bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbiology and Biochemistry of PtA-Resistance/Zur Mikrobiologie und Biochemie der Peronosporaresistenz
Authors: Schmidt J.A.
Published: July 2016

Since 1960 the blue mould disease caused by Peronospora tabacina Adam (PtA) and which leads to considerable losses, has been occurring epidemically in tobacco grown in Europe and parts of Asia and Africa. All varieties cultivated are susceptible to this fungus, which is an inevitable tobacco parasite, and must either be protected prophylactically by weekly spraying with dithiocarbamate, which leaves residues, or be replaced by new, PtA-resistant strains based on wild forms of Nicotiana. In investigations of our own - published in 5 parts in the "Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung" - the fundaments of a third way of combatting this disease were worked out using the very PtA-susceptible German, high-quality strains "Badischer Geudertheimer'', ''Badischer Burley E'' and "Virgin SCR''. This present paper contains, summarized, the state of this work at the end of 1971. It was observed that the PtA-resistant hybrid strains (U. S. Bel.-61 types) were also infected by PtA, but this infection was stopped by the synthesis of antibodies, and that there are reciprocal effects of the substances triggering off resistance and microorganisms. The antibodies were separated out electrophoretically, established chemically and ascertained to be nucleoproteid or nucleotides, and to be an alloxazin compound closely related to vitamin B
A Comparison of Cigarette Smoke Yields from Tobaccos in the Cut and Ground Forms
Authors: Rice R.L. , Perrier R.S. , Smith T.A.
Published: July 2016

A method for preparing cigarettes from ground tobacco is described and suggested as a simple means of comparing smoke yields of total particulate matter and nicotine. It is shown that yields from cigarettes made from ground and from cut tobacco are highly correlated.
A Method for Measuring the Elution of Nicotine and Total Particulate Matter from a Cigarette Filter
Authors: Curran J.G. , Kiefer J.E.
Published: July 2016

A method was developed to measure the amount of an SV smoke component captured by a filter for at least the duration of a puff and eluted from the filter by subsequent puffs of cigarette smoke. It was concluded that the size of the filament affects the elution of nicotine by a cellulose acetate filter and that the elution phenomenon is an important factor in the filtration mechanism of nicotine and a minor factor in the filtration mechanism of TPM. Due to condensation, there is a buildup of nicotine and TPM within 5 mm of the burning zone. This accounts for some of the increased delivery of nicotine and TPM observed when the last portion of the cigarette is smoked
The Effect of Different Cigarette Papers on the Properties and the Taste of Cigarettes/Der Einfluss ungleichartigen Cigarettenpapiers auf die Eigenschaften und den Geschmack der Cigarette
Authors: Byckling E.
Published: July 2016

Ten sorts of cigarette paper with differing physical properties, made of the raw materials Iinen, sulphate cellulose and “viskose”, which had been impregnated with citrate, phosphate or nitrate, were examined. The cigarettes made from these, which all contained the same blend of tobacco, were 7.95 × 80 mm and had an average weight of 1.070 g at 11.5 % moisture, were compared with each other in taste and in laboratory tests. A variation of the surface weight between 20.5 g/m
An Automated Procedure for CO in Cigarette Smoke, Using a 20-Port Syringe Smoking Machine
Authors: Collins P.F. , Williams J.F.
Published: July 2016

A procedure for the determination of CO in the gas phase of cigarette smoke has been developed. Cigarettes are smoked on a 20-port syringe-type smoking machine and the gas phase is sampled by a specially designed sampling unit without appreciably affecting the level of particulate phase components or the operation of the smoker. After mixing, the concentration of CO in the gas phase is measured by nondispersive infra-red analysis. All operations are carried out automatically except the initial start-up, calibration of the analyser, and calculation of results. The procedure has been applied to a variety of cigarette brands with results ranging from 1.2 to 2.0 ml of CO per puff. The precision of the procedure was determined by repeated analysis of a standard cigarette over a four-month period. For a single value representing 100 cigarettes, the relative standard deviation was found to be 2.2 % for ml of CO per cigarette and 1.1 % for ml of CO per puff.
A Trapping System for the Combined Determination of Total HCN and Total Gas Phase Aldehydes in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Collins P.F. , Sarji N.M. , Williams J.F.
Published: July 2016

A procedure for the combined determination of total HCN and total gas phase aldehydes in cigarette smoke has been developed which is practical to use for the analysis of relatively large cigarette samples. The smoking system includes a Cambridge pad for collection of the particulate phase and a small tube of silica gel to trap gas phase components, with 5 cigarettes being smoked through each pad and trap. Following smoking, the Cambridge pad and silica gel trap are extracted; the silica gel extract is used for the determination of total gas phase aldehydes and the combined extracts for HCN analysis. Colourimetric procedures, automated through use of the Technicon AutoAnalyser as described previously, are employed for the analysis of the sample extracts. Evaluation of this combined procedure indicates that it yields reliable results for both total HCN and total gas phase aldehydes with greater speed and ease of operation than provided by the previously described methods. The procedure has been applied to various cigarette samples with the relative standard deviation for a single port of 5 cigarettes ranging from 1.9 to 5.5 % for gas phase aldehydes and from 2.6 to 8.4 % for total HCN.
The Distribution of Gases within the Combustion Coal of a Cigarette
Authors: Baker R.R. , Kilburn K.D.
Published: July 2016

Measurements have been made of the distribution of temperature and low molecular weight gases within a burning cigarette, using a sampling probe coupled directly to a mass spectrometer (or Bosch carbon monoxide meter). The interior of the combustion coal is effectively an oxygen-deficient pyrolytic region. The oxides of carbon are produced in two distinct regions: a high-temperature (about 400-800°C) combustion region and a low- temperature (about 150-400°C) pyrolysis region. In the high-temperature coal the carbonised tobacco acts very much as a classical oxidizing solid fuel bed of carbon to give the two carbon oxides (and water). In the low-temperature region behind the coaI tobacco decomposes to give a substantiaI proportion of the carbon oxides and a major proportion of the hydrocarbons found in mainstream smoke.
Filtration of Cigarette Smoke: Relative Contributions of Inertial Impaction, Diffusional Deposition, and Direct Interception
Authors: Overton J. Ray
Published: July 2016

The results of this analysis suggest that a filter geometry which will allow smoke to pass at a Iower than normal velocity is desirable to improve filter efficiency. This improved efficiency is due to the major contribution of the diffusion mechanism and the insignificant contribution of the impaction mechanism to the filtration process. Lower than normal velocities wilI also reduce the pressure drop. If a filter can be designed to operate at a lower velocity, and therefore at a lower pressure drop, it is desirable to have the acetate filaments oriented perpendicularly to the flow direction of the smoke. This geometry gives higher removal per unit weight of acetate than the geometry of a conventional filter.
Studies of Cigarette Smoke Transfer Using Radioisotopically Labelled Tobacco Constituents: Part III: The Use of Dotriacontane-16,17-14C as a Marker for the Deposition of Cigarette Smoke in the Respiratory System of ExperimentaI Animals
Authors: Davis B.R. , Houseman T.H. , Roderick H.R.
Published: July 2016

The determination of the mass-balance after smoking of dotriacontane-16,17-
Inhibition of Radical-Initiated Polymerisation of Vinyl Acetate by Tobacco Smoke and Some Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Bilimoria M.H. , Johnson J. , Nisbet M.A. , Schmeller S. , Georgieff K.K.
Published: July 2016

A wide range of organic compounds, which are capable of intercepting free-radical intermediates formed during radical-initiated vinyl-acetate polymerisation, have a marked impact on the rate of polymerisation of vinyl acetate. The efficiency with which a compound retards polymerisation can be estimated by measuring the time it takes for a mixture of monomer and benzoyl peroxide immersed in a water-bath at 70°C, to reach a spontaneous boil and comparing it with the time required for a similar mixture with added retarder to reach boiling point. We have tested the efficiency of smokes from various sources as inhibitors as well as a range of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Smoke vapour is strongly inhibitory, and the activity has been attributed to conjugated dienes chiefly isoprene. Smoke condensates from different tobacco types can be differentiated by their relative efficiencies in retarding polymerisation. Flue-cured tobacco smoke has the highest activity; smoke from reconstituted tobacco has the lowest; air-cured, stem and perique tobacco have intermediate values. The effect of the smoking vehicle was measured by testing cigar and pipe-smoke condensates. The former has a value similar to air-cured tobacco but the latter has a very low activity. Of the polycyclics which we scanned, carcinogenic substances generally showed higher activities than non- carcinogens. Some weak carcinogens such as anthracene were, however, unexpectedly active inhibitors. A polyaromatic-hydrocarbon-enriched fraction of smoke did not appear any more active than a crude condensate. The mechanisms by which smoke inhibits polymerisation are discussed. All three possible mechanisms - substitution reactions, atom transfer and radical coupling - probably occur. It is not possible at this point to suggest which is the dominant one.
Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: XX: Smoke Analysis of Cigarettes Made from Bright Tobaccos Differing in Variety and Stalk Positions
Authors: Rathkamp G. , Tso T.C. , Hoffmann D.
Published: July 2016

Leaves taken from eight different stalk positions of four bright-tobacco varieties were used to make 85-mm cigarettes. The cigarettes were smoked under standard conditions, and the mainstream smoke was analysed for selected toxic agents. The results demonstrate that the higher the leaf on the stalk, the less its filling power and combustibility and the greater the pH, total particulate matter, nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, volatile phenols, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of the mainstream smoke. Carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are found in the highest concentration in the smoke formed from leaves in the middle stalk positions. The concentration of CO
The Effect of the Extinction of a Cigarette on the Firmness of a Burning Cigarette/Einfluss des Löschens auf die Härte brennender Cigaretten
Authors: von Bethmann M. , Boettcher H. , Gehring M.
Published: July 2016

If the firmness of a burning filter cigarette is measured during a puff interval at a distance of 40 mm before the end of the cigarette's butt, it is of negligible effect on the results whether the cigarette has been extinguished immediately prior to taking the measurement or whether smouldering is maintained during the measuring action. This holds true, however, only on condition that mechanical smoking is carried out under standard Coresta conditions or with variable duration of the second puff, if the latter does not last longer than 4 sec. Under these circumstances, the temperature increase of the tobacco rod is very smalI and does not constitute a causal factor of possible alterations in firmness
Methods For The Quantitative Determination Of Biocides In Tobacco And Tobacco Products. Part V: A Method For Rapid Determination Of The Urea Herbicide Metobromuron/Methoden Zur Quantitativen Bestimmung Von Bioziden In Tabak Und Tabakerzeugnissen. V. Mitteilung: Eine Schnellmethode Zur Bestimmung Des Harnstoff-Herbizides Metobromuron (Patoran)
Authors: Nesemann E. , Seehofer F.
Published: July 2016

During the attempt to transfer to tobacco a method commonly used to determine metobromuron in foodstuffs, it became apparent that only very small amounts of metobromuron and less than 0.1 ppm 4-bromoanilin were found. Nor did the modification of this method produce better results, because metobromuron, apparently linked to tobacco components, cannot be extracted with aqueous acetonitrile. The tobacco was then distilled under hydrolysing conditions and the 4-bromoanilin released was bound as hydrochloride. After gas-chromatographic separation 4-bromoanilin is determined specifically with the microcoulometer (bromine) and with the Coulson detector (nitrogen). The amount of metobromuron is calculated from the 4-bromoanilin. With this method no difference can be made between intact metobromuron and 4-bromoanilin already metabolised from metobromuron. Recovery is 90 % for 4-bromoanilin and 92 % for metobromuron, the coefficient of variation is 3.0 %. In cigarettes whose tobacco had grown in soil which had been treated with 4 kg of Patoran per hectare before transplanting, a mean of 5.8 ppm metobromuron was found by this procedure.
Methods for the Quantitative Determination of Biocides in Tobacco and Tobacco Products: Part VI: A Modified Procedure for Organochlorine, Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticide Residues in Tobacco
Authors: Nesemann E. , Seehofer F.
Published: July 2016

The screening procedure for the determination of pesticide residues in tobacco (organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides) published in 1970 has been improved by introduction of the dry-column chromatography as cleanup procedure. A new procedure has been developed for the detection of carbaryl and propoxur by gas chromatography. The extraction and cleanup method developed can be used to determine 11 organochlorine, 11 organophosphorus and 3 carbamate insecticides. The procedure can be applied to determine further insecticides and, in addition, fungicides, herbicides and metabolites. The recoveries of added pesticides at 0.5 ppm level are between 75 and 102 %. The coefficient of variation detected with parathion is 4.4 %
Microscopical Examinations of the Structural Composition of Reconstituted Tobacco Sheets/Mikroskopische Untersuchungen an Tabakfolien
Authors: Jodl R. , KrülI F.
Published: July 2016

The present paper shows and discusses microphotographs of the structural composition of reconstituted tobacco sheet. So far as the biological activity of the sheets' smoke condensate had been investigated (5), the authors try to find a relation between the said activity and the microscopic structure.
The Effect of Perforated Tipping Paper on the Yield of Various Smoke Components
Authors: Norman V.
Published: July 2016

An investigation is described concerning the effect of tipping perforations on the yield of a variety of smoke components. The degree of ventilation covered the 20-70 % range. Tipping ventilation reduces the amount of air drawn past the cone during the puff and thereby compresses the thermaI profile of the cone. The yield of gaseous smoke components which have unique precursors is a function of time-at-temperature conditions in and near the cone and the effect on the yield differs between precursors as the amount of air flow is varied. Compounds that depend on distillation or sublimation to get into mainstream smoke are much less affected by tipping ventilation, i.e., condensation of these materials onto smoke particles becomes more efficient as the air flow past the cone is reduced and less particulate smoke is produced
Effect of Sampling Conditions on the Composition of the Volatile Phase of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Ceschini P. , Cham D.
Published: July 2016

The examined components in the volatile phase of cigarette smoke increase with the puff number, in the same way as does the smoke condensate. The variation progresses similarly whether sampling with the Grob syringe or the smoking machine. However, when using the syringe we obtain lower values.

The amount of particulate matter on a Cambridge filter has little or no effect on the retention of the volatile phase components by this particulate matter, at least after the smoking of the first cigarette.

The volatile phase, resulting from the total phase collected in the syringe, gives, with the exception of benzene and toluene, higher values than those obtained by direct sampling through a Cambridge filter, both in the complete cigarette smoke test and in the puff-by-puff test.

By sampling the different puffs each time through a new Cambridge filter we observe that values are systematically lower than those obtained by aspiration of the respective puffs through one and the same Cambridge filter.
The Effect of the Natural Sugar Content of Tobacco Upon the Acetaldehyde Concentration found in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Phillpotts D. F. , Spincer D. , Westcott D. T.
Published: July 2016

All the evidence obtained in our laboratories has shown that the total aldehyde yield in tobacco smoke is not related to either sugar content or the equilibrium moisture content of the tobaccos. There is, however, a relationship between particulate matter [PM(WNF)]
The Control of Cigarette Smoke Deliveries Using Heat-Shrinkable Films
Authors: Crellin R. A. , Brooks G. O. , Horsewell H. G.
Published: July 2016

A ventilating filter for cigarettes has been developed which reduces the delivery of smoke constituents from the final two to three puffs. Since the normaI delivery for these three puffs can account for up to half the total particulate matter and nicotine delivered by the whole cigarette, usefuI reductions per cigarette can be produced. The ventilating filter consists of cellulose acetate tow wrapped in heat-shrinkable film and attached to a tobacco rod using perforated tipping paper. When the cigarette is smoked, the perforations remain closed by contact with the impermeable film until transfer of heat to the filter is sufficient to soften the filter tow and shrink the film. Ventilating air now enters the cigarette and reduces the smoke deliveries. The effectiveness of the ventilating filter is increased by using films which have a low shrink temperature, high shrink tension and a high degree of biaxiaI shrinkage. Increases in filter plasticiser level, tipping perforation area and puff volume improve the effectiveness of the ventilating filter but increases in cigarette paper porosity and tobacco butt length reduce the effectiveness
Thermal Decomposition of Tobacco: V. Influence of Temperature on the Formation of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Burton H. R.
Published: July 2016

The temperature-yield profiles of CO and CO
Comparison of Pyrolytic Products from Flue-Cured Tobacco Leaf and a Reconstituted Tobacco Sheet
Authors: Schlotzhauer W. S. , Chortyk O. T.
Published: July 2016

Pyrolytic products of commercial tobacco sheet, flue-cured tobacco leaf, and stems were compared. The yields of acids, bases, neutrals, and phenolics were determined. The neutrals were further characterized by chromatography in order to examine pyrolysis fractions corresponding to biologically active cigarette smoke fractions. Individual phenols, carboxylic acids, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and nicotine were determined for sheet and leaf pyrolyzate. Analyses of constituents of various pyrolyzate fractions indicated significantly lower amounts of phenols, PAH, and nicotine in sheet and stem pyrolyzates than in leaf pyrolyzates
CORESTA - Method No. 2 Method for the determination of sediments on organochlor-pestizides in tobacco / CORESTA - Methode Nr. 2 Methode für die Bestimmung von Rückständen an Organochlor-Pestiziden in Tabak
Authors: Unterausschuss für Pestizidrückstän
Published: July 2016

1. Anwendungsbereich

2. Apparatur und Glasgeräte

3. Reagenzien

4. Eichlösungen

5. Vorbereitung der Tabakproben

6. Extraktion

7. Gaschromatographie
A Smoking Machine Attachment for the Analysis of Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide and Nitric Oxide in the Vapour Phase of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Cumming E. M.
Published: July 2016

An eight-channel smoking attachment for the collection of the vapour phase from cigarettes has been developed. The utilisation of the device for the simultaneous puff by puff measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide is described. The attachment has been constructed for use with the CSM 300 smoking machine but could readily be adapted for use with other smoking machines.
The Reducing Property of Tobacco Smoke: 1. Modified FIue-Cured Tobacco and Other Smoking Products
Authors: Bilimoria M.H. , Nisbet M.A.
Published: July 2016

In order to determine which tobacco constituents give rise to reducing compounds in smoke as well as to find out what factors affected the reducing property of the latter, modifications of flue-cured tobacco by solvent extraction and chemical impregnations were carried out. While no unequivocal evidence has been obtained as to the main source of reducing activity, all the evidence suggests that lignin and phenolic compounds derived therefrom, are the main contributors to reducing activity. A number of cigarette parameters, strand width, expansion of tobacco, paper porosity and burn control additives were studied and found to have no significant effect, within the Iimits tested, on the reducing power of the smoke. On the other hand, additives such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol and carbowax gave distinctly lower reducing activities. Examination of tobacco products showed Iower reducing activities in smoke from Cuban, Latakia and Turkish tobaccos, as well as in smoke from cigarettes made from Indian sun-cured and French dark, fermented tobaccos. The lowest reducing activity was recorded for the highly fermented Perique tobacco. Indian ''bidis'' have specific reducing activities similar to those of standard flue-cured cigarettes. Freshly harvested, rapidly dried green tobacco as well as dried beech leaves, gave specific reducing activities close to those obtained for regular cigarettes. On the other hand, commercially available lettuce cigarettes, which undergo a fermentation step in their manufacture, gave distinctly lower specific activity
Chromatographic Determination of Hydrocarbon Waxes in Tobacco Leaf and Smoke
Authors: Chortyk O.T. , Severson R.F. , Higman H.C.
Published: July 2016

Paraffins of tobacco Ieaf were separated by column chromatography on silicic acid. Leaf paraffins were fractionated from other wax constituents by chromatography in a definite sample to substrate to solvent ratio. The developed method was used to evaluate the transfer of paraffins and neophytadiene from leaf to smoke in a reference cigarette. Gas chromatographic separations were performed on a high-temperature liquid phase. Gas chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry was used to determine the paraffin composition of a representative flue-cured tobacco, a reference cigarette tobacco, and smoke condensate. It was concluded that paraffins were probably transferred to smoke relatively unchanged, while neophytadiene underwent some pyrolytic decomposition.
Residue Levels of Fatty Compounds and Surfactants as Suckering Agents on Tobacco
Authors: Tso T.C. , Chu H. , DeJong D.W.
Published: July 2016

Fatty compounds including lauryI alcohol and methyl laurate and Tween 20 surfactant (polyoxyethylene [20] sorbitan monolaurate) and Tween 80 surfactant (polyoxyethylene [20] sorbitan monooleate) with 14C-labelling at various positions were used as suckering agents for Maryland, Burley, and bright tobacco types (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and their residues on the tobacco determined. An average residue of 1.61 ppm of fatty compounds and 1.0 ppm of surfactants were found. The combined totaI of 2.6 ppm residue due to these suckering agents is far below an earlier preliminary test of 4.8 ppm of residue in comparison with 7.000 ppm naturally occurring fatty compounds in tobacco.
The Thermal Emittance of Cigarette Coal
Authors: Lendvay Andrew T. , Laszlo Tibor S.
Published: July 2016

The radiation intensity emitted by the surface of an extinguished cigarette coal in a heated environment was compared with the radiation intensity of an artificial blackbody at the same temperature. The experiments were carried out at several temperature levels between 50°C and 125°C. The results indicate that the emittance of the cigarette coal is close to unity. The calculated values based on data obtained within the limits of the experiments varied between 0.997 and 0.91 (average 0.97).
Wool Cigarette Filters Part II: Modifications to Promote the Selective Removal of Biologically Active Vapour Phase Components
Authors: Mayfield R.J. , Evans D.J. , Lipson M.
Published: July 2016

Modified-wool cigarette filters have been evaluated for their efficiency in selectively retaining specific biologically active volatile and semivolatile smoke components. Filters containing chemically modified wools or wool treated with low-molecular-weight additives were ineffective. Polymeric additives reduced the cytotoxic level of cigarette smoke by varying degrees. Polyethylenimines were particularly effective additives and selectively removed portions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide, phenols and other weakly acidic compounds. Increasing the moisture content of the treated filters markedly improved their performance. The effectiveness of polyethyleniminetreated filters in removing volatile aldehydes was strongly dependent on the pH of the filter, most efficient removaI occurring at pH 6.0-6.2.
Environmental Contamination of Flue-Cured Tobacco with Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides
Authors: Domanski J.J. , Sheets T.J.
Published: July 2016

Indirect contamination of tobacco by DDT, TDE, endrin, dieldrin, and toxaphene was investigated under field conditions. Levels of DDT + TDE in soil ranged from << 0.01 to 0.18 ppm, and those in cured leaves ranged from 0.11 to 1.69 ppm. The lower stalk position at the major test location generally had greater concentrations of DDT + TDE than the middle and upper positions, but distribution of these insecticides among leaf positions was variable for other locations. Residues of DDT in the bottom stalk position were positively correlated with those in the soil. Plant-bed soils did not appear to be a major source of DDT + TDE residues in cured tobacco. Residues of endrin and dieldrin were near or below the limit of detection (0.01 ppm) in soil and cured leaf. Residues of toxaphene ranged from << 0.1 to 4.7 ppm in soil and << 0.3 to 7.7 ppm on tobacco. Toxaphene residues in the bottom and top stalk positions were positively correlated with residues in soil. Contamination by toxaphene appeared to be attributable to uptake from soil and to movement of the insecticide as drift or vapour through the air.
Studies on the ldentification of Tobacco Alkaloids, their Mammalian Metabolites and Related Compounds by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Pilotti Ake , Enzell Curt R. , McKennis Herbert , Bowman Edward R. , Dufva Eva , Holmstedt Bo
Published: July 2016

Various pyridine compounds, either identified or implied as intermediates in the mammalian metabolism of nicotine or present in tobacco or tobacco smoke, have been studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Spectral and gas chromatographic data for these compounds, which provide a basis for further studies of pyridine compounds in plant and animal tissue, are given. The utility of these data in studies on nicotine and its metabolites in body fluids from humans is illustrated by a determination of nicotine in the plasma from two smokers using quantitative mass fragmentography with the aid of deuterated nicotine.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Isoprene, Acetaldehyde and Acrolein from the Gaseous Phase of Cigarette Smoke - Gaschromatographische Bestimmung von lsopren, Acetaldehyd und Acrolein aus der Gasphase von Cigarettenrauch
Authors: Klimisch H. J. , Wernicke H. , Meißner K.
Published: July 2016

By means of a special sampling technique with a cooled preliminary column parts of each puff from a cigarette are collected. With the aid of subsequent gas chromatographic analysis a quantitative determination of acrolein, acetaldehyde and isoprene from the gaseous phase is effected. The content of these three substances in some trial cigarettes is discussed.
The Determination of Nicotine in Particulate Matter Using Citric Acid and Bromomaleic Acid
Authors: Bourlas Manuel C. , Thomas Charles E. , Esperdy Robert C. , Kuhn William F.
Published: July 2016

It was found that a system consisting of citric acid and bromomaleic acid each dissolved in acetic anhydride may be used to quantitatively determine nicotine, colourimetrically, in a 2-propanoI extract of smoke particulate matter. The coloured complex between nicotine and the above reagents formed in 25 minutes (at 30°C) and had a l
On the Chemistry of Cigar Smoke: Comparisons between Experimental Little and Large Cigars
Authors: Schmeltz lrwin , Brunnemann Klaus D. , Hoffmann Dietrich , Cornell Alan
Published: July 2016

Comparative data have been presented and evaluated on levels of various constituents in five different cigar tobaccos and in the smoke they generate when made into little and Iarge cigars. Generally the large cigars deliver a significantly lower level of mainstream smoke particulates such as TPM, nicotine and benzo[a]pyrene, when compared to the little cigars. On a per cigar basis, however, large cigars (as opposed to Iittle cigars) deliver substantially higher levels of CO and other gas phase constituents. A higher delivery of ammonia by large cigars is noted in the sidestream smoke. When little cigars are wrapped in cigarette paper, the major effects are lower levels of CO (reduced by 50 %). Cigar smoke can be distinguished from cigarette smoke on the basis of pH characteristics, ammonia and CO levels. Future studies should be concerned with establishing the material balance for components in mainstream and sidestream smoke of Iittle cigars and large cigars.
Evolution of the Gas-Vapour Phase and the Total Particulate Matter of Cigarette Smoke in a Single Puff
Authors: Ceschini P. , Lafaye A.
Published: July 2016

The concentration of gas-vapour phase components of cigarette smoke increases almost throughout from the beginning to the end of each puff, as produced on a piston-actioned smoking machine. While this is not true for all substances examined in the 5th puff, it is obvious in the 3rd puff, and very pronounced in the 8th puff, where the increase in volatile components from the second to the last thirds of a single puff is important. This indicates without any doubt that the concentration in volatile components increases from the beginning to the end of a puff. This effect is increased as the smoking progresses towards the butt end of the cigarette. The yield of the crude smoke condensate is about the same in each third of a puff. In the last puff, however, the increase from the 2nd to the last puff third is very pronounced and is comparable to the increase in volatile smoke components from the beginning to the end of the puff.
Control of Tobacco Moth and Tobacco Beetle on Companies’ Premises/Die Bekämpfung von Tabakmotten und Tabakkäfern im Betrieb
Authors: Smit H.
Published: July 2016

Atomisation of insecticides as action against tobacco pests appearing occasionally and the use of electric traps to check the success of the pest controI are described.
Use of Ion-Selective Electrodes in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke Analyses: A Review
Authors: Morie G. P.
Published: July 2016

Ion-selective electrodes have been used for the rapid determination of many components in tobacco and tobacco smoke. The determinations of the following tobacco smoke components with ion-selective electrodes are reviewed: hydrogen sulfide with a sulfide electrode, hydrogen cyanide with a cyanide electrode, nitrogen oxides with a nitrate electrode, and ammonia with an ammonia electrode. The determination of nitrate and ammonia in tobacco is also described. Some possible applications of ion-selective electrodes are discussed, based on the electrode sensitivity and selectivity and the level of certain components in tobacco or tobacco smoke
The Fate of Fatty Compounds and Surfactants Used as Sucker Control Agents on Field Tobacco
Authors: Tso T. C. , Chu H.
Published: July 2016

The fate of fatty compounds and surfactants used for tobacco sucker inhibition was studied with 14C-labelled materials applied to field-grown Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Maryland Catterton plants. Residual materials recovered from test tobacco showed the following: [ 1 ] When lauric acid was used, the residual material was maintained essentially in the acid fraction. [2] When lauryI alcohol was used, a considerable part (9.7-24.8 %) was converted to the acid fraction, indicating possible oxidation of alcohol in the field; smaller amounts (7.4 to 14.8 %) were found in the ester fraction. [3] When methyl laurate was used, most (54-77 %) of the residue was recovered in the acid fraction, a small part (12.6 to 22.7 %) was found in the alcohol fraction, and the rest (10.3-23.3 %) remained in the ester fraction. [4] When Tween surfactants were used, nearly all the residual materials had been hydrolyzed to free polyol and fatty acids
Tobacco as Potential Food Source and Smoke Material
Authors: Tso T.C.
Published: July 2016

Fraction I protein is the most abundant protein in tobacco and accounts for 50 % of its soluble protein. It is composed entirely of amino acids. Its specific nutritional value is comparable with milk and surpasses that of soybeans. During tobacco combustion, Fraction I protein may contribute to the formation of HCN and other undesirable nitrogenous constituents in smoke. It can be removed from harvested leaf tobacco through homogenized leaf curing (HLC) process to improve leaf quality and usability. Considering the total world tobacco production as a whole, Fraction I protein and other soluble proteins so recovered may provide enough food for millions of people. In addition, there will also be a better smoking product
Observations on the Distribution of Certain Tobacco Smoke Components with Respect to Particle Size
Authors: Morie G.P. , Baggett M.S.
Published: July 2016

If the distribution of specific smoke components with respect to particle size were significantly different than the size distribution of particulate matter, a compound or group of compounds might be selectively removed by the selective filtration of a given particle size. Various techniques have been used to determine the particle size distribution of a few smoke components. Berner and Marek used a Goetz aerosol spectrometer to determine the size distribution of potassium in smoke; and Owen, Westcott and Woodman used a conifuge to examine the distribution of three smoke components. In the present work, a cascade impactor was used to separate smoke particles into four fractions of 0.25 to 1.0 µ in diameter based on the principle that particles in a moving airstream impact on a slide placed in their path, if their momentum is sufficient to overcome the drag exerted by the airstream. The particle size distribution of five organic compounds: indole, nicotine, diethyl phthalate, norphytene, and neophytadiene were determined. These size distributions were compared to the distribution of total particulate matter (TPM) and the following observations were made:

1. All compounds were distributed in a pattern similar to that of TPM. Therefore, the selective filtration of a given compound by selective filtration of a given particle size is probably unfeasible.

2. The concentrations of indole and nicotine were higher in the medium-size particles (0.5 to 0.75 µ) than in the small or large particles.

3. It is known that cellulose acetate filters are more efficient for the filtration of small and large particles than they are for medium-size particles. Therefore, the high concentration of nicotine in the medium-size particles may contribute to the slightly higher filtration efficiency these filters have for the TPM than they have for nicotine.
The ldentification of High Molecular Weight Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Biologically Active Fraction of Cigarette Smoke Condensate
Authors: Snook M.E. , Severson R.F. , Arrendale R.F. , Higman H.C. , Chortyk O.T.
Published: July 2016

A gel filtration chromatography method was developed for the isolation and concentration of the high molecular weight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contained in the most biologically active fraction of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). The unusually complex mixture of large PAH found in CSC necessitated the use of preparative gas chromatography followed by high-pressure liquid chromatography to achieve separation and identification. Mass spectral, ultra-violet absorption, and chromatographic retention data were needed for the comprehensive identification of the large molecular weight PAH components of CSC. The majority of the more than 200 isolated compounds were identified. Compounds newly identified in CSC included 3,4-dimethylenepyrene, 3,4-trimethylenepyrene, cyclopenta(c,-d)pyrene, 4,5-methylenetriphenylene, benzo[b]perylene, and several dibenzofluoranthenes.
Genetic Approaches to Varying Chemical Constituents in Tobacco and Smoke
Authors: Chaplin J.F. , Burk L.G.
Published: July 2016

A vast storehouse of genetic variability is contained in collections of Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana species. Methods and techniques of using this material to alter chemical constituents of commercial tobacco are discussed. Simple Mendelian procedures that have resulted in improved varieties may also be used to change chemical constituents. Male-sterility permits the rapid production of F1 hybrids in special situations. Interspecific hybridization allows the transfer of new germplasm. The haploid/diploid method offers instantaneous homozygosity when a haploid is doubled. Any diploidized haploid that shows a favourable change in a chemical trait automatically represents a potentially useful breeding line. Parasexual hybridization is a new technique that involves the fusion of protoplasts. Fusion of protoplasts between diploid tobacco and a species, that cannot be crossed with it by conventional means, provides a valuable new allopolyploid. Thus, conventional breeding methods aided by these new adjunct techniques provide the basis for favourably altering chemical constituents in the leaf and smoke.
Methods to Determine Phytopharmaceuticals in Tobacco and Tobacco Products. 4th Report: A Procedure to Determine Vamidothion and its Metabolites/Methoden zur Bestimmung von Phytopharmaka in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen: IV. Mitteilung: Ein Bestimmungsverfahren fuer Vamidothion und seine Metaboliten
Authors: Sagredos A.N. , Moser R.
Published: July 2016

Based on previous work (7) a method to simultaneously determine vamidothion [I], vamidothion-sulfoxide [II] and vamidothion sulfone [III] in tobacco has been developed. The compounds are extracted with water/acetone/acetic acid from the tobacco, cleansed over an aluminium oxide column and then determined on the gas chromatograph with the specific sulphur detector. Rates of recovery are 70 % - 92 %, the determination level is 0.1 ppm. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance data of vamidothion [I], vamidothion-sulfoxide [ II ] and vamidothion-sulfone [III] are given.
Thermal Decomposition of Tobacco Cell-wall Polysaccharides
Authors: Ohnishi A. , Katō K.
Published: July 2016

In order to clarify the thermal decomposition mechanism of tobacco cell-wall polysaccharides, some of the primary pyrolysis products were investigated using a Curie-point pyrolysis technique. The major primary products of tobacco cellulose prepared from midribs of Nicotiana tabacum, heated at 460°C for 5 seconds in helium or in vacuum, were such 1,6-anhydrosugars as levoglucosan, 1,6-anhydrob-D-glucofuranose, 1,4,3,6-dianhydro-a-D-glucopyranose and levoglucosenone, and such furan compounds as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde. The major primary pyrolysis products of tobacco xylan prepared from stalks of Nicotiana tabacum were 3-hydroxy-2-penteno-1,5-lactone and 2-furaldehyde. Some discussions of the thermal reaction mechanism were presented, based on these results.
A Method for the Determination of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues on Tobacco/Eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Rückstände von Organochlor- und Organophosphor-Pestiziden auf Tabak
Authors: Reif H. , Moser F.
Published: July 2016

The methods currently used for the determination of pesticide residues on tobacco are compared to one another, and a new method is described which results from a combination of extraction and clean-up of the extract. For that purpose, a modified Soxhlet extractor is used which serves at the same time as clean-up column. The comparison to other methods shows clear advantages as regards saving of analysis time and consumption of solvents.
On the Question of Defining So-called Tobacco Smoke Condensate/Zur Frage der Begriffsbestimmung des Tabakrauchkondensats
Authors: Neumann H.J.
Published: July 2016

It is correct to define as "condensate'' those vaporous organic products of reaction which arise in addition to the products of combustion carbon dioxide and water, when cigarettes are smoked, and which can condense when cooling and forming an aerosol of a liquid phase in a gaseous phase. This condensate is clearly defined in DIN 10 240 as "dry smoke condensate''. Reference to this composite substance as "tar'' must be rejected as it is incorrect and can lead to inaccurate assumptions regarding occurrence and composition.
Dilution of Cigarette Smoke through Ventilation of Filters
Authors: Selke W. A.
Published: July 2016

A graphical method is presented showing the inter-relationship of the air flow resistance of the cigarette, itself, and that of the ventilation in the filter tips in determining the dilution produced by that ventilation. The method was checked by direct, steady-state measurements of dilution of unlit cigarettes to which a resistance was added simulating the resistance of the burning coal.
Diffusion of Gaseous Components through the Wrapper of a Cigarette
Authors: Durocher D. F. , Mattina C. F. , Selke W. A.
Published: July 2016

The diffusion of CO and CO
The Determination of Dithiocarbamate Residues in Tobacco: Results of Joint Experiments Carried out Between 1976 and 1978 by CORESTA Pesticide Sub-Group
Authors: Ayers C.W.
Published: July 2016

The CORESTA Pesticide Sub-Group has examined various methods for the determination of dithiocarbamate residues in tobacco. As a result of this work the method described in this paper is recommended.
Identification of Dyes in Paper for Tobacco Products with Particular Consideration of Humic Acid/Identifizierung von Farbstoffen bei Papieren für Tabakerzeugnisse unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Huminsäure
Authors: Jodl R.
Published: July 2016

After a brief look at the food law situation, the particular problems of the presence of humic acid in paper are dealt with. Origin and significance as well as physical and chemical properties of humic acid are described. The principle of the method of analysis is that the dyes transferred from the paper to an aqueous solution are freed of humic acid by acidification and extracted from the centrifugate, using isoamyl alcohol. The concentrated aqueous eluate from the amyl alcohol is examined paper chromatographically. The Rf figures for the dyes after their said preparation are quoted and the analytical procedure explained by means of examples.
Composition Studies on some Varieties of Tobacco and their Smoke: I. Major Components in Smoke Condensate
Authors: Matsushima Sanji , lshiguro Shigeo , Sugawara Shiro
Published: July 2016

The relative proportions of the major smoke components and N-containing components in the semi-volatile phase and the non-volatile phase from some varieties of tobacco, i.e. flue-cured, Burley and Turkish tobacco, were determined. In flue-cured tobacco smoke, 2-furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and other carbohydrate pyrolysates, catechols and organic acids were present in higher concentrations than in the smoke from the other tobaccos. In Burley tobacco smoke, myosmine was present in much higher concentration than in the smoke from the other tobaccos. In Turkish tobacco smoke, glycerol and β-methylvaleric acid were both present in much higher concentrations.
Quantitative Determination of Naphthalenes in Tobacco Smoke by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Arrendale R. F. , Severson R. F. , Snook M. E.
Published: July 2016

Our previously developed method for the determination of three-ring and larger polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (P AH) of cigarette smoke was modified to allow quantitative determination of the more volatile P AH. Recovery tests with 14C-naphthalene showed that this smoke P AH was being lost to a large extent during the usual solvent evaporation steps. Special solvent removal techniques, using very efficient distillation equipment, were developed and tested to quantitatively recover the naphthalenes. The gas chromatographic profile for the volatile P AH, including naphthalenes, fluorenes, and related compounds, is discussed in relation to the modified procedure. Quantitative values for some of the PAH of cigarette smoke are given. The developed solvent removal and concentration techniques should be most applicable to the analysis of environmental samples containing volatile compounds.
Coulometric Determination of Hydrogen Cyanide in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Sloan Cephas H.
Published: July 2016

We have described a method for determining the HCN delivered in whole cigarette smoke and in smoke condensate extracted from filters. The method is simple, rapid and precise. It eliminates many manual operations and is semi-automatic.
Effects Attributed to Maleic Hydrazide when used for Chemical Sucker Control on Bright Tobacco
Authors: Seltmann Heinz
Published: July 2016

The effect of maleic hydrazide (MH) per se on bright tobacco was determined by comparing plants treated with MH to those without MH under conditions of good chemical sucker control. Sequential applications of each of five contact-type agents with MH one week later (Group I) were compared to dual applications of each of the same contact agents (Group II). In Group II suckers missed during applications were individually wetted to ensure excellent control. Sucker control was measured as 95 % for Group I and assumed to be 99 % for Group II. There were no agronomic differences between Groups I and II. In the visual warehouse appraisal, there was only a statistical difference for thin-bodied tobaccos between the two groups and a trend for slightly more heavy-bodied tobaccos in Group I. The chemical and physical analyses showed that filling value at 13 % moisture and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) measured at 60 % relative humidity were significantly lower in Group I than Group II. The result for EMC was questioned. Actual values for total alkaloids, total volatile bases minus nicotine, total ash, and alkalinity number of water-soluble ash were lower and reducing sugars were higher where MH was used. Except for EMC, the findings in this study reflected those established in studies where MH-treated and normally hand-suckered tobaccos were compared, but the differences here were generally not as great.