bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Materiales y evaluación del nivel de alfabetización para el reconocimiento de bots sociales en contextos de desinformación política
Authors: Calvo Dafne , Cano-Orón Lorena , Esteban Almudena
Published: July 2020

El ecosistema de medios está en constante cambio, transformándose a un ritmo que las instituciones educativas no pueden seguir. En esta transformación mediática se ha introducido la inteligencia artificial (IA), adaptada a las redes sociales con diversos fines, también políticos. Este trabajo se centra en la IA en formato bot como herramienta automatizada para publicar contenido en Twitter y en las competencias necesarias para identificarlos. Los bots buscan imitar el comportamiento humano para crear un clima de opinión concreto, participar en conversaciones políticas e interaccionar con cuentas reales para boicotearlas o aumentar su relevancia. Con el objetivo de conocer el nivel de alfabetización mediática del alumnado de periodismo e incrementar sus competencias para identificar este tipo de manipulación de la esfera pública, se diseña una intervención docente en ámbito universitario, aplicada en una muestra de 55 alumnos, que consiste en un taller de identificación de bots en Twitter. A partir de los resultados del taller, evaluados mediante cuestionarios, se observa que el alumnado presenta habilidades previas adquiridas informalmente para detectar bots y que, tras el taller, aumenta ligeramente la capacidad de identificación de estas cuentas y, sobre todo, manifiestan un proceso más consciente cuando se enfrentan a ellas. En este trabajo se expone el diseño del taller y su evaluación.
Habilidades de enseñanza digital
Authors: Dias-Trindade Sara , Gomes Ferreira António
Published: July 2020

Hoy vivimos en una era donde lo real y lo virtual están cada vez más entrelazados, pero también donde todavía hay un largo camino por recorrer cuando se trata de integrar tecnologías digitales en entornos educativos. Se argumenta, por lo tanto, que es necesario comprender lo que significa ser digitalmente competente y, sobre todo, darse cuenta de que esta construcción incluye la alfabetización y la fluidez digitales como etapas de un conocimiento en evolución. En este contexto, el cuestionario DigCompEdu CheckIn permite a los profesores identificar su competencia en el uso de tecnologías digitales y sugerir estrategias para superar las dificultades existentes y lograr lo que se puede considerar como fluidez digital, que no solo hace uso de las tecnologías digitales, sino también para comprender cuándo este uso es rentable para lograr los objetivos deseados. Este documento presenta los resultados preliminares de un estudio piloto realizado en una Universidad como un ejemplo de la relevancia de DigCompEdu CheckIn como modelo de autoevaluación para determinar la etapa de competencia digital en la que se encuentran los profesores y cuál es la capacitación adecuada para evolucionar hacia la fluidez digital. Los feedbacks proporcionados por el cuestionario, además de identificar las áreas donde los profesores son más frágiles, proporcionan sugerencias para mejorar, permitiendo el diseño de formación específica que se adapte a las necesidades individuales. Por lo tanto, cada profesor, a su propio ritmo, puede asistir a la formación adecuada, dependiendo de los niveles obtenidos en las seis áreas de competencia del cuestionario.
Infancia y contenidos audiovisuales online en España: Una aproximación al consumo y a la mediación parental en las plataformas OTT
Authors: Marcos Ramos María , Pérez Alaejos María de la Peña Mónica , Cerezo Prieto Marta , Hernández Prieto Marina
Published: July 2020

La convergencia multimedia y la llegada de Internet al mercado audiovisual ha afectado a las pautas de consumo y recepción de contenidos en el entorno familiar y en los procesos de alfabetización mediática de los menores. A pesar de que las cifras de consumo de televisión lineal por parte de los más pequeños se mantienen, es innegable la penetración progresiva en los hogares españoles de las plataformas audiovisuales, siendo fundamental el papel que realizan los padres/tutores.
El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar las prácticas de uso en dichas plataformas por parte de niños/as de infantil y primaria en España, y analizar  los sistemas de mediación parental en el nuevo escenario de convergencia mediática, a partir de un estudio descriptivo realizado con 431 padres/madres o tutores. Para llevarlo a cabo se ha utilizado la herramienta metodológica Qualtrics, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario a través de un muestreo en bola de nieve.
Tras el análisis de los resultados se constatan cambios importantes en la mediación parental, acordes con el incremento progresivo en la edad de los niños/as, aunque la regulación más frecuente en ambas franjas de edad está vinculada al tiempo que los progenitores o tutores permiten a los menores pasar frente a los diferentes dispositivos, más que en las restricciones en torno a los contenidos. Además, no se constatan diferencias significativas respecto al tipo de productos audiovisuales que consumen en la televisión lineal y en las plataformas OTT, predominando las series y las películas infantiles en edades más tempranas.
La limitación práctica de la filosofía trascendental en la primera recepción de la KrV
Authors: Iracheta Fernández Francisco Javier
Published: July 2020

Se aborda la polémica que despierta la recepción temprana de la KrV. El trabajo analiza las reseñas Garve/Feder (1782) y Garve (1783), y en él se expone que, más allá del error cometido por Feder de interpretar el idealismo trascendental del mismo modo que el de Berkeley, ambas reseñas mantienen dos objeciones contra la KrV relacionadas entre sí, a saber, el alcance popular de la obra y su orientación práctica. Se muestra la pertinencia de estas objeciones en la medida en que Kant lo hace, al reconocer que el impacto práctico del idealismo trascendental se halla fuera de la KrV y de las “consideraciones trascendentales” que este mismo idealismo inaugura.
Inteligencia emocional y prácticas participativas con la familia en atención temprana
Authors: Marco Arenas María , García-Sánchez Francisco-Alberto , Sánchez-López Cristina
Published: July 2020

Una preocupación actual en la disciplina de Atención Temprana es conseguir mejorar la intervención y colaboración con la familia, a partir de unas adecuadas prácticas participativas. El objetivo fue comprobar si determinadas habilidades de inteligencia emocional, en los profesionales, pueden estar vinculadas con un mayor o menor ejercicio de prácticas participativas con la familia. En esta investigación participaron 420 profesionales, 25 hombres y 387 mujeres, de 13 Comunidades Autónomas de España. Cumplimentaron dos instrumentos el Trait Meta-MoodScale (TMMS-24) del grupo de investigación de Salovey y Mayer, traducido por Fernández-Berrocal y Extremera (2006); Inventario sobre Práctica profesional en Atención Temprana (IPPAT), creado al efecto. Los resultados demuestran que los profesionales de Atención Temprana realizan prácticas participativas en sus intervenciones y poseen altos niveles de habilidad emocional. Con todo encontramos diferencias significativas en estas prácticas participativas en función de sus puntuaciones en las habilidades emocionales. Los resultados se discuten también en términos de sus implicaciones de cara a la formación de futuros profesionales en Atención Temprana.
Evaluando la evaluación. Validación mediante PLS-SEM de la escala ATAE para el análisis de las tareas de evaluación
Authors: Ibarra-Sáiz María Soledad , Rodríguez-Gómez Gregorio
Published: July 2020

Una de las funciones esenciales del profesorado universitario se concreta en el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre los diferentes componentes que constituyen el diseño de los procesos de evaluación, siendo uno de sus elementos clave la calidad de las tareas de evaluación. En este estudio se presenta tanto la validación de un instrumento para la valoración por el estudiantado de las tareas de evaluación como el modelo que sustenta las relaciones entre los constructos que caracterizan las tareas de evaluación. A partir de una revisión de la literatura se ha elaborado un modelo teórico de las características de las tareas de evaluación y las relaciones existentes entre ellas. Para su comprobación se ha diseñado, sobre la base de un modelo de medida de carácter formativo, el cuestionario Análisis de las Tareas de Evaluación y Aprendizaje (ATAE). Mediante un diseño de cohorte se han obtenido un total de 1.166 cuestionarios cumplimentados por estudiantes de los grados de Administración y Dirección de Empresas (ADE) y Finanzas y Contabilidad (FYCO). La evaluación del modelo de medida y del modelo estructural se ha realizado mediante la técnica Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) utilizando el software SmartPLS_3. Los resultados muestran la no existencia de problemas de colinealidad y unos niveles elevados de importancia absoluta y relativa de cada uno de los ítems del cuestionario. Es de destacar, desde la percepción de los estudiantes, que el carácter retador de una tarea de evaluación se relaciona con la transferencia del aprendizaje, y cómo el uso de estrategias de comunicación y la demostración de una comprensión profunda son elementos mediadores de esta relación.

Palabras clave: Tarea de evaluación; evaluación como aprendizaje; empoderamiento; PLS-SEM; mínimos cuadrados parciales; modelo de ecuaciones estructurales; PLS predictivo
Homeostatic plasticity fails at the intersection of autism-gene mutations and a novel class of common genetic modifiers
Authors: Genç Özgür , An Joon-Yong , Fetter Richard D , Kulik Yelena , Zunino Giulia , Sanders Stephan J , Davis Graeme W
Published: July 2020

We identify a set of common phenotypic modifiers that interact with five independent autism gene orthologs (RIMS1,CHD8,CHD2,WDFY3,ASH1L) causing a common failure of presynaptic homeostatic plasticity (PHP) inDrosophila. Heterozygous null mutations in each autism gene are demonstrated to have normal baseline neurotransmission and PHP. However, PHP is sensitized and rendered prone to failure. A subsequent electrophysiology-based genetic screen identifies the first known heterozygous mutations that commonly genetically interact with multiple ASD gene orthologs, causing PHP to fail. Two phenotypic modifiers identified in the screen,PDPK1andPPP2R5D,are characterized. Finally, transcriptomic, ultrastructural and electrophysiological analyses define one mechanism by which PHP fails; an unexpected, maladaptive up-regulation ofCREG, a conserved, neuronally expressed, stress response gene and a novel repressor of PHP. Thus, we define a novel genetic landscape by which diverse, unrelated autism risk genes may converge to commonly affect the robustness of synaptic transmission.
Trends in Teacher Monitoring Methods across Curriculum and Didaktik Traditions: Evidence from three PISA waves
Authors: Tahirsylaj Armend
Published: July 2020

The main objectives of this study were to examine trends in teacher monitoring methods (TMMs) among a representative set of 12 curriculum and didaktik countries, using data from PISA 2009, 2012, and 2015, and the association of TMMs with students’ reading, mathematics, and science performance accordingly. Curriculum and didaktik education traditions frame the study theoretically, while quantitative research methods are used, consisting of a two-sample difference of proportion test and hierarchical linear modelling. The findings suggest that across the PISA waves, the control over teachers is growing across all countries and in all three subject domains and four TMMs. However, the proportion of students in schools where any of the TMMs are used is higher and more statistically significant for curriculum than for didaktik countries. Student tests, teacher peer review, and principal observation are much more common TMMs than external inspector observation across all countries. Nevertheless, the use of external inspector observation is very low in several didaktik countries, and in the case of Finland almost inexistent. Results for Sweden seem to be over-reported as in previous survey work it was found that teacher self-assessment is the most common TMM, however, teacher self-assessment is not a variable included in the PISA survey. The results from within-country hierarchical linear models (HLMs) of associations of TMMs with students’ reading (2009), mathematics (2012), and science (2015) performance in PISA show mixed, and at times relatively large, effects from country to country and across three PISA waves, and interestingly the associations had diminished by PISA 2015. Adding a more diverse set of questions to PISA contextual questionnaires is warranted for results to be more meaningful and representative across more countries.
CONHECIMENTO E EDUCAÇÃO NA MODERNIDADE: O DEBATE SOBRE A SUBJETIVIDADE HUMANA NO CENÁRIO DO PARADIGMA DA COMPLEXIDADE
Authors: Pinto Patrícia Feiten , Da Silva Sidinei Pithan
Published: July 2020

Este artigo tematiza como a questão da subjetividade humana está implicada na problemática do conhecimento e da educação no cenário da complexidade sugerido por Edgar Morin, e busca compreender acerca da noção de conhecimento que constitui o pensamento científico moderno. O objetivo deste estudo teórico é compreender como situar a problemática da subjetividade humana nos processos de constituição do conhecimento. Por meio deste estudo, Edgar Morin convida a valorizar uma formação enciclopedante, a partir de um pensamento dialogante (complexo), reconhecendo que não há educação sem sujeitos, tampouco mundo sem subjetividade, e, de outra parte, possibilita aos educadores reconhecer a complexidade implicada em todo ato pedagógico e epistêmico.
TRANSIÇÕES ESTUDANTIS NA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR: PESQUISAR COM A SOCIOLOGIA DISPOSIONAL
Authors: Caregnato Célia Elizabete , Gausmann Pfitscher Ricardo , De Oliveira Soares Guilherme
Published: July 2020

O artigo propõe uma delimitação teórico-metodológica para analisar transições educacionais, tendo como foco passagens entre ensino médio e educação superior. As transições entre etapas de ensino ou entre momentos distintos no interior da educação formal são entendidas como oportunidades para mobilizar disposições e reflexividades. Parte-se de Pierre Bourdieu e Bernard Lahire, a fim de investigar o que marca as trajetórias e as transições no processo de socialização dos estudantes. Elabora-se uma compreensão teórico-metodológica para estudo de universos empíricos relativas ao acesso, permanência, evasão nas trajetórias dos atores. Conclui-se, elaborando caminhos metodológicas para interpretar o que os estudantes produzem e reelaboram socialmente em períodos de transição educacional.
A SEÇÃO QUESTÃO DE ENSINO DA REVISTA NOVA ESCOLA FOCALIZANDO O/A PROFESSOR/A COMO UM/A MEDIADOR
Authors: Farias Simone Da Cunha , Bicca Angela Dillmann Nunes , Borchardt Andreza Da Rosa
Published: July 2020

A partir dos Estudos Culturais de viés pós-estruturalista, articulado com o trabalho de Michel Foucault, objetivou-se analisar os modos como a seção QUESTÃO DE ENSINO, publicada pela revista Nova Escola no período de março de 2015 a março de 2016, aciona discursos educacionais de abordagem construtivista que posicionam o/a docente como mediador/a da aprendizagem. Dessa forma, problematizou-se o modo como esses discursos acionam redes de poder e saber bastante sutis e suaves que produzem tipos específicos de docência, constituindo o professor/a como alguém que media o processo educacional para que o/a aluno/a constitua o centro do referido processo. Criam-se, dessa forma, modelos de docência e de docente que foram sendo delineados pelos discursos educacionais mais valorizados na contemporaneidade.
FERRAMENTAS DE GESTÃO PARA A ESCOLA: UM RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA COM A ANÁLISE SWOT
Authors: Fonseca Josefa Sonia , Tavares Fonseca de Moraes Nunes Cristiane
Published: July 2020

O objetivo do presente estudo é estudar como uma ferramenta de gestão poderia dar pistas sobre a eficiência da avaliação da aprendizagem em uma gestão escolar democrática e como ela é construída no dia a dia da escola. Teve embasamento teórico nas ideias de Michael Porter e Nóvoa. A metodologia foi etnográfica com abordagem qualitativa do tipo descritivo-exploratória, e os dados obtidos por meio das técnicas do Grupo Focal (GF) e de entrevistas, que serviram para complementar as dúvidas que escaparam no GF. A pesquisa concluiu que é clara a contradição vivida na escola sobre o que queremos, o que fazemos e o cotidiano da gestão geral da escola, impactando negativamente no contexto da formação dos educandos.
O ENSINO DE SOCIOLOGIA PERANTE A DUALIDADE HISTÓRICA DO ENSINO MÉDIO BRASILEIRO
Authors: Melo Valci
Published: July 2020

O presente estudo consiste em uma pesquisa bibliográfica desenvolvida à luz do materialismo histórico-dialético. Nele busca-se analisar a relação entre os desafios históricos do Ensino Médio no Brasil, as transformações societárias e o ensino de Sociologia em sua intermitência e finalidades. No decorrer do estudo defende-se a tese de que existe uma intrínseca relação entre a configuração do sistema educacional cuja expressão maior está na dualidade que afeta, sobretudo, o Ensino Médio e os problemas estruturais da sociedade de classes, sendo a situação da Sociologia consequência direta das indefinições da etapa educacional na qual está inserida. Por fim, conclui-se que os desafios que afetam o Ensino Médio e a disciplina Sociologia não lhes são próprios, e sim, refletem os problemas estruturais da sociedade na qual estão inseridos.
O USO DAS CONCEPÇÕES PRÉVIAS COMO UMA ESTRATÉGIA DE ABORDAGEM NO ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM DE CONTEÚDOS CONTROVERSOS
Authors: Sanches Fabiane , Malacarne Vilmar
Published: July 2020

Refletir acerca de possibilidades que aproximem a Ciência do cotidiano das crianças, motivou esta pesquisa qualitativa, objetivando responder se “O professor de Ciências dos 4º e 5º anos utiliza os conhecimentos prévios do aluno como uma estratégia para abordar a Origem da Vida e a Evolução da Espécie Humana?”. O município de Cascavel – PR é o campo de estudo em que as informações empíricas foram coletadas, com 21 professores da rede municipal. Por meio da análise de conteúdo de Bardin (1979), exploramos, interpretamos e confrontamos os dados, insurgindo inferências. Tal processo revela que o diálogo – como ponte entre explicações científicas e religiosas, e a importância em discutí-las, também, sob a ótica das manifestações culturais – ainda é resultado de ações pedagógicas veladas no ensino de temas controversos.
An Economic Analysis of Paddy Seed Production in Mau District of Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Pal Govind , Sripathy K. V. , Kamble Umesh R. , Kumar S. P. Jeevan , Kumari Kalyani , Agarwal D. K.
Published: July 2020

Paddy is an important cereal crop of the country and Uttar Pradesh, which is second largest producer of paddy in the country with 11.99 per cent share. The current study was conducted on primary data collected from 50 farmers from Mau district of Uttar Pradesh during the agricultural year 2017-18. The fixed and variable cost ratio in paddy seed production was 20:80. Human labour was the major cost component (42.21 per cent of total cost) followed by manures and fertilizers (11.85 per cent), bullock & machine labour (11.80 per cent), plant protection chemicals (4.53 per cent), irrigation (3.18 per cent) and seed (1.99 per cent). Total cost incurred in seed production of paddy was Rs. 51882 per hectare, while the net and gross returns were Rs. 28506 and Rs. 80388 per hectare respectively with the BC ratio 1.55. Total cost pertinent to paddy certified seed production was 11.36 per cent higher than grain production. The gross return was 18.92 per cent higher in seed production (Rs. 80388/ha) than grain production (Rs. 67600/ha). Net return from seed production of paddy was 35.66 per cent (Rs. 28506/ha) higher than grain production (Rs. 21012/ha). According to cost C2, cost of production of paddy grain and seed calculated to Rs. 1096 and Rs. 1231 per quintal. The return to the farmers on cost C2 was 45.07 and 55.0 per cent above cost of production for paddy grain and seed respectively. Similarly, cost of production according to cost A2 & FL (Family Labour) of paddy grain and seed calculated to Rs. 863 and Rs. 996 per quintal. The return to the farmers on cost A2 & FL was 84.24 and 91.57 per cent above cost of production for paddy grain and seed respectively. Production of paddy seed showed higher profitability to the farmers with encouraging net returns, which implies that the quality seed production area could be increased for higher income generation.
Characterization of Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria and Fungi Associated with Crude Oil Contaminated Soil
Authors: Ogbonna D. N. , Douglas S. I. , Awari V. G.
Published: July 2020

Many substances known to have toxic properties are regularly introduced into the environment through human activity. These substances which include hydrocarbons range in degree of toxicity and danger to human health. Frequent oil spills incidents have become a problem to ecological protection efforts. Conventional methods to remove, reduce or mitigate toxic substances introduced into soil via anthropogenic activities suffer setbacks due to the level of risk involved but bioremediation offers an alternative method to detoxify contaminants especially if the soil conditions are amended with organic nutrients or growth enhancing co-substrates. This study was therefore aimed characterizing hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms associated with crude oil contaminated soils. Soils were obtained from the Rivers State University Agricultural farm contaminated deliberately with crude oil and allowed for 21 days to mimic the natural polluted soil. Sample collection and analyses were carried out according to standard microbiological procedures while characterization of the isolates was done using genomic studies. The results of microbial counts obtained from the soil samples for total heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 2.10 x108 to 2.58 x108 cfu/g, Total heterotrophic fungi had 1.6 x105 to 2.0 x105 cfu/g while the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria ranged from 8.0 x103 to 5.0 x104 cfu/g and total hydrocarbon utilizing fungi ranged from 9.0 x103 to 7.0 x104 cfu/g in the contaminated soil. Five hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial species were identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Comamonas testosteroni and Chryseobacterium cucumeris while five hydrocarbon utilizing fungal species were identified as Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium brocae, Fusarium solani, Kodamaea ohmeri and Lentinus squarrosulus. Bacillus and Penicillium species were predominantly isolated from the soil. This may be due to the ability of the organisms to produce spores, which may shield them from the toxic effects of the hydrocarbons. Since these organisms are able to utilize crude oil as their sole carbon source. Hence, can be used for bioremediation of crude oil polluted environment.
ANÁLISE ECOLÓGICA DO DIREITO E CONSTRUÇÃO TRANSUBJETIVA DE DIREITOS DA NATUREZA E DOS ANIMAIS: ASPECTOS ESTRUTURAIS E METODOLÓGICOS DE UMA EPISTEMOLOGIA COMPLEXA
Authors: Araujo Carneiro Wálber
Published: July 2020

O presente artigo apresenta, mediante uma pesquisa exploratória fundamentada em uma reflexão fenomenológico-sistêmica, a Análise Ecológica do Direito como uma teoria crítica capaz de contribuir para a “construção” e reconhecimento dos direitos dos animais e entes da natureza a partir do caráter transubjetivo da comunicação social. Aponta deficits ecológicos nas abordagens teóricas clássicas e deficits operacionais nas abordagens críticas do direito. Descreve as características transubjetivas da comunicação e as dificuldades que uma perspectiva sistêmica tem em face do problema ecológico, o que inclui as inúmeras relações que a sociedade moderna trava com seus diferentes ambientes natural, individual e social. Estabelece o modo como a Análise Ecológica do Direito se constitui como uma teoria crítica, explica o modo como essa crítica é estruturada na periferia do sistema jurídico e, por fim, descreve as características metodológicas adequadas à complexidade desse tipo de pesquisa.
DIREITO AO ESQUECIMENTO E DIREITO À DESINDEXAÇÃO: UMA PRETENSÃO VÁLIDA? COMENTÁRIOS AO ACÓRDÃO PROFERIDO PELO STJ NO RESP Nº 1.660.168 – RJ
Authors: Ehrhardt Jr. Marcos , Andrade Modesto Jéssica
Published: July 2020

A disseminação de informações a respeito de determinada pessoa pode acarretar graves danos à sua privacidade, ainda que estas informações sejam verdadeiras. Diante disso, o trabalho se propôs a investigar se o direito ao esquecimento e o direito à desindexação são reconhecidos no direito brasileiro. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica/documental acerca do tema em doutrina, legislação e jurisprudência pátrias, bem como analisou-se o acórdão proferido pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça no julgamento do REsp nº 1.660.168 – RJ. Concluiu-se que, na decisão analisada, a pretensão autoral encontrou respaldo em nosso ordenamento jurídico, no entanto, na prática, seu direito ao esquecimento não foi efetivado.
PRINCÍPIOS DO DIREITO ANIMAL BRASILEIRO
Authors: De Paula Ataide Junior Vicente
Published: July 2020

É significativa a carência de estudos doutrinários sobre a dogmática e a principiologia do Direito Animal. Nesse contexto, o artigo tem o objetivo de lançar uma proposta de princípios jurídicos, exclusivos e não-exclusivos (compartilhados com outros ramos jurídicos), para o Direito Animal, extraídos do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, sobretudo do estrato constitucional, com o auxílio da teoria dos princípios de Humberto Ávila. Para tanto, enfrenta duas questões epistemológicas preliminares: a fixação da denominação e do conceito da disciplina jurídica estudada, que permitam bem identificar o objeto desse novo campo da enciclopédia jurídica. Direito Animal é a denominação proposta para fins de uniformização terminológica. O conceito para a disciplina leva em consideração o reconhecimento da sua autonomia em relação ao Direito Ambiental. Nesse particular, procede-se à desconstrução analítica do conceito proposto, para permitir a análise de seus elementos essenciais. Conforme se propõe, os princípios exclusivos ou típicos do Direito Animal são os seguintes: 1) princípio da dignidade animal; 2) princípio da universalidade; 3) princípio da primazia da liberdade natural e 4) princípio da educação animalista. Por sua vez, os princípios não-exclusivos ou compartilhados do Direito Animal têm uma listagem mais aberta, podendo ser indicados, ao menos, os seguintes: 1) princípio da precaução; 2) princípio da democracia participativa; 3) princípio do acesso à justiça e 4) princípio da proibição do retrocesso. Como se pode intuir, o estabelecimento teórico da denominação, do conceito e da principiologia própria do Direito Animal, ainda não discutidos pela comunidade científica, é essencial para a sua elaboração dogmática e para seu reconhecimento autônomo dentre as demais disciplinas jurídicas.
Time dependence of activation of muscle AMP‐aminohydrolase by substrate and potassium ion
Authors: Suelter C.H.
Published: July 2002

Under the conditions where the reaction was examined, the enzyme at time zero had less than 10% of the activity of the fully active enzyme. The time course for activation with K+ followed a first order process with a rate constant of 10.6 sec−1 at 20°C. A simple mechanism consistent with the data and capable of explaining the sigmoid dependence of initial velocities versus substrate concentrations observed in steady state kinetics was proposed.
Identification and characterization of variant forms of the gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP)
Authors: McDonald T.J. , Jörnvall H. , Tatemoto K. , Mutt V.
Published: July 2002

Porcine intestinal gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) has been demonstrated to be structurally identical to the previously characterized gastric GRP. Ion‐exchange and high‐performance liquid chromatography of porcine intestinal extracts have identified two variant GRP forms. Studies on one of these variant forms suggest that a β‐aspartyl shift has occurred in the Asn—His structure of GRP; such a modification in an Asn—His structure occurring in a natural peptide or protein has not been previously reported. This variant GRP, although retaining bioactivity, appears to have reduced potency in elevating canine plasma gastrin levels.
Increase in CO3H— influx and cellular pH in glucose‐stimulated pancreatic islets
Authors: Deleers Michel , Lebrun Philippe , Malaisse Willy J.
Published: July 2002

When rat islets are preincubated with fluorescein diacetate and examined in a spectrofluorometer, the intracellular pH rapidly increases by 0.21 pH units in response to a rise from 1.7 – 16.8 mM glucose. This coincides with a marked increase in 14Co3H— net uptake by the islets, suggesting that the glucose‐induced increase in H+ generation rate is compensated for by stimulation of CO3 H—/Cl− exchange.
Electron paramagnetic resonance properties of liver fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) nitrosyl hemoglobin
Authors: Desideri Alessandro , Meier U.Thomas , Winterhalter Kaspar H. , Di Iorio Ernesto E.
Published: July 2002

The electron paramagnetic resonance properties of the nitric oxide derivative of liver fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) hemoglobin (DD‐Hb) have been investigated in the pH range from 4.8 to 7.8. In the neutral and alkaline regions the spectra have a rhombic shape, with gx
=2.09, gy
=1.99 and gz
=2.009, and a triplet hyperfine structure of 2.2 mT, due to the nitrogen of the bound NO molecule, in the center resonance. No superhyperfine lines in the gz
region, related to the interaction of the iron with the proximal histidine, are detected, suggesting a large distance between the metal and the Nϵ of the imidazole. By lowering the pH the EPR spectrum undergoes a reversible change showing a 3‐line pattern in the high‐field region. Such a spectrum is fully formed at pH 4.8 and is interpreted in terms of a dissociation of the proximal histidine from the heme iron.
Reconstitution of 50 S ribosomal subunits from Bacillus stearothermophilus with 5 S RNA from spinach chloroplasts and low‐Mr RNA from mitochondria of Locusta migratoria and bovine liver
Authors: Vogel Detlef W. , Hartmann Roland K. , Bartsch Marius , Subramanian Alap R. , Kleinow Walter , O'Brien Thomas W. , Pieler Tomas , Erdmann Volker A.
Published: July 2002

Reconstitution experiments with 50 S ribosomal subunits from Bacillus stearothermophilus demonstrate that spinach chloroplast 5 S rRNA can be incorporated into the bacterial ribosome and yield biologically active particles, thereby establishing the eubacterial nature of chloroplast 5 S rRNA. In contrast, mitochondria from Locusta migratoria or bovine liver do not appear to contain discrete, low‐M
r, RNAs, which can replace 5 S rRNA in the functional reconstitution of B. stearothermophillus ribosomes.
Antibodies against preselected peptides to map functional sites on the acetylcholine receptor
Authors: Plümer Rita , Fels Gregor , Maelicke Alfred
Published: July 2002

Rabbit immune sera and mouse monoclonal antibodies were raised against the synthetic peptide Tyr‐Cys‐Glu‐Ile‐Ile‐Val matching in sequence residues 127–132 of the α‐subunit of all nicotinic acetylcholine receptors sequenced so far. Representative cholinergic ligands did not interfere with the binding of these antibodies to the receptor from Torpedo marmorala, indicating that this sequence is not part of the binding sites for cholinergic ligands. The applicability of antigenic sites analysis to the mapping of functional sites on receptor proteins is discussed.
The gramicidin A channel: comparison of the energy profiles of Na+, K+ and Cs+
Authors: Etchebest Catherine , Ranganathan Shoba , Pullman Alberte
Published: July 2002

Energy profile
Gramicidin A
Ethanolamine end
Caesium
Potassium
Sodium
Energy barrier
Theoretical computation
The introns of the Euglenagracilis chloroplast gene which codes for the 32‐kDa protein of photosystem II
Authors: Keller M. , Michel F.
Published: July 2002

The four introns of the Euglena psbA gene, and in particular intron psbA4, show at their 5'‐ and 3'‐terminal parts structural homologies with structured introns of class II. Two putative introns belonging to this class were also found in a URF located upstream of the psbA gene.
Aryldiazonium salts as photoaffinity labels of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor PCP binding site
Authors: Kotzyba-Hibert Florence , Langenbuch-Cachat Jocelyne , Jaganathen Jensen , Goeldner Maurice , Hirth Christian
Published: July 2002

Several aryldiazonium salts are described as irreversible blockers of the phencyclidine binding site of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor. A partial hydrophobic character increases the affinity of these salts for the phencyclidine binding site. Photoaffinity labelling with a tritiated diazonium salt in the presence of either carbamylcholine or α‐bungarotoxin leads to incorporation of radioactivity into the 4 subunits of the receptor. Among these diazonium salts, an imidazole derivative is unique in that the photoinduced irreversible blocking in only effective when the receptor is in a desensitised state.
Three‐dimensional structure of (Na+ + K+)‐ATPase revealed by electron microscopy of two‐dimensional crystals
Authors: Ovchinnikov Yu.A. , Demin V.V. , Barnakov A.N. , Kuzin A.P. , Lunev A.V. , Modyanov N.N. , Dzhandzhugazyan K.N.
Published: July 2002

Prolonged incubation of membrane fragments containing homogeneous (Na+ + K+)‐ATPase with Mg2+, K+ and VO3
− at 4°C resulted in formation of two‐dimensional crystals of this enzyme with unit cell parameters: a = 66 Å, b = 118 Å, γ = 108°. The crystals correspond to the two‐sided plane group p21. By combining tilted electron microscopic views of the crystals, a three‐dimensional structure of (Na+ + K+)‐ATPase was calculated at ~20 Å resolution. The unit cell is formed by two (αβ)‐promoters which are in contact in their central parts. The structure was compared with chemical modification and immunochemical data; the arrangement of intra‐ and extramembrane domains was proposed.
Separation of κ‐opioid receptor subtype from frog brain
Authors: Simon József , Benyhe Sándor , Borsodi Anna , Szücs Mária , Wollemann Mária
Published: July 2002

Complete separation of the [3H]ethylketocyclazocine ([3H]EKC) specific binding (k subtype) from tritiated Tyr‐D‐Ala2‐Me‐Phe4‐Gly‐ol5 enkephalin (DAGO) and Tyr‐D‐Ala2‐L‐Leu5‐enkephalin (DALA) binding (μ‐and δ‐subtypes, respectively) was achieved by Sepharose‐6B chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation of digitonin solubilized frog brain membranes. The apparent sedimentation coefficient (S
20,w) for the k receptor‐detergent complex was 13.1 S and the corresponding Stokes radius 64 Å. The isolated fractions exhibited high affinity for EKC and bremazocine, whereas μ‐ and δ‐specific ligands were unable to compete for the [3H]EKC binding sites, indicating that the κ subtype represents a separate molecular entity from the μ and δ receptor sites.
A light‐induced modification of a 165 kDa polypeptide in crayfish photoreceptors shown by monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Baer Kristin M. , Stieve Hennig
Published: July 2002

Invertebrate photoreceptor
Cytoskeleton
Monoclonal antibody
Light‐induced protein modification
Polyadenylation of histone mRNA in Xenopus oocytes and embryos
Authors: Ballantine J.E.M. , Woodland H.R.
Published: July 2002

Oogenesis of amphibians is an atypical situation in which histone mRNA is polyadenylated. The poly(A) tract on H4 mRNA has been examined by Sl nuclease analysis. Throughout oogenesis the poly(A) tract is very short, and nonexistent on some mRNA molecules. The poly(A) tract is completely removed during maturation of the oocyte, and is absent in embryos and cultured cells.
Complete amino acid sequence of bovine colostrum low‐Mr cysteine proteinase inhibitor
Authors: Hirado Masayuki , Tsunasawa Susumu , Sakiyama Fumio , Niinobe Michio , Fujii Setsuro
Published: July 2002

The complete amino acid sequence of bovine colostrum cysteine proteinase inhibitor was determined by sequencing native inhibitor and peptides obtained by cyanogen bromide degradation, Achromobacter lysylendopeptidase digestion and partial acid hydrolysis of reduced and S‐carboxymethylated protein. Achromobacter peptidase digestion was successfully used to isolate two disulfide‐containing peptides. The inhibitor consists of 112 amino acids with an M
r of 12787. Two disulfide bonds were established between Cys 66 and Cys 77 and between Cys 90 and Cys 110. A high degree of homology in the sequence was found between the colostrum inhibitor and human γ‐trace, human salivary acidic protein and chicken egg‐white cystatin.
Isolation of a fourth cysteinyl‐containing peptide of the α‐subunit of the F1 ATPase from Escherichia coli necessitates revision of the DNA sequence
Authors: Stan-Lotter Helga , Clarke David M. , Bragg Philip D.
Published: July 2002

The rapid determination of cysteinyl residues by Creighton's method [(1980) Nature 284, 487‐489] led to the discovery of a discrepancy between protein and DNA sequence data in the α‐subunit of the F1 ATPase from Escherichia coli [(1984) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 229, 320‐328]. We have isolated a cysteinyl‐containing decapeptide from the α‐subunit with a protein sequence (AGCAMGEYFR) which is only partially recognizable from DNA data. Re‐sequencing of DNA in the region coding for the peptide has resulted in two corrections: insertion of a cytosine before position 715 and deletion of a thymine at position 731 of the uncA gene.
Gastric (H+ + K+)‐ATPase: modulation of the inhibitory properties of the novel potent antisecretagogue Ro 18‐5364 by sulfhydryl reagents and nucleotides
Authors: Sigrist-Nelson Kristine , Müller Rita K.M. , Fischli Albert E.
Published: July 2002

The sulfoxide Ro 18‐5364, a potential metabolite of the IND Ro 18‐5362, is a powerful inhibitor of gastric mucosal (H+ + K+)‐ATPase, decreasing enzymatic activity with an apparent K
i, of 0.1 μM. Exposure of Ro 18‐5364‐treated gastric membranes to dithiothreitol fully restored (H+ + K+)‐ATPase activity. ATP protected the enzyme against Ro 18‐5364‐induced inactivation of enzymatic activity. In addition, Ro 18‐5364 inhibited vesicular proton uptake. In proton translocation experiments reduced lipoic acid methyl ester partially restored transport properties. Dithiothreitol and mercaptoethanol were without effect. The results are discussed with respect to the possible location of essential sulfhydryl groups for enzyme activity and proton transport.
Comparison of the decay of slow delayed luminescence in triazine‐susceptible and ‐resistant biotypes of Erigeron canadensis L
Authors: Hideg Éva , Demeter Sándor
Published: July 2002

The decay of flash‐induced delayed luminescence was compared in the seconds to minutes time region in triazine‐susceptible and ‐resistant chloroplasts. The slow luminescence component assigned to S2Q−
B and S3Q−
B recombination decayed more rapidly in resistant as compared to susceptible chloroplasts (t1/2 ~ 8.5 and 44 s, respectively) indicating that the midpoint potential of qb is lowered in the resistant chloroplasts. The luminescence intensity depended on the number of exciting flashes. The oscillation pattern was opposite in the two biotypes and could be computer simulated with the assumption that the QB/QB
− ratio was about 1 in sensitive and 1.5 in resistant chloroplasts. Thus atrazine resistance also induces a change in the oxidation‐reduction state of the QB pool.
Antibody‐mediated targeting of liposomes to red cells in vivo
Authors: Singhal Arun , Gupta C.M.
Published: July 2002

Drug targeting
Liposome
Cell‐specific antibody
F(ab')2 fragment
(Erythrocyte)
Photoaffinity labelling of dopamine D2 receptors by [3H]azidomethylspiperone
Authors: Niznik Hyman B. , Grigoriadis Dimitri E. , Seeman Philip
Published: July 2002

We have characterized the dopamine D2 receptor photaffinity probe, [3H]azido‐N‐methylspiperone ([3H]AMS). In the absence of light, [3H]AMS bound reversibly and with high affinity (K
d 70 pM) to sites in canine striatal membranes and was competitively inhibited by dopaminergic agonists and antagonists with an appropriate D2 receptor specificity. Upon photolysis, [3H]AMS covalently incorporated into a peptide of M
r 92000 as assessed by fluorography following SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Labelling of this peptide was specifically and stereoselectively blocked by D
2 antagonists and agonists. Minor specifically labelled peptides of M
r 70000‐55000 were observed under some conditions and were the result of proteolytic degradation of the peptide at M
r, 92000.
Identical N‐terminal peptide sequences of asymmetric forms and of low‐salt‐soluble and detergent‐soluble amphiphilic dimers of Torpedo acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Bon Suzanne , Chang Jui-Yoa , Strosberg A.Donny
Published: July 2002

We have determined partial N‐terminal sequences of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalytic subnunits from Torpedomarmorata electric organs and from bovine caudate nucleus. We obtain identical sequences (23 amino acids) for the soluble (‘low‐salt‐soluble’ or LSS fraction) and particulate (‘detergent‐soluble’, or DS fraction) amphiphilic dimers (G2 form) and for the asymmetric, collagen‐tailed forms (‘high‐salt‐soluble’, or HSS fraction, A12 + A8 forms). There are two amino acid differences, at position 3 (Asp/His) and 20 (Ile/Val), with the sequences obtained for T. californica by MacPhee‐Quigley et al. [(1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 12185‐12189] for the soluble G2 form and the lytic G4 form which is derived from asymmetric AChE. The bovine sequence (12 amino acids) presents an identity of 4 amino acids (Glu‐Leu‐Leu‐Val) with that of Torpedo, at positions 5–8 (Torpedo) and 7–10 (bovine). There is also a clear homology with the sequence of human butyrylcholinesterase [(1986) Lockridge et al. J. Biol. Chem., in press] indicating that these enzymes probably derive from a common ancestor.
Creutzfeldt‐Jakob infection increases adenylate cyclase activity in specific regions of guinea pig brain
Authors: Rasenick Mark M. , Valley Susan , Manuelidis Elias E. , Manuelidis Laura
Published: July 2002

Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease is a slow, infectious, progressive neurological disorder which results in human dementia. Synaptic membranes from various brain regions of guinea pigs infected with Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease show increased guanyl nucleotide‐ or 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐mediated activation of adenylate cyclase. This increased enzyme activity appears due, primarily, to facilitated ‘coupling’ between the GTP‐binding protein which stimulates adenylate cyclase (GNs) and the catalytic moiety of that enzyme rather than increased sensitivity to 5‐hydroxytryptamine. It is possible that this phenomenon is due to direct effects of the Creutzfeldt‐Jakob infectious agent, or a pathological product resulting from that agent, upon synaptic membrane adenylate cyclase.
The quantitation of biotinylated compounds by a solid‐phase assay using a 125I‐labelled biotin derivative
Authors: Smith Peter J. , Warren Robin M. , von Holt Claus
Published: July 2002

The biotin analogue biotinylglycyltyrosine has been synthesized and labelled to a specific activity of 2000 Ci/mmol with 125I. This analogue has been used in conjunction with immobilized streptavidin in an assay which detects as little as 1 fmol biotin or biotinylated molecules in solution. The determination of biotinylated insulin in a tissue extract and the quantitation of a transcription assay are given as examples.
Na+‐induced uptake of pyruvate into mesophyll chloroplasts of a C4 plant, Panicum miliaceum
Authors: Ohnishi Jun-Ichi , Kanai Ryuzi
Published: July 2002

Uptake of [1‐14C]pyruvate into the sorbitol‐impermeable space of mesophyll chloroplasts of a C4 plant, Panicum miliaceum L., was investigated using a silicone oil filtering centrifugation method. An abrupt change of Na+ concentration in the suspending medium of the chloroplasts in the dark induced accumulation of pyruvate in the stroma, similar to the case of light‐driven active uptake. The effect was specific to Na+ among various mono‐ and divalent cations. The apparent K
m for Na+ was in the range 2–5 mM. The K
m for pyruvate was about 0.7 mM, which was similar to the value obtained in light‐driven uptake. The possible role of Na+ symport in active pyruvate uptake by C4 mesophyll chloroplasts is discussed.
Catalytic and noncatalytic nucleotide binding sites of chloroplast F1 ATPase Photoaffinity labeling and peptide sequencing
Authors: Xue Zhixiong , Miller Chad G. , Zhou Jun-Mei , Boyer Paul D.
Published: July 2002

Exposure of chloroplast F1 ATPase to 2‐azido‐ATP results in the noncovalent tight binding of 2‐azido‐ATP or 2‐azido‐ADP to noncatalytic or to catalytic sites. Subsequent photolysis results in covalent labeling of adjacent tryptic peptides of the β‐subunit. Binding at noncatalytic sites results in labeling of tyrosine 385 by an ATP or an ADP moiety. Binding at catalytic sites results in labeling of tyrosine 362 by only an ADP moiety. Similar labeling patterns are observed for the heat‐activated or the membrane‐bound enzymes.
Down‐regulation of phorbol diester binding to NG115‐401L neuronal cells is dependent on structure, concentration and time
Authors: Mattingly Raymond R. , Dreher Martin L. , Hanley Michael R.
Published: July 2002

The down‐regulation of [3H]PDBu binding to a neural cell line, NG115‐401L, has been examined in response to two biologically active phorbol diesters, PDBu and PMA. Chronic treatment with PDBu or PMA causes a concentration‐ and time‐dependent loss of specific [3H]PDBu binding. The action of PMA is biphasic with respect to both concentration and time dependence.
Soybean basic 7 S globulin represents a protein widely distributed in legume species
Authors: Kagawa Hiroyuki , Yamauchi Fumio , Hirano Hisashi
Published: July 2002

The LII subunit of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) basic 7 S globulin seed storage protein was purified, and its amino acid sequence was determined. This subunit contains a relatively high proportion of sulphur‐containing amino acids and an extremely low content of glutamic acid. The amino acid sequence was found to be homologous to that of conglutin γ from lupin seeds. Other legume species examined have a protein which cross‐reacts with antibody raised against the LII subunit. This suggests that the basic 7 S globulin‐like protein is widely distributed in the seeds of legume species.
Biologically active lipids Semi‐synthesis of3H‐labeled ether glycerophospholipids and ether glyceroglycolipids from ratfish liver oil
Authors: Mangold Helmut K. , Muramatsu Toshio , Roughley Brian S. , Weber Nikolaus
Published: July 2002

1‐O‐Alkyl‐2,3‐diacyl‐sn‐glycerols, the major constituents of ratfish (Chimaera monstrosa) liver oil, serve as starting material for the preparation of 1‐O‐alkyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholines, 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐gly‐cero‐3‐phosphocholines, 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐O‐methyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholines, and 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐O‐methyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐β‐D‐glucopyranosides. Catalytic tritiation of the unsaturated alkyl moieties in these biologically active ether lipids affords the corresponding 3H‐labeled substances.
Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme in isolated human glomeruli
Authors: Chansel Dominique , Morin Jean-Paul , Borghi Hélène , Ardaillou Nicole , Ardaillou Raymond
Published: July 2002

Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) activity was measured with hippurylhistidylleucine as a substrate in isolated human glomeruli. The mean level was 2.2±0.47 mIU/mg glomerular protein. S9780, a newly designed competitive inhibitor of ACE, inhibited this activity by 85% at 0.3 μM. [3H]S9780 specifically bound to isolated human glomeruli. The K
d value and the number of sites were 23 nM and 83 fmol/mg, respectively. The prodrug, S9490, and Captopril were less potent than S9780 in displacing [3H]S9780 from its binding sites. Angiotensin I had no effect. Binding of [3H]S9780 was inhibited after preincubation of the glomeruli with a specific polyclonal anti‐human ACE antibody. These results demonstrate that ACE is present in human adult glomeruli.