bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trauma on the Isle of Man.
Authors: Hackney R G , Varley G , Stevens D , Green A
Published: December 2008

The Isle of Man Tourist Trophy motorcycle races remain one of the most popular venues for motorcycle races. This is despite the reduced status of the event. The reason for the loss of world championship and formula one status is the nature of the road racing circuit itself. The twisting narrow roads are only closed to the public at certain times during the practice and race weeks. Motorcycling visitors to the event attempt to emulate their heroes on machines capable of high speeds. Casualties from both visitors and racers are dealt with efficiently by an expanded medical service. This includes the use of an aeromedical evacuation helicopter. Casualties from the visitors exceeded those from the racers themselves during the period reported.
Influence of exercise adherence level on modifiable coronary heart disease risk factors and functional-fitness levels in middle-aged men.
Authors: Wallace E S , White J A , Downie A , Dalzell G , Doran D
Published: December 2008

The study investigated the potential health benefits of two levels of short-term exercise intervention, compared with non-intervention, on selected modifiable coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors and functional fitness states in middle-aged men. All subjects underwent medical screening and signed informed consent before carrying out a standardized graded treadmill walk which required exercise up to 85% of age-predicted maximal heart rate. The results of the test were used together with musculoskeletal fitness assessments, for the prescription of a personalized exercise programme lasting 14 weeks. In all, 55 subjects were classified by adherence into high (HA, n = 20), low (LA, n = 19), or non-adherence (NA, n = 16) groups according to the degree of documented participation in the programme based on standard criteria (American College of Sports Medicine 1978, 1990). In addition, the respective groups of subjects were classified according to other modifiable and non-modifiable CHD risk factors and compared by self-reported levels of activity and sport involvement as well as perceived body weight classification. The results indicated that there were more comprehensive improvements in functional fitness including significant gains in aerobic endurance capacity, muscular endurance and flexibility in the HA group compared with the LA and NA groups. However, there was little or no change in the modifiable CHD risk factors in any of the respective groups, although anthropometric indices of weight, body mass index (BMI), skinfolds and waist:hips ratio tended to decrease in the HA and LA groups but increased marginally in the NA group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Patient assessment of treatment following knee injury.
Authors: Kernohan W G , Dodd F J , Dowey K E , McConnell L A
Published: December 2008

A survey of 100 sports-injured cases was carried out to elicit patients' personal assessment of their treatment and to investigate the utility of a typical database system for recording and analysis. The cases were limited to knee injuries, with a high proportion arising from football of various types and interesting light was thrown on several possible contributory factors.
Closed extensor tendon rupture and distal radial fracture with use of a gymnast's wrist support.
Authors: Stuart P R , Briggs P J
Published: December 2008

We report a case of delayed closed rupture of the tendon of extensor indicis proprius in a skeletally immature individual. This occurred following a minor greenstick fracture during use of a gymnast's wrist-finger support. To our knowledge this unusual complication has not been described previously.
Sports medicine: some ethical issues.
Authors: Sim J
Published: December 2008

The ethical aspects of sports medicine have hitherto received little scrutiny, in contrast to its legal implications, which have recently been subject to much greater discussion. However, the differences that are apparent between sports medicine and 'mainstream' areas of clinical practice can shed new light on a number of the central issues within health-care ethics. By means of hypothetical case studies, this paper seeks to examine some of these issues within a sports medicine context. Specific attention will be paid to the concepts of autonomy and paternalism, issues to do with truthfulness, and the question of conflicting professional loyalties. It is suggested that the ethics of sports medicine warrant further and more detailed examination.
Seasonal variation of selected performance parameters in épée fencers.
Authors: Koutedakis Y , Ridgeon A , Sharp N C , Boreham C
Published: December 2008

In this study, anthropometric measurements were carried out on seven British international male épée fencers, using a maximal treadmill running test, a 20-s Wingate-type test, and isokinetic dynamometry. Testing was conducted on two occasions, 5 to 6 months apart, during mid-off-season (preparation) and mid-in-season (competition) periods. Maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) and maximal respiratory exchange ratio (Rmax) were among the parameters obtained from the treadmill test, while peak and mean anaerobic power outputs were measured during a 20-s maximal effort. Knee extensor and flexor muscle forces from both dominant (leading) and non-dominant (trailing) legs were assessed at 1.04, 3.14 and 4.19 rad sec-1. Statistical analyses revealed lower mean VO2max (P < 0.05) and mean Rmax values (P < 0.02) at the in-season assessments compared with off-season. In-season testing also demonstrated significantly lower peak torques for both dominant and non-dominant knee extensors compared with off-season assessments at all velocities (P < 0.05 to P < 0.004). Furthermore, in-season peak torque for the non-dominant leg flexors was lower (P < 0.03) at 4.19 rad sec-1 than off-season. We conclude that current training practices may account for the observed seasonal variations in performance related physiological parameters in fencers.
Effect of continuous slow-speed running for 12 weeks on 10-14-year-old Indian boys.
Authors: Chatterjee S , Bandyopadhyay A
Published: December 2008

Endurance training was conducted on a group of 41 East Indian boys aged 10-14 years and was compared with 25 untrained boys of the same age. A continuous slow-running method was adopted for 12 weeks. The intensity of the training was 80-85% of maximum heart rate and frequency was 3 days per week. The boys were trained for a 1500-m event and therefore they covered three to five times their racing distance. For psychological reasons the training was carried out in a playground. The investigations included different physical and motor fitness tests: measurement of flexibility, agility, speed, leg muscle strength etc. Their performance times were also recorded before and after training. From statistical analysis we concluded that this particular type of training programme did not produce any detrimental effects on 10-14-year-old boys. On the other hand, this type of training did have some influence on improving physiological parameters in this age group of boys when compared with untrained boys of the same age.
Anabolic steroid use among students at a British college of technology.
Authors: Williamson D J
Published: December 2008

To determine the rate of current or previous use of anabolic steroids by students at a UK college of technology, a questionnaire survey of 687 day students was conducted. The questionnaire began with a general section for all of the students, which ended with the question 'Have you ever used anabolic steroids?'. A further section specifically for anabolic steroid users examined patterns of use, and how certain circumstances might affect the individual's decision to use anabolic steroids. The response rate to the questionnaire was 92%. The overall rate of current or previous use of anabolic steroids was 2.8% (4.4% in males, 1.0% in females). Of these, 56% had first used anabolic steroids at age 15 or less. Anabolic steroid users were more likely to be male, under 17 years of age, and participating in bodybuilding, weight-lifting or rugby. The results of this survey, if confirmed in other groups of young people, would suggest that use of anabolic steroids may be widespread in the UK.
Validity of 20-MST for predicting VO2max of adult Singaporean athletes.
Authors: Sproule J , Kunalan C , McNeill M , Wright H
Published: December 2008

This investigation compared the results of direct and indirect measurements of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) of an Asian population. Twenty subjects (16 male, 4 female), all of whom were physical education students, were assessed directly using laboratory treadmill running to determine VO2max. The indirect estimation of VO2max was obtained using a modified form of the Leger and Lambert 20-m multistage shuttle run test (20-MST). Heart rates were recorded throughout both tests. Pearson product moment correlations confirmed test-retest reliability for both direct and indirect measurements (r = 0.90 and r = 0.91 respectively). Differences for test-retest were found to be not significant. No differences were found between the maximal heart rate responses of the subjects for the direct and indirect tests. Of the subjects 75% had a lower predicted VO2max value (P < 0.01) compared with results gained by direct measurements when the Ramsbottom norms for the 20-MST were used. The reasons for this difference could be due to the different racial groups used as subjects, the climatic conditions in Singapore, or the small sample size. In order for the 20-MST test to be considered a valid measure of aerobic fitness in Singapore with an Asian population further study is recommended.
Effect of intravenous fluid administration on recovery after running a marathon.
Authors: Polak A A , van Linge B , Rutten F L , Stijnen T
Published: December 2008

After the Rotterdam Marathon on 21 April 1991 (ambient temperature 5.8 degrees C, relative humidity 74%, wind velocity 5 m s-1) data from 66 athletes were analysed for information concerning total recovery and recovery from pain, stiffness, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance and fatigue. The pulse rate, body weight and temperature were measured. The athletes were divided at random into two groups. Thirty-four athletes received an intravenous infusion of 2.5 l of a 2.5% glucose/0.45% NaCl solution. Thirty-two athletes received a placebo infusion of 100 ml 0.9% NaCl. Recovery took 9.2 days in the placebo group and 10.2 days in the infusion group. All athletes had pain and/or stiffness after the marathon. The immediate replacement of 2.5 l of fluid had no significant influence on the rate of total recovery, the number of days with pain or stiffness, the appetite, sleep or fatigue. On the first day after the marathon the pulse rate was increased. The rectal temperature was not affected. The athletes were also divided into fast and slow runners without regard to fluid replacement. Fast runners (those running the race in less than 2 h 55 min) needed more time to recover than slower runners and pain and/or stiffness lasted longer in the fast group. Athletes who equalled or improved their best previous results also needed more time to recover than athletes who did not, although there were no significant differences in pain and stiffness. Athletes did not benefit from immediate fluid replacement after running the 1991 Rotterdam Marathon.
Maximal shuttle running over 40 m as a measure of anaerobic performance.
Authors: Baker J , Ramsbottom R , Hazeldine R
Published: December 2008

Over the last decade increasing interest has been shown in the measurement of anaerobic power and capacity in athletic men. These physiological characteristics have been determined predominantly using cycle ergometry and treadmill sprinting. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between 40-m maximal shuttle run times and performance indices obtained during treadmill sprinting and cycle ergometry. Moderate correlations were found between 10-m split times (the time taken to cover the initial 10 m of the shuttle course) and treadmill peak power outputs (r = -0.67; P < 0.05). Similar relationships were also found between the fastest 40-m time and mean power outputs generated on both the treadmill and cycle ergometer (r = -0.67; P < 0.05) and (r = -0.75; P < 0.05) respectively. The correlations remained unchanged when the values were adjusted for body weight (W kg-1). The results of the present study suggest that maximal 40-m shuttle running ability may reflect anaerobic indices of power and capacity, determined using standard laboratory procedures.
Flexibility and posture assessment in relation to hamstring injury.
Authors: Hennessey L , Watson A W
Published: December 2008

Posture and flexibility were assessed in 34 athletes. Subjects were divided into two groups: (1) a noninjured group that did not have a history of hamstring strain injury within the previous 12 months; (2) an injured group that had a history of hamstring strain within the previous 12 months. Ten postural components were assessed: head erectness; shoulder symmetry; spinal curvature; hip symmetry; foot and ankle alignment; knee hyperextension; upper back roundness; trunk erectness; abdomen protrusion; and lumbar lordosis. Hamstring flexibility was assessed in both legs. Results indicated no difference (P > 0.05) in flexibility between groups (mean(s.d.) of both legs was: noninjured = 77.1(9.3) degrees, injured = 77.8(9.2) degrees. Also no difference (P > 0.05) was observed between the injured limb and the noninjured limb for injured subjects (injured limb = 78.1(11.1) degrees, noninjured limb = 77.5(8.1) degrees. A significant difference (P < 0.01) between groups occurred in low back posture (lumbar lordosis). No other difference occurred in the remaining nine posture components between groups. Intercorrelation coefficients among posture components indicated that at best only 53% of common variance existed between any two components (head and shoulder components: r = 0.73, P < 0.01). All other correlations indicated less than 40% common variance between components. The results of the study indicate that while differences in hamstring flexibility are not evident between injured and noninjured groups poorer low back posture was found in the injured group. Regular monitoring of posture in athletes is recommended.
Ice hockey injuries: a 4-year prospective study of a Swedish élite ice hockey team.
Authors: Pettersson M , Lorentzon R
Published: December 2008

In this prospective study, we have investigated the incidence of injuries of different severity, types of injury, and mechanisms of injury during ice hockey practice and games. One Swedish élite hockey team was closely observed during four seasons (1986-1990). There were 376 injuries, of which 148 resulted in absence from practice or games. The incidence of injury (injuries associated with later absence) during practice was 2.6 per 1000 player-practice hours and 74.1 per 1000 player-game hours. Nuisance injuries (without any later absence) and minor injuries (absence < 1 week) constituted the vast majority (95.2%) and only 4.8% (18 cases) were classified as moderate or major injuries (absence > 1 week). Of the injuries 85% were caused by trauma and 15% by overuse. Injuries were most often localized to the lower limb (37.8%) and head/face (31.4%). The commonest injuries were contusions, lacerations/wounds, strains and sprains. Most injuries resulted from stick or player contact (predominantly checking). The results are in close agreement with those of a previous investigation of another Swedish élite hockey team covering the years 1982-1985. It should be possible to reduce the number of injuries by stricter enforcement of the hockey rules, especially against stick violations, and a more widespread use of visors.
The effects of the modified intermittent sequential pneumatic device (MISPD) on exercise performance following an exhaustive exercise bout.
Authors: Zelikovski A , Kaye C L , Fink G , Spitzer S A , Shapiro Y
Published: December 2008

The Lymphapress, a pneumatic sequential intermittent device is recognized as one of the most effective conservative treatments for lymphoedema, due to its effective 'milking mechanism'. This led us to hypothesize that accelerated removal of fatigue-causing metabolites by mechanical massage could improve an athlete's performance capacity. We conducted trials with 11 men who exercised at a constant workload, on a cycle ergometer, until exhaustion. During a 20-min recovery period a new modified pneumatic sequential intermittent device (the MISPD) was applied to the subjects' legs. The men then performed a second constant load exercise bout. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured during exercise and blood was withdrawn during recovery for the determination of lactate, pyruvate, ammonia, bicarbonate and pH. No difference was found in the blood levels of the 'fatigue causing metabolites' during passive recovery (PR) and recovery with the MISPD (MR). However, the MISPD effected a 45% improvement in the subjects' ability to perform the subsequent exercise bout. The accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space after exercise and its disappearance after the use of the MISPD offers one possible explanation for these results, although psychological effects cannot be discounted.
Stress fracture of the lateral process of the talus--a case report.
Authors: Motto S G
Published: December 2008

A diagnosis of stress fracture of the lateral process of the talus was made in a 52-year-old tennis player with chronic lateral ankle pain. This uncommon condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic lateral ankle pain in an athlete, as delay in appropriate treatment may lead to considerable morbidity.
Isokinetic profile of dorsiflexors and plantar flexors of the ankle--a comparative study of élite versus untrained subjects.
Authors: So C H , Siu T O , Chan K M , Chin M K , Li C T
Published: December 2008

A comparative study was made of the isokinetic characteristics of the ankle (plantar-flexion and dorsiflexion) in young men. Six cyclists, seven gymnasts, 10 soccer players and 25 non-athletic young men were tested on the Cybex II+ dynamometer. Peak torque, torque acceleration energy (TAE), total work and average power were measured. Cyclists had slightly higher (5%) mean plantar flexion than the others, but this was not significant. The situation was reversed for dorsiflexion. Moreover, the average dorsiflexion per unit of plantar flexion was significantly higher in the gymnasts than it was in the cyclists for both torque and work. This suggests that at a specific level of plantar flexion, the gymnasts had stronger dorsiflexion compared with the cyclists and that in sports involving jumping and running, increased attention should be given to strengthening the antagonist muscle groups (dorsiflexors) in order to achieve greater agonist-to-antagonist muscle balance thus preventing injury. The non-athletic subjects had substantially lower endurance capability in both flexors as measured by the endurance ratio. This implies that identifiable specialization in particular muscles results from training or participating in specialized sports.
Extra-articular tenodesis for anterior cruciate ligament rupture in amateur skiers.
Authors: Neyret P , Palomo J R , Donell S T , Dejour H
Published: December 2008

Thirty one amateur skiers with 33 knees which had had a symptomatic chronic rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) treated with the Lemaire operation were reviewed retrospectively at an average of 4.5 years. Of the patients 23 were women. The operation failed to control symptoms in 17 out of the 33 knees. However the operation did control symptoms in 13 out of 19 knees in patients over 35 years old, compared with only three out of 14 knees in patients under 35 years old. Clinical and objective testing however showed that most knees were still unstable. Despite this 21 patients continued skiing. One patient with a successful result switched to playing tennis. Five patients gave up all sports. Four further patients, all under 35 years old, returned to skiing after an additional intra-articular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. An isolated extra-articular procedure in amateur skiers under 35 years old with symptomatic chronic ACL rupture is not recommended. They need at least an intra-articular reconstruction to control their symptoms and to stabilize the knee.
Effects of rider position on continuous wave Doppler responses to maximal cycle ergometry.
Authors: Franke W D , Betz C B , Humphrey R H
Published: December 2008

Using 10 well-trained (VO2peak = 60.6 ml kg-1min-1) college age cyclists and continuous wave Doppler echocardiography, peak acceleration (PkA) and velocity (PkV) of blood flow in the ascending aorta, and the stroke velocity integral (SVI) were assessed to determine if rider position influenced the central haemodynamic responses to graded maximal cycle ergometry. Cyclist position was determined by hand placement on the uprights (UPRI) or drops (DROP) of conventional handlebars or using aerodynamic handlebars (AHB). All subjects consistently achieved a peak workload of 300 W. The Doppler variables did not differ significantly between rider positions at each stage of the maximal exercise tests but did change in response to increasing workloads. PkA was significantly (P < 0.05) greater at workloads > or = 240 W versus < or = 120 W. PkV increased significantly (P < 0.05) up to 180 W and then reached a plateau. SVI increased to a workload of 120 W and then progressively declined, becoming significantly (P < 0.05) less at 300 W. For each stage, neither submaximal VO2, VI nor heart rate (HR) differed significantly between each trial. These results suggest that rider position does not affect the physiological response to maximal bicycle ergometry as responses to each position are similar.
Sports-related injuries in elderly men still active in sports.
Authors: Kallinen M , Alén M
Published: December 2008

By means of a questionnaire with a complementary interview and physical examination, the site and nature of sports injuries were investigated over a 10-year period (1977-1987) in 97 elderly athletes (age range 70-81 years). The athletes were still active in training and competition with a mean competition background of 15 years. Of the subjects studied 30 were strength/power athletes and the remaining 67 endurance athletes. Altogether we found 273 sports-related injuries (169 acute and 104 overuse injuries). Of the injuries 75% had occurred in the lower extremities. The most commonly injured part of the body was the knee (20% of all cases). Sprains of the thigh and knee were the most frequent types of acute injury. In most cases the treatment prescribed was rest and physiotherapy. Surgery had been necessary in ten cases (3.7% of all injuries). Mean withdrawal from normal sporting activity had, in general, been 2-3 weeks. Of the injuries, one in five had, however, lasted over several years causing some disability during sporting activities.
Self-reported long-term effects of diving and decompression illness in recreational scuba divers.
Authors: McQueen D , Kent G , Murrison A
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of neurological decompression illness (NDCI) on recreational divers. Thirty-seven divers who had been treated for neurological decompression illness at least 2 years previously, and a control group of 50 divers with no history of decompression illness, responded to a postal questionnaire. Divers in the accident group reported more symptoms of neurological damage, were more likely to believe that diving had a deleterious effect on their health and were more likely to indicate symptoms of psychiatric morbidity. The quantity of diving in the year preceding the survey was associated with reports of neurological damage in both groups and with symptoms of psychiatric morbidity in the accident group. Although requiring confirmation from a longitudinal study, these results suggest that recreational diving can have negative long-term consequences for health, particularly after decompression illness.
An epidemiological survey on ankle sprain.
Authors: Yeung M S , Chan K M , So C H , Yuan W Y
Published: December 2008

Ankle sprain is a common sports injury and is often regarded as trivial by athletes and coaches. This epidemiological study was conducted among three categories of Hong Kong Chinese athletes: national teams, competitive athletes and recreational athletes. This study shows that as much as 73% of all athletes had recurrent ankle sprain and 59% of these athletes had significant disability and residual symptoms which led to impairment of their athletic performance. This study indicates that a proper approach towards injury prevention and a comprehensive rehabilitation programme are required.
Training in élite young athletes (the Training of Young Athletes (TOYA) Study): injuries, flexibility and isometric strength.
Authors: Maffulli N , King J B , Helms P
Published: December 2008

Using a mixed longitudinal design, the incidence of injuries, and the development of flexibility and isometric strength of the upper and lower limbs were studied for 2 years in 453 élite young athletes (aged between 9 and 18 years) practising football, gymnastics, swimming or tennis. The children suffered from a low incidence of injuries. Strength and flexibility did not exert a significant role in determining injuries. The rate of injury was not significantly different between the 2 years of the study. Young swimmers showed a greater generalized flexibility. Girls were more flexible than boys between the ages of 13 to 16 years. Athletic children are able to exert greater isometric strength than normal schoolchildren. Boys diverged from the normal population at 14 years, while athletic girls were stronger at all ages. Girls were stronger than boys up to age 12, who were still increasing their muscle strength at 19 years. The average maximal isometric strength exerted in both upper and lower limbs in the four sports was not significantly different. Male gymnasts over 11 years old were significantly stronger than all other athletes.
Massage--the scientific basis of an ancient art: Part 1. The techniques.
Authors: Goats G C
Published: December 2008

Manual massage is a long established and effective therapy used for the relief of pain, swelling, muscle spasm and restricted movement. Latterly, various mechanical methods have appeared to complement the traditional manual techniques. Both manual and mechanical techniques are described systematically, together with a review of indications for use in sports medicine.
Massage--the scientific basis of an ancient art: Part 2. Physiological and therapeutic effects.
Authors: Goats G C
Published: December 2008

The physiological and therapeutic effects of massage are frequently questioned. This article reviews previous research into the effects of massage on blood flow and composition, oedema, connective tissue, muscle and the nervous system. Although further investigations are clearly required in certain areas, the discussion demonstrates that the use of massage in sports medicine can be justified according to orthodox scientific criteria.
Social-psychological predictors of self-reported actual and intended physical activity in a university workforce sample.
Authors: Biddle S , Goudas M , Page A
Published: December 2008

This study investigated the social-psychological predictors of self-reported actual and intended physical activity in a university workforce sample. Based on the 'Theory of Planned Behaviour', but with additional variables of benefits, barriers and self-efficacy, it was found that both intended and actual activity could be predicted but only when strenuous activity was considered. In addition, the predictors were different for men and women. Specifically, the best predictors of intention to exercise were attitude, perceived control, benefits and self-efficacy for women, but only attitude for men. Predicting self-reported strenuous activity for women were intention and self-efficacy, and for men intention and attitude. Theoretical and practical implications for attitude research and exercise promotion are discussed.
Prevalence of latent and manifest suprascapular neuropathy in high-performance volleyball players.
Authors: Holzgraefe M , Kukowski B , Eggert S
Published: December 2008

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of latent and manifest suprascapular neuropathy in high-level male volleyball players. Thirty subjects were examined clinically and electrophysiologically. Suprascapular neuropathy, most probably at the level of the suprascapular notch, was demonstrated in 12 subjects, being latent in eight. Taking into account our clinical findings in a further 36 international-level players, a remarkably high overall prevalence of suprascapular nerve lesion of 33% (22 of 66 subjects) was found. All cases involved the side of the body with the player's smashing arm. These findings suggest that careful monitoring of suprascapular nerve function may be useful in high-performance volleyball players, as early diagnosis is essential to prevent more severe damage.
Radiographic changes in the hands of rock climbers.
Authors: Bollen S R , Wright V
Published: December 2008

Radiographs of the hands of 36 rock climbers were compared with radiographs of the hands of controls matched for age and sex. Subchondral cysts were present in the hands of 17 climbers and only two controls. Osteophytes or bony spurs were present in 14 climbers but not in any of the controls, and the only two cases of frank osteoarthrosis were in the hands of climbers. Cortical thickness of the proximal and middle phalanges was significantly greater in the hands of climbers (P = < 0.01). Pronounced 'scalloping' of the necks of the proximal phalanges was only seen in climbers, and is due to thickening of the attachment of the distal end of the fibrous A2 pulley of the flexor sheath.
Track and field athletics injuries--a one-year survey.
Authors: D'Souza D
Published: December 2008

The training programmes and competitive performances of 147 track and field athletes, from many different clubs within the UK, were analysed retrospectively in order to study the incidence, severity and types of injuries which they had suffered during the year September 1989-September 1990. This information was then related to the particular event in which they specialized as well as a number of hypothetical risk factors proposed for making them more prone to injury. Of the athletes 96 (65.3%) were male and 51 (34.7%) were female, and their ages ranged from 14 to 32 years, with their levels of competition ranging from 'competitive spectators' to UK internationals. A marked correlation was noted between their age, level of competition, number of supervised training sessions which they attended, and their incidence of injuries. However, certain other factors which were studied, such as their sex, the hours they trained, and the particular event in which they specialized appeared to provide no obvious relationship.
The New Zealand Rugby Injury and Performance Project: I. Design and methodology of a prospective follow-up study.
Authors: Waller A E , Feehan M , Marshall S W , Chalmers D J
Published: December 2008

Injury resulting from participation in sporting and physical recreational activities is a major contributor to the overall incidence of injury in the developed world. If sports injuries are to be reduced, a comprehensive approach must be taken to define the nature and magnitude of the problem, to establish models of relationships between risk factors, protective factors and injury experience, and to address injury through well designed intervention and evaluation programmes. The Rugby Injury and Performance Project (RIPP) is a prospective cohort study designed to examine the risk and protective factors for rugby injury. Data were collected on potential risk and protective factors from the RIPP cohort pre-season. Data on exposure to rugby, injury events and medical treatments were collected from the players each week during the season through telephone interviews. Pre-season measures were repeated post-season. A key feature of the design was that data were collected on both injured and non-injured players, allowing a longitudinal comparison of the injury experience of players with and without the factors of interest. A wealth of information was collected on each cohort member during the pre-season interview. A contact rate of 90% was achieved during the weekly follow-up phase. Post-season questionnaires were completed by 76% of the players and 88% of the coaches. Recommendations are made for the use of this methodology by other researchers and future directions for RIPP are described.
Kinematic and kinetic parameters associated with running in different shoes.
Authors: McNair P J , Marshall R N
Published: December 2008

The characteristics of the midsole were examined in four pairs of running shoes by a materials test. The variables of interest were the peak acceleration, time to peak acceleration and the kinetic energy absorbed. Ten subjects then ran at a recreational jogging pace (3.5 ms-1) barefoot and in the shoes. An accelerometer secured to the lower tibia was used to measure the peak acceleration and time to peak acceleration associated with footstrike. Subjects were also videoed and a kinematic analysis was undertaken at the knee and ankle joints. The results from the materials test showed that the shoes differed in their midsole characteristics, however, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the peak acceleration and time to peak acceleration during running in shoes. These variables were significantly greater in the barefoot running condition (P < 0.05), as compared with running in shoes. Small and subtle kinematic differences were observed between the barefoot and shoe conditions. It appears that the differences observed between the shoes in the materials test were not sufficient to elicit the kinematic changes observed between the barefoot and shoe conditions. It is suggested that runners operate within a 'kinetic bandwidth' when responding to impact stresses.
Bungee running: a further report.
Authors: Lovell M E , Bradley V P
Published: December 2008

Further to the report from Queen Mary's NHS Trust on bungee running affecting children, we present three cases of injury in adults. Two cases of injury presented to Noble's (Isle of Man) Hospital and one to Whiston Hospital, Merseyside. In all three cases, the competitors were trying to stretch the 'bungee' to grasp a pint of beer as a prize, much enthusiasm being shown by spectators. All injuries occurred when the competitors were catapulted backwards with some force.
Do the competition rules of synchronized swimming encourage undesirable levels of hypoxia?
Authors: Davies B N , Donaldson G C , Joels N
Published: December 2008

Recent anecdotal reports that some synchronized swimmers have become dizzy or disorientated towards the end of their performance, and in the worst cases fainted underwater, have caused concern. However, the rules of synchronized swimming encourage slow performance of compulsory figures, and an analysis of the competition placings and duration of underwater sequences showed that the highest rankings were gained by slowly performed compulsory figures and free programmes containing a long underwater sequence. The combination of breath-holding and the vigorous exercise involved suggests that some of the symptoms complained of by the swimmers might be due to hypoxia. We therefore studied the alveolar gas tensions in nine members of the Great Britain National Squad immediately following the performance of set figures and the initial underwater sequence of their free routine in a swimming-bath. All were cyanosed after the underwater sequences of the free routine and reported being mildly confused. The mean(s.d.) alveolar PO2 at this stage was 5.07(1.1) KPa, while three girls had an alveolar PO2 below 4 KPa, the lowest being 3.67 KPa. These gas tensions suggest that potentially dangerous levels of hypoxia may develop during competitive synchronized swimming and that prolonged underwent sequences should not be encouraged.
Amino acid metabolism in tennis and its possible influence on the neuroendocrine system.
Authors: Strüder H K , Hollmann W , Duperly J , Weber K
Published: December 2008

To investigate amino acid metabolism during endurance exercise as well as its influence on plasma prolactin (PRL) we subjected eight nationally ranked tennis players (mean(s.d.) age 25.6(2.8) years, mean(s.d.) weight 83.9(5.7) kg, mean(s.d.) height 184.4(4.6) cm) to 4h of continuous tournament tennis. Venous and capillary blood samples were taken before and after the exercise. Amino acids were measured by HPLC-fluorescence detection as o-phthalaldehyde derivatives; nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), ammonia, total protein, glucose insulin and PRL by enzymatic methods. Exercise caused a decline of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) by 28(14)%. Elevation of NEFA resulted in a significant mean(s.d.) increase of free tryptophan (TRP) (9.7(2.6) [pmol/microliter] vs 17.8(6.4) [pmol/microliter]. The mean(s.d.) ratio of free TRP:BCAA increased by 165%(90) which favours entry of free TRP into the brain. However, PRL did not change significantly. We conclude that during long-lasting interval sports BCAA contribute as energy substrates. Alterations in competition of amino acids at the blood-brain barrier favour entry of free TRP into the brain. PRL changes cannot be explained by the increase in plasma level of free TRP or the ratio of free TRP:BCAA.
Thermoregulation of exercising men in the morning rise and evening fall phases of internal temperature.
Authors: Torii M , Nakayama H , Sasaki T
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the thermoregulatory responses during exercise in the morning rise (0900 h) and evening fall phases (2000 h) in circadian variation of body temperature. Five healthy volunteers performed bicycle exercises at 30% and 60% of maximal aerobic power (VO2max) at 26 degrees C with a relative humidity of 50%. Whole-body sweat rate (SR), rectal (Tre), mean skin (Tsk) and mean body (Tb) temperature, pulmonary ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO2), and carbon dioxide output (VCO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured during the experimental period. SR during exercise at 30% VO2max was significantly higher at 2000 h than at 0900 h. However, the circadian variation of SR during exercise was not observed at 60% VO2max. At the two experimental times, there were also no significant differences in VO2, VCO2, VE and Tsk in both workloads. In HR, Tb and Tre circadian effects were demonstrated as well as in workload levels. As Tb was plotted against SR during exercise, positive correlations were observed. The data showed that there was a parallel shift in the SR to Tb relationship during exercise in the morning and evening. This rightward shift indicated that there was an increased Tb threshold for the onset of sweating in the evening. Resting Tb at 2000 h was significantly higher when compared with Tb at 0900 h. The present results suggest that the circadian influence on the thermoregulatory response to exercise may be evident only at low workloads.
Surgical treatment of ruptures of the Achilles tendon: a review of long-term results.
Authors: Krueger-Franke M , Siebert C H , Scherzer S
Published: December 2008

The rupture of the Achilles tendon is frequently sports-related. In the time from 1 January, 1978 until 31 December, 1988, we treated 358 men and 54 women with such an injury at the Staatliche Orthopaedische Klinik in Munich. The average age of these patients was 43 years. The site of the rupture was generally located between 3-5 cm proximal of the distal insertion of the tendon. In the follow-up examination of 122 patients with surgical treatment of tendo calcaneus ruptures 85% showed 'good' to 'very good' subjective results. Of the operated patients 97% would choose the same treatment under similar circumstances. The isokinetic studies demonstrated a loss of static and dynamic strength in plantar flexion of the ankle joint of 9.1%, and 16.7% respectively, when compared to the healthy contralateral side. The ultrasound examination revealed a thickening of the tendon and of the dorsal paratenon with changes in the internal structure of the injured Achilles tendon. In spite of these favourable results, the high complication rate of 15.1% shows the need for new and extensive studies regarding the various alternative treatment forms, such as functional, non-operative options, to finally resolve the debate about the optimal treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures.
Eccentric activation and muscle damage: biomechanical and physiological considerations during downhill running.
Authors: Eston R G , Mickleborough J , Baltzopoulos V
Published: December 2008

An eccentric muscle activation is the controlled lengthening of the muscle under tension. Functionally, most leg muscles work eccentrically for some part of a normal gait cycle, to support the weight of the body against gravity and to absorb shock. During downhill running the role of eccentric work of the 'anti-gravity' muscles--knee extensors, muscles of the anterior and posterior tibial compartments and hip extensors--is accentuated. The purpose of this paper is to review the relationship between eccentric muscle activation and muscle damage, particularly as it relates to running, and specifically, downhill running.
Anxiety responses to maximal exercise testing.
Authors: O'Connor P J , Petruzzello S J , Kubitz K A , Robinson T L
Published: December 2008

The influence of maximal exercise testing on state anxiety was examined in three separate studies. Highly trained male distance runners (Study 1, n = 12) as well as college students with average (Study 2, n = 16) and below average (Study 3, n = 32) physical fitness levels completed graded maximal exercise tests. This last group was also randomly assigned to either a control or an 8 week training programme in order to determine the effect of increased fitness on the psychological responses to maximal exercise testing. Physical fitness was determined by the measurement of maximal oxygen uptake. State anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) was assessed before and from 2-15 min following exercise. It was found that the state anxiety responses to maximal exercise testing were not influenced by re-testing or by 8 weeks of endurance training. Across the three study groups, the anxiety response was variable during the first 5 min following exercise testing; increases, decreases and no changes in anxiety were observed when compared to pre-exercise levels. The anxiety response to maximal exercise appeared to be dependent on the pre-exercise anxiety levels as well as the timing of the post-exercise assessments. It is concluded that maximal exercise testing can be associated with negative mood shifts during the first 5 min after exercise; however, this response is transitory and followed by positive mood shifts 10-15 min following such tests.
Physiological profiles and sport specific fitness of Asian elite squash players.
Authors: Chin M K , Steininger K , So R C , Clark C R , Wong A S
Published: December 2008

There is a scarcity of descriptive data on the physiological characteristics of elite Asian squash players. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological profile and sports specific fitness of Hong Kong elite squash players. It was conducted before the selection of the Hong Kong national squash team for the 1992 Asian Squash Championship. Ten elite squash players were selected as subjects for the study. Maximum oxygen uptake was measured using a continuous treadmill running test. A sports specific field test was performed in a squash court. The following means (s.d.) were observed: height 172.6(4.3) cm; weight 67.7(6.9) kg; body fat 7.4(3.4)%; forced vital capacity (FVC) 5.13(0.26) litres; maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) 61.7(3.4) ml.kg-1.min-1; anaerobic threshold (AT) 80.2(3.3)% of VO2max; alactic power index 15.5(1.8) W.kg-1; lactic work index 323.5(29.4) J.kg-1, peak isokinetic dominant knee extensor and flexor strengths 3.11(0.29) Nm.kg-1 and 1.87(0.18) Nm.kg-1. The results show that the Hong Kong squash players have relatively high cardiorespiratory sports specific fitness and muscle strength which may be one of the key factors that contributed to the success of the Hong Kong team in the Asian Championship.
Injuries on British climbing walls.
Authors: Limb D
Published: December 2008

A postal survey was carried out of the 90 most accessible climbing walls in England, Scotland and Wales to determine the incidence and nature of injuries requiring emergency treatment associated with their use. Over a two year period, representing 1.021 million visits to the 56 walls used by more than 30 climbers per week, 55 significant injuries were recorded. The rate of injury was not related to any identified design or safety feature of the walls, although upper limb injuries were proportionally more common in walls which provided thinner fixed landing mats rather than thicker, moveable crash mats. The overall rate of injury was very low and climbers seem to modify risk taking behaviour and thus compensate for the level of safety equipment available. It may be possible to reduce the injury rate further by providing seamless ground cover with matting of adequate energy absorbency.
A biomechanical comparison between the central one-third patellar tendon and the residual tendon.
Authors: Matava M J , Hutton W C
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the tensile strength of the central one third patellar tendon--as used for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament--to that of the residual patellar tendon. Ten matched pairs of human cadaveric knees were used for this study, each specimen consisting of an intact patella-patellar tendon-proximal tibial unit. One knee from each pair was randomly selected for removal of both the medial and lateral one third of the patellar tendon, leaving the central one third intact. The contralateral knee of each pair underwent removal of the central one third of the patellar tendon, leaving the residual two thirds intact. Each specimen was then mounted in a materials testing machine and tensile tested to failure at a strain rate of 100%.s-1. The most important result to emerge from these experiments was that there was no significant difference in maximum force to failure for the residual patellar tendon compared to the central one third. Thus any thought that removal of the central one third as a graft still leaves a tendon twice as wide and therefore twice as strong as a graft is dispelled by these experiments.
Child-adult differences in whole blood lactate responses to incremental treadmill exercise.
Authors: Tolfrey K , Armstrong N
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether fixed blood lactate reference values of 2.5 and 4.0 mmol.1(-1) corresponded to the equivalent intensity of exercise in prepubertal and teenage boys, and men. Twenty six prepubertal boys (mean(sd) age) 11.1(0.4) years), 26 teenage boys (mean(sd) age 14.1(0.3) years), and 23 men (mean(sd) age 22.4(2.7) years) gave informed consent to participate in the study. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rates (HR) corresponding to the 2.5 and 4.0 mmol.1(-1) fixed blood lactate reference values were used as the criterion measures during incremental treadmill exercise. At the 2.5 mmol.1(-1) level there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in % peak VO2 between groups. For both prepubertal and teenage boys the 4.0 mmol.1(-1) lactate level represented a higher mean % peak. VO2 than for the mean (P < 0.05). The prepubertal and teenage values were again not significantly different (P > 0.05). Factors other than maturation during puberty influence blood lactate responses to exercise.
Two cases of acetabular fractures sustained during competitive cycling.
Authors: Bass A , Lovell M E
Published: December 2008

This paper reports two cases of posterior acetabular fracture obtained in an almost identical way in competitive cycling and presents potential diagnostic difficulties.