bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Larval development of the parasitic barnacle Heterosaccus papillosus (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae) studied under laboratory conditions
Authors: Ponomarenko Ekaterina A. , Korn Olga M. , Rybakov Alexey V.
Published: June 2005

Larval development of the parasitic barnacle Heterosaccus papillosus (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae) is described from larvae reared in the laboratory. Lecithotrophic nauplii of H. papillosus reached the cypris stage in 3·5 days, at 22–23°C. The development included five naupliar and the single cypris stage, thus following the typical pattern in the Rhizocephala Kentrogonida. Like the nauplii of all sacculinids, those of H. papillosus had a single pigmented nauplius eye, unsegmented frontolateral horns each with two long spines and a tubercle between the furcal rami, but they lack a flotation collar and have no seta on the antennal basipod. The male larvae are larger than female ones, the mean lengths in the two sexes never overlap. The most interesting feature of this species are the morphological differences between the male and female larvae. In the male nauplii III to V the anterior body margin is noticeably convex, that is not characteristic for female larvae. The male cyprid also has a more acuited anterior region, whereas that of the female is rounded.
A new mangrove barnacle of the genus Fistulobalanus (Cirripedia: Amphibalaninae) from Sumbawa Island, Indonesia
Authors: Prabowo Romanus Edy , Yamaguchi Toshiyuki
Published: June 2005

The new mangrove barnacle, Fistulobalanus sumbawaensis sp. nov. from Sumbawa Island, Indonesia shares the common morphological characteristics with the subfamily Amphibalaninae in having a shell wall of six, porous compartmental plates; radii solid; alae not cleft; basis calcareous, tubiferous in single layer. This new species belongs to the genus Fistulobalanus mainly in having parietal tubes arranged in two or more rows; primary tubes with transverse septa; subsidiary tubes formed between the primary septum and outer lamina. In particular, the new species is similar to F. patelliformis in the shape of the shell, the transverse section of subsidiary tubes, the tergum and some characteristics of trophi and the cirri. However, this new species is easily distinguishable from all members of the genus Fistulobalanus in having no coloration or striations on the external surface of the shell, subsidiary tubes only appearing inside the ribbed part of the shell, and the scutum having a short adductor ridge.
A new species of Tambja (Nudibranchia: Polyceridae: Nembrothinae) from southern Brazil
Authors: Pola Marta , Cervera J. Lucas , M. Gosliner Terrence
Published: June 2005

A new species of the genus Tambja is described from the western Atlantic on the coast of Brazil. To date, the genus Tambja was represented in the Atlantic Ocean by nine species but only three of them have been recorded from the western Atlantic: T. gratiosa from the Gulf of Mexico, T. divae from Brazil and T. oliva from the Caribbean coast of the Isthmus of Panama. Tambja stegosauriformis sp. nov. is easily distinguished from all its congeneric Atlantic species of the genus by having very well developed light blue tubercles scattered on the yellowish-orange ground with an elongate crest behind the gill until the end of the tail. The anterior margin of the notum is very wide and elevated and it extends into a kind of lapel around the rhinophores. This peculiar external morphology and its conspicuous coloration characterize this species.
Ground-foraging palm cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus) in lowland New Guinea: fruit flesh as a directed deterrent to seed predation?
Authors: Filardi Christopher E. , Tewksbury Joshua
Published: June 2005

Fruit traits that selectively deter vertebrate seed predators without affecting high-quality seed dispersers are said to exhibit directed deterrence. Directed deterrence has been criticized as being unlikely in natural systems, but has rarely been explicitly tested. We evaluated the potential for directed deterrence to explain the double-layered viscous fruit morphology and fruiting phenology of Terminalia impediens, a common canopy tree endemic to New Guinea. The large fleshy fruits of this tree are consumed and dispersed by cassowaries (Casuarius spp.) and are consumed and killed by palm cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus). Fruit flesh in this tree species appears to function as a deterrent to seed predation by palm cockatoos; the fruits of T. impediens fall to the ground before ripening, and are avoided by palm cockatoos until after the flesh has rotted off the hard nut. We found that palm cockatoos are able to prey upon seeds from fruits without flesh on the forest floor more efficiently than they can consume seeds from unripe fruit still on the trees. Further, through foraging preference tests, we found that palm cockatoos largely ignore seeds within ripe fruit on the ground, but readily eat the seeds when the fruit flesh has been removed. Cassowaries consume the fruit whole, when ripe, and defecate seeds in piles away from parent trees, where seed predation rates are lower. These results challenge the prevailing view that fleshy fruits evolved in tight synchrony with high-quality seed dispersers and add support to the non-exclusive hypothesis that aspects of fruit fleshiness may also have evolved as a response to seed predation.
Opioid tolerance in periaqueductal gray neurons isolated from mice chronically treated with morphine
Authors: Bagley Elena E , Chieng Billy C H , Christie MacDonald J , Connor Mark
Published: June 2005

The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a major site of opioid analgesic action, and a significant site of cellular adaptations to chronic morphine treatment (CMT). We examined μ‐opioid receptor (MOP) regulation of voltage‐gated calcium channel currents (ICa) and G‐protein‐activated K channel currents (GIRK) in PAG neurons from CMT mice.

Mice were injected s.c. with 300 mg kg−1 of morphine base in a slow release emulsion three times over 5 days, or with emulsion alone (vehicles). This protocol produced significant tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of morphine in a test of thermal nociception.

Voltage clamp recordings were made of ICa in acutely isolated PAG neurons and GIRK in PAG slices. The MOP agonist DAMGO (Tyr‐D‐Ala‐Gly‐N‐Me‐Phe‐Gly‐ol enkephalin) inhibited ICa in neurons from CMT mice (230 nM) with a similar potency to vehicle (150 nM), but with a reduced maximal effectiveness (37% inhibition in vehicle neurons, 27% in CMT neurons). Inhibition of ICa by the GABAB agonist baclofen was not altered by CMT.

Met‐enkephalin‐activated GIRK currents recorded in PAG slices were significantly smaller in neurons from CMT mice than vehicles, while GIRK currents activated by baclofen were unaltered.

These data demonstrate that CMT‐induced antinociceptive tolerance is accompanied by homologous reduction in the effectiveness of MOP agonists to inhibit ICa and activate GIRK. Thus, a reduction in MOP number and/or functional coupling to G proteins accompanies the characteristic cellular adaptations to CMT previously described in PAG neurons.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 68–76. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706315
The Avon River Basin in 2050: scenario planning in the Western Australian Wheatbelt
Authors: O'Connor Michael H. , McFarlane Mike , Fisher James , MacRae Donald , Lefroy Ted
Published: June 2005

Scenario planning was used to identify issues and drivers of change that are relevant to community efforts to improve regional prospects in the Western Australian Wheatbelt. The region, some 20 million hectares in area, is under pressure to respond to a variety of environmental (salinity, erosion, acidification, biodiversity decline), economic (declining agricultural terms of trade), and social forces (rural decline, isolation). Regional strategic plans have been increasingly seen as the means of achieving sustainability in the face of these challenges, but until recently typically had single-activity outlook and timeframes of up to a decade into the future. Systematic futures-based research has been used in various regions to avoid reliance on business-as-usual as the default strategy, and to identify opportunities and challenges not presently apparent. The Avon River Basin, the central region of the Wheatbelt, was selected as the geographic focus of the project, and the time horizon was set at 2050. The project was developed by a group of 50 stakeholders from the basin, with expertise and strategic interests across a wide range of economic, social, and environmental themes. Through a series of workshops the stakeholders identified critical issues and their attendant drivers, then documented relevant past trends. Four regional scenarios, Saline Growth, Grain and Drain, Landcare Bounty, and Harmony with Prosperity, were developed based on positive and negative combinations of 2 clusters of uncertain and important drivers: environmental change and access to new markets. Common opportunities, threats, and critical success factors for the Avon River Basin region out to 2050 were also identified. We also found that the stakeholders have a tendency to strive for positive outcomes despite negative initial conditions. This resulted in 4 scenarios that were superficially similar due to the regional scale of analysis and the continuation of agricultural industries as significant shapers of economy, society, and environment. However, each scenario represents profoundly different outcomes for the residents and communities of the Avon River Basin in 2050. The triple-bottom line outcomes for the Avon River Basin in 2050 were estimated to be in the range 4.9–9.7 Mt of wheat (currently 4.0), 46 000–66 000 people (currently 43 000), and 10–30% of farmland salinised (currently 6). The application of these results to other regions in Australia is discussed.
Muscle glycogen concentrations in commercial consignments of Australian lamb measured on farm and post-slaughter after three different lairage periods
Authors: Jacob R. H. , Pethick D. W. , Chapman H. M.
Published: June 2005

The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the distribution of glycogen concentrations and ultimate pH (pHu) in 2 different muscle types for lambs slaughtered under commercial conditions in Western Australia, and to compare muscle glycogen concentrations in lambs on farm and after slaughter. The study included 13 different consignments of prime lambs from a range of commercial scenarios. In each consignment, muscle glycogen concentration was measured in a group of lambs on farm and subsequently after slaughter in 3 different lairage groups. The lairage groups were: slaughter on arrival (no lairage), slaughter after 1 day, and slaughter after 2 days in lairage. Biopsies of M. semimembranosus and the M. semitendinosus were taken from live lambs on farm just before farm curfew before transport and from carcasses immediately after slaughter.
There was a significant effect of consignment on muscle glycogen concentration. Muscle glycogen concentrations on farm were lower than 1 g/100 g in 4 consignments for the M. semimembranosus and 11 consignments for the M. semitendinosus. The cause of the differences between consignments was unclear as nutrition, genotype and age class were confounded between consignments. Glycogen concentrations were lower and meat pHu higher for sucker lamb compared with carry-over lamb consignments. However, lambs finished on grain-based feedlot rations had higher muscle glycogen concentrations than lambs finished on pasture and sucker lambs when finished on pastures only. Sucker lambs were only crossbred while carry-over lambs included crossbred and Merino genotypes.
When data from different consignments were pooled and the effect of consignment was considered, there were no differences between muscle glycogen concentration measured on farm and muscle glycogen concentration measured after slaughter. However, there were differences between sample times within individual consignments. Glycogen concentration at slaughter was different from glycogen concentration on farm in more consignments for M. semitendinosus than M. semimembranosus, suggesting a difference between consignments for the effect caused by stress. Typically, the M. semimembranosus glycogen concentration at slaughter was lower than on farm in consignments consisting of Merino genotypes that had high muscle glycogen concentrations on farm. In the consignments in which lairage time had an effect on muscle glycogen concentration, the differences were small. In some consignments a difference occurred between lairage times for pHu without any difference occurring for muscle glycogen concentration.
Effect of teeth eruption on growth performance and meat quality of sheep
Authors: Wiese S. C. , Pethick D. W. , Milton J. T. B. , Davidson R. H. , McIntyre B. L. , D'Souza D. N.
Published: June 2005

Two hundred and forty sheep of about 15 months of age were used in this experiment to investigate the impact of dentition category on objective and sensory meat quality. The lambs were categorised into 3 dentition classes (category 1, milk teeth; category 2, partial eruption of permanent teeth; and category 3, both permanent teeth fully erupted to the height of the central lateral milk teeth). The study was conducted on 3 farms with flocks representing the 3 genotypes that contribute to the prime lamb industry in Australia: Farm A (Merino × Merino), Farm B (first cross, Border Leicester sire × Merino ewe), and Farm C (second cross, Poll Dorset sire × Border Leicester–Merino ewe).
Of the 19 meat quality attributes assessed in sheep from the 3 farms, only 1 attribute in sheep from 1 farm showed a significant deterioration in meat quality as a result of lambs progressing from dentition category 1 to 2. This was an increase in myoglobin content in lambs from Farm B (P<0.05). Many of the attributes assessed showed changes that could be considered as positive for meat quality as the lambs progressed from milk teeth to partially erupted and even to fully erupted teeth.
Lambs from dentition category 3 had heavier carcass weights and higher dressing percentages compared with lambs from dentition categories 1 and 2 (P<0.05). The M. longissimus dorsi et lumborum (LD) of lambs from dentition category 3 had a lower surface lightness (L*) value, a higher myoglobin content and a lower cooking loss compared with lambs from dentition categories 1 and 2 (P<0.05). Consumer sensory assessment found the LD from lambs in dentition category 1 to have a lower acceptability score for tenderness compared with the LD from lambs in dentition category 3 (P<0.05) and a lower acceptability score for juiciness, a lower consumer rating and a lower sheep eating quality score compared with the LD from lambs in dentition categories 2 and 3 (P<0.05).
The results indicate that for the range of sheep studied, meat from young sheep with partially erupted teeth is unlikely to be inferior in eating quality than the meat currently classified as lamb.
Identification of ontogenetic growth models for squid
Authors: Arkhipkin Alexander I. , Roa-Ureta Rubén
Published: June 2005

Several ontogenetic growth models were fitted to size-at-age data of twelve species of squid from the recent suborders Myopsina and Oegopsina. These squid represent different habitats of the world ocean – from shelf to meso- and bathypelagic waters and from tropical to polar regions. Two main criteria were used in selecting the squid: large sample size (>150 individuals) and wide range of ontogenetic coverage (>2/3 of the whole ontogenesis). The growth models used were the exponential, Gompertz, Schnute and ad hoc two-stage models. They were fitted to size-at-age data using maximum likelihood for estimation and Akaike weights for identification. In all species, the 4-parameter Schnute or the 3-parameter Gompertz models provided the best fit. Size at the inflection point of the growth curve for most squid was smaller than size at 50% maturity, suggesting that maturation is not a major cause of the change in growth rate for these species. Mathematical and statistical procedures to calculate standard measures of growth, such as the instantaneous relative rate of growth, G, which are valid for all continuous growth models, are also presented.
Distribution, population structure and biological aspects of Squalus spp. (Chondrichthyes:Squaliformes) from New South Wales and adjacent Australian waters
Authors: Graham Ken J.
Published: June 2005

Four species of Squalus dogsharks, S. megalops, S. cf. mitsukurii, Squalus sp. B and Squalus sp. F inhabit shelf and upper-slope depths off New South Wales and adjacent Australian states. During fishery surveys between 1976 and 2001, distributional, size composition and reproductive data were collected for these species. Adult size classes dominated catches and, for S. megalops, heavily biased sex ratios were observed. Although no female data were available for the rarely caught Squalus sp. B, reproduction in the other three species was found to be continuous with no evidence of seasonality. Fecundity was 1–3 embryos for S. megalops, 1–5 for Squalus sp. F and 4–10 for S. cf. mitsukurii. All species are commercially exploited, contributing to the mixed species demersal trawl fishery off New South Wales. Stocks of some species are greatly depleted on the main trawling grounds, but the overall distributions of all species include large areas of lightly exploited habitat.
Phototoxic dermatitis due to Chenopodium album in a mother and son
Authors: Çalka Ömer , Akdeniz Necmettin , Metin Ahmet , Behçet Lütfi
Published: June 2005

Chenopodium album L. subs. album (Chenopodiaceae) is an annual herb with fibrous roots. The plant grows worldwide and frequently in moist areas. Sometimes, the young parts of this plant can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable. In this article, we report a mother and her adult son, in whom phototoxic reaction developed on the sun‐exposed body areas after eating this plant of Chenopodiaceae family because of rare presentation. We thought that this reaction was probably due to furocoumarins constituent within the plant.
Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency: molecular and clinical aspects
Authors: Zanella Alberto , Fermo Elisa , Bianchi Paola , Valentini Giovanna
Published: June 2005

Red cell pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is the most frequent enzyme abnormality of the glycolytic pathway causing hereditary non‐spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. The degree of haemolysis varies widely, ranging from very mild or fully compensated forms, to life‐threatening neonatal anaemia and jaundice necessitating exchange transfusions. Erythrocyte PK is synthesized under the control of the PK‐LR gene located on chromosome 1. To date, more than 150 different mutations in the PK‐LR gene have been associated with PK deficiency. First attempts to delineate the biochemical and clinical consequences of the molecular defect were mainly based on the observation of the few homozygous patients and on the analysis of the three‐dimensional structure of the enzyme. More recently, the comparison of the recombinant mutants of human red cell PK with the wild‐type enzyme has enabled the effects of amino acid replacements on the enzyme molecular properties to be determined and help to correlate genotype to clinical phenotype.
A newly identified HLA‐C allele: Cw*1210, and confirmation of HLA‐Cw*080102
Authors: Chu C.C. , Lee H.L. , Chen Z.X. , Lin M.
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  HLA‐Cw*1210 and ‐Cw*080102 were identified in Taiwan populations using reverse‐line SSO typing method. Sequencing showed that HLA‐Cw*1210 and ‐Cw*120201/02 were identical at exon 2 but differed at exon 3 with three nucleotide substitutions at codons 99 and 105 and an amino acid change from tyrosine to phenylalanine at codon 99. Also, allele HLA‐Cw*080102 differed from HLA‐Cw*080101 in exon 3 by a single synonymous nucleotide transition at codon 99. HLA‐Cw*080102 was found only in the Puyuma indigenous tribe of Taiwan and had a frequency of 5%. Interest‐ ingly, nucleotide substitutions of HLA‐Cw*1210 and ‐Cw*080102 were located in a noticeably heterogeneous region of the 5′ end of exon 3, where similar substitution motifs are frequently found in other HLA‐C alleles, therefore suggesting preferential gene conversion in this region.
The variation of the novel allele HLA‐B*0739 suggests low alloreactivity when mismatched with HLA‐B*0702
Authors: Horn P.A. , Blasczyk R.
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  We here report the identification of a new HLA‐B*07 allele in a male Caucasian. The new allele was initially typed as B*0713 by sequence‐specific primed PCR. Because of the infrequence of that allele, a sequencing‐based typing was performed to confirm that result. This yielded the detection of the novel allele. It is closest to B*070201, while it differs from B*0713 in 12 positions in exon 2. Compared to B*070201, the new variant is characterized by a non‐synonymous nucleotide exchange (C→T) at nucleotide position 118 of exon 2. Previously, this was considered a constant position, suggesting that it is likely to be caused by a single‐point mutation. It results in the amino acid exchange Ala→Val at position 40 of the mature polypeptide. As this position is located in an outer loop of the HLA molecule, it is highly unlikely to affect peptide binding or T‐cell receptor interaction. Thus, the newly found allele should have a low alloreactive potential in case of a mismatch to the most common HLA‐B allele B*0702.
Maternal – offspring HLA‐DRB1 compatibility in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Willer C.J. , Dyment D.A. , Sadovnick A.D. , Ebers G.C.
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compatibility has been reported to facilitate the long‐term tolerance of fetal or maternally derived stem cells exchanged during pregnancy. Furthermore, such compatibility has been suggested to play a role in fetal viability. An increase in maternal – fetal human leukocyte antigen (HLA) compatibility for class II DR alleles has previously been observed in the autoimmune disease scleroderma. Here, we examined the hypothesis that increased maternal – fetal MHC class II DR compatibility was associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. HLA‐DRB1 typing was performed in 2170 affected individuals and 2894 unaffected relatives from 1006 families with MS in at least two members. We found no evidence for increased HLA compatibility between affected individuals and their mothers, compared with unaffected individuals and their mothers, nor compared with affected individuals and their fathers. We also observed no excess of homozygosity of mothers compared with fathers of individuals with MS. In families in which the father shared exactly one allele with the mother, we found no excess in transmission of this allele to affected or unaffected offspring. These findings do not support a role for an excess maternal – fetal HLA‐DRB1 compatibility in MS susceptibility.
Cutaneous reactive angiomatosis occurring in erythema ab igne can cause atypia in endothelial cells: Potential mimic of malignant vascular neoplasm
Authors: Mitsuhashi Tomoko , Hirose Takanori , Kuramochi Akira , Tsuchida Tetsuya , Shimizu Michio
Published: June 2005

Erythema ab igne (EAI), an old and rare disease, is an erythematous, often pigmented, reticular, macular dermatosis that occurs at the site of repeated exposure to moderate heat. Reported herein is an unusual case of EAI occurring in a 33‐year‐old woman with a very broad lesion of reticular erythema and pigmentation on the lower extremities. The patient frequently put her lower extremities close to a heater in the wintertime to alleviate chill. The lesion started a decade ago, and it gradually became conspicuous. Microscopic findings showed a proliferation of small blood vessels in a thickened papillary dermis, not as typical as seen in EAI, but as seen in cutaneous reactive angiomatosis. They were arranged as small lobules and associated with hyalinization, edema and delicate fibroplasia. Many vessels were lined by plump endothelial cells, some of which had enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei. Many of these cells were multinucleated. Similar‐appearing cells were associated with concentric foci of hyalinization without vascular lumina. A few atypical mitoses were observed. The lesion became much less conspicuous after the patient started avoiding close exposure to a heater, without any other special treatments. The aforementioned changes may be confused with malignant vascular neoplasm because of unusual cytological atypia and atypical mitoses in the endothelial cells.
Adenoid basal carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Report of two cases with reference to adenosquamous carcinoma
Authors: Teramoto Norihiro , Nishimura Rieko , Saeki Toshiaki , Nogawa Takamitsu , Hiura Masamichi
Published: June 2005

Adenoid basal carcinoma (ABC) of the uterine cervix is a rare neoplasm with excellent prognosis. Differential diagnosis between ABC and an ABC‐like lesion of adenosquamous cell carcinoma (ASC) of the cervix is important due to their contrasting prognosis. Reported herein are two cases of ABC that have been compared with seven ASC exhibiting ABC‐like lesions from approximately 2600 resected uterine cervical malignancies diagnosed at Shikoku Cancer Center. The two ABC were incidentally found in the uterine cervix of 69‐year‐old and 59‐year‐old Japanese women due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and to squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. The ABC consisted of infiltrating nests of basaloid cells with low nuclear atypia. The patients remained alive without recurrence for 9 years and 18 months, respectively. An ABC‐like lesion was defined as basaloid cell nests simulating ABC, but with some features indicating malignant potential. However, the differential diagnosis was sometimes difficult because two of seven ABC‐like lesions were originally diagnosed as ABC. Immunohistochemically, cytokeratin 7 was negative for the basaloid cells of two ABC, but positive for six of six ABC‐like lesions of ASC, while cytokeratin 8 was positive for both ABC and ASC. This cytokeratin pattern might provide a good tool for distinguishing between ABC and an ABC‐like lesion of ASC when the histological findings are equivocal.
Headache and Intermittent Claudication of the Jaw In Temporal Arteritis
Authors: HORTON BAYARD T.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS‐ABSTRACT

THE PHYSICIAN should beware of headache in the senior citizen. It may forebode, among many things, the insidious onset of temporal arteritis, a disease that can be easily overlooked in its early stages. Temporal arteritis occurs exclusively in older persons. The average age of the first 105 patients carefully studied at the Mayo Clinic was 69.1 years. Danger lurking behind the headache of temporal arteritis is of far greater magnitude than that in any other type of headache. Loss of vision can occur at any time during the course of the illness, and has occurred in a high percentage of cases. Loss of vision, if it occurs, is always permanent. A high degree of suspicion on the part of the physician will lead to an early diagnosis, and thus, if treatment is promptly instituted, to the prevention of blindness. To the medical profession, the real challenge of temporal arteritis is to fide the patient through the illness without the loss of vision.
STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND:*ANTHROPOLOGISTS IN AGENCY SETTINGS
Authors: Agar Michael H.
Published: June 2005

The author draws on a variety of long‐ and short‐term experiences in applied anthropology to characterize some of the differences between academic and non‐academic research contexts. The differences are illustrated with two examples of consulting on drug projects; one involving Indian drug programs, the other, a four city study of PCP use. The conclusion suggests how anthropology graduate programs might change to train students for this kind of work.
FEDERALISM, POLICY, AND INNOVATION IN CORRECTIONS
Authors: Gray Charles M. , Gray Virginia , Williams Bruce
Published: June 2005

State governments have historically dominated corrections policy, with little federal intervention. But over the past two decades, the trend has been toward “nationalizing” corrections policy, with less interstate variation and more federal standards, through the Safe Streets Act and other legislation. As federal funding declines, it may be expected that there will be a hiatus in state corrections reform, though national standards may survive if the federal courts continue to require state correctional systems to comply with federal laws previously implemented.
THE RELATIVE RESPONSIVENESS OF STATE AND FEDERAL AID TO DISTRESSED CITIES
Authors: Teitelbaum Fred
Published: June 2005

Both the states and the federal government distribute significant aid to cities. Federal agencies generally offer direct assistance to cities, bypassing the states. Many federal programs operate under the assumption that the federal government is more responsive to urban problems than are state governments. This paper demonstrates that this assumption is probably not true. Federal aid administered through the states has benefitted “distressed” cities more than federal assistance which goes directly to urban areas.
COLORADO'S SUNSET REVIEW 1976‐1981: AN EXPERIMENT IN STATE REGULATORY REFORM
Authors: March Michael S.
Published: June 2005

Sunset review seeks to determine whether governmental agencies meet a genuine public need, and to terminate those that do not. Some form of sunset review has been adopted by two‐thirds of the states. March reviews the last five years of sunset review in Colorado and characterizes it as a trial and error process punctuated with some mistakes, but a process which eventually became cost‐effective. The article narrates the history of different review processes, successes, and evaluation criterion. Evaluation methodologies were developed over time and altered occasionally as the criteria in the initial legislation was seen as unsatisfactory. In Colorado the process proved to be vulnerable to special interest groups.
LICENSING, MIGRATION, AND EARNINGS: SOME EMPIRICAL INSIGHTS1
Authors: Kleiner Morris M. , Gay Robert S. , Greene Karen
Published: June 2005

The authors estimate the impact of occupational licensing on interstate migration and earnings. Interstate misallocation of labor resources and a redistribution of income in favor of the most highly regulated occupations is seen as a consequence of licensure barriers. The article presents descriptive information about the barriers to mobility posed by licensure; it compares interstate migration rates; and it develops an econometric model of licensing, migration, and earnings for those in universally licensed occupations.
SOME EXPLANATIONS FOR DISPARITIES IN LIFESAVING INVESTMENTS1
Authors: Graham John D.
Published: June 2005

Recent cost‐effectiveness studies have uncovered substantial disparities in lifesaving investments between federal agencies. An examination of OSHA and NHTSA policies suggests that such disparities are not necessarily the result of arbitrary or inadvertent decision making. The disparities may reflect both conscious social judgments about priorities in lifesaving policy and systematic patterns of political and bureaucratic behavior. The hypotheses advanced in this paper suggest that, while these cost‐effectiveness studies ignore important social values, they are also useful in exposing systematic imperfections in political and regulatory decision making.
SITE CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE FACILITIES
Authors: Wells Donald T.
Published: June 2005

Although it controls disposal of hazardous wastes, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 leaves the details of site selection and control to the states.

Twelve states have passed site selection laws, but their implementation shows that there are problems still to be worked out. Georgia's law, which goes beyond those of many other states by providing for eminent domain, still has not fully resolved difficulties of state‐local relations, liability, and representation of the public.
AGRARIAN VALUES, FARM STRUCTURE, AND COMMUNITY WELFARE
Authors: Flinn William L.
Published: June 2005

This paper argues that heterogeneity rather than homogeneity of ideology and social class characterizes rural communities, and suggests that this heterogeneity prevents a concerted effort to change farm structure or to improve rural communities' welfare, despite public sentiments.
“WOMEN'S PRISONS” AND “MEN'S PRISONS”: SHOULD PRISONERS BE CLASSIFIED BY SEX?
Authors: Resnik Judith
Published: June 2005

What are the differences between “women's prisons” and “men's prisons”? That question is answered in this article, which documents that many institutions “for” women do not provide services designed specially for women, or anyone else. Moreover, some women's prisons provide fewer vocational, recreational, and educational programs than do institutions “for” men. Given the growing literature on the disparity of services and on the relative deprivations faced by many women prisoners, the author questions whether segregation by sex should continue to be used as a major premise of prison classification systems.
“PUBLICITY” AS A PROBLEM IN THE INTERNAL VALIDITY OF TIME SERIES QUASI‐EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Legge Jerome S. , Webb Larry
Published: June 2005

Scholars who work with time series quasi‐experiments have identified “publicity” as a problem in the interpretation of such research designs. The present study utilizes three examples of the role of publicity in three social interventions: the Romanian abortion restriction of 1966; the British breathalyzer crackdown; and, the 1978 Georgia Status Offender Act. The authors conclude that publicity is most likely to be a problem in internal validity when (1) the intervention is not truly abrupt and (2) a broad “policy” is evaluated as opposed to a “program.”
AN ADAPTIVE‐LEARNING APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
Authors: Daneke Gregory A.
Published: June 2005

This conceptual piece reviews the muddle in reform thinking in environmental regulation. It suggests that rhetoric and relief posturing will not lead to an improvement in regulatory performance, and various market mechanisms, while promising, are ill‐suited to current organizational processes. Authentic reform efforts, it contends, should place greater reliance upon an adaptive learning approach to environmental policy development and implementation. Conceptual elements of such an approach are sketched out.
BEATING THE ODDS: MAYORAL LEADERSHIP AND THE ACQUISITION OF POWER
Authors: Ferman Barbara
Published: June 2005

During a time of dwindling resources, Boston Mayor Kevin White acquired a significant amount of power. This was in contrast to the experiences of other mayors during the 1960s and 1970s and to the predictions for mayoral leadership in general. Examining the paradox of White's administration underscores the need for politically skillful executives. Effective political skills include the ability to perceive resource opportunities, to select the appropriate strategies and to choose the best arena in which to operate. While all mayors have access to resources, they do not always use them effectively. Resources must be conserved, protected, and pyramided. Focusing on White's role as a power accumulator, his use of federal money, and his shift from audience and media politics to constituent and organization politics, this article examines how a mayor expands his political capital in an environment of limited resources. The major themes that emerge are the importance of political skills and political organization to strong mayoral leadership.
THE RATIONALE FOR GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN SELLER‐CONSUMER RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Lane Sylvia
Published: June 2005

Government intervention in the form of consumer protection is appropriate where consumers have less than the required amount of information to protect themselves, where transaction costs act to reduce consumer self‐protection below acceptable levels, where consumer welfare is not sufficiently considered in oligopolistic markets, where private costs and social costs diverge due to externalities, where a certain level of quality assurance is necessary if markets are to function and where riskier products removal from the market lowers firms' insurance premiums as well as serves the interest of public health and safety. Consumer protection is a public good which will not be available in optimal quantities without government intervention.
EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION REGULATIONS: THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION EXPERIENCE
Authors: Maronick Thomas J. , Stiff M. Ronald
Published: June 2005

Evaluation of consumer protection regulations promulgated by the Federal Trade Commission is a formal, ongoing activity employing a wide variety of commonly accepted research designs. This paper describes the variety of evaluation designs and gives examples of the application of these designs in assessing the impact of FTC Trade Rules in the marketplace. The authors also consider the future of consumer protection evaluation in an environment of severe budget constraints.
THE DOCTRINE OF STRICT LIABILITY: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO CONSUMER PROTECTION REGULATION
Authors: Gazda Gregory M. , Kallis M. Jeffery
Published: June 2005

Using a legal system of strict liability allowing contributory negligence as a valid defense provides an alternative to consumer protection regulation. In addition, the strict liability system allows rapid and responsive compensation to injured individuals. Corporate uncertainty as to future costs and business environment are substantially reduced, thus allowing firms to make accurate and rational long‐term, strategic plans. This paper presents the basic functional constructs required for developing a viable regulatory framework using strict liability and then looks at an example where it could be employed. The scenario deals with an environmental pollution and protection problem. In the example, a strict liability system allowing for a defense of contributory negligence is shown to be conceptually more efficient and desirable than the existing regulatory system and negligence liability procedures.
CONSUMERS AND PRODUCT SAFETY: MARKET PROCESSES AND IMPERFECTIONS*
Authors: Sider Hal , Smolensky Eugene
Published: June 2005

This paper reexamines the competitive market solution to the determination of product safety. The concept of an optimizing social level of product safety‐defined at the point at which the costs of increasing safety are equated to consumers willingness to pay for it‐is developed and discussed. Various potential market failures are outlined. These failures give reasons to expect that the competitive solution will not be achieved in practice and provide a rationale for certain types of governmental intervention. Various empirical studies of implicit markets for various types of risks are reviewed as a basis for evaluating market efficiency and regulatory efficiency.
POLITICAL TALK: THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A POLICY ARGUMENT*
Authors: Agar Michael H.
Published: June 2005

Policy and the processes that go into i t s formulation and implementation are constituted by language. In this article, a linguistic and ethnographic approach to the study of “themes” is applied to the transcripts of some oral arguments by independent truckers at the Interstate Commerce Commission. The results show a portion of the underlying logic of the argument, a logic whose structure was minimally affected by the eventual policy decision.
POLICY EVALUATION AND PROGRAM TERMINATION
Authors: DeLeon Peter
Published: June 2005

One example of treating the policy process as an integrated process is the relationship between policy evaluation and policy termination.

Policy and program terminations are seen as having three rationales: cost reductions, programmatic inefficiencies, and political ideology. The third appears to be the most important. Even so, formal program evaluation is increasingly critical to the termination exercise. This has important policy implications for both the professional evaluation community and those who have program termination responsibilities.
UNDERSTANDING “DESTARILIZATION”: THE UNITED STATES IMPERATIVE
Authors: RENE BERES LOUIS
Published: June 2005

The U.S. policy of trying to destabilize the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua violates accepted principles of international law. Based on the long‐standing principles of “humanitarian intervention” of the Nuremberg Judgment and Article 7 o f the U.N. General Assembly's 1974 Definition of Aggression and American traditional acceptance of the principles of natural law, the Nicaraguan intervention in El Salvador may be interpreted as law enforcement. The United States, on the other hand, is not acting on behalf of the international law of human rights in its llcovertll counter‐revolutionary operation in Nicaragua but i s acting to restore repression in Nicaragua. The trouble with U.S. policy in Central America is the Reagan administrationls simplified reliance on the East/West, “free versus nonfree” nations as the only meaningful axis of its foreign policy. This leads to acceptance of the might makes right doctrine and U.S. support for repressive regimes in such places as Guatemala and Haiti. These policies not only are unlawful and contrary toour best political traditions, but are verylikely to fail.
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ROLL CALL VOTING IN THE U.S. CONGRESS IN 1975 AND 1979
Authors: SEROKA JIM , McNITT ANDREW D.
Published: June 2005

This article argues that the energy and environmental policy areas in Congress are no longer considered components of the government management dimension. The two policy areas have separated from the government management dimension constructed by Clausen and are now distinct and autonomous Congressional policy areas. The models of roll call voting for energy and environment issues are very different. Energy is tied more closely to technical considerations while environmental issues are more emotional and more closely tied to quality of life concerns.
Futurs Studies and Policy Studies: Complementary Flelds in Pubic Affairs
Authors: Marien Michael
Published: June 2005

Future studies and policy studies are fuzzy 11multifields18 with overlapping concerns. They are far larger than conventional wisdom suggests, as illustrated by a taxonomic listing of 275 futures‐relevant and policy‐relevant journals. The journal literature has doubled in the past nine years. An adequate intellectual perspective for public policy requires bridge‐building between differing perspectives, especially a general bridge between future studies and policy studies which have largely ignored each other. Futurists are characterized as more likely to be cross‐disciplinary o r nondisciplinary, outsiders, idealists, generalists, catalysts and synthesizers. Policy analysts are more likely to be social scientists, affiliated with well‐known universities and research institutes, emplrical 81 realists, 88 specialists in a particular problem, and analytic in method. Ideally, these two sets of qualities should work together to study important public questions and propose viable policies.
FIELD NETWORK RESEARCH IN POLICY EVALUATION
Authors: Dommol Paul R. , Hall John Stuart
Published: June 2005

The field‐network evaluation studies (FNES) approach to policy evaluation research seeks to overcome deficiencies of small‐sample case study method and of the large‐sample survey research approach. Methodologically, FNES uses many of the familiar techniques of both these approaches interviews, data collection and analysis, limited sampling, field observation, and document analysis. The crucial difference is sample size. The FNES approach using a middle‐range sample of 50 to 60 research sites has the advantages of the case study method in being able to provide an in depth account of a program and how it operates, and is sufficiently flexible to permit a shift in the analytical framework as the research proceeds thus overcoming the inflexibility of the instruments of survey research.

Seven major studies employing the FNES approach have been carried out or are underway in the United States of America. The principal components of the methodology are a network of university‐based field associates and a central management group. The field associates collect the information and the data using a uniform analytical framework and reporting form. The central staff aggregates these analyses into a single report that cuts across the sample. This approach and the use of a middle‐range sample make it possible to draw generalizable conclusions based on the national experience, and also provide sufficient detail to differentiate policy impacts among the sample jurisdictions.
POLITICAL CONDITIONS MOTIVATING LEGISLATORS' USE OF POLICY INFORMATION
Authors: Webber David J.
Published: June 2005

While “research utilization” literature has focused on the limited use of policy research by policymakers, there has been l i t t l e attention directed at legislators1 use of policy research o r the importance of the decisionmaking context in explaining policy research use.

Relying on the research utilization literature and the legislative behavior literature, this paper examines the legislative setting as it relates to policy information use, and it outlines the conditions under which policy information might be used by legislators. Specifically, two types of legislator information searches are discussed–the constituent service search and policy formulating search. While there are many obstacles to policy information use–including cognitive and organizational ones–this paper focuses only on political conditions and political obstacles relating to legis‐ lators' use of policy information.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Nagel Stuart S. , Palumbo Dennis J.
Published: June 2005

This directory summarizes the responses of 13 nations to questions about the state ot policy studies research and teaching in those nations. While policy studies is not an exclusively American development, not many countries are as involved in this area as American scholars and universities.
SOCIAL PROBLEM‐SOLVING IN A REVOLUTIONARY SETTING: NICARAGUA'S PESTICIDE POLICY REFORMS
Authors: Murray Douglas L.
Published: June 2005

Pesticide related health problems and environmental contamination have plagued the Third World for several decades. This study explores the efforts to resolve pesticide problems within the context of the Nicaraguan revolution. Through a case study of Nicaragua's pesticide policy reforms the opportunities afforded by Third World revolutions to address specific social problems are analyzed. The study then explores the array of obstacles to implementation of such reforms generated by political and military opposition to revolutionary change and concludes with an assessment of prospects for social problem‐solving in a revolutionary setting.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL AND INTERSECTORAL TENSIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL OLICY IMPLEMENTATION: THE CASE OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
Authors: Bowman Ann O'M.
Published: June 2005

Superfund—the federal government's program to clean up toxic waste sites—was designed to promote cooperative interaction between levels of government and w ith the private sector. Implementation of the program has, produced a web of tensions instead. The tensions have been intergovernmental and intersectoral. As this examination of the cleanup of four South Carolina sites reveals, these tensions have served to delay and distort the implementation process.