bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Nutritional Knowledge, Disease Perception, and Adherence to Diet in Patients with Hypertension Admitted to Farshchian Cardiovascular Clinic in 2017
Authors: Khodaveisi Masoud , Fakhrazizi Shahla , Mohammadi Nahid , Tapak Leili
Published: July 2018

Background and objective: adherence to diet by patients to control the blood pressure has always been challenging. The current study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional knowledge status and disease perception and adherence to diet in patients with hypertension.Methodology: In this quasi-experimental study conducted in 2017, 100 patients with hypertension admitted to Farshchian Cardiovascular Clinic were selected using convenient sampling method and by considering the inclusion criteria. The data were collected using demographic questionnaire, observing nutritional knowledge questionnaire, disease perception questionnaire, and adherence to diet questionnaire in patients with hypertension. Data were analyzed using spss16 software and descriptive statistics.Results: based on the results, mean score of knowledge was 4.73 ± 1.55. In this study 58% of the patients did not have knowledge on high fat diet, 56% of subjects did not have knowledge on red meat diet and 63% did not have knowledge on confection. The mean score of perception was 29.58 ± 3.94, which 38% of the patients believed that their diseases cannot be controlled with behavior and 43% were completely opposed that that their disease can lead into early death, and 56% opposed to restricting the diet. The mean score of follow-up of diet is 9.45 ± 2.27. In this study, 46% of patients did not adhere to their diet at home and 51% of patients did not adhere to their diet at workplace.Conclusion: Due to the lack of knowledge and perception of the disease and the effective follow-up of the diet, it is recommended that necessary measures to be taken to prevent complications of hypertension
A comparative assessment
of effects of Polish propolis
combined with plant oils with
those of Brazilian propolis
on the oral cavity condition
in ortofacial cleft patients treated
with removable appliances
Authors: Machorowska-Pieniążek Agnieszka , Tanasiewicz Marta , Skucha-Nowak Małgorzata , Morawiec Tadeusz
Published: July 2018

In patients with orofacial cleft, toothpaste they use should
demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and regenerative
action and at the same time be well-tolerated by the oral
cavity epithelium and characterized by low toxicity. For this
reason, it is expedient to seek preparations that would show
the properties described above and could be used as auxiliary
means supporting the maintenance of oral health in patients
with orofacial clefts. Aim. The aim of the study was to
perform a comparative assessment of toothpaste containing
Polish propolis in combination with plant oils with that
containing Brazilian propolis on the oral cavity condition in
patients with orofacial cleft treated with removable
appliances. Material and methods. The study material
included 75 patients eligible for the study with a cleft lip or
cleft lip and palate treated orthodontically. They were divided
into three groups, A, B and C. Group A received a toothpaste
with 2 % ethanol extract of Polish propolis (EEP-P) and plant
oils, 0.5% tea tree oil (TTO), 0.2% menthol oil (MO), and
0.1% rosemary oil (RO). Group B received a toothpaste with
3% ethanol extract of Brazilian propolis (EEP-B). Group C
included patients who were given a placebo toothpaste
devoid of any active substances. During the baseline (first)
and a follow-up (final) examination after 35 days, in each
patient the Approximate Plaque Index (API), gingival index
(GI) and Bleeding on Probing (BOP) were assessed. Results.
The biggest improvement of the gingival condition translated
into the GI index and the BOP was found in group A and
amounted to 31% and 26% respectively, compared to the
baseline examination (p<0.00); a statistically significant
reduction of the GI index by 25% and BOP by 29% (p<0.01)
was found in group B. No statistically significant differences
of the values of the API, GI and BOP indices were found
between groups A and B. There was no significant improvement
of the gingiva condition in Group C. Conclusions. Both types
of toothpaste containing active substances have beneficial
effects on the condition of the marginal parodontium and they
do not significantly differ in terms of their biological activity
in the oral cavity. Besides, the toothpaste with Polish propolis
and plant oils has a beneficial effect on the oral cavity hygiene
in children with orofacial cleft. (Machorowska-Pieniążek
A, Tanasiewicz M, Skucha-Nowak M, Morawiec T.
A comparative assessment of effects of Polish propolis
combined with plant oils with those of Brazilian propolis
on the oral cavity condition in orofacial cleft patients
treated with removable appliances. Orthod Forum 2017;
13: 15-27).
DACA-ptives
Authors: Farrell Joseph ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2018

The play on words in the title is used to illustrate a problem facing the United States government, United States citizens, and illegal immigrants. Recent estimates describe the number of illegal immigrants living in the United States at between eleven and twelve million individuals. To address issues with some of our illegal immigrants, on June 15, 2012, President Obama initiated the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. This is an Executive Order easing the burdens of immigration law on some illegal immigrants living in the United Stated. In what follows, I will explain how in spite of there being a right on the part of the United States and nations in general to exclude immigrants and to deport illegal immigrants, the DACA program is actually morally good if not a right on the part of the people in question insofar as they are captives of the will of their parents/guardians who brought them here originally and captives of a system of laws from which they cannot escape without help. In a sense, the DACA program liberates captives and rescues said captives from a legal and moral prison created by all those around them. Rescinding it involves moral turpitude.
Secondary contouring of flaps
Authors: Kim Tae Gon , Choi Man Ki
Published: July 2018

Perforator flaps are becoming increasingly common, and as primary thinning techniques are being developed, the need for secondary contouring of flaps is decreasing. However, many reconstructive flap procedures still incorporate secondary debulking to improve the functional and aesthetic outcomes. Direct excision, liposuction, tissue shaving with an arthroscopic cartilage shaver, and skin grafting are the four major methods used for secondary debulking. Direct excision is primarily applied in flaps where the skin is redundant, even though the volume is not excessive. However, due to the limited range of excision, performing a staged excision is recommended. Liposuction can reduce the amount of subcutaneous tissue of the flap and protect the vascular pedicles. However, the main drawback of this method is its limited ability to remove fibrotic tissues, for which the use of a shaver may be more convenient. The main drawback of using a shaver is that it is difficult to simultaneously remove excess skin. Skin grafting enables the removal of sufficient excess tissue to recover the contour of the normal limb and to improve the color match, facilitating excellent aesthetic results.
Urban Interaction Design: La convergencia de disciplinas hacia una nueva forma de hacer ciudad
Authors: Fernández González Manu
Published: July 2018

En un momento de crisis del modelo tradicional de las políticas urbanas y coincidiendo con la generalización de una compleja infraestructura digital en la sociedad conectada, el papel de la ciudadanía se sitúa como gran debate. Si bien determinados discursos se presentan como irreversibles y unívocos respecto a esta relación entre vida urbana y tecnología, el artículo plantea la posibilidad de construir discursos alternativos a partir de diferentes prácticas de diseño de interacción urbana que están confluyendo en el espacio urbano como espacio para construir ciudad y ciudadanía.
Ciudad flujo: complejidad Y desorden. La superación de la homogeneidad y la jerarquía urbana y política
Authors: García Sánchez Rafael , Segado Vázquez Francisco
Published: July 2018

La ciudad nos explica. Sobre ella proyectamos nuestras convicciones o la falta de ellas, anhelos, cosmovisiones, juicios y prejuicios. Y sin embargo, las ciudades se convierten en esa condición cultural previa de la que no parece posible desembarazarse acabando por condicionar nuestras convicciones o la falta de ellas, nuestros anhelos, etc. Ciertamente son un sustrato cultural ineludible e “invisible”. Nuestra contemporaneidad ha generado un tipo de urbe que trascendiendo lo material ha dado lugar a relaciones “des-corporalizadas” y complejas. La calle ha muerto, oímos desde frentes diversos. El espacio público ha superado la vieja geometría física que ya no sirve para registrar los cambios y los flujos que caracterizan nuestra época. Los límites quedaron atrás. Su cartografía no es posible convencionalmente. Frente a la complejidad, pierden vigor las actuaciones políticas y administrativas jerárquicas y simples, propias de tiempos fuertes. No proponemos el abandono de la política y la ciudad, sino el modo de hacer política y ciudad. Se sugiere una gestión de la complejidad y el desorden que coordine lo complejo, no desde la jerarquía sino desde una “super-visión” policontextual y policéntrica.
Ludocracia: El juego como herramienta de revitalización urbana en la ciudad interfaz
Authors: REYES GONZÁLEZ JONATHAN , REIG ALBEROLA IRENE , DEZA ATUTXA AITOR , MOYA LATORRE ANTONIO , TORMO GÓMEZ RUBÉN
Published: July 2018

Vivimos en la ciudad del miedo. La excesiva regulación y la categorización de lo que sucede en nuestro entorno nos han ceñido a unas reglas del juego limitadas, en las que queda poco margen para la improvisación, la imaginación y las emociones. La errónea incorporación de las tecnologías ha aumentado el grado de control que se tiene sobre variables medibles basando en ellas sus políticas públicas. Esta despreocupación por las variables intangibles que representan la vida humana de las ciudades ha provocado, junto a la introducción de las TICs en nuestra rutina, el traslado del espacio público a la esfera digital: un espacio virtual donde obtener la libertad y recuperar el debate que se ha perdido en el espacio público físico. Ante esta nueva dualidad físico-digital del espacio público nos planteamos la posible conexión de ambos con la ciudad como interfaz. La ludificación de los procesos de las ciudades, la hibridación físico-digital en juegos urbanos o el concepto Lighter & Quicker & Cheaper están presentes en proyectos innovadores contemporáneos reseñados más adelante. Como propuesta de futuro apostaremos por la ludocracia que se sirve del juego como mecanismo accionador para la reconquista del espacio público físico mostrando la ciudad como un tablero de juego aumentado.
Pixel Art: Estética de la necesidad o elogio del medio
Authors: Maravall Llagaria José Luis , Martín Martínez José Vicente
Published: July 2018

Este texto pretende exponer cómo el proceso de evolución tecnológica de la imagen digital, desde sus limitaciones primigenias hasta el momento en que pudo reproducir los recursos gráficos de los medios anteriores –principalmente la fotografía– junto a la incorporación de la tecnología 3D, ha permitido, por oposición, magnificar las características gráficas que son específicas de esta tecnología para finalmente configurar lo que podemos denominar una estética propiamente digital.
Vamos a centrarnos en particular en el ámbito del ocio electrónico con el objetivo de comprobar si el reciente auge de videojuegos diseñados con la estética conocida como pixel art puede deberse a las carencias técnicas de los soportes a los que va destinado –tabletas, dispositivos portátiles y teléfonos móviles, principalmente- y a la aparición de equipos de programación independientes que no cuentan con los recursos de las grandes compañías del entretenimiento, o si por el contrario, se trata de decisiones conscientes de diseño cuyas motivaciones intentaremos esclarecer aquí.
Starch branching enzymes (SBEs) in banana: genome-wide identification and expression analysis reveal their involvement in fruit development, ripening and regulated responses to abiotic/biotic stresses
Authors: Miao Hongxia , Sun Peiguang , Liu Jiuhua , Jin Zhiqiang , Xu Biyu
Published: July 2018

Starch branching enzyme (SBE), which is one of the key enzymes associated with amylopectin biosynthesis, plays important roles in variable biological processes. Despite its importance, SBE is rarely studied in the banana (Musa acuminata L.) which is a typical starchy fruit. Here, a family of ten SBE proteins (MaSBE) was firstly identified through genome-wide characterization in M. acuminata, which could be clustered into three subfamilies. Systematic transcriptome analysis revealed temporal and spatial expression variations of MaSBE genes and differential response patterns under abiotic and biotic stresses in both banana genotypes, Fen Jiao (FJ) and BaXi Jiao (BX). Moreover, MaSBE2.4 was temporally regulated during fruit development and ripening as well as in response to various abiotic/biotic stresses in both genotypes. Specifically, MaSBE2.3 expression level was higher in FJ than in BX following cold, salt, and drought stress treatments, and it was specifically induced by fungal infection in BX. Characterization of hormone- and stress-related cis-acting elements in the promoters of MaSBE genes suggests their multiple biological functions. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into the complex transcriptional characteristics of the SBE genes, and demonstrates their crucial roles in improving amylopectin biosynthesis and strengthening stress resistance in banana.
How Literature Shapes Lives: Philip Roth’s Metafiction and Fluid Identities in the Secular Nation-State
Authors: Ekrem Ulus Hüseyin
Published: July 2018

This paper discusses how Philip Roth’s The Counterlife uses metafiction to portray the plasticity of identities in a critical stance against exclusivist attitudes in nation-states. After an analysis of Roth’s use of self-reflexivity, this research juxtaposes two conflicting accounts of nation-state by Roth and Anderson. Through this comparison, the paper puts forward that Roth’s fiction continuously undermines unisonance in nation-state. This research highlights the significance of writing and self-referentiality in Roth’s novel, as political tools of continuously reshaping not only identities but also identity categories in nation-states.
Gender Inequality In Samia Shariff’s Autobiography Le Voile De La Peur
Authors: Ismail Subur , Emzir - , Rasyid Yumna
Published: July 2018

This paper is the result of the study of an autobiography entitled “Le Voile de la Peur” by Samia Shariff. The study includes a manifestation of gender inequality proposed by Fakih; marginalization, subordination, stereotype, violence, and double burdens (workload). Data collecting and analyzing processes were conducted by a qualitative content analysis using an inductive model designed by Philipp Mayring. From the data analysis, the study found the manifestation in the form of subordination, stereotype and violence. Radical feminism and patriarchy theories are used as a theoretical framework to find and reveal how the gender inequality is realized in Algerian family and society.
Phylogenomic relationship and evolutionary insights of sweet potato viruses from the western highlands of Kenya
Authors: Wainaina James M. , Ateka Elijah , Makori Timothy , Kehoe Monica A. , Boykin Laura M.
Published: July 2018

Sweet potato is a major food security crop within sub-Saharan Africa where 90% of Africa production occurs. One of the major limitations of sweet potato production are viral infections. In this study, we used a combination of whole genome sequences from a field isolate obtained from Kenya and those available in GenBank. Sequences of four sweet potato viruses: Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV), Sweet potato virus C (SPVC), Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV), Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus (SPCFV) were obtained from the Kenyan sample. SPFMV sequences both from this study and from GenBank were found to be recombinant. Recombination breakpoints were found within the Nla-Pro, coat protein and P1 genes. The SPCSV, SPVC, and SPCFV viruses from this study were non-recombinant. Bayesian phylogenomic relationships across whole genome trees showed variation in the number of well-supported clades; within SPCSV (RNA1 and RNA2) and SPFMV two well-supported clades (I and II) were resolved. The SPCFV tree resolved three well-supported clades (I–III) while four well-supported clades were resolved in SPVC (I–IV). Similar clades were resolved within the coalescent species trees. However, there were disagreements between the clades resolved in the gene trees compared to those from the whole genome tree and coalescent species trees. However the coat protein gene tree of SPCSV and SPCFV resolved similar clades to the genome and coalescent species tree while this was not the case in SPFMV and SPVC. In addition, we report variation in selective pressure within sites of individual genes across all four viruses; overall all viruses were under purifying selection. We report the first complete genomes of SPFMV, SPVC, SPCFV, and a partial SPCSV from Kenya as a mixed infection in one sample. Our findings provide a snap shot on the evolutionary relationship of sweet potato viruses (SPFMV, SPVC, SPCFV, and SPCSV) from Kenya as well as assessing whether selection pressure has an effect on their evolution.
Noncanonical functions of microRNA pathway enzymes – Drosha, DGCR8, Dicer and Ago proteins
Authors: Pong Sheng K. , Gullerova Monika
Published: July 2018

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory noncoding RNAs that are generated in the canonical RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Drosha, DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8 (DGCR8) and Dicer are key players in miRNA biogenesis. Argonaute (Ago) proteins bind to miRNAs and are guided by them to find messenger RNA targets and carry out post‐transcriptional silencing of protein‐coding genes. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that RNAi factors have a range of noncanonical functions that are beyond miRNA biogenesis. These functions pertain to various biological processes, such as development, transcriptional regulation, RNA processing and maintenance of genome integrity. Here, we review recent literature reporting miRNA‐independent, noncanonical functions of Drosha, DGCR8, Dicer and Ago proteins and discuss the importance of these functions.
Nogo‐B promotes tumor angiogenesis and provides a potential therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cai Hao , Saiyin Hexige , Liu Xing , Han Dingding , Ji Guoqing , Qin Bo , Zuo Jie , Shen Suqin , Yu Wenbo , Wu Jiaxue , Wu Yanhua , Yu Long
Published: July 2018

Tumor angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of cancer as well as an attractive target for cancer therapy. Characterization of novel pathways that act in parallel with the VEGF/VEGFR axis to promote tumor angiogenesis may provide insights into novel anti‐angiogenic therapeutic targets. We found that the expression level of Nogo‐B is positively correlated with tumor vessel density in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While Nogo‐B depletion inhibited tumor angiogenesis, Nogo‐B overexpression promoted tumor angiogenesis in a tumor xenograft subcutaneous model of the human HCC cell line. Mechanically, Nogo‐B regulates tumor angiogenesis based on its association with integrin αvβ3 and activation of focal adhesion kinase. Moreover, Nogo‐B antibody successfully abolished the function of Nogo‐B in tumor angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that Nogo‐B is an important tumor angiogenic factor and blocking Nogo‐B selectively inhibits tumor angiogenesis.
Off‐target inhibition by active site‐targeting SHP2 inhibitors
Authors: Tsutsumi Ryouhei , Ran Hao , Neel Benjamin G.
Published: July 2018

Due to the involvement of SHP2 (SH2 domain‐containing protein‐tyrosine phosphatase) in human disease, including Noonan syndrome and cancer, several inhibitors targeting SHP2 have been developed. Here, we report that the commonly used SHP2 inhibitor NSC‐87877 does not exhibit robust inhibitory effects on growth factor‐dependent MAPK (mitogen‐activated protein kinase) pathway activation and that the recently developed active site‐targeting SHP2 inhibitors IIB‐08, 11a‐1, and GS‐493 show off‐target effects on ligand‐evoked activation/trans‐phosphorylation of the PDGFRβ (platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β). GS‐493 also inhibits purified human PDGFRβ and SRC in vitro, whereas PDGFRβ inhibition by IIB‐08 and 11a‐1 occurs only in the cellular context. Our results argue for extreme caution in inferring specific functions for SHP2 based on studies using these inhibitors.
Band Structure Perfection and Superconductivity in Type‐II Dirac Semimetal Ir1−xPtxTe2
Authors: Fei Fucong , Bo Xiangyan , Wang Pengdong , Ying Jianghua , Li Jian , Chen Ke , Dai Qing , Chen Bo , Sun Zhe , Zhang Minhao , Qu Fanming , Zhang Yi , Wang Qianghua , Wang Xuefeng , Cao Lu , Bu Haijun , Song Fengqi , Wan Xiangang , Wang Baigeng
Published: July 2018

The discovery of a new type‐II Dirac semimetal in Ir1−xPtxTe2 with optimized band structure is described. Pt dopants protect the crystal structure holding the Dirac cones and tune the Fermi level close to the Dirac point. The type‐II Dirac dispersion in Ir1−xPtxTe2 is confirmed by angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy and first‐principles calculations. Superconductivity is also observed and persists when the Fermi level aligns with the Dirac points. Ir1−xPtxTe2 is an ideal platform for further studies on the exotic properties and potential applications of type‐II DSMs, and opens up a new route for the investigation of the possible topological superconductivity and Majorana physics.
Enzymatic Cross‐Benzoin‐Type Condensation of Aliphatic Aldehydes: Enantioselective Synthesis of 1‐Alkyl‐1‐hydroxypropan‐2‐ones and 1‐Alkyl‐1‐hydroxybutan‐2‐ones
Authors: Di Carmine Graziano , Bortolini Olga , Massi Alessandro , Müller Michael , Bernacchia Giovanni , Fantin Giancarlo , Ragno Daniele , Giovannini Pier Paolo
Published: July 2018

Benzoin‐type reactions have been intensively exploited as a synthetic strategy for the preparation of α‐hydroxy ketones. Thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) dependent enzymes are excellent catalysts for asymmetric versions of such reaction types. In particular, in cross‐benzoin condensations of aromatic reactants and mixed aromatic/aliphatic reactions, use of these enzymes has resulted in high levels of chemo‐, regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The present work, which confirms this trend for aliphatic reactants, outlines results obtained in the formal cross‐benzoin‐type condensation of the ‘umpoled’ acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde with various aliphatic aldehydes catalyzed by the ThDP‐dependent enzyme acetoin:dichlorophenolindophenol oxidoreductase (Ao:DCPIP OR). In these reactions, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutan‐2‐one (methylacetoin) was used as the activated acetaldehyde donor, while 4‐hydroxy‐4‐methylhexan‐3‐one was employed for the first time as the precursor of activated propionaldehyde. With the exception of 3‐hydroxypentan‐2‐one and 3‐hydroxyhexan‐2‐one, which were obtained in almost racemic form by the condensation of methylacetoin with propanal and butanal, respectively, all other products achieved from reactions performed using the same donor with more hindered aldehyde acceptors were obtained with high conversions (89–99%) and in good to high enantiomeric excess (72–99% ee). In a similar way, high conversions (75–99%) and good ee (76–99%) were observed in reactions performed with the same set of aldehyde acceptors, but using 4‐hydroxy‐4‐methylhexan‐3‐one as propionyl anion donor. This is the first time that most of the products described herein have been prepared via benzoin‐type condensation.

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Organocatalytic Synthesis of gem‐Difluorinated C2‐Spiro Indolines and Pyrimido[1,2‐a]benzimidazoles from 2‐Alkynyl‐3,3‐Difluoro‐3H‐Indoles
Authors: Mao Xiang‐Yu , Lin Xiao‐Tong , Yang Meng , Chen Guo‐Shu , Liu Yun‐Lin
Published: July 2018

In this communication, we report a substrate‐controlled product diversity in the 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD)‐catalyzed cascade cyclization of 2‐alkynyl‐3,3‐difluoro‐3H‐indoles with N,N‐ or N,S‐bis‐nucleophiles. The products represent two important heterocyclic compounds, C2‐spiro indoline, and pyrimido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole, featuring a versatile gem‐difluoromethylene group on the framework. In these cascade processes, two new C−N bonds, or one C−S and one C−N bond, are consecutively formed in a single step. The present protocol is characterized with high regioselectivity, high yield, broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, facile scalability and mild reaction conditions.

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Organocatalytic Enantioselective Strecker Reaction with Seven‐Membered Cyclic Imines
Authors: Lluna‐Galán Carles , Blay Gonzalo , Fernández Isabel , Muñoz M. Carmen , Pedro José R. , Vila Carlos
Published: July 2018

A highly enantioselective Strecker reaction with dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepines has been described using a dihydroquinine‐derived thiourea as organocatalyst. The reaction affords chiral 10,11‐dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepine 11‐carbonitrile derivatives in excellent yields (up to 99%) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98%) under mild reaction conditions.

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1D Hexagonal HC(NH2)2PbI3for Multilevel Resistive Switching Nonvolatile Memory
Authors: Yang June‐Mo , Kim Seul‐Gi , Seo Ja‐Young , Cuhadar Can , Son Dae‐Yong , Lee Donghwa , Park Nam‐Gyu
Published: July 2018

Organic–inorganic halide perovskite is regarded as one of the potential candidates for next generation resistive switching memory (memristor) material because of fast, millivolt‐scale switching, multilevel capability, and high On/Off ratio. Here, resistive switching property of HC(NH2)2PbI3(FAPbI3) depending on structural phase is reported. It is found that 1D hexagonal FAPbI3(δ‐FAPbI3), formed at relatively low temperature, is active in memristor, while 3D trigonal FAPbI3 (α‐FAPbI3), formed at temperature higher than 150 °C, is inactive. Failure of switching from low resistance state to high resistance state is found for α‐FAPbI3, while δ‐FAPbI3shows stable switching behavior. Density functional calculation reveals that iodine cluster in isotropic 3D α‐FAPbI3is so stable after forming filament that the filament is hard to be ruptured at off state. However, for anisotropic δ‐FAPbI3, iodine cluster is not stable and migration barrier is much lower forc‐axis (0.48 eV) than forab‐plane (0.9 eV), which is beneficial for switching. The memristor devices based on δ‐FAPbI3demonstrate endurance up to 1200 cycles with On/Off ratio (>105), retention time up to 3000 s, multilevel storage capacity, and working even at 80 °C.
Lithium–Iron (III) Fluoride Battery with Double Surface Protection
Authors: Zhao Enbo , Borodin Oleg , Gao Xiaosi , Lei Danni , Xiao Yiran , Ren Xiaolei , Fu Wenbin , Magasinski Alexandre , Turcheniuk Kostiantyn , Yushin Gleb
Published: July 2018

Lithium–metal fluoride batteries promise significantly higher energy density than the state‐of‐the‐art lithium‐ion batteries and lithium–sulfur batteries. Unfortunately, commercialization of metal fluoride cathodes is prevented by their high resistance, irreversible structural change, and rapid degradation. In this study, a substantial boost in metal fluoride (MF) cathode stability by designing nanostructure with two layers of protective shells—one deposited ex situ and the other in situ is demonstrated. Such methodology achieves over 90% capacity retention after 300 charge–discharge cycles, producing the first report on FeF3 as a cathode material, where a very high capacity utilization in combination with excellent stability is approaching the level needed for practical applications of FeF3. The cathode solid electrolyte interphase (CEI) containing lithium oxalate and BF bond containing anions is found to effectively protect the cathode material from direct contact with electrolytes, thus greatly suppressing the dissolution of Fe. Quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics calculations provide unique insights into the mechanisms of CEI layer formation. As a result, this work not only demonstrates unprecedented performance, but also provides the reader with a better fundamental understanding of electrochemical behavior of MF cathodes and the positive impact observed with the application of a lithium bis(oxalato)borate salt in the electrolyte.
Design of Nonfullerene Acceptors with Near‐Infrared Light Absorption Capabilities
Authors: Lee Jaewon , Ko Seo‐Jin , Seifrid Martin , Lee Hansol , McDowell Caitlin , Luginbuhl Benjamin R. , Karki Akchheta , Cho Kilwon , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen , Bazan Guillermo C.
Published: July 2018

A series of narrow bandgap electron acceptors is designed and synthesized for efficient near‐infrared (NIR) organic solar cells. Extending π‐conjugation of donor frameworks leads to an intense intramolecular charge transfer, resulting in broad absorption profiles with band edge reaching 950 nm. When blended with an electron donor polymer PTB7‐Th, IOTIC‐2F exhibits efficient charge transfer even with a small energetic offset, so as to achieve a large photogenerated current over 22 mA cm−2 with small energy losses (≈0.49 eV) in solar cell devices. With an intense NIR absorbance, PTB7‐Th:IOTIC‐2F‐based cells achieve a power conversion efficiency of 12.1% with good visible transparency (52% transmittance from 370 to 740 nm). Analysis of film morphology reveals that processing with solvent additives enhances crystalline features of acceptor components, while keeping an appropriate level of donor:acceptor intermixing in the binary blends. The incorporation of the third component, ITIC‐2F, into the PTB7‐Th:IOTIC‐2F blends increases the device efficiency up to 12.9%. The improvement is assigned to the cascaded energy‐level structure and desirable nanoscale phase separation of the ternary blends, which is beneficial to the photocurrent generation. This work provides an efficient molecular design strategy to optimize nonfullerene acceptor properties for efficient NIR organic photovoltaics.
High Capacity All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries Enabled by Pyrite‐Sulfur Composites
Authors: Ulissi Ulderico , Ito Seitaro , Hosseini Seyed Milad , Varzi Alberto , Aihara Yuichi , Passerini Stefano
Published: July 2018

As the theoretical limit of intercalation material‐based lithium‐ion batteries is approached, alternative chemistries based on conversion reactions are presently considered. The conversion of sulfur is particularly appealing as it is associated with a theoretical gravimetric energy density up to 2510 Wh kg−1. In this paper, three different carbon‐iron disulfide‐sulfur (C‐FeS2‐S) composites are proposed as alternative positive electrode materials for all‐solid‐state lithium‐sulfur batteries. These are synthesized through a facile, low‐cost, single‐step ball‐milling procedure. It is found that the crystalline structure (evaluated by X‐ray diffraction) and the morphology of the composites (evaluated by scanning electron microscopy) are greatly influenced by the FeS2:S ratio. Li/LiI‐Li3PS4/C‐FeS2‐S solid‐state cells are tested under galvanostatic conditions, while differential capacity plots are used to discuss the peculiar electrochemical features of these novel materials. These cells deliver capacities as high as 1200 mAh g(FeS2+S)−1 at the intermediate loading of 1 mg cm−2 (1.2 mAh cm−2), and up to 3.55 mAh cm−2 for active material loadings as high as 5 mg cm−2 at 20 °C. Such an excellent performance, rarely reported for (sulfur/metal sulfide)‐based, all solid‐state cells, makes these composites highly promising for real application where high positive electrode loadings are required.
A New Strategy for High‐Voltage Cathodes for K‐Ion Batteries: Stoichiometric KVPO4F
Authors: Kim Haegyeom , Seo Dong‐Hwa , Bianchini Matteo , Clément Raphaële J. , Kim Hyunchul , Kim Jae Chul , Tian Yaosen , Shi Tan , Yoon Won‐Sub , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: July 2018

The exploration of high‐energy‐density cathode materials is vital to the practical use of K‐ion batteries. Layered K‐metal oxides have too high a voltage slope due to their large K+–K+ interaction, resulting in low specific capacity and average voltage. In contrast, the 3D arrangement of K+, with polyanions separating them, reduces the strength of the effective K+‐K+ repulsion, which in turn increases specific capacity and voltage. Here, stoichiometric KVPO4F for use as a high‐energy‐density K‐ion cathode is developed. The KVPO4F cathode delivers a reversible capacity of ≈105 mAh g−1 with an average voltage of ≈4.3 V (vs K/K+), resulting in a gravimetric energy density of ≈450 Wh kg−1. During electrochemical cycling, the KxVPO4F cathode goes through various intermediate phases at x = 0.75, 0.625, and 0.5 upon K extraction and reinsertion, as determined by ex situ X‐ray diffraction characterization and ab initio calculations. This work further explains the role of oxygen substitution in KVPO4+xF1−x: the oxygenation of KVPO4F leads to an anion‐disordered structure which prevents the formation of K+/vacancy orderings without electrochemical plateaus and hence to a smoother voltage profile.
Development of a kinetic model for the moderate temperature chemical vapor deposition of SiO2 films from tetraethyl orthosilicate and oxygen
Authors: Ponton Simon , Vergnes Hugues , Samelor Diane , Sadowski Daniel , Vahlas Constantin , Caussat Brigitte
Published: July 2018

An apparent kinetic model for the chemical vapor deposition of SiO2 from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and O2 was developed in a poorly investigated range of operating conditions, that is, at atmospheric pressure and between 350 and 500°C, based on literature survey and experimental results obtained in a hot wall tubular reactor. The kinetic model was implemented into the computational fluid dynamics code FLUENT and validated both in shape and value by comparison with experimental deposition rate profiles. It reveals that for the conditions tested, a possible mechanism of SiO
2 deposition involves two intermediate species formed from TEOS homogeneous decomposition, the first one being active from 300°C and the second one contributing to deposition for temperatures higher than 370°C. The calculated local profiles of gas flow, gas temperature, species mass fraction, and silica deposition rate indicate that the first intermediate species leads to marked film thickness gradients, the second one being more stable as producing uniform thicknesses. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3958–3966, 2018
Enhanced gas migration through permeable bubble networks within consolidated soft sediments
Authors: Johnson Michael , Peakall Jeffrey , Jia Xiaodong , Fairweather Michael , Harbottle David , Biggs Simon , Hunter Timothy N.
Published: July 2018

Many consolidated sediments experience in situ gas generation from methanogenesis, corrosion, or radiolysis reactions and can retain bubbles for long periods. Particular interest is motivated by the retention and acute release of flammable hydrogen from nuclear legacy waste sludge. X‐ray computed tomography was employed to observe 0.07–10 mm bubble populations within 30–1112 Pa yield strength Mg(OH)2sediments. High rates of partial coalescence were observed among sub‐millimeter microvoids, forming extensive bubble networks which spanned the 32 mm field of view. Lattice Boltzmann and Monte Carlo modeling demonstrated these networks to be highly pervious to gas, with effective diffusivities for hydrogen of 3.7–12.5 × 10−5m2s−1. Continuous vessel‐spanning bubble networks, dynamic connectivity between ganglia of coalesced bubbles, Haines jumps, and composite diffusion through the gas and aqueous phase can account for enhanced gas migration over length‐scales of several meters, thus enabling chronic gas release from low‐intermediate strength sediments (kPa) too strong for buoyant bubble ebullition and too weak for vertical channel formation. © 2018 The Authors. AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers.AIChE J, 64: 4131–4147, 2018
Origin of Equisetum: Evolution of horsetails (Equisetales) within the major euphyllophyte clade Sphenopsida
Authors: Elgorriaga Andrés , Escapa Ignacio H. , Rothwell Gar W. , Tomescu Alexandru M. F. , Rubén Cúneo N.
Published: July 2018

Premise of the Study

Equisetum is the sole living representative of Sphenopsida, a clade with impressive species richness, a long fossil history dating back to the Devonian, and obscure relationships with other living pteridophytes. Based on molecular data, the crown group age of Equisetum is mid‐Paleogene, although fossils with possible crown synapomorphies appear in the Triassic. The most widely circulated hypothesis states that the lineage of Equisetum derives from calamitaceans, but no comprehensive phylogenetic studies support the claim. Using a combined approach, we provide a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Equisetales, with special emphasis on the origin of genus Equisetum.

Methods

We performed parsimony phylogenetic analyses to address relationships of 43 equisetalean species (15 extant, 28 extinct) using a combination of morphological and molecular characters.

Key Results

We recovered Equisetaceae + Neocalamites as sister to Calamitaceae + a clade of Angaran and Gondwanan horsetails, with the four groups forming a clade that is sister to Archaeocalamitaceae. The estimated age for the Equisetum crown group is mid‐Mesozoic.

Conclusions

Modern horsetails are not nested within calamitaceans; instead, both groups have explored independent evolutionary trajectories since the Carboniferous. Diverse fossil taxon sampling helps to shed light on the position and relationships of equisetalean lineages, of which only a tiny remnant is present within the extant flora. Understanding these relationships and early character configurations of ancient plant clades as Equisetales provide useful tests of hypotheses about overall phylogenetic relationships of euphyllophytes and foundations for future tests of molecular dates with paleontological data.
Onset of Lasing in Small Devices: The Identification of the First Threshold through Autocorrelation Resonance
Authors: Wang Tao , Puccioni Gian Piero , Lippi Gian Luca
Published: July 2018

A simple technique for identifying the onset of coherent emission in mesoscale lasers, which makes use of a small‐amplitude modulation added to the pump, is introduced. The optimal modulation frequency is obtained from the radio‐frequency power spectrum of the unperturbed laser emission. The identification of the lasing onset rests on the appearance of a resonance in the experimentally measured zero‐order autocorrelation function (g(2)(0)) plotted as a function of the pump rate. Numerical proof is provided in support of the autocorrelation resonance. The intrinsic simplicity of this technique and its inherent compatibility with photon counting makes it an excellent tool for certifying the onset of laser emission independent of the laser cavity volume. Recently published measurements of g(2)(0), obtained in nanolasers, support the extension of this technique to nanoscale devices.
Applications of Mitsunobu Reaction in total synthesis of natural products
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Ghalavand Nastaran , Ghanbarian Manizheh , Mohammadkhani Leyla
Published: July 2018

The Mitsunobu Reaction allows the conversion of primary and secondary alcohols to esters, phenyl ethers, thioethers and some other compounds. The nucleophile employed should be acidic, since one of the reagents, diethylazodicarboxylate (DEAD) must be protonated during the course of the reaction, preventing from the formation of unwanted side products. In this review, we try to focus on the scope and preparative synthetic applications of Mitsunobu reaction as a key step in the total synthesis of biologically active natural products.
Toward a calculus of redundancy: Signification, codification, and anticipation in cultural evolution
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet , Johnson Mark W. , Ivanova Inga
Published: July 2018

This article considers the relationships among meaning generation, selection, and the dynamics of discourse from a variety of perspectives ranging from information theory and biology to sociology. Following Husserl's idea of a horizon of meanings in intersubjective communication, we propose a way in which, using Shannon's equations, the generation and selection of meanings from a horizon of possibilities can be considered probabilistically. The information‐theoretical dynamics we articulate considers a process of meaning generation within cultural evolution: information is imbued with meaning, and through this process, the number of options for the selection of meaning in discourse proliferates. The redundancy of possible meanings contributes to a codification of expectations within the discourse. Unlike hardwired DNA, the codes of nonbiological systems can coevolve with the variations. Spanning horizons of meaning, the codes structure the communications as selection environments that shape discourses. Discursive knowledge can be considered as meta‐coded communication that enables us to translate among differently coded communications. The dynamics of discursive knowledge production can thus infuse the historical dynamics with a cultural evolution by adding options, that is, by increasing redundancy. A calculus of redundancy is presented as an indicator whereby these dynamics of discourse and meaning may be explored empirically.
Pt Nanoparticles Supported on Nitrogen‐Doped‐Carbon‐Decorated CeO2 for Base‐Free Aerobic Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Ke Changxuan , Li Mengyuan , Fan Guoli , Yang Lan , Li Feng
Published: July 2018

Currently, the base‐free aerobic oxidation of biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to produce 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is attracting intense interest due to its prospects for the green, sustainable, and promising production of biomass‐based aromatic polymers. Herein, we have developed a new Pt catalyst supported on nitrogen‐doped‐carbon‐decorated CeO2 (NC‐CeO2) for the aerobic oxidation of HMF in water without the addition of any homogeneous base. It was demonstrated that the small‐sized Pt particles could be well dispersed on the surface of the hybrid NC‐CeO2 support, and the activity of the supported Pt catalyst depended strongly on the surface structure and properties of the catalysts. The as‐fabricated Pt/NC‐CeO2 catalyst, with abundant surface defects, enhanced basicity, and favorable electron‐deficient metallic Pt species, enabled an almost 100 % yield of FDCA in water with molecular oxygen (0.4 MPa) at 110 °C for 8 h without the addition of any homogeneous base, which is indicative of exceptional catalytic performance. Furthermore, this Pt/NC‐CeO2 catalyst also showed good stability and reusability owing to strong metal–support interactions. An understanding of the role of surface structural defects and basicity of the hybrid NC‐CeO2 support provides a basis for the rational design of high‐performance and stable supported metal catalysts with practical applications in various transformations of biomass‐derived compounds.
Building Molecular Complexity from Quinizarin: Conjoined Coumarins and Coronene Analogs
Authors: Węcławski Marek K. , Deperasińska Irena , Banasiewicz Marzena , Young David C. , Leniak Arkadiusz , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: July 2018

The double Knoevenagel condensation of 1,4‐dibenzoyloxyanthraquinone with methyl esters of arylacetic acids affords a series of compounds based upon a previously unknown 1,8‐dioxa‐benzo[e]pyrene‐2,7‐dione heterocyclic core. The aryl groups incorporated in the 3‐ and 6‐positions can be oxidatively coupled to the π‐expanded backbone to produce a further new heterocyclic core: 1,10‐dioxa‐dibenzo[dj]coronene‐2,9‐dione. The intriguing optical properties of these π‐expanded coumarin derivatives are discussed and rationalized through quantum chemical calculations. The broad absorption bands of 1,8‐dioxa‐benzo[e]pyrene‐2,7‐dione‐based dyes are attributed to both HOMO−1→LUMO and HOMO→LUMO transitions, which have a similar energy. Weakly coupled electron‐donating aryl substituents result in a moderate bathochromic shift of both the absorption and emission by 30–60 nm in toluene. The emissive properties of these compounds are in part determined by the oscillator strength of the main transition, lifetimes of the excited state, and by the energy match of the excited state with a triplet state of a similar energy. The 1,10‐dioxa‐dibenzo[dj]coronene‐2,9‐dione displays a much smaller Stokes shift, yet a markedly increased fluorescence quantum yield of 90 % owing to the increased rigidity compared with the 1,8‐dioxa‐benzo[e]pyrene‐2,7‐dione core.
Direct Dehydrative Glycosylation of C1‐Alcohols
Authors: O'Neill Sloane , Rodriguez Jacob , Walczak Maciej A.
Published: July 2018

Due to the central role played by carbohydrates in a multitude of biological processes, there has been a sustained interest in developing effective glycosylation methods to enable more thorough investigation of their essential functions. Among the myriad technologies available for stereoselective glycoside bond formation, dehydrative glycosylation possesses a distinct advantage given the unique properties of C1‐alcohols such as straightforward preparation, stability, and a general reactivity compatible with a diverse set of reaction conditions. In this Focus Review, a survey of direct dehydrative glycosylations of C1‐alcohols is provided with an emphasis on recent achievements, pervading limitations, mechanistic insights, and applications in total synthesis.
Arylpyrrolyldiketone Boron Complexes Exhibiting Various Anion‐Binding Modes Based on Dynamic Conformation Changes
Authors: Kuno Atsuko , Fujiwara Masaya , Haketa Yohei , Maeda Hiromitsu
Published: July 2018

Arylpyrrolyldiketone boron complexes as anion‐responsive π‐electronic molecules were synthesized by Claisen condensations of acetylpyrrole and corresponding aryl esters. The synthesized π‐electronic molecules exhibited anion‐binding behavior with various binding modes including pyrrole‐inverted and non‐inverted [1+1]‐type anion complexes as well as [2+1]‐type complexes owing to the presence of only a single pyrrole ring. Furthermore, solid‐state ion‐pairing assemblies, comprising receptor–anion complexes and countercations, were constructed based on fairly planar [2+1]‐type complexes.