bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METHOD OF IMPROVING THE TEACHING OF PARTICLE PHYSICS IN A NONCALCULUS COURSE OF PHYSICS
Authors: CHEN ROBERT L. W.
Published: August 2005

The Klein Gordon equation–which describes mesons–can be reformulated to suit students who have no calculus background. The method is arrived at from a review and a reinterpretation of the mechanics of small oscillations. It may serve as a model for the design of new instructions for other areas of particle physics.
25 YEARS OF DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: PHILLIPS FRED
Published: August 2005

This retrospective by an early DEA researcher recalls the people, the setting, the formative philosophies, and early implementation experiences with Data Envelopment Analysis. It is a tribute to the founders of DEA, a historical chronicle, and a perspective on the nature and value of this important operations research methodology.
A MONTE CARLO EVALUATION OF SEVERAL TESTS FOR THE SELECTION OF VARIABLES IN DEA MODELS
Authors: SIRVENT INMACULADA , RUIZ JOSÉ L. , BORRÁS FERNANDO , PASTOR JESÚS T.
Published: August 2005

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a recently developed methodology that is widely used for estimating relative efficiency scores of Decision Making Units (DMUs) that use several inputs to produce several outputs. Model specification in DEA includes aspects such as the choice of inputs and outputs or the adoption of a returns to scale assumption. As pointed out by many authors, it is obvious that the specification of a model is the key to having reliable efficiency scores. In this paper, we are particularly concerned with the selection of variables in DEA models. To be specific, we investigate the performance of several statistical tests existing in the literature that can be used for the selection of variables. In particular, the behaviour of the well-known tests proposed by Banker2 and the nonparametric tests recently developed by Pastor et al.13 is analyzed in relation to several factors such as sample size, model size, the specification of returns to scale and the type and level of inefficiency. We have drawn some conclusions that will be of help for practical uses, since the observed behaviour of the tests in the different scenarios determined by the specifications of the mentioned factors may provide some useful insight into the choice of an adequate statistical test in the particular context of a given DEA application.
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF INPUT OMISSION ON DEA
Authors: RUGGIERO JOHN
Published: August 2005

It is well known in the Data Envelopment Analysis literature that proper variable selection is necessary for the reliable measurement of efficiency. Omitting production relevant variables and/or including irrelevant variables will lead to biased measurement. It is also known that the sample size needs to be large relative to the number of inputs and outputs to prevent classification of efficiency by default. In some empirical settings the number of potential relevant variables is large. Careful selection of an appropriate set of variables is necessary for reliable efficiency measurement. This paper looks at the issue of input selection and uses simulation analysis to develop statistical procedures to provide guidelines for input selection.
Rat airway smooth muscle cell during actin modulation: rheology and glassy dynamics
Authors: Laudadio Rachel E. , Millet Emil J. , Fabry Ben , An Steven S. , Butler James P. , Fredberg Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2005

Although changes of cytoskeleton (CSK) stiffness and friction can be induced by diverse interventions, all mechanical changes reported to date can be scaled onto master relationships that appear to be universal. To assess the limits of the applicability of those master relationships, we focused in the present study on actin and used a panel of actin-manipulating drugs that is much wider than any used previously. We focused on the cultured rat airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell as a model system. Cells were treated with agents that directly modulate the polymerization (jasplakinolide, cytochalasin D, and latrunculin A), branching (genistein), and cross linking (phallacidin and phalloidin oleate) of the actin lattice. Contractile (serotonin, 5-HT) and relaxing (dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate, DBcAMP) agonists and a myosin inhibitor (ML-7) were also tested for comparison, because these agents may change the structure of actin indirectly. Using optical magnetic twisting cytometry, we measured elastic and frictional moduli before and after treatment with each agent. Stiffness increased with frequency as a weak power law, and changes of friction paralleled those of stiffness until they approached a Newtonian viscous limit. Despite large differences in the mechanism of action among the interventions, all data collapsed onto master curves that depended on a single parameter. In the context of soft glassy systems, that parameter would correspond to an effective temperature of the cytoskeletal matrix and reflect the effects of molecular crowding and associated molecular trapping. These master relationships demonstrate that when the mechanical properties of the cell change, they are constrained to do so along a special trajectory. Because mechanical characteristics of the cell shadow underlying molecular events, these results imply special constraints on the protein-protein interactions that dominate CSK mechanical properties.
Adenoviral gene transfer of BMP-7, Id2, or Id3 suppresses injury-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelium in mice
Authors: Saika Shizuya , Ikeda Kazuo , Yamanaka Osamu , Flanders Kathleen C. , Ohnishi Yoshitaka , Nakajima Yuji , Muragaki Yasuteru , Ooshima Akira
Published: August 2005

We have examined the effect of adenovirus-mediated expression of bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7) and inhibitors of differentiation 2 and 3 (Id2 and Id3) on injury-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelium in mice. Id2 and Id3 are known to be upregulated by BMP-7 and to antagonize Smad2/3 signaling. The Cre-LoxP system adenoviral gene transfer was used. Three microliters of adenoviral solution (2 × 107 PFU/μl) were injected into the right lens of adult male C57BL/6 mice ( n = 144) at the time of capsular injury induced using a hypodermic needle under both general and topical anesthesia. A mixture of Cre-adenovirus (Cre-Ad) and vector encoding mBMP-7, mId2, or mId3 was administered in a test group. Control lenses were treated with Cre-Ad alone. After healing intervals of 5 or 10 days, the animals were killed and then we performed histological processes or RNA extraction from the lens. RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry showed expression of each introduced gene in the lens. Exogenous BMP-7 upregulated expression of Id2 and Id3 in injured lenses, and gene introduction of Id2 or Id3 also upregulated BMP-7 expression. Gene transfer of BMP-7, Id2, or Id3 delayed injury-induced EMT of the lens epithelial cells as evaluated by histology and expression patterns of α-smooth muscle actin and collagens in association with reduction of Smad2 COOH-terminal phosphorylation. Gene transfer of BMP-7, Id2, or Id3 delayed injury-induced EMT of lens epithelial cells and subsequent sealing of the capsular break with fibrous tissue in mice.
Brain stem control of arterial pressure in chronic arterial baroreceptor-denervated rats
Authors: Schreihofer Ann M. , Ito Satoru , Sved Alan F.
Published: August 2005

Interruption of the baroreceptor reflex by transection of afferent nerves (sinoaortic denervation; SAD) or lesions of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) elevates sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial pressure (AP). However, within 1 wk, mean AP returns to normal despite the absence of baroreflexes. In this study, we examine central mechanisms that control AP in chronic baroreceptor-denervated rats. In urethane-anesthetized rats (1.5g/kg iv) after autonomic ganglionic blockade (5 mg/kg iv chlorisondamine), α1-adrenergic-mediated pressor responses (1–100 μg/kg iv phenylephrine) were not altered by chronic lesions of NTS, indicating vascular reactivity to sympathetic stimulation is normal. Transection of the spinal cord at T1 profoundly decreased AP and was not further reduced by chlorisondamine in control or denervated rats. Inhibition of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) by microinjections of muscimol (100 pmol/side) decreased AP to levels not further reduced by chlorisondamine in control rats, rats with SAD, and rats with NTS lesions. Blockade of GABAA receptors in the RVLM (50 pmol/side bicuculline) increased AP similarly in control rats and denervated rats. In agreement, inhibition of the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) by microinjections of muscimol or blockade of glutamatergic inputs (2.7 nmol/side kynurenate) produced comparable increases in AP in control and denervated rats. These data suggest the RVLM continues to drive the SNA that regulates AP in the chronic absence of baroreceptor inputs. In addition, despite the absence of a tonic excitatory input from NTS, in chronic baroreceptor-denervated rats glutamatergic inputs drive the CVLM to tonically inhibit the RVLM. Baroreceptor-independent regulation of the ventrolateral medulla may underlie central mechanisms contributing to the long-term control of AP.
Control of Joint Rotations in Overarm Throws of Different Speeds Made by Dominant and Nondominant Arms
Authors: Hore Jon , O’Brien Michael , Watts Sherry
Published: August 2005

We tested the hypothesis that dominant and nondominant overarm throws of different speeds are made by time-scaling of joint rotations, i.e., by joint rotations that have the same positions and amplitudes but that are scaled in time. Eight skilled subjects stood and made overarm throws with both their dominant and nondominant arms. Six joint rotations were computed from recordings of arm segments made with the search-coil technique. Throws made with nondominant arms were less accurate and had lower ball speeds. In contrast to the hypothesis, dominant arms showed large and consistent differences between fast and slow throws in six-dimensional angular position joint space. These same throws showed similar hand angular paths when these were time-scaled based on ball speed. Nondominant arms showed only small differences in angular position joint space in fast and slow throws. It is concluded that a joint space pattern resembling that predicted by time-scaling occurs in nondominant arm throwing when it is unskilled. However, time-scaling does not occur in dominant arm throwing, i.e., a skilled fast throw is not simply a skilled slow throw whose joint positions and amplitudes remain constant but whose joint velocities are sped-up. We hypothesize for future study that, when subjects first learn to throw at different speeds with their dominant arms, they use time-scaling of joint rotations that involves compensating for interaction torques; then as they become skilled at throwing fast, time-scaling is superseded by a more complex pattern of interjoint coordination that involves exploiting interaction torques.
Determination of Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) Gene Copy Number by Real‐Time Quantitative PCR
Authors: Bodin Laurent , Beaune Philippe H. , Loriot Marie-Anne
Published: August 2005

Gene dosage by real‐time quantitative PCR has proved to be accurate for measuring gene copy number. The aim of this study was to apply this approach to the CYP2D6 gene to allow for rapid identification of poor and ultrarapid metabolizers (0, 1, or more than 2 gene copy number). Using the 2−ΔΔCt calculation method and a duplex reaction, the number of CYP2D6 gene copies was determined. Quantitative PCR was performed on 43 samples previously analyzed by Southern blotting and long PCR including 20 samples with a heterozygous deletion, 11 with normal copy number (2 copies), and 12 samples with duplicated genes. The average ratio ranged from 1.02 to 1.28, 1.85 to 2.21, and 2.55 to 3.30, respectively, for the samples with 1 copy, 2 copies, and 3 copies. This study shows that this method is sensitive enough to detect either a heterozygous gene deletion or duplication.
Extended Producer Responsibility for Waste Electronics: An Example of Printer Recycling in the United Kingdom
Authors: Mayers C. Kieren , France Chris M. , Cowell Sarah J.
Published: August 2005

In February 2003, European Union (EU) policy makers implemented a Directive that will make producers responsible for waste electrical and electronic equipment at end‐of‐life (known as the “WEEE” Directive). Under this new legislation, producers are required to organize and finance the take‐back, treatment, and recycling of WEEE and achieve mass‐based recycling and recovery targets. This legislation is part of a growing trend of extended producer responsibility for waste, which has the potential to shift the world's economies toward more circular patterns of resource use and recycling. This study uses life‐cycle assessment and costing to investigate the possible environmental effects of the WEEE Directive, based on an example of printer recycling in the United Kingdom.

For a total of four waste management scenarios and nine environmental impact categories investigated in this study, results varied, with no scenario emerging as best or worst overall compared to landfilling. The level of environmental impact depended on the type of material and waste management processes involved. Additionally, under the broad mass‐based targets of the WEEE Directive, the pattern of relationships between recycling rates, environmental impacts, and treatment and recycling costs may lead to unplanned and unwanted results. Contrary to original EU assumptions, the use of mass‐based targets may not ensure that producers adapt the design of their products as intended under producer responsibility.

It is concluded that the EU should revise the scope of consideration of the WEEE Directive to ensure its life‐cycle impacts are addressed. In particular, specific environmental objectives and operating standards for treatment and recycling processes should be investigated as an alternative to mass‐based recycling and recovery targets.
Cultural Mistrust, Academic Outcome Expectations, and Outcome Values among African American Adolescent Men
Authors: Irving Miles Anthony , Hudley Cynthia
Published: August 2005

This study measured the relationship between outcome expectations, outcome value, and cultural mistrust among African American male high school students (N = 75) attending an urban, Southern California school. We hypothesized that a negative perception of the dominant culture would negatively affect academic outcome expectations and academic achievement values. The results indicated, as hypothesized, a significant inverse relationship between cultural mistrust and outcome expectations. There was also a significant relationship between cultural mistrust and outcome value. In addition, cultural mistrust and outcome value were significant predictors of academic outcome expectations. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of understanding sociocultural influences on achievement motivation among ethnic minority youth.
Item Response Theory and its Applications to Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement
Authors: Chang Chih-Hung , Reeve Bryce B.
Published: August 2005

This article provides an overview of item response theory (IRT) models and how they can be appropriately applied to patient-reported outcomes (PROs) measurement. Specifically, the following topics are discussed: (a) basics of IRT, (b) types of IRT models, (c) how IRT models have been applied to date, and (d) new directions in applying IRT to PRO measurements.
Synthesis and Polymeranalogous Transformations of New Functionalized Polyheteroarylenes
Authors: Rusanov A. L. , Keshtov M. L. , Belomoina N. M. , Likhatchev D. Yu.
Published: August 2005

New poly[(4-fluorophenyl)quinoxaline]s were prepared by polycyclocondensation of bis(ophenylenediamines) with bis(á-diketone)s – bis(4-fluorophenylglyoxalyl)arylenes. The effect of fluorine atoms in poly(phenylquinoxaline)s on the solubility, thermal characteristics and other properties of the resulting polymers was studied. As the quinoxaline rings act as the activators of fluorine atoms in the reactions of aromatic nucleophilic substitution, poly[(4-fluorophenyl)quinoxaline]s were transformed into poly(phenylquinoxalines) containing aroxy, p-carboxyphenoxy and aroxysulfonic acids groups.
Heterogeneity Influence on Electric Field Induced Piezoelectric Microfracture
Authors: Oates William S.
Published: August 2005

Spatial variations in piezoelectric material properties can influence localized residual stresses under electro-mechanical loading, which has been shown to contribute to microfractures (Jiang, Q., Subbarao, E.C. and Cross, L.E. 1994. ''Grain Size Dependence of Electric Fatigue Behavior of Hot Pressed PLZT Ferroelectric Ceramics,'' Acta Metall. Mater., 42(11):3687–3694; Lynch, C.S. 1998. ''Fracture of Ferroelectric and Relaxor Electro-ceramics: Influences of Electric Field,'' Acta Mater., 46(2):599–608; Wang, Z., Jiang, Q., White, G.S. and Richardson, A.K. 1998. ''Processing Flaws in PZT Transducer Rings,'' Smart Mater. Struct., 7:867–873). The effect of residual stress on piezoelectric microfracture has been modeled by introducing a crack at the edge of a piezoelectric elliptic inclusion with dissimilar piezoelectric matrix material properties. Piezoelectric weight functions were used to assess changes in intensity factors and energy release rates when an inclusion is present. The shape of the elliptic inclusion is shown to have an effect on local driving forces. Additionally, comparison of impermeable and permeable crack face boundary conditions illustrate the importance of applying the more 'physical' permeable conditions to achieve positive flaw-localized driving forces under electrical loading.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Psychopathy Factors Assessed Via Self-Report
Authors: Benning Stephen D. , Patrick Christopher J. , Salekin Randall T. , Leistico Anne-Marie R.
Published: August 2005

Psychopathy has been conceptualized as a personality disorder with distinctive interpersonal-affective and behavioral deviance features. The authors examine correlates of the factors of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI), Self-Report Psychopathy-II (SRP-II) scale, and Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) to understand similarities and differences among the constructs embodied in these instruments. PPI Fearless Dominance and SRP-II Factor 1 were negatively related to most personality disorder symptoms and were both predicted by high Dominance and low Neuroticism. In addition, PPI Fearless Dominance correlated positively with antisocial personality features, although SRP-II Factor 1 did not. In contrast, PPI Impulsive Antisociality, SRP-II Factor 2, and both APSD factors correlated with antisocial personality features and symptoms of nearly all personality disorders, and were predicted by low Love. Results suggest ways in which the measurement of the constructs in each instrument may be improved.
Immunization to minor histocompatibility antigens on transfused RBCs through crosspriming into recipient MHC class I pathways
Authors: Zimring James C. , Hair Gregory A. , Deshpande Seema S. , Horan John T.
Published: August 2005

Increased rates of graft rejection after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) are observed in patients whose illnesses— such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and aplastic anemia—necessitate chronic transfusion before BMT. Because BM transplants in these patients are routinely HLA matched, any immunization responsible for increased rejection is likely against minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAs). It has been assumed that contaminating leukocytes in red blood cell (RBC) units are the main sources of immunization to mHAs. However, in this report, we demonstrate that antigens on donor RBCs are presented in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway of recipient antigen-presenting cells, resulting in activation and expansion of recipient CD8+ T cells specific for donor mHAs. Given that human hematopoietic progenitor cells express many of the known mHAs, this observation provides a mechanism by which chronic transfusion of even stringently leukoreduced RBCs may result in sufficient mHA immunization to increase the frequency of BMT rejection.
‘A profound edge’: performative negotiations of Belfast
Authors: Reid Bryonie
Published: August 2005

The lack of an overarching narrative of place for Northern Ireland, and its territorial conflict, have resulted in fragmented, highly localized and strictly bounded senses of place. This is nowhere more evident than in Belfast, a city profoundly shaped by its sectarian geographies. As a result, what theorists have come to characterize as the relative liberty of urban space is overtly compromised, with movement through and within Belfast being restricted by the policing of its internal boundaries. These difficulties, and their gendered effects, are focused here in relation to the particular experience of artist Sandra Johnston. Johnston made two performative pieces in response and resistance to the spatial constraint she had undergone on the Lower Newtownards Road, a loyalist area of East Belfast. Johnston disrupts the performance of order and control evident in Belfast’s politico-religious territories, and offers a radically alternative negotiation of space, which I argue is personally, communally and politically significant.
Arts of urban exploration
Authors: Pinder David
Published: August 2005

This paper addresses ways in which artists and cultural practitioners have recently been using forms of urban exploration as a means of engaging with, and intervening in, cities. It takes its cues from recent events on the streets of New York that involved exploring urban spaces through artistic practices. Walks, games, investigations and mappings are discussed as manifestations of a form of ‘psychogeography’, and are set in the context of recent increasing international interest in practices associated with this term, following its earlier use by the situationists. The paper argues that experimental modes of exploration can play a vital role in the development of critical approaches to the cultural geographies of cities. In particular, discussion centres on the political significance of these spatial practices, drawing out what they have to say about two interconnected themes: ‘rights to the city’ and ‘writing the city’. Through addressing recent cases of psychogeographical experimentation in terms of these themes, the paper raises broad questions about artistic practices and urban exploration to introduce this theme issue on ‘Arts of urban exploration’ and to lead into the specific discussions in the papers that follow.
Scanning phononic lattices with surface acoustic waves
Authors: Vines Robert E. , Wolfe James P.
Published: August 2005

We have examined the propagation of surface acoustic waves across structures with periodically varying elastic properties. These so-called phononic lattices include a) alternating layers of aluminum and polymer in a multilayer structure, b) a 2-d hexagonal lattice of holes drilled in an aluminum substrate and filled with polymer, and c) a 2-d hexagonal array of Al posts surrounded by polymer. A simple method is employed for probing the elastic properties of these periodic structures with ultrasound in the 0.5–5 MHz range. Ultrasonic surface waves are introduced and detected by water-immersion transducers, cylindrically focused to a line on the sample surface. Transmission and reflection patterns are observed by continuously scanning the wavevector angle with respect to the symmetry axes of the lattice. By Fourier transforming the transmitted signals using a broadband source, we obtain the frequency responses of the lattices as a function of propagation angle. Phononic band gaps, waveguide channeling and Scholte-like interface modes are observed. The results are compared to models of the propagation of transverse waves through analogous bulk structures, for which theories are available. These preliminary models explain the basic features of the experimental results, such as frequency gaps and wave channeling. A number of observations, however, remain to be explained. The angle-scanning technique provides a powerful probe of these modulated structures.
Surface acoustic wave band gaps in micro-machined air/silicon phononic structures — theoretical calculation and experiment
Authors: Wu Tsung-Tsong , Huang Zi-Gui , Liu Shih-Yang
Published: August 2005

In this paper, we investigate the band gaps of micro-machined air/silicon phononic structures both theoretically and experimentally. Based on the plane wave expansion method, dispersion relations of the surface and bulk modes with square lattices in air/silicon two-dimensional phononic structures are calculated and discussed. Band gap widths due to the filling fraction and temperature variation are also analyzed. On the experimental side, generation and reception of high frequency surface acoustic wave in this band structure are realized by a pair of interdigital transducers (IDT) with frequency around 200 MHz. Details of the fabricating process of the phononic structure and the high frequency surface wave generating and receiving IDTs are given. The results demonstrate clearly the existence of SAW band gap in the micro-machined phononic structure and this study may serve as a basis for studying the band gap of SAW in micro-machined phononic structure with the dimension in the order of micrometer and find applications in the RF SAW devices.
The layer multiple-scattering method applied to phononic crystals
Authors: Sainidou Rebecca , Stefanou Nikolaos , Psarobas Ioannis E. , Modinos Antonis
Published: August 2005

After a brief description of the layer multiple scattering method as applied to phononic crystals, we present some results obtained by this method, relating to: crystals of polystyrene spheres in water; crystals of silica spheres in air; and crystals of steel spheres in polyester. We relate the transmission characteristics of slabs of these ma terials to the complex band structure of the corresponding infinite crystals. We emphasize aspects of the underlying physics which have not been discussed previously.
DOCUMENTING LOCAL CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTORY FIELD SCHOOL
Authors: Stafford Philip B.
Published: August 2005

This chapter provides a detailed description of a three‐week summer residential field school conducted in Bloomington, Indiana, in 2000 and 2001. Following a model developed by David A. Taylor of the American Folklife Center, the school provided instruction and hands‐on experience to students interested in learning methods of cultural fieldwork including interviewing, photography and participant‐observation. Additionally, students learned methods of documentation including archiving and exhibition through radio, video, and other public displays. Each field school was organized around a salient local theme: the public square, in year 1 and community and disability, in year 2.

This chapter summarizes the multiple practical challenges that students and instructors face in conducting a successful fieldwork school, with reference to transportation, supervision, field ethics, meals, residential accommodations, equipment, teamwork, and exiting the field.
LESSONS FROM THE NAVAJO: THE IMPACT OF A “GOOD” FIELD EXPERIENCE ON A CAREER
Authors: Berman Rebecca L.H.
Published: August 2005

While many other professions and disciplines have institutionalized the concept of a professional field experience, American anthropology offers only inconsistent opportunities for students to gain extended hands‐on training in anthropological methods and skills in real‐life settings. A good ethnographic field experience can be a powerful mechanism for training students to experience research first hand, to understand the dynamics of field work, to reflect on ethical issues, and to discover whether the role of anthropologist fits. This retrospective account of learning from a veteran of Northwestern University's Ethnographic Field School illustrates the lessons provided through the research experience, the interpersonal experience and the personal experience, and how those lessons carried forward through a career. This account suggests that a “good” field experience can build knowledge, skills, and values that are transferable to other settings.
TOURISM, TOURISTS, AND ANTHROPOLOGISTS AT WORK
Authors: WALLACE TIM
Published: August 2005

The anthropology of tourism is a relatively recent topic area within both academic and applied anthropology, having gotten its start in the 1960s and 1970s. Valene Smith's edited work Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (1977) marks the beginning of the field as a serious academic concern. Since then it has grown rapidly. Anthropologists were (and some continue to be) ambivalent about studying tourists, but initially they were concerned with the impact of tourists and tourism on local communities, especially in rural regions. Much of the initial findings suggested that tourism generally had negative impacts on communities that had become tourist destinations. In this volume, the contributing authors were asked to reflect more on the positive and practical contributions of anthropology to the field of tourism studies and to the tourism industry itself. The authors in their various ways have successfully answered their charge. A brief synopsis of the 13 other papers in the volume is given.
HOSTS AND HOSTS: THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF COMMUNITY‐BASED ECOTOURISM IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON
Authors: STRONZA AMANDA
Published: August 2005

For environmental anthropologists, ecotourism is an especially timely and practical topic. Increasingly, anthropologists are talking with conservationists, development specialists, tour operators, policy‐makers, and local leaders about ecotourism and its impacts on local communities and ecosystems. This is good, as anthropologists are especially well suited to focus ethnographic attention on the general but critical question of what happens when people in host destinations near and in protected areas become involved in ecotourism. Do local “hosts” become etter stewards of wildlife, forests, and other ecosystems when ecotourism is introduced? If so, what is the process by which that happens, and what are the challenges along the way? This paper highlights various methods and insights gained during four years of research on a community‐based ecotourism lodge called Posada Amazonas, located in Madre de Dios, Peru. As a joint business venture between a private company and a local community, Posada Amazonas represents a new standard for local participation in ecotourism. Here, members of the local community of Infierno work not only as boat drivers, cooks, and guides, but also as directors, owners, and decision‐makers in the company. Learning and telling the story of Posada Amazonas ethnographically and from both sides of the partnership allowed me to move beyond a standard impact study of costs and benefits. Anthropological analysis entailed adding nuance to “the local community” and unraveling why people were or were not choosing to participate in ecotourism, and how their decisions were often related to social and cultural roles and perceptions. The ethnographic approach also led to analyses of processes and impacts—that is, how and why there were gains and losses in Infierno, in addition to what the changes were. Answers to these types of questions can have important implications for conservation, beyond calculating jobs gained or income earned. Finally, in addition to deepening the analysis of ecotourism, anthropologists can play important roles as cultural brokers between ecotourism partners, helping to facilitate communication across an array of perspectives and expectations.
THE TRAVELING SEMINAR: AN EXPERIMENT IN CROSS‐CULTURAL TOURISM AND EDUCATION IN TAIWAN
Authors: BLUNDELL DAVID
Published: August 2005

This article explores the anthropologist's role in facilitating and guiding international educational traveling seminars through interaction with local people, based on my experiences with such seminars in Taiwan. Since the late 1980s, the Taiwanese authorities have reviewed restricted space, converting it into scenic areas and national parks. Martial law was lifted, allowing for changes in the society and introducing a “green” consciousness concerned with examining local roots. In 1992, a method of tourism was developed in which the participants of traveling seminars visited places in Taiwan or other world locations expecting to (1) explore, (2) learn, (3) interact, (4) respect, (5) share qualitative feedback with one another, and (6) enjoy the process. When addressing a topic for discussion, such as cultural heritage or the environment, each member of such traveling seminars speaks in his or her own language to share with the group. That is to say, participants explore through travel as a learning process, interacting with others with concern and respect for differences, sharing experiences, and conversing in their mother tongues with translation assistance.
Nitric oxide in blastocyst implantation in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Sengupta Jayasree , Dhawan Latika , Lalitkumar P G L , Ghosh D
Published: August 2005

Successful blastocyst implantation depends on the interaction between cells of maternal endometrium and conceptus, as well as adequate blood supply to the site of blastocyst implantation. Nitric oxide (NO) generally plays a significant role in the local regulation of vascular physiology in a variety of mammalian tissue systems, however, its role in blastocyst implantation and placentation in the primate is not known. The aim of the present study was to examine: (i) NADH-diaphorase activity and expression of three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), namely endothelial NOS (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) in pre-implantation stage monkey embryos, morula (n= 4) and blastocyst (n= 10), as well as, in different compartments of conceptus and maternal endometrium at primary implantation sites during lacunar (n= 6) and villous (n= 9) stages of placentation in the rhesus monkey, and (ii) the potential anti-nidatory effect of vaginal administration of NOS inhibitor during the peri-implantation period of conception cycles in rhesus monkeys. Pre-implantation stage blastocysts exhibited marked NADPH-diaphorase activity along with immunopositive iNOS mainly in the inner cell mass. During the lacunar stage, marked eNOS expression was observed in cytotrophoblast cells lining the embryonic cavity. However, cytotrophoblast cells lining villi, forming columns, and constituting anchoring villi expressed all the three isoforms of NOS in villous placenta stage tissue. During the lacunar stage, eNOS and iNOS protein expressions were observed in epithelial and decidual cells of endometrium. As gestation advanced, mRNAs for all three isoforms of NOS were observed to increase in epithelial and decidual cells, however, with no marked change in protein expression. Vaginal administration of a NOS inhibitor (NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME, 4, 6, and 8 mg/kg body weight or aminoguanidine, AG, 4 mg/kg body weight) during days 6 to 12 after ovulation resulted in pregnancy failure in a higher number of animals (L-NAME: 8 confirmed pregnancies in 25 animals; AG: 2 confirmed pregnancies in 8 animals) compared with control animals (5 pregnancies in 7 animals). It appears that NO may play an important role in the establishment of pregnancy in the rhesus monkey.
PAR-1 and the microtubule-associated proteins CLASP2 and dynactin-p50 have specific localisation on mouse meiotic and first mitotic spindles
Authors: Moore Catherine A , Zernicka-Goetz Magdalena
Published: August 2005

The site of second meiotic division, marked by the second polar body, is an important reference point in the early mouse embryo. To study its formation, we look at the highly asymmetric meiotic divisions. For extrusion of the small polar bodies during meiosis, the spindles must be located cortically. The positioning of meiotic spindles is known to involve the actin cytoskeleton, but whether microtubules are also involved is not clear. In this study we investigated the patterns of localisation of microtubule regulatory proteins in mouse oocytes. PAR-1 is a member of the PAR (partitioning-defective) family with known roles in regulation of microtubule stability and spindle positioning in other model systems. Here we show its specific localisation on mouse meiotic and first mitotic spindles. In addition, the microtubule-associated proteins CLASP2 (a CLIP associating protein) and dynactin-p50 are found on kinetochores and a subset of microtubule-organising centres. Thus we show specific localisation of microtubule regulatory proteins in mouse oocytes, which could indicate roles in meiotic spindle organisation.
What have we learned about gonadotropin function from gonadotropin subunit and receptor knockout mice?
Authors: Kumar T Rajendra
Published: August 2005

A number of biochemical and physiological studies elucidated the roles of pituitary and placental glycoprotein hormones. Advances in the past two decades in manipulating the mouse genome by random or site-specific mutagenesis have heralded a new dimension to our understanding of the biology of gonadotropins. It is now possible to model many human reproductive disorders involving gonadotropins/gonadotropin-signaling in the mouse. Mutant mice selectively lacking either FSH or LH or their cognate receptors have been generated. The gonadotropin ligand and the corresponding receptor knockout mice mostly phenocopy each other. Analyses with these genetic models confirmed earlier physiological studies; in addition they also revealed novel roles for gonadotropins previously unrecognized. While FSH action seems dispensable for male but not female fertility, absence of LH causes infertility in both the sexes. While Sertoli cell number and germ cell carrying capacity of the Sertoli cells in compromised in FSH mutants, both somatic and germ cell lineages are affected in the LH mutants resulting in complete male infertility. FSH mutant females demonstrate a preantral stage block in folliculogenesis and FSH alone is not sufficient to promote full folliculogenesis in the absence of LH. Pre-ovulatory stage follicles do not form and most of the follicles undergo apoptosis in the absence of LH. Many extra-gonadal phenotypes have been described for the receptor knockout mice and whether these bear any resemblances to those in patients with similar inactivating mutations in the receptors for FSH and LH remains an open question. Thus the in vivo models will continue to have a significant impact in understanding gonadotropin physiology and pathophysiology and serve as novel genetic tools to study signaling mechanisms in the gonads.
An update of the pathophysiology of human gonadotrophin subunit and receptor gene mutations and polymorphisms
Authors: Themmen Axel P N
Published: August 2005

New information about mutations and polymorphisms in the genes for the gonadotrophins and their receptors has become available in the last few years. In this short review mutations and polymorphisms in gonadotrophins, their receptors and their pathophysiological effects and implications are discussed. An increasingly clear picture about the structure–function relationships of gonadotrophin action is emerging from the combining the types and the locations of the mutations with their phenotypic effects and the information about the crystal structure of these molecules.
Industrial Hygiene: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Clayton George D.
Published: August 2005

History is the systematic recording of past events. A decade has passed since publication of the 4th Edition of the Patty series on industrial hygiene and toxicology. This decade has had an explosion of technical advances in our profession, and this mountain of new information provides a solid platform for future development.

Prior to the 1950s, industrial hygienists were frequently asked “What is an industrial hygienist?” As we reach the end of this century, recognition of the profession has improved. In both government and industry identity of the profession is well established. In fact, it is one of the highest paid professions in the health related field.

The current definition of industrial hygiene states that it is “the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of workplace environmental factors that may affect the health, comfort, or productivity of the worker.” Earlier definition defined it as both a science and art, and also included discomfort and inefficiency among workers or citizens of the community. The early goal of the industrial hygiene profession, to educate the public, unions and workers, concerning the importance of protecting the health of mankind has been achieved. Although progress was at a creeping pace prior to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, it has accelerated as a result of that Act and the communication explosion.

In the past, the introduction of modern production of chemicals was blamed for the resulting occupational diseases. Some people believed that prior to 1950 there was very little activity in the field of industrial hygiene. Among other fallacious beliefs was that unhealthful conditions are inherent in certain trades. Time has proven that with the proper design of facilities and equipment, along with correct ventilation, design, and good practice, no industry need be considered “unhealthy.”
Workplace Sampling and Analysis
Authors: Soule Robert D.
Published: August 2005

Industrial hygiene sampling is done to identify and quantify specific contaminants present in the environment, determine exposures of workers in response to complaints, assess compliance with respect to various occupational health standards, evaluate the effectiveness of engineering controls installed to minimize workers' exposures, and for other purposes. The reasons for sampling dictate to some extent the sampling strategy that should be used. Sampling can be conducted in a strategic pattern throughout an area to document the environmental characteristics of the workplace. Personal breathing zone samples can be obtained to document actual exposure conditions. The substances being evaluated determine the type of sampling devices to be used, and the analytical requirements specify time and perhaps flow rate of sampling. The occupational health standard or reference indicates whether continuous or instantaneous sampling is appropriate. In short, consideration must be given to a number of variables pertaining to the fundamental purpose of the sampling.

Many analytical methods available to the industrial hygienist have become so standardized and simplified that they require relatively little experience to apply. On the other hand, many seemingly simple tests call for a basic understanding of solubility and gas laws, partial pressures, and chemical reactions. In many instances, questions arising from such considerations can be answered only by qualified specialists. The ultimate method of analysis to be used depends on the problem at hand rather than mere application of a standard method. The trend in recent years has been toward development of methods that give relatively prompt results with a high degree of accuracy. The latter aspect has increased in importance because of legal significance given to occupational health standards, particularly as promulgated under authority of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.

This chapter presents a discussion of overall strategy for sampling in the workplace, statistical bases for industrial hygiene sampling, sampling techniques for gaseous and particulate contaminants, summaries of techniques available for analyzing atmospheric samples, and a discussion of biological monitoring as it relates to industrial hygiene sampling. Many of the early descriptions of industrial hygiene sampling/analysis still serve as foundations for modern, more sophisticated methods.
Interpreting Levels of Exposures To Chemical Agents
Authors: Rappaport Stephen M.
Published: August 2005

The past half‐century has witnessed great advances in the characterization of exposures to toxic chemicals in the workplace. With the development of robust personal monitors, it is now a relatively simple matter to measure the daily air levels among various workers in an observational group (a group of workers sharing observable factors such as job, location, department, etc.).

Unfortunately, the interpretation of levels of exposure has not achieved the same degree of sophistication. In fact, decisions still tend to rely upon one‐to‐one comparisons of the highest measured air concentration with occupational exposure limits (OELs), much as they did 50 years ago (see, for example, Refs. 10–14). If the highest air concentration is less than the OEL, then exposure is acceptable (in compliance) and vice versa. While such interpretations would be reasonable if occupational exposures were relatively constant, they seem remarkably naïve when considered in light of daily exposure levels which vary between 10 and 4000 fold.

Because exposures must be evaluated in the face of great variability within and between workers in observational groups, statistical methods are central to proper assessment procedures. Likewise, since monitoring is motivated by, and must ultimately relate to, exposure limits, the impact of exposure variability on the interpretation of OELs is important. The purpose of this chapter is to integrate statistical methods and the philosophical bases for exposure limits within a conceptual framework for interpreting exposure data. The methods will be illustrated with the four sets of exposure data depicted in graphical form. The sources and characteristics of these measurements are summarized and all data are listed in Appendix A for those who wish to work through the various examples in the text.
The Emission Inventory and Dilution Ventilation
Authors: Harris Robert L. , Arp Earl W.
Published: August 2005

An emission inventory for an industrial or commercial enterprise is a compilation of information from which one can calculate or estimate the rates (quantity per unit time) at which pollutants are released to the environment. For purposes of this chapter, only the emissions that contaminate workroom or community air are considered; emissions to surface or ground water, to soil, or to other environmental receptors are treated only as they may, in turn, result directly in emissions to workplace or community air.

An emission inventory may be simple or complex. A rudimentary inventory may consist of source location, date, identification of process, a qualitative listing of materials used, and an index of size (e.g. annual production rate) for the subject enterprise. Such an inventory, along with emission factors generated by studies of similar processes, will permit the making of an estimate of annual emissions. A comprehensive emission inventory, on the other hand, may contain sufficient detail to permit quantification of emissions, including temporal variations, for a number of specific materials from each point of release in a complex industrial process.

An inventory of emissions, along with various other kinds of companion information, discussed in this chapter, permits the making of estimates of the nature, and sometimes the intensity, of exposures to airborne agents in workplaces or in the community. The level of detail needed and achievable for the inventory depends both on the purposes for which it is to be used and the data sources, or data generating efforts, which can be utilized.