bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematics in chemical engineering: A 50 year introspection
Authors: Ramkrishna Doraiswami , Amundson Neal R.
Published: January 2004

A review is made of the role of mathematics in the field of chemical engineering in the latter half of the twentieth century. The beginning of this era was marked by the concerted effort of a few to raise the mathematical consciousness of the profession to think fundamentally about processes. We have accomplished this review by providing a rough structure of the areas of mathematics, deliberating on how each area has matured through growing applications, to conclude that mathematics is the main medium to meditate not only about processes, but even about materials and products. As we are clearly entering another era where the domain of chemical engineering is expanding into new areas with a focus on discovery oriented high throughput technology, modeling and rapid computation must provide the guidelines for rational interpretation of multitudes of observations. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J,50: 7–23, 2004
Simulation of buoyancy driven bubbly flow: Established simplifications and open questions
Authors: Sokolichin A. , Eigenberger G. , Lapin A.
Published: January 2004

An assessment is given of the present state of modeling and simulation of buoyancy driven gas‐liquid bubble flow based on the two‐fluid approach. Main points of discussion comprise the admissible model simplifications in order to obtain a more easily solvable model together with the question of which physical effects are of prime importance and which reliable correlations can be recommended or are still missing. It is shown that, for most practical cases, the two‐fluid model can be simplified to a formulation which allows for the application of efficient solution strategies for single‐phase flow. From the different interaction forces between gas and liquid, pressure and drag force are most important, whereas no sound experimental basis is available for (lateral) lift forces. So far, lift forces have primarily been used empirically to adjust the gas distribution to the experimental observation. The main open question concerns the prope! r modeling of turbulence in gas‐liquid bubble flow since it affects both the mixture viscosity and the bubble dispersion. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 24–45, 2004
Fractal analysis of permeabilities for porous media
Authors: Yu Boming , Liu Wei
Published: January 2004

A fractal analysis of permeabilities for porous media, both saturated and unsaturated, is presented based on the fractal nature of pores in the media. Both the fractal‐phase permeability and the fractal relative permeability are derived and found to be a function of the tortuosity fractal dimension, pore‐area fractal dimension, phase fractal dimension, saturation, and microstructural parameters. The proposed models for permeabilities—both the phase permeability and the relative permeability—do not contain any empirical constant. The validity of the present analysis is verified by a comparison with the existing measurements, and excellent agreement between the model predictions and experimental data is found. In addition, the present work reveals that the relative permeability depends not only on saturation but also on the two fractal dimensions, pore fractal dimension (at porosity greater than 0.90), and tortuosity fractal dimension, which characterize the fractal characters of capillaries in porous media. The two fractal dimensions may be the two of the important mechanisms affecting the relative permeability in porous media, and this is a supplement to the available conclusion on relative permeability. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 46–57, 2004
Mechanism of mass‐transfer enhancement in textiles by ultrasound
Authors: Moholkar Vijayanand S. , Warmoeskerken Marijn M. C. G. , Ohl Claus Dieter , Prosperetti Andrea
Published: January 2004

The intensification of wet textile processes, such as cleaning and dyeing, by application of ultrasound is well known. In these processes, mass transfer in the interyarn and intrayarn pores of the textile is the basic physical phenomenon. The results of experiments on textile cleaning, based on basic principles of acoustics and cavitation, coupled with analysis of the surface and cross section of the ultrasound‐treated textile and high‐speed imaging of the cleaning process, are reported. It is revealed that transient cavitation in the vicinity of the textile surface, and not the ultrasound wave itself, is the physical mechanism responsible for the enhanced cleaning effect. Intense microconvection due to the transient bubble motion driven by ultrasound enhances fluid flow and, thus, mass transfer through the textile. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 58–64, 2004
Mass transfer between flowing fluid and sphere buried in packed bed of inerts
Authors: Guedes de Carvalho J. R. F. , Delgado J. M. P. Q. , Alves M. A.
Published: January 2004

The equations describing fluid flow and mass transfer around a sphere buried in a packed bed are presented, with due consideration given to the processes of transverse and longitudinal dispersion. Numerical solution of the equations was undertaken to obtain point values of the Sherwood number as a function of the Peclet and Schmidt numbers over a wide range of values of the relevant parameters. A correlation is proposed that describes accurately the dependence found numerically between the values of the Sherwood number and the values of Peclet and Schmidt numbers. Experiments on the dissolution of solid spheres (benzoic acid and 2‐naphthol) buried in packed beds of sand, through which water was forced, at temperatures in the range 293 K to 373 K, gave values of the Sherwood number that were used to test the theoretical results obtained. Excellent agreement was found between theory and experiment, including the large number of available data for naphthalene–air, and this helps establish the proposed correlation as “general” for mass transfer between a buried sphere and the fluid (liquid or gas) flowing around it. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 65–74, 2004
Characterization of trailing vortices generated by a Rushton turbine
Authors: Escudié Renaud , Bouyer Denis , Liné Alain
Published: January 2004

The discharge flow of a Rushton turbine is characterized by a counter‐rotating vortex pair generated behind the impeller blade. The objective here is to characterize these trailing vortices. To this end, PIV measurements were synchronized with blade position. These measurements were performed to identify and locate the trailing vortices, according to an identification technique proposed to detect a vortical region. The advantage of this method for determining the trailing vortex is highlighted after comparison to previous techniques. The trajectory of the vortices is deduced and it is shown to follow the phase‐averaged velocity field induced by the impeller. The trailing vortices were characterized in terms of size and velocity circulation within the vortex. The interactions between these organized structures and turbulence were also illustrated. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 75–86, 2004
Separation characteristics of swirl‐tube dust separators
Authors: Peng Weiming , Hoffmann Alex C. , Dries Huub
Published: January 2004

Experimental results for the overall efficiency, pressure drop, and grade efficiency curves (GECs) in a laboratory cylindrical swirl tube with inlet vanes are given and compared with experimental data and model predictions for a tangential‐inlet, cylinder‐on‐cone cyclone, tested in the same rig. The results show that the performance of swirl tubes is comparable with that of cyclones in spite of the simpler body shape, and also that swirl tubes are more compact than cyclones when operating at the same pressure drop and capacity and with the same cut point (efficiency). The S shape of the GEC in swirl tubes, however, differs in steepness from that of conventional cyclones. That steepness m (larger m, steeper GEC, that is, sharper cut) had values between 2.5 and 3 in the swirl tube and around 4 in the cyclone. The values found for the swirl tube are still well within the range of 2–4 often seen in industrial cyclones. The swirl tube GEC, while less steep around the 50% mark, is steeper at larger particle sizes. Using Stokesian scaling, the GECs from the laboratory swirl tube, which was working alone, are also compared with experimental GECs from a commercial swirl‐tube installation, in which the swirl tubes work in parallel. The commercial GEC is found to be slightly less steep: this, in fact, favors the separation of “microfines” (responsible for equipment fouling), while the separation of coarse particles remains sufficiently large. Underperformance of the commercial installation due to cross talk could not be detected. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:87–96, 2004
Vacuum drying of wood with radiative heating: I. Experimental procedure
Authors: Perré Patrick , Mosnier Stéphane , Turner Ian W.
Published: January 2004

Experimental results for the vacuum drying of wood with radiative heating are presented. In particular, the temperature and pressure measurements at different locations within the board are provided, as are the overall drying curves. The heat source is such that the temperature at the end of the process remains low (≈150°C), and under these conditions, the drying process resembles convective drying with superheated steam. Further important details concerning the internal transfer mechanisms that are induced by this drying process can be pointed out by comparing results for sapwood and heartwood of different species (Picea abies, Abies alba and Fagus silvatica). These extensive experimental data sets will be used in Part II of this work for the purposes of assessing the accuracy and predictive ability of two different drying models and for analyzing the vacuum drying process further at a fundamental level. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:97–107, 2004
Vacuum drying of wood with radiative heating: II. Comparison between theory and experiment
Authors: Turner Ian W. , Perré Patrick
Published: January 2004

In part I of this work extensive experimental data sets for the vacuum drying of wood with radiative heating were presented for sapwood and heartwood of different species (Picea abies, Abies alba, and Fagus silvatica). These data sets are used here to validate two previously developed drying models. The first drying model, which is known as TransPore, is a comprehensive model able to capture the intricately coupled heat‐ and mass‐transfer mechanisms that evolve throughout the drying process. The second model, which is known as Front_2D, uses a number of simplifying assumptions to reduce the complexity of the comprehensive model to a system that enables a semianalytical approach to be exploited for its solution. Although the first model provides a more accurate description of the entire process, the second model is able to produce representative solutions very efficiently in terms of overall computational times, making it a viable option for on‐line control purposes. The comparison with experimental data highlights that both models are able to capture all of the observed trends, allowing them to be used with confidence for investigating the vacuum drying process at a fundamental level. The new contribution of this work lies in the fact that both models are used here for the first time to simulate drying at a reduced external pressure. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 108–118, 2004
Kinetics of reactive extraction of penicillin G by amberlite LA‐2 in kerosene
Authors: Lee Sang Cheol
Published: January 2004

Penicillin G was extracted by the carrier, Amberlite LA‐2, in a nonpolar organic solvent in a dispersed liquid–liquid extraction system. A mass‐transfer model for the system was developed for the purpose of getting a kinetic expression of the reaction between penicillin G and the carrier. The model takes into account the reaction at the interface between continuous aqueous phase and dispersed organic drops, and the diffusion of penicillin G in the dispersed organic drop. The calculated results from the model were in good agreement with the experimental data. Also, the validity of the model was certified by comparing the experimental data with the calculated results from the model at the wide range of Danckwert and Biot numbers used to determine which rate step has a larger effect on the extraction rate. In addition, the rate expression of the interfacial reaction determined here could be satisfactorily used to explain the effect of initial penicillin G concentration on penicillin G extraction by the carrier in previous ELM systems. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 119–126, 2004
Separation of CO2/N2 mixtures using MFI‐type zeolite membranes
Authors: Bernal M. P. , Coronas J. , Menéndez M. , Santamaría J.
Published: January 2004

MFI‐type zeolite (ZSM5) membranes were prepared on alumina and stainless steel tubular supports and tested for the separation of CO2/N2 mixtures. The effect of several operating variables (temperature, feed and permeate pressures, feed composition, use of sweep gas, presence of water in the feed, membrane module configuration) was investigated. The separation between CO2 and N2 takes place because of the preferential adsorption of CO2, which hinders the permeation of N2 through the zeolite pore network. The best results in this work were obtained with a Na‐ZSM5 membrane, and using a large pressure gradient. In this case, a permeation flux as large as 9.2 kg/(m2 · h) [permeance of 2.6 × 10−6 mol/(m2 · s · Pa)] with a CO2/N2 separation factor of 13.7 was obtained. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 127–135, 2004
Inferential product quality control of a multistage batch plant
Authors: Lee Jay H. , Dorsey Andrew W. , Russell Stephen
Published: January 2004

A modeling framework is developed that addresses the connectivity of a particular, but commonplace, batch plant configuration. Traditional inferential model building techniques such as partial least squares (PLS) and subspace identification are modified to allow for the identification of models that capture the correlation structure across the plant, so that when a disturbance or deviation is detected in one reactor, such information can be shared with other reactors to improve overall control performance. The ability to use information from other running reactors, as well as from previous batch runs, translates into more informed control decisions leading to better overall plant performance. The developed modeling strategy will be applied using data generated from simulating a rigorous model of the Nylon 6,6 process. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 136–148, 2004
A novel interval‐halving framework for automated identification of process trends
Authors: Dash Sourabh , Maurya Mano Ram , Venkatasubramanian Venkat , Rengaswamy Raghunathan
Published: January 2004

Qualitative process trend representation is an useful approach to model the temporal evolution of sensor data and has been applied in areas such as process monitoring, data compression, and fault diagnosis. However, the sheer volume of real‐time sensor data that needs to be processed necessitates an automated approach for trend extraction. The step of recovering important temporal features is a difficult procedure to automate because of the absence of a priori knowledge about the sensor trend characteristics such as noise and varying scales of evolution. A novel approach is proposed to automatically identify the qualitative shapes of sensor trends using a polynomial‐fit based interval‐halving technique. To estimate the significance of fit‐error, an estimate of the noise obtained from wavelet‐based denoising is used. The procedure identifies the qualitative trend as a sequence of piecewise unimodals or quadratic segments. The least‐order (among constant, first‐order and quadratic) polynomial with fit‐error statistically insignificant compared to noise (as dictated by F‐test) is used to represent the segment. If the fit‐error is large even for the quadratic polynomial, then the length is halved and the process is repeated on the first half segment until fit‐error is acceptable. A constrained polynomial fit is used to ensure the continuity of the fitted data and an outlier detection methodology is used to detect any jump (step) changes in the signal. The whole procedure is recursively applied to the remaining data until the entire data record is covered. Finally, a unique assignment of qualitative shape is made to each of the identified segments. The application of the interval‐halving technique for trend extraction is illustrated on a variety of both simulated and industrial data. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 50: 149–162, 2004
Thermal imaging of breathing patterns during CO oxidation on a Pd/glass cloth
Authors: Digilov R. , Nekhamkina O. , Sheintuch M.
Published: January 2004

Infrared (IR) thermography studies of oscillatory behavior during catalytic oxidation of CO over Pd supported on a glass‐fiber catalytic cloth were conducted in a continuous reactor with feed flowing perpendicular to and through the disk‐shaped catalyst. Typical thermograms of sustained patterns exhibit a hot spot that expands and contracts continuously (a breathing pattern), in a temporal pattern that matched the oscillations in exit CO2 concentration. The oscillations were of the complex relaxation type, with fast (1‐min) oscillations superimposed on the active phase of the long (10–60‐min) cycle. The change in the number of these smaller peaks, with a varying parameter, corresponds to a period‐adding scenario. A model based on a published kinetic (isothermal) oscillator for this reaction, coupled with a solid‐phase enthalpy and gas‐phase mass balances, predicts these main features of the pattern. The novelty of these experimental results lies in the pattern, which is well defined and amenable to a systematic mathematical modeling, in the short period of the fast oscillations, as well as in the catalyst geometry, a disk‐shaped cloth. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 163–172, 2004
Effect of radial temperature profiles on yields in steam cracking
Authors: Van Geem K. M. , Heynderickx G. J. , Marin G. B.
Published: January 2004

Radial temperature profiles during steam cracking result in radial nonuniformities in the product yields due to radial variations in the concentration of the radicals. The effect of using a 1‐D or a 2‐D reactor model on the calculated product yields is evaluated for the cracking of ethane. With a 2‐D reactor model the simulated ethylene yield decreases. Ethylene formed at the high‐temperature zone near the hot wall diffuses to the center where secondary reactions are favored, generating C3 and C4 olefins. This effect is confirmed by the calculation of a reactor of a Kellogg Millisecond Furnace. In this small‐diameter reactor the 1‐D behavior is more pronounced, resulting in higher ethylene yields at comparable conversions. The effect of the radial gradients on the coking rate calculated with a fundamental kinetic coking model based on elementary reaction steps is even more pronounced. Only when the coke model is coupled to a 2‐D reactor model, a good agreement with the reference data is observed. In order to obtain accurate simulation results the more detailed 2‐D reactor model is required, even if this increases the computational effort. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 173–183, 2004
New design for efficient diesel particulate trap regeneration
Authors: Zheng Haishan , Keith Jason M.
Published: January 2004

Using numerical simulations shows that particulate trap regeneration does not occur below a certain critical inlet temperature, 679 K, for a typical diesel exhaust mass flow rate of 0.0523 kg/s. A new bypass design for particulate trap regeneration has been studied, where the exhaust flow is divided into several channels, which results in a smaller flow rate in each particulate filter. This reduces the critical inlet temperature by 20 K to 40 K, depending on the number of channels, and allows for improved regeneration efficiency with low electric energy consumption. In addition, a zero‐order analytical estimate for the ignition time is also developed, given by uig = 2.50/ξ + ln|ri| − 0.344, where uig is a dimensionless ignition time, ri is a reduced temperature, and ξ depends upon feed temperature, flow rate, oxygen concentration, and initial deposit thickness. An optimal design using three bypass channels is obtained by theory and simulation. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 184–191, 2004
Kinetics of cellulose conversion at 25 MPa in sub‐ and supercritical water
Authors: Sasaki Mitsuru , Adschiri Tadafumi , Arai Kunio
Published: January 2004

Experiments of microcrystalline cellulose conversion in subcritical and supercritical water were conducted at temperatures between 290 and 400°C, a pressure of 25 MPa, and residence times of 0.02–13.1 s using a continuous‐flow‐type microreactor. First, the reaction mechanism of microcrystalline cellulose in subcritical and supercritical water was proposed on the basis of detailed product analyses. Next, the kinetic description of this reaction in subcritical and supercritical water using a grain model was carried out to verify the proposed reaction mechanism and consequently found that the reaction‐rate models were able to express the reaction of microcrystalline cellulose at identical conditions. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 192–202, 2004
PSRK method for gas hydrate equilibria: I. Simple and mixed hydrates
Authors: Yoon Ji‐Ho , Yamamoto Yoshitaka , Komai Takeshi , Kawamura Taro
Published: January 2004

A thermodynamic model using the predictive Soave‐Redlich‐Kwong (PSRK) group contribution method to calculate the fugacities of all components in the vapor and liquid phases in equilibrium with the coexisting hydrate phase is proposed. Since the PSRK method together with the UNIFAC model takes the gas–gas interaction in the vapor and liquid phases into account, the phase equilibria of mixed gas hydrates can be successfully reproduced. This approach greatly improves upon the accuracy of the modified Huron‐Vidal second‐order (MHV2) model, especially for three‐guest hydrate systems. Based on experimentally determined X‐ray data, an accurate representation for the molar volume of the structure I (sI) hydrate is provided and used for predicting the equilibrium dissociation of methane hydrate at high pressures. Using this correlation, it is possible to reduce noticeable errors in dissociation predictions of high‐pressure hydrate formers. Complete phase behavior, including a new quadruple point, which is predicted to be 272.6 K and 7.55 MPa, for cyclopropane hydrate, is presented by the proposed model calculation. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 203–214, 2004
Effect of pressure on the complete phase behavior of binary mixtures
Authors: Lamm Monica H. , Hall Carol K.
Published: January 2004

Using Gibbs‐Duhem integration and semigrand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, temperature vs. composition phase diagrams for a binary Lennard‐Jones mixture, σ11/σ22 = 0.85 and ϵ11/ϵ22 = 1.6, are calculated at several reduced pressures in order to examine the effects of pressure on complete phase behavior (that is, equilibrium between vapor, liquid, and solid phases). Interference is observed between the vapor–liquid and solid–liquid coexistence regions at the lowest pressure. As the pressure increases, the vapor–liquid coexistence region shifts to higher temperatures, while the solid–liquid coexistence region remains essentially unaffected. Eventually, the vapor–liquid coexistence region lifts off the solid–liquid coexistence region, ending the interference. Pressure vs. temperature projections for binary Lennard‐Jones mixtures at σ11/σ22 = 0.85, 0.9, and 0.95, and ϵ11/ϵ22 = 0.45 and 1.6 are also presented to explore how the three‐phase loci (solid–liquid–vapor and solid–solid–liquid) change with variations in diameter ratio and well‐depth ratio. It is found that as the diameter ratio decreases, the maximum pressure in the solid–liquid–vapor locus decreases and the characteristic shape of the solid–liquid coexistence region changes from peritectic to eutectic. As the well‐depth ratio decreases, the maximum pressure in the solid–liquid–vapor locus increases. For one mixture, σ11/σ22 = 0.9 and ϵ11/ϵ22 = 1.6, a quadruple point of solid–solid–liquid–vapor coexistence is located. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 215–225, 2004
Coupled mesoscale—continuum simulations of copper electrodeposition in a trench
Authors: Drews Timothy O. , Webb Eric G. , Ma David L. , Alameda Jay , Braatz Richard D. , Alkire Richard C.
Published: January 2004

Copper electrodeposition in submicron trenches involves phenomena that span many orders of magnitude in time and length scales. In the present work, two codes that simulate electrochemical phenomena on different time and length scales were externally linked. A Monte Carlo code simulated surface phenomena in order to resolve surface roughness evolution and trench in‐fill. A 2‐D finite difference code simulated transport phenomena in the diffusion boundary layer outside the trench. The continuum code passed fluxes to the Monte Carlo code, which passed back a concentration to the continuum code. A numerical instability that arises in the multiscale linked code was suppressed by filtering the concentration data passed from the Monte Carlo code to the finite difference code. The resulting simulation results were self‐consistent for a sufficiently small amount of filtering. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 226–240, 2004
Electric‐field generation by gas–solid combustion
Authors: Martirosyan K. S. , Filimonov I. A. , Luss Dan
Published: January 2004

The combustion of metal particles may generate a temporal electrical field due to a difference in the electrochemical potential across the growing oxide shell, which usually is a mixed ionic electronic conductor. A novel measurement technique enables simultaneously measurement of the temporal electrical field and temperature generated by a planar reaction wave during highly exothermic gas–solid reactions. The voltage formed after the rate of the temperature rise reached its maximum value, but before the temperature attained its maximum. For both simple (TiO2, Fe2O3, MgO) and complex oxides (LiMn2O4, SrFe12O19, PbFe12O19, BaTiO3) the voltage grew to its maximum value within 0.2–0.6 s, irrespective of the distance between the measuring probes. The decay of the voltage signal was slower than its rise. Increasing the distance between the measuring probes increased the period during which the voltage decayed. The difference between the time at which the temperature attained its maximum and the electrical signal vanished depended on both the distance between the two probes, and on the difference in time at which the voltage and temperature attained their maximum. Changing the exothermicity of the reaction (by dilution of the reactant mixture) can shift the time of the voltage decay relative to that at which the maximum temperature occurs. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 241–248, 2004
Viscous drag of deformed vesicles in optical trap: Experiments and simulations
Authors: Foo J. J. , Liu K. K. , Chan V.
Published: January 2004

Traditionally, Stokes' Law is applied in the calculation of the maximum drag force induced by optical trap on a rigid sphere under hydrodynamics flow. Experimental results show that the spherical phospholipid vesicle, traveling in liquid medium, is significantly deformed by hydrodynamics force, and, thereby, the drag force may deviate from that of a rigid sphere. Thus, it is critical to elucidate whether a discrepancy exists in the calculated drag force when the trapped vesicle is deformed under flow. In this study, optical tweezers is applied to interrogate the shape deformation of a moving unilamellar vesicle, and a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package is used to calculate the drag force and wall stress distribution on the vesicle surface. The results show that shear stress distributions are reduced for a deformed vesicle in the liquid medium. The drag force deviation approaches 22.2% even for a slightly deformed vesicle. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanics of suspending cellular entities under flow and interpretation of drag force of a deformable liposome. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J. 50:249–254, 2004
Simultaneous manifestation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and hairy cell leukemia (HCL)
Authors: Sokol Lubomir , Agosti Steven J.
Published: January 2004

We report a unique case of 83‐year‐old Caucasian male with the initial simultaneous manifestation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and hairy cell leukemia (HCL). The patient presented with absolute lymphocytosis in the blood, asymptomatic generalized lymphadenopathy, and mild splenomegaly. The diagnosis of CLL was suggested from the blood film, but subsequent flow cytometric (FC) analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) revealed two distinct abnormal clones of mature B cells. A small subpopulation (7%) of lymphoid cells expressed CD20, CD11c, FMC‐7, CD103, CD25, and kappa surface light chain, consistent with HCL. The larger subpopulation (75%) of lymphoid cells expressed CD19, CD20, CD23, CD5, and lambda light chain, consistent with CLL. The expression of different immunoglobulin light chains on the circulating CLL (lambda) and HCL (kappa) cells suggested two, independent, malignant B‐cell clones. Interestingly, FC analysis of bone marrow (BM) cells done 6 months later revealed bright lambda light chain expression on the HCL cells. Despite administration of several different courses of chemotherapy, the HCL subpopulation was not eliminated from the BM but remained stable between 7% and 10% of total BM lymphoid cells. The CLL, responsible for most of clinical symptoms in our patient, responded to combination chemotherapy with fludarabine and cytoxan, and later to monotherapy with rituximab. Am. J. Hematol. 75:107–109, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new type of autosomal recessive spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda
Authors: Leroy J.G. , Leroy B.P. , Emmery L.V. , Messiaen L. , Spranger J.W.
Published: January 2004

Repeated occurrence of a hitherto unrecognized form of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SED tarda) has been studied in two independent families. Because parental consanguinity was also present in one family, autosomal recessive inheritance is proposed. The onset was in late childhood. The slowly evolving disorder shared several features of the already known types of SED tarda. The radiographic abnormalities were limited to the spine and proximal femora. The patients' hands were normal. The entity described is set apart not only from the X‐linked and autosomal‐dominant forms of SED tarda but also from the already delineated autosomal recessive types by significant clinical and radiographic differences. Final genotypic characterization must await the results of genetic linkage studies and of appropriate molecular genetics investigations. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening adherence in BRCA1/2 families is associated with primary physicians' behavior
Authors: Tinley Susan T. , Houfek Julia , Watson Patrice , Wenzel Lari , Clark Mary Beth , Coughlin Susan , Lynch Henry T.
Published: January 2004

This study provides an assessment of long‐term breast and ovarian cancer screening behaviors and the variables associated with adherence with screening among women with or at 50% for having a BRCA1/2 mutation. Participants in the study included 112 women (33 mutation carriers and 79 at 50% risk). Data was collected through a mailed questionnaire, which included items to assess screening behaviors in the last 2 years, risk perception, cancer specific distress, adherence determinants, specific barriers, and cancer history. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and non‐parametric tests to describe bivariate associations and regression analysis. Adherence rates were 72% for annual mammography, 21% for semi‐annual clinical breast exam (CBE), 29% for monthly breast self‐exam (BSE), and 19% for annual transvaginal ultrasound (US). Only one participant was adherent with semi‐annual CA125. Variables that had a significant association (P < 0.05) with at least one screening modality included: a lack of time, marital status, education, cancer history, provider concern, perceived screening utility, confidence in ability to overcome barriers, cancer specific distress, and risk perception. Primary physician behavior, either in terms of screening recommendations or screening performance in the case of CBE, had significant independent association with adherence to mammography, CBE, and US screening recommendations. The results of this study highlight the essential role that primary physicians play in supporting their very high‐risk patients' adherence. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
X‐linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda: A novel SEDL mutation in a Jewish Ashkenazi family and clinical intervention considerations
Authors: Bar‐Yosef Udy , Ohana Eric , Hershkovitz Eli , Perlmuter Sarit , Ofir Rivka , Birk Ohad S.
Published: January 2004

X‐linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT; MIM 313400) is a late onset progressive skeletal disorder, which manifests in childhood and is characterized by disproportionate short stature with a short trunk, barrel chest and absence of systemic complications. We found a single‐nucleotide deletion in position 613 of the SEDL gene in two brothers of Jewish‐Ashkenazi ancestry afflicted with the disease. This is the first description of SEDL mutations in a Jewish family. Following this finding, an eight‐month old second cousin of the brothers, who had yet no clinical or radiological signs of the disease, was found to carry the deletion. Another relative, 24‐years old, carrying the same mutation was 1.61 m tall and had only minimal signs of the disease. These findings raise the dilemma of pre‐natal counseling in SEDL and the need for exploring means of early intervention in pre‐symptomatic cases. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A dyslexia susceptibility locus (DYX7) linked to dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) region on chromosome 11p15.5
Authors: Hsiung Ging‐Yuek R. , Kaplan Bonnie J. , Petryshen Tracey L. , Lu Shao , Field L. Leigh
Published: January 2004

Dyslexia is a disability in acquiring reading and spelling skills that is independent of general intelligence and educational opportunity, and is highly heritable. It is known that dyslexia often co‐occurs with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the 7‐repeat allele of the 48‐bp tandem repeat in exon 3 of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) has been implicated in ADHD. We, therefore, investigated DRD4 as a candidate gene for dyslexia by testing for linkage and association with 14 markers at and around the DRD4 locus on chromosome 11p15.5. Using 100 families having at least two siblings affected with dyslexia, model‐free linkage analysis revealed evidence for linkage to the DRD4‐exon 3 repeat (two‐point MFLOD = 2.27, P = 0.001) and to HRAS located just proximal to DRD4 (two‐point MFLOD = 2.68, P = 0.0004). Evidence for linkage was maximal between DRD4 and HRAS (three‐point MFLOD = 3.57, P = 0.00005). However, linkage disequilibrium analysis showed no significant evidence for association between dyslexia and DRD4 or HRAS. In particular, dyslexic subjects showed no significant increase of the DRD4 7‐repeat allele associated with ADHD. It is possible that other DRD4 variants, not in strong linkage disequilibrium with the exon 3 repeat polymorphism, or alternatively, another gene very closely linked to DRD4, may influence susceptibility to dyslexia. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association and transmission analysis of the FMR1 IVS10 + 14C‐T variant in autism
Authors: Vincent John B. , Thevarkunnel Sandy , Kolozsvari Debbie , Paterson Andrew D. , Roberts Wendy , Scherer Stephen W.
Published: January 2004

Evidence from the high male to female ratio of individuals with autism as well as suggestive linkage data have implicated the possible involvement of X chromosomal loci in the aetiology of autism. Studies of the FMR1 gene on Xq27 have shown that occasionally individuals, and particularly females, with the [CGG] repeat expansion and methylation mutation may present with autistic symptoms. However, molecular studies suggest that such mutations are not a major cause of autism. Previously, we have screened autism probands for mutations in regions of the FMR1 gene downstream of the [CGG] repeat and identified an intronic variant in the FMR1 gene, IVS10 + 14C‐T, which was present at a significantly higher frequency in autistic individuals compared to controls individuals. We have now investigated this variant in a further 136 autism families and 186 control individuals. We have established that the variant is significantly more frequent among East Asian individuals within our affected and control groups (P < 0.0001) and although we observed a trend of higher transmission frequency of the rare allele to affected individuals, there was no significant evidence in either family‐based or case/control association studies for this variant in autism (P > 0.05). © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TNXB locus may be a candidate gene predisposing to schizophrenia
Authors: Wei J. , Hemmings G.P.
Published: January 2004

We report here on the detection of nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near to the NOTCH4 locus in the search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes in the class III region of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). We totally analyzed 122 family trios recruited in the UK. The TDT analysis demonstrated that of the nine SNPs, three were associated with schizophrenia, including rs1009382 (P = 0.00047), rs204887 (P = 0.007), and rs8283 (P = 0.015). Both rs1009382 and rs204887 are present in the TNXB locus. The rs1009382 is a non‐synonymous SNP located in exon 23 of the gene and its A to G base change causes a Glu2578Gly substitution. The goodness‐of‐fit test showed that genotypic distribution of rs1009382 was deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium due to homozygote excess in the patient group (P = 0.01), suggesting that a double dose of a genetic risk may be involved. Possibly, rs1009382 is a candidate SNP predisposing to a schizophrenic illness. Moreover, the test for linkage disequilibrium (LD) between paired SNPs showed that the nine SNPs studied may be in the same LD block with an unexpected pattern as the strength of LD was not correlated with the distance between paired SNPs. The haplotype analysis suggested that there might be more than one disease‐related allele located in the class III region of the MHC, and that these alleles possibly confer either susceptibility or resistance to schizophrenia. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No association between the APOE gene and autism
Authors: Raiford K.L. , Shao Y. , Allen I.C. , Martin E.R. , Menold M.M. , Wright H.H. , Abramson R.K. , Worley G. , DeLong G.R. , Vance J.M. , Cuccaro M.L. , Gilbert J.R. , Pericak‐Vance M.A.
Published: January 2004

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by stereotypic and repetitive behavior and interests, together with social and communicative deficiencies. The results of several genomic screens suggest the presence of an autism susceptibility locus on chromosome 19p13.2‐q13.4. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene on chromosome 19 encodes for a protein, apoE, whose different isoforms (E2, E3, E4) influence neuronal growth. APOE participates in lipid transport and metabolism, repair, growth, and maintenance of axons and myelin during neuronal development. The APOE protein competes with the Reelin protein for VLDL/APOER2 receptor binding. Several studies have reported evidence for an association between autism and the Reelin gene. Based on these data we tested for association between APOE and autism using family‐based association methods in a data set of 322 autism families. Three promoter, one intronic, and one 3′ UTR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the APOE gene (−491a/t, −427c/t, −219g/t, 113c/g, and 5361c/t) as well as the APOE functional polymorphism (E2, E3, E4) were examined and failed to reveal significant evidence that autism is associated with APOE. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No association between the insulin degrading enzyme gene and Alzheimer's disease in a Japanese population
Authors: Sakai Ayumu , Ujike Hiroshi , Nakata Kenji , Takehisa Yasushi , Imamura Takaki , Uchida Naohiko , Kanzaki Akihiro , Yamamoto Mitsutoshi , Fujisawa Yoshikatsu , Okumura Kazuya , Kuroda Shigetoshi
Published: January 2004

Susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to be regulated by multiple genetic factors. Recently, three independent studies have reported that loci on chromosome 10q are linked with AD, and the insulin degrading enzyme (IDE; MIM 146680) gene located on chromosome 10q23‐q25; IDE is located close to the maker D10S583, which exhibits a maximum LOD score for late‐onset AD. We examined seven polymorphisms in the IDE gene, the marker D10S583 in the 5′ flanking region, and SNPs in introns 1, 3, 11, 20, 21, and 22 (rs#1999764, 1855915, 1970244, 538469, 551266, and 489517, respectively). Four SNPs in introns 3, 11, 20, and 22 did not exhibit any polymorphisms in the Japanese population that was studied. D10S583 and two SNPs in introns 1 and 21 did not exhibit a significant association with early‐ or late‐onset AD. In addition, no associations were observed for subgroups of AD grouped according to APOE status. The present study indicates that the IDE gene polymorphisms do not confer susceptibility to early‐ or late‐onset AD at least in a Japanese population. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Confirming RGS4 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia
Authors: Morris Derek W. , Rodgers Alana , McGhee Kevin A. , Schwaiger Siobhan , Scully Paul , Quinn John , Meagher David , Waddington John L. , Gill Michael , Corvin Aiden P.
Published: January 2004

A recent study identified a putative association between variants in the regulator of G‐protein signalling 4 (RGS4) and schizophrenia, Chowdari et al. [2002: Hum Mol Genet 11: 1373–1380]. RGS4 is both a positional and functional candidate gene for schizophrenia. Chowdari and colleagues identified association at this locus in a number of distinct and ethnically diverse samples, although the pattern of association was not the same in all the samples. Our study attempted to replicate this association in an independent Irish sample of schizophrenia cases and controls. We succeeded in detecting evidence of association at the RGS4 locus. The signal comes from a four‐marker haplotype that is in significant excess in our case sample. The same haplotype is in excess in the Caucasian schizophrenia sample used by Chowdari et al. [2002: Hum Mol Genet 11: 1373–1380]. This study provides further support for the contribution of RGS4 to schizophrenia susceptibility. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphisms in the dopamine D5 receptor (DRD5) gene and ADHD
Authors: Mill Jonathan , Curran Sarah , Richards Sandra , Taylor Eric , Asherson Philip
Published: January 2004

There is considerable evidence to support a role of dopamine‐related genes in the molecular aetiology of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A microsatellite located near the dopamine D5 receptor (DRD5) gene has been associated with ADHD in a number of studies, but other polymorphisms within the vicinity of this gene have not been examined. In this study we genotyped three microsatellites spanning the DRD5 region in a large clinical sample. Overall, we found little evidence to support a role for DRD5 in ADHD. We found no evidence of association with either the previously associated DRD5 marker, or a repeat in the promoter region of the gene. We did, however, find significant association for an allele of D4S615, a dinucleotide repeat located 131 kb 3′ of DRD5 that has been previously associated with schizophrenia. A global test incorporating all alleles of this marker, however, was not significant and thus this finding needs replication before any conclusions can be made. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase gene polymorphism with autism
Authors: Nabi Rafiqun , Serajee Fatema J. , Chugani Diane C. , Zhong Hailang , Huq A.H.M. Mahbubul
Published: January 2004

Although elevation of blood and platelet serotonin has been documented in autism, genetic analyses of serotonin transporter gene have given conflicting results. Tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase (TDO2) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in the catabolism of tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin. A mutation that results in decreased activity of the TDO2 can decrease catabolism of tryptophan and increase the level of whole body serotonin. As such it is a potential candidate gene for autism. We have investigated five single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TDO2 gene for association with autistic disorder. One hundred and ninety six multiplex autistic disorder families were tested using transmission disequilibrium test. There was a significant difference in the transmission of a promoter variant to autistic subjects (P = 0.0006). Haplotype analysis also demonstrated significant difference in the transmission of TDO2 haplotypes to autistic subjects (P = 0.0027). Our results suggest the presence of a susceptibility mutation in the TDO2 or a nearby gene, but may also represent a chance finding. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconciliation and consolation in captive bonobos (Pan paniscus)
Authors: Palagi Elisabetta , Paoli Tommaso , Tarli Silvana Borgognini
Published: January 2004

Although reconciliation in bonobos (Pan paniscus) has previously been described, it has not been analyzed heretofore by the postconflict (PC) match‐control (MC) method. Furthermore, although reconciliation has been investigated before in this species, consolation has not. In this study we analyzed agonistic and affiliative contacts in all sex‐class combinations to clarify and reevaluate the occurrence of reconciliation in bonobos via the PC‐MC method. We also investigated the occurrence of consolation by analyzing the victims' triadic contact tendency (TCT), the influence of the sex of victims, and the relative occurrence of consolation and reconciliation. We collected 167 pairs of PC‐MC observations in a captive group of bonobos (in Apeldoorn, The Netherlands). The conciliatory tendency (CCT) we obtained was tendentially lower than the mean value previously found for Yerkes captive chimpanzees. Close relationships, which were present in all female–female (FF) and some male–female (MF) dyads, positively affected reconciliation rates. When only adult PC‐MC pairs (157) were considered, the mean TCTs and CCTs did not differ significantly. When we focused on types of PC affiliative contact, in the case of consolation we found a striking preference for sociosexual patterns. As to the relative occurrence of consolation and reconciliation, the highest level of the former was found in the absence of the latter. When reconciliation took place, consolation generally preceded it, suggesting that consolation may be a substitutive behavior. Our findings suggest that even if reconciliation remains the best option, consolation may be an alternative substitute for reconciliation that is used to buffer the tension originating from an unresolved conflict. Reconciliation and consolation are complex phenomena that are probably related to the life history of a group. Given that few studies have been conducted on this subject, we can not at this time make any generalizations regarding conflict resolution in certain species by comparing results among studies. Am. J. Primatol. 62:15–30, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.