bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Critique of the Discourse of Marketized Philanthropy
Authors: Nickel Patricia Mooney , Eikenberry Angela M.
Published: March 2009

Philanthropy has received increased attention in recent years and is an important focus for social theorists concerned with discourse. The authors argue that the transformative potential of philanthropy—its potential to represent the need for and bring about social change—is increasingly lost in the current market-based discourse of philanthropy that includes consumption of products (i.e., cause-related marketing) and consumption of media and celebrities (i.e., “charitainment”) as the basis for benevolent human relations. This marketization of philanthropy depoliticizes the relationship between the market and the negative impacts it has on human well-being, thereby making philanthropy less likely to catalyze substantive social change. In this article, the authors argue that in fast capitalism philanthropy must be distinguished from the market, narrate on behalf of the marginalized, and be rewritten independent of the necessity of the market and marginality.
METHODS & MEASURES: Psychometric properties of the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task: An Italian multicentre study
Authors: Barone Lavinia , Del Giudice Marco , Fossati Andrea , Manaresi Francesca , Actis Perinetti Barbara , Colle Livia , Veglia Fabio
Published: March 2009

The paper describes a multicentre study of the psychometric properties of the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task in a sample of 230 Italian children aged 4 to 8 years. The task's internal consistency and inter-rater reliability were investigated; in addition, multiple discriminant analysis was used to explore the contribution of individual coding system scale scores to overall categorical attachment classification. The instrument showed acceptable psychometric properties, especially with respect to Disorganization and Coherence scales. However, our results also suggest that some subscales of the coding system could be modified in order to improve reliability. The implications of our results for future research and further test validation are discussed.
Policies and Politics in Social Pacts in Europe
Authors: Hassel Anke
Published: March 2009

This article develops our theoretical understanding of social partnership in Eastern and Western Europe, focusing on two aspects. First, it considers the reasons why both governments as well as social partners sustain social partnership even in the context of tight monetary policy, liberalization and globalization. Second, it explains the differing dynamics of negotiated policies in Eastern and Western Europe. It concludes that the interest constellations of the actors involved, rather than institutional or organizational issues, are the primary explanatory factor for differences in social partnership.
The Establishment of Enterprise Works Councils: Process and Problems
Authors: Rigby Mike , Contrepois Sylvie , O'Brien Smith Fiona
Published: March 2009

Works councils have been an important vehicle of collective representation in most Western European countries. They have facilitated trade union involvement in employment relations at enterprise level, even when membership levels are relatively low. However, there have been recent doubts about the resilience of the institution, particularly given its lower coverage in expanding areas of employment such as private services and small firms. This article presents qualitative data on the `start-up' of works councils in France, Germany and Spain, with an emphasis on these sectors. The extension of works councils to difficult sectors depends on establishing clarity about their role, strengthening legislative support, deepening the engagement of external trade unions in their development and ensuring that enterprise actors have realistic expectations.
Current Topics in Review Andrea M. Babkie, Associate Editor: Accessing Substance Abuse Prevention Programs for Schools
Authors: Schroeder Jennifer L. , Johnson Gail E.
Published: March 2009

Current estimates indicate that over 6 million children live with at least one parent who is a substance abuser or is substance dependent. Children who are exposed to drug and alcohol abuse are at a greater risk of experiencing academic and behavior difficulties. Additionally, several studies have shown that students with emotional and behavioral disorders, who are already at risk for school failure, are also at heightened risk for substance abuse. Schools are in a unique position to help families access resources for their children and act as a place where services can be provided to many children who are at risk for substance use. This article describes ways to bring substance abuse prevention programming into the schools.
Modified Cognitive Strategy Instruction
Authors: Guzel-Ozmen Ruya
Published: March 2009

In this article, modified cognitive strategy instruction in writing (CSIW), a cognitive strategy instructional model is described. Modified CSIW was designed based on two effective instructional models: cognitive strategy instruction in writing (CSIW) and self-regulated strategy development (SRSD). Modified CSIW provides tailored instruction to teach students who struggle with writing in writing problem/solution texts. This article focuses on how this model can be implemented by teachers to help struggling writers develop their writing skills.
Schaffer v. Weast
Authors: Yell Mitchell Louis , Katsiyannis Antonis , Ryan Joseph B. , Mcduffie Kimberly A.
Published: March 2009

In a recent decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, Schaffer v. Weast, the high court ruled that the burden of persuasion in special education due process hearings should fall on the party that challenges a student's IEP. This Court ruling will change current practice across nearly half the United States. In this article, the authors review the Supreme Court's decision in Schaffer v. Weast and discuss the implications of the ruling for special education.
LIBRE Stick Figure Tool
Authors: Guerra Norma S.
Published: March 2009

Graphic organizers are powerful visual tools. The representation provides dimension and relationship to ideas and a framework for organization and elaboration. The LIBRE Stick Figure Tool is a graphic organizer for the problem-solving application of the LIBRE Model counseling approach. It resembles a “stick person” and offers the teacher and student a problem-solving processing map. The use of the LIBRE Stick Figure Tool is presented to demonstrate its application and illustrate potential benefits to both student and teacher.
Meta-analysis of individual patient data versus aggregate data from longitudinal clinical trials
Authors: Jones Ashley P , Riley Richard D , Williamson Paula R , Whitehead Anne
Published: March 2009

Background In clinical trials following individuals over a period of time, the same assessment may be made at a number of time points during the course of the trial. Our review of current practice for handling longitudinal data in Cochrane systematic reviews shows that the most frequently used approach is to ignore the correlation between repeated observations and to conduct separate meta-analyses at each of a number of time points.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show the link between repeated measurement models used with aggregate data and those used when individual patient data (IPD) are available, and provide guidance on the methods that practitioners might use for aggregate data meta-analyses, depending on the type of data available.

Methods We discuss models for the meta-analysis of longitudinal continuous outcome data when IPD are available. In these models time is included either as a factor or as a continuous variable, and account is taken of the correlation between repeated observations. The meta-analysis of IPD can be conducted using either a one-step or a two-step approach: the latter involves analysing the IPD separately in each study and then combining the study estimates taking into account their covariance structure. We discuss the link between models for use with aggregate data and the two-step IPD approach, and the problems which arise when only aggregate data are available. The methods are applied to IPD from 5 trials in Alzheimer's disease.

Results Two major issues for the meta-analysis of aggregate data are the lack of information about correlation coefficients and the effect of missing data at the patient-level. Application to the Alzheimer's disease data set shows that ignoring correlation can lead to different pooled estimates of the treatment difference and their standard errors. Furthermore, the amount of missing data at the patient level can affect these estimates.

Limitations The models assume fixed treatment effects across studies, and that any missing data is missing at random, both at the patient-level and the study level.

Conclusions It is preferable to obtain IPD from all studies to correctly account for the correlation between repeated observations. When IPD are not available, the ideal aggregate data are model-based estimates of treatment difference and their variance and covariance estimates. If covariance estimates are not available, sensitivity analyses should be undertaken to investigate the robustness of the results to different amounts of correlation. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 16—27. http:// ctj.sagepub.com
Confronting challenges in intervention research with ethnically diverse older adults: the USC Well Elderly II Trial
Authors: Jackson Jeanne , Mandel Deborah , Blanchard Jeanine , Carlson Mike , Cherry Barbara , Azen Stanley , Chou Chih-Ping , Jordan-Marsh Maryalice , Forman Todd , White Brett , Granger Douglas , Knight Bob , Clark Florence
Published: March 2009

Background Community-dwelling older adults are at risk for declines in physical health, cognition, and psychosocial well-being. However, their enactment of active and health-promoting lifestyles can reduce such declines.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe the USC Well Elderly II study, a randomized clinical trial designed to test the effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle program for elders, and document how various methodological challenges were addressed during the course of the trial.

Methods In the study, 460 ethnically diverse elders recruited from a variety of sites in the urban Los Angeles area were enrolled in a randomized experiment involving a crossover design component. Within either the first or second 6-month phase of their study involvement, each elder received a lifestyle intervention designed to improve a variety of aging outcomes. At 4—5 time points over an 18—24 month interval, the research participants were assessed on measures of healthy activity, coping, social support, perceived control, stress-related biomarkers, perceived physical health, psychosocial well-being, and cognitive functioning to test the effectiveness of the intervention and document the process mechanisms responsible for its effects.

Results The study protocol was successfully implemented, including the enrollment of study sites, the recruitment of 460 older adults, administration of the intervention, adherence to the plan for assessment, and establishment of a large computerized data base.

Limitations: Methodological challenges were encountered in the areas of site recruitment, participant recruitment, testing, and intervention delivery.

Conclusions The completion of clinical trials involving elders from numerous local sites requires careful oversight and anticipation of threats to the study design that stem from: (a) social situations that are particular to specific study sites; and (b) physical, functional, and social challenges pertaining to the elder population. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 90—101. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Minimal Impact of Organic Chemistry Prerequisite on Student Performance in Introductory Biochemistry
Authors: Wright Robin , Cotner Sehoya , Winkel Amy
Published: March 2009

Curriculum design assumes that successful completion of prerequisite courses will have a positive impact on student performance in courses that require the prerequisite. We recently had the opportunity to test this assumption concerning the relationship between completion of the organic chemistry prerequisite and performance in introductory biochemistry. We found no statistically significant differences between average biochemistry grades or grade distribution among students with or without the organic chemistry prerequisite. However, students who had not completed the organic chemistry prerequisite before biochemistry were more likely to withdraw from the course than those who had completed the prerequisite. In contrast to the lack of correlation between performance in biochemistry and completion of organic chemistry, we observed a strong, highly significant positive relationship between cumulative GPA and the biochemistry grade. Our data suggest that excluding students without organic chemistry would have less positive impact on student success in biochemistry than would providing additional support for all students who enroll in biochemistry with a cumulative GPA below 2.5.
Can an Inquiry Approach Improve College Student Learning in a Teaching Laboratory?
Authors: Rissing Steven W. , Cogan John G.
Published: March 2009

We present an inquiry-based, hands-on laboratory exercise on enzyme activity for an introductory college biology course for science majors. We measure student performance on a series of objective and subjective questions before and after completion of this exercise; we also measure performance of a similar cohort of students before and after completion of an existing, standard, “direct” exercise over the same topics. Although student performance on these questions increased significantly after completion of the inquiry exercise, it did not increase after completion of the control, standard exercise. Pressure to “cover” many complex topics as preparation for high-stakes examinations such as the Medical College Admissions Test may account for persistence of highly efficient, yet dubiously effective “cookbook” laboratory exercises in many science classes.
A Combination of Hand-held Models and Computer Imaging Programs Helps Students Answer Oral Questions about Molecular Structure and Function: A Controlled Investigation of Student Learning
Authors: Harris Michelle A. , Peck Ronald F. , Colton Shannon , Morris Jennifer , Chaibub Neto Elias , Kallio Julie
Published: March 2009

We conducted a controlled investigation to examine whether a combination of computer imagery and tactile tools helps introductory cell biology laboratory undergraduate students better learn about protein structure/function relationships as compared with computer imagery alone. In all five laboratory sections, students used the molecular imaging program, Protein Explorer (PE). In the three experimental sections, three-dimensional physical models were made available to the students, in addition to PE. Student learning was assessed via oral and written research summaries and videotaped interviews. Differences between the experimental and control group students were not found in our typical course assessments such as research papers, but rather were revealed during one-on-one interviews with students at the end of the semester. A subset of students in the experimental group produced superior answers to some higher-order interview questions as compared with students in the control group. During the interview, students in both groups preferred to use either the hand-held models alone or in combination with the PE imaging program. Students typically did not use any tools when answering knowledge (lower-level thinking) questions, but when challenged with higher-level thinking questions, students in both the control and experimental groups elected to use the models.
High School Intervention for Influenza Biology and Epidemics/Pandemics: Impact on Conceptual Understanding among Adolescents
Authors: Dumais Nancy , Hasni Abdelkrim
Published: March 2009

Understanding real-life issues such as influenza epidemiology may be of particular interest to the development of scientific knowledge and initiation of conceptual changes about viruses and their life cycles for high school students. The goal of this research project was to foster the development of adolescents' conceptual understanding of viruses and influenza biology. Thus, the project included two components: 1) pre- and posttests to determine students' conceptions about influenza biology, epidemics/pandemics, and vaccination; and 2) design an intervention that supports conceptual change to promote improvements in influenza knowledge based on these primary conceptions. Thirty-five female students from a high school biology class participated in a series of instructional activities and pre- and posttest assessments. Results from the pretest indicated that high school students exhibit a limited understanding of concepts related to viruses. Six weeks after an intervention that promoted active learning, results from a posttest showed that conceptions about influenza are more accurately related to the provided scientific knowledge. Although adolescents have nonscientific models to explain influenza biology, we showed that a carefully designed intervention can affect students' knowledge as well as influence the implementation of health education programs in secondary schools.
Stem Cells and Society: An Undergraduate Course Exploring the Intersections among Science, Religion, and Law
Authors: Pierret Chris , Friedrichsen Patricia
Published: March 2009

The intersection of science and our society has led to legal and ethical issues in which we all play a part. To support development of scientific literacy, college science courses need to engage students in difficult dialogues around ethical issues. We describe a new course, Stem Cells and Society, in which students explore the basic biology of stem cell research and the controversy surrounding it. As part of the course, we highlight the nature of science, looking at the methods and norms within the scientific community. To gain a perspective on the current stem cell controversy, we examine the public debates in the 1970s surrounding in vitro fertilization, the stem cell initiative in Missouri, and the personal and religious viewpoints that have emerged relative to the stem cell debate. In the Stem Cells and Society course, students are challenged to develop and clarify their own personal positions concerning embryonic stem cell research. These positions are grounded in science, religion or personal philosophy, and law.
Single-molecule Visualization of Binding Modes of Helicase to DNA on PEGylated Surfaces
Authors: Yokota Hiroaki , Han Yong-Woon , Allemand Jean-François , Xi Xu Guang , Bensimon David , Croquette Vincent , Ito Yoshihiro , Harada Yoshie
Published: March 2009

Binding modes of helicase to various DNA substrates were visualized by single-molecule fluorescence imaging on silicate coverslips coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) which minimizes the background noise from nonspecific protein adsorption. The results clearly show that the helicase has higher affinity for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) tail than that without one and that multiple helicases can bind to 4.7-kilonucleotide (knt) ssDNA. The study reported here will enhance the capabilities of single-molecule fluorescence studies on DNA–protein interactions.
The Rate of Excited-state Proton Transfer to Solvent from Trifluoromethylphenols in Water
Authors: Kaneko Shigeo , Yoshihara Toshitada , Tobita Seiji
Published: March 2009

The proton-transfer reactions to solvent from electronically excited o-, m-, and p-(trifluoromethyl)phenols (TFOHs) in water have been investigated by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The rate constants for the proton dissociation of o-, m-, and p-TFOH are obtained to be 2.2×109, 8.6×108, and 2.5×108 s−1, respectively. On the basis of the rate constants, the effects of substituent and deuterium isotope effects on the proton-transfer reactions are revealed.
Effect of Charge-transporting Molecules on Electrophosphorescence in a Device Fabricated Using Third-generation Dendrimer Encapsulated Tris[2-benzo[b]thiophen-2-ylpyridyl]iridium Complex
Authors: Jung Kyung Moon , Lee Tae Wan , Kim Kyung Hwan , Cho Min Ju , Jin Jung-Il , Choi Dong Hoon
Published: March 2009

We have synthesized a new deep-red light-emitting phosphorescent third-generation dendrimer with hole-transporting carbazole dendrons. The new dendrimer is highly efficient when used as a solution-processable emitting material and when used in an electrophosphorescent light-emitting diode system. We selected 4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP) and 2-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) as guest molecules in order to manipulate the carrier transport and carrier confinement in the emissive layer. We fabricated a dendrimer light-emitting diode (DLED) whose configuration is represented as ITO/PEDOT:PSS (40 nm)/dendrimer containing guest molecules (55 nm)/BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenylphenanthroline) (10 nm)/Alq3 (40 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm) and investigated the device performance. The luminance of the multilayered devices fabricated using the PBD-containing dendrimer was 381 cd/m2 at 52.42 mA/cm2 (20 V) for the dendrimer bearing PBD, which was slightly better than that of a device fabricated using dendrimer alone.
Porous Sr2CuWO6 Nanoarchitectures Fabricated by a Matrix-mediated Route
Authors: Hu Xianluo , Yu Jimmy C
Published: March 2009

A facile route based on a matrix-mediated process has been developed to fabricate porous double-perovskite oxide Sr2CuWO6 nanoarchitectures in large quantities.
Retrospective review of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia over two decades
Authors: Travis J , Hart E , Helm J , Duncan T , Vilar J
Published: March 2009

The aim of the study was to compare a retrospective case note review of all cases of Pneumocystis carinii (now Pneumocystis jirovecii) pneumonia (PJP) over the period 1997–2004 at North Manchester General Hospital with a previous audit covering the years 1986–1995. During 1986–1995, 777 patients were diagnosed with HIV. One hundred and eighty-one were also diagnosed with PJP. Of these, 11 patients required ventilation with a mortality rate of 100%. For the current review during 1997–2004, 210 patients were diagnosed with PJP, and 64 with severe PJP. Median age was 39 years (interquartile range [IQR] 22–61). Twenty-four patients had a prior diagnosis of HIV (median 43 months, IQR 6–72 months), and for 38 patients this was the presenting diagnosis of HIV. Median CD4 was 34 cells/L (IQR of 12–80 cells/L). Median viral load was 3.5 × 105 copies/mL (IQR 1–5.8 × 105 copies/mL). Eighteen patients required intubation during this period. Nine (50%) were alive at 30 days postextubation. We believe that the 50% reduction in mortality seen between 1997–2004 in intubated patients with severe PJP is due to the improvement in intensive care management of severe respiratory failure rather than changes in the specific management of PJP. The necessity of ventilation in HIV patients is no longer a mandatory death sentence.
Condylomata gigantea in a male transsexual
Authors: Yang C , Liu S , Xu K , Xiang Q , Yang S , Zhang X
Published: March 2009

Summary

As the incidence of genital warts increases, warts arising in the mouth, throat and other sites can occasionally be seen. Condyloma gigantea in genital sites are often reported, but literature on genital warts in transsexuals is rare. We present a case of C. gigantea in a 23-year-old male-to-female transsexual, whose warts arose on the transplanted skin of a neovagina and in the perianal region. We conclude that although C. gigantea can occur in transsexuals, the best way to treat it is not clear.
Surveillance of an infectious syphilis outbreak in south London, UK: a comparison of reporting systems
Authors: Menon-Johansson A S , Young Y , Maguire H , Trail P , Ward H
Published: March 2009

Rising heterosexual syphilis in south London in 2002 prompted Local Enhanced Syphilis Surveillance (LESS) in five of the 10 genitourinary medicine clinics. LESS reported a fall in heterosexual infectious syphilis in 2004 that was corroborated by the National Enhanced Syphilis Surveillance (NESS). However, mandatory clinic Korner Codes 60 (KC60) coding did not support the reported fall; therefore database discrepancies were evaluated. Three databases (KC60, NESS and LESS) were compared in 2004 at selected clinics using clinical notes as the reference. Six clinics participated in NESS. Four clinics participated in both LESS and NESS and three of these clinics were visited. Only 48% (79 of 163) of KC60 infectious syphilis cases were heterosexual, 36% (58 of 163) were men who have sex with men and the rest were incorrectly coded. The NESS and LESS databases captured 80% and 68% of the confirmed heterosexual syphilis cases, respectively. Despite the inaccuracy in mandatory KC60 returns, this surveillance system captured additional heterosexual syphilis cases.
Utilization of HIV point-of-care testing clinics in general practice and genitourinary medicine services in south-east London
Authors: Surah S , O'Shea S , Dunn H , Mitra R , Fitzgerald C , Ibrahim F , Sethi G
Published: March 2009

Summary

We compared the utilization of HIV point-of-care testing (POCT) clinics in a general practice and a genitourinary (GU) medicine service. Retrospective case-note review of patients attending the general practice HIV POCT clinic from February 2005 to July 2007 was undertaken. Those attending the GU medicine service over the same period were used as a comparator group. HIV POCT clinics in general practice when compared with GU medicine services were significantly more likely to be utilized by those of Black ethnicity (Black African 61/370 [16.5%] vs. 107/1231 [8.7%], P < 0.001; Black Caribbean 19/370 [5.1%] vs. 11/1231 [0.9%], P < 0.001 and Black Other 20/370 [5.4%] vs. 26/1231 [2.1%], P = 0.001, respectively). Fewer men who have sex with men attended for HIV POCT in general practice than in GU medicine; 82/238 (34.5%) vs. 337/816 (41.3%), P = 0.058. We have demonstrated that HIV POCT clinics in primary care and GU medicine attract different ‘at-risk’ groups and provide increased opportunity for testing.
Predicting factors for unsuccessful switching from nevirapine to efavirenz in HIV-infected patients who developed nevirapine-associated skin rash
Authors: Kiertiburanakul S , Malathum K , Watcharananan S , Sathapatayavongs B , Sungkanuparph S
Published: March 2009

Summary

Skin rash associated with nevirapine (NVP) is common and efavirenz (EFV) is often used as a substitute. We aimed to determine the predicting factors for unsuccessful switching from NVP to EFV. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in HIV-infected patients who developed rash after taking NVP. There were 109 patients with a mean standard deviation (SD) age of 36.6 (7.4) years and 45% were males. Median (interquartile range) CD4 cell count and HIV RNA at the time of NVP initiation were 163 (50–273) cells/mm3 and 4.6 (1.7–5.4) log copies/mL, respectively. Twenty (18.3%) patients subsequently developed EFV-associated rash. By logistic regression, history of drug allergy apart from NVP (odds ratio [OR] 11.42) and CD4 cell count <100 cells/mm3 (OR 6.14) were significant predicting factors for EFV-associated rash. Two predicting factors for unsuccessful switching from NVP to EFV were found. Patients who have these factors need to have a close follow-up if EFV is substituted.
What female patients feel about the offer of a chaperone by a male sexual health practitioner
Authors: Simanjuntak C , Cummings R , Chen M Y , Williams H , Snow A , Fairley C K
Published: March 2009

The aim of this study was to determine the experience and views of female patients when they were offered a chaperone by a male sexual health practitioner for a genital examination. Between November 2007 and January 2008, an anonymous survey was administered to female patients seen by male practitioners at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre. None of the 79 (95% CI 0–5%) patients who were offered a chaperone and declined one reported that they were uncomfortable declining the offer. The qualitative analysis showed that some participants appreciated being offered the option of a chaperone even if they did not want one and that the professional attributes of the practitioner influenced their decision not to have a chaperone. Only 8% (95%CI 4–15%) felt uncomfortable when asked if they would like a chaperone. The results reassure that when a female patient declines the offer of a chaperone within a sexual health clinic, the male practitioner can feel confident that this is the expression of the patient's wish.
Minimally invasive approach to median arcuate ligament syndrome in a patient with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Mirkia K , Subin B
Published: March 2009

Summary

Mesenteric ischaemia is most commonly caused by atherosclerotic disease, but extrinsic compression on the coeliac axis (CA) can also lead to similar symptoms as mesenteric ischaemia. This is usually created by the pressure of the fibrous diaphragm on the CA, which can cause abdominal pain and weight loss referred to as ‘median arcuate ligament syndrome’. This syndrome is not typically associated with any underlying disease process. This is the first case describing median arcuate ligament syndrome in a young man with a history of HIV/AIDS, who successfully underwent minimally invasive procedure as a therapeutic modality for his condition.
A literature review and case reports series on the use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the treatment of female sexual dysfunction
Authors: Foster R , Mears A , Goldmeier D
Published: March 2009

Summary

The term ‘female sexual dysfunction’ (FSD) encompasses a number of different disorders, and while their aetiologies are not fully understood, the sub-classifications of this broad umbrella term are increasingly becoming more established and accepted. However, there is less consensus regarding the optimal treatment of these conditions. While it is known that phosphodiesterase (PDE5) is involved in the female sexual response, the clinical and research evidence supporting the unlicensed use of PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5i) in women is inconclusive and at times contradictory. In this article we explore this further by means of a comprehensive literature review on the use of PDE5i in the treatment of FSD and we also present our clinical experience of using these drugs in this context.
The impact of pharmacogenetics on HIV therapy
Authors: Mahungu T W , Johnson M A , Owen A , Back D J
Published: March 2009

Summary

The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV infection has resulted in significant reductions in mortality and morbidity worldwide. However, there is considerable interindividual variability in patient outcomes in terms of drug disposition, drug efficacy and adverse events. The basis of these differences is multifactorial, but host genetics are believed to play a significant part. To date, most attempts to explain this variability have focused on isolated single nucleotide polymorphisms. The most exciting development to date is the discovery of human leukocyte antigen subtype B*5701 (HLA B*5701) as a strong predictor of the abacavir hypersensitivity reaction. There is a gradual move away from single candidate gene analyses towards a high throughput whole genome approach. These studies must be performed on well characterized cohorts and reported associations must be validated in independent, ethnically diverse populations.
Mitral valve disease in pregnancy: outcomes and management
Authors: Tsiaras Sarah , Poppas Athena
Published: March 2009

Young women may have asymptomatic mitral valve disease which becomes unmasked during the haemodynamic stress of pregnancy. Rheumatic mitral stenosis is the most common cardiac disease found in women during pregnancy. The typical increased volume and heart rate of pregnancy are not well tolerated in patients with more than mild stenosis. Maternal complications of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure can occur, and are increased in patients with poor functional class and severe pulmonary artery hypertension. Patients can be diagnosed by echocardiography and symptoms treated with beta-1 antagonists and cautious diuresis. Patients with heart failure unresponsive to treatment can undergo percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. Labour and delivery goals include reducing tachycardia by adequate pain control and minimized volume shifts. Mitral valve regurgitation, even when severe, is usually very well tolerated in pregnancy as the increase in volume is offset by a decrease in vascular resistance. On the other hand, patients with left ventricular dysfunction, moderate pulmonary hypertension or NYHA functional class III-IV are at increased risk for heart failure and arrhythmias. They may need cautious diuresis and limitations on physical activity during pregnancy, as well as invasive haemodynamic monitoring for labour and delivery. Vaginal delivery is preferred and caesarean section reserved for obstetric indications.
Iliopsoas abscess: an unusual cause of postpartum sepsis
Authors: Kwan Amy , Bhanshaly Akshay , Wright Charles
Published: March 2009

Iliopsoas abscess is uncommon in the postpartum period. This case illustrates the presentation of this unusual cause of postpartum sepsis and highlights difficulties in diagnosis.
Liver dysfunction in pregnancy: an important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Pakistan
Authors: Hossain N , Shamsi T , Kuczynski E , Lockwood C J , Paidas M J
Published: March 2009

The objective of this study was to evaluate the maternal and perinatal outcome of women with liver dysfunction during pregnancy. The study involved a prospective observational study design and was carried out at the Dow University of Health Sciences and Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 800 women, who delivered during the study period from January 2006 to September 2006, constituted the study population. Pregnant women with liver dysfunction underwent evaluation for the aetiology of their liver dysfunction, including screening for hepatitis E. Thirty-five women were identified with liver dysfunction. Fourteen (40%) presented in the second trimester and 21 (60%) presented in the third trimester. Twenty-two of the 35 women (63%) had isolated acute hepatitis E; five (14%) had HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count) syndrome; two (6%) had intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP), two had acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) and two women had hepatitis A. A specific diagnosis was not reached in two women who died prior to delivery. In women with hepatitis E, the mean values of bilirubin and alanine transaminase were 12 mg/dL and 675 U/L, respectively. Abnormal coagulation parameters were present in 20 (57%) of the women and in 18 of 22 (82%) with hepatitis E. Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) was seen in four patients. Seven women (20%) underwent caesarean section, 26 (74%) delivered vaginally and two women died undelivered. There were six maternal deaths in the study population; two were due to hepatitis E, one each from HELLP and AFLP, and two remained undiagnosed. The overall perinatal mortality within the group was 43%. Hepatitis E was the most common cause of FHF and maternal death in pregnant women with liver dysfunction.
Aplastic anaemia in pregnancy with severe thrombocytopenia refractory to platelet transfusion: a case and management plan
Authors: Smolinsky Adi , Carson Michael P , Guzman Edwin R , Ranzini Angela , Toscano Joanne , Bukhari Amar
Published: March 2009

Aplastic anaemia is a rare haematological disorder during pregnancy, which when complicated by severe thrombocytopenia poses a significant maternal risk. A woman with aplastic anaemia and a platelet (PLT) count of 11 × 109/L refractory to PLT transfusion required caesarean delivery. Proactive planning by a multidisciplinary team, large volume PLT transfusion prior to surgery and postoperative uterine artery embolization resulted in avoidance of mortality. Maternal preferences should be discussed in detail due to the high risk of maternal morbidity and mortality associated with severe aplastic anaemia. This report outlines a management plan to address the medical and ethical issues faced when caring for a pregnant patient with severe aplastic anaemia and severe thrombocytopenia. We credit the good outcome to our proactive multidisciplinary approach.
Reaction to anti-D immunoglobulin – can we manage it?
Authors: O'Brien Katherine , Siassakos Dimitrios , Birchall Janet , Gompels Mark , Allford Sarah , Bidgood Ken
Published: March 2009

Approximately one in six women are blood group RhD negative and are offered anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis to prevent sensitization and decrease the risk of haemolytic disease of the newborn in subsequent pregnancies. It has been thought that anti-D is harmless, but there is a risk of anaphylaxis. We describe a case of a woman with a possible immunological reaction to anti-D in her first pregnancy. A multidisciplinary team managed her second pregnancy, offering her evidence-based advice, where available, so that she could reach an informed decision regarding administration of anti-D or not. Women value individual tailored information rather than a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach.
Getting to know one another through drawing
Authors: Chroni Georgia Kakourou
Published: March 2009

Greece and Israel are bound to one another through a long history that has brought them together on many occasions (Arnold, 1993) and through their geographical location at the eastern end of the Mediterranean. The perception the countries have of each other does not derive as much
from historical ties however, as from images portrayed in the mass media. The goals of one educational programme at the Coumantaros Art Gallery in Sparta, called Getting to Know One Another Through Drawing were: (1) to introduce children to one another at personal and cultural levels through
the suggested topics; and (2) to achieve this personal and cultural interchange between children in two countries directly, with as little as possible adult interference. Analysis of the results indicated that this programme reduced the mental distance separating children living in Israel
and Greece and enabled them feel closer to one another.
Primary-age children's attitudes to art, art making and art education
Authors: Gibson Robyn
Published: March 2009

Many educational researchers stress that there is a critical need for studies that allow children's voices to be heard and acknowledged. Without doubt, children's opinions and unique perspectives on art, their experiences of art making and their attitudes towards art education should
be of vital interest for arts education advocacy efforts. To date, very few studies have focused on the meaning and value of art in the lives of young Australians. This paper describes a study that aimed to explore Australian children's understanding of art and the meanings they attached to
it and to gauge their attitudes to art making and art education. A total of 103 students across four stages of primary education were interviewed. Their comments reveal that children have rich, perceptive attitudes as to the meaning, value and purpose of art in their lives, insights that go
beyond the expectations of many current researchers.
Insight from another side: what art education can learn from Aurobindo
Authors: Gall David
Published: March 2009

Visual culture theory tends to undermine aesthetic hierarchies by arguing that they do not derive from any intrinsic qualities in artworks and are merely there to sustain social class distinctions. In so doing they create a tension with traditional concepts of art education. At the
heart of this tension is postmodern critical thinking, which places ethical concerns at the heart of art evaluation. These ethical concerns contend that it is essential to expose subtle regimes of dominance and to empower students to resist them (although visual culture theory is itself subject
to the same lack of hierarchy in its judgements). Aurobindo Ghose proposed that intuition is superior to rational and critical processes. His view was that intuition is the main way in which the deepest self of an individual, group or discipline can be realized and expressed. I argue that
art education should draw on Aurobindo's ideas in order to develop a new relationship between the aesthetic and ethical that does not subordinate art to ethics or politics, but seeks to make it a more powerful instrument of spiritual development.
Book Reviews
Authors: Chen Jin-Shiow , Haanstra Folkert
Published: March 2009

New Practices, New Pedagogies: A Reader, Malcolm Miles (ed.) (2005) London and New York: Routledge, 256 pp., ISBN 978-0-415-36618-2 (hbk), US$150

Die Welt als Spiel II Kunstpdagogik: Theorie und Praxis knstlerischer Bildung, Carl-Peter Buschkhle (2007)
Oberhausen: ATHENA-Verlag, 343 pp., ISBN 978-3-898996-283-4 (pbk), 19,50 Euros
The path to innovation: the Cuban experience
Authors: Senz Tirso W
Published: March 2009

This article presents a discussion on the development of the activities of science, technology and innovation (S&T&I) in Cuba after 1959, the experiences gained and the challenges to face. The main topics to be discussed are: the different periods of this process and its main
characteristics; the role of government and other innovation actors; the S&T&I planning and managerial model prevalent at different moments; the effects and outcomes of the fall of the European Socialist countries and the different measures taken to overcome the difficult situations
encountered. Several case studies are presented: the development of biotechnology for medical purposes, and some results experienced in the basic industry sector. Some general conclusions are drawn, and some challenges and perspectives identified.
Intellectual property protection, plant breeding and seed markets: a comparative analysis of Brazil and Argentina
Authors: Fuck Marcos Paulo , Salles-Filho Sergio , de Carvalho Sergio Paulino , Bonacelli Maria Beatriz M
Published: March 2009

This article presents a comparative analysis of the intellectual property rights regimes pertaining to plant breeding activities in Brazil and Argentina, highlighting the main differences and similarities, as well as the impacts of these regimes on the respective national seed markets. Different policies adopted by public agricultural research organizations in the two countries (INTA in Argentina and Embrapa in Brazil) have had different impacts on the constitution of their seed markets: Argentina's market is now much more concentrated and dominated by multinational companies than Brazil's, which is more competitive and diversified.
Research organization in the university: the case of a leading Uruguayan group in basic science
Authors: Bianco Mariela , Viscardi Nilia
Published: March 2009

This article presents the results of a case study of a university research group in basic science, the Laboratory of Enzymology and Free Radicals at the Universidad de la Repblica, Uruguay. The study explores some of the research dynamics and rationales within the university setting.
It also analyses the relationship between science and society based on the links between the research group and the productive sectors. The study noted that research groups are not always stable structures and tend to change according to institutional policies, economic contexts, disciplinary
evolutions and personal motivations for research. In this regard, the article contends that the expansion of research capacities on a developing country university setting can be based on integrated strategies of research organization, group management and symbolic rewards for researchers.
Theatre on the Border in Cherre Moraga's The Hungry Woman: A Mexican Medea
Authors: Jacobs Elizabeth
Published: March 2009

The essay considers the work of the playwright Cherre Moraga. It traces similarities and differences between The Hungry Woman: A Mexican Medea, Moraga's 2001 play, and the Euripidean work. It also considers a 2005 production by the Drama Department at Stanford University which
was part of the Rite to Remember: Performance and Xicana/Indigena Thought or R2R Project. This was a yearlong programme that focused on indigenous thought and non-European approaches to performance hosted by the Drama Department during 2005. The essay explores how Moraga combines indigenous
performance practices with elements of European theatrical traditions in order to rewrite the ancient Greek myth for present-day audiences. I argue that this is achieved through the creation of a uniquely borderland performance space within which she can restage and symbolically invert dominant,
patriarchal and heterosexist dramatic traditions.
Reviews
Authors: Crispin Philip , Forsyth Alison , Piper Helen , Raw Laurence
Published: March 2009

Arab Shakespeare: Critical Survey, Margaret Litvin ed. (2007), 19:3 Berghahn Journals, Oxford/New York, 153 pp., ISSN: 0011-1570 (Price: by subscription)

Now a Major Motion Picture: Film Adaptations of Literature and Drama, Christine Geraghty (2008) Maryfield:
Rowman and Littlefield, 223 pp., ISBN 978-0-7425-3820-7, Paperback 17.99 ISBN 0742538206, Hardback, 47.00

Alan Bennett: The Television Series, Kara McKechnie (2007) Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 216 pp., ISBN 978 0 7190 6806 5, Paperback, 14.99 ISBN
978 0 7190 6805 8 Hardback, 50.00

David Cronenberg, Author or Film-Maker?, Mark Browning (2007) Bristol and Chicago: Intellect Books/University of Chicago Press, 206 pp., ISBN 978-7-84150-173-4, Paperback, 11.95
Amateur operatics in Auckland: musical theatre's last frontier
Authors: Jackson-Tretchikoff Julie
Published: March 2009

This paper provides an overview of the key role played by amateur societies in the development of musical theatre in New Zealand, focusing on Auckland's longest-established society, Auckland Music Theatre Inc., founded in 1919 as the Auckland Amateur Operatic Society. From 19192007
the Society staged 160 productions, in a list that embraces American, British, French, German and New Zealand musicals. John Cowie Reid (191672), the distinguished author, theatre critic and film reviewer who was Professor and Head of the English Department at the University of Auckland from
1968 until his untimely death, stated, in a 1972 public lecture, Amateurism is a very important element in our artistic heritageas long as it is not amateurish. This reflects the ethos of amateur societies in Auckland as the strength, quality and dynamic history of musical theatre continues
to evolve, substantiating the view that amateurism does not necessarily equate with amateurish.
Reviews
Authors: Burrows Donald , Pollard Laura , Lovensheimer Jim
Published: March 2009

The Incomparable Hester Santlow: A Dancer-Actress on the Georgian Stage, Moira Goff (2007) [Performance in the Long Eighteenth Century: Studies in Theatre, Music, Dance]Aldershot: Ashgate, x + 189pp., ISBN 978-0-7546-5805-4 (hbk), 50.00

The Total Work of Art: From Bayreuth to Cyberspace, Matthew Wilson Smith (2007)New York: Routledge, 226 pp., ISBN 978-0-415-97796-8 (pbk), 17.99

The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, Thomas S. Hischak (2007)Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 384 pp., ISBN 978-0-313-34140-3 (hbk), 47.95