bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly
Authors: Gisbert J. P. , Chaparro M.
Published: January 2014

Background

Elderly patients represent an increasing proportion of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) population.

Aim

To critically review available data regarding the care of elderly IBD patients.

Methods

Bibliographic searches (MEDLINE) up to June 2013.

Results

Approximately 10–15% of cases of IBD are diagnosed in patients aged >60 years, and 10–30% of the IBD population are aged >60 years. In the elderly, IBD is easily confused with other more common diseases, mainly diverticular disease and ischaemic colitis. The clinical features of IBD in older patients are generally similar to those in younger patients. Crohn's disease (CD) in elderly patients is characterised by its predominantly colonic localisation and uncomplicated course. Proctitis and left‐sided ulcerative colitis are more common in patients aged >60 years. Infections are associated with age and account for significant mortality in IBD patients. The treatment of IBD in the elderly is generally similar. However, the therapeutic approach in the elderly should be ‘start low‐go slow’. The benefit of thiopurines in older CD patients remains debatable. Although the indications for anti‐tumour necrosis factors in the elderly are generally similar to those for younger patients, lower response and higher adverse events have been reported in the elderly. Surgery in elderly patients does not generally differ. Ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis can be successful, provided the patient retains good anal sphincter function.

Conclusions

Management of the older IBD patient differs from that of younger patients; therefore, conventional practice algorithms may have to be modified to account for advanced age.
Phase I dose‐escalation study of buparlisib (BKM120), an oral pan‐class I PI3K inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Ando Yuichi , Inada‐Inoue Megumi , Mitsuma Ayako , Yoshino Takayuki , Ohtsu Atsushi , Suenaga Naoko , Sato Masahiko , Kakizume Tomoyuki , Robson Matthew , Quadt Cornelia , Doi Toshihiko
Published: January 2014

Buparlisib (BKM120) is an oral pan‐phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitor, targeting all four isoforms of class I PI3K (α, β, γ and δ). This open‐label Phase I dose‐escalation study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose of continuous daily buparlisib in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Secondary objectives included safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics, antitumor activity and pharmacodynamic marker changes. Fifteen patients were treated at 25 mg/day (n = 3), 50 mg/day (n = 3) and 100 mg/day (n = 9) dose levels. One dose‐limiting toxicity of Grade 4 abnormal liver function occurred at 100 mg/day. Considering the safety profile and the maximum tolerated dose in the first‐in‐man study of buparlisib in non‐Japanese patients, further dose escalation was stopped and 100 mg/day was declared the recommended dose. The most common treatment‐related adverse events were rash, abnormal hepatic function (including increased transaminase levels), increased blood insulin levels and increased eosinophil count. Hyperglycemia was experienced by two patients, one Grade 1 and one Grade 4, and mood alterations were experienced by three patients, two Grade 1 and one Grade 2. Pharmacokinetic results showed that buparlisib was rapidly absorbed in a dose‐proportional manner. Best overall response was stable disease for six patients, including one unconfirmed partial response. In these Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors, buparlisib had a manageable safety profile, with similar pharmacokinetics to non‐Japanese patients. The recommended dose of 100 mg/day will be used in future studies of buparlisib in Japanese patients.
Individualized prediction of risk of metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer
Authors: Segelman J. , Akre O. , Gustafsson U. O. , Bottai M. , Martling A.
Published: January 2014

Aim

The purpose of the study was to develop a tool for predicting the individual risk of metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis after surgery for non‐metastatic colorectal cancer.

Method

Independent predictors for metachronous colorectal carcinomatosis have previously been identified using a population‐based database. Predictive models for colon and rectal cancer were developed from these data. The predictive models were based on multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression and were internally validated with bootstrapping. Performance was assessed by the concordance index and calibration plots.

Results

In all, 8044 patients who underwent abdominal resection of colorectal cancer Stage I–III were included. The colon and rectal cancer risk score models predicted metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis with a concordance index of 80% and 78%, respectively. Factors in the models included age, pathological pT stage, pN stage, number of examined lymph nodes (0–11, 12+), type of surgery (emergency/elective), completeness of cancer resection (R0/R1/R2), adjuvant chemotherapy (yes/no), preoperative radiotherapy and tumour location.

Conclusion

The proposed predictive models showed high internal validity and enabled individualized prediction of peritoneal recurrence of colorectal cancer. The models may help in the planning of treatment and follow‐up of patients. However, external validation is warranted to assess generalizability of the predicted absolute risks.
Weighing Outcomes by Time or Against Time? Evaluation Rules in Intertemporal Choice
Authors: Scholten Marc , Read Daniel , Sanborn Adam
Published: January 2014

Models of intertemporal choice draw on three evaluation rules, which we compare in the restricted domain of choices between smaller sooner and larger later monetary outcomes. The hyperbolic discounting model proposes an alternative‐based rule, in which options are evaluated separately. The interval discounting model proposes a hybrid rule, in which the outcomes are evaluated separately, but the delays to those outcomes are evaluated in comparison with one another. The tradeoff model proposes an attribute‐based rule, in which both outcomes and delays are evaluated in comparison with one another: People consider both the intervals between the outcomes and the compensations received or paid over those intervals. We compare highly general parametric functional forms of these models by means of a Bayesian analysis, a method of analysis not previously used in intertemporal choice. We find that the hyperbolic discounting model is outperformed by the interval discounting model, which, in turn, is outperformed by the tradeoff model. Our cognitive modeling is among the first to offer quantitative evidence against the conventional view that people make intertemporal choices by discounting the value of future outcomes, and in favor of the view that they directly compare options along the time and outcome attributes.
The transnational effect of multicultural policies on migrants' identification: the case of the Israeli diaspora in the USA
Authors: KISLEV ELYAKIM
Published: January 2014

While it is difficult to gauge the effect of multicultural policieswithincountries, it is even more difficult to measure themacrosscountries. In this article, I use fundamental multicultural changes that have occurred in Israeli society in recent decades as a case study, and track their effect on how Israelis who reside in the USA identify with Israel. Analysing the US census and the American Community Survey, I have focused my research on three groups of Israeli‐born migrants in the USA – Israeli Arabs, ultra‐Orthodox Jews and the Jewish majority. Findings indicate that originating from a minority community in the homeland predicts not only a different rate, but also different longitudinal trends of Israeli identification. I offer several possible explanations for these variations, but an in‐depth analysis of the Israeli case indicates that the transnational effect of the changing multicultural agenda in Israel is the leading mechanism at play.
Labour in global production networks: workers in the qualifying industrial zones (QIZs) of Egypt and Jordan
Authors: AZMEH SHAMEL
Published: January 2014

The role of labour in global production networks (GPNs) requires further theoretical and empirical research. Through the case of the qualifying industrial zones (QIZs) in Egypt and Jordan, I look at how different production and labour control regimes have emerged in the two countries to exploit preferential access to the US market. I analyse how the requirements of US buyers necessitate the building of a flexible, low‐cost, geographically mobile production and labour‐control regime that can meet the needs of buyers in terms of cost, time to market, fluctuations in demand and shifts in sourcing policy. Migrant labour from Asia and the formation of an associated dormitory labour regime facilitated the establishment of such a regime in Jordan. The social embeddedness of workers in Egypt, by contrast, hindered this process.
Private money, public scrutiny? Contrasting perspectives on remittances
Authors: HORST CINDY , ERDAL MARTA BIVAND , CARLING JØRGEN , AFEEF KARIN
Published: January 2014

Migrant remittances have received unprecedented attention over the past decade and scholars have interpreted remittance flows from a range of vantage points. In this article, we explore the meaning of remittances from three perspectives – (1) as an ingredient of terrorism and crime; (2) as a contribution to development; and (3) as an obstacle to integration. We explore these perspectives through an analysis of eight years of public debate in Norway and a review of the academic literature. Our analysis shows that remittances are open to public scrutiny, often within a strongly normative framework. Such public scrutiny is at odds with the private nature of remittances and affects migrants' everyday lives both structurally and emotionally. This scrutiny of remittances also suggests underlying assumptions about migrants' legitimate loyalties and belonging that fail to take adequate account of their multiple attachments.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of linagliptin in hemodialysis patients with diabetes
Authors: Nakamura Yuya , Tsuji Mayumi , Hasegawa Hitomi , Kimura Kengo , Fujita Kiichiro , Inoue Michiyasu , Shimizu Tatsuo , Gotoh Hiromichi , Goto Yoshikazu , Inagaki Masahiro , Oguchi Katsuji
Published: January 2014

Inflammation and glycemic control are important prognosis‐related factors for hemodialysis (HD) patients; moreover, inflammation affects insulin secretion. Here, we evaluated the anti‐inflammatory effects of monotherapy with linagliptin—a dipeptidase‐4 inhibitor—in HD patients with type 2 diabetes. We examined 21 diabetic HD patients who were not receiving oral diabetes drugs or insulin therapy and with poor glycemic control (glycated albumin [GA] level, >20%). Linagliptin (5 mg) was administered to the patients daily. The levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, GA, blood glucose, and active glucagon‐like peptide‐1 were determined before and 6 months after treatment. Body weight and serum levels of albumin, hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were also recorded before and after treatment. The levels of PGE2 and GA were significantly decreased 1 month after starting linagliptin therapy, whereas the IL‐6 levels were significantly decreased 6 months after starting linagliptin therapy. After 6 months of treatment, the PGE2 levels decreased from 188 ± 50 ng/mL to 26 ± 5 ng/mL; IL‐6 levels, from 1.5 ± 0.4 pg/mL to 0.6 ± 0.1 pg/mL; and GA levels, from 21.3% ± 0.6% to 18.0% ± 0.6%. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 levels increased 2.5‐fold during the treatment. Over the 6‐month treatment period, body weight and levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, blood glucose, albumin, hemoglobin, and cholesterol did not change; none of the patients exhibited hypoglycemia. The anti‐inflammatory effects of linagliptin monotherapy indicate that it may serve as a useful glucose control strategy for HD patients with diabetes.
Inverse association between docosahexaenoic acid and mortality in patients on hemodialysis during over 10 years
Authors: Terashima Yoshihiro , Hamazaki Kei , Itomura Miho , Tomita Shin , Kuroda Masahiro , Hirata Hitoshi , Hamazaki Tomohito , Inadera Hidekuni
Published: January 2014

We have previously conducted a cohort study to investigate n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in red blood cells (RBCs) and risk of all‐cause mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients over 5 years and found that n‐3 PUFAs, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), might be an independent predictor of all‐cause mortality. In the present study, we extended the study for another 5 years to determine whether DHA levels in RBCs still predict the mortality of HD patients during a 10‐year study period. The study cohort consisted of 176 patients (64.1 ± 12.0 [mean ± standard deviation] years of age, 96 men and 80 women) under HD treatment. The fatty acid composition of patients' RBCs was analyzed by gas chromatography. During the study period of 10 years, 97 deaths occurred. After adjustment for 10 confounding factors, the hazard ratio of all‐cause mortality of the HD patients in the highest DHA tertile (>8.1%) was 0.52 (95% confidence interval 0.30–0.91) compared with those in the lowest DHA tertile (<7.2%). However, other n‐3 PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid (n‐3) did not reveal any significant correlations. The level of DHA in RBCs could be an independent predictor of all‐cause mortality in HD patients even during a long period of follow‐up.
Footprints, Frontiers, and Empires: Latin American Tourism Development, 1840–1959
Authors: Ward Evan R.
Published: January 2014

This article explores the first era of tourism development in Latin America, focusing on the historical scholarship and methodologies that have best helped us to understand tourisms relationship to the growth and expansion of economic and cultural frontiers that accompanied the evolution of North American empire from the early 1840s until 1959. Recent scholarship makes a strong connection between tourists, economic frontiers, and the establishment of empire in the Caribbean basin and Mexico. This “first frontier” of tourism development coincided with state and private investment, distinguishing it from the later “second frontier” that was noted for technical and financial aid from international aid organizations.
Medieval Inquisitorial Procedure: Procedural Rights and the Question of Due Process in the 13th Century
Authors: Eichbauer Melodie H.
Published: January 2014

The developments in 12th‐ and 13th‐century legal procedure, known asinquisitio, illustrate that there existed a learned and reasoned legal system used by both secular and ecclesiastical courts in continental Europe. This essay outlines how scholarship has re‐defined and provided greater understanding of the paradox between the granting and denying of due process. The interpretation that inquisitorial procedure itself afforded rights to the defendant in the court of law is set against the suspension of those rights for the perceived threat of heresy. Two important historiographical approaches offer a politically motivated and intellectually grounded explanation for this deviation from or adherence to procedural norms: one views inquisitorial procedure within the context of the Church's growing power to legislate and the other views procedure within the context of ideas about natural law that guaranteed a defendant's rights. The juxtaposition of natural law safeguarding procedural rights with the duty to protect society from the threat of heresy, thereby justifying deviations from procedure, resonates in our post‐9/11 world. Today's terrorism is yesterday's heresy. Be it the 13th century or the 21st century, the balance between procedure and the maintenance of due process is problematic.
Guidance on water intake effectively improves urinary frequency in patients with nocturia
Authors: Tani Mitsuru , Hirayama Akihide , Torimoto Kazumasa , Matsushita Chie , Yamada Atsushi , Fujimoto Kiyohide
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To evaluate how guidance on water‐intake impacts the degree of nocturia.

Methods

A total of 67 male patients were enrolled in the present study. Patients were asked to adjust their water and food intakes so that their 24‐h urine production/bodyweight would be equal or lower than 30 mL/kg. One month after the treatment, the therapeutic gain from and adverse effects of fluid restriction were examined by comparing the pretreatment and post‐treatment value of various parameters.

Results

Overall, 65 eligible patients were evaluated. In 44 patients (67%), the frequency of nocturia was improved to one or more times. The change in frequency of nocturia showed a positive correlation with the change in nocturnal urine volume. The change in nocturnal urine volume showed a positive correlation with the changes in 24‐h urine production/bodyweight, 24‐h drinking volume and daytime drinking volume. The changes in 24‐h urine production/bodyweight and daytime drinking volume were independent factors influencing therapeutic effect. None of the participants reported any adverse event.

Conclusions

In patients with a 24‐h urine production/bodyweight equal or higher than 30 mL/kg, guidance on water intake might be considered effective and safe as a lifestyle therapy. Water restriction should be carried out not only in the evening, but also during daytime.
Metformin usage in type 2 diabetes mellitus: are safety guidelines adhered to?
Authors: Huang W. , Castelino R. L. , Peterson G. M.
Published: January 2014

Aim

To (i) evaluate the prescribing patterns of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and determine the prevalence of contraindications to its use, especially renal impairment, and (ii) identify potential cases of lactic acidosis (LA) related to metformin usage.

Method

This retrospective study reviewed all patients with a diagnosis of T2DM and taking metformin who was admitted to a major teaching hospital over an 8‐month period. Data including demographics, medical conditions, medications at admission and discharge, and relevant pathology results were extracted from medical records.

Results

A total of 301 patients (209 medical patients, 92 surgical patients) taking metformin were included. According to guidelines, approximately 31% and 21% of patients received metformin inappropriately (in the presence of contraindications or in excessive dosage) at admission and discharge, respectively. At admission, 65 patients (n = 301, 21.6%) on metformin had at least one contraindication to its use, and 42 patients (n = 254, 16.5%) were prescribed an excessive dosage according to their renal function. At discharge, 43 patients (n = 301, 14.3%) continued on metformin with at least one contraindication and 21 patients (n = 191, 11%) received an excessive dosage according to their renal function. Four patients had evidence of LA (plasma lactate concentration > 5.0 mmol/L and pH < 7.35) without clinical diagnosis.

Conclusion

Metformin was often used in patients with contraindications to its use, or in higher than recommended dosages. Reconsideration of the official prescribing information for metformin may be warranted as the risk of harm appears to be very low.
Influence of PD‐L1 cross‐linking on cell death in PD‐L1‐expressing cell lines and bovine lymphocytes
Authors: Ikebuchi Ryoyo , Konnai Satoru , Okagawa Tomohiro , Yokoyama Kazumasa , Nakajima Chie , Suzuki Yasuhiko , Murata Shiro , Ohashi Kazuhiko
Published: January 2014

Programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) blockade is accepted as a novel strategy for the reactivation of exhausted T cells that express programmed death‐1 (PD‐1). However, the mechanism of PD‐L1‐mediated inhibitory signalling after PD‐L1 cross‐linking by anti‐PD‐L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or PD‐1–immunogloblin fusion protein (PD‐1‐Ig) is still unknown, although it may induce cell death of PD‐L1+ cells required for regular immune reactions. In this study, PD‐1‐Ig or anti‐PD‐L1 mAb treatment was tested in cell lines that expressed PD‐L1 and bovine lymphocytes to investigate whether the treatment induces immune reactivation or PD‐L1‐mediated cell death. PD‐L1 cross‐linking by PD‐1‐Ig or anti‐PD‐L1 mAb primarily increased the number of dead cells in PD‐L1high cells, but not in PD‐L1low cells; these cells were prepared from Cos‐7 cells in which bovine PD‐L1 expression was induced by transfection. The PD‐L1‐mediated cell death also occurred in Cos‐7 and HeLa cells transfected with vectors only encoding the extracellular region of PD‐L1. In bovine lymphocytes, the anti‐PD‐L1 mAb treatment up‐regulated interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) production, whereas PD‐1‐Ig treatment decreased this cytokine production and cell proliferation. The IFN‐γ production in B‐cell‐depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells was not reduced by PD‐1‐Ig treatment and the percentages of dead cells in PD‐L1+ B cells were increased by PD‐1‐Ig treatment, indicating that PD‐1‐Ig‐induced immunosuppression in bovine lymphocytes could be caused by PD‐L1‐mediated B‐cell death. This study provides novel information for the understanding of signalling through PD‐L1.
Responsiveness of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11–14 for Cambodian children undergoing basic dental care
Authors: Turton Bathsheba J. , Thomson W. Murray , Foster Page Lyndie A. , Saub Roslan , Ishak Abdul Razak
Published: January 2014

Background

Oral‐Health‐Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) instruments are useful outcome measures in dental health services research; however, there are no reports of the use OHRQoL measures in evaluating the outcome of basic dental care in children anywhere.

Aim

The aims of this study are to evaluate the responsiveness of the Khmer version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire11–14 (CPQ11–14) and to describe changes in OHRQoL associated with the provision of basic dental care.

Design

A pre‐test/post‐test design, with a clinical convenience sample of children aged from 8 to 14 years of age who received basic dental care from a local nongovernmental organisation (NGO).

Results

Of the 140 children in the baseline sample, 116 (82.9%) were followed up. The mean change in CPQ11–14 overall score for those with caries was 1.7, representing a small improvement in OHRQoL. There was a moderate (one in three) statistically significant reduction in the prevalence of impacts across the whole sample (P < 0.001; McNemar test), and one in five improved by the minimally important difference (MID) of five‐scale points.

Conclusions

The Khmer version of the CPQ11–14 appears to be a valid and responsive measure for assessing treatment‐associated changes in OHRQoL in children with dental caries in Cambodia.
Regenerating Mandibular Bone Using rhBMP‐2: Part 2—Treatment of Chronic, Defect Non‐Union Fractures
Authors: Verstraete Frank J.M. , Arzi Boaz , Huey Daniel J. , Cissell Derek D. , Athanasiou Kyriacos A.
Published: January 2014

Objective

To describe a surgical technique using a regenerative approach and internal fixation for reconstruction of critical size bone defect non‐union mandibular fractures.

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Dogs (n = 6) that had internal fixation of defect non‐union mandibular fracture.

Methods

In 5 dogs, the repair was staged and extraction of teeth performed during the initial procedure. After 21–98 days (mean, 27 days) pharyngotomy intubation and temporary maxillomandibular fixation were performed. Using an extraoral approach, a locking titanium miniplate was contoured and secured to the mandible. A compression resistant matrix (CRM) infused with rhBMP‐2 was implanted in the defect. The implant was then covered with a soft tissue envelope followed by surgical wound closure.

Results

All dogs healed with intact gingival covering over the mandibular fracture site defect and had immediate return to normal function and correct occlusion. Hard‐tissue formation was observed clinically within 2 weeks and solid cortical bone formation within 3 months. CT findings in 1 dog at 3 months postoperatively demonstrated that the newly regenerated mandibular bone had 92% of the bone density and porosity compared to the contralateral side. Long‐term follow‐up revealed excellent outcome.

Conclusion

Mandibular reconstruction using internal fixation and CRM infused with rhBMP‐2 is an excellent solution for the treatment of critical size defect non‐union fractures in dogs.
Perceived motivational team climate in relation to task and social cohesion among male college athletes
Authors: Boyd Michael , Kim Mi‐Sook , Ensari Nurcan , Yin Zenong
Published: January 2014

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between perceptions of the motivational team climate and task and social cohesion among male college athletes. Basketball and soccer players (n = 179) completed two response measures, the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire‐II (Newton, Duda, & Yin) and the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ; Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley) before practice in a team setting near the end of the competitive season. Hierarchical linear modeling analysis revealed that individual perceptions of a task‐involving climate positively predicted, and perceptions of an ego‐involving climate negatively predicted, individual‐attraction‐to‐group task cohesion. Further analysis indicated that perceptions of a task‐involving climate also significantly predicted individual‐attraction‐to‐group social cohesion and group‐integration task cohesion. Perceptions of an ego‐involving climate failed to demonstrate any other predictive value in relation to team cohesion. Discussion underscores the beneficial nature of a task‐involving motivational team climate in regard to the formation and development of task and social cohesion among competitive male college athletes.
In a Spirit of Solidarity? Justifying the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) in National Parliamentary Debates
Authors: Closa Carlos , Maatsch Aleksandra
Published: January 2014

This article examines national parliamentarians’ approval of the increased budgetary capacity of theEuropeanFinancialStabilityFacility (EFSF) in autumn 2011. Following the analysis of vote outcome and plenary debates in 11 euro states, it is found that the financial position of a state (creditors versus debtors) does not explain the patterns of support and opposition. Rather, two other factors account for these differences: Euroscepticism, and the government and opposition cleavage. In particular, whereas EuroscepticMPsvoted and argued against theEFSF, the parliamentary majorities supported it. Surprisingly, although the legal basis of theEFSFdraws on solidarity among the European Union Member States, the supporters of theEFSFdid not refer to this principle in their speeches but rather to pragmatic considerations such as national economic interests.
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’, New Phytoplasma Species Infecting Apple Trees in Iran
Authors: Hashemi‐Tameh Mahdis , Bahar Masoud , Zirak Leila
Published: January 2014

During several surveys in extensive areas in central Iran, apple trees showing phytoplasma diseases symptoms were observed. PCR tests using phytoplasma universal primer pairs P1A/P7A followed by R16F2n/R16R2 confirmed the association of phytoplasmas with symptomatic apple trees. Nested PCR using 16SrX group‐specific primer pair R16(X)F1/R1 and aster yellows group‐specific primer pairs rp(I)F1A/rp(I)R1A and fTufAy/rTufAy indicated that apple phytoplasmas in these regions did not belong to the apple proliferation group, whereas aster yellows group‐related phytoplasmas caused disease on some trees. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses using four restriction enzymes (HhaI, HpaII, HaeIII and RsaI) and sequence analyses of partial 16S rRNA and rp genes demonstrated that apple phytoplasma isolates in the centre of Iran are related to ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia’. This is the first report of apples infected with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ in Iran and the first record from association of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ with apples worldwide.
Modification of the Reactive Attitudes
Authors: Goldman David
Published: January 2014

In ‘Freedom and Resentment’ P. F. Strawson argues that reactive attitudes like resentment and indignation cannot be eliminated altogether, because doing so would involve exiting interpersonal relationships altogether. I describe an alternative to resentment: a form of moral sadness about wrongdoing that, I argue, preserves our participation in interpersonal relationships. Substituting this moral sadness for resentment and indignation would amount to a deep and far‐reaching change in the way we relate to each other – while keeping in place the interpersonal relationships, which, Strawson rightfully believes, cannot be eliminated.
Changes in PR and QTc intervals after switching from olanzapine to risperidone in patients with stable schizophrenia
Authors: Suzuki Yutaro , Sugai Takuro , Ono Shin , Sawamura Kazushi , Fukui Naoki , Watanabe Junzo , Tsuneyama Nobuto , Saito Mami , Someya Toshiyuki
Published: January 2014

Aim

We examined the difference between the effects of olanzapine (OLZ) and risperidone (RIS) on PR and QT intervals among patients with stable schizophrenia using a cohort analysis.

Methods

Twenty‐one subjects treated with OLZ were enrolled in the study. Following baseline assessments, which included PR and QT intervals, OLZ was switched to RIS for each subject. The same parameters were evaluated following the switch to RIS.

Results

All patients who had been treated with OLZ were successfully switched to RIS. In all patients, we observed a significant decrease in PR interval (t = 2.397, P = 0.029) and no change in either QTc or RR interval. In female patients, the QTc interval was significantly decreased (t = 3.495, P = 0.008) following the switch, while in male patients, the QTc interval did not change. No patients showed a PR interval of >200 ms or a QTc interval of >500 ms.

Conclusion

OLZ treatment has a greater prolonging effect on PR and QT intervals compared with RIS. Careful attention may need to be paid to the cardiac conduction system in addition to QT prolongation during OLZ treatment.
Taxonomic revision of three diatoms found in Lake Malawi: Afrocymbella brunii (Fricke) comb. nov., Afrocymbella rossii (Kociolek & Stoermer) comb. nov., and Aulacoseira euareolata (O.Müller) comb. nov. et nom. nov
Authors: Shinohara Kohei , Maruyama Atsushi , Rusuwa Bosco , Ohtsuka Taisuke
Published: January 2014

Based on epilithic diatom samples collected from the rocky littoral zone of Lake Malawi (102 diatom taxa belonging to 34 genera were listed in the Supporting Information) we proposed the transfer of three taxa to new genera. Afrocymbella brunii (Fricke) comb. nov. was transferred from Gomphonema because of its dorsiventral valve and its transapically elongated dorsal stigma. Afrocymbella rossii (Kociolek & Stoermer) comb. nov. was also transferred from Gomphocymbella, which is actually a synonym of Gomphonema. Aulacoseira euareolata (O.Müller) comb. nov. et nom. nov. was transferred from Melosira because of the presence of linking spines and mantle areolae, and its specific epithet was replaced because of homonymy with Aulacoseira areolata Moisseeva.
Spatial Prioritization for Biodiversity Restoration: A Simple Framework Referencing Past Species Distributions
Authors: Yoshioka Akira , Akasaka Munemitsu , Kadoya Taku
Published: January 2014

The spatial prioritization of biodiversity restoration sites on a national scale lags behind that of protected areas. We present a simple framework for spatial restoration prioritization using complementarity analysis based on the differences between past and present species distributions and restoration feasibility. In the framework, sites that were not only diverse or unique in the past (high restoration potential), but also have high restoration feasibility (e.g. low anthropogenic pressures) are ranked higher. We applied the framework to endangered bird species that breed in Japan for which distribution data were available from nationwide distribution censuses conducted in 1978 and 1998. The data were compiled in a 20‐km grid resolution across Japan. We incorporated the degree of urbanization and number of farmers as a cost to optimize the sets of cells with regard to restoration feasibility. We successfully identified candidate sets of restoration cells, in which at most six can be allocated for each species under the constraint that the total area selected does not exceed 15% of the degraded cells. At most, 11 cells were allocated for each species under the constraint that restoration cells were within 15% of all ecosystem types. Comparison with the distribution of existing nature restoration sites revealed that only 9.3 or 9.7% (depended on the constraint) of high‐priority cells overlapped cells including existing restoration sites. Our framework provides an objective, efficient method to obtain a testable plan for biodiversity restoration, which might contribute to the attainment of the 2020 target set by the Convention on Biological Diversity.
The Role of Reflection in Elementary Mathematics and Science Teachers' Training and Development: A Meta‐Synthesis
Authors: Saylor Laura Lackner , Johnson Carla C.
Published: January 2014

Meaningful and effective training and professional development programs for teachers are key to the improvement of teaching practices in our schools. In this paper, the authors offer a meta‐synthesis of the literature on the role of reflection for mathematics and science teachers within the context of professional development. The authors frame this review using Desimone's core components of professional development, a research‐based framework emphasizing components tied to positive outcomes (content focus, active learning, coherence, duration, and collective participation). A synthesis of literature in this area shows that few training and professional development programs include all five components of Desimone's core conceptual framework for effective professional development linked to positive outcomes. Further, the authors find in their review that increased contact hours included in a professional development program produce an increase in frequency, duration, and depth of reflective practice for teachers.
Allele and haplotype frequencies of HLA‐DPA1 and ‐DPB1 in the population of Guadeloupe
Authors: Voorter C. E. M. , Groeneweg M. , Joannis M.‐O. , Meertens C. , Agis F. , Tilanus M. G. J.
Published: January 2014

Genetic polymorphism of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DPA1 and ‐DPB1 loci was studied in 154 unrelated individuals from Guadeloupe, an archipelago of five islands located in the Carribean Sea. Thirty different DPB1 and eight different DPA1 alleles were observed with a heterozygosity index of 0.87 and 0.78, respectively. This high degree of heterozygosity corresponds with those found in African populations. The DPB1* 01:01:01 allele was most frequent (0.260), followed by 02:01:02 (0.143) and 04:01:01 (0.127). The DPA1 alleles 01:03 (0.380), 02:01 (0.302), 02:02 (0.175) and 03:01 (0.123) were identified in >35 individuals each, whereas 01:04, 01:05 and 04:01 were present only once. Haplotype estimations revealed the presence of 39 different haplotypes, with DPB1*01:01:01–DPA1*02:02 and DPB1*02:01:02–DPA1*01:03 as the most frequent (0.143 and 0.140, respectively). A striking difference was observed in DPB1/DPA1 associations between DPB1*04:02 and *105:01, that have identical exon 2 sequences. DPB1*04:02 was exclusively associated with DPA1*01:03, whereas DPB1*105:01 was present with DPA1*03:01, *03:02 or *04:01. This implies that the DP molecules are actually different, and this difference is relevant to consider in studies on the function of HLA‐DP molecules in transplantation. Overall, HLA‐DPA1 and DPB1 allele frequencies and haplotypes of the population of Guadeloupe were most similar to African populations, with characteristic alleles and haplotypes that bespeaks the admixture with other ethnicities.
The Flying Dutchmen: Recent Trends in International Outbound Tourism from the Netherlands
Authors: Zirulia Lorenzo
Published: January 2014

This brief paper focuses on Dutch outbound tourism, that is, international flows with the Netherlands as a place of origin. Using data provided by CBS Statistics Netherlands, we show that the total number of international holidays, both in absolute terms and per capita, has significantly grown in the last three decades, denoting a significant increase in the propensity of Dutch residents to engage in international tourism; moreover, year‐by‐year variations seem to be positively, but weakly, associated with the general conditions of the Dutch economy. In terms of the composition of international holidays by destination country, we found evidence of some instability in the relative importance of different destinations, with an increase in the diversity of choices by Dutch tourists and in the distance of their preferred destination.
Patient characteristics, histopathological findings and outcome in 97 cats with extranodal subcutaneous lymphoma (2007–2011)
Authors: Meichner K. , von Bomhard W.
Published: January 2014

This study describes epidemiologic, clinical, macro‐ and microscopic tumour characteristics and outcome in 97 cats with subcutaneous lymphoma, an uncommon variant of feline extranodal lymphoma. Middle‐aged (median 11 years), male (60.8%), Domestic Shorthair cats (89.7%) were commonly affected. Most tumours presented as a painless, firm, subcutaneous nodule or mass, with predilection to the lateral thoracic or abdominal wall, and the interscapular region. Deep subcutaneous invasion with extension into superficial or underlying tissues, extensive central areas of necrosis and peripheral inflammation were characteristic histopathological findings. Prevalence of retroviral infection was low. Local relapses after therapy were common (43.5%), and 32.2% had distant involvement later in course. Median overall survival was 148 days. Subcutaneous lymphoma should be considered a rare but important differential diagnosis for a subcutaneous mass in cats. Tumours show an aggressive biological behaviour. Treatment options including prognosis should be investigated in further studies.
Biomimetic surface modification with bolaamphiphilic archaeal tetraether lipids via liposome spreading
Authors: Bücher Christian , Grosse Xenia , Rothe Holger , Fiethen Annamaria , Kuhn Hubert , Liefeith Klaus
Published: January 2014

Through investigations of the self-assembly behavior of three different tetraether lipids, the authors successfully established a solid supported, biomimetic tetraether lipid membrane via liposome spreading. These bolaamphiphilic lipids are the main compound in membranes of archaea, extremophile microorganisms, which underwent an enormous adaptation to extreme conditions in their natural environment with regard to temperature, pH, and high salt concentrations. Starting from a mathematical point of view, the authors calculated hydrophilic–lipophilic balance values for each lipid and recognized a wide difference in self-assembly potentials relying on size and hydrophilic properties of the lipid head groups. These results were in good accordance with data generated by lipid experiments at the air–water interface applying a Langmuir–Blodgett film balance so that the self-assembly potential of two different tetraether lipids was found to be sufficient to form stable liposomes in aqueous media. Liposomes composed of the main phospholipid of the archaea strain Sulfolobus acidocaldarius fused covalently on silanized glass substrates and formed a monomolecular lipid layer with upright standing molecules at film consistent thicknesses of approximately 5 nm determined by ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. This work can be considered as a basic strategy to find optimized lipid properties in terms of liposome formation and spreading in water, and it is the first report about archaeal liposome fusing on surfaces to establish a solid supported lipid monolayer.
Unlocking the Potential of Cation-Disordered Oxides for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Lee Jinhyuk , Urban Alexander , Li Xin , Su Dong , Hautier Geoffroy , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: January 2014

Disorderly Flow

Lithium batteries are becoming ever more important in society. While their application used to be confined to portable electronics, they are now becoming the enabling technology for electric vehicles and grid storage for renewables. Generally, the flow of lithium ions into and out of battery electrodes is thought to require ordered materials.

Lee
et al.

(p.
519
, published online 9 January) used a combination of experimental work and computations to identify disordered electrode materials with high Li diffusion. The improved energy density properties could be attributed to compositions with excess lithium beyond the stoichiometric limit, leading to intermixing between the lithium and transition metal sublattices and the formation of a percolation network providing specific lithium transport pathways.
Marine Tubeworm Metamorphosis Induced by Arrays of Bacterial Phage Tail–Like Structures
Authors: Shikuma Nicholas J. , Pilhofer Martin , Weiss Gregor L. , Hadfield Michael G. , Jensen Grant J. , Newman Dianne K.
Published: January 2014

Big MACs

Tubeworms are important marine benthic species that encrust rocks and contribute to fouling of man-made objects, such as ships' hulls and drilling well heads. Like most marine invertebrates, the larval stages of tubeworms are free-swimming, but the cues for larval settlement and the triggers for metamorphosis are mysterious.

Shikuma
et al.

(p.
529
, published online 9 January) experimented on larval settlement by the tubeworm,
Hydroides elegans
, which needs to associate with a biofilm-forming bacterium,
Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea
, before settlement can occur. The bacterium was found to express metamorphosis-associated contractile structures (MACs) in large and structurally elaborate arrays that allow the tubeworm larvae to develop.
Imaging Dynamics on the F + H
2
O → HF + OH Potential Energy Surfaces from Wells to Barriers
Authors: Otto Rico , Ma Jianyi , Ray Amelia W. , Daluz Jennifer S. , Li Jun , Guo Hua , Continetti Robert E.
Published: January 2014

The study of gas-phase reaction dynamics has advanced to a point where four-atom reactions are the proving ground for detailed comparisons between experiment and theory. Here, a combined experimental and theoretical study of the dissociation dynamics of the tetra-atomic FH
2
O system is presented, providing snapshots of the F + H
2
O → HF + OH reaction. Photoelectron-photofragment coincidence measurements of the dissociative photodetachment (DPD) of the F
¯
(H
2
O) anion revealed various dissociation pathways along different electronic states. A distinct photoelectron spectrum of stable FH–OH complexes was also measured and attributed to long-lived Feshbach resonances. Comparison to full-dimensional quantum calculations confirms the sensitivity of the DPD measurements to the subtle dynamics on the low-lying FH
2
O potential energy surfaces over a wide range of nuclear configurations and energies.
Genome Sequence of Bacillus cereus Strain LCT-BC235, Carried by the Shenzhou VIII Spacecraft
Authors: Su Longxiang , Wang Tong , Zhou Lisha , Wu Chunyan , Guo Yinghua , Chang De , Liu Yan , Jiang Xuege , Yin Sanjun , Liu Changting
Published: January 2014

In order to explore the effect of space environments on
Bacillus cereus
, we determined the draft genome sequence of a
B. cereus
strain, LCT-BC235, which was isolated after space flight.
Draft Genome Sequence of Petroleum Oil-Degrading Marine Bacterium Pseudomonas taeanensis Strain MS-3, Isolated from a Crude Oil-Contaminated Seashore
Authors: Lee Sang-Yeop , Kim Seon Hee , Lee Dong-Gi , Shin Seyeon , Yun Sung Ho , Choi Chi-Won , Chung Young-Ho , Choi Jong Soon , Kahng Hyung-Yeel , Kim Seung Il
Published: January 2014

Pseudomonas taeanensis
MS-3
T
, isolated from a crude oil-contaminated seashore in South Korea, is capable of degrading petroleum oils, such as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of this strain, which consists of 5,477,045 bp, with a G+C content of 60.72%.
Genome Sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain LCT-KP182, Which Acquired Hemolytic Properties after Space Flight
Authors: Zhang Xiaojun , Wang Tong , Liu Wenbin , Guo Yinghua , Wang Junfeng , Li Tianzhi , Fang Xiangqun , Zhang Xuelin , Dai Wenkui , Liu Changting
Published: January 2014

The
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strain LCT-KP182 acquired hemolytic properties after space flight. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of this strain.
Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain LCT-PA41, with Changed Metabolism after Space Flight
Authors: Liu Chao , Hu Juan , Fang Xiangqun , Zhang Duchao , Chang De , Wang Junfeng , Li Tianzhi , Guo Yinhua , Dai Wenkui , Liu Changting
Published: January 2014

To explore the effects of space flight on microorganisms,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 27853 was sent into orbit for 398 h on the spacecraft ShenZhou VIII. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of the
P. aeruginosa
strain LCT-PA41, determined after space flight.
Genome Sequence of the Asiatic Species Borrelia persica
Authors: Elbir Haitham , Larsson Pär , Normark Johan , Upreti Mukunda , Korenberg Edward , Larsson Christer , Bergström Sven
Published: January 2014

We report the complete genome sequence of
Borrelia persica
, the causative agent of tick-borne relapsing fever borreliosis on the Asian continent. Its genome of 1,784,979 bp contains 1,850 open reading frames, three ribosomal RNAs, and 32 tRNAs. One clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) was detected.
Severe hypocalcaemia as a cause of seemingly idiopathic bilateral lower limb oedema
Authors: Hung Aaron Karnell Dachuan
Published: January 2014

The existing scientific literature has not drawn a link between severe hypocalcaemia and its role in recalcitrant peripheral oedema. This phenomenon is particularly relevant in oncological and geriatric medicine as bone strengthening but serum calcium-lowering agents such as bisphosphonates and denosumab are used for osteoporosis and/or bone metastasis. This case report, through metastatic prostate cancer in a 66-year-old man with bone metastasis being treated with a monoclonal antibody denosumab, proposes the mechanism of hypocalcaemic oedema as being akin to calcium deprivation such as those induced by calcium channel antagonism. It demonstrates the importance of calcium supplementation as a concurrent treatment while patients are on these osteoclast inhibiting agents.
Cirrhosis improvement to alcoholic liver fibrosis after passive abstinence
Authors: Takahashi Hideaki , Shigefuku Ryuta , Maeyama Shiro , Suzuki Michihiro
Published: January 2014

We present a rare case of long-term alcoholic liver disease that progressed from alcoholic liver fibrosis to alcoholic liver cirrhosis, and following passive abstinence, the patient's condition then improved to alcoholic liver fibrosis. A 70-year-old Japanese man who had consumed large amounts of alcohol since he was 20 years old received a liver biopsy for evaluation of liver dysfunction at the age of 48 in 1991. The biopsy indicated alcoholic liver fibrosis, stage 2. Eight years later, a second biopsy indicated alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The patient continued to drink until a cerebral haemorrhage in 2000 led to left hemiparesis. Thereafter, he had to accept passive abstinence. He then received follow-up liver biopsies in 2001 and 2002, both of which indicated improvement of the fibrosis.