bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphy, tectonic setting, and geological history of late Precambrian volcanic-sedimentary-plutonic belts in southeastern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
Authors: Barr S M , White C E , Macdonald A S
Published: July 2014

Late Precambrian volcanic, sedimentary, and plutonic belts in southeastern Cape Breton Island display differences in rock types, petrochemistry, and age. The oldest rocks are 680 Ma mafic and felsic flows and tuffs, and abundant, mainly tuffaceous, sedimentary
rocks in the Stirling Group. They are interpreted to have formed in a trough within or peripheral to a volcanic arc complex. Northwest of the Stirling Group, the East Bay Hills, Coxheath, and Pringle Mountain groups consist of ca. 620 Ma mafic to felsic subaerial pyroclastic rocks and flows and
contemporaneous dioritic to granitic plutons. Both volcanic and plutonic rocks are calc-alkalic to high-K calc-alkalic suites, formed in a continental margin volcanic arc. A correlative 620 Ma plutonic suite intruded the western margin of the Stirling Group, and subduction at that time may have been
toward the present southeast. The ca. 575 Ma Fourchu Group and laterally equivalent and/or overlying Main-à-Dieu Group are significantly younger than the other groups. Together with co-genetic granitic plutons, they appear to represent a less evolved calc-alkalic to low-K continental margin
volcanic arc and associated intra-arc basin formed above a northwest-dipping subduction zone. These Precambrian rocks are overlain in some areas by latest Precambrian through Cambrian clastic sedimentary rocks. The various volcanic-sedimentary belts were juxtaposed by lateral movements along major
faults in the Late Precambrian to form this part of the Avalon composite terrane.
Is "pop-up" messaging in online slot machine gambling effective as a responsible gambling strategy?
Authors: Auer Michael , Malischnig Doris , Griffiths Mark
Published: July 2014

Certain gambling operators now provide social responsibility tools to help players gamble more responsibly. One such innovation is the use of pop-up messages that aim to give feedback to the players about the time and money they have thus far spent gambling. Most studies of this innovation have been conducted in laboratory settings, and although controlled studies are indeed more reliable than real-world studies, the non-ecological validity of laboratory studies is still an issue. This study investigated the effects of a slot machine pop-up message in a real gambling environment by comparing the behavioural tracking data of two representative random samples of 400,000 gambling sessions before and after the pop-up message was introduced. The study comprised approximately 200,000 gamblers. The results indicated that, following the viewing of a pop-up message after 1000 consecutive gambles on an online slot machine game, nine times more gamblers ceased their gambling session than did those gamblers who had not viewed the message. The data suggest that pop-up messages can influence a small number of gamblers to cease their playing session, and that pop-ups appear to be another potentially helpful social responsibility tool in reducing excessive play within session.
Ontology Content Patterns as Bridge for the Semantic Representation of Clinical Information
Authors: Schulz S. , Martínez-Costa C.
Published: July 2014

Objective: Semantic interoperability of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) requires a rigorous and precise modelling of clinical information. Our objective is to facilitate the representation of clinical facts based on formal principles.

Methods: We here explore the potential of ontology content patterns, which are grounded on a formal and semantically rich ontology model and can be specialised and composed.

Results: We describe and apply two content patterns for the representation of data on tobacco use, rendered according to two heterogeneous models, represented in openEHR and in HL7 CDA. Finally, we provide some query exemplars that demonstrate a data interoperability use case.

Conclusion: The use of ontology content patterns facilitate the semantic representation of clinical information and therefore improve their semantic interoperability. There are open issues such as the scalability and performance of the approach if a logic-based language is used. Implementation decisions might determine the final degree of semantic interoperability, influenced by the state of the art of the semantic technologies.

Citation: Martínez-Costa C, Schulz S. Ontology content patterns as bridge for the semantic rRepresentation of clinical information Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 660–669

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-04-RA-0031
Taalcultuur: Talen in beweging
Authors: Cornips Leonie
Published: July 2014

This paper aims to encourage the interdisciplinary study of ‘languaculture,’ an approach to language and culture in which ideology, linguistic and cultural forms, as well as praxis are studied in relation to another (cf. Cornips et al 2012). It focuses on the construction of local and regional identities in Limburg and the linguistic political context of this Southern-Netherlands region where people are strongly aware of their linguistic distinctiveness. This contribution addresses the impact of globalization processes and mobility of speakers resulting in new and complex patterns of cultural and linguistic encounters. Since globalization does not only affect dominant areas, we need a new understanding of language and identities in peripheral areas in Europe (cf. Cornips et al. 2012). Although dialects are traditionally seen and analyzed as something that anchor people in a local context, speakers have become translocal i.e. people and the ways in which they speak are on the move (cf. Quist 2010). In this paper, in contrast to dialectology and dialect atlases based on modern linguistic theoretical insights like the Atlas of the Dutch Dialects (SAND), place is not conceived in objective, physical terms but instead as an emic, culturally defined category (Johnstone 2004). The process of place-making provides insight in how people categorize themselves and others through languagecultural practices.
“Siehs’ du, du wars (…) besser wie du hast gedacht: Du has’ Französisch gesprochen!”
Authors: Pecht Nantke
Published: July 2014

The present paper explores the relationship between language use and group identity by analyzing how a multiethnic group of former coal miners in the region of Limburg makes use of linguistic features belonging to Cité Duits. Initial findings point towards the fact that we are dealing with a variety of German with its syntactic structures deriving from Dutch and a few lexical loans from Italian and French. As pointed out in earlier studies, languages are neither automatically bounded entities nor pre-established systems linked to one specific culture, but rather processes that emerge in time and space as a continuously changing product of social interaction. Speakers draw on their linguistic resources in specific situations and develop new ways of speaking (cf. Heller 2007; Otsuji, Pennycook 2010). By scrutinizing syntactical patterns that are characteristic for the in-group speech of the informants, I will show that the flexible use of certain structures and prepositions does not occur randomly, but forms part of a linguistic practice that highlights the positive attitude of the speakers towards the group members (cf. Le Page, Tabouret-Keller 1985: 182ff.). Particular attention will be paid to extraposition and non-inversion of subject-verb order in main clauses (cf. Freywald et al. forthc.). Furthermore, the results found within the data suggest that there is evidence for a general easing of grammatical restrictions.
Factoren bij het herkennen van cognaten in onbekende talen: algemeen of taalspecifiek?
Authors: Vanhove Jan , Berthele Raphael
Published: July 2014

The correct recognition of cognate relationships is a precondition for receptive multilingualism within language families. Several item- and participant-related factors have been identified that affect the probability with which readers and listeners correctly recognise and translate cognates in an unknown but genealogically related foreign language. Most of the relevant findings, however, are based on tasks featuring cognates in only one unknown language, leaving open the possibility that these factors play a (somewhat) different role depending on the specific stimulus language. To address this issue, 98 German-speaking participants were asked to translate 181 written cognates from four Germanic languages (Danish, Dutch, Frisian and Swedish). The effects of stimulus similarity to known (L1, L2, …, Ln) cognates, cognate frequency and the participants’ foreign language skills on translation accuracy were assessed and found not to vary substantially between stimulus languages. This indicates that the validity of studies on cognate recognition extends beyond the language from which the stimuli were sampled. Secondary findings are discussed as well.
Postcolonial queer critique in post-communist Europe - Stuck in the Western progress narrative?
Authors: Navickaitė Rasa
Published: July 2014

This article employs a postcolonial-post-communist lens to analyse the latest theoretical developments in the field of sexuality studies in the Eastern European region. In particular, it focuses on the collection of articles De-centring Western sexualities: Central and Eastern European perspectives (2011), edited by two Polish scholars: Robert Kulpa and Joanna Mizieliñska. This article asks if the critical approach taken up by the authors of this book does justice to the complexity of the Eastern European situation vis-à-vis ‘the West’. Although the book claims to de-centralise Euro-centrism, it actually reiterates the East-West binary and reinforces the progress narrative, only reversing, but not annihilating the hierachy. As the postcolonial queer approach taken up in this article demonstrates, such reversal does not escape orientalist tropes and can be called a scholarly ‘sexual nationalism’.
Air–sea fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds across the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Yang M. , Beale R. , Liss P. , Johnson M. , Blomquist B. , Nightingale P.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We present air–sea fluxes of oxygenated volatile organics compounds (OVOCs) quantified by eddy covariance (EC) during the Atlantic Meridional Transect cruise in 2012. Measurements of acetone, acetaldehyde, and methanol in air as well as in water were made in several different oceanic provinces and over a wide range of wind speeds (1–18 m s−1). The ocean appears to be a net sink for acetone in the higher latitudes of the North Atlantic but a source in the subtropics. In the South Atlantic, seawater acetone was near saturation relative to the atmosphere, resulting in essentially zero net flux. For acetaldehyde, the two-layer model predicts a small oceanic emission, which was not well resolved by the EC method. Chemical enhancement of air–sea acetaldehyde exchange due to aqueous hydration appears to be minor. The deposition velocity of methanol correlates linearly with the transfer velocity of sensible heat, confirming predominant airside control. We examine the relationships between the OVOC concentrations in air as well as in water, and quantify the gross emission and deposition fluxes of these gases.
Study of a prototypical convective boundary layer observed during BLLAST: contributions by large-scale forcings
Authors: Pietersen H. , Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J. , Augustin P. , de Coster O. , Delbarre H. , Durand P. , Fourmentin M. , Gioli B. , Hartogensis O. , Lothon M. , Lohou F. , Pino D. , Ouwersloot H. G. , Reuder J. , van de Boer A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We study the disturbances of CBL dynamics due to large-scale atmospheric contributions for a representative day observed during the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) campaign. We first reproduce the observed boundary-layer dynamics by combining the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) model with a mixed-layer theory based model. We find that by only taking surface and entrainment fluxes into account, the boundary-layer height is overestimated by 70%. If we constrain our numerical experiments with the BLLAST comprehensive data set, we are able to quantify the contributions of advection of heat and moisture, and subsidence. We find that subsidence has a clear diurnal pattern. Supported by the presence of a nearby mountain range, this pattern suggests that not only synoptic scales exert their influence on the boundary layer, but also mesoscale circulations. Finally, we study whether the vertical and temporal evolution of turbulent variables are influenced by these large-scale forcings. Our model results show good correspondence of the vertical structure of turbulent variables with observations. Our findings further indicate that when large-scale advection and subsidence are applied, the values for turbulent kinetic are lower than without these large-scale forcings. We conclude that the prototypical CBL can still be used as a valid representation of the boundary-layer dynamics near regions characterized by complex topography and small-scale surface heterogeneity, provided that surface- and large-scale forcings are well characterized.
Meteorological impacts of sea-surface temperature associated with the humid airflow from Tropical Cyclone Talas (2011)
Authors: Yamamoto M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. This paper examines meteorological impacts of sea-surface temperature (SST) in the presence of the humid airflow from Tropical Cyclone Talas (2011). To investigate the influence of the SST on the severe weather in and around Japan, sensitivity simulations were conducted using six SST data products covering a period of 7 days. The upward sea-surface latent heat flux that accumulated over the 7-day period was high around the Kuroshio during the slow passage of the tropical cyclone. Large differences were found among the individual SST products around the southern coast of Japan. The coastal warm SST anomaly of ~ 1.5 °C enhanced the surface upward latent heat fluxes (by 60 to 80%), surface southeasterly winds (by 6 to 8%), and surface water mixing ratios (by 4%) over the coastal sea area. The enhanced latent heat flux resulting from the coastal SST anomaly contributed to the further enhancement of the latent heat flux itself via a positive feedback with the amplified surface horizontal wind. The SST anomalies produced an anomaly in 7-day precipitation (ca. 40 mm) along the mountainsides and over a coastal area where the surface wind anomaly was locally large. Thus, coastal SST error is important in the atmospheric simulation of accumulated evaporation and precipitation associated with tropical cyclones making landfall.
Global cropland monthly gross primary production in the year 2000
Authors: Chen T. , van der Werf G. R. , Gobron N. , Moors E. J. , Dolman A. J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Croplands cover about 12% of the ice-free terrestrial land surface. Compared with natural ecosystems, croplands have distinct characteristics due to anthropogenic influences. Their global gross primary production (GPP) is not well constrained and estimates vary between 8.2 and 14.2 Pg C yr−1. We quantified global cropland GPP using a light use efficiency (LUE) model, employing satellite observations and survey data of crop types and distribution. A novel step in our analysis was to assign a maximum light use efficiency estimate (ϵ*GPP) to each of the 26 different crop types, instead of taking a uniform value as done in the past. These ϵ*GPP values were calculated based on flux tower CO2 exchange measurements and a literature survey of field studies, and ranged from 1.20 to 2.96 g C MJ−1. Global cropland GPP was estimated to be 11.05 Pg C yr−1 in the year 2000. Maize contributed most to this (1.55 Pg C yr−1), and the continent of Asia contributed most with 38.9% of global cropland GPP. In the continental United States, annual cropland GPP (1.28 Pg C yr−1) was close to values reported previously (1.24 Pg C yr−1) constrained by harvest records, but our estimates of ϵ*GPP values were considerably higher. Our results are sensitive to satellite information and survey data on crop type and extent, but provide a consistent and data-driven approach to generate a look-up table of ϵ*GPP for the 26 crop types for potential use in other vegetation models.
Biogeochemistry and ecosystems of continental margins in the western North Pacific Ocean and their interactions and responses to external forcing – an overview and synthesis
Authors: Liu K.-K. , Kang C.-K. , Kobari T. , Liu H. , Rabouille C. , Fennel K.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. In this special issue we examine the biogeochemical conditions and marine ecosystems in the major marginal seas of the western North Pacific Ocean, namely, the East China Sea, the Japan/East Sea to its north and the South China Sea to its south. They are all subject to strong climate forcing as well as anthropogenic impacts. On the one hand, continental margins in this region are bordered by the world's most densely populated coastal communities and receive tremendous amounts of land derived materials. On the other hand, the Kuroshio, the strong western boundary current, which is modulated by climate oscillation, exerts strong influences over all three marginal seas. Because these continental margins sustain arguably the most productive marine ecosystems, changes in these stressed ecosystems may threaten the livelihood of a large human population. This special issue reports the latest observations of the biogeochemical conditions and ecosystem functions in the three marginal seas. The studies exemplify many faceted ecosystem functions and biogeochemical expressions, but they reveal only a few long term trends mainly due to lack of long term records. It is critical to develop and sustain time series observations in order to detect biogeochemical changes and ecosystem responses in continental margins and to attribute the causes for better management of the environment and resources in these marginal seas.
Application of a computationally efficient method to approximate gap model results with a probabilistic approach
Authors: Scherstjanoi M. , Kaplan J. O. , Lischke H.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. To be able to simulate climate change effects on forest dynamics over the whole of Switzerland, we adapted the second-generation DGVM (dynamic global vegetation model) LPJ-GUESS (Lund–Potsdam–Jena General Ecosystem Simulator) to the Alpine environment. We modified model functions, tuned model parameters, and implemented new tree species to represent the potential natural vegetation of Alpine landscapes. Furthermore, we increased the computational efficiency of the model to enable area-covering simulations in a fine resolution (1 km) sufficient for the complex topography of the Alps, which resulted in more than 32 000 simulation grid cells. To this aim, we applied the recently developed method GAPPARD (approximating GAP model results with a Probabilistic Approach to account for stand Replacing Disturbances) (Scherstjanoi et al., 2013) to LPJ-GUESS. GAPPARD derives mean output values from a combination of simulation runs without disturbances and a patch age distribution defined by the disturbance frequency. With this computationally efficient method, which increased the model's speed by approximately the factor 8, we were able to faster detect the shortcomings of LPJ-GUESS functions and parameters. We used the adapted LPJ-GUESS together with GAPPARD to assess the influence of one climate change scenario on dynamics of tree species composition and biomass throughout the 21st century in Switzerland. To allow for comparison with the original model, we additionally simulated forest dynamics along a north–south transect through Switzerland. The results from this transect confirmed the high value of the GAPPARD method despite some limitations towards extreme climatic events. It allowed for the first time to obtain area-wide, detailed high-resolution LPJ-GUESS simulation results for a large part of the Alpine region.
Uncertainty in Lagrangian pollutant transport simulations due to meteorological uncertainty at mesoscale
Authors: Angevine W. M. , Brioude J. , McKeen S. , Holloway J. S.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Lagrangian particle dispersion models require meteorological fields as input. Uncertainty in the driving meteorology is one of the major uncertainties in the results. The propagation of uncertainty through the system is not simple, and has not been thoroughly explored. Here, we take an ensemble approach. Six different configurations of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model drive otherwise identical simulations with FLEXPART for 49 days over eastern North America. The ensemble spreads of wind speed, mixing height, and tracer concentration are presented. Uncertainty of tracer concentrations due solely to meteorological uncertainty is 30–40%. Spatial and temporal averaging reduces the uncertainty marginally. Tracer age uncertainty due solely to meteorological uncertainty is 15–20%. These are lower bounds on the uncertainty, because a number of processes are not accounted for in the analysis.
Global meteorological drought – Part 2: Seasonal forecasts
Authors: Dutra E. , Pozzi W. , Wetterhall F. , Di Giuseppe F. , Magnusson L. , Naumann G. , Barbosa P. , Vogt J. , Pappenberger F.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Global seasonal forecasts of meteorological drought using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) are produced using two data sets as initial conditions: the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis (ERAI); and two seasonal forecasts of precipitation, the most recent ECMWF seasonal forecast system and climatologically based ensemble forecasts. The forecast evaluation focuses on the periods where precipitation deficits are likely to have higher drought impacts, and the results were summarized over different regions in the world. The verification of the forecasts with lead time indicated that generally for all regions the least reduction on skill was found for (i) long lead times using ERAI or GPCC for monitoring and (ii) short lead times using ECMWF or climatological seasonal forecasts. The memory effect of initial conditions was found to be 1 month of lead time for the SPI-3, 4 months for the SPI-6 and 6 (or more) months for the SPI-12. Results show that dynamical forecasts of precipitation provide added value with skills at least equal to and often above that of climatological forecasts. Furthermore, it is very difficult to improve on the use of climatological forecasts for long lead times. Our results also support recent questions of whether seasonal forecasting of global drought onset was essentially a stochastic forecasting problem. Results are presented regionally and globally, and our results point to several regions in the world where drought onset forecasting is feasible and skilful.
Estimation of synthetic flood design hydrographs using a distributed rainfall–runoff model coupled with a copula-based single storm rainfall generator
Authors: Candela A. , Brigandì G. , Aronica G. T.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. In this paper a procedure to derive synthetic flood design hydrographs (SFDH) using a bivariate representation of rainfall forcing (rainfall duration and intensity) via copulas, which describes and models the correlation between two variables independently of the marginal laws involved, coupled with a distributed rainfall–runoff model, is presented. Rainfall–runoff modelling (R–R modelling) for estimating the hydrological response at the outlet of a catchment was performed by using a conceptual fully distributed procedure based on the Soil Conservation Service – Curve Number method as an excess rainfall model and on a distributed unit hydrograph with climatic dependencies for the flow routing. Travel time computation, based on the distributed unit hydrograph definition, was performed by implementing a procedure based on flow paths, determined from a digital elevation model (DEM) and roughness parameters obtained from distributed geographical information. In order to estimate the primary return period of the SFDH, which provides the probability of occurrence of a hydrograph flood, peaks and flow volumes obtained through R–R modelling were treated statistically using copulas. Finally, the shapes of hydrographs have been generated on the basis of historically significant flood events, via cluster analysis. An application of the procedure described above has been carried out and results presented for the case study of the Imera catchment in Sicily, Italy.
Solidarity as a bioethical value
Authors: Rosas-Jiménez Carlos Alberto ,   Instituto Borja de Bioética
Published: July 2014

Entre las muchas propuestas que se han hecho recientemente en ese resurgir de la bioética se encuentra la solidaridad, constituyéndose parte de la agenda del siglo XXI sobre esta disciplina. Proponemos la solidaridad como un valor bioético puesto que así como no se puede ser solidario sin tener en cuenta a la persona con quien soy solidario y su entorno, no se pueden emitir juicios bioéticos o hacer una reflexión bioética de fondo olvidando a quien se tiene en frente. A partir de un estudio de la experiencia de una población de voluntarios del sector salud en Medellín, Colombia, se logró evidenciar que existen tres elementos que, en conjunto, sirven de bisagra entre la solidaridad y la bioética.
Contributions For Environmental Bioethics And Human Cohabitation From A Relational Perspective
Authors: Blas-Lahitte Héctor , Sánchez-Vásquez María José ,   Universidad Nacional de La Plata
Published: July 2014

El presente artículo exponela necesidad de establecer una correlación entre el hombre y el medio natural y cultural como unidad de supervivencia. Se desarrollan los principales aportes a la Bioética desde la Ecoética con una perspectiva relacional. Tomando en consideración las consecuencias nefastas del desarrollo tecnoindustrial sobre la vida, se analizan dos posturas extremas en ética medioambiental: el antropocentrismo y el fisiocentrismo. Estas posiciones conservan la tradicional disociación entre naturaleza y cultura como condición de base. Se propone un cambio epistémico necesario en la actitud ecológica a partir de una reorganización cognitiva que permita la creación de contextos de calidad entre los hombres como parte de la geocultura que habitan.
Analysis of the Regulations of Investigation Ethics Committees (IEC)
Authors: Silva-Barbosa Adriana , Silva de Oliveira-Boery Rita Narriman , Nogueira-Sales Zenilda ,   Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia
Published: July 2014

Es importante que los reglamentos de los Comités de Ética en Investigación (CEI) se examinen y revisen continuamente para contribuir al perfeccionamiento de sus actividades. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los reglamentos de los Comités de Ética en Investigación (CEI) de las Universidades del Estado de Bahia. Los datos de este estudio cuali-cuantitativo, descriptivo y documental fueron analizados con el Software Sphinx y la Técnica de Análisis de Contenido Temático. De acuerdo con el análisis, los reglamentos estudiados poseen similitudes y divergencias entre sí, así como con lo preconizado por la Resolución 196/1996 y por el Manual de operaciones para Comités de Ética en Investigación. Por consiguiente, necesitan revisión para atender mejor a esos documentos legales y perfeccionar las actividades de los CEP que rigen, con el objetivo de maximizar las potencialidades y minimizar las limitaciones de funcionamiento.
The Applicability of Carlos Cardona Pescador’s State of the Art in Philosophy, Anthropology, Ethics and Bioethics
Authors: Posada-González Nubia ,   Universidad de La Sabana
Published: July 2014

Después de una breve biografía del autor, se presenta la investigación en la que se construyen y contrastan dos nuevas definiciones de estado del arte, y se aplican a la de Carlos Cardona Pescador. El estado del arte es expuesto como uno de los mejores recursos para realizar la etapa compilatoria de cualquier investigación científica sobre un tema o, en este caso, un autor, con una propuesta que rompe barreras económicas de acceso a la obtención y producción de conocimiento científico de punta al incluir la mayor aproximación posible a la universalidad de las fuentes y a un estudio crítico del autor y de estas como totalidad: incluye la obra de un autor y los productos intelectuales sobre él, en que se le cita o menciona facilitando así, en su aplicabilidad interdisciplinaria, el desarrollo de la secularidad de la Bioética fundamentada en un recurso científico que permita conocer mejor a quienes la enriquecen, y un modo de hacer Bioética global porque tiene en cuenta el contexto externo y las características internas de lo que se constituye objeto o sujeto de su estudio.
Patient overexposure in teaching hospitals: the experience in a medical service facility
Authors: Orellana-Peña Cecilia , Olmos-Olmedo Juan Manuel , Rojas-De la Vega Juan José , Rebolledo-García Enrique
Published: July 2014

Introducción: la enseñanza práctica de la medicina en hospitales ha llevado a la sobrepoblación de estudiantes y muchas veces al agotamiento de los pacientes. Percibimos que a los docentes clínicos se les produce un conflicto de intereses: respeto por la condición del enfermo frente a enseñanza. Planteamos que si estudiantes y docentes conocen la percepción que de ellos tienen los pacientes, es posible crear un clima que permita el aprendizaje y descubrira la persona que hay detrás de cada cuadro clínico. Objetivos: conocer la reacción que provocan los alumnos en los enfermos y precisar si hay un máximo prudente de entrevistas por paciente. Se entrevistó una cohorte de enfermos de un servicio de medicina comprobando que ellos: 1) identifican la relación estudiante-paciente como de beneficio mutuo; 2) piensan que el límite de entrevistaslo establece cada enfermo; 3) saben que pueden negarse a cooperar; 4) que esto último no los predispone negativamente. Conclusiones: 1) la oportunidad de entrevistar o no a un paciente la establece él mismo; 2) es indispensable solicitar el consentimiento informado en docencia; 3) el rol del docente es de observador activo del binomio estudiante paciente fomentando en los alumnos virtudes propias de la convivencia e interviniendo si peligra la confianza o confidencialidad debidas.
Genetic Biotechnology and Instrumentalization of the Corporeality and in the Postmodern View of Medicine
Authors: Casas-Martínez María de la Luz ,   Universidad Panamericana
Published: July 2014

A partir del siglo XVIII, una nueva corriente dualista ha hecho emergencia en las ciencias de la salud hacia una visión matemática dela realidad. El modelo no es nuevo, lo que es novedoso es la posibilidad real de su aplicación al hombre a través de la biotecnología.La visión matemática y molecular del cuerpo humano posibilita la creación de modelos ideales que pueden generar acciones y modificacionesreales en la corporeidad humana. La voluntad del médico como creador, no solamente como paliativo ante el destino,es tentación difícilmente superable en la representación de los límites del conocimiento.
Biotechnological Progress and Poverty. An Ethical Reflection
Authors: Pfeiffer María Luisa ,   Universidad de Buenos Aires
Published: July 2014

Nuestra cultura asocia progreso con desarrollo científico y, sobre todo, con desarrollo tecnológico. En el contexto latinoamericano, esta asociación no es tan definitiva como parece serlo para los países “desarrollados”.
Cuando se quiere integrar a la realidad latinoamericana la ecuación progreso-biotecnología aparecen conflictos de todo tipo, especialmenteéticos, como el de transformar las tradiciones agrícolas con las semillas transgénicas y utilizar a nuestros pueblos comosujetos de experimentación.
Aprovecharse de las desventajas que sufre la mayoría de la población mundial, entre ellos los latinoamericanos,en beneficio de unos pocos no tiene ningún justificativo ético.La propuesta es convertir a estos pueblos en protagonistas. Ellos no deben ser depositarios de una tradición cultural que muchasveces les es ajena.
Brucellosis in Qatar: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Rahil Ali Ibrahim , Othman Muftah , Ibrahim Walid , Mohamed Mohamed Yahya
Published: July 2014

Background:We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, complications and treatment of brucellosis in the State of Qatar.Methods:The medical records of patients in Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar were reviewed from January 2000 to December 2006. History, various socio-demographic features, clinical and biochemical parameters, therapeutic features, and complications were retrospectively collected from the patient database.Results:Around three quarters of the study population were males. History of raw milk consumption and animal contact were seen in 41.7% and 12.5% respectively. The main presenting features of our cohort were fever, chills and sweating (93.1%, 62.5% and 58.3% respectively). Positive antibody titre (>1:160) was detected in 95.8% and positive blood culture was reported in 63.9% of the cohort. Splenomegaly was observed in 19.4%, hepatomegaly in 15.3% and lymphadenopathy in 9.7% of the cases. Approximately half of our patients were treated with a combination of doxycycline and streptomycine and nearly one quarter received doxycycline and rifampicine combination therapy.Conclusions:Brucellosis is an important public health problem worldwide. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It may affect any organ system and can present with a variety of clinical features. Diagnosis of brucellosis requires serological tests with or without blood culture. Treatment with at least two antibiotics for six weeks or more appears to be effective.
Antiecologismo no Congresso Nacional: o meio ambiente representado na Câmara dos Deputados e no Senado Federal
Authors: Accioly Inny , Sánchez Celso
Published: July 2014

A pesquisa investiga a existência de um “movimento antiecológico” no interior do Congresso Nacional, a natureza dos protagonistas e destinatários do movimento, assim como analisa as suas estratégias de ação e o grau de periculosidade destas. Visto que a Câmara dos Deputados “compõe-se de representantes do povo” e o Senado Federal “compõe-se de representantes dos Estados e do Distrito Federal”, entende-se que este movimento encontra apoio em parcelas significativas da população e que suas estratégias têm obtido resultados. O trabalho foi realizado através do levantamento de dados de financiamento de campanha de parlamentares ligados a Comissões de Meio Ambiente, assim como seus posicionamentos manifestos na mídia. Observamos que nas campanhas eleitorais dos parlamentares estudados, atuaram como financiadoras empresas ligadas ao agronegócio e que respondem a processos ambientais e trabalhistas. Foi também possível constatar a desigualdade de forças entre o grupo “antiecológico” e o grupo ambientalista.
SPODNOKARBONŠTÍ MLŽI DRAHANSKÉ VRCHOVINY (KULMSKÁ FACIE) A JEJICH STRATIGRAFICKÝ VÝZNAM
Authors: Kováček Martin , Lehotský Tomáš
Published: July 2014

The Drahany Upland is built of a flysch sequence of Lower Carboniferous age (shale, greywackes, conglomerates), and a preflysch sequence of Devonian to Lower Carboniferous age (spilites, carbonates, shales). Lower Carboniferous black shales are known by goniatites and bivalvian assemblages, also fossil traces. According to the Żakowa (1971) methodology were determined species of bivalves of the genus Posidonia and Septimyalina. Amler (1994) describes the morphology of the bivalve genus Streblochondria. So far was from the Culm sites od Drahany Upland determined 18 kinds of Lower Carboniferous bivalves represented by following species: Posidonia becheri, Posidonia corrugata, Posidonia kochi, Posidonia trapezoedra, Posidonia radiata, Septimyalina sublamellosa, Septimyalina lamellosa, Septimyalina cf. minor, Dunbarella mosensis, Streblochondria patteiskyi, Streblochondria praetenuis, Sanguinolites sp., Janeia böhmi, Polidevcia cf. sharmani, Anthraconeilo oblongum, Palaeoneilo luciniforme and Edmondia sp. These genera originated from localities of Myslejovice Formation (i. e. Opatovice, Dědice, Pístovice, Nemojany, Ježkovice, Radslavice and Myslejovice). Lower Carboniferous marine bivalves can be also used for correlation of goniatites zones in the Upper Viséan of Myslejovice Formation. Correlation table is adapted from Amler (2004). Correlation of bivalve zones to goniatite zones has proven to be useful. Due to the very variable conditions of the various locations the deviations can be partly caused by incompleteness of the fossil record from the specifi ed horizons.
ANNULATA EVENT Z PROFILU V JÁMOVÉM LŮMKU U OCHOZI U BRNA – POZNÁMKY KE KONODONTOVÉ BIOSTRATIGRAFII (FAMEN, MORAVSKÝ KRAS)
Authors: Weiner Tomáš , Kalvoda Jiří
Published: July 2014

About two meters thick section of the Famennian Křtiny Limestones (Líšeň Formation) was studied in a small pit-quarry near the road leading from Brno-Líšeň to Ochoz u Brna. Conodont samples were taken from seven diff erent stratigraphical levels. A richly fossiliferous interval (about 40 cm thick) can be distinguished in the higher part of the section. This interval is characterized by abundant occurence of clymenids, bivalves, orthocone nautiloids, trilobites and other groups. Black limestone lenses (maximal thickness about 10 cm) are developed in the lowermost part of the richly fossiliferous interval. A presence of Palmatolepis glabra lepta (late morphotype), Palmatolepis minuta minuta and Palmatolepis rugosa trachytera suggests these black limestones probably represent the Lower Annulata event (Upper Palmatolepis rugosa trachytera zone). Polygnathus styriacus indicating the base of the Palmatolepis perlobata postera zone enters within about 10 centimeters thick interval of dark grey biodetritic limestones which occur closely above the black limestone lenses. The Upper Annulata event and equivalents of „Wagnerbank“ or „Annulata limestone“ were not distinguished in the studied section. This might be caused by condensed sedimentation. Grey limestones and marly limestones belonging to the higher part of the richly fossiliferous interval are placed above the base of the Palmatolepis perlobata postera zone. The studied locality might correspond to the original fossil site described by Rzehak in 1910.
PÍSEČNÍK U JAVORNÍKU – DRUMLIN SE ZACHOVALOU SUKCESÍ SUBGLACIÁLNÍCH A SUPRAGLACIÁLNÍCH SEDIMENTŮ
Authors: Hanáček Martin , Nývlt Daniel , Nehyba Slavomír
Published: July 2014

Písečník Hill (288 m a. s. l.) is an isolated elevation located near the Javorník town close to the NE foothill of the main ridge of the Rychleby Mts. (Eastern Sudetes). It has a shape of a ridge elongated in the SE–NW direction, made of compacted Miocene sands covered by Pleistocene tills and glaciofl uvial sediments. These glacial sediments have been deposited during the Elsterian glaciation (MIS 12) according to the Northern European stratigraphical scale. The presented study is targeted on glacial deposits and the interpretation of the evolution of the Písečník Hill linked to continental glaciation. Facies description has been supplemented by petrographical analyses of the gravel fraction 16–64 mm. The glacial sequence is composed of five members. The first one is a lodgement till (Jk1) with a basal boulder lag, which followed the erosional phase producing elongated scours. Glacitectonic features, such as plucking of underlying Miocene sands and formation of rip-up clasts could be seen in the lodgement till unit. Boulder lag with boulders up to 2 m long originated by blocking of large clasts in compact, plastic, unlithifi ed basement. The second member (Jk2) is a massive to weakly stratifi ed gravely sand, which filled a shallow depression in the lodgement till. These sediments originated by reworking of underlying till material. Members Jk1–Jk2 have been deposited in subglacial environment. Both members are equivalent from the viewpoint of petrological composition – they both contain predominantly local Gierałtow gneiss. The third member (Jk3) is a coarse grained to bouldery gravel. The fourth member (Jk4) is made of a fi ne layer of laminated sand. The last member (Jk5) is a sandy gravel with gently sloping flat clasts. Members Jk3–Jk5 are interpreted as supraglacial sediments deposited with the ice-cored moraine environment. They are rather polymictic from petrological point of view, as they contain material of diverse provenance originating from different parts of the glacier. The clasts are also more variable in roundness with higher content of rounded to well-rounded clasts (“englacial egg gravel facies”). The Písečník Hill represents a drumlin with a core composed of plastic Miocene sand. Features described in the glacial sequence show on the active glacial movement (in subglacial environment), as well as the subsequent decay starting from the ice-cored moraine to the final disappearance of the dead-ice moraine. The drumlin orientation documents the ice sheet advance from the NE.
VYUŽITÍ MAGNETICKÉ SUSCEPTIBILITY A DALŠÍCH PROSTŘEDKŮ PRO STUDIUM POVODŇOVÝCH SEDIMENTŮ V ANTROPOGENNĚ OVLIVNĚNÉ NIVĚ ŘEKY OLŠE
Authors: Chudaničová Monika
Published: July 2014

Magnetic susceptibility (MS) is very useful proxy for determination of anthropogenic pollution in environment, also in fluvial sediments. In this paper MS was used as the lead method for the anthropogenic impact and floodplain development determination. Sedimentary records of total six cores were examined in the Olše River floodplain. Besides MS measurements other laboratory analyses (loss on ignition, grain-size analyses) were done. This set of laboratory analyses was supported by study of the old maps, historical aerial photos and archive river management and flood records. The stream path in the study area was significantly influences by 1930s channelization. The study area also lies in very industrial region where the coal extraction, attached steel production and fly ashes concentration culminated in 1980s and has been decreasing from that time. The basic assumption for sedimentary record interpretation was that MS peak determines the 1980s.According to MS measurement upper fines of all investigated cores are very young because they are completely magnetically enhanced. Most of them were evidently deposited on the former gravel streambed aft er the 1930s channelization. Also high mass specific MS values were reported (14.72–382.09 × 10-8 m3/kg).
Innovation Policies in European Regions
Authors: Detterbeck Klaus
Published: July 2014

As innovation policy becomes an important part of political reality, various perspectives for researching it may be adopted. For example, innovation policy plays a vital role in the Europe 2020 strategy, which is now the most important, influential document shaping the economies of EU member states. This article analyses the Europe 2020 strategy in terms of the role played by the regional level of governance and in terms of the importance of innovation policy for the strategy. Using an institutionalist approach, the article concludes that regions will vary in their performance in innovation policy in tandem with their governance capacities.
Water infrastructure: The last and next 100 years
Authors: Curtis Tom
Published: July 2014

Appreciating the history of water and wastewater infrastructure is important, but so is taking a hard look at where we are now and where we need to be in the future.
John L. Leal—The man and the award
Authors: McGuire Michael J.
Published: July 2014

Thanks to the foresight and courage of Dr. John L. Leal, 2014 marks the 106th anniversary of the first continuous use of chlorine in a US water supply ‐ the longest period of water disinfection anywhere in the world.
Market for investment in water technologies
Authors: Morgan Geoffrey R.
Published: July 2014

Increased demand for water, increased challenges to our water supply, and emerging developments to address these issues provide fertile ground for investing in the water industry.
Water rates: Past, present, and new challenges
Authors: Corssmit C. (Kees) W.
Published: July 2014

Methods to generate sufficient revenue to cover the cost of supplying water to consumers have been in place for millennia, although determining water rates has evolved into more complex processes that address more and equally complex needs.
Not your granddad's disinfection by‐product problems and solutions
Authors: McGuire Michael J. , Karanfil Tanju , Krasner Stuart W. , Reckhow David A. , Roberson J. Alan , Summers R. Scott , Westerhoff Paul , Xie Yuefeng
Published: July 2014

Emerging DBP problems and the control challenges they pose promise to keep environmental engineers and scientists occupied for years to come.
Course Development: Integrated Design, Manufacturing and Testing
Authors: Adair D. , Jaeger M.
Published: July 2014

This paper discusses a course developed to give first-year mechanical students insight into a typical process found in professional modern design offices, where requirements (specifications) are evolved into a prototype model whose capabilities are then tested. The intent is to provide the participating students with a hands-on, integrative, multifaceted experience in the important field of mechanical engineering design. Topics addressed include Integrated Product Design, Rapid Prototyping and Product Testing, and here, the careful design and development of the course is discussed, as is the assessment process. The experiences and views of the students taking the course are reflected using questionnaire-style surveys.
The inevitability of C4 photosynthesis
Authors: Edwards Erika J
Published: July 2014

Elements of C4 photosynthesis—a complex adaptation that increases photosynthetic efficiency—may have evolved first to correct an intercellular nitrogen imbalance, and only later evolved a central role in carbon fixation.
Evidence for production and lateral transport of dissolved organic phosphorus in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic
Authors: Reynolds Sarah , Mahaffey Claire , Roussenov Vassil , Williams Richard G.
Published: July 2014

The concentration of phosphate and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) is chronically low and limits phytoplankton growth in the subtropical North Atlantic relative to other ocean basins. Transport of phosphate and DOP from the productive flanks of the gyre to its interior has been hypothesized as an important phosphorus supply pathway. During a cruise in the eastern Atlantic in spring 2011, the rates of phosphate uptake, alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), and DOP production were measured in the northwest African shelf region, subtropics, and tropics. Rates of DOP production were sixfold higher in the shelf region (43 ± 41 nM d−1) relative to the subtropics (6.9 ± 4.4 nM d−1). In contrast, APA was threefold higher in the subtropics (8.0 ± 7.3 nM d−1), indicative of enhanced DOP utilization, relative to the shelf region (2.6 ± 2.1 nM d−1). Hence, observations suggest net production of DOP in the shelf region and either net consumption of DOP or a near balance in DOP production and consumption in the gyre interior. Eddy‐permitting model experiments demonstrate that (i) DOP accounts for over half the total phosphorus in surface waters, (ii) DOP is transported westward from the shelf region by a combination of gyre and eddy circulations, and (iii) advected DOP supports up to 70% of the particle export over much of the subtropical gyre. Our combined observational and modeling study supports the view that the horizontal transport of DOP from the shelf region is an important mechanism supplying phosphorus to the surface subtropical North Atlantic.