Safety and immunogenicity clinical trial of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152 (a phase 2, double-blind, randomised controlled trial) and the persistence of immune responses from a phase 1 follow-up report
Authors: Ella Raches , Reddy Siddharth , Jogdand Harsh , Sarangi Vamshi , Ganneru Brunda , Prasad Sai , Das Dipankar , Raju Dugyala , Praturi Usha , Sapkal Gajanan , Yadav Pragya , Reddy Prabhakar , Verma Savita , Singh Chandramani , Redkar Sagar Vivek , Gillurkar Chandra Sekhar , Kushwaha Jitendra Singh , Mohapatra Satyajit , Bhate Amit , Rai Sanjay , Panda Samiran , Abraham Priya , Gupta Nivedita , Ella Krishna , Bhargava Balram , Vadrevu Krishna Mohan 
Published: December 2020

Background

BBV152 is a whole-virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (3 µg or 6 µg) formulated with a Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist molecule adsorbed to alum (Algel-IMDG). Earlier, we reported findings from a phase 1 (vaccination regimen on days 0 and 14) randomised, double-blind trial on the safety and immunogenicity of three different formulations of BBV152 and one control arm containing Algel (without antigen). Two formulations were selected for the phase 2 (days 0 and 28) study. Here, we report interim findings of a controlled, randomised, double-blind trial on the immunogenicity and safety of BBV152: 3 µg and 6 µg with Algel-IMDG.

Methods

We conducted a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of BBV152. A total of 380 healthy children and adults were randomised to receive two vaccine formulations (n=190 each) with 3 µg with Algel-IMDG and 6 µg with Algel-IMDG. Two intramuscular doses of vaccines were administered (four weeks apart). Participants, investigators, and laboratory staff were blinded to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was seroconversion (≥4-fold above baseline) based on wild-type virus neutralisation (PRNT50). Secondary outcomes were reactogenicity and safety. Cell-mediated responses were evaluated. A follow-up blood draw was collected from phase 1 participants at day 104 (three months after the second dose).

Findings

Among 921 participants screened between Sep 7-13, 2020, 380 participants were randomised to the safety and immunogenicity population. The PRNT50seroconversion rates of neutralising antibodies on day 56 were 92·9% (88·2, 96·2) and 98·3% (95·1, 99·6) in the 3 µg and 6 µg with Algel-IMDG groups, respectively. Higher neutralising titres (2-fold) were observed in the phase 2 study than in the phase 1 study (p<0.05). Both vaccine groups elicited more Th1 cytokines than Th2 cytokines. After two doses, the proportion (95% CI) of solicited local and systemic adverse reactions were 9.7% (6·9, 13·2) and 10.3% (7·4, 13·8) in the 3 µg and 6 µg with Algel-IMDG groups, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the groups. No serious adverse events were reported in this study. Phase 1 follow-up immunological samples at day 104 showed seroconversion in 73·5% (63·6, 81·9), 81·1% (71·4, 88·1), and 73·1% (62·9, 81·8) of individuals in the 3 µg with Algel-IMDG, 6 µg with Algel-IMDG, and 6 µg with Algel groups, respectively.

Interpretation

In the phase 1 trial, BBV152 produced high levels of neutralising antibodies that remained elevated in all participants three months after the second vaccination. In the phase 2 trial, BBV152 led to tolerable safety outcomes and enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The safety profile of BBV152 is noticeably lower than the rates for other SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platform candidates. The 6 µg Algel-IMDG formulation was selected for the phase 3 efficacy trial.

Funding

This work was supported and funded by Bharat Biotech International Limited.

Clinicaltrials.gov:NCT04471519