bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of an oral healthcare protocol in nursing homes on care staffs' knowledge and attitude towards oral health care: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial
Authors: Janssens Barbara , De Visschere Luc , van der Putten Gert‐Jan , de Lugt–Lustig Kersti , Schols Jos M.G.A. , Vanobbergen Jacques
Published: November 2014

Objective

To explore the impact of a supervised implementation of an oral healthcare protocol, in addition to education, on nurses' and nurses' aides' oral health‐related knowledge and attitude.

Materials and methods

A random sample of 12 nursing homes, accommodating a total of 120–150 residents, was obtained using stratified cluster sampling with replacement. The intervention included the implementation of an oral healthcare protocol and three different educational stages. One of the investigators supervised the implementation process, supported by a dental hygienist. A 34‐item questionnaire was developed and validated to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of nurses and nurses' aides at baseline and 6 months after the start of the intervention. Linear mixed‐model analyses were performed to explore differences in knowledge and attitude at 6 months after implementation.

Results

At baseline, no significant differences were observed between the intervention and the control group for both knowledge (p = 0.42) and attitude (p = 0.37). Six months after the start of the intervention, significant differences were found between the intervention and the control group for the variable knowledge in favour of the intervention group (p < 0.0001) but not for the variable attitude (p = 0.78). Out of the mixed model with attitude as the dependent variable, it can be concluded that age (p = 0.031), educational level (p = 0.009) and ward type (p = 0.014) have a significant effect. The mixed model with knowledge as the dependent variable resulted in a significant effect of the intervention (p = 0.001) and the educational level (p = 0.009).

Conclusion

The supervised implementation of an oral healthcare protocol significantly increased the knowledge of nurses and nurses' aides. In contrast, no significant improvements could be demonstrated in attitude.
Optimisation of wheat flour‐based sponge cake formulation containing tapioca starch and xanthan gum
Authors: Chaiya Busarawan , Pongsawatmanit Rungnaphar , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon
Published: November 2014

The optimum formulation for wheat flour (WF)‐based sponge cakes containing tapioca starch (TS) and xanthan gum (Xan) was determined using the central composite design with two factors and response surface methodology (RSM). Effects of partial substitution of TS (5–15%) for WF in a 20% total flour blend and Xan (0.1–0.3%) on specific volume, parameters of texture profile analysis and sensory liking scores of baked sponge cakes were investigated. A second‐order polynomial response surface was used to explain the influence of TS and Xan on the dependent variables. Coefficients of determination (R2 ≥ 0.75) of the response variables and significant regression models were used for RSM optimisation. Based on the RSM contour plots, the cake formulation containing 16% butter with desired physical properties (maximum specific volume; minimum hardness, gumminess and chewiness) and sensory quality (maximum overall liking) was found to be 11.09–11.88% TS and 0.10–0.11% Xan.
KETOTIC HYPOGLYCEMIA OF CHILDHOOD—A CLINICAL TRIAL OF SEVERAL UNIFYING ETIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES
Authors: DAHLQUIST G. , GENTZ J. , HAGENFELDT L. , LARSSON A. , LÖW H. , PERSSON B. , ZETTERSTRÖM R.
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT. Dahlquist, G., Gentz, J., Hagenfeldt, L., Larsson, A., Löw, H., Persson, B. and Zetterström, R. (Department of Paediatrics, St. Göran's Children's Hospital, the Department of Clinical Chemistry and the Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Ketotic hypoglycemia of childhood—a clinical trial of several unifying etiological hypotheses. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 649, 1979.—We have studied 15 children referred to St. Göran's Children's Hospital because of suspected ketotic hypoglycemia. The patients were investigated according to a program designed to test several hypotheses—old and new—postulated to explain the etiology of ketotic hypoglycemia. We have used the classical ketogenic provocation with a low calorie, high fat diet and measured the blood levels of several substrates and hormones as well as the urinary excretion of certain metabolites and hormones. Out of the 15 children, 6 will fill the criteria of ketotic hypoglycemia at the time of study. The most remarkable finding in these 6 children in contrast to the other children studied was that they did not decrease their peripheral glucose utilization (measured as Kg) during starvation. These 6 children seemed to be more “advanced” in their adaptation to ketogenic diet in all other parameters studied. The children with ketotic hypoglycemia did not differ from the other children in plasma level of cortisol or urinary excretion of nitrogen, urea, 3‐methylhistidine and catecholamines. We favour the concept that the children with ketotic hypoglycemia represent the tail of the gaussian curve in the normal age‐dependent development of the adaptation to starvation.
BETA‐2‐MICROGLOBULIN, AN INDICATOR OF RENAL TUBULAR MATURATION AND DYSFUNCTION IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: APERIA A. , BROBERGER U.
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT. Aperia, A. & Broberger, U. (Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, St. Göran's Children's Hospital and the Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Chemistry at Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Beta‐2‐microglobulin, an indicator of renal tubular maturation and dysfunction in the newborn. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 669, 1979.—The urinary excretion and proximal tubular reabsorption of beta‐2‐microglobulin was studied in 17 healthy newborn infants in relation to gestational and post‐natal age. The effect of IRDS and non‐conjugated hyperbilirubinemia on the tubular reabsorption of the protein was evaluated in 10 IRDS infants and 14 infants with non‐conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The urinary excretion of beta‐2‐microglobulin was determined under standardized conditions. When GFR was determined, the single injection clearance method was used. The filtered load of beta‐2‐microglobulin was found to increase with increasing gestational age. This was due to a rise in plasma beta‐2‐microglobulin concentration as well as to a rise in the GFR. Although the smallest filtered load was recorded in infants with a mean GA of 32.4 weeks, these infants had a lower franctional reabsorption of the protein (88 %) than infants with a mean GA of 35.0 weeks or more (98 %). In infants with a GA of 35 weeks or more a glomerulo‐tubular balance for beta‐2‐microglobulin apparently was established. In these infants the filtered load of beta‐2‐microglobulin increased rapidly during the first days of life. This was paralleled by an increase in the reabsorptive capacity for the protein. In infants with IRDS and in infants with non‐conjugated hyperbilirubinemia the fractional reabsorption of beta‐2‐microglobulin was lower than in control infants of a corresponding gestational and postnatal age. This indicates, that in the neonatal period, the proximal tubular transporting capacity is more vulnerable than the glomerular filtration rate in states of hypoxia and hyperbilirubinemia.
MEDICINAL IRON TO LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS
Authors: JANSSON L. , HOLMBERG L. , EKMAN R.
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT. Jansson, L., Holmberg, L. and Ekman, R. (Department of Paediatrics, University of Lund, Malmö General Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden). Medicinal iron to low birth weight infants. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 705, 1979.—Serum ferritin concentrations were measured during the first 6 months of life in 28 low birth weight infants (mean birth weight 1820 g range 900–2460; mean gestational age 34 weeks range 29–37) fed a standard formula fortified with ferrous sulphate. Fifteen of the infants received supplementary medicinal iron (ferrous succinate) from 3 weeks of age, and 13 only from 2 months of age. All were given vitamin E from 10 days of age. The serum ferritin values did not differ between the groups at 1–2 days, 8–10 weeks or at 6 months. Furthermore, there were no signs of hyperhaemolysis at 8–10 weeks in the group receiving medicinal iron early. The data indicate that the iron content in the formula is sufficient until 2 months of age, but also that there is no disadvantage in starting medicinal iron at 3 weeks of age, if the diet is sufficient in vitamin E.
UMBILICAL ARTERY CATHETERIZATION IN NEWBORNS
Authors: WESSTRÖM GÖRAN , FINNSTRÖM ORVAR
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT. Wesström, G. and Finnström, O. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden). Umbilical artery catheterization in newborns. II. Infections in relation to catheterization. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 713, 1979.—Infections, as a complication of umbilical artery catheterization, were studied in 65 sick newborn infants. Every second day during the catheterization period peripheral blood cultures as well as blood samples for white cell count and platelets were taken. Cultures were taken from the catheter tips and from the umbilicus at the time of withdrawal of the catheter. Local or systemic antibiotics were not used prophylactically, but on rather broad clinical indications. No case of septicemia was found, but 8 infants had positive blood cultures and 16 had positive catheter tip cultures. Positive catheter tip culture occurred more often in infants who were born before 32 weeks of gestational age. Neither the duration of the catheterization nor the treatment with antibiotics influenced significantly the frequency of positive cultures.
UMBILICAL ARTERY CATHETERIZATION IN NEWBORNS
Authors: HENRIKSSON P. , WESSTRÖM G. , HEDNER ULLA
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT. Henriksson, P., Wesström, G. and Hedner, U. (Departments of Paediatrics, University of Lund, Allmänna Sjukhuset, Malmö and University Hospital, Linköping, and The Coagulation Laboratory, Allmänna Sjukhuset, Malmö, Sweden). Umbilical artery catheterization in newborns. III. A study of some predisposing factors. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 719, 1979.—Thrombosis following umbilical artery catheterization is a relatively frequent complication. Low fibrinolytic activity in the vessel walls, high factor VIII and low antithrombin III (AT III, Heparin cofactor activity) in blood are factors known to favour the formation of thrombosis. In 30 newborns who died and in 2 foetuses the fibrinolytic activity determined in the aorta and the femoral vessels was in the normal ‘adult’ range except for a few very immature infants and the foetuses. The five cases with arterial thrombosis were not associated with low fibrinolytic activity. The various factor VIII activities (VIII: C, VIIIR: Ag, and VIIIR: RCF) and AT III were studied in 30 sick newborns and in 20 healthy newborns. The sick exhibited increased levels of various factor VIII activities (VIIIR: Ag and VIIIR: RCF mainly) and markedly reduced levels of AT III. The high factor VIII activities and the low AT III found will add to the existing risk of thrombosis due to the presence of a foreign material. AT III substitution is suggested as a possible prophylactic.
INSULIN AND GLUCAGON SECRETION IN HEPATIC GLYCOGENOSES
Authors: OKADA SHINTARO , SEINO YOSHIKI , KODAMA HIROKO , YUTAKA TORU , INUI KOJI , ISHIDA MAKOTO , YABUUCHI HYAKUJI , SEINO YUTAKA
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT. Okada, S., Seino, V., Kodama, H., Yutaka, T., Inui, K., Ishida, M., Yabuuchi, H. and Seino, Y. (Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Hospital, Fukushima‐ku, Osaka and The Third Division, Department of Medicine, University of Kobe, Kobe, Japan). Insulin and glucagon secretion in hepatic glycogenoses. Acta Paediatr Scand 68: 735, 1979.—Insulin and glucagon secretion was investigated in ten patients with hepatic glycogenosis, types I and III, in order to understand the relationship between hypoglycemia and pancreatic function. In all patients, both oral glucose tolerance and intravenous arginine infusion tests revealed hypoinsulinemia. Decreased urinary C‐peptide levels with standard food intake also supported hypofunction of pancreatic beta cells. On the contrary, the normal secretion pattern of glucagon in both types indicated in the arginine loading test, intact alpha cells in the pancreas. Persistent hypoinsulinism, which is apparently an adaptation to hypoglycemia, could be an important cause of nutritional dwarfism in both types of glycogenosis. The usefulness of the measurement of urinary C‐peptide, which evaluates the pancreatic function and provides management for normal body growth, is discussed.
ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN TOXOPLASMOSIS IN SCANDINAVIA ESPECIALLY IN CHILDREN
Authors: HULDT GUNNEL , LAGERCRANTZ R. , SHEEHE P. R.
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT. Huldt, G., Lagercrantz, R. and Sheehe, P. R. (Swedish National Bacteriological Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Epidemiology, Upstate University Syracuse, N.Y., USA). On the epidemiology of human toxoplasmosis in Scandinavia especially in children. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 745, 1979.—A random sample representing approx. one‐third of pre‐school children and approx. 95% of school children in age groups 8, 11, 13, and 15 years in a suburb of Stockholm were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma. Antibodies were uncommon in small children. They gradually appeared throughout childhood but especially in adolescence and adult life. Antibodies were more common in females than in males. Even small girls were more often infected than boys of corresponding age. The difference becomes marked in puberty and is significant in adults. A family study revealed evidence of familial aggregation of the infection albeit with borderline significance. No correlation was found between occurrence of antibodies and the presence of cats in the families or reported consumption of raw meat. The majority of representative samples of Lapps and Skolt Lapps in northern Scandinavia lacked antibodies to Toxoplasma.
PNEUMONIA ASSOCIATED WITH CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTION IN AN INFANT
Authors: HALLBERG ANITA , MÅRDH PER‐ANDERS , PERSSON KENNETH , RIPA TORVALD
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT. Hallberg, A., Mårdh, P.‐A., Persson, K., and Ripa, T. (Departments of Paediatrics and Virology, Malmö General Hospital, and Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden). Pneumonia associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in an infant. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 765, 1979—Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the epipharynx of a 10‐week‐old baby girl taken ill with pneumonia but without signs of conjunctivitis. The infant developed specific antibodies to the organism. The course of the pneumonia was protracted, with cough and tachypnea. The baby, who was afebrile, improved on antibiotic therapy but pulmonary infiltrates persisted for several months. To our knowledge, this is the first case of pneumonia in an infant associated with C. trachomatis infection reported elsewhere than North America.
NEONATAL RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY DUE TO CENTRONUCLEAR MYOPATHY
Authors: REITTER B. , MORTIER W. , WILLE L.
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACT. Reitter, B., Mortier, W. and Wille, L. (Children's Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Children's Hospital, University of Düsseldorf, FRG). Neonatal respiratory insufficiency due to centronuclear myopathy. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 773, 1979.—Two neonates showing generalized hypotonia, weakness of limbs, trunk, and oral musculature died because of muscular respiratory distress. The diagnosis of centronuclear (or myotubular) myopathy was established by histological and histochemical techniques. The genetic situation and routine laboratory data including electromyography were compared with similar cases in the literature; findings were inconclusive with respect to this diagnosis. These results indicate the need for a muscle biopsy and the use of histochemical stainings and/or electronmicroscopical investigation for a proper diagnosis in hypotonic newborns under respiratory distress after exclusion of etiologies other than neuromuscular diseases. Still the diagnosis of centronuclear myopathy in a neonate does not allow a precise prognosis. Increased awareness of this disorder and adequate diagnostic workup is needed in order to extend our understanding and to clarify the prognosis.
Sexual dysfunction in psoriasis: a systematic review
Authors: Molina‐Leyva A. , Jiménez‐Moleón J.J. , Naranjo‐Sintes R. , Ruiz‐Carrascosa J.C.
Published: November 2014

Background

Psoriasis has been associated with numerous psychological disorders such as low self‐esteem, depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction or suicidal ideation. Recently, there has been a progressive increase in studies examining the impact of psoriasis on sexual function. This alteration seems to be considerable and can cause significant changes in quality of life.

Objective

The aim of this study was to elaborate recommendations for psoriasis and sexual function supported by a systematic review, to facilitate the application of new scientific findings into clinical practice and to serve as a basis for conducting future research.

Methods

We performed a systematic review of the available studies on psoriasis and sexual dysfunction.

Results

Scientific evidence shows that psoriasis patients have a higher risk of sexual dysfunction as compared to the general population. The risk of erectile dysfunction is also higher in psoriasis patients. The risk factors associated with sexual dysfunction in psoriasis patients are disease severity, female gender, psoriatic arthritis and age.
Technological Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Protease Isolated from Traditional Chinese Fermented Milk
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Zhang Lanwei , Jiao Yuehua , Luo Xue , Li Hongbo , Xin Liang , Xue Chaohui , Zhang Yingchun , Yi Huaxi , Han Xue , Ma Chunli
Published: November 2014

The proteolysis activity, texture, viscosity, particle size and sensory evaluation of 12 isolates identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis, which were screened from 123 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Chinese traditional fermented milk, were evaluated. Proteolytic activity of these selected strains ranged from 2.43 to 11.60 mmol Leu/L of milk. Texture analysis indicated that yogurts of Streptococcus thermophilus were of higher value than those of Lactobacillus delbrueckii at all levels of measurement. Apparent viscosity of yogurt varied considerably among the strains, with values ranging from 4790 to 9870 mPa·s. All the strains showed excellence in firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, viscosity and little difference in the particle size. L. delbrueckii CH9‐3 4.0, SB3 and SB25 provided excellent protease activity and could be used as yogurt culture to improve the curd quality. S. thermophilus LBH, Q10 and L. delbrueckii SP1.1 showed high viscosity, and could be mixed with other LAB strains to obtain thick yogurts.

Practical Applications

The different technological characterizations of lactic acid bacteria could contribute to the different physicochemical and sensorial properties of the fermented dairy products. The studied strains with different properties would provide a well‐adapted tool for producing new dairy products or possibly assign to the same traditional products with different physicochemical and sensorial properties through the new specified proteolytic activity, viscosity and flavor.
Mechanical reduction of the intracanal Enterococcus faecalis population by Hyflex CM, K3XF, ProTaper Next, and two manual instrument systems: an in vitro comparative study
Authors: Tewari Rajendra K. , Ali Sajid , Mishra Surendra K. , Kumar Ashok , Andrabi Syed Mukhtar‐Un‐Nisar , Zoya Asma , Alam Sharique
Published: November 2014

Aim

In the present study, the effectiveness of three rotary and two manual nickel titanium instrument systems on mechanical reduction of the intracanal Enterococcus faecalis population was evaluated.

Methods

Mandibular premolars with straight roots were selected. Teeth were decoronated and instrumented until 20 K file and irrigated with physiological saline. After sterilization by ethylene oxide gas, root canals were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups for canal instrumentation: Manual Nitiflex and Hero Shaper nickel titanium files, and rotary Hyflex CM, ProTaper Next, and K3XF nickel titanium files. Intracanal bacterial sampling was done before and after instrumentation. After serial dilution, samples were plated onto the Mitis Salivarius agar. The c.f.u. grown were counted, and log10 transformation was calculated.

Results

All instrumentation systems significantly reduced the intracanal bacterial population after root canal preparation. ProTaper Next was found to be significantly more effective than Hyflex CM and manual Nitiflex and Hero Shaper. However, ProTaper Next showed no significant difference with K3XF.

Conclusion

Canal instrumentation by all the file systems significantly reduced the intracanal Enterococcus faecalis counts. ProTaper Next was found to be most effective in reducing the number of bacteria than other rotary or hand instruments.
Penile Doppler Ultrasound in Men with Stuttering Priapism and Sickle Cell Disease—A Labile Baseline Diastolic Velocity Is a Characteristic Finding
Authors: Patel Uday , Sujenthiran Arunan , Watkin Nick
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Stuttering priapism (SP) is seen in sickle cell disease (SCD) and characterized by short-lived painful erections. Imbalanced vascular tone is the postulated cause and this may be reflected in changes in baseline penile blood flow as measured using penile Doppler ultrasound (PDU).

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the baseline penile blood flow characteristics in men with SCD and SP, by comparing with men without SP.

Methods

PDU findings were retrospectively analyzed in 100 men during flaccid state. Nine men had SP (age range 20–40 years), 4 had Peyronie's disease (PD) (35–48 years), 67 men had erectile dysfunction (16–67 years), and 20 men had normal erectile function (18–42 years).

Main Outcome Measures

The variables measured were peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities, and the Doppler velocity waveform. Values in men with SP were compared with those in the other groups.

Results

Median systolic and diastolic velocity was significantly higher in men with SP (systolic/diastolic velocity was 26/4 cm/second in men with SP vs. 13/0 cm/second, 14/0 cm/second, and 16/0 cm/second in men with PD, ED, and normal erectile function, respectively; P = 0.0001). Men with SP had a characteristic low peripheral resistance (PR) waveform with fluctuating velocities; the diastolic velocity was consistently positive (2–7 cm/second) and fluctuated between +2 and +8 cm/second. In comparison, the other 91 men had high PR waveform and consistently negative diastolic velocity (range 0 to −2 cm/second).

Conclusions

Men with SP had a unique baseline Doppler ultrasound waveform, with a low PR waveform and an elevated, variable cavernosal artery velocity. We propose that this may be the sonographic manifestation of a reduced, fluctuating smooth muscle tone and that PDU may have a role for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of SP.
Loss of mammalian species from the South American Gran Chaco: empty savanna syndrome?
Authors: Periago Maria E. , Chillo Verónica , Ojeda Ricardo A.
Published: November 2014

The Gran Chaco in central South America is a major savanna woodland ecosystem. Accelerated changes in land use within it have resulted in a complex matrix of areas with varying capabilities for sustaining wildlife. Furthermore, hunting and habitat loss increasingly threaten the functional diversity of mammals found there.

We assess the potential consequences of the loss of large and medium‐sized native mammalian herbivores and frugivores on Chacoan ecosystem functioning, focusing on their role and conservation status in the Argentine Chaco.

Our review shows that almost 50% of the largest frugivorous mammals present in the Argentine Chaco are threatened and exhibit declining population trends. Their decline may cause changes in vegetation composition, since almost 53% of the Chacoan woody plant species display endozoochory as their seed dispersal mechanism. Moreover, 80% of the largest herbivores are threatened, which may also lead to a compositional change in savanna vegetation.

There is a significant void of information regarding the population status of native mammals in the Argentine Chaco and the functional roles they play in the ecosystem, and there are few studies examining the consequences of their potential loss.

We express our concern with the major changes taking place in this subtropical region due to significant and rapid habitat transformations and emphasize the important role of ecological functionality in restoration and conservation planning in the Gran Chaco.
IGNORANCE IS NOT BLISS: EVIDENCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS FROM CIVIL WAR SPAIN
Authors: Congram Derek , Flavel Ambika , Maeyama Kim
Published: November 2014

Between 2005 and 2007 archaeologists and anthropologists excavated the burial site of more than four hundred bodies, people who died or were killed during and soon after the Spanish Civil War and Post‐War Repression. This article presents an analysis of eight mass graves. Evidence from these graves strongly suggests that the bodies are those of victims of extrajudicial killings during a purge from a transition period between the end of the war and the beginning of a more controlled, though brutal, postwar repression (1940–42). Although our work was not part of a formal medicolegal investigation, we argue that the context warranted such and the approach used in this and similar situations should be forensic. We also suggest that forensic practitioners go further in their interpretation than we have seen in past exhumations to include the incorporation of multiple lines of evidence, reflecting holistic archaeological and anthropological practice and expertise.
INTERSITE ANALYSIS OF VICTIMS OF EXTRA‐ AND JUDICIAL EXECUTION IN CIVIL WAR SPAIN: LOCATION AND DIRECTION OF PERIMORTEM GUNSHOT TRAUMA
Authors: Congram Derek , Passalacqua Nicholas , Ríos Luis
Published: November 2014

More than 150,000 executions took place during and soon following the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)—many without any judicial proceedings and mostly of noncombatants. As a result of disinterested postwar governments, nongovernmental organizations—representing families of victims—have insisted on finding the graves and exhuming the dead for identification and repatriation. This study examines skeletal gunshot trauma patterns from three extrajudicial mass execution sites and compares them with trauma of those from a postwar prison site, where victims were given more formal legal proceedings. Chi‐square tests of cranial and postcranial trauma show that the latter is significantly more common at the postwar site. Further study of evidence from these sites will help ascertain circumstances of death and will help bring a measure of justice to victim families, even if future governments continue to deny official investigation.
TOWARD ESTIMATING GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN OF MIGRANT REMAINS ALONG THE UNITED STATES–MEXICO BORDER
Authors: Spradley M. Katherine
Published: November 2014

Due to the diverse demographics within the United States, ancestry estimation in the biological profile created by forensic anthropologists is helpful in facilitating a positive identification, narrowing down the parameters when searching through missing persons databases. The U.S.–Mexico border has seen an increase in migrant fatalities during the year 2012. In particular, Brooks County, Texas, has seen a dramatic increase in migrant remains. Until recently, the remains in Brooks County have been buried as unidentified individuals with no forensic pathological or anthropological analyses. Collaborative efforts by Baylor University, University of Indianapolis, and Texas State University are underway to exhume and analyze these individuals and work toward positive identification. Using the term Hispanic to describe these remains is of little use as individuals in Latin America do not refer to themselves as Hispanic and it is not informative to the geographic origins of these individuals. Because different countries that comprise Latin America have different population histories that have led to different population structures, it may be possible to use craniometric data to more precisely estimate the geographic origin of migrant fatalities found along the U.S.–Mexico border. Preliminary results suggest that, with larger data sets, it is possible to take a finer‐grained approach to estimating geographic origin to facilitate a more rapid positive identification and repatriation.
CRANIOMETRIC VARIATION OF DIVERSE POPULATIONS IN FLORIDA: IDENTIFICATION CHALLENGES WITHIN A BORDER STATE
Authors: Tise Meredith L. , Kimmerle Erin H. , Spradley M. Katherine
Published: November 2014

The state of Florida is commonly ignored as a border state when it comes to issues and challenges in migrant death investigations. In the 2010 U.S. Census, Florida held the third largest Hispanic population in the United States, with almost 19 million individuals self‐identifying as Hispanic, following behind California and Texas (Ennis et al. ). Undocumented workers that arrive in the United States frequently migrate to Florida for labor, such as on produce farms, and many of these workers are children, traveling alone, or under circumstances that make them an at‐risk group. Endangered, missing, and unidentified persons in Florida are growing problems, with significant numbers of affected persons from the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America. This research explores the variation among six diverse groups that are found in Florida and throughout the United States, especially along the border. These groups include four groups considered Hispanic (Mexico, Guatemala, Puerto Rico, and Cuba), as well as American white and black. Based on canonical discriminant function and Mahalanobis distance (D2) analyses, the Mexican and Guatemalan samples are the two most similar groups when comparing only the four groups considered Hispanic (D2 = 2.581) and among all six groups (D2 = 2.645). Within the four groups considered Hispanic, the Puerto Rican and Cuban samples are the second most similar groups (D2 = 4.690). However, when comparing all six groups, the Cuban and American black samples are the second most similar groups (D2 = 3.289). These results reflect a shift in similarities in cranial morphology when including the American black and white samples. By improving our understanding of the historical and current biological relationships among diverse groups living in close proximity, forensic anthropologists can better utilize ancestry data into their biological profiles for human identification.
Spiradiclis glandulosa sp. nov. (Rubiaceae) from limestone areas in southern China
Authors: Wu Lei , Wang Jing‐Lan , Mo Shui‐Song , Liu Quan‐Ru
Published: November 2014

Spiradiclis glandulosa L. Wu & Q. R. Liu, a new species from limestone areas in southern China, is described and illustrated here. This new species is similar to S. umbelliformis, but can be distinguished from the latter mainly by its abaxial leaf blade with densely set yellow glandule‐like spots (vs abaxially pilosulous), calyx lobes oblong‐laceolate, ca 4–6 mm long (vs ovate‐triangular, ca 0.6 mm), corolla tube inside densely pubescent above the middle and onto lobes in both forms (vs inside with villous ring above base), and capsules villosulous (vs glabrescent).
Is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) an effective treatment for patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID)?
Authors: Pinn D. M. , Aroniadis O. C. , Brandt L. J.
Published: November 2014

Background

Despite its high prevalence and significant effect on quality of life, the etiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), and specifically irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), has yet to be fully elucidated. While alterations in immunity, motility, and the brain‐gut axis have been implicated in disease pathogenesis, the intestinal microbiota are increasingly being shown to play a role and numerous studies have demonstrated significant differences from normal in the intestinal flora of patients with FGID, and between types of FGID. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a curative therapy for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), a disease hallmarked by intestinal dysbiosis, and FMT is now being explored as a means to also restore intestinal homeostasis in FGID.

Purpose

This review aims to investigate the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of FGID, the implications of FMT for the treatment of FGID, and the challenges encountered in measuring response to a specific intervention in patients with FGID.
Simulated astigmatism impairs academic‐related performance in children
Authors: Narayanasamy Sumithira , Vincent Stephen J. , Sampson Geoff P. , Wood Joanne M.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Astigmatism is an important refractive condition in children. However, the functional impact of uncorrected astigmatism in this population is not well established, particularly with regard to academic performance. This study investigated the impact of simulated bilateral astigmatism on academic‐related tasks before and after sustained near work in children.

Methods

Twenty visually normal children (mean age: 10.8 ± 0.7 years; six males and 14 females) completed a range of standardised academic‐related tests with and without 1.50 D of simulated bilateral astigmatism (with both academic‐related tests and the visual condition administered in a randomised order). The simulated astigmatism was induced using a positive cylindrical lens while maintaining a plano spherical equivalent. Performance was assessed before and after 20 min of sustained near work, during two separate testing sessions. Academic‐related measures included a standardised reading test (the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability), visual information processing tests (Coding and Symbol Search subtests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) and a reading‐related eye movement test (the Developmental Eye Movement test). Each participant was systematically assigned either with‐the‐rule (WTR, axis 180°) or against‐the‐rule (ATR, axis 90°) simulated astigmatism to evaluate the influence of axis orientation on any decrements in performance.

Results

Reading, visual information processing and reading‐related eye movement performance were all significantly impaired by both simulated bilateral astigmatism (p < 0.001) and sustained near work (p < 0.001), however, there was no significant interaction between these factors (p > 0.05). Simulated astigmatism led to a reduction of between 5% and 12% in performance across the academic‐related outcome measures, but there was no significant effect of the axis (WTR or ATR) of astigmatism (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Simulated bilateral astigmatism impaired children's performance on a range of academic–related outcome measures irrespective of the orientation of the astigmatism. These findings have implications for the clinical management of non‐amblyogenic levels of astigmatism in relation to academic performance in children. Correction of low to moderate levels of astigmatism may improve the functional performance of children in the classroom.
The effect of varying glucose levels on the ex vivo crystalline lens: implications for hyperglycaemia‐induced refractive changes
Authors: Mehta Vikram V. , Hull Christopher C. , Lawrenson John G.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Refractive changes in diabetic eyes have long been reported but with equivocal results. The lens has been a more recent focus as the source of any change but it is possible that multiple sources of variation have made it difficult to demonstrate a systematic change clinically. The aim of this study was therefore to use a bovine lens model to investigate the optical changes in hyperglycaemia and when lenses are returned to normal glucose levels as would occur following commencement of treatment.

Method

Bovine eyes were obtained and their lenses excised under sterile conditions before placing them in culture medium within an incubator using standard tissue culture techniques. In the first experiment, lenses were transferred into culture medium containing 5 mm (n = 12), 15 mm (n = 12) and 30 mm (n = 12) glucose. Measurements were made of the change in back vertex focusing distance with equatorial lens diameter using the ScanTox™ measurement system. From these measurements, the back vertex focal length and primary longitudinal spherical aberration were derived. In a second experiment, lenses maintained at 30 mm glucose (n = 7) were stepped down to 5 mm glucose to simulate starting diabetic therapy and measured in the same way. Changes over time were assessed with a linear regression model.

Results

A trend towards myopia was observed with increasing hyperglycaemia, this was not statistically significant. When lenses were stepped‐down from hyperglycaemia to normal physiological levels of glucose, a hyperopic shift was observed in line with published clinical studies that again failed to reach statistical significance. High variability in the measurement on longitudinal spherical aberration prevented any significant trends being measured.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that there are no consistent crystalline lens‐induced refractive changes following exposure to hyperglycaemia for time‐periods up to 5 days used in the current study. It is possible that bovine lenses are able to offset the raised osmotic pressure from high glucose levels in the short‐term by a process of osmoregulation and that repeated osmotic stress or longer term exposure may be required to induce the changes in refraction that are seen clinically.
The Boston keratoprosthesis provides a wide depth of focus
Authors: Sayegh Rony R. , Dohlman Claes H. , Greenstein Scott H. , Peli Eli
Published: November 2014

Purpose

To measure the through‐focus curve for eyes implanted with a type 1 Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) and compare it to that of pseudophakic controls with fixed pupil sizes. The results should assist in evaluating postoperative visual quality after surgery. They should also help to determine the necessary KPro inventories in terms of refractive power steps.

Methods

Autorefraction and manifest refraction were performed on all eyes. The monocular through‐focus acuity curve was plotted in reference to the best‐corrected visual acuity by spectacle plane defocus ranging from +5.00 to −5.00 dioptres in 0.50 dioptre increments. These measurements were obtained on KPro‐implanted eyes, pseudophakic eyes as controls, and on the same control eyes after fixing the pupil diameter to 3 and 2 mm using black painted iris contact lenses.

Results

Ten KPro eyes and five control eyes were included. Good agreement was noted between the subjective refractions and autorefraction in KPro eyes. The average through‐focus curve for the control eyes was significantly steeper than that of the KPro curve, but became comparable after fixing the control pupil to 2 and 3 mm.

Conclusion

The KPro's wide depth‐of‐focus makes the visual acuity less dependent on an exact refractive correction at distance and explains the ‘pseudoaccomodation’ experienced by these patients. This is primarily due to the small pupil diameter of the KPro. The current manufacturing steps in 0.50 dioptre increments appears to be sufficient.
A high‐density, SNP‐based consensus map of tetraploid wheat as a bridge to integrate durum and bread wheat genomics and breeding
Authors: Maccaferri Marco , Ricci Andrea , Salvi Silvio , Milner Sara Giulia , Noli Enrico , Martelli Pier Luigi , Casadio Rita , Akhunov Eduard , Scalabrin Simone , Vendramin Vera , Ammar Karim , Blanco Antonio , Desiderio Francesca , Distelfeld Assaf , Dubcovsky Jorge , Fahima Tzion , Faris Justin , Korol Abraham , Massi Andrea , Mastrangelo Anna Maria , Morgante Michele , Pozniak Curtis , N'Diaye Amidou , Xu Steven , Tuberosa Roberto
Published: November 2014

Consensus linkage maps are important tools in crop genomics. We have assembled a high‐density tetraploid wheat consensus map by integrating 13 data sets from independent biparental populations involving durum wheat cultivars (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum), cultivated emmer (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum) and their ancestor (wild emmer, T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides). The consensus map harboured 30 144 markers (including 26 626 SNPs and 791 SSRs) half of which were present in at least two component maps. The final map spanned 2631 cM of all 14 durum wheat chromosomes and, differently from the individual component maps, all markers fell within the 14 linkage groups. Marker density per genetic distance unit peaked at centromeric regions, likely due to a combination of low recombination rate in the centromeric regions and even gene distribution along the chromosomes. Comparisons with bread wheat indicated fewer regions with recombination suppression, making this consensus map valuable for mapping in the A and B genomes of both durum and bread wheat. Sequence similarity analysis allowed us to relate mapped gene‐derived SNPs to chromosome‐specific transcripts. Dense patterns of homeologous relationships have been established between the A‐ and B‐genome maps and between nonsyntenic homeologous chromosome regions as well, the latter tracing to ancient translocation events. The gene‐based homeologous relationships are valuable to infer the map location of homeologs of target loci/QTLs. Because most SNP and SSR markers were previously mapped in bread wheat, this consensus map will facilitate a more effective integration and exploitation of genes and QTL for wheat breeding purposes.
Current state of the art in management of vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Kamran Hejazi Kenari Seyed , Mirzakhani Hooman , Eslami Mohammad , Saidi Reza F.
Published: November 2014

Vascular complications by compromising the blood flow to the allograft can have significant and sometimes life‐threatening consequences after pediatric liver transplantation. High level of suspicion and aggressive utilization of diagnostic modalities can lead to early diagnosis and salvage of the allograft. This review will summarize the current trends in management of vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation.
Balancing Production and Distribution in Paper Manufacturing
Authors: Geismar H. Neil , Murthy Nagesh M.
Published: November 2014

A paper manufacturing plant minimizes its production cost by using long production runs that combine the demands from its various customers. As jobs are completed, they are released to distribution for delivery. Deliveries are made by railcars, each of which is dedicated to one customer. Long production runs imply that maximizing railcar utilization requires holding the cars over several days or holding completed jobs within the loading facility. Each of these methods imposes a cost onto the distribution function. We find how distribution can minimize its cost, given production's schedule. We then consider the problem of minimizing the company's overall cost of both production and distribution. A computational study using general data illustrates that the distribution cost is reduced by 25.80% through our proposed scheme, and that the overall cost is reduced an additional 4.40% through our coordination mechanism. An optimal algorithm is derived for a specific plant's operations.
Public Opinion against Markets? Attitudes towards Market Distribution of Social Services – A Comparison of 17 Countries
Authors: Lindh Arvid
Published: November 2014

This article studies how citizens view the appropriateness of market criteria for allocating services commonly associated with social citizenship rights and welfare state responsibility. The article focuses specifically on a potential role for the market in the provision of social services. The relationship between welfare policy institutions, socio‐economic class and attitudes is explored by comparing attitudes across 17 countries of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, using multilevel modelling and data from the 2009 International Social Survey Programme. Results show that public support for market distribution of services is relatively weak in most countries, a result suggesting that public opinion is unlikely to pose a driving force within ongoing processes of welfare marketization. Still, attitudes are found to vary a lot across countries in tandem with between‐country variation in welfare policy design. First, aggregate public support for market distribution of services is stronger in countries with more private spending on services. Second, class differences in attitudes are larger in countries with more extensive state‐led delivery of services. Together, these results point to the operation of normative feedback‐effects flowing from existing welfare policy arrangements. The theoretical arguments and the empirical results presented in this article suggest that future research exploring the relationship between welfare policy and public opinion from a country‐comparative perspective is well advised to place greater focus on the market institutions that, to varying extents in different countries, act as complements to the state in the administration of social welfare.
LYST Controls the Biogenesis of the Endosomal Compartment Required for Secretory Lysosome Function
Authors: Sepulveda Fernando E. , Burgess Agathe , Heiligenstein Xavier , Goudin Nicolas , Ménager Mickaël M. , Romao Maryse , Côte Marjorie , Mahlaoui Nizar , Fischer Alain , Raposo Graça , Ménasché Gaël , de Saint Basile Geneviève
Published: November 2014

Chediak–Higashi syndrome (CHS) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding LYST protein, the function of which remains poorly understood. Prominent features of CHS include defective secretory lysosome exocytosis and the presence of enlarged, lysosome‐like organelles in several cell types. In order to get further insight into the role of LYST in the biogenesis and exocytosis of cytotoxic granules, we analyzed cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from patients with CHS. Using confocal microscopy and correlative light electron microscopy, we showed that the enlarged organelle in CTLs is a hybrid compartment that contains proteins components from recycling‐late endosomes and lysosomes. Enlargement of cytotoxic granules results from the progressive clustering and then fusion of normal‐sized endolysosomal organelles. At the immunological synapse (IS) in CHS CTLs, cytotoxic granules have limited motility and appear docked while nevertheless unable to degranulate. By increasing the expression of effectors of lytic granule exocytosis, such as Munc13‐4, Rab27a and Slp3, in CHS CTLs, we were able to restore the dynamics and the secretory ability of cytotoxic granules at the IS. Our results indicate that LYST is involved in the trafficking of the effectors involved in exocytosis required for the terminal maturation of perforin‐containing vesicles into secretory cytotoxic granules.
Représentations linéaires des groupes kählériens : factorisations et conjecture de Shafarevich linéaire
Authors: Campana Fréderic , Claudon Benoît , Eyssidieux Philippe
Published: November 2014

We extend to compact Kähler manifolds some classical results on linear representation of fundamental groups of complex projective manifolds. Our approach, based on an interversion lemma for fibrations with tori versus general type manifolds as fibers, gives a refinement of the classical work of Zuo. We extend to the Kähler case some general results on holomorphic convexity of coverings such as the linear Shafarevich conjecture.
Simplicity of heads and socles of tensor products
Authors: Kang Seok-Jin , Kashiwara Masaki , Kim Myungho , Oh Se-jin
Published: November 2014

We prove that, for simple modules $M$ and $N$ over a quantum affine algebra, their tensor product $M\otimes N$ has a simple head and a simple socle if $M\otimes M$ is simple. A similar result is proved for the convolution product of simple modules over quiver Hecke algebras.