bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manejo Conservador del Trauma Penetrante de Tórax, Casuística de 2 Años en Hospital Universitario del Valle en Cali, Colombia, un Importante Centro de Trauma
Authors: Gruezo Raúl Barros , Martínez Jair Díaz
Published: March 2016

El traumatismo torácico representa uno de los mayores desafíos en el manejo integral del paciente politraumatizado debido a la alta morbilidad y mortalidad generada por sus complicaciones y los altos costos de la atención de salud. La mayoría de las lesiones torácicas son manejadas con maniobras simples como el tubo de toracostomía, apenas el 10 al 15% de los pacientes necesitan tratamiento quirúrgico. El hemo-neumotórax es la lesión más comúnmente encontrada en el trauma de tórax con una prevalencia del 52.3%, seguido por el Hemotórax 23.4% y el neumotórax del 20% de los casos. Hasta el 30–80% de los pacientes con lesiones traqueobronquiales fallecen en el lugar del accidente. Este estudio de colección retrospectiva de datos incluyo a los pacientes del registro de trauma, que sufrieron trauma penetrante de tórax en un periodo de 2 años y que fueron atendidos en el hospital universitario del valle, encontrándose 587 pacientes con este tipo de trauma, con un total de pacientes operados 257 de los cuales 224 fueron dados de alta y 33 fallecieron; de los 330 pacientes que no fueron operados 262 egresaron y 62 murieron. La mayoría eran hombres 557 y mujeres 30; con 2 tipos de heridas 247 punzocortantes y 340 heridas por proyectil de arma de fuego. Esta importante casuística de las pocas en el mundo, nos permite analizar que el trauma penetrante de tórax es mortal dependiendo de la estructura comprometida y que sin embargo es factible realizar manejo conservador en pacientes seleccionados; no guarda relación a las estadísticas mundiales pues los pacientes operados rebasan el 15%, la importancia radica en que el volumen de pacientes muy graves con necesidad quirúrgica es muy grande por lo que es prioritario identificar quienes se beneficiarían de manejo conservador.

How to cite this article

Gruezo RB, Martínez JD. Manejo Conservador del Trauma Penetrante de Tórax, Casuística de 2 Años en Hospital Universitario del Valle en Cali, Colombia, un Importante Centro de Trauma. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2015;4(3):188-193.
Is hotel efficiency necessary for tourism destination competitiveness? An integrated approach
Authors: Mendieta-Peñalver Luis Felipe , Perles-Ribes José F , Ramón-Rodríguez Ana B , Such-Devesa María J
Published: March 2016

This study investigates the relationship between tourism destination competitiveness and the competitiveness of international hotel firms using an integrated approach based on Porter (1990). A mediation model is employed to link destination competitiveness, efficiency and firm competitiveness. Global technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency are estimated through data envelopment analysis techniques. The results confirm a positive relationship between destination competitiveness and firm competitiveness, but efficiency does not play a mediating role linking both.
Determining factors in the internationalization of hotel industry
Authors: Berbel-Pineda Juan Manuel , Palacios-Florencio Beatriz , Ramírez-Hurtado José Manuel
Published: March 2016

Choosing the best way of operating in foreign markets is one of the most important decisions in business internationalization. The main aim of this study is to ascertain whether the choice of entry mode, made according to the impact of various factors, leads to improved export performance. Certain factors influence export performance in different ways, some of which are firm-related, while others lie beyond the firm’s control. It is, therefore, important to know what these factors are and what impact they have in order to be able to choose the optimal foreign market entry mode, as this decision will have a direct effect on performance.
Does institutional knowledge attract new firms in tourist districts?
Authors: Marco-Lajara Bartolomé , Zaragoza-Sáez Patrocinio Carmen , Claver-Cortés Enrique , Úbeda-García Mercedes
Published: March 2016

This article focuses on the tourism sector, analysing the extent to which the degree of firm concentration in industry is higher or lower among the tourist districts located along the Spanish Mediterranean coastline depending on the knowledge resources generated by the institutions located at each destination (universities, vocational training centres (VTCs) and technological centres). Certain factors, such as the technical characteristics of the generated knowledge and the absorptive capacity of firms, influence the power of attraction that such institutions may exert for new firms to join the tourist district. For that reason, a U-shaped relationship between agglomeration and institutional knowledge is proposed. The empirical evidence supports this hypothesis for the knowledge generated by universities and higher-level VTCs, though not for the knowledge generated by medium-level VTCs and technological centres.
Breadth and Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge and Their Effects on L2 Vocabulary Profiles
Authors: Bardakci Mehmet
Published: March 2016

Breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge have been studied from many different perspectives, but the related literature lacks serious studies dealing with their effects on vocabulary profiles of EFL learners. In this paper, with an aim to fill this gap, the relative effects of breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge on L2 vocabulary profiles were analysed. In the first stage of the study, learner essays (n=84) and native essays (n=75) were compared in terms of vocabulary profiles through the use of an online database, and each participant obtained vocabulary profile scores from four different levels. In the next stage, the learners’ depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge were measured by using two different vocabulary tests, and then the scores they obtained on these tests were hierarchically regressed on their profile scores. The results suggested that both breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge had significant and robust effects on the L2 vocabulary profiles of the EFL learners; however, depth of vocabulary knowledge appeared to be a better predictor of vocabulary profiles than breadth of vocabulary knowledge.
GDP and Tax Revenues-Causality Relationship in Developing Countries: Evidence from Palestine
Authors: Iriqat Raed A. M. , Anabtawi Ahmad N. H.
Published: March 2016

The study aims to investigate the causality relationship between Gross Domestic Product and its components with Tax revenues in developing countries as a case study in Palestine. This study based on an empirical approach using secondary data from Palestine monetary Authority during (1999-2014). The findings exposed mainly that the tax revenues does not Granger Cause each of the Palestinian Gross Domestic Product, Government spending, Consumption, Investment and Balance of trade. In addition, researcher divided period of study into three stages according to changing in income tax act. Moreover, results shows that the impact of macro-economic variables on tax revenues and correlations between dependent and independent variables was changing from one stage to other.
This paper concludes that the Palestinian authority should motivate investment conditions and improve the tax collection instruments and decrease the tax invasion. In addition, Palestinian government should rationalize the government consumption spending and increase the government expenditure for the development.
Humanitarian Relief Supply Chain Performance Evaluation: A Literature Review
Authors: Gizaw Bethlehem Tamiru , Gumus Alev Taskin
Published: March 2016

Nowadays small, medium and severe disasters are threatening our world. One of the important role players in alleviating these traits are humanitarian relief supply chains. The increasing number of disasters in our planet earth urges the humanitarian relief supply chains to focus on the assurance of safety of the victims. In order for this to occur, these supply chains should work effectively and efficiently. This can be possible through considerable evaluation of their supply chain performance. In this paper a literature review on supply chain performance evaluation in general and humanitarian relief supply chain performance in particular is presented. Previously conducted researches from the year 2000 until the present time have been reviewed. The works were categorized according to writers, publication year, publishing journal, technique utilized and objective intended. Then an analysis was made on humanitarian relief supply chain literature with respect to the publishing journals and the research technique applied. The result shows that humanitarian relief supply chain evaluation is almost an untouched area which needs further study. Recent supply chain management techniques can be applied for the improved performance of these supply chains. Based on this result, Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR), Fuzzy Logic System, and Artificial Neural Networks are found to be the areas which need further study.
Social Media Marketing Perspectives in the Organization in Morelia, Mexico
Authors: Madrigal Moreno Salvador , Alfaro Calderón Gerardo Gabriel , Madrigal Moreno Flor
Published: March 2016

Social media marketing (SMM) is a reality in contemporary society. This research presents a review of the literature on the phenomenon of SMM to establish the challenges and opportunities social media faces. Subsequently, the digital inclusion in Mexico is discussed roughly focusing on the situation of SMM in the organization in Morelia. The purpose of this paper is to contextualize the use of social media and establish the challenges and opportunities of inclusion in communication strategies and marketing in the organization in Morelia. It is confirmed that the contemporary society has established the conditions to implement properly social media marketing in Morelia.
Internal Marketing: Employee Satisfaction and Word of Mouth in Guilan’s Saderat Bank
Authors: Haghighikhah Maryam , Khadang Mahdieh , Arabi Masoud
Published: March 2016

Internal marketing is too important for all organizations and it’s especially critical for a people intensive industry such as banking. This paper examines the effects of internal marketing on satisfaction of employees and employee’s word of mouth. Dimensions of internal marketing, which were studied are training, supervisory support, empowerment, communication and compensation. The study has been done in Saderat Bank of Iran in Gulian and we used the technique of Structural Equation Modeling to provide a model. The analytical results demonstrate that approximately 88% of the variance Satisfaction (R2 = 0.88) is explained by Internal marketing and approximately, 82% of the variance word of mouth (R2 = 0.82) is explained by Satisfaction and Internal marketing.
Authenticity, Uniqueness and Intention to Buy Scarce Products
Authors: Aydin Gokhan
Published: March 2016

This study aims to find empirical evidence between personality elements (authenticity, sense of uniqueness, need for uniqueness) and individual’s preference of scarce products (PUI). A model was founded upon an extension of Snyder’s studies of uniqueness seeking behavior and psychological authenticity literature. Survey methodology was used and a questionnaire was developed using widely accepted authenticity (operationalized under three categories, namely authentic living, self-alienation and external influence), sense of uniqueness (SOU), and need for uniqueness (NFU) scales. A total of 257 valid questionnaires were obtained out of 298 fully-completed forms collected from young millennials in Turkey, one of the largest developing countries with a collectivist culture. The data was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that only authentic living has a statistically significant effect on individuals’ SOU. This component of authenticity also has a significant effect on consumers’ desire for scarce and unique products through SOU. Significant but moderate level direct effects of SOU on PUI and NFU on PUI were observed in the analysis. Compared to the extant literature, this study adopts a more comprehensive interpretation of uniqueness, and incorporates authenticity as an antecedent to fill a research gap.
The Adoption of the Green Marketing in the Millennium Generation
Authors: Madrigal Moreno Flor , Ávila Carreón Fernando , Madrigal Moreno Salvador
Published: March 2016

This descriptive study shows the evolution in the behavior of the millennium consumer, the influence of the culture, the society and the globalization in the making decisions. The millennium generation is well recognized as the generation whose consumptions are more oriented to ecological products. Also, their concern about the ecological impact of the supplies they use in their daily life, showing how the green marketing represents a marketing strategy that influences their purchase decision in Mexican consumers.
Viscoelastic Properties of Kefir as Affected by Milk Protein Addition and Starter Culture Type
Authors: Exarhopoulos Stylianos , Antoniou Kleio D. , Raphaelides Stylianos N. , Dimitreli Georgia
Published: March 2016

The effect of Sodium Caseinates (SCN) and Whey Proteins Concentrates (WPC) addition, as well as the starter culture type (kefir grains and commercial starter culture) on the viscoelastic properties of kefir samples was evaluated. The kefir samples were prepared from homogenized and pasteurized full fat bovine milk with or without the addition of SCN or WPC at 2% (w/w) concentration. According to the results, SCN increased the fermentation time of kefir samples when compared to control samples (samples without SCN or WPC addition), while WPC decreased it. The elasticity of the protein matrix was increased with SCN or WPC addition, however, the effect of SCN was more pronounced to than that of WPC. SCN contributed to the elasticity of the samples by the formation of strong as well as weak chemical bonds, while WPC participated to proteins interactions that were characterized as weak ones. The commercial starter culture resulted in lower fermentation time and increased viscoelastic properties of the kefir samples when compared to kefir grains.
Pemodelan fenologi populasi penggerek batang padi kuning Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) berbasis pengaruh iklim
Authors: Koem Syahrizal , Koesmaryono Yonny , Impron Impron
Published: March 2016

Iklim merupakan faktor yang sangat berpengaruh pada kelimpahan hama penggerek batang padi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (i) menyusun model prediksi populasi penggerek batang padi kuning (PBK) dan (ii) menilai kemampuan model untuk memprediksi kelimpahan dan puncak populasi PBK pada skenario perubahan iklim SRES A1FI dan B1. Pemodelan PBK membutuhkan dua komponen utama, yaitu paramater iklim dan suhu ambang bawah perkembangan (To) untuk menggambarkan siklus hidup PBK dari tahap telur, larva, pupa, dan imago. Penelitian menggunakan perangkat lunak DYMEX yang dapat menggambarkan perkembangan, mortalitas, transfer individu dari satu tahap ke tahap kehidupan selanjutnya, serta fekunditas dan reproduksi PBK. Nilai koefisien determinasi (R2) kalibrasi model antara prediksi dan observasi menunjukkan korelasi positif yang kuat dengan nilai R2 sebesar 0,65. Validasi model juga dapat memprediksi populasi puncak, dengan R2 sebesar 0,42. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa kecenderungan puncak populasi terjadi ketika intensitas curah hujan tinggi, yaitu pada bulan Maret sampai April, Juli sampai September, dan November sampai Desember. Model memprediksi populasi PBK di wilayah Sukamandi mencapai 3 generasi per tahun, sedangkan di Kuningan 2 generasi per tahun. Simulasi model di bawah skenario perubahan iklim SRES A1FI dan B1 menunjukkan perbedaan sensitivitas. Ada kecenderungan peningkatan populasi PBK di wilayah Kuningan, dan kecenderungan penurunan di wilayah Sukamandi. Di bawah perubahan iklim, kondisi lingkungan di Kuningan menjadi lebih cocok untuk perkembangbiakan PBK, yang memungkinkan peningkatan jumlah generasi per tahun.
Gangguan fisiologis wereng batang padi coklat akibat pemberian abu terbang batubara
Authors: Fauzana Hafiz , Wagiman F. X. , Martono Edhi
Published: March 2016

Abu terbang batubara (ATB) dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai agens pengendalian wereng batang padi coklat (WBC) Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Kajian ini bertujuan mempelajari gangguan fisiologis WBC yang diberi pemaparan ATB. Pengujian meliputi mortalitas WBC, pengukuran bobot WBC sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan ATB, analisis kadar air WBC, analisis jaringan, dan analisis kimia WBC. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa mortalitas WBC setelah perlakuan sebesar 71%. Gangguan fisiologis ditunjukkan oleh penurunan bobot WBC perlakuan sebesar 67,04% dan peningkatan bobot WBC kontrol sebesar 6,9%. Kadar air WBC perlakuan signifikan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan WBC kontrol. ATB menyebabkan terjadinya pengkerutan jaringan tubuh dan peningkatan kandungan silika dan alumina pada WBC.
Biologi dan kelimpahan tungau merah Tetranychus sp. (Acari: Tetranychidae) pada dua kultivar jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas)
Authors: Santoso Sugeng , Rauf Aunu , Gultom Nelly Mastina , Karmawati Elna , Rumini Widi
Published: March 2016

Tungau merah Tetranychus sp. merupakan salah satu hama penting yang menyerang daun jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui masa perkembangan, parameter neraca hayati dan kelimpahan tungau merah Tetranychus sp. pada dua kultivar jarak pagar. Pengamatan lapangan dilaksanakan di kebun jarak pagar Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri (BALITTRI), Sukabumi, sedangkan penelitian laboratorium dilaksanakan di Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kultivar jarak pagar berpengaruh nyata terhadap beberapa parameter neraca kehidupan Tetranychus sp. Tetranychus sp. yang dipelihara pada kultivar IP1-P-P mempunyai masa oviposisi yang lebih panjang dan keperidian yang lebih tinggi (7,00 hari dan 25,56 telur) dibandingkan pada IP2-P-P (5,00 hari dan 10,00 telur). Nisbah kelamin Tetranychus sp. 3,2 : 1 pada IP1-P-P dan 2,5 : 1 pada IP2-P-P. Laju pertumbuhan intrinsik Tetranychus sp. juga lebih tinggi pada kultivar IP1-P. Namun demikian, pengamatan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan Tetranychus sp. pada kultivar IP1-P-P, lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan IP2-P-P. Hal ini diduga berkaitan dengan keberadaan arthropoda lain pada kultivar IP1-P-P. Secara umum populasi tertinggi Tetranychus sp. terjadi pada bulan Agustus dan terendah pada bulan Oktober–November. Tungau predator Famili Phytoseiidae ditemukan berasosiasi dengan tungau merah, tetapi kurang memiliki peran aktif sebagai pengendali alamiah.
Asosiasi antara marka SSR dengan ketahanan terhadap wereng batang coklat pada varietas dan calon galur harapan padi
Authors: Chaerani Chaerani , Utami Dwinita W. , Hidayatun Nurul , Abdullah Buang , Suprihatno Bambang
Published: March 2016

Perakitan varietas padi tahan wereng batang coklat (WBC, Nilaparvata lugens Stí¥l.) perlu diupayakan secara kontinyu untuk mengatasi perubahan genetik WBC yang terjadi secara spasial dan temporal menjadi biotipe yang lebih ganas. Tersedianya marka molekuler yang terpaut erat dengan ketahanan terhadap WBC dapat mempercepat proses seleksi pada populasi persilangan. Marka yang terpaut erat dengan sebuah karakter fenotipe tertentu dapat diidentifikasi dengan cara mengasosiasikan sejumlah marka dengan karakter fenotipik pada individu-individu yang tidak berkerabat sebagai alternatif dari metode tradisional menggunakan analisis pautan yang memerlukan populasi persilangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi marka simple sequence repeat (SSR) padi yang berasosiasi dengan ketahanan terhadap WBC. Sebanyak 44 varietas dan calon galur harapan yang telah diketahui tingkat ketahanannya terhadap WBC biotipe 3 dianalisis menggunakan 30 marka SSR yang tersebar di delapan kromosom padi. Uji asosiasi antara marka SSR dengan ketahanan terhadap WBC mendapatkan delapan marka SSR (RM17, RM38, RM125, RM144, RM250, RM287, RM328, dan RM536) yang berasosiasi signifikan dengan ketahanan WBC (R2=0,18 sampai 0,89; P<0,05). Dua puluh satu varietas dan 11 calon galur harapan terdeteksi mengandung alel-alel SSR yang berasosiasi dengan ketahanan WBC biotipe 3. Marka RM17 terdeteksi pada 15 varietas dan 11 calon galur harapan yang dikategorikan tahan dan agak tahan sehingga berpotensi digunakan sebagai marka diagnostik awal untuk mendeteksi alel-alel ketahanan terhadap WBC. Untuk mendapatkan marka SSR yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat seleksi ketahanan WBC yang terpercaya, perlu dilakukan analisis lanjutan pada populasi yang bersegragasi untuk kedelapan marka tersebut dan uji asosiasi lebih banyak marka SSR yang tersebar luas pada kromosom padi.
Keanekaragaman jenis dan perilaku menggigit vektor malaria (Anopheles spp.) di Desa Lifuleo, Kecamatan Kupang Barat, Kabupaten Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur
Authors: Rahmawati Ety , Hadi Upik Kesumawati , Soviana Susi
Published: March 2016

Malaria adalah penyakit yang dapat dicegah dan diobati, yang ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk dengan korban terbanyak adalah anak-anak dan wanita hamil. Indonesia adalah negara kedua yang terbanyak memiliki penderita malaria di Asia bagian selatan, setelah India. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama empat bulan, dan bertujuan memelajari keanekaragaman jenis dan perilaku menggigit vektor malaria (Anopheles spp.) di Desa Lifuleo, Kecamatan Kupang Barat, Kabupaten Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Penangkapan nyamuk dilakukan dengan tiga cara, yaitu (1) penggunaan teknik human landing collection, (2) penangkapan nyamuk yang hinggap di dalam rumah dan di kandang sapi, dan (3) pemakaian perangkap cahaya (light trap). Hasil penelitian mencatat terdapatnya enam spesies nyamuk, yaitu An. barbirostris, An. subpictus, An. annularis, An. vagus, An. umbrosus, dan An. indefinitus. Nyamuk An. barbirostris dan An. subpictus merupakan dua spesies dengan kepadatan tertinggi. Angka kepadatan per orang per jam (man hour density/MHD) di dalam rumah dan di luar rumah masing-masing untuk An. barbirostris adalah 5,45 dan 6,23, dan An. subpictus 1,35 dan 1,56. Puncak aktivitas menghisap darah di dalam dan di luar rumah masing-masing untuk An. barbirostris adalah pada pukul 22:00–04:00 dan 21:00–04:00, sedangkan An. subpictus pada pukul 20:00–21:00 dan 22:00–23:00. Berdasarkan rata-rata kepadatan setiap jam, nyamuk Anopheles spp. di Desa Lifuleo bersifat eksofagik dan eksofilik, yaitu lebih senang menghisap darah di luar rumah daripada di dalam rumah, dan lebih senang beristirahat di luar rumah.
Keanekaragaman dan struktur komunitas semut pada perkebunan lada di Lampung
Authors: Yudiyanto Yudiyanto , Qayim Ibnul , Munif Abdul , Setiadi Dede , Rizali Akhmad
Published: March 2016

Keberadaan semut pada habitat pertanian dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan makanan dan kesesuaian kondisi lingkungan untuk tempat bersarang. Semut yang umumnya sebagai predator, memiliki peranan yang penting dalam mengendalikan populasi hama di habitat pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memelajari keanekaragaman semut pada perkebunan lada. Hasil yang diperoleh dapat menjadi informasi awal dalam memanfaatkan semut dalam sistem budi daya tanaman lada. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada empat kabupaten di Provinsi Lampung, pada setiap kabupaten dipilih dua plot pengamatan di dalam satu desa. Di setiap plot, semut dikoleksi dengan menggunakan perangkap pitfall. Sebanyak 28 spesies semut dikoleksi dari lahan perkebunan lada di empat kabupaten di Lampung. Dua diantaranya, yaitu Anoplolepis gracilipes dan Solenopsis geminata merupakan spesies semut "tramp" dan bersifat invasif. Terdapat perbedaan komposisi spesies semut antara kabupaten yang berbeda. Keberadaan semut pada perkebunan lada diduga lebih dipengaruhi oleh habitat sekitar dan curah hujan.
Pola sebaran kelompok telur Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) pada lahan jagung
Authors: Da-Lopez Yosefus F. , Trisyono Y. Andi , Witjaksono Witjaksono , Subiadi Subiadi
Published: March 2016

Penggerek jagung Asia, Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée, dikenal sebagai hama penting tanaman jagung baik pada fase vegetatif maupun fase generatif. Pada fase generatif, pengambilan keputusan pengelolaan O. furnacalis perlu didasarkan pada kepadatan kelompok telur sebelum telur hama menetas dan tanaman mengalami kerusakan. Studi penyebaran kelompok telur O. furnacalis dilakukan pada tanaman jagung di Kebun Pendidikan, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan Pertanian (KP4) UGM, Yogyakarta. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui sebaran horizontal dan vertikal kelompok telur O. furnacalis pada tanaman jagung fase generatif dan pola sebarannya, baik horizontal maupun vertikal. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah kelompok telur pada setiap tanaman sampel, berdasarkan sebaran vertikal/horizontal. Pola sebaran dianalisis menggunakan rasio ragam terhadap rata-rata (Ïƒ2/Î¼ = IÎ´), indeks Morisita (IÎ³), dan parameter binomial negatif (nilai-Îº). Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa pola sebaran kelompok telur O. furnacalis baik horizontal maupun vertikal adalah mengelompok (Ïƒ2 > Î¼ atau Ïƒ2/Î¼ > 1). Sejalan dengan bertambahnya umur tanaman, derajat pengelompokkan tersebut cenderung menurun (nilai-Îº meningkat; nilai indeks Morisita menurun) dan ada kemungkinan bergerak menuju acak (sebaran Poison) bergantung pada heterogenitas lingkungan, seperti iklim mikro, ketersediaan makanan berupa tanaman atau bagian tanaman yang disukai, dan musuh alami. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pola sebaran horizontal maupun vertikal kelompok telur O. furnacalis pada tanaman jagung fase generatif adalah mengelompok dengan derajat pengelompokkan yang cenderung menurun dengan bertambahnya umur tanaman jagung. Informasi tentang penyebaran kelompok telur O. furnacalis dapat digunakan untuk menjelaskan biologi dan ekologi serangga dan pengembangan strategi manajemen hama yang efektif.
Potential damages, seasonal abundance and distribution of Empoasca terminalis Distant (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on soybean in South Sulawesi
Authors: Nasruddin Andi , Fattah Abdul , Baco Muhammad Said , Said Ahwiyah Ekawati
Published: March 2016

Plant damages caused by leafhopper, Empoasca terminalis Distant (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on soybean were first encountered in 2007 in Makassar, South Sulawesi. The insect has been constantly associated with soybean crops in the province ever since. The purposes of the present study were to (i) evaluate potential yield loss attributable to the leafhopper in an experimental set up, (ii) seasonal abundance of E. terminalis, and (iii) distribution of E. terminalis in all major soybean-producing areas in the province. Potential yield loss due to the leafhopper was assessed in a field experiment using two large plots. One of the plots was kept leafhopper-free by weekly insecticide sprays; and the other plot was left unsprayed to allow leafhopper infestation to occur. Adult abundance was weekly monitored using a sweep net throughout the season. Nymph abundance was determined by direct count on the plant leaves. Leafhopper distribution was assessed through surveys conducted in all major soybean-producing areas in South Sulawesi, from 2009–2013. The results of the study showed that E. terminalis caused an average yield loss of 26% on susceptible crops without insecticide use. First leafhopper infestation in all planting seasons occurred two weeks after the plant emergence. Rainfall negatively correlated with the leafhopper abundance. The leafhopper existed in all major soybean production areas in the province. Therefore, our results confirmed the status of E. terminalis as an important soybean pest in the region. In addition, crops planted early in the dry season could escape from heavy leafhopper infestation.
Perceptions of US and Australian Medical Students and Instructors About Clinical Professional Attire: LAPEL Study
Authors: Bramstedt Katrina A. , Colaco Clinton M.G. , Silva Eve De , Rehfield Patricia L. , Blumenthal-Barby Jennifer S.
Published: March 2016

Context: White coats have long been the professional uniform of physicians. However, when physicians opt to remove the white coat, their clothing underneath is brought to the forefront and can influence how they are perceived by their patients.

Objective: To explore the perceptions of medical students and their instructors about appropriate clinical professional attire.

Methods: An anonymous, voluntary 55-question survey was electronically distributed to medical students and their instructors at 2 US and 2 Australian medical schools. The survey incorporated 30 images of sample attire, 9 demographic questions, and 16 questions regarding culture and context of clothing and accessories.

Results: In total, 411 students and 73 instructors participated in this study. The data revealed that white coats and neckties are nearly absent in Australian clinical attire. Overall, students were significantly more supportive of full facial coverage due to religious or cultural values compared with instructors (P<.001), and US medical students were significantly more supportive than Australian students (P<.001). All cohorts preferred dress code policies that directed students to avoid but not prohibit the use of perfume or cologne. Nose rings were controversial with significantly more support for use from medical students than instructors (pooled cohorts, P=.002). Medical students in both the United States and Australia indicated that they were most influenced by observing the attire of physicians at work (155 [38%]), compared with courses in medical ethics (19 [5%]), school policy (16 [4%]), or hospital policy (9 [2%]).

Conclusion: Although regional dress code practices are different in the United States compared with Australia, medical students were overall most influenced by their instructors’ attire in clinical settings.
A citizen science approach to monitoring bleaching in the zoantharianPalythoa tuberculosa
Authors: Parkinson John Everett , Yang Sung-Yin , Kawamura Iori , Byron Gordon , Todd Peter Alan , Reimer James Davis
Published: March 2016

Coral reef bleaching events are expected to become more frequent and severe in the near future as climate changes. The zoantharianPalythoa tuberculosableaches earlier than many scleractinian corals and may serve as an indicator species. Basic monitoring of such species could help to detect and even anticipate bleaching events, especially in areas where more sophisticated approaches that rely on buoy or satellite measurements of sea surface temperature are unavailable or too coarse. One simple and inexpensive monitoring method involves training volunteers to record observations of host color as a proxy for symbiosis quality. Here, we trained university students to take the ‘color fingerprint’ of a reef by assessing the color of multiple randomly selected colonies ofP. tuberculosaat one time point in Okinawa Island, Japan. We tested the reliability of the students’ color scores and whether they matched expectations based on previous monthly monitoring of tagged colonies at the same locations. We also measured three traditional metrics of symbiosis quality for comparison: symbiont morphological condition, cell density, and chlorophyllacontent. We found thatP. tuberculosacolor score, although highly correlated among observers, provided little predictive power for the other variables. This was likely due to inherent variation in colony color among generally healthy zoantharians in midwinter, as well as low sample size and brief training owing to the course structure. Despite certain limitations ofP. tuberculosaas a focal organism, the citizen science approach to color monitoring has promise, and we outline steps that could improve similar efforts in the future.
When homoplasy mimics hybridization: a case study of Cape hakes (Merluccius capensisandM. paradoxus)
Authors: Henriques Romina , von der Heyden Sophie , Matthee Conrad A.
Published: March 2016

In the marine environment, an increasing number of studies have documented introgression and hybridization using genetic markers. Hybridization appears to occur preferentially between sister-species, with the probability of introgression decreasing with an increase in evolutionary divergence. Exceptions to this pattern were reported for the Cape hakes (Merluccius capensisandM. paradoxus), two distantly related Merluciidae species that diverged 3–4.2 million years ago. Yet, it is expected that contemporary hybridization between such divergent species would result in reduced hybrid fitness. We analysed 1,137 hake individuals using nine microsatellite markers and control region mtDNA data to assess the validity of the described hybridization event. To distinguish between interbreeding, ancestral polymorphism and homplasy we sequenced the flanking region of the most divergent microsatellite marker. Simulation and empirical analyses showed that hybrid identification significantly varied with the number of markers, model and approach used. Phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of the flanking region of Mmerhk-3b, combined with the absence of mito-nuclear discordance, suggest that previously reported hybridization betweenM. paradoxusandM. capensiscannot be substantiated. Our findings highlight the need to conducta priorisimulation studies to establish the suitability of a particular set of microsatellite loci for detecting multiple hybridization events. In our example, the identification of hybrids was severely influenced by the number of loci and their variability, as well as the different models employed. More importantly, we provide quantifiable evidence showing that homoplasy mimics the effects of heterospecific crossings which can lead to the incorrect identification of hybridization.
Sequencing 16S rRNA gene fragments using the PacBio SMRT DNA sequencing system
Authors: Schloss Patrick D. , Jenior Matthew L. , Koumpouras Charles C. , Westcott Sarah L. , Highlander Sarah K.
Published: March 2016

Over the past 10 years, microbial ecologists have largely abandoned sequencing 16S rRNA genes by the Sanger sequencing method and have instead adopted highly parallelized sequencing platforms. These new platforms, such as 454 and Illumina’s MiSeq, have allowed researchers to obtain millions of high quality but short sequences. The result of the added sequencing depth has been significant improvements in experimental design. The tradeoff has been the decline in the number of full-length reference sequences that are deposited into databases. To overcome this problem, we tested the ability of the PacBio Single Molecule, Real-Time (SMRT) DNA sequencing platform to generate sequence reads from the 16S rRNA gene. We generated sequencing data from the V4, V3–V5, V1–V3, V1–V5, V1–V6, and V1–V9 variable regions from within the 16S rRNA gene using DNA from a synthetic mock community and natural samples collected from human feces, mouse feces, and soil. The mock community allowed us to assess the actual sequencing error rate and how that error rate changed when different curation methods were applied. We developed a simple method based on sequence characteristics and quality scores to reduce the observed error rate for the V1–V9 region from 0.69 to 0.027%. This error rate is comparable to what has been observed for the shorter reads generated by 454 and Illumina’s MiSeq sequencing platforms. Although the per base sequencing cost is still significantly more than that of MiSeq, the prospect of supplementing reference databases with full-length sequences from organisms below the limit of detection from the Sanger approach is exciting.
Performance Characteristics of Anaerobic Biodegradation of Synthetic Phenolic Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Singh Mishu
Published: March 2016

The treatment of toxic and inhibitory phenolic compounds using biological techniques have been pursued vas a promising and widely accepted treatment process due to its easiness of handling, a greater level of stabilization of waste and properly operated to prevent the production of secondary pollutants. Up-flow Anaerobic Bio-Reactors (UAFB) has been widely applied for the handling of high organic load industrial wastewater. The treatment of synthetic phenolic wastewater by a single stage anaerobic fixed bed bioreactor with granite stones packing at four different temperatures was studied. The effect of hydraulic retention time on COD reduction and other steady state characteristics and kinetic parameters, which form these characteristics, was also studied. A recirculated single stage up-flow anaerobic bioreactor operated at all the above-given temperatures with initial BOD 1462 mg/l and initial COD 5720 mg/l for a digestion period of 25 days with a working volume of 1000 ml. The performance of the reactor was monitored after every five days and analyzed in terms of percentage (COD, BOD, TS, TDS, VS removal and biogas production). The removal efficiency of BOD, COD, TS, TDS and VS reached a maximum value of 63.20%, 61.24%, 44.88%, 47.67% and 53.12% respectively. With the change in HRT, the maximum COD reduction was 66.04% at 24 hrs HRT at 400C with initial COD of 5000 mg/l. Specific biogas yield increased up to 0.0162 ml/mg CODr.
Fiscal Administration Variables and Productivity of State Universities and Colleges in Western Visayas, Philippines
Authors: Delfin Nilo D.
Published: March 2016

Funds, whether from government or generated by institutions from other sources are the lifeblood of institutional development. Since there is never an end to development and improvement, fund sourcing and allocation are continuing concerns of every educational institution. The study determined the financial variables and productivity of SUCs in Region VI for CY 2002-2003. The study aimed to determine the a) institutional profile of the 11 SUCs in Region VI, b) profile of financial managers of SUCs in Region VI, c) budgetary allocation based on the General Appropriations Act (GAA) and income from the Special Trust Fund (STF), and d) how these financial resources are utilized for the operation. Descriptive method of research was employed and data were analyzed through frequency count and percentage mean. Study revealed that 11 SUCs in Region VI shared a common vision of becoming the center excellence, research, extension, and production with a mission of producing globally competitive graduates. The West Visayas State University (WVSU) had the biggest budgetary allocation from GAA, and got the highest earnings in school fees. A similar pattern of expenditures had been adopted by the 11 SUCs in Region VI. The SUCs in the region foresee their respective institutions as Center of Excellence. Fiscal managers had upgraded their educational qualifications. Faculty members have conducted extension, income generating projects and published researches.
The Concepts of God and Power in the Subanon's Myth The Creation of the Earth and the First People
Authors: Biclar Leo Andrew
Published: March 2016

Literature is the bearer of the best treasures in the world. The values system of the Filipinos is embedded in their literature, in the same way that the Hebrew values system is anchored from the Old and New Testaments of the Bible. This literary criticism is descriptive-qualitative, employing the comparative and hermeneutical analyses of the Subanon's myth The Creation of the Earth and the First People and Hebrews beliefs on God's creation of the universe. It seeks to unfold the Filipino socio-cultural concepts of God shadowed through the characterization of the myth, analyze the politics of gender and power implicitly displayed by the characters, and draw out theoretical concepts from the analyses made. The findings concluded that the Subanon's myth nuances the peoples' beliefs on the creation of the universe, and entails to revive the familial values system of the Filipino, especially the love for children. The analysis unveils the gender roles of the Filipinos in the aboriginal period of history that have evolved to the development of gender equality in the present. Likewise, a theoretical concept of literary appreciation is developed through the established philosophy and background of the storyteller of an oral literature.
An Inexpensive and Easy Ultrasound Phantom
Authors: Nolting Laura , Hunt Patrick , Cook Thomas , Douglas Barton
Published: March 2016

Ultrasound models, commonly referred to as “phantoms,” are simulation tools for ultrasound education. Commercially produced phantoms are available, but there are “homemade” alternatives such as raw poultry and gelatin molds. Precooked, processed meat, better known as SPAM (Hormel Foods Corporation, Austin, MN), can be used as an ultrasound phantom to teach several ultrasound applications. It is a versatile, hygienic, and easily manipulated medium that does not require refrigeration or preparatory work and can be easily discarded at the end of use.
Color Doppler Sonographic and Cadaveric Study of the Arterial Vascularity of the Lateral Upper Arm Flap
Authors: Sun Ruimei , Ding Yu , Sun Chuanzheng , Li Xiaojiang , Wang Jinde , Li Lei , Yang Jie , Ren Yanxin , Zhong Zhaoming
Published: March 2016

Objectives

To determine the importance of adequate preoperative assessment with color Doppler sonography to assist in the successful transfer of lateral upper arm flaps by studying the lateral upper arm flap with color Doppler sonography and analyzing the anatomic features of the radial collateral artery.

Methods

A clinical case‐control study was performed. The radial collateral artery was studied with color Doppler sonography in 15 healthy volunteers. The origins, courses, variations, and locations of the perforators of the radial collateral artery were recorded. The results and data from the color Doppler sonographic investigation were compared with an anatomic study that was performed on 22 adult cadaveric upper limb specimens.

Results

The volunteer group (14 of 15 volunteers) and the cadaveric group (19 of 22 upper arm specimens) clearly showed that the branch pattern of the arterial supply was as follows: brachial artery → deep brachial artery → radial collateral artery → posterior radial collateral artery → myocutaneous perforator. Variations in the origin of the radial collateral artery were identified in 1 volunteer bilaterally and in 3 upper arm specimens. The diameters of the artery and vein measured at the distal insertion of the deltoid and the origin of the deep brachial artery were not significantly different between the volunteer and cadaver groups (P > .05). Due to the difference in measuring methods, the length of the vascular pedicles was significantly different between the groups (P < .05).

Conclusions

Color Doppler sonography can facilitate the preoperative assessment of the origin, course, variations, and locations of the radial collateral artery and therefore may increase the success rate of lateral upper arm flap transfer.
Portable A‐Mode Ultrasound for Body Composition Assessment in Adolescents
Authors: Ripka Wagner Luis , Ulbricht Leandra , Menghin Lucas , Gewehr Pedro Miguel
Published: March 2016

Objectives

Ultrasound (US) imaging is a low‐cost, highly feasible alternative method for monitoring the nutritional status of a population; however, only a few studies have tested the body composition agreement between US and reference standard methods, especially in adolescents. The purposes of this study were to assess the agreement of portable US with a reference standard method, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), for body fat percentage (BF%) in adolescents and to verify whether the use of a new mathematical model, based on the anatomic thickness obtained by US, is capable of improving BF% prediction.

Methods

This research was a descriptive study. Measures of total body mass, BF% on DXA, and BF% on US were collected from 105 adolescents.

Results

The participants included 71 male adolescents (median age ± interquartile range, 14.0 ± 2.0 years) and 34 female adolescents (13.0 ± 2.3 years). Ultrasound yielded significantly lower BF% values than DXA for male (mean ± SD, US, 9.6% ± 6.6%; DXA, 20.0% ± 7.2%; R= 0.848; P< .05) and female (US, 22.5% ± 5.7%; DXA, 30.3% ± 4.9%; R = 0.495; P < .05) participants. In addition, Bland‐Altman analysis showed low concordance. When a multivariate regression was tested, the results improved for both sexes (US, 20.3% ± 4.6%; R= 0.848; P= .503) and female participants (US, 29.0% ± 5.7%; R = 0.712; P = .993) with a standard estimate of error of 1.57%.

Conclusions

This study has shown that US applied in a specific regression for BF% prediction in adolescents has a strong correlation with DXA as well as concordance with Bland‐Altman analysis.
Relationship Between Third‐Trimester Sonographic Estimate of Fetal Weight and Mode of Delivery
Authors: Yee Lynn M. , Grobman William A.
Published: March 2016

Objectives

Some have suggested, based on limited data, that knowledge of an estimated fetal weight from a sonogram in a low‐risk population, particularly in the setting of a larger fetus, is associated with increased risk of cesarean delivery. We aimed to investigate, among women delivering neonates weighing greater than 3500 g, whether having had a sonographically estimated fetal weight in temporal proximity to delivery was associated with the risk of cesarean delivery.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of term nulliparous women delivering live‐born, cephalic, singleton, nonanomalous fetuses with birth weights of greater than 3500 g. The study was powered to detect a 30% change in cesarean delivery frequency with the presence of a sonographic examination after 36 weeks' gestation.

Results

Of the 2099 women meeting inclusion criteria, 419 (20%) had a sonographic examination after 36 weeks' gestation. Women were similar with respect to demographic and obstetric characteristics regardless of whether they underwent sonography. There were no differences in rates of cesarean delivery regardless of whether women had or did not undergo sonography after 36 weeks (33.2% versus 29.4%, respectively; P = .13). There also were no differences in rates of chorioamnionitis, postpartum hemorrhage, episiotomy, third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal laceration, or neonatal adverse outcomes based on sonographic status. Findings were similar in a multivariable analysis, as well as when the study population was restricted to those with birth weights of greater than 4000 and 4500 g.

Conclusions

In this population of neonates weighing greater than 3500 g, the presence of a sonographic examination was not associated with the frequency of cesarean delivery.