bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN BALANCED VARIETIES AND INVERSE MONOIDS
Authors: LAWSON MARK V.
Published: November 2006

There is a well-known correspondence between varieties of algebras and fully invariant congruences on the appropriate term algebra. A special class of varieties are those which are balanced, meaning they can be described by equations in which the same variables appear on each side. In this paper, we prove that the above correspondence, restricted to balanced varieties, leads to a correspondence between balanced varieties and inverse monoids. In the case of unary algebras, we recover the theorem of Meakin and Sapir that establishes a bijection between congruences on the free monoid with n generators and wide, positively self-conjugate inverse submonoids of the polycyclic monoid on n generators.

In the case of varieties generated by linear equations, meaning those equations where each variable occurs exactly once on each side, we can replace the clause monoid above by the linear clause monoid. In the case of algebras with a single operation of arity n, we prove that the linear clause monoid is isomorphic to the inverse monoid of right ideal isomorphisms between the finitely generated essential right ideals of the free monoid on n letters, a monoid previously studied by Birget in the course of work on the Thompson group V and its analogues.

We show that Dehornoy's geometry monoid of a balanced variety is a special kind of inverse submonoid of ours.

Finally, we construct groups from the inverse monoids associated with a balanced variety and examine some conditions under which they still reflect the structure of the underlying variety. Both free groups and Thompson's groups Vn,1 arise in this way.
TWISTED CONJUGACY CLASSES IN WREATH PRODUCTS
Authors: GONÇALVES DACIBERG , WONG PETER
Published: November 2006

Let G be a finitely generated abelian group and G ≀ ℤ be the wreath product. In this paper, we classify all such groups G for which every automorphism of G ≀ ℤ has infinitely many twisted conjugacy classes.
THE COMPLEXITY OF CHECKING IDENTITIES OVER FINITE GROUPS
Authors: HORVÁTH GÁBOR , SZABÓ CSABA
Published: November 2006

We analyze the computational complexity of solving a single equation and checking identities over finite meta-abelian groups. Among others we answer a question of Goldmann and Russel from 1998: we prove that it is decidable in polynomial time whether or not an equation over the six-element group S3 has a solution.
ON AUTOMORPHISMS OF FREE NILPOTENT-BY-ABELIAN GROUPS
Authors: PAPISTAS ATHANASSIOS I.
Published: November 2006

For a positive integer n, with n ≥ 4, let Gn be a free nilpotent of class 2-by-abelian group of rank n. In this paper, it is shown that the automorphism group of Gn is generated by the tame automorphisms of Gn and an explicitly given set of non-tame IA-automorphisms of Gn. This extends a result of Gupta and Levin [9]. Furthermore, the aforementioned result extends a result of Stöhr [13].
THE UNBOUNDED DEAD-END DEPTH PROPERTY IS NOT A GROUP INVARIANT
Authors: RILEY TIM R. , WARSHALL ANDREW D.
Published: November 2006

The dead-end depth of an element g of a group with finite generating set [Formula: see text] is the distance from g to the complement of the radius [Formula: see text] closed ball, in the word metric [Formula: see text]. We exhibit a finitely presented group K with two finite generating sets [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] such that dead-end depth is unbounded on K with respect to [Formula: see text] but is bounded above by three with respect to [Formula: see text].
Isolation and culture of bovine oviductal epithelial cells for use in the anatomy and physiology laboratory and undergraduate research
Authors: Way Amy L.
Published: November 2006

This article presents methods for the isolation and culture of epithelial cells from the bovine oviduct for use in both research and the teaching laboratory and provides examples of ways that an oviductal cell culture can be incorporated into an undergraduate research program. Cow reproductive tracts are readily available from area butchers, and the procedure for isolation of the epithelium is simple and inexpensive. The cells can be observed immediately after isolation or can be cultured for up to 72 h under simple conditions for observation over several days. For experimental use, epithelial cells are cultured in standard cell culture medium, where they continue to divide and actively secrete substances into the medium. The ease with which the tissue can be collected and cells isolated makes the oviductal epithelium ideal for use in both the teaching laboratory and research projects in which undergraduates serve as investigators.
Teaching aldosterone regulation and basic scientific principles using a classic paper by Dr. James O. Davis and colleagues
Authors: Hanke Craig J. , Bauer-Dantoin Angela C.
Published: November 2006

Classroom discussion of scientific articles can be an effective means of teaching scientific principles and methodology to both undergraduate and graduate science students. The availability of classic papers from the American Physiological Society Legacy Project has made it possible to access articles dating back to the early portions of the 20th century. In this article, we discuss a classic paper from the laboratory of Dr. James O. Davis on the regulation of aldosterone synthesis from the adrenal zona glomerulosa cell. Dr. Davis has conducted much of the seminal research investigating the renin-angiotensin system and the regulation of aldosterone release by angiotensin II. In addition to a characterization of the effects of ACTH on aldosterone regulation, this study is useful for discussing the basic principles of negative feedback pathways of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. This study also provides examples of early bioassay techniques for the detection of angiotensin II and of the importance of quantitative measurements when investigating physiological responses. Three figures and one table are reproduced from the original article along with a series of discussion questions designed to facilitate discovery learning.
Teaching and learning in the interactive classroom
Authors: Silverthorn D. U.
Published: November 2006

The Claude Bernard Distinguished Lectureship of the Teaching of Physiology Section is presented annually at the Experimental Biology meeting. The lectureship is named for Prof. Claude Bernard, the experimental physiologist who is credited with introducing the concept of homeostasis. The 2006 Claude Bernard Distinguished Lecture was given by Dr. Dee U. Silverthorn from the University of Texas at Austin, TX.
Blunted lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation during moderate exercise in HIV-infected subjects taking HAART
Authors: Cade W. Todd , Reeds Dominic N. , Mittendorfer Bettina , Patterson Bruce W. , Powderly William G. , Klein Samuel , Yarasheski Kevin E.
Published: November 2006

The protease inhibitor (PI) ritonavir (RTV) has been associated with elevated resting lipolytic rate, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance/glucose intolerance. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between lipolysis and fatty acid (FA) oxidation during rest, moderate exercise and recovery, and measures of insulin sensitivity/glucose tolerance and fat redistribution in HIV-positive subjects taking RTV ( n = 12), HAART but no PI ( n = 10), and HIV-seronegative controls ( n = 10). Stable isotope tracers [1-13C]palmitate and [1,1,2,3,3-2H5]glycerol were continuously infused with blood and breath collection during 1-h rest, 70-min submaximal exercise (50% V̇o2 peak), and 1-h recovery. Body composition was evaluated using DEXA, MRI, and MRS, and 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests with insulin monitoring were used to evaluate glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Lipolytic and FA oxidation rates were similar during rest and recovery in all groups; however, they were lower during moderate exercise in both HIV-infected groups [glycerol Ra: HIV + RTV 5.1 ± 1.2 vs. HIV + no PI 5.9 ± 2.8 vs. Control 7.4 ± 2.2 μmol·kg fat-free mass (FFM)−1·min−1; palmitate oxidation: HIV + RTV 1.6 ± 0.8 vs. HIV + no PI 1.6 ± 0.8 vs. Control 2.5 ± 1.7 μmol·kg FFM·min, P < 0.01]. Fasting and orally-challenged glucose and insulin values were similar among groups. Lipolytic and FA oxidation rates were blunted during moderate exercise in HIV-positive subjects taking HAART. Lower FA oxidation during exercise was primarily due to impaired plasma FA oxidation, with a minor contribution from lower nonplasma FA oxidation. Regional differences in adipose tissue lipolysis during rest and moderate exercise may be important in HIV and warrant further study.
Acute effects of wortmannin on insulin's hemodynamic and metabolic actions in vivo
Authors: Bradley Eloise A. , Clark Michael G. , Rattigan Stephen
Published: November 2006

Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, was systemically infused during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp to investigate its effects in vivo. Rats were infused under anesthesia with saline, 10 or 20 mU·min−1·kg−1insulin, wortmannin (1 μg·min−1·kg−1) + saline, or wortmannin + insulin (10 mU·min−1·kg−1); wortmannin was present for 1 h before and throughout the 2-h clamp. Femoral blood flow (FBF), glucose infusion rate to maintain euglycemia (GIR), glucose appearance (Ra), glucose disappearance (Rd), capillary recruitment by 1-methylxanthine metabolism (MXD), hindleg glucose uptake (HLGU), liver, muscle, and aorta Akt phosphorylation (P-Akt/Akt), and plasma insulin concentrations were determined. Plasma insulin increased from 410 ± 49 to 1,680 ± 430 and 5,060 ± 230 pM with 10 and 20 mU·min−1·kg−1insulin, respectively. Insulin (10 and 20 mU·min−1·kg−1) increased FBF, MXD, GIR, Rd, and HLGU as well as liver, muscle, and aorta P-Akt/Akt and decreased Ra(all P < 0.05). Wortmannin alone increased plasma insulin to 5,450 ± 770 pM and increased Ra, Rd, HLGU, and muscle P-Akt/Akt without effect on blood glucose, FBF, MXD liver, or aorta P-Akt/Akt. Wortmannin blocked FBF, MXD, and liver P-Akt/Akt increases from 10 mU·min−1·kg−1insulin. Comparison of wortmannin + 10 mU·min−1·kg−1insulin and 20 mU·min−1·kg−1insulin alone (both at ∼5,000 pM PI) showed that wortmannin fully blocked the changes in FBF and Raand partly those of GIR, Ra, Rd, HLGU, and muscle P-AKT/Akt. In summary, wortmannin in vivo increases plasma insulin and fully inhibits insulin-mediated effects in liver and aorta and partially those of muscle, where the latter may result from inhibition of insulin-mediated increases in blood flow and capillary recruitment.
Calpain-10 variants and haplotypes are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in Caucasians
Authors: Vollmert Caren , Hahn Susanne , Lamina Claudia , Huth Cornelia , Kolz Melanie , Schöpfer-Wendels Andreas , Mann Klaus , Bongardt Friedhelm , Mueller Jakob C. , Kronenberg Florian , Wichmann H.-Erich , Herder Christian , Holle Rolf , Löwel Hannelore , Illig Thomas , Janssen Onno E.
Published: November 2006

PCOS is known to be associated with an increased risk of T2DM and has been proposed to share a common genetic background with T2DM. Recent studies suggest that the Calpain-10 gene (CAPN10) is an interesting candidate gene for PCOS susceptibility. However, contradictory results were reported concerning the contribution of certain CAPN10 variants, especially of UCSNP-44, to genetic predisposition to T2DM, hirsutism, and PCOS. By means of MALDI-TOF MS technique, we genotyped an expanded single nucleotide polymorphism panel, including the CAPN10 UCSNP-44, -43, -56, ins/del-19, -110, -58, -63, and -22 in a sample of 146 German PCOS women and 606 population-based controls. Statistical analysis revealed an association between UCSNP-56 and susceptibility to PCOS with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.91 (95% CI = 1.51–5.61) for women carrying an AA genotype compared with GG. As expected, the 22-genotype of the ins/del-19 variant, which is in high linkage disequilibrium ( r2= 0.98) with UCSNP-56, was also significantly associated (OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.55–5.73). None of the additionally tested variants alone showed any significant association with PCOS. A meta-analysis including our study (altogether 623 PCOS cases and 1,224 controls) also showed significant association only with ins/del-19. The most common haplotype TGG3AGCA was significantly associated with a lower risk for PCOS (OR = 0.487, P = 0.0057). In contrast, the TGA2AGCA haplotype was associated with an increased risk for PCOS (OR = 3.557, P = 0.0011). By investigating a broad panel of CAPN10 variants, our results pointed to an allele dose-dependent association of UCSNP-56 and ins/del-19 with PCOS.
A Population Coding Account for Systematic Variation in Saccadic Dead Time
Authors: Ludwig Casimir J. H. , Mildinhall John W. , Gilchrist Iain D.
Published: November 2006

During movement programming, there is a point in time at which the movement system is committed to executing an action with certain parameters even though new information may render this action obsolete. For saccades programmed to a visual target this period is termed the dead time. Using a double-step paradigm, we examined potential variability in the dead time with variations in overall saccade latency and spatiotemporal configuration of two sequential targets. In experiment 1, we varied overall saccade latency by manipulating the presence or absence of a central fixation point. Despite a large and robust gap effect, decreasing the saccade latency in this way did not alter the dead time. In experiment 2, we varied the separation between the two targets. The dead time increased with separation up to a point and then leveled off. A stochastic accumulator model of the oculomotor decision mechanism accounts comprehensively for our findings. The model predicts a gap effect through changes in baseline activity without producing variations in the dead time. Variations in dead time with separation between the two target locations are a natural consequence of the population coding assumption in the model.
Transcriptional profiling of gastrin-regulated genes in mouse stomach
Authors: Jain Renu N. , Samuelson Linda C.
Published: November 2006

Gastrin, a potent stimulator of gastric acid secretion, primarily targets the acid-secreting parietal cells and histamine-secreting enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the stomach. Accordingly, gastrin-deficient (GAS-KO) mice have a severe impairment in acid secretion. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in gene expression in GAS-KO mice to identify gastrin-regulated genes and to gain insight into how gastric cell types are regulated by gastrin and acid secretion. Affymetrix microarray analysis of GAS-KO and wild-type mice identified numerous differentially expressed transcripts. The results were compared with GAS-KO mice treated with gastrin to identify genes that were gastrin responsive. Finally, genes that were primarily changed due to gastrin and not hypochlorhydria were identified by comparison to mice that are deficient in both gastrin and cholecystokinin (GAS/CCK-KO), since these mice have restored basal acid secretion. The data were validated by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Interestingly, a number of inflammatory response genes were induced in GAS-KO mice and normalized in GAS/CCK-KO mice, suggesting that they were increased in response to low gastric acid. Moreover, a number of parietal cell transcripts that were downregulated in GAS-KO mice were similarly restored in GAS/CCK-KO mice, suggesting that parietal cell changes were also primarily associated with hypochlorhydria. In contrast, ECL cell genes that were markedly downregulated in GAS-KO mice continued to be reduced in GAS/CCK-KO mice, demonstrating that gastrin coordinately regulates a number of ECL cell genes, including several involved in histamine synthesis and secretion.
A simulation framework for networked queue models: Analysis of queue bounds in a G/G/c supply chain
Authors: Amouzegar Mahyar , Moshirvaziri Khosrow
Published: November 2006

Some limited analytical derivation for networked queue models has been proposed in the literature, but their solutions are often of a great mathematical challenge. To overcome such limitations, simulation tools that can deal with general networked queue topology must be developed. Despite certain limitations, simulation algorithms provide a mechanism to obtain insight and good numerical approximation to parameters of networked queues. This paper presents a closed stochastic simulation network model and several approximation and bounding schemes for G/G/c systems. The analysis was originally conducted to verify the integrity of simulation models used to develop alternative policy options conducted on behalf of the US Air Force. We showed that the theoretical bounds could be used to approximate mean capacities at various queues. In this paper, we present results for a G/G/8 system though similar results have been obtained for other networks of queues as well.
Option pricing in a regime‐switching model using the fast Fourier transform
Authors: Liu R. H. , Zhang Q. , Yin G.
Published: November 2006

This paper is concerned with fast Fourier transform (FFT) approach to option valuation,
where the underlying asset price is governed by a regime‐switching geometric Brownian motion.
An FFT method for the regime‐switching model is developed first. Aiming at reducing computational complexity, a near‐optimal FFT scheme is proposed when the modulating Markov chain has a large state space. To test the FFT method, a novel semi‐Monte Carlo simulation algorithm is developed. This method takes advantage of the observation that the option value
for a given sample path of the underlying Markov chain can be calculated using the
Black‐Scholes formula. Finally, numerical results are reported.
On an elastic dissipation model as continuous approximation for discrete media
Authors: Andrianov I. V. , Awrejcewicz J. , Ivankov A. O.
Published: November 2006

Construction of an accurate continuous model for discrete media is an important topic in various fields of science. We deal with a 1D differential‐difference equation governing the behavior of an n‐mass oscillator with linear relaxation. It is known that a string‐type approximation is justified for low part of frequency spectra of a continuous model, but for free and forced vibrations a solution of discrete and continuous models can be quite different. A difference operator makes analysis difficult due to its nonlocal form. Approximate equations can be obtained by replacing the difference operators via a local derivative operator. Although application of a model with derivative of more than second order improves the continuous model, a higher order of approximated differential equation seriously complicates a solution of continuous problem. It is known that accuracy of the approximation can dramatically increase using Padé approximations. In this paper, one‐ and two‐point Padé approximations suitable for justify choice of structural damping models are used.
Resolving the Two “Bony” Faces of PPAR-γ
Authors: Lecka-Czernik Beata , Suva Larry J.
Published: November 2006

Bone loss with aging results from attenuated and unbalanced bone turnover that has been associated with a decreased number of bone forming osteoblasts, an increased number of bone resorbing osteoclasts, and an increased number of adipocytes (fat cells) in the bone marrow. Osteoblasts and adipocytes are derived from marrow mesenchymal stroma/stem cells (MSC). The milieu of intracellular and extracellular signals that controls MSC lineage allocation is diverse. The adipocyte-specific transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) acts as a critical positive regulator of marrow adipocyte formation and as a negative regulator of osteoblast development.In vivo, increased PPAR-γactivity leads to bone loss, similar to the bone loss observed with aging, whereas decreased PPAR-γactivity results in increased bone mass. Emerging evidence suggests that the pro-adipocytic and the anti-osteoblastic properties of PPAR-γare ligand-selective, suggesting the existence of multiple mechanisms by which PPAR-γcontrols bone mass and fat mass in bone.
A Nicotine Mouth Spray for Smoking Cessation: A Pilot Study of Preference, Safety and Efficacy
Authors: Bolliger C.T. , van Biljon X. , Axelsson A.
Published: November 2006

Background: Various formulations of nicotine replacement therapy are commercially available. Objectives: It was the aim of this study to test preference, safety and efficacy of a new nicotine mouth spray (1 mg/actuation; NicoNovum). Methods: One hundred healthy smokers wanting to quit (mean age 43.1 ± 11.2 years) were included. They were given the mouth spray, as well as 2-mg nicotine gums and nicotine oral inhalers to try out for 1 week. Subsequently, all participants were randomized into 3 groups – mouth spray (n = 50), gum (n = 25) and inhaler (n = 25) – and treated for 3 months. Results: Fifty-four of the hundred smokers preferred the spray, compared with 28 and 18 who preferred the gum and inhaler, respectively (p < 0.01 for spray vs. both the gum and inhaler). At 6 months, the sustained abstinence rates were 8 (16%), 5 (20%) and 2 (8%) for the mouth spray, gum and inhaler, respectively (p values = n.s.). Adverse effects (AEs) were mostly drug-related local symptoms, most frequently reported at the end of the tryout period: out of 106 drug-related AEs, 90 were due to the spray, 11 and 5 to the inhaler and gum, respectively. The three most frequent AEs were almost exclusively caused by the spray: burning of the tongue/throat reported by 35, nausea by 18, and hiccup by 16 participants. Conclusions: Participants preferred the mouth spray over the gum and inhaler, but its use was coupled with a high rate of local AEs. The efficacy of the mouth spray seemed comparable with the one obtained by the gum and inhaler. Further studies are necessary to show whether a reduction in the dose per actuation to about 0.5 mg would result in less side effects, which in turn might yield higher long-term drug compliance and possibly higher success rates than the ones achieved with other forms of nicotine replacement therapy.
Occupational Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Asthma due to Penicillium camemberti in a Dry-Sausage Packer
Authors: Merget R. , Sander I. , Rozynek P. , Heinze E. , Imoehl M. , Raulf-Heimsoth M. , Bruening T.
Published: November 2006

A 62-year-old female sausage packer reported progressive work-related asthma, rhinitis and contact urticaria after contact to dry sausages refined by moulds. Whereas skin prick tests with commercial mould extracts were negative, the patient showed weak skin sensitization to a cultivated mould sample from a dry sausage. Specific immunoglobulin E antibodies to various moulds were demonstrated by ImmunoCAP and antibodies to the cultivated mould sample were demonstrated by enzyme allergosorbent test. The mould was identified by pheno- and genotyping as Penicillium camemberti. Five atopic controls did not show sensitization with the same tests. Crossreactivity of P. camemberti and Penicillium notatum was shown by enzyme allergosorbent inhibition tests. Although no challenge tests were considered due to the patient’s airway obstruction, a diagnosis of allergic occupational asthma was made. We conclude that immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic occupational asthma due to moulds may occur in dry sausage packers.
Plutarch on Alcibiades' Return to Athens
Authors: Gygax Marc Domingo
Published: November 2006

A passage of Plutarch's biography of Alcibiades (Alc. 33.2) invites us to explore the way Athens rewarded its benefactors in the fifth and fourth century, especially the first awards of crowns to citizens. This article challenges the widespread assumption that Alcibiades' crowning with gold when he came back to Athens from his exile is an invention by Plutarch or a previous source. First, there is evidence that the crowning was known to other ancient authors. Furthermore, if one takes into consideration not only inscriptions, but also literary sources, Plutarch's report is not an isolated piece of information. It fits well in the history of the Athenian practice of bestowing honors. It has precedents in Athens, continuity after Alcibiades, parallels in other cities, and corresponds to the behavior one would expect from the dêmos as well as from a benefactor at the end of the fifth century. When viewed in this light, Plutarch's information may help us to understand the first stages of the institution of honoring fellow citizens, which was to become so important in later times.
Socrates' Therapeutic Use of Inconsistency in the Axiochus
Authors: O'Keefe Tim
Published: November 2006

The pseudo-Platonic dialogue Axiochus seems irremediably confused. Its author tosses together Platonic, Epicurean and Cynic arguments against the fear of death, apparently with no regard for their consistency. Whereas in the Apology Socrates argues that death is either annihilation or a relocation of the soul, and is a blessing either way, in the Axiochus Socrates seems to assert that death is both annihilation and a release of the soul from the body into a better realm.I argue that we can acquit the Axiochus from the charge of confusion if we pay attention to its genre, a consolation letter cast in dialogue form. The dialogue dramatizes a distinctive type of consolatory argumentative practice. Socrates' use of arguments with inconsistent premises, presented in propria persona, is only one of many ways in which he is willing to sacrifice argumentative hygiene for the sake of therapeutic effectiveness. These include appealing to emotion, tailoring arguments to the audience, and presenting invalid arguments so as to induce unjustified but comforting beliefs. In these respects, I think that Socrates' argumentative practice is best compared to PH III 280-1, where Sextus Empiricus says that the skeptic will deliberately use logically weak arguments as long as they work.
Dolphins in Popular Literature and Media
Authors: Reiss Diana , Sickler Jessica , Gruber Sarah , Boyle Paul , Elliott Elizabeth , Lemcke Katherine , Fraser John , Newman Barbara
Published: November 2006

This review of how dolphins are portrayed in popular media (including literature, film, television, and music) reveals four themes that may influence public acceptance of current scientific research into dolphin cognition. These themes are: (a) dolphin as peer to humans, of equal intelligence or at least capable of communicating with or helping humans; (b) the dolphin as the representation of a romantic notion of ideal freedom in nature, embodying principles of peace, harmony or love; (c) the dolphin as a naïve, innocent being that is subordinate and in need of human protection; and (d) the dolphin as superior to humans, potentially affiliating with a higher power or intelligence. This review revealed that the use of dolphins in humor reinforced or lampooned the four identified themes, indicating a common acceptance of these themes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the importance of considering popular narratives in the presentation of scientific research results.
Variation of Sicilian pond turtles, Emys trinacris – What makes a species cryptic?
Authors: Fritz Uwe , D'Angelo Stefania , Pennisi Maria Grazia , Valvo Mario Lo
Published: November 2006

Variation of the Sicilian pond turtle, Emys trinacris, is described, based on
morphological data of more than 200 adult and immature turtles and mtDNA
sequences of 31 new known-locality specimens. Emys trinacris is
morphologically more variable than thought before. There exist pronounced
population-specific differences. Adults are barely distinguishable from Emys
orbicularis galloitalica. Hatchlings of E. trinacris are, however,
significantly different patterned, allowing immediate species determination.
Moreover, hatchlings of E. trinacris seem to be on average smaller and
lighter than in E. orbicularis. This could be related with different
reproductive strategies. Coloration polymorphism of adult Sicilian pond
turtles comprises fair part of variation known in E. orbicularis. Thus,
adult E. trinacris might have preserved the whole array of variation of the
last common ancestor with E. orbicularis. We hypothesize that similarity of
certain southern E. orbicularis subspecies and E. trinacris on one hand and
pronounced differences in size, coloration and pattern of northern E.
orbicularis subspecies on the other result from stabilising selection in the
north. While dark coloration and large body-size seem to be beneficial in
the north, light coloration and small size could be simply not
disadvantageous in the south, allowing coloration polymorphisms in E.
trinacris and southern E. orbicularis subspecies. Further, the term 'cryptic
species' and its meaning in regard to species concepts and bar-coding is
discussed. It is concluded that species delineation based on mtDNA barcoding
requires application of a Phylogenetic Species Concept. Under the Biological
Species Concept, animal mtDNA is not always an ideal tool for delineating
species boundaries because taxa with monophyletic mitochondrial gene trees
are neither necessarily genetically isolated nor must represent the same
Biological Species. Cryptic species are nothing special in nature because
difficulties with their identification are due to deficits in cognitive
abilities of man. This is illustrated by the fact that distinct live stages
of 'cryptic species' may differ to various degrees from similar species, as
is the case in hatchlings and adults of E. trinacris and E. o.
galloitalica.
Chromosomal analysis of the leptodactylids Pleurodema diplolistris and Physalaemus nattereri (Amphibia, Anura)
Authors: Lourenço Luciana B. , Nascimento Josiane A.A. , Andrade Gilda V. , Rossa-Feres Denise C. , Recco-Pimentel Shirlei M.
Published: November 2006

Detailed characterizations of the karyotypes of the Brazilian leptodactylid
frogs Pleurodema diplolistris, the only species of Pleurodema not studied
cytogenetically so far, and Physalaemus nattereri, a species in the Ph.
biligonigerus group, are presented. Both karyotypes had 2n = 22 and their
chromosomes had a very similar morphology, except for pair 11, which was
metacentric in Pl. diplolistris and telocentric in Ph. nattereri. The
localization of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) and heterochromatic bands
allowed the differentiation of chromosomes that were morphologically
indistinguishable between these species, such as pairs 1, 3 and 10, which
showed interstitial C-bands in Ph. nattereri, and pair 8, that had an NOR
and an adjacent C-band in Pl. diplolistris. Pair 8 also has NOR-bearing
chromosomes in many other Pleurodema species. However, in these species, the
NOR is located proximal to the centromere on the short arm, while in Pl.
diplolistris it occurred distally on the long arm, a condition that may be
considered a derived state. In Ph. nattereri, the NOR occurred on chromosome
11 and differed from the other species of the Ph. biligonigerus group. In
contrast, C-banding revealed a heterochromatic block near the centromere on
the short arm of pair 3, a characteristic common to all members of this
group of Physalaemus.
Pointing the Way to Discovery: Using a Creative Writing Practice in Qualitative Research
Authors: Schulz Jennifer
Published: November 2006

There are compelling possibilities for the ways in which creative writing practices can inform qualitative and collaborative research projects, particularly those projects devoted to phenomenological inquiry. This article lays out a specific research methodology based on a creative writing practice that is prompted by words and phrases evocative of a research question. This practice, called “pointing,” is explained through Gadamer's notion of understanding, play, and conversation as well as Heidegger's hermeneutical process. The use of such a practice in a specific collaborative research project on therapists' experience of hopelessness is described and implications for additional projects are proposed.
How Confucian are Contemporary Chinese? Construction of an Ideal Type and its Application to Three Chinese Communities
Authors: Yang Chung Fang , Chiu Chi Yue , Chan Kin Man , King Ambrose , Cheung Tak Sing , Chan Hoi Man
Published: November 2006

As a major source of social values in East Asia, Confucianism assumes especial significance amidst the proliferation of instrumental rationality in modern societies. This study attempts to answer the question: how Confucian are contemporary Chinese? By way of constructing an ideal type of Confucian actors, which is then applied to a survey of three Chinese communities, this study tries to formulate a new perspective in depicting the character of modern Confucian actors, measured in terms of their dynamic proximity to the Confucian ideal type. Our approach marks a shift of emphasis, both empirically and methodologically, compared with previous work on this topic. On the empirical side, our study breaks with the long-standing, classical distinction between the 'gentleman' and the 'commoner' prevalent in Confucian discourse. Degrees of proximity to Confucian values are viewed in representational—i.e. non-evaluative—terms. In constructing the ideal type of Confucian actors, we distinguish between formal and substantive values in Confucianism. This analytical distinction allows our study to demonstrate the continued relevance of Confucianism. While substantive values change over time, the formal, analytical core that captures the essence of Confucianism continues to survive in the face of the vicissitudes of modernity and the spread of instrumental rationality.
Continental Shelf Submissions: The Record to Date
Authors: Parson Lindsay , Macnab Ron
Published: November 2006

This paper reflects the situation at the end of 2005. At that time, four coastal States had completed their continental shelf submissions for transmittal to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS): Russia (2001), Brazil (2004), Australia (2004), and Ireland (2005).Of those four submissions, only Russia's has been subjected to a full review by the CLCS, which issued outer limit recommendations in 2002. Russia has responded to those recommendations by initiating a new round of field work in the Arctic, to obtain additional data that is intended to offset CLCS concerns. The Brazilian and Australian submissions are currently undergoing review by subcommissions of the CLCS, while the establishment of a subcommission to examine the Irish submission is imminent. The task of each subcommission is to prepare draft recommendations for review by the Commission at large.In general, the detailed contents of continental shelf submissions are not made public, nor are the deliberations of the CLCS concerning those submissions. In certain cases some of that information can be gleaned through unofficial channels, but for the most part interested parties must refer to the website of the UN's Division of Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS), which posts material of a more limited nature. Information derived largely from that official source will be used in this paper to outline what is known about the four submissions above.This exposition will be followed by brief reviews of: (a) the memberships of the first two Commissions and the four subcommissions; (b) the ability of Commission members to render advisory services to submitting States; and (c) the benefits to be gained by a submitting State when it sponsors a member of the Commission.
Thrombin-activatable procarboxypeptidase B regulates activated complement C5a in vivo
Authors: Nishimura Toshihiko , Myles Timothy , Piliposky Adrian M. , Kao Peter N. , Berry Gerald J. , Leung Lawrence L. K.
Published: November 2006

Plasma procarboxypeptidase B (proCPB) is activated by the endothelial thrombin-prothrombomodulin complex. Activated (CPB) functions as a fibrinolysis inhibitor, but it may play a broader role by inactivating inflammatory mediators. To test this hypothesis, C5a-induced alveolitis was studied in wild-type (WT) and proCPB-deficient mice (proCPB−/−). C5a-induced alveolitis, as measured by cell counts and total protein contents in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, was markedly enhanced in the proCPB−/− mice. E229K thrombin, a thrombin mutant with minimal clotting activity but retaining its ability to activate protein C and proCPB, attenuated C5a-induced alveolitis in WT but not in proCPB−/− mice, indicating that its beneficial effect is mediated primarily by its activation of proCPB. Lung tissue histology confirmed these cellular inflammatory responses. Delayed administration of E229K thrombin after the C5a instillation was ineffective in reducing alveolitis in WT mice, suggesting that the beneficial effect of E229K thrombin is due to the direct inhibition of C5a by CPB. Our studies show that thrombin-activatable proCPB, in addition to its role in fibrinolysis, has intrinsic anti-inflammatory functions. Its activation, along with protein C, by the endothelial thrombin-TM complex represents a homeostatic response to counteract the inflammatory mediators generated at the site of vascular injury.
Donor-derived cells and human graft-versus-host disease of the skin
Authors: Murata Hideyuki , Janin Anne , Leboeuf Christophe , Soulier Jean , Gluckman Eliane , Meignin Veronique , Socie Gerard
Published: November 2006

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD)–induced apoptosis of the skin targets both epidermal keratinocytes and dermal endothelial cells. We studied the donor-versus-recipient origin of GvHD of these target cells in skin of 18 sex-mismatched hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Combining XY fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and double immunostaining, and further 3D tissue Z-stack analysis, we found keratinocytes and endothelial cells of donor origin, but only in patients with GvHD. Using terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay on sister sections, we found a correlation between the numbers of chimeric and apoptotic epidermal and endothelial cells. Moreover, donor-derived cells were more numerous and preferentially distributed in the areas of severe GvHD damage in biopsies performed early in the course of GvHD, whereas they were less numerous and found in the whole epidermis in late biopsies. Because donor-derived cells were found at the site and at the time of maximum tissue damage, they could contribute to epidermal and microvessel repair.
Longitudinal Clinical Course Following Pharmacological Treatment of Methamphetamine Psychosis Which Persists after Long‐Term Abstinence
Authors: AKIYAMA KAZUFUMI
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The present article investigated clinical symptoms and their longitudinal clinical course following pharmacological treatment in 32 female incarcerated patients suffering from methamphetamine (METH) psychosis who were referred to psychiatric consultation. The length of METH‐abuse periods of the patients ranged from 2 to 31 years. A total of 31 patients suffered from psychosis at abstinence after 5–31 months from the self‐injection of METH. Nine of these 31 patients experienced episodes of psychotic relapse. The following symptoms were observed: auditory hallucination (29 cases), delusion of persecution (29 cases), thought broadcasting (24 cases), visual hallucination (22 cases), depressive mood (29 cases), and suicidal idea (22 cases). Patients exhibited symptoms of psychosis and depression, which persisted for more than several months despite commencement of administration of antipsychotics and antidepressants. There were significant correlations among length of periods required for improvement in total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores, and BPRS subscale scores representing positive symptoms and depression/anxiety dimensions. Three groups of patients, according to severity of positive and depressive/anxiety symptoms, showed apparent differences in prognoses during pharmacological treatment. Average degree of extrapyramidal symptoms significantly correlated with average daily dose of antipsychotics and length‐of‐treatment period required for improvement in BPRS subscale scores representing positive symptom dimension. These results suggest that both psychotic and affective symptoms are involved in therapeutic response and prognosis of METH psychosis.
Distinct Mechanisms Mediating Methamphetamine‐Induced Neuronal Apoptosis and Dopamine Terminal Damage Share the Neuropeptide Substance P in the Striatum of Mice
Authors: ZHU JUDY P.Q. , XU WENJING , ANGULO JESUS A.
Published: November 2006

Abstract: Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive psychostimulant that induces damage to the dopamine terminals and the apoptosis of some neurons of the striatum. Our laboratory demonstrated using either a single bolus dose (30 mg/kg) or a binge (10 mg/kg 4× at 2‐h intervals) of METH that pharmacological blockade of the substance P receptor (neurokinin‐1) attenuates METH‐induced damage to both the presynaptic dopamine terminals and the apoptosis of some neurons of the striatum. To determine the phenotype of striatal neuron ablated by METH, we combined TUNEL (Terminal Deoxyncleotidyl Transferase‐Mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling) with immunofluorescence for selective markers of projection and interneurons. METH induces the loss of approximately 20% of the projection neurons. The cholinergic and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐parvalbumin interneurons sustain losses of 30% and 50%, respectively. The somatostatin/neuropeptide Y (NPY)/nitric oxide synthase (NOS) interneurons are not impacted by METH. To investigate the mechanism by which substance P mediates METH‐induced damage in this part of the brain, we ablated the striatal interneurons that express the neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK‐1R) with the selective neurotoxin substance P‐SAP. Ablation of the NK‐1R‐expressing interneurons prevented METH‐induced apoptosis in the striatum but was without effect on depletion of dopamine terminal markers. We propose that substance P mediates the apoptosis of some striatal neurons via the intrastriatal activation of nitric oxide synthesis. In contrast, substance P may mediate damage of the dopamine terminals via an extrastriatal mechanism involving the substantia nigra and cortical glutamate release.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐1 Protein Tat and Methamphetamine Interactions
Authors: THEODORE SHAJI , STOLBERG STEPHANIE , CASS WAYNE A. , MARAGOS WILLIAM F.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) affects the central nervous system (CNS) in ∼30% of infected individuals and basal ganglia structures seem to be most affected. The HIV‐1‐transactivating protein, Tat, has been suggested to be pathogenically relevant in HIV‐1‐induced neuronal injury. The abuse of methamphetamine (METH), which is great among this patient population, also affects the basal ganglia, causing degeneration of dopaminergic terminals. In previous studies, we demonstrated that coexposure to these two toxins caused a synergistic loss of striatal dopamine and binding to the dopamine transporter (DAT), suggesting a loss of dopamine terminals. Because the loss of dopamine and DAT, however, do not necessarily reflect dopamine terminal degeneration, we have used silver staining and TH immunohistochemistry to further examine this issue. We have also examined the glial reaction using GFAP as a marker of astrocyte activation and OX‐42 as a marker of activated microglia. Lastly, we have begun to explore the mechanism of synergy by investigating the role that the cytokine TNF‐α might play in Tat + METH synergy. Our data indicate that the synergistic loss of dopamine is likely the result of dopamine terminal degeneration. This injury is not a direct result of the number of activated glia but does involve TNF‐α.
Links between Nutrition, Drug Abuse, and the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: VIRMANI ASHRAF , BINIENDA ZBIGNIEW , ALI SYED , GAETANI FRANCO
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Nutritional deficiency in combination with drug abuse may increase risk of developing the metabolic syndrome by augmenting cell damage, excitotoxicity, reducing energy production, and lowering the antioxidant potential of the cells. We have reviewed here the following points: effects of drugs of abuse on nutrition and brain metabolism; effects of nutrition on actions of the drugs of abuse; drug abuse and probability of developing metabolic syndrome; role of genetic vulnerability in nutrition/drug abuse and brain damage; and the role of neuroprotective supplements in drug abuse. Nutrition education is an essential component of substance abuse treatment programs and can enhance substance abuse treatment outcomes. The strategies available, in particular the nutritional approach to protect the drug abusers from the metabolic syndrome and other diseases are discussed.
On the Effects of Psychostimulants, Antidepressants, and the Antiparkinsonian Drug Levodopa on Dopamine Neurons
Authors: GERACITANO RAFFAELLA , FEDERICI MAURO , BERNARDI GIORGIO , MERCURI NICOLA B.
Published: November 2006

Abstract: The dopaminergic system constitutes the principal target of many psychostimulants, antidepressant, and antiparkinsonian drugs. The effects caused by these compounds are partly associated with an increased dopamine (DA) levels within the terminal areas of DA neurons and in the ventral midbrain. Therefore, several substances of abuse, antidepressants, and endogenous compounds (levodopa and trace amines [TAs]) regulate the activity of DA cells by activating D2 autoreceptors located on the terminals, soma, and dendrites. Considering our past and recent experimental studies on this issue, here we will briefly reexamine the mechanisms of action of several psychoactive drugs on DA neurons. In particular, we propose three different modalities by which the mesencephalic DA neurons can be regulated by drugs: amphetamine/TAs‐like, cocaine‐like, and levodopa‐like. We, therefore, discuss the potential therapeutic and addictive properties of the psychoactive substances.
Effect of Oxidative Stress Induced by L‐Dopa on Endogenous Antioxidants in PC‐12 Cells
Authors: VATASSERY GOVIND T. , SMITH W. ED , QUACH HUNG T.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The mechanism of action of many drugs of abuse involves the dopaminergic pathway. One method of increasing dopamine in brain is by ingestion of L‐dopa (3,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐phenylalanine). Interestingly, both dopamine and L‐dopa cause oxidative stress which is also a factor in drug‐induced damage. Oxidative stress can be reduced by the antioxidant activities of vitamins C (ascorbate) and E (tocopherols). However, the interactions between L‐dopa and tocopherols and ascorbate are not well understood. In this article, PC‐12 cells (as models of neurons) were cultured for 21 hours with ascorbate (400 μM) and/or alpha tocopherol (25 μM) and in the presence or absence of L‐dopa (250 μM). After incubation, cells were harvested and analyzed for the various biochemical components by HPLC. As expected, the addition of L‐dopa resulted in an almost threefold increase in cellular dopamine content. Addition of alpha tocopherol resulted in marked increase in cellular tocopherol. Similarly, addition of ascorbate substantially increased its cellular concentration. These increases were strongly attenuated by the presence of L‐dopa in the medium. The data indicate that: (a) the uptake systems for ascorbate and tocopherols in these cells are inhibited by L‐dopa and/or (b) L‐dopa treatment causes an increase in the rate of utilization of the two nutrients. Thus L‐dopa modulates the cellular dynamics of ascorbate and tocopherol altering cellular antioxidant protection.