bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology and technical means for the quantitative assessment of dispersed characteristics of spray equipment for chemical plant protection
Authors: Paremsky I.Y. , Fedorenko V.F. , Aristov E.G. , Selivanov V.G. , Krakhovetsky N.N.
Published: October 2020

The purpose of the study is the development of new methods and technical means based on an innovative method of restoring the initial size of droplets, which will allow to determine the dispersed composition of spray droplets with high accuracy. The scientific novelty of the work is to develop an innovative test bench, the performance of which allow minimizing the impact of external influences on the process of measurement of the differential and integral characteristics of the spectrum of spray droplets, which will reduce the environmental load on biocinosis.
Studying the application of dielectric pretreatment before drying
Authors: Aripov Mirolim , Mamatov Sherzod , Turobjonov Sadriddin
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we studied the characteristics of drying red beets that were pretreated using microwaves before convective drying. The results of shortening the drying period using microwave pre-treatment during drying are analyzed. Experimental data were also obtained and the rehydration process of the dried sample was compared.
Research of a machine with a belt conveyor for drying grain
Authors: Pavlushin Andrey , Sutyagin Sergey , Karpenko Galina , Artemiev Vadim
Published: October 2020

Currently, grain drying technology is imperfect. Therefore, the development and scientific substantiation of energy-saving, environmentally friendly installations for drying grain that meet the requirements of modern Russian agrarian production is an urgent and important scientific and technical task that is essential for the development of the country. To solve this problem, we have developed a contact-type installation with a belt conveyor. For an objective assessment of the research object, the specific energy consumption per 1 kg of evaporated moisture qуд, kJ/kg of moisture was taken as an optimization criterion. The study of the installation in the drying mode was carried out on oat grain. After processing the results of the experiments, a new equation was obtained. This is a regression equation in natural and coded values of independent factors. The regression equation characterizes the influence of independent factors on the optimization criterion. Having solved the regression equation, it was found that the minimum specific energy consumption for drying grain is 4388 kJ/kg of moisture. This value is achieved at an average temperature of the conveyor belt tᴤр = 60 °C and the residence time of grain in the installation τ>об = 40 s. In this case, the convergence of theoretical and experimentally obtained research results was at least 95%. The decrease in grain moisture during the heating cycle in the developed installation is 2 ... 2.5%, which corresponds to agrotechnical requirements. Thus, as a result of theoretical and experimental studies of the developed installation, it was revealed that with optimal values of independent factors, the specific energy consumption is 4388 kJ/kg of moisture, which is 1.5 times less compared to serial grain dryers, in particular, with the SZ - 1.
Automated pipeline design algorithm with adaptive irrigation of agricultural facilities
Authors: Polenov Dmitry
Published: October 2020

In this paper are addressed necessary steps to create a costeffective pipeline system for plant irrigation. Particularly, focuses on properties of hydraulic dependencies, graph theory, plant productivity laws, which gives some information to design pipeline system. An algorithm for automated pipeline design. An important advantage of this algorithm is that possibility of changing the amount of irrigation due to the introduction of artificial intelligence in the water supply management system.
Prospects for the implementation of the risk management department in agricultural organizations of Russia and their interaction with the accounting system
Authors: Burtseva Ksenia , Alekseev Aleksandr
Published: October 2020

This article discusses the urgent issue of the importance of integrating and using a risk management system in the work of modern agricultural enterprises. During the study, a review of the risk management system was conducted, its advantages and main stages of implementation were noted, and the conditions for its effective functioning were described. The study contains a list of measures, the implementation of which will optimize risk management in agricultural organizations. The necessity of using a risk-based approach in the preparation of accounting and management reporting as a source of information base for the risk management system is established.
The study of the effectiveness of coagulants and white sludge in the process of dephosphotation of municipal wastewater
Authors: Gorbacheva Tamara , Mayorov Dmitriy , Velyaev Yuri , Zar Htun Yar
Published: October 2020

The results of the test coagulation of clarified wastewater of urban sewage facilities are presented in this work. A dose of aluminum and iron-containing coagulants in terms of metal oxide (Me2O3 ) was used as a parameter for comparison of the efficiency of reagent removal of phosphorus from wastewater. It was shown that the uses of any of the selected coagulants make it possible to bring the degree of purification of municipal effluents to the requirements of fishery co-op permissible exposure limit at the stage of simultaneous subsidence, while the best efficiency results are obtained for an aluminum oxychloride coagulant.
The determination of hydraulic resistance during laminar filtration through layers of sorbents and ion-exchange granules in environmental mass exchange equipment
Authors: Merentsov Nikolay , Balashov Alexander , Golovanchikov Alexander , Topilin Mikhail
Published: October 2020

The paper presents main calculation dependencies, their advantages and disadvantages for calculating the hydraulic resistance of granular and porous layers in the area of low filtration rates. Approaches are given to account for the influence of porosity and size of particles (sorbent granules) that differ in the values of constants and different ways to account for the influence of particle shape on the hydraulic resistance of the granular layer.
Modelling and calculation of a small-size evaporation cooling apparatus for industrial recirculated water with a heat-and-mass exchange packing based on wastes from metal-working machinery
Authors: Merentsov Nikolay , Golovanchikov Alexander , Lebedev Vitaliy , Gendler Alexander
Published: October 2020

The article presents the results of the experiments on fluid and gas dynamics through a layer of packing material S-Aisi304ε-0, 95 (ε=0, 95, σ=160m2/m3) suggested for use as packing blocks in small-size evaporation cooling apparatuses for industrial recirculated water. Experimentally confirmed effects are covered that prove the performance efficiency of wastes from metal-working machinery as packing materials for contact evaporation blocks. Results of mathematical modelling and engineering calculation of the main process parameters and dimensions for a small-size evaporation cooling apparatus for industrial recirculated water with use of contact blocks filled with the studied packing material are provided.
Bioindication of the metal-containing wastewater treatment process
Authors: Salina Albina , Salin Aleksey
Published: October 2020

The influence of Nickel (II) and Chronic (VI) ions on the redox processes in activated sludge community is discussed. Toxicity definition is made on the basis of fermentation activity (measurement dehydrogenase activity of sludge)
Pole models of decay of natural radioactive carbon as dose-forming nuclide
Authors: Strekalov Sergey , Frolova Mariya
Published: October 2020

The article presents the pole model of radiocarbon decay process. When using this model it is assumed that there is a pair bond in the form of an individual pole axis between proton and electron. This bond can change the tilt angle relative to the generalized axis, with increasing energy. Increase of the tilt angle of the pole axis is accompanied by increase of its energy, this process is interrelated with energy state of the paired electron. With increasing energy of the paired bond the energy of the electron decreases and it occupies the energy level located closer to the nucleus. At critical increase of energy of the pole axis it will deflect to the maximum angle, the electron takes the position located in the maximum proximity to the nucleus, which leads to the connection with the paired proton and formation of the neutron. The analysis of the decay process illustration is carried out. This article describes the β-decay process using pole models.
Development of the Ice Wall during the Construction of Vertical Mine Shafts
Authors: Zharov Anton A. , Mironov Dmitry A.
Published: October 2020

The issue of creating and maintaining an ice wall (ICW) for mine shafts is considering in this article. The relevance of the study is due to the growing demand for such minerals as, for example, potash ore. Such ore is mined by the mine method, in which ICW is used to ensure the strength and waterproofing of the shaft. The main problem lies in the correct calculation of the required thickness of the ICW and cooling capacity, the choice of modes and freeze mechanism. The choice of different solutions affects capital and operating costs. The task is to assess the influence of the freezing pipe layout and the selected coolant temperature on the cost of capital and operating costs. Also, the analysis of the influence of the above factors on the process of soil freezing itself was carried out. Analytical methods of calculation and special software were used for the study. The reasons were considered that did not allow creating a closed ice wall, since they are often caused not by the choice of a circuit design and temperature regime, but by a violation of the drilling technology and installation of pipes. As a result, this article brings together the experience of creating an ice wall and provides a comparative analysis of various solutions.
Two white sponge nevus in a single family: case report
Authors: Pasquier Chloé , Tisné-Versailles Sophie , Fénélon Mathilde , Catros Sylvain , Fricain Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2020

Introduction: White Sponge Nevus (WSN) is a leukokeratosis characterized by white lesions of the oral mucosa. These lesions are bilateral, thickened and raised compared to the adjacent mucosa. Their aspect are folded and spongy. It is a benign disorder with asymptomatics lesions which often appear during the childhood or the adolescence. The interest of this case report is that the diagnostic of WSN had been established directly, thanks to the presence of the patient's father. Observation: A twelve years old patient was examined in the unity of the oral mucosa pathology and oro-facials pain, of the oral surgery service of Bordeaux hospital (CHU de Bordeaux, France). He presented typical WSN lesions. His father was examined and presented the same lesions. Discussion: Diagnostic of WSN is mainly a clinical examination. There are a lot of differential diagnosis, and leukoplakia is the principal. In case of doubt about the diagnostic, a histological examination can be done. Nowadays, there is no consensus about the therapeutic. But the lesions are mainly asymptomatics, so any treatment has to be planed. Conclusion: An early WSN diagnosis avoids to patients a non adapted treatment and reassures young patients and their parents.
Verrucous carcinoma of the esophagus – a case report and literature review
Authors: Frieling Thomas , Kreysel Christian , Blank Michael , Müller Dorothee , Euler P. , Melchior Ilka , Wullstein Christoph , Hemmerlein Bernhard
Published: October 2020

Background Verrucous carcinoma of the esophagus is a rare disease leading to dysphagia, chest pain, and weight loss. The diagnosis is difficult because even repeated biopsies are often without tumor evidence. We present a patient with verrucous carcinoma of the esophagus and a literature review.

Case report A 64-year-old patient with dysphagia and sore throat received esophagogastroduodenoscopy illustrating segmental circumferential verrucous inflammation and Candida esophagitis in the middle part of the esophagus. Repeated mucosal biopsies revealed reactive hyperkeratosis of the squamous epithelium with minimal atypia but without ulcera, eosinophilic esophagitis, or suspicion of cancer. Mucosal infection with adenovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, human papilloma virus types, and cytomegaly virus was ruled out. Veruccous carcinoma was detected finally by endoscopic mucosal resection. The patient was successfully treated by esophageal resection. Tumor stage was G1, pT1b, pN0, L0, V0, Pn0, R0.

Conclusion The results suggest that macroscopic suspicion of verrucous esophageal carcinoma should lead to resections of larger tissue specimens by EMR to confirm the diagnosis.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography Imaging in Dental Implants: A Primer for Clinical Radiologists
Authors: Bernaerts Anja , Barbier Lieven , Abeloos Johan , De Backer Tom , Bosmans Frederik , Vanhoenacker Filip M. , Casselman Jan
Published: October 2020

With the introduction of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) into dentistry in the 1990s, radiologists have become more frequently involved in dental implant planning. This article describes the information that should be included in a radiology report to achieve a successful implantation. The justification to use CBCT during the preoperative planning phase is based on the need to evaluate patient-specific anatomy in detail (general condition of the jaw, bone quantity, and bone quality), the application of more advanced surgical techniques (maxillary sinus augmentation procedure, zygomatic implants), and the integrated presurgical planning and virtual patient approach. Postoperatively, CBCT is used when implant retrieval is anticipated and two-dimensional radiographs have not provided sufficient information, for evaluation of graft healing, or to assess complications, mostly related to neurovascular trauma.
Performance of the TWIST Score in Patients with Testicular Torsion that Present to the Emergency Department
Authors: Barco-Castillo Catalina , Sánchez Daniel , Fernández Nicolás
Published: October 2020

Objective Testicular torsion (TT) is an emergency with an incidence of 1:1,500 in patients < 18 years old. Irreversible changes in the testicular parenchyma may happen. The Testicular Workup for Ischemia and Suspected Torsion (TWIST) questionnaire evaluates signs and symptoms to determine the risk of TT and improve the time of management. The aim of the present study was to compare the intraoperative findings of patients with TT with the result of the preoperative TWIST questionnaire.

Methods A cohort of 33 pediatric patients that consulted to the emergency room was evaluated. The TWIST questionnaire was applied in the first approach. Imaging studies, time to the operating room (OR) and intraoperative findings were evaluated. Theoretical and real findings were compared.

Results The median age was 13 years old (interquartile range [IQR] 10–15 years old). Edema and scrotal inflammation was the most frequent finding (42.4%), followed by testicular induration (21.2%), nausea and vomiting (15.2%), and horizontal testicle and absence of cremasteric reflex (9.1%). The TWIST stratification was 3% high-risk, 18.2% intermediate-risk and 78.8% low-risk. Testicular Doppler ultrasound was performed in 93.9% of the patients: vascular congestion was found in 21.9%. A total of 30.3% of the kids were taken to surgery after 163 minutes (±116.5). Intraoperative diagnosis of TT was confirmed in the high-risk patient, in 33.3% of the intermediate-risk, and in 50% of the low-risk. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed an accuracy of 60% (p = 0.602).

Conclusions The TWIST questionnaire in the first approach allows to take the high-risk patients immediately to the OR. However, it might not be a reliable tool for diagnosis of TT in intermediate and low-risk patients.
Foregut Cyst in Heart: Case Report
Authors: Aggarwal Naresh Kumar , Bhoi Sushanta Kumar , Mishra Y. K.
Published: October 2020

A 70-year-old female presented with gradual onset of dyspnea with moderate exertion for 6 months. She had a history of stroke 1 month back which was resolved. On two-dimensional echo, she had a mass in left atrium (1.6 × 1.6 cm) with base attached to interatrial septum adjacent to anterior mitral leaflet. On coronary angiography, she had lesion in left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) with 60 to 70% stenosis. But intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography revealed mass in left ventricle attached to posterior mitral leaflet undersurface. The operation was performed; coronary artery bypass graft surgery with left internal mammary artery to LAD grafting and transannular decompression of the left ventricular mass was performed. Surgery was done uneventfully. The cyst content consisted of necrotic sebaceous-type material with calcification. Histopathology of excised material revealed it to be a foregut cyst of myocardium. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged in good clinical condition.
Neonatal Escherichia coli Meningitis, Complications, and Neurological Outcome
Authors: Wèli Manel , Charfi Fatma , Elleuch Amal , Charfi Rim , Gargouri Lamia , Mahfoudh Abdelmajid
Published: October 2020

Neonatal bacterial meningitis represents a major cause of mortality and morbidity in newborns worldwide. It leads to immediate and long-term neurological complications. In this article, we reported a case of a term newborn with an unremarkable pregnancy and delivery, who was admitted to our neonatal ward on the fifth day of life for fever. Cerebrospinal fluid culture was positive for Escherichia coli. The infant had neurological deterioration and continued fever despite adequate antibiotic therapy. Brain MRI showed multiple subdural abscesses with ventriculitis. Antibiotic therapy was maintained for 90 days with total resolution of the abscesses. The child has a normal physical examination and appropriate psychomotor development at 9 months of age.
Creating directional random lasers using cracked light-emitting material
Authors: McConnon Aili
Published: October 2020

Researchers gather spatially localized feedback (SLF) via self-assembled crack sidewalls made of biomaterials and generate directional random laser emissions due to the diffuse reflection by these sidewalls.
Using governance and patient flow strategies to improve healthcare service efficiency
Authors: Kivic Amanda , Hines Laureen
Published: October 2020

The aim of this case study was to share lessons learned regarding strategies likely to increase healthcare service efficiency. Following quality assurance review of statewide Hospital in the Home (HITH) average length of stay (ALOS) and readmission data, Queensland’s Department of Health observed that for some of the highest volume diagnoses seen in Queensland’s HITH services in 2017, services that used a public–private partnership (PPP) model of care achieved a shorter ALOS than services using a traditional public model of care without demonstrably poorer patient outcomes. To understand the reasons for the differences in ALOS, ALOS and readmission data from 2017 for 10 high-volume diagnoses were retrospectively compared for five HITH services. Two of the services used a PPP and three used a public HITH model of care. Additional data were collected to determine similarities and points of difference regarding how the services operated in 2017. Hospitals that used a PPP HITH model of care achieved shorter ALOS for eight of the 10 diagnoses, with the difference ranging from 0.94 to 5.98 days. Differences between how the PPP and public HITH services operated in 2017 were identified. The findings suggest that the use of governance strategies, criteria-led discharge and financial incentives is likely to support safe shorter lengths of stay.
What is known about the topic?Although sometimes challenging to implement and sustain, the use of governance and patient flow strategies is reported in the literature to support efficient healthcare service delivery.
What does this paper add?An opportunity to compare the efficiency outcomes of two different models of care that were implemented for the same service type concurrently statewide, and where the trial lasted for 4 years, is rare. Review of the learnings from this study may be useful to inform the design of efficient healthcare services. In addition, this paper contains information that may be helpful to those who wish to set up or evaluate a HITH service, or, enter into a PPP.
What are the implications for practitioners?(1) The use of patient flow strategies warrant prioritisation as using them is likely to improve service efficiency. (2) The processes employed to collect, review and use data to govern and make decisions should be carefully considered as they also are likely to affect efficiency. (3) Funding models can be used to influence efficiency.
Managing the environment in religious tourism destinations: a conceptual model.
Authors: Shinde Kiran A.
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this chapter is to do a comparative analysis of the environmental issues in six religious tourism destinations and then use this analysis as a basis to propose a conceptual model for explaining environmental management in religious tourism destinations. All the destinations selected for this analysis are from the state of Maharashtra in western India. This was done so that at least one governing parameter - legislative and institutional frameworks - was common to all sites. This commonality allowed for exploring the influence of other factors, such as the size of the town, the nature of the pilgrimage economy, the scale of pilgrim- or catchment-field, landscape attributes, and land uses, among others, in articulating and responding to environmental problems. Using indicators commonly used in environmental assessments, a comparative discussion of the environmental scenarios in these places is presented. The different institutions and their responses to the environmental challenges are explained, before the presenting the proposed conceptual model.
The Beyul: Sherpa perspectives on landscapes characteristics and tourism development in Khumbu (Everest), Nepal.
Authors: Nepal Sanjay K. , Mu Yang , La Po-Hsin
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines local residents' perspectives of Nepal's Khumbu (Mt Everest) region and the role of tourism in shaping residents' perspectives of this sacred landscape. This region is believed to be a sacred beyul, or a hidden valley that acts as a refuge, by local Buddhist Sherpas, and has undergone tremendous environmental, economic, and social changes due to the increased popularity of trekking tourism in the area. This chapter is based on data and information collected during two visits to the study location in 2014. It is reported that Sherpas' emotional and spiritual bonds with the landscape are reinforced through routinized contact with the sacred cultural features and consistent compliance with the rules of conduct. It is argued that Sherpa residents' objective recognition of the sacred landscape is influenced by geographical proximity to sacred sites, age of residents, and their religious backgrounds. Subjective interpretations of sacred landscape are also shaped by a strong awareness of behavioural restrictions, family influence and personal experiences. These strong bonds, however, are under threat as the religious influence of the landscape is diminishing with the shift of people's economic dependency from the land to a consumer culture facilitated by tourism.
An ecological and conservation perspective.
Authors: White C. Leann , Lankton Julia S. , Walsh Daniel P. , Sleeman Jonathan M. , Stephen Craig
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores the potential for One Health to shift its focus from disease prevention to health promotion to more fully integrate solutions that protect the health of humans, animals and the ecosystems on which we all depend for our economies, livelihoods, food security and health. This shift would facilitate a more seamless inclusion of ecological health and environmental conservation in the One Health paradigm and can serve as the basis for a comprehensive approach to complex problems at the root of global health. A framework for creating and applying health metrics for wildlife and ecological systems is essential for measuring the success of actions aimed at maintaining or shifting systems to desired states.
Towards a healthy concept of health.
Authors: Lerner Henrik , Zinsstag Jakob
Published: October 2020

This chapter focused on the One Health approach, its definition as well as implications of the definition. In order to aim for a 'healthy' concept one always needs to analyse how the concept is defined and where the boundaries to other concepts are. In everyday work, many crucial concepts such as health are not explicitly defined, rather one uses an implicit working definition. However, in dilemmas when one needs to think whether a certain state belongs to health or not, one needs to start thinking of the explicit definition of the concept of health. Thus, the concept analysis will focus on different definitions of the One Health approach, what 'One' implies in terms of trans- and interdisciplinarity, and how to define 'Health' within the One Health approach.
Transdisciplinary research and one health.
Authors: Berger-González Mónica , Pelikan Kristina , Zinsstag Jakob , Ali Seid Mohamed , Schelling Esther
Published: October 2020

Transdisciplinary research projects consist of different phases of intra-, multi-, inter- or transdisciplinary collaborations, in this chapter the significant role of transdisciplinary research in One Health as well as in Ecohealth are highlighted.
Reaping one health benefits through cross-sectoral services.
Authors: Danielsen Solveig , Schelling Esther , Whittaker Maxine
Published: October 2020

This chapter assembles experiences from different fields of work to illustrate how these added values can be materialized and some of the challenges that get in the way of progress. In the first part of this chapter, the general characteristics of service delivery in human, animal and plant health were presented. The focus is on rural areas in low-income countries, where integrated ways to deliver health services have the most potential to benefit people and communities. In the second part, examples of services that intersect different health sectors and disciplines were discussed.
Human and animal African trypanosomiasis.
Authors: Welburn Susan C. , Coleman Paul
Published: October 2020

This chapter describes the evolution of a One Health approach - the Stamp Out Sleeping Sickness (SOS) campaign - that has been key to the sustainable control of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in humans and animals in Uganda.
The role of companion animals in supporting human patients with non-communicable diseases.
Authors: Turner Dennis C. , Hediger Karin
Published: October 2020

The epidemiology, prevalence, risk factors and the role of companion animals in helping people with cardiovascular diseases, obesity and depression are presented.
Towards resilience: the one health approach in disasters.
Authors: Gallagher Christa A. , Jones Barbara , Tickel Jimmy
Published: October 2020

This chapter describes the effects of natural disasters on the incidence of human and animal diseases and the role of One Health in disease control.
Food security and nutrition.
Authors: Gordon Iain J. , Alonso Silvia , Crump Lisa , Dominguez-Salas Paula , de Garine-Wichatitsky Michel
Published: October 2020

This chapter gives an overview of the relationship between food security and One Health. Topics that were highlighted are: the global governance of food and nutrition security; malnutrition; undernutrition; over nutrition; food waste; and systems approach to food security.
Measuring added value from integrated methods: towards a game theory of one health.
Authors: Zinsstag Jakob , Mahamat Mahamat Bechir , Schelling Esther
Published: October 2020

This chapter describes the concept of "added value" as a constituent part of modern One Health conceptual thinking, including the closer cooperation of human and animal health and related disciplines and how it can be measured.
Differentiating maximal and submaximal voluntary strength measures for the purposes of medico‐legal assessments and para sport classification: A systematic review
Authors: Paix Emily L. , Tweedy Sean M. , Connick Mark J. , Beckman Emma M.
Published: October 2020

Measurement of maximum voluntary muscle contractions are effort‐dependent – valid measurement requires maximal voluntary effort (MVE) from participants. Submaximal efforts (SMEs) yield invalid and potentially misleading results. This is particularly problematic in medico‐legal and Para sport assessments where low strength scores may confer a personal advantage. Therefore, objective methods for accurately differentiating MVE and SME are required. This systematic review aimed to identify, appraise and synthesise evidence from scientific studies evaluating the validity of objective methods for differentiating MVE from SME during maximal voluntary contractions. Four electronic databases were searched for original research articles published in English and secondary references appraised for relevance yielding 25 studies for review. Methods were categorised based on eight distinct underlying theories. For isokinetic strength assessment, methods based on two theories – Strength‐measure Ratios and Inter‐Trial Strength Consistency – correctly classified 100% MVE and > 92% SME. Consequently, research evaluating the relative suitability of these methods for translation into practice is warranted. During isometric strength assessments, methods based on Deceptive Visual Feedback and Force‐length properties warrant further investigation. Both methods yielded statistically significant differences between MVE and SME, with minimal overlap in values, but their sensitivity and specificity have not been evaluated.
Analysis of wind-adaptive architecture
Authors: Kabošová L
Published: October 2020

As an architectural response to the changing climate, a wind-driven design approach is developed. By adopting the digital design tools, the wind can be integrated into the design process, from the large scale of urban planning, through the form-finding of buildings, as well as designing the texture and roughness of building surfaces. In its more extreme forms, it is even more notable, how the wind flow is shaped and influenced by architecture. Former docks in Stockholm serve as a case study site to test architectural interventions that alter the wind flow on the site. This wind-driven design approach enables the evaluation of the wind performance of various design options, which informs design decisions. Grasshopper, the graphical algorithmic plug-in for Rhinoceros, creates one working environment, where the geometry is parametrically designed, and subsequently analysed in the virtual wind tunnel through the Swift extension for Grasshopper. The Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis results retroactively help decide which of the design options performs the best in the given wind conditions.
Artistic Objectivity: From Ruskin’s ‘Pathetic Fallacy’ to Creative Receptivity
Authors: Lichtenstein Eli I
Published: October 2020

While the idea of art as self-expression can sound old-fashioned, it remains widespread—especially if the relevant ‘selves’ can be social collectives, not just individual artists. But self-expression can collapse into individualistic or anthropocentric self-involvement. And compelling successor ideals for artists are not obvious. In this light, I develop a counter-ideal of creative receptivity to basic features of the external world, or artistic objectivity. Objective artists are not trying to express themselves or reach collective self-knowledge. However, they are also not disinterested or emotionless. They can be unmoved by personal feelings and human concerns, but they are still receptive—just attuned to the more elemental forces that creatively inspire them. I elaborate this ideal in dialogue with John Ruskin’s influential critique of the pathetic fallacy. By contextualizing Ruskin’s view vis-à-vis Romantic and Modernist poetics, post-Kantian aesthetics, modern environmental art, and contemporary theories of expressiveness, I show how it indirectly motivates my account.
Trajectories in Decolonizing Language: A Conversation with Ngugi wa Thiong’o
Authors: Canagarajah Suresh
Published: October 2020

This interview presents the celebrated Kenyan writer Ngugi's changing orientations in decolonizing language. After adopting a Marxist approach to language in the 1980s, he now adopts an embodied and ecological orientation from his indigenous Gikuyu tradition. He articulates the importance of vernaculars and multimodal art forms in social transformation. He discusses the role of affective dispositions such as memory, pain, and hope in resistance.
Trade, standards and politics: global pressures on front-of-pack nutrition labelling interventions
Authors: Thow A M
Published: October 2020

Although interpretive front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labelling is rightly considered a national health policy decision, it is also influenced by global trade agreements and international standards. Over the past decade, Specific Trade Concerns have been repeatedly raised at the World Trade Organization (WTO) regarding potential impacts of FOP nutrition labelling initiatives on trade. One of the common concerns raised was regarding the consistency of the measures with international standards. The Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), which makes global food standards, is currently developing global guidance for FoP nutrition labelling, which will almost certainly influence national policy making. This presentation draws on qualitative policy analysis research on trade concerns and international standards work regarding FOP nutrition labelling. Two challenges are evident at the global policy level. The first is the potential for constraints on policy space for innovative FOP nutrition labelling due to binding trade agreements. The second is the potential for significant industry input into standard development at Codex, which then constitute the reference point for WTO discussions on labelling. Historically, Codex standards have focussed primarily on acute risks, for example, from foodborne disease. This shift in Codex's activities towards standards to address NCDs presents new risks for achievement of public health goals, as a result of the high level of industry involvement in this forum and thus potential commercial conflict of interest. It is imperative that public health actors engage with Codex processes to ensure policy space for national governments to implement strong and effective regulation and allow scope for innovation. At the national policy level, strategic framing of nutrition labelling policy objectives and proactive policy engagement between trade and health can also minimise trade issues.
1.E. Workshop: Sharing experiences and evidence on smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy
Authors:   Organised by: EUPHA Child and adolescent health section,   Chair persons: Danielle Jansen – EUPHA-CAPH, Luís Saboga-Nunes – EUPHA-HP
Published: October 2020

Smoking during pregnancy has negative health consequences for maternal and children’s health, e.g. an increased chance of an ectopic pregnancy, low birth weight, still birth and childhood asthma. To facilitate smoking cessation during pregnancy, many guidelines for healthcare professionals have been developed to support women to quit smoking. With an estimated prevalence of 8.1%, the European Region has the highest prevalence of smoking during pregnancy compared to other regions in the world. The objective of this workshop is to combine the knowledge around smoking during pregnancy (e.g. pregnant women' experiences with smoking, the development and implementation of guidelines, smoking cessation support). The workshop consists of three presentations about projects focusing on smoking cessation interventions. The first presentation (Stella Weiland) will be about women and significant others their needs for professional smoking cessation support. The second presentation (Cristian Meghea) presents the effectiveness of the Quit Together Trial. The third presentation (David Tappin) will be about incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy. After these three presentations, a discussion will be held among the participants of the workshop. The discussion will focus on the common elements of the different interventions and the identification of aspects which are perceived to be successful to facilitate smoking cessation of pregnant women. During this discussion, new approaches, experiences in daily practice and best practices can be shared about smoking and smoking cessation of pregnant women. A few statements, formulated by the researchers participating in this workshop, will be provided as input for the discussion.

Key messages

The European region has the highest prevalence of smoking during pregnancy. Knowledge on effective interventions should be combined and shared to facilitate smoking cessation during pregnancy.
Preliminary efficacy of the Quit Together Couple focused pregnancy smoking cessation intervention in Romania
Authors: Meghea C , Bandici R , Dascal M D
Published: October 2020

Significance

Smoking rates before and during pregnancy are high in Romania and other low- and middle-income countries. We report on the efficacy of a smoking cessation intervention for couples during and after pregnancy in Romania.

Methods

The Quit Together trial enrolled participants between 2017-2019. The target population was comprised of pregnant smokers and their life partners in Romania. Eligibility criteria included age > =18; pregnant; smoker; married or with a stable partner; willing to share partner contact info to be invited as participants as well. Participants self-enrolled through the Quit Together project webpage responding to Facebook ads and Google AdWords ad campaigns, and promotion through emails, online discussion groups, and printed materials distributed nationally by perinatal educators in ObGyn clinics and other relevant locations. Quit Together is a telephone counselling program building on the Motivation and Problem Solving (MAPS) approach enhanced by targeting the couples' smoking behavior and focusing on dyadic efficacy for smoking cessation. We report preliminary efficacy results of Quit Together.

Preliminary Results

There were 130 pregnant smokers with confirmed enrollment in the Quit Together trial. Among those who completed the intervention, the postpartum follow-up rate was close to 87% (N = 47/52). The mean age was 28, ranging from 18 to 42. Over 42% graduated college. Over 62% of the pregnant smokers had moderate-high nicotine dependence. Interim smoking cessation efficacy analyses on the first 52 participants indicate that the self-reported quit rate was 29.6% in the intervention group (8/27) vs 20% in the control group (5/25). Biochemically confirmed quit rates were 11.1% (3/27) vs 8% (2/25).

Conclusions

Motivation and problem-solving telephone counseling with couples can increase smoking cessation during pregnancy. These interim findings suggest that Quit Together may be an efficacious program for prenatal smoking cessation.
Beliefs towards vaccination and trust in the scientific community in Italy
Authors: Cadeddu C , Daugbjerg S , Ricciardi W , Rosano A
Published: October 2020

Background

In 2017 the Italian government introduced compulsory vaccination for children aged 0-16 for ten diseases, in response to an alarmingly decrease in coverage and measles outbreak. A hot social debate arose in the wake of this law, questioning the trust both in the scientific community regarding vaccines and in the safety of vaccines. No Italian study has prior studied these topics combined. We therefore investigated the socio-cultural profile of Italians regarding beliefs towards vaccination and trust in the scientific community.

Methods

Data were extracted from the Italian section of the 2017 European Social Survey (ESS), conducted by the Italian National Institute for Public Policy Analysis. Main outcomes were the opinion about harmfulness of vaccines and the trust in the scientific community. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to examine the socio-cultural profile of respondents on the topic.

Results

Among the 2,626 subjects interviewed, 19% believed that vaccines are harmful and 10% had no trust in the scientific community in regards to vaccines. Respondents who thought that vaccines are harmful, compared to respondents disagreeing, were characterized by less often having an education of 13 years or more (23% vs 29%), less often using a computer every day (44% vs 54%), less often participating in congresses (9% vs 17%), more often having a right wing political orientation (38% vs 26%). Out of the respondents who believed in the harmfulness of vaccines, 29% neither had trust in the scientific community. PCA suggested that this group (Anti-vax/science sceptic) was characterised by low participation in political and cultural life, being male, older of age and a right wing political orientation.

Conclusions

This study paints a picture of the opinions of Italians on vaccines. Respondents' profiles may be useful for policymakers to design targeted vaccination campaigns and to intervene more efficaciously in public debates.

Key messages

The share of Italian people who believe in harmfulness of vaccines is high, almost one in five. This is of great concern for the success of vaccination campaigns. Scientific community has a key role in the public debate on vaccines, considering the large consensus received on this issue.
Mediating tensions between public health and individual rights
Authors: Toebes B
Published: October 2020

Public health laws and policies are powerful tools. Yet, they are often at tension with individual rights, including physical integrity, and privacy and family life. For example: extensive quarantines to curb the spread of an infectious disease may restrict freedom of movement; the introduction of compulsory vaccination for pre-school entry may create tension with the freedom of conscience or religion of parents who do not wish to have their children vaccinated; and smoke-free zones can create tension with the rights to privacy and family life.

Overcoming such tensions is both an ethical and a legal imperative. The primary legal framework in which this settling of tensions takes place is human rights law, which is binding on all countries around the world. Human rights standards reflect individual values that need to be taken into account when introducing public health measures. However, there is still insufficient understanding as to how the various human rights are to be weighed and integrated into public health laws and policies. Many questions remain, including how to balance public health or the collective ‘right to health' with individual rights.

This presentation will identify the most important tensions between public health measures and individual human rights. Subsequently, it will offer some solutions on how to better integrate human rights into public health laws and policies. Specific attention will be paid to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The point will be made, that the ‘best interest of the child' norm under this Convention may under circumstances set aside other interests, including parental freedoms. The presentation will conclude with the identification of a so-called ‘Human Rights-Based Approach' (HRBA), an integrated approach that may serve to make public health laws and policies ‘human rights proof'.

Key messages

There is an inherent tension between measures to protect the health of the public and individual human rights. We need to come to a better understanding of how to resolve these tensions.
Improving the usefulness of mortality data in Brazil: reclassification of ill-defined causes of death
Authors: França E , Ishitani L , Teixeira R , Cunha C , Marinho F
Published: October 2020

Background

Garbage codes (GC) among registered causes of death can bias mortality analysis. In Brazil, more than one million deaths occurred annually in 2006-2017 and around 100,000 deaths per year were originally attributed to GC ill-defined causes of death (IDCD) in the Mortality Information System (SIM - Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade). To provide more accurate cause-of-death analysis, routine investigations of IDCD in the health surveillance system have been implemented in the country since 2005. The objective of this study was to analyze specific underlying causes for deaths originally assigned as IDCD in the SIM in 2006-2017.

Methods

For all IDCD (ICD codes from chapter 18, or R-codes) identified in the SIM, municipal health professionals collected information about the final disease obtained from hospital records, autopsies, forms of family health teams, and home investigation. Proportions of reclassified deaths by cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMF) derived from the reclassified IDCD by age and four calendar periods were analyzed to assess specific causes detected after investigation.

Results

A high proportion of deaths due to IDCD was investigated in 2006-2017 (32%). From a total of 257,367 IDCD reclassified, chronic diseases (56.6%), injuries (7.2%), and infectious (5.2%) or neonatal, maternal, malnutrition (1.7%) were the underlying causes detected among IDCD. Neonatal-related conditions, interpersonal violence, ischemic heart disease and stroke were the leading causes detected in the age groups 0-9 years, 10-29 years, 30-69 years, 70 years and over, respectively.

Conclusions

High proportions of IDCD reassigned to more informative causes after review indicate the success of this approach to correct misclassification in the SIM, an initiative that should be maintained. Training physicians on death certification along with better quality of medical care and access to health services would lead to further improvement.

Key messages

Investigation of IDCD as part of routine data collection on a large scale as had occurred in Brazil in 2006-2017 is an innovative approach to strengthen population-level mortality statistics. In addition to reducing the proportions of IDCD by their reclassification into specific causes, this initiative opens up the prospect of using these results for redistributing remaining cases of IDCD.