bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microorganisms associated with epithelial surfaces and stability of the indigenous gastrointestinal microflora
Authors: Savage D. C.
Published: November 2006

Indigenous microorganisms of many genera and species associate with mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. These mechanisms may involve a high degree of specificity for host and surface habitat. They may include a capacity of the microorganisms to adhere to the membranes of substratum epithelial cells, to colonize and utilize as a source of nutrients the mucus overlying epithelial cells, and to be motile and attracted into the mucous layer by chemotaxis. The microbes must be able as well to thrive in the nutritional and environmental conditions prevailing on the epithelial surfaces.

Microbial communities associated with epithelial surfaces are critical for maintaining a microflora in areas of the tract (i.e., stomach, small intestine) where the lumenal content moves at a rate exceeding the maximum rates at which indigenous microorganisms can multiply. Such communities even may be important in areas (i.e., the cecum and colon) where the content moves at rates below those at which the microbes can multiply. In such areas, microorganisms colonizing mucus on the epithelium and in the crypts of Lieberkuhn may provide a stable inoculum for the lumenal content which may be altered in composition in times of dietary change. Microorganisms associated with gastric and intestinal surfaces undoubtedly serve in a major way to stabilize the composition of the indigenous gastrointestinal microflora. At the molecular level, however, little is known about the mechanisms stabilizing the composition or the biochemical and genetic activities of the microflora. Such mechanisms are important subjects for research in the future.
Immunglobulin A und seine Bedeutung für die Schleimhautimmunität — ein Beitrag zum Verständnis mikrobieller Interaktionen
Authors: Stelzner A. , Groh A. , Vogt K. H. , Kittlick M.
Published: November 2006

Nach wie vor steht das sekretorische Immunglobulin A im Vordergrund der Erkenntnisse und weiterer Untersuchungen über die Ursachen der Schleimhautimmunität. Ursprung, Bildung, Struktur und Wirkungsweise des s‐IgA sind weitgehend erforscht. Für den klinischen Bereich gewinnen Untersuchungsergebnisse über die Erscheinungsformen und Auswirkungen eines selektiven IgA‐Mangels zunehmend an Bedeutung. Patienten mit IgA‐Defekt erkranken bis zu 40mal häufiger an Allergien und Autoimmunstörungen. Bei der Induktion der Immunantwort kommt den mit den Effektorzellen der Peyerschen Plaques in die Lamina propria und das Epithel gelangenden zellulären Komponenten der Schleimhautimmunität besondere Bedeutung zu.
Microecology and local immune and nonspecific defensive proteins depending on different nutrition
Authors: Kuvaeva I. B. , Orlova N. G. , Borovik T. E. , Veselova O. L.
Published: November 2006

Breast‐feeding is of high importance for the development of intestinal eubiosis. Before beginning with breast‐feeding the coprofiltrates of newborns lack of IgA. Following the first feeding IgA concentration in the faeces sharply increases (up to 200 mg/100 g faeces). Comparable high values can be found in the coprofiltrates of breast‐fed sick prematures. In the coprofiltrates of artificially fed healthy newborns and sick prematures no IgA is provable, within the first two weeks of age. Afterwards both the frequency of its evidence and its concentration gradually rise. This can be regarded as a sign of an increasing local production of immune proteins. Starting with the second year of life, only, the values of all the immunoglobulins fall again. It happens a microbial degradation. Increased concentrations of immunoglobulins in the coprofiltrates of children over 3 years must be evaluated as a sign of subclinical dysbacteriosis.
Zur Bedeutung einer stabilen Magen‐Darm‐Flora bei wachsenden Tieren
Authors: Hennig A. , Lüdke H. , Meixner B. , Schöne F. , Schulze J.
Published: November 2006

Eine Dysbiose kann durch Nahrungsbestandteile ausgelöst werden. 40% Roggen enthaltende Broilerrationen führen zur Destabilisierung der Darmflora, die durch wirksame Darmflorastabilisatoren kupiert werden kann. Früh abgesetzte Ferkel haben eine hohe Konzentration an E. coli im Ileum‐ und Jejunuminhalt. Durch wirksame Darmflorastabilisatoren wird ihre Anzahl um ca. 3 Zehnerpotenzen vermindert. Damit ist eine beträchtliche Mehrzunahme verbunden, die aber nicht auf einem Mehrverzehr an Futter je kg Lebendmasse beruht. Der ergotrope Effekt der Darmflorastabilisatoren wird partiell auf den geringeren Aufwand für die Immunabwehr zurückgeführt. Für die wachstumsfördernde Wirkung der Ergotropika bei früh abgesetzten Ferkeln wurde deshalb eine neue Hypothese aufgestellt.
Stellenwert klinisch angewandter Gnotobiotechnik zur Prophylaxe und während der Therapie granulocytopenischer Infektionen
Authors: Günther I. , Bohnenstengel C. M. , Brijmohan‐Günther R.
Published: November 2006

Neben einer Literaturübersicht wird über eigene Ergebnisse mit der Methode der selektiven Dekontamination bei der Induktionsbehandlung von Patienten mit akuter Leukämie berichtet, bei denen eine extreme Infektdisposition vorlag. Die Infektionsrate, die Fiebertage und die systemisch verordneten Antibiotika konnten dabei statistisch signifikant gesenkt werden. Die in unserer Klinik erzielten Ergebnisse der selektiven Dekontamination, der Granulocytentransfusion und der Patientenisolierung im Life Island werden gegenübergestellt. Die selektive Dekontamination hat eine zentrale Bedeutung für die Prophylaxe, aber auch bei der Behandlung von Hospitalinfektionen abwehrgestörter Patienten. Zusätzlich sind bei Infektionen Kombinationen bakterizider Antibiotika indiziert. Granulocytentransfusionen sind demgegenüber selten erforderlich. Die Effektivität der selektiven Dekontamination des Verdauungstraktes unterstreicht die Bedeutung gnotobiologischer Methoden für die klinische Praxis.
In‐vitro‐Untersuchungen zur mikrobiellen Inkorporation von Stickstoff aus [15N2]Harnstoff und [15N2]Ammoniumchlorid durch die Intestinalflora des Menschen
Authors: Stolpe H. J. , Heine W. , Bohnenstengel C. M. , Grütte F.‐K. , Wutzke K.
Published: November 2006

An 6 typischen Keimspezies der humanen Intestinalflora (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacteroides fragiles und Bifidobacterium sp.) wurden mit [15N2] Harnstoff und [15N]‐Ammoniumchlorid die Inkorporationsraten nach 48std. Bebrütung in einer Nährlösung bestimmt. Sie zeigten eine reproduzierbare Abhängigkeit von der untersuchten Bakterienspezies, von der Art und von der Menge der in der Nährlösung angebotenen NPN‐Substanz. Die Inkorporationsraten mit markiertem Harnstoff betrugen minimal 3,8% (E. coli) und maximal 95,6% (Bifidobacterium sp.), mit markiertem Ammoniumchlorid minimal 31,0% (Proteus vulg.) und maximal 98,0% (Bifidobacterium sp.). Die Befunde werden u. a. hinsichtlich einer möglichen enteralen Detoxikation bei Urämikern durch bakterielle Utilisation und Elimination von Harnstoff und Ammoniak diskutiert.
The use of gnotobiological models for the studies of immune mechanisms
Authors: Šterzl J. , Mandel L. , Štêánková R.
Published: November 2006

Germfree (GF) animals are widely used for discrimination of natural mechanisms (genetically determined) from adaptive mechanisms of immunity induced by external antigens. GF rats fed at least for first 5 days after birth with arteficial diet LNa, deficient in unsaturated fatty acids, were — in contrast to those fed with K 50 diet — deeply suppressed in humoral and cellular immune reactivities during their live. GF piglets, deprived from maternal colostrum (CF) as a source of passively transferred maternal antibody, immunized with preformed Ag/Ab complexes (HSA — anti HSA) responded according to the composition of complexes (Ab excess, equivalence, Ag excess) by low or high dose tolerance or by secondary response. Similar pictures of response were obtained in groups of presensitized GF‐CF piglets by immunization with different doses of antigen. It is concluded that 3 different types of response are the result of Ag/Ab complexes acting or formed on the lymphocyte membrane and exerting stimulatory or down‐regulatory signals.
The minipig as a model in gnotobiology
Authors: Mandel L. , Trávníček J.
Published: November 2006

Due to its close physiological and morphological resemblance to man, the pig occupies an important position in biomedical research. The minipig lends itself particularly well to germfree research. It is easy to deliver, maintain, and utilize in isolators. The colostrum‐free, newborn germfree piglet lacking passively obtained antibodies is of an exclusive use if distinguishing the factors of natural and adaptive immunity is needed. It fits also well in studies investigating the earliest mechanisms of antibody synthesis. Under germfree conditions, the pig has been proved an excellent model for testing the action of ionizing radiation as well as of selected bacterial strains when monoassociated. Recently, conventional pigs have been used also for studies in total or selective decontamination of the intestinal tract by antibiotics and strict isolation.
Germ‐free newborn baby
Authors: Trávníček J. , Mandel L.
Published: November 2006

Long term experience with germ‐free animal experiments and technology encouraged us to apply the know‐how in the field of the care of human neonates with presumed immunodeficiency. The program was carried out at the Faculty of Pediatrics of Charles University in Prague. The sterile caesarean section was performed within the plastic surgical isolator overlying the pregnant mother. A new type of this isolator adapted for the use in human medicine was designed and constructed. For the care of the neonate another special isolator was used. The whole isolator system included two rigid supply isolators, too. The newborn was sterile up to the age of 1 month. During this time, the newborns immunological capacity was investigated and found to be almost normal. Afterwards, the infant was gradually colonized with selected strains of bacteria and thus prepared for conventionalization.
Effects of additives and thermal treatment on the content of nitrogen compounds and the nutritive value of hake meat
Authors: Seidler T.
Published: November 2006

Heating of minced meat from 40 to 130 °C for 10 min and at 120 °C from 15 to 60 min with potato starch (3%), soya oil (4%), salt (1.5%), and water (15%) resulted in a decrease in total amino‐acid content by 6% on the average, compared to the content in meat without additives. Heating time‐dependent changes involved a decrease in the lysine content, while temperature‐dependent changes involved a decrease in the valine content. On the other hand, the presence of additives reduced the thermal protein hydrolysis towards the formation of low‐molecular nitrogen compounds. Prolonged time of heating of minced hake meat at 120 °C produced a more intensive protein hydrolysis than a shorter heating up to 130 °C; at the same time with temperatures exceeding 100 °C an intensive increase in the ammonia content, decrease in —SH groups content, and a decrease in protein digestibility were observed.
Purification and characteristics of an endogenous alpha‐amylase and trypsin inhibitor from wheat seeds
Authors: Warchalewski J. R.
Published: November 2006

The bifunctional endogenous alpha‐amylase and trypsin inhibitor was purified 151‐fold from a crude extract of wheat grain by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The inhibitor coded A/T‐WI was an albumin protein, relatively heat stable with a molar mass of 23233 g/mol and optimum activity towards native alpha‐amylase and trypsin at pH 5.1 and 7.1 respectively. Amino acid analysis indicated the presence of about 15 half‐cystine residues per mole. The protein was homogeneous as assessed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the presence of detergent the inhibitor was dissociated into two subunits. A „double head”︁ in nature the inhibitor was almost inactive in the presence of detergent with reducing agent. At neutral pH over 80% of inhibitor was adhered to wheat starch granules.
Gelation of a broad bean (Vicia faba L. minor) protein fraction (prepared at pH 2) in dependence on some influencing factors
Authors: Hartmann B. , Schmandke H.
Published: November 2006

A protein fraction is prepared from broad bean protein isolate at pH 2 which forms gels in the acid pH range. The gels are fluid at high temperature and become strength when cooling. The gel strength increases with increasing pH, with increasing heat treatment, and with increasing protein concentration. Addition of calcium and dextrose sirup increases the gel strength whereas sucrose decreases it. The transparency of the gels decreases with increasing pH.
Plasteingele aus Ackerbohnenproteinisolat‐Partialhydrolysat 1. Mitt. Viskosimetrische Untersuchungen zur Gelbildung während der Plasteinreaktion von Ackerbohnenproteinisolat‐Partial‐hydrolysaten
Authors: Nötzold H. , Ludwig E. , Schönfelder C. , Zeibig R.
Published: November 2006

Mit Hilfe einer Kugelfallmethode wurden die Veränderungen der Viskosität im Verlauf der Plasteinreaktion von peptischen Partialhydrolysaten (PH) eines Ackerbohnenproteinisolats mit Thermitase als Plasteinbildungsenzym (PBE) untersucht. Die Temperatur, das Enzym‐Substrat‐Verhältnis der Plasteinreaktion, die Konzentration der PH‐Lösung, die TCE‐Löslichkeit der Peptide des PH und der Zeitpunkt der Zugabe des PBE zur konzentrierten PH‐Lösung beeinflussen die im Verlauf der Plasteinreaktion eintretende Gelbildung. Höhermolekulare Peptide des PH werden durch das PBE vorzugsweise hydrolytisch gespalten und verzögern die Gelbildung.
Enzyme studies during the production of agadagidi Part 2. Invertase activities
Authors: Sanni A. I.
Published: November 2006

Invertase activities were assayed during fermentation period. The plantain chips, agadagidi samples, and associated microbes demonstrated invertase activities except the bacteria species. External factors such as pH and temperature of incubation affected activity of the enzyme.
Nutritional studies on agadagidi
Authors: Sanni A. I. , Oso B. A.
Published: November 2006

The analysis showed a gradual fall of the sugar content as fermentation period increased. Ascorbic acid content decreased while nitrogen and crude protein increased during fermentation. The predominant amino acids are leucine, lysine, valine, asparagine and glutamic acid, methionine, phenylalanine.
Inhibitory effects of six Turkish thyme‐like spices on some common food‐borne bacteria (Short communication)
Authors: Akgül Attilâ , Kivanç Merih
Published: November 2006

It is recognized now that spices and herbs may fulfill more than one function in foods to which they are added. In addition to imparting flavour, certain spices prolong the storage life of foods by a bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity. Being natural foodstuffs, they appeal to consumers who tend to question the safety of synthetic food additives.

Antimicrobial properties of several spices and essential oils have been documented [1, 2]. Less attention has been devoted to investigations of antibacterial effects of the leafy spices or herbs. Recent researches have indicated that the antimicrobial factor of spices resides in the essential oil and/or oleoresin fraction [3]. Of herbs, oregano and thyme were generally found to be the most inhibitory and were considered to be among the most actives of the tested spices and their essential oils. Thymol and carvacrol are the two main phenolic constituents of both oregano and thyme oils [4]. The antimicrobial effects of several oregano and thyme species and their essential oils or components on some food‐borne bacteria have been confirmed [5–12]. But, many Labiatae spices (Origanum, Thymus, Satureja etc.) contain thymol and/or carvacrol as the main components in different percentages [13–15]. In addition, several plants are classified as „oregano”︁ the various genera and species differing significantly in aromatic quality and chemical composition. The designations are so confused that it is extremely difficult to establish just which botanical entity is involved [14–16].

The object of this work was to study and compare the effects of 6 Labiatae leafy spices used as thyme from wild growing plants in different regions of Turkey on growth of bacteria in culture media, using organisms known to cause food spoilage or food‐borne illnesses.
Einfluß von Ethylenthioharnstoff auf die Hämatopoese bei Ratten
Authors: Lewerenz H.‐J. , Plass R.
Published: November 2006

An männlichen und weiblichen Ratten wurde die Wirkung einer einmaligen und wiederholten oralen Verabreichung von Ethylenthioharnstoff (ETU) auf hämatologische Parameter des peripheren Blutes und des Knochenmarks untersucht. Ein Einfluß auf das erythrocytäre System wurde nach einmaliger ETU‐Gabe initial durch eine Zunahme von Erythrocytenzahl, Hämoglobinkonzentration und Hämatokritwert im peripheren Blut angezeigt. Der anfänglichen Polyglobulie folgten eine Verminderung der Hämoglobinkonzentration im Blut und eine Verringerung der Erythroblastenzahl im Knochenmark. Kontinuierliche ETU‐Verabreichung bewirkte eine hyporegenerative Anämie. Das weiße Blutbild war nach einmaliger und kontinuierlicher ETU‐Verabfolgung durch eine Leukopenie gekennzeichnet. Der Effekt beruhte auf einer Verringerung der Lymphocytenzahl, die sowohl im peripheren Blut als auch im Knochenmark angezeigt wurde. Als hämatologisch wirksame ETU‐Mengen wurden bei einmaliger Applikation 50 mg/kg Körpermasse und mehr, bei Verabreichung über das Futter 600 ppm (= 70 mg/kg Körpermasse) und mehr ermittelt.
Application of superchilling to prolong the keeping time of rainbow trout
Authors: Fik M. , Surówka K. , Leszczynska‐Fik A.
Published: November 2006

The paper deals with refrigeration at peri‐cryoscopic temperatures as a measure to preserve rainbow trout. Effects of superchilling and storage at ‐2 °C on sensory, physico‐chemical, and microbiological changes in the fish are analysed.
Sterilization safety and quality retention
Authors: Mohr K.‐H. , Kirschstein U.
Published: November 2006

A method for calculating sterilization conditions yielding optimum quality retention for conduction and convection type heating of packaged food is demonstrated. The simple calculation of the optimum process parameters requires only a few minutes.
Structural and electronic origin of meat odour of organic hetero‐atomic compounds
Authors: Dimoglo A. S. , Yu. Gorbachov M. , Bersuker I. B. , Greni A. I. , Vysotskaya L. E. , Stepanova O. V. , Yu. Lukash E.
Published: November 2006

By means of the electron‐topologic approach suggested earlier, the structural and electronic features favouring meat odour occurrence are evaluated using 77 organic compounds with known odorant properties as a basis for primary logico‐structural analysis. A general fragment of the type XH2 (where X = S, O, N is a hetero‐atom) with a certain electronic structure and conformational property is shown to be responsible for the meat odour. The results obtained allow for a prognosis of odorant compounds and their purposeful synthesis.
The optimum condition for malonic dialdehyde liberation from smoked fish and curing smoke condensates
Authors: Witas T. , Sledziewski P.
Published: November 2006

The aim of this study was to establish the conditions for malonic dialdehyde liberation from smoked fish and curing smoke condensates, as well as to determine its content in smoked fish.

The specific absoprtion peaks of coloured solutions of malonic dialdehyde, from curing smoke condensates, with 2‐thiobarbituric acid were determined. The conditions for malonic dialdehyde liberation were established, i.e. time and degree of alkaline hydrolysis of condensate, degree of distillation of acidified condensate solution, the conditions of coloured solution development, determination of extinction and method of calculation of malonic dialdehyde content in smoked fish, in individual layers of smoked mackerel fillets. The mechanism of formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbone and hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl free radicals, formed during pyrolysis of organic compounds in the presence of liberated malonic dialdehyde, was proposed.
UV spectroscopy studies of the oxidation changes in depot and structural lipids in high‐fat feeding
Authors: Yanishlieva N. Vl. , Goranov I. M. , Tsanev R. B.
Published: November 2006

The degree of incorporation of conjugated dienes, trienes and tetraenes into reserve (depot fats) and structural liver lipids of rats is studied depending on the type of high‐fat feeding (50 energy%): lard, lard + sunflower oil (2:1), butter, hydrogenated sunflower oil. It is found that in adipose tissue there are only conjugated dienes whose concentration is lower than that of lipids of the respective diets and of the liver. Structural lipids are characterized by a high concentration of conjugated tri‐ and tetraenes. It is established that the fatty acid compositions of the diets and their oxidizability coefficients, respectively, do not correlate with the degree of accumulation of conjugated fatty acid structures in living organisms. The disequilibrated high‐fat regimens based on butter and partially hydrogenated sunflower oil create conditions for more intensive incorporation of oxidized fatty acid products into the tissues.
Fortschrittsbericht Bioverfügbarkeit von Mineralstoffen 1. Mitt. Methoden zur Bestimmung
Authors: Kujawa M. , Friedrich M. , Macholz R. , Ozierenski Bärbel , Walzel E.
Published: November 2006

Mineralstoffe spielen im Stoffwechsel eine große Rolle. Über den Bedarf des Organismus zur Aufrechterhaltung besteht noch in vielen Fällen Unklarheit. Die Versorgung mit Metallen ist abhängig von deren Bioverfügbarkeit. Methoden der experimentellen Bestimmung der Bioverfügbarkeit werden beschrieben sowie deren Grenzen und Aussagefähigkeit diskutiert.
The fate of aflatoxins during the production of “Ogiri”, a West African fermented melon seed condiment from artificially contaminated seeds
Authors: Ogunsanwo B. M. , Faboya O. O. , Idowu O. R. , Ikotun T. , Akano D. A.
Published: November 2006

Twenty‐six market samples and four laboratory‐prepared samples of “ogiri” were screened for aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxins were not detected in any of the samples. The fermented product (ogiri) was prepared with Aspergillus flavus contaminated melon seeds. Losses of 64.7% aflatoxin B1 and 82.9% aflatoxin G1 were observed at the end of the third day of fermentation of the ground melon seeds. The samples were completely detoxified at the fourth day of fermentation. Increase in pH of the mash from 6.2 to 7.2 was observed during fermentation.
Variability of thiamine, riboflavin and niacin content in soybean seed
Authors: Vedrina‐Dragojević I. , Šebčić B. , Balint L.
Published: November 2006

Because of its composition and high biological value soybean is considered the food of the future and is being used worldwide both in preparation of various dietary products and for diverse food articles. The addition of soybean and evaluation of the biological value of products is mostly based on data about the content of individual soybean components obtainable from different tables on the composition and nutritional value of food products. Therefore, within a more extensive project, investigations were carried out in our laboratory to find out how genetic and climatic factors effect the biosynthesis and accumulation of different soybean seed components and to what extent the observed differences influence the accuracy of nutritional value evaluation of food products obtained.

Although the vitamin B complex is important for the growth and metabolism of living organisms, as an essential part of the enzyme system which is the basis of life processes, these vitamins are not sufficiently represented in the research concerning soybean. Except for the few authors [1–5] who studied the distribution of thiamine, Liener [6] summarizing the results of previous investigations gives the most complete account of B vitamins content in mature and immature soybean seed.
The response of quality and yield of black tea of twocamellia sinensis varieties to methods and intervals of harvesting
Authors: Owuor P Okinda , Odhiambo Herman O
Published: November 2006

The sensory evaluation and chemical quality parameters of black teas changed with variety, plucking round length and method of plucking. Hand plucked teas had higher theaflavins (TF), caffeine, brightness, flavour index. Group II volatile flavour compounds (VFC) and sensory evaluations, but lower Group I VFC than shear plucked teas irrespective of variety. Black teas plucked from short plucking rounds were superior to those from long plucking rounds as assessed by TF, caffeine, brightness, the chemical aroma quality parameters and sensory evaluation. Long plucking intervals and shear plucking reduced tea yields and produced coarser leaf than short plucking intervals and hand plucking respectively.
Influence of sulphur and nitrogen on seed yield and quality of low glucosinolate oilseed rape (Brassica napus L)
Authors: Zhao Fangjie , Evans Eric J. , Bilsborrow Paul E. , Syers J. Keith
Published: November 2006

Influence of S and N application on seed yield and quality of a double low (low erucic acid and glucosinolate content) variety of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L) was examined in field experiments at both S‐sufficient and S‐deficient sites. At the S‐sufficient site, application of S had no significant influences on seed yield, yield components, seed protein and oil contents, and resulted in only a marginal increase in seed glucosinolate content. Application of N increased seed yield and protein content, but decreased oil content concurrently. A significant increase in seed glucosinolate content in response to the increasing N rate was obtained at this site, which was more noticeable in those treatments with applied S than without. In contrast, at the S‐deficient site, there were significant interactions between S and N on seed yield, protein and glucosinolate contents. Increasing the N rate beyond 150 kg ha−1 did not increase seed yield in the absence of applied S. However, with an application of 300 kg N ha−1, seed yield increased by 10·7% with an application of 50 kg S ha−1. The effect of N on seed yield was achieved mainly through enhanced pod formation, and that of S through reduced pod abortion. Sulphur application also increased seed protein content at the high N rate, and increased methionine content at the expense of aspartic acid. On average, a two‐fold increase in seed glucosinolate content in response to an application of 100 kg S ha−1 was obtained at the S‐deficient site. Also, increasing the N rate decreased seed glucosinolate content in the absence of applied S, but increased it when S was applied. The interaction between S and N on seed glucosinolate content was explained in terms of the allocation of S towards primary and secondary metabolites within plants.
Dietary non‐extractable condensed tannins as indigestible compounds: Effects on faecal weight, and protein and fat excretion
Authors: Bravo Laur A. , Mañas Eva. , Saura‐Calixto Fulgencio
Published: November 2006

The possible degradation of non‐extractable condensed tannins (NECT) within the intestinal tract and their effect on faecal weight and composition was studied. Two groups of male Wistar rats were fed either a NECT‐free control diet, or a diet containing 100 g carob pod concentrate kg−1 (53 g NECT kg−1 dry matter) for 5 weeks. A slight effect of NECT on growth rate was observed in the fifth week. The NECT diet did not affect food intake. Significant increases of total faecal output as well as water, nitrogen and fat excretion were observed. NECT were not degraded in the intestinal tract, since they were quantitatively recovered in faeces (98 ± 1%). Since the usual spectrophotometric methods gave contradictory results on NECT levels in the diet and faeces, an alternative method based on Klason lignin residues was used.
Sugars versus starch as supplements to grass silage: Effects on ruminal fermentation and the supply of microbial protein to the small intestine, estimated from the urinary excretion of purine derivatives, in sheep
Authors: Chamberlain David G. , Robertson Stuart , Choung Jai‐Jun.
Published: November 2006

The effects of various purified carbohydrates, given as supplements to a basal diet of grass silage, on ruminal fermentation and on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) were investigated using six sheep in a 6 × 6 Latin square experiment with period lengths of 14 days. The six experimental treatments were (i) the basal diet of 4 kg day−1 of grass silage, supplemented with (ii) sucrose, (iii) lactose, (iv) xylose, (v) wheat starch, and (vi) fructose. All supplements were given at 200 g day−1. The basal diet and the supplements were given in two equal meals each day. Relative to the basal diet, xylose, starch and fructose all reduced (P < 0·05) the mean ruminal pH; for sucrose, the depression was non‐significant (P > 0·05) whilst lactose produced virtually no depression of pH. All supplements reduced (at least P < 0·05) the ruminal concentrations of ammonia compared with the basal diet but, excepting xylose, all the sugar supplements produced a greater (P < 0·05) reduction than did the starch treatment; for xylose, this effect just failed to reach statistical significance (0·10 > P > 0·05). Starch did not alter the volatile fatty acid (VFA) pattern from the basal diet but the sugars produced very marked changes in the molar proportions of VFA. All sugars reduced the proportions of acetic acid (for xylose, 0·10 > P > 0·05, for the others, at least P < 0·05) but compensation was in terms of increased proportions either of propionic acid (xylose and fructose) or of butyric acid (sucrose and lactose). All four sugars increased (P < 0·05) the urinary output of PD over that seen with the basal treatment but the much smaller increase with the starch supplement was statistically non‐significant (P > 0·05). The calculated supply of microbial nitrogen to the small intestine was 10·2, 14·8, 14·3, 13·1, 11·9 and 13·7 g day−1 for the basal, sucrose, lactose, xylose, starch and fructose treatments respectively; the value for sucrose was significantly (P < 0·05) greater than that for starch but differences between sugars were statistically non‐significant (P > 0·05). It is concluded that sugars, particularly sucrose, are clearly superior to starch as an energy source for the microbial fixation of nitrogen in the rumen.
Determination of chemical composition of carob pods by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Albanell Elena , Plaixats Josefina , Caja Gerardo
Published: November 2006

Near‐infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy was used to develop calibration equations to measure chemical composition (dry matter, crude protein and reducing sugars) in carob samples. Calibration equations were obtained by multiple linear regression of conventional laboratory analysis values on NIR spectra from 75 samples and verified with 20 additional samples from the original population, collected on the Spanish Mediterranean littoral in different years. A Tecnichon Infra Alyzer model 450 monochromator interfaced with an IBM PS2 microcomputer was used for the study. Two alternative calibrations were chosen using three and six wavelengths. The coefficients of multiple correlation ranged from 0·91 to 0·95 and the standard errors of calibration ranged from 0·38 to 1·62. The study showed that NIR analysis can be used for predicting the chemical composition of carob pulp.
Polyacetylene content and UV‐induced 6‐methoxymellein accumulation in carrot cultivars
Authors: Mercier Julien , Ponnampalam Rathy , Bérard L. S. , Arul Joseph
Published: November 2006

The antifungal polyacetylenes falcarindiol and falcarinol, the production potential of the phytoalexin 6‐methoxymellein (6‐MM), and the carbohydrate profiles of five carrot cultivars were studied in order to assess variability in their content of these compounds as well as to determine the existence of any interrelationship among them. The polyacetylene content was measured in the peel of carrot roots shortly after harvest; the accumulation of 6‐MM was measured in carrot slices incubated at 1°C after exposure to ultraviolet light (UV‐C); and the carbohydrate content (glucose, fructose, sucrose and total non‐structural), determined on whole carrots. Significant differences among the cultivars were noted in the content of polyacetylenes and 6‐MM accumulation as well as in the carbohydrate constituents. The variation among the cultivars for the polyacetylene content and that for the accumulation of 6‐MM were found to be independent of each other. The results suggest that cultivars with higher levels of antifungal compounds could be bred in order to improve their resistance to diseases. The carbohydrate profiles of the cultivars did not affect their production of 6‐MM. Furthermore, 6‐MM accumulation–UV dose response was similar for all the cultivars. Thus, a single dose of UV could be used to induce 6‐MM in several cultivars of carrot.
The essential oil from Heteropyxis natalensis harv: Its antimicrobial activities and phytoconstituents
Authors: Gundidza Muzuru , Deans Stanley G. , Kennedy Alan I. , Mavi Steven , Waterman Peter G. , Gray Alexander I.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil obtained from Heteropyxis natalensis by steam distillation was tested for antimicrobial properties. Twenty five bacterial and four fungal species were used as test organisms in this study. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning bacteria and mycotoxigenic fungal strains. The essential oil exhibited considerable inhibitory activities against all the test organisms. GC–MS analysis indicated the essential oil contained 1,8‐cineole, limonene, β‐myrcene, α‐phellandrene and α‐pinene.
Characterisation and enzymatic hydrolysis of nettle (Urtica dioica L) deproteinated biomass
Authors: de Leo Pietro , Miceli Antonio , Antonaci Carmen , Vigna Grazia
Published: November 2006

Non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) were obtained from deproteinated nettle biomass and characterised for pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose content. The nettle deproteinated biomass (NDB) represents 52·4% (w/w) of the dry nettle biomass and contains 695·5 g kg−1 NSP. The pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose amounts are 196·7, 334·5 and 128·5 g kg−1, respectively. The high content of pectins and hemicelluloses may make the NDB an important source of dietary fibre. The NSP were hydrolysed by crude enzymatic preparations and both their biodegradability and the amount of simple sugars released have been determined. In the best conditions more than 40% of the NSP were hydrolysed with a considerable increase of sugars. These enzymatic treatments could be used to improve the feed digestibility of the biomass or to obtain bioenergetic compounds by fermentation of the hydrolysed sugars.
Hydration, swelling and solubility behaviour of rice in relation to other physicochemical properties
Authors: Sowbhagya Chakrabhavi M , Ramesh Benakanakere S , Ali Syed Zakiuddin
Published: November 2006

Water uptake at 90°C and above in 16 rice cultivars, representing eight cooking‐quality types, showed positive correlation (P≤0.001) with the surface area of the grain, while at 60°C it was negatively related to amylose (P≤0.01), and gelatinisation temperature (P≤0.001), and positively to equilibrium moisture content on soaking (P≤0.001). The swelling and solubility curves for all varieties showed a two‐stage swelling pattern. Swelling at 60°C was positively correlated (P≤0.001) with water uptake at 60 and 70°C, while swelling at 70°C, and solubility at 60 and 70°C, showed highly negative correlation (P≤0.001 and P≤0.01, respectively) with water uptake at high temperatures. Waxy rices showed distinct differences from non‐waxy rices in their hydration, swelling and solubility behaviour. They swelled more but solubilised less than the non‐waxy rices at 96°C.
Purification and characterisation of protease inhibitors from pigeon pea (cajanus cajan (l) millsp) seeds
Authors: Godbole Sangeeta A , Krishna Thirumalai G , Bhatia Chittaranjan R
Published: November 2006

Two protease inhibitors from Cajanus cajan seeds have been purified to homogeneity by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solubilisation, ion‐exchange and gel‐filtration chromatography followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electro‐phoresis. One of the inhibitors, Cajanus trypsin‐chymotrypsin inhibitor (CTCI), inhibits both bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin while the other, Cajanus trypsin inhibitor(CTI), inhibits only bovine trypsin. The two inhibitors contained no carbohydrate and had an isoelectric point of 6. CTCI and CTI had average molecular weights of 15000 and 10500, respectively. The purified inhibitors in solution were stable to heat at 80°C for 15 min and pH 7–10. In the pH range 3–5, 80% of the activity was retained. Autoclaving totally destroyed the inhibitor activity. CTCI had two sites for trypsin binding and one site for chymotrypsin binding while CTI had only one site for trypsin binding. The inhibitors were very specific towards mammalian serine proteases and did not inhibit other proteases or serine proteases of bacterial origin.
Developmental changes in the concentration and composition of flavonoids in skin of a red and a green apple cultivar
Authors: Lister Carolyn E , Lancaster Jane E , Sutton Kevin H , Walker John R L
Published: November 2006

Flavonoids from the skin of Granny Smith, a green apple cultivar, and Splendour, a red apple cultivar, were quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography for two seasons (1989–1990 and 1990–1991). Both cultivars contained a similar composition and concentration of quercetin glycosides and proanthocyanidins. Splendour also synthesised cyanidin glycosides during ripening. Quercetin glycosides and proanthocyanidins were highest in the skin of very young fruit of Granny Smith and decreased by 50% during fruit development. In Splendour, concentrations of quercetin glycosides and proanthocyanidins in the skin decreased by 50% from early to mid‐season but then increased during ripening. Cyanidin glycosides in Splendour increased to about 1 mg g‐1 fresh weight during ripening. There were significant differences between the two cultivars but not between years. Total amount of flavonoids increased throughout the season as fruit surface area increased. For Granny Smith there was an estimated net synthesis per apple of 0.16 mg day‐1 quercetin glycosides, 0.1 mg day‐1 proanthocyanidins and for Splendour a net synthesis per apple of 0.28 mg day‐1 quercetin glycosides, 0.21 mg day‐1 proanthocyanidins and during ripening 0.21 mg day‐1 cyanidin glycosides. Relative proportions of major quercetin glycosides and proanthocyanidins were stable during fruit development. For Splendour, however, cyanidin glycoside synthesis was accompanied by a corresponding increase in quercetin glycoside and proanthocyanidin synthesis. The data suggest a coordinate regulation of enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway during fruit development.
Crisp quality of two potato varieties: Effects of dehydration and rehydration
Authors: Kulkarni Karuna D , Govinden N , Kulkarni Dilip N
Published: November 2006

Crisps adversely made from stored whole potatoes turn brown, whereas texture is adversely affected when crisps are made from dehydrated slices. Rehydration as a step prior to crisp‐making has been investigated in two commercially grown potato varieties in Mauritius. The raw material was analysed for physical, chemical and processing characteristics including peeling losses, blanching time, drying rates and yield. Rehydration rates and ratios were determined. The sensory characteristics of the crisps were evaluated. Potatoes of the Exodus variety were smaller with more eyes and had higher peeling loss than those of the Spunta variety. The former had higher specific gravity and better drying characteristics. There were no significant differences between the varieties in respect of blanching time, chemical composition and crisp quality, and the drying curves were similar. Slight differences were observed in the rehydration characteristics. Crisps made from dehydrated slices were inferior in texture and taste to those of the control. However, crisps made from rehydrated slices were comparable to control crisps.
Lipid distribution and composition of commercially farmed atlantic salmon (salmosalar)
Authors: Aursand Marit , Bleivik Bente , Rainuzzo Jose R , Leif Jörgensen , Mohr Viggo
Published: November 2006

Skin, red and white muscle, belly flap, dorsal fat depot, backbone, head, visceral tissue and liver of commercially farmed Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)were analysed for total lipid content, lipid classes and fatty acid composition. The fat is deposited in a number of tissues and organs with the highest level in the dorsal fat depot (38.4% of wet weight), red muscle (27.2%) and belly flap (28.1%). The fat content in white muscle is 9.6% of wet weight. The lipid class distribution is nearly uniform throughout the fish body. The belly flap contains the highest amount of triacylglycerols (98.8% of total lipid) and white muscle and visceral tissue have the lowest levels, 93.3% and 93.1%, respectively. The variation in total saturates, monoenes, polyenes,n‐6 andn‐3 fatty acids was much less between tissues than the variation in total lipid content. In the edible part, the belly flap (16.7%) contained significantly lower levels ofn‐3 fatty acids than red (18.4%) and white muscle (19.7%) mainly due to lower level of 22: 6n‐3 and 20: 5n‐3 fatty acids.
Effect of calcium salts of fatty acids on rumen function and the digestibility of rations by sheep
Authors: Bayourthe Corine , Vernay Michèle , Moncoulon Raymond
Published: November 2006

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing chopped ryegrass hay with 0, 1.5, 3, 6 or 12% calcium salts of fatty acids (CaSFA; Megalac) on digestion in the rumen of cannulated cows and on nutrient digestibility by sheep. In‐situ ruminal disappearances of dry matter (DM) and cell wall fractions (acid detergent fibre, ADF, and neutral detergent fibre, NDF) were measured by the nylon bag technique. The DM, ADF and NDF disappearances were reduced for diets containing CaSFA at the 1.5, 3 or 6% levels after 48 h of rumen exposure. For diets containing 12% CaSFA, irrespective of the time of rumen incubation, DM disappearance was decreased, while ADF and NDF breakdown was improved. CaSFA supplementation did not influence invitro fermentation characteristics (pH, volatile fatty acid patterns). A digestibility experiment with six mature sheep showed no difference in nitrogen digestibility between unsupplemented and CaSFA‐supplemented diets. However, digestibilities of DM, ADF and NDF were higher relative to the basal for the 12% CaSFA: 63.1 versus 60.6%, 63.8 versus 58.7% and 67.4 versus 62.7%, respectively. Ether extract digestion was enhanced by increasing the level of CaSFA, the corresponding values being 49.1, 66.5, 78.6, 81.9 and 77.9% at 0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12% CaSFA, respectively. Apparent digestibility of energy was higher for the 12% CaSFA than the control diet 68.8 versus 62.1%). Nitrogen and energy retention was improved due to the decreases in urine and faecal excretion, respectively.
Biological variability in lignification of maize: Expression of the brown midrib bm3 mutation in three maize cultivars
Authors: Chabbert B , Tollier M T , Monties B , Barrière Y , Argillier O
Published: November 2006

Cell wall‐linked phenolics were investigated in maize internodes located at three positions of the stem (top‐middle‐bottom). While the lignin content did not change drastically with position, the amount of cell wall‐ester linked p‐coumaric acid sharply increased from the top to the bottom internodes of the stem. Conversely, the saponified ferulic acid content remained relatively unchanged along the stem. Moreover, the highest syringyl content of the β‐O‐4‐lignin structures was found in the basal (most mature) internode. Therefore, enhanced p‐coumaric esterification of the cell wall and preferential deposition of syringyl units in the lignin polymer might indicate an extended maturity stage of the cell wall of maize internodes. The bm3 mutation in the three maize hybrids is expressed by lignin reduction and ester‐bound p‐coumaric decrease in the mutant lines. Furthermore, all bm3 hybrids synthesised lignin polymers which were characterised by a very low S/G molar ratio (0.16‐0.43). This ratio originates from the substantial reduction of the syringyl unit content in β‐O‐4‐lignin structures compared with the normal lignin. The occurrence in the same range of the 5‐hydroxyguaiacyl unit in bm3 lignin from each type of hybrids was noteworthy, demonstrating the high heritability of the bm3 mutation at the molecular level. The alkaline solubility of lignin was greater for the three mutant lines compared to the normal cultivars. Furthermore, the alkali‐labile fraction of lignin of both normal and mutant lines had a monomeric composition which was consistent with the non‐condensed structures of in‐situ lignin.
Canavalia brasiliensis seeds. Protein quality and nutritional implications of dietary lectin
Authors: Oliveira Jose T A , Vasconcelos Ilka M , Gondim Maria Jailse L , Moreira Luzia Izabel M
Published: November 2006

This study reports on the performance of rats fed with diets based on Canavalia brasiliensis seed proteins. The raw seeds are not a good regime, causing the animals to lose weight, exhibiting low net protein utilization (NPU) values, high nitrogen excretion and macroscopic alterations of key internal organs. Heat treatment, but not dialysis of the seed meal, had a beneficial effect on the nutritional parameters. Feeding rats with a diet containing pure lectin showed a lower digestibility and NPU, a much higher dry matter and nitrogen excretion, impaired growth rate and small‐intestine enlargement in comparison with rats pair‐fed on egg‐white protein. In addition, lectin was detected fully active against rabbit erythrocytes in the faeces of rats fed lectin‐containing diets. It was suggested that the seed lectin acts as an antinutritive dietary component.
Purification of jerusalem artichoke fructans and their utilisation by bifidobacteria
Authors: Yamazaki Hiroshi , Matsumoto Kouchi
Published: November 2006

Ash‐free white powder of fructans was prepared from the tubers of Jerusalem artichoke by hot‐water extraction followed by treatment with charcoal and ion exchangers. A simple method for measuring the effects of carbon sources on the growth of bifidobacteria was developed. Bifidobacteria grew equally well in the Jerusalem artichoke fructans as in enzymically prepared fructooligosaccharides (Meioligo P). Much slower growth occurred, however, with a commercial fructan product from chicory (Fibruline).
Development of the chemical model of a typical food product: Olive oil from an italian region (Basilicata)
Authors: Drava Giuliana , Forma Michele , Lanteri Silvia , Lupoli Mauro
Published: November 2006

Samples (158) of olive oil produced in an Italian region (Basilicata) and described by 52 chemical variables were analysed together with samples of different geographical origin, using chemometric techniques. After selection of the variables discriminating best between the samples from Basilicata and those from the reference regions, two homogeneous zones of Basilicata were studied in detail: several class‐modelling methods were applied in order to build the models of the oil produced in those areas. Compact models of the northern and central areas of Basilicata were obtained with a variance comparable to the models of well‐characterised regions of oil production.