bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sub-Regional Cooperation in Southeast Asia: The Mekong Basin
Authors: Dosch Jörn , Hensengerth Oliver
Published: November 2005

The paper analyses the security dimension of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) by taking into account traditional as well as non-traditional security issues. The Greater Mekong Subregion, which was established in 1992 at the initiative of the ADB, emerged after the Cold War in the wake of the so-called new regionalism as one of the growth triangles within ASEAN. Participating countries/regions are China's Yunnan province, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. The article places the discussion of the Greater Mekong Subregion within the debate on post-Cold War sub-regionalism and sets out to discuss the development of regionalism in the Mekong Basin. The article shows how economic cooperation is followed in the pursuit of security and stability in a formerly conflict-ridden area and assesses the relevance of the GMS towards the issue of conflict reduction in the Mekong Basin.
Political Leadership, Informality, and Regional Integration in East Asia: The Evolution of Asean Plus Three
Authors: Hidetaka Yoshimatsu
Published: November 2005

Since the late 1990s, moves towards regional integration and cooperation have gained momentum in East Asia. The regional countries have expanded and deepened integration initiatives under the ASEAN Plus Three (APT) framework that consists of ASEAN countries, China, Japan and South Korea. What factors have promoted the development of regional integration and economic cooperation in the region? This article addresses this question in terms of collectively shared norms and political leadership. Informality, a representative common norm, played a catalytic role in first nurturing communication for regional cooperation and inducing a reluctant state to join the cooperative framework. Importantly, the development of regional cooperation under the APT framework was accompanied by a shift in emphasis from informal to formal settings. Moreover, leadership shown by China and Japan has played a crucial role in promoting the regional integration initiatives. While China has taken the initiative in propelling regional free trade agreements and economic development and integration in the Indochina countries, Japan has taken the lead in developing financial and monetary architectures and other cooperative mechanisms. Rivalry for political leadership has induced the two countries to provide regional public goods in a positive-sum game manner.
Women Administrators Negotiate Work-Family Conflicts in Changing Times: An Intergenerational Perspective
Authors: Loder Tondra L.
Published: November 2005

Background: Concerns about work-family conflicts are becoming an increasing problem for women administrators. Yet these concerns have been overshadowed in the educational leadership scholarship, which has focused on barriers related to discrimination in hiring and promotion and lack of sponsoring and mentoring.

Purpose: To illuminate differences and commonalities in how women administrators from different generations and racial/ethnic identities negotiate work-family conflicts.

Research Methodology: A qualitative life course design was employed in this intergenerational study of 31 Black and White women administrators.

Main Findings: The participants’ efforts to enact the multiple and competing roles of administrator, wife, mother, and caretaker proved to be conflicting across generation and race/ethnicity, especially for women born after the civil rights and women’s movements, who confronted a strikingly different gender context than did their older counterparts. To reconcile these conflicts, the participants employed various life course strategies that were distinguished by their unique generational locations and racial/ethnic identities. For example, women in the “older” generation were compelled to prioritize family above professional pursuits more so than women in the “younger” generation. With respect to race/ethnicity, Black administrators relied on extended women kinship ties for child care and household support whereas White administrators primarily sought spousal support.

Implications for Research and Policy: Further investigation is needed on the work-family conflicts confronting contemporary women and men administrators. From a policy perspective, there is an urgent need for more employer-supported child and elder care, flexible scheduling, and family-leave policies.
Book Review: From High School to College: Improving Opportunities for Success in Postsecondary Education
Authors: Williams Frankie Keels , Lindle Jane Clark , West Deborah Lynn
Published: November 2005

Background: Two decades of elementary and secondary education reform (P-12) presumably affects programs and policies in higher education (P-16).

Purpose: This article offers an essay review of the book, From High School to College. The book includes a report on a Stanford University project that investigated the policy articulation between P-12 and higher education.

Research Design: The book reports case studies on six states with an additional chapter commenting on the status and future of community (2-year) colleges.

Findings: Findings suggest that the case studies depend heavily on perceptual data from stakeholders. In addition, the editors and contributing authors do not address differences in the two sectors’ missions. Specifically, the P-12 system includes both open admissions and compulsory attendance requirements, whereas institutions of higher education (IHE), from 2-year to research institutions, wrestle with the tension between open and elite admissions and comparative rankings among the IHEs.
Preserving the Status Quo or Renegotiating Leadership: Women’s Experiences With a District-Based Aspiring Leaders Program
Authors: Sherman Whitney H.
Published: November 2005

Purpose: Current demands for school leaders as well as reported administrator shortages have resulted in the implementation of district-based aspiring leaders programs to promote teacher leaders into administration. Because educational administration has, traditionally, been informed by androcentric perspectives, this study was designed to determine whether these programs are helpful to women aspiring to administration or whether they are used as another way to reinforce the status quo.

Research Methods: This qualitative study examined the experiences of 15 women relating to their participation or lack of participation in an in-house district-based aspiring leaders program in one public school system. A critical framework grounded the study as research questions and the design of the study were informed by feminist poststructuralism.

Findings: Although it is apparent that a greater number of aspiring administrators are reached in the district than if no program existed, the various needs of a diverse population of aspiring administrators have not been effectively met. Women, although they clearly seek leadership positions, have been constrained by traditional norms surrounding educational administration in the district, indicating that problems are much larger in scope than that which can be “cured” by district-led “grow your own” leadership programs.

Implications: Strategies should be implemented that specifically target inducting women and minorities into aspiring leaders programs. In addition, careful consideration should be taken to create partnership programs for aspiring leaders between universities and school districts that link theory to practice and allow cohort groups to gain broader perspectives of leadership in support of transformational change.
Reclaiming humanity for asylum-seekers
Authors: Briskman Linda , Cemlyn Sarah
Published: November 2005

This article explores the role of social work with asylum-seekers in the UK and Australia. It raises the questions of the contradictions for the profession in the light of increasingly repressive policies in both countries. Comparing the policies in the two countries, questions are asked about current social work engagement and the potential for an enhanced role.

French

Cette recherche examine le rô le du service social auprè s des demandeurs d'asile au Royaume-Uni et en Australie. Elle met en relief les contradictions auxquelles la profession est confronté e en raison de l'intensification des politiques ré pressive dans les deux pays. Aprè s avoir comparé les politiques dans les deux pays, l'auteur pose des questions sur le niveau d'engagement actuel du service social et les possibilité s d'un roô le accru.

Spanish

Se explora el papel que ejerce el trabajo social en la cuestión de bùsqueda de asilo en Gran Bretaña y Australia. Se examinan las contradicciones con las que se enfrenta la profesión, a la luz de medidas, cada vez má s represivas, existences en ambos paises. Comparando las políticas de los dos paises, se cuestiona el papel presente del trabajo social y la posibilidad que tenga de jugar un papel cada vez má s importante.
Medical social work in Malaysia
Authors: Crabtree Sara Ashencaen
Published: November 2005

Hospital social work in Malaysia holds an important position compared with other areas of social work. Alliances with medicine are pro.table in raising the pro.le of the profession. But the lack of community services, medical hierarchy and staff shortages militate against further regional development of the social work role.

French

En malaisie, le travail social hospitalier occupe une place importante comparativement à d'autres domaines du travail social. Les alliances qui s'é tablissent avec le secteur mé dical permettent de rehausser le profil de la profession, toutefois le manque de services communautaires, la hié rarchie au sein du systè me mé dical et le manque de personnel sont autant de facteurs qui restreignent le dé veloppement du rô le du travail social en ré gion.

Spanish

El trabajo social hospitalario en Malasia tiene una posición importante, comparado con otras á reas de trabajo social. Las alianzas con la medicina resultan provechosas para aumentar la notoriedad de la profesión, sin embargo la falta de servicios comunitarios, la jerarquí a mé dica, y la escasez de personal militan en contra de un mayor desarrollo regional del papel del trabajo social.
Promoting proactive services and an intersectoral approach on behalf of children
Authors: Matthias Carmel R.
Published: November 2005

In the South African Draft Children's Bill of December 2002 an attempt was made to produce a shift towards proactive services for children. The bill contains an innovative design for a national policy framework as a mechanism for intersectoral co-operation between different sectors of government and non-governmental organizations.

French

Dans l'avant-projet de loi sud-africain pour les enfants (Draft Children Bill ) ré digé en dé cembre 2002, on a tenté d'esquisser un virage pour mettre en place des services proactifs à l'intention des enfants. Le projet de loi met de l'avant un concept innovateur: un cadre politique qui servirait de mé canisme pour assurer la coopé ration intersectorielle entre les diffé rents paliers de gouvernement et les organisations non gouvernementales.

Spanish

En el Borrador de la Ley de la Infancia en Suda´ frica, de diciembre del 2002, se intentódar un giro hacia servicios proactivos a favor de los ninños. A ley contiene un disenño innovador hacia un marco de política nacional que sirva de mecanismo para cooperación entre distintos sectores gubernamentales y organizaciones no gubernamentales.
Violence in the social work workplace
Authors: Macdonald Grant , Sirotich Frank
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this study was to obtain Canadian data on the experiences and attitudes of social workers working with violent or potentially violent clients. The article explores social workers' personal experience of clients' violence and their assessment of clients' violence as a safety concern in their workplace.

French

Cette é tude vise à commencer à obtenir des donné es canadiennes sur les expé riences et les attitudes des travailleurs sociaux qui oeuvrent auprè s d'une clientè le violente ou potentiellement violente. L'article explore l'expé rience personnelle de travailleurs sociaux avec la violence de leurs clients ainsi que leur é valuation du potentiel de danger face à des clients violents dans leur lieu de travail.

Spanish

Este estudio inicia la obtención de datos acerca de las experiencias y actitudes de los trabajadores sociales que en Canadá trabajan con clientes real o potencialmente violentos. El artículo explora la experiencia personal del trabajador social y su valoración de en qué medida la violencia del cliente afecta su sentido de seguridad en el trabajo.
Changes and challenges
Authors: Heron Barbara
Published: November 2005

English

This article highlights current challenges in preparing social work students for international practicums in sub-Saharan Africa. Changes in the region since 1990 and corresponding modi.cations in orientations provided by Canadian NGOs sending volunteers are summarized. Implications of replicating the latter's focus on risk management are considered for schools of social work.

French

Cette é tude met en relief les dé fis qui se posent aujourd'hui dans la pré paration des stages internationaux en Afrique sahé lienne pour les é tudiants en service social. Elle ré sume les changements survenus dans cette ré gion depuis 1990 et la façon dont les coopé rants volontaires canadiens ont adapté leur orientation en consé quence auprè s des ONG. Elle é value quelles seraient les consé quences de reproduire dans les é coles de service social cette orientation axé e sur la gestion du risque.

Spanish

Se examinan los retos de hoy en la preparación de estudiantes de trabajo social para la prá ctica internacional de campo en el Africa subsahariana. Se resumen los cambios ocurridos en la región desde 1990 y las modificaciones de orientación provocadas por las ONGs canadienses que envian voluntarios. Se considera el é nfasis en'control (management) de riesgóde estos ùltimos y las implicaciones para las escuelas de trabajo social.
Cross-cultural differences towards diversity issues in attitudes of graduating social work students in India and the United States
Authors: Kohli Hermeet K. , Faul Anna C.
Published: November 2005

English

Attitudes of graduating social work students towards diversity issues, as well as their practice perceptions in different social work scenarios, from two contrasting cultures (India and the United States), were quanti.ed. Signi.-cant differences in both groups showed that the social climate of a country has an important impact on shaping the attitudes of students.

French

Cette é tude quantitative mené e aupre` s d'é tudiants diploômé s en travail social de deux cultures contrasté es (l'Inde et les Etats-Unis) porte sur leurs attitudes à l'é gard des questions de diversité et sur leurs perceptions quant à leur pratique dans diffé rents scé narios de travail social. Les diffé rences significatives entre les deux groupes expliquent que le climat social du pays a un impact important sur le dé veloppement des attitudes des é tudiants.

Spanish

Se cuantificaron las actitudes de los estudiantes graduados de trabajo social hacia los temas de la diversidad, asícomo la percepción de su prá ctica en diferentes escenarios del trabajo social entre dos culturas (India y los Estados Unidos). Las diferencias significativas encontradas en ambos grupos permiten explicar que el clima social del país tiene un impacto importante en la formación de las actitudes de los estudiantes.
Right or Robust? The Sensitive Nature of Repression to Globalization
Authors: Hafner-Burton Emilie M.
Published: November 2005

A growing number of studies provide quantitative evidence that economic globalization encourages government protection of human rights: trade and investment advance civil and political rights and encourage governments to refrain from violations of the right to life, liberty, and the security of the person. Other studies provide evidence that globalization promotes government repression of human rights: the arbitrary arrest, torture, forced disappearance, or extra-judicial killing of citizens, activists, or dissidents by state security forces under the control of ruling state elites. This article employs a variant of Extreme Bounds Analysis in order to analyze the robustness of this growing body of important but contradictory inferences. It argues that (1) we can make robust empirical claims about the relationship between certain trade and investment indicators and government repression, but shows that (2) cumulative knowledge across studies nevertheless remains limited by the sensitivity of many indicators to conditioning sets of information. This problem stems from vaguely specified theoretical mechanisms linking economic processes to government repression and is of potentially great consequence for scholarship seeking to explain the causes of human rights violations, in particular, and the effects of economic globalization, in general.
The Failure of the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process, 1993–2000
Authors: Barak Oren
Published: November 2005

The article presents a critique of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process of 1993–2000 (the Oslo Process) by placing it in historical and theoretical perspective. It begins by showing how the Oslo Process was inspired by the legacy of peacemaking in the Arab–Israeli conflict, which stipulated peacemaking between states, and contends that this factor had far-reaching implications for the way the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was analyzed and treated. It then employs insights from the expanding literature on conflict and peace between groups, and especially from three major theoretical approaches that are referred to here as conflict management, conflict resolution, and conflict regulation, to assess the Oslo Process and explain its failure. This is done by examining (1) the causes and nature of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict; (2) the methods used to establish peace; (3) the impact of peacemaking efforts on the conflict; and (4) the role of outside players. The article contends that the peacemaking strategy adopted in this period was not informed by the vast literature on intergroup conflicts or by the experience of other, similar cases. It concludes by arguing that reconsidering conventional modes of peacemaking and learning from the experience of others are the most promising paths to peace between Israelis and Palestinians.
Women, Violence and Nonviolent Resistance in East Timor
Authors: Mason Christine
Published: November 2005

A growing literature in peace and conflict studies assesses the relationship between women and nonviolence. Numerous national liberation fronts and academic critiques assess how women participate in nonviolent resistance from Tibet and West Papua to Palestine and Eritrea. However, many liberation struggles that include female nonviolent resistance remain undocumented, and this article aims to delve into one case study in particular. The article examines the nonviolent roles adopted by women in the East Timorese liberation struggle, a national liberation movement in which the participation of female combatants was low but nonviolent participation by women in the resistance movement overall was high. However, the consequences for such women was, and remains, shaped by the overarching patriarchal structures of both the Indonesian occupiers and East Timorese society itself. Female nonviolent resistance was met with highly violent responses from Indonesian troops, especially in the form of rape and sexual exploitation. Yet, this study also found that women acting under religious auspices faced less violent responses overall. Interviews with East Timorese women are used to reveal some of the sexual dynamics of nonviolent action and reprisal. This material is placed in the context of theoretical work on gender, violence and nonviolence.
The Interaction of Narcotics and Conflict
Authors: Cornell Svante E.
Published: November 2005

The link between armed conflict and the production and trafficking of illicit drugs has been frequently noted in the popular literature. Recent academic research on the matter has taken place mainly within the framework of studies of the role of natural resources in civil wars. These have tended to lump drugs together with other 'lootable' resources such as diamonds. The results have been mixed, with the main contribution so far being to show that drugs are not linked to the onset of conflict but appear to be linked to the duration of conflict. Yet, the specific dynamics and, in particular, the causal mechanisms of the linkage between narcotics and conflict remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, recent literature on terrorism and its link with organized crime provides important insights that are applicable to the relationship between narcotics and conflict. This review essay combines the economics and conflict literature with the crime–terror nexus, which provides useful insights as to the causal mechanism linking narcotics and conflict. Empirical cases indicate that where a pre-existing drug production exists, the conditions of armed conflict boost narcotics production and enable insurgents to become involved in the drug trade to finance their struggle, thereby increasing their capabilities and the challenge they pose to states. In some cases, involvement in the drug trade also seems to affect the motivational structures of insurgent groups, creating an economic function of war and vested interests in the continuation of armed conflict.
On Noncoercive Establishment
Authors: Brudney Daniel
Published: November 2005

In this essay, I raise the question of whether some degree of noncoercive state support for religious conceptions(broadly understood) should be left to the majoritarian branch of government. I argue that the reason not to do so is that such state support would alienate many citizens. However, to take this as a sufficient reason to constrain the majoritarian branch is to accept the thesis that not being alienated from one’s polity is a significant part of the human good. Those who would prohibit even a small amount of noncoercive support of religious conceptions must appeal either to pragmatic considerations (the worry that noncoercive will lead to coercive support, i.e., to tyranny) or to a conception of the good that puts great value on the agent’s sense of connectedness to the polity. And the latter is something that reasonable citizens in a modern democracy could reasonably reject.
The Evangelical-Capitalist Resonance Machine
Authors: Connolly William E.
Published: November 2005

The alliance in the United States today between cowboy capitalism and evangelical Christianity cannot be understood sufficiently through the categories of efficient causality or ideological analysis. The constituencies fold similar spiritual dispositions into somewhat different ideologies and creeds. Each party then amplifies these dispositions in the other through the media politics of resonance. The ethos infusing the resonance machine is expressed without being articulated. The inability to grasp this political economy separate from the spiritualities infusing it may carry implications for the form a successful countermovement could assume.
Memory in Native American Land Claims
Authors: Hendrix Burke A.
Published: November 2005

While claims for the return of expropriated land by Native Americans and other indigenous peoples are often evaluated using legal frameworks, such approaches fail to engage the fundamental moral questions involved. This essay outlines three justifications for Native Americans to pursue land claims: to regain properties where original ownership has not been superseded, to aid the long-term survival of their endangered cultures, and to challenge and revise the historical misremembering of mainstream American society. The third justification is most controversial. It asserts that understandings of history shape perceptions of the present, and that intensively pursued land claims can provide powerful challenges to inaccurate conceptions of the past. This essay argues that Native Americans are for this reason justified in strategically pursuing land claims that are difficult to justify on other grounds, and closes with some worries about the legitimate role of strategy in political action.
Predictors of ADL Disability Trajectories Among Low-Income Frail Elders in the Community
Authors: Li Lydia W.
Published: November 2005

In this study, the author examined the effects of psychosocial and health factors on the ADL disability trajectory of low-income frail elders living in the community. She analyzed three-year longitudinal data with a maximum of 15 repeated observations from a cohort of elderly participants in Michigan’s Medicaid Waiver Program ( N=3,161), using the hierarchical linear modeling approach. Baseline data of this cohort were taken in 1999; a reassessment was conducted about every three months. The analysis shows that major risk factors for a poor activity of daily living (ADL) disability trajectory include being Black, older, living with nonspouse others, and no confidence in functional improvement. Presence of arthritis, cancer, and cognitive limitation had significant and modest effects on ADL disability trajectories. The findings have implications to community-based intervention programs for frail elderly persons in the community.
Changes in Older Adult Loneliness
Authors: Dykstra Pearl A. , van Tilburg Theo G. , Gierveld Jenny de Jong
Published: November 2005

This study examines loneliness and its correlates—health, residential care, partner status, and network size—over a seven-year period among adults born between 1908 and 1937. The four waves of data are from the Dutch “Living Arrangements and Social Networks of Older Adults” and the “Longitudinal Aging Study of Amsterdam”programs. Data from at least two waves are available for 2,925 respondents. Results show that older adults generally become lonelier as time passes. The increase is greater for the oldest, the partnered, and those with a better functional capacity at baseline. Older adults who lose their partner by death show the greatest increase in loneliness. Not all older adults become more lonely: Improvement in functional capacity and network expansion lead to less loneliness. Entry into residential care does not affect loneliness. The longitudinal design provides new insights into factors that protect against loneliness compared to cross-sectional studies.
Differences in Functional Disability of Rural American Indian and White Older Adults With Comorbid Diabetes
Authors: Goins R. Turner , Spencer S. Melinda , Roubideaux Yvette D. , Manson Spero M.
Published: November 2005

This study examines racial/ethnic differences in functional disability among a sample of rural older adults with comorbid diabetes. In 2002, interviews were conducted with 62 rural American Indian and 64 White community-dwelling persons aged 65 years or older. Examination of disability levels by group suggested that functional disability for Whites was concentrated in the lower levels (1-2 limitations), whereas disability for American Indians was concentrated in the higher levels (3 or more limitations). Adjusted prevalence rates indicated that American Indian older adults were significantly more likely than Whites to require assistance with dressing, walking, bathing, and shopping. Conversely, for reaching the toilet in time, Whites were significantly more likely than American Indians to report a limitation. Results of this study, coupled with previous literature, suggest that American Indians are more functionally disabled than other racial/ethnic groups and have a marked need for future long-term care.
Status Inequality and Occupational Regrets in Late Life
Authors: Schieman Scott , Pearlin Leonard I. , Nguyen Kim B.
Published: November 2005

In a sample of adults aged 65 years and older, the authors examine structural and experiential sources of work-related perceived discrimination and regrets about occupational attainment. These appraisals are anchored in the circumstances of people’s lives, especially those linked to race and gender. Findings indicate that Black men report the highest levels of work-related discrimination, net of achieved statuses. Black women and men report higher levels of work-related regret than Whites. Compared with Whites, Black men’s disadvantages in achieved statuses like education, occupation, economic resources, and perceived work-related discrimination contribute to their higher levels of regret. Conversely, Black women would report more work-related regret were it not for the fact that their perceived work-related discrimination is relatively similar to that of White women and men. The authors’findings underscore the social-structural and life-course foundations of a critical—but understudied—outcome of self-evaluation processes in late life: the sense of regret.
Advance Care Planning in a Frail Older Population
Authors: Temkin-Greener Helena , Gross Diane L. , Mukamel Dana B.
Published: November 2005

This study examines the process of advance care planning in managed care programs serving the frail elderly and assesses the contributions of individual versus program characteristics on choices made. Data about 3,548 participants in nine programs were obtained. Logistic regressions examine associations between independent variables and end-of-life treatment choices. Interviews with the programs’ medical directors augment quantitative analysis. When all of the known participant characteristics are accounted for, substantial amount of variation attributable to the program-indicator variable remains. Program effect explains 36% of the variation in do-not-resuscitate choice, 66% in the choice of artificial feeding, and 50% relating to the presence of health care proxy. The variation in treatment choices attributable to the program of enrollment and the interviews with the medical directors suggest that provider practice styles are important in determining patients’ choices at the end of life. Interventions to enhance advance care planning should target providers of care.
Abuse Experiences, Perceptions, and Associated Decisions During the Childbearing Cycle
Authors: Lutz Kristin F.
Published: November 2005

The study purpose was to generate a theoretical understanding of women’s experiences and perceptions of intimate partner abuse during the childbearing cycle. Dimensional analysis, a grounded theory method, was used. Twenty-one interviews were conducted with 12 women who were (a) currently in an abusive relationship with an intimate male partner and pregnant or postpartum (n = 5) or who had (b) experienced abuse by an intimate male partner during a past pregnancy or postpartum (n = 7). Disparities between the two concurrent phenomena of abuse and pregnancy led women to feel as though they were living two separate lives. Pregnancy provided the impetus for reinvesting in the partnered relationship and constructing a family. Leaving an abusive relationship was not considered unless the partner ended the relationship first or the woman perceived an increased risk of danger. Postpartum up to 2 years after birth was a critical transitional time for women.
Teenage Mothers at Age 30
Authors: SmithBattle Lee
Published: November 2005

This longitudinal, interpretive study explored how teen mothers experienced the self and future during a 12-year period. Sixteen families were first interviewed intensively in 1988-1989 once the teen’s infant reached age 8 to 10 months; they were reinterviewed in 1993, 1997, and 2001 (Time 4). Twenty-seven family members were reinterviewed at Time 4. The metaphor of a narrative spine is used to describe how the mothers’lives unfolded during the 12-year period. The narrative spines of some mothers were large and supported well-developed, coherent “chapters” on mothering, adult love, and work. For others, mothering provided a “backbone” for a meaningful life; however, chapters on adult love and work were less fully developed. The lives of a third group of mothers lacked a coherent narrative structure. Each pattern is presented with a paradigm case.
Nursing Structure, Processes, and Patient Outcomes in Army Medical Centers
Authors: Kee Carolyn C. , Foley Barbara Jo , Dudley William N. , Jennings Bonnie M. , Minick Ptlene , Harvey Susan S.
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this study was to describe patient outcomes in Army Medical Centers, identify differences in outcomes between mixed medical-surgical bed and specialty intensive care units (ICUs), and explore predictive models for outcomes attributable to nursing structure and processes. Data were collected from 138 patients and 103 nurses in four medical-surgical and four ICUs in two Army Medical Centers. Significant differences for unit type were found for length of stay and patient satisfaction with nursing care. Outcome predictive models were modest (adjusted R2 = .16 to .24) and significant for length of stay, satisfaction with nursing care, satisfaction with pain management, and health status following discharge. Exploring differences and commonalities between military and civilian hospitals will ultimately provide insight into ways of improving patient outcomes and bettering the work environment of nurses.
Supportive Relationships and Medication Adherence in HIV-Infected, Low-Income Latinos
Authors: van Servellen Gwen , Lombardi Emilia
Published: November 2005

Inadequate social support and poor communications with health care providers can affect adherence to antiretroviral therapy. The magnitude of independent effects of these factors on adherence is not fully known. This study examined the relationship of perceived emotional or informational social support from family and friends, quality of physician-patient communications and relationships, and medication adherence in a sample of low-income, Spanishspeaking, HIV-positive Latino men and women receiving treatment in community-based clinics (n = 85). Results of the study indicated that, whereas emotional or informational support was significantly associated with level of dose adherence (OR, 1.04, 95% CI, 1.01-1.08;p = .03), quality of physician-patient communications or relationships was significantly associated with adherence to medication schedule,t (6, 71) = 4.45,p < .001. Quality of patient-physician relationship accounted for 22% of the variance in adherence to medication schedule. Both kinds of support were associated with better adherence in this population but may affect adherence behaviors in different ways.
‘Prove me the bam!’: Victimization and agency in the lives of young women who commit violent offences
Authors: Batchelor Susan
Published: November 2005

This article reviews the evidence regarding young women’s involvement in violent crime and, drawing on recent research carried out in HMPYOI Cornton Vale in Scotland, provides an overview of the characteristics, needs and deeds of young women sentenced to imprisonment for violent offending. Through the use of direct quotations, the article suggests that young women’s anger and aggression is often related to their experiences of family violence and abuse, and the acquisition of a negative worldview in which other people are considered as being ‘out to get you’ or ready to ‘put one over on you’. The young women survived in these circumstances, not by adopting discourses that cast them as exploited victims, but by drawing on (sub)cultural norms and values which promote pre-emptive violence and the defence of respect. The implications of these findings for those who work with such young women are also discussed.
PAYE-NIC Compliance Costs
Authors: Chittenden Francis , Kauser Saleema , Poutziouris Panikkos
Published: November 2005

This article reports on the findings of an empirical investigation, supported by the Leverhulme Trust and the Federation of Small Businesses (FSB), into the compliance costs incurred by UK firms in administering PAYE. The article starts with a review of the literature and reports on other studies focusing on the impact of compliance costs on business. This is followed by an introduction to the objectives of this research project, the methodology employed and more specifically the statistical analysis (sample = 431) of the results and discussion of key research findings. In conclusion, the article presents the policy implications of the research and outlines a set of recommendations and tax initiatives that will contribute to the amelioration of the disproportionate burden of PAYE-NIC related compliance costs borne by the small business sector in the UK.
Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research
Authors: Watkins-Mathys Lorraine , Lowe Sid
Published: November 2005

There have been a number of debates recently around the development of paradigms and research methodologies in the field of small business and entrepreneurship research. This article focuses on paradigm commensurability by demonstrating how an interpretive framework can be used that, unlike Burrell and Morgan’s (1979) framework, eliminates walls between paradigms and enables paradigms to interpret other paradigms. The authors draw upon Capra’s (1997) conceptual triad to illustrate how a framework based on wisdom rather than knowledge alone provides strategic options for paradigm development in the field. The article acknowledges the systematic analysis of paradigms undertaken by Grant and Perren (2002) and indeed uses their thorough review of the literature as a basis to illustrate how the interpretive framework can be applied, but rejects their use of Burrell and Morgan’s framework for this purpose because it has the undesired effect of introducing paradigm incommensurability to the field.
Knot tying in great apes: etho-ethnology of an unusual tool behavior
Authors: Herzfeld Chris , Lestel Dominique
Published: November 2005

The authors intend to show in this article that, unlike what is usually said, some great apes are able to tie knots. First, they give the result of a survey on the Internet whose result has been to identify twelve “knot-maker” apes: seven orangutans, three bonobos and two chimpanzees. All of them have been reared by humans and are highly accultured anthropoids living in zoos. Second, they offer an ethnography of a knot-making orangutan, Wattana, a resident of the Ménagerie of the Jardin deśum National d’Histoire Naturelle) in Paris, who was born on 17 November 1995 at the Antwerp Zoo in Belgium. The authors show that she is able to make true knots using her hands, feet and mouth and carefully describe the process involved. They then correlate Wattana’s knots, fiber techniques and ecology of techniques with nest-making behavior and propose an ethology of the singular, at the crossroad of ethology and ethnology, to describe Wattana’s skills.
L’identité personnelle à l’épreuve de l’expérience concentrationnaire: essai de microanalyse de Si c’est un homme de Primo Levi
Authors: Michel Johann
Published: November 2005

Mainly based on the testimony of Primo Levi in Si c’est un homme, and through a perspective inspired by the “interactionist” approach of E. Goffman, this article first aims at analysing the depersonalizing methods and techniques which were implemented by the Nazi institution on the detainees of Auschwitz concentration camp. Second, the article studies the tactics, the stratagems, the savoir-faire - unevenly shared according to each prisoner’s resources - by which means the oppressed tried to “put life back together”. Our approach is completely opposed to the idea that prisoners, “like lambs sent to slaughter”, passively suffered the injunctions of the concentration institution.
New sources of radical innovation: research-technologies, transversality and distributed learning in a post-industrial order
Authors: Shinn Terry
Published: November 2005

This study questions the erstwhile claim that the growth of scientific knowledge and successes of radical technological innovation are the consequence of cognitive and organizational differentiation, and that differentiation and integration are antithetic. It is shown that throughout the 20th century many radical technological innovations originated with and developed around generic instrumentation, the practitioners and artefacts of which are characterized by selective and intermittent boundary crossing between academia, industry, state technical and metrological services, the military, etc. However, this mobility is not to be confused with mode 2-like anti-differentiation between science and engineering and between academia and enterprise. The innovative feats of what are here labelled “research-technologies” derive from the capacity to reconcile differentiation and integration, and to secure the division of labour embedded in speciality domains, while simultaneously promoting transverse communication and interaction between actors located in multiple and heterogeneous environments and linked to diverse interests. Research-technologies breed a new constellation of intellectual and institutional transverse dynamics which selectively accommodate both stability and change.
Binocular Contributions to the Responsiveness and Integrative Capacity of the Circadian Rhythm System to Light
Authors: Muscat Louise , Morin Lawrence P.
Published: November 2005

The retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), a monosynaptic retinal projection to the SCN, is the major path by which light entrains the circadian system to the external photoperiod. The circadian system of rodents effectively integrates or counts photons, and the magnitude of the rhythm phase response is proportional to the total energy of the photic stimulus. In the present studies, responsiveness to light and integrative capacity of the circadian system were tested in hamsters after reduction of retinal photoreceptor input by 50%. At CT 19, animals in constant darkness with or without unilateral retinal occlusion were exposed to 1 of 6 irradiances of 5-min white-light pulses ranging from 0.0011 to 70 [.proportional]W/cm2 or 5 white-light pulses of 0.6 [.proportional]W/cm2 with durations ranging from 0.25 to 150.0 min. Assessment of light-induced circadian rhythm phase response and Fos expression in the SCN by these animals revealed that a 50% reduction in input from photoreceptors stimulated directly with light caused a decrease in responsiveness to the longest duration and highest irradiance pulses presented. Despite this effect, both the magnitude of Fos induction in the SCN and phase-shift response remained directly proportional to the total energy in the photic stimuli. The results support the view that a reciprocal relationship between stimulus irradiance and duration persists despite the 50% reduction in retinal photoreceptor input. The mechanism of integration neither resides in the retina nor in the RHT.
Effects of Preparation Time on Phase of Cultured Tissues Reveal Complexity of Circadian Organization
Authors: Yoshikawa Tomoko , Yamazaki Shin , Menaker Michael
Published: November 2005

The phases of central (SCN) and peripheral circadian oscillators are held in specific relationships under LD cycles but, in the absence of external rhythmic input, may damp or drift out of phase with each other. Rats exposed to prolonged constant light become behaviorally arrhythmic, perhaps as a consequence of dissociation of phases among SCN cells. The authors asked whether individual central and peripheral circadian oscillators were rhythmic in LL-treated arrhythmic rats and, if rhythmic, what were the phase relationships between them. The authors prepared SCN, pineal gland, pituitary, and cornea cultures from transgenic Period1-luciferaserats whose body temperature and locomotor activity were arrhythmic and from several groups of rhythmic rats held in LD, DD, and short-term LL. The authors measured mPer1gene expression by recording light output with sensitive photomultipliers. Most of the cultures from all groups displayed circadian rhythms. This could reflect persistent rhythmicity in vivo prior to culture or, alternatively, rhythmicity that may have been initiated by the culture procedure. To test this, the authors cultured tissues at 2 different times 12 h apart and asked whether phase of the rhythm was related to culture time. The pineal, pituitary, and SCN cultures showed partial or complete dependence of phase on culture time, while peak phases of the cornea cultures were independent of culture time in rhythmic rats and were randomly distributed regardless of culture time in arrhythmic animals. These results suggest that in behaviorally arrhythmic rats, oscillators in the pineal, pituitary, and SCN had been arrhythmic or severely damped in vivo, while the cornea oscillator was free running. The peak phases of the SCN cultures were particularly sensitive to some aspect of the culture procedure since rhythmicity of SCN cultures from robustly rhythmic LD-entrained rats was strongly influenced when the procedure was carried out at any time except the 2nd half of the day.
Circadian Rhythm of a TCA Cycle Enzyme Is Apparently Regulated at the Translational Level in the Dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum
Authors: Akimoto Hidetoshi , Kinumi Tomoya , Ohmiya Yoshihiro
Published: November 2005

Previously, the authors have reported that intracellular amounts of several metabolic-related enzymes from the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum(formerly Gonyaulax polyedra) showed a daily rhythm under a 12:12 h LD cycle. This led the authors to hypothesize that a circadian clock controls metabolism, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In this study, the authors investigated daily changes in the levels of mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity of several metabolic enzymes during 12:12 h LD, 8:16 h LD, and constant light conditions. The NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADPICDH) in the TCA cycle exhibited circadian changes of protein abundance and enzyme activity under all conditions, whereas its mRNA level remained constant throughout the cycle. These results indicate that the rhythm of NADPICDH is regulated by a circadian control of protein synthesis or modification rather than by message levels and suggest that the TCA cycle may be controlled by the circadian clock system.
Individual Differences in Rhythms of Behavioral Sleep and Its Neural Substrates in Nile Grass Rats
Authors: Schwartz M. D. , Smale L.
Published: November 2005

Laboratory populations of grass rats ( Arvicanthis niloticus) housed with a running wheel show considerable variation in patterns of locomotor activity. At the extremes are “day-active” (DA) animals with a monophasic distribution of running throughout the light phase and “night-active” (NA) animals exhibiting a biphasic pattern with an extended peak at the beginning of the dark phase and a brief peak shortly before lights-on. Here, the authors use this intraspecific variation to explore interactions between circadian and homeostatic influences on sleep and the effects of these interactions on the activity of brain regions involved in sleep regulation. Male animals were singly housed with running wheels in a 12:12 LD cycle, videotaped for 24 h, and perfused at ZT 4 or 16. Behavioral sleep was scored from the videotapes, and brains were processed for cFos immunoreactivity (cFos-ir). Sleep duration within the light and dark phases was higher in NA and DA animals, respectively, but these groups did not differ with respect to total sleep. In both groups, sleep bouts were shortest in the light phase and longest between ZT 20 and ZT 23. In the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO), cFos-ir was higher at ZT 16 than at ZT 4 in DA but not NA grass rats, and it was correlated with behavioral sleep at ZT 16 but not ZT 4. In OXA neurons, cFos-ir was high at ZT 4 in DA grass rats and at ZT 16 in NA grass rats, and it was correlated with behavioral sleep at both times. In the lower subparaventricular zone (LSPV), cFos-ir was higher at ZT 16 in both DA and NA animals, and it was unrelated to behavioral sleep. Thus, patterns of cFos-ir in the LSPV and OXA neurons were most tightly linked to time and sleep, respectively, whereas cFos-ir in the VLPO was influenced by an interaction between these 2 variables.