bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertically Arrayed Co4N/MoN Nanosheets for Robust Alkaline Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution at Ampere‐Level Current Density
Authors: Li Can , Wang Ningning , Wang Shuo , Li Chenyang , Fan Wenjun , Liu Taifeng , Chen Shanshan , Zhang Fuxiang
Published: February 2025

Metal nitride electrocatalysts have been extensively developed for efficient alkaline water splitting, but it still remains a huge challenge in improving their stability especially at high current density of over 500 mA cm−2. Herein the Co4N/MoN electrocatalyst with hierarchical nanoparticle‐assembled nanosheet arrays is fabricated by a facile electrodeposition‐nitridation method for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Results show that it exhibits an impressively low overpotential of 238 mV and high durability at 1.0 A cm−2 for over 100 h, which is the best among the reported cobalt‐based nitride electrocatalysts with both excellent HER activity and robust stability at ampere‐level current density. The superior intrinsic HER activity is mainly ascribed to the synergistic effect of Co4N and MoN, which can effectively reduce the H2O dissociation energy barrier and accelerate the alkaline HER kinetics. Moreover, benefiting from the vertically arrayed nanosheet structure with a solid framework and excellent mechanical strength, robust water electrolysis even at ampere‐level current density can be achieved. This work provides an alternative way to develop metal nitride electrocatalysts via fabricating hierarchical heterostructure for efficient and stable industrial water splitting.
In Situ Reconstruction and Anion Blocking Interphase Strategy for High‐Performance Silicon‐Based Anodes in Liquid and Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Tian Kun , Zhang Wan , Zeng Jin , Gao Yuanhao , Guang Xu , Luo Hao , Lu Mi , Li Xiaodan
Published: February 2025

The silicon (Si) is one of the most promising anodes for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries, but addressing the interfacial side reactions caused by volume expansion remains a key challenge. In this study, a composite of nano‐Si with covered and interstitial LaF3 (Si@LaF3) is synthesized via a low‐cost and scaleable ball milling process. Upon lithiation, the LaF3 layer on the nano‐Si surface in situ reconstructs into an interface containing LiF and La. The LiF interface promotes the uniform formation of LiF‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and La grains can block the penetration of electrolyte anions into an electrode, inducing the stable and thin SEI on the Si@LaF3 anode. Additionally, the interstitial LaF3 particles facilitate the migration of Li+ into Si and reduce local expansion stress in the Si anode by alleviated electrochemical sintering. Compared to micron‐ and nano‐Si anodes, the Si@LaF3 anode demonstrates higher specific capacity and superior cycling stability. The Si@LaF3||‐LiFePO4 full battery retains a specific capacity of 125.1 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.35 C, while the Si@LaF3/graphite anode in all‐solid‐state battery maintains a capacity of 491 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1. This study provides new insights on the commercialization of Si‐based anodes and solid‐state batteries.
Emerging Photothermal Materials from Lignin and Coal for Solar Vapor Generation
Authors: Li Zhan‐Ku , Zhang Wei‐Dong , Yan Hong‐Lei , Li An , Lei Zhi‐Ping , Ren Shi‐Biao , Wang Zhi‐Cai , Shui Heng‐Fu
Published: February 2025

Solar vapor generation (SVG) garners significant attention as a technology for producing clean water owing to its high efficiency and zero carbon emissions. However, the widespread adoption of SVG is constrained by the high cost, low mechanical strength, and complex fabrication processes of current photothermal materials. Lignin and coal, abundant in aromatic rings, C═O bonds, and quinone structures, present natural advantages for enhancing light absorption and improving the mechanical properties of photothermal materials. This review begins with an overview of the fundamentals of SVG and strategies aimed at promoting its efficiency. It then delves into the structural characteristics and photothermal conversion mechanisms of lignin and coal, highlighting their unique contributions to the field. Further, the latest advancements in the application of lignin/coal‐based photothermal materials for SVG are comprehensively summarized. This work not only lays a systematic and scientific foundation for the development of next‐generation photothermal materials but also underscores the potential for value‐added utilization of lignin and coal, thereby contributing to sustainable resource management.
AI‐Enabled Adaptive Eutectogel Skin for Effective Motion Monitoring with Low Signal Artifacts
Authors: Jin Yexi , Wang Ruolin , Tang Dahong , Qian Yuhang , Zhou Xingwen , Shen Hao , Zhang Jing , Liu Yizhu , Wang Nan , Cheng Baijie , Chen Liguo
Published: February 2025

Interfacial gel compliance is essential for the stable monitoring of physiological electrical signals. Current gel materials often fail to maintain stable operation at the skin interface, which is subject to constant change, due to an inadequate balance of viscoelastic properties. In this study, a dynamic adaptive gel network involving metal coordination with hierarchical hydrogen bonding is developed. The multilayered supramolecular structure has enabled the polymer chains to generate new physical entanglements upon dissociation. This dynamic cross‐linking allows the eutectogel to sustain stable viscosity and elasticity across a broad frequency range (10−7–340 Hz). Furthermore, the metal‐based eutectogel exhibits enhanced stretchability (1800%), good electrical conductivity (125 mS m−1), a wide operating temperature range (−70–100 °C), and strong interfacial adhesion. This adaptive eutectogel offers superior stability in the acquisition of electrical signals when compared with standard commercial gels. Viable application of the resultant strain sensors is demonstrated in human–machine interaction (HMI) and virtual reality (VR) haptic interaction. In addition, a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm is employed to develop an intelligent system for evaluating motion states using surface electromyography (sEMG) signals, achieving an accuracy of 94.1%.
Dielectric Fano Nanoantennas for Enabling Sub‐Nanosecond Lifetimes in NV‐Based Single Photon Emitters
Authors: An Shu , Kalashnikov Dmitry , Shi Wenqiao , Mahfoud Zackaria , Chew Ah Bian , Liu Yan , Wu Jing , Zhu Di , Gao Weibo , Qiu Cheng‐Wei , Leong Victor , Dong Zhaogang
Published: February 2025

Solid‐state quantum emitters are essential sources of single photons, and enhancing their emission rates is of paramount importance for applications in quantum communications, computing, and metrology. One approach is to couple quantum emitters with resonant photonic nanostructures, where the emission rate is enhanced due to the Purcell effect. Dielectric nanoantennas are promising as they provide strong emission enhancement compared to plasmonic ones, which suffer from high Ohmic loss. Here, a dielectric Fano resonator is designed and fabricated based on a pair of silicon (Si) ellipses and a disk, which supports the mode hybridization between quasi‐bound‐states‐in‐the‐continuum (quasi‐BIC) and Mie resonance. The performance of the developed resonant system is demonstrated by interfacing it with single photon emitters (SPEs) based on nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds (NDs). It is observed that the interfaced emitters have a Purcell enhancement factor of ≈10, with sub‐ns emission lifetime and a polarization contrast of 9. The results indicate a promising method for developing efficient and compact single‐photon sources for integrated quantum photonics applications.
Special Rubber with Excellent Mechanical Strength, Environmental Stability, and Electrical Conductivity for Accordion‐Structured High‐Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Gao Wei , Pan Wenyu , Gao Xuehan , Xie Ting , Ou Fangyan , Ning Chuang , Fu Ziming , Wang Fuqi , Gan Tiantian , Qin Zhiyong , Wei Zengxi , Sun Qian , Li Zequan , Xu Chuanhui , Zhao Shuangliang
Published: February 2025

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are an emerging energy‐harvesting technology capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. However, triboelectric layers, crucial components of TENGs, are susceptible to mechanical and structural damage in harsh environments, thereby compromising the device's output performance and limiting its applicability. Therefore, developing triboelectric layers with excellent mechanical strength and environmental stability poses a challenge. Inspired by the intricate multiple cross‐linking networks present in myofibrillar proteins, a strategy of multiple cross‐linking is proposed to prepare conductive special rubbers with outstanding mechanical strength (13.5 MPa), environmental stability, and electrical conductivity (0.86 S m−1) using a “grafting–hydrogenation–cross‐linking–filling” process. The multiple cross‐linking networks considerably enhanced the rubber's strength by 100 times (0.3–30.3 MPa). Subsequently, these special rubbers are employed as triboelectric layers in accordion‐structured TENGs, which demonstrated exceptional electrical output performance with an open‐circuit voltage of 723 V and a power density of up to 3.25 W m−2. TENGs can operate stably in a wide range of harsh environments. This study provides a viable strategy for designing TENGs capable of functioning in harsh environments, thereby contributing to sustainable energy solutions.
Ultrafast Highly Sensitive Self‐Powered MSIM Photodetector Based on Organic Semiconductor/Dielectric Interfaces for Broadband Visible to Near‐Infrared Communication
Authors: Singh Suryakant , Suthar Rakesh , Tomimatsu Akihiro , Rani Pooja , Matsushita Michio M. , Awaga Kunio , Karak Supravat
Published: February 2025

The growing importance of high‐speed and energy‐efficient photodetectors in broadband communication has sparked widespread interest in organic materials owing to their tunable optical characteristics and ease of production. However, this Schottky‐type organic photodetector (OPD) has low detectivity and a high dark current, requiring additional voltage biasing. Herein, the development of a highly sensitive self‐powered OPD with metal‐semiconductor‐insulator‐metal (MSIM) structure (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Organic photoactive layer/dielectric/silver) is presented, using polymer PM6, acceptor Y6, and its blend with parylene as a dielectric layer for broadband spectral detection spanning the visible to near‐infrared (NIR) range at high speeds. Such a new class of devices can produce fast transient photocurrent signals with opposite polarity both under light ON/OFF cycles in response to pulsed optical stimuli, which makes the signals inherently more distinguishable. The detailed transient photocurrent measurements are performed for fabricated MSIM OPD with different illumination conditions at various operational frequencies, and the PM6:Y6‐based devices are found to be most sensitive compared to the single‐component devices due to increased charge generation and accumulation without voltage biasing. Further, the faster response time (≈nanosecond) of both the positive and negative peaks with a remarkably high cutoff frequency of 5.6 MHz outperformed most of the state‐of‐the‐art OPD. The extraordinary performance of the MSIM photodetector demonstrated by the real‐time NIR communication of various ASCII codes suggests its potential for infrared communication. The tunable polarity of the signal offers a novel platform for next‐generation transient‐type MSIM photodetectors, enhancing their detectivity and response time without the need for additional biasing across a wide range of applications.
Understanding and Optimizing Li Substitution in P2‐Type Sodium Layered Oxides for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Mingfeng , Gammaitoni Giovanni , Häfner Michael , Villalobos‐Portillo Eduardo , Marini Carlo , Bianchini Matteo
Published: February 2025

In the quest to improve cathode materials for Na‐ion batteries, a family of Li‐substituted P2 layered oxides with nominal stoichiometry Na5/6LiyNi5/12‐3y/2Mn7/12+y/2O2 (y = 2/18, 3/18, 4/18, 5/18) is studied. The consequences of Li substitution and the challenge of elevating the Na content are explored. Structurally, honeycomb ordering is observed in all samples, while Li induces the loss of Na+/vacancy ordering. Electrochemically, the materials exhibit an increasing trend of polarized hysteresis in the 1st cycle. Semi‐simultaneous operando x‐ray absorption and diffraction are coupled to appreciate the structural evolution and redox behavior during this process. Li in the transition metal site eliminates phase transitions at high voltage and modifies the activation of O‐redox. All samples show anionic redox: as confirmed computationally, in the Li‐free sample this is rooted in Ni─O hybridized states, while in the Li‐containing samples in O non‐bonding states. Composition Na0.745(6)Li0.164(4)Ni0.238(1)Mn0.599(3)O2 proves to have the least O‐redox among all, coupled with reduced phase transitions, disordered occupancy of Na sites, and small volume change during cycling, leading to the best balance of cycling stability (≈92% after 100 cycles), capacity (> 100 mAh g−1) and rate capability. This can pave the way for further development of P2 layered oxides with redox‐inactive dopants.
Photonic Nanopigments for Versatile and Scalable Coloration
Authors: Zhang Wenzhen , Wang Yunpeng , Liu Lei , Gao Yanzi , Tang Bingtao , Yao Yuyuan , Wang Wentao
Published: February 2025

Structural colorants for ecological fabric dyeing are typically microscale colloidal arrays involving complex and time‐consuming self‐assembly, it remains a challenge to perform efficient and large‐scale double‐sided dyeing on disordered fabric surfaces without sacrificing wearing experience. Innovatively, A photonic nanopigment, composed of hollow silica nanospheres with disordered metasurfaces and high surface‐charge is designed to overcome the aforementioned challenge. They individually generate non‐iridescent structural colors without self‐assembly and disperse uniformly in water. By a one‐step dip‐dyeing strategy, the photonic nanopigments are quickly and selectively deposited onto the yarn surface of fabrics, achieving high‐quality double‐sided structural coloration. Meanwhile, constructing a hydrogen bond crosslinking network between the fabric and nanospheres by adhesive and tannic acid greatly enhances colorfastness. Furthermore, the fabrics retain inherent softness and excellent breathability, as nanoscale pigments do not clog weaving holes. Such photonic nanopigments provide a versatile platform for industrial structural coloration of various fabrics with different surface roughness and weaving structures.
Remodeling Tumor Metabolism via Self‐Amplifying Energy‐Depleting Nanocomplexes for Effective Photodynamic‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Yu Liu , Li Wen , Cao Jiahui , Miao Rourou , Fu Yiqiu , Wang Xinyi , Xie Juntao , Zhang Wen , Mao Zhuo , Zhang Hanjie , Zhang Yushi , Ou Meitong , Mei Lin
Published: February 2025

The abnormal metabolism of tumor cells fulfills their high energy demands for rapid growth while simultaneously reshaping the tumor microenvironment (TME), which suppresses immune cell function and facilitates immune evasion. Herein, a peptide‐based nanocomplex (DCK@siGLUT1) that synergizes with photodynamic therapy (PDT) to disrupt tumor cell energy metabolism is developed. DCK@siGLUT1, utilizing a mitochondria‐targeting peptide (dKLA) selectively accumulates in mitochondria, where it impairs mitochondrial membrane integrity, disrupts energy metabolism, and induces apoptosis. Upon apoptosis, activated caspase‐3 (Casp3) cleaves DCK@siGLUT1, releasing siGLUT1 to silence glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression, which further inhibits glucose uptake and intensifies metabolic collapse, thereby amplifying apoptotic effects. Moreover, Ce6, conjugated to dKLA, is co‐delivered to the mitochondria and, upon light activation, exacerbates mitochondrial damage and metabolic disruption. These combined mechanisms intensify oxidative stress and apoptosis, further activate Casp3, and promote DCK@siGLUT1 cleavage, thereby driving a self‐amplifying tumoricidal cascade. Furthermore, DCK@siGLUT1 effectively induces immunogenic cell death (ICD), triggers antitumor immune responses, and inhibits both primary and distant tumor growth and metastasis. This strategy offers a novel approach for targeting tumor energy metabolism in antitumor immunotherapy.
Utilizing Molybdenum to Tailor the Electronic Structure of Iron Through Electron Complementary Effect for Promoting Oxygen Reduction Activity
Authors: Jiang Jie , Tong Miaomiao , Shen Di , Liang Zhijian , Li Ziyun , Duan Guirong , Wang Lei , Fu Honggang
Published: February 2025

Tailoring the electronic structure of later transition metal‐based electrocatalysts by incorporating early transition metal based on the electronic complementary effect is anticipated to enhance the electrocatalytic activity. Herein, the modulation of the electronic structure of Fe3C through the utilization of Mo2C to promote oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity is reported. In situ characterizations combined with theoretical calculations reveal that the electron‐donating capability of molybdenum in Mo2C to the active center of iron in Fe3C optimizes the adsorption and activation of oxygen. Concurrently, the d‐band center of Fe is much closer to the Fermi level, which reduces the energy barrier for the rate‐determining step (*OOH → *O), thereby enhancing the ORR activity. In alkaline media, the catalyst delivers a half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.89 V and maintains its efficiency with a mere 8 mV decay after 10 000 cycles, surpassing that of Pt/C. Moreover, it can serve as an air cathode in both liquid‐state and all‐solid‐state zinc‐air batteries (ZABs) and shows promising applications in portable devices. This work brings an innovative design concept for highly efficient electrocatalysts suitable for advanced energy devices.
Electrospun Ti3C2 MXene Fiber‐Decorated Interlayer for Synchronous Sulfur Activation and Lithium Stabilization
Authors: Zhao Bo , Song Lixian , Zou Zhijuan , Xiong Zhu , Zhang Yunfeng , Yang Qin , Shi Zixiong , Zhang Yaping , Song Yingze
Published: February 2025

Concurrent regulation of sulfur redox kinetics and lithium deposition homogeneity is a key prerequisite for achieving high‐performance lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. To this end, rational design of dual‐functional interlayers is recognized as a feasible yet promising approach. Herein, few‐layered Ti3C2 MXene flakes are uniformly decorated into the porous carbon nanofiber film via a straightforward electrostatic spinning technique, wherein the Ti3C2 MXene content is fine‐tuned to maximum sulfur utilization and stabilize lithium anode. For one thing, it is revealed by synchrotron radiation X‐ray three‐dimensional nano‐computed tomography that Ti3C2 MXene‐decorated fiber can expedite polysulfide conversion and induce favorable Li2S nucleation. For another, small‐angle neutron scattering evidence substantiates that abundant lithiophilic sites are conducive to homogenizing Li‐ion flux and promoting lithium deposition during cycling procedure. As a consequence, Li–S batteries maintain a stable operation at 2.0 C over 1000 cycles with a low‐capacity degeneration rate of 0.057% per cycle, accompanied by a superior areal capacity of 7.5 mAh cm−2 when the sulfur loading is increased to 9.5 mg cm−2. More encouragingly, the as‐assembled multi‐layer Li–S pouch cell deliver an impressive cell energy density of 342.3 Wh kg−1 with smooth cyclic operation.
An Unexpected Low‐Temperature Battery Formation Technology Enabling Fast‐Charging Graphite Anodes
Authors: Hou Ruilin , Zheng Linlin , Shi Tianze , Cui Can , Xu Sheng , Zhou Haoshen , Guo Shaohua
Published: February 2025

The battery formation process is pivotal for constructing a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphite anodes, generally conducted at high temperatures. However, the resulting excessive SEI film causes significant lithium loss and an inferior charging rate. Herein, an unconventional low‐temperature formation technology based on an innovative temperature‐responsive electrolyte with an anion‐dominated solvation structure at low temperature is validated. During the formation cycling at 5 °C, the enhanced anion–cation interaction, coupled with the suppressed solvent decomposition, facilitates the generation of a thin and  lithium fluoride‐rich SEI film. Consequently, the graphite anodes exhibit 5C fast‐charging performance (198.89 mAh g−1, 53.39% of theoretical capacity), successfully overcoming the rate bottleneck of 2C commonly encountered in commercial graphite anodes, and realize 95.88% capacity retention after 400 cycles at 0.5C. Moreover, compared to traditional high‐temperature formation, the low‐temperature formation technology saves 52.73% (from 22.02 to 10.42 h) of formation time and reduces lithium loss from 16.76% to 7.21%. This work highlights the importance and opportunities of utilizing the low temperature as a “driving force” for regulating the solvation structure and interfacial chemistry.
Heterogeneous Engineered Solid Electrolyte for Seamless and Stable Integration of Anode and Cathode
Authors: Zhu Tianke , Wang Gang , Hou Junyu , Sun Wu , Song Changsheng , Yuan Qunyao , Zhang Ce , Lei Xingyu , Su Yang , Chen Min , Song Yun , Zhao Jie
Published: February 2025

Solid‐state lithium metal batteries (LMBs) with high safety and energy density are the ultimate goal for energy storage systems. The bottleneck lies in the solid electrolytes, which must maintain perfect solid–solid contact and be electrochemically stable for both Li anode and high‐voltage cathode. Here, we develop an in situ polymerized hetero‐layered electrolyte that simultaneously broadens the electrochemical window and addresses interfacial issues between multiple components. The polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer toward the cathode improves high voltage compatibility to 4.8 V, while the boron nitride (BN) layer toward the anode provides sufficient mechanical strength, regulates Li‐ions transport and promotes the formation of an inorganic‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The effect of the hetero‐layered structure is then verified in an easy‐to‐process in situ polymerized poly(1,3‐dioxane) (PDOL) electrolyte, that seamlessly integrates multiple interfaces, bridging cathode, PVDF, BN, and Li metal. This solid electrolyte is characterized by high room temperature (RT) ionic conductivity (2.1 × 10−3 S cm−1), and high Li‐ions transference number (0.801). Most importantly, the Li|LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2(NCM622) full batteries show remarkable cycling performance with capacity retention of 90.3% over 200 cycles at 0.5 C. The hetero‐layered structure with a seamless in situ polymerized interface provides a new avenue for high‐energy, solid‐state LMBs.
3D Bioprinted Coaxial Testis Model Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells:A Step Toward Bicompartmental Cytoarchitecture and Functionalization
Authors: Robinson Meghan A , Kung Sonia HY , Youssef Khaled YM , Scheck Kali M , Bell Robert H , Sar Funda , Haegert Anne M , Asmae M Mahdi , Cheng Changfeng , Yeack Salina V , Mathur Bhairvi T , Jiang Feng , Collins Colin C , Hach Faraz , Willerth Stephanie M , Flannigan Ryan K
Published: February 2025

Fertility preservation following pediatric cancer therapy programs has become a major avenue of infertility research. In vitro spermatogenesis (IVS) aims to generate sperm from banked prepubertal testicular tissues in a lab setting using specialized culture conditions. While successful using rodent tissues, progress with human tissues is limited by the scarcity of human prepubertal testicular tissues for research. This study posits that human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can model human prepubertal testicular tissue to facilitate the development of human IVS conditions. Testicular cells derived from hiPSCs are characterized for phenotype markers and profiled transcriptionally. HiPSC‐derived testicular cells are bioprinted into core–shell constructs representative of testis cytoarchitecture and found to capture functional aspects of prepubertal testicular tissues within 7 days under xeno‐free conditions. Moreover, hiPSC‐derived Sertoli cells illustrate the capacity to mature under pubertal‐like conditions. The utility of the model is tested by comparing 2 methods of supplementing retinoic acid (RA), the vitamin responsible for inducing spermatogenesis. The model reveals a significant gain in activity under microsphere‐released RA compared to RA medium supplementation, indicating that the fragility of free RA in vitro may be a contributing factor to the molecular dysfunction observed in human IVS studies to date.
Application of 4D‐Printed Magnetoresponsive FOGS Hydrogel Scaffolds in Auricular Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Zhang Hongyi , Hua Shan , He Chenlong , Yin Ming , Qin Jingwen , Liu Huawei , Zhou Han , Wu Shengming , Yu Xingge , Jiang Hua , Wang Yilong , Qian Yuxin
Published: February 2025

3D‐printed hydrogel scaffolds are widely utilized in auricular cartilage tissue engineering. However, issues such as graft‐related inflammation, poor mechanical properties, and the lack of external modulation of 3D‐printed scaffolds in vivo have raised significant concerns. To address these challenges, a “fried egg” structure is designed, consisting of chitosan‐coated ferroferric oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@CS MNPs), which are uniformly incorporated into hydrogel. Through 4D printing technology, magnetoresponsive hydrogel scaffolds are constructed to overcome the aforementioned limitations. The results demonstrated that, compared to 3D printing, 4D‐printed magnetic hydrogel scaffolds significantly enhanced cartilage tissue regeneration in both in vitro and in vivo environments when subjected to an external magnetic field (MF). Furthermore, the mechanical strength of regenerated cartilage approached to that of natural cartilage. The chitosan coating on the surface of MNPs exhibited anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial properties, promoting M2 polarization of macrophages and suppressing graft‐related inflammation and bacteria. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed that MNPs modulate macrophage immunity by activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Taken together, a magnetoresponsive multifunctional scaffold is designed that can be externally controlled by magnetic fields to promote ear cartilage tissue regeneration. The regenerated cartilage exhibits excellent biocompatibility, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial properties, and mechanical performance, providing new insights for auricular cartilage tissue engineering.
Non‐Surgical, In‐Stent Membrane Bioelectronics for Long‐Term Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
Authors: Lee Jimin , Bateman Allison , Kim Mi Hyeon , Rigo Bruno , Kim Hodam , Lee Jaeho , Choi Yun Hyeok , Herbert Robert , Lee Deok Hee , Yeo Woon‐Hong
Published: February 2025

Traditional intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring methods, using intraventricular catheters, face significant limitations, including high invasiveness, discrete data, calibration complexities, and drift issues, which hinder long‐term and stable monitoring. Here, a non‐surgical, in‐stent membrane bioelectronic system is presented for continuous and reliable ICP monitoring. This platform integrates a capacitive thin‐film sensor with a stent, enabling precise real‐time detection of pressure fluctuations directly within the dural venous sinus without requiring skull penetration or frequent recalibration. The sensor demonstrates a high sensitivity of 0.052%/mmHg and a broad, readable pressure range of 3–30 mmHg while maintaining calibration‐free and drift‐free performance. A series of in vivo studies highlight the system's superior sensitivity, rapid sampling rate, and long‐term stability compared to conventional microcatheters. Statistical analyses reveal a strong agreement between the device and clinical reference, underscoring its potential to revolutionize ICP monitoring. These advancements pave the way for broader clinical applications, minimizing complications and improving patient outcomes in neurocritical care.
Injectable Microspheres With Cartilage‐Like Structure Facilitate Inflammation Inhibition and Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Feng Qi , Li Qingtao , Lin Zequ , Xu Xinbin , Huang Yue , Dong Hua , Cao Xiaodong
Published: February 2025

The unique structure of cartilage tissue, characterized by a robust collagen fiber framework and a dynamic proteoglycan hydrogel filling, is crucial for maintaining biomechanical and biochemical homeostasis. Herein, a cartilage‐inspired microsphere with sponge framework and hydrogel filling (SponGel MS) is successfully prepared to restore cartilage homeostasis. Specifically, epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticles coated with MnO2 (MnO2@EGCG) are first synthesized, which can scavenge H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals. The formation of SponGel MS involves sequential fabrication of the sponge phase through cryogenic radical reaction and hydrogel phase via Schiff base reaction. The hydrogel phase can dynamically release MnO2@EGCG to inhibit inflammation and SDF‐1 to recruit stem cells. Porous sponge phase with favorable compressive performance and His‐Ala‐Val (HAV) peptide provides stable stem cell niches to regulate stem cell condensation, co‐assembly and chondrogenic differentiation. Animal experiments demonstrate that SponGel MS suppresses the expression of IL‐1β and collagen I, ultimately achieving cartilage regeneration. This study represents a novel strategy for constructing cartilage repair materials.
A Smart MMP‐9‐responsive Hydrogel Releasing M2 Macrophage‐derived Exosomes for Diabetic Wound Healing
Authors: Meng Hao , Su Jianlong , Shen Qi , Hu Wenzhi , Li Pinxue , Guo Kailu , Liu Xi , Ma Kui , Zhong Weicheng , Chen Shengqiu , Ma Liqian , Hao Yaying , Chen Junli , Jiang Yufeng , Li Linlin , Fu Xiaobing , Zhang Cuiping
Published: February 2025

Chronic diabetic wounds are characterized by prolonged inflammation and excessive accumulation of M1 macrophages, which impede the healing process. Therefore, resolving inflammation promptly and transitioning to the proliferative phase are critical steps for effective diabetic wound healing. Exosomes have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, a smart hydrogel capable of responding to pathological cues in the inflammatory microenvironment to promote the transition from inflammation to proliferation by delivering M2 macrophage‐derived exosomes (M2‐Exos) is developed. The smart hydrogel is synthesized through the cross–linking of oxidized dextran, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9‐sensitive peptide, and carboxymethyl chitosan containing M2‐Exos. In response to elevated MMP‐9 concentrations in the inflammatory microenvironment, the hydrogel demonstrates diagnostic logic, adjusting the release kinetics of M2‐Exos accordingly. The on‐demand release of M2‐Exos facilitated macrophage polarization from the M1 to the M2 phenotype, thereby promoting the transition from the inflammatory to the proliferative phase and accelerating diabetic wound healing. The transcriptomic analysis further reveals that the MMP‐9‐responsive hydrogel with M2‐Exos delivery exerts anti‐inflammatory and regenerative effects by downregulating inflammation‐related pathways. This study introduces an innovative, microenvironment‐responsive exosome delivery system that enables precise control of therapeutic agent release, offering a personalized approach for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds.
Highly Extensible Physically Crosslinked Hydrogels for High‐Speed 3D Bioprinting
Authors: Song Ye Eun , Eckman Noah , Sen Samya , Jons Carolyn K. , Saouaf Olivia M. , Appel Eric A.
Published: February 2025

Hydrogels have emerged as promising materials for bioprinting and many other biomedical applications due to their high degree of biocompatibility and ability to support and/or modulate cell viability and function. Yet, many hydrogel bioinks have suffered from low efficiency due to limitations on accessible printing speeds, often limiting cell viability and/or the constructs which can be generated. In this study, a highly extensible bioink system created by modulating the rheology of physically crosslinked hydrogels comprising hydrophobically‐modified cellulosics and either surfactants or cyclodextrins is reported. It is demonstrated that these hydrogels are highly shear‐thinning with broadly tunable viscoelasticity and stress‐relaxation through simple modulation of the composition. Rheological experiments demonstrate that increasing concentration of rheology‐modifying additives yields hydrogel materials exhibiting extensional strain‐to‐break values up to 2000%, which is amongst the most extensible examples of physically crosslinked hydrogels of this type. The potential of these hydrogels for use as bioinks is demonstrated by evaluating the relationship between extensibility and printability, demonstrating that greater hydrogel extensibility enables faster print speeds and smaller print features. The findings suggest that optimizing hydrogel extensibility can enhance high‐speed 3D bioprinting capabilities, reporting over 5000 fold enhancement in speed index compared to existing works reported for hydrogel‐based bioinks in extrusion‐based printing.
NIR‐II Cyazulene Fluorophores with Adjustable Cycloalkenes and Spectroscopic Properties for Imaging Applications
Authors: Gao Wenjie , Liu Diankai , Li He , He Zixu , Liu Ya , Li Xiaohua , Ma Huimin , Shi Wen
Published: February 2025

NIR‐II fluorescence imaging has shown broad application prospects in life science because of its deeper tissue penetration and higher spatiotemporal resolution. Developing NIR‐II fluorophores with special spectroscopic properties and analytical functions has become a cutting‐edge but challenging topic in this field. Herein, a series of azulene‐based NIR‐II fluorophores (called cyazulenes) with adjustable cycloalkenes and spectroscopic properties for imaging applications is reported. Cyazulenes (CA965, CA985, and CA1025) are constructed via the convenient coupling of cycloalkenes with azulene derivatives. They exhibit different H‐aggregation and J‐aggregation. Particularly noteworthy is that CA985 can form significant J‐aggregates with strong and sharp NIR‐II emission in biological media, and can be used for in vivo imaging of blood vessels and fine structures of collecting lymphatics in mice. Moreover, CA985 displays passive bone‐targeted capacity, thereby enabling bone imaging. This study demonstrates the chemical impact of varying cycloalkenes on the aggregate formation and spectral properties of cyazulenes, which will advance azulene‐based NIR‐II fluorophores.
Ultra‐Fast Gallium Oxide Solar‐Blind Photodetector with Novel Thermal Pulse Treatment
Authors: Luo Lili , Huang Hong , Yang Lu , Hao Rui , Hu Xiaoliang , Li Yingtao , Zhao Xiaolong , Zhang Zemin , Long Shibing
Published: February 2025

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) emerges as a promising solar‐blind photodetector (SBPD) material if the “Response Speed (RS) dilemma” can be resolved. Devices with spatially segregated carrier generation and transport channels offer a potential solution but remain less available. This work introduces a novel thermal pulse treatment (TPT) method to achieve a vertically stratified crystalline structure and oxygen vacancies (VO) throughout the Ga2O3 film, validated through extensive characterizations. Technology Computer‐Aided Design (TCAD) simulations corroborated the critical role of VO stratification in enhancing the responsivity (Rλ) and response speed simultaneously. Consequently, the TPT‐processed SBPD exhibited exceptional performance, boasting a maximum  Rλ of 312.6 A W−1 and a faster decay time of 40 µs, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding SBPD chips show significant potential for applications in solar‐blind imaging, light trajectory tracking, and solar‐blind power meters. This work thus provides a viable strategy to address the “RS dilemma” common in most wide‐bandgap materials, showcasing excellent application value.
All‐Climate Energy‐Dense Cascade Aqueous Zn‐I2 Batteries Enabled by a Polycationic Hydrogel Electrolyte
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Zhang Longhai , Liu Ling , Ma Quanwei , Wang Rui , Xiong Peng , Li Hongbao , Zhang Shilin , Hao Junnan , Zhang Chaofeng
Published: February 2025

The practical development of aqueous zinc‐iodine (Zn‐I2) batteries is greatly hindered by the low energy density resulting from conventional I0/I− conversion and the limited temperature tolerance. Here, a temperature‐insensitive polycationic hydrogel electrolyte borax‐bacterial cellulose / p(AM‐co‐VBIMBr) (denoted as BAVBr) for achieving an energy‐dense cascade aqueous Zn‐I2 battery over a wide temperature range from −50 to 50 °C is designed. A comprehensive investigation, combining advanced spectroscopic investigation and DFT calculations, has revealed that the presence of Br species in the gel electrolyte facilitates the conversion reaction of Br0/Br−. Simultaneously, it activates the high voltage I+/I0 redox reaction through interhalogen formation. Consequently, sequential and highly reversible redox reactions involving I0/I−, I+/I0, and Br0/Br− are achieved with the assistance of −NR3+ units in BAVBr, effectively suppressing interhalogen hydrolysis in aqueous electrolyte. The cascade reactions lead to a high area capacity of 0.76 mAh cm−2 at a low I2 loading of 1 mg cm−2 or 760 mAh g−1 based on the mass of iodine, demonstrating exceptional long‐term cycling stability over a wide temperature range from −50 to 50 °C. This study offers valuable insights into the rational design of electrolytes for high‐energy aqueous batteries, specifically tailored for wide‐temperature operation.
Perturbing Organelle‐Level K+/Ca2+ Homeostasis by Nanotherapeutics for Enhancing Ion‐Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Liang Jun‐Long , Huang Qian‐Xiao , Chen Qi‐Wen , Jin Xiao‐Kang , Han Zi‐Yi , Ji Ping , Cheng Si‐Xue , Chen Wei‐Hai , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: February 2025

Intracellular ions are involved in numerous pivotal immune processes, but the precise regulation of these signaling ions to achieve innovative immune therapeutic strategies is still a huge challenge. Here, an ion‐mediated immunotherapy agent (IMIA) is engineered to achieve precise spatiotemporal control of perturbing K+/Ca2+ homeostasis at the organelle‐level, thereby amplifying antitumor immune responses to achieve high‐performance cancer therapy. By taking in intracellular K+ and supplying exogenous Ca2+ within tumor cells, K+/Ca2+ homeostasis is perturbed by IMIA. In parallel, perturbing K+ homeostasis induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers the release of Ca2+ from ER and causes a decreased concentration of Ca2+ in ER, which further accelerates ER‐mitochondria Ca2+ flux and the influx of extracellular Ca2+ (store‐operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE)) via opening Ca2+ release‐activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, thus creating a self‐amplifying ion interference loop to perturb K+/Ca2+ homeostasis. In this process, the elevated immunogenicity of tumor cells would evoke robust antitumor immune responses by driving the excretion of damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Importantly, this ion‐immunotherapy strategy reshapes the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), and awakens the systemic immune response and long‐term immune memory effect, thus effectively inhibiting the growth of primary/distant tumors, orthotopic tumors as well as metastatic tumors in different mice models.
Leaf Vein‐Inspired Programmable Superstructure Liquid Metal Photothermal Actuator for Soft Robots
Authors: Li Xiaofei , Du Yiming , Pan Xiaoshuan , Xiao Chao , Ding Xin , Zheng Kang , Liu Xianglan , Chen Lin , Gong Yi , Xue Meng , Tian Xingyou , Zhang Xian
Published: February 2025

Asymmetric‐expansion photothermal actuators have attracted the attention of researchers owing to their simple structure, superior stability, rapid response, and precise controllability. However, their response speed, deformation capacity, and load‐carrying capacity are mutually constrained by their thickness. Inspired by the veins and pulp in plant leaves, this study uses laser etching to apply a superstructure of ordered grooves to liquid metal (LM) photothermal actuators. The resulting LM@low‐expansion polyimide (4.52 ppm K−1)/polydimethylsiloxane (LM@PI/PDMS) programmable photothermal actuators demonstrate exceptional performance, including a load‐carrying capacity of 190 times their weight, a rapid oscillation frequency of 19 Hz, a response speed of 60.96 ± 3.08°/ s, and a bending angle of 159.05 ± 2.52°. Hence, the proposed design resolves the inherent conflict between the load‐carrying capacity and response speed. Furthermore, incorporating LM microspheres into actuators increases their stability and allows them to endure more than 20 800 cycles without damage. The actuators are used to create versatile smart devices and robots, such as photothermally actuated robotic dogs that can function across various terrains. This study provides a novel strategy for the design and fabrication of programmable photothermal actuators and highlights their potential for applications in advanced robotics, which paves the way for their integration into complex environments.
Glassy Thermal Transport Triggers Ultra‐High Thermoelectric Performance in GeTe
Authors: Sarkar Debattam , Das Subarna , Taneja Vaishali , Samanta Manisha , Jagadish Koushik , Das Animesh , Bhakar Monika , Matukumilli Prasad V. D. , Perumal Suresh , Sheet Goutam , Sanyal Dirtha , Pal Koushik , Ravishankar N. , Waghmare Umesh V. , Biswas Kanishka
Published: February 2025

The consequences of broken long‐range atomic arrangement in glasses or amorphous solids are reflected in the temperature dependence of lattice thermal conductivity (κlat). However, the appearance of glassy ultralow κlat in a crystalline solid with high electrical transport like metal is unusual but can have a remarkable impact on the thermoelectric performance of a material. Here, an ultra‐high thermoelectric performance is demonstrated with a maximum figure of merit, zT ≈ 2.7 (≈2.92 with Dulong–Petit heat capacity) via achieving glassy thermal transport along with significant electrical conductivity in ball milled BiSe, Pb co‐doped polycrystalline Ge1.03Te followed by spark plasma sintering. The glassy thermal transport results from the inhomogeneous ferroelectric instability developed due to local polar distortions near the dopant sites, which interacts with soft polar optical modes via strain fluctuations. Resulting structural degeneracy and associated soft vibrations sink heat effectively from acoustic phonons, which along with various nanoscale defects, confine the phonon mean free path (MFP) close to the interatomic distance, rendering the thermal transport glassy. However, the material still maintains a high electrical conductivity at ambient condition due to much longer MFP of the charge carriers. A promising output power density of ≈0.8 W cm−2 for ΔT ≈441 K in double‐leg thermoelectric device demonstrate the potential of this material for mid‐temperature thermoelectric applications.
A PD‐L1 siRNA‐Loaded Boron Nanoparticle for Targeted Cancer Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy
Authors: Deng Shaohui , Hu Lijun , Chen Guo , Ye Jujian , Xiao Zecong , Guan Tianwang , Guo Shuai , Xia Wei , Cheng Du , Wan Xiaochun , Cheng Ke , Ou Caiwen
Published: February 2025

Although the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy is regarded as a promising clinical treatment strategy, numerous clinical trials have failed to demonstrate synergistic effects. One of the key reasons is that conventional radiotherapies inevitably damage intratumoral effector immune cells. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a precise radiotherapy that selectively kills tumor cells while sparing adjacent normal cells, by utilizing 10B agents and neutron irradiation. Therefore, combinational BNCT‐immunotherapy holds promise for achieving more effective synergistic effects. Here it develops a 10B‐containing polymer that self‐assembled with PD‐L1 siRNA to form 10B/siPD‐L1 nanoparticles for combinational BNCT‐immunotherapy. Unlike antibodies, PD‐L1 siRNA can inhibit intracellular PD‐L1 upregulated by BNCT, activating T‐cell immunity while also suppressing DNA repair. This can enhance BNCT‐induced DNA damage, promoting immunogenic cell death (ICD) and further amplifying the antitumor immune effect. The results demonstrated that BNCT using 10B/siPD‐L1 nanoparticles precisely killed tumor cells while sparing adjacent T cells and induced a potent antitumor immune response, inhibiting distal and metastatic tumors.
Bio‐Inspired, Miniaturized Magnetic Heart Valve System for Superior Performance Cardiovascular Simulator
Authors: Yoo Jeongmin , Chung Gooyoon , Park Yoonseok
Published: February 2025

The demand for accurate vascular simulators is increasing to facilitate effective clinical studies on cardiovascular diseases. The research presents the miniaturized design and precise programable regulation of an artificial magnetic heart valve inspired by the human aortic valve, demonstrating the diverse types of pulsating waves. The heart valve is constructed using an elastomeric silicone composite embedded with neodymium magnetic micro‐particles. This valve system responds rapidly to changes in magnetic fields controlled by miniaturized electromagnets, enabling precise regulation of fluid pressure and flow rate. This allows for the generation of various pressure waveforms and accurately replicates diverse blood pressure changes with a compact design. The design, working mechanism, fabrication process, and optimization of the magnetically controlled biomimetic heart valve are discussed and its performance as a cardiovascular simulator for human and animal models is evaluated. This artificial valve system has the potential to be utilized in humanoid robots to generate heart‐like pressure, thereby paving the way for replicating human physiological characteristics. This research promises significant advancements in cardiovascular clinical trials and biomedical research along with the development of humanoid robots and biomimetic mechanical systems.
Advances and Outlooks for Carbon Nanotube‐Based Thermoelectric Materials and Devices
Authors: Zhou Shanshan , Shi Xiao‐Lei , Li Lan , Liu Qian , Hu Boxuan , Chen Wenyi , Zhang Chenyang , Liu Qingfeng , Chen Zhi‐Gang
Published: February 2025

The unique structure of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) endows them with exceptional electrical and mechanical properties, along with a high surface area, making them highly beneficial for use as flexible, high‐performing thermoelectric materials. As a result, the application of CNTs in the thermoelectric field has become increasingly widespread. Considering the rapid advancements in this field, this review offers a timely overview of the most recent progress on CNT‐based thermoelectric materials and devices over the past five years. This review begins by introducing the fundamental concepts and thermoelectric mechanisms of CNT‐based thermoelectric materials. Then new strategies are explored to enhance their thermoelectric performance, focusing on doping and composites, while emphasizing the importance of CNT stability as a key research area. Additionally, the latest design concepts and expanded application scenarios for flexible and wearable CNTs‐based thermoelectric devices are summarized. Finally, the current challenges are addressed and future directions for the development of CNT‐based thermoelectric materials and devices are discussed.