bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceived Discrimination in Health Care and Mental Health/Substance Abuse Treatment Among Blacks, Latinos, and Whites
Authors: Mays Vickie M. , Jones Audrey L. , Delany-Brumsey Ayesha , Coles Courtney , Cochran Susan D.
Published: October 2016

Background:

Experiences of discrimination in health care settings may contribute to disparities in mental health outcomes for blacks and Latinos. We investigate whether perceived discrimination in mental health/substance abuse visits contributes to participants’ ratings of treatment helpfulness and stopped treatment.

Research Methods:

We used data from 3 waves of the California Quality of Life Survey, a statewide population-based telephone survey assessing mental health/substance disorders and their treatment. In a sample of 1099 adults (age 18–72) who indicated prior year mental health/substance abuse visits, we examined: experiences of discrimination that occurred during health care and mental health/substance abuse visits, ratings of treatment helpfulness, and reports of stopping treatment early.

Results:

Fifteen percent of California adults reported discrimination during a health care visit and 4% specifically during mental health/substance abuse visits. Latinos, the uninsured, and those with past year mental disorders were twice as likely as others to report health care discrimination [adjusted odds ratio (AORs)=2.08, 2.77, and 2.51]. Uninsured patients were 7 times more likely to report discrimination in mental health/substance abuse visits (AOR=7.27, P<0.01). The most commonly reported reasons for health care discrimination were race/ethnicity for blacks (52%) and Latinos (31%), and insurance status for whites (40%). Experiences of discrimination in mental health/substance abuse visits were associated with less helpful treatment ratings for Latinos (AOR=0.09, P<0.05) and whites (AOR=0.25, P<0.01), and early treatment termination for blacks (AOR=13.38, P<0.05).

Conclusions:

Experiences of discrimination are associated with negative mental health/substance abuse treatment experiences and stopped treatment, and could be a factor in mental health outcomes.
Self-reflection as a Tool to Increase Hospitalist Participation in Readmission Quality Improvement
Authors: Rana Vipulkumar , Thapa Bipin , Saini Sumanta Chaudhuri , Nagpal Pooja , Segon Ankur , Fletcher Kathlyn , Lamb Geoffrey
Published: October 2016

Background:

Reducing 30-day readmissions is a national priority. Although multipronged programs have been shown to reduce readmissions, the role of the individual hospitalist physician in reducing readmissions is not clear.

Objectives:

We evaluated the effect of physicians' self-review of their own readmission cases on the 30-day readmission rate.

Methods:

Over a 1-year period, hospitalists were sent their individual readmission rates and cases on a weekly basis. They reviewed their cases and completed a data abstraction tool. In addition, a facilitator led small group discussion about common causes of readmission and ways to prevent such readmissions.

Results:

Our preintervention readmission rate was 16.16% and postintervention was 14.99% (P = .76). Among hospitalists on duty, nearly all participated in scheduled facilitated discussions. Self-review was completed in 67% of the cases.

Conclusions:

A facilitated reflective practice intervention increased hospitalist participation and awareness in the mission to reduce readmissions and this intervention resulted in a nonsignificant trend in readmission reduction.
TIRDA Originating From Lateral Temporal Cortex in a Patient With mTLE Is Not Related to Hippocampal Activity
Authors: Serafini Anna , Issa Naoum P. , Rose Sandra , Wu Shasha , Warnke Peter , Tao James X.
Published: October 2016

Electrophysiological studies have suggested that temporal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (TIRDA) has a localizing value similar to interictal spikes in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and is associated with a favorable outcome after temporal lobectomy. However, it remains controversial whether TIRDA is an EEG marker for mesial or lateral temporal epileptogenesis. We simultaneously recorded scalp EEG and stereoencephalography in a patient with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy during epilepsy presurgical evaluation. Seizure onset was localized to the hippocampus. However, TIRDA originated from the lateral temporal cortex, and rhythmic delta activity was not observed concomitantly in the hippocampus. In addition, TIRDA was not associated with repetitive interictal spikes or subclinical seizures in the hippocampus as previously speculated. This case suggests that TIRDA can be an EEG marker that is independent of hippocampal activity and can represent temporal neocortical epileptogenesis.
Perfusion MRI Can Impact Treatment Decision in Ictal–Interictal Continuum
Authors: Venkatraman Anand , Khawaja Ayaz , Bag Asim K. , Mirza Maira , Szaflarski Jerzy P. , Pati Sandipan B. B.
Published: October 2016

Lateralized periodic discharges (LPDs) are commonly seen on EEG in critically ill patients. They are often associated with seizures, but some patients may have them without seizures. Therefore, they are considered to lie in the ictal–interictal continuum. When ictal, they require multiple antiepileptic drugs to treat effectively, which can expose the patient to iatrogenic complications. Therefore, optimal management is controversial. We present here two cases where perfusion-weighted MRI was useful in distinguishing ictal from interictal LPDs. In the first patient, hyperperfusion in the area showing LPDs was considered an indication that the LPDs were ictal, and aggressive treatment led to clinical improvement. The second patient had no asymmetry on perfusion-weighted MRI, and therefore, we did not escalate antiepileptic therapy, and the LPDs resolved spontaneously over the next few days. Perfusion-weighted MRI offers several advantages over other techniques, such as single-photon emission computerized tomography that have been used for this purpose before. It does not expose the patient to radiation, and newer techniques like arterial spin labeling can even obviate the need for intravenous contrast. Larger scale studies using perfusion-weighted MRI will be of great value to clinical practice.
Development of a modular automated system for maintenance and differentiation of adherent human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Crombie Duncan E. , Daniszewski Maciej , Liang Helena H. , Kulkarni Tejal , Li Fan , Lidgerwood Grace E. , Conquest Alison , Hernández Damian , Hung Sandy S. , Gill Katherine P. , Smit Elisabeth De , Kearns Lisa S. , Clarke Linda , Sluch Valentin M. , Chamling Xitiz , Zack Donald J. , Wong Raymond C.B. , Hewitt Alex W. , Pébay Alice
Published: October 2016

Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have tremendous potential for development of regenerative medicine, disease modelling and drug discovery. However, the processes of reprogramming, maintenance and differentiation are labour intensive and subject to inter-technician variability. To address these issues, we established and optimised protocols to allow for the automated maintenance of reprogrammed somatic cells into iPSCs to enable the large-scale culture and passaging of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) using a customized TECAN Freedom EVO. Generation of iPSCs was performed offline by nucleofection followed by selection of TRA-1-60 positive cells using a Miltenyi MultiMACS24 Separator. Pluripotency markers were assessed to confirm pluripotency of the generated iPSCs. Passaging was performed using an enzyme-free dissociation method. Proof of concept of differentiation was obtained by differentiating human PSCs into cells of the retinal lineage. Key advantages of this automated approach are the ability to increase sample size, reduce variability during reprogramming or differentiation, and enable medium to high-throughput analysis of human PSCs and derivatives. These techniques will become increasingly important with the emergence of clinical trials using stem cells.
Reproducibility and replicability of rodent phenotyping in preclinical studies
Authors: Kafkafi Neri , Agassi Joseph , Chesler Elissa J. , Crabbe John C. , Crusio Wim E. , Eilam David , Gerlai Robert , Golani Ilan , Gomez-Marin Alex , Heller Ruth , Iraqi Fuad , Jaljuli Iman , Karp Natasha A. , Morgan Hugh , Nicholson George , Pfaff Donald W. , Richter S. Helene , Stark Philip B. , Stiedl Oliver , Stodden Victoria , Tarantino Lisa M. , Tucci Valter , Valdar William , Williams Robert W. , Würbel Hanno , Benjamini Yoav
Published: October 2016

The scientific community is increasingly concerned with cases of published “discoveries” that are not replicated in further studies. The field of mouse behavioral phenotyping was one of the first to raise this concern, and to relate it to other complicated methodological issues: the complex interaction between genotype and environment; the definitions of behavioral constructs; and the use of the mouse as a model animal for human health and disease mechanisms. In January 2015, researchers from various disciplines including genetics, behavior genetics, neuroscience, ethology, statistics and bioinformatics gathered in Tel Aviv University to discuss these issues. The general consent presented here was that the issue is prevalent and of concern, and should be addressed at the statistical, methodological and policy levels, but is not so severe as to call into question the validity and the usefulness of model organisms as a whole. Well-organized community efforts, coupled with improved data and metadata sharing, were agreed by all to have a key role to play in identifying specific problems and promoting effective solutions. As replicability is related to validity and may also affect generalizability and translation of findings, the implications of the present discussion reach far beyond the issue of replicability of mouse phenotypes but may be highly relevant throughout biomedical research.
Incorporating calibrated functional assay data into theBRCA1Ex-UV database
Authors: Thompson Bryony A. , Bell Russell , Welm Bryan E. , Burn John , Tavtigian Sean V.
Published: October 2016

Driven by massively parallel sequencing and allied technologies, the scale of genetic predisposition testing is on a dramatic uptrend. While many patients are found to carry clinically actionable pathogenic sequence variants, testing also reveals enormous numbers of Unclassified Variants (UV), or Variants of Uncertain Significance (VUS), most of which are rare missense substitutions. Following IARC variant classification guidelines, quantitative methods have been developed to integrate multiple data types for clinical UV evaluation inBRCA1/2; results from these analyses are recorded in the BRCA gene Ex-UV database (hci-exlovd.hci.utah.edu). In variant classification, the rate-limiting step is often accumulation of patient observational data. Recently, functional assays evaluatingBRCA1RING domain and C-terminal substitutions have been calibrated, enabling variant classification through a two-component combination of sequence analysis-based predictions with functional assay results. This two-component classification was embedded in a decision tree with safeguards to avoid misclassification. For the two-component analysis, sensitivity is 87.5%, specificity is 100%, and the error rate 0.0%. Classification of a UV as likely pathogenic or likely neutral does not require certainty; the probabilistic definitions of the categories imply an error rate. Combining sequence analysis with functional assay data in two-component analysis added 146BRCA1variants to the Ex-UV database.
Fabrication and testing of a newly designed slit system for depth-resolved X-ray diffraction measurements
Authors: Sinsheimer John , Bouet Nathalie , Ghose Sanjit , Dooryhee Eric , Conley Ray
Published: October 2016

A new system of slits called `spiderweb slits' have been developed for depth-resolved powder or polycrystalline X-ray diffraction measurements. The slits act on diffracted X-rays to select a particular gauge volume of sample, while absorbing diffracted X-rays from outside of this volume. Although the slit geometry is to some extent similar to that of previously developed conical slits or spiral slits, this new design has advantages over the previous ones in use for complex heterogeneous materials andin situandoperandodiffraction measurements. For example, the slits can measure a majority of any diffraction cone for any polycrystalline material, over a continuous range of diffraction angles, and work for X-ray energies of tens to hundreds of kiloelectronvolts. The design is generated and optimized using ray-tracing simulations, and fabricated through laser micromachining. The first prototype was successfully tested at the X17A beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source, and shows similar performance to simulations, demonstrating gauge volume selection for standard powders, for all diffraction peaks over angles of 2–10°. A similar, but improved, design will be implemented at the X-ray Powder Diffraction beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II.
Using irregularly spaced current peaks to generate an isolated attosecond X-ray pulse in free-electron lasers
Authors: Tanaka Takashi , Parc Yong Woon , Kida Yuichiro , Kinjo Ryota , Shim Chi Hyun , Ko In Soo , Kim Byunghoon , Kim Dong Eon , Prat Eduard
Published: October 2016

A method is proposed to generate an isolated attosecond X-ray pulse in free-electron lasers, using irregularly spaced current peaks induced in an electron beam through interaction with an intense short-pulse optical laser. In comparison with a similar scheme proposed in a previous paper, the irregular arrangement of current peaks significantly improves the contrast between the main and satellite pulses, enhances the attainable peak power and simplifies the accelerator layout. Three different methods are proposed for this purpose and achievable performances are computed under realistic conditions. Numerical simulations carried out with the best configuration show that an isolated 7.7 keV X-ray pulse with a peak power of 1.7 TW and pulse length of 70 as can be generated. In this particular example, the contrast is improved by two orders of magnitude and the peak power is enhanced by a factor of three, when compared with the previous scheme.
An unusual bis-heteroscorpionate complex with anomalous ligands: [tris(3,4-dibromo-5-phenylpyrazolyl)hydroborato][hydrotris(3-neopentylpyrazolyl)borato]nickel(II)
Authors: Trofimenko Swiatoslaw , Jové Fernando , Yap Glenn P. A.
Published: October 2016

Tridentate trispyrazolylborate (Tp) ligands, introduced by Trofimenko in 1966, have been widely utilized in metal coordination chemistry because of the relatively facile synthetic modification of their electronic and steric factors. The title heteroscorpionate, [Ni(C27H16BBr6N6)(C24H40BN6)], features one ligand, namely hydrotris(3-neopentylpyrazolyl)borate, that has previously displayed variable steric effects, and a brominated ligand, namely tris(3,4-dibromo-5-phenylpyrazolyl)hydroborate, that, atypical in trispyrazolylborate chemistry, coordinates such that the less bulky pyrazole substituent is oriented facing toward the metal ion. The potential molecular threefold symmetry in scorpionates can allow axial chirality. Although crystallized in the centrosymmetricP\overline{1} space group, a closer inspection of the structure of the title compound reveals axial diastereomers.
Nitrile coordination to rhodium does not lead to C—H activation
Authors: Jiao Yunzhe , Brennessel William W. , Jones William D.
Published: October 2016

Tris(pyrazolyl)borate complexes of rhodium are well known to activate C—H bonds. The reactive [Tp′Rh(PMe3)] fragment [Tp′ is tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)hydroborate] is found to react with valeronitrile to give the κ1N-bound complex (pentanenitrile-κN)(trimethylphosphane-κP)[tris(3,5-dimethylimidazol-1-yl)hydroborato-κ2N2,N2′]rhodium(I), [Rh(C15H22BN6)(C5H9N)(C3H9P)]. In contrast to the widespread evidence for the reaction of this fragment with C—H bondsviaoxidative addition, no evidence for such a complex is observed.
The structures of two scorpionates: thallium tetrakis(3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)borate and potassium tetrakis(3-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)borate
Authors: Infantes Lourdes , Claramunt Rosa M. , Sanz Dionisia , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José
Published: October 2016

The introduction of poly(1H-pyrazolyl)borate anions, better known as scorpionates, as negatively charged ligands for a great diversity of metal cations has had a tremendous influence in coordination chemistry. The structures of two salts of tetrakispyrazolylborate, namely [tetrakis(3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)borato]thallium(I), [Tl(C36H28BN8)], andcatena-poly[potassium-[μ2-tetrakis(3-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)borato]], [K(C24H28BN8)]n, have been determined at 296 K in the monoclinicP21/candC2/cspace groups, respectively. In their crystal structures, the thallium salt presents discrete molecular motifs, while the potassium salt shows infinite polymeric chains. The13C and15N CPMAS (cross polarization magic angle spinning) NMR spectra of these compounds were recorded and the chemical shifts compared with theoretically calculated ones at the GIAO/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. Both techniques are complementary and mutually consistent.
Mono- and binuclear tris(3-tert-butyl-2-sulfanylidene-1H-imidazol-1-yl)hydroborate bismuth(III) dichloride complexes: a soft scorpionate ligand can coordinate top-block elements
Authors: Fujisawa Kiyoshi , Kuboniwa Ayaka , Kiss Mercedesz , Szilagyi Robert K.
Published: October 2016

Tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborate ligands have been utilized in the fields of inorganic and coordination chemistry due to the ease of introduction of steric and electronic substitutions at the pyrazole rings. The development and use of the tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborate ligand, called a `scorpionate', were pioneered by the late Professor Swiatoslaw Trofimenko. He developed a second generation for his ligand system by the introduction of 3-tert-butyl and 3-phenyl substituents and this new ligand system accounted for many remarkable developments in inorganic and coordination chemistry in stabilizing monomeric species while maintaining an open coordination site. Bismuth is remarkably harmless among the toxic heavy metalp-block elements and is now becoming popular as a replacement for highly toxic metal elements, such as lead. Two bismuth(III) complexes of the anionic sulfur-containing tripod tris(3-tert-butyl-2-sulfanylidene-1H-imidazol-1-yl)hydroborate ligand were prepared. By recrystallization from MeOH/CH2Cl2, orange crystals of dichlorido(methanol-κO)[tris(3-tert-butyl-2-sulfanylidene-1H-imidazol-1-yl-κS)hydroborato]bismuth(III), [Bi(C21H34BN6S3)Cl2(CH4O)], (I), were obtained, manifesting a mononuclear structure. By using a noncoordinating solvent, red crystals of the binuclear structure with bridging Cl atoms were obtained, namely di-μ-chlorido-bis{chlorido[tris(3-tert-butyl-2-sulfanylidene-1H-imidazol-1-yl-κS)hydroborato]bismuth(III)}, [Bi2(C21H34BN6S3)2Cl4], (II). These complexes show {BiIIIS3Cl2O} and {BiIIIS3Cl3} coordination geometries with average BiIII—S bond lengths of 2.73 and 2.78 Å in (I) and (II), respectively. The overall BiIIIcoordination geometry is distorted octahedral due to stereochemically active lone pairs. The three BiIII—S bond lengths are almost equal in (I) but show considerable differences in (II), with one long and two shorter distances that also correlate with changes in the UV–Vis and1H NMR spectra. For direct measurements of the Bi—S/Cl coordination, ligand K-edge X-ray absorption measurements were carried out in combination with ground and excited-state electronic structure analyses. Forp-block elements, these sulfur-containing ligands are useful for preparing the appropriate complexes due to their flexible coordination geometry.
FcTp(R) (R=iPr ortBu): third-generation ferrocenyl scorpionates
Authors: Sirianni Eric R. , Cummins Daniel C. , Yap Glenn P. A. , Theopold Klaus H.
Published: October 2016

Scorpionate (or trispyrazolylborate) ligands have seen much structural variation due to the relative ease of modifying their electronic and steric effects. Second-generation scorpionates were created by increasing the bulk in the 3-position of the pyrazole (pz) ring. A new class of third-generation scorpionates was obtained by modifying the remaining boron substituent. A series of thallium(I) and cobalt(II) complexes of the ferrocenyltris(3-R-pyrazolyl)borate ligand [FcTpR;R= isopropyl (iPr) ortert-butyl (tBu)] have been synthesized in order to expand the range of redox-active third-generation scorpionates. These are [ferrocenyltris(3-tert-butylpyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]thallium(I), [FeTl(C5H5)(C26H37BN6)], [ferrocenyltris(3-isopropylpyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]thallium(I), [FeTl(C5H5)(C23H31BN6)], chlorido[ferrocenyltris(3-tert-butylpyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]cobalt(II), [CoFe(C5H5)(C26H37BN6)Cl], [ferrocenyltris(3-tert-butylpyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]iodidocobalt(II) benzene disolvate, [CoFe(C5H5)(C26H37BN6)I]·2C6H6, and [ferrocenyltris(3-isopropylpyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]iodidocobalt(II), [CoFe(C5H5)(C23H31BN6)I]. The structures demonstrate that the metal coordination site can easily be modified by using bulkier substituents at the pz 3-position.
Observing structural reorientations at solvent–nanoparticle interfaces by X-ray diffraction – putting water in the spotlight
Authors: Zobel Mirijam
Published: October 2016

Nanoparticles are attractive in a wide range of research genres due to their size-dependent properties, which can be in contrast to those of micrometre-sized colloids or bulk materials. This may be attributed, in part, to their large surface-to-volume ratio and quantum confinement effects. There is a growing awareness that stress and strain at the particle surface contribute to their behaviour and this has been included in the structural models of nanoparticles for some time. One significant oversight in this field, however, has been the fact that the particle surface affects its surroundings in an equally important manner. It should be emphasized here that the surface areas involved are huge and, therefore, a significant proportion of solvent molecules are affected. Experimental evidence of this is emerging, where suitable techniques to probe the structural correlations of liquids at nanoparticle surfaces have only recently been developed. The recent validation of solvation shells around nanoparticles has been a significant milestone in advancing this concept. Restructured ordering of solvent molecules at the surfaces of nanoparticles has an influence on the entire panoply of solvent–particle interactions during, for example, particle formation and growth, adhesion forces in industrial filtration, and activities of nanoparticle–enzyme complexes. This article gives an overview of the advances made in solvent–nanoparticle interface research in recent years: from description of the structure of bulk solids and liquidsviamacroscopic planar surfaces, to the detection of nanoscopic restructuring effects. Water–nanoparticle interfaces are given specific attention to illustrate and highlight their similarity to biological systems.
Activation of adenylate cyclase‐cyclic AMP‐protein kinase A signaling by corticotropin‐releasing factor within the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is involved in pain‐induced aversion
Authors: Kaneko Tomoyuki , Kaneda Katsuyuki , Ohno Atsushi , Takahashi Daiki , Hara Taiki , Amano Taiju , Ide Soichiro , Yoshioka Mitsuhiro , Minami Masabumi
Published: October 2016

Pain is a complex experience involving sensory and affective components. Although the neuronal mechanisms underlying the sensory component of pain have been extensively studied, those underlying its affective component have yet to be elucidated. Recently, we reported that corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF)‐induced depolarization in type II neurons within the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dlBNST) is critical for pain‐induced aversive responses in rats. However, the intracellular signaling underlying the excitatory effects of CRF and the contribution of such signaling to the induction of pain‐induced aversion remain unclear. In the present study, we addressed these issues by conducting whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings in rat brain slices and by undertaking behavioral pharmacological analyses. Intracellular perfusion of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor Rp‐cyclic adenosine monophosphorothioate (Rp‐cAMPS) or KT5720 suppressed the excitatory effects of CRF in type II dlBNST neurons, and bath application of Rp‐cAMPS also suppressed it. In addition, bath application of forskolin, an adenylate cyclase (AC) activator, mimicked the effects of CRF, and pretreatment with forskolin diminished the excitatory effects of CRF. Furthermore, a conditioned place aversion (CPA) test showed that co‐administration of Rp‐cAMPS with CRF into the dlBNST suppressed CRF‐induced CPA. Intra‐dlBNST injection of Rp‐cAMPS also suppressed pain‐induced CPA. These results suggest that CRF increases excitability of type II dlBNST neurons through activation of the AC‐cAMP‐PKA pathway, thereby causing pain‐induced aversive responses. The present findings shed light on the neuronal mechanisms underlying the negative affective component of pain and may provide therapeutic targets for treating intractable pain accompanied by psychological factors.
Mapping of a FEB3 homologous febrile seizure locus on mouse chromosome 2 containing candidate genes Scn1a and Scn3a
Authors: Hessel Ellen V. S. , van Lith Hein A. , Wolterink‐Donselaar Inge G. , de Wit Marina , Groot Koerkamp Marian J. A. , Holstege Frank C. P. , Kas Martien J. H. , Fernandes Cathy , de Graan Pierre N. E.
Published: October 2016

Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common seizure type in children. Recurrent FS are a risk factor for developing temporal lobe epilepsy later in life and are known to have a strong genetic component. Experimental FS (eFS) can be elicited in mice by warm‐air induced hyperthermia. We used this model to screen the chromosome substitution strain (CSS) panel derived from C57BL/6J and A/J for FS susceptibility and identified C57BL/6J‐Chr2A/NaJ (CSS2), as the strain with the strongest FS susceptibility phenotype. The aim of this study was to map FS susceptibility loci and select candidate genes on mouse chromosome 2. We generated an F2 population by intercrossing the hybrids (F1) that were derived from CSS2 and C57BL/6J mice. All CSS2‐F2 individuals were genotyped and phenotyped for eFS susceptibility, and QTL analysis was performed. Candidate gene selection was based on bioinformatics analyses and differential brain expression between CSS2 and C57BL/6J strains determined by microarray analysis. Genetic mapping of the eFS susceptibility trait identified two significant loci: FS‐QTL2a (LOD‐score 3.6) and FS‐QTL2b (LOD‐score 6.2). FS‐QTL2a contained 44 genes expressed in the brain at post natal day 14. Four of these (Arl6ip6, Cytip, Fmnl2 Ifih1) contained a non‐synonymous SNP comparing CSS2 and C57BL/6J, six genes (March7, Nr4a2, Gpd2, Grb14, Scn1a, Scn3a) were differentially expressed between these strains. A region within FS‐QTL2a is homologous to the human FEB3 locus. The fact that we identify mouse FS‐QTL2a with high FEB3 homology is strong support for the validity of the eFS mouse model to study genetics of human FS.
Assessment of risk factors for oro‐facial pain and recent developments in classification: implications for management
Authors: Svensson P. , Kumar A.
Published: October 2016

Oro‐facial pain research has during the last decades provided important novel insights into the basic underlying mechanisms, the need for standardised diagnostic procedures and classification systems, and multiple treatment options for successful rehabilitation of the patient in pain. Notwithstanding the significant progress in our knowledge spanning from molecules to chair, there may also be limitations in our ability to integrate and interpret the tremendous amount of new data and information, in particular in terms of the clinical implications and overriding conceptual models for oro‐facial pain. The aim of the present narrative review is to briefly summarise some of the current thoughts on oro‐facial pain mechanisms and recent attempts to identify biomarkers and risk factors leading to the proposal of a new risk assessment diagram for oro‐facial pain (RADOP) and a provocative new concept based on stochastic variation between multiple risk factors. Finally, the implications for novel management strategies will briefly be discussed.
A Probability Model for Fully Developed Annular Flow in Vertical Pipes: Film Thickness, Interfacial Shear Stress, and Droplet Size Distribution
Authors: Zhang Ri , Liu Haixiao , Dong Sheng , Liu Mingyang
Published: October 2016

The movement and distribution of each phase in annular flow can be considered as random events at a microscopic level. Hence, a probability analysis is appropriate to estimate the morphological features and mechanical characteristics of annular flow from a macroscopic scale. In the present work, three characteristic parameters including the film thickness, interfacial shear stress, and characteristic droplet size are predicted by a probability model as the statistical results of abundant samples. The film thickness can be directly calculated as one of the solutions to the basic equations of annular flow. The interfacial shear stress is estimated as a combination of the frictional and dragging components. The droplet size distribution is obtained using a method of undetermined coefficients. These characteristic parameters are well verified by comparing with the experimental data available in the literature. It is demonstrated that the probability model can accurately calculate the film thickness and maximum droplet size, but the predictions of the interfacial shear stress and mean droplet size are relatively coarse. Furthermore, the effects on the film thickness and Sauter mean diameter of other parameters are discussed in detail. Finally, some important phenomena observed in experiments are interpreted by the probability model.
Homogeneous–Heterogeneous Reactions in Boundary-Layer Flow of a Nanofluid Near the Forward Stagnation Point of a Cylinder
Authors: Zhao Qingkai , Xu Hang , Tao Longbin
Published: October 2016

A mathematical model describing the homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions in the vicinity of the forward stagnation point of a cylinder immerged in a nanofluid is established. We assume that the homogeneous reaction is given by isothermal cubic autocatalator kinetics, while the heterogeneous reaction is chosen as first-order kinetics. The existence of multiple solutions through hysteresis bifurcations is discussed in detail for the various diffusion coefficients of reactant and autocatalyst.
Experimental Investigation and Empirical Correlations of Heat Transfer in Different Regimes of Air–Water Two-Phase Flow in a Horizontal Tube
Authors: Nada S. A.
Published: October 2016

This article reports on the experimental investigation of heat transfer to cocurrent air–water two-phase flow in a horizontal tube. The idea is to enhance heat transfer to the coolant liquid by air injection. Experiments were conducted for different air water ratios in constant temperature heated tube. Visual identification of flow regimes was supplemented. The effects of the liquid and gas superficial velocities and the flow regimes on the heat transfer coefficients were investigated. The results showed that the heat transfer coefficient generally increases with the increase of the injected air flow rate, and the enhancement is more significant at low water flow rates. A maximum value of the two-phase heat transfer coefficient was observed at the transition to wavy-annular flow as the air superficial Reynolds number increases for a fixed water flow rate. It was noticed that the Nusselt number increased about three times due to the injection of air at low water Reynolds number. Correlations for heat transfer by air–water two-phase flow were deduced in dimensionless form for different flow regimes.
Introduction of Novel Process for Sweetening of Sour Crude Oil: Optimization of Process
Authors: Farahbod Farshad , Farahmand Sara
Published: October 2016

The subject of this experimental report is the application of nanoparticles in petroleum refining. Sulfur removal from petroleum using carbon nanotubes is considered in this study. The properties related to the process characterization are measured experimentally and reported. The effect of low range temperature and pressure, initial concentration, interfacial velocity, the ratio of height to diameter of the bed and particle diameter on the outlet sulfur is investigated. Design of experiment is performed to show which of the controllable parameters affects the sulfur removal process and a predictive model is developed. Optimization of the model is performed with the aim that the outlet sulfur content less than 0.6 ppm is achievable. Also, the increase in the amount of pollutant higher than 50 ppm sulfur and increase in the amount of superficial velocity higher than 0.4 m/s lead the adsorption process to the improper results. Finally, cost estimation due to pressure and temperature is presented and the optimum conditions of 1.7 atm pressure and 35 °C temperature with the height to diameter ratio of three and nano carbon tubes of 50 nm for packed bed are proposed.
Forecasting Building Energy Demands With a Coupled Weather-Building Energy Model in a Dense Urban Environment
Authors: Ortiz Luis E. , Gonzalez Jorge E. , Gutierrez Estatio , Arend Mark
Published: October 2016

Major new metropolitan centers experience challenges during management of peak electrical loads, typically occurring during extreme summer events. These peak loads expose the reliability of the electrical grid on the production and transmission side, while customers may incur considerable charges from increased metered peak demand, failing to meet demand response program obligations, or both. These challenges create a need for analytical tools that can inform building managers and utilities about near future conditions so they are better able to avoid peak demand charges and reduce building operational costs. In this article, we report on a tool and methodology to forecast peak loads at the city scale using New York City (NYC) as a test case. The city of New York experiences peak electric demand loads that reach up to 11 GW during the summertime, and are projected to increase to over 12 GW by 2025, as reported by the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO). The energy forecast is based on the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model version 3.5, coupled with a multilayer building energy model (BEM). Urban morphology parameters are assimilated from the New York Primary Land Use Tax-Lot Output (PLUTO), while the weather component of the model is initialized daily from the North American Mesoscale (NAM) model. A city-scale analysis is centered in the summer months of June–July 2015 which included an extreme heat event (i.e., heat wave). The 24-h city-scale weather and energy forecasts show good agreement with the archived data from both weather stations records and energy records by NYISO. This work also presents an exploration of space cooling savings from the use of white roofs as an application of the city-scale energy demand model.
Promoting Brand-Event Personality Fit as a Communication Strategy to Build Sponsors’ Brand Equity
Authors: Wang Jerred Junqi , Zhang James J. , Byon Kevin K. , Baker Thomas A. , Lu Zhenqiu Laura
Published: October 2016

Building on schema theory, the current study highlighted the role of brand-event personality fit (BEPF) in sport-event sponsorship communications and empirically examined its impact on sponsors’ consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) in the setting of American college football. Three studies were conducted to refine a sound measurement scale of BEPF and examine the structural relationships between BEPF and CBBE. Research findings confirmed the validity and reliability of the proposed BEPF measurement scale and revealed a series of positive relationships between crucial subdimensions of BEPF (i.e., responsibility fit, emotionality fit, and aggressiveness fit) and CBBE (i.e., brand awareness/association, perceived value, and brand loyalty). The findings offer brand managers specific references as to which aspects of BEPF should be prioritized in their promotional communications to build CBBE. Event marketers could also use the findings to communicate with corporations regarding potential or continued sponsorship agreements.
Exertional Hyponatremia and Serum Sodium Change During Ultraendurance Cycling
Authors: Armstrong Lawrence E. , Lee Elaine C. , Casa Douglas J. , Johnson Evan C. , Ganio Matthew S. , McDermott Brendon P. , Vingren Jakob L. , Oh Hyun M. , Williamson Keith H.
Published: October 2016

Introduction:

Exertional hyponatremia (EH) during prolonged exercise involves all avenues of fluid-electrolyte gain and loss. Although previous research implicates retention of excess fluid, EH may involve either loss, gain, or no change of body mass. Thus, the etiology, predisposing factors, and recommendations for prevention are vague—except for advice to avoid excessive drinking.

Purpose:

This retrospective field study presents case reports of two unacquainted recreational cyclists (LC, 31y and AM, 39 years) who began exercise with normal serum electrolytes but finished a summer 164-km ride (ambient, 34±5°C) with a serum [Na+] of 130 mmol/L.

Methods:

To clarify the etiology of EH, their pre- and post-exercise measurements were compared to a control group (CON) of 31 normonatremic cyclists (mean ± SD; 37±6 years; 141±3 mmol Na+/L).

Results:

Anthropomorphic characteristics, exercise time, and post-exercise ratings of thermal sensation, perceived exertion and muscle cramp were similar for LC, AM and CON. These two hyponatremic cyclists consumed a large and similar volume of fluid (191 and 189 ml/kg), experienced an 11 mmol/L decrease of serum [Na+], reported low thirst sensations; however, LC gained 3.1 kg (+4.3% of body mass) during 8.9 hr of exercise and AM maintained body mass (+0.1kg, +0.1%, 10.6h). In the entire cohort (n = 33), post-event serum [Na+] was strongly correlated with total fluid intake (R2 = 0.45, p < .0001), and correlated moderately with dietary sodium intake (R2=0.28, p = .004) and body mass change (R2 = 0.22, p = .02). Linear regression analyses predicted the threshold of EH onset (<135 mmol Na+/L) as 168 ml fluid/kg.

Conclusions:

The wide range of serum [Na+] changes (+6 to -11 mmol/L) led us to recommend an individualized rehydration plan to athletes because the interactions of factors were complex and idiosyncratic.
Seasonal Variation in Vitamin D Status in Elite Athletes: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Backx Evelien , van der Avoort Cindy , Tieland Michael , Maase Kamiel , Kies Arie , van Loon Luc , de Groot Lisette , Mensink Marco
Published: October 2016

Studies monitoring vitamin D status in athletes are seldom conducted for a period of 12 months or longer, thereby lacking insight into seasonal fluctuations. The objective of the current study was to identify seasonal changes in total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration throughout the year. Fifty-two, mainly Caucasian athletes with a sufficient 25(OH)D concentration (>75 nmol/L) in June were included in this study. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured every three months (June, September, December, March, June). In addition, vitamin D intake and sun exposure were assessed by questionnaires at the same time points. Highest total 25(OH)D concentrations were found at the end of summer (113 ± 26 nmol/L), whereas lowest concentrations were observed at the end of winter (78 ± 30 nmol/L). Although all athletes had a sufficient 25(OH)D concentration at the start of the study, nearly 20% of the athletes were deficient (<50 nmol/L) in late winter.
Empirical observations of the spawning migration of European eels: The long and dangerous road to the Sargasso Sea
Authors: Righton David , Westerberg Håkan , Feunteun Eric , Økland Finn , Gargan Patrick , Amilhat Elsa , Metcalfe Julian , Lobon-Cervia Javier , Sjöberg Niklas , Simon Janek , Acou Anthony , Vedor Marisa , Walker Alan , Trancart Thomas , Brämick Uwe , Aarestrup Kim
Published: October 2016

Fresh data on the timing and speed of the oceanic spawning migration of European eels suggest a new paradigm for spawning ecology.
Time scale bias in erosion rates of glaciated landscapes
Authors: Ganti Vamsi , von Hagke Christoph , Scherler Dirk , Lamb Michael P. , Fischer Woodward W. , Avouac Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2016

Averaging time scale bias may produce an apparent acceleration of measured erosion rates in glaciated landscapes.
Nobel honors discoveries in how cells eat themselves
Authors: Enserink Martin , Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: October 2016

Cellular sanitation helps keep diseases at bay.
Trio wins Nobel for effects of topology on exotic matter
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: October 2016

Work presaged research revolution in topological insulators.
Quantum dot–induced phase stabilization of α-CsPbI
3
perovskite for high-efficiency photovoltaics
Authors: Swarnkar Abhishek , Marshall Ashley R. , Sanehira Erin M. , Chernomordik Boris D. , Moore David T. , Christians Jeffrey A. , Chakrabarti Tamoghna , Luther Joseph M.
Published: October 2016

Maintaining a stable phase

For solar cell applications, all-inorganic perovskite phases could be more stable than those containing organic cations. But the band gaps of the former, which determine the electrical conductivity of these materials, are not well matched to the solar spectrum. The cubic structure of CsPbI
3
is an exception, but it is stable in bulk only at high temperatures. Swarnkar
et al.
show that surfactant-coated α-CsPbI
3
quantum dots are stable at ambient conditions and have tunable band gaps in the visible range. Thin films of these materials can be made by spin coating with an antisolvent technique to minimize surfactant loss. When used in solar cells, these films have efficiencies exceeding 10%, making them promising for light harvesting or for LEDs.

Science
, this issue p.
92
The folly of fashionable thinking
Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe
Roger Penrose
Princeton University Press, 2016. 519 pp.
Authors: Livio Mario
Published: October 2016

A physicist casts a critical eye on popular ideas in cosmology, quantum mechanics, and string theory
Cold atoms twisting spin and momentum
Authors: Aidelsburger Monika
Published: October 2016

Ultracold atoms can simulate complex quantum systems

[Also see Research Article by

Wu
et al.

]
Apes know what others believe
Authors: de Waal Frans B. M.
Published: October 2016

Understanding false beliefs is not unique to humans

[Also see Report by

Krupenye
et al.

]
Constitutively Expressed IFITM3 Protein in Human Endothelial Cells Poses an Early Infection Block to Human Influenza Viruses
Authors: Sun Xiangjie , Zeng Hui , Kumar Amrita , Belser Jessica A. , Maines Taronna R. , Tumpey Terrence M.
Published: October 2016

A role for pulmonary endothelial cells in the orchestration of cytokine production and leukocyte recruitment during influenza virus infection, leading to severe lung damage, has been recently identified. As the mechanistic pathway for this ability is not fully known, we extended previous studies on influenza virus tropism in cultured human pulmonary endothelial cells. We found that a subset of avian influenza viruses, including potentially pandemic H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, could infect human pulmonary endothelial cells (HULEC) with high efficiency compared to human H1N1 or H3N2 viruses. In HULEC, human influenza viruses were capable of binding to host cellular receptors, becoming internalized and initiating hemifusion but failing to uncoat the viral nucleocapsid and to replicate in host nuclei. Unlike numerous cell types, including epithelial cells, we found that pulmonary endothelial cells constitutively express a high level of the restriction protein IFITM3 in endosomal compartments. IFITM3 knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) could partially rescue H1N1 virus infection in HULEC, suggesting IFITM3 proteins were involved in blocking human influenza virus infection in endothelial cells. In contrast, selected avian influenza viruses were able to escape IFITM3 restriction in endothelial cells, possibly by fusing in early endosomes at higher pH or by other, unknown mechanisms. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the human pulmonary endothelium possesses intrinsic immunity to human influenza viruses, in part due to the constitutive expression of IFITM3 proteins. Notably, certain avian influenza viruses have evolved to escape this restriction, possibly contributing to virus-induced pneumonia and severe lung disease in humans.

IMPORTANCE
Avian influenza viruses, including H5N1 and H7N9, have been associated with severe respiratory disease and fatal outcomes in humans. Although acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and progressive pulmonary endothelial damage are known to be present during severe human infections, the role of pulmonary endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of avian influenza virus infections is largely unknown. By comparing human seasonal influenza strains to avian influenza viruses, we provide greater insight into the interaction of influenza virus with human pulmonary endothelial cells. We show that human influenza virus infection is blocked during the early stages of virus entry, which is likely due to the relatively high expression of the host antiviral factors IFITMs (interferon-induced transmembrane proteins) located in membrane-bound compartments inside cells. Overall, this study provides a mechanism by which human endothelial cells limit replication of human influenza virus strains, whereas avian influenza viruses overcome these restriction factors in this cell type.
Multi-Body-Site Microbiome and Culture Profiling of Military Trainees Suffering from Skin and Soft Tissue Infections at Fort Benning, Georgia
Authors: Singh Jatinder , Johnson Ryan C. , Schlett Carey D. , Elassal Emad M. , Crawford Katrina B. , Mor Deepika , Lanier Jeffrey B. , Law Natasha N. , Walters William A. , Teneza-Mora Nimfa , Bennett Jason W. , Hall Eric R. , Millar Eugene V. , Ellis Michael W. , Merrell D. Scott
Published: October 2016

While it is evident that nasal colonization with
S. aureus
increases the likelihood of SSTI, there is a significant lack of information regarding the contribution of extranasal colonization to the overall risk of a subsequent SSTI. Furthermore, the impact of
S. aureus
colonization on bacterial community composition outside the nasal microbiota is unclear. Thus, this report represents the first investigation that utilized both culture and high-throughput sequencing techniques to analyze microbial dysbiosis at multiple body sites of healthy and diseased/colonized individuals. The results described here may be useful in the design of future methodologies to treat and prevent SSTIs.