bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human metapneumovirus nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein interact and provide the minimal requirements for inclusion body formation
Authors: Derdowski Aaron , Peters Timothy R. , Glover Nancy , Qian Ray , Utley Thomas J. , Burnett Atuhani , Williams John V. , Spearman Paul , Crowe James E.
Published: October 2008

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a recently discovered paramyxovirus of the subfamily Pneumovirinae, which also includes avian pneumovirus and human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). HMPV is an important cause of respiratory disease worldwide. To understand early events in HMPV replication, cDNAs encoding the HMPV nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), M2-1 protein and M2-2 protein were cloned from cells infected with the genotype A1 HMPV wild-type strain TN/96-12. HMPV N and P were shown to interact using a variety of techniques: yeast two-hybrid assays, co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Confocal microscopy studies showed that, when expressed individually, fluorescently tagged HMPV N and P exhibited a diffuse expression pattern in the host-cell cytoplasm of uninfected cells but were recruited to cytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies in HMPV-infected cells. Furthermore, when HMPV N and P were expressed together, they also formed cytoplasmic inclusion-like complexes, even in the absence of viral infection. FRET microscopy revealed that HMPV N and P interacted directly within cytoplasmic inclusion-like complexes. Moreover, it was shown by yeast two-hybrid analysis that the N-terminal 28 aa are required for the recruitment to and formation of cytoplasmic inclusions, but are dispensable for binding to HMPV P. This work showed that HMPV N and P proteins provide the minimal viral requirements for HMPV inclusion body formation, which may be a distinguishing characteristic of members of the subfamily Pneumovirinae.
QUERCETIN ACTIVATES HUMAN Kv1.5 CHANNELS BY A RESIDUE I502 IN THE S6 SEGMENT
Authors: Yang Lan , Ma Ji‐Hua , Zhang Pei‐Hua , Zou An‐Ruo , Tu Dan‐Na
Published: October 2008

The aims of the present study were to investigate the pharmacological effects of quercetin on wild‐type (WT) and mutant (I502A) human (h) Kv1.5 channel currents (Ikur) and to identify whether mutation in the S6 segment is critical to activation ofIkurby quercetin.

Experiments were performed on WT and site‐directed mutant hKv1.5 channels, which were stably expressed inXenopusoocytes using the two‐microelectrode voltage‐clamp technique.

Quercetin increased WT hKv1.5 channel current in a concentration‐, voltage‐ and time‐dependent manner, with an EC50of 37.8 µmol/L and a negative shift in the steady state activation and inactivation curves. Quercetin accelerated channel activation and inactivation, significantly decreasing activation and inactivation time constants. However, mutating the I502 residue to Ala abolished the activating effect of quercetin. Quercetin did not modify the activation and inactivation kinetics of I502A channels. As an anti‐oxidant, tanshinone IIA (4 mmol/L) inhibited the H2O2‐induced activation of WT hKv1.5 channels. In contrast, quercetin had no significant effect.

We conclude that: (i) quercetin preferentially binds to and increases the current amplitude of WT hKv1.5 channels; (ii) Ile502, an aliphatic and neutral amino acid residue residing in the S6 segment, is important in quercetin binding; and (iii) quercetin‐induced changes in the properties of WT hKv1.5 channels may be foreign to its own anti‐oxidant action.
DESIPRAMINE‐INDUCED Ca2+‐INDEPENDENT APOPTOSIS IN MG63 HUMAN OSTEOSARCOMA CELLS: DEPENDENCE ON P38 MITOGEN‐ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE‐REGULATED ACTIVATION OF CASPASE 3
Authors: Lu Ti , Huang Chorng‐Chih , Lu Yih‐Chau , Lin Ko‐Long , Liu Shiuh‐In , Wang Being‐Whey , Chang Po‐Min , Chen I‐Shu , Chen Sheng‐Shih , Tsai Jeng‐Yu , Chou Chiang‐Ting , Jan Chung‐Ren
Published: October 2008

It has been shown that the antidepressant desipramine is able to induce increases in [Ca2+]i and cell death in MG63 human osteosacroma cells, but whether apoptosis is involved is unclear. In the present study, the effect of desipramine on apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms were explored. It was demonstrated that desipramine induced cell death in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner.

Cells treated with 100–800 mmol/L desipramine showed typical apoptotic features, including an increase in sub‐diploid nuclei and activation of caspase 3, indicating that these cells underwent apoptosis. Immunoblotting revealed that 100 mmol/L desipramine activated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). Although pretreatment of cells with 20 mmol/L PD98059 (an ERK inhibitor) or 20 mmol/L SP600125 (an inhibitor of JNK) did not inhibit cell death, the addition of 20 mmol/L SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) partially rescued cells from apoptosis. Desipramine‐induced caspase 3 activation required p38 MAPK activation.

Pretreatment of cells with BAPTA/AM (20 mmol/L) to prevent desipramine‐induced increases in [Ca2+]i did not protect cells from death.

The results of the present study suggest that, in MG63 human osteosarcoma cells, desipramine causes Ca2+‐independent apoptosis by inducing p38 MAPK‐associated activation of caspase 3.
A Special Brand of Sausage
Authors: Curran Winifred , Hague Euan
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  At our institution, the next iteration of the corporatization of higher education is the creation of a university brand. This brands us as academics and creates its own landscape of consumption. It also raises troubling issues about academic freedom.
Substituting for Families? Schools and Social Reproduction in AIDS‐affected Lesotho
Authors: Ansell Nicola
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  Families, the state and employers all have a broad if differentiated interest in securing the daily and generational reproduction of society. Whereas in Western countries, the past two decades have witnessed a progressive displacement of responsibility for social reproduction from the state to families, in southern Africa, day‐to‐day social reproduction has always remained overwhelmingly the preserve of families. Today, however, the AIDS pandemic is radically transforming family life for many children, and prompting concerns (arguably a moral panic) about the potential breakdown of social reproduction. Even in Africa, schools have long supplemented families in delivering generational reproduction, albeit geared around the transfer of “factual” knowledge and with a narrow focus on preparing new generations of workers. In light of the AIDS pandemic, a number of commentators have suggested ways in which schools could further substitute for the diminishing capacities of families. Based on interviews with decision‐makers and analysis of policy documents, I explore a number of interventions being enacted in Lesotho's schools. I argue that such initiatives remain small in scale and often justified in relation to retaining children in school. In practice both government and employers remain more interested in the generational reproduction of workers than in daily reproduction. If the welfare needs of AIDS‐affected children are to be met through schooling, there is a need for the education sector's role to be understood in relation to an ethics of care, rather than the functionalist production of a future workforce.
Uneven Developments: From The Grundrisse To Capital
Authors: Wainwright Joel
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  Since its publication, Marxists have debated the relation between the Grundrisse and the first volume of Capital. This paper offers one entry point into this debate by comparing the way each text frames its “problematic of uneven development”, that is, the way that capitalism's inherently uneven development is thematized as a problem for explanation. In the Grundrisse the uneven nature of capitalism as development is explained by the emergence of capitalism from precapitalist relations. While this analysis is not entirely absent from Capital (cf the discussion of primitive accumulation), precapitalist formations are not treated as systematically in Capital. By contrast, uneven development enters Capital in the final section, particularly where Marx criticizes Wakefield. Reading these two texts together, I argue that the problematic of uneven development shifts from Grundrisse to Capital in a way that underscores Marx's growing stress on capital's imperial character. This shift has its roots in political events of the period when Marx rewrote Grundrisse into Capital.
Assessing the Effects of the Grundrisse in Anglophone Geography and Anthropology
Authors: Sayre Nathan F
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  Selections of the Grundrisse were translated into English beginning in 1964; a full translation did not appear until 1973. Anglophone Marxian social science has changed dramatically since then; this article attempts to assess the role of the Grundrisse in these changes, focusing specifically on anthropology and geography. In geography the effects are most apparent in the work of David Harvey, who was among the earliest Anglophone social scientists to undertake a full reinterpretation of Marx in the light of the Grundrisse. I identify four insights that can be seen in Harvey's writings and elsewhere in recent human geography, but whose relation to the Grundrisse is not often acknowledged. In anthropology, the effects of the Grundrisse are perhaps even more pronounced but also more complex and obscure; nonetheless, a similar, and similarly under‐acknowledged, influence can be discerned, especially in historical anthropology and recent studies of value. I suggest that the Grundrisse's translation into English has facilitated a convergence of anthropology and geography, and that critical ethnography in this vein is needed to grapple with the financialization of everything, in which commodification is only a preliminary step.
A Negative Geography of Necessity
Authors: Mann Geoff
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  One of the many unfortunate results of the long‐lived misconception that Marx was a “determinist” is a lack of engagement with his ideas of necessity and negation. Reading the Grundrisse's famous comments on the annihilation of space by time, I trace the Hegelian roots of these concepts to show that for both Marx ahd Hegel, negation is the very act of critique itself, and necessity is properly understood not as the force of history, but as the object of historical explanation–what makes things the way they are and not another. It is therefore crucial to critical geography's efforts to identify the possibilities for social change, for that analysis must be predicated on an understanding for how things have emerged in their present form, i.e. the one we have to work with. I argue that a negative geography of necessity is the essential basis for anything we might call a communist geography, a geography of “the real movement which abolishes the present state of things”.
Change and the Corporeal in Seventeenth‐ and Eighteenth‐Century Gender History: Or, Can Cultural History Be Rigorous?
Authors: Wahrman Dror
Published: October 2008

This essay is a methodological evaluation of the procedures and presuppositions informing the social and cultural history of gender, as exemplified in recent scholarship about the transformations of sex and gender in Britain from the early modern period through the long eighteenth century. It suggests answers to two questions: how can we write the cultural history of gender while maintaining both rigour in the enterprise and an awareness of its limits? And where might we go when these limits suddenly appear to undermine the very foundational presuppositions on which the whole cultural‐historical project is built?
Agency, Periodisation and Change in the Gender and Women's History of Colonial India
Authors: Anagol Padma
Published: October 2008

The paper begins with a critique of the ‘imperialism‐nationalism’ paradigm and its concomitant privileging of the period 1885–1947, which has dominated the writing of modern Indian history. It is argued here that the fixation with the ‘birth‐of‐the‐nation’ theme has led to the neglect of women's agency; that it has resulted in many inconsistencies, dilemmas and unresolved issues regarding a range of topics within Indian gender‐relations; and that this periodisation inhibits the reclamation of terms such as ‘feminist’ and ‘feminism’. The second half of the essay proposes that women's agency can be recovered via a new chronology and a new template for understanding agency within which scholars will be enabled to retrieve the conscious voices of Indian women and record change in gender relations.
Palliative care needs of patients with neurologic or neurosurgical conditions
Authors: Chahine L. M. , Malik B. , Davis M.
Published: October 2008

Background and purpose:  Many patients with non‐cancer diagnoses utilize palliative services. There is little data on the palliative care needs of patients with neurologic and neurosurgical disorders.

Methods:  Retrospective chart review. Log sheets which contain all patients seen between January 2004 and 2007 by palliative medicine (PM) were reviewed. Patients with neurologic or neurosurgical disorders were identified and their in‐patient charts and electronic records reviewed. Patients with cancer were excluded.

Results:  A total of 1429 cancer patients were seen by PM. Neurologic or neurosurgical diseases were the second most common in patients seen by the PM service, in 177 cases. Forty‐seven patients were excluded. Complete data was collected on 129 patients. Mean age was 70. Seventy‐one (55%) were female. The most common neurologic diagnosis was ischemic stroke in 33 (26%). Seventy‐five (58%) had symptoms recorded. Reasons for PM consultation included ‘comfort measures’ in 40 (39%) and ‘hospice candidacy’ in 38 (37%). The most common recommendation made by the PM service was morphine in 44 (42%). Sixty‐three (49%) were deemed hospice appropriate.

Conclusions:  Our findings support the need for PM services for patients with various neurologic and neurosurgical disorders. Understanding these needs will allow for the tailoring of palliative care services to such patients.
Migraine, allodynia, and implications for treatment
Authors: Schürks M. , Diener H.‐C.
Published: October 2008

Allodynia – perception of pain from non‐noxious stimuli – is a common clinical feature in various pain syndromes. The significance for migraine has increasingly been recognized and the pathophysiology has been investigated in detail. Allodynia is a marker for sensitization of central trigeminal neurons. Intensity and persistence of allodynic symptoms are a function of duration of migraine attacks, frequency of attacks, and migraine history. It has been hypothesized that treatment success with triptans may be severely impaired in the presence of allodynia. However, randomized controlled trials did not confirm that. Treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors and dihydroergotamine does not seem to be limited by allodynia; these medications may be able to reverse allodynia. Data on the new class of calcitonin‐gene related‐peptide antagonists are not yet available. Additional and more refined randomized controlled trials, focusing on methodological issues pertaining to the determination of allodynia, are warranted to resolve the true relationship between allodynia and treatment response. Regardless – based on available randomized controlled trials – the recommendation prevails to initiate abortive treatment as soon as possible after attack onset when pain is still mild.
Interrelation of Chronic Tension-Type Headache With and Without Medication Overuse and Migraine in the General Population: The Akershus Study of Chronic Headache
Authors: Aaseth K , Grande RB , Lundqvist C , Russell MB
Published: October 2008

We studied the interrelation of chronic tension-type headache with and without medication overuse (CTTH) and migraine in a random sample of 30 000 persons aged 30–44 years. They received a mailed questionnaire. Those with a possible chronic headache were interviewed by neurological residents. The International Classification of Headache Disorders was used. A total of 386 persons had CTTH. Compared with the general population, men had a 2.8-fold and women a 2.4-fold significantly increased risk of migraine without aura (MO). The risk of migraine with aura (MA) was not increased. The mean age at onset of CTTH was significantly higher in those with than in those without co-occurrence of MO. Bilateral MO attacks were significantly more frequent in those with age at onset of CTTH prior to age at onset of MO compared with those with age at onset in reverse order. CTTH and MO are interrelated, possibly in a complex matter. In contrast, CTTH and MA are not interrelated.
Shame On You, Shame On Me? Nussbaum on Shame Punishment
Authors: BROOKS THOM
Published: October 2008

abstract  Shame punishments have become an increasingly popular alternative to traditional punishments, often taking the form of convicted criminals holding signs or sweeping streets with a toothbrush. In her Hiding from Humanity, Martha Nussbaum argues against the use of shame punishments because they contribute to an offender's loss of dignity. However, these concerns are shared already by the courts which also have concerns about the possibility that shaming might damage an offender's dignity. This situation has not led the courts to reject all uses of shaming, but only to accept shaming within certain safeguards. Thus, despite Nussbaum's important reservations against shame punishments, it may still be possible for her to accept shaming within specific parameters such as those set out by the courts that protect the dignity of an offender. As a result, she need not be opposed to the use of legitimate shame punishment.
Immediate Occlusal Loading of NanoTite™ PREVAIL® Implants: A Prospective 1‐Year Clinical and Radiographic Study
Authors: Östman Pär‐Olov , Wennerberg Ann , Albrektsson Tomas
Published: October 2008

Background: Recently, a new implant surface texture, featuring application of nanometer‐scale calcium phosphate has been shown to enhance early bone fixation and formation in preclinical studies and in human histomorphometric studies, which may be beneficial in immediate loading situations.

Aim: The purpose of the present prospective clinical study was to, during 1 year, clinically and radiographically evaluate a nanometer scale surface modified implant placed for immediate loading of fixed prostheses in both maxillary and mandibular regions.

Materials and Methods: Thirty‐five out of 38 patients who needed implant treatment and met inclusion criteria agreed to participate in the study and were consecutively enrolled. Surgical implant placement requirements consisted of a final torque of a least 25 Ncm prior to final seating and an implant stability quotient above 55. A total of 102 NanoTite™ PREVAIL® (NTP) implants (BIOMET 3i, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA) (66 maxillary and 36 mandibular) were placed by one investigator, and the majority of these were placed in posterior regions (65%) and in soft bone (69%). A total of 44 prosthetic constructions were evaluated consisting of 14 single‐tooth restorations, 26 fixed partial dentures, and four complete fixed restorations. All provisional constructions were delivered within 1 hour, and the final constructions placed after 4 months. Implants were monitored for clinical and radiographic outcomes at follow‐up examinations scheduled for 3, 6, and 12 months.

Results: Of the 102 study implants, one implant failed. The simple cumulative survival rate value at 1 year was 99.2%. The average marginal bone resorption was 0.37 mm (SD 0.39) during the first year in function. According to the success criteria of Albrektsson and Zarb, success grade 1 was found with 93% of the implants.

Conclusion: Although limited to the short follow‐up, immediate loading of NanoTite Prevail implants seems to be a viable option in implant rehabilitation, at least when a good initial fixation is achieved.
Blood Pressure Control by Drug Group in the Antihypertensive and Lipid‐Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)
Authors: Cushman William C. , Ford Charles E. , Einhorn Paula T. , Wright Jr Jackson T. , Preston Richard A. , Davis Barry R. , Basile Jan N. , Whelton Paul K. , Weiss Robert J. , Bastien Arnaud , Courtney Donald L. , Hamilton Bruce P. , Kirchner Kent , Louis Gail T. , Retta Tamrat M. , Vidt Donald G. ,   ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group
Published: October 2008

Blood pressure (BP) control rates and number of antihypertensive medications were compared (average follow‐up, 4.9 years) by randomized groups: chlorthalidone, 12.5–25 mg/d (n=15,255), amlodipine 2.5–10 mg/d (n=9048), or lisinopril 10–40 mg/d (n=9054) in a randomized double‐blind hypertension trial. Participants were hypertensives aged 55 or older with additional cardiovascular risk factor(s), recruited from 623 centers. Additional agents from other classes were added as needed to achieve BP control. BP was reduced from 145/83 mm Hg (27% control) to 134/76 mm Hg (chlorthalidone, 68% control), 135/75 mm Hg (amlodipine, 66% control), and 136/76 mm Hg (lisinopril, 61% control) by 5 years; the mean number of drugs prescribed was 1.9, 2.0, and 2.1, respectively. Only 28% (chlorthalidone), 24% (amlodipine), and 24% (lisinopril) were controlled on monotherapy. BP control was achieved in the majority of each randomized group—a greater proportion with chlorthalidone. Over time, providers and patients should expect multidrug therapy to achieve BP <140/90 mm Hg in a majority of patients.
101 Essential Elements in a Pressure Equipment Integrity Management Program for the Hydrocarbon Process Industry: Part 2
Authors: Reynolds John T.
Published: October 2008

This is part 2 of a two part paper that outlines the 101 essential elements that need to be in place, and functioning well, to effectively and efficiently, preserve and protect the reliability and integrity of pressure equipment (vessels, exchangers, furnaces, boilers, piping, tanks, relief systems) in the refining and petrochemical industry. Part 1 of this paper was published in the proceedings of the 2000 ASME PVP Conference. Each of the two parts outline half of the 101 essential elements of pressure equipment integrity management (PEIM). This paper is not just about minimum compliance with rules, regulations or standards; rather it is about what needs to be accomplished to build and maintain a program of operational excellence in pressure equipment integrity that will permit owner-users to make maximum use of their physical assets to generate income. Compliance is not the key to success in pressure equipment integrity management (PEIM); operational excellence is. Each of the 101 work processes outlined in this two part paper, is explained concisely to the extent necessary, so that owner-users will know what needs to be done to maintain and improve their PEIM program. This paper does not prescribe how each of these 101 key elements is to be accomplished, as that description would result in a book rather than a paper. This paper simply outlines all the fundamentals that are necessary to avoid losses, avoid safety incidents, and maintain reliability of pressure equipment. It pulls together a complete overview of the entire spectrum of programs, procedures, and preventative measures needed to achieve first quartile performance in maintaining pressure equipment integrity (PEI).
Development of System Based Code for Structural Integrity of FBRS
Authors: Asayama Tai , Morishita Masaki , Kawasaki Nobuchika , Dozaki Koji
Published: October 2008

This paper introduces a newly started study that aims to expand the basic concept of the system based code for structural integrity, which has been proposed by Asada et al [1,2], for application to fast breeder reactors (FBRs) [3]. The System Based Code for FBR (FBR System Based Code) offers more reasonable structural integrity assessment methods for relatively important components of FBR than current codes and standards do, to enable profound improvement both in reliability and lifetime cost-effectiveness. It will be realized by margin optimization through an integrated evaluation of all the technical fields that affect structural integrity at the stage of design. Those fields are the prerequisites of design, material, design analysis, fabrication and installation, preservice inspection, operation, inservice inspection, and repair and replacement. For margin optimization, three promising methods, failure probability assessment, application of quality assurance index, and the introduction of “systematized design factors” were proposed. The FBR System Based Code will consist of a control code and partial codes. The former takes care of margin optimization while the latter offers various options of technologies and engineering tools among which a designer can chose the most appropriate one according to various requirements to be fulfilled. Partial codes will be developed for each technical field that is dealt with in the code. Technologies that need to be developed for the development of the FBR system Based code were also clarified.
Making Sense of Section XI Visual Examination Requirements
Authors: Bentley N. Roger
Published: October 2008

This paper will review the development of the visual examination requirements of Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The original visual requirements were ‘one visual exam fits all’ – to detect physical damage, physical displacement, and evidence of leakage. Resolution requirements were those of Section V of the Code. These requirements evolved over the next 20 years to become several specific types of requirements, each with specific resolution, illumination, and proximity restraints. Review indicated that these separate visual rules are now converging. This paper provides recommendations for revisions to Section XI that consolidate and simplify these requirements.
Design Qualification and Manufacturing of RTP-1 Tanks and Vessels
Authors: Hopkins Greg
Published: October 2008

The ASME accredits RL Industries to fabricate both Section X, Class II and RTP-1 tanks and vessels, one of only two manufacturers in the world to hold this distinction. The design, quality assurance, inspection and testing requirements for the two stamps are similar, but not identical. The same manufacturing processes can be used to produce equipment to either standard, but the record keeping required by the ASME is somewhat different. Similarly, the design methods are not identical. This presentation describes the similarities and differences. Both standards are much newer than the other Sections of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, and RL Industries pioneered in their introduction. The manufacturing, quality assurance, testing and inspection of FRP to the standards will be described. Vessels with a Section X or RTP-1 stamp are as safe and reliable as equipment built to other Sections of the Code.
Using Component Test Data to Assist in Establishing Code Criteria to Achieve the Desired Seismic Capacity Margin for Piping
Authors: Kennedy Robert P.
Published: October 2008

In this paper both dynamic shaking and cyclic static component test data are used to develop a modified ASME Code moment capacity equation for seismic loading on piping systems. The aim of this modified equation is to conservatively achieve a seismic capacity margin corresponding to a 1% probability of failure of less than about two.
Effects of Peak Strain on Collapse Load Assessment
Authors: Okamoto Asao , Ohtake Yasuhiro , Nishiguchi Isoharu , Aoki Mitsuru
Published: October 2008

This paper discusses effects of peak plastic strain on collapse load assessment by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). A pressurized disk with a fixed end was investigated by limit analysis with various mesh division. The effect of peak strain at the periphery was evaluated how it would affect on the collapse load. It was found that not only the peak strain varied with the mesh size, but also the resulted plastic hinge changed its shape in the cross-sectional area. Nevertheless, the utmost load supported by elastic-perfectly plastic material was not affected much with the differences. In a limit analysis criterion, it is sometimes stipulated to terminate the calculation at the load increment when specified displacement or strain has been developed, so as to use the definitely lower bound of the true collapse load. Among such criteria, Twice-Elastic-Slope Method, which focuses on the gross displacement of the structure, gave comparable solutions for the various mesh divisions. On the contrary, when the peak strain was taken to be a controlling factor, the results were highly dependent on the modeling.
Piping Elbow Cyclic Analyses for Shakedown Verification
Authors: Yang Jianfeng , Gurdal Robert
Published: October 2008

Six Cyclic elasto-plastic Finite Element Analyses are being performed in this paper. The Finite Element Model considered here is a Piping Elbow with a straight section of pipe on each side. This Model consists of shell elements. In each cyclic analysis, the internal pressure is kept constant, and is in fact the same for all six analyses. The various Finite Element Analyses are performed using different types of boundary conditions and different types of cyclic loading (thermal expansion in the elbow and applied rotation at the free end of the model). The main purpose of this paper is to address both the global shakedown and the through-thickness shakedown. The global shakedown is defined as the stabilization of the elbow, as far as the global in-plane displacements are concerned. The through-thickness shakedown is defined as the stabilization of the radial displacements on the side of the elbow. The main results from these cyclic analyses are the displacements. The decisions whether shakedown occurs, or not, are based on the displacements and are shown on the x-y Diagram, also called the “shakedown vs. ratcheting” Diagram. An evaluation of this Diagram leads to the justification of the revised elbow C2 stress index, at least for the global in-plane displacements of the piping elbow. The variations of the mid-thickness strain values and of the maximum strain values, as a function of the cycles, have not been evaluated at this time. This should be done at a later date.
Application of Shell Elements to Collapse Load Analysis
Authors: Asada Seiji , Okamoto Asao , Nishiguchi Isoharu , Aoki Mitsuru
Published: October 2008

Shell elements make it easy to generate FEA model, and reduce time and costs for the analysis. Those are useful for surveying shape of structure. In this paper, FEA with shell elements are performed for a clamped circular plate in order to survey influence of mesh types on the collapse load, as for the sizes, the number of integration points and the order of shape functions. Based on the results, collapse load analysis for a torispherical head vessel for 2-dimensional model with shell elements is performed and studied for applicability of shell elements to collapse load analysis.
An Introduction to the ASME HPS Section 6000 “Hazardous Release Protection”: Historical Development of a Means to Reduce Risk From Pressure Systems Failure
Authors: Brown Samuel J.
Published: October 2008

The history of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes and Standards tells us that they were a response in 1915 by the ASME to reduce the numerous explosive failures in the 19th Century that resulted in personnel injury and death, in addition to extensive property loss. The number and scope of ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Codes and Standards have been issued to cover various applications and operating conditions as the needs have been identified. In the 1970’s, the subcommittee on high pressure technology of the OAC (Operations Applications Components) committee of the ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Division petitioned the ASME Codes and Standards Council to form a standards committee to prepare a High Pressure Systems Standard that addresses the establishment of a performance criteria and protection criteria for the pressure system. A risk based criterion was provided as a basis for determining if the system design application (siting) exceeds or needs improved reliability for the safety of personnel. The Section 6000 (as well as Sections 1000 to 5000) was begun with a draft outline in 1981 and approved in 2002. Section 6000 “Hazardous Release Protection” of the HPS standard provides a risk based criterion to assess the pressure system internal and external kinetic energy and degenerative hazards and permits a number of ways to lower risk to personnel and structures (e.g., redesign of the pressure system, protection (reduction of consequences), improved inspection (reduction of event probability), etc.). The types of hazards considered are: pressure waves, missiles, foundation motion, radiant heat/fireballs, fire, biological effects, chemical effects, and ionizing radiation. This paper briefly examines: the history of the development of Section 6000, the motivating safety issues, the scope and intent of the various paragraphs of the ASME Section 6000 of the High Pressure System (HPS) standard, its relationship to Sections 1000 to 5000 of the HPS, and some incidences of system failures which identify a need for guidance regarding tolerable risk, other guidelines, standard and code development, and some references that document its development.
Effects of Damper Force Ranges and Ground Motion Pulse Periods on the Performance of Semi-Active Isolation Systems
Authors: Gavin Henri , Thurston Julie , Minowa Chicahiro , Fujitani Hideo
Published: October 2008

A large-scale base-isolated steel structural frame was tested at the shaking table laboratory of the National Research Institute for Earth Sciences and Disaster Prevention. These collaborative experiments featured auto-adaptive media and devices to enhance the performance of passive base isolation systems. The planning of these experiments involved determining appropriate device control methods, the development of a controllable damping device with fail-safe characteristics, and the evaluation of the performance of the controlled isolation system subjected to strong ground motion with pronounced near-field effects. The results of the planning study and their large-scale experimental confirmation provide guidelines for the development and implementation of auto-adaptive damping devices for full scale structures.
Choice and Limits of a Fluid Model for the Numerical Study in Dynamic Fluid Structure Interaction Problems
Authors: Sigrist Jean Franc¸ois , Laine Christian , Lemoine Dominique , Peseux Bernard
Published: October 2008

This paper is related to the study of a nuclear propulsion reactor prototype for the French Navy. This prototype is built on ground and is to be dimensioned toward seismic loading. The dynamic analysis takes the coupled fluid structure analysis into account. The basic fluid models used by design engineers are inviscid incompressible or compressible. The fluid can be described in a bidimensional by slice or a three-dimensional approach. A numerical study is carried out on a generic problem for the linear FSI dynamic problem. The results of this study are presented and discussed. As a conclusion, the three-dimensional inviscid incompressible fluid appears to be the best compromise between the description of physical phenomena and the cost of modeling. The geometry of the reactor is such that large displacements of the structure in the fluid can occur. Therefore, the linearity hypothesis might not be longer valid. The case of large amplitude imposed oscillating motion of a cylinder in a confined fluid is numerically studied. A CFD code is used to investigate the fluid behavior solving the NAVIER-STOKES equations. The forces induced on the cylinder by the fluid are computed and compared to the linear solution. The limit of the linear model can then be exhibited.
Entropy and Lyapunov Exponents Relationships in Stochastic Dynamical Systems
Authors: Jedrzejewski F.
Published: October 2008

Stochastic differential equations and classical techniques related to the Fokker-Planck equation are standard bases for the analysis of nonlinear systems perturbed by noise, such as seismic wave propagation in random media and response of structures to turbulent wind. In this paper, a complementary approach based on entropy production is proposed to analyse the stochastic stability of dynamical systems. For a large class of stochastic dynamical systems, it is shown that the entropy information production is equal to the negative sum of Lyapunov exponents as the noise strength tends to zero. This result is correlated to the topological entropy property, which is in some cases such as the hyperbolic case, equal the sum of Lyapunov exponents. Several examples are given to illustrate the proposed procedure.
High-Speed Penetration of Concrete Using a New Analytical Model of Velocity-Dependent Friction
Authors: Davis Robert N. , Jones S. E. , Hughes Mary L.
Published: October 2008

In this paper, a completely analytical formulation of velocity-dependent friction is used to eliminate the analytical complexity associated with the evaluation of velocity-dependent integrals in the penetration model presented in [5]. The simplification employed is an extension of the method used in [6], in which the velocity regime governing the coefficient of sliding friction was divided into two sectors, producing two distinct velocity-dependent friction coefficients, for low-speed and high-speed friction. In this paper, the velocity regime is divided into a number of intervals, thereby replacing the linear velocity-dependent friction relationship at low speeds with a series of steps; the method is flexible enough also to permit a nonlinear profile for low-speed sliding friction. As a byproduct of the work, a completely analytical estimate for the work done by sliding friction in the problem can be found, permitting the evaluation of projectile mass loss.
Behavior of a Building Under Explosive Loading
Authors: Cheval Karine , Loiseau Olivier , Autrusson Bruno , Brochard Didier
Published: October 2008

A simplified method developed for the analysis of the mechanical behavior of a building is presented. This method is based on modal analysis of the structure. It relies on a mathematical expansion of the dynamical equations of the movement on the eigenshapes of the structure. The time-space loading is defined by empiric formulae which take into account the weight of equivalent TNT, the distance between the explosive and the structure, and allows to describe the propagation of the shock wave on the structure. Three typical loadings are investigated: long distance explosions (blast loading), medium and near distance explosions. The results concerning the movement of the structure given by the simplified method will be compared to those obtained by a direct time integration method. Particularly, the convergence of the simplified method towards the direct time integration method will be investigated in terms of displacements and stresses versus the explosive-structure distance. This method allows to identify the eigenshapes and eigenvalues of the structure which are important to be taken into account to predict the dynamical response of the building. This method is used as a pre-study (elastic mechanics) i.e. as a first step of a detailed dynamical analysis.
Pressure Vessels Inspections Using Ultrasonic Phased Arrays
Authors: Moles Michael D. C. , Jacques Fre´de´ric , Dube´ Noe¨l
Published: October 2008

Phased arrays offer significant technical advantages for weld inspections over conventional ultrasonics. The phased array beams can be steered, scanned, swept and focused electronically. Beam steering permits the selected beam angles to be optimized ultrasonically by orienting them perpendicular to the predicted defects, especially Lack of Fusion. Electronic (linear) scanning permits very rapid coverage of the welds. Beam steering (usually called sectorial or azimuthal scanning) can be used for mapping welds at appropriate angles to optimize Probability of Detection of defects. Electronic focusing permits optimizing the beam shape and size at the expected defect location, also to optimize Probability of Detection. Overall, the use of phased arrays permits optimizing defect detection while minimizing inspection time. The paper describes the application of phased arrays for inspecting pressure vessel welds. Phased arrays offer significant practical advantages over conventional automated inspections. Thick section weld inspections typically use the established “top, side, end” or “top, side, TOFD” views of the weld. Other displays can be used, e.g. strip charts for zone discrimination scanning of narrow gap welds. Special inspections can be easily performed with phased arrays, e.g. additional beams for extra coverage, multiple angles or inspection set-ups simultaneously, or special scans such as tandem probes. Different delivery systems and instrumentation can be assembled for any required scan. Fitness-For-Service inspections requiring high PoD and accurate sizing can be performed using upscale systems. These phased array inspections can be tailored to any known code requirements.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Degraded 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel and Estimation of Nonlinear Acoustic Effect Using Bispectral Analysis
Authors: Park Ik-Keun , Kim Hyun-Mook , Jhang Kyung-Young
Published: October 2008

The nonlinear acoustic effect has been considered as an effective tool for the evaluation of material degradation. In this paper, the applicability of the nonlinear acoustic effect using bispectrum analysis to the evaluation of degraded 2.25Cr-1Mo steel is investigated. First, artificial aging was performed to simulate the microstructural degradation in 2.25Cr-1Mo steel arising from long time exposure at 538°C. Second, ultrasonic nonlinear parameter was quantitatively measured by bispectrum and power spectrum. The nonlinear acoustic parameter using bispectrum analysis was found to be clearly sensitive to material degradation.
Stress and Temperature Effects on Ultrasonic Properties in Cross Linked and High Density Polyethylene
Authors: Bray Don E. , Vela John , Al-Zubi Raed S.
Published: October 2008

Cross linked polyethylene is widely used in the manufacturing of tanks for the agriculture, petroleum and chemical industries. These tanks are exposed to a number of environmental effects, which can lead to material degradation. Ultrasonic wave speed change is a method that shows promise in evaluating the UV degradation effects. In order to evaluate the UV effects in the field, however, the effect of stress and temperature on the wave speed must first be established. A series of tests were performed to establish the ultrasonic properties in cross linked as well as natural polyethylene at a range of temperatures from −6 deg C to 44 deg C (22 deg F to 112 deg F). The change is linear, as expected. For the stress tests, the velocity decreased with tension, also as expected. Tests were performed from approximately 689 kPa to 9.6 MPa (100 psi to 1400 psi). Results from these tests were incorporated into the overall algorithm used for evaluating tank degradation.
Acoustic Microscopy for Evaluating Cracks Produced by CO2 Laser Within Thin Alumina Plates
Authors: Miyasaka Chiaki , Tittmann Bernhard R.
Published: October 2008

The laser shaping of thin alumina ceramic plates appears to be an advantageous manufacturing method. Unfortunately, the failure rate for using this technique is high because of crack initiation during the application of a high power laser. We address the issue of crack initiation with the use of in-process and post-process analysis. This article reports our results on the evaluation of the surface and interior cracks with optical, scanning laser, scanning electron and scanning acoustic microscopy. We present images of surface and subsurface micro-cracks generated at different power levels of a high power CO2 laser system. The spatial variation of the Rayleigh wave velocity is measured by the V(z) curve technique. These preliminary data suggest that, some with improvement, the V(z) technique may detect residual stress with high spatial resolution. The obtained results may contribute to the understanding of the fracture mechanism, and can eventually provide guidance for the choice of laser parameters (e.g., power, focus, scanning rate, emitting duration, or the like) in laser shaping apparatus.
The Design of Flanges Based on Flexibility and Tightness
Authors: Bouzid Abdel-Hakim , Beghoul Hichem
Published: October 2008

From the leakage tightness consideration, the behavior of gasketed joint relies very much on the actual gasket load and its variation during the different operating conditions. With the future implementation by the ASME of new design rules based on tightness, a more meaningful and precise evaluation of the gasket load is useful for the purpose of improved prediction of joint tightness. A new design procedure based on the traditional code design philosophy that also accounts for the flexibility of all elements of the joint as well as tightness and gasket creep is suggested. In this paper a general comprehensive method based on the gasket-bolt-flange elastic interaction is presented for the analysis of the joint. The proposed analytical model that is implemented in the “TightFlange” program will be supported by a numerical FEM and experimental investigations to assess the effect of the mechanical and thermal loading including pressure, external loads, thermal expansion and gasket creep on the leakage behavior of gaskets.
Calculation of Bolted Flange Connections of Floating and Metal-to-Metal Contact Type
Authors: Schaaf M. , Bartonicek J.
Published: October 2008

In Europe, in 2001 the new standard EN 1591 for strength and tightness proofs of bolted flange connections (BFC) of floating type flanges was released. In addition, the German nuclear code was revised regarding the calculation of BFC. With this standard not only the floating type but also the metal-to-metal contact type of flanges (MMC) can be treated. Additionally, the ASME code is the basis for the flange calculation in the European standard EN 13445, which is the standard for unfired pressure vessels. In compliance with the goal of the calculation, the different calculation codes can be used. There must be a differentiation between the design of the components, the determination of the prestress values for assembly, the stress analysis and the tightness proof of the BFC. First, all parameters which influence the function of the bolted flange connection are considered. In a second step, the range of use of the different standards and the calculation algorithm are discussed.
On the Use of Dual Kriging Interpolation for the Evaluation of the Gasket Stress Distribution in Bolted Joints
Authors: Bouzid Abdel-Hakim , Champliaud Henri
Published: October 2008

The leakage behavior of bolted joint is very much dictated by the gasket contact stress. In particular, the non-uniform distribution of this stress in the radial direction caused by the flange rotational flexibility has a major influence on the leak tightness of some gasket types. The current ASME flange design rules and the new ASME proposed design rules addresses this effect by introducing the concept of gasket effective width for which the validity of the suggested values has not been verified. This paper presents a simple comprehensive analytical approach based on the dual kriging interpolation technique to predict the gasket contact stress distribution in floating type bolted joints. The kriging methodology is shown to be very efficient when nonlinear modeling such as gasket material mechanical behavior is involved. Together with the flange rotational flexibility, this technique implemented in the “SuperFlange” program is supported and validated by numerical FEA conducted on different flange sizes and gasket materials combinations.