bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Useful Is the Genuine Savings Rate as a Sustainability Indicator for Regions within Countries? Australia and Queensland Compared
Authors: Brown Richard P. C. , Asafu‐Adjaye John , Draca Mirko , Straton Anna
Published: November 2005

This article shows how macroeconomic indicators of sustainable development can be applied to the Queensland economy. While recognising the complex and contentious theoretical and practical issues in deriving the Genuine Savings Rate (GSR) to serve as such an indicator, we use the World Bank's methodology, which includes only mineral depletion, deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions as environmental terms, to estimate GSRs for Queensland for the period 1989 to 1999, and compare these to World Bank estimates of Australia's GSR for the same period. We find that Queensland has a higher rate of natural resource depletion and a lower GSR than the whole of Australia. We also examine how well the World Bank GSR performs as a ‘headline’ measure of overall sustainability, review criticisms of the GSR, and compare its implicit policy implications with those of net state savings, and of the GSR plus a suite of other indicators.
Labour Market Policy Developments in Japan: Following an Australian Lead?
Authors: Gaston Noel , Kishi Tomoko
Published: November 2005

In recent times, Japan has experienced a rapid expansion in its service sector, increases in casual and part‐time employment and record unemployment. In addition, there has been an associated rise of freeters and NEETs—predominantly young workers with tenuous labour market attachment. While somewhat slow in initiating policy responses, the Japanese government responded to these structural changes by reforming its existing employment policies. In this article we argue that recent changes in the nature of Japan's labour market policies appear to have been driven by some of the same factors which led to the radical overhaul of Australia's own labour market policies.
The Role of Gender among Low‐Paid and High‐Paid Workers
Authors: Miller Paul W.
Published: November 2005

Using data from the 2001 Australian Census of Population and Housing Household Sample File, this article analyses the gender wage gap across the wage distribution by using a quan‐tile regression approach. The results show that there is a much larger gender wage gap among high‐paid workers than there is among low‐paid workers. Moreover, this wage gap tends to increase reasonably uniformly when one is moving up through the wage distribution. Institutional factors, the work environment and social norms are all areas that may require attention in order to redress the undervaluation of women's skills.
Longitudinal Tracer Studies: Research Methodology of the Middle Range
Authors: Chau Vinh Sum , Witcher Barry J.
Published: November 2005

This article reviews the longitudinal tracer study in the context of the researcher–practitioner relevance gap. It proposes the tracer as a methodological middle‐range approach that takes account of relevancy and which involves practitioners in the research process. An ESRC research project about hoshin kanri (policy deployment) is used as an example to explain the longitudinal tracer study approach. The methodological approach is consistent with middle range theory and thinking, and involves skeletal prior theory, tags, a practitioner network, and continuous reflexivity. It is concluded that the longitudinal tracer study can be a useful middle‐range solution to help close the researcher–practitioner gap.
Pro‐anorexia, weight‐loss drugs and the internet: an ‘anti‐recovery’ explanatory model of anorexia
Authors: Fox Nick , Ward Katie , O'Rourke Alan
Published: November 2005

This paper explores the online ‘pro‐anorexia’ underground, a movement that supports those with anorexia and adopts an ‘anti‐recovery’ perspective on the disease. While encouraging a ‘healthy’ diet to sustain an anorexic way‐of‐life, the movement also recommends the radical use of weight‐loss pharmaceuticals to pursue and maintain low body weight, in contrast to their conventional use to treat obesity. Using ethnographic and interview data collected from participants in the ‘Anagrrl’ website and online forum, we analyse the pro‐anorexia (or ‘pro‐ana’) movement in terms of its underlying ‘explanatory model’ of the disease, and contrast it with medical, psychosocial, sociocultural and feminist models that encourage a ‘normalisation’ of body shape and weight. We suggest that for participants in pro‐ana, anorexia represents stability and control, and Anagrrl offers support and guidance for those who wish to remain in this ‘sanctuary’. We discuss the pro‐anorexia movement's use of the internet to facilitate resistance to medical and social theories of disease, and its subversion of pharmaceutical technologies.
The mundane realities of the everyday lay use of the internet for health, and their consequences for media convergence
Authors: Nettleton Sarah , Burrows Roger , O'Malley Lisa
Published: November 2005

The internet is now a major source of health information for lay people. Within the medical, sociological and popular literatures there have been three main responses to this development. We classify these as ‘celebratory’, ‘concerned’ and ‘contingent’. This paper falls into the third category and, drawing on techniques of discourse analysis, examines people's accounts of their use of online health resources. It identifies six implicit rules – which we call ‘rhetorics of reliability’– that people readily draw upon when articulating why they trust some online sources and not others. In addition participants locate their accounts within broader discursive frameworks in order to present themselves as ‘sensible’ users. The article concludes by suggesting that there is an emerging concordance between the lay use of the internet for health and illness and dominant (generally) biomedical conceptions of what constitutes ‘good quality’ health information.
Discrete Vector Solitons: Composite Solitons, Yang–Baxter Maps and Computation
Authors: Ablowitz M. J. , Prinari B. , Trubatch A. D.
Published: November 2005

Collisions of solitons for an integrable discretization of the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation are investigated. By a generalization of Manakov's well‐known formulas for the polarization shift of interacting vector solitons, it is shown that the multisoliton interaction process is equivalent to a sequence pairwise interactions and, moreover, the net result of the interaction is independent of the order in which such collisions occur. Further, the order‐invariance is shown to be related to the fact that the map that determines the interaction of two such solitons satisfies the Yang–Baxter relation. The associated matrix factorization problem is discussed in detail and the notion of fundamental and composite solitons is elucidated. Moreover, it is shown that, in analogy with the continuous case, collisions of fundamental solitons can be described by explicit fractional linear transformations of a complex‐valued scalar polarization state. Because the parameters controlling the energy switching between the two components exhibit nontrivial information transformation, they can, in principle, be used to implement logic operations.
Asymptotic Analysis of a Perturbed Periodic Solution for the KdV Equation
Authors: Jiang X. H. , Wong R.
Published: November 2005

We consider the solution of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation
image

with periodic initial value
image

where C, A, k, μ, and β are constants. The solution is shown to be uniformly bounded for all small ɛ, and a formal expansion is constructed for the solution via the method of multiple scales. By using the energy method, we show that for any given number T > 0, the difference between the true solution v(x, t; ɛ) and the Nth partial sum of the asymptotic series is bounded by ɛN+1 multiplied by a constant depending on T and N, for all −∞ < x < ∞, 0 ≤t≤T/ɛ, and 0 ≤ɛ≤ɛ0.
TRUE SPIRITUALITY IN THE LIGHT OF THE SCIENCES
Authors: Burhoe Ralph Wendell
Published: November 2005

Abstract. Spirituality emerges in the function of culture to reinforce and yet redirect our genetic heritage. Our genes urge us to be concerned only for our own welfare, which can turn us to evil behaviors. Our religious traditions urge us to engage in behaviors of transkin altruism. These religious traditions have been selected for in the processes of natural selection. The challenge to spirituality is to discern the fundamental dynamics of the evolutionary processes, both genetic and cultural, that have created us and to direct our behaviors in ways that can be beneficial to the entire natural system. Reason is not enough; we must also cultivate spiritual discernment in order to perceive the true nature of our situation and the best responses that are called for. The religious communities have the major responsibility for cultivating the spirituality that can achieve the most adequate discernment.
RETHINKING THE SECULAR: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND RELIGION TODAY
Authors: Szerszynski Bronislaw
Published: November 2005

Abstract. Contemporary tensions between science and religion cannot simply be seen as a manifestation of an eternal tension between reason and revelation. Instead, the modern secular, including science and technology, needs to be seen as a distinctive historical phenomenon, produced and still radically conditioned by the religious history of the West. Clashes between religion and science thus ought to be seen fundamentally as part of a dialogue that is internal to Western religious history. While largely agreeing with Caiazza's account of the “magical” understanding of technology, I suggest that this needs to be seen as part of a more fundamental drift in religion and culture away from canonical meanings to more “indexical,” pragmatic ones—but also that technology is still inflected by soteriological meanings that were coded into modern technology at its very inception in the early modern period. I conclude by arguing that a recognition of science and technology's grounding in Western religious history can make possible a more fundamental encounter with religion.
TECHNO‐SECULARISM: COMMENTS AND REFLECTIONS
Authors: Raman Varadaraja V.
Published: November 2005

Abstract. I comment on some of the points made in John Caiazza's thesis on techno‐secularism and offer some of my own further reflections on the subject. Tertullian's rhetorical question about Athens and Jerusalem has universal relevance, not just for Western culture, and, notwithstanding the many positive contributions of science and technology to human culture and civilization, they may not take the place of religion of one kind or another in the foreseeable future. What is needed is to transform religions in ways that meet the challenges of a world drastically transformed by science and technology.
SCIENTISM AND TECHNOLOGY AS RELIGIONS
Authors: Roy Rustum
Published: November 2005

Abstract. Jacques Ellul, by far the most significant author in the serious discussions on the interface between religion and technology, is apparently not known to the science‐and‐religion field. The reason is the imprecise use of the terminology. In scientific formulation the relationship can be summarized as technology /religion:: science/theology. The first pair are robust three‐dimensional templates of most human experience; the second pair are linear, abstract concerns of a minority of citizens. In the parallel community—now well developed throughout academia—of science, technology, and society, where the technology/religion matters have been discussed more than the science/religion pair, John Caiazza's point that “techno‐secularism is the real problem” has been front and center for some decades. Among the theologians most aware of this, Raimundo Panikkar, Langdon Gilkey, and Huston Smith, Smith is the one who has taken the case much further than Caiazza, recognizing the danger of the real theological challenge from the religion of scientism and actively working against it. I write from a unique background among those involved in this debate—that of being deeply embedded simultaneously both in the modern science and technology establishment and in the reform of the religious enterprise for fifty years. I make the case that matters are worse than even Smith posits. He shows that scientism as a fundamentalist modern secularism serves the exact function of the theology behind the practiced religion of America and the West, that is, technology. An unexpected ray of hope has appeared in the sudden emergence of whole‐person healing (also known as complementary and alternative medicine), which is used regularly by well over half the population. This reintroduction of the spiritual dimension into this key technology of health will certainly be a major turning point.
TECHNO‐SECULARISM, RELIGION, AND THE CREATED CO‐CREATOR
Authors: Peters Ted
Published: November 2005

Abstract. I take up the challenge posed by John Caiazza (2005) to face down the religiously vacuous ethics of techno‐secularism. Techno‐secularism is not enough for human fulfillment let alone human flowering. Yet, communities of faith based on the Bible have a positive responsibility to employ science and technology toward divinely appointed ends. We should study God's world through science and press technology into the service of transforming our world and our selves in light of our vision of God's promised new creation. This warrants invocation of the concept of the human being as the created co‐creator developed in the theology of Philip Hefner.
WHAT IS “SECULAR”? TECHNO‐SECULARISM AND SPIRITUALITY
Authors: Jackelén Antje
Published: November 2005

Abstract. I argue that there is no “roaring reality of rampant secularism” with “technological application as its chief agent,” as claimed by John Caiazza (2005). Two phenomena, techno‐religion and a spirituality of technology, suggest a different picture of reality: Technology may be an alternative spirituality rather than an ally of a secularism that makes “nutcrackers of the soul” out of people who should be “dancers” (Nietzsche). An analysis of secularism and its manifold causes indicates that secularism is a fruit of both science and religion. The secular is a companion of religion rather than its enemy. Hence, I recommend a heuristic instead of an ontological use of the concept of secularism. In a technological age, religion is changing rather than being displaced. These changes are illustrated by the increase of private religiosity, megachurches, and cyber‐spirituality. Energized by the tension between finitude and creativity, technology shares in the marks of spirituality (Philip Hefner) and in the potential for good and evil. In this situation, fundamentalism and dogmatism in religion, science, and technology are a greater threat than secularism.
FORTY YEARS LATER: WHAT HAVE WE ACCOMPLISHED?
Authors: Peterson Gregory R.
Published: November 2005

Abstract. I examine the responses to John Caiazza's “Athens, Jerusalem, and the Arrival of Techno‐Secularism” as part of Zygon's forty‐year anniversary symposium. The responses reveal that issues of modernism and postmodernism are central to understanding the dynamic of the current science‐religion/theology dialogue and that the resistance of many of the participants to the influences of postmodernism is a sign not of its backwardness but rather of some of the weaknesses inherent in the postmodern project. This does not mean that the many insights of postmodernism should be rejected. Rather, the science‐religion/theology dialogue may be in an intellectually opportune place to construct successors to the worn label of postmodernism.
THE FAUST CHALLENGE: SCIENCE AS DIABOLIC OR DIVINE
Authors: Shafer Ingrid H.
Published: November 2005

Abstract. The Faust motif provides an opportunity to explore the spectrum of attitudes among Christians toward science and technology by placing them into a historic context. Depending on one's understanding of the relationship of God and the world, the accomplishments of a Leonardo, a Paracelsus, a Faust, an Oppenheimer, or some future scientist credited with the “production” of the first successfully cloned human being can be interpreted as divine or diabolic in origin. I use the example of Faust to demonstrate that the Christian assessment of the scientific enterprise is closely correlated to the level of doctrinaire dualism informing the particular version of Christianity that inspires the assessment. I show that, contrary to what seems obvious, Faust's damnation originated not in medieval times but in early modern northern Europe, reflecting a dualistic obsession with human sinfulness more characteristic of Reformation Germany than of Renaissance Italy. Encouraged by hellfire‐and‐brimstone preachers, the common folk saw demons, devils, and witches in every dark corner, while humanist scholars sought to recapture the brilliant past of the Greeks and the Romans. Goethe's interpretation represents a return to earlier versions of the story, while some continue to accuse contemporary Faustians of Satanic connections for seeking forbidden knowledge and daring to play God by manipulating the stuff of life.
THE LOVE RACKET: DEFINING LOVE AND AGAPEFOR THE LOVE‐AND‐SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM
Authors: Oord Thomas Jay
Published: November 2005

Abstract. Scholars of religion and science have generated remarkable scholarship in recent years in their explorations of love. Exactly how scholars involved in this budding field believe that love and science should relate and/or be integrated varies greatly. What they share in common is the belief that issues of love are of paramount importance and that the various scientific disciplines—whether natural, social, or religious—must be brought to bear upon how best to understand love. I briefly introduce the emergence of the love‐and‐science research program and note that scholars have not done well defining what they mean by love. I suggest that the present surge in love scholarship will fail to produce the positive results that it otherwise might if love is not defined well. I provide and defend a definition of love adequate for those doing love‐and‐science research: To love is to act intentionally, in sympathetic response to others (including God), to promote well‐being. To explain better what this simple definition entails, I explore its three main phrases. Love is said to have many forms, but agape is the form to which the love‐and‐science literature most commonly refers. I comment briefly on the debates about how to best understand agape, noting sixteen different definitions proposed by major scholars. I identify weaknesses in many of them and then offer what I argue is a more adequate definition of agape as intentional response to promote well‐being when confronted by that which generates ill‐being. In short, agape repays evil with good. While research on love and science requires much more than adequate definitions, I believe that the definitions I proffer can prove useful in furthering the love‐and‐science research program.
GENETIC ENGINEERING AND THE SACRED
Authors: Rollin Bernard E.
Published: November 2005

Abstract. Genetic engineering of life forms could well have a profound effect upon our sense of the sacred. Integrating the experience of the sacred as George Bataille does, we can characterize it as a phenomenological encounter with prelinguistic, noncategoreal experience. This view of the sacred is similar to Friedrich Nietzsche's Dionysian experience or Rudolf Otto's mysterium tremendum and diminishes one's sense of self. It seems similar to the eighteenth‐century aesthetic categorization of “the sublime.” Despite the dominant rational approach to religiosity in the United States, intimations of this experience persist in popular culture. What possible relationship does genetic engineering have to this allegedly inevitable and profound experience? If certain modifications of life occur, they are likely to create such an experience of the sacred in us. In principle, we can now resurrect the mammoth or even create beings designed to directly potentiate our experience of the numinous such as satyrs or centaurs. The creation of such beings could become an art form associated with awaking the sacred, in turn appropriated by religion, as art has always been. Such experimentation, though morally questionable, is probably inevitable.
SIGNALING STATIC: ARTISTIC, RELIGIOUS, AND SCIENTIFIC TRUTHS IN A RELATIONAL ONTOLOGY
Authors: Geraci Robert Matthew
Published: November 2005

Abstract. In this essay I point toward the difficulties inherent in ontological objectivity and seek to restore our truth claims to validity through a relational ontology and the dynamic of coimplication in signals and noise. Theological examination of art and science points toward similarities between art, religion, and science. All three have often focused upon a “metaphysics of presence,” the desire for absolute presence of the object (the signified, the divine, the natural object). If we accept a relational ontology, however, we must accept that the revelation of presence is always simultaneously a concealment. This helps explain technoscientific achievement without recourse to a philosophically flawed objectivity. Twentieth‐century information theory shows the impossibility of a “pure signal.” By accepting that signal and noise are permanently interconnected, we begin to see how noise makes signal possible and even how noise becomes signal (allowing the discovery of novel facts). Information theory thus underscores important similarities and leads toward new approaches in aesthetics, Christian theology, and scientific research. By comparing art, religion, and science, I argue that rejecting a metaphysics of presence without rejecting presence itself allows human beings to know the world. Although religion, science, and art often seek the absolute presence of their objects, they function better without.
Complexity theories and organizational change
Authors: Burnes Bernard
Published: November 2005

Complexity theory or, more appropriately, theories, serves as an umbrella term for a number of theories, ideas and research programmes that are derived from scientific disciplines such as meteorology, biology, physics, chemistry and mathematics. Complexity theories are increasingly being seen by academics and practitioners as a way of understanding and changing organizations. The aim of this paper is to review the nature of complexity theories and their importance and implications for organizations and organizational change. It begins by showing how perspectives on organizational change have altered over the last 20 years. This is followed by an examination of complexity theories and their implications for organizational change. The paper concludes by arguing that, even in the natural sciences, the complexity approach is not fully developed or unchallenged, and that, as yet, organization theorists do not appear to have moved beyond the stage of using it as metaphor rather than as a mathematical way of analysing and managing organizations.
Evolution of strategic management: The need for new dominant designs
Authors: Herrmann Pol
Published: November 2005

The development of strategic management is explained from an evolutionary perspective on the basis of cycles of variation, selection and retention. In industry, breakthrough innovations, or technological discontinuities, initiate eras of ferment that end when a generally accepted standard, or dominant design, starts an era of incremental change. In strategic management, the original definition of strategy initiated an era of ferment characterized by a focus on the environment. The attention to the environment of firms and the integration with other areas of inquiry reached a point of maturity with development of a widely accepted model for analyzing industry and with the definition of generic strategies. The resource‐based view of the firm created a new era of ferment by affirming that the main sources of sustainable competitive advantages reside in the development and use of valuable resources. A new period, marked by swift advances in technology and increasingly blurred boundaries among industries, markets and competitors as well as diverse and more complex sources of competitive advantages, imposes on scholars and practitioners an imperative need to conceive new dominant designs. This paper illustrates the evolution toward new directions and challenges of creating new dominant paradigms in strategic management that revolve around the concepts of knowledge, learning, and innovation.
Corporate reputation: Meaning and measurement
Authors: Chun Rosa
Published: November 2005

Corporate reputation has attracted interest from a wide range of academic disciplines. It is also a growing focus for business and media attention. This paper examines the construct of corporate reputation, first by untangling the terminological problems that have been caused by the interdisciplinary nature of much of the earlier work in the area. The construct of reputation and the allied constructs of image and identity are each reviewed. A structure is proposed in which the three constructs can be seen as labelling different but allied concepts. I then move on to consider how reputation has been measured. The paper uncovers considerable confusion in the use of what might appear to be basic terms and links this to a subsequent lack of grounded measurement tools in the sector, until relatively recently. With a clearer understanding of the construct of corporate reputation and the allied constructs of image and identity, researchers are now well placed to test the relationships widely claimed by practitioners between corporate reputation and other variables such as commercial performance and employee and customer satisfaction. The review ends by illustrating some of the issues that can be assessed from the basis of a clearer conceptualization of reputation and its measurement.
A case of Darier's disease successfully treated with topical tacrolimus
Authors: Rubegni P , Poggiali S , Sbano P , Risulo M , Fimiani M
Published: November 2005

Tacrolimus is a macrolide that inhibits T‐cell activation. The most extensive experience with topical tacrolimus has been in treating atopic dermatitis but it has been used in various skin diseases, including Hailey–Hailey disease, with encouraging results. We report a case of extensive Darier's disease successfully treated with topical tacrolimus, after suspension of oral isotretrinoin due to major depression.
Second modernity as a research agenda: theoretical and empirical explorations in the ‘meta‐change’ of modern society
Authors: Beck Ulrich , Lau Christoph
Published: November 2005

In this article we are reformulating the theory of reflexive modernization as an empirical research programme and summarize some of the most recent findings which have been produced by a research consortium in Munich (integrating four universities, funded by the German Research Society (DFG)). On this basis we reject the idea that Western societies at the beginning of the twenty‐first century move from the modern to the post‐modern. We argue that there has been no clear break with the basic principles of modernity but rather a transformation of basic institutions of modernity such as the nation‐state and the nuclear family. We would suggest, therefore, that what we are witnessing is a second modernity. Finally, we reform the theory of reflexive modernization in reaction to three uttered objections.
Global generations: social change in the twentieth century
Authors: Edmunds June , Turner Bryan S.
Published: November 2005

The concept of generation within sociology has until recently been a marginal area of interest. However, various demographic, cultural and intellectual developments have re‐awakened an interest in generations that started with the classic essay by Karl Mannheim. To date, the sociological literature has generally conceptualized generations as nationally bounded entities. In this paper we suggest that the sociology of generations should develop the concept of global generations. This conceptual enhancement is important because the growth of global communications technology has enabled traumatic events, in an unparalleled way, to be experienced globally. The late nineteenth and early twentieth century was the era of international generations, united through print media, and the mid‐twentieth century saw the emergence of transnational generations, facilitated by new broadcast communications. However, the latter part of the twentieth century is the period of global generations, defined by electronic communications technology, which is characterized, uniquely, by increasing interactivity. The 1960s generation was the first global generation, the emergence of which had world‐wide consequences; today with major developments in new electronic communications, there is even more potential for the emergence of global generations that can communicate across national boundaries and through time. If in the past historical traumas combined with available opportunities to create national generations, now globally experienced traumas, facilitated by new media technologies, have the potential for creating global generational consciousness. The media have become increasingly implicated in the formation of generational movements. Because we are talking about generations in the making rather than an historical generation, this article is necessarily speculative; it aims to provoke discussion and establish a new research agenda for work on generations.
Understanding generations: political economy and culture in an ageing society
Authors: Vincent John A.
Published: November 2005

Sociological understanding of generations can be enhanced by avoiding defining them rigidly as chronological cohorts but rather linking people's accounts of their generational experience with an historically informed political economy. It then becomes possible, for example, to understand the complexity of generational politics. This paper uses data on the ‘War Generation’ taken from the Exeter Politics of Old Age project to link an empirically based political economy of generational inequality with a cultural sociology of generations. The ‘War Generation’ recognizes itself and is referred to by others in terms of a common identity. It is also an historical generation; its values, attitudes and, above all, sense of national solidarity and mutual obligation were forged in the direct experience of war. But it is also divided by divergent economic interests in property and pension rights based on the historical experience of the life course by successive groups and this segmentation can be observed in political action. The political culture of the War Generation manifests both continuity and change. Understanding these dynamics requires listening to people constructing their worlds, understanding their full range of historical experiences, and analysing the conditions for their conflicts and their cohesion.
The new gender essentialism – domestic and family ‘choices’ and their relation to attitudes1
Authors: Crompton Rosemary , Lyonette Clare
Published: November 2005

This paper critically examines two strands within contemporary gender essentialism – that is, the argument that men and women are fundamentally different and that it is this ‘difference’ that explains the continuing social and material differences between the sexes. The first strand we examine is Hakim's ‘preference theory’, which has argued that persisting sex differences in employment patterns are an outcome of the ‘choices’ made by different ‘types’ of women. We next examine the claims of populist conservative feminism, that has argued that women (and men) in partnerships will be happier if they adopt a gender role traditionalism in the domestic sphere. Our empirical findings suggest that neither of these theoretical explanations are supported by our data, which is derived from the samples of six countries participating in the International Social Survey Programme Family 2002 module.
Three current issues in ethnic and racial studies
Authors: Banton Michael
Published: November 2005

Prevailing orthodoxies in British studies of ethnic and racial relations have been challenged, most recently by perspectives developed within cultural studies. The issues that divide the contending parties have still to be clarified. Three of them appear to be: (i) problem definition; (ii) problem selection; and (iii) conceptual obsolescence.
Between football and martyrdom: the bi‐focal localism of an Arab‐Palestinian town in Israel
Authors: Sorek Tamir
Published: November 2005

Studies of the relationship between nationalism and localism have brought evidence that these orientations might maintain either relations of opposition or congruence. By conceiving of localism mainly as a strategy, this paper argues that localism can be used alternately as an anchor of nationalist narrativeoras an alternative to nationalism by the exact same community. This argument is illustrated by the case of Sakhnin, an Arab‐Palestinian town in Israel. Local pride in Sakhnin has developed around two separate foci: a nationalist heroic narrative of martyrdom and the success of the local football team. These two foci developed in complete isolation, since the first is embedded in a Palestinian nationalist narrative while the latter is oriented toward the Israeli Jewish public. An ethnographic study follows the construction of these separate spheres and a survey conducted among 174 men in the town confirms that involvement in the football sphere correlates with both local pride and integrative orientations.
Auditory streaming affects the processing of successive deviant and standard sounds
Authors: Müller Dagmar , Widmann Andreas , Schröger Erich
Published: November 2005

This study investigated the temporal relation between two early mechanisms of auditory information processing: the segregation of the auditory input into streams and the automatic deviance detection indicated by the mismatch negativity (MMN). To address this question the processing of successive deviant and standard tones within streaming and nonstreaming conditions was analyzed. In the streaming condition the amplitude reduction of MMN elicited by the second of two successive deviants was found to be smaller for successive deviants presented in different than in same streams. No corresponding MMN differences were obtained in a nonstreaming condition. These results demonstrate that stream segregation precedes deviance detection. Moreover, modulations of the N1 amplitudes elicited by successive standard tones in the streaming condition demonstrate that not only deviance‐related processing but even initial sound processing is affected by streaming.
Meaningful gestures: Electrophysiological indices of iconic gesture comprehension
Authors: Wu Ying Choon , Coulson Seana
Published: November 2005

To assess semantic processing of iconic gestures, EEG (29 scalp sites) was recorded as adults watched cartoon segments paired with soundless videos of congruous and incongruous gestures followed by probe words. Event‐related potentials time‐locked to the onset of gestures and probe words were measured in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants judged the congruency between gestures and cartoons. Gestures elicited an N400‐like component (gesture N450) that was larger for incongruent than congruent items, as well as a late positivity that was larger for congruent items. In Experiment 2, participants assessed the relatedness between probe words and preceding cartoon‐gesture pairs. N450 effects to gestures were observed without overlapping positivity. These findings suggest that iconic gestures are subject to semantic processes analogous to those evoked by other meaningful representations, such as pictures and words.
Long‐term memory is the representational basis for semantic verbal short‐term memory
Authors: Cameron Katherine A. , Haarmann Henk J. , Grafman Jordan , Ruchkin Daniel S.
Published: November 2005

The present study supports activation models of verbal short‐term memory that include a semantic contribution to the retention process. Event‐related brain potentials were used to probe the level of activation of semantic representations of a series of words in a delay interval following their presentation. The levels of activation were compared in two tasks: (1) a short‐term memory task that involved a semantic judgment in the recall phase following the delay interval, and (2) a nonmemory control task. The level of semantic activation during the delay interval was higher in the short‐term memory task, indicating that enhanced activation of semantic representations is involved in the short‐term storage of verbal information. This result implies that activated long–term memory provides a representational basis for semantic verbal short‐term memory, and hence supports theories that postulate that short‐ and long‐term stores are not separate.
An ERP indicator of processing relevant gestalts in masked priming
Authors: Verleger Rolf , Görgen Stefani , Jaśkowski Piotr
Published: November 2005

Briefly presented arrows, made indistinguishable by masks that contain arrows, inversely prime responses to following visible arrows. This inverse effect might reflect general regularities of masked priming or be either due to the task‐relevant elements of the mask or to special features of arrows. Here we report a slow negative EEG potential recorded from the scalp above the visual cortex, which is evoked by masks that contain arrows. Even being evoked when arrows masks were presented in isolation, this “Nd‐mask” appeared to be an obligatory response. Yet Nd‐mask was enhanced when primes and targets were arrows and was reduced in the other cases, and even reversed its polarity with appropriate control stimuli. These findings provide support both for the special status of arrows and for the notion of mask relevance. Nd‐mask might be one instance of negative EEG potentials evoked by stimuli with familiar gestalts.
The Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement and the Ratcheting-Up of Labour Standards: A Precedent Set and an Opportunity Missed
Authors: Nyland Chris , O'Rourke Anne
Published: November 2005

The Australian government signed a free trade agreement with the USA in 2004. There has been much commentary on the agreementmost of which has focused on the effect of the agreement on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, agricultural and manufacturing products and Australia's culture through regulation of film and television content. Most analysts have missed the significance of labour rights in the agreement the inclusion of which adds a new dimension to the trade–labour linkage debate in Australia, a linkage long demanded by the unions and long rejected by the major political parties. We look at the implications of the inclusion of labour rights in the agreement in terms of future union strategies and within the context of the government's pursuit of a free trade agreement with China.
Analgesia and sedation in the critically ill
Authors: Hansen Bernard D.
Published: November 2005

Objective:To summarize the challenges to recognizing pain in critically ill patients, the rationale for treatment even in the absence of signs of pain, and the therapeutic options available in the intensive care environment.

Etiology:Pain is one of many stressors challenging the critically ill patient, and may in turn be multifactorial in nature. Common causes include local and systemic inflammation, injuries, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, immobilization, and thrombosis.

Diagnosis:Critically ill animals with pain may not demonstrate overt behavioral or physiologic signs of distress. Therefore, pain must be assumed to be present for animals whose condition puts them at risk.

Therapy:Currently available analgesic and sedative drugs and methods of delivery are described. Several useful analgesics and sedatives may be co‐administered as fluid additives to provide continuous therapy.

Prognosis:There is growing evidence that the neuroendocrine stress response to severe injury or illness may become sufficiently intense to contribute to morbidity and mortality. Many therapeutic analgesic and sedation options provide good control of pain and stress, and in some circumstances this may improve the outcome of critical illness.
Potential interactions between non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and other drugs
Authors: Trepanier Lauren A.
Published: November 2005

Objective:The objective of this review is to summarize what is known in human and veterinary patients regarding the potential interactions of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with clinically important drugs.

Data sources:Relevant articles as identified through searches of Medline, 1985 to present.

Human data synthesis:Hemodynamic drug interactions are most likely to cause clinically relevant problems in humans, in which NSAIDs blunt the response to anti‐hypertensive agents and diuretics in patients with cardiovascular disease, or cause renal decompensation in patients with hypovolemia. In addition, NSAIDs enhance the ulcerogenic effects of glucocorticoids or other recently administered NSAIDs, and can increase bleeding from anti‐coagulant drugs or from herbs with platelet inhibitory activities.

Veterinary data synthesis:Although there are numerous studies examining the safety and efficacy of various NSAIDs in healthy or arthritic dogs, there are very few studies that address the safety of these agents in veterinary patients receiving medication for other acute or chronic conditions.

Conclusions:Based upon what is known in humans, more studies are needed in veterinary patients to assess the safety of NSAIDs in those animals being treated with anti‐hypertensive, diuretic or anti‐coagulant drugs.
Assessment and management of acute pain in cats
Authors: Robertson Sheilah A.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:Cats are popular pets, but until recently, their peri‐operative and traumatic pain had been seriously underestimated and under‐treated. The lack of treatment stems from difficulty in recognizing pain, lack of licensed analgesic drugs, fear of toxic side effects, and lack of information specific to cats. Fortunately, in the last decade, many advances have been made in feline analgesia. It is now obvious that because of the cat's unique metabolism, species‐specific studies are essential. Opioids are the mainstay of any analgesic protocol for acute pain and can be used with few side effects. Other drugs that can be utilized include the α2‐agonists, local anesthetics, and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Pain assessment in cats is challenging and developing, and validating pain scoring systems remains an important goal. The information in this article will help the critical care and emergency clinician formulate a safe and effective analgesic plan for feline patients.
Deformation‐enhanced metamorphic reactions and the rheology of high‐pressure shear zones, Western Gneiss Region, Norway
Authors: TERRY M. P. , HEIDELBACH F.
Published: November 2005

Microstructural and petrological analysis of samples with increasing strain in high‐pressure (HP) shear zones from the Haram garnet corona gabbro give insights into the deformation mechanisms of minerals, rheological properties of the shear zone and the role of deformation in enhancing metamorphic reactions. Scanning electron microscopy with electron backscattering diffraction (SEM–EBSD), compositional mapping and petrographic analysis were used to evaluate the nature of deformation in both reactants and products associated with eclogitization. Plagioclase with a shape‐preferred orientation that occurs in the interior part of layers in the mylonitic sample deformed by intracrystalline glide on the (0 0 1)[1 0 0] slip system. In omphacite, crystallographic preferred orientations indicate slip on (1 0 0)[0 0 1] and (1 1 0)[0 0 1] during deformation. Fine‐grained garnet deformed by diffusion creep and grain‐boundary sliding. Ilmenite deformed by dislocation glide on the basal and, at higher strains, prism planes in the a direction. Relationships among the minerals present and petrological analysis indicate that deformation and metamorphism in the shear zones began at 500–650 °C and 0.5–1.4 GPa and continued during prograde metamorphism to ultra‐high‐pressure (UHP) conditions. Both products and reactants show evidence of syn‐ and post‐kinematic growth indicating that prograde reactions continued after strain was partitioned away. The restriction of post‐kinematic growth to narrow regions at the interface of garnet and plagioclase and preservation of earlier syn‐kinematic microstructures in older parts layers that were involved in reactions during deformation show that diffusion distances were significantly shortened when strain was partitioned away, demonstrating that deformation played an important role in enhancing metamorphic reactions. Two important consequences of deformation observed in these shear zones are: (i) the homogenization of chemical composition gradients occurred by mixing and grain‐boundary migration and (ii) composition changes in zoned metamorphic garnet by lengthening diffusion distances. The application of experimental flow laws to the main phases present in nearly monomineralic layers yield upper limits for stresses of 100–150 MPa and lower limits for strain rates of 10−12 to 10−13 s−1 as deformation conditions for the shear zones in the Haram gabbro that were produced during subduction of the Baltica craton and resulted in the production of HP and UHP metamorphic rocks.
Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the Challenger Au deposit, South Australia, from monazite geochronology
Authors: MCFARLANE C. R. M.
Published: November 2005

Monazite in granulite facies metatexite migmatites (Christie Gneiss) hosting the Challenger Au deposit, South Australia, records a series of growth and resorption stages over a c. 60 Myr period between 2470 and 2410 Ma. A combination of electron microprobe X‐ray mapping and in situ ion‐microprobe dating was used to delineate and date five compositional domains. The oldest prograde metamorphic components are preserved in granoblastic gneisses surrounding the deposit, and as small high‐Y cores in large monazite grains in Au‐bearing migmatites. In metatexite leucosomes, these cores were partially resorbed prior to the growth of large high‐Th monazite domains that crystallized during partial melting and stromatic migmatite development at c. 2443 Ma. Subsequent heating to biotite dehydration conditions (c. 850 °C at 7 kbar) caused further partial melting roughly 10–15 Myr later, giving rise to c. 2428 Ma domains surrounding partly resorbed 2443 Ma grains that were entrained in the higher‐temperature melts. This period of partial melting coincided with isoclinal folding culminating in dextral transpression and represents the most likely window for remobilization of Au‐bearing polymetallic sulphide melts into low‐strain domains. Localized reaction of residual melt with the granulite facies assemblage during cooling gave rise to narrow high‐Y rims dated at 2414 ± 7 Ma. Although monazite from unmineralized granoblastic gneisses and migmatitic ore zones display the same range of U‐Pb dates, monazite in migmatites displays a higher overall Ca + Th + U content, indicating that compositional heterogeneities between ore zones and host rocks developed prior to 2470 Ma, perhaps a consequence of the hydrothermal alteration inferred to have accompanied gold mineralization.