bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of two processing techniques used to manufacture lithium disilicate ceramics on the degree of conversion and microshear bond strength of resin cement.
Authors: Drumond Amauri , Paloco Eloisa , Berger Sandrine , González Alejandra , Carreira Artur , D’Alpino Paulo , Tonetto Mateus , Souza Lorena , Guiraldo Ricardo
Published: January 2022

The aim of the current study was to compare the effect of two lithium disilicate ceramic processing techniques (pressing and CAD/CAM) on the degree of conversion of resin cement when it is photoactivated and the microshear bond strength of resin cement to ceramics. Two ceramic discs were manufactured: one by the Press technique and another by CAD/CAM technique. Five Variolink Veneer resin cement samples were photoactivated through each ceramic disc and subjected to attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to evaluate their degree of conversion. To evaluate microshear bond strength, 20 ceramic bars were prepared: 10 using the Press technique and 10 using the CAD/CAM technique. The bars were air abraded with 50-μm Al2O3 particles, treated with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20 s and subjected to RelyX Ceramic Primer application. Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Adhesive was applied to the bars and cured for 10 s. Two 1-mm-height plastic tubes were placed on each bar and filled with Variolink Veneer resin cement. Each cylinder was cured for 20 s. Then the plastic tubes were removed and the microshear bond strength of each cylinder was tested. Data for degree of conversion (%) and microshear bond strength (MPa) were subjected to Student's t-test (α = 0.05). Both degree of conversion of resin cement photoactivated through ceramic and microshear bond strength of resin cement to ceramic were statistically higher in the group in which ceramic was prepared by CAD/CAM technique (44.74% and 22.18 MPa) than in the group in which the ceramic was prepared by the Press technique (25.71% and 19.83 MPa). The lithium disilicate ceramic processing techniques affected the degree of conversion of resin cement when it is photoactivated through the ceramics and the microshear bond strength of resin cement to ceramics.
Enzyme production by Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis in periodontal HIV-positive patients receiving and not receiving antiretroviral therapy.
Authors: Dubois Verónica , González María , Martínez María , Fedelli Laura , Lamas Sabrina , Eramo Luciana , Squassi Aldo , Sánchez Gabriel , Salgado Pablo , Gliosca Laura , Molgatini Susana
Published: January 2022

Candida dubliniensis (Cd) and Candida albicans (Ca) are the most frequently isolated yeasts in HIV+ patients. Some of the enzymes produced by these yeasts are considered virulence factors since they contribute to pathogenicity of Candida spp. The aim of the present study was to compare production of enzymes such as phospholipase (Ph), proteinase (P), and hemolysin (H) by Cd and Ca strains isolated from periodontal HIV-positive patients receiving and not receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained using paper points, and a sample of oral mucosa was taken using a swab. Phenotypic and molecular methods were used to isolate 39 strains of Candida, including 25 strains of Cd and 14 strains of Ca, obtained from 33 periodontal pocket samples and 6 oral mucosa samples collected from 15 HIV+ patients (8 receiving and 7 not receiving HAART). Malt egg-yolk agar, albumin agar and blood agar were used to evaluate pH, P and H production respectively. The strains were inoculated in duplicate and incubated at 37 ºC. Colony and halo diameters were measured. A greater proportion of Ca was observed in patients not receiving HAART, and a higher proportion of Cd was observed in those under HAART, Chi2 p< 0.001. Phospholipase production was observed in 92.9% percent of isolated Ca strains but in none of the isolated Cd strains. Proteinase production was high in Ca and Cd strains isolated from patients not receiving HAART. Hemolysin production was observed in all the studied strains, though it was significantly higher (p=0.04) in Ca and Cd strains isolated from patients not receiving HAART. To sum up, the proportion of Candida dubliniensis strains was highest in the subgingival biofilm of patients receiving HAART, and Cd strains were found to express fewer virulence factors than Ca strains.
Melatonin has a stimulatory effect on osteoblasts by upregulating COL-I and OPN expression/secretion.
Authors: Dalla-Costa Karen , Yurtsever Fikriye , Penteado Julia , Martinez Elizabeth , Sperandio Marcelo , Peruzzo Daiane
Published: January 2022

Melatonin (MLT) is a potential signaling molecule in the homeostasis of bone metabolism and may be an important mediator of bone formation and stimulation. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of MLT on the viability, mRNA/protein expression and mineralization of pre-osteoblastic cells. The concentrations 5, 2.5, 1, 0.1 and 0.01 mM MLT were tested on pre-osteoblastic cells (MC3T3) compared to control (no MLT), evaluating proliferation and cell viability (C50), gene expression (RT-PCR) and secretion (ELISA) of COL-I and OPN at 24h, 48h and 72h, and the formation of mineral nodules (alizarin red and fast red) after 10 days of treatment. MLT at 5 and 2.5 mM proved to be cytotoxic (C50), so only 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM were used for the subsequent analyses. OPN mRNA expression increased with MLT at 0.1 mM - 1 mM, which was followed by increased secretion of OPN both at 24h and 72h compared to the remaining groups (p <0.05). COL-I mRNA and COL-1 secretion followed the same pattern as OPN at 0.1 mM MLT at 72h of treatment (p <0.05). Regarding mineralization, all MLT doses (except 1mM) caused an increase (p <0.05) in the formation of mineral nodules compared to the control. Melatonin at 0.01mM - 1mM had a stimulatory effect on osteoblasts by upregulating COL-I and OPN expression/ secretion and mineralization, thereby fostering osteogenesis.
Effect of alternative solvent evaporation techniques on mechanical properties of primer–adhesive mixtures.
Authors: Ferreira-Barbosa Isabel , Araújo-Pierote Josué , Rodrigues de Menezes Lívia , Trazzi-Prieto Lucia , Frazão-Camara João , Sgarbosa de Araújo-Matuda Larissa , Marchi Giselle , Maffei Sartini-Paulillo Luis , Pimenta de Araujo Cintia
Published: January 2022

This study evaluated the influence of the mode and time of solvent evaporation on the tensile strength (TS), flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (EM) of two adhesive systems: Scotchbond Multipurpose (SBMP) and Clearfil SE (CSEB). For this purpose, rectangular samples (2x1x7 mm) were prepared with 10 μL of primer and the solvents were evaporated with air spray at (23±1) ºC, (40±1) ºC and negative control (without spray). For each temperature, the times of 5, 20, 30, and 60 seconds were investigated. The statistical results showed that evaporation at 40±1ºC resulted in better EM for the two adhesives tested and all the evaporation times evaluated. However, there were no significant differences between the times and modes of evaporation for TS. The results of this study indicate that evaporation at a temperature of (40±1) °C could improve the elastic modulus of both adhesives tested, regardless of the evaporating time.
Efficacy of two soft-bristle toothbrushes in plaque removal. A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Langa Gerson , Gomes Muniz Francisco , Rivera Oballe Harry , Cavagni Juliano , Anagnostopoulos Friedrich Stephanie , Malheiros Zilson , Stewart Bernal , Kuchenbecker Rösing Cassiano
Published: January 2022

The aim of the present examiner-blind randomized controlled clinical study was to compare the efficacy two soft-bristle toothbrushes in terms of plaque removal. Seventy volunteers were randomly allocated to Group A (tapered-tip toothbrush) or Group B (end-rounded toothbrush). At baseline appointment (Day 0), volunteers underwent plaque examination using the Improved Plaque Identification Index. Under supervision, they brushed their teeth for 1 minute with their assigned toothbrushes and the plaque examination was repeated. Volunteers continued the oral hygiene regimen (assigned toothbrush and a regular dentifrice provided by the researchers) for 7 days. The experimental procedures of Day 0 were then repeated. Separate statistical analyses were performed for mean percent reduction of plaque in the whole-mouth, interproximal and gumline scores at both times, using Mann-Whitney test, p0.05). In conclusion, on Day 0, Group A presented higher efficacy in supragingival plaque removal than Group B, as reflected by whole-mouth, gumline and interproximal plaque scores.
Comprehensive clinics. A comparative study among Dental Schools in Argentina
Authors: Bordoni Noemí , Argentieri Angela , Squassi Aldo
Published: January 2022

In this study, comprehensive clinics (CC) are interpreted as a pragmatic projection of the complexity of health. The aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics of the CCs at different schools of dentistry in Argentina. Data were collected from document analysis and interviews with key respondents at 8 universities, classified according to the criteria of Bray and Thomas. Interviews were developed and analyzed according to discourse analysis. The convergences and divergences among curricula were established and analyzed statistically. Triangulation of results showed that: (a) Most curricula (7/8) included subjects called CC; (b) the permanence of CCs in the curricula was not stable, with changes recorded in different periods; and (c) in the so-called CCs, the complex clinical approach showed frequent displacements based on teacher values or competence. It was concluded that there are divergences between theory and practice, and that it would be recommendable to have more rigorous curricular design taking into account current trends regarding the complexity of health and its transfer to educational management.
A comparative analysis between atraumatic and conventional anesthetic techniques in surgical removal of upper third molars
Authors: Donato Luís , Marcela Marcela , Maciel Luiza , Lopes Lívia , Carvalho Alessandra , de Oliveira Hugo , Rebelo Hélder
Published: January 2022

Pain control is essential in dental practice, and can be accomplished through various techniques. This study seeks to compare atraumatic and conventional anesthetic techniques, applied during surgeries to remove upper third molars. The endpoints evaluated were pain indices, patient satisfaction and anesthetic efficacy. A random parallel split-mouth clinical trial was conducted with 14 patients. Group A received atraumatic anesthesia without a needle (Comfort-in®) and group B received conventional anesthesia by blocking the posterior superior alveolar nerve (PSAN) and Greater Palatine Nerve (GPN). A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess pain. A significantly (p<0.001) lower perception of pain was observed among individuals who received the atraumatic technique. In 71% of cases, it was necessary to supplement the anesthesia during the procedure. Even considering the need for additional anesthesia, the Comfort-in® technique was more accepted by patients with regard to pain perception than the conventional manual technique.
SUBTITLE TRANSLATION OF ALLUSIONS FROM ENGLISH TO TURKISH: THE CASE OF SHERLOCK SERIES
Authors: BOYNUKARA Emrah , TARAKCIOĞLU Aslı Özlem
Published: January 2022

Intertextuality, by and large, appears in a wide range of fields including literature, arts and audiovisual contents. One of the prominent areas of its existence is in films and TV series where it is often presented as allusions. Subtitle translation of culture-specific items such as allusions has been a significant issue as mass media technologies and contents have started to circulate around the globe in an increasing swiftness. Regarding the spatial and temporal restrictions of subtitling which, to some extent, seem to be problematic especially with the culture-bound sections, it is crucial to render the allusions in the best way possible. In the subtitle translation of allusions, translators mostly tend to retain the original and keep the source text allusions intact. Within the framework of Kristeva’s concept of intertextuality, this study aimed at identifying the allusions in the TV series Sherlock and categorizing them according to Leppihalme’s (1997) classification of allusions based on a quantitative research analysis. Following Leppihalme’s suggested strategies, the present study sought to find what strategies were employed for the subtitle translation of these allusions in Sherlock. The results indicated that retention was the most frequent and appropriate strategy for the NP (Proper-name) allusions, and literal and standard translations for the KP (Key-phrase) allusions.
Coleridgean Radicalism and the South West Circle
Authors: İŞÇİ Veysel
Published: January 2022

Although radical thoughts of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, one of the “Big Six” pioneers of Romantic era in British Literature and his effects over the refinement of the eighteen-century English society have been widely discussed, not much attention has been drawn into the underlying backdrop and principal grounds that he founded his anomalous ideas on. Even though some critical studies shed some light on his relationships with the marginal communities in Bristol, there is still much to say about the intellectual development of a genius mind. In this respect, this paper aims to address how Coleridge’s main ideas such as pantisocracy, Unitarianism and political radicalism were shaped, what drove him to adopt such radical opinions, and what role the Dissenting circle in Bristol played in shaping Coleridge’s intellectual mind. To do so, the present study first presents a brief introduction to Coleridge’s biography, focusing on significant turning points that shaped his radical personality and thoughts. Then, the study examines the social, theological and political thoughts of this genius poet who had a great influence on British Romanticism.
HUMAN EXCEPTIONALISM, PRECARIOUSNESS, AND ECONOMY OF SAMENESS IN JOHN LANCHESTER’S THE WALL
Authors: YILMAZ Hakan
Published: January 2022

John Lanchester’s The Wall (2019) presents a dystopic world where climate change in the form of extreme rising sea levels has caused the majority of the landmasses to be inundated and millions of people to lose their homes, transforming them into environmentally displaced people who try to survive in the open seas. In the novel, miraculously affected by climate change only in a limited way, Britain builds a ten-thousand-kilometer-long wall that circumscribes all its borders to keep not only the water out but also the environmentally displaced others. Given this double function of the wall, this article aims to discuss this image of the wall, first, as a reflection of human exceptionalism which gives off the false impression that even a climate disaster at that scale is still somehow tractable. Second, it further argues that the wall acts as a catalyst for perpetuating an economy of sameness or self-identity that deliberately ignores and increases the vulnerability and precarity of others by creating an impassable divide between insiders (i.e. those inside the wall) and outsiders (i.e. the environmentally displaced people)—a divide that not only maximizes the precarity of the latter group but also casts their lives as disposable.
19. YÜZYIL İNGİLİZ SEYAHATNAMELERİNDE KIBRIS
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Çiğdem , UYSAL Mehmet
Published: January 2022

Türkiye’nin hemen güneyinde bulunan ve stratejik açıdan çok önemli bir konuma sahip olan Kıbrıs, tarih boyunca çok sayıda medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Ada, hala dünyanın en önemli iç denizlerinden birisi olan Akdeniz’in doğusuna her açıdan hakimdir. 1571 ile 1878 yılları arasında Osmanlı egemenliği altına giren ve günümüzde kuzeyinde KKTC adıyla bir Türk devleti bulunan adanın statüsü uslararası bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu sorunun esas başlangıç noktası olan İngiliz hakimiyetine geçtiği 878 yılının hemen öncesi ve sonrası yedi İngiliz seyahatnamesinde Kıbrıs’ın nasıl tasvir edildiği bu makalenin konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Gezginlerin yazdıklarına dayanarak Kıbrıs adasının 19. yüzyıldaki resmi çizilmeye çalışılmıştır. Seyahatnamalerde oryantalist bir bakış açısının varlığı ve sebepleri de ayrıca sorgulanacaktır.
COMPARISON OF SUBTITLING FOR THE DEAF AND HARD-OF-HEARING GUIDELINES IMPLEMENTED ACCROSS COUNTRIES
Authors: GÜRKAN Ali
Published: January 2022

Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (SDH) guidelines assume a prominent role in providing access to audiovisual materials by setting standards that enable the service providers to offer subtitles specifically tailored to cater for the needs and preference of the hearing-impaired viewers. In the absence of guidelines that do not take the viewers’ needs into account, the subtitles run the risk of adversely affecting the viewing experience of the deaf since it would vary from one supplier to the other. This article offers a descriptive analysis of the guidelines implemented in countries with ample experience in the production and broadcast of SDH, such as Canada, the UK and the USA, with the aim of discovering the prevailing norms in these varied socio-cultural contexts. The norms and conventions that regulate the provision of SDH services in these countries are compared to reveal not only their commonalities but also the issues that cause controversy and tend to vary across the different guidelines. The key parameters are grouped and discussed under four broad categories, namely, the layout and presentation of subtitles on screen, the temporal dimension, linguistic issues and non-linguistic information. The results of the analysis and comparison of the guidelines form a strong starting point for the development of guidelines which specifically cater for the needs and preferences of the Turkish deaf viewers.
The effect of career development and work motivation on employee job satisfaction at PT. SOURCE OF ALFARIA TRIJAYA, JAMBI CITY
Authors: Kurniawan Doni , Anwar Us Kasful
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study aims to explain whether the variables of career development and motivationwork has a significant effect on employee job satisfaction at PT. SourceAlfaria Trijaya and knowing which variable is more dominant between the two.From the results of the data analyzed by using qualitative methods and quantitative methods,found results that show that together or simultaneously, the two factors thatIn this study, it has a positive effect on the independent variable, namely job satisfaction.employee with the result Y= ,???????????? + ,???????????? + , + . Then when in reviewFrom the results of the coefficient of determination, it is found that the magnitude of the contribution of the two variables isThis impact on performance satisfaction reached 59.9% and the rest was influenced by other factors, whichThus, it is concluded that the studied variable has an effect on job satisfactionemployees.
Healing Effects of Iranian Dwarf Elder on Full-thickness Epidermal Thermal Injury in Wistar Rats
Authors: Mohamadi Haftador Hosein , Ramhormozi Parisa , Yousefpour Mitra , Sobhanizadeh Ali , Ghahari Laya
Published: January 2022

Background: Wound healing is a physiologic process that cells and tissues react when the skin is exposed to thermal injury. The inflammatory process has ‎essential effects on wound healing that includes coordination between immunological and biological responses. Chemical and herbal medicines are locally or systemically administrated to help wound healing. Herbal medicines have become more prevalent in recent years due to fewer side effects. Dwarf elder is used to treating inflammation and has been reported to possess antibacterial and antioxidant activities. This plant is also effective against burns, wounds, eczema, and infection. Objectives: In this study, we evaluated the topical application of dwarf elder on full-thickness epidermal thermal wounds in Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar rats of about 300 g were used. The rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control group, vehicle group treated with an ointment base, and treatment group treated with elder ointment 10%. The animals were anesthetized and were created burn wounds with an area of 1 cm2 using the Meyer method. After 21 days, the wounds were photographed with a Canon camera. The wound area and healing degree were calculated. Slides were stained with H&E and examined by light microscopy and GraphPad Prism software. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using ANOVA and Tukey’s test. The significance level was considered at P < 0.05. Results: The wound area on the 21st day was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control and vehicle groups. The epithelium thickness (μm) was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control and vehicle groups. The blood vessels were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the other groups. Conclusions: The study showed that elder extract could be an effective remedy to repair and heal thermal injury and burn wounds.
Nietzsche and Three Africana Philosophers on Diversifying Ethics Across the Curriculum
Authors: Verharen Charles ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2022

This essay takes Nietzsche’s remarks on ethics as springboards for developing a method of diversifying the teaching of ethics to confront twenty-first century existential crises. Prompted by Darwin’s research, Nietzsche envisioned humanity’s self-extinction through science and technology unchecked by philosophy. A curriculum for teaching ethics to confront that catastrophe includes all the intellectual disciplines and focuses on the evolution of ethics over time. The curriculum’s primary objective is to stimulate students to create new values appropriate to their changing circumstances. After focusing on Nietzsche’s early efforts to define philosophy’s role with respect to art and science, the essay advances a rationale and methodology for diversifying ethics across the curriculum. The essay then describes African American and African proposals that have the promise of transforming Nietzsche’s remarks on promoting diversity in ethics into practical instruments for guaranteeing life’s future.
The Seminar on Integration of Industry and Education and the Construction of National-level Quality Undergraduate Course Held in Haikou City
Authors: LI Changkui
Published: January 2022

On January 10, 2020, a seminar on the integration of production and education and first-class undergraduate courses was held in Haikou, Hainan Province. 23 teachers from 16 colleges and universities including China Agricultural University, China Civil Aviation Flight Academy, and Qilu University of Technology attended the meeting.
Profile of Professor Zhang Bingrong
Authors: WANG Xiang
Published: January 2022

Zhang Bingrong, male, Han nationality, was born in Laiwu City, Shandong Province in November 1958. Doctor of Engineering, second-level professor. Selected in National High-end Talent Project, Overseas Distinguished Expert of "Taishan Scholars" in Shandong Province (2012)
Study on the course construction of “single window of international trade” based on the background of trade facilitation
Authors: CHEN Lin
Published: January 2022

At present, major changes have taken place in the international trade situation, policies and formats. These new changes put forward new requirements for the construction of international trade. Teaching must keep pace with the development of the times and personnel training must be consistent with social needs. In this context, the school of economics and trade of GDUFS will closely cooperate with enterprises and improve the course system of international trade. Through the construction of three platforms, we will build a high-quality course and a single window Laboratory of international trade to provide reference for innovative application-oriented international trade personnel training.
A new idea on the construction of medical imaging technology specialty combined with school-enterprise medicine
Authors: He Gang , Fan Yong , Yu Wenxin , Tang Jingyi , Jiang Ning
Published: January 2022

Medical imaging technology, professional students theoretical knowledge and practical practice each link need schools, hospitals, companies such as the condition of support, therefore, in the artificial intelligence technology rapid development today, this paper puts forward that the construction of the main features of thinking and a bright spot is the basic theory and the practice teaching to promote students cultivate medical imaging technology, the second is in the form of and business cooperation to strengthen the students' ability of medical imaging technology related professional practice. The combination of school, enterprise and hospital can not only better ensure the implementation of the project, but also effectively enhance the employment competitiveness of students.
Thoughts on The Current Situation and Development Countermeasures of Yangzhou’ Gold and Silver Craftsmanship National-level Intangible Cultural Heritage
Authors: Gao Yuqing
Published: January 2022

The work of gold and silver is Yangzhou's national intangible cultural heritage. Its inheritance and development have attracted more attention in recent years. However, with the disintegration of Jiangdu Metal Craft Factory, the representative company of Yangzhou Gold and Silver Fine Craftsmanship, many craft masters have been lost. In particular, Yangzhou's native gold craftsmen have switched careers in order to make a living, but the inheritance of this craft is facing a lot of difficulties. This article investigates the content of Yangzhou gold and silver fine work skills by investigating and analyzing the current status of the development of Yangzhou gold and silver fine work skills. Through comparison with Nanjing Baoqing Silver Building and Shanghai Lao Fengxiang, it is found that the problems of Yangzhou gold and silver fine work skills and put forward corresponding countermeasures and ideas to improve the status quo.
Patrimonio inmaterial en el Ecuador: una construcción colectiva
Authors: Carbonell Yonfá Eloísa
Published: January 2022

Las tradiciones, en contextos de fragilidades geopolíticas, se han visto afectadas por prácticas aculturizantes. Estas, unidas al consumismo y al mercantilismo, pasan, de manera silenciosa, a la trastienda del imperio monocultural. Con la Declaratoria del Patrimonio Inmaterial realizada en la convención de París, en 2003, y ratificada por Ecuador en 2005, se crea una mayor conciencia sobre la importancia de salvaguardar la memoria social, patrimonio colectivo de los pueblos. El presente texto documenta la participación ciudadana en esa tarea de cuidar saberes y prácticas que son parte de la vida cotidiana de las comunidades, ciudades, pueblos y colectivos; por tanto, parte del patrimonio inmaterial y legado cultural para las presentes y futuras generaciones.
High time-resolution detector based on THz pulse accelerating and scanning electron beam
Authors: Li Hang , Chen Ping , Tian Jin-Shou , Xue Yan-Hua , Wang Jun-Feng , Gou Yong-Sheng , Zhang Min-Rui , He Kai , Xu Xiang-Yan , Sai Xiao-Feng , Li Ya-Hui , Liu Bai-Yu , Wang Xiang-Lin , Xin Li-Wei , Gao Gui-Long , Wang Tao , Wang Xing , Zhao Wei ,   Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Photoelectric Diagnostics Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China,   University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Published: January 2022

Terahertz pulses accelerating and scanning electron beam can break through the limitation of accelerating electric field between cathodes and grids in traditional streak tubes, thus reducing the time dispersion and enhancing the temporal resolution of time-scanning detectors. Based on this new technology, in this paper an ultra-small structured time-resolved detector with no focusing pole is designed. The terahertz pulse coupling/enhancing device suitable for acceleration zone and scanning zone is designed and optimized. The enhanced coefficient of the terahertz pulse electric field in the device reaches 9.39. In the paper, the relationship between time dispersion in acceleration zone and the moment of electrons emission is analyzed theoretically. We also analyze the influence of space charge effect on time dispersion. The electronic trajectory tracking is used to calculate and analyze the time dispersion of this detector, and finally the time resolution is better than 50fs.
Assessment of tumor burden and response to therapy in patients with colorectal cancer using a quantitative ctDNA test for methylated BCAT1/IKZF1
Authors: Symonds Erin L. , Pedersen Susanne K. , Yeo Bernita , Al Naji Hiba , Byrne Susan E. , Roy Amitesh , Young Graeme P.
Published: January 2022

Failure of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment is due to residual disease, and its timely identification is critical for patient survival. Detecting CRC‐associated mutations in patient circulating cell‐free DNA is confounded by tumor mutation heterogeneity, requiring primary tumor sequencing to identify relevant mutations. In this study, we assessed BCAT1 and IKZF1 methylation levels to quantify circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and investigated whether this method can be used to assess tumor burden and efficacy of therapy. In 175 patients with CRC who were ctDNA‐positive pretreatment, ctDNA levels were higher with advancing stage (P < 0.05) and correlated with tumor diameter (r = 0.35, P < 0.001) and volume (r = 0.58, P < 0.01). After completion of treatment (median of 70 days [IQR 49‐109] after surgery, +/− radiotherapy, +/− chemotherapy), ctDNA levels were reduced in 98% (47/48) and were undetectable in 88% (42/48) of patients tested. For those with incomplete adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery, roughly half remained ctDNA‐positive (11/21, 52.4%). The presence of ctDNA after treatment was associated with disease progression (HR 9.7, 95%CI 2.5‐37.6) compared to no ctDNA. Assaying blood for ctDNA methylated in BCAT1/IKZF1 has the potential for identifying residual disease due to treatment failure, informing a potential need for therapy adjustment in advanced disease.
Cloning and functional analysis of mitogen‐activated protein kinases 6 gene in lettuce
Authors: Wang Tingzhen , Liu Mingjia , Tian Yufeng , Han Yingyan , Liu Chaojie , Hao Jinghong , Fan Shuangxi
Published: January 2022

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) being a cool‐season crop can bolt if the temperatures increase above 20 °C. When lettuce bolts, the plants start the reproductive growth cycle. The improvement in resistance to high temperature bolting has been an important goal of lettuce breeding. This paper verified that Lactuca sativa mitogen‐activated protein kinases 6 (LsMAPK6) played an important role in high temperature bolting. The full‐length CDS of LsMAPK6 gene was amplified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and analyzed by bioinformatics software. The expression of LsMAPK6 was determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). The results showed that the length of LsMAPK6 was 1,182 bp, encoding 393 amino acids. The protein domain was STKc_TEY_MAPK and closely relevant to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), mouse‐ear cress [Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.], and chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). The qRT‐PCR showed that Lsmapk6 was mainly expressed in stem, stem apex, and taproot, and high temperature significantly promoted its expression. Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology successfully silenced LsMAPK6 in lettuce, and the bolting of silenced lines was delayed under the action of high temperature and exogenous gibberellin. These suggest that LsMAPK6 plays an important role in promoting bolting. This study laid a foundation for further study on the function and regulation mechanism of MAPK6.
Resonance Raman analysis of intracellular vitamin B12 analogs in methanogenic archaea
Authors: Kanno Nanako , Kato Shingo , Itoh Takashi , Ohkuma Moriya , Shigeto Shinsuke
Published: January 2022

Methanogenic archaea (methanogens) are microorganisms that can synthesize methane. They are found in diverse environments ranging from paddy fields to animal digestive tracts to deep‐sea hydrothermal vents. Investigating their distribution and physiological activity is crucial for the detailed analysis of the dynamics of greenhouse gas generation and the search for the environmental limits of life. In methanogens, cobamide cofactors (vitamin B12 analogs) play a key role in methane synthesis and carbon fixation, thus serving as a marker compound that metabolically characterizes them. Here, we report on resonance Raman detection of cobamides in methanogenic cells without destroying cells and provide structural insights into those cobamides. We succeeded in detecting cobamides in four representative methanogens Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanopyrus kandleri, and Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. The former two are mesophilic, cytochrome‐containing methanogens, whereas the latter two are hyperthermophilic, non‐cytochrome‐containing methanogens. The 532 nm‐excited Raman spectra of single or multiple cells of the four species all showed resonance Raman bands of cobamides arising mainly from the corrin ring, with the most intense one at ∼1500 cm−1. We envision that resonance Raman microspectroscopy could be useful for in situ, nondestructive identification of methanogenic cells that produce high levels of cobamides.
Photooxidation of IR‐820 by Calixpyridinium‐Induced Assembled Material and Its pH‐Controlled Visual Multicolor Luminescence
Authors: Wang Kui , Gao Guo‐Jie , Wang Xiao‐Yan
Published: January 2022

Comprehensive Summary

In this work, a spherical calixpyridinium–IR‐820 supramolecular assembled material was fabricated based on the calixpyridinium‐ induced IR‐820 aggregation. This assembled material exhibited a well visible light responsiveness by the photodecomposition of aggregated IR‐820 accompanied by an obvious color change. Such photochromic material has many potential applications. More interestingly, the photodecomposition of aggregated IR‐820 was significantly promoted, although the aggregated photosensitizers usually exhibited a lower photoreactivity. This approach can be further extended to construct various visible‐light responsive supramolecular assembled materials and potentially applied in many fields. Herein, benefitting from the pH‐dependent luminescent properties of calixpyridinium and the photodegradation products of IR‐820, a pH‐controlled visual multicolor luminescence was achieved, which was perfectly applied in the detection of pH from 5 to 10 by naked eyes.
Lessons learned from a long‐term irrigation experiment in a dry Scots pine forest: Impacts on traits and functioning
Authors: Bose Arun K. , Rigling Andreas , Gessler Arthur , Hagedorn Frank , Brunner Ivano , Feichtinger Linda , Bigler Christof , Egli Simon , Etzold Sophia , Gossner Martin M. , Guidi Claudia , Lévesque Mathieu , Meusburger Katrin , Peter Martina , Saurer Matthias , Scherrer Daniel , Schleppi Patrick , Schönbeck Leonie , Vogel Michael E. , von Arx Georg , Wermelinger Beat , Wohlgemuth Thomas , Zweifel Roman , Schaub Marcus
Published: January 2022

Climate change exposes ecosystems to strong and rapid changes in their environmental boundary conditions mainly due to the altered temperature and precipitation patterns. It is still poorly understood how fast interlinked ecosystem processes respond to altered environmental conditions, if these responses occur gradually or suddenly when thresholds are exceeded, and if the patterns of the responses will reach a stable state. We conducted an irrigation experiment in the Pfynwald, Switzerland from 2003–2018. A naturally dry Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest was irrigated with amounts that doubled natural precipitation, thus releasing the forest stand from water limitation. The aim of this study was to provide a quantitative understanding on how different traits and functions of individual trees and the whole ecosystem responded to increased water availability, and how the patterns and magnitudes of these responses developed over time. We found that the response magnitude, the temporal trajectory of responses, and the length of initial lag period prior to significant response largely varied across traits. We detected rapid and stronger responses from aboveground tree traits (e.g., tree‐ring width, needle length, and crown transparency) compared to belowground tree traits (e.g., fine‐root biomass). The altered aboveground traits during the initial years of irrigation increased the water demand and trees adjusted by increasing root biomass during the later years of irrigation, resulting in an increased survival rate of Scots pine trees in irrigated plots. The irrigation also stimulated ecosystem‐level foliar decomposition rate, fungal fruit body biomass, and regeneration abundances of broadleaved tree species. However, irrigation did not promote the regeneration of Scots pine trees, which are reported to be vulnerable to extreme droughts. Our results provide extensive evidence that tree‐ and ecosystem‐level responses were pervasive across a number of traits on long‐term temporal scales. However, after reaching a peak, the magnitude of these responses either decreased or reached a new stable state, providing important insights into how resource alterations could change the system functioning and its boundary conditions.
Performance Based Regulation: Providing Benefits for Utilities Building the Grid of the Future
Authors: Aweh Amanda , Shah Niki
Published: January 2022

The utility model of owning large central station generation and one‐way flow of power to customers has shifted to a model of two‐way power flow where behind‐the‐meter renewable energy and battery storage are owned by customers (i.e., prosumers). Customers can now consume, generate, and store electricity. In addition, instead of investing in new transmission and distribution (T&D) infrastructure to meet growing energy loads, regulators are encouraging utilities to evaluate distributed energy resources (DERs) as a potential lower cost “non‐wire” alternative (NWA).
Challenges to Improving Energy Security Abound: Part 1
Authors: Russo Thomas N.
Published: January 2022

The US power grid is an integral part of the clean energy transition and tied directly to US energy security. This author uses the framework of the four As, and the International Energy Agency's Model of Short‐term Energy Security (MOSE) to measure progress in achieving energy security. The four As of energy security include the availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability of energy sources as determined by each country. There are no international standards to guide countries. Instead, every government will prioritize the four As according to their needs. MOSES is a means to measure a country's energy security risks and resilience. The model recommends domestic and external actions that governments can take to reduce the risk of supply disruptions or grid failure and improve resilience.
The Future State: Part II
Authors: DeCotis Paul A.
Published: January 2022

Communications technology, smart devices and controls, cloud hosting and computing services, and grid‐edge technologies are challenging the utility industry business model as we know it today. Many utilities are considering merging information technology (IT) and operations technology (OT) departments recognizing that current siloed organizational structures are not agile nor responsive enough to meet rapidly changing needs. Utilities experimented with running “IT as a business” in support of business needs over the last decade, but because of continued departmental and leadership separation, little changed. Separate budgets, priorities and governance of large transformational projects continues to impede implementation of the end‐to‐end digital product solutions necessary to improve operations and the customer and employee experience.
Compromised hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and reduced markers of mitochondrial turnover in human NAFLD
Authors: Moore Mary P. , Cunningham Rory P. , Meers Grace M. , Johnson Sarah A. , Wheeler Andrew A. , Ganga Rama R. , Spencer Nicole M. , Pitt James B. , Diaz‐Arias Alberto , Swi Ahmed I. A. , Hammoud Ghassan M. , Ibdah Jamal A. , Parks Elizabeth J. , Rector R. Scott
Published: January 2022

Background and Aims

NAFLD and its more‐advanced form, steatohepatitis (NASH), is associated with obesity and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular, liver‐related, and all‐cause mortality. Available human data examining hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and hepatic mitochondrial turnover in NAFLD and NASH are scant.

Approach and Results

To investigate this relationship, liver biopsies were obtained from patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery and data clustered into four groups based on hepatic histopathological classification: Control (CTRL; no disease); NAFL (steatosis only); Borderline‐NASH (steatosis with lobular inflammation or hepatocellular ballooning); and Definite‐NASH (D‐NASH; steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocellular ballooning). Hepatic mitochondrial complete FAO to CO2 and the rate‐limiting enzyme in β‐oxidation (β‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase activity) were reduced by ~40%–50% with D‐NASH compared with CTRL. This corresponded with increased hepatic mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, as well as dramatic reductions in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, mitophagy, fission, and fusion in NAFL and NASH.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that compromised hepatic FAO and mitochondrial turnover are intimately linked to increasing NAFLD severity in patients with obesity.
Power‐effective scanning with AODs for 3D optogenetic applications
Authors: Ricci Pietro , Marchetti Marco , Sorelli Michele , Turrini Lapo , Resta Francesco , Gavryusev Vladislav , de Vito Giuseppe , Sancataldo Giuseppe , Vanzi Francesco , Silvestri Ludovico , Pavone Francesco Saverio
Published: January 2022

Two‐photon (2P) excitation is a cornerstone approach widely employed in neuroscience microscopy for deep optical access and sub‐micrometric‐resolution light targeting into the brain. However, besides structural and functional imaging, 2P optogenetic stimulations are less routinary, especially in 3D. This is because of the adopted scanning systems, often feebly effective, slow and mechanically constricted. Faster illumination can be achieved through acousto‐optic deflectors (AODs) although their applicability to large volumes excitation has been limited by large efficiency drop along the optical axis. Here, we present a new AOD‐based scheme for 2P 3D scanning that improves the power delivery between different illumination planes. We applied this approach to photostimulate an optogenetic actuator in zebrafish larvae, demonstrating the method efficiency observing increased activity responses and uniform activation probabilities from neuronal clusters addressed in the volume. This novel driving scheme can open to new AOD applications in neuroscience, allowing more effective 3D interrogation in large neuronal networks.
Label‐free identification of human glioma xenograft of mouse brain with quantitative ultraviolet photoacoustic histology imaging
Authors: Song Wei , Wang Ya‐chao , Chen Huang , Li Xiangzhu , Zhou Lingxiao , Min Changjun , Zhu Siwei , Yuan Xiaocong
Published: January 2022

The ability to unveil molecular specificities of endogenous nonfluorescent chromophores of ultraviolet photoacoustic imaging technology enables label‐free histology imaging of tissue specimens. In this work, we exploit ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy for identifying human glioma xenograft of mouse brain ex vivo. Intrinsically excellent imaging contrast of cell nucleus at ultraviolet photoacoustic illumination along with good spatial resolution allows for discerning the brain glioma of freshly‐harvested thick brain slices, which circumvents laborious time‐consuming preparations of the tissue specimens including micrometer‐thick slicing and H&E staining that are prerequisites in standard histology analysis. The identification of tumor margins and quantitative analysis of tumor areas is implemented, representing good agreement with the standard H&E‐stained observations. Quantitative ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy can access fast pathological assessment to the brain tissues, and thus potentially facilitates intraoperative brain tumor resection to precisely remove all cancerous cells and preserve healthy tissue for maintaining its essential function.
In‐vivo two‐photon visualization and quantitative detection of redox state of cancer
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Chenlu , Liu Guoming , Jin Long , Lin Zexi , Lin Lisheng , Wu Ying , Chen Jianxin , Lin Hongxin , Song Jibin
Published: January 2022

Glutathione (GSH), the most common and abundant antioxidant in the body, is particularly concentrated in cancer cells (2–10 mM). This concentration is approximately 1000 times that of normal cells, making GSH a specific tumor marker. Overexpression of GSH is critical for mapping the redox state of cancer cells. However, there are few probes and detection methods responsive to GSH that can quantitatively visualize GSH in vivo in two‐photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) imaging mode. The experimental results show that TPEF‐GSH could not only target GSH in tumors, but also establish the quantitative relationship between TPEF signal and GSH concentration. We explored the optimal two‐photon excitation wavelength of TPEF‐GSH, the optimal cell incubation duration with TPEF‐GSH, the best imaging time point for GSH in cells, and the quantitative relationship between the TPEF signal and the changes in GSH concentrations. In zebrafish embryo and zebrafish experiments, the ratiometric value of TPEF‐GSH increased with the decrease of GSH concentration. Microinjection and co‐incubation were used to verify whether the ratiometric value could quantify endogenous GSH in tumor‐bearing zebrafish, and the obtained GSH levels were 4.66 mM and 5.16 mM, respectively. The ratio TPEF probe could accurately visualize and quantify GSH in vivo, reflecting the redox status of the tumor. The design of the ratiometric molecular probe provides a reliable strategy for the development of TPEF nanoprobe in vivo. In this article, a new GSH sensitive molecular probe, TPEF‐GSH, has been developed with good specificity and sensitivity. TPEF‐GSH was successfully used to image cancer cells in vitro and tumor‐bearing zebrafish in vivo, and to further detect GSH levels.
Identification, isolation, and characterization of two novel impurities from phenothiazine heterocycle derivative: Perphenazine and their control in the process
Authors: Chaudhari Ashok , Pramanik Chinmoy , Patil Pradeep , Vedpathak Hanmant , Bandishti Mahesh , Tripathy Narendra K. , Gurjar Mukund K.
Published: January 2022

During the process development of perphenazine, two unknown impurities were found by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. These two impurities were further identified, isolated, and characterized form the mother liquor. These two impurities were found novel in the process of perphenazine. Also the reaction conditions were controlled for commercial manufacturing of perphenazine with overall good yield and minimal side reactions with control of these two novel impurities.