bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacteriophage P1
Authors: Lehnherr Hansjörg
Published: November 2023

In the first edition of this volume, Michael B. Yarmolinsky and the late Nat L. Sternberg wrote a 147-page chapter filled to the brim with scientific, historical, and anecdotal information about bacteriophage P1 (198). Their work was the first comprehensive review covering 35 years of P1 research. Following in their footsteps, this review inevitably relies heavily on its predecessor. Any reader with an interest in P1 is strongly advised to also read the Yarmolinsky and Sternberg review, which extensively covers aspects of P1 biology that are still valid and up todate and therefore not covered here. It is the aim of this account to provide the reader with a general overview of bacteriophage P1 biology, with special focus on developments during the last 15 years. The data are arranged to reflect a lytic phage infection cycle, with an inbuilt detour covering the plasmid life style of P1 during lysogeny.
Temperate Bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Fink Pamela S , Zahler Stanley A
Published: November 2023

Bacillus subtilis strains, like many other bacteria, contain temperate bacteriophage genomes within their chromosomes. Some of these bacteriophages form viable infective particles upon induction, for example f105 and SP b. Other bacteriophages, such as PBSX, appear to be remnants of intact viruses that no longer have a complete genome but package fragments of the bacteria1 chromosome during phage maturation. • subtilis temperate bacteriophages come in a variety of shapes and sizes, which will be detailed in the next section. Despite physical differences, these phages have one thing in common: only linear, double-stranded DNA, be it bacteriophage or bacterial chromosome in origin, is packaged in the phage particle. There have been no reports of single-stranded DNA phages in Bacillus species, and only one report of an RNA phage, AP50, which is specific for Bacillus anthracis (89). A chapter on B. subtilis temperate bacteriophages appeared in the first edition of The Bacteriophages (151). Since that time, a wealth of information has been reported about these phages. New isolates have been identified, phage-specific gene products have been characterized, and the DNA sequences of the entire SPb and PBSX genomes have been determined.
Phage in Display
Authors: Lindqvist Bjorn H
Published: November 2023

Phage display is a process by which a peptide or a protein is expressed as an exterior fusion to a surface protein of a phage particle. The peptide or protein sequence can be deduced from its encoding DNA sequence that resides in the phage particle or in a transductant. Amplification of the DNA of interest can take place by phage/transductant propagation or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). By producing large populations of phage particles, each expressing a unique peptide or protein, peptide/protein libraries can be obtained. Peptides or proteins, interacting with defined molecular targets most often proteins can be isolated from such libraries by enrichment through repeated cycles of panning. Hence, phage display can be thought of as a ‘‘search engine’’ of protein^target interactions. The pioneering work of Smith (113) first demonstrated surface display of peptides in filamentous phage fd. This innovation was extended to peptide libraries of fd and M13 (19, 22, 108) and phagemid display was introduced (6). The display of proteins such as antibody domains and combinatorial antibody libraries soon followed (5, 59, 75). From the beginning of the 1990s phage-display-related publications have grown exponentially (128). Several reviews (some general, e.g., 58, 125; and many specialized) are available. There are numerous reports and several laboratory manuals (4) describing development and use of filamentous phage display in identification of peptide or protein interactions with simple organic compounds, antibodies, receptors, etc. Phage display is also a useful tool in protein engineering and directed evolution (44). Then there is the large sector of phage antibody display (64) and the more recent field of immune profiling and its implication for vaccine development (15, 112). Furthermore, complex targets such as cells (92) and whole tissues/organs (91) have been subjected to phage display analysis. These studies explore novel approaches for in vivo homing in gene/drug delivery (78), cancer surveillance/treatment (2, 86, 103), and imaging (127).
June 15 Macbeth
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Word from Boston spread around town on the afternoon of May 31 that Kelsey Grammer’s Macbeth-the first new Broadway show of the season-was about to disband its band of witches and shutter four days later, on Tony Award Sunday. This in the face of the worst pre-Broadway reviews in-well, nine weeks, when Elaine May’s Taller Than a Dwarf met similar resistance from the same critics at the same theatre in the same town. Terry Byrne of the Boston Herald noted that the play-which “usually incites gut-wrenching terror, sadness and, finally, redemption”-in Grammer’s hands “elicits only snickers and the kind of horror that comes from seeing a production go completely awry:’ Ed Siegel in the Boston Globe called it a “two-hour freight train of an adaptation:’ Markland Taylor of Variety called it “a reasonably competent, underlit staged reading:’ finding the star “a stolid, somewhat flat-footed middle-class, middle-aged man:’ Here, you had a surefire crowd nonpleaser. But you also had a major television star in tow.
October 19 Proof
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Manhattan Theatre Club has enjoyed a long and distinguished life since it began operations in 1970. Under the guidance of artistic director Lynne Meadow and executive producer Barry Grove, who arrived in 1972 and 1974, respectively, it has provided audiences with a steady stream of entertainment. Intimate plays have been its mainstay, with multiple offerings from playwrights such as Terrence McNally, A. R. Gurney, Athol Fugard, Beth Henley, Alan Ayckbourn, David Margulies, and Charles Busch. MTC’s biggest “hit” was its early musical revue Ain’t Misbehavin’, which enjoyed worldwide success when it transferred to Broadway in 1977.
November 13 Matters of the Heart
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The curse of the Broadway theatre, real estate-wise, is that it is a limited-use facility. You get eight performances a week-when you’ve got a show running, that is-which means you’re open to the public roughly twenty-four hours a week. The rest of the time, you pay your electricity and heating and mortgage and insurance and everything else without the possibility of collecting any income. Most Broadway attractions play a Tuesday through Sunday matinee schedule, which leaves them dark two nights a week-nights when you could otherwise fill some seats.
November 14 Betrayal
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

I went to the 2000 revival of Betrayal as someone who had never quite connected with the work of Harold Pinter. His early plays were produced before I started attending serious drama. Three of them made quite a stir on Broadway: The Birthday Party (London, 1958; New York, 1967), The Caretaker (1960/1961), and The Homecoming (1965/1967). I read them, all three together, when I was about fifteen. Not the optimal introduction to Pinter, I suppose. Still, I found them absorbing, and I dutifully went to see the next Pinter play to make it across the pond. But Old Times (1970/1971) left me totally unengaged. I have duly attended the other two Pinter plays that have made it to The 1980 Broadway production of Broadway, but I found No Man’s Betrayal was so pallid that it made no Land (1974/1976) stodgy and Be-impression on me whatsoever.
March 22 Bloomer Girl
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

W hen the 1944 musical comedy Bloomer Girl began its preBroadway tour in Philadelphia, it was hailed as the new Oklahoma! But a new Oklahoma! it wasn’t, despite the presence of six stalwarts from the 1943 Rodgers and Hammerstein classic (choreographer Agnes de Mille; set designer Lemuel Ayres; costume designer Miles White; orchestrator Russell Bennett; and leading players Celeste Holm and Joan McCracken). Bloomer Girl came into town with a strong advance sale, received strong but not ecstatic reviews, and enjoyed a thenimpressive 654-performance run.
March 26 Judgment at Nuremberg
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Abby Mann’s Judgment at Nuremberg first appeared in 1959 as a television play, with a stellar cast (including Austrian actor Maximilian Schell). Producer-director Stanley Kramer brought Judgment at Nuremberg to the big screen in 1961, with Mann adapting his teleplay into a screenplay. (Mann won an Oscar for his efforts, as did Schell.) In 2001, Mann brought Nuremberg to Broadway, with Schell once more heading the cast. No awards, this time, and little acclaim. Why? Several reasons leap to mind. The medium; the stars; the time; and the times.
March 29 The Invention of love
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

W illiam Goldman, in his 1969 book The Season, defined what he called the “Snob Hit!’ More or less, it is a so­phisticated play that gets great reviews on Broadway and sells a lot of tickets (for a sophisticated play). Only a few people like it, and even fewer understand it. The play must be British, Goldman tells us; it must be at least partially unintelligible; and “the audience that goes to the Snob Hit must be convinced that the ‘average’ theatregoer wouldn’t understand it!’ Goldman was not writing about Tom Stoppard’s The Invention of Love, not back in 1969. (He did point out, though, that most Snob Hits incorporate “poets, clerics, historical figures from various ages”). Goldman was discussing Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead.
April 24 The Gathering
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Arje Shaw, the author of the Holocaust-themed drama The Gathering, “arrived in New York City in 1949 at the age of eight with his parents and sister from a displaced persons camp in Bergen Belsen, Germany:’ This from his Playbill bio, which concludes with “Mr. Shaw would like to dedicate this play to the martyrs and survivors who found the strength to pick up the pieces and rebuild their lives:’ Mr. Shaw was very much in earnest, and one can only admire his intentions. But his play was clunky. You might get the benefit of the doubt at the West Coast Jewish Theatre in Los Angeles, where The Gathering had its first reading with a cast headed by Ed Asner, or even at New York’s Jewish Repertory Theatre, where it was produced in 1999 with Theodore Bikel in the lead. But Broadway is a tough-hearted place, especially when you’re one of seven shows opening within the final sixteen days of the season.
April 26 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Mark Twain placed the famous fence-painting scene right near the beginning of his 1876 novel, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, in chapter 2. You remember: Tom has been commanded to whitewash a fence, as Saturday afternoon punishment for some minor misdeed. He quickly maneuvers his friends into doing the work-and paying him for the privilege (half-eaten apples, old doorknobs, and such). As the chapter draws to a close, Twain notes that Tom “had discovered a great law of human action, without knowing it-namely, that in order to make a man or a boy covet a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difficult to attain.
May 1 King Hedley II
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Consider the response if you or I or Jon Robin Baitz or Edward Albee announced, back in 1984, that we were going to write a new play every two years for the next twenty years and have them all produced on Broadway. Then, add in that the plays would be well received; and that they would win two Pulitzers, six Critics Circle Awards, one Tony, and five additional Tony nominations among them. And add in that they would all deal with African-American culture, utilizing almost exclusively African-American casts and directors.
May 2 42nd Street
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The big, brassy, bountiful Broadway musical died a cruel death in the mid-196os. Ineffective shows, aging creators, a changing public, and rising costs combined to bring an era to an end. Top-dollar Broadway musicals started to become smaller and smaller. The full-bodied ensemble, back in the 1950s, was typically built on four eights: eight male singers, eight female singers, eight male dancers, eight female dancers. This started to diminish, until they might hire only twelve or sixteen altogether. (The 1975 musical A Chorus Line was built around an audition to select four “boys” and four “girls:’) Increased labor and material costs took their toll, as shows became less and less lavish. Exceptions, like the 1971 production of Follies and the 1973 revival of Irene, had enormous losses despite lengthy runs. By the middle of the decade, the big Broadway musical was but a memory.
cowboys to Girls’’ (1968)
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

If There Was One Particular Year In Which American Society threatened to disintegrate, that year was 1968. Mired in a increasingly unpopular war in Vietnam, with any signs of a negotiated settlement dashed by the Communist-led Tet Offensive in January, President Johnson told the nation that he would not seek reelection that fall. Weeks later, a white gunman assassinated Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, igniting black rioting and violence in some 12 5 cities and causing more than thirty deaths and thousands of injuries and arrests. That June, Robert Kennedy-perhaps the only white politician with an enthusiastic black following-was murdered in Los Angeles. Over 100,000 blacks and whites marched together in Kennedy’s processional, but many wondered whether nonviolence itself was at an end as subsequent rioting left forty-six dead. The Democratic Convention, held in Chicago that summer, symbolized the country’s internal bleeding, as antiwar demonstrators, in full view of the mass media, were beaten mercilessly by police. That fall, Republican Richard Nixon eked out a narrow victory over his opponent. To many blacks-90 percent of whom voted Democratic-Nixon’s victory signaled the perpetuation of institutional racism. While America had always been racially divided, the situation had not engendered such direct conflict for over a century.
“Only the Strorcj Survive” (1969)”
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff, And Thom Bell Got Off to a spectacular start in 1969, when Jerry Butler’s “Only the Strong Survive” old over a million copies. It was a song that would not have been written had Butler not heard someone utter the title phrase in a conversation. Butler thought it would make a great topic for a song, and Gamble and Huff agreed. In what Butler called “one of the most productive and inspiring writing sessions” the three ever had, they sat down and wrote the million-seller “Only the Strong Survive.”
“Loain”(1972)
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

Whatever The Initial Problems With Philadelphia International Records were, the regular coterie of studio musicians that Gamble and Huff employed on their recording sessions was not included in them. The core of this endowed group was its rhythm section, “a family [that] worked together and played off of each other,” said trombonist Fred Joiner.1 By now, original players Ronnie Baker, Roland Chambers, Bobby Eli, Norman Harris, Vince Montana, Larry Washington, and Earl Young had been joined by pianist/organist Lenny Pakula and guitarist T. J. Tindall. While this talented group was free to work individually or collectively for whomever they chose, they came to be known as the house band of Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff. (Thom Bell simply regarded them as the best musicians available and hired them accordingly.) Because Gamble and Huff were now responsible for a preponderance of the recording at Sigma Sound, their approval became a prerequisite to playing with what had come to be regarded as Philadelphia’s” A-team” of studio players.
“Ain’t No Stoppin’ Us Now’’ (1979-1982)
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

AS 1979 Began, The Big News Around Philadelphia International was the signing of a new vocal group-and a female group at that. That the Jones Girls-three sisters from Detroit-were veterans of the recording studio when they arrived at 309 South Broad Street was not unusual. What was surprising was that the trio had not been Kenny Gamble’s first choice to add to Philadelphia Intemational’s roster. That distinction had gone to the masterful background singers Barbara Ingram, Evette Benton, and Carla Benson, a.k.a the Sweethearts of Sigma. Since 1971, the three young singers had developed into the consummate recording studio professionals and had sung on a majority of tracks recorded in Philadelphia during the decade. The Sweethearts were every producer’s dream. Fastidiously talented, they took pride in their work and often refused to leave the studio until they obtained the exact sound they sought. Many producers insisted on recording a song on tape, line by line, but the Sweethearts preferred to learn a song “all the way down and [then record] the entire thing,” said Evette. “That was better than ‘stop, stop, stop.111 The Sweethearts reached a point where they did not even have to be told what to sing on a particular track. Producers would hire them for a session and simply tell them to put some background vocals on the song. “And then they would leave!” exclaimed Carla. The Sweethearts sometimes sang the background vocals to a track before the lead vocals were added. “And we could work fast,” added Evette, which meant that a producer did not have to budget a lot of money for the Sweethearts’ talents.
The Art of Persuasion in Nabokov’s Lolita
Authors: Tamir-Ghez Nomi
Published: November 2023

Booth discusses Lolita as an example of a novel in which a “vicious center of consciousness” (Humbert) with “full and unlimited control of the rhetorical resources” (390) almost makes a case for himself.
“So Nakedly Dressed”: The Text of the Female Body in Nabokov’s Novels
Authors: Shute Jenefer
Published: November 2023

This description, from Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Ada, is of a twelve year-old girl as perceived by her close coeval and “cousin,” Van, whose in choate and reluctant desire is now beginning to articulate itself.
Artist in Exile: The Americanization of Humbert Humbert
Authors: Haegert John
Published: November 2023

Questions spring to mind when so overt an appeal is made to American themes and sources. In what ways may Lolita be expressive not only of Nabokov’s perennial concerns (namely, art and the aesthetic imagination) but of a new and pressing interest in securing an American identity? What does that vague term American novel mean, after all, and of what use is it when applied to the work of a writer so conspicuously international in outlook? In light of Nabokov’s concerted attempt to reclaim America for his own creative purposes, it may prove fruitful to reexamine Lolita, both as an American novel and as a work of emigre fiction, in an effort to see how its celebrated theme of the wayward artist is imbued with a characteristically American resonance.
Revisiting Lolita
Authors: Wood Michael
Published: November 2023

Nabokov’s Lolita appeared in Paris (in English, published by Olympia Press) in 1955 but then was banned in France the following year, apparently because of complaints from the British embassy that too many susceptible tourists were buying it and smuggling it home. The ban was lifted three years later. Excerpts from Lolita were printed in the Anchor Review in 1957, but the book was not published in full in the United States until 1958 and in the United Kingdom until 1959.
Biologic Adaptations and Neural Repair
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H
Published: November 2023

After an ischemic, hypoxic or traumatic injury to the central nervous system, physical and cognitive impairments and accompanying disabilities usually lessen over days, months, and even years. Remarkably mutable intrinsic biologic processes may enable these gains (Table 2–1). Clinically useful adaptations that follow an injury to the nervous system must proceed within the framework of its structures and functions. An injury may initiate molecular and cellular cascades for neuroplasticity, but activity-dependent plasticity is a more potent drive for functional adaptations in patients. Spontaneous improvements in impairments and disabilities may follow an injury over the very short term.
The Rehabilitation Team
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H
Published: November 2023

The goals of neurologic rehabilitation, to help patients become as functional as possible across interacting impairments, disabilities, and personal needs, require a team of professionals who partner in inpatient and outpatient settings. I will refer to the team of rehabilitation specialists, such as nurses, physical therapists, physicians, and others, as rehabilitation clinicians or rehabilitationists, to best convey their equality at the patient’s bedside. Together, they practice the experiential art and science of the possible.
Acute and Chronic Myelopathies
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H
Published: November 2023

For young men and women, a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) may mean negotiating a life yet uncharted in a wheelchair. For older victims of falls and accidents, a charted path veers to a pace slowed by physical barriers, bladder catheters, and pain. At first, no patient succumbs to the notion of life without walking. No person can imagine a lifetime of not being able to scratch one’s nose or feed oneself. The sound bytes from the media about an imminent cure for SCI leads to desperate searches for interventions that had modest success in rodents or to spending money in backstreet clinics for illusory healing through sham treatments.
Unnatural Natural Products
Authors: Hopwood David A
Published: November 2023

After a couple of lean decades in which no useful natural antibiotics were discovered (Figure 2.1), most drug companies concluded that screening of microorganisms was no longer a worthwhile strategy. Two alternatives offered to fill the gap. One was to return to synthetic chemistry. Before the antibiotic era, chemists had dominated the pharmaceutical industry. The arsenic compound Salvarsan was an unpleasant treatment for syphilis in the 1920s, but the synthetic sulphonamides that immediately preceded the antibiotic era were very good antibacterials. Although largely eclipsed by penicillin, they still have their uses. The early 1990s saw a renewed assertiveness by medicinal chemists, emboldened by the invention of a new field of synthesis, called combinatorial chemistry, in which robots make thousands of compounds in miniaturized reactions, ringing the changes on a set of building units joined in different ways. It is a bit like letting a horde of preschool children loose on a mound of Lego blocks to see how many different structures they can build in a morning’s session. Vast numbers of new compounds can come out of a “combichem” laboratory, and a few promising leads are being followed up, but most synthetic compounds will not interact with microbes or cell receptors in interesting ways, so the hit rate is very low.
Introduction
Authors: Rodensky Lisa
Published: November 2023

There is a dignified simplicity in the way the Victorian jurist Sir James Fitz-james Stephen, writing not only as a criminal lawyer but also as a journalist, statutory draftsman, high court judge, and legal historian, begins his discussion of criminal responsibility in the second volume of A History of the Criminal Law of England, the only history of criminal law published during Victoria’s reign and still indispensable to the study of the English criminal law. Stephen proffers the general rule—that people are responsible for their actions—with an appealing straightforwardness, as appealing as the way he recognizes, without paltering, the exceptions to that rule. They are important and interesting. But they are neither simple nor straightforward.
Introduction
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

What is harmonic rhythm? Imagine a pianist who plays the first phrase of “The Star-Spangled Banner” in the right hand and accompanies it with precisely the same chord for each beat in the left hand. Then imagine the melody accompanied by a different chord for each beat (see ex. r-1). The notes in the second version are no faster than in the first; all the durations are the same. Yet the second seems far more active, with a for¬ ward motion entirely lacking in the first version.
Densities of Harmonic Rhythm
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

Obivously a traid can progress to another with quiescent subtlety, with terrific force, and with every degree of emphasis in between. Debussy begins his Prelude no. I, book I, “Danseuses de Delphes,” (ex. 6-1) with a series of six-note chords, but after the first it becomes clear that only four real melodies are in counterpoint; the parallel octaves in right and left hands are amplifications of the outermost voices. For one beat in the third measure these outer voices alone continue the motion; then the alto joins in. In the fourth measure we hear sevennote chords for the first time and as many as five active voices.
On The Persistence of the Cerebral Body and Its Alternatives
Authors: Martensen Robert L
Published: November 2023

The Cerebal Body and the Logic of Biomedicine To the degree we accept biomedicine as a science, we believe by definition that its investigative practices and the knowledge they produce or will produce or might produce constitute what scientia literally means: reliably universal knowledge. In this enterprise, physiology, now carried on at the additional level of the gene, has managed to not only maintain its epistemological prestige compared with early modem times but also to increase it. Physiology, after all, is one of the few areas in medicine that deals with laws. In this its position in the life sciences is akin to that of physics in the physical sciences. As such both have remained simultaneously transparent, by which I mean seemingly self-evident and universal, at least to their initiates, and relatively opaque to analyses that rely on historical or cultural relationships to probe claims to universal truth.
Plot in Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert
Published: November 2023

Plot can be defined as the dynamic, sequential element in narrative literature. Insofar as character, or any other element in narrative, becomes dynamic, it is a part of the plot. Spatial art, which presents its materials simultaneously, or in a random order, has no plot; but a succession of similar pictures which can be arranged in a meaningful order (like Hogarth’s “Rake’s Progress”) begins to have a plot because it begins to have a dynamic sequential existence. The images on a strip of motion-picture film are an extreme development of this plot-potential in spatial form. Aristotle, who had the tragic drama mainly in mind, said that plot was the soul of mimetic literary works. In discussing the novel, E. M. Forster quarreled politely with Aristotle and gave character priority over plot. The reasons for this we shall consider when we tum to the characteristic plots of realistic fiction. They are not unlike the reasons which moved Henry James to try to blur the distinction between plot and character in the passage quoted at the beginning of Chapter 5 above. But Aristotle was thinking in absolute terms. He could conceive of a tragedy without much character study (ethos) but not of one without action (praxis).
Beyond the Pill and the IUD
Authors: Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

After the pill and the IUD, it would be 30 years before a totally new method of contraception gained approval by the FDA. This was the subdermal implant system, Norplant. Like the pill, its primary action is based on the inhibition of ovulation; like the IUD, it is long-acting, reversible, and has an effectiveness in the range of surgical sterilization. Because it lasts for 5 years, one visit to a clinic can replace 1800 days of pill-taking. Because it does not require a gynecological procedure, it offers a new choice for long-term contraception.

Implant contraception began in my New York laboratory, but was possible only because others had made important discoveries. We were attempting to develop a removable plug for reversible closure of the vas deferens in men. The rabbit was our animal model, and the material we were using was Silastic, a Dow-Corning medical-grade plastic. The actual chemical name is polydimethyl siloxane. It is the polymerized form of a silicone-based compound. The idea was to take advantage of its biocompatibility: It could be used in the human body without causing a reaction or allergic response. When we started this work, Silastic had already been in medical use for over 15 years.
Diversity, Trust, and Moral Understanding
Authors: Friedman Marilyn
Published: November 2023

Dialogue with people who hold diverse points of view has been championed by various theories and traditions as an important means of moral development. John Stuart Mill, for example, famously argued that a crucial task for a lively intellect is to engage continually with views different from one’s own, particularly with those at odds with one’s own. These encounters offer both sides a win-win situation. Each side to any dispute gains either by learning about new truths one had not formerly grasped or by being stimulated to recall or recognize the reasons supporting one’s own perspectives. No encounter with viewpoints different from one’s own is an intellectual waste of time, in Mill’s assessment.
Exposure
Authors: Crosby Donald G
Published: November 2023

The trouble always begins with exposure: no exposure, no dermatitis. Most often, the exposure is direct—the skin actually contacts a plant or plant product. Alternatively, exposure can be indirect (secondary), where contact is made with contaminated fur, tools, clothing, or even your own or some- one else’s skin. It also can be systemic, when one eats food that contains phototoxic constiturents and then goes out into the sunlight. Occupational exposure is very common (table 8.1), but everyone is exposed to plant allergens and irritants at some point.
An Analysis of Factual Knowledge
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

I intend to provide an analysis of human factual knowledge, in other words, an analysis of what it is for a man to know that something is the case. I try to capture the conception of human factual knowledge that ordinary knowledgeable humans do in fact employ in making commonsensical judgments about the presence or absence of such knowledge. My analysis will depart most radically from all previously offered analyses and will, I think, be all the better for this departure.
Pre´cis of Living High and Letting Die
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

Because this Symposium’s commentators so clearly indicate so much of the central content of my Living High and Letting Die, I’ll provide only a skeletal Precis of the book. Reducing redundancy, this also will allow more space to develop this content, in response to questions from critics, so as to clarify what’s in the book and, perhaps, its potential for helping us appreciate both morality itself and morally central facts of our current situation.1
Falling Down the Time Shaft: The Case of the Incredible Shrinking Planet
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L
Published: November 2023

The Earth today is a shrinking island adrift in the sea of time. Maybe you find that sentence somewhat mystical for a science book. But it is not really mystical. It is thoroughly scientific. This chapter has the job of explaining it. In what scientific sense is the Earth shrinking? And what makes it an island adrift in time? By saying “shrinking,” I do not mean some added consequence of global warming! It’s not as if the Earth were made of wool or cotton, and we returned to the galactic laundromat to find a pea-sized planet in its dryer. But, for most species, that might as well be the case. Most forms of life survive only in natural environments. And we are shrinking those environments pitilessly. We convert them-square mile after square mile-to our own purposes. Moreover, whatever we take for ourselves, we change so radically that almost none of the other species in the world can still live in it.
Fighting for crumbs:The Traditional Forms of Biological Conservation
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L
Published: November 2023

Functioning by themselves, the traditional forms of conservation are running out of time. Although they sure feel good-and right-in the end, conservation as we now practice it will only delay the monumental forces humanity has deployed against the world’s diversity. Increasingly, traditional forms of conservation are becoming little more than diversions that occupy the attention of concerned citizens while the real struggle goes largely ignored.
Ganglionic and Lobar Hemorrhages
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Patients with hematomas in the dominant parietal lobe display abnormalities in naming, reading, writing, calculations, finger identification, and left–right distinction. In contrast, patients with hematomas in the nondominant parietal lobe largely experience neglect of the opposite body half and constructional difficulties. Neglect of a hemiparesis may be associated with visually based naming errors and difficulty with writing, particularly omission of letters. Occipital hematomas may be manifested by visual hallucinations and bright colors, but homonymous hemianopia often remains the sole clinical finding on examination.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Cerebral venous thrombosis may lead to venous hypertension and hemorrhagic infarction. Its presentation commonly confuses clinicians, who may consider more exotic causes when confronted with a young person with a sudden hemorrhagic mass. However, the diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis has been greatly aided by MRI and magnetic resonance venography. It can be estimated that fewer than 10% of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis will need neurologic intensive care during the course of the disease. Reasons for admission to the NICU include the development of hemorrhagic infarction, seizures, and other life-threatening complications in patients with a hypercoagulable state, such as pulmonary embolus or arterial occlusion.
Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

In terms of severity and proclivity for clinical deterioration, a large hemispheric stroke due to occlusion of the main arterial tributary is generally recognized as one of the major neurologic critical illnesses. The arterial occlusion may involve the stem or one of the larger branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Although many neurologists are appreciably complacent about therapeutic interventions in patients with a massive stroke in whom expectations for functional recovery seem low, aggressive management in selected patients may result in a very reasonable outcome.
Cerebellar Infarct
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Cerebellar infarction accounts for only 1% of all patients with ischemic stroke but is more common in younger patients, probably because of vertebral artery dissection. Cerebellar infarction can be isolated or coexist with brain stem, thalamic, or cortical infarcts. However, cerebellar infarcts may become of greater relevance when swollen tissue produces a mass effect. Usually within 3 days, signs of swelling overshadow vertigo and ataxia. Mass effect develops more frequently in patients with full territorial cerebellar infarcts, although only half have clinical deterioration.
Status Epilepticus
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

Status epilepticus is a neurologic emergency that not only needs rapid pharmacologic intervention but also is more properly treated when its cause is identified. Fortunately, 70% to 80% of patients with status epilepticus become seizure-free in the emergency department from treatment with repeated boluses of benzodiazepines and intravenous loading with a sufficient amount of phenytoin. Thus, persistent and therapy-refractory generalized tonicclonic seizures after admission to the NICU indicate a more severe form of status epilepticus with undoubtedly higher probability of permanent neurologic damage. A critical juncture is time of successful administration of antiepileptic agents. Delay in treatment (more than 30 minutes to 1 hour) could lead to persistent neurologic damage, mostly from memory deficits.
Nosocomial Infections
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

A nosocomial infection is arbitrarily defined as any infection developing 48 hours after admission. This definition implies that there is no clinical or laboratory evidence of infection in the first 2 days and no infection incubating on admission. An infection manifested earlier is considered community-acquired. Nosocomial infections are much more likely in intensive care units because of the severity of the underlying illness, extremes of age, and multiplicity of devices and instruments. Published epidemiologic surveys have unequivocally shown that hospital-acquired infection contributes greatly to morbidity, mortality, and, often, length of stay in the intensive care unit, with attendant extravagant costs.
Mind A Brief Introduction
Authors: Searle John R
Published: November 2023

The philosophy of mind is unique among contemporary philosophical subjects, writes John Searle, “in that all of the most famous and influential theories are false.” In Mind, Searle dismantles these famous and influential theories as he presents a vividly written, comprehensive introduction to the mind. Here readers will find one of the world’s most eminent thinkers shedding light on the central concern of modern philosophy. Searle begins with a look at the twelve problems of philosophy of mind--which he calls “Descartes and Other Disasters”--problems which he returns to throughout the volume, as he illuminates such topics as the freedom of the will, the actual operation of mental causation, the nature and functioning of the unconscious, the analysis of perception, and the concept of the self. One of the key chapters is on the mind-body problem, which Searle analyzes brilliantly. He argues that all forms of consciousness--from feeling thirsty to wondering how to translate Mallarmé--are caused by the behavior of neurons and are realized in the brain system, which is itself composed of neurons. But this does not mean that consciousness is nothing but neuronal behavior. The main point of having the concept of consciousness, Searle points out, is to capture the first person subjective features of the phenomenon and this point is lost if we redefine consciousness in third person objective terms. Described as a “dragonslayer by temperament,” John Searle offers here a refreshingly direct and open discussion of philosophy, one that skewers accepted wisdom even as it offers striking new insights into the nature of consciousness and the mind.
Pursuing Visions: Interpretation
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

The constitutional decisions of the Supreme Court are political not merely in the sense that they are based on considerations that go beyond the traditionally legalistic but also in the more specific sense that they take account of political reactions to judicial interpretations. This is, I have suggested, simultaneously widely known and widely denied. It is both a commonplace and a heresy. It is desirable and intolerable. As the abortion cases demonstrate, it happens most dramatically while being denied most emphatically.
History of Stress Testing
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H
Published: November 2023

The cornerstone of modern stress testing is based on the empirical discovery that exercise in patients with coronary disease produces ST-segment depression. This discovery might be credited to Bousfield, who recorded STsegment depression in the three standard ECG leads during a spontaneous attack of angina in 1918; or, it might be credited to Feil and Siegel, who, in 1928, actually exercised patients with known angina to bring about pain and, concurrently, the ST- and T-wave changes we now recognize as showing evidence of ischemia. These researchers described the changes as being due to a decrease in blood flow to the heart, and they published tracings showing a return to normal after the pain had subsided and also after administration of nitroglycerin. Feil and Siegel conducted their stress tests by having the patients do sit-ups; in selected cases, they held their hands on the patient’s chest to increase the resistance and therefore the energy required to perform this maneuver. Einthoven may have actually recognized the changes associated with ischemia. He published a tracing in 1908 showing ST-segment depression after exercise, but did not comment on this finding. Felberbaum and Finesilver probably published the first paper describing a step test in 1927. Using a footstool 12 inches high, they regulated the rate of stepping and monitored the heart rate before and after exercise.
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Responses to Exercise
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H
Published: November 2023

A review of the mechanisms leading to the changes in cardiac output and other circulatory adaptations associated with activity will be helpful in understanding the body’s cardiovascular and pulmonary response to exercise. Various factors, including venous tone, body position, blood volume, and depth of respiration, control the input to the heart. The heart responds by pumping into the arterial circulation the volume delivered from the venous side. The amount per beat in milliliters is called the stroke volume. The total cardiac output (measured in liters per minute) is the stroke volume (usually 50 to 80 mL of blood) multiplied by the heart rate. For example, if each beat pumped 80 mL out and there were 70 beats per minute, the cardiac output would be 80 X 70 or 5600 mL, or 5.6 L of blood per minute. This is an average value for a 70-kg adult at rest. The output increases with exercise, depending on the effiency of the system, up to about 30 L/min in a well conditioned athlete. An individual’s ability to increase pumping volume is the most important factor limiting the ability to increase physical work capacity.
Physiology of Cardiac Ischemia
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I review current concepts that help to explain the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. Although our understanding of these mechanisms is constantly changing, a review is important because it provides a framework on which to organize clinical observations.

Ischemia results from an imbalance between the oxygen supply and the myocardial demand. In simple terms, supply is primarily a function of coronary artery luminal diameter times the driving pressure minus the noncoronary resistance to flow, modified by hemoglobin content and blood viscosity. Myocardial demand is primarily influenced by heart rate, wall tension, and contractile state. An imbalance in the supply/demand ratio may be either global or, more often, localized in certain areas of the heart muscle. This imbalance may be silent clinically or manifested by chest pain, arm or jaw pain, dyspnea, sudden weakness, or arrhythmias.
A Generational Shift
Authors: Mindich David T Z
Published: November 2023

It was a great national contest that will be immediately recognizable to you. Two men were vying for one prize. Although tens of millions of ballots were cast, the margin separating the two was less than 1 percent of the total. The announcer ticked off the state-by-state tallies as the two candidates, both Southerners, watched closely. One candidate had won Ohio and New York. The other had won a great bounty: Florida. As the night wore on, reporters came to us live from massive placard-waving rallies in the candidates’ hometowns. Minutes later, the network was ready to make its announcement, one that would answer the question on the minds of millions.
Conclusion: How to Tune Back In
Authors: Mindich David T Z
Published: November 2023

Leonard Downie, Jr. and Robert Kaiser ended their recent book, The News About the News (2002), on a hopeful note. They wrote that despite all the pressures—from the government, the corporate boards, and the tabloids next door—journalism will continue to thrive because of tomorrow’s news consumers: “In the end, the most important people shaping tomorrow’s news won’t be the owners or the journalists, but the readers and viewers. As long as they create a market for good journalism, there will be good journalism. That’s the good news.” Downie and Kaiser were, of course, correct that consumers can make a difference by choosing quality news. However, the authors’ last sentence, “That’s the good news,” caused me to yell back at the still-open book, “No, that’s the bad news!” If researching and writing this book has taught me one thing it is that our democracy is on the brink of a crisis and that the problem will not right itself. Nearing the time when 20- and 30-somethings will be given the tiller of the ship of state, we and they might ask, are they informed enough for the journey? We must do something to address the crisis and we must not let false optimism prevent us from acting swiftly and forcefully.
A Casebook On Roman Family Law
Authors: Frier Bruce W , McGinn Thomas A J
Published: November 2023

The Roman household ( familia) was in many respects dramatically different from the modern family. From the early Roman Empire (30 B.C. to about A.D. 250) there survive many legal sources that describe Roman households, often in the most intimate detail. The subject matter of these ancient sources includes marriage and divorce, the property aspects of marriage, the pattern of authority within households, the transmission of property between generations, and the supervision of Roman orphans. This casebook presents 235 representative texts drawn largely from Roman legal sources, especially Justinian's Digest. These cases and the discussion questions that follow provide a good introduction to the basic legal problems associated with the ordinary families of Roman citizens. The arrangement of materials conveys to students an understanding of the basic rules of Roman family law while also providing them with the means to question these rules and explore the broader legal principles that underlie them. Included cases invite the reader to wrestle with actual Roman legal problems, as well as to think about Roman solutions in relation to modern law. In the process, the reader should gain confidence in handling fundamental forms of legal thinking, which have persisted virtually unchanged from Roman times until the present. This volume also contains a glossary of technical terms, biographies of the jurists, basic bibliographies of useful secondary literature, and a detailed introduction to the scholarly topics associated with Roman family law. A course based on this casebook should be of interest to anyone who wishes to understand better Roman social history, either as part of a larger Classical Civilization curriculum or as a preparation for law school.
How I Fell in Love With Music
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

I fell in love with music in a murky alley when I was eleven. Sometimes I ask friends when and where and how it happened to them, and they recount childhood memories of hearing a beautiful cousin play a Chopin étude, of being stunned by a broadcast of the Saint Matthew Passion, or sent into reveries lying under the family piano while Mother practiced Songs without Words. My own fall was less romantic.