bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proof nets and explicit substitutions
Authors: DI COSMO ROBERTO , KESNER DELIA , POLONOVSKI EMMANUEL
Published: May 2003

We refine the simulation technique introduced in Di Cosmo and Kesner (1997) to show strong
normalisation of $\l$-calculi with explicit substitutions via termination of cut elimination in proof nets (Girard 1987). We first propose a notion of equivalence relation for proof nets that extends the one in Di Cosmo and Guerrini (1999), and show that cut elimination modulo this equivalence relation is terminating. We then show strong normalisation of the typed version of the $\ll$-calculus with de Bruijn indices (a calculus with full composition defined in David and Guillaume (1999)) using a translation from typed $\ll$ to proof nets. Finally, we propose a version of typed $\ll$ with named variables, which helps to give a better understanding of the complex mechanism of the explicit weakening notation introduced in the $\ll$-calculus with de Bruijn indices (David and Guillaume 1999).
THE APPLICATION OF PROTEOMICS TO FETAL AND MATERNAL MEDICINE
Authors: DE WIT NCJ , VATISH M , HECK AJR , THORNTON S
Published: May 2003

Proteomics is a new field of research. It has developed rapidly in the last five years and is turning more and more into a mature science with relevance to the clinic. The recent elucidation of the human genome sequence has provided a wealth of useful information but does not provide information on diseases caused by changes at the protein level. Proteomics includes the characterisation and functional analysis of all proteins that are expressed by the genome at a certain moment, under certain conditions. Since expression levels of many proteins strongly depend on complex, but well-balanced regulatory systems, the proteome, unlike the genome, is highly dynamic. This variation depends on the biological function of a cell, but also on signals from its environment. In (bio)medical research it has become increasingly apparent that cellular processes, in particular in disease, are determined by multiple proteins. Hence it is important not to focus on one single gene product (one protein), but to study the complete set of gene products (the proteome). In this way the multi-factorial relations underlying certain diseases may be unravelled potentially identifying therapeutical targets. For many diseases characterisation of the functional proteome is crucial for elucidating alterations in protein expression and modifications. When proteins undergo non-genetically determined alterations such as alternative splicing, or post-translational modifications, e.g. phosphorylation or glycosylation, it may effect their function. Although abnormalities in splicing or post-translational modifications can cause a disease process, they can also be a consequence. An example is that patients with diabetes have a high blood glucose which glycosylates hundreds or even thousands of proteins, including HbA1c which is used to monitor diabetic control.
Science and science television in the changing world of global communication
Authors: MARKL HUBERT
Published: May 2003

Good science and good journalism have much in common. They both aim for knowledge generation and knowledge dissemination for the benefit of societies – at least at their best. However, beyond this common ground, there is much room for difference and conflict. In this paper I will draw up an admittedly personal list of ten obvious areas of annoyance about how the media present the results of scientific research – of course, only some of the media and only sometimes! These areas of annoyance all derive from the relentless pressure on all media competing in the marketplace to catch the attention of their customers. However, while listing these ‘sins’, as it were, one readily notices that exactly the same may also be the major strengths of how science can be publicized in the media, and above all in TV, the most powerful of the media in our changing world of global communication. Science reporting will have to change and actively face these challenges. It needs to focus future science presentation in new directions, e.g. by making use of the emotional public appeal connected with science fiction, scandals, public hysteria and the arts. What is most important now and in the future is that whatever is presented about the scientific understanding of the world, should be presented in a way that makes such enlightened understanding accessible, above all, to young – and even very young – people. After all, it is they who are humanity's future and not the ageing war-horses of the sciences or of the media.
Focus: China, tradition and modernity Introduction
Authors: FOKKEMA DOUWE
Published: May 2003

This Introduction was written in November 2002, when the 16th Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was being held where more than 2000 delegates (representing 66 million Party members) decided on future policies and changes in the leadership. The way these decisions were prepared and endorsed reminds us how China differs from Western democracies. However, apart from the political structures, to what extent is China different?

The following five essays, all written by Chinese scholars, allow us a glimpse into contemporary Chinese culture through informative reports on philosophy, cultural studies, fiction, gender construction and women's poetry, and traditional Chinese medicine. Of course, these articles are far from covering all aspects, or even all major aspects, of Chinese culture, yet they offer us views of specific areas by experts who, from their insiders' vantage points, lead us into the heart of the intellectual debate in contemporary China.

Although the authors of these essays, with few exceptions, hesitate to generalize on present conditions and possible future scenarios, their arguments have something in common and suggest, perhaps unknowingly, important clues for understanding Chinese culture. When reading these essays, I am struck by the following, recurrent aspects.
The river fans out: Chinese fiction since the late 1970s
Authors: ZHAO HENRY Y. H.
Published: May 2003

The 25 years of the post-Mao era of Chinese fiction is divided into two distinct stages: the pre-1989 period, and the post-1989 period. If this division is true about almost everything else in China, it is especially true with literature. This is because literature had been used as a lethal weapon for political struggle by Mao before and during his regime, and this tradition, though strongly challenged in the post-Mao era, still lingers, though in very different forms now and much watered down. Even the recent trends of art for art's sake, or for the sake of entertainment, or for the sake of religious consciousness, could also be read as political gestures, and are indeed treated as such by Chinese literary officialdom, and also by Western China experts. Despite the fact that Chinese fiction has been highly politicized, this paper will examine, as much as possible, the development of fiction as an art. Only the artistic quality can support my argument that recent novels from China deserve not only more scholarly attention but also more reader appreciation than they have hitherto received around the world.
Climatic variability and the evolution of insect freeze tolerance
Authors: SINCLAIR BRENT J. , ADDO‐BEDIAKO A. , CHOWN STEVEN L.
Published: May 2003

Insects may survive subzero temperatures by two general strategies: Freeze‐tolerant insects withstand the formation of internal ice, while freeze‐avoiding insects die upon freezing. While it is widely recognized that these represent alternative strategies to survive low temperatures, and mechanistic understanding of the physical and molecular process of cold tolerance are becoming well elucidated, the reasons why one strategy or the other is adopted remain unclear. Freeze avoidance is clearly basal within the arthropod lineages, and it seems that freeze tolerance has evolved convergently at least six times among the insects (in the Blattaria, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera). Of the pterygote insect species whose cold‐tolerance strategy has been reported in the literature, 29% (69 of 241 species studied) of those in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas 85%(11 of 13 species) in the Southern Hemisphere exhibit freeze tolerance. A randomization test indicates that this predominance of freeze tolerance in the Southern Hemisphere is too great to be due to chance, and there is no evidence of a recent publication bias in favour of new reports of freeze‐tolerant species. We conclude from this that the specific nature of cold insect habitats in the Southern Hemisphere, which are characterized by oceanic influence and climate variability must lead to strong selection in favour of freeze tolerance in this hemisphere. We envisage two main scenarios where it would prove advantageous for insects to be freeze tolerant. In the first, characteristic of cold continental habitats of the Northern Hemisphere, freeze tolerance allows insects to survive very low temperatures for long periods of time, and to avoid desiccation. These responses tend to be strongly seasonal, and insects in these habitats are only freeze tolerant for the overwintering period. By contrast, in mild and unpredictable environments, characteristic of habitats influenced by the Southern Ocean, freeze tolerance allows insects which habitually have ice nucleators in their guts to survive summer cold snaps, and to take advantage of mild winter periods without the need for extensive seasonal cold hardening. Thus, we conclude that the climates of the two hemispheres have led to the parallel evolution of freeze tolerance for very different reasons, and that this hemispheric difference is symptomatic of many wide‐scale disparities in Northern and Southern ecological processes.
Investigating complex organic compounds in a simulated Mars environment
Authors: ten Kate I.L. , Ruiterkamp R. , Botta O. , Lehmann B. , Hernandez C. Gomez , Boudin N. , Foing B.H. , Ehrenfreund P.
Published: May 2003

The search for organic molecules and traces of life on Mars has been a major topic in planetary science for several decades. 26 years ago Viking, a mission dedicated to the search for life on Mars, detected no traces of life. The search for extinct or extant life on Mars is the future perspective of several missions to the red planet, for example Beagle 2, the lander of the Mars Express mission. In order to determine what those missions should be looking for, laboratory experiments under simulated Mars conditions are crucial. This review paper describes ongoing experiments that are being performed in support of future Mars spacecraft missions. Besides the description of the experiments, the experimental hardware and set-up, this paper also gives the scientific rationale behind those experiments. The historical background of the search for life on Mars is outlined, followed by a description of the Viking Lander biology and molecular analysis experiments and their results, as well as a summary of possible reasons why no organic compounds have been detected. A section concerning organic compounds in space and related experiments discusses the organic molecules we will use in simulation experiments. The set-up is discussed briefly in the following section. We conclude with an overview of future missions, stressing the relation between these missions and our laboratory experiments. The research described in this article has been developed as part of a Mars Express Recognized Cooperating Laboratory (RCL), and for planned future Mars missions such as the PASTEUR lander.
Heterotrophic microbial colonization of the interior of impact-shocked rocks from Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Fike David A. , Cockell Charles , Pearce David , Lee Pascal
Published: May 2003

The polar desert is one of the most extreme environments on Earth. Endolithic organisms can escape or mitigate the hazards of the polar desert by using the resources available in the interior of rocks. We examined endolithic communities within crystalline rocks that have undergone shock metamorphism as a result of an asteroid or comet impact. Specifically, we present a characterization of the heterotrophic endolithic community and its environment in the interior of impact-shocked gneisses and their host polymict breccia from the Haughton impact structure on Devon Island, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic. Microbiological colonization of impact-shocked rocks is facilitated by impact-induced fissures and cavities, which occur throughout the samples, the walls of which are lined with high abundances of biologically important elements owing to the partial volatilization of minerals within the rock during the impact. 27 heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from these shocked rocks and were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. The isolates from the shocked gneiss and the host breccia are similar to each other, and to other heterotrophic communities isolated from polar environments, suggesting that the interiors of the rocks are colonized by microorganisms from the surrounding country rocks and soils. Inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were used to identify the chemical composition of the shocked materials and to document the in situ growth of microbes in their interiors. The identification of these heterotrophic communities within impact-shocked crystalline rocks extends our knowledge of the habitable biosphere on Earth. The colonization of the interiors of these samples has astrobiological applications both for considering terrestrial, microbiological contamination of meteorites from the Antarctic ice sheet and for investigating possible habitats for microbial organisms on the early Earth, and more speculatively, on Mars and other planetary bodies.
Photosynthesis below the surface in a cryptic microbial mat
Authors: Rothschild Lynn J. , Giver Lorraine J.
Published: May 2003

The discovery of subsurface communities has encouraged speculation that such communities might be present on planetary bodies exposed to harsh surface conditions, including the early Earth. While the astrobiology community has focused on the deep subsurface, near-subsurface environments are unique in that they provide some protection while allowing partial access to photosynthetically active radiation. Previously we identified near-surface microbial communities based on photosynthesis. Here we assess the productivity of such an ecosystem by measuring in situ carbon fixation rates in an intertidal marine beach through a diurnal cycle, and find them surprisingly productive. Gross fixation along a transect (99×1 m) perpendicular to the shore was highly variable and depended on factors such as moisture and mat type, with a mean of ~41 mg C fixed m−2 day−1. In contrast, an adjacent well-established cyanobacterial mat dominated by Lyngbya aestuarii was ~12 times as productive (~500 mg C fixed m−2 day−1). Measurements made of the Lyngbya mat at several times per year revealed a correlation between total hours of daylight and gross daily production. From these data, annual gross fixation was estimated for the Lyngbya mat and yielded a value of ~1.3×105 g m−2 yr−1. An analysis of pulse-chase data obtained in the study in conjunction with published literature on similar ecosystems suggests that subsurface interstitial mats may be an overlooked endogenous source of organic carbon, mostly in the form of excreted fixed carbon.
Older Men, Social Integration and Organisational Activities
Authors: Davidson Kate , Daly Tom , Arber Sara
Published: May 2003

This article investigates the influence of partnership status on older men's involvement in social organisations, drawing on qualitative research. Men are found to be highly resistant to participation in organisations that cater primarily for the needs of older people. Older divorced and never-married men are more susceptible to social isolation and poor health than married men. This could be ameliorated by membership of such establishments, yet their resistance is the greatest. Policy implications focus on identifying and responding to appropriate provision of organisational and communal activities for ageing men, particularly those who spend their later years without a partner.
Leaving It Be: The 2002 US Debate on Welfare Reform
Authors: Walker Robert , Wiseman Michael
Published: May 2003

The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act required reauthorisation by September 30, 2002. This article describes and explains the political machinations that meant that as of November 2002, this had not occurred. Copious research fed the consensus that the 1996 reforms had been a success and, in the context of a muted debate that lacked vision, political expediency ruled the day. While minor deficiencies of the system may be tackled in 2003, for the most part the major weaknesses will probably endure.
Introduction: Reforming US Welfare Again and Again
Authors: Walker Robert , Wiseman Michael
Published: May 2003

In 1996, the USA became the first major democracy to eliminate individual entitlement to the social safety net. The reforms introduced in the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act are briefly outlined in this editorial article, which, drawing on the papers assembled in this themed section, considers the consequences of the legislation, both positive and negative, and seeks to explain why the new policy regime seems likely to prove resilient.
US Welfare Reform: The Institutional Dimension
Authors: Mead Lawrence M.
Published: May 2003

Making a success of welfare reform has as much to do with implementation as with policy design. The experience in Wisconsin and New York generalises too much of the US, with states divided into those successfully implementing work-based reform, those incapacitated by partisan divisions and those that have never seriously framed welfare policy. Three decisions are key: the degree of toughness, the amount of programme integration; and the locus of administrative control which are shaped by long standing differences in political culture, moralistic, individualistic and traditionalistic. States adopting a moralistic approach to policy administration generally achieve most success.
Social Policy and the Macro-Economy: What Drives Welfare Caseloads in the US?
Authors: Ziliak James P.
Published: May 2003

This article sifts the evidence to explain why welfare caseloads have fallen so markedly in the US since 1993. In particular, it seeks to explain the discrepancy between studies that identify welfare reform as the principal explanatory factor and those that emphasise the buoyant economy. Analyses that prioritise welfare are shown to be mis-specified while a comparative analysis of all 51 states shows a strong link between welfare trends and macroeconomic performance. The expansion of Earned Income Tax Credit has also contributed to the fall in welfare caseloads.
Computer- vs. Papier-Bleistiftvorgabe: Äquivalenzstudie zum nonverbalen Lerntest (NVLT)
Authors: Kindsvater Sabine , Sturm Walter
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung: Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Äquivalenz von Papier- und Bleistift- und Computerversion des Nonverbalen Lerntests (NVLT). An einer Stichprobe von 98 Probanden konnte gezeigt werden, dass in der Computerversion im Mittel 3.91 mehr falsch positive Antworten gegeben wurden als in der Papierversion. Ein Einfluss der Faktoren ‘Einstellung zum Computer’ und ‘Computervorerfahrung’, sowie des Alters, der Bildung und des Geschlechts auf das Ergebnis konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Zusätzlich wurden die Reihenfolge der Darbietung und die objektiven Ergebnisse mit der subjektiven Wahrnehmung der Schwierigkeit der Testdarbietungsvarianten und der subjektiven Einschätzung der eigenen Leistung in Beziehung gesetzt. Hier konnten ebenfalls keine überzufälligen Zusammenhänge gefunden werden.
Dissoziation der Wirkung von kontraläsionalem Handeinsatz bei visuellem Neglect im nahen und fernen Raum
Authors: Klos Thomas , Geggus Sandra , Kohl Detlev , von Stockert Theodor R.
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung: Ein Patient (S.W.) und eine Patientin (M.E.) mit intracerebraler Blutung in der rechten Hemisphäre und hemispatialem Neglect führten Linienhalbierung im nahen und fernen Raum mit der rechten und linken Hand durch. S.W. zeigte im Greifraum Verbesserungen bei Einsatz der kontraläsionalen Hand. Dieser Effekt war fehlend bis gegenläufig im extrapersonalen Raum. M.E. zeigte nur extrapersonal Verbesserungen unter kontraläsionalem Handeinsatz. Die Ergebnisse konnten mehrfach repliziert werden. Bei beiden Patienten war der Neglect extrapersonal stärker ausgeprägt als peripersonal. Die Dissoziation der Wirkung kontraläsionaler Aktivität auf den Neglect im peripersonalen und extrapersonalen Raum wurde als Hinweis auf differentielle Aufmerksamkeitssysteme interpretiert. Die Ergebnisse stehen im Einklang mit Tiermodellen und PET-Studien an gesunden Personen.
Auswahl einer HAWIK-III-Kurzform für Kinder und Jugendliche mit Epilepsie
Authors: Gleissner U. , von Ondarza G. , Freitag H. , Karlmeier A.
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung: Die Studie untersuchte anhand von theoretischen, statistischen und empirischen Kriterien die Eignung verschiedener bisheriger Kurzformen für den HAWIK-III bei pädiatrischen Patienten mit Epilepsie. Es wurde geprüft, welche Untertests in dieser Klientel den Gesamtwert am besten vorhersagen und welche Untertests bei fokalen Epilepsien das Leistungsprofil am besten kennzeichnen. Ausgewählt wurde schließlich eine Kurzform mit den Untertests “Wortschatz”, “Mosaiktest”, “Bilderordnen”, “Zahlen-Symbol-Test” und “Allgemeines Wissen”, wie sie von Basler 1974 für den HAWIK-R vorgeschlagen wurde. Für diese Kurzform wird über multiple Regression eine Schätzformel aufgestellt und an einer zweiten Stichprobe kreuzvalidiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in den meisten Fällen eine ausreichend exakte Schätzung des Gesamt-IQ durch die Kurzform möglich ist. Wichtige Fehlerquellen (Extremwerte, heterogene Testprofile) werden diskutiert.
Supervision in der Neuropsychologie - Der Beginn einer Diskussion?
Authors: König Herbert
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung: Das Thema “Supervision” scheint in der Klinischen Neuropsychologie unterschätzt. In diesem Beitrag werden daher Einzel-, Team- und Gruppensupervision als unterschiedliche Supervisionsformen vorgestellt und charakterisiert. Supervision bedient sich der Methoden verschiedener psychotherapeutischer Richtungen, wobei ein integrativer Ansatz als lösungsorientiertes Modell für die neuropsychologische Supervision favorisiert wird. Neben den verschiedenen Formen der Supervision werden Anforderungen an Supervisoren diskutiert und die erforderlichen Persönlichkeitsmerkmale ebenso wie deren Rollen im Supervisionsprozess thematisiert. Wesentlich erscheinen fachliche Voraussetzungen sowohl im Bereich der klinischen Neuropsychologie als auch im Bereich der Supervision. Abschließend wird die Bedeutung von Supervision für eine professionelle klinisch-neuropsychologische Berufspraxis betont.
Supervision in der Praxis: Replik zu H. König “Supervision in der Neuropsychologie”
Authors: Vogel Ralf T.
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung: Dieser Beitrag will den Artikel von H. König in dieser Ausgabe zur Bedeutung der Supervision in der Neuropsychologie in einigen Punkten ergänzen, in anderen Punkten aber auch eine alternative Sichtweise auf das breite Themengebiet der Supervision in psychosozialen und medizinischen Kontexten entwickeln.
Faustlos: Evaluation eines Curriculums zur Förderung sozial-emotionaler Kompetenzen und zur Gewaltprävention in der Grundschule
Authors: Schick Andreas , Cierpka Manfred
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. Kinder mit guten Fähigkeiten in der Konfliktlösung greifen in heftigen Auseinandersetzungen mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit nicht zur Gewalt, weil sie ihr Selbstwertgefühl nicht auf Kosten von anderen stabilisieren müssen. Das Fördern von sozial-emotionalen Kompetenzen bei Kindern zur Stärkung ihrer Konfliktfähigkeit hat sich deshalb als ein elementarer Bestandteil in der Gewaltprävention herausgestellt. Im deutschsprachigen Raum liegt mit “Faustlos“ ein differenziert ausgearbeitetes und evaluiertes Curriculum zur Prävention aggressiven Verhaltens für die Grundschule vor. Die in einer Drei-Jahres-Studie im Kontrollgruppen-Design erzielten Evaluationsergebnisse in insgesamt 44 Schulklassen im Heidelberg/Mannheimer Raum zeigen, dass mit “Faustlos“ vor allem auf der emotionalen Ebene positive Entwicklungen von Kindern angestoßen werden können. So wurden durch die “Faustlos“-Lektionen die Ängstlichkeit und die Internalisierungstendenz der unterrichteten Grundschulkinder deutlich reduziert. Dies ergaben sowohl die Befragungen der Kinder als auch die der Eltern. Die CBCL-Einschätzungen der Eltern belegen einen Transfereffekt, weil die Eltern das außerschulische Verhalten ihrer Kinder beurteilten. Für eine abschließende Beurteilung der Effektivität von “Faustlos“ sollten die gefundenen Ergebnisse in weiterführenden Studien auf ihre Stabilität hin untersucht werden.
Primäre Prävention von Angststörungen: Evaluation einer Broschüre für Kinder und Jugendliche
Authors: Schneider Silvia , Borer Susanne
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. Im deutschen Sprachraum existieren bislang kaum Programme und Materialien zur primären Prävention von Angststörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, wurde eine Broschüre für Kinder und Jugendliche mit dem Ziel der primären Prävention von Angststörungen entwickelt, die die wichtigsten Informationen über Angst und Angststörungen sowie verschiedene Bewältigungsstrategien in kindgemäßer Darstellung enthält. In einem ersten Schritt wurde die inhaltliche Validität anhand von Expertenurteilen (N = 37) geprüft. Die Akzeptanz der Broschüre wurde an 101 Kindern mit oder ohne Angststörung und deren Eltern (N = 93) evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Broschüre inhaltlich valide ist und eine hohe Akzeptanz bei den untersuchten Probanden fand. Damit erfüllt die Broschüre wichtige Voraussetzungen für ihren Einsatz in der Primärprävention von Angststörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter.
Prävention von Verhaltensstörungen - Einführung in den Themenschwerpunkt
Authors: Petermann Franz
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. In dem Beitrag werden Ziele und Vorgehensweisen von Präventionsansätzen diskutiert, wobei eine Unterscheidung in universelle, selektive und indizierte Prävention erfolgt. Als längerfristig angelegtes Vorgehen wird das FAST-Track-Programm erläutert. Des Weiteren werden allgemeine Prinzipien für wirksame Präventionsansätze formuliert und die Wirksamkeit von präventiven Elterntrainings kritisch diskutiert.
Zur Evaluation von Präventivinterventionen für Kinder mit Verhaltensstörungen
Authors: Brezinka Veronika
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. Kindliche Verhaltensstörungen haben eine ungünstige Prognose und gelten als typische Vorläufer von delinquentem Verhalten bzw. psychiatrischen Störungen in der Adoleszenz. Präventionsmaßnahmen kommt damit ein stets höherer Stellenwert zu. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, mittels einer internationalen Literaturstudie einen Überblick über evaluierte Präventivinterventionen der letzten zehn Jahre zu geben. Während mit zahlreichen Programmen gute Ergebnisse erzielt wurden, gibt es eine nicht unbeträchtliche Anzahl mit sehr bescheidenen Erfolgen. Die effektiven Interventionen beruhen auf einem multimodalen Ansatz, wodurch multiple Risikofaktoren in verschiedenen Settings beeinflusst werden. Auch setzen effektive Interventionen bereits im Vorschul- oder frühen Grundschulalter ein und erstrecken sich über mehrere Jahre. Grundvoraussetzung für den Erfolg einer Präventivintervention ist eine regelmäßige Elternteilnahme.
Entwicklungsorientierte Prävention von aggressiv-dissozialem Verhalten und Substanzmissbrauch
Authors: Scheithauer Herbert , Mehren Frank , Petermann Franz
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. Empirische Befunde verdeutlichen, dass frühere (positive/negative) Erfahrungen spätere Erfahrungen im Entwicklungsverlauf beeinflussen. Aus diesem Grund setzen Präventionen von aggressiv-dissozialem Verhalten und Substanzmissbrauch oft bereits im frühen Kindesalter an. Am Beispiel aggressiv-dissozialen Verhaltens und von Substanzmissbrauch werden die theoretischen und empirischen Grundlagen für entwicklungsorientierte Präventionen im Kindesalter dargestellt. Es wird sowohl auf die Darstellung des Auftretens der Störungen im Entwicklungsverlauf, als auch auf wichtige Risikobedingungen beider Störungen eingegangen. Anschließend werden Entwicklungsmodelle diskutiert, die zentrale Risikobedingungen der Störungen im Entwicklungsverlauf berücksichtigen. Wesentliche Eigenschaft entwicklungsorientierter Prävention stellt - wie gezeigt wird - die Förderung risikomildernder Bedingungen und die Förderung der Bewältigung von Entwicklungsaufgaben dar. Abschließend werden ausgewählte Präventionsprogramme im Vorschul- und frühen Schulalter vorgestellt.
Individualisierte Telefonintervention zur Erhöhung der Impfquoten bei Schulanfängern
Authors: Moretti Manuel , Grill Eva , Weitkunat Rolf , Meyer Nicole , Eckl Ellen , Frey Dieter , Schlipköter Ursula
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. Durch die zunehmende Impfmüdigkeit im Hinblick auf Masern, Mumps und Röteln gewinnt das Thema der aktiven Immunisierung Public-Health-Relevanz. Das Problem von Interventionsansätzen zur Erhöhung der Impfquoten ist, dass meist bevölkerungsweit und unspezifisch vorgegangen wird. Ziel der hier dargestellten Intervention war es, Erziehungsberechtigte von nicht geimpften Kindern durch eine individualisierte Intervention am Telefon zu höherer Impfbereitschaft zu motivieren. Dabei wurden individuelle Lebenssituationen und Einstellungen zur Impfung berücksichtigt. Geschulte Impfberater führten standardisierte computergestützte Interventionstelefonate durch. Gemäß den Einschätzungen der Impfberater wurden in zwei Dritteln der nicht geimpften Fälle erwünschte Aktivitäten initiiert (Impfung bzw. weiterführende Beratung). Dies wurde durch die amtlichen Einschulungsuntersuchungen bestätigt: Der Anteil nicht geimpfter Kinder wurde um ein Drittel reduziert.
Zur Vorhersage der Patienteneinstellung in der kardiologischen Rehabilitation
Authors: Altenhöner Thomas , Leppin Anja , Grande Gesine , Romppel Matthias
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. Positive Patienteneinstellungen sind für den Erfolg rehabilitativer Maßnahmen von wesentlicher Bedeutung. In einer Befragung von Patienten und Patientinnen mit akutem Myokardinfarkt (N = 450) sowie ihren behandelnden Ärzten (N = 450) wurde untersucht, welche Faktoren die Qualität der Einstellungen von Patienten zur kardiologischen Rehabilitation bestimmen. Weder sozio-demographische Merkmale, ärztlich diagnostizierte Merkmale der Erkrankungsschwere noch die subjektive Befindlichkeit hatten für die Qualität der Patienteneinstellung eine Bedeutung. Als wesentliche Einflussgröße ergab sich dagegen die Empfehlung des Arztes zur Rehabilitation. Weiterhin zeigten auch die psychosozialen Ressourcen der Patienten eine gewisse Wirkung. Patienten, mit ausgeprägteren internalen Kontrollüberzeugungen bezüglich der Krankheitsbewältigung und einem höheren sozialen Rückhalt hatten eine positivere Einstellung zur kardiologischen Rehabilitation.
Skalen zu Kernkonstrukten des Transtheoretischen Modells (TTM) im Verhaltensbereich Tabakkonsum
Authors: Schumann Anja , Rumpf Hans-Jürgen , Meyer Christian , Hapke Ulfert , John Ulrich
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung. Es werden deutsche Versionen von englischsprachigen Originalinstrumenten zur Erfassung von Kernkonstrukten des Transtheoretischen Modells (TTM) im Kontext des Tabakrauchens vorgestellt. Im Einzelnen werden der “Processes of Change“ - Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Veränderungsprozessen, der “Decisional Balance“ - Fragebogen zur Erfassung der wahrgenommenen Vor- und Nachteile des Rauchens und der “Self-Efficacy“ - Fragebogen zur Erfassung der wahrgenommenen Versuchung zu rauchen bzw. der wahrgenommenen Sicherheit, auf das Rauchen verzichten zu können, präsentiert. Die Erhebungsinstrumente sind Übersetzungen der Originalinstrumente, die auf ihre Adäquatheit für den deutschen Sprach- und Kulturraum geprüft werden. Daten wurden im Rahmen der Studien “Transitions in Alcohol Consumption and Smoking (TACOS)“ erhoben. Es liegt eine bevölkerungsrepräsentative Stichprobe von 898 AktualraucherInnen und ehemaligen RaucherInnen zugrunde. Die statistischen Analysen zu den Testgütekriterien der deutschsprachigen Instrumente umfassten konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen, Skalen- und Itemkennwerte, sowie Berechnungen zur Reliabilität und Konstruktvalidität. Im Ergebnis können sehr gute Entsprechungen zwischen den Originalinstrumenten und den deutschsprachigen Versionen belegt werden. Die TTM-Erhebungsinstrumente weisen stabile faktorielle Strukturen auf, sind hoch reliabel und valide. Damit wird ein Beitrag zur internationalen Vergleichbarkeit von Studien zum TTM geleistet.
Financing health care in Europe: context for the Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes Study
Authors: Knapp M. , Novick D. , Genkeer L. , Curran C. M. , McDaid D. ,   on behalf of the SOHO Study Group
Published: May 2003

Objective:   Exploration of the implications for mental health care of the health care funding environment in Europe, as context for the Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) Study.

Method:  Data on health care financing for individual countries were sourced by review of the literature and personal communication with European country representatives.

Results:  The main and complementary sources of health care finance are presented for the 10 European countries participating in the SOHO study.

Conclusion:  A mixture of tax and social insurance funding mechanisms dominate general health care funding in Europe. These mechanisms in principle promote equity in access to all health care interventions, including those for mental health. However, current resource allocation to mental health care may not reflect fully the impact of mental health disorders. Further work is now under way to examine the contribution of non‐health sectors (such as social welfare) to the funding and provision of services.
Unit costs in international economic evaluations: resource costing of the Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes Study
Authors: Urdahl H. , Knapp M. , Edgell E. T. , Ghandi G. , Haro J. M. ,   on behalf of the SOHO Study Group
Published: May 2003

Objective:  We present unit costs corresponding to resource information collected in the Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) Study.

Method:  The SOHO study is a 3‐year, prospective, observational study of health outcomes associated with antipsychotic treatment in out‐patients treated for schizophrenia. The study is being conducted across 10 European countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the UK) and includes over 10 800 patients and over 1000 investigators. To identify the best available unit costs of hospital admissions, day care and psychiatrist out‐patient visits, a tariff‐based approach was used.

Results:  Unit costs were obtained for nine of the 10 countries and were adjusted to 2000 price levels by consumer price indices and converted to US$ using purchasing power parity rates (and on to €).

Conclusion:  The paper illustrates the need to balance the search for sound unit costs with pragmatic solutions in the costing of international economic evaluations.
The European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes Study: baseline findings across country and treatment
Authors: Haro J. M. , Edgell E. T. , Frewer P. , Alonso J. , Jones P. B. ,   on behalf of the SOHO Study Group
Published: May 2003

Objective:  To describe the baseline findings and study population of the Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) Study.

Method:  The SOHO study is an ongoing, large, prospective, long‐term observational study of schizophrenia treatment in 10 European countries. The study population consists of out‐patients who initiate therapy or change to a new antipsychotic.

Results:  A total of 1096 investigators enrolled 10 972 patients. Approximately 60% of patients were men and the mean age was 40 years. Patients treated with clozapine and more than one antipsychotic are more severely ill, patients receiving depot medications have a history of non‐compliance, and patients receiving their first antipsychotic for schizophrenia are most likely to receive an atypical agent.

Conclusion:  The SOHO study population appears to represent European out‐patients with schizophrenia in whom a treatment decision is required. Baseline findings reflect European clinical practice with respect to patients treated with individual antipsychotics.
The Clinical Global Impression–Schizophrenia scale: a simple instrument to measure the diversity of symptoms present in schizophrenia
Authors: Haro J. M. , Kamath S. A. , Ochoa S. , Novick D. , Rele K. , Fargas A. , Rodríguez M. J. , Rele R. , Orta J. , Kharbeng A. , Araya S. , Gervin M. , Alonso J. , Mavreas V. , Lavrentzou E. , Liontos N. , Gregor K. , Jones P. B. ,   on behalf of the SOHO Study Group
Published: May 2003

Objective:  To describe the development and validation of the Clinical Global Impression–Schizophrenia (CGI‐SCH) scale, designed to assess positive, negative, depressive and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.

Method:  The CGI‐SCH scale was adapted from the CGI scale. Concurrent validity and sensitivity to change were assessed by comparison with the Positive and Negative Symptom Severity (PANSS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scales. To evaluate inter‐rater reliability, all patients were assessed by two clinicians.

Results:  Symptoms were assessed in 114 patients. Correlation coefficients between the CGI‐SCH and the GAF and PANSS scores were high (most above 0.75), and were highest for positive and negative symptoms. Reliability was substantial (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC > 0.70) in all but one dimension (depressive dimension, ICC = 0.64).

Conclusion:  The CGI‐SCH scale is a valid, reliable instrument to evaluate severity and treatment response in schizophrenia. Given its simplicity, brevity and clinical face validity, the scale is appropriate for use in observational studies and routine clinical practice.
A Rasch model analysis to test the cross‐cultural validity of the EuroQoL‐5D in the Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes Study
Authors: Prieto L. , Novick D. , Sacristán J. A. , Edgell E. T. , Alonso J. ,   on behalf of the SOHO Study Group
Published: May 2003

Objective:  To investigate the pan‐European, cross‐cultural validity of the EuroQol‐5D (EQ‐5D) for assessing quality of life in the Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) Study.

Method:  The EQ‐5D items investigated were mobility, self‐care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. A Rasch rating scale model (a form of differential item functioning) was used to identify invariance of item calibrations for the 10 European countries participating in the SOHO study.

Results:  There was general congruence in the EQ‐5D item calibration pattern. The rank of average EQ‐5D item calibrations was similar for all countries except Denmark. Denmark showed slight misfits for mobility and pain/discomfort.

Conclusion:  The EQ‐5D is an appropriate measure of health‐related quality of life across European countries and translations.
Long‐term implant prognosis in patients with and without a history of chronic periodontitis: a 10‐year prospective cohort study of the ITI® Dental Implant System
Authors: Karoussis Ioannis K. , Salvi Giovanni E. , Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa J.A. , Brägger Urs , Hämmerle Christoph H.F. , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: May 2003

Abstract:  Aim: The aim of this 10‐year study was to compare the failure, success and complication rates between patients having lost their teeth due to periodontitis or other reasons.

Material and methods: Fifty‐three patients who received 112 hollow screw implants (HS) of the ITI® Dental Implant System were divided into two groups: group A – eight patients with 21 implants having lost their teeth due to chronic periodontitis; group B – forty five patients with 91 implants without a history of periodontitis. One and 10 years after surgical placement, clinical and radiographic parameters were assessed. The incidences of peri‐implantitis were noticed over the 10 years of regular supportive periodontal therapy.

Results: Success criteria at 10 years were set at: pocket probing depth (PPD)≤5 mm, bleeding on probing (BoP−, bone loss<0.2 mm annually. The survival rate for the group with a past history of chronic periodontitis (group A) was 90.5%, while for the group with no past history of periodontitis (group B) it was 96.5%. Group A had a significantly higher incidence of peri‐implantitis than group B (28.6% vs. 5.8%). With the success criteria set, 52.4% in group A and 79.1% of the implants in group B were successful. With a threshold set at PPD≤6 mm, BoP− and bone loss<0.2 mm annually, the success rates were elevated to 62% and 81.3% for groups A and B, respectively. Relying purely on clinical parameters of PPD≤5 mm and BoP−, the success rates were at 71.4% and 94.5%, and with a threshold set at PPD≤6 mm and BoP−, these proportions were elevated to 81% and 96.7% for groups A and B, respectively.

Conclusions: Patients with implants replacing teeth lost due to chronic periodontitis demonstrated lower survival rates and more biological complications than patients with implants replacing teeth lost due to reasons other than periodontitis during a 10‐year maintenance period. Furthermore, setting of thresholds for success criteria is crucial to the reporting of success rates.
Evaluation of the interface between bone and titanium surfaces being blasted by aluminium oxide or bioceramic particles
Authors: Müeller Wolf‐Dieter , Gross Ulrich , Fritz Thomas , Voigt Christian , Fischer Peter , Berger Georg , Rogaschewski Sigfried , Lange Klaus‐Peter
Published: May 2003

Abstract: The surface structure, in particular the surface roughness, and the surface chemistry of titanium implants influence their anchoring in bone. The aim of this study was to analyse metal–bone contact (MBC) after modification of the implant surface, using different materials for blasting. The surface modification of titanium was produced by blasting it with particles made of Al2O3 or bioceramics. The biological effects were then investigated experimentally using 27 rabbits, analysed after 7, 28 and 84 days after the implantation of titanium cylinders treated accordingly. The MBC showed a tendency for more bone after bioceramics were used as a blasting material, compared to Al2O3.
Comparison of platelet, leukocyte, and growth factor levels in point‐of‐care platelet‐enriched plasma, prepared using a modified Curasan kit, with preparations received from a local blood bank
Authors: Weibrich Gernot , Kleis Wilfried K.G. , Hafner Gerd , Hitzler W.E. , Wagner Wilfried
Published: May 2003

Abstract: The potential use of autologous thrombocytic growth factors to accelerate bone regeneration requires improved methods of isolating platelet‐rich plasma (PRP). In addition to discontinuous cell separation, a second method by which PRP is produced at the point‐of‐care has now become available. In this study, growth factor levels in PRP from these two sources were compared. Whole blood was drawn from 115 healthy donors (73 males, 42 females) aged 21 – 62 years (mean 36, SD 10). The PRP was separated by the blood bank (BB) using the discontinuous cell separation method or at the ‘point‐of‐care’ by the so‐called ‘buffy coat’ method (analogous to the Curasan PRP Kit). Growth factor content differed significantly for TGF‐β1 (BB 268.65±70.77 ng/ml, Curasan 95.02±60.67 ng/ml (sign test P<0.001)) and PDGF‐AB (BB 133.59±46.26 ng/ml, Curasan 233.70±111.86 ng/ml (P<0.001)), while the content of IGF‐I (BB 85.37±25.58 ng/ml, Curasan 101.72±47.7 ng/ml (P<0.160)) showed no significant difference. The higher thrombocyte count in the BB PRP (BB 1434300±351960/μl, Curasan 908.500±492.30/μl) seems to result in higher TGF‐β1 levels, while the higher leukocyte count in the Curasan PRP (BB 160±320/μl, Curasan 30130±12500/μl) seems to result in higher PDGF‐AB levels. The similar IGF‐I levels in the two preparations might merely reflect similar amounts of plasma in the PRP produced by each approach.
FGF‐4 and titanium implants: a pilot study in rabbit bone
Authors: Franke Stenport Victoria , Johansson Carina B. , Sawase Takashi , Yamasaki Yasuharu , Oida Shinichiro
Published: May 2003

Aim: To evaluate the effect of a local single injection of amino‐terminally truncated recombinant human fibroblast growth factor‐4 (rhFGF‐4s) on titanium implant incorporation in a rabbit bone.

Material and methods: Thirty‐six threaded titanium implants were inserted into the femur and tibia of six rabbits. Three weeks prior to implant insertion 10 μg of FGF‐4 in an altelocollagen carrier or the carrier alone was injected into the intended implant sites.

Biomechanical evaluation by (i) resonance frequency analysis and (ii) peak removal torque measurements was performed after 6 weeks. The implants with surrounding tissue were processed to undecalcified ground sections followed by light‐microscopic quantifications of the bone in threaded area and the apical parts of the implants.

Results: A general trend, however not statistically significant, with higher mean values obtained in the above‐mentioned tests was found. The FGF‐4‐treated implants revealed a significantly increased bone area in the apical part of the implants compared to the corresponding control implants.

Conclusion: A local single injection of rhFGF‐4 may stimulate bone formation around titanium implants in bone. However, further research is required to confirm these results, understand the mechanisms of FGF, and establish optimal dose and delivery methods.
De novo alveolar bone formation adjacent to endosseous implants
Authors: Berglundh Tord , Abrahamsson Ingemar , Lang Niklaus P. , Lindhe Jan
Published: May 2003

Abstract: Objective: To describe a model for the investigation of different phases of wound healing that are involved in the process resulting in osseointegration.

Material and methods: The implants used for the study of early healing had a geometry that corresponded to that of a solid screw implant with an SLA surface configuration. A circumferential trough had been prepared within the thread region (intra‐osseous portion) that established a geometrically well‐defined wound compartment. Twenty Labrador dogs received 160 experimental devices totally to allow the evaluation of healing between 2 h and 12 weeks. Both ground sections and decalcified sections were prepared from different implant sites.

Results: The experimental chamber used appeared to be conducive for the study of early phases of bone formation. The ground sections provided an overview of the various phases of soft and hard tissue formation, while the decalcified, thin sections enabled a more detailed study of events involved in bone tissue modeling and remodeling. The initially empty wound chamber became occupied with a coagulum and a granulation tissue that was replaced by a provisional matrix. The process of bone formation started already during the first week. The newly formed bone present at the lateral border of the cut bony bed appeared to be continuous with the parent bone, but woven bone was also found on the SLA surface at a distance from the parent bone. This primary bone that included trabeculae of woven bone was replaced by parallel‐fibered and/or lamellar bone and marrow. Between 1 and 2 weeks, the bone tissue immediately lateral to the pitch region, responsible for primary mechanical stability of the device, became resorbed and replaced with newly formed viable bone. Despite this temporary loss of hard tissue contact, the implants remained clinically stable at all times.

Conclusion: Osseointegration represents a dynamic process both during its establishment and its maintenance. In the establishment phase, there is a delicate interplay between bone resorption in contact regions (between the titanium body and mineralized bone) and bone formation in ‘contact‐ free’ areas. During the maintenance phase, osseointegration is secured through continuous remodeling and adaptation to function.