bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 10‐year retrospective study of paediatric emergency department visits for dental conditions in Montreal, Canada
Authors: Ferraz dos Santos Beatriz , Dabbagh Basma
Published: April 2020

Background

Trends of paediatric emergency visits (ED) for dental conditions have been broadly discussed; however, little has been published in the Canadian context.

Aim

To describe the utilization of ED for dental conditions among children and to investigate demographic characteristics influencing its use.

Design

A comprehensive review of records of all children aged 1‐17 years who attended the ED service of a paediatric hospital in Montreal, Canada, for dental conditions over a 10‐year period (2004‐2013) was completed. Information on the child's principal dental diagnosis, sociodemographic data, and source of referral was obtained.

Results

A total of 10 905 paediatric ED visits were seen during the study period. Among the children, 54.7% were male and the majority was younger than 6 years old. Dental caries constituted the most common reason for ED presentation comprising close to 43% of total visits for a dental complaint. Females, teenagers, and self‐referred children were more likely to experience ED visits due to non‐traumatic dental conditions.

Conclusions

The utilization of ED for dental conditions has increased among pre‐school children in the last decade and was mostly due to caries‐related dental problems. Effective preventive strategies are needed to improve the oral health condition of children.
The effect of two different irrigation needles on post‐operative pain after pulpectomy in primary molar teeth: A randomized clinical study
Authors: Topçuoğlu Gamze , Topçuoğlu Hüseyin Sinan , Delikan Ebru , Çalişkan Seçil
Published: April 2020

Background

Post‐operative pain (PP) following pulpectomy is of concern for endodontic patients and dentists.

Aim

This study evaluated the intensity of PP following pulpectomy in primary maxillary molars, using two irrigation needles.

Design

One hundred patients in ages ranging from 6‐9 years requiring pulpectomy for asymptomatic primary teeth with non‐vital pulp were included in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups of 50 patients each, according to the type of irrigation needle used, that is, a conventional open‐ended needle and a double side‐vented needle. The teeth were obturated and then permanently restored. The presence of PP was assessed after six, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, and finally after one week, using a four‐point pain intensity scale. The PP scores were then statistically analysed.

Results

In 6, 12, and 24 hours time intervals, patients who had their teeth irrigated with the open‐ended needle exhibited more intense PP than those who had their teeth irrigated with a double side‐vented needle (P < .05). After 48 hours, 72 hours, and 1 week, however there was no significant difference between the groups (P > .05).

Conclusions

Side‐vented needles may be preferred in order to decrease PP at the first 24 hours after pulpectomy in primary molars.
What’s Wrong with the Online Echo Chamber: A Motivated Reasoning Account
Authors: Avnur Yuval
Published: April 2020

In this ‘age of information’, some worry that we get our news from online ‘echo chambers’, news feeds on our social media accounts that contain information from like‐minded sources. Filtering our information in this way seems prima facie problematic from an epistemic perspective. I vindicate this intuition by offering an explanation of what is wrong with online echo chambers that appeals to a particular kind of motivated reasoning, or bias due to one’s interests. This sort of bias affects, not which evidence one is exposed to, but how one makes use of the evidence that one has, on the basis of one’s interests. I argue that consulting an online echo chamber often facilitates and amplifies this bias. I then draw some general conclusions about the potential downside of having ready access to so much information.
Retracted: CDK4/6 inhibition suppresses tumour growth and enhances the effect of temozolomide in glioma cells
Authors: Cao Yingxiao , Li Xin , Kong Shiqi , Shang Shuling , Qi Yanhui
Published: April 2020

In adults, glioma is the most commonly occurring and invasive brain tumour. For malignant gliomas, the current advanced chemotherapy includes TMZ (temozolomide). However, a sizeable number of gliomas are unyielding to TMZ, hence, giving rise to an urgent need for more efficient treatment choices. Here, we report that cyclin‐dependent kinases 4 (CDK4) is expressed at significantly high levels in glioma cell lines and tissues. CDK4 overexpression enhances colony formation and proliferation of glioma cells and extends resistance to inhibition of TMZ‐mediated cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. However, CDK4 knockdown impedes colony formation and cell proliferation, and enhances sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ. The selective inhibition of CDK4/6 impedes glioma cell proliferation and induces apoptotic induction. The selective inhibitors of CDK4/6 may enhance glioma cell sensitivity to TMZ. We further showed the possible role of RB phosphorylation mediated by CDK4 for its oncogenic function in glioma. The growth of glioma xenografts was inhibited in vivo, through combination treatment, and corresponded to enhanced p‐RB levels, reduced staining of Ki‐67 and enhanced activation of caspase 3. Therefore, CDK4 inhibition may be a favourable strategy for glioma treatment and overcomes TMZ resistance.
Comparison of guidelines and consensus articles on the management of patients with acne with oral isotretinoin
Authors: Dessinioti C. , Zouboulis C.C. , Bettoli V. , Rigopoulos D.
Published: April 2020

Guidelines and consensus on the management of patients with acne aim to give evidence‐based, expert‐group recommendations. This review compares current guidelines and consensus articles to provide a compilation of recommendations on the treatment of acne with oral isotretinoin. Ten common, relevant, clinical questions are addressed, based on published recommendations, including the indications of isotretinoin, the proposed daily dose, the cumulative isotretinoin dose and the laboratory monitoring needed. Recommendations on special considerations are also addressed, including the timing of procedures and the question of an association of depression or inflammatory bowel disease with isotretinoin. A major limitation is the use of different classification systems for acne across guidelines. The recommended daily dose ranges from 0.3 to 0.5 mg/kg in the European guidelines to up to 1 mg/kg in the US guidelines. A specific duration of treatment of at least 6 months is only recommended in the European guidelines. All guidelines report the need of strict pregnancy prevention measures. The European, French and US guidelines recommend to monitor for symptoms of depression. Important clinical questions that are inconsistently addressed in guidelines include the age indication, the recommendation for a cumulative dose, the timing of procedures, the association of isotretinoin with IBD, the recommendation for preventing acne flares and for appropriate laboratory monitoring. These topics should be clearly included in the recommendations of guidelines as they are often raised in everyday clinical practice.
DNAJA4 deficiency augments hyperthermia‐induced Clusterin and ERK activation: two critical protective factors of human keratinocytes from hyperthermia‐induced injury
Authors: Wei Z.‐D. , Sun Y.‐Z. , Tu C.‐X. , Qi R.‐Q. , Huo W. , Chen H.‐D. , Gao X.‐H.
Published: April 2020

Background

Hyperthermia upregulates DNAJA4, a member of heat shock proteins (HSPs) 40 family, in human keratinocytes and HPV‐infected tissue. DNAJA4 deficiency enhances growth arrest induced by hyperthermia. Clusterin (CLU) and phosphorylated ERK (p‐ERK) play a role in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, under environmental stress.

Objectives

To examine the downstream molecules and signalling pathways of DNAJA4 and assess their roles in cell cycle and apoptosis of keratinocytes in response to hyperthermia.

Methods

Wild‐type and DNAJA4‐knockout (KO) HaCaT cells were exposed to either 44 °C (hyperthermia) or 37 °C (control) for 30 min. The expression levels of CLU and p‐ERK were determined by RT‐PCR and Western blotting. RNAi and PD98059 were used to inhibit the expression of CLU and p‐ERK, respectively. Cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis were analysed by MTS assay and flow cytometry. Fresh biopsy samples of human normal foreskin or condyloma acuminatum (CA) were utilized to examine the expression of CLU and p‐ERK after ex vivo culture at 44 °C.

Results

The expression of CLU and p‐ERK was significantly increased by hyperthermia treatment at 44 °C in HaCaT cells, foreskin and HPV‐infected tissues. In HaCaT cells subjected to hyperthermia, DNAJA4 deficiency further augmented the expression of CLU and p‐ERK. CLU deficiency enhanced the p‐ERK expression. Hyperthermia‐induced CLU and p‐ERK exerted protective roles mainly through inhibiting apoptosis and maintaining cell cycle, respectively.

Conclusions

In keratinocytes, CLU and p‐ERK are induced by hyperthermia, an effect which can be further enhanced by DNAJA4 deficiency. CLU deficiency also increases p‐ERK expression. Both CLU and p‐ERK are critical protective factors of human keratinocytes from hyperthermia‐induced injury.
Substrate‐size choice in European eel (Anguilla anguilla)elvers is not altered by piscivore chemical cues
Authors: Nilsson P. Anders , Pettersson Ivi J. , Tamario Carl , Degerman Erik , Elghagen Jonas , Watz Johan , Calles Olle
Published: April 2020

The European eelAnguilla anguillaLinnaeus 1758 is critically endangered with recruitment estimated at 5–10% of historical levels. Enhancing survival of recruits is pivotal for conservation, and restoration should consider habitat choice of elvers ascending river systems. We experimentally show that newly ascended elvers choose small pebble habitat over finer and larger substrates, regardless of the presence or absence of piscivore chemical cues, indicating no predator‐induced change in substrate choice. Enriching habitats with this substrate fraction should enhance eel recruitment as well as biodiversity at large.
Oral shelling within an adaptive radiation of pupfishes: Testing the adaptive function of a novel nasal protrusion and behavioural preference
Authors: St. John Michelle E. , Dixon Kristi E. , Martin Christopher H.
Published: April 2020

Dietary specialization on hard prey items, such as mollusks and crustaceans, is commonly observed in a diverse array of fish species. Many fish consume these types of prey by crushing the shell to consume the soft tissue within, but a few fishes extricate the soft tissue without breaking the shell using a method known as oral shelling. Oral shelling involves pulling a mollusc from its shell and it may be a way to subvert an otherwise insurmountable shell defence. However, the biomechanical requirements and potential adaptations for oral shelling are unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that a novel nasal protrusion is an adaptation for oral shelling in the durophagous pupfish (Cyprinodon brontotheroides). We first demonstrate oral shelling in this species and then predict that a larger nasal protrusion would allow pupfish to consume larger snails. Durophagous pupfish are found within an endemic radiation of pupfish on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We took advantage of closely related sympatric species and outgroups to test: (a) whether durophagous pupfish shell and consume more snails than other species, (b) if F1 and F2 durophagous hybrids consume similar amounts of snails as purebred durophagous pupfish, and (c) if nasal protrusion size in parental and hybrid populations increases the maximum size of consumed snails. We found that durophagous pupfish and their hybrids consumed the most snails, but did not find a strong association between nasal protrusion size and maximum snail size consumed within the parental or F2 hybrid population, suggesting that the size of their novel nasal protrusion does not provide a major benefit in oral shelling. Instead, we suggest that the nasal protrusion may increase feeding efficiency, act as a sensory organ, or is a sexually selected trait, and that a strong feeding preference may be most important for oral shelling.
Training fish for restocking: refuge and predator training in the hatchery has limited benefits for a marine fish
Authors: Rae David L. , Mos Benjamin , Scott Anna , Dworjanyn Symon A.
Published: April 2020

Large numbers of hatchery‐reared fish are released in stocking programmes; however, success is limited by high mortality. Predation is seen as the main cause of deaths but might be reduced by training fish before release to avoid predators and/or use refuge. In this study on a potential restocking species, yellowfin bream Acanthopagrus australis, the effects of predator training and refuge on the behaviour of fish in the hatchery were tested. In the first experiment, juvenile bream were exposed to predatory mangrove jack (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) fed exclusively on bream flesh while housed in tanks with and without refuge. Predator training altered fish behaviour when fish were re‐exposed to predators, but the effects were subtle and varied between groups of fish. In contrast, refuge created strong and consistent changes in behaviour, significantly slowing down the amount of time that fish took to consume food. A second experiment focused on the effects of refuge. Bream were trained to use artificial seagrass or house bricks as refuge and then exposed to mangrove jacks in a laboratory predation experiment. When refuge was available, fish significantly slowed down their feeding rate. There was a small, transient increase in survival for fish given seagrass refuges, but this was irrespective of whether the bream were trained to use refuge. The results of this study indicate that the use of refuge may be innate and the benefits of refuge may be available to naive hatchery‐reared fish or fish trained to use refuge shortly before release. This suggests that there is potential to improve post‐release survival of fingerlings without time‐consuming and expensive hatchery training.
PIF1 and RVE1 form a transcriptional feedback loop to control light‐mediated seed germination in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yang Liwen , Jiang Zhimin , Jing Yanjun , Lin Rongcheng
Published: April 2020

The phytochrome B (phyB) photoreceptor plays a major role that inputs light signals to regulate seed dormancy and germination. PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTOR1 (PIF1) is a key transcription factor repressing phyB‐mediated seed germination, while REVEILLE1 (RVE1) factor functions as a curial regulator in controlling both seed dormancy and germination. However, the relationship between the PIF1‐ and RVE1‐modulated signaling pathways remains mostly unknown. Here, we find that PIF1 physically interacts with RVE1. Genetic analysis indicates that RVE1 inhibition on seed germination requires PIF1; reciprocally, the repressive effect of PIF1 is partially dependent on RVE1. Strikingly, PIF1 and RVE1 directly bind to the promoter and activate the expression of each other. Furthermore, PIF1 and RVE1 coordinately regulate the transcription of many downstream genes involved in abscisic acid and gibberellin pathways. Moreover, PIF1 enhances the DNA‐binding ability and transcriptional repression activity of RVE1 in regulating GIBBERELLIN 3‐OXIDASE2, and RVE1 promotes PIF1's DNA‐binding ability in modulating ABSCISIC ACID‐INSENSITIVE3 expression. Thus, this study demonstrates that PIF1 and RVE1 form a transcriptional feedback loop that coordinately inhibits seed germination, providing a mechanistic understanding of how phyB‐mediated light signal is transduced to the seeds.
Collaborative Care at a Distance: Student Therapists' Experiences of Learning and Delivering Relationally Focused Telemental Health
Authors: Springer Paul , Bischoff Richard J. , Kohel Kara , Taylor Nathan C. , Farero Adam
Published: April 2020

There is mounting evidence that telemental health is an effective delivery method for treating a variety of mental, emotional, behavioral, and relational health problems. While many of the therapeutic skills leading to the effectiveness of face‐to‐face treatments are transferable, the effectiveness of telemental health requires unique skills. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to determine the experience of learning how to use videoconferencing to deliver relationally focused mental health care. Participants included 10 graduates of a COAMFTE‐accredited master's degree program emphasizing training in telemental health. Each student had practicum placements that required videoconferencing to deliver relationally based psychotherapy. Analysis of interview data revealed (a) personal reservations about distance delivery; (b) the importance of scaffolding student learning through curriculum, supervision, and mental health‐care delivery protocols; (c) the technological barriers associated with this delivery method; and (d) overcoming technological barriers through intentionality.
How Collaborative Practice Agreements Impede the Administration of Vital Women's Health Services
Authors: Martin Brendan , Reneau Kyrani
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Women's health services delivered by nurse practitioners (NP) and certified nurse‐midwives (CNM) are safe and effective, often providing a crucial point of access in underserved regions. However, restrictive and unnecessary regulatory requirements, such as collaborative practice agreements, create artificial barriers to practice.

Methods

This analysis used a subsample of respondents from a large national study focused on the common challenges and practice restrictions introduced by collaborative practice agreements. This cohort included respondents licensed in all 22 states that place some level of restriction on one or both roles. This study used univariable and multivariable logistic regression to examine the financial and administrative constraints collaborative practice agreements place on NPs and CNMs.

Results

The median fee to establish a collaborative agreement was $500 (n = 25; interquartile range [IQR], $175‐$1200; range, $30‐$3000). The monthly median fee to maintain a collaborative agreement was $500 (n = 29; IQR, $250‐$1200; range, $100‐$2000). NPs and CNMs working in rural areas and remotely are more likely to encounter barriers to practice. Similarly, the loss or lack of supervising physicians and fees were also identified as impediments to care.

Discussion

Removing unnecessary regulatory requirements permits NPs and CNMs to be full market participants, thereby allowing them to address health care disparities in women's health and primary care settings. Targeted legislative efforts should seek to improve access to these vital services and re‐establish evidence‐based patient care and safety best practices as the drivers of health care regulation.
What works and what does not work in Alzheimer’s disease? From interventions on risk factors to anti‐amyloid trials
Authors: Bullain Szofia , Doody Rachelle
Published: April 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no approved disease‐modifying therapy (DMT). In this review, we summarize the various past approaches taken in an attempt to find treatments capable of altering the long‐term course for individuals with AD, including: translating epidemiological observations into potential treatment options; seeking a single‐treatment approach across the continuum of AD severity; utilizing biomarkers for assessing target engagement; using biomarkers as early surrogates of clinical efficacy; and enriching study populations to demonstrate adequate placebo decline during the limited duration of clinical trials. Although targeting the amyloid‐β (Aβ) pathway has been central to the search for an effective DMT, to date, trials of anti‐Aβ monoclonal antibodies have failed to consistently demonstrate significant clinical efficacy. Key learnings from these anti‐Aβ trials, as well as the trials that came before them, have shifted the focus within clinical development programs to identifying target populations thought most likely to benefit from treatments (i.e., individuals at an earlier stage of disease). Other learnings include strategies to increase the likelihood of showing measurable improvements within the clinical trial setting by better predicting decline in placebo participants, as well as developing measures to quantify the needed treatment exposure (e.g., higher doses). Given the complexity associated with AD pathology and progression, treatments targeting non‐amyloid AD pathologies in combination with anti‐amyloid therapies may offer an alternative for the successful development of DMTs.

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Oxytocin ameliorates maternal separation‐induced ultrasonic vocalisation calls in mouse pups prenatally exposed to valproic acid
Authors: Tsuji Chiharu , Fujisaku Tomoaki. , Tsuji Takahiro
Published: April 2020

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder estimated by the World Health Organization to occur in one of 160 children worldwide. No pharmaceutical treatments are available to improve the deficits in social communication that are common symptoms of ASD. Recent clinical trials have focused on the nasal application of oxytocin, a neuronal peptide known to regulate a variety of social behaviours. However, the effect of oxytocin on this deficit is inconclusive. By contrast, evidence from ASD animal model studies indicates that when animals are treated with oxytocin during early development, improvements in social deficits are observed in adulthood. Thus, it is necessary to examine the effect of therapeutic target medication prescribed in early development. Mice prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA) are widely used as an animal model of ASD. However, many behavioural studies have been conducted during adulthood rather than early development. To establish a screening system to identify therapeutic drugs that are effective when delivered during the early postnatal period, it is important to examine the early developmental changes in their communicative behaviours. In the present study, we examined the ultrasonic vocalisation (USV) of VPA‐exposed mice pups during their early postnatal developmental days. USV rates were comparable to those of the controls until the first week of their life but declined more on postnatal day 11. We checked the expression of oxytocin system in the hypothalamus and found the down‐regulation of oxytocin and CD38, and up‐regulation of oxytocin receptor in the VPA pups. Acute administration of oxytocin on postnatal day 11 increased the call rate of VPA pups. Taken together, we have demonstrated there was a deficiency in the oxytocinergic signalling in the VPA pups and also shown the existence of time periods that are effective with respect to screening the therapeutic drugs.
Real world, open label experience with lacosamide against acute painful oxaliplatin‐induced peripheral neurotoxicity
Authors: Argyriou Andreas A. , Kalofonou Foteini , Litsardopoulos Pantelis , Anastopoulou Garifallia G. , Psimaras Dimitri , Bruna Jordi , Kalofonos Haralabos P.
Published: April 2020

We report the outcome of a pilot, open‐label study that tested the potential of lacosamide (200 mg/bi.d) as an effective and safe symptomatic treatment against acute painful oxaliplatin‐induced peripheral neurotoxicity (OXAIPN). Lacosamide was introduced in 18 colorectal cancer patients with evidence of clinically significant acute, painful OXAIPN after infusion of the third course (T1) of oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy (FOLFOX4) and was maintained until completion of all 12 courses (T4). The OXA‐Neuropathy Questionnaire (OXA‐NQ) was used to record the severity of acute OXAIPN; the PI‐NRS estimated the severity of neuropathic pain, while the chronic OXAIPN was graded with TNSc. The EuroQOL (EQ‐5D) instrument was also applied. The Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale measured the lacosamide‐attributed perception of change. LCM‐responders were considered those with ≥50% reduction in PI‐NRS and OXA‐NQ scores at T4, compared to T1. Patients experienced on T1 a median number of acute OXAIPN symptoms of 4 and had a median neuropathic pain severity score of 6, which was strongly related to lower quality of life, according to EQ‐VAS (P < .001). At T4, 12 patients (66.7%) were classified as responders. A significant clinical improvement was documented in the severity of acute OXAIPN and neuropathic pain in relation to lacosamide (P < .001) at T4 compared to T1, which was associated with improved EQ‐VAS scores (P < .001). Twelve patients scored PGIC ≥5 (lacosamide‐attributed) at T4. There were no incidences of early drop‐outs for safety reasons. Lacosamide appears to be an effective and well‐tolerated symptomatic treatment against acute, painful OXAIPN.
Daytime changes of salivary biomarkers involved in pain
Authors: Jasim Hajer , Ghafouri Bijar , Carlsson Anders , Hedenberg‐Magnusson Britt , Ernberg Malin
Published: April 2020

The study aimed to investigate salivary levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), substance P (SP) and glutamate at five time points from morning to afternoon in a well‐characterised healthy and pain‐free individuals. Ten young adults were included. Unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva were collected from each participant repeatedly across the day. Blood samples were drawn in connection with the first and last saliva sample as reference standard. Levels of NGF and BDNF were determined using gel‐free Western blot technology, glutamate levels were analysed using a colorimetric assay, and SP was determined using a commercially available ELISA. Salivary NGF and BDNF showed significant differences between the different collection times in both unstimulated (NGF; P = .006; BDNF; P = .026) and stimulated whole saliva (NGF; P = .006; BDNF; P = .019). The highest concentrations of the neuropeptides were expressed in the early morning, and they thereafter decreased across the day. In contrast, the expression of salivary glutamate and SP did not show any significant changes across the day. Plasma levels of NGF were higher in the evening sample (P = .028); otherwise, there were no significant differences for any of the other markers between morning and evening samples. NGF and BDNF in whole saliva showed a significant variation across the day. On the contrary, no variation in the levels of SP and glutamate was detected. These findings highlight the importance of consistency in the collection time and approach in biomarker studies using saliva.
Post‐discharge needs of Iranian women diagnosed with severe mental illness: A qualitative study
Authors: Rezaie Leeba , Phillips David
Published: April 2020

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

A search of common databases indicates the absence of any research focused on the needs of Iranian women diagnosed with severe mental illness post‐discharge from an inpatient setting.

Moreover, there is a lacuna of information about the unique experiences and needs of persons diagnosed with severe mental illness living in non‐Western communities (esp. Middle Eastern communities).

What this paper adds to existing knowledge

This study examined interviews of women diagnosed with severe mental illness receiving treatment at an Iranian inpatient hospital. Three categories of post‐discharge needs emerged: support, skill acquisition and information.

Support consisted of family, social and health system subcategories. Skill acquisition was comprised of social skills, work skills and self‐management skills. Lastly, information distinguished between illness‐related information and women's health information.

What are the implications for practice?

Findings highlight the need for systemic changes to current care models. Broadly, families should be incorporated into care to improve outcomes and decrease stigma. Regarding mental health nursing, results highlighted the need for additional nursing and occupational therapy interventions to empower families and patients. Nursing practitioners can aid in preparing these patients for employment and public health initiatives to decrease stigma and improve access to care.

Introduction

Understanding the post‐discharge needs of patients diagnosed with severe mental illness is critical for improving treatment outcomes.

Aim

The aim of the present study was to determine the unique post‐discharge needs of Iranian women diagnosed with severe mental illness.

Method

Conventional content analysis was utilized to analyse data gathered via focus group interviews conducted within the psychiatric inpatient unit at Farabi hospital located in Kermanshah, Iran. Participants (N = 42; M age = 40; SD = 6.3 years) had been diagnosed with a severe mental illness, had a history of at least two psychiatric hospitalizations and were awaiting discharge following significant symptom improvement.

Results

Content analysis extracted three categories of post‐discharge needs: support, skill acquisition and information. Support consisted of family, social and health system subcategories. Skill acquisition was comprised of social skills, work skills and self‐management skills. Lastly, information distinguished between illness‐related information and women's health information.

Discussion/Implications for practice

Analysis of interview data highlighted the general need for adopting a family‐system approach to reduce stigma, increase knowledge and foster skill acquisition. Regarding mental health nursing, results highlighted the unique role of nurses and their capacity to pre‐emptively address needs such as aiding in employment. Lastly, findings are contrasted against Western care models.
Exogenous melatonin and male foetuses improve the quality of sheep colostrum
Authors: Abecia José‐Alfonso , Garrido Claudia , Gave Marianne , García Ana‐Isabel , López David , Luis Silvia , Valares José‐Antonio , Mata Luis
Published: April 2020

Colostrum is the first product secreted by the mammary gland to transfer immunity to the newborn, especially through immunoglobulins (Ig) G. Melatonin is an immunomodulatory factor and there is evidence that it has a direct effect on IgG production. To evaluate the effects of melatonin treatment during pregnancy, litter size and offspring sex on colostrum quality, sixty pregnant Rasa Aragonesa ewes were divided into three groups: one group received a melatonin implant at the third month of pregnancy (3M, n = 13), another group at the fourth month (4M, n = 18) and the remaining ewes were not implanted (Control, C, n = 29). Immediately after lambing, a sample of colostrum was collected and IgG, crude protein and fat content analysed. Timing of melatonin implantation (p < .001), and offspring sex (p < .01) had a significant effect on IgG concentration. Colostrum of treated ewes had a higher mean (±SEM) IgG concentration than that of the control ewes (55.54 ± 3.09 and 49.50 ± 4.36 mg/ml, respectively; p < .05), mainly because the concentration in the 4M group was significantly (p < .001) higher than it was in the other groups. The relationship between lamb sex and IgG (p < .01) and %CP (p < .05) was evident in singletons (ewes with a male lamb: 54.57 ± 5.37 mg IgG/ml, 15.42 ± 0.82%CP; ewes with a female lamb: 34.66 ± 4.30 mg/ml, 13.18 ± 0.73%CP). The presence of a female in the litter was associated with significantly (p < .01) lower colostrum IgG levels (litters with at least one female: 49.33 ± 3.42 mg/ml; litters with no females: 58.24 ± 4.00 mg/ml). Among 4M ewes, female foetuses had significantly (p < .01) lower IgG levels whether they carried singletons or multiple lambs. In conclusion, treatment with melatonin implants at the fourth month of pregnancy resulted in a higher colostrum quality based on IgG concentration.
Major clades and a revised classification of Magnolia and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming
Authors: Wang Yu‐Bing , Liu Bin‐Bin , Nie Ze‐Long , Chen Hong‐Feng , Chen Fa‐Ju , Figlar Richard B. , Wen Jun
Published: April 2020

With more than 300 species, the Magnoliaceae family represents a major Magnoliid lineage that is disjunctly distributed in Asia and the New World. The classification of Magnolia s.l. has been highly controversial among taxonomists, varying from one genus with several subgenera, sections, and subsections to several (up to 16) genera. We conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic study of Magnoliaceae on the basis of sequences of the complete chloroplast genomes with a broad taxon sampling of 86 species. The phylogenetic analyses strongly support 15 major clades within Magnolia s.l. due to the non‐monophyly of subgen. Magnolia, the previous subgeneric treatment that recognizes three subgenera, is not supported. Based on the phylogenetic, morphological, and geographic evidence, we recognize two subfamilies in Magnoliaceae: Liriodendroideae and Magnolioideae, each with one genus, Liriodendron and Magnolia, respectively. Magnolia is herein classified into 15 sections: sects. Magnolia, Manglietia, Michelia, Gwillimia, Gynopodium, Kmeria, Maingola, Oyama, Rytidospermum, Splendentes, Talauma, Tuliparia, Macrophylla, Tulipastrum, and Yulania.
HBcrAg and pg RNA and the therapeutic effect in HBeAg‐positive patients receiving anti‐viral therapy, baseline serum HBV‐RNA is a powerful predictor of response
Authors: Ma Guanghua , Lou Bin , Lv Feifei , Zhao Dejian , Zhang Zhe , Chen Yu
Published: April 2020

We used HBV core antigen (HbcrAg), pre‐genomic RNA (pg RNA) and other biomarkers to evaluate the therapeutic effect in HBV infected patients receiving anti‐viral therapy. 127HBeAg‐positive patients were enrolled: 35 patients received nucleotide therapy, 14 patients received interferon and 78 patients received combination therapy with both. HBcrAg, pg RNA and other biomarkers were detected at different time points, we defined the decreased titre of HBcrAg and HBeAg from baseline to 6 and baseline to 12 months as ∆HBcrAg and ∆HBeAg, which were used to predict HBeAg seroconversion. Furthermore, we used the time‐dependent receiver operator curve of different markers to analyse HBeAg seroconversion. For HBeAg seroconversion: at 6 months, 0.75 log10 U/mL of ∆HBcrAg and 1.47 log10PEI U/mL of ∆HBeAg showed maximum predictive value in receiver operator curve analysis (Youden's index values for area under the curve of 0.687 and 0.646, respectively). At 12 months, 2.05 log10 U/mL of ∆HBcrAg and 1.92 log10PEI U/mL of ∆HBeAg showed improved prediction (maximum Youden's index values, with areas under the curve of 0.688 and 0.698, respectively).pg RNA was a better predictor of outcome due and the concentrations of 6.20 log10I U/mL of pg RNA and 8.0 log10 U/mL of HBcrAg were cut‐off values for response in a Kaplan‐Meier curve analysis. Our results may be used to identify the pg RNA concentration in patients at baseline and ∆HBcrAg during therapy who are likely to achieve HBeAg seroconversion according to the cut‐off value at different time points, thus helping to evaluate the therapeutic effect.
Hyperthyroidism is not a risk factor for subclinical bacteriuria in cats: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Li Alice , Soboroff Peter , Bilbrough Graham E. , Rishniw Mark
Published: April 2020

Background

Subclinical bacteriuria is defined as a positive bacterial urine culture in the absence of clinical evidence of urinary tract infection (UTI). Studies have reported that hyperthyroid cats have UTIs (mostly subclinical) with prevalence rates of 12%‐22%. Consequently, clinicians consider hyperthyroidism a risk factor for development of subclinical bacteriuria, and many recommend urine culture when evaluating hyperthyroid cats.

Objectives

To compare the prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria (based on positive urine culture) in untreated hyperthyroid cats to that in euthyroid cats of similar age and sex.

Animals

Three hundred and ninety‐three hyperthyroid cats presented for radioiodine treatment and 131 euthyroid cats (≥7 years of age) presented for routine examination. Cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease were excluded.

Methods

Prospective cohort study. Both hyperthyroid and euthyroid cats had urine collected by cystocentesis for complete urinalysis and culture. Data pertaining to age, sex, body condition, and serum thyroxine and creatinine concentrations also were acquired. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate for potential risk factors for subclinical bacteriuria.

Results

Hyperthyroid cats showed a low prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria (4.3%), which did not differ from that found in euthyroid cats (4.6%). Of the signalment factors evaluated, only female sex was a significant risk factor (odds ratio [OR], 6.9; P = .002). Furthermore, positive urine cultures were more likely in specimens with dilute urine concentration (<1.035), pyuria, or microscopic bacteriuria.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Hyperthyroid cats are not at risk for subclinical bacteriuria. In the absence of lower urinary tract signs, no clinical benefit exists in routinely performing urine cultures when evaluating hyperthyroid cats.
Preconception helminth infection alters offspring microbiota and immune subsets in a mouse model
Authors: Nyangahu Donald D. , Darby Matthew , Havyarimana Enock , Brown Bryan P. , Horsnell William , Jaspan Heather B.
Published: April 2020

Both maternal microbiota and helminth infection may alter offspring immunity but the relationship between these is underexplored. We hypothesized that maternal helminth exposure prior to pregnancy has lasting consequences on offspring intestinal microbiota and consequent immunity. Female BALB/c adult mice were infected with 500L3 Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (N brasiliensis). Infection was cleared by ivermectin treatment, and mice were mated 3 weeks post‐infection (NbM). Control mice were not infected but were exposed to ivermectin (NvM). We analysed maternal gut microbiota during pregnancy, breastmilk microbiota and offspring faecal microbiota and immunity 2 weeks after delivery. During pregnancy, NbM (Mothers previously infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis) displayed significantly altered stool bacterial communities (R2 = .242; P = .001), with increased abundance of Enterococcaceae versus NvM (Naive mothers). Similarly, we observed a profound impact on breastmilk microbiota in NbM vs NvM. Moreover, NbM pups showed significantly altered gut microbial communities at 14 days of age versus those born to NvM with increased relative abundance of Coriobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae. These changes were associated with alterations in pup immunity including increased frequencies and numbers of activated CD4 T cells (CD4 + CD44hi) in NbM offspring spleens. Taken together, we show that preconception helminth infections impact offspring immunity possibly through alteration of maternal and offspring microbiota.
Thomas Kuhn on Paradigms
Authors: Anand Gopesh , Larson Eric C. , Mahoney Joseph T.
Published: April 2020

This study provides key arguments and contributions of Kuhn (1970) concerning paradigms, paradigm shifts, and scientific revolutions. We provide interpretations of Kuhn's (1970) key ideas and concepts, especially as they relate to business management research. We conclude by considering the practical implications of paradigms and paradigm shifts for contemporary business management researchers and suggest that ethical rules of conversation are at least as critical for the health of a scientific community as methodological rules (e.g., the rules of logical positivism) derived from the philosophy of science.
When end‐stage kidney disease complicates abdominal surgery
Authors: Lew Susie Q. , Collins Ashté
Published: April 2020

Patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) encounter an increased risk for infection, bleeding, and PD fluid leakage after abdominal surgery. These complications may affect the future use of PD. Appropriate patient preparation may mitigate complications. Certain complications or procedures allow patients to remain on PD while others require transition to hemodialysis. We review the etiology and management of infection, bleeding, and PD fluid leakage associated with abdominal surgery as well as the relationship of specific abdominal procedures to continuing PD.
New trends in biochar pyrolysis and modification strategies: feedstock, pyrolysis conditions, sustainability concerns and implications for soil amendment
Authors: Wang Liuwei , Ok Yong Sik , Tsang Daniel C. W. , Alessi Daniel S. , Rinklebe Jörg , Wang Hailong , Mašek Ondřej , Hou Renjie , O'Connor David , Hou Deyi
Published: April 2020

As a waste‐derived soil amendment with a long history, biochar has received extensive attention for its capability to improve soil fertility/health; remove or immobilize contaminants in soil, water and air; and mitigate climate change. With the aim of producing engineered biochars with excellent performances, new trends in biochar pyrolytic production and modification strategies have emerged. This review critically summarizes novel pyrolysis methods (e.g., microwave‐assisted pyrolysis, co‐pyrolysis and wet pyrolysis) and modification approaches (e.g., mineral modification, photocatalytic modification, electrochemical modification) with a focus on (a) the mechanisms involved in environmental remediation processes including soil immobilization, contaminant adsorption and catalytic oxidation; (b) effects of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions on physicochemical properties; (c) sustainability considerations in novel modification and pyrolysis strategies; and (d) the feasibility of extrapolating the results from wastewater treatment to soil remediation. It is argued that in order to achieve the maximum net environmental benefits, ‘greener’ modification methods are warranted, and the risks associated with pyrolysis of contaminated feedstock in soil amendment and contaminant sorption can be minimized through various novel approaches (e.g., co‐pyrolysis). Furthermore, novel pyrolysis methods can be combined with emerging modification strategies to synthesize more ‘effective’ biochars. Considering the similar aims of modification (e.g., increase surface area, introduce oxygen‐containing functional groups, increase aromaticity), the applicability of several novel approaches could in future can be expanded from contaminant adsorption/degradation in aqueous media to soil remediation/fertility improvement.
Recognition of an HLA‐A*24:02 variant, HLA‐A*24:02:31, in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Liang , Li Chi‐Cheng , Lin Py‐Yu
Published: April 2020

One nucleotide replacement in codon 233 of HLA‐A*24:02:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐A*24:02:31.
Microbiologically documented infections after adult allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: A 5‐year analysis within the Swiss Transplant Cohort study
Authors: Vu Diem‐Lan , Dayer Julie‐Anne , Masouridi‐Levrat Stavroula , Combescure Christophe , Boely Elsa , Khanna Nina , Mueller Nicolas J. , Kleber Martina , Medinger Michael , Halter JOERG , Passweg Jakob , Müller Antonia M. , Schanz Urs , Chalandon Yves , Neofytos Dionysios , van Delden Christian , Kaiser Laurent ,   Swiss Transplant Cohort Study
Published: April 2020

Background

Infections are an important complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo‐HCT). The present study aimed at determining the landscape of infections occurring in a large cohort of allo‐HCT patients, as well as associated risk factors for infections and for one‐year non‐relapse mortality.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study using STCS and EBMT databases to assess the one‐year incidence rate of infection, as well as risk factors for infections and for one‐year non‐relapse mortality among adult allo‐HCT patients transplanted between 2010 and 2014 in Switzerland. Univariable and multivariable quasi‐Poisson and multivariable Cox regression models were used.

Results

Of 553 patients included, 486 had an infection with a global incidence rate of 3.66 infections per patient‐year. Among a total of 1534 infections analyzed, viral infections were predominant (n = 1138, 74.2%), followed by bacterial (n = 343, 22.4%) and fungal (n = 53, 3.5%) infections. At one year, the cumulative incidence of relapse and non‐relapse mortality was 26% and 16%, respectively. 195 (35.3%) of patients had at least one episode of severe graft‐versus‐host‐disease (GvHD). A center effect was observed, and underlying disease, donor type, cytomegalovirus serological constellation, and GvHD were also associated with the incidence rate of infections. There was an increased risk for one‐year non‐relapse mortality associated with all pathogens, specifically within two months of infection, and this remained true beyond 2 months of a fungal infection.

Conclusion

Despite advances to limit infections in this population, they still occur in most allo‐HCT patients with a major impact on survival at 1 year.
Pneumocystis jiroveciiand toxoplasmosis prophylaxis strategies among pediatric organ transplantation recipients: A US National Survey
Authors: Hanisch Benjamin , Sprott Kathleen , Ardura Monica I.
Published: April 2020

There is a paucity of pediatric‐specific data to guide consensus recommendations for the prevention ofPneumocystis jiroveciipneumonia (PCP) and toxoplasmosis after solid organ transplantation. We surveyed pediatric transplantation providers and found considerable variability in prophylaxis strategies, despite current guideline recommendations that are based primarily on adult data.
The Added Value of Longitudinal Imaging for Preclinical
In Vivo
Efficacy Testing of Therapeutic Compounds against Cerebral Cryptococcosis
Authors: Vanherp Liesbeth , Poelmans Jennifer , Hillen Amy , Janbon Guilhem , Brock Matthias , Lagrou Katrien , Vande Velde Greetje , Himmelreich Uwe
Published: April 2020

Brain infections with
Cryptococcus neoformans
are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Cryptococcosis typically presents as meningoencephalitis or fungal mass lesions called cryptococcomas. Despite frequent
in vitro
discoveries of promising novel antifungals, the clinical need for drugs that can more efficiently treat these brain infections remains. A crucial step in drug development is the evaluation of
in vivo
drug efficacy in animal models.
Phase 2a Pharmacokinetic, Safety, and Exploratory Efficacy Evaluation of Oral Gepotidacin (GSK2140944) in Female Participants with Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection (Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis)
Authors: Overcash J. Scott , Tiffany Courtney A. , Scangarella-Oman Nicole E. , Perry Caroline R. , Tao Yu , Hossain Mohammad , Barth Aline , Dumont Etienne F.
Published: April 2020

Gepotidacin, a triazaacenaphthylene bacterial type II topoisomerase inhibitor, is in development for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (uUTI). This phase 2a study in female participants with uUTI evaluated the pharmacokinetics (primary objective), safety, and exploratory efficacy of gepotidacin. Eligible participants (
n
 = 22) were confined to the clinic at baseline, received oral gepotidacin at 1,500 mg twice daily for 5 days (on-therapy period; days 1 to 5), and returned to the clinic for test-of-cure (days 10 to 13) and follow-up (day 28 ± 3) visits.
Detection of Protein Aggregation in Live
Plasmodium
Parasites
Authors: Biosca Arnau , Bouzón-Arnáiz Inés , Spanos Lefteris , Siden-Kiamos Inga , Iglesias Valentín , Ventura Salvador , Fernàndez-Busquets Xavier
Published: April 2020

The rapid evolution of resistance in the malaria parasite to every single drug developed against it calls for the urgent identification of new molecular targets. Using a stain specific for the detection of intracellular amyloid deposits in live cells, we have detected the presence of abundant protein aggregates in
Plasmodium falciparum
blood stages and female gametes cultured
in vitro
, in the blood stages of mice infected by
Plasmodium yoelii
, and in the mosquito stages of the murine malaria species
Plasmodium berghei
.