bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multicolor video‐rate antiferroelectric LCD with high contrast and wide viewing angle
Authors: Yamada Yuichiro , Yamamoto Norio , Mori Kahoru , Koshoubu Nobuaki , Nakamura Kouji , Kawamura Ichiro , Suzuki Yoshi‐ichi
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A6‐in.‐diagonal multicolor antiferroelectric liquid‐crystal display (AFLC) with 200 × (320 × 3) color pixels has been developed. To obtain high contrast and high‐multiplex driving, newly synthesized AFLC materials which show fast response and a good hysteresis loop were mixed into the main component. A new driving scheme, including a reset time in addition to the line time, was designed.
Ferroelectric liquid‐crystalline polymers and their application to display devices
Authors: Hachiya Satoshi , Tomoike Kazuhiro , Yuasa Kimihiro , Togawa Soushi , Sekiya Takashi , Takahashi Kenkichi , Kawasaki Kenji
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Large‐area (12 × 100 cm) flexible displays were successfully fabricated using ferroelectric liquid‐crystalline polymers (FLCPs). The polymers were comb‐shaped and had side chains which consisted of a flexible spacer unit, a rigid core moiety, and an optically active end‐group. These displays are lightweight and durable against mechanical shock.
Display devices and technical innovations
Authors: Kurokawa Kaneyuki
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Innovations affect the lives of many people, whereas inventions, although important, are chiefly felt by specialists. Graceful growth is a path by which an innovation becomes successful in the marketplace. Lifetime employment, as practiced in Japan, can encourage both innovation and graceful growth. A multi‐layered hierarchical structure can inhibit innovation and graceful growth. Multiple formal presentations can impair the vitality of an organization. The growth of LCD technology is an example of graceful growth; the story of Asahi's Super Dry beer is an illustration of the virtues of lifetime‐employment policies.
Viewing‐angle magnification in a TN‐LCD with an ultra‐super‐twisted liquid‐crystal compensator
Authors: Hatoh Hitoshi , Ishikawa Masahito , Hirata Junko , Hisatake Yuzo , Yamamoto Tomiaki
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The viewing‐angle characteristics of a TN‐LCD were improved by inserting an ultra‐super‐twisted (UST) liquid‐crystal compensating layer between the TN cell and one of the polarizers. The viewing‐angle characteristics of the LCD could be controlled by changing the optical conditions of the UST layer, such as the retardation, the dUST/p value, and the twist sense. The improved viewing‐angle characteristics were confirmed by a TFT‐addressed LCD developed on the basis of this novel cell construction.
Contrast ratio for transmissive‐type TFT‐addressed LCDs under ambient‐light illumination
Authors: Hori H. , Kondo J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The relationships between the contrast ratio, display luminance, and display diffuse reflectance are examined for the transmissive‐type twisted‐nematic TFT‐LCD under ambient‐light illumination. Expressions to estimate the contrast ratio under ambient light were derived. It is also shown that the contrast ratio is expressed as a simple function of the display luminance, the diffuse reflectance of the LCD, and the ambient‐light illuminance, and has no relation to a contrast ratio under no ambient light if the ambient‐light illuminance is high, e.g., over 50,000 lx.
Scattering‐type displays using memory effects in nematic LC cells without rubbing
Authors: Nose T. , Ukawa Y. , Sato S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The light‐scattering properties of the memory effect of the molecular orientation in a nematic LC cell without rubbing have been investigated. By using the plane‐parallel electrode structure adopted in the usual LC devices, the LC cell becomes opaque, and strong light‐scattering effects can be obtained after the LC cell is heated up to an isotropic phase and then cooled down to a nematic phase with an ac applied voltage. The transmittance of the opaquely memorized cell can be changed by a relatively low driving voltage. The voltage‐controlled opaque state is stable at room temperature, but it can be cleared by heating the LC cell to an isotropic phase. Some relationships between the light‐scattering properties and experimental conditions are investigated, and potential applications for a new type of light‐scattering LCD with a memory function will be discussed.
A new low‐image‐lag drive method for large‐size LCTVs
Authors: Okumura H. , Fujiwara H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A new low‐image‐lag drive method is proposed for large‐size LCTVs, taking into account the input signal and inter‐field differential signal dependence of the response time. It was shown that the gray‐level response time was 30–60 ms, which is 2–3 times as long as the ON‐OFF bi‐level response time, and was expressed as a linear function of the input voltage. With the new level adaptive overdrive (LAO) method, the response time was reduced to 17 ms, which is about one‐half to one‐third that of the conventional method and is satisfactory for TV applications. A 10.4‐in. panel has been used to verify the effect of LAO on image quality. Moving images have been clearly observed using the LAO method.
Development of pigment‐dispersed‐type color filters for LCDs
Authors: Sugiura Takeo
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Our newly developed color filter for liquid‐crystal displays is made with highly photo‐sensitive pigment‐dispersed photopolymer to satisfy the increasing demand for better specifications. This color filter has high photosensitivity, good color characteristics such as high color contrast and color purity, and strong durability against heat, light, and chemicals. The copolymer composition of the improved pigment‐dispersed photopolymer and the characteristics of its color filter are mainly discussed from the standpoint of stability and color.
Optimum spot size for raster‐scanned monochrome CRT displays
Authors: Hagerman Jim
Published: May 2006

Abstract— It is generally regarded that the optimum 50% spot width is equal to the raster line spacing for CRT displays. This paper presents a mathematical analysis to determine the optimum spot width. The analysis indicates the optimum spot width is slightly less than 0.9 times the line spacing.
Strength/flaw relationship for CRT panel glass (alkali strontium silicate glass)
Authors: Ghosh Asish , Gulati Suresh T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Four‐point bend strength of samples of CRT panel glass was measured following sandblast, gritblast, and 150‐J abrasions, after either a 48‐hour soak in air or a 24‐hour soak in water. Strength/flaw characteristics were determined by examining the fracture surface and relating strength to flaw depth and mirror radius. Fracture toughness was also measured. Based on the strength and the fracture toughness values, the flaw shape factor or flaw severity for each type of abrasion was calculated.
Accuracy of colour production on a CRT display as a function of the measurement instrument used for calibration
Authors: Kaufmann Roy , McFadden Sharon , Wong Mary
Published: May 2006

Abstract— This investigation determined the error associated with colour reproduction when different light meters were used to characterize a CRT. Luminance measurements were taken with three light‐measuring instruments to produce gamma tables. The tables were used to calibrate 28 colours. Results showed that the most acceptable instrument was one that accurately measured light below 0.001 cd/m2 and that used colour‐matching tables to weight the radiant energy. Less‐sensitive instruments that used fixed filters to model the colour‐matching functions produced colours that were perceptibly different from the specified colours. The reproduction errors were evaluated against colour discrimination thresholds and ΔE*. If accurate reproduction of luminance is not essential, a less‐sensitive instrument with a cutoff of 0.01 cd/m2 and three separate filters for modeling the colour‐matching functions may be adequate. Complete gamma‐correction tables (voltage input/luminance output) for each gun were not necessary. Accurate colour calibration can be based on a limited number of luminance measurements plus an interpolation procedure to determine the intervening values in the gamma tables. The reliability of the initial characterization was tested after an interval of 9 months. The maximum luminance of the monitor decreased considerably over this time period. A simple recalibration method, outlined by Lucassen and Walraven (Ref. 1) was effective in restoring luminance accuracy. This method allows for periodic adjustments to the luminance output on a CRT using a small number of measurements.
Current transport and aging in direct‐current powder electroluminescent display devices
Authors: Raposo Joseph A. , Singh Vijay P. , McClure John C. , Bell Raymond G. , Mayo Jonathan W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Direct‐current powder electroluminescent (DCPEL) display devices were excited by unipolar voltage pulses, and current flow through the phosphor was recorded. Devices with different formed layer thicknesses were obtained by varying the forming voltage. For a fixed electric field in the formed layer, the phosphor current did not show a substantial increase as the thickness of the formed layer increased. A model is proposed in which tunnel injection from the p‐Cu2S/i‐ZnS:Mn interface of a reverse‐biased p‐Cu2S/i‐ZnS:Mn/n‐SnO2 structure is thought to be the controlling current mechanism. Aging studies revealed that further forming is the dominant degradation mechanism in the early stages, while load‐line degradation and softening become the dominant degradation modes as the aging process is continued. The conventional DCPEL device structure was modified by introducing a thin chromium layer just prior to the deposition of the aluminum back electrode. Incorporating chromium reduced the initial series resistance of the device. A hybrid device employing a thin film (1 μm) of ZnS:Mn, sandwiched between two thin dielectric layers (5 nm), was fabricated; ZnS:Mn,Cu powder was sprayed onto the thin‐film sandwich. The hybrid structure showed good luminance without forming; however, device degradation with time was still present.
A 1M‐pixel full‐color projection display using nematic‐cholesteric phase‐transition liquid crystals
Authors: Yabe Yoshikazu , Saito Hirofumi , Yoshihara Toshiaki , Kasahara Shigeo , Mochizuki Akihiro , Narusawa Toshiaki
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A 1M‐pixel full‐color projection display with a very simple optical system using a conventional overhead projector has been developed. This display uses the nematic‐cholesteric phase‐transition liquid‐crystal display and a micro‐color‐filter. Moreover, the micro‐color‐filter can be placed outside the liquid‐crystal panel. This simple configuration provides a high‐performance low‐cost color electronic overhead projector. This projection display uses a 9M‐pixel nematic‐cholesteric phase‐transition black‐and‐white liquid‐crystal panel to enable gray shades by spatial dither, resulting in a full‐color projection display. A 12:1 contrast ratio and 2.2‐ms line‐addressing time is achieved.
A full‐color TFT‐LCD with a polymer‐dispersed structure
Authors: Yoshida Hidefume , Tsuda Hideaki , Nakamura Kimiaki , Ohashi Makoto
Published: May 2006

Abstract—A direct‐view TFT‐LCD with a wide viewing angle, which uses a polymer‐dispersed liquid‐crystal panel and a pair of polarizers, is proposed. The device has a vertical viewing‐angle range of 120°, with a contrast ratio over 5:1 without display‐image reversal. This is about three times the twisted‐nematic display's viewing‐angle range.
Active matrix with integrated drivers on soda‐lime glass using poly‐CdSe and poly‐Ge
Authors: De Smet H. , Capon J. , De Baets J. , De Rycke I. , Doutreloigne J. , Van Calster A. , Vanfleteren J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract—For the first time, a poly‐CdSe active matrix with poly‐CdSe/poly‐Ge integrated driver circuits was realized. Despite compromises in device performance, induced by combining the existing driver and matrix technologies, excellent circuit results were obtained, with inverter delays down to 30 ns in a 25‐μm technology.
Information transmission for sub‐pixel edge positioning
Authors: Naiman Avi C. , Makous Walter
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Unresolved gray pixels can be used to adjust perceived edge position with sub‐pixel precision. To quantify the tradeoff between gray scale and pixel density for edge localization, we provide both a theoretical information‐transmission analysis and an estimate of the information transmittable based on an edge‐alignment experiment. From vernier acuity data obtained in the experiment, we estimate that no more than 3 bits of luminance are needed to maximize such use of pixel information. Under optimal conditions, using gray scale for sub‐pixel edge positioning reduces frame‐buffer memory requirements by about 75% from that required for high‐resolution black‐and‐white displays of equivalent positioning performance.
On the modulation transfer function of matrix displays
Authors: Infante Carlo
Published: May 2006

Abstract— An improved expression for the modulation transfer function of a matrix display is presented. Fill‐factor limitations are taken into account. These effects are shown to be non‐negligible.
High‐definition displays and technology trends in TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Wu I.‐Wei
Published: May 2006

Abstract—The current status of flat‐panel‐display (FPD) technologies is outlined, with emphasis on liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs). Recently announced high‐density LCDs, their structures, and their underlying technologies are summarized and compared. Technology trends in thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) LCDs are discussed. Advancements in a‐Si TFT technology are reviewed; in particular, the geometry, structure, and materials of TFTs, gate bus‐line metallization, storage capacitors, self‐aligned doping methods, viewing angle, aperture ratio, and power consumption are discussed. Emerging poly‐Si TFT‐LCD technology is presented. Its advantages in integrating peripheral driver circuits, improving pixel density, and image quality as compared to the a‐Si TFT counterparts are reported. Projection high‐definition liquid‐crystal modules fabricated by using a‐Si and poly‐Si TFTs are compared. Scaling up of the substrate size and scaling down TFT geometry are the two main directions for the poly‐Si TFT; this should enable large‐size high‐definition direct‐view panel fabrication and will enhance the image quality of these displays.
An alternative method of measuring modulation depth in CRTs
Authors: Peterdi Jeno
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A direct method of measuring the modulation depth in high‐resolution shadow‐mask CRTs is described. The technique uses pulse excitation rather than the square‐wave stimulus used by traditional methods.
Psychophysical evaluation of viewing‐angle characteristics of liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Hatoh Hitoshi , Yamamoto Tomiaki , Sato Makiko , Ishikawa Masahito
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The viewing‐angle characteristics of liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) were evaluated using calculated psychophysical metrics related to luminance and color. The results were compared with the results obtained from subjective estimation. The results of psychophysical evaluations agreed better with subjective estimation in the bright state than in the dark state. In addition, it was found that subjective estimates of LCD quality are better correlated with changes in calculated psychophysical values with viewing angle than with the absolute values themselves. It was also found that the iso‐curves for different hue angles are useful in evaluating the viewing‐angle characteristics of LCDs.
Holographically formed liquid‐crystal/polymer device for reflective color display
Authors: Tanaka Keiji , Kato Kinya , Tsuru Shinji , Sakai Shigenobu
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A new optical device whose reflection intensity can be electrically controlled at specific wavelengths has been demonstrated. This device has a liquid‐crystal/polymer multilayer structure formed by holography. The diffraction efficiency for Ar‐laser light is about 70%. The reflection intensity can be electrically controlled with a response time of less than 1 ms.
A tool to evaluate the liquid‐crystal‐aligning properties of rubbed polymer orientation layers for LCDs
Authors: van Aerle Nick A. J. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The influence of various rubbing parameters on the optical phase retardation and pretilt‐angle‐inducing properties of rubbed polymer orientation layers has been investigated. A direct correlation has been found between the rubbing‐induced optical phase retardation of the polymer layer and the resulting pretilt angle induced by the rubbed polymer orientation layer in the liquid‐crystal layer. The observed correlation is independent of the rubbing conditions used to obtain the rubbing‐induced optical phase retardation. Hence, optical phase retardation can be used as a tool to evaluate the liquid‐crystal‐aligning properties of a rubbed polymer layer, without having to process the rubbed layer into a cell filled with liquid crystal. The possibility of using optical phase retardation as an in‐line control parameter of the rubbing process in an actual LCD production facility is considered.
Colors in natural landscapes
Authors: Howard Celeste M. , Burnidge Johannah A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— This paper supplies chromaticity coordinates and relative luminances of certain natural surfaces for which spectral reflectance distributions are presently available. Modelers of geographical databases for simulator displays may use this information to guide color selection for scene components. Where the reflectance data permit, relative luminances have also been computed for simulation of landscapes viewed through night‐vision devices.
Evaluation of two wide‐field‐of‐view display systems for air‐combat training
Authors: Crane Peter M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A simulator system for training air‐combat skills was evaluated by having teams of experienced pilots fly simulated missions. The simulators used were equipped with two different types of wide‐field‐of‐view visual display systems. Pilot evaluations demonstrated that wide‐field‐of‐view displays are necessary for multiship simulator training, even for tasks considered to be non‐visual.
Visual processing and partial‐overlap head‐mounted displays
Authors: Grigsby Scott S. , Tsou Brian H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— To increase the total field of view of binocular displays without sacrificing resolution, designers have opted to partially overlap the fields of the two oculars. Two important issues need to be addressed when designing partial‐overlap displays: the extent of the binocular overlap and the configuration or layout. Properties of visual processing such as binocularity, visual sensitivity, and eye movements, as well as anatomical data, provide evidence for the advantage of a divergent optical layout with a binocular overlap of at least 40°.
Capacitive effects in NLR‐matrix TV‐LCDs: II. Influence of the row signal
Authors: Kuijk K. E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Capacitive feedthrough of the trailing edge of the row‐select voltage pulse in LCD matrices with non‐linear resistances (NLRs) leads to a change of the just‐written pixel voltage. This effect is called “kickback.” It can be compensated for by changing the select‐voltage value. Because of the varying pixel capacitance, the compensation is perfect for one pixel voltage only, e.g., mid‐grey. In NLR‐matrix LCDs with four‐level row drive, this leads to an increased pixel‐voltage range. With the right select‐voltage value and a smaller gain of the column voltage, the desired pixel‐voltage range is obtained. In D2R displays, which use a five‐level row‐drive signal, dc shift and 25‐Hz flicker will occur for all other pixel‐voltage values. With the right choice of the select voltages and unequal gains of the column voltage for positive and negative pixel voltages, the dc shift and 25‐Hz flicker of both black and white pixels can be made zero. Formulas are presented for the various cases.
Capacitive effects in NLR‐matrix TV‐LCDs: III. Instability
Authors: Kuijk K. E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— In AMLCDs with two‐terminal devices (NLRs), capacitive feedthrough of the trailing edge of the row‐select signal (“kickback”) influences the just‐written pixel voltage. This kickback changes with the pixel capacitance, resulting in parametric amplification when using the normal four‐level row drive. Instability may occur if the ratio of the pixel capacitance to the NLR capacitance is lower than a certain minimum value. This theory is proven with measurements on a 1‐cm2 pixel, using two lumped diodes with parallel capacitors as an artificial NLR. In D2R displays, the sign of the kickback contribution is independent of the pixel voltage. This results alternately in positive and negative feedback in the two fields, and in two different transmission‐voltage curves. In practice, this may lead to 25‐Hz flicker and a data‐dependent dc voltage across the pixel.
Periodic plane tilings: Application to pixel layout simulations for color flat‐panel displays
Authors: Samadani Ramin , Lanham Jennifer , Loomis Dave , Silverstein Louis D. , Larimer James
Published: May 2006

Abstract— CRTs, LCDs, and many other flat‐panel displays use spatially separated color‐pixel components to produce color images. The new manufacturing techniques for flat‐panel displays support a wider range of possible pixel shapes and geometric layouts than those possible with CRT‐manufacturing technology. An algorithm comprised of several image‐processing steps that allows the user to specify arbitrary color‐component shapes and to specify the geometrical description for the layout of these components is described. The algorithm is based in part on the theory of periodic plane tilings. This theory is quite general and it allows for the unified treatment of the display pixel shapes and layouts that may arise in practice. This algorithm may be used by display designers to simulate various display designs in order to study tradeoffs for the visibility of sampling and display reconstruction artifacts.
Depth perception in stereoscopic displays
Authors: Patterson Robert , Becker Steve , Boucek G. Scott , Phinney Ray
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Across two experiments, six factors that could affect depth perception in stereoscopic displays were investigated. In both experiments, the perceived depth of a square‐shaped target was measured and compared to predictions derived from geometry. In Experiment 1, the effects of half‐image separation magnitude, separation direction (crossed vs. uncrossed), viewing distance, stimulus size, and exposure duration were examined. Increases in separation and distance produced increases in depth consistent with predictions. There was a tendency for crossed depth to be slightly less, and uncrossed depth to be greater, than predictions. In Experiment 2, the effect of half‐image onset asynchrony (delaying onset of one eye's image relative to onset of partner eye's image) was investigated. Perceived depth was consistent with predictions under asynchrony conditions, except for very brief exposures of uncrossed depth where reliability of depth perception was degraded. Implications of these results for the design of stereoscopic displays are discussed.
A 6.9‐in. high‐resolution projection CRT for an HDTV display
Authors: Asano Tetsuo , Hirota Katsumi , Oku Kentaro , Tanaka Yasuo , Nakayama Kohkichi , Ohsawa Michitaka
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The focusing characteristics of a 6.9‐in. projection CRT with a combined electromagnetic and electrostatic focusing system were improved for an HDTV‐display application. To improve the focusing characteristics, a new densely packed phosphor screen with reduced spot growth due to light scattering within the phosphor screen was developed, together with an optimally designed unipotential focusing (UPF) electron gun. Furthermore, a new green phosphor was used to improve the luminance. As a result, beam spot diameters of 0.15 and 0.35 mm were achieved at cathode currents of 0.5 and 5 mA, respectively, with a luminance of 1.3 × 105 cd/m2 at a cathode current of 5.0 mA. An experimental 46‐in. TV set using this projection CRT achieved 900‐TV‐lines horizontal resolution and 1500‐cd/m2 peak luminance. In summary, this projection CRT improves the state of the art of HDTV displays.
A new approach to electron‐gun design for high‐performance cathode‐ray tubes
Authors: Banbury John R. , Leyland J. Derek
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A new cathode‐ray tube electron‐gun configuration is described and compared with alternative electron guns, both traditional designs and more recent high‐performance types. Key features and advantages of the new approach are discussed. Three sample designs are outlined, with more detailed consideration of one typical example.
The thickness of the surface layer in polymer‐aligned liquid‐crystal cells
Authors: Myrvold Bernt O. , Kondo Katsumi , Oh‐hara Shuichi
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Existing experimental evidence, such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) or second‐harmonic generation (SHG), shows that the liquid‐crystal molecules are strongly fixed at the polymer surface. The nematic phase in the bulk is uniaxial, which shows that the molecules are free to rotate around one axis in the bulk of the material. Therefore, a transition layer where the molecules gradually gain freedom (or lose bond orientational order) must exist. New equations relating the thickness of this surface layer to the optical properties of untwisted liquid‐crystal cells of different thickness were derived. By comparing our equations with experimental observations, order‐of‐magnitude estimates for the thickness of the surface layer have been obtained. We found that the surface‐layer thickness is in the 0.1–1.0‐μm range.
Direct‐view polymer‐dispersed LCD with crossed Nicols and uniaxial film
Authors: Yoshida Hidefumi , Nakamura Kimiaki , Tsuda Hideaki , Ohashi Makoto , Tomita Ikuo , Okabe Masahiro
Published: May 2006

Abstract—By adding a uniaxial retardation film and using a chlorinated LC mixture, the performance of polymer‐dispersed LCDs with crossed Nicols (PDN‐LCDs) was improved. A wide viewing angle of more than 60° (contrast ratio >5) for all azimuth directions was obtained. In the horizontal and vertical viewing azimuth, the contrast ratio was over 30 even at an inclination viewing angle of 60°.
An advanced capacitively coupled driving method for TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Nanno Y. , Maeda H. , Yamamoto E. , Tsukada T. , Takeda E. , Yamashita I.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Various kinds of errors in pixel voltage are considered, using computer simulation for the design of 15‐in.‐diagonal full‐color TFT‐LCDs. Adopting the advanced capacitively coupled driving method with a double‐scanning gate pulse for TFT‐LCD driving, satisfactory display characteristics are confirmed by experiments on fabricated models.
Improvements in the moving‐image quality of AMLCDs
Authors: Bitzakidis Stefanos
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The dynamic behavior of twisted‐nematic active‐matrix liquid‐crystal displays directly affects the quality of moving images displayed on them. The phenomenon of non‐constant pixel capacitance affects the dynamic behavior of twisted‐nematic AMLCDs. It was found to be an important factor in the deterioration of moving‐image quality. The phenomenon is explained, its consequences presented, and a solution proposed. The experimental results are also presented.
A new color display for head‐mounted use
Authors: Post David L. , Sarma Kalluri R. , Trimmier J. Robert , Heinze William C. , Rogers J. Clark , Ellis Roger K. , Larson Brent D. , Franklin Henry
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A miniature color‐display technology has been developed for airborne head‐mounted applications. A stack containing three AMLCDs, operating in a subtractive‐color mode, is used to obtain 400 × 300 full‐color pixels in a 3.3 × 2.5‐cm (1.3 × 1.0‐in.) active area, yielding a resolution of 118 pixels/cm (300 pixels/in.). Display luminance and contrast are sufficient to produce a 2:1 contrast ratio under worst‐case airborne viewing conditions, using typical head‐mounted‐display optics. Considerations that led to the selection of this technology for development, specifications, design issues, results, and future plans are discussed.
Stereoscopic LCD video projector
Authors: Nicolas Christophe , Leprince Jean‐Baptiste , Huignard Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The principle of a stereoscopic LCD projector is presented. It is characterized by an original polarized‐beam mixing method and a polarized illumination system that optimize the luminous efficacy and allow the use of only one projection lens.
Novel ferroelectric liquid‐crystalline polymers with fast electro‐optic switching times
Authors: Naciri Jawad , Méry Stéphane , Pfeiffer Sebastian , Shashidhar Ranganathan
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The synthesis and ferroelectric properties of several novel liquid‐crystalline polymers are presented. By manipulating the number of side‐group mesogens attached to the polysiloxane backbone, it has been possible to achieve many significant properties: large range of the ferroelectric smectic C* phase extending to sub‐ambient temperatures, spontaneous polarization values up to 300 nC/cm2 at the lowest temperatures, and bistable electro‐optic switching times approaching 100 μs near the smectic C*‐smectic A transition temperature. These properties are attractive from the point of view of display applications.
Calculation and measurement of the cell gap in liquid‐crystal displays subjected to an external pressure
Authors: Damen Jan P. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A method which allows a reliable adjustment of the cell gap in liquid‐crystal displays is presented. A method for calculating the gap of a cell subjected to an external pressure is discussed, and a measuring procedure for verifying the results is described. The influence on the cell gap of parameters such as the elasticity of the spacers and substrates, the size and concentration of the spacers, and the external pressure is examined. In addition, the average indentation of the spacers into the substrate surface is calculated. The viscoelastic properties of polymer spacers were observed.
Wide‐viewing‐angle display mode for active‐matrix LCDs using a bend‐alignment liquid‐crystal cell
Authors: Miyashita Tetsuya , Vetter Peter J. , Yamaguchi Yoshimi , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: May 2006

Abstract—The display quality of active‐matrix LCDs has been greatly improved. However, the problem of narrow viewing angle has not yet been sufficiently solved. In order to solve this problem, a new LCD comprised of a bend‐alignment LCD cell with an optical compensator was designed. The improvement is shown by theoretical and experimental analysis.
Reduced power consumption in AMLCDs through dynamic power management
Authors: Mayer Jeffrey S. , Jackson Thomas N. , Kirtania Ashish
Published: May 2006

Abstract—A strategy is presented for reducing the power consumed by the fluorescent backlight in an active‐matrix liquid‐crystal display (AMLCD). This strategy centers on dynamically minimizing the backlight intensity, based on the content of the images being displayed. Implementation of this dynamic power‐management strategy requires very little additional logic in the video controller.
A phosphor screen for high‐resolution CRTs
Authors: Oki Kyoichi , Ozawa Lyuji
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The resolution and image quality of small‐screen CRTs have been analyzed. The resolution is primarily determined by the size of the luminous spot, which is determined both by the electron gun and by the size of phosphor particles. Image quality on phosphor screens is controlled by the packing density of the phosphor particles and by the number of layers of phosphor particles in the screen. We have developed a phosphor screen with 1.5 layers of phosphor particles in which packing voids have been minimized by the use of dusting techniques. The new phosphor screen used in a 0.5‐in. CRT is capable of displaying sharp SVGA images (1000 × 800 pixels) that are comparable in quality with the images on 13‐in. CRTs.
Optical properties of ACTFEL displays
Authors: Ylilammi Markku
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The luminance, contrast ratio, CIE color coordinates, viewing‐angle range, and luminous efficacy of an ACTFEL display are all affected by the multilayer structure of the device. A model incorporating absorption and reflection in the metal electrode, interference in the thin‐film stack, and transmission in the thick layers is developed and used to predict the visual performance. Especially important are the effects of various metallization schemes and color and gray‐shade filters. Also, the effect of viewing angle on the contrast and perceived color is discussed.
A 6‐Mpixel LCD projector using interleaved pixels
Authors: Takahashi Yukio , Nakazawa Kenji , Nomura Tomoyoshi , Okimura Takayuki , Sakai Shigenobu
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A 6‐Mpixel LCD projector, with interleaved pixels, that uses four HDTV‐LCD projection units was developed. A horizontal resolution of 1600 TV lines and a vertical resolution of 1800 TV lines has been demonstrated.
Dynamic visual performance: Comparison between helmet‐mounted CRTs and LCDs
Authors: Rabin Jeff , Wiley Roger
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A methodology is demonstrated for evaluating dynamic visual performance by comparing a helmet‐mounted cathode‐ray‐tube (CRT) display with a liquid‐crystal display (LCD). The miniature CRT contained in the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) used in the AH‐64 Apache helicopter was compared to a head‐mounted active‐matrix LCD (AMLCD) currently under development. Dynamic visual performance was assessed by measuring flicker detection, target recognition vs. duration, and target recognition vs. velocity in five subjects tested with each display (two‐way repeated measures design). At low‐to‐moderate rates of stimulus presentation, there was no significant difference in dynamic visual performance between displays. However, at higher rates of presentation (flicker frequency greater than 4 Hz, target velocity greater than 4 deg/s, target duration less than 250 ms), dynamic visual performance was significantly reduced when using an LCD compared to a CRT (p < 0.01). These visual‐performance differences, which were not explicable by display differences in luminance, color, or spatial resolution, reflect differences in the capacity of each system to generate imagery of sufficient contrast at high rates of presentation. Implications for selection and development of visual displays for use in aviation and related fields are considered.
Viewing comfort with stereoscopic pictures: An experimental study on the subjective effects of disparity magnitude and depth of focus
Authors: Wöpking Matthias
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A wide range of binocular disparity (0–140 arcmin) and depth‐of‐focus (DOF) conditions (resolution of non‐fixated motif, 1–23 cpd) were presented via stereoscopic slides to 12 non‐expert subjects. Viewing comfort was evaluated by a standardized assessment procedure (CCIR Recommendation 500). Results confirm the traditional threshold of 70 arcmin for disparities. Larger disparities lead to a marked drop in comfort ratings unless critical parts of the image are heavily blurred. In this case, even disparities of 140 arcmin are tolerated. Picture luminance (47 vs. 17 cd/m2) had no influence. The high consistency of the observed response patterns suggests a stable perceptual mechanism.
Suppression of aliasing artifacts in digitally addressed shadow‐mask CRTs
Authors: Miller Arthur
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Relationships between spot size, pixel spacing, and shadow‐mask pitch are presented that ensure suppression of aliasing artifacts in digitally addressed CRTs. The suppression is effective not only at low spatial frequencies (moiré), but at all spatial frequencies up to the useful limit of the display (the Nyquist frequency).
Compression of mixed images using an image representation formed via segmentation
Authors: Hussain Iftekhar , Reed Todd R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract—This paper presents an approach for the compression of mixed‐image data (images which include text) using a segmentation‐based image representation. The mixed image to be compressed is approximated as a set of uniform regions encoded as a set of region boundaries (contours) and descriptions of the region interiors. In order to improve the visual quality of textual portions in the image approximation, coarsely quantized approximation error (corresponding only to the textual portions) is also encoded. The segmentation method used to form this representation combines a Gaussian texture model and a Gibbs‐Markov contour model in order to find regions with boundaries which correspond closely to the objects in the image. A mixed image, in general, is difficult for conventional transform coding methods because these methods typically discard high‐frequency components or quantize them coarsely. Structures such as edges in the image, however, are dependent upon these high‐frequency components. Therefore, the visual quality of structures such as text (which consists mostly of high‐contrast edges) in the image is severely degraded by conventional transform coding methods. Due to its ability to capture the semantically important structure in the image, segmentation‐based coding is a promising approach for these images. The effectiveness of the proposed approach for the compression of mixed images is demonstrated through experimental results.
New model for the characterization and simulation of TFTs in all operating regions
Authors: De Smet Herbert , De Baets Johan , De Cubber Ann Marie , De Vos Joeri , Van Calster André , Vanfleteren Jan
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A new, semi‐empirical model that describes TFTs in all operating regions with only one dynamic and five static parameters is proposed. This model can easily be implemented in most simulation programs and used to predict TFT circuit behavior. The five static parameters can automatically be extracted from current measurements and form a very compact yet adequate representation of the TFT characteristics. This proves especially useful when storing and statistically processing measurement results for a large number of devices, such as the pixel TFTs in an active matrix.
Electron‐stimulated surface reactions between residual vacuum gas and ZnS field‐emission‐display phosphors
Authors: Sebastian J. , Jones S. , Trottier T. , Swart H. , Holloway P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Phosphor films of ZnS on Si (100) have been subject to electron bombardment (2 KeV) over a range of pressures from 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−9 Torr. Various gases including hydrogen and oxygen were introduced into the ambient during bombardment, in order to assess their effects on surface modification. Auger electron spectroscopy data indicate that in the presence of oxygen and hydrogen, sulfur was depleted from the surface during electron bombardment. The postulated mechanism for this displacement is electron‐beam dissociation of molecular species to atomic hydrogen and oxygen, followed by a surface reaction forming high‐vapor‐pressure sulfur compounds (e.g. SOx and H2S).
Axially symmetric aligned microcell (ASM) mode: Electro‐optical characteristics of new display mode with excellent wide viewing angle
Authors: Yamada N. , Kohzaki S. , Funada F. , Awane K.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The new LCD display mode (ASM mode) which has the axially symmetric orientation of liquid crystal molecules and the micro‐cell structure corresponding to each pixel is described in this paper. The electro‐optic characteristics of this mode afford high contrast (CR ≥ 200, at normal direction) and the wide viewing angle characteristics without contrast inversion (±60° in both up‐down and left‐right directions).
Holographic reflective liquid‐crystal display
Authors: Chen A. G. , Jelley K. W. , Valliath G. T. , Molteni W. J. , Ralli P. J. , Wenyon M. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Holographically reflective LCDs are approaching the production phase in Motorola portable products. They add improved performance and product differentiation to TN, STN and FSTN LCDs. Key features include up to two to three times improvement in brightness and contrast and elimination of image degradation due to glare. Without consuming additional power, the hologram provides a “backlit” appearance which further differentiates the product. Moreover, the current version of the holographic reflector has been “tuned” to the LCD so that the effective viewing cone is retained or even expanded slightly.
Dynamic drive for bistable reflective cholesteric displays: A rapid addressing scheme
Authors: Huang X.‐Y. , Yang D.‐K. , Bos P. J. , Doane J. W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We have developed a novel scheme to drive bistable reflective cholesteric displays, in which the optical state of a pixel is determined by a pulse shorter than 1.0 ms. This scheme takes advantage of the rapid transition of the cholesteric liquid crystal from the homeotropic state to the transient planar state. The voltage wave form is designed to implement this scheme in a high resolution passive matrix display.
Brighter backlights using highly scattered optical‐transmission polymer
Authors: Horibe A. , Izhuara M. , Nihei E. , Koike Y.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We propose a new concept, highly scattered optical‐transmission (HSOT) polymer, which consists of specified microscopic heterogeneous structures, as a new light source medium. Therefore, the incident beam is efficiently converted to the homogeneous illumination from the surface of the HSOT polymer by effective scattering due to such heterogeneous structures. This HSOT polymer was applied to the LCD backlight that was more simple in system and more than 50% brighter than in a conventional transparent PMMA‐based backlight system.
Viewing‐angle‐enhancement system for LCDs
Authors: Zimmerman S. , Beeson K. , McFarland M. , Wilson J. , Credelle1 T. J. , Bingaman K. , Ferm P. , Yardley J. T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— An enhanced liquid crystal display (LCD) design with minimal contrast ratio or color shift with increased viewing angle and with improved performance in high brightness environments has been developed. Contrast ratios of greater than 50:1 have been demonstrated at ±60° (vertical and horizontal) on an active matrix LCD. The operating principles of the key components of this new design will be described.
AMLCD with integrated drivers made with amorphous‐silicon TFTs
Authors: Lebrun H. , Maurice F. , Magarino J. , Szydlo N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— An active matrix LCD with integrated drivers was developed using a standard amorphous silicon TFT technology. Despite the low mobility, the high threshold voltage and high parasitic capacitance of this technology compared to polysilicon technologies, we have built an high performance light valve for projection application. We shall discuss the topology and the main features of the integrated row and column drivers and the matrix.
High‐efficiency color microdisplays
Authors: Alvelda Phillip
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Color MicroDisplays are based on conventionally fabricated CMOS active substrates laminated with liquid crystal materials. Color is generated by diffraction at pixel gratings, and intensity is modulated by voltages applied to the fixed pixel gratings to switch the liquid crystal material. The Color MicroDisplays were tested using ferroelectric materials in the deformed‐helix configuration for high frame‐rates, nematic materials in ECB configurations, and polymer dispersed materials for high‐brightness applications.
Ultrahigh‐intensity short‐arc long‐life lamp system
Authors: Schnedler E. , Wijngaarde H. v.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The new short arc lamp system is the first lamp of a new generation of high intensity discharge lamps, released by Philips Lighting, with a technology not known so far in the Lighting Industry. Because of its short arc, its ultra high intensity, and its relatively long life, it is most suitable for consumer and professional light modulating projection systems like LCD or other light valve based rear or front projection units.
An optically active diffractive device for a high‐efficiency light valve
Authors: Bos P. J. , Chen J. , Doane J. W. , Smith B. , Holton C. , Glenn W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A new type of a liquid crystal diffractive light valve, based on optical activity, is proposed. The diffraction results from opposite twisted stripes of nematic liquid crystal material where the twist sense is defined by a patterned alignment layer. The new device demonstrates polarization independent diffraction without the need for high resolution patterning of electrodes.
Picture quality in large‐screen projectors using the Digital Micromirror Device
Authors: Critchley B. R. , Blaxtan P. W. , Eckersley B. , Gale R. O. , Burton M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Advantages in employing Digital Micromirror Devices in large screen projectors are described. The results of a collaborative programme, started in 1989 between Rank Brimar Ltd. and Texas Instruments Inc., to develop large screen projection technology are discussed and the viability of constructing a large screen projector of outstanding picture quality established.
Time‐multiplexed three‐dimensional video display
Authors: Travis A. R. L. , Lang S. R. , Moore J. R. , Dodgson N. A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract—A true 3D image is synthesised from many 2D views of the original. The views are presented in rapid succession on a CRT whose field of view is restricted to a different zone for each view. This restriction is achieved by using optical fourier transforms which result in a 3D image that is especially sharp and clear. The display is bulky but inherently robust and flexible. It is therefore well adapted for the design of novel 3D systems.
Visual requirements for virtual‐environment generation
Authors: Kenyon R. V. , DeFanti T. A. , Sandin D. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract—This paper describes how a requirement for stereovision can impact virtual environment characteristics and performance. Human visual anomalies that result from the limitations of producing congruent visual cues are described along with possible solutions. The CAVE is used as a model environment that implements stereovision to provide users with visual contact with objects at arms' length.
A survey of the components of display‐measurement standards
Authors: Kelley E. F. , Jones G. R. , Boynton P. A. , Grote M. D. , Bechis D. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Several display standards are reviewed and distinctive elements are compared. With flat panel displays becoming more common and the CRT displays being so well established, the associated standards activities can be somewhat bewildering, even overwhelming. This paper attempts to identify complementary and inconsistent elements of related display standards.
Analytical models for amorphous‐silicon and polysilicon thin‐film transistors for high‐definition‐display technology
Authors: Shur Michael S. , Jacunski Mark D. , Slade Holly C. , Hack Michael
Published: May 2006

Abstract—In just the last decade, the flat‐panel‐display industry has expanded into a multi‐billion‐dollar market, led primarily by color active‐matrix liquid‐crystal displays (AMLCDs). These displays use hydrogenated amorphous‐silicon (a‐Si:H) and polysilicon (poly‐Si) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) as the switching elements. Consequently, for display design, more sophisticated and accurate TFT models for circuit simulators are becoming essential. In this paper, we review the requirements of a‐Si:H and poly‐Si TFT technologies for use in AMLCDs and discuss two‐dimensional device‐simulation results, which allow us to examine phenomena caused by the high density of localized states in a‐Si:H and poly‐Si. With this understanding of both the material physics and the requirements for TFTs in AMLCD technology, we can develop suitable device models for circuit simulation and device design and characterization. Our physics‐based analytical TFT models for both a‐Si:H and poly‐Si TFTs will be described. These models have been implemented in SPICE and accurately describe both the subthreshold and above threshold regimes.