bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of the NAO on sea level and on mass changes in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Tsimplis M. N. , Calafat F. M. , Marcos M. , Jordà G. , Gomis D. , Fenoglio‐Marc L. , Struglia M. V. , Josey S. A. , Chambers D.P.
Published: April 2013

Sea level in the Mediterranean Sea over the period 1993–2011 is studied on the basis of altimetry, temperature, and salinity data and gravity measurements from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) (2002–2010). An observed increase in sea level corresponds to a linear sea level trend of 3.0 ± 0.5 mm/yr dominated by the increase in the oceanic mass in the basin. The increase in sea level does not, however, take place linearly but over two 2–3 year periods, each contributing 2–3 cm of sea level. Variability in the basin sea level and its mass component is dominated by the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO influence on sea level is primarily linked with atmospheric pressure changes and local wind field changes. However, neither the inverse barometer correction nor a barotropic sea level model forced by atmospheric pressure and wind can remove fully the NAO influence on the basin sea level. Thus, a third contributing mechanism linked with the NAO is suggested. During winter 2010, a low NAO index caused a basin sea level increase of 12 cm which was almost wholly due to mass changes and is evidenced by GRACE. About 8 cm of the observed sea level change can be accounted for as due to atmospheric pressure and wind changes. The residual 4 cm of sea level change is caused by the newly identified contribution. The physical mechanisms that may be responsible for this additional contribution are discussed.
Long‐term characteristics of simulated ice deformation in the Baltic Sea (1962–2007)
Authors: Löptien U. , Mårtensson S. , Meier H.E.M. , Höglund A.
Published: April 2013

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is a frequently used measure for the mean winter conditions in Northern Europe. A positive, high index is associated with strong westerlies and anomalous warm temperatures. The effects on sea ice conditions in the Baltic Sea are twofold. Warm temperatures prevent sea ice formation. If ice is present nevertheless, the strong winds can promote the formation of ice ridges which hinders ship traffic. We use an ocean‐sea ice model to investigate the NAO impact on the ridged ice area fraction in the Baltic during 1962–2007. Our simulations indicate that in the northern Bothnian Bay, a high NAO index is related to an anomalous accumulation of ridges, while in the rest of the Baltic Sea, the relationship is contrary. The NAO explains locally at most only 20–25% of the ridged ice fraction interannual variability which indicates the systems complexity. However, we find high skill with local correlations around 0.8 for annually averaged ridged ice fraction reconstructed from multilinear regression using winter averaged wind extremes, surface air temperature, and sea surface temperature (SST). This suggests that the amount of ridged ice in late winter can be derived from these routinely measured quantities. In large parts of the basin, it is sufficient to use the atmospheric parameters as a predictor, while in the eastern Bothnian Bay and southern Gulf of Finland, the SST is required to reconstruct the bulk of the ridged ice fraction.
Thermal evolution of Mercury as constrained by MESSENGER observations
Authors: Michel Nathalie C. , Hauck Steven A. , Solomon Sean C. , Phillips Roger J. , Roberts James H. , Zuber Maria T.
Published: April 2013

Orbital observations of Mercury by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft provide new constraints on that planet's thermal and interior evolution. Specifically, MESSENGER observations have constrained the rate of radiogenic heat production via measurement of uranium, thorium, and potassium at the surface, and identified a range of surface compositions consistent with high‐temperature, high‐degree partial melts of the mantle. Additionally, MESSENGER data have placed new limits on the spatial and temporal variation in volcanic and tectonic activity and enabled determination that the planet's core is larger than previously estimated. Because Mercury's mantle layer is also thinner than previously thought, this result gives greater likelihood to the possibility that mantle convection is marginally supercritical or even that the mantle is not convecting. We simulate mantle convection and magma generation within Mercury's mantle under two‐dimensional axisymmetry and a broad range of conditions to understand the implications of MESSENGER observations for the thermal evolution of the planet. These models demonstrate that mantle convection can persist in such a thin mantle for a substantial portion of Mercury's history, and often to the present, as long as the mantle is thicker than ~300 km. We also find that magma generation in Mercury's convecting mantle is capable of producing widespread magmas by large‐degree partial melting, consistent with MESSENGER observations of the planet's surface chemistry and geology.
Thermal evolution of an early magma ocean in interaction with the atmosphere
Authors: Lebrun T. , Massol H. , Chassefière E. , Davaille A. , Marcq E. , Sarda P. , Leblanc F. , Brandeis G.
Published: April 2013

The thermal evolution of magma oceans produced by collision with giant impactors late in accretion is expected to depend on the composition and structure of the atmosphere through the greenhouse effect of CO2and H2O released from the magma during its crystallization. In order to constrain the various cooling timescales of the system, we developed a 1‐D parameterized convection model of a magma ocean coupled with a 1‐D radiative‐convective model of the atmosphere. We conducted a parametric study and described the influences of the initial volatile inventories, the initial depth of the magma ocean, and the Sun‐planet distance. Our results suggest that a steam atmosphere delays the end of the magma ocean phase by typically 1 Myr. Water vapor condenses to an ocean after 0.1, 1.5, and 10 Myr for, respectively, Mars, Earth, and Venus. This time would be virtually infinite for an Earth‐sized planet located at less than 0.66 AU from the Sun. Using a more accurate calculation of opacities, we show that Venus is much closer to this threshold distance than in previous models. So there are conditions such as no water ocean is formed on Venus. Moreover, for Mars and Earth, water ocean formation timescales are shorter than typical time gaps between major impacts. This implies that successive water oceans may have developed during accretion, making easier the loss of their atmospheres by impact erosion. On the other hand, Venus could have remained in the magma ocean stage for most of its accretion.
Identification of possible recent water/lava source vents in the Cerberus plains: Stratigraphic and crater count age constraints
Authors: Thomas Rebecca J.
Published: April 2013

In order to investigate sources of lava and water to the Cerberus plains of Mars, geomorphological mapping on High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images was carried out to reveal the history of activity of fissures and pits which lie upstream of channels and deposits associated with a wrinkle ridge near Cerberus Fossae. The fissures and pits are superbly exposed and imaged, and flows and channels emanate directly from them, interpreted as clear evidence that these are vents. The mapping establishes stratigraphic relationships between the plains and the channels and deposits originating from the vents, establishing the vent history. For example, to the south of the wrinkle ridge, both incised channels and leveed flows extend onto the southern plain and are clearly the final phase of plains‐forming activity. Conversely, to the north, vent‐sourced channels only incise the plain close to the ridge—beyond that, they are overlain by large‐scale regional flows that appear to have originated from the direction of Athabasca Valles. In the southeast, there is evidence of contemporaneity between vent‐sourced activity and large‐scale plains‐forming flow that was not sourced from the vents, indicating that activity here was part of a broader process of Cerberus plains formation from multiple sources. Crater counts show all the activity to be Late Amazonian, with the latest activity tentatively dating to circa 11 Ma. Thus, this study implies that very recent outflows from these vents contributed to the formation of the Cerberus plains and constrains the timing and local flow direction of plains‐forming deposits from other sources.
A BLIND SPOT IN GIRLS' EDUCATION: MENARCHE AND ITS WEBS OF EXCLUSION IN GHANA
Authors: Dolan Catherine S. , Ryus Caitlin R. , Dopson Sue , Montgomery Paul , Scott Linda
Published: April 2013

Despite notable progress in girls' education over the last decade, gender‐based differences continue to shape educational outcomes. One of the most overlooked of these differences is the process of maturation itself, including menstruation. This paper presents the findings of a study that assessed the impact of sanitary care on the school attendance of post‐pubertal girls, as well as the implications of menarche for their well‐being. The study found that the provision of adequate sanitary care represents a relatively unrecognized but potentially fruitful tool in strategies that aim to improve girls' educational outcomes, one that warrants policy consideration among development planners. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycogen function in adult central and peripheral nerves
Authors: Evans Richard D. , Brown Angus M. , Ransom Bruce R.
Published: April 2013

We studied the roles of glycogen in axonal pathways of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). By using electrophysiological recordings, in combination with biochemical glycogen assay, it was possible to determine whether glycogen was crucial to axon function under different conditions. Glycogen was present both in mouse optic nerve (MON) and in mouse sciatic nerve (MSN). Aglycemia caused loss of the compound action potential (CAP) in both pathways after a latency of 15 min (MON) and 120 min for myelinated axons (A fibers) in the MSN. With the exception of unmyelinated axons (C fibers) in the MSN, CAP decline began when usable glycogen was exhausted. Glycogen was located in astrocytes in the MON and in myelinating Schwann cells in the MSN; it was absent from the Schwann cells surrounding unmyelinated C fibers. In MON, astrocytic glycogen is metabolized to lactate and “shuttled” to axons to support metabolism. The ability of lactate to support A fiber conduction in the absence of glucose suggests a common pathway in both the CNS and the PNS. Lactate is released from MON and MSN in substantial quantities. That lactate levels fall in MSN in the presence of diaminobenzidine, which inhibits glycogen phosphorylase, strongly suggests that glycogen metabolism contributes to lactate release under resting conditions. Glycogen is a “backup” energy substrate in both the CNS and the PNS and, beyond sustaining excitability during glucose deprivation, has the capacity to subsidize the axonal energy demands during times of intense activity in the presence of glucose. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stable carbon isotopic evidence for climate change across the late Pleistocene to early Holocene from Lesotho, southern Africa
Authors: ROBERTS P. , LEE‐THORP J. A. , MITCHELL P. J. , ARTHUR C.
Published: April 2013

Although significant environmental and climatic changes are likely to have occurred across the Pleistocene/Holocene transition in southern Africa, records are sparse, with information regarding temperature change especially rare. We thus know little about the conditions facing Later Stone Age human populations at this time, particularly those in the highland interior where temperature shifts would have had strong impacts on floral and faunal distributions. In Lesotho, a well‐defined altitudinal distribution of C3 and C4 photosynthetic plant taxa, and their remains in soil organic matter, provides a means of estimating past temperature shifts. We applied this principle to stratified sediments from two archaeological sequences in the Lesotho lowlands (c. 1600 m a.s.l.) to produce a palaeotemperature record focusing on the period 14 000–9500 cal a BP. The results show an overall trend from exclusively C3 vegetation at the Last Glacial Maximum towards greater contributions of C4 taxa, and thus warmer conditions, during the Holocene. However, large temperature fluctuations are evident within this trend, with rapid changes of up to 4 °C visible between 11 200 and 9500 cal a BP. The continued presence of hunter‐gatherers during this time suggests that the region must have remained attractive to human populations despite significant climatic instability and cool episodes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐evaluation of traditional Mediterranean foods. The local landraces of ‘Cipolla di Giarratana’ (Allium cepa L.) and long‐storage tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum L.): quality traits and polyphenol content
Authors: Siracusa Laura , Avola Giovanni , Patanè Cristina , Riggi Ezio , Ruberto Giuseppe
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

The heightened consumer awareness for food safety is reflected in the demand for products with well‐defined individual characteristics due to specific production methods, composition and origin. In this context, of pivotal importance is the re‐evaluation of folk/traditional foods by properly characterizing them in terms of peculiarity and nutritional value. The subjects of this study are two typical Mediterranean edible products. The main morphological, biometrical and productive traits and polyphenol contents of three onion genotypes (‘Cipolla di Giarratana’, ‘Iblea’ and ‘Tonda Musona’) and three long‐storage tomato landraces (‘Montallegro’, ‘Filicudi’ and ‘Principe Borghese’) were investigated.

RESULTS

Sicilian onion landraces were characterized by large bulbs, with ‘Cipolla di Giarratana’ showing the highest bulb weight (605 g), yield (151 t ha−1) and total polyphenol content (123.5 mg kg−1). Landraces of long‐storage tomato were characterized by low productivity (up to 20 t ha−1), but more than 70% of the total production was obtained with the first harvest, allowing harvest costs to be reduced. High contents of polyphenols were found, probably related to the typical small fruit size and thick skin characterizing these landraces.

CONCLUSION

The present study overviews some of the most important traits that could support traditional landrace characterization and their nutritional value assessment. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant activity, volatile composition and sensory profile of four new very‐early apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.)
Authors: Melgarejo Pablo , Calín‐Sánchez Ángel , Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel A , Martínez‐Nicolás Juan José , Legua Pilar , Martínez Rafael , Hernández Francisca
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

Very‐early apricot cultivars are interesting owing to the fact that they will be available in markets before any other cultivar. In order to achieve good fruit quality, very‐early apricots require appropriate size, weight and color, good balance of sugars and organic acids, proper content of bioactive compounds, relatively strong apricot aroma as well as acceptable sensory quality.

RESULTS

Physical, chemical, antioxidant and sensory properties showed important variations among apricot cultivars. These differences were basically attributed to genetic reasons. Four very‐early apricot cultivars were studied, namely ‘Mirlo Blanco’, ‘Mirlo Anaranjado’, ‘Colorao’ and ‘Mogador’. All of them showed proper size and weight, but their contents of organic acids, sugars and bioactive compounds were low and the number of volatile compounds was also low. However, very‐early apricots showed an appropriate sensory profile for fresh consumption.

CONCLUSION

Regarding physical, chemical and volatile composition and sensory properties, very‐early apricot cultivars could be recommended for fresh consumption. However, future research must be focused on increasing their contents of sugars, organic acids and bioactive and volatile compounds, perhaps via cultural practices such as deficit irrigation and/or mulching. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Effective protein extraction protocol for proteomics studies of Jerusalem artichoke leaves
Authors: Zhang Meide , Shen Shihua
Published: April 2013

Protein extraction is a crucial step for proteomics studies. To establish an effective protein extraction protocol suitable for two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) analysis in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), three different protein extraction methods—trichloroacetic acid/acetone, Mg/NP‐40, and phenol/ammonium acetate—were evaluated using Jerusalem artichoke leaves as source materials. Of the three methods, trichloroacetic acid/acetone yielded the best protein separation pattern and highest number of protein spots in 2DE analysis. Proteins highly abundant in leaves, such as Rubisco, are typically problematic during leaf 2DE analysis, however, and this disadvantage was evident using trichloroacetic acid/acetone. To reduce the influence of abundant proteins on the detection of low‐abundance proteins, we optimized the trichloroacetic acid/acetone method by incorporating a PEG fractionation approach. After optimization, 363 additional (36.2%) protein spots were detected on the 2DE gel. Our results suggest that trichloroacetic acid/acetone method is a better protein extraction technique than Mg/NP‐40 and phenol/ammonium acetate in Jerusalem artichoke leaf 2DE analysis, and that trichloroacetic acid/acetone method combined with PEG fractionation procedure is the most effective approach for leaf 2DE analysis of Jerusalem artichoke.
Confirming the factor structure of the alcohol and alcohol problems questionnaire (AAPPQ) in a sample of baccalaureate nursing students
Authors: Terhorst Lauren , Gotham Heather J. , Puskar Kathryn R. , Mitchell Ann M. , Talcott Kimberly S. , Braxter Betty , Hagle Holly , Fioravanti Marie , Woomer Gail R.
Published: April 2013

The Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaire (AAPPQ) is a multi‐dimensional measure of clinicians' attitudes toward working with patients with alcohol problems. In the past 35 years, five‐ and six‐subscale versions and a short version of the AAPPQ have been published. While the reliability of the AAPPQ subscales has remained acceptable, the factor structure has not been verified using confirmatory techniques. In the current study, we split a sample of 299 baccalaureate nursing students to use exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). When compared to the original six‐factor solution and an imposed six‐factor structure in CFA, the EFA seven‐factor solution with three original items (19, 20, and 25) removed had the best model fit. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 36: 412–422, 2013
With a Lot of Help from my Friends: Social Networks and Immigrants in the UK
Authors: Giulietti Corrado , Schluter Christian , Wahba Jackline
Published: April 2013

This paper provides a descriptive analysis of the role of social networks in the labour market, comparing immigrant and native men in the UK. We first explore the determinants of using social networks as a channel for looking for jobs. Our focus does not only lie on the main search method of job search, rather we also use information on whether social networks are used as a method of search among many alternative ones. We subsequently investigate the social network effects on labour market outcomes in terms of job‐finding rates. On the basis of the UK Quarterly Labour Force Survey for the period 1992 to 2010, the analysis explores the role of two key aspects of immigrants′ human capital: the education level and years since immigration. We show that immigrants are more likely than White British‐born to rely on using social networks as a main search method, although no crucial difference is found when using personal contacts as a method of job search. However, immigrants are as likely as natives to find employment through their social network, yet among both groups, the less educated are more likely to succeed in obtaining jobs through contacts. Finally, the findings reveal no systematic pattern in the effect of years in the UK on job search success among immigrant groups. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expanding sports drug testing assays: Mass spectrometric characterization of the selective androgen receptor modulator drug candidates RAD140 and ACP‐105
Authors: Thevis Mario , Piper Thomas , Beuck Simon , Geyer Hans , Schänzer Wilhelm
Published: April 2013

RATIONALE

Anabolic agents have been top‐ranked for many years among statistics of adverse analytical findings compiled by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). Besides archetypical anabolic‐androgenic steroids (AAS), alternative substances with similar effects concerning bone and muscle anabolism have been therapeutically pursued. A prominent emerging class of drugs is the chemically heterogeneous group of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), some of which have been detected in doping control samples between 2009 and 2012 despite missing clinical approval.

METHODS

In order to support the momentum of expanding the preventive and proactive measures among anti‐doping laboratories, the analytical characterization of substances with misuse potential is of great importance. In the present study, the SARM drug candidates RAD140 (comprising a 5‐phenyloxadiazole nucleus) and ACP‐105 (bearing an N‐substituted tropanol pharmacophore) were studied regarding their mass spectrometric behavior under ESI‐MS(/MS) and EI‐MS(/MS) conditions. Reference material was synthesized according to established protocols and dissociation pathways of RAD140 and ACP‐105 were elucidated with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole/time‐of‐flight or iontrap/orbitrap and gas chromatography/electron ionization quadrupole/time‐of‐flight high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Fragmentation pathways to diagnostic product ions of RAD140 (e.g. m/z 223 and 205 using ESI‐MS/MS and m/z 421 and 349 using EI‐MS/MS) and ACP‐105 (such as m/z 233 and 193 or 231 and 217 for ESI‐MS/MS and EI‐MS/MS measurements, respectively) were proposed as substantiated by determined elemental compositions and MSn experiments as well as comparison to spectra of a structural analog. Notably, for the formation of the characteristic fragment ion at m/z 421 of RAD140, the comparably seldom intramolecular migration of a trimethylsilyl residue triggered by electron ionization was suggested as corroborated by all of the above‐mentioned analytical means.

CONCLUSIONS

The obtained data will support future sports drug testing methods and facilitate and accelerate the implementation of this analyte and related compounds or metabolites in both GC/MS(/MS)‐ and LC/MS(/MS)‐based routine doping control procedures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of aluminum alloys environmentally friendly surface treatments for aircraft and aerospace industry
Authors: Monetta T. , Acquesta A. , Maresca V. , Signore R. , Bellucci F. , Di Petta P. , Lo Masti M.
Published: April 2013

Due to risk connected to the chromium use, several companies try to find ‘true’ chromium free products to treat aluminum surfaces. Aim of this work was to evaluate and test some treatment systems for avionics applications, in order to replace standard chromate processes based on CrVI. AA2014‐T3 and AA6082‐T6 aluminum alloys were subjected to conversion coating processes based on lithium or zirconium salts. Results were compared to those obtained using commercial chromium free products. The electrochemical and corrosion behavior was investigated using the d.c. electrochemical technique and salt spray test (SST). Moreover, in order to be used in some aircraft and aerospace devices, low electrical contact resistance (ECR) is required; these tests were carried out according to a military standard. The results demonstrated that the AA6082‐T6 alloy, treated using lithium salts, has passed the SST but did not pass the ECR test. AA2014‐T3 alloy treated using lithium salts has passed neither the SST nor the low electrical resistance test. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Detailed Experimental and Theoretical Study into the Properties of C60 Dumbbell Junctions
Authors: Gillemot Katalin , Evangeli Charalambos , Leary Edmund , La Rosa Andrea , González M. Teresa , Filippone Salvatore , Grace Iain , Rubio‐Bollinger Gabino , Ferrer Jaime , Martín Nazario , Lambert Colin J. , Agraït Nicolás
Published: April 2013

A combined experimental and theoretical investigation is carried out into the electrical transport across a fullerene dumbbell one‐molecule junction. The newly designed molecule comprises two C60s connected to a fluorene backbone via cyclopropyl groups. It is wired between gold electrodes under ambient conditions by pressing the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) onto one of the C60 groups. The STM allows us to identify a single molecule before the junction is formed through imaging, which means unambiguously that only one molecule is wired. Once lifted, the same molecule could be wired many times as it was strongly fixed to the tip, and a high conductance state close to 10−2 G0 is found. The results also suggest that the relative conductance fluctuations are low as a result of the low mobility of the molecule. Theoretical analysis indicates that the molecule is connected directly to one electrode through the central fluorene, and that to bind it to the gold fully it has to be pushed through a layer of adsorbates naturally present in the experiment.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Magnetic Property, and Electronic Structure of Ba2YbInSe5
Authors: Feng Kai , Yin Wenlong , Wang Wendong , Kang Lei , Hao Wenyu , Yao Jiyong , Shi Youguo , Lin Zheshuai , Wu Yicheng
Published: April 2013

A new barium ytterbium indium selenide, Ba2YbInSe5, was obtained by conventional high temperature solid state reaction. The compound crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric space group Cmc21 of the orthorhombic system. The structure contains infinite one‐dimensional anionic chains 1∞[YbInSe5]4–, which are built from YbSe6 octahedra and InSe4 tetrahedra and separated by Ba2+ cation. The magnetic measurement indicates that the compound is paramagnetic. In addition, the calculated bandgap is 0.29 eV.
An Update on WII and MoII Carbonyl Precursors and Their Application in the Synthesis of Potentially Bio‐Inspired Thiophenolate‐Oxazoline Complexes
Authors: Peschel Lydia M. , Schachner Jörg A. , Sala Chris H. , Belaj Ferdinand , Mösch‐Zanetti Nadia C.
Published: April 2013

The synthesis of two new low‐valent dicarbonyl complexes of tungsten [W(CO)2(SPh‐oz)2] (3b) and molybdenum [Mo(CO)2(SPh‐oz)2] (4b) coordinated by a bidentate thiolate‐oxazoline ligand SPh‐oz is reported. The thereby created coordination via two anionic sulfur atoms can be seen as biologically inspired as it reflects the first coordination sphere of the pterin cofactor found in molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. The in‐situ preparation of the lithium salt Li(SPh‐oz) (1) was described previously in literature, but analytical data was not available. A similar situation was found for the published syntheses of the low‐valent metal precursors [W(CO)3(PPh3)2Cl2] (2a), [W2(CO)7Br4] (3a) and [Mo(CO)4Br2] where experimental procedures were unreliable and experimental data was inadequate or missing.To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of a full characterization of the literature known compounds Li(SPh‐oz) (1), [W(CO)3(PPh3)2Cl2] (2a) and [W2(CO)7Br4] (3a). Furthermore the novel tetranuclear Mo‐precursor [Mo4(CO)7Br10] (4a) was synthesized. The symmetric and asymmetric IR stretching frequencies of its seven carbonyl ligands were calculated using DFT and related to the experimental values. The molecular structures of the novel precursor compounds [W(CO)2(PPh3)2Cl2] (2a'), [PPh3Cl]2[WCl6] (2b), [Mo4(CO)7Br10] (4a), the two complexes with the SPh‐oz ligand [W(CO)2(SPh‐oz)2] (3b), [Mo(CO)2(SPh‐oz)2] (4b) and a new modification of [W2(CO)7Br4] (3a) were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Catalytic Conversion of Monophenols to Ortho‐Quinones in a Tyrosinase‐Like Fashion: Towards More Biomimetic and More Efficient Model Systems
Authors: Schottenheim Julia , Fateeva Natalie , Thimm Wulf , Krahmer Jan , Tuczek Felix
Published: April 2013

A new tyrosinase model based on the mononuclear copper(I) complex CuLbzm1 is synthesized and characterized. The ligand Lbzm1 of this system contains a combination of an imine and a benzimidazole function which renders the system more biomimetic in comparison to the recently published Lpy1 model of tyrosinase (M. Rolff, J. Schottenheim, G. Peters, F. Tuczek, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 122, 6583). As shown by UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy, the CuLbzm1 complex catalytically mediates the conversion of the monophenol DTBP‐H to the o‐quinone DTBQ with a TON of 31. This reaction was also conducted in a stoichiometric fashion to get information about the involved intermediates and identify possible reasons for the observed increase in catalytic performance with respect to the Lpy1 system. DFT calculations were performed for the μ‐catecholato dicopper intermediate, compound 4bzm. These calculations indicate a mixed valent CuI‐semiquinone‐CuII structure, indicating that one‐electron transfer from the monohydroxylated substrate to the copper centers has already occurred at this stage.
An Inequality for Correlations in Unidimensional Monotone Latent Variable Models for Binary Variables
Authors: Ellis Jules L.
Published: April 2013

It is shown that a unidimensional monotone latent variable model for binary items implies a restriction on the relative sizes of item correlations: The negative logarithm of the correlations satisfies the triangle inequality. This inequality is not implied by the condition that the correlations are nonnegative, the criterion that coefficient H exceeds 0.30, or manifest monotonicity. The inequality implies both a lower bound and an upper bound for each correlation between two items, based on the correlations of those two items with every possible third item. It is discussed how this can be used in Mokken’s (A theory and procedure of scale-analysis, Mouton, The Hague, 1971) scale analysis.
Development of a Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Procedure for Biodegradation Studies on Nonylphenol Propoxylates Under Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Zgoła‐Grześkowiak Agnieszka
Published: April 2013

Aerobic biodegradation behavior of nonylphenol propoxylates was investigated using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction as a simple and fast technique for sample preparation. The developed method proved to be efficient for the isolation and concentration of nonylphenol propoxylates before their quantification with the use of high performance liquid chromatography. The primary biodegradation of nonylphenol propoxylates was approximately 80 % by 10 days after the beginning of the test. However, the biodegradation products which were identified with the use of mass spectrometric detection persisted for many days.
La résurrection d'un jeune physicien
Authors: Klein Étienne
Published: April 2013

La disparition en 1938 d’Ettore Majorana a suscité de très nombreuses reconstructions biographiques. Nous voudrions ici insister plutôt sur ses travaux scientifiques et tenter de saisir leur portée effective. Certains articles de Majorana ne furent compris qu’après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, notamment son dernier, rédigé en 1937, dans lequel il proposait une « théorie symétrique de l’électron et du positron ». Cette théorie pourrait s’appliquer aux particules fascinantes que sont les neutrinos, ainsi qu’à des particules aujourd’hui prédites par certains théoriciens.
Topological structure and entropy of mixing graph maps
Authors: HARAŃCZYK GRZEGORZ , KWIETNIAK DOMINIK , OPROCHA PIOTR
Published: April 2013

Let ${ \mathcal{P} }_{G} $ be the family of all topologically mixing, but not exact self-maps of a topological graph $G$. It is proved that the infimum of topological entropies of maps from ${ \mathcal{P} }_{G} $ is bounded from below by $\log 3/ \Lambda (G)$, where $\Lambda (G)$ is a constant depending on the combinatorial structure of $G$. The exact value of the infimum on ${ \mathcal{P} }_{G} $ is calculated for some families of graphs. The main tool is a refined version of the structure theorem for mixing graph maps. It also yields new proofs of some known results, including Blokh’s theorem (topological mixing implies the specification property for maps on graphs).
High levels of dietary phytosterols affect lipid metabolism and increase liver and plasma TAG in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.)
Authors: Liland Nina S. , Espe Marit , Rosenlund Grethe , Waagbø Rune , Hjelle Jan I. , Lie Øyvind , Fontanillas Ramon , Torstensen Bente E.
Published: April 2013

Replacing dietary fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) with plant ingredients in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) diets decreases dietary cholesterol and introduces phytosterols. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of dietary sterol composition on cholesterol metabolism in Atlantic salmon. For this purpose, two dietary trials were performed, in which Atlantic salmon were fed either 100 % FM and FO (FM-FO) diet or one of the three diets with either high (80 %) or medium (40 %) plant protein (PP) and a high (70 %) or medium (35 %) vegetable oil (VO) blend (trial 1); or 70 % PP with either 100 % FO or 80 % of the FO replaced with olive, rapeseed or soyabean oil (trial 2). Replacing ≥ 70 % of FM with PP and ≥ 70 % of FO with either a VO blend or rapeseed oil increased plasma and liver TAG concentrations. These diets contained high levels of phytosterols and low levels of cholesterol. Fish fed low-cholesterol diets, but with less phytosterols, exhibited an increased expression of genes encoding proteins involved in cholesterol uptake and synthesis. The expression of these genes was, however, partially inhibited in rapeseed oil-fed fish possibly due to the high dietary and tissue phytosterol:cholesterol ratio. Atlantic salmon tissue and plasma cholesterol concentrations were maintained stable independent of the dietary sterol content.
Cubism's Sex: Masculinity and Czech Modernism, 1911–1914
Authors: Ort Thomas
Published: April 2013

Among those who interest themselves in modernism in the context of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Prague is sometimes referred to as the “second city of cubism.” In 1911, at a time when the style was still largely unknown in Europe, an artists’ group devoted to the defense and promotion of the new art was founded in Prague. The members of theSkupina výtvarných umělců,or Visual Artists Group, wrote extensively about cubism in their journalUmělecký mesičník[Art Monthly] as well as in other publications. They sponsored numerous exhibits of the art at home and participated in shows of Czech cubist art abroad. In February 1914, Prague was the site of the largest show of cubist art anywhere in the world up to that time.
Frigid enthusiasts: Lucian on Writing History
Authors: von Möllendorff Peter
Published: April 2013

Lucian's singular role within the socio-cultural context of the period known as the Second Sophistic has found increasing appreciation amongst scholars, particularly over the last fifteen years. Although not a sophist in the true sense, Lucian can be regarded as an outstandingpepaideumenos, meaning this: during an era in which being Greek was less a matter of political than of cultural definition, and in which membership in the upper administrative echelons was dependent on academic qualifications, on the mastery, that is, of a code which consisted of broad general knowledge and rhetorical activity partnered by thorough conversancy with the literary heritage and language of Attic Greece – during this age, then, Lucian proved himself not only a worthy representative of suchpaideia, but also contributed with his literary works to its development and adaptation.
Cavalry identity and democratic ideology in early fourth-century Athens
Authors: Low Polly
Published: April 2013

In 395 BC, after just under a decade of (nominal) peace between Athens and Sparta, the Corinthian War broke out, and, for the first time since the end of the Peloponnesian War, forces of Athenian cavalry were despatched to fight on behalf of their own city. The surviving historical narratives of the events at Haliartus in that year, and at Corinth and Coronea the next, are often incomplete, inconsistent, or both; the detail of what contribution – if any – was made by the cavalry to the campaign is no exception to that pattern. My aim in what follows, however, is not to attempt to reach the truth of what really happened in those engagements, but rather to look at a small group of material produced by and about members of the cavalry forces involved in the campaign, and to explore some of the ways in which the military exploits of this stereotypically rich and élite section of Athenian society are represented in the city – especially in contexts with particularly democratic associations. In doing so, I want to investigate the idea that Athenian attitudes to the cavalry undergo a significant, and hostile, shift at the end of the Peloponnesian War: the claim, that is, that the cavalry had always been a distinct group in Athens, but, in the 390s, that distinction comes in the form of infamy rather than fame. But I also hope to demonstrate the necessity of adopting a more nuanced approach to the study of the formation of these (positive or negative) attitudes: the image of the cavalry is shaped by the views of those outside that class, but also by the cavalry themselves; moreover, the cavalry are not necessarily simply reactive in their self-presentation, but can be allowed a more proactive role in the shaping of their own self-image.
Speech and action: Herodotus' debate on the constitutions
Authors: Pelling Christopher
Published: April 2013

When Mardonius sailed along the coast of Asia and arrived in Ionia, something happened that will seem very wondrous to those Greeks who find it impossible to accept that Otanes proposed to the seven Persians that Persia ought to have a democratic government: for Mardonius suppressed all the Ionian tyrannies and established democracies in the cities. (Herodotus 6.43.3)
Greek tragedies in West African adaptations
Authors: Budelmann Felix
Published: April 2013

Not so many years ago African adaptations of Greek tragedy would have been a most obscure subject for a classicist to write about. But since then, as a result of the everincreasing academic interest in post-colonialism on the one hand, and in the reception of Greek tragedy on the other, a number of discussions have been published, not only by experts in African, and more generally post-colonial literatures, but also by classicists. This article continues their work, focusing in more detail on a narrower, though still large and varied, geographical area:WestAfrica. Much more work, including work within Africa itself, will be necessary in the future to gain a more complete and nuanced picture. Moreover, I should state clearly that, as a classicist, I have only an incomplete knowledge of African literatures and cultures. Therefore, inevitably, much of what I say can itself only be a starting-point for more. However, I believe that such a start is well worth making, as the plays in question hold considerable interest for classicists.
On the ‘Heracles’ and ‘Ion’ of Euripides
Authors: Diggle James
Published: April 2013

(i)Heracles

64 ὃςl, ὡς L οὓνεκ᾿ ὄλβου Canter, οὐκ ἐν ὄλβω L

Megara's father was boasted a great man because of his ὄλβος, possessing as he did a tyranny ‘about which long spears are launched, through desire of it, at the bodies of the fortunate’ (Paley's translation). The sentiment and the language are alike absurd. We can scarcely disagree with the verdict of Wilamowitz: ‘Sinnlose Worte, deren Heilung unmöglich scheint, da sowohl die “Lanzen” wie das “Springen” wie die “Liebe” ungehörig sind, so daß der Sitz der Verderbnis unbestimmt bleibt.’ I shall not transcribe the conjectures: he who is prepared, like Macbeth, to sup full with horrors, may find more than a dozen conjectures in Wecklein's edition.
Theocritus,Idyll26
Authors: Cairns Francis
Published: April 2013

Theocritus,Idyll26 is short, starkly dramatic, and highly puzzling. Gow (1952) and his predecessors generally regarded it as bad, or even un Theocritean; and many of its details remain obscure. Lines 27–32 in particular present acute problems; and, as Gow (1952) II.475 wrote, ‘no explanation of the poem as a whole can be satisfactory unless it accounts for these mysterious lines’. No ancient scholia survive (except for scraps inP3), andIdyll26 in isolation offers scant indications of a cultural or social context. In consequence any new attempt to increase understanding ofIdyll26 must inevitably be speculative, particularly when it moves from text-based, literary aspects to more general questions about the idyll. Such an effort may, however, seem more worthwhile nowadays, when the characteristics of professional hellenistic poetry can more easily be recognised inIdyll26.
Written law in archaic Greece
Authors: Hölkeskamp Karl-J.
Published: April 2013

In classical tradition as well as in modern classical scholarship, the emergence of written law and the earliest conception of the very idea of legislation are inseparably connected with mythical figures of almost heroic status: the great ‘arbitrators’ (diallaktai, katartisteres or aisymnetai) and ‘lawgivers’ (nomothetai) allegedly appointed in many Greek cities during the seventh and sixth centuries. According to this tradition, they were men truly wise and just, who were chosen, sometimes from outside the city, to deal with political conflict and social strife, to mediate between hostile factions within the citizen body, to restore law and order and to establish eunomia in the polis community.

In the handbooks, it has been generally assumed that written law, legislation and ‘codification’ played a major role in this story in two respects. On the one hand, oppression, injustice, the arbitrary interpretation and distortion of traditional law and time-honoured custom by aristocratic judges – Hesiod's ‘gift-devouring kings’, handing down ‘crooked judgments’ – were, it is said, a major cause of social discontent among broad strata of the societies of these early cities.
Pump up the volume: Juvenal,Satires1.1–21
Authors: Henderson John
Published: April 2013

At once Juvenal's reader is performing theegoof his text aloud, and the book's charge is on:semper ego auditor tantum? (1: ‘Forever just in the audience, that's me?’)

In this, the founding moment of his project, Juvenal finds a way to go ‘back’ through the writing/reading process to cue an entrée he can ‘share’ with his reader; he gets in before readers can decide, as they must, what relations they mean to adopt with the utterant constructed by the text. For he sets his start ‘before his performance begins’ – when he had it in common with the audience of a literary performance that all are there to give a hearing, lend silence, play the perpetual part of addressee. He finds a ‘bubble’ to write for everyone in every audience, necessarily implied in their repression, self-control and accommodation to the performer'sego. This writer must trade on exactly the same dynamics as any other, buthisact presumes to capture his audience's thoughts, to speak them, and so have the reader of his text voice the presumptions which silently structure each and every scenario of reading.
Ending epic: Statius, Theseus and a merciful release
Authors: Braund Susanna Morton
Published: April 2013

Whoever fights monsters should see to it that in the process he does not become a monster.

Nietzsche,Beyond Good and Evil

Statius'Thebaidis a rarity. More of the surviving Latin epics of the classical period are incomplete or unfinished than not: Lucan'sBellum civile, Valerius Flaccus'Argonautica, Statius'Achilleid, perhaps Silius Italicus'Punicaand of course Virgil'sAeneid(although his dissatisfaction may relate to polish rather than scope: we do not know). Only Ovid'sMetamorphosesand Statius'Thebaidseem complete. Yet the question of epic endings casts a fascination upon critics, especially perhaps where the ending does not exist or where there is evidence that it is not the ending planned by the author. Critics use their interpretations of the endings to inscribe meaning in the preceding text and to clinch one reading against another. The readings advanced enact different kinds of closure or refuse to see any closure at all.

It seems paradoxical that one of the few epics to survive complete has not yet received a full stint of attention devoted to its ending. In this paper, my purpose is to situate the end of theThebaidin its literary and ideological context. This involves examining how the close of the poem interacts with earlier epic, particularly with theAeneid. My argument is that Statius offers a supplement to, or even a critique of, the open-endedness of theAeneidin the form of a triptych of resounding endings. I shall then suggest that there are other elements in Statius' closural strategy which are highlighted by a consideration of his Romanisation of his Greek material.
(B)ionic man: Callimachus' iambic programme
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: April 2013

A concern with the methods and style of praise and blame recurs, unsurprisingly, throughout Callimachus'Iambi. Theiambosis the aggressive modepar excellence, and Callimachus is the most generically-conscious of poets; whether he is writing hymns, aetiological elegy or funerary epigram he is always overtly engaged with the history and development of the literary form in which he operates. The nature of iambic poetry is, however, the explicit subject of two poems in particular,Iambus1 andIambus13, which thus have a special claim to be considered ‘programmatic’. The thirteenthIambusreturns to the choliambic metre of the first four poems, the metre most associated with Hipponax, who appears himself in the firstIambusas the authorising ‘voice’ for these poems, and is apparently spoken in the voice of the poet who to some extent takes up again the themes ofIambus1 (and indeed ofAitiafr.1); thus the temptation to see a ‘closed’ poetry book, framed by these two poems, is very strong.
Hesiod's Myth of the five (or three or four) races
Authors: Most Glenn W.
Published: April 2013

Few passages in Greek literature are as familiar, and as perplexing, as the story of the various races of men in Hesiod'sWorks and Days. On the one hand, thismythseems perfectly to fulfill Italo Calvino's definition of a classic: somehow we seem always already to know it even when we come upon it for the very first time. For the conception of a golden age, when life was easier and men were better than now, has become so basic a motif of western culture that it is familiar even to the many who have never read or even heard of theWorks and Days; moreover, Hesiod seems at first glance to deploy such widespread notions as those of a succession of ages of world history and of a steady moral and physical deterioration from the beginning of human history to the present. But on the other hand, the specific literary form which this myth assumes in thetextin which it is embodied here seems strangely at odds with these familiar ideas. For Hesiod's text has a richness and complexity far in excess of what would be needed to communicate them, and in certain crucial respects seems to be at variance or even in contradiction with them. Instead of simply distinguishing between past and present, Hesiod apparently constructs a complicated scheme juxtaposing four metals in descending order of value, from gold through silver and bronze to iron; but he then goes on to confuse this pattern by inserting between the bronze and iron races a race of heroes who not only are not associated with any metal but also interrupt the steady decline by being better than their immediate predecessors. Without Hesiod, we probably would not even have this myth; yet his own version of it seems oddly defective.