bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socio-economic, demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics associated with consumption of fatty-sweetened and fatty-salted foods in middle-aged French adults
Authors: Méjean Caroline , Macouillard Pauline , Castetbon Katia , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Hercberg Serge
Published: October 2010

Few studies have specifically focused on characteristics associated with consumption of combined fatty-salted and fatty-sweetened foods, whereas their identification could be useful for defining effective public health measures. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle and health characteristics and consumption of these types of food in a general sample of French adults. Dietary intake was assessed using a minimum of six 24 h dietary records collected over a 2-year period in 6240 subjects aged 35–60 years who participated in the Supplémentation en VItamines Minéraux et AntioXydants cohort study. Associations of individual characteristics with high and intermediate consumption of fatty-sweetened and fatty-salted foods were assessed using multivariate polytomic logistic regression models. Risk of moderate or high consumption of fatty-salted foods decreased with increasing age. Current smokers, drinkers, individuals with overweight and with hypertension were more likely to consume moderate or high amounts of such foods. Risk of moderate or high consumption of fatty-sweetened foods decreased with increasing age. Women, individuals living as a couple, moderate drinkers and persons with low or medium physical activity level were more likely to consume moderate or high amounts of such foods. Lower educated subjects, current smokers, heavy drinkers and individuals with severe hypertriacylglycerolaemia were less likely to have moderate or high consumption. Consumption of fatty-sweetened and fatty-salted foods varied according to demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics. Common unhealthy behaviours such as smoking, low physical activity and alcohol drinking, associated with high consumption of these food groups, may help to effectively target public health efforts.
EDITORIAL FOREWORD
Authors: Baron Beth , Pursley Sara
Published: October 2010

When three articles with an environmental history theme were accepted in quick succession through our peer review process, it seemed like an opportunity to organize an IJMES Roundtable on how the incorporation of environmental history into Middle East studies affects our understanding of the region's past and present. We did not know that, as this issue was going to press, the United States would be facing what is widely considered the worst environmental disaster in its history, with over two million gallons of oil pouring into the Gulf of Mexico every day. As Giancarlo Casale points out in his contribution to the Roundtable, the catastrophe underscores both the concerns of today's students and the need for a reevaluation of the humanities that may culminate in a full-fledged “environmental turn.”
ACROSS THE BLACK SANDS AND THE RED: TRAVEL WRITING, NATURE, AND THE RECLAMATION OF THE EURASIAN STEPPE CIRCA 1850
Authors: Khazeni Arash
Published: October 2010

Through a reading of 19th-century Persian travel narratives, this article locates the history of Iran and Central Eurasia within recent literature on global frontier processes and the encounter between empire and nature. It argues that Persianate travel books about Central Eurasia were part of the imperial project to order and reclaim the natural world and were forged through the material encounter with the steppes. Far from a passive act of collecting information and more than merely an extension of the observer's preconceptions, description was essential to the expansion and preservation of empire. Although there exists a vast literature on Western geographical and ethnographic representations of the Middle East, only recently have scholars begun to mine contacts that took place outside of a Western colonial framework and within an Asian setting. Based on an analysis of Riza Quli Khan Hidayat'sSifaratnama-yi Khvarazm, the record of an expedition sent from the Qajar Dynasty to the Oxus River in 1851, the article explores the 19th-century Muslim “discovery” of the Eurasian steppe world. The expedition set out to define imperial boundaries and to reclaim the desert, but along the way it found a permeable “middle ground” between empires, marked by transfrontier and cross-cultural exchanges.
BEYOND THE WAR? THE LEBANESE POSTMEMORY EXPERIENCE
Authors: Larkin Craig
Published: October 2010

This article seeks to address how Lebanese youth are dealing with the legacy of civil war (1975–90), given the national backdrop of official silence, persisting injustice, and competing memory discourses. Drawing on Marianne Hirsch's concept of postmemory, it explores the memory of a generation of Lebanese who have grown up dominated not by traumatic events but by narrative accounts of events that preceded their birth. This residual form of memory carries and connects with the pain of others, suffusing temporal frames and liminal positions. The article examines how postmemory is mediated and transformed through the mnemonic lenses of visual landscapes and oral narratives. Consideration is given to the dynamic production of “memoryscapes”—memories of violence localized in particular sites—and to narrative constructions of the past implicated in the ongoing search for meaning, historical truth, and identity. This article seeks to challenge pervasive notions of Lebanese postwar amnesia and of a generational detachment from the residual effects and future implications of war recollections.
“Oriental Plague” in the Middle Eastern Landscape: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Shakow Aaron
Published: October 2010

As environmental history migrates to the Middle East there is natural excitement about new research methods such as molecular biology and soil science. But the Braudelian project of describing “man in his intimate relationship to the earth which bears and feeds him” may be complicated by echoes of the region's literary past.
Pastoralism and the Mediterranean Environment
Authors: Burke Edmund
Published: October 2010

The environmental history of the post-1500 Mediterranean (including the Middle East) has the potential to add significantly to our understanding of the history of the region. However, this is only if it is understood as a perspective (and not just a new specialization) that has the power to transform how we view familiar subjects. A ghettoized environmental history takes us nowhere nor do environmental histories that claim to explain everything. Let's take the role of pastoralism as one example of how an environmental perspective can reshape our understanding of the history of the modern Middle East.
The Camel and the Watermill
Authors: Bulliet Richard
Published: October 2010

Consider the data from the painstaking economic analysis of contemporary camel transport in Pakistan done by Alan Heston and several Pakistani associates in 1985 (see Table 1). It shows the typical annual costs and income in rupees of someone earning his livelihood by renting out a pack camel.
The “Environmental Turn”: A Teaching Perspective
Authors: Casale Giancarlo
Published: October 2010

Undeclared ambitions for the future notwithstanding, my current research profile is one that could qualify me as an “environmental historian” by only the most indulgent of standards. My contribution to this roundtable will thus be written less in the mode of a practicing researcher in the field and more from the perspective of a teacher (at a U.S. public land-grant university) currently in the process of trying to “environmentalize” two large survey courses in history.
Generation and breakup of Worthington jets after cavity collapse. Part 1. Jet formation
Authors: GEKLE STEPHAN , GORDILLO J. M.
Published: October 2010

At the beginning of the last century Worthington and Cole discovered that the high-speed jets ejected after the impact of an axisymmetric solid on a liquid surface are intimately related to the formation and collapse of an air cavity created in the wake of the impactor. In this paper, we combine detailed boundary-integral simulations with analytical modelling to describe the formation of such Worthington jets after the impact of a circular disk on water. We extend our earlier model in Gekle et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 102, 2009a, 034502), valid for describing only the jet base dynamics, to describe the whole jet. We find that the flow structure inside the jet may be divided into three different regions: the axial acceleration region, where the radial momentum of the incoming liquid is converted to axial momentum; the ballistic region, where fluid particles experience no further acceleration and move constantly with the velocity obtained at the end of the acceleration region; and the jet tip region, where the jet eventually breaks into droplets. From our modelling of the ballistic region we conclude that, contrary to the case of other physical situations where high-speed jets are also ejected, the types of Worthington jets studied here cannot be described using the theory of hyperbolic jets of Longuet-Higgins (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 127, 1983, p. 103). Most importantly, we find that the velocity and the shape of the ejected jets can be well predicted at any instant in time with the only knowledge of quantities obtained before pinch-off occurs. This fact allows us to provide closed expressions for the jet velocity and the sizes of the ejected droplets as a function of the velocity and the size of the impactor. We show that our results are also applicable to Worthington jets emerging after the collapse of a bubble growing from an underwater nozzle, although this system creates thicker jets than the disk impact.
Generation and breakup of Worthington jets after cavity collapse. Part 2. Tip breakup of stretched jets
Authors: GORDILLO J. M. , GEKLE STEPHAN
Published: October 2010

The capillary breakup of the high-speed Worthington jets ejected after a cavity collapse in water occurs due to the high-Reynolds-number version of the capillary end-pinching mechanism first described, in the creeping flow limit, by Stone & Leal (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 198, 1989, p. 399). Using potential flow numerical simulations and theory, we find that the resulting drop ejection process does not depend on external noise and can be described as a function of a single dimensionless parameter, WeS = ρ R30S20/σ, which expresses the ratio of the capillary time to the inverse of the local strain rate, S0. Here, ρ and σ indicate the liquid density and the interfacial tension coefficient, respectively, and R0 is the initial radius of the jet. Our physical arguments predict the dimensionless size of the drops to scale as Ddrop/R0 ~ We−1/7S and the dimensionless time to break up as TS0 ~ We2/7S. These theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the numerical results.
Evolution of weakly nonlinear random directional waves: laboratory experiments and numerical simulations
Authors: TOFFOLI A. , GRAMSTAD O. , TRULSEN K. , MONBALIU J. , BITNER-GREGERSEN E. , ONORATO M.
Published: October 2010

Nonlinear modulational instability of wavepackets is one of the mechanisms responsible for the formation of large-amplitude water waves. Here, mechanically generated waves in a three-dimensional basin and numerical simulations of nonlinear waves have been compared in order to assess the ability of numerical models to describe the evolution of weakly nonlinear waves and predict the probability of occurrence of extreme waves within a variety of random directional wave fields. Numerical simulations have been performed following two different approaches: numerical integration of a modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation and numerical integration of the potential Euler equations based on a higher-order spectral method. Whereas the first makes a narrow-banded approximation (both in frequency and direction), the latter is free from bandwidth constraints. Both models assume weakly nonlinear waves. On the whole, it has been found that the statistical properties of numerically simulated wave fields are in good quantitative agreement with laboratory observations. Moreover, this study shows that the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation can also provide consistent results outside its narrow-banded domain of validity.
Experimental and numerical study of mean zonal flows generated by librations of a rotating spherical cavity
Authors: SAURET A. , CÉBRON D. , MORIZE C. , LE BARS M.
Published: October 2010

We study both experimentally and numerically the steady zonal flow generated by longitudinal librations of a spherical rotating container. This study follows the recent weakly nonlinear analysis of Busse (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 650, 2010, pp. 505–512), developed in the limit of small libration frequency–rotation rate ratio and large libration frequency–spin-up time product. Using particle image velocimetry measurements as well as results from axisymmetric numerical simulations, we confirm quantitatively the main features of Busse's analytical solution: the zonal flow takes the form of a retrograde solid-body rotation in the fluid interior, which does not depend on the libration frequency nor on the Ekman number, and which varies as the square of the amplitude of excitation. We also report the presence of an unpredicted prograde flow at the equator near the outer wall.
Towards a three-dimensional model of wave–ice interaction in the marginal ice zone
Authors: LINTON C. M.
Published: October 2010

Over the past forty or so years, considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the effects of ocean waves on sea ice, and vice versa, with observations, experiments and theory all playing their part. Recent years have seen the development of ever more sophisticated mathematical models designed to represent the physics more accurately and incorporate new features. What is lacking is an approach to three-dimensional scattering for ice floes that is both accurate and efficient enough to be used as a component in a theory designed to model the passage of directional wave spectra through the marginal ice zone. Bennetts & Williams (J. Fluid Mech., 2010, this issue, vol. 662, pp. 5–35) have brought together a number of solution techniques honed on simpler problems to provide just such a component.
Piperonyl butoxide enhances triclabendazole action against triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica
Authors: DEVINE C. , BRENNAN G. P. , LANUSSE C. E. , ALVAREZ L. I. , TRUDGETT A. , HOEY E. , FAIRWEATHER I.
Published: October 2010

A study has been carried out to determine whether the action of triclabendazole (TCBZ) against the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica is altered by inhibition of the cytochrome P450 (CYP 450)-mediated drug metabolism pathway. The Oberon TCBZ-resistant and Cullompton TCBZ-susceptible fluke isolates were used for these experiments, the basic design of which is given in the paper by Devine et al. (2010a). Piperonyl butoxide (PB) was the CYP P450 inhibitor used. Morphological changes resulting from drug treatment and following metabolic inhibition were assessed by means of transmission electron microscopy. After treatment with either TCBZ or TCBZ.SO on their own, there was greater disruption to the TCBZ-susceptible than TCBZ–resistant isolate. However, co-incubation with PB+TCBZ, but more particularly PB+TCBZ.SO, led to greater changes to the TCBZ-resistant isolate than with each drug on its own, with blebbing of the apical plasma membrane, severe swelling of the basal infolds and their associated mucopolysaccharide masses in the syncytium and flooding in the internal tissues. Golgi complexes were greatly reduced or absent in the tegumental cells and the synthesis and production of secretory bodies were badly disrupted. The mitochondria were swollen throughout the tegumental system and the somatic muscle blocks were disrupted. With the TCBZ-susceptible Cullompton isolate, there was a limited increase in drug action following co-incubation with PB. The results provide evidence that the condition of a TCBZ-resistant fluke can be altered by inhibition of drug metabolism. Moreover, they support the concept that altered drug metabolism contributes to the mechanism of resistance to TCBZ.
A mechanistic model of developing immunity to Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in lambs
Authors: SINGLETON D. R. , STEAR M. J. , MATTHEWS L.
Published: October 2010

Acquired immunity influences the severity of parasitic disease, but modelling the effects of acquired immunity in helminth infections has proved challenging. This may be due to a lack of suitable immunological data, or to the perceived complexity of modelling the immune response. We have developed a model of T. circumcincta infection in domestic sheep that incorporates the effects of acquired immunity on parasite establishment and fecundity. A large data set from commercially managed populations of Scottish Blackface sheep was used, which included relationships between IgA activity and worm length, and between worm length and fecundity. Use was also made of a recently published meta-analysis of parasite establishment rates. This realistic but simple model of nematode infection emulates observed patterns of faecal egg counts. The end-of-season faecal egg counts are remarkably robust to perturbations in the majority of the parameters, possibly because of priming of the immune system early in the season, reducing parasite establishment and growth and, therefore, faecal egg counts. Lowering the amount of early infection leads to higher end-of-season egg counts. The periparturient rise in egg counts in ewes appears to have an important role in supplying infection for the priming of the immune response. This feedback in the immune priming suggests that nematode infections may be difficult to eliminate.
Attributional Intervention for Depression in Two People with Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Single Case Design
Authors: Wain Helen , Kneebone Ian I. , Cropley Mark
Published: October 2010

Background: Depression is common in those with MS. The hopelessness theory of depression, emphasizing the role of attributional style, is supported in this population. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) that can affect attributional style can reduce depression in people who have MS. Aims: The present study aimed to consider whether changing attributional style would reduce depression in two people with MS, thereby supporting the importance of this component of CBT with this population. Method: Two female participants with MS were offered a 5-session intervention designed to alter attributional style. The study followed an ABA design. Attributional style and depressive symptoms were the principal measures considered. Negative life events and MS related stresses were also monitored. Results: The intervention appeared effective for one of the participants, with predicted changes in attributional style and sizeable reductions in depressive symptoms from pre- to post-treatment that were sustained at 3-month follow-up. Improvement was still evident at 6 months, although with some reduction of effect. The intervention was less successful for the other participant who declined further treatment after three sessions. Conclusions: Some support for the hopelessness theory of depression was found, indicating its relevance to CBT interventions for those who have MS and depression.
Everyday memory: Self-perception and structural brain correlates in a healthy elderly population
Authors: BJØRNEBEKK ASTRID , WESTLYE LARS T. , WALHOVD KRISTINE B. , FJELL ANDERS M.
Published: October 2010

Mapping the cerebral structural correlates of age-related cognitive decline is a growing area of research. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between healthy elderly’s perceived memory functioning in daily life, neuropsychological test performance on a standardized test on verbal memory, and cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in brain regions implicated in memory networks, including the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Eighty-three healthy and cognitively well-functioning volunteers aged 60–85 years underwent MRI scans, Everyday Memory Questionnaire (EMQ), and neuropsychological assessment. Both self-perceived memory in daily life related to attention and executive functions and an objective measure of verbal recall (CVLT) were, independently, associated with thickness of the left MTL. The two cognitive variables were uncorrelated, and including both measures in the model nearly doubled the amount of explained variance on MTL thickness. This suggests that measures of perceived everyday memory might substantially inform and supplement studies investigating the relationships between neuropsychological test performance and brain morphology. The results are consistent with a bigger-is-better relationship in the MTL and suggest that EMQ and neuropsychological test performance have detectable and comparable structural correlates in a region critically involved in memory functions in the well-functioning elderly. (JINS, 2010, 16, 1115–1126.)
Retrieval practice: A simple strategy for improving memory after traumatic brain injury
Authors: SUMOWSKI JAMES F. , WOOD HALI G. , CHIARAVALLOTI NANCY , WYLIE GLENN R. , LENGENFELDER JEANNIE , DELUCA JOHN
Published: October 2010

Memory impairment is common following traumatic brain injury (TBI), but interventions to improve memory in persons with TBI have been ineffective. Retrieval practice is a robust memory strategy among healthy undergraduates, whereby practice retrieving information shortly after it is presented leads to better delayed recall than simple restudy. In a verbal paired associate paradigm, we investigated the effect of retrieval practice relative to massed and spaced restudy on delayed recall in 14 persons with chronic memory impairment following a TBI and 14 age-matched healthy controls. A significant learning condition (massed restudy, spaced restudy, retrieval practice) by group (TBI, healthy) interaction emerged, whereby only healthy controls benefited from spaced restudy (i.e., distributed learning) over massed restudy, but both groups greatly benefited from retrieval practice over massed and spaced restudy. That is, retrieval practice greatly improves memory in persons with TBI, even when other mnemonic strategies (e.g., distributed learning) are less effective. (JINS, 2010, 16, 1147–1150.)
Colocalization Analysis in Fluorescence Micrographs: Verification of a More Accurate Calculation of Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
Authors: Barlow Andrew L. , MacLeod Alasdair , Noppen Samuel , Sanderson Jeremy , Guérin Christopher J.
Published: October 2010

One of the most routine uses of fluorescence microscopy is colocalization, i.e., the demonstration of a relationship between pairs of biological molecules. Frequently this is presented simplistically by the use of overlays of red and green images, with areas of yellow indicating colocalization of the molecules. Colocalization data are rarely quantified and can be misleading. Our results from both synthetic and biological datasets demonstrate that the generation of Pearson's correlation coefficient between pairs of images can overestimate positive correlation and fail to demonstrate negative correlation. We have demonstrated that the calculation of a thresholded Pearson's correlation coefficient using only intensity values over a determined threshold in both channels produces numerical values that more accurately describe both synthetic datasets and biological examples. Its use will bring clarity and accuracy to colocalization studies using fluorescent microscopy.
Sequence of rifting in Afar, Manda‐Hararo rift, Ethiopia, 2005–2009: Time‐space evolution and interactions between dikes from interferometric synthetic aperture radar and static stress change modeling
Authors: Grandin R. , Socquet A. , Jacques E. , Mazzoni N. , de Chabalier J.‐B. , King G. C. P.
Published: October 2010

Thirteen dike intrusions in the Manda Hararo rift, Afar (Ethiopia), from September 2005 to June 2009, studied using an extensive interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data set, provide insight into the mechanics of a major active rift. Kinematic inversions of InSAR data reveal that dikes opened by 0.8–3.5 m at an average 5 km depth, with volumes of 0.04–0.2 km3 (with up to 12 m opening and a volume greater than 1 km3 for the September 2005 megadike). Dikes have their source in a midsegment magma reservoir, which induces a local shallowing of the brittle‐ductile boundary, presumably due to thermal weakening of the lithosphere. The smaller dikes in 2006–2009 were emplaced in regions of minimum opening of the September 2005 megadike, above the central magma reservoir. In contrast, the most voluminous dike intrusions in 2006–2009 occurred near the locus of the peak of maximum opening of the September 2005 megadike, ∼10 km north of the magma source. This may suggest that tension on the plate boundary was highest there, both prior to 2005 and possibly also after 2005. Evolution and distribution of normal stress on the plate boundary throughout the rifting episode may indicate that tension near to the magma reservoir is lower than toward segment ends. Average relief of normal stresses of tectonic origin coeval to dike intrusions is comparable with shear stress drops for earthquakes, presumably because dikes in the Manda Hararo rift are intruded at low magma pressure and high tectonic stress.
On the relations between fracture energy and physical observables in dynamic earthquake models
Authors: Bizzarri Andrea
Published: October 2010

We explore the relationships between the fracture energy density (EG) and the key parameters characterizing earthquake sources, such as the rupture velocity (vr), the total fault slip (utot), and the dynamic stress drop (Δτd). We perform several numerical experiments of three‐dimensional, spontaneous, fully dynamic ruptures developing on planar faults of finite width, obeying different governing laws and accounting for both homogeneous and heterogeneous friction. Our results indicate that EG behaves differently, depending on the adopted governing law and mainly on the rupture mode (pulselike or cracklike, sub‐ or supershear regime). Subshear, homogeneous ruptures show a general agreement with the theoretical prediction of EG ∝ , but for ruptures that accelerate up to supershear speeds it is difficult to infer a clear dependence of fracture energy density on rupture speed, especially in heterogeneous configurations. We see that slip pulses noticeably agree with the theoretical prediction of EG ∝ utot2, contrarily to cracklike solutions, both sub‐ and supershear and both homogeneous and heterogeneous, which is in agreement with seismological inferences, showing a scaling exponent roughly equal to 1. We also found that the proportionality between EG and Δτd2, expected from theoretical predictions, is somehow verified only in the case of subshear, homogeneous ruptures with RD law. Our spontaneous rupture models confirm that the total fracture energy (the integral of EG over the whole fault surface) has a power law dependence on the seismic moment, with an exponent nearly equal to 1.13, in general agreement with kinematic inferences of previous studies. Overall, our results support the idea that EG should not be regarded as an intrinsic material property.
Wetland‐estuarine‐shelf interactions in the Plum Island Sound and Merrimack River in the Massachusetts coast
Authors: Zhao Liuzhi , Chen Changsheng , Vallino Joe , Hopkinson Charles , Beardsley Robert C. , Lin Huichan , Lerczak Jim
Published: October 2010

Wetland‐estuarine‐shelf interaction processes in the Plum Island Sound and Merrimack River system in the Massachusetts coast are examined using the high‐resolution unstructured grid, finite volume, primitive equations, coastal ocean model. The computational domain covers the estuarine and entire intertidal area with a horizontal resolution of 10–200 m. Driven by five tidal constituents forcing at the open boundary on the inner shelf of the eastern coast of the Gulf of Maine, the model has successfully simulated the 3‐D flooding/drying process, temporal variability, and spatial distribution of salinity as well as the water exchange flux through the water passage between the Plum Island Sound and Merrimack River. The model predicts a complex recirculation loop around the Merrimack River, shelf, and Plum Island Sound. During the ebb tide, salt water in the Plum Island Sound is injected into the Merrimack River, while during flood tide, a significant amount of the freshwater in the Merrimack River is forced into Plum Island Sound. This water exchange varies with the magnitude of freshwater discharge and wind conditions, with a maximum contribution of ∼30%–40% variability in salinity over tidal cycles in the mouth of the Merrimack River. Nonlinear tidal rectification results in a complex clockwise residual recirculation loop around the Merrimack River, shelf, and Plum Island Sound. The net water flux from Plum Island Sound to the Merrimack River varies with the interaction between tide, river discharge, and wind forcing. This interaction, in turn, affects the salt transport from this system to the shelf. Since the resulting water transport into the shelf significantly varies with the variability of the wind, models that fail to resolve this complex estuarine and shelf system could either overestimate or underestimate the salt content over the shelf.
Analysis of ground temperature trends in Alpine permafrost using generalized least squares
Authors: Zenklusen Mutter Evelyn , Blanchet Juliette , Phillips Marcia
Published: October 2010

Warming air temperatures induce ground warming and can therefore lead to permafrost degradation, which in turn may produce rock fall, debris flows, or cause serious problems for infrastructure stability. In the last two decades, many boreholes for thermal permafrost monitoring have been drilled in Alpine regions. Factors such as snow or scree cover, hydrology, or topography strongly affect the ground thermal regime and make trend estimation very difficult. Furthermore, ground temperature series exhibit a pronounced annual cycle and are strongly temporally correlated. For the sake of simplicity, often only annual values are analyzed for trend estimation, which is usually not robust for short measurement periods. This study intends to model time series with annual cycles and a daily database. A family of nine different models for trend estimation is proposed. The models are able to fit both overall trends and trends in the annual cycle amplitudes and therefore allow more robust and accurate trend estimation than when annual values only are used. Evaluation and comparison of the models is demonstrated using short‐range (less than two decades, 1996–2008) permafrost temperature series from two adjacent boreholes in the Muot da Barba Peider ridge (Eastern Swiss Alps). The results suggest an increase in cycle amplitudes for near‐surface coarse‐blocky ground layers and an overall warming trend for deeper bedrock layers where the annual cycles are less pronounced.
Drag force on a sediment particle from point velocity measurements: A spectral approach
Authors: Dwivedi Ambuj , Melville Bruce W. , Shamseldin Asaad Y. , Guha Tushar K.
Published: October 2010

Drag on a bed sediment particle was measured using a force sensor in a laboratory flume. The applied flow velocity was also measured using particle image velocimetry. A quasi‐steady spectral model is proposed to predict the spectra of drag force on the particle using point velocity data. The quantity CDA (where CD and A are the coefficient of drag and exposed area of the particle, respectively), which was determined experimentally, is used in the model owing to practical limitations in estimating appropriate values of the individual quantities (CD and A). The predicted spectrum is found to closely match the measured force spectrum up to 1 Hz, indicating the important role of low‐frequency streamwise velocity fluctuations in generating quasi‐steady drag force on the particle. The model highlights the significance of increased nonlinearity due to higher‐order streamwise velocity fluctuations beyond 10 Hz. However, the nonlinearity due to shedding of vortices at higher frequencies is accounted for by coupling the model with an admittance function based on the exposure of the particle. The coupled model is found to perform satisfactorily for all exposures, except when the particle is flushed with the bed. The limitation of the quasi‐steady model at lower exposures is also supported by poor correlation between the measured velocity and force time histories.
An olden but golden EISCAT observation of a quiet‐time ionospheric trough
Authors: Voiculescu M. , Nygrén T. , Aikio A. , Kuula R.
Published: October 2010

Incoherent scatter measurements were carried out on 9 November 1987, showing the presence of an ionospheric trough in the F region. The experiment was made using the EISCAT UHF radar, and it consisted of an azimuthal scan with constant beam elevation and a meridional scan. Since the radar rotates with the Earth, beams with different directions from subsequent scans meet in the same MLT‐ CGMLat pixel in nonrotating frame. If the ionosphere is not too variable, these can be combined to give an average value of electron density and ion/electron temperature in each pixel. Furthermore, since different beams passing through the same pixel give different ion velocity components, it is also possible to obtain the velocity vector. The geomagnetic conditions during the observations were quiet enough for assuming a quasi‐stationary ionosphere. It was found that both ion and electron temperatures have minima within the trough region and increase at the poleward wall. Ion velocity measurements, together with a convection model, suggest that the density depletion within the trough is due to recombination of F region plasma convecting for a long time in the dusk convection cell beyond the terminator. The northern edge of the trough is associated with soft particle precipitation. The southern edge is steeper than the northern edge, and is built by sunlit plasma brought to the trough region by corotation. The trough is thus a result of a combination of transport and precipitation processes rather than stagnation.
Role of fault gouge dilatancy on aseismic deformation transients
Authors: Liu Yajing , Rubin Allan M.
Published: October 2010

In the vicinity of episodic aseismic transients in several subduction zones, the presence of interstitial fluids and near‐lithostatic pore pressure has been proposed to interpret seismic observations of high P to S wave speed ratio and high Poisson's ratio. Under such conditions, fault stabilization by dilatancy‐induced suction during increased shear strain rates becomes very efficient. We analyze the frictional and hydraulic conditions for spontaneous transients on a fluid‐infiltrated fault including dilatancy and pore compaction in the framework of rate and state friction with a “membrane diffusion” approximation. In both a simplified spectral model and a 2‐D Cascadia‐like subduction fault model, the fault response is mainly controlled by three nondimensional parameters: (1) W/h*, the along‐dip width of the high pore pressure, velocity‐weakening fault relative to a characteristic nucleation size, (2) a drainage parameter U, the relative time scales for fluid diffusion and friction evolution, and (3) a dilatancy parameter E, the relative contributions to stress drop from dilatancy and friction evolution. The incorporation of dilatancy enables aseismic transients at much larger values of W/h* than is possible under conditions of constant pore pressure. An analytic estimate of the maximum slip velocity as a function of W/h*, E, and U is derived and agrees reasonably well with the simulation results. The dependence of the properties of modeled transients on the drainage parameter U is similar to that on the dilatancy parameter E. For U (E) less than 1, maximum velocity decreases, while recurrence period remains relatively constant. For U (E) greater than 1, maximum velocity approaches the steady state velocity, and recurrence period approaches the period at neutral stability. In the subduction fault model using gabbro gouge friction properties, the slip per episode and the recurrence period increase with W/h*, generally following the trend defined without dilatancy. The maximum velocity with dilatancy can be several orders of magnitude smaller than that without, in particular for larger values of E and values of W/h* near the no‐dilatancy stability limit.
Geophysical implications of the long‐wavelength topography of Rhea
Authors: Nimmo F. , Bills B. G. , Thomas P. C. , Asmar S. W.
Published: October 2010

We use limb profiles to investigate the long‐wavelength topography and topographic variance spectrum of Rhea. One‐dimensional variance spectra show a break in slope at a wavelength of ≈300 km; a similar effect is seen on the Moon and may be a signature of an elastic lithosphere having a thickness Te ≈ 10 km. The implied heat flux is ∼15 mW m−2, much higher than can be explained by radiogenic heating. We use the 1‐D spectral behavior to constrain our solution for the long‐wavelength global topography of Rhea. The degree 3 topography is large enough, if uncompensated, to contaminate estimates of the degree 2 gravity using existing flyby data. Current models of Rhea internal structures which rely on these degree 2 estimates may thus be inaccurate, illustrating the need to acquire further Rhea gravity data.
Crater floor polygons: Desiccation patterns of ancient lakes on Mars?
Authors: El Maarry M. R. , Markiewicz W. J. , Mellon M. T. , Goetz W. , Dohm J. M. , Pack A.
Published: October 2010

Global mapping of intermediate‐size (100–200 m) polygonal troughs occurring mainly in impact crater floors was carried out using high‐resolution images from spacecraft currently orbiting Mars. Earlier works have classified these polygonal networks as periglacial features on account of their apparent occurrence at higher latitudes and morphological similarities to thermal contraction polygons (TCPs). Crater floor polygons (CFPs) have diameters ranging from 15 to 350 m. They morphologically resemble terrestrial TCPs and desiccation cracks. Their size distribution, however, is significantly different from that of TCPs that are ubiquitous in the high latitudes. An analytical model based on fracture mechanics reveals that under current climatic conditions, the maximum fracture spacing attainable by thermal stresses alone is 75 m at the most. More reasonable values fall within 18 and 22 m, which is the range for TCPs on Mars. As a result, we propose desiccation to be a dominant mechanism for the formation of CFPs without ruling out thermal contraction as a possible contributor in some cases. This implies that lakes or water‐rich sediments occupied the craters in the past. Many such aqueous environments have no apparent external source of water, and thus, hydrothermal processes occurring shortly after the impact event may be viable explanations for the observed evidence. The association of features, which correspond to terrestrial lakes such as sedimentary deposits, mounds, and shorelines, corroborates lake formation and their eventual desiccation to form CFPs. The variation of CFP sizes with location can be indicative of different hydrologic environments.
Duration of untreated psychosis and response in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Chong S. A. , Subramaniam M. , Verma S. , Chan Y‐H.
Published: October 2010

Objective  It is suggested that the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is directly correlated to the outcome of the illness. This study examines the effect of DUP on the acute response of patients with first‐episode psychosis.

Method  In this naturalistic study, 55 Asian patients with first‐episode psychosis were assessed weekly for 6 weeks on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Simpson–Angus Rating Scale, Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. Clinical response was defined as a 20% or greater reduction in PANSS from baseline.

Results  After 6 weeks, the response rate was 67% (n=37). The responders had a mean DUP of 14.7 ± 20.2 months and a median of 6 months. This was significantly shorter when compared to the mean DUP 37.3 (SD=32.7) months, median of 36 months of the nonresponders (Mann–Whitney U‐test, P=0.37). There was no significant difference in the mean daily dose of antipsychotics, themean Simpson–Angus Scale, the Barnes Akathisia Scale and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale scores between the responders and nonresponders.

Conclusions  The study results suggest that DUP is a predictor of acute response in first episode psychosis.
Effectiveness and tolerability of risperidone in Asian patients with first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Verma S. , Chong S. A. , Subramaniam M. , Chan Y. H.
Published: October 2010

Objectives  To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of risperidone in Asian patients with first‐episode psychosis and to examine correlates of response in a naturalistic study.

Method  Patients with first‐episode psychosis were evaluated at baseline and weekly for 6 weeks with the Positive and Negative Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS), Simpson–Angus Rating Scale (SARS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS), Rating Scale for Side‐effects (RSSE), and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS).

Results  42 patients with a mean age of 24.85 ± 9.68 years and mean duration of untreated illness of 11.91 ± 22.04 months were recruited. The mean dose of risperidone was 1.82 ± 0.77 mg. The mean reduction in PANSS score was from 67.97 ± 20.02 at baseline to 42.53 ± 14.08 at week 6 (P < 0.005). The incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms was 9.5% and akathisia was 7.1%. 45.2% of patients showed more than or equal 40% reduction in the PANSS score (responders). When responders were compared to nonresponders, the responders had a significantly higher total and positive PANSS score at baseline.

Conclusion  Risperidone is an effective and safe antipsychotic in first‐episode psychosis.
Evaluation of EIP services in New Zealand: what works?
Authors: Turner M.
Published: October 2010

With the proliferation of EIP services in New Zealand (NZ) a concerted effort has been made to establish national guidelines for their evaluation. A review of the available literature and consultation with a range of providers led to the identification of the core elements of EI services in the NZ context. Further consultation lead to the development of a minimum number of outcome measures that have been recommended for use in NZ EI services. During the development of these guidelines a critical aspect to be considered was the need for cultural issues to be considered in treatment, and evaluation, for Maori and Pacific Peoples. A brief summary of current research in EI in NZ will be presented, followed by the identified core elements of service and the proposed routine outcome assessment strategy that may practically be used by NZ services.
Home intervention for psychosis (HIP): mobile in a multicultural society
Authors: Doan R. , Collins A. , Sylvestre J. , Furimsky I. , Zipursky R.
Published: October 2010

H.I.P. is a new mobile assessment and initial treatment team for individuals diagnosed with their first episode of psychosis. This presentation describes critical issues that were addressed in starting this home‐based team in a complex multicultural and multiagency North American environment. These include the development of a funding base, the competing goals of primary and secondary prevention of psychosis, the relationship of the mobile team to existing inpatient and clinic‐based first episode services, the training of staff, the development of a philosophy of care (case management vs. shared caseload), the marketing of the mobile team to other service providers andmulticultural agencies, and the development of quality improvement indicators. A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of H.I.P. vs. clinic‐based services has received funding and will be initiated this year. Data regarding referral sources, appropriateness of referrals, length of stay, client disposition, intensity of treatment, and location of treatment contacts will be used to illustrate how H.I.P. has addressed the critical issues mentioned above.
Development of an early intervention service within a diverse inner city area
Authors: Fisher H. , Singh S. P. , Wijetunge A.
Published: October 2010

Within the UK, it is envisaged that Early Intervention Services will be developed nation‐wide by 2004 and these are expected to adhere to a strict model of service structure and provision. This uniform approach seems to lack the flexibility required to cater for local needs. Therefore, it would appear more appropriate to develop Early Intervention Services based on assessments of first‐episode psychosis (FEP) within the context of the local mental health economy and current service provision. A survey of FEP cases within South and West London revealed that existing mental health services were unable to adequately provide specialist care to this client group. As a result, it was decided to set up a tertiary service to provide comprehensive care to FEP patients based within the community. This package comprises assertive engagement, intensive keyworker support, atypical antipsychotics, psychosocial interventions, specialist psychological treatments, occupational therapy and educational/vocational rehabilitation. An ongoing evaluation of this specially tailored service is being conducted, focussing on patient characteristics, pathways to care, service delivery, patient outcomes and patient, carer and referrer satisfaction.
Genetic‐epidemiological study of schizophrenia with the beginning in the young age
Authors: Gutkevitch E.
Published: October 2010

The aim of investigation was the study of factors spreading in population and families of schizophrenia with consideration the age to the moment of manifestation. There were studied 476 schizophrenia disordered persons, included in Tomsk epidemiological register (ER) of schizophrenia. The age to the moment of manifestation of schizophrenia was registered in the age of disordered persons by the moment of the beginning psychotical displays of disorders. The disease began in the interval from 15 to 60 years.

In the population is spreading mostly schizophrenia with the age of manifestation from 15 to 45 years: from 5.2 disordered persons in the age of 15–19‐year‐old‐to 2.4 disordered persons in the age of 40–44‐year‐old‐on a 10 000 of whole population. The most intensive indicator was noted in the age of 20–24 years old – 6.5 disordered persons on a 10 000 of population.

There were shared two groups ofdisordered persons: with the beginning of disorder in the age of 15–24 years old (young age) – 196 disordered persons, in the age of 25–44 years old (mature age) – 254 disordered persons. Different clinical forms described these groups and specialties of display the schizophrenia diseases.

There were studied 332 families of disordered persons ER. The relatives of fist degree of probands with the beginning of disease in young age were ill with schizophrenia two times more, then relatives of probands with the beginning of disease in mature age (3.5 and 1.8%, correspondingly). Analysis of multifactorial threshold model (MFT) showed that a whole contribution of genetic factors – additive genetic component – by the beginning of schizophrenia in 15–24‐year‐old‐was 62.1%, residual environmental factors was 31.4%. Single major locus model (SML) revealed, that the probability of appearing disease in the age of 15–24 years old (p1) of mutant homozygotes AA is equal to 33%. In time less displayed pathological phenotype of heterozygotes they Aa (p2=2,3%). The majority of schizophrenia disordered persons in young age (72.6%) are heterozygotes, homozygotes are 27.4%. In the young age are ill schizophrenia homozygotes carrier of pathological genotype with increased genetically predisposition and increased probability its display more often.