bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimally Invasive Reconstruction of Anterior Talofibular Ligament with Partial Peroneus Brevis Tendon in the Treatment of Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Chen Qian-bo , Tan Xiao-kang , Yuan Chen-song , Tao Xu , Cao Hong-hui , Xu Jian-zhong , Tang Kang-lai
Published: July 2014

Background

Chronic lateral ankle instability causes significant problems in physical activity and accelerates development of osteoarthritic changes. Many procedures were designed to reconstruct the anterior talo-fibular ligament (ATFL) in the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability. Although most of them were effective, but brought big trauma and sacrifice of some tendons.

Objective

To design a minimally invasive ATFL reconstruction with partial peroneus brevis tendon and evaluate its clinical outcomes.

Study design

Nonrandomized controlled clinical trial.

Materials and methods

From 2004 to 2012, 29 patients of chronic lateral ankle instability were treated with minimally invasive ATFL reconstruction with partial peroneus brevis tendon. A 3 cm curved incision was made to explore the ATFL origin and its insertion. Half peroneus brevis tendon was taken to reconstruct the ATFL through the bone tunnel from the insertion of CFL to the insertion of ATFL in the fibular, and then fixed to ATFL insertion location on the talus. All patients were followed-up by radiology and clinical examination at least two years. Their ATFLs were always evaluated by standard stress X-ray examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to surgery and every 1 year after the operation. Functional results were assessed in terms of Karlsson score and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) anklehind foot score.

Results

The average follow-up period was 57.9 months (24- 114 months). The majority of results (93.1%) were satisfactory. The mean Karlsson score improved from 41.7 prior to surgery to 88.6 and AOFAS from an average 47.2 preoperatively to 91.7 postoperatively at the final follow-up visit. Paired t-tests showed improvements of great significance (p < 0.01). The ligaments were proved be reconstructed well in all patients by MRI. It showed the negative talar tilt sign postoperatively by stress X-rays. There was no recurrence of lateral ankle instability.

Conclusion

The minimally invasive ATFL reconstruction with partial peroneus brevis tendon has advantages of small trauma, good reconstruction and excellent clinical outcomes, thus, is a safe and effective method for the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability.

How to cite this article

Chen Q, Tan X, Yuan C, Tao X, Cao H, Xu J, Tang K. Minimally Invasive Reconstruction of Anterior Talofibular Ligament with Partial Peroneus Brevis Tendon in the Treatment of Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2014;1(1):12-16.
Iatrogenic Transfer Metatarsalgia managed by the Lapidus Procedure: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Singh Harmeet , Rikhraj Inderjeet Singh
Published: July 2014

Corrective surgery for Hallux Valgus requires that we balance the 1st metatarsal head with those of the lesser metatarsals. Failure of achieving this balance would result in a transfer metatarsalgia to the lesser metatarsal heads, frequently the 2nd metatarsal. We report of 2 such cases that presented with a transfer metatarsalgia to the head of the 2nd metatarsal. The Lapidus procedure was done to achieve the balance of the 1st metatarsal head with the rest of the lesser metatarsals in both cases. Both patients reported complete relief of pain and improvement in the AOFAS MTP-IP scores.

How to cite this article

Rikhraj IS, Singh H. Iatrogenic Transfer Metatarsalgia managed by the Lapidus Procedure: A Report of Two Cases. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2014;1(1):38-40.
Characterisation of J(O1D) at Cape Grim 2000–2005
Authors: Wilson S. R.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Estimates of the rate of production of excited oxygen atoms due to the photolysis of ozone J(O1D) have been derived from radiation measurements carried out at Cape Grim, Tasmania (40.6° S, 144.7° E). These estimates agree well with measurements made during SOAPEX-II and with model estimates of clear sky photolysis rates. Observations spanning 2000–2005 have been used to quantify the impact of season, cloud and ozone column amount. The annual cycle of J(O1D) has been investigated via monthly means. These means show an inter-annual variation (monthly standard deviation) of 9%, but in midsummer and midwinter this reduces to 3–4%. Factors dependent upon solar zenith angle and satellite derived total ozone column explain 87% of the observed signal variation of the individual measurements. The impact of total column ozone, expressed as a Radiation Amplification Factor (RAF), is found to be ~1.45, in agreement with model estimates. This ozone dependence explains 20% of the variation observed at medium solar zenith angles (30–50°). The impact of clouds results in a median reduction of 14% in J(O1D) for the same solar zenith angle range. At all solar zenith angles less than 50° approximately 10% of measurements show enhanced J(O1D) due to cloud scattering and this fraction climbs to 25% at higher solar angles. Including estimates of cloudiness derived from Long Wave Radiation measurements resulted in a statistically significant fit to observations but the quality of the fit did not increase significantly as measured by the reduced R2.
Tropospheric column amount of ozone retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb–nadir-matching observations
Authors: Ebojie F. , von Savigny C. , Ladstätter-Weißenmayer A. , Rozanov A. , Weber M. , Eichmann K.-U. , Bötel S. , Rahpoe N. , Bovensmann H. , Burrows J. P.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3), has two main sources: transport from the stratosphere and photochemical production in the troposphere. It plays important roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Its amount and destruction are being modified by anthropogenic activity. Global measurements are needed to test our understanding of its sources and sinks. In this paper, we describe the retrieval of tropospheric O3 columns (TOCs) from the combined limb and nadir observations (hereinafter referred to as limb–nadir-matching (LNM)) of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument, which flew as part of the payload onboard the European Space Agency (ESA) satellite Envisat (2002–2012). The LNM technique used in this study is a residual approach that subtracts stratospheric O3 columns (SOCs), retrieved from the limb observations, from the total O3 columns (TOZs), derived from the nadir observations. The technique requires accurate knowledge of the SOCs, TOZs, tropopause height, and their associated errors. The SOCs were determined from the stratospheric O3 profiles retrieved in the Hartley and Chappuis bands from SCIAMACHY limb scattering measurements. The TOZs were also derived from SCIAMACHY measurements, but in this case from the nadir viewing mode using the Weighting Function Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (WFDOAS) technique in the Huggins band. Comparisons of the TOCs from SCIAMACHY and collocated measurements from ozonesondes in both hemispheres between January 2003 and December 2011 show agreement to within 2–5 DU (1 DU = 2.69 × 1016 molecules cm−2). TOC values from SCIAMACHY have also been compared to the results from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and from the LNM technique exploiting Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data (hereinafter referred to as OMI/MLS). All compared data sets agree within the given data product error range and exhibit similar seasonal variations, which, however, differ in amplitude. The spatial distributions of tropospheric O3 in the SCIAMACHY LNM TOC product show characteristic variations related to stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) processes, anthropogenic activities and biospheric emissions.
Bimodality of woody cover and biomass across the precipitation gradient in West Africa
Authors: Yin Z. , Dekker S. C. , van den Hurk B. J. J. M. , Dijkstra H. A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Multiple states of woody cover under similar climate conditions are found in both conceptual models and observations. Due to the limitation of the observed woody cover data set, it is unclear whether the observed bimodality is caused by the presence of multiple stable states or is due to dynamic growth processes of vegetation. In this study, we combine a woody cover data set with an aboveground biomass data set to investigate the simultaneous occurrences of savanna and forest states under the same precipitation forcing. To interpret the results we use a recently developed vegetation dynamics model (the Balanced Optimality Structure Vegetation Model), in which the effect of fires is included. Our results show that bimodality also exists in aboveground biomass and retrieved vegetation structure. In addition, the observed savanna distribution can be understood as derived from a stable state and a slightly drifting (transient) state, the latter having the potential to shift to the forest state. Finally, the results indicate that vegetation structure (horizontal vs. vertical leaf extent) is a crucial component for the existence of bimodality.
Long residence times of rapidly decomposable soil organic matter: application of a multi-phase, multi-component, and vertically resolved model (BAMS1) to soil carbon dynamics
Authors: Riley W. J. , Maggi F. , Kleber M. , Torn M. S. , Tang J. Y. , Dwivedi D. , Guerry N.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Accurate representation of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics in Earth system models is critical for future climate prediction, yet large uncertainties exist regarding how, and to what extent, the suite of proposed relevant mechanisms should be included. To investigate how various mechanisms interact to influence SOM storage and dynamics, we developed an SOM reaction network integrated in a one-dimensional, multi-phase, and multi-component reactive transport solver. The model includes representations of bacterial and fungal activity, multiple archetypal polymeric and monomeric carbon substrate groups, aqueous chemistry, aqueous advection and diffusion, gaseous diffusion, and adsorption (and protection) and desorption from the soil mineral phase. The model predictions reasonably matched observed depth-resolved SOM and dissolved organic matter (DOM) stocks and fluxes, lignin content, and fungi to aerobic bacteria ratios. We performed a suite of sensitivity analyses under equilibrium and dynamic conditions to examine the role of dynamic sorption, microbial assimilation rates, and carbon inputs. To our knowledge, observations do not exist to fully test such a complicated model structure or to test the hypotheses used to explain observations of substantial storage of very old SOM below the rooting depth. Nevertheless, we demonstrated that a reasonable combination of sorption parameters, microbial biomass and necromass dynamics, and advective transport can match observations without resorting to an arbitrary depth-dependent decline in SOM turnover rates, as is often done. We conclude that, contrary to assertions derived from existing turnover time based model formulations, observed carbon content and Δ14C vertical profiles are consistent with a representation of SOM consisting of carbon compounds with relatively fast reaction rates, vertical aqueous transport, and dynamic protection on mineral surfaces.
Interactions of von Willebrand factor and ADAMTS13 in von Willebrand disease and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Schneppenheim R. , Budde U.
Published: July 2014

The function of von Willebrand factor (VWF), a huge multimeric protein and a key factor in platelet dependent primary haemostasis, is regulated by its specific protease ADAMTS13. The ADAMTS13 dependent degradation of VWF to its proteolytic fragments can be visualized as a characteristic so-called triplet structure of individual VWF oligomers by multimer analysis. Lack of VWF high molecular weight multimers (VWF-HMWM) or their pathologically enhanced degradation under - lies a particular type of von Willebrand disease, VWD type 2A with a significant bleeding tendency, and may also be observed in acquired von Willebrand syndrome due to cardiovascular disease. In these conditions multimer analysis is an obligatory and powerful tool for diagnosis of VWD. The opposite condition, the persistence of ultralarge VWF (UL-VWF) multimers may cause the microangiopathic life-threatening disorder thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). During the course of active TTP, UL-VWF is consumed in the hyaline thrombi formed in the microvasculature which will ultimately result in the loss of UL-VWF and VWF-HMWM. Therefore, VWF multimer analysis is not a valid tool to diagnose TTP in the active phase of disease but may be helpful for the diagnosis of TTP patients in remission.
The subjunctive, a marker of 'subordinance'? A comparison between German and Spanish
Authors: Busch Hans Jörg
Published: July 2014

Moods as inflectional paradigms can only have a very general value and function, similar to other verbal categories such as tense and aspect. A comparison with German shows that the subjunctive functions as a marker of subordination and signals that the proposition in which it stands is incomplete and must be interpreted with the help of other contextual elements, for example the meaning of the main or matrix verb, a characteristic that has also been called procedural. Therefore only the indicative can be used to express independent statements. All the communicative functions of the subjunctive, for example to express politeness, will be explained as a result of its procedural character. The article clarifies why the subjunctive is also used with factual propositions, for example after verbs of emotions and ‘aunque’. (37,402 characters with spaces)
Interpretation and grammar interaction in the Spanish subjunctive adjuncts
Authors: Sanchez-Naranjo Jeannette
Published: July 2014

This article proposes a multifactor analysis of the Spanish subjunctive adjuncts. By examining the features that govern Spanish mood and their interaction, I present a complete overview of diverse accounts on the Spanish subjunctive. I outline the general principles of those explanations and comment on their advantages and disadvantages in formalizing an explanation concerning the interaction of mood with syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Next, from mood contribution to the flow in discourse, based on Quer’s (1998, 2001) approach, I provide a role for the subjunctive mood in the discourse, which can be established by a variety of factors. Instead of assigning rigid meanings to the subjunctive, this approach allows the speaker to relate the proposition to the actual world and provide an evaluation of it. In addition to this, I present a proposal to explain mood alternation in adjuncts considering the interaction of different components of the grammar in the process of interpretation. This contribution offers a dynamic view of meaning in which context and individuals are crucial for the interpretation of the Spanish subjunctive.
Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the North Atlantic: Biological parameters
Authors: Lockyer Christina
Published: July 2014

Biological parameters for harbour porpoises are reviewed throughout their range in the North Atlantic. Most information is based on studies of a combination of directed catches, bycatches and strandings. All these sources are valuable for providing biological information, but each carries some bias when it comes to interpretation of parameters, especially those involving age structure. Information on age-related parameters, reproduction and growth is presented and assessed by region and/or population, of which there may be 14 throughout the North Atlantic. Among age related parameters, maximum longevity recorded is 24 years; maximal rate of population growth is probably 9.4% but in the range 5-10%; mortality is highest in year 1, and <5% of the population live beyond 12 years; an estimate of 0.867 with a maximum age of 23 years has been given for survival. Among reproductive parameters, age at sexual maturation falls between 3-4 years for both sexes; age at first parturition is probably 4-5 years; age at first ovulation is >3 years; ovulation rates fall in the range 0.64 - 0.988 corpus per year, and reproductive interval is 1.01-1.57 years; pregnancy rates are generally in the range 0.74 - 0.986 per year, meaning that not all females produce a calf every year; there is seasonal breeding/mating in the period June–August; gestation lasts 10-11 months; parturition generally occurs between mid-May to mid-July; duration of lactation is uncertain, but is probably at least 8 months; size at birth is usually in the range 65-75 cm with a maximum size of about 80 cm. Sex ratio is biased to males throughout life: 1.1-1.2 males : 1.0 females in the foetal stage, and 1.1-1.7 males : 1.0 females post-natal. Growth parameters indicate an asymptotic length and weight that varies with population, but usually falls in the range 153-163 cm and 55-65 kg for females and 141-149 cm and 46-51 kg for males. Growth models used for length and weight are typically based on von Bertalanffy and Gompertz models. Length at sexual maturity also varies with population, but is usually in the range 138-147 cm for females and 127-135 cm for males. There is no information based on vertebral epiphyseal fusion to indicate age at physical maturity. Foetal growth appears normal, but there is uncertainty about the existence of embryonic diapause. Size/age at weaning are uncertain, but size may be <115 cm and at an age >8 months; however, entirely independent feeding may not occur until about 10 months.
Analysis of seasonal changes in reproductive organs from Icelandic harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)
Authors: Halldórsson Sverrir Daníel , Víkingsson Gísli Arnór
Published: July 2014

In this study, we analyse some aspects of the macro- and microscopical appearance of gonads of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from Icelandic coastal waters. Sampling of animals bycaught in gillnets took place in the years 1991 to 1997 and covered the months from September to June. The differences in diameter of seminiferous tubules between samples from the peripheral and central parts of the testis indicate that histological changes associated with maturity begin in the core of the testis. The average tubule diameter was 49, 78 and 118 μm in immature, pubertal and mature animals respectively. The tubule size increased from 55 to 95 μm, coinciding with combined testis weight of 75 to 150 g, indicating the onset of puberty within this range of tubule size and testis weight. The estimated average diameter of tubules when an animal reaches maturity is 82.2 μm or 86.15 μm depending on the method used. The diameter of seminiferous tubules of mature and pubertal animals varies seasonally with a steady increase in the spring. However, lack of samples after mid-June makes estimation of the exact timing of mating impossible. In females, the follicle size of mature and immature animals of age 2 years and older shows seasonalvariation, increasing in late winter or spring. The corpus luteum increases in size during the late pregnancy. The average size of the corpus albicans as a function of the total number of corpora albicantia for each animal, diminishes following the logarithmic equation y = 4.49 – 0.447 · lnx (y = corpus size, x = number of corpora albicantia) but apparently they never disappear completely from the ovary. Ovarian activity was almost confined to the left ovary. Our results indicate parturition and copulation in the summer months from late June to August.
Status, ecology and life history of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), in Danish waters
Authors: Lockyer Christina , Kinze Carl
Published: July 2014

A review of historical harbour porpoise catches in Danish waters, together with current distribution, are provided. Most information on distribution is derived from historical catch data with a total of about 100,000 animals taken in Little Belt alone and 40,000 from Isefjord area during the 19th century. Recent sightings surveys and tagging indicate extensive movements of animals within and between Inner Danish Waters and the Skagerrak / North Sea. Biological information is reviewed for the region, drawing on directed catches, bycatches and strandings from a databasecomprising nearly 1,900 records from 1834 through 1998. Diet, parasites, pollutants, biological parameters (age and reproduction) and body condition are reported, focusing mainly on the period 1996-98 when comprehensive data were collected. In 1980s samples, gadoids were the most important prey items (found in 62% of stomachs) followed by clupeoids (35%), gobiids (30%), and ammodytids (30%). Some dietary differences were observed between North Sea and Inner Danish waters. Pollutant analyses indicated a decline in sumDDT concentrations yet an increase in sumPCB and HCH levels in Danish porpoises, with comparatively higher levels here than in Baltic and Norwegian waters. Heavy metal concentrations appear higher than in Baltic porpoises. Biological parameters indicate a longevity of up to 23 years in both sexes but with fewer than 5% living beyond 12 years. Sexual maturity occurred at slightly over age 3 years in both females and males, with corresponding lengths of about 135 cm in males and 143 cm in females. The dataindicate a size range at birth of 65 - 75 cm (weight 4.5 – 6.7 kg), with a minimum of 60 cm and 3.4 kg, and a likely gestation time of 10 months. Conception most likely occurs during August, with peak births in June. Directed catches comprised adult animals whereas bycaught and stranded porpoises comprised predominantly juveniles. In data from all sources, males outnumbered females. Directed catches occurred in winter months, strandings year-round with a peak in late summer, and bycatches year-round with most in September and the later part of the year.
Distribution and abundance of Canadian High Arctic belugas, 1974-1979
Authors: Koski William R , Finley Kerwin J
Published: July 2014

We conducted >236,000 km of aerial surveys and some supplementary studies of belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) in the central and eastern Canadian High Arctic in 974-79. Belugas that wintered in the “North Water” in Baffin Bay moved southwest into Lancaster Sound in April and early May. The main westward migration into Lancaster Sound occurred over a 2 to 3 week period during late June to late July. Estuaries along Somerset Island were occupied for <3 weeks from mid-July to mid-August. Little feeding occurred in estuaries. From mid-August until fall migration began in mid-September belugas occupied estuaries and offshore waters in Peel Sound. Fall migration eastward through Lancaster Sound was exclusively along the south coast of Devon Island, highly co-ordinated, and rapid; most of the population passed through the sound in <1 week. The whales then moved north along the east coast of Devon Island; some entered Jones Sound while others crossed directly to SE Ellesmere Island. Most calving occurred in July and early August; calving was not seen in estuaries and probably occurred offshore. Excluding calves, adults and yearlings formed 77% and 8.4%, respectively, of the population. The proportion of calves during mid-August was consistent with a triennial calving cycle. During late summer, belugas fed on coastal concentrations of polar cod (Boreogadus saida), under pan ice offshore (probably on cod), and in deep offshore waters. The size of the Canadian High Arctic population in the late 1970s was estimated to be at least 10,250 to 12,000 animals without allowing for animals that may have passed between surveys or that were below the surface at the time of the counts.
Resource assessment and projections for the belugas off West Greenland using the population model of HITTER-FITTER
Authors: Butterworth Doug S , Plagányi Éva E , Geromont Helena F
Published: July 2014

The population model of the HITTER-FITTER package is applied to compute trajectories for single and two stock scenarios for the beluga population wintering off West Greenland. Values of MSYR1+ from 1% to 4% are considered, with results computed to hit best estimates and lower 5%-iles for total abundance in 1999. Twenty year projections show that even for the most optimistic of these options in the single stock case, the resource is rendered extinct within 20 years if recent estimated annual catch levels of some 700 are continued. A time series of relative abundance information from surveys indicates that MSYR1+ may be no more than 0.5%. All scenarios considered are suggestive of a heavily depleted resource for which catch levels need to be substantially reduced to secure against possible further reduction of the population.
A note on a walrus’ European odyssey
Authors: Born E W , Stefansson E , Mikkelsen B , Laidre K L , Andersen L W , Rigét F F , Villum Jensen M , Bloch D
Published: July 2014

This study reports on the first successful identification of the site of origin of an extralimital walrus in Europe. On 24 February 2010 an adult male Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) migrant was instrumented with a SPOT-5 satellite-linked transmitter (SLT) while hauled out on a beach on the Faroe Islands at 62° 15' N/06° 32' W. This SLT transmitted until 5 March during which period the walrus made local movements, likely for feeding. Transmissions were not received during 6-25 March, however, visual observations during this time indicated that the walrus remained at the Faroe Islands. A second transmitter was deployed on the same animal on 25 March 2010 at another site on the islands (62° 16' N/07° 04' W). Activity data collected over 13 days indicated that the walrus hauled out in three different places in the Faroe Islands and used a total of 24% of its time resting on land.  On 29 March 2010 the walrus left the Faroe Islands and headed WNW towards NE Iceland. On 2 April it took a NNE course and swam towards Svalbard where the last location was received from a sea ice covered area on 25 April 2010 at 78° 27' N/09° 20' E (i.e. ca. 40 km west of the island of Prins Karls Forland in the western Svalbard archipelago). During 29 March-22 April the walrus swam a minimum distance of 2216 km between the last location at the Faroe Islands and the first location at Svalbard, with an average swimming speed of 4.5 km/h. A genetic analysis indicated that this walrus belonged to the Svalbard-Franz Josef Land subpopulation, thereby confirming that it returned to its site of origin.
Evaluation of etorphine reversed by diprenorphine for the immobilisation of free-ranging Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus L.)
Authors: Acquarone Mario , Born Erik W , Griffiths David , Knutsen Lars Øyvind , Wiig Øystein , Gjertz Ian
Published: July 2014

To date no problem-free method exists for the immobilisation of free‑ranging walruses (Odobenus rosmarus). In the period 1989-2001, 69 immobilisations with etorphine HCl were performed by remote darting of 41 individual free-ranging adult Atlantic walruses (O. r. rosmarus), with body masses 633 ‑ 1883 kg, as a rerequisite for the attachment of radio tracking and dive recording instruments, and for studies of metabolism. Ten individuals were immobilised several times. We present data on these 69 immobilisations and evaluate the method. Full immobilisation was achieved in 58 cases (84 %). The animals were insufficiently restrained in 6 cases (9 %) and 5 animals died (7 %) following the immobilisation. The animals were fully immobilised and approachable after 5 min (n = 38, range = 1.9 ‑ 12.4 min, SD = 2.2) with a dose of etorphine of 6.1 μg/kg (range 2.4 ‑ 12.6 μg /kg, SD = 2.4). Induction time was negatively correlated with the dosage of etorphine. Etorphine-induced apnoea lasted 13.7 min (n = 36, range 17.0 ‑ 26.7 min, SD = 5.1) and was reversed by multiple doses of the antagonist diprenorphine HCl. The first dose of antagonist of 12.2 mg (n = 39, range 6.0 ‑ 21.0 mg, SD = 3.5) was administered 8.4 min (n = 38, range 4.7 ‑ 18.0 min, SD = 2.8) after injection of the agonist. The total dose of diprenorphine per animal ranged between 7.7 and 41.7 μg/kg (n = 31, mean = 17.2 μg/kg, SD = 7.5). For some animals blood pH values were measured following the apnoea and reached low levels (min pH 6.8). For animals that were immobilised several times there were no indications of changed sensitivity to etorphine as reflected in unchanged induction times. Mortalities could neither be related to the doses of agonist and antagonist, nor to the times of administration of the drugs. From this (n = 69) and other (n = 103) studies involving etorphine immobilisation of walruses (both Atlantic and Pacific) the overall success rate is 83 % (8 % casualty rate). We conclude that the combination etorphine‑ diprenorphine is suitable for both single and multiple immobilisations of walruses provided that (a) a casualty rate of 7-8% is acceptable (b) the antagonist diprenorphine is administered fast and well into a tissue with good blood irrigation, and (c) the animal is promptly intubated endotracheally to facilitate the restoration of breathing after drug-induced apnoea.
Sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) dynamics in Sable Island grey seals (Halichoerus grypus): seasonal fluctuations and other changes in worm infections during the 1980s
Authors: Stobo Wayne T , Fowler G Mark
Published: July 2014

The abundance of P. decipiens sampled from the stomachs of 553 grey seals (aged 0-48 years) collected during 14 field trips to Sable Island in 1983 and 1989 did not change significantly between years, even though the seal population has been increasing at over 12% annually and there has been a substantial decline in the fish biomass upon which they depend. The proportion of mature worms in the seals’ stomachs has decreased, however. Seal growth, expressed in terms of either age orlength, showed the strongest correlation with total worm abundance. These infections were not completely eliminated at any time during the year, but a seasonal pattern in worm abundance was apparent. Among the youngest seals an inverse relationship was demonstrated between the abundance of P. decipiens and another parasitic nematode, Contracaecum osculatum. Sexually mature P. decipiens were found in pups within 3 to 4 months of the commencement of independent feeding, and the abundance of P. decipiens progressively increased throughout the first year of life. Male pups contracted more worms than female pups of the same age. P. decipiens abundances in juvenile seals were primarily associated with seasonal pattern and age, with C. osculatum abundance still influencing the abundance of P. decipiens, but to a much lesser extent than seen with pups. Length of seals was the main predictor of total worm abundance in adult seals, with a seasonal pattern being next in order of importance. Age was also significant, possibly representing a component of growth not accounted for by length alone. No relationship between the abundances of P. decipiens and C. osculatum was apparent for adult seals. The seasonal pattern in total worm abundance of juvenile and adult seals was characterized by declines during the winter and mid-summer. We suggest these declines are due, respectively, to the breeding season fast and one or both of 1) a change in seal diet from primarily highly infected fish species to less infected ones, and 2) a partial fast during the annual moult. The proportion of mature worms increased during reductions in worm abundance throughout most of the year, but during the breeding fast both total abundance and the proportionmature declined.
A note on stomach contents of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Icelandic waters
Authors: Sigurjónsson Jóhann , Galan Anton , Víkingsson Gísli A
Published: July 2014

There is limited available information on food habits of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in coastal Iceland. Sixty-eight minke whales were examined for stomach contents; 51.5% contained fish only, 22.1 % krill (Euphausiacea) only, 25.0% fish and krill together, and one animal (l.5%) had no food remains in the stomach. The fish species identified were capelin (Mallotus villosus), sandeel (Ammodytidae), cod (Gadus morhua) and herring (Clupea harengus). Two species of krill were identified; Thysanoessa raschii and Meganyctiphanes norvegica. Sandeel was the dominant prey species in the western and southwestern areas, while capelin and krill were more frequently found in animals sampled in North Iceland.
Population size and distribution of the Baltic ringed seal (Phoca hispida botnica)
Authors: Härkönen Tero , Stenman Olavi , Jüssi Mart , Jüssi Ivar , Sagitov Roustam , Verevkin Michail
Published: July 2014

The study reviews earlier investigations on the distribution and abundance of ringed seals (Phoca hispida botnica) in the Baltic and presents the first statistically robust results for the entire area. A critical review of earlier counts of ringed seals from the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Finland reveals grossly exaggerated population estimates in these regions. This is confirmed by results from the first comprehensive surveys in the entire area carried out during 1994-1996. The estimated hauled-out Baltic population in 1996 was about 5,510 ± 42% (± 95% confidence interval). Of thisestimate 3,945 ± 1,732 (70%) were in the Gulf of Bothnia, 1,407 ± 590 (25%) in the Gulf of Riga and about 150 (5%) in the Gulf of Finland. Numbers in the Gulf of Bothnia have increased since 1988, but there are no data on trends in other areas, although numbers are low and half the local population in the Gulf of Finland may have died in a mass mortality in the autumn of 1991.
The Emergence of Complexity in the Art and Science of Governance
Authors: Teisman Geert , Gerrits Lasse
Published: July 2014

We argue that the complexity of an interconnected society and its governance require a complexity-informed approach to our domain. Concepts and theories from the complexity sciences can help with this. There is a notable increase of the use of such concepts and theories but the theory transfer isn’t as straightforward as it may seem. “Emergence” is helpful in understanding the particular differences between the various realms of science. Within the social sciences in general and public administration in particular, emergence highlights the non-decomposable, contingent, non-compressible and time-asymmetric nature of reality. Subsequently, we propose three methods that take these aspects into account when putting concepts from the complexity sciences to the test: qualitative comparative analysis, dynamic network analysis, and group model building.
Complexity in Governance Network Theory
Authors: Klijn Erik-Hans , Koppenjan Joop
Published: July 2014

In this article, we discuss how complexity is viewed in governance network theory. The article provides a systematic elaboration of the notion of complexity, distinguishing three types: substantive, strategic , and institutional complexity. We argue that dealing with these types of complexity in networks is essentially a matter of mutual adaption and cooperation. An important explanation for the occurrence of deadlocks, breakthroughs and outcomes is the presence and the quality of attempts to manage complex interaction processes in networks.
Including adaptation and mitigation responses to climate change in a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm framework for urban water supply systems incorporating GHG emissions
Authors: Paton F. L. , Maier H. R. , Dandy G. C.
Published: July 2014

Cities around the world are increasingly involved in climate action and mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, in the context of responding to climate pressures in the water sector, very few studies have investigated the impacts of changing water use on GHG emissions, even though water resource adaptation often requires greater energy use. Consequently, reducing GHG emissions, and thus focusing on both mitigation and adaptation responses to climate change in planning and managing urban water supply systems, is necessary. Furthermore, the minimization of GHG emissions is likely to conflict with other objectives. Thus, applying a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA), which can evolve an approximation of entire trade‐off (Pareto) fronts of multiple objectives in a single run, would be beneficial. Consequently, the main aim of this paper is to incorporate GHG emissions into a MOEA framework to take into consideration both adaptation and mitigation responses to climate change for a city's water supply system. The approach is applied to a case study based on Adelaide's southern water supply system to demonstrate the framework's practical management implications. Results indicate that trade‐offs exist between GHG emissions and risk‐based performance, as well as GHG emissions and economic cost. Solutions containing rainwater tanks are expensive, while GHG emissions greatly increase with increased desalinated water supply. Consequently, while desalination plants may be good adaptation options to climate change due to their climate‐independence, rainwater may be a better mitigation response, albeit more expensive.
A vertically integrated model with vertical dynamics for CO2 storage
Authors: Guo Bo , Bandilla Karl W. , Doster Florian , Keilegavlen Eirik , Celia Michael A.
Published: July 2014

Conventional vertically integrated models for CO2 storage usually adopt a vertical equilibrium (VE) assumption, which states that due to strong buoyancy, CO2 and brine segregate quickly, so that the fluids can be assumed to have essentially hydrostatic pressure distributions in the vertical direction. However, the VE assumption is inappropriate when the time scale of fluid segregation is not small relative to the simulation time. By casting the vertically integrated equations into a multiscale framework, a new vertically integrated model can be developed that relaxes the VE assumption, thereby allowing vertical dynamics to be modeled explicitly. The model maintains much of the computational efficiency of vertical integration while allowing a much wider range of problems to be modeled. Numerical tests of the new model, using injection scenarios with typical parameter sets, show excellent behavior of the new approach for homogeneous geologic formations.
Distribution and vegetation reconstruction of the deserts of northern China during the mid‐Holocene
Authors: Li Qin , Wu Haibin , Guo Zhengtang , Yu Yanyan , Ge Junyi , Wu Jianyu , Zhao Deai , Sun Aizhi
Published: July 2014

Desertification is potentially a serious threat to society, and therefore, it is critical to understand how deserts may respond to future climate change. The mid‐Holocene (6 ± 0.5 14C ka) was warmer than present, and the distribution of deserts at this time may have implications for understanding their response to future warming. Here we reconstruct the distribution of deserts in northern China during the mid‐Holocene by combining data on vegetation type and the sedimentary facies of aeolian deposits. The results demonstrate that during the mid‐Holocene, the deserts retreated northwestward to the location of the modern 300 mm isohyet. Most of the Eastern Desert was stabilized with steppe or forest‐steppe vegetation, whereas the Western Desert exhibited no significant change and remained mobile, occupied by desert vegetation. The deserts in northern China were greatly reduced during the mid‐Holocene because of the enhancement of the East Asian summer monsoon in a warmer climate than today.
Attributing the increase in Northern Hemisphere hot summers since the late 20th century
Authors: Kamae Youichi , Shiogama Hideo , Watanabe Masahiro , Kimoto Masahide
Published: July 2014

Anomalously high summertime temperatures have occurred with increasing frequency since the late 20th century. It is not clear why hot summers are becoming more frequent despite the recent slowdown in the rise in global surface air temperature. To examine factors affecting the historical variation in the frequency of hot summers over the Northern Hemisphere (NH), we conducted three sets of ensemble simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model. The model accurately reproduced interannual variation and long‐term increase in the occurrence of hot summers. Decadal variabilities in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans accounted for 43 ± 27% of the recent increase over the NH middle latitudes. In addition, direct influence of anthropogenic forcing also contributes to increasing the frequency since the late 20th century. The results suggest that the heat extremes can become more frequent in the coming decade even with the persistent slowdown in the global‐mean surface warming.
Validation of Aquarius sea surface salinity with Argo: Analysis of error due to depth of measurement and vertical salinity stratification
Authors: Drucker Robert , Riser Stephen C.
Published: July 2014

We validate Aquarius sea surface salinities against Argo 1–7 m salinities for the period 27 August 2011 through 1 October 2013, a period of ∼25 months. The validation consists of comparison of 20,149 collocated Argo/Aquarius data pairs. The global mean of the difference
is
PSU, with latitudinal variations of approximately
PSU. The standard deviation of
ranges from about
in the tropics to
at high latitudes. We discuss errors due to geographic and temporal displacement and depth of measurement and show that these are insignificant for global validation of Aquarius. In particular, we use NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 product to analyze the contribution of vertical salinity stratification in the ocean to validation error. This salinity stratification is important for understanding the hydrological cycle of the oceans and has been cited as a potential source of error in validation of satellite‐based sea surface salinity because of the ∼1–7 m minimum depth of most Argo profiles. We show evidence of heavy precipitation events causing stratification greater than 0.1 PSU and lasting ∼2–8 h, but note that these events occur infrequently and contribute less than 0.03 PSU bias in the tropics and 0.025 PSU globally. It is demonstrated that the existing global Argo array provides sufficient data for large‐scale validation of Aquarius sea surface salinity. We also discuss the potential to exploit large salinity gradients in the upper mixed layer as a signature of rain in the tropical ocean.
Modeling the implications of Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability dynamics for airglow observations
Authors: Fritts David C. , Wan Kam , Werne Joseph , Lund Thomas , Hecht James H.
Published: July 2014

A companion paper describes high‐resolution, ground‐based imaging of apparent Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities (KHI) observed in OH airglow at ~87 km over the Andes Lidar Observatory at 30°S. Here we employ direct numerical simulations (DNSs) and large eddy simulations (LESs) of KHI at Richardson numbers from Ri = 0.05 to 0.20 and relatively high Reynolds numbers of Re ~2500 to 10,000 to illustrate the dependence of primary and secondary KHI on these quantities for the purpose of quantifying KHI dynamics observed by ground‐based airglow imagers. Our DNS and LES reveal significant variations of both primary and secondary KHI scales and amplitudes with varying Ri and Re. Lower Ri and higher Re yield stronger and deeper initial 2‐D KH billows. Low Re for a given Ri either yield larger‐scale 3‐D secondary instabilities or suppress them altogether. Secondary instability scales decrease as Re increases for a given Ri. Corresponding variations in implied KHI airglow signatures include (1) stronger airglow intensity variations for larger KHI wavelengths and depths (higher Ri), (2) stronger 2‐D and 3‐D responses for the initial KHI shear layer displaced somewhat from the airglow layer, and (3) stronger 3‐D responses for the lower Ri and intermediate Re yielding the larger secondary instability scales.
Hydrogeologic insights for a Devil's Slide‐like system
Authors: Thomas Matthew A. , Loague Keith
Published: July 2014

Tectonically active coastal margins commonly host landslides that are influenced by hydrologic, geologic, and/or anthropogenic perturbations. The work reported here is motivated by the hydrologically driven, deep‐seated bedrock slides that intersect the (former) Pacific Coast Highway in the active landslide zone at Devil's Slide near Pacifica, California. Numerical simulation of subsurface flow is employed to investigate saturated zone fluid pressure scenarios for 3‐D Devil's Slide‐like systems. The four‐phase concept‐development effort is comprised of 134 hydrogeologic simulation scenarios which investigate fluid pressure response for complex subsurface conditions and historically based climate forcings. Recharge, heterogeneity, and anisotropy are shown to increase fluid pressures in targeted failure‐prone locations by up to 73.8, 10.3, and 1.8 %, respectively. The interaction between fault zone characteristics and topographically driven flow are shown to influence fluid pressures for up to 85% of the approximately 7.0
105 m2 study area. Simulated fluid pressures support the known slope instability for the Devil's Slide site. A quantitative hypothesis‐testing discussion explores the likelihood of perched water above the regional water table at the site. Further understanding of hydrologically driven slope movement in the active landslide zone will require additional data focused on rigorous characterization of the unsaturated zone.
Hostility and substance use in relation to intimate partner violence and parenting among fathers
Authors: Stover Carla Smith , Kiselica Andrew
Published: July 2014

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health and economic problem, which also increases the risks for child maltreatment. One attribute that may contribute to both IPV and poor parenting is hostility. Moreover, the link between hostility and these outcomes may be mediated by substance use, such that more hostile individuals are at greater risk for using drugs and alcohol, leading them to engage in more aggressive and rejecting behavior toward their partners and children. We tested this possibility in sample of 132 fathers. Additionally, we explored whether hostility and substance use had interactive effects on IPV and parenting by examining moderated‐mediation models. The results show that substance use mediated the relationship between hostility and all IPV and parenting outcomes. Furthermore, this mediated relationship was moderated by substance use level for parenting outcomes, but not IPV. In the case of parenting, the mediated path from hostility to aggressive and rejecting parenting only occurred for those high in substance use. Limitations and implications for prevention and treatment of IPV and aggressive and rejecting parenting are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 41:205–213, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corrosion Behavior of Nano/Sub‐Micron F401 Titanium Alloy
Authors: Aghion Eli , Guinguis Inbar , Goldman Jeremy
Published: July 2014

Titanium alloys are attractive as structural materials mainly due to their high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance. Modifying conventional Ti alloys to impart nanostructural features holds promise for improving specific strength without reducing corrosion resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the corrosion behavior of a nano/sub‐micron F401 titanium alloy compared to its conventional Ti–6Al–4V counterpart. Following mechanical alloying and extrusion, the microstructure was evaluated using optical microscopy, SEM, HRSEM, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Mechanical properties were evaluated by tension and micro‐hardness tests. The corrosion behavior was examined by an immersion test, salt spray testing, and potentiodynamic polarization analysis. Stress corrosion resistance was evaluated by slow strain rate testing (SSRT) in terms of UTS and time to failure versus strain rate. All the corrosion tests were carried out in 3.5% NaCl solution apart from the salt spray testing, which was done in 5% NaCl solution. The results indicate that the corrosion resistance of the novel F401 alloy was not different from its Ti–6Al–4V counterpart, although the mechanical strength was improved. Thus, the grain refinement in the F401 alloy increased the mechanical strength, whereas neither the grain refinement nor the porosity acquired during the preparation process impaired the excellent corrosion resistance.