bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staging the World:The DevilsasTheatrum Mundi
Authors: Eecke Christophe Van
Published: September 2015

When Ken Russell's film The Devils was released in 1971 it generated a tidal wave of adverse criticism. The film tells the story of a libertine priest, Grandier, who was burnt at the stake for witchcraft in the French city of Loudun in the early seventeenth century. Because of its extended scenes of sexual hysteria among cloistered nuns, the film soon acquired a reputation for scandal and outrage. This has obscured the very serious political issues that the film addresses. This article argues that The Devils should be read primarily as a political allegory. It shows that the film is structured as a theatrum mundi, which is the allegorical trope of the world as a stage. Rather than as a conventional recreation of historical events (in the tradition of the costume film), Russell treats the trial against Grandier as a comment on the nature of power and politics in general. This is not only reflected in the overall allegorical structure of the theatrum mundi, but also in the use of the film's highly modernist (and therefore timeless) sets, in Russell's use of the mise-en-abyme (a self-reflexive embedded play) and in the introduction of a number of burlesque sequences, all of which are geared towards achieving the film's allegorical import.
Witch-hunt: The Word, the Press and The Devils
Authors: Petley Julian
Published: September 2015

This article examines the way in which sensational articles about the making of Ken Russell's The Devils alerted certain local councils to the film even before it was released. Concerned at what they took to be its lurid content, various councils demanded to see the film before it could be shown in cinemas within their jurisdiction, and a number of such councils banned it outright. This article argues that the Nationwide Festival of Light also used such articles to encourage their supporters to write to their local councils and to request that they ban the film. The British Board of Film Censors, whose examiners clearly disliked the film intensely, was also the recipient of numerous letters of complaint from the same source, but these appear to have been written only after the film was released and thus cannot have influenced the manner in which the Board treated the film. The article also examines critical responses to the film upon its release and argues that these contributed significantly to the atmosphere of near-hysteria which it generated in certain quarters in Britain.
Simon, M.R., et al. Polyclonal Antibody Therapies for Clostridium difficile Infection. Antibodies 2014, 3, 272–288.
Authors: Simon Michael , Chervin Stephanie , Brown Stephen
Published: September 2015

The authors wish to add the following to the acknowledgments of [1]: [...]
Critical Nodes Identification of Power Systems Based on Controllability of Complex Networks
Authors: Li Yu-Shuai , Ma Da-Zhong , Zhang Hua-Guang , Sun Qiu-Ye
Published: September 2015

This paper proposes a new method for assessing the vulnerability of power systems based on the controllability theories of complex networks. A novel controllability index is established, taking into consideration the full controllability of the power systems, for identifying critical nodes. The network controllability model is used to calculate the minimum number of driver nodes (ND), which can solve the computable problems of the controllability of power systems. The proposed approach firstly applies the network controllability theories to research the power systems' vulnerability, which can not only effectively reveal the important nodes but also maintain full control of the power systems. Meanwhile, the method can also overcome the limitation of the hypothesis that the weight of each link or transmission line must be known compared with the existing literature. In addition, the power system is considered as a directed network and the power system model is also redefined. The proposed methodology is then used to identify critical nodes of the IEEE 118 and 300 bus system. The results show that the failure of the critical nodes can clearly increase ND and lead a significant driver node shift. Thus, the rationality and validity are verified.
Characteristics of PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10, and Their Relation to Black Carbon in Wuhan, Central China
Authors: Gong Wei , Zhang Tianhao , Zhu Zhongmin , Ma Yingying , Ma Xin , Wang Wei
Published: September 2015

Hourly average monitoring data for mass concentrations of PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and black carbon (BC) were measured in Wuhan from December 2013 to December 2014, which has a flourishing steel industry, to analyze the characteristics of PM and their relation to BC, using statistical methods. The results indicate that variations in the monthly average mass concentrations of PM have similar concave parabolic shapes, with the highest values occurring in January and the lowest values appearing in August or September. The correlation coefficient of the linear regression model between PM1 and PM2.5 is quite high, reaching 0.99. Furthermore, the proportion of PM1 contained within PM2.5 is roughly 90%, directly proving that ultrafine particles whose diameter less than 1 μm may be a primary component of PM2.5 in Wuhan. Additionally, better seasonal correlation between PM and BC occurs only in summer and autumn, due to multiple factors such as topography, temperature, and the atmosphere in winter and spring. Finally, analysis of the diurnal variation of PM and BC demonstrates that the traffic emissions during rush hour, exogenous pollutants, and the shallow PBLH with stagnant atmosphere, all contribute to the severe pollution of Wuhan in winter.
Source Localization in the Duct Environment with the Adjoint of the PE Propagation Model
Authors: Zhao Xiaofeng
Published: September 2015

Owing to the absorbing, refracting and scattering effects of the propagation medium, electromagnetic (EM) energy will degrade with the increment of propagation range, and the maximum value exists at the point of the radiating source. Employing this phenomenon, this paper introduces a novel approach to detect the location of EM transmitters in an atmospheric duct environment. Different from previous matched-field processing (MFP) methods, the proposed method determines the source location through reconstructing the forward propagation field pattern by the backward adjoint integration of the parabolic equation (PE) propagation model. With this method, the repeated computations of PE used in the MFP methods are not needed. The performance of the method is evaluated via numerical simulations, where the influences of the measurement noise and the geometry of the receiver array on the localization results are considered.
Conductivity-Dependent Flow Field-Flow Fractionation of Fulvic and Humic Acid Aggregates
Authors: Wells Martha
Published: September 2015

Fulvic (FAs) and humic acids (HAs) are chemically fascinating. In water, they have a strong propensity to aggregate, but this research reveals that tendency is regulated by ionic strength. In the environment, conductivity extremes occur naturally—freshwater to seawater—warranting consideration at low and high values. The flow field flow fractionation (flow FFF) of FAs and HAs is observed to be concentration dependent in low ionic strength solutions whereas the corresponding flow FFF fractograms in high ionic strength solutions are concentration independent. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) also reveals insight into the conductivity-dependent behavior of humic substances (HSs). Four particle size ranges for FAs and humic acid aggregates are examined: (1) <10 nm; (2) 10 nm–6 µm; (3) 6–100 µm; and (4) >100 µm. Representative components of the different size ranges are observed to dynamically coexist in solution. The character of the various aggregates observed—such as random-extended-coiled macromolecules, hydrogels, supramolecular, and micellar—as influenced by electrolytic conductivity, is discussed. The disaggregation/aggregation of HSs is proposed to be a dynamic equilibrium process for which the rate of aggregate formation is controlled by the electrolytic conductivity of the solution.
A Critical Review of Mineral Matter Related Issues during Gasification of Coal in Fixed, Fluidized, and Entrained Flow Gasifiers
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Vijayaragavan , Pisupati Sarma
Published: September 2015

Gasification of coal is gaining more popularity due to its clean operation, and its ability to generate products for various markets. However, these technologies are not widely commercialized due to reliability and economic issues. Mineral matter in coal plays an important role in affecting the availability/reliability of a gasifier. Agglomeration in the bed, slag mobility and blockage of the syngas exit section are some of the operations related concerns in fixed-bed gasifiers, while ash deposition and sudden defluidization are the major concerns in fluidized bed gasifiers. In the case of entrained flow gasifiers, syngas cooler fouling and blockage, corrosion and erosion of refractory, and slag mobility are some of the major issues affecting the operations and the reliability of the gasifier. This review is aimed at critically examining various mineral matter related issues contributing to the operation and reliability problems in three types of generic gasifiers (fixed bed, fluidized bed and entrained flow gasifiers). Based on the review, some strategies to counter the potential mineral matter related issues are presented.
Infant Milk Formulas: Effect of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Powdered Products towards Autoxidation
Authors: Cesa Stefania , Casadei Maria , Cerreto Felice , Paolicelli Patrizia
Published: September 2015

Thirty samples of powdered infant milk formulas containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been stored at four different temperatures (20, 28, 40 and 55 °C) and periodically monitored for their malondialdehyde (MDA) content up to one year. MDA levels ranged between 250 and 350 ng/kg in sealed samples with a maximum of 566 ng/kg in samples stored at 28 °C for three weeks after opening of their original packages, previously maintained for ten months at 20 °C. Sample stored at 40° and 55 °C were also submitted to CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) colorimetric analysis, since color is the first sensorial property that consumers may evaluate. Overall, the results demonstrated a good stability of PUFA-enriched infant milk formulas in terms of MDA content. However, some care has to be paid when these products are not promptly consumed and stored for a long time after first opening.
Fine Particulate Matter Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in Beijing, China
Authors: Xiong Qiulin , Zhao Wenji , Gong Zhaoning , Zhao Wenhui , Tang Tao
Published: September 2015

Fine particulate matter has become the premier air pollutant of Beijing in recent years, enormously impacting the environmental quality of the city and the health of the residents. Fine particles with aerodynamic diameters of 0~0.3 μm, 0.3~0.5 μm, and 0.5~1.0 μm, from the yeasr 2007 to 2012, were monitored, and the hospital data about respiratory diseases during the same period was gathered and calculated. Then the correlation between respiratory health and fine particles was studied by spatial analysis and grey correlation analysis. The results showed that the aerial fine particulate matter pollution was mainly distributed in the Zizhuyuan sub-district office. There was a certain association between respiratory health and fine particles. Outpatients with respiratory system disease in this study area were mostly located in the southeastern regions (Balizhuang sub-district office, Ganjiakou sub-district office, Wanshoulu sub-district office, and Yongdinglu sub-district office) and east-central regions (Zizhuyuan sub-district office and Shuangyushu sub-district office) of the study area. Correspondingly, PM1 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1.0 um) concentrations in these regions were higher than those in any other regions. Grey correlation analysis results showed that the correlation degree of the fine particle concentration with the number of outpatients is high, and the smaller fine particles had more obvious effects on respiratory system disease than larger particles.
Zhou, N., et al. Exposure of Tumor-Associated Macrophages to ApoptoticMCF-7 Cells Promotes Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 11966–11982
Authors: Zhou Na , Zhang Yizhuang , Zhang Xuehui , Lei Zhen , Hu Ruobi , Li Hui , Mao Yiqing , Wang Xi , Irwin David , Niu Gang , Tan Huanran
Published: September 2015

The authors wish to change Figure 2 in Section 2 of their paper published in IJMS [1]. In Figure 2C, the tumor tissue of the Mac group was mixed up with that of the CoA group. [...]
Interrelation between Neuroendocrine Disturbances and Medical Complications Encountered during Rehabilitation after TBI
Authors: Renner Caroline
Published: September 2015

Traumatic brain injury is not a discrete event but an unfolding sequence of damage to the central nervous system. Not only the acute phase but also the subacute and chronic period after injury, i.e., during inpatient rehabilitation, is characterized by multiple neurotransmitter alterations, cellular dysfunction, and medical complications causing additional secondary injury. Neuroendocrine disturbances also influence neurological outcome and are easily overlooked as they often present with diffuse symptoms such as fatigue, depression, poor concentration, or a decline in overall cognitive function; these are also typical sequelae of traumatic brain injury. Furthermore, neurological complications such as hydrocephalus, epilepsy, fatigue, disorders of consciousness, paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity, or psychiatric-behavioural symptoms may mask and/or complicate the diagnosis of neuroendocrine disturbances, delay appropriate treatment and impede neurorehabilitation. The present review seeks to examine the interrelation between neuroendocrine disturbances with neurological complications frequently encountered after moderate to severe TBI during rehabilitation. Common neuroendocrine disturbances and medical complications and their clinical implications are discussed.
Wind and Wave Setup Contributions to Extreme Sea Levels at a Tropical High Island: A Stochastic Cyclone Simulation Study for Apia, Samoa
Authors: Hoeke Ron , McInnes Kathleen , O’Grady Julian
Published: September 2015

Wind-wave contributions to tropical cyclone (TC)-induced extreme sea levels are known to be significant in areas with narrow littoral zones, particularly at oceanic islands. Despite this, little information exists in many of these locations to assess the likelihood of inundation, the relative contribution of wind and wave setup to this inundation, and how it may change with sea level rise (SLR), particularly at scales relevant to coastal infrastructure. In this study, we explore TC-induced extreme sea levels at spatial scales on the order of tens of meters at Apia, the capitol of Samoa, a nation in the tropical South Pacific with typical high-island fringing reef morphology. Ensembles of stochastically generated TCs (based on historical information) are combined with numerical simulations of wind waves, storm-surge, and wave setup to develop high-resolution statistical information on extreme sea levels and local contributions of wind setup and wave setup. The results indicate that storm track and local morphological details lead to local differences in extreme sea levels on the order of 1 m at spatial scales of less than 1 km. Wave setup is the overall largest contributor at most locations; however, wind setup may exceed wave setup in some sheltered bays. When an arbitrary SLR scenario (+1 m) is introduced, overall extreme sea levels are found to modestly decrease relative to SLR, but wave energy near the shoreline greatly increases, consistent with a number of other recent studies. These differences have implications for coastal adaptation strategies.
Study on Platinum Coating Depth in Focused Ion Beam Diamond Cutting Tool Milling and Methods for Removing Platinum Layer
Authors: Choi Woong , Baek Seung
Published: September 2015

In recent years, nanomachining has attracted increasing attention in advanced manufacturing science and technologies as a value-added processes to control material structures, components, devices, and nanoscale systems. To make sub-micro patterns on these products, micro/nanoscale single-crystal diamond cutting tools are essential. Popular non-contact methods for the macro/micro processing of diamond composites are pulsed laser ablation (PLA) and electric discharge machining (EDM). However, for manufacturing nanoscale diamond tools, these machining methods are not appropriate. Despite diamond’s extreme physical properties, diamond can be micro/nano machined relatively easily using a focused ion beam (FIB) technique. In the FIB milling process, the surface properties of the diamond cutting tool is affected by the amorphous damage layer caused by the FIB gallium ion collision and implantation and these influence the diamond cutting tool edge sharpness and increase the processing procedures. To protect the diamond substrate, a protection layer—platinum (Pt) coating is essential in diamond FIB milling. In this study, the depth of Pt coating layer which could decrease process-induced damage during FIB fabrication is investigated, along with methods for removing the Pt coating layer on diamond tools. The optimum Pt coating depth has been confirmed, which is very important for maintaining cutting tool edge sharpness and decreasing processing procedures. The ultra-precision grinding method and etching with aqua regia method have been investigated for removing the Pt coating layer. Experimental results show that when the diamond cutting tool width is bigger than 500 nm, ultra-precision grinding method is appropriate for removing Pt coating layer on diamond tool. However, the ultra-precision grinding method is not recommended for removing the Pt coating layer when the cutting tool width is smaller than 500 nm, because the possibility that the diamond cutting tool is damaged by the grinding process will be increased. Despite the etching method requiring more procedures to remove the Pt coating layer after FIB milling, it is a feasible method for diamond tools with under 500 nm width.
G-Quadruplex Forming Oligonucleotides as Anti-HIV Agents
Authors: Musumeci Domenica , Riccardi Claudia , Montesarchio Daniela
Published: September 2015

Though a variety of different non-canonical nucleic acids conformations have been recognized, G-quadruplex structures are probably the structural motifs most commonly found within known oligonucleotide-based aptamers. This could be ascribed to several factors, as their large conformational diversity, marked responsiveness of their folding/unfolding processes to external stimuli, high structural compactness and chemo-enzymatic and thermodynamic stability. A number of G-quadruplex-forming oligonucleotides having relevant in vitro anti-HIV activity have been discovered in the last two decades through either SELEX or rational design approaches. Improved aptamers have been obtained by chemical modifications of natural oligonucleotides, as terminal conjugations with large hydrophobic groups, replacement of phosphodiester linkages with phosphorothioate bonds or other surrogates, insertion of base-modified monomers, etc. In turn, detailed structural studies have elucidated the peculiar architectures adopted by many G-quadruplex-based aptamers and provided insight into their mechanism of action. An overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge of the relevance of putative G-quadruplex forming sequences within the viral genome and of the most studied G-quadruplex-forming aptamers, selectively targeting HIV proteins, is here presented.
The Antiaging Properties of Andrographis paniculata by Activation Epidermal Cell Stemness
Authors: You Jiyoung , Roh Kyung-Baeg , Li Zidan , Liu Guangrong , Tang Jian , Shin Seoungwoo , Park Deokhoon , Jung Eunsun
Published: September 2015

Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata, Chuanxinlian), a medicinal herb with an extremely bitter taste that is native to China and other parts of Southeast Asia, possesses immense therapeutic value; however, its therapeutic properties have rarely been applied in the field of skin care. In this study, we investigated the effect of an A. paniculata extract (APE) on human epidermal stem cells (EpSCs), and confirmed its anti-aging effect through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo study. An MTT assay was used to determine cell proliferation. A flow cytometric analysis, with propidium iodide, was used to evaluate the cell cycle. The expression of integrin β1 (CD29), the stem cell marker, was detected with antibodies, using flow cytometry in vitro, and immunohistochemical assays in ex vivo. Type 1 collagen and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). During the clinical study, skin hydration, elasticity, wrinkling, sagging, and dermal density were evaluated before treatment and at four and eight weeks after the treatment with the test product (containing the APE) on the face. The proliferation of the EpSCs, treated with the APE, increased significantly. In the cell cycle analysis, the APE increased the G2/M and S stages in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of integrin β1, which is related to epidermal progenitor cell expansion, was up-regulated in the APE-treated EpSCs and skin explants. In addition, the production of VEGF in the EpSCs increased significantly in response to the APE treatment. Consistent with these results, the VEGF and APE-treated EpSCs conditioned medium enhanced the Type 1 collagen production in normal human fibroblasts (NHFs). In the clinical study, the APE improved skin hydration, dermal density, wrinkling, and sagging significantly. Our findings revealed that the APE promotes a proliferation of EpSCs, through the up-regulation of the integrin β1 and VEGF expression. The VEGF might affect the collagen synthesis of NHF as a paracrine factor. Clinical studies further suggested that treatment with formulations containing APE confers anti-aging benefits. Based on these results, we suggest that APE may be introduced as a possible anti-aging agent.
Assessment of an Operational System for Crop Type Map Production Using High Temporal and Spatial Resolution Satellite Optical Imagery
Authors: Inglada Jordi , Arias Marcela , Tardy Benjamin , Hagolle Olivier , Valero Silvia , Morin David , Dedieu Gérard , Sepulcre Guadalupe , Bontemps Sophie , Defourny Pierre , Koetz Benjamin
Published: September 2015

Crop area extent estimates and crop type maps provide crucial information for agricultural monitoring and management. Remote sensing imagery in general and, more specifically, high temporal and high spatial resolution data as the ones which will be available with upcoming systems, such as Sentinel-2, constitute a major asset for this kind of application. The goal of this paper is to assess to what extent state-of-the-art supervised classification methods can be applied to high resolution multi-temporal optical imagery to produce accurate crop type maps at the global scale. Five concurrent strategies for automatic crop type map production have been selected and benchmarked using SPOT4 (Take5) and Landsat 8 data over 12 test sites spread all over the globe (four in Europe, four in Africa, two in America and two in Asia). This variety of tests sites allows one to draw conclusions applicable to a wide variety of landscapes and crop systems. The results show that a random forest classifier operating on linearly temporally gap-filled images can achieve overall accuracies above 80% for most sites. Only two sites showed low performances: Madagascar due to the presence of fields smaller than the pixel size and Burkina Faso due to a mix of trees and crops in the fields. The approach is based on supervised machine learning techniques, which need in situ data collection for the training step, but the map production is fully automatic.
Mapping Urban Areas with Integration of DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light and MODIS Data Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Jing Wenlong , Yang Yaping , Yue Xiafang , Zhao Xiaodan
Published: September 2015

Mapping urban areas at global and regional scales is an urgent and crucial task for detecting urbanization and human activities throughout the world and is useful for discerning the influence of urban expansion upon the ecosystem and the surrounding environment. DMSP-OLS stable nighttime lights have provided an effective way to monitor human activities on a global scale. Threshold-based algorithms have been widely used for extracting urban areas and estimating urban expansion, but the accuracy can decrease because of the empirical and subjective selection of threshold values. This paper proposes an approach for extracting urban areas with the integration of DMSP-OLS stable nighttime lights and MODIS data utilizing training sample datasets selected from DMSP-OLS and MODIS NDVI based on several simple strategies. Four classification algorithms were implemented for comparison: the classification and regression tree (CART), k-nearest-neighbors (k-NN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forests (RF). A case study was carried out on the eastern part of China, covering 99 cities and 1,027,700 km2. The classification results were validated using an independent land cover dataset, and then compared with an existing contextual classification method. The results showed that the new method can achieve results with comparable accuracies, and is easier to implement and less sensitive to the initial thresholds than the contextual method. Among the four classifiers implemented, RF achieved the most stable results and the highest average Kappa. Meanwhile CART produced highly overestimated results compared to the other three classifiers. Although k-NN and SVM tended to produce similar accuracy, less-bright areas around the urban cores seemed to be ignored when using SVM, which led to the underestimation of urban areas. Furthermore, quantity assessment showed that the results produced by k-NN, SVM, and RFs exhibited better agreement in larger cities and low consistency in small cities.
Leveraging Two Kinect Sensors for Accurate Full-Body Motion Capture
Authors: Gao Zhiquan , Yu Yao , Zhou Yu , Du Sidan
Published: September 2015

Accurate motion capture plays an important role in sports analysis, the medical field and virtual reality. Current methods for motion capture often suffer from occlusions, which limits the accuracy of their pose estimation. In this paper, we propose a complete system to measure the pose parameters of the human body accurately. Different from previous monocular depth camera systems, we leverage two Kinect sensors to acquire more information about human movements, which ensures that we can still get an accurate estimation even when significant occlusion occurs. Because human motion is temporally constant, we adopt a learning analysis to mine the temporal information across the posture variations. Using this information, we estimate human pose parameters accurately, regardless of rapid movement. Our experimental results show that our system can perform an accurate pose estimation of the human body with the constraint of information from the temporal domain.
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2) Quenching Based Aptasensing Platform: Application to Ochratoxin A Detection
Authors: Sharma Atul , Hayat Akhtar , Mishra Rupesh , Catanante Gaëlle , Bhand Sunil , Marty Jean
Published: September 2015

We demonstrate for the first time, the development of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) quenching based aptasensing platform for detection of target molecules. TiO2 quench the fluorescence of FAM-labeled aptamer (fluorescein labeled aptamer) upon the non-covalent adsorption of fluorescent labeled aptamer on TiO2 surface. When OTA interacts with the aptamer, it induced aptamer G-quadruplex complex formation, weakens the interaction between FAM-labeled aptamer and TiO2, resulting in fluorescence recovery. As a proof of concept, an assay was employed for detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA). At optimized experimental condition, the obtained limit of detection (LOD) was 1.5 nM with a good linearity in the range 1.5 nM to 1.0 µM for OTA. The obtained results showed the high selectivity of assay towards OTA without interference to structurally similar analogue Ochratoxin B (OTB). The developed aptamer assay was evaluated for detection of OTA in beer sample and recoveries were recorded in the range from 94.30%–99.20%. Analytical figures of the merits of the developed aptasensing platform confirmed its applicability to real samples analysis. However, this is a generic aptasensing platform and can be extended for detection of other toxins or target analyte.
Hydraulic Jump and Energy Dissipation with Sluice Gate
Authors: Kim Youngkyu , Choi Gyewoon , Park Hyoseon , Byeon Seongjoon
Published: September 2015

Movable weirs have been developed to address the weaknesses of conventional fixed weirs. However, the structures for riverbed protection downstream of movable weirs are designed using the criteria of fixed weirs in most cases, and these applications cause problems, such as scour and deformation of structures, due to misunderstanding the difference between different types of structures. In this study, a hydraulic experiment was conducted to examine weir type-specific hydraulic phenomena, compare hydraulic jumps and downstream flow characteristics according to different weir types, and analyze hydraulic characteristics, such as changes in water levels, velocities and energy. Additionally, to control the flow generated by a sluice gate, energy dissipators were examined herein for their effectiveness in relation to different installation locations and heights. As a result, it was found that although sluice gates generated hydraulic jumps similar to those of fixed weirs, their downstream supercritical flow increased to eventually elongate the overall hydraulic jumps. In energy dissipator installation, installation heights were found to be sensitive to energy dissipation. The most effective energy dissipator height was 10% of the downstream free surface water depth in this experiment. Based on these findings, it seems desirable to use energy dissipators to reduce energy, as such dissipators were found to be effective in reducing hydraulic jumps and protecting the riverbed under sluice gates.
Lung ventilation/perfusion SPECT for diagnosing pulmonary embolism
Authors: Meyer A. , Knollmann D. , Schaefer W. M.
Published: September 2015

V/P-SPECT is a sensitive and specific procedure for the detection or exclusion of pulmonary embolism. It is important to conform to the guidelines in order to obtain reliable results. The sequence usually starts with the ventilation, followed by the perfusion scan. According to the current guidelines the count rate of the second study should be at least 3 times that of the first study. It is not always easy to meet this requirement, particularly since the deposed quantity of ventilation activity is not well known. The aim was therefore to analyse data from a multicentre survey to determine whether this essential precondition was strictly met. Methods. In a multicentre survey 48 tertiary hospitals were asked to submit projections of all V/P-SPECT studies performed in January 2014. In total, 286 complete data sets from 16 institutions could be evaluated. First, the count rates of the first projections from the V-studies were subtracted from those of the P-studies. The resulting count rates in the first SPECT projections were then divided to calculate the activity ratios between the pure perfusion and ventilation scans (P/V-ratio at least 3 according to the guidelines). Results: The range of the P/V ratio was 0.57–78.71, the mean P/V ratio was 6.94 ± 9.56. For 71 of the 286 external V/P studies (about 25%) the P/V ratio was< 3, in 23 studies (about 8%) the ratio failed to even reach the factor 2. Conclusions: An activity ratio of 3 between the perfusion and ventilation scan was not reached in about 25% of the 286 V/P studies (in around 8% the P/V ratio was<2), so that V/P studies were performed inadequately in a considerable number of procedures. Controlling the count rate increase during the perfusion tracer application (e. g. by handheld monitor) is therefore essential to avoid insufficient data.
A FUZZY MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING METHODOLOGY BASED UPON THE INTERVAL TYPE-2 FUZZY SETS FOR EVALUATING RENEWABLE ENERGY ALTERNATIVES IN TURKEY
Authors: BALIN Abit , BARAÇLI Hayri
Published: September 2015

Energy is substantial for social development and has an essential role for the survival and development of human as an environmental factor. Due to the serious increase ofthe world’s primary energy price and rapid development of Turkey’s economy, energy consumption of Turkey has become a major problem. For that purpose, opinions of the decision makers upon the relative importance of selection criteria are determined by using a fuzzy AHP procedure based upon type-2 fuzzy sets, and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making based upon the interval type-2 TOPSIS method is used to rank the best renewable alternative energy. In this paper, a fuzzy multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology was proposed to determine the best renewable energy alternatives for Turkey, because type-2 fuzzy sets provide additional degrees of independence to represent the uncertainty and the fuzziness of real world applications. The results showed that wind was the best alternative for Turkey’s energy investments, as being followed subsequently by solar, biomass, geothermal, hydraulic and hydrogen. The results were based upon the opinions of three energy planning experts who ranked the energy alternatives according to the ten criteria we have selected.
L’État peut-il demander aux citoyens de contrôler les policiers ?
Authors: Martinez Candice
Published: September 2015

Dans la deuxième moitié des années 1990, l’Argentine met en place des réformes inspirées du modèle community policing . Leur objectif est d’introduire des mesures de contrôle des policiers par les citoyens pour pallier la faiblesse de celui mené par les autorités publiques. Cette stratégie s’est heurtée aux résistances de ceux sur qui elle devait reposer : les habitants. À partir d’observations menées dans des réunions de quartiers, d’entretiens auprès de fonctionnaires du gouvernement et de jeunes hommes et femmes, cet article montre pourquoi ces réformes sont rejetées.
Passage à l’âge adulte, handicap et configurations inclusives
Authors: Ebersold Serge , Cordazzo Philippe
Published: September 2015

Le passage à l’âge adulte des jeunes à besoins éducatifs particuliers s’avère particulièrement difficile tant les conditions régissant leur passage de l’enseignement secondaire vers l’enseignement supérieur et vers l’emploi sont particulières. Ce texte considère les formes d’affiliation qu’ils ont pu expérimenter à l’issue du lycée au regard, notamment, de leurs trajectoires scolaires associées aux stratégies d’accompagnement développées au cours de leur année de terminale et des modalités de transition définies. Il rend ainsi compte des mécanismes intervenant dans le processus de production du handicap, ainsi que ceux présidant aux inégalités entre ce groupe de jeunes et l’ensemble de la population.
Un âge refusé
Authors: Bodin Romuald , Douat Étienne
Published: September 2015

Cet article rappelle d’abord l’importance de la proximité entre les parcours de vie de la jeunesse populaire et ceux de la jeunesse handicapée. Elles sont l’une et l’autre confrontées à des conditions très comparables, notamment au moment du passage à l’âge adulte. L’analyse se resserre ensuite sur ce qui constitue l’une des spécificités des trajectoires de cette jeunesse handicapée. La « gestion bureaucratique des biographies » à laquelle celle-ci est confrontée lui impose une temporalité où sont sans cesse repoussées les étapes constituant idéalement la transition vers l’âge adulte, et tend à l’exclure d’expériences socialisatrices parmi les plus communes.
Huit millions et demi de pauvres...
Authors: Gelot Didier
Published: September 2015

Dans un contexte de crise économique et face à la montée de la pauvreté et de l’exclusion sociale, le gouvernement a adopté, le 23 janvier 2013, un plan pluriannuel de lutte contre les exclusions couvrant la période 2012-2017. Une des originalités de ce plan repose, entre autres, sur le fait d’avoir confié à François Chérèque une mission annuelle de suivi de sa mise en œuvre. Ce plan, très complet dans ses objectifs, malgré une conjoncture économique défavorable enregistre une montée en charge globalement positive. L’ensemble des pays de l’Union européenne se sont engagés à réduire de 20 millions le nombre de personnes en situation de pauvreté et d’exclusion sociale à l’horizon 2020, dont 1,6 million pour la France. Sans anticiper sur les développements futurs, on peut cependant s’interroger sur la possibilité d’atteindre cet objectif.
L’inclusion scolaire en question(s). Impacts sur les pratiques enseignantes
Authors: Galasso-Chaudet Nicole , Chaudet Vincent
Published: September 2015

Cet article examine la définition du terme « inclusion » dans le paysage de l’éducation scolaire, puis dresse un bref historique de son apparition (et non-apparition) dans les textes officiels concernant l’école en France, à partir de la loi du 11 février 2005 « pour l’égalité des droits et des chances, la participation et la citoyenneté des personnes handicapées ». Notre détour par l’approche terminologique, en rapport avec des pratiques de terrain et des logiques d’action en jeu, montre que ce mouvement d’inclusion d’élèves handicapés s’est accentué et diffusé dans le milieu scolaire ces dernières années (depuis la loi 2005), notamment à partir du concept de « Besoins éducatifs particuliers » ( bep ) plutôt que du terme d’« inclusion » (qui n’apparaît pratiquement jamais), sous le coup du principe de la « scolarisation en milieu ordinaire » et qui constitue en définitive un bouleversement des pratiques quotidiennes des enseignants. Tout enseignant dans une classe ordinaire est en effet désormais confronté, parfois de manière paradoxale, à la prise en compte d’une diversité d’élèves à bep (primo-arrivants, allophones, troubles du comportement, déficiences intellectuelles, intellectuellement précoces...) dont il ressort certes des impasses, mais aussi l’émergence d’ingéniosités nouvelles. Nous en arrivons à aborder ce qu’il en est de la reconfiguration, par « montages composites » avec une prédominance de la logique domestique, de la professionnalisation de l’enseignant « en contexte d’inclusion ».
De la fragilité à la réclusion sociale et de l’assistance au développement territorial : des dynamiques d’inclusion en secteur rural
Authors: Lyet Philippe
Published: September 2015

Les territoires ruraux sont faiblement couverts par les politiques publiques et connaissent des difficultés récurrentes en matière de mobilité et d’isolement. L’exclusion y prend une forme particulière que nous avons nommée réclusion sociale, qui se caractérise par une mise à distance des ressources de l’assistance et par une stigmatisation permanente. Les pauvres se retrouvent comme prisonniers de territoires où ils rencontrent de fortes difficultés d’intégration. Ils se replient sur eux-mêmes, ajoutant à cette réclusion externe une réclusion interne, un retrait de la vie sociale qui est une manière pour eux d’échapper à la honte. Sur certains territoires, les relations d’aide de type clinique se développent dans des dispositifs qui répondent à l’isolement et à la faible mobilité, à la faiblesse de l’offre publique et à la stigmatisation. Inscrits dans un projet politique, ces dispositifs proposent des alternatives à l’assistance, dont on sait depuis Georg Simmel qu’elle construit la pauvreté. La société locale et les acteurs des politiques publiques se mobilisent et mettent les « pauvres » en situation de ne pas être considérés comme responsables de leur situation, en leur proposant de véritables dynamiques inclusives.
Handicap et démocratie
Authors: Blanc Alain
Published: September 2015

Par l’intermédiaire de leurs représentants, durant le xx e  siècle, les personnes handicapées ont intégré la société française : leurs instances de représentation participent activement aux mécanismes de la démocratie formelle, ce dont témoignent l’élaboration et l’affermissement du secteur du handicap dont les élites ont contribué à définir les termes de l’action publique. Mais alors que la démocratie formelle offre un cadre permettant une accessibilité équivalente pour l’ensemble des populations, la gestion du handicap se caractérise aussi par de multiples freins, matériels, sociaux et immatériels, dessinant les termes d’une inaccessibilité : en ce cas, la démocratie formelle se donne pour ce qu’elle est, un voile protecteur, masquant les inégalités pointées par les tenants de la démocratie réelle. La difficulté de réalisation de cette dernière est illustrée par une tendance des sociétés démocratiques, la vitesse d’accélération qui souligne les écarts de rythmes entre valides et handicapés.
How Much is Too Much? Getting Children Involved, but Not Too Involved
Authors: Kimball Valerie
Published: September 2015

In the pediatric office, the summer months are filled with well-child visits and sports physicals. It is during these visits that it is important to evaluate our patients as a whole, remembering to discuss both physical and emotional concerns. It is also important to discuss the upcoming school year so concerns by both parents and children can be addressed. Extracurricular activities play a vital role in developing social skills, building a sense of community, and allowing children to discover life-long activities they truly enjoy. However, it is important to remind parents that as a family they must find a balance between a busy extracurricular activity schedule and time for rest, relaxation, and family.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2015;44(9):354–356,358.]
Diagnosis and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Lanzo Erin , Monge Maria , Trent Maria
Published: September 2015

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in adolescent girls that has both reproductive and metabolic implications. Patients with PCOS typically present to their pediatrician for evaluation of menstrual irregularity and/or signs of hyperandrogenism, such as hirsutism and acne. The diagnosis of PCOS is made by clinical symptoms and laboratory evaluation. Because of the long-term health consequences that can accompany the disorder, pediatricians should consider PCOS in their initial evaluation of menstrual irregularity. Lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of treatment for girls with PCOS; however, hormonal medication such as oral contraceptive pills and insulin-sensitizing agents are useful and effective adjuncts to therapy. The goals of treatment for girls with PCOS are to improve clinical manifestations of the disorder, health-related quality of life, and long-term health outcomes.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2015;44(9):e223–e230.]
Monthly Periods—Are They Necessary?
Authors: Strandjord Sarah E. , Rome Ellen S.
Published: September 2015

Menstrual suppression—the use of hormones to delay or eliminate menses—is often used in adolescents to manage conditions associated with the menstrual cycle and to accommodate lifestyle preferences. Reducing the frequency of menstrual bleeding does not cause any known physiologic harm and has potential short-term and long-term advantages. Different methods used for menstrual suppression, however, have associated risks and side effects that need to be weighed against the benefits of controlling menses. This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of menstrual suppression and the different methods available for adolescents.[Pediatr Ann. 2015;44(9):e231–e236.]
Development and Psychometric Assessment of the Nursing Competence Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Kennedy Evelyn , Murphy Gail Tomblin , Misener Ruth Martin , Alder Robert
Published: September 2015

Background:

The study aim was to develop and psychometrically assess an instrument to measure baccalaureate nursing students’ self-efficacy for practice competence. Social cognitive theory includes the construct of self-efficacy and supports this study.

Method:

Before the Nursing Competence Self-Efficacy Scale (NCSES) was administered to senior nursing students (N= 252), nursing experts in research, practice, instrument development, and psychometrics participated in a two-step validation process consisting of two reviews. Construct validity assessments included content, face, contrasting groups, criterion, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The chosen EFA solution consisted of 22 items, each moderately or highly loaded by one of four factors deemed to be interpretable and parsimonious.

Results:

The initial psychometric assessment of the NCSES supported construct validity, internal consistency reliability (.919), and test–retest stability reliability (r= .831).

Conclusion:

With further psychometric assessment, the NCSES can be useful to evaluate new curriculum interventions aimed at increasing students’ self-efficacy for comprehensive practice competence. [J Nurs Educ.2015;54(10):550–558.]
Design and Implementation of A New-type Cloud Computing Examination System
Authors: Zhang Xuedong , Kang Shuqin , Hou Miaole , Liu Xianglei
Published: September 2015

With the rapid development of network technology, large enterprises have established their own online learning and examination system respectively. However, as those network examination systems are dispersive, closed and disconnected, so various resources are unable to be utilized in a balanced way, which may cause substantial waste of enterprise resources. To solve such a problem, the emerging cloud computing technology with the characteristics of service on demand and dynamic expansion capability, provides a possibility of a shared network examination system with lower cost, named as cloud exam support service. A feasible solution for the application of the cloud computing technology in the network examination, which combines the theoretical analysis, system design and technical implementation, is put forward in this paper. The design, development, and pilot application of the cloud examination system described in this paper show that this study is highly practical, operable, and worthy of application and popularization.
Design and Application of Distance Education Platform for New Professional Peasant
Authors: Ren Yujia , Li Menglong , Wu YiXiong
Published: September 2015

Distance learning system has become a significant teaching means; this technology is becoming mature and penetrating in teaching practice of each subject. This study researches design and application of tablet computer control system in distance education platform for new professional peasants. The system designed in this paper consists of computer client, tablet computer, projector and wireless access point. Computer client is the center. Tablet computer is connected with the computer client via wireless access point. The project is connected with computer client. Operation on tablet computer sends to computer client in the form of message. Analysis execution is conducted at computer client to operate courseware contents at computer client via tablet computer. This reaches the objective of synchronously displaying courseware contents. Transmission of courseware contents through screenshot has a wide range of applications and strong universality.