bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Performance Deterioration Due to Prolonged Wakefulness Can Be Accurately Detected Using Time-Varying Spectral Analysis of Electrodermal Activity
Authors: Posada-Quintero Hugo F. , Bolkhovsky Jeffrey B. , Qin Michael , Chon Ki H.
Published: June 2018

Objective:

The aim was to determine if indices of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), derived from the electrodermal activity (EDA) and electrocardiogram (ECG), could be used to detect deterioration in human cognitive performance on healthy participants during 24-hour sleep deprivation.

Background:

The ANS is highly sensitive to sleep deprivation.

Methods:

Twenty-five participants performed a desktop-computer-based version of the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) every 2 hours. Simultaneously with reaction time (RT) and false starts from PVT, we measured EDA and ECG. We derived heart rate variability (HRV) measures from ECG recordings to assess dynamics of the ANS. Based on RT values, average reaction time (avRT), minor lapses (RT > 500 ms), and major lapses (RT > 1 s) were computed as indices of performance, along with the total number of false starts.

Results:

Performance measurement results were consistent with the literature. The skin conductance level, the power spectral index, and the high-frequency components of HRV were not significantly correlated to the indices of performance. The nonspecific skin conductance responses, the time-varying index of EDA (TVSymp), and normalized low-frequency components of HRV were significantly correlated to indices of performance ( p < 0.05). TVSymp exhibited the highest correlation to avRT (–0.92), major lapses (–0.85), and minor lapses (–0.83).

Conclusion:

We conclude that indices that account for high-frequency dynamics in the EDA, specifically the time-varying approach, constitute a valuable tool for understanding the changes in the autonomic nervous system.

Application:

This can be used to detect the adverse effects of prolonged wakefulness on human performance.
‘Keep hoping, keep going’: Towards a hopeful sociology of creative work
Authors: Alacovska Ana
Published: June 2018

This article explores the relationship between future-oriented temporality and precarity in creative work. Existing sociological studies implicitly assume an unproblematic causal link between creative workers’ future-orientation and their precarity, subjugation and exploitation. This article problematizes this link and offers a more nuanced reassessment of creative work’s futurity by arguing for the analytical potential of the notion of hope in gaining a better understanding of creative workers’ hopeful – affective, practical and moral – responses to conditions of protracted precarity. Building on theories of hope, the article conceptualizes hope both as an existential affective stance and an active moral practice oriented towards the present – an orientation that enables workers to keep going in spite of economic hardship and job uncertainty. From ‘an atypical case’ study of creative work in South-East Europe, hope emerges empirically as the central quotidian practice of coping with precarity. Three practices of hope are discussed: (1) hope as therapeutic practice; (2) hope as informal labour practice; and (3) hope as socially engaged arts practice. In so doing, the article explores the possibilities of practising ‘a hopeful sociology’ of creative work.
The Role of Violent and Nonviolent Delinquent Behavior in Educational Attainment
Authors: Kim Jinho
Published: June 2018

Given large variations in the etiology and developmental trajectories of violent and nonviolent delinquency, this study examines whether educational outcomes of violent and nonviolent offenders might differ. In particular, this study attempts to remove environmental influences such as family background and neighborhood effects from the effects of delinquency because these factors are likely to differentially confound the effects of violent and nonviolent delinquency on educational attainment. By exploiting variation within sibling pairs, this study finds that the effects of engagement in violent delinquency on education is driven spuriously by shared family background, whereas the effects of nonviolent delinquency are quite robust to adjustment for family fixed effects. Moreover, relying on fixed effects estimates, this study finds that the effects of engagement in nonviolent delinquent activity on educational attainment occur in part through disruption of educational progress, rather than through institutional responses to student delinquency and social-psychological processes.
The Effect of Various High-Probability to Low-Probability Instruction Ratios During the Use of the High-Probability Instructional Sequence
Authors: Ertel Hallie , Wilder David A. , Hodges Ansley , Hurtado LeAnn
Published: June 2018

The high-probability (high-p) instructional sequence, which involves the delivery of a series of high-p instructions immediately before delivery of a low-probability (low-p) instruction, is a commonly used procedure to increase compliance among children and individuals with intellectual disabilities. Although the modal ratio of high-p instructions to low-p instructions is 3:1, other ratios may be more effective. In the current study, we compared three ratios of high-p with low-p instructions (i.e., 1:1, 3:1, and 5:1) during use of the high-p instructional sequence to increase compliance among three children with autism. Results suggest that the high-p sequence was effective to increase compliance for two of three participants and that the 5:1 ratio was most effective overall, although differences among ratios were slight for some participants. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Does International Migration Affect Political Participation? Evidence from Multiple Data Sources across Mexican Municipalities, 1990–2013
Authors: Duquette-Rury Lauren , Chen Zhenxiang
Published: June 2018

Does international migration affect political participation in origin countries? We study how different channels of international migration — migrant absence, return, circularity, and transnational engagement — affected political participation across Mexican municipalities between 1990 and 2013. Using two different data sources including panel and longitudinal survey data, we find that generally, international migration has a positive effect on formal political participation in local elections. Results, however, are mixed across specific migratory channels, and the effects are conditional on levels of civic engagement. The study shows that specifying different channels of international migration is key to understanding the conditions under which emigration enhances political and civic participation in the local democratic process in origin countries.
Four modalities of the experience of others in groups
Authors: Schermer Victor L.
Published: June 2018

The ways in which group members experience and interact with one another has been explored in philosophy from Greek antiquity to the present. In modern European philosophy, beginning with the Enlightenment, the problem of ‘the Other’ has been taken up by empirical, idealist, phenomenological and existential philosophers. Based on such philosophical discourse, this article presents a fourfold schema of ‘modalities’ through which people acquire knowledge of one another in groups. The four modalities are as follows: (1) ‘Mind’, the use of reason, cognition and sense data to form a model of the other person’s mental processes; (2) ‘Body’, the intuitive, empathic, embodied perception of others; (3) ‘Gaze’, the establishment of power and authority by scrutiny of each other’s presentation of self; and (4) ‘Face’, the ethical imperative presented by the Other. The ideas of (1) Descartes, Locke and Kant; (2) Merleau-Ponty; (3) Sartre and Foucault; and (4) Levinas are discussed to elucidate each modality. The relationships between the modalities, group analytic theory and neuroscience are explored to build bridges between philosophy, group theory and practice, and the neuroscience of the social brain.
The Challenges of Working With Men Who Perpetrate Partner Violence: Perspectives and Observations of Experts Who Work With Batterer Intervention Programs
Authors: Morrison Penelope K. , Hawker Lynn , Cluss Patricia A. , Miller Elizabeth , Fleming Rhonda , Bicehouse Terry , George Donna , Burke Jessica , Wright Kalem , Chang Judy C.
Published: June 2018

Batterer intervention programs (BIPs) constitute the primary treatment for perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). Systematic evaluations of BIPs, however, have yielded modest results in terms of these programs’ ability to reduce perpetration. Descriptive studies, which can provide information on the contexts and process associated with BIPs, can provide insights into the underlying mechanisms that might promote change among BIP clients, and as such are important to improving efficacy measures for BIPs. To date, however, limited research exists on what challenges BIPs encounter in working with clients, and how those challenges present barriers to behavioral change among perpetrators at the intervention level. As part of a 2-year ethnographic study, we conducted 36 individual semistructured interviews with professionals working with BIPs. We identified six themes related to challenges to promoting behavioral change among men who perpetrate violence: (a) social acceptance of IPV, (b) hypermasculine attitudes, (c) emotional problems, (d) childhood exposure to violence, (e) co-morbid mental health issues, and (f) denial, minimization, and blame. Our results have implications for thinking about some of the contextual factors that may impede BIPs ability to produce desired outcomes and for identifying areas in which programs can be tailored to improve the overall client experience. Our results also point to the need for a more coordinated community response to IPV, and in particular to helping provide resources that support BIPs sustained, safe, and as effective as possible work.
Alcohol Use and Sexual and Physical Assault Victimization Among University Students: Three Years of Follow-Up
Authors: Caamano-Isorna Francisco , Adkins Amy , Moure-Rodríguez Lucía , Conley Abigail H. , Dick Danielle
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of sexual and physical assault among university students and its association with alcohol use. The research is part of a wider cohort study (Spit for ScienceTM) at a large public university in the United States. The follow-up data include the first two cohorts (2011, 2012; n = 5,170). The dependent variables were victim of sexual assault and victim of physical assault. The independent variables were alcohol dependence and abuse according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.), cannabis use, residence, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and previous experience of sexual assault and/or physical assault. We used multilevel logistic regression for repeated measures. All data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Incidence rates of sexual and physical assault (per 100 students a year) were 15.1 and 27.6 among nonabusers/dependents versus 36.4 and 56.7 among alcohol-dependent females at the first year, and 2.8 and 4.7 versus 7.7 and 23.1 at the third year; while in males, incident rates were 6.0 and 3.1 versus 18.5 and 66.6, and 2.3 and 7.4 versus 18.9 and 15.1, respectively. Our results show that alcohol abuse and dependence constitute risk factors to be victim of sexual assault in males (odds ratio [OR] = 2.21 and OR = 2.73) and alcohol dependence in females (OR = 2.16). Similarly, alcohol abuse and dependence are risk factors to physical assault among both males (OR = 1.52 and OR = 2.03) and females (OR = 1.70 and OR = 2.88). Ethnicity, sexual orientation, and whether the individual had been victimized in the past were associated with sexual assault. Regarding physical assault, cannabis use and past victimization are also risk factors. Our study has shown that assault victimization is strongly related to alcohol abuse and dependence diagnoses in both genders. Ethnicity and sexual orientation are also associated to both assaults. Our results show that incidence rates of both types of assaults were clearly higher in the first 6 months of university, probably explained by the novel and potentially risky environment.
Hyperinflation—Definitions and Causes
Authors: Saltiel Manny , Finnefrock Marvin
Published: June 2018

Hundreds of oral and injectable generic drugs have seen dramatic price increases during the 2010s. Several reasons for the astronomic price increases have been postulated, ranging from reduced competition, shortages in the manufacturing supply chain, very small markets, market consolidation, the Unapproved Drugs Initiative of 2006, and unanticipated manufacturing safety issues. In one survey, over 90% of hospital administrators reported that higher drug prices had a moderate or severe impact on their budgets. Whereas compounding pharmacies may present an effective solution to high drug prices, it is a potentially dangerous one, as the case of New England Compounding Center makes clear. The risks make a meticulous vetting process necessary.
Influence of hypothyroidism on testicular mitochondrial oxidative stress by activating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase signaling pathways in rats
Authors: Chang X-R , Yao Y-L , Wang D , Ma H-T , Gou P-H , Li C-Y , Wang J-L
Published: June 2018

Thyroid hormone deficiency can impair testicular function. However, knowledge of the effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways on testicular mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by hypothyroidism is still rudimentary. This study aims to explore the possible mechanisms of testicular mitochondrial oxidative damage in hypothyroidism rats. Wistar male rats were randomly divided into control (C), low- (L), and high-hypothyroidism (H) groups (1 ml/100 g body weights (BWs)/day 0, 0.001% and 0.1% propylthiouracil, respectively) by intragastric gavage for 60 days. Blood samples were collected to measure the levels of serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Testicular mitochondrial homogenates were used to measure the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and Ca2+-ATPase as well as protein and mRNA expression of androgen receptor (AR), p38 MAPK, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). Results showed that the BWs, testes weights, and levels of T3 and T4 were all significantly decreased and the testes coefficient and level of TSH were significantly increased in the H group. There were significant decreases in SOD activity in the H group as well as decreases in CAT and Ca2+-ATPase activities in the L and H groups. Additionally, protein expression of AR decreased significantly and protein expression of phosphorylated p38MAPK and JNK increased significantly in the H group. Therefore, the study suggests that hypothyroidism could affect male reproductive function by disturbing expression of AR, changing the activity of Ca2+-ATPase, inducing oxidative stress and then leading to activation of p38MAPK and JNK signaling in the testicular mitochondria.
A hybrid model of magnetorheological dampers based on generalized hysteretic biviscous operators
Authors: Zhao Xinlong , Wu Shuangjiang , Pan Haipeng
Published: June 2018

Magnetorheological dampers are promising vibration control devices that are widely used for vibration mitigation applications. However, due to the inherent hysteresis of magnetorheological dampers, achieving high performance is a challenging issue because it requires the development of models that can accurately describe the unique characteristics of this hysteresis. In this article, first, a generalized hysteretic biviscous operator is proposed to roughly describe the hysteretic property. Then, the superposition of the weighted generalized hysteretic biviscous operators is performed to model the magnetorheological damper, and modified particle swarm optimization is utilized to regulate the weights. This methodology provides the hybrid model with the advantages of both parametric and non-parametric models. Moreover, the model has a rather simple architecture and can be easily determined. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.
Presurgical Preparation of Infants With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: The SAC-PP-MR Innovative Technique
Authors: Elizondo Ricardo , Lagravère Manuel O. , Flores Esthela , Letechipía Nora
Published: June 2018

In this article, we demonstrate an effective, cheap, and fast way to shape the nasal alar cartilage in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. This technique straightens the vomer and brings the philtrum, columella, premaxilla, and the maxillary frenum to the midsagittal plane, while the alveolar ridges are shaped and positioned. This reduces the lip and palatal cleft to zero even in a 4-week period.
Using a Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective to Illuminate the Concept of Evaluation Capacity Building in a Network
Authors: Grack Nelson Amy , King Jean A. , Lawrenz Frances , Reich Christine , Bequette Marjorie , Pattison Scott , Kunz Kollmann Elizabeth , Illes Molly , Cohn Sarah , Iacovelli Stephanie , Cardiel Christopher L. B. , Ostgaard Gayra , Goss Juli , Beyer Marta , Causey Lauren , Sinkey Anne , Francisco Melanie
Published: June 2018

While evaluation capacity building (ECB) may hold promise for fostering evaluation, little is known about how it is operationalized within a network. This article presents initial findings from a National Science Foundation–funded research project (Complex Adaptive Systems as a Model for Network Evaluations) that used concepts from complex adaptive systems theory to develop case studies of ECB within the Nanoscale Informal Science Education Network. The project used a multiple case study approach to explore ECB within four Network workgroups. Cross-case themes documented characteristics of the system and ECB within it. Evaluation capacity was evident in several ways, including people's comfort with evaluation, evaluation-related skills, evaluation processes used, and the value placed on evaluation. Ultimately, the study identified several complex adaptive system features that fostered Network ECB: massive entanglement and neighbor interactions, information flow/feedback loops, stability and flexibility/adaptability, redundancy and diversity of evaluative skills and knowledge, and both centralized and distributed control.
External snapping hip: a systematic review of outcomes following surgical intervention: External snapping hip systematic review
Authors: Pierce Todd P , Kurowicki Jennifer , Issa Kimona , Festa Antony , Scillia Anthony J , McInerney Vincent K
Published: June 2018

Purpose:

To evaluate the outcomes of surgical management for external snapping hip in terms of: (1) recurrence; (2) complications; and (3) return to pre-injury activities.

Methods:

A thorough review of 4 electronic databases- EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, PubMed, and Scopus was performed to find all relevant studies for this review that were published between January 2000 and January 2017 that addressed surgical treatment for external snapping hip. The following reports were excluded: (1) non-English manuscripts; (2) n ⩽ 5; (3) clinical reviews; (4) surgical technique notes; (5) studies only analysing diagnosis; and (6) nonoperative management studies. After cross-referencing, a total of 7 reports were included. Each of these studies was analysed for the incidence of recurrence, revision surgery, complications, and return to pre-injury activity level.

Results:

There was a recurrence rate of 7% ( n = 8 of 113 hips) with only 1 requiring revision surgery (1%). The cumulative complication rate was 9% ( n = 10 of 113) with all complications being residual weakness. Additionally, we found 98% ( n = 58 of 59) of the patients returned to their pre-injury level of activity.

Conclusions:

We found operative treatment for external snapping hip to be both safe and efficacious for returning patients to their pre-injury activities. When recurrence does occur, it often is painless and does not require revision surgery. Future studies should be larger and evaluate different surgical techniques to further elucidate the safety and efficacy of surgical treatment for external snapping hip.
Albania (Go Your Own Way!) to Zimbabwe (A World of Wonders): A rhetorical analysis of the world’s country tourism slogans
Authors: Lever Michael , Abbas Rumaila
Published: June 2018

Despite a large focus on polysemy and rhetorical figures in brands and logos, there is much less research on slogans in marketing literature in general and virtually no studies that relate slogans to tourism destinations using a similar methodology. The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine the tourism slogans of the countries in the world using a combination of semantic evaluation methods, including rhetorical analysis, semiotics, and thematic reviews. Results suggest dominant themes of comparing and contrasting with other regions and countries, heavy use of metaphors and dramatic portrayals, anthropomorphized country traits, and individuality along with overarching concepts of the self. Implications for destination marketing practitioners and future research are also discussed.
Development of a digital clinical pathway for emergency medicine: Lessons from usability testing and implementation failure
Authors: Gutenstein Marc , Pickering John W , Than Martin
Published: June 2018

Clinical pathways are used to support the management of patients in emergency departments. An existing document-based clinical pathway was used as the foundation on which to design and build a digital clinical pathway for acute chest pain, with the aim of improving clinical calculations, clinician decision-making, documentation, and data collection. Established principles of decision support system design were used to build an application within the existing electronic health record, before testing with a multidisciplinary team of doctors using a think-aloud protocol. Technical authoring was successful, however, usability testing revealed that the user experience and the flexibility of workflow within the application were critical barriers to implementation. Emergency medicine and acute care decision support systems face particular challenges to existing models of linear workflow that should be deliberately addressed in digital pathway design. We make key recommendations regarding digital pathway design in emergency medicine.
‘My mom says you’re not really a teacher’: Rhizomatic explorations of ever-shifting student teacher identities and experiences
Authors: Gaches Sonya , Walli Shelina
Published: June 2018

Current teacher preparation programmes in the USA are required to report to state agencies on how their students are attaining professional preparation standards in order to fully become named as a ‘teacher’. As teacher educators immersed in these neo-liberal policies and expectations, the authors sought a way for their students to work through these expectations by having them write personal narratives of their experiences in university courses and early childhood practicums. The authors found the results from their initial analysis troubling and sought further meaning from the students’ and other texts. Only when the authors returned to literature that was closer to their own feminist, post-structural core did they find some (un)comfort. They had become distracted by institutionalized, modernist and neo-liberal notions of linear teacher development. They had nearly overlooked the majority of their data illustrating student teachers’ often clandestine classroom experiences, leading to a non-linear ‘messiness’ of constantly shifting, vacillating, variable and ever-flowing multiple identity enactments in the narratives. Drawing on student teachers’ narratives in order to challenge and rupture the neo-liberal truth(s) of linear teacher development, the authors argue that teachers’ identities are not built on the dissemination of discrete knowledges and specified skills and dispositions articulated in standards, but rather are under ever-evolving, messy, multifaceted, multilayered construction through their experiences with children, families and fellow teachers. Finally, the authors explore possible implications for teacher educators and teacher education.
Prescribed physical activity maintenance following exercise based cardiac rehabilitation: factors predicting low physical activity
Authors: Dagner Viveka , Clausson Eva K , Jakobsson Liselotte
Published: June 2018

Background:

Physical activity is important to reduce mortality, morbidity and risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease. This report evaluates to what extent patients are still physically active following an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programme 12–14 months post-myocardial infarction and factors predicting why not.

Methods:

Data from the National Quality Registry Swedeheart with post-myocardial infarction patients ( n=368) admitted from July 2012 to November 2014 were collected with outcomes of physical activity after 12–14 months. Baseline data included demographics, clinical variables, participation in exercise programmes, prescribed physical activity, health-related quality of life and self-reported health (EQ-5D-3L/EQ-VAS). A direct binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify indicators of low physical activity.

Results:

Physical activity frequency per week (PA/week) was low, i.e. zero to three times, in older patients over 64 years ( P=0.00) and in those having problems with pain/discomfort (138 PA/week vs. 195) ( P=0.01), problems with mobility (60 PA/week vs.273) ( P=0.04) and anxiety/depression (128 PA/week vs. 205) ( P=0.04).

Conclusion:

Indicators predicting low physical activity can be used targeting improved post-myocardial infarction care outlining person-centred rehabilitation programmes and specialist nursing-led programmes.
Are Sexual Minorities Less Likely to Participate in Surveys? An Examination of Proxy Nonresponse Measures and Associated Biases with Sexual Orientation in a Population-based Health Survey
Authors: Lee Sunghee , Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I. , McClain Colleen , Kim Hyun-Jun , Suzer-Gurtekin Z. Tuba
Published: June 2018

One of the implicit assumptions in survey research is lower response rates by sexual minorities than by nonminorities. With rapidly changing public attitudes toward same-sex marriage, we reconsider this assumption. We used data from the 2013 and 2014 National Health Interview Survey that include contact history data for all sample families as well as sexual orientation information about adults sampled from responding families. We created proxy nonresponse indicators based on contact efforts and reluctance from contact history data and linked them to sexual orientation of the sample adult and simulated nonresponse. The data did not support the assumption: Straight adults were more difficult to get cooperation from than nonstraights. With female sexual minorities showing higher nonresponse than their male counterparts, special considerations are required. Replication analyses may provide insights into what factors influence study participation decisions, which will inform how nonresponse may impact the accuracy of research findings.
The Real-Time IRB: A Collaborative Innovation to Decrease IRB Review Time
Authors: Spellecy Ryan , Eve Ann Marie , Connors Emily R. , Shaker Reza , Clark David C.
Published: June 2018

Lengthy review times for institutional review boards (IRBs) are a well-known barrier to research. In response to numerous calls to reduce review times, we devised “Real-Time IRB,” a process that drastically reduces IRB review time. In this, investigators and study staff attend the IRB meeting and make changes to the protocol while the IRB continues its meeting, so that final approval can be issued at the meeting. This achieved an overall reduction in time from submission to the IRB to final approval of 40%. While this process is time and resource intensive, and cannot address all delays in research, it shows great promise for increasing the pace by which research is translated to patient care.
Acute and chronic pain affects local field potential of the medial prefrontal cortex in different band neural oscillations
Authors: Fu Bo , Wen Shao-nan , Wang Bin , Wang Kun , Zhang Ji-yan , Liu Shao-jun
Published: June 2018

The medial prefrontal cortex is involved in the process of sensory discrimination. In this study, we examined the local field potential activity response to the different stages of pain in the prelimbic cortex (PrL) which is a sub-region of the medial prefrontal cortex. Recent studies revealed extensive information about neural oscillations, but there is limited information on the local field potential profiles for acute or chronic pain, particularly in freely moving animals. This study showed that acute mechanical pain increases alpha oscillation and decreases beta and gamma oscillations before spared nerve injury surgery. Delta oscillation was decreased by chronic pain and gamma oscillation varied with time. However, acute mechanical pain stimulus had no effects on local field potential in rats under mechanical allodynia. Together, our findings provide novel insights into the role of medial prefrontal cortex local field potential activity response to pain stimulus.
Correlation of Patient Symptoms With Labral and Articular Cartilage Damage in Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Grace Trevor , Samaan Michael A. , Souza Richard B. , Link Thomas M. , Majumdar Sharmila , Zhang Alan L.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) can lead to labral and articular cartilage injuries as well as early osteoarthritis of the hip. Currently, the association of patient symptoms with the progression of labral and articular cartilage injuries due to FAI is poorly understood.

Purpose:

To evaluate the correlation between patient-reported outcome (PRO) scores and cartilage compositional changes seen on quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as cartilage and labral damage seen during arthroscopic surgery in patients with FAI.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Patients were prospectively enrolled before hip arthroscopic surgery for symptomatic FAI. Patients were included if they had cam-type FAI without radiographic arthritis. All patients completed PRO scores, including the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) and a visual analog scale for pain. MRI with mapping sequences (T1ρ and T2) on both the acetabular and femoral regions was performed before surgery to quantitatively assess the cartilage composition. During arthroscopic surgery, cartilage and labral injury grades were recorded using the Beck classification. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were then obtained to evaluate the association between chondrolabral changes and PRO scores.

Results:

A total of 46 patients (46 hips) were included for analysis (mean age, 35.5 years; mean body mass index [BMI], 23.9 kg/m2; 59% male). Increasing BMI was correlated with a more severe acetabular cartilage grade (ρ = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.08-0.65). A greater alpha angle was correlated with an increased labral tear grade (ρ = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.82) and acetabular cartilage injuries (ρ = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.42-0.80). With respect to PRO scores, increasing femoral cartilage damage in the anterosuperior femoral head region, as measured on quantitative MRI using T1ρ and T2 mapping, correlated with lower (worse) scores on the HOOS Activities of Daily Living ( r = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.06-0.64), Symptoms ( r = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.06-0.57), and Pain ( r = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.06-0.55) subscales. There was no correlation between PRO scores and acetabular cartilage damage or labral tearing found on quantitative MRI or during arthroscopic surgery.

Conclusion:

Femoral cartilage damage, as measured on T1ρ and T2 mapping, appears to have a greater correlation with clinical symptoms than acetabular cartilage damage or labral tears in patients with symptomatic FAI.
An anatomically‐based masking protocol for the assessment of in‐shoe plantar pressure measurement of the forefoot
Authors: Forghany Saeed , Bonanno Daniel R. , Menz Hylton B. , Landorf Karl B.
Published: June 2018

Background

The area beneath the metatarsal heads is a common location of foot pain, which is often associated with high plantar pressures. Current plantar pressure assessment protocols focus mainly on the gross area of the forefoot with minimal attention paid to specific areas such as the metatarsal heads. The aim of this study was to develop and assess a new anatomically‐based masking protocol that is clinically relevant to measure forefoot plantar pressure during shod conditions based on the anatomical positions of the metatarsal heads.

Methods

Initially, we developed a masking protocol to measure forefoot plantar pressure during shod conditions based on the anatomical positions of the metatarsal heads. This new masking protocol divided the forefoot into three sub‐areas (proximal, beneath, and distal to the metatarsal heads) as determined by the position of each metatarsal head. Following development of the new masking protocol, we compared the new protocol against a traditional protocol, which defines the forefoot as between 51 and 81% of the foot length. To compare the two masking protocols, we tested two experimental conditions: (i) a control condition (i.e. no metatarsal pad), and (ii) a metatarsal pad condition. We then compared plantar pressure differences between the two experimental conditions for the two masking protocols. Participants for this component of the study included 36 community dwelling older adults (mean age 75.6 years ±5.4) with a history of forefoot pain. Forefoot plantar pressure data were measured while walking using the pedar®‐X in‐shoe system. Peak pressure, maximum force and contact area at the time of peak pressure were determined and results were compared between the two masking protocols.

Results

The traditional masking protocol showed that the metatarsal pad significantly decreased peak pressure and increased contact area in the forefoot area (i.e. within the entire mask area), but maximum force was not significantly different between the two conditions. In contrast, the newly developed anatomically‐based masking protocol indicated that the metatarsal pad decreased peak plantar pressures distal to and beneath the metatarsal heads by increasing force and contact area proximal to the metatarsal heads.

Conclusions

An anatomically‐based masking protocol that is clinically relevant was developed to assess forefoot plantar pressure during shod conditions based on the anatomical positions of metatarsal heads. We propose that the new forefoot masking protocol will provide greater interpretability of forefoot plantar pressure data, which will aid clinicians and researchers for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
Optimal transport for mitigating cycle skipping in full-waveform inversion: A graph-space transform approach
Authors: Métivier Ludovic , Allain Aude , Brossier Romain , Mérigot Quentin , Oudet Edouard , Virieux Jean
Published: June 2018

Optimal transport distance has been recently promoted as a tool to measure the discrepancy between observed and seismic data within the full-waveform-inversion strategy. This high-resolution seismic imaging method, based on a data-fitting procedure, suffers from the nonconvexity of the standard least-squares discrepancy measure, an issue commonly referred to as cycle skipping. The convexity of the optimal transport distance with respect to time shifts makes it a good candidate to provide a more convex misfit function. However, the optimal transport distance is defined only for the comparison of positive functions, while seismic data are oscillatory. A review of the different attempts proposed in the literature to overcome this difficulty is proposed. Their limitations are illustrated: Basically, the proposed strategies are either not applicable to real data, or they lose the convexity property of optimal transport. On this basis, we introduce a novel strategy based on the interpretation of the seismic data in the graph space. Each individual trace is considered, after discretization, as a set of Dirac points in a 2D space, where the amplitude becomes a geometric attribute of the data. This ensures the positivity of the data, while preserving the geometry of the signal. The differentiability of the misfit function is obtained by approximating the Dirac distributions through 2D Gaussian functions. The interest of this approach is illustrated numerically by computing misfit-function maps in schematic examples before moving to more realistic synthetic full-waveform exercises, including the Marmousi model. The better convexity of the graph-based optimal transport distance is shown. On the Marmousi model, starting from a 1D linearly increasing initial model, with data without low frequencies (no energy less than 3 Hz), a meaningful estimation of the P-wave velocity model is recovered, outperforming previously proposed optimal-transport-based misfit functions.
Are we there yet?
Authors: Fadden Gráinne
Published: June 2018

Burbach describes the content of a phased approach to delivering family work in psychosis. Clinicians would find it helpful to have guidance on how to address the challenges they face in clinical practice, such as engaging all family members in the process and how to deal with confidentiality conflicts. Implementation challenges are also likely to affect their ability to deliver this intervention. It may also be useful to consider the role that family members can play in co-production and training, and in delivering support to other families through a carer peer support model.

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

None.
Analysis of Social Science Research Into Cancer Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Improving Global Cancer Control Through Greater Interdisciplinary Research
Authors: Caduff Carlo , Skelton Mac , Banerjee Dwaipayan , Djordjevic Darja , Mika Marissa , Mueller Lucas , Sivaramakrishnan Kavita , Van Hollen Cecilia
Published: June 2018

This analysis lays a framework for greater collaboration between the cancer community and social scientists in both research and policy. We argue that the growing cancer burden that low- and middle-income countries face is raising social, political, and economic challenges of global cancer that require interdisciplinary research beyond the traditional biomedical-clinical nexus. First, we briefly review some of the most important existing social science studies that have addressed cancer in low- and middle-income countries, including the main methods, approaches, and findings of this research. Second, we give an overview of recent interdisciplinary collaborations between social scientists and oncologists and demonstrate how qualitative research can help us to understand the distinct challenges of cancer care in low- and middle-income settings. Finally, we identify key areas for future collaboration and suggest possible paths forward for cancer research and policy that involve social science.
APC/CFzr regulates cardiac and myoblast cell numbers, and plays a crucial role during myoblast fusion
Authors: Drechsler Maik , Meyer Heiko , Wilmes Ariane C. , Paululat Achim
Published: June 2018

Somatic muscles are formed by the iterative fusion of myoblasts into muscle fibres. This process is driven by the recurrent recruitment of proteins to the cell membrane to induce F-actin nucleation at the fusion site. Although several proteins involved in myoblast fusion have been identified, knowledge about their subcellular regulation is rather elusive. We identified the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) adaptor Fizzy related (Fzr) as an essential regulator of heart and muscle development. We show that APC/CFzr regulates the fusion of myoblasts as well as the mitotic exit of pericardial cells, cardioblasts and myoblasts. Surprisingly, overproliferation is not causative for the observed fusion defects. Instead, fzr mutants exhibit smaller F-actin foci at the fusion site and display reduced membrane breakdown between adjacent myoblasts. We show that lack of APC/CFzr causes accumulation and mislocalisation of Rols and Duf, two proteins involved in the fusion process. Duf seems to serve as direct substrate of the APC/CFzr and its destruction depends on the presence of distinct degron sequences. These novel findings indicate that protein destruction and turnover constitute major events during myoblast fusion.
ATAD3 controls mitochondrial cristae structure in mouse muscle, influencing mtDNA replication and cholesterol levels
Authors: Peralta Susana , Goffart Steffi , Williams Sion L. , Diaz Francisca , Garcia Sofia , Nissanka Nadee , Area-Gomez Estela , Pohjoismäki Jaakko , Moraes Carlos T.
Published: June 2018

Mutations in the mitochondrial inner membrane ATPase ATAD3A result in neurological syndromes in humans. In mice, the ubiquitous disruption of Atad3 (also known as Atad3a) was embryonic lethal, but a skeletal muscle-specific conditional knockout (KO) was viable. At birth, ATAD3 muscle KO mice had normal weight, but from 2 months onwards they showed progressive motor-impaired coordination and weakness. Loss of ATAD3 caused early and severe mitochondrial structural abnormalities, mitochondrial proliferation and muscle atrophy. There was dramatic reduction in mitochondrial cristae junctions and overall cristae morphology. The lack of mitochondrial cristae was accompanied by a reduction in high molecular weight mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complexes, and to a lesser extent in OPA1. Moreover, muscles lacking ATAD3 showed altered cholesterol metabolism, accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication intermediates, progressive mtDNA depletion and deletions. Unexpectedly, decreases in the levels of some OXPHOS components occurred after cristae destabilization, indicating that ATAD3 is not crucial for mitochondrial translation, as previously suggested. Our results show a critical early role of ATAD3 in regulating mitochondrial inner membrane structure, leading to secondary defects in mtDNA replication and complex V and cholesterol levels in postmitotic tissue.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
An appreciation of the science and philanthropy of Sir Oliver Scott, founder of the Gray Cancer Institute
Authors: Michael Barry D
Published: June 2018

This Commentary focuses on the landmark paper about hypoxia in radiotherapy by Gray, Scott et al published in 1953. By then, it was known that hypoxic regions in tumours could make them resistant to radiation treatment and that this was a possible cause of failure. The paper proposed that oxygen breathing could substantially decrease this resistance without incurring significant additional damage to normal tissues, thus reducing the likelihood of recurrence. Although the paper’s supporting data were in some respects incomplete, the case it made was convincing and it prompted pilot clinical trials that combined radiotherapy with oxygen breathing, including under elevated pressure. Research into tumour hypoxia and strategies to overcome its adverse effects soon expanded and entered full clinical trials. Meta-analysis of their results showed improved outcomes in accord with the original proposals of Gray, Scott et al. A secondary result of their 1953 work was the founding at Mount Vernon Hospital of what later became Cancer Research UK’s Gray Cancer Institute. This project was initiated by Oliver Scott and construction of the new laboratories was funded by a donation that he provided
Re-investigating the Basement Membrane Zone of Psoriatic Epidermal Lesions: Is Laminin-511 a New Player in Psoriasis Pathogenesis?
Authors: Natsumi Aki , Sugawara Koji , Yasumizu Makiko , Mizukami Yukari , Sano Shigetoshi , Morita Akimichi , Paus Ralf , Tsuruta Daisuke
Published: June 2018

Psoriasis is a complex chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal thickening on the basis of increased keratinocyte proliferation and insufficient apoptosis. Laminins are important components of the basement membrane (BM) and impact on epidermal keratinocyte growth/apoptosis. Although several laminins are involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, it is still controversial about the expression patterns of laminin isoforms and which laminins are important in the development of psoriasis. Because laminin-511 and -332 are key BM components in human skin, and laminin-511 stimulates human hair follicle growth, we asked whether the BM zone in psoriasis shows any laminin-related abnormalities. This showed that the BM expression of laminin-511 and -332 was significantly increased within the skin lesion of psoriasis. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that laminin-511, -332, and collagen type IV proteins were also significantly increased in psoriasis-like skin lesions of Imiquimod-treated mice. Transmission electron microscopy showed a few gaps of lamina densa, and its thickness was significantly increased. Finally, laminin-511 treatment significantly stimulated the proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of HaCaT cells, while laminin-α5 chain gene knockdown decreased proliferation and induced apoptosis. These phenomenological observations raise the question of whether laminin-511-controlled keratinocyte growth/death may be a previously overlooked player in the pathogenesis of psoriatic epidermal lesions.
"Leire": formas, usos y etimología de un topónimo / "Leire": forms, uses and etymology of a place-name
Authors: Basterrika Iker
Published: June 2018

After having compiled the mentions of Leire until 1202, we have classified them according to several criteria in order to determine the toponym’s first written and oral forms and to understand relations between them. We suggest that these forms can take us back to two old forms of the toponym (*Le/j/erius and *Le/j/orius), which can be a result of two distinct phonetic evolutions of the Frank anthroponym Leodegarius. Thus, *Le/j/erius would derive from Old French (Leger). It was used in more formal contexts: it is the first documented form and the one used preferably by Church hierarchs to name the monastery of Leire. The evolution of the forms *Le/j/orius, in turn, would involve a metathesis which we find both in the medieval Basque onomastics (Ligoarius) and in the Aquitanian toponymy (Liguaire). This form, found in Romance and Basque contexts, was the vernacular and less formal one. The anthroponym Leodegarius might refer to a bishop of Autun, the leader of one of the factions fighting in the Merovingian kingdoms in the late 7th century, and martyr linked to the subsequent rise of the Carolingians. So, the toponym Leire could correspond to a dedication and foundation of a Frank monastery contemporary to the Carolingian counties of Pamplona and Aragon at the beginning of the 9th century.