shows a strong relationship with advancing time since onset of exposure and then tails off.

The main concern of the study is with dose‐response patterns. Response is measured by the mortality for relevant causes of death, while the direct asbestos dosage was measured in two ways. One way was the length of time worked in the factory and the other was the individual's accumulated fiber exposure, calculated by multiplying the aforementioned length of time worked by the estimated fiber exposures associated with the particular job that the worker had in the factory. Whichever measure of dosage is used, it was found that, in general, the lower the dose, the longer it took for adverse mortality to become evident and, also, the smaller the magnitude of that adverse mortality.
Urinary excretion of chromium in chromeplaters after discontinued exposure
Authors: Lindberg Erik , Vesterberg Olof
Published: October 2013

In a previous study [Lindberg and Vesterberg, 1983a], excretion of chromium in urine (U‐Cr) in chromeplaters was proposed for biological monitoring of ongoing exposure. Published reports were found about the decline of U‐Cr after discontinued exposure in welders working in chromium‐alloyed stainless steel, but not in chromeplaters.

In this study, half‐times (t1/2) were calculated for ten chromeplaters over a weekend, and for 23 chromeplaters over 31 days vacation. The results suggest that the excretion of chromium can be approximated to a two‐compartment model. Estimated from the median values, an initial rapid phase with an assumed t1/2 of 2–3 days is followed by a phase with a t1/2 of approximately a month. Differences between the decline of U‐Cr in chromeplaters and welders are discussed.
Relation of radon exposure and tobacco use to lung cancer among tin miners in yunnan province, china
Authors: Qiao You‐Lin , Taylor Philip R. , Yao Shu‐Xiang , Schatzkin Arthur , Mao Bao‐Lin , Lubin Jay , Rao Jian‐Yu , McAdams Mary , Xuan Xiang‐Zhen , Li Jun‐Yao
Published: October 2013

We studied the relation of radon exposure and tobacco use to lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan Province in the People's Republic of China. Interviews were conducted in 1985 with 107 living tin miners with lung cancer and an equal number of age‐matched controls from among tin miners without lung cancer to obtain information on lung cancer risk factors including a detailed history of employment and tobacco use. Occupational history was combined with extensive industrial hygiene data to estimate cumulative working level months (WLM) of radon daughter exposure. Similar data were also used to estimate arsenic exposure for control in the analysis.

Results indicate an increased risk of lung cancer for water pipe smoking, a traditional form of tobacco use practiced in 91% of cases and 85% of controls. Ever use of water pipes was associated with a twofold elevation in risk when compared with tobacco abstainers, and a dose‐response relation was observed with increasing categories of pipe‐year (dose times duration) usage. Estimated WLM of radon exposure varied from 0 to 1,761 among subjects but averaged 515 in cases versus only 244 in controls. Analyses indicated that the persons in the highest quarter of the radon exposure distribution had an odds ratio (OR) = 9.5 (95% confidence interval = 2.7–33.1) compared to persons without radon exposure after controlling for arsenic exposure and other potential confounders. Examination of duration and rate of radon exposure indicated higher risk associated with long duration as opposed to high rate of exposure. Cross‐categorizations of radon exposure and tobacco use suggest greater risk associated with radon exposure than tobacco in these workers.
Occupational risk of decreased plasma cholinesterase among pesticide production workers in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Yea‐Quey , Wang Jung‐Der , Chen Jui‐San , Chung Sing‐Chien , Hwang Show‐Yuan
Published: October 2013

To determine the influence of ventilation control and work practices on the health of workers potentially exposed to organophosphate and carbamate compounds, we examined a total of 989 employees from pesticide factories in Taiwan during 1986–1987. Each employee was examined by a physician, and a blood sample was drawn for plasma cholinesterase, complete blood count, and liver and renal function tests. Forty‐one employees with medical conditions that might alter the plasma cholinesterase were excluded. Results showed that 43 of 515 production employees had decreased plasma cholinesterase as compared with four of 340 non‐production employees. Production employees working under adequate ventilation control seemed to have a lower prevalence of decreased plasma cholinesterase than those under inadequate ventilation control, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.242). There was a significant association between the level of housekeeping and work practices and the prevalence of decreased plasma cholinesterase (p = 0.022). We conclude that inadequate ventilation control and poor work practices may create a potential danger of pesticide poisoning among production employees in Taiwan and should be corrected immediately.
Occupational exposure standards in canada: From ACGIH to?
Authors: Sentes Ray
Published: October 2013

The methods to control exposure to hazardous substances in Canadian workplaces have undergone several changes over the past 50 years. At first, government officials simply used good ventilation practices as a guide. Later, when the ACGIH published recommended exposure limits, a closely knit industrial hygiene community readily adopted them. Recently, the pre‐eminent position of the ACGIH has come under scrutiny. As a consequence, there is a search for new bipartite or tripartite approaches toward standard setting.
Characterization of the airborne concentrations of lead in U.S. industry
Authors: Froines John R. , Baron Sherry , Wegman David H. , O'Rourke Sheryl
Published: October 2013

Occupational exposure to lead represents a continuing problem of significant magnitude in the United States. To characterize the problem for surveillance purposes, an analysis of the airborne concentrations of lead identified in OSHA compliance inspections was conducted for the years 1979 to 1985. The five specific objectives of the study were: 1) to examine the distribution of air lead concentration in industrial environments; 2) to determine the secular trends in air lead concentrations for high lead industries; 3) to assess which job titles had excessive airborne lead concentrations; 4) to evaluate whether there was a relationship between lead overexposure and company size, unionization, or type of inspection; and 5) to investigate the prevalence of respirator violations for lead.

Fifty‐two industries were identified which had more than 1/3 of their inspection medians greater than the permissible exposure limit. These included primary and secondary lead smelting, battery manufacture, pigment manufacture, brass/bronze foundries, as well as 46 other industries. There has been little if any improvement in the prevalence and severity of airborne lead concentrations for the high lead industries, battery manufacture, secondary smelting, pigment manufacture, and brass/bronze foundries. Specific high exposure job titles are identified for certain high lead industries. The job title of painting stands out as an especially problematical job title across a number of industries. The prevalence of respirator violations is approximately 20% of all lead inspections.
Cancer incidence among massachusetts firefighters, 1982–1986
Authors: Sama Susan R. , Martin Terry R. , Davis Letitia K. , Kriebel David
Published: October 2013

Previous investigations of cancer among firefighters have been limited to mortality data and have yielded inconsistent results. Case‐control analyses were conducted in the present surveillance study in order to examine associations between firefighting and cancer incidence in Massachusetts. Subjects were identified through the Massachusetts Cancer Registry files for 1982–1986. Exposure status (firefighting) was determined from the usual occupation reported to the Registry. Nine different cancer types were examined among the 315 reported white male firefighters. Two “unexposed” reference populations were used: policemen and statewide males. Standardized morbidity odds ratios (SMORs) were statistically significantly elevated for melanoma (SMOR = 292; 95% C.I. = 170–503) and bladder cancer (SMOR = 159; 95% C.I. = 102–250) among firefighters compared with the state as a whole. When policemen were used as the reference group, the bladder cancer excess persisted (SMOR = 211; 95% C.I. = 107–414) and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma was elevated (SMOR = 327; 95% C.I. = 119–898); the melanoma excess was largely reduced (SMOR = 138; 95% C.I. = 60–319) but remained elevated among those aged 55–74 years (SMOR = 513;95%C.I. = 150–1,750). Small number excesses (not significant) were also observed for pancreatic cancer and leukemia compared with police.
Occupational risk factors for gastric cancer in Shanghai, China
Authors: Kneller Robert W. , Gao Yu‐Tang , McLaughlin Joseph K. , Gao Ru‐Nie , Blot William J. , Liu Ming‐Hao , Sheng Ji‐Ping , Fraumeni Joseph F.
Published: October 2013

Occupational data for over 13,000 incident stomach cancer cases reported to the Shanghai Cancer Registry between 1980 and 1984 were compared with 1982 census employment information to calculate standardized incidence ratios for stomach cancer in the Shanghai urban area. Several occupations were found to have statistically significantly increased risks for stomach cancer, most notably grain farming and several jobs involving potential for exposure to metal, wood, and other dusts and to fossil fuel combustion products. Because of the large numbers involved and consistency of associations, the findings raise hypotheses regarding occupational exposures that warrant further investigation.
Tuberculosis in commerce and industry in a Western Cape Suburb, South Africa, 1987
Authors: Kistnasamy Barry , Yach Derek
Published: October 2013

A postal questionnaire of 557 industries in a defined area of the Western Cape, South Africa, aimed to determine the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in 1987 as well as the provision of health services. A 65% response rate was obtained. A random sample of non‐respondents did not differ from respondents with respect to factory size or sector. The overall incidence rate for 1987 was 472 per 100,000 workers (95% confidence interval 386–558). Tuberculosis rates of Africans and “coloureds” were substantially higher than those of Asians and whites. There was considerable variation in the rates by employment sector. We found highest rates of TB in the textile and iron and steel industries and the lowest rates are reported among the printing and paper industry, in trade and commerce, and in the transport sectors. It is likely that the differences in the rates by sector reflect the different social class composition of their work force. TB incidence rates also varied by factory size, with the highest rates being reported in the smallest factories. The implications of the study are that the current policy of not screening workers in industry on a routine basis for TB needs to be urgently reviewed. The provision of health services, shown to vary according to factory size, was found to be inadequate in the smaller factories. Alternative methods of providing such care to workers need to be implemented.
Prophylaxis of asbestos‐induced diseases: Studies and perspectives
Authors: Kogan Favel M. , Polzik E. V.
Published: October 2013

In recent years, implementation of dust‐suppressing measures in USSR asbestos mills has led to significant decrease in dust levels. New cases of asbestosis and asbestotuberculosis in annual medical examinations have not been detected. For prevention of possible future incidence of these diseases, we plan to concentrate efforts on the medical selection of new employees, taking into account not only dust exposure, but also other ascertained risk factors (social, demographic, and biological, especially genetic). It seems to us that the grounds for complete prohibition of asbestos are insufficient. Substitution with alternative materials is discussed.
A comparison of computer‐generated and naturally occurring foraging patterns in route‐network‐constrained spider monkeys
Authors: Suarez Scott A. , Karro John , Kiper James , Farler David , McElroy Blaine , Rogers Benjamin C. , Stockwell Ben , Young Taylor
Published: October 2013

The attribution of goal‐directed behavior to observations of primate foraging and ranging requires that simpler explanations for observed behavior patterns be eliminated. Computer‐generated simulations of non‐goal‐directed foraging behavior can be used as null models for higher complexity cognitive foraging, and can provide quantifiable data against which to compare the observed behavioral patterns in wild primates. In this paper, we compare the results of two variations of computer simulated null models with observed foraging behavior of wild spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth). One model simulates monkeys searching using a modified random‐walk model in which monkeys alternate 100‐m steps with turn angles derived from observed behavior. The second model constrains travel to an observed route system derived from observations of wild spider monkeys. Simulated monkeys in each model searched among increasing densities of feeding trees ranging from 10 to 1,000. We compared travel distance, travel directness, and accuracy of starting direction for each feeding tree discovered for the two models. We then compared these results with those derived from observations of wild spider monkeys. Route‐model monkeys traveled shorter distances and more directly to feeding trees than did randomly foraging monkeys, and discovered trees in the direction they started more often. Observed spider monkeys outperformed simulated monkeys from both models in all variables, allowing us to reject the null hypothesis that observed foraging and ranging behavior could be explained by non‐goal‐directed travel. Am. J. Primatol. 76:460–471, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On non‐equilibrium photon distributions in the Casimir effect
Authors: Mkrtchian Vanik E. , Henkel Carsten
Published: October 2013

The electromagnetic field in a typical geometry of the Casimir effect is described in the Schwinger–Keldysh formalism. The main result is the photon distribution function (Keldysh Green function) in any stationary state of the field. A two‐plate geometry with a sliding interface in local equilibrium is studied in detail, and full agreement with the results of Rytov fluctuation electrodynamics is found.
Synthesis of poly(butyl acrylate)‐poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell nanomaterials of anti‐crease‐whitening properties
Authors: Zhang Wenjing , Mu Luye , Wang Yun , Lin Shaohui , Pan Qinmin
Published: October 2013

Core–shell nanomaterials of poly(butyl acrylate)‐poly(methyl methacrylate) were synthesized using a differential microemulsion polymerization method for being used as polyacrylate‐based optical materials, which meet the requirement of anti‐crease‐whitening and proper mechanical strength. The effects of reaction temperature and surfactant amount on the particle sizes, as well as the effect of reaction temperature on the conversion and solid content were investigated to reveal the dependence of the application properties on the reaction conditions. The spherical morphology of core–shell nanoparticles was also studied via transmission electron microscopy. The resulting polymers with a core–shell monomer ratio of butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate at 32/10 (vol/vol) demonstrated the optimal balanced properties in the anti‐crease‐whitening and mechanical property, confirmed by the visible light transmittance measurement and the dynamic analysis of the viscoelastic properties of the synthesized core–shell nanomaterials. The smaller the particle size, the better the transparency of the resulting polymer films. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 39991.
Preparation and properties of polycarbonate microspheres containing tetanus toxoid vaccine
Authors: Hu Bin , Ke Xi‐Jun , Yan Guo‐Ping , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Wu Yuan , Fan Chang‐Lie , Liu Yu‐Jun
Published: October 2013

Polycarbonate microspheres TT‐PC containing tetanus toxoid vaccine (TT) were prepared by the modified water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) solvent evaporation technique, using poly(trimethylene carbonate‐co−5,5‐dimethyl trimethylene carbonate) (P(TMC‐co‐DTC), or PC) as a polymeric carrier. TT release studies showed that the microspheres sustained a steady release rate of TT in the phosphate buffer saline solution (0.1 mol L−1, pH 7.4) in vitro for 60 days. In vivo cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the polycarbonate microspheres had low toxicity and high safety in vivo in guinea pigs. Immunity and inoculation tests indicated that the TT‐PC microspheres acted as an immunological adjuvant in vivo in guinea pigs. In guinea pigs attacked with an active tetanus toxoid, an injection of the TT‐PC microspheres with a single‐dose and booster vaccination induced high levels of antitoxin efficiencies in the blood serum, showing good immunoprotection. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40048.
Preparation of a novel lysozyme molecularly imprinted polymer using uniformly sized functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres as the matrix and its application to lysozyme purification
Authors: Zhang Jing , Tian Yong‐le , Wang Ling‐ling , Han Yan‐ting
Published: October 2013

A novel lysozyme imprinted polymer based on uniformly sized functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres has been synthesized in aqueous solution using the surface imprinting technique. The microspheres were modified with hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate to allow for the introduction of polymerizable double bonds, with β‐cyclodextrin and acrylamide being grafted onto the surface as functional monomers. The selective recognition properties of the resulting molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were investigated by HPLC. Various factors were also investigated in terms of their influence on the retention behaviors of the imprinted polymers, including the pH and salt concentration of the mobile phase. The binding capability properties of the MIPs were evaluated, and the PGMA/EDMA‐MIPs showed a high adsorption capacity for lysozyme. Furthermore, this MIP was used to separate and enrich lysozyme from egg whites. The results revealed that the lysozyme surface‐modified MIP could be used to efficiently separate and purify lysozyme from egg whites. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of a Molecular Target of a Novel Fungal Metabolite, Pyrrolizilactone, by Phenotypic Profiling Systems
Authors: Futamura Yushi , Kawatani Makoto , Muroi Makoto , Aono Harumi , Nogawa Toshihiko , Osada Hiroyuki
Published: October 2013

In the course of screening our microbial metabolite fraction library, we identified a novel pyrrolizidinone compound, pyrrolizilactone. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a molecular target for pyrrolizilactone by using two phenotypic profiling systems. Cell morphology‐based profiling analysis using an imaging cytometer (MorphoBase) classified pyrrolizilactone as a proteasome inhibitor. Consistently, proteome‐based profiling analysis using 2D difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE; ChemProteoBase) also demonstrated that pyrrolizilactone is associated with proteasome inhibition. On the basis of these predictions, we determined that pyrrolizilactone is a novel type of proteasome inhibitor inhibiting the trypsin‐like activity of the proteasome.
Complex robotic‐enhanced percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Kapur Vishal , Smilowitz Nathaniel R. , Weisz Giora
Published: October 2013

A remote‐controlled, robotic system was developed to address procedural challenges and occupational hazards associated with traditional percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The PRECISE (Percutaneous Robotically Enhanced Coronary Intervention) Study demonstrated the safety and feasibility of the robotic system. We report four cases of complex coronary interventions demonstrating the capabilities of robotic‐enhanced PCI to treat multilesion, multivessel coronary disease, saphenous venous graft disease, and an ST‐elevation myocardial infarction. The robotic system offers enhanced visibility, precise measurement, accurate stent positioning, improved ergonomics, and superior operator protection from radiation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence of adverse cardiac events 5 years after polymer‐free sirolimus eluting stent implantation: Results from the prospective Bad Berka Yukon Choice™ registry
Authors: Ohlow Marc‐Alexander , von Korn Hubertus , Gunkel Oliver , Farah Ahmed , Fuhrmann Joerg T. , Lauer Bernward
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Drug‐eluting stents (DES) constitute a major achievement in preventing re‐stenosis, concerns remain regarding the increased inflammatory responses associated with the polymers used. This analysis focuses on outcomes in patients receiving the polymer‐free sirolimus‐eluting stent system YUKON‐Choice (Yukon‐DES, Translumina, Germany).

Methods

From 01/2006‐09/2008 all patients receiving Yukon‐DES (≥2.5 mm diameter) were prospectively enrolled in our registry. The primary endpoint was long‐term major adverse cardiac events (MACE).

Results

701 patients were included in our registry. Mean age was 65.7 ± 10 years (73% male gender, 35.5% diabetes, and 32.2% acute coronary syndrome). 76% of the lesions were of Type B2/C. Lesion length was 24.6 ± 5.2 mm and mean stent diameter was 2.8 ± 0.4 mm. A total of 511 pts (72%) underwent 6‐months angiographic follow‐up, target vessel revascularization was noted in 23.5%. At 5 years clinical outcomes were: cardiac death 5.8%; myocardial infarction 3.4%; and TVR 24.6%. The incidence of MACE differed significantly between “on‐label” and “off‐label” indications (14.8% vs. 40.8% MACE; P < 0.001). Incidence of definitive/probable stent thrombosis (ST) was 1.14% (8/701); very late (>1 year) ST occurred in 0.29%.

Conclusion

Our data suggests that the implantation of the sirolimus‐coated polymer‐free YUKON‐DES is safe and feasible with a very low incidence of ST in this real world patient cohort with high percentage of diabetes and small vessels. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct Observation of the Binding Mode of the Phosphonate Anchor to Nanosized Polyoxotitanate Clusters
Authors: Chen Yang , Trzop Elzbieta , Sokolow Jesse D. , Coppens Philip
Published: October 2013

The structures of three newly synthesized phosphonate‐substituted polyoxotitanates are reported. The Ti/O core of [Ti4O(OEt)12(PhenylPO3)] (1) is the building block for two larger phosphonate‐substituted nanoclusters, [Ti25O26(OEt)36(PhenylPO3)6] (2) and [Ti26O26(OEt)39(PhenylPO3)6]Br (3). All compounds exhibit a not previously recognized triply bridging binding mode of the phosphonate anchor with short connecting TiO bonds, the average of which is 2.010(7) Å. Comparison with previously reported work suggests that the binding mode of the phosphonate anchor is strongly dependent on the structure of the underlying substrate.
Predictors of Long‐term Adherence to Evidence‐based Cardiovascular Disease Medications in Outpatients With Stable Atherothrombotic Disease: Findings From the REACH Registry
Authors: Rodriguez Fátima , Cannon Christopher P. , Steg Ph. Gabriel , Kumbhani Dharam J. , Goto Shinya , Smith Sidney C. , Eagle Kim A. , Ohman E. Magnus , Umez‐Eronini Amarachi A. , Hoffman Elaine , Bhatt Deepak L. ,   on Behalf of the REACH Registry Investigators
Published: October 2013

Background

Despite overall improvements in cardiovascular‐disease therapies and outcomes, medication nonadherence remains an important barrier to effective secondary prevention of atherothrombotic disease.

Hypothesis

Long‐term medication adherence in outpatients with stable atherothrombotic disease is impacted by demographic and clinical factors.

Methods

We examined data from the prospective international Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry. Analyses were derived from 25 737 patients with established atherothrombotic disease with complete adherence data at enrollment and at year 4. Adherence was defined as patients' self‐report of taking medications based on class I American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for secondary prevention as defined, including antiplatelet agents, statins, and antihypertensive medications.

Results

Among patients with atherothrombotic disease, 12 500 (48.6%) were deemed adherent to guideline‐recommended medications. Adherent patients were younger, white, and had less polyvascular disease. Hispanic and East Asian patients were less likely to be adherent as compared with white patients (odds ratio [OR]: 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59‐0.88; and OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.53‐0.83, respectively). Patients who had a nonfatal MI or underwent coronary angioplasty/stenting during follow‐up were more likely to be adherent compared with patients without these events (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.25‐2.38; and OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.72‐2.67, respectively). On the other hand, nonfatal stroke during follow‐up was inversely associated with adherence (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.61‐0.97).

Conclusions

Using a large international registry of outpatients with atherothrombotic disease, we found that age, region, race/ethnicity, and incident cardiovascular events were predictive of long‐term guideline adherence for secondary prevention, suggesting that certain patient groups may benefit from targeted interventions to improve adherence.
Significance of atypia in pancreatic and bile duct brushings: Follow‐Up analysis of the categories atypical and suspicious for malignancy
Authors: Chadwick Barbara E. , Layfield Lester J. , Witt Benjamin L. , Schmidt Robert L. , Cox R. N. Kristin , Adler Douglas G.
Published: October 2013

Brushing cytology is frequently utilized for the investigation of pancreatic and biliary strictures but is associated with low diagnostic sensitivity. The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology has presented a system for diagnostic classification which includes the categories benign, atypical, suspicious for malignancy and malignant.

We studied a series of 216 pancreatic and biliary brushings with either histologic follow‐up or a minimum of 6 months clinical follow‐up to determine outcomes for the diagnostic categories (“benign,” “atypical, favor reactive,” “atypical, not otherwise specified,” “atypical, suspicious” and “malignant”).

Eighty‐six of the 216 (39.8%) were designated “atypical” with 10 of these designated as “atypical favor reactive.” Forty‐five were called “atypical not otherwise specified” and 31 were interpreted as “atypical suspicious for malignancy.” On follow‐up, 2 of 10 (20%) “atypical favor reactive” were eventually associated with a malignant diagnosis and 23 of 31 (74.2%) “atypical, suspicious for malignancy” demonstrated a malignant outcome. The remaining 45 brushings in the “atypical” category were “atypical not otherwise specified,” and 62% of these were associated with malignancy on follow‐up.

Stratification of the “atypical” category into “atypical favor reactive,” “atypical, not otherwise specified” and “atypical, suspicious for malignancy” improves diagnostic accuracy. The “atypical suspicious for malignancy” category has a follow‐up similar to the “malignant” category while the “atypical favor reactive” category is associated with a clinical outcome similar to that of the “benign” category. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:285–291. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clear cell chondrosarcoma: Cytologic findings in six cases
Authors: Jiang Xiaoyin Sara , Pantanowitz Liron , Bui Marilyn M. , Esther Robert , Budwit Debra , Dodd Leslie G.
Published: October 2013

Clear cell chondrosarcoma (CCCS) is a rare variant of chondrosarcoma characterized, in most instances, by indolent behavior and a long interval to progression of disease. CCCS commonly occurs in adult individuals and has a proclivity for the epiphysis of long bones, although it has been reported in other sites. This lesion is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Factors contributing to difficulty in recognizing this lesion include its relative scarcity as well as its tendency to be confused with other lesions on imaging studies. In the following, we report six cases of CCCS initially diagnosed by fine needle aspiration and/or touch preparations of needle biopsy samples. The cytologic features identified include large, plasmacytoid cells with foamy cytoplasm as well as extracellular chondroid type matrix material. Definitive diagnosis was made in each case by recognizing the “clear cell” nature of the tumor on cell block material. Diagn. Cytopathol 2014;42:784–791. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnostic value of B‐RAFV600E in difficult‐to‐diagnose thyroid nodules using fine‐needle aspiration: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jia Yongsheng , Yu Yang , Li Xiaolong , Wei Songfeng , Zheng Xiangqian , Yang Xiaoyong , Zhao Jing , Xia Tingting , Gao Ming
Published: October 2013

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is routinely used in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules. However, approximately 5–20% of thyroid nodules are considered indeterminate or suspicious cases that do not meet clinical standards. The B‐RAFV600E mutation has been reported in FNA specimens. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the diagnostic value of testing for B‐RAFV600E in thyroid nodules that are difficult to diagnose by FNA. A systematic literature search was performed from January 1, 2002 to June 30, 2012. Articles were obtained by searching two electronic databases (MEDLINE and EMBASE), hand searching selected journals, and contacting authors. Article quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tool. Sensitivity, specificity, and other measures of accuracy were pooled using random effects models. Summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves were used to summarize overall diagnostic accuracy. A total of 16 studies incorporating 1131 patients were included in a meta‐analysis on diagnostic accuracy of B‐RAFV600E tests. Pooled sensitivity was 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.556–0.634), pooled specificity was 0.99 (95% CI 0.976–0.997), and the area under the curve of the SROC curve was 0.8376. Q index value was 0.7696. Our data suggest a potentially useful adjunct to evaluating thyroid nodules that are difficult to diagnose. The B‐RAFV600E test has a high positive predictive value and could help clinicians formulate a more individualized treatment schedule. When supplemented with other noninvasive test methods, the B‐RAFV600E test could be a powerful adjunct with extensive clinical applications. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:94–101. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of p53 in imprint smears of endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Konstantinos Kosmas , Marios Stamoulas , Anna Marouga , Nikolaos Kavantzas , Efstratios Patsouris , Paulina Athanassiadou
Published: October 2013

The aims of this study were to determine the expression of p53 protein in endometrial adenocarcinomas (as a potential prognostic indicator before treatment) as well as normal endometrium in imprint smears and to correlate the results with clinicopathologic parameters of primary untreated endometrial cancer patients. Two hundred fifty five patients were evaluated with endometrial imprint cytology during a 29‐month period. Endometrial samples freshly resected from women who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy were studied. One hundred twenty six patients had endometrial carcinoma and 129 cases were diagnosed as normal endometrium. The expression of p53 was assessed by immunocytochemistry. Positive staining was correlated with increased surgical‐pathological stage, histological grade and lymph node metastases. High expression of p53 staining was significantly more frequent in histological type II than type I endometrial adenocarcinoma. High‐grade endometrial carcinoma had higher proportions and stronger intensity compared with low‐grade carcinoma. Negative immunostain for p53 protein was found in proliferative, secretory, and atrophic endometrium.

Immunocytochemical findings from p53 stain, in addition to cytomorphologic features, appeared to be useful in the diagnosis and in the postoperative prognosis of endometrial carcinoma in endometrial cytology, especially if combined with other markers. High p53 expression correlates with morphologic features of aggressiveness and the expression pattern of p53 correspond to the expected cyclic/atrophic pattern in normal endometrium. Diagn. Cytopathol 2014;42:416–422. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytologic features in vitreous preparations of patients with suspicion of intraocular lymphoma
Authors: Rodriguez Erika F. , Sepah Yasir J. , Jang Hyun Soo , Ibrahim Mohamed , Nguyen Quan Dong , Rodriguez Fausto J.
Published: October 2013

Intraocular lymphoma may occur, primarily with or without overt parenchymal CNS lymphoma or secondarily from a variety of other lymphomas. The diagnosis is frequently based on cytologic features and/or a limited panel of ancillary techniques.

Twenty‐seven cytology samples from the vitreous preparations of 20 patients with clinical suspicion or histopathologic diagnoses of lymphoma were retrospectively reviewed (2007–2011).

Floaters and decreased visual acuity were the most common ocular symptoms. Sixteen (of 20) patients had at least one cytology that was “positive” or “suspicious” for lymphoma (F = 10; M = 6, median age = 71 years, range = 52–82). Involvement was limited to the eye in half of the cases (n = 8). Seven patients had CNS involvement, and three had systemic lymphoma. Cytologic specimens were classified as large B cell lymphoma (LBCL) (n = 13), suspicious for LBCL (n = 5), atypical/negative (n = 5), and consistent with NK‐T cell lymphoma (n = 1). Three cytologic samples were acellular. Cytologic findings included increased cellularity (high n = 7, moderate n = 7), large to medium (n = 19) cell size, marked nuclear irregularities (n = 12), frequent apoptosis (n = 7), lymphoglandular bodies (n = 12), and necrosis (n = 12). Easily identifiable mitotic figures were present in two cases. CD20 immunocytochemistry performed in 15 cases with available cell blocks/destained cytospins preparations, was confirmatory in 8 cases.

Cytologic evaluation of intraocular lymphoma is possible in vitreous specimens. Extraocular involvement was not present in half of the cases. The most useful cytologic features include increased cellularity, necrosis, and nuclear enlargement. Ancillary immunocytochemical studies are useful and support the morphologic impression in a subset of cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:37–44. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the pyrolysis products of methiopropamine
Authors: Bouso Emily D. , Gardner Elizabeth A. , O'Brien John E. , Talbot Brian , Kavanagh Pierce V.
Published: October 2013

1‐(Thien‐2‐yl)‐2‐methylaminopropane (methiopropamine, MPA), appeared as a ‘legal high’ in late 2010. It is structurally similar to methamphetamine, with a thiophene ring replacing the benzene moiety. Methiopropamine reportedly retains the pharmacological properties of amphetamine stimulants, but it does not fall under existing drug laws in the USA and Ireland. The objective of this research was to identify the pyrolysis products formed under conditions that mimic those used by recreational drugs users. Thirteen pyrolysis products were identified and ten were confirmed by comparison to synthesized standards. Methods for synthesizing the standards as well as an alternative method for the synthesis of methiopropamine were developed. The MPA pyrolysis products are formed throughN‐dealkylation,N‐alkylation,N‐formylation, β‐carbon oxidation, β‐carbon oxidation/N‐alkylation, amine elimination and carbon‐carbon bond cleavage. Two pyrazine isomers also formed. Some of these products have the potential to be psychoactive while others are potentially toxic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Known unknowns in an imperfect world: incorporating uncertainty in recruitment estimates using multi‐event capture–recapture models
Authors: Desprez Marine , McMahon Clive R. , Hindell Mark A. , Harcourt Robert , Gimenez Olivier
Published: October 2013

Studying the demography of wild animals remains challenging as several of the critical parts of their life history may be difficult to observe in the field. In particular, determining with certainty when an individual breeds for the first time is not always obvious. This can be problematic because uncertainty about the transition from a prebreeder to a breeder state – recruitment – leads to uncertainty in vital rate estimates and in turn in population projection models. To avoid this issue, the common practice is to discard imperfect data from the analyses. However, this practice can generate a bias in vital rate estimates if uncertainty is related to a specific component of the population and reduces the sample size of the dataset and consequently the statistical power to detect effects of biological interest. Here, we compared the demographic parameters assessed from a standard multistate capture–recapture approach to the estimates obtained from the newly developed multi‐event framework that specifically accounts for uncertainty in state assessment. Using a comprehensive longitudinal dataset on southern elephant seals, we demonstrated that the multi‐event model enabled us to use all the data collected (6639 capture–recapture histories vs. 4179 with the multistate model) by accounting for uncertainty in breeding states, thereby increasing the precision and accuracy of the demographic parameter estimates. The multi‐event model allowed us to incorporate imperfect data into demographic analyses. The gain in precision obtained has important implications in the conservation and management of species because limiting uncertainty around vital rates will permit predicting population viability with greater accuracy.
Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells are key players in the resolution of inflammation during a model of acute infection
Authors: Arocena Alfredo R. , Onofrio Luisina I. , Pellegrini Andrea V. , Carrera Silva Antonio E. , Paroli Augusto , Cano Roxana C. , Aoki Maria P. , Gea Susana
Published: October 2013

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are key players in the immune suppressive network. During acute infection with the causative agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, BALB/c mice show less inflammation and better survival than C57BL/6 (B6) mice. In this comparative study, we found a higher number of MDSCs in the spleens and livers of infected BALB/c mice compared with infected B6 mice. An analysis of the two major MDSCs subsets revealed a greater number of granulocytic cells in the spleens and livers of BALB/c mice when compared with that in B6 mice. Moreover, splenic MDSCs purified from infected BALB/c mice inhibited ConA‐induced splenocyte proliferation. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that ROS and nitric oxide were involved in the suppressive activity of MDSCs, with a higher number of infected CD8+ T cells suffering surface‐nitration compared to uninfected controls. An upregulation of NADPH oxidase p47 phox subunit and p‐STAT3 occurred in MDSCs and infected IL‐6 KO mice showed less recruitment of MDSCs and impaired survival. Remarkably, in vivo depletion of MDSCs led to increased production of IL‐6, IFN‐γ, and a Th17 response with very high parasitemia and mortality. These findings demonstrate a new facet of MDSCs as crucial regulators of inflammation during T. cruzi infection.
Furo[2,3‐c]pyrans from a Vinyl Sulfone Modified Methyl 2,6‐O‐Anhydro‐α‐D‐hexopyranoside: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Manna Chinmoy , Sahu Debashis , Ganguly Bishwajit , Pathak Tanmaya
Published: October 2013

A vinyl sulfone modified bicyclic sugar molecule undergoes efficient Michael addition of hetero‐ and carbon nucleophiles to afford single diastereomers. The same molecule consisting of two other masked functional groups, namely an aldehyde and an oxocarbonium ion, turned out to be a unique synthetic intermediate. The adducts generated from this Michael acceptor and a series of β‐dicarbonyl compounds and related reagents after acid treatment afforded a new class of furo[2,3‐c]pyrans, forming up to three new bonds and three stereocenters. In‐built chirality centers of the sugar derivative controlled the diastereoselectivity of formation of all new bonds without the requirement for any external reagent for asymmetric induction. DFT calculations revealed the formation of furopyrans as the only possible products, which corroborates the experimentally observed results.
Synthesis of 3‐Substituted 2‐Aminonaphtho[2,3‐b]furan‐4,9‐diones from 2‐Hydroxy‐1,4‐Naphthoquinone and Nitroalkenes
Authors: Zanwar Manoj R. , Kavala Veerababurao , Gawande Sachin D. , Kuo Chun‐Wei , Kuo Ting‐Shen , Chen Mei‐Ling , He Chiu‐Hui , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: October 2013

The efficient base‐catalyzed synthesis of 3‐substituted 2‐aminonaphtho[2,3‐b]furan‐4,9‐dione derivatives from readily available precursors such as 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone and nitroalkenes under aqueous conditions is described. Interesting features of this methodology are the conversion of a nitro functionality into an amino functionality in the absence of a reducing agent and the development of a three component reaction for accessing the same product from an aldehyde, 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone and nitromethane.
Optical manipulation of charged microparticles in polar fluids
Authors: Pesce Giuseppe , Lisbino Vincenzo , Rusciano Giulia , Sasso Antonio
Published: October 2013

In this study, we report a systematic study of the response of a charged microparticle confined in an optical trap and driven by electric fields. The particle is embedded in a polar fluid, hence, the role of ions and counterions forming a double layer around the electrodes and the particle surface itself has been taken into account. We analyze two different cases: (i) electrodes energized by a step‐wise voltage (DC mode) and (ii) electrodes driven by a sinusoidal voltage (AC mode). The experimental outcomes are analyzed in terms of a model that combines the electric response of the electrolytic cell and the motion of the trapped particle. In particular, for the DC mode we analyze the transient particle motion and correlate it with the electric current flowing in the cell. For the AC mode, the stochastic and deterministic motion of the trapped particle is analyzed either in the frequency domain (power spectral density, PSD) or in the time domain (autocorrelation function). Moreover, we will show how these different approaches (DC and AC modes) allow us, assuming predictable the applied electric field (here generated by plane parallel electrodes), to provide accurate estimation (3%) of the net charge carried by the microparticle. Vice versa, we also demonstrate how, once predetermined the charge, the trapped particle acts as a sensitive probe to reveal locally electric fields generated by arbitrary electrode geometries (in this work, wire‐tip geometry).