bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flt3 ligand‐eGFP‐reporter expression characterizes functionally distinct subpopulations of CD150+ long‐term repopulating murine hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Tornack Julia , Kawano Yohei , Garbi Natalio , Hämmerling Günter J. , Melchers Fritz , Tsuneto Motokazu
Published: July 2017

The pool of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow is a mixture of resting, proliferating, and differentiating cells. Long‐term repopulating HSCs (LT‐HSC) are routinely enriched as Lin−Sca1+c‐Kit+CD34−Flt3−CD150+CD48− cells. The Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) and its receptor Flt3 are important regulators of HSC maintenance, expansion and differentiation. Using Flt3L‐eGFP reporter mice, we show that endogenous Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporter RNA expression correlates with eGFP‐protein expression. This Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporter expression distinguishes two LT‐HSC populations with differences in gene expressions and reconstituting potential. Thus, Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporterlow cells are identified as predominantly resting HSCs with long‐term repopulating capacities. In contrast, Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporterhigh cells are in majority proliferating HSCs with only short‐term repopulating capacities. Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporterlow cells express hypoxia, autophagy‐inducing, and the LT‐HSC‐associated genes HoxB5 and Fgd5, while Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporterhigh HSCs upregulate genes involved in HSC differentiation. Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporterlow cells develop to Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporterhigh cells in vitro, although Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporterhigh cells remain Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporterhigh. CD150+Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporterlow cells express either endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) or CD41, while Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporterhigh cells do express EPCR but not CD41. Thus, FACS‐enrichment of Flt3/ Flt3L‐eGFP‐reporter negative, Lin−CD150+CD48− EPCR+CD41+ HSCs allows a further 5‐fold enrichment of functional LT‐HSCs.
A Comparative Study on Two RuII Complexes with Thiophene‐Based Ancillary Ligands for High‐Efficiency Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Su Rui , Elmorsy Mohamed R. , Abed Mira , Islam Ashraful , Lord Meghan , Fadda Ahmed A. , El‐Shafei Ahmed
Published: July 2017

Heteroleptic polypyridyl Ru complexes MMR‐1 and MMR‐2 containing 2‐(methylthio)thienyl and 2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)thienyl units on the antennas of ancillary ligands, respectively, were designed, synthesized, and characterized as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells. The maximum absorption wavelength of MMR‐1 is more red‐shifted than that of MMR‐2, but MMR‐2 has a higher molar extinction coefficient, leading to better light harvesting. Under the same device‐fabrication conditions, the photovoltaic performances of these sensitizers were evaluated while anchored on mesoporous TiO2 and compared to that of the benchmark N719. Both MMR‐1 and MMR‐2 exhibited comparable or even higher solar‐to‐electric conversion efficiencies η with respect to N719 when employed as photosensitizers in DSSCs. Compared to MMR‐1, MMR‐2 exhibited better overall conversion efficiency, which was attributed to the electron‐donating effect of the 4‐methoxyphenyl group and the better absorptivity by harvesting higher‐energy photons. Complex MMR‐2 also showed higher open‐circuit voltage VOC than MMR‐1, which is likely due to the extension of the antenna of the ancillary ligand by inserting a phenyl group, which leads to less dye aggregation. The photovoltaic performance of MMR‐2 was better, with a short‐circuit photocurrent density of 16.76 mA cm–2, a VOC of 0.673 V, a fill factor of 73.5 %, and an η value of 8.29 % with the addition of 0.5 m 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (TBP) compared to 8.18 % for N719.
Lactobacilli survival and adhesion to colonic epithelial cell lines is dependent on long chain fatty acid exposure
Authors: Bentley‐Hewitt Kerry L. , Narbad Arjan , Majsak‐Newman Gosia , Philo Mark R. , Lund Elizabeth K.
Published: July 2017

Lactobacilli and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are commonly consumed as functional foods. However, there is very little research into their interactions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction between fatty acids (FA) and lactobacilli by exploring lactobacilli survival following exposure to different FA and their adhesion to epithelial cells pre‐treated with different FA. Three strains of lactobacilli were cultured with 20 µM eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n‐3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, n‐3), arachidonic acid (AA, n‐6) or oleic acid (OA, n‐9) to assess survival. Additionally, adhesion of radioactively labelled bacteria to confluent layers of three colorectal cell lines was measured following pre‐treatment of the epithelial cells with 50 µM EPA, DHA, AA. or OA. Results show that exposure to FA slowed log‐phase growth of two human derived strains of lactobacilli, but reduced survival of a chicken derived strain to 20%. Survival was associated with the formation of the FA cyc19:0 in the human derived strains. The chicken derived strain showed greatest adherence to epithelial cells and adhesion was increased following epithelial cell exposure to DHA. In conclusion, the survival and adhesion of lactobacilli in the intestinal tract is likely to be affected by FA content of the diet.

Practical applications: The fatty acid composition of the diet has the potential to modulate the behaviour of probiotic bacteria in the gut and in probiotic foods. We showed that combining high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with certain probiotics may lead to reduced numbers of probiotic bacteria. Despite this, we showed that PUFA could enhance adhesion of some lactobacilli strains and that increasing the PUFA content of epithelial cells via the diet may aid the adherence of some potentially beneficial lactobacilli. We also highlight a potential concern for the chicken industry whereby PUFA inhibited the growth of the lactobacilli isolated from chicken. With the increasing use of PUFA in chicken feed this could lead to a dysbiosis in normal chicken microflora and requires further investigation.

Overview of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) potential effects on bacteria adhesion. (1) Unabsorbed PUFA directly effects bacteria in the colon. (2) Systemic delivery of PUFA following absorption can (a) Bind peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPAR), that can lead to production of transforming growth factor‐β resulting in tolerance towards bacteria. (b) Be precursors for series 3 prostaglandins (PG) that lead to lower inflammatory responses. (c) Be precursors to series 2 PG and enhance inflammatory products, however, precursors can bind PPAR and result in inhibition of inflammatory responses. (d) Unsaturated PUFAs lead to a more fluidic membrane composition, potentially altering bacterial adhesion sites.
Cannabinoids prevent the differential long‐term effects of exposure to severe stress on hippocampal‐ and amygdala‐dependent memory and plasticity
Authors: Shoshan Noa , Segev Amir , Abush Hila , Mizrachi Zer‐Aviv Tomer , Akirav Irit
Published: July 2017

Exposure to excessive or uncontrolled stress is a major factor associated with various diseases including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The consequences of exposure to trauma are affected not only by aspects of the event itself, but also by the frequency and severity of trauma reminders. It was suggested that in PTSD, hippocampal‐dependent memory is compromised while amygdala‐dependent memory is strengthened.

Several lines of evidence support the role of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system as a modulator of the stress response. In this study we aimed to examine cannabinoids modulation of the long‐term effects (i.e., 1 month) of exposure to a traumatic event on memory and plasticity in the hippocampus and amygdala.

Following exposure to the shock and reminders model of PTSD in an inhibitory avoidance light‐dark apparatus rats demonstrated: (i) enhanced fear retrieval and impaired inhibitory extinction (Ext), (ii) no long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1, (iii) impaired hippocampal‐dependent short‐term memory in the object location task, (iv) enhanced LTP in the amygdala, and (v) enhanced amygdala‐dependent conditioned taste aversion memory. The cannabinoid CB1/2 receptor agonist WIN55‐212,2 (0.5mg/kg, i.p.) and the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 (0.3mg/kg, i.p.), administered 2 hr after shock exposure prevented these opposing effects on hippocampal‐ and amygdala‐dependent processes. Moreover, the effects of WIN55‐212,2 and URB597 on Ext and acoustic startle were prevented by co‐administration of a low dose of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (0.5mg/kg, i.p.), suggesting that the preventing effects of both drugs are mediated by CB1 receptors. Exposure to shock and reminders increased CB1 receptor levels in the CA1 and basolateral amygdala 1 month after shock exposure and this increase was also prevented by administering WIN55‐212,2 or URB597.

Taken together, these findings suggest the involvement of the eCB system, and specifically CB1 receptors, in the opposite effects of severe stress on memory and plasticity in the hippocampus and amygdala.
Optogenetic stimulation of dentate gyrus engrams restores memory in Alzheimer's disease mice
Authors: Perusini Jennifer N. , Cajigas Stephanie A. , Cohensedgh Omid , Lim Sean C. , Pavlova Ina P. , Donaldson Zoe R. , Denny Christine A.
Published: July 2017

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid‐beta (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice have been developed as an AD model and are characterized by plaque formation at 4–6 months of age. Here, we sought to better understand AD‐related cognitive decline by characterizing various types of memory. In order to better understand how memory declines with AD, APP/PS1 mice were bred with ArcCreERT2 mice. In this line, neural ensembles activated during memory encoding can be indelibly tagged and directly compared with neural ensembles activated during memory retrieval (i.e., memory traces/engrams). We first administered a battery of tests examining depressive‐ and anxiety‐like behaviors, as well as spatial, social, and cognitive memory to APP/PS1 × ArcCreERT2 × channelrhodopsin (ChR2)‐enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) mice. Dentate gyrus (DG) neural ensembles were then optogenetically stimulated in these mice to improve memory impairment. AD mice had the most extensive differences in fear memory, as assessed by contextual fear conditioning (CFC), which was accompanied by impaired DG memory traces. Optogenetic stimulation of DG neural ensembles representing a CFC memory increased memory retrieval in the appropriate context in AD mice when compared with control (Ctrl) mice. Moreover, optogenetic stimulation facilitated reactivation of the neural ensembles that were previously activated during memory encoding. These data suggest that activating previously learned DG memory traces can rescue cognitive impairments and point to DG manipulation as a potential target to treat memory loss commonly seen in AD.
Theoretical study on selectivity trends in (N‐heterocyclic carbene)‐Pd catalyzed mizoroki–heck reactions: Exploring density functionals methods and molecular models
Authors: Menezes da Silva Vitor H. , de Lima Batista Ana Paula , Navarro Oscar , Braga Ataualpa A. C.
Published: July 2017

The regioselectivity of the NHC‐Pd catalyzed Heck coupling reaction between phenyl bromide and styrene has been investigated using the density functional theory, wave‐function (WF)‐based methods and two different sizes of model ligands. In addition to the WF methods, the TPSS‐D3,
B97X‐D, BP86‐D3, and M06‐L density functionals were reliable approaches to be applied, independently of the basis set. Moreover, the NCI analysis showed that weak interactions are important forces to be taken into account when exploring the regioselectivity of this reaction, mainly when a crowded NHC ligand is present. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Therapy With a Consensually Nonmonogamous Couple
Authors: Kolmes Keely , Witherspoon Ryan G.
Published: July 2017

While a significant minority of people practice some form of consensual nonmonogamy (CNM) in their relationships, there is very little published research on how to work competently and effectively with those who identify as polyamorous or who have open relationships. It is easy to let one's cultural assumptions override one's work in practice. However, cultural competence is an ethical cornerstone of psychotherapeutic work, as is using evidence‐based treatment in the services we provide to our clients. This case presents the work of a clinician using both evidence‐based practice and practice‐based evidence in helping a nonmonogamous couple repair a breach in their relationship. We present a composite case representing a common presenting issue in the first author's psychotherapy practice, which is oriented toward those engaging in or identifying with alternative sexual practices. Resources for learning more about working with poly, open, and other consensually nonmonogamous relationship partners are provided.
Synthesis of β‐Lactam‐containing Pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐e][1,4]diazepines
Authors: Stroganova Tatyana A. , Vasilin Vladimir K. , Kovalenko Georgy A. , Krapivin Gennady D.
Published: July 2017

Novel tricyclic 1,4‐diazepine derivatives – pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐e][1,4]diazepin‐2‐ones – have been synthesized. Azetidin‐2‐one moiety has been incorporated into the 1,4‐diazepine scaffold by [2 + 2]cycloaddition of functionalized ketenes to imine C═N bond, and several tetracyclic azetodiazepines which can be considered as potential compounds of biological interest have been prepared. Stereoselectivity of the cycloaddition was proved by NMR and X‐ray analysis data.
Prognosis and predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly patients infected with hepatitis B virus
Authors: Osawa Mitsutaka , Akuta Norio , Suzuki Fumitaka , Fujiyama Shunichiro , Kawamura Yusuke , Sezaki Hitomi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Kobayashi Masahiro , Kobayashi Mariko , Saitoh Satoshi , Arase Yasuji , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: July 2017

With rapidly aging population in the world, many elderly patients present with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 359 untreated HBV patients aged 60 and older who were free of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and acute hepatitis at the initial visit, and examined the incidence of HCC and liver‐related mortality rate. During the follow‐up period of 7.9 years (range, 0‐25 years), 26 patients (7.2% of patients) developed HCC, 20 patients died from liver‐related diseases (61% of total deaths), including HCC, liver failure, and gastrointestinal bleeding. The cumulative rates of HCC at years 5, 10, and 15 were 6.5%, 15.6%, and 15.6%, respectively. The cumulative rates of mortality from liver‐related diseases at years 5, 10, 15 were 3.3%, 12.3%, and 15.7%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified HBV DNA (≥5.0 Log IU/mL), male gender, and FIB4‐Index (≥3.6) as significant independent risk factors for HCC, and alpha‐fetoprotein (≥10 ng/mL) as significant independent predictors of liver‐related mortality. We conclude that high levels of HBV DNA, progression of liver fibrosis, and male gender are independent risk factors of HCC in untreated patients infected with HBV aged 60 and older.
TEMPO‐Labeled Viologen Dendrimers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Preliminary Distance Measurements
Authors: Kathiresan Murugavel , Steinhoff Heinz‐Juergen , Walder Lorenz
Published: July 2017

Viologen dendrimers (G0* to G2*) bearing (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl (TEMPO) spin labels are successfully synthesized via a divergent approach. 4‐amino TEMPO is successfully grafted onto the periphery of the dendrimer moieties using Zincke reaction under dark conditions. The final products are characterized by cyclic voltammetry and the spin‐label efficiencies are characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements. Cyclic voltammetric studies show the coexistence of both viologen as well as TEMPO electroactive subunits, and evidence for the intramolecular electrocatalytic reduction of TEMPO by viologen subunit is presented. EPR measurements show moderate to good spin‐label efficiencies (72–85%), but the spin‐labeled samples are not stable in the presence of air and light. The measured spin‐label efficiency decreases with increasing dendrimer generation. Double electron resonance measurements provide interspin distances for zeroth generation G0* dendrimers. MM+ calculations perform using Hyperchem show an averaged single spin distance (2.34 nm) for G0* dendrimers and a more complex scenario of several possible interspin distances in the case of G1* and G2* dendrimers.
Improved mechanical properties and abrasion resistance of styrene butadiene rubber/butadiene–styrene–vinyl pyridine rubber/clay nanocomposites with strong interfacial interaction
Authors: Wu Xiaohui , Lu Yonglai , Wang Yiqing , Zhang Liqun
Published: July 2017

Given the advantages of the latex compounding method, clay was nanodispersed into a styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix, and butadiene–styrene–vinyl pyridine rubber (VPR) latex was introduced to in situ‐modified clay to support strong interfacial interaction between clay layers and SBR matrix. The strong interfacial interaction was investigated through Fourier‐transform infrared spectra, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical properties. The structure and properties of SBR/VPR/clay nanocomposites were studied through X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscope, and mechanical and abrasion testing. The aspect ratio of clay layers was calculated using Halpin–Tsai model. The largely improved mechanical properties and abrasion resistance was adequate evidence that the exfoliated structures with large aspect ratios and strong interfacial interaction play critical roles in nano‐reinforcement. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2783–2790, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
42 von Thomas Lehr
Authors: Mecke Klaus
Published: July 2017

„Was ist verflucht nochmal die Zeit?“ Dieser Frage geht Thomas Lehr in seinem Physik‐Roman 42 nach, in dem er ein Gedankenexperiment literarisch in Szene setzt: Wie geht eine Gruppe Menschen damit um, in einer Welt zu leben, in der die Zeit stillsteht?
Cover Image, Volume 73, Issue 8
Authors: Young Stephen L
Published: July 2017

The cover image, by Stephen L Young, is based on the Perspective A systematic review of the literature reveals trends and gaps in integrated pest management studies conducted in the United States, DOI: 10.1002/ps.4574. Design Credit: Kevin Judd, Northeastern Integrated Pest Management Center, Cornell University.

image
Microstructure and thermal stability of rf‐plasma‐nitridated α‐(AlGa)2O3 grown by mist CVD
Authors: Buma A. , Masuda N. , Araki T. , Nanishi Y. , Oda M. , Hitora T.
Published: July 2017

A new lattice‐matching substrate material for the growth of AlGaN is proposed. This substrate is prepared by the rf‐radical beam‐based nitridation of α‐(AlGa)2O3, which is grown by mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We consider the effect of the nitridation process using reflection high‐energy electron diffraction (RHEED), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy‐electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM‐EELS) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Surface of α‐(AlGa)2O3 changed from corundum structure to wurtzite structure of AlGaN by nitridation using rf‐radical beam was observed. In addition, we discuss the thermal stability of α‐(AlGa)2O3. X‐ray diffraction ω–2θ profile to characterize the phase transition was performed.
Rapid and simple flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantification of melphalan in a lipid‐based drug delivery system
Authors: Mohammed‐Saeid Waleed , Michel Deborah , Badea Ildiko , El‐Aneed Anas
Published: July 2017

Rationale

The use of the anticancer drug melphalan is limited due to its poor water solubility. To address this limitation, it is incorporated within a novel delivery system using β‐cyclodextrin‐gemini surfactants (18:1βCDg).

Methods

Herein, two fast and simple flow injection analysis/tandem mass spectrometric (FIA‐MS/MS) methods are developed for the quantification of melphalan (Mel) within the drug delivery system so that the solubilization efficiency of the system can be assessed. FIA‐MS/MS methods are developed using a triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer, equipped with electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive ion mode. A deuterated form of melphalan (melphalan‐d8) was used as an internal standard (IS). The methods were validated according to the FDA guidance.

Results

A linearity in the range of 2–100 ng/mL and accuracy and precision below 15% were observed for all standard points and quality control samples. The intra‐ and inter‐day variations and freeze–thaw stability were within the acceptable range according to the criteria set by regulatory guidelines. On the other hand, other stability measures, such as room temperature stability and long‐term stability, did not meet the required guidelines in some cases, indicating the need for quick sample analysis upon preparation. Such a fact could have been overlooked if full method validation had not been performed.

Conclusions

The developed methods were applied to determine the encapsulation/solubilization of the [18:1βCDg/Mel] delivery system. 18:1βCDg enhances the aqueous solubility of melphalan without the need for co‐solvent. The highest melphalan solubility was observed at a melphalan18:1βCDg/Mel complex molar ratio of 2:1. This study demonstrated that a fast analysis for the purpose of quantifying a chemically unstable drug, such as melphalan, is feasible and important for the development of commercial dosage forms.
Fast and comprehensive characterization of chemical ingredients in traditional Chinese herbal medicines by extractive atmospheric pressure photoionization (EAPPI) mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Chengyuan , Wen Wu , Shao Jun , Zhao Wan , Qi Keke , Yang Jiuzhong , Pan Yang
Published: July 2017

Rationale

The goal of this work is to employ extractive atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (EAPPI‐MS) to characterize the constituents in traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) directly without chromatographic separation.

Methods

Sample was placed in 4 mL of methanol/water (v/v, 3:1) in the nebulization cell, and then the ultrasonic nebulizer was switched on. The ultrasonic nebulization system allows the simultaneous sample extraction and introduction of extract aerosols. The extract aerosols were vaporized in a transfer tube. Mixed with a gaseous dopant, vaporized analytes were ionized through ambient photon‐induced ion–molecule reactions, and were mass‐analyzed by high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF‐MS).

Results

The major ingredients including alkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids, saccarides, ginsenosides, lignans and terpenoids were readily detected. Compared with electrospray ionization (ESI), EAPPI allowed the ionization of a wider range of compounds, which is desirable for the integral characterization of TCHMs containing numerous constituents. The significant discrepancies for both alkaloids and terpenoids in tripterygium glycoside tablets from two different manufacturers could be simultaneously reflected from EAPPI mass spectra.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that EAPPI‐MS can be regarded as a supplementary ambient method for the fast and comprehensive analysis of TCHMs, which is important for the quality control and safety assurance of these products.
High‐Performance Multifunctional Fuel Additives Derived from Renewable Fatty Acids and Phosphazene
Authors: Khatri Praveen K. , Aila Mounika , Kukrety Aruna , Gupta Piyush , Saxena Rakesh C. , Singh Raj K. , Jain Suman L.
Published: July 2017

The increasing need for high‐quality diesel fuel can be fulfilled by using environmental friendly, high‐performance additives. We have synthesized novel fatty acid‐derived multifunctional additives coupled with phosphazene moiety having the backbone of alternative nitrogen and phosphorous atoms which provided stability, while the additives possessed affinity for the metal surface to form a surface‐complex film leading to the hindered metal contact and providing friction‐reducing and antiwear properties. In addition, the applicability of the synthesized additives was investigated by testing the anti‐oxidant and anticorrosion properties in polyethylene glycol (PEG200) which was taken as the reference base fluid. A rotating bomb oxidation test was used to evaluate the anti‐oxidant characteristics, and a four‐ball test for the tribological properties. Among the synthesized additives, phosphazene ester of erucic acid exhibited the best antiwear and antifriction properties; however, phosphazene ester of oleic acid was found to be the best anti‐oxidant additive.
Prevalence of Peyronie's Disease-Like Symptoms in Men Presenting With Dupuytren Contractures
Authors: Shindel Alan W. , Sweet Genevieve , Thieu William , Durbin-Johnson Blythe , Rothschild Jennifer , Szabo Robert
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Peyronie's disease (PD) and Dupuytren contractures (DC) are often comorbid and are believed to have a similar underlying pathophysiologic mechanism.

Aim

To investigate the prevalence of PD-like symptoms (PDLS) in men with DC.

Methods

From October 2013 to December 2016, men who were seen and evaluated for DC were offered the opportunity to participate in an anonymous survey. The survey assessed several basic demographic and sexual health factors and included items from the International Index of Erectile Function and the Erection Hardness Scale. Men who reported PDLS were asked a series of questions derived from the Peyronie's Disease Questionnaire and for their opinions on theoretical treatment modalities for sexual problems and penile deformity.

Main Outcome Measure

Prevalence of PDLS in men with DC.

Results

One hundred forty men with DC were invited to participate; 85 surveys were returned (response rate = 61%). Twenty-two respondents (26%, 95% confidence interval = 17–35) reported PDLS. Approximately one fourth of all respondents had an Erection Hardness Scale score lower than 3. The most common specific PDLS concerns were penile curvature (91%), length loss (55%), narrowing (36%), and hinging (32%). In men with PDLS, 73% felt at least a little bothered by the symptoms when attempting sexual activity and 40% reported having sex less frequently because of the symptoms. Just 27% of men with PDLS had ever used a treatment for a sexual concern. In terms of treatments for penile deformities, 64% of men with PDLS expressed an interest in treatment administered in the form of an in-office procedure; 41% were potentially amenable to a surgical procedure.

Conclusion

The prevalence of PDLS in men with DC is similar to the prevalence of DC in men diagnosed with PD. A substantial number of these men have distress and would consider standard-of-care treatments for PD.

Shindel AW, Sweet G, Thieu W, et al. Prevalence of Peyronie's Disease-Like Symptoms in Men Presenting With Dupuytren Contractures. Sex Med 2017;5:e135–e141.
Current status of canine dirofilariosis in an endemic area of western Spain
Authors: Diosdado A. , Gómez P.J. , González-Miguel J. , Simón F. , Morchón R.
Published: July 2017

Since dirofilariosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis is a vector-borne disease, its distribution depends on environmental conditions as well as demographic factors and the management of pets by humans. In the province of Salamanca (west-central Spain) the disease has been known for many years, appearing in an area with extensive irrigated crops along the Tormes river. Because recent demographic changes have occurred in this area, the present study has been carried out with the aim of monitoring the distribution and prevalence of the disease in the canine population of this area. For that purpose, 191 dogs were analysed through antigen and microfilaria tests and geo-referenced in a map. The overall prevalence was 5.8%, although the disease was only present in dogs from municipalities with irrigated crops in which the prevalence was 16.7%. These results indicate that D. immitis continues to be present in the province of Salamanca, and that it is associated with the presence of irrigation, but with a clear decrease in the prevalence. Causes of the decrease in prevalence, as well as the potential zoonotic risk, are discussed.
Rethinking China's Coercive Capacity: An Examination of PRC Domestic Security Spending, 1992–2012
Authors: Greitens Sheena Chestnut
Published: July 2017

Discussions of China's rising domestic security expenditure often present this spending as evidence of the Chinese Communist Party's strong coercive capacity. This article argues that a lack of theoretical clarity about domestic security has resulted in flawed conclusions about these expenditures and their implications for China's coercive capacity. Challenging the conventional wisdom, the article analyses China's domestic security spending from 1992 through 2012 and argues that it is important to consider not only the total amount that China spends but also how it spends these resources and the magnitude of the threats that this expenditure must address. It finds that China's domestic security spending is not historically unprecedented, is not expanding as a proportion of national expenditure, and is not necessarily high (or producing high coercive capacity) when compared to other countries. The article also shows that certain locations struggle more to fund their coercive capacity than others, and that these locations overlap with areas where internal security threats may be particularly acute. The challenges that the coercive apparatus must address have also grown over the same period during which domestic security spending has risen. Finally, attempts to improve the political position of China's coercive agents cannot be equated with improvements in their capacity to manage Chinese society. Cumulatively, this reassessment provides more evidence of the limitations on China's coercive capacity than of its strength.
MBD1 and MeCP2 expression in embryos and placentas from transgenic cloned goats
Authors: Jia Ruoxin , Zhang Guomin , Fan Yixuan , Zhou Zhengrong , Wan Yongjie , Zhang Yanli , Wang Ziyu , Wang Feng
Published: July 2017

DNA methylation is an important form of epigenetic regulation in mammalian development. Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 1 (MBD1) and methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MeCP2) are two members of the MBD subfamily of proteins that bind methylated CpG to maintain the silencing effect of DNA methylation. Given their important roles in linking DNA methylation with gene silencing, this study characterized the coordinated mRNA expression and protein localization of MBD1 and MeCP2 in embryos and placentas and aimed to analysis the effects of MBD1 and MeCP2 on transgenic cloned goats. Our result showed that MBD1 expression of transgenic cloned embryo increased significantly at the 2–4-cell and 8–16-cell stages (P < 0.05), then decreased at the morula and blastocyst stages (P < 0.05); MeCP2 expression in transgenic cloned embryo was significant decreased at the 2–4-cell stage and increased at the 8–16-cell stage (P < 0.05). Placenta morphology analysis showed that the cotyledon number of deceased transgenic cloned group (DTCG) was significantly lower than that the normal goats (NG) and in the live transgenic cloned goats (LTCG) (P < 0.05). MBD1 and MeCP2 were clearly detectable in the placental trophoblastic binucleate cells by immunohistochemical staining. Moreover, MBD1 and MeCP2 expression in DTCG was significant higher than in the NG and the LTCG (P < 0.05). In summary, aberrant expression of methylation CpG binding proteins MBD1 and MeCP2 was detected in embryonic and placental development, which reflected abnormal transcription regulation and DNA methylation involved in MBD1 and MeCP2. These findings have implications in understanding the low efficiency of transgenic cloning.
HUSSERL AND GÖDEL’S INCOMPLETENESS THEOREMS
Authors: HARTIMO MIRJA
Published: July 2017

The paper examines Husserl’s interactions with logicians in the 1930s in order to assess Husserl’s awareness of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems. While there is no mention about the results in Husserl’s known exchanges with Hilbert, Weyl, or Zermelo, the most likely source about them for Husserl is Felix Kaufmann (1895–1949). Husserl’s interactions with Kaufmann show that Husserl may have learned about the results from him, but not necessarily so. Ultimately Husserl’s reading marks on Friedrich Waismann’s Einführung in das mathematische Denken: die Begriffsbildung der modernen Mathematik, 1936, show that he knew about them before his death in 1938.
AUTOMATED CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS FOR THE BINARY EXTENSIONS OF THE LOGIC OF PARADOX
Authors: PETRUKHIN YAROSLAV , SHANGIN VASILY
Published: July 2017

B. Kooi and A. Tamminga present a correspondence analysis for extensions of G. Priest’s logic of paradox. Each unary or binary extension is characterizable by a special operator and analyzable via a sound and complete natural deduction system. The present paper develops a sound and complete proof searching technique for the binary extensions of the logic of paradox.
Messages from Above: Conflict and Convergence of Messages to the Catholic Voter from the Catholic Church Hierarchy
Authors: Holman Mirya R. , Shockley Kristin
Published: July 2017

The Catholic Church often plays a policy and mobilization role in American politics. We assess the degree to which the Catholic Church hierarchy — including national and state conferences of bishops — can provide uniform information to parishioners about political participation. Using a textual analysis of information distributed to parishioners in Florida in the 2012 election, we evaluate how much political information is conveyed to parishioners, the sources of this information, and the factors associated with higher or lower levels of information. While we find that most parishes provided information related to the election, there is wide diversity in the types and sources of information. And, while the Catholic hierarchy attempted to provide messaging about the importance of political participation, not all parishes complied with these efforts. Our findings are consistent with the ideas that the local community and hierarchical structure combine to shape the behavior of the parishes.
Sorting Waves in the Sky
Authors: Branscombe Alexandra
Published: July 2017

Gravity waves in the atmosphere drive weather around the globe. A new study helps interpret gravity wave data and identify annual patterns of this atmospheric mechanism.
Changes in Groundwater Flow Affect Nitrogen Cycling in Streams
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: July 2017

Overpumping and other activities that affect groundwater levels could combine with increased nitrogen runoff to amplify threats to human and environmental health.
Reduction of epileptiform activity in ketogenic mice: The role of monocarboxylate transporters
Authors: Forero-Quintero Linda S. , Deitmer Joachim W. , Becker Holger M.
Published: July 2017

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Ketogenic diet (KD) can be a very effective treatment for intractable epilepsy. Potential mechanisms of action for KD have been proposed, including the re-balance among excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and decrease in the glycolytic rate in brain cells. KD has been shown to have an effect on the expression pattern of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT), however, it is unknown whether MCT transport activity is affected by KD and linked to the reduction of seizures during KD. Therefore, we studied the influence of KD on MCT transport activity and the role of MCTs during epileptiform activity. Our results showed a decrease in the epileptiform activity in cortical slices from mice fed on KD and in the presence of beta-hydroxybutyrate. KD increased transport capacity for ketone bodies and lactate in cortical astrocytes by raising the MCT1 expression level. Inhibition of MCT1 and MCT2 in control conditions decreases epileptiform activity, while in KD it induced an increase in epileptiform activity. Our results suggest that MCTs not only play an important role in the transport of ketone bodies, but also in the modulation of brain energy metabolism under normal and ketogenic conditions.
Evolution of the Araliaceae family inferred from complete chloroplast genomes and 45S nrDNAs of 10 Panax-related species
Authors: Kim Kyunghee , Nguyen Van Binh , Dong Jingzhou , Wang Ying , Park Jee Young , Lee Sang-Choon , Yang Tae-Jin
Published: July 2017

We produced complete sequences and conducted comparative analysis of the maternally inherited chloroplast (cp) genomes and bi-parentally inherited 45S nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (nrDNA) from ten Araliaceae species to elucidate the genetic diversity and evolution in that family. The cp genomes ranged from 155,993 bp to 156,730 bp with 97.1–99.6% similarity. Complete 45S nrDNA units were about 11 kb including a 5.8-kb 45S cistron. Among 79 cp protein-coding genes, 74 showed nucleotide variations among ten species, of which infA, rpl22, rps19 and ndhE genes showed the highest Ks values and atpF, atpE, ycf2 and rps15 genes showed the highest Ka/Ks values. Four genes, petN, psaJ, psbF, and psbN, related to photosynthesis and one gene, rpl23, related to the ribosomal large subunit remain conserved in all 10 Araliaceae species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ten species could be resolved into two monophyletic lineages, the Panax-Aralia and the Eleutherococcus-Dendropanax groups, which diverged approximately 8.81–10.59 million years ago (MYA). The Panax genus divided into two groups, with diploid species including P. notoginseng, P. vietnamensis, and P. japonicus surviving in Southern Asia and a tetraploid group including P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius Northern Asia and North America 2.89–3.20 MYA.
Emerging novel electronic structure in hydrogen-Arsenene-halogen nanosheets: A computational study
Authors: Liu Ming-Yang , Li Ze-Yu , Chen Qing-Yuan , Huang Yang , Cao Chao , He Yao
Published: July 2017

Based on first-principles calculations including spin-orbit coupling, we investigated the stability and electronic structure of unexplored double-side decorated arsenenes. It has been found that these new double-side decorated arsenenes, which we call “hydrogen-arsenene-halogen (H-As-X, X is halogen)”, are dynamically stable via the phonon dispersion calculations except H-As-F sheets. In particular, all of H-As-X nanosheets are direct band gap semiconductors with a strong dispersion near the Fermi level, which is substantially different from the previous works of double-side decorated arsenenes with zero band gaps. Our results reveal a new route to change the band gap of arsenene from indirect to direct. Furthermore, we also studied bilayer, trilayer, and multilayer H-As-Cl sheets to explore the effects of the layer number. The results indicate that bilayer, trilayer, and multilayer H-As-Cl sheets display novel electronic structure, namely multi-Dirac cones character, and the Dirac character depends sensitively on the layer number. It is noted that the frontier states near the Fermi level are dominantly controlled by the top and bottom layers in trilayer and multilayer H-As-Cl sheets. Our findings may provide the valuable information about the new double-side decorated arsenene sheets in various practical applications in the future.
Elastic properties of superconductors and materials with weakly correlated spins
Authors: Binek Christian
Published: July 2017

It is shown that in the ergodic regime, the temperature dependence of Young’s modulus is solely determined by the magnetic properties of a material. For the large class of materials with paramagnetic or diamagnetic response, simple functional forms of the temperature derivative of Young’s modulus are derived and compared with experimental data and empirical results. Superconducting materials in the Meissner phase are ideal diamagnets. As such, they display remarkable elastic properties. Constant diamagnetic susceptibility gives rise to a temperature independent elastic modulus for ceramic and single crystalline superconductors alike. The thermodynamic approach established in this report, paves the way to tailor elastic material parameters through the design of magnetic properties.
Electronically Switchable Broadband Metamaterial Absorber
Authors: Lee Dongju , Jeong Heijun , Lim Sungjoon
Published: July 2017

In this study, the novel electronically switchable broadband metamaterial absorber, using a PIN diode, is proposed. The unit cell of the absorber was designed with a Jerusalem-cross resonator and an additive ring structure, based on the FR-4 dielectric substrate. Chip resistors and PIN diodes were used to provide both a broadband characteristic and a switching capability. To satisfy the polarization insensitivity, the unit cell was designed as a symmetrical structure, including the DC bias network, electronic devices, and conductor patterns. The performance of the proposed absorber was verified using full-wave simulation and measurements. When the PIN diode was in the ON state, the proposed absorber had a 90% absorption bandwidth from 8.45–9.3 GHz. Moreover, when the PIN diode was in the OFF state, the 90% absorption bandwidth was 9.2–10.45 GHz. Therefore, the absorption band was successfully switched between the low-frequency band and the high-frequency band as the PIN diode was switched between the ON and OFF states. Furthermore, the unit cell of the proposed absorber was designed as a symmetrical structure, and its performance showed insensitivity with respect to the polarization angle.
Expression and prognostic value of HER-2/neu in primary breast cancer with sentinel lymph node metastasis
Authors: Tong Zhen-Jun , Shi Ning-Yao , Zhang Zhi-Ji , Yuan Xiao-Dong , Hong Xiao-Ming
Published: July 2017

The present study explores the correlation of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) protein expression with sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis and prognosis of breast cancer. The breast cancer tissues and adjacent tissues were obtained from patients with primary breast cancer. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the mRNA level of HER-2. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation of HER-2 expression with SLN metastasis. The disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of breast cancer patients were investigated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to explore factors influencing SLN metastasis and prognosis of breast cancer. Compared with adjacent tissues, HER-2 expression was significantly up-regulated in breast cancer tissues. HER-2 expression was correlated with the pathological type, tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging, histological grade, blood vessel invasion, SLN metastasis, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR). The expression level of HER-2 was positively related to the SLN metastasis (r=0.548). Median DFS and OS were longer in patients with negative HER-2 expression than in patients with positive HER-2 expression. TNM staging, SLN metastasis, and expression levels of HER-2 and ER were independent factors for DFS of breast cancer patients, while TNM staging, blood vessel invasion, histological grade, SLN metastasis, and expression levels of HER-2 and PR were independent factors for OS of breast cancer patients. Our study suggests that high expression of HER-2 promoted SLN metastasis. HER-2 expression and SLN metastasis were the independent factors for the prognosis of breast cancer.
Pulmonary immunity to viruses
Authors: Allie S. Rameeza , Randall Troy D.
Published: July 2017

Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.
Ginger Extract Modulates the Expression of Chemokines CCL20 and CCL22 and Their Receptors (CCR6 and CCR4) in the Central Nervous System of Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Jafarzadeh Abdollah , Arabi Zahra , Ahangar-Parvin Rayhaneh , Mohammadi-Kordkhayli Marziyeh , Nemati Maryam
Published: July 2017

Background Chemokines facilitate the leukocytes infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) which is an essential step in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Ginger has also a broad anti-inflammatory properties. The aim was to evaluate the effects of ginger extract on the expression of CCL20 and CCL22 and their receptors (CCR6 and CCR4, respectively) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Material and Methods Female C57BL/6 mice used for EAE induction by immunization with myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein. Then, the EAE mice were treated with PBS or ginger extract, from day +3 to +30. At day 31, mice were scarified and the expression of CCL20 and CCL22 and their receptors in the spinal cord measured using real time-PCR.

Results The expression of CCL20, CCL22 and CCR4 in the spinal cord of PBS-administrated EAE mice was significantly higher than healthy group (P<0.04, P<0.05 and P<0.02, respectively). In 200- and 300 mg/kg ginger extract-treated EAE mice, the expression of CCL20, CCL22 and CCR4 were significantly reduced as compared with PBS-administrated EAE group (P<0.04, P<0.01 and P<0.002 for 200 mg/kg ginger extract and P<0.01, P<0.005 and P<0.004 for 300 mg/kg ginger extract, respectively). The CCR6 expression in EAE mice treated with 200- or 300 mg/kg ginger extracts was lower than PBS-administrated EAE mice (P<0.01 and P=0.07, respectively).

Conclusion Treatment of EAE mice with ginger extract down-regulate the expression of CCL20 and CCL22 and their receptors in EAE mice. The possible therapeutic potential of ginger for treatment of MS can be considered in future investigations.
Analysis of a dual domain phosphoglycosyl transferase reveals a ping-pong mechanism with a covalent enzyme intermediate
Authors: Das Debasis , Kuzmic Petr , Imperiali Barbara
Published: July 2017

Significance

Escalating antibiotic resistance has stimulated interest in understanding the mechanisms of phosphoglycosyl transferases (PGTs) that initiate glycoconjugate biosynthesis and are implicated in bacterial survival and pathogenicity. This study provides compelling evidence that the action of PglC, a prototypic dual domain PGT, proceeds through a unique covalent phosphosugar enzyme intermediate. Thus, the reaction course differs significantly from the mechanism of polytopic PGTs, illustrating nature’s ability to catalyze a biologically critical phosphosugar transfer reaction by two fundamentally different mechanisms. Dual domain PGTs, despite their widespread distribution throughout bacteria, have not been extensively studied to date. This analysis of dual domain PGTs will fuel approaches targeted at the development of small molecule inhibitors of critical first steps in bacterial glycoconjugate biosynthesis.