bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fishing for feed in China: Facts, impacts and implications
Authors: Zhang Wenbo , Liu Min , Sadovy de Mitcheson Yvonne , Cao Ling , Leadbitter Duncan , Newton Richard , Little David C. , Li Songlin , Yang Yi , Chen Xiao , Zhou Wei
Published: October 2019

China is the world's largest capture fisheries and aquaculture producer. Over recent decades, China's domestic marine catch composition has changed markedly, from large volumes of a few high‐valued food species to multiple, small, low‐valued, species, a significant proportion of which is primarily used as animal, especially fish, feed. Despite the growing volume and economic importance of the feed catches, their species composition, catch volumes and socio‐environmental impacts are all poorly understood. Based on a nationwide survey of >800 fishing vessels, and the identification and measurement of >12,000 fish and invertebrate individuals, the present study provides an overview of the feed component of China's domestic marine catch, by volumes, species and sizes, and found it to be substantial and biologically unsustainable. Half of the trawler catch (3 million metric tons, mmt), or 35% of the total catch (4.6 mmt) in China's exclusive economic zone, are now comprised of low‐valued “feed‐grade fish”. The present study identified 218 fish species, 50 crustaceans and five cephalopods, and of these, 102 fish species were food species with 89% individuals in their juvenile size ranges. Feed‐grade fish were mainly used as aquaculture feed directly, or indirectly, through the feed industry after reduction to fishmeal and fish oil. The unparalleled scale and poor fisheries resource condition of China's domestic marine fisheries, in parallel with severe overfishing of juveniles, creates a demand for fundamental changes to fishery management practices, including a significant reduction of fishing effort to ensure productivity and ecosystem resilience.
No room for dessert: A mechanistic model of prey selection in gut‐limited predatory fish
Authors: Fall Johanna , Fiksen Øyvind
Published: October 2019

Predatory fish structure communities through prey pursuit and consumption and, in many marine systems, the gadoids are particularly important. These predators have flexible feeding behaviours and often feed on large prey items. Digestion times of large prey are usually longer than handling times, and gut processing limits feeding rate at high prey density. Optimizing the gut content mix can therefore be an important behavioural strategy. Here, we develop a foraging model that incorporates gut processing and use the model to disentangle internal and external limitations on feeding in the omnivorous cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae). We extend the traditional definition of prey profitability to consider prey digestive quality, which we quantify for prey of Northeast Atlantic cod populations. We find an important role for gut limitation; within a range of ecologically relevant temperatures and prey densities, predicted feeding rates were strongly reduced compared to feeding constrained by external factors only, and the optimal diet composition under gut limitation differed from predictions from traditional foraging theory. Capelin, a main prey of Northeast Arctic cod, had the highest digestive quality of all prey across ecosystems, but the cold temperatures in the Barents Sea strongly limited feeding rate by slowing down digestion. Baltic cod fed on a higher proportion of poor‐quality prey compared to the other populations, contributing to its slow growth in relation to water temperature. Gut limitation is particularly important to consider in foraging models for fish with many alternative prey species or fish occupying cold waters where digestion is slow.
Engineering transketolase to accept both unnatural donor and acceptor substrates and produce α‐hydroxyketones
Authors: Yu Haoran , Hernández López Roberto Icken , Steadman David , Méndez‐Sánchez Daniel , Higson Sally , Cázares‐Körner Armando , Sheppard Tom D. , Ward John M. , Hailes Helen C. , Dalby Paul A.
Published: October 2019

A narrow substrate range is a major limitation in exploiting enzymes more widely as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry. For enzymes using two substrates, the simultaneous optimisation of both substrate specificities is also required for the rapid expansion of accepted substrates. Transketolase (TK) catalyses the reversible transfer of a C2‐ketol unit from a donor substrate to an aldehyde acceptor and suffers the limitation of narrow substrate scope for industrial applications. Herein, TK from Escherichia coli was engineered to accept both pyruvate, as a novel donor substrate, and unnatural acceptor aldehydes, including propanal, pentanal, hexanal and 3‐formylbenzoic acid (FBA). Twenty single‐mutant variants were first designed and characterised experimentally. Beneficial mutations were then recombined to construct a small library. Screening of this library identified the best variant with a 9.2‐fold improvement in the yield towards pyruvate and propionaldehyde, relative to wild‐type (WT). Pentanal and hexanal were used as acceptors to determine stereoselectivities of the reactions, which were found to be higher than 98% enantiomeric excess (ee) for the S configuration. Three variants were identified to be active for the reaction between pyruvate and 3‐FBA. The best variant was able to convert 47% of substrate into product within 24 h, whereas no conversion was observed for WT. Docking experiments suggested a cooperation between the mutations responsible for donor and acceptor recognition, which would promote the activity towards both the acceptor and donor. The variants obtained have the potential to be used for developing catalytic pathways to a diverse range of high‐value products.
Thermography in high cycle fatigue short‐term evaluation procedures applied to a medium carbon steel
Authors: Teng Zhenjie , Wu Haoran , Boller Christian , Starke Peter
Published: October 2019

This paper focuses on the fatigue life calculation for an unalloyed medium carbon steel SAE1045 (German DIN‐standard: C45E), by applying an energy dissipation‐based approach quantified through thermographic measurements. The purpose of this approach is to establish an intrinsic dissipation model and to predict characteristics derived from the cyclic deformation behavior of stress‐controlled fatigue tests, eg, the fatigue limit and the S‐N data by using simplified (zero‐dimensional, 0D) thermodynamic equations. In order to investigate the possibilities for a rapid evaluation while simultaneously reducing the experimental effort, one load increase test (LIT) and two constant amplitude tests (CATs) were carried out. The S‐N data evaluated on such a basis is competitive to conventionally determined S‐N data as will be shown.
Chronic pain is independently associated with social frailty in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Hirase Tatsuya , Makizako Hyuma , Okubo Yoshiro , Lord Stephen R , Inokuchi Shigeru , Okita Minoru
Published: October 2019

Aim

The present study aimed to determine whether measures of chronic pain are associated with social frailty in community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

Participants comprised 248 older adults who enrolled for community‐based exercise classes. Chronic pain was defined as the presence of significant pain‐related symptoms within the past month that had continued for at least 6 months. Social frailty was defined as positive responses to two of the following five questions (going out less frequently, rarely visiting friends, feeling unhelpful to friends or family, living alone and not talking with someone every day). Physical function was assessed using the Chair Stand and Timed Up and Go tests.

Results

A total of 55 participants (22.2%) met the criteria for social frailty. A total of 28 socially frail participants (50.9%) and 56 of the socially integrated participants (29.0%) reported chronic pain. The presence of chronic pain was significantly associated with social frailty after adjusting for age, sex and physical function measures (odds ratio 2.13, 95% confidence interval 1.01–4.48). Chronic pain was also significantly associated with three social frailty items: going out less frequently, rarely visiting friends and feeling unhelpful to friends or family.

Conclusions

Chronic pain was independently associated with social frailty in community‐dwelling older adults. Simple assessments of chronic pain and subsequent pain management interventions might be beneficial for older people with social frailty. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 1153–1156.
Application of ultrasound treatment for modulating the structural, functional and rheological properties of black bean protein isolates
Authors: Li Liang , Zhou Yan , Teng Fei , Zhang Shuang , Qi Baokun , Wu Changling , Tian Tian , Wang Zhongjiang , Li Yang
Published: October 2019

The modulating effect of ultrasound treatments at varying powers and times on the structural and functional properties of black bean protein isolate (BBPI) was investigated. Compared with native BBPI, low‐power (150 W) and medium‐power (300 W) ultrasound treatments increased the solubility, foaming and emulsifying properties of BBPI, especially at 300 W, 24 min. This effect arises predominantly due to increased exposure of hydrophobic groups, which serve to increase the interactions between the protein and water molecules. Additionally, an increase in the protein surface activity improved the absorption of protein molecules at the oil–water and air–water interfaces. Rheology data showed that increased hydrophobic and hydrogen‐bonding interactions improved the water‐holding capacity of BBPI gels following ultrasound treatment. However, high‐power (450 W) ultrasound treatment weakened the functional properties of BBPI, and this was likely due to the formation of macromolecular BBPI aggregates. Overall, this study indicates that ultrasound treatment could be a promising approach for modulating other plant protein resources as well as expanding the application of black bean protein.
An overview of papaya seed oil extraction methods
Authors: Tan Chin Xuan , Tan Seok Tyug , Tan Seok Shin
Published: October 2019

Papaya seeds account for about 20% of the total fresh fruit weight. The seeds are generally discarded as agricultural waste products during fruit processing despite being edible. The seeds contain high levels of lipid and thus can be a new source of edible oil. Numerous technologies have been used for extraction of crude oil from papaya seeds. Papaya seed oil is composed mostly of unsaturated fatty acids with oleic acid being the major one. The oil also contains lipophilic phytochemicals such as tocopherols, phytosterols and carotenoids. Further investigations are necessary to validate the functional properties of papaya seed oil produced from different extraction techniques.
A hierarchical approach in the diagnostic workflow of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: Pivotal role of the “Mono‐dysplasia‐score” combined with flow cytometric quantification of monocyte subsets
Authors: Zhu Jaja , Sourdeau Elise , Aubert Honorine , Clauser Sylvain , Maillon Agathe , Capron Claude , Jondeau Katayoun , Ronez Emily , Schillinger Francoise , Garnache‐Ottou Francine , Cornet Edouard , Bardet Valérie
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Monocytosis is a frequent trigger for blood smear review in a routine hematology laboratory whereas chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is infrequent and arises mostly in elderly patients. In order to define the best workflow for monocytosis, we studied three diagnostic approaches: the classical morphology approach (blood smear review), the flow cytometry assay (quantification of monocyte subsets as described by Selimoglu‐Buet et al in 2015), and the “mono‐dysplasia‐score” also referred to as “Monoscore (as described by our team in 2018 using the structural parameters of the Sysmex XN™ analyzers).

Methods

Studying a multicentric cohort of 196 nonclonal monocytoses and CMML patients aged over 50 years, we compared the diagnostic performance of the three approaches alone and in combination to propose a diagnostic decision tree.

Results

In patients presenting with additional criteria for slide review to monocytosis (37% of our cohort), we propose to sequentially combine morphology, Monoscore, and flow cytometry. On the contrary, for patients with isolated monocytosis (63%), slide review is not mandatory and we suggest performing flow cytometry depending on the Monoscore value. Using the proposed algorithm, 98% of CMML patients would have been correctly identified, slide review rate drastically reduced, and flow cytometry would have been carried out in 44% of patients.

Conclusion

We have shown that implementation of Monoscore is a useful input filter to significantly reduce slide reviews without losing sensitivity and that flow cytometry is a performant technique in the second step of the diagnostic workup of CMML.
Clinical prediction score for superficial surgical site infections: Real‐life data from a retrospective single‐centre analysis of 812 hepatectomies
Authors: Shen Juwei , Ni Zuowei , Qian Yigang , Wang Bei , Zheng Shusen
Published: October 2019

Superficial surgical site infections (SSIs) are one of the most common postoperative complications of hepatectomy for liver cancer. The objective of this study is to clarify the risk factors and determine a clinical prediction score for SSIs after partial hepatectomy for malignant tumour. A total of 812 consecutive patients were enrolled who underwent partial hepatectomy for liver malignant tumour from January 2017 to December 2017. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the risk factors for SSIs. Clinical prediction score was then constructed using coefficients of identified significant predictors. Risk stratification was then carried out by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Of all the 812 patients, SSIs were observed in 31 (3.82%) patients. A multivariate analysis identified four predictors as independent risk factors for SSIs, which were splenomegaly, perioperative blood transfusion, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and low postoperative serum albumin concentration (<35 g/L). Clinical prediction score ranged from 0 to 4.6 with its discrimination concordance (C) statistic of 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59, 0.81). Risk stratification classified these patients into low, moderate, and high risk in SSIs. This risk score system may credibly stratify the risk of SSIs with relatively high sensitivity and specificity. Splenomegaly, history of blood transfusion, ICU admission, and postoperative serum albumin concentration less than 35 g/L could be used to predict SSIs with acceptable discrimination. This clinical risk score system may be useful in prediction of SSIs after hepatectomy for malignant tumours.
Trajectories of depression symptom change during and following treatment in adolescents with unipolar major depression
Authors: Davies Sian Emma , Neufeld Sharon A.S. , van Sprang Eleonore , Schweren Lizanne , Keivit Rogier , Fonagy Peter , Dubicka Bernadka , Kelvin Raphael , Midgley Nick , Reynolds Shirley , Target Mary , Wilkinson Paul , van Harmelen Anne Laura , Goodyer Ian Michael
Published: October 2019

Objective

To classify a cohort of depressed adolescents recruited to the UK IMPACT trial, according to trajectories of symptom change. We examined for predictors and compared the data‐driven categories of patients with a priori operational definitions of treatment response.

Method

Secondary data analysis using growth mixture modelling (GMM). Missing data were imputed. Trajectories of self‐reported depressive symptoms were plotted using scores taken at six nominal time points over 86 weeks from randomisation in all 465 patients.

Results

A piecewise GMM categorised patients into two classes with initially similar and subsequently distinct trajectories. Both groups had a significant decline in depressive symptoms over the first 18 weeks. Eighty‐four per cent (84.1%, n = 391) of patients were classed as ‘continued‐improvers’ with symptoms reducing over the duration of the study. A further class of 15.9% (n = 74) of patients were termed ‘halted‐improvers’ with higher baseline depression scores, faster early recovery but no further improvement after 18 weeks. Presence of baseline comorbidity somewhat increased membership to the halted‐improvers class (OR = 1.40, CI: 1.00–1.96). By end of study, compared with classes, a clinical remission cut‐off score (≤27) and a symptom reduction score (≥50%) indexing treatment response misclassified 15% and 31% of cases, respectively.

Conclusions

A fast reduction in depressive symptoms in the first few weeks of treatment may not indicate a good prognosis. Halted improvement is only seen after 18 weeks of treatment. Longitudinal modelling may improve the precision of revealing differential responses to treatment. Improvement in depressive symptoms may be somewhat better in the year after treatment than previously considered.
Efficacy of Direct‐Acting Antivirals for Chronic Hepatitis C in a Large Cohort of Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Pan Calvin Q. , Gayam Vijay , Rabinovich Charles , Normatov Milana , Fidman Bazhena , Wang Dan , Garlapati Pavani
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVES

Data on the virologic response and tolerability of direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) are lacking in older people because these individuals are underrepresented in clinical trials. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of DAA regimens in older individuals in a large cohort of real‐life clinical practice.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, patients with chronic hepatitis C infection between 2017 and 2018 were divided into patients aged 65 years and older and those younger than 65 years. We evaluated the sustained virologic response rates (SVRs) in both groups. Further subgroup analyses on the SVRs for patients aged 65 to 74, 75 to 84, and 85 years and older were performed. We also analyzed the predictors of treatment response in older individuals.

RESULTS

Among 1151 eligible patients, 516 were in the older group and 635 were in the younger group. The overall treatment response in the entire cohort was 97.7%. A significantly higher percentage of patients presented with advanced stages of fibrosis in the older group (53.1% vs 39.5%; P = <.001). The SVR rates were similar between the two groups (98.3% vs 97.7%; P = .18). In multivariate models, age was not predictive of SVR after adjusting for confounders. Subgroup analyses in the age groups of 65 to 74, 75 to 84, and older than 85 years showed similar treatment response rates (97.4%, 97.2%, and 86.7, respectively; P = .06) and advanced fibrosis (50.8%, 61.5%, and 53.3%, respectively; P = .14).

CONCLUSION

Although older people exhibit a significantly higher frequency of fibrosis, DAAs produce high rates of SVR in all age groups, and the age of the patient does not seem to have a significant impact on the efficacy of DAAs including patients in the oldest age category (≥75 y). Treatment should not be withheld in older individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:379–387, 2020
Polypharmacy and Incident Frailty in a Longitudinal Community‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Shmuel Shahar , Lund Jennifer L. , Alvarez Carolina , Hsu Christine D. , Palta Priya , Kucharska‐Newton Anna , Jordan Joanne M. , Nelson Amanda E. , Golightly Yvonne M.
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVES

Polypharmacy may affect frailty, a common and costly condition among older adults. Frailty prevalence is elevated among racial/ethnic minorities and persons living in the US South, and research is needed to inform future pharmacologic interventions in these populations. Our aim was to quantify the prevalence of frailty and polypharmacy, and to estimate the association between polypharmacy and incident frailty.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

A community‐based cohort study of adults residing in Johnston County, North Carolina.

PARTICIPANTS

White and African American adults aged 50 to 95 years (n=1697).

MEASUREMENTS

At each study visit, all prescription and over‐the‐counter medications were recorded. We calculated annual polypharmacy (5‐9 medications) and excessive polypharmacy (≥10 medications) prevalence at the 2006‐2010 visit (n = 1697) and operationalized the Fried frailty phenotype to describe prevalent and incident frailty at two consecutive visits (2006‐2010 and 2013‐2015). We estimated risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between polypharmacy and incident frailty using weighted log‐binomial regression to account for measured confounding and attrition using inverse probability of treatment and attrition weights, respectively.

RESULTS

At the 2006‐2010 visit, 678 (41%) and 260 (16%) participants were exposed to polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy, respectively. Overall, 353 (21%) participants and 180 (21%) participants were frail at the 2006‐2010 and 2013‐2015 visits, respectively. Frailty was more common among participants identifying as white, women, and having less educational attainment relative to those without these characteristics. Incident frailty at the 2013‐2015 visit was 15% (mean follow‐up = 5.5 years). Our results suggest that polypharmacy is positively associated with incident frailty (weighted RR = 1.4; 95% CI = .9‐2.0), yet estimates are imprecise and should be interpreted with caution.

CONCLUSION

Consistent with the current weight of evidence, our results suggest an association between polypharmacy and incident frailty. Prospective studies evaluating deprescribing interventions are needed to clarify whether reducing polypharmacy decreases frailty incidence. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2482–2489, 2019
Overview and critical revision of clinical assessment tools in chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neurotoxicity
Authors: Park Susanna B. , Alberti Paola , Kolb Noah A. , Gewandter Jennifer S. , Schenone Angelo , Argyriou Andreas A.
Published: October 2019

Chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neurotoxicity (CIPN) is a major toxicity of cancer treatment, leading to dose reduction and premature treatment cessation, potentially affecting patient function, and quality of life. The development of accurate and sensitive assessment tools for CIPN is essential to enable clinical monitoring during treatment, follow‐up of long‐term outcomes and measurement of toxicity in clinical trials. This review examines CIPN clinical assessment scales incorporating clinician‐based, composite, and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs), providing a systematic review of their properties and an updated critical analysis of recommendations on current evidence for their use. This systematic review of CIPN assessment tools identified 50 papers containing 41 assessment tools, across 4 categories (common toxicity criteria; composite neurological scale; PROs; pain scale). The majority of these tools were PROs, underscoring the importance of patient‐based assessment of symptoms. While there has been considerable work in the field over the past 10 years, this review highlights significant gaps, including a lack of evaluation of responsiveness and problematic neuropathic pain evaluation. There remains a need for consensus on the best available tool and the need to modify existing instruments to improve utility.
Longitudinal changes in moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Farooq Abdulaziz , Martin Anne , Janssen Xanne , Wilson Mathew G. , Gibson Ann‐Marie , Hughes Adrienne , Reilly John J.
Published: October 2019

Moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity (MVPA) is important for childhood obesity prevention and treatment, yet declines with age. Timing and magnitude of the decline in MVPA in children and adolescents are unclear but important for informing effective obesity intervention development. This systematic review aimed to determine and compare the year‐to‐year changes in MVPA among children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies were identified by searching 10 relevant databases up to December 2018. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported accelerometer‐assessed MVPA (min day−1) separately for boys and girls and had follow‐up duration of at least 1 year. After screening 9,232 studies, 52 were included representing 22,091 aged 3 to 18 year olds (boys=8,857; girls=13,234). Pooled‐analysis of the relative change in MVPA per year showed a decline of −3.4% (95% CI, −5.9 to −0.9) in boys and −5.3% (95% CI, −7.6 to −3.1) in girls, across all age groups. There were notable declines in MVPA at age 9 for both boys (−7.8%, 95% CI, −11.2 to −4.4) and girls (−10.2%, 95% CI, −14.2 to −6.3). The relative decline in MVPA affects both sexes from an early age; however, it is greater among girls. Interventions to promote MVPA should start before adolescence.
Case report: giant parotid sialolith presenting in a two‐year‐old boy ‐ an important differential diagnosis in paediatric facial pain
Authors: Shelswell J. , Horisk N. , Reid J.
Published: October 2019

Paediatric sialolithiasis is rare, with most sialoliths under 10 mm in their largest dimension and usually found in the submandibular gland. We present a case of a 25 mm parotid sialolith in a two‐year‐old boy. He presented to the emergency department with recurrent right‐sided facial swelling and was admitted for management of suspected parotitis. An ultrasound completed the next day revealed massive dilatation of the right Stensen's duct throughout its length. After 24 h of intravenous co‐amoxiclav did not relieve symptoms, the patient was listed for examination under general anaesthesia. A 25 mm calculus was dissected from the right parotid duct alongside copious free‐flowing pus, with follow‐up showing normal healing. This case highlights the importance of not omitting this differential diagnosis in paediatric facial swelling, despite its rarity in children.
Econometric models applied to aquaculture as tools for sustainable production
Authors: Peñalosa Martinell Daniel , Vergara‐Solana Francisco Javier , Almendarez‐Hernández Luis César , Araneda‐Padilla Marcelo Eduardo
Published: October 2019

Aquaculture production must keep increasing if seafood demand is to be met. This increase in production has substantial impacts on the three pillars of sustainability (i.e. economy, society and environment). To fairly assess the effects that industry has, several tools have been used, mainly theoretical bioeconomic analysis. Even though theoretical models are essential for the assessment of sustainability, the application of econometric models that rely on empirical data to validate the theory proposed is a priority. The objective of this work was to analyse state of the art related to the use of econometric models in aquaculture industry and categorize findings according to their relationship with any of the three pillars of sustainability to promote the implementation of tools that allow balancing growth of the sector with rational use of resources. The study is divided into five sections. First, the introduction describes the current state of aquaculture, difficulties in management and use of econometric models as tools for improving it. Second, the methods used to develop the bibliometric and bibliographic review are described alongside the research questions. Third, the results of the literature review and categorization are proposed according to the sustainability pillars. Fourth, possible new applications of econometric models are discussed to assess sustainability challenges. Finally, a conclusion of the research is provided stating the benefits and challenges of the use of econometric models in aquaculture.
Effects of Insurance Incentives on Road Safety: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in China*
Authors: Dionne Georges , Liu Ying
Published: October 2019

We contribute to the growing body of literature on moral hazard by offering empirical evidence of the effectiveness of insurance pricing incentives at improving road safety. We do this by comparing the claim frequency following a regulatory reform introduced in a pilot city in China, with the experience of another city unaffected by the reform. By using a difference‐in‐differences methodology, we find that improving insurance pricing on past claims and on traffic violations with full industry commitment reduces moral hazard and insured drivers’ claim frequency by 12 percent. The treatment effects are, however, heterogeneous with respect to insured drivers’ wealth and their history of past claims.
‘We don't know much about Bees!’ Techno‐Optimism, Techno‐Scepticism, and Denial in the American large‐scale Beekeeping Industry
Authors: Cilia Laurent
Published: October 2019

This article examines how U.S large‐scale beekeepers explain and resolve the plight of the honey bee. Using in‐depth interviews with beekeepers and scientists, field notes, and qualitative online data, I find that while beekeepers invest in and hope for technoscientific developments, they are also sceptical of the promises of technoscience. I describe this paradox as a form of denial. As both agents and victims (with their bees) of industrial agriculture, they turn doubtfully to technoscience, which saves them from deconstructing and reconsidering the system they are an integral part of and benefit from. While technoscientific promises keep beekeepers hopeful and provide them with a sense of agency, they also prevent them from challenging the larger sociocultural mode of food production at the root cause of the plight of managed honey bees. In their attempt to save their bees and their livelihoods, beekeepers’ conversations are performed to fit the dominant technoscientific imaginary and fail to seriously consider causes and solutions in the larger eco‐social context.
Dual conditionality in welfare and housing for lone parents in Ireland: Change and continuity?
Authors: Murphy Mary
Published: October 2019

This article focuses on multiple conditionalities in benefits and housing from the perspective of lone parents in Ireland. The Irish case echoes historical experiences elsewhere and is offered not as an exceptional or extreme case but as an in‐depth single case study and a lens for comparison. Although contemporary forms and combinations of conditionalities are new to Ireland, the experience of multiple conditionalities in benefits and housing is not new. Hence, a historical perspective is used to examine contemporary multiple conditionalities in benefits and housing. In the past, conditional regimes for lone parents were justified in terms of moral reformation for first time mothers and avoiding moral contagion of mothers with subsequent pregnancies. In contemporary times, in the case of employment, lone parents are problematised as working part‐time and “nesting” on in‐work‐benefits, and in the case of homelessness, lone parents who prioritise the security of tenure embedded in social housing are accused of “gaming” the system. While acknowledging ambiguities, the paper finds the overlap of welfare and housing discourses contribute, intentionally or unintentionally, to epistemological foundations or understandings of lone parents, shifting public perceptions, and framing them as “problems” to be solved. They simultaneously temper lone parents' expectations. Increased precarity and disempowerment is associated with dual conditionality, and ontological uncertainty is multiplied when experienced cumulatively across employment, social protection, and housing regimes in a context of generally poor public services and labour market precarity and in the historical context of stigmatisation. Nonetheless, lone parents demonstrate considerable agency.
Serologic screening and infectious disease consultation (IDC): Indicated in heart, lung, liver (HLL) solid organ transplants (SOT) for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella
Authors: Seckin Zeynep Idil , Brumble Lisa M. , Libertin Claudia R.
Published: October 2019

Background

Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are a special group of patients who require comprehensive evaluation for preventable infectious diseases before transplantation. The main aim of our study was to investigate the number of heart, lung, and liver (HLL) transplant recipients who were evaluated for their immune status against measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and varicella (VZV). As a secondary aim, we investigated whether pre‐transplant infectious disease consultation (IDC) improves vaccination rates.

Methods

This study was an institution‐based retrospective analysis of HLL transplant recipients born in or after 1957 and evaluated at Mayo Clinic, FL Transplant Center between January 1st, 2016 and December 31st, 2017. Data collection was obtained from electronic medical records. The vaccination rates were compared by univariate analysis based on IDC and no ID consultation (NIDC).

Results

One hundred and eighty‐seven (77%) of a total 242 patients received an IDC pre‐transplantation. Varicella IgG levels were screened in all 187 IDC candidates. Among the 187 IDC patients, mumps, measles, and rubella IgG serologies were performed in 9 (5%), 21 (11%), and 51 (27%), respectively. Among all 242 patients, vaccines given included 2 (0.8%) MMR, 10 (4.1%) varicella and 85 (35.12%) Zostavax. Univariate analysis revealed that Zostavax was given to 76 (40.6%) pre‐transplant IDC patients and only in 9 (16.7%) NIDC patients (P < .001).

Conclusions

Despite the relatively high IDC rate, patients’ screened numbers for MMR IgG levels were low. Results pointed out the need for MMR protocol‐driven serologic screening as well as for VZV and IDC prior to transplantation to increase vaccination rates.
Intronic heterochromatin prevents cryptic transcription initiation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhou Jincong , Liu Liangyu , Li Qin , Xu Wei , Li Kuan , Wang Zhi‐Wei , Sun Qianwen
Published: October 2019

Intronic transposable elements (TEs) comprise a large proportion in eukaryotic genomes, but how they regulate the host genes remains to be explored. Our forward genetic screen disclosed the plant‐specific RNA polymerases IV and V in suppressing intronic TE‐mediated cryptic transcription initiation of a chimeric transcripts at FLC (FLCTE). Initiation of FLCTE transcription is blocked by the locally formed intronic heterochromatin, which is directly associated with RNA Pol V to inhibit the entry of RNA Pol II and the occupancy of H3K4 methylation. Genome‐wide Pol II Ser5p native elongation transcription sequencing revealed that a significant number of intronic heterochromatin‐containing genes undergo this mechanism. This study sheds light on deeply understanding the function of intronic heterochromatin on host genes expression in eukaryotic genome.
GUN1 influences the accumulation of NEP‐dependent transcripts and chloroplast protein import in Arabidopsis cotyledons upon perturbation of chloroplast protein homeostasis
Authors: Tadini Luca , Peracchio Carlotta , Trotta Andrea , Colombo Monica , Mancini Ilaria , Jeran Nicolaj , Costa Alex , Faoro Franco , Marsoni Milena , Vannini Candida , Aro Eva‐Mari , Pesaresi Paolo
Published: October 2019

Correct chloroplast development and function require co‐ordinated expression of chloroplast and nuclear genes. This is achieved through chloroplast signals that modulate nuclear gene expression in accordance with the chloroplast's needs. Genetic evidence indicates that GUN1, a chloroplast‐localized pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein with a C‐terminal Small MutS‐Related (SMR) domain, is involved in integrating multiple developmental and stress‐related signals in both young seedlings and adult leaves. Recently, GUN1 was found to interact physically with factors involved in chloroplast protein homeostasis, and with enzymes of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in adult leaves that function in various retrograde signalling pathways. Here we show that following perturbation of chloroplast protein homeostasis: (i) by growth in lincomycin‐containing medium; or (ii) in mutants defective in either the FtsH protease complex (ftsh), plastid ribosome activity (prps21‐1 and prpl11‐1) or plastid protein import and folding (cphsc70‐1), GUN1 influences NEP‐dependent transcript accumulation during cotyledon greening and also intervenes in chloroplast protein import.
Mobile Learning in Suzuki Violin Lessons: A Study of QR Code Game
Authors: Sever Gülşah
Published: October 2019

This was a qualitative research that aimed to identify the opinions of Suzuki violin students on a QR Code game designed within the scope of mobile learning. Clues about the technical and musical aspects of the pieces in the 1st book of Suzuki method, and entertaining tasks were stored in QR codes. The content analysis of observations, student interviews, student attitude forms, and expert opinions were conducted on Maxqda 12 qualitative analysis software. This provided information on the effect of the QR Code game on repeats, its compliance with technology, and opinions on white and yellow cards. Findings of the study revealed that the QR Code game allowed the students to repeat the pieces in Suzuki repertoire on different cognitive, affective, and psychomotor levels over and over. In the study, the students had a positive attitude towards the QR Code game and an active participation in the process that led to a positive and cheerful learning environment.
Agency and responsibility over virtual movements controlled through different paradigms of brain−computer interface
Authors: Nierula Birgit , Spanlang Bernhard , Martini Matteo , Borrell Mireia , Nikulin Vadim V. , Sanchez‐Vives Maria V.
Published: October 2019

Key points

Embodiment of a virtual body was induced and its movements were controlled by two different brain−computer interface (BCI) paradigms – one based on signals from sensorimotor versus one from visual cortical areas.

BCI‐control of movements engenders agency, but not equally for all paradigms.

Cortical sensorimotor activation correlates with agency and responsibility.

This has significant implications for neurological rehabilitation and neuroethics.

Agency is the attribution of an action to the self and is a prerequisite for experiencing responsibility over its consequences. Here we investigated agency and responsibility by studying the control of movements of an embodied avatar, via brain–computer interface (BCI) technology, in immersive virtual reality. After induction of virtual body ownership by visuomotor correlations, healthy participants performed a motor task with their virtual body. We compared the passive observation of the subject's ‘own’ virtual arm performing the task with (1) the control of the movement through activation of sensorimotor areas (motor imagery) and (2) the control of the movement through activation of visual areas (steady‐state visually evoked potentials). The latter two conditions were carried out using a BCI and both shared the intention and the resulting action. We found that BCI‐control of movements engenders the sense of agency, which is strongest for sensorimotor area activation. Furthermore, increased activity of sensorimotor areas, as measured using EEG, correlates with levels of agency and responsibility. We discuss the implications of these results for the neural basis of agency.
Bayesian inference for modal identification in ducts with a shear flow
Authors: Roncen Rémi , Méry Fabien , Piot Estelle
Published: October 2019

An in-duct modal decomposition technique is described. The basis for the technique is to consider the decomposition as an inference problem. Using transfer function measurements at the duct walls, a Bayesian inference is conducted to evaluate the acoustic modal coefficients in the presence of uncertainties. These uncertainties encompass model errors, microphone measurements error, and uncertainty on the flow profile. The formalism of the direct problem of modal decomposition in a ducted shear flow is first developed. The case of a circular cross-section duct is then treated without and with a flow, using synthetic noisy signals for the inference problem.
Exceptional continental record of biotic recovery after the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction
Authors: Lyson T. R. , Miller I. M. , Bercovici A. D. , Weissenburger K. , Fuentes A. J. , Clyde W. C. , Hagadorn J. W. , Butrim M. J. , Johnson K. R. , Fleming R. F. , Barclay R. S. , Maccracken S. A. , Lloyd B. , Wilson G. P. , Krause D. W. , Chester S. G. B.
Published: October 2019

Terrestrial record of recovery

The extinction that occurred at the end of the Cretaceous period is best known as the end of the nonavian dinosaurs. In theory, this paved the way for the expansion of mammals as well as other taxa, including plants. However, there are very few direct records of loss and recovery of biotic diversity across this event. Lyson
et al.
describe a new record from the Cretaceous-Paleogene in Colorado that includes unusually complete vertebrate and plant fossils that describe this event in detail, including the recovery and expansion of mammalian body size and increasing plant and animal biotic diversity within the first million years.

Science
, this issue p.
977
How lithium dendrites form in liquid batteries
Authors: Xiao Jie
Published: October 2019

Studies of interfacial reactions and mass transport may allow safe use of lithium metal anodes
Plant hydraulics and agrichemical genomics
Authors: Phillips George N. , Sussman Michael R.
Published: October 2019

A next-generation synthetic hormone is developed to understand water use in plants
Volumetric laser endomicroscopy features of dysplasia at the gastric cardia in Barrett’s oesophagus: results from an observational cohort study
Authors: Trindade Arvind J , Raphael Kara L , Inamdar Sumant , Stewart Molly , Berkowitz Joshua , Vegesna Anil , McKinley Matthew J , Benias Petros C , Kahn Allon , Leggett Cadman L , Lee Calvin , Sejpal Divyesh V , Rishi Arvind
Published: October 2019

Objective

Volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE) is an advanced imaging modality used in Barrett’s oesophagus (BE) to help identify dysplasia in the oesophagus. VLE criteria exist for oesophageal dysplasia but not for dysplasia in the gastric cardia. The aim of this study was to determine if there are in vivo VLE features that can predict gastric cardia dysplasia in BE.

Design

This was a single-centre observational cohort study from August 2016 to August 2018. Patients were included if they had BE, were undergoing a VLE exam as standard of care, and had a suspicious target laser marked at the gastric cardia. The following VLE features were correlated to histology to determine if an association existed between histology subtype and VLE feature: wide crypts, irregular surface, one large isolated gland, multiple glands, and complex glands.

Results

A total of 110 in vivo gastric cardia targets in 77 patients with BE were analysed. The following abnormalities were identified: 61 wide crypts, 34 isolated glands, 16 irregular surfaces, 15 multiple glands, and 11 complex glands. Complex glands were the only VLE feature that correlated to any histology subtype. They were present in 71% of targets with high-grade dysplasia (HGD), T1a cancer or T1b cancer and had a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 71%, 99%, and 85%, respectively. Of the 10 patients with complex glands on VLE and HGD/cancer on histology, 4 had a normal-appearing mucosa (40%) on endoscopy.

Conclusion

Identification of complex glands on VLE may aid in detection of HGD or early cancer in the gastric cardia in BE. This is particularly important, as dysplasia at the gastric cardia can be difficult to see endoscopically.
Reflections on implementing a hospital-wide provider-based electronic inpatient mortality review system: lessons learnt
Authors: Mendu Mallika L , Lu Yi , Petersen Alec , Tellez Melinda Gomez , Beloff Jennifer , Fiumara Karen , Kachalia Allen
Published: October 2019

Importance

Death due to preventable medical error is a leading cause of death, with varying estimates of preventable death rates (14%–56% of total deaths based on national extrapolated estimates, 3%–11% based on single-centre estimates). Yet, how best to reduce preventable mortality in hospitals remains unknown.

Objective

In this article, we detail lessons learnt from implementing a hospital-wide, automated, real-time, electronic mortality reporting system that relies on the opinions of front-line clinicians to identify opportunities for improvement. We also summarise data obtained regarding possible preventability, systems issues identified and addressed, and challenges with implementation. We outline our process of survey, evaluation, escalation and tracking of opportunities identified through the review process.

Methods

We aggregated and analysed 7 years of review data regarding deaths, review responses categorised by ratings of possible preventability and inter-rater reliability of possible preventability. A qualitative analysis of reviews was performed to identify care delivery opportunities and institutional response.

Results

Over the course of 7 years, 7856 inpatient deaths occurred, and 91% had at least one review completed. 5.2% were rated by front-line clinicians as potentially being preventable (likely or possibly), and this rate was consistent over time. However, there was only slight inter-rater agreement regarding potential preventability (Cohen’s kappa=0.185). Nevertheless, several major systems-level opportunities were identified that facilitated care delivery improvements, such as communication challenges, need for improved end-of-life care and interhospital transfer safety.

Conclusions

Through implementation, we found that a hospital-wide mortality review process that elicits feedback from front-line providers is feasible, and provides valuable insights regarding potential preventable mortality and prioritising actionable opportunities for care delivery improvements.
Bayesian approach to quantify morphological impact on performance in international elite freestyle swimming
Authors: Pla Robin , Leroy Arthur , Massal Romain , Bellami Maxime , Kaillani Fatima , Hellard Philippe , Toussaint Jean-François , Sedeaud Adrien
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of morphological characteristics on freestyle swimming performance by event and gender.

Design

Height, mass, body mass index (BMI) and speed data were collected for the top 100 international male and female swimmers from 50 to 1500 m freestyle events for the 2000–2014 seasons.

Methods

Several Bayesian hierarchical regressions were performed on race speed with height, mass and BMI as predictors. Posterior probability distributions were computed using Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms.

Results

Regression results exhibited relationships between morphology and performance for both genders and all race distances. Height was always positively correlated with speed with a 95% probability. Conversely, mass plays a different role according to the context. Heavier profiles seem favourable on sprint distances, whereas mass becomes a handicap as distance increases. Male and female swimmers present several differences on the influence of morphology on speed, particularly about the mass. Best morphological profiles are associated with a gain of speed of 0.7%–3.0% for men and 1%–6% for women, depending on race distance. BMI has been investigated as a predictor of race speed but appears as weakly informative in this context.

Conclusion

Morphological indicators such as height and mass strongly contribute to swimming performance from sprint to distance events, and this contribution is quantified for each race distance. These profiles may help swimming federations to detect athletes and drive them to compete in specific distances according to their morphology.