bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
evaluation of milk components for use as biochemical markers that will help detect rumen acidosis and indigestion in dairy cows
Authors: Donovan G. A. , Pinedo P. P. , Maunsell F. P. , Risco C. A. , Kirchman S. E.
Published: February 2023

Rumen indigestion or subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is common even in well-managed dairy herds, and is difficult to diagnose as clinical signs vary by individual cow. A cow suffers from rumen indigestion when she experiences a prolonged period of low ruminal pH (pH<5.8) which may have returned to normal (pH 6.2-7.2) once clinical signs are evident. The purpose of this research was to find biological markers in milk that could be used to detect rumen indigestion prior to clinical signs, allowing for earlier treatment and prevention of prolonged reduced milk yield and therapy.
Non-inferiority randomized field clinical trial of two GnRH commercial products used in a systematic double-ovsynch protocol at first breeding in dairy cows
Authors: Caldwell V. , Tison N. , Martineau R. , Dubuc J. , DesCôteaux L.
Published: February 2023

The use of the double-ovsynch (DBLOV) protocol at first service in dairy herds has become more popular in dairy practice because of its potential to increase the conception risk (CR), especially in primiparous cows, compared with usual ovsynch or presynch protocols. The use of the DBLOV protocol implies giving four injections of commercial GnRH products to each cow. Previous studies have raised issues about the efficacy of GnRH hydrochloride (Factrel®, Zoetis Animal Health) to induce ovulation compared with other GnRH forms. However, few studies have reported CR when using the DBLOV protocol in a large number of dairy cows under field conditions. The objective of this study was to compare CR at first service when using GnRH hydrochloride (Factrel®) or GnRH acetate (Fertiline®, Vetoquinol) in a systematic DBLOV protocol in dairy cows under field conditions. The hypothesis was that there would be no significant difference between first-service CR between both GnRH forms.
Prevalence of bacteremia in dairy cattle with acute puerperal metritis
Authors: Credille Brent , Giguere Steeve , Hurley David J. , Woolums Amelia
Published: February 2023

Dairy cattle are susceptible to numerous disorders in the immediate post-partum period. Acute puerperal metritis (APM), defined as the presence of a fetid, watery uterine discharge, an enlarged, flaccid uterus, and overt signs of systemic illness that may include fever, dehydration, depression, and toxemia, is one of the most commonly encountered infectious diseases in modern dairy practice. After calving, more than 90% of cattle experience some degree of contamination of the uterine lumen with bacteria. Through the processes of uterine involution and normal immune function, most cattle clear this contamination and experience no complications. However, cattle with retained placenta, hypocalcemia, and significant negative energy balance fail to clear uterine contamination and develop APM. Bacteremia has been documented in approximately 32% of adult dairy cattle with coliform mastitis. In cows with acute coliform mastitis, the presence of bacteremia, particularly blood borne infection with organisms such as E. coli, Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia hemolytica, had a significant impact on cow survival. The purposes of the study reported here were to investigate the prevalence of bacteremia in dairy cattle with naturally occurring APM, determine if an association exists between the bacteria cultured from the bloodstream and those present in uterus and identify factors that may be of use in predicting occurrence of bacteremia in cattle with APM.
survey of calf rearing practices on California dairies
Authors: Karle B. M. , Love W. J. , Lehenbauer T. , Van Eenennaam A. L. , Hulbert L. , Anderson R. J. , Kass P. H. , Farver T. B. , Aly S. S.
Published: February 2023

The goal of this project was to document calf rearing and management practices prevalent on California dairies and calf ranches as part of a larger effort to develop a risk assessment tool to reduce the incidence of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). Bovine respiratory disease is a major source of economic loss in infected calves due to reduced growth and productivity. Approximately 22% of all pre-weaning dairy heifer deaths are caused by BRD.
Effect of milking routine performance and turnover of personnel on milk losses in dairy herds
Authors: Schuenemann G. M. , Barragon A. A. , Bas S. , Workman J. D.
Published: February 2023

It is common to observe large within-herd variation in milking personnel performance (MPP) and turnover (TO) over time. Assessing team performance, resolution of conflicts, and comprehensive training of dairy personnel are critical tasks to achieve consistent performance of dairy herds. One of the positive aspects about TO is that it provides opportunities for remaining team members to increase or change responsibilities. Some herds keep a multi skilled person(s) who serves as the trainer and is readily available, but not allocated to any specific mandatory daily role on the farm, to plug the gaps caused by absentees with the goal of maintaining productivity levels. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of MPP (95% versus 85%) and TO of personnel (5% versus 30%) on milk losses of dairy herds.
Evaluation of thoracic radiographic in full-term and premature lambs
Authors: Bovino F. , Denadai D. S. , Avila L. G. , Ciarlini L. D. R. P. , Fietosa F. L. F. , Mendes L. C. N.
Published: February 2023

Immediately after the birth, the airways are rapidly cleared of liquid to allow the onset of air breathing. This initiates a cascade of physiologic changes to enable the lung to adapt to gas exchange. Pulmonary fluid production decreases over the last few days before natural delivery. Radiographs can help to evaluate the type, severity, and location of pulmonary disease. The infiltrates can be characterized as interstitial, alveolar, or bronchiolar patterns and as focal or diffuse. Interpretation of thoracic radiographs of the neonate can often be challenging because immature lungs can appear radiographically similar to diseased lungs. Extensive alveolar patterns generally indicate a severe respiratory disorder (atelectasis, respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia etc.), while the interstitial pattern commonly suggests an earlier or milder form of disease.

The aim of this study was to describe and compare the thoracic radiographic pattern changes in full-term and premature lambs.
Anatomy of a crisis and the veterinarian's role
Authors: Dukes Jane
Published: February 2023

I didn’t grow up too far from the farm in Indiana, but most of my information about farmers and farming came from going to the local farm to buy sweet corn and from my friends who were in 4-H. Today, it’s a different story. I work with MorganMyers, a strategic communications firm that works specifically in the food and agricultural spaces - from farm to table. Our team has helped manage the communication around several of the more recent animal welfare challenges from a variety of perspectives - the brand, the cooperative/processor and the farmer. On a day-to-day basis, I oversee the public relations activity for Merck Animal Health across species, and I work closely with their dairy team rolling out the new Dairy C.A.R.E. initiative. I have been around the country conducting Dairy CARE workshops, and everywhere I go, I make sure to get myself on a dairy or calf ranch. I’ve learned a lot and gained a great deal of perspective. Some of the material I’ll share with you today is part of that program.
Feed additives
Authors: Bryant Tony C.
Published: February 2023

Numerous feed additives are utilized in feedlot diets for various purposes including growth, efficiency, carcass merit, and for prevention and treatment of disease. This article is to review the most common feed additives utilized in feedlot cattle in North America as well as their indications and restrictions. The Veterinary Feed Directive will require veterinarians to understand these principles for feed-grade antibiotics for purposes of writing prescriptions in coordination with colleague nutritionists.
Shaping her future
Authors: Soberon Fernando , Soberon Melanie A.
Published: February 2023

Colostrum has long been valued as critical to newborn calf health, but its potential impact on the nutritional programming of the calf and consequently, her lifetime performance in milk production and health, are now areas of active research. New levels of importance and value are being attributed to colostrum, as scientists work to better understand the mechanisms and regulation of epigenetics, the influences of non-nutritional components of colostrum, and the impact of timely colostrum nutrition. Many of these benefits of colostrum were once attributed to passive transfer, but epigenetics and nutritional programming have revealed that there is much more in colostrum than IgG. Relaxin, leptin, insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, prolactin, and lactoferrin are some of the nutritional and non-nutritional factors in colostrum that have a direct and indirect effect on the development and long-term gene expression of offspring. Researchers have shown that calves that received more colostrum at birth have higher average daily gains improved feed efficiency, higher dry matter intakes post-weaning, reduced time to conception and first calving, increased milk production during 2 lactations, and an increased survivability through second lactation.
Avoiding drug residues in cattle
Authors: Smith Geof W.
Published: February 2023

Prevention of drug residues in the beef and dairy industries is a major concern as both meat and milk from cattle are widely consumed by humans around the world. This paper will address the keys to avoiding residues; however, there are several things that can change the half-life of a drug and thus affect the withdrawal time. These factors can include route of drug administration, volume administered at each injection site, drug formulation, and disease. The focus of this presentation will be to discuss what is known about disease induced alterations in the pharmacokinetics of drugs and how clearance time in many cases may be delayed resulting in residue violations. Withdrawal times are generally based on pharmacokinetic studies done in healthy animals; however, there is strong evidence that these times may not always be appropriate in cows with clinical disease. Since pharmaceutical companies must conduct trials to demonstrate the efficacy of various drugs for treating a specific disease or condition during the approval process, it seems logical that pharmacokinetic and residue studies could be done using the same animals or under similar conditions.
Tips and tools for dairy practitioners to take an active role in a dairy's foot health program
Authors: Cramer Gerard
Published: February 2023

There are copious opportunities for veterinarians to get involved in providing foot health services. The type of services that could be offered include; lame cow detection and treatment, comprehensive hoof trimming, monitoring or training of farm staff and routine monitoring of hoof health data. These opportunities come with their own unique set of barriers and challenges. However, veterinarians are ideally positioned to overcome these challenges and, at the current time, there is limited competition for these type of services thus veterinarians should consider foot health management as a practice growth opportunity.
Cost of clinical mastitis in the first 30 days of lactation
Authors: Rollin E. , Dhuyvetter K. C. , Overton M. W.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study was to create an accurate and customizable tool to be used by dairy veterinary consultants to help their clients assess the economic effects of CM during the first 30 days of lactation (DIM), in order to better guide decision making and management interventions during the transition period.
Clinical evaluation of Vetericyn Plus™ Pinkeye Spray as an aid in reduction of pain and infection in calves with experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Gard J. A. , Maloney R. N. , Taylor D. R. , Schnuelle M. L. , Duran S. , Moore A. P. , Walz P. H. , Newcomer B. J. , Rodning S. P. , Edmondson M. A. , O'Conner A. M.
Published: February 2023

We hypothesized that Vetericyn Plus™ Pinkeye Spray will significantly aid in reduction of pain and infection following experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis due to Moraxella bovis, and will not result in any detectable changes in sodium and chloride levels following topical ocular administration.
Impact of stockmanship training on dairy farms
Authors: Sorge U. S. , Espejo Solovera L. , Stanton A. , Bender J.
Published: February 2023

Our objectives were to study the stockmanship (low stress cattle handling) knowledge, skills, and behaviours of workers on larger dairy operations and to evaluate the impact on cattle flow and on cattle handling skills.
randomized clinical trial assessing the use of a single injection of dexamethasone combined with oral propylene glycol therapy for the treatment of hyperketonemia
Authors: Tatone E. , Capel M. , Gordon J. , LeBlanc S. , Duffield T.
Published: February 2023

The treatment of hyperketonemia (HK, blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) > 1.2 mmol/L) with oral propylene glycol has proven benefits. Parenteral administration of glucocorticoids has been suggested as an adjunctive therapy; however it has not been assessed in a randomized controlled trial. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect on the probability of cure, risk of subsequent disease, and milk production of a 1-time intramuscular injection of dexamethasone as an adjunctive therapy for HK.
Pregnancy outcomes based on milk pregnancy-associated glycoprotein levels
Authors: Wynands E. M. , LeBlanc S. J. , Kelton D. F.
Published: February 2023

Timely diagnosis of pregnancy and pregnancy losses is economically important. A commercially available pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) milk assay (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.) is offered through routine Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) testing for diagnosis of pregnancy. The objective of this observational study was to describe the relationship between PAG at various stages of gestation and the likelihood of successful calving. The hypothesis was that higher PAG levels would be associated with successful calving.
Associations between management practices and reproductive performance in Canadian dairy herds
Authors: Denis-Robichaud J. , Cerri R. L. A. , Jones-Bitton A. , LeBlanc S. J.
Published: February 2023

Many options are available to dairy producers for managing reproduction in their herds. Reproductive performance varies greatly among farms, but the reasons for this are not well described. The objective of this study was to identify management practices associated with reproductive performance on Canadian dairy farms.
Effect of veterinary student rectal palpation on early pregnancy loss in dairy cattle
Authors: Bond R. L. , Midla L. T. , Gordon E. D. , Welker B. , Masterson M. A. , Wittum T. E.
Published: February 2023

Rectal palpation is the most commonly used method for pregnancy determination in cattle. Surveys of bovine practitioners seeking to hire new graduates rank it as a skill they expect students to perform proficiently. Teaching this important technique to veterinary students is a challenge in an academic setting because of the perceived detrimental effect student palpation may have on a client’s animals. Additionally an inability by the instructor to guide a student's hand while rectally palpating makes verification of learning difficult. The goal of this study was to determine if student palpation led to an increase in pregnancy loss. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in pregnancy loss between cows that were palpated using transrectal ultrasonography by a clinician to cows that were ultrasounded by a clinician and then palpated by a fourth year veterinary student. Further, we hypothesized that students that had taken the elective formal palpation training class through The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine (VETPREV 796.17: Bovine Palpation) would be more likely to cause early pregnancy loss in dairy cattle. The concern was that the advanced trained students may be more aggressive in their palpation technique.
Effect of the interval between calving and colostrum harvest on colostrum quality in dairy cows on a New York dairy
Authors: Pearson J. M. , Wieland M. J. , Guard C. L. , Nydam D. V.
Published: February 2023

Colostrum management is one of the key factors in successful calf management. The estimated prevalence of failure of passive transfer in dairy heifer calves is still surprisingly high at 19.2%. In a recent study by Morrill and others, 30% of nationwide collected colostrum samples from dairy farms had immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations less than the industry-recommended 50 g/L. In recent years, an increasing amount of research in dairy cattle has focused on factors affecting colostrum quality including breed, age of dam, season of calving, volume of colostrum, and dry period length, whereas the effect of the interval between calving and first milking has only been addressed in a limited number of studies with small data sets. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the interval between calving and first milking on the colostrum quality.
use of chromogenic culture media for on-farm identification of milk pathogens associated with mastitis in dairy cows
Authors: Ganda E. K. , Bisinotto R. S. , Decter D. H. , Bicalho R. C.
Published: February 2023

Clinical mastitis is a highly prevalent and costly disease to the dairy industry. In fact, mastitis is the major cause of antibiotic use in dairy herds and represents a large portion of animal health expenses. Selective treatment based on on-farm culture of milk pathogens decreased antibiotic usage by 50% without impairing health and production traits. However, increasing the range of microorganisms to be identified often reduces accuracy for observers without microbiological training. Chromogenic culture media (CCM) has been used for pathogen identification in human and animal specimens. Chromogenic culture media allows for rapid and accurate characterization of a broad spectrum of microorganisms based on media selectivity and color change. Hence, the objectives were to develop an on-farm CCM system for identification of milk pathogens associated with clinical mastitis (Accumast). Accuracy of Accumast was evaluated based on results from Cornell Quality Milk Production Services and identification of cultured pathogens using 16S rRNA sequencing.
Behavioral evaluation of the analgesic effects of flunixin meglumine in lame dairy cows
Authors: Wagner S. A. , Manning B. H.
Published: February 2023

Lameness is a commonly occurring condition in dairy cows in the United States and worldwide. There is substantial evidence that lameness alters the behavior of affected dairy cows in ways that indicate the presence of pain, including increased time spent lying down each day, alterations in locomotion, and increased shifting of weight between the rear limbs. There is also evidence that treatment of lame dairy cows with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce behavioral signs of pain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the NSAID flunixin meglumine on lameness-related behavior in dairy cows.
Experimental infection of pregnant sheep with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1b (AU526)
Authors: Kuca T. , Passler T. , Riddell K. P. , Neill J. D. , Newcomer B. W. , Walz P. H.
Published: February 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) lacks strict host specificity and can infect many species in the order Artiodactyla. BVDV infection in pregnant heterologous hosts can be deleterious. Limited information exists regarding genomic changes occurring in BVDV upon infection of heterologous hosts. Using a BVDV isolate previously demonstrated to cause PI cattle, goats, and white-tailed deer, this study investigated the outcome of serial infection in pregnant BVDV-naive sheep, a heterologous species that is phylogenetically closely related to cattle.
assessment of the potential for transfer of Staphylococcus aureus between humans and dairy goats in NC
Authors: Kearns R. R. , Lyman R. , Anderson K. L.
Published: February 2023

Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen frequently diagnosed in dairy goat intramammary infections (IMI). S. aureus also has human health significance as a zoonotic pathogen. Control of S. aureus infections is difficult because infection is easily transmitted in a herd, and because there are multiple sources of infection. In addition to the mammary gland, S. aureus has been isolated from other body sites and the environment. Mørk et al compared isolates from body sites using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and found isolates in 6% of goat milk samples and approximately 70% of nasal swabs. In this study, we identified S. aureus isolates from goat milk and nares and from the hands and noses of people milking the goats. Our purpose was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus from these sites, characterize antibiotic susceptibilities, and compare genotypes of isolates from the different sites. Producer surveys were used to characterize herd management practices.
Comparison of 2 synchronization protocols in conjunction with delayed insemination in non-responders using sexed semen in beef heifers
Authors: Newcomer Benjamin W. , Armstrong Chance L. , Riddell Kay P. , Edmondson Misty A. , Walz Paul H.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to compare estrus synchronization and fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI) protocols in commercial beef heifers to be bred with sexed semen. Secondly, the trial evaluated the benefit of delaying insemination for 24 hours in heifers not demonstrating estrous activity following synchronization and prior to FTAI.
Comparison of serum IgG half lives in dairy calves fed colostrum, colostrum replacer, or administered with intravenous plasma
Authors: Murphy J. M. , Hagey J. V. , Chigerwe M.
Published: February 2023

The cotyledonary placenta allows minimal transfer of immunoglobulins from the cow to the fetus during pregnancy. Consequently calves are born hypogammaglobulinemic, thus making it essential to ingest and absorb colostral immunoglobulins to acquire passive immunity. Therefore, the half-life of maternally derived colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) in dairy calves is important in the development ofthe calf immune system as well as determination of the age at which to vaccinate the calf without interference from the maternally derived IgG. Half-life of maternally derived colostral IgG is estimated to be 20 days in dairy calves. In clinical settings, bovine plasma is used as part of treatment of sick calves that require additional immunity via plasma administration. Currently, no studies have evaluated the half-life of colostrum replacer derived IgG or plasma derived IgG in dairy calves. We hypothesized that the half-life of maternally derived IgG has a significantly different half-life compared to colostrum replacer derived or plasma derived IgG in dairy calves. The aims of this study were to determine the half lives of IgG derived from colostrum, colostrum replacer or plasma in dairy calves.
Detecting endotoxin activity in raw milk using an automated testing system
Authors: Suzuki K. , Tsukano K. , Shimamori T. , Tsuchiya M. , Niehaus A. , Lakritz J.
Published: February 2023

Gram-negative bacteria are among the most common environmental pathogens causing mastitis. Endotoxin plays a major role in the pathophysiology of gram-negative bacterial sepsis; therefore, attempts have been made to detect and quantify it, with conflicting findings, in various states of infection. The simple and easy portable test system (PTS) for endotoxin activity offers several advantages over the traditional microplate kinetic limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)-based test used by diagnostic laboratories. It is small, inexpensive and portable, requires only small quantities of raw milk, and provides results relatively rapidly in comparison to traditional methods. Thus the portability and ready availability of this cartridge system adds to its attractiveness for use in acute coliform mastitis (ACM). However, since the results obtained using this portable test will often dictate the course of clinical care and hygiene management, it is important that the cartridge system provides accurate information. The aim of the present study was to compare endotoxin activities detected in raw milk samples obtained from healthy dairy cattle without mastitis by a commercially available PTS™ and traditional microplate LAL-based assay, which determined activities using a kinetic turbidimetric (KT) assay.
Extending the interval from presynch to initiation of ovsynch in a presynch-ovsynch protocol did not reduce fertility of lactating dairy cows not detected in estrus that received timed artificial insemination
Authors: Thomas M. J. , Giordano J. O. , Curler M. D. , Catucuamba G. , Wijma R.
Published: February 2023

Remarkably, no large scale field study has been conducted to evaluate the reproductive performance of cows synchronized with Presynch-Ovsynch with a 12 versus a 14 d interval from Presynch to the beginning of Ovsynch when cows are inseminated in estrus after Presynch. Thus, the specific objective of this study was to determine if increasing the interval between the Presynch and Ovsynch portion of the Presynch-Ovsynch protocol from 12 to 14 d would reduce the fertility of lactating dairy cows not detected in estrus after Presynch and receiving TAI after completing the Ovsynch protocol.
Fresh cow evaluations and treatments on California dairies
Authors: Espadamala A. , Pallares P. , Lago A. , Silva-del-Río N.
Published: February 2023

Minimizing the risk of antibiotic resistant organisms and antibiotic residues in dairy and dairy-beef products is a topic of nationwide interest. Our long term goal is to achieve this objective, based on decreasing unnecessary antibiotic use on dairies. To design an effective outreach program on judicious use of antibiotics, it is imperative to describe the actual practices on dairies. The objective of this study is to describe the identification techniques for sick cows and treatments decisions for fresh cows (FC) based on cow-side observations.
Economics of dry lotting beef cows
Authors: Rasby R. J. , Warner J. M. , Gardine S. E. , Jenkins K. H. , Klopfenstein T. J.
Published: February 2023

Three experiments evaluated cow and calf performance in alternative production systems; 1) early weaning on feed use; 2) a sensitivity analysis investigating profit potential of confinement cow management to changes in production prices and weaning rates, and; 3) investigate a winter management system incorporating winter cornstalk residue grazing on cow and calf performance in a summer-calving herd. In experiment 1, cows were limit fed and used two weaning time, early (EW; 91 days old) or conventionally-weaned (CW; 203 days old). Nursing pairs were fed an equivalent amount of DM that the early weaned calf plus the dams were fed. Cows limit-fed in confinement resulted in no negative impact on reproduction and early-weaning did not reduce feed energy requirements. In experiment 2, production parameters were obtained from the summer-calving cowherd in a dry lot year-round. Greater returns were projected as weaning percentage increased and a positive return for systems using distillers grains and crop residues. For experiment 3, two wintering systems on cow-calf performance in a summer-calving cowherd were evaluated. Grazing cow-calf pairs on cornstalks had lower ending weights of cows and gains of calves. Incorporating winter cornstalk grazing into the system were $137 more profitable compared to cows wintered in the drylot.
Applied feedlot immunology
Authors: Hunsaker Breck D.
Published: February 2023

Outcomes such as health performance, growth performance, and feed efficiency - outcomes that are clinically relevant and economically important to beef cattle producers and veterinarians involved in production medicine are the most clinically relevant and economically important outcomes by which to evaluate immune function in beef cattle populations. Although substitution indicators like serum antibody titers, lymphocyte proliferation assays and other laboratory assays may be indirectly related to the health and performance of the populations of interest, they are not directly correlated with the economically important outcomes essential to the financial health of the beef cattle businesses for which food animal veterinarians provide service.

A number of factors or events impact immune function of cattle that are received and fed in North American feedlots. These include, but are not limited to, weaning, commingling, transportation, arrival processing surgical procedures, nutritional status and environmental conditions. The expression of immune function in terms of health performance, growth performance, and feed efficiency, during the feeding phase is affected by not only arrival conditions and procedures conducted at feedlot arrival or management during the feeding phase, but the background and history of management prior to feedlot arrival. These are the most economically important measures of immune function.
In vitro efficacy of anti-protozoal compounds as a novel treatment for Tritrichomonas foetus in bulls
Authors: Koziol J. H. , Wolfe D. F. , Edmondson M. A. , Duran S. H. , Passler T. , Gard J. A.
Published: February 2023

Currently, there are no legal treatments in the United States for cattle infected with Tritrichomonas foetus. This obligate parasite of the reproductive tract of the bovid creates serious economic loss in the cattle industry in the United States. The hypothesis of this study was that benzimidazoles (oxibendazole or oxfendazole) or ponazuril combined with a polymer enhancer, specifically polymer lecithin organogel (PLO), in a topical formulation may be an effective treatment for bulls infected with r foetus. Three in vitro experiments were performed to evaluate the antiprotozoal effects of the benzimidazole and ponazuril formulations, and all involved components on the growth of r foetus organisms.
Bovine nutrition and ration formulation basics in veterinary medicine
Authors: Hill Kevin
Published: February 2023

One of the most needed services by clients in food animal production is nutritional consulting. While many of the management tools needed by successful food animal producers can be acquired by experience, hard work, and good instincts, the understanding and application of sound nutritional principles is not easily obtained. Because food animq} veterinarians are well educated, trusted, and in close proximity to their clients and their animals, they are in a unique position to bridge this nutritional knowledge gap. The important relationship of nutrition to disease, healing, and productivity make sub-optimal nutrition a significant deterrent to the goals of both veteriniarian and producer. While most veterinary students receive a relatively brief course on food animal nutrition, many opportunities exist to supplement that education with post-doctoral courses, both formal and informal, that can elevate their nutritional expertise to a level that can have a significant impact on the health of animals, the productivity of producers, and the growth of a veterinary practice. This presentation highlights a few of the ways that an innovative bovine practitioner can acquire and provide these needed services to the beef and dairy communities.
Professionalism, networking and negotiating associate's value proposition to prospective employers
Authors: Lacroix Charlotte
Published: February 2023

As a part of a veterinary practice team, you may need to negotiate with vendors, and with challenging clients - and almost certainly there will be times that you need to negotiate with your employer about a raise, a revised benefits package, and evolving workplace perks and policies. When you negotiate fair compensation for yourself, you will become more committed to the practice, which translates into better care for the practice's clients and their pets. As an employer, when you negotiate fairly with employees, you will help to build loyalty that will stabilize and strengthen your practice. Gaining the ability to negotiate well help you to be more successful at work long after you've begun a particular job.
Investigating the within-herd prevalence and risk factors for ketosis in dairy cattle in Ontario as diagnosed by the test-day concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate in milk
Authors: Tatone E. H. , Duffield T. F. , LeBlanc S. J. , DeVries T. J. , Gordon J. L.
Published: February 2023

A large-scale observational study was conducted to estimate the within-herd prevalence and cow-level risk factors for ketosis in dairy cattle in herds that participate in a dairy herd improvement association (DHIA) program in Ontario, Canada.
The treatment of only environmental streptococci clinical mastitis cases reduced antibiotic use, days out of the tank, recurrence of clinical mastitis and a tendency to reduce culling
Authors: Lago A. , Tovar C. , Zaragoza J. , Luiz D. , Pearce D.
Published: February 2023

The objective was to compare antibiotic use and clinical and bacteriological outcomes for selective treatment of only clinical cases where environmental streptococci were isolated vs blanket therapy.
Mortality risk factors for calves entering a multi-locational veal farm
Authors: Winder C. B. , Kelton D. F. , Duffield T. F.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this retrospective case-control study was to determine if recorded on-arrival information from a large white veal farm could be used as predictors of mortality. If associations between on-arrival data and mortality existed, it was hoped this information could be used to better classify, group, and treat calves on arrival, and to gain insight into the characteristics of highest- and lowest-risk calves.
Prevalence of lung lesions using thoracic ultrasonography in pre-weaned calves from dairy herds in Quebec, Canada
Authors: Buczinski S. , Borris M. E. , Dubuc J.
Published: February 2023

Thoracic ultrasonography and observation of lung ultrasonographic consolidation has been recently developed as a fast and non-invasive way to assess bronchopneumonia-associated lung lesions. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of lung consolidation in pre-weaned calves in dairy herds.
Behavioral evaluation of the analgesic effects of ketoprofen in lame dairy cows
Authors: Novak B. L. , Manning B. H. , Tena J. S. , Wagner S. A.
Published: February 2023

Lameness in dairy cattle decreases productivity and diminishes animal welfare. Alleviating the pain associated with lameness would improve animal welfare and could improve productivity and enhance recovery. In dairy cows, lameness is associated with increased duration and frequency of lying bouts, abnormal locomotion, and increased weight shifting behavior. Weight shifting between the rear limbs can be used to objectively quantify pain levels and responses to pain-relieving drugs. The hypothesis of this study was that administration of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ketoprofen would decrease pain-associated behaviors in lame dairy cows.
Predicting bull mounting behavior using classification algorithms
Authors: Abell K. M. , White B. J. , Larson R. L. , Theurer M. E. , Hardin D. K. , Randle R. R.
Published: February 2023

Data from multiple-sire beef cattle pastures have shown variability exists among the number of calves sired per bull. The reason(s) for the variability is unknown. Successful investigation of possible reasons requires accurate recording and evaluation of bull behavior. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of classifying bull mounting events in a multiple-sire pasture using accelerometer data and classification algorithms.
Evaluation of a novel vaccine based on siderophore receptor proteins and porins (SRP Technology) for controlling Klebsiella mastitis in a dairy herd
Authors: Gorden Patrick J. , Kleinhenz Michael , Ydstie Joshua , Sliden Larry , Straub Darren , Burkhardt Doug
Published: February 2023

Siderophore receptor proteins (SRP) are iron-regulated proteins shown to be highly conserved between members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, making them novel vaccine targets. Siderophore receptor proteins of Salmonella Newport have been successfully exploited to control Salmonella Newport in the dairy industry for over a decade. This same technology has now been developed to combat Klebsiella mastitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of a Klebsiella vaccine based on SRP technology to reduce Klebsiella mastitis in a dairy herd with ongoing disease that was not controlled with JS vaccination. The study was conducted at the Iowa State University (ISU) Dairy in Ames, Iowa.
case-control study of herd-level risk factors for nursing calf bovine respiratory disease on cow-calf operations
Authors: Woolums A. R. , Berghaus R. D. , Smith D. R. , Daly R. F. , Stokka G. L. , White B. J.
Published: February 2023

Surveys indicate that approximately 20% of US cow-calf operations recognize nursing calf BRD to be a problem, leading to the possibility that important risk factors could be identified by comparing affected herds to appropriately matched unaffected herds. The objective of this study was to determine herd-level risk factors for nursing calf BRD through a matched case-control study of cow-calf operations in 3 US states.
Diagnostic accuracy of clinical illness for bovine respiratory disease diagnosis in feedlot beef calves
Authors: Timsit E. , Dendukuri N. , Schiller I. , Buczinski S.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) diagnosis in feedlots is based on clinical inspection (CI) done once or twice daily by pen-riders or pen-walkers. A diagnosis of BRD is typically established when an animal has visual signs of BRD and a rectal temperature above a threshold (ranging from 103.1 to 104 °F) (39.5 to 40 °C). This diagnostic approach is known to have less than ideal sensitivity (SeCI) and specificity (SpCI). However, accurate estimates of SeCI and SpCI are not available, in part due to the absence of a reference test for antemortem diagnosis of BRO. The objective was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of CI for BRO diagnosis in post-weaned beef calves. The presence of lung lesions at slaughter (LU) was used as an imperfect reference test to determine SeCI and SpCI.
Effect of Acetate Ringer's solution with or without dextrose intravenously administered to diarrheic calves
Authors: Tsukano K. , Kato S. , Suzuki K. , Nishi Y. , Sarashina S. , Shimamori T.
Published: February 2023

Neonatal diarrhea remains the most common cause of death in beef and dairy calves. Intravenous (IV) fluid therapy is an important method for decreasing mortality associated with diarrhea in calves. Although Acetated Ringer's (AR) solution is superior for correcting moderate metabolic acidosis and circulation volume in calves with dehydration, it cannot improve the negative energy balance. Fluids using AR with 5% dextrose (ARD) may be useful for the treatment of calf diarrhea in order to prevent catabolism. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of ARD on rehydration and metabolism restoration in calves with diarrhea.
Efficacy of gonadorelin hydrochloride or gonadorelin diacetate tetrahydrate 7 days after AI in field conditions to boost progesterone levels, a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Caldwell V. , Martineau R.
Published: February 2023

The ability of some reproduction synchronization protocols to increase conception rates (CR) is reported as being in part due to increased progesterone (P4) levels in the diestrus phase before breeding. This has been demonstrated mostly in an experimental context and was linked to GnRH increasing the proportion of cows luteinizing a second corpus luteum (CL). A pilottrial was conducted to determine if an injection of gonadorelin hydrochloride (Factrel®) or gonadorelin diacetate tetrahydrate (Cystorelin®) given 7 days after AI to all cows on a farm in field conditions resulted in a significant increase of P4 levels 14 days after AI, compared to a placebo. If an increase in P4 levels was to be observed, a second larger trial was to be conducted testing the effect of post-AI GnRH on CR at return to estrus.
planned response to an FMD outbreak is not what it used to be
Authors: Bickett-Weddle Danelle A. , Lee Molly , Dewell Renee , Obbink Kristen , Sanderson Mike , Hanthorn Christy , Roth James A.
Published: February 2023

The sheer size and structure of livestock operations in the United States, combined with extensive movement between production phases, presents unprecedented foot and mouth disease [FMD) control challenges. The economic impact of an outbreak would be immediate and harsh. The goal of FMD response is to control and eradicate FMD while preserving the US livestock industry, a delicate and precarious balance of priorities. Bovine veterinarians have an opportunity and responsibility to help their clients prepare for a potential FMD outbreak. The voluntary Secure Milk and Secure Beef Supply Plans give veterinarians the tools they need to help their clients implement key business continuity strategies. The biosecurity mitigations and surveillance capabilities will be essential to protect animal health, decrease disease spread, and allow some semblance of business continuity for the livestock industry.
Bovine anaplasmosis
Authors: Coetzee Johann F.
Published: February 2023

Anaplasmosis, caused by the rickettsial hemoparasite Anaplasma marginale (Am), is the most prevalent tick-transmitted disease of cattle worldwide and a major obstacle to profitable beef production in the continental United States (US). Anaplasmosis is readily transmitted through biological and mechanical vectors, such as ticks and biting flies, and iatrogenically through needles and equipment contaminated with infected blood. Clinical anaplasmosis, characterized by anemia, icterus and fever, is associated with significant production losses, abortions, and mortalities in cattle. It is estimated that the introduction of anaplasmosis into a previously naive herd can result in a 3.6% reduction in calf crop, a 30% increase in cull rate, and a 30% mortality rate in clinically infected adult cattle. Furthermore, a study has shown that 16% of pregnant carrier cows will transmit anaplasmosis in utero producing persistently infected offspring. The existence of both horizontal and vertical anaplasmosis transmission has important implications for disease control in endemic areas. The cost of a clinical case of anaplasmosis in the US has been conservatively estimated at more than $400 per animal, with some estimating the total cost to the beef industry at more than $300 million per year.
Myth
Authors: Smith Geof W.
Published: February 2023

Diarrhea remains the leading cause of mortality in both beef and dairy calves. Calves with diarrhea frequently develop dehydration, strong ion acidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, and are in a state of negative energy balance. Oral electrolyte therapy is a simple and economical method of addressing all of these potential complications. However, there are significant differences in oral electrolyte products available for use in calves and for treatment of diarrhea. Many commercially available oral electrolytes are based off of World Health Organization recommendations for oral rehydration therapy in children, which have differences in pathophysiology of diarrhea as compared to calves. For example, a major difference is that calves produce D-lactate in their colon during diarrhea which leads to a significant acidemia. Therefore, oral electrolyte products commonly used to resuscitate humans may not work effectively in calves. This article will give an overview of oral electrolyte therapy in both children and calves focusing on how to choose an electrolyte product.
Methods of measurement and implications of abnormal calcium concentrations in fresh dairy cows
Authors: McArt Jessica A. A. , Neves Rafael C.
Published: February 2023

Hypocalcemia is a prevalent disorder in the early postpartum period. Advances in periparturient nutrition and management strategies have decreased the occurrence of clinical hypocalcemia over the past few decades; however, subclinical hypocalcemia remains an important aspect of transition cow health. These proceedings will discuss the diagnostic tools available to bovine practitioners for individual animal calcium concentration determination and herd-level monitoring, as well as current developments in the epidemiology of hypocalcemia and its prevention.
Common myths in treating calf diarrhea
Authors: Smith Geof W.
Published: February 2023

Diarrhea remains the leading cause of mortality in both beef and dairy calves. Calves with diarrhea frequently develop dehydration, strong ion acidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, and are in a state of negative energy balance. The primary goals of treating calf diarrhea are to 1) correct free water and electrolyte abnormalities; 2) correct acid-base deficits (acidemia); 3) provide nutritional support; and 4) eliminate and/or prevent Escherichia coli bacteremia. There are many different ideas and approaches for how to "best" treat calf diarrhea. Some of these are supported by evidencebased medicine and others are not. The primary purpose of this article is to review some of the more common "ideas" associated with treating calf diarrhea that simply cannot be supported by data. We will try to highlight why these concepts are wrong and how to best approach treating the calf with scours.
Myth: "What doesn't kill you makes you stronger"
Authors: Costa Joao H. C.
Published: February 2023

The effects of pre- and post-weaning performance and environment on production and longevity of cows later in life has become the focus of intense research in recent years. Here, we will present examples of the positive effects of accelerated early growth during weaning, post-weaning, and adulthood. Most importantly, we describe how producers can achieve elevated performance in their calves to see these benefits in the long-term, while also discussing potential risks in this investment.
Myth: "Calves forgive and forget"
Authors: Costa Joao H. C. , Neave Heather W.
Published: February 2023

Early-life social contact in dairy calves has been associated with effects on performance, health, behavior, and cognition. Here we will first describe the negative impact of social isolation in mammals, especially dairy calves, followed by a summary of the opportunities and benefits of providing social partners in early life. Finally, we will discuss what we know about how to successfully raise calves in groups from birth, with emphasis on the benefits and challenges associated with group housing. We conclude with solutions to common pitfalls for producers that are already using group housing or those interested in transitioning. Pair or group housing of dairy calves can provide positive outcomes and can be done successfully when attention is given to group size, cleanliness, proper nutrition, and management.
Clinical trial of local anesthetic protocols for acute pain associated with caustic paste disbudding in dairy calves
Authors: Winder C. B. , LeBlanc S. J. , Haley D. B. , Lissemore K. D. , Godkin M. A. , Duffield T. F.
Published: February 2023

Caustic paste disbudding is becoming more common-place in North America. A large body of work has examined pain control for cautery disbudding and surgical dehorning, but fewer studies have evaluated pain control for caustic paste disbudding, and results conflict regarding benefits of local anesthesia. In humans, the pain associated with a caustic, chemical burn can differ in nature, duration, and intensity compared to a thermal burn. The objective of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of either a lidocaine cornual nerve block or a topical anesthetic incorporated into caustic paste on the acute pain of caustic paste disbudding.