bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Working at the Intersection of Race and Public Policy
Authors: Lewis Amanda E. , Embrick David G.
Published: May 2016

Today, race and ethnicity scholars generate a wealth of important research that documents the parameters of racial and/or ethnic inequality, how such inequality persists, and how it relates to, or intersects with, other dimensions of social life. Here we argue that these scholars should devote their abundant intellectual energies not only to illuminating the parameters and causes of racial injustice but also to producing work that might shift popular understandings and stimulate change. We ask, how can we collectively be more deliberate and strategic in grappling with how to do research that matters in the world? This is not a new question but places us within a long tradition of race scholars who were, and are, deeply invested in producing knowledge in service of societal transformation. In what follows we take up the question of how to do work that is intellectually rigorous and deeply engaged. Specifically, we offer a close examination of the intersection of racial and/or ethnic research and public policy. We begin by arguing for a much broader definition of public policy than typically gets deployed within academic institutions. We then turn to outlining some of the opportunities and challenges of trying to do this work. Finally we provide a number of concrete examples of how scholars of race/ethnicity can and do deploy their research in the world.
Lin28A induces energetic switching to glycolytic metabolism in human embryonic kidney cells
Authors: Docherty Craig K. , Salt Ian P. , Mercer John R.
Published: May 2016

Background

Loss of a cell’s capacity to generate sufficient energy for cellular functions is a key hallmark of the ageing process and ultimately leads to a variety of important age-related pathologies such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease and atherosclerosis. Regenerative medicine has sought to reverse these pathologies by reprogramming somatic cells to a more juvenile energetic state using a variety of stem cell factors. One of these factors, Lin28, is considered a candidate for modification in the reprogramming of cellular energetics to ameliorate the ageing process while retaining cell phenotype.

Results

Over-expression of Lin28A resulted in key changes to cellular metabolism not observed in wild-type controls. Extracellular pH flux analysis indicated that Lin28A over expression significantly increased the rate of glycolysis, whilst high resolution oxygen respirometry demonstrated a reduced oxygen consumption. Western blot and real-time PCR analysis identified Hexokinase II as one of the key modulators of glycolysis in these cells which was further confirmed by increased glucose transport. A metabolic switching effect was further emphasised by Western blot analysis where the oxygen consuming mitochondrial complex IV was significantly reduced after Lin28A over expression.

Conclusions

Results from this study confirm that Lin28A expression promotes metabolic switching to a phenotype that relies predominantly on glycolysis as an energy source, while compromising oxidative phosphorylation. Mechanisms to augment regulated Lin28A in age related pathologies that are characterised by mitochondria dysfunction or in differentiated and aged post-mitotic cells is the future goal of this work.
A Dielectric Spectroscopic Study of Ethylene Carbonate in Solution
Authors: Sagawa Naoya , Takabatake Shunzo , Shikata Toshiyuki
Published: May 2016

The formation of anti-parallel dimers ((EC)2) of ethylene carbonate (EC) in solution is discussed via dielectric data determined over a frequency range up to 3 THz. Two major dielectric processes have been identified in both benzene (Bz) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) solutions. The relaxation times were ca. 8 and ca. 20 ps in Bz, and ca. 20 and ca. 40 ps in DMC solution for the two relaxation processes, respectively. The population of monomeric EC was evaluated from the strength of the faster relaxation mode assigned to the rotational mode of monomeric EC. Equilibrium constants (Kd) for the (EC)2 formation in the two solvents were determined as functions of the concentration at room temperature assuming a process, 2EC $ \rightleftharpoons $ (EC)2. The libration of EC molecules was observed as a sharper resonance signal at ca. 1.5 × 1013 s−1 when they existed as monomeric EC rather than in the form of (EC)2 in Bz, whereas the signal was not so sharp in DMC. The fact that the determined Kd values depended on the solvent: 3–7 M−1 in Bz and 0.05–0.1 M−1 in DMC, reveals that the choice of solvent governs the efficiency of (EC)2 formation. The Kd showed reasonable agreement with the previously determined equilibrium constants using Raman scattering techniques.
Targeting the latent reservoir to achieve functional HIV cure
Authors: Cary Daniele C. , Peterlin B. Matija
Published: May 2016

While highly active anti-retroviral therapy has greatly improved the lives of HIV-infected individuals, current treatments are unable to completely eradicate the virus. This is due to the presence of HIV latently infected cells which harbor transcriptionally silent HIV. Latent HIV does not replicate or produce viral proteins, thereby preventing efficient targeting by anti-retroviral drugs. Strategies to target the HIV latent reservoir include viral reactivation, enhancing host defense mechanisms, keeping latent HIV silent, and using gene therapy techniques to knock out or reactivate latent HIV. While research into each of these areas has yielded promising results, currently no one mechanism eradicates latent HIV. Instead, combinations of these approaches should be considered for a potential HIV functional cure.
Scientific School “Interactive Methods of Management”
Authors: Князев  , Knyazyev Vladimir
Published: May 2016

The description of scientific school creation sources, scientific school development, main content of

researches which were carried out during scientific school existence, development prospects of scientific

school, involvement of teachers, researchers and graduate students have been presented in this paper.
The Job Analysis of Civil Servants
Authors: Буянов  , Buyanov V.
Published: May 2016

This paper has been devoted to the job analysis as the first stage of civil servants’ competencies modeling;

the jobs have been correlated with solution of managerial, organizational and economic, organizational and

administrative, organizational and methodical, organizational and technical goals and tasks.
Institutional Features of Large-Scale Innovation Clusters (on the Example of Skolkovo and Silicon Valley)
Authors: Акинфеева  , Akinfeeva E. , Ерзнкян  , Yerznkyan Bagrat
Published: May 2016

An approach to territorially localized innovation clusters as large-scale economic systems with an institutional component in their structure is developed in this paper. The approach is methodologically based on the G.B. Kleiner’s system paradigm according to which systems can be presented as a set of four elements – objects, environments, processes, and projects. Identifying institutions as systems allows incorporate the institutional component in the system paradigm. Taking into account the possibility for four-element representation of institutions as systems, the institutional features of such largest innovation clusters as Russian Skolkovo and American Silicon Valley are considered.
Business Education, Institute of Business, and Entrepreneurship in Modern Russia
Authors: Маркова  , Markova M. , Сазанова  , Sazanova S.
Published: May 2016

The authors have revealed the interrelation of business education, institute of business, and entrepreneurship

in modern Russia. The authors’ analysis of motivation for business schools’ prospective students has

allowed reveal this motivation’s components, factors, stipulating the motivation, and the desire of business

schools’ students to start the entrepreneurship. On the basis of theoretical and practical study the authors

have justified practical recommendations aimed at enhancing of the business schools’ attractiveness for

potential consumers.
Statement of Managerial Education’s Rapid Development Methodology
Authors: Райченко  , Raychyenko Alyeksandr
Published: May 2016

The methodological basis of scientific research and professional managerial education are the classical

and elaborating approaches. Their statement and use are realized in traditional, innovative, and aggregated

forms, and it becomes a constructive condition for improving the research and education process in the

management area. From this positions justification, statement and application of a rapid development

methodology in a process oriented management format are realized. Anticipatory orientation lays a creative

potential of thinking, forms an innovative development activity, as well as provides an assimilation and

implementation of objective for an urgent result achievement. The rapid development priority provides

assimilation of professional knowledge, practical abilities and applied skills of learners with development’s

constructive resource, formulation and implementation of impact goals. This methodology becomes

a universal basis for assimilation and application of necessary for the practice, innovatively oriented

competences of a manager.
An electronically instrumented internal fixator for the assessment of bone healing
Authors: Kienast B. , Kowald B. , Seide K. , Aljudaibi M. , Faschingbauer M. , Juergens C. , Gille J.
Published: May 2016

Objectives

The monitoring of fracture healing is a complex process. Typically, successive radiographs are performed and an emerging calcification of the fracture area is evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether different bone healing patterns can be distinguished using a telemetric instrumented femoral internal plate fixator.

Materials and Methods

An electronic telemetric system was developed to assess bone healing mechanically. The system consists of a telemetry module which is applied to an internal locking plate fixator, an external reader device, a sensor for measuring externally applied load and a laptop computer with processing software. By correlation between externally applied load and load measured in the implant, the elasticity of the osteosynthesis is calculated. The elasticity decreases with ongoing consolidation of a fracture or nonunion and is an appropriate parameter for the course of bone healing. At our centre, clinical application has been performed in 56 patients suffering nonunion or fracture of the femur.

Results

A total of 39 cases of clinical application were reviewed for this study. In total, four different types of healing curves were observed: fast healing; slow healing; plateau followed by healing; and non-healing.

Conclusion

The electronically instrumented internal fixator proved to be valuable for the assessment of bone healing in difficult healing situations. Cost-effective manufacturing is possible because the used electronic components are derived from large-scale production. The incorporation of microelectronics into orthopaedic implants will be an important innovation in future clinical care. Cite this article: B. Kienast, B. Kowald, K. Seide, M. Aljudaibi, M. Faschingbauer, C. Juergens, J. Gille. An electronically instrumented internal fixator for the assessment of bone healing. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:191–197. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.55.2000611.
Review Essay
Authors: Di Giovine Michael A.
Published: May 2016

THE ITALIAN-AMERICAN TABLE: FOOD, FAMILY, AND COMMUNITY IN NEW YORK CITY, SIMONE CINOTTO (2013) Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 265 pp., ISBN: 9780252079344, p/bk, $34.00
Prosumer für die Energiewende
Authors: Aretz Astrid , Bost Mark , Hirschl Bernd
Published: May 2016

Einführung in das Schwerpunktthema
Prosumer im Energiesystem
Authors: Plenz Maik , Hirschl Bernd
Published: May 2016

Immer häufiger setzen Prosumer Energiemanagement-Systeme und Energiespeicher ein, um Erzeugung und Verbrauch optimal aufeinander abzustimmen. Damit rücken sie perspektivisch auch für die Erbringung wichtiger Netz- und Systemdienstleistungen in den Fokus des Interesses.
Prosumer-Haushalte aus gesamtwirtschaftlicher Sicht
Authors: Flaute Markus , Großmann Anett , Lutz Christian
Published: May 2016

Die neue Rolle der privaten Haushalte als Energiekonsumenten (consumer) und - produzenten (producer) sind bisher kaum erforscht. In Berechnungen mit einem neuen Modell wurde gezeigt, dass Prosumer-Haushalte einen leicht positiven Einfluss auf die Gesamtwirtschaft und die Emissionen haben.
Instrument zur Früherkennung umweltpolitischer Chancen und Risiken
Authors: Behrendt Siegfried , Zieschank Roland , Scharp Michael , Van Nouhuys Jo
Published: May 2016

Um negative ökologische Effekte zu vermeiden, wird eine frühzeitige Abschätzung von zukünftigen Auswirkungen und Trends immer wichtiger. Mit einem neuen Instrument zur Früherkennung können Chancen und Risiken für die Umweltpolitik identifiziert werden.
Model of dental braces for palatal suture expansion with tension analysis of two titanium alloys: Ti-13Nb-13Zr and Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Chojdacka Magdalena Kinga
Published: May 2016

One of the most common stomatognathic system dysfunctions on the skeletal level is the maxilla’s narrowing. It is distinguished by front-teeth crowding, protrusion of the lower teeth past the front teeth, as well as a high-arched palate. The key method of orthodontic treatment of this pathology is applying dental braces with the palatal extension system working on the skeletal level. The most popular device is the Biederman appliance with the Hyrax screw, designed before the era of technological progress. As a result, the aim of the project was to present new constructional solutions for devices applied in cases of quick palatal suture expansion. Two biocompatible material solutions were prepared for the key part of the device – the screw. A comparative tension analysis with the use of two titanium alloys (Ti-13Nb-13Zr and Ti-6Al-4V) has been performed by means of the finite-element method.
Source localization of S-cone and L/M-cone driven signals using silent substitution flash stimulation
Authors: Klee Sascha , Liebermann Jens , Haueisen Jens
Published: May 2016

This study aimed to analyze the neuronal sources of the visual evoked potentials after flash stimulation of the S- and the L/M-cone driven channels of the visual system. For 11 volunteers a 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during selective excitation of both color opponent channels. Individual and grand average data were analyzed topographically. Source localization was carried out using a realistically shaped three compartment boundary element model (BEM) and a mirrored moving dipole model. We found two main components (N1, P1) in all subjects, as well as a third late component in most subjects. For these components significant latency differences (N1=33 ms, P1=22 ms; p<0.05) between both color opponent channels were found. The results showed no differences in the topography and no differences in dipole localization between both color channels. Talairach coordinates of grand averages indicated activation in area 18. Comparison of results of separately stimulated eyes revealed no differences. Our findings showed that neural processing occurs in the same areas of the visual cortex for stimuli with different spectral properties. The signals of S- and L/M-cone driven channels are transmitted in distinct pathways to the cortex. Thus, the observed latency differences might be caused by different anatomical and functional properties of these pathways.
Evaluation of antiphospholipid antibody assays using latent class analysis to address the lack of a reference standard
Authors: Thaler Markus A. , Bietenbeck Andreas , Yin Meng-Xin , Steigerwald Udo , Holmes Andrew B. , Lindhoff-Last Edelgard , Luppa Peter B.
Published: May 2016

Background:

Method evaluation of new assays for the detection of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) such as anti-cardiolipin (aCL) or anti-β2-glycoprotein I (aβ2-GPI) is challenging, as no internationally accepted reference material is available yet. Besides a lack of standardization, unacceptable inter-laboratory comparability of established tests is regularly observed. Owing to the absence of a commonly accepted reference standard, the evaluation of two research surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor assays was performed using statistical methods from latent class analysis (LCA).

Methods:

aCL and aβ2-GPI IgG and IgM were measured in sera from 63 antiphospholipid syndrome patients, fulfilling the Sydney criteria, and in 34 healthy controls with four commercial assays. LCA was performed on the results and sera were assigned to the antibody-positive or antibody-negative group. Sera were subsequently evaluated in the SPR assays for aCL and aβ2-GPI. Optimal cutoffs and diagnostic performances of the research systems were established employing the LCA-derived gold standard.

Results:

With area under the curve results of 0.96 and 0.89 for the detection of aCL and aβ2-GPI, the research SPR assays discriminated well between antibody-positive and antibody-negative sera. Their sensitivities and specificities were comparable to the investigated commercial immunoassays.

Conclusions:

SPR assays are a suitable tool for the detection of aCL and aβ2-GPI with diagnostic performances not different from currently available commercial tests. LCA enabled the calculation of sensitivities and specificities for aPL assays in absence of a reference standard.
On some spaces of holomorphic functions of exponential growth on a half-plane
Authors: Peloso Marco M. , Salvatori Maura
Published: May 2016

In this paper we study spaces of holomorphic functions on the right half-plane R, that we denote by M
A Statistical Comparison of Mathematical Models for Heavy Metal Leaching Phenomena from Solidified Landfill Waste Mortar
Authors: Haque M. Aminul
Published: May 2016

In this research, landfill solid waste was solidified as cement-waste matrix to protect the environment from excessive intrusive contaminants like Fe, Cu and Ni and minimize the waste load. Within this context, ingredients of cement-waste mortar were characterized to determine their physical properties. Long-term feasibility study was conducted to examine the metal contents stabilization by employing the standard mass transfer-leaching test. The cumulative leaching concentration of Fe, Cu and Ni were found to be 1.29 mg/l, 0.18 mg/l and 0.63 mg/l respectively up to 180 days static leaching test period that satisfied the surface water quality standard. Mechanical strength test was also conducted to characterize the solidification technique. Five well-established non-linear mathematical Models were conducted to evaluate the mechanisms of Fe, Cu and Ni migration. Goodness of fit statistical parameter analysis and visual examination indicated that polynomial equation Model is better for explaining the experimentally generated data. Moreover, parameter of polynomial equation was extended from five to nine for examining the best calibration profile to the observations. In context of slope-intercept and visual observation analysis resulted that polynomial equation based Model bearing five parameters with 0.5 power interval of each parameter describes the leaching phenomena quite similar with the experimental observations whereas goodness of fit parameters and information criterion shows reverse. It was found that the studied immobilized landfill waste mortar have acceptable mechanical performance that confirms to be used as construction material.
Role of tour guides on tourist satisfaction level in guided tours and impact on re-visiting Intention: a research in Istanbul
Authors: Çetı̇nkaya Mehmet Yavuz , Öter Zafer
Published: May 2016

Traveller’s wishes, needs and expectations keep changing constantly as destinations vie with each other to increase their share from the international tourism pie. Destinations need to offer qualified service and renew themselves continuously. In this context, tour guides as key representatives of destinations play a significant role on tourist satisfaction and re-visit intention. This research aims to ascertain the role played by tour guides on the satisfaction level of tourists participating in guided tours in Istanbul. Another aim of this research is to determine the impact level of tour guides on the possible re-visit intention of tourists to the same destination. Based on 530 completed surveys from international tourists, the findings revealed a significant relationship between tourist satisfaction, re-visiting intention and tour guiding service. Following the evaluation of the findings, recommendations were developed for the tourism industry.
Relationship between landform classification and vegetation (case study: southwest of Fars province, Iran)
Authors: Mokarram Marzieh , Sathyamoorthy Dinesh
Published: May 2016

This study is aimed at investigating the relationship between landform classification and vegetation in the southwest of Fars province, Iran. First, topographic position index (TPI) is used to perform landform classification using a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) with resolution of 30 m. The classification has ten classes; high ridges, midslope ridges, upland drainage, upper slopes, open slopes, plains, valleys, local ridges, midslope drainage and streams. Visual interpretation indicates that for the local, midslope and high ridge landforms, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values and tree heights are higher as compared to the other landforms. In addition, it is found that there are positive and significant correlations betweenNDVI and tree height (
Selection Bias When Using Instrumental Variable Methods to Compare Two Treatments But More Than Two Treatments Are Available
Authors: Ertefaie Ashkan , Small Dylan , Flory James , Hennessy Sean
Published: May 2016

Instrumental variable (IV) methods are widely used to adjust for the bias in estimating treatment effects caused by unmeasured confounders in observational studies. It is common that a comparison between two treatments is focused on and that only subjects receiving one of these two treatments are considered in the analysis even though more than two treatments are available. In this paper, we provide empirical and theoretical evidence that the IV methods may result in biased treatment effects if applied on a data set in which subjects are preselected based on their received treatments. We frame this as a selection bias problem and propose a procedure that identifies the treatment effect of interest as a function of a vector of sensitivity parameters. We also list assumptions under which analyzing the preselected data does not lead to a biased treatment effect estimate. The performance of the proposed method is examined using simulation studies. We applied our method on The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database to estimate the comparative effect of metformin and sulfonylureas on weight gain among diabetic patients.
A Sequential Rejection Testing Method for High-Dimensional Regression with Correlated Variables
Authors: Mandozzi Jacopo , Bühlmann Peter
Published: May 2016

We propose a general, modular method for significance testing of groups (or clusters) of variables in a high-dimensional linear model. In presence of high correlations among the covariables, due to serious problems of identifiability, it is indispensable to focus on detecting groups of variables rather than singletons. We propose an inference method which allows to build in hierarchical structures. It relies on repeated sample splitting and sequential rejection, and we prove that it asymptotically controls the familywise error rate. It can be implemented on any collection of clusters and leads to improved power in comparison to more standard non-sequential rejection methods. We complement the theoretical analysis with empirical results for simulated and real data.
The Orthogonally Partitioned EM Algorithm: Extending the EM Algorithm for Algorithmic Stability and Bias Correction Due to Imperfect Data
Authors: Regier Michael D. , Moodie Erica E. M.
Published: May 2016

We propose an extension of the EM algorithm that exploits the common assumption of unique parameterization, corrects for biases due to missing data and measurement error, converges for the specified model when standard implementation of the EM algorithm has a low probability of convergence, and reduces a potentially complex algorithm into a sequence of smaller, simpler, self-contained EM algorithms. We use the theory surrounding the EM algorithm to derive the theoretical results of our proposal, showing that an optimal solution over the parameter space is obtained. A simulation study is used to explore the finite sample properties of the proposed extension when there is missing data and measurement error. We observe that partitioning the EM algorithm into simpler steps may provide better bias reduction in the estimation of model parameters. The ability to breakdown a complicated problem in to a series of simpler, more accessible problems will permit a broader implementation of the EM algorithm, permit the use of software packages that now implement and/or automate the EM algorithm, and make the EM algorithm more accessible to a wider and more general audience.
Evaluations of the Optimal Discovery Procedure for Multiple Testing
Authors: Rubin Daniel B.
Published: May 2016

The Optimal Discovery Procedure (ODP) is a method for simultaneous hypothesis testing that attempts to gain power relative to more standard techniques by exploiting multivariate structure [1]. Specializing to the example of testing whether components of a Gaussian mean vector are zero, we compare the power of the ODP to a Bonferroni-style method and to the Benjamini-Hochberg method when the testing procedures aim to respectively control certain Type I error rate measures, such as the expected number of false positives or the false discovery rate. We show through theoretical results, numerical comparisons, and two microarray examples that when the rejection regions for the ODP test statistics are chosen such that the procedure is guaranteed to uniformly control a Type I error rate measure, the technique is generally less powerful than competing methods. We contrast and explain these results in light of previously proven optimality theory for the ODP. We also compare the ordering given by the ODP test statistics to the standard rankings based on sorting univariatep-values from smallest to largest. In the cases we considered the standard ordering was superior, and ODP rankings were adversely impacted by correlation.
Innovative Helicopter In-Flight Noise Monitoring
Systems Enabled by Rotor-State Measurements
Authors: Trainelli Lorenzo , Gennaretti Massimo , Bernardini Giovanni , Rolando Alberto , Riboldi Carlo E. D. , Redaelli Matteo , Riviello Luca , Scandroglio Alessandro
Published: May 2016

The present contribution aims at providing a
comprehensive illustration of a new approach to rotorcraft
noise abatement, especially during terminal procedures,
when the vehicle approaches the ground and the acoustic
impact is higher. This approach pursues the development
of technologies and tools for real-time, in-flight monitoring
of the emitted noise. The effect of the acoustic radiation
is presented to the pilot in a condensed, practical
form on a new cockpit instrumentation, the Pilot Acoustic
Indicator (PAI), to be used for performing quieter maneuvers.
The PAI is based on the synergetic composition
of pre-calculated acoustic data, which are used in a noise
estimation algorithm together with the data gathered by
an innovative contactless measurement system, capable of
acquiring the main rotor blade motion. The paper reports
on the current studies in unsteady and quasi-steady aeroacoustic
prediction and tip-path-plane angle of attack and
thrust coefficient observation. Results on novel methodologies
are discussed, together with the main features of
the PAI design and development process.
Contribution to the knowledge of the lichen biota of Bolivia. 8
Authors: Flakus Adam , Oset Magdalena , Rykaczewski Max , Schiefelbein Ulf , Kukwa Martin
Published: May 2016

This paper presents new records of 135 lichen taxa in Bolivia. Two species, Myriotrema laeviusculum (Nyl.) Hale and Graphis tenoriensis Chaves & Lücking, are new for the Southern Hemisphere; two, Cladonia uncialis (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg. and Thelocarpon laureri (Flot.) Nyl., are new for South America; and 27 species are new for Bolivia: Acanthotrema brasilianum (Hale) Frisch, Bulbothrix laevigatula (Nyl.) Hale, B. leprieurii Aubel, Canoparmelia salacinifera (Hale) Hale, Catolechia wahlenbergii (Flot. ex Ach.) Körb., Chapsa alborosella (Nyl.) Frisch, Coccocarpia dissecta Swinscow & Krog, Graphis apertoinspersa Rivas Plata & Lücking, G. cinerea Fée, G. globosa (Fée) Spreng., G. haleana R. C. Harris, G. marginata Raddi, G. pilarensis Cáceres & Lücking, G. striatula (Ach.) Spreng., Hemithecium oryzaeforme (Fée) Staiger, Hypotrachyna protochlorina Sipman, Elix & T. H. Nash, H. sinuosella Elix, T. H. Nash & Sipman, H. tariensis Elix, Parmeliella isidiopannosa Jørg., Parmotrema conferendum Hale, P. enteroxanthum Hale, P. laciniellum (Ferraro & Elix) Blanco et al., P. pilosum (Stizenb.) Krog & Swinscow, P. recipiendum (Nyl.) Hale, P. ruptum (Lynge) Hale ex DePriest & Hale, Pyxine pungens Zahlbr. and Xanthoparmelia substenophylloides Hale. Notes on distribution are provided for the species. Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale is excluded from the list of Bolivian lichens; the record is referred to B. laevigatula.
Depression and Hypothyroidism in a Population-Based Study of Iranian Women
Authors: Zavareh Abbas Tavalaei , Jomhouri Rohollah , Bejestani Hadi Shahrad , Arshad Mahmoud , Daneshmand Mohammadali , Ziaei Hossein , Babadi Neda , Amiri Marzieh
Published: May 2016

Background. Recent biochemical and physiological investigations have focused on the fundament of mood disorders in thyroid dysfunction. The present study aimed to address depressive disorder in a sample of Iranian hypothyroid women compared to euthyroid individuals.

Methods. Thirty consecutive hypothyroid female patients aged 25 to 40 years who referred to the Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinic at Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital in Tehran within a four-month period in 2015 were assessed. Thirty healthy euthyroid subjects matched for sex, age, and educational level were selected as the control. For assessment of depression status, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was employed.

Results. The study showed higher mean depression score in hypothyroid patients when compared to euthyroid ones (13.8 ± 9.5 versus 5.8 ± 5.2, p = 0.010). No significant association was revealed between mean depression score and patients’ education level (p = 0.627), age (p = 0.967), occupation status (p = 0.211), and marital status (p = 0.556).

Conclusion. Hypothyroid women are predisposed to depressive symptoms independent of their baseline demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.
Limit behavior of the Esscher premium
Authors: Pratsiovytyi Mykola V. , Drozdenko Vitaliy O.
Published: May 2016

Convergence from below of the Esscher premium for an arbitrary insurance risk to the essential supremum of the priced risk when the premium parameter tends to plus infinity is presented in the article. As a corollary of the above mentioned statement, we present convergence of the expected/averaged Esscher transform of an arbitrary random variable to its essential infimum from above when the transformation parameter tends to minus infinity.
Quasi-periodic Solutions to the K(−2, −2) Hierarchy
Authors: Wu Lihua , Geng Xianguo
Published: May 2016

With the help of the characteristic polynomial of Lax matrix for the K(−2, −2) hierarchy, we define a hyperelliptic curve 𝒦
n+1 of arithmetic genus n+1. By introducing the Baker–Akhiezer function and meromorphic function, the K(−2, −2) hierarchy is decomposed into Dubrovin-type differential equations. Based on the theory of hyperelliptic curve, the explicit Riemann theta function representation of meromorphic function is given, and from which the quasi-periodic solutions to the K(−2, −2) hierarchy are obtained.
Alteration of AMPA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Transmission by Alexa Fluor 488 and 594 in Cerebellar Stellate Cells
Authors: Maroteaux Matthieu , Liu Siqiong June
Published: May 2016

The fluorescent dyes, Alexa Fluor 488 and 594 are commonly used to visualize dendritic structures and the localization of synapses, both of which are critical for the spatial and temporal integration of synaptic inputs. However, the effect of the dyes on synaptic transmission is not known. Here we investigated whether Alexa Fluor dyes alter the properties of synaptic currents mediated by two subtypes of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) at cerebellar stellate cell synapses. In naive mice, GluA2-lacking AMPAR-mediated synaptic currents displayed an inwardly rectifying current–voltage (I–V) relationship due to blockade by cytoplasmic spermine at depolarized potentials. We found that the inclusion of 100 µmAlexa Fluor dye, but not 10 µm, in the pipette solution led to a gradual increase in the amplitude of EPSCs at +40 mV and a change in theI–Vrelationship from inwardly rectifying to more linear. In mice exposed to an acute stress, AMPARs switched to GluA2-containing receptors, and 100 µmAlexa Fluor 594 did not alter theI–Vrelationship of synaptic currents. Therefore, a high concentration of Alexa Fluor dye changed theI–Vrelationship of EPSCs at GluA2-lacking AMPAR synapses.
Preventing Exacerbations in Preschoolers With Recurrent Wheeze: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Kaiser Sunitha V. , Huynh Tram , Bacharier Leonard B. , Rosenthal Jennifer L. , Bakel Leigh Anne , Parkin Patricia C. , Cabana Michael D.
Published: May 2016

CONTEXT:

Half of children experience wheezing by age 6 years, and optimal strategies for preventing severe exacerbations are not well defined.

OBJECTIVE:

Synthesize the evidence of the effects of daily inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), intermittent ICS, and montelukast in preventing severe exacerbations among preschool children with recurrent wheeze.

DATA SOURCES:

Medline (1946, 2/25/15), Embase (1947, 2/25/15), CENTRAL.

STUDY SELECTION:

Studies were included based on design (randomized controlled trials), population (children ≤6 years with asthma or recurrent wheeze), intervention and comparison (daily ICS vs placebo, intermittent ICS vs placebo, daily ICS vs intermittent ICS, ICS vs montelukast), and outcome (exacerbations necessitating systemic steroids).

DATA EXTRACTION:

Completed by 2 independent reviewers.

RESULTS:

Twenty-two studies (N = 4550) were included. Fifteen studies (N = 3278) compared daily ICS with placebo and showed reduced exacerbations with daily medium-dose ICS (risk ratio [RR] 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61–0.79; NNT = 9). Subgroup analysis of children with persistent asthma showed reduced exacerbations with daily ICS compared with placebo (8 studies, N = 2505; RR 0.56; 95% CI, 0.46–0.70; NNT = 11) and daily ICS compared with montelukast (1 study, N = 202; RR 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38–0.92). Subgroup analysis of children with intermittent asthma or viral-triggered wheezing showed reduced exacerbations with preemptive high-dose intermittent ICS compared with placebo (5 studies, N = 422; RR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.51–0.81; NNT = 6).

LIMITATIONS:

More studies are needed that directly compare these strategies.

CONCLUSIONS:

There is strong evidence to support daily ICS for preventing exacerbations in preschool children with recurrent wheeze, specifically in children with persistent asthma. For preschool children with intermittent asthma or viral-triggered wheezing, there is strong evidence to support intermittent ICS for preventing exacerbations.
Sudden Unexpected Death in Fetal Life Through Early Childhood
Authors: Goldstein Richard D. , Kinney Hannah C. , Willinger Marian
Published: May 2016

In March 2015, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development held a workshop entitled “Sudden Unexpected Death in Fetal Life Through Early Childhood: New Opportunities.” Its objective was to advance efforts to understand and ultimately prevent sudden deaths in early life, by considering their pathogenesis as a potential continuum with some commonalities in biological origins or pathways. A second objective of this meeting was to highlight current issues surrounding the classification of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and the implications of variations in the use of the term “SIDS” in forensic practice, and pediatric care and research. The proceedings reflected the most current knowledge and understanding of the origins and biology of vulnerability to sudden unexpected death, and its environmental triggers. Participants were encouraged to consider the application of new technologies and “omics” approaches to accelerate research. The major advances in delineating the intrinsic vulnerabilities to sudden death in early life have come from epidemiologic, neural, cardiac, metabolic, genetic, and physiologic research, with some commonalities among cases of unexplained stillbirth, SIDS, and sudden unexplained death in childhood observed. It was emphasized that investigations of sudden unexpected death are inconsistent, varying by jurisdiction, as are the education, certification practices, and experience of death certifiers. In addition, there is no practical consensus on the use of “SIDS” as a determination in cause of death. Major clinical, forensic, and scientific areas are identified for future research.
Configuración terciaria de la zona metropolitana de Toluca
Authors: Gaspar-Sánchez Noé , Orozco-Hernández María Estela
Published: May 2016

Las zonas metropolitanas en México han adquirido una nueva estructura económica encabezada por el sector comercial y de servicios, la cual, ha sido fortalecida por los procesos de descentralización de la población y de las actividades económicas, que promueven la urbanización y la competitividad económica en espacios periféricos. En este contexto, interesa analizar la estructura terciara de la Zona Metropolitana de Toluca (ZMT) con el objeto de identificar los cambios que ha experimentado la organización espacial de las actividades terciarias con énfasis en el comercio al por menor.
Reconstrucción post-terremoto en la ruralidad del Maule
Authors: Concha-Saldias Claudia Monica , Micheletti Stefano , Olivares-Larraín Rodrigo , Rasse-Figueroa Alejandra
Published: May 2016

Los efectos del terremoto del 27 de febrero de 2010 que afectó la zona central de Chile se hicieron sentir con más fuerza en los sectores rurales que en los urbanos, especialmente en la región del Maule. A pesar de haber recibido un impacto mayor y de sus especificidades socioterritoriales, en las comunas rurales se aplicaron las mismas políticas y programas de reconstrucción que en las comunas urbanas, puesto que fueron diseñados de forma estándar para todo el país.

El presente artículo constituye una reflexión sobre el modelo de reconstrucción aplicado en las localidades rurales y sus repercusiones en la región del Maule, con base en la revisión de fuentes secundarias (encuestas y estadísticas oficiales del post-terremoto) y en la realización de entrevistas y grupos focales a los diversos actores involucrados. Los resultados advierten que a las desventajas estructurales que poseen las localidades rurales, se suma una política estatal de reconstrucción que se desligó de la intervención territorial pos-catástrofe, dejando la provisión de viviendas y la reposición de infraestructura casi en su totalidad en manos de entes privados,  mientras que su ejecución efectiva quedó condicionada a la coordinación intersectorial a nivel regional.
Los precios del suelo en Bogotá: El barrio Veinte de Julio
Authors: Amézquita-García Laura Lucía , Rodríguez-Ariza Leslie Julieth , Murillo-Henao Harold Alexander
Published: May 2016

El barrio Veinte de Julio es un emblema de la capital colombiana porque es el sitio de peregrinación a la iglesia del Divino Niño y un espacio comercial bastante concurrido, especialmente los domingos. En el año 2012 se inauguró el portal de Transmilenio cuyos efectos sobre el mercado del suelo no se evidencian todavía. El artículo busca evidenciar las variaciones de los precios del suelo en el barrio Veinte de Julio teniendo en cuenta la distancia entre cada manzana y el portal de Transmilenio, la iglesia del Divino Niño y el Corredor Comercial de la Calle 27 Sur. A partir de un estudio de la información catastral, del análisis de las distancias físicas a los atributos en mención, de la realización de entrevistas y de salidas de trabajo de campo, se concluyó que la proximidad al portal de Transmilenio y a la iglesia tiene un efecto positivo en la variación del precio del suelo. En cambio, la cercanía al mercado ubicado en la Calle 27 Sur presenta efectos negativos en los cambios del precio.
¿Una nueva geografía corporativa en Santiago de Chile? Evolución 1981-2011
Authors: Vásquez-González Andrea , Fuentes Luis
Published: May 2016

Santiago de Chile tiene el tercer stock más grande de inmobiliario corporativo clase A en Latinoamérica, después de Sao Paulo y Ciudad de México. Este stock se ha incrementado en las últimas dos décadas debido a la competitividad del país, a la internacionalización de las empresas nacionales y como efecto de la evolución del modelo de negocios del mercado de oficinas donde la financiarización ha jugado un rol relevante. La evolución territorial de las oficinas se ha caracterizado por un cambio en los patrones de localización, la cual, se extendió inicialmente hacia el oriente de la ciudad por el eje Providencia-Nueva Providencia, hasta encontrar un nicho en el barrio El Golf en la comuna Las Condes. En un comienzo, esta nueva geografía corporativa se caracterizó por un patrón de crecimiento en extensión de manera lineal, pero hoy ha sido reemplazada por la discontinuidad y la fragmentación, transformando la estructura de la ciudad y generando una ampliación del centro metropolitano.
Paisaje urbano y fragmentación en la ciudad
Authors: Ramírez-Ibarra Ramón
Published: May 2016

El presente trabajo constituye un ejercicio reflexivo sobre el paisaje urbano y la fragmentación, tomando como punto de partida los aportes de la sociología comprensiva al estudio del espacio. Así, se interpreta al paisaje urbano emergente del Área Metropolitana de Monterrey (AMM) como una representación ultra fragmentada de la ciudad mexicana, resultado de una incapacidad social por generar imaginarios culturales efectivos y coordinados del hacer ciudad. Entre los objetivos del texto, se propone la superación de la imagen simple de transgresión entre lo agrícola y lo urbano, por formas efectivas que generar dinámicas de interacción en la dicotomía entre lo global y local.
Editorial: Ciudad y hábitat en el postconflicto en Colombia y el mundo
Authors: Torres-Tovar Carlos Alberto , López-Franco Carlos Andrés
Published: May 2016

Las últimas negociaciones de paz que se iniciaron el 18 de octubre de 2012 en la ciudad de La Habana (Cuba) entre el gobierno colombiano y el grupo insurgente de las FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia), en las cuales se pretende llegar a un “acuerdo general para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera”. De modo paralelo, se avanza mediante la denominada fase exploratoria hacia el inicio de una negociación con la insurgencia del ELN (Ejército de Liberación Nacional), grupo con el aún no se ha instalado una mesa de trabajo formal.

Estas negociaciones plantean un escenario a futuro de postconflicto o post-acuerdo que hace urgente y necesario reflexionar sobre tal situación, y sus impactos en escenarios como la ciudad, lo urbano, el hábitat y lo territorial.
Prioridades socioambientales para un territorio en paz
Authors: Negret-Fernandez Fernando , Torres-Tovar Carlos Alberto
Published: May 2016

Este trabajo busca contribuir a la comprensión de la relación entre el conflicto social y armado en Colombia, y la pobreza. Para ello, primero se hace una breve discusión sobre los conceptos de sociedad, territorio y conflicto, así como de prioridades socioambientales. Luego se presenta un análisis de las cifras oficiales sobre las condiciones de vida en tres municipios en cada uno de los 11 departamentos con mayor número de víctimas, mayor número de eventos de violencia y mayor incidencia de la pobreza extrema. Se finaliza con una propuesta general para determinar las prioridades sociales y ambientales en el territorio con el fin de consolidar la paz en Colombia.
Estado, sociedad civil y gobernanza local en contextos violentos. Algunos temas para una agenda de investigación
Authors: Galindo Hernández Carolina
Published: May 2016

Como una introducción a la sección temática de este volúmen, este artículo sugiere, a partir de tres experiencias concretas, una serie de temas para la construcción de una agenda de investigación relacionada con la conflictiva coexistencia del Estado y diferentes actores de la sociedad civil, armados y no armados, en escenarios marcados por el uso de la violencia como dispositivo de ejercicio del poder sobre un territorio y un colectivo. Las experiencias presentadas dan cuenta de tres escenarios y momentos muy diferentes: un linchamiento en la ciudad peruana de Ilave en el 2004, el triunfo electoral en el 2011 de un candidato de izquierda en una ciudad colombiana controlada por el paramilitarismo y la reciente desaparición de 43 estudiantes en Ayotzinapa, México, en el 2014. El caso de los linchamientos plantea el reto de examinar prácticas jurídicas locales que pueden conducir al ejercicio de la “justicia por mano propia”. Para el caso colombiano, estas prácticas locales, más allá de las “justicias comunitarias”, han descansado  básicamente en manos de los actores armados, planteando así importantes desafíos en el análisis de los legados de estas prácticas en un escenario de posconflicto. Este segundo caso conduce, también, a la reflexión sobre las posibilidades de resistencia y mecanismos de rendición de cuentas bajo el control de actores armados. Por último, el tercer caso plantea la cuestión sobre la cooperación abierta u oculta entre actores estatales y no estatales en zonas de conflicto, en especial bajo el control de redes de crimen organizado. En la medida en que sea posible indagar en aspectos que precisan de un mayor detenimiento en la comprensión del fenómeno, será también factible definir líneas de intervención que permitan superar los
desafíos que escenarios como el posconflicto, para casos como el colombiano, plantean en términos de la convivencia pacífica y de una realización efectiva de la ciudadanía.