bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Poland: Assessing the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and War in Ukraine
Authors: Rzymski Piotr , Zarębska-Michaluk Dorota , Genowska Agnieszka , Tyszko Piotr , Strukcinskiene Birute , Flisiak Robert
Published: March 2024

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis, which is preventable by vaccination. This study analyzed trends of HAV infections in Poland according to socio-demographic features in the years 2009–2022 and assessed the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2023) and the migration of war refugees from Ukraine (since February 2022). In 2009–2022, 7115 new cases of HAV infection were diagnosed in Poland, especially among men (66.4%) and in urban areas (77.4%). Infections among men were most common at the age of 25–34 (median rate 0.43 per 105) and in women aged 15–24 (median rate 0.39 per 105). Analysis of the 14-year frequency of HAV infections exhibited three trends, regardless of gender, age, and residence. The infections revealed a downward trend in 2009–2014, increased significantly in 2014–2018, and decreased again after 2018. A particularly rapid increase in HAV infections occurred between March 2017 and February 2018 (median rate 0.79 per 105). The high level of new infections persisted until the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, at which point it dropped significantly but did not reach the level recorded before March 2017. During the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 dominance period, the median rate of HAV infections was 0.053 per 105, with a four-fold increase being observed from February 2022 (when the migration of war refugees from Ukraine began) to August 2022. The presented results can serve as a reference point for further observations in Central Europe. The HAV epidemiological situation is unlikely to escalate in Poland but requires further monitoring.
Epidemiological and Genetic Characterization of Coxsackievirus A6-Associated Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Gwangju, South Korea, in 2022
Authors: Lee Ji-Eun , Kim Min-Ji , Lim Mi-Hyeon , Han Sue-Ji , Kim Jin-Yeong , Kim Soo-Hoo , Ha Yi-Duen , Gang Gyung-Li , Chung Yoon-Seok , Seo Jung-Mi
Published: March 2024

Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) has emerged as the predominant causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. Since the declaration of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic, the incidence of infectious diseases, including HFMD, has decreased markedly. When social mitigation was relaxed during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022, the re-emergence of HFMD was observed in Gwangju, South Korea, and seasonal characteristics of the disease appeared to have changed. To investigate the molecular characteristics of enterovirus (EV) associated with HFMD during 2022, 277 specimens were collected. Children aged younger than 5 years accounted for the majority of affected individuals. EV detection and genotyping were performed using real-time RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR followed by sequence analysis. The EV detection rate was found to be 82.3%, and the main genotype identified was CV-A6. Sixteen CV-A6 samples were selected for whole genome sequencing. According to phylogenetic analysis, all CV-A6 strains from this study belonged to the sub-genotype D3 clade based on VP1 sequences. Analysis of 3D polymerase phylogeny showed that only the recombinant RF-A group was identified. In conclusion, circulating EV types should be continuously monitored to understand pathogen emergence and evolution during the post-pandemic era.
Predicting Natural Evolution in the RBD Region of the Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 by Machine Learning
Authors: Liu Yiheng , He Zitong , Jia Liyiyang , Xue Yiwei , Du Yuxuan , Tan Huiwen , Zhang Xianzhi , Ji Yu , Tong Yigang , Xu Haijun , Liu Luo
Published: March 2024

Machine learning (ML) is a key focus in predicting protein mutations and aiding directed evolution. Research on potential virus variants is crucial for vaccine development. In this study, the machine learning software PyPEF was employed to conduct mutation analysis within the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Over 48,960,000 variants were predicted. Eight prospective variants that could surface in the future underwent modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. The study forecasts that the latest variant, ISOY2P5O1, may potentially emerge around 17 November 2023, with an approximate window of uncertainty of ±22 days. The ISOY8P5O2 variant displayed an increased binding capacity in the dry assay, with a total predicted binding energy of −110.306 kcal/mol. This represents an 8.25% enhancement in total binding energy compared to the original SARS-CoV-2 strain discovered in Wuhan (−101.892 kcal/mol). Reverse research confirmed the structural significance of mutation sites using ML models, particularly in the context of protein folding. The study validated regression methods (SVR, RF, and PLS) with different data structures. This study investigates the effectiveness of the “ML-Guided Design Correctly Predicts Combinatorial Effects Strategy” compared to the “ML-Guided Design Correctly Predicts Natural Evolution Prediction Strategy”. To enhance machine learning, we created a timestamping algorithm and two auxiliary programs using advanced techniques to rapidly process extensive data, surpassing batch sequencing capabilities. This study not only advances machine learning in guiding protein evolution but also holds potential for forecasting future viruses and vaccine development.
Parvovirus B19 Outbreak in Israel: Retrospective Molecular Analysis from 2010 to 2023
Authors: Mor Orna , Wax Marina , Arami Shoshana-Shani , Yitzhaki Maya , Kriger Or , Erster Oran , Zuckerman Neta S.
Published: March 2024

This study presents an analysis of the epidemiological trends of parvovirus B19 (B19V) in Israel from 2010 to 2023, with particular emphasis on the outbreak in 2023. The analysis utilized molecular diagnostic data from individual patients obtained at the Central Virology Laboratory. Between 2010 and 2022, 8.5% of PCR-tested samples were positive for B19V, whereas in 2023, this percentage surged to 31% of PCR-tested samples. Throughout the study period, annual cycles consistently peaked in early spring/summer, with the most recent prominent outbreak occurring in 2016. Predominantly, diagnoses were made in children and women aged 20–39. Despite the notable surge in 2023, over 80% of positive cases continued to be observed in children and young women, with a decrease in cases during winter months. Furthermore, genotype 1a of the virus remained the predominant strain circulating during the outbreak. In light of these circumstances, consideration should be given to implementing screening measures, particularly among high-risk groups such as pregnant women.
Towards a Safer Future: Enhancing Vaccine Development to Combat Animal Coronaviruses
Authors: Si Fusheng , Yu Ruisong , Dong Shijuan , Chen Bingqing , Li Chunhua , Song Shuai
Published: March 2024

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large class of positively stranded RNA viruses that pose a significant threat to public health, livestock farming, and wild animals. These viruses have the ability to cross species barriers and cause devastating epidemics. Animals are considered to be intermediate hosts for many coronaviruses, and many animal coronaviruses also have the potential for cross-species transmission to humans. Therefore, controlling the epidemic transmission of animal coronaviruses is of great importance to human health. Vaccination programs have proven to be effective in controlling coronaviruses infections, offering a cost-effective approach to reducing morbidity and mortality, so the re-emergence of lethal coronaviruses emphasizes the urgent need for the development of effective vaccines. In this regard, we explore the progress in animal coronavirus vaccine development, covering the latest taxonomy of the main animal coronaviruses, spillover events, diverse vaccine development platforms, potential main targets for animal coronavirus vaccine development, and primary challenges facing animal coronavirus vaccines. We emphasize the urgent need to create a “dual-effect” vaccine capable of eliciting both cellular and humoral immune responses. The goal is to highlight the contributions of veterinary scientists in this field and emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between the veterinary and medical communities. By promoting communication and cooperation, we can enhance the development of novel and super vaccines to combat human and animal coronavirus infections in the future.
The Role of Pharmacists in Counteracting Vaccine Hesitancy: Effectiveness of the 2019 Carnia Project in Improving Adherence to Influenza Vaccination among Target Population
Authors: Longobardi Gloria , Brunelli Laura , Piciocchi Benedetta , Morsanutto Andrea , Iob Andrea , Schiava Flavio , Pancino Claudio Luigi , Degrassi Luca , Tonutti Giuseppe , Brusaferro Silvio , Arnoldo Luca
Published: March 2024

Vaccine hesitancy has been included among the top ten threats to global health by the World Health Organization. Pharmacists can play a pivotal role in removing the individual barrier to vaccination, because of the relationship of trust they have with citizens and their ease of access. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of a pharmacy-based intervention to support the 2019 influenza vaccination campaign conducted in the Carnia district through one-to-one counseling. We analyzed data collected by pharmacists between 22 October 2019 and 20 January 2020, and trends in vaccination adherence in the context of the Local Health Authority and the entire province of Udine since 2016. The results showed that 77.2% of people who had not received an influenza vaccination in the previous year changed their minds about vaccination after receiving counseling. The pharmacy-based intervention improved influenza vaccination adherence in the target district (+13.4%), even when compared to the neighboring district of Gemona or considering the data in the broader local and provincial context, and this effect was particularly pronounced among those aged 65 to 74 years (p < 0.01). Considering these findings, pharmacies should be more effectively involved in the provision of public health services aimed at improving accessibility, timeliness, and equity.
Factors Related to Mpox-Vaccine Uptake among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Taiwan: Roles of Information Sources and Emotional Problems
Authors: Huang Mei-Feng , Chang Yu-Ping , Lin Chien-Wen , Yen Cheng-Fang
Published: March 2024

An mpox outbreak occurred suddenly and rapidly spread worldwide in 2022. Research has demonstrated a link between the sexual behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM) and the contraction of mpox. This study assessed the factors related to mpox-vaccine uptake among MSM in Taiwan, focusing on the roles of information sources and emotional problems. In total, 389 MSM participated in an online survey. Data on the participants’ vaccination statuses; anxiety symptoms, which were assessed using the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory; depressive symptoms, which were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; and risk perceptions of contracting mpox were collected. Factors related to mpox-vaccine uptake were examined using a multivariable logistic regression model. The results revealed that MSM who were older (p < 0.001), perceived a higher risk of contracting mpox (p = 0.040), and received mpox information from health-care providers (p < 0.001) were more likely to receive mpox vaccination, whereas MSM who reported a greater severity of depression (p = 0.017) were less likely to receive mpox vaccination. However, age did not moderate the associations of perceiving a higher risk of contracting mpox, receiving mpox information from health-care providers, and depression with having an mpox vaccination. Health-care providers should consider these factors when developing intervention programs for enhancing mpox-vaccine uptake among MSM.
Baculovirus Vector-Based Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine as a Promising Alternative with Enhanced Safety and Therapeutic Functions
Authors: Lee Chanyeong , Kim Minjee , Chun Jungmin , Kim Sehyun , Yoon Doyoung , Lee Hyeondong , Bang Heewon , Lee Hee-Jung , Park Hosun , Kim Young Bong
Published: March 2024

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) poses lifelong risks, causing varicella and herpes zoster (HZ, shingles). Currently, varicella and HZ vaccines are predominantly live attenuated vaccines or adjuvanted subunit vaccines utilizing VZV glycoprotein E (gE). Here, we propose our vaccine candidates involving a comparative analysis between recombinant baculoviral vector vaccines (AcHERV) and a live attenuated vaccine strain, vOka. AcHERV vaccine candidates were categorized into groups encoding gE only, VZV glycoprotein B (gB) only, or both gE and gB (gE-gB) as AcHERV-gE, AcHERV-gB, and AcHERV-gE-gB, respectively. Humoral immune responses were evaluated by analyzing total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and neutralizing antibodies. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine profiling. In the mouse model, AcHERV-gE-gB elicited similar or higher total IgG, IgG2a, and neutralizing antibody levels than vOka and showed robust VZV-specific CMI responses. From the perspective of antigens encoded in vaccines and their relationship with CMI response, both AcHERV-gB and AcHERV-gE-gB demonstrated results equal to or superior to AcHERV-gE, encoding only gE. Taken together, these results suggest that AcHERV-gE-gB can be a novel candidate for alleviating risks of live attenuated vaccine-induced latency and effectively preventing varicella during early stages of life while providing strong CMI for effective resistance against HZ and therapeutic potential in later stages of life.
New Trends in Vaccine Characterization, Formulations, and Development
Authors: Kumar Ravinder
Published: March 2024

More than eight decades have passed since the development of the first vaccine in the 1940s [...]
Pengaruh Current Ratio,Roe,Roa,Dan Eps Terhadap Harga Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Industri Barang Komsumsi Yang Terdaftar BEI tahun 2018-2021
Authors: Lumban Gaol Meta Arnes
Published: March 2024

Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Harga Saham pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Industri Barang Konsumsi yang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2018-2021. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 53 perusahaan dan diperoleh sebanyak 33 perusahaan sebagai sampel dengan 132 jumlah pengamatan. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode pengujian koefisien determinasi, uji F, dan uji t. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan, Current Ratio, ROE, ROA, dan EPS berpengaruh signifikan terhadap harga saham pada perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Industri Barang dan Konsumsi yang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2018-2021. Secara parsial, ROE dan EPS berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap harga saham, Current Ratio berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap harga saham, sedangkan ROA tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap harga saham pada perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Industri Barang dan Konsumsi yang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2018-2021.
PENGARUH ROA DAN ROE TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN LABA PADA SEKTOR PERBANKAN DI BEI
Authors: Pasaribu Novitauli Lamtiur
Published: March 2024

This discussion aims to find out whether ROA and ROE affect profit growth in the banking sector, which was recorded on the IDX for the 2019-20211 period with a total population of 47 industries. The purposive sampling method determines the sample; the whole model is 28 companies × three years = 84 total samples. Two types of data are used, namely quantitative data and secondary data. The data collection process uses the documentation method available on the IDX website. Simultaneous and partial hypothesis testing was used to test this hypothesis. The regression model used is a multiple linear regression analysis. According to the test results, ROA and ROE have a positive but insignificant effect on profit growth.
PENGARUH GAJI DAN KARIER TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PT. ARMA ANUGERAH ABADI MEDAN
Authors: Rizal Syaf
Published: March 2024

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of salary and career on the performance of employees of PT. Arma Anugerah Abadi Medan. This research was conducted using a quantitative approach, namely hypothesis testing. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression method. The population used is all employees of PT. Arma Anugerah Abadi Medan as many as 30 employees of PT. Arma Anugerah Abadi Garu 2 Unit Medan, sampling using the census method. The results obtained indicate that the two variables proposed in this study have a significant influence on employee performance.
Muscle Strength Identification Based on Isokinetic Testing and Spine Musculoskeletal Modeling
Authors: Xiao Zuming , Li Chang , Wang Xin , Guo Jianqiao , Tian Qiang
Published: March 2024

Subject-specific spinal musculoskeletal modeling can help understand the spinal loading mechanism during human locomotion. However, existing literature lacks methods to identify the maximum isometric strength of individual spinal muscles. In this study, a muscle strength identification method combining isokinetic testing and musculoskeletal simulations was proposed, and the influence of muscle synergy and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) on identified spinal muscle strength was further discussed. A multibody dynamic model of the spinal musculoskeletal system was established and controlled by a feedback controller. Muscle strength parameters were adjusted based on the measured isokinetic moments, and muscle synergy vectors and the IAP piston model were further introduced. The results of five healthy subjects showed that the proposed method successfully identified the subject-specific spinal flexor/extensor strength. Considering the synergistic activations of antagonist muscles improved the correlation between the simulated and measured spinal moments, and the introduction of IAP slightly increased the identified spinal extensor strength. The established method is beneficial for understanding spinal loading distributions for athletes and patients with sarcopenia.
Afet Dirençliliği Konusunda Yapılan Çalışmaların Bibliyometrik Analizi
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Göksel
Published: March 2024

Doğal afetlerin son yıllarda artış göstermesi afetlerin insanlar üzerindeki etkilerinin artmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu artışla birlikte etkilenen insan sayısının çokluğu afet yönetiminde dirençlilik literatürünü ön plana çıkarmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, afet dirençliliği konusunda yapılan çalışmaların çeşitli bibliyometrik özellikler açısından incelenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirildi. Bu çalışmada bibliyometrik yöntem kullanılmasının amacı afet dirençliliği konusunda yapılan çalışmaların hangi yıllarda yoğunlaştığını belirlemek, bu alanda önde gelen ülke, yazar ve anahtar kelimeleri ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırmada, 2004-2023 yılları arasında afet dirençliliği konusunda yapılan çalışmalar, WOS veri tabanı kullanılarak tarandı ve 401 bilimsel yayın çalışmaya dahil edildi. Verilerin analizinde VOSviewer programı kullanıldı. Çalışmaların yaklaşık yarısının 2019-2023 yılları arasında yapıldığı, en fazla atıfın bu yıllar arasında alındığı ve yayınların en sık International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction dergisinde yayınlandığı belirlendi. Ülkelere göre bilimsel yayın sayılarının dağılımına bakıldığında yayınların en fazla Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde bulunduğu ve Türkiye’nin dokuz yayın ile bu sıralamada 25. Sırada yer aldığı görüldü. Çalışmalarda en sık tekrar eden kelimeler arasında ilk üç sırada community resilience, vulnerability ve framework kelimelerinin kullanıldığı belirlendi. Ülkelerarası iş birlikleri arasında ilk üç sırada; Japonya-Hindistan, Avustralya-Bangladeş ve Çin-Japonya yer alıyordu. Türkiye ise Almanya, Japonya, Belçika ve Norveç’le olmak üzere toplamda dört ülke ile iş birliğinde yer alıyordu. Çalışma sonucunda yaklaşık olarak son beş yılda afet dirençliliği konusu ile ilgili yayın sayısının ve dolayısıyla atıf oranlarının arttığı görüldüyse de Türkiye’de çalışma sayısının oldukça yetersiz olduğu görülmektedir. Afet tehlikeleri açısından yüksek riskli konumda bulunan Türkiye’de afet dirençliliğine yönelik çalışmaların artması gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Afet dirençliliği ilgili çalışmaların artması için uluslararası iş birliklerinin artması ve araştırmacılara bu konuda yeterli desteğin sağlanması gerekmektedir.
Levels of depression in pregnant women attending the Ticul community hospital, Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ-ANGULO Elsa , GIL-GUZMÁN Jimena , OJEDA-RODRÍGUEZ Ricardo , ANDUEZA-PECH Guadalupe
Published: March 2024

Objective. To describe levels of depression in pregnant women treated at the Ticul community hospital, Yucatan, Mexico. Methodology. Cross-sectional design. The participants were pregnant women who attended their prenatal check-ups at the community hospital in Ticul, Yucatán, Mexico, to whom the Aron T. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was applied. Results. 121 pregnant women participated. The age range was from 16 to 42 years old. 81.5% of pregnant women were in the third trimester of pregnancy. 85% presented levels of depression with ups and downs considered normal, 5% mild disturbance in mood, 10% presented levels of depression located between intermittent states of depression, moderate depression and severe depression which are indicators that it can need professional help. Contribution. This study contributes with results that show that levels of depression occur during pregnancy that may require professional support as preventive measures for serious complications.
Efektivitas Rebusan Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura) Untuk Pengobatan Infeksi Bakteri Vibrio alginolyticus Pada Ikan Kerapu Cantang (Epinephelus sp) Menggunakan Metode Perendaman
Authors: Mali Maria Claudia , Salosso Yuliana , Sunadji Sunadji
Published: March 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas rebusan daun kersen dalam mengobati ikan kerapu cantang (Ephinephelus sp) yang diinfeksi bakteri Vibrio alginolyticus dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda melalui perubahan hematologi (eritrosit, leukosit, hemoglobin) dan kelulushidupan ikan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan yang digunakan adalah perendaman dalam rebusan daun kersen  dengan konsentrasi 5%, 10%, dan 15% selama 3 hari berturut-turut serta ditambah 2 perlakuan kontrol yaitu kontrol positif (tidak disuntik bakteri dan tanpa pengobatan) dan kontrol negatif (disuntik bakteri tanpa pengobatan). Tingkat kepadatan bakteri yang digunakan adalah 106 sel/ml dengan dosis 0,1 ml/ekor ikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa rebusan daun kersen mampu mengobati ikan kerapu cantang yang terinfeksi bakteri V. alginolyticus dengan metode perendaman. Konsentrasi 10% merupakan konsentrasi yang terbaik karena mempunyai rata-rata eritrosit tertinggi yakni 1.246.666,67 ± 190.416,21, leukosit terendah yakni 33.383,33 ± 8.423,53, hemoglobin tertinggi yakni 5,969 ± 2,14, serta kelulushidupan tertinggi yaitu 100%.

Kata Kunci: Kerapu Cantang, V. alginolitycus, Pengobatan, Rebusan Daun Kersen, Hematologi
Lise Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyunlarla Elde Ettikleri 21. Yüzyıl Becerilerine İlişkin Algı Ölçeği
Authors: Koçak Talha , Korkmaz Özgen , Saltan Fatih
Published: March 2024

Bu çalışmanın amacı lise öğrencilerinin dijital oyunlarla elde ettikleri 21. yüzyıl becerilerine ilişkin algılarının ölçen geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Çalışmanın grubunu bir Anadolu lisesinde öğrenim görmekte olan 9,10 ve 11. Sınıf olan toplam 267 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Gerçekleştirilen çalışmada geliştirilen ölçeğin yapısının ortaya konulması ve doğrulanması için Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi, madde analizi, güvenilirlik ve tekrar test analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda faktör yükleri .65 ve .91 arasında olan 23 maddeli 5 faktörlü bir ölçme aracı oluşmuştur. Bu faktörler Eleştirel Düşünme, İşbirliği, Problem Çözme, Yaratıcı Düşünce ve İletişim’dir. Geliştirilen ölçeğin açımlayıcı faktör analizleri sonucunda elde edilen uyum indeks değerleri yeterli ve kabul edilebilir aralıkta bulunmuştur. Alt-üst grup ortalamaları farklı ve anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda Lise Öğrencilerinin Dijital Oyunlarla Elde Ettikleri 21. Yüzyıl Becerilerine İlişkin Algı Ölçeği’nin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir.
REVEALING THE LEADERSHIP IDENTITY OF KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN THROUGH ROLE-PLAYING ACTIVITIES
Authors: Al Jadidi Nadia Ahmed A.
Published: March 2024

This research aims to reveal the leadership identity of 5-6-year old children through role-playing activities. The sample included 12 participants from the third level of kindergarten. A qualitative approach was used, and data were collected through indirect observation and video recordings to analyze children’s representations and performances. The activities of role-playing used in this article reveal new ways to detect children’s leadership identity from an early age due to the flexibility of these activities. These activities facilitate the easy identification of the child’s leadership traits and reveal variations in the percentage of children possessing these traits, which may be innate. In addition, they indicate readiness that requires support and practice through creating an environment conducive to role-playing activities that support the emergence of these traits. In addition, the results showed that role-playing activities have many advantages that make them a fertile field for revealing the characteristics of the child leader. Furthermore, it was revealed that children, at a young age, possess the attributes of leadership identity in varying proportions. These attributes may be innate, meaning a predisposition that requires support and practice. The research recommends that the self-directed curriculum for kindergarten children should include activities on leadership skills.
UNRAVELING THE COMPLEX DRIVERS OF MILITARY EXPENDITURE: A COMPREHENSIVE META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Bachtiar Muchamad , Ahmad Irdam , Sahabuddin Zainal Abidin , Trismadi
Published: March 2024

This study aims to synthesize existing studies on the determinants of military expenditure through a comprehensive analysis. This paper describes a new method revealing significant influences on defense budget allocations based on 15 studies with 20,023 samples. These studies enable countries to use a comprehensive meta-analysis as a critical consideration. For example, we illustrate the proposed method and find that four of the 12 variables significantly drive military spending. The authors found that war, current military expenditure, and the presence of enemies significantly drive military spending. This study highlights a significant negative correlation between national conditions and military expenditure. However, factors such as GDP, population, democracy, trade, FDI, arms exports, alliances, threats, and political regime type do not strongly correlate with military expenditure. Our method improves the statistical power and accuracy of effect estimates by combining data from multiple studies. New research improves national decision-making regarding defense budget allocations, and the variables can accurately determine countries’ military expenditures. This paper is novel because it offers systematic quantification variables as comprehensive determinants for defense budgets, potentially replacing traditional methods reliant on last year’s defense budget.
AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT QOS-AWARE CLUSTERED ROUTING PROTOCOL USING REINFORCEMENT LEARNING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Authors: Kim Hye Yun
Published: March 2024

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of small sensor nodes difficult to replace and with low-energy capacity and have been applied to various fields such as environmental monitoring and surveillance. However, there are many problems that need to be solved regarding the energy-efficient use of sensor nodes, extending the lifetime of the entire network, and efficient packet transmission. The clustering method supports efficient packet transmission by dividing sensor nodes into small groups called clusters. In this method, it is crucial to achieve the above objectives depending on how the cluster head (CH) in charge of transmitting and receiving packets within the cluster is selected. The purpose of this paper is to propose a routing mechanism that can support the required quality of service (QoS) while increasing the lifetime of the entire network through efficient energy use at each node in the WSN. In this paper, we propose not only a CH selection algorithm that improves energy efficiency using reinforcement learning but also a routing mechanism that can support QoS from the source node to the sink node, which is the destination node. The results of the simulation showed that the method proposed in this paper improved the lifetime of the entire network by an average of 24% and the average transmission delay of priority packets by 36% compared with the existing clustering method, the LEACH method.
THEORETICAL COMPARISON OF THE MOTIONS OF TWO SPHERES FALLING INDEPENDENTLY IN A VISCOUS FLUID
Authors: Polo A. S. Mosquera , Toro C. E. Deluque , Ariza E. A. , Aguirre C. A. , Martínez L. F. Muñoz , Barba-Ortega J.
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this article is to investigate a novel phenomenon in which a lighter object can fall faster than a heavier one in a viscous fluid, challenging traditional physics principles. We describe a new analytical approach that compares two spheres of different densities (aluminum and iron) and sizes in a less dense viscous fluid, focusing on the Reynolds numbers less than 1. This methodology allows assessing gravitational, buoyant, and drag forces that impact the spheres’ velocities and acceleration, particularly before reaching steady terminal velocities. Our findings reveal that under certain conditions, a denser (but lighter) sphere achieves a higher terminal velocity due to the specific ratios of gravitational force to opposing forces. This study quantitatively illustrates the spheres’ trajectories, determining which lands first based on release height, thereby offering insights into the dynamics of objects in viscous fluids. This research is innovative as it introduces a method that quantifiably demonstrates how a denser sphere can outpace a heavier one in a viscous medium, a scenario previously unreported. These results not only challenge conventional beliefs about falling object behavior but also contribute to the broader field of fluid dynamics by providing a new understanding that can be applied to future studies.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PALM OIL SMALLHOLDERS’ INCOME SUSTAINABILITY
Authors: Ishak Suraiya , Omar Ahmad Raflis Che , Manaf Azima Abdul , Shukor Md Shafiin
Published: March 2024

This study explores significant factors that influence palm oil smallholders’ income sustainability based on the evaluation of the smallholders based on the sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) perspective. This study employs surveys with 47 palm oil smallholders in a few areas concentrated with palm oil agriculture plantations in the state of Perak, Malaysia. The samples were selected using the purposive sampling technique. Partial least squares were used to test the relationships between the identified variables. The findings indicate that individual barriers and operational factors have a significant relationship with palm oil-based income sustainability among smallholders. The individual barriers significantly influence the sustainability of palm oil-based income as they hinder smallholders from exploring alternative efforts to improve plantation productivity and make them stagnant at current existing levels and practices. Meanwhile, the operational factors such as expensive operation cost, logistic problems due to a remote location, and limited numbers of productive palm oil trees potentially affect the sustainability of smallholders’ palm oil-based income because they reduce the income stream and surplus. The novelty of this study is that it identifies critical factors linked to the sustainability of palm oil smallholders’ income using primary data collected from individual smallholders and analyzed via quantitative techniques. Thus, it adds new insights to the body of knowledge, particularly in the field of smallholders’ financial management and agricultural income management, and validates SLA by proving palm oil-based income as an important method for acquiring livelihoods by rural households.
INNOVATIVE MONITORING OF WATER ENVIRONMENT IN VANAME SHRIMP FARMING BASED ON LORAWAN
Authors: Adi Puput Dani Prasetyo , Yassir Muhammad , Purnama Iwan , Ardi Idil , Wahyu Yuyu , Mariana L. Angela , Novita Hessy , Mahabror Dendy , Zulkarnain Riza , Wirawan Adi , Prastiyono Yudi , Waryanto  , Susilo Suhardi Atmoko Budi , Santiko Arief Budi , Patria Lintang , Fatah Gatot Suharto Abdul , Hidayat Andi Ircham , Nadhiroh Anis Yusrotun , Munthe Ibnu Rasyid , Harmadji Dwi Ekasari , Purnomo Muhammad Fauzan Edy
Published: March 2024

The sudden vaname shrimp death factors are overfeeding, disease infection, failure to mount, shrimp stress, and high rainfall, which cause potential changes in water pH that trigger anxiety in shrimp. The next factor is turbid or dirty water. Other factors include insufficient oxygen content in the water. Therefore, to overcome these issues, a sensor that explicitly handles water conditions is needed. The system built in this research still has two stages, namely real-time monitoring and automatic actuators, which are still being developed. The sensor is placed in water in a floating condition with specific materials so that it is impossible to sink. Some tested sensors include salinity, water pH, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen sensors. Its wireless telecommunication system uses LoRa with frequencies of 920–923 MHz. It uses an 8-dBi omnidirectional antenna with a Dragino LoRa RFM96 Module chip. This system provides real-time data on the entire environment needed for shrimp to survive. The development after this is focused on the actuator, namely how to turn on the Blower automatically for the needs of dissolved oxygen for vaname shrimp. The results shown from the experiment are real-time data from all sensors for brackish water quality measurements running normally; the data are displayed on the application server in real time using the Tago.io app that has been connected to LoRaWAN and LoRa Module, namely Dragino LoRa 915 MHz found on the end devices. The sensors installed in the brackish water environment were calibrated to produce specific and accurate data.
NAVIGATING MODERN WARFARE CHALLENGES: A REVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN CYBERWARFARE
Authors: Ur Rahman Shafiq , Shaikh Mahmood Ahmed , Tahir Muhammad , Naseem Imran , Sriyanto Sriyanto , Bandar Nur Fatihah Abdullah , Zaman Khalid
Published: March 2024

The need for states to discuss treaty making in the domain of cyber warfare emerges from complexities and obstacles concerning cyber operations. The Tallinn Handbook provides valuable guidance, but it is not a treaty; hence, the manual is not a binding document. There can be differing interpretations and practices among states regarding the application of international law to disputes involving cyberspace. To address these discrepancies and encourage more collaboration in cyber activities, there is a growing recognition of the need for states to engage in discussions and negotiations on the establishment of treaties around the world specific to warfare in cyber space. Treaty-making can bring about more concrete and binding governance to elucidate the states’ rights and obligations, uphold transparency, and create standards of conduct in cyberspace. This study offers a thorough analysis of the evolutionary trajectory of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) to solve problems resulting from innovative modes of the warfare. It explicitly focuses on the regulation of cyber warfare and identifies and evaluates key provisions and mechanisms within IHL relevant to this context. This research assesses the adequacy of existing IHL provisions in effectively governing cyber warfare and proposes essential advancements or amendments to address the gaps in law and complications connected to this evolving from the issues therein. The study offers insights into how IHL can adapt to the demands of the modern battlefield, particularly in the domain of cyber warfare. Two potential paths can be underscored for resolution of the issue in hand: the creation of a dedicated treaty for cyber-armed conflicts or the evolution of state practices into binding customs. In this evolving landscape, interpreting existing IHL provisions and their use in cyber warfare remains crucial to maintain alignment with the underlying humanitarian principles of IHL. The study initially anticipates continued engagement in damaging cyber conflicts driven by a cyber-arms race, which might ultimately lead to the development of new norms, albeit over an extended period. Treaty-making is the best way to deal with the situation provided state parties to IHL make a collaborative endeavor in this behalf.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND RETURN ON INVESTMENT IN SMALL HYDROPOWER FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN THAILAND: CASES IN SOUTHERN PROVINCES
Authors: Peerapong Prachuab , Boonraksa Promphak
Published: March 2024

Small-scale hydropower generation is an appropriate technology for Thailand. Renewable energy is essential for sustainable development. This study aims to investigate the cases in small- and medium-scale hydropower projects located in the southern provinces of Thailand for electricity generation, the cost of electricity in plants of the site selection of a small hydropower plant, and the economic feasibility and return and payback on investment in small communities. Another aim is to find appropriate feed-in tariffs to subsidy electricity generation from small hydropower plants in Thailand. This study used a weighted average cost of capital as the criterion to determine the application of findings and the RETscreen software. The Alternative Energy Development Plan aims to increase the potential of small hydropower installations for electricity generation in Thailand. This research paper studied the co-benefits of renewable energy development replacing fossil energy, including annual CO2 reduction. The results showed that the production electricity cost in the three provinces varies from 0.0152$/kWh and 0.0258$/kWh to 0.0321$/kWh. The simple payback on investment in these hydropower projects is from 2.7 to 6.8 years. This study is novel because it found that the target to satisfy the benchmark of investment with the value of the internal rate of return project in small hydropower in the selected sites with 12.0% as the feed-in tariff rate of small hydropower with an installation capacity more than 200 kW is 0.0897$/kWh. The results can apply to the feed-in tariff rate of small hydropower for government-subsidized planning in Thailand. Social benefits are CO2 reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from 1,970 to 2,195 tons/year at each location due to small hydropower projects in southern provinces instead of using electricity generated from the fossil-based national grid.
Features of forming a strategy for developing enterprises during the war
Authors: Spivak Serhii , Maryniak Bohdan
Published: March 2024

Introduction. The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of a strategy for the development of industrial enterprises in the conditions of a full-scale war between russia and Ukraine in order to create and ensure the conditions for the effective functioning of enterprises on the market and increase their competitiveness, taking into account the threat of potential entry into the zone of hostilities and occupation, complex economic and social changes.
Purpose. The main purpose of this study is to perform a comprehensive and comprehensive analysis of the existing situation and study the possibilities of further improvement of the enterprise development strategy in the context of infrastructural and logistical support of processes, taking into account the possible relocation of business. At the same time, ensuring the competitiveness and innovative development of industrial enterprises as a key component of the country's economy remains an important aspect.
Method (methodology). Methods of generalization, analysis, synthesis and comparison are used to achieve the set goals of forming an effective strategy for developing enterprises. It is necessary to forecast the development of alternative situations in order to avoid or minimize financial, technological and resource threats. On the basis of the conducted analysis and synthesis of scientific publications, systematize scientifically based proposals for solving the outlined problems.
Results. This article examines the importance of strategic planning in enterprise management to ensure competitiveness and stability in the market. Under martial law conditions, the problem of forming an effective strategy for the development of industrial enterprises is extremely urgent, which is connected with the threat of falling into the war zone and the occupation of thousands of economic entities and millions of citizens. The peculiarities of business relocation are analyzed, taking into account the need to optimize financial, material, and labor resources to ensure production processes. At the same time, it is necessary to pay the main attention to financial aspects, which are key elements during the formation of the strategy for the development of industrial enterprises.
Conclusions. The article contains recommendations for enterprises to solve the problems of adapting to external changes and achieving the goal of their development.
The use of taxonomic analysis for the purposes of HR analytics
Authors: Trofymenko Olena , Chernousova Zhanna , Shmalii Yaroslav
Published: March 2024

The article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of an enterprise’s HR strategy, taking into consideration the conditions of digitalization by applying taxonomic analysis as a component of HR analytics. The research is based on the HR concept of a new type according to the maturity model of HR-analytics, which determines the directions of support for systematic analytics and the implementation of its goals regarding the basis for making effective management decisions. The directions of applying taxonomic analysis in various areas are analyzed, in particular, to determine the level of solvency, to assess a company's development strategy, to study the effectiveness of management of the economic potential of enterprises, to assess the ability of an enterprise to implement an innovative strategy, etc. The expediency of implementing the taxonomic analysis method in the field of HR analytics, taking into account digitalization factors and HR metrics, is substantiated. Nine indicators are chosen for the calculation of the taxonomic indicator, namely: an ICTS subindex of the Global Innovation Index and investments in software and databases in Ukraine, which made it possible to take into account the external factors of digitization; return on capital as an internal factor in digitalization; the staff turnover ratio, the level of working time loss, the average length of service, the average salary at the enterprise, profit per employee. According to the methodology, the researched indicators of the effectiveness of the HR strategy in the conditions of digitalization are divided into stimulators and destimulators. A graphic representation of the dynamics of the taxonomic indicator of the HR strategy effectiveness is given for the period from 2013 to 2022. It is recommended to implement targeted approaches to building a road map of HR digitalization, which will increase the efficiency of personnel management processes.
Goodwill as an accounting and analytical category ensuring evaluation and management of corporate reputation
Authors: Kiriiia Mariana , Razborska Olena
Published: March 2024

Introduction. The efficiency of enterprises relies on the accurate assessment and accounting representation of their assets. In the context of the modern society, significant attention is devoted to intangible resources, particularly goodwill, as a key element of corporate reputation. However, the existing accounting-analytical system requires modernization to encompass all aspects of value creation. Goodwill issues captivate the interest of accountants, financiers, and managers, as this unique asset allows companies to gain a competitive edge in their respective industries.
Objective. The purpose of the work is to study ways to improve the efficiency and accuracy of accounting for intangible assets, which will allow enterprises to provide reliable financial reporting and take into account important components of goodwill in the internal and external environment; studying the role of goodwill in assessing the value of a business on an ongoing basis; search for ways to improve the accounting and analytical support for the assessment and management of the business reputation of the enterprise, specific changes in the plan of accounts are proposed to improve the accounting of intangible assets, in particular elements of goodwill.
Method (methodology). Scientific methods and approaches were used in the work, in particular, a comparison to study the main provisions of IFRS and NP(S)BO, analysis of the difference in approaches to accounting for goodwill and intangible assets between these standards; formalization and generalization of the main technological tasks of the organization of accounting of intangible assets for the implementation of the principles of goodwill in the system of ensuring continuity of activity and maintaining a positive business reputation of the enterprise.
Results. In the course of the study, an in-depth analysis of the existing methods of goodwill assessment was carried out and their limitations in taking into account all components of this important category of assets were revealed. In response to this limitation, we have developed our own method that takes into account intangible assets that are not reflected on the company's balance sheet. The proposed methodology calculates goodwill as the difference between the fair value of net assets and their book value, considering revalued asset values and off-balance-sheet intangible assets such as business relationships, peculiarities of activity, and personnel knowledge. A supplementary recommendation includes modifying the Chart of Accounts to account for intangible assets, detailing them at an analytical level. These changes can identify and reflect important goodwill elements previously unaccounted for in financial reporting. The outlined modifications address the need for meticulous intangible asset accounting and contribute to increased reliability of financial reporting, essential for informed managerial decisions and establishing trust among stakeholders.
Comparative analysis of the performance of Unity and Unreal Engine game engines in 3D games
Authors: Abramowicz Kamil , Borczuk Przemysław
Published: March 2024

The article compared the performance of the Unity and Unreal Engine game engines based on tests conducted on two nearly identical games. The research focused on frames per second, CPU usage, RAM, and GPU memory. The results showed that Unity achieved a better average frame rate. Unreal Engine required more RAM and GPU resources. Analyzing CPU load values revealed that on the first system, Unity demanded less CPU usage. However, on the second system, Unreal Engine used over 10 percentage points less CPU. The conclusions from the research partially confirm the hypothesis that Unity requires fewer computer resources, although in some cases, Unreal Engine may demand fewer CPU resources.