bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer simulation of epitaxial nucleation of a crystal on a crystalline surface
Authors: Mithen J. P. , Sear R. P.
Published: February 2014

We present results of computer simulations of crystal nucleation on a crystalline surface, in the Lennard-Jones model. Motivated by the pioneering work of Turnbull and Vonnegut [Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 1292 (1952)], we investigate the effects of a mismatch between the surface lattice constant and that of the bulk nucleating crystal. We find that the nucleation rate is maximum close to, but not exactly at, zero mismatch. The offset is due to the finite size of the nucleus. In agreement with a number of experiments, we find that even for large mismatches of 10% or more, the formation of the crystal can be epitaxial, meaning that the crystals that nucleate have a fixed orientation with respect to the surface lattice. However, nucleation is not always epitaxial, and loss of epitaxy does affect how the rate varies with mismatch. The surface lattice strongly influences the nucleation rate. We show that the epitaxy observed in our simulations can be predicted using calculations of the potential energy between the surface and the first layer of the nucleating crystal, in the spirit of simple approaches such as that of Hillier and Ward [Phys. Rev. B 54, 14037 (1996)].
Binary droplet collision simulations by a multiphase cascaded lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Lycett-Brown Daniel , Luo Kai H. , Liu Ronghou , Lv Pengmei
Published: February 2014

Three-dimensional binary droplet collisions are studied using a multiphase cascaded lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). With this model it is possible to simulate collisions with a Weber number of up to 100 and a Reynolds number of up to 1000, at a liquid to gas density ratio of over 100. This is made possible by improvements to the collision operator of the LBM. The cascaded LBM in three dimensions is introduced, in which additional relaxation rates for higher order moments, defined in a co-moving reference frame, are incorporated into the collision operator. It is shown that these relaxation rates can be tuned to reduce spurious velocities around curved phase boundaries, without compromising the accuracy of the simulation results. The range of attainable Reynolds numbers is therefore increased. Different outcomes from both head-on and off-centre collisions are simulated, for both equal and unequal size droplets, including coalescence, head-on separation, and off-centre separation. For head-on collisions the critical Weber number between coalescence and separation is shown to decrease with decreasing ambient gas pressure. The variation of critical Weber number with droplet size ratio is also studied. Comparisons are made with the theoretical predictions of Tang et al. [“Bouncing, coalescence, and separation in head-on collision of unequal-size droplets,” Phys. Fluids 24, 022101 (2012)], and the effect of ambient gas pressure is again considered. For off-centre collisions, boundaries between different collision outcomes are accurately defined and quantitative comparisons are made with the theoretical predictions of Rabe et al. [“Experimental investigation of water droplet binary collisions and description of outcomes with a symmetric Weber number,” Phys. Fluids 22, 047101 (2010)]. While general agreement between the simulated and theoretical boundaries is presented, deviations due to varying liquid viscosity are observed. Finally, the prediction of the independence of regime boundaries with varying droplet size ratio, when using the symmetric Weber number as defined by Rabe et al., is discussed. Simulation results showing qualitative agreement are presented, although some discrepancies are reported.
A model for the Barkhausen frequency spectrum as a function of applied stress
Authors: Kypris O. , Nlebedim I. C. , Jiles D. C.
Published: February 2014

We derive a two parameter multi-exponential model to describe the frequency spectrum of Barkhausen noise in bulk steel under high excitation rates and applied tensile stress. We show how the amplitude and shape of the frequency spectrum depend on two directly measurable quantities, Barkhausen voltage and effective magnetic permeability, respectively, and how these change with stress. By incorporating frequency and depth dependence components into our model, we provide a framework for identifying stress variations along depth, which can be used for the purposes of non-destructive characterization.
Thermal interface conductance across a graphene/hexagonal boron nitride heterojunction
Authors: Chen Chun-Chung , Li Zhen , Shi Li , Cronin Stephen B.
Published: February 2014

We measure thermal transport across a graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) interface by electrically heating the graphene and measuring the temperature difference between the graphene and BN using Raman spectroscopy. Because the temperature of the graphene and BN are measured optically, this approach enables nanometer resolution in the cross-plane direction. A temperature drop of 60 K can be achieved across this junction at high electrical powers (14 mW). Based on the temperature difference and the applied power data, we determine the thermal interface conductance of this junction to be 7.4 × 106 Wm−2K−1, which is below the 107–108 Wm−2K−1 values previously reported for graphene/SiO2 interface.
Symmetric reflection line resonator and its quality factor modulation by a two-dimensional electron gas
Authors: Zhang Miao-Lei , Deng Guang-Wei , Li Shu-Xiao , Li Hai-Ou , Cao Gang , Tu Tao , Xiao Ming , Guo Guang-Can , Jiang Hong-Wen , Siddiqi Irfan , Guo Guo-Ping
Published: February 2014

We have designed and fabricated a half-wavelength reflection line resonator that consists of a pair of coupled microstrip lines on a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. By changing the top gate voltage on a small square with a two-dimensional electron gas under the resonator, the quality factor was tuned over a large range from 2700 to below 600. Apart from being of fundamental interest, this gate modulation technique has the potential for use in on-chip resonator applications.
The dynamics of energy and charge transfer in lead sulfide quantum dot solids
Authors: Lingley Zachary , Lu Siyuan , Madhukar Anupam
Published: February 2014

We report on a systematic time-resolved photoluminescence study of the competing energy and charge transfer rates in PbS QDs of differing sizes in the same QD solid as a function of both temperature and ligand-controlled different inter-QD average separations. This complements previous studies that typically varied only one parameter and reveals new aspects while also confirming some known features. For the smallest PbS QDs, the dominant decay process is nonradiative resonant energy transfer (NRET) to adjacent larger dots for all separations but at a rate that increases with decreasing temperature. For the largest QDs, NRET being forbidden, the decay is found to be exponential in the inter-QD separation consistent with carrier tunneling but, for each fixed tunneling distance, exhibiting a thermally activated tunneling carrier population with the activation energy dependent upon the ligand length controlling the inter-QD separation. A consistent understanding of this expanded and rich decay rate behavior of both large and small QDs, we show, can be obtained by accounting for the ligand length dependent (a) dielectric environment of the QD solid modeled using an effective medium description, (b) the energy cost of dissociating the exciton into electron and hole in neighboring QDs, and (c) the potential participation of midgap states. Implications of the findings for NRET based photovoltaics are discussed.
Jitter noise reduction by improving grain uniformity in granular media
Authors: Hara Akihiro , Muraoka Hiroaki
Published: February 2014

The relationship between jitter noise and the magnetic microstructure of recording media was investigated with Voronoi modeling. To maintain thermal stability, the average grain size was assumed to be constant. Two microstructural irregularities were investigated quantitatively: Grain size deviation and grain location deviation. By improving both grain uniformities, the jitter noise was significantly reduced. Even a slight improvement in the grain size and location deviations brings an effective reduction in jitter noise. Grain growth control during granular media fabrication will improve the jitter noise and, therefore, enable high areal density recording.
Effect of growth conditions on microstructure of BiFeO3-0.33BaTiO3 films and performance of bulk acoustic wave resonators
Authors: Vorobiev A. , Löffler M. , Olsson E. , Gevorgian S.
Published: February 2014

The effect of growth conditions on the microstructure of BiFeO3-0.33BaTiO3 (BF-BT) films and the performance of bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators is analyzed using test structures with the BF-BT films grown at different positions relative to the plume axis in the pulsed laser deposition system. The BF-BT film grain size and surface roughness reveal a strong asymmetric surface distribution and decrease significantly in the film region facing the laser beam-plume interaction area. The (100) BF-BT texturing is enhanced in this film region. The variations in the BF-BT film microstructure result in corresponding variations of the BAW resonator performance. Their correlations are established using the model of the roughness induced attenuation of the reflected acoustic waves and theory of the dc field induced piezoelectric effect. The BAW resonators with the highest parameters are obtained in the BF-BT film region facing the laser beam-plume interaction area. The BAW resonators located in this film region reveal a mechanical Q-factor of 200 at 4.2 GHz, an effective electromechanical coupling coefficient of 10% and a tunability of the series resonance frequency of 4.5%.
Effect of reversible electrochemical reaction on Li diffusion and stresses in cylindrical Li-ion battery electrodes
Authors: Zhang Tao , Guo Zhansheng , Wang Yuhui , Zhu Jianyu
Published: February 2014

The effect of reversible electrochemical reaction on Li diffusion and stress in a cylindrical Li-ion battery electrode is studied. A new relation among Li concentration, the fraction of forward reaction product, and the diffusion-reaction-induced stress is derived. The electrochemical reaction has little effect on Li diffusion but enhances the stress significantly, and the reaction induced stress is much larger than diffusion induced stress. The electrochemical reaction will accelerate structural fading or capacity loss of the electrode. The backward reaction can be ignored for both galvanostatic and potentiostatic charging but has a significant effect on stress for galvanostatic discharging. The optimized charging procedure considering the reversible electrochemical reaction is galvanostatic first followed by potentiostatic, which is consistent with the manufacturer recommendation procedure.
Exchange interaction mediated ferroelectricity in multiferroic MnTiO3 with anisotropic orbital hybridization and hole delocalization
Authors: Chen S. W. , Lin P. A. , Jeng H. T. , Fu S. W. , Lee J. M. , Lee J. F. , Pao C. W. , Ishii H. , Tsuei K. D. , Hiraoka N. , Chen D. P. , Dou S. X. , Wang X. L. , Lu K. T. , Chen J. M.
Published: February 2014

We present the orbital structure of MnTiO3 with polarization dependent x-ray absorption and resonant x-ray emission spectra accompanied with electronic structure calculations. The results clearly indicate a strongly anisotropic O 2p-Mn 3d orbital hybridization whereas the Mn 3d hole state shows a highly delocalized characteristic ascribed to the 3d-4p mixing. The extended Mn 4p orbital could enhance the exchange interaction between Mn (3d)-O (2p)-Mn (3d) leading to an asymmetric charge distribution in Mn-O bonds. The delocalized characteristic of Mn 3d holes is indispensable to the mechanism of spin-dependent-metal-ligand hybridization to explain magnetically induced ferroelectricity.
Specific methodology for capacitance imaging by atomic force microscopy: A breakthrough towards an elimination of parasitic effects
Authors: Estevez Ivan , Chrétien Pascal , Schneegans Olivier , Houzé Frédéric
Published: February 2014

On the basis of a home-made nanoscale impedance measurement device associated with a commercial atomic force microscope, a specific operating process is proposed in order to improve absolute (in sense of “nonrelative”) capacitance imaging by drastically reducing the parasitic effects due to stray capacitance, surface topography, and sample tilt. The method, combining a two-pass image acquisition with the exploitation of approach curves, has been validated on sets of calibration samples consisting in square parallel plate capacitors for which theoretical capacitance values were numerically calculated.
Microcantilevers with embedded accelerometers for dynamic atomic force microscopy
Authors: Shaik Nurul Huda , Reifenberger Ronald G. , Raman Arvind
Published: February 2014

The measurement of the intermittent interaction between an oscillating nanotip and the sample surface is a key challenge in dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Accelerometers integrated onto AFM cantilevers can directly measure this interaction with minimal cantilever modification but have been difficult to realize. Here, we design and fabricate high frequency bandwidth accelerometers on AFM cantilevers to directly measure the tip acceleration in commercial AFM systems. We demonstrate a simple way of calibrating such accelerometers and present experiments using amplitude modulated AFM on freshly cleaved mica samples in water to study the response of the accelerometer.
Achieving perpendicular anisotropy in half-metallic Heusler alloys for spin device applications
Authors: Munira Kamaram , Romero Jonathon , Butler William H.
Published: February 2014

Various full Heusler alloys are interfaced with MgO and the magnetic properties of the Heusler-MgO junctions are studied. Next to MgO, the cubic Heusler system distorts to a tetragonal one, thereby inducing an anisotropy. The half-metallicity and nature of anisotropy (in-plane or perpendicular) in the Heusler-MgO system is governed mostly by the interface Heusler layers. There is a trend that Mn-O bonding near the MgO-Heusler junction results in perpendicular anisotropy. The ability to remain half-metallic and have perpendicular anisotropy makes some of these alloys potential candidates as free-layers in Spin Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STT-RAM) devices, particularly, Cr2MnAs-MgO system with MnAs interface layers and Co2MnSi-MgO system with Mn2 interface layers.
Temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy of chemically derived few layer MoS2 and WS2 nanosheets
Authors: Thripuranthaka M. , Kashid Ranjit V. , Sekhar Rout Chandra , Late Dattatray J.
Published: February 2014

We have systematically investigated the temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy behavior of a few layered MoS2 and WS2 nanosheets synthesized using simple hydrothermal method. Our result reveals A1g and E12g modes soften as temperature increases from 77 K to 623 K. This behavior can be explained in terms of a double resonance process which is active in single- and few layer thick nanosheets. The frequency shifts and peak broadening can provide unambiguous, nondestructive, and accurate information of a few layered MoS2 and WS2. This mechanism can also be applicable in characterizing the structural, optical, electronic, and vibrational properties of other emerging layered materials.
All-optical helicity dependent magnetic switching in an artificial zero moment magnet
Authors: Schubert C. , Hassdenteufel A. , Matthes P. , Schmidt J. , Helm M. , Bratschitsch R. , Albrecht M.
Published: February 2014

Low remanent magnetization as key prerequisite for the ability of helicity dependent all-optical magnetic switching (AOS) is demonstrated for an artificial zero moment magnet. A heterostructure consisting of two amorphous ferrimagnetic Tb36Fe64 and Tb19Fe81 alloy layers is designed to yield a zero remanent net magnetization at room temperature by means of an antiparallel interfacial exchange coupling of the dominant magnetic moments. The canceling layer magnetizations provide vanishing demagnetization fields and the ability of AOS. Contrary to this, no all-optical switching is observed for single Tb36Fe64 and Tb19Fe81 films. This study provides further evidence that the ability for all-optical magnetic switching is correlated to the remanent sample magnetization and thus to the difference in magnetic moment of the rare-earth and transition-metal sublattices.
Optimization of the semiconductor-metal transition in VO2 epitaxial thin films as a function of oxygen growth pressure
Authors: Kim H. , Charipar N. , Osofsky M. , Qadri S. B. , Piqué A.
Published: February 2014

High quality VO2 epitaxial thin films were deposited on sapphire single crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition and their semiconductor-to-metal transitions (SMTs) were characterized as a function of film growth conditions. Varying the oxygen pressure during deposition affected the number of oxygen vacancies, which allowed tuning of the crystal structure and phase transition properties of the VO2 films. Films grown at optimized conditions exhibited a significant resistivity drop (>104 Ω-cm) across the SMT that is correlated with the strain due to oxygen vacancies. This resistivity drop is mainly accounted for by a large change in carrier density at the SMT.
Analysis of the demagnetization process of Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets at elevated temperatures by magnetic domain observation using a Kerr microscope
Authors: Takezawa M. , Ogimoto H. , Kimura Y. , Morimoto Y.
Published: February 2014

Magnetization reversal and its propagation in sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets were clearly observed at elevated temperatures up to 150 °C using a Kerr microscope, image processing, and photo editing. Simultaneous magnetization reversal in several grains along the easy axis direction occurred at elevated temperature, and the extent of simultaneous magnetization reversal increased with temperature. This indicates that reduction in the coercivity of Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets at elevated temperatures is attributable to decrease in anisotropy and insufficient pinning of domain walls at grain boundaries.
The accretion of solar material onto white dwarfs: No mixing with core material implies that the mass of the white dwarf is increasing
Authors: Starrfield Sumner
Published: February 2014

Cataclysmic Variables (CVs) are close binary star systems with one component a white dwarf (WD) and the other a larger cooler star that fills its Roche Lobe. The cooler star is losing mass through the inner Lagrangian point of the binary and some unknown fraction of this material is accreted by the WD. One consequence of the WDs accreting material, is the possibility that they are growing in mass and will eventually reach the Chandrasekhar Limit. This evolution could result in a Supernova Ia (SN Ia) explosion and is designated the Single Degenerate Progenitor (SD) scenario. This paper is concerned with the SD scenario for SN Ia progenitors. One problem with the single degenerate scenario is that it is generally assumed that the accreting material mixes with WD core material at some time during the accretion phase of evolution and, since the typical WD has a carbon-oxygen CO core, the mixing results in large amounts of carbon and oxygen being brought up into the accreted layers. The presence of enriched carbon causes enhanced nuclear fusion and a Classical Nova explosion. Both observations and theoretical studies of these explosions imply that more mass is ejected than is accreted. Thus, the WD in a Classical Nova system is losing mass and cannot be a SN Ia progenitor. However, the composition in the nuclear burning region is important and, in new calculations reported here, the consequences to the WD of no mixing of accreted material with core material have been investigated so that the material involved in the explosion has only a Solar composition. WDs with a large range in initial masses and mass accretion rates have been evolved. I find that once sufficient material has been accreted, nuclear burning occurs in all evolutionary sequences and continues until a thermonuclear runaway (TNR) occurs and the WD either ejects a small amount of material or its radius grows to about 1012 cm and the evolution is ended. In all cases where mass ejection occurs, the mass of the ejecta is far less than the mass of the accreted material. Therefore, all the WDs are growing in mass. It is also found that the accretion time to explosion can be sufficiently short for a 1.0M⊙ WD that recurrent novae can occur on a low mass WD. This mass is lower than typically assumed for the WDs in recurrent nova systems. Finally, the predicted surface temperatures when the WD is near the peak of the explosion imply that only the most massive WDs will be significant X-ray emitters at this time.
Understanding sensitization behavior of lead selenide photoconductive detectors by charge separation model
Authors: Zhao Lihua , Qiu Jijun , Weng Binbin , Chang Caleb , Yuan Zijian , Shi Zhisheng
Published: February 2014

We introduce a charge separation model in this work to explain the mechanism of enhanced photoconductivity of polycrystalline lead salt photoconductors. Our results show that this model could clarify the heuristic fabrication processes of such lead salt detectors that were not well understood and often considered mysterious for nearly a century. The improved lifetime and performance of the device, e.g., responsivity, are attributed to the spatial separation of holes and electrons, hence less possibility of carrier recombination. This model shows that in addition to crystal quality the size of crystallites, the depth of outer conversion layer, and doping concentration could all affect detector performance. The simulation results agree well with experimental results and thus offer a very useful tool for further improvement of lead salt detectors. The model was developed with lead salt family of photoconductors in mind, but may well be applicable to a wider class of semiconducting films.
Theoretical study of intraband optical transitions in conduction band of dot-in-a-well system
Authors: Chaganti Venkata R. , Apalkov Vadym
Published: February 2014

We study numerically absorption optical spectra of n-doped InAs/In015Ga085As/GaAs quantum dot-in-a-well systems. The absorption spectra are mainly determined by the size of a quantum dot and have weak dependence on the thickness of quantum well and position of the dot in a well. The dot-in-a-well system is sensitive to both in-plane and out-of-plane polarizations of the incident light with much stronger absorption intensities for the in-plane-polarized light. The absorption spectrum of in-plane-polarized light has also a multi-peak structure with two or three peaks of comparable intensities, while the absorption spectrum of out-of-plane polarized light has a single well-pronounced peak.
Thermal conductivity of sputtered amorphous Ge films
Authors: Zhan Tianzhuo , Xu Yibin , Goto Masahiro , Tanaka Yoshihisa , Kato Ryozo , Sasaki Michiko , Kagawa Yutaka
Published: February 2014

We measured the thermal conductivity of amorphous Ge films prepared by magnetron sputtering. The thermal conductivity was significantly higher than the value predicted by the minimum thermal conductivity model and increased with deposition temperature. We found that variations in sound velocity and Ge film density were not the main factors in the high thermal conductivity. Fast Fourier transform patterns of transmission electron micrographs revealed that short-range order in the Ge films was responsible for their high thermal conductivity. The results provide experimental evidences to understand the underlying nature of the variation of phonon mean free path in amorphous solids.
Progress in developing perennial wheats for grain and grazing
Authors: Larkin Philip J. , Newell Matthew T. , Hayes Richard C. , Aktar Jesmin , Norton Mark R. , Moroni Sergio J. , Wade Len J.
Published: February 2014

Dual-purpose cereals have been important for increasing the flexibility and profitability of mixed farming enterprises in southern Australia, providing winter feed when pasture dry matter production is low, and then recovering to produce grain. A perennial dual-purpose cereal could confer additional economic and environmental benefits. We establish that, at the end of a second growth season, selected perennial cereals were able to achieve up to 10-fold greater below-ground biomass than a resown annual wheat. We review and expand the data on available, diverse, perennial, wheat-derived germplasm, confirming that perenniality is achievable but that further improvements are essential through targeted breeding. Although not yet commercially deployable, the grain yields and dry matter production of the best performing lines approach the benchmarks predicted to achieve profitability. On reviewing the genomic composition of the most promising wheat-derived perennials, we conclude that the best near-term prospect of a productive breeding program for a perennial, wheat-derived cereal will utilise a diploid, perennial donor species, and the most promising one thus far is Thinopyrum elongatum. Furthermore, the breeding should be aimed at complete wheat–Th. elongatum amphiploids, a hybrid synthetic crop analogous to triticale. We advocate the generation of many primary amphiploids involving a diversity of Th. elongatum accessions and a diversity of adapted annual wheat cultivars. Primary perennial amphiploids would be inter-crossed and advanced with heavy, early-generation selection for traits such as semi-dwarf plant height, non-shattering heads, large seed size and good self-fertility, followed by later generation selection for robust perenniality, days to flowering, grain yield, forage yield, stability of grain yield across seasons, and disease resistance.
A frequent, GxxxG-mediated, transmembrane association motif is optimized for the formation of interhelical Cα–H hydrogen bonds
Authors: Mueller Benjamin K. , Subramaniam Sabareesh , Senes Alessandro
Published: February 2014

Significance

The transmembrane helices of single-span membrane proteins are commonly engaged in oligomeric interactions that are essential for structure and function. These interactions often occur in the form of recurrent structural motifs. Here we present an analysis of one of the most important motifs (GAS
right
), showing that its geometry is optimized to form carbon hydrogen bonds at the helix−helix interface. The analysis reveals the structural basis for its characteristic GxxxG sequence signature. We built upon the analysis, creating a method that predicts known GAS
right
structures at near-atomic precision. The work has implications for understanding membrane protein association, and for the prediction of unknown interacting GAS
right
dimers among the thousands of single-span proteins in the proteomes of humans and higher organisms.
Arguments for the category of verb phrase
Authors: McGregor William B.
Published: February 2014

The category VP has since the late 1950s attracted a considerable amount of interest in both formally and functionally oriented linguistics, though in the latter to a lesser extent. There is a substantial amount of disagreement amongst linguists as to the status of this category, and as to its nature and extent amongst those who adopt it. Unfortunately, however, the literature contains few if any convincing arguments either for or against the category, most linguists apparently being content to accept, reject or ignore it as their intuitions or theoretical percepts guide them, and on the basis of quite flimsy evidence. In this paper I attempt to present some evidence in support of the category. It is impossible, of course, to do this in a theory-neutral way; the challenge in developing arguments is to deploy theoretical constructs as little as possible.
Learning about learning
Authors: Painter Clare
Published: February 2014

Systemic-functional linguistics (SFL) is used as a framework within which a child's 'cognitive' development can be seen in linguistic terms as the building of a meaning potential which gains realisation in texts. Data are then presented from a diary study of one child's speech between the ages of two and a half and five years, focussing on the child's use of 'mental' and 'verbal' clauses (such as I think or she said) in order to reveal the child's understandings about information exchange, which constitutes the basis of learning. The naturalistic data display various developments in the child's construals of semiotic exchange, including exploration of 'false' information and the status of perceptual evidence. A general pattern emerges whereby the child moves out from representing and exploring the 'I-you-now' of the ongoing interaction, to a later construal of the world beyond this 'deictic centre', suggesting an intersubjective rather than an 'egocentric' starting point to development.
Strategies for discourse cohesion
Authors: Schleppegrell Mary J.
Published: February 2014

This article compares the frequency with which ESL and non-ESL writers use because clauses for three different discourse-pragmatic functions: to enhance a sentence with information relevant only to that sentence, to make a cohesive link with prior discourse, or to introduce new information which becomes the discourse topic. The ESL writers in this study use significantly more because clauses than non-ESL writers, especially locally relevant because clauses. Non-ESL writers typically create cohesive ties with prior or subsequent discourse when they use because. The article suggests reasons for these differences and draws pedagogical implications. This research affirms the importance in language acquisition studies of examining the functional distribution of syntactic structures and their relevance to global dimensions of text. As this study shows, language learners employ because clauses where more proficient writers use other constructions, making the distribution of because clauses significantly different in ESL and non-ESL writing.
Meta-quotation
Authors: Maynard Senko K.
Published: February 2014

This paper explores the thematic and interactional significance of the quotative marker tte in Japanese comics. The quotative expressions examined are 'meta-quotations', their main function being to self-qualify the quoter's speaking act. Although a similar use is observed in the standard quotation marker to followed by the verbs of saying and thinking, this study primarily focuses on tte that appears independently in casual speech as depicted in comics targeted at adolescent girls. Extending beyond the concept of speech act qualification, I argue that meta-quotation offers a device in Japanese discourse to qualify and manipulate multiple discourse organizational and interactional meanings, including theme presentation, 'pseudo-quotation', and quotation across Speakers* Through tte's function as a metalinguistic device, this study illustrates that language not only describes events and states but also reflexively qualifies the speaker's voice that describes these events and states.
Gestural communication in three species of macaques (Macaca mulatta,M. nemestrina,M. arctoides): Use of signals in relation to dominance and social context
Authors: Maestripieri Dario
Published: February 2014

The present study compared the frequency and contextual usage of the most prominent gestural signals of dominance, submission, affiliation, and bonding in rhesus, pigtail, and stumptail macaques living in captivity. Most similarities among species were found in signals of dominance and submission and most differences in affiliative gestures and bonding patterns. Rhesus macaques have a relatively poor gestural repertoire, pigtail macaques possess conspicuous signals of affiliation and bonding, and stumptail macaques have the richest repertoire of assertive and submissive signals. The similarities and differences in the gestural repertoires of rhesus, pigtail, and stumptail macaques can be related to the intragroup social dynamics of these species as well as to their evolutionary history.
Multimodal concomitants of manual gesture by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Influence of food size and distance
Authors: Leavens David A. , Hopkins William D.
Published: February 2014

It is well-established that chimpanzees vocalize more in the presence of relatively large amounts of food. The present study administered four trials in random order to each of 20 chimpanzees: (1) small piece of fruit, placed near to cage (~30 cm.), (2) large piece of fruit, placed near to cage, (3) small piece of fruit, placed far from cage (~130 cm.), and (4) large piece of fruit, placed far from cage. On arrival of an experimenter, the chimpanzees not only vocalized more in the presence of the large piece of fruit, confirming previous studies’ findings, but also exhibited more multimodal behavior (vocalizations, manual gestures, and gaze alternation between the food and the experimenter), which extends previous research. More gaze alternation was exhibited to food placed more peripherally. Arousal may be indexed in this species by the number of modalities in which they communicate.
Tapping into interaction
Authors: Dickerson Paul , Stribling Penny , Rae John
Published: February 2014

Children diagnosed with an Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are frequently thought to be incapable of using communicative gestures. When children with an ASD undertake motor actions — other than practical actions (such as direct manipulation of the physical environment) — these are often taken to be either impaired relative to control groups or symptomatic of the child’s pathology. Drawing on videotaped data of children with an ASD interacting in home and school settings, we examine adult–child interactions in which children repeatedly tap items that are presented to them (for a response). We show how these actions are systematically placed at just those points where it is appropriate for the child to provide an answer (or candidate solution) to the adult’s question but before the child has completed it. Thus by investigating the sequential context in which actions of this sort are placed we can better appreciate the interactional work they undertake and the extent to which they are communicative gestures rather than either being interactionally irrelevant or symptomatic of an underlying pathology.
Head movements in the context of speech in Arabic, Bulgarian, Korean, and African-American Vernacular English
Authors: McClave Evelyn , Kim Helen , Tamer Rita , Mileff Milo
Published: February 2014

A previous study among European-Americans (McClave, 2000) observed that particular forms of head movements occur in specific communicative environments. The present study investigates whether any of the form–function relationships observed in the original study are cross-cultural. The database consists of seven hours of videotaped spontaneous conversations in Arabic, Bulgarian, Korean, and African-American Vernacular English.

This study suggests that head movements are used for semantic, discourse, and interactive functions in these four languages from three genetically unrelated language families.1 Identical head movements occur in three environments across all four cultures: lateral movements co-occur with expressions of inclusivity, the head changes position for each item on a list, and the head orients toward a specific location selected by the speaker when referring to non-present or abstract entities. Head movements function as speaker backchannel requests in each culture as well, but the particular form of movement corresponds to the culture’s head motion for affirmation.
Identities, Differences, and Analogies: The problem Saussure could not solve
Authors: Harris Roy
Published: February 2014

Summary

This paper examines the problem of differential identification as posed in Saussure’sCours de linguistique générale. The solution proposed by Ducrot seems unlikely to have been Saussure’s own and would result in recognizing a proliferation of variants for every sign in the system. Saussure’s analogy with handwriting appears to provide a more promising line of approach, but in the end leads to no less intractable difficulties.

Résumé

Cet article examine le problème de l’identification différentielle, tel que F. de Saussure le pose dans leCours de linguistique générale. Il paraît douteux que la solution que propose Oswald Ducrot était celle de Saussure lui-mème; elle aboutirait à reconnaître un grand nombre de variantes pour chaque signe dans le système. Plus fructueuse d’apparence, l’analogie de Saussure avec l’écriture mène, à la fin, à des difficultés tout aussi insolubles.

Zusammenfassung

In dem Beitrag geht es um das Problem der differentiellen Identifikation, so wie dies Saussure imCours de linguistiquegénéraleskizziert hat. Die Lösung, welche Oswald Ducrot vorschlägt, scheint nicht Saussures eigene Lösung gewesen zu sein und würde überdies zu einer großen Zahl von Varianten im System führen. Saussures Vergleich mit Handgeschriebenem scheint da eher eine Lösung zu versprechen, führt am Ende aber auch zu eine Reihe von unauflösbaren Schwierigkeiten.
Las primeras gramáticas mesoamericanas: Algunos rasgos lingüísticos
Authors: deLeón-Portilla Ascensión Hernández
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY On the basis of an analysis of ten grammars of different Meso-American indigenous languages crafted by missionaries during the 16th century, the author attempts to dress an inventory of the specific linguistic traits that characterizes them. These characteristics highlight the efforts which the authors had to make in order to penetrate these unknown and typologically distant languages from those studied at the time of the Renaissance. The present article points out that the missionaries, who had no formal linguistic training, made use of principles of classic hermeneutics, of analogy and anomaly, in order to analyze the function of the word in these new languages. It also establishes the value of these missionary grammars for the philology of the Meso-American indigenous languages, which is only at a beginning.

RÉSUMÉ À partir d’un corpus de dix grammaires de différentes langues d’Amérique centrale écrites au XVIe siècle, l’auteur compte inventorier un ensemble de traits linguistiques qui leur confère leur originalité. De par ces traits on peut percevoir l’effort mis par leurs auteurs afin d’assimiler des langues inconnues et très éloignées, sur le plan typologique, de celles qu’on étudiait à l’époque de la Renaissance. Dans l’article on met en relief le fait que les missionnaires, sans formation linguistique, se servirent des principes de l’herméneutique classique, de l’analogie et de l’anomalie afin d’analyser la nature et la fonction du mot dans les nouvelles langues. On établira aussi la valeur de ces grammaires pour la philologie des langues d’Amérique centrale, alors à ses débuts.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Aufgrund eines Korpus von zehn verschiedenen Grammatiken von mittelamerikanischen Sprachen, die im 16. Jahrhunder von Missionaren verfaßtt worden sind, versucht die Autorin ein Inventar linguistischer Charakteristika zu erstellen, welche diese Sprachen kennzeichnend sind. Mith ihrer Hilfe lassen sich die Anstrengungen der Autoren ermitteln, Sprachen zu analysieren, die unbekannt waren und sich typologisch sehr weit von denen entfernten, die man in der Zeit der Renaissance studiert hatte. Der Aufsatz hebt hervor, wie die linguistisch nicht vorgebildeten Missionare sich der Prinzipien der antiken Hermeneutik, der Analogie und die Anomalie, bedienten, um die Natur und Funktion des Wortes in diesen neuen Sprachen zu bestimmen. Gleichzeitig wird di Bedeutung dieser Grammatiken für die Philologie der mittelamerikanischen Sprachen herausgestellt, welche noch an ihren Anfängen steht.
Gender-Specific Communication in Graeco-Roman Antiquity: With a Research Bibliography
Authors: Fögen Thorsten
Published: February 2014

It has been the main interest of numerous studies in modern linguistics, in particular since the 1980s, to analyse gender-specific language and modes of communication. However, the vast majority of these contributions completely ignores the fact that some ancient authors already raised the problem of gender-specific language and thus made at least a first step towards a diaphasic sketch of the linguistic levels and varieties of both Greek and Latin. The ancient sources on women’s language are admittedly not very ample and, moreover, rather scattered. It is the aim of this contribution to bring together relevant metalinguistic passages and provide a close reading in order to obtain a more differentiated impression of the ancients’ views on gender-specific language and style. It is highlighted that differences are pointed out by ancient authors not only in pragmatic respects, but also for the phonological, morphological and lexico-semantic levels. The focus is on excerpts from Plato, Aristophanes, Roman comedy and rhetorical writings, but further (sometimes indirect) sources are also included. The final part of this contribution considers the evidence on “women’s speech” in Giovanni Boccaccio’s treatiseDe mulieribus claris.
Structuralism and Autonomy: From Saussure to Chomsky
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: February 2014

Structuralism sought to introduce various kinds of autonomy into the study of language, including the autonomy of that study itself. The basis for this was the insistence on categorial autonomy, whereby categories are identified language-internally (whether in a particular language or in language generally). In relation to phonology, categorial autonomy has generally been tempered by grounding: the categories correlate (at least prototypically) with substance, phonetic properties. This is manifested in the idea of ‘natural classes’ in generative phonology, for instance. Usually, however, and particularly since Bloomfield, no such grounding (in meaning) has been attributed to syntax. This attitude culminates in the principle of the autonomy of syntax which was put forward in transformational-generative grammar. Such an attitude can be contrasted not merely with most pre-structural linguistics but also, in its severity, with other developments in structuralism. In present-day terms, the groundedness of syntax assumes that only the behaviour of semantically typical members of a category determines its basic syntax, and this syntax reflects the semantic properties; groundedness filters out potential syntactic analyses that are incompatible with this.
Biographische Kohärenz in der Wechselwirkung von Philologie und (R‑)Emigration: Wolfgang Steinitz (1905-1967)
Authors: Lang Ewald
Published: February 2014

The article portrays Wolfgang Steinitz (1905–1967) as an broad-minded linguist, whose life was determined by the political events in Europe between 1924 and 1967 and by his personal fate as a Jewish scientist, as a German communist of middle-class intellectual origin, and as a refugee to the USSR, Estonia and Sweden, who became an influential figure in the humanities in post-war East Germany. The paper focuses on detecting features of an inner biographical coherence in Steinitz’ oeuvre — despite the outer changes he had to experience with respect to political systems (Nazi-Germany, Stalin’s Soviet Union, Sweden, Soviet-occupied East-Germany/GDR) and scientific fields he had to deal with (Finno-Ugristics, Ostyakology, folklore, ethnology, German studies, and other subjects). The paper illustrates features of biographical coherence emerging from a productive connection of personal motivation and philological method. The way in which Steinitz (1934) analyzed the grammatical parallelisms in Finno-Karelian folk poetry as ‘variations under conditions of contrast’ provides the over-all pattern for the range of scientific endeavours he addressed in his subsequent scientific undertakings. With reference to the personal friendship of the two émigré scholars Wolfgang Steinitz and Roman Jakobson, the paper suggests the life-saving role a commitment to scientific work can play as a balancing pole in difficult political times.
William Perry’sThe Royal Standard English Dictionary(1775): A provincial’s attempt to ascertain and fix a standard to the pronunciation of the English tongue
Authors: Sturiale Massimo
Published: February 2014

This paper examines the role of William Perry (1747–post 1805), an active Scottish schoolteacher and lexicographer, in the prescription of norms for a ‘correct’ pronunciation of standard English, being perfectly in line with the language guardians of the time. Although Perry shares a few characteristics with Thomas Sheridan (1719–1788) and James Buchanan (fl. 1753–1773), as he himself maintains in the Preface to hisThe Royal Standard English Dictionary, first published in Edinburgh in 1775, he also reveals a certain dissatisfaction with the way ‘the sounds of words are expressed’ by the other two 18th-century scholars. Therefore, the paper examines the ‘more rational method’ proposed in his attempt to better represent the sounds of the English language.
Did Andreas Jäger or Georg Caspar Kirchmaier write the dissertation De lingua vetustissima Europae (1686)?
Authors: Considine John
Published: February 2014

This paper attempts to establish the authorship of a milestone in the development of the concept of the Indo-European language family, the dissertation De lingua vetustissima Europae (Wittenberg, 1686). Since the work of G. J. Metcalf in 1966 and 1974, this dissertation has been ascribed to Andreas Jäger (c.1660–1730), the Swedish student who played the part of respondens in the public disputation in which the dissertation was discussed. The paper sets out the arguments for identifying Georg Caspar Kirchmaier, the praeses in that disputation, as at least the collaborative author of the De lingua vetustissima. It examines a crucial mistaken argument of Metcalf’s, shows that it was usual in the late 17th and early 18th centuries for the praeses to write such a dissertation alone or in collaboration with the respondens, discusses the testimony of contemporaries in this particular case, and remarks on the relationship of the dissertation to Kirchmaier’s own scholarly interests.
Reassessing Nineteenth-Century Missionary Linguistics on the Pacific Northwest Coast
Authors: Tomalin Marcus
Published: February 2014

This article reconsiders various aspects of missionary linguistics on the Pacific Northwest Coast in the late 19th century. In particular, it explores the complex relationship between Alfred Hall’s (1853–1918) A Grammar of the Kwagiutl Language (1888) and Charles Harrison’s (d.1926) Haida Grammar (1895), and it is shown that, in many cases, both the basic analytical framework and the clarificatory examples that Harrison used were largely derived from Hall’s work. Such connections have not been recognised previously, and yet they are of importance, since they indicate that traditional Graeco-Roman categories and paradigms were not the only templates used by missionaries who were seeking to analyse the indigenous languages of North America. In addition, Hall’s and Harrison’s accounts of numerals in Kwak’wala and Haida (respectively) are reassessed, and it is suggested that their analyses were influenced by the classificatory approaches presented in contemporaneous studies of non-Western languages (e.g., Japanese).