bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Computer Techonolgy-Based Video (School Tube) as Learning Media
Authors: Ilham Muhammad , Nurviani Rahima , Maseela Hunadee
Published: November 2024

The utilization of technology in digital era has been beneficial for all aspects of human live including education. Technology is also used as the problem solvers and solutions for educational problems faced by teachers and students in schools. Based on that situation, this research proposed to analyze and discover the impact of School Tube utilization as the learning media at Madrasah Aliyyah Negeri (MAN) 1 in Lhoksemwe. This qualitative research used a descriptive approach and employed two data collection techinques that are interview and observation. The respondents of this research were teachers and school administrators at MAN 1 in Lhokseumawe. This research found that the utilization of SchoolTube at MAN 1 Lhokseumawe has positive impact to help students in learning their subjects. It directs students to learn independently that promotes autonomous and asynchronous learning model. Besides that, Shool Tube also helps teacher in providing materials for students to learn when the teachers need to attend their administrative duties outside the classroom. On the contrary, some teachers were still found not proficient in using this media. Moreover, as a free learning media, School Tube still has limitation access, so the students could not use it outside the school compound. Thus, it is suggested to the school authorities to train and enhance teachers’ ability through workshop in using School Tube and other audiovisual application as learning media.
El servicio público de abastecimiento de agua: el eterno debate sobre las formas de gestión local en el nuevo contexto de la emergencia climática
Authors: Rodríguez Beas Marina
Published: November 2024

The work has by object a reflection on the ways of provision of the service of supplying of water in the current context of water emergency. It treats to do a balance of the two opposing trends that govern the eternal debate. To such object, in the first place, analyses  the juridical frame that it can condition the election of the way of management of the service of supplying of water, in particular the regulation contained in the LRSAL on the determination of the legally established procedure for the implantation and modification of the forms of provision of the public services. Next, they expose the peculiarities of each way of management of the service from an administrative juridical perspective take some performances of diverse content that have produced in the last years in Spain. It treats, then, to establish the more deficient and problematic appearances of each way of management, take the urgent need to improve resilience and sustainability of the supply of the water, as well as the paper that corresponds him to the local Administration in the management of the drought.
The Instantiation of Narrative in Picturebook Forms
Authors: Serafini Frank
Published: November 2024

Narratives have been instantiated across an array of materials, media, and modalities, including oral storytelling, film, novels, tapestries, comics, theatre, and children’s picturebooks for centuries. Narrative picturebooks come in many different forms, contain a variety of modalities, primarily written and oral language, visual images, and design elements, and are produced using an array of material and production technologies. Like the continuing evolution of narratives in general, narrative picturebooks are part of an extended history of visual and multimodal communication and have been instantiated as printed codices, moveable or pop-up books, volvelles, electronic books, and as digital and augmented reality software applications. This article focuses on the semiotic, material, and ideological aspects of the instantiation of narrative in picturebook form and examines how narrative picturebooks are embedded in an array of social, cultural, and literacy practices. Additionally, the article proposes a framework from which to consider the syntactical, modal, compositional, mediational, material, technological, historical, and sociocultural aspects of the instantiation of narrative in picturebook forms.
Humour in the Mystic Fantasy World of The Wee Free Men
Authors: Sargsyan Mariana S. , Arakelyan Arpine S.
Published: November 2024

The paper deals with the study of humour in Terry Pratchett’s The Wee Free Men (2003). The paper provides a reading of the humour in a text belonging to the comic fantasy genre and argues that though the comic element in the book may entertain readers, the humour in the book is used to raise a series of issues and invite readers into a meaning-making process. The paper will refer to Julie Cross’s “new ‘compounds’ of humour” and Bakhtin’s theory of carnival to discuss the complexities of humour and the ways of its actualisation in the fantasy genre. The paper also refers to the gender aspect of humour and discusses the elements that subvert gender expectations. The analysis of humour and its impact on the implied reader is carried out with an account of the plot, the authorial intention, and the textual structure and its elements.
A Streamlined Approach to Probabilistic Simulation and Robust Concept Optimization in a Highly Productive Carbonate Stringer Field in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Shukri I. , Hattali A. , Mourad A.
Published: November 2024

Field-A Carbonate reservoir was discovered in 2006 and has been on production since 2007. It is a light sour oil carbonate reservoir with density of 45 API, Gas-Oil-Ratio (GOR) of 270 sm3/sm3 and viscosity of 0.3 cP at initial conditions (383 bar & 79 C). Three wells currently produce dry oil under strong aquifer support. Current recovery factors stand at 18%. The surface facilities are not equipped to manage water production. The main constrain is the water handling capacity at surface where only 0.1% water cut is acceptable and with the strong aquifer present, it is crucial to manage the offtake points and the rates.

At the beginning of the study, a comprehensive analysis of all collected data over the years of Field development have been utilized to reach an enhancement understanding and characterization of the reservoir. Secondly, the study involved the construction of black oil model capturing the physics of aquifer interaction with the light oil in a good conductivity rock in order to perform assisted history matching using different geological static models and property distribution and ranges. Thirdly, a set of history matched models within the accepted tolerance was chosen to extract the P10, P50 and P90 models. Lastly, this effort supported the later building of robust optimization simulation models to evaluate the most promising recovery techniques for Field. This approach is beneficial as it covers full spread of uncertainty, assesses multiple subsurface realizations and surface concepts, generates a range of possible outcomes, quantifies risk, and enables better decision making.

This paper covers: The multi-discipline novel data analysis to characterize the reservoir and define the uncertaintiesThe utilization of multiple geological realizations and property distributions to obtain a set of assisted history matched modelsThe methodology of obtaining a P10, P50 and P90 models and their associated forecasts for further economic evaluation and concept selectionThe robust concept optimization process using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to obtain an optimum development scenario in terms of number of wells, production rate, well type and drive mechanismThe workflow road map for maturation of the most promising option using probabilistic simulation and robust optimization

The value of streamlining the process of assessing different subsurface development realizations linked with surface concept scenarios through probabilistic method enables robust Field Development tool for teams with different experience levels. It is concluded from the conducted study work that out of the various development scenarios considered, infill drilling with a controlled rate per well is the most favorable development concept in terms of recovery and economics.
Well Clean-Up and Testing: Using Dynamic Simulations to Minimise Flaring Emissions and Optimise Well Testing
Authors: Ellepola J. H. , Scott S. E. , Kerem M.
Published: November 2024

New production wells completed in the UK are subjected to increasingly stringent well clean-up and testing requirements by UK Regulatory Authorities. It is incumbent on UK operators to demonstrate as far as is reasonably practicable, that efforts have been made to minimize emissions during well testing operations to protect an operator's license to operate. In the past, this has involved committing to a permit with maximum flaring volumes and durations, but this case study demonstrates how dynamic modelling can be used to provide scientific evidence and credibility to well testing planning and operations to decarbonize and minimize environmental impact.

Shell P&T has developed a methodology based on dynamic multiphase thermal-hydraulic simulations to model well operations including clean-up and testing. A multiphase dynamic model was developed to: (1) Perform a quantitative determination of the expected well clean-up rates versus process conditions of the well test equipment to maintain drawdown and liquid rates to facilitate efficient unloading of completion fluid and deliver a stable well test; (2) Minimize produced O&G volumes during kickoff, while completing commissioning and clean-up objectives of a complex Open Hole Gravel Pack completion; 3. Estimate the time dependent change in pressure in the well, during clean up (optimized on min. flared volumes); 4. Ascertain and optimise well kick-off using artificial lift, including N2 loading and the corresponding well performance assessment and range of expected well rates (it was not possible to start-up the brine filled well without lift gas), 5. Perform sensitivities on clean-up and well test for low productivity and IPR scenarios, and (6) Determine requirement to displace well to a lighter fluid to facilitate more stable kick-off.
The First Application of Quantum Computing Algorithm in Streamline-Based Simulation of Water-Flooding Reservoirs
Authors: Rao Xiang
Published: November 2024

Though generic quantum computers are not yet available, we have access to the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. The advent of variational quantum algorithms has opened doors for quantum computing in science and engineering during the NISQ era. This study integrates the quantum algorithm with classical streamline methods for efficient, high-precision simulation of two-phase flows, aiming to inform future quantum computing-based reservoir simulation technologies.

We employ the variational quantum algorithm to solve the linearized finite volume discrete pressure equations. This process involves decomposing the coefficient matrix of the linear equations using the Pauli basis and preparing the quantum state of the coefficient vector through a unitary operation. A parameterized hardware-efficient ansatz is then constructed, and the quantum circuit’s output (i.e., the cost function value) is obtained via the Hadamard Test. Classical optimizer minimizes the cost function, updating the ansatz parameters to solve the pressure equations. Streamline distribution across the computational domain and time of flight distribution along each streamline are rapidly derived, with water saturation distribution calculated using a high order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme on each streamline. This results in an integrated workflow combining quantum computing, streamline tracking, and high-order numerical methods. We tested three cases, including homogeneous reservoirs, heterogeneous reservoirs, and multi-well injection and production scenarios. Xanadu’s Pennylane open-source library was used to implement the variational quantum algorithm for computing pressure distribution. The results show that this variational quantum algorithm can achieve high-precision calculation of pressure distribution within fewer optimization steps, with relative computational errors all within 1%. Based on the streamline distribution obtained from tracking, the WENO scheme on the streamlines reduces the numerical dispersion error of the calculated saturation distribution compared to the upwind finite difference scheme, thereby further improving the computational resolution of the waterflooding front.

This work pioneers a hybrid quantum-classical workflow for streamline-based reservoir simulation, showcasing its potential for accuracy, efficiency, and robustness in two-phase flow simulations across various reservoir types, paving the way for future quantum computing-based general-purpose reservoir simulators.
Successful Innovative Implementation of Look Ahead Technology Maximized Production Potential While Enhancing Drilling Efficiency and Cost Reduction Through Pilot Well Elimination
Authors: Chauhan Ramesh , Rao Chakradhar , Guru Rakesh , Al Khamisi Khalid , Mumtaz Asim , Fernandes Warren , Potshangbam Sanathoi , Ferreira Enrico , Bagga Pawandeep , Hameed Mahmoud , Vianna Armando
Published: November 2024

Key Performance Indicators for successfully drilling a well include improved drilling efficiency, reduced cost, and safety without compromising data requirements. These are crucial to achieving the well objectives and maximising the production potential.

This case study showcases the successful implementation of look-ahead deep resistivity while drilling technology to eliminate a planned pilot hole in a challenging and dynamic environment. Historically, a pilot hole is drilled to confirm the Gas-Oil Contact (GOC) and Oil-Water Contact (OWC). Based on the pilot hole data, a sidetrack well is drilled to land below the GOC, maintaining a standoff of approximately 5m between the landing point and the GOC. GOC and OWC levels from the pilot's data are projected laterally to be consistent during planning. However, data from nearby offset wells established that these positions along the lateral could vary, increasing the challenges and uncertainty during landing and navigation.

The look-ahead capability of the Extra Deep Azimuthal Resistivity (EDAR) tool was identified as the optimal solution as it can detect resistivity contrast deep enough to avoid penetration by the bit. To evaluate its capabilities in this environment, a feasibility study was conducted based on data from nearby offset wells and the area's geological setting. The study found promising results with EDAR inversion mapping the GOC and OWC ahead of the bit. As a result of the feasibility study, the EDAR technology was included in a triple combo BHA to enable informed and proactive geosteering decisions during the landing, and this resulted in an optimal final solution that met all drilling and landing requirements.

EDAR inversions mapped the GOC ahead of the bit, which helped to optimize and successfully land the well without a pilot hole. The OWC was consistently mapped from entry into the reservoir. Both the GOC & OWC were mapped along the length of the landing section and were found to vary in position consistent with the data from the offset wells. EDAR's look-ahead capability mitigated fluid contact uncertainties and achieved the landing objectives, marking a significant advancement in drilling efficiency and cost reduction.
Khurais Role in Development and Deployment of NM Application in Oil and Gas Industry Which will Paves the Way to the New Arena
Authors: Alazzaz H. S. , Nami A. A. , Hammraa A. M. , Altamimi M. S. , Bahamdan E. K.
Published: November 2024

As Khurais Producing Department (KhPD) at Saudi Aramco (SA), we've been on an exciting journey of innovation over the past years. We've undertaken a massive deployment effort to integrate new Non-Metallic (NM) piping systems into our operations - and let me tell you, it's been a game-changer for the industry.

One of our biggest successes has been the introduction of the first Sour High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) lining technology in our crude oil flowlines. This has resulted in a staggering 90% reduction in replacement costs and extended the life of our assets. But we didn't stop there - we've also implemented a new protective system against corrosion, the rotolining of fittings, which is proving to be much more robust than traditional coating methods.

But wait, there's more! We've taken our non-metallic piping deployment efforts to the next level by installing the first-ever Thermoplastic Composite Pipe (TCP) in onshore facility for hydrocarbon applications at one of our Oil Producer facilities. This TCP technology can withstand pressures up to 5000 psi, which is far superior to the Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes (RTP) we've used in the past. We're really excited about this field trial, as we believe it will inspire TCP manufacturers to develop even more competitive products that can push the boundaries of what's possible.

And that's not all! We've also executed a brand-new non-metallic initiative - the "ETFE Roto-Lined Non-Metallic 8" 90-degree Elbow." This elbow is made of Carbon Steel but features a non-metallic liner, which we believe is the ultimate solution to combat corrosion and erosion. This is the first implementation of its kind within our company, and we're confident it will pave the way for new and innovative applications across the board.

In summary, the Khurais Producing Department has been on a remarkable journey of innovation, and we're proud to have deployed several first-of-their-kind products and applications. From Sour HDPE lining to Thermoplastic Composite Pipes and Roto-Lined Elbows, we're constantly pushing the boundaries of what's possible in the Oil and Gas industry. Our team's dedication and passion for innovation have truly paid off, and we can't wait to see what the future holds.
A Multi Modal Geologist Copilot GeoCopilot: Generative AI with Reality Augmented Generation for Automated and Explained Lithology Interpretation While Drilling
Authors: Jacinto M. V. G. , de Oliveira L. H. L. , Rodrigues T. C. , de Medeiros G. C. , Medeiros D. R. , Silva M. A. , de Montalvão L. C. , Gonzalez M. , de Almeida R. V.
Published: November 2024

In well drilling operations, the rapid interpretation of geological data is crucial for optimizing drilling processes, ensuring safety, and understanding the characteristics of geological formations and reservoir fluids (Blue et al., 2019). Traditionally, these analyses depend on cuttings description, a manual and non-deterministic procedure carried out by teams of geologists in the field, combined with the analysis of drilling parameters and logging-while-drilling (LWD) data when available. However, characterizing cuttings samples to describe well lithology is both time-consuming and prone to human bias at various stages, from sample preparation to the actual description. Using it poses a challenge both to the traditional method used while drilling, as well as to incorporating this kind of information into any automated or semi-automated workflow that uses Artificial Intelligence techniques.

Recent advancements in Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have shown promise in enhancing data reliability and real-time lithology prediction. The early explorations by Rogers et al. (1992), Benaouda et al. (1999), and Wang and Zhang (2008) laid the groundwork, utilizing well-log data to develop predictive models. As the field advanced, more refined ML models for lithofacies and permeability prediction emerged, employing techniques like artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector machines (SVM). Researchers such as Mohamed et al. (2019) and Nanjo and Tanaka (2019, 2020) applied ML models and image analysis methods to address real-time lithology prediction during drilling operations. Recently, Khalifa et al. (2023) achieved a remarkable accuracy of 95% in identifying some lithologies with an ML-base approach, demonstrating significant advancements in real-time ML workflows for lithology prediction.

However, the new advances of AI, more specifically in the field of Generative AI (GenAI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) have not yet been explored in such applications. And although GenAI faces its own set of challenges such as data scarcity, interpretability issues, scalability, and trustworthiness, it might offer a new frontier for further enhancing lithology prediction and assist in optimizing drilling operations. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to advance the field by validating a methodology that integrates GenAI, LLMs, with geological data for assisting in the description of cuttings samples and interpreting lithology while drilling.
Microscopic Simulation Experiment for the High-Efficiency Construction of Underground Gas Storage
Authors: Bai Lei , Zhou Wei , Li Kai , Xu Hanbing , Li Zhihong , Nie Xiaobin , Lian Liming , Yang Xiao
Published: November 2024

Using micro-visualization models and microfluidic technology, simulation experiments were conducted on gas injection for water displacement during the initial stage of storage formation and gas production with water encroachment and gas storage displacement of water bodies during the cyclic storage and extraction phase, in a water-invaded gas reservoir type storage facility. The stability mechanisms of the gas-liquid interface, the laws of gas-liquid seepage and storage were analyzed. This analysis explored optimized control methods for efficient operation through the entire cycle of the gas storage facility. The research shows that during the initial stage of storage construction, the gas injection rate should be regulated to fully utilize gravity, ensuring macroscopic stability and mobility of the gas-liquid interface, significantly enhancing the reach of the gas, and providing more gas storage pore space for subsequent cyclic storage and extraction phases. During the cyclic storage and extraction phase, a constant speed of gas storage and extraction results in low utilization of pore space. Gradually increasing the storage and extraction speed from "small ingestion-small ejection" to "large ingestion-large ejection" can continuously disrupt the balance of forces within the pore throats, expanding the gas storage pore spaces and flow channels, which is beneficial for capacity expansion and efficiency improvement, as well as for peak-shaving and supply stabilization.
Strategic Resilience: Re-Purposing Gas Lift Compressors for Flare Reduction in Pursuit of Carbon Neutrality
Authors: Yee Teh See , Zahari Zakiman , Bt. Azmi Fasyiha Aida , Aimran Raja Zuhaili , Raffik Raja Zainal
Published: November 2024

In the collective pursuit of Carbon Net Zero, Company and its industry peers have embarked on a proactive journey to curtail carbon emissions. Among these efforts, one of the East Coast offshore Sarawak fields in Malaysia faced stringent flaring constraints since 2023, mandating a reduction from 12.4 MMscfd to 7.0 MMscfd, consequently impacting oil production. To address this challenge, an interim solution has been devised, ingeniously leveraging the ongoing Gas Lift Compressor (GLC) upgrade project to mitigate production losses until the Flare Gas Recovery project is fully operational. The strategic intervention entails utilizing dormant reservoirs at the production platform for gas injection, ranging from 3.0 to 6.0 MMscfd, thus establishing a prudent gas storage mechanism poised for future monetization. To execute this strategy, the subsurface team is tasked with identifying reservoirs amenable to gas injection, while the Production Technology team meticulously assesses idle strings and generates comprehensive production profiles across varied injection rates. Simultaneously, the Facilities team conducts a rigorous evaluation of the GLC upgrades, which involve doubling the compressor capacity to meet the increased gas lift demand. This enhancement, encompassing the installation of two gas lift compressors capable of delivering 3.0 MMSCF each, up from1.5 MMSCF, is pivotal in supporting the gas injection initiative. The implementation of this strategic intervention yields immediate benefits, including the mitigation of production loss, adherence to flare limits without compromising oil production, and the strategic preservation of gas for subsequent monetization endeavors. However, it is recognized that the GLC upgrade may potentially impact the attainability of the oil profile. Moreover, the strategic deployment of this initiative necessitates prudent financial allocation, entailing additional capital expenditure to systematically debottleneck facilities in seamless support of the proposed solution. This paper provides a systematic exploration of the nuanced intricacies, formidable challenges, and adept solutions associated with targeted flaring reduction, coupled with the sophisticated repurposing of GLCs. By deftly leveraging ongoing projects and strategic initiatives, this approach not only facilitates the resumption of production in the field but also propels the industry closer to achieving ambitious Carbon Net Zero objectives.
Smart RTOC: Pioneering Precision in Oil & Gas with Dynamic Digital Twins
Authors: Karpov R. B. , Starchunov M. S. , Kojadinovic N. , Kokotovic U. , Valiullin K.
Published: November 2024

The article describes the implementation of a full-cycle well construction support approach within a unified Digital platform that includes well design, real-time operational support, and job performance analysis. Derived analysis results are utilized in planning of subsequent drilling operations, thus closing the loop of continuous improvement.

The platform generates a drilling road map on the predrill phase utilizing T&D and hydraulic design, KPIs and metrics statistics, and offset wells best practices, collected at all stages of well construction performed within the Digital platform. During the execution phase, the platform utilizes advanced real-time monitoring tools to ensure predictive analytics and mitigate complications through proactive decision-making. Post-job phase includes KPI analysis and operational parameters target indicators definition for future wells. This comprehensive approach covers the entire well construction process, from planning to execution and analysis, facilitating continuous improvement and optimization.

The platform gathers offset wells data on each phase including T&D and hydraulics analysis results, real-time digital twin calculations and statistics on operational parameters. This enables flexible adjustment of KPIs and metrics for further analysis. The platform utilizes various metrics, conducting advanced comparison analyses of operational parameters derived from surface sensors and digital twin calculations, correlating drilling dysfunctions with geological formations and operational envelopes. This facilitates precise identification of potential improvement zones and their dynamic assessment during subsequent well drilling. Identifying potential improvement zones during post-job analysis, incorporating these results into drill planning, and real-time operational control during job execution lead to a reduction in Invisible Lost Time (ILT) and maximization of economic benefits.

The implemented approach was applied in the contractor’s facility while drilling 20 wells simultaneously under similar geological conditions. Real-time Operations Control Centers (RTOC) personnel noticed the effectiveness of utilizing digital platform combined with well planning, real-time monitoring and advanced analysis. The Managing framework for the continuous improvement cycle within a unified Digital platform described in the article will be beneficial to a wide range of users.
Mapping In-Situ H2S in Carbonate Khuff Reservoirs in Central Oman
Authors: Suut N. S. A. , Shukri K. , Ghammari M. , Borbajo R.
Published: November 2024

H2S is a colorless toxic gas, although harmless in minute quantities, it can pose HSE critical hazards to personnel and facilities if risks are not identified and managed appropriately. Drilling through H2S bearing intervals and production from sour reservoirs require H2S mitigations eg. Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ), Simultaneous Operations Classifications (SIMOPs), materials and to have facilities adequacy assessment in place. Carbonate Khuff reservoirs across Oman exhibit variations of H2S from sweet to sour concentrations up to 8% (80 000ppm). This paper discusses workflow, data gathering, acquisition results and learnings, and thus de-risking of H2S in Khuff carbonates across Central Oman. This study would also be complementing PDO's Guidelines of pre-drill H2S Prediction Best Practices. A review of reservoir fluids and properties, available key H2S data, any drilling well events involving H2S, were conducted and inventoried across nine (9) fields across Central of Oman. Where data gaps were identified, extensive sampling and analyses were conducted, these included surface and subsurface sampling, geo-chemical finger printing and sulphur isotopes analysis. Regional correlations were conducted across these fields on Khuff and its subdivisions and depth maps indicating potential Khuff closures and fluid fills were generated. In terms of understanding fluid fill, pressure gradient analysis has also proven inconclusive to predict fluid type due to the tightness of the formation with mobility <1 mD/cp. While it is expensive, fluid identification and downhole sampling is the most reliable method to test the fluid type in Khuff. All this information was catalogued and integrated to generate H2S map across Central of Oman. Understanding of origins of H2S in Khuff was still challenging. It was observed that there were lateral and vertical variations across the fields in Central Oman. In some cases, even within the same field (Field A), one well was observed to be sweet while the other was sour. Prior to this study all wells’ planning carry the high case assumption of sour Khuff of Field C as their analogues. As a result, all wells penetrating Khuff intervals (total of >200 wells to be drilled in the next 5 years) were classified as DWI-3 classifications and sour well control requirements need to be applied. New data acquisitions identified and executed allowed the team to map H2S across fields in Central Oman. The results concluded that only lower Khuff is sour and upper Khuff is sweet in some fields. Business impact of the study: H2S ranges uncertainties gap had been reduced and appropriate ranges had been used for well design and planning, adhering to H2S standards SP-1190-2, only <15% of the total wells planned in the next 5 years are considered as Sour DWI-3 well classifications, optimizing cost and time.
Implementation of Comprehensive Engineering Approach to Enhance Drilling Performance – Case Study of Drilling Intermediate Section in Offshore Field Abu Dhabi
Authors: Handoko A. I. , Cotton M. , Yudhia D. , Biyanni H. , Singh R.
Published: November 2024

This paper outlines a comprehensive methodology to tackle challenging operation of drilling 12-1/4" hole section in one of the offshore field Abu Dhabi. This hole section is highly prone to various problems where significant Non-Productive Time (NPT) and Invisible Lost Time (ILT) have been recorded. Thus, the drilling team is seeking for a novel fit-for-purpose approach to deliver operational excellence systematically through continuous performance improvement.

Drilling performance support group assist drilling engineering team by providing an integrated real-tome operation monitoring, reporting, and advanced BHA simulation capabilities. Initially the problem was identified as high BHA failure rate caused by varying vibration modes coupled with hole cleaning and wellbore instability. BHA simulation and Geomechanics modelling were then performed on past wells to identify the root causes of each failure event. These analyses leverage High Frequency (HF) operation data recorded through Real-Time function. Performance reporting is then presented through interactive dashboards accessible by all drilling team members. These steps are performed with dedicated tools to improve the team's efficiency while simultaneously reduce gross errors.

The methodology was first implemented back in 2020 with real-time monitoring and reporting functions. BHA simulation and geomechanics modelling capability were included in 2021. The simulation provided the most optimum BHA stabilization configurations for each well profile. Geomechanics study allowed a calibration on Mud Weight and bridging material properties to limit borehole collapse and assist in cuttings evacuation. The full implementation has improved the performance through 14% reduction in ILT, 80% reduction in hole problem and stuck pipe cases, and 64% reduction in BHA failure rate, allowing the team to deliver more well based on annual target. The promising results indicated by the ILT and NPT figures allowed the operator to extend the 12-1/4" envelope further, which already captured in future well plans.

This methodology has brought a greater technical understanding for the drilling team to deliver overall improvement in 12-1/4" hole section. A dedicated performance groups allows the provision of effective support for drilling engineering and operation teams. This approach allows each team to focus on their primary objective in parallel.
Optimizing Waterflood Review through an Integrated Platform; An Example from the South of Oman
Authors: Borkent E. , Al Mahrouqi J. , Agrawal R. , Al Kindi N. , Al Muzaini N. , Al Hatmi F. , Al Khayari H. , Al Busaidi I. , Sallam M. , Cristancho D. , Al Mahqouqi L.
Published: November 2024

One of the critical success factors of waterflood developments, is how efficient the dynamic management of its operating envelop is. While data availability may not be an issue, the challenge remains in effectively and frequently integrating and interpreting all relevant up-to-date data, e.g. injection, production, pressure, voidage replacement, etc. Having these visualized and dynamically updated in one platform with pre-defined workflows and metrics will allow easy identification of performance gaps and will make decision-making a more straightforward process.

A successful application of the one-platform-approach is shown in a sandstone waterflood field in the South of Oman. It consists of over 20 inverted nine-spot patterns operating under matrix conditions. The online webpage platform provides an immediate hierarchical overview of pressure and sweep performance with automated recommendations on further injection optimization. At field level, property bubble maps, intake- and offtake trends with well averages are visualized. At pattern level, performance is ranked based on the pattern sweep efficiency and reservoir pressure. Zooming to the well level; allocated performance trends are easily accessible and linked to the injector performance.

With the offered minimal data gathering and processing time, the waterflood performance reviews become a more frequent and easily accessible multi-disciplinary task. The automated pattern and well performance ranking with the built-in recommendations, based on the pre-defined limits in pressure, injection, voidage, etc. allow faster mitigating actions in areas of concern. It also provides quicker guidance of where further optimization in throughput can yield better conformance in sweep and pressure. Having the performance visualized in the geological and petrophysical maps readily highlights if the shortage in performance is linked to the reservoir quality or to the assumptions of the connectivity between the producers and the injectors. With the data seen in both time and space, gaps in surveillance, e.g. static pressure surveys, are easily identified.

The integrated platform helped identify multiple opportunities to improve field performance; VRR moved from 0.6 to 0.9 with oil production increasing by about 5-10%, arresting the field decline.

This approach adds to the continuous efforts in the oil industry to better manage waterflood developments within their operational constraints while aiming to maximize sweep and maintain a healthy pressure picture. It gives a holistic and hierarchal workflow allowing integrated understanding of the fields’ performance. It allows a better use of the resources efforts in addressing performance gaps and optimization opportunities rather than being spent on multiple-source data gathering & visualization.
Examining Suicide Stigma and Suicide Literacy
Authors: Al Halyan Amal
Published: November 2024

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 800,000 individuals die from suicide; every 4 seconds, one person suicide. It is considered as a major public health issue by the WHO as it is the second leading cause of death among youth (15-29 years old) (WHO, 2019). WHO defines suicide as "the act of deliberately killing oneself" and self -harm as "an act with non-fatal outcome".

Recent study in Dubai showed that 78% of the suicide cases were reported among Indian nationals; and suicide rates were seven times higher in expatriate community than the nationals. Particular, among single employed expatriate males (Dervic et al. 2012).

The onset of mental health problems usually goes undetected, and as a consequence, one of the most outcomes of nontreatment or late detection of mental health issues is self-harm and/or suicide. One of the barriers for not seeking professional help is stigma towards mental illnesses. Knowledge about suicide, or suicide literacy, was another factor that was negatively contributing to the help seeking behavior. Evidence showed that lowering stigma by increasing suicide literacy has a positive impact on suicide prevention.

The WHO Mental Health Action Plan sat a target of lowering the incidence of suicide by at least 10% over an 8-year period (WHO, 2014). Despite the raising prevalence of suicide and its major impact on individuals, families and the communities, research on suicide in the Middle East is limited. Without proper understanding of the suicide behavior, the surround environment and analyzing the suicide decedent profiles; the public health prevention efforts would fail to target those at higher risk. Up to date, there are no literature that examines suicide in oil and gas industry. This is a narrative review paper on suicide, with great focus on literature from the Middle East. The aim of this paper is to have better understanding of suicide behavior in order to improve the help-seeking attitude among those who are at higher risk within the industry. Also, to provide the discerning theoretical knowledge to support awareness efforts to increase suicide literacy and decrease stigma.

Suicide is versatile and studying suicide to conclude "one-size-fits-all" recommendation is unworkable. The vast global literature concluded that suicide literacy is inversely linked to stigma and help-seeking behavior. Some geographical areas and professions showed higher number of suicide and work-related suicide in males than females. The nature of workplace culture and societal masculine norms may negatively influence men seeking help behavior. Substantial efforts are needed to build up a focused-prevention program that would effectively impact the suicide trajectory.
Methane Emission from Upstream Storage Tanks: Measurement and Quantification
Authors: Cao D. D. , Xue M. , Li X. C. , Cui X. Y. , Jiang D. P.
Published: November 2024

Climate change has emerged as one of the most severe challenges in the world. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission was assumed to be the root cause. Carbon dioxide and methane are the most important GHG, while methane has a shorter atmospheric lifetime and higher global warming potential. Methane abatement was regarded as one of the most important measures to limit near-term global warming. Oil and gas (OG) production processes are key methane emissions sources, with storage tanks making significant contribution. Methane emission from upstream storage tanks in an OG field was confirmed using a portable flame ionization detector (FID) and measured with a full range sampler in China. The component and facility based emission characteristics were studied and compared. More than 70 storage tanks, including fixed roof tanks (FRT), internal floating roof tanks (IFRT) and external floating roof tanks (EFRT) distributed in production wells and processing plants, were measured. The leak detection results suggested nearly all tanks were suffering from methane emission problem and 147 leaking or emission points were identified with emission rate ranging from 0.0086×10-3 kg/h to 3.08 kg/h. The EFRT has higher facility-level emission rate than IFRT. In terms of FRT, the facility-level emission rate has a skewed distribution, ranging from 0.015 kg/h to 4.48 kg/h for working loss process. It was observed that 10 % tanks contribute 44.6 % of the total rate during working loss process and 13.3 % tanks making a 58.8 % share. The standing loss process follows similar law, with emission rate ranging from 0.042×10-3 kg/h to 0.088 kg/h. The total standing loss emission rate reaches 0.44 kg/h, with 22.6% tank having 64.5% contribution. The estimated average value of emission rate was 1.13 kg/h (EFRT), 0.05 kg/h (IFRT), 0.72 kg/h (FRT, working loss) and 0.014 kg/h (FRT, standing loss) respectively. The annual emission amount was estimated.
Versatile Multi Scale Characterization Techniques for Fault Reactivation and its Impact on Reservoir Management
Authors: Bin Mostapa Muhammad Ferdaos , Alameri Sara , Alawadhi Fatima , Bernadi Bondan , Al Ali Reem , Al Dhanhani Helal
Published: November 2024

This study focuses on micro and macro scale characterization of the structural deformation from well data and integration with seismic and geomechanically observations (Sensu Tamura et al., 2004, Krawczyk et al., 2007 and Lohr et al., 2008). The calibration of the various datasets and the integration of results with information from previous studies allowed a full description of the fracture networks, of their densities within and outside the potential fault corridors of the giant carbonate X Field in middle east, an assessment of their potential for reactivation and their possible impact on localized formation compaction. The well database that was made available for this study consists of Borehole Image (BHI), relevant cores through the Limestone Reservoir-1 and Limestone Reservoir-2, full 3D CT scans of parts of the cores and conventional logs in all four study penetrations. In addition, 3D seismic data and relevant horizons and fault polygons across the X-Field covering the area of interest has been provided for integration of the well results. Various drilling and study data and reports, including a synthesis field-scale geomechanical and structural study also formed part of the study dataset.
Leveraging Digital Twins for Enhanced Maintenance and Operations in Compression Stations
Authors: Machado R. , Rotheram S. , Soederberg P.
Published: November 2024

This paper focuses on the application of a digital twin at a large compression facility in the Middle East. The facility is currently under development, with the first of several compressor trains scheduled to begin operation in 2024.

The objectives of the digital twin application are early anomaly detection and improved reliability and maintenance through pre-empting failures and process upsets. It aims to revolutionize maintenance and operations by leveraging advanced data analytics and predictive modeling. The digital twin also supports virtual training, along with remote monitoring of the compression train -- enhancing safety and improving the productivity of onsite personnel.

By implementing a phased approach, the project ensures a seamless integration of core field data into a 3D virtual environment, supporting intelligent decision-making for operations and maintenance (O&M) activities in preparation for start-up. The main use cases of the digital twin include: Virtual training of operations and maintenance personnel on the compressor train while it is physically being built and commissioned at the facility.The ability to run diagnostics using predictive and prescriptive analytics from anywhere in the network (i.e., in a virtual environment or via augmented reality in the physical environment). The aim is to provide advanced notification of potential breakdowns and present personnel with the next steps for corrective action to mitigate risk and/or delay a process upset.Enhance training, diagnostics, and troubleshooting via remote collaboration with offsite experts in the customer's organization or with the compression train original equipment manufacturer (OEM) while in operation.Simulation and dynamic modeling for failure prediction and exploration of "what if" scenarios during operation.

Overall, the digital twin application is expected to deliver substantial improvements in reliability, efficiency, and safety.
Gaining Insight into Drilling Conditions in Challenging Extended-Reach Drilling Wells by Analyzing Downhole Mechanical and Dynamic Measurements
Authors: Weiguo Zhang , Deli Gao , Ke Ning , Chenghui Deng , De Yan , Tianyun Gao , Nan Huang , Deshmukh Vikrant , Wong Patrick
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a case study on the real-time monitoring of hole conditions in challenging extended reach drilling (ERD) wells using drilling dynamics data, including downhole mechanical measurements, pressure data, and logging data. This is of great value to the drilling team for a better understanding of the hole condition. This ultimately contributes to drilling safely and securely, avoiding surprises, and successfully delivering the well.

To effectively manage drilling operation risks, real-time monitoring of drilling conditions is crucial. Hole condition analysis can be subject to uncertainties when relying primarily on surface drilling parameters. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of drilling conditions, downhole mechanical measurements are invaluable for providing immediate and precise information about the Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) and its surrounding environment. The methodology for evaluating drilling conditions was developed through the utilization of downhole mechanical measurements, such as axial loading, torsional loading, annulus pressure, and differential pressure, in conjunction with surface drilling parameters.

The pipe stuck rate is close to 30% in ERD operations for wells beyond 8000m in the offshore region of China. Downhole mechanical measurements (DMM) tool was utilized for drilling condition monitoring in the longest ERD well recently completed in China offshore. The well was drilled and cased successfully, setting several new records in China. These records include the longest production well, the longest 12-1/4 in open hole section of 5124 m, and the deepest 9-5/8 in casing setting depth at 8125m. Real-time analysis using downhole mechanical measurements and drilling dynamics data plays a crucial role in drilling surveillance and decision-making in this record-breaking ERD well. The abnormal drilling conditions such as weight hanging, string buckling, hard backreaming, inadequate hole cleaning, pack off, and mud losses, etc., were identified and properly addressed. In some conditions, standard industry practices did not work, so innovative practices were implemented to proceed based on the reliable real-time downhole information.

A comprehensive analysis of drilling mechanical measurements can significantly enhance the understanding of downhole conditions, narrow down hypotheses, and enable timely implementation of corresponding measures for complex downhole situations. The methodology can be referred to for other wells.