bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Diversification: Antecedents, Outcomes, and Moderators
Authors: Hitt Michael A. , Tihanyi Laszlo , Miller Toyah , Connelly Brian
Published: November 2006

Pursuit of international markets and resources from foreign sources has increased dramatically during the past two decades, and the academic study of international diversification has increased concurrently. Reviewing the literature in management and related disciplines, the authors discuss recent findings of research on international diversification. A conceptual model groups key relationships, including antecedents, environmental factors, performance and process outcomes, moderators, and the characteristics of international diversification. The authors synthesize intellectual contributions, highlight unresolved issues, and provide recommendations for future research.
The Way We Ran
Authors: Denison Jim
Published: November 2006

This piece is a performative homage to Norman Denzin’s recent work on performance ethnography. Housed within the framing devices characterizing the author’s collegiate track and field teammates, this piece explores writing, running, standpoint epistemologies, and the ongoing performance of self. Finally, the piece examines the tensions of lived lives and the potential for reflexivity and transformation within autoethnographic texts.
Body-Movement-Change
Authors: Markula Pirkko
Published: November 2006

This article focuses on dance as a performance ethnographic project. It is grounded on Denzin’s vision of a social science that resembles a performance to become a sociopolitical act. As inherently political, this performative social science allows us to move toward the spaces of “a progressive pragmatism.” Furthermore, this article examines the possibilities of dance making to change social science thinking instead of using dance as a representational tool for research. It derives from Deleuze and Guattari’s vision of art as sensitive knowledge and Massumi’s notion of the body as a sensible concept.
“Lovely”
Authors: Kohn Nate , Sydnor Synthia
Published: November 2006

This article is an early 1990s experimental text that takes the form of an e-mail exchange between University of Illinois scholars Nate Kohn and Synthia Sydnor. The authors sought in their composition to pay tribute to the life and thought of Norman K. Denzin and to illuminate Denzin’s place in the development of the disciplines of communication studies and kinesiology. The writing echoes Denzin’s call at the time for re-imagining social science research, theory, and methodology and their dissemination into academe and culture at large. Purposefully minimalist, the essay plays methodologically with voice and authority, interweaving narrative with ironic and paradoxical statements that critique—in Denzinian style—profound ethnographic issues, both classic and current.
Transforming growth factor beta 1 in children with systemic lupus erythematosus: a possible relation with clinical presentation of lupus nephritis
Authors: Hammad A M , Youssef H M , El-Arman M M
Published: November 2006

Plasma and urinary (latent and active) TGF-β1 levels were assessed in 32 children with active lupus and compared to 15 healthy controls of matched age and sex. Plasma latent and active TGF-β1 levels in children with active disease were significantly lower than controls ( P = 0.004 and P < 0.001 respectively). Plasma active TGF-β1 correlated negatively with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index ( r =-0.38, P = 0.03). On the contrary, urinary latent and active TGF-β1 levels in children with active disease were significantly higher than controls ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.003 respectively). Urinary active TGF-β1 levels correlated positively with Anti-ds DNA titre ( r = 0.42, P = 0.015) and negatively with serum C3 levels ( r =-0.48, P = 0.005). Patients with symptomatic nephritis had significantly elevated urinary active TGF-β1 levels in comparison to those with silent nephritis ( P = 0.008). From this data we conclude that lowered plasma TGF-β1 levels may be a feature of systemic immune dysfunction in children with active lupus while increased renal production of active TGF-β1 seems to have a role in the clinical presentation of lupus nephritis.
A comparison of damage accrual across different calendar periods in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Pineau C A , Bernatsky S , Abrahamowicz M , Neville C , Karp I , Clarke A E
Published: November 2006

Therapeutic approaches in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have evolved over the last few decades, but their impact on prevention of organ damage is unknown. The objective of this study was to compare new cumulative damage in SLE patients across different calendar periods. Patients from a large SLE cohort were divided into two subcohorts; the first diagnosed and followed between 1978 and 1988 (cohort #1, n = 100) and the second between 1989 and 1999 (cohort #2, n = 51). Initial Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SLICC/ACR DI) scores, and changes in scores over the observation intervals, were compared for the two groups. Logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) comparing damage accrual between the two cohorts. Medication exposures were noted. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. At first assessment, the adjusted OR for a SLICC/ACR DI score ≥1 was 1.79 (95% CI 0.82, 3.88) for cohort #1 versus cohort #2. At the end of the observation interval, the adjusted OR for a SLICC/ACR DI score ≥1 was 1.22 (0.58, 2.55) for cohort #1 versus cohort #2. The adjusted OR for accruing damage over the observation interval in cohort #1 versus cohort #2 was 0.94 (0.39, 2.44). Increased medication exposure was evident for cohort #2 compared to cohort #1. Despite increased therapeutic measures used for patients in more recent periods, our data do not establish a clear difference in damage accrual. This emphasizes the need for strategies to effectively treat lupus-specific manifestations, while minimizing side effects and comorbidities.
Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective and controlled study of 110 patients
Authors: Bosch X , Guilabert A , Pallarés L , Cervera R , Ramos-Casals M , Bové A , Ingelmo M , Font J
Published: November 2006

We decided to analyse the incidence and characteristics of infection in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and determine the related risks factors. One-hundred and ten SLE patients and 220 controls were prospectively followed up over three years and all the infectious episodes were recorded. A case-control design was established to identify risk factors of infection. Thirty-nine SLE patients suffered at least one infection (36%) versus 53 controls (22%), RR = 1.63 ( P < 0.05). The incidence of urinary infections, pneumonia and bacteraemia without known focus was significantly greater in SLE. E. coli was the chief isolated microorganism (21.3%). In the univariate analysis, nephritis, SLE activity, leucopenia, anti-dsDNA levels above 20 IU/mL, CH50 levels under 300 IU/mL, ever use of steroids, daily dose of prednisone higher than 10 mg and ever use of cyclophosphamide were significantly associated with infection. In the multivariate analysis, total serum complement levels below 300 UU/mL and a daily dose of prednisone above 20 mg during at least one month plus ever use of cyclophosphamide were found to be significant ( P < 0.0001). We conclude that patients with SLE have an increased overall risk for infection and they are especially prone to develop urinary infection, pneumonia and bacteraemia without focus. Hypocomplementaemia represents an independent predictive factor for infection. It seems mandatory to closely follow up SLE patients with low complement levels and instruct them to report any suspicious sign of infection, especially in those receiving more than 20 mg/day of prednisone who have also been administered cyclophosphamide.
Development of daptomycin resistance in a bone marrow transplant patient with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus durans
Authors: Green Myke R , Anasetti Claudio , Sandin Ramon L , Rolfe Nancy E , Greene John N
Published: November 2006

Daptomycin has demonstrated antibacterial activity against several antibiotic-resistant strains, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci.1 A paucity of data exists concerning in vivo development of daptomycin resistance of enterococci. We describe an allogeneic bone marrow transplant patient, who was found to have vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus durans bacteremia, which subsequently developed resistance to daptomycin.
Evaluation of vaccine dosing in patients with solid tumors receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy
Authors: Sommer Abigail L , Wachel Brandi K , Smith Judith A
Published: November 2006

Objective. To provide oncology healthcare providers with information on current vaccine recommendations and discuss the proper timing of vaccination in relation to chemotherapy, to allow for an adequate, protective antibody response.

Data sources. In this review, we have attempted to include all available literature as well as the current recommendations. The National Library of Medicine, PubMed online database was searched using the keywords: chemotherapy, influenza, vaccine, cancer, immunosuppression. In addition, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines were reviewed and incorporated into the recommendations.

Data synthesis. There were several limitations to the literature available. To date, most of the literature was completed in the 1970s and 1980s, and definitions of protective immunity regarding influenza vaccines have changed over time, as well as improved study design. These studies have also been completed in a variety of disease states, hence, it is difficult to make comparisons between trials. The recommendations in this review are consistent with the current CDC Guidelines and, until further clinical trials are carried out, are the most conservative recommendations in favor of patient safety, health care costs, and resource utilization.

Conclusion. Patients on cancer chemotherapy should receive vaccination at least 2 weeks before initiation of treatment. Providers should avoid administering vaccination during chemotherapy or active radiation treatment because of suboptimal responses to vaccines. Active immunization has been shown to confer protective immunity to several infections in cancer patients at similar rates to healthy individuals.
Understanding and negotiating friendships
Authors: Howard Brooke , Cohn Ellen , Orsmond Gael I.
Published: November 2006

This case study explored perceptions of friendship of an adolescent with Asperger syndrome. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, photographs taken by the adolescent, and quality of life and friendship measures. Data were analyzed using grounded theory principles and organized into three themes: (1) characteristics of a friend, (2) family involvement, and (3) enjoyment of friendships and desire to have them. The adolescent appeared to enjoy having friends, was interested in pursuing friendships, and had a basic understanding of many characteristics of friendships. He described negotiating his own and his friend’s focused interests. Family members played important roles in the establishment and maintenance of the adolescent’s friendships.
A comparative study of circadian rhythm functioning and sleep in people with Asperger syndrome
Authors: Hare Dougal Julian , Jones Steven , Evershed Kate
Published: November 2006

The circadian rhythm functioning and sleep patterns of 10 adults with Asperger syndrome were investigated using actigraphy. When compared with data from neurotypical adults, both statistical and clinically significant differences were found between the two groups, with the adults with Asperger syndrome showing marked abnormalities in both the quantity and the quality of sleep recorded. Examination of the actigraphic data indicated low sleep efficiency and high fragmentation as being characteristic of the sleep of participants with Asperger syndrome. These individuals also showed lower-amplitude circadian rhythms that were less strongly linked to environmental synchronizers, but no evidence of significant desynchronization of circadian rhythm. Possible mechanisms for these abnormalities and implications for clinical practice are discussed.
An Assessment of the Disease Burden of Foot Ulcers in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Attending a Teaching Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbera A. O. , Fasanmade O. , Ohwovoriole A. E. , Adediran O.
Published: November 2006

The major part of the burden of people with diabetes mellitus (DM) is their impaired quantity and quality of life. This is due to acute and chronic complications of which diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) takes the greatest toll. Most studies on the disease burden of DFU were carried out in developed countries, and to date, no indigenous study has addressed the burden of foot ulceration in Nigerians with DM. This study attempted to determine the disease burden of this important DM complication. The study was carried out at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, Nigeria. The working definition of disease burden encompassed prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and the direct economic costs of diabetes mellitus foot syndrome (DMFS). For determination of the estimates of prevalence, the “capture-recapture” and intensive case-counting methods were used, mortality and morbidity were determined from records of admissions, and associated deaths over a 3-year period (1998-2000). The direct economic costs of foot ulceration were derived from the costs incurred from in-patient days, tests, drugs/medications, surgery, and other miscellaneous units of services. The total number of people with DM seen in LUTH from 1998 to 2000 was 1500, the hospital prevalence of DFU using the capture-recapture method being 9.5%. A total of 7253 medical admissions were made in this 3-year period, and of this number 827 (11.4%) were DM related. DFU-related admissions were 97 in number, and this made up 1.3% and 11.7% of the total medical and diabetes admissions, respectively. During this period, a total of 61 lower limb amputations were carried out and 26 (42.6%) of these were DM related. The proportion of medical deaths due to DMFS deaths was greater than the proportion of medical admissions due to DFU (P = .007). The case fatality of individuals with DFU was ∼53%. A total number of 20 patients with DM foot ulcers were hospitalized during a 1-year period of the study (2003-2004). The majority had type 2 DM. A large majority (65%) of these patients had some form of surgery in addition to medical management of their condition. Mean costs for successfully treating a patient with DMFS was Nigerian Naira (NGN) 180 581.60. The total costs incurred ranged from NGN 20 400.00 to NGN 278 029.00. Drugs or medications accounted for the majority of the total costs incurred by the patients (46.9%).
Is There Evidence-Based Guidance for Timing of Soft Tissue Coverage of Grade III B Tibia Fractures?
Authors: Breugem Corstiaan C. , Strackee Simon D.
Published: November 2006

The treatment of soft tissue damage associated with severe complicated tibia fractures is a clinical challenge. A recent study of grade III B/C open tibia fractures treated by delayed soft tissue coverage resulted in 20% of patients having osteomyelitis, with a mean follow-up of only 10 months. This study prompted us to review the literature on the association of timing of soft tissue closure in complicated grade III B tibia fractures and the incidence of infections and bone union. A Medline literature search was performed focusing on evidence-based medicine with regard to the timing of soft tissue closure and patients developing bony union and complications such as osteomyelitis. It was difficult to analyze publications with rigor. It appears that the time of surgery has little influence on free-flap failure but that early aggressive debridement followed by soft tissue cover within 3 to 5 days reduces osteomyelitis and delayed bone union. A need for better designed studies is also indicated.
Highly Efficient Amination of Benzene to Aniline Mediated by Bromine with Metal Oxide as Cataloreactant
Authors: Zhai Hesheng , Lin Haiqiang , Lu Xin , Xia Xing-Hua
Published: November 2006

We report a highly efficient and versatile two-step process for the amination of benzene to aniline that is mediated by bromine and metal oxides as cataloreactants. The process under mild condition (e.g. below 200 °C) offers an overall yield of ca. 90% and selectivity of ca. 95% for aniline production based on benzene converted.
Surface Modification of n-Si(111) Electrodes with Brominated and Sulfonylated Alkyl Chains and Their Photoelectrochemical Characteristics
Authors: Ohashi Masato , Nakato Yoshihiro , Mashima Kazushi
Published: November 2006

Bromination of alkenyl-chain-covered n-Si(111) electrodes and their consecutive sulfonylation were demonstrated, and the effects of these functionalization on the photoelectrochemical characteristics were studied in 7.6 M HI + 0.05 M I2 electrolyte under simulated solar illumination.
Density Functional Theoretical Studies on the Redox-dependent Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Cho Young Seuk , Hwang Sungu
Published: November 2006

Redox-dependent hydrogen bonding has been a subject of extensive attraction since it provides a basis for external control for synthetic supramolecular system such as sensors, molecular electronics, and molecular machines. We performed density functional theoretical calculations on the nitrobenzene/arylurea interactions in order to understand the bonding and its dependence on the reduction/oxidation. We calculated the binding energy in the reduced and oxidized states and correlated the energy differences with the shift in half-wave potential, ΔE1/2, for different p-substituted nitrobenzene/diphenylurea pairs.
Asymmetric Cross-coupling of Potassium 2-Butenyltrifluoroborates with Aryl and 1-Alkenyl Bromides Catalyzed by a Pd(OAc)2/Josiphos Complex
Authors: Yamamoto Yasunori , Takada Shingo , Miyaura Norio
Published: November 2006

The asymmetric cross-coupling reaction of [CH3CH=CHCH2BF3]K with aryl or 1-alkenyl bromides selectively occurred at the γ-carbon of 2-butenylborane moiety with regioselectivities in a range of 84–99%. The enantioselectivities were in a range of 77–90%ee when a palladium/CyPF-t-Bu complex was used at 80 °C in the presence of K2CO3 (3 equiv.) in H2O–MeOH (9/1).
Emotional memory and perception of emotional faces in patients suffering from depersonalization disorder
Authors: Montagne Barbara , Sierra Mauricio , Medford Nick , Hunter Elaine , Baker Dawn , Kessels Roy P. C. , De Haan Edward H. F. , David Anthony S.
Published: November 2006

Previous work has shown that patients with depersonalization disorder (DPD) have reduced physiological responses to emotional stimuli, which may be related to subjective emotional numbing. This study investigated two aspects of affective processing in 13 patients with DPD according to the DSM‐IV criteria and healthy controls: the perception of emotional facial expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) and memory for emotional stimuli. Results revealed a specific lack of sensitivity to facial expression of anger in patients, but normal enhancement of memory for peripheral aspects of arousing emotional material. The results are consistent with altered processing of threat‐related stimuli but intact consolidation processes, at least when the stimuli involved are potently arousing.
Critical Issues in Psychological Autopsy Studies
Authors: Pouliot Louise , De Leo Diego
Published: November 2006

This paper reviews research based on the psychological autopsy (PA) method applied to the study of suicide. It evidences the presence of a number of methodological problems. Shortcomings concern sampling biases in the selection of control subjects, confounding influences of extraneous variables, and reliability of the assessment instruments. The absence of homogeneity among studies in the procedure employed, as well as the lack of defined guidelines for performing this type of inquiry are emphasized. Questions needing empirical investigation in the future are pointed out. It is concluded that the validity and reliability of findings emerging from the use of this method of investigation would benefit from a standardization of its application.
Hotel Room Suicide
Authors: Zarkowski Paul , Avery David
Published: November 2006

The objective of our research was to quantify the increased risk of suicide associated with registering in local hotels/motels. Medical examiner case files of suicide in King County, Washington, were reviewed for years 2002–2004. The incidence of suicide in local residents registering in local hotels/motels was 223/100,000, which is significantly greater than the incidence of suicide in the general population of King County (11.7/100,000, p < 0.0001). Hotel/motel guests from outside Washington had a significantly reduced incidence of suicide (3.9/100,000, p = 0.002). The study results suggest that there is an increased risk of suicide in local residents who register in local hotel rooms.
Problem Music and Self‐Harming
Authors: North Adrian C. , Hargreaves David J.
Published: November 2006

Academics and protest groups have claimed that “problem music”(hard rock, hip hop/rap, & punk) causes self‐injurious thoughts/behaviors among fans. In this study we investigated whether the relationship is mediated by self‐esteem, delinquency, and conservatism; and whether first exposure to problem music preceded self‐injurious thoughts. A liking for problem music was associated with four of the five self‐injurious measures, although these significant relationships were weakened (into nonsignificance in the case of two self‐injurious measures) when the mediating variables were included. Listening to problem music did not precede self‐injurious thoughts. Problem music is associated with self‐injurious thoughts and behaviors, but this relationship is mediated by other factors and the former does not seem to cause the latter.
Modifying muscle mass – the endocrine perspective
Authors: Solomon A M , Bouloux P M G
Published: November 2006

This review describes the major hormonal factors that determine the balance between human skeletal muscle anabolism and catabolism in health and disease, with specific reference to age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia). The molecular mechanisms associated with muscle hypertrophy are described, and the central role of the satellite cell highlighted. The biological dynamics of satellite cells, varying between states of quiescence, proliferation and differentiation are strongly influenced by local endocrine factors. The molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy are examined focussing on the causes of sarcopenia and associations with systemic medical disorders. In addition, evidence is provided that the mechanisms of atrophy and hypertrophy are unlikely to be simple opposites. Novel endocrine mechanisms underpinning mechano-transduction include IGF-I subtypes that may differentiate between endocrine and mechanical signals; their interaction with classical endocrine factors is an active area of translational research. Recently acquired knowledge on the mechanism of anabolic effects of androgens is also reviewed. The increasingly recognised role of myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle function, is described, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. Strategies to counter age-related sarcopenia thus represent an exciting field of future investigation.
Distribution and biological activity of obestatin in the rat
Authors: Dun Siok L , Brailoiu G Cristina , Brailoiu Eugen , Yang Jun , Chang Jaw Kang , Dun Nae J
Published: November 2006

Obestatin, a 23 amino acid peptide recently isolated from the rat stomach, is encoded by the same gene that encodes ghrelin. With the use of an antiserum directed against the mouse/rat obestatin, obestatin immunoreactivity (irOBS) was detected in cells of the gastric mucosa, myenteric plexus, and in Leydig cells of the testis in Sprague–Dawley rats. Double labeling the myenteric plexus with obestatin antiserum and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antiserum revealed that nearly all irOBS neurons were ChAT positive and vice versa. For comparative purposes, myenteric ganglion cells, cells in the gastric mucosa, and Leydig cells of the testis were shown to be immunoreactive to preproghrelin. The biological activity of obestatin on rat central neurons was assessed by the calcium microfluorimetric Fura-2 method. Obestatin (100 nM) administered to dissociated and cultured rat cerebral cortical neurons elevated cytosolic calcium concentrations [Ca2+]i in a population of cortical neurons. The result provides the first immunohistochemical evidence that obestatin is expressed in cells of the gastric mucosa and myenteric ganglion cells, and also in Leydig cells of the testis; the peptide is biologically active on central neurons.
Comparison of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis susceptibility upon single-dose i.m. depot versus long-acting i.v. triamcinolone acetonide therapy: a direct pharmacokinetic correlation
Authors: Abraham Getu , Demiraj Fioralba , Ungemach Fritz Rupert
Published: November 2006

The effects of single injections of glucocorticoid (GC) depot suspension and of long-acting GC were studied in conscious dogs. Both the depot suspension GC triamcinolone-16,17-α-acetonide (TAA) and the long-acting triamcinolone acetonide-21-dihydrogen phosphate (TAA-DHP) decreased basal and ACTH-stimulated cortisol levels and in a specific time-dependent way. Before treatment, all dogs had normal basal and peak cortisol responses to ACTH challenge (13–15 and > 120 nmol/l at 1 h respectively). Intravenous TAA-DHP reduced cortisol levels for 12 h, i.m. TAA reduced cortisol levels as of 1.5 h and the effect lasted for at least 4 weeks. Both treatments blunted the peak response to ACTH. ACTH elevated cortisol levels to or above baseline values within 10 days following TAA-DHP treatment, but the TAA treatment suppressed an ACTH response for at least 4 weeks. Kinetic analysis of both the preparations demonstrated rapid absorption (tmax, 0.6–1.5 h) and low maximum plasma concentrations (peak Cmax, 2.99–5.51 nmol/l) of the steroids; indeed, the terminal half-life of TAA-DHP (13.9 ± 1.3 h) was very much shorter than that of TAA (125.9 ± 15.8 h). In addition, the mean residence time differed very much (11 vs 160 h for TAA-DHP and TAA respectively), in line with a delayed elimination of the depot compared with the long-acting formulation. Application of these TAA formulations needs careful evaluation for their surprisingly different effects on endocrine stress axis activity.
High‐Resolution Characterization of Pentacene/Polyaniline Interfaces in Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Lee K. S. , Smith T. J. , Dickey K. C. , Yoo J. E. , Stevenson K. J. , Loo Y.‐L.
Published: November 2006

We present the first detailed report that directly correlates the reduced contact resistance in organic thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with fundamental structural and morphological characterization at the organic semiconductor/conducting polymer interface. Specifically, the pentacene grains are similar in size and continuous across the channel/electrode interface in bottom‐contact TFTs with polyaniline (PANI) electrodes. On a molecular level, the fused rings of pentacene are oriented perpendicular to the surface both in the channel and on PANI. Accordingly, the contact resistance is small in such devices. In TFTs with gold electrodes, however, the pentacene grains are different in size and are discontinuous across the channel/electrode interface. Further, the fused rings of pentacene are oriented perpendicular to the channel surface and parallel to the gold surface. Such differences across the channel/electrode interface lead to structural and electronic disorder, which manifests itself as a significantly larger contact resistance in devices with gold electrodes.
Link decay in leading information science journals
Authors: Goh Dion Hoe‐Lian , Ng Peng Kin
Published: November 2006

Web citations have become common in scholarly publications as the amount of online literature increases. Yet, such links are not persistent and many decay over time, causing accessibility problems for readers. The present study investigates the link decay phenomenon in three leading information science journals. Articles spanning a period of 7 years (1997–2003) were downloaded, and their links were extracted. From these, a measure of link decay, the half‐life, was computed to be approximately 5 years, which compares favorably against other disciplines (1.4–4.8 years). The study also investigated types of link accessibility errors encountered as well as examined characteristics of links that may be associated with decay. It was found that approximately 31% of all citations were not accessible during the time of testing, and the majority of errors were due to missing content (HTTP Error Code 404). Citations from the edu domain were also found to have the highest failure rates of 36% when compared with other popular top‐level domains. Results indicate that link decay is a problem that cannot be ignored, and implications for journal authors and readers are discussed.
Bestimmung von Materialeigenschaften zementgebundener Werkstoffe mittels inverser Analyse
Authors: Villmann Beate , Bretschneider Nick , Slowik Volker , Michel Alexander
Published: November 2006

Gewisse Materialeigenschaften von zementgebundenen Werkstoffen können nur schwer auf direktem Wege experimentell bestimmt werden. Es bedarf einer kombinierten Anwendung experimenteller sowie rechnerischer Methoden. Die gesuchten Materialeigenschaften ergeben sich dabei aus inversen Analysen von Experimenten. Zwei Beispiele für die Notwendigkeit solcher inversen Analysen in der Materialprüfung sind die Bestimmung von Entfestigungskurven sowie des feuchteabhängigen Diffusionskoeffizienten. Diese Materialeigenschaften finden insbesondere zur Charakterisierung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Baukonstruktionen Anwendung. Maßgebend für Genauigkeit und Effektivität inverser Analysen ist neben der Formulierung eines adäquaten physikalischen Modells für das durchgeführte Experiment die Wahl eines geeigneten Optimierungsalgorithmus. Evolutionäre Algorithmen haben sich für derartige Anwendungen als besonders geeignet erwiesen. Das Prinzip der inversen Analyse sowie zwei Anwendungsbeispiele werden dargestellt. Letztere betreffen die Bestimmung des Entfestigungsverhaltens von Beton auf der Grundlage von Keilspalt‐ und Biegeexperimenten beziehungsweise die Bestimmung des feuchteabhängigen Diffusionskoeffizienten auf der Grundlage von Trocknungsexperimenten.
Low‐power millimeter wave radiations do not alter stress‐sensitive gene expression of chaperone proteins
Authors: Zhadobov M. , Sauleau R. , Le Coq L. , Debure L. , Thouroude D. , Michel D. , Le Dréan Y.
Published: November 2006

This article reports experimental results on the influence of low‐power millimeter wave (MMW) radiation at 60 GHz on a set of stress‐sensitive gene expression of molecular chaperones, namely clusterin (CLU) and HSP70, in a human brain cell line. Selection of the exposure frequency is determined by its near‐future applications for the new broadband civil wireless communication systems including wireless local area networks (WLAN) for domestic and professional uses. Frequencies around 60 GHz are strongly attenuated in the earth's atmosphere and such radiations represent a new environmental factor. An exposure system operating in V‐band (50–75 GHz) was developed for cell exposure. U‐251 MG glial cell line was sham‐exposed or exposed to MMW radiation for different durations (1–33 h) and two different power densities (5.4 µW/cm2or 0.54 mW/cm2). As gene expression is a multiple‐step process, we analyzed chaperone proteins induction at different levels. First, using luciferase reporter gene, we investigated potential effect of MMWs on the activation of transcription factors (TFs) and gene promoter activity. Next, using RT‐PCR and Western blot assays, we verified whether MMW exposure could alter RNA accumulation, translation, or protein stability. Experimental data demonstrated the absence of significant modifications in gene transcription, mRNA, and protein amount for the considered stress‐sensitive genes for the exposure durations and power densities investigated. The main results of this study suggest that low‐power 60 GHz radiation does not modify stress‐sensitive gene expression of chaperone proteins. Bioelectromagnetics 28:188–196, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extremely low frequency weak magnetic fields enhance resistance of NN tobacco plants to tobacco mosaic virus and elicit stress‐related biochemical activities
Authors: Trebbi Grazia , Borghini Francesco , Lazzarato Lisa , Torrigiani Patrizia , Calzoni G. Lorenzo , Betti Lucietta
Published: November 2006

Increasing evidence has accumulated concerning the biological effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF‐MFs) in different plant models. In the present study, effects of ELF‐MFs in tobacco plants reacting to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with a hypersensitive response (HR) were evaluated. Plants were exposed for 8 or 24 h (either before or after TMV inoculation) to a static MF, at either −17 or 13 µT, combined with a 10 Hz sinusoidal MF with different intensities (25.6 or 28.9 µT). The working variables were the area and number of hypersensitive lesions in leaves. Following ELF‐MFs exposure, an increased resistance was detected, particularly after an 8‐h treatment, as shown by the decrease in lesion area and number. Moreover, two enzyme activities involved in resistance mechanisms were analyzed: ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL). Uninoculated leaves previously exposed to ELF‐MFs in general showed a significant increase relative to controls in ODC and PAL activities, in particular for 13 µT static MF plus 28.9 µT, 10 Hz sinusoidal MF (24 h) treatment. In conclusion, ELF‐MFs seem to influence the HR of tobacco to TMV, as shown by the increased resistance and changes in ODC and PAL activities, indicating the reliability of the present plant model in the study of bioelectromagnetic interactions. Bioelectromagnetics 28:214–223, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating the relationship between past contraceptive behaviour, self‐efficacy, and anticipated shame and guilt in sexual contexts among Norwegian adolescents
Authors: Træen Bente , Kvalem Ingela Lundin
Published: November 2006

What are the relationships between self‐efficacy when communicating to the partner about use of contraception, stopping undesired intercourse, and perceived self‐conscious emotions in sexual contexts? How does past contraceptive behaviour influence perceived self‐efficacy? These research questions were studied among 399 10th grade students with coital experience in the county Nordland in Norway. Two dimensions of perceived emotional responses were identified in a hypothetical situation related to communicating to the partner about use of contraception, namely Shame and Emotional intimacy. Two dimensions were also identified with regard to anticipated emotional responses in a hypothetical situation related to stopping undesired intercourse: Guilt and responsibility and Emotional intimacy. Most of the boys and girls reported that they would react with positive emotions in both hypothetical situations. Path models were constructed with the affective dimensions and self‐esteem as mediating variables between past contraceptive behaviour and contextual self‐efficacy. Past behaviour influenced communication self‐efficacy indirectly via Shame, and Shame had a direct effect upon self‐efficacy. Guilt and responsibility had a direct effect upon stop‐self‐efficacy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Indigenous reconciliation in Australia: do values, identity and collective guilt matter?
Authors: Halloran Michael J.
Published: November 2006

This paper reports an investigation of the impact of shared values and identities on Australian attitudes towards Indigenous reconciliation across two studies. In Study 1, University students were assigned to one of two conditions in which they completed a questionnaire that measured their value priorities and reconciliation attitudes; either as an individual or as an Australian. As expected, the value of egalitarianism was the strongest predictor of reconciliation attitudes, especially under the Australian condition. In Study 2, participants from the general community were assigned into conditions that manipulated identity (personal vs. Australian) and views of how Indigenous Australians have been treated by Europeans in the past (favourable vs. unfavourable). Under these conditions, participants were asked to report their level of collective guilt and reconciliation views. The results showed that collective guilt was stronger under the unfavourable than the favourable history condition but only when personal identity was salient. The findings also showed some support for the proposition that reconciliation views would be most positive under the unfavourable history condition when Australian identity was salient. The implications of the findings for advancing the progress of indigenous reconciliation in Australia are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the trainees' view of a socio‐political approach within UK clinical psychology
Authors: Thompson Miles
Published: November 2006

This paper aims to provide preliminary insights into the relationship between clinical psychology and a socio‐political approach known as Critical Community Psychology (CCP). Methodologically, it uses statements about CCP as stimulus material, and utilizes both quantitative and qualitative exploratory techniques, to survey the opinions of 354 UK trainee clinical psychologists. Participants' ratings of the stimulus material and their qualitative comments reveal many positive endorsements of the socio‐political approach. However, themes from the qualitative data raise questions about how socio‐political ideas can be incorporated into clinical practice and highlight uncertainty over the relationship between clinical psychology and politics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amplification pattern of 2D semi‐sine‐shaped valleys subjected to vertically propagating incident waves
Authors: Kamalian Mohsen , Gatmiri Behrouz , Sohrabi‐Bidar Abdollah , Khalaj Ali
Published: November 2006

This paper presents the preliminary results of an extensive numerical parametric study on seismic behaviour of two‐dimensional semi‐sine‐shaped valleys subjected to vertically propagating incident in‐plane compression and shear waves. The medium is assumed to have a linear elastic constitutive behaviour. All calculations are executed in time‐domain using the direct boundary element method. Clear perspectives of the amplification patterns of the valley are presented by investigation of the frequency‐domain responses. It is shown that wavelength, site geometry and in a less order of importance, wave type and material parameters, are the independent key parameters governing the valley's amplification pattern. Some simple rules are obtained which could be used in seismic microzonation and seismic design of structures founded inside the valley. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small, dense low‐density‐lipoproteins and the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Rizzo Manfredi , Berneis Kaspar
Published: November 2006

Small, dense low‐density‐lipoproteins (LDL) are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus and a reduction in LDL size has been reported in patients with coronary and non‐coronary forms of atherosclerosis. LDL size has been accepted as an important predictor of cardiovascular events and progression of coronary artery disease as well as an emerging cardiovascular risk factor by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Small, dense LDL, with elevated triglyceride levels and low HDL‐cholesterol concentrations, constitute the ‘atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (ALP)’, a form of atherogenic dyslipidemia that is a feature of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. LDL size and subclasses show specific alterations in patients with the metabolic syndrome that probably significantly increase their cardiovascular risk; however, so far it has not been recommended to incorporate LDL size measurements in treatment plans, when hypolipidemic therapies are installed. Patients with type 2 diabetes are at high cardiovascular risk and it is still on debate if the treatment goals may be identical or whether there are distinct groups with different cardiovascular risks and hence with different treatment goals. Measurements beyond traditional lipids, such as measurements on the presence of small, dense LDL in patients with the metabolic syndrome, may help to identify cardiovascular risk subgroups. In addition, it might be possible in the future to individualize hypolipidemic treatments if more than the traditional lipids are taken into account. LDL size measurement may potentially help to assess cardiovascular risk within the metabolic syndrome and adapt the treatment goals thereafter. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐ethnic differences in eating disorder symptoms and related distress
Authors: Franko Debra L. , Becker Anne E. , Thomas Jennifer J. , Herzog David B.
Published: November 2006

Objective:

This study investigated ethnic differences in the frequency of eating disorder symptoms and related distress in a U.S. college‐based eating disorders screening program.

Method:

Responses to self‐report questions and counselors' assessment were analyzed in an ethnically diverse sample (n = 5,435).

Results:

The frequency of binge‐eating, restrictive eating, vomiting, and amenorrhea did not differ significantly across ethnic groups. However, significant between‐group differences were found with respect to modes of purging. Binge correlates (e.g., eating until uncomfortably full) were significantly more frequent among Caucasian than African American participants (p < .001). Binge eating was the best predictor of distress among Caucasians, African Americans, and Latinos, whereas vomiting was the best predictor of distress among Asians. Asian participants who used laxatives were significantly less likely to receive a recommendation for further evaluation than non‐Asian participants.

Conclusion:

Ethnic diversity in symp tom prevalence and related distress was identified. Clinician recognition of this potential diversity may enhance culturally competent care for eating disorders. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Quantitative determination of isohexenylnaphthazarin pigments by TLC densitometry
Authors: Papageorgiou V. P. , Liakopoulou‐Kyriakides M. , Papadakis Ch.
Published: November 2006

Isohexenylnaphthazarin pigments isolated from the roots of Alkanna tinctoria and Macrotomia cephalotes were determined quantitatively by TLC densitometry. The method was also used successfully for determination of alkannin isovalerate in blood.
Pyrazine composition of wood smoke as influenced by wood source and smoke generation variables
Authors: Maga J. A. , Chen Z.
Published: November 2006

A series of 8 pyrazines (pyrazine, 3‐ethyl‐2‐methoxy‐, 2‐ethoxy‐3‐ethyl‐, 3,6‐dimethyl‐2‐propyl‐, 2‐butyl‐3,5‐dimethyl‐, 2‐butyl‐3,6‐dimethyl‐, 2‐acetyl‐3‐methyl‐, 2‐acetyl‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazine) were identified in the smoke generated from 17 different wood sources (white and red oak, walnut, chestnut, apple, redwood, red alder, cherry, aspen, birch, hard maple, eastern cedar, hickory, Lodgepole pine wood and bark, Douglas‐Fir heartwood and sapwood).

Hickory produced the largest amount (41.03 mg 100 g wood) of total pyrazines while redwood had the least (10.33 mg). Total and individual pyrazine levels did not appear to correlate with wood nitrogen content nor with the levels of cellulose, hemicellulose or lignin.

Smoke generation variables relative to pyrazine formation were evaluated with hickory smoke. Increasing the moisture content from 4 per cent to 20 or 30 per cent resulted in decreased total pyrazine levels. The absence of air decreased total pyrazine concentration while increasing smoke generation temperature from 290 to 450°C increased the total amount of pyrazines formed. Collection of hickory smoke volatiles in an alkaline solution resulted in lower total pyrazine levels than condensate trapped in water.
Characterization of volatile compounds in linden blossoms Tiolia cordata mill
Authors: Vidal J. P. , Richard H.
Published: November 2006

80 Compounds were identified in the Likens‐Nickerson extracts of linden blossoms harvested near Buis‐les‐Baronnies (Drǒme, France). The composition of the essential oils extracted from the flowers and the bracts differs considerably. The essential oil derived from the flowers is characterized by a high percentage of monoterpenes (53%), and by a much lower percentage of aldehydes (12%). Whereas, oil extracted from the bracts is richer in aldehydes (25%) than in monoterpene hydrocarbons (2.0–4.5%), it also contains a reasonable proportion of aliphatic hydrocarbons (3.0–5.0%). From a ‚liquid CO2 extract’︁ of the flowers, 14 different compounds were identified whose principal component was dibutyl phthalate (11.8%), whereas the monoterpenoids as a whole represent only 14.0% of the total extract.
On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part X. Research on the composition of essential oils produced from sicilian lemons using ‘pelatrice’ and ‘sfumatrice’ extractors during the entire 1983/84 production season
Authors: Cotroneo A. , Verzera A. , Lamonica G. , Dugo Giovanni , Licandro G.
Published: November 2006

The authors report the results of a study made on 488 samples of genuine lemon oil obtained by industrial processing during the 1983/84 season. The lemons, which came from Sicilian lemon‐growing areas, were processed using ‘pelatrice’ or ‘sfumatrice’ extractors. Gas chromatography of all samples was effected using capillary columns. The ‘citral’ content and ‘CD’‐values were also determined. From the gas chromatography of the oils and the fractions obtained by separation on neutral alumina columns, it has been possible to identify 34 components, which correspond to about 99.3% of the volatile fraction of the essential oil, and to establish the class to which numerous other components belong. The quantitative data obtained by gas chromatography are expressed separately, as the average of the values for each month, for the ‘pelatrice’ and ‘sfumatrice’ extracted oils. The quantitative variations found in the various classes of substances and in the principal components present in the lemon essential oils during the whole season of production are commented upon and the fundamental quantitative differences between ‘pelatrice’ and ‘sfumatrice’ extracted oils are illustrated. The results obtained are compared to those which resulted from an analogous study effected during the 1982/83 citrus production season, and confirm that the composition of lemon essential oil undergoes cyclic variations lasting one year.
Essential oil from Mentha spicata L. (spearmint) cultivated in Italy
Authors: Maffei Massimo , Codignola Arnaldo , Fieschi Maurizio
Published: November 2006

A new strain of Mentha spicata (2n = 48) was introduced from Michigan (U.S.A.) into the Piedmont Valley (Turin, Italy). It was found that the essential oil of this strain, which was obtained by steam distillation of plants in full bloom, possessed a typical spearmint aroma. Analysis of the oil was performed using a combination of capillary GC‐MS. From the results it could be seen that the oil, which was carvone‐rich, had a similar chemical composition to other carvone‐rich mints found growing spontaneously or cultivated in the Piedmont Valley, e.g. Wentha aquatica × viridis F. Schultz (1854) (sensu Fiori), Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds var. candicans Crantz and Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. var. crispa Ten. With the exception of M. longifolia var. candicans, the minor components of the other oils were qualitatively similar; however, they varied quantitatively both in amounts of oxygenated and non‐oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and in individual components.