bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti‐slavery in Australia: Picturing the 1838 Myall Creek Massacre
Authors: Lydon Jane
Published: May 2017

During the 1830s, white settlers in the Australian colonies sought to consolidate their possession of Aboriginal land, prompting tension between colonists and Aboriginal people, and between settlers and British humanitarian interests. In this essay, I examine competing representations of frontier clashes, and particularly the 1838 Myall Creek massacre, and their links to larger imperial debates. At the height of their influence, British humanitarians drew upon the discursive strategies of the antislavery movement in seeking to mobilize concern for Indigenous Australians. In a context where Aboriginal people were stereotyped as primitive and non‐human, counter‐images and strategies drawn from antislavery discourse might constitute them as objects of white compassion. Focusing blame upon the convict perpetrators allowed elite humanitarians to displace responsibility from the system of colonization itself.
Black Internationalism's Shifting Alliances: African American Newspapers, the White Australia Policy, and Indigenous Australians, 1919–1948
Authors: Corbould Clare
Published: May 2017

African American newspapers frequently ran reports and stories about Indigenous Australians and Australia's racial governance between 1919 and 1948, except for the years during World War II when thousands of African American servicemen were stationed in Australia. The black American press was extremely critical of “White Australia.” African American newspaper writers used the phrase “White Australia” to refer both to the famed or notorious Australian immigration laws and to prevailing race relations in labor management. When they reported on Indigenous Australians, they took careful note of conditions that were akin to American slavery and its aftermath and remarked upon the similar regimes of racial governance. As far as the black American press was concerned, Indigenous Australians were one of the many nodes that comprised a worldwide alliance of colonized people; black internationalism included them, too. From 1942 to 1944, however, the press placed that alliance on hold. Newspapers instead focused on the surprisingly benign treatment they said black American troops received from white Australians. As it became clear that the Allies were likely to triumph, black American newspapers returned to criticism of “White Australia” and to an abstract bond with Aboriginal Australians, as they pressed forward with claims to universal human rights and with agitation to end all colonization as part of the worldwide return to peace.
Anti‐slavery, refugee relief, and the missionary origins of humanitarian photography ca. 1900–1960
Authors: Grant Kevin
Published: May 2017

This essay examines the era in which international humanitarianism shifted from the imperial principles of Christianity and commerce to the liberal internationalist principles of human rights and development. It argues that the privileged humanitarian subjects of the first era, slaves, were superseded in the second era by refugees due to a new conception of rights to culture and the threat of refugees to collective security. It examines this transitional era through humanitarian responses to crises involving peoples of the Congo Free State, Australia, Armenia, and Western Europe. It focuses particularly on humanitarian photography, demonstrating that the visual tropes that missionaries established in the first humanitarian era continued to structure the photographs of the so‐called new humanitarianism. The essay finally questions whether missionary tropes were effectively redefined in liberal internationalist terms by the mid‐twentieth century, and it invites scholars to revisit the role of religion in the new humanitarian era.
Bittersweet chocolates containing prebiotic and sweetened with stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) with different Rebaudioside A contents: multiple time–intensity analysis and physicochemical characteristics
Authors: Azevedo Bruna Marcacini , Morais‐Ferreira Janaína Madruga , Luccas Valdecir , Bolini Helena Maria André
Published: May 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate the time–intensity profile of the sensory attributes possibly affected in sugar‐free and low‐fat chocolates containing inulin and stevia with different rebaudioside A contents, such as sweetness, bitterness and melting rate. The bittersweet chocolates were analysed by the multiple time–intensity analysis. The time–intensity profile for the sweetness stimulus was similar for all chocolate samples. The differences between the contents of rebaudioside A were not perceived by the assessors. In relation to the bitterness stimulus, the low‐fat samples had a more accentuated perception of this attribute by the assessors, with significant differences for Imax and Area when compared to the sugar‐free samples. The stimulus melting in the mouth was more affected in the low‐fat samples. The sensory results obtained in this study are useful for food industry and researchers working with sweeteners and prebiotics in food, especially in chocolates.
In vitro DNA damage protection and anti‐inflammatory effects of Tartary buckwheats (Fagopyrum tataricum L. Gaertn) fermented by filamentous fungi
Authors: Huang Shiqi , Ma Yanli , Sun Dan , Fan Jian , Cai Shengbao
Published: May 2017

The present work was designed to investigate the phenolic profiles, DNA damage protection and anti‐inflammatory effects of Tartary buckwheat fermented by Rhizopus oryzae 40469, Rhizopus oryzae 40503 and Rhizopus oligosporus 3152. Six phenolic compounds were characterised and quantified. Regardless of fermentation, rutin was the dominant phenolic substance in Tartary buckwheat. Fermentation significantly enhanced total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as DNA scission protection. Rhizopus oryzae 40469‐fermented sample had the highest content of phenolics, while R. oligosporus 3152‐fermented sample had the strongest inhibitory effect on DNA scission. Tartary buckwheat, regardless of fermentation, inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels in LPS‐induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, the sample fermented with R. oryzae 40503 had the strongest inhibitory activity. Those results indicated that fermented Tartary buckwheat has potential applications as a novel nutraceutical or functional food for preventing DNA damage‐induced disease and inflammation.
Effects of the spray drying conditions of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) juice concentrate on the physicochemical properties of powders
Authors: Gawałek Jolanta , Domian Ewa , Ryniecki Antoni , Bakier Sławomir
Published: May 2017

A semi‐industrial spray drying process of chokeberry juice concentrate using maltodextrin was analysed. The influence of the content and dextrose equivalent (DE) of maltodextrin, inlet air temperature and rotary disc atomiser speed was studied on the physicochemical properties of the obtained powders. The size and structure of the powder particles, bulk density, moisture content, flowability, yield and total polyphenol content were analysed. An increase in carrier content from 50% to 70% caused a 4.9% increase in total polyphenol retention, better flowability (Hausner ratio decrease of 0.17) and greater yield of the powder (60%). An increase in the drying temperature (150–170 °C) caused larger particle size and improved powder flowability but also resulted in greater loss of total polyphenols. A decrease in rotary atomiser speed (11 000–15 000 rpm) had a moderate influence on particle size and improvement in flowability but had no effect on polyphenol retention. Changes in the DE (8–22) of maltodextrin as a carrier indicated a moderate growing dependence on particle size and worse flowability.
Green tea polyphenols reduce obesity in high‐fat diet‐induced mice by modulating intestinal microbiota composition
Authors: Guo Xiaojing , Cheng Mei , Zhang Xin , Cao Jinxuan , Wu Zufang , Weng Peifang
Published: May 2017

In this study, the modulatory effect of green tea polyphenols (GTP) on human intestinal microbiota was investigated. Firstly, germ‐free mice were inoculated with faecal suspension derived from healthy volunteers to obtain human flora‐associated (HFA) mice model. When the high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice model was successfully established, they were randomly divided into high‐fat diet group (HFD) and high‐fat diet group with GTP (HFD‐GTP), and the shifts in relative abundance of the dominant taxa at the phylum, family and genus levels were studied by high‐throughput sequencing. The diversity of the total bacterial community reached the maximum after GTP treatment for 3 weeks, and then decreased when the mice were fed without GTP. Despite interindividual variation, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased from 0.56 ± 0.06 (1st week) to 0.60 ± 0.05 (3th week), while Firmicutes decreased from 0.42 ± 0.06 to 0.37 ± 0.02. Interestingly, certain bacterial communities such as Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria still increased and Firmicutes showed a decreasing trend when the mice were fed without GTP (4th week). The results showed that GTP benefits the stability of certain gut microbiota, especially in an environment‐triggered microbial imbalance; therefore, it may have prebiotic‐like activity contributing to the prevention of obesity.
In vitro digestibility of phenolic compounds from edible fruits: could it be explained by chemometrics?
Authors: Olivas‐Aguirre Francisco J. , Gaytán‐Martínez Marcela , Mendoza‐Díaz Sandra O. , González‐Aguilar Gustavo A. , Rodrigo‐García Joaquín , Martínez‐Ruiz Nina del Rocío , Wall‐Medrano Abraham
Published: May 2017

The health benefits of phenolic compounds depend on the ingested amount, molecular diversity and gastrointestinal digestibility. The phenolic profile of eight fruits (blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, mulberry, pomegranate, green and red globe grapes) was chemometrically associated with their in vitro digestibility (oral, gastric, intestinal). Extractable phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins strongly correlated with each other (r ≥ 0.84), proanthocyanidins with anthocyanins (r = 0.62) and hydrolysable phenols with both extractable phenols (r = 0.45) and proanthocyanidins (r = −0.54). Two principal components explained 93% of the variance [61% (free‐phenols), 32% (bounded‐phenols)], and four clusters were confirmed by hierarchical analysis, based in their phenolic richness (CLT 1‐4: low to high) and molecular diversity. In vitro digestibility of extractable phenols and flavonoids was blackberry (CLT‐4)> raspberry (CLT‐2)> red grape (CLT‐1) related to their phenolic richness (r ≥ 0.96; P < 0.001), but anthocyanins’ digestibility was pH‐dependent. Chemometrics is useful to predict the in vitro digestibility of phenolic compounds in the assayed fruits.
Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention on appropriateness of prescribing for community‐acquired pneumonia in an Australian regional hospital
Authors: Bond Stuart E. , Boutlis Craig S. , Yeo Wilfred W. , Miyakis Spiros
Published: May 2017

Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the second commonest indication for antibiotic use in Australian hospitals and is therefore a frequent target for antimicrobial stewardship. A single‐centre prospective study was conducted in a regional referral hospital comparing management of adult patients with CAP before and after an educational intervention. We demonstrated a reduction in duration of therapy and reduced inappropriate use of ceftriaxone‐based regimens for non‐severe CAP.
Life‐threatening drug interactions: what the physician needs to know
Authors: Day Richard O. , Snowden Leone , McLachlan Andrew J.
Published: May 2017

Adverse drug–drug interactions are a significant cause of adverse events and outcomes. Their incidence is rising, with more patients taking more drugs, and newer, more precise but often more hazardous drugs becoming available. Despite considerable information, including computerised alerts about potential adverse drug–drug interactions, prescribers increasingly override alerts, possibly symptomatic of the immense problem of evaluating the risk of an interaction in a particular patient. Many reports emanate from small studies often of normal and young volunteers, entirely different from the real world where, more often, older patients with multiple health conditions are receiving many more than the two drugs identified in the drug interaction report. Focusing on those drug–drug interactions that are clinically relevant is necessary, and increasingly, tools and reliable sources of this information are easily accessible.
A route generation algorithm for an optimal fuel routing problem between two single ports
Authors: Tanaka Mirai , Kobayashi Kazuhiro
Published: May 2017

In this paper, a problem to find the shipping route and speed that minimize the total fuel consumption between two ports is formulated as a mixed‐integer nonlinear optimization problem (MINLP). In special cases, the MINLP becomes a mixed‐integer second‐order cone optimization problem. To solve this problem, the authors propose a route generation algorithm that implicitly enumerates the feasible shipping routes. Enumerating all feasible shipping routes is avoided by computing lower bounds of the optimal value. The effectiveness of our algorithm is verified in numerical experiments.
Social networks of adults with an intellectual disability from South Asian and White communities in the United Kingdom: A comparison
Authors: Bhardwaj Anjali K. , Forrester‐Jones Rachel V. E. , Murphy Glynis H.
Published: May 2017

Background

Little research exists comparing the social networks of people with intellectual disability (ID) from South Asian and White backgrounds. This UK study reports on the barriers that South Asian people with intellectual disability face in relation to social inclusion compared to their White counterparts.

Materials and methods

A mixed‐methods research design was adopted to explore the social lives of 27 men (15 White; 12 South Asian) and 20 women (10 White; 10 South Asian with intellectual disability). Descriptive and parametric tests were used to analyse the quantitative data.

Results

The average network size of the whole group was 32 members. South Asian participants had more family members whilst White participants had more service users and staff in their networks; 96% network members from White intellectual disability group were also of White background, whilst the South Asian group had mixed ethnic network members.

Conclusions

Social networks of individuals with intellectual disability in this study were found to be larger overall in comparison with previous studies, whilst network structure differed between the White and South Asian population. These differences have implications relating to future service planning and appropriateness of available facilities.
The effect of brief digital interventions on attitudes to intellectual disability: Results from a pilot study
Authors: Lindau Natalie , Amin Tara , Zambon Amy , Scior Katrina
Published: May 2017

Background

Evidence on the effects of contact and education based interventions on attitudes is limited in the intellectual disability field. This study compared the effects of brief interventions with different education, indirect and imagined contact components on lay people's attitudes.

Materials and Methods

401 adult participants were randomised to six digital brief interventions consisting of different combinations of education, indirect and imagined contact. Their attitudes, intergroup anxiety and social distance were assessed post‐intervention and at four to six‐week follow‐up.

Results

An intervention combining film‐based education about intellectual disability and indirect contact had small positive effects on all three outcomes. Social distance was further reduced with the addition of a positively toned imagined contact task. These effects were maintained at follow‐up.

Conclusions

A brief film‐based digital intervention can have small positive effects on attitudes to people with intellectual disabilities. These may be enhanced by adding positive imagined contact.
An exploratory study of the relations between women miners' gender‐based workplace issues and their mental health and job satisfaction
Authors: Rubin Mark , Subasic Emina , Giacomini Anna , Paolini Stefania
Published: May 2017

The current study investigated the extent to which gender‐based workplace issues were associated with women miners' mental health and job satisfaction. Participants were 263 women miners from Australian and other international mines sites owned by an Australian‐based mining company. They completed an online survey that contained measures of gender‐based workplace issues, mental health, and job satisfaction. An exploratory factor analysis identified three higher‐order factors: organizational sexism, interpersonal sexism, and sense of belonging. Both organizational and interpersonal sexism were positive independent predictors of mental health and job satisfaction. In addition, sense of belonging mediated the associations between organizational sexism and (a) mental health and (b) job satisfaction. Potential strategies for reducing organizational and interpersonal sexism and increasing women's sense of belonging are considered.
Positive range–abundance relationships in Indo‐Pacific bird communities
Authors: Theuerkauf Jörn , Chartendrault Vivien , Desmoulins Frédéric , Barré Nicolas , Gula Roman
Published: May 2017

Reeve et al. (2016, Ecography, 39, 990–997) recently reported negative range–abundance relationships in Indo‐Pacific bird communities and speculated that geographical isolation facilitates the evolution of broad‐niched, small‐ranged and abundant species. We tested this relationship using a large independent data set on range and abundance of birds across New Caledonia (over 4,000 bird census points for 17,300 km²). In contradiction to Reeve et al. (2016, Ecography, 39, 990–997), we found clear evidence that range–abundance relationships are positive and endemic species have narrower habitat niches than wide‐range species. Our findings are likely valid also for other islands in the Indo‐Pacific.
On the need to consider multiphasic sensitivity of marine organisms to climate change: a case study of the Antarctic acorn barnacle
Authors: Gallego Ramón , Dennis Todd E. , Basher Zeenatul , Lavery Shane , Sewell Mary A.
Published: May 2017

Aim

Species distribution models (SDMs) are routinely employed to evaluate shifts in the geographic distributions of organisms in response to changing climatic conditions. Many marine invertebrates exhibit a biphasic life cycle: benthic adults and planktonic larvae, which inhabit different environments and may react dissimilarly to anticipated changes in climatological patterns. To date, SDMs applied to benthic species have only considered adult life‐history stages. Here, we present the first study in which SDMs have been simultaneously developed for both the larval and adult stages of the same organism.

Location

The Southern Ocean.

Methods

Occurrence data for the study species, the Antarctic barnacle Bathylasma corolliforme, were sourced from: (1) benthic geo‐referenced records from museum collections and online databases; and (2) observations of planktonic larvae identified with genetic and morphological methods. These records were used to construct two independent SDMs (adult‐larvae) with Maxent 3.3.3k; their outputs were then projected to environmental conditions forecast for the year 2050 (IPCC scenario A1B).

Results

The two different SDMs had high predictive capability and identified preferred environmental conditions of each life‐history stage. For the projected 2050 climate change scenario, SDMs predicted that the extent of environmentally suitable areas of both life‐history stages was reduced, with planktonic larvae experiencing greater reductions and latitudinal displacement of their suitable areas.

Main conclusions

For multiphasic species, considering only a single life‐history stage while studying distribution shifts may lead to erroneous conclusions for the species as a whole, regardless of the predictive capability of models employed. Ignoring the changes in suitable areas for larval stages can lead to underestimation of habitat reduction, distribution shifts, effects on population connectivity and potential for colonization of newly available habitats.
Cost‐effectiveness of non‐surgical periodontal therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK
Authors: Solowiej‐Wedderburn Josephine , Ide Mark , Pennington Mark
Published: May 2017

Aim

Periodontal therapy has been shown to reduce glycated haemoglobin in patients with diabetes, although considerable uncertainty remains regarding the sustainability of such changes. We evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of non‐surgical periodontal therapy and rigorous maintenance treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis from a provider perspective in the UK.

Method

Lifetime costs relating to periodontal treatment were modelled for a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes. The projected lifetime impact of changes in glycated haemoglobin on diabetes treatment costs and quality adjusted life expectancy were estimated from a published simulation model. Costs and outcomes were combined to estimate the Incremental Cost‐Effectiveness Ratio for periodontal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Results

The Incremental Cost‐Effectiveness Ratio was £28,000 per Quality Adjusted Life‐Year for a man aged 58 with glycated haemoglobin of 7%–7.9%. The results were particularly sensitive to assumptions on the impact of periodontal therapy on glycated haemoglobin, the proportion of patients who comply with maintenance therapy and the proportion of compliant patients who respond to treatment.

Conclusion

Assuming improvements in glycated haemoglobin can be maintained, periodontal therapy may be cost‐effective for patients with type 2 diabetes at acceptable cost‐per‐Quality Adjusted Life‐Year thresholds in the UK.
Family‐based promotion of mental health in children affected byHIV: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Betancourt Theresa S. , Ng Lauren C. , Kirk Catherine M. , Brennan Robert T. , Beardslee William R. , Stulac Sara , Mushashi Christine , Nduwimana Estella , Mukunzi Sylvere , Nyirandagijimana Beatha , Kalisa Godfrey , Rwabukwisi Cyamatare F. , Sezibera Vincent
Published: May 2017

Background

Children affected byHIVare at risk for poor mental health. We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the Family Strengthening Intervention (FSI‐HIV), a family home‐visiting intervention to promote mental health and improve parent–child relationships in families with caregivers living withHIV, hypothesizing that child and family outcomes would be superior to usual care social work services.

Methods

Eighty two families (N = 170 children, 48.24% female;N = 123 caregivers, 68.29% female) with at least oneHIV‐positive caregiver (n = 103, 83.74%) and school‐aged child (ages 7–17) (HIV+n = 21, 12.35%) were randomized to receiveFSI‐HIVor treatment‐as‐usual (TAU). Local research assistants blind to treatment conducted assessments of child mental health, parenting practices, and family functioning at baseline, post‐intervention, and 3‐month follow‐up. Multilevel modeling assessed effects ofFSI‐HIVon outcomes across three time points. Trial Registration:NCT01509573, ‘Pilot Feasibility Trial of the Family Strengthening Intervention in Rwanda (FSI‐HIV‐R).'https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/;NCT01509573?term=Pilot+Feasibility+Trial+of+the+Family+Strengthening+Intervention+in+Rwanda+%28FSI‐HIV‐R%29&rank=1.

Results

At 3‐month follow‐up, children inFSI‐HIVshowed fewer symptoms of depression compared toTAUby both self‐report (β = −.246;p = .009) and parent report (β = −.174;p = .035) but there were no significant differences by group on conduct problems, functional impairment, family connectedness, or parenting.

Conclusions

Family‐based prevention has promise for reducing depression symptoms in children affected byHIV. Future trials should examine the effects ofFSI‐HIVover time in trials powered to examine treatment mediators.
Brainstem as a developmental gateway to social attention
Authors: Geva Ronny , Dital Ayelet , Ramon Dan , Yarmolovsky Jessica , Gidron Maor , Kuint Jacob
Published: May 2017

Background

Evolution preserves social attention due to its key role in supporting survival. Humans are attracted to social cues from infancy, but the neurobiological mechanisms for the development of social attention are unknown. An evolutionary‐based, vertical‐hierarchical theoretical model of self‐regulation suggests that neonatal brainstem inputs are key for the development of well‐regulated social attention.

Methods

Neonates born preterm (N = 44, GA 34 w.) were recruited and diagnosed at birth as a function of their auditory brainstem evoked responses (ABR). Participants enrolled in a prospective 8‐year‐long, double‐blind, follow‐up study comparing participants with brainstem dysfunctions and well‐matched controls. Groups had comparable fetal, neonatal, and familial characteristics. Methods incorporated EEG power analysis and gaze tracking during the Attention Network Test (ANT, four cue types, and two targets) and a Triadic Gaze Engagement task (TGE, three social cue levels).

Results

Results showed that neonatal brainstem compromise is related to long‐term changes in Alpha‐ and Theta‐band power asymmetries (p < .034, p < .016, respectively), suggesting suppressed bottom‐up input needed to alert social attention. Gaze tracking indicated dysregulated arousal‐modulated attention (p < .004) and difficulty in gaze engagement to socially neutral compared to nonsocial cues (p < .012).

Conclusions

Integrating models of Autism and cross‐species data with current long‐term follow‐up of infants with discrete neonatal brainstem dysfunction suggests neonatal brainstem input as a gateway for bottom‐up regulation of social attention.
Subtle but ubiquitous selection on body size in a natural population of collared flycatchers over 33 years
Authors: Björklund M. , Gustafsson L.
Published: May 2017

Understanding the magnitude and long‐term patterns of selection in natural populations is of importance, for example, when analysing the evolutionary impact of climate change. We estimated univariate and multivariate directional, quadratic and correlational selection on four morphological traits (adult wing, tarsus and tail length, body mass) over a time period of 33 years (≈ 19 000 observations) in a nest‐box breeding population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). In general, selection was weak in both males and females over the years regardless of fitness measure (fledged young, recruits and survival) with only few cases with statistically significant selection. When data were analysed in a multivariate context and as time series, a number of patterns emerged; there was a consistent, but weak, selection for longer wings in both sexes, selection was stronger on females when the number of fledged young was used as a fitness measure, there were no indications of sexually antagonistic selection, and we found a negative correlation between selection on tarsus and wing length in both sexes but using different fitness measures. Uni‐ and multivariate selection gradients were correlated only for wing length and mass. Multivariate selection gradient vectors were longer than corresponding vector of univariate gradients and had more constrained direction. Correlational selection had little importance. Overall, the fitness surface was more or less flat with few cases of significant curvature, indicating that the adaptive peak with regard to body size in this species is broader than the phenotypic distribution, which has resulted in weak estimates of selection.
Eco‐Efficiency Analysis of a Lithium‐Ion Battery Waste Hierarchy Inspired by Circular Economy
Authors: Richa Kirti , Babbitt Callie W. , Gaustad Gabrielle
Published: May 2017

A circular economy (CE)‐inspired waste management hierarchy was proposed for end‐of‐life (EOL) lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles (EVs). Life cycle eco‐efficiency metrics were then applied to evaluate potential environmental and economic trade‐offs that may result from managing 1,000 end‐of‐life EV battery packs in the United States according to this CE hierarchy. Results indicate that if technology and markets support reuse of LIBs in used EVs, the net benefit would be 200,000 megajoules of recouped cumulative energy demand, which is equivalent to avoiding the production of 11 new EV battery packs (18 kilowatt‐hours each). However, these benefits are magnified almost tenfold when retired EV LIBs are cascaded in a second use for stationary energy storage, thereby replacing the need to produce and use less‐efficient lead‐acid batteries. Reuse and cascaded use can also provide EV owners and the utility sector with cost savings, although the magnitude of future economic benefits is uncertain, given that future prices of battery systems are still unknown. In spite of these benefits, waste policies do not currently emphasize CE strategies like reuse and cascaded use for batteries. Though loop‐closing LIB recycling provides valuable metal recovery, it can prove nonprofitable if high recycling costs persist. Although much attention has been placed on landfill disposal bans for batteries, results actually indicate that direct and cascaded reuse, followed by recycling, can together reduce eco‐toxicity burdens to a much greater degree than landfill bans alone. Findings underscore the importance of life cycle and eco‐efficiency analysis to understand at what point in a CE hierarchy the greatest environmental benefits are accrued and identify policies and mechanisms to increase feasibility of the proposed system.
Design for Disassembly Criteria in EU Product Policies for a More Circular Economy: A Method for Analyzing Battery Packs in PC‐Tablets and Subnotebooks
Authors: Talens Peiró Laura , Ardente Fulvio , Mathieux Fabrice
Published: May 2017

Technological advances are increasing the complexity of products, especially those in the area of information and communication technologies. Complexity has increased in several aspects: An increased number of materials are used in products, small amounts of materials with key functions are included (i.e., rare earths in light‐emitting diodes), and there are more combinations of diverse types of components and connections. The difficulty of separating parts of the products limits the development of circular economy strategies where repair, upgrade, and remanufacture prevent wasting valuable resources contained in those products. This article presents a method for analyzing the removal of battery packs in newer portable computer models, namely PC‐tablets and subnotebooks, as an example on how the design of batteries can affect the life span and potential reuse of such computers. The study analyzes the difficulty of removing battery packs using the results from previous analyses of the design for disassembly of newer computer models together with audio‐visual material available on the Internet. The disassembly tasks for removal of batteries are summarized by disassembly codes that could be used to help identify the design features that facilitate easier disassembly. The article goes on to discuss also how the results could be included in European Union (EU) product policies aimed to help meet some of the objectives of the European Commission's (EC) Circular Economy Package.
Product Design in a Circular Economy: Development of a Typology of Key Concepts and Terms
Authors: den Hollander Marcel C. , Bakker Conny A. , Hultink Erik Jan
Published: May 2017

In a circular economy (CE), the economic and environmental value of materials is preserved for as long as possible by keeping them in the economic system, either by lengthening the life of the products formed from them or by looping them back in the system to be reused. The notion of waste no longer exists in a CE, because products and materials are, in principle, reused and cycled indefinitely. Taking this description as a starting point, the article asks which guiding principles, design strategies, and methods are required for circular product design and to what extent these differ from the principles, strategies, and methods of eco‐design. The article argues that there is a fundamental distinction to be made between eco‐design and circular product design and proceeds to develop, based on an extensive literature review, a set of new concepts and definitions, starting from a redefinition of product lifetime and introducing new terms such as presource and recovery horizon. The article then takes Walter Stahel's Inertia Principle as the guiding principle in circular product design and develops a typology of approaches for Design for Product Integrity, with a focus on tangible durable consumer products. The newly developed typology contributes to a deeper understanding of the CE as a concept and informs the discussion on the role of product design in a CE.
The Downside of Asset Screening for Market Liquidity
Authors: VANASCO VICTORIA
Published: May 2017

This paper explores the tension between asset quality and market liquidity. I model an originator who screens assets whose cash flows are later sold in secondary markets. Screening improves asset quality but gives rise to asymmetric information, hindering trade of the asset cash flows. In the optimal mechanism (second‐best), costly retention of cash flows is essential to implement asset screening. Market allocations can feature too much or too little screening relative to second‐best, where too much screening generates inefficiently illiquid markets. Furthermore, the economy is prone to multiple equilibria. The optimal mechanism is decentralized with two tools: retention rules and transfers.
Lidocaine for pain control during intrauterine device insertion
Authors: Karasu Yetkin , Cömert Duygu Kavak , Karadağ Burak , Ergün Yusuf
Published: May 2017

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of topical lidocaine spray, cream and injection on pain perception during intrauterine device (IUD) insertion.

Methods

Multiparous women of reproductive age were randomized into control, lidocaine cream, spray and injection groups. A 10 cm visual analog scale was used for all patients to evaluate pain during the three steps of the IUD insertion procedure. Baseline pain assessment was made immediately after the administration of analgesics, the second pain assessment was performed immediately after use of the tenaculum, and the third pain assessment was performed after IUD insertion.

Results

Two hundred patients were enrolled in the study. The groups were similar in terms of demographic characteristics. The lidocaine injection group exhibited higher baseline pain scores (P < 0.001). Pain associated with tenaculum use was lower in the lidocaine spray group. Pain related to IUD insertion was lower in the lidocaine spray and injection groups (P < 0.001); however, lidocaine spray was superior to injection for the reduction of IUD insertion related pain (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Lidocaine spray is a good option for reducing the pain experienced during insertion of an IUD. It reduces pain related to both tenaculum use and IUD insertion. Spray application is both easy and rapid. Paracervical lidocaine injection also reduces pain during IUD insertion, but has no effect on tenaculum‐related pain; moreover, the injection itself is painful. Therefore, this option is not a plausible method for reducing pain during IUD insertion.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and unexplained miscarriage
Authors: Fan Hongjie , Su Xiaoling , Yang Binlie , Zhao Aimin
Published: May 2017

Aim

The aim of this study was to carry out a preliminary investigation of the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in decidua and villus and the relationship between AhR and unexplained miscarriage.

Methods

The expression of AhR mRNA and protein from decidua and villus were measured using real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemistry in 34 patients with unexplained miscarriage (miscarriage group) and 38 women with normal early pregnancy (control group).

Results

The AhR mRNA and protein expression was increased significantly in the villus in both groups compared with decidua (P < 0.05, P < 0.05). In decidua, AhR mRNA and protein expression in the miscarriage group was increased significantly compared with the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.05). In villus, AhR mRNA and protein expression in the miscarriage group was increased significantly compared with the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.05). AhR is expressed mostly in the cytoplasm of syncytiotrophoblasts in villus, and also in the cytoplasm of decidual cells.

Conclusions

AhR was expressed more in the villus than in the decidua, and the upregulation of AhR mRNA and protein expression is associated with the pathogenesis of unexplained miscarriage.
Differences in dietary and lifestyle habits between pregnant women with small fetuses and appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses
Authors: Gómez Roig Maria Dolores , Mazarico Edurne , Ferrero Silvia , Montejo Rocío , Ibáñez Lourdes , Grima Francisco , Vela Antonio
Published: May 2017

Aim

The purpose of this study was to determine differences in lifestyle and dietary habits between pregnant women with small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses and those appropriate for gestational age (AGA).

Methods

This cross‐sectional, prospective study was conducted over 14 months and included 46 mothers with SGA and 81 with AGA fetuses. Fetal growth was assessed by a routine third trimester scan. Participants completed questionnaires regarding dietary habits, lifestyle behavior and sociodemographic characteristics during the third trimester.

Results

Mothers maintaining a Mediterranean‐type diet and lifestyle were more likely to have an AGA fetus (P < 0.05). The same number of women in both groups ate a vegetarian diet. Women in the SGA group had a lower intake of certain micronutrients: carotene, folic acid, iron, potassium and magnesium (P < 0.05). Women in the AGA group ate more vegetables, especially green beans, carrots, lettuce and oranges (P < 0.05). Bread, pasta, cakes and jam were also more frequently consumed by the AGA group (P < 0.05). Mothers in the SGA group drank more cola (P < 0.05), while mothers in the AGA group drank more diet cola and wine (P < 0.05). Women in the SGA group smoked more cigarettes per day (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Mothers of SGA fetuses had a different nutritional intake and cigarette smoking habits compared with mothers of AGA fetuses. No other differentiating lifestyle habits were observed between the groups. Thus, intrauterine growth conditions might be improved by the endorsement of certain dietary habits during pregnancy.
A comparison of two sources of methionine supplemented at different levels on heat shock protein 70 expression and oxidative stress product of Peking ducks subjected to heat stress
Authors: Guo L. , Li R. , Zhang Y. F. , Qin T. Y. , Li Q. S. , Li X. X. , Qi Z. L.
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different sources and levels of methionine (Met) on Heat shock proteins HSP70 expression and protein carbonylation in liver, HSP70 expression and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in intestine under heat stress conditions during summer. A total of 720 (4 days old) Peking ducks were placed 20 per pen into six replicates for each of the six treatments with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, such that two sources of Met (DL‐methionine [DLM] and DL‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐methylthiobutyrate [HMTBA] were supplemented at three different levels (0.05%, 0.20%, or 0.35% on as‐fed basis respectively). The experiment was divided into a starter (day 4–16) and a grower (day 17–35) period. Diet supplemented with 0.35% Met significantly up‐regulated the HSP70 mRNA expression in duodenum, jejunum and ileum on day 16 and 35 as well as in liver on day 35 (p < .05) of ducks. HMTBA‐supplemented diets increased the HSP70 mRNA expression in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and liver on day 35 (p < .01). An increased MDA concentration was detected in jejunum of birds in 0.35% DLM‐supplemented treatment on day 16 (p < .05). And decreased protein carbonylation concentration was found in DLM‐supplemented treatment on day 16 (p < .01). The birds fed with 0.35% Met supplemental diet displayed lower hepatic protein carbonylation on day 16 (p < .05). In conclusion, supplementation of 0.35% Met in the duck diet showed up‐regulated HSP70 expression in small intestine and liver, which may provide new perspective to the mechanism of Met function. At the same time, DLM supplemented in diet may ameliorate oxidative status of liver, while HMTBA supplementation may partially improve the intestinal oxidative status of Peking ducks.
Effects of in ovo feeding of L‐arginine on the development of digestive organs, intestinal function and post‐hatch performance of broiler embryos and hatchlings
Authors: Gao T. , Zhao M. M. , Li Y. J. , Zhang L. , Li J. L. , Yu L. L. , Gao F. , Zhou G. H.
Published: May 2017

This study was to investigate the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) L‐arginine (Arg) solution on the development of digestive organs, the duodenal mucosa of broiler embryos and hatchlings, and the growth performance of chicks during the first week post‐hatch. A total of 720 fertilized eggs with similar weight were randomly allocated to three groups, consisting of eight replicates of 30 eggs each. Three treatments were arranged as non‐injected control, diluent‐injected (0.75% NaCl solution) group and Arg solution‐injected group containing 1% Arg, dissolved in diluent. At 17.5 days of incubation, 0.6 ml of IOF solution was injected into amniotic fluid of each egg of injected groups. Results showed IOF of Arg solution increased (p < .05) the chick embryo weight at 19 days of incubation; the body weight gain of post‐hatch broilers during 1–7 days; the weights of liver, pancreas, proventriculus and gizzard; the concentrations of duodenal ghrelin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and glucagon‐like peptide 2; and the duodenum mucosal enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, maltase, sucrase and inducible nitric oxide synthase of 7‐day‐old post‐hatch broilers compared with other groups. The IOF of Arg solution also increased (p < .05) the villus height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth (CD) and decreased (p < .05) the CD in duodenum of broiler embryos and post‐hatch hatchlings, except for the CD at 19 days of incubation. In conclusion, IOF of 1% Arg solution into the amnion at 17.5 days of incubation could improve the development of digestive organs, the duodenal morphology, the releasing of gastrointestinal hormones and mucosal enzyme activities of broiler embryos and hatchlings and finally the growth performance of chicks during the first week post‐hatch. Therefore, IOF of appropriate Arg solution could be an effective technology for regulating early nutrition supply and subsequent growth development in poultry industry.
Roles of spermine in modulating the antioxidant status and Nrf2 signalling molecules expression in the thymus and spleen of suckling piglets—new insight
Authors: Cao W. , Xu X. , Jia G. , Zhao H. , Chen X. , Wu C. , Tang J. , Wang J. , Cai J. , Liu G.
Published: May 2017

This study aimed to investigate the effects of spermine and extended spermine administration on the antioxidant status and expression of NF‐E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling molecules in the thymus and spleen in suckling piglets. One half of eighty 12‐day‐old suckling piglets obtained sufficient nutrient intake supplemented with spermine (0.4 mmol/kg body weight), and another half received restricted nutrient intake supplemented with physiological saline in equal doses once a day for 7 hr or 3, 6 or 9 days in pairs. Spermine supplementation and its extended duration significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) contents (p < .05), but markedly improved antisuperoxide anion (ASA), antihydroxyl radical (AHR), catalase (CAT), total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activities (p < .05) and glutathione (GSH) content (p < .05) in the thymus and spleen. Additionally, real‐time PCR analysis showed that spermine administration and extended spermine intake reduced Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1) gene transcription and enhanced SOD1, GPx1, CAT, glutathione reductase (GR) and Nrf2 mRNA levels of the thymus and spleen (p < .05), and also improved GST gene expression in the thymus (p < .05). Notably, the spermine‐supplemented time for the optimal effects of suckling piglet was determined to be 6 days. Collectively, the current study suggested that spermine supplementation and extended spermine administration could protect the health of the thymus and spleen from early weaning by enhancing the antioxidant status and regulating the expression of antioxidant‐related signalling molecules.
Adrenal cortex reactivity in dairy cows differs between lactational stages and between different feeding levels
Authors: Gross J. J. , Zbinden R. S. , Dohme‐Meier F. , Bruckmaier R. M.
Published: May 2017

Changes inACTHchallenge test characteristics in dairy cows changing their physiological status at different lactational stages and different feeding levels were not investigated in terms of repeatability yet. In 23 multiparous Holstein cows (10 cows fed a sole fresh herbage diet without concentrate, 13 cows fed with concentrate), threeACTHchallenge tests were performed: once during pregnancy shortly prior to drying off (T1), and in week 3 (T2) and 8 (T3) after parturition. Test characteristics were correlated to performance and metabolic parameters:DMI,BW, energy balance (EB), plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (NEFA) and beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Basal plasma cortisol concentrations were higher at T1 compared with T2 and T3 (p < .05). The adrenal cortex sensitivity (expressed as totalAUC(AUCt) of cortisol response afterACTHapplication) was lowest at T2 compared with T1 and T3 (p < .05). Ranking of the individual animals’ responses was not repeatable between time points of theACTHtests. Enhancing the energy deficiency during early lactation by omission of concentrate did not affect baseline cortisol concentrations in plasma, but decreased peak height at T2 (p < .05). Baseline plasma cortisol concentrations were positively correlated with cortisol peak values afterACTHapplication, previous lactation performance, milk yield andBW(p < .05). TheAUCtwas positively correlated with baseline cortisol concentrations,EBandDMI. Cortisol release afterACTHinjection was lower in animals with high plasma concentrations ofNEFA,BHBand with higher contents of fat and free fatty acids in milk (p < .05). Cortisol peak height afterACTHadministration was higher in cows with a more positiveEB, higherDMIand lower plasma concentrations ofNEFAandBHB. In summary, cortisol responses toACTHchallenges in this study were not repeatable in dairy cows changing their physiological status.