bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance Analysis of OCDMA Based on AND Detection in FTTH Access Network Using PIN & APD Photodiodes
Authors: Aldouri Muthana , Aljunid S. A. , Ahmad R. Badlishah , Fadhil Hilal A.
Published: June 2011

In order to comprise between PIN photo detector and avalanche photodiodes in a system used double weight (DW) code to be a performance of the optical spectrum CDMA in FTTH network with point-to-multi-point (P2MP) application. The performance of PIN against APD is compared through simulation by using opt system software version 7. In this paper we used two networks designed as follows one used PIN photo detector and the second using APD photo diode, both two system using with and without erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). It is found that APD photo diode in this system is better than PIN photo detector for all simulation results. The conversion used a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) wavelength converter. Also we are study, the proposing a detection scheme known as AND subtraction detection technique implemented with fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) act as encoder and decoder. This FBG is used to encode and decode the spectral amplitude coding namely double weight (DW) code in Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA). The performances are characterized through bit error rate (BER) and bit rate (BR) also the received power at various bit rate.
Injury of Cell Tight Junctions and Changes of Actin Level in Acute Lung Injury Caused by the Perfluoroisobutylene Exposure and the Role of Myosin Light Chain Kinase
Authors: Meng Ge , Zhao Jian , Wang He‐Mei , Ding Ri‐Gao , Zhang Xian‐Cheng , Huang Chun‐Qian , Ruan Jin‐Xiu
Published: June 2011

Injury of Cell Tight Junctions and Changes of Actin Level in Acute Lung Injury Caused by the Perfluoroisobutylene Exposure and the Role of Myosin Light Chain Kinase: Ge Meng, et al. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, P. R. China—

Objectives

To investigate the injury of cell tight junctions and change in actin level in the alveolus epithelial cells of the lung after Perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) exposure and the role of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in the injury.

Methods

Rats and mice were exposed to a sublethaldose of PFIB. The changes in tight junction zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1), actin and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) were detected by immunoluorescence at 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h after PFIB exposure. The role of MLCK was analyzed by lung indices and the act in leve l. Resu lts: The norma l ZO‐1 immunofluorescence density and those after PFIB exposure were 71.63, 39.41, 37.59, 35.71, 33.22, 31.34,31.61, 24.51, 40.03 and 44.71 respectively, The normal actin immunoluorescence density and those after PFIB exposure were 31.82, 36.46, 36.57, 41.60, 40.95, 35.41,30.69, 19.96, 29.30 and 33.00 respectively, The normal MLCK immunoluorescence density and those after PFIB exposure were 61.21, 50.87, 48.37, 43.65, 41.96,35.44, 31.77, 30.85, 33.10 and 38.20 respectively. When the MLCK inhibitor ML‐7 was given in advance, pulmonary edema and actin degradation were suppressed.

Conclusions

At an earlier stage, the increased permeability of the blood‐air barrier after PFIB exposure is probably the result of injury of cell tight junctions that acts in concert with later changes in actin, resulting in an increase in permeability. MLCK could be a potential target for novel drug development for relief of acute lung injury.
The Association between Impaired Fasting Glucose and Noise‐induced Hearing Loss
Authors: Jang Tae‐Won , Kim Beom‐Gyu , Kwon Young‐Jun , Im Hyoung‐June
Published: June 2011

The Association between Impaired Fasting Glucose and Noise‐induced Hearing Loss: Tae‐Won Jang, et al. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Korea—

Objectives

This study was performed to determine whether there is an association between impaired fasting glucose and noise‐induced hearing loss.

Methods

The study subjects were workers in one automobile manufacturing company. The data were obtained from results of health examinations during 2005 and 2009. The factors analyzed were age, smoking and alcohol history, work duration, environmental noise level, hearing thresholds, blood pressure, serum creatinine, initial hearing threshold and fasting glucose.

Results

The hearing thresholds at 4,000 Hz frequencies for both ears were significantly higher in 2009 than those in 2005. The changes in the hearing thresholds of the subjects with an impaired fasting glucose (100–125 mg/dl) and diabetes (≥126 mg/dl) were greater than those of the normal (<100 mg/dl) group. After adjusting for variables such as age, smoking and alcohol history, environmental noise, hypertension and serum creatinine, fasting glucose was found to be a significant variable. Impaired fasting glucose (100–125 mg/dl) was significant (β=1.339, p=0.002) for the right ear, whereas it was not significant (β=0.639, p=0.121) for the left ear.

Conclusions

Impaired fasting glucose, as well as diabetes, might be risk factors for hearing loss in individuals with exposure to certain noise levels. The results of this study suggest that impaired fasting glucose should be considered a risk factor for hearing loss.
Expression of Heme Oxygenase‐1 in the Lungs of Rats Exposed to Potassium Octatitanate Whiskers
Authors: Obata Yasuko , Morimoto Yasuo , Hirohashi Masami , Ogami Akira , Oyabu Takako , Myojo Toshihiko , Kawanami Shoko , Horie Seichi , Nagatomo Hiroko , Murakami Masahiro , Tanaka Isamu
Published: June 2011

Expression of Heme Oxygenase‐1 in the Lungs of Rats Exposed to Potassium Octatitanate Whiskers: Yasuko Obata, et al. Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan—

Objectives

Oxidative stress is thought to be the pathogenesis of pulmonary ibrosis induced by asbestos, and heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) protects lung tissue against oxidative stress. We hypothesized that HO‐1 is also associated withoxidative lung injury caused by exposure to potassium octatitanate whiskers (PT1), which is one of the asbestos substitutes.

Methods

Male Wistar rats were administered 1 mg or 2 mg PT1 suspended in saline by a single intratracheal instillation and were sacrificed after recovery for 3 days, 1 wk, 1 mo, 3 mo or 6 mo. Gene expression of HO‐1 protein and mRNA and immunostaining were investigated in rat lungs.

Results

HO‐1 protein expression was increased from 3 days to1 mo and at 6 mo in the 1 or 2 mg PT1‐exposed groups, and the gene expression of HO‐1 mRNA was also increased at 3 days and from 1 mo to 6 mo. HO‐1positive cells were mainly found in the alveolar macrophages and the bronchial epithelial cells inimmunostaining.

Conclusions

These indings suggest that HO‐1 is involved in lung damage caused by PT1.
Fractal Patterns Applied to Implant Surface: Definitions and Perspectives
Authors: Dohan Ehrenfest David M.
Published: June 2011

Fractal patterns are frequently found in nature, but they are difficult to reproduce in artificial objects such as implantable materials. In this article, a definition of the concept of fractals for osseointegrated surfaces is suggested, based on the search for quasi-self-similarity on at least 3 scales of investigation: microscale, nanoscale, and atomic/crystal scale. Following this definition, the fractal dimension of some surfaces may be defined (illustrated here with the Intra-Lock Ossean surface). However the biological effects of this architecture are still unknown and should be examined carefully in the future.
The Word Made Flax: Cheap Bibles, Textual Corruption, and the Poetics of Paper
Authors: Calhoun Joshua
Published: June 2011

Made of recycled clothes, slaughtered animals, and felled trees, Bibles in Renaissance England were filled with visible traces of ecological matter, remainders that remind one that words on a page are thought fused with—and inflected by—matter. This essay places Henry Vaughan's poem “The Book” in a broader conversation about the poetics of paper: the rhetorical effects of the varied colors and qualities of paper used in the production of the vernacular Bibles that transformed reading practices in Renaissance England. Historical writers and readers, who were directly involved in a flax-to-rags-to-paper economy, recognized and commented on the natural resources from which cheap, widely distributed Bibles and other texts were made. Further, this essay models a reading strategy that attends to the natural history of books, to both the function and the form of the organic matter used to mediate human ideas.
“More Than a Parchment Three-Pence”: Crises of Value in Hawthorne's “My Kinsman, Major Molineux”
Authors: Loman Andrew
Published: June 2011

In “My Kinsman, Major Molineux,” Robin enters Boston after negotiating the cost of a ferry ride across the Charles River, a negotiation complicated by the precipitous depreciation of the provincial bill he carries. His night in Boston therefore unfolds under the volatile sign of paper money. The story is one of several Hawthorne works to join the paper-gold debate of the nineteenth century, and it historicizes that debate with persistent allusions to related eighteenth-century currency disputes. The story's famous ambivalence springs in part from Hawthorne's cognizance of a historical irony: in the nineteenth century, Jacksonian Democrats attacked paper money as the instrument of a neoaristocratic moneyed power; in the eighteenth century, royalists stigmatized it as the instrument of the “Popular orDemocratickPart of the Constitution.” The story is informed by the discomfiting fact that the eighteenth-century Tory and the nineteenth-century Democrat equally privileged gold over paper.
On Understanding Everything: General Education, Liberal Education, and the Study of Religion
Authors: Hollywood Amy
Published: June 2011

In October 2006, the Harvard University task force on general education issued a preliminary report describing and justifying a new program of general education for Harvard College. Contending that “[g]eneral education is the public face of liberal education,” the task force enumerated what a person liberally educated in the twenty-first-century United States should know—or, perhaps better, know how to think about in reasoned and nuanced ways (Preliminary Report 3). The report called for seven semester-long courses in “five broad areas of inquiry and experience”: Cultural Traditions and Cultural Change, The Ethical Life, The United States and the World, Reason and Faith, and Science and Technology. In addition, the task force suggested that students be required to take three semester-long courses that “develop critical skills”: writing and oral communication, foreign language, and analytic reasoning (6). Not surprisingly, “Reason and Faith” generated some of the most heated discussion—and it was the first suggested requirement dropped by the task force, replaced in December 2006 by a new category, “What It Means to Be a Human Being.” By the time of the final report, this too was gone, replaced by “Culture and Belief,” an area of inquiry that may include the study of religion but is broader in scope than what was initially proposed (Report of the Task Force 11–12).
Re-vamp: A Response
Authors: Lupton Julia Reinhard
Published: June 2011

Is the resurgence of religion in our millennial moment a case of zombies or of vampires? are we dealing, that is, with an atavistic army of stumbling, mumbling idiots, or are we encountering a phenomenon with teeth: vital, adaptive, crazy-beautiful, and ready to take some revamped general education courses at Harvard? I think we can conclude from these essays that we are dealing with vampires. In other words, like today's teenage vampires, the reanimated religions on the contemporary world stage are not anomalous, exceptional, or archaic. Instead, globalization, by draining functionality and glamour from the nation-state, has summoned organized religions and postreligions to take on ever-more-powerful political roles. Hence the brazen entry of an array of latter-day saints into the sempiternal sunlight cast by the restless streaming of information, capital, and populations across planetary time zones, from jihadist organizers and evangelical Alaskans to Harry Potter activists and irate Apple users.
A field‐sequential‐color display with a local‐primary‐desaturation backlight scheme
Authors: Zhang Yuning , Lin Fang‐Cheng , Langendijk Erno H. A.
Published: June 2011

Abstract— Field‐sequential‐color technology eliminates the need for color filters in liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) and results in significant power savings and higher resolution. But the LCD suffers from color breakup, which degrades image quality and limits practical applications. By controlling the backlight temporally and spatially, a so‐called local‐primary‐desaturation (LPD) backlight scheme was developed and implemented in a 180‐Hz optically compensated bend (OCB) mode LCD equipped with a backlight consisting of a matrix of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). It restores image quality by suppressing color breakup and saves power because it has no color filter and uses local dimming. A perceptual experiment was implemented for verification, and the results showed that a field‐sequential‐color display with a local‐primary‐desaturation backlight reduced the color breakup from very annoying to not annoying and even invisible.
Angular dependence of the performance of stereoscopic liquid‐crystal‐display (LCD) television using shutter glasses (SG)
Authors: Hong HyungKi , Lim KyongHo , Kim JaeHong , Park SunHee , Shin HongSeop , Lee DonGyou , Shin Hyunho
Published: June 2011

Abstract— 3‐D cross‐talk typically represents the ratio of image overlap between the left and right views. For stereoscopic LCDs using shutter‐glasses technology, 3‐D cross‐talk for stereoscopic LCD TV with a diagonal size of 46 in. and vertical alignment (VA) mode was measured to change from 1% to 10% when the stereoscopic display is rotated around the vertical axis. Input signals consist of the left and right images that include patterns of different amounts of binocular disparity and various gray levels. Ghost‐like artifacts are observed. Furthermore, intensities of these artifacts are observed to change as the stereoscopic display is rotated about the vertical axis. The temporal luminance of the LCD used in stereoscopic TV was found to be dependent on the viewing direction and can be considered as one cause of the phenomenon of angular dependence of performance for stereoscopic displays.
A Pattern of Violence: Analyzing the Relationship Between Intimate Partner Violence and Stalking
Authors: Norris Sarah M. , Huss Matthew T. , Palarea Russell E.
Published: June 2011

As the literature on stalking has grown, several studies have proposed a relationship between stalking and intimate partner violence (IPV). This study examines a clinical sample of intimate partner batterers to assess the stalking-related behaviors committed against the participants’ intimate partners. The study examined the levels of severity between stalking-related behaviors and IPV, as well as identified differences between batterers who exhibited stalking-related behaviors and those who did not. A significant relationship between stalking-related behavior and IPV was found, with more severe stalking related to higher levels of IPV and more extreme psychopathology.
Toward a Developmental Taxonomy of Adult Sexual Aggressors of Women: Antisocial Trajectories in Youth, Mating Effort, and Sexual Criminal Activity in Adulthood
Authors: Cale Jesse , Lussier Patrick
Published: June 2011

Recent studies suggest that sexual aggressors of women are characterized by early- and late-onset antisocial trajectories. However, these studies have not examined the role of mating effort and its role on sexual offending in adulthood. This study examined differences in the level of mating effort of early- and late-onset offenders and the association between mating effort and sexual offending in adulthood. Factor analysis identified two latent constructs of sexuality: mating effort and high sexual drive. Early-onset offenders exhibited significantly higher levels of mating effort and sexual drive. Furthermore, high mating effort and high sexual drive were more strongly associated with an earlier onset and a higher frequency of sexual crimes in adulthood than group membership. This study provided empirical evidence that a developmental taxonomy of early and late onset distinguishes the sexual activity and sexual criminal activity of adult sexual aggressors. The findings are discussed in light of a developmental taxonomy of sexual aggressors of women.
Are Stalkers Recidivists? Repeated Offending by Convicted Stalkers
Authors: Malsch Marijke , de Keijser Jan W. , Debets Sofia E. C.
Published: June 2011

Stalking is an obsessive behavior. Legal definitions generally characterize stalking as repetitive conduct. It may therefore be expected that recidivism by stalkers is high. We investigated court statistics of stalking cases to establish which proportion relapses in stalking behavior after a conviction and what other types of new crimes they commit. Case files of stalking cases have been investigated to find out whether and which neutralization techniques are used by stalkers to justify harassing behaviors. Stalkers who do recidivate do so quickly after a conviction. They appear to make use of various neutralization techniques. There is a small group of highly obsessive stalkers that seems not to be stopped by any of the measures, sanctions, or interventions that are imposed.
Addressing the Intersections of Violence and HIV/AIDS: A Qualitative Study of Service Providers
Authors: DiStefano Anthony S. , Hubach Randolph D.
Published: June 2011

This article examines what measures health care and social service providers take to address intersections between various forms of violence and HIV/AIDS in the delivery of services to their clients/patients. We operated within an organizational/interactional uncertainty theoretical framework and analyzed qualitative interview data from 30 providers offering services related to violence or HIV/AIDS in the San Francisco Bay Area. We found that providers used several strategies to mitigate crossover risk, but they enacted these measures on a case-by-case basis and tended not to follow a dedicated and complete protocol with every client/patient. We also identify nine factors that affected providers’ capacity to discern and effectively address violence–HIV/AIDS intersections, present providers’ descriptions of their needs in terms of addressing crossover risk, and discuss implications for interventions.
Forced Sex: A Critical Factor in the Sleep Difficulties of Young Australian Women
Authors: Astbury Jill , Bruck Dorothy , Loxton Deborah
Published: June 2011

The prevalence of forced sex and its contribution to sleep difficulties among young Australian women aged 24–30 years (n = 9,061) was examined using data from the 2003 Australian Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health. The lifetime prevalence of reported forced sex was 8.7%. Significantly higher levels of recurrent sleep difficulties, prescription sleep medication, clinical depression, anxiety disorder, self-harm, and substance use, as well as lower socioeconomic status (SES) indicators, were reported by the forced sex group compared to the no forced sex group. Hierarchical logistic regression revealed the high odds (OR = 1.95, CI = 1.66–2.26) of recurrent sleep difficulty in such women becomes partially attenuated, but remains statistically significant, after adjusting for key psychological, SES, and behavioral variables. Clinical implications for primary care providers and sleep specialists are discussed. Sleep difficulties are highly prevalent and affect more than 30% of those seeking primary health care (Kushida et al., 2005). They negatively impact on the way a person feels and functions (Dinges et al., 1997) and make a significant contribution to accidents, health care costs, and problems at work (Roth, 2005).
Care Management and the Transition of Older Adults From a Skilled Nursing Facility Back Into the Community
Authors: Golden Adam G. , Martin Shanique , Silva Melanie da , Roos Bernard A.
Published: June 2011

After hospitalization, many older adults require skilled nursing care. Although some patients receive services at home, others are admitted to a skilled nursing facility. In the current fragmented health care system, hospitals are financially incentivized to discharge frail older adults to a facility for postacute care as soon as possible. Similarly, many skilled nursing facilities are incentivized to extend the posthospitalization period of care and to transition the patient to custodial nursing home care. The resulting overuse of institution-based skilled nursing care may be associated with various adverse medical, social, and financial consequences. Care management interventions for more efficient and effective skilled nursing facility use must consider the determinants involved in the decisions to admit and maintain patients in skilled nursing facilities. As we await health care reform efforts that will address these barriers, opportunities already exist for care managers to improve the current postacute transition processes.
APRN Survey on Roles, Functions, and Competencies
Authors: Honig Judy , Smolowitz Janice , Smaldone Arlene
Published: June 2011

Nursing education is undergoing a major transition with a shift in advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) educational preparation from a master’s degree to the clinical doctorate that is targeted to be fully implemented by 2015. This paradigm shift in nursing education is expanding the role and scope of APRNs. Some doctor of nursing practice (DNP) programs for APRNs focus on the provision of comprehensive care to a panel of patients. These APRNs with DNP (DNP/APRN) programs in comprehensive care expand master’s preparation to prepare expert clinicians who are knowledgeable about individuals’ health care needs across the life span; to practice in all clinical settings; to analyze and interpret evidence as the basis for health care choices; and to engage patients in a collaborative relationship to provide continuous, coordinated services that include health promotion, disease prevention, and definitive disease management in all clinical settings (Smolowitz, Honig, & Reinisch, 2010).

Nursing has a unique opportunity to track this new DNP/APRN subgroup from its inception using systematic and structured data collection. With this paradigm shift in nursing education, the role and scope of APRNs will continue to evolve. We developed a survey that could be distributed nationally to DNP/APRNs to (a) track roles and competencies of doctorally prepared nurse clinicians in relation to comprehensive care and (b) identify performance measures and quality indicators for delivery of comprehensive care. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the survey on a sample of master’s prepared APRN (M/APRN) and DNP/APRNs engaged in faculty practice at the Columbia University School of Nursing.
Fractured Care: Doctor of Nursing Practice Opportunities
Authors: Sasse Roxana
Published: June 2011

This case study examines the care provided for a young man with two complex disease processes. Management of the pain caused by one disease resulted in acceleration of the associated comorbid illness. This patient scenario demonstrates the need for coordination of care by one health care provider and illustrates the fractured nature of our specialist-driven health care system. Doctor of nursing practice–prepared advanced practice registered nurses who specialize in comprehensive care are prepared to coordinate care and improve quality of services provided by establishing a patient-centered medical home (PCMH) for every patient, especially those with complex or comorbid illnesses.
Nurse Practitioners and Evidence-Based Nursing Practice
Authors: Butler Kathy Diane
Published: June 2011

The objectives of this study were to assess nurse practitioners’ (NP) beliefs and attitudes about evidence-based nursing practice (EBNP) and their implementation of EBNP. This exploratory descriptive study surveyed NPs in Tennessee. Most of the respondents were White females, 42 years of age, with a master’s degree as a family nurse practitioner (FNP), practicing in primary care for a mean of 7.9 years. The respondents tended to have positive beliefs and attitudes about EBNP, but their implementation of EBNP was not consistent with their beliefs. The findings of this survey emphasize the need for EBNP in NP education curricula and continuing education programs and for NP access to evidence-based information at point of care to improve the care provided to patients.
Talking about Life after Early Psychosis: The Impact on Occupational Performance
Authors: Brown Jocelyn A.
Published: June 2011

Background. In early psychosis, the phase of illness and developmental stage pose unique challenges to recovery and provision of services. Insight into subjective experience is needed to achieve optimal outcomes.

Purpose. To understand the complex ways that early psychosis affects occupational performance.

Methods. Phenomenology and occupational life history were used to explore lived experience of occupational performance with five participants. Three interviews with each person focused on life before, during, and following illness onset.

Findings. Qualitative analysis identified eight themes describing how psychosis is experienced as a lifelong phenomenon, how changes in occupational performance occur as life unfolds around the acute episode, and how participants move ahead with their lives.

Implications. Integration of developmental frameworks, focus on productive roles, and thoughtful application of client-centred practice emerge as issues with important practice implications as individuals develop awareness of disability and strive to maintain control over occupational choices and, ultimately, their lives.
Constructions of Disability: A Call for Critical Reflexivity in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Phelan Shanon K.
Published: June 2011

Background. Within professional and practice knowledge there are many assumptions about disability that underpin occupational therapy philosophy.

Purpose. The objectives of this paper are to (a) critically examine how disability has been constructed in mainstream society by introducing perspectives from contemporary disability studies theories, and (b) apply a critically reflexive lens informed by disability studies perspectives to occupational therapy practice.

Key Issues. Drawing upon critical disability perspectives, notions of “nondisabled” versus “disabled”; metanarratives of disability; built environments and social structures; and social and attitudinal constructions of disability and identity are examined. Key issues pertaining to rehabilitation, norms, client-centred practice, language, and education within occupational therapy are discussed.

Implications. This critically reflexive examination has revealed the ways in which occupational therapy and society at large are embedded in discourses that may reinforce negative connotations around disability. A renewed understanding of disability may challenge current practices.
Research Lessons Learned: Occupational Therapy with Culturally Diverse Mothers of Premature Infants
Authors: Reid Denise T. , Chiu Teresa M. L.
Published: June 2011

Background. Evaluation studies of the effectiveness of home-based occupational therapy are scarce but are needed to justify the impact of occupational therapy intervention. When the intervention is for persons from diverse cultural backgrounds, additional research challenges arise.

Purpose. To share lessons learned in conducting home-based occupational therapy research with Canadian, and immigrant South Asian and Chinese mothers of premature infants in a large Canadian city.

Key issues. Lessons learned were to implement a culturally sensitive recruitment process, change the research design to include more interviews and focus groups, and be aware of the need for culturally appropriate instruments.

Implications. Researchers need to be sensitized to the Western cultural values upon which most research designs and instrumentation are constructed. Involvement of a culturally diverse research team, openness to feedback, adaptability, and critical reflection on what is important to the cultural groups are among the suggestions for researchers planning home-based occupational therapy research with culturally diverse populations.
Floor Time Play with a Child with Autism: A Single-Subject Study
Authors: Dionne Maryse , Martini Rose
Published: June 2011

Background. Children with autism exhibit difficulties with social interaction and communication skills, and they present with restricted interests and stereotyped patterns of behaviour that affect their daily lives. Floor time play (FTP) is an intervention approach that addresses these issues; however, there are few published studies on its effectiveness.

Purpose. This study determines the effectiveness of FTP intervention with a child diagnosed with autism.

Methods. A single subject AB design was used with circles of communication as the behaviour indicator for improvement. Visual and statistical analyses were completed. The child's mother kept a daily journal describing FTP intervention sessions at home.

Findings. Despite variability in the data, statistical analyses indicate a significant difference between the numbers of circles of communication during the intervention phase as compared with the observation phase.

Implications. This study provides preliminary evidence for the use of the FTP approach with a child with autism.
On some finite difference schemes for solution of hyperbolic heat conduction problems
Authors: Čiegis Raimondas , Mirinavičius Aleksas
Published: June 2011

We consider the accuracy of two finite difference schemes proposed recently in [Roy S., Vasudeva Murthy A.S., Kudenatti R.B., A numerical method for the hyperbolic-heat conduction equation based on multiple scale technique, Appl. Numer. Math., 2009, 59(6), 1419–1430], and [Mickens R.E., Jordan P.M., A positivity-preserving nonstandard finite difference scheme for the damped wave equation, Numer. Methods Partial Differential Equations, 2004, 20(5), 639–649] to solve an initial-boundary value problem for hyperbolic heat transfer equation. New stability and approximation error estimates are proved and it is noted that some statements given in the above papers should be modified and improved. Finally, two robust finite difference schemes are proposed, that can be used for both, the hyperbolic and parabolic heat transfer equations. Results of numerical experiments are presented.
Attoscience at ETH Zurich: Shining New Light on Old Questions in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Keller Ursula
Published: June 2011

Ten years ago, we began a new research effort in attoscience at ETH Zurich, building on our ultrafast laser expertise in the few femtosecond regime. I present some of the technical highlights and explain how we continue within the NCCR MUST.
Ultrafast X-ray Absorption Studies of the Structural Dynamics of Molecular and Biological Systems in Solution
Authors: Milne Christopher J. , Penfold Thomas J. , Karlsson Susanne , Van Mourik Frank , Reinhard Marco , Rittmann-Frank Hannelore , Lima Frederico A. , Pham Van-Thai , Van der Veen Renske M. , Chergui Majed
Published: June 2011

We review our recent studies of excited state structures and dynamics of chemical and biological systems with pico- and femtosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the liquid phase.
Ultrafast Structural Dynamics in Condensed Matter
Authors: Beaud Paul , Johnson Steven L. , Vorobev Ekaterina , Milne Christopher J. , Caviezel Andrin , Mariager Simon O. , De Souza Raquel A. , Staub Urs , Ingold Gerhard
Published: June 2011

We review our recent activity in the field of photo-induced structural dynamics in crystalline solids studied using femtosecond X-ray diffraction techniques.
THz Switching and THz Nonlinear Spectroscopy Applications
Authors: Merbold Hannes , Brunner Fabian , Cannizzo Andrea , Feurer Thomas
Published: June 2011

Slits in thin metal sheets and split-ring resonators (SRR) featuring gaps on the micro- or nano-scale are shown to be a promising tool for THz switching or THz nonlinear spectroscopy applications. Both structures show strong field enhancement in the gap region due to light-induced current
flows and capacitive charging across the gap. Whereas nano-slits allow for broadband enhancement the resonant behavior of the SRRs leads to narrowband amplification and results in field enhancement of tens of thousands. This property is particularly beneficial for the realization of nonlinear
THz experiments.
Mechanical (QM/MM) Simulations of Adiabatic and Nonadiabatic Ultrafast Phenomena
Authors: Curchod Basile F. E. , Campomanes Pabloc , Laktionov Andrey , Neri Marilisa , Penfold Thomas J. , Vanni Stefano , Tavernelli Ivano , Rothlisberger Ursula
Published: June 2011

A thorough theoretical description of ultrafast phenomena that occur in complex systems constitutes a formidable challenge. It not only necessitates the use of quantum mechanical methods that can describe ground and possibly even electronically excited state potential energy surfaces
with sufficient accuracy but also calls for approaches that can take the real-time dynamics of a system and the coupling between its electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom fully into account. Over the last years, our group has been active in the development of mixed quantum mechanical/molecular
mechanical (QM/MM) methods for the in situ simulations of dynamical phenomena in ground and excited states within the adiabatic (Born-Oppenheimer) approximation. Recently, we have extended our theoretical tools with the explicit inclusion of nonadiabatic effects in the framework of
Ehrenfest dynamics and Tully's fewest switches surface hopping. These extensions allow the theoretical description of nonadiabatic ultrafast phenomena in the gas phase as well as in solution, and complex biological environments.
Dispersed fs-FWM for Investigations of Low Frequency Vibrations of Transient Species in Combustion
Authors: Knopp Gregor , Radi Peter P. , Gerber Thomas
Published: June 2011

Understanding the role of peroxides in combustion, in atmospheric and in surface science involves investigations on a molecular level, at which energy transfers and rearrangements of the nuclei dictate the chemistry. Due to their high reactivity they appear as unstable transient species,
which impedes detailed spectroscopic investigations. Low frequency modes, especially internal and hindered rotations with energies less than 200 cm-1 play an important role for the determination of molecular energies and reaction rates. Unfortunately, these motions are in general
difficult to address. Femtosecond four-wave mixing (fs-FWM) is a powerful tool that allows for investigations of ground state dynamics of molecules. The high peak-power output of fs-lasers, facilitates the excitation of weak Raman coherences. Results from the combustion relevant di-tert-butyl
peroxide molecule are exemplified.
Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Probe Ultrafast Charge Transfer and Electron Dynamics in Solid Surface Systems and at Metal- Molecule Interfaces
Authors: Castiglioni Luca , Greif Michael , Leuenberger Dominik , Roth Silvan , Osterwalder Jürg , Hengsberger Matthias
Published: June 2011

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a versatile tool, which provides insight into electronic structure and dynamics in condensed matter, surfaces, interfaces and molecules. The history of PES is briefly outlined and illustrated by current developments in the field of time-resolved PES.
Our group's research is mostly aimed at studying ultrafast processes and associated lifetimes related to electronic excitation at solid surfaces.
Discriminating Biomolecules with Coherent Control Strategies
Authors: Rondi Ariana , Roth Matthias , Roslund Jonathan , Wolf Jean-Pierre , Bonacina Luigi , Weber Stefan , Extermann Jérôme , Machado Sarah , Kiselev Denis , Rabitz Herschel
Published: June 2011

The activity of the GAP-Biophotonics research group at the University of Geneva in the field of coherent control for discriminating similar biomolecules, such as flavins, proteins and DNA bases, is presented and future developments are discussed.
Photoinduced Interfacial Electron Transfer and Lateral Charge Transport in Molecular Donor–Acceptor Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Punzi Angela , Brauer Jan C. , Marchioro Arianna , Ghadiri Elham , De Jonghe Jelissa , Moser Jacques-E.
Published: June 2011

Nanostructured liquid|solid and solid|solid bulk heterojunctions designed for the conversion of solar energy offer ideal models for the investigation of light-induced ET dynamics at surfaces. Despite significant study of processes leading to charge generation in third-generation solar
cells, a conclusive picture of the photophysics of these photovoltaic converters is still missing. More specifically searched is the link between the molecular structure of the interface and the kinetics of surface photoredox reactions. Fundamental scientific issues in this field are addressed
by there search project undertaken in the frame of the NCCR MUST endeavor, an outline of whic his given here.
EMS – Der führende Spezialist für Hochleistungspolyamide
Authors: Wick Stephan , Kruse Christian
Published: June 2011

This short review introduces EMS-Chemie as a leading producer of high-performance polyamides. The history of polyamides is described as well as their innovative development and modification for customized applications. Bild 2. Die Geschichte der EMS-CHEMIE AG.
Using Membrane-Supported Liquid–Liquid Extraction for the Measurement of Extraction Kinetics
Authors: Riedl Wolfgang , Mollet Daniel , Grundler Gerhard
Published: June 2011

Membrane-supported liquid–liquid extraction uses artificial membranes for the generation of a phase interface between the two liquid phases involved in extraction. Additional equipment for the generation of droplets as well as phase separation afterwards is no longer necessary.
Since the membranes used for this special type of extraction are quite well described concerning thickness, porosity, tortuosity and material it is possible to generate information about the diffusion coefficient of the component to be extracted within the preferred solvent from extraction
trails easily. This article describes an experimental set-up for both the proof of principle of membrane-supported liquid–liquid extraction and, using a dedicated computer-aided data treatment, how to calculate the overall mass transfer coefficient as well as the diffusion coefficient
for a given system within moderate testing duration.
Editorial
Authors: Welch Penny , Wright Susan
Published: June 2011

Welcome to Volume 4 of Learning and Teaching: The International Journal of Higher Education in the Social Sciences. LATISS has been gradually widening its focus from its point of origin in the U.K. and this issue is truly international with material from Latin America, U.S.A, Sweden and England. LATISS’s approach – to study and reflect on the detail of teaching and learning practices in contexts of institutional change and national and international policies – is also well exemplified by the articles in this issue. For example, three of the articles explore issues of ‘race’ and ethnicity in connection with programme design, institutional politics and classroom relations respectively and in very different historical and policy contexts. Two articles also connect to topics on which LATISS has recently published special issues: on gender in higher education and on using the university as a site to critically explore the meaning and operation of neoliberalism.
Gender imbalance in a university hierarchy: can stimulus from outside prompt change?
Authors: Sellerberg Ann-Mari
Published: June 2011

The article draws on the reports by 12 guest professors - all women - who participated in an EU-financed pedagogical project within a Swedish university's postgraduate studies course, the purpose of which was to address equal opportunities in academia. It has been established that women with doctoral degrees are not being absorbed into the research community. The purpose of the project was to persuade more women postgraduate students to consider university research as a possible future career on finishing their postgraduate studies. The article focuses on the question of whether guest professors, in their capacity as outsiders, observe significant factors in postgraduate students' circumstances that elude departmental staff. Can these observations provide knowledge that might persuade more women to continue in research? Can guest professors provide postgraduate students with experiences and lessons that are not readily available from departmental staff? The analysis of the professors' reports indicates that such is the case.
Medical school accreditation in Australia: Issues involved in assessing major changes and new programs
Authors: Field Michael J.
Published: June 2011

The Australian Medical Council (AMC) is an independent company for quality assurance and quality improvement in medical education in Australia and New Zealand. Accreditation procedures for the 20 medical schools in these two countries are somewhat different for three different circumstances or stages of school development: existing medical schools, established courses undergoing major changes, and new schools. This paper will outline some issues involved in major changes to existing courses, and new medical school programs. Major changes have included change from a 6 year undergraduate course to a 5 year undergraduate course or 4 year graduate-entry course, introduction of a lateral graduate-entry stream, new domestic site of course delivery, offshore course delivery, joint program between two universities, and major change to curriculum. In the case of a major change assessment, accreditation of the new or revised course may be granted for a period up to two years after the full course has been implemented. In the assessment of proposals for introduction of new medical courses, six issues needing careful consideration have arisen: forward planning, academic staffing, adequate clinical experience, acceptable research program, adequacy of resources, postgraduate training program and employment.
Reading, Marks, Love: Rousseau, Stendhal, Baudelaire
Authors: Hunter Angela
Published: June 2011

This essay explores reading's impact on love as figured in encounters between a lover and a pockmarked beloved in Rousseau (Confessions and Julie: ou la Nouvelle Héloïse), Stendhal (De l'amour) and Baudelaire (‘Choix de maximes consolantes sur l'amour’). The marks (of pox, of love, of reading) addressed in and between these texts demonstrate that there is no position from which reading can be controlled. Further, we find that there is no subject who can foreclose love's (re-)readings and no mark that can stand outside of reading's context.
Surfacing Materiality: Wordsworth, Kant and de Man's Epistemological Critique of Reading
Authors: Toremans Tom
Published: June 2011

In the 1983 Messenger Lectures, Paul de Man set out to formulate a critique of critical philosophy and Romantic literature as dynamically involved in a post-Romantic predicament that centers around the ‘philosophical phantasm’ of ‘the reconciliation of knowledge with phenomenal, aesthetic experience’. While critical attention has mainly focused on the shift in terminology in de Man's later writings towards linguistic materiality and aesthetic ideology, this article argues that this shift simultaneously implies a radicalisation of de Man's theory and practice of rhetorical reading into an epistemological critique of reading in terms of the incompatibility between cognition and perception, and of the material event and its inevitable reinscription into tropological linguistic models. This shift culminates in de Man's claim, in ‘The Resistance to Theory’, that all theory necessarily avoids the reading it advocates and contains a necessarily pragmatic moment that reinscribes it into the ideological aberration it attempts to resist. De Man's turn to Kant and Schiller in his later writings thus not only supplements his earlier rhetorical readings of Wordsworth, but also implies a radical revaluation of the act of reading that decisively repositions it towards ideology.
Dethroning the Dark God of Absence: On Rorty, de Man and Unreadability
Authors: Małecki Wojciech
Published: June 2011

My aim in this paper is to shed light on Richard Rorty's critique of de Man's conception of unreadability. In particular, I explain why Rorty sees this conception as a kind of ‘negative theology’ that worships a ‘Dark God of Absence (…) whose voice is in the literariness of Language’ — a god who, importantly, must be rejected given Rorty's ‘horizontal’ thought. I also address the question of whether ‘continually rediscovering (…) the impossibility of reading’ can have any significance for politics. As is well known, de Man himself thought the answer to the latter question was a resounding yes. But, according to Rorty, it is exactly because de Man managed to instill that conviction in the ‘American academic Left’ that the latter is far less effective politically than it could be. The final part of my paper is devoted to this very issue.
A Moment of Madness: Derrida's Kierkegaard
Authors: Bennington Geoffrey
Published: June 2011

Beginning with his famous 1963 lecture on Foucault, Derrida repeatedly invokes a line from Kierkegaard, often translated from his French as ‘the instant of decision is madness,’ without ever giving a precise reference or subjecting that sentence to anything like a reading in the Derridean sense. This paper tracks some of the unsuspected complexities that emerge when that sentence is located in Kierkegaard and the Pauline tradition to which Kierkegaard is appealing. It is suggested that the singular functioning of this sentence in Derrida nonetheless, in its very failure to read, shows up something of the madness, folly or stupidity at play in Kierkegaard's thinking, and thus performs in its repetitions something of the unreadability that opens the possibility of reading itself.
De l'emprise à l'empreinte : évolution du projet de soin et des pratiques soignantes sur une unité d'hospitalisation soins-études pour adolescents
Authors: Chaine Françoise , Soudier Dominique , Machto Antoine , Jousselme Catherine
Published: June 2011

Résumé La « Maison des 13-17 » est une unité soins-études externalisée de la Fondation Vallée qui existe depuis une quinzaine d’années. Le projet de soin s’y est progressivement modifié au fil des indications. Notre souci est resté de maintenir ces adolescents – présentant tous des troubles sévères de la personnalité – aussi intégrés que possible au milieu ordinaire, de façon à leur permettre d’accepter les soins psychologiques intensifs, qu’ils avaient jusque-là refusés. Ce contraste entre un maillage thérapeutique serré (la « Maison des 13-17 » est une unité d’hospitalisation temps plein) et une capacité de contrainte faible sur le patient (le jeune fait quotidiennement de nombreux allers-retours sur l’extérieur) convient particulièrement aux pathologies limites mais n’est pas sans poser de nombreux problèmes à l’équipe soignante. En pensant notre cadre de façon à le rendre acceptable à ces patients réfractaires, nous sommes souvent dépassés dans nos espérances : les jeunes « s’enfouissent en nous » jusqu’à trouer le corps soignant. Jusqu’où faut-il accompagner ce mouvement régressif ? Quand devient-il nécessaire d’imposer la loi du dehors pour calmer la désorganisation toujours latente du dedans ? Autant de questionnements qui restent en tension lors de nos réunions institutionnelles et que nous présentons ici.