bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systolic Papillary Muscle Dyssynchrony Predicts Recurrence of Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (ICM) Undergoing Mitral Valve Repair
Authors: van Garsse Leen , Gelsomino Sandro , Parise Orlando , Lucà Fabiana , Cheriex Emile , Lorusso Roberto , Vizzardi Enrico , Rao Carmelo Massimiliano , Gensini Gian Franco , Maessen Jos
Published: August 2012

Objective: We investigated the impact of papillary muscle dyssynchrony (DYS‐PAP) in predicting recurrent mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) undergoing undersized mitral ring annuloplasty (UMRA). Methods: One hundred forty‐four ICM patients (left ventricular ejection fraction <35%) in sinus rhythm undergoing UMRA between January 2001 and December 2010 at three Institutions (University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy; Civic Hospital, Brescia, Italy) were recruited. The primary endpoint was the recurrence of MR at the latest echocardiographic study defined as insufficiency ≥2+ in patients with no/trivial MR at discharge. The assessment of DYS‐PAP was performed by applying two‐dimensional (2D) speckle‐tracking imaging. Results: In patients with MR recurrence, DYS‐PAP significantly worsened (84.1 ± 8.8 msec vs.65.4 ± 8.8 msec at baseline, P < 0.001) whereas in patients with no MR recurrence, DYS‐PAP did not vary (22.3 ± 5.3 msec vs. 25.9 ± 7.2 msec at baseline, P = 0.8). Recurrent MR was positively correlated with preoperative DYS‐PAP (P < 0.001), baseline anterior mitral leaflet tethering angle α (P < 0.001) and tethering symmetry index α/β before surgery (P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between MR recurrence and other echocardiographic parameters. Logistic regression analysis revealed that baseline values of DYS‐PAP (OR: 5.4 [95% CI: 3.1–7.7], P < 0.001), α (OR: 5.0 [2.6–6.7], P < 0.001), and α/β (OR: 3.9 [2.5–5.7], p < 0.001) were predictors of recurrent MR. A DYS‐PAP value ≥ 58 msec predicted recurrence of MR with 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.92 [0.7–1], P < 0.001). Conclusions: A DYS‐PAP cutoff value of 58 msec is useful to identify patients in whom UMRA is likely to fail. That way decision making in ischemic functional MR might be facilitated.
Tailoring of Grain Size in Textured CaBi4Ti4O15 Ceramics Prepared by Templated Grain Growth Process
Authors: Tamura Ken , Kimura Toshio
Published: August 2012

To examine the effect of grain size on piezoelectric constant d33, textured CaBi4Ti4O15 (CBT) and Mn‐doped CBT ceramics were prepared with a special emphasis on the control of the grain size. The textured ceramics were prepared using the templated grain growth method. First, the mechanism of microstructure development was examined to design the method to control the grain size. It was found that the morphological change in the matrix grains in the presence of platelike template grains was the major origin of microstructure development. This suggested that the grain size in textured ceramics was determined by the template grain size. Then, textured ceramics with various grain sizes were prepared using template powders with various grain sizes. Finally, the effect of grain size on the value of d33 was evaluated. It was found that the grain size had a small effect on the value of d33 for textured CBT and Mn‐doped CBT ceramics.
A Fatal Case of Subcapsular Liver Hemorrhage in Late Pregnancy: A Review of Hemorrhages Caused by Hepatocellular Hyperplastic Nodules
Authors: Yajima Daisuke , Kondo Fukuo , Nakatani Yukio , Saitoh Hisako , Hayakawa Mutsumi , Sato Yayoi , Otsuka Katsura , Sato Kaoru , Iwase Hirotaro
Published: August 2012

A previously healthy 23‐year‐old woman was admitted to hospital with abdominal pain at 39 weeks 0 days of pregnancy. The patient suffered sudden cardiopulmonary arrest during the observation and unfortunately died. An autopsy was performed to determine the cause of death. Opening of the peritoneal cavity revealed 2220 mL of blood and a subcapsular hematoma weighing 1060 g on the anterior surface of the right hepatic lobe. A lesion of c. 1 cm in diameter was noted at the center of the front surface of the right hepatic lobe, which was shown on histological examination to be a focal nodular hyperplasia‐like lesion. The cause of death was found to be hypovolemic shock caused by bleeding of the rupture of the hepatocellular hyperplastic nodule. Although some previous case reports describe hemorrhage from such lesions, forensic pathologists should be aware that they can lead to severe bleeding and sometimes death.
GC‐MS and GC‐MS/MS in PCI Mode Determination of Mescaline in Peyote Tea and in Biological Matrices
Authors: Gambelunghe Cristiana , Marsili Remo , Aroni Kyriaki , Bacci Mauro , Rossi Riccardo
Published: August 2012

Peyote, a cactus containing the hallucinogen mescaline, is used to induce altered states of consciousness in religious ceremonies or for recreational purpose. This study reports a case of an underage boy suspected of mescaline abuse. For this purpose, we analyzed a dark green liquid sample found in the bedroom of the boy whose urine and hair samples were collected shortly after the drink was found. A method by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) in positive chemical ionization mode was developed and validated in terms of linearity, specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity for mescaline determination at the low concentrations present in hair. GC‐MS analysis of the liquid identified mescaline, while urine was negative; GC‐MS/MS segmental hair analysis identified mescaline in the proximal segment (root to 2 cm), while the distal segments were negative. Although peyote was uncommonly encountered, its use was confirmed by segmental hair analysis that can provide long‐term information about drugs use.
Physician Suicide
Authors: Austin Amy E. , van den Heuvel Corinna , Byard Roger W.
Published: August 2012

Pathology files at Forensic Science South Australia were examined over a 14‐year period, from January 1997 to March 2011 for cases of physician suicide. Nine cases were identified (ages, 30–69 years; median = 41 years; M:F = 3:1). Three cases (33.3%) had a history of prescription drug abuse, and eight cases (88.9%) died from lethal drug self‐administration. Intravenous administration of drugs was the favored method in seven cases. In only one case was an alternative method used, involving jumping from a high building. A history of depression and/or suicidal ideation was noted in six cases (66.7%). The methods of self‐destruction contrasted with the general population where hanging, carbon monoxide poisoning, and gunshot wounds are more common. Availability and knowledge of lethal effects have been shown to be important determinants in the choice of methods of suicide. Access to drugs should therefore be carefully monitored in physicians with histories of depression and/or substance abuse.
The Relation of Weight Stigmatization to Psychological Adjustment1
Authors: SAVOY SARAH , ALMEIDA LILIANA , BOXER PAUL
Published: August 2012

This study investigated weight stigmatization as a predictor of adjustment in samples of 100 undergraduates and 99 bariatric patients. Coping strategies (emotion‐focused coping, problem‐focused coping, disengagement coping) were tested as moderators of this relation. Weight stigmatization predicted depression, anxiety, and antisocial behavior when controlling for the effects of stressful life events. Problem‐focused coping weakened the association between weight stigmatization and depression. Emotion‐focused coping augmented the relation between weight stigmatization and antisocial behavior. The results support weight stigmatization as a meaningful predictor of adjustment difficulties. Engendering a problem‐focused coping style over an emotion‐focused coping style might benefit patients reporting weight stigmatization. Further work is necessary to understand what specific elements of these coping styles impact adjustment.
The mistaken claim of bipolar ‘overdiagnosis’: solving the false positives problem for DSM‐5/ICD‐11
Authors: Phelps J. , Ghaemi S. N.
Published: August 2012

Phelps J, Ghaemi SN. The mistaken claim of bipolar ‘overdiagnosis’: solving the false positives problem for DSM‐5/ICD‐11.

Objective:  For psychiatric diagnoses, solving the problem of false positives is thought to be a matter of tightening diagnostic criteria. But low prevalence illnesses by their nature have high false positive rates. A recent study of bipolar disorder found the predictive value of bipolar diagnoses to be <50%. Is it possible to achieve much higher diagnostic accuracy for psychiatric diagnoses?

Method:  We calculate predictive values while varying diagnostic sensitivity and holding specificity constant, and vice versa, for a given prevalence of illness. We then calculate predictive values while holding sensitivity and specificity constant, but varying prior probability (clinically feasible by assessing other factors associated with bipolar outcomes, such as family history and degree of recurrence).

Results:  Assuming a sample in which the prevalence of illness is 10%, achieving positive predictive values (PPV) >50% requires diagnostic specificity of >95%. Holding specificity at a level already achieved clinically (86%), increasing prior probability yields predictive values as high as 83%.

Conclusion:  Systematic assessment of clinical factors that increase the prior probability of illness, before applying DSM/ICD criteria, could raise PPV substantially compared with targeting greater specificity via more stringent diagnostic criteria.
Mini‐Mental Status Examination as predictors of mortality in the elderly
Authors: Park M. H. , Kwon D. Y. , Jung J. M. , Han C. , Jo I. , Jo S. A.
Published: August 2012

Objective:  Because the number of elderly is increasing worldwide, cognitive dysfunction becomes important health care issue. This study investigated the association between cognitive dysfunction and mortality in the elderly.

Method:  Data were analyzed from a longitudinal mortality follow‐up study of 2712 Korean elderly aged 60 and over, examined in 2002 with complete data followed an average 6.03 years. Measurements included socio‐demographic and clinical factors and Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). MMSE was categorized into groups with no, mild, or moderate cognitive dysfunction, and the subscores of MMSE domains were categorized into no dysfunction or dysfunction. The Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to examine the association between MMSE score and mortality, after adjusting for age, gender, education and other socio‐demographic factors.

Results:  Death during follow‐up occurred in 318 subjects. The mortality risk was significantly associated with the elderly with mild cognitive dysfunction [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.93] and with moderate cognitive dysfunction (HR = 2.66). ‘Orientation‐to‐time’ (HR = 1.39) and ‘Attention’ (HR = 1.48) domains of MMSE were independently associated with mortality.

Conclusion:  This study showed that cognitive dysfunction independently predicted mortality in the elderly. Cognitive dysfunction should be considered part of identifying the elderly at high risk for mortality.
The prognostic significance of growth factors and growth factor receptors in gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kim Jung Yeon , Jeon Tae Joo , Bae Byung‐Noe , Kwon Ji Eun , Kim Hyun‐Jung , Park Kyeongmee , Shin Eunah
Published: August 2012

We evaluated growth factors/receptors expression in gastric adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF‐D, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)‐2, VEGFR‐3, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐α, TGF‐β1, and TGF‐β‐RII in tissue microarrays of adenocarcinoma, dysplasia, metaplasia, and gastritis. In adenocarcinoma, the expression rates of EGFR, VEGF, VEGF‐D, VEGFR‐2, VEGFR‐3, TGF‐α, TGF‐β1, and TGF‐β‐RII were 2.0%, 0%, 10.7%, 4.4%, 11.2%, 26.3%, 9.4%, and 19.5%, respectively. VEGF‐D, TGF‐α, TGF‐β1, and TGF‐β‐RII expression rate were higher in adenocarcinoma than in other groups. TGF‐β‐RII expression was correlated with VEGFR‐3, VEGF‐D, and TGF‐α expression in adenocarcinomas. Tumor location, histologic type, stage, lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, angioinvasion, VEGF‐D, and VEGFR‐2 expressions were associated with patient survival in a log rank test and advanced stage and positive expression of VEGF‐D were poor prognostic factors using Cox analysis. VEGF‐D expression may be of prognostic value in gastric adenocarcinoma, whereas EGFR and TGF family expression may only have a minor influence.
The hands in health and disease of individuals with filaggrin loss‐of‐function mutations: clinical reflections on the hand eczema phenotype
Authors: Kaae Jeanette , Menné Torkil , Carlsen Berit C. , Zachariae Claus , Thyssen Jacob P.
Published: August 2012

During the last 2 years, we have performed filaggrin genotyping in patients with eczema seen in our hand eczema clinic. We present pictures of healthy and diseased hands from individuals with filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations to describe a clinical entity of hand eczema. We show that xerosis and hyperkeratosis on the dorsal aspects of the hands and fingers, as well as palmar hyperlinearity, should alert the clinician about a possible inherited barrier abnormality of the skin resulting from FLG mutations. The series of photographs range from the hands of an individual with FLG mutations but no history of eczema, to the hands of individuals with typical and atypical filaggrin hand eczema, and finally to the hands of an individual with FLG mutations and hand eczema caused by exposure to irritants and allergens. We briefly discuss this possible subtype of hand eczema, present pathomechanisms, and indicate the signs that should alert the clinicians about a possible inherited skin barrier defect.
Dimethyl fumarate – only an anti‐psoriatic medication?
Authors: Meissner Markus , Valesky Eva Maria , Kippenberger Stefan , Kaufmann Roland
Published: August 2012

Fumaric acid esters have been used successfully in the therapy of psoriasis vulgaris since 1959. In the last 17 years, many of the underlying mechanisms of anti‐psoriatic action, such as a Th1/Th2 shift, a suppression of important leukocyte adhesion molecules, the induction of pro‐apoptotic pathways in T‐cells and recently anti‐angiogenic action, have been discovered. Based on the knowledge of these immunomodulatory characteristics, fumaric acid esters have been shown to be effective or potentially effective in a multitude of dermatological as well as non‐dermatological diseases. The range of new therapeutic targets reaches from multiple sclerosis to illnesses such as necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare and sarcoidosis. Experimental approaches offer promising, although preliminary, results on the treatment of cancer, malaria, chronic inflammatory lung diseases, and Huntington disease, to name but a few. This valued and well‐known drug mainly prescribed by dermatologists is now experiencing a renaissance far beyond dermatologic applications.
Extended interval dosing of gentamicin in premature neonates ≤ 28‐week gestation
Authors: Alshaikh Belal , Dersch‐Mills Deonne , Taylor Richard , Akierman Albert R , Yusuf Kamran
Published: August 2012

Aim:  To evaluate an extended interval dosing (EID) regimen of gentamicin in neonates ≤28‐week gestation.

Methods:  In 2008, an EID regimen for gentamicin was introduced for all neonates admitted to the NICU in Calgary. The dosing interval was based on a 22 h level after the first dose of 5mg/kg. We conducted an observational study in 33 infants ≤28‐week gestation on the EID regimen from the first day of life and compared gentamicin peak and trough levels with a historical control of 34 infants who received gentamicin in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg every 24 h (TID, traditional interval dosing).

Results:  In the EID group, based on the 22 h level, dosing interval was 36 h in 20 neonates and 48 h in 13 neonates. All neonates, except one, achieved therapeutic peak and trough levels. Compared to the TID group, the EID group had higher peak levels (median 9.8 μg/mL vs. 4.6 μg/mL, p < 0.001) with no difference in trough levels. With target peak levels of 5–12 μg/mL and trough levels of <2 μg/mL, a higher proportion of neonates in the TID group would need dose adjustment.

Conclusion:  In neonates ≤ 28‐week gestation, an EID regimen from day one of life, using a single level 22 h after the first dose for dosing interval, achieves therapeutic peak and trough levels and more optimum peak levels as compared to a TID regimen.
Surface Characterization of γ‐Al2O3 Powders and Their Co2+ Adsorption Properties
Authors: Granados‐Correa Francisco , Bulbulian Silvia
Published: August 2012

The relationship between structural and surface properties of γ‐alumina prepared by various methods has been studied, and the adsorption ability of the powders for cobalt ions from aqueous solution is presented, based on the results of X‐ray diffraction, specific surface area, scanning electron microscopy, and surface hydroxyl group concentration of the resulting products. Results show that γ‐alumina obtained by solution‐combustion method (specific surface area: 232.9 m2/g; morphology: lamellar and mesoporous; hydroxyl group content: 0.24 meq OH−/g) exhibited the best Co2+ adsorption. Furthermore, the synthesis of γ‐alumina is highly helpful to study various structural and surface properties of this material.
Industry branding: attracting talent to weaker profile industries
Authors: Wallace Michelle , Lings Ian , Cameron Roslyn
Published: August 2012

There is global competition for engineering talent with some industries struggling to attract quality candidates. The ‘brands’ of industries and organisations are important elements in attracting talent in a competitive environment. Using brand equity and signalling theory, this paper reports a quantitative study examining factors that attract graduating engineers and technicians to engineering careers in a weak brand profile industry. The survey measures graduating engineers’ preferences for career benefits and their perceptions of the rail industry, which has identified a significant skilled labour shortfall. Knowledge of young engineers’ preferences for certain benefits and segmenting preferences can inform branding and communications strategies. The findings have implications for all industries and organisations, especially those with a weaker brand profile and issues with attracting talent.
Simulating MODFLOW‐Based Reactive Transport Under Radially Symmetric Flow Conditions
Authors: Wallis Ilka , Prommer Henning , Post Vincent , Vandenbohede Alexander , Simmons Craig T.
Published: August 2012

Radially symmetric flow and solute transport around point sources and sinks is an important specialized topic of groundwater hydraulics. Analysis of radial flow fields is routinely used to determine heads and flows in the vicinity of point sources or sinks. Increasingly, studies also consider solute transport, biogeochemical processes, and thermal changes that occur in the vicinity of point sources/sinks. Commonly, the analysis of hydraulic processes involves numerical or (semi‐) analytical modeling methods. For the description of solute transport, analytical solutions are only available for the most basic transport phenomena. Solving advanced transport problems numerically is often associated with a significant computational burden. However, where axis‐symmetry applies, computational cost can be decreased substantially in comparison with full three‐dimensional (3D) solutions. In this study, we explore several techniques of simulating conservative and reactive transport within radial flow fields using MODFLOW as the flow simulator, based on its widespread use and ability to be coupled with multiple solute and reactive transport codes of different complexity. The selected transport simulators are MT3DMS and PHT3D. Computational efficiency and accuracy of the approaches are evaluated through comparisons with full 2D/3D model simulations, analytical solutions, and benchmark problems. We demonstrate that radial transport models are capable of accurately reproducing a wide variety of conservative and reactive transport problems provided that an adequate spatial discretization and advection scheme is selected. For the investigated test problems, the computational load was substantially reduced, with the improvement varying, depending on the complexity of the considered reaction network.
A Power Function Method for Estimating Base Flow
Authors: Lott Darline A. , Stewart Mark T.
Published: August 2012

Analytical base flow separation techniques are often used to determine the base flow contribution to total stream flow. Most analytical methods derive base flow from discharge records alone without using basin‐specific variables other than basin area. This paper derives a power function for estimating base flow, the form being aQb + cQ, an analytical method calibrated against an integrated basin variable, specific conductance, relating base flow to total discharge, and is consistent with observed mathematical behavior of dissolved solids in stream flow with varying discharge. Advantages of the method are being uncomplicated, reproducible, and applicable to hydrograph separation in basins with limited specific conductance data. The power function relationship between base flow and discharge holds over a wide range of basin areas. It better replicates base flow determined by mass balance methods than analytical methods such as filters or smoothing routines that are not calibrated to natural tracers or empirical basin and gauge‐specific variables. Also, it can be used with discharge during periods without specific conductance values, including separating base flow from quick flow for single events. However, it may overestimate base flow during very high flow events. Application of geochemical mass balance and power function base flow separation methods to stream flow and specific conductance records from multiple gauges in the same basin suggests that analytical base flow separation methods must be calibrated at each gauge. Using average values of coefficients introduces a potentially significant and unknown error in base flow as compared with mass balance methods.
The role of telomere shortening in somatic stem cells and tissue aging: lessons from telomerase model systems
Authors: Tümpel Stefan , Rudolph K. Lenhard
Published: August 2012

The analysis of model systems has broadened our understanding of telomere‐related aging processes. Telomerase‐deficient mouse models have demonstrated that telomere dysfunction impairs tissue renewal capacity and shortens lifespan. Telomere shortening limits cell proliferation by activating checkpoints that induce replicative senescence or apoptosis. These checkpoints protect against an accumulation of genomically instable cells and cancer initiation. However, the induction of these checkpoints can also limit organ homeostasis, regeneration, and survival during aging and in the context of diseases. The decline in tissue regeneration in response to telomere shortening has been related to impairments in stem cell function. Telomere dysfunction impairs stem cell function by activation of cell‐intrinsic checkpoints and by the induction of alterations in the micro‐ and macro‐environment of stem cells. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the impact of telomere shortening on disease stages induced by replicative cell aging as indicated by studies on telomerase model systems.
Hematopoietic stem cell expansion: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Walasek Marta A. , van Os Ronald , de Haan Gerald
Published: August 2012

Attempts to improve hematopoietic reconstitution and engraftment potential of ex vivo–expanded hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have been largely unsuccessful due to the inability to generate sufficient stem cell numbers and to excessive differentiation of the starting cell population. Although hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) will rapidly expand after in vivo transplantation, experience from in vitro studies indicates that control of HSPC self‐renewal and differentiation in culture remains difficult. Protocols that are based on hematopoietic cytokines have failed to support reliable amplification of immature stem cells in culture, suggesting that additional factors are required. In recent years, several novel factors, including developmental factors and chemical compounds, have been reported to affect HSC self‐renewal and improve ex vivo stem cell expansion protocols. Here, we highlight early expansion attempts and review recent development in the extrinsic control of HSPC fate in vitro.
TIM‐3 as a therapeutic target for malignant stem cells in acute myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Kikushige Yoshikane , Akashi Koichi
Published: August 2012

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) originates from self‐renewing leukemic stem cells (LSCs), an ultimate therapeutic target for AML. Recent studies have shown that many AML LSC–specific surface antigens could be such candidates. T cell immunoglobulin mucin‐3 (TIM‐3) is expressed on LSCs in most types of AML, except for acute promyelocytic leukemia, but not on normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In mouse models reconstituted with human AML LSCs or human hematopoietic stem cells, a human TIM‐3 mouse IgG2a antibody with complement‐dependent and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxic activities eradicates AML LSCs in vivo but does not affect normal human hematopoiesis. Thus, TIM‐3 is one of the promising targets to eradicate AML LSCs.
Molecular live cell bioimaging in stem cell research
Authors: Endele Max , Schroeder Timm
Published: August 2012

Functional heterogeneity within stem and progenitor cells has been shown to influence cell fate decisions. Similarly, intracellular signaling activated by external stimuli is highly heterogeneous and its spatiotemporal activity is linked to future cell behavior. To quantify these heterogeneous states and link them to future cell fates, it is important to observe cell populations continuously with single cell resolution. Live cell imaging in combination with fluorescent biosensors for signaling activity serves as a powerful tool to study cellular and molecular heterogeneity and the long‐term biological effects of signaling. Here, we describe these methodologies, their advantages over classical approaches, and we illustrate how they could be applied to improve our understanding of the importance of heterogeneous cellular and molecular responses to external signaling cues.
Zebrafish xenografts as a tool for in vivo studies on human cancer
Authors: Konantz Martina , Balci Tugce B. , Hartwig Udo F. , Dellaire Graham , André Maya C. , Berman Jason N. , Lengerke Claudia
Published: August 2012

The zebrafish has become a powerful vertebrate model for genetic studies of embryonic development and organogenesis and increasingly for studies in cancer biology. Zebrafish facilitate the performance of reverse and forward genetic approaches, including mutagenesis and small molecule screens. Moreover, several studies report the feasibility of xenotransplanting human cells into zebrafish embryos and adult fish. This model provides a unique opportunity to monitor tumor‐induced angiogenesis, invasiveness, and response to a range of treatments in vivo and in real time. Despite the high conservation of gene function between fish and humans, concern remains that potential differences in zebrafish tissue niches and/or missing microenvironmental cues could limit the relevance and translational utility of data obtained from zebrafish human cancer cell xenograft models. Here, we summarize current data on xenotransplantation of human cells into zebrafish, highlighting the advantages and limitations of this model in comparison to classical murine models of xenotransplantation.
Molecular and functional characterization of early human hematopoiesis
Authors: Laurenti Elisa , Dick John E.
Published: August 2012

Through improvements in xenograft assay methods and in the identification of novel cell surface markers, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the human hematopoietic stem and progenitor hierarchy. The isolation of clonally pure populations of stem cells and early progenitors opens the way to carry out gene expression profiling studies to uncover the molecular regulators of each developmental step and to gain insight into the process of lineage commitment in human hematopoiesis.
Immune reconstitution and strategies for rebuilding the immune system after haploidentical stem cell transplantation
Authors: Oevermann Lena , Lang Peter , Feuchtinger Tobias , Schumm Michael , Teltschik Heiko‐Manuel , Schlegel Patrick , Handgretinger Rupert
Published: August 2012

Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a curative alternative option for patients without an otherwise suitable stem cell donor. In order to prevent graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD), different in vitro and in vivo T cell–depletion strategies have been developed. A delayed immune reconstitution is common to all these strategies, and an impaired immune function after haploidentical transplantation with subsequent infections is a major cause of deaths in these patients. In addition to in vitro and in vivo T cell–depletion methods, posttransplant strategies to rapidly rebuild the immune system have been introduced in order to improve the outcome. Advances in in vitro and in vivo T cell–depletion methods, and adoptive transfer of immune cells of the innate and specific immune system, will contribute to reduce the risk of GvHD, lethal infections, and the risk of relapse of the underlying malignant disease.
Differential requirements for Wnt and Notch signaling in hematopoietic versus thymic niches
Authors: Roozen Paul P.C. , Brugman Martijn H. , Staal Frank J.T.
Published: August 2012

All blood cells are derived from multipotent stem cells, the so‐called hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), that in adults reside in the bone marrow. Most types of blood cells also develop there, with the notable exception of T lymphocytes that develop in the thymus. For both HSCs and developing T cells, interactions with the surrounding microenvironment are critical in regulating maintenance, differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Such specialized regulatory microenvironments are referred to as niches and provide both soluble factors as well as cell–cell interactions between niche component cells and blood cells. Two pathways that are critical for early T cell development in the thymic niche are Wnt and Notch signaling. These signals also play important but controversial roles in the HSC niche. Here, we review the differences and similarities between the thymic and hematopoietic niches, with particular focus on Wnt and Notch signals, as well as the latest insights into regulation of these developmentally important pathways.
Safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in autoimmune disorders
Authors: Bernardo Maria Ester , Fibbe Willem E.
Published: August 2012

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being employed in clinical trials to facilitate engraftment and to treat steroid‐resistant acute graft‐versus‐host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as well as to repair tissue damage in inflammatory/degenerative disorders, in particular, in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). When entering the clinical arena, a few potential risks of MSC therapy have to be taken into account: (i) immunogenicity of the cells, (ii) biosafety of medium components, (iii) risk of ectopic tissue formation, and (iv) potential in vitro transformation of the cells during expansion. This paper analyzes the main risks connected with the use of MSCs in cellular therapy approaches, and reports on some of the most intriguing findings on the use of MSCs in the context of regenerative medicine. Experimental studies in animal models and phase I/II clinical trials on the use of MSCs for the treatment of IBDs and other inflammatory/degenerative conditions are reviewed.
Sensory Effects of Hexanal Vapor on Fresh‐Cut Slices of Golden Delicious Apples
Authors: Musetti Alessandro , Fava Patrizia
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Hexanal is a natural antimicrobial molecule that characterizes apples aroma. In this paper, the sensory effects of hexanal, as a component of packaging atmosphere, on fresh sliced Golden Delicious apples after storage at 4 °C for 8 d were evaluated. In particular, a colorimetric analysis of slices treated with different concentrations of hexanal vapor (coming from 3.040 to 0.076 mmol of liquid aldehyde per liter of air) fixed at 0.076 mmol/L the amount of hexanal in evaluating sensory effects in the subsequent analysis. Color and texture evaluation of slices by Two‐out‐of‐Five method did not highlight any significant difference between treatment and control. The results from olfactory evaluation showed instead that treated samples had an intense odor compared with those untreated (P < 0.001). A significant difference between treatment and control was also highlighted during the flavor evaluation (P < 0.01); however, from the panelists’ observations it emerged that such an effect would work negatively. The positive effect of the tested dose of hexanal on the odor of Golden Delicious slices and its flavor acceptability were verified by using regular apple consumers. A significant preference (P < 0.001) for the odor of treated apple slices came out, so the small dose of hexanal intensifies the odor of apples pleasantly. The different flavor of treated samples was not identified by the consumers, who altogether expressed positive judgments about it. This suggests the nicety of this difference that in the absence of an untreated reference sample is very difficult to detect.
Sensory Properties of Frozen Herring (Clupea harengus) from Different Catch Seasons and Locations
Authors: Hyldig Grethe , Jørgensen Bo M. , Undeland Ingrid , Olsen Rolf E. , Jónsson Ásbjörn , Nielsen Henrik H.
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Freezing of herring (Clupea harengus) for human consumption is increasing in the Nordic herring industry, either onboard the fishing vessels or right after landing. The quality of frozen herring as a raw material does not only depend on the frozen storage conditions applied, but also on compositional features, something which in turn can vary with season and catching ground. To unravel the link between biological variations, basic muscle composition, and sensory properties of frozen herring, a unique herring raw material was caught by commercial fishing vessels at three locations: around Iceland, outside the Norwegian coast, and in Kattegat/Skagerrak. The samplings were done according to a specific scheme and conducted over several seasons and 2 years. The herring was converted into butterfly fillets, packed in cardboard boxes, frozen, and then stored at –20 °C or –80 °C for up to 18 mo. The sensory quality was characterized by objective sensory profiling. It was shown that two generalized sensory variables could be defined from a principal component analysis of the sensory data. Except for the expected pronounced effect from storage time, the most distinct variation followed the lipid content, which in turn varied with season. An unexpected conclusion was that catching location only had a minor affect on the changes in sensory quality of herring during frozen storage. Knowledge about how season and catching location affect herring during frozen storage will be useful for optimizing the utilization of herring for frozen storage for human consumption.

Practical Application:  The results of this study constitute important information for the herring processing industry when handling raw materials with different geographical and seasonal history. The reported information on a highly equal sensory quality of geographically diverse raw materials will give consumers and retailers valuable knowledge on the changes in eating quality to expect after long‐term frozen storage under conditions similar to household freezers or refrigerated counters in supermarkets.
Effect of Heat Processing on DNA Quantification of Meat Species
Authors: Şakalar Ergün , Abasiyanik M.Fatih , Bektik Emre , Tayyrov Annageldi
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  In this study, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for identifying the effects of different temperatures and times of heat treatment on the DNA of meat products. For this purpose, beef, pork, and chicken were baked at 200 °C for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min, and for 30 min at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 °C and also cooked by boiling at 99 °C for 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 min. The DNA was then extracted from all samples after the heat treatment. Further, a region of 374, 290, and 183‐bp of mitochondrial DNA of beef, pork, and chicken, respectively, was amplified by real‐time PCR. It was found that baking and boiling of the beef, pork, and chicken resulted in decreases in the detectable copy numbers of specific genes, which varied with the heating time and degree. The results indicated that species determination and quantification using real‐time PCR are affected by the temperature, duration of the heat treatment, and size of the DNA fragment to be amplified.
A Physicochemical Study of Al(+3) Interactions with Edible Seaweed Biomass in Acidic Waters
Authors: Lodeiro Pablo , López‐García Marta , Herrero Luz , Barriada José L. , Herrero Roberto , Cremades Javier , Bárbara Ignacio , Sastre de Vicente Manuel E.
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  In this article, a study of the Al(+3) interactions in acidic waters with biomass of different edible seaweeds: brown (Fucus vesiculosus, Saccorhiza polyschides), red (Mastocarpus stellatus, Gelidium sesquipedale, Chondrus crispus), and green (Ulva rigida, Codium tomentosum), has been performed. The influence of both, the initial concentration of metal and the solution pH, on the Al‐uptake capacity of the biomass has been analyzed. From preliminary tests, species Fucus vesiculosus and Gelidium sesquipedale have been selected for a more exhaustive analysis. Sorption kinetic studies demonstrated that 60 min are enough to reach equilibrium. The intraparticle diffusion model has been used to describe kinetic data. Equilibrium studies have been carried out at pH values of 1, 2.5, and 4. Langmuir isotherms showed that the best uptake values, obtained at pH 4, were 33 mg/g for F. vesiculosus and 9.2 mg/g for G. sesquipedale. These edible seaweeds have been found particularly effective in binding aluminum metal ions for most of the conditions tested. Physicochemical data reported at these low pH values could be of interest, not only in modeling aluminum‐containing antacids‐food pharmacokinetic processes produced in the stomach (pH values 1 to 3) but in remediation studies in acidic waters.

Practical Application:  Aluminum is thought to be linked to neurological disruptions such as Alzheimer's disease. In this article, the adsorption ability of different types of edible seaweeds toward aluminum has been studied. The choice of low pH values is due to the fact that stomach region is acidic with a pH value between 1 and 3 as a consequence of hydrochloric secretion; so physicochemical data reported in this study could be of interest in modeling drug–food interactions, in particular those referring to aluminum‐containing antacids‐food pharmacokinetic processes produced in the gastrointestinal tract.
New Opportunities of the Application of Natural Herb and Spice Extracts in Plant Oils: Application of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in Examining the Oxidative Stability
Authors: Kozłowska Mariola , Szterk Arkadiusz , Zawada Katarzyna , Ząbkowski Tomasz
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to establish the applicability of natural water‐ethanol extracts of herbs and spices in increasing the oxidative stability of plant oils and in the production of novel food. Different concentrations (0, 100, 300, 500, and 700 ppm) of spice extracts and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (100 ppm) were added to the studied oils. The antioxidant activity of spice extracts was determined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay. The study showed that the extracts significantly increased the oxidative stability of the examined oils when compared to one of the strongest synthetic antioxidants—BHA. The applied simple production technology and addition of herb and spice extracts to plant oils enabled enhancement of their oxidative stability. The extracts are an alternative to the oils aromatized with an addition of fresh herbs, spices, and vegetables because it did not generate additional flavors thus enabling the maintenance of the characteristic ones. Moreover, it will increase the intake of natural substances in human diet, which are known to possess anticarcinogenic properties.
Antioxidant Properties of Sparkling Wines Produced with β‐Glucanases and Commercial Yeast Preparations
Authors: Rodriguez‐Nogales J. M. , Fernández‐Fernández E. , Gómez M. , Vila‐Crespo J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential of sparkling wines produced with β‐glucanases, autolysated yeasts, yeast cell walls, and purified mannoproteins. Total antioxidant capacity (measured by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical‐scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP] assay), and hydroxyl radical‐scavenging activity (HRSA) were higher in the wine samples with coadjuvants (in relation to the control wine). The highest values of antioxidant activity were achieved with purified mannoproteins and, in lesser extent, with β‐glucanases. Neutral polysaccharides and total proteins were highly and positively correlated with DPPH, FRAP, and HRSA assays. However, correlations between the levels of each different phenolic family and antioxidant and radical‐scavenging activities were not found. β‐Glucanase and commercial yeast preparations can be excellent coadjuvants to increase the antioxidant properties of sparkling wines.

Practical Application:  β‐Glucanase and commercial yeast preparations can be excellent coadjuvants to increase the antioxidant properties of sparkling wines. The suggested improvement has significant implication for the production of high added value sparkling wines.
Astringency of Foods May Not be Directly Related to Salivary Lubricity
Authors: Lee Catherine A. , Vickers Zata M.
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Astringency, a tactile sensation felt in the mouth after exposure to various foods, is poorly understood. Our objective was to investigate the mechanism of astringency by determining if it was related to a loss of saliva's ability to lubricate mouth surfaces. We used 2 complementary approaches: (1) instrumentally determining if astringents decrease salivary lubricity and (2) determining if human subjects could perceive these changes. Instrumentally measured friction of saliva–tannin mixtures was greater than that of saliva–water mixtures, but these differences were not detectable by human subjects. Adding alum or acid to saliva did not increase friction measured either instrumentally or by human subjects rubbing the mixture between their thumb and fingers. Thus a loss of salivary lubricity is likely not a central mechanism of astringency.

Practical Applications:  If astringency's mechanism can be elucidated, food producers will gain knowledge that will enable them to manufacture, alter, or treat the food in a way to retain its healthful attributes while minimizing the astringency. This knowledge will also benefit sensory scientists interested in the intensity perceptions of the sensations and will allow them to devise improved methods for the assessment of the attribute.
Microbial Quality and Safety of X‐Ray Irradiated Fresh Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Fillets Stored under CO2 Atmosphere
Authors: Gawborisut S. , Kim T.J. , Sovann S. , Silva J.L.
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  The effect of low‐dose X‐ray irradiation (0, 2, and 3 kGy) on pathogens, spoilage bacteria (psychrotrophic, anaerobic, and lactic acid bacteria), and physicochemical parameters of iced catfish fillets stored under carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere were studied. Irradiation of 2 or 3 kGy eliminated all Listeria monocytogenes (4.8 log CFU/g) and Salmonella Typhimurium (4.7 log CFU/g) while CO2 atmosphere alone showed less than 1 log reduction on Salmonella Typhimurium. There was no recovery of either pathogen for the experimental period. Regardless of dose, irradiation showed 2 log reduction on psychrotrophic, anaerobic, and lactic acid bacteria for 24 d. Further post‐irradiation reductions of spoilage bacteria were observed. Spoilage bacteria on catfish fillets treated with 2 kGy irradiation regained their growth after 16 d of storage. However, catfish fillets exposed to 3 kGy did not show growth of spoilage bacteria throughout the experimental period (24 d). Irradiation (2 or 3 kGy) increased pH and TBARS, and decreased Hunter “b” values but produced no effect on water holding capacity and texture. Shelf life of catfish fillets exposed to 2 or 3 kGy irradiation could be extended by more than 24 d at 2 to 4 °C, with the added safety of possibly eliminating pathogens.
Gelatin‐Templated Gold Nanoparticles as Novel Time–Temperature Indicator
Authors: Lim Seokwon , Gunasekaran Sundaram , Imm Jee‐Young
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were generated by mixing of gelatin solution and gold precursor (HAuCl4, 1 mM) under isothermal condition (80 °C). The effects of gelatin concentration (1% to 6%) and pH (3, 5, and 9) on the color signal of gelatin‐templated AuNPs were examined. The λmax of AuNPs shifted from 535 to 552 nm at 1% gelatin, and the color intensity of the AuNPs was a maximum at 2% gelatin. The speed of color development was accelerated at pH 3, and the AuNPs prepared at pH 3 were bigger (45 to 162 nm) and more irregular in shape than those prepared at pH 5 or 9. When the performance of gelatin nanoreactor as time–temperature indicator (2%, pH 5) was evaluated in a simulated frozen storage, clear color signals developed as little as 6 h of exposure at 30 °C and the intensity of the color signal was proportional to duration of exposure.

Practical Application:  Gelatin–gold precursor mixture acted as a “nanoreactor” for gold nanoparticle synthesis without need for any additional reactants. When the gelatin‐templated AuNPs were exposed to 30 °C, color signals developed with intensities that depended on the duration of exposure. The reaction was irreversible and colors were easily discerned by the naked eye.