bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The investigation of deposited organic carbon‐silicon films using cyclonic atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization
Authors: Wang Shu‐Mei , Huang Chun
Published: July 2023

Background

The upgrading of atmospheric‐pressure plasma polymerization process, the detailed investigation of atmospheric‐pressure plasma polymerization deposited organic carbon‐silicon film features is essential to obtain the further understandings into the optimizing coating techniques.

Aim

This investigation demonstrates plasma cyclone deposited film features with adjusting argon gas flow rate and HMDSN monomer flow rate.

Method

This study utilized the plasma cyclone system to polymerize a carbon‐silicon film. In this study, Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) was employed as a diagnostic tool to indirectly inspect the chemical composition of the atmospheric‐pressure plasma polymerization's glow discharge by detecting the photo‐emitting species. The Contact Angle Goniometer, ATR‐FTIR, AFM, and XPS were used to measure the surface properties of the films deposited by plasma cyclone.

Results

The static contact angle results show that most of the deposited films obtain the divergent contact angle values with adjusting argon gas flow rate and HMDSN monomer flow rate. ATR‐FTIR results show that argon gas flow rate and HMDSN monomer flow rate dominate the porosity of plasma cyclone deposited film surface. XPS and AFM analyses also detect the comparable trend of physicochemical characteristics of organic carbon‐silicon film with adjusting argon gas flow rate and HMDSN monomer flow rate. In summary, the organic carbon‐silicon films can be successfully polymerized by plasma cyclone.

Conclusions

The results refer that the organic carbon‐silicon film deposition on vanadium redox flow battery separator surface improved the electrolyte uptake of the cyclonic‐plasma‐coated separators was larger than that of a commercial separator.
Prevalence and metabolic determinants of abnormal alanine aminotransferase: A cross‐sectional study of Iranian adults, 2018–2022
Authors: Asgari Samaneh , Molavizadeh Danial , Tohidi Maryam , Momenan Amir Abbas , Azizi Fereidoun , Hadaegh Farzad
Published: July 2023

Background

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme whose activity became the principal biomarker for liver disease. In the current study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of abnormal ALT, as a surrogate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its associated determinants using different criteria among Tehranian subjects between 2018 and 2022.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study on 5676 Tehranian individuals aged 20–70 years. The weighted prevalence of abnormal ALT was calculated using both the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the United States (US‐NHANCE; ALT ≥30 U/L for females and ≥40 U/L for males) and the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) guideline (ALT >25 U/L for females, and >33 U/L for males) thresholds. Moreover, uni/multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to find the determinants of abnormal ALT.

Results

The weighted prevalence of abnormal ALT was 12.8% (7.6% females and 18% males) and 22.5% (17.7% females and 27.3% males) based on US‐NHANCE and ACG criteria, respectively. Our results showed every decade increase in age decreased the risk of abnormal ALT by 32%. We also found that generally male gender, being overweight/obese, central adiposity, TG ≥6.9 mmol/L, non‐HDL‐C ≥3.37 mmol/L, lipid‐lowering medications, pre‐diabetes/T2DM were associated with abnormal ALT using different cutoff points. Moreover, among men resting tachycardia (≥90 beats per min), hypertension, and females past‐smoker were also found as other determinants of abnormal ALT.

Conclusion

High prevalence of abnormal ALT among non‐elderly Iranian adults, especially among men, necessitates immediate multifaceted strategies by policymakers to prevent potential complications caused by NAFLD.
Assessment of implementation of the caries management by risk assessment philosophy in a dental school
Authors: DiLuigi Maria , Hagel Natalie , Finkelman Matthew D. , Irusa Karina , White Robyn , Zandona Andrea Ferreira
Published: July 2023

Objective

This cross‐sectional study assessed the implementation of documenting a baseline caries risk assessment (CRA) of patients seen by predoctoral dental students and its association with the presence of caries risk management (CRM) treatment.

Methods

A convenience sample of 10,000 electronic axiUm patient records at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine was retrospectively assessed for the presence or absence of a completed CRA and CRM after IRB approval following predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The CRM variables (nutrition counseling, sealant, fluoride) were identified by procedure codes that were completed by the student. Associations were assessed via the chi‐square test, Kruskal–Wallis test (with Dunn's test and the Bonferroni correction used in post‐hoc tests) and Mann–Whitney U test.

Results

Most patients (70.5%) had a CRA completed. However, only 24.9% (out of the 7045 patients with a completed CRA) received CRM, while 22.9% of the 2,955 patients without a CRA received CRM. The difference between the groups with and without a completed CRA in terms of the percentage receiving CRM was not clinically significant. Significant associations were found between a completed CRA and in‐house fluoride treatment (p = .034) and between a completed CRA and sealant treatment (p = .001). Patients with higher baseline CRA levels (i.e., greater risk) were more likely to have CRM (16.9% of the 785 patients at low risk, 21.1% of the 1282 patients at moderate risk, 26.3% of the 4347 patients at high risk, and 32.6% of the 631 patients at extreme risk). The association between these two variables was significant (p < .001).

Conclusion

There is evidence that students were mostly compliant with completing a CRA for most patients; however, there is a deficiency in implementation of CRM approach to help support dental caries management, and there is still much room for improvement.
Barriers and facilitators to genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer amongst Black African women in Luton (UK)
Authors: Kabeya Valencia , Puthussery Shuby , Furmanski Anna
Published: July 2023

Evidence suggests that although Black African women have the lowest incidence of breast and ovarian cancer, they have the highest mortality rate and low rates of uptake for cancer screening services for these conditions in the United Kingdom (UK). This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers and facilitators to genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer amongst Black African women in Luton (UK). We conducted a qualitative study that included one face‐to‐face and five telephone focus group discussions. Consistent with the health belief model, a focus group discussion guide was developed. A total of 24 participants, aged 23–57 who self‐identified as Black African women and who were English speakers residing in Luton, took part in the focus group discussions. Purposive and snowballing sampling were used to recruit the participants for this study. The focus group discussions were recorded, transcribed per verbatim, coded and analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis approach, and the findings were classified. Nine themes emerged from the narratives obtained including six barriers and three facilitators. Barriers to genetic testing included (1) Cost and affordability, (2) Lack of knowledge, awareness, and family health history knowledge, (3) Language barrier, immigration, and distrust in western healthcare services, (4) Fear, (5) Cultural, religious, and intergenerational views and perceptions, and (6) Eligibility for genetic testing for the BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants and a lack of referral to specialist genetic clinics. Facilitators to genetic testing included (7) Availability of tests cost‐free under the National Health Service (NHS) (8) Family members' health and (9) Awareness and education on genetic testing. The barriers and facilitators identified could enable policy makers and healthcare services alike to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing Black African women's decision‐making process toward genetic testing. Ultimately, this work can inform interventions aiming to increase the uptake of genetic testing among this group.
Catalyst‐free oxidative [3+2]‐annulation of (2‐nitroethene‐1,1‐diyl)bis(methylsulfane) and pyridinium ylides: Efficient synthesis of (methylsulfanyl)indolizines heterocycles
Authors: Chen Yuce , Liu Yuxin , Yang Hongchen , Li Zhong , Xu Xiaoyong
Published: July 2023

A facile and efficient protocol has been developed for the synthesis of (methylsulfanyl)indolizine derivatives via oxidative [3+2]‐annulation of bis(methylthio)‐2‐nitroethylen(BMTNE) and pyridinium ylides under K2CO3. The target products could be obtained in moderate to good yields.
Combination HIV prevention during pregnancy and the post‐partum period in Malawi and Zambia: a mathematical modelling analysis
Authors: Powers Kimberly A. , Mutale Wilbroad , Rosenberg Nora E. , Graybill Lauren A. , Mollan Katie R. , Freeborn Kellie , Saidi Friday , Maman Suzanne , Mulenga Priscilla L. , Jahn Andreas , Nyirenda Rose K. , Stringer Jeffrey S. A. , Vermund Sten H. , Chi Benjamin H.
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Despite widespread success in reducing vertical HIV transmission, most antenatal care (ANC) programmes in eastern and southern Africa have not emphasized primary prevention of maternal HIV acquisition during pregnancy and lactation/breastfeeding. We hypothesized that combination HIV prevention interventions initiated alongside ANC could substantially reduce maternal HIV incidence.

Methods

We constructed a multi‐state model describing male‐to‐female HIV transmission in steady heterosexual partnerships during pregnancy and lactation/breastfeeding, with initial conditions based on population distribution estimates for Malawi and Zambia in 2020. We modelled individual and joint increases in three HIV prevention strategies at or soon after ANC initiation: (1) HIV testing of male partners, resulting in HIV diagnosis and less condomless sex among those with previously undiagnosed HIV; (2) initiation (or re‐initiation) of suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) for male partners with diagnosed but unsuppressed HIV; and (3) adherent pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV‐negative female ANC patients with HIV‐diagnosed or unknown‐status male partners. We estimated the percentage of within‐couple, male‐to‐female HIV transmissions that could be averted during pregnancy and lactation/breastfeeding with these strategies, relative to base‐case conditions in which 45% of undiagnosed male partners become newly HIV diagnosed via testing, 75% of male partners with diagnosed but unsuppressed HIV initiate/re‐initiate ART and 0% of female ANC patients start PrEP.

Results

Increasing uptake of any single strategy by 20 percentage points above base‐case levels averted 10%−11% of maternal HIV acquisitions during pregnancy and lactation/breastfeeding in the model. Joint uptake increases of 20 percentage points in two interventions averted an estimated 19%−23% of transmissions, and with a 20‐percentage‐point increase in uptake of all three interventions, 29% were averted. Strategies achieving 95% male testing, 90% male ART initiation/re‐initiation and 40% female PrEP use reduced incident infections by 45%.

Conclusions

Combination HIV prevention strategies provided alongside ANC and sustained through the post‐partum period could substantially reduce maternal HIV incidence during pregnancy and lactation/breastfeeding in eastern and southern Africa.
Genomic newborn screening: Are we entering a new era of screening?
Authors: Spiekerkoetter Ute , Bick David , Scott Richard , Hopkins Henrietta , Krones Tanja , Gross Edith Sky , Bonham James R.
Published: July 2023

Population newborn screening (NBS) for phenylketonuria began in the United States in 1963. In the 1990s electrospray ionization mass spectrometry permitted an array of pathognomonic metabolites to be identified simultaneously, enabling up to 60 disorders to be recognized with a single test. In response, differing approaches to the assessment of the harms and benefits of screening have resulted in variable screening panels worldwide. Thirty years on and another screening revolution has emerged with the potential for first line genomic testing extending the range of screening conditions recognized after birth to many hundreds. At the annual SSIEM conference in 2022 in Freiburg, Germany, an interactive plenary discussion on genomic screening strategies and their challenges and opportunities was conducted. The Genomics England Research project proposes the use of Whole Genome Sequencing to offer extended NBS to 100 000 babies for defined conditions with a clear benefit for the child. The European Organization for Rare Diseases seeks to include “actionable” conditions considering also other types of benefits. Hopkins Van Mil, a private UK research institute, determined the views of citizens and revealed as a precondition that families are provided with adequate information, qualified support, and that autonomy and data are protected. From an ethical standpoint, the benefits ascribed to screening and early treatment need to be considered in relation to asymptomatic, phenotypically mild or late‐onset presentations, where presymptomatic treatment may not be required. The different perspectives and arguments demonstrate the unique burden of responsibility on those proposing new and far‐reaching developments in NBS programs and the need to carefully consider both harms and benefits.
Routine Prophylactic Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy in Head and Neck Cancers with Bilateral Neck Irradiation: A Regional Cancer Experience in New Zealand
Authors: Fong Su Chen , Pandey Ramesh , Rajaretnam Michelle , Delaibatiki Miriama , Peel David N.Y.
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) are particularly susceptible to dysphagia and malnutrition. Prophylactic percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement is a method used to manage these issues, but practices vary among institutions. At Midcentral District Health Board, patients receiving radiotherapy to the primary and bilateral neck regions routinely undergo prophylactic PEG placement. This study aimed to review the nutritional and PEG‐related outcomes of these patients.

Methods

Records of 49 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Their demographics, tumour and treatment characteristics were recorded. We evaluated patient weight loss, non‐elective hospitalisation, treatment interruption rates, PEG‐related complications, usage, dependency rates and late dysphagia rates.

Results

Oropharyngeal cancers were the most common primary site (61.2%), and 83.7% of patients received primary chemoradiotherapy. Mean weight loss at treatment completion was 5.6% ± 4.3 (4.6 kg ± 3.9). The rate of non‐elective hospitalisations was 26.5%, and only 2% of patients had treatment interruptions. Peristomal infection was the most frequent PEG complication (20.4%). No PEG‐related mortality was reported. Median duration of PEG dependency was 97 days (14–388 days). Two patients remained permanently dependent at 3 years due to grade 3 dysphagia, and six patients experienced grade ≥2 late dysphagia.

Conclusion

Our study showed that prophylactic PEG tube placement was relatively safe, with a high utilisation rate and low long‐term dependence on PEG tubes after treatment completion. However, complications related to their use should be addressed through a multidisciplinary approach, with careful assessment by clinicians. The weight loss and hospitalisation rates observed were consistent with earlier studies that utilised prophylactic PEG tubes.
Biological features of human influenza A(H3N8) viruses in China
Authors: Zhu Wenfei , Chen Qi , Xu Xiaohao , Wei Hejiang , Tan Min , Yang Lei , Zou Shumei , Li Zi , Lin Shuxia , Wang Dayan
Published: July 2023

Influenza A(H3N8) viruses first emerged in humans in 2022, but their public health risk has not been evaluated. Here, we systematically investigated the biological features of avian and human isolated H3N8 viruses. The human‐origin H3N8 viruses exhibited dual receptor binding profiles but avian‐origin H3N8 viruses bound to avian type (sialic acid α2, 3) receptors only. All H3N8 viruses were sensitive to the antiviral drug oseltamivir. Although H3N8 viruses showed lower virulence than the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (09pdmH1N1) viruses, they induced comparable infectivity in mice. More importantly, the human population is naïve to H3N8 virus infection and current seasonal vaccination is not protective. Therefore, the threat of influenza A(H3N8) viruses should not be underestimated. Any variations should be monitored closely and their effect should be studied in time for the pandemic potential preparedness purpose.
Establishment and validation of a high‐throughput micro‐neutralization assay for respiratory syncytial virus (subtypes A and B)
Authors: Bonifazi Carolina , Trombetta Claudia Maria , Barneschi Irene , Latanza Simona , Leopoldi Sara , Benincasa Linda , Leonardi Margherita , Semplici Claudia , Piu Pietro , Marchi Serena , Montomoli Emanuele , Manenti Alessandro
Published: July 2023

The validation of a bioanalytical method allows us to determine its validity for a designated purpose and to guarantee the reliability of its analytical results. The virus neutralization assay has proved to be suitable for the detection and quantification of specific serum‐neutralizing antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus subtypes A and B. Respiratory syncytial virus is a negative‐sense RNA virus and is responsible for the majority of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and older adults worldwide. Owing to its widespread infection, the WHO considers it a target for the development of preventive vaccines. Despite the high impact of its infections, however, only one vaccine has been recently approved. The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed validation process for the microneutralization assay and to demonstrate that this method can effectively support the efficacy assessment of candidate vaccines and the definition of correlates of protection.
Design and characterization of dual‐pronged liposome‐embedded gel for enhanced dermal delivery
Authors: Saxena Sumedha , Kushwaha Poonam , Shukla Babita , Ahmad Mohammad
Published: July 2023

The present study aims to develop a combination of Nigella sativa seed oil (NSO) and virgin coconut oil (VCO)‐loaded liposomal gel as a topical drug delivery system for vitiligo. A 3 × 3 factorial design approach was adopted to study the effect of variables on liposome characteristics and performance. A total of nine batches were formed. The cholesterol: phospholipid (wt/wt) and drug (NSO:VCO) ratios (vol/vol) were marked as two independent variables, X1 and X2. The dependent variables selected were entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, and polydispersity index. Liposomes were fabricated by thin‐film hydration technology. A carbopol gel matrix was used to embed the optimized liposome vesicles, which were then tested for pH, viscosity, ability to spread, and stability. Better stability for topical drug delivery systems was demonstrated by the incorporation of liposomes in gel prepared from cross‐linked polyacrylate. In vitro drug release, ex vivo drug permeation and drug retention were compared between liposomal and conventional preparations. Skin permeation and skin retention studies demonstrated that the prepared liposomal gel significantly extended the penetration of drugs into the skin and retained more drugs in the skin when compared to liposomal dispersion and conventional gel formulations. The stability of the developed liposomal gel was assured at 5 ± 3°C and 25 ± 2°C. From the studies described above, it is concluded that liposomal gel is the best‐suited formulation among all the preparations examined. The enhanced epidermal localization and accumulation of therapeutic moiety on the disease site could improve the effectiveness of the treatment.
Interrelations of α‐ and β‐amylase activity with starch, sugars, and culinary and nutritional quality attributes in sweetpotato storage roots
Authors: Amankwaah Victor A. , Williamson Sharon , Olukolu Bode A. , Truong Van‐Den , Carey Edward , Ssali Reuben , Yencho George Craig
Published: July 2023

BACKGROUND

Little information is available on α‐ and β‐amylase activity and their associations with starch, sugars and other culinary qualities in sweetpotato. The present study aimed to assess sweetpotato storage root α‐ and β‐amylase activity in relation to starch, sugars, β‐carotene content and storage root flesh color.

RESULTS

α‐ and β‐amylase activity (α‐AA and β‐AA) were assayed from a Tanzania (T) × Beauregard (B) genetic mapping population in their uncured (raw), cured and stored (approximately 11 weeks) forms during 2016 and 2017. Ceralpha and Betamyl methods, with modifications to suit a high‐throughput microplate assay format, were used to quantify α‐AA and β‐AA, respectively. Storage root dry matter, starch, glucose, fructose, sucrose and β‐carotene content were predicted using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. There was little relationship (r2 = 0.02–0.08, P ≤ 0.05 in 2016 and r2 = 0.05–0.11, P ≤ 0.05 in 2017) between α‐AA and β‐AA. We observed negative linear associations between α‐AA and dry matter content and generally no correlations between β‐AA and dry matter content. β‐AA and sugars were weakly positively correlated. β‐AA and β‐carotene content were positively correlated (r = 0.3–0.4 in 2016 and 0.3–0.5 in 2017).

CONCLUSION

Generally, the correlation coefficient for amylase enzyme activity and sugar components of storage roots at harvest increased after curing and during post‐harvest storage. The present study is a major step forward in sweetpotato breeding in terms of providing a better understanding of how α‐ and β‐amylase activity are inter‐associated with several culinary quality attributes. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Monitoring of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human tissues: Targeted and untargeted approaches using liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: León‐Morán Lixy , Pastor‐Belda Marta , Campillo Natalia , Arroyo‐Manzanares Natalia , Torres Carmen , Viñas Pilar
Published: July 2023

Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are metabolites of persistent organic pollutants which are formed during the bioactivation process of biological matrices and whose toxicity is being studied. The aim of this work was the development of a novel analytical method for the determination of these metabolites in human tissues, known to have bioaccumulated their parent compounds. Samples were treated by salting‐out assisted liquid‐liquid extraction and the extracts were analyzed by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with a hybrid quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight analyzer. The proposed method achieved limits of detection in the 0.15–9.0 ng/g range for the five target analytes (1‐hydroxynaphthalene, 1‐hydroxypyrene, 2‐hydroxynaphthalene, 7‐hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, and 9‐hydroxyphenanthrene). The quantification was achieved by matrix‐matched calibration using 2,2´‐biphenol as internal standard. For all compounds, relative standard deviation, calculated for six successive analyses, was below 12.1%, demonstrating good precision for the developed method. None of the target compounds was detected in the 34 studied samples. Moreover, an untargeted approach was applied to study the presence of other metabolites in the samples, as well as their conjugated forms and related compounds. For this objective, a homemade mass spectrometry database covering 81 compounds was created and none of them was detected in the samples.
Local theory for 2‐microlocal Besov and Triebel–Lizorkin spaces of Jaffard type
Authors: Saka Koichi
Published: July 2023

In this paper, we introduce new 2‐microlocal Besov and Triebel–Lizorkin spaces of Jaffard type, which contain many classical functions. We establish local theory of these function spaces by the φ‐transform and the wavelet decomposition coefficients. Moreover, we give a characterization of these local spaces by a local polynomial approximation.
On kinematics of one‐dimensional radially symmetric shocks in non‐ideal reacting gases
Authors: Singh Randheer , Shah Sarswati , Jena Jasobanta
Published: July 2023

In this manuscript, the advancement of one‐dimensional shock waves propagating through a non‐ideal reacting gas is examined. Considering the shock wave as a propagating discontinuity surface, a pair of evolution equations describing the strength of the shock and the first‐order discontinuity for variable initial data are obtained. The truncation approximations are used to obtain the exponent of shock velocity for the case of strong shock with constant initial data and compared with those exponents obtained from Guderley's scheme and Chisnell–Chester–Whitham (CCW) rule. The effects of non‐ideal and reaction parameters on the shock evolution in the case of arbitrary shock strength are examined and compared with those obtained from the CCW rule. Furthermore, the global behaviors of shock strength and induced discontinuity for different values of non‐ideal and reaction parameters are analyzed.
Mutual efforts for mutual trust: Impacts of citizens' knowledge and governmental communication channels on trust in participatory budgeting
Authors: Lee Junesoo , Kim Soonhee , Lee Jooho
Published: July 2023

Since participatory budgeting (PB) has been advocated by both theorists and practitioners of public administration, its adoption has become a global phenomenon. As of 2017, all local governments in South Korea are legally mandated to operate a PB system as a policy for inviting citizen participation in local budget decision‐making. Using an impact assessment tool completed by PB managers in local governments, this research tested two sets of independent variables—citizens' participatory capacity and the diversification of communication in the PB process—that could be associated with the dependent variables “citizens' trust in government (CTG)” and “government officials' trust in citizens (GTC).” The paper presents the three major findings on the common drivers behind CTG and GTC: (1) citizen participants' knowledge on budget and budgeting process; (2) local government's efforts in gathering citizens' inputs for PB; and (3) the mutual efforts to understand the needs and limitations of both citizens and the local government. The paper concludes by exploring the implications for the design and delivery of effective PB implementation.
Study on anisotropic heat transfer and thermal damage in nanosecond pulsed laser processing of CFRP
Authors: Wang Peng , Zhang Zhen , Hao Bo , Wei Shichuan , Qiu Wenzhe , Huang Yu , Zhang Guojun
Published: July 2023

Nanosecond pulsed laser processing is an efficient method of processing carbon fiber reinforced plastic(CFRP), which is widely used in the manufacturing field of aviation, medical, and auto industries. The anisotropic heat transfer of carbon fiber is a key factor degrading the surface integrity of laser processing CFRP. So it is urgent to explore the significant mechanism of anisotropic heat transfer of laser interacting with CFRP. A novel numerical model considering anisotropic heat transfer was established to analyze heat transfer and thermal damage of CFRP laser machining. By comparison of simulation and experiments, the average error of ablation depth and width ranges from 4.71% to 15.09%, so the model could precisely simulate the CFRP laser machining. It demonstrates that the heat conductivity along the axial carbon fiber is higher than that along the radial, resulting in an elliptical ablation morphology. And when the laser scanning direction is parallel to the direction of the carbon fiber, deeper and narrower microgrooves can be obtained. In addition, laser processing at the edge of the CFRP plate causes serious heat accumulation, leading to severe thermal damage. The simulation and experiments were conducted to explore the effect of parameters including laser energy, scanning speed, and scanning space on the depth and width of laser ablation. A deeper micro‐channel with a smooth machined surface and small thermal damage was obtained when laser energy E = 0.275 mJ, scanning speed v = 630 mm/s, and scanning space h = 21 μm.
Modified mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composite by silicone polymer
Authors: Lu Jing‐Jing , Shi Yi‐Cheng , Dang Rui‐Qiong , Guan Ji‐Peng , Yu Li‐Chao , Xu Huan , Wang Zhen‐Guang , Wang Hong‐Quan , Lu Fan , Shen Xiao‐Jun
Published: July 2023

In this work, silicone polymer (PSOL)/carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy (EP) composites were prepared by introducing PSOL as interfacial modifiers into CF/EP composites. The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of the composites were investigated, and the optimum content of the PSOL modification was obtained. The impact of EP on the wettability of CF was compared before and after adding PSOL. The micromorphology of CF/EP composites was also observed. The consequences demonstrate that the interfacial bonding ability between CF and matrix was improved after adding PSOL. The interlaminar shear strength, tensile strength, elongation at break and flexural strength of PSOL/CF/EP composites were increased by 23.28%, 18.49%, 38.45% and 11.23%, respectively. Furthermore, the original thermal stability of the composite was preserved after the modification of PSOL.
Designing a mock training workshop on poverty —Transformative learning as framework
Authors: Chang Bo , Krepper Roxanne , Giraldo‐Garcia Regina
Published: July 2023

Transformative learning has been widely discussed in the literature for challenging and reshaping learners' assumptions and beliefs. However, there is a gap in the practical demonstration of how transformative learning can be effectively designed and implemented in real‐world contexts. This design‐based study fills this gap by designing a mock training workshop for transforming learners' assumptions about poverty. Drawing on theoretical concepts of transformative learning, this study translates abstract theoretical points into practical activities. The study incorporates a comprehensive review of existing literature to identify the main components and phases of transformative learning and to gather practical strategies for designing learning activities. The resulting framework may guide scholars and practitioners interested in turning transformative learning theory into actionable interventions. The mock training workshop designed in this study centers around four main components: engaging in the experience, critical reflection, critical discourse analysis, and action taken. These components are strategically woven together to create a transformative learning journey for participants. By actively engaging participants in experiential activities, promoting critical reflection on their assumptions, analyzing the underlying discourses, and encouraging action‐oriented outcomes, the workshop seeks to challenge and reshape deeply held beliefs about poverty and other societal issues. The insights and strategies in this study can inform those interested in promoting social change and challenging long‐held assumptions through transformative learning interventions. Such insights and strategies can also be extended to other social issues, such as drug addiction, alcoholism, or tobacco use, offering practitioners a versatile framework for facilitating transformative learning in various contexts.
Can a supportive supervisor be a treasure for teachers? A multilevel analysis of the relationship between perceived supervisor support, work engagement, and burnout
Authors: Uslukaya Alper , Demirtas Zulfu
Published: July 2023

In this study, we examined the relationships between perceived supervisor support, work engagement, and burnout levels of teachers by using multilevel analysis. We assumed that a high level of perceived supervisor support would relate positively to work engagement but negatively to burnout. We also suggested that work engagement would mediate the relationship between perceived supervisor support and burnout. The participants of the study consisted of 796 teachers from 87 schools located in the center of Elazig province in eastern Turkey. According to multilevel structural equation modeling analysis, we found that perceived supervisor support is positively related to work engagement but negatively to burnout at the teacher and school levels. We carried out a series of Sobel tests for multilevel mediation analyses and identified the presence of a mediating role in the relationship between perceived supervisor support and burnout at both levels of work engagement in general. In conclusion, this study indicates that perceived supervisor support can be a significant resource for teachers' well‐being.
LEVELNET to visualize, explore, and compare protein–protein interaction networks
Authors: Mohseni Behbahani Yasser , Saighi Paul , Corsi Flavia , Laine Elodie , Carbone Alessandra
Published: July 2023

Physical interactions between proteins are central to all biological processes. Yet, the current knowledge of who interacts with whom in the cell and in what manner relies on partial, noisy, and highly heterogeneous data. Thus, there is a need for methods comprehensively describing and organizing such data. LEVELNET is a versatile and interactive tool for visualizing, exploring, and comparing protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks inferred from different types of evidence. LEVELNET helps to break down the complexity of PPI networks by representing them as multi‐layered graphs and by facilitating the direct comparison of their subnetworks toward biological interpretation. It focuses primarily on the protein chains whose 3D structures are available in the Protein Data Bank. We showcase some potential applications, such as investigating the structural evidence supporting PPIs associated to specific biological processes, assessing the co‐localization of interaction partners, comparing the PPI networks obtained through computational experiments versus homology transfer, and creating PPI benchmarks with desired properties.
Length and saturation of fatty acids in phosphatidylserine determine the rate of lysozyme aggregation simultaneously altering the structure and toxicity of amyloid oligomers and fibrils
Authors: Frese Addison , Goode Cody , Zhaliazka Kiryl , Holman Aidan P. , Dou Tianyi , Kurouski Dmitry
Published: July 2023

Abrupt aggregation of misfolded proteins is the underlying molecular cause of numerous severe pathologies including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Protein aggregation yields small oligomers that can later propagate into amyloid fibrils, β‐sheet‐rich structures with a variety of topologies. A growing body of evidence suggests that lipids play an important role in abrupt aggregation of misfolded proteins. In this study, we investigate the roles of length and saturation of fatty acids (FAs) in phosphatidylserine (PS), an anionic lipid that is responsible for the recognition of apoptotic cells by macrophages, in lysozyme aggregation. We found that both the length and saturation of FAs in PS contribute to the aggregation rate of insulin. PS with 14‐carbon‐long FAs (14:0) enabled a much stronger acceleration of protein aggregation compared to PS with 18‐carbon‐long FAs (18:0). Our results demonstrate that the presence of double bonds in FAs accelerated the rate of insulin aggregation relative to PS with fully saturated FAs. Biophysical methods revealed morphological and structural differences in lysozyme aggregates grown in the presence of PS with varying lengths and FA saturation. We also found that such aggregates exerted diverse cell toxicities. These results demonstrate that the length and saturation of FAs in PS can uniquely alter the stability of misfolded proteins on lipid membranes.
Soluble SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD and human ACE2 peptidase domain produced in DrosophilaS2 cells show functions evoking virus–cell interface
Authors: Carrión Federico , Rammauro Florencia , Olivero‐Deibe Natalia , Fló Martín , Portela María Magdalena , Lima Analía , Durán Rosario , Pritsch Otto , Bianchi Sergio
Published: July 2023

The interaction between the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of the spike glycoprotein of SARS‐CoV‐2 and the peptidase domain of the human angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) allows the first specific contact at the virus–cell interface making it the main target of neutralizing antibodies. Here, we show a unique and cost‐effective protocol using Drosophila S2 cells to produce both RBD and soluble human ACE2 peptidase domain (shACE2) as thermostable proteins, purified via Strep‐tag with yields >40 mg L−1 in a laboratory scale. Furthermore, we demonstrate its binding with KD values in the lower nanomolar range (independently of Strep‐tag removal) and its capability to be blocked by serum antibodies in a competition ELISA with Strep‐Tactin‐HRP as a proof‐of‐concept. In addition, we assess the capacity of RBD to bind native dimeric ACE2 overexpressed in human cells and its antigen properties with specific serum antibodies. Finally, for completeness, we analyzed RBD microheterogeneity associated with glycosylation and negative charges, with negligible effect on binding either with antibodies or shACE2. Our system represents an accessible and reliable tool for designing in‐house surrogate virus neutralization tests (sVNTs), enabling the rapid characterization of neutralizing humoral responses elicited against vaccines or infection, especially in the absence of facilities to conduct virus neutralization tests. Moreover, our biophysical and biochemical characterization of RBD and shACE2 produced in S2 cells lays the groundwork for adapting to different variants of concern (VOCs) to study humoral responses elicited against different VOCs and vaccine formulations.
Influence of mechanical and manual pruning on the incidence of pests in ‘Clemenules’ mandarins
Authors: Fonte Alberto , Garcerá Cruz , Chueca Patricia
Published: July 2023

Background

In Spain, citrus pruning is usually done by hand, although mechanized pruning is gradually being introduced as a cheaper alternative. The pruning strategy affects the pattern and intensity of sprouting, and the canopy characteristics, and therefore could affect pest control. In this study, the effect of three pruning strategies on the incidence of key citrus pests was analyzed: manual, mechanical (with hedging and topping) and no pruning (control). In a commercial clementine orchard, sprouting, pest density and fruit damage were evaluated through three seasons.

Results

Outside the canopy, mechanically pruned trees had a significantly higher number of shoots, and more shoots were attacked by aphids (cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, and spirea aphid, A. spiraecola) in comparison with manual or control strategies. Inside the canopy statistically nonsignificant differences were found between strategies. Regarding the pest level of two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii, in general, no significant differences were found between pruning strategies, and in some cases mechanical pruning resulted in a lower level of these pests and fruit damage than manual pruning.

Conclusion

The density of aphids, which are pests associated with sprouting, was affected by the pruning strategy. However, the densities of T. urticae and A. aurantii and the level of damaged fruit were unaffected. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Design, synthesis, and characterization of type I collagen mimetic peptides
Authors: Lesotho Ntlama , Peme Thabo , Makatini Maya
Published: July 2023

The current wound‐healing collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) have limitations such as poor membrane permeability and protease susceptibility. Herein, the solid‐phase peptide synthesis of CMPs containing the integrin binding motif GFOGER is reported. The peptide sequences also consist of lipophilic moieties (adamantane and palmitic acid) for improved membrane permeability and different collagen‐inducing tripeptides, namely, Thr‐Thr‐Lys (TTK), Gly‐His‐Lys (GHK), Gln‐Pro‐Arg (QPR), and Glu‐Glu‐Met (EEM). The synthesized peptides were successfully characterized and purified using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry and preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography techniques, respectively. The palmitic acid moiety increased the hydrophobic nature of the peptides, and they were retained longer on the stationary material of the reverse phase C‐18 column. The three‐dimensional parallel‐strand helical structure of peptide DGD‐GG‐GFOGER‐GG‐TTK‐palmitate was obtained using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and circular dichroism. The synthesized peptides have the desired helical structure, which can promote integrin binding.
Strain Engineering of the Electronic and Optical Properties of Predicted Janus CaFBr Monolayer for Potential Use in Optoelectronic Devices: A Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Marjaoui Adil , Ait Tamerd Mohamed , Abdellaoui Mustapha , Zanouni Mohamed
Published: July 2023

Herein, the biaxial strain effect is investigated on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of 1T and 1H phases of Janus CaFBr monolayer in the framework of density functional theory. It is found that both phases of the Janus CaFBr monolayer are direct semiconductors at equilibrium, with bandgaps of 3.90 and 3.55 eV for 1T and 1H phases, respectively. The thermodynamic stability is examined via cohesive energy and phonon dispersion. The bandgap decreases linearly and is nearly parabolic for 1T and 1H phases, respectively, when switching from the tensile to compressive strain with a drastic shift from direct to indirect bandgap at −10% of compressive strains. The calculated dielectric function and optical properties such as reflectivity, refractive index, extinction, and absorption coefficients enhance under biaxial with an improvement of the absorption coefficient especially in the visible and ultraviolet (UV) regions for 1H and 1T phases, respectively, which is in line with the dielectric constant. The results suggest that the Janus CaFBr monolayer might be a potential candidate for optoelectronic applications in visible/UV detection and absorption.
Systematic Investigations of the Structural, Elastic, and Thermal Properties of c‐BAs by First‐Principles Calculations
Authors: Chen Mei-Qi , Yang Xue-Yi , Li Yan-Shan , Cheng Cai , Zhou Xiao-Lin , Liu Ke
Published: July 2023

The structure, elastic properties, and thermodynamic properties of cubic boron arsenide (c‐BAs) under high temperature and high pressure are studied based on first‐principles calculations. The obtained equilibrium structure and mechanical properties are in good agreement with other theoretical results. First, the phonon dispersion spectra at zero pressure and high pressure are calculated. The results show that c‐BAs is dynamically stable under pressure of 0–110 GPa. Second, the lattice constants, elastic constants, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, B/G, sound velocity, and Debye temperature of c‐BAs under zero pressure and high pressure are calculated. c‐BAs are predicted to be unstable above 112.3 GPa in accordance with the elastic stability criterion. Furthermore, it is indicated by the calculated B/G ratio that c‐BAs is brittle at zero GPa and begins to tend to be ductile as pressure rises to 46.4 GPa. The calculated elastic anisotropy coefficients indicate that c‐BAs has elastic anisotropy. The thermodynamic properties of c‐BAs are investigated at high temperatures and pressures by combining generalized density function theory and the quasiharmonic Debye model. It is suggested by the calculated elastic and thermodynamic properties that c‐BAs can be used as candidate structures for the fabrication of efficient solar cells and thermoelectric materials.
2D‐SnP3 as Promising Candidate for NO Sensor with High Sensitivity and Selectivity at Room Temperature: A First‐Principles Investigation
Authors: Sara Ahmed A. , Cai Xinyong , Li Xiumei , Wang Hongyan
Published: July 2023

Ultrasensitive gas sensors have been fabricated depending on novel 2D materials. The adsorption behavior of diatomic molecules (H2, HF, N2, CO, O2, and NO) on the 2D‐SnP3 monolayer is investigated by utilizing first‐principle calculations for seeking the applications of sensing and detecting gases. H2 molecule displays weak adsorption effects on the SnP3 monolayer, while N2, CO, HF, and O2 show a moderate adsorption effect. NO molecule tends to chemisorb, resulting in a significant change transition for the electrical conductivity of the SnP3 monolayer. The calculation results of adsorption energies, charge transfers, and work function indicate that the SnP3 monolayer can be a promising candidate as a room‐temperature NO gas sensing 2D material due to its high selectivity, conspicuous sensitivity, and short recovery time. This study can guide the feasibility of using SnP3 monolayer as a NO gas sensor in further experimental applications.
Defining estimands for efficacy assessment in single arm phase 1b or phase 2 clinical trials in oncology early development
Authors: Englert Stefan , Mercier François , Pilling Elizabeth A. , Homer Victoria , Habermehl Christina , Zimmermann Stefan , Kan‐Dobrosky Natalia
Published: July 2023

The addendum of the ICH E9 guideline on the statistical principles for clinical trials introduced the estimand framework. The framework is designed to strengthen the dialog between different stakeholders, to introduce greater clarity in the clinical trial objectives and to provide alignment between the estimand and statistical analysis. Estimand framework related publications thus far have mainly focused on randomized clinical trials. The intention of the Early Development Estimand Nexus (EDEN), a task force of the cross‐industry Oncology Estimand Working Group (www.oncoestimand.org), is to apply it to single arms Phase 1b or Phase 2 trials designed to detect a treatment‐related efficacy signal, typically measured by objective response rate. Key recommendations regarding the estimand attributes include that in a single arm early clinical trial, the treatment attribute should start when the first dose is received by the participant. Focusing on the estimation of an absolute effect, the population‐level summary measure should reflect only the property used for the estimation. Another major component introduced in the ICH E9 addendum is the definition of intercurrent events and the associated possible ways to handle them. Different strategies reflect different clinical questions of interest that can be answered based on the journeys an individual subject can take during a trial. We provide detailed strategy recommendations for intercurrent events typically seen in early‐stage oncology. We highlight where implicit assumptions should be made transparent as whenever follow‐up is suspended, a while‐on‐treatment strategy is implied.