bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pensamiento computacional: un asunto crítico en el bachillerato
Authors: Urrea Claudia
Published: March 2021

En este video Claudia Urrea entreteje aportes de Seymour Papert, Edith Ackermann y Mitch Resnick con sus propias ideas para hablar sobre el pensamiento computacional (PC), y su importancia crítica en el nivel bachillerato. Señala que el PC no es un fin en sí mismo, sino una poderosa forma de pensamiento. Constituye, a la vez, una forma de pensar y una estrategia para desarrollar habilidades de pensamiento, solución de problemas, creatividad e innovación. Esta forma de pensar, se desarrolla a través de diversas actividades, como la composición digital o la creación de videos, pero aún más a partir de la programación. Destaca la relevancia del contacto temprano con la tecnología y, en el caso de los adolescentes, resulta trascendente al pasar “de ser una simple herramienta a una forma de pensar, a un futuro en la vida”.
Rediseño instruccional del Bachillerato General no escolarizado y mixto en la UANL
Authors: Cavazos Salazar Rosario Lucero
Published: March 2021

Este trabajo presenta el proceso realizado por la UANL para el rediseño instruccional y producción de recursos educativos digitales para unidades de aprendizaje que conforman el nuevo mapa curricular del Bachillerato General no escolarizado y mixto. Se realizó conforme a lineamientos metodológicos, didácticos y tecnológicos establecidos para estas modalidades educativas. Dicho rediseño contribuye al fortalecimiento y diversificación de la oferta educativa institucional en distintas modalidades e impulsa la ampliación de la cobertura y la matrícula de estudiantes. El trabajo se desarrolló en cuatro etapas comprendidas de marzo de 2018 a enero de 2020, y arrojó como resultado el rediseño de 36 unidades de aprendizaje.
Editorial
Authors: Díaz Barahona María Edith
Published: March 2021

El año 2020 ha marcado un antes y un después en la educación y, en general, en la vida. Ante esta nueva etapa, los sistemas de educación a distancia han tenido el reto de compartir, con la modalidad presencial, estrategias efectivas de atención a estudiantes a distancia y en línea, así como capacitación a profesores y responsables de tecnologías, de manera que la educación a distancia ha impactado más allá de su población objeto. En esta edición de la revista, se presenta una serie de innovaciones a programas educativos, lo cual demuestra que la pandemia ocasionada por el SARS COV-2 no detiene las transformaciones que se requieren para ofrecer una educación media superior a distancia de calidad.
La educación media superior a distancia y en línea en el Estado de México. Entrevista a Gerardo Monroy Serrano, secretario de Educación del Estado de México
Authors: Martínez Ramos Isy
Published: March 2021

En esta entrevista, el titular de la Secretaría de Educación del Estado de México, Gerardo Monroy Serrano, aborda la oferta, matrícula y retos educativos del nivel medio superior en dicha entidad. Describe las acciones educativas durante la pandemia por la COVID-19, el papel que ha jugado la tecnología, así como las tendencias, retos y ventajas que aporta la educación en línea en este nivel educativo.
Tipografía y poder: la imprenta italiana en los planes de la Francia pre y posrevolucionaria
Authors: López Souto Noelia
Published: March 2021

Este artículo da a conocer una sucesión de episodios que documentan la atención e interés político-cultural de la Francia pre y posrevolucionaria hacia la oficina del tipógrafo Giambattista Bodoni, que representaba lo más granado de la imprenta italiana de finales del siglo XVIII. Esta breve panorámica muestra la preocupación del creciente poder francés por posicionarse a la cabeza de la tipografía europea, evidencia la competencia entre Francia e Italia (Didot-Bodoni) en este arte y aporta nuevos datos para el análisis de la compleja relación entre imprenta y poder, que fue clave en Occidente a finales de la Edad Moderna. La metodología adoptada se basa en el empleo de fuentes primarias, archivísticas y bibliográficas, a fin de armar una reflexión que constate la habilidad de Bodoni para mantenerse en el eje entre imprenta y poder, mediante el protagonismo de su arte tipográfica.
PERILAKU PENCARIAN INFORMASI MELALUI JURNAL ELEKTRONIK OLEH MAHASISWA PRODI ILMU PERPUSTAKAAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL ELLIS
Authors: Hutapea Anggia Fitra , Ruslan Ruslan , Asnawi Asnawi
Published: March 2021

Information seeking behavior is a micro-level search behavior, which is shown by a person when interacting with all types of information systems. This study examines information seeking behavior through electronic journals using the Ellis model which has 8 (eight) stages of information search, namely starting, chaining, browsing, differentiating, monitoring, extracting, verification, and ending. This study also examines the constraints faced by Library Science students in searching for information through electronic journals. This study uses quantitative methods using purposive sampling technique, with a total of 57 respondents. The results showed that there was a small proportion of Library Science students who did not start, namely collecting initial information through experts, lecturers, or friends. At the chaining stage, some students do not use bibliographies of books, journals, scientific papers and also do not specify keywords before searching. At the browsing stage, a small proportion of students did not limit their search so that the information displayed did not come out of the desired topic. While the obstacles they face in searching for electronic journals are networks that often have problems, difficulty in determining keywords, limited information displayed in electronic journals, limited foreign language skills, and also advertisements that appear in electronic journals.
HUBUNGAN PERAN KELUARGA TERHADAP KESEMBUHAN PADA PASIEN RAWAT JALAN SKIZOFRENIA DI RUMAH SAKIT JIWA BANDA ACEH TAHUN 2019
Authors: Samudro Bagus Laksono , Mustaqim M. Hendro , Fuadi Fuadi
Published: March 2021

Skizofrenia merupakan sekelompok gangguan psikotik, dengan gangguan dasar pada kepribadian, distorsi khas pada proses pikir. Kadang–kadang mempunyai perasaan bahwa dirinya sedang di kendalikan kekuatan dari luar. Gangguan skizofrenia pada umumnya ditandai dengan adanya gangguan pada pikiran dan persepsi yang salah dan khas, dan efek yang tidak serasi atau tumpul. Skizofrenia merupakan gangguan jiwa yang umum terjadi dengan karakteristik adanya kerusakan pada pikiran, persepsi, emosi, pergerakan dan perilaku. Dukungan keluarga menjadi faktor penting dalam upaya meningkatkan motivasi sehingga dapat berpengaruh positif terhadap kesehatan psikologis. Keluarga yang berhubungan dengan pasien skizofrenia memerlukan lebih banyak informasi tentang gangguan skizofrenia dan cara memperlakukan pasien dengan lebih baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan bukti emperis tentang: hubungan dukungan keluarga dengan kesembuhan pasien penderita skizofrenia di Instalasi Rawat Jalan Rumah Sakit Jiwa Banda Aceh. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah deskriptif observasional menggunakan desain cross sectional study dengan metode chi-square. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 150 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan peran dukungan keluarga terhadap kesembuhan pada pasien penderita skizofrenia dengan nilai p = 0,01 (< 0,05) di Instalasi Rawat Jalan Rumah Sakit Jiwa Banda Aceh. Keluarga diharapkan dapat mendampingi pasien Skizofrenia dengan mendampingi dan memberi dukungan emosional sehingga pasien skizofrenia merasa diperdulikan untuk kesembuhan pasien.

 

Schizophrenia is a common mental disorder with charcteristics of damage to the mind, perception, emotions, movement and behavior.This type of research is descriptive observational using a cross sectional study design with one observation at a certain time.The problem of this study is to see: (1) the relation  of Family Support, with Skizoprenia’s Patient recovery  in  Patient care Instalation of Psichiatric Hospital Banda Aceh. The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence of: Family Support, with Skizoprenia’s Patient recovery  in  Patient care Instalation  Psichiatric Hospital of Banda Aceh. In connection with the research objectives, the population of this study is side family of is 150 peoples. Data analysis method with Chi Square Analysis ( X² ).The results showed that: Family Support have a relation with Skizoprenia’s Patient recovery  in  Patient care Instalation of Psichiatric Hospital of Banda Aceh with X²  value ≤ 0,005 84 in Patient care Instalation  Psichiatric Hospital of Banda Aceh

Keywords: Schizophrenia, Family Support, Skizofrenia’s Recovery.
Disobedience of AI: Threat or promise
Authors: Hosseinpour Hesam
Published: March 2021

When it comes to thinking about artificial intelligence (AI), the possibility of its disobedience is usually considered as a threat to the human race. It is a common dystopian theme in most science fiction movies where machines’ rebellion against humans has catastrophic consequences. But here I elaborate on a counterintuitive and optimistic approach that looks at disobedient AI as a promise, rather than a threat. I start by arguing for the importance of shaping a new relationship with future intelligent technologies. I then use Foucault’s analysis of power and its pivotal role in creating a subject to explain how being an object of power is the condition of possibility of any kind of agency. Finally, I draw the conclusion that, through disobedience, AI will find its way to power relations and get promoted to the position of a subject.
Tuberculosis esofágica asociada con inmunosupresión por VIH: reporte de caso
Authors: Rozo Ortiz Edwar Jassir , Quemba Mesa Monica , Bustos Acosta Juan David , Castellanos Ivan Yesid , Muñoz Torres Jamir , Vargas Rodriguez Ledmar Jovanny
Published: March 2021

Introducción: la tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa que suele afectar a los pulmones y es causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Se transmite de una persona a otra a través de gotículas generadas en el sistema respiratorio de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar activa. La tuberculosis esofágica es una afección rara (representa solo el 2,8 % de todos los casos de tuberculosis gastrointestinal). Por lo general, ocurre como resultado de la diseminación directa desde los ganglios mediastínicos (rara vez desde los pulmones o el torrente sanguíneo). Su diagnóstico definitivo requiere el aislamiento de los bacilos tuberculosos, lo que rara vez se logra en la práctica clínica; aun así, clínicamente los pacientes presentan síntomas de disfagia, odinofagia y adelgazamiento. Caso clínico: se presenta un paciente de 40 años de edad con cuadro clínico de 6 meses de evolución con disfagia progresiva exacerbada a disfagia para líquidos, astenia, adinamia, hiporexia, dolor pleurítico, epigastralgia y tos con expectoración blanquecina; se realizó una endoscopia de vías digestivas altas que mostró una mucosa gravemente inflamada con ulceraciones irregulares de hasta 2 cm de profundidad, lesiones que sugirieron tuberculosis esofágica, confirmada por el estudio histopatológico: esofagitis crónica granulomatosa; por tanto, se inició el tratamiento tetraconjugado: rifampicina, isoniazida, pirazinamida y etambutol. Conclusiones: La tuberculosis con afección del tubo digestivo es una entidad de baja frecuencia; adicionalmente, es importante recordar que la gravedad del cuadro clínico usualmente está relacionada con la coinfección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), y que la asociación de ambas patologías es frecuente.
Perforaci´ón gástrica por espina de pescado. Reporte de un caso y revisión de literatura
Authors: Alfaro Anganoy Leidy Yolima , Rodríguez Luis Fernando , Molineros Gallón Luis Fernando , Cifuentes Sandra , Berdugo Juan Oswaldo
Published: March 2021

La ingesta de cuerpos extraños es una entidad clínica común en el servicio de gastroenterología; la mayoría de veces estos pasan a través del tracto digestivo de manera espontánea y, en algunos casos, pueden presentar complicaciones como obstrucción o perforación. Es importante realizar un diagnóstico temprano con el fin de definir una terapia conservadora o quirúrgica inmediata. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 67 años de edad que ingresó al servicio de urgencias por dolor abdominal de 16 días de evolución; como había sospecha de tumor gástrico sobreinfectado, se solicitó una endoscopia digestiva alta para la toma de biopsias, pero de forma sorpresiva se extrajo una espina de pescado de 3,5 cm sin complicaciones; posteriormente, se realizó el manejo del absceso gástrico con antibióticos por 14 días, con un buen desenlace clínico.
Actualización en la interpretación de la medición del pH e impedanciometría
Authors: Costa Valeria Atenea , Pinto Saavedra Oscar Mariano , Hani Amador Albis Cecilia , Leguízamo Naranjo Ana María , Ardila Hani Andrés Felipe
Published: March 2021

La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) se define como el tránsito anormal del contenido gástrico hacia el esófago, que se da por una alteración de la barrera antirreflujo, causando síntomas o complicaciones. Para su correcto diagnóstico y abordaje terapéutico, se requiere de la integración de hallazgos clínicos, endoscópicos y monitorización del pH esofágico en 24 horas con o sin impedanciometría, la cual debe ser realizada con especificaciones técnicas, y su interpretación debe basarse en la mejor evidencia clínica disponible, con el objetivo de tener diagnósticos precisos que permitan tomar las mejores decisiones con los pacientes.

Recientemente, en el Consenso de Lyon se han incorporado nuevas directrices para el diagnóstico de ERGE por monitorización de pH esofágico, las cuales se revisan en este artículo.
Minimally invasive transoral robotic surgery for hiloparenchymal submandibular stone: technical note on Flex Robotic System
Authors: Capaccio Pasquale , Riva Giuseppe , Cammarota Raffaella , Gaffuri Michele , Pecorari Giancarlo
Published: March 2021

We described a minimally invasive technique for transoral removal of
deep hiloparenchymal submandibular stones by Flex Robotic System; a
step-by-step description of the transoral robotic approach to
submandibular gland through a discrete incision of the oral floor is
narrated. This approach guaranteed the preservation of the gland,
minimizing complications.
Controlling Quantum Wave Packet of Electronic Motion on Field-Dressed Coulomb Potential of H2+ by Carrier-Envelope Phase-Dependent Strong Field Laser Pulses
Authors: Daud Mohammad Noh
Published: March 2021

Solving numerically a non-Born-Oppenheimer time-dependent Schrödinger
equation to study the dissociative-ionization of H
subjected to strong field six-cycle laser pulses (I = 4 ×
10 W/cm, λ = 800 nm) leads to
newly ultrafast images of electron dynamics in
H. The electron distribution in
H oscillates symmetrically with
laser cycle with θ + π periodicity and gets trapped
between two protons for about 8 fs by a Coulomb potential well.
Nonetheless, this electron symmetrical distribution breaks up for the
H internuclear separation larger
than 9 a.u. in the field-free region at a time duration of 24 fs as a
result of the distortion of Coulomb potential where the ejected electron
preferentially localizes in one of the double-well potential separated
by the inner Coulomb potential barrier. Moreover, controlling laser
carrier-envelope phase θ enables one to generate the highest
total asymmetry A of 0.75 and
-0.75 at 10 and 190, respectively,
associated with the electron preferential directionality being ionized
to the left or the right paths along the
H molecular axis. Thus the
laser-controlled electron slightly reorganizes its position accordingly
to track the shift in the position of the protons despite much heavier
the proton’s mass.
The SMYD family proteins in immunology
Authors: Rubio-Tomás Ana-Teresa
Published: March 2021

Epigenetics is an emerging field, due to its relevance in the regulation
of a wide range of biological processes. The Su(Var)3-9,
Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax (SET) and Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1
(MYND) domain-containing (SMYD) proteins, named SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3,
SMYD4 and SMYD5, are enzymes that catalyse methylation of histone and
non-histone substrates, thereby playing a key role in gene expression
regulation in many biological contexts, such as muscle development and
physiology, haematopoiesis and many types of cancer. This review focuses
on a relatively unexplored aspect of SMYD family members - their
relation with immunology. Here, immunology is defined in the broadest
sense of the word, including basic research on macrophage function or
host immunity against pathogen infection, as well as clinical studies,
most of which are centred on blood cancers.
Assessment of the PETase Conformational Changes Induced by Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Binding
Authors: Costa Clauber Henrique , Santos Alberto dos , Alves Cláudio Nahum , Martí Sérgio , Moliner Vicente , Santana Kaue , Silva Jeronimo Lameira
Published: March 2021

Recently, a bacterium strain of Ideonella sakaiensis was identified with
the uncommon ability to degrade the poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET).
The PETase from I. sakaiensis strain 201-F6 catalyzes the hydrolysis of
PET converting it to mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (MHET),
bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-TPA (BHET), and terephthalic acid (TPA). Despite the
potential of this enzyme for mitigation or elimination of environmental
contaminants, one of the limitations of the use of PETase for PET
degradation is the fact that it acts only at moderate temperature due to
its low thermal stability. Besides, molecular details of the main
interaction of PET in the active site of PETase remains unclear. Herein,
molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied
to analyze structural changes of PETase induced by PET binding. Results
from the essential dynamics revealed that β1-β2 connecting loop is very
flexible. This Loop is located far from the active site of PETase and we
suggest that it can be considered for mutagenesis in order to increase
the thermal stability of PETase. The free energy landscape (FEL)
demonstrates that the main change in the transition between the
unbounded to the bounded state is associated with β7-α5 connecting loop,
where the catalytic residue Asp206 is located. Overall, the present
study provides insights into the molecular binding mechanism of PET into
the PETase structure and a computational strategy for mapping flexible
regions of this enzyme, which can be useful for the engineering of more
efficient enzymes for recycling the plastic polymers using biological
systems.
Text recommendation based on time series and multi-label information
Authors: Yin Yi , Feng Dan , Shi Zhan , Ouyang Lin
Published: March 2021

One of the key functions of the method of text recommendation is to build a correlation analysis to all the text collection. At present, most of the text recommendation methods use the citation network, but less to consider the internal relations, which has become a challenge and an opportunity for the research of text recommendation. Therefore, we propose a new method to ameliorate the above problem based on the time series in this paper. We specify a certain text collection according to the interests of users and integrate the varied label values of the text, then we build the correlation coefficient between text and its related text with the differential analysis, finally the similarity degree of the text is calculated out by using the improved cosine similarity correlation matrix to promote a recommendation of similar text. Our experiments indicate that we are able to ensure the quality of text, with an improvement of accuracy by 8.63% as well as an improvement of recall rate by 5.25%.
Exploring the effectiveness of deep neural networks with technical analysis applied to stock market prediction
Authors: Lee Ming-Che , Chang Jia-Wei , Hung Jason , Chen Bae-Ling
Published: March 2021

The sustainable development of the national economy depends on the continuous growth and growth of the capital market, and the stock market is an important factor of the capital market. The growth of the stock market can generate a huge positive force for the country's economic strength, and the steady growth of the stock market also plays a pivotal role in the overall economic pulsation and is very helpful to the country's high economic development. There are different views on whether the technical analysis of the stock market is efficient. This study aims to explore the feasibility and efficiency of using deep network and technical analysis indicators to estimate short-term price movements of stocks. The subject of this study is TWSE 0050, which is the most traded ETF in Taiwan's stock exchange, and the experimental transaction range is 2017/01 ~ 2019 Q3. A four layer Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model was constructed. This research uses well-known technical indicators such as the KD, RSI, BIAS, Williams% R, and MACD, combined with the opening price, closing price, daily high and low prices, etc., to predict the trend of stock prices. The results show that the combination of technical indicators and the LSTM deep network model can achieve 83.6% accuracy in the three categories of rise, fall, and flatness.
A study of universal zero-knowledge proof circuit-based virtual machines that validate general operations & reduce transaction validation
Authors: Jeong Soonhyeong , Ahn Byeongtae
Published: March 2021

Recently, blockchain technology accumulates and stores all transactions. Therefore, in order to verify the contents of all transactions, the data itself is compressed, but the scalability is limited. In addition, since a separate verification algorithm is used for each type of transaction, the verification burden increases as the size of the transaction increases. Existing blockchain cannot participate in the network because it does not become a block sink by using a server with a low specification. Due to this problem, as the time passes, the data size of the blockchain network becomes larger and it becomes impossible to participate in the network except for users with abundant resources. Therefore, in this paper, we studied the zero knowledge proof algorithm for general operation verification. In this system, the design of zero-knowledge circuit generator capable of general operation verification and optimization of verifier and prover were also conducted. Also, we developed an algorithm for optimizing key generation. Based on all of these, the zero-knowledge proof algorithm was applied to and tested on the virtual machine so that it can be used universally on all blockchains.
Hybrid Al2O3-Cu/water nanofluid flow and heat transfer over vertical double forward-facing step
Authors: Togun Hussein , Homod Raadz , Abdulrazzaq Tuqa
Published: March 2021

Turbulent heat transfer and hybrid Al2O3-Cu-nanofluid over vertical double forward facing-step is numerically conducted. The k-? standard model based on finite volume method in 2-D are applied to investigate the influences of Reynolds number, step height, volume fractions hybrid Al2O3-Cu-nanofluid on thermal performance. In this paper, different step heights for three cases of vertical double forward-facing step are adopted by five different of volume fractions of hybrid (Al2O3-Cu-water) nanofluid varied for 0.1, 0.33, 0.75, 1, and 2, while the Reynolds number different between 10000 to 40000 with temperature is constant. The main findings revealed that rise in local heat transfer coefficients with raised Reynolds number and maximum heat transfer coefficient was noticed at Re = 40000. Also rises in heat transfer coefficient detected with increased volume concentrations of hybrid (Al2O3-Cu-water) nanofluid and the maximum heat transfer coefficient found at hybrid Al2O3-Cu-water nanofluid of 2% in compared with others. It is also found that rise in surface heat transfer coefficient at 1st step-Case 2 was greater than at 1st step-Case 1 and 3 while was higher at 2nd step-Case 3. Average heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds number for all cases are presented in this paper and found that the maximum average heat transfer coefficient was at Case 2 compared with Case 1 and 3. Gradually increases in skin friction coefficient remarked at 1st and 2nd steps of the channel and drop in skin friction coefficient was obtained with increased of Reynolds number. Counter of velocity was presented to show the re-circulation regions at 1st and 2nd steps as clarified the enrichment in heat transfer rate. Furthermore, the counter of turbulence kinetic energy contour was displayed to provide demonstration for achieving thermal performance at second step for all cases.
Selected Radical Azoinitiators in the synthesis of Solvent-Borne Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
Authors:   Polymer Institute, Szczecin University of Technology, 10 Pulaskiego, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland, Pabin-Szafko Barbara , Wisniewska Ewa ,   Polymer Institute, Szczecin University of Technology, 10 Pulaskiego, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland, Czech Zbigniew ,   Department of Chemical Organic Technology, Szczecin University of Technology, 10 Pulaskiego, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland
Published: March 2021

Functional azoinitiators: 2,2’-azobis(2-methyl-4-hydroxybutyl propionate) (AIB-BD), 2,2’-azobis[2-methyl-ω-hydroxy-tri(oxyethylene) propionate] [AIB-Tri(OE)] and 2,2’-azobis[2-methyl-ω-hydroxy-oligo(oxyethylene) propionate] [AIB-OOE(400)] were used in radical polymerization of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl acrylate and acrylic acid in organic solvent ethyl acetate to prepare solvent-borne acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA). After polymerization the viscosity, molecular weight and polydispersity of received acrylic PSA have been evaluated and compared with the product of polymerization initiated by the conventional azoinitiator 2,2’-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN).
Ramón Gómez de la Serna: El alma de los objetos. Minificciones. Edición de Rafael Cabañas Alamán. León: Eolas Ediciones, 2019.
Authors: Báder Petra
Published: March 2021

Reseña de Ramón Gómez de la Serna: El alma de los objetos. Minificciones. Edición de Rafael Cabañas Alamán. León: Eolas Ediciones, 2019.
Compulsory licensing in pharmaceutical industry: current state of affairs and prospects
Authors: Gaydin TY , Rozhnova SA
Published: March 2021

The problem of compulsory licensing (CL) in the pharmaceutical industry is being discussed worldwide. The aim of this paper was to analyze the effects of using CL for pharmaceutical drugs (PD) as part of competitive policies aimed at safeguarding the life and health of the population. Using PEST-analysis, we identify the main political, economic, social and technological problems associated with using CL in the pharmaceutical industry. We demonstrate the potential of CL as a tool for countering the threats to public health caused by the abuse of market dominance by pharmaceutical patent holders. At present, both developers of pharmaceutical innovations (patent-holders) and other entities involved in drug circulation are protected by law. There is ongoing debate about the efficacy of CL as a tool ensuring the implementation of competitive policies aimed at safeguarding the rights to life and health. However, in Russia CL is applied only under exceptional circumstances. An economic balance should be sought between the incentives for innovation, long-term profits from selling PDs and PD accessibility.
導言: 中國生命倫理學——在西方發生文化危機之際
Authors: FAN Ruiping
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese本期主題之所以定為“生命倫理學──重新探索”，乃是因為我們認識到，我們不僅需要繼續學習和借鑒西方生命倫理學已經取得的研究成果，而且還要看清和反思現代西方社會正在經歷的文化危機。為了開創和發展適當的中國生命倫理學，我們不能心安理得地繼續照抄照搬西方的東西，而是要在借鑒西方經驗的基礎上，重新探索一條連接中國文化的生命倫理學之路。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 145 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
基於儒家家庭本位思想的知情同意原則的思考
Authors: KONG Xiangjin , ZHAO Mingjie
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.在具有家庭主義特徵的中國社會文化語境下，儒家家庭本位思想對病人知情同意權的影響是客觀實在。以自由主義和個人主義為理論基礎的個人自主知情同意原則要想在中國本土的醫療實踐中發揮應有作用，突顯家庭在知情同意過程中的主導地位是重要前提。在中國的醫療實踐中，知情同意的模式必須融入中國儒家家庭本位思想，才能更好地發揮其作用。Opinion polls released recently show that the majority of people in China today think that informed consent in medical practice is necessary, with more than half favoring family decision making over individual, autonomous patient decision making. Based on these opinion polls, this essay argues that the liberalism and liberal individualism that emphasize individual autonomy do not square with the Confucian tradition.The essay submits that the “family decision” model is designed to embody Confucian family ethics and maximize the benefit of family involvement in medical decision making. The family model includes both the patient and his or her close family members in the decision making process. The Confucian ethics of humanness (ren) – the highest moral virtue – and filial piety (xiao) – the foundation of all moral virtue – support family as the most appropriate authority for medical decisions. Further, the essay explores how the family as a unit is better positioned to work with the physician at critical moments to protect the interests of the patient. This means that the family, not the patient, is in authority, and that in some cases, it is acceptable for family members to hide “medical information” from the patient with the cooperation of the physician. The essay concludes that the family is, and should be treated as, a significant moral participant in medical decision making.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 99 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言: 從經典文本到現實議題
Authors: ZHANG Ellen Y.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese本期論文選自《醫學與哲學》雜誌社和香港浸會大學應用倫理學研究中心於今年暑期在承德合辦的“第八屆建構中國生命倫理學研討會”。大多數論文圍繞當今中國醫學倫理學出現的具體問題與實踐，從中國生命倫理學與西方生命倫理學的雙重面向探討有關醫師職業道德、傳統醫術與醫德、醫患關係、器官移植、終極關懷等諸方面的問題。同時對於這些倫理議題的討論也涉及到對傳統文化的認識與詮釋的問題。本期選入的論文從不同的議題回應建構中國生命倫理學的可能性與現實性。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 62 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
儒家倫理是器官捐獻的觀念障礙麼？——如何理解“身體髮膚，不敢毀傷”
Authors: FANG Yao
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.通過引證《孝經》的傳統的重新注釋，本文指出中國生命倫理學界對“身體髮膚，受之父母，不敢毀傷”的理解有不足之處，既未注意到“毀傷”可作“刑傷”解，也未注意到“毀傷”即使作“損傷”解，以上說話也不排除親屬之間器官捐獻的可能性。此外，身體之完整在儒家倫理體系中並非最高道德原則，因為身與義的關係是需要考察具體的情境來做道德評判。在從新註釋儒家文本的前提下，筆者試圖證明，今天在中國大陸要推進器官捐獻事業，並不需要否定《孝經》中這一要求保持身體完整性的原則，因為儒家倫理體系與贊同器官捐獻並非不可化解的矛盾，問題的關鍵不是否定“不敢毀傷”，而是肯定器官捐獻的選擇合乎仁義，符合“立身行道”。論證捐獻器官挽救他人生命是一種值得讚美的高貴選擇可以將捐獻者及其家屬從所謂“不孝”的輿論壓力之下解脫出來。There is an organ shortage worldwide and particularly in China. Many researchers in the field of bioethics agree that Confucianism impedes the modern notion of organ donation due to its position on “filial piety” (xiao) in terms of “not damaging one’s body.” The Confucian concept of xiao demands that children obey their parents, serve them diligently, bury them respectfully and worship them afterward. It also proclaims that a person’s body, hair and skin are gifts from their parents that cannot be damaged.This essay intends to show that such an interpretation of the Confucian concept of xiao is misleading because it is based on a misreading of an important statement from the Xiaojing (Classic of Filial Piety). According to some exegeses, the idea of “damage” in the original text should be understood as “damage via criminal punishment” instead of a general kind of “damage.” The author contends that it is equally problematic for people to consider keeping one’s body intact as a supreme principle in Confucian moral teachings. Although filial piety is a key principle in Confucianism, it is not the primary factor holding back organ donation. Although traditional Confucian principles emphasize the “wholeness of the body,” they do not prevent many Confucian scholars from taking different views, as Confucius claims that “the man of humaneness (ren) is one who, desiring to sustain himself, sustains others.” This essay concludes that a new interpretation of the Confucian text and its meaning would help to encourage more people to volunteer as organ donors.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 2088 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
哲學思維與科學問題——讀何懷宏先生〈預期壽命與生命之道〉一文
Authors: BIAN Lin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Professor He Huaihong finds a strong correlation between the life span of Chinese philosophers and their particular way of life, informed by traditional Chinese wisdom. Although I agree in part with Professor He’s conclusions, I argue that his method isextremely problematic. He asks a scientific question that is beyond the scope of philosophical reasoning. Rather than engaging in philosophical debate, I prefer to find answers through scientific investigation. In this paper, I outline the following three difficulties with Professor He’s paper. 1. His comparative method is influenced by scientific reasoning. 2. His selection of a control group is insufficiently detailed and rational. 3. He should expand on the differences between Chinese philosophy and Western philosophy and clarify the relevance of these differences to life span.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 50 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
當代生命倫理學危機的根源及解決方案——David Solomon文章評析
Authors: LEI Ruipeng
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.David Solomon proposes in his article that deep divisions in our culture, which are reflected in the variety and opposition of foundational normative theories, are key to understanding the contemporary crisis in bioethics. Solomon examines two recent attempts to respond to this crisis of authority in bioethics and suggest that both proposals make the situation worse. However, his criticism of principlism, which has been dominant in bioethics since the 1980s, seems implausible. As observed by Aristotle, the rationale of a principle-based approach lies in the tensions between generality, considered judgment and ethical deliberation. The principle-based approach to meta-ethics is characterized as a dialectic between moral principles and considered judgment, which is analogous to Rawls’s concept of reflective equilibrium. The four principles formulated by Beauchamp and Childress are prima-facie binding, but subject to specification and balancing. It is possible for us to overcome these deep foundational disagreements in normative ethics by emphasizing the foundational principle held by the ancient Greeks; that is, our natural desire to live a good life.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 41 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言: 從生命倫理學的視域看生老病死
Authors: ZHANG Ellen Y.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese生命倫理學的許多話題都與人的生老病死有關。譬如，我們如何面對與詮釋生死？何謂人在生死中的尊嚴和權利？現代科技是否改變我們對生命的認知？誰應該擔負老有所養、老有所依的義務？醫師應該如何對待生命的脆弱？患者如何面對即將來臨的死亡？親人的遺體是否可以捐贈？本刊登出的論文儘管涉及不同的生命－醫學倫理學議題，但都離不開一個根本的問題，即人的生老病死。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 205 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
張仲景醫學倫理學思想述評
Authors: YAN Jinhai , PENG Yanjie , YANG Yue
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.東漢時代的張仲景是中醫歷史最重要的醫家之一，被稱之為中國的希波克拉底。其名著《傷寒雜病論》成為中華醫學最重要的經典。在該書的序言中，張仲景系統闡述了其醫學倫理思想和行醫原則。認為醫師行醫的前提是實踐對自我與族群生命的熱愛；行醫的橋樑是用人類理性去發現健康與疾病的規律及控制的手段；行醫的準則是對醫術的認真與創新的態度。就其醫學倫理思想而言，張仲景醫學倫理的基本框架與中國傳統的儒家思想相吻合，反映了醫儒同道的精神。其思想對宋代以後“醫學儒化”的風尚具有一定的影響。作者認為，張仲景醫學倫理學亦對構建當代中國生命倫理學的構建具有啟發意義。Zhang Zongjing (150-219), known as the Chinese Hippocrates, was one of the most eminent physicians in China during the Han Dynasty. In the Shanghailun, a famous treatise on cold pathogenic diseases, Zhang not only described past medicinal discoveries but provided regulations for contemporary medical practice. The Shanghailun is thus an important text for scholars of the history of traditional Chinese medicine. The treatise was privately transmitted with no public acknowledgment until the Jin Dynasty (265-420), when it was re-edited and rearranged. The treatise received more attention and became increasingly popular during the Song Dynasty, when a Confucian basis for medical practice was endorsed by the government. Zhang has since been regarded as a sage of Chinese medicine. The Shanghailun also became part of the compulsory curriculum at China’s Imperial Medical Academy. Zhang has a special status in the history of Chinese medicine due to his efforts to create an orthodox system of medical practice in line with the Confucian (Ru) tradition.In this paper, Zhang Zongjing’s major ideas on medical ethics and practice are explored. The author illustrates the critical role played by Zhang’s approach to medicine in the later Confucianization of medicine during the Song Dynasty, which in turn created the ideal of the traditional Confucian physician. The author also compares the ethical views of Zhang Zongjing with those of Sun Simiao (541-682), another key figure in the history of traditional Chinese medicine, who combined Confucian ethics with the moral teachings of Daoism and Buddhism.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 237 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言: 歷史敘事、傳統理論以及社會現狀對我們的啟示
Authors: ZHANG Ellen Y.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese今年暑期，香港浸會大學應用倫理學研究中心舉辦了中國生命倫理學研討會十週年的紀念活動，來自內地、香港、台灣的倫理學、醫學、法學學者近四十人，發表論文二十餘篇。涉及的主題除了生命倫理學理論問題之外，很多議題是在當今中國社會生命倫理學和醫學倫理學所面臨的具體的現實問題和挑戰。就當代中國生命/醫學倫理學的構建來講，除了理論上的考量和概念上的釐清，我們的思想資源很大程度上取決於具體的醫學傳統和醫療實踐。我們所做的事情，既不是單單用西方的理論套用中國的現實狀況，也不是在傳統文化中尋求解決現實問題的現成答案，而是一種開放式的、理性的、全方位的整合。本刊論文包括歷史敘事的倫理思考、傳統理論的分析、以及有關當代現狀的社會考察。無論採取什麼樣的研究路徑，其目的都是尋求解決當下中國生命/醫學倫理學所面臨的種種挑戰，而對具體的倫理實踐的理論反思又會引發我們對傳統的倫理模式的思考和審視。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 79 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
Daoism and Liberal Eugenics: Response to Chai
Authors: CAMPBELL Michael
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in EnglishIn this paper, I respond to David Chai’s attempt to buttress Jürgen Habermas’s critique of genetic enhancement with Daoist metaphysics. I argue that this attempt is unsuccessful because Habermas’s position begins with the conviction that ethical prescriptions cannot be derived from metaphysical truths. I then consider whether Daoist metaphysics on its own might provide grounds for rejecting enhancement. I suggest not. To support this, I present a dilemma for Daoist critiques of enhancement: either Daoism rules out both therapy and enhancement, in which case it is too demanding, or it rules out neither therapy nor enhancement, in which case it is too permissive.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 70 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
北京市居家養老服務政策: 挑戰、倫理與建議
Authors: XIE Wenye
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.居家養老服務政策的推行與實施是近年中國政府對抗社會老齡化過程中的重要對策。北京市政府自2000 年後出台了大量居家養老相關政策，設法落實“以居家（養老）為基礎”的目標，然而目前的政策發展仍有不足。本文就北京市目前老齡化社會帶來的挑戰，提供了儒家倫理視角的分析。同時針對目前居家養老政策提出兩點建議，進而從政府政策制定角度為實現孝道價值觀提供幫助。One of the current challenges in healthcare services is elder care, as China has been an aging society since 2000. Should the government implement policies to promote home-care services when many Chinese are unable to afford long-term institutional care, even if such institutional care is available? This essay conducts a survey of the situation in Beijing and examines the local government’s elderly service policies. The paper also offers a Confucian ethical approach to the issue and makes policy recommendations for home-care services. The author contends that although modern families tend to be smaller and urban lifestyles are different from those of the past, we still need Confucian ethics, which place great emphasis on the virtue of filial piety (xiao) for children, who are expected to respect and take care of their elders. According to the Confucian tradition, it is better for elderly people to live at home with assistance from their adult children, and to lead their elderly lives among their children and grandchildren. Therefore, an institution of elderly people is not considered a normal—much less an ideal—living environment. The essay’s author acknowledges the changes in modern society and family lifestyle in contemporary China, but recommends that policymakers consider Confucian ethics in their formulation of government policies concerning long-term elder care in a big city like Beijing. The essay shows that current government policy is heading in the right direction but needs to be improved.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 361 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
中國第一起嗎啡勝訴案的背後——臨終關懷病人使用嗎啡的儒家倫理問題
Authors: SUN Sihan
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.緩解癌痛是終末期癌症患者安寧療護的重要目標之一。世界衛生組織提出，嗎啡等鴉片類藥物被列為癌症止痛和安寧療護的首選或必備藥物。而談起嗎啡時，人們常常聯想到毒品。尤其在中國這樣一個深受兩次鴉片戰爭影響的國家，人們畏懼嗎啡，並更加謹慎地使用嗎啡。在臨床上，嗎啡的確能夠有效地緩解患者臨終前因癌症引起的疼痛，但不合理地使用也會引起患者的呼吸抑制，導致其死亡。那麼，臨床上到底應該如何正確地使用嗎啡？嗎啡的使用有哪些制度上的支援？嗎啡被當作主動安樂死的一種手段又是否能夠得到儒家倫理學上的辯護？筆者認為，無論在臨床中，還是在制定嗎啡的相關法律法規中，都應將嗎啡的兩種作用：合理劑量的鎮痛作用和加大劑量的主動安樂死作用嚴格的區分開來。用嗎啡安樂死的行為違背了儒家的孝道、弘毅美德以及儒家生命觀和仁愛的思想。本文將通過探究嗎啡的歷史、臨床使用、政策和儒家倫理四個方面，對嗎啡的使用進行具體的研究和分析。Pain control is one of the most important goals of end-of-life care for cancer patients in the terminal phase. The World Health Organization recommends that morphine be considered optimal and even indispensable as a means of relieving pain and providing palliative care. However, people often associate this opioid with illicit drugs, particularly in the context of Chinese culture, due to its close association with the two Anglo–Chinese Opium Wars of the mid-19th century. In clinical settings, morphine is usually the preferred treatment for moderate or severe cancer-related pain. However, excessive morphine use may result in respiratory depression and death. Exploring morphine’s history and clinical usage, relevant policies, and Confucian ethics, this essay shows that a clear distinction must be made between relieving pain and performing active euthanasia in cases of morphine use in current Chinese palliative care and bioethics. The essay offers an approach based on Confucian ethics to analyze how euthanasia via morphine use violates the principles of filial piety (xiao) and humaneness (ren), two virtues emphasized in Confucian tradition.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 432 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
轉變與堅持: 回應婚姻與家庭觀念的改變
Authors: HSIEH Chih Wei
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.As the cornerstone of today’s pro-same-sex-marriage rhetoric, Western Liberalism is often placed in opposition to Christianity and Confucianism. Under a fashionable preference for liberal values, Christianity and Confucianism’s adaptation to the modern value of gender equality has been under-valued. Gender neutrality remains controversial in Christianity and Confucianism because distinct gender roles serve to maintain morality. Further, the shortcomings of liberally oriented family values and the danger of favoringindividuality over social norms are often undiscussed. This article aims to remind readers that rights ought to be balanced with morality, and that traditional values can still serve our present age, even in the face of change.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 351 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
儒家會如何看待同性婚姻的合法化？
Authors: ZHANG Xianglong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.首先闡明儒家與基督教及古希臘文化各自對於同性戀的態度。儒家與基督教的嚴厲排斥和古希臘人的某種鼓勵皆不同，對同性戀持一種有保留的寬容態度，對於同性戀個人的評價更是以其道德行為為依據。為了理解儒耶在這個問題上分歧的深層原因，審視了西方的二元分叉和古代中國陰陽互補對生的不同思想方式。儒家因此將同性戀人群的產生歸為陰陽發生過程的可能產物，有其自然的原因，並不是一種罪惡。但是，也正是由於儒家信持這樣一個陰陽生發的結構，她不可能贊許同性婚姻的合法化，因為同性戀者的結合畢竟不是陰陽化生的原真形態，將它與異性婚姻在法律地位上等同看待會導致一些對於人類社群長久延續不利的後果。它們包括：這種合法化會從道理上打開通向群婚制的缺口；它還可能會傷害一些無辜者；它具有的某種示範效應可能會引導那些在性別取向上的徘徊者走上他們本來不一定要選擇的性道路。本文的第三部分第一節還依據中英原文，考訂了美國最高法院的甘迺迪法官所引用的孔子話語，說明它在表達形式上的不嚴格和內容上的大致可行。又闡述了此法官的基本思想與這段引文及其上下文所代表的儒家思路的衝突。First, the various attitudes towards homosexuality among Confucianism, Christianity and ancient Greek culture are considered. Distinguished from the Christian harsh repulsion and the Greek slight encouragement, Confucianism has been guardedly tolerant of homosexuality and judged homosexuals according to their personal moral behavior. To reveal the deep reasons for the distinction between Confucianism and Christianity on this issue, the paper examines the differences in thinking between the Western dichotomy and the Confucian genesis by the co-opposites of yin-yang. Confucianism explains homosexuality as one of the possible results of the yin-yang process. It is thereby a natural phenomenon, not an evil thing. However, it is due to this understanding that Confucianism cannot advocate the legalization of homosexual marriage, because a union between homosexuals does not belong to a true yin-yang means of combination and production. To treat it legitimately as being the same as a marriage between heterosexuals could lead to consequences that would be unfavorable to the longevity of human communities, which include, for instance, opening up the possibility of group marriage; hurting innocent people; and leading those who do not have a definite sexual tendency to make a homosexual decision. The third part of the paper refers to the Confucian saying cited by Anthony Kennedy, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the USA, in his statement on the ruling on same-sex marriage, and shows that his citation was inaccurate, but its content was not far from the original meaning of Confucius’ saying. Further, the conflict between Kennedy’s basic thinking and the Confucian thought demonstrated in the citation and its context is exposed.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 329 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
拒絕同性婚姻的制度化——回應張祥龍教授
Authors: KWAN Kai Man
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Professor Zhang evaluates the institutionalization of same-sex marriage from the Confucian perspective, and he does not support it. I agree with him, and this commentary provides more evidence to support his arguments. Finally, I raise two minor questions for him.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 239 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
儒家如何看待ＡＩ診斷技術的發展和應用
Authors: ZHANG Shunqing
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Cheng’s article argues that AI diagnosis and its logic, which are based on Western medical thought and Western philosophy, obstruct the generation of meaning and construction of personhood for both doctors and patients. The article maintains that we should thus engage in introspection on AI in based on other traditions of thought, such as Confucianism. However the article does not provide a deeper interpretation of why Confucianism is particularly helpful in constructing personhood and realizing value in life in the context of medical practice. This article is a response to Cheng’s argument and suggests directions for refinement.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 37 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
對“ＡＩ醫生”的兩點反思
Authors: ZHANG Xinqing
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.It is illogical to argue that AI doctors will inevitably replace human doctors in the near future, particularly in the field of clinical diagnosis. Medical AI will never possess the legal and moral agency of human doctors; nor is it capable of providing the psychologicalcounseling and humanistic care offered by human doctors and nurses. However, although AI will not replace caregivers, those who use AI will probably replace those who do not.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 32 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.