bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uso do preservativo: tendências entre 1998 e 2005 na população brasileira
Authors: Berquó Elza , Barbosa Regina Maria , Lima Liliam Pereira de
Published: August 2008

OBJETIVO: Analisar os níveis, tendências e diferenciais sociodemográficos do uso do preservativo na população brasileira urbana. MÉTODOS: Os dados analisados foram coletados em 1998 e 2005, na pesquisa "Comportamento Sexual e Percepções da População Brasileira sobre HIV/Aids". As amostras, probabilísticas em múltiplos estágios, incluíram homens e mulheres de 16 a 65 anos de idade, domiciliados em áreas urbanas. Foram consideradas para análise as entrevistas com indivíduos sexualmente ativos nos 12 meses anteriores à entrevista. Os modelos univariados basearam-se em testes qui-quadrado, corrigidos pelo planejamento amostral, e cálculos de odds ratios; a análise multivariada envolveu o ajuste de modelos de regressão logística, controlando-se as demais variáveis de interesse. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significativo do uso do preservativo nos 12 meses anteriores à entrevista e na última relação sexual. Jovens de 16 a 24 anos se protegeram mais nas relações sexuais, principalmente com parcerias eventuais. Homens usaram mais o preservativo, somente com parcerias eventuais. Maior freqüência de uso do preservativo ocorreu entre pessoas solteiras. Não houve diferença regional quanto ao uso consistente do preservativo. Nas relações estáveis os pentecostais revelaram a menor proteção no sexo; pessoas sem religião ou adeptos de outras religiões apresentaram os maiores índices de proteção. A escolaridade, que se mostrou diferencial importante no uso do preservativo em 1998, manteve seu destaque em 2005. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram ser necessário aprofundar a discussão em torno de ações que visem a aumentar o uso consistente de preservativo, especialmente entre populações de menor escolaridade e as mais vulneráveis, como mulheres jovens ou em parcerias estáveis.
Violência sexual por parceiro íntimo entre homens e mulheres no Brasil urbano, 2005
Authors: Schraiber Lilia Blima , D'Oliveira Ana Flávia P L , França Junior Ivan
Published: August 2008

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de violência sexual por parceiro íntimo entre homens e mulheres da população urbana brasileira e fatores a ela associados. MÉTODOS: Os dados analisados fazem parte de pesquisa realizada em 1998 e 2005 no Brasil, em população urbana. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionários aplicados a amostra representativa de 5.040 indivíduos, homens e mulheres de 16 a 65 anos. Análise descritiva foi realizada com dados ponderados, usando-se os testes F design-based, com significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A prevalência global de violência sexual por parceiro íntimo foi de 8,6%, com predominância entre as mulheres (11,8% versus 5,1%). As mulheres apresentaram taxas sempre maiores de violência do que os homens, exceto no caso de parcerias homo/ bissexuais. Foi significativa a diferença da maior taxa verificada para homens homo/bissexuais em relação aos heterossexuais, mas não para mulheres. A população negra, independente do sexo, referiu mais violência que a branca. Quanto menor a renda e a escolaridade, maior a violência, mas homens de regiões mais pobres referiram mais violência, o que não ocorreu com mulheres. Situações diversas do trabalho, uso de condom, menor idade na primeira relação sexual e número de parceiros nos últimos cinco anos diferiram significativamente para mulheres, mas não para homens. Para homens e mulheres a violência sexual associou-se a ser separado(a) ou divorciado(a), ter tido doença sexualmente transmissível, auto-avaliar-se com risco para HIV, mas não à sua testagem. CONCLUSÕES: Confirma-se a alta magnitude da violência sexual e a sobretaxa feminina. Reitera-se a violência como resultado de conflitos de gênero, os quais perpassam a estratificação social e a etnia. Quanto à epidemia de Aids, a violência sexual é um fator importante a ser considerado na feminilização da população atingida.
Avaliação em Atenção Básica à Saúde no Brasil: mapeamento e análise das pesquisas realizadas e/ou financiadas pelo Ministério da Saúde entre os anos de 2000 e 2006
Authors: Almeida Patty Fidelis de , Giovanella Ligia
Published: August 2008

O artigo apresenta mapeamento e análise das pesquisas de monitoramento e avaliação em Atenção Básica à Saúde realizadas e/ou financiadas pelo Ministério da Saúde, concluídas e publicadas entre 2000 e 2006. Foram localizadas 11 pesquisas finalizadas, 84 em andamento, 14 concluídas e com divulgação parcial dos resultados. Os primeiros estudos realizados entre 2000 e 2002, foram, principalmente, análises do processo de implantação do Programa Saúde da Família para detectar fragilidades, potencialidades e custos, podendo ser caracterizados como "avaliação para decisão", com privilégio da visão de gestores e profissionais. Outra característica parece ter sido a fragmentação na realização dessas pesquisas, muitas vezes desenvolvidas simultaneamente, com objetivos e metodologias semelhantes. Quanto à divulgação dos resultados, a maior parte encontra-se em formato de relatórios técnicos, com linguagem de difícil apreensão. Considera-se que os Estudos Linhas de Base, realizados a partir de 2004, representam um avanço ao incorporar elementos que parecem superar debilidades dos processos anteriores como: avaliação de impacto, compartilhamento das metodologias e resultados, envolvimento de atores das secretarias municipais e estaduais, capacitação de técnicos para avaliação e o ponto de vista dos usuários.
Deficiência visual, auditiva e física: prevalência e fatores associados em estudo de base populacional
Authors: Castro Shamyr Sulyvan de , César Chester Luiz Galvão , Carandina Luana , Barros Marilisa Berti Azevedo , Alves Maria Cecília Goi Porto , Goldbaum Moises
Published: August 2008

O estudo descreve as prevalências de deficiências segundo características demográficas e sócio-econômicas, bem como as suas causas. A pesquisa utilizou dados de inquéritos de base populacional realizados em áreas do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, em 2002 e 2003, com amostragem estratificada por conglomerados. Os entrevistados que referiram deficiências foram a população estudada segundo as variáveis que compõem o banco de dados. A prevalência de alguma deficiência foi de 110,8‰; deficiência visual, 62‰; deficiência auditiva, 44‰ e a deficiência física de 13,3‰. As prevalências das deficiências variaram com a idade; sexo e escolaridade. A prevalência de deficiências auditiva e física foi maior entre os homens. A principal causa das deficiências foi a doença. As causas externas também foram umas das principais causadoras de incapacidades. As deficiências aumentaram com a idade, foram mais prevalentes em mulheres e em pessoas com menor escolaridade, sendo sua principal causa as doenças e as causas externas.
Gastos do Sistema Único de Saúde com internações por causas externas em São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Melione Luís Paulo Rodrigues , Mello-Jorge Maria Helena Prado de
Published: August 2008

O objetivo do estudo foi mensurar os gastos diretos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com internações por causas externas em São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram estudadas as internações por lesões decorrentes de causas externas, respectivamente capítulos XIX e XX da CID-10, no primeiro semestre de 2003, no Hospital Municipal Dr. José de Carvalho Florence. Foram analisados os valores pagos através do SUS, após a verificação da qualidade dos dados nos prontuários de 976 internações. Os maiores gastos totais foram por internações decorrentes de acidentes de transporte e quedas. O maior gasto médio de internação foi por acidentes de transporte (R$ 614,63), seguido das agressões (R$ 594,90). As lesões que representaram maior gasto médio foram as fraturas de pescoço (R$ 1.191,42) e traumatismo intracraniano (R$ 1.000,44). As internações com maior custo-dia foram fraturas do crânio e dos ossos da face (R$ 166,72) e traumatismo intra-abdominal (R$ 148,26). Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que os acidentes de transporte, as quedas e as agressões são importantes fontes de gastos com internações por causas externas no município.
Perfil dos idosos residentes em dois municípios pobres das regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil: resultados de estudo transversal de base populacional
Authors: Cesar Juraci A , Oliveira-Filho Joel A. , Bess Grasiele , Cegielka Rafael , Machado Joel , Gonçalves Tatiane S. , Neumann Nelson A.
Published: August 2008

Determinar o perfil de pessoas com 60 anos ou mais de idade residentes em dois municípios pobres nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil em 2005. Por meio de delineamento transversal e amostragem sistemática, aplicou-se a idosos questionário padronizado domiciliar buscando informações sobre suas características demográficas, nível sócio-econômico, condição de habitação e saneamento, realização de atividades físicas, estado vacinal, problemas de saúde e consumo de medicamentos. Dentre os 1.013 idosos identificados, 528 residiam no Município de Caracol, Piauí, e 487 em Garrafão do Norte, Pará. Cinqüenta e seis por cento possuíam entre 60 e 69 anos de idade, 10% viviam sozinhos, 69% não eram alfabetizados, 8% tinham renda familiar inferior a 1 salário mínimo; em somente 24% dos seus domicílios havia sanitário com descarga e 60% possuíam rádio, televisão e geladeira; 88% referiram pelo menos uma doença crônica, 47% tinham de comprar todos os medicamentos consumidos, 84% foram vacinados contra influenza e pelo menos 90% disseram-se capazes de realizar atividades da vida diária. Entre os idosos estudados, as condições de moradia mostraram-se inadequadas, o acesso a bens e serviços insuficiente e elevado padrão de morbidade.
Saúde bucal e o desempenho diário de adultos em Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil
Authors: Lacerda Josimari Telino de , Castilho Euclides Ayres de , Calvo Maria Cristina Marino , Freitas Sérgio Fernando Torres de
Published: August 2008

O uso de indicadores subjetivos na odontologia vem se ampliando. Este estudo transversal de base populacional realizado em Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil, analisou a relação entre condição bucal e qualidade de vida em adultos de 35 a 44 anos de idade (n = 622) e verificou a influência de: hábitos, visita ao dentista, auto-avaliação da saúde e características sócio-demográficas nesse processo. Usou-se uma amostra selecionada em múltiplos estágios e coleta com profissionais previamente treinados. A proporção de respostas foi de 81%. Na análise dos fatores determinantes para baixa (Oral Impact on Daily Performance - OIDP < 3) e alta (OIDP > 10) interferência da saúde bucal no cotidiano, utilizou-se modelo de regressão logística múltipla, não condicional, hierarquizada. A saúde bucal interferiu no cotidiano de 20,7% dos participantes e foi mais grave em 11,4%. Morar em domicílios de maior aglomeração e áreas de pior condição de vida, ser mulher e sentir dor orofacial no último semestre compuseram fatores associados a maior interferência. É recomendável que a percepção dos indivíduos seja considerada simultaneamente à condição clínica na definição de ações dos serviços e de grupos prioritários ao atendimento em saúde bucal.
Práticas de atenção ao parto e os desafios para humanização do cuidado em dois hospitais vinculados ao Sistema Único de Saúde em município da Região Sul do Brasil
Authors: Nagahama Elizabeth Eriko Ishida , Santiago Silvia Maria
Published: August 2008

O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a assistência hospitalar ao parto em dois hospitais vinculados ao Sistema Único de Saúde no Município de Maringá, Paraná, Brasil, e identificar obstáculos e aspectos facilitadores para implantação do cuidado humanizado, pautando-se na percepção das mulheres sobre a atenção recebida. Tratou-se de estudo exploratório-descritivo, com desenho transversal, conduzido mediante pesquisa em prontuário hospitalar e entrevistas realizadas com 569 mulheres atendidas nos dois hospitais, no período de março de 2005 a fevereiro de 2006. A caracterização da assistência hospitalar foi realizada tomando-se por base quatro indicadores de qualidade na assistência no trabalho de parto e parto recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Os dados apontaram para um modelo assistencial marcado pelo peso da herança higienista nas rotinas hospitalares e nas práticas profissionais, centrado no profissional médico como condutor do processo. Os fatores institucionais, identificados nas dificuldades de organização institucional e na estrutura física, as rotinas hospitalares e, sobretudo, a prática e postura individuais dos profissionais de saúde denotaram barreiras que, em seu conjunto, dificultam a implantação do modelo humanizado na assistência ao parto e nascimento.
Análise da implantação do sistema de atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel em cinco capitais brasileiras
Authors: Minayo Maria Cecília de Souza , Deslandes Suely Ferreira
Published: August 2008

Apresentamos descrição e análise da implantação do sistema de atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel (Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência - SAMU). O texto é parte de uma pesquisa denominada Análise Diagnóstica de Implantação da Política Nacional de Redução de Acidentes e Violências. Estudamos a história recente da implantação, organização, recursos humanos, materiais e equipamentos do SAMU em cinco capitais (Curitiba - Paraná; Recife - Pernambuco; Brasília - Distrito Federal; Manaus - Amazonas; Rio de Janeiro) que apresentam elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade por causas externas. Trabalhamos em quatro fases, cada qual agregando ciclos exploratórios, de trabalho de campo e de análise, triangulando dados quantitativos e qualitativos. Os resultados mostram que a implantação do SAMU constitui, hoje, um avanço do setor saúde e da sociedade. É preciso ainda completar a implantação de várias portarias quanto a veículos, pessoal e equipamentos; intensificar a articulação do pré-hospitalar móvel com as unidades de saúde; enfatizar informações geradas nesse subsistema visando ao melhor planejamento das ações; manter e promover a alta qualificação dos profissionais do SAMU. Este serviço veio oficializar, padronizar e regular um subsistema fundamental para salvar vidas.
Equivalência semântica da versão em português do instrumento Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale
Authors: Tesch Flávia Cariús , Oliveira Branca Heloísa de , Leão Anna
Published: August 2008

O instrumento norte-americano Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) foi criado para avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal de crianças pré-escolares e seus familiares. Para que possa ser utilizado no Brasil é necessário fazer sua adaptação transcultural, sendo a equivalência semântica uma das etapas deste processo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a equivalência semântica entre o ECOHIS e a sua versão em português. A metodologia incluiu seis etapas: a tradução do ECOHIS, que envolveu duas tradutoras; um pré-teste, em que as duas traduções foram submetidas a vinte responsáveis por crianças de 2 a 5 anos de idade; a unificação das duas versões; duas retraduções feitas independentemente por dois tradutores; a revisão das traduções e retraduções e; a produção de um questionário final. As duas versões traduzidas mostraram-se bastante semelhantes e após a realização de todas as etapas obteve-se uma versão final do ECOHIS. O uso de traduções e retraduções que foram avaliadas por especialistas e incorporaram sugestões da população-alvo, permitiu obter uma versão brasileira do ECOHIS que possui equivalência semântica com o instrumento original.
Proposta de modelo hierarquizado aplicado à investigação de fatores de risco de óbito infantil neonatal
Authors: Lima Sheylla de , Carvalho Márcia Lazaro de , Vasconcelos Ana Glória Godoi
Published: August 2008

Modelos teórico-conceituais visam a integrar fatores sociais, biológicos, de comportamento, entre outros, e ainda elucidar as relações que se estabelecem entre eles na determinação de desfechos de saúde. No caso da determinação do óbito neonatal em nosso meio, poucos estudos analisam os mecanismos por meio dos quais as inúmeras variáveis e constructos se inter-relacionam. Este trabalho traz uma discussão teórica sobre os componentes que poderão compor um modelo hierarquizado para o estudo do óbito neonatal. Na proposição do modelo, buscou-se incluir fatores tradicionalmente apontados como importantes para a ocorrência desse evento e fatores que vêm sendo recentemente estudados (como raça, apoio social e violência durante a gravidez). Os componentes foram distribuídos em 11 dimensões alocadas em quatro níveis hierárquicos (um distal, dois intermediários e um proximal). O modelo proposto deve ser adequado à realidade brasileira referente ao óbito neonatal em grandes centros urbanos e traz à discussão aspectos ainda não muito explorados por estudos realizados no Brasil.
A kinetic model for the relative contribution of waterborne and dietary cadmium and zinc in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Van Campenhout Karen , Bervoets Lieven , Redeker Erik Steen , Blust Ronny
Published: August 2008

In this work, the uptake and whole-body accumulation of Cd and Zn by the common carp from water, diet, and a combination of both was studied using the radioactive tracers 109Cd and 65Zn. A three-compartment pharmacokinetic model was constructed and revealed metal- and exposure route–dependent accumulation profiles. Under the tested exposure conditions in water (0.1 μM Cd and 1 μM Zn), only 0.1 and 0.07%, respectively, of the total Cd and Zn load that passed the branchial surfaces was accumulated by the carp. In contrast, the carp accumulated 20 and 29% of the total ingested Cd and Zn load (mean concentrations in food of newly accumulated metals were 2.24 ± 0.29 and 19.91 ± 2.89 nmol/g wet weight, respectively). However, the contribution of the waterborne metals to the whole-body metal accumulation was higher than the metal uptake from food. The constructed model was used to simulate the effect of variable assimilation efficiency (AE) values on the relative importance of dietary Cd and Zn exposure to the overall metal accumulation in common carp. This simulation was performed under a realistic exposure scenario and with Cd and Zn AE values ranging from 5 to 95%. Dissolved Zn levels were higher and Cd levels lower compared to the laboratory experiments. Levels in the midge larvae were much higher. The results show that under these conditions, even at the lowest Cd and Zn AEs, almost 40% of the total body Cd and Zn concentrations originated from dietary Cd and Zn exposure. Taking into account the Cd and Zn AE of the laboratory experiments, respectively, 31 and 55%, more than 85% of the total body Cd and Zn was taken up from the food.
Substance or space? The relative importance of substance properties and environmental characteristics in modeling the fate of chemicals in Europe
Authors: Hollander Anne , Pistocchi Alberto , Huijbregts Mark A. J. , Ragas Ad M. J. , Van De Meent Dik
Published: August 2008

The relative influence of substance properties and of environmental characteristics on the variation in the environmental fate of chemicals was studied systematically and comprehensively. This was done by modeling environmental concentrations for 200 sets of substance properties, representative of organic chemicals used, and 137 sets of environmental characteristics, representative of regions in Europe of 250 × 250 km. Since it was expected that the model scale has an influence on the predicted concentration variations, the calculations were repeated for regions with a 100 × 100 km and 50 × 50 km area. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the contribution of each of the individual input parameters on the total concentration variation. Depending on the scenario, the range in predicted environmental concentrations spreads from two up to nine orders of magnitude. In accord with earlier studies, variation in the fate of chemicals in the environment appeared to depend mainly on substance-specific partition coefficients and degradation rates. For the estimation of soil and water concentrations with direct emissions to these compartments, however, the influence of spatial variation in environmental characteristics can mount up to two orders of magnitude, a range that can be significant to account for in certain model applications. Concentration differences in water and soil are predicted to be larger if a smaller region is applied in the model calculations, and the relative influence of environmental characteristics on the total variation increases on a more detailed spatial scale. It is argued that the influence of environmental characteristics as predictors of exposure concentrations of chemicals deserves better attention in comparative risk assessment with conventional nonspatial multimedia box models.
Solid state atomic processors for light
Authors: Crozatier V. , Gorju G. , Lavielle V. , Louchet A. , Bretenaker F. , Chanelière T. , Goldfarb F. , Lorgeré I. , Le Gouët J.-L.
Published: August 2008

This paper is devoted to optics in rare earth ion doped crystal at low temperature. In cryogenic conditions, interesting features come from absorption rather than from transparency. The optical transition linewidth is considerably reduced, which also corresponds to a strong increase of quantum state lifetime. Linewidth narrowing leads to signal processing applications. Specific use for RADAR warning receivers is considered here. Then the quantum lifetime extension is illustrated by coherent transient processes that represent necessary experimental steps on the way to quantum information research.
Chiral Bis(N‐arylamino)phosphine‐oxazolines: Synthesis and Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Schönleber Marc , Hilgraf Robert , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: August 2008

N‐Arylation or N‐alkylation of chiral 1,2‐diamines followed by ring closure with phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) and subsequent coupling with an oxazoline alcohol resulted in a new class of N,P ligands. The corresponding iridium tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluormethyl)phenyl]borate (BArF) complexes were found to be efficient catalysts for the enantioselective hydrogenation of unfunctionalized olefins and α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic esters.
Palladium‐Iminodiacetic Acid Immobilized on pH‐Responsive Polymeric Microspheres: Efficient Quasi‐Homogeneous Catalyst for Suzuki and Heck Reactions in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Zhang Jianzheng , Zhang Wangqing , Wang Yao , Zhang Minchao
Published: August 2008

The pH‐responsive core‐shell microspheres of poly(styrene‐co‐methylacrylic acid) (PS‐co‐PMAA) containing a polystyrene (PS) core and a poly(methylacrylic acid) (PMAA) shell are synthesized by one‐stage soap‐free copolymerization and the catalyst system palladium‐iminodiacetic acid (IDA‐Pd) is immobilized on the outer shell‐layer of the core‐shell microspheres to form the quasi‐homogeneous and easily accessible catalyst PS‐co‐PMAA‐IDA‐Pd. This quasi‐homogeneous PS‐co‐PMAA‐IDA‐Pd catalyst is highly dispersed in the reaction medium just like a homogeneous one and can be separated like a heterogeneous catalyst by adjusting the pH of the reaction medium. Suzuki reactions employing the quasi‐homogeneous PS‐co‐PMAA‐IDA‐Pd catalyst are efficiently performed in water as the sole solvent under mild conditions such as room temperature. The PS‐co‐PMAA‐IDA‐Pd catalyst is also used in Heck reactions of a wide range of aryl halides with styrene and proves to be efficient in aqueous solution. The PS‐co‐PMAA‐IDA‐Pd catalyst has a low leaching loss and can be reused at least 4 times without loss of activity.
Cardiopulmonary imaging, functional and laboratory studies in sickle cell disease associated pulmonary hypertension
Authors: van Beers Eduard J. , Nur Erfan , Schaefer‐Prokop Cornelia M. , Mac Gillavry Melvin R. , van Esser Joost W.J. , Brandjes Dees P.M. , Kappers‐Klunne Maria C. , Duits Ashley J. , Muskiet Frits A.J. , Schnog John‐John B. , Biemond Bart J.
Published: August 2008

Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) occurs in approximately 30% of adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) and is an independent risk factor for early death. In this study, we aimed to determine the value of general laboratory testing, plain chest radiography, electrocardiography (ECG), high‐resolution computer tomography (HRCT) of the thorax, pulmonary function testing, and plasma N‐terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with SCD‐related PHT. A cohort of 85 ambulatory sickle cell patients were prospectively screened for PHT with echocardiography (defined as a tricuspid regurgitation flow velocity of ≥2.5 m/sec). All patients were systematically evaluated by the aforementioned diagnostic tests comparing patients with and without PHT. The prevalence of PHT was 41% in HbSS/HbSβ0–thalassemia patients and 13% in HbSC/HbSβ+‐thalassemia patients. No statistically significant differences were detected in ECG, chest radiography, HRCT, and pulmonary function testing between patients with and without PHT. The degree of anemia and renal dysfunction, but not the presence of PHT, were the most important determinants of plasma (NT‐pro)BNP levels. The performed imaging and functional studies do not seem to be of value in identifying etiological conditions (such as airflow obstruction or parenchymal lung disease) nor do they offer clues to the presence of mild PHT in SCD. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delayed‐onset HIT caused by low‐molecular‐weight heparin manifesting during fondaparinux prophylaxis
Authors: Alsaleh Khalid A. , Al‐Nasser Sami M. A. , Bates Shannon M. , Patel Ameen , Warkentin Theodore E. , Arnold Donald M.
Published: August 2008

Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic condition caused by platelet‐activating antibodies that react with platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complexes. Delayed‐onset HIT occurs after heparin is stopped. Fondaparinux, a synthetic pentasaccharide, is thought to be a safe alternative anticoagulant in HIT. We describe a patient with delayed‐onset HIT triggered by low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) which occurred during fondaparinux prophylaxis and which was complicated by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Patient serum contained high‐titer anti‐PF4/heparin antibodies demonstrating heparin‐dependent platelet activation with serial dilutions. Confirmed delayed‐onset HIT with LMWH has not been previously reported. Low dose fondaparinux does not necessarily prevent thrombotic complications of HIT. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biosorption of basic dyes onto Azolla filiculoides: equilibrium and kinetic modeling
Authors: Padmesh T. V. N. , Vijayaraghavan K. , Anand K. , Velan M.
Published: August 2008

The biosorption of basic dyes, rhodamine B (RMB) and methylene blue (MB), using Azolla filiculoides was investigated in a batch reactor and in a fixed‐bed column. Biosorption isotherms revealed that pH 5 was the optimum condition for maximum biosorption of both basic dyes. Sorption isotherm data were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich–Peterson and Sips models. A maximum uptake of 166.7 and 91.8 mg/g was observed for MB and RMB, respectively, according to the Langmuir model. It was observed from the kinetic data that the biosorption process using A. filiculoides followed pseudo‐second order kinetics. The ability of A. filiculoides to biosorb MB in a packed column was investigated, as well. Experiments conducted at different bed heights (15–25 cm) revealed that decrease in bed height resulted in inferior biosorption performance. At 25 cm, the A. filiculoides bed was capable of providing breakthrough at 76.2 h, with column uptake and removal efficiency of 80.2 mg/g and 84.9%, respectively. The Thomas model was successfully used to analyze the experimental data and the model parameters were evaluated. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medicinal Organometallic Chemistry: Designing Metal Arene Complexes as Anticancer Agents
Authors: Peacock Anna F. A. , Sadler Peter J.
Published: August 2008

The field of medicinal inorganic chemistry is rapidly advancing. In particular organometallic complexes have much potential as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The carbon‐bound and other ligands allow the thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity of the metal ion to be controlled and also provide a scaffold for functionalization. The establishment of structure–activity relationships and elucidation of the speciation of complexes under conditions relevant to drug testing and formulation are crucial for the further development of promising medicinal applications of organometallic complexes. Specific examples involving the design of ruthenium and osmium arene complexes as anticancer agents are discussed.
A large‐scale screen for coding variants in SERT/SLC6A4 in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Sakurai Takeshi , Reichert Jennifer , Hoffman Ellen J. , Cai Guiqing , Jones Hywel B. , Faham Malek , Buxbaum Joseph D.
Published: August 2008

In the current study we explored the hypothesis that rare variants in SLC6A4 contribute to autism susceptibility and to rigid‐compulsive behaviors in autism. We made use of a large number of unrelated cases with autism spectrum disorders (∼350) and controls (∼420) and screened for rare exonic variants in SLC6A4 by a high‐throughput method followed by sequencing. We observed no difference in the frequency of such variants in the two groups, irrespective of how we defined the rare variants. Furthermore, we did not observe an association of rare coding variants in SLC6A4 with rigid‐compulsive traits scores in the cases. These results do not support a significant role for rare coding variants in SLC6A4 in autism spectrum disorders, nor do they support a significant role for SLC6A4 in rigid‐compulsive traits in these disorders.
Putting the Pieces Together: Histone H2B Ubiquitylation Directly Stimulates Histone H3K79 Methylation
Authors: Jeltsch Albert , Rathert Philipp
Published: August 2008

Employing an in vitro reconstitution approach, McGinty et al. studied the mechanism of stimulation of the Dot1‐catalysed histone H3 methylation at Lys79 by histone H2B ubiquitylation at Lys120. To generate nucleosome particles that carry the ubiquitylation at Lys120, they chemically connected three polypeptides—the main parts of histone H3 and ubiquitin expressed in bacteria and a branched synthetic peptide. Using the semisynthetically produced nucleosome substrates and purified Dot1 enzyme, they showed that Dot1 is directly stimulated by the ubiquitylation, thus ruling out the need for further protein factors to mediate the effect.
Comparative Study on the Structural, Optical, and Electrochemical Properties of Bithiophene‐Fused Benzo[c]phospholes
Authors: Matano Yoshihiro , Miyajima Tooru , Fukushima Tatsuya , Kaji Hironori , Kimura Yoshifumi , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: August 2008

Three types of bithiophene‐fused benzo[c]phospholes were successfully prepared by TiII‐mediated cyclization of the corresponding dialkynylated bithiophene derivatives as a key step. Each σ3‐phosphorus center of the benzo[c]phosphole subunits was readily transformed into σ4‐phosphorus center by Au coordination or oxygenation. In addition, the bithiophene subunit was functionalized at the α,α′‐carbon atoms by Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions with heteroarylmetals and by an SNAr reaction with hexafluorobenzene. The experimentally observed results (NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray analysis, UV/Vis absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy, and cyclic/differential‐pulse voltammetry) have revealed that the structural, optical, and electrochemical properties of the bithiophene‐fused benzo[c]phospholes vary considerably depending on the π‐conjugation modes at the bithiophene subunits and the substituents of the heterocyclopentadiene components. The appropriately ring‐annulated σ3‐P derivatives and σ4‐P‐AuCl complexes were found to emit fluorescence in the orange–red region, and the σ4‐P‐oxo derivatives proved to undergo reversible one‐electron reduction at −1.4 to −1.8 V (vs ferrocene/ferrocenium). These results indicate that the bithiophene‐fused benzo[c]phospholes possess narrow HOMO–LUMO gaps and low‐lying LUMOs, which was confirmed by density functional theory calculations of their model compounds. The time‐of‐flight measurement of an ITO/benzo[c]phosphole/Al device showed that the electron mobility in the P‐oxo derivative is one‐order higher than that in Alq3 at low electric fields. The present study demonstrates that the arene‐fused benzo[c]phosphole skeleton could be a highly promising platform for the construction of a new class of phosphole‐based optoelectrochemical materials.
Kinesin‐5 is not essential for mitotic spindle elongation in Dictyostelium
Authors: Tikhonenko Irina , Nag Dilip K. , Martin Nora , Koonce Michael P.
Published: August 2008

The proper assembly and operation of the mitotic spindle is essential to ensure the accurate segregation of chromosomes and to position the cytokinetic furrow during cell division in eukaryotes. Not only are dynamic microtubules required but also the concerted actions of multiple motor proteins are necessary to effect spindle pole separation, chromosome alignment, chromatid segregation, and spindle elongation. Although a number of motor proteins are known to play a role in mitosis, there remains a limited understanding of their full range of functions and the details by which they interact with other spindle components. The kinesin‐5 (BimC/Eg5) family of motors is largely considered essential to drive spindle pole separation during the initial and latter stages of mitosis. We have deleted the gene encoding the kinesin‐5 member in Dictyostelium, (kif13), and find that, in sharp contrast with results found in vertebrate, fly, and yeast organisms, kif13− cells continue to grow at rates indistinguishable from wild type. Phenotype analysis reveals a slight increase in spindle elongation rates in the absence of Kif13. More importantly, there is a dramatic, premature separation of spindle halves in kif13− cells, suggesting a novel role of this motor in maintaining spindle integrity at the terminal stages of division. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryological development of Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)
Authors: Iungman Josefina , Piña Carlos I. , Siroski Pablo
Published: August 2008

A standard development embryological series is the primary basis to organize information of any embryological study and is also used to determine the age of eggs and embryos in field conditions. In this article, we calibrate developmental series of the broad‐snouted caiman, Caiman latirostris, against an established series for Alligator mississippiensis. Morphometric measures and extend of the opaque‐shell banding were also related to embryo age. In earlier stages, external morphological features alone can account for embryo age, but we suggest that morphometric measurements should be introduced later in the development. Unlike morphologic and morphometric attributes, the opaque patch was not a useful age predictor. As expected, a close correlation between embryonic development of C. latirostris and A. mississippiensis was observed. genesis 46:401–417, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rhodium(III) and Iridium(III) Complexes with Quinolyl‐Functionalized Cp Ligands: Synthesis and Catalytic Hydrogenation Activity
Authors: Kohl Gerald , Pritzkow Hans , Enders Markus
Published: August 2008

Bis(ethene) complexes of rhodium(I) and iridium(I) with 8‐quinolylcyclopentadienyl ligands (CpQ and CpQ*) were oxidized by a photochemically induced reaction with chlorine‐containing solvents or by treatment with iodine. Upon this oxidation, the quinoline ring rotates and the N donor coordinates to the metal centers. Substitution of the halogenido ligands through acetato groups leads to highly soluble derivatives, in which the acetate moiety acts as a monodentate or bidentate ligand. The new Rh complexes were evaluated as catalysts for the hydrogenation of 1‐hexene. The coordinatively saturated complexes show hydrogenation activity without the necessity of external bases. The catalytic activity is highest for the cationic complex [CpQ*Rh(O2CCH3)]+PF6– (6b), which contains a bidentate acetato ligand. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Rate and Mechanism of the Oxidative Addition of a Silylborane to Pt0 Complexes – Mechanism for the Pt‐Catalyzed Silaboration of 1,3‐Cyclohexadiene
Authors: Durieux Guillaume , Gerdin Martin , Moberg Christina , Jutand Anny
Published: August 2008

The chemical reduction of Pt(acac)2 by DIBALH in the presence of phosphanes, which is used to generate active Pt0 complexes in the Pt‐catalyzed silaboration of cyclohexadiene by 2‐(dimethylphenylsilyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane (1) leading to the 1,4‐silaborated product, was mimicked by the electrochemical reduction of Pt(acac)2 in the presence of 2 equiv. of PR3 (R = Ph, nBu). The electrochemical reduction generates free acac anions and neutral Pt0(PR3)2 complexes. The kinetics of the oxidative addition of bromobenzene (used first as a model molecule) and silylborane 1 to the Pt0 complexes was investigated and the rate constants determined. Pt0(PnBu3)2 is much more reactive than Pt0(PPh3)2 towards 1. From the electrochemical study, it emerges that the acac anions released in the reduction of Pt(acac)2 do not coordinate to the Pt0(PR3)2 complexes. Consequently, the rate of the oxidative addition of 1 to Pt0(PR3)2, generated either by the electrochemical reduction or by the chemical reduction by DIBALH, is not affected by the acac anions and a posteriori not by aluminum cations. The oxidative addition and the further step of the catalytic cycle [insertion of the diene into the Pt–B bond of the Si–Pt–B complex generated in the oxidative addition, with formation of the (η3‐allyl)Pt–Si complex] were monitored by NMR spectroscopy. Pt0 and PtII complexes involved in the catalytic cycle were characterized. The oxidative addition is faster when the ligand is PMe2Ph relative to that obtained with PPh3, in agreement with the electrochemical data. No reductive elimination within the (η3‐allyl)Pt–Si complex is observed when the ligand is PMe2Ph, whereas reactions in the presence of PPh3 proceeded to give the final product. As a consequence, PPh3 is a better ligand than PMe2Ph for the catalytic reaction, as observed experimentally. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Influence of cabbage juices on oxidative changes of rapeseed oil and lard
Authors: Tynek Maria , Szukalska Ewa , Bartoszek Agnieszka
Published: August 2008

The influence of white cabbage on oxidative and thermooxidative changes of plant fats (rapeseed oil) and animal fats (lard) was determined by an array of standard tests. The fats were heated at 100 °C for 6 h in a model system mimicking normal cooking conditions in the presence or absence of fresh cabbage juice (FCJ) or sauerkraut juice (SJ). After thermal processing of fats in the presence of cabbage juices, regardless of the kind, the formation of oxidized triacylglycerols (TAG) was decreased by about 40% compared to fats heated alone. Juices also inhibited the formation of TAG dimers and polymers. Such parameters as peroxide value, extinction coefficient at 232 nm (E1%1cm), and losses of polyene fatty acids revealed the protective effect of cabbage juices as well; however, in this case FCJ displayed a much stronger antioxidant effect than SJ. The protection was more visible for lard which contains much lower amounts of natural antioxidants.
Identification of triacylglycerols in the enzymatic transesterification of rapeseed and butter oil
Authors: Svensson Julia , Adlercreutz Patrick
Published: August 2008

A blend of rapeseed and butter oil was transesterified using immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (Lipozyme® TL IM) as catalyst. The reaction was followed by reversed‐phase HPLC and the triacylglycerol peaks were tentatively identified from their elution times by calculating equivalent carbon numbers. Further identification was made using HPLC‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. A few of the triacylglycerols detected were typical combinations of fatty acids originating from rapeseed oil, such as α‐linolenic acid, and short‐chain fatty acids from butter oil. Due to the regioselectivity of the lipase, the transesterification reaction involved mainly fatty acids in the sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions. However, significant changes in the fatty acid composition in the sn‐2 position were detected after 6 h.
Disposable Amperometric Sensors for Thiols with Special Reference to Glutathione
Authors: Bhattacharyay Dipankar , Dutta Kakoli , Banerjee Suchanda , Turner Antony P. F. , Sarkar Priyabrata
Published: August 2008

The antioxidant ‘reduced glutathione’ tripeptide is conventionally called glutathione (GSH). The oxidized form is a sulfur‐sulfur linked compound, known as glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Glutathione is an essential cofactor for antioxidant enzymes; it provides protection also for the mitochondria against endogenous oxygen radicals. The ratio of these two forms can act as a marker for oxidative stress. The majority of the methods available for estimation of both the forms of glutathione are based on colorimetric and electrochemical assays. In this study, electrochemical sensors were developed for the estimation of both GSH and GSSG. Two different types of transducers were used: i) screen‐printed three‐electrode disposable sensor (SPE) containing carbon working electrode, carbon counter electrode and silver/silver chloride reference electrode; ii) three‐electrode disposable system (CDE) consisting of three copper electrodes. 5,5′‐dithiobis(2‐nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) was used as detector element for estimation of total reduced thiol content. The enzyme glutathione reductase along with a co‐enzyme reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was used to estimate GSSG. By combining the two methods GSH can also be estimated. The detector elements were immobilized on the working electrodes of the sensors by bulk polymerization of acrylamide. The responses were observed amperometrically. The detection limit for thiol (GSH) was less than 0.6 ppm when DTNB was used, whereas for GSSG it was less than 0.1 ppm.
Selective Cosmetic Mercury Analysis Using a Silver Ink Screen‐Printed Electrode with Potassium Iodide Solution
Authors: Chiu Mei‐Hsin , Zen Jyh‐Myng , Kumar Annamalai Senthil , Vasu Dhananjayan , Shih Ying
Published: August 2008

A new method for selective determination of trace mercury has been demonstrated by linear scan voltammetry using silver ink screen printed electrode (AgSPE) in presence of potassium iodide (KI) dissolved 0.05 M H2SO4 solution. At AgSPE, iodide oxidation peak current signal found to be systematically decreased (inhibitory current anodic peak current signal, i$\rm{ {_{pa}^{in}}}$) with increase in the Hg concentrations, [Hg]. This observation is further utilized for construction of new Hg electroanalytical assays in this work. On the AgSPE, Hg inhibitory detection potential found at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl, which is 720 mV lower than that of unmodified SPE system. Under optimal experimental conditions, i$\rm{ {_{pa}^{in}}}$ signals were linearly increased against [Hg] in the window of 500–4500 ppb (40 μM KI) with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9988. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 98 and 318 ppb, respectively. This approach was further utilized to analyze hidden Hg in the cosmetic samples. Real sample assays were consistent with that of result obtained from ICP‐OES, which confirm the applicability of the proposed method for practical applications.
Chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of high‐risk HPV‐infected women with HGSIL
Authors: Álvarez‐Rosero Rosa E. , Rodríguez‐Argote Jannet , Arboleda‐Moreno Yexania Y. , Muñoz‐Benítez Sulma L. , Sierra‐Torres Carlos H.
Published: August 2008

Genomic instability is one of the main characteristics of malignant tumors, including HPV‐induced cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the use of assessing chromosome aberrations (CA) in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a biomarker for genomic instability in high‐risk HPV‐infected women with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSIL). A total of 120 women were recruited for this study, following cytology/colposcopy evaluation and HPV DNA detection. The study groups consisted of 30 HPV(+) women with histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 and 30 HPV(+) women with carcinoma in situ (CIS). Two control groups, including 30 women HPV(−) and 30 women HPV(+), were recruited among women who were reported as cytology negative. Lymphocyte cell cultures were established for 52 hr, and 100 complete metaphase cells were evaluated per subject for CA analysis. The results show that women with CIS had significantly higher frequencies of both aneuploidy (0.67 ± 0.20 vs. 0.14 ± 0.08, P = 0.020) and tetraploidy (0.88 ± 0.23 vs. 0.17 ± 0.08, P = 0.013) in comparison with HPV(−) controls. These findings suggest the usefulness of peripheral blood lymphocytes to detect genomic instability associated with HPV‐induced HGSIL. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linear retention indices in gas chromatographic analysis: a review
Authors: Zellner Barbara d'Acampora , Bicchi Carlo , Dugo Paola , Rubiolo Patrizia , Dugo Giovanni , Mondello Luigi
Published: August 2008

The main purpose of any chromatographic analysis is to resolve mixtures of compounds into less complex mixtures or ultimately into pure components. In addition to this function, the chromatographic system can provide retention data which serve as complementary information for the positive identification of resolved components. The need to express gas chromatographic retention data in a standardized system has long been recognized and retention index values presented to be a valuable parameter. Those values are mainly calculated by applying the equations proposed by Kováts, for isothermal analysis, and van den Dool and Kratz, for programmed gas chromatographic runs. In general, these indices denote the retention behaviour of the compounds of interest according to a uniform scale determined by a series of closely related standard substances. The use of retention indices in the flavour and fragrance field is well‐documented, and they are widely applied for the comparison of results between laboratories, as well as to characterize stationary phases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient and robust algorithms for solution of the adjoint compressible Navier–Stokes equations with applications
Authors: Dwight Richard P. , Brezillon Joël
Published: August 2008

The complete discrete adjoint equations for an unstructured finite volume compressible Navier–Stokes solver are discussed with respect to the memory and time efficient evaluation of their residuals, and their solution. It is seen that application of existing iteration methods for the non‐linear equation—suitably adjointed—has a property of guaranteed convergence provided that the non‐linear iteration is well behaved. For situations where this is not the case, in particular for strongly separated flows, a stabilization technique based on the Recursive Projection Method is developed. This method additionally provides the dominant eigenmodes of the problem, allowing identification of flow regions that are unstable under the basic iteration. These are found to be regions of separated flow. Finally, an adjoint‐based optimization with 96 design variables is performed on a wing–body configuration. The initial flow has large regions of separation, which are significantly diminished in the optimized configuration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.