bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Post-Buckling Analysis of Functionally Graded Panels in Hypersonic Airflows
Authors: Kim Sun Bae , Kim Ji Hwan
Published: March 2009

In this study, thermal post-buckling characteristics of functionally graded (FG) panels in
hypersonic airflows are investigated. The volume fraction and the material properties of FGMs are
continuously changed from ceramic to metal in the thickness direction agreeably to a simple power
law distribution and a linear rule of mixture, respectively. Using the principle of virtual work, the
governing equations are derived and the finite element method is applied to obtain the solutions.
Based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), the FG panels are modeled by the von
Karman strain-displacement relation for the structural non-linearity. Also, the third-order piston
theory is employed to consider the aerodynamic non-linearity.
Analysis for Replication and Surface Roughness of Micro-Feature of Silicon Mold Insert by UV-LIGA Method
Authors: Huang Chiung Fang , Lee Jeol Long , Shen Yung Kang , Wu Chi Wei , Lin Yi , Hsu Sung Chih , Wu Ming Wei , Kao Chung Yu
Published: March 2009

This study demonstrates the replication property and surface roughness for metal
micro-mold that combines the replica molding (REM) and electroforming techniques. The
micro-mold firstly uses the silicon wafer to fabricate the master mold by UV-LIGA method, and then
uses the sputtering method to sputter the Ni element as the seed layer on the surface of master mold.
The electroforming method manufactures the Ni mold insert from the master mold with seed layer.
Finally, this study uses the PDMS material to replicate the micro-feature from the Ni mold insert by
replica molding. This study indicates the replication property and surface roughness of different
micro-feature shapes and sizes (concave and convex) for Ni mold insert and molded PDMS.
Development of a Safety Network System for Highway Structures in Korea
Authors: Park Ki Tae , Lee Woo Sang , Joo Bong Chul , Hwang Yoon Koog
Published: March 2009

In general, structures in service gradually lose their original performance-level over time
due to initial defects in design and construction, or exposure to unfavorable external conditions such
as repeated loading or deteriorating environment, and in extreme cases, may collapse. So, in order to
maintain the serviceability of structures at optimal level, advanced structure measuring system which
can inform optimal time point and method of maintenance is required in addition to accurate
prediction of residual life of the structure by periodic inspection. In Korea, the large-scale project for
the safety network integration for long-term smart monitoring systems for bridge structures started in
2007, and this is the second year of the project. In this system, various structure types such as bridge,
tunnels and cut slopes were considered with an emphasis on safety. The purpose of this system is to
integrate the operation centers for these structure types in order to control and evaluate the structure’s
real-time safety level through measured behavioral data. In this paper, the progress methodology for
this network system and the smart monitoring system installation techniques for each structure types
are briefly suggested.
Chicken Eggshell as a Filler for Polymer Composites: Preparation and Characterizations
Authors: Sanmuang Sasiwimon , Ruksakulpiwat Yupaporn , Suppakarn Nitinat , Sutapun Wimonlak
Published: March 2009

In this research, the eggshell was thermally treated at 700°C for 1-3 hrs and 800°C for 1-
4 hrs. After the treatment, thermally treated eggshell was characterized via X-ray diffraction
spectrometer, particle size analyzer and thermogravimetric analyzer. From the XRD patterns, it
revealed that calcium carbonate was obtained when chicken eggshell was treated at 700°C. The
content of calcium carbonate, however, decreased with increasing heating times and temperature.
After the eggshell was heated at 800°C, calcium hydroxide was mainly obtained and eventually
when the treatment time was 4 hrs, instead of calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide and calcium
oxide were obtained. The size of the treated eggshell was about 0.06 – 878.7 µm depending on the
treatment times and temperatures. The size distribution of 800°C-treated eggshell was narrower
than that of the 700°C-treated eggshell.
Optimization of Crack-Free Polytypoidally Joined Si3N4–Al2O3 Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) Using 3-Dimensional Modeling
Authors: Ryu Sae Hee , Park Jong Ha , Lee Caroline Sun Yong , Lee Jae Chul , Ahn Sung Hoon , Chae Jae Hong , Riu Doh Hyung
Published: March 2009

Joining Si3N4 and Al2O3 using 15 layers has been achieved by a unique approach that
introduces SiAlON polytypoids as a functionally graded material (FGM) bonding layer. Previously,
the hot press sintering of multilayered FGM with 20 layers, each 500 µm thick, has been achieved
successfully. In the present study, the number of layers for FGM was reduced from 20 to 15 to
increase optimization. Samples were fabricated by hot pressing at 48 MPa during the temperature
ramp to 1650°C and cooling at 2°C/min to minimize residual stresses from sintering. Moreover, a
finite element method (FEM) program based on the maximum principal stress theory and the
maximum tensile stress theory was applied to design optimized and reduced FGM layers that
produced a crack-free joint. The sample had a 3-dimensional cylindrical shape that was transformed
to a 2-dimensional axisymmetric mode. By determining the expected thermal stress from the
calculated elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion, we were able to predict and
prevent damage due to thermal stresses. These analyses are especially useful for FGM samples
where it is very difficult to measure the residual stresses experimentally. Finally, oriented Vickers
indentation testing was used to qualitatively characterize the strengths of the joint and the various
interfaces. The indentation cracks were deflected at the SiAlON layers, implying weak interfaces. In
other areas, cracks were not deflected, implying strong interfaces.
The Application of Thermosensitive Magnetic Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
Authors: Lien Yi Hsin , Wu Tzong Ming
Published: March 2009

In this study, thermosensitive and magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by reverse
microemulsion and radical polymerization. Thermo-sensitive and magnetic nanoparticles consist of
6nm magnetite core (Fe3O4) and silica shell which then grafted by poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)
(PNIPAM). The morphologies of these fabricated nanoparticles were observed by SEM and TEM,
which is confirmed to be the core-shell structure. The property of PNIPAM could change from
hydrophilic to hydrophobic from low temperature to high temperature. The lower critical solution
temperature measured by DSC and DLS is at ~35°C. The magnetic characteristic of these
nanoparticles is analyzed by SQUID. The result is illustrated as superparamagnetic behavior for the
nanoparticles. Therefore, the nanoparticles could be introduced to the desired location by external
magnetic field due to magnetite core. The absorption and desorption of Bovine serum albumin (BSA)
were also discussed. At 50°C, the BSA can be absorbed by the polymeric shell presented as
hydrophobic chains and be desorbed ~70% at room temperature. Combined thermosensitive and
magnetic properties, nanoparticles could be utilized in controlled drug –targeting delivery.
Asymptotic Derivation of a Curved Piezoelectric Interface Model and Homogenization of Piezoelectric Composites
Authors: Gu S.T. , He Qi Chang , Pensée Vincent , Zhou J.Z.
Published: March 2009

In this work, we derive a general piezoelectric interface model by using a coordinate-free
asymptotic approach. Next, this interface model is applied to the homogenization of fibrous
piezoelectric composites. The overall piezoelectric properties are calculated and compared to the
ones obtained by using the three-phase model.
Implementation of Magnetostrictive Material Terfenol-D in CNG Fuel Injection Actuation
Authors: Chowdhury H.A. , Mazlan Saiful Amri , Olabi Abdul Ghani
Published: March 2009

In applications broadly defined for actuation, magnetostrictive materials possess intrinsic rapid
response times while providing small and accurate displacements and high-energy efficiency, which are some
of the essential parameters for fast control of fuel injector valves for decreased engine emissions and lower fuel
consumption. This paper investigates the application of Terfenol-D as a magnetostrictive actuator material for
CNG fuel injection actuation. A prototype fuel injector assembly, including Terfenol-D as the core actuator
material, was modeled in both Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) and ANSYS Electromagnetics
simulation softwares for 2D magnetics simulation. Preferably, FEMM was used in order to determine the
coil-circuit parameters and the required flux density or applied magnetic field to achieve the desired
magnetostrictive strain, consequently, the injector needle lift. The FEMM magnetic simulation was carried out
with four different types of AWG coil wires and four different coil thicknesses of the entire injector assembly
in order to evaluate the relationship between the different coil types and thicknesses against the achieved strain
or injector lift. Eventually, the optimized parameters derived from FEMM were inserted into ANSYS
Electromagnetics to compare the variation of results between these two simulation environments.
Synthesis and Characterization of Photopolymerized Poly(acrylic)/Monodispersed Colloidal Silica Hybrid Thin Films
Authors: Chien Wen Chen , Yu Yang Yen , Chen Shih Yu
Published: March 2009

In this study, poly(acrylic)/silica hybrid thin films were prepared from various acrylic
monomers and monodispersed colloidal silica with a coupling agent MSMA. The silica content in the
hybrid thin films was varied from 0 to 50 wt%. The experimental results showed that the coverage area
of silica particle by the MSMA decreased with increasing silica content and resulted in the aggregation
of silica particle in the hybrid films. Thus, the silica domain in the hybrid films was varied from 20 to
35 nm by the different mole ratios of MSMA to silica. The results of SEM, TEM, and EA supported the
above results. The analysis of FTIR and Raman spectra indicated that the degree of
photopolymerization was very high. The prepared hybrid films from the crosslinked acrylic polymer
moiety showed much better film uniformity, thermal stability and mechanical properties than those
obtained from poly(methyl methacrylate). The refractive index decreased linearly with increasing the
silica fraction in the hybrid films. Excellent optical transparency was obtained in the prepared hybrid
films. These results showed that the prepared hybrid thin films had potential applications as passive
films for optical devices.
Effects of Nitriding Processes on the Mechanical Properties of SACM 645 Steel
Authors: Yeh Shu Hung , Chiu Liu Ho , Chang Heng
Published: March 2009

In this project, the alternating torsion fatigue test was carried out to investigate the effect of
the nitrided case produced by gas and plasma nitriding processes on the fatigue endurance of the JIS
SACM 645 steel. The surface layers of the nitrided specimens exhibited hardness profiles in the range
between 1000–1100HV0.1, and the white layer of the nitrided specimen was consisted of Fe3N and
Fe4N. Wear test result indicated that the mass loss of JIS SACM 645 steel was greatly improved by
nitriding processes. From the mass loss data, the wear resistance of the steel was significantly
influenced by nitriding time. The fatigue strength of the 35C-GN48 nitrided specimen rose 51.9% to
632 MPa, which was the maximum fatigue strength in this study.
Characteristics of BNT Films Synthesized by a Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Xu Fang Chao , Kusukawa Kazuhiro
Published: March 2009

Thin films of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 (abbreviated as BNT) were
prepared on pure titanium substrates by a hydrothermal method. Several properties of BNT films
synthesized in various Bi3+ and Ti4+ concentrations of starting materials were investigated using SEM,
EDX, XRD and other instruments. Moreover, the effects of ion concentrations of starting materials
on permittivity and piezoelectric effect of BNT films were discussed. The Bi2O3 crystals were more
deposited on the surface of films with the increase of the concentration of Bi3+. The relationship
between the deflection and applied electric field was measured on unimorph cantilever type actuators
made from three samples which had different XRD patterns. The results showed that the piezoelectric
effect of BNT films was dependent on the crystallization level of BNT.
Synthesis and Modification of Epoxidized Natural Rubber from Natural Rubber Latex
Authors: Ruksakulpiwat Chaiwat , Nuasaen Sukanya , Poonsawat Choosak , Khansawai Paveena
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this research is to modify natural rubber (NR). The optimum conditions
for synthesis of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was investigated. The synthesized ENR was
modified by hydrogenation reaction. This modified ENR was called HENR. The optimum amount
of CuSO4 ·5H2O used in this reaction was investigated. It was found that the optimum condition for
synthesizing ENR is as followed. The type of surfactant is POE(12)tridecyl ether and the amount of
this surfactant is 5 phr. The highest epoxide content which received from fresh NR latex and
concentrated NR latex in selected condition are 25.53 and 22.51% respectively. The highest
percentage of hydrogenation from this condition is 67.90%. It can be concluded that after
hydrogenation reaction HENR shows higher thermal resistance than that of synthesized ENR.
High-Quality Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized by Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapor Depostion
Authors: Cheng J. , Zou Xiao Ping , Zhu Guang , Wang Mao Fa , Su Yi
Published: March 2009

High-quality single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are a key aspect in the emerging
field nanotechnology. Although many approaches have been developed, the research on the
synthesis of SWNTs is still needed. In this study, we report the synthesis of high-quality SWNTs by
floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition, which employs ferrocene as the catalyst precursors. We
obtained massive deposits at low temperature region. The deposits were characterized by scanning
electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and visual laser Raman spectroscopy. The
Raman spectrum obtained from raw deposits shows clear radial breathing mode at the range from
180cm-1 to 300cm-1 and high-intensity graphite mode at 1577.7cm-1 with a shoulder at 1550.5cm-1,
and almost no detectable peak around at 1545cm-1, which is induced by defects, is observed. These
results indicate that the deposits are high-quality SWNTs.
Electromagnetic Wave Shielding and Fire Retardant Multifunctional Polymer Composites
Authors: Shevchenko Vitaliy G. , Volkov Vladimir P. , Zelenetsky Alexander N. , Ponomarenko Anatoliy T. , Figovsky Oleg
Published: March 2009

Novel PE- and PP-based electromagnetic wave shielding and absorbing materials with
low combustibility, enhanced thermal and mechanical properties, containing graphite, grinded wood
and fire retardants, were developed and investigated. Their flame-resistance, thermal and
mechanical properties are investigated. Electromagnetic wave reflection coefficients of the materials
over the frequency range 20-40 GHz were measured; despite low concentration (10%) of functional
filler, reflection coefficient can be as low as -15 dB.
Criteria of incombustibility of polymeric composites are formulated: thermochemical, kinetic,
thermal, physical and mass transfer. These criteria allowed to set up the principles of decreasing
combustibility of polymeric composites. Materials requirements, allowing to choose the most
effective shielding and fireproof systems for multicomponent composites, containing polymers,
wood and other fillers, were formulated.
Real 3D Crack-Front and Crack Trajectory Analyses of Single-Side Repaired Thick Aluminium Panels
Authors: Hosseini-Toudeshky Hossein , Saber Masoud , Mohammadi Bijan
Published: March 2009

In this paper, fatigue crack growth trajectories, crack-front shape and life of the single-side
repaired thick aluminium panels with glass/epoxy patch are analyzed. This investigation is
performed using three dimensional finite element fracture analyses in general mixed-mode
conditions (Mode I, II and III). The obtained fatigue crack growth trajectories, crack-front shapes
and lives of the repaired panels with the patch lay-ups of [90]4 and [-45]4 are compared with the
available experimental results produced by the authors.
Effect of Copper Oxide on the Sintering of Alumina Ceramics
Authors: Singh Ramesh , Aw K.L. , Ting C.H. , Tan Chou Yong , Sopyan Iis , Teng Wan Dung
Published: March 2009

The effect of adding small amounts of copper oxide (CuO) on the sintering and
mechanical properties of alumina ceramic was studied. Samples were prepared and fired in air
atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 1400oC to 1600oC. Sintered samples were characterized to
determine phase present, bulk density, hardness and grain size. The results indicated that all the
doped samples could be sintered to high density > 3.85 Mgm−3 when compared to the undoped
alumina. According to the XRD analysis, the α-Al2O3 phase was not disrupted by the dopant
addition. Although the hardness of the CuO-doped material was higher when sintered below
1550°C, the maximum hardness of 21 GPa was measured for the undoped ceramics when sintered at
1600°C. The lower hardness of the doped samples could be attributed to the increased in grain size
with increasing sintering temperature.
The In Vivo Study of Biomimetic Chitosan Substrates’ Osteoinduction Effects
Authors: Chou Shih Yang , Ho Ming Hua
Published: March 2009

In this study, the chitosan scaffold was modified with the simulated body fluid (SBF)
which would create a biomimetic layer on the interface between tissues and scaffolds for the bone
formation. To investigate the in vivo osteoinduction, the chitosan scaffolds immersed in the SBF for
different times were implanted into the calf muscle in male Wistar rats. The tissues blocks
containing the scaffolds were harvested at different periods for bone induction assay and examined
histologically. Hematoxyline and Eosin staining (H & E staining), Masson’s Trichriome staining
and alkaline phosphatase staining (ALPase), were performed for the observation of in vivo
biocompatibility, collagen deposition and ALPase activity. Immunohistochemical staining of
osteopontin (OPN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) were used to examine gene expression of these
bone proteins and to determine possible development stage of osteoinduction in the specimens with
SBF modification. The results in this research suggested that the SBF modification would improve
the biocompatibility of chitosan scaffolds, revealed by the decrease in foreign body reaction. With
the SBF treatment, the expression of osteoblastic differentiation, including ALPase, OPN and BSP,
would be also enhanced. Besides, the above tendencies would be more significant with the longer
time for SBF immersion. In conclusion, the chitosan scaffolds modified by using SBF bioreactor
would possess excellent biocompatibility and high potential in the promotion of bone regeneration.
The Phenotypes of Osteoblastic Cells on Surfaces with Different Mechanical Properties
Authors: Hung Chia Bin , Ho Ming Hua , Hsiao Sheng Wen
Published: March 2009

In this study, the PDMS (polydimethyl siloxane) membranes with different mechanical
strength were prepared and applied for the culture of osteoblastic cells. The osteoblastic phenotypes
were then analyzed, including attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Meanwhile, the
hydrophilicity of membranes was also adjusted by using plasma treatment. From the preliminarily
results, the osteoblastic cells would prefer to attach to the PDMS substrate with higher hardness,
which also resulted in a higher cell density in cell proliferation for longer culture times. The above
tendency would be only significant on the hydrophilic surface, which revealed that the cell would not
well recognize the surface properties on the hydrophobic surface. The results also indicated the
osteoblastic differentiation would be affected by the mechanical strength of substrate surfaces. To
investigate the mechanism of the mechanical effects on cell behaviors, the protein deposition was
analyzed on surfaces with different hardness. The outcome suggested that the protein composition on
these surfaces would be changed due to the difference in the mechanical properties.
Towards a Generalized Macro-Level Damage Model for Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Murari V. , Upadhyay C.S.
Published: March 2009

Continuum level modeling of damage is a complex problem because of existence of
several failure mechanisms at various length-scales, e.g., matrix crack, interfacial crack and delamination.
Several macroscopic models have been proposed in the literature for the
characterization of the influence of these damage modes. However, very few models account for the
micro-level mechanisms. Further, most micromechanical models are two-dimensional (2D) in
nature. Hence, the effect of finite size and orientation of the damage is not captured. The present
work focuses on developing a generalized macro level damage model for unidirectional composites
based on the micromechanical analysis in the presence of finite sized damages. The effect of microdamage
mechanisms is modeled through effective stiffness reduction at a macro point. A series of
numerical experiments, based on the mathematical theory of homogenization, have been conducted
at the level of the constituents to obtain the effective stiffness properties for the Representative
Volume Element (RVE) with existing damage. The effect of various damage mechanisms, size and
mode of damage on effective macro properties is studied and definitive conclusions are drawn. The
dependency of these effects on the volume fraction is also studied. Based on the conclusions, a
generalized macro level damage model is proposed.
Development of High Performance Fiber Reinforced Composite with Negative Thermal Expansion Property
Authors: Yang Hua , Ni Qing Qing , Yamanaka Atsuhiko , Natsuki Toshiaki
Published: March 2009

There are exists positive thermal expansion property for almost all materials. However,
in many cases, the material property with negative thermal expansion is requested for engineering
applications. This work is to develop high performance fiber-reinforced composites with negative
thermal expansion by using high strength polyethylene fiber Dyneema®, high strength PBO fiber
ZYLON®, aramid fiber Technora ® and carbon fibers.
Synthesis and Characteristic of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Immobilized Mesoporous Silica Sphere for Selective Binding of S-Naproxen
Authors: Bing Nai Ci , Tian Zhen , Chen Sheng Wen , Li Qing Hua , Xu Zheng Liang
Published: March 2009

Molecularly imprinted composite materials (PM) selective to S-naproxen were prepared in
the surface of mesoporous silica sphere (SBA-15) by surface imprinting technique. FT-IR, SEM and
surface area analysis were used to study the structural morphology of PM and MIPs particles and
probe the incorporation of polymer into the SBA-15 framework. The results revealed that PM showed
better binding affinity and selectivity to the template molecule than MIPs and the maximum saturated
binding capacity of PM to S-naproxen and R-naproxen was about 10.3332 and 6.0063µmol·g-1.
Meanwhile, we achieve a reference strategy for the development of molecularly imprinting polymer
for drugs and to handle forms in certain applications such as chromatographic stationary phases for
chiral separations.
Shape-Controlled Synthesis and Characterization of CuS Crystal from a Low Temperature Hydrothermal Route
Authors: Chen Li Fei , Xie Hua Qing , Li Yang , Yu Wei
Published: March 2009

Copper sulfide (CuS) nanocrystals with flower-like and tubular morphology have been
successfully synthesized via a facile and convenient hydrothermal route at 75 °C by using
CuCl2·2H2O as Cu-precursor, C2H5NS as S-source and CTAB as template molecules. The effect of
concentration of reactants and template molecules on morphology has been discussed. X-ray
diffraction pattern suggests that the CuS crystals are pure hexagonal phase. The morphology of the
products has been studied by scanning electron microscope analysis. The absorption peaks of CuS
in UV and near-IR regions indicate that the as-prepared CuS are promising in the development of
photoelectric devices.
About the Elaboration and Characterization of Fe-Based Composite with Friction Destination
Authors: Popa Angela , Carceanu Irina , Coman Cristian , Candea Viorel , Matache Gabi
Published: March 2009

The present research’ goal is the fabrication of Fe-based composite reinforced with oxide
particles with special characteristics (wear, friction coefficient) for friction applications usually the
Fe-based composite are obtained through melting and castings followed by other finishing operations.
These technologies do not ensure a homogeneous distribution of reinforcement particles and that is
why, the authors approached a PM specific technologies to obtained Fe-based composite. The
Fe-based powder reinforcement with oxide particles obtained through mechanical alloying the
powder was analyzed and characterized and then underwent the operation of milling in the planetary
milling with ball, pressing and sintering at different temperatures and durations. SEM analysis had of
identifying the distribution compounds into the Fe- matrix, their quantitative evolution and the
influence of different parameters. The mechanical characteristics, wear and friction coefficient, were
determined.
Study of Nanometer Al2O3 Composite Electroless Deposit Strengthened by Different Laser Power
Authors: Zhang Qun Li , Yao Jian Hua , Pan Yi
Published: March 2009

Featured by cheap equipment, easy operation, nice controllability and low consumption, compound
electroless deposit becomes an effective method to avoid failures such as high-temperature
corrosion, fatigue and abrasion. Combined with the merits of nanometer material and laser
treatment technology, the Ni-P nanometer Al2O3 electroless deposit after laser strengthening can get
finer grains with high performances. This paper researched the technique of laser strengthening on
3Cr13 stainless steel after Ni-P-nano Al2O3 electroless plating. The experiments with low laser
power and high laser power were performed. The crystallinity, phases and element distribution of
coating were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and energy spectrometer (EDS). The
microhardness and wear resistance of coating were measured as well. The results showed that
composite coating heated by low laser power leads to transformation from non-crystal to crystal
with high hardness. When heated by high laser power, the electroless deposit layer melted, and most
of amorphous transformed to crystal. Combined with high laser power and high scanning velocity,
the electroless deposit with finer grains and excellent properties was obtained. The strengthening
mechanism was analyzed, and the properties including hardening and wear resistance were
investigated as well.
Continuum Modeling on Macroscopic Domain Patterns during Stress Induced Phase Transition in NiTi Tubes
Authors: He Yong Jun , Sun Qing Ping
Published: March 2009

Recent experiment [1] revealed many new characteristics of the domain patterns in a
superelastic polycrystalline NiTi tube during tensile loading, such as domain wall instability and
branching, dynamic topology transition of domain patterns. In this paper, we use the continuum
mechanics approach and model the polycrystal as a phase-transformable continuum described by
non-local nonlinear elasticity [2]. We simulate the equilibrium macroscopic domain patterns and
their evolution in the tubes under tensile loading by the nonlocal Finite Element Method (FEM). It
is revealed that the loading path dependence and dynamic topology transition of domain patterns are
mainly due to thermodynamic metastability of the tube system. Our simulations capture all the key
features of the domain patterns observed in the NiTi polycrystalline tubes.
Platinum-Ruthenium-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Nafion Nanocomposite for Methanol Electrooxidation
Authors: Tsai Yu Chen , Hong Yu Huei , Hsu Ping Chieh
Published: March 2009

This work presented the electrochemical reduction of platinum (Pt) and ruthenium (Ru)
nanoparticles within multiwalled carbon nanotube-Nafion (MWCNT-Nafion) composite for
electrochemical oxidation of methanol. The structure of the resulting Pt-Ru-MWCNT-Nafion
nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron
microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Electrochemical properties of
Pt-Ru-MWCNT-Nafion nanocomposite were investigated by cyclic voltammetry in a 2 M CH3OH
+ 1 M H2SO4 aqueous solutions. The Pt-Ru-MWCNT-Nafion nanocomposite modified electrode
had high electrocatalytic activity and performance toward the methanol electrooxidation as
compared with Pt-MWCNT-Nafion nanocomposite modified electrode.
Effects of Solidification Parameters on SDAS of A357 Alloy
Authors: He Juan , Zeng Jian Min , Yan Along
Published: March 2009

In this investigation, experiments were carried out to study the relationship of
solidification parameters and the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) in A357 alloy casting with
various thicknesses under the same solidification condition. The results show that the cooling rate
decreases as the thickness of specimens increases, the local solidification time increased, and SDAS
increased. The relationships between the SDAS and cooling rate and local solidification time under
the condition of furan resin self-hardening sand casting were obtained: SDAS = 20.8 tf 0.3, SDAS =
69.34 v -0.3. The mechanical properties have some linear relations with SDAS of A357 alloy after
aging heat treatment. The correlations can be expressed: UTS=410.4-0.8SDAS and
El%=7.9-0.05SDAS.
Hybridization Effects in Ni-Mn Based Shape Memory Alloys: XAFS Study
Authors: Priolkar K.R. , Bhobe P.A. , Sarode P.R.
Published: March 2009

Martensitic and magnetic properties of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys are known to
depend up on structural modulations and associated changes in the Fermi surface. These
modulations although periodic and spanning over multiple unit cells, involve movement of atoms
typically of the order of 0.01Å. Therefore X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) is an ideal tool
to map both, local atomic movements and changes in density of states (DOS) due to changing
hybridization as the system transforms from austenitic to martensitic phase. This paper presents a
compilation of our XAFS studies on the Ni-Mn based shape memory alloys. A complete description
of the changes in local structure around the constituent metal ions in the following alloy
compositions: Ni2+xMn1-xGa, Ni2Mn1.4Sn0.6 and Ni2Mn1.4In0.6 in the austenitic and martensitic
phases have been obtained. The results give the new experimental evidence for the crucial
hybridization component that influences and leads to structural transition in these Ni-Mn based
Heusler alloys.
Concepts and Physical Phenomena in Magnetic Shape Memory Science
Authors: Chernenko Volodymyr A.
Published: March 2009

The magnetically weakly anisotropic cubic Ni-Mn-Ga Heusler alloys exhibit
martensitic transformation resulting in martensitic phases with elastically soft crystal lattices and
strong magnetocrystalline anisotropies. The magnetic state of these martensites is coupled with a
highly mobile twin structure through the ordinary magnetoelastic interactions giving rise to a giant
magnetic-field-induced-strain effect. This effect is the key ingredient of a new scientific field. In the
present article, the basic phenomena and concepts of this field, such as lattice instability, soft-mode
behavior, electron concentration, ferromagnetic shape memory effect, magnetic-field-induced
superelasticity, twinning strain-induced change of magnetization, and magnetoelastic mechanism of
magnetostress are briefly reviewed.
Magnetization and Domain Patterns in Martensitic NiMnGa Films on Si(100) Wafer
Authors: Chernenko Volodymyr A. , López Antón Ricardo , Besseghini Stefano , Barandiarán José M. , Ohtsuka Makoto , Gambardella Andrea , Müllner Peter
Published: March 2009

A series of Ni51.4Mn28.3Ga20.3 films sputter-deposited on Si(100) wafer (with 500 nm
thick buffer layer of SiNx) and annealed at 800 oC for 1h. are investigated with respect to their
transformation behavior and magnetic properties. The film thickness, d, varies from 0.1 to 5.0 μm.
Resistivity measurements reveal martensitic transformation above room temperature for all the films
except for 0.1μm-thick film which is transforming at much lower temperature. The magnetic
characteristics of martensitic films such as susceptibility and anisotropy field extracted from the inplane
and out-of-plane magnetization curves show film thickness dependence likewise Curie
temperature obtained from the resistivity curves. The surface topography and micromagnetic
structure are studied by scanning probe microscopy. A stripe magnetic domain pattern featuring a
large out-of-plane magnetization component is found in the films. The domain width, δ, depends on
the film thickness, d, as δ ~ d .
Development of a New Plate Polishing Technique with an Instantaneous Tiny-Grinding Wheel Cluster Based on Magnetorheological Effect
Authors: Yan Qiu Sheng , Tang Ai Jun , Lu Jia Bin , Gao Wei Qiang
Published: March 2009

A new plate polishing technique with an instantaneous tiny-grinding wheel cluster based
on the magnetorheological (MR) effect is presented in this paper, and some experiments were
conducted to prove its effectiveness and applicability. Under certain experimental condition, the
material removal rate was improved by a factor of 20.84% as compared with the conventional
polishing methods with dissociative abrasive particles, while the surface roughness of the workpiece
was not obviously increased. Furthermore, the composite of the MR fluid was optimized to obtain
the best polishing performance. On the basis of the experimental results, the material removal model
of the new plate polishing technique was presented.
Effect of Ice Counterparts on the Friction Behavior of Single Crystal Silicon Wafer
Authors: Sun Yu Li , Zuo Dun Wen , Zhu Yong Wei , Wang Ming , Wang H.Y. , Zhao Li Gang
Published: March 2009

The friction behavior of single silicon wafer sliding against different ice counterparts
(α-Al2O3, CeO2 and SiO2) at 10±0.5 °C within a velocity of 60 rpm~300 rpm were studied using a
home-made friction and wear testing machine. The morphologies and surfaces roughness of the worn
silicon wafers were observed and examined on a non-contact surface topography instrument (ADE). It
was found that the friction coefficient of the single silicon wafer decreased with the increase of sliding
velocity. Single crystal silicon wafer coupled with α-Al2O3 ice counterpart recorded the highest
friction coefficient and the biggest surface roughness, while it had the lowest friction coefficient and
the smallest surface roughness as with CeO2 ice counterpart. One reason was that a series of
tribochemical reactions occurred at the local contact point between the ice counterpart and the silicon
wafer during sliding. Under alkaline condition, there would be a soft corrosion layer formed on the
surface of the silicon wafer. Another reason was that the hardness of the abrasive particles was
different and this caused different cutting depth of them.
The Analysis for Materials Removal Mechanism of Ultrasonic Auxiliary Gear Honing
Authors: Ma L. , Lv Ming , Liang Guo Xing , Wang Shi Ying
Published: March 2009

This paper analyses the material removal and surface forming mechanism of ultrasonic
auxiliary gear honing. According to the Huygens principle of diffraction, a theory is proposed firstly
that the ultrasonic waves transmit through the being honed gear in toroidal form, and the
mathematical equation of the abrasive trace is built that expresses the relative movement between
CBN abrasive and the gear surface. The equation is accordant with the experimental result. The
paper concludes that the material removal of the gear surface depends on two factors, one is that
CBN abrasives scratch the gear surface, and the other is that the gear surface vibrating itself along
its normal direction impacts the abrasives.
Study on Effect of Grinding Fluid Supply Parameters on Surface Integrity in Quick-Point Grinding for Green Manufacturing
Authors: Xiu Shi Chao , Gong Ya Dong , Cai Guang Qi
Published: March 2009

In high and super-high speed grinding process, there is an airflow layer with high speed
around the circle edge of the grinding wheel that hinders the grinding fluid into contact layer, namely,
the air barrier effect. The speed of airflow layer is directly proportional to the square of the wheel
speed. Quick-point grinding is a new type of high and super-high speed grinding process with a point
contact zone and less grinding power. The edge effect of the air barrier is weakened because the thin
CBN wheel is applied in the process. By the analysis of dynamic pressure and velocity distributions in
the airflow layer around the wheel edge, the mathematic models of the flow and jet pressure of
grinding fluid for effective supply in the process were established and the process of optimization
calculation of the jet nozzle diameter for green manufacturing was also analyzed based on the
thermodynamics and the technical character of quick-point grinding process. The quick-point
grinding experiment for surface integrity influenced by grinding fluid supply parameters was
performed.
Modeling and Computer Simulation of Grinding for Ball-End Milling Cutter with Equal Normal Rake Angle
Authors: Chen Feng Jun , Yin Shao Hui , Hu S.J.
Published: March 2009

In this paper, a new mathematical model and grinding method of ball-end milling cutter
are proposed, based on the orthogonal spiral cutting edge curve. The movements of grinding wheel
and ball-end milling cutter are presented while grinding rake face. In order to grind conveniently
and avoid interference, a conical wheel is also designed and employed to grind the rake face of
ball-end milling cutter on a grinder. In order to improve the machining characteristics of ball-end
milling cutter, the model of rake face with equal rake angle is established. The software of ball-end
milling cutter is developed to design and optimize different shapes of rake face. Furthermore, the
simulation analysis on rake face with equal rake angle is carried out to confirm the validation of the
mathematical models.
Study on Fiber Laser Assisted Truing and Dressing of Diamond Wheel In-Process
Authors: Wang Yan , Wang Shi Ming
Published: March 2009

A novel truing and dressing method, namely fiber laser assisted truing and dressing
diamond wheel, is proposed to overcome the shortcomings associated with conventional mechanical
dressing methods, ELID and ECD methods. A series of experiments have been conducted to prove
that it achieves both high truing efficiency and good dressing quality. The finite element analysis of
temperature distribution in fiber laser assisted truing and dressing diamond wheel using ANSYS is
performed by author. Temperature field simulation helps to select optimized parameters under certain
conditions.
Study on the Effect of Grinding Parameters to the White Layer Formation in Grinding SKD-11 Hardened Steel
Authors: Ming Wei Wei , An Qing Long , Chen Ming
Published: March 2009

White layer formed in the machined surface has been observed in many manufacturing
processes. However, grinding has been considered more sensitive to form white layer due to the
characteristics with high temperature and rapid heating and quenching. As an effective process to
the difficult-to-machining die steel, grinding is widely used in the finishing of die and mould
components with high precision. So study on white layer formed in ground surface is significant to
improve the product quality and life. In this paper, grinding experiments focus on SKD-11 hardened
steel with variable parameters were conducted to study the white layer formation and the parameter
optimization to develop the favorable white layer and restrict the thickness of the dark-etching layer
and the hot-affective region.
Compound Finish Processes Using Burnishing and Ultrasonic Electrochemical Finishing on Hole-Wall Surface
Authors: Pa Pai Shan
Published: March 2009

This study using ultrasonic energy transmitted into the electrolyte to assist in discharging
of electrolytic product out of the machining gap in the compound finishing processes of
electrochemical finishing and burnishing on hole-wall surface beyond traditional process of holes
machining instead of conventional hand or machine polishing. The design finish-tool includes a
burnishing-tool and an electrode as a hole-wall surface finish improvement that goes beyond
traditional rough boring. In the experiment, the finish-tool travels across the hole-wall surface with
continuous or pulsed direct current. The experimental results show that the large supply of current
rating is effectively to reach the amount of the material removal and is advantageous to the finishing
processes. The average effect of the ultrasonic is more better than the pulsed current while the
machining time needs not to be prolonged by the off-time. The finish effect is better with a high
rotational speed of the finish-tool because the dregs discharge of electrochemical finishing becomes
easier and is also advantageous to the finish. The compound processes of burnishing and ultrasonic
electrochemical finishing just require a short time to make the hole-wall surface smooth and bright.
Surface Integrity Induced by Abrasive Machining Sapphire Wafer
Authors: Wen Dong Hui , Wan Yue Hua , Hong Tao
Published: March 2009

Surface integrity of Sapphire wafer is the frontier technology to grow high quality
AlN/GaN films for high brightness light-emitting diode. Surface damage measurement methods for
single crystal sapphire were introduced firstly. Classical types of surface deformation induced by
abrasive machining, such as lattice deformation, strain, scratch, crack versus abrasive grits and
chemical reaction were compared. With the development of modern grinding technology, depth of
the damaged surface layer decreases from 10μm to 2μm or much less. Both crack, lattice
deformation, twinning and strain were detected along the ground surface, only dislocation and strain
were appeared for polished sapphire surface. Usually, depth of the damaged layer was less than
300nm using mechanical polishing process. Chemical mechanical polishing achieved the lowest
depth of the damaged surface and best surface roughness, scratch depth was used to descript the
damaged depth, which is about 1 nm, and so called no damage to the layer remains during chemical
mechanical polishing process.
Study on Removal Mechanism of Nanoparticle Colloid Jet Machining
Authors: Song Xiao Zong , Zhang Yong , Zhang Fei Hu
Published: March 2009

We developed a nanoparticle colloid jet machining to fulfill the requirement for ultrasmooth
surface in terms of the studying on micro structure of work surface, the high surface energy
and intense adsorption of SiO2 nanoparticle. In this paper, three types impact in nanoparticle colloid
jet machining have been analysed and the atom removing model has been founded based on the
physical chemistry theory of solid surface and interface. The factors which may influence the
nanoparticle colloid jet machining quality (such as the diameter of nanoparticle, colloid jet velocity
and dynamical viscidity) have been studied to provide theoretical support for further studying in
nanoparticle colloid jet machining.
Mechanism Research on the Swirling Air Flow Compounded with Magnetic-Field Finishing
Authors: Li Xiu Hong , Yang Shi Chun
Published: March 2009

A new finishing technology of the swirling air flow compounded with magnetic-field is
advanced. Force acting on abrasive is analyzed by the action of airstream and magnetic-field coupling
according to gas-solid particles two-phase flow. Finishing mechanism on the swirling air flow
compounded with magnetic-field is illustrated, namely, burrs and microcosmic peak on the surface of
workpiece are broken, grinded and cut via a great deal of abrasive particle impacting, microchipping
and rolling machined surface. Unthreaded hole is experimented on the condition of changing
magnetic induction intensity B and machining time t. Changing curve of surface roughness Ra along
with time t is shown. Research indicates that machining time of the swirling air flow compounded
with magnetic-field is short and machining efficiency is high. The longer machining time is, the
smaller surface roughness Ra is and the better machining effect is.
Finite Element Modeling of Burr Formation in Orthogonal Metal Cutting
Authors: Deng Wen Jun , Li C. , Xia Wei , Wei X.Z.
Published: March 2009

A coupled thermo-mechanical model of plane-strain orthogonal metal cutting including
burr formation is presented using the commercial finite element code. A simulation procedure based
on Normalized Cockroft-Latham damage criterion is proposed for the purpose of better understanding
the burr formation mechanism and obtaining a quantitative analysis of burrs at exit. The cutting
process is simulated from the transient initial chip formation state to the steady-state of cutting, and
then to tool exit transient chip flow, by incrementally advancing the cutting tool. The effects of cutting
condition on the non-steady-state chip flow while tool exit can be investigated using the developed
finite element model.
Formation and Simulation of Two-Side Burr in Orthogonal Cutting
Authors: Qu Hai Jun , Wang Gui Cheng , Zhu Yun Ming , Shen Qin Xi
Published: March 2009

The two-side burr is one of the important factors that influence the edge quality and
performance of precision parts. The two side-direction burr formation process is simulated with
DeformTH3D. The mechanism of two-side burr formation is analyzed in terms of the results of the
simulation. Enlarging the tool orthogonal rake and minimizing the depth of cut can reduce the burr
size.
Piezoelectric Actuators 2008: Key Factors for Commercialization
Authors: Uchino K.
Published: March 2009

2008 marks the 30th year after the piezo-actuator boom started. The basic required technologies seem to be maturing and a drastic cost reduction period started. It is time to review the development history, analyze the present problems, and find the strategies to move forward to wide commercialization of the piezo actuator, as the key electro-mechanical component in the 21st century. This paper is Part II of the review paper “Piezoelectric Actuators 2006” presented previously [1], which covered various application areas of actuators, from information technology/robotics, bio- and medical engineering, to ecological and energy technologies. If the reader has not read this article, it is recommended to so first.
Fabrication of Barium Zirconium Titanate Ceramics Using Ultrasonic Ball Milling Technique
Authors: Thamjaree Wandee , Nhuapeng Wim , Tunkasiri Tawee
Published: March 2009

In this work, barium zirconium titanate (BZT) ceramics were fabricated by using a ultrasonic ball milling technique. BZT with the ratio of BaCO3:ZrO2:TiO2 was 1:0.05:0.95 was mixed in ultrasonic ball milling for 1, 3 and 4.5 hr and calcined at temperature of 1000 °C. Phase formation of BZT powder was investigated using XRD technique. Moreover, physical and electrical properties were examined. It was found that the tetragonal structure of BZT can be observed. Particle size of sample powder obtained from new milling technique is smaller than that of powder obtained from conventional mixed oxide method. Moreover, this new technique also requires the less time fabrication. Furthermore, the dielectric properties are increased with milling time and sintering temperature.