bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Replication of Fernbach, Rogers, Fox, & Sloman (2013)
Authors: Crawford Jarret
Published: April 2019

Fernbach, Rogers, Fox, and Sloman (2013) found that political extremism and partisan ingroup favoritism can be reduced by simply confronting partisans with their lack of procedural policy knowledge. Given the practical importance of these findings, we conducted two high-powered preregistered close replications of Experiment 2 (Replication 1a, N = 306; Replication 1b, N = 405), and a high-powered preregistered close replication of Experiment 3, which also included a conceptual replication (Replication 2, N = 343). Each replication failed to produce the original effect. Although participants reported less policy understanding following the intervention, policy position extremity and ingroup favoritism were unaffected by the intervention. We did however replicate well-established findings that giving justifications for prior beliefs strengthens them, of ingroup favoritism, and of previous failures to conceptually replicate one of the original effects. These findings suggest that this intervention is unlikely to reduce political extremism.
To Sporulate or not to Sporulate: Prevalence of Endospore-Forming Firmicutes along a Thermal Gradient in Alexandros Crater (Nisyros, Greece)
Authors: Palmieri Fabio , Filippidou Sevasti , Junier Pilar
Published: April 2019

Volcanos are extreme environments with elevated temperatures, ranging from 45°C to 120°C, low pH(between 1.5 and 2.5), high pressure and high concentration of heavy metals. Fumaroles, the vents fromwhich escape hot gases, present high temperatures around 100°C and a very acidic pH around 2.Although these environments are extreme, evidence from literature supports the fact that microbesthrive in those environments. In order to thrive in volcanic environments and to withstand unfavorableconditions, microorganisms have developed adaptations and survival strategies. One of these strategiesis endospore formation. Endospore formation is the production of a dormant structure called anendospore. Thanks to their structure, endospores are highly resistant to heat, cold, desiccation, UVradiation and chemicals. The aim of this study was to assess the role of endospore formation as a survivalstrategy along a temperature gradient in volcanic fumaroles. We hypothesize that endospore-formingFirmicutes (EFF) are more prevalent, the more extreme the site is. From this hypothesis, we formulatedtwo research questions: (1) Is there a prevalence gradient of EFF along a thermal gradient from afumarole? (2) Are EFF dominant in volcanic fields compared to « non-extreme » sites? In order toaddress these questions soil was sampled along two thermal gradients and a macro-scale gradient fromthe crater towards vegetation. The total bacterial community was assessed by qPCR of the 16S rRNAgene, EFF by qPCR of the spo0A gene, and EFF spores by dipicolinic acid (DPA) quantification. Theresults showed that a thermal gradient resulted in an abundance gradient of EFF: the relative proportionof EFF spores compared to the total community decreased with distance from the fumaroles. Conversely,bacterial abundance increased while temperature decreased. The same results were obtained for themacro-scale gradient towards vegetation. These results suggest that, because of their selective advantageunder harsh environmental conditions, EFF are more prevalent in volcanic environments than in non extremeones. This study is the first to give an insight into the role of endospore-formation as a survivalstrategy in volcanic habitats.
Croatian Disarmament Strategies in the 21st Century
Authors: Sanjurjo Diego , Kožina Karlo
Published: April 2019

S obzirom na porast oružanog nasilja na samome početku 2000-ih godina, hrvatsko je Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova 2007. godine u suradnji s Programom Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj (UNDP-om) pokrenulo nacionalnu strategiju razoružanja koja je uključivala programe dobrovoljnog prikupljanja oružja, zakonsku amnestiju i kampanje s ciljem podizanja svijesti građana. Od početka primjene ove strategije prošlo je 10 godina te se u radu istražuje kako se strategija razvijala, nastoji se procijeniti njezin učinak te ispitati koliko je strategija relevantna i kakvi su učinci njenih komponenti. Autori analiziraju kontekst primjene strategije i važeće politike u državi te su primijenili nekoliko indikatora kako bi procijenili učinak i rezultate programa. Glavni je zaključak rada da je provedba programa dobrovoljnog prikupljanja oružja pod nazivom „Citizen Alert“ i „Disarmament for Development“, primjena zakonske amnestije i provedba kampanje za podizanje svijesti pod nazivom „Manje oružja – manje tragedija“ imala sveukupan pozitivan učinak na sigurnosnu situaciju u Hrvatskoj. S jedne strane provedba svih ovih aktivnosti pripomogla je znatnom i postojanom padu stope kriminala i nasilja, dok je s druge strane rezultirala prikupljanjem velikih količina malog i lakog oružja, streljiva i eksploziva. Autori nisu utvrdili negativne učinke ili posljedice primjene programa. Ipak, učinak programa na stopu oružanog nasilja ne može se promatrati izdvojen iz šireg konteksta jer su se istodobno odvijale strukturne reforme i događale opsežne promjene politika. Sve je to trajalo dulje od jednog desetljeća i utjecalo na više područja, uključujući oružane snage, policiju i pravosudne ustanove. Učinak tako dalekosežnih reformi u sve naprednijem socioekonomskom okružju ne smije se podcijeniti, no pretpostavlja se da u kombinaciji s moćnom strategijom razoružanja predstavljaju nesumnjiv dodatni uspjeh.
Hepatitis C models of care: approaches to elimination
Authors: Biondi Mia J , Feld Jordan J
Published: April 2019

Hepatitis C direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have an efficacy of 95% or greater, with pangenotypic options. Many regions in Canada have recently abolished the need to demonstrate fibrosis before treatment with DAAs, and several combination therapies are available under public and private insurance coverage. As a result, efforts to increase treatment are largely focused on engaging specific populations and providers. With minimal side effects and decreased need for monitoring, hepatitis C screening, linkage, and treatment can largely be done in a single setting. In this article, we highlight both Canadian and international examples of the specialist’s ongoing role and discuss the task shifting of hepatitis C treatment to primary care; specialized community clinics; and mental health, corrections, addictions, and opioid substitution therapy settings. Although specialists continue to support most models of care described in the literature, we highlight the potential for non-specialist care in working toward the elimination of hepatitis C in Canada.
Synthesis, characterization, and possible application as sorbents of new low-cost aluminosilicate materials with different Si/Al ratios
Authors: Poniedziałek Kornelia , Sandomierski Mariusz , Strzemiecka Beata , Bielicka-Daszkiewicz Katarzyna , Voelkel Adam
Published: April 2019

This study presents the synthesis of new aluminosilicate (Al-MSU) materials with different Si/Al ratios. Two substrates, Aerosil 200 V and silicon dioxide, were used as a silicon source for the synthesis. Following synthesis, the surface morphology and pore sizes of the new mesoporous materials were determined by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. The Si/Al ratio was estimated using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface properties of the studied aluminosilicates were characterized by means of inverse gas chromatography. The surface area, pore diameters, dispersive component of surface energy, and basic/acidic parameters were found to depend on the Si/Al ratio; a higher Si/Al ratio led to increased surface area of the materials, but their average pore diameter decreased and a change in sorptive properties was observed. The adsorption properties of the examined materials were evaluated by solid-phase extraction. The selected hydrocarbons were found to be adsorbed on the aluminosilicates and were desorbed using elution solvent.
Optimalisasi Penggunaan Alat Berat pada Pekerjaan Galian Jalan Lintas Rel Kereta Api Rantau Prapat – Kotapinang – Sumatera Utara
Authors: Munawar Ali , Lubis Fadrizal , Winayati
Published: April 2019

Pelaksanaan proyek pembangunan jalur kereta api Rantau Prapat – Kota Pinang PT. ADHI KARYA Pekerjaan penggalian  membutuhkan beberapa macam Alat berat yang bekerja saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya. Komposisi alat berat yang digunakan oleh kontraktor pelaksana untuk pekerjaan penggalian menggunakan pemakaian alat berat dengan komposisi 2 unit excavator, 5 unit dump truck, dan 1 unit bulldozer. Dengan waktu pelaksanaan selama 833 hari. Dari tanggal 20 september 2017 sampai dengan 30 desember 2019. Rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah bagaimana komposisi alat berat yang optimal yaitu efektif dan efisien dari segi waktu dan biaya untuk pekerjaan galian tanah pada proyek jalur rel kereta api antar kota yang menghubungkan Rantau Prapat dan Kota Pinang Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Yang mana. Perhitungan dilakukan sesuai dengan kapasitas dan kemampuan alat berat yang dipergunakan pada proyek Pekerjaan penggalian dengan volume 317.622 m3. Komposisi alat berat yang optimal (yang efektif dan efisien dari segi waktu dan biaya) adalah pada alternatif III dengan komposisi 2 unit excavator 19 unit dump truck dan 1 unit bulldozer. Waktu yang dibutuhkan pada komposisi ini adalah 84 hari. Selisih 194 hari lebih cepat dari komposisi yang ditetapkan oleh kontraktor pelaksana dengan selisih biaya Rp 1.788.981208,96. Biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh alternatif III paling rendah dan paling cepat dari alternatif lainnya sehingga alternatif III layak untuk direalisasikan
E Optimalisasi Penggunaan Alat Berat pada Proyek Jalan Desa Sawah - Kayu Aro di Kabupaten Kampar
Authors: SAPUTRA EKA , Lubis Fadrizal , Winayati
Published: April 2019

Pemerintah Pusat melalui Kementerian Keuangan menganggarkan dana alokasi khusus (DAK) penugasan bidang jalan (peningkatan jalan) tahun anggaran 2017 kepada Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Kampar yang salah satu dari dana alokasi khusus (DAK) tersebut oleh Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Kampar digunakan untuk peningkatan jalan Desa Sawah – Kayu Aro, kelas jalan tipe III, panjang jalan 4,1 km, lebar jalan 5 m, tebal perkerasan 4 cm dan jenis perkerasan jalan lentur di Kecamatan Kampar Utara Kabupaten Kampar namun pada saat proses pelaksanaan pekerjaan dilapangan terdapat berbagai kendala diantaranya yaitu antara lokasi proyek dan lokasi quarry, pabrik base berjarak 35 km jadi cukup jauh sementara truk bertonase besar tidak bisa masuk ke area atau lokasi proyek melewati jalan desa dengan kelas jalan tipe III lebar 2,5 m dan tebal perkerasan hanya 3 cm. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempercepat pelaksanaan proyek dan menghitung kebutuhan alat berat yang optimal pada pekerjaan penimbunan dan penghamparan base B dan base A terhadap biaya dan waktu. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah deskriptif, yang mana perhitungan dilakukan sesuai dengan kapasitas dan kemampuan alat berat yang dipergunakan dengan sebelum dan sesudah alternatif, dalam perhitungan dengan sebelum dan sesudah alternatif yang optimal pada penelitian ini adalah pada alternatif II dengan biaya Rp. 2.454.248.807,59 dan dengan jumlah hari kerja sebanyak 48 hari, paling ekonomis dan dengan waktu yang relatif lebih cepat dari alternatif lainnya sehingga alternatif II layak untuk direalisasikan
Analisis Nilai CBR pada Pekerjaan Road and Location Construction HW-11C Well 4D-38D dengan Metode Dynamic Cone Penetrometer
Authors: Mariana Nova , Trisep Haris Virgo , Lubis Fadrizal
Published: April 2019

Pekerjaan Road and Location (RL) Construction HW-11C Well 4N-38D adalah pekerjaan untuk mempersiapkan lahan yang cukup luas rata-rata berbentuk bujur sangkar di lokasi 4N-38D. Area ini berguna untuk tempat berdirinya alat-alat rig yang beroperasi untuk melakukan pengeboran. Kondisi tanah sekitar lokasi cukup buruk dengan jenis tanah gambut yang cukup tebal. Untuk menghidari timbul efek destructive pada alat-alat tersebut, misanya tipping, stuck, bahkan amblas maka perlu adanya stabilisais tanah. Stabilisasi tanah yang dilakukan secara mekanis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan nilai CBR sesuai standar persyaratan kepadatan tanah dengan menggunakan alat uji  DCP. Metode perhitungan yang digunakan disesuaikan dengan pedoman bahan kosntruksi bangunan dan rekayasa sipil Departemen Pekerjaan Umum yaitu cara uji CBR dengan Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) konus 300. Dari hasil perhitungan diperoleh bahwa hasil analisis data pada lima titik pengujian diperoleh nilai CBR mencapai 6%, hal ini membuktikan tercapainya kinerja kualitas hasil pemadatan subgrade tanah yang dilakukan.
Analisis Kehilangan Kadar Aspal pada Aspal Buton untuk Campuran Laston Lapis Antara (AC-BC)
Authors: Mardiansah Mardiansah , Haris Virgo Trisep , Lubis Fadrizal
Published: April 2019

Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki deposit aspal alam (aspal buton) yang terbesar didunia. Ironisnya sebagian besar kebutuhan aspal dalam negeri masih harus selalu diimpor dari luar negeri. Pada saat ini banyak upaya-upaya yang dilakukan pemerintah untuk memaksimalkan pemakaian aspal buton untuk menggantikan aspal minyak yang diimpor dari luar. Berpedoman kepada Spesifikasi Umum 2010 Revisi 3 (tiga) telah diisyaratkan bahwa toleransi kadar aspal pada campuran beraspal adalah ± 0,3% dari berat total campuran. Mengenai pengendalian mutu dan pemeriksaan dilapangan, campuran beraspal tersebut diisyaratkan menggunakan metode ekstraksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai kehilangan kadar aspal buton terhadap campuran laston lapis antara (AC-BC). Sampel yang digunakan diambil dari campuran aspal panas yang telah diproduksi oleh asphalt mixing plant (AMP), pada alat pengangkut dump truck, pada alat penghampar Asphalt Finisher, dan uji inti (core). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, nilai rata-rata kadar aspal dari Asphalt Mixing Plant, Dump Truck, Asphalt Finisher dan Uji Inti (core) adalah 5,6%, 5,59%, 5,58%, 5,49%. Dengan deviasi rata-rata sebesar 0,03% dari kadar Job Mix Formula 5,6%.
Oxidative state and lipid composition of plasma from overweight and moderately obese women
Authors: Cazzola Roberta , Rondanelli Mariangela , Trotti Rosita , Camerotto Carla , Cestaro Benvenuto
Published: April 2019

Objective: To determine the oxidative balance and plasma fatty acid composition of overweight and obese women. Design: Comparative, descriptive study on 60 overweight or obese (BMI 25–33 kg/m2), normotensive, nondiabetic women and 60 age-matched lean healthy women (BMI < 25 kg/m2). Measurements: Plasma lipid, hydroperoxide, and antioxidants levels, fatty acid composition and the susceptibility of lipoproteins to peroxidation. Results: Compared to the lean control group, the patient group had higher susceptibility of lipoproteins to peroxidation and higher peroxide levels. In contrast, the polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular the ω-3 species, and the antioxidants were lower in the patient group. Conclusions: The present study shows that overweight and obese people have oxidative balance impairment. The higher susceptibility of lipoproteins to peroxidation is the probable molecular mechanism that promotes a reduction in high unsaturated (and in particular ω-3) fatty acids, as well as antioxidants in the plasma of the overweight and obese subjects.
Effect of consumption of dark chocolate on lipoproteins and serum lipids
Authors: Nanetti L. , Vignini A. , Gregori A. , Raffaelli F. , Moroni C. , Bertoli E. , Faloia E. , Mazzanti L.
Published: April 2019

Background and aim: Epidemiological studies suggest that regular consumption of foods and beverages rich in flavonoids is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Cocoa, the main ingredient of chocolate, is rich in polyphenols. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of consumption of 50 g daily for 3 weeks of flavonoid-rich dark chocolate on lipoprotein oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. In particular, levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes, lipoperoxide and hydroperoxide in HDL and LDL before and after consumption of flavonoid-rich dark chocolate were assessed. The serum lipid profile was also studied. Methods and results: Ten healthy Italian-Caucasian volunteers were recruited without restriction as to age, gender, or socioeconomic status. Their BMI was between 21 and 26 kg/m2, and the subjects included men and premenopausal women. The study protocol was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2001, and all subjects gave written informed consent. TBARs concentrations, lipid hydroperoxides as determined using the FOX assay, and conjugate formation in HDL and in LDL were significantly decreased after 3 weeks of dark chocolate consumption with respect to the baseline values. To summarize, the present study showed favourable effects of chocolate consumption both on HDL cholesterol, and on some of the lipid peroxidation markers such as conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides (FOX assay) and TBARS. Similar results were obtained with regard to LDL fractions. Our study also showed that 3 weeks consumption of dark chocolate might improve endothelial function in healthy humans and might exert a protective effect on the cardiovascular system.
Nutritional status and physical activity of a selected sample of elderly healthy Italian people
Authors: Pasini E. , Corsetti G. , Bandera F. , Tolomio S. , Salvetti M. , Pedretti E. , Orini S. , Indelicato A. , Berrino F. , Assanelli D.
Published: April 2019

Background and aim: A number of studies have investigated the nutritional habits of elderly people, but few studies have analysed either the nutritional habits or the physical activity of very old healthy people. Thus, in this study we investigated the dietary habits and the physical activity of a group of selected very old healthy Italian people. Methods and results: We studied 182 selected healthy subjects (70 men, 112 women) aged 75 to 85 years. The subject were visited by a multispecialist team to exclude any chronic and/or acute diseases. ECG, blood pressure, body mass index, tricipital skin-fold thickness and arm muscle diameter were evaluated. Total and HDL/LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glycaemia, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen were measured. The EPIC questionnaire was used to evaluate nutritional habits and the Laval questionnaire to quantify energy expenditure during leisure time. ECG and blood variables were within normal ranges. The average risk score was very low. The anthropometric data showed both men and women to be slightly overweight. We found a high intake of saturated fats, β-carotene and vitamin C, and a reduced intake of calcium, potassium and vitamin E. The women had a high intake of proteins. Interestingly, the mean daily energy intake was in balance with energy expenditure from physical activity in both men and women on week days and as well as on Sundays. Conclusion: We hypothesize that genetic factors, antioxidant intake and, mainly, constant adequate physical activity are important to maintain a healthy life-style in very old people.
Influence of a family history of type II diabetes on fasting leptin and adiponectin plasma levels
Authors: De Pergola Giovanni , Manicone Mariangela , Lovero Rosa , Simone Dino , Bruno Giuseppe , Zamboni Mauro
Published: April 2019

Background and aims: Family history of type II diabetes appears to increase the risk of type II diabetes and of coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a first-degree family history of type II diabetes on fasting plasma concentrations of leptin and adiponectin in an outpatient clinical setting. Methods and results: The study included 46 nondiabetic premenopausal overweight and obese women, aged 22–50 years. A total of 22 subjects had no family history of type II diabetes until the third generation (FH−) and 24 subjects had a family history of type II diabetes (FH+), defined as having one or both parents with type II diabetes. Fasting plasma leptin and adiponectin were measured by radioimmunoassay. Leptin concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in FH+ than in FH− subjects. Moreover, after multiple regression analyses, both leptin (positively, p < 0.01) and adiponectin (negatively, p < 0.05) maintained a significant association with family history of diabetes, independently of age, body mass index, insulin resistance (estimated by homeostasis model assessment, HOMAIR), glucose, lipids, and blood pressure levels. Conclusions: This study indicated that a genetic predisposition to type II diabetes is associated with higher leptin concentrations and lower adiponectin levels independently of insulin resistance, blood pressure and metabolic parameters, which thus possibly contribute to the higher risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease in subjects with a family history of type II diabetes.
Policosanol: updating and perspectives
Authors: Viola Franca , Oliaro Simona , Binello Arianna , Cravotto Giancarlo
Published: April 2019

Different mixtures of higher aliphatic alcohols are on the market under the name “policosanol” claiming, without the support of independent data, the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability that former studies had demonstrated for the original policosanol. This name originally referred to a mixture of eight higher aliphatic primary alcohols obtained at the beginning of the 1990s from sugar-cane wax, and patented by Cuban researchers for its ability to lower blood cholesterol, and its antiplatelet and antioxidant properties. Analysis by GC-MS shows qualitative/ quantitative differences in policosanol-like preparations from different plant sources and origins. The anticholesterolaemic activity and some desirable pleiotropic effects (decreased platelet aggregation, LDL oxidation, thromboxane production and foam-cell production) of the original policosanol have been confirmed by more than 50 clinical studies. However these results have recently been questioned by a few authors who have reported a modest or negligible activity of policosanol, whether from sugar cane or from other plant sources. A review of this important issue is therefore in order. Although the mechanism involved in the anticholesterolaemic effect has not been fully elucidated, there is clear evidence that policosanol induces AMP kinase phosphorylation and inhibits HMG-CoA reductase.
Protocol for blood glucose control during enteral nutrition induction in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Cortinovis F. , Cortesi L. , Sileo F.
Published: April 2019

The induction of enteral nutrition in diabetic subjects is problematic because of the difficulty in controlling glycaemia. The use of a sliding scale is discouraged, while scheduled insulin therapy is optimal. We compiled a protocol for patients' insulinisation during induction of enteral nutrition that takes into account basal and nutritional requirements. This allows the fulfilment of patients' actual insulin requirements and optimisation of insulin therapy.
Polysaccharide isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch induces intracellular enzyme activity of macrophages
Authors: Wan Fachun , Cheng Anwei
Published: April 2019

A purified fraction of water-soluble polysaccharides was isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch using ion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. The present study was undertaken to discuss the preliminary immunoregulation mechanism of glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GP) by cytochemistry and quantitative analyses, and intracellular enzyme measurement of macrophages. Acid phosphatase (ACPase), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in macrophages were stained with different methods. The results indicate that GP increased the production of ACPase, ATPase, ANAE and SDH; the activities of lysozyme (LSZ) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of macrophages were also induced by GP. Our data suggest that the beneficial therapeutic effects of GP may be attributed partly to its ability to modulate macrophage immune functions.
The genetic variant of lactase persistence C/T (13910) and blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Mineri Rossana , Ghilardi Giosuè , Brambilla Simona , Sarno Tiziana , Bologna Muriel , Valaperta Serenella , Montanelli Alessandro
Published: April 2019

Lactose intolerance is found in 70% of the world-wide population. Lactase activity gradually increases till birth and then, after the early months of life, it physiologically begins to lessen. In about 30% of the population it remains active also as an adult due to a mutation: in Europe a substitution of C with T in position 13910 of the lactase gene. Our data show that CC genotype, associated with lactase non-persistence, is found in type 1 diabetes with a high prevalence of 67%. To evaluate the “glycaemic-metabolic control” we investigated the glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) values and we noted that there is no significant difference between CC (non-absorber) and CT/TT (absorber) genotypes of diabetic patients. Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) are positive in 58% of diabetic patients with CC genotype: this presence could be linked to the intestinal membrane hyperpermeability.
AIDS-related intestinal cryptosporidiosis: role of nutritional support
Authors: Tubili Claudio , Baldini Francesco , Guerra Carla , Antinori Andrea
Published: April 2019

HIV-related cryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic parasitic infection that may occur in the advanced phases of the disease in case of severe immunodeficiency. It provokes inflammatory diarrhoea with malabsorption and weight loss. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and nutritional support are the only treatments in the absence of any efficient therapy. In a young woman affected with vertically transmitted HIV infection, cryptosporidiosis induced severe metabolic imbalance and malnutrition. The contemporary presence of other opportunistic diseases such as oral and pharyngeal candidiasis and disseminated cytomegalovirus disease worsened the symptoms and nutritional alterations. Using specific therapies for these pathogens and adequate nutritional support, both metabolic and nutritional alterations and clinical symptoms were resolved, allowing the commencement of HAART for the improvement of cryptosporidiosis.
High-density lipoproteins: the guardian angel of the cell membrane
Authors: Ferretti G. , Bacchetti T. , Masciangelo S. , Bertoli E.
Published: April 2019

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) plasma levels are inversely correlated with the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. The protective effect of HDL has been related to their role in the cholesterol reverse transport and to their ability to inhibit oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Several lines of evidence suggest that the protective effect of HDL is at least partially related to the enzyme paraoxonase (PON1), a calcium-dependent esterase associated with the HDL surface. It has been hypothesised that PON1 may have two independent antiatherogenic roles: (a) by preventing the accumulation of oxidised lipids from oxidised lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) and thereby inhibiting the atherogenic and inflammatory response induced by lipid peroxidation products; (b) by detoxifying homocysteine thiolactone (HTL), a toxic metabolite of homocysteine. Recently, it has been reported that HDL-associated PON1 could also play a regulatory role in HDL binding to cell membranes and in HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux in macrophages. Several papers have reported that HDL are also able to protect and/or repair oxidative damage of cell membranes and we have recently demonstrated that the protective role of HDL is related to PON1 activity.
Dietary treatment of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Tatti P. , Neri M.
Published: April 2019

The metabolic syndrome consists of a group of metabolic abnormalities that at least in the early phases are easily treated with a nutritional intervention. Although there has been considerable debate in the past is now evident that the quality and the quantity of the dietary carbohydrate (CHO) content has a central role in the control of the hyperglycemia and the coexistent hyperlipidemia. Also the favorable role of the Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) has emerged. Although the effect of some micronutrients is still to be defined and any dietary advice should be tested at the individual level, clear guidelines for the treatment of these subjects have now been defined.
New perspective on the nutritional approach to cancer-related anorexia/cachexia: preliminary results of a randomised phase III clinical trial with five different arms of treatment
Authors: Tanca Francesca Maria , Madeddu Clelia , Macciò Antonio , Serpe Roberto , Panzone Filomena , Antoni Giorgia , Massa Elena , Astara Giorgio , Mantovani Giovanni
Published: April 2019

Cancer-related anorexia/cachexia syndrome (CACS) is a multifactorial syndrome characterised by tissue wasting, particularly lean body mass (LBM), metabolic alterations, fatigue, anorexia and reduced food intake. In April 2005 we started a phase III randomised study to establish the most effective and safest treatment for CACS addressing as primary endpoints: LBM, resting energy expenditure (REE), total daily physical activity, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, and fatigue. According to the statistical design the sample size was 475 patients (95 per arm). Eligibility criteria: histologically confirmed tumours of any site; weight loss ≥5% in the last 3 months and/or abnormal laboratory values; life expectancy >4 months. Patients were treated with either antineoplastic therapy or supportive care. All patients received as basic oral treatment polyphenols plus alpha lipoic acid plus carbocysteine plus vitamins A, C and E. Patients were then randomised to one of the following 5 arms: (1) medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)/megestrol acetate (MA); (2) pharmaconutritional support containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); (3) L-carnitine; (4) thalidomide; and (5) a combination of all the above agents. Treatment duration was 4 months. Interim analyses were planned after every 100 randomised patients. In September 2008, 280 patients were randomised and 240 were evaluable: M/F 167/113, mean age 62 years (range 30–84), 96% stage IV. A first interim analysis on 125 patients showed a worsening of LBM, REE and fatigue in arm 2 in comparison to the others and therefore it was withdrawn from the study. A second interim analysis after the enrolment of 204 patients showed that arm 1 was clearly significantly less effective than the others for primary efficacy endpoints, therefore it was withdrawn from the study. Statistical analysis in September 2008 showed a significant improvement of LBM (by dual X-ray energy absorptiometry), REE and fatigue in arm 5, a decrease of IL-6 in arms 3 and 5, and a decrease of TNF-α in arms 3 and 4. As for toxicity, 1 patient discontinued MPA because of deep vein thrombosis and 1 patient discontinued L-carnitine because of severe diarrhoea. In conclusion, the interim results seem to suggest that the most effective treatment for cancer patients with CACS/oxidative stress (OS) should be the combination regimen. The study is in progress.
Assessing motivation for change toward healthy nutrition and regular physical activity. Validation of two sets of instruments
Authors: Spiller Valter , Scaglia Maurizio , Meneghini Stefania , Vanzo Angiola
Published: April 2019

Background and aim: Studies to measure motivation for behavioural change were developed in Italy 15 years ago, following the validation of MAC and MAC2, Italian self-administered questionnaires created for heroin users, tobacco smokers and those with alcohol problems. This article presents the validation study of two sets of instruments created to assess motivation for change toward healthy nutrition and regular physical activity in Italian adult subjects who require or are referred for assessment or treatment to nutrition services. Methods and results: The two sets of questionnaires (created within the Nutrition Counselling Project connected to the Piano Triennale Sicurezza Alimentare 2005–2007 (Food and Nutrition Security Plan 2005–2007) of the Region of Veneto) were administered to 431 patients to assess motivation for change toward healthy nutrition and 450 patients to assess motivation for change toward regular physical activity. The instruments showed good internal consistency. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirms the consistency with the theoretical assumptions. Reliability and concurrent validity yielded strong correlations with the corresponding variables. Conclusions: The study confirms the validity of the sets of instruments and their consistency with the model. These sets of instruments are the first psychometric tools integrating three factors (Discrepancy, Self-Efficacy, Readiness to Change) into a three-dimensional model of motivation for change.
The micronutrient content of traditional Greek foods
Authors: Vasilopoulou Effie , Trichopoulou Antonia
Published: April 2019

In the context of the EURRECA project (EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned), we have estimated the micronutrient content of traditional Greek foods in relation to international recommendations. Many of these foods showed a rich micronutrient profile and a file was developed listing a total of 137 traditional Greek foods and dishes. This work indicates that in order to meet micronutrient requirements, a simple solution would be to adhere to traditional dietary patterns, at least for the Mediterranean populations, and reinstate traditional foods into the daily diet.
Fighting hospital malnutrition: let's start by calibrating hospital scales!
Authors: Pedrolli Carlo , Cereda Emanuele , Costa Antonio
Published: April 2019

Body weight measurement is fundamental in nutritional screening. Thus, weighing scales should be regularly calibrated. This procedure is so important that in 1990 the Council of Europe produced an ad hoc directive. Unfortunately, little is known about scales management in hospitals. We performed an inventory in the City Hospital of Trento (~900 beds), which is responsible for the healthcare of ~250,000 inhabitants. The analysis included flat, chair and paediatric neonatal scales. We focused attention on the date of arrival and calibration management. In the hospital, there were 211 scales: 190 flat scales, 13 chair scales and 8 paediatric neonatal scales. The mean “age” was 10.3±7.3 years; 22.3% were 5–10 years old and 44.1% were aged >10 years. No scale was ever calibrated. They are managed by the “Internal Logistics Unit”, meaning that scales are regarded as pieces of furniture rather than as diagnostic tools. Accurate weight measurement is a key task in nutritional management. However, our results once highlight limitations in this process. It is not enough to design laws and accreditation standards for the European Community; enforcement should be also checked.
Report for evaluation of protein-calorie malnutrition in hospitalised patients
Authors: Magno Mauro , Di Gregorio Clara , Becci Maria Venneri , Miale Ada , Galli Maria , Mastronuzzi Vitalba , Albano Stefano
Published: April 2019

To properly evaluate the incidence of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) in hospitalised patients, we have compared a log sheet used routinely for all patients admitted to our Hospital Department with the score from Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) 2002, considered by the European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN) to be the benchmark screening method for malnutrition in hospitalised patients. The log sheet used in our Hospital Department provides for the evaluation of 4 factors: body mass index (BMI), weight loss in recent months, the presence of hypercatabolism and an estimate of daily calorie intake with respect to requirements. These 4 factors, ranked at three levels of severity, are recorded on a “dual grid” chart that allows for three possible final diagnoses of nutritional risk: low, medium and high. In contrast, NRS 2002 evaluates the sum of 3 factors: impairment of nutritional status, severity of the pathology and possible age over 70, with a total score that can be diagnosed as PCM only if equal to or greater than 3. Of 220 patients admitted to the Endocrinology Department of the SS. Annunziata Hospital (Taranto), all submitted to dual evaluation; equivalence was seen in the PCM diagnoses in 98.2% of the cases (216 out of 220). Specifically, in 90.4% of the cases the rating on our log sheet was medium or low and coincided with a score of 0, 1 or 2, while in 7.8% of the cases the rating on our log sheet was medium or high and coincided with an NRS score of 3 or higher. Only in 1.8% of the cases (4 in 220) was there a lack of agreement between a low risk on our log sheet and an NRS score of 3. In conclusion, the PCM evaluation carried out with the log sheet used in our Hospital Department is comparable to the assessment using NRS 2002, which is considered the benchmark screening method for hospitalised patients.
Are miracle diets miraculous? Review and analysis of a specific case: the Mayo Clinic Diet
Authors: Cano Sandra Sumalla , Azpíroz Irma Domínguez , Motte Sandra Jarrín , Bachs Anna Marín , Battino Maurizio , Villar Santos Gracia
Published: April 2019

Miracle diets are characterised by promises of fast weight loss without any effort. However as these types of diet lack many essential nutrients and are unbalanced, they may cause negative long-term health problems. The Mayo Clinic Diet, analysed in our study, was found to be unbalanced in the amount of macronutrients (47.65% fat, 32.06% proteins and 20.37% carbohydrates) and all minerals (the amount of minerals are under 50% of the RDA) and deficient in vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, D and E. As multiple studies show that weight loss is similar, independent of the macronutrient composition of the diet, and data from recent studies indicate that following these types of diets in the long term can be associated with an increase in mortality, recommended diets should have a wide variety of foods and be balanced in the amount of macro- and micronutrients, like the Mediterranean diet.
The effects of whey protein and chromium picolinate supplementation on visceral fat and metabolic status in high-fat-fed rats
Authors: Sahin Kazim , Juturu Vijaya , Tuzcu Mehmet , Sahin Nurhan , Cikim Gurkan , Komorowski James R.
Published: April 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of whey protein (WP) and chromium picolinate (CrPic) on body composition and metabolic status in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Male Wistar rats (n = 10/group, 8 weeks old) were divided into three groups. The control group was fed a HFD (300 g fat/kg diet). The other two groups were fed the HFD plus 320 g whey protein isolate/kg diet (HFD + WP) with or without 80 mcg CrPic/kg body wt/day (HFD + WP + CrPic). After six weeks, rats were fasted, blood samples were drawn, and visceral and subcutaneous fat pads were removed and weighed. Daily food intake was not affected by treatment. Rats fed HFD exhibited significant increases in body weight, body fat and metabolic risk factors (p ≤ 0.05). Rats fed the HFD + WP showed a significant decrease in body weight, serum glucose and blood lipids, and a significant increase in insulin levels (p ≤ 0.05). Rats fed the HFD + WP + CrPic had the lowest levels in total visceral fat, triglycerides, total cholesterol and free fatty acids, and the highest insulin levels (p ≤ 0.05). Tissue concentrations of chromium (Cr) increased with CrPic supplementation (p < 0.001). The results of this study support the use of WP and CrPic supplementation to improve body composition and metabolic syndrome risk factors.
0.9% saline solution: “physiological” or “unphysiological”?
Authors: Tubili Claudio
Published: April 2019

In patients who cannot, must not or do not want to drink, hydration is a real artificial nutrition intervention. Different clinical situations require a specific approach for fluid administration to reduce the risk of tissue hypoperfusion or oedema. The variations of plasma volume depend not only on the amount of the fluid infused, but also on its distribution, which is determined by the membranes' properties. Fluids for intravenous therapy are not vehicles but real drugs and the knowledge of their properties should guide the choice: the available data on mortality and major complications do not demonstrate the best efficacy between crystalloids or colloids and between the different types of colloids: saline solution at 0.9% is commonly defined as “physiological”, but has significant differences with plasma; balanced electrolytic solutions seem to give better clinical outcomes compared to saline, which is ultimately overprescribed. 5% glucose solution is equivalent to water because glucose is rapidly metabolised, releasing it. It is necessary to strengthen educational interventions to improve the management of fluid therapy.
Effect of combined vitamins C and E supplementation on oxidant/antioxidant status in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Montazerifar F. , Hashemi M. , Karajibani M. , Dikshit M.
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant supplementation effect on antioxidant system in hemodialysis patients. The study group consisted of 38 patients undergoing hemodialysis and 72 healthy subjects. The patients orally received combination of vitamins C (250 mg/time) and E (200 IU/time) three times per week for 2 months. Both, enzymatic antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] activities and non-enzymatic (vitamins E and C) levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations as lipid peroxidation product in patients were measured before and after supplementation compared with control group. The levels of antioxidants (vitamin E, C and SOD) (P < 0.0001) and GPx (P < 0.05) were significantly enhanced and MDA concentrations declined (P < 0.0001) during the supplementation period. The study demonstrates that combined supplementation of vitamins C and E can noticeably affect antioxidant status and protect against oxidative stress caused during hemodialysis.
Virgin olive oil minor components as natural drugs for the treatment of breast cancer: preliminary experiments on squalene
Authors: Quiles José L. , Sánchez-Rovira Pedro , Ramirez-Tortosa César L. , Granados-Principal Sergio , Bertoli Enrico , Battino Maurizio , Ramirez-Tortosa M. Carmen
Published: April 2019

There is a need for the development of novel agents, which maintain the fundamental characteristics of cytoprotective drugs together with a low toxicity profile. The present study was designed to investigate the potential interest of squalene in the combinatory therapy of breast cancer with adriamycin in the breast cancer cell line MCF7. Results showed a dosage-response decrease of adriamycin on cell viability, and for all adriamycin dosages, squalene decreased or did not change viability. Squalene reduced or did not affect adriamycin apoptosis, and finally no effect of squalene was found on G0–G1 phase of the cell cycle. These results, together with previous studies, suggest that as for other natural compounds, potential anticancer effects of squalene could depend on the phenotype. Thus, there is still a need for further investigations aimed at ascertaining the real potential of squalene, using in vitro, but more importantly in vivo models.
Restoration of host–microbiota homeostasis for attaining healthy aging: the role of milk and fermented milk
Authors: Jirillo Felicita , Jirillo Emilio , Magrone Thea
Published: April 2019

Intestinal microbiota and gut-associated lymphoreticular tissue are in a dynamic equilibrium, the rupture of which causes a condition of dysbiosis in the host. Among many natural foods, milk, because of its composition, is able to influence the host–microbiota relationship. Donkey's and goat's milk represents a good alternative to human milk. Healthy effects of both kinds of milk have been reported in either in vitro or in vivo experiments. When administered to elderly subjects, donkey's milk increased the release of interleukins 6 and 8, while goat's milk exerted opposite effects. With special reference to fermented cow's milk, a symbiotic (Gorbach and Goldin) when administered to another group of elderly people, behaved as donkey's milk upregulating interleukins 6, 8 and also 1. In conclusion, the ability of milk and fermented milk to modulate the altered immune response in senescence needs to be exploited more for maintaining healthy aging.
Nutritional status in intensive care unit patients: a prospective clinical cohort pilot study
Authors: Nematy Mohsen , Mohajeri Seyed Amir Reza , Moghadam Shirin Amiri , Safarian Mohammad , Norouzy Abdolreza , Parizadeh Seyed Mohammad Reza , Azarpazhooh Mahmoud Reza , Siadat Zahra , Gharbi Nasim Shahsavan , Mobarhan Majid Ghayour
Published: April 2019

Previous researches have shown that the nutritional status of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) was poor on admission and appears to decline during their stay in the ICU. Critically ill patients are prone to malnutrition because their hypermetabolic disorders lead to an increase in nutritional requirements that are not often met with the nutrition supplied. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status and hs-CRP of ICU patients on admission and discharge from the hospital. Twenty-nine neurological ICU patients (20–87 years old) underwent fasting blood sample collections, anthropometric measurements and impedance analysis on admission and discharge at Ghaem Teaching Hospital. NRS 2002 was used to determine malnutrition in ICU patients. Markers of nutritional status changed from admission into the ICU until discharge as follows: weight, BMI and triceps skinfold thickness decreased (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.005, respectively). hs-CRP was decreased over the stay in the hospital (admission = 19.4 ± 16.3, discharge = 13.8 ± 14.5, p value = 0.11). The percent of patients at risk of malnutrition decreased during stay in ICU (not significant). Prevalence of malnutrition was as high as 47.6% on admission. The nutritional status of patients was slightly improved over the period of their stay in hospital using NRS 2002 method.
Caregivers in the management of home-enteral-nutrition-patients: observational study on epidemiology, organisation, technical aspects and quality of life
Authors: Lucchin Lucio , Vedovato Laura , Schrei Marion , Kob Michael
Published: April 2019

Aim of the investigation was to get epidemiological informations regarding the home enteral nutrition (HEN) as well as to check the point of view of caregivers regarding organisation, technical aspects and their quality of life. The observational study was conducted on the caregivers of all HEN patients of the health-district of Bolzano. The first survey was conducted in February 2008 (n = 028) and the second one in September 2009 (n = 40), with a questionnaire composed of 16 items related to general/emotional/technical/social/economic and ethical aspects. The participants of the study could validate the questions on a scale from 1 (none) to 7 (very much). Prevalent disease of HEN patients was in 55.8% neurological, in 19.1% neoplastic, in 17.5% vascular and in 7.6% from other causes. The main reported difficulties in the management of HEN patients were related to constipation (30.8%), adjustment of the drip (22.1%), vomiting (14.7%), diarrhoea (10.3%), peristomitis from PEG (8.8%), ulcers and regurgitation (7.7%). Emotional involvement of the caregivers was very high (6.14–7 in 2008 and 5.13–7 in 2009), but the social life and relationships of caregivers did not seem impaired (3.82–7 in 2008 and 3.29–7 in 2009). 83.8% of the caregivers were first degree relatives, in which emotional involvement was very high. The most frequent suggestions to improvements were more home visits and more support on weekends and holidays. Management of HEN does not raise particular concerns in caregivers, but the presence of a specifically dedicated structure and its support were perceived very useful.