bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytopathologic diagnosis of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma
Authors: Gal Anthony A. , Nassar Victor H. , Miller Joseph I.
Published: August 2002

There are many reports of sclerosing hemangioma from the perspective of its histopathologic features, but its cytopathologic characteristics are less well known. In this report we present the case of a patient in which the cytologic features firmly established a definitive diagnosis; surgical intervention was warranted only after the lesion had grown over the course of 7 yr of close observation. The cytologic diagnosis requires the identification of a dual cell population. Both populations of tumor cell nuclei are immunoreactive for thyroid transcription factor‐1, but caution is warranted because this marker may be present in other tumors. Recognition of its distinctive cytologic features can lead to proper diagnosis and conservative management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:163–166; DOI 10.1002/dc.10076 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aspiration biopsy in a case of apocrine adenocarcinoma with foam cells (myoblastomatoid or histiocytoid adenocarcinoma)
Authors: Cangiarella Joan , O'Connell Mazzei Elizabeth , Weg Noah , Limaye Anjali , Waisman Jerry
Published: August 2002

We found only one report of a case of apocrine adenocarcinoma with foamy cells diagnosed by aspiration biopsy. Herein, we describe a second case with cytologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings and discuss the differential diagnosis of foamy cells on aspiration smears obtained from mammary nodules. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:320–323. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of fine‐needle aspiration cytology and core biopsy for diagnosis of breast cancer
Authors: Sun Wei , Li Ailing , Abreo Fleurette , Turbat‐Herrera Elba , Grafton Warren D.
Published: August 2002

Both fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and core biopsy are useful in the diagnosis of breast cancer. In order to compare the sensitivities of these procedures, we reviewed 209 patients with breast cancer who had either FNA, core biopsy, or both, and also either mastectomy or lumpectomy. Sensitivities for FNA and core biopsies for diagnosing breast cancer were calculated and compared. Sensitivity for FNA or core biopsies interpreted as either atypical or malignant was 93.8% for FNA and 90.1% for core biopsy (P > 0.05). Sensitivity for FNA or core biopsies interpreted as malignant was 65.4% for FNA and 88.7% for core biopsy (P < 0.0001). Sensitivities of FNA interpreted as either atypical or malignant were 92.4% for FNA performed by pathologists and 100% for FNA by nonpathologists (P >0.05). Sensitivities of FNA interpreted as malignant were 75.8% for FNA by pathologists and 20.0% for FNA by nonpathologists (P < 0.00001). Both FNA and core biopsies are sensitive procedures for the detection of breast cancer. There was no significant difference between sensitivity of FNA and core biopsies interpreted as either atypia or malignancy, although the sensitivity of core biopsies interpreted as unequivocal malignancy was greater than that of FNA. FNAs performed by pathologists were more sensitive than FNAs performed by nonpathologists in making an unequivocal diagnosis of breast cancer. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:421–425, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Manual method for liquid‐based cytology: A demonstration using 1,000 gynecological cytologies collected directly to vial and prepared by a smear‐slide technique
Authors: Maksem John A. , Finnemore Mary , Belsheim Beverly L. , Roose Ellen B. , Makkapati Sukanya R. , Eatwell Lorie , Weidmann James
Published: August 2002

We report on the formulation and use of an alcoholic‐agar additive solution generally useful for rapid, inexpensive liquid‐based cytology slide preparation. Gynecological cytology specimens were collected from 1,000 women. Two hundred fifty aliquots each of CytoRich, CytoRich Red (Tripath Imaging, Inc., Burlington, NC), Preservcyt (Cytyc Corp., Boxborough, MA), and DINA*TRANS (DINA*CYT Corp., Portland, OR) fixatives were used for this study. Fixed cell suspensions from 1,000 women, seen consecutively by a general obstetrics and gynecology practice, were vortex‐mixed and transferred into a premeasured amount of alcoholic‐agar in test tubes. Test tubes were conventionally centrifuged, cells were trapped in a spontaneously formed agar‐gel, and the supernatant solutions were decanted. Vortex‐mixing cell buttons caused a rapid gel‐to‐sol transition, affording viscous cell suspensions that were applied to slides, smeared, and stained using Papanicolaou stains. Slides showed unclumped, monolayered, uniform, random cell‐spreads. All of the fixatives afforded crisp presentation of normal and abnormal cells. There was an about 3‐fold increase in HSIL+ (0.7–1.8%) and LSIL diagnoses (1.3–4.4%), and a 45% reduction in ASCUS diagnoses (3.3–1.8%), as compared to our cytology laboratory's previous year's patients' statistics with a concurrent 0.2% unsatisfactory rate, due solely to inadequate sampling. This manual method makes liquid‐based cytology inexpensive and does not require specialized preparative devices. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:334–338, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenosine/dopamine receptor‐receptor interactions in the central nervous system
Authors: Franco Rafael , Ferré Sergi , Torvinen Maria , Ginés Silvia , Hillion Joëlle , Ciruela Francisco , Canela Enric I. , Mallol Josefa , Casadó Vicent , Lluis Carmen , Fuxe Kjell
Published: August 2002

There is evidence that adenosine/dopamine antagonism in the central nervous system may involve an adenosine/dopamine receptor‐receptor interaction. There also is an anatomical basis for the existence of functional interactions between adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs) and dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) and between adenosine A2A (A2ARs) and dopamine D2 (D2Rs) receptors in the same neurons. Selective A1R agonists negatively affect the high‐affinity binding of D1Rs. Activation of A2ARs leads to a decrease in receptor affinity for dopamine agonists acting on D2Rs, especially with regard to the high‐affinity state. All these findings suggest receptor subtype–specific interactions between adenosine and dopamine receptors that may be achieved by molecular interactions, for example, receptor heterodimers. There exists evidence that A1Rs form homodimers in membranes and also form high‐order molecular structures containing heterotrimeric G proteins and adenosine deaminase. In view of the occurrence of homodimers of adenosine and of dopamine receptors, it was speculated that heteromers between these receptors, belonging to two different families of G protein–coupled receptors, can be formed. Evidence that A1/D1 receptors can form heterodimers in co‐transfected cells and in primary cultures of neurons, in fact, has been obtained. These intramembrane interactions may constitute a major molecular basis to explain the behavioral effects of adenosine‐related drugs in health and disease. There is also evidence that intramembrane dopamine/adenosine receptor antagonism not only is mediated by direct receptor/receptor interaction (heteromers) but also involves other interacting proteins. In fact, adenosine deaminase absolutely is required for adenosine/dopamine antagonism. In the central nervous system, functional modules in which receptors for neurotransmitters or neuromodulators interact with each other and with other interacting proteins are crucial to understanding the physiology of the neuron and higher neural functions, such as learning and memory. Refined knowledge of the molecular mechanism of these interactions would be beneficial, to improve our therapeutic arsenal against neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Drug Dev. Res. 52:296–302, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐1β posttranslational processing—exploration of P2X7 receptor involvement
Authors: Perregaux David G. , Labasi Jeff , Laliberte Ron , Stam Ethan , Solle Mike , Koller Bev , Griffiths Richard , Gabel Christopher A.
Published: August 2002

Cultured monocytes and macrophages stimulated with LPS produce large quantities of prointerleukin (IL)‐1β, but release little mature cytokine to the medium. The efficiency at which the procytokine is converted to its active 17 kDa species and released extracellularly is enhanced by treating cytokine‐producing cells with a secretion stimulus such as ATP or nigericin. Alterations to the composition of the intracellular ionic environment, including a necessary K+ efflux, accompany the stimulus‐induced secretory process. Cell death also accompanies stimulus‐induced IL‐1 posttranslational processing and human monocytes treated with ATP generate and release mature caspase‐1. ATP‐treated monocytes achieve a swollen morphology and do not produce mature caspase‐3; these traits are uncharacteristic of an apoptotic mechanism. Stimulus‐induced secretion of IL‐1β is disrupted by substitution of medium Cl‐ with chaotropic anions such as I‐ and by numerous anion transport inhibitors. These pharmacological agents block processing independently of the nature of the secretion stimulus, suggesting that a common downstream mechanism is engaged. Although sufficient to activate, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is not a necessary element of the secretory mechanism. KN‐62, an antagonist of P2X7R function, inhibits ATP‐induced IL‐1β posttranslational processing but does not inhibit processing induced by nigericin. Likewise, LPS‐activated peritoneal macrophages isolated from P2X7R‐deficient mice respond to nigericin and produce mature 17 kDa IL‐1β. On the other hand, the receptor‐deficient macrophages, in contrast to their wild‐type counterparts, do not respond to ATP. These findings highlight the unusual secretory requirements of IL‐1 and demonstrate that P2X7R activation represents one mechanism by which cytokine posttranslational processing can be initiated. Drug Dev. Res. 53:83–90, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the mechanism of selective action of probucol on the inwardly rectifying potassium current in GH3 lactotrophs
Authors: Chiang Hung‐Ting , Wu Sheng‐Nan
Published: August 2002

The ionic mechanism of action of probucol, a known lipid‐lowering agent, was examined in rat pituitary GH3 cells. Whole‐cell voltage‐clamp was used to measure hyperpolarization‐activated K+ currents in GH3 cells bathed in a high‐K+, Ca2+‐free solution to determine the effect of probucol on the erg‐like inwardly rectifying K+ current (IK(IR)). Probucol reversibly suppressed the amplitude of IK(IR) in a concentration‐dependent manner. The IC50 value of probucol‐induced inhibition of IK(IR) was 1 μM. Probucol shifted the steady‐state inactivation curve of IK(IR) to less negative potentials and also prolonged the recovery of IK(IR) inactivation. The K+ inward current in response to hyperpolarizing voltage pulses was also inhibited by haloperidol (10 μM) and bepridil (10 μM) but not by reduced glutathione (10 mM) or superoxide dismutase (500 U/ml). Pretreatment with t‐butyl hydroperoxide (1 mM) or thimerosal (1 mM) did not prevent the probucol‐mediated inhibition of IK(IR). Probucol (10 μM) caused a slight reduction in the amplitude of voltage‐dependent L‐type Ca2+ current, but did not affect Ca2+‐activated and voltage‐dependent K+ currents. In the current‐clamp configuration, probucol (10 μM) increased the firing frequency of action potentials. The present study provides substantial evidence that in addition to the presence of antioxidant activity, probucol is a selective blocker of IK(IR), and implies that probucol‐mediated blockade of this current may affect membrane excitability and hormonal secretion in GH3 cells. Drug Dev. Res. 54:1–11, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are interactive decision aids better than passive decision aids? A comparison with implications for information providers on the internet
Authors: Olson Erik L. , Widing Robert E.
Published: August 2002

While much has been made of the ocean of information available on the Internet, much less emphasis has been placed on how Web surfers might actually be able to process it. This article compares an interactive (user-inputted attribute importance weights) linear computer–assisted decision aid (CADA) format with three passive CADA formats in two studies. The decision environments for these tests are difficult, involving 20 to 30 brands rated on 6 attributes, one of which is negatively correlated with the others. Because the Linear CADA rank order is based on user-inputted attribute weights, it is expected to be more in concordance with the user's preference and hence is predicted to offer higher decision quality and be better liked than the passive formats. Contrary to expectations, however, a passive Equal Weight format performed as well or better than the Linear format on all objective and subjective comparison criteria, while the other two passive formats were not significantly worse on several decision quality criteria. The implications of these findings for information providers on the Internet are also discussed.
Re-weaving the web: Integrating print and online communications
Authors: Sheehan Kim Bartel , Doherty Caitlin
Published: August 2002

Advertisers are recognizing the World Wide Web as a valuable addition to their “tool box” of advertising media. However, whether traditional advertising relates creatively to communication efforts on the Web have yet to be assessed. This study explores the extent to which advertisers integrate messages between traditional advertisements and websites. Since consumers are exposed to a product or service initially through an “offline” method, it would appear beneficial for the communication potential of the offline advertisement to be carried to the online message. This study investigated the print advertisements and websites of over 180 advertisers. To do so, the study used principles found in the literature of Integrated Marketing Communications to assess the current status of integration between the print advertisements and websites. The study identified elements that advertisers appear to successfully integrate between the two media as well as areas where advertisers need to focus on improving the integration.
Banner advertising: Measuring effectiveness and optimizing placement
Authors: Sherman Lee , Deighton John
Published: August 2002

The article describes how one company improved banner advertising response rates by taking advantage of the medium's rich data to optimize placement. The study identified Web surfers who were frequent visitors to the banner advertiser's site. It then identified 100 Websites that these surfers tended also to visit. These sites were cluster analyzed to yield site genre definitions (affinities). In this manner a model was built to identify a group of affinities whose visitors were disproportionately likely to respond to banner advertising. These predictions were tested by placing banners on sites forecast to perform well. The average cost per response was nine times lower for sites predicted to belong to high affinity groups than low groups.
Expression of fibroblast growth factors 4, 8, and 10 in limbs, flanks, and blastemas of Ambystoma
Authors: Christensen Randolph N. , Weinstein Michael , Tassava Roy A.
Published: August 2002

Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of molecules are critical to limb outgrowth. Here, we examine the expression of Fgfs in three types of limbs—embryonic (developing), mature (differentiated), and regenerating—as well as in the surrounding non–limb tissues in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. We have previously cloned partial cDNAs of Fgf4, 8, and 10 from the axolotl (Christensen et al., 2001); the complete Fgf10 cDNA sequence is presented here. Axolotl Fgf10 showed deduced amino acid sequence identity with all other vertebrate Fgf10 coding sequences of >62%, and also included conserved 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions in nucleotide sequence comparisons. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction showed that fibroblast growth factors are differentially expressed in axolotl limbs. Only Fgf8 and 10 were highly expressed during axolotl limb development, although Fgf4, 8, and 10 are all highly expressed during limb development of other vertebrates. Fgf4 expression, however, was highly expressed in the differentiated salamander limb, whereas expression levels of Fgf8 and 10 decreased. Expression levels of Fgf8 and 10 then increased during limb regeneration, whereas Fgf4 expression was completely absent. In addition, axolotl limb regeneration contrasted to limb development of other vertebrates in that Fgf8 did not seem to be as highly expressed in the distal epithelium; rather, its highest expression was found in the blastema mesenchyme. Finally, we investigated the expression of these Fgfs in non–limb tissues. The Fgfs were clearly expressed in developing flank tissue and then severely downregulated in mature flank tissue. Differential Fgf expression levels in the limb and shoulder (limb field) versus in the flank (non–limb field) suggest that FGFs may be instrumental during limb field specification as well as instrumental in maintaining the salamander limb in a state of preparation for regeneration. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterizing gene expression during lens formation in Xenopus laevis: Evaluating the model for embryonic lens induction
Authors: Henry Jonathan J. , Carinato Maria E. , Schaefer Jonathan J. , Wolfe Adam D. , Walter Brian E. , Perry Kimberly J. , Elbl Tricia N.
Published: August 2002

Few directed searches have been undertaken to identify the genes involved in vertebrate lens formation. In the frog Xenopus, the larval cornea can undergo a process of transdifferentiation to form a new lens once the original lens is removed. Based on preliminary evidence, we have shown that this process shares many elements of a common molecular/genetic pathway to that involved in embryonic lens development. A subtracted cDNA library, enriched for genes expressed during cornea‐lens transdifferentiation, was prepared. The similarities/identities of specific clones isolated from the subtracted cDNA library define an expression profile of cells undergoing cornea‐lens transdifferentiation (“lens regeneration”) and corneal wound healing (the latter representing a consequence of the surgery required to trigger transdifferentiation). Screens were undertaken to search for genes expressed during both transdifferentiation and embryonic lens development. Significantly, new genes were recovered that are also expressed during embryonic lens development. The expression of these genes, as well as others known to be expressed during embryonic development in Xenopus, can be correlated with different periods of embryonic lens induction and development, in an attempt to define these events in a molecular context. This information is considered in light of our current working model of embryonic lens induction, in which specific tissue properties and phases of induction have been previously defined in an experimental context. Expression data reveal the existence of further levels of complexity in this process and suggests that individual phases of lens induction and specific tissue properties are not strictly characterized or defined by expression of individual genes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The bone morphogenic protein antagonist gremlin regulates proximal‐distal patterning of the lung
Authors: Lu Min Min , Yang Honghua , Zhang Lili , Shu Weiguo , Blair Donald G. , Morrisey Edward E.
Published: August 2002

The proximal‐distal patterning of lung epithelium involves a complex series of signaling and transcriptional events resulting in the programmed differentiation of highly specialized cells for gas exchange and surfactant protein expression essential for postnatal lung function. The BMP signaling pathway has been shown to regulate cellular differentiation in the lung as well as other tissues. In this report, we show that the can family of related BMP antagonists, including gremlin, cer‐1, PRDC, and Dan are expressed in the lung during embryonic development with gremlin expression observed in the proximal airway epithelium. The role of gremlin in lung development was explored by overexpressing it in the distal lung epithelium of transgenic mice using the human SP‐C promoter. SP‐C/gremlin transgenic mice exhibited a disruption of the proximal‐distal patterning found in the airways of the mammalian lung. Expanded expression of the proximal epithelial cell markers CC10 and HFH‐4 (Foxj1) was observed in the distal regions of transgenic lungs. Furthermore, smooth muscle α‐actin expression was observed surrounding the distal airways of SP‐C/gremlin mice, indicating a proximalization of distal lung tubules. These data suggest that gremlin plays an important role in lung morphogenesis by regulating the proximal‐distal patterning of the lung during development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validation of eating and dieting expectancy measures in two adolescent samples
Authors: Simmons Jean R. , Smith Gregory T. , Hill Kelly K.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To demonstrate the validity of two measures of eating and dieting expectancies (The Eating Expectancy Inventory [EEI] and the Thinness and Restricting Expectancy Inventory, [TREI]) for use with adolescents.

Method

Seventh (N = 392) and tenth graders (N = 300) completed the Bulimia Test‐Revised (BULIT‐R), the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI‐II), and two factors of the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ).

Results

Findings replicated for the two adolescent samples. The expectancy that thinness leads to overgeneralized life improvement correlated with measures of “successful” dieting, dieting plus disinhibition, and bulimic symptomatology. Expectancies for negative reinforcement from eating (e.g., eating helps manage negative affect and alleviate boredom) correlated with dieting plus disinhibition and bulimic symptoms, but not with successful dieting. Negative reinforcement from eating and reinforcement from thinness expectancies accounted for different bulimic symptom variance than that accounted for by the personality factors of perfectionism, interpersonal distrust, and ineffectiveness.

Discussion

Results were consistent with prior work on college and clinical samples, thus supporting use of the expectancy measures with adolescents. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 461–473, 2002.
Le mariage de mon meilleur ami: emotional response categorization and naturally induced emotions
Authors: Niedenthal Paula M. , Dalle Nathalie
Published: August 2002

A quasi‐experimental field study was conducted in order to test the generalizability of emotional response categorization (Niedenthal, Halberstadt, & Innes‐Ker, 1999) to naturally induced emotions and to new stimuli in a different language (i.e. French). Individuals were recruited at two weddings to perform a triad task, which assesses the use of semantic and emotional relations in categorization. A manipulation check demonstrated that invitees were feeling intense happiness. Control participants, who reported feeling rather neutral, were recruited from among individuals walking down the street on an average day. Results replicated Niedenthal et al.'s (1999) original finding such that participants who were feeling strong emotion (happiness) used emotional equivalence to a significantly greater degree than did participants in a neutral state. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic regulation of ionizing radiation sensitivity and breast cancer risk
Authors: Hu Jennifer J. , Smith Tasha R. , Miller Mark Steven , Lohman Kurt , Case L. Douglas
Published: August 2002

Genetic variability in DNA repair may contribute to hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) and susceptibility to breast cancer. We used samples collected from a clinic‐based breast cancer case‐control study to test the working hypothesis that amino acid substitution variants of DNA repair genes may contribute to prolonged cell‐cycle delay following IR and breast cancer risk. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis was used to measure cell‐cycle delay. PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays were used to determine four genotypes of three DNA repair genes: XRCC1, 194 Arg/Trp and 399 Arg/Gln; XRCC3, 241 Thr/Met; and APE1, 148 Asp/Glu. The data showed that breast cancer patients had a significantly higher delay index than that of controls (P < 0.001); the means ± SD for cases and controls were 36.0 ± 13.1 (n = 118) and 31.4 ± 11.5 (n = 225), respectively. There was a significant dose–response relationship between delay index, categorized into quartiles, and an increasing risk of breast cancer (crude odds ratios: 1.00, 1.00, 1.27, and 2.46, respectively; Ptrend = 0.002). In controls, prolonged cell‐cycle delay was significantly associated with the number of variant alleles in APE1 Asp148Glu and XRCC1 Arg399Gln genotypes (Ptrend = 0.001). Although larger studies are needed to validate the results, our data suggest that an inherited hypersensitivity to IR may contribute to human breast carcinogenesis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:208–215, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of ATM in ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts rescues defects in DNA double‐strand break repair in nuclear extracts
Authors: Li Yuling , Carty Michael P. , Oakley Gregory G. , Seidman Michael M. , Medvedovic Mario , Dixon Kathleen
Published: August 2002

Ataxia telangiectasia (A‐T) is a human genetic disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar degeneration, hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR), immunodeficiency, and high cancer risk. At the cellular level, IR sensitivity and increased frequency of spontaneous and IR‐induced chromosomal breakage and rearrangements are the hallmarks of A‐T. The ATM gene, mutated in this syndrome, has been cloned and codes for a protein sharing homology with DNA‐PKcs, a protein kinase involved in DNA double‐strand break (DSB) repair and DNA damage responses. The characteristics of the A‐T cellular phenotypes and ATM gene suggest that ATM may play a role similar to that of DNA‐PKcs in DSB repair and that there is a primary DNA repair defect in A‐T cells. In the current study, the function of ATM in DNA DSB repair was evaluated in an in vitro system using two plasmids, carrying either an EcoRI‐induced DSB within the lacZα gene or various endonuclease‐induced DSB in the SupF suppressor tRNA gene. We found that the DSB repair efficiency in A‐T nuclear extracts was comparable to, if not higher than, that in normal nuclear extracts. However, the repair fidelity in A‐T nuclear extracts was decreased when repairing DSB with short 5′ and 3′ overhangs (<4 base pairs (bp)) or blunt ends, but not 5′ 4‐bp overhangs. Sequencing of the mutant plasmids revealed that deletions involving 1–6 nucleotide microhomologies were the major class of mutations in both A‐T and normal extracts. However, the size of the deletions in plasmids from A‐T nuclear extracts was larger than that from normal nuclear extracts. Expression of the ATM protein in A‐T cells corrected the defect in DSB repair in A‐T nuclear extracts. These results suggest that ATM plays a role in maintaining genomic stability by preventing the repair of DSB from an error‐prone pathway. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:128–140, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro prediction of carcinogenicity using a bovine papillomavirus DNA–carrying C3H/10T½ cell line (T1). II: Results from the testing of 100 chemicals
Authors: Kowalski L.A. , Assi K.P. , Wee R.K.‐H. , Madden Z.
Published: August 2002

A new in vitro test for identifying carcinogens is evaluated against a testing database of 100 chemicals including the following groups: steroids, antineoplastics, PCBs, dioxins, alkyl halides, aromatic amines, nitrogen heterocycles, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, mustards, and benzodioxoles. The assay uses focus formation in a stable, BPV‐1‐DNA–carrying C3H/10T½ mouse embryo fibroblast cell line (T1), which does not require transfection, infection with virus, or isolation of primary cells from animals. For this group of chemicals, the T1 assay correctly predicted the rodent carcinogenicity or noncarcinogenicity of 77% of the chemicals for which carcinogenicity is reported. Based on published data the bacterial mutagenicity assay would have correctly predicted carcinogenicity or noncarcinogenicity of 53% of the chemicals. The Syrian hamster embryo test would have correctly predicted carcinogenicity or noncarcinogenicity of 61% of the chemicals. We also demonstrate dose–response relationships for two of the chemicals. We report the responses of T1 cells to the group of chemicals used in the International Life Sciences Institute's program for screening of alternative methods of predicting carcinogenicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:231–240, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutagen sensitivity as an indicator of soft tissue sarcoma risk
Authors: Berwick M. , Song Y. , Jordan R. , Brady M. S. , Orlow I.
Published: August 2002

The etiology of soft tissue sarcoma is poorly understood. Exposure to environmental chemicals may play a role, but the data are not clear. We compared a group of soft tissue sarcoma patients with healthy controls to determine whether the mutagen sensitivity assay, a simple chromosome aberration assay using the radiomimetic bleomycin, might be useful to identify patients at risk for soft tissue sarcoma. Patients with a diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma at Memorial Sloan–Kettering's outpatient clinic signed informed consent and donated 30 ml of blood. Controls were selected from the general population of Connecticut by random digit dialing. Unrepaired DNA damage was assessed for 100 metaphase spreads for each individual, with the number of breaks in chromatids being counted as breaks per cell (b/c). The 20 cases with soft tissue sarcoma had 1.03 mean b/c and the controls had 0.88 b/c (P = 0.16). Patients with soft tissue sarcoma were 5.7 times more likely to be mutagen sensitive than controls (P = 0.01), as determined after dividing subjects into sensitive or not sensitive groups based on the median b/c among controls. As mutagen sensitivity has been shown to be associated with a number of cancers and appears to reflect genetic susceptibility, this assay may be an appropriate biomarker for radiation sensitivity or it may be a marker of susceptibility to soft tissue sarcoma. Larger studies should be undertaken to assess these possibilities. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:223–226, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developments in health and safety accounting at Baxter International
Authors: Koehler Dinah A.
Published: August 2002

Cost effective management relies upon a systemic and fully integrated understanding of which corporate actions lead to specific financial results. It is particularly relevant for hidden and underemphasized costs. This case study presents the efforts of corporate environment, health and safety staff at Baxter International to design a health and safety accounting system in 1998. Bringing together activity‐based costing and information technology to build an integrated data system, they have achieved an evolution beyond their benchmark environmental accounting system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A strength distribution criterion for minimizing torsional response of asymmetric wall‐type systems
Authors: Myslimaj B. , Tso W. K.
Published: August 2002

In order to mitigate the effect of torsion during earthquakes, most seismic codes of the world provide design guidelines for strength distribution based on the traditional perception that element stiffness and strength are independent parameters. Recent studies have pointed out that for an important class of widely used structural elements such as reinforced concrete flexural walls, stiffness is a strength‐dependent parameter. This implies that the lateral stiffness distribution in a wall‐type system cannot be defined prior to the assignment of elements' strength. Consequently, stiffness eccentricity cannot be computed readily and the current codified torsional provisions cannot be implemented in a straightforward manner. In this study, an alternate guideline for strength distribution among lateral force resisting elements is presented. To develop such a guideline, certain issues related to the dynamic behaviour of asymmetric wall‐type systems during a damaging earthquake were examined. It is shown that both stiffness and strength eccentricity are important parameters affecting the seismic response of asymmetric wall‐type systems. In particular, results indicate that torsional effects can be minimized by using a strength distribution that results in the location of the centre of strength CV and the centre of rigidity CR on the opposite sides of the centre of mass CM. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐domain analysis of unbounded media using mixed‐variable formulations
Authors: Ruge P. , Trinks C. , Witte S.
Published: August 2002

Formulation of a matrix‐valued force–displacement relationship which can take radiation damping into account is of major importance when modelling unbounded domains. This can be done by means of fundamental solutions in space and time in connection with convolution integrals or by means of a frequency dependent boundary element representation, but for discrete frequencies Ω only. In this paper a method for interpolating discrete values of dynamic stiffness matrices by a continuous matrix valued rational function is proposed. The coupling between interface degrees of freedom is fully preserved. Another crucial point in soil–structure interaction analysis is how to implement an approximation in the spectral domain into a time‐domain analysis. Well‐known approaches for the scalar case are based on the partial‐fraction expansion of a scalar rational function. Here, a more general procedure, applicable to MDOF‐systems, for the transformation of spectral rational approximations into the time‐domain is introduced. Evaluation of the partial‐fraction expansion is avoided by using the so‐called mixed variables. Thus, unknowns in the time‐domain are displacements as well as forces. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response to three‐component seismic motion of arbitrary direction
Authors: Hernández Julio J. , López Oscar A.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a response spectrum analysis procedure for the calculation of the maximum structural response to three translational seismic components that may act at any inclination relative to the reference axes of the structure. The formula GCQC3, a generalization of the known CQC3‐rule, incorporates the correlation between the seismic components along the axes of the structure and the intensity disparities between them. Contrary to the CQC3‐rule where a principal seismic component must be vertical, in the GCQC3‐rule all components can have any direction. Besides, the GCQC3‐rule is applicable if we impose restrictions to the maximum inclination and/or intensity of a principal seismic component; in this case two components may be quasi‐horizontal and the third may be quasi‐vertical. This paper demonstrates that the critical responses of the structure, defined as the maximum and minimum responses considering all possible directions of incidence of one seismic component, are given by the square root of the maximum and minimum eigenvalues of the response matrix R, of order 3×3, defined in this paper; the elements of R are established on the basis of the modal responses used in the well‐known CQC‐rule. The critical responses to the three principal seismic components with arbitrary directions in space are easily calculated by combining the eigenvalues of R and the intensities of those components. The ratio rmax/rSRSS between the maximum response and the SRSS response, the latter being the most unfavourable response to the principal seismic components acting along the axes of the structure, is bounded between 1 and √(3γa2/(γa2 + γb2 + γc2)), where γa⩾γb⩾γc are the relative intensities of the three seismic components with identical spectral shape. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aeolian dust dynamics in agricultural land areas in Lower Saxony, Germany
Authors: Goossens Dirk , Gross Jens , Spaan Wim
Published: August 2002

The dynamics of fine aeolian dust emitted from agricultural land was investigated over 15 months near Grönheim, Lower Saxony, Germany. The following aspects were studied: airborne dust concentration, the ratio of mineral versus organic dust, the vertical distribution of the particles in the atmosphere, horizontal and vertically integrated horizontal dust flux, vertical dust flux, dust deposition at ground level, grain‐size distribution of the mineral dust component, and vertical distribution of organic matter in the dust. Standard meteorological parameters (wind speed and direction, precipitation) were measured as well. Dust activity in Grönheim is high in spring (March–May) and autumn (October–November) and low to very low during the rest of the year. There is a strong relationship between the periods of tillage and the intensity of dust activity. Also, there is high dust activity during wind erosion events. For the year 1999, dust emission due to tillage was 6·6 times higher than dust emission due to wind erosion. A dust transport of 15·8 ton km−1 a−1 was calculated for the first 10 m of the atmosphere in 1999. Total dust transport (in the entire mixing layer) was estimated between 16 and 20 ton km−1 a−1. About 25–30 per cent of this dust is mineral dust, emitted from the fields during tillage or during wind erosion events. In spring and autumn there is a strong vertical stratification in the airborne sediment, with much (coarse) dust in the lower air layers and significantly less (and finer) dust at higher altitudes. In summer and winter, when there is no local dust production, there is no stratification: equal amounts of dust are transported at all heights. The stratification in spring and autumn is exclusively caused by the mineral part of the dust. The organic particles are much better mixed in the atmosphere because of their lower density. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Particle travel distances and bed and sediment compositions associated with rain‐impacted flows
Authors: Kinnell P. I. A.
Published: August 2002

Laboratory experiments were performed with rain of uniform drop size (2·7 mm, 5·1 mm) impacting flows over non‐cohesive beds of uniform sized sand (0·11–0·9 mm) and coal (0·2–0·9 mm) particles with flow velocities (20 mm s−1, 40 mm s−1) that were insufficient for the flow to entrain the particles without the aid of raindrop impact. Measurement of particle travel distance under rain made up of 2·7 mm drops confirmed a theoretical relationship between settling velocity and the distance particles travel after being disturbed by drop impact. Although, in theory, a relationship between settling velocity and particle travel distance exists, settling velocity by itself was unable to account for the effect of changes in both particle size and density on sediment discharge from beds of uniform non‐cohesive material. Particle density was also a factor. Further study of how particle characteristics influence sediment discharge will aid modelling of the impact of the soil in process‐based models of erosion by rain‐impacted flow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing the transition to self‐sufficiency: Changing state policies to provide better support to clients leaving welfare
Authors: Westra Karen
Published: August 2002

This chapter examines ongoing efforts in Arizona to remove barriers to self‐sufficiency. It reports on three areas in which difficulties in the implementation of existing policy were identified and policy initiatives were developed to provide more effective support to those leaving welfare.
A finite volume solver for 1D shallow‐water equations applied to an actual river
Authors: Gouta N. , Maurel F.
Published: August 2002

This paper describes the numerical solution of the 1D shallow‐water equations by a finite volume scheme based on the Roe solver. In the first part, the 1D shallow‐water equations are presented. These equations model the free‐surface flows in a river. This set of equations is widely used for applications: dam‐break waves, reservoir emptying, flooding, etc. The main feature of these equations is the presence of a non‐conservative term in the momentum equation in the case of an actual river. In order to apply schemes well adapted to conservative equations, this term is split in two terms: a conservative one which is kept on the left‐hand side of the equation of momentum and the non‐conservative part is introduced as a source term on the right‐hand side. In the second section, we describe the scheme based on a Roe Solver for the homogeneous problem. Next, the numerical treatment of the source term which is the essential point of the numerical modelisation is described. The source term is split in two components: one is upwinded and the other is treated according to a centred discretization. By using this method for the discretization of the source term, one gets the right behaviour for steady flow. Finally, in the last part, the problem of validation is tackled. Most of the numerical tests have been defined for a working group about dam‐break wave simulation. A real dam‐break wave simulation will be shown. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational study on turbulent flows around modern tanker hull forms
Authors: Kim Wu‐Joan , Kim Do‐Hyun , Van Suak‐Ho
Published: August 2002

To enhance the applicability of CFD techniques to the hull form design of modern commercial ships, an efficient and robust numerical method for turbulent flow calculation is developed. The preprocessor is composed of hull form presentation, surface mesh generation, and field grid generation. The finite‐volume method is utilised to solve the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations. Three k–ϵ turbulence models, i.e., the standard k–ϵ model (SKE), the RNG‐based k–ϵ model (RNG), and the realisable k–ϵ model (RKE), are evaluated to investigate the difference caused by the turbulence model. The developed numerical method is applied to two practical VLCC hull forms with the same forebody and the slightly different afterbodies in order to find out whether CFD can capture the difference of stern flow due to hull form variation. It is found that RKE successfully predict the strength and location of bilge vortex, while SKE and RNG fail. However, all three models can provide the right information on the nominal wake difference between two hull forms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting LDC debt rescheduling: performance evaluation of OLS, logit, and neural network models
Authors: Barney Douglas K. , Alse Janardhanan A.
Published: August 2002

Empirical studies in the area of sovereign debt have used statistical models singularly to predict the probability of debt rescheduling. Unfortunately, researchers have made few efforts to test the reliability of these model predictions or to identify a superior prediction model among competing models. This paper tested neural network, OLS, and logit models' predictive abilities regarding debt rescheduling of less developed countries (LDC). All models predicted well out‐of‐sample. The results demonstrated a consistent performance of all models, indicating that researchers and practitioners can rely on neural networks or on the traditional statistical models to give useful predictions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foreign‐Exchange Trading Volume and Federal Reserve Intervention
Authors: Chaboud Alain , LeBaron Blake
Published: August 2002

We find a large positive correlation between daily trading volume in currency futures markets and
foreign‐exchange intervention by the Federal Reserve over the period 1979 to 1996. Neither
contemporaneous nor predicted volatility can fully account for the increases in trading activity. Whether or not
the intervention operation is publicly reported appears to be an important determinant of trading volume. ©
2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:851‒860, 2001
Spectral karyotyping in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and a complex karyotype shows hidden aberrations, including recurrent overrepresentation of 21q, 11q, and 22q
Authors: Mrózek Krzysztof , Heinonen Kristiina , Theil Karl S. , Bloomfield Clara D.
Published: August 2002

We used spectral karyotyping (SKY) to study 29 adults with acute myeloid leukemia and a complex karyotype containing one to nine abnormalities that were not fully identifiable by G‐banding. SKY showed the origin of rings and unidentified material in unbalanced translocations in all cases and the origin of markers in most, allowing reinterpretation of 136 aberrations and discovery of three aberrations hidden in normal chromosomes. SKY confirmed 10 and refined the interpretation of three balanced aberrations recognized by G‐banding and identified another nine balanced aberrations, including a novel translocation involving the RUNX1 gene. Eleven of 32 deletions found by G‐banding were shown to be cryptic translocations or insertions, including three of four chromosome 3 deletions, two of three del(7q), and two of 12 del(5q). Of the 92 chromosomes deemed lost entirely by G‐banding, 63 (68%) were shown to be involved in structural aberrations. This was especially true for −21 (eight of eight patients), −5 (five of six patients), −20 (seven of nine patients), and −18 (six of 12 patients). Unexpectedly, SKY uncovered a hidden overrepresentation of segments from at least one chromosome in 21 patients. The most frequently overrepresented was 21q, found in eight patients, including four with high‐level 21q amplification. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the RUNX1 gene was not the target of amplification in seven of these patients. Also frequently gained were 11q (in seven patients, including three with high‐level MLL gene amplification) and 22q (in seven patients). We conclude that SKY considerably enhances the accuracy of karyotype interpretation, and that amplification of chromosomal material may play a greater role in leukemogenesis than has been recognized. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cancer‐related protein SSX2 interacts with the human homologue of a Ras‐like GTPase interactor, RAB3IP, and a novel nuclear protein, SSX2IP
Authors: de Bruijn Diederik R.H. , dos Santos Nuno R. , Kater‐Baats Ellen , Thijssen José , van den Berk Lieke , Stap Jiska , Balemans Matthé , Schepens Marga , Merkx Gerard , Geurts van Kessel Ad
Published: August 2002

The SSX gene family is composed of at least five functional and highly homologous members, SSX1 to SSX5, that are normally expressed in only the testis and thyroid. SSX1, SSX2, or SSX4 may be fused to the SYT gene as a result of the t(X;18) translocation in synovial sarcoma. In addition, the SSX1, SSX2, SSX4, and SSX5 genes were found to be aberrantly expressed in several other malignancies, including melanoma. The SSX proteins are localized in the nucleus and are diffusely distributed. In addition, they may be included in polycomb‐group nuclear bodies. Other studies have indicated that the SSX proteins may act as transcriptional repressors. As a first step toward the elucidation of the cellular signaling networks in which the SSX proteins may act, we used the yeast two‐hybrid system to identify SSX2‐interacting proteins. By doing so, two novel human proteins were detected: RAB3IP, the human homolog of an interactor of the Ras‐like GTPase Rab3A; and a novel protein, SSX2IP. RAB3IP did not interact with either SSX1, SSX3, or SSX4 in the yeast two‐hybrid system, whereas SSX2IP interacted with SSX3 but not with either SSX1 or SSX4. Further analysis of deletion mutants showed that both RAB3IP and SSX2IP interact with the N‐terminal moiety of the SSX2 protein. Immunofluorescence analyses of transfected cells revealed that the RAB3IP protein is normally localized in the cytoplasm. However, coexpression of both RAB3IP and SSX2 led to colocalization of both proteins in the nucleus. Likewise, the SSX2IP protein was found to be colocalizing with SSX2 in the nucleus. By performing glutathione‐S‐transferase pull‐down assays, we found that both RAB3IP and SSX2IP interact directly with SSX2 in vitro. These newly observed protein/protein interactions may have important implications for the mechanisms underlying normal and malignant cellular growth. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.