bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autotaxin Produced by Stromal Cells Promotes LFA-1–Independent and Rho-Dependent Interstitial T Cell Motility in the Lymph Node Paracortex
Authors: Katakai Tomoya , Kondo Naoyuki , Ueda Yoshihiro , Kinashi Tatsuo
Published: June 2014

T cells exhibit high-speed migration within the paracortical T zone of lymph nodes (LNs) as they scan cognate Ags displayed by dendritic cells in the tissue microenvironment supported by the network of stromal cells. Although intranodal T cell migration is controlled in part by chemokines and LFA-1/ICAM-1, the mechanisms underlying their migratory activity independent of these factors remain to be elucidated. In this study, we show that LN stromal cells constitutively express autotaxin (ATX), an ectoenzyme that is important for the generation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Importantly, CCL21+ stromal cells in the T zone produced and immobilized ATX on their cell surface. Two-photon imaging using LN tissue slices revealed that pharmacological inhibition of ATX or LPA receptors significantly reduced T cell migration, and this was further exacerbated by blockage of Gαi signaling or LFA-1. Therefore, T cell motility mediated by the ATX–LPA axis was independent of Gαi and LFA-1. LPA induced slow intermittent movement of T cells in vitro in a LFA-1–independent manner and enhanced CCL21-induced migration. Moreover, LPA and CCL21 cooperatively augmented RhoA activity in T cells, which was necessary for efficient intranodal T cell migration via the downstream ROCK–myosin II pathway. Taken together, T zone stromal cells control optimal migratory behavior of T cells via multiple signaling cues mediated by chemokines and ATX/LPA.
Detection of Bartonella quintana in African Body and Head Lice
Authors: Sangaré Abdoul Karim , Boutellis Amina , Drali Rezak , Socolovschi Cristina , Barker Stephen C. , Diatta Georges , Rogier Christophe , Olive Marie-Marie , Doumbo Ogobara K. , Raoult Didier
Published: June 2014

Currently, the body louse is the only recognized vector of Bartonella quintana, an organism that causes trench fever. In this work, we investigated the prevalence of this bacterium in human lice in different African countries. We tested 616 head lice and 424 body lice from nine African countries using real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting intergenic spacer region 2 and specific B. quintana genes. Overall, B. quintana DNA was found in 54% and 2% of body and head lice, respectively. Our results also show that there are more body lice positive for B. quintana in poor countries, which was determined by the gross domestic product, than in wealthy areas (228/403 versus 0/21, P < 0.001). A similar finding was obtained for head lice (8/226 versus 2/390, P = 0.007). Our findings suggest that head lice in Africa may be infected by B. quintana when patients live in poor economic conditions and are also exposed to body lice.
Estimating regional fluxes of CO2 and CH4 using space-borne observations of XCH4 : XCO2
Authors: Fraser A. , Palmer P. I. , Feng L. , Bösch H. , Parker R. , Dlugokencky E. J. , Krummel P. B. , Langenfelds R. L.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We use the GEOS-Chem global 3-D atmospheric chemistry transport model to interpret XCH4:XCO2 column ratios retrieved using a proxy method from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The advantage of these data over CO2 and CH4 columns retrieved independently using a full physics optimal estimation algorithm is that they suffer less from scattering-related regional bias. We show the model is able to reproduce observed global and regional spatial (mean bias =0.7%) and temporal variations (global r2=0.92) of this ratio with model bias <2.5%. We also show these variations are driven by emissions of CO2 and CH4 that are typically six months out of phase which may reduce the sensitivity of the ratio to changes in either gas. To simultaneously estimate fluxes of CO2 and CH4 we use a formal Bayesian inverse model infrastructure. We use two approaches to independently resolve flux estimates of these two gases using GOSAT observations of XCH4:XCO2: (1) the a priori error covariance between CO2 and CH4 describing common source from biomass burning; and (2) also fitting independent surface atmospheric measurements of CH4 and CO2 mole fraction that provide additional constraints, improving the effectiveness of the observed GOSAT ratio to constrain fluxes. We demonstrate the impact of these two approaches using Observing System Simulation Experiments. A posteriori flux estimates inferred using only the GOSAT ratios and taking advantage of the error covariance due to biomass burning are not consistent with the true fluxes in our experiments, as the inversion system cannot judge which species' fluxes to adjust. This can result in a posteriori fluxes that are further from the truth than the a priori fluxes. We find that adding the surface data to the inversion dramatically improves the ability of the GOSAT ratios to infer both CH4 and CO2 fluxes. We show that using real GOSAT XCH4:XCO2 ratios together with the surface data during 2010 outcompetes inversions using the individual XCH4 or the full-physics XCO2 data products. Regional fluxes that show the greatest improvements have model minus observation differences with a large seasonal cycle such as Tropical South America for which we report a small but significant annual source of CO2 compared to a small annual sink inferred from the XCO2 data. Based on our analysis we argue that using the ratios we may be reaching the limitations on the precision of these data.
Using atmospheric observations to evaluate the spatiotemporal variability of CO2 fluxes simulated by terrestrial biospheric models
Authors: Fang Y. , Michalak A. M. , Shiga Y. P. , Yadav V.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Terrestrial biospheric models (TBMs) are used to extrapolate local observations and process-level understanding of land–atmosphere carbon exchange to larger regions, and serve as a predictive tool for examining carbon-climate interactions. Understanding the performance of TBMs is thus crucial to the carbon cycle and climate science. In this study, we propose a statistical model selection approach for evaluating the spatiotemporal patterns of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) simulated by TBMs using atmospheric CO2 measurements. We find that current atmospheric observations are sensitive to the underlying spatiotemporal flux variability at sub-biome scales for a large portion of the North American continent, and that atmospheric observations can therefore be used to evaluate simulated spatiotemporal flux patterns, rather than focusing solely on flux magnitudes at aggregated scales. Results show that the proposed approach can be used to assess whether a TBM represents a substantial portion of the underlying flux variability as well as to differentiate among multiple competing TBMs. When applying the proposed approach to four prototypical TBMs, we find that the performance of TBMs varies substantially across seasons, with best performance during the growing season and limited skill during transition seasons. This seasonal difference in the ability of TBMs to represent the spatiotemporal flux variability may reflect the models' capability to represent the seasonally-varying influence of environmental drivers on fluxes. While none of the TBMs consistently outperforms the others, differences among the examined models are at least partially attributable to their internal structures. Overall, the proposed approach provides a new avenue for evaluating TBM performance based on sub-biome scale flux patterns, presenting an opportunity for assessing and informing model development using atmospheric observations.
Divergence of reference evapotranspiration observations with windy tropical conditions
Authors: Anderson R. G. , Wang D. , Tirado-Corbalá R. , Zhang H. , Ayars J. E.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Standardized reference evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem-specific vegetation coefficients are frequently used to estimate actual ET. However, equations for calculating reference ET have not been well validated in tropical environments. We measured ET (ETEC) using Eddy Covariance (EC) towers at two irrigated sugarcane fields on the leeward (dry) side of Maui, Hawaii, USA in contrasting climates. We calculated reference ET at the fields using the short (ET0) and tall (ETr) vegetation versions of the American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE) equation. The ASCE equations were compared to the Priestley–Taylor ET (ETPT) and ETEC. Reference ET from the ASCE approaches exceeded ETEC during the mid-period (when vegetation coefficients suggest ETEC should exceed reference ET). At the windier tower site, cumulative ETr exceeded ETEC by 854 mm over the course of the mid-period (267 days). At the less windy site, mid-period ETr still exceeded ETEC, but the difference was smaller (443 mm). At both sites, ETPT approximated mid-period ETEC more closely than the ASCE equations ((ETPT–ETEC) < 170 mm). Analysis of applied water and precipitation, soil moisture, leaf stomatal resistance, and canopy cover suggest that the lower observed ETEC was not the result of water stress or reduced vegetation cover. Use of a custom calibrated bulk canopy resistance improved the reference ET estimate and reduced seasonal ET discrepancy relative to ETPT and ETEC for the less windy field and had mixed performance at the windier field. These divergences suggest that modifications to reference ET equations may be warranted in some tropical regions.
A Simulation-Based Optimization Approach for Integrated Port Resource Allocation Problem
Authors: Ilati Gholamreza , Sheikholeslami Abdorreza , Hassannayebi Erfan
Published: June 2014

Todays, due to the rapid increase in shipping volumes, the container terminals are faced with the challenge to cope with these increasing demands. To handle this challenge, it is crucial to use flexible and efficient optimization approach in order to decrease operating cost. In this paper, a simulation-based optimization approach is proposed to construct a near-optimal berth allocation plan integrated with a plan for tug assignment and for resolution of the quay crane re-allocation problem. The research challenges involve dealing with the uncertainty in arrival times of vessels as well as tidal variations. The effectiveness of the proposed evolutionary algorithm is tested on RAJAEE Port as a real case. According to the simulation result, it can be concluded that the objective function value is affected significantly by the arrival disruptions. The result also demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed simulation-based optimization approach.
Gun Carrying Among Military-Connected Youth With Past-Year Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Plans
Authors: Stanley Ian H. , Eisenhauer Ian F. , Brooks-Russell Ashley , Sigel Eric J.
Published: July 2024

This cross-sectional study compares gun carrying practices and participation in violence prevention programs among youth with vs without a parent in the US military.
Trust in Physicians and Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a 50-State Survey of US Adults
Authors: Perlis Roy H. , Ognyanova Katherine , Uslu Ata , Lunz Trujillo Kristin , Santillana Mauricio , Druckman James N. , Baum Matthew A. , Lazer David
Published: July 2024

Importance

Trust in physicians and hospitals has been associated with achieving public health goals, but the increasing politicization of public health policies during the COVID-19 pandemic may have adversely affected such trust.

Objective

To characterize changes in US adults’ trust in physicians and hospitals over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and the association between this trust and health-related behaviors.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This survey study uses data from 24 waves of a nonprobability internet survey conducted between April 1, 2020, and January 31, 2024, among 443 455 unique respondents aged 18 years or older residing in the US, with state-level representative quotas for race and ethnicity, age, and gender.

Main Outcome and Measure

Self-report of trust in physicians and hospitals; self-report of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccination and booster status. Survey-weighted regression models were applied to examine associations between sociodemographic features and trust and between trust and health behaviors.

Results

The combined data included 582 634 responses across 24 survey waves, reflecting 443 455 unique respondents. The unweighted mean (SD) age was 43.3 (16.6) years; 288 186 respondents (65.0%) reported female gender; 21 957 (5.0%) identified as Asian American, 49 428 (11.1%) as Black, 38 423 (8.7%) as Hispanic, 3138 (0.7%) as Native American, 5598 (1.3%) as Pacific Islander, 315 278 (71.1%) as White, and 9633 (2.2%) as other race and ethnicity (those who selected “Other” from a checklist). Overall, the proportion of adults reporting a lot of trust for physicians and hospitals decreased from 71.5% (95% CI, 70.7%-72.2%) in April 2020 to 40.1% (95% CI, 39.4%-40.7%) in January 2024. In regression models, features associated with lower trust as of spring and summer 2023 included being 25 to 64 years of age, female gender, lower educational level, lower income, Black race, and living in a rural setting. These associations persisted even after controlling for partisanship. In turn, greater trust was associated with greater likelihood of vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.94; 95 CI, 4.21-5.80) or influenza (adjusted OR, 5.09; 95 CI, 3.93-6.59) and receiving a SARS-CoV-2 booster (adjusted OR, 3.62; 95 CI, 2.99-4.38).

Conclusions and Relevance

This survey study of US adults suggests that trust in physicians and hospitals decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. As lower levels of trust were associated with lesser likelihood of pursuing vaccination, restoring trust may represent a public health imperative.
Prevalence and Profiles of Risky Driving Behavior Among US Teenagers
Authors: Ehsani Johnathon P. , Duren Michelle L. , Grant Brydon J. B. , Sabit Ahmed , Yenokyan Gayane
Published: July 2024

This survey study updates prevalence data on risky driving behaviors in a nationally representative sample of young people in the US and characterizes profiles of drivers according to the types of risky behaviors they engaged in.
Colossal Near‐Field Radiative Heat Transfer Mediated by Coupled Polaritons with an Ultrahigh Dynamic Range
Authors: Zhang Wenbin , Wang Boxiang , Jin Shenghao , Zhou Jiahao , Gong Zhen , Zhao Changying
Published: July 2024

Near‐field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) can exceed the blackbody limit by several orders of magnitude owing to the tunneling evanescent waves. Exploiting this near‐field enhancement holds significant potential for emerging technologies. It has been suggested that coupled polaritons can give rise to orders of magnitude enhancement of NFRHT. However, a thorough experimental verification of this phenomenon is still missing. Here this work experimentally shows that NFRHT mediated by coupled polaritons in millimeter‐size graphene/SiC/SiO2 composite devices in planar plate configuration can realize about 302.8 ±  35.2‐fold enhancement with respect to the blackbody limit at a gap distance of 87  ±  0.8 nm. The radiative thermal conductance and effective gap heat transfer coefficient can reach unprecedented values of 0.136 WK−1 and 5440 Wm−2K−1. Additionally, a scattering‐type scanning near‐field optical measurement, in conjunction with full‐wave numerical simulations, provides further evidence for the coupled polaritonic characteristics of the devices. Notably, this work experimentally demonstrates dynamic regulation of NFRHT can be achieved by modulating the bias voltage, leading to an ultrahigh dynamic range of ≈4.115. This work ambiguously elucidates the important role of coupled polaritons in NFRHT, paving the way for the manipulation of nanoscale heat transport, energy conversion, and thermal computing via the strong coupling effect.
Highly Robust and Self‐Adhesive Soft Strain Gauge via Interface Design Engineering
Authors: Li Jianhao , Dai Qingqing , Wang Ze , Yi Yaozhen , Shen Yan , Yao Zhongwen , Niu Shichao , Han Zhiwu , Ren Luquan
Published: July 2024

Highly robust soft strain gauges are rapidly emerging as a promising candidate in the fields of vital signs and machine conditions monitoring. However, it is still a key challenge to achieve high‐performance strain sensing in these sensors with mechanical/electrical robustness for long‐term usage. The multilayer structural design of sensors enhances sensing performance while the interfacial connection of heterogeneous materials between different layers is weak. Herein, inspired by the efficient perception mechanism of scorpion slit sensilla with tough interface interconnections, the synergy of ultra‐high electrical performance and mechanical robustness is successfully achieved via interface design engineering. The developed multilayer soft strain gauge (MSSG) exhibits a strain sensitivity beyond 105, a lower detection limit of 8.3 µm, a frequency resolution within 0.1 Hz, and cyclic stability over 63 000 strain cycles. Also, the tough interface improves the level of heterogeneous integration in the MSSG which allows to endure different stresses. Furthermore, an MSSG‐based wireless strain monitoring system is developed that enables applications on different complex dynamic surfaces, including accurate identification of human throat activity and monitoring of rolling bearing conditions.
Photocontrolled Reversible Solid‐Fluid Transitions of Azopolymer Nanocomposites for Intelligent Nanomaterials
Authors: Liang Shuofeng , Yuan Chenrui , Nie Chen , Liu Yazhi , Zhang Dachuan , Xu Wen‐Cong , Liu Chengwei , Xu Guofeng , Wu Si
Published: July 2024

Intelligent polymer nanocomposites are multicomponent and multifunctional materials that show immense potential across diverse applications. However, to exhibit intelligent traits such as adaptability, reconfigurability and dynamic properties, these materials often require a solvent or heating environment to facilitate the mobility of polymer chains and nanoparticles, rendering their applications in everyday settings impractical. Here intelligent azopolymer nanocomposites that function effectively in a solvent‐free, room‐temperature environment based on photocontrolled reversible solid‐fluid transitions via switching flow temperatures (Tfs) are shown. A range of nanocomposites is synthesized through the grafting of Au nanoparticles, Au nanorods, quantum dots, or superparamagnetic nanoparticles with photoresponsive azopolymers. Leveraging the reversible cis‐trans photoisomerization of azo groups, the azopolymer nanocomposites transition between solid (Tf above room temperature) and fluid (Tf below room temperature) states. Such photocontrolled reversible solid‐fluid transitions empower the rewriting of nanopatterns, correction of nanoscale defects, reconfiguration of complex multiscale structures, and design of intelligent optical devices. These findings highlight Tf‐switchable polymer nanocomposites as promising candidates for the development of intelligent nanomaterials operative in solvent‐free, room‐temperature conditions.
FeCl3/K2S2O8/Et3SiH System‐Mediated α‐Methylation of β‐Ketosulfones with DMF
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Yang Chi‐Ru
Published: July 2024

FeCl3/K2S2O8/Et3SiH system‐mediated α‐methylation of β‐ketosulfones with N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) was developed. In the overall process, DMF takes up the role of one methyl group in the generation of α‐methyl β‐ketosulfones via single carbon−carbon (C−C) bond formation under reflux conditions. Herein, a plausible reaction mechanism is proposed.
Exfoliated 2D Nanosheet‐Based Conjugated Polymer Composites with P‐N Heterojunction Interfaces for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Yu , Li Hsu‐Sheng , Kuchayita Kumasser Kusse , Huang Hsin‐Chih , Su Wei‐Nien , Cheng Chih‐Chia
Published: July 2024

We have achieved a significant breakthrough in the preparation and development of two‐dimensional nanocomposites with P‐N heterojunction interfaces as efficient cathode catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and iodide oxidation reaction (IOR). P‐type acid‐doped polyaniline (PANI) and N‐type exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets can form structurally stable composites due to formation of P‐N heterojunction structures at their interfaces. These P‐N heterojunctions facilitate charge transfer from PANI to MoS2 structures and thus significantly enhance the catalytic efficiency of MoS2 in the HER and IOR. Herein, by combining efficient sodium‐functionalized chitosan‐assisted MoS2 exfoliation, electropolymerization of PANI on nickel foam (NF) substrate, and electrochemical activation, controllable and scalable Na‐Chitosan/MoS2/PANI/NF electrodes are successfully constructed as non‐noble metal‐based electrochemical catalysts. Compared to a commercial platinum/carbon (Pt/C) catalyst, the Na‐Chitosan/MoS2/PANI/NF electrode exhibits significantly lower resistance and overpotential, a similar Tafel slope, and excellent catalytic stability at high current densities, demonstrating excellent catalytic performance in the HER under acidic conditions. More importantly, results obtained from proton exchange membrane fuel cell devices confirm the Na‐Chitosan/MoS2/PANI/NF electrode exhibits a low turn‐on voltage, high current density, and stable operation at 2 V. Thus, this system holds potential as a replacement for Pt/C with feasibility for applications in energy‐related fields.
Lineage diversification and rampant hybridization among subspecies explain taxonomic confusion in the endemic Hawaiian fern Polypodium pellucidum
Authors: Mendez‐Reneau Jonas I. , Richards Joseph L. , Hobbie Julia , Bollich Emily , Kooyers Nicholas J. , Sigel Erin M.
Published: July 2024

Premise

Polypodium pellucidum, a fern endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, encompasses five ecologically and morphologically variable subspecies, suggesting a complex history involving both rapid divergence and rampant hybridization.

Methods

We employed a large target‐capture data set to investigate the evolution of genetic, morphological, and ecological variation in P. pellucidum. With a broad sampling across five Hawaiian Islands, we deciphered the evolutionary history of P. pellucidum, identified nonhybrid lineages and intraspecific hybrids, and inferred the relative influence of geography and ecology on their distributions.

Results

Polypodium pellucidum is monophyletic, dispersing to the Hawaiian archipelago 11.53–7.77 Ma and diversifying into extant clades between 5.66 and 4.73 Ma. We identified four nonhybrid clades with unique morphologies, ecological niches, and distributions. Additionally, we elucidated several intraspecific hybrid combinations and evidence for undiscovered or extinct “ghost” lineages contributing to extant hybrid populations.

Conclusions

We provide a foundation for revising the taxonomy of P. pellucidum to account for cryptic lineages and intraspecific hybrids. Geologic succession of the Hawaiian Islands through cycles of volcanism, vegetative succession, and erosion has determined the available habitats and distribution of ecologically specific, divergent clades within P. pellucidum. Intraspecific hybrids have likely arisen due to ecological and or geological transitions, often persisting after the local extinction of their progenitors. This research contributes to our understanding of the evolution of Hawai'i's diverse fern flora and illuminated cryptic taxa to allow better‐informed conservation efforts.
Cascade Effect of a Dimerized Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Dendrimer
Authors: Zhao Guimin , Lv Shuai , Lou Yuheng , Zhang Yuewei , Zhang Dongdong , Jiang Wei , Sun Yueming , Duan Lian
Published: July 2024

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters with a high horizontal orientation are highly essential for improving the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of organic light‐emitting diodes; however, pivotal molecular design strategies to improve the horizontal orientation of solution‐processable TADF emitters are still scarce and challenging. Herein, a phenyl bridge is adopted to connect the double TADF units, and generate a dimerized TADF dendrimer, D4CzBNPh‐SF. Compared to its counterpart with a single TADF unit, the proof‐of‐the‐concept molecule not only exhibits an improved horizontal dipole ratio (78 %) due to the π‐delocalization‐induced extended molecular conjugation, but also displays a faster reversed intersystem crossing rate constant (6.08×106 s−1) and a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 95 % in neat film. Consequently, the non‐doped solution‐processed device with D4CzBNPh‐SF as the emitter achieves an ultra‐high maximum EQE of 32.6 %, which remains at 26.6 % under a luminance of 1000 cd/m2. Furthermore, when using D4CzBNPh‐SF as a sensitizer, the TADF‐sensitized fluorescence device exhibits a high maximum EQE of 30.7 % at a luminance of 575 cd/m2 and a full width at half maximum of 36 nm.
Surficial Homogenic Effect Enables Highly Stable Deep‐Blue Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Yu‐Han , Xia Yu , Chen Chun‐Hao , Jin Run‐Jun , Nar Aleyna , Chen Jing , Li Nan , Wang Kai‐Li , Yavuz Ilhan , Wang Zhao‐Kui
Published: July 2024

The device performance of deep‐blue perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) is primarily constrained by low external quantum efficiency (EQE) especially poor operational stability. Herein, we develop a facile strategy to improve deep‐blue emission through rational interface engineering. We innovatively reported the novel electron transport material, 4,6‐Tris(4‐(diphenylphosphoryl)phenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (P‐POT2T), and utilized a sequential wet‐dry deposition method to form the homogenic gradient interface between electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite surface. Unlike previous reports that achieved carrier injection balance by inserting new interlayers, our strategy not only passivated uncoordinated Pb2+ in the perovskite via P=O functional groups but also reduced interfacial carrier recombination without introducing new interfaces. Additionally, this strategy enhanced the interface contact between the perovskite and ETL, significantly boosting device stability. Consequently, the fabricated deep‐blue PeLEDs delivered an EQE exceeding 5 % (@ 460 nm) with an exceptional halftime extended to 31.3 minutes. This straightforward approach offers a new strategy to realize highly efficient especially stable PeLEDs.
One‐Pot Catalytic Cascade for the Depolymerization of the Lignin β‐O‐4 Motif to Non‐phenolic Dealkylated Aromatics
Authors: Zhang Zhenlei , Guo Ge , Yang Huaizhou , Csechala Lina , Wang Zhiwen , Cziegler Clemens , Zijlstra Douwe S. , Lahive Ciaran W. , Zhang Xiangping , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Deuss Peter J.
Published: July 2024

Aromatic monomers obtained by selective depolymerization of the lignin β‐O‐4 motif are typically phenolic and contain (oxygenated) alkyl substitutions. This work reveals the potential of a one‐pot catalytic lignin β‐O‐4 depolymerization cascade strategy that yields a uniform set of methoxylated aromatics without alkyl side‐chains. This cascade consists of the selective acceptorless dehydrogenation of the γ‐hydroxy group, a subsequent retro‐aldol reaction that cleaves the Cα−Cβ bond, followed by in situ acceptorless decarbonylation of the formed aldehydes. This three‐step cascade reaction, catalyzed by an iridium(I)‐BINAP complex, resulted in 75 % selectivity for 1,2‐dimethoxybenzene from G‐type lignin dimers, alongside syngas (CO : H2≈1.4 : 1). Applying this method to a synthetic G‐type polymer, 11 wt % 1,2‐dimethoxybenzene was obtained. This versatile compound can be easily transformed into 3,4‐dimethoxyphenol, a valuable precursor for pharmaceutical synthesis, through an enzymatic catalytic approach. Moreover, the hydrodeoxygenation potential of 1,2‐dimethoxybenzene offers a pathway to produce valuable cyclohexane or benzene derivatives, presenting enticing opportunities for sustainable chemical transformations without the necessity for phenolic mixture upgrading via dealkylation.
New Flavan Derivatives from the Leaves and Stems of Cassia Nodosa
Authors: Sun Qiong‐Hui , Yu Li‐Mei , Yan Wen , Cheng Hao , Zhan Rui , Chen Ye‐Gao
Published: July 2024

Three new flavan derivatives including two methylene‐linked flavan‐3‐ol dimers, bis(8‐epiafzelechinyl)methane (1), and 8,8‐(epiafzelechin‐afzelechin)methane (2), a flavan‐3‐ol monomer, (−)‐3‐O‐acetyl‐epiafzelechin (3) and four known related compounds (4–7) were isolated from the leaves and stems of Cassia nodosa. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and CD data. The isolates were evaluated for their antioxidant, α‐glucosidase inhibitory, cytotoxic and neuroinflammatory activities, and compound 3 exhibited remarkable radical scavenging activities in both the DPPH and ABTS models with IC50 values of 2.65±1.25, and 4.78±0.91 μg/mL, respectively.
Sequential H/D Exchanges Resulting from Rollover‐Cyclometallation during Photoirradiation of Rhodium(III) Complex in Methanol‐d4
Authors: Tanaka Shota , Hattori Shingo , Shinozaki Kazuteru
Published: July 2024

We present the photoreaction of newly prepared bis(6,6’‐dimethyl‐2,2’‐bipyridine)(oxalato)rhodium(III) ([Rh(N N)2(ox)]+) in CD3OD. Photoirradiation of this complex causes the dissociation of ox, followed by the formation of the unprecedented Rh(III) complex with Rh−H and Rh−C σ bonds, [Rh(N N)(C N)(H)(CD3OD)]+ (C N=[6,6’‐dimethyl‐2,2’‐bipyridine]‐3‐yl‐κC3,κN1’). This hydride formation and cyclometallation spontaneously proceed owing to the conflict between the steric hindrance arising from the methyl groups of N N and the driving force for the structural change due to [Rh(N N)2]+ formation. Although [Rh(N N)(C N)(H)(CD3OD)]+ is initially converted to [Rh(N N)2]+ by photoirradiation, it is immediately regenerated by the rollover cyclometallation of the [Rh(N N)2]+ complex. [Rh(N N)(C N)(H)(CD3OD)]+ undergoes H/D exchange for the H atoms in the Rh−H bond and at the 3, 3’‐positions of the N N ligand during the photoirradiation. DFT calculations predict with reasonable certainty the spontaneous structural change of [Rh(N N)2]+ to [Rh(N N)(C N)(H)(CD3OD)]+ and the subsequent photodriven Rh−C bond rupture leading to the formation of [Rh(N N)2]+ accompanied by H/D exchange reactions.
Inverse Class‐E power amplifier with broadband capability at different switch‐off duty ratio
Authors: Sheikhi Akram , Hemesi Hossein , Grebennikov Andrei
Published: July 2024

The paper explores the investigation of an inverse Class‐E amplifier featuring a series output filter across various switch‐off duty ratios D. Analysis of different duty ratios as a design parameter reveals their impact on peak switch voltage, output power capability, and maximum operating frequency. Notably, it is demonstrated that adjusting the D ratio affects these parameters, with specific emphasis on achieving a maximum normalized switch voltage lower than 2 and an output power capability exceeding 0.1 for D = 0.7. Furthermore, the paper considers both parasitic shunt capacitance and series inductor in the load network, a departure from previous works that solely focused on the series inductor. The proposed circuit is highlighted for its ease of implementation compared with conventional reactance compensation circuits employing parallel resonant circuits, which are challenging to form directly. An innovative approach is introduced to showcase the broadband performance of the inverse Class‐E amplifier. The measured drain efficiency and output power versus input power at 430 MHz are 82% and 45.3 dBm, respectively. A similar performance can be achieved within the frequency range of 380–600 MHz by proper tuning at saturated power. The measurement results demonstrate a maximum high power‐added efficiency (PAE) of 79% and drain efficiency of 82% within this frequency range, accompanied by a gain exceeding 12.0 dB and output power surpassing 44 dBm.
A novel wide‐range voltage gain bidirectional DC‐DC converter for electric vehicles
Authors: Wen Ziqiang , Wang Faqiang
Published: July 2024

In this paper, a novel non‐isolated bidirectional dc‐dc converter (NBDC) is proposed. Compared with other topologies proposed recently, the proposed converter has the advantages of high voltage gain, wide voltage range, and common ground, which is suitable for the application of electric vehicles (EVs). The operating principle, steady‐state analysis, performance comparison, and the small signal modeling of the proposed converter are presented in detail. Finally, a 265‐W prototype is built to verify the feasibility of the proposed converter. The experimental results well confirm the corresponding theoretical analysis, and the prototype has a peak efficiency of 92.81% and 93.61% in step‐up mode and step‐down mode, respectively.
A novel seven‐level inverter with high gain and reducing spike current capabilities
Authors: Anand Ravi , Mandal Rajib Kumar , Choudhary Ankita
Published: July 2024

This paper describes a novel seven‐level (7L) inverter. The suggested topology offers a 7L output voltage and a threefold gain by using proper capacitor values. The suggested topology reduces the spike current induced by the capacitor by the use of a resonant inductor. The suggested inverter's performance under various loads and situations is compared with those found in existing literature. The simulation findings confirm the system's strong performance in terms of component count, control circuit simplicity, and possible cost reductions, while retaining similar or enhanced performance metrics as compared with the aforementioned topologies. A laboratory setup is used to validate the feasibility of the suggested topology and provide solid evidence of its effectiveness. Furthermore, discussions about the possible uses of this structure in energy conversion are conducted.
Diagnostic performance of light reflex pupillometry in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gramkow Mathias Holsey , Clemmensen Frederikke Kragh , Sjælland Nikolai Sulkjær , Waldemar Gunhild , Hasselbalch Steen Gregers , Frederiksen Kristian Steen
Published: July 2024

Easily applied diagnostic tools such as digital biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are urgently needed due to the recent approval of disease‐modifying therapies. We aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of hand‐held, quantitative light reflex pupillometry (qLRP) in patients with AD in a proof‐of‐concept, cross‐sectional study. Participants underwent qLRP at a university memory clinic from August 2022 to October 2023. We fitted multivariable logistic regression models with qLRP, sex, and age as predictors evaluated with area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC). In total, 107 patients with AD, 44 patients with mixed AD and vascular cognitive dysfunction (VCD), 53 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and 50 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Our diagnostic models showed similar discriminatory ability (AUROC range 0.74‐0.81) when distinguishing patients with AD from HCs and other dementias. The qLRP seems promising as a bedside digital biomarker to aid in diagnosing AD.

Highlights

We demonstrated the diagnostic performance of qLRP in Alzheimer's disease.

The diagnostic models were robust in sensitivity analyses.

qLRP may assist in the bedside diagnostic evaluation of Alzheimer's disease.
Range dynamics of Anopheles mosquitoes in Africa suggest a significant increase in the malaria transmission risk
Authors: Nie Peixiao , He Chunyan , Feng Jianmeng
Published: July 2024

Despite a more than 100‐year effort to combat malaria, it remains one of the most malignant infectious diseases globally, especially in Africa. Malaria is transmitted by several Anopheles mosquitoes. However, until now few studies have investigated future range dynamics of major An. mosquitoes in Africa through a unified scheme. Through a unified scheme, we developed 21 species distribution models to predict the range dynamics of 21 major An. species in Africa under future scenarios and also examined their overall range dynamic patterns mainly through suitability overlap index and range overlap index. Although future range dynamics varied substantially among the 21 An. species, we predicted large future range expansions for all 21 An. species, and increases in suitability overlap index were detected in more than 90% of the African continent for all future scenarios. Additionally, we predicted high range overlap index in West Africa, East Africa, South Sudan, Angola, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo under future scenarios. Although the relative impacts of land use, topography and climate variables on the range dynamics depended on species and spatial scale, climate played the strongest roles in the range dynamics of most species. Africa might face an increasing risk of malaria transmissions in the future, and better strategies are required to address this problem. Mitigating climate change and human disturbance of natural ecosystems might be essential to reduce the proliferation of An. species and the risk of malaria transmissions in Africa in the future. Our strategies against their impacts should be species‐specific.
Direct and indirect cumulative effects of temperature, nutrients, and light on phytoplankton growth
Authors: Heinrichs Anna Lena , Hardorp Onja Johannes , Hillebrand Helmut , Schott Toni , Striebel Maren
Published: July 2024

Temperature and resource availability are pivotal factors influencing phytoplankton community structures. Numerous prior studies demonstrated their significant influence on phytoplankton stoichiometry, cell size, and growth rates. The growth rate, serving as a reflection of an organism's success within its environment, is linked to stoichiometry and cell size. Consequently, alterations in abiotic conditions affecting cell size or stoichiometry also exert indirect effects on growth. However, such results have their limitations, as most studies used a limited number of factors and factor levels which gives us limited insights into how phytoplankton respond to environmental conditions, directly and indirectly. Here, we tested for the generality of patterns found in other studies, using a combined multiple‐factor gradient design and two single species with different size characteristics. We used a structural equation model (SEM) that allowed us to investigate the direct cumulative effects of temperature and resource availability (i.e., light, N and P) on phytoplankton growth, as well as their indirect effects on growth through changes in cell size and cell stoichiometry. Our results mostly support the results reported in previous research thus some effects can be identified as dominant effects. We identified rising temperature as the dominant driver for cell size reduction and increase in growth, and nutrient availability (i.e., N and P) as dominant factor for changes in cellular stoichiometry. However, indirect effects of temperature and resources (i.e., light and nutrients) on species' growth rates through cell size and cell stoichiometry differed across the two species suggesting different strategies to acclimate to its environment.
Negative interest rate policy and bank risk‐taking: Search for yield or de‐leverage?
Authors: Tang Wenjin , Chen Weichang , Ma Xiaorui , Fu Chengbo
Published: July 2024

Since 2012, many central banks have implemented negative interest rate policies (NIRPs). While two opposing hypotheses about the effectiveness of NIRPs have emerged in the academic: the “de‐leverage effect” and the “search‐for‐yield effect.” The long‐term use of NIRPs provides a rare and important setting to re‐examine the relationship between interest rates and bank risk‐taking. We conduct an empirical analysis by using commercial banks' data from 2007 to 2020 for 23 countries (19 eurozone countries plus Japan, Denmark, Sweden, and Switzerland), which had adopted NIRPs. It indicates that 1% reduction in the policy rate would reduce bank risk‐taking by 4.9%. This result is stronger after the NIRPs implemented. Our results support the “de‐leverage effect” under NIRPs. We next show that the “de‐leverage effect” is greater for banks with more diversified income, smaller size or under more competitive environment. The findings help to make the debates around NIRPs effectiveness clearer as well as support for the central banks to make more effective monetary policy decisions in different economic situations.
Laboratory profiling of patients with long COVID in the Brazilian Amazon region: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Galúcio Vanessa Costa Alves , de Menezes Daniel Carvalho , Chaves Elem Cristina Rodrigues , van den Berg Ana Virgínia Soares , de Lima Patrícia Danielle Lima , da Costa Vasconcelos Pedro Fernando , Quaresma Juarez Antônio Simões , Falcão Luiz Fábio Magno
Published: July 2024

The condition commonly referred to as long coronavirus disease (COVID) is characterized by the continuation of symptoms, sometimes accompanied by new symptoms that persist after the resolution of acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This observational cross‐sectional study investigated 332 patients with long COVID in the Brazilian Amazon region. The study aimed to elucidate the systemic interactions associated with long COVID by compiling the findings related to hematological, coagulation, immunological, metabolic, hepatic, renal, and muscular profiles. Participants with long COVID were identified using rigorous criteria and underwent thorough laboratory examinations. The obtained data were subsequently analyzed, allowing for comparisons, associations, and correlations between findings within distinct groups in the study. Significant associations were observed between hospitalization during the acute phase and persistent laboratory abnormalities, suggesting a potential link between acute severity and long‐term effects. Notably, individuals with long COVID for over a year exhibited elevated levels of monocytes, prolonged prothrombin times, reduced prothrombin activity, high levels of lactate dehydrogenase, and an increased frequency of qualitative C‐reactive protein detection. This study provides valuable insights into the laboratory risk profile of patients with long COVID, particularly in the unique context of the Amazon region, where patients exhibit persistent symptoms lasting up to 1261 days.
Enteral adequacy of the diet of low‐birth‐weight preterm newborns: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Mendes Thayanne Gurgel de Medeiros , Nunes Amanda Caroline Pereira , Carvalho Ana Verônica Dantas de , Camargo Juliana Dantas de Araújo Santos , Dametto Juliana Fernandes dos Santos , Lopes Márcia Marília Gomes Dantas
Published: July 2024

Objective

This study aimed to verify the dietary adequacy of full enteral feeding in preterm newborns (PTNB) and its relationship with birth weight (BW) during the period of hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study whose population were babies born at less than 37 gestational weeks and weighing less than 2500 g, admitted to a NICU. PTNB were monitored regarding their dietary evolution, considering parenteral and enteral nutrition and adequacy of diet supply in terms of volume, energy, and protein. For statistical analysis, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used, considering p < 0.05 as significant.

Results

A total of 76 PTNB were included. The mean time of using parenteral nutrition was 14 days. The mean time to reach the full enteral feeding for nutrition (FEF‐N) was 29 days. However, half of the PTNB reached nutritional recommendations after this means. The time to achieve FEF‐N was influenced by BW. Additionally, BW significantly influenced the length of stay in the NICU (p < 0.001). When reaching the recommended full enteral feeding for hydration (FEF‐H), 60% of the sample was unable to reach the recommended energy and protein intake.

Conclusions

BW influenced the time needed to reach the FEF‐H and FEF‐N. The lower the BW, the longer it took to achieve dietary adequacy. Despite achieving the FEF‐H, most premature babies did not reach the necessary energy and protein intake at the appropriate time.
Enhanced Drug Delivery with Oil‐in‐Water Nanoemulsions: Stability and Sustained Release of Doxorubicin
Authors: Hwang Juyoung , Park Ji Yeong , Kang Jio , Oh Nuri , Li Chen , Yoo Chung‐Yul , Um Wooram , Kwak Minseok
Published: July 2024

In this study, oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions are prepared, an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactants. The nanoemulsions exhibit stable structures and are capable of efficiently encapsulating hydrophobic drugs such as doxorubicin (Dox). Compared to polymeric micelles, nanoemulsions demonstrate enhanced stability and loading capacity for Dox. Furthermore, nanoemulsions release Dox steadily over 14 days, with 51.6% released within the initial 24 h and up to 80% over the subsequent period. These properties suggest that nanoemulsions can mitigate the side effects related to the burst release of Dox, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy and safety. Additionally, nanoemulsion‐treated cardiomyocytes show increased viability compared to those treated with free Dox, indicating the potential of nanoemulsions to alleviate Dox‐induced cardiotoxicity. Overall, nanoemulsions hold promise as versatile and efficient drug carriers for improving cancer treatment outcomes.
Isoliquiritigenin Alleviates Diabetic Kidney Disease via Oxidative Stress and the TLR4/NF‐κB/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway
Authors: Wang Yanhong , Yang Jia , Chang Xinyue , Xue Yuan , Liu Gaohong , Zhang Tingting , Chen Weihao , Fan Weiping , Tian Jihua , Ren Xiaojun
Published: July 2024

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the primary factor that causes chronic kidney disease and causes increasing mortality and morbidity due to its severe consequences. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is the primary element of licorice root that is physiologically active and has antifree radical, antioxidation, and antiapoptotic properties. However, the effect of ISL on DKD is still unclear and needs to be further improved. This study aims to evaluate the renoprotective effects of ISL on diabetes‐induced renal injury and explores the underlying mechanisms involved. Male C57BL/6 mice are fed a high‐fat diet and then injected with streptozotocin for 2 consecutive days to establish a diabetic model, and high‐glucose‐treated NRK‐52E cells are used to investigate the renoprotective effects of ISL in DKD. The results show that ISL significantly preserves renal function and architecture in DKD. ISL suppresses oxidative stress and reduces ROS levels, inhibiting the activation of the NF‐κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome and the occurrence of pyroptosis. Moreover, the study finds that ISL can inhibit the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In addition, the study confirms the inhibitory effect of ISL on the TLR4/NF‐κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. These observations demonstrate that the natural flavonoid compound ISL can be a promising agent for the treatment of DKD.
Integrated control‐structure co‐design for flexible manipulators
Authors: Bastos Guaraci
Published: July 2024

This work aims to develop a methodology for the integrated control‐structure design of flexible multibody systems. Such an issue is linked to a generalization of the inverse dynamics problem, where both the feedforward control and mechanical parameters are designed to perform a desired trajectory optimally. The resulting constrained motion is aimed at improving the dynamic performance of the system, which is underactuated, with less power demand but possible elastic deformation. Stable inversion methods are required to deal with the internal dynamics related to underactuation. The proposed methodology is based on the optimal control theory. For illustrative purposes, we considered a fully actuated linear time‐invariant (LTI) system, establishing the integrated design results in a least‐squares homogeneous system and in an optimization problem. An additional formulation is proposed for the integrated design of the flexible multibody systems, where both a multi‐criterion optimization and a scalarized problem of a corresponding nonlinear programming problem are formulated to deal with the unstable zero‐dynamics related to non‐minimum phase systems and nonlinearity. The numerical simulation of an underactuated two‐masses‐spring‐damper system and a flexible robotic manipulator in planar motions are used for validation. Finally, the beneficial aspects of the integrated design are analyzed.