bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Safety and Effectiveness in a Multicenter Randomized, Controlled Trial of Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Shankaran Seetha , Pappas Athina , Laptook Abbott R. , McDonald Scott A. , Ehrenkranz Richard A. , Tyson Jon E. , Walsh Michelle , Goldberg Ronald N. , Higgins Rosemary D. , Das Abhik ,   for the NICHD Neonatal Research Network
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND. Whole-body hypothermia reduced the frequency of death or moderate/severe disabilities in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in a randomized, controlled multicenter trial.

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to evaluate outcomes of safety and effectiveness of hypothermia in infants up to 18 to 22 months of age.

DESIGN/METHODS. A priori outcomes were evaluated between hypothermia (n = 102) and control (n = 106) groups.

RESULTS. Encephalopathy attributable to causes other than hypoxia-ischemia at birth was not noted. Inotropic support (hypothermia, 59% of infants; control, 56% of infants) was similar during the 72-hour study intervention period in both groups. Need for blood transfusions (hypothermia, 24%; control, 24%), platelet transfusions (hypothermia, 20%; control, 12%), and volume expanders (hypothermia, 54%; control, 49%) was similar in the 2 groups. Among infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension (hypothermia, 25%; control, 22%), nitric-oxide use (hypothermia, 68%; control, 57%) and placement on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (hypothermia, 4%; control, 9%) was similar between the 2 groups. Non–central nervous system organ dysfunctions occurred with similar frequency in the hypothermia (74%) and control (73%) groups. Rehospitalization occurred among 27% of the infants in the hypothermia group and 42% of infants in the control group. At 18 months, the hypothermia group had 24 deaths, 19 severe disabilities, and 2 moderate disabilities, whereas the control group had 38 deaths, 25 severe disabilities, and 1 moderate disability. Growth parameters were similar between survivors. No adverse outcomes were noted among infants receiving hypothermia with transient reduction of temperature below a target of 33.5°C at initiation of cooling. There was a trend in reduction of frequency of all outcomes in the hypothermia group compared with the control group in both moderate and severe encephalopathy categories.

CONCLUSIONS. Although not powered to test these secondary outcomes, whole-body hypothermia in infants with encephalopathy was safe and was associated with a consistent trend for decreasing frequency of each of the components of disability.
Severe Cardiovascular and Thromboembolic Consequences of Pneumococcal Infection in a Child
Authors: Al-Sabbagh Afraa , Catford Katherine , Evans Ian , Morley Sarah L.
Published: October 2008

We present an unusually severe case of pneumococcal infection in an immunocompetent child who progressed from pneumonia to empyema, pericarditis with cardiac tamponade, and severe venous thromboembolism leading to life-threatening pulmonary embolus.
An Intervention to Decrease Narcotic-Related Adverse Drug Events in Children's Hospitals
Authors: Sharek Paul J. , McClead Richard E. , Taketomo Carol , Luria Joseph W. , Takata Glenn S. , Walti Beverly , Tanski Marla , Nelson Carla , Logsdon Tina R. , Thurm Cary , Federico Frank
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVES. Narcotic-related adverse drug events are the most common adverse drug events in hospitalized children. Despite multiple published studies describing interventions that decrease adverse drug events from narcotics, large-scale collaborative quality improvement efforts to address narcotic-related adverse drug events in pediatrics have not been described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate collaborative-wide narcotic-related adverse drug event rates after a collection of expert panel–defined best practices was implemented.

METHODS. All 42 children's hospitals in the Child Health Corporation of America were invited to participate in the Institute for Healthcare Improvement–style quality improvement collaborative aimed at reducing narcotic-related adverse drug events. A collection of interventions known or suspected to reduce narcotic-related adverse drug events was recommended by an expert panel, with each site implementing ≥1 of these best practices on the basis of local need. Narcotic-related adverse drug event rates were compared between the baseline (December 1, 2004, to March 31, 2005) and postimplementation periods (January 1, 2006, to March 31, 2006) after an a priori–defined intervention ramp-up time (April 1, 2005, and December 31, 2005). Secondary outcome measures included constipation rates and narcotic-related automated drug-dispensing-device override percentages.

RESULTS. Median narcotic-related adverse drug event rates decreased 67% between the baseline and postimplementation time frames across the 14-site collaborative. Constipation rates decreased 68.9%, and automated drug-dispensing-device overrides decreased from 10.18% to 5.91% of all narcotic doses administered.

CONCLUSIONS. Implementation of ≥1 expert panel–recommended interventions at each participating site resulted in a significant decrease in narcotic-related adverse drug events, constipation, and automated drug-dispensing-device overrides in a 12-month, 14-site children's hospital quality collaborative.
Infant Feeding Practices Study II: Study Methods
Authors: Fein Sara B. , Labiner-Wolfe Judith , Shealy Katherine R. , Li Rouwei , Chen Jian , Grummer-Strawn Laurence M.
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. Our goal is to describe the methods used in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II (IFPS II), a study of infant feeding and care practices throughout the first year of life. Survey topics included breastfeeding, formula and complementary feeding, infant health, breast-pump use, food allergies, sleeping arrangements, mother's employment, and child care arrangements. In addition, mothers’ dietary intake was measured prenatally and postnatally.

PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS. The IFPS II sample was drawn from a nationally distributed consumer opinion panel of 500000 households. All questionnaires were administered by mail, 1 prenatally and 10 postpartum. Qualifying criteria were used to achieve the sample goals of mothers of healthy term and late preterm singleton infants. In addition to the questionnaires about the infants, women were sent a diet-assessment questionnaire prenatally and at ∼4 months after delivery; this questionnaire was also sent to members of a comparison group who were neither pregnant nor postpartum.

RESULTS. A sample of 4902 pregnant women began the study, and ∼2000 continued through their infant's first year. Response rates ranged from 63% to 87% for the different questionnaires. Compared with adult mothers of singletons from the nationally representative sample of the National Survey of Family Growth, IFPS II participants had a higher mean education level; were older; were more likely to be middle income, white, and employed; were less likely to smoke; and had fewer other children. Compared with women who participated in the National Immunization Survey who gave birth in 2004, IFPS II mothers were more likely to breastfeed and to breastfeed longer.

CONCLUSIONS. The IFPS II provides a valuable database because of its large sample size, the frequency of its questionnaires, and its wide coverage of issues salient to infant feeding.
Infant Feeding and Feeding Transitions During the First Year of Life
Authors: Grummer-Strawn Laurence M. , Scanlon Kelley S. , Fein Sara B.
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE.

Infancy is a time of rapid transition from a diet of virtually nothing but milk (either breast milk or infant formula) to a varied diet from nearly all food groups being consumed on a daily basis by most infants. Despite various recommendations about infant feeding, little is known about actual patterns of feeding among US infants. This article documents transitions in infant feeding patterns across the first year of life and determinants of key aspects of infant feeding.

METHODS.

Using data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II, we analyzed responses to a 7-day food-recall chart that was administered every month. The sample size declined from 2907 at birth to 1782 at 12 months of age.

RESULTS.

Although 83% of survey respondents initiated breastfeeding, the percentage who breastfed declined rapidly to 50% at 6 months and to 24% at 12 months. Many of the women who breastfed also fed their infants formula; 52% reported that their infants received formula while in the hospital. At 4 months, 40% of the infants had consumed infant cereal, 17% had consumed fruit or vegetable products, and <1% had consumed meat. Compared with infants who were not fed solid foods at 4 months, those who were fed solid foods were more likely to have discontinued breastfeeding at 6 months (70% vs 34%) and to have been fed fatty or sugary foods at 12 months (75% vs 62%).

CONCLUSIONS.

Supplementing breast milk with infant formula while infants were still in the hospital was very common. Despite recommendations that complementary foods not be introduced to infants aged 4 months or younger, almost half of the infants in this study had consumed solid foods by the age of 4 months. This early introduction of complementary foods was associated with unhealthful subsequent feeding behaviors. Pediatrics 2008;122:S36–S42
Sources of Supplemental Iron Among Breastfed Infants During the First Year of Life
Authors: Dee Deborah L. , Sharma Andrea J. , Cogswell Mary E. , Grummer-Strawn Laurence M. , Fein Sara B. , Scanlon Kelley S.
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVES. Primary prevention of iron deficiency requires adequate iron intake. Although recommendations exist to promote adequate intake of iron among infants through iron-rich foods and iron supplements, few studies have examined adherence to these recommendations. Our objectives were to describe the consumption of iron-rich foods, oral iron supplements, and iron-fortified formula among US infants and to assess adherence to iron-intake recommendations.

METHODS. We analyzed data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II, a longitudinal study of mothers and infants followed from late pregnancy through the first year of their infant's life. Mothers completed near-monthly questionnaires that assessed how frequently they fed their infants breast milk, formula, infant cereals, and meats in the previous 7 days and whether their infants were given an oral iron supplement ≥3 times per week during the previous 2 weeks. We examined use of iron-fortified formula among infants who consumed formula; intake of cereal, meat, oral iron supplements, and formula among infants consuming any breast milk; and whether 6-month-old breastfed and mixed-fed (breast milk and formula) infants consumed sources of supplemental iron with recommended frequency.

RESULTS. At 6 months of age, 18% of the term breastfed and mixed-fed infants had not received infant cereal or meat in the previous 7 days, and 15% had not received infant cereal, meat, regular iron supplements, or formula; among solely breastfed infants, 23% had not received infant cereal, meat, or regular iron supplements. Fifty-eight percent of the mixed-fed infants and 70% of the solely breastfed infants received <2 daily servings of infant cereal, meat, or formula combined and did not receive oral iron supplements ≥3 times per week. Among preterm breastfed and mixed-fed infants, none received oral iron supplements ≥3 times per week before 3 months of age, 2% received them at 3 months, and 13% received them at 10.5 months.

CONCLUSIONS. Our findings indicate that recommendations regarding iron intake among breastfed infants are not being followed by a substantial proportion of mothers.
Influenza-Associated Pediatric Mortality in the United States: Increase of Staphylococcus aureus Coinfection
Authors: Finelli Lyn , Fiore Anthony , Dhara Rosaline , Brammer Lynnette , Shay David K. , Kamimoto Laurie , Fry Alicia , Hageman Jeffrey , Gorwitz Rachel , Bresee Joseph , Uyeki Timothy
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. Pediatric influenza-associated death became a nationally notifiable condition in the United States during 2004. We describe influenza-associated pediatric mortality from 2004 to 2007, including an increase of Staphylococcus aureus coinfections.

METHODS. Influenza-associated pediatric death is defined as a death of a child who is younger than 18 years and has laboratory-confirmed influenza. State and local health departments report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention demographic, clinical, and laboratory data on influenza-associated pediatric deaths.

RESULTS. During the 2004–2007 influenza seasons, 166 influenza-associated pediatric deaths were reported (n = 47, 46, and 73, respectively). Median age of the children was 5 years. Children often progressed rapidly to death; 45% died within 72 hours of onset, including 43% who died at home or in an emergency department. Of 90 children who were recommended for influenza vaccination, only 5 (6%) were fully vaccinated. Reports of bacterial coinfection increased substantially from 2004–2005 to 2006–2007 (6%, 15%, and 34%, respectively). S aureus was isolated from a sterile site or endotracheal tube culture in 1 case in 2004–2005, 3 cases in 2005–2006, and 22 cases in 2006–2007; 64% were methicillin-resistant S aureus. Children with S aureus coinfection were significantly older and more likely to have pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome than those who were not coinfected.

CONCLUSIONS. Influenza-associated pediatric mortality is rare, but the proportion of S aureus coinfection identified increased fivefold over the past 3 seasons. Research is needed to identify risk factors for influenza coinfection with invasive bacteria and to determine the impact of influenza vaccination and antiviral agents in preventing pediatric mortality.
Between Islamic law and science : Contemporary Muftis and Muslim ethicists on embryo and stem cells research
Authors: Rispler-Chaim Vardit
Published: September 2008

In practice, stem-cell and embryo research have encountered little resistance in Arab and Islamic countries, and it is already in progress in Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Malaysia, and elsewhere. The Islamic scientific community is largely free of religious inhibitions that jeopardize attempts of scientists in Christian oriented countries, for example, to engage in embryo and stem-cell research. The reason lies with the nature of Islamic medical ethics. According to this ethical system, obtaining knowledge is a human’s duty, and an act of faith. Also, science is revealed by Allah to humans to serve humankind, and human life must be saved by all possible means. According to Islamic theology, “humanity”/the soul, is inspired into the fetus only at 120 days of pregnancy. Therefore, the use of fetuses younger than 120 days in research, and especially if sick or disabled and with a short life expectancy, if born alive at all, is not prohibited, provided that certain stipulations are followed. The use of superfluous zygotes in research is also encouraged, instead of their simply being destroyed. The principle that guides the ethics is that the public good [maslaha] gained from the fruits of the research outweighs the harm [darar]. The research is welcomed.
Isaac as the Persian's Ishmael: Pride and the Pre-Islamic Past in Ninth and Tenth Century Islam
Authors: Savant Sarah Bowen
Published: September 2008

For many ninth and tenth-century Persian Muslims, Isaac fulfilled a role as the Persians’ Ishmael. Abraham was their grandfather just as he was the Arabs’. Claims to Isaac as the Persians’ father occurred amidst dozens of other attempts in the ninth and tenth centuries to link Persians to prophetic lines. When Persians identified Isaac as a father, there was an overwhelming concern to establish through prophetic genealogy a better place for Persians in Islamic society. The attempts were sometimes met with fierce resistance. How exactly the Persians descended from Isaac was generally left unsaid.
The Presence of Secular Books: In Raphael’s Fresco: The School of Athens
Authors: Alkholy Inas
Published: September 2008

This paper studies the presence of the secular book in visual art during the Italian Renaissance. It is the age of humanism, in which the image of the book was changed to be a symbol of secular knowledge. For more than twelve centuries, the book was present in art to represent the Holy Bible. It was utilized in Early Christian, Byzantine and Medieval art to show the sacred principles and the power of the church in people’s lives.

Although the Arabs began translating the classical works of Plato, Aristotle and others as early as the eighth century, their role in European Renaissance is rarely mentioned in art history sources.

The paper discusses Raphael’s fresco The School of Athens that shows a great concern on humanism and education from multi-cultured sources. Raphael represents Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Euclid, Pythagoras and Ibn Rushd, the Muslim philosopher and physician. This fresco is an official and historical gratitude to all minds, which enlightened Europe and affected civilizations.
When the ‘Other’ becomes ‘Us’: the future of Muslims and Islam in Europe
Authors: Hellyer H. A.
Published: September 2008

Whether one regards it positively or negatively, it is clear that the Muslim presence and the space that Islam is currently negotiating in the European public sphere are having significant impacts on the way that Europe thinks of itself: both as a continent and in member states. What does this mean for European societies, when the “Them” becomes “Us”? What sort of diversity are European societies prepared to accept already, and what is contentious? Are Muslims required to “reform” in order to fit within the parameters of European societies, or is this unnecessary? How should Muslims be represented in Europe, and what forms of representation can European societies manage within their pre-existing political systems?
Sufism, Sects and Intra-Muslim Conflicts in Nigeria, 1804-1979.
Authors: Bala Salisu
Published: September 2008

Muslims in Nigeria have for several decades been faced with the problem of intra-religious conflict which eventually led to incessant hostility and disaffection among the followers of the same faith(S.P.I.Agi,1998.p.57) The conflicts have punctuated Nigerian affairs before and after independence. The problem has led to degeneration of the mutual relationships shared between followers of the same faith, albeit with different sectarian beliefs. Government, at federal, state and local level, has created measures to try to bring about a lasting solution to this problem. Despite this effort, the input of academia in this area has been less concerted, not going beyond presentations in workshops, conferences and seminars.

The task of embarking on an in-depth research on Sufism and its relationship with sectarian beliefs among the Muslim groups in Nigeria has not been given much attention. The aim of this paper therefore, is to examine critically the relationship between Sufi orders and other sects among the Muslim communities in Nigeria. The research will also look at major areas of discord among the Nigerian Muslim intellig
The Question of Authority: Deracinating Race,Repositioning Religion, and Regenerating Gender in the History of African American Islam
Authors: Hicks Rosemary R.
Published: September 2008

Essay reviewing Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection by

Sherman A. Jackson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 256 pages.

$29.95 (hardcover)
Boundary Crossing
Authors: Ivanič Roz , Satchwell Candice
Published: September 2008

Researchers in the field of academic literacies have shown that, for many students, entering higher education involves a renegotiation of identity, that the education system privileges certain literacy practices over others, and that studying seems to have little in common with the ways of knowing, valuing and communicating which students bring with them from other domains of their lives. This lack of relation raises an important theoretical issue for literacy studies: if literacy practices are socioculturally situated, to what extent are the boundaries between one context and another impermeable? In order to address this question, this paper draws on research in the broader context of post-compulsory education in the UK, investigating the interface between students’ literacy practices in their lives beyond college, and those involved in participation, learning and demonstrating learning on their vocational and academic courses. It examines boundary crossings firstly between the literacy practices of research and of teaching in the collaborative research methodology, and secondly between literacy practices in different domains of students’ lives. It argues that the characteristics of literacy practices with which students identify in their lives beyond college can be harnessed as resources for learning and for transforming the communicative landscape of further and higher education.
Drawing on Funds of Knowledge and Creating Third Spaces to Engage Students with Academic Literacies
Authors: Curry Mary Jane
Published: September 2008

The articles in the first section of this special issue contribute to a blurring of the boundaries between well-established binaries in education: between students’ home life and school life, between teachers and students, between academic essays and more informal modes of discourse, and between researchers and those they study. Grounded in specific local and historical contexts, these papers generate inspiring connections to two theories - funds of knowledge (Moll et al., 1992) and third spaces (Gutierrez, Rymes, and Larson, 1995) - that have much to offer research in academic literacies by pushing beyond traditional binary oppositions. In the funds of knowledge project (Gonzalez, Moll, and Amanti, 2005), teachers are trained to research the resources and practices of students’ home communities and to draw on these resources in curriculum development and teaching. This approach complements the notion of the Third Space in which students’ unofficial discourses (or ‘counterscripts’) are ratified and incorporated into the work of the classroom alongside official school discourses and practices.
'The Games People Play’
Authors: Chihota Mapfumo Clement
Published: September 2008

Here Clement Chihota reflects on the nature of the space provided by Writer Circles in a project designed to support postgraduate students in their writing of research. Innovative, multidisciplinary and elusive, Writer Circles raise many questions about the nature of postgraduate student literacy, identity and what the UCT Writing Centre has begun to describe as ‘the postgraduate condition’.
Academic literacies
Authors: Blommaert Jan , Street Brian , Turner Joan
Published: September 2008

Edited transcript of recorded discussion, February 2007 Mary Scott, as Chair
Breaking the Frame
Authors: Thesen Lucia
Published: September 2008

Lectures are central to undergraduate academic literacy practices, yet they are a neglected area of research. This paper approaches the lecture through the lens of ritual studies, and sheds light on aspects of academic engagement that usually remain hidden. The approach used here emphasises the dynamic (rather than static) character of the ritualisation process, and foregrounds embodiment and symbolic meaning. The data are from a study of lectures in the Humanities in a South African university, and include ethnographic reconstructions of ‘liminal moments’ in two different lectures, as well as material from focus group discussions with students after the lectures. I argue that lectures have been prematurely written off, and that with ritual theory as a lens there is much to learn about participants’ desire for engagement and about the relationship between micro processes ‘on the ground’ and wider institutional and political dimensions of academic engagement. I conclude by discussing the implications for academic literacies of lectures as a space in which the modes and meanings of orality rather than textuality are primary.
Defining academic literacies research
Authors: Lillis Theresa , Scott Mary
Published: September 2008

Academic literacies research has developed over the past twenty years as a significant field of study that draws on a number of disciplinary fields and subfields such as applied linguistics and sociolinguistics, anthropology, sociocultural theories of learning, new literacy studies and discourse studies. Whilst there is fluidity and even confusion surrounding the use of the term ‘academic literacies’, we argue in this paper that it is a field of enquiry with a specific epistemological and ideological stance towards the study of academic communication and particularly, to date, writing. To define this field we situate the emergence of academic literacies research within a specific historical moment in higher education and offer an overview of the questions that the research has set out to explore. We consider debates surrounding the uses of the singular or plural forms, academic literacy/ies, and, given its position at the juncture of research/theory building and application, we acknowledge the need for strategic as well as epistemological and ideological understandings of its uses. We conclude by summarising the methodological and theoretical orientations that have developed as ‘academic literacies’, conceptualized as a field of inquiry, has expanded, and we point to areas that merit further theoretical consideration and empirical research.
Multilingual Academic Literacies
Authors: Michael-Luna S. , Canagarajah Suresh
Published: September 2008

As the population of Higher Education (HE) becomes decidedly more multilingual, HE instructors struggle with how to address the Englishes produced in high stakes academic writing. In this paper, we endeavor to unveil a practice-based understanding of how multilinguals can be pedagogically supported in their production of texts in a space in-between first and second language by revisiting an earlier HE based study through the lens of a study in an early education context. We begin by reconceptualizing the possibilities for multilingual academic literacies through code meshing. Due to the high stakes and conventionally rigid nature of HE writing practices, we turn our attention to a lower stakes educational environment where pedagogical practice is more flexible and examine how code meshing is supported through six key pedagogical strategies in a 1st grade classroom. Our aim is to explicitly bring code meshing practices in early education classrooms to the attention of researchers and practitioners in higher education, in order to illustrate a pedagogic model which is of direct relevance to higher education. Finally, we reconsider a failed HE multilingual literacy experience by applying the six pedagogic strategies to show the value of code meshing in answering the conflicts faced by HE writers.
Emerging Literacies in Online Learning
Authors: Lea Mary R.
Published: September 2008

Online learning is becoming integral to the experience of increasing numbers of students in higher education. This can range from courses delivered entirely online through to different manifestations of e-learning where students study part of their course electronically, or to simple e-mail exchanges between tutors and students. Despite the written nature of the texts produced in these learning environments, to date little attention has been paid to them as writing. In response, this paper is concerned with the written construction of meaning making in online learning. Building on the perspective that literacies are central to the learning experience, it draws on data from student messages, to each other, in an online postgraduate course in professional education and argues that we should approach these online textual interactions as sites of academic writing. The paper highlights evidence of ‘intertextuality’, ‘metadiscourse’ and ‘epistemic modality’ in students’ message postings. It suggests that in foregrounding these textual features it is possible to unpack the nature of the writing and emerging literacies in online learning. It concludes that student messages are institutionally significant spaces for the negotiation of ownership and authority in the meaning making process
The psychiatric interview
Authors: Pereira Tânia Conceição
Published: September 2008

The objective of this article is to analyze a psychiatric interview, understood as a genre in the particular institutional context of psychiatry. The analysis uses a Sociolinguistic Interactional perspective (Gumperz, 1982; Tannen, 1984, 1989; Goffman, 1998; Ribeiro, 1994). The research is ethnographically based (Malinowski, 1976; Geertz, 1989), qualitative and interpretative (Gumperz, 1982; Erickson & Shultz, 1998). The interview was filmed in the Institute of Psychiatry at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in 2002. The results show that the doctor set four frames of interaction: i) opening frame, ii) exploratory frame, iii) co-construction of patient’s life experience frame, and iv) closing frame. In these frames, the relations of symetry/assymetry between the participants were analyzed through the discursive constructions used. The doctor used various alignments, among them that of attentive listener and collaborative speaker, which show him to be a participant that evaluates and has opinions. He also encouraged the construction of stories, which allowed the patient to talk about his life experiences and his illness.
Breast Cancer Narratives as Public Rhetoric
Authors: Segal Judy Z.
Published: September 2008

This paper explores questions of the permissible and the impermissible in breast cancer narratives. It deploys (inter alia) a theory of discourse and counterdiscourse to argue that the genre itself of the personal narrative performs a regulatory function in public discourse on cancer. The paper is inspired by an idea introduced into science studies by Schiebinger and Proctor—the idea of agnotology: the cultural production of ignorance. The paper argues that ignorance about cancer is maintained, in part, by the rehearsal of stories that have standard plots and features, and that suppress or displace other stories. The paper turns on examples of both conventional and unconventional stories. It focuses on Barbara Ehrenreich’s renegade cancer story and its public reception, and Wendy Mesley’s renegade cancer television documentary and the public reception of that. The paper seeks to contribute to genre studies by analyzing instances of a genre of public discourse, and suggesting the nature of the social action performed by the genre itself.
Engaging with and Arranging for Publics in Blog Genres
Authors: Grafton Kathryn , Maurer Elizabeth
Published: September 2008

In this paper, we take a rhetorical approach to weblogs, examining two sets of blogs: blogs responding to a national literary event called Canada Reads and ‘homeless blogs.’ Taking up Miller and Shepherd’s proposal (2004) that the exigence of the blog is self cultivation and validation, we examine how such an exigence may be met, not through entering and building community, but engaging with and arranging for recognition in what Michael Warner calls ‘discursive publics’ (2002:121). By focusing on uptake (Freadman 2002) as a public dynamic, we suggest how features of the blog such as blog posts and ‘meta-generic’ commentary (Giltrow 2002:192) about antecedent genres may enable a blogger to legitimate the self as an integral part and perpetuator of publics: a blogger’s uptake both actualizes a public (declaring membership), and imagines it anew (envisioning subsequent uptakes).
Professionalizing the Student Body
Authors: Seidel Chalet Kay
Published: September 2008

Drawing on Freadman’s (2002) elaboration of the speech act term uptake, this essay considers the significant politics of translating models of professionalism into the writing classroom by examining one of the first journalism textbooks used in American universities. Through uptake of discursive features of the discourse of Professionalization, the textbook encouraged students to adopt a submissive subjectivity amenable to the needs of the corporate newsroom. The textbook’s presentation of the news story, the central genre around which newsroom relationships were organized, underscored the reporter’s submissive role. Rather than elaborate the genre’s formal properties, the textbook presented the genre as a form of life, a complex of feelings, beliefs, behaviors, roles, and relations students must inhabit in order to perform the genre successfully. This study invites consideration of the long-term consequences both of the uptake of professionalizing discourse in educational genres and the students’ uptake of the subjectivities those genres promote.
Colonial texts in post-colonial contexts
Authors: Makmillen Shurli
Published: September 2008

This paper applies genre theory to nineteenth-century deeds used to appropriate land from indigenous people in British Columbia, Canada, and in Aotearoa New Zealand. These deeds have been the subject of intense scrutiny in legal and other settings via twentieth century interpretive strategies complicated and modified by postcolonial politics and cross-cultural pragmatics. Although focusing mainly on deeds used in B.C. in the 1850s, the paper also has in its purview other deeds and treaties in NZ and Canada. The analysis of these documents’ actions in colonial and postcolonial contexts concludes with a framing of genre that is not based on the mutual recognition of form and situation by genre participants, and indeed may even preclude it. This necessitates a further discussion of Miller’s (1984[1994]) conditions for making a genre claim, and ends with the positing of a special category of genres called contact genres.
A OMC - Organização Mundial do Comércio e as negociações sobre comércio, meio ambiente e padrões sociais
Authors: Thorstensen Vera
Published: October 2008

Este artigo é a continuação do trabalho da autora sobre os novos temas em discussão na OMC. No momento em que o MERCOSUL se posiciona para mais uma rodada de negociações multilaterais no âmbito da OMC, além das negociações já iniciadas com a CE dentro do acordo inter-regional e com o NAFTA dentro do ALCA, dois dos novos temas do comércio internacional se revestem de grande interesse: meio ambiente e padrões trabalhistas. O artigo analisa como tais temas evoluíram no cenário internacional desde a Carta de Havana, passando pela UNCTAD, OCDE, e OIT, para, finalmente, chegarem à OMC. O objetivo do artigo é dar elementos para a discussão desses temas nas negociações futuras do MERCOSUL.
Globalização e políticas públicas no Brasil: a privatização das comunicações entre 1995 e 1998
Authors: Lima Venício A. de
Published: October 2008

O trabalho é um estudo de caso do descompasso existente entre o princípio neoliberal da abertura plena dos mercados e a cultura política dominante no Brasil, tendo como exemplo a nova política de privatização das comunicações.
Auditoria no uso de antimicrobianos em enfermaria cirúrgica
Authors: Souza Hamilton Petry de , Vilhordo Daniel Weiss , Breigeiron Ricardo , Alessandretti Matheus Bongers , Dotti Edgar , Silva Thiago Gonzalez Barbosa e
Published: October 2008

OBJETIVO: Analisar o uso de antimicrobianos em enfermaria cirúrgica de hospital universitário terciário através de uma auditoria por um dia. MÉTODO: Em visita única, aleatória, à enfermaria cirúrgica, dados dos prontuários dos pacientes internados (pré e pós-operatórios) foram analisados. A prescrição de antimicrobianos foi qualificada como profilática, empírica, terapêutica com patógeno conhecido, terapêutica sem patógeno conhecido ou sem base racional, de acordo com critérios pré-estabelecidos. RESULTADOS: Dos 50 pacientes internados, 46 eram pacientes cirúrgicos (N=46). Antibióticos foram prescritos para 13 indivíduos (28,3%). Associação de drogas foi utilizada em sete pacientes (53,8%). Dezenove antibióticos foram prescritos. Oito drogas (42,1%) foram usadas enquadrando-se entre as categorias empírica e sem base racional, quatro em cada. Seis drogas (31,6%) foram utilizadas para tratamento de infecção sem patógeno conhecido, três (15,7%) para tratamento de infecção com patógeno conhecido e duas drogas (10,5%) para profilaxia. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de todas as preocupações com o uso racional dos antimicrobianos, na população estudada quase metade das drogas foi usada sem diagnóstico ou critério definido. A prescrição de antibióticos persiste tema atual. O assunto deve ser encarado com seriedade pelos cirurgiões, que devem saber quando indicar, como indicar e, ainda, quando não indicar.
Efetividade e segurança da apendicectomia videoassistida em porta única transumbilical em adolescentes e adultos
Authors: Lima Geraldo José de Souza , Silva Alcino Lázaro da , Castro Eduardo Godoy , Abras Gustavo Munayer , Pires Lívio José Suretti , Leite Rodrigo Fabiano Guedes
Published: October 2008

OBJETIVO: Aplicar o método apendicectomia videoassistida em porta única transumbilical (AVATU) e avaliar a sua efetividade e a sua segurança. MÉTODO: A AVATU visa combinar os benefícios do acesso laparoscópico com a segurança e simplicidade da remoção do apêndice pela técnica convencional. Analisou-se, retrospectivamente, 300 adolescentes e adultos, com diagnóstico pressuposto de apendicite aguda, nos quais indicou-se a AVATU como abordagem inicial, entre junho de 2001 e junho de 2006. A exeqüibilidade do procedimento no tratamento da apendicite aguda em todos os seus estágios de evolução, tempo operatório e a necessidade de conversão para apendicectomia convencional ou laparoscópica, foram os parâmetros utilizados para avaliação da efetividade do método. A segurança foi avaliada pela incidência de complicações transoperatórias, pós-operatórias e mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Houve necessidade de conversão para a via convencional ou laparoscópica em 9% dos casos. As principais causas de conversão foram aderências inflamatórias locais densas e apendicite aguda nas suas formas mais avançadas. A incidência de complicações pós-operatórias foi de 6,6%, incluindo 1,3% de abscesso intra-abdominal e 2,0% de infecção de sítio cirúrgico. Não ocorreram óbitos. O resultado histopatológico confirmou 11,7% de apendicite em estágio avançado. CONCLUSÃO: A AVATU mostrou-se exeqüível, efetiva e segura. Os resultados deste estudo e os atrativos da técnica, podem avalizar a recomendação do método na abordagem inicial de pacientes adolescentes e adultos, com suspeita de apendicite aguda.
A crise dos negócios do diamante e as respostas dos homens de fortuna no Alto Jequitinhonha, décadas de 1870-1890
Authors: Martins Marcos Lobato
Published: October 2008

Este trabalho aborda a crise da mineração em Diamantina no período 1870-1890 e os impactos que ela gerou sobre os negócios dos grandes mineradores e negociantes de diamante. A ênfase recai sobre a trajetória regional da indústria de lapidação, que representou tentativa de agregar valor às gemas extraídas nas lavras do Alto Jequitinhonha. Também são analisados os investimentos que os homens de fortuna fizeram em firmas comerciais e industriais (principalmente fábricas de tecidos) e os projetos de desenvolvimento regional elaborados por empresários diamantinenses neste período. O trabalho utiliza fontes locais diversas como inventários, processos de falências, contratos, jornais, discursos e panfletos políticos.
Gravidez do primeiro filho: papéis sexuais, ajustamento conjugal e emocional
Authors: Hernandez José Augusto Evangelho , Hutz Cláudio Simon
Published: October 2008

Esta investigação examinou as relações entre papéis sexuais, ajustamento conjugal e emocional de mulheres no período de gravidez da transição para a parentalidade. Participaram 135 mulheres recrutadas na rede pública de saúde (SUS). As gestantes estavam esperando os seus primeiros filhos e coabitavam com seus parceiros, independentemente de serem formalmente casadas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Bem Sex-Role Inventory (Bem, 1974), a Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976) e a Escala Fatorial de Neuroticismo (Hutz & Nunes, 2001). A coleta foi individual e, em geral, os instrumentos foram preenchidos na presença do entrevistador. Um número pequeno de questionários foi respondido no domicílio dos sujeitos e, posteriormente, devolvido aos pesquisadores. Os resultados mostraram relações significativas entre Papéis Sexuais e Ajustamento Conjugal. Os dados são discutidos à luz da Teoria de Esquema de Gênero e do conhecimento produzido na linha de pesquisa da transição para a parentalidade.
A formação de personalidades éticas: representações de si e moral
Authors: Tognetta Luciene Regina Paulino , La Taille Yves de
Published: October 2008

O artigo apresenta os estudos de uma investigação atual entre 75 adolescentes de 12 a 15 anos, estudantes de colégios particulares da cidade de Campinas, que tem como principal objetivo constatar a possível correspondência entre os julgamentos morais e as representações que os sujeitos têm de si mesmos. A partir de um questionário, os estudos destacam as representações desses sujeitos e respondem a um questionamento de que teriam um caráter ético ou não e se corresponderiam a seus julgamentos morais. Os resultados apontam para uma correspondência entre aqueles cujas representações de si são caracterizadas por conteúdos éticos e julgamentos mais evoluídos quanto à sensibilidade aos sentimentos dos personagens envolvidos nas situações descritas. Tais estudos validam a intenção deste artigo de discutir as correspondências entre ética (como o sujeito se vê) e moral (como julga as situações morais).
Estado nutricional e níveis hematológicos e séricos de ferro em pré-escolares de municípios com diferentes índices de desenvolvimento infantil
Authors: Oliveira Wilson Luis de , Oliveira Fernanda Luisa C. , Amancio Olga Maria S.
Published: October 2008

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional e os níveis hematológicos e séricos de ferro em pré-escolares de municípios com diferentes índices de desenvolvimento infantil (IDI). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de 34 pré-escolares com idade de três a seis anos do município de Laranjal, Paraná, com IDI baixo e com o mesmo número de crianças pareadas por idade e gênero, provenientes de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, município com IDI médio. Avaliou-se o estado nutricional por meio do escore Z das relações peso/estatura e estatura/idade. A avaliação bioquímica constou de dosagens de hemoglobina, hematócrito, ferro sérico e ferritina. Para a análise estatística foram usados os testes t de Student, Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado e o exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Peso, estatura e escore Z das relações antropométricas foram significantemente menores no grupo de crianças de Laranjal comparados aos de Presidente Prudente. A prevalência de anemia em ambos os grupos foi 8,8%, não havendo diferença significante para a prevalência de ferropenia e para os valores de ferritina sérica. CONCLUSÕES: Pré-escolares do município com IDI baixo apresentam mais desnutrição, enquanto sobrepeso e obesidade são predominantes nos pré-escolares do município com IDI médio. Quanto às alterações dos níveis hematológicos e séricos de ferro, não há diferença entre os pré-escolares dos municípios estudados.
Conhecimentos e condutas de médicos pediatras com relação à erupção dentária
Authors: Faraco Junior Italo Medeiros , Del Duca Flávia Firpo , Rosa Francinne Miranda da , Poletto Vanessa Ceolin
Published: October 2008

OBJETIVO: Verificar o conhecimento e a conduta de médicos pediatras frente a possíveis manifestações locais e sistêmicas ocorridas durante a erupção dentária, uma vez que a relação desta com o aparecimento de manifestações orgânicas na criança tem constituído, ao longo da história das ciências médico-odontológicas, um assunto controverso. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional no qual o instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário dirigido a todos os médicos pediatras (n=21) da cidade de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul. Este questionário foi constituído por perguntas sobre a opinião dos médicos se a erupção dentária seria a causadora de alterações que surgem durante o irrompimento dos dentes e quais são as condutas por eles tomadas. Após a confecção do banco de dados, foram realizadas as freqüências simples e percentuais das variáveis avaliadas no estudo. RESULTADOS: Dos médicos pediatras entrevistados, 76% acreditam que o processo de erupção dentária pode estar associado a manifestações sistêmicas e/ou locais; 94% dos entrevistados observaram como manifestações ansiedade/irritabilidade e coceira/sucção de dedos ou objetos. A conduta clínica mais adotada pelos médicos pediatras foi a orientação aos pais/responsáveis (37%). CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos médicos pediatras entrevistados acredita que possam ocorrer manifestações sistêmicas e/ou locais devida à erupção dentária e que a conduta clínica de eleição é a orientação familiar.
Nutrição parenteral no recém-nascido pré-termo: proposta de protocolo prático
Authors: Souza Fabíola Isabel S. de , Teske Márcia , Sarni Roseli Oselka S.
Published: October 2008

OBJETIVO: Revisar a literatura e os conceitos relacionados à terapia nutricional parenteral de recém-nascidos pré-termo e propor fluxograma prático de indicação, progressão dos parâmetros e monitoramento para utilização em unidades neonatais. FONTES DE DADOS: Artigos publicados em inglês e português nas bases de dados Medline, Embase, Lilacs e SciELO nos últimos dez anos, além de referências clássicas e consensos internacionais. As palavras-chave utilizadas como fonte de busca foram recém-nascido pré-termo, nutrição parenteral, terapia nutricional e emulsões lipídicas. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: A nutrição parenteral é procedimento essencial no tratamento intra-hospitalar do recém-nascido pré-termo. Além dos avanços no conhecimento e progressos na legislação, vários fatores contribuíram para reduzir a morbimortalidade desses recém-nascidos e elevar a segurança na utilização da nutrição parenteral, tais como qualidade dos cateteres empregados, treinamento e capacitação adequada dos profissionais envolvidos, existência de equipes multiprofissionais e o desenvolvimento de novos insumos. CONCLUSÕES: Esse protocolo prático sobre nutrição parenteral para recém-nascidos prematuros foi desenvolvido com base em recomendações internacionais de sociedades científicas e na análise crítica de estudos científicos.
Levantamento populacional de cercopideos em Santa Maria-RS, com três métodos de coleta
Authors: Viana Tânia Maria Boucinha , Tarragó Manoel Fernando Siagaran
Published: October 2008

Realizou-se um levantamento em Santa Maria-RS, no período de julho de 1992 a julho de 1993, com o objetivo de se identificar as espécies de cigarrinhas da família Cercopidae. Foram avaliados três métodos de coleta ( rede de varredura, lona de coleta e armadilha luminosa) em três locais (Compus da UFSM, centro da cidade e serra). As coletas foram realizadas semanalmente, oportunidade em que foram coletadas nove espécies de cercopídeos sendo Deois incompleta a mais frequente, representando 63,43% do total de exemplares cole lados. Dos três métodos testados, mostrou-se mais eficiente a rede de varredura, e sem eficiência nenhuma a lona de coleta.
Influência de épocas de plantio e cultivares no rendimento total da cultura do alho (Allium sativum l.) em Santa Maria, RS
Authors: Trevisan Jorge Nadir , Martins Gustavo Adolfo Klippel , Santos Nara Rejane Zamberlan dos
Published: October 2008

O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, no ano agrícola de 1984, afim de avaliar a influência de três épocas de plantio (27 de abril, 18 de maio e 14 de julho) na produção total de bulbos de nove cultivares de alho (Allium sativum L.). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os maiores rendimentos totais de bulbos foram obtidos no plantio de 18 de maio. Gigante Lavínia foi a cultivar mais produtiva. As cultivares São Lourenço e Gigante Inconfidentes destacaram-se pelos rendimentos, os quais não diferiram significativamente entre si.