bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hot-carrier dynamics in InAs/AlAsSb multiple-quantum wells
Authors: Piyathilaka Herath P. , Sooriyagoda Rishmali , Esmaielpour Hamidreza , Whiteside Vincent R. , Mishima Tetsuya D. , Santos Michael B. , Sellers Ian R. , Bristow Alan D.
Published: May 2021

A type-II InAs/AlAs$$_{0.16}$$

0.16

Sb$$_{0.84}$$

0.84

multiple-quantum well sample is investigated for the photoexcited carrier dynamics as a function of excitation photon energy and lattice temperature. Time-resolved measurements are performed using a near-infrared pump pulse, with photon energies near to and above the band gap, probed with a terahertz probe pulse. The transient terahertz absorption is characterized by a multi-rise, multi-decay function that captures long-lived decay times and a metastable state for an excess-photon energy of $$>100$$

>
100

meV. For sufficient excess-photon energy, excitation of the metastable state is followed by a transition to the long-lived states. Excitation dependence of the long-lived states map onto a nearly-direct band gap ($$E{_g}$$

E

g

) density of states with an Urbach tail below $$E{_g}$$

E

g

. As temperature increases, the long-lived decay times increase $$<E{_g}$$

<
E

g

, due to the increased phonon interaction of the unintentional defect states, and by phonon stabilization of the hot carriers $$>E{_g}$$

>
E

g

. Additionally, Auger (and/or trap-assisted Auger) scattering above the onset of the plateau may also contribute to longer hot-carrier lifetimes. Meanwhile, the initial decay component shows strong dependence on excitation energy and temperature, reflecting the complicated initial transfer of energy between valence-band and defect states, indicating methods to further prolong hot carriers for technological applications.
STAT3 determines IL-4 signalling outcomes in naïve T cells
Authors: Deimel Lachlan P. , Li Zheyi , Roy Sreeja , Ranasinghe Charani
Published: May 2021

IL-4 production is associated with low-avidity, poorly cytotoxic T cell induction that contributes to viral immune evasion and the failure of T cell-based vaccines. Yet, the precise mechanisms that regulate IL-4 signalling in T cells remain elusive. Mounting evidence indicates that cells can dynamically alter their IL-4/IL-13 receptor signature to modulate downstream immune outcomes upon pathogen encounter. Here, we describe how naïve (CD62L+CD44lo–mid) CD4 and CD8 T cells distinctly engage both STAT6 and STAT3 in response to IL-4. We further show that IL-4R⍺ expression is both time- and IL-4 concentration-dependent. Remarkably, our findings reveal that STAT3 inhibition can ablate IL-4R⍺ and affect transcriptional expression of other Stat and Jak family members. By extension, the loss of STAT3 lead to aberrant STAT6 phosphorylation, revealing an inter-regulatory relationship between the two transcription factors. Moreover, IL-4 stimulation down-regulated TGF-β1 and IFN-γR1 expression on naïve T cells, possibly signifying the broad regulatory implications of IL-4 in conditioning lineage commitment decisions during early infection. Surprisingly, naïve T cells were unresponsive to IL-13 stimulation, unlike dendritic cells. Collectively, these findings could be exploited to inform more efficacious vaccines, as well as design treatments against IL-4/IL-13-associated disease conditions.
Delineating tesamorelin response pathways in HIV-associated NAFLD using a targeted proteomic and transcriptomic approach
Authors: Fourman Lindsay T. , Stanley Takara L. , Billingsley James M. , Sui Shannan J. Ho , Feldpausch Meghan N. , Boutin Autumn , Zheng Isabel , McClure Colin M. , Corey Kathleen E. , Torriani Martin , Kleiner David E. , Hadigan Colleen M. , Chung Raymond T. , Grinspoon Steven K.
Published: May 2021

NAFLD is a leading comorbidity in HIV with an exaggerated course compared to the general population. Tesamorelin has been demonstrated to reduce liver fat and prevent fibrosis progression in HIV-associated NAFLD. We further showed that tesamorelin downregulated hepatic gene sets involved in inflammation, tissue repair, and cell division. Nonetheless, effects of tesamorelin on individual plasma proteins pertaining to these pathways are not known. Leveraging our prior randomized-controlled trial and transcriptomic approach, we performed a focused assessment of 9 plasma proteins corresponding to top leading edge genes within differentially modulated gene sets. Tesamorelin led to significant reductions in vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA, log2-fold change − 0.20 ± 0.35 vs. 0.05 ± 0.34, P = 0.02), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1, − 0.35 ± 0.56 vs. − 0.05 ± 0.43, P = 0.05), and macrophage colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1, − 0.17 ± 0.21 vs. 0.02 ± 0.20, P = 0.004) versus placebo. Among tesamorelin-treated participants, reductions in plasma VEGFA (r = 0.62, P = 0.006) and CSF1 (r = 0.50, P = 0.04) correlated with a decline in NAFLD activity score. Decreases in TGFB1 (r = 0.61, P = 0.009) and CSF1 (r = 0.64, P = 0.006) were associated with reduced gene-level fibrosis score. Tesamorelin suppressed key angiogenic, fibrogenic, and pro-inflammatory mediators. CSF1, a regulator of monocyte recruitment and activation, may serve as an innovative therapeutic target for NAFLD in HIV.

Clinical Trials Registry Number: NCT02196831
The miR-378c-Samd1 circuit promotes phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells and foam cells formation in atherosclerosis lesions
Authors: Tian Shengya , Cao Yang , Wang Jinliang , Bi Yongjun , Zhong Jingquan , Meng Xiangbin , Sun Wenyu , Yang Ruixue , Gan Luping , Wang Xuping , Li Hongshi , Wang Rong
Published: May 2021

MicroRNAs have emerged as key regulators in vascular diseases and are involved in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the atherosclerotic-specific MicroRNAs and their functional roles in atherosclerosis are unclear. Here, we report that miR-378c protects against atherosclerosis by directly targeting Sterile Alpha Motif Domain Containing 1 (Samd1), a predicted transcriptional repressor. miR-378c was strikingly reduced in atherosclerotic plaques and blood of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients relative to healthy controls. Suppression of miR-378c promoted vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotypic transition during atherosclerosis. We also reported for the first time that Samd1 prolonged immobilization of LDL on the VSMCs, thus facilitated LDL oxidation and subsequently foam cell formation. Further, we found that Samd1 contains predicted DNA binding domain and directly binds to DNA regions as a transcriptional repressor. Together, we uncovered a novel mechanism whereby miR-378c-Samd1 circuit participates in two key elements of atherosclerosis, VSMCs phenotypic transition and LDL oxidation. Our results provided a better understanding of atherosclerosis pathophysiology and potential therapeutic management by targeting miR-378c-Samd1 circuit.
X-chromosome variants are associated with aldosterone producing adenomas
Authors: Dutta Ravi Kumar , Larsson Malin , Arnesen Thomas , Heie Anette , Walz Martin , Alesina Piero , Gimm Oliver , Söderkvist Peter
Published: May 2021

Aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) are a major cause of primary aldosteronism (PA) and are characterized by constitutively producing aldosterone, which leads to hypertension. Several mutations have been identified in ion channels or ion channel-associated genes that result in APAs. To date, no studies have used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to search for predisposing loci for APAs. Thus, we investigated Scandinavian APA cases (n = 35) and Swedish controls (n = 60) in a GWAS and discovered a susceptibility locus on chromosome Xq13.3 (rs2224095, OR = 7.9, 95% CI = 2.8–22.4, P = 1 × 10–7) in a 4-Mb region that was significantly associated with APA. Direct genotyping of sentinel SNP rs2224095 in a replication cohort of APAs (n = 83) and a control group (n = 740) revealed persistently strong significance (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 3.5–10.6, p < 0.0005). We sequenced an adjacent gene, MAGEE1, of the sentinel SNP and identified a rare variant in one APA, p.Gly327Glu, which is complementary to other mutations in our primary cohort. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) were investigated on the X-chromosome, and 24 trans-eQTL were identified. Some of the genes identified by trans-eQTL point towards a novel mechanistic explanation for the association of the SNPs with APAs. In conclusion, our study provides further insights into the genetic basis of APAs.
Photothermal therapy via a gold nanoparticle-coated stent for treating stent-induced granulation tissue formation in the rat esophagus
Authors: Cho Young Chul , Kang Jeon Min , Park Wooram , Kim Dong-Hyun , Shin Ji Hoon , Kim Do Hoon , Park Jung-Hoon
Published: May 2021

Minimally invasive therapies using stent technology are currently limited by stent-induced granulation tissue formation adjacent to the stent. The effectiveness of photothermal therapy (PTT) using a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-coated stent for treating stent-induced granulation tissue formation in the rat esophagus was investigated. All experiments were approved by the animal research committee of our institution. An AuNP-coated, self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) was produced to conduct PTT under near-infrared laser irradiation. Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 rats each). The animals in group A (non-coated SEMS) and group B (AuNP-coated SEMS with local heating at 65 °C at 4 weeks) were sacrificed 4 weeks after stent placement. The rats in group C (AuNP-coated SEMS with local heating at 65 °C at 4 weeks) and group D (AuNP-coated SEMS with local heating at 65 °C at 4 and 8 weeks) were sacrificed 8 weeks after stent placement. The effectiveness of local heating was assessed by histopathology. All procedures were successful in all of the animals. Seven rats were excluded because of stent migration (n = 2) and death (n = 5). Granulation tissue formation-related variables were significantly higher in group A than in groups B–D (all p < 0.05). Heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and TUNEL expression were significantly lower in group A than in groups B–D (all p < 0.05). Granulation tissue formation-related variables were significantly higher in group C than in groups B and D (all p < 0.05). PTT using AuNP-coated SEMS successfully treated granulation tissue formation after stent placement in the rat esophagus.
Next-generation sequencing revealed recurrent ZFPM1 mutations in encapsulated papillary carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Liu Xuguang , Huang Xin , Bai Yan , Zhang Zhiwen , Jin Tiefeng , Wu Huanwen , Liang Zhiyong
Published: May 2021

Encapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC) of the breast is a rare subtype of tumor. To date, the genetic abnormalities underlying EPC remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to gain further insight into EPC mutation profile. Forty-one EPCs diagnosed from 2015 to 2018 were included. Twenty-six EPCs were submitted to whole-exome sequencing (WES), and a 185 gene-targeted sequencing panel was designed to validate the results of the 26 EPCs that underwent WES and 15 additional cases. Recurrently mutated genes were further confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Our study revealed multiple recurrently mutated genes including PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway genes (PIK3CA, AKT1, ULK1, MAP3K1, MAP2K4, RHOA, and PTEN) (27/41, 65.8%) and chromatin modification genes (ZFPM1, GATA3, CTCF, and KMT2C) (21/41, 51.2%) in EPC. Importantly, somatic ZFPM1 mutations existed in 9/41 (21.9%) of the EPCs. The frequency of ZFPM1 mutations in the EPCs was significantly higher than that of other tumor types. Of the nine ZFPM1 mutations, seven were frameshift mutations, and the remaining two were nonsense mutations. Moreover, a significant concurrence of ZFPM1 and PI3K-AKT-mTOR mutations were revealed in the EPCs. Of note, no TP53 mutations were detected in our EPCs, whereas it was detected in a considerable proportion of the luminal A invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type (IDC-NSTs) from TCGA. We reveal that recurrent somatic ZFPM1 mutation is characteristic of EPC and concurred with mutations in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. The distinctive genetic features of EPC might underlie its special histological structures and indolent behavior.
Saprotrophic fungal diversity predicts ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity along the timberline in the framework of island biogeography theory
Authors: Yang Teng , Tedersoo Leho , Fu Xiao , Zhao Chang , Liu Xu , Gao Guifeng , Cheng Liang , Adams Jonathan M , Chu Haiyan
Published: May 2021

Island biogeography theory (IBT) is one of the most fruitful paradigms in macroecology, positing positive species-area and negative species-isolation relationships for the distribution of organisms. Biotic interactions are also crucial for diversity maintenance on islands. In the context of a timberline tree species (Betula ermanii) as “virtual island”, we surveyed ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal diversity along a 430-m vertical gradient on the top of Changbai Mountain, China, sampling fine roots and neighboring soils of B. ermanii. Besides elevation, soil properties and plant functional traits, endophytic and saprotrophic fungal diversity were assessed as candidate predictors to construct integrative models. EcM fungal diversity decreased with increasing elevation, and exhibited positive diversity to diameter at breast height and negative diversity to distance from forest edge relationships in both roots and soils. Integrative models further showed that saprotrophic fungal diversity was the strongest predictor of EcM fungal diversity, directly enhancing EcM fungal diversity in roots and soils. Our study supports IBT as a basic framework to explain EcM fungal diversity. The diversity-begets-diversity hypothesis within the fungal kingdom is more predictive for EcM fungal diversity within the IBT framework, which reveals a tight association between saprotrophic and EcM fungal lineages in the timberline ecosystem.
Investigating edible insects as a sustainable food source: nutritional value and techno-functional and physiological properties
Authors: Aguilera Yolanda , Pastrana Irene , Rebollo-Hernanz Miguel , Benitez Vanesa , Álvarez-Rivera Gerardo , Viejo Jose Luis , Martín-Cabrejas María A.
Published: May 2021

Insect flours may be of great interest to the food industry as a healthy source of protein, exerting a positive impact on functional and sensory food properties.
Design of thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters for organic solid-state microlasers
Authors: Li Shuai , Jin Xue , Yu Zhenyi , Xiao Xiaoxiao , Geng Hua , Liao Qing , Liao Yi , Wu Yishi , Hu Wenping , Fu Hongbing
Published: May 2021

A novel organic TADF molecule SBF2BTF with good gain characteristics is designed and synthesized, and the organic semiconductor laser based on a TADF molecule is realized for the first time in self-assembled two-dimensional single crystal microribbons.
Sea urchin-like calcium borate microspheres and synergistic action with cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides for ecofriendly Spodoptera littoralis control
Authors: Khairy Mohamed , Ayoub Haytham A. , Rashwan Farouk A. , Abdel-Hafez Hanan F.
Published: May 2021

Hierarchical sea urchin-like CaB2O4 microspheres were synthesized and their synergistic combination with cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides was explored against Spodoptera littoralis.
Polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates cognitive impairment by regulating the inflammation of the brain–liver axis in rats
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Haitao , Song Lianlian , Xue Jianfei , Wang Xinyan , Song Shuang , Wang Shuang
Published: May 2021

GLP-1 could ameliorate the cognitive impairment on d-gal rats via the mechanism of regulating the inflammation of the brain–liver axis.
Protective effect ofBifidobacterium bifidumFSDJN7O5 andBifidobacterium breveFHNFQ23M3 on diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli
Authors: Yang Bo , Huang Zheng , He Zhujun , Yue Yue , Zhou Yonghua , Ross R. Paul , Stanton Catherine , Zhang Hao , Zhao Jianxin , Chen Wei
Published: May 2021

EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) is the main bacterial cause of diarrhea among children in developing countries and of traveler's diarrhea.
Novel carbon structures as highly stable supports for electrocatalysts in acid media: regulating the oxygen functionalization behavior of carbon
Authors: Han Guokang , Sun Yongrong , Liu Yuxin , Li Lingfeng , Li Xudong , Du Chunyu , Yin Geping
Published: May 2021

The oxygen functionalization behavior of carbon can be greatly tuned by Co, promoting its electrochemical stability as a support for Pt.
A glutathione-activated carrier-free nanodrug of triptolide as a trackable drug delivery system for monitoring and improving tumor therapy
Authors: Li Ying , Zhou Lihua , Zhu Baode , Xiang Jingjing , Du Jian , He Manwen , Fan Xingxing , Zhang Pengfei , Zeng Ruosheng , Gong Ping
Published: May 2021

The chemical structure of CyssTP and its self-assembly into a glutathione-activated carrier-free nanodrug of triptolide (CyssTPN) as a trackable drug delivery system for tumor therapy.
In situreal-time monitoring of the mechanism of self-assembly of short peptide supramolecular polymers
Authors: Mañas-Torres Mari C. , Gila-Vilchez Cristina , González-Vera Juan A. , Conejero-Lara Francisco , Blanco Victor , Cuerva Juan Manuel , Lopez-Lopez Modesto T. , Orte Angel , Álvarez de Cienfuegos Luis
Published: May 2021

The mechanism of self-assembly of amphiphilic short peptides has been studied in detail by the combination of multiparametric FLIM microscopy and single-molecule FLCS.
Zika virus lateral flow assays using reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Ahn Gna , Lee SeonHyung , Lee Se Hee , Baek Yun Hee , Song Min-Suk , Kim Yang-Hoon , Ahn Ji-Young
Published: May 2021

Our study suggest that ZIKV RT-LAMP combined with LFA could serve as a rapid, accurate, and independent point-of-care detection method for ZIKV outbreaks.
Pyrolysis of a typical low-rank coal: application and modification of the chemical percolation devolatilization model
Authors: Lv Tong , Fang Mengxiang , Li Huaixiang , Yan Jiqing , Cen Jianmeng , Xia Zhixiang , Tian Jianglei , Wang Qinhui
Published: May 2021

The modified CPD model with tar consumption and a gas correlation expression improved the prediction accuracy of coal pyrolysis products and provides a reference for their application over a wider range of conditions.
Flexible electric-double-layer thin film transistors based on a vertical InGaZnO4 channel
Authors: Lei Liuhui , Tan Yuanyuan , Yuan Xing , Dou Wei , Zhang Jiale , Wang Yongkang , Zeng Sizhe , Deng Shenyi , Guo Haoting , Zhou Weichang , Tang Dongsheng
Published: May 2021

Flexible electric-double-layer (EDL) thin film transistors (TFTs) based on a vertical InGaZnO4 (IGZO) channel are fabricated at room temperature.
Au(i)-, Ag(i)-, and Pd(ii)-coordination-driven diverse self-assembly of an N-heterocyclic carbene-based amphiphile
Authors: Taira Toshiaki , Yanagimoto Takaya , Sakai Kenichi , Sakai Hideki , Imura Tomohiro
Published: May 2021

Au(i)-, Ag(i)-, and Pd(ii)-coordination-driven diverse self-assembly of an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based amphiphile was demonstrated.
Directed regioselective ortho,ortho′-magnesiations of aromatics and heterocycles using sBu2Mg in toluene
Authors: Hess Andreas , Prohaska Jan P. , Doerrich Sabrina B. , Trauner Florian , Lutter Ferdinand H. , Lemaire Sébastien , Wagschal Simon , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Knochel Paul
Published: May 2021

A toluene solution of sBu2Mg allowed a regioselective ortho-magnesiation of aromatic and heterocyclic systems. A second ortho,ortho′-functionalization was achieved in the case of aryl oxazolines, N-aryl pyrazoles as well as N-aryl triazoles.
Ti3C2Tx with a hydroxyl-rich surface for metal sulfides as high performance electrode materials for sodium/lithium storage
Authors: Han Qi , Zhou Yanli , Du Rong , Xiao Bo , Cheng Jianbo , Zhang Ming , Dong Caifu , Sun Xueqin , Jiang Fuyi , Yang Jian
Published: May 2021

Three kinds of Ti3C2Tx modified metal sulfide composites have been prepared via a universal one-step strategy.
Modulation of the electronic states and magnetic properties of nickel catecholdithiolene complex by oxidation-coupled deprotonation
Authors: Yokomori So , Dekura Shun , Ueda Akira , Kumai Reiji , Murakami Youichi , Mori Hatsumi
Published: May 2021

Magnetic properties of nickel catecholdithiolene complexes with unique hydrogen-bond networks were modulated by oxidation-coupled deprotonations and controlled with crystallization conditions.
Rate‐compatible systematic polar codes
Authors: Zhu Hongfei , Guan Pengxin , Cao Zhiwei , Zhao Yuping
Published: May 2021

Puncturing and shortening are two common ways to achieve rate‐compatible non‐systematic polar codes (NSPCs). Systematic polar codes (SPCs) have been shown to outperform NSPCs with the same encoding and decoding complexity. However, rate‐compatible SPCs have never been comprehensively studied in previous work. In this paper, two rate‐compatible algorithms for SPCs are first proposed: uniform puncturing (UP) algorithm and uniform shortening (US) algorithm, which are referred to as SPC‐UP and SPC‐US, respectively. In order to effectively estimate the maximum likelihood decoding performance of punctured and shortened polar codes, subsequently, a distance spectrum calculation algorithm based on successive cancellation list (SCL) decoder for rate‐compatible polar codes is proposed. Simulation results show that rate‐compatible SPCs yield better bit error rate performance than rate‐compatible NSPCs while they have the same frame error rate performance under different code rates and decoding algorithms. Eventually, union bounds that are obtained by the distance spectrum to provide the theoretical explanation for the superiority of rate‐compatible SPCs are utilised.
Algorithm supplement of four‐channel two‐target resolution for amplitude‐comparison monopulse radar
Authors: Wang Yufei , Ma Jiazhi , Shi Longfei
Published: May 2021

The traditional four‐channel monopulse two‐target resolution algorithm can only apply to phase‐comparison monopulse radars with four parallel beams and is not suitable for amplitude‐comparison monopulse radars with four squint beams. For this case, a supplementary algorithm is proposed here. By a novel matrix transform processing, virtual phase‐comparison monopulse signals are generated from the received amplitude‐comparison monopulse signals and the angles of the targets can be estimated by the traditional four‐channel monopulse resolution algorithm. Moreover, by restructuring the amplitude‐comparison monopulse signals of the two targets from the estimation results, the estimation bias caused by the monopulse curves inconsistency of the phase‐comparison antenna and the amplitude‐comparison antenna is eliminated as well. Simulations validate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
A MSWF root‐MUSIC based on Pseudo‐noise resampling technique
Authors: Johnny M. , Aref M. R.
Published: May 2021

This paper uses the shift‐invariance property of uniform linear array in root‐MUSIC estimator for obtaining signal and noise subspaces by applying multistage Wiener filter (MSWF) procedure. Also, the MSWF root‐MUSIC based on the pseudo‐noise resampling process for estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) of signals is proposed. By this process, a root estimator bank and a corresponding DOA estimator bank are constructed. Then, a hypothesis test is applied to the DOA estimator bank to detect the normal DOA estimators from abnormal DOA estimators called outliers. By averaging the corresponding root estimators of normal DOA estimators, the final DOAs can be determined more accurately. When all the DOA estimators fail to pass the hypothesis test, the criterion based on the Gaussian weight average of the root estimator bank is introduced. By applying this criterion, better outlier‐free performance of MSWF root‐MUSIC can be obtained. Simulations show that our method can improve the DOA estimations, especially in small sample sizes and low signal‐to‐noise ratios.
Regulation of firing rhythms in a four‐stable memristor‐based Hindmarsh–Rose neuron
Authors: Li Zhijun , Zhou Haiyan
Published: May 2021

This letter presents a novel locally active memristor with four‐stable pinched hysteresis loops which has never been reported before. The non‐volatile memory and local activity of the memristor are verified by the power‐off plot and DC V–I plot. A memristive Hindmarsh–Rose (HR) neuron model is constructed by employing the proposed memristor to characterize the electromagnetic induction effect on the membrane potential. Co‐existing multiple firing patterns are explored under different memristor initial states. Interestingly, the firing rhythms of the neuron model can be regulated by adjusting the memristor initial values in different stable regions. Circuit simulations are included to verify the theoretical analysis.
Improved two‐stage model predictive control method for modular multi‐level converter
Authors: Yang Xingwu , Liu Haibo , Mi Yang , Ji Liang , Wang Yani , Fu Yang
Published: May 2021

In recent years, the modular multi‐level converter (MMC) has been widely used in high and medium voltage DC transmission systems because of its topological advantages. However, for an MMC with a two‐stage model predictive control (TSMPC) method, it is difficult to precisely and reasonably design the weighting factor in the cost function. Here, an improved TSMPC method is proposed which not only can avoid choosing the weighting factor for both first and second stage control but also can raise the output voltage level (OVL) to 2N + 1 without increasing computation burden. The discrete‐time mathematical model of the MMC is first derived. Two circulating current factors are introduced to calculate the optimal number of submodules (SMs) of the upper and lower arms in the first stage control. Secondly, the second stage control calculates the optimal number of SMs through the superior control and forms the optimisation array by adding or subtracting one SM. Then the objective function is developed, and the SMs with the minimum value of the objective function are selected for the final input. Finally, the algorithm of reducing switching frequency (RSF) is applied to achieve the balance of the SM capacitor voltage. The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
3‐D magnetic equivalent circuit model for a coreless axial flux permanent‐magnet synchronous generator
Authors: Zhang Yunpeng , Wang Yiming , Gao Shuning
Published: May 2021

In coreless axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generators (AFPMSGs), magnetic leakage and fringing effect is significant due to the large air gap and increases the difficulty in magnetic field calculation. This paper presents a 3‐D magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model for the magnetic field calculation in coreless AFPMSGs by considering the magnetic leakage and fringing flux. Field distribution is calculated based on the magnetic circuit analysis. The magnetic flux in the air gap between the permanent magnets is analysed using the magnetic field division method. Compared with the traditional magnetic circuit model, the magnetic leakage from PM to the rotor iron plates is considered in both radial and tangential directions in the proposed model. The proposed MEC method is applied to a specific AFPMSG, and the magnetic field distribution, no‐load back electromotive force (EMF), and torque are calculated and compared with finite elements (FEM) results. AFPMSG machines with different pole‐arc ratios are prototyped to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed 3‐D MEC model. The results obtained by the proposed MEC model are in good agreement with those of the FEM and experimental results.
A state‐of‐the‐art review on topologies and control techniques of solid‐state transformers for electric vehicle extreme fast charging
Authors: Tahir Yameena , Khan Irfan , Rahman Syed , Nadeem Muhammad Faisal , Iqbal Atif , Xu Yinliang , Rafi Mohammad
Published: May 2021

Electrical vehicle (EV) technology has gained popularity due to its higher efficiency, less maintenance, and lower dependence on fossil fuels. However, a longer charging time is a significant barrier to its complete adaptation. Solid state transformer (SST) based extreme fast charging schemes have emerged as an appealing idea with an ability to provide a refuelling capability analogous to that of gasoline vehicles. Therefore, this paper reviews the EV charger requirements, specifications, and design criteria for high power applications. At first, the key barriers of using a traditional low frequency transformer (LFT) are discussed, and potential solutions are suggested by replacing the conventional LFT with high frequency SST at extreme fast‐charging (XFC) stations. Then, various SST‐based converter topologies and their control for EV fast‐charging stations are described. The reviewed control strategies are compared while considering several factors such as harmonics, voltage drop under varying loading conditions, dc offset load unbalances, overloads, and protection against system disturbances. Furthermore, the realization of SST for EV charging is comprehensively discussed, which facilitates understanding the current challenges, based on which potential solutions are also suggested.
A novel hybrid ensemble LSTM‐FFNN forecasting model for very short‐term and short‐term PV generation forecasting
Authors: Kothona Despoina , Panapakidis Ioannis P. , Christoforidis Georgios C.
Published: May 2021

The increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into the electrical energy systems brings forward several technical and economic issues that mostly relate to their unpredictable nature. A promising solution to many of these is the implementation of robust PV generation forecasting models. In this paper a novel hybrid Ensemble Long Short‐Term Memory‐Feed Forward Neural Network (ELSTM‐FFNN) model is proposed, that is able to perform both very‐short and short‐term forecasting. The performance of the proposed model is compared with individual LSTM models, and its forecasting accuracy is assessed in two different forecasting horizons: (a) 15‐min ahead and (b) 1‐h ahead. Moreover, in order to fully examine the contribution of the utilized data to the performance of the model, several scenarios have been formulated for each forecasting horizon. The results indicate that the proposed ELSTM‐FFNN model can increase the forecasting accuracy in both horizons between 3–11.9% and 0.2–17.8%, respectively, considering the Mean Absolute Range Normalized Error (MARNE).
Stratégies paysannes de participation à la domestication du poivre sauvage de Madagascar, leTsiperifery
Authors: Rasambo Sedera Norotiana , Queste Jérôme , Razafiarijaona Jules , Audouin Sarah , Jankowski Frédérique , Rabefarihy Tahiry , Ramananarivo Romaine
Published: May 2021

À Madagascar, leTsiperifery, une espèce de poivrier sauvage endémique de l’île, est actuellement soumis à une surexploitation. Un programme participatif de domestication de cette plante a été lancé pour assurer la durabilité de son exploitation. Des techniques de culture sont co-construites par des chercheurs et des paysans sur trois sites pilotes. Cette étude s’intéresse aux facteurs influençant la propension des paysans à co-construire et expérimenter ces techniques. Les données collectéesvia90 entretiens semi-dirigés ont été traitées en suivant les principes de l’approche « grounded theory ». Les principaux déterminants influençant le comportement des paysans sont (i) la logique économique, (ii) le contexte informationnel, (iii) l’accès au marché, (iv) les capacités productives de l’exploitation et (v) l’esprit de conservation de la nature. À partir de ces déterminants, nous avons pu définir cinq types de stratégies paysannes : les « homo-economicus » ; les « conservationnistes » ; les « opportunistes », les « exclus » et les « suiveurs ». Cette meilleure compréhension des stratégies paysannes permet d’améliorer la conception et la conduite des programmes de recherche participative.
Les principaux outils biologiques appliqués au dépistage néonatal
Authors: Cheillan David
Published: May 2021

Au cours des cinquante dernières années, le dépistage néonatal est devenu incontournable dans les programmes de santé publique de très nombreux pays. Durant toutes ces années, le nombre de maladies susceptibles d’être dépistées à la naissance n’a cessé de croître grâce aux possibilités offertes par les progrès techniques de la biologie clinique. Le test de Guthrie a permis la miniaturisation du prélèvement de sang, permettant ainsi le dépistage biologique dans la population des nouveau-nés. Par la suite, la fluorimétrie, l’immunoanalyse et, plus récemment, la spectrométrie de masse en tandem ont rendu possible le dépistage de nombreuses maladies qu’il est possible de traiter. Les nouvelles possibilités de séquençage du génome et d’intelligence artificielle vont probablement ouvrir une nouvelle ère, malgré les nombreuses questions éthiques qui se poseront. Cette revue propose de dresser le panorama des techniques biologiques utilisées actuellement pour le dépistage néonatal et de mettre en perspective la place de nouvelles évolutions techniques.
Organizational structures of mining companies: composition and development
Authors: Yaschenko Sergei , Polyakov Vladimir , Sabitova Tatiana
Published: May 2021

The organizational structures of large companies from the same industry are typical. But the geographic, economic and political conditions of activity impose some particularities on them. In-depth analysis of the organizational structure allows us to notice these external factors and identify the internal characteristics and management model. The paper studies the organizational structures of large potash mining companies. The criteria for identifying the structural divisions of companies are determined, conclusions are drawn about the most typical organizational structures in the industry, the most likely ways of developing the corresponding management models are considered.
Application of digital technologies in criminological grading of the correctional facility
Authors: Ponomarev Sergey , Ponomarev Dmitry
Published: May 2021

The article discusses the relevance of the information systems metrological support. The information systems that are related to human security in society were studied. The article analyzes the problem of the criminal subculture development in society and the possibility of metrological support for its estimation. That problem has been studied on the example of the information system for assessing the criminal subculture in the penal system of the Russian Federation development. A metrological study has been carried out. A point system has been created for parameters that characterize the level of the criminal subculture evolution. The use of the method of expert assessments in the experiments is proposed, which significantly increases the level of reliability of research results.
Application of digital platforms in the urban infrastructure development
Authors: Ablyazov Timur
Published: May 2021

In the context of the digital economy, one of the main directions for the development of the human environment is the digital transformation of cities. Digital platforms in the field of urban infrastructure are a key instrument for digitalizing territories. The paper substantiates that the transformation of urban infrastructure is an important trend in the development of territories, and also describes the benefits that can be obtained through the introduction of digital technologies into the human environment. As a result of the study, the issues of integration of physical and digital infrastructure of cities were assessed and it was concluded that the functioning of digital platforms is based on the establishment of interconnections between infrastructure objects and data storages through information and communication technologies. The prospects of introducing the Internet of Things into the urban infrastructure as a way to improve the process of interaction of all elements of the human life environment during the implementation of digital platforms are also considered.
The problem of admissibility of evidence in Indian civil proceedings
Authors: Koshelev Anton , Rusakova Ekaterina
Published: May 2021

The article deals with the problem of evidence and proof in civil proceedings in India. A number of foreign researchers focus on the issue of admissibility and inadmissibility of evidence in legal proceedings. In this regard, special attention is paid to the interpretation of different types of evidence and the legality of their inclusion or recusal in terms of judicial civil proceedings in India. Moreover, the situation is complicated by the global pandemic problem that makes the assessment of the validity of evidence more challenging for the judicial system of India and other countries in modern conditions.
Understanding of economism and commercialization in the system of higher education: empirical analysis
Authors: Stryhul Maryna , Khomeriki Olena , Khomeriki Marianna
Published: May 2021

The main point of the article is to analyze the essence of the phenomena of economism and commercialization in the system of higher education. Economism is seen as a part of globalization of education. It is noted that scientists argue that investments in education lead to the economic growth, reduce the income inequality and increase employment. It is worth noting that the processes of economization belong to the most important factors of the economic development of the country and cause social changes. Education is considered as a powerful factor of social development, social and economic progress and sustainable development of the social system. The aim of the article is to represent the phenomena of commercialization and economism in the system of higher education throughout the methods of sociological knowledge. It is mentioned that commercialization is one of the tendencies of education system change.
Digital technology models in modern school (FL learning experience)
Authors: Stolyarchuk Ludmila , Meshcheryakova Elena , Zheltukhina Marina
Published: May 2021

The present paper describes digital technology models in modern schools within distance education as foreign language learning experience. The given description is supported by the survey results among schoolchildren as FL learners in Volgograd. It was conducted in MarchApril 2020 and showed that most schoolchildren (77%) were not ready for forced distance learning, introduced in connection with the Covid-19 spread. The experiment made it possible to apply digital technology models: “Single Media” presents pedagogical guidance for schoolchildren at low level of readiness, “Multimedia” gives pedagogical support for schoolchildren at medium level of readiness, and “Hypermedia” provides pedagogical support for schoolchildren at high level of readiness. These models give schoolchildren learning foreign languages the fastest adaptation and personal growth via digital learning.
Aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Therapielandschaft des metastasierten hormonsensitiven Prostatakarzinoms (mHSPC)
Authors: Schwentner Christian
Published: May 2021

Trotz umfassender Entwicklungen in der Therapie des fortgeschrittenen Prostatakarzinoms im letzten Jahrzehnt, bestand bei Patienten mit metastasierter hormonsensitiver Erkrankung weiterhin ein Bedarf an gut wirksamen und zugleich gut verträglichen Therapien, die bei einer breiten Patientenpopulation zum Einsatz kommen können.

Seit Anfang 2020 wird nach entsprechender Zulassungserweiterung die Lücke beim metastasierten hormonsensitiven Prostatakarzinom (mHSPC) durch Apalutamid in Kombination mit einer Androgendeprivationstherapie (ADT) geschlossen 1. Der moderne Androgenrezeptor-Inhibitor zeigte in der Zulassungsstudie TITAN, in der mHSPC-Patienten unabhängig von Risiko, Metastasenlast oder Diagnosezeitpunkt einschlossen wurden, gegenüber Placebo plus ADT eine gute Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit, bei gleichzeitig guter Lebensqualität 2.
Ulcerative Colitis of the Neovagina in a Toddler with Cloaca and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Erculiani Marta , Zanatta Cinzia , Vidal Enrico , Martelossi Stefano , Midrio Paola
Published: May 2021

The case of a toddler with long-channel cloaca, mild chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to renal dysplasia, and early onset of ulcerative colitis (UC) is herein reported. The patient underwent definitive repair of cloaca, that included vaginal elongation with colon, at 5 months of age and was admitted for episodes of vaginal bleeding at 22 months of age. A vaginoscopy revealed a severe inflammation of the colonic neovagina. As rectal bleeding was also noticed, she underwent a colonscopy that showed the same macroscopic inflammatory picture. Neovaginal and colonic biopsies confirmed UC. The mother turned out to be affected by UC since adolescence. The patient is now on oral therapy with mesalazine and topical steroid and mesalazine in the neovagina. The association between cloaca and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is anecdotal, but the family history of IBD should be considered when planning the surgical reconstruction of patients with cloaca. In this patient, the occurrence of UC may require a new neovagina in the future and the concomitance of CKD may complicate the overall management due to the potential nephrotoxicity of drugs used for UC therapy.
A Novel Surgical Approach for the Management of Cloacal Exstrophy with a Giant Omphalocele
Authors: Smith Caitlin A. , Avansino Jeffrey R. , Merguerian Paul , Lane Victoria , Levitt Marc
Published: May 2021

Cloacal exstrophy is a rare malformation that presents as a lower midline abdominal wall defect which affects the gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems. The components of cloacal exstrophy characteristically include omphalocele, exstrophy of perineal structures, and imperforate anus. Most of these patients also have renal anomalies such as pelvic kidney, fused kidneys, or solitary kidneys. This congenital condition can also be associated with spinal issues, such as spinal dysraphism. When combined with spinal defects, it is referred to as the omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, and spinal defects (OEIS) complex, and is one of the most challenging surgical conditions to manage. Here, we present a unique case of a low-birth-weight patient with OEIS and a liver containing giant omphalocele and the novel surgical technique used to manage her cloacal exstrophy whereby the cecal plate was not separated from the bladder halves, but rather left for an autoaugment, and the ileum was connected to the hindgut.
Effects of Tourniquet Application on Faster Recovery after Surgery and Ischemia-Reperfusion Post–Total Knee Arthroplasty, Cementation through Closure versus Full-Course and Nontourniquet Group
Authors: Cao Qinggang , Wu Qiong , Liu Yun , He Zhiwei , Cong Yu , Meng Jia , Zhao Jianning , Bao Nirong
Published: May 2021

Pneumatic tourniquets are used in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for surgical field visualization and improved cementation; however, their use is controversial. This study aimed to assess the effects of tourniquet application on faster recovery post-TKA. Our hypothesis was that inflammation and limb function would be similar with different tourniquet applications. A prospective randomized double-blinded trial assessed tourniquets effects on postoperative pain, swelling, and early outcome in TKA. In present study, 50 TKAs were enrolled in each group as follows: full course (FC), cementation through closure (CTC), and no tourniquet (NT), CTC as treatment group while FC and NT as control groups. Topical blood samples of 3 mL from the joint cavity and drainage bags were obtained at special time point. At last, all samples such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), pentraxin 3 (PTX3), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and myoglobin (Mb) were detected by ELISA. Active and passive range of motion (ROM) values, pain score by the visual analog scale (VAS), change of thigh circumference were recorded at special time point as well. In topical blood, the change of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-a, PTX3, CCL2, PGE2, SOD1, and Mb, was lower in CTC and NT groups than in FC group (p < 0.01 and 0.05). Although VAS and ROM were comparable preoperatively in three groups (p > 0.05), the perimeter growth rate was lower, pain scores (VAS) were reduced, and ROM values were improved in CTC and NT groups compared with FC group at T4, T5, and T6 postoperatively (p < 0.01 and 0.05). Improved therapeutic outcome was observed in the CTC group, indicating patients should routinely undergo TKA with cementation through closure tourniquet application.
Impact of Preoperative Opioid Use on Patient-Reported Outcomes after Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Propensity Matched Analysis
Authors: Ingall Eitan , Klemt Christian , Melnic Christopher M. , Cohen-Levy Wayne B. , Tirumala Venkatsaiakhil , Kwon Young-Min
Published: May 2021

This is a retrospective study. Prior studies have characterized the deleterious effects of narcotic use in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). While there is an increasing revision arthroplasty burden, data on the effect of narcotic use in the revision surgery setting remain limited. Our aim was to characterize the effect of active narcotic use at the time of revision TKA on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). A total of 330 consecutive patients who underwent revision TKA and completed both pre- and postoperative PROMs was identified. Due to differences in baseline characteristics, 99 opioid users were matched to 198 nonusers using the nearest-neighbor propensity score matching. Pre- and postoperative knee disability and osteoarthritis outcome score physical function (KOOS-PS), patient reported outcomes measurement information system short form (PROMIS SF) physical, PROMIS SF mental, and physical SF 10A scores were evaluated. Opioid use was identified by the medication reconciliation on the day of surgery. Propensity score–matched opioid users had significantly lower preoperative PROMs than the nonuser for KOOS-PS (45.2 vs. 53.8, p < 0.01), PROMIS SF physical (37.2 vs. 42.5, p < 0.01), PROMIS SF mental (44.2 vs. 51.3, p < 0.01), and physical SF 10A (34.1 vs. 36.8, p < 0.01). Postoperatively, opioid-users demonstrated significantly lower scores across all PROMs: KOOS-PS (59.2 vs. 67.2, p < 0.001), PROMIS SF physical (43.2 vs. 52.4, p < 0.001), PROMIS SF mental (47.5 vs. 58.9, p < 0.001), and physical SF 10A (40.5 vs. 49.4, p < 0.001). Propensity score–matched opioid-users demonstrated a significantly smaller absolute increase in scores for PROMIS SF Physical (p = 0.03) and Physical SF 10A (p < 0.01), as well as an increased hospital length of stay (p = 0.04). Patients who are actively taking opioids at the time of revision TKA report significantly lower preoperative and postoperative outcome scores. These patients are more likely to have longer hospital stays. The apparent negative effect on patient reported outcomes after revision TKA provides clinically useful data for surgeons in engaging patients in a preoperative counseling regarding narcotic use prior to revision TKA to optimize outcomes.
Negligible spin–charge conversion in Bi films and Bi/Ag(Cu) bilayers
Authors: Yue Di , Lin Weiwei , Chien C. L.
Published: May 2021

Spin pumping experiments using ferromagnetic metals have reported highly efficient spin–charge conversion in Bi and at the Bi/Ag interface, possibly due to the inverse Rashba–Edelstein effect. However, longitudinal spin Seebeck effect experiments using the yttrium iron garnet ferrimagnetic insulator in Bi films and Bi/Ag bilayers do not show evidence of appreciable spin-to-charge conversion except the large Nernst signal inherent to Bi. These contrasting conclusions highlight the differences between magnetic metals and magnetic insulators as spin current injectors. Only the detected voltages that adhere to the inverse spin Hall effect of jC = (2e/ℏ)θSHjS×σ are due to spin currents.