bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aluminum‐coated elastomer thin films for the fabrication of a ferrofluidic deformable mirror
Authors: Déry Jean‐Philippe , Brousseau Denis , Rochette Maxime , Borra Ermanno F. , Ritcey Anna M.
Published: October 2016

A procedure for the fabrication of aluminum‐coated reflective PDMS thin films having a low surface roughness and high reflectance is presented. Elastomer films are prepared by spin‐coating on a sacrificial layer that permits subsequent release from the substrate. Appropriate surface treatments are established for the deposition of a thin, highly reflective metal coating. The composite membranes are deposited on an ethylene glycol based ferrofluid to fabricate a new ferrofluidic deformable mirror. Surface deformations of a few micrometers can be produced with low strength magnetic fields. The reflective elastomer membranes do not alter the rheological behavior of the ferrofluid in magnetic fields and thus offer new perspectives for the use of ferrofluidic mirrors in adaptive optics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44542.
Improved D‐Type Anticipatory Iterative Learning Control for a Class of Inhomogeneous Heat Equations
Authors: Huang Deqing , Li Xuefang
Published: October 2016

This paper aims at providing a practical iterative learning control (ILC) scheme for a wide class of heat transfer systems in the sense that it avoids high‐gain learning of ILC, thus a potential non‐monotonic convergence issue, and the risk of violating the hardware limitation of input profile in implementation. Meanwhile, the ILC scheme guarantees the identical initial condition of heat process. As a result, the output tracking precision may be improved while not reducing the anticipatory step size as in . All the benefits of the proposed ILC scheme are achieved by applying a heuristic selection algorithm for the anticipatory step size and rectifying the output reference simultaneously.
Research needs and priorities for transition and employment in autism: Considerations reflected in a “Special Interest Group” at the International Meeting for Autism Research
Authors: Nicholas David B. , Hodgetts Sandra , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Smith Leann E. , Shattuck Paul , Parr Jeremy R. , Conlon Olivia , Germani Tamara , Mitchell Wendy , Sacrey Lori , Stothers Margot E.
Published: October 2016

Research related to supports for adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is under‐developed. As an example, system and service development to support successful transition to adulthood and meaningful vocation for adults has received relatively little research scrutiny until recently, with practitioners and program developers lacking evidenceinformed approaches guiding service delivery. A Special Interest Group (SIG) was convened at the International Meeting for Autism Research in May 2014 and May 2015, with a focus on transitional and vocational issues in ASD. The SIG consisted of 120 international delegates, including self‐advocates, family members, researchers, program and policy developers, practitioners, and interdisciplinary ASD trainees. Following a summary of the literature, subgroups of attendees were convened in smaller groups to identify research needs and priorities. International researchers facilitated these discussions with notes taken in each subgroup. Using a qualitative analytic approach, key themes across groups were identified. These key themes, outlined in this paper, address the identified need to (a) advance research capacity; (b) build employer capacity relative to employing persons with ASD; and (c) enhance support resources for adults with ASD and their families. Heightened research activity guiding practice and policy, community/employer engagement, and person and family‐centered services were recommended. Implications for advancement and implementation are offered. Autism Res 2017, 10: 15–24. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzyme recycling in lignocellulosic biorefineries
Authors: Jørgensen Henning , Pinelo Manuel
Published: October 2016

Commercial production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is becoming a reality, but the next step is to diversify the process and produce chemicals and materials. These lignocellulosic biorefineries will in many cases rely on hydrolysis of biomass carbohydrates into monosaccharides – the sugar platform. Cellulases are the most important enzymes required in this process, but the complex nature of lignocellulose requires several other enzymes (hemicellulases and auxiliary enzymes) for efficient hydrolysis. Enzyme recycling increases the catalytic productivity of the enzymes by reusing them for several batches of hydrolysis, and thereby reduces the overall cost associated with the hydrolysis. Research on this subject has been ongoing for many years and several promising technologies and methods have been developed and demonstrated. But only in a very few cases have these technologies been upscaled and tested in industrial settings, mainly because of many difficulties with recycling of enzymes from the complex lignocellulose hydrolyzate at industrially relevant conditions, i.e., high solids loadings. The challenges are associated with the large number of different enzymes required for efficient hydrolysis, enzyme stability, and the detrimental interaction between enzyme and lignin. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the various methods for enzyme recovery and recycling, for example recycling of free enzymes, readsorption to fresh material, recycling of solids, membrane filtration, and immobilization. Lignin is a major obstacle for successful hydrolysis and enzyme recycling. A thorough understanding of this subject and possibilities to minimize adsorption or methods to desorb the enzymes are important in order to develop the technology. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Application of π acceptors to the spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determination of vincamine and naftidrofuryl oxalate in their pharmaceutical preparations
Authors: Ibrahim Fawzia A. , Elbrashy Amina M. , Nasr Jenny Jeehan M. , Badr El‐Dien Mostafa M.
Published: October 2016

Three different spectrophotometric and two spectrofluorimetric methods have been developed and validated for the determination of vincamine (VN) and naftidrofuryl oxalate (NF) in tablets. The spectrophotometric methods depend on charge transfer complex formation between each of VN and NF with 7,7,8,8‐tetracyano‐quinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,6‐dichloroquinone‐4‐chloroimide (DCQ) and 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) at 843, 580 and 588 nm, respectively. The spectrofluorimetric methods are based on the formation of charge transfer complex between each of the two drugs and TCNQ, with measurement of the fluorophore formed at 312/375 and 284/612 nm, respectively, or with DDQ at 400/475 and 284/396 nm, respectively. In the spectrophotometric measurements, Beer's law was obeyed at concentration ranges of 1.5–16, 10–180 and 12–140 μg/ml for VN with TCNQ, DCQ, and DDQ, respectively. For NF, the corresponding concentrations were 2–28, 5–75 and 25–150 μg/ml with TCNQ, DCQ, and DDQ, respectively. In the spectrofluorimetric measurements, the ranges for VN were 0.05–0.9 and 0.3–4 μg/ml with TCNQ and DDQ, respectively, whereas for NF the ranges were 0.05–0.85 and 0.5–8 μg/ml with TCNQ and DDQ, respectively. The different experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the formed color or fluorophore were studied and optimized and the molar ratios of the complexes were calculated. The proposed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and were successfully applied for the determination of VN and NF in their tablet dosage forms.
A new colorimetric and far‐red fluorescent probe for hydrazine with a large red‐shifted absorption spectrum
Authors: Xu Zujun , Pang Mengmeng , Li Changwang , Zhu Baocun
Published: October 2016

Recently, growing attention has been paid to the detection of hydrazine (NH2NH2) because of its important roles in industrial chemical and high toxicity to human beings. Herein, we have constructed a new colorimetric and far‐red fluorescent probe containing a receptor of 4‐bromobutanoate to selectively detect hydrazine. The probe could detect hydrazine quantitatively in the range of 40–500 μM with the detection limit of 2.9 μM. In addition, the probe could monitor hydrazine by the ratiometric method with a large (185 nm) red‐shifted absorption spectrum, and the color changes from yellow to blue make it as a ‘naked‐eye’ indicator for hydrazine. Consequently, our proposed probe would be of great benefit for monitoring hydrazine in aqueous solution.
Verhalten von Fischen in gestörten Riffen
Authors: Thaler Ellen
Published: October 2016

Vor Angaga, Malediven, Südl. Ari‐Atoll, konnten wir im Mai 2016 eine massive Korallenbleiche beobachten. Auch das Fisch‐Verhalten unterschied sich beträchtlich von ungestörten, weitgehend gesunden Riffen. Insgesamt zeigten die Korallenfische ungewöhnliche Hektik und keine oder geringe Fluchtbereitschaft bei Gefahr. Paarschwimmen und Wehrschwarmbildung unterblieb, soziale Fischarten lockerten ihren Kontakt. Hunger schien nicht der Hauptgrund des veränderten Fischverhaltens zu sein. Besonders Arten mit breit gefächertem Nahrungsspektrum schienen keinen Mangel zu erleiden. Schwerwiegend aber wirkt sich das übermäßige Wachstum von fädigen Algen aus. Fische vermeiden generell Algenkontakt und können veralgte Schlupfwinkel nicht nutzen. Alle Korallenfische zeigten Stress‐Symptome wie Schockfärbungen (Irisänderung). Aufgrund fehlender Rückzugsmöglichkeiten waren auch versteckt lebende Arten gezwungen, sich ungeschützt und oberflächennah zu bewegen.
Gefäßzugang über den Knochen
Authors: Bosch Stefan
Published: October 2016

In medizinischen Notfallsituationen ist ein Zugang zum Gefäßsystem des Patienten zwingend erforderlich, manchmal jedoch extrem schwierig zu finden. Eine Alternative zur Venenpunktion stellt die Gabe von Medikamenten und Infusionen über die Rinde langer Röhrenknochen dar. Mit Hilfe einer kleinen Bohrmaschine kann im Notfall ein sol‐cher intraossärer Zugang schnell und sicher geschaffen werden.
Schlechte Zeiten für akute myeloische Leukämie
Authors: Staiger Dorothee
Published: October 2016

Schlüsselgene der inneren Uhr regulieren das Wachstum von Leukämie‐Stammzellen. Ein gezieltes Ausschalten des molekularen Uhrwerks wirkt gegen die akute myeloische Leukämie (AML), eine aggressive Form von Blutkrebs.
Delfin‐Show in Schottland: Die Großen Tümmler im Moray Firth
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: October 2016

An der schottischen Nordseeküste liegt ein außergewöhnlich guter Delfin‐Beobachtungsplatz: Eine Gruppe von rund 200 Großen Tümmlern (Tursiops truncatus) ist im Moray Firth heimisch. In diese nördlichste große Meeresbucht Schottlands ragt unweit der Highlands‐Hauptstadt Inverness eine Landzunge, an deren Spitze man die spektakulären Verhaltensweisen der Meeressäuger aus nächster Nähe verfolgen kann [1].
Design, Synthesis, and Self‐Assembly Behavior of Liquid‐Crystalline Bis‐[60]Fullerodendrimers
Authors: Russo Virginie , Pieper Pauline , Heinrich Benoît , Donnio Bertrand , Deschenaux Robert
Published: October 2016

Bis‐[60]fullerodendrimers were synthesized by assembling [60]fullerene‐containing type I (terminal olefin) and type II (α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl olefin) olefins through the olefin cross‐metathesis reaction. The synthetic modular approach developed in this study allowed the preparation of mono‐[60]fullerodendrimers and their [60]fullerene‐free analogues. First‐ and second‐generation poly(aryl ester) dendrons carrying cyanobiphenyl mesogens were used as liquid‐crystalline promoters. The liquid‐crystalline properties were studied by polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. In agreement with the nature and structure of the dendrimers, nematic, smectic, and multisegregated lamellar phases were observed. Owing to its versatility and tolerance towards many functional groups, olefin cross‐metathesis proved to be a reaction of choice for the elaboration of molecular materials with complex architectures.
The Redox‐Active Chromium Phthalocyanine System: Isolation of Five Oxidation States from Pc4−CrI to Pc2−CrIII
Authors: Zhou Wen , Thompson John R. , Leznoff Clifford C. , Leznoff Daniel B.
Published: October 2016

The preparation and structural characterization of a series of chromium phthalocyanine complexes with multiple metal and ring oxidation states were achieved using PcCrII (1) (Pc=phthalocyanine) or PcCrII(THF)2 (1⋅THF2) as starting materials. The reaction of soluble 1⋅THF2 with Br2 or I2 gave the PcCrIII halide complexes PcCrX(THF) (X=I/I3, Br; 3, 4, respectively). Treatment of 1 with 0.5 equivalent of PhIO or air generated the dinuclear [PcCr(THF)]2(μ‐O) (5), whereas the addition of one equivalent of AgSbF6 to 1 resulted in oxidation to THF‐solvated octahedral [PcCrIII(THF)2]SbF6 (6). The reduction of 1 with three sequential equivalents of KEt3BH resulted in the isolation of [K(DME)4][Pc3−CrII] (7), [K(DME)4]2[Pc4−CrII] (8) and [K6(DME)4][Pc4−CrI]2 (9), respectively. The reduced products are deep purple in colour, with visible absorption maxima between 500–580 nm. The ring‐reduced complexes 7 and 8 are monomeric, whereas 9 is a 1D chain of dinuclear [PcCr]2 units with intercalated K+ cations and supported by Cr−Cr interactions of 2.988(2) Å. Addition of four equivalents of KC8 resulted in the demetallated product PcK2(DME)4 (10), which has a 1D chain structure. The isolation and structural characterization of new PcCr complexes spanning five oxidation states, including rare examples of crystalline reduced Pc‐ring species emphasizes the broad redox activity and stability of phthalocyanine‐based complexes.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Reductive Multicomponent Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy‐ and β‐Aminocarbonyl Compounds under Mild Conditions
Authors: Paul Jérôme , Presset Marc , Cantagrel Frédéric , Le Gall Erwan , Léonel Eric
Published: October 2016

The cobalt‐catalyzed multicomponent reaction between sp2‐hybridized organic halides, Michael acceptors, and unsaturated electrophiles has been developed. The reaction proceeds through a formal conjugate addition/aldol or aza‐aldol (Mannich) tandem reaction initiated by the in situ metalation of the organic halide by cobalt catalysis. The essentially new reaction conditions that have been developed are very mild and atom‐economic. Under these conditions, a broad range of β‐hydroxy‐ and β‐aminocarbonyl compounds are obtained in good to high yields.
Comparison between circular and square loops for low‐frequency magnetic resonance applications: theoretical performance estimation
Authors: Giovannetti Giulio
Published: October 2016

Radiofrequency receiver coils in magnetic resonance (MR) systems are used to pick up the signals emitted by the nuclei with high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in a small region of sensitivity. The quality of obtained images strongly depends upon the correct choice of the coils geometry and size. The simplest design of such coils is circular and square loops, both producing in the central region‐of‐interest a magnetic field perpendicular to the coil plane, with an amplitude that decreases along the coil axis. This work reviews a method for coil SNR model development employing an equivalent electric circuit and applies it for circular and square loop design. Coil inductance and resistance were analitically calculated by taking into account for the conductors cross‐geometry and the magnetic field pattern was estimated using Biot–Savart law, while the sample‐induced resistance was calculated with a method employing a quasi‐static approach. Coil performance prediction permitted to compare circular and square loops and demonstrated that when a simple relationship between loops size is satisfied, the performance of both coils resulted to be very similar in terms of SNR. Since the theoretical approach formulation is largely detailed, this article could be interesting for graduate students and researchers working in the field of MR coil design and development.
Luminescent Silver–Purine Double Helicate: Synthesis, Self‐Assembly and Antibacterial Action
Authors: Venkatesh V. , Kumaran M. D. Bala , Saravanan R. Kamal , Kalaichelvan P. T. , Verma Sandeep
Published: October 2016

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Prof. Sandeep Verma from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. The cover picture shows the release of silver ions from silver–purine double helicate assembly that exhibits antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative bacteria, E. coli. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201600293.
Comparison and optimization of machine learning methods for automated classification of circulating tumor cells
Authors: Lannin Timothy B. , Thege Fredrik I. , Kirby Brian J.
Published: October 2016

Advances in rare cell capture technology have made possible the interrogation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) captured from whole patient blood. However, locating captured cells in the device by manual counting bottlenecks data processing by being tedious (hours per sample) and compromises the results by being inconsistent and prone to user bias. Some recent work has been done to automate the cell location and classification process to address these problems, employing image processing and machine learning (ML) algorithms to locate and classify cells in fluorescent microscope images. However, the type of machine learning method used is a part of the design space that has not been thoroughly explored. Thus, we have trained four ML algorithms on three different datasets. The trained ML algorithms locate and classify thousands of possible cells in a few minutes rather than a few hours, representing an order of magnitude increase in processing speed. Furthermore, some algorithms have a significantly (P < 0.05) higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve than do other algorithms. Additionally, significant (P < 0.05) losses to performance occur when training on cell lines and testing on CTCs (and vice versa), indicating the need to train on a system that is representative of future unlabeled data. Optimal algorithm selection depends on the peculiarities of the individual dataset, indicating the need of a careful comparison and optimization of algorithms for individual image classification tasks. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Consistent quantitative gene product expression: #3. Invariance with age
Authors: Loken Michael, R. , Voigt Andrew P. , Eidenschink Brodersen Lisa , Fritschle Wayne , Menssen Andrew J. , Wells Denise A.
Published: October 2016

The quantitative expression of cell surface antigens and light scattering properties of five cellular reference populations in stressed bone marrow specimens were compared between pediatric and adult patients treated for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The mean intensity of each antigen as well as the within patient and between patient variability showed striking consistency between the two different age groups. The only difference between the groups of specimens was the proportion of progenitor cells in the adult cohort averaged less than three times the proportion in the pediatric cohort. These data show that the amounts of gene products expressed on bone marrow cells are invariant with age. © 2016 The Authors. Cytometry Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
Consistent quantitative gene product expression: #2. Antigen intensities on bone marrow cells are invariant between individuals
Authors: Loken Michael R. , Voigt Andrew P. , Eidenschink Brodersen Lisa , Fritschle Wayne , Menssen Andrew J. , Meshinchi Soheil , Wells Denise A.
Published: October 2016

Five reference populations in bone marrow specimens were identified by flow cytometry using specific combinations of reagents in order define the variation of gene product expression intensities both within and between individuals. Mature lymphocytes, uncommitted progenitor cells, promyelocytes, mature monocytes and mature neutrophils can be reproducibly identified as distinct clusters of events in heterogeneous, maturing bone marrow specimens. Support Vector Machines were used to identify the reference populations in order to reduce subjective bias in manually defining boundaries of these populations since they were not discretely separated from the remainder of the cells. Reference populations were identified in 50 randomly selected bone marrow aspirates obtained over a period spanning 3 years and 6 months from pediatric patients following chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The quantitative expression of gene products (cell surface antigens) and light scattering characteristics on these stressed specimens were demonstrated to be tightly regulated both within individuals and between individuals. Within an individual most gene products (CD45, CD34, CD14, CD16, CD64, CD33) demonstrated limited variability with a standard deviation of <0.20 log units while CD13 and CD36 exhibited broader variation >0.25 log units. Surprisingly, with the exception of CD33, the variation of the mean intensities of each antigen between individuals was even less than the variation within an individual. These data confirm that the amounts of gene products expressed on normal developing cells are highly regulated but differ in intensities between different lineages and during the maturational pathway of those lineages. The amounts of gene products expressed at specific stages of development of each lineage are a biologic constant with minimal variation within or between individuals. © 2016 The Authors. Cytometry Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
Committee I: Indications for pulmonary cytology sampling methods
Authors: Michael Claire W. , Hoda Rana S. , Saqi Anjali , Kazakov Jordan , Elsheikh Tarik , Azar Nami , Ohori N. Paul
Published: October 2016

The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology has developed a set of guidelines for pulmonary cytology including indications for bronchial brushings, washings and endobronchial ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration, technical recommendations for cytologic sampling, recommended terminology and classification scheme, recommendations for ancillary testing and recommendations for postcytologic diagnosis management and follow‐up. All recommendation documents are based on the expertise of the authors, extensive literature review and feedback from presentations at national and international conferences. This document selectively presents the results of these discussions. The present document summarizes the recommendations for clinical and imaging evaluation of pulmonary lesions along with the indications for cytologic studies regarding these abnormalities. Preprocedural requirements regarding brushing, washing and needle aspiration procedures are discussed also. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:1010–1023. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants of object‐in‐context and object‐place‐context recognition in the developing rat
Authors: Ramsaran Adam I. , Sanders Hollie R. , Stanton Mark E.
Published: October 2016

Since the seminal report on novel object recognition in the rat (Ennaceur & Delacour, 1988), novelty recognition paradigms have become increasingly prevalent in learning and memory research. Novelty recognition tasks do not require extensive training or complex behaviors, and thus are especially suitable for studying the ontogeny of various forms of memory (e.g., object, spatial, and contextual memory). However, relatively little is known about the determinants of recognition memory during development. The present study extends our recent research on the development of recognition memory by further characterizing the ontogeny of contextual recognition (Ramsaran, Westbrook, & Stanton, 2016). We report that long‐term retention of object‐in‐context (OiC) memory emerges during early development in the rat (Experiment 1), and that performance of object‐place‐context (OPC), a spatial variant of the OiC task, also displays protracted development until early adolescence (Experiment 2). In addition, we examined the role of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in contextual recognition and found that OiC memory is not dependent on NMDAR‐mediated plasticity whereas performance of spatial task variants including the distal cue OiC (Ramsaran et al., 2016) and OPC tasks are NMDAR‐dependent (Experiments 3 and 4). The ontogeny of contextual recognition is influenced by memory retention and spatial processing demands, which may also determine the neurobiological mechanisms supporting task performance.
Climate extremes are associated with invertebrate taxonomic and functional composition in mountain lakes
Authors: Boersma Kate S. , Nickerson Avery , Francis Clinton D. , Siepielski Adam M.
Published: October 2016

Climate change is expected to increase climate variability and the occurrence of extreme climatic events, with potentially devastating effects on aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known about the role of climate extremes in structuring aquatic communities or the interplay between climate and local abiotic and biotic factors. Here, we examine the relative influence of climate and local abiotic and biotic conditions on biodiversity and community structure in lake invertebrates. We sampled aquatic invertebrates and measured environmental variables in 19 lakes throughout California, USA, to test hypotheses of the relationship between climate, local biotic and environmental conditions, and the taxonomic and functional structure of aquatic invertebrate communities. We found that, while local biotic and abiotic factors such as habitat availability and conductivity were the most consistent predictors of alpha diversity, extreme climate conditions such as maximum summer temperature and dry‐season precipitation were most often associated with multivariate taxonomic and functional composition. Specifically, sites with high maximum temperatures and low dry‐season precipitation housed communities containing high abundances of large predatory taxa. Furthermore, both climate dissimilarity and abiotic dissimilarity determined taxonomic turnover among sites (beta diversity). These findings suggest that while local‐scale environmental variables may predict alpha diversity, climatic variability is important to consider when projecting broad‐scale aquatic community responses to the extreme temperature and precipitation events that are expected for much of the world during the next century.
Fluctuating temperatures alter environmental pathogen transmission in a Daphnia–pathogen system
Authors: Dallas Tad , Drake John M.
Published: October 2016

Environmental conditions are rarely constant, but instead vary spatially and temporally. This variation influences ecological interactions and epidemiological dynamics, yet most experimental studies examine interactions under constant conditions. We examined the effects of variability in temperature on the host–pathogen relationship between an aquatic zooplankton host (Daphnia laevis) and an environmentally transmitted fungal pathogen (Metschnikowia bicuspidata). We manipulated temperature variability by exposing all populations to mean temperatures of 20°C for the length of the experiments, but introducing periods of 1, 2, and 4 hr each day where the populations were exposed to 28°C followed by periods of the same length (1, 2, and 4 hr, respectively) where the populations were exposed to 12°C. Three experiments were performed to assess the role of thermal variability on Daphnia–pathogen interactions, specifically with respect to: (1) host infection prevalence and intensity; (2) free‐living pathogen survival; and (3) host foraging ecology. We found that temperature variability affected host filtering rate, which is closely related to pathogen transmission in this system. Further, infection prevalence was reduced as a function of temperature variability, while infection intensity was not influenced, suggesting that pathogen transmission was influenced by temperature variability, but the growth of pathogen within infected hosts was not. Host survival was reduced by temperature variability, but environmental pathogen survival was unaffected, suggesting that zooplankton hosts were more sensitive than the fungal pathogen to variable temperatures. Together, these experiments suggest that temperature variability may influence host demography and host–pathogen interactions, providing a link between host foraging ecology and pathogen transmission.
Competitors and predators alter settlement patterns and reproductive success of an intraguild prey
Authors: Morosinotto Chiara , Villers Alexandre , Thomson Robert L. , Varjonen Rauno , Korpimäki Erkki
Published: October 2016

The spatial distribution of predators is affected by intra‐ and interspecific interactions within the predator guild. Studying these interactions under fluctuating food availability, while taking habitat characteristics into account, offers a quasi‐experimental setup to determine the relative impact of con‐ and heterospecifics on reproductive success of predators. We analyzed the settlement decisions and reproductive success of Eurasian Pygmy Owls (Glaucidium passerinum) in the presence of both breeding conspecifics and their competitor and intraguild predator, Tengmalm's Owls (Aegolius funereus), under fluctuating abundance of their primary prey (voles). We used detailed data, collected across 11 years in a large study area (1300 km²), on the spatial and temporal variation of habitat characteristics in all available nesting sites, local densities of both species, and vole abundance. We found that Pygmy Owls strongly avoided breeding close to conspecifics but did not avoid Tengmalm's Owl nests. Nest box occupation of Pygmy Owls was positively correlated to the proportion of old spruce, mature and old pine forests, and farmlands, and occupation probability was higher at high vole abundance and in areas occupied in previous years. Pygmy Owl avoidance of conspecifics decreased when voles were abundant. At high conspecific density, Pygmy Owls showed lower hatching success and delayed hatching date, in agreement with the observed spatial avoidance. Finally, even though breeding Pygmy Owls did not spatially avoid Tengmalm's Owls, the density of heterospecifics correlated with low hatching and fledging success in Pygmy Owls. This suggests short term fitness costs when living close to competitors, even when lethal effects of intraguild interactions are subtle. Our results suggest that joint costs of exploitative and interference competition by Tengmalm's Owls, as well as intraguild predation, were lower than those induced by intraspecific competition only. This result might be due to the similar body size between the species considered, Tengmalm's Owls being only twice as large as Pygmy Owls. Interactions among con‐ and heterospecifics can therefore modify the spatial settlement and reproductive success of individuals on a landscape scale, also within the predator guild.
Spatial clusters and temporal trends of seasonal surface soil moisture across China in responses to regional climate and land cover changes
Authors: Chen Xiuzhi , Liu Xiaodong , Liu Zhiyong , Zhou Ping , Zhou Guoyi , Liao Jishan , Liu Liyang
Published: October 2016

Investigating the spatiotemporal changes of regional surface soil moisture in responses to climate and land cover changes is vital for understanding the underlying mechanisms of hydrological processes. While previous studies mainly attributed the causes of soil moisture changes to climatic factors, few took land cover into consideration. We analyzed the seasonal‐differentiated effects of climate and land cover changes on surface soil moisture of China's 80 drainage basins using the Essential Climate Variable Soil Moisture product spanning the 1979–2010 period. The low–low spatial clusters of annual (Jan–Dec), warm‐season (Apr–Sept) and cool‐season (Oct–Dec and Jan–Mar) surface soil moisture have spread from Northwest China to northeast and even Central China during the past three decades. In cool seasons, significant decreasing trends of surface soil moisture in most drainage basins of Northwest, Northeast, Central, and South China were detected. But in warm seasons, the surface soil moisture in Central and South China showed significant increasing trends. Precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and the ratio of the two are three driving forces for warm‐season surface soil moisture changes in Northeast and Northwest China. These climatic factors are main contributors to the declining trends of cool‐season surface soil moisture in Central and South China. Land cover changes showed to be the major factor driving the significant decreasing trends of cool‐season surface soil moisture in Northwest, Central, and South China. Due to vegetation's self‐shading effect, the large‐scale reforestation and vegetation growth are believed as main causes of the increasing trends of warm‐season surface soil moisture in Central and South China.
Nonconventional Supramolecular Self‐Assemblies of Zinc(II)–Salphen Building Blocks
Authors: Groizard Thomas , Kahlal Samia , Dorcet Vincent , Roisnel Thierry , Bruneau Christian , Halet Jean‐François , Gramage‐Doria Rafael
Published: October 2016

In the presence of methanol (or ethanol) and acetone molecules, a zinc(II)–salphen [salphen = N,N′‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐1,2‐phenylenediamine] building block gives rise to discrete supramolecular dimers involving both intermolecular hydrogen bonding and unique oxygen···oxygen interactions, that is, the O···O distances are much shorter than twice the van der Waals radius of an oxygen atom. These types of unexpected self‐assembled structures have been studied thoroughly through a combination of experimental (X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, solid‐state UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and elemental analysis) and theoretical [DFT and natural bond orbital (NBO) calculations] studies. However, their solution structures involve different equilibrating species according to variable‐temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. The replacement of the methanol (or ethanol) and acetone molecules by bulkier isopropyl alcohol and 2‐butanone, respectively, leads to structures with no oxygen···oxygen interactions. An infinite supramolecular polymeric chain stabilized by hydrogen bonding is obtained in the presence of water. The present study highlights that even well‐explored molecules can provide extremely interesting possibilities for metallo‐supramolecular chemistry.
Chemical Design of Heterometallic Coordination Polymers Based on {Cu(Me2mal)2} Fragment
Authors: Gogoleva Natalia V. , Zorina‐Tikhonova Ekaterina N. , Bogomyakov Artem S. , Efimov Nikolay N. , Alexandrov Eugeny V. , Ugolkova Elena A. , Kiskin Mikhail A. , Minin Vadim V. , Sidorov Aleksey A. , Eremenko Igor L.
Published: October 2016

Mononuclear {Cu(Me2mal)2}2– dianion has been used as a building block for the synthesis of six new coordination polymers: {Li2(H2O)2(µ‐H2O)[Cu(µ4‐Me2mal)(µ‐Me2mal)]}n (1), {Na2(µ‐EtOH)2[Cu(µ5‐Me2mal)2]}n (2), {K8(µ‐H2O)6[Cu(µ‐H2O)(µ3‐Me2mal)(µ6‐Me2mal)]2[Cu2(µ5‐Me2mal)4]}n (3), {K2M(H2O)5(µ‐H2O)3[Cu(µ‐Me2mal)(µ3‐Me2mal)][Cu(µ‐H2O)(µ‐Me2mal)(µ3‐Me2mal)]}n (M = MgII (4) or NiII (5); isostructural compounds), and {K4Co3(H2O)8(µ‐H2O)4(µ3‐OH)2[Cu(H2O)(µ‐Me2mal)(µ3‐Me2mal)]2[Cu(µ‐H2O)(µ3‐Me2mal)2]2}n (6). It was shown that the structures of the compounds depend on the nature and ionic radius of the heterometal. In particular, the dimensionality of the complexes increases from 1D to 2D and 3D with increasing radius of the s‐metal in compounds 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Partial replacement of K+ in 3 by Mg2+, Ni2+, or Co2+ leads to the formation of heterometallic coordination polymers 4 and 5, with 2D structure, and 3D complex 6. The compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and EPR spectroscopy, and the magnetic properties of compounds 1, 2, and 4–6 were also studied. Further, the topological analysis of the structures and another 794 known mal‐derivatives complexes from Cambridge Structural Database (CSD, version 5.36) was performed. The main regularities determining the coordination modes of ligands and metal cations in relation to structure topology have been established and are discussed.
Low‐Generation Polyamidoamine Dendrimers as Drug Carriers for Platinum(IV) Complexes
Authors: Sommerfeld Nadine S. , Hejl Michaela , Klose Matthias H. M. , Schreiber‐Brynzak Ekaterina , Bileck Andrea , Meier Samuel M. , Gerner Christopher , Jakupec Michael A. , Galanski Mathea Sophia , Keppler Bernhard K.
Published: October 2016

An unsymmetrically carboxylated platinum(IV) analogue of oxaliplatin was coupled to low‐generation polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM) with amino‐terminated surfaces [generations two (G‐2) and four (G‐4)]. 1D and 2D diffusion NMR spectroscopy and high‐resolution HPLC–MS/MS were used to characterise the platinum complexes and drug–dendrimer conjugates. The average loads of platinum(IV) complex per dendrimer were determined by inductively coupled plasma MS (ICP‐MS), and maximum loads of 38 % (six platinum units per dendrimer molecule) for the smaller G‐2 and 34 % (22 platinum units per dendrimer molecule) for G‐4 were obtained. As a result of this loading, the average diameters increased from 26 to 34 Å (30 %, G‐2) and from 46 to 63 Å (38 %, G‐4). The in vitro cytotoxicities of the free platinum(IV) complex, the complex‐loaded dendrimers and the free PAMAM analogues G‐2 and G‐4 were evaluated in the cisplatin‐sensitive ovarian cell line CH1/PA1 as well as in rather cisplatin‐insensitive colon (SW480) and lung (A549) carcinoma cells by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Although the free platinum(IV) compound displayed a rather moderate activity, the drug–dendrimer complexes showed load‐ and size‐dependent behaviour with IC50 values down to the low‐nanomolar range. In the cisplatin‐insensitive cell lines, the benefit of this platinum load primarily consists of added cytostatic rather than cytocidal effects, on the basis of the results from annexin V/PI (PI = propidium iodide) assays for apoptosis/necrosis induction.
Modeling and simulation of an integrated gasification SOFC–CHAT cycle to improve power and efficiency
Authors: Ozgoli Hassan Ali , Moghadasi Meisam , Farhani Foad , Sadigh Maziar
Published: October 2016

Cascaded humidification advanced turbine (CHAT) cycles are used for the enhancement of output power in conventional gas turbines. In this study, an IG–SOFC–CHAT combined cycle has been presented. The proposed cycle has been used as a novel approach for alleviating the restrictions on generated power in the SOFC–GT hybrid systems. Additionally, a significant amount of heat can be produced in this hybrid cycle, which justifies its application as a CHP system. Modeling and simulation of the cycle have been performed from the energy point of view. To generate syngas fuel from coal, an FICFB gasifier system, integrated with a low temperature gas cleaning system, has been used. Results show that compared to the conventional gas turbines, electrical power generation from the proposed IG–SOFC–CHAT cycle has been increased by about 45%, while the total energy efficiency of the comprehensive cycle is still within the acceptable range of CHP cycles. Moreover, results indicate that the output power from the proposed cycle is stable against ambient temperature variations. In addition, wastage of heat in the proposed cycle was minimized by transferring waste heat to heat sinks, which resulted in the balance of energy in the cycle. Overall results show the suitability of the proposed cycle to attain high power generation capacity in SOFC–GT hybrid systems. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 610–618, 2017
Ecological risk assessment for aquatic invertebrate communities exposed to imidacloprid as a result of labeled agricultural and nonagricultural uses in the United States
Authors: Whitfield-Aslund Melissa , Winchell Michael , Bowers Lisa , McGee Sean , Tang Jane , Padilla Lauren , Greer Colleen , Knopper Loren , Moore Dwayne R.J.
Published: October 2016

A probabilistic ecological risk assessment (ERA) was conducted to determine the potential effects of acute and chronic exposure of aquatic invertebrate communities to imidacloprid arising from labeled agricultural and nonagricultural uses in the United States. Aquatic exposure estimates were derived using a higher-tier refined modeling approach that accounts for realistic variability in environmental and agronomic factors. Toxicity was assessed using refined acute and chronic community-level effect metrics for aquatic invertebrates (i.e., species or taxon sensitivity distributions) developed using the best available data. Acute and chronic probabilistic risk estimates were derived by integrating the exposure distributions for different use patterns with the applicable species or taxon sensitivity distributions to generate risk curves, which plot cumulative probability of exceedance versus the magnitude of effect. Overall, the results of this assessment indicated that the aquatic invertebrate community is unlikely to be adversely affected by acute or chronic exposure to imidacloprid resulting from currently registered uses of imidacloprid in the United States. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1375–1388. © 2016 SETAC
Appropriate exposure estimates for wildlife risk assessments of crop protection products based on continuous radio telemetry: A case study with woodpigeons
Authors: Ludwigs Jan-Dieter , Ebeling Markus , Fredricks Timothy B. , Murfitt Roger C. , Kragten Steven
Published: October 2016

The registration of pesticides follows guidance published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). As a default, the EFSA guidance document on risk assessment for birds and mammals assumes that animals feed exclusively on pesticide-treated fields. However, the guidance document suggests refining the risk via the proportion of food animals obtain from a treated field or specific crop (expressed via the portion of diet obtained from a treated area [PT value]). The EFSA guidance equalizes the portion of food taken from a treated area per day with the portion of time spent potentially foraging over the course of a day within this area. Therefore, radiotracking is commonly used to gather species-, crop-, and season-specific PT data, and radio telemetry of continuously tracked farmland species can deliver individual PT values for a given day, crop, and species. In the present study the authors introduce a way of calculating long-term PT values based on empirically recorded data via telemetry field studies for the most appropriate use in wildlife risk assessment of pesticides. The novel aspect of the proposal is that the authors follow the prerequisite given by EFSA to cover the long-term risk by introducing 21-d PT values that aim to cover both intra- and inter-individual variability of foraging focal farmland species in cropped habitats. Currently, the intra-individual variability is not taken into account for PT calculations. The authors demonstrate this approach and discuss EFSA guidance input requirements for PT values recorded in field studies, based on a PT field study conducted with woodpigeons (Columba palumbus) radiotracked in an agricultural landscape in the United Kingdom. The results indicate that a 21-d PT value considering intra-individual variability gives a more appropriate PT value for long-term risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1270–1277. © 2016 SETAC
Laboratory performance study for passive sampling of nonpolar chemicals in water
Authors: Booij Kees , Smedes Foppe , Crum Steven
Published: October 2016

Two laboratory performance studies with 21 and 11 participants were carried out for passive sampling of nonpolar chemicals in water, using silicone samplers that were deployed for 7 wk and 13 wk at 2 river sites in the Netherlands. Target analytes were polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorobenzene, and a number of performance reference compounds (PRCs). Calculation of aqueous concentrations based on prescribed input values and a prescribed uptake model was also included. Between-laboratory coefficients of variation (CVs) in the analysis of target compounds were approximately 20% at concentrations of 100 ng g−1 and approximately 100% at concentrations of 0.01 ng g−1, which was similar to previous results for the analysis of biota samples. The analysis of PRCs yielded water sampling rates with a between-laboratory CV of 18% to 30%. The sampling rate model showed a nearly perfect match with the consensus values of retained PRCs. The implications of the present study for future interlaboratory exercises are discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1156–1161. © 2016 SETAC
The correlates of anxiety among older adults in nursing homes and other residential aged care facilities: a systematic review
Authors: Creighton Alexandra S. , Davison Tanya E. , Kissane David W.
Published: October 2016

Objective

To synthesize and summarize the studies examining the correlates and predictors of anxiety in older adults living in residential aged care.

Methods

Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, five electronic databases were searched using key terms and subject headings, as well as reference lists of relevant papers. The search was limited to peer‐reviewed literature published in English. Eligible studies examined the association between at least one correlate/factor and anxiety disorders or symptoms in aged care residents aged 50+ years.

Results

A total of 3741 articles were identified, of which 34 studies (with a total of 1 543 554 participants) were included in this review. Correlates associated with anxiety included pain, use of anti‐depressants/lithium, depression, and lower perceived quality of life. Less consistent and/or less studied variables included younger age, female gender, higher educational level, functional dependence, subjective health status, more prescribed medications, impaired vision, insomnia, external locus of control, fear of falling, attachment, hope, meaning in life, and the influence of social, environmental, and staff/policy correlates.

Conclusions

While several variables were found to have strong associations with anxiety in aged care residents, a number of factors have been examined by only one or two studies. Further research (preferably prospective studies) is therefore needed to reliably confirm findings and to help plan and develop preventative and intervention strategies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinction between breast cancer cell subtypes using third harmonic generation microscopy
Authors: Gavgiotaki Evangelia , Filippidis George , Markomanolaki Haris , Kenanakis George , Agelaki Sofia , Georgoulias Vassilis , Athanassakis Irene
Published: October 2016

Third Harmonic Generation (THG) microscopy as a non‐invasive, label free imaging methodology, allows linkage of lipid profiles with various breast cancer cells. The collected THG signal arise mostly from the lipid droplets and the membrane lipid bilayer. Quantification of THG signal can accurately distinguish HER2‐positive cells. Further analysis using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra reveals cancer‐specific profiles, correlating lipid raft‐corresponding spectra to THG signal, associating thus THG to chemical information.

THG imaging of a cancer cell.

magnified image

THG imaging of a cancer cell.