bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 induced pneumonia with NAD+ in a mouse model
Authors: Jiang Yisheng , Deng Yongqiang , Ma Tiantian , Pang Huanhuan , Hu Zeping , Qin Cheng , Xu Zhiheng
Published: October 2020

The global COVID-19 epidemic has spread rapidly around the world and has already caused the death of more than one million people. As there is yet no vaccine, it is urgent to develop effective strategies to treat COVID-19 patients. Here, we used a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 infection model to explore potential therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Global gene expression analysis of infected mouse lungs revealed dysregulation of genes associated with NAD+ metabolism, immune response and cell death, similar to that in COVID-19 patients. We therefore investigated the effect of treatment with NAD+ and found that the pneumonia phenotypes, including excessive inflammatory cell infiltration and embolization in SARS-CoV-2 infected lungs were significantly rescued by boosting NAD+ levels. Most notable, cell death was suppressed substantially (>65%) by NAD+ supplementation. Thus, our in vivo mouse study supports trials for treating COVID-19 patients with NAD+ or its precursors.
Whole Genome Sequencing in single CTC improves clinical outcome in Her-2 negative breast cancer patients
Authors: Li Yongping , Yuan Hao , Zhang Bin , Jiang Xiaofei , Yu Minghua , Zhu Hongbo , You Qinghua , Wang Ling , Yu Bo
Published: October 2020

Backgroud: Tumor tissues are usually highly heterogeneous and difficult to characterize which could mislead treatment strategy. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent the most active and invasive tumor cells. This study retrospectively investigated the feasibility of individualized treatment of breast cancer patients based on genome sequencing of single cell CTC. Twenty-four CTCs were identified in three patients with breast cancer. For each patient, one polyploid CTC was captured and on which the whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed. Based on the histopathological Her-2 status in tumor tissue and the HER2 gene status in WGS results of CTC, we adjusted treatment strategies, and monitored disease progression. Results: Patient ID1 and ID2 are with Her-2 protein overexpression in primary tumors and HER2 gene amplification in the DNA of CTCs. In patient ID3, histological examination of primary tumor and liver metastases revealed Her-2 negative, but the WGS analysis of CTC showed that the HER2 gene was amplified. After adjusting treatment by adding Her-2 inhibitors according to the results of CTC sequencing, the liver metastases and pleural effusion were significantly reduced 2 month later, CTC number and ctDNA burden were decreased, and 18-month progression-free survival (PFS) was recorded. In addition, some potential therapeutic targets and mutations in drug-resistant genes were found. Conclusions: The results of CTC sequencing effectively guided treatment of a patient with HER2 gene amplification in CTC but with Her-2 negative on tumor tissue. CTC sequencing is useful in resolving the heterogeneity of tumors and providing precision medicine for patients.
Percutaneous Transapical approach in the Treatment of Paravalvular Leak
Authors: Ruan Weiqiang , Yang Qin , Gan Changping , Lin Ke
Published: October 2020

Background: Paravalvular leaks (PVLs) occur in up to 17% of patients after valve replacement. Due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with re-operation, percutaneous transapical (TA) closure has been introduced as an alternative to the surgical repair and percutaneous transcatheter closure in the treatment of PVLs. Here, we evaluated the outcomes of patients who underwent TA-closure for PVLs at the our centre.Methods: This study analyzed records of 12 patients with 13 problematic mechanical valves who underwent treatment at our hospital from April 2015 to November 2018. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia, with preoperative CT reconstruction and guidance by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D-TEE). Results: Our data showed that all the TA punctures were successful with delivery sheath sizes that ranged from 5-7 Fr. Out of the 13 valves, 10 were single leaks (76.9%) and were all closed by a single occluder. There were 2 double leaks (15.3%) which were closed by two single bigger devices, while the remaining double leak was corrected by two separate devices. The median duration of the procedure was 82 minutes (IQR, 65-85 minutes). In addition, the mean postoperative ICU stay was 4 days (IQR, 1-2 days) and mean duration from procedure to hospital discharge was 7 days (IQR, 4-7 days). One patient died prior to the discharge. Conclusion: Taken together, our data demonstrates that percutaneous TA is safe and is associated with a low complication rate and procedure-related mortality. Multiple leaks and diameter of ≥ 10 mm might increase the risk for residual regurgitation.
Spontaneous Conception Following Laparoscopic Surgery in Women with Infertility at the Yaoundé Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital: A Cross-Sectional and Analytical Study
Authors: Mokam Marie Noelle , Ndoua Cyrille Claude Noa , Djuikwo Felicite , Sandie Arsène Brunelle , Ojong Samuel , Foumane Pascal
Published: October 2020

Background: The infertility is a common health issue affecting many couples with a broad consequence on their lives. This study investigated the effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery for treating infertility in Cameroon.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, analytic study in order to determine the rate of conception and associated factors following laparoscopic surgery in women who presented with infertility, and treated at the Yaoundé Gynaeco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital from January 1st 2007 to December 31st 2017.Results: The average age of the included patients was 32.2 ± 4.9 years old. Married women and those with tertiary level studies were the most represented. The average duration of infertility stood at 4.6 ± 2.8 years. The most common surgical procedures were adhesiolysis (86.1%) and neo-salpingotomy (55.4%). The conception rate after the endoscopic surgery was 39.3% (119/303).Conclusions: The study revealed the efficiency of laparoscopic surgery in the management of infertility.
Artificial Intelligence for Reduced Dose 18F-FDG PET Examinations: A Real-World Deployment Through a Standardized Framework and Business Case Assessment
Authors: Penna Daniele , Katsari Katia , Arena Vincenzo , Polverari Giulia , Ianniello Annarita , Italiano Domenico , Milani Rolando , Roncacci Alessandro , Pelosi Ettore , Illing Rowland
Published: October 2020

BackgroundTo determine whether artificial intelligence (AI) processed PET/CT images of reduced by 33% administered 18-F FDG activity acquired in a single center, were non-inferior to native scans and if so to assess the potential impact of commercialization. MethodsSubtlePET™ AI was introduced in a PET/CT center in Italy. Eligible patients referred for 18F-FDG PET/CT were prospectively enrolled. Administered 18F-FDG was reduced to two-thirds of standard dose. Patients underwent one low-dose CT and two sequential PET scans; ‘PET-processed’ with reduced dose and standard acquisition time, and ‘PET-native’ with an elapsed time to simulate standard acquisition time and dose. PET-processed images were reconstructed using SubtlePET™. PET-native images were defined as the standard of reference. The datasets were anonymized and independently evaluated in random order by four blinded readers. The evaluation included subjective image quality (IQ) assessment, lesion detectability and assessment of business benefits. ResultsFrom February to April 2020, 61 patients were prospectively enrolled. Subjective IQ was not significantly different between datasets (4.62±0.23, p=0.237) for all scanner models, with ‘almost perfect’ inter-reader agreement. There was no significant difference between datasets in lesions’ detectability, target lesion mean SUVmax value and liver mean SUVmean value (182.75/181.75 [SD:0.71], 9.8/11.4 [SD:1.13], 2.1/1.9 [SD:0.14] respectively). No false-positive lesions were reported in PET-processed examinations. Agreed SubtlePET™ price per examination was 15-20% of FDG savings. ConclusionThis is the first real-world study to demonstrate the non-inferiority of AI processed 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations obtained with 66% standard dose and a methodology to define the AI solution price.
Increased Levels of ER Stress and Apoptosis in A Sheep Model for Pulmonary Fibrosis Are Alleviated by in Vivo Blockade of the KCa3.1 Ion Channel
Authors: Perera Udari Eshani , Organ Louise , Dewage Sasika N.V. , Derseh Habtamu B , Stent Andrew , Snibson Kenneth J
Published: October 2020

Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease, characterized by progressive damage to the lung tissues. Apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) in type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) and lung macrophages has been linked with the development of IPF. Therefore, apoptosis- and ER stress-targeted therapies have drawn attention as potential avenues for treatment of IPF. The calcium-activated potassium ion channel KCa3.1 has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for fibrotic diseases including IPF. While KCa3.1 is expressed in AECs and macrophages, its influence on ER stress and apoptosis during the disease process is unclear. Methods We utilized a novel sheep model of pulmonary fibrosis to demonstrate that apoptosis and ER stress occurs in type II AECs and macrophages in sheep with bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Apoptosis in type II AEC and macrophages was identified using the TUNEL method of tagging fragmented nuclear DNA, while ER stress was characterized by increased expression of GRP-78 ER chaperone proteins. Results We demonstrated that apoptosis and ER stress in type II AECs and macrophages increased significantly 2 weeks after the final bleomycin infusion and remained high for up to 7 weeks post-bleomycin injury. Senicapoc treatment significantly reduced the rates of ER stress in type II AECs and macrophages that were resident in bleomycin-infused lung segments. There were also significant reductions in the rates of apoptosis of type II AECs and macrophages in the lung segments of senicapoc-treated sheep. Conclusion In-vivo blockade of the KCa3.1 ion channel alleviates the ER stress and apoptosis in type II AECs and macrophages, and this effect potentially contributes to the antifibrotic effects of senicapoc.
Knowledge and Intentions Regarding the Pap Smear Test Among Saudi Arabian Women
Authors: Alissa Nawal
Published: October 2020

BackgroundThe knowledge of Pap smear and uptake of preventive behaviors to prevent cervical cancer are the most important contributors to the advanced stage of the disease. Knowledge is one of the most leading factors to predict the health behaviors and a helpful factor in performing screening procedures. This study aimed to investigate Saudi Arabian women knowledge of Pap testing in relation to their intention to undergo the test. MethodsAn online cross-sectional study was conducted among 467 Saudi Arabian women, who aged 18 years and older, living in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The participants asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire including three parts (demographic factors, knowledge about Pap smear, and intentions to uptake Pap smear). Data were analyzed through SPSS version 22, using descriptive statistics and correlation to measure the relationship between knowledge, demographic factors and intention. ResultsThe study found that average level of knowledge was 1.3 which is between high and moderate knowledge, and the average score for the intention was 2.88, to indicate that the intentions to uptake Pap smear among the participants were above the average. The study revealed a significant correlation between demographic factors and intention. ConclusionFindings from the current study can inform health care providers about Saudi Arabian women knowledge of Pap smear and the intention to uptake the test. Strategies to motivate women to undergo Pap screening should be introduced.
Predictors of Anemia Among Non Pregnant Married Women in a Peri-urban Coastal Slum of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Ameer , Cheema Daniyaal Ahmad , Tariq Eleze , Nisar Imran , Azam Syed Iqbal , Tikmani Shiyam Sunder , Saleem Sarah , Shafiq Yasir
Published: October 2020

BackgroundUnder-nutrition is a global public health threat, to which pregnant and lactating mothers are particularly susceptible. An estimated 468.4 million women (17%) of child bearing age have anemia, and this figure is as high as 50% of women of childbearing age in developing countries. Factors like substance abuse, nutritional habits, hygiene, reproductive health status and socio-cultural factors are associated with high prevalence of anemia among women. The aim of the study was to determine prevalence of anemia i.e. hemoglobin concentration of less than 12 gm/dl among non-pregnant married women of reproductive age (MWRA) and potential risk factors of anemia among these MWRA with a special focus on coastal slum.Methods A analytical cross sectional study conducted at a coastal slum of Karachi, Rehri Goth. We interviewed N-554 non pregnant MWRA and their blood samples were assessed for anemia. Cox proportional hazard algorithm was used for determining the association of potential covariates with anemia for the analysis purpose. ResultsThe prevalence of anemia among the non pregnant MWRA was 68.04% (95%CI: 64.15%, 71.92%). Prevalence ratio of anemia among gutka consumers was 1.37 times (95%CI: 1.12 - 1.68) higher than those who were not consuming it. Moreover, the prevalence ratio of anemia was 1.42 times higher in women who had not received formal education as compared to those who had received at least a primary education.(95% CI:1.13-1.81) Conclusion A high proportion of non pregnant MWRA of Rehri Goth were anemic. Women who were not literate were more likely to be anemic and were more likely to consume Gutka as a recreational substance.
Stress, Anxiety, Depression among Nurses Caring for COVID-19 Patients in Babol, Iran: A logestic Regression
Authors: Aziznejadroshan Parvin , Qalehsari Mojtaba Qanbari , Zavardehi Fatemeh Shaker
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Nurses who are involved in the caring of COVID-19 patients, are at risk of mental distress. The present study was conducted with the purpose of demonstrating the relationship between stress, anxiety, depression and characteristics of nurses who provide care to COVID-19 patients.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using the census method from May to June, 2020 on 224 clinical nurses who were working in hospitals affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences and were involved in caring for COVID-19 patients. The data collection instruments included the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 items (DASS-21) and the individual characteristic questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were computed to identify the associated factors. Result: The mean and the standard deviation for stress, anxiety and depression scores were 9.47±7.30, 9.29±7.51 and 8.84±7.22 respectively. 17.4% had stress, 54% had anxiety and 43% had a degree of depression. There were significant relationships between the nurses’ stress level and characteristics including age (OR =3.009, 95%CI 1.46–6.16, P=0.003), having children (OR=0.26, 95%CI 0.11-0.63, P=0.003), work experience(OR=4.50, 95% CI 2.17-9.96, P=0.000) and employment status(OR=0.39, 95% CI 0.16-0.95, P=0.04). Moreover, along with these characteristics, job satisfaction (OR =3.03, 95%CI 5.64–1.63, P=0.000), level of physical activities (OR =0.26, 95%CI 0.08–0.82, P=0.02), exercising (OR =2.27, 95%CI 1.31-3.90, P=0.003) and violence in the workplace (OR =0.27, 95%CI 0.12– 0.56, P=0.001) also had significant relationships with the nurses’ anxiety level. Furthermore, the relationships between the nurses’ level of depression and characteristics including age(OR =2.07, 95%CI 1.15 – 3.72, P=0.014), work experience (OR =21.79, 95%CI 1.04 – 3.10, P=0.03), job satisfaction (OR=3.03, 95%CI 1.63–5.64, P=0.000), exercising (OR =1.76, 95%CI 1.02–3.04, P=0.04), having chronic diseases (OR =0.35, 95%CI 0.15–0.81, P=0.014), violence in the workplace (OR =0.39, 95%CI 0.20–0.75, P=0.005) and sleep (OR =1.77, 95%CI 1.00–3.16, P=0.050) were significant.Conclusion: The authorities should consider a number of the individual characteristics of nurses including age, work experience, gender, marital status, having children, job satisfaction, sleep, violence in the workplace and history of chronic disease in their planning and provide psychological support for them.
The Impact of Fiscal Policy Variables on Private Investment in Nigeria
Authors: YUSUF ABDULKARIM , Mohd. Saidatulakmal
Published: October 2020

Motivated by the need to avoid potential parameter bias associated with previous empirical researches, the current study conducted a disaggregated inquiry of the individual impact of fiscal policy variables on private investment in Nigeria. The empirical investigation adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method which allows for the simultaneous estimation of the short and long-run relationships between variables, removing the problems associated with excluded variables and the existence of autocorrelation. The method was applied to time series data spanning the period 1980-2017, generated using the quantitative and ex- post facto research design. The bounds test results established a co-integrating relationship between private investment and its selected determinants. The empirical findings confirmed that various components of direct taxes retarded the growth of private investment while indirect taxes stimulated the growth of private investment. Government capital spending had a favourable and statistically relevant impact on private investment while public external debt suggested a deleterious effect of inhibiting private investment both in the long and short run. The study recommended harmonizing tax policies to curb multiple taxes and high cost of doing business; and major investment in infrastructures to improve private investment and affect long-term growth positively.JEL Classification Codes: A22, E62, F16, G18, H26.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcome After Induction of Chemotherapy in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Descriptive and Correlational Study From the West Bank of Palestine
Authors: Shawahna Ramzi
Published: October 2020

BackgroundPediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent type of cancer among children. This study was conducted to describe and correlate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of treatment of patients with pediatric ALL in the main referral hospital in Palestine. MethodsIn this single-center, retrospective, observational study, paper-based and electronic medical records of patients with pediatric ALL who received induction chemotherapy were reviewed. The sociodemographic variables, details of patient history, findings of physical examinations, daily progress notes, bone marrow biopsies, flow cytometry, and cytogenetics of patients were collected. ResultsComplete data of 69 patients were included in this analysis. The majority (79.7%) of the patients had B-ALL phenotype, 22 (31.9%) had abdominal pain, 37 (53.6%) had fever, 30 (43.5%) complained of bone pain, 50 (72.5%) had pallor, 9 (13.0%) had anorexia, 34 (49.3%) had hepatomegaly, 34 (49.3%) had splenomegaly, and 15 (21.7%) complained of bleeding symptoms. After induction chemotherapy, remission was experienced by the vast majority of the patients and 5 (7.2%) experienced relapse after receiving chemotherapy. The vast majority of the patients (96%) had CNS status 1, 1.4% had CNS status 2, and 2.9% had CNS status 3. Cytogenetics for patients with B-ALL phenotype indicated that 10 (18.2%) patients had t(12,21) translocation, 5 (9.1%) had hyperdiploidy, 4 (7.3%) had t(1,19) translocation, and 2 (3.6%) had t(9,22) translocation. The initial white blood cells (p value < 0.001), absolute neutrophils (p value = 0.011), and hemoglobin (p value < 0.001) were significantly lower for patients with B-cell ALL. Platelet counts were significantly lower (p value = 0.012) in patients with splenomegaly and those with bleeding symptoms (p value = 0.008). Presence of pollar was positively associated (p value = 0.035) with T-cell ALL. Presence of hepatomegaly was positively associated (p value < 0.001) with splenomegaly.Conclusion﻿Overall, this study provides insights into the clinical characteristics and outcomes of induction chemotherapy in Palestinian patients with pediatric ALL. The characteristics of ALL among Palestinians were comparable to their peers in the region. The outcomes of induction chemotherapy were also comparable to other published data for ALL patients.
Prognostic and Functional Role of Hyaluronan-binding Protein 1 (HABP1) in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Adachi Yasuhiro , Oba Takuya , Amaike Takao , Kudo Yuzan , Kohi Shiro , Nakayama Toshiyuki , Hirata Keiji , Sato Norihiro
Published: October 2020

Background: Hyaluronan-binding protein 1 (HABP1) is one of molecules that binds to hyaluronan and is involved in a variety of cellular processes including cell proliferation and migration. HABP1 has related to the progression of various cancers however there are few reports on the expression and function of HABP1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We examined the expression and functional role of HABP1 in PDAC.Methods: (1) Immunohistochemical analysis of HABP1 protein was done in archival tissues from 105 PDAC patients. (2) We examined the functional effect of HABP1 on proliferation, colony formation, and migration in PDAC cells by knockdown of HABP1. Results: (1) HABP1 was overexpressed in 49(46.2%) of 106 PDAC patients. Overall survival was significantly shorter in patients with high HABP1 expression (median survival time of 12.8 months) than in those with low HABP1 expression (28.5 months) (log-rank test; p = 0.004). (2) Knockdown of HABP1 expression in PDAC cells resulted in decreased cell proliferation, colony formation and migration ability. Conclusion: HABP1 may serve as a prognosis factor in PDAC and could be a new therapeutic target.
Initial COVID Hydroxychloroquine Failure Responds to Interferon and Tocilizumab.
Authors: Fleming M PhD Richard M , Fleming NRP BA BS Matthew R
Published: October 2020

Currently there is no established treatment protocol for SARS-2 (CoVid-19). Proponents of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) argue that early intervention may sufficiently prevent replication of the virus and avoid the need for hospitalization. In instances where viral replication continues and the patient develops CoViD pneumonia (CVP), such patients – particularly with comorbidities – are prone to develop an InflammoThrombotic response similar to cytokine release syndrome (CRS). We present one such patient who failed HCQ treatment and was subsequently treated successfully with an interleukin-6 inhibitor and interferon.
RANKL Immunisation Inhibits Prostate Cancer Metastasis by Modulating EMT Through a RANKL-dependent Pathway
Authors: Park Mineon , Cho Yong Jin , Kim Bora , Ko Young Jong , Jang Yuria , Hyun Hoon , Lim Wonbong
Published: October 2020

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) morbidity in the majority of patients is due to metastatic events, which are a clinical obstacle. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanism underlying metastasis is imperative if we are to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) regulates bone remodelling. RANKL was associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and expression of metastasis-related genes in PC3 cells. Thus, agents that suppress RANKL signalling may be useful pharmacological treatments. Method: In this study, we proposed a strategy to induce anti-cytokine antibodies using mutant RANKL as an immunogen. Here, we used preclinical experimental models to investigate whether an inactive form of RANKL affects bone metastasis in RANKL-induced PCa.Results: RANKL activation was observed in human PCa tissue specimens. RANKL promoted migration and invasion of PC3 cells through EMT, and induced a significant increase in binding of β-catenin to TCF-4, an EMT-induced transcription factor in PCa cells, via mitogen-activated protein kinase and β-catenin/TCF-4 signalling. Thus, RANKL increased EMT and the metastatic properties of PC3 cells, suggesting a role as a therapeutic target to prevent PCa metastasis. Conclusion: Treatment with mutant RANKL reduced EMT and metastasis of PC3 PCa cells in an experimental metastasis model. Thus, mutant RANKL could serve as a potential vaccine to prevent and treat metastatic PCaTrial registration: Chosun University Hospital, CHOSUN 2020-06-001. Registered 01 June 2020-prospectevely registered, https://hosp.chosun.ac.kr/medi_depart/?site=hospital&mn=151&type=view&catename=IRB
Human Plasmodium in Domestic Animals in West Sumba and Fakfak, Indonesia
Authors: Munirah Munirah , Wahyuni Sitti , Wahid Isra , Hamid Firdaus
Published: October 2020

Background: Although maximum efforts have been made, malaria in several areas in Indonesia is still high. This study aims to detect the possibility of a Plasmodium reservoir in domestic animals in endemic malaria areas.Methods: Blood from the domestic animal was collected by EDTA tube, smeared and stained by Giemsa for detecting Plasmodium microscopically. Ten µl blood from EDTA tube dripped into filter paper for Plasmodium DNA capture. Nested PCR was used for the molecular detection of parasites, and DNA was sequenced from PCR products to ascertain Plasmodium species.Result: A total of 208 and 62 animal blood samples were collected from Gaura and Fakfak villages. Thirty-two of 270 animals contained P. falciparum or P. vivax, and all are from Gaura village. The percentage of Plasmodium in buffalo, horse, goat, and dog is 20.7%, 14.3%, 5.8%, 16.7%, respectively. Neither P. knowlesi found in all samples, nor parasite detected in 18 pig blood samples.Conclusion: Human Plasmodium exists in domestic animals in Indonesia. This finding may partly explain the persistence of the high prevalence of malaria in some endemic areas in Indonesia and may affect public health and malaria control strategy.
Possible synergistic effect of air pollution on increasing severity of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Habibi Laleh , Tannazi Masoud , Akrami Seyed Mohammad
Published: October 2020

SARS-CoV-2 infection started in the last days of 2019 in China and affected a great number of people worldwide, causing many deaths in numerous countries. Major clinical symptoms of the infected patients are found to be fever, cough, and shortening of breath leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Cytokine storm and inflammatory responses have been introduced as the main causes of respiratory distress in severe cases. Moreover, all these inflammatory factors have been systematically expressed in the human body through chronic exposure to ambient pollution due to an industrial lifestyle and lead to respiratory problems. In order to assess the possible synergistic effect of air pollution on the increased severity of COVID-19, the number of days and the value of air quality index (AQI) as well as the amount of four ambient pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, and NO2) with unhealthy ranges were measured for three years in eight cities of Iran with different numbers of hospitalized patients affected with SARS-CoV-2. The correlation coefficient between the number of hospitalized patients and air pollution factors was calculated. The present data revealed a significant positive correlation between unhealthy ranges of O3 and NO2 and the number of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. No correlation was found between PM2.5, PM10, and AQIs and the increased number of severe cases. Conclusively, these primary results might show the synergistic effect of chronic exposure to air pollutants due to living in polluted areas and the increased severity of COVID-19 disease.
Transcriptome mechanisms underlying interaction of polystyrene nanoplastics and wheat Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Zhou Qixing , Lian Jiapan , Liu Weitao , Men Shuzhen , Wu Jiani , Sun Yuebing , Zeb Aurang , Yang Tianzhi , Ma Qiying
Published: October 2020

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have inevitably entered and accumulated in terrestrial ecosystems. Recently, the report on MPs/NPs taken-up by crop plants has raised particular concerns. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of MPs/NPs and crop plant are still vague and elusive. To address this scientific gap, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and performed co-expression network analyses in hydroponically grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with ambient polystyrene NPs (PSNPs) concentration (0-10 mg/L). PSNPs could significantly shape the gene expression pattern in wheat with a tissue-specific mode. Four regulatory modules associated with the plant performance and nutrient capture were identified using WGCNA analysis. In addition, carbon metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction were the most enriched KEGG pathways for all DEGs and target module eigengenes. These results confirm that NPs-induced genetic changes are the dominating driven forces for the observed plant growth or defense responses, shedding new light on the molecular mechanism and environmental implication behind the interaction of NPs and crop plants.
Synthesis of Novel Manganese Aluminum Phosphate Violet Pigments
Authors: Onoda Hiroaki , Kanai Shiho
Published: October 2020

Novel violet pigments were synthesized from manganese oxide, aluminum hydroxide, and phosphoric acid by heating at several temperatures. The obtained materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) reflectance spectroscopy, and L*a*b* color space. Sample synthesized in this work showed no clear peak pattern on XRD analysis. At Mn/Al/P = 1/1/4, sample heated at 400 ° C showed the most violet color. The effect of heating time was small. In addition, the increasing the manganese ratio darkened the sample. Further, we examined the improvement of blue and red by replacing with copper and iron. The blue tint was improved by adding a small amount of copper. On the other hand, a high proportion of iron lost the violet color.
Laser Parameter Study on Cutting Metal using CO2 Laser
Authors: Lee Dongkyoung
Published: October 2020

This experimental study investigated for the effect of laser parameters on machining of the SS41 and SUS304. These materials play an importance role in engineering aspect. They are widely used in high-tech industries such as aerospace, automotive, and semiconductor. Due to the development of technology and high-tech industrialization, the various processing technologies requiring high precision are being developed. However, the conventional cutting process is difficult to meet high precision processing. Therefore, to achieve high precision processing of the SS41 and SUS304, laser manufacturing has been applied. The experiment investigates the process quality of laser cutting for SS41 and SUS304, with the usage of a continuous wave CO2 laser cutting system. The experimental variables are set to the laser cutting speed, laser power, and different used materials. The results are significantly affected by the laser parameters. As the results, the process quality of the laser cutting has been observed by measuring the top and bottom kerf widths, as well as the size of the melting zone and HAZ according to Eline. In addition, the evaluation of the laser processing parameters is significantly important to achieve optimal cutting quality. Therefore, we observed the correlation between the laser parameters and cutting quality. These were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression analysis.
Roles of Immune Cells in the Concurrence of Echinococcus Granulosus Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Yasen Aimaiti , Ran Bo , Wang Maolin , Lv Guodong , Lin Renyong , Shao Yingmei , Aji Tuerganaili , Wen Hao
Published: October 2020

Background/aims: Immune cells are pivotal players in the immune responses against both parasitic infection and malignancies. Substantial evidence demonstrated that there may exist possible relationship between Echinococcus granulosus (E.granulosus) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Thus, this study aimed to observe crucial roles of immune cells in the formation of subcutaneous lesions after transplanting HepG2 cell lines with or without E.granulosus protoscoleces (PSCs).Methods: HepG2 cell lines were subcutaneously injected into nude mice in the control group. In the co-transplantation group, HepG2 cells were subcutaneously co-injected with high dosage of E.granulosus PSCs. From the 25th day of transplantation, volume of subcutaneous lesions was measured every four days, which were removed at the 37th day for further studies. Basic pathological and functional changes were observed. Moreover, expression of Ki67, Bal-2, Caspase3, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), T cell markers (CD3, CD4, CD8), PD1/PD-L1, nature killer (NK) cell markers (CD16, CD56) were further detected by immunohistochemistry.Results: Subcutaneous lesions were gradually increased in volume and there occurred pathologically heterogeneous tumor cells, which were more significant in the co-transplantation group. Compared to the control group, expression of proliferation markers Ki67 and Bcl-2 was at higher levels in the co-transplantation group. Reversely, apoptotic marker Caspase3 was highly detected in the control group, suggesting promoting effects of E.granulosus PSCs on HCC development. Interestingly, subcutaneous lesions of the co-transplantation group were more functional in synthesizing and storing glycogen. Collagen and α-SMA+ cells were also at higher levels in the co-transplantation group than those in the control group. Most importantly, co-transplantation of HepG2 cells with E.granulosus PSCs led to significant increase in the expression of T cell markers (CD3, CD4 and CD8), immune inhibitory checkpoint PD1/PD-L1 and NK cells markers (CD16 and CD56). Conclusions: E.granulosus may have promoting effects on HCC development, which was closely associated with the immune responses of T cells and NK cells.
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on colorectal cancer patients: A single-center retrospective study
Authors: Xu Yun , Huang Zong-Hao , Zheng Charlie Zhi-Lin , Li Cong , Zhang Yu-Qin , Guo Tian-An , Liu Fang-Qi , Xu Ye
Published: October 2020

Background: Since December 2019, China has experienced the public health emergency of coronavirus disease, which has expanded globally and is impacting the care of cancer patients. This study evaluated the impact of the pandemic on colorectal cancer (CRC) patients at our center and aimed to share lessons learned with clinics currently experiencing this impact. Methods: We retrospectively collected data on CRC patients admitted between January 1, 2020 and May 3, 2020; the control group comprised patients admitted between January 1, 2019 and May 3, 2019. Results: During the pandemic, outpatient volumes decreased significantly, especially among nonlocal and elderly patients, whereas the number of patients who received chemotherapy and surgery were maintained. During the pandemic, 710 CRC patients underwent curative enterectomy. The proportion of laparoscopic surgery was 49.4%, which was significantly higher than the 39.5% patients who received a laparoscopic surgery during the same period in 2019. The proportion of major complication during the pandemic was not significantly different from that of the control group. The mean hospital stay was significantly longer than that of the control group. Conclusions: CRC patients who are confirmed to be infection-free can receive routine treatment. Using online medical counseling and appropriate identification, treatment and follow-up was effectively maintained. Adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy should not be discontinued. Endoscopic polypectomy, elective, palliative, and multidisciplinary surgeries can be postponed, whereas curative surgery should be performed. For elderly CRC patients, endoscopic surgery and neoadjuvant radiotherapy are recommended.
Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids inhibit ACE2-controlled SARS-CoV-2 binding and cellular entry
Authors: Goc Anna , Niedzwiecki Aleksandra , Rath Matthias
Published: October 2020

The strain SARS-CoV-2, newly emerged in late 2019, has been identified as the cause of COVID-19 and the pandemic declared by WHO in early 2020. Although lipids have been shown to possess antiviral efficacy, little is currently known about lipid compounds with anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry properties. To address this issue, we screened, overall, 17 polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, as wells as lipid-soluble vitamins. In performing target-based ligand screening utilizing the RBD-SARS-CoV-2 sequence, we observed that polyunsaturated fatty acids most effectively interfere with binding to hACE2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Using a spike protein pseudo-virus, we also found that linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid significantly block the entry of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, eicosapentaenoic acid showed higher efficacy than linolenic acid in reducing activity of TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L proteases, but neither of the fatty acids affected their expression at the protein level. Also, neither reduction of hACE2 activity nor binding to the hACE2 receptor upon treatment with these two fatty acids was observed. Although further in vivo experiments are warranted to validate the current findings, our study provides a new insight into the role of lipids as antiviral compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 strain.
Is Second Hand Smoke associated with Child’s Nutritional Status? A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Singh Arpit , Kapoor Rati
Published: October 2020

Introduction The strong relation between parental smoking, children exposure to Second Hand Smoke (SHS) through parents and child growth has been proven. However, the effect is not well defined. Through this meta-analysis, we sought to determine the relationship between SHS exposure and child nutritional statusMethods A meta-analysis has been performed which included articles between 2005-2019, related to SHS exposure and child nutritional status which is accessed through child growth outcomes (Stunting, Wasting, Underweight and Obesity). Relevant studies were searched through Medline, PubMed, JStor and Cochrane Library.Results 17 articles were identified which comprised of different growth outcomes such as overweight, obese, stunting, severe stunting, underweight, severe underweight, wasting and severe wasting. 10 studies showed SHS exposure was highly related to overweight with the pooled risk of 0.26 with 95% CI 0.22-0.29 (I2 = 73.6%). Few studies reported other growth outcomes such as stunting, underweight and obese. Subgroup analysis was done to see the risk associated with different growth outcomes.Conclusion: The current review identified that exposure to SHS may be associated with adverse growth outcomes in children. It is crucial that active smokers, specifically those who live with children or with a pregnant partner, are made aware of the potential effects of SHS exposure on non-smokers. Further studies are needed to see the impact of SHS exposure with different measures of child nutritional status.
The Relationship between Psychological Impact and Self-control in Chinese Residents outside Hubei Province during the Epidemic of COVID-19: The mediation of self-regulated fatigue
Authors: Xiong Lian , Yan Liangshi , Wang Xin , Yang Chu
Published: October 2020

Aim: This study aimed to study the psychological impact of COVID-19 on Chinese residents outside the Hubei province and the relationship among impact of event, self-regulated fatigue and self-control. Subject and Methods: The 400 questionnaires had been collected through an online survey platform from 30th January to 2nd February in 2020 and included 4 parts: (1) sociodemographic data; (2)The revised version of the Impact of Event Scale(IES-R); (3) Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale(SRF-S); (4)Self control scale (SCS). Results: (1)There were significant differences between different levels of sociodemographic variables on IES-R, SRF-S and SCS; (2) 75 (18.75%) residents reported a moderate-severe psychological impact; (3)There were significant differences between the previous researches and current study;(4)the high-score group of SCS had got significantly higher scores on SRF-S and IES-R. (5) Self-regulated fatigue partially mediated the relationship between impact of event and self-control. Conclusion: We found that the residents suffered a psychological impact during the outbreak of COVID-19 .The more self-control they were, the more self-regulated fatigue and psychological impact they suffered, and self-control could not only had an direct influence on psychological impact but also had affected it indirectly through self-regulated fatigue.
The Observational Microeconomics Study of the Phenomenon of Entrepreneur Resilience and Collaborative Innovative Financial Leadership in the United States
Authors: Brown Eric , Kasztelnik Karina
Published: October 2020

The main purpose of the research is to complete the observation of the phenomenon of entrepreneur resilience and collaborative innovative financial leadership in the United States. Starting a new business is a demanding, and stressful process creating significant changes in a business owner’s life (Yang & Danes, 2015). Due to the financial crisis in 2007-2008, chapter 9 bankruptcy in 2013, and the current insufficiency of jobs in Detroit, Michigan, many individuals had to start their microbusiness. Detroit, Michigan suffered the most extensive municipal bankruptcy filings in American history with a debt estimation close to twenty billion dollars (Washburn, 2015). The methodology is the observation all current and prior existing literature and facts available for the purpose of understanding the current phenomenon of entrepreneur financial innovation leadership. Many entrepreneurs did not have a choice but to start their own business in Detroit, Michigan. Today, entrepreneurs are stressed out, because of the lack of resources needed to provide for themselves and their families while striving to grow their business. If entrepreneurs are not resilient and innovative leadership, they will not survive. This research study confirms and theoretically proves that there is a strong need for microbusiness owners to gain more insight into the relationship between entrepreneur resilience and financial innovation leadership to survive and grow their business. Winterhalter et al. (2016) stated that smaller firms lack the resources of larger organizations to invest in financial innovation leadership to grow their business. Smallbone et al. (2012) stated that small businesses are commonly considered less resilient than larger businesses due to lack of resources, bargaining power, and are unable to spread risk across a large customer base. The critical review study can be useful for the entrepreneurs around the globe. Keywords: Resilience, Financial Innovation.
Co-production in BDS: The evidence from the Sri Lankan Microfinance Sector
Authors: Abeysekera Ruwan
Published: October 2020

Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), in addition to the provision of microcredit, also provide business development services (BDS) to owner managers in order to develop micro enterprises. BDS are non-financial services such as business training and access to information that help owner managers of microenterprises to develop businesses. In this respect, counsellors and trainers in MFIs co-produce BDS with owner managers. Co-production is the joint efforts of two parties, who together determine the output of their collaboration. The objective of this study therefore is to examine how co-production works in a BDS setting. A multiple case study method was used to carry out the study. Six MFIs were selected as cases and in-depth interviews were held with counsellors, trainers and managers to collect the data. The findings reveal that the expertise of counsellors, trainers and owner managers are the inputs for co-production. The outputs of co-production are twofold: MFI specific outputs and owner manager specific outputs. While MFI specific outputs are identified in better loan repayments rates, enhanced client satisfaction, and increased client retention, the owner manager specific outputs are denoted by better business knowledge, better sales, and profits. MFIs use counselling and training as modalities to co-produce BDS. There are a number of factors that affect the variability in coproduction including the readiness of counsellors and trainers, with a number of BDS provided under each modality. Therein, the findings of this study are beneficial to microfinance practitioners and policy makers. Furthermore, the findings also contribute to the knowledge domain of microfinance. Keywords: business development services (BDS), co-production, microfinance, case study method.
Exogenous Gibberellic Acid and Cytokinin Effects on Budbreak, Flowering, and Yield of Blackberry Grown under Subtropical Climatic Conditions
Authors: Lin Syuan-You , Agehara Shinsuke
Published: October 2020

In subtropical climates, inadequate winter chill limits blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) production by causing poor and erratic floral budbreak. To compensate for a lack of chilling, bud dormancy-breaking agents must be developed for subtropical blackberry production. Our previous study showed that gibberellic acid (GA3) promotes budbreak in three blackberry cultivars but has potential negative side effects on floral development in ‘Natchez’. 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) is a synthetic cytokinin that can act as an antagonist of gibberellins during floral transition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate cultivar × exogenous GA3 interactions, characterize dose effects of exogenous GA3, and examine synergistic effects of GA3 and 6-BA. Three field experiments were conducted in west central Florida. All spray treatments were applied at the end of the chilling period. In the first experiment, ‘Natchez’, ‘Navaho’, and ‘Ouachita’ were treated with GA3 at 0 or 99 g·ha−1. Budbreak was promoted by exogenous GA3 in all three cultivars (0.9% to 4.5% vs. 42.9% to 69.4%), but yield responses varied considerably. Exogenous GA3 increased the yield of ‘Navaho’ and ‘Ouachita’ by 560% to 931%, whereas it induced flower abortion and caused a 15% yield reduction in ‘Natchez’. In the second experiment, ‘Natchez’ was treated with GA3 at 0, 25, 99, or 198 g·ha−1. Budbreak increased linearly with GA3, but yield decreased exponentially with GA3 because of dose-dependent flower abortion. In the third experiment, ‘Natchez’ was subjected to five treatments: 1) water control; 2) GA3 spray application; 3) 6-BA spray application; 4) combined spray application of GA3 and 6-BA; and 5) sequential spray application of 6-BA at 9 days after GA3 application. Application rates were 99 and 47 g·ha−1 for GA3 and 6-BA, respectively. Exogenous 6-BA suppressed GA3-induced flower abortion only to a limited extent. As a result, GA3-containing treatments caused 65% to 83% yield reductions compared with the control (2382 vs. 410–823 g/plant). These results demonstrate that GA3 is a highly effective bud dormancy-breaking agent for blackberry. However, the drawback of GA3 is cultivar-dependent flower abortion, which cannot be fully mitigated by 6-BA. The use of GA3 can be an important management practice for subtropical blackberry production, but its practical implementation must consider cultivar-dependent responses.