bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Market Collaboration: Finance, Culture, and Ethnography after Neoliberalism
Authors: Riles Annelise
Published: November 2013

In the wake of the disasters of March 2011, financial regulators and financial‐risk management experts in Japan expressed little hope that much could be done nor did they take great interest in defining possible policy interventions. This curious response to regulatory crisis coincided with a new fascination with culturalist explanations of financial markets, on the one hand, and a resort to what I term “data politics”—a politics of intensified data collection—on the other. In this article, I analyze these developments as being exemplary of a new regulatory moment characterized by a loss of faith in both free market regulation and state‐led planning, as well as in expert tools. I consider what might be the contribution of the anthropology of financial markets and ultimately argue for what I term a “collaborative economy” as a way to retool both financial and anthropological expertise.

概要 2011年3月の震災を受けて、日本の金融規制当局や金融リスク管理の専門家は、打つ手は限られているという見方を示し、政策的介入の可能性の提案についても、あまり強い関心を示さなかった。規制における危機に対するこうした興味深い反応は、一方では金融市場に関する文化的理解に対する新たな関心の高まりと、もう一方では本稿で「データ政治 (data politics)」と呼ぶ、集中的なデータ収集をめぐる政治への流れと、重なる側面がある。こうした展開は、規制の新しい形の典型例であり、その背景には、自由市場における規制や国家主導の政策に対する失望感や、専門家の技術に対する諦めがある。本稿は、金融市場に関する文化人類学的研究がもたらす貢献について考察し、本稿で「共同経済 (collaborative economy)」と呼ぶ新しい経済の形を通して、金融および文化人類学の双方における専門知識の再編を提唱する。[「大きすぎてつぶせない」、リスク、債権、金融、コラボレーション、日本]
Preterm birth does not increase the risk of traumatic dental injuries or unintentional injuries
Authors: Brogårdh‐Roth Susanne , Matsson Lars
Published: November 2013

Aim

To evaluate the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) and unintentional injuries (UIs) in Swedish children from 0 to 12 years of age, comparing those who were born preterm with matched full‐term controls. The associations between TDI and UI and medical health problems or socio‐demographic characteristics were also studied.

Methods

This cross‐sectional, case–control study used dental record reviews and interviews to obtain TDI data on 187 matched pairs aged from 0 to 6 (Sample I) and a structured questionnaire to study TDI and UI among 82 matched pairs aged from 0 to 12 (Sample II).

Results

Reports of TDI in the primary teeth and permanent teeth from 0 to 12 years of age were significantly more common in the control than preterm born children (p = 0.032). No significant differences were seen in the 0–6 age group. When it came to UI, there were no statistical significant differences between the preterm and control groups and no correlations between TDI and UI and medical health problems or socio‐demographic characteristics.

Conclusion

The study indicates that preterm children are no more exposed to TDI or UI than matched full‐term controls. In fact, the control group parents reported significantly higher prevalence of TDI in the primary and permanent teeth.
Salutogenic Effects of the Environment: Review of Health Protective Effects of Nature and Daylight
Authors: Beute Femke , de Kort Yvonne A.W.
Published: November 2013

Both nature and daylight have been found to positively influence health. These findings were, however, found in two separate research domains. This paper presents an overview of effects found for daylight and nature on health and the health‐related concepts stress, mood, and executive functioning and self‐regulation. Because of the overlap in effects found and the co‐occurrence of both phenomena, the paper points to the need to consider daylight factors when investigating effects of nature and vice versa. Furthermore, the existence of possibly shared underlying mechanisms is discussed and the need to unify the research paradigms and dependent variables used between the two research fields. Last, in view of the beneficial effects of both phenomena on health, our objective is to raise awareness amongst the general public, designers, and health practitioners to use these naturally available phenomena to their full potential.
Efficient logistic regression designs under an imperfect population identifier
Authors: Albert Paul S. , Liu Aiyi , Nansel Tonja
Published: November 2013

Motivated by actual study designs, this article considers efficient logistic regression designs where the population is identified with a binary test that is subject to diagnostic error. We consider the case where the imperfect test is obtained on all participants, while the gold standard test is measured on a small chosen subsample. Under maximum‐likelihood estimation, we evaluate the optimal design in terms of sample selection as well as verification. We show that there may be substantial efficiency gains by choosing a small percentage of individuals who test negative on the imperfect test for inclusion in the sample (e.g., verifying 90% test‐positive cases). We also show that a two‐stage design may be a good practical alternative to a fixed design in some situations. Under optimal and nearly optimal designs, we compare maximum‐likelihood and semi‐parametric efficient estimators under correct and misspecified models with simulations. The methodology is illustrated with an analysis from a diabetes behavioral intervention trial.
The role of off‐licence outlets in binge drinking: a survey of drinking practices last Saturday night among young adults in Australia
Authors: McKetin Rebecca , Livingston Michael , Chalmers Jenny , Bright David
Published: November 2013

Introduction and Aims.

To examine where young adults purchase their alcohol on Saturday nights and how this relates to binge drinking.

Design and Methods.

This study used an online survey of a non‐probability‐based quota sample of 2013 Australians aged 18–30 years who had consumed alcohol in the past year. Participants who purchased alcohol from off‐licence outlets the Saturday night before answering the survey were compared with participants who purchased only from on‐licence outlets with regard to how much they drank (binge drinking was defined as five or more drinks), how much they spent on alcohol, where they drank, their risk of an alcohol use disorder and other demographic factors.

Results.

Of participants who drank the previous Saturday night (n = 1106), 46% bought alcohol only from off‐licence outlets (e.g. bottle shops), 19% bought from both off‐licence and on‐licence outlets (e.g. clubs, bars), and 23% bought only from on‐licence outlets. Participants who bought alcohol from off‐licence outlets were equally likely to binge‐drink as participants who bought only from on‐licence outlets (B = −0.02, P = 0.912), but they drank more cheaply and usually drank at home. Participants who bought alcohol from both off‐licence and on‐licence outlets were more likely to binge‐drink (B = 1.39, P < 0.001), drank both at home and in public places, were at higher risk of an alcohol use disorder and were more likely to have used stimulants the previous Saturday night.

Discussion and Conclusions.

Off‐licence outlets were a major source of alcohol in this sample of young Australian adults, many of whom binge‐drank in private homes. [McKetin R, Livingston M, Chalmers C, Bright D. The role of off‐licence outlets in binge drinking: a survey of drinking practices last Saturday night among young adults in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:51–58]
Patient‐centred tobacco management
Authors: Gould Gillian S.
Published: November 2013

Patient‐centred tobacco management approaches tobacco smoking as a chronic disease and can be offered to all smokers irrespective of their attitude to quitting. Maintaining a long‐term relationship with smokers enables the adoption of flexible solutions and shared goals. It is argued that patient‐centred tobacco management potentially heightens the chances of eventual abstinence for smokers who are unable, or not yet ready to quit. [Gould, GS. Patient‐centred tobacco management. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:93–98]
System‐centred tobacco management: From ‘whole‐person’ to ‘whole‐system’ change
Authors: Bonevski Billie
Published: November 2013

Patient‐centred tobacco management is a pragmatic approach for helping smokers achieve their goals in terms of either cessation or harm reduction. However, the success of the approach is dependent on clinicians embracing and delivering it as intended. There are a number of structural and systemic organisational barriers which are limiting clinician‐delivered patient‐centred tobacco dependence. In response, ‘whole system’ approaches which help support clinicians in the delivery of patient‐centred tobacco management are required. Health system changes to support clinicians and facilitate the delivery of patient‐centred tobacco management are worth further investigation, particularly in settings where tobacco smoking rates are high. [Bonevski B. System‐centred tobacco management: From ‘whole‐person’ to ‘whole‐system’ change. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:99–101]
From oxycodone to heroin: Two cases of transitioning opioid use in young Australians
Authors: Dertadian George C. , Maher Lisa
Published: November 2013

Introduction and Aims

The non‐medical use of pharmaceutical opioids is associated with a range of negative health consequences, including the development of dependence, emergency room presentations and overdose deaths.

Design and Methods

Drawing on life history data from a broader qualitative study of the non‐medical use of painkillers, this brief report presents two cases of transitions from recreational or non‐medical pharmaceutical opioid use to intravenous heroin use by young adults in Australia.

Results

Although our study was not designed to assess whether recreational oxycodone use is causally linked to transitions to intravenous use, polyopioid use places individuals at high risk for progression to heroin and injecting. Our first case, Jake, used a range of analgesics before he transitioned to intravenous use, and the first drug he injected was methadone. Our second case, Emma, engaged in a broad spectrum of polydrug use, involving a range of opioid preparations, as well as benzodiazepines, cannabis and alcohol. Both cases transitioned from oral to intravenous pharmaceutical opioids use and subsequent intravenous heroin use.

Discussion and Conclusions

These cases represent the first documented reports of transitions from the non‐medical or recreational use of oxycodone to intravenous heroin use in Australia. As such, they represent an important starting point for the examination of pharmaceutical opioids as a pathway to injecting drug use among young Australians and highlight the need for further research designed to identify pharmaceutical opioids users at risk of transitions to injecting and to develop interventions designed to prevent or delay these transitions. [Dertadian G, Maher L. From oxycodone to heroin: Two cases of transitioning opioid use in young Australians. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:102–104]
Cycling up the epidermis: reconciling 100 years of debate
Authors: Gandarillas Alberto , Freije Ana
Published: November 2013

There is likely general consensus within the skin research community that cell cycle control is critical to epidermal homeostasis and disease. The current predominant model proposes that keratinocytes switch off DNA replication and undergo cell cycle and cell growth arrest as they initiate terminal differentiation. However, this model cannot explain key physiological features of the skin, mainly why squamous differentiation prevails over proliferation in benign hyperproliferative disorders. In recent years, we have proposed an alternative model that involves mitotic slippage and endoreplication. This new model is controversial and has encountered resistance within the field. However, looking back at history, the epidermal cell cycle has been a matter of controversy and debate for around 100 years now. The accumulated data are confusing and contradictory. Our present model can explain and reconcile both old and new paradoxical observations. Here, we explain and discuss the endoreplicative cell cycle, the evidence for and against its existence in human epidermis and the important implications for skin homeostasis and disease. We show that regardless of the strengths or weaknesses of the Endoreplication Model, the existing evidence in support of the Cell Cycle Arrest Model is very weak.
Prediction of enteric methane emissions from cattle
Authors: Moraes Luis E. , Strathe Anders B. , Fadel James G. , Casper David P. , Kebreab Ermias
Published: November 2013

Agriculture has a key role in food production worldwide and it is a major component of the gross domestic product of several countries. Livestock production is essential for the generation of high quality protein foods and the delivery of foods in regions where animal products are the main food source. Environmental impacts of livestock production have been examined for decades, but recently emission of methane from enteric fermentation has been targeted as a substantial greenhouse gas source. The quantification of methane emissions from livestock on a global scale relies on prediction models because measurements require specialized equipment and may be expensive. The predictive ability of current methane emission models remains poor. Moreover, the availability of information on livestock production systems has increased substantially over the years enabling the development of more detailed methane prediction models. In this study, we have developed and evaluated prediction models based on a large database of enteric methane emissions from North American dairy and beef cattle. Most probable models of various complexity levels were identified using a Bayesian model selection procedure and were fitted under a hierarchical setting. Energy intake, dietary fiber and lipid proportions, animal body weight and milk fat proportion were identified as key explanatory variables for predicting emissions. Models here developed substantially outperformed models currently used in national greenhouse gas inventories. Additionally, estimates of repeatability of methane emissions were lower than the ones from the literature and multicollinearity diagnostics suggested that prediction models are stable. In this context, we propose various enteric methane prediction models which require different levels of information availability and can be readily implemented in national greenhouse gas inventories of different complexity levels. The utilization of such models may reduce errors associated with prediction of methane and allow a better examination and representation of policies regulating emissions from cattle.
Selective Migration Policy Models and Changing Realities of Implementation
Authors: Koslowski Rey
Published: November 2013

Selective migration policies are proliferating worldwide as governments try to attract scientists, highly skilled engineers, medical professionals and information technology professionals. Selective migration policies can be grouped into three ideal‐typical models: the Canadian “human capital” model based on state selection of permanent immigrants using a point system; the Australian “neo‐corporatist” model based on state selection using a point system with extensive business and labour participation; and the market‐oriented, demand‐driven model based primarily on employer selection of migrants, as practised by the US. After providing an overview of each model, the article compares the three models in terms of policy outcomes as measured by various metrics and then explains how Canadian, Australian, and US governments have recently adopted policies from one another and deviated from their respective selective migration policy models.

Policy Implications

Canadian and Australian governments select immigrants using point systems but diverged in 1996 on human capital criteria of higher education and general experience

U.S. employers select economic migrants and majority initially come on temporary visas

More highly‐skilled foreigners go to the U.S. than to Canada, Australia and other countries using point systems combined.

Canadian and Australian governments shifting policies toward the U.S. demand‐driven model, with increasing preference given to employer‐sponsored immigrants and those already working on temporary visas.

Canadian government shifting point system criteria from human capital toward specific occupations and may abandon point system altogether.
How to Reverse the Italian Brain Drain: A Master Class from Australia
Authors: Breda Vito
Published: November 2013

This article discusses the limits of Italian immigration policies and their effects on the Italian market of highly skilled individuals. Italian statutory provisions aimed at regulating immigration focus on limiting immigration without a reasoned distinction being made between skilled and unskilled immigrants. The first part of the article argues that a combination of historical and sociological factors makes Italy uncompetitive in the global market of highly skilled individuals. The second part suggests two pilot schemes for policies that might help in addressing the issue. First, the introduction of a medium‐/long‐term visa for highly skilled individuals, and second, the establishment of private multinational universities modelled on the European Institute (EI) in Florence. These new institutions would open up the academic job market to overseas researchers and, at the same time, would provide a more solid base for the retrieval of Italian academics working abroad.
The up side of decidual natural killer cells: new developments in immunology of pregnancy
Authors: Jabrane‐Ferrat Nabila , Siewiera Johan
Published: November 2013

Early phases of human pregnancy are associated with the accumulation of a unique subset of natural killer (NK) cells in the maternal decidua. Decidual NK (dNK) cells that are devoid of cytotoxicity play a pivotal role in successful pregnancy. By secreting large amounts of cytokines/chemokines and angiogenic factors, dNK cells participate in all steps of placentation including trophoblast invasion into the maternal endometrium and vascular remodelling. In this review, we summarize some of dNK cell features and discuss more recent exciting data that challenge the conventional view of these cells. Our new data demonstrate that dNK cells undergo fine tuning or even subvert their classical inhibitory machinery and turn into a real defence force in order to prevent the spread of viruses to fetal tissue. Today it is not clear how these phenotypic and functional adaptations impact cellular cross‐talk at the fetal–maternal interface and tissue homeostasis. Ultimately, precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern dNK cell plasticity during congenital human cytomegalovirus infection should lead to the design of more robust strategies to reverse immune escape during viral infection and cancer.
L2 learners' attitudes toward, and use of, mnemonic strategies when learning Japanese kanji
Authors: Rose Heath
Published: November 2013

This study investigated kanji learning (the memorization of Japanese written characters) of university students of Japanese, in order to evaluate students' use of mnemonic strategies. The study applied in‐depth qualitative methods to broaden the understanding of how foreign language learners use mnemonics when learning kanji. Data were collected over the duration of a year in the form of interviews, stimulated recall sessions, and a questionnaire on mnemonic usage. The study found that while mnemonics are useful to memorize kanji and kanji components when applied in a meaningful way, an overreliance on this strategy can have negative effects for the learner. The study highlighted numerous accounts of the meaning of a kanji being lost in overly complex mnemonic strategies. Another limitation of mnemonic strategies was associations being made with the meaning of kanji and not with how it was read, causing an inability to read kanji in Japanese.
Mixed methods research: Toward new research designs in applied linguistics
Authors: Hashemi Mohammad R. , Babaii Esmat
Published: November 2013

Despite criticisms questioning its raison d'être (e.g., Giddings & Grant, ), mixed methods research has been welcomed in social research as a methodology in its own right (Greene, ). Recently, it has also been acknowledged and advocated in applied linguistics (Dörnyei, ; Hashemi, ). In an attempt to investigate the status of this relatively new trend in applied linguistics, the current study examines the nature of the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods in terms of research designs, sampling designs, and quality of interpretations. Content analysis of 205 research articles published in seven comprehensive international peer reviewed applied linguistics journals between 1995 and 2008 reveals that concurrent designs are more prevalent than sequential designs and that studies make limited use of mixed designs that are detailed in the mixed methods literature. Moreover, although a considerable number of articles used both qualitative and quantitative methods, only a small number achieved high degrees of integration at various stages of the study as a quality standard for mixed research. The study concludes with several implications for making more effective use of mixed methods research in applied linguistics and calls for a more systematic treatment of this trend as a versatile research methodology.
Structure–stability relationships in networks combining mutualistic and antagonistic interactions
Authors: Sauve Alix M. C. , Fontaine Colin , Thébault Elisa
Published: November 2013

The relationship between the structure of ecological networks and community stability has been studied for decades. Recent developments highlighted that this relationship depended on whether interactions were antagonistic or mutualistic. Different structures promoting stability in different types of ecological networks, i.e. mutualistic or antagonistic, have been pointed out. However, these findings come from studies considering mutualistic and antagonistic interactions separately whereas we know that species are part of both types of networks simultaneously. Understanding the relationship between network structure and community stability, when mutualistic and antagonistic interactions are merged in a single network, thus appears as the next challenge to improve our understanding of the dynamics of natural communities. Using a theoretical approach, we test whether the structural characteristics known to promote stability in networks made of a single interaction type still hold for network merging mutualistic and antagonistic interactions. We show that the effects of diversity and connectance remain unchanged. But the effects of nestedness and modularity are strongly weakened in networks combining mutualistic and antagonistic interactions. By challenging the stabilizing mechanisms proposed for networks with a single interaction type, our study calls for new measures of structure for networks that integrate the diversity of interaction.
Territorial ants depress plant growth through cascading non‐trophic effects in an alpine meadow
Authors: Zhao Chuan , Wu Xinwei , Griffin John N. , Xi Xinqiang , Sun Shucun
Published: November 2013

Understanding non‐trophic interactions is critical to mechanistically linking community structure and ecosystem functioning. Despite the widespread occurrence of territoriality across animal taxa and ecosystems, the cascading ecological consequences of non‐trophic interactions between territorial animals and intruders have been poorly studied. We experimentally investigated the non‐trophic interaction between territorial ants and members of a dung decomposer community (i.e. predatory arthropods, maggots and coprophagous beetles) in an alpine meadow. We further examined how this non‐trophic interaction cascaded to influence ecosystem properties including dung removal rate, soil nutrient status and aboveground plant biomass surrounding dung pats. Results indicated that territorial interference of ants on key decomposers cascaded to affect plant growth. Specifically, ants significantly decreased the abundance of coprophagous beetles at the time of their peak‐abundance and hence decreased dung removal rates and soil nitrogen concentrations, ultimately decreasing aboveground plant biomass. The strength of this non‐trophic cascading effect was comparable to those reported in studies addressing trophic cascades triggered by predator–prey interactions. Our findings suggest that the non‐trophic interactions and associated cascading effects stemming from territorial behavior should be incorporated into ecological network modeling and research addressing biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships.
Independent and interactive effects of two facilitators on their habitat‐providing host plant, Spartina alterniflora
Authors: Hughes A. Randall , Moore Althea F. P. , Piehler Michael F.
Published: November 2013

The role of habitat‐providing species in facilitating associated species abundance and diversity is recognized as a key structuring force in many ecosystems. Reciprocal facilitation by associates, often involving multiple species, can be important for the maintenance of the host species. As with other multi‐species interactions (e.g. multiple predator effects), non‐additive relationships may be common among these associates, yet relatively few studies have examined potential interactions among multiple facilitator species. We combined field surveys and a mesocosm experiment to examine the independent and interactive effects of two co‐occurring facilitator species, ribbed mussels Geukensia demissa and fiddler crabs Uca pugilator, on their host salt marsh plant species, cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. We also experimentally examined how these relationships varied across different host plant genotypes. Overall, facilitator effects increased with increasing facilitator density. There was a significant interaction between mussel and fiddler crab presence, indicating that the effects of each species on cordgrass were dependent on the presence of the other facilitator species. In addition, there were strong interactions among mussels, fiddler crabs, and plant genotype, with greater variation in the performance of individual genotypes when fiddler crabs were absent. Our work reinforces the importance of considering multiple responses when assessing the functional redundancy of co‐occurring facilitators, as species are seldom completely redundant across the range of services they provide. It also highlights that the strength and direction of species interactions can vary due to genetic variation within the interacting species.
Nursing typhus victims in the Second World War, 1942–1944: a discussion paper
Authors: Brooks Jane
Published: November 2013

Aims

This article explores the care British nurses provided to victims of typhus during the Second World War.

Background

Typhus is associated with poverty and overcrowding. During wars in the pre‐antibiotic era, civilians were particularly susceptible to epidemics, which military governments feared would spread to their troops.

Design

This discussion paper draws on archival data from three typhus epidemics in the Second World War to examine the expert work of British nurses in caring for victims during these potential public health disasters.

Data Sources

The published sources for the paper include material from nursing and medical journals published between 1940–1947. Archival sources come from the National Archives in Kew, the Wellcome Library and the Army Medical Services Museum, between 1943–1945. Of particular interest is the correspondence with Dame Katharine Jones from nurses on active service overseas.

Implications for Nursing

Whilst epidemics of typhus are now rare, nurses in the present day may be required to care for the public in environments of extreme poverty and overcrowding, where life‐threatening infectious diseases are prevalent. This article has demonstrated that it is possible for expert and compassionate nursing to alleviate suffering and prevent death, even when medical technologies are unavailable.

Conclusion

Expert and compassionate care, adequate nutrition and hydration and attention to hygiene needs are crucial when there are limited pharmacological treatments and medical technologies available to treat infectious diseases. The appreciation of this could have implications for nurses working in current global conflicts.
European Governance and the European Parliament: From Talking Shop to Legislative Powerhouse
Authors: Kohler Manfred
Published: November 2013

This article provides an insight into the status quo and functions of the European Parliament (EP) in the European Union (EU) multi‐level governance system in order to better locate the structural issues the EP is facing in terms of accountability and legitimacy in the EU. The study mainly finds that the EP's extension of powers by the treaties and non‐treaty‐based inter‐institutional agreements has led it to become a legislative powerhouse, the work of which is concentrated in the less visible committees. This development, however, comes at the cost of the EP's function as a public arena of debate and conflict, with the big party groups mainly voting like a singular bloc in the plenary because decisions had already been agreed in the committees. In sum, increasing competences and workloads do not lead to more legitimacy and accountability.
Hematology and serum chemistry values of sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys): comparison with rhesus monkeys
Authors: Sharma P. , Chennareddi L. , Greene‐Hartsfield E.Z. , Villinger F. , Cohen J.K. , Herndon J.G.
Published: November 2013

Background

The sooty mangabey is a vulnerable West African species that naturally harbors simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) without pathological symptoms. We present normative hematology and serum chemistry values for this species.

Methods

Hematology analytes from 136 females and 96 males and serum chemistry analytes from 57 females and 26 males were studied.

Results

Values of several analytes fell outside published reference ranges in the rhesus monkey, a laboratory standard for Old World primates. Erythrocyte‐related parameters were higher in mangabeys than in rhesus monkeys, while platelet counts were lower. Mangabeys also had higher gamma‐glutamyltransferase levels and lower urea nitrogen levels. Males had higher erythrocyte‐associated values than females. Albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, calcium, and creatinine changed with age in patterns similar to those reported for the rhesus monkey.

Conclusions

The unique blood profile of the mangabey should be taken into account in clinical and experimental studies of this species.
Socio‐Emotional Context and Adolescents' Decision Making: The Experience of Regret and Relief After Social Comparison
Authors: Habib Marianne , Borst Grégoire , Poirel Nicolas , Houdé Olivier , Moutier Sylvain , Cassotti Mathieu
Published: November 2013

Many studies indicate that adolescents are hypersensitive to rewards in salient socio‐emotional contexts. However, little is known about adolescents' sensitivity to complex negative emotions. To study the development of the ability to experience regret and relief, children, adolescents, and young adults performed a gambling task in a socio‐emotional context of competition, in which they were informed that their outcome would be compared with that of a competitor. The context of competition impacted the feelings of regret and relief in adolescents. When adolescents experienced an initial negative outcome, their feeling of relief was reinforced. However, they did not seem to experience regret in the social context of competition. These results provide a possible explanation for adolescents' enhanced risk seeking.
Cheetah cub survival revisited: a re‐evaluation of the role of predation, especially by lions, and implications for conservation
Authors: Mills M. G. L. , Mills M. E. J.
Published: November 2013

Cheetah cub survival on the Serengeti Plains (SP) was found to be exceptionally low, because of high predation rates, thought to be especially by lions. These results have contributed to the perception that cheetah cubs are particularly vulnerable to predation, and that areas with large carnivores may not be suitable for cheetah conservation. Here we show that survival of cheetah cubs in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park was seven times higher than on the SP and, although predation was the most common form of mortality, lions were not found to be involved. Moreover, we suggest that scrutiny of the Serengeti data does not unequivocally prove the dominance of lions as predators of cheetah cubs there. We discuss these findings in the context of cheetah conservation, suggesting that further research on coexistence between cheetahs and other carnivores should receive attention and that the high mortality rates of cubs found on the SP may not be as widespread as is commonly believed. Furthermore, we recommend that maintaining the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning should receive more attention in carnivore conservation.
Recipient perioperative cholesterolaemia and graft cholesterol metabolism gene expression predict liver transplant outcome
Authors: Ginanni Corradini Stefano , Siciliano Maria , Parlati Lucia , Molinaro Antonio , Cantafora Alfredo , Poli Edoardo , Mennini Gianluca , Melandro Fabio , Vestri Anna Rita , Merli Manuela , Bianco Paolo , Corsi Alessandro , Toniutto Pierluigi , Bitetto Davide , Falleti Edmondo , Attili Adolfo Francesco , Berloco Pasquale , Rossi Massimo
Published: November 2013

Background & Aims

We analysed for the first time whether recipient perioperative serum total cholesterol (sTC) concentration is associated with liver transplantation outcome.

Methods

We studied noncholestatic cirrhotics submitted to primary deceased‐donor liver transplantation in a prospective group (n = 140) from Rome and in a validation retrospective cohort (n = 157) from Udine, Italy. Pre‐ischaemia and post‐reperfusion cholesterol metabolism gene mRNA was measured by RT‐PCR in 74 grafts of the study group.

Results

At Cox regression analysis, independently from confounders including recipient MELD score, the recipient pre‐operative sTC pooled quintiles 2–5, compared with the lowest quintile showed HR (95% CI) and significances for overall graft loss (GL) of 0.215 (0.104–0.444) P < 0.001 in the study group and 0.319 (0.167–0.610) P = 0.001 in the validation cohort. Analysing sTC as a continuous variable, the risk of overall GL for every 10‐mg/dl decrease in pre‐operative sTC increased by 13% and by 9% in the study group and in the validation cohort respectively.

In the study group, independent associations at multivariate analyses were: (a) high graft pre‐ischaemia expression of INSIG‐1, which indicates hepatocellular cholesterol depletion, with post‐reperfusion graft necrosis; (b) GL with inadequate graft post‐reperfusion response to cholesterol depletion, shown by a failure to reduce the PCSK9 to LDLR expression ratio; (c) GL with a relative increase of sTC on post‐operative day‐7, selectively because of the LDL fraction, which indirectly suggests poor cholesterol uptake from blood.

Conclusions

Low recipient pre‐transplant sTC concentration, its post‐operative day‐7 increase and a genetically determined low graft cholesterol availability predict poor liver transplant outcome.
Communication and effectiveness in a US nursing home quality‐improvement collaborative
Authors: Arling Priscilla A. , Abrahamson Kathleen , Miech Edward J. , Inui Thomas S. , Arling Greg
Published: November 2013

In this study, we explored the relationship between changes in resident health outcomes, practitioner communication patterns, and practitioner perceptions of group effectiveness within a quality‐improvement collaborative of nursing home clinicians. Survey and interview data were collected from nursing home clinicians participating in a quality‐improvement collaborative. Quality‐improvement outcomes were evaluated using US Federal and State minimum dataset measures. Models were specified evaluating the relationships between resident outcomes, staff perceptions of communication patterns, and staff perceptions of collaborative effectiveness. Interview data provided deeper understanding of the quantitative findings. Reductions in fall rates were highest in facilities where respondents experienced the highest levels of communication with collaborative members outside of scheduled meetings, and where respondents perceived that the collaborative kept them informed and provided new ideas. Clinicians observed that participation in a quality‐improvement collaborative positively influenced the ability to share innovative ideas and expand the quality‐improvement program within their nursing home. For practitioners, a high level of communication, both inside and outside of meetings, was key to making measurable gains in resident health outcomes.
1H NMR Study of Hydrogen Abstraction in Model Compound Mimics of Polymers
Authors: Lancaster Jeffrey R. , Smilowitz Rachael , Turro Nicholas J. , Koberstein Jeffrey T.
Published: November 2013

Small molecules representing common synthetic polymers were subjected to photochemically induced hydrogen abstraction by benzophenone. Reactions were monitored using 1H NMR to query the factors that influence preferential abstraction of protons in unique chemical environments. Differences in bond dissociation energies do not fully explain the observed hydrogen abstraction preferences. To that end, we identify contributions to abstraction from prereactive complexation, radical stability, steric effects and charge transfer effects. Using representative small molecule model compounds in lieu of polymeric materials is a novel approach to understanding photochemical reaction in polymers; however, it cannot probe the contributions of macromolecular effects—e.g. polymer rigidity or side chain and backbone mobility—to preferential hydrogen abstraction.
Reactive Attitudes as Communicative Entities
Authors: Macnamara Coleen
Published: November 2013

Many theorists claim that the reactive emotions, even in their private form, are communicative entities. But as widely endorsed as this claim is, it has not been redeemed: the literature lacks a clear and compelling account of the sense in which reactive attitudes qua private mental states are essentially communicative. In this paper, I fill this gap. I propose that it is apt to characterize privately held reactive attitudes as communicative in nature because they, like many paradigmatic forms of communication, have representational content and the function of evoking uptake of this content in a recipient.
The Influence of Ovarian Stromal/Theca Cells During In Vitro Culture on Steroidogenesis, Proliferation and Apoptosis of Granulosa Cells Derived from the Goat Ovary
Authors: Qiu M , Liu J , Han C , Wu B , Yang Z , Su F , Quan F , Zhang Y
Published: November 2013

Contents

Early follicular development is closely related to oocyte‐granulosa cells‐ovarian stromal cells/theca cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ovarian cortical, medullary stromal and theca cells on oestradiol and progesterone biosynthesis, proliferation and apoptosis of goat ovary granulosa cells in vitro. Using Transwell coculture system, we evaluated steroidogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and some molecular expressions regarding steroidogenic enzyme, luteinizing hormone receptor and apoptosis‐related genes in granulosa cells. The results indicated that ovarian stromal/theca cells were able to stimulate oestradiol and progesterone production, promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of granulosa cells. Among all the three kinds of cells, theca cells affected strongly on granulosa cell function, and ovarian medullary stromal cells had the weakest effect on granulosa cells. These findings would provide an important knowledge of cell interaction among follicular cells during follicular development.
What motivates adherence to medical recommendations? The procedural justice approach to gaining deference in the medical arena
Authors: Tyler Tom , Mentovich Avital , Satyavada Sagarika
Published: November 2013

Although it is within their long‐term interest, patients often fail to follow health care recommendations made by medical experts. This failure results in the widespread occurrence of preventable health problems and a significant increase in health care costs. Taking a new approach to confronting this issue, this paper examines whether the procedural justice model, which has been useful in explaining cooperation with legal and managerial authorities, can provide a basis for increasing patients' willingness to voluntarily adhere to health care recommendations. Three studies tested and supported this proposition. Study 1 experimentally manipulated physicians' procedural fairness or unfairness to explore its influence on patients' acceptance of doctors' recommendations. Study 2 used patients' reports about the fairness of their personal physicians and linked those evaluations to their willingness to follow their doctor's recommendations. Finally, study 3 explored the role of general procedural justice judgments in promoting willingness to accept health policies when they are advocated by private doctors and government health care authorities. The results of all three studies support the argument that when health care authorities use fair procedures, patients are more likely to accept their recommendations. Importantly, this procedural justice effect is distinct from, and in some cases stronger than, the influence of competence.
Metacognitive therapy in recurrent depression: A case replication series in Denmark
Authors: Callesen Pia , Jensen Anne Backhausen , Wells Adrian
Published: November 2013

Metacognitive therapy (MCT) for depression is derived from the Wells and Matthews (1994) self‐regulatory model, in which a Cognitive‐Attentional Syndrome (CAS) is the cause of psychological disorders. MCT for depression focuses on identifying patients' CAS and helps them to stop it. The CAS consists of worry, rumination and dysfunctional coping strategies. The focus in MCT is on removing the CAS by challenging positive and negative metacognitive beliefs and eliminating dysfunctional behaviors. In this case series, MCT was delivered to four depressed Danes and treatment was evaluated in 5–11 sessions of up to one hour each. An A‐B design with follow‐up at 3 and 6 months was conducted and the primary outcome was Beck's Depression Inventory II (BDI‐II). We measured CAS processes with the Major depressive Disorder Scale (MDD‐S). The results of the case series showed clinically significant improvements in depressive symptoms, rumination and metacognitive beliefs and the effects were still present at follow‐up for all patients. The small number of patients and decreasing baselines observed in some cases limits the conclusions. However, the results suggest that this treatment is feasible and was associated with large improvements in symptoms when delivered away from its point of origin and in a Danish help‐seeking sample.
The Effect of Daughters on Partisanship and Social Attitudes Toward Women
Authors: Conley Dalton , Rauscher Emily
Published: November 2013

Washington () finds that daughters promote liberal voting (at least with respect to women's issues) among U.S. Congress members and attributes this finding to socialization. However, daughters’ influence could manifest differently for elite politicians and the general citizenry either due to self‐selection or the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis, which suggests that parents invest differently in male and female children depending on their social status. Using nationally representative data from the General Social Survey, this study asks whether biological daughters affect political party identification, traditional views of women, or opinions about abortion and teen sex. We find that female offspring promote identification with the more conservative Republican Party, but this effect depends on social status. There is no evidence that daughters promote liberal views of women and less consistent evidence that they influence views of abortion or teen sex. Overall, evidence supports the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis, but with a more complex interaction by social status.
Downshifting: An Exploration of Motivations, Quality of Life, and Environmental Practices
Authors: Kennedy Emily Huddart , Krahn Harvey , Krogman Naomi T.
Published: November 2013

“Downshifting,” reducing work hours, thereby income, to increase leisure time, offers a possible individual‐level solution to the stress many experience from long working hours and work intensification. Recently, some have argued that an increase in leisure time with a reduction in income might also foster pro‐environmental lifestyles as has been demonstrated for the “voluntary simplicity” movement. Quantitative research on the relationship between downshifting and quality of life is scant, with equivocal results, and studies of the relationship between downshifting and environmental lifestyles are even more rare. Survey data from a western Canadian city reveal nonsignificant impacts of downshifting on two measures of quality of life (subjective well‐being and satisfaction with time use) as well as on sustainable transportation practices. However, downshifting is significantly associated with sustainable household practices. In order for downshifting to have more widespread positive effects, further structural changes in broader domains such as work culture, urban design, and support for families will be required.
On Selective Influences, Marginal Selectivity, and Bell/CHSH Inequalities
Authors: Dzhafarov Ehtibar N. , Kujala Janne V.
Published: November 2013

The Bell/CHSH inequalities of quantum physics are identical with the inequalities derived in mathematical psychology for the problem of selective influences in cases involving two binary experimental factors and two binary random variables recorded in response to them. The following points are made regarding cognitive science applications: (1) compliance of data with these inequalities is informative only if the data satisfy the requirement known as marginal selectivity; (2) both violations of marginal selectivity and violations of the Bell/CHSH inequalities are interpretable as indicating that at least one of the two responses is influenced by both experimental factors.
Complementarity of Mental Observables
Authors: Basieva Irina , Khrennikov Andrei
Published: November 2013

The aim of this note is to complete the discussion on the possibility of creation of quantum‐like (QL) representation for the question order effect which was presented by Wang and Busemeyer (2013). We analyze the role of a fundamental feature of mental operators (given, e.g., by questions), namely, their complementarity.
Order Effects in Dynamic Semantics
Authors: Graben Peter beim
Published: November 2013

In their target article, Wang and Busemeyer (2013) discuss question order effects in terms of incompatible projectors on a Hilbert space. In a similar vein, Blutner recently presented an orthoalgebraic query language essentially relying on dynamic update semantics. Here, I shall comment on some interesting analogies between the different variants of dynamic semantics and generalized quantum theory to illustrate other kinds of order effects in human cognition, such as belief revision, the resolution of anaphors, and default reasoning that result from the crucial non‐commutativity of mental operations upon the belief state of a cognitive agent.