bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insurance market of the Visegrad Group countries in the context of regional economies
Authors: Koišová Eva , Grmanová Eva
Published: March 2017

Prosperity and growth of the insurance sector are closely linked to the overall economic development of individual countries and continents. In the first half of the 21st century, the insurance market in Central European countries, including the countries of the Visegrad Group, has recorded a significant boost in its development. This fact can be observed in the development of gross domestic product and premiums. The aim of this paper is to find out how a change in GDP affects premiums in individual countries of the Visegrad Group. By examining the correlation coefficient we have found that Slovakia had the highest dependence between GDP and premiums, while Hungary had the lowest. Slovakia had also the greatest value of the coefficient of determination of the dependence between premiums and GDP.
The Assignment of Starting Points within Management of Change
Authors: Sujová Andrea , Marcineková Katarína
Published: March 2017

Among basic factors influencing the success of implemented changes in the enterprise, the starting points of the change assigned correctly belong. The paper is focused on the first phase in the process of change management – assignment of change´s starting points. The aim of the paper is to present the methodology by analysis of the initial situation of an enterprise by purpose to implement changes. The result of the analysis is providing correct input information for elaboration of the change´s project.
Towards a theoretical basis for operationalizing knowledge communication
Authors: Kampf Constance½
Published: March 2017

Knowledge communication is an emerging means of understanding the individual processes involved in constructing and passing knowledge from person to person. Knowledge communication works together with technical communication in the knowledge society. The concept of knowledge communication compliments technical communication by allowing for the interpersonal aspects of knowledge creation and diffusion. Combing technical and knowledge communication, then, covers the three major components of the knowledge economy – creation, diffusion, and use of knowledge. In this paper I propose that we consider three approaches to understanding the interaction between technical communication and knowledge communication – Culture as a system, Communities of Practice, and the intersection of Kenneth Burke’s notions of terministic screens and entitlement.
How Successful is the Mediation of Specialized Knowledge? - The Use of Thinking-aloud Protocols and Log Files of Reverbalization Processes as a Method in Comprehensibility Research
Authors: Göpferich Susanne
Published: March 2017

Since the publication of Ericsson’s and Simon’s book Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data in 1984, thinking-aloud has found its way into the exploration of (interlingual) translation processes. To gain deeper insight into translation processes, the method of thinking-aloud has been combined with the use of the software TRANSLOG developed by Jakobsen and Schou. This software records (logs) all keystrokes and mouse clicks during writing processes as well as the time intervals between them without the user of this programme realizing this.In my paper, I will describe how the method of thinking aloud combined with the use of TRANSLOG can be used to determine the comprehensibility of non-instructive texts. It focuses on an experiment in which ﬁve subjects were asked to optimize a popular science text using TRANSLOG. During this intralingual translation process, the subjects had to think aloud. The paper will focus on the method I used and present what it reveals about the comprehensibility of the popular science text.
Language Policy and Communication Policy - Same Same but Different?
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning , Johnsen Mia
Published: March 2017

Surprisingly, no attempts have yet been made to relate language policy and communication policy. This is the case in theoretical contributions on language policy and theoretical contributions on communication policy alike, none of which mentions the other concept. It is also the case in existing language policies where the term communication policy is not referred to at all. Likewise, the term language policy is not found in communication policies, even when a particular company or organisation has a language policy as well as a communication policy. This contribution aims to deﬁne both terms and subsequently to establish the relation between them.
Optimizing and Translating LSP texts
Authors: Giehl Claudia
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
Identifying gaps in HIV service delivery across the diagnosis‐to‐treatment cascade: findings from health facility surveys in six sub‐Saharan countries
Authors: Church Kathryn , Machiyama Kazuyo , Todd Jim , Njamwea Brian , Mwangome Mary , Hosegood Vicky , Michel Janet , Oti Samuel , Nyamukapa Constance , Crampin Amelia , Amek Nyaguara , Nakigozi Gertrude , Michael Denna , Gómez‐Olivé F Xavier , Nakiyingi‐Miiro Jessica , Zaba Basia , Wringe Alison
Published: March 2017

Introduction: Despite the rollout of antiretroviral therapy (ART), challenges remain in ensuring timely access to care and treatment for people living with HIV. As part of a multi‐country study to investigate HIV mortality, we conducted health facility surveys within 10 health and demographic surveillance system sites across six countries in Eastern and Southern Africa to investigate clinic‐level factors influencing (i) use of HIV testing services, (ii) use of HIV care and treatment and (iii) patient retention on ART.

Methods: Health facilities (n = 156) were sampled within 10 surveillance sites: Nairobi and Kisumu (Kenya), Karonga (Malawi), Agincourt and uMkhanyakude (South Africa), Ifakara and Kisesa (Tanzania), Kyamulibwa and Rakai (Uganda) and Manicaland (Zimbabwe). Structured questionnaires were administered to in‐charge staff members of HIV testing, prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT) and ART units within the facilities. Forty‐one indicators influencing uptake and patient retention along the continuum of HIV care were compared across sites using descriptive statistics.

Results: The number of facilities surveyed ranged from six in Malawi to 36 in Zimbabwe. Eighty percent were government‐run; 73% were lower‐level facilities and 17% were district/referral hospitals. Client load varied widely, from less than one up to 65 HIV testing clients per provider per week. Most facilities (>80%) delivered services or interventions that would support patient retention in care such as delivering free services, offering PMTCT within antenatal care, pre‐ART monitoring and adherence counselling. Many facilities under‐delivered in several areas, however, such as targeted testing for high‐risk groups (21%) and mobile testing (36%). There were also intra‐site and inter‐site differences, including in the delivery of Option B+ (ranging from 6% in Kisumu to 93% in Kyamulibwa), and nurse‐led ART initiation (ranging from 50% in Kisesa to 100% in Karonga and Agincourt). Only facilities in Malawi did not require additional lab tests for ART initiation. Stock‐outs of HIV test kits and antiretroviral drugs were particularly common in Tanzania.

Conclusions: We identified a high standard of health facility performance in delivering strategies that may support progression through the continuum of HIV care. HIV testing policy and practice was particularly weak. Inter‐ and intra‐country differences in quality and coverage represent opportunities to improve the delivery of comprehensive services to people living with HIV.
Personal contact with HIV‐positive persons is associated with reduced HIV‐related stigma: cross‐sectional analysis of general population surveys from 26 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Chan Brian T. , Tsai Alexander C.
Published: March 2017

Introduction: HIV‐related stigma hampers treatment and prevention efforts worldwide. Effective interventions to counter HIV‐related stigma are greatly needed. Although the “contact hypothesis” suggests that personal contact with persons living with HIV (PLHIV) may reduce stigmatizing attitudes in the general population, empirical evidence in support of this hypothesis is lacking. Our aim was to estimate the association between personal contact with PLHIV and HIV‐related stigma among the general population of sub‐Saharan Africa.

Methods: Social distance and anticipated stigma were operationalized using standard HIV‐related stigma questions contained in the Demographic and Health Surveys and AIDS Indicator Surveys of 26 African countries between 2003 and 2008. We fitted multivariable logistic regression models with country‐level fixed effects, specifying social distance as the dependent variable and personal contact with PLHIV as the primary explanatory variable of interest.

Results: We analyzed data from 206,717 women and 91,549 men living in 26 sub‐Saharan African countries. We estimated a statistically significant negative association between personal contact with PLHIV and desires for social distance (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.80; p < 0.001; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 0.73–0.88). In a sensitivity analysis, a similar finding was obtained with a model that used a community‐level variable for personal contact with PLHIV (AOR = 0.92; p < 0.001; 95% CI, 0.89–0.95).

Conclusions: Personal contact with PLHIV was associated with reduced desires for social distance among the general population of sub‐Saharan Africa. More contact interventions should be developed and tested to reduce the stigma of HIV.
Test-Retest Reliability of Muscle Thickness, Echo-Intensity and Cross Sectional Area of Quadriceps and Hamstrings Muscle Groups Using B-mode Ultrasound
Authors: Ruas Cassio V. , Pinto Ronei S. , Lima Camila D. , Costa Pablo B. , Brown Lee E.
Published: March 2017

Ultrasound muscle images have been extensively used as tools for investigating, diagnosing and monitoring thigh muscles. However, there is a lack of information examining ultrasound reliability of quadriceps and hamstrings images for research and clinical use. Objectives: To determine the reliability of muscle thickness (MT), echo intensity (EI) and cross sectional area (CSA) of quadriceps and hamstrings muscle groups. Methods: Single transverse images of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus intermedius (VI), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris long head (BFlh), semitendinosus (ST), and semimembranosus (SM) muscles were scanned in the right and left legs of ten healthy collegiate men (age 23.4 ± 2.2 yrs, mass 71.7 ± 11.7 kg, height 1.73 ± 0.06 m) between two sessions with one day interval. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimum difference to be considered “real” (MD) were measured for MT, EI, and CSA. Results: A range of 0.97-0.99, 0.83-0.88, and 0.86-0.97 (ICC); 0.72-1.38, 2.73-3.41, and 0.36-1.04 (SEM); and 2.01-3.82, 7.56-9.46, and 0.99-2.89 (MD) were found for quadriceps muscles, and 0.93-0.99, 0.74-0.90, and 0.89-0.96 (ICC); 0.73-1.94, 3.29-4.98, and 0.69-1.08 (SEM); and 2.03-5.38, 9.13-13.81, and 1.91-2.98 (MD) were found for hamstrings muscles. Conclusions: These results suggest that ultrasound imaging of both quadriceps and hamstrings muscle architecture is a reliable technique for assessing thigh musculoskeletal tissue. The anatomical sites, as well as ultrasound adjustments, images, and results utilized here may assist future researchers and clinicians as reference tools when measuring quadriceps and hamstrings musculature.
Review on Computational Electromagnetics
Authors: Sumithra P. , Thiripurasundari D.
Published: March 2017

Computational electromagnetics (CEM) is applied to model the interaction of electromagnetic fields with the objects like antenna, waveguides, aircraft and their environment using Maxwell equations.  In this paper the strength and weakness of various computational electromagnetic techniques are discussed. Performance of various techniques in terms accuracy, memory and computational time for application specific tasks such as modeling RCS (Radar cross section), space applications, thin wires, antenna arrays are presented in this paper.
Ring Slotted Circularly Polarized U-Shaped Printed Monopole Antenna for Various Wireless Applications
Authors: Jangid K. G. , Jain P. K. , Sharma B. R. , Saxena V. K. , Kulhar V. S. , Bhatnagar D.
Published: March 2017

In this communication, the design and performance of strip line feed U-shaped printed monopole antenna for Bluetooth/WI-Max/WLAN communications systems is reported. Proposed monopole antenna has an eight shaped slot on the patch and an eight shaped ring structure in the ground plane with metallic reflector just beneath the radiating element. The CST Microwave Studio 2014 is used for the simulation analysis of antennas while measurements are performed by applying Vector Network Analyzer. This radiating structure provides triple broad impedance bandwidths i.e. 265MHz (in 2.280 GHz to 2.545 GHz frequency range), 116 MHz (in 2.660 GHz to 2.776 GHz frequency range) and 2.12 GHz (in 3.83 GHz to 5.956 GHz frequency range), wider 3dB axial ratio bandwidth 1.33 GHz (in 4.69GHz to 6.02GHz range), flat gain (with maximum gain close to 5.56 (dBi) and good radiation patterns in the desired frequency range. This antenna may be a useful structure for 2.45GHz Bluetooth communication band as well as in WLAN and Wi-Max communications bands.
Highly Selective Dual-Mode Microstrip Bandpass Filters Using Triangular Patch Resonators
Authors: Avinash K.G. , Rao I. S.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, highly selective dual-mode microstrip bandpass filters are proposed using horizontal and vertical slots formed on the surface of a triangular patch. Slots are responsible for splitting and coupling of dual degenerate modes and also facilitate in controlling their resonant frequencies by varying the dimensions of the slots. Horizontal and vertical slots reroute the direction of the flow of current on the surface of the patch, which results in switching of transmission zeros. Two 2-pole and one 4-pole dual-mode filters are designed, simulated and fabricated. Two pole filters have transmission zeros on side of the passband and four pole filter have transmission zeros on both sides of the passband. The designed filters exhibit a fractional bandwidth of less than 7 % and there is a good agreement between simulated and measured results.
Nano Energy Harvesting with Plasmonic Nano-Antennas: A review of MID-IR Rectenna and Application
Authors: Citroni R. , Leggieri A. , Passi D. , Di Paolo F. , Di Carlo A.
Published: March 2017

Over the past decade, unmanned air vehicles are gaining more and more interest and popularity in particular miniaturized small flight objects named NAVs (Nano Air Vehicles). One of the main considerations when building or buying a drone is the flight time and range. The flight time is nowadays a drawback for miniature unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It is limited to few minutes before requiring a forced recovery to replace exhausted batteries. Currently the batteries are the dominant technology, which possess limited operation in time and energy. The real viability to extending flight time (FT) of NAVs is possible exploring new and more disruptive alternative solution able either to recharge a battery, or even to directly power the NAVs during the flight. Plasmonic Nano Energy harvester is an attractive technology to extending the FT extracting the energy in mid-infrared radiation emitted from Earth’s surface with Rectenna tuned to mid-infrared wavelengths (7 –14 ) um with a peak wavelength of about10um . In this review the concepts emerging from this work identify and suggest how this novel harvester can constantly supply these flying objects for the whole day.
Calculating the balance between atmospheric CO2 drawdown and organic carbon oxidation in subglacial hydrochemical systems
Authors: Graly Joseph A. , Drever James I. , Humphrey Neil F.
Published: March 2017

In order to constrain CO2 fluxes from biogeochemical processes in subglacial environments, we model the evolution of pH and alkalinity over a range of subglacial weathering conditions. We show that subglacial waters reach or exceed atmospheric pCO2 levels when atmospheric gases are able to partially access the subglacial environment. Subsequently, closed system oxidation of sulfides is capable of producing pCO2 levels well in excess of atmosphere levels without any input from the decay of organic matter. We compared this model to published pH and alkalinity measurements from 21 glaciers and ice sheets. Most subglacial waters are near atmospheric pCO2 values. The assumption of an initial period of open system weathering requires substantial organic carbon oxidation in only 4 of the 21 analyzed ice bodies. If the subglacial environment is assumed to be closed from any input of atmospheric gas, large organic carbon inputs are required in nearly all cases. These closed system assumptions imply that order of 10 g m−2 y−1 of organic carbon are removed from a typical subglacial environment—a rate too high to represent soil carbon built up over previous interglacial periods and far in excess of fluxes of surface deposited organic carbon. Partial open system input of atmospheric gases is therefore likely in most subglacial environments. The decay of organic carbon is still important to subglacial inorganic chemistry where substantial reserves of ancient organic carbon are found in bedrock. In glaciers and ice sheets on silicate bedrock, substantial long‐term drawdown of atmospheric CO2 occurs.
Understanding ozone‐meteorology correlations: A role for dry deposition
Authors: Kavassalis Sarah C. , Murphy Jennifer G.
Published: March 2017

Observations of coincident high relative humidity and low surface ozone are common in air quality data sets, but models underpredict the strength of this correlation. We perform a statistical analysis of 28 years of ozone and meteorology observations taken as part of the Clean Air Status and Trends Network across the United States and find that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is the strongest predictor of midday ozone in the spring, summer, and fall, and this correlation is strongest at sites with the largest leaf area index. We argue that stomatal regulation of dry deposition, which is known to have a VPD dependence that is not typically included in model parameterizations, can explain this relationship. Using a box model of ozone production and loss, we show that a negative ozone‐humidity slope is only achieved by the inclusion of VPD‐dependent dry deposition, suggesting that this mechanism may explain the observed ozone‐humidity correlation.
Change in dust seasonality as the primary driver for orbital‐scale dust storm variability in East Asia
Authors: Serno Sascha , Winckler Gisela , Anderson Robert F. , Jaccard Samuel L. , Kienast Stephanie S. , Haug Gerald H.
Published: March 2017

Glacial periods are recognized to be dustier than interglacials, but the conditions leading to greater dust mobilization are poorly defined. Here we present a new high‐resolution dust record based on 230Th‐normalized 4He flux from Ocean Drilling Program site 882 in the Subarctic North Pacific covering the last 170,000 years. By analogy with modern relationships, we infer the mechanisms controlling orbital‐scale dust storm variability in East Asia. We propose that orbital‐scale dust flux variability is the result of an expansion of the dust season into summer, in addition to more intense dust storms during spring and fall. The primary drivers influencing dust flux include summer insolation at subarctic latitudes and variable Siberian alpine glaciation, which together control the cold air reservoir in Siberia. Changes in the extent of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets may be a secondary control.
Sources of methane to an Arctic lake in Alaska: An isotopic investigation
Authors: Lecher Alanna L. , Chuang Pei‐Chuan , Singleton Michael , Paytan Adina
Published: March 2017

Sources of dissolved methane (CH4) at Toolik Lake, Alaska, include both diffusion from lake sediments and groundwater entering the lake from its perimeter. Here we use hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in water (H2O), carbon and hydrogen isotopes in CH4, and carbon isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to calculate the relative importance of lake sediment and groundwater discharge as sources of dissolved CH4 to Toolik Lake. We also resolve the relative importance of the source contribution spatially within the lake and determine the processes controlling CH4 concentrations in groundwater surrounding the lake. Our findings, from a mixing model based on isotopes in CH4, suggest that groundwater is a more important source of CH4 at the perimeter of the lake where the water‐to‐air flux is high. Additionally, we find on the local scale that high groundwater methane concentrations may be better linked to areas around the lake where rain is the dominant source of water to the active layer, indicating that changes in precipitation and active layer thaw depth will impact methane concentrations in the active layer and, ultimately, the groundwater associated flux to Toolik Lake.
Validation of SMAP soil moisture for the SMAPVEX15 field campaign using a hyper‐resolution model
Authors: Cai Xitian , Pan Ming , Chaney Nathaniel W. , Colliander Andreas , Misra Sidharth , Cosh Michael H. , Crow Wade T. , Jackson Thomas J. , Wood Eric F.
Published: March 2017

Accurate global mapping of soil moisture is the goal of the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, which is expected to improve the estimation of water, energy, and carbon exchanges between the land and the atmosphere. Like other satellite products, the SMAP soil moisture retrievals need to be validated, with the validation relying heavily on in situ measurements. However, a one‐to‐one comparison is ill advised due to the spatial mismatch of the large SMAP footprint (∼40 km) and the point scale in situ measurements. This study uses a recently developed hyper‐resolution land surface model—HydroBlocks—as a tool to upscale in situ soil moisture measurements for the SMAPVEX15 (SMAP Validation Experiment 2015) field campaign during 2–18 August 2015. Calibrated against in situ observation, HydroBlocks shows a satisfactory Kling‐Gupta efficiency (KGE) of 0.817 and RMSE of 0.019 m3/m3 for the calibration period. These results indicate that HydroBlocks can be used to upscale in situ measurements for this site. Different from previous studies, here in situ measurements are upscaled using a land surface model without bias correction. The upscaled soil moisture is then used to evaluate SMAP (passive) soil moisture products. The comparison of the upscaled network to SMAP shows that the retrievals are generally able to capture the areal‐averaged soil moisture temporal variations. However, SMAP appears to be oversensitive to summer precipitation. We expect these findings can be used to improve the SMAP soil moisture product and thus facilitate its usage in studying the water, energy, and carbon cycles.
The future of evapotranspiration: Global requirements for ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources
Authors: Fisher Joshua B. , Melton Forrest , Middleton Elizabeth , Hain Christopher , Anderson Martha , Allen Richard , McCabe Matthew F. , Hook Simon , Baldocchi Dennis , Townsend Philip A. , Kilic Ayse , Tu Kevin , Miralles Diego D. , Perret Johan , Lagouarde Jean‐Pierre , Waliser Duane , Purdy Adam J. , French Andrew , Schimel David , Famiglietti James S. , Stephens Graeme , Wood Eric F.
Published: March 2017

The fate of the terrestrial biosphere is highly uncertain given recent and projected changes in climate. This is especially acute for impacts associated with changes in drought frequency and intensity on the distribution and timing of water availability. The development of effective adaptation strategies for these emerging threats to food and water security are compromised by limitations in our understanding of how natural and managed ecosystems are responding to changing hydrological and climatological regimes. This information gap is exacerbated by insufficient monitoring capabilities from local to global scales. Here, we describe how evapotranspiration (ET) represents the key variable in linking ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources, and highlight both the outstanding science and applications questions and the actions, especially from a space‐based perspective, necessary to advance them.
Climate model uncertainty in impact assessments for agriculture: A multi‐ensemble case study on maize in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Dale Amy , Fant Charles , Strzepek Kenneth , Lickley Megan , Solomon Susan
Published: March 2017

We present maize production in sub‐Saharan Africa as a case study in the exploration of how uncertainties in global climate change, as reflected in projections from a range of climate model ensembles, influence climate impact assessments for agriculture. The crop model AquaCrop‐OS (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) was modified to run on a 2° × 2° grid and coupled to 122 climate model projections from multi‐model ensembles for three emission scenarios (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 [CMIP3] SRES A1B and CMIP5 Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP] scenarios 4.5 and 8.5) as well as two “within‐model” ensembles (NCAR CCSM3 and ECHAM5/MPI‐OM) designed to capture internal variability (i.e., uncertainty due to chaos in the climate system). In spite of high uncertainty, most notably in the high‐producing semi‐arid zones, we observed robust regional and sub‐regional trends across all ensembles. In agreement with previous work, we project widespread yield losses in the Sahel region and Southern Africa, resilience in Central Africa, and sub‐regional increases in East Africa and at the southern tip of the continent. Spatial patterns of yield losses corresponded with spatial patterns of aridity increases, which were explicitly evaluated. Internal variability was a major source of uncertainty in both within‐model and between‐model ensembles and explained the majority of the spatial distribution of uncertainty in yield projections. Projected climate change impacts on maize production in different regions and nations ranged from near‐zero or positive (upper quartile estimates) to substantially negative (lower quartile estimates), highlighting a need for risk management strategies that are adaptive and robust to uncertainty.
Diurnal atmosphere‐ocean signals in Earth's rotation rate and a possible modulation through ENSO
Authors: Schindelegger M. , Salstein D. , Einšpigel D. , Mayerhofer C.
Published: March 2017

Space geodetic determinations of a 6 μs length‐of‐day (LOD) anomaly at the diurnal S1 frequency are reconciled with excitation estimates from geophysical fluid models. Preference is given to a hybrid excitation scheme that combines atmospheric torques with oceanic angular momentum (OAM) terms from hydrodynamic forward modeling. A joint inversion of all data sets yields an LOD in‐phase and quadrature estimate of (5.91, −0.22) μs, matching space geodetic S1 terms well within their formal uncertainties. Non‐harmonic LOD excitations, while less than 30% of the time‐averaged rotation rate contribution, are conclusively linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as the main perturbation of diurnal cycle characteristics in the troposphere. ENSO modulations of particular relevance are those in OAM, associated with the barotropic ocean response to regional modifications in the diurnal atmospheric pressure wave. The study thus highlights previously unexplored aspects of non‐tidal mass‐field variability in the Earth system.
Identical activation volumes of dislocation mobility in the [100](010) and [001](010) slip systems in natural olivine
Authors: Wang Lin , Blaha Stephan , Kawazoe Takaaki , Miyajima Nobuyoshi , Katsura Tomoo
Published: March 2017

Dislocation recovery experiments were performed on predeformed olivine single crystals at pressures of 2, 7 and 12 GPa and a constant temperature of 1650 K to determine the pressure dependence of the annihilation rate constants for [100](010) edge dislocation (a dislocation) and [001](010) screw dislocation (c dislocation). The constants of both types of dislocations are comparable within 0.3 orders of magnitude. The activation volumes of a and c dislocations are small and identical within error: 2.7 ± 0.2 and 2.5 ± 0.9 cm3/mol, respectively. These values are slightly larger and smaller than those of Si lattice and grain‐boundary diffusions in olivine, respectively. The small and identical activation volumes for the a and c dislocations suggest that the pressure‐induced fabric transition is unlikely in the asthenosphere. The decrease in seismic anisotropy with depth down in the asthenosphere may be caused by the fabric transition from A type or B type to AG type with decreasing stress with depth.
Global equatorial plasma bubble growth rates using ionosphere data assimilation
Authors: Rajesh P. K. , Lin Charles C. H. , Chen C. H. , Chen W. H. , Lin J. T. , Chou M. Y. , Chang M. T. , You C. F.
Published: March 2017

Flux tube integrated Rayleigh‐Taylor instability growth rates computed by using the results of ionosphere data assimilation are used for the first time to investigate global plasma bubble occurrence. The study is carried out by assimilating total electron content measurements using ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers into thermosphere ionosphere electrodynamic general circulation model, and the growth rates are calculated by using standalone model run without assimilation (control run) as well as using prior (or forecast) state output of the assimilation run. The growth rates are compared with the rate of change of total electron content index (ROTI), estimated from global network of GPS receivers, as well as all‐sky airglow observations carried out over Taiwan on the nights of 16 and 17 March 2015. In contrast to the growth rates using the control run, results using data assimilation show remarkable agreement with the ROTI. Further, the all‐sky images reveal intense plasma bubbles over Taiwan on the night of 16 March, when the corresponding assimilated growth rate is also pronounced. Similarly, the absence of plasma bubbles in the all‐sky images on the night of 17 March (St. Patrick's Day storm) is supported by smaller growth rates predicted by the assimilation model. Significant improvements in the calculated growth rates could be achieved because of the accurate updating of zonal electric field in the data assimilation forecast. The results suggest that realistic estimate or prediction of plasma bubble occurrence could be feasible by taking advantage of the data assimilation approach adopted in this work.
Community Currencies: An Ideology of Abundance
Authors: Winfrey Nancy
Published: March 2017

This essay explores the concept of cultural commons and provides an illustration of a cultural commons practice from an ethnographic study of a community currency. The following section links cultural commons practices to situated and social cognitive learning theories, and then provides practical application to the higher education classroom.
Addressable and Color‐Tunable Piezophotonic Light‐Emitting Stripes
Authors: Chen Yan , Zhang Yang , Karnaushenko Daniil , Chen Li , Hao Jianhua , Ding Fei , Schmidt Oliver G.
Published: March 2017

Piezophotonic light‐emitting devices have great potential for future microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) due to the added functionality provided by the electromechanical transduction coupled with the ability of light emission. Piezophotonic light‐emitting source based on Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) bulk is severely restricted by many challenges, such as high voltage burden, low integration density, and micromanufacturing complexity. Developing chip‐integrated devices or incorporating such photonic components onto a Si platform is highly sought after in this field. In this work, the authors overcome the abovementioned problems by introducing single‐crystal PMN–PT thin films on Si as central active elements. Taking advantage of mature microfabrication techniques, arrays of PMN–PT actuators with small footprints and low operation voltages have been implemented. Each actuator can be individually addressed, generating local deformation to trigger piezophotonic luminescence from ZnS:Mn thin films. Moreover, the authors have realized continuous and reversible color manipulation of piezophotonic luminescence on a bilayer film of ZnS:Cu,Al/ZnS:Mn. The color tunability promises an extra degree of freedom and distinctly suggests its great potential in developing a more compact and colorful piezophotonic light sources and displays related applications together with the “single pixel” addressability.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Vinylsilanes
Authors: Wang Aie , Bernasconi Maurizio , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: March 2017

We have screened a diverse array of iridium complexes derived from chiral N,P ligands as catalysts for the asymmetric hydrogenation of vinylsilanes, a transformation for which generally applicable catalysts were lacking. Several catalysts emerged from this study that enabled the highly enantioselective hydrogenation of a wide range of vinylsilanes with trisubstituted or disubstituted terminal C=C bonds bearing aryl, alkyl, ethoxycarbonyl, or hydroxymethyl substituents. In addition to trimethylsilyl and dimethyl(phenyl)silyl derivatives, trialkoxysilyl‐ and silacyclobutyl‐substituted alkenes were used as substrates.

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Negative Isotope Effect on Field‐Effect Hole Transport in Fully Substituted13C‐Rubrene
Authors: Ren Xinglong , Bruzek Matthew J. , Hanifi David A. , Schulzetenberg Aaron , Wu Yanfei , Kim Chang‐Hyun , Zhang Zhuoran , Johns James E. , Salleo Alberto , Fratini Simone , Troisi Alessandro , Douglas Christopher J. , Frisbie C. Daniel
Published: March 2017

Isotopic substitution is a useful method to study the influence of nuclear motion on the kinetics of charge transport in semiconductors. However, in organic semiconductors, no observable isotope effect on field‐effect mobility has been reported. To understand the charge transport mechanism in rubrene, the benchmark organic semiconductor, crystals of fully isotopically substituted rubrene,13C‐rubrene (13C42H28), are synthesized and characterized. Vapor‐grown13C‐rubrene single crystals have the same crystal structure and quality as native rubrene crystals (i.e., rubrene with a natural abundance of carbon isotopes). The characteristic transport signatures of rubrene, including room temperature hole mobility over 10 cm2V−1s−1, intrinsic band‐like transport, and clear Hall behavior in the accumulation layer of air‐gap transistors, are also observed for13C‐rubrene crystals. The field‐effect mobility distributions based on 74 rubrene and13C‐rubrene devices, respectively, reveal that13C isotopic substitution produces a 13% reduction in the hole mobility of rubrene. The origin of the negative isotope effect is linked to the redshift of vibrational frequencies after13C‐substitution, as demonstrated by computer simulations based on the transient localization (dynamic disorder) scenario. Overall, the data and analysis provide an important benchmark for ongoing efforts to understand transport in ordered organic semiconductors.
Redox Self‐Adaptation of a Nitrene Transfer Catalyst to the Substrate Needs
Authors: Gouré Eric , Senthilnathan Dhurairajan , Coin Guillaume , Albrieux Florian , Avenier Frédéric , Dubourdeaux Patrick , Lebrun Colette , Maldivi Pascale , Latour Jean‐Marc
Published: March 2017

The development of iron catalysts for carbon–heteroatom bond formation, which has attracted strong interest in the context of green chemistry and nitrene transfer, has emerged as the most promising way to versatile amine synthetic processes. A diiron system was previously developed that proved efficient in catalytic sulfimidations and aziridinations thanks to an FeIIIFeIV active species. To deal with more demanding benzylic and aliphatic substrates, the catalyst was found to activate itself to a FeIIIFeIVL. active species able to catalyze aliphatic amination. Extensive DFT calculations show that this activation event drastically enhances the electron affinity of the active species to match the substrates requirements. Overall this process consists in a redox self‐adaptation of the catalyst to the substrate needs.
Construction of Fused Pyrrolidines and β‐Lactones by Carbene‐Catalyzed C−N, C−C, and C−O Bond Formations
Authors: Wu Xingxing , Hao Lin , Zhang Yuexia , Rakesh Maiti , Reddi Rambabu N. , Yang Song , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: March 2017

A carbene‐catalyzed intermolecular C−N bond formation, which initiates a highly selective cascade reaction for the synthesis of pyrrolidine fused β‐lactones, is disclosed. The nitrogen‐containing bicyclic β‐lactone products are obtained with good yields and excellent stereoselectivities. Synthetic transformations of the reaction products into useful functional molecules, such as amino catalysts, can be efficiently realized under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistically, this study provides insights into modulating the reactivities of heteroatoms, such as nitrogen atoms, in challenging carbene‐catalyzed asymmetric carbon–heteroatom bond‐forming reactions.
Kinematics of the Pelvis, Torso, and Lower Limb During Obstacle Negotiation While Under Temporal Constraints
Authors: Christensen Jesse C. , Wilson Christopher R. , Merryweather Andrew S. , Foreman K. Bo
Published: March 2017

Biomechanics of unobstructed locomotion consists of synchronized complex movements of the pelvis, torso, and lower limbs. These movement patterns become more complex as individuals encounter obstacles or negotiate uneven terrain. To date, limited research has explored how specifically the pelvis, torso, and lower limb segments relate to obstacle negotiation of varying sized objects combined with temporal constraints to perform the task. Understanding pelvis and adjoining segment movements during object negotiation will provide necessary information in identifying abnormal mechanics and potential fall risk characteristics in balance compromised patient populations. In this prospective cohort study, we aimed to compare pelvic, torso, and lower limb kinematics during unobstructed locomotion with obstacle negotiation of varying heights. Ten healthy young adults (7 females and 3 males, mean age 28.4 ± 4.1 years, mean body mass index 22.5 ± 3.6 kg/m2) enrolled in this study. Analysis of within‐subject differences revealed a significant increase in sagittal (posterior tilt) and frontal (ipsilateral hike) plane pelvic angular displacement and higher sagittal plane posterior torso lean angular displacement with increased obstacle height. Furthermore, both sagittal plane hip and knee maximum joint flexion were significantly higher with increasing heights of the obstacles during negotiation. These data provide insight on segment mechanics within a non‐mobility‐impaired population; therefore, providing a baseline to understand the kinematic demands necessary for safe and effective gait in mobility‐compromised populations. Anat Rec, 300:732–738, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Case against Harvard and MIT over web access moves forward while DOJ stalls on regulations
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: March 2017

Colleges and universities have received mixed signals on when and whether they need to provide equal access for deaf and hard‐of‐hearing individuals to the audio and audiovisual content they make available online to the general public by providing captioning.
Did dean have authority to increase sanctions recommended by disciplinary board?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: March 2017

Daniel Berman was a student at the University of California, San Diego.
First transcatheter valve‐in‐valve implantation in an apicoaortic conduit
Authors: Perlman Gidon Y. , Ye Jian , Blanke Philipp , Webb John G.
Published: March 2017

Apicoaortic conduit surgery is an option for treating severe aortic stenosis. The implanted conduit valve may eventually fail and require replacement; this is usually performed by repeat surgery. Treating the conduit valve with a standard transcatheter heart valve is an option that has become feasible in recent years. We describe a case of a failed 23 mm CE bioprosthesis that was successfully treated with a 23 mm Sapien XT valve as a valve‐in‐valve procedure. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stent placement in the superficial femoral and proximal popliteal arteries with the innova self‐expanding bare metal stent system
Authors: Powell Richard J. , Jaff Michael R. , Schroë Herman , Benko Andrew , Diaz‐Cartelle Juan , Müller‐Hülsbeck Stefan
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The SuperNOVA trial was designed to evaluate performance of the Innova Vascular Self‐Expanding Stent System (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA) for treating lesions in the femoropopliteal arteries.

Methods

Patients with chronic lower limb peripheral artery disease (Rutherford category 2, 3, or 4) and atherosclerotic lesions in the native superficial femoral and/or proximal popliteal artery (lengths 30–190 mm) were enrolled in this single‐arm, multinational study. Major adverse events (MAEs) were defined as all‐cause death through 1 month, target limb major amputation, and target lesion revascularization (TLR). Vessel primary patency was defined as core laboratory‐adjudicated duplex ultrasonography‐derived peak systolic velocity ratio ≤2.4 in the absence of TLR, surgical bypass of the target lesion, or major amputation of the target limb. Primary safety and efficacy endpoints were evaluated at 12 months, with follow‐up through 24 months also reported.

Results

SuperNOVA patients (N = 299; mean age 67.4 ± 9.7 years, 74% men, 41% with diabetes) had a mean lesion length of 93.2 mm. The MAE‐free rate was 99.7% at 30 days, 85.8% at 12 months, and 77% at 24 months. Kaplan–Meier estimates of primary patency and TLR‐free rates were 68.7% and 78.0%, respectively, at 24 months. Clinical improvements were sustained through 2 years, with 80% of patients displaying no or minimal symptoms (Rutherford category 0–1) at 24 months.

Conclusions

In the SuperNOVA study, the Innova Stent System demonstrated an excellent safety profile and acceptable clinical outcomes despite the challenging anatomical characteristics of the lesions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrochemistry of Redox‐Active Guest Molecules at β‐Cyclodextrin‐Functionalized Silicon Electrodes
Authors: Veerbeek Janneke , Méndez‐Ardoy Alejandro , Huskens Jurriaan
Published: March 2017

Functionalization of silicon‐based sensing devices with self‐assembled receptor monolayers offers flexibility and specificity towards the requested analyte as well as the possibility of sensor reuse. As electrical sensor performance is determined by electron transfer, we functionalized H‐terminated silicon substrates with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) molecules to investigate the electronic coupling between these host monolayers and the substrate. A trivalent (one ferrocene and two adamantyl moieties), redox‐active guest was bound to the β‐CD surface with a coverage of about 10−11 mol/cm2 and an overall binding constant of 1.5⋅109 M−1. This packing density of the host monolayers on silicon is lower than that for similar β‐CD monolayers on gold. The monolayers were comparable on low‐doped p‐type and highly doped p++ substrates regarding their packing density and the extent of oxide formation. Nonetheless, the electron transfer was more favorable on p++ substrates, as shown by the lower values of the peak splitting and peak widths in the cyclic voltammograms. These results show that the electron‐transfer rate on the host monolayers is not only determined by the composition of the monolayer, but also by the doping level of the substrate.
Unlocking the Electrocatalytic Activity of Chemically Inert Amorphous Carbon‐Nitrogen for Oxygen Reduction: Discerning and Refactoring Chaotic Bonds
Authors: Zhang Cai , Zhang Wei , Yu Shansheng , Wang Dong , Zhang Wenjing , Zheng Weitao , Wen Mao , Tian Hongwei , Huang Keke , Feng Shouhua , Bentzen Janet Jonna
Published: March 2017

Mild annealing enables inactive nitrogen (N)‐doped amorphous carbon (a‐C) films abundant with chaotic bonds prepared by magnetron sputtering to become effective for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by virtue of generating pyridinic N. The rhythmic variation of ORR activity elaborates well on the subtle evolution of the amorphous C−N bonds conferred by spectroscopic analysis.
Effect of UV Irradiation and UV/Chlorine Processes on Trichloronitromethane Formation During Chlorination of Ronidazole
Authors: Wang An‐Qi , Xu Bin , Zhang Tian‐Yang , Chen Ying‐Ying , Gao Nai‐Yun
Published: March 2017

The effect of UV irradiation and UV/chlorine processes on the formation of trichloromethane (CF) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) from ronidazole (RNZ) disinfection was investigated in this study. Effects of reaction time, pH, and irradiation intensity on disinfection by‐product (DBP) formation were studied during chlorination, UV irradiation, and UV/chlorine processes. The formation potential (FP) of CF and TCNM increased with the increase of chlorination time and reached maximum of 50.6 and 5.0 µg/L, respectively, at pH 8. UV irradiation could increase CF and TCNM formation slightly during post‐chlorination, while the UV/chlorine process could increase the formation potential of TCNM significantly during post‐chlorination with short irradiation time and low UV intensity (e.g., FPTCNM = 459.4 µg/L; UV irradiation: 1.53 mW/cm2 for 20 min). Under UV condition, the formation of CF and TCNM with post‐chlorination increased with the increasing of pH. However, under UV/chlorine condition, the formation of TCNM reached the highest concentration under neutral condition. The DBP formation potential of RNZ during disinfection in the filtered drinking water was also detected. It turned out that disinfection of filtered drinking water with RNZ led to the formation of more DBPs (except the formation of TCNM in the UV/chlorine process) than ultra‐pure water with RNZ only.
Peripheral and central anatomical organization of cutaneous afferent subtypes in a rat nociceptive intersegmental spinal reflex
Authors: Lee Hyun Joon , White Jason M. , Chung Jumi , Tansey Keith E.
Published: March 2017

Stimulation of rat segmental dorsal cutaneous nerves (DCNs) evokes the nociceptive intersegmental cutaneus trunci muscle (CTM) reflex. The reflex consists of early and late responses, mediated by Aδ and C fibers, respectively, based on required stimulation strengths, and shows segmental differences in terms of amplitude and duration. We have now investigated whether the peripheral or central anatomy of nociceptive afferent subtypes in different DCNs also vary in a segmental manner. The numbers of different axon subtypes, determined by axon diameter, were analyzed across peripheral DCNs from T6 to L1. The central projections of T7 and T13 DCN afferents were traced using DCN injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) for myelinated A fibers and isolectin B4 (IB4) for unmyelinated C fibers and both labels were quantified in the dorsal horns. Peripheral axon subtype numbers did not differ significantly across DCNs. Centrally, IB4+, but not CTB+, projection areas were different between T7 and T13, consistent with different segmental CTM neurogram responses. At both levels, A fibers projected to deeper layers of the dorsal horn than did C fibers. These termination sites are consistent with both mono‐ and polysynaptic connections between these afferents and the ascending propriospinal interneurons of the reflex. Also analyzed were the spatial distribution, the synaptic termination, and the glutamatergic transporter profiles of DCN A and C fibers and their relationship to calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) staining in the dorsal horn.