bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zero Forcing Number of Some Families of Graphs
Authors: Petruk Victoria
Published: March 2021

The work is devoted to the study of the zero forcing number of some families of graphs. The concept of zero forcing is a relatively new research topic in discrete mathematics, which already has some practical applications, in particular, is used in studies of the minimum rank of the matrices of adjacent graphs. The zero forcing process is an example of the spreading process on graphs. Such processes are interesting not only in terms of mathematical and computer research, but also interesting and are used to model technical or social processes in other areas: statistical mechanics, physics, analysis of social networks, and so on. Let the vertices of the graph G be considered white, except for a certain set of S black vertices. We will repaint the vertices of the graph from white to black, using a certain rule.Colour change rule: A white vertex turns black if it is the only white vertex adjacent to the black vertex.[5] The zero forcing number Z(G) of the graph G is the minimum cardinality of the set of black vertices S required to convert all vertices of the graph G to black in a finite number of steps using the ”colour change rule”.It is known [10] that for any graph G, its zero forcing number cannot be less than the minimum degree of its vertices. Such and other already known facts became the basis for finding the zero forcing number for two given below families of graphs:A gear graph, denoted W2,n is a graph obtained by inserting an extra vertex between each pair of adjacent vertices on the perimeter of a wheel graph Wn. Thus, W2,n has 2n + 1 vertices and 3n edges.A prism graph, denoted Yn, or in general case Ym,n, and sometimes also called a circular ladder graph, is a graph corresponding to the skeleton of an n-prism.A wheel graph, denoted Wn is a graph formed by connecting a single universal vertex to all vertices of a cycle of length n.In this article some known results are reviewed, there is also a definition, proof and some examples of the zero forcing number and the zero forcing process of gear graphs and prism graphs.
Functionalized Sepiolitic Clay Nanofibers as a Natural Ingredient in Medical Cosmetics
Authors: BENLİ Birgül , GÖNÜL Ecehan
Published: March 2021

Medical clay also known as medicinal clay was first used in Mesopotamia around 2500 B.C and is still a relevant topic today. Among typical medical clays, sepiolite, a fibrous clay in the family of palygorskite is often ignored by cosmetic brands as it is not found abundantly in nature as much as other clays like bentonite. However, much of the world reserves of this clay are in Turkey.
In this study, antibacterial sepiolite clay was prepared from nanosilver added dispersed sepiolite samples. These Ag-nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were formed according to green synthesis under microwave heating using the additives like alginate polymer and ascorbic acid later these fibers were put through serial dilution antibacterial tests using gram +/- bacteria (ATCC 25922 and ATCC 25923) for general quality control and determining minimum inhibitory concentrations. Although the best antibacterial clay samples (Ag-NPs have theoretically 30mg/L of silver content) were washed at least five times with distilled water, it was observed that their antibacterial stability was still maintained. Finally, the morphology of sepiolite fibers smaller than 40 nm was characterized by AFM images show that highly dispersed single fibers can be used as a natural raw material and have a great opportunity in the development of new products in the cosmetic and medical sector.
Storage Stability of Functional Beverage Prepared From Bitter Gourd, Lemon and Amla for Diabetes
Authors: Begum S.L. Rasmiya , Premakumar K.
Published: March 2021

Background: Functional beverages become popular in treating non-communicable diseases like diabetes which is influenced by dietary habits and life style of people nowadays. From the standpoint of safe consumption, maintenance of their quality is vital. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the storage stability of functional beverage prepared from fruits of anti-diabetic potential at ambient temperature. Methods: Three different formulations of bitter gourd: lemon: amla (8:2:3, 6:4:3 and 5:5:3) along with control formulation were prepared and subjected to storage at ambient temperature (30±2oC) and RH of 75-80% in which physico-chemical, sensory and microbial tests were performed at pre-decided intervals. Result: Analyses indicated that physico-chemical quality parameters of total soluble solids (5.2-3.7), titrable acidity (5.1- 4.5) and ascorbic acid content (45.81-30.48) were significantly decreased while pH increased from 3.5 to 4.0 among formulations during storage. Furthermore, scores for sensorial attributes got decreased and there was no microbial growth in beverage formulations up to two months of storage. Considering these results, formulation T4 prepared with 6% bitter gourd + 4% lemon + 3% amla juices was found to be more acceptable and safer beverage for consumption with minimal percentage change and better retention of quality characteristics which could be commercialized as healthy diet drink for diabetics.
Exploring New Sources of Viral Resistance in Cowpea Germplasm and Its Elaboration through Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Iqbal M.S. , Hussain S.A. , Arshad N. , Munir S. , Ali M.A. , Masood H. , Ghafoor A.
Published: March 2021

Background: Cowpea is a major food legume rich in protein but its production has been dwindling by several factors including viral infection due to various virus strains in all agro-ecological zones. Methods: Sixty eight cowpea genotypes were screened against qualitative traits (leaf shape, seed surface, twinning tendency, anthocynin pigment, plant type, fodder type and cream color) and four seed borne viruses viz. cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus (CABMV), black eye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV) and bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) under both in situ and laboratory conditions using DAC-ELISA. Result: Based on in situ screening, 16 genotypes were found resistant to all the four viruses, whereas for ELISA, 13 genotypes (27005, 27041, 27075, 27141, 27145, 27146, 27147, 27158, 27160, 27167, 27172, IT85F-1380 and IT86D-719) were found resistant to all. Twelve clusters were obtained from UPGMA based on disease severity. Genotype 27008 (Pakistan) was present in cluster VI and was susceptible to all antisera CMV, CABMV, BICMV and BCMV. Whereas 13 genotypes were present in cluster VIII which were found resistant to all the four antisera applied. Therefore, 13 genotypes suggested for safe use in any breeding program at developing resistant cultivars. First two factors obtained through PCA with eigen-values greater than 1 contributed greater than 80 per cent variability. Twelve distinct groups were observed and these were in coordination with cluster analysis.
Bariyatrik Cerrahide Postoperatif Komplikasyonların Önlenmesinde Sağlık Okur Yazarlığının Önemi
Authors: DURGUN Cemalettin , DİNDAR DEMİRAY Emine Kübra , ALKAN Sevil , DURGUN Mehmet
Published: March 2021

Editöre mektup olduğu için özet kısmı bulunmamaktadır.
Students’ Critical Thinking Skills in Innovating Problem Solving in the Physics Entrepreneurship Course
Authors: Budi Gunarjo S , Farcis Fenno
Published: March 2021

The 21st century physics educators are expected to have 21st century skills, one of which is having life and career skills. One of the life skills assets is professional entrepreneurship. This study aimed to 1) determine the profile of students' critical thinking skills in innovating problem-solving during physics entrepreneurship course and 2) determine students’ responses about critical thinking skills in innovating problem solving.  This research conducted using preliminary research methods with data collection techniques in the form of description test instrument that filled out by students, and student questionnaires instrument. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively qualitatively.  The study was conducted on 30 students of department of physics education at a university in the city of Palangkaraya.  The results showed that all aspects of critical thinking skills (Facione's version) that were measured, namely the ability to interpret, analyze, evaluate, inference, explain, and self-regulation were on average in the low category (56.9%).   Students gave agreed (A) to very agreed (VA) responses to the implementation of learning that applied critical thinking skills in innovating to solve problems. These results can be concluded that the students have very limited critical thinking skills in solving entrepreneurial problems, so that efforts are needed to improve students' critical thinking skills in solving entrepreneurial problems, one of which is by developing a learning model that can be applied to physics entrepreneurship course which hopefully can improve critical thinking skills of physics education students.
SIFAT TURUNAN PADA ALJABAR LIE AFFINE BERDIMENSI 6
Authors: Kurniadi Edi
Published: March 2021

In this paper we study that any derivation of affine Lie algebra of dimension 6, denoted by ,  is inner. We give another approach to prove it by direct computations of transformation matrix of derivation of . We show that transformation matrix for the derivation of any element in  equals to  transformation matrix of adjoint representation of its element. Furthermore, we  give an alternative to prove that  is Frobenius Lie algebra. Keywords :Affine Lie algebra, Derivation of a Lie algebra, Frobenius Lie algebra
PERHITUNGAN UKURAN RISIKO UNTUK MODEL KERUGIAN AGREGAT
Authors: Pratiwi Nadya , Lestia Aprida Siska , Salam Nur
Published: March 2021

In the case of nonlife insurance, insurance companies are very potential to get losses if claims submitted by customers (policyholders) exceeds the reserves of budgeted claims. It is the risk that have to managed properly by insurance companies . One possible disadvantage is the aggregate loss model. The aggregate loss model is a random variable that states the total of all losses incurred in an insurance policy block. This kind of loss can be modeled using a collective risk approach where the number of claims is a discrete random variable and the size of claim is a continuous random variable. The purpose of this study is to determine risk measure of standard deviation premium principle, value at risk (VaR), and conditional tail expectation (CTE) of the aggregate loss model. Standard deviation premium principle risk measure of aggregate loss model is determined analytically by substituted it expected value and varians. Meanwhile, VaR risk measure is determined using numerical method by Monte Carlo method, then the quantile value and it confidence interval for the actual value will estimate. In the CTE calculation, based on the loss data obtained in the Monte Carlo method, the CTE value is estimated by calculating the average loss that exceeds the VaR value. If the data size is large enough, the CTE value estimation will converge to the actual value.Keywords: Aggregate Loss Model, Standard Deviation Premium Principle, Value at Risk (VaR), Conditional Tail Expectation (CTE).
PENYELESAIAN MODEL TRANSPORTASI MENGGUNAKAN METODE ASM
Authors: Iftitah Nurul , Affandi Pardi , Yusuf Akhmad
Published: March 2021

(demand). the method that could be used for solving the transportation problem is to directly find the optimal solution. The direct method that used in this study id the ASM method for solving the balance transportation problem and revised ASM method for solving the unbalance transportation problem. This study aims to construct a transportation model using those methods and it solution. The method on this study is to identify the transportation model, construct the transportation model matrixes, construct an algorithm table using ASM method and to determine the optimal solution of the transportation problem. The obtained result from this study was the model ASM method could determine the optimum value without using initial feasible solution. On solving the unbalance transportation problem, there is an addition of dummy cell or column step. Then reducing the cost of cell and column and change the dummy cost with the biggest cost of reduced cell or column.
MODEL PERSEDIAAN YANG MENGALAMI KERUSAKAN DAN PARSIAL BACKLOGGING PADA KEKURANGAN DENGAN TINGKAT PERMINTAAN YANG BERVARIASI
Authors: Alfarisi Kasim , Affandi Pardi , Lestia Aprida Siska
Published: March 2021

Persediaan merupakan cadangan barang yang dikelola oleh setiap perusahaan untuk memenuhi permintaan pelanggan. Parsial backlogging terjadi saat persediaan mengalami kekosongan namun permintaan masih ada, akibatnya hanya sebagian pelanggan yang bersedia menunggu sampai barang tersebut tersedia. Permintaan pelanggan terhadap barang cukup bervariasi karena dipengaruhi oleh faktor cuaca, tempat lokasi dan lain-lain. Tujuan dari penelitian ini membentuk model persediaan berdasarkan asumsi permasalahan yang mengalami kerusakan dan parsial backlogging. Pada model persediaan akan berlangsung selama satu periode yang terbagi menjadi beberapa siklus. Model ini hanya berlaku untuk satu jenis barang dan berlaku untuk perusahaan barang jadi. Selain itu, model ini juga memperhitungkan banyak siklus yang digunakan pada contoh soal. Hasil dari penelitian ini berupa persamaan untuk menentukan waktu pengisian kembali persediaan dan total keuntungan yang maksimal. Total keuntungan yang maksimal diperoleh dari selisih jumlah hasil penjualan dengan total biaya dengan menggunakan waktu pengisian barang persediaan yang tepat. Keutamaan model ini selain berlaku dalam jangka waktu yang panjang juga dapat memaksimalkan keuntungan dengan memperhitungkan titik optimal pengisian barang kembali.
PREDIKSI BEBAN LISTRIK DI KOTA BANJARBARU MENGGUNAKAN JARINGAN SYARAF TIRUAN BACKPROPAGATION
Authors: Fadilah Muhammad Nazmi , Yusuf Akhmad , Huda Nurul
Published: March 2021

Kecukupan pasokan energi listrik diukur dengan melihat kemampuan pasokan daya listrik saat beban puncak. Karena sifat tenaga listrik tidak dapat disimpan dalam skala besar, sehingga kebutuhan suatu saat harus dipasok saat itu juga. Pelanggan listrik tercatat pada PT.PLN Rayon Banjarbaru pada tahun 2019 sebanyak 133.726 pelanggan, sedangkan pada tahun 2018 sebanyak 126.747. Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Backpropagation adalah salah satu cabang kecerdasan buatan yang digunakan mengidentifikasi pola data menggunakan algoritma pembelajaran dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan yang berhubungan dengan prediksi. Algoritma Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Backpropagation terdiri tiga tahap, yaitu tahap perambatan maju, tahap perambatan-balik, serta tahap perubahan bobot dan bias. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan prediksi dan mengetahui tingkat akurasi dengan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Backpropagation. Data yang digunakan adalah data jumlah beban listrik yang dibangkitkan di kota Banjarbaru dalam kurun waktu 9 tahun dengan 12 unit masukan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah tahap pelatihan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan dengan empat simulasi lapisan sembunyi mendapatkan arsitektur jaringan yang cukup baik yakni arsitektur 12-12-1 dengan nilai MAPE adalah 6,597% dan RMSE adalah 0,032222. Untuk tahap pengujian diperoleh nilai MAPE adalah 7,918% dan RMSE adalah 0,070479 yang dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi jumlah beban listrik dengan cukup baik. Serta tahap prediksi diperoleh nilai MAPE adalah 12,366% dan RMSE adalah 0,113272 yang menunjukkan hasil prediksi kurang baik dikarenakan terjadi penurunan jumlah beban listrik yang dibangkitkan secara signifikan pada bulan Desember 2018 dengan bulan Januari 2019.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS BIPLOT GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX ASEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Sari Lina , Sihombing Pardomuan Robinson
Published: March 2021

ASEAN's global competitiveness requires institutional and ASEAN countries appear to be a formidable economic actors in protecting the economic interests and at the same time having an open economic system that indicates the readiness of ASEAN to compete with the economic strength of the entire region in the world. In this case the measurement of global competitiveness factors become important aspects of state enterprises in the face of global competition. This study was conducted to determine how competitive the ASEAN countries with Biplot method of Principal Component Analysis. Results obtained from this study is the ASEAN countries have different advantages in each of the variables related to the global competitiveness index. In addition, the diversity of which can be explained more than 70% which is 90.69% which means that Principal Component Analysis Biplot describes well the overall total
Validitas E-Module IPA Terintegrasi Nilai-Nilai Agama Islam pada Pokok Bahasan Energi di SMP Kelas VII
Authors: Aulianingsih Ita , Vitrianingsih Devi , Yuliani Hadma , Mardaya Mardaya
Published: March 2021

Bahan ajar berupa e-module perlu untuk dikembangkan oleh guru dan dilakukan proses validasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan e-module IPA terintegrasi islam pada pokok bahasan energi. Kelayakan dilihat dari hasil validasi ahli materi yang meliputi kelayakan materi, bahasa, dan penyajian materi, kelayakan dari hasil validasi ahli media memiliki indikator kelayakan huruf, desain, konsistensi, gambar, dan pengoperasian e-module. Penelitian ini berbantukan aplikasi eXe-Learning dalam penyusunannya.  Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan atau biasa dikenal dengan istilah Research and Development (R&D) dengan menggunakan model penelitian 3D (define, design,develop). Instrumen  yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan informasi dan data adalah dengan menggunakan angket lembar validasi oleh ahli materi dan ahli media. Pada penelitian ini analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Validator kelayakan e-module terdiri dari dua orang ahli materi dan dua orang ahli media. Hasil penelitian menunjukan uji validasi kelayakan oleh ahli media dari pengemangan e-module IPA terintegrasi islam ini mendapat persentase sebesar  93% dengan kategori nilai validitas sangat layak, dan hasil validasi ahli materi dari pengembangan e-module IPA terintegrasi islam mendapat persentase sebesar 70% dengan kategori nilai validitas layak. implementasi dari validasi e-module ini yaitu dapat digunakan di sekolah-sekolah yang masih kurang dalam ketersediaan bahan ajar.Teaching materials in the form of e-modules need to be developed by the teacher, and a validation process is carried out. The research aims to know the feasibility of an Islamic integrated science module on energy subjects. Worthiness is seen from the validation of materials that include material worthiness, language, and material presentation, the worthiness of the validation of media experts, has the feasibility of letters, designs, consistency, images, and operation of the e-module. The study proclaims an exe-learning application during its compilation. This study is a development or commonly known research and development (R&D) study using 3D research models (define, design, develop). The instrument used in information and data collection uses a validation sheet by materials expert and media expert. In the study, the analysis used is qualitative descriptive analysis. The validator of the feasibility of the e-module consisted of two materials experts and two media specialists. Research shows the feasibility validation test by media experts on the application of the Islamic IPA e-module gets a percentage of 93% with its validating value category well deserved, and the results of the mathematicians from the development of the Islamic integrated science e-module get a percentage of 70% with the validity value category feasible. The implementation of the validation of the e-module could be used in schools that are still less available for teaching.
Analisis Kebutuhan Pengembangan Media E- Learning Berbasis Telegram Pada Pokok Bahasan Hukum Newton di SMP
Authors: Al-Furqansyah Yuan Akhmad , Yuliani Hadma , Syar N I
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) mengetahui kendala yang dialami siswa dalam memahami materi fisika pada saat pandemi Covid-19; 2) mengidentifikasi media pembelajaran yang digunakan guru dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas; 3) menganalisis media pembelajaran yang perlu dikembangkan dalam proses pembelajaran fisika; 4) mendeskripsikan analisis kebutuhan pengembangan media e-learning berbasis telegram materi hukum Newton di SMP. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D) dengan menggunakan 3D dibatasi pada tahap define. Metode pengumpulan informasi dan data yang digunakan yaitu memberikan angket online kepada siswa kelas VIII dan IX di SMPN 11 Palangka raya. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) terdapat kendala yang dialami siswa dalam memahami materi akibat sistem pembelajaran online yang dilakukan pada saat pandemi Covid-19; 2) media pembelajaran yang digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran meliputi:LMS google classroom dan PDF; 3) Software e-learning perlu dikembangkan dalam pembelajaran fisika khususnya pada materi hukum Newton untuk membantu dalam memahami materi; dan 4) Sebanyak 63,8% siswa yang menggunakan media e-learning menjadikan pembelajaran lebih menyenangkan dan 80,9% siswa menyatakan e-learning berbasis Telegram  membantu  memahami materi fisik This study aims to 1) find out the obstacles experienced by students in understanding physics material during the Covid-19 pandemic; 2) identifying the learning media used by the teacher in the learning process in the classroom; 3) analyzing the learning media that need to be developed in the physics learning process; 4) describe the analysis of the needs for the development of media e-learning based on telegrams, Newton's law material in junior high school. This type of research is research and development (R&D) using 3D limited to the stage define. The method of collecting information and data was giving online questionnaires to students in grades VIII and IX at SMPN 11 Palangka Raya. The analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that 1) students experienced obstacles in understanding the material due to the online learning system during the Covid-19 pandemic. 2) the learning media used in the learning process include LMS, google classroom and PDF. 3)software E-learning needs to be developed in physics learning, especially in Newton's law material, to understand the material. 4) As many as 63.8% of students who use media e-learning make learning more fun, and 80.9% of students state that -e-learning Telegrambasedhelps them understand physics material.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Applying the NHT Type Cooperative Learning Model Physics Learning in School
Authors: Yuliani Hadma , Normilawati Normilawati , Andani Tiya , Aulia Maryam
Published: March 2021

This study analyses the advantages and disadvantages of cooperative learning type Numbered Head Together (NHT). The method in this research is a literature study based on previous research. The analysis technique used in this research is descriptive qualitative obtained from books and journals. Based on literature from 26 articles in scientific journals, it was found that the advantages of this type of NHT cooperative learning model are to make students more active, make students more interested in learning, think critically and responsibly and can improve student learning outcomes. While the obstacle in this learning model is the lack of time management) so that not all students can present the results of the discussions obtained during the learning process
Antioksidan Daun Kumpai Mahung (Eupathorium inulifolium H.B&K)
Authors: Febrianti Dwi Rizki , Niah Rakhmadhan , Ariani Novia
Published: March 2021

Daun Kumpai Mahung (Eupathorium inulifolium H.B & K) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan endemik Kalimantan Selatan. Secara turun temurun digunakan sebagai obat tradisional Dayak Meratus sebagai obat diare, demam, dan malaria. Tanaman ini dicurigai memiliki nilai antioksidan tinggi karena mengandung metabolit skunder fenolik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol daun E. inulifolium serta nilai IC50-nya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode DPPH dengan instrumen spektofotometri UV-vis dengan panjang gelombang 517 nm. Dari hasil perhitungan dan replikasi nilai IC50 yang didapat sebesar 38,9 ppm. Ekstrak daun E. inulifolium memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat dalam meredam radikal bebas. Kata Kunci: Daun, Potensi Antioksidan, Endemik, IC50, Ekstrak Etanol, Fenolik Kumpai Mahung (Eupathorium inulifolium H.B & K) leaves are one of the endemic plants of South Kalimantan. From generation to generation it is used as a traditional medicine for Dayak Meratus as a medicine for diarrhea, fever, and malaria. This plant is suspected of having high antioxidant value because it contains phenolic secondary metabolites. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of E. inulifolium leaves and its IC50 value. This study used the DPPH method with spectophotometer UV-vis instrument at wavelength of 517 nm. From the calculation and replication, the IC50 value obtained is 38.9 ppm. E. inulifolium leaf extract has very strong antioxidant activity in reducing free radicals.
Profil Fitokimia Ekstrak Etil Asetat Temu Kunci (Boesenbergia rotunda L.) dan Serai (Cymbopogon citratus)
Authors: Priyadi Muhammad , Chusna Nurul , Isnawati Isnawati , Indriani Opi
Published: March 2021

Senyawa bahan alam yang terdapat pada tanaman memiliki banyak khasiat bagi kesehatan yang telah dibuktikan melalui pengobatan tradisional secara empiris. Identifikasi senyawa kimia sangat penting untuk mengetahui kemungkinan adanya senyawa yang dapat memiliki aktivitas farmakologi. Tanaman yang telah banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat termasuk pengobatan adalah temu kunci (Boesenbergia rotunda L.) dan serai (Cymbopogon citratus). Temu kunci dan serai diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat. Uji fitokimia pada ekstrak etil asetat temu kunci dan serai dilakukan dengan uji kualitatif pereaksi warna dan pengendapan serta kromatografi lapis tipis untuk melihat gambaran pemisahan senyawa kimia yang terkandung. Ekstrak etil asetat temu kunci dan serai mengandung senyawa golongan alkaloid, terpenoid, flavonoid, fenol, dan kuinon. Senyawa pada temu kunci dan serai dapat dipisahkan menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis dengan fase gerak etil asetat : n-heksan (8:2).    Kata Kunci: Fitokimia, Temu Kunci, Serai, Ekstrak Etil Asetat, Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Natural compounds found in plants have many health benefits that have been proven through empirically traditional medicine. Identification of chemical compounds is very important to determine the possibility of compounds having pharmacological activity. Plants that have been widely used by the community, including medicinal plants, are Temu Kunci (Boesenbergia rotunda L.) and serai or lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). Temu Kunci and lemongrass were extracted using ethyl acetate as a solvent. Phytochemical test on ethyl acetate extract of temu Kunci and lemongrass was carried out by qualitative test using color reagent and deposition and thin layer chromatography to see the description of the separation of the chemical compounds contained. Temu Kunci and lemongrass ethyl acetate extracts contain alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, and quinones. Compounds in Temu Kunci and lemongrass can be separated using thin layer chromatography with ethyl acetate: n-hexane (8: 2) as mobile phase.
Heterogeneous Neurological Disorders Associated with the SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report
Authors: Vyacheslav A. Kutashov Vyacheslav A. Kutashov , Ulyanova Olga , Protasov Igor , Zolotaryov Oleg , Ananyeva Elena , Dudina Anna , Uvarova Margarita
Published: March 2021

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, along with damage to the respiratory system, can lead to disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as the muscular system. The article presents literature data and the authors’ observations of the course of neurological disorders in a patient with COVID-19. This study found that there is a link between the severity of COVID-19 and the intensity and frequency of neurological disorders.
A Study of Posterior Segment Pathology in Cataractous Eyes Using B-scan Ultrasonography
Authors: Shakour Mohammed , Ayad Caroline , Kajoak Samih , Osman Hamid , Rahim E.
Published: March 2021

Background: Ultrasonography (US) is a valuable diagnostic modality for detecting posterior segment eye diseases (PSEDs) in patients with cataractous eyes. This imaging modality can better facilitate planning surgery and predicting prognosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of B-scan US in evaluating posterior segment abnormalities of eyes in cataract patients pre-operatively to limit complications and visual impairment. Methods and Results: A prospective, cross‑sectional study to assess cataracts by US, as well as to detect posterior segment abnormalities of eyes in cataract patients, was conducted in Sudan at Albasar International Foundation (Makah Eye Complex in Omdurman) between December 2018 and December 2019. All patients (n=380; 48% males and 52% females; a mean age of 63±12.57 years) with non-visualization of the fundus, regardless of age and gender, were involved and were assumed to have orbital pathologies. Patients with high-risk extrusion of intraocular contents and a previous history of ocular surgery were excluded from the present study. All patients with dense cataracts were evaluated using standard US machines (Echoscan US-4000; NIDEK CO., LTD.) equipped with a real-time high-frequency probe. The typical age of the patients complaining of cataracts was between 61 and 70 years, which constituted 35% of cases, followed by age >70 years, which constituted 24.2% of cases. About 47.63% patients had ocular pathology in the posterior segment of the eye (Table 3). The most common PSEDs were vitreous abnormalities (46.2%). Among vitreous abnormalities, most abnormal eyes had vitreous changes (36.1%), followed by VD (3.7%); 1.3% of patients had retinal detachment. Conclusion: Ocular US should be the first screening modality in the evaluation of posterior segment pathologies in cataractous eyes and should be performed in cataract patients pre-operatively for better surgical planning and predicting post-operative visual prognosis.
Clinical and Pathogenetic Aspects of Complex Treatment of Decompensated Forms of Chronic Venous Insufficiency of the Lower Extremities
Authors: Izosimov Vladimir , Hryvenko Serhiy , Baranovskiy Yuriy , Artemov Yuriy , Dovgan Andrej , Izosimova Elizaveta
Published: March 2021

The article presents a clinical assessment of the effectiveness of the author's method of pharmacological correction in the complex treatment of patients with trophic ulcers of venous origin in the lower extremities. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, we found that the use of the proposed method of drug correction in the complex treatment of chronic venous ulcer ensures the effectiveness of treatment, a reduction in the duration of inpatient treatment, and the reliability of rehabilitation in the postoperative period.
Iatrogenic Injuries During Puncture Procedures Applied To Breast
Authors: Pavlova Tamara , Vasilyev Aleksandr
Published: March 2021

Background: This article analyzes iatrogenic injuries of the breast that happen during puncture procedures. Methods and Results: We have analyzed the data of 2075 invasive diagnostic procedures related to both benign and malignant breast neoplasms, conducted in various healthcare facilities in the Russian Federation. A subcutaneous hematoma is the primary iatrogenic injury that occurs during breast puncture procedures conducted in Russian healthcare facilities. This is the most common complication during an ultrasound-guided CB (44.4%). The likelihood that this complication will occur is impossible to predict. Conclusion: The proper arrangements and patient follow-up before and after the biopsy, along with the selection of a proper invasive procedure for a pathologic neoplasm, will minimize the number of diagnostic iatrogenic injuries and improve the quality of medical care.
Cytomorphometric Analysis of Cervical Papanicolaou Smear for Females with Gynecological Clinical Complaints
Authors: Osman Sahar , Elmadenah Ehab , Elmahi Osman , Alkarsani Mubarak , Eltayeb Lienda , Waggiallah Hisham
Published: March 2021

Background: Limited information is provided on the quantitative cytomorphometric study of the cervical Pap test. The cervical Pap test is an important screening program for cervical cancer. A quantitative cytomorphometric examination of cervical Pap is used to accurately identify precancerous and cancerous lesions early and to reduce the occurrence and avoidance of invasive cancer. This study was aimed to assess the cytomorphological parameters (nuclear diameter [ND], cytoplasm diameter [CD], and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio [N/C ratio]) of squamous epithelial cells from a cervical Pap smear. Methods and Results: A prospective study was performed on 142 consecutive cervical Pap smears from women with gynecological clinical complaints. The ND and CD were determined by the Optika optical microscope camera using a digitizer cursor in both axes. The final images were taken with an X40 magnification. The ND, CD, and the N/C ratio were then measured and expressed in micrometers. The women were classified into 5 age groups: 5(3.5%) in the age group of <19 years, 46(32%) in the 20-29 group, 67(47.2%) in the 30-39 group, 23(16.2%) in the 40-49 group, and 1(0.7%) woman was over age 50. There were no significant differences in the N/C ratio of superficial cells between age groups. The ND, CD, and the N/C ratio were significantly higher in women with clinical complaints than in women without clinical complaints Conclusion: Cytomorphometic analysis might assist in the identification of cellular alterations due to gynecological diseases and increase the sensitivity and accuracy of the Pap smear technique.
Removal of Various Heavy Metals by Sewage Sludge Immobilized Onto Rod-type Chitosan Biosorbent
Authors: Seo Ji Hae , Kim Namgyu , Park Munsik , Park Donghee
Published: March 2021

The potential use of wastewater sludge as a biosorbent for removing various metals and metalloids from aqueous solutions was examined. The sludge was immobilized by chitosan into rods to enhance the sorption capacity and solid-liquid separation ability. An optimum condition of rod-type chitosan-immobilized sludge (RCS) was selected from possibility of produced biosorbent and the removal efficiency of As(V). The optimal sludge and chitosan content and RCS thickness was 6.0%, 4.0% and 0.2-0.3 mm, respectively. The experiments targeted cations(Cd(II)) and anions(As(V), Cr(VI), and Mn(VII)). Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models adequately described kinetics models and Langmuir and Freundlich models described isotherm models for RCS, which showed higher adsorption ability for anionic metals over cationic metals. The results indicate that electrostatic attraction or ion exchange is the most important mechanism for metal/metalloid adsorption, except in the case of Mn(VII), for which an adsorption-coupled reduction mechanism is suggested.
Tuning the Electrical Resistivity of Conductive Silver Paste Prepared by Blending Multi-Morphologies and Micro-Nanometers Silver Powder
Authors: Xiao Liu , Siyuan Wu , Baishan Chen , Yunzhu Ma , Yufeng Huang , Tang Siwei , Wensheng Liu
Published: March 2021

As an important interconnection material in electronics, conductive silver paste has attract much research interest in chip packaging and printed circuit board due to its predominant properties like high conductivity and flexible interconnection. In this paper, the silver nanoparticles, the silver sphere particles and flake silver powder are fabricated by various methods. Different proportions of silver powder are selected to prepare micro-silver paste and mn silver paste (fabricated by silver nanoparticles : sphere particles : flake silver powder=1:1:1). Compared to traditional silver paste (containing 80wt% silver), the electrical resistivity of micro-silver paste containing 66.67wt% silver and cured at 200℃ for 45min in air is about (3.31±0.73)×10-5Ω·cm when the ratio of sphere particle to flake silver powder is 1:1, the resistance of silver paste doesn’t also increase dramatically after bending ten times. The addition of nano-silver particles can reduce the resistivity in lower temperature curing. The folding endurance of mn silver paste is comparable to that of micro-silver paste with sphere : flake=1:1.
Light-Filtering Ring and Novel Telescope: Super Eyes for Deep Space
Authors: Zhang Shuquan , Duan Xuqiang , Wang Ye , Luo Dongkun , Sun Zhu
Published: March 2021

Exploring the universe has been a dream of mankind since ancient times, and observation with a telescope is among the most economical way. However, using current large telescopes is far away from being “economical”, and their observation capabilities are limited. In this regard, this article puts forward a new principle of telescope, designs a sophisticated light combing system-Light-filtering Ring, and conceives a new type of telescope-Light-filtering 10 Telescope. Compared with current telescopes, Light-filtering Telescope has amazing observation ability and smaller size, which makes it naturally suitable for detecting dim cosmic targets in deep space. Once successfully used, it will greatly expand the horizons of astronomical observation and save tens of billions of dollars in the field.
Construction of a Demand and Capacity Model for Intensive Care and Hospital Ward Beds, and Mortality From Covid-19
Authors: Martin Christopher , McDonald Stuart , Bale Steve , Luteijn Michiel , Sarkar Rahul
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThis paper describes a model for estimating COVID-19 related excess deaths that are a direct consequence of insufficient hospital ward bed and intensive care unit (ICU) capacity. MethodsCompartmental models were used to estimate deaths under different combinations of ICU and ward care required and received in England up to late April 2021. Model parameters were sourced from publicly available government information and organisations collating COVID-19 data. A sub-model was used to estimate the mortality scalars that represent increased mortality due to insufficient ICU or general ward bed capacity. Three illustrative scenarios for admissions numbers, ‘Optimistic’, ‘Middling’ and ‘Pessimistic’, were modelled and compared with the subsequent observations to the 3rd February. ResultsThe key output was the demand and capacity model described. There were no excess deaths from a lack of capacity in the ‘Optimistic’ scenario. Several of the ‘Middling’ scenario applications resulted in excess deaths - up to 597 deaths (0.6% increase) with a 20% reduction compared to best estimate ICU capacity. All the ‘Pessimistic’ scenario applications resulted in excess deaths, ranging from 49,178 (17.0% increase) for a 20% increase in ward bed availability, to 103,735 (35.8% increase) for a 20% shortfall in ward bed availability. These scenarios took no account of the emergence of the new, more transmissible, variant of concern (b.1.1.7).ConclusionsMortality is increased when hospital demand exceeds available capacity. No excess deaths from breaching capacity would be expected under the ‘Optimistic’ scenario. The ‘Middling’ scenario could result in some excess deaths - up to a 0.7% increase relative to the total number of deaths. The ‘Pessimistic’ scenario would have resulted in significant excess deaths. Our sensitivity analysis indicated a range between 49,178 (17% increase) and 103,735 (35.8% increase).Given the new variant, the pessimistic scenario appeared increasingly likely and could have resulted in a substantial increase in the number of COVID-19 deaths. In the event, it would appear that capacity was not breached at any stage at a national level with no excess deaths. it will remain unclear if minor local capacity breaches resulted in any small number of excess deaths.
Museomics and protein-encoding ultraconserved elements illuminate the evolution of life history and phallic morphology of flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Buenaventura Eliana
Published: March 2021

Background: The common name of the Flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) usually relates them with organisms feeding on decomposing organic matter, although the biology of one of the largest radiations among insects also includes predation, coprophagy, and even kleptoparasitism. The question of whether the ancestor of all sarcophagids was a predator or a decomposer, or in association to which host have sarcophagids evolved, has thus always piqued the curiosity of flesh fly specialists. Such curiosity has often been hindered by both the impossibility of having a well-supported phylogeny of Sarcophagidae and its sister group to trace live habits and the scarcity of information on the biology of the group. Using a phylogenomic dataset of ultraconserved elements from nearly all lineages of Sarcophagidae, a robust phylogenetic framework and timescale are generated to understand flesh fly systematics and the evolution of their life histories. Results: The evolutionary history for Sarcophagidae reconstructed here differs considerably from previous hypotheses. Within subfamily Sarcophaginae, a group of predatory flies, including genera Lepidodexia and Boettcheria, emerged as sister-group to the rest of Sarcophaginae. The genera Oxysarcodexia, Ravinia, and Tricharaea, long considered archaic and early-branching coprophagous and sarcosaprophagous lineages, were found nested well within the Sarcophaginae as sister-group to the sarcosaprophagous Microcerella. Predation on invertebrates is suggested as the ancestral and dominant strategy throughout the early evolution of flesh flies. Several switches from predation to sarcosaprophagy occur across the sarcophagid phylogenetic tree, in contrast with almost no switches from sarcosaprophagy or coprophagy to predatory habits. Regarding the morphological evolution of flesh flies, there might a concerted evolution of male genitalia traits, such as the phallotrema position and the juxta, or the vesica and the folding of the phallotrema. One diversification rate shift was inferred in the evolution of sarcophagids, which is associated with the genus Sarcophaga. Conclusions: This study has a significant impact on understanding sarcophagid evolution and highlights the importance of having a robust phylogenetic framework. I discuss the evolution of life histories of the family in relation to their hosts or substrates and outline how sarcosaprophagy, coprophagy, and kleptoparasitism behavior on various hosts may have evolved from predation on invertebrates. This study has established the framework for further physiological and comparative genomic work between predatory, sarcosaprophagous, coprophagous, and kleptoparasitic lineages, which could also have significant implications for the evolution of diverse life histories in other Diptera.
CFAP45 is a Potential Predictor of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: Chen Yang , Shen Min , Shi Yun , Ji Li , Gu Yong , Fu Qi , Xu Xinyu , Xu Kuanfeng , Yang Tao
Published: March 2021

Background: Cilia and Flagella Associated Protein 45 (CFAP45) is known to be involved in the regulation of ciliary motility. However, its potential role in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains unknown. This study demonstrated the role of CFAP45 in the development of DKD based on the Gene Expression Omnibus database.Methods: First, we investigated the expression of CFAP45 in a whole-genome expression microarray (GSE30122). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, as well as Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), were then conducted to identify the key signaling pathways associated with CFAP45. The networks between transcript factors and hub genes were then constructed by Cytoscape software.Findings: The expression levels of CFAP45 mRNA were reduced in DKD samples as compared to normal samples. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis suggested the significant discriminatory power (area under curve [AUC] = 0.811) of CFAP45 between DKD and normal tissues. Low expression levels of CFAP45 were correlated with apoptosis, senescence and the induction of mast cell infiltration. Function enrichment analysis indicated that CFAP45 is involved in the most significant hallmarks of mitochondrial metabolism dysfunction, including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism and degradation, ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic processes, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle, the action of oxidoreductase on Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathways located in the mitochondrial matrix and the lysosomal membrane. The transcription factor SMAD4 was found to negatively regulate the PPAR γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α). Interpretation: CFAP45 may regulate mitochondrial metabolic activity by affecting the function of the primary cilium on the kidney epithelial cells. CFAP45 may serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of DKD.
Zhengyuan prescription inhibits X-ray-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway
Authors: xiaoni cheng , Pan Yalei , Tang Zhishu , Zhou Rui , Zhang Haichao , Su Jie , Song Zhongxing , Ni Jian
Published: March 2021

Background: Zhengyuan prescription (ZYP) is a Chinese herbal medicine used in clinical practice to protect against radiotherapy-induced injuries. In this study, we investigate the protective effect of ZYP against X-ray-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and we explore the mechanisms underlying this effect.Methods: After 3 h of ZYP intervention, the cells in the ZYP group were irradiated with 6 Gy X-rays and cultured for 48 h. Subsequently, the cell viability, cell morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis and oxidative stress markers were observed, as well as the expressions of apoptotic and oxidative stress proteins.Results: The obtained results demonstrate that exposure to X-rays promotes cell death, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, and induces the pirroduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pretreatment with ZYP reverses these effects to a great extent. Moreover, it up-regulates the expression of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) apoptosis inhibitor protein while down-regulating the expressions of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, and caspase-9. Interestingly, ZYP can also inhibit oxidative stress injury by activating the expression of Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor E2 related factor) regulated antioxidant enzyme genes such as Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1)Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that ZYP suppresses X-ray-induced injury of HUVECs by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.