bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multipath Estimation in Urban Environments from Joint GNSS Receivers and LiDAR Sensors
Authors: Ali Khurram , Chen Xin , Dovis Fabio , De Castro David , Fernández Antonio J.
Published: October 2012

In this paper, multipath error on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals in urban environments is characterized with the help of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) measurements. For this purpose, LiDAR equipment and Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver implementing a multipath estimating architecture were used to collect data in an urban environment. This paper demonstrates how GPS and LiDAR measurements can be jointly used to model the environment and obtain robust receivers. Multipath amplitude and delay are estimated by means of LiDAR feature extraction and multipath mitigation architecture. The results show the feasibility of integrating the information provided by LiDAR sensors and GNSS receivers for multipath mitigation.
Leveraging Fuel Subsidy Reform for Transition in Yemen
Authors: Breisinger Clemens , Engelke Wilfried , Ecker Olivier
Published: October 2012

Yemen is currently undergoing a major political transition, yet many economic challenges—including fuel subsidy reform—remain highly relevant. To inform the transition process with respect to a potential subsidy reform, we use a dynamic computable general equilibrium and microsimulation model for Yemen; we show that overall growth effects of subsidy reduction are positive in general, but poverty can increase or decrease depending on reform design. A promising strategy for a successful reform combines fuel subsidy reduction with direct income transfers to the poorest one-third of households during reform, and productivity-enhancing investment in infrastructure, plus fiscal consolidation. Public investments should be used for integrating economic spaces and restructuring of agricultural, industrial and service value chains in order to create a framework that encourages private-sector-led and job-creating growth.
Dirac Matrices and Feynman’s Rest of the Universe
Authors: Kim Young S. , Noz Marilyn E.
Published: October 2012

There are two sets of four-by-four matrices introduced by Dirac. The first set consists of fifteen Majorana matrices derivable from his four γ matrices. These fifteen matrices can also serve as the generators of the group SL(4, r). The second set consists of ten generators of the Sp(4) group which Dirac derived from two coupled harmonic oscillators. It is shown possible to extend the symmetry of Sp(4) to that of SL(4, r) if the area of the phase space of one of the oscillators is allowed to become smaller without a lower limit. While there are no restrictions on the size of phase space in classical mechanics, Feynman’s rest of the universe makes this Sp(4)-to-SL(4, r) transition possible. The ten generators are for the world where quantum mechanics is valid. The remaining five generators belong to the rest of the universe. It is noted that the groups SL(4, r) and Sp(4) are locally isomorphic to the Lorentz groups O(3, 3) and O(3, 2) respectively. This allows us to interpret Feynman’s rest of the universe in terms of space-time symmetry.
Human Amnion Epithelial Cells do Not Abrogate Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice with Impaired Macrophage Function
Authors: Murphy Sean V. , Shiyun Suzane C. , Tan Jean L. , Chan Siow , Jenkin Graham , Wallace Euan M. , Lim Rebecca
Published: October 2012

Since current treatments for both acute and chronic lung diseases are less than ideal, there has been recent interest in the use of cell-based therapies for inflammatory lung disease. Specifically, human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) have been shown to reduce bleomycin-induced lung injury and prevent subsequent loss of respiratory function, primarily through modulation of the host immune response. The precise mechanisms of this effect remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the potential of hAECs to mitigate bleomycin-induced lung injury in surfactant protein C deficient ( Sftpc-/-) mice, which are highly susceptible to pulmonary injury as a result of impairment of macrophage function. Primary hAECs were administered to wild-type ( Sftpc+/+) and Sftpc-/-mice 24 h after exposure to bleomycin. Compared to Sftpc+/+mice receiving bleomycin alone, Sftpc+/+mice administered hAECs 24 h after bleomycin exposure had decreased expression of proinflammatory genes, decreased macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, fibrosis, collagen content, and α-smooth muscle actin as well as a significant improvement in lung function. Compared to Sftpc-/-mice given bleomycin alone, Sftpc-/-mice administered hAECs 24 h after bleomycin did not have a decrease in inflammatory gene expression or a reduction in macrophage pulmonary infiltration. Subsequently, Sftpc-/-mice did not show any decrease in pulmonary fibrosis or improvement of lung function after hAEC administration. The ability of hAECs to mitigate bleomycin-induced lung injury is abolished in Sftpc-/-mice, suggesting that hAECs require normal host macrophage function to exert their reparative effects.
Mild Cerebellar Neurodegeneration of Aged Heterozygous PCD Mice Increases Cell Fusion of Purkinje and Bone Marrow-Derived Cells
Authors: Díaz David , Recio Javier S. , Weruaga Eduardo , Alonso Jose R.
Published: October 2012

Bone marrow-derived cells have different plastic properties, especially regarding cell fusion, which increases with time and is prompted by tissue injury. Several recessive mutations, including Purkinje Cell Degeneration, affect the number of Purkinje cells in homozygosis; heterozygous young animals have an apparently normal phenotype but they undergo Purkinje cell loss as they age. Our findings demonstrate that heterozygous pcd mice undergo Purkinje cell loss at postnatal day 300, this slow but steadily progressing cell death starting sooner than has been reported previously and without massive reactive gliosis or inflammation. Here, transplantation of bone marrow stem cells was performed to assess the arrival of bone marrow-derived cells in the cerebellum in these heterozygous mice. Our results reveal that a higher number of cell fusion events occurs in heterozygous animals than in the controls, on days 150 and 300 postnatally. In sum, this study indicates that mild cell death promotes the fusion of bone marrow-derived cells with surviving Purkinje neurons. This phenomenon suggests new therapies for long-lasting neurodegenerative disorders.
Autologous G-CSF-Mobilized Peripheral Blood CD34+ Cell Therapy for Diabetic Patients with Chronic Nonhealing Ulcer
Authors: Tanaka Rica , Masuda Haruchika , Kato Shunichi , Imagawa Kotaro , Kanabuchi Kazuo , Nakashioya Chie , Yoshiba Fumiaki , Fukui Tsuyoshi , Ito Rie , Kobori Michiru , Wada Mika , Asahara Takayuki , Miyasaka Muneo
Published: October 2012

Recently, animal studies have demonstrated the efficacy of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) therapy for diabetic wound healing. Based on these preclinical studies, we performed a prospective clinical trial phase I/IIa study of autologous G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cell transplantation for nonhealing diabetic foot patients. Diabetic patients with nonhealing foot ulcers were treated with 2 × 107 cells of G-CSF-mobilized PB CD34+ cells as EPC-enriched population. Safety and efficacy (wound closure and vascular perfusion) were evaluated 12 weeks posttherapy and further followed for complete wound closure and recurrence. A total of five patients were enrolled. Although minor amputation and recurrence were seen in three out of five patients, no death, other serious adverse events, or major amputation was seen following transplantation. Complete wound closure was observed at an average of 18 weeks with increased vascular perfusion in all patients. The outcomes of this prospective clinical study indicate the safety and feasibility of CD34+ cell therapy in patients with diabetic nonhealing wounds.
Catheter-Based Endomyocardial Delivery of Mesenchymal Precursor Cells Using 3D Echo Guidance Improves Cardiac Function in a Chronic Myocardial Injury Ovine Model
Authors: Cheng Yanping , Yi Genghua , Conditt Gerard B. , Sheehy Alexander , Kolodgie Frank D. , Tellez Armando , Polyakov Igor , Gu Anguo , Aboodi Michael S. , Wallace-Bradley David , Schuster Michael , Martens Timothy , Itescu Silviu , Kaluza Greg L. , Basu Shubhayu , Virmani Renu , Granada Juan F. , Sherman Warren
Published: October 2012

The administration of bone marrow-derived stem cells may provide a new treatment option for patients with heart failure. Transcatheter cell injection may require multi-imaging modalities to optimize delivery. This study sought to evaluate whether endomyocardial injection of mesenchymal precursor cells (MPCs) could be guided by real-time 3D echocardiography (RT3DE) in treating chronic, postinfarction (MI) left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in sheep. Four weeks after induction of an anterior wall myocardial infarction in 39 sheep, allogeneic MPCs in doses of either 25 × 106 ( n = 10), 75 × 106 ( n = 9), or 225 × 106 ( n = 10) cells or nonconditioned control media ( n = 10) were administered intramyocardially into infarct and border zone areas using a catheter designed for combined fluoroscopic and RT3DE-guided injections. LV function was assessed before and after injection. Infarct dimension and vascular density were evaluated histologically. RT3DE-guided injection procedures were safe. Compared to controls, the highest dose MPC treatment led to increments in ejection fraction (3±3% in 225M MPCs vs. −5±4% in the control group, p < 0.01) and wall thickening in both infarct (4±4% in 225M MPCs vs. −3±6% in the control group, p = 0.02) and border zones (4±6% in 225M MPCs vs. −8±9% in the control group, p = 0.01). Histology analysis demonstrated significantly higher arteriole density in the infarct and border zones in the highest dose MPC-treated animals compared to the lower dose or control groups. Endomyocardial implantation of MPCs under RT3DE guidance was safe and without observed logistical obstacles. Significant increases in LV performance (ejection fraction and wall thickening) and neovascularization resulted from this technique, and so this technique has important implications for treating patients with postischemic LV dysfunction.
Eleven microsatellite markers for the mountain clover Trifolium montanum (Fabaceae)
Authors: Matter Philippe , Määttänen Kirsti , Kettle Chris J. , Ghazoul Jaboury , Pluess Andrea R.
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed in Trifolium montanum to investigate pollen dispersal patterns at landscape scale with a pollen‐pool analysis (indirect parentage analysis) as well as in an experimental set‐up with a direct paternity analysis.

• Methods and Results: Screening 46 microsatellites developed for T. repens yielded four markers usable in T. montanum. Seven additional ones have been developed specifically for the target species using a 454‐sequencing approach. All markers were polymorphic, with an allele number ranging from two to 45 based upon 254 individuals sampled from four populations, and an exclusion probability of 0.999.

• Conclusions: These markers proved a useful and reliable molecular tool for use in population genetics and parentage studies of this common grassland herb.
Characterization of 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers in the liverwort Marchantia inflexa (Marchantiaceae)
Authors: Brzyski Jessica R. , Adams Kelly J. , Walter Charlotte M. , Gale Kristin H. , McLetchie D. Nicholas
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed in Marchantia inflexa, a haploid liverwort with unisexual individuals, to identify clonal genotypes and measure population genetic variability.

• Methods and Results: Twelve polymorphic primer sets were developed from three enriched genomic libraries. Primers were fluorescently labeled, and alleles were identified by fragment analysis. These primers were tested in four natural populations and revealed a moderate level of genetic variation within four populations, as indicated by the number of alleles per locus (range = 1–5).

• Conclusions: Development of polymorphic markers is crucial to the identification of individuals and will allow additional research into this species, particularly on its population genetics and metapopulation dynamics.
An efficient access to the synthesis of novel 12-phenylbenzo[6,7]oxepino[3,4-b]quinolin-13(6H)-one derivatives
Authors: Gao Wentao , Lin Guihai , Li Yang , Tao Xiyue , Liu Rui , Sun Lianjie
Published: October 2012

An efficient access to the tetracyclic-fused quinoline systems, 12-phenylbenzo[6,7]oxepino[3,4-b]quinolin-13(6H)-one derivatives 4a–l, is described, involving the intramolecular Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction of 2-(phenoxymethyl)-4-phenylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives 3a–l aided by the treatment with PPA (polyphosphoric acid) or Eaton’s reagent. The required starting compound (2) was obtained by Friedländer reaction of 2-aminobenzophenone (1) with 4-chloroethylacetoacetate by using CAN (cerium ammonium nitrate, 10 mol %) as catalyst at room temperature. The substrates 3a–l were prepared through one-pot reaction of ethyl 2-(chloromethyl)-4-phenylquinoline-3-carboxylate (2) and substituted phenols. Our developed strategy, involving a three-step route, offers easy access to tetracyclic-fused quinoline systems in short reaction times, and the products are obtained in moderate to good yields.
La communication juvénile à travers les blogs de lycéens
Authors: Delaunay-Téterel Hélène
Published: October 2012

Résumé Le contenu des blogs, qui semble mimer le familier des conversations et des activités quotidiennes, recouvre quatre formats communicationnels et relationnels. Aux côtés du format principal, qui permet la présentation de ses proches et la mémorisation des événements communs, trois formats sont présents : le partage des goûts et pratiques culturels, le partage de ses intériorités et le partage de ses idées. Le blog constitue ainsi une scène de plus en plus décisive dans la vie sociale adolescente et contribue à la construction identitaire.
La catharsis : une pérégrination consentie
Authors: León Patricia
Published: October 2012

La mise en place de la réalité de l''inconscient par le théâtre est une expérience de dévoilement. Le théâtre, au-delà d'un message à déchiffrer, nous fait vivre par une décantation de plans, par un détournement inscrit dans la forme qui lui est propre , la confrontation avec l'énigme de notre désir. Franchir cette limite pour toucher ce point où le désir se révèle comme réponse aux limites que le réel impose au sens, c'est traverser la zone de l'entre deux morts et cerner l'éthique de la psychanalyse.
Contaminant Transport and Spill Reference Tables for the St. Clair River
Authors: Anderson Eric J. , Schwab David J.
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe goal of this work is to calibrate a real-time hydrodynamic model for spill tracking in the St. Clair River and to provide decision makers with information for response planning and in the event of a spill. In order to provide experimental validation data, three
dye releases were carried out to simulate movement of a potential contaminant in the river. Measurements of dye concentration were used to provide estimates of lateral and vertical mixing as well as travel time of the dye cloud. Model simulations were able to recreate the dye movement and
concentrations with model-estimated arrival times within 14 min of the observed plume arrival times and concentrations within 0.005 normalized concentration units of the observed concentrations (which ranged from 0.06 to 0.004).Following model calibration, a set of spill scenarios was
chosen to encompass the types and locations of spills commonly experienced in the St. Clair River. These spill scenarios were then simulated with the HECWFS model to predict transport characteristics such as plume leading edge travel time, duration, concentration, and cross-channel mixing.
Results from the scenarios were compiled into reference tables in which spill characteristics are listed at several downstream transects. These spill reference tables provide water intake operators with information before the event of a spill, enabling decision makers to plan for potential
or common spills as well as providing a quick reference library that can be accessed immediately after a spill is detected to aid in mitigating the effects on drinking water supply.
Innovative Business Strategies for Financing Ocean Exploration: The Win-Win-Win “Citizen Science” Model
Authors: Söhnlein Guillermo
Published: October 2012

AbstractHumans have mapped less than 5% of the ocean floor and studied less than 1% of the marine environment. Historically, the primary reason for so few exploration initiatives is a lack of adequate financing. This global lack of funding is in turn driven by a number of
other potential factors that affect the three general groups involved in these types of activities: namely, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and for-profit companies. Since none of the three groups can achieve significant advances in ocean exploration on their own, the clear solution
is collaboration, both within each group and also among the three groups. Even as ocean exploration projects move slowly toward a more collaborative approach, the question remains of how to best finance the efforts, and a new innovative source of capital may be justified. Looking at other
fields and industries, we can leverage two emerging global trends and combine them into a unique financing model: high-end travel enthusiasts seeking “experience” trips who are also interested in “citizen science” expeditions. This commentary reviews three case studies
on the potential viability of using this model as a strategy to finance ocean exploration.
Structural Analysis of a Subsurface Cage for Sea Cucumber, Stichopus japonicus, Grow-out Using Numerical Modeling Techniques
Authors: Oh Moo-Hwan , Kim Taeho , Fredriksson David W. , DeCew Judson
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe structural characteristics of a subsurface cage system for sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus, grow-out were analyzed by using numerical modeling techniques. The cage system was constructed of polypropylene pipe and netting and weighted to sit on the seafloor
bottom. Inside the cage, concrete blocks were used for animal aestivation and weight and a thin-plated device was mounted for animal movement. Environmental loads on the structure, resulting from a prescribed irregular wave field with and without currents, were first determined with a Morison
equation-type finite element model. The structural response of beam and truss cage components was then calculated with the software MSC.MARC/Mentat. In addition to the irregular wave and current input forcing parameters of the structure, response was also calculated for possible forces incurred
during lifting operations. Reaction loads, bending moments, axial tensions, and von Mises stresses of the sea cucumber cage structure were calculated for evaluation. The results of the study indicate that the combination of numerical model analyses presented can be used to assess structural
integrity of these subsurface cage systems. These techniques will become more important as the industry expands and economics of scale promotes the construction of larger sea cucumber containment structures.
5-Lipoxygenase Mediates RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Formation via the Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor 1
Authors: Lee Jung-Min , Park Hyojung , Noh A Long Sae Mi , Kang Ju-Hee , Chen Ling , Zheng Ting , Lee Juhyun , Ji Sun-Young , Jang Chang-Young , Shin Chan Soo , Ha Hyunil , Lee Zang Hee , Park Hea-Young , Lee Dong-Seok , Yim Mijung
Published: October 2012

5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the formation of two major groups of leukotrienes, leukotriene B4 and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), and it has been implicated as a promising drug target to treat various inflammatory diseases. However, its role in osteoclastogenesis has not been investigated. In this study, we used mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMMs) to show that 5-LO inhibitor suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Inhibition of 5-LO was associated with impaired activation of multiple signaling events downstream of RANK, including ERK and p38 phosphorylation, and IκB degradation, followed by a decrease in NFATc1 expression. Ectopic overexpression of a constitutively active form of NFATc1 partly rescued the antiosteoclastogenic effect of 5-LO inhibitor. The knockdown of 5-LO in BMMs also resulted in a significant reduction in RANKL-induced osteoclast formation, accompanied by decreased expression of NFATc1. Similar effects were shown with CysLT receptor (CysLTR)1/2 antagonist and small RNA for CysLTR1 in BMMs, indicating the involvement of CysLT and CysLTR1 in 5-LO–mediated osteoclastogenesis. Finally, 5-LO inhibitor suppressed LPS-induced osteoclast formation and bone loss in the in vivo mouse experiments, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for treating diseases involving bone destruction. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that 5-LO is a key mediator of RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and possibly a novel therapeutic target for bone-resorption diseases.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Entrap and KillBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Stricto Spirochetes and Are Not Affected byIxodes ricinusTick Saliva
Authors: Menten-Dedoyart Catherine , Faccinetto Céline , Golovchenko Maryna , Dupiereux Ingrid , Van Lerberghe Pierre-Bernard , Dubois Sophie , Desmet Christophe , Elmoualij Benaissa , Baron Frédéric , Rudenko Nataliia , Oury Cécile , Heinen Ernst , Couvreur Bernard
Published: October 2012

Lyme disease is caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. They are transmitted mainly by Ixodes ricinus ticks. After a few hours of infestation, neutrophils massively infiltrate the bite site. They can kill Borrelia via phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and hydrolytic enzymes. However, factors in tick saliva promote propagation of the bacteria in the host even in the presence of a large number of neutrophils. The neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) consists in the extrusion of the neutrophil’s own DNA, forming traps that can retain and kill bacteria. The production of reactive oxygen species is apparently associated with the onset of NETs (NETosis). In this article, we describe NET formation at the tick bite site in vivo in mice. We show that Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto spirochetes become trapped and killed by NETs in humans and that the bacteria do not seem to release significant nucleases to evade this process. Saliva from I. ricinus did not affect NET formation by human neutrophils or its stability. However, it greatly decreased neutrophil reactive oxygen species production, suggesting that a strong decrease of hydrogen peroxide does not affect NET formation. Finally, round bodies trapped in NETs were observed, some of them staining as live bacteria. This observation could help contribute to a better understanding of the early steps of Borrelia invasion and erythema migrans formation after tick bite.
Paneth Cell–Mediated Multiorgan Dysfunction after Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Park Sang Won , Kim Mihwa , Kim Joo Yun , Ham Ahrom , Brown Kevin M. , Mori-Akiyama Yuko , Ouellette André J. , D’Agati Vivette D. , Lee H. Thomas
Published: October 2012

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently complicated by extrarenal multiorgan injury, including intestinal and hepatic dysfunction. In this study, we hypothesized that a discrete intestinal source of proinflammatory mediators drives multiorgan injury in response to AKI. After induction of AKI in mice by renal ischemia-reperfusion or bilateral nephrectomy, small intestinal Paneth cells increased the synthesis and release of IL-17A in conjunction with severe intestinal apoptosis and inflammation. We also detected significantly increased IL-17A in portal and systemic circulation after AKI. Intestinal macrophages appear to transport released Paneth cell granule constituents induced by AKI, away from the base of the crypts into the liver. Genetic or pharmacologic depletion of Paneth cells decreased small intestinal IL-17A secretion and plasma IL-17A levels significantly and attenuated intestinal, hepatic, and renal injury after AKI. Similarly, portal delivery of IL-17A in macrophage-depleted mice decreased markedly. In addition, intestinal, hepatic, and renal injury following AKI was attenuated without affecting intestinal IL-17A generation. In conclusion, AKI induces IL-17A synthesis and secretion by Paneth cells to initiate intestinal and hepatic injury by hepatic and systemic delivery of IL-17A by macrophages. Modulation of Paneth cell dysregulation may have therapeutic implications by reducing systemic complications arising from AKI.
Absence of CD59 Exacerbates Systemic Autoimmunity in MRL/lpr Mice
Authors: Miwa Takashi , Zhou Lin , Maldonado Michael A. , Madaio Michael P. , Eisenberg Robert A. , Song Wen-Chao
Published: October 2012

CD59 is a GPI-anchored membrane regulator of complement expressed on blood cells as well as peripheral tissues. It protects host cells from complement injury by inhibiting formation of the membrane attack complex. Recent studies in mice have suggested also a role of CD59 in T cell immune response that was mechanistically independent of complement. In the present study, we investigated the function of CD59 in the MRL/lpr model of murine lupus. We backcrossed the Cd59a knockout (Cd59a−/−) mouse onto the MRL/lpr background and compared Cd59a+/+-MRL/lpr and Cd59a−/−-MRL/lpr littermates for the development of systemic autoimmunity. We found that CD59a deficiency significantly exacerbated the skin disease and lymphoproliferation characteristic of MRL/lpr mice. It also increased autoantibody titers and caused a higher level of proteinuria in male MRL/lpr mice. Bone marrow transfer experiments indicated that CD59a expression on both bone marrow–derived cells and peripheral tissues played a role in lymphoproliferation, whereas the skin disease phenotype is determined mainly by local CD59a expression. Importantly, C3 gene deletion or C5 neutralization with a blocking mAb in Cd59a−/−-MRL/lpr mice did not rescue the proautoimmune phenotype associated with CD59a deficiency. These results together suggest that CD59a inhibits systemic autoimmunity in MRL/lpr mice through a complement-independent mechanism.
Laboratory testing improves diagnosis and treatment outcomes in primary health care facilities
Authors: Carter Jane Y. , Lema Orgenes E. , Wangai Magdaline W. , Munafu Charles G. , Rees Philip H. , Nyamongo Jackson A.
Published: October 2012

Objective: To determine if use of basic laboratory tests improves diagnosis and treatment outcomes in outpatients attending rural primary health care facilities.Setting: Six rural health centres in Kenya.Design: Cross-sectional study to observe change in diagnosis and treatment made by clinical officers after laboratory testing in outpatients attending six rural health centres in Kenya.Subject: The diagnosis and treatment of 1134 patients attending outpatient services in six rural health centres were compared before and after basic laboratory testing. Essential clinical diagnostic equipment and laboratory tests were established at each health centre. Clinical officers and laboratory technicians received on-site refresher training in good diagnostic practices and laboratory procedures before the study began.Results: Laboratory tests were ordered on 704 (62.1%) patients. Diagnosis and treatment were changed in 45% of tested patients who returned with laboratory results (21% of all patients attending the clinics). 166 (23.5%) patients did not return to the clinician for a final diagnosis and management decision after laboratory testing. Blood slide examination for malaria parasites, wet preparations, urine microscopy and stool microscopy resulted in most changes to diagnosis. There was no significant change in drug costs after laboratory testing. The greatest changes in numbers of recorded diseases following laboratory testing was for intestinal worms (53%) and malaria (21%).Conclusion: Effective use of basic laboratory tests at primary health care level significantly improves diagnosis and patient treatment. Use of laboratory testing can be readily incorporated into routine clinical practice. On-site refresher training is an effective means of improving the quality of patient care and communication between clinical and laboratory staff.
Five-Year Follow-Up of Patients with Early Stage Breast Cancer after a Randomized Study Comparing Additional Treatment with Viscum Album (L.) Extract to Chemotherapy Alone
Authors: Tröger Wilfried , Ždrale Zdravko , Stanković Nikola , Matijašević Miodrag
Published: October 2012

Additional therapy with extracts of Viscum album [L.] (VaL) increases the quality of life of patients suffering from early stage breast cancer during chemotherapy. In the current study patients received chemotherapy, consisting of six cycles of cyclophosphamide, anthracycline, and 5-Fluoro-Uracil (CAF). Two groups also received one of two VaL extracts differing in their preparation as subcutaneous injection three times per week. A control group received CAF with no additional therapy. Six of 28 patients in one of the VaL groups and eight of 29 patients in the control group developed relapse or metastasis within 5 years. Subgroup analysis for hormone- and radiotherapy also showed no difference between groups. Additional VaL therapy during chemotherapy of early stage breast cancer patients appears not to influence the frequency of relapse or metastasis within 5 years.
First-Principle Calculations of Half-Metallic Double Perovskite La2BB´O6(B,B´=3d transition metal)
Authors: Liu Y. P. , Chen S. H. , Fuh H. R. , Wang Y. K.
Published: October 2012

In this paper, we present calculations based on density functional theory using generalized gradient approximation (GGA) in double perovskite structure La2BB’O6 (B,B’ = 3d transition metal) out of combinational possibilities. Considering 4 types of magnetic states, namely, ferromagnetic (FM), ferrimagnetic (FiM), antiferromagnetics (AF), and nonmagnetic (NM) with full structure optimization, 13 possible surviving, stable FM/FiM-HM materials containing 6 FM-HM materials (La2ScNiO6, La2CrCoO6, La2CrNiO6, La2VScO6, La2VZnO6, and La2VNiO6) and 7 FiM-HM materials (La2VFeO6, La2ZnCoO6, La2TiCoO6, La2CrZnO6, La2CrMnO6, La2ScFeO6, and La2TiMnO6) are found. Considering the correlation effect (GGA+U), there are 6 possible half-metallic stable, surviving (HM) materials containing 3 FMHM materials (La2ScNiO6, La2CrCoO6, and La2CrNiO6) and 3 FiM-HM materials (La2VFeO6, La2ZnCoO6, and La2TiCoO6).
Development of the Comprehensive Observations of Proprioception (COP): Validity, Reliability, and Factor Analysis
Authors: Blanche Erna Imperatore , Bodison Stefanie , Chang Megan C. , Reinoso Gustavo
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE. We developed an observational tool, the Comprehensive Observations of Proprioception (COP), for identifying proprioceptive processing issues in children with developmental disabilities.

METHOD. Development of the COP underwent three phases. First, we developed items representing proprioceptive functions on the basis of an extensive literature review and consultation with occupational therapists. We then established interrater reliability and content, construct, and criterion validity. Finally, we completed a factor analysis of COP ratings of 130 children with known developmental disabilities.

RESULTS. Adequate validity and reliability were established. Factor analysis revealed a four-factor model that explained the underlying structure of the measure as it was hypothesized.

CONCLUSION. The COP is a valid criterion-referenced short observational tool that structures the clinician’s observations by linking a child’s behaviors to areas identified in the literature as relevant to proprioceptive processing. It takes 15 min to administer and can be used in a variety of contexts, such as the home, clinic, and school.
Effect of Pencil Grasp on the Speed and Legibility of Handwriting in Children
Authors: Schwellnus Heidi , Carnahan Heather , Kushki Azadeh , Polatajko Helene , Missiuna Cheryl , Chau Tom
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE. Pencil grasps other than the dynamic tripod may be functional for handwriting. This study examined the impact of grasp on handwriting speed and legibility.

METHOD. We videotaped 120 typically developing fourth-grade students while they performed a writing task. We categorized the grasps they used and evaluated their writing for speed and legibility using a handwriting assessment. Using linear regression analysis, we examined the relationship between grasp and handwriting.

RESULTS. We documented six categories of pencil grasp: four mature grasp patterns, one immature grasp pattern, and one alternating grasp pattern. Multiple linear regression results revealed no significant effect for mature grasp on either legibility or speed.

CONCLUSION. Pencil grasp patterns did not influence handwriting speed or legibility in this sample of typically developing children. This finding adds to the mounting body of evidence that alternative grasps may be acceptable for fast and legible handwriting.
Effect of Robotic-Assisted Three-Dimensional Repetitive Motion to Improve Hand Motor Function and Control in Children With Handwriting Deficits: A Nonrandomized Phase 2 Device Trial
Authors: Palsbo Susan E. , Hood-Szivek Pamela
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE. We explored the efficacy of robotic technology in improving handwriting in children with impaired motor skills.

METHOD. Eighteen participants had impairments arising from cerebral palsy (CP), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or other disorders. The intervention was robotic-guided three-dimensional repetitive motion in 15–20 daily sessions of 25–30 min each over 4–8 wk.

RESULTS. Fine motor control improved for the children with learning disabilities and those ages 9 or older but not for those with CP or under age 9. All children with ASD or ADHD referred for slow writing speed were able to increase speed while maintaining legibility.

CONCLUSION. Three-dimensional, robot-assisted, repetitive motion training improved handwriting fluidity in children with mild to moderate fine motor deficits associated with ASD or ADHD within 10 hr of training. This dosage may not be sufficient for children with CP.
Functional Impact of Constraint Therapy and Bimanual Training in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: de Brito Brandão Marina , Gordon Andrew M. , Mancini Marisa Cotta
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE. We compared children’s self-care performance and caregivers’ perception of children’s performance on functional goals established for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) after unimanual constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) or hand–arm bimanual intensive training (HABIT).

METHOD. Sixteen children with CP were randomized to the CIMT or HABIT group. Interventions lasted for 15 days, 6 hr/day, totaling 90 hr. We used the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) to assess the children’s daily functioning and mixed analyses of variance to compare group means on functional test scores before and after intervention.

RESULTS. Both groups showed significant improvements on functional measures. Group × Assessment interaction in COPM performance revealed greater improvements for the HABIT group after intervention (p = .04).

CONCLUSION. The results suggest that specificity of training exists only for performance of specific goals established by parents and that both CIMT and HABIT can be used to increase children’s daily functioning.
Development and Validation of Tools for Evaluation of Orthosis Fabrication
Authors: Stefanovich Andonia , Williams Camille , McKee Pat , Hagemann Eric , Carnahan Heather
Published: October 2012

This study is the first phase of research aimed at developing new educational approaches to enhance occupational therapy students’ orthosis fabrication skills. Before the effectiveness of training can be determined, a method for evaluating performance must be established. Using the Delphi method, we developed a global rating scale and checklist for evaluating technical competence when fabricating metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint–stabilizing orthoses. To determine the reliability and validity of these tools, three evaluators used them to assess and score orthotic fabrication performance by experienced and student occupational therapists. The results suggest that these measurement tools are valid and reliable indicators of the technical skills involved in fabricating an MCP joint–stabilizing orthosis. Future studies should focus on building on these tools to evaluate communication skills, technical skills for making other types of orthoses, and effectiveness of training programs.
Cruise Tourism Externalities and Residents’ Support: A Mixed Approach
Authors: Brida Juan Gabriel , Chiappa Giacomo Del , Meleddu Marta , Pulina Manuela
Published: October 2012

This paper investigates residents’ preferences of investment in cruise tourism, taking its externalities into full account. The research involved data collection in the port of call of Messina (Sicily, Italy), during the peak cruise season in 2011. A mixed generalized ordered logit analysis, based upon a correspondence analysis, is run to examine what factors influence residents’ perceptions about investing in cruise tourism. Potential positive and negative externalities produced by this economic activity, as well as socio-demographic and economic determinants are taken into account. Overall, residents in Messina, treated as a composite stakeholder, would invest a very high level of resources in cruising if their income depends on the cruise activity, if they had a cruise trip in the past, if they belong to a family with a high number of components, and if they believe this activity to exert positive welfare, cultural and social externalities. Conversely, residents in Messina are likely to prefer a low, or very low level of investment the farther they live from the port, if they are female, retired and if they perceive a deterioration of the environment. Implications for policy makers are drawn from these empirical findings.
Are simulated aerosol-induced effects on deep convective clouds strongly dependent on saturation adjustment?
Authors: Lebo Z. J. , Morrison H. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Three configurations of a bulk microphysics scheme in conjunction with a detailed bin scheme are implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to specifically address the role of the saturation adjustment assumption (i.e., condensing/evaporating the surplus/deficit water vapor relative to saturation in one time step) on aerosol-induced invigoration of deep convective clouds. The bulk model configurations are designed to treat cloud droplet condensation/evaporation using either saturation adjustment, as employed in most bulk models, or an explicit representation of supersaturation over a time step, as used in bin models. Results demonstrate that the use of saturation adjustment artificially enhances condensation and latent heating at low levels and limits the potential for an increase in aerosol concentration to increase buoyancy at mid to upper levels. This leads to a small weakening of the time- and domain-averaged convective mass flux (~-3%) in polluted compared to clean conditions. In contrast, the bin model and bulk scheme with explicit prediction of supersaturation simulate an increase in latent heating aloft and the convective updraft mass flux is weakly invigorated (~5%). The bin model also produces a large increase in domain-mean cumulative surface precipitation in polluted conditions (~18%), while all of the bulk model configurations simulate little change in precipitation. Finally, it is shown that the cold pool weakens substantially with increased aerosol loading when saturation adjustment is applied, which acts to reduce the low-level convergence and weaken the convective dynamics. With an explicit treatment of supersaturation in the bulk and bin models there is little change in cold pool strength, so that the convective response to polluted conditions is influenced more by changes in latent heating aloft. It is concluded that the use of saturation adjustment can explain differences in the response of cold pool evolution and convective dynamics with aerosol loading simulated by the bulk and bin models, but cannot explain large differences in the response of surface precipitation between these models.
Simulating 3-D radiative transfer effects over the Sierra Nevada Mountains using WRF
Authors: Gu Y. , Liou K. N. , Lee W.-L. , Leung L. R.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. A surface solar radiation parameterization based on deviations between 3-D and conventional plane-parallel radiative transfer models has been incorporated into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to understand the solar insolation over mountain/snow areas and to investigate the impact of the spatial and temporal distribution and variation of surface solar fluxes on land-surface processes. Using the Sierra-Nevada in the western United States as a testbed, we show that mountain effect could produce up to −50 to + 50 W m−2 deviations in the surface solar fluxes over the mountain areas, resulting in a temperature increase of up to 1 °C on the sunny side. Upward surface sensible and latent heat fluxes are modulated accordingly to compensate for the change in surface solar fluxes. Snow water equivalent and surface albedo both show decreases on the sunny side of the mountains, indicating more snowmelt and hence reduced snow albedo associated with more solar insolation due to mountain effect. Soil moisture increases on the sunny side of the mountains due to enhanced snowmelt, while decreases on the shaded side. Substantial differences are found in the morning hours from 8–10 a.m. and in the afternoon around 3–5 p.m., while differences around noon and in the early morning and late afternoon are comparatively smaller. Variation in the surface energy balance can also affect atmospheric processes, such as cloud fields, through the modulation of vertical thermal structure. Negative changes of up to −40 g m−2 are found in the cloud water path, associated with reductions in the surface insolation over the cloud region. The day-averaged deviations in the surface solar flux are positive over the mountain areas and negative in the valleys, with a range between −12~12 W m−2. Changes in sensible and latent heat fluxes and surface skin temperature follow the solar insolation pattern. Differences in the domain-averaged diurnal variation over the Sierras show that the mountain area receives more solar insolation during early morning and late afternoon, resulting in enhanced upward sensible heat and latent heat fluxes from the surface and a corresponding increase in surface skin temperature. During the middle of the day, however, the surface insolation and heat fluxes show negative changes, indicating a cooling effect. Hence overall, the diurnal variations of surface temperature and surface fluxes in the Sierra-Nevada are reduced through the interactions of radiative transfer and mountains. The hourly differences of the surface solar insolation in higher elevated regions, however, show smaller magnitude in negative changes during the middle of the day and possibly more solar fluxes received during the whole day.
Semi-empirical models for chlorine activation and ozone depletion in the Antarctic stratosphere: proof of concept
Authors: Huck P. E. , Bodeker G. E. , Kremser S. , McDonald A. J. , Rex M. , Struthers H.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Two semi-empirical models were developed for the Antarctic stratosphere to relate the shift of species within total chlorine (Cly = HCl + ClONO2 + HOCl + 2 × Cl2 + 2 × Cl2O2 + ClO + Cl) into the active forms (here: ClOx = 2 × Cl2O2 + ClO), and to relate the rate of ozone destruction to ClOx. These two models provide a fast and computationally inexpensive way to describe the inter- and intra-annual evolution of ClOx and ozone mass deficit (OMD) in the Antarctic spring. The models are based on the underlying physics/chemistry of the system and capture the key chemical and physical processes in the Antarctic stratosphere that determine the interaction between climate change and Antarctic ozone depletion. They were developed considering bulk effects of chemical mechanisms for the duration of the Antarctic vortex period and quantities averaged over the vortex area. The model equations were regressed against observations of daytime ClO and OMD providing a set of empirical fit coefficients. Both semi-empirical models are able to explain much of the intra- and inter-annual variability observed in daily ClOx and OMD time series. This proof-of-concept paper outlines the semi-empirical approach to describing the evolution of Antarctic chlorine activation and ozone depletion.
Role of external factors in the evolution of the ozone layer and stratospheric circulation in 21st century
Authors: Zubov V. , Rozanov E. , Egorova T. , Karol I. , Schmutz W.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. The chemistry-climate model (CCM) SOCOL has been used to evaluate the contribution of the main anthropogenic factors to the simulated changes of ozone and stratospheric dynamics during the 21st century. As the main anthropogenic factors we consider atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gases (GHG), ozone depleting substances (ODS) and sea surface temperature and sea ice (SST/SI) distribution. The last one is considered here as an independent factor because the majority of the CCMs prescribe its evolution. We have performed three sets of "time-slice" numerical experiments with CCM SOCOL for the years 2000, 2050, and 2100 taking into account all factors separately and all together. It was established that the total column ozone increase during the first half of the 21st century is caused by the ODS, especially in the middle and high latitudes of both hemispheres. In the tropics and the extra tropical region of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) the SST/SI forcing plays very important role in the evolution of ozone atmospheric content during the second half of the 21st century. The GHG affect the temperature and ozone mainly in the upper stratosphere and in the lower stratosphere of the high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere (SH). In the lower tropical stratosphere of the NH the long-term changes of the temperature, zonal wind velocity and the meridional circulation intensity are controlled mainly by the SST/SI. The strong contribution of the SST/SI to the ozone and circulation changes in the future implies that some differences between the simulated results could be caused by the applied SST/SI rather than by the CCM's deficiencies. We suggest taking this issue into account for the planning of the future model evaluation campaigns.
New retrieval of BrO from SCIAMACHY limb: an estimate of the stratospheric bromine loading during April 2008
Authors: Parrella J. P. , Chance K. , Salawitch R. J. , Canty T. , Dorf M. , Pfeilsticker K.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. We present a new retrieval of stratospheric BrO from channel 2 SCIAMACHY limb observations. Retrievals are shown to agree with independent balloon observations to within one standard deviation of the retrieval noise. We retrieve BrO profiles for all of April 2008, and apply simulated [BrO]/[Bry] ratios to estimate the stratospheric Bry loading. We find 23.5 ± 6 ppt Br, suggesting 7 ppt Br from short-lived bromocarbons, at the high end of the current best estimate (3–8 ppt). The 6 ppt Br uncertainty estimate is dominated by the 21% uncertainty in the simulated [BrO]/[Bry] ratio, due to propagation of errors from the underlying chemical kinetics.