bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From signaller to a musical instrument: A Brief approach of trumpet transformations from its origins to the renaissance
Authors: Sulpício Carlos Afonso
Published: December 2015

No presente artigo pretendemos apresentar de forma sucinta as transformações do trompete, de suas origens ao Renascimento. A confecção, a técnica2 e os diversos contextos em que o instrumento foi utilizado modificaram-se consideravelmente através da história. Este instrumento de sopro da família dos metais passou por um longo processo de transformação, que se iniciou na Antiguidade. Dentre os instrumentos conhecidos da humanidade, ele está entre os mais antigos e o que mais sofreu transformações e adaptações.
Art and Street: Rap and funk in Cidade Tiradentes/SP
Authors: Hikiji Rose Satiko Gitirana
Published: December 2015

A comunicação aborda as relações e diferenças entre dois fazeres musicais presentes na periferia de São Paulo, em especial no distrito de Cidade Tiradentes, maior complexo habitacional popular da América Latina, com mais de 300 mil habitantes. A partir de uma perspectiva etnográfica, a pesquisa aproxima-se do rap, tal qual praticado e pensado hoje por MCs que viveram os momentos de grande influência do estilo no bairro nos anos 1990, e do funk, em especial da vertente “Ostentação” desta música que “ganhou linguagem” entre os moradores da periferia e além.
Osesp anD Cu ltura Artística: two models
Authors: Teperman Ricardo Indig
Published: December 2015

A reestruturação da Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo provocou um notável ciclo de adensamento na “vida musical” paulista, com importantes repercussões em nível nacional. Ao mesmo tempo, o projeto reproduz, com alguma variação e novidade, elementos do modelo consagrado pela Sociedade de Cultura Artística, uma das mais tradicionais instituições da cultura legítima no Brasil, pelo que é por vezes tachada de elitista.
A proposal for revising the Kulturindustrie of Adorno and Horkheimer from the praxeology of Austrian philosopher Ludwig von Mises
Authors: Santos Rafael Ribeiro
Published: December 2015

Uma proposta de releitura da Kultureindustrie de Adorno e Horkheimer a partir da praxeologia do filósofo austríaco Ludwig von Mises. O termo Kultureindustrie de Theodor Adorno e Max Horkheimer representa uma leitura pessimista acerca dos procedimentos de fabricação em série a que a produção artística e cultural tem sido submetidas após a Revolução Industrial. As normas de produção e comercialização, e a regulamentação das profissões, todas estão sob controle estatal, isso implica, segundo Mises, em favorecimento das iniciativas que representem os interesses dos políticos, e não do povo. A livre iniciativa privada nos segmentos educacional, cultural e artístico, dessa forma, fica impedida ou dificultada de operar fora dos interesses daqueles que estão no poder. Mas a atividade artística é individualista, e é necessária liberdade de negociação e, no âmbito poético, de expressão.
Injury-Mediated Vascular Regeneration Requires Endothelial ER71/ETV2
Authors: Park Changwon , Lee Tae-Jin , Bhang Suk Ho , Liu Fang , Nakamura Rei , Oladipupo Sunday S. , Pitha-Rowe Ian , Capoccia Benjamin , Choi Hong Seo , Kim Tae Min , Urao Norifumi , Ushio-Fukai Masuko , Lee Dongjun , Miyoshi Hiroyuki , Kim Byung-Soo , Lim Dae-Sik , Apte Rajendra S. , Ornitz David M. , Choi Kyunghee
Published: December 2015

Objective—

Comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms regulating angiogenesis might provide new strategies for angiogenic therapies for treating diverse physiological and pathological ischemic conditions. The E-twenty six (ETS) factor Ets variant 2 (ETV2; aka Ets-related protein 71) is essential for the formation of hematopoietic and vascular systems. Despite its indispensable function in vessel development, ETV2 role in adult angiogenesis has not yet been addressed. We have therefore investigated the role of ETV2 in vascular regeneration.

Approach and Results—

We used endothelial
Etv2
conditional knockout mice and ischemic injury models to assess the role of ETV2 in vascular regeneration. Although
Etv2
expression was not detectable under steady-state conditions, its expression was readily observed in endothelial cells after injury. Mice lacking endothelial
Etv2
displayed impaired neovascularization in response to eye injury, wounding, or hindlimb ischemic injury. Lentiviral
Etv2
expression in ischemic hindlimbs led to improved recovery of blood perfusion with enhanced vessel formation. After injury, fetal liver kinase 1 (
Flk1
), aka VEGFR2, expression and neovascularization were significantly upregulated by
Etv2
, whereas
Flk1
expression and vascular endothelial growth factor response were significantly blunted in
Etv2
-deficient endothelial cells. Conversely, enforced
Etv2
expression enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor–mediated endothelial sprouting from embryoid bodies. Lentiviral
Flk1
expression rescued angiogenesis defects in endothelial
Etv2
conditional knockout mice after hindlimb ischemic injury. Furthermore,
Etv2
+/−
;
Flk1
+/−
double heterozygous mice displayed a more severe hindlimb ischemic injury response compared with
Etv2

+/
−

or
Flk1

+/
−

heterozygous mice, revealing an epistatic interaction between ETV2 and FLK1 in vascular regeneration.

Conclusions—

Our study demonstrates a novel obligatory role for the ETV2 in postnatal vascular repair and regeneration.
Cerebral Vasoreactivity, Apolipoprotein E, and the Risk of Dementia
Authors: Wolters Frank J. , de Bruijn Renée F.A.G. , Hofman Albert , Koudstaal Peter J. , Ikram M. Arfan
Published: December 2015

Objective—

Cerebral vasoreactivity (CVR) is a key factor in maintenance of continuous cerebral perfusion and a marker of (micro)vascular damage. We aimed to determine the longitudinal relation between CVR and the risk of dementia in the general population.

Approach and Results—

We determined CVR in nondemented participants who underwent transcranial Doppler with induced hypercapnia from 1997 to 1999, as part of the ongoing population-based Rotterdam Study. We used a Cox model to determine the risk of dementia in relation to CVR, adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, and carotid intima-media thickness. We furthermore determined decline on a cognitive test battery in relation to CVR, using linear mixed models. Among 1629 participants (mean±SD age 70.6±6.2 years, 46.2% female) with a mean follow-up of 11.5 years, 209 were diagnosed with dementia, of whom 171 had Alzheimer disease. Higher CVR at baseline was associated with lower risk of dementia (adjusted hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval, per SD increase: 0.87, 0.75–1.00) and Alzheimer disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.84; 0.71–0.99). This association was more profound in
APOE
ε4 carriers than in noncarriers (adjusted hazard ratio for all dementia: 0.77, 0.60–0.98 versus 0.89, 0.73–1.07). Performance on cognitive tests at baseline was better with higher CVR (g-factor:
P
=0.02), but during 3 cognitive assessments over 11 years of follow-up, higher CVR at baseline was associated with less decline in test scores on the Stroop reading and interference tasks in
APOE
ε4 carriers only (
P
=0.01 and 0.02, respectively).

Conclusions—

Impaired CVR is associated with an increased risk of dementia in the general population.
Cell-Penetrating Pepducin Therapy Targeting PAR1 in Subjects With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Gurbel Paul A. , Bliden Kevin P. , Turner Susan E. , Tantry Udaya S. , Gesheff Martin G. , Barr Travis P. , Covic Lidija , Kuliopulos Athan
Published: December 2015

Objective—

Pepducins are membrane-tethered, cell-penetrating lipopeptides that target the cytoplasmic surface of their cognate receptor. Here, we report the first human use of a protease-activated receptor-1–based pepducin, which is intended as an antiplatelet agent to prevent ischemic complications of percutaneous coronary interventions.

Approach and Results—

PZ-128 was administered by 1 to 2 hours continuous intravenous infusion (0.01–2 mg/kg) to 31 subjects with coronary artery disease or multiple coronary artery disease risk factors. Safety, antiplatelet efficacy, and pharmacokinetics were assessed at baseline and 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 24 hours, and 7 to 10 days postdosing. The inhibitory effects of PZ-128 on platelet aggregation stimulated by the protease-activated receptor-1 agonist SFLLRN (8 μmol/L) at 30 minutes to 6 hours were dose dependent with 20% to 40% inhibition at 0.3 mg/kg, 40% to 60% at 0.5 mg/kg, and ≥80% to 100% at 1 to 2 mg/kg. The subgroup receiving aspirin in the 0.5 and 1-mg/kg dose cohorts had 65% to 100% inhibition of final aggregation to SFLLRN at 30 minutes to 2 hours and 95% to 100% inhibition by 6 hours. The inhibitory effects of 0.5 mg/kg PZ-128 were reversible with 50% recovery of aggregation to SFLLRN by 24 hours. There were no significant effects of PZ-128 on aggregation induced by AYPGKF, ADP, or collagen, indicating that the observed effects were specific to protease-activated receptor-1. The plasma half-life was 1.3 to 1.8 hours, and PZ-128 was nondetectable in urine. There were no effects on bleeding, coagulation, clinical chemistry, or ECG parameters.

Conclusions—

PZ-128 is a promising antiplatelet agent that provides rapid, specific, dose dependent, and reversible inhibition of platelet protease-activated receptor-1 through a novel intracellular mechanism.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01806077.
Origin of Matrix-Producing Cells That Contribute to Aortic Fibrosis in Hypertension
Authors: Wu Jing , Montaniel Kim Ramil C. , Saleh Mohamed A. , Xiao Liang , Chen Wei , Owens Gary K. , Humphrey Jay D. , Majesky Mark W. , Paik David T. , Hatzopoulos Antonis K. , Madhur Meena S. , Harrison David G.
Published: December 2015

Various hypertensive stimuli lead to exuberant adventitial collagen deposition in large arteries, exacerbating blood pressure elevation and end-organ damage. Collagen production is generally attributed to resident fibroblasts; however, other cells, including resident and bone marrow-derived stem cell antigen positive (Sca-1
+
) cells and endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, can produce collagen and contribute to vascular stiffening. Using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, we found that adventitial Sca-1
+
progenitor cells begin to produce collagen and acquire a fibroblast-like phenotype in hypertension. We also found that bone marrow-derived cells represent more than half of the matrix-producing cells in hypertension, and that one-third of these are Sca-1
+
. Cell sorting and lineage-tracing studies showed that cells of endothelial origin contribute to no more than one fourth of adventitial collagen I
+
cells, whereas those of vascular smooth muscle lineage do not contribute. Our findings indicate that Sca-1
+
progenitor cells and bone marrow-derived infiltrating fibrocytes are major sources of arterial fibrosis in hypertension. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition likely also contributes, albeit to a lesser extent and pre-existing resident fibroblasts represent a minority of aortic collagen-producing cells in hypertension. This study shows that vascular stiffening represents a complex process involving recruitment and transformation of multiple cells types that ultimately elaborate adventitial extracellular matrix.
Use of Warfarin at Discharge Among Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation in China
Authors: Yang Xiaomeng , Li Zixiao , Zhao Xingquan , Wang Chunjuan , Liu Liping , Wang Chunxue , Pan Yuesong , Li Hao , Wang David , Hart Robert G. , Wang Yilong , Wang Yongjun
Published: December 2015

Background and Purpose—

Guidelines recommend oral anticoagulation for ischemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation, and previous studies have shown the underuse of anticoagulation for these patients in China. We sought to explore the underlying reasons and factors that currently affect the use of warfarin in China.

Methods—

From June 2012 to January 2013, 19 604 patients with acute ischemic stroke were admitted to 219 urban hospitals voluntarily participating in the China National Stroke Registry II. Multivariable logistic regression models using the generalized estimating equation method were used to identify patient/hospital factors independently associated with warfarin use at discharge.

Results—

Among the 952 acute ischemic stroke patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 19.4% were discharged on warfarin. The risk of bleeding (52.8%) and patient refusal (31.9%) were the main reasons for not prescribing anticoagulation. Larger/teaching hospitals were more likely to prescribe warfarin. Older patients, heavy drinkers, patients with higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission were less likely to be given warfarin, whereas patients with history of heart failure and an international normalized ratio between 2.0 and 3.0 during hospitalization were significantly associated with warfarin use at discharge.

Conclusions—

The rate of warfarin use remains low among patients with ischemic stroke and known nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in China. Hospital size and academic status together with patient age, heart failure, heavy alcohol drinking, international normalized ratio in hospital, and stroke severity on admission were each independently associated with the use of warfarin at discharge. There is much room for improvement for secondary stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients in China.
Attentional Selection Can Be Predicted by Reinforcement Learning of Task-relevant Stimulus Features Weighted by Value-independent Stickiness
Authors: Balcarras Matthew , Ardid Salva , Kaping Daniel , Everling Stefan , Womelsdorf Thilo
Published: December 2015

Attention includes processes that evaluate stimuli relevance, select the most relevant stimulus against less relevant stimuli, and bias choice behavior toward the selected information. It is not clear how these processes interact. Here, we captured these processes in a reinforcement learning framework applied to a feature-based attention task that required macaques to learn and update the value of stimulus features while ignoring nonrelevant sensory features, locations, and action plans. We found that value-based reinforcement learning mechanisms could account for feature-based attentional selection and choice behavior but required a value-independent stickiness selection process to explain selection errors while at asymptotic behavior. By comparing different reinforcement learning schemes, we found that trial-by-trial selections were best predicted by a model that only represents expected values for the task-relevant feature dimension, with nonrelevant stimulus features and action plans having only a marginal influence on covert selections. These findings show that attentional control subprocesses can be described by (1) the reinforcement learning of feature values within a restricted feature space that excludes irrelevant feature dimensions, (2) a stochastic selection process on feature-specific value representations, and (3) value-independent stickiness toward previous feature selections akin to perseveration in the motor domain. We speculate that these three mechanisms are implemented by distinct but interacting brain circuits and that the proposed formal account of feature-based stimulus selection will be important to understand how attentional subprocesses are implemented in primate brain networks.
A Neural Correlate of Strategic Exploration at the Onset of Adolescence
Authors: Kayser Andrew S. , Op de Macks Zdeňa , Dahl Ronald E. , Frank Michael J.
Published: December 2015

The onset of adolescence is associated with an increase in the behavioral tendency to explore and seek novel experiences. However, this exploration has rarely been quantified, and its neural correlates during this period remain unclear. Previously, activity within specific regions of the rostrolateral PFC (rlPFC) in adults has been shown to correlate with the tendency for exploration. Here we investigate a recently developed task to assess individual differences in strategic exploration, defined as the degree to which the relative uncertainty of rewards directs responding toward less well-evaluated choices, in 62 girls aged 11–13 years from whom resting state fMRI data were obtained in a separate session. Behaviorally, this task divided our participants into groups of explorers (n = 41) and nonexplorers (n = 21). When seed ROIs within the rlPFC were used to interrogate resting state fMRI data, we identified a lateralized connection between the rlPFC and posterior putamen/insula whose strength differentiated explorers from nonexplorers. On the basis of Granger causality analyses, the preponderant direction of influence may proceed from posterior to anterior. Together, these data provide initial evidence concerning the neural basis of exploratory tendencies at the onset of adolescence.
Phonological Processing in Primary Progressive Aphasia
Authors: Henry Maya L. , Wilson Stephen M. , Babiak Miranda C. , Mandelli Maria Luisa , Beeson Pelagie M. , Miller Zachary A. , Gorno-Tempini Maria Luisa
Published: December 2015

Individuals with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) show selective breakdown in regions within the proposed dorsal (articulatory–phonological) and ventral (lexical–semantic) pathways involved in language processing. Phonological STM impairment, which has been attributed to selective damage to dorsal pathway structures, is considered to be a distinctive feature of the logopenic variant of PPA. By contrast, phonological abilities are considered to be relatively spared in the semantic variant and are largely unexplored in the nonfluent/agrammatic variant. Comprehensive assessment of phonological ability in the three variants of PPA has not been undertaken. We investigated phonological processing skills in a group of participants with PPA as well as healthy controls, with the goal of identifying whether patterns of performance support the dorsal versus ventral functional–anatomical framework and to discern whether phonological ability differs among PPA subtypes. We also explored the neural bases of phonological performance using voxel-based morphometry. Phonological performance was impaired in patients with damage to dorsal pathway structures (nonfluent/agrammatic and logopenic variants), with logopenic participants demonstrating particular difficulty on tasks involving nonwords. Binary logistic regression revealed that select phonological tasks predicted diagnostic group membership in the less fluent variants of PPA with a high degree of accuracy, particularly in conjunction with a motor speech measure. Brain–behavior correlations indicated a significant association between the integrity of gray matter in frontal and temporoparietal regions of the left hemisphere and phonological skill. Findings confirm the critical role of dorsal stream structures in phonological processing and demonstrate unique patterns of impaired phonological processing in logopenic and nonfluent/agrammatic variants of PPA.
Stability under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: a bag of problems affecting nomenclature and taxonomy

Authors: Löbl Ivan
Published: December 2015

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature provides tools that assure universality and unambiguous use of nomina (i.e., the names of animal taxa). The Code gives also high importance to stability of nomina. Nonetheless, the bulk of changes affecting stability of animal nomina results from the ever evolving knowledge of animals and of the taxonomic concepts. While the Code regulates availability of taxonomic works and acts, its effects on stability of nomina are quite limited in the practice. The Code promotes stability of the nomina mainly by requiring departure from the Principle of Priority under certain conditions. The respective dispositions of the Code lack, however, clear definitions, and may have counterproductive side effects. The current practice suggests needs of more simple and straightforward rules. The departure from the Principle of Priority may be useful when stability of nomina of taxa well known also outside the community of biologists is threatened. A reinforced Principle of Priority is claimed for other cases.
Clarification of Massonia echinata and some other frequently misunderstood Massonia species (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), with the description of M. pseudoechinata and M. roggeveldensis
Authors: Martínez-Azorín Mario , Pinter Michael , Crespo Manuel B. , Slade Julian , Deutsch Gerfried , Wetschnig Wolfgang
Published: December 2015

As part of a taxonomic revision of the genus Massonia, we here clarify concepts of Massonia echinata, M. latebrosa and M. tenella—all frequently misunderstood or reduced to synonymy. We discuss their history, biology, habitat preferences and distribution. Our study also shows that the current concept of M. echinata, including M. angustifolia and M. lanceolata as synonyms, includes two unpublished species which we here describe as M. pseudoechinata and M. roggeveldensis. A new combination in Massonia is proposed for Haemanthus sessiliflorus.
Ocotea dilcherii, a new name for Ocotea obtusifolia (Berry) LaMotte (Lauraceae)
Authors: Vikulin Sergei Vasilyevich
Published: December 2015

The fossil species  Oreodaphne obtusifolia Berry (1916: 301) was described, based on the fossil leaf remains of the most abundant laurel from the Early Eocene Wilcox Group sediments of Holly Springs: Marshall Co, Grenada Co., Miss.: Mississippi embayment (Southeastern North America). Nowadays, most systematists consider the extant Oreodaphne to be a member of Ocotea (Mez, 1889: 219; Rohwer, 1986; van der Werff, 2002; Chanderbali et al., 2001). LaMotte (1952) transferred Berry’s (1916: 301) combination to Ocotea, and this transfer was followed by Dilcher (1963), who reinforced attribution of Wilcox leaf megafossils to Ocotea by cuticular analysis of epidermis and stomata (Dilcher & Lott, 2005). However, according to Art. 53.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al.  2012) the name Ocotea obtusifolia (Berry) LaMotte (1952) is illegitimate because of the existence of the earlier overlooked homonym, Ocotea obtusifolia Kunth (1817: 165–166), an extant lauraceous species from Colombia (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, holotype: http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.P00128771). The homonymy between these fossil and extant American species of Ocotea was revealed during the description of the new fossil Early Oligocene species Ocotea rossica Vikulin from the south of the Middle-Russian upland (Vikulin, 2015: 326). Since Ocotea obtusifolia (Berry) LaMotte has been systematically recognized as a valid species in current use and it does not have any synonym, a nomen novum, O. dilcherii, is formally proposed here as a replaced name. Because a type specimen was not indicated among the validating illustrations of Berry (1916: pl. 80, fig. 1; pl. 83, fig. 2–5, and pl. 84, fig. 1 and 2), a lectotype must be designated here, from the specimens illustrated in the protologue (Berry, 1916: 301–302) amongst those perfect specimens with blunt leaf apex, which are very abundant in the clays at Puryear, Tenn. (Proposed lectotype: paleobotany collection # USNM 35867, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USA), illustrated in Berry, 1916: 301, pl. 83, fig. 5.
Novelties in Chamaecrista (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) from the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Souza Alessandro Oliveira , DA SILVA MARCOS JOSÉ , ALONSO ALEXANDRE ANTÔNIO
Published: December 2015

Chamaecrista irwiniana, a new species of Chamaecrista sect. Absus subsect. Absus ser. Rigidulae, is here described and illustrated. Its morphological affinities, geographical distribution, ecology, conservation status, and information about leaf anatomy are also presented. Additionally, a complete description, distribution, and the first illustration of C. nummulariifolia, an endemic species to the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais, classified as vulnerable according to the IUCN guidelines, are provided.
Annulatascus saprophyticus sp. nov. and Pseudoannulatascus gen. nov. to accommodate Annulatascus biatriisporus (Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes) from Thailand
Authors: Luo Zonglong , MAHARACHCHIKUMBUR S.S.N , Liu Xiaoying , Li Shuhong , Chen Lijiao , Zhou Dequn , Su Hongyan , Hyde Kevin
Published: December 2015

A new Annulatascus species, A. saprophyticus, found on decaying wood in freshwater in northern Thailand is introduced in this paper. The new taxon is illustrated, described and compared with other species in the genus, as well as a key to genus is provided. It differs from other species in the genus in having straight up right necks at one end, paraphyses embedded in a gelatinous matrix, and 0–3-septate, fusoid to lunate ascospores, which are larger than other species in the genus. Phylogenetic analyses based on LSU gene data showed that A. saprophyticus belongs in Annulatascus sensu strict (Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetidae). Based on the molecular data and a reevaluation of morphology, a new genus Pseudoannulatascus in Annulatascaceae is introduced to accommodate Annulatascus biatriisporus.
A new Crocus L. (Iridaceae) species from SE Turkey, based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Erol Osman , Harpke Doerte , Yıldırım Hasan
Published: December 2015

Crocus musagecitii is described as a new species. Diagnostic morphological characters, a full description and detailed illustrations are provided on the basis of the type specimen and wild specimens. Morphologically, C. musagecitii is close to Crocus biflorus subsp. pseudonubigena. Crocus musagecitii differs from C. biflorus subsp. pseudonubigena by the lack of stripes or narrow purplish tongue on outside of outer tepals, wider tepals, and homogenously yellow anthers. In order to clarify the phylogenetic position of this species within the Crocus adamii species complex, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS: ITS1 + 5.8SrDNA + ITS2) and 5’ external transcribed spacer (ETS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). A phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian phylogenetic inference is given. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the new taxon is close to C. munzurensis. Crocus musagecitii differs from its phylogenetically closest relative C. munzurensis by the corm tunics (C. musagecitii: coriaceus; C. munzurensis: membranous), the number of leaves (C. musagecitii: up to 8; C. munzurensis: up to 4) and non-hairy leaf margins.
Pinnularia caprichosa sp. nov.: a diatom from a black water Brazilian Amazon system
Authors: Pereira Andreia Cavalcante , Torgan Lezilda Carvalho , Burliga Ana Luiza , Kociolek John Patrick , Wetzel Carlos E. , Ector Luc , Melo Sérgio
Published: December 2015

While possessing a remarkable diversity in the acidic and oligotrophic waters of the Amazon basin, the genus Pinnularia appears underdescribed in the region. In this study, we present light and scanning electron microscopical observations on Pinnularia caprichosa sp. nov. from Tupé Lake, a dendritic lake located on the floodplain of the Negro River basin. This new taxon has a large axial area and transapical striae that are slightly radiate to parallel and longer in the middle portion of the valve. The species was compared with Pinnularia elliptica, P. instabilis, P. lacunarum, P. montana, P. permontana and P. subflexuosa, all of which closely resemble P. caprichosa but differ from the new species in specific details of size, striae density and valve shape.
A new species of moray eel (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from Taiwan, with comments on related elongate unpatterned species
Authors: LOH KAR-HOE , SHAO KWANG-TSAO , HO HSUAN-CHING , LIM PHAIK-EEM , CHEN HONG-MING
Published: December 2015

The following nine elongate unpatterned muraenid species of the subfamily Muraeninae, including one new species, are recognized from Taiwan and adjacent waters: Gymnothorax albimarginatus (Temminck & Schlegel), G. dorsalis Seale, G. melanosomatus Loh, Shao & Chen, G. phasmatodes (Smith), G. prolatus Sasaki & Amaoka, G. sagmacephalus Böhlke, Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker), Strophidon sathete (Hamilton) and G. pseudomelanosomatus new species, described from two specimens. This new moray eel is distinguished from its similar species, G. melanosomatus, by the following features: grey brown body (vs. black), snout length 20.5% (vs. 17.8%) of head length, smaller eye diameter 8.2% (vs. 10.0%) of head length; preanal length 49.5% (vs. 58.5%) total length, and preanal vertebrae 89–89 (vs. 105–109). Phylogenetic relationships of the nine species were examined using nucleotide sequence data from partial sequences of mitochondrial ND5 gene (600 bp), and seven species form COI (600 bp). The genetic analyses suggest that G. pseudomelanosomatus is distinct from G. melanosomatus and the other six species of Gymnothorax. Morphological features and mitogenetic affinities strongly suggest that “G.” dorsalis should be placed in Strophidon rather than in Gymnothorax. The results also suggest that employment of ND5 and COI gene sequences are rather useful for identification of species and for obtaining reasonable insights into the phylogeny of the muraenid species.
Renaming of three recently described eels of the genus Neenchelys (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) from the western Pacific
Authors: HO HSUAN-CHING , McCOSKER JOHN E. , SMITH DAVID G.
Published: December 2015

In our earlier paper (Ho et al., 2013), we described three new species of the eel genus Neenchelys Bamber, 1915. Unfortunately, the critical step of registering the work in ZooBank was omitted, thus rendering the names unavailable. In this paper, we present abbreviated descriptions of the new species in order to make these names available in accordance with the amended Article 8.5 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
The Evolution of Nonlinear Wave Statistics through a Variable Medium
Authors: Smit P. B. , Janssen T. T.
Published: December 2015

In coastal areas and on beaches, nonlinear effects in ocean waves are dominated by so-called triad interactions. These effects can result in large energy transfers across the wave spectrum and result in non-Gaussian wave statistics, which is important for coastal wave propagation and wave-induced transport processes. To model these effects in a stochastic wave model based on the radiative transfer equation (RTE) requires a transport equation for three-wave correlators (the bispectrum) that is compatible with quasi-homogeneous theory. Based on methods developed in optics and quantum mechanics, the authors present a general approach to derive a transport equation for higher-order correlators. The principal result of this work is a coupled set of equations consisting of the radiative transfer equation with a nonlinear forcing term and a new, generalized transport equation for bispectrum. This study discusses the implications and characteristics of the resulting equations and shows that the model contains various shallow- and deep-water asymptotes for nonlinear wave propagation as special cases.
Statistical Properties of Global Precipitation in the NCEP GFS Model and TMPA Observations for Data Assimilation
Authors: Lien Guo-Yuan , Kalnay Eugenia , Miyoshi Takemasa , Huffman George J.
Published: December 2015

Assimilation of satellite precipitation data into numerical models presents several difficulties, with two of the most important being the non-Gaussian error distributions associated with precipitation, and large model and observation errors. As a result, improving the model forecast beyond a few hours by assimilating precipitation has been found to be difficult. To identify the challenges and propose practical solutions to assimilation of precipitation, statistics are calculated for global precipitation in a low-resolution NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) model and the TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA). The samples are constructed using the same model with the same forecast period, observation variables, and resolution as in the follow-on GFS/TMPA precipitation assimilation experiments presented in the companion paper.

The statistical results indicate that the T62 and T126 GFS models generally have positive bias in precipitation compared to the TMPA observations, and that the simulation of the marine stratocumulus precipitation is not realistic in the T62 GFS model. It is necessary to apply to precipitation either the commonly used logarithm transformation or the newly proposed Gaussian transformation to obtain a better relationship between the model and observational precipitation. When the Gaussian transformations are separately applied to the model and observational precipitation, they serve as a bias correction that corrects the amplitude-dependent biases. In addition, using a spatially and/or temporally averaged precipitation variable, such as the 6-h accumulated precipitation, should be advantageous for precipitation assimilation.
Understanding Public Hurricane Evacuation Decisions and Responses to Forecast and Warning Messages*
Authors: Morss Rebecca E. , Demuth Julie L. , Lazo Jeffrey K. , Dickinson Katherine , Lazrus Heather , Morrow Betty H.
Published: December 2015

This study uses data from a survey of coastal Miami-Dade County, Florida, residents to explore how different types of forecast and warning messages influence evacuation decisions, in conjunction with other factors. The survey presented different members of the public with different test messages about the same hypothetical hurricane approaching Miami. Participants’ responses to the information were evaluated using questions about their likelihood of evacuating and their perceptions of the information and the information source. Recipients of the test message about storm surge height and the message about extreme impacts from storm surge had higher evacuation intentions, compared to nonrecipients. However, recipients of the extreme-impacts message also rated the information as more overblown and the information source as less reliable. The probabilistic message about landfall location interacted with the other textual messages in unexpected ways, reducing the other messages’ effects on evacuation intentions. These results illustrate the importance of considering trade-offs, unintended effects, and information interactions when deciding how to convey weather information. Recipients of the test message that described the effectiveness of evacuation had lower perceptions that the information was overblown, suggesting the potential value of efficacy messaging. In addition, respondents with stronger individualist worldviews rated the information as significantly more overblown and had significantly lower evacuation intentions. This illustrates the importance of understanding how and why responses to weather messages vary across subpopulations. Overall, the analysis demonstrates the potential value of systematically investigating how different people respond to different types of weather risk messages.
In Situ Confocal Raman Microscopy of Hydrated Early Stages of Bacterial Biofilm Formation on Various Surfaces in a Flow Cell
Authors: Smith-Palmer Truis , Lin Sicheng , Oguejiofor Ikenna , Leng Tianyang , Pustam Amanda , Yang Jin , Graham Lori L. , Wyeth Russell C. , Bishop Cory D. , DeMont M. Edwin , Pink David
Published: December 2015

Bacterial biofilms are precursors to biofouling by other microorganisms. Understanding their initiation may allow us to design better ways to inhibit them, and thus to inhibit subsequent biofouling. In this study, the ability of confocal Raman microscopy to follow the initiation of biofouling by a marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas sp. NCIMB 2021 (NCIMB 2021), in a flow cell, using optical and confocal Raman microscopy, was investigated. The base of the flow cell comprised a cover glass. The cell was inoculated and the bacteria attached to, and grew on, the cover glass. Bright field images and Raman spectra were collected directly from the hydrated biofilms over several days. Although macroscopically the laser had no effect on the biofilm, within the first 24 h cells migrated away from the position of the laser beam. In the absence of flow, a buildup of extracellular substances occurred at the base of the biofilm. When different coatings were applied to cover glasses before they were assembled into the flow cells, the growth rate, structure, and composition of the resulting biofilm was affected. In particular, the ratio of Resonance Raman peaks from cytochrome c (CC) in the extracellular polymeric substances, to the Raman phenylalanine (Phe) peak from protein in the bacteria, depended on both the nature of the surface and the age of the biofilm. The ratios were highest for 24 h colonies on a hydrophobic surface. Absorption of a surfactant with an ethyleneoxy chain into the hydrophobic coating created a surface similar to that given with a simple PEG coating, where bacteria grew in colonies away from the surface rather than along the surface, and CC:Phe ratios were initially low but increased at least fivefold in the first 48 h.
In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Study of Barite as a Pressure Gauge Using a Hydrothermal Diamond Anvil Cell
Authors: Liu Chuanjiang , Wang Duojun , Zheng Haifei
Published: December 2015

In situ Raman measurements of barite were performed at temperatures in the range of 298–673 K and pressures in the range of 105–1217 MPa using a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell combined with laser Raman spectroscopy. The Raman frequency and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the most intense ν1 Raman peak for barite as a function of pressure and temperature were obtained. In the experimental P–T ranges, the ν1Raman band systematically shifted toward low wavenumbers with increasing pressure and temperature. The positive pressure dependence of ν1Raman frequency indicates stress-induced shortening of the S–O bond, whereas the negative temperature dependence shows temperature-induced expansion of the S–O bond. In contrast, the observed ν1Raman band became broadened, which should be attributed to the reduced ordering of molecular structure. Based on the obtained data, the established relationships among the Raman shift or the FWHM, pressure and temperature can be used to obtain good estimates of the internal pressure in natural barite-bearing fluid inclusions or hydrothermal diamond anvil cell. This is a sensitive and reliable approach to the accurate determination of geological pressure.
A Turn-On Resonance Raman Scattering (BCS/Cu+) Sensor for Quantitative Determination of Proteins
Authors: Chen Lei , Xue Xiangxin , Jiang Dayu , Yang Jin , Zhao Bing , Han Xiao Xia , Mee Jung Young
Published: December 2015

In this study, a new method for the quantitative evaluation of proteins is developed using competitive resonance Raman spectroscopy. A chelation reaction between bathocuproine disulfonate (BCS) and Cu+ which is reduced by proteins in an alkaline environment, is utilized to create a BCS–Cu+ complex that has strong resonance Raman activity. As a result, the method presented here enables protein detection over a much wider concentration range than conventional methods. Furthermore, the resonance Raman-based method can provide an improved lower limit of detection (500 pg/mL) compared to that obtained by colorimetric and ultraviolet- (UV-) based methods. Additionally, protein-to-protein variation can be determined using a standard curve created from known concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA), and excellent protein recovery is observed. More importantly, the proposed method was employing to the real sample (fetal bovine serum [FBS]). Based on the calibration curve from this method, it is extremely accurate for the determination of total protein concentrations in FBS. Results of this study demonstrate that the proposed method provides a novel and highly sensitive protocol for reagent-based protein assays.
Applied X-Ray Spectroscopy in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Hughes Harold K. , Wilczewski John W. , Rather J. B.
Published: December 2015

Although x-ray diffraction analysis on a research basis has been in use for many years, it has been the development of the fully automatic spectrometer which has promoted this method to a position of importance in the larger petroleum analytical laboratories. This instrument provides the analysis of certain complex inorganic and organic compounds which no other method can handle. Moreover, in many cases more familiar materials can be identified much more rapidly than by the better known wet analytical procedures. This paper discusses some of the techniques for handling samples which are processed through the Inspection Division of the Technical Service Department, Socony-Vacuum Laboratories. X-ray analyses of these samples are handled in an average time which is under three hours. The work includes the rapid identification of a variety of corrosion products, cylinder and piston deposits, nominally pure chemicals and various contaminants found in used petroleum products and deposits taken from lubricating systems. Rapid x-ray analyses are made possible by taking advantage of a number of techniques in the handling of samples which are described in detail in the report.
Effectiveness of Implant Therapy Analyzed in a Swedish Population
Authors: Derks J. , Schaller D. , Håkansson J. , Wennström J.L. , Tomasi C. , Berglundh T.
Published: December 2015

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease affecting soft and hard tissues surrounding dental implants. As the global number of individuals that undergo restorative therapy through dental implants increases, peri-implantitis is considered as a major and growing problem in dentistry. A randomly selected sample of 588 patients who all had received implant-supported therapy 9 y earlier was clinically and radiographically examined. Prevalence of peri-implantitis was assessed and risk indicators were identified by multilevel regression analysis. Forty-five percent of all patients presented with peri-implantitis (bleeding on probing/suppuration and bone loss >0.5 mm). Moderate/severe peri-implantitis (bleeding on probing/suppuration and bone loss >2 mm) was diagnosed in 14.5%. Patients with periodontitis and with ≥4 implants, as well as implants of certain brands and prosthetic therapy delivered by general practitioners, exhibited higher odds ratios for moderate/severe peri-implantitis. Similarly, higher odds ratios were identified for implants installed in the mandible and with crown restoration margins positioned ≤1.5 mm from the crestal bone at baseline. It is suggested that peri-implantitis is a common condition and that several patient- and implant-related factors influence the risk for moderate/severe peri-implantitis (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01825772).
Getting Inside Rehearsals
Authors: Kazemi Elham , Ghousseini Hala , Cunard Adrian , Turrou Angela Chan
Published: December 2015

In recent years, work in practice-based teacher education has focused on identifying and elaborating how teacher educators (TEs) use pedagogies of enactment to learn in and from practice. However, research on these pedagogies is still in its early development. Building on prior analyses, this article elaborates a particular pedagogy of enactment, rehearsal, developed through a collaboration of elementary mathematics TEs across three institutions. Rehearsals are embedded within learning cycles that provide repeated opportunities for novice teachers (NTs) to investigate, reflect on, and enact teaching through coached feedback. This article shares a set of insights gained from 5 years of developing, studying, and learning how to support NTs’ enactment in rehearsal. The insights we share in this article contribute to building a knowledge base for pedagogies of teacher education.
The organization of commemorative space in postcolonial Cuba: From Civic Square to Square of the Revolution
Authors: Alonso González Pablo
Published: December 2015

This article carries out a long-term exploration of the changing forms of organizing commemorative space in postcolonial Cuba. From a non-representational and processual approach, it argues that there is a close connection between different ideologies, and the social and material organization of commemoration. Because commemorative spaces are socially constituted and embedded in power relations, this study addresses the shifting forms of connecting the subjective and objective sides of memory, that is, how commemoration organizes the relation between people and the materiality of commemorative artefacts. During both the capitalist-republican and communist-revolutionary periods, commemorative spaces were constructed and reworked to renew political hegemony under different premises. These transformations are examined through three conceptual metaphors—text, arena and performance—and three organizing practices—enchantment, emplacement and enactment. The focus is placed on one of the main Cuban commemorational spaces: the Civic Square or Square of the Revolution of Havana.
Re-colonizing spaces of memorializing: The case of the Chattri Indian Memorial, UK
Authors: Ashley Susan L.T.
Published: December 2015

This article inspects the ways that spaces of war memorialization are organized and re-organized through official and unofficial meaning-making activities. It aims to contribute to the discussion of the ‘value’ of memorializing by examining a multifaceted space of remembrance and commemoration: the Chattri Indian Memorial built near Brighton, United Kingdom. The article brings postcolonial perspectives to explore how memorializing has been organized here, focusing on the activities of once-colonized people and the affective, embodied aspects of organizing practices. Built in 1921 to honour Indian soldiers who fought in World War I, the Chattri evolved from a colonial instrument to symbol and space for ethnic-Indian group activities. The study employed historical, visual and ethnographic methods to study the tangible monument and the changing nature of the memorializing activities carried out around the monument. Memorializing is conceptualized within three inter-related processes: colonizing, de-colonizing and re-colonizing to examine how forms and practices of memorialization constitute a values-laden organizing system.
In search of lost space: The process of space planning through remembering and history
Authors: Petani Fabio James , Mengis Jeanne
Published: December 2015

This article explores the role of remembering and history in the process of planning new spaces. We trace how the organizational remembering of past spaces enters the conception (i.e. planning) of a large culture center. By drawing on Henri Lefebvre’s reflections on history, time and memory, we analyze the processual interconnections of his spatial triad, namely between the planned, practiced, and lived moments of the production of space. We find that over time space planning involves recurrent, changing, and contested narratives on ‘lost spaces’, remembering happy spaces of the past that articulate a desire to regain them. The notion of lost space adds to our understanding of how space planning involves, through organizational remembering, a sociomaterial and spatiotemporal work of relating together different spaces and times in non-linear narratives of repetition.
Memorial meshwork: The making of the commemorative space of the Hyde Park 7/7 Memorial
Authors: Allen Matthew , Brown Steven D.
Published: December 2015

How do memorials act to transmit memory through the organization of space? In this article, we contrast a ‘preservation’ model of the endurance of encoded memory with a ‘meshwork’ model which treats memory as emergent on the perdurance of the memorial site. Developing a theoretical framework from Tim Ingold’s work, we describe how memorialization receives its spatial form through a collective work of braiding together multiple threads of activities and material flows. To illustrate, we examine the spatial and temporal organization of the Hyde Park 7/7 memorial from its initial designs, through to installation and contemporary use. We draw on interview data featuring various stakeholders in the 7/7 memorial project to analyse the relationship between memorial space and material relations. We develop an approach to organizational space as an unfinished meshwork that folds together wanted and unwanted memory, making the historical a matter of ongoing live concern but with the absence of a permanent guiding narrative.